,,ori5tal ,,religions ,,& ,,*ri/ianity  
,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,on
 ,,! ,,ely ,,f\ndation ,,be=e ,,!       
,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,union ,,!ological        
,,sem9>y1 ,,new ,,york1 #ahia  ,,by     
,,frank ,f4 ,,ell9wood1 ,d4,d4          
,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,=eign   
,,missions ,,( ,,! ,,presbyt]ian ,,*ur* 
,u4,s4,a42 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,comp>ative  
,,religion ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,!  
,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york  ,,new ,,york   
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #ahib       
,,preface  ,! foll[+ lectures1 prep>$   
amid _m c>es & duties1 h aim$ to deal   
only ) practical que/ions :i* are dem&+ 
att5tion 9 our "t4 ,!y d n claim to     
con/itute a treatise ) close connections
 & a logical ord]4 ,ea* pres5ts a di/9ct
 topic1 or a p>ticul> phase ( ! pres5t  
conflict ( ,*ri/ian tru? ) ! errors ( ! 
non-,*ri/ian religions4 ,?is indep5d5t  
treatm5t mu/ con/itute my apology = an  
occasional repetition ( important facts 
or op9ions :i* h a common be>+ on       
diff]5t discussions4 ,no claim is made  

to s*ol>%ip 9 ! ,ori5tal languages4 ,!  
ability to comp>e orig9al s\rces &      
det]m9e dates & intricate mean+s ( t]ms1
 or settle po9ts 9 dispute by a wide    
rese>* 9 ,sanscrit or ,pali lit]atures1 
c only be obta9$ by ^? :o sp5d ye>s 9   
/udy along ^! special l9es4 ,b s _m     
speciali/s h n[ made kn[n ! results ( _!
 prolong$ l+ui/ic /udies 9 ! =m (       
approv$ ,engli% translations1 t1 z      
,pr(essor ,max ,muell] has well said 9 8
 introduction to ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( !   
,ea/1 !re is no long] any excuse =      
ignorance ( ! ri* treasures ( ,ori5tal  
,lit]ature4  ,two consid]ations l5d     
special importance to ! topics "h       
discuss$4 ,fir/1 t ! false sy/ems 9 "q  
belong n m]ely to ! pa/1 b to our own   
"t4 ,& second1 t ! increas$             
int]communication ( ?is age br+s u into 
clos] contact ) !m4 ,!y are no long] af>
 (f & unhe>d (1 nor are !y any long] ly+
 9 passive slumb]4 ,hav+ receiv$ quick5+
 influ5ces f our ,we/]n civilization1 & 
v>i\s degrees ( sympa?y f c]ta9 types ( 

,we/]n ?\ght1 !y h become aggressive &  
are at our doors4  ,on controv]t$ po9ts 
,i h made frequ5t quotations1 = ! reason
 t ! te/imonies or op9ions ( writ]s (   
ackn[l$g$ compet5cy are be/ giv5 9 _!   
own words4  ,i h labor$ "u a pr(\nd     
conviction t1 :atev] may be ! m]it &    
success ( ^! mode/ ef=ts1 ! g5]al class 
( subjects treat$ is de/9$ to receive   
increas$ att5tion 9 ! ne> future2 t !   
,*ri/ian ,*ur* w n long be cont5t to    
miscalculate ! great conque/ :i* %e is  
attempt+ aga9/ ! hea!n sy/ems ( ! ,ea/ &
 _! _m alliances ) ! infidelity ( !     
,we/4 ,& ,i am *e]$ ) a belief t1 9     
proportion to ! intellig5t discrim9ation
 :i* %all be ex]cis$ 9 judg+ ( !        
non-,*ri/ian religions1 & ! skill :i*   
%all be %[n 9 pres5t+ ! imm5sely sup]ior
 tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 w ! success ( 
! great "w ( ,missions be increas$4  ,x 
sc>cely ne$s to be said t ,i h n ev5    
attempt$ to give any?+ l a complete view
 ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( :i* ,i h spok54     
,only a few sali5t po9ts h be5 t\*$ ^u1 

z "s practical end has requir$4 ,b if ! 
m]e outl9e "h giv5 %all lead any to a   
full] inve/igation ( ! subjects         
discuss$1 ,i %all be cont5t4 ,i am      
satisfi$ t ! m ?or\ghly ! ,gospel (     
,r$emption is comp>$ ) ! futile sy/ems (
 self-righte\sness :i* man has devis$1 !
 m wond]ful x w appe>4  ,f4,f4          
,,ell9wood4  ,,new ,,york1 ,janu>y #bj1 
#ahib4     ,,! ,,ely ,,lectures--#ahia4 
,! lectures conta9$ 9 ?is volume 7      
deliv]$ to ! /ud5ts ( ,union ,!ological 
,sem9>y 9 ! ye> #ahia1 z "o ( ! c\rses  
e/abli%$ 9 ! ,sem9>y by ,mr4 ,zebulon   
,/iles ,ely1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3       ,!  
und]sign$ gives ! sum ( t5 ?\s& doll>s  
to ! ,union      ,!ological ,sem9>y ( ! 
city ( ,new ,york1 to f\nd a            
lecture%ip 9 ! same1 ! title ( :i* %all 
be ',! ,elias ,p4      ,ely ,lectures on
 ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4'       ,!   
c\rse ( lectures giv5 on ?is f\ndation  
is to comprise any      topics t s]ve to
 e/abli% ! proposition t ,*ri/ianity is 
a religion f ,god1 or t x is ! p]fect & 

f9al =m (      religion = man4          
,among ! subjects discuss$ may be3      
,! ,nature & ,ne$ ( a ,revelation2      
,! ,"* & ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les2
       ,! ,au!nticity & ,cr$ibility ( ! 
,scriptures1 ,miracles1 &               
,prophecy2       ,! ,diffusion &        
,b5efits ( ,*ri/ianity2 &       ,!      
,philosophy ( ,religion 9 its ,relation 
to ! ,*ri/ian      ,sy/em4       ,^u "o 
or m ( su* subjects a c\rse ( t5 public 
lectures      %all be giv51 at lea/ once
 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,!      appo9tm5t (
 ! lectur] is to be by ! concurr5t      
action (      ! directors & faculty (   
said ,sem9>y & ! und]sign$2 &      x    
%all ord9>ily be made two ye>s 9        
advance4     ,,cont5ts   ,,lecture ,i4  
,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,und]/&+ ,,! ,,false     
,,religions #a       ,! ,new ,sci5ce (  
,religion to be ,view$ )                
,discrim9ation--,!      ,/udy ( !       
,ori5tal ,sy/ems too ,long a ,monopoly (
 ,anti-,*ri/ian      ,s*ol>s--,! ,*ang$ 
,aspects ( ! ,mission>y ,"w--,!         

,significant ,exp]i5ce (                
,zieg5balz--,fe>s ,ent]ta9$ 9           
,ref]5ce to ?is ,subject by ,timid      
,believ]s--,! ,diff]5t ,view      tak5 (
 ! ,old ,hea!n ,sy/ems ( ,greece &      
,rome--,! ,subject      ,consid]$ f !   
,/&po9t ( ,mission>y ,c&idates--,!      
,te/imony ( ,intellig5t & ,exp]i5c$     
,mission>ies--,reasons =      ,/udy+    
,ori5tal ,sy/ems ,f\nd 9 ! ,increas$    
,int]c\rse ( !      ,nations2 9 !       
,intellectual ,quick5+ ( ,ori5tal ,m9ds 
by      ,education2 9 ! ,resi/ance & ev5
 ,aggressiv5ess ( ,hea!n      ,sy/ems2 9
 ! ,div]sities ( ! ,buddhi/ ,fai? 9     
,diff]5t      ,l&s--,false ,sy/ems to be
 ,/udi$ ) a ,c&id ,_s--,!               
,di/9ction to be ,drawn betwe5 ,religion
 & ,e?ics--,reasons :y a      ,mission>y
 %\ld ,pursue ^! ,/udies be=e ,arriv+ on
 8      ,field--,reasons :y ! ,m9i/ry at
 ,home ,%\ld ,acqua9t ,!mselves      )  
,hea!n ,sy/ems--,_! ,active ,alliance ) 
,v>i\s ,=ms (      ,we/]n               
,infidelity--,intellectual ,advantages  

to be ,d]iv$ f su*      ,/udies--,a     
,broad] & ,w>m] ,sympa?y ) ,univ]sal    
,humanity to      be ,ga9$--,a ,bett]   
,und]/&+ ( ! ,unique ,supremacy ( !     
,gospel z ! ,only ,hope ( ! ,_w--,pa/ors
 at ,home are also      ,mission>ies to 
! ,hea!n--,!y are ,%>]s 9 ! ,conflict   
?r\gh ! ,press4   ,,lecture ,,ii4  ,,!  
,,me?ods ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur*
 ,,9 ,,deal+      ,,) ,,hea!nism #ci    
,! ,co9cid5ces ( ! ,pres5t ,/ruggle ) t 
( ! ,fir/      ,*ri/ian ,c5turies--,!   
,m$iaeval ,mission>y ,"w ( a ,simple    
,"*--,t ( ,india1 ,japan1 ,*9a1 & !     
,turki% ,empire a      ,sev]e           
,intellectual ,/ruggle z well z a       
,spiritual      ,conque/--,h9duism1     
,buddhism1 ,confucianism1 & ,islam1     
pres5t      ,ob/acles & ,resi/ances     
,simil> to ^? ( ,anci5t ,greece &       
,rome--,h[ f> ,contra/s ,appe> betwe5 ! 
,e>ly & ! ,pres5t      ,conque/s--,!    
,me?ods ( ,paul--,8 ,tact 9 ,recogniz+  
,tru?      :]ev] ,f\nd1 & ,us+ x = 8    
,purpose--,! ,attitude ( !      ,e>ly   

,*ri/ian ,fa!rs t[>d !                  
,hea!n--,augu/9e's      ,ackn[l$gm5t ( !
 ,good :i* he ,receiv$ f ,cic]o &       
,plato--,! ,important ,elem5ts :i*      
,platonism ,lack$1 & :i*      7 ,f\nd   
,only 9 ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/--,! ,great    
,secret ( ,p[]      9 ! ,e>ly ,*ur*     
,f\nd 9 its ,moral ,e>ne/ness1 z ,%[n by
      ,simplicity ( ,life1 & especially 
by ,con/ancy ev5 ,unto a      ,m>tyr's  
,dea?--,! ,contra/ betwe5 ! ,frugality (
 ! ,e>ly      ,*ur* & ! ,luxury & ,vice 
( ,roman ,society--,! ,great ,ne$ (     
?is ,elem5t ( ,success at ! ,pres5t     
,"t--,! ,obs]vance ( a      ,wise       
,discrim9ation 9 ! ,e/imate ( ,hea!n    
,philosophy by !      ,great ,lead]s ( !
 ,e>ly ,*ur*--,! ,g5]ality ) :i*        
,classical ,/udies 7 ,pursu$ by ! ,sons 
( ! m ,enlight5$      ,*ri/ian          
,fa!rs--,me?od ,among ! ,lead]s--,!     
,necessity = a      ?or\gh ,k ( !       
,sy/ems to be ,met1 z x 0 !n            
,recogniz$--,! ?or\gh ,prep>ation (     
,augu/9e1 ,ambrose1      ,ira5eus1 &    

,o!rs = _! ,"w--,orig5's ,ma/]ly &      
,successful ,reply to ,celsus--,! ,use  
,made by ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs &      by !     
,*ur*es ( a ,lat] ,day1 ( ! ,philosophy 
( ,plato &      ,ari/otle--,hea!nism ?us
 ,conqu]$ ) its ,own ,weapons4          
,,lecture ,,iii4  ,,! ,,successive      
,,developm5ts ,,( ,,h9duism #gc       ,!
 ,great ,v>iety 9 ,india's ,religi\s    
,sy/ems--,! ,e>ly      ,mono!i/ic       
,nature ,wor%ip & its ,gradual ,lapse   
,into      ,poly!ism--,! ,influ5ce (    
,environm5t on ! ,developm5t (          
,sy/ems--,! ,di/9ction betwe5 ,aryanism 
& ,brahmanism1 & !      ,abuses ( !     
,latt] 9 its ,doctr9es ( ,sacrifice &   
,ca/e--,!      ,causes :i* ,l$ to !     
,ov]?r[ ( ?is ,sy/em (                  
,sac]dotalism--,! ,upani%ads & !        
,beg9n+s ( ,philosophy--,!      ,rise ( 
,buddhism & ! ,six ,s*ools (            
,philosophy--,po9ts 9      ,common      
betwe5 !m--,! ,code ( ,manu & its       
,c\nt]*eck to      ,rationalism--,its   
,developm5t & its ,scope1 its ,m]its &  

,dem]its--,! ,mean+ ( ! ,^w ,h9duism z  
"h ,us$ & !      ,means by :i* x ,ga9$  
,asc5d5cy--,! ,place & ,influ5ce ( !    
,two ,great ,h9du ,epics1 _! ,orig91 !  
,compromise :i* !y      ,wr\ght1 & !    
,new & ,important ,doctr9es :i* ,!y     
,develop$--,! ,trimurti & ! ,inc>nations
 ( ,vi%nu--,!      ,det]ioration ( !    
,lit]ature & ! ,fai? ( ,india--,!       
,puranas      & ! ,tantras--,! ,p>allels
 betwe5 ,h9duism & ,*ri/ianity4         
,,lecture ,,iv4  ,,! ,,bhagavad ,,gita  
,,& ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t #aaa       ,!   
,great ,int]e/ ,felt 9 ?is ,poem by a   
,c]ta9 ,class (      ,read]s--,its      
,alleg$ ,p>allels to ! ,scriptures--,!  
,plausibility      ( ! ,rec5t           
,translation by ,mr4 ,moh9i ,m4         
,*att]ji--,its      ,patroniz+          
,ca?olicity--,! ,same ,claim to ,broad  
,*>ity by ,*und]      ,s5 &             
,o!rs--,pan!ism ,sacrifices no?+ to     
,*>ity1 because      ,god is 9 ,all     
,?+s--,all ,moral ,responsibility       
,ceases s9ce ,god      ,acts 9 ,u--,mr4 

,*att]ji's ,broad ,k ( ,our ,scriptures1
 &      8 ,skill 9 ,select+ ,passages = 
,8 ,purpose--,8 ,pleas+      ,/yle--,!  
,/ory ( ,kri%na & ,arjuna ,told 9 !     
,int]e/ (      ,ca/e & ,pan!ism--,!     
,gr[? ( ! ,kri%na ,cult f ,popul>       
,leg5ds--,! ,orig9 ( ! ,bhagavad ,gita &
 its ,place 9 !      ,mahabh>ata--,its  
,use ( ! ,six ,philosophies--,kri%na's  
,exhortation--,! ,issue ( ! ,battle 9   
:i* ,arjuna is ,urg$ to      ,engage--,!
 ,resemblances ,expla9$ by _! ,pan!i/ic 
,int]pretation--,fanci$ ,resemblances   
:i* are only 9 ! ,s\nd (                
,words--,co9cid5ces ,spr++ f ,simil>    
,causes--,! ,totally      ,diff]5t      
,mean+ :i* ,pan!ism gives !m--,diff]5ce 
betwe5      ,union ) ,*ri/ & ! ,pan!i/ic
 ,p]vasion ( !      ,inf9ite--,!        
,diff]5tials ( ,*ri/ianity4   ,,lecture 
,v4  ,,buddhism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity #adj   
,new ,int]e/ 9 ,old ,controv]sies       
,conc]n+ ,buddhism--,max ,muell]'s      
,reply to ! ,alleg$ ,influ5ce ( ! ,sy/em
 on ,*ri/ianity--,!      ,di/9ction to  

be made betwe5 ! ,cr$ible ,hi/ory (     
,gautama &      ,lat] ,leg5ds--,!       
,leg5ds ( ! ,pre-exi/5t ,/ates & !      
,wond]s ,att5d+ ! ,e>?ly ,life--,!      
,nor!rn & ! ,s\!rn      ,buddhism--,!   
,s\rces ( ! ,pr9cipal ,leg5ds--,! ,f\r  
,pr9cipal      ,doctr9es ( ,buddhism1   
,sk&as1 ,tri%na1 ,kh>ma1 &              
,nirvana--,difficulties 9 ! ,doctr9es ( 
,kh>ma &      ,nirvana--,v>i\s ,op9ions 
( ,s*ol>s 9 ,reg>d to ! ,nature (       
,nirvana--,buddha's ,f9al ,retic5ce on !
 ,subject--,! ,real ,goal at      :i* ! 
,av]age ,buddhi/ ,aims--,! ,ne$ ( a     
,c>eful ,e/imate (      ! ,m]its &      
,dem]its ( ,buddhism1 & ( ! ,hold :i* x 
is      likely to h on ,we/]n           
,m9ds--,its ,po9ts ( ,contact ) ,we/]n  
,errors--,! ,fact t ,mod]n ,buddhism1 l 
_m o!r ,false      ,sy/ems1 ,claims     
,*ri/ z a ,believ] 9 its ,pr9ciples--,! 
,!ory      t ! ,life ( ,*ri/ is ,modell$
 aft] t ( ! ,buddha--,!      ,sup]ior   
,au!nticity ( ! ,life ( ,*ri/--,!       
,unreliable      ,"* ( ,buddhi/         

,leg5ds--,! ,intr9sic ,improbability t a
      ,religion claim+ a ,di/9ct        
,d]ivation f ,jewi% ,s\rces w\ld        
,borr[ f a f>-(f ,hea!n ,sy/em--,!      
,contra/ ( ,*ri/'s      ,lov+           
,recognition ( ! ,fa!r 9 ,heav5 ) !     
,av[$ ,a!ism      ( ,buddhism--,! ,g5]al
 ,_s ( ! ,sy/em ,=bids all ,?\ght      (
 ,borr[+ f x--,po9ts ( ,contra/4        
,,lecture ,,vi4  ,,mohamm$anism ,,pa/   
,,& ,,pres5t #agh       ,po/hum\s       
,leg5ds ( ,mohamm$2 h[ !y 7             
,produc$--,anci5t      ,arabia & its    
,religi\s ,sy/ems--,! ,vale ( ,mecca &  
its ,=m]      ,uses--,! ,bir? (         
,mohamm$1 & 8 ,religi\s                 
,associations--,8      ,temp]am5t &     
,"*--,! ,beg9n+s ( 8 ,prophetic         
,mission--,jews & ,*ri/ians 9 ,arabia & 
_! ,influ5ce on      ,mohamm$anism--,_! 
,errors & ,%ortcom+s a ,help to !       
,re=m]--,/range ,doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian  
,*ur* 9 ,arabia--,!      ,lo/           
,opportunity ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,sects &
 ! ,fatal ,neglect      ( ! ,surr\nd+   

,nations--,! ,nomads ( ,arabia specially
 ,prep>$      = ,conque/ by _! ,mann] ( 
,life & _! ,enli/m5t z      ,m]c5>y     
,soldi]s--,! ,"q ( ,mohamm$'s ,real     
,"*--,!      ,gr[? ( 8 ,ambition & 8    
,increas+ ,s5suality &                  
,cruelty--,blasphem\s ,revelations 9    
,behalf ( ! ,prophet's ,own             
,lu/--,discrim9at+ ,judgm5t ,requir$ on 
8 ,c>e] z a      ,:ole--,mohamm$an      
,s*ools--,noble ,*>act]s !              
,exception--,g5]al      ,corrupt+       
,influ5ce ( ! ,sy/em--,its ,conque/s 9  
,nor!rn      ,africa & 9 ! ,s\dan--,!   
,e>ly ,races ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 &      !
 ,g5]al ,det]ioration ( ! ,c\ntry--,!   
,piracies ( !      ,b>b>y               
,/ates--,civilization 9 ,mod]n ,egypt   
,due to ,=eign]s--,!      ,bloody       
,ravages ( ,el ,mahdi 9 ! ,ea/ & !      
,fanatic ,samadu 9      ! ,we/--,!      
,te/imony ( a ,secul> ,newspap]         
,correspond5t--,pr(essor ,drummond &    
,h5ry ,m4 ,/anley on ! ,slave           
,traffic & ,mohamm$an ,civilization--,! 

,alleg$ ,mission>y      ,op]ations (    
,mohamm$ans 9 ,we/ ,s\dan--,! ,acc\nt   
,giv5 ( ,!m      by ,bi%op ,cr[!r1      
,s*we9fur?1 & ,o!rs--,canon ,taylor & ! 
,egyptian ,pa%as--,! ,effects (         
,european ,education--,palgrave on      
,mohamm$an ,intol]ance (                
,to-day--,mohamm$anism & ,temp]ance2    
,exagg]at$ ,acc\nts ( x2 ,pro(s to !    
,contr>y--,r4 ,boswor?      ,smi?'s     
,prote/ aga9/ ,canon ,taylor's          
,extravagant ,glorification (           
,islam--,8 ,plea = ,missions4           
,,lecture ,,vii4  ,,! ,,traces ,,( ,a   
,,primitive ,,mono!ism #bbb       ,two  
,conflict+ ,!ories on ! ,hi/ory (       
,religion--,t ( !      ,old & ,new      
,te/am5ts--,t ( ,mod]n ,evolution--,!   
,importance (      ?is ,"q--,pr(essor   
,h5ry ,b4 ,smi?'s ,e/imate ( ,ebr>d's   
,discussion ( x--,ebr>d's ,summ+-up ( ! 
,argum5t--,pr(essor      ,naville's     
,view ( ! ,subject--,conclusions ( ,rev4
 ,w4,a4,p4 ,m>t91      ,d4,d41 & ,max   
,muell]--,h[ f> ,may we ,attempt to     

,e/abli% ! ,fact      ( an ,e>ly        
,mono!ism f ,hea!n                      
,traditions8--,conceptions      ,diff]+ 
9 ,diff]5t ,nations--,evid5ces (        
,mono!ism 9 !      ,v$as--,pr(essor     
,ban]gea's ,te/imony--,! ,views ,held by
 ! ,mod]n      ,somajes--,mono!ism 9    
,*9a--,mono!i/ic ,wor%ip 9 ! ,days (    
,yao & ,%un1 #bcjj ,b4,c4--,! ,pray] (  
an ,emp]or ( ! ,m+      ,dyna/y ,quot$  
by ,pr(essor ,legge--,rem>kable ,monum5t
 (      ,mono!ism 9 ! ,temple (         
,heav5--,a ,ta\i/ ,pray]--,zoroa/] a    
,mono!i/ic ,re=m]--,! ,inscription at   
,behi/un--,te/imony (      ! ,mod]n     
,p>see ,cate*ism--,no ,nation )\t "s    
,notion ( a ,god      ,supreme ov]      
,all--,buddhi/s 9 ,?ibet--,egyptian     
,mono!ism--,!      ,greek ,poets--,old  
,mono!ism 9 ,mexico & ,p]u--,evid5ces ( 
,ramification & ,decl9e 9               
,poly!ism--,egypt & ,india ,give        
,abundant ,pro(s--,h9duism1 ,buddhism1 &
 ,ta\ism all ,%[                        
,deg5]ation--,mohamm$an ,corruption s9ce

 ! ,days ( ! ,e>ly      ,caliphs--,!    
,religions ( ,greece & ,rome ,became    
,effete--,ev5      ,israel1 9 ,spite (  
,in/ruction & ,repro(1 ,laps$ into      
,idolatry      aga9 & aga9--,ev5 !      
,*ri/ian ,*ur* has ,%[n ,simil>         
,t5d5cies4   ,,lecture ,,viii4          
,,indirect ,,tributes ,,( ,,hea!n       
,,sy/ems ,,to ,,! ,,doctr9es      ,,(   
,,! ,,bible #bff       ,! ,univ]sality &
 ,simil>ity ( ,race ,traditions--,_!    
,g5]al      ,support ( ! ,old ,te/am5t  
,hi/ory--,traditions ( ! ,creation      
,f\nd 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 among ! ,nor!rn   
,turanians & "s      ,african           
,tribes--,! ,fall ( ,man z ,trac$ 9     
,assyria & among !      ,h9dus--,!      
,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon1 ,mongolians1       
,africans & ,tahitans      _h ,simil>   
,traditions--,! ,flood--,traditions ( ! 
,*9ese1 !      ,iranians1 ,greeks1      
,assyrians1 ,*aldeans1 & ,p]uvians--,!  
,preval5ce ( ,piacul> ,sacrifice &      
,tok5s ( a ,s5se (                      
,guilt--,traditions or ,traces (        

,sub/itution ,f\nd 9 !      ,v$as--,fa9t
 ,traces 9 ! ,religion ( !              
,egyptians--,traditions (      !        
,iroquois--,prophecies ,look+ to ,div9e 
,deliv]]s--,! ,t5?      ,avat> ( ,vi%nu 
yet to ,come z a ,re/or] (              
,righte\sness--,!      ,influ5ce ( !    
,tradition z ,utiliz$ by a              
,mission>y--,a ,norse      ,deliv]] &   
,mill5nium--,! ,pr$iction ( ! ,cumaean  
,sibyl ,=ty      ,ye>s be=e ! ,bir? (   
,*ri/--,prevail+ ,conceptions ( "s      
,m$iator betwe5 ,god & ,man--,! ,h9du   
,kri%na z an      ,example--,*anges 9   
,buddhism f ! ,old ,a!ism to ,!ism1 &   
ev5 to a ,doctr9e ( ,salvation by       
,fai?--,a ,tr9ity & at la/ a            
,savi\r--,all ! ,false ,sy/ems ,claim+ !
 ,tea*+s & !      ,"* ( ,*ri/4          
,,lecture ,,ix4  ,,e?ical ,,t5d5cies ,,(
 ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,& ,,! ,,we/]n            
,,philosophies #bid       ,! ,preval5ce 
( ,speculation 9 all ,ages 9 ,reg>d to !
 ,great      ,que/ions ( ,man's ,orig9 &
 ,de/9y1 & ,8 ,relations to             

,god--,! ,v>i\s ,s*emes :i* h ,seem+ly  
,disp5s$ ) !      ,necessity = a        
,creator 9 ,acc\nt+ = ! ,exi/5ce ( !    
,visible ,_w--,! ,anci5t ,atomic ,!ories
 & ,mod]n      ,evolution--,kanada1     
,lucretius1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--,d>w9's ,!ory
 (      ! ,developm5t (                 
,species--,simil> ,!ories ,ascrib$ to ! 
,*9ese--,! ,e?ical ,difficulties ,att5d+
 ,_m ,philosophic      ,speculations1   
,anci5t & ,mod]n--,h9du ,pan!ism &      
,moral      ,responsibility--,9 !       
,advance f ,in/9ct to ,consci5ce &      
,religion1 :]e does ,moral ,s5tim5t     
,beg98--,if ,x 0 ,"r =      ,primeval   
,man to ,m>aud1 :y ,might n ,robb]y aga9
 ,become ,8 ,duty      9 ,case (        
,extreme ,det]ioration8--,mr4 ,sp5c]'s  
,!ory ( !      ,orig9 ( ,moral          
,intuition--,! ,nobl] ,orig9 :i* !      
,scriptures      ,assign to ,man's      
,moral ,nature--,! ,demon/rat$          
,possibility ( !      ,mo/ ,radical &   
,sudd5 ,moral ,*anges ,produc$ by !     
,*ri/ian      ,fai?--,t5d5cy ( ,anci5t &

 ,mod]n ,!ories to ,l[] ! ,g5]al        
,e/imate ( ,man--,! ,dignity ) :i* !    
,new ,te/am5t ,inve/s      ,him--,!     
,e?ical ,t5d5cy ( ! ,doctr9e (          
,evolution--,! ,op9ion      ,express$ on
 ! ,subject by ,goldw9 ,smi?--,pes*el's 
,frank      ,admission--,! ,pessimi/ic  
,t5d5cy ( all ,anti-,biblical ,!ories   
( ,man's ,orig91 ,life1 &               
,de/9y--,buddha1 ,s*op5hau]1 & !        
,agno/ics--,! m ,hopeful ,influ5ce ( !  
,bible--,! ,t5d5cy (      all ,hea!n    
,religions & all ,anti-,*ri/ian         
,philosophies t[>d                      
,fatalism--,pan!ism & ! ,philosophy (   
,sp9oza ,agree+ 9 ?is      ,respect ) ! 
,h9du ,v$antism--,! ,late ,samuel       
,johnson's ,piety      ( ,pan!ism1 & ,8 
,def9ition ( ,fatalism--,:at ,saves !   
,scriptural ,doctr9e ( ,=e-ord9ation f  
,fatalism--,! ,prov9ce      ( ,fai? & ( 
,tru/4   ,,lecture ,x4  ,,! ,,div9e     
,,supremacy ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fai?    
#cch       ,! ,claim t ,*ri/ianity is ! 
only ,true ,religion--,! ,peculi>       

,t5d5cies ( ,mod]n ,times to ,d5y ?is   
,supremacy & ,monopoly--,x      is n    
,en\gh 9 ,su* ,times to ,simply ,ignore 
! ,*all5ge--,!      ,unique ,claim mu/  
be ,def5d$--,fir/3 ,*ri/ianity is       
,diff]5tiat$ f all ,o!r ,religions by ! 
,fact ( a ,div9e      ,sacrifice =      
,s9--,mohamm$anism1 ?\gh ,f\nd$ on a    
,belief 9 !      ,true ,god & ,p>tly on 
! ,old ,te/am5t ,tea*+s1 ,(f]s no       
,savi\r--,no ,idea ( ,fa!rhood is ,f\nd 
9 any ,non-,*ri/ian      ,fai?--,!      
,gloom ( ,buddhism & ! ,t]ror ( ,savage 
,tribes--,h9duism a ,sy/em ( ,self-,help
 ,m]ely--,! ,recogniz$      ,gr&eur ( ! 
,pr9ciple ( ,self-,sacrifice z ,reflect$
 f      ,*ri/--,augu/9e ,f\nd a ,way (  
,life only 9 ,8 ,div9e                  
,sacrifice--,second3 ,no ,o!r ,fai? ?an 
,*ri/ianity is ,made      ,effectual by 
! ,p[] ( a ,div9e & ,omnipot5t ,_s--,!  
,well-,atte/$ ,fact ( ,radical          
,trans=mations ( ,"*--,o!r      ,sy/ems 
h ,made ,conv]ts only by ,w>like        
,conque/ or by ,su*      ,motives z     

might ,appeal to ! ,natural             
,he>t--,*ri/ianity ,rises      above all
 ,o!r ,sy/ems 9 ! ,div9e ,p]sonality (  
,*ri/--,!      ,contra/ 9 ?is ,respect  
betwe5 ,him & ! ,au?ors ( !             
,non-,*ri/ian ,sy/ems--,8 ,attractions &
 ,8 ,p[] ,ackn[l$g$      by all ,classes
 ( ,m5--,! ,inf]iority ( ,socrates z    
,comp>$ )      ,*ri/--,bu%nell's        
,tribute to ! ,p]fection ( ?is ,div9e   
,p]sonality--,its ,p[] ,atte/$ 9 ! ,life
 ( ,paul--,! ,adaptation      (         
,*ri/ianity to all ! ,circum/ances &    
,conditions (      ,life--,abraham & !  
,v$ic ,patri>*s1 ,moses & ,manu1        
,david's ,joy      & ,gratitude1 & !    
,gloom ( ,h9du or ,buddhi/              
,philosophy--,only      ,*ri/ianity     
,br+s ,man to ,true ,p5it5ce &          
,humility--,!      ,recogniz$ ,beauty & 
! ,conv9c+ ,lesson ( ! ,prodigal        
,son--,! ,contra/ betwe5 ,mohamm$'s     
,blasphem\s ,suras1 :i*      ,ju/ify 8  
,lu/1 & ! ,deep ,contrition ( ,david 9 !
      ,fifty-fir/ ,psalm--,! ,moral     

,purity ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts      z
 ,contra/$ ) all ,o!r ,sacr$ ,books--,! 
,scriptures ,pure      ?\gh ,writt5 9   
,ages ( ,corruption & ,surr\nd$ by      
,immoral      ,influ5ces--,*ri/ ,belongs
 to no ,l& or ,age--,! ,gospel ,alone is
      ,adapt$ to all ,races & all ,"t z 
! ,univ]sal ,religion (                 
,mank9d--,only ,*ri/ianity ,recognizes !
 ,true ,relation betwe5      ,div9e     
,help & ,human ,ef=t--,x ,enc\rages by  
,omnipot5t      ,co-op]ation--,!        
,all-,compreh5sive ,pres5tation ( !     
,gospel4   ,,app5dix #cha     ,,ori5tal 
,,religions ,,& ,,*ri/ianity  ,,lecture 
,i4  ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,und]/&+ ,,! ,,false
 ,,religions   ,x is said t ! v late/   
among ! sci5ces is ! ,sci5ce (          
,religion4 ,)\t paus+ to inquire h[ f> x
 admits ( sci5tific treatm5t1 c]ta9     
reasons :i* may be urg$ = ! /udy ( !    
exi/+ religions ( ! _w w be consid]$ 9  
?is lecture4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ 9 !      
outset t ^? :o h be5 ! pione]s 9 ?is    
field ( rese>* h n1 z a rule1 be5       

advocates ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,!         
anti-,*ri/ian !ory t all religions may  
be trac$ to common causes1 t common     
wants & aspirations ( mank9d h l$ to !  
developm5t ( v>i\s sy/ems accord+ to    
environm5t1 has until rec5tly be5 ! *ief
 spur to ?is class ( /udies4 ,accord+ly1
 ! religions ( ! _w h be5 submitt$ to "s
 preconceiv$ philosophy ( language1 or  
e?nology1 or evolution1 ) ! emphasis    
plac$ ^u su* facts z seem$ to comport ) 
?is !ory4 ,mean:ile !re has be5 an air (
 broad-m9d$ *>ity 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !     
apologi/s ( ,ori5tal sy/ems h treat$ !  
subject4 ,!y h includ$ ,*ri/ 9 ! same   
category ) ,plato & ,confucius1 & h     
g5]ally plac$ ,him at ! head2 & ?is     
suppos$ bread? ( s5tim5t has giv5 !m a  
degree ( influ5ce ) dubi\s & wav]+      
,*ri/ians1 z well z ) multitudes :o are 
)\t fai? ( any k9d4  ,9 ?is c\ntry !    
/udy ( comp>ative religion has be5 almo/
 entirely 9 ! h&s ( non-evangelical     
writ]s4 ,we h _h ,! ,t5 ,great          
,religions1 f ! p5 ( ,rev4 ,james       

,freeman ,cl>ke2 ,! ,ori5tal ,religions1
 writt5 ) great labor by ! late ,samuel 
,johnson2 & ,mr4 ,moncure ,d4 ,conway's 
,an?ology1 ) its fl[]s1 ga!r$ f ! sacr$ 
books ( all sy/ems1 & s *os5 z to c>ry !
 implication t !y all are equally       
inspir$4 ,_m o!r works design$ to %[ t  
,*ri/ianity 0 develop$ f anci5t sun     
my?s1 or 0 only a plagi>ism ^u ! old    
my?ologies ( ,india1 h be5 curr5t among 
u4 ,b /rangely en\gh1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*  
has seem$ to reg>d ?is subject z sc>cely
 wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,) !       
exception ( a v able "w on ,buddhism1#a 
& sev]al review articles on ,h9duism1   
writt5 by ,pr(essor ,s4,h4 ,kellogg1 v  
little has be5 publi%$ f ! ,*ri/ian     
/&po9t4#b ,! t]m hea!nism has be5 us$ z 
an expression ( contempt1 & has be5     
appli$ ) too little discrim9ation4  ,!re
 is a reason1 p]haps1 :y ^! sy/ems h be5
 und]e/imat$4 ,x s happ5$ t ! races     
among :om ! mod]n mission>y ent]prise   
has c>ri$ on its e>li] "w 7 mo/ly simple
 types ( pagans1 f\nd 9 ! wilds (       

,am]ica1 9 ,gre5l& & ,labrador1 9 ! ,we/
 ,indies1 on ! ,african coa/1 or 9 !    
isl&s ( ! ,pacific2 & ^! wor%ipp]s (    
nature or ( spirits gave a v diff]5t    
impression f t :i* ! ,apo/les & ! ,e>ly 
,*ur* ga9$ f _! int]c\rse ) ! conqu]+   
,romans or ! poli%$ & philosophic       
,greeks4 ,our mission>y "w has be5      
symboliz$1 z ,sir ,william ,w4 ,hunt]   
puts x1 by a b& ( half-nak$ savages     
li/5+ to a mission>y seat$ "u a         
palm-tree1 & receiv+ 8 message ) *ild-l 
& unque/ion+ fai?4  ,b 9 ! op5+ ( free  
access to ! great ,asiatic nations1     
high] grades ( m5 h be5 f\nd1 & ) ^! we 
n[ h *iefly to d4 ,! pione] ( ,india's  
missions1 ! devot$ ,zieg5balg1 _h n be5 
long 9 8 field be=e he le>n$ ! mi/ake   
:i* ! *ur*es 9 ,europe _h made 9 reg>d  
to ! religion & philosophy ( ! ,h9dus4  
,he laid aside all 8 old notions :5 he  
came to enc\nt] ! metaphysical          
subtleties ( ,h9du ?\ght1 :5 he le>n$   
some?+ ( ! imm5se ,h9du lit]ature1 !    
volum9\s e?ics1 ! my/ical & weird       

my?ologies1 ! trem5d\s p[] ( tradition &
 social cu/oms--:51 9 %ort1 he f\nd 8   
way h$g$ up by habits ( ?\ght :olly     
diff]5t f 8 own2 & he resolv$ to "k     
some?+ ( ! religion :i* ! p ( ,india    
already possess$4  ,= ! b5efit ( o!rs :o
 might foll[ him he wrote a book on     
,h9duism & its relations to ,*ri/ianity1
 & s5t x to ,europe = publication4 ,b s 
/rong 7 ! preconceiv$ notions :i*       
prevail$ among 8 bre?r5 at home1 t 8    
manuscript1 in/ead ( be+ publi%$1 0     
suppress$4 ,y 7 n s5t to ,india to /udy 
,h9duism1 wrote ,franke1 b to prea* !   
,gospel4 ,b ,zieg5balg c]ta9ly 0 n want+
 9 8 e/imate ( ! *ief end 9 view1 & 8   
success 0 und\bt$ly f> great] = !       
intellig5t plan ^u :i* he labor$4 ,! "t 
came :5 a *ange _h pass$ ov] ! society  
:i* _h s5t him =?4 ,o!rs1 less fri5dly  
?an he to ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 _h /udi$   
,h9duism1 & _h p>ad$ x z a rival (      
,*ri/ianity2 & 9 self-def5ce aga9/ ?is  
flank movem5t1 ! long-neglect$ "w (     
,zieg5balg 0 br\ght =? f obscurity &    

publi%$4  ,x is p>tly 9 self-def5ce     
aga9/ simil> influ5ces1 t ! ,*ri/ian    
,*ur* ev]y:]e is n[ turn+ increas$      
att5tion to ! /udy ( ,comp>ative        
,religion4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 a wid]     
int]e/ has be5 felt 9 ! subject ?an 9   
?is c\ntry4 ,& yet1 ev5 !re ! ,*ur* has 
be5 f> beh9d ! enemies ( evangelical    
tru? 9 comp>+ ,*ri/ianity ) false       
sy/ems4 ,dr4 ,james ,/alk]1 ( ,glasg[1  
said a few mon?s s9ce t1 :]eas x might  
be expect$ t ! advocates ( ! true fai?  
w\ld be ! fir/ to comp>e & contra/ x ) !
 false sy/ems ( ! _w1 ! "w _h be5 left r
 to ^? :o 7 *iefly int]e/$ 9 disp>ag+ ! 
tru? & exalt+ error4 ,yet some?+ has be5
 done4 ,su* m5 z ,sir ,moni] ,williams1 
,sir ,william ,muir1 ,pr(essors         
,rawl9son1 ,fairbairn1 & ,legge1 ,bi%op 
,c>p5t]1 ,canon ,h>dwick1 ,doctors      
,caird1 ,dodds1 ,mit*ell1 & o!rs1 h giv5
 ! false sy/ems ( ! ,ea/ a ?or\gh & c&id
 treatm5t f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t4 ,! ,*ur* 
,mission>y ,society holds a lecture%ip  
devot$ to ! /udy ( ! non-,*ri/ian       

religions z a prep>ation = mission>y "w4
 ,& ! repres5tatives ( t ,society 9 !   
,punjab h in/itut$ a c\rse ( /udy on ^! 
l9es = mission>ies rec5tly arriv$1 & h  
(f]$ prizes = ! be/ atta9m5ts !re94     
,?\gh we are lat] 9 ?is field (         
inve/igation1 yet "h also !re is spr++  
up a new int]e/1 & x is safe to pr$ict t
 )9 ano!r decade ! real "* ( ! false    
religions w be m g5]ally und]/ood4  ,!  
prejudice :i* has exi/$ 9 reg>d to ?is  
subject has tak5 two diff]5t =ms3 ,fir/1
 !re has be5 ! broad assumption ^u :i*  
,franke wrote to ,zieg5balg1 t all k (  
hea!nism is worse ?an useless4 ,good m5 
are ask+1 ,is n su* a /udy a wa/e (     
en]gy1 :5 we are *>g$ ) proclaim+ ! only
 sav+ tru?8 ,is n d[nright e>ne/ness    
bett] ?an any possible k ( philosophies 
& sup]/itions8 ,& we answ]1 ,yes3 by all
 means1 if only ! "o is possible4 ,ano!r
 view ( ! subject is m s]i\s4 ,may !re  
n1 aft] all1 be dang] 9 ! /udy ( false  
sy/ems8 ,w !re n be f\nd p]plex+        
p>allels :i* w %ake our tru/ 9 !        

positive & exclusive supremacy ( !      
,*ri/ian fai?8  ,n[1 ev5 if !re 7 at    
fir/ "s risks to a simple1 *ild-l       
confid5ce1 yet a timid attitude involves
 f> great] risks3 x am\nts to a half    
surr5d]1 & x is :olly out ( place 9 ?is 
age ( fe>less & aggressive discussion1  
:5 all tru? is *all5g$1 & e =m ( error  
mu/ be met4 ,moreov]1 9 a ?or\gh /udy   
!re is no dang]4 ,sir ,moni] ,williams  
tells u t at fir/ he 0 surpris$ & a     
little tr\bl$1 b 9 ! end he 0 m ?an ev] 
impress$ ) ! transc5d5t tru?s ( !       
,*ri/ian fai?4 ,pr(essor ,s4,h4 ,kellogg
 assures u t ! result ( 8 c>eful        
rese>*es 9 ! ,ori5tal sy/ems is a       
pr(\nd] conviction ( ! great tru?s ( !  
,gospel z div9e4 ,& ev5 ,max ,muell]    
te/ifies t1 :ile mak+ e all[ance =      
:atev] is good 9 ! e?nic fai?s1 he has  
be5 ! m fully conv9c$ ( ! great         
sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,really1 ^?   
are 9 dang] :o receive only ! sup]ficial
 & mislead+ repres5tations ( hea!nism   
:i* "o is sure to meet 9 our magaz9e    

lit]ature1 or 9 works l ,rob]t ,elsm]e &
 ,! ,light ( ,asia4  ,"o _c fail to m>k 
! diff]5t light 9 :i* we view !         
my?ologies ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,if _!
 religi\s beliefs & speculations _h     
rema9$ a secret until our "t1 if ! high 
e?ical precepts ( ,s5eca & ,m>cus       
,aurelius _h only n[ be5 proclaim$1 &   
,socrates _h j be5 celebrat$ 9 gl[+ v]se
 z ! ,light ( ,greece1 !re w\ld be no   
little commotion 9 ! religi\s _w1 &     
?\s&s ) only weak & tr\bl$ fai? might be
 di/urb$4 ,b simply because we ?or\ghly 
und]/& ! my?ology ( ,greece & ,rome1 we 
h no fe>4 ,we welcome all t x c tea* u4 
,we cordially ackn[l$ge ! virtues (     
,socrates & assign him 8 true place4 ,we
 enri* ! fancy & awak5 ! intellectual   
en]gies ( our y\? by classical /udies1 &
 ,*ri/ianity %9es =? ) new lu/re by     
contra/ ) ! hea!n sy/ems :i* x enc\nt]$ 
9 ! ,roman ,empire ages ago4  ,& yet t 0
 no easy conque/4 ,! e>ly *ur*1 :5      
br\ght face to face ) ! culture (       
,greece & ! self-ass]tion ( ,roman p[]1 

:5 confront$ ) pr(\nd philosophies l ^? 
( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ) ! subtleties ( !
 ,/oics1 & ) c\ntless admixtures (      
,p]sian my/icism1 _h1 humanly speak+1 q 
z =midable a task z ^? t are pres5t$ 9 !
 hea!n sy/ems ( to-day4 ,v few ( !      
*ampions ( mod]n hea!nism c comp>e )    
,celsus1 & !re are no m subtle          
philosophies ?an ^? ( anci5t ,greece4   
,evid5tly1 ! "o ?+ ne$$ to dis5*ant !   
false sy/ems ( our "t is a cle> &       
accurate k ( _! m]its & dem]its1 & ( _! 
true relation to ,*ri/ianity4  ,x w be (
 advantage1 = "o ?+1 if we le>n to give 
cr$it to ! non-,*ri/ian religions = !   
good :i* !y may fairly claim4 ,!re has  
exi/$ a feel+ t !y _h no rights :i*     
,*ri/ian m5 7 b\nd to respect4 ,!y h be5
 look$ ^u z sy/ems ( unmix$ evil1 ^:    
enormities x 7 impossible to exagg]ate4 
,& all su* misconceptions & exagg]ations
 h only l$ to s]i\s reactions4          
,anti-,*ri/ian writ]s h made great      
capital ( ! alleg$ misrepres5tations :i*
 zeal\s fri5ds ( missions h put ^u      

hea!nism2 & !re is always great =ce 9   
any appeal = fair play1 on :i*ev] side !
 tru? may lie4 ,:]e ! popul> ,*ri/ian   
idea has pres5t$ a l[ view ( "s sy/em1  
sc>cely ris+ above ! grade ( feti*ism1 !
 apologi/s h triumphantly display$ a    
pr(\nd philosophy4 ,:]e ! masses (      
,*ri/ian p h cr$it$ :ole nations ) no   
high] notions ( wor%ip ?an a supreme    
tru/ 9 s5seless /ocks & /ones1 "s       
skilful def5d] has claim$ t ! idols 7   
only ! outw>d symbols ( an indwell+     
conception ( deity1 & has proce$$ ) ke5 
reli% to po9t out a simil> use ( symbols
 9 ! pictures & images ( ! ,*ri/ian     
,*ur*4  ,f "o extreme _m p h pass$ to   
ano!r1 & 9 ! end h cr$it$ hea!n sy/ems )
 great] m]it ?an !y possess4 ,a m>k$    
illu/ration ( ?is fact is f\nd 9 !      
influ5ce :i* 0 produc$ by ,sir ,edw9    
,arnold's ,light ( ,asia4 ,s5tim5tal    
read]s1 pass+ f surprise to cr$ulity1 7 
ready to inve/ ! g5tle ,indian ,sa9t )  
,*ri/ian conceptions :i* no real        
,buddhi/ ev] ?\ght (4 ,mr4 ,arnold      

himself is said to h express$ surprise t
 p %\ld h giv5 to 8 poem s s]i\s an     
int]pretation1 or %\ld h imag9$ = a     
mom5t t he int5d$ to comp>e ,buddhism ) 
! high] & pur] tea*+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4
  ,9 consid]+ "s ( ! reasons :i* may be 
urg$ = ! /udy ( false sy/ems1 we w fir/ 
proce$ f ! /&po9t ( ! c&idate = ! "w (  
missions4 ,& "h !re is a broad & g5]al  
reason :i* seems too obvi\s to require  
mu* argum5t4 ,! skilful g5]al or ! civil
 eng9e] is suppos$1 ( c\rse1 to survey !
 field ( contemplat$ op]ations ere he   
ent]s ^u 8 "w4 ,! late ,dr4 ,duff1 9    
urg+ ! importance ( a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( !
 sy/ems :i* a mission>y expects to      
enc\nt]1 illu/rat$ 8 po9t by a ref]5ce  
to ! great ,akb>1 :o be=e ent]+ ^u !    
conque/ ( ,india1 twice visit$ ! c\ntry 
9 disguise1 t he might ga9 a complete k 
( its topography1 its /rongholds1 & its 
po9ts ( weakness1 & ! be/ me?ods (      
attack4  ,:ile all religi\s tea*]s mu/  
und]/& _! tasks1 ! ne$ ( special        
prep>ation is p>ticul>ly urg5t 9 ! =eign

 mission>y1 ow+ to 8 *ange ( environm5t4
 ,_m ideas & me?ods to :i* he has be5   
tra9$1 & :i* w\ld s]ve him well among a 
p ( 8 own race1 might be :olly out (    
place 9 ,india or ,*9a1 ,ram ,*&ra      
,bose1 ,m4,a4--himself a conv]t$        
,brahman--has treat$ ) great            
discrim9ation ! argum5t frequ5tly us$1 t
 ! mission>y ne$ only to proclaim !     
,glad ,tid+s4 ,he says3 ,t ! simple /ory
 ( ,*ri/ & him crucifi$ is1 aft] all1 ! 
tru? on :i* ! reg5]ation ( ! ,*ri/ian & 
! non-,*ri/ian l&s mu/ hang1 no "o w    
d5y4 ,?is /ory1 ev] fre%1 is inh]5tly   
fitt$ to t\* ! dead he>t into life1 & to
 infuse vitality into effete            
nationalities & dead civilizations4 ,b a
 great deal ( rubbi% has to be remov$ 9 
hea!n l&s1 ere its legitimate           
consequ5ces c be realiz$4 ,& a pati5t1  
p]si/5t /udy ( ! false religions1 & !   
complicat$ sy/ems ( philosophy associat$
 ) !m1 enables ! mission>y to ?r[ out ( 
! way ^? heaps ( prejudices & errors :i*
 make x impossible = ! /ory ( ! cross to

 rea* & influ5ce ! he>t4#c ,x has be5 v 
wisely said t any fragm5t ( tru? :i*    
lies 9 a hea!n m9d unackn[l$g$ is an    
insup]able b>ri] aga9/ conviction3      
recogniz$ & us$1 x might prove a help2  
neglect$ & ignor$1 x is insurm\ntable4#d
  ,! late ,dr4 ,mull5s le>n$ by c>eful  
obs]vation1 t ! intellectual p[] ( !    
,h9dus _h be5 s w>p$ by false reason+1 t
 !y c\ld sc>cely und]/& h[1 :5 two      
pr9ciples are contradictory1 "o mu/ be  
giv5 up z false4 ,!y are prep>$ to      
receive bo? sides ( a contradiction z   
true1 & !y feel at lib]ty to adopt t :i*
 seems ! mo/ com=table4 ,& no?+ b a full
 exposure ( evil1 ) a cle> /atem5t ( !  
antagoni/ic tru?1 w suffice to awak5 s  
p]v]t$ an intellect4#e  ,! mission>y has
 (t5 be5 surpris$ to f9d t ! idea :i* he
 suppos$ 0 cle>ly und]/ood1 0 :olly w>p$
 by ! m$ium ( ,h9du ?\ght1 z a rod is   
app>5tly w>p$ :5 plung$ into a /ream1 or
 z a beautiful c\nt5ance is di/ort$ by !
 waves & irregul>ities ( an imp]fect    
mirror4 ,to ! prea*]1 s91 = example1 is 

an enormity 9 ! sight ( ,god2 b to 8    
,h9du li/5] x may be only a brea* (     
cu/om1 or a c]emonial uncleanness4 ,!   
indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 z x is set =? 9 
,paul's ,epi/les1 is to ! mission>y a   
union 9 :i* 8 p]sonality is /ill ma9ta9$
 9 ble/ fell[%ip ) ,god1 :ile to 8      
audi5ce x may be only t out & out       
pan!ism 9 :i* ! deity )9 u supplants all
 individual p]sonality1 & n only        
excludes all joy1 b all responsibility4 
,pr(essor ,w4,g4,t4 ,%$d has cle>ly     
po9t$ out ! fact t ! mod]n mission>y has
 a h>d] task 9 deal+ ) ! p]v]sions ( !  
hea!n m9d ?an t to :i* ! ,apo/les ( !   
,e>ly ,*ur* 7 call$1 ow+ to ! preval5ce 
9 ,india & else:]e ( t pan!ism :i*      
de/roys ! s5se ( moral responsibility4  
,he says3 ,! ,greek & ,roman !ism left !
 human w free & responsible1 & ?us !    
doctr9e ( s9 c\ld be taught4 ,b !       
pan!i/ic sy/ems ( ! ,ea/ de/roy free w1 
by id5tify+ ,god & man2 & h5ce x is     
impossible to con/ruct ! doctr9e ( s9 & 
atonem5t except by fir/ refut+ !        

pan!i/ic e?ics4 ,! mission>y c get no   
help f consci5ce 9 8 prea*+1 :5 ?is !ory
 ( ,god & ! _w has ! gr\nd4 ,b ,/4 ,paul
 appeal$ confid5tly 'to e man's         
consci5ce 9 ! sight ( ,god1' & call$ ^u 
! e?ics & !ology ( ! ,greek & ,roman    
philosoph]s = a corroboration4 ,! e>ly  
,apologi/s1 ,t]tullian & o!rs1 did !    
same ?+4  ,! te/imonies :i* h be5 giv5  
)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 by ! mo/ intellig5t &
 obs]v+ mission>ies 9 ,ea/]n l&s1 are ( 
su* peculi> significance & =ce1 t ,i    
%all be ju/ifi$ 9 quot+ a few at "s     
l5g?4 ,rev4 ,george ,william ,knox1     
,d4,d41 ( ,tokio1 ,japan1 9 accept+ an  
election to an honor>y memb]%ip ( !     
,am]ican ,society ( ,comp>ative         
,religion1 wrote1 ,decemb] #ag1 #ahij3  
,i am deeply 9 sympa?y ) ! objects ( !  
,society1 z inde$ e mission>y mu/ be4   
,we h practical demon/rations ( ! value 
( rese>* into ! e?nic religions4 ,ev5 at
 home ! value ( su* rese>* has already  
be5 great1 b 9 ^! non-,*ri/ian l&s x is 
indisp5sable4 ,x is true t non-,*ri/ian 

sy/ems1 z f\nd among ! p1 r>ely exhibit 
! =ms or ! doctr9es :i* we le>n f books1
 b ,i presume ! same w\ld be said by an 
intellig5t ,asiatic1 7 he to /udy our   
sacr$ books & !n comp>e results ) mu* ( 
! religion :i* calls itself ,*ri/ian 9 !
 ,we/4 ,& yet = ! /udy ev5 ( ! mo/      
debas$ =ms ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,s\? ,am]ica 
or ,mexico1 let u say1 we mu/ ne$s beg9 
) our sacr$ books4 ,& s x is ) debas$   
,buddhism 9 ,japan4 ,! ,buddhism (      
,ceylon & ( ! books is unkn[n to ?is p1 
& :5 x is us$ z ! basis ( argum5t or    
exposition we d n hit ! m>k4 ,yet1 aft] 
all1 our debt is immeasurable to !      
societies & s*ol>s t h made accessible !
 s\rces t h yield$ at la/ su* sy/ems z  
are dom9ant "h4  ,! /udy ( non-,*ri/ian 
sy/ems is ess5tial to ! mission>y1 ev5  
?\gh he does n ref] to !m 9 8 prea*+1 b 
cont5ts himself ) deliv]+ ! ,gospel     
message4 ,& t is ! rule ) mission>ies1 s
 f> z ,i "k4 ,b a k ( ! native sy/ems is
 imp]ative1 t we may prop]ly pres5t our 
own4 ,o!rwise we wa/e "t 9 tea*+ ov]    

aga9 t :i* is already fully kn[n1 or we 
s speak t our tru? takes on ! =m (      
error1 or we s und]e/imate ! ?\ght ( ^? 
:om we address1 t ! prea*+ ( ! wisdom ( 
,god s\nds 9 _! e>s ! prea*+ (          
fooli%ness4 ,! adaptation ( prea*+ to ! 
he>]s ( ,asiatic l&s is a task t may    
well make u ?ankful = e help t may be   
furni%$ u4444 ,! mission>y is f> too apt
 to come f ! ,we/ ) exalt$ notions ( 8  
own sup]iority1 & ) a feel+ ( condesc5d+
 pity = m5 :o1 p]haps1 h pond]$ ! deep  
?+s ( ! univ]se f> m ?an he4 ,let him   
really ma/] a philosophy l ! ,confucian1
 & he w bett] illu/rate ! ,*ri/ian grace
 ( humility1 & be s mu* ! bett] prep>$ =
 8 "w4 ,8 /udy w %[ him h[ a/oni%+ is ! 
light t has %one ^u ^? m5 :om he has    
?\ght ( z :olly 9 d>kness4 ,x w ?us %[  
him ! true way ( approa*1 & enable him  
to foll[ ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,x w  
also reveal to him :at is ! ess5tial "* 
( ! div9e message :i* he himself be>s4  
,he w sep>ate t peculi> & spiritual tru?
 :i* is ! ,^w ( ,life1 & w br+ x z glad 

tid+s ( great joy4 ,surely no man c /udy
 ^! e?nic fai?s1 no matt] ) :at         
appreciation ( _! measure ( tru?1 &     
rejoic+ 9 x1 )\t a con/antly gr[+       
conviction t ! "o p[] t conv]ts m5 &    
e/abli%es ,god's k+dom on e>? is ! ,^w t
 is et]nal1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,he ga!rs 9  
,himself all ! tru? ( all ! religions1 &
 ,he adds t div9e ,salvation & ,life =  
:i* all ! nations h wait$1 & )\t :i* !  
highe/ & deepe/ ?\ght rema9s unable to  
br+ m5 into liv+ communion ) ! ,god &   
,fa!r ( u all4  ,rev4 ,m>tyn ,cl>k1     
,d4,d41 ,mission>y ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y 
,society at ,umritsur1 ,india1 has giv5 
?or\gh /udy to ! ,sanscrit1 & has !reby 
be5 enabl$ to expose ! fallacies &      
misrepres5tations :i* ! ,arya ,somaj1 9 
its bitt] controv]sy ) ! ,gospel1 has   
put =? z to ! real "* ( ! ,v$ic         
lit]ature4 ,no man is bett] able to     
judge ( ! importance ( a correct und]/&+
 ( ! errors ( ! non-,*ri/ian sy/ems ?an 
he4 ,9 a lett] accept+ an honor>y       
memb]%ip ( ! above-nam$ ,society he     

says3 ,! object ( ! ,society is "o 9 :i*
 ,i am deeply int]e/$1 & ,i %all at all 
times d :at ,i c to fur!r its aims4 ,i  
am conv9c$ t !re is mu* t is helpful to 
! cause ( ,*ri/ to be le>n$ 9 ?is field 
( rese>*4  ,rev4 ,h4 ,blodgett1 ,d4,d41 
vet]an ,mission>y ( ! ,am]ican ,bo>d 9  
,pek+1 9 accept+ a simil> honor1 says3  
,my int]e/ 9 ^! /udies has be5 deep &   
gr[+4 ,x is high "t t su* a society z y 
repres5t %\ld be =m$4 ,! /udy (         
,comp>ative ,religion has long en\gh be5
 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o hold all religions to  
be ! outcome ( ! natural p[]s ( ! human 
m9d1 unaid$ by a revelation f ,god4 ,x  
is "t t ^? :o believe 9 ! revelation f  
,god 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 ! ,new      
,te/am5t f\nd$ ^u ! ,old1 %\ld /udy !   
great e?nic religions 9 ! light d]iv$ f 
! ,bible4  ,rev4 ,james ,s4 ,d5nis1     
,d4,d41 long a ,mission>y ( !           
,presbyt]ian ,mission 9 ,beyr\t1 ,syria1
 says 9 ! same connection3 ,! great     
mission>y movem5t ( our age has br\ght u
 face to face ) problems & conflicts :i*

 are f> m deep & s]i\s ?an ^? :i*       
confront evangeli/ic ef=ts 9 our own l&1
 & x is ( ! highe/ importance t ! ,*ur* 
at home %\ld "k z fully z possible !    
peculi> & pr(\nd difficulties ( "w 9    
=eign fields4 ,^! anci5t religions ( !  
,ea/ are beh9d intr5*m5ts1 & !y are     
prep>$ to make a desp]ate resi/ance4 ,^?
 :o h nev] come into close contact ) _! 
adh]5ts1 & discov]$ by exp]i5ce !       
difficulty ( dislodg+ !m & conv9c+ !m ( 
! tru? ( ! ,gospel1 may v prop]ly       
misund]/& ! "w ( ! =eign mission>y &    
wond] at 8 app>5t failure1 or at lea/ 8 
sl[ progress4 ,b ,i wond] at ! success  
atta9$ 9 ! =eign field1 & consid] x f> m
 glori\s & rem>kable ?an x is g5]ally   
acc\nt$ to be4 ,a full] acqua9tance ) ! 
/r5g?1 & res\rces1 & local eclat1 &     
worldly advantages ( ^! false religions1
 w give ! ,*ur* at home great] pati5ce &
 fai? 9 ! great "w ( evangeliz+ !       
nations4#f  ,a specific reason = ! /udy 
( ! non-,*ri/ian religions is f\nd 9 !  
*anges :i* our int]c\rse ) ,ea/]n       

nations has already wr\ght4 ,) our      
pres5t means ( int]communication we are 
br\ght face to face ) !m1 & ! contact ( 
our high] vitality has ar\s$ !m f !     
comp>ative slumb] ( ages4 ,ev5 our      
mission>y ef=ts h giv5 new vigor to !   
resi/ance :i* mu/ be enc\nt]$4 ,we h    
tra9$ up a g5]ation ( m5 to a high]     
intellectual activity1 & to a m e>ne/ _s
 ( inquiry1 & !y are by no means all won
 ov] to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,& !re are     
?\s&s 9 ,india :om a ,gov]nm5t education
 has left ) no real fai? ( any k9d1 b ^:
 pride ( race & v5]able cu/oms is rais$ 
to a high] degree ?an ev]4 ,!y h le>n$  
some?+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 !y h also /udi$ _!
 own national sy/ems2 !y h become       
especially famili> ) all t our own      
sceptics h writt5 aga9/ ,*ri/ianity2    
/ill fur!r1 !y h add$ to _! intellectual
 equipm5t all t ,we/]n apologi/s h said 
( ! sup]iority ( ! ,ori5tal fai?s4 ,!y  
are ?us arm$ at e po9t1 & !y are us+ our
 own ,engli% tongue & all our facilities
 = publication4 ,h[ is ! "y mission>y1  

:o kn[s no?+ ( _! sy/ems or ! real po9ts
 ( comp>ison1 to deal ) su* m58 ,x is v 
true t n all ranks ( ,h9dus are educat$2
 !re are millions :o "k no?+ ( any      
religion beyond ! l[e/ =ms ( sup]/ition1
 & to ^! we owe ! duty ( a simple & pla9
 pres5tation ( ,*ri/ & ,him crucifi$2 b 
9 e community :]e ! mission>y is likely 
to live !re are m5 ( ! high] class j    
nam$2 & besides1 pr(essional critics &  
oppos]s are n[ employ$ to h>ass ! baza> 
prea*] ) p]plex+ que/ions1 :i* are soon 
he>d f ! lips ( ! common p4 ,a "y       
mission>y rec5tly wrote ( ! surprise :i*
 he felt :5 a l[ ca/e man1 almo/ )\t    
clo?+1 met him ) argum5ts f ,pr(essor   
,huxley4  ,mission>y ,bo>ds h sometimes 
s5t out a speciali/1 & 9 "s s5se a      
*ampion1 :o %\ld deal ) ! m intellig5t  
classes ( ! hea!n4 ,b su* a plan is     
fraught ) disadvantages4 ,:at is ne$$ is
 a ?or\gh prep>ation 9 all mission>ies1 
& t involves an indisp5sable k ( ! =ces 
to be met4 ,! p[] ( ! press is no long] 
a monopoly ( ,*ri/ian l&s4 ,! ,arya     

,somaj1 ( ,india1 is n[ us+ x1 bo? 9 !  
v]nacul> & 9 ! ,engli%1 9 its bitt] &   
(t5 scurril\s attacks4 ,"o ( its tracts 
rec5tly s5t to me conta9$ an ,engli%    
epitome ( ! argum5ts ( ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,! 
secul> pap]s ( ,japan pres5t 9 almo/ e  
issue "s discussion on ! comp>ative     
m]its ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,buddhism1         
,evolution1 & ,!osophy1 & _m ( ! "y     
native m9i/ry :o at fir/ receiv$ ! tru? 
unque/ion+ly z a *ild receives x f 8 "m1
 are n[ call+ = m5 :om !y c foll[ z     
lead]s 9 _! /ruggle ) manifold error4#g 
,ev5 ,mohamm$ans are at la/ employ+ !   
press in/ead ( ! sword4 ,newspap]s 9    
,con/ant9ople are exhort+ ! fai?ful to  
s5d =? mission>ies to =tify ,africa     
aga9/ ! :iskey & gunp[d] ( ,*ri/ian     
comm]ce1 by proclaim+ ! high] e?ical    
pr9ciples ( ! ,koran4 ,great in/itutions
 ( le>n+ are also ma9ta9$ z ! special   
propag&a ( ! ,ori5tal religions4 ,el    
,az>1 e/abli%$ at ,cairo c5turies ago1  
n[ numb]s t5 ?\s& /ud5ts1 & ^! :5 tra9$ 
g =? to all ,arabic speak+ c\ntries4#h  

,! ,sanskrit colleges & mona/]ies (     
,b5>es numb] sc>cely less ?an f\r ?\s&  
/ud5ts1#i :o are be+ tra9$ 9 ! ,sankhyan
 or ! ,v$anta philosophy1 t !y may g    
back to _! diff]5t prov9ces & ma9ta9 )  
new vigor ! old fai?s aga9/ !           
aggressions ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& 9 ,kioto1 
! great religi\s c5tre ( ,japan1 we f9d 
ov] aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian college ( !        
,am]ican ,bo>d ( ,missions1 a ,buddhi/  
univ]sity ) a ,japanese graduate ( ,ox=d
 z its presid5t4 ,9 a great s*ool at    
,tokio1 also1 ,buddhi/ tea*]s1 aid$ by  
,new ,engl& ,unit>ians1 are ma9ta9+ !   
sup]iority ( ,buddhism ov] ,we/]n       
,*ri/ianity z a religion = ,japan4#aj   
,ano!r reason :y ! mission>y %\ld /udy !
 false sy/ems is f\nd 9 ! greatly       
div]sifi$ =ms :i* ^! sy/ems pres5t 9    
diff]5t l&s & diff]5t ages4 ,& j "h x w 
be se5 t a p>tial k w n meet ! dem&4 ,x 
might be ev5 mislead+4 ,buddhism1 =     
example1 has assum$ an endless v>iety ( 
=ms--n[ appe>+ z a sy/em ( ! balde/     
a!ism1 & n[ pres5t+ an approximate !ism4

 ,gautama 0 c]ta9ly a!i/ic1 & he        
virtually d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! human s\l4 
,b 9 ! nor!rn developm5t ( 8 sy/em1     
!i/ic conceptions sprang up4 ,a sort (  
tr9ity _h appe>$ by ! sev5? c5tury      
,a4,d41 & by ! t5? c5tury a supreme &   
cele/ial ,buddha _h be5 discov]$1 f :om 
all o!r ,buddhas 7 emanations4 ,to-day  
!re are at lea/ twelve ,buddhi/ sects 9 
,japan1 ( :i* "s are my/ical1 o!rs      
pan!i/ic1 :ile two hold a v]itable      
doctr9e ( salvation by fai?4#aa  ,*9a   
has sev]al types ( ,buddhism1 &         
,mongolia1 ,?ibet1 ,nepaul1 ,ceylon1    
,burmah1 & ,siam pres5t ea* "s special  
features ( ! sy/em4 ,h[ important t "o  
%\ld und]/& ^! diff]5ces 9 ord] to avoid
 blund]+1 & to wisely adapt 8 ef=ts6 ,9 
,india1 "u ! common g5]ic "n ( ,h9duism1
 !re are also _m sects3 wor%ipp]s (     
,vi%nu1 wor%ipp]s ( ,siva1 wor%ipp]s (  
,kri%na4 ,!re are ,sikhs1 & ,ja9s1 &    
devil wor%ipp]s2 among ! ,dravidian &   
o!r pre-,aryan tribes !re are victims ( 
e conceivable sup]/ition4  ,n[1 a       

mission>y mu/ "k some?+ ( ^! fai?s if he
 w\ld fight ) weapons ( precision4      
,paul1 9 becom+ all ?+s to all m51 knew 
at lea/ ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,he      
prea*$ ! gospel ) a /udi$ adaptation4   
,he tells u t he s /rove z to w91 & n z 
^? :o beat ! air4 ,h[ al]t 7 !          
combatants 9 ! ar5a f :i* 8 simile is   
borr[$6 ,h[ closely ea* a?lete scann$ 8 
man1 wat*$ 8 e motion1 knew if possible 
8 e ?\ght & impulse6 ,mu* m1 9 w9n+ !   
s\ls ( d>k5$ & misguid$ m51 %\ld we le>n
 ! inmo/ work+s ( _! m9ds1 _! habits (  
?\ght1 & ! nature ( ! errors :i* are to 
be dislodg$4  ,b h[ %all ! false sy/ems 
( religions be /udi$8 ,fir/1 !re %\ld be
 a _s ( entire c&or4 ,tru? is to be     
s\ght always1 & at any co/2 b 9 ?is case
 !re is ev]y?+ to be ga9$ & no?+ to be  
lo/ by ! ,*ri/ian tea*]1 & he c well    
af=d to be j4 ,our div9e ,exempl> nev]  
hesitat$ to ackn[l$ge t :i* 0 good 9 m5 
( :atev] nationality or cre$4 ,he c\ld  
appreciate ! fai? ( ,roman or           
,syro-,pho5ician4 ,he c\ld see m]it 9 a 

,sam>itan z well z 9 a ,jew1 & c\ld     
raise ev5 a p5it5t publican to ! place (
 honor4 ,x 0 only ! ,ph>isees :o        
hesitat$ to admit ! tru?1 until !y c\ld 
calculate ! probable effect ( _!        
admissions4  ,! v be/ exp]i5ce (        
mission>ies has be5 f\nd 9 ! l9e (      
,*ri/'s example4 ,! sure/ way to br+ a  
man to ackn[l$ge 8 errors1 says ,bi%op  
,bloomfield1 is to give him full cr$it =
 :atev] he _h le>n$ ( ! tru?4#ab ,:at   
%\ld we ?9k1 says a ke5 obs]v] ( ! "w ( 
missions--:at %\ld we ?9k ( an eng9e]   
:o1 9 attempt+ to re> a light-h\se on a 
s&b>1 %\ld fail to ackn[l$ge z a gods5d 
any *ance outcropp+ ( solid rock to :i* 
he might fa/5 8 /ays8#ac  ,b 9 urg+ !   
duty ( c&or1 ,i assume t an absolute    
fre$om f bias is impossible on ei!r     
side4 ,x is sometimes amus+ to witness !
 assurance ) :i* pr(ess$ agno/ics assume
 t !y1 & !y alone1 look ^u que/ions (   
comp>ative religion ) an unbias$ &      
judicial m9d4 ,!y h no belief1 !y say1 9
 any religion1 & are !re=e entirely )\t 

prejudice4 ,b are !y8 ,has ! man :o has 
=sak5 ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs & is deeply      
s5sible ( an antagonism betwe5 him & !  
great majority ( ^? ab\t him--has he no 
int]e/ 9 try+ to sub/antiate 8 position1
 & ju/ify 8 ho/ility to ! popul> fai?8  
,( all m5 he is g5]ally ! mo/ prejudic$ 
& ! mo/ bitt]4 ,we freely admit t we set
 out ) a decid$ pref]5ce = "o religi\s  
sy/em above all o!rs1 b we insi/ t c&or 
is possible1 ?\gh an absolutely         
indiff]5t judgm5t is out ( ! "q4 ,paul1 
:o quot$ to ! ,a!nians _! own poet1 0   
fair-m9d$1 & yet no man ev] arraign$    
hea!nism s t]ribly z he1 & none 0 s     
int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! fai? :i* he prea*$4
  ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 9 discuss+ !         
exagg]ations f :i* a c>eful /udy ( !    
,ori5tal religions w\ld d\btless save u1
 says1 ,!re is "o aga9/ :i* we are almo/
 unwill+ to say a ^w4 ,i mean !         
exagg]ation ( ^? :o1 9 a deep devotion  
to ! tru? z x is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 c\nt   
!mselves b\nd1 by _! allegiance to ,him1
 to take up a ho/ile attitude to ev]y?+ 

n di/9ctly & av[$ly ,*ri/ian1 z ?\gh any
 o!r position 7 a trea*]y to 8 cause1 & 
a surr5d] ( 8 exclusive "r to ! au?or%ip
 ( all ! good :i* is 9 ! _w4 ,9 ?is     
temp] we may dwell only on ! guilt &    
mis]y & defilem5ts1 ! w\nds & bruises & 
putrefy+ sores ( ! hea!n _w2 or if aught
 bett] is br\ght "u our eye1 we may look
 askant & suspici\sly ^u x1 z ?\gh all  
recognition ( x 7 a disp>agem5t ( some?+
 bett]4 ,& s we may come to reg>d !     
faire/ de$s ( unbaptiz$ m5 z only m     
spl5did s9s4 ,we may h a %ort b decisive
 =mula by :i* to try & by :i* to condemn
 !m4 ,^! de$s1 we may say1 7 n ( fai?1 &
 !re=e !y c\ld n please ,god2 ! m5 t    
wr\ght !m knew n ,*ri/1 & !re=e _! "w 0 
wor?less--hay1 /raw1 & /ubble1 to be    
utt]ly burn$ up 9 ! day ( ! trial ( e   
man's "w4  ,yet !re is inde$ a c]ta9    
n>r[ness ( view1 out ( :i* alone !      
language ( s sweep+ a condemnation c\ld 
proce$4 ,our allegiance to ,*ri/1 z ! "o
 f\nta9 ( light & life = ! _w1 dem&s t  
we affirm none to be good b ,him1 all[  

no goodness save t :i* has proce$$ f    
,him2 b x does n dem& t we d5y goodness1
 because ( ! place :]e we f9d x1 because
 we meet x1 a g>d5 tree1 9 ! wild]ness4 
,x only requires t we claim ?is = ,him  
:o plant$1 & 0 will+ t x %\ld gr[ !re2  
:om x w\ld itself h gladly own$ z its   
au?or1 if1 belong+ to a happi] "t1 x    
c\ld h kn[n ,him by 8 "n1 :om 9 "p x    
knew by 8 p[]4  ,we d n make mu* ( a    
light ( nature :5 we admit a            
righte\sness 9 ^? to :om 9 ! days ( _!  
fle% ! ,gospel _h n come4 ,we only      
affirm t ! ,^w1 ?\gh n z yet dwell+     
among u1 yet be+ ! 'light :i* lighte? e 
man t come? into ! _w1' _h also light$  
!m4 ,"s glimpses ( 8 beams gild$ _!     
c\nt5ances1 & gave to ^! :atev]         
brightness !y wore2 & 9 recogniz+ ?is   
brightness we are ascrib+ honor to ,him1
 & n to !m2 glorify+ ! grace ( ,god1 & n
 ! virtues ( man4#ad  ,9 m>k$ contra/ ) 
?is1 & t5d+ to an extreme1 is ! foll[+1 
f ! p5 ( ,bi%op ,bev]idge4 ,x is quot$  
by ,max ,muell]1 9 ! op5+ volume ( ,!   

,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 z a model (     
c&or4  ,! g5]al incl9ations :i* are     
naturally implant$ 9 my s\l to "s       
religion1 x is impossible = me to %ift  
(f2 b !re be+ su* a multiplicity (      
religions 9 ! _w1 ,i desire n[ s]i\sly  
to consid] ) myself :i* ( !m all to     
re/ra9 ^! my g5]al incl9ations to4 ,& ! 
reason ( ?is my inquiry is n1 t ,i am 9 
! lea/ dissatisfi$ ) t religion ,i h    
already embrac$2 b because 'tis natural 
= all m5 to h an ov]be>+ op9ion & e/eem 
= t p>ticul> religion !y are born &     
br$-up 94 ,t1 !re=e1 ,i may n seem bias$
 by ! prejudice ( education1 ,i am      
resolv$ to prove & exam9e !m all2 t ,i  
may see & hold fa/ to t :i* is be/4444  
,inde$1 !re 0 nev] any religion s b>b>\s
 & diabolical1 b x 0 pref]r$ above all  
o!r religions :atsoev] by !m t did      
pr(ess x2 o!rwise !y w\ld n h pr(ess$   
x4444 ,& :y1 say !y1 may y n be mi/ak5 z
 well z we8 ,especially :5 !re are1 at  
lea/1 six to "o aga9/ y\r ,*ri/ian      
religion2 all ( :i* ?9k !y s]ve ,god    

aright2 & expect happ9ess !reby z well z
 y4444 ,& h5ce x is t 9 my look+ out = !
 true/ religion1 be+ consci\s to myself 
h[ great an asc5dancy ,*ri/ianity holds 
ov] me beyond ! re/1 z be+ t religion   
:]eunto ,i 0 born & baptiz$2 t ! supreme
 au?ority has enjo9$ & my p>5ts educat$ 
me 92 t :i* ev]yone ,i meet )al highly  
approves (1 & :i* ,i myself h1 by a     
long-cont9u$ pr(ession1 made almo/      
natural to me2 ,i am resolv$ to be m    
jeal\s & suspici\s ( ?is religion ?an ( 
! re/1 & be sure n to ent]ta9 x any     
long] )\t be+ conv9c$ by solid &        
sub/antial argum5ts ( ! tru? & c]ta9ty (
 x4 ,t1 !re=e1 ,i may make dilig5t &    
imp>tial inquiry into all religions & s 
be sure to f9d out ! be/1 ,i %all = a "t
 look ^u myself z "o n at all int]e/$ 9 
any p>ticul> religion :atsoev]1 mu* less
 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion2 b only z "o :o  
desires1 9 g5]al1 to s]ve & obey ,him t 
made me 9 a "r mann]1 & !reby to be made
 p>tak] ( t happ9ess my nature is       
capable (4#ae  ,second1 9 /udy+ ! false 

sy/ems x is important to di/+ui% betwe5 
religion & e?ics4 ,9 ! sph]e ( e?ics !  
diff]5t fai?s ( m5 may f9d mu* common   
gr\nd1 :ile 9 _! religi\s elem5ts !y may
 be entirely true or utt]ly false4 ,!   
tea*+s ( ,confucius1 ?\gh agno/ic1      
pres5t$ a moral code :i* places !       
relations ( ! family & /ate on a v firm 
basis4 ,& ! v highe/ precepts (         
,buddhism belong to ! p]iod 9 :i* x 0   
virtually a!i/ic4 ,_m great & noble     
tru?s h be5 reveal$ to mank9d ?r\gh !   
consci5ce & ! und]/&+1 & ^! tru?s h f\nd
 expression 9 ! prov]bs or e?ical maxims
 ( all races4 ,to ?is ext5t ,god has    
n[h]e left himself )\t witness4 ,b all  
?is is q ap>t f a div9ely reveal$       
religion :i* may be *]i%$ or be :olly   
lo/4 ,! gold5 rule is f\nd n only 9 !   
,new ,te/am5t1 b negatively at lea/ 9 ! 
,confucian classics2#af & ! ,%a/ras ( ! 
,h9dus pres5t x 9 bo? ! positive & !    
negative =m4 ,& ! /ill high] grace ( do+
 good to ^? :o injure u1 0 proclaim$ by 
,laotze1 five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/    

prea*$ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4  ,! imm5se  
sup]iority ( ! e?ical /&>d 9            
,*ri/ianity1 lies 9 its h>mony &        
complet5ess4 ,confucius taught ! active 
virtues ( life1 ,laotze ^? ( a passive  
k9d2 ,*ri/ianity inculcates bo?4 ,9     
hea!nism e?ical tru?s exi/ 9            
fragm5ts--m]e half tru?s1 l ! brok5 &   
scatt]$ rema9s ( a temple once beautiful
 b n[ de/roy$4 ,!y hold no relation to  
any high religi\s purpose1 because !y h 
no intellig5t relation to ,god4 ,*ri/ian
 e?ics beg9 ) our relations to ,god z   
supreme1 & !y embrace ! pres5t life & ! 
_w to come4 ,! symmetry ( ! div9e       
precept1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god )  
all ?y he>t1 & ?y neighbor z ?yself1    
f9ds no c\nt]p>t 9 ! false religions ( !
 _w4 ,n[h]e else1 n ev5 9 ,buddhism1 is 
f\nd ! p]fect law ( love4 ,! great      
secret ( p[] 9 ,*ri/ianity is ,god's    
unspeakable love to m5 9 ,*ri/2 & !     
reflex ( t love is ! highe/ & pure/ ev] 
realiz$ 9 human he>ts4  ,?irdly1 ! false
 sy/ems %\ld be /udi$ by ! ,*ri/ian     

mission>y1 n = _! own sakes s mu* z = an
 ult]ior purpose1 & !y %\ld be /udi$ 9  
con/ant comp>ison ) ! religion :i* x is 
8 bus9ess to proclaim4 ,8 aim is n t ( a
 savant4 ,let u n disguise x3 he is     
ma9ly endeavor+ to ga9 a m ?or\gh       
prep>ation = 8 own great "w4 ,!         
pr(essional s*ol> at ,ox=d or ,leipsic  
might condemn ?is ackn[l$g$ bias--?is   
pursuit ( tru? z a means & n z an end--b
 if he w\ld be entirely frank1 he w\ld  
(t5 f9d himself work+ 9 ! int]e/ ( a    
l+ui/ic !ory1 or a pet hypo!sis ( social
 sci5ce4 ,x 0 9 ?is _s t ,sp5c] & ,d>w9 
h se>*$ ! _w = facts to support _!      
sy/ems4#ag  ,i repeat1 x is en\gh = !   
mission>y t he %all be ?or\ghly c&id4   
,he may ex]cise ! burn+ zeal ( ,paul = !
 ,gospel :i* he proclaims1 if he w also 
ex]cise 8 cle> discrim9ation1 8         
scrupul\s fairness1 8 c\rtesy1 & 8 tact4
 ,let him n =get t he is /udy+ religions
 comp>atively2 he %\ld proce$ ) ! ,bible
 9 "o h&1 & %\ld exam9e ! true & ! false
 toge!r4 ,contra/s w appe> /ep by /ep z 

he advances1 & ! great tru?s (          
,*ri/ianity w /& out 9 bright] radiance1
 = ! %ad[s ( ! backgr\nd4 ,if ! "q be   
ask$1 :5 & :]e %all ! mission>y c&idate 
/udy ! false sy/ems1 ,i answ] at once2  
be=e he leaves 8 native l&2 & ,i assign 
?ree pr9cipal reasons4 ,fir/3 ,! /udy ( 
a new & difficult language %\ld engross 
8 att5tion :5 he rea*es 8 field4 ,?is w 
prove "o ( ! mo/ =midable tasks ( 8     
life1 & x w dem& resolute1 conc5trat$1 &
 prolong$ ef=t4 ,second3 ,9 ga9+ access 
to ! p1 /udy+ _! ways & w9n+ _!         
confid5ce1 ! mission>y w f9d great      
advantage 9 hav+ ga9$ "s previ\s k ( _! 
habits ( ?\ght & ! intricacies ( _!     
beliefs4 ,?ird3 ,! means & appliances ( 
/udy are f> great] "h at home ?an on !  
mission fields4 ,a v s]i\s difficulty ) 
mo/ mission>ies is ! want ( books on    
special topics2 !y h no access to       
libr>ies1 & if "o has imag9$ t he c be/ 
und]/& ! fai?s ( ! p by p]sonal contact 
) !m1 he w soon le>n ) surprise h[      
little he c ga9 f !m1 & h[ little !y    

!mselves "k ( _! own sy/ems4 ,^? :o d "k
 h le>n$ = ! purpose ( baffl+ !         
mission>y in/ead ( help+ him4 ,!        
accumulation & ! arrangem5t ( any?+ l a 
sy/ematic k ( hea!n sy/ems has co/ !    
comb9$ ef=t ( _m mission>ies & _m       
,ori5tal s*ol>s2 & n[1 aft] ?ree        
g5]ations h pursu$ ^! /udies1 x is /ill 
felt t v mu* is to be le>n$ f lit]atures
 yet to be translat$4 ,su* z !re are1   
are be/ f\nd 9 ! home libr>ies4  ,let u 
= a few mom5ts consid] ! "q h[ f> ^? :o 
are n to become mission>ies may be      
pr(it$ by a /udy ( false sy/ems4 ,to a  
l>ge ext5t1 ! consid]ations already urg$
 w apply to !m also1 b !re are /ill o!rs
 :i* are specially important to public  
tea*]s "h at home4 ,dean ,murray1 9 an  
able article publi%$ 9 ! ,homiletic     
,review ( ,septemb]1 #ahij1 recomm5d$ to
 active & c>eworn pa/ors a cont9u$ /udy 
( ! ,greek classics1 z calculat$ to     
refre% & invigorate ! m9d1 & increase   
its capacity = ! duties ( :atev] sph]e4 
,all t he said ( ! ,greek may also be   

said ( ! ,h9du classics1 ) ! add$       
consid]ation t 9 ! latt] we are deal+ ) 
! liv+ issues ( ! day4 ,sir ,moni]      
,williams1 9 comp>+ ! two great ,epics (
 ! ,h9dus ) ^? ( ,hom]1 names _m po9ts (
 sup]iority 9 ! =m]4#ah ,x is safe to   
say t no poems ( any o!r l& h ev]       
ex]cis$ s great a spell ov] s _m        
millions ( mank9d z ! ,ramayana & !     
,mahabh>ata1 ( ,india1 & no o!r         
production is li/5$ to ) su* delight z !
 /ory ( ,rama z x is /ill publicly read 
at ! ,h9du fe/ivals4  ,( philosophies1  
no sy/em ( ,india has approa*$ s ne> to 
v]itable div9e revelation z t ( ,plato1 
b 9 v>iety & subtlety1 & 9 _! f>-rea*+  
influ5ce ^u human life1 ! ,indian       
s*ools1 especially ! ,v$anta1 are       
sc>cely excell$ to ?is day4 ,& !y are   
appli$ philosophies2 !y con/itute !     
religion ( ! p4 ,max ,muell] has said   
truly t no o!r l9e ( inve/igation is s  
fasc9at+ z t :i* deals ) ! long &       
univ]sal /ruggle ( mank9d to f9d out    
,god1 & to solve ! my/]y ( _! relations 

to him4 ,un=tunately1 human hi/ory has  
dealt ma9ly ) w>s & intrigues1 & ! rise 
& fall ( dyna/ies2 b comp>$ ) ^! co>se &
 sup]ficial elem5ts1 h[ mu* m int]e/+ & 
in/ructive to trace 9 all races ( m5 !  
common & ceaseless ye>n+s aft] "s       
solution ( life's my/]ies6 ,"o is /irr$ 
) a deep]1 broad] sympa?y = mank9d :5 he
 witnesses ?is univ]sal s5se ( dep5d5ce1
 ?is fe> & trembl+ be=e ! p[]s ( an     
unse5 _w1 ?is pitiful procession (      
unble/ millions ev] troop+ on t[>d !    
goal ( dea? & oblivion4 ,& f ?is /&po9t1
 z f no o!r1 may "o measure ! greatness 
& glory ( ! ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/4  ,to
 my m9d !re is no?+ m pa!tic ?an !      
spectacle ( _w-wide feti*ism4 ,x is n to
 be contemplat$ ) d]ision1 b ) pr(\nde/ 
sympa?y4 ,we all rememb] ! pa?os (      
,scott's picture ( 8 ,highl& h]o9e1 )   
bra9 disord]$ by unspeakable grief1     
beguil+ h] woes ) *ildi% ornam5ts (     
gaudy broom & plumes f ! eagle's w+4 ,b 
sadd] f> is ! spectacle ( millions ( m5 
made = fell[%ip ) ,god1 build+ _! hopes 

on ! div9ity dwell+ 9 an amulet ( tig]'s
 tee? or s]p5t's fangs or curi\s %ells4 
,& x ought to enl>ge our natures ) a    
,*ri/-l sympa?y :5 we contemplate ^? d>k
 & desp]ate fai?s :i* are b nightm>es ( 
! s\l1 :i* see 9 all ! univ]se only     
malevol5t spirits to be appeas$1 :i*1   
look+ heav5w>d = a fa!r's face1 see1 z  
,ri*t] express$ x1 only a dea?'s head ) 
bottomless1 empty sockets in/ead ( a    
lov+ smile4#ai  ,& :at a field d !      
great] b equally false sy/ems pres5t = !
 /udy ( ! human m9d & he>t6 ,h[ 0 x t ! 
simple nature wor%ip ( ! ,indo-,aryans  
grew into ! va/ deposit ( mod]n         
,h9duism1 & develop$ ^? social cu/oms   
:i* h become walls ( adamant8 ,h[ c\ld  
,buddhism gr[ out ( su* a soil & f9ally 
ca/ its spell ov] s _m peoples8 ,:at 7 !
 elem5ts ( p[] :i* enabl$ ! great sage (
 ,*9a to re> a social & political fabric
 :i* has surviv$ = s _m c5turies8 ,h[ 0 
x t ,islam ga9$ its conque/s1 & :at is !
 secret ( t dom9ion :i* x /ill holds8   
,^! surely are que/ions wor?y ( ^? :o   

are call$ to deal ) human ?\ght & human 
de/9y4 ,& :5 by comp>ison we f9d ! gr&  
diff]5tials :i* raise ,*ri/ianity       
inf9itely above !m all1 we %all h ga9$ !
 p[] ( pres5t+ its tru?s m cle>ly & m   
conv9c+ly to ! m9ds & he>ts ( m54  ,!re 
are "s specific advantages fl[+ f ! /udy
 ( o!r religions ( :i* ,i w give little 
m ?an an enum]ation4  #a4 ,x impresses u
 ) ! univ]sality ( "s m or less di/9ct  
conception ( ,god4 ,i am aw>e t f "t to 
"t explor]s imag9e t !y h f\nd a race ( 
m5 :o h no notion ( ,god1 b 9 almo/ e   
in/ance subsequ5t inve/igation has f\nd 
a religi\s belief4 ,su* mi/akes 7 made  
conc]n+ ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 !      
,dyaks ( ,borneo1 ! ,papuans1 !         
,patagonians1 & ev5 ! ,am]ican ,indians4
 ,! unity ( ! race f9ds a new & /rik+   
pro( 9 ! univ]sality ( religion4  #b4 ,!
 /udy ( false sy/ems br+s to light an   
almo/ unanim\s te/imony = ! exi/5ce ( a 
vague primeval mono!ism1 & ?us af=ds a  
/rong presumptive corroboration ( !     
,scriptural doctr9e ( man's apo/asy f ! 

wor%ip ( ! true ,god4  #c4 ,! cle>e/    
v9dication ( ! sev]ities ( ! ,old       
,te/am5t ,!ocracy1 9 its w>s (          
ext]m9ation aga9/ ! ,canaanites &       
,pho5icians1 is to be f\nd 9 a c>eful   
/udy ( ! f\l & cruel types ( hea!nism   
:i* ^? nations c>ri$ ) !m :]ev] _!      
colonies ext5d$4 ,a religion :i* enjo9$ 
univ]sal pro/itution1 & l$ ?us to sodomy
 & ! burn+ ( "y *ildr5 9 ! fires (      
,molo*1 f> exce$$ ! wor/ hea!nism (     
,africa or ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,!     
,pho5ician settlem5ts on ! ,m$it]ranean 
h n ev5 yet recov]$ f ! moral blight ( t
 religion2 & _h su* a cultus be5 all[$  
to spread ov] all ,europe & ! _w1 n ev5 
a second ,deluge c\ld h cleans$ ! e>? ( 
its defilem5t4 ,! ext]m9ation ( !       
,canaanites1 :5 consid]$ z a "p ( "o    
great s*eme = e/abli%+ 9 t same ,pale/9e
 a pur] & nobl] fai?1 & s5d+ =? !nce1 n 
,pho5ician corruption1 b ! ,gospel (    
,peace to all l&s1 becomes a "w ( m]cy  
to ! human race4  #d4 ,! e?ics ( ! hea!n
 w be f\nd to v9dicate ! doctr9es ( !   

,bible4 ,?is is a po9t :i* %\ld be m    
?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,x has be5 common to 
p>ade ! high moral maxims ( hea!n sy/ems
 z pro(s aga9/ ! exclusive claims (     
,*ri/ianity4 ,b :5 c>efully consid]$1 ! 
l(ty e?ical tru?s f\nd 9 all sacr$ books
 & traditions1 corroborate ! doctr9es ( 
! ,scriptures4 ,!y condemn ! nations :o 
hold ! tru? 9 unrighte\sness4 ,!y en=ce 
! great doctr9e t by _! own consci5ces  
all mank9d are convict$ ( s91 & are 9   
ne$ ( a vic>i\s righte\sness1--a full & 
free salvation by a div9e p[]4 ,my own  
exp]i5ce has be51 & x is corroborat$ by 
t ( _m o!rs1 t v _m tru?s ( ! ,gospel1  
:5 se5 f ! /&-po9t ( hea!nism1 /& out ) 
a cle>ness nev] se5 be=e4  ,_m prud5tial
 reasons l ^? :i* we h giv5 = ! /udy (  
false sy/ems by mission>ies1 p]ta9 also 
to ^? :o rema9 at home4 ,bo? are conc]n$
 9 ! same cause1 & bo? enc\nt] ! same   
assailm5ts ( our common fai?4 ,we are   
all mission>ies 9 an important s5se3 we 
wat* ! conflict f af>1 b we are conc]n$ 
9 all its issues4 ,! bullet9s ( its     

battle-fields are no long] conf9$ to    
mission>y lit]ature2 !y are f\nd 9 !    
daily secul> press1 & !y are discuss$ ) 
favorable or unfavorable comm5ts 9 !    
mon?ly magaz9es4 ,! mission>y ent]prise 
has come to attract great att5tion3 x   
has _m fri5ds1 & also _m foes1 "h at    
home2 x is misrepres5t$ by sc(f]s at our
 doors4 ,! high m]its ( hea!n sy/ems1   
set =? ) e degree ( exagg]ation1 pass   
into ! h&s ( ,*ri/ian families1 9 books 
& magaz9es & secul> pap]s4 ,apo/les (   
infidelity are s5t out to hea!n c\ntries
 to ga!r weapons aga9/ ! tru?4 ,natives 
( v>i\s ,ori5tal l&s1 once taught 9 our 
mission s*ools p]haps1 b /ill hea!n1 are
 p>ad$ on our lecture plat=ms1 :]e !y   
ent]ta9 u ) ,engli% & ,am]ican argum5ts 
9 support ( _! hea!n sy/ems & aga9/     
,*ri/ianity4 ,"y pa/ors1 9 ! lit]>y     
clubs ( _! v>i\s communities1 are       
surpris$ by be+ call$ to discuss        
plausible pap]s on ,buddhism1 :i* "s    
fell[-memb] has contribut$1 & !y are    
expect$ to def5d ! tru?4 ,or "s "y      

p>i%ion] has be5 fasc9at$ by a plausible
 ,!osophi/1 or has le>n$ f ,rob]t       
,elsm]e t !re are o!r religions q z pure
 & sacr$ z our own4 ,or "s *ance lectur]
 has di/urb$ ! community ) a disc\rse on
 ! hi/ory ( religi\s my?s4 ,& :5 "s     
anxi\s memb] ( a *ur* le>ns t 8 religi\s
 in/ructor has no help = him on su*     
subjects1 t !y lie :olly outside ( 8    
range1 !re is apt to be some?+ m ?an    
disappo9tm5t3 !re is a loss ( confid5ce4
  ,x is an un=tunate elem5t 9 ! case t  
error is m welcome 9 "s ( our pr(ess$ly 
neutral pap]s ?an ! tru?3 an article    
design$ to %[ t ,*ri/ianity 0 borr[$ f  
,buddhism or 0 develop$ f feti*ism w    
sometimes be welcom$ z new s5sation1    
:ile a reply ( half ! l5g? may be       
reject$4  ,!re is some?+ om9\s 9 ^!     
facts4 ,:e!r ! secul> press 7n all pap]s
 are ?us unfair7 are influ5c$ by p>tisan
 hatr$ ( ! tru? or simply by a reckless 
reg>d = :atev] is mo/ popul>1 ! facts   
are equally port5t\s4 ,& if x be true t 
su* publications are :at ! p mo/ desire1

 ! outlook = our c\ntry is d>k inde$4 ,!
 sadde/ consid]ation is t ! p[] ( !     
secul> press is s va/ & f> rea*+4 ,:5   
,celsus wrote1 books 7 few4 ,:5         
,voltaire1 ,hume1 & ,?omas ,pa9e made _!
 assailm5ts on ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! means 
( spread+ ! blight ( error 7            
comp>atively few4 ,b n[ ! accumulat$    
argum5ts ( ,g]man infidels = ! la/      
half-c5tury may be ?r[n into a five-c5t 
,sunday pap]1 ^: issue w rea* a qu>t] ( 
a million ( copies1 :i* p]haps a million
 ( m5 & wom5 may read4 ,^! articles are 
copi$ into a hundr$ o!r pap]s1 & !y are 
read 9 ! villages & hamlets2 !y are read
 on ! ran*es & 9 ! m9+ camps :]e no     
s]mon is ev] he>d4  ,x is p]fectly      
evid5t t 9 an age l ?is we _c propagate 
,*ri/ianity "u glass4 ,x mu/ gr[ 9 ! op5
 field :]e ! free w9ds ( heav5 %all     
smite & dissipate e cl\d ( error t may  
pass ov] x1 & :]e its roots %all only   
/rike ! deep] = ! que/ion+s & conflicts 
t may (t5 befall x4 ,error _c be ov]come
 ei!r by ignor+ x or by ! *eap b        

imbecile scold+ ( an ignorant pulpit4   
,i _c express ! tru? on ?is po9t m      
=cibly ?an by quot+ ! tr5*ant words (   
,pr(essor ,erne/ ,naville1 9 8 lectures 
on ,mod]n ,a!ism4 ,aft] hav+ admitt$ t  
"o1 :o c keep himself f> f ! /rifes &   
/ruggles ( mod]n ?\ght1 w f9d solitude1 
pray]1 & calm activity1 pursu$ "u !     
guidance ( consci5ce1 mo/ conducive to  
unque/ion+ fai? & religi\s peace1 he    
says3 ,b we are n ma/]s ( our own ways1 
& ! circum/ances ( ! pres5t times impose
 on u special duties4 ,! b>ri]s :i*     
sep>ate ! s*ool & ! _w are ev]y:]e ?r[n 
d[n2 ev]y:]e %r$s ( philosophy1 & v (t5 
( v bad philosophy1 scatt]$ fragm5ts (  
!ological sci5ce1 & v (t5 ( a deplorable
 !ological sci5ce1 are ins9uat+ !mselves
 into ! curr5t lit]ature4 ,!re is n a   
lit]>y review1 !re is sc>cely a         
political j\rnal1 :i* does n speak on   
occasion1 or )\t occasion1 ( ! problems 
relat+ to our et]nal int]e/s4 ,! mo/    
sacr$ beliefs are attack$ e day 9 !     
organs ( public op9ion4 ,at su* a       

juncture c m51 :o pres]ve fai? 9 _! own 
s\ls1 rema9 l dumb dogs1 or keep        
!mselves %ut up 9 ! n>r[ limits ( !     
s*ools8 ,assur$ly n4 ,we mu/ desc5d to !
 common gr\nd & fight ) equal weapons ! 
great battles ( ?\ght4 ,= ?is purpose x 
is necess>y to /ate que/ions :i* run !  
risk ( />tl+ s9c]ely religi\s p]sons4 ,b
 !re is no help = x if we are to combat 
! adv]s>ies on _! own gr\nd2 & because x
 is ?us only t we c prove to all t !    
torr5t ( negations is b a pass+ ru% (   
wat]s1 :i*1 fret z !y may 9 _! *annels1 
%all be f\nd to h left n s mu* z a trace
 ( _! passage ^u ! ,rock ( ,ages4 ,!    
fact t ,pr(essor ,naville's lectures 7  
deliv]$ 9 ,g5eva & ,lausanne1 to        
audi5ces :i* toge!r numb]$ ov] two ?\s& 
five hundr$ p1 af=ds abundant pro( t ! p
 are prep>$ to welcome ! relief af=d$ by
 a cle> & really able discussion ( ^!   
burn+ que/ions4 ,9 ! ord9>y tea*+ ( !   
pulpit !y w\ld be out ( place1 b e      
public tea*] %\ld be able to deal ) !m  
on suitable occasions4  ,9 a s+le       

conclud+ ^w1 ! /ruggle ( tru? & error   
has become _w-wide4 ,!re are no e?nic   
religions n[4 ,!re is ,*ri/ianity 9     
,calcutta1 & !re is ,buddhism 9 ,bo/on4 
,! l9e ( battle is ! p>allel t belts !  
globe4 ,x is n a "t = slumb] or = m]e   
pi\s d5unciation4 ,!re mu/ be no        
blund]+3 ! w>f>e mu/ be wag$ ) weapons (
 precision1 & !n victory is sure4 ,x is 
well if our mission>y ef=t ( a c5tury   
has drawn ! fire ( ! enemy2 x is well if
 ! "t has come to hold up ! tru? face to
 face ) error1 & to fight out & ov] aga9
 ! conflict ( ,elijah & ! ,prie/s (     
,baal4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #a3 ,! 
,light ( ,asia & ! ,light ( ! ,_w4      
,macmillan  ,co4  ,footnote #b3 ,! late 
,pr(essor ,m(fat1 ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological
 ,sem9>y1 publi%$ a ,comp>ative ,hi/ory 
( ,religions1 b its field 0 too broad = 
a ?or\gh treatm5t4  ,footnote #c3       
,me?odi/ ,qu>t]ly4  ,footnote #d3 ,quot$
 9 ,manual ( ,india ,missions4          
,footnote #e3 ,manual ( ,india          
,missions4  ,footnote #f3 ,simil> views1

 ?\gh 9 brief] t]ms1 h be5 pres5t$ by   
,rev4 ,william ,a4,p4 ,m>t91 ,d4,d41 (  
,pek+2 ,rev4 ,john ,l4 ,nev9s1 ,d4,d41 (
 ,*ef\2 ,rev4 ,a4,p4 ,happ]1 ,d4,d41 &  
,rev4 ,b4,c4 ,h5ry1 ,d4,d41 ( ,canton2  
,pr(essor ,john ,wortabet1 ,m4,d41 (    
,beyr\t2 ,rev4 ,jacob ,*amb]la91 ,d4,d41
 ,mission>y ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* 9 ,madras2 
,rev4 ,z4,j4 ,jones1 ,d4,d41 ,mission>y 
( ! ,am]ican ,m4,e4 ,*ur* at ,b>eilly1  
,india2 ,rev4 ,k4,c4 ,*att]gee & ,ram   
,*&ra ,bose1 bo? conv]ts f high ca/e    
,h9duism & bo? em95t m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel 
9 ,india2 & ,rev4 ,e4,w4 ,blyd51 ,d4,d41
 ! accompli%$ ,african s*ol> ( ,lib]ia4 
,footnote #g3 ,! ,japan ,mail (         
,septemb] #cj1 #ahia1 9 review+ !       
progress ( religi\s & philosophic       
discussion z c>ri$ on by ! native press 
( ! ,empire1 says3 ,! ,buddhi/ lit]ature
 ( ! season %[s pla9ly ! ext5t to :i* ! 
educat$ memb]s ( ! 7,buddhi/7 prie/hood 
are seek+ to enl>ge _! grasp by contact 
) ,we/]n philosophy & religi\s ?\ght4   
,we happ5 to "k t a prom95t prie/ ( !   

,%9su sect is deeply imm]s$ 9 ,comte's  
humanit>ianism4 ,9 ,kyogaku-r\%u 7a     
native pap]7 are publi%$ in/alm5ts (    
,sp5c]'s philosophy4 ,ano!r pap]1 !     
,hauseikwai1 has an article urg+ !      
desirability ( a g5]al union ( all !    
7,buddhi/7 sects1 su* z ,colonel ,olcott
 br\ght ab\t 9 ,india betwe5 ! nor!rn & 
! s\!rn ,buddhi/s4  ,footnote #h3       
,leaves f an ,egyptian ,note-book4      
,footnote #i3 ,pap]s ( ,rev4 ,mr4       
,hewlett 9 ! ,indian ,evangelical       
,review4  ,footnote #aj3 ,9 an address  
giv5 9 ,tokio1 by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,knapp1 (  
,bo/on1 ,buddhi/s 9 ,japan 7 advis$ to  
build _! religion ( ! future ^u _! own  
f\ndations1 & n ^u ! tea*+s ( ,we/]n    
propag&i/s4  ,footnote #aa3 ,! ,twelve  
,buddhi/ ,sects ( ,japan1 by ,bunyiu    
,nanjio1 ,oxon4  ,footnote #ab3 ,quot$ 9
 ,manual ( ,india ,missions4  ,footnote 
#ac3 ,quot$ 9 ,manual ( ,india          
,missions4  ,footnote #ad3 ,hulsean     
,lectures1 #ahdf4  ,footnote #ae3       
,private ,?\ghts on ,religion1 ,"p ,i41 

,article #b4  ,footnote #af3 ,confucius 
n only taught t m5 %\ld n d to o!rs :at 
!y w\ld n h done to !m1 b :5 "o ( 8     
disciples ask$ him to "n "o ^w :i* %\ld 
repres5t ! :ole duty ( man1 he repli$   
,reciprocity4  ,footnote #ag3 ,:oev] w  
read ! ,preface ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s "w on   
,sociology w be surpris$ at ! means :i* 
h be5 us$ 9 collect+ & v]ify+ suppos$   
facts2 a c>eful p]usal ( ! book w %[ t  
all classes ( te/imony h be5 accept$1 s 
f> z !y 7 favorable4 ,adv5tur]s1        
report]s1 sailors1 & t ^u ! briefe/ &   
mo/ casual obs]vation1 h be5 deem$      
capable ( int]pret+ ! religi\s beliefs (
 m54 ,ev5 ,pes*el d\bts _m ( _!         
conclusions4  ,footnote #ah3 ,see       
,indian ,wisdom4  ,footnote #ai3        
,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 aft] speak+ 9 8        
,hulsean lectures ( ! advantages :i* we 
may ga9 f an e>ne/ /udy ( ! /ruggles (  
?\ghtful m51 :o amid hea!n d>kness h    
grop$ aft] a k ( ! true ,god1 & ( !     
gratitude :i* we ought to feel :o h     
receiv$ a m sure ^w ( prophecy1 adds 9  

words ( r>e beauty3 ,& p]haps x %all    
seem to u z if t /> 9 ! natural heav5s  
:i* guid$ ^? ,ea/]n sages f _! di/ant   
home1 0 b ! symbol ( _m a /> :i*1 9 !   
_w's my/ical night1 su* z1 be+ fai?fully
 foll[$1 avail$ to lead humble & dev\t  
he>ts f f>-(f regions ( sup]/ition &    
error1 till !y knelt beside ! cradle ( !
 ,babe ( ,be?lehem1 & saw all _! we>y   
w&]+s repaid 9 a mom5t1 & all _! desires
 f9d+ a p]fect fulfilm5t 9 ,him4        
,,lecture ,,ii4  ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,!   
,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,deal+ ,,) 
,,hea!nism   ,! co9cid5ces ( our pres5t 
conque/ ( ! non-,*ri/ian races ) t to   
:i* ! ,apo/olic ,*ur* 0 call$ are num]\s
 & /rik+4 ,n ev5 "o hundr$ ye>s ago 0 ! 
/ruggle ) hea!n error s simil> to t ( ! 
e>ly ,*ur*4  ,to a great ext5t !        
mission>y ef=ts ( ! m$iaeval c5turies   
enc\nt]$ only crude sy/ems1 :i* x 0     
comp>atively easy to ov]come4 ,! rude   
tribes ( ,nor!rn ,europe 7 conv]t$ by ! 
,*ri/ianity ( ! lat] ,roman ,empire1 ev5
 ?\gh !y 7 conqu]ors4 ,_! gods ( w> &   

brute =ce did n meet all ! dem&s ( life4
 ,z a s\rce ( hope & com=t1 _! religion 
_h little to be comp>$ ) ! ,*ri/ian     
fai?1 & z to philosophy !y _h none4 ,!y 
_h inh]it$ ! simple nature wor%ip :i* 0 
common to all bran*es ( ! ,aryan race1 &
 !y _h exp&$ x into v>i\s ramifications 
( poly!ism2 b !y _h n =tifi$ x ) subtle 
speculations l ^? ( ! ,indo-,aryans1 nor
 _h _! my?ologies become intr5*$ 9      
invet]ate cu/om1 & ! national pride :i* 
att5ds an advanc$ civilization4  ,at a  
lat] day ,*ri/ian mission>ies 9 ,brita9 
f\nd ! ,norse religion ( ! ,saxons1     
,jutes1 & ,angles1 sc>cely hold+ !      
confid5ce ( ei!r rul]s or subjects4 ,!y 
_h valu$ _! gods *iefly = ! purposes (  
w>1 & !y _h n always prov$ reliable4 ,! 
k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 l ,clovis ( ,france1  
_h v[$ to ex*ange 8 deities = ! ,god ( !
 ,*ri/ians if victory %\ld be giv5 him  
on a c]ta9 battle-field2 & :5 he _h     
assembl$ 8 ?anes to li/5 to a discussion
 betwe5 ! mission>y ,paul9us & ! prie/s 
( ,wod5 on ! comp>ative m]its ( _!      

respective fai?s1 ! high prie/ frankly  
admitt$ 8 dissatisfaction ) a religion  
:i* he _h f\nd utt]ly disappo9t+ &      
useless2 & :5 o!r *ief c\nsellors _h    
giv5 ! same te/imony1 & a unanim\s vote 
_h be5 tak5 to adopt ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 he
 0 ! fir/ to comm5ce ! de/ruction ( !   
idols4#bj  ,! /ill e>li] mission>ies    
among ! ,druid ,celts ( ,brita9 &       
,france1 ?\gh !y f\nd 9 ,druidism a m   
elaborate fai? ?an t ( ! ,norsem51      
enc\nt]$ no su* resi/ance z we f9d 9 !  
great religi\s sy/ems ( our day4 ,:]e c 
we po9t to s easy a conque/ z t (       
,patrick 9 ,irel&1 or t ( ! ,monks (    
,iona among ! ,picts & ,scots8  ,!      
,druids claim$ t !y already _h _m ?+s 9 
common ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es1#ba & :at 0
 a /ill /rong] elem5t 9 ! case1 !y made 
common cause ) ! ,*ri/ians aga9/ !      
wrongs inflict$ on bo? by pagan ,rome4  
,! ,roman emp]ors 7 n m det]m9$ to      
extirpate ! hat$ &1 z !y ?\ght1 dang]\s 
influ5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?an !y 7 to    
de/roy e ve/ige ( ,druidism z _! only   

hope ( conqu]+ ! inv9cible armies (     
,boadicea4 ,& ?us ! mutual exp]i5ce (   
common suff]+s op5$ a wide door = !     
advancem5t ( ,*ri/ian tru?4  ,! conque/s
 ( ,wel% & ,iri% mission>ies 9          
,burgundy1 ,switz]l&1 & ,g]many1        
enc\nt]$ no elaborate book religions1 & 
no pr(\nd philosophies4 ,!y _h to deal )
 races ( m5 :o 7 =midable only ) weapons
 ( w>f>e1 & :o1 int5t *iefly on conque/ 
& migration1 _h few in/itutions & no    
writt5 hi/oric records4 ,! peaceful     
sceptre ( ! tru? 0 a new =ce 9 _!       
exp]i5ce1 & ! sympa!tic & self-d5y+     
labors ( a few mission>ies tam$ ! fi]ce 
,vik+s to :om ,brita9 _h become a prey1 
& ^: incursions ev5 ! armies (          
,*>lemagne c\ld n resi/4  ,h[ diff]5t is
 our /ruggle ) ! races n[ "u ! sceptre (
 ,islam1 = example--inflat$ z !y are ) !
 pride ( wide conque/1 & look+          
contemptu\sly ^u t ,*ri/ian fai? :i* x 0
 _! e>ly mission to sweep away z a =m ( 
idolatry6 ,h[ diff]5t is our task 9     
,india1 :i* boa/s ! antiquity ( ! noble 

,sanskrit & its sacr$ lit]ature1 &      
claims1 z ! true repres5tative ( !      
,aryan race1 to h giv5 to we/]n nations 
_! philosophy1 _! religion1 & _!        
civilization6 ,h[ mu* m difficult is our
 enc\nt] ) ,confucianism1 :i* claims to 
h laid ! f\ndations ( ! mo/ /able       
/ructure ( social & political           
in/itutions t ! _w has ev] kn[n1 & :i*  
to-day1 aft] tw5ty-five c5turies (      
trial1 appeals to ! intellectual pride (
 all intellig5t classes 9 a great empire
 ( f\r hundr$ millions6 ,& f9ally1 h[   
diff]5t is our task ) ,buddhism1 s      
my/ical & ab/ruse1 s l(ty 9 _m ( its    
precepts1 & yet s cold & ?91 s flexible 
& easily adapt$1 & !re=e s v>i$ & _m    
sid$6 ,! religi\s sy/ems ) :i* we are n[
 confront$ f9d _! c\nt]p>ts only 9 !    
hea!nism ) :i* ! e>ly ,*ur* _h to deal  
_m c5turies ago2 & = ?is reason ! hi/ory
 ( ^? e>ly /ruggles is full ( practical 
in/ruction = u n[4 ,h[ did ! e>ly ,*ur* 
succe$ 9 its great conque/8 ,:at me?ods 
7 adopt$1 & ) :at measures ( success8   

,9 "o respect !re is a wide diff]5ce 9 !
 two cases4 ,! ,apo/les 7 attempt+ to   
conv]t _! conqu]ors4 ,!y belong$ to !   
vanqui%$ race2 !y 7 ( a despis$         
nationality4 ,! e>ly fa!rs also 7       
subjects ( ,pagan p[]s4 ,insomu* z !    
,roman emp]ors claim$ div9e honors1 !re 
0 an elem5t ( treason 9 _! propag&ism4  
,! t]rible p]secutions :i* s long       
deva/at$ ! e>ly ,*ur* f\nd _! suppos$   
ju/ification 9 ! plea ( self-def5ce     
aga9/ a sy/em :i* ?reat5$ to subv]t     
*]i%$ & "t-honor$ in/itutions4 ,c&id    
writ]s1 l ,ar*deacon ,f>r>1 admit t     
,*ri/ianity did ha/5 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman
 ,empire4  ,b we f9d no conqu]+ p[]s 9  
our pa?way4 ,*ri/ianity & ,*ri/ian      
civilization h become dom9ant 9 ! e>?4  
,! weakness ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 its    
conque/s n[ is n 9 be+ baffl$ & crippl$ 
by tyranny & p]secution1 b r 9 !        
temptation to arrogance & ! abuse (     
sup]ior p[]1 9 ! ov]be>+ _s %[n 9 !     
diplomacy ( ,*ri/ian nations & !        
unscrupul\s aggressions ( _! comm]ce4   

,!re is also a fur!r contra/ 9 ! fact t 
9 ! e>ly days ! advantages ( frugality &
 simple habits ( life 7 on ! side ( !   
mission>ies4 ,roman society especially 0
 beg9n+ to suff] t decay :i* is !       
inevitable consequ5ce ( long-cont9u$    
luxury1 :ile ! ,*ur* obs]v$ temp]ance 9 
all ?+s & excell$ 9 ! virtues :i* always
 t5d to moral & social victory4#bb  ,on 
! o!r h&1 we :o are ! ambassadors to !  
hea!n ( to-day1 are ourselves expos$ to 
! dang]s :i* result f weal? & excessive 
luxury4 ,our grade ( life1 our scale (  
exp5diture1 ev5 ! /yle 9 :i* our        
mission>ies live1 excites ! amazem5t ( !
 frugal hea!n to :om !y prea*4 ,& z = ! 
,*ur* at home1 x is h>dly safe = a      
,p]sian or a ,*9aman to see x4 ,ev]yone 
:o visits ?is wond]ful eldorado c>ries  
back su* romantic impressions z excite 9
 o!rs1 n s mu* ! love ( ! ,gospel z !   
love ( mammon4 ,:5 ! ,*ur* w5t =? 9     
comp>ative pov]ty1 & ) an int5se moral  
e>ne/ness1 to prea* righte\sness1       
temp]ance1 & ! judgm5t to come2 :5 ^? :o

 7 weal?y gave all to ! poor--l ,an?ony 
( ,egypt1 ,j]ome1 ,ambrose1 & ,francis (
 ,assisi--& 9 simple g>m5ts bore !      
,gospel to ^? :o 7 surfeit$ ) luxuries &
 pleasures1 & 7 sick ( a life ( m]e     
indulg5ce1 !n ! tru? ( ! ,gospel conqu]$
 hea!nism ) all t ! _w c\ld give4 ,b    
:e!r a ,*ur* 9 ! advanc$ civilization ( 
our l& & "t1 possess$ ( enorm\s weal?1  
enjoy+ e luxury1 & ev] anxi\s to ga9 m &
 m ( ?is pres5t _w1 c conv]t hea!n races
 :o deem !mselves m frugal1 m temp]ate1 
& less worldly ?an we1 is a problem :i* 
rema9s to be solv$4 ,we h r>e           
facilities1 b we h great drawbacks4     
,god's grace c ov]come ev5 our defects1 
& ,he has promis$ success4  ,b 9 ! pr\d 
intellectual "* ( ! sy/ems enc\nt]$     
respectively by ! anci5t & by ! mod]n   
,*ur*1 !re are rem>kable p>allels4 ,!   
sup]cili\s pride ( ,brahm9ism1 or ! l(ty
 scorn ( ,mohamm$anism1 is q equal to t 
self-suffici5t ,greek philosophy 9 ^:   
eyes ! ,gospel 0 ! m]e/ fooli%ness4 ,& !
 immovable self-righte\sness ( ! ,/oics 

has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,confucianism ( !  
,*9ese lit]ati4 ,a c>eful comp>ison ( ! 
six s*ools ( ,h9du philosophy ) ! v>i\s 
sy/ems ( ,greece & ,rome1 w fill ! m9d )
 surprise at ! num]\s correspond5ces--"o
 might almo/ say id5tities4 ,& t        
surprise is ! great] f ! fact t no pro( 
exi/s t ei!r has be5 borr[$ f ! o!r4  ,!
 atomic !ory ( creation advanc$ by      
,lucretius is f\nd also 9 ! ,nyaya      
philosophy ( ! ,h9dus4 ,! pessimism (   
,pl9y & ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 mu* m        
elaborately work$ out by ,gautama4 ,!   
,h9dus _h _! categories & _! syllogisms 
z well z ,ari/otle4 ,! conception ( a   
dual pr9ciple 9 deity :i* ! e>ly ,*ur*  
trac$ 9 all ! religi\s sy/ems ( ,egypt1 
,pho5icia1 & ,assyria1 & ^: influ5ce    
poison$ ! life ( ! ,pho5ician colonies1 
& 0 s corrupt+ to ! morals ( ,greece &  
,rome1 0 also elaborat$ by ! ,sankhya   
philosophy ( ,kapila1 & x has plung$    
,h9du society into z deep a degradation 
z c\ld be f\nd 9 ,pompeii or            
,h]culaneum4#bc ,! ,indian philosophy   

p>took f> m ( ! pan!i/ic elem5t ?an t ( 
,greece4 ,plato & ,ari/otle _h cle>]    
conceptions ( ! p]sonality ( ! deity & (
 ! di/9ct & responsible "* ( ! human s\l
 ?an any s*ool ( ,h9du                  
philosoph]s--c]ta9ly cle>] ?an !        
,v$anti/s1 & _! e?ics involv$ a /rong]  
s5se ( s94  ,g]man philosophy has borr[$
 its pan!ism f ,india r ?an f ,greece1 &
 9 its mo/ %ad[y developm5ts x has nev] 
transc5d$ ! anci5t ,v$antism ( ,vyasa4  
,z 9 ! e>ly c5turies1 s 9 our "t1       
diff]5t sy/ems ( religion h be5 comm+l$ 
& int]wov5 into protean =ms ( error m   
difficult to und]/& & dislodge ?an any  
"o ( ! fai?s & philosophies ( :i* !y 7  
comb9$4 ,z ! ,alex&rian ,jews int]tw9$ !
 tea*+s ( ,judaism & ,platonism2 z      
,mani*aeans & ,gno/ics corrupt$ ! tru?s 
( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts ) ideas borr[$
 f ,p]sian my/icism2 z v>i\s eclectic   
sy/ems ga!r$ up all types ( ?\ght :i* ! 
wide conque/s ( ! ,roman ,empire br\ght 
toge!r1 & m+l$ !m ) ,*ri/ian tea*+s2 s  
n[ ! increas$ int]communication1 & !    

quick5$ intellectual activity ( our age 
h l$ to ! fusion ( diff]5t sy/ems1      
anci5t & mod]n1 9 a negative & n]veless 
religion ( humanity4 ,we n[ h 9 ! ,ea/ n
 only ,indian1 b ,anglo-,indian1        
speculations4 ,! unbeliev+ ,calcutta    
graduate has ,hegel & ,sp9oza int]wov5 )
 8 ,v$antism1 & ! eclectic lead] ( !    
,brahmo ,somaj1 :ile plac+ ,*ri/ at !   
head ( ! prophets & recogniz+ ! au?ority
 ( all sacr$ bibles ( ! races1 call$ on 
,*ri/ians1 ,h9dus1 ,buddhi/s &          
,mohamm$ans to unite 9 "o !i/ic *ur* ( !
 ,new ,disp5sation 9 ,india4 ,n ev5 !   
old ,gno/ics c\ld pres5t s /rik+ an     
admixture z t ( ! ,arya ,somaj4 ,x has  
appropriat$ _m ( ^? ,*ri/ian e?ics :i* h
 be5 le>n$ f a c5tury ( contact )       
mission>ies & o!r ,*ri/ian resid5ts4 ,x 
has approv$ ! m humane cu/oms & re=ms ( 
,*ri/5dom1 d5\nc+ ca/e1 & ! degradation 
( woman4 ,x has repudiat$ ! corrupt     
rites & ! degrad+ sup]/itions (         
,h9duism4 ,at ! same "t its hatr$ ( !   
,*ri/ian fai? is mo/ bitt] & int5se4  ,&

 !re are o!r alliances1 n a few1 betwe5 
! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,9 ,india & ,japan !   
old ,buddhism is comp\nd$ ) ,am]ican    
,spiritualism & ) mod]n ,evolution1 "u a
 new application ( ! anci5t "n (        
,!osophy4 ,9 ,japan repres5tatives (    
advanc$ ,unit>ianism are exhort+ !      
,japanese ,buddhi/s to build ! religion 
( ! future on _! old f\ndations1 & to   
avoid ! propag&i/s ( we/]n ,*ri/ianity4 
,! bl& & easy-go+ ca?olicity :i*        
pr(esses s mu* 9 our day1 :i* embraces  
all fai?s & unfai?s 9 "o sweet emulsion 
( mean+less negations1 :i* patronizes ! 
,*ri/ & ,8 doctr9es1 & applies !        
nom5clature ( ,*ri/ianity to doctr9es ! 
v opposite ( its tea*+s1 f9ds a c\nt]p>t
 9 ! smoo? & vapid compromises ( ! old  
,gno/ics4 ,gno/icism1 says ,uhlhorn1    
comb9$ ,greek philosophies1 ,jewi%      
!ology1 & anci5t ,ori5tal !osophy1 ?us  
=m+ great sy/ems ( speculative ?\ght1   
all ) ! object ( display+ ! _w's        
developm5t4 ,f a pan!i/ic ,fir/ ,cause1 
,gno/icism trac$ ! emanation ( a s]ies (

 aeons--be+s ( ,light4 ,! s\rce ( evil 0
 suppos$ to be matt]1 :i* 9 ?is mat]ial 
_w holds light 9 captivity4 ,to lib]ate 
! light & ?us r$eem ! _w1 ,*ri/ came1 & 
?us ,*ri/ianity 0 add$ z ! cr[n+ &      
victori\s elem5t 9 ?is _m-sid$ sy/em (  
speculation4 ,b ,*ri/ 0 reg>d$ n s mu* z
 a ,savi\r ( individual s\ls z an       
emancipator ( a disord]$ kosmos1 & !    
sy/em :i* seem$ to accord great honor to
 ,*ri/ianity ?reat5$ to de/roy its life 
& p[]4 ,s1 accord+ to "s ( our ,mod]n   
,sy/ems1 m5 are to f9d _! future        
salvation 9 ! gr&] future ( ! race4#bd  
,n only d we enc\nt] mixtures ( tru? &  
error1 b we witness simil> attempts to  
prove t :atev] is be/ 9 ,*ri/ianity 0   
borr[$ f hea!nism4 ,porphyry & o!rs     
ma9ta9$ t ,py?agoras & ,!osebius _h     
anticipat$ _m ( ! attributes & de$s (   
,*ri/1 & ,philo/ratus 0 prompt$ by !    
wife ( ,sev]us to write a hi/ory (      
,appolonius ( ,tyana :i* %\ld mat* !    
life ( ,*ri/4 ,& 9 precisely ! same way 
x has be5 v>i\sly claim$ 9 our "t t !   

/ory ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 *ildhood1 & m9i/ry 
7 borr[$ f ,buddha & f ,kri%na1 & t !   
:ole conception ( 8 vic>i\s suff]+ = !  
good ( m5 is a clev] imitation (        
,prome!us ,b\nd4 ,n[1 9 ! e>li] conflict
 x 0 important to "k ! facts on bo?     
sides 9 ord] to meet ^! allegations (   
,porphyry1 ,m>9us1 & o!rs1 & x is       
equally important to und]/& ! precise   
gr\nd on :i* simil> *>ges are made )    
equal assurance n[4#be ,! v same old    
battles are to be f\ght ov] aga91 bo? ) 
philosophy & ) leg5d4  ,& x is v evid5t 
t1 ) s _m po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 !    
e>ly /ruggle ( ,*ri/ianity ) hea!nism & 
t ( our own "t1 x is q wor? our labor to
 inquire :at 7 ! g5]al me?ods !n pursu$4
 ,!n victory cr[n$ ! ef=ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,t
 :i* humanly speak+ seem$ impossible1 0 
actually accompli%$4 ,f our f9ite       
/&po9t1 no m prepo/]\s comm& 0 ev] giv5 
?an t :i* ,*ri/ gave to 8 little company
 ( disciples ga!r$ 9 ! m\nta9s (        
,galilee1 or t la/ ^w be=e 8 asc5sion on
 ,mt4 ,olivet1 9 :i* ,he plac$ "u _!    

responsible /ew>d%ip1 n only ,j]usalem1 
b all ,judea & ,sam>ia1 & ! utt]mo/ p>ts
 ( ! e>?4 ,! disciples 7 )\t le>n+ or   
social influ5ce1 or political p[]4 ,!y  
_h no weal? & few facilities1 & s f> z  
!y knew !re 7 no op5 doors4 ,!y 7 hat$  
by _! ,jewi% c\ntrym51 ridicul$ by !    
ubiquit\s & cultur$ ,greeks1 & fr[n$ ^u 
by ! conqu]+ p[]s ( ,rome4 ,h[ !n did !y
 succe$8 ,h[ 0 x t 9 ?ree or f\r        
c5turies !y _h virtually empti$ ! ,roman
 ,pan!on ( its hea!n deities1 & _h ga9$ 
! sceptre ( ! empire & ! _w8  ,x is easy
 to misappreh5d ! =ces :i* won !        
victory4 ,! disciples fir/ *os5 to f\nd 
! ,*ur* 7 fi%]m51 b t af=ds no w>rant = 
! belief t only untutor$ m5 7 employ$ 9 
! e>ly ,*ur*1 or = ! inf]5ce t !        
,salvation ,army are to ga9 ! conque/   
n[4 ,!y 7 inspir$2 ^! are n2 & a few    
only 7 *os51 ) ! v aim ( sett+ at naught
 ! intol]ant wisdom ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,b :5
 ! ,gospel 0 to be borne to hea!n races1
 to ! great nations ^: arrogance 0      
proportionate to _! le>n+ & _! p[]1 a v 

diff]5t man 0 select$4 ,saul ( ,t>sus _h
 almo/ e ne$$ qualification se5 f a     
human po9t ( view4 ,/&+1 z he mu/1      
betwe5 ! /iff bigotry ( ,judaism & !    
subtleties ( ,greek philosophy1 he 0    
=tunately famili> ) bo?4 ,he 0 a man (  
r>e c\rtesy1 & yet ( mat*less c\rage4   
,:e!r address+ a ,jewi% gov]nor or !    
assembl$ philosoph]s & c\nsellors (     
,a!ns1 he ev9c$ an unfail+ tact4 ,he    
knew h[ to conciliate ev5 a common mob (
 hea!n idolators & :5 to defy a high    
prie/1 or plead ! immunities ( 8 ,roman 
citiz5%ip be=e a ,roman proconsul4  ,9  
trac+ ! me?ods ( ! e>ly ,*ur* 9 deal+ ) 
hea!nism1 we beg91 !re=e1 ) ,paul2 =    
al?\gh he 0 diff]5tiat$ f all mod]n     
p>allels by ! fact t he 0 inspir$ &     
end[$ ) miracul\s p[]1 yet t does n     
invalidate ! =ce ( ^? g5]al pr9ciples ( 
action :i* he illu/rat$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ & 
greate/ ( all mission>ies1 & ?r\gh all  
"t x w be safe & pr(itable to /udy 8    
*>act]i/ics & 8 me?ods4 ,he %[$ ! value 
( ?or\gh tra9+ 9 8 own fai?1 & ( a full 

und]/&+ ( all ! errors he 0 to cont5d )4
 ,he c\ld reason ) ,jews out ( _! own   
,scriptures1 or sub/antiate 8 position )
 ,greeks by cit+ _! own poets4 ,he 0    
c]ta9ly uncompromis+ 9 ma9ta9+ !        
sov]eignty ( ! "o ,god1 ,jehovah1 b he 0
 n afraid to admit t 9 _! bl9d way !    
hea!n 7 also grop+ aft] ! same supreme  
,fa!r ( all4 ,! unkn[n ,god at ,a!ns he 
accept$ z an adumbration ( ,him :om he  
proclaim$1 & e c&id read] mu/ admit t 9 
quot+ ! words ( ,aratus1 :i* repres5t   
,zeus z ! supreme creator ^: (fspr+ we  
are1 he conveys ! impression ( a real   
resemblance1 if n a p>tial & obscur$    
id5tity4  ,! ess5tial pr9ciple "h is t  
,paul frankly ackn[l$g$ :atev] glimpses 
( tru? he f\nd 9 hea!n sy/ems1 & made   
free use ( !m 9 pres5t+ ! full] & cle>] 
k reveal$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,no man ev]      
pres5t$ a m t]rible arraignm5t (        
hea!nism ?an t :i* he makes 9 ! fir/    
*apt] ( 8 epi/le to ! ,romans1 & yet1 ) 
m>vell\s discrim9ation he proce$s1 9 !  
second *apt]1 to %[ h[ mu* ( tru? ,god  

has imp>t$ to ! und]/&+s & ! consci5ces 
( all m54 ,& he seems to imply ! ,holy  
,_s's reg5]ative "w ?r\gh ,*ri/'s       
atonem5t1 :5 he ma9ta9s t :oev] %all1 by
 pati5t cont9uance 9 well do+1 seek     
glory & immortality1 to him %all et]nal 
life be giv52 b tribulation & angui% ^u 
e s\l ( man t doe? evil1 to ! ,jew fir/1
 & also to ! ,g5tile4 ,pet] 0 n prep>$  
to be a mission>y till he _h be5 dive/$ 
( 8 ,jewi% n>r[ness by witness+ ! p[] ( 
grace 9 ! ,roman c5turion at ,ces>ea4 ,t
 wid5$ out 8 horizon imm5sely4 ,he saw t
 ,god 9 8 ultimate plan 0 no respect] ( 
p]sons or ( races4  ,!re has be5 great  
diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r ! annual    
wor%ip ( ! supreme ,god ( ,heav5 9 !    
great imp]ial temple at ,pek+ is 9 any  
degree a relic ( ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god 
once reveal$ to mank9d4 ,su* ,*9ese     
s*ol>s z ,m>t9 & ,legge & ,d\glass ?9k t
 x is2 o!rs d5y x4 ,"s m5 raise a "q    
:e!r ! ,allah ( ! ,mohamm$an fai? is    
id5tical ) ! ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4
 ,sales1 ! pr(\nde/ expositor ( ,islam1 

consid]s him ! same4 ,moslems !mselves h
 no d\bt ( x3 ! int5t ( ! ,koran is t & 
no?+ else2 ,old ,te/am5t tea*+s are     
int]wov5 ) almo/ e sura ( its pages4 ,i 
?9k t ,paul w\ld h conc$$ ?is po9t at   
once1 & w\ld ! m successfully h urg$ !  
claims ( ,jesus1 :om ! ,koran pres5ts z 
! only s9less prophet4 ,( c\rse         
,mohamm$ans d n recognize ! ,triune ,god
 z we n[ appreh5d ,him1 f ! ,new        
,te/am5t /&po9t2 nei!r did anci5t       
believ]s ( ,israel fully conceive ( ,god
 z ,he has s9ce be5 m fully reveal$ 9 ! 
p]son & ! sacrifice ( 8 ,son--,jesus    
,*ri/4  ,bo? ! tea*+s & ! example (     
,paul seem to recognize ! fact t        
conceptions ( ,god1 sometimes cle> &    
sometimes dim1 may exi/ among hea!n     
nations2 & _m ( ! great ,*ri/ian fa!rs  
evid5tly took ! same view4 ,!y admitt$ t
 ,plato's noble tea*+s 7 calculat$ to   
draw ! s\l t[>d ,god1 ?\gh !y reveal$ no
 real access to ,him su* z is f\nd 9    
,*ri/4 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 9 8 ,hulsean    
lectures on ,*ri/ ! ,desire ( !         

,nations1 dwells approv+ly ^u ,augu/9e's
 well-kn[n /atem5t1 t he _h be5 turn$ f 
vice to an inspir+ conception ( ,god by 
read+ ! ,hort5sius ( ,cic]o4 ,augu/9e's 
own ref]5ce to ! fact is f\nd 9 ! f\r?  
book ( 8 ,confessions1 :]e he says3 ,9 !
 ord9>y c\rse ( /udy ,i fell ^u a c]ta9 
book ( ,cic]o ^: spee* almo/ all        
admire--n s 8 he>t4 ,?is book conta9s an
 exhortation to philosophy1 & is call$  
',hort5sius4' ,b ?is book alt]$ my      
affections & turn$ my pray]s to ,?yself1
 ,o ,"l1 & made me h o!r purposes &     
desires4 ,e va9 hope at once became     
wor?less to me1 & ,i long$ ) an         
incr$ible burn+ desire = an immortality 
( wisdom1 & began n[ to arise t ,i might
 return to ,!e4 ,= n to %>p5 my tongue  
did ,i employ t book3 nor did x infuse  
into me its /yle1 b its matt]4  ,!      
,hort5sius ( ,cic]o has n surviv$ till  
our "t1 & we "k n :at x conta9$2 b we _c
 fail to notice ?is te/imony ( a mature 
& em95t sa9t to ! spiritual b5efit :i*  
he _h receiv$ at ! age ( ?irty-"o1 f    

read+ ! works ( a hea!n philosoph]4 ,& a
 mo/ int]e/+ pro( is "h furni%$ = !     
fre$om ) :i* ! ,_s ( ,god works ^u !    
he>ts ( m51 & ! great v>iety ( means &  
ag5cies :i* ,he employs1--& t beyond !  
pale ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & ev5 beyond ! 
actual k ( ! hi/oric ,*ri/4 ,x w\ld be  
int]e/+ to "k :e!r ! reg5]ation (       
,augu/9e occurr$ j !n1 :5 he says 9 su* 
/rong language1 t ?is book alt]$ 8      
affections & turn$ 8 pray]s unto ,god1 &
 made him long ) an indescribable burn+ 
desire = an immortality ( wisdom4 ,all  
m5 are sav$1 if at all1 by ! blood (    
,*ri/ ?r\gh ! r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 b  
:at 0 ! position ( su* m5 z ,augu/9e &  
,cornelius ( ,ces>ea be=e !y fully &    
cle>ly saw ,jesus z ! actual ,messiah1 &
 z ! p]sonal repres5tative ( t ,grace ( 
,god 9 :i* !y _h already repos$ a g5]al 
fai?1 is at lea/ an int]e/+ "q4  ,n less
 positive is ! ackn[l$gm5t :i* ,augu/9e 
makes ( ! b5efits :i* he _h receiv$ f   
,plato4 ,& he m5tions _m o!rs1 z        
,virg99us1 ,lactantius1 ,hil>y1 &       

,cyprian1 :o1 l himself1 hav+ once be5  
hea!n & /ud5ts ( hea!n philosophy1 _h1 z
 he expresses x1 spoil$ ! ,egyptians1   
br++ away ) !m ri* treasures f ! l& (   
bondage1 t !y might adorn !re) ! true   
tab]nacle ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,augu/9e   
seems to h be5 fond ( repeat+ bo? ?is   
argum5t & ?is 8 favorite illu/ration4 ,9
 8 ,doctr9e ( ,*ri/ he exp&s x m fully  
?an 9 8 ,confessions4 ,he says3 ,:atev] 
^? call$ philosoph]s1 & especially !    
,platoni/s1 may h said con=mable to our 
fai?1 is n only n to be dread$1 b is to 
be claim$ f !m z unlawful possessors1 to
 our use4 ,=1 z ! ,egyptians n only _h  
idols & heavy burd5s :i* ! p ( ,israel 7
 to abhor & avoid1 b also vessels &     
ornam5ts ( gold & silv] & app>el :i* t p
 at its dep>ture f ,egypt privily assum$
 = a bett] use1 n on its own au?ority b 
at ! comm& ( ,god1 ! v ,egyptians       
unwitt+ly furni%+ ! ?+s :i* !mselves us$
 n well2 s all ! tea*+ ( ! ,g5tiles n   
only ha? feign$ & sup]/iti\s devices1 & 
heavy burd5s ( a useless toil1 :i* we   

sev]ally1 z "u ! lead+ ( ,*ri/ we g =?  
out ( ! fell[%ip ( ! ,g5tiles1 ought to 
abhor & avoid1 b x also conta9e? lib]al 
arts1 fitt] = ! s]vice ( tru?1 & "s mo/ 
useful moral precepts2 z also !re are   
f\nd among !m "s tru?s conc]n+ ! wor%ip 
( ! ,"o ,god ,himself1 z x 7 _! gold &  
silv] :i* !y did n !mselves =m1 b drew f
 c]ta9 ve9s ( ,div9e ,provid5ce runn+   
?r\gh\t1 & :i* !y p]v]sely & wrongfully 
abuse to ! s]vice ( demons4 ,^!1 !      
,*ri/ian1 :5 he sev]s himself f _!      
wret*$ fell[%ip1 ought to take f !m = ! 
"r use ( prea*+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,= :at else
 h _m excell5t memb]s ( our fai? done8  
,see we n h[ ri*ly lad5 ) gold & silv] &
 app>el t mo/ p]suasive tea*] & mo/     
bless$ m>tyr1 ,cyprian1 dep>t$ out (    
,egypt8 ,or ,lactantius1 or ,victor9us1 
,optatus1 ,hil>y1 n to speak ( ! liv+1 &
 ,greeks innum]able8 ,& ?is1 ,moses     
himself1 t mo/ fai?ful s]vant ( ,god1   
fir/ did1 ( :om x is writt51 t 'he 0    
le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians4'   
,let u = a mom5t pause & see ( :at ^!   

treasures ( ,egypt consi/$1 & especially
 :at ,plato taught conc]n+ ,god4 ,l     
,socrates1 he ridicul$ ! absurd b popul>
 notion t ! gods c\ld be full ( human   
imp]fections1 c\ld make w> ^u ea* o!r1  
c\ld engage 9 intrigues1 & be guilty (  
base passions4 ,& he e>ne/ly ma9ta9$ t x
 0 demoraliz+ to *ildr5 & y\? to hold up
 su* be+s z objects ( wor%ip4 ,su* 0 8  
condemnation ( :at he consid]$ false    
gods4 ,he 0 equally oppos$ to ! idea t  
!re is no ,god4 ,all ?+s1 he says1 are f
 ,god1 & n f "s spontane\s & un9tellig5t
 cause4 ,n[1 t :i* is creat$1 he adds1  
mu/ ( necessity be creat$ by "s cause--b
 h[ c we f9d out ! ,fa!r & mak] ( all   
?is univ]se8 ,if ! _w inde$ be fair1 & !
 artific] good1 !n ,he mu/ h look$ to t 
:i* is ext]nal--= ! _w is ! faire/ (    
creatures1 z ,he is ! be/ ( causes4     
,plato's repres5tation ( ! m]cy ( ,god1 
( 8 provid5tial c>e1 ( 8 unmix$         
goodness1 ( 8 et]nal beauty &           
hol9ess--are well-nigh up to ! ,new     
,te/am5t /&>d4 ,s is also 8 doctr9e ( ! 

immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! fatal defici5cy 
is t he does n "k4 ,he has receiv$ no   
div9e revelation4 ,we w wait1 he said 9 
ano!r passage1 = "o1 be x a god or a    
god-inspir$ man1 to tea* u our religi\s 
duties1 & z ,a!ne 9 ,hom] says to       
,diom$e1 to take away ! d>kness f our   
eyes4 ,& 9 /ill ano!r place he adds3 ,we
 mu/ lay hold ( ! be/ human op9ion 9    
ord] t1 borne by x z on a raft1 we may  
sail ov] ! dang]\s sea ( life1 unless we
 c f9d a /rong] boat1 or "s ^w ( ,god   
:i* w m surely & safely c>ry u4#bf  ,!re
 is a deep pa?os 9 ! "q :i* ,i h j      
quot$1 ,h[ c we f9d out ! ,fa!r & mak] (
 all ?is univ]se8 ,& 9 ! la/ s5t5ce     
quot$1 ,plato seems to h felt 8 way to !
 v ?re%old ( ! revelation ( ,*ri/4#bg   
,augu/9e %[s a discrim9ation on ?is     
subject too important to be ov]look$1 :5
 he decl>es t :ile ! noble philosophy ( 
! ,platoni/s turn$ 8 ?\ghts away f 8 l[ 
gratifications to ! contemplation ( an  
inf9ite ,god1 x left him helpless4 ,he 0
 pr(it$ bo? by :at philosophy taught him

 & by :at x c\ld n tea*3 x creat$ wants 
:i* x c\ld n satisfy4 ,9 %ort1 he 0     
prep>$ by its v defici5cies to see 9    
/rong] contra/ ! all-satisfy+ fulness ( 
! ,gospel ( ,et]nal ,life4 ,plato c\ld  
tell him no?+ ( any real plan (         
r$emption1 & he confesses ) t5d] pa?os t
 he f\nd no ,reveal]1 no div9e sacrifice
 = s91 no uplift$ ,cross1 no gift ( !   
trans=m+ ,_s1 no invitation to ! we>y1  
no light ( ! ,resurrection4#bh ,n[1 j "h
 is ! exact tru?2 & ,augu/9e has conf]r$
 a la/+ b5efit ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* by   
?is gr& lesson ( j discrim9ation4 ,he & 
o!r ,*ri/ian fa!rs knew :]e to draw !   
l9es c>efully & wisely ) respect to     
hea!n errors4  ,we (t5 h occasion to    
compla9 ( ! %>pness ( ! controv]sies ( !
 e>ly ,*ur*1 b x c\ld sc>cely be o!rwise
 9 an age l t4 ,x 0 a p]iod (           
transitions & ( rude convulsions4 ,!    
f\ndations ( ! great deep ( human error 
7 be+ brok5 up4 ,x 0 no "t = flabby1    
jelly-fi% convictions4 ,! tra9+ :i* !   
great lead]s _h receiv$ 9 philosophy &  

rhetoric _h made !m ke5 dialectics4 ,!y 
_h some?+ ( ,paul's abhorr5ce ( hea!n   
abom9ations1 = !y saw !m on e h&4 ,!y   
saw also ! speci\s admixtures (         
,gno/icism1 & !y met !m squ>ely4        
,t]tullian's controv]sy ) ,m>cion1      
,augu/9e's %>p issue ) ,pelasgius1      
,ambrose's bold & uncompromis+ resi/ance
 to ,arianism1 ,orig5's able reply to   
,celsus1 all %[ t ! great lead]s ( !    
,*ur* 7 n m5 ( weak op9ions4 ,!         
discrim9at+ concessions :i* !y made1    
!re=e1 7 n born ( an easy-go+           
indiff]5tism & ! s(t & n]veless *>ity t 
reg>ds all religions alike4 ,!y f\nd a  
m$ium betwe5 ?is pret5ti\s extreme & !  
opposite evil ( ignorant & n>r[         
prejudgm5t2 & no?+ is m ne$$ 9 !        
mission>y "w ( our day ?an t intellig5t 
& well-pois$ wisdom :i* consid]s all !  
facts & !n draws j di/9ctions2 :i* w n  
comp5sate = consci\s ignorance ) *eap   
misrepres5tation or :olesale            
d5unciation4  #a4 ,n[1 fir/ ( all1 9    
consid]+ ! me?ods ( ! e>ly ,*ur* & its  

secret ( p[] 9 ov]com+ ! errors (       
hea!nism1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !      
victory 0 ma9ly due to ! moral e>ne/ness
 :i* *>act]iz$ t p]iod4 ,9 ?is category 
we mu/ place ! influ5ce :i* sprang f !  
m>tyrdom ( ?\s&s :o surr5d]$ life r ?an 
rel9qui% _! fai?4 ,t ?is m>tyr _s did n 
always produce a true symmetry (        
,*ri/ian "* _c be d5i$4 ,! tide (       
fanaticism swept 91 sometimes1 ) !      
curr5t ( true religi\s zeal1 &          
inconsi/5cies & blemi%es m>r$ ev5 !     
sa9tlie/ self-sacrifice2 b !re 0 no     
resi/+ ! mighty logic ( ! _s ( m>tyrdom 
z a :ole4 ,! high & ! l[1 ! wise & !    
unlett]$1 ! ri* & ! poor1 ! old & ! "y1 
/rong m5 & delicate wom51 surr5d]$      
!mselves to ! mo/ cruel tortures = !    
love ( ,*ri/4 ,?is spectacle1 :ile x may
 h s]v$ only to enrage a ,n]o & urge him
 on to ev5 m ,satanic cruelty1 c\ld n be
 :olly lo/ ^u ! m ?\ghtful ,m>cus       
,aurelius & o!rs l him4 ,x 0 impossible 
to resi/ ! moral =ce ( s calm & resolute
 a surr5d] unto torture & dea?4         

,moreov]1 an age :i* produc$ su*        
rel9qui%m5t ( e>?ly possessions z 0 %[n 
by m5 l ,an?ony & ,ambrose1 :o 7 ready  
to lay d[n ! emolum5ts ( high political 
position & di/ribute _! l>ge =tunes = ! 
relief ( ! poor2 & su* wom5 z ,paula &  
o!rs ( high position1 :o 7 ready to     
sacrifice all = ,*ri/ & retire into     
seclusion & volunt>y pov]ty--an age :i* 
c\ld produce su* *>act]s & c\ld %[ _!   
/eady p]sev]ance unto ! end1 c\ld n fail
 to be an age ( resi/less moral p[]2 & x
 w\ld be safe to say t no hea!n sy/em   
c\ld long /& aga9/ ! su/a9$ & p]si/5t   
=ce ( su* influ5ces4 ,7 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*
 ( to-day mov$ by ev5 a ti! ( t high    
self-r5unciation1 to say no?+ ( brav+ ! 
fires ( m>tyrdom1 if x possess$ 9 ev5   
p>tial degree ! same sacrifice ( luxury 
& ease1 & ! same consecration ( ef=t & (
 influ5ce1 ! conque/ ( b5ight$ nations  
w\ld be easy & rapid4  ,! frugality ( ! 
e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ! simplicity ( life :i* 
! great body ( ! ,*ur* obs]v$1 & to :i* 
ev5 weal?y conv]ts m or less con=m$1 0  

also1 d\btless1 a /rong factor 9 ! great
 problem ( w9n+ ! hea!n to ,*ri/4       
,probably 9 no age c\ld ,*ri/ian        
simplicity f9d /rong] contra/s ?an 7    
pres5t$ by ! luxury & extravagance1 !   
unbridl$ indulg5ce & pr(ligacy1 :i*     
*>act]iz$ ! lat] p]iods ( ! ,roman      
,empire4 ,univ]sal conque/ ( surr\nd+   
nations _h br\ght untold weal?4 ,!      
,gov]nm5t _h ha/5$ ! process ( decay by 
lavi% di/ribution to ! p ( ^? res\rces  
:i* obviat$ ! necessity ( unremitt+     
toil4 ,x _h devot$ l>ge exp5ditures to  
popul> amusem5ts1 & demagogues _h squ&]$
 ! public funds = ! purpose ( secur+ _! 
own pref]m5t4 ,ov] aga9/ ! moral        
e>ne/ness ( ! p]secut$ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1  
!re 0 9 ! nation itself & ! hea!nism :i*
 belong$ to x1 an utt] want ( "* or     
conviction4 ,^! conditions ( ! conque/1 
z ,i h already indicat$1 d n f9d an     
exact c\nt]p>t ) u n[4 ,!re is m ( ref9$
 ,*ri/ian culture ?an exi/$ 9 ! e>ly    
,*ur*2 probably !re is also m ( organiz$
 ,*ri/ian ef=t4 ,9 _m po9ts ! comp>ison 

is 9 our favor1 b e>ne/ness1 & !        
spiritual p[] :i* att5ds x1 are on a l[]
 grade4 ,!re is no escape f ! conviction
 t j "h lies ! reason :y ! ,*ri/ian     
,*ur*1 ) all h] numb]s1 h] va/ mat]ial  
res\rces1 & h] unlimit$ opportunities1  
_c a*ieve a great] success4  #b4 ,b1 on 
! intellectual side1 & z relat+ to !    
me?ods ( direct ef=t1 !re are _m po9ts 9
 :i* imitation ( ! e>ly example is      
entirely practicable4 ,& fir/1 ! wise   
discrim9ation :i* 0 ex]cis$ by ,augu/9e 
& o!r ,*ri/ian lead]s is entirely       
practicable n[4 ,!re has prevail$ 9 our 
"t an indiscrim9ate c>elessness 9 ! use 
( t]ms 9 deal+ ) ?is subject4 ,! /rong  
language :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t employ$    
aga9/ ! abom9ations ( ,baalism1 we h    
seem$ to reg>d z hav+ equal =ce aga9/ ! 
e?ics ( ,confucius or ,gautama4         
,hea!nism is ! "o br& :i* we h put ^u   
all ! non-,*ri/ian religions4 ,i wi% x 7
 possible to ex*ange ! t]m = a bett]4#bi
 ,baalism 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ besott$1    
cruel1 & diabolical religion t has ev]  

exi/$ on ! e>?4 ,:5 we c>efully /udy x  
we are n surpris$ at ! /rong language ( 
d5unciation :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t employs4
 ,b z ,i h already %[n1 we f9d 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t a diff]5t _s ex]cis$ t[>d !    
types ( error :i* our ,savi\r & 8       
disciples 7 call$ to meet4 ,!re is only 
g5tl5ess 9 our ,"l's deal+s ) ^? :o 7   
)\t ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,8 /ronge/          
d5unciations 7 res]v$ = hypocrites :o   
knew ! tru? & obey$ x n4 ,he decl>$ t ! 
m5 ( ,n9eveh w\ld rise up 9 judgm5t     
aga9/ ^? :o reject$ ! cle> message (    
,god's own ,son4 ,! man :o goes =? to ! 
great mission fields ) ! feel+ t x is 8 
prov9ce to assail z /rongly z possible !
 deeply-root$ convictions ( m51 in/ead (
 w9n+ !m to a m excell5t way1 is worse  
?an "o :o beats ! air2 he is do+        
positive h>m2 he is trifl+ ) preci\s    
s\ls4 ,he does n illu/rate ! _s ( ,*ri/4
  ,! wise/ ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs sometimes    
diff]$ widely f ea* o!r 9 _! me?ods2 "s 
7 d5unciatory1 o!rs 7 ev5 too ready to  
excuse4 ,! great ,african               

controv]siali/1 ,t]tullian1 0 unsp>+ 9 8
 ana!mas1 n only aga9/ hea!n cu/oms1 :i*
 7 vile inde$1 b aga9/ ! tea*+s ( !     
noble/ philosophy4 ,he _h witness$ !    
=m]2 he _h n c&idly /udi$ ! latt]4 ,) a 
bl9d zeal1 :i* has too (t5 be5 witness$ 
9 ! hi/ory ( good causes1 he d5\nc$     
,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ev5 ,socrates ) a  
viol5ce :i* m>r$ ! "* ( s great a man4  
,on ! o!r h&1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,clem5t (  
,alex&ria 7 p]haps excessively broad4 ,(
 two not$ ,alex&r9es1 ,ar*deacon ,f>r>  
says3 ,!y 7 philosoph]s 9 _s2 !y c\ld   
en=ce respect by _! le>n+ & _! l>ge1    
r\nd$ sympa?y1 :]e rhetorical           
d5unciation & ecclesia/ical ana!mas w\ld
 only h be5 li/5$ to ) a fr[n ( ang]1 or
 a look ( disda94 ,pagan y\?s w\ld h    
li/5$ to ,clem5t :5 he spoke ( ,plato z 
'! truly noble & half-inspir$1' :ile !y 
w\ld h look$ on ,t]tullian z an ignorant
 rail]1 :o c\ld say no?+ bett] (        
,socrates ?an to call him ! ',attic     
buffoon1' & ( ,ari/otle ?an to *>act]ize
 him z ! 'mis]able ,ari/otle4'  ,tatian 

& ,h]mes also look$ ^u ,greek philosophy
 z an inv5tion ( ! devil4 ,ir5aeus 0 m  
discrim9at+4 ,he oppos$ ! broad & lax   
*>ity ( ! ,alex&r9es1 b he read ! ,greek
 philosophy1 & :5 call$ to ! bi%opric ( 
,lyons1 he set himself to ! /udy ( !    
,gallic ,druidism1 believ+ t a special  
adaptation w\ld be call$ = 9 t remote   
mission field4#cj ,basil 0 an e>ne/     
advocate ( ! ,greek philosophy z giv+ a 
broad] "* to ,*ri/ian education4  ,!re 7
 among ! ,fa!rs _m diff]5t types ( m51  
"s philosophically incl9$1 o!rs bett]   
able to use practical argum5ts4 ,"s 7 m 
successful 9 appeal+ to ! signs ( !     
times1 ! cle> evid5ces ( t corruption & 
decay to :i* hea!nism _h l$4 ,!y po9t$  
to ! degradation ( wom51 ! preval5ce (  
vice1 ! inord9ate indulg5ce 9 pleasures1
 ! love ( excitem5t1 ! cruel fr5zy ( !  
gladiatorial %[s1 ! unre/ & pessimism & 
despair ( all society4 ,"o ( ! mo/      
rem>kable appeals ( ?is k9d is f\nd 9 a 
lett] ( ,cyprian to 8 fri5d ,donatus4   
,he bids him seat himself 9 fancy on "s 

m\nta9 top & gaze d[n ^u :at he has     
ab&on$ 7= he is a ,*ri/ian71 on ! roads 
block$ by brig&s1 ! sea beset by        
pirates1 ! camps desolat$ by ! horrors (
 _m w>s1 on ! _w reek+ ) blood%$1 & !   
guilt :i*1 9 proportion to its          
magnitude1 0 extoll$ z a glory4 ,!n1 if 
he w\ld turn 8 gaze to ! cities1 he w\ld
 behold a sight m gloomy ?an all        
solitudes4 ,9 ! gladiatorial games m5 7 
fatt5$ = mutual slaught]1 & publicly    
murd]$ to delight ! mob4 ,ev5 innoc5t m5
 7 urg$ to fight 9 public ) wild bea/s1 
:ile _! mo!rs & si/]s paid l>ge sums to 
witness ! spectacle4 ,9 ! !atres        
p>ricide & infanticide 7 dealt ) be=e   
mix$ audi5ces1 & all pollution & crimes 
7 made to claim rev]5ce because pres5t$ 
"u ! guise ( religi\s my?ology4 ,9 !    
homes 0 equal corruption2 9 ! =um brib]y
 & intrigue ran rife2 ju/ice 0 subv]t$1 
& innoc5ce 0 condemn$ to prison1        
torture1 & dea?4 ,luxury de/roy$ "*1 &  
weal? became an idol & a curse4#ca      
,argum5ts ( ?is k9d 7 ready en\gh to h& 

:5ev] ,*ri/ian tea*]s 7 dispos$ to use  
!m1 & _! descriptions f\nd a real       
corroboration 9 society z x actually    
appe>$ on e h&4 ,none c\ld "q ! c\nts 9 
! indictm5t4  #c4 ,:ile ! ,*ri/ian      
,fa!rs & ! mission>ies diff]$ 9 _!      
e/imates ( hea!nism1 & 9 _! me?ods (    
deal+ ) x1 "o ?+ 0 recogniz$ by all :om 
we designate z ! great lead]s1 namely1 !
 imp]ative necessity ( a ?or\gh k ( x4  
,!y und]/ood bo? ! l[ sup]/ition ( !    
masses & ! l(ti] tea*+ ( ! philosoph]s4 
,on ! o!r h&1 !y _h ! same e/imate ( !  
incomp>able ,gospel ( ,*ri/ t we h2 !y  
realiz$ t x 0 ! wisdom ( ,god & ! p[] ( 
,god unto salvation z cle>ly z ! be/ (  
u1 b !y did n claim t x 0 to be prea*$  
bl9dly & )\t adaptation4 ,! v]ities ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t tea*+s1 ! trans=m+ p[] ( !
 ,holy ,gho/1 ! necessity = a new bir? &
 = ! pret]natural influ5ce ( grace1 bo? 
9 reg5]ation & 9 sanctification1 7 z    
/rongly ma9ta9$ z !y h ev] be5 9 any age
 ( ! ,*ur*2 b ! ,fa!rs 7 c>eful to "k   
:e!r !y 7 ca/+ ! good se$ ^u /ony       

places1 or into good gr\nd :]e x w\ld   
spr+ up & be> fruit4 ,! lib]al education
 ( t day 01 9 fact1 an education along !
 old l9es ( hea!n philosophy1 poetry1   
hi/ory1 & rhetoric2 & a broad tra9+ 0   
valu$ z highly z x has be5 9 any        
subsequ5t p]iod4 ,x 0 ?or\ghly und]/ood 
t discipl9$ intellect1 o!r ?+s be+      
equal1 may expect a degree ( influ5ce   
:i* c nev] fall to ! lot ( ignorance1   
h[ev] sanctifi$ its _s4 ,!re has nev]   
be5 a /rong] type ( m5 ?an ! ,*ri/ian   
,fa!rs4 ,!y 7 le>n$ m51 = ! age 9 :i* !y
 liv$1 & _! le>n+ _h special adaptations
 to ! "w assign$ !m4 ,_m ( !m1 l        
,cyprian1 ,clem5t1 ,hil>y1 ,m>t9 (      
,t\rs1 _h be5 born & educat$ 9 hea!nism2
 :ile o!rs1 l ,basil1 ,gregory1 ,orig51 
,a?anasius1 ,j]ome1 & ,augu/9e1 ?\gh    
born "u ,gospel influ5ces1 /udi$ hea!n  
philosophy & poetry at ! in/ance ( _!   
,*ri/ian p>5ts4  #d4 ,"s ( ! lead]s     
famili>iz$ !mselves ) ! speculations ( !
 day1 n m]ely = ! sake ( a wid] range ( 
k1 b t !y might ! m successfully refute 

! assailants ( ! fai?1 _m ( :om 7 m5 (  
great p[]4 ,!y 7 fully aw>e t x behoov$ 
!m to "k _! gr\nd1 = _! oppon5ts /udi$ !
 po9ts ( comp>ison c>efully4 ,! infidel 
,celsus /udi$ ,*ri/ianity & its relation
 to ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories &          
prophecies1 & he arm$ himself ) equal   
assiduity ) all ! *oice/ weapons drawn f
 ,greek philosophy4 ,h[ 0 su* a man to  
be met8 ,8 able attack on ,*ri/ianity   
rema9$ fifty ye>s unansw]$4 ,to reply   
adequately 0 n an easy task4 ,d\btless  
!re 7 _m1 !n z n[1 :o ?\ght t ! mo/     
com=table way ( deal+ ) su* ?+s 0 to let
 !m alone4 ,b a wis] policy prevail$4   
,orig5 0 reque/$ to prep>e an answ]1 &1 
al?\gh su* "w 0 n cong5ial to him1 he   
did s because he felt t ! cause ( ! tru?
 dem&$ x4 ,8 reply outliv$ ! attack :i* 
x 0 design$ to meet1 & 9 all subsequ5t  
ages x has be5 a bulw>k ( def5ce4#cb    
,orig5 0 n ( a pugnaci\s _s--x 0 well t 
he 0 n--b ) wide & ?or\gh prep>ation he 
summon$ all 8 en]gies to meet ! foe4    
,ar*deacon ,f>r> says ( him1 t he _h be5

 tra9$ 9 ! :ole circle ( sci5ce4 ,he    
c\ld argue ) ! pupils ( ,plato1 or ^? ( 
,z5o1 on equal t]ms1 & he deems x       
=tunate t "o :o 0 call$1 z he 01 to be a
 tea*] at ,alex&ria1 :]e m5 ( all       
nations & all cre$s met1 _h a           
cosmopolitan tra9+ & a cosmopolitan _s4 
,no less resolute 0 ! ef=t ( ,ambrose 9 
resi/+ ! errors ( ,arianism1 & he also  
adapt$ himself to ! "w 9 h&4 ,he _h n   
be5 afraid ( ,platonism4 ,on ! o!r h&1  
we are told t ,plato1 next to 8 ,bible1 
con/itut$ a "p ( 8 daily read+1 & t1    
too1 9 ! p]iod ( 8 ripe/ ,*ri/ian       
exp]i5ce1 & :5 he c>ri$ 8 /udies & 8    
pray]s f> into ! h\rs ( ! night4 ,b 9   
deal+ ) ,arianism he ne$$ a special     
und]/&+ ( all its intricacies1 & :5     
among its advocates & support]s he      
enc\nt]$ a p[]ful empress z well z h]   
able/ advocates1 he _h ne$ ( all ! p[]s 
)9 him--t p[] ( moral e>ne/ness :i* _h  
l$ him to give all 8 prop]ty to !       
poor--t p[] ( /rong fai?1 :i* prep>$    
him1 if ne$ be1 to lay d[n 8 life--! p[]

 ( a discipl9$ intellect1 & a ?or\gh k (
 ! :ole issue4  #e4 ,! e>ly ,fa!rs n    
only /udi$ ! hea!n philosophies ( ,plato
 & ,ari/otle1 b !y le>n$ to employ !m1 &
 _! successors cont9u$ to employ !m1 ev5
 to ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! p]iod ( !      
,re=mation4 ,z an intellectual          
framework1 "u :i* tru? %\ld be pres5t$ 9
 logical ord]1 x became a /rong res\rce 
( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian tea*]s4 ,let me ref] y
 on ?is po9t to ! cle> /atem5ts (       
,pr(essor ,%$d4#cc ,he has well said t  
:5 ,*ri/ianity 0 reveal$ 9 its la/ &    
beautiful =m by ! inc>nation ( ! ,et]nal
 ,_w1 x f\nd ! human m9d already occupi$
 by human philosophy4 ,educat$ m5 7     
,platoni/s1 or ,/oics1 or ,epicureans4  
,dur+ ! age ( ,apologetics1 :i* ext5d$ f
 ! end ( ! apo/olic age to ! dea? (     
,orig51 ! ,*ur* 0 call$ to grapple ) ^! 
sy/ems1 to "k z f> z possible :at !y    
conta9$1 & to discrim9ately treat _!    
cont5ts1 reject+ "s ?+s1 utiliz+ o!rs4  
,we %all see1 he cont9ues1 t ,plato1    
,ari/otle1 & ,cic]o ex]t$ m influ5ce ?an

 all o!r philosophic m9ds unit$ ^u !    
greate/ ( ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 ^u ! greate/ 
( ! ,s*ool m51 & ^u ! greate/ ( !       
!ologians ( ! ,re=mation1 ,calv9 &      
,melanc?on2 & if we look at ,european   
philosophy1 z x has be5 unfold$ 9       
,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,france1 we c p]ceive
 t all ! mod]n philosophic s*ools h     
discuss$ ! pr9ciples ( human reason 9 v 
mu* ! same mann] 9 :i* ,plato &         
,ari/otle discuss$ !m tw5ty-two c5turies
 ago4  ,i ne$ h>dly say1 9 clos+1 t x is
 n necess>y to borr[ f ! hea!n sy/ems ( 
to-day z ext5sively z ! ,fa!rs did f !  
sy/ems ( ,greece & ,rome1 & x w\ld be   
discordant ) good ta/e to illu/rate our 
s]mons ) quotations f ! ,h9du poets z   
lavi%ly z good ,j]emy ,taylor grac$ 8   
disc\rses ) gems f ! poets ( ,greece4 ,b
 ,i ?9k t we may s f> he$ ! wise        
examples furni%$ by ,*ur* hi/ory z to   
face ! false sy/ems ( our "t ) a c&id & 
discrim9at+ _s1 & by a m adequate k to  
dis5*ant ! bugbe>s ) :i* _! apologi/s   
w\ld al>m ! ,*ur*4  ,we are ent]+ ^u !  

broade/ & mo/ mom5t\s /ruggle ) hea!n   
error t ! _w has ev] witness$4 ,aga91 9 
?is lat] age1 philosophy & multi=m      
speculation are becom+ ! h&maids ( ,h9du
 pan!ism & ,buddhi/ occultism1 z well z 
( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,! res\rces ( ! ,ea/ & 
! ,we/ are comb9$ & subsidiz$ by ! enemy
 z well z by ! ,*ur*4 ,z 9 old ,rome &  
,alex&ria1 s n[ 9 ,london & ,calcutta   
all curr5ts ( human ?\ght fl[ toge!r1 & 
tru? is 9 full grapple ) error4 ,x is no
 "t to be idle or to take refuge 9 pi\s 
ignorance1 mu* less to fe> hea!n sy/ems 
z s _m haunt$ h\ses :i* sup]/iti\s p d>e
 n ent]--z if ! ,gospel 7 n z pot5t a   
talisman n[ z x 0 ages ago4 ,let u      
fe>lessly ent] ^! abodes ( d>kness1 ?r[ 
op5 ! %utt]s1 & let 9 ! light ( day1 & !
 hobgobl9s w flee4 ,let u explore e d>k 
recess1 w9n[ out ! miasma & ! mildew ) !
 pure air ( heav51 & ! ,sun (           
,righte\sness %all fill ! _w4           
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #bj3 ,!         
,norsem51 ,macle>4  ,footnote #ba3 ,!   
,druid b>d ,talies5 says3 ,*ri/1 ! ,^w f

 ! beg9n+1 0 f ! beg9n+ our tea*]1 & we 
nev] lo/ ,8 tea*+4 ,*ri/ianity 0 a new  
?+ 9 ,asia1 b !re nev] 0 a "t :5 !      
,druids ( ,brita9 held n its            
doctr9es4--,/4 ,paul 9 ,brita91 p4 #hf4 
,footnote #bb3 ,uhlhorn's ,conflict (   
,*ri/ianity ) ,hea!nism4  ,footnote #bc3
 ,! same dualism ( ! male & ! female    
pr9ciple is f\nd 9 ! ,%9to ( ,japan4    
,see ,*amb]la9's translation ( !        
,kojiki4  ,footnote #bd3 ,! late ,george
 ,eliot has giv5 expression to ?is grim 
solace1 & ,mr4 ,john ,fiske1 9 8 ,de/9y 
( ,man1 claims t ! goal ( all life1 f ! 
fir/ developm5t ( ! primordial cell1 is 
! p]fect$ future man4  ,footnote #be3   
,voltaire f\nd great delight 9 ! s-call$
 ,ez\r ,v$a1 a "w :i* claim$ to be an   
anci5t ,v$a conta9+ ! ess5tial tru?s ( !
 ,bible4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* infidel 0    
humbl$1 h[ev]1 :5 x turn$ out t ! book 0
 ! pi\s fraud ( a ,jesuit mission>y :o  
has hop$ ?us to w9 ! ,h9dus to          
,*ri/ianity4  ,footnote #bf3 ,quot$ by  
,uhlhorn 9 ,! ,conflict ( ,*ri/ianity ) 

,hea!nism1 p4 #gj4 ,he also quotes      
,s5eca z say+3 ,oh1 if "o only might h a
 guide to tru?6  ,footnote #bg3 ,plato  
%[$ by 8 writ+s & 8 :ole life t he 0 a  
true seek] aft] ! k ( ,god1 :om he      
id5tifi$ ) ! highe/ good4 ,?\gh he      
believ$ 9 an effici5t creator%ip1 he    
held t matt] is et]nal4 ,ideas are also 
et]nal1 b ! _w is g5]at$4 ,he 0 n a     
,pan!i/1 z he cle>ly plac$ ,god outside 
(1 or above1 ! univ]se4 ,he reg>d$ ! s\l
 ( man z possess$ ( reason1 moral       
s5sibility1 & appetite4  ,on ! doctr9e (
 future immortality ,plato 0 mo/        
emphatic4  ,he also believ$ t ! s\l 9 a 
previ\s /ate _h be5 pure & s9less1 b _h 
fall54 ,he taught t recov]y f ?is fall5 
condition is to be accompli%$ by !      
pursuit ( philosophy & ! practice (     
virtue 7n z m]it b z discipl9e71 by     
contemplat+ ! highe/ ideal :i* is ! "* (
 ,god1 & by ?9k+ ( et]nity4 ,plato      
reg>d$ suff]+ z discipl9>y :5 prop]ly   
improv$4 ,true philosophy may raise !   
s\l above ! fe> ( dea?4 ,?is 0 prov$ by 

,socrates4 ,bo? ,socrates & ,plato seem$
 to believe 9 a good demon 7_s7 ^: voice
 0 a salut>y & b5efic5t guide4 ,z to    
es*atology1 ,plato look$ =w>d to a heav5
 :]e ! virtu\s s\l %all dwell 9 !       
pres5ce ( ,god1 & 9 ! enjoym5t ( pure   
delights4  ,ari/otle's idea ( ,god 0    
sc>cely less exalt$ ?an t ( ,plato4 ,he 
express$ x ?us3 ,! pr9ciple ( life is 9 
,god2 = en]gy ( m9d con/itutes life1 &  
,god is ?is en]gy4 ,he1 ! fir/ mov]1    
imp>ts motion & pursues ! "w ( creation 
z some?+ t is lov$4 ,8 c\rse ( life mu/ 
be simil> to :at is mo/ excell5t 9 our  
own %ort c>e]4 ,b he exi/s =ev] 9 ?is   
excell5ce1 :]eas ?is is impossible = u4 
,8 pleasure consi/s 9 ! ex]cise ( 8     
ess5tial en]gy1 & on ?is acc\nt         
vigilance1 wakefulness1 & p]ception are 
mo/ agreeable to him4 ,aga91 ! m we     
exam9e ,god's nature ! m wond]ful does x
 appe> to u4 ,he is an et]nal & mo/     
excell5t be+4 ,he is indivisible1 devoid
 ( p>ts1 & hav+ no magnitude1 = ,god    
imp>ts motion ?r\gh inf9ite "t1 & no?+  

f9ite1 z magnitude is1 c h an inf9ite   
capacity4 ,he is a be+ devoid ( passions
 & unalt]able4--,quot$ 9 ,indian        
,wisdom1 p4 #abe4  ,footnote #bh3 ,^?   
pages pres5t n ! image ( ?is piety1 !   
te>s ( confession1 ,?y sacrifice1 a     
tr\bl$ _s1 a brok5 & a contrite he>t1 ! 
salvation ( ! p1 ! ,bridal city1 ! e>ne/
 ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! cup ( our r$emption4
 ,no man s+s !re1 ',%all n my s\l be    
submitt$ unto ,god8 = ( ,him come? my   
salvation1 = ,he is my ,god & my        
salvation1 my gu>dian1 ,i %all no m be  
griev$4' ,no "o !re he>s ,him call      
',come unto me all ye t                 
labor4'--,confessions1 ,bk4 vii41 xxi4  
,b hav+ !n read ^? books ( ! ,platoni/s1
 & !nce be+ taught to se>* = incorporeal
 tru?1 ,i saw ,?y invisible ?+s1        
und]/ood by ! ?+s :i* are made2 & ?\gh  
ca/ back1 ,i p]ceiv$ :at t 0 :i*1 ?r\gh 
! d>kness ( my m9d1 ,i 0 h9d]$ f        
contemplat+1 be+ assur$ 't ,?\ w]t & w]t
 inf9ite1 & yet n diffus$ 9 space1 f9ite
 or inf9ite1 & t ,?\ truly art :o art ! 

same ev]1 9 no "p nor motion v>y+2 & t  
all o!r ?+s are f ,!e4444 ,( ^! ?+s ,i 0
 assur$1 yet too insecure to enjoy ,!e4 
,i prat$ z "o skill$1 b ,i _h n s\ght   
,?y way 9 ,*ri/ our ,savi\r2 ,i _h prov$
 to be n skill$ b kill$4--,confessions1 
,bk4 vii41 xx4  ,footnote #bi3 ,we may  
judge ( ! be>+ ( ! common t]m hea!n z   
appli$ to non-,*ri/ian nations1 :5 we   
consid] t ! ,greeks & ,romans *>act]iz$ 
all =eign]s z b>b>ians1 t ,mohamm$ans   
call all ,*ri/ians infidels1 & ! ,*9ese 
greet !m z =eign devils4 ,! mission>y   
ent]prise z a "w ( conciliation %\ld    
illu/rate a broad] _s4  ,footnote #cj3  
,! ,celts1 ,macle>4  ,footnote #ca3     
,lives ( ! ,fa!rs1 ,f>r>4  ,footnote    
#cb3 ,*ri/ianity1 says ,max ,muell]1    
enjoy$ no privileges & claim$ no        
immunities :5 x boldly confront$ &      
conf\nd$ ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ p[]ful    
religions ( ! _w4 ,ev5 at pres5t x      
craves no m]cy & x receives no m]cy f ^?
 :om our mission>ies h to meet face to  
face 9 e "p ( ! _w2 & unless our        

religion has ceas$ to be :at x 01 its   
def5d]s %\ld n %r9k f ?is new trial (   
its /r5g?1 b %\ld enc\rage r ?an        
depreciate ! /udy ( comp>ative          
!ology4--,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 #bb4   
,footnote #cc3 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian       
,!ology1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #eb4             
,,lecture ,,iii4  ,,! ,,successive      
,,developm5ts ,,op ,,h9duism   ,!       
religi\s sy/ems ( ,india1 l its flora1  
display luxuriant v>iety & confusion4   
,h9duism is only ano!r banyan-tree ^:   
bran*es h become trunks1 & ^: trunks h  
produc$ new bran*es1 until ! :ole has   
become an intellectual & moral jungle ( 
va/ ext5t4 ,! orig9al /ock 0 a mono!i/ic
 nature wor%ip1 :i* ! ,h9du ance/ors    
held 9 common ) o!r bran*es ( ! ,aryan  
family :5 dwell+ toge!r on ! high       
table-l&s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 or1 z "s are 
n[ claim+1 9 ,ea/]n ,russia4 ,:]ev] may 
h be5 t hi/oric cradle 9 :i* ! infancy (
 our race 0 pass$1 x seems c]ta9 f      
simil>ities ( language1 t ?is ,aryan    
family once dwelt toge!r1 & _h a common 

wor%ip1 & call$ ! supreme deity by a    
common "n4 ,x 0 a wor%ip ( ! sky1 & at  
l5g? ( v>i\s p[]s ( nature1 ,surya1 !   
sun3 ,agni1 fire3 ,indra1 ra91 etc4 ,x  
is ma9ta9$ by _m au?ors1 9 ,india z well
 z 9 ,europe1 t ^! designations 7 only  
appli$ z names ( "o & ! same pot5tial   
deity4 ,?is is ! gr\nd held by ! v>i\s  
bran*es ( ! mod]n ,somaj ( ,india4 ,yet 
we mu/ n suppose t ! mono!ism ( ! e>ly  
,aryans 0 all t we und]/& by t t]m2 x is
 en\gh t ! p[] address$ 0 "o & p]sonal4 
,ev5 h5o!ism1 ! la/ "n :i* ,pr(essor    
,max ,muell] applies to ! e>ly ,aryan   
fai?1 d5otes on5ess 9 ?is s5se4 ,!      
process ( diff]5tiation & corruption    
advanc$ m rapidly among ! ,indo-,aryans 
?an 9 ! ,iranian bran* ( ! same race1 & 
9 all l&s *anges 7 wr\ght to "s ext5t by
 diff]5ces ( climate & by environm5t4#cd
 ,! ,norsem51 = example1 /ruggl+ ) !    
wild] & /]n] =ces ( /orm & w9try tempe/1
 w\ld naturally diff] 9 cu/om1 & f9ally 
9 fai?1 f ! g5tle ,h9du "u 8 ,indian    
sky2 yet !re 7 common elem5ts traceable 

9 ! e>lie/ traditions ( ^! races1 & !   
fact t religions are n :olly dep5d5t ^u 
local conditions is %[n by bo?          
,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism1 :i* h fl\ri%$  
mo/ conspicu\sly & p]man5tly 9 l&s :]e  
!y 7 n indig5\s4  ,9 ! ,v$as1 says ,sir 
,moni] ,williams1 unity 9 ! conception (
 deity soon div]g$ into v>i\s           
ramifications4 ,only a few ( ! hymns    
appe> to conta9 ! simple conception ( "o
 div9e1 self-exi/5t1 omnipres5t ,be+1 & 
ev5 9 ^!1 ! idea ( "o ,god1 pres5t 9 all
 nature1 is some:at nebul\s & undef9$4  
,"o ( ! e>lie/ deifications t we c trace
 0 t ( ,v>una1 :o repres5t$ ! ov]hang+  
sky4 ,! hymns address$ to ,v>una are n  
only ! e>lie/1 b !y are ! l(tie/ & mo/  
spiritual 9 _! aspirations4 ,!y f9d 9   
him an elem5t ( hol9ess be=e :i* s9 is  
an (f5ce2 & 9 "s vague s5se he is ! fa!r
 ( all ?+s1 l ! ,zeus :om ,paul         
recogniz$ 9 ! poetry ( ,greece4  ,b1 z  
already /at$1 ?is vague conception (    
,god z "o1 0 already 9 a transition t[>d
 sep>ate impressions ( ! diff]5t p[]s ( 

nature4 ,if ! idea ( ,god 0 )\t any v   
cle> p]sonality & m or less obscure1 x  
is n /range t x %\ld come to be ?us     
specializ$ z m5 ?\ght ( objects hav+ a  
manife/ly b5ign influ5ce--z !           
life-quick5+ sun or ! reviv+ ra94 ,x is 
n /range t1 )\t a k ( ! true ,god1 !y   
%\ld h be5 fill$ ) awe :5 gaz+ ^u ! d>k 
vault ( night1 & %\ld h r5d]$ adoration 
to ! moon & h] c\ntless ret9ue ( />s4   
,if !re mu/ be idolatry1 let x be t     
sublime nature wor%ip ( ! e>ly ,aryans1 
?\gh ev5 t 0 sure to deg5]ate into bas] 
=ms4 ,"o might suppose t ! wor%ip ( !   
heav5ly bodies w\ld rema9 ! pure/ &     
noble/2 & yet ! sun-wor%ip ( !          
,assyrians & ! ,pho5icians became       
unspeakably vile 9 its s5su\sness1 &    
f9ally ! mo/ wick$ & abom9able ( all    
hea!n sy/ems4 ,india 9 h] d>ke/ days    
nev] sank s l[1 & :5 h] degradation came
 x 0 ?r\gh o!r conceptions ?an ^? (     
nature wor%ip4  ,9 ! e>ly ,v$ic hymns   
are to be f\nd _m sublime passages :i*  
seem to sugge/ traces ( ^? common       

traditions conc]n+ ! creation--! ,fall (
 man & ! ,deluge1 :i* we believe to h   
be5 ! e>lie/ religi\s h]itage ( mank9d4 
,!y contra/ /rongly ) ! lat] & degrad+  
cosmogonies ( deg5]ate hea!n sy/ems1 &  
especially ) ! grotesque fancies ( !    
subsequ5t ,h9du my?ology4 ,9 ! ,x?      
,m&ala ( ! ,rig ,v$a we f9d ! foll[+    
acc\nt ( primeval *aos1 :i* rem9ds "o ( 
! ,mosaic ,g5esis3     ,9 ! beg9n+ !re 0
 nei!r aught nor naught1     ,!re 0     
nei!r sky nor atmosph]e above4     ,:at 
!n en%r\d$ all ! teem+ univ]se8     ,9 !
 receptacle ( :at 0 x conta9$8     ,0 x 
envelop$ 9 ! gulph pr(\nd ( wat]8       
,!re 0 !n nei!r dea? nor immortality4   
,!re 0 !n nei!r day nor night1 nor light
 nor d>kness4     ,only ! ,exi/+ ,"o    
brea!d calmly self-conta9$1     ,naught 
else b him !re 01 naught else above1    
beyond2     ,!n fir/ came d>kness hid 9 
d>kness1 gloom 9 gloom1     ,next all 0 
wat]1 *aos indiscreet     ,9 :i* ! ,"o  
lay void1 %r\d$ 9 no?+ness1     ,!n     
turn+ inw>d by self-develop$ =ce     ,( 

inn] f]vor & int5se ab/raction grew4    
,9 ! e>ly ,v$ic p]iod _m ( ! corruptions
 ( lat] times 7 unkn[n4 ,!re 0 no di/9ct
 doctr9e ( ca/e1 no transmigration1 no  
mi/ ( pan!ism1 no idol-wor%ip1 no       
wid[-burn+1 & no au?oriz$ infanticide4  
,! abom9able tyranny :i* 0 subsequ5tly  
impos$ ^u woman 0 unkn[n2 ! l[          
sup]/itions ( ! aborig9al tribes _h n   
be5 adopt$2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 _h        
philosophy & speculation tak5 possession
 ( ! ,h9du m9d4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,trimurti
 & ! inc>nations _h n appe>$4#ce  ,!    
fai? ( ! ,h9dus 9 t e>ly p]iod may be   
call$ ,aryanism1 or ,v$ism4 ,x bore sway
 f ! ,aryan migration1 some:]e ab\t "o  
?\s& five hundr$1 or two ?\s&1 ye>s be=e
 ,*ri/1 to ab\t eight hundr$ ye>s be=e  
,*ri/4#cf ,by t "t ! prie/ly class _h   
ga9$ great p[] ov] all o!r ranks4 ,!y _h
 begun to "w ov] ! ,v$as to suit _! own 
purposes1 select+ f !m su* portions z   
c\ld be fram$ into an elaborate         
ritual--kn[n z ! ,brahmanas4 ,! p]iod   
dur+ :i* !y cont9u$ ?is rituali/ic      

developm5t is kn[n z ! ,brahmana p]iod4 
,?is ext5d$ f ab\t eight hundr$ to five 
hundr$ ,b4,c4#cg ,^!1 h[ev]1 are only ! 
approximate e/imates ( mod]n s*ol>%ip3  
su* a ?+ z anci5t hi/ory is unkn[n to ! 
,h9du race4 ,?is ,brahmana p]iod 0 m>k$ 
by ! int5se & ov]be>+ sac]dotalism ( !  
,brahmans1 & by an extreme developm5t ( 
! doctr9e ( ca/e4 ,nev] 0 prie/ly       
tyranny c>ri$ to great] l5g? ?an by ^!  
lordly ,brahmans ( ,india4 ,"o ( ! *ief 
abuses ( _! sy/em 0 _! depravation (    
sacrifice4  ,! e>lie/ conception (      
sacrifice repres5t$ 9 ! ,v$as is t ( a  
vic>i\s (f]+ ( ,p>u%a1 a ,div9e be+4 ,v 
obscure ref]5ces to ?is are f\nd 9 !    
olde/ ( ! f\r ,v$as1 dat+ probably n    
lat] ?an #abjj ,b4,c4 ,x is br\ght out  
/ill m cle>ly 9 a ,brahmana :i* 0       
probably compos$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4
 ,x is !re said t ! ,"l ( creatures (f]$
 himself a sacrifice = ! ,gods4         
,pr9cipal ,fairbairn f9ds ,v$ic au?ority
 = ! idea t ! creation ( ! _w 0         
accompli%$ by ! self-sacrifice ( deity2 

& ,manu ascribes ! creation ( mank9d to 
! au/]ities ( ! gods4 ,sir ,moni]       
,williams1 ! late ,pr(essor ,ban]gea1 & 
_m o!rs1 h reg>d$ ^! ref]5ces to a      
,div9e sacrifice = ! b5efit ( gods & m5 
z dim traces ( a revelation once made to
 mank9d ( a promis$ atonem5t = ! s9s ( !
 _w4#ch  ,b s f> z ! actual obs]vances (
 ! e>ly ,h9dus 7 conc]n$1 !y seem to h  
made _! (f]+s r 9 ! _s ( ,ca9 ?an 9 !   
fai? ( ,abel4 ,!y simply f$ ! gods ) _! 
gifts1 & regal$ !m ) soma juice1 p\r$ =?
 9 libations2 ! savor ( melt$ butt] also
 0 suppos$ to be specially grateful4    
,/ill !re is reason to believe t !      
piacul> idea ( sacrifice 0 nev] :olly   
lo/1 b t ! ,h9dus1 9 common ) all o!r   
races1 f\nd occasion--especially :5     
great calamities befell !m--to appease !
 gods ) ! blood ( sacrifice4 ,9 ! e>ly  
days human sacrifices 7 (f]$1 &         
occasionally at lea/ d[n to a late      
p]iod4#ci ,x 0 a conv5i5t policy ( !    
prie/hood1 h[ev]1 to hypo!cate ! claim =
 a human victim by accept+ ! sub/itution

 ( a goodly numb] ( horses or c[s4 ,a   
fam\s tradition is giv51 9 ! ,ait>eya   
,brahmana1 ( a pr9ce#dj :o _h be5 doom$ 
to sacrifice by a v[ ( 8 fa!r1 b :o     
b\ght z a sub/itute ! son ( a holy      
,brahman--pay+ ! price ( a hundr$ c[s4  
,:5 none c\ld be f\nd to b9d ! lad on ! 
alt>1 ! pi\s fa!r (f]$ to p]=m ! task = 
ano!r hundr$ c[s4 ,!n !re 0 no "o f\nd  
to slay ! victim1 & ! fa!r (f]$ = /ill  
ano!r hundr$ to d ev5 t4 ,z ! victim 0 (
 high ca/e ! gods int]pos$1 & ! ,brahman
 0 /ill ! possessor ( a son plus !      
cattle4 ,! incid5t w illu/rate ! gre$ ( 
! prie/hood & ! depravation ( sacrifice4
 ,x _h become a sy/em ( b>ga9+ &        
extortion4 ,! sacrifices f$ ! prie/hood 
m sub/antially ?an ! gods4 ,!re 0 great 
advantage 9 />t+ ) ! human victim z !   
unit ( value1 & x is easy to see h[     
sub/itution ( animals became imm5sely   
pr(itable4 ,! p 7 taught t x 0 possible1
 if "o 7 ri* en\gh 9 victims1 ev5 to    
bankrupt heav54 ,ev5 demons by ! value (
 _! (f]+s might dem& ! sceptre (        

,indra4#da  ,h& 9 h& ) ?is gr[? ( !     
sacrificial sy/em 0 ! developm5t ( ca/e2
 ! =m] 0 done away by ! subsequ5t prote/
 ( ,buddhism & ! philosophic s*ools2 b !
 latt] has rema9$ ?r\gh all ! /ages (   
,h9du hi/ory4#db ,su* 0 ,brahmanism4    
,its ?raldom has nev] be5 equall$4 ,! l&
 0 delug$ ) ! blood ( sla9 bea/s4 ,all  
indu/ries 7 p>alyz$ ) disc\ragem5t4     
,social aspiration 0 blight$1 patriotism
 & national _s 7 weak5$1 & ,india 0     
prep>$ = ^? disa/r\s invasions :i* made 
h] ! prey ( all nor!rn races4  ,x 0 9   
prote/ aga9/ ^! evils t ,gautama & _m   
able philosoph]s arose ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 
,already ! intellectual classes _h mat*$
 ! ,brahmans by draw+ ^u ,v$ic au?ority 
= _! philosophy4 ,z ! ,brahmans _h      
produc$ a ritual f ! ,v$as1 s !         
philosoph]s fram$ a sort ( philosophic  
,v$a 9 ! ,upani%ads4 ,m5 _h begun to ask
 !mselves ! great que/ions ( human life 
& de/9y1 ,:5ce am ,i8 ,:at is ?is       
my/]i\s be+ ( :i* ,i am consci\s8 ,!y _h
 begun to reason ab\t nature1 ! orig9 ( 

matt]1 ! relation ( mortals to !        
,inf9ite4 ,! s*ool ( ! ,upani%ads reg>d$
 !mselves z an ari/ocracy ( intellect1 &
 held philosophy z _! esot]ic & peculi> 
pr]ogative4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ t two di/9ct   
k9ds ( revelation _h be5 made to m54    
,fir/1 t simple k9d :i* 0 design$ =     
prie/s & ! common masses1 = all ^? :o   
reg>d$ only effects & 7 satisfi$ )      
sac]dotal assumption & m]it-mak+4 ,b1   
secondly1 !re 0 a high] k :i* conc]n$   
itself ) ! orig9 ( ! _w & ! hidd5 causes
 ( ?+s4 ,ev5 to ?is day ! ,upani%ads are
 ! ,v$as ( ! ?9k+ classes ( ,india4#dc  
,z ! ,brahmanas gave fir/ expression to 
! doctr9e ( ca/e1 s 9 ! ,upani%ads we   
f9d ! fir/ developm5t ( pan!ism & !     
doctr9e ( transmigration4 ,! conclusion 
_h already be5 rea*$ t ,!re is only "o  
,be+ :o exi/s3 ,he is )9 ?is univ]se &  
yet outside ?is univ]se3 :oe'er beholds 
all liv+ creatures z 9 ,him1 & ,him !   
univ]sal _s1 z 9 all1 !nce=? reg>ds no  
creature ) contempt4  ,! language (     
,h9du speculation exhau/s its res\rces 9

 similes by :i* to repres5t p]sonal     
annihilation4 ,man's orig9 & relations  
are acc\nt$ = v t]sely by su*           
illu/rations z ^!3 ,z ! web issues f !  
spid]1 z little sp>ks proce$ f fire1 s f
 ! ,"o ,s\l proce$ all brea?+ animals1  
all worlds1 all ! gods1 all be+s4 ,!n z 
to de/9y3 ,^! riv]s proce$ f ! ea/ t[>d 
! we/1 !nce f ! ocean !y rise 9 ! =m (  
vapor1 & dropp+ aga91 !y fl[ t[>d ! s\? 
& m]ge into ! ocean4 ,& z ! fl[+ riv]s  
are m]g$ into ! sea1 los+ _! names &    
=ms1 s ! wise1 fre$ f "n & =m1 pass into
 ! ,div9e _s1 :i* is great] ?an !       
great4#dd ,ano!r favorite illu/ration is
 t ( ! moon's reflection 9 ! wat]-j>1   
:i* disappe>s ! mom5t ! moon itself is  
hidd54 ,if ! image 9 ! wat] has no      
exi/5ce sep>ate f t ( ! moon1 says !    
,h9du1 h[ c x be %[n t ! human s\l exi/s
 ap>t f ,god8  ,! ,mundaka ,upani%ad1   
bas$ ^u ! ,a?>va ,v$a 7"o ( ! late/1--! 
,upani%ad be+ lat] /ill71 conta9s ?is   
acc\nt ( ! univ]se3 ,z ! spid] sp9s &   
ga!rs back 7its ?read72 z plants spr\t  

on ! e>?2 z hairs gr[ on a liv+ p]son2 s
 is ?is univ]se "h produc$ f !          
imp]i%able nature4 ,by contemplation !  
va/ "o g]m9ates2 f him food 7or body7 is
 produc$2 & !nce successively1 brea?1   
m9d1 real 7elem5ts7 worlds1 &           
immortality result+ f 7good7 de$s4  ,!  
,omnisci5t is pr(\nd contemplation      
consi/+ 9 ! k ( him :o kn[s all2 & f t1 
! 7manife/$7 va/ "o1 z well z names1    
=ms1 & food proce$2 & ?is is tru?4#de   
,x is a great blemi% ^u ! ,upani%ads1 t 
:ile !re are subtle1 & 9 "s respects    
sublime1 utt]ances to be f\nd "h & !re1 
! great mass is fanciful & (t5 pu]ile1 &
 9 _m in/ances too l[ & pruri5t to be>  
translation into ! ,engli% language4    
,?is is cle>ly alleg$ by ,mr4 ,bose1 &  
frankly admitt$ by ,max ,muell]4#df  ,9 
! common prote/ :i* f9ally broke d[n !  
sy/em ( ,brahmanical sacrifice1 & = a "t
 relax$ ! rigors ( ca/e tyranny1        
,buddhism !n j appe>+ 7say #ejj ,b4,c471
 jo9$ h& 9 h& ) ! philosophies4 ,m5 7   
tir$ ( prie/craft1 & by a natural       

reaction !y w5t to an opposite extreme2 
!y 7 tir$ ( religion itself4 ,buddha    
became an und\bt$ a!i/ or agno/ic1 & six
 di/9ct s*ools ( philosophy arose on !  
basis ( ! ,upani%ads--"s ( :i* 7 purely 
rationali/ic1 "s 7 cons]vative1 o!rs    
radical4 ,"s resembl$ ! ,greek ,atomi/s 
9 _! !ory1#dg & o!rs f\ght = ! au?ority1
 & ev5 ! supreme div9ity1 ( ! ,v$as4#dh 
,all believ$ 9 ! et]nity ( matt]1 & !   
pa/ et]nity ( ! s\l2 all accept$ !      
doctr9e ( transmigration1 & ma9ta9$ t ! 
spiritual nature c only act ?r\gh a     
mat]ial body4 ,all 7 pessimi/ic1 & look$
 = relief only 9 absorption4  ,b !      
progress ( ,h9du ?\ght 0 m>k$ by *ecks &
 c\nt]-*ecks4 ,z ! tyranny ( ! prie/hood
 _h l$ to ! prote/ ( philosophy1 s !    
extreme & conflict+ speculations (      
philosophic rationalism probably gave   
rise to ! cons]vatism ( ! ,code ( ,manu4
 ,no adequate idea ( ! drift ( ,h9du    
?\ght c be ga9$ )\t assign+ due influ5ce
 to ?is all-important body ( laws4 ,!y  
accompli%$ m 9 hold+ fa/ ! p[] ( !      

,brahmans1 & enabl+ !m to /em ! tide (  
intellectual rebellion1 & f9ally to     
rega9 ! sceptre f ! h& ( ,buddhism1 ?an 
all o!r lit]atures comb9$4 ,_! date _c  
be def9itely kn[n4 ,!y 7 compos$ by     
diff]5t m5 & at diff]5t times4 ,!y      
probably foll[$ ! ,upani%ads1 b ant$at$ 
! full developm5t ( ! philosophic       
s*ools4  ,_m ( ! pr9ciples ( ,manu's    
,code _h probably be5 utt]$ z e>ly z !  
sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4#di ,! f]m5t (       
rationali/ic ?\ght 0 ev5 !n active1 &   
dem&$ re/ra9t4 ,! "o phrase :i*         
expresses ! :ole _s ( ! laws ( ,manu is 
int5se cons]vatism4 ,!y /& = ! def9ite  
au?ority ( dogma2 !y re-ass]t 9 /rong   
t]ms ! au?ority ( ! ,v$as2 !y e/abli% & 
=tify by all possible influ5ces1 !      
in/itution ( ca/e4 ,!y enclose z 9 an   
iron framework1 all dome/ic1 social1    
civil1 & religi\s in/itutions4 ,!y      
embrace n only ! de/9y ( m5 ^u ! e>?1 b 
also ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ! future    
life4 ,:atev] !y t\*$ 0 petrifi$4       
,abuses :i* _h crept 9 ?r\gh ! natural  

developm5t ( human depravity--= example1
 ! oppression ( woman--! laws ( ,manu   
/amp$ ) inflexible & irrev]sible        
au?ority4 ,! evils :i* gr[ up 9 savage  
tribes are bad en\gh1 ! tyranny ( m]e   
brute =ce is to be deplor$1 b wor/ ( all
 is t :i* is sanction$ by /atute1 & made
 ! v corn]-/one ( a great civilization4 
,probably no o!r sy/em ( laws ev] did s 
mu* to rivet ! *a9s ( dome/ic           
tyranny4#ej  ,! ,code ( ,manu has be5   
classifi$ z1 #a/1 sacr$ k & religion2   
#b;d1 philosophy2 #c;d1 social rules &  
ca/e organization2 #d?1 crim9al & civil 
laws2 #e?1 sy/ems ( p5ance2 #f?1        
es*atology1 or ! doctr9e ( future       
rew>ds4 ,no un9spir$ or non-,v$ic       
production has equal au?ority 9 ,india4 
,we c only judge ( its date by its      
relative place among o!r books4 ,x      
applies ,v$ic names to ! gods1 ?\gh x   
m5tions ,brahma & ,vi%nu1 b x makes no  
ref]5ce to ! ,trimurti4 ,pan!ism 0      
evid5tly 9 exi/5ce & 0 made prom95t 9 ! 
code4 ,! influ5ce ( ,manu ov] !         

jurisprud5ce ( ,india 0 a matt] ( gr[?4 
,at fir/ ! code appe>s to h be5 a guide 
9 cu/oms & obs]vances1 b z x ga9$       
curr5cy x acquir$ ! =ce ( law1 & ext5d$ 
its sway ov] all ! tribes ( ,india4 ,x 0
 n1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ z a uni=m code       
?r\gh\t ! l&1 b its pr9ciples 7 f\nd    
und]ly+ ! laws ( all ! prov9ces4 ,its v 
m]its 7 f9ally fruitful ( evil4 ,human  
weal 0 sacrific$ to ! ov]-%ad[+ p[] ( a 
sy/em ( cu/oms cunn+ly wr\ght & e/abli%$
 by ,brahmanical influ5ce4 ,! au?or 0   
evid5tly a ,brahman1 & ! :ole "w 0      
prep>$ & promulgat$ 9 ! int]e/s (       
,brahmanism z aga9/ all fre$om ( ?\ght4 
,its support ( ! ,v$as 0 fanatical4     
,?us3 ,a ,brahman by reta9+ ! ,rig ,v$a 
9 8 memory incurs no guilt1 ?\gh he %\ld
 de/roy ! ?ree worlds4 ,aga93 ,:5 !re is
 contradiction ( two precepts 9 ! ,v$a1 
bo? are decl>$ to be law2 bo? h be5     
ju/ly promulgat$ by kn[n sages z valid  
law4  ,! laws ( ,manu make no m5tion ( !
 doctr9e ( ,bakti or fai?1 & !re is no  
ref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( ! ,sakti2 bo? ( ^!

 7 ( lat] date4 ,! doctr9e (            
transmigration1 h[ev]1 is fully /at$1 & 
z a consequ5ce ( ?is ! hells describ$ 9 
! code1 ?\gh places ( torture1 resolve  
!mselves into m]ely tempor>y            
purgatories1 :ile ! heav5s become only !
 /eps on ! road to a union ) deity4 ,!re
 is reason to believe t ! practice (    
employ+ idols to repres5t deity 0 unkn[n
 at ! "t ! code 0 compil$4 ,!re is no   
allusion to public s]vices or to tea*+ 9
 ! temples1 ! *ief rites ( religion 7 ( 
a dome/ic k9d1 & ! prie/s ( t age 7 no?+
 m ?an dome/ic *apla9s4  ,manu's !ory ( 
creation 0 ?is3 ,! ,self-,exi/5t1 hav+  
will$ to produce v>i\s be+s f 8 own     
sub/ance1 fir/ ) a ?\ght creat$ ! wat]s 
& plac$ on !m a productive se$ or egg4  
,!n he himself 0 born 9 t egg 9 ! =m (  
,brahma4 ,next he caus$ ! egg to divide 
itself1 & out ( its two divisions !re   
came ! heav5 above & ! e>? b5ea?4       
,aft]w>d1 hav+ divid$ 8 own sub/ance he 
became half male1 half female4 ,f t     
female 0 produc$ ,viraj1 f :om 0 creat$ 

! second>y prog5itor ( all be+s4 ,!n f !
 ,supreme ,s\l he drew =? ,manu's       
intellect4 ,?is mix$ cosmogony is       
suppos$ to indicate a div]sity (        
au?or%ip4  ,x w be se5 t ?is is mu* less
 philosophical ?an ! !ory ( creation    
quot$ above f ! ,mundaka ,upani%ad4#ea  
,if we comp>e ,manu's acc\nt ) !        
description ( ! ,beg9n+ f\nd 9 "o ( !   
hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a1#eb we %all see t   
!re has be5 a d[nw>d tr5d ( ,h9duism f !
 simple & sublime conceptions ( ! e>ly  
poets to t :i* is grotesque1 & :i* has  
probably be5 work$ ov] to suit !        
purposes ( ! ,brahmans4 ,no my?ological 
leg5d 0 too absurd if x promot$ ! notion
 ( ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,manus 7sages7 & ! 
,brahmans4  ,manu makes mu* ( ! ,v$ic   
passage :i* ref]s to ! orig9 ( ca/e4#ec 
,he ma9ta9$ t ?is di/9ction ( ca/e 0 z  
mu* a law ( nature & div9e appo9tm5t z !
 sep>ation ( diff]5t classes ( animals4 
,! prom95ce accord$ to ! ,brahmans 0    
no?+ %ort ( div9e4 ,ev5 :5 ,brahmans    
employ !mselves 9 all sorts ( inf]ior   

occupations 7z pov]ty (t5 compels !m to 
d7 !y mu/ "u all circum/ances be honor$1
 = !y are to be reg>d$ z supreme        
div9ities4 ,a ,brahman's own p[] is     
/rong] ?an ! p[] ( ! k+1 !re=e by 8 own 
might he may *a/ise 8 foes4 ,he :o m]ely
 assails a ,brahman ) int5t to kill him1
 w cont9ue 9 hell = a hundr$ ye>s1 & he 
:o actually /rikes him mu/ endure a ?\s&
 ye>s4  ,x is always ! tru? t is m+l$ ) 
! errors ( any sy/em :i* con/itutes its 
life & gives x p]petuity1 & !re is mu* 9
 ! ,code ( ,manu to be admir$4 ,l !     
,confucian e?ics1 x laid its f\ndations 
9 ! respect due f *ildhood to p>5ts1 & 9
 gu>d+ ! sanctities ( ! home4 ,x aim$ at
 fairness betwe5 rul] & subject1 9 an   
age :5 ov] mo/ ( ! ,asiatic cont95t !   
wilde/ caprice ( rul]s 0 ! law ( _!     
respective realms4 ,manu taught ! duty (
 k+s t[>d _! subjects 9 mo/ emphatic    
t]ms4 ,!y 7 to reg>d !mselves z s]vants1
 or r z fa!rs1 ( ! p2 & rules 7         
prescrib$ = _! entire conduct4 ,!y 7 !  
repres5tatives ( deity 9 adm9i/]+ !     

affairs ( mortals1 & mu/ realize _!     
solemn responsibility4#ed ,x mu/ ev] be 
ackn[l$g$ t ! ,h9du laws respect+       
prop]ty 7 *>act]iz$ by wisdom & equity4 
,taxation 0 n subject to caprice or     
inju/ice2 :]e discrim9ations occurr$ !y 
7 9 favor ( ! poor1 & ! heavie/ burd5s 7
 laid :]e !y %\ld be laid1 ^u ! ri*4    
,!re 7 wise adaptations1 calculat$ to   
develop ! indu/ry & self-help ( ! weake/
 classes1 & c>e 0 tak5 t !y nev] %\ld   
become oppressive4 ,no political or     
civic tyranny c\ld be all[$2 b t ( !    
prie/hood 9 its relations to all ranks1 
& t ( ! h\sehold] t[>d 8 wife & t[>d all
 wom51 7 q suffici5t4 ,9 ?is la/ reg>d  
we sc>cely "k :i* 0 ! great]--! he>tless
 wick$ness ( ! ,code1 or its bl9d &     
bigot$ folly4 ,h[ x 0 t laws c\ld be    
fram$ :i* indicat$ su* r>e sagacity1 :i*
 9 _m o!r respects 7 calculat$ to build 
up ! v highe/ civilization1 & :i*1 at ! 
same "t1 fail$ to =esee t ?is oppression
 ( woman mu/ result 9 ! inevitable      
deg5]acy ( succe$+ g5]ations ( m51 mu/  

ev] rema9 a my/]y4#ee  ,we h glanc$ at !
 pur] & simpl] ,aryanism ( ! e>ly p]iod1
 at ! bigot$1 tyrannical ,brahmanism1 ) 
its ritual1 its sacrifices1 its ca/e4   
,we h m]ely allud$ to ! rationali/ic    
reaction ( ! philosoph]s & ! ,buddhi/s4 
,we %all n[ see t ! ,brahman p[] is n   
brok51 b t x w rega9 all & m ?an x has  
lo/1 t x w prove ela/ic en\gh to embrace
 all t has gone be=e2 t :ile ,buddhism w
 be bani%$1 _m ( its elem5ts w be       
reta9$1 & ! :ole wov5 into "o m>vell\s  
texture :i* we w call ,h9duism4#ef ,ev5 
dur+ ! p]iod ( ,buddhism's greate/      
triumphs1 say1 two or ?ree c5turies be=e
 ,*ri/1 *anges ( great mom5t 7 go+ on 9 
! ,brahmanical fai?4 ,! old sacrificial 
sy/em _h lo/ its p[]1 b ! flexible &    
inexhau/ible res\rces ( ,brahmanical    
cunn+ 7 by no means dormant4 ,9 ! bord] 
w>s ( ! ,aryans1 ) rival invad]s on ! "o
 h&1 & ) ! conqu]$ b ev] re/less        
aborig9es on ! o!r1 great & popul> h]oes
 _h sprung up4 ,! exploits ( ^! h]oes _h
 be5 celebrat$ 9 two great epics1 !     

,ramayana & ! ,mahabh>ata1 & ! popul>ity
 ( ^! poems 0 imm5se4 ,! h]oes 7 ( !    
soldi] ca/e1 & gave to t ca/e a pre/ige 
:i* seem$ to ! ,brahmans =midable &     
dang]\s4#eg ,! div9e pr]ogatives ( _!   
ord] 7 all 9 jeop>dy4  ,! rem$y *os5 by 
! ,brahmans 0 a bold & desp]ate "o4 ,^! 
h]oes mu/ be rais$ out ( ! soldi] ca/e  
by mak+ !m div9e4 ,z su* !y w\ld hold a 
ne>] relation to ! div9e ,brahmans ?an  
to ! soldi]s4 ,! leg5ds 7 !re=e work$   
ov]--,brahmaniz$--s to speak4#eh ,rama1 
:o _h ov]come c]ta9 *iefta9s ( ,ceylon1 
& ,kri%na1 :o _h won great battles 9    
,rajputana1 7 rais$ to ! rank ( gods &  
demi-gods4 ,by an equal exagg]ation !   
ho/ile *iefs ( rival invad]s 7 trans=m$ 
to demons1 & ! black1 repulsive hill    
tribes1 :o 7 involv$ z allies 9 ^!      
conflicts1 7 repres5t$ z apes4 ,z a "p (
 ?is same ,brahmaniz+ process1 ! doctr9e
 ( ! ,trimurti 0 develop$1 & also !     
doctr9e ( inc>nation4 ,mo/ conspicu\s 7 
! inc>nations ( ,vi%nu2 ,rama & ,kri%na 
7 f9ally plac$ among ! t5 inc>nations ( 

t deity4 ,?is 0 a skilful /roke (       
policy1 = x 0 n[ no long] ! h]oes ( !   
soldi] ca/e :o _h won victory = !       
,aryans2 x 0 ,vi%nu1 ! pres]v]1 !       
c>e-tak]1 & sympa?iz] ) all ! int]e/s ( 
mank9d4 ,! developm5t ( ! doctr9es ( !  
,trimurti & ( inc>nation und\bt$ly      
foll[$ bo? ! rise ( ,buddhism & !       
promulgation ( ! ,laws ( ,manu4         
,mean:ile ! ,brahmans 7 %rewd en\gh to  
adapt !mselves to c]ta9 o!r necessities4
 ,! influ5ce ( ,buddhism 0 /ill a =ce   
:i* 0 n to be disreg>d$4 ,x _h          
demon/rat$ "o ?+ :i* _h nev] be5        
recogniz$ be=e1 & t 0 ! ne$ ( a m human 
& sympa!tic elem5t 9 ! div9e objects (  
wor%ip4 ,m5 7 we>y ( wor%ipp+ gods :o _h
 no k9dly int]e/ 9 humanity4 ,!y 7 we>y 
( a religion :i* _h no o!r elem5t ?an t 
( fe> or ( b>ga9+ ) co/ly sacrifices4   
,!y long$ = some?+ :i* _h ! quality (   
m]cy4 ,buddha _h demon/rat$ ! value (   
?is elem5t1 & by an adroit /roke (      
policy ! ,brahmans adopt$ ,gautama z !  
n9? avat> ( ,vi%nu4 ,mean:ile !y adopt$ 

! h]oic ,kri%na z ! god ( sympa?y--!    
favorite ( ! l[] masses :o 7 n too      
critical t[>d 8 vices4  ,we h n[ rea*$ !
 fully develop$ =m ( ,h9duism4#ei ,!    
,brahmans _h embrac$ e elem5t t c\ld    
give /r5g? to _! broad1 eclectic1 &     
all-embrac+ sy/em4#fj ,! doctr9e ( !    
,trimurti _h become a /rong factor1 z x 
furni%$ a sort ( framework1 & gave      
/ability4 ,z comp>$ ) ! e>ly ,aryanism1 
x remov$ ! idea ( deity f m]ely natural 
=ces to t ( ab/ract ?\ghts1 pr9ciples1 &
 emotions1 z active & pot5t 9 ! _w4 ,at 
! same "t x reta9$ ! old ,v$ic deities  
"u new names & ) new functions1 & x did 
n abate its pr(ess$ reg>d = ,v$ic       
au?ority4 ,! ,brahmans _h r5d]$ _! sy/em
 popul> 9 a s5se ) ! intellectual       
classes by adopt+ all ! philosophies4   
,!y _h /opp$ ! m\? ( ,buddhi/ prote/ by 
embrac+ ! ,buddha among _! inc>nations4 
,!y _h %[n an advance 9 ! succession (  
inc>nations f ! e>ly embodim5ts ( brute 
=ce1 ! fi%1 ! tortoise1 ! bo>1 up to    
h]oes1 & f ^! to ! n9? avat>1 ! ,buddha1

 z a morali/ & philosoph]4#fa ,!y left  
on record ! pr$iction t a t5? %\ld      
come--& he is yet to come--:o1 9 a /ill 
high] range ( moral & spiritual p[]1    
%\ld r$eem & r5ovate ! e>?1 & e/abli% a 
k+dom ( righte\sness4  ,mean:ile1 9 ?is 
r5aissance ( ! ,h9du fai?1 ?is wide1    
politic1 self-adapt+ sy/em1 we f9d n    
only ,buddhism1 ,philosophy1 ! e>ly     
,aryanism1 & ! /iff cultus (            
,brahmanism1 b !re is also a l>ge       
infusion ( ! orig9al sup]/itions ( !    
,dravidians1 ,kohls1 ,santals1 & o!r    
nature wor%ipp]s ( ! hill tribes4 ,mu* (
 ! poly!ism ( ! mod]n ,h9dus--! wor%ip (
 hills1 trees1 apes1 cattle1 ! sun1 !   
moon1 unse5 spirits1 s]p5ts1 etc4--has  
be5 adopt$ f ^! simple tribes1 s t !    
pres5t sy/em embraces all t has ev]     
appe>$ on ! soil ( ,india--ev5          
,mohamm$anism to "s ext5t2 & z "s       
cont5d1 v mu* also has be5 incorporat$ f
 ! e>ly tea*+s ( ! s-call$ ,/4 ,?omas   
,*ri/ians ( ,malab>4 ,su* is ! imm5se   
composite :i* is call$ ,h9duism4 ,x     

cont9u$ its developm5t ?r\gh ! e>ly     
c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & d[n ev5 to 
! ,middle ,ages4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5   
dis9tegration in/ead ( gr[?4 ,!         
,brahmans h n only reta9$ ! ,aryan      
deities1 & ext5d$ ,vi%nu's inc>nate     
nature ov] ! epic h]oes1 b 9 ! ,puranas 
!y h wov5 into ! alleg$ lives ( !       
inc>nate gods ! mo/ grotesque my?ologies
 & _m revolt+ vices4  ,x may be int]e/+ 
to trace = a mom5t ! influ5ce ( !       
diff]5t l9es ( ,h9du lit]ature ^u !     
g5]al developm5t ( national "*4 ,(      
c\rse1 ! e>ly ,v$ic lit]ature has nev]  
lo/ its influ5ce z ! holy & inspir$     
s\rce ( all k to ! ,h9du race2 b we h   
se5 h[ mu* m pot5tial 7 ! ,brahmanas & !
 ,upani%ad philosophy drawn f ! ,v$as1  
?an 7 ^? sacr$ oracles !mselves2 h[ !   
,brahmanas rivet$ ! *a9s ( prie/craft & 
ca/e1 & h[ ! philosophies invigorat$ !  
intellect ( ! p at a "t :5 !y 7 mo/ 9   
dang] ( s9k+ into ! torpor ( ignorance &
 base subs]vi5cy to ritual & sacrifice2 
h[ x gave to ! bett] classes ! c\rage to

 rise up 9 rebellion & ?r[ (f e yoke1 & 
?9k = !mselves4 ,we h se5 h[ ,buddhism  
by its prote/ aga9/ sac]dotalism crippl$
 = a "t ! p[] ( ! ,brahmans & rais$ a   
repres5tative ( ! soldi] ca/e to ! *ief 
place z a tea*] ( m52 h[ its inculcation
 ( pity to man & bea/ bani%$ ! slaught] 
& cruelty ( :olesale & mean+less        
sacrifice1 & h[ its example ( sympa?y   
*ang$ ,h9duism itself1 & br\ght x into  
ne>] relations ) humanity4 ,driv5 f     
,india1 ?\gh x 01 x left an imm5se      
deposit ( influ5ce & ( p[]4 ,we h se5   
h[1 z a c\nt]-*eck to philosophy &      
,buddhism1 ! ,code ( ,manu reass]t$ !   
au?ority ( ! ,v$as1 & rivet$ anew ! *a9s
 ( ca/e1 & h[ x comp5sat$ = its         
oppressiv5ess by _m :olesome & b5ign    
regulations--accompli%+ m1 p]haps1 ?an  
all o!r lit]atures comb9$ to ma9ta9 !   
/ability ( ,h9duism1 ?r\gh its _m       
vicissitudes1 & 9 spite ( ! het]og5e\s  
elem5ts :i* x receiv$ & incorporat$4    
,sc>cely less important 0 ! influ5ce ( !
 great epics--! ,ramayana & !           

,mahabh>ata--) _! doctr9e ( ,trimurti & 
! inc>nations ( ,vi%nu 9 ! national     
h]oes4 ,?is conciliat$ ! soldi] ca/e1   
subsidiz$ ! mo/ popul> *>act]s 9 ,h9du  
tradition1 at ! same "t t x made !m     
t5fold m glori\s ?an be=e4 ,! ,epics    
wid5$ out ! field ( ,h9du my?ology      
imm5sely4 ,nev] be=e _h !re be5 su* a   
b\ndless range = ! imag9ation4 ,! e>ly  
,brahmans _h cramp$ all intellectual    
gr[?1 & held mank9d by ! lea% ( prie/ly 
ritual4 ,! philosophies _h be5 too /rait
 & l(ty = any b ! high] class2 ,manu's  
laws _h be5 a /]n s*ool-ma/] to keep ! p
 "u curbs & re/ra9ts2 ev5 ! ,brahmans   
!mselves 7 ! slaves ( _! own ritual4 ,b 
all ! p c\ld und]/& & admire ,rama's    
wond]ful victories ov] ! demon ,ravana4 
,all c\ld appreciate ! devotion ( !     
lovely ,sita1 & weep :5 %e 0 kidnapp$ & 
borne away1 l ,grecian ,hel51 to ! demon
 c\rt 9 ,ceylon2 & !y c\ld be ?rill$ )  
unb\nd$ joy :5 %e 0 re/or$--! true/ &   
lovelie/ ( wives--to be ! %>] ( a ?rone4
  ,! ,epics took su* hold ( ! popul>    

he>t t any fact1 any !ory1 any my? t    
c\ld be atta*$ to !m f\nd ready cr$5ce4 
,! ,mahabh>ata especially became a g5]al
 texture ^u :i* any philosophy1 or all !
 philosophies1 might be wov5 at w4 ,& = 
a long p]iod1 ext5d+ f ?ree or f\r      
c5turies ,b4,c4 onw>d f> into ! ,*ri/ian
 era1 x 0 ev] ready to receive          
modifications f ! f]tile bra9 & skilful 
h& ( any dev\t ,brahman4 ,a /rik+       
example ( ?is 0 ! introduction ( !      
,bhagavad ,gita4 ,:5 ?is 0 compos$1     
some:]e ab\t ! second or ?ird c5tury (  
our era1 !re 0 no little conflict betwe5
 ! diff]5t s*ools ( philosophy2 & its   
unkn[n au?or attempt$ to unite !m all 9 
a poem :i* %\ld h>monize _!             
contradictions & exalt ! virtues ( ea*1 
& at ! same "t reit]ate all ! be/ maxims
 ( ,h9duism4 ,"s c5turies lat]1 !       
pron\nc$ ,v$anti/ ,sanc>ak>ya revamp$ ! 
poem & gave its philosophy a m pan!i/ic 
"*2 lat] /ill ! demigod ,kri%na 0 rais$ 
to full rank z ! supreme ,vi%nu--!      
,creator & ,uphold] ( all ?+s4#fb  ,x is

 important to notice t 9 ! tr5d ( ,h9du 
lit]ature ?r\gh s _m ages !re has be5 no
 upw>d movem5t1 b r a decl9e4 ,n[h]e d  
we f9d hymns ( s pure & l(ty a tone z 9 
! e>ly ,v$as4 ,no philosophy ( ! lat]   
times has equall$ t ( ! ,upani%ads & !  
six ,d>sanas4 ,no law-giv] l ,manu has  
appe>$ = tw5ty-f\r c5turies4 ,no        
,sanskrit s*ol>%ip has equall$ t ( !    
great gramm>ian ,pan9i1 :o liv$ 9 ! f\r?
 c5tury ,b4,c4 ,& al?\gh no end ( poetry
 has succe$$ ! great ,epics1 x has %[n  
det]ioration4 ,! ,puranas1 writt5 at a  
lat] day1 reveal only a reckless zeal to
 exalt ! inc>nate deities4 ,!y may      
prop]ly be call$ hi/ories ( !           
inc>nations ( ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 ,siva1 & 
glorifications ( ,kri%na4 ,& ! v nature 
( ! subjects ) :i* !y deal gives free   
scope to an unbridl$ imag9ation & to !  
mo/ reckless exagg]ation4  ,if any?+ m 7
 want+ to insure _! extravagance1 x may 
be f\nd 9 ! fact t !y 7 inspir$ by !    
rivalry ( ! respective wor%ipp]s (      
diff]5t gods4 ,! ,puranas m>k !         

developm5t ( sep>ate sects1 ea* ( :i*   
reg>d$ its p>ticul> deity z ! supreme & 
only god4 ,! wor%ipp]s ( ,vi%nu & !     
wor%ipp]s ( ,siva 7 9 %>p rivalry1 & !y 
h cont9u$ _! sep>ation to ?is day4#fc   
,^? :o came to wor%ip ,vi%nu z inc>nate 
9 ,kri%na1 ga9$ an advantage 9 ! popul> 
elem5t associat$ ) a favorite h]o4 ,yet 
?is 0 mat*$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,sankhya  
philosophy1 :i* assign$ to ,siva a male 
& female dualism1 a doctr9e :i* f9ally  
plung$ ,h9duism into deepe/ degradation4
 ,x br\ght ab\t a new developm5t kn[n z 
,saktism1 & ! /ill lat] & gross]        
lit]ature ( ! ,tantras4 ,9 ^!1 ,h9duism 
rea*$ its l[e/ dep?s4 ,! mod]n ,aryas   
disc>d bo? ! ,tantras & ! ,puranas1 &   
ass]t t ! popul> inc>nations ( ,vi%nu 7 
only good m54 ,!y take refuge f !       
corruptions ( mod]n ,h9duism 9 ! pur]   
tea*+s ( ! e>ly ,v$as4   ,! ,contra/s ( 
,h9duism & ,*ri/ianity4  ,h9duism has "s
 elem5ts 9 common ) ,*ri/ianity :i* x is
 well to recognize4 ,x is !i/ic2 x is a 
religion1 z di/+ui%$ f ! agno/ic &      

e?ical sy/ems ( ,india & ,*9a4#fd       
,h9duism always recogniz$ a direct div9e
 revelation :i* x reg>ds ) pr(\nd       
rev]5ce2 & ?r\gh all its v>iations &    
corruptions x has inculcat$ 9 ! m9ds ( !
 ,indian races a deeply religi\s feel+4 
,x has be5 claim$ t x has made ! ,h9dus 
! mo/ devotional p 9 ! _w4 ,l           
,*ri/ianity1 ,h9duism appeals to man's  
intellectual nature1 & x is inwr\ght )  
pr(\nd philosophy4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 l  
"s mod]n sy/ems1 tea* t div9e tru? has  
be5 reveal$ to man by natural processes2
 r x reg>ds ! e>ly revelation z hav+    
suff]$ obscuration4#fe ,x also has its  
tr9ity1 its inc>nations1 & its          
pr$ictions ( a ,messiah :o %all re/ore !
 tru? & e/abli% righte\sness4 ,! ,h9du  
traditions ma9ta9 t mank9d desc5d$ f a  
s+le pair2#ff t ! fir/ e/ate ( ! race 0 
"o ( innoc5ce2 t man 0 "o ( ! la/       
products ( creation2 t 9 ! fir/ ages he 
0 upright1 & consequ5tly happy4 ,! be+s 
:o 7 ?us creat$ by ,brahma are said to h
 be5 end[$ ) righte\sness & p]fect fai?2

 !y abode :]ev] !y pleas$1 un*eck$ by   
any imp$im5t2 _! he>ts 7 free f guile2  
!y 7 pure1 made exempt f toil by        
obs]vance ( sacr$ in/itutes4 ,9 _!      
sanctifi$ m9ds ,h>i dwelt2 !y 7 fill$ ) 
p]fect wisdom by :i* !y contemplat$ !   
glory ( ,vi%nu4 ,h>twell has po9t$ out !
 fact t ! e>ly ,h9du traditions "h unite
 ) ! ,scriptural acc\nt 9 virtually d5y+
 all ^? !ories ( evolution :i* trace !  
developm5t ( man f l[] animals4#fg  ,b  
comp>$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 its contra/s are  
f> great] ?an its resemblances4 ,fir/1 z
 to ! nature ( ,god1 !re is an inf9ite  
diff]5ce betwe5 ! cold & unconsci\s     
,brahman1 slumb]+ = ages )\t ?\ght or   
emotion or any moral attribute1 & ! ,god
 ( ,israel1 ^: p[] & wisdom & goodness1 
^: m]cy & tru? & t5d] compassion1 are s 
con/antly set =? 9 ! ,bible4 ,! latt]   
comp>es ,himself to a ,fa!r :o c>es = 8 
*ildr51 & :o has r$eem$ ! _w by an      
inf9ite sacrifice4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ popul>  
emanation ( ,brahman--ev5 9 ,vi%nu--!re 
is no?+ ( a fa!rly _s1 no appeal z to   

*ildr51 no k9dly remon/rance aga9/ s91  
no moral in/ruction1 or ef=t to enc\rage
 & e/abli% "*1 no promise ( rew>d1 no   
enk9dl+ ( immortal hope4  ,second1 !re  
is a /rik+ contra/ 9 ! comp>ative       
e/imates :i* ,h9duism & ,*ri/ianity     
place ^u ! human s\l4 ,unlike ,buddhism1
 ,h9duism does recognize ! exi/5ce ( a  
s\l1 b x is only a tempor>y emanation1 l
 ! moon's reflection 9 ! wat]4 ,x       
resembles its s\rce z does ! moon's     
image1 b coldly & 9 a mo/ unsatisfactory
 s5se2 !re is no capacity = fell[%ip1 & 
! end is absorption4#fh ,on ! o!r h&1   
,*ri/ianity tea*es u t we are creat$ 9  
,god's image1 b n t we are 8 image4 ,we 
are sep>ate1 ?\gh dep5d5t1 & if reunit$ 
to him ?r\gh ,*ri/ we %all dwell 9 8    
pres5ce =ev]4  ,?ird1 ! two sy/ems are 9
 /rong contra/ 9 ! comp>ative hopes :i* 
!y hold out = ! future4 ,! doctr9e (    
transmigration ca/s a gloom ov] all     
consci\s be+2 x pres5ts an outlook s    
depress+ z to make life a burd51 & !    
acme ( all possible atta9m5t is         

individual ext9ction1 or :at am\nts to !
 same ?+1 absorption into deity4 ,!     
logic ( x is t x w\ld be bett] /ill n to
 h be5 born at all4 ,*ri/ianity promises
 an imm$iate transf] to a life (        
unalloy$ bless$ness1 & an endless gr[? (
 all our p[]s & capacities2 b :y %\ld   
,h9duism urge ! cultivation ( t ^: real 
de/9y is effacem5t8 ,h9duism f9ds !     
explanation ( life's my/]ies &          
inscrutable trials 9 ! !ory ( s9s       
committ$ 9 a previ\s exi/5ce4           
,*ri/ianity1 :ile recogniz+ ! same      
trials1 relieves !m ) ! hope ( solutions
 9 a future life ( comp5sat+ joy4 ,! "o 
turns to t :i* is pa/1 un*angeable &    
hopeless1 & f9ds only sull5 despair2 !  
o!r anticipates an inh]itance ri*] ?an  
eye ha? se51 or e> he>d1 or he>t        
conceiv$4  ,f\r?1 ,h9duism has no       
,savi\r & no salvation4 ,x is n a       
religion 9 ! highe/ s5se ( rescue &     
reconciliation4 ,x avails u ( no sav+   
p[] high] ?an our own unaid$ ef=t4 ,x   
implies ! ru9 ( s91 b provides no rem$y4

 ,x pres5ts no omnipot5t arm /ret*$ =?  
to save4  ,its fatalism places man "u   
endless disabilities1 & !n bids him to  
escape f ! nexus if he c2 b x reveals no
 div9e help]1 no sacrifice1 no m$iator1 
no reg5]at+ ,_s4 ,x has no glad tid+s to
 proclaim1 no com=t 9 sorr[1 no victory 
ov] ! /+ ( dea?1 no resurrection unto   
,life4 ,?\gh at a p]iod subsequ5t to !  
prea*+ ( ! ,gospel 9 ,india--p]haps !   
sev5? or eigh? c5tury ,a4,d4--a doctr9e 
( fai? 7,bakti7 0 engraft$ ^u ,h9duism1 
yet x _h no h9t ( a ,savi\r f s9 &      
dea?4#fi  ,fif?1 9 ,h9duism !re is no   
lib]ty = ! free action ( ! human _s4    
,?\gh ! life ( a ,brahman is int5sely   
religi\s1 yet x is cramp$ ) exactions   
:i* are n only abortive b positively    
belittl+4 ,! code ( ,brahmanism nev]    
deals ) g5]al pr9ciples 9 ! regulation (
 conduct1 b fills ! :ole c\rse ( life ) 
punctili\s m9utiae ( obs]vances4 ,in/ead
 ( prescrib+1 z ,*ri/ did1 an           
all-compreh5sive law ( supreme love to  
,god & love to our neighbor z ourselves1

 x loads ! m9d ) petty exactions1 pu]ile
 precepts1 inane prohibitions4 ,unlike  
,*ri/ianity1 :i* is all _s & life1 says 
,dr4 ,duff1 ,h9duism is all lett] &     
dea?4 ,repression takes ! place (       
inspiration & ! enc\ragem5t ( hope4     
,!re are a ?\s& subtle pr9ciples 9      
,h9duism ^: influ5ce is felt 9 society &
 9 ! /ate1 & to :i* ! fai? & p[] ( !    
,gospel pres5t ! v /ronge/ contra/s4 ,= 
example1 :ile ,*ri/ianity has rais$     
woman to a position ( respect & honor1 &
 made h] influ5ce felt z some?+ sacr$ & 
pot5tial 9 ! family & 9 all society1    
,h9duism has br\ght h] d[n ev5 f ! place
 :i* %e occupi$ among ! primitive       
,aryans1 to an ev]-deep5+ degradation4  
,x has made h] life a burd5 & a curse4  
,pundita ,ramabai1 9 h] plea = high-ca/e
 ,h9du wom51 quotes a pray] ( a *ild    
wid[ 9 :i* %e asks1 ,o ,fa!r ( ! _w1 ha/
 ,?\ n creat$ u8 or has p]*ance "s o!r  
,god made u8 ,do/ ,?\ only c>e = m58 ,o 
,almighty ,"o1 ha/ ,?\ n p[] to make u  
o!r ?an we are1 t we too may h "s "p 9 !

 bless+s ( life8 ,ev5 9 ?is la/ decade (
 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! prie/hood ( ,b5gal  
are def5d+ aga9/ all humane legislation 
^? old cu/oms :i* r5d] ! girlhood (     
,h9du wom5 a liv+ dea?4#gj  ,9 its broad
 influ5ce ,*ri/ianity has rais$ ! once  
savage tribes ( ,europe to ! highe/     
degree ( culture1 & made !m lead]s &    
rul]s ( ! _w2 b ,h9duism has s weak5$ & 
humbl$ ! once conqu]+ ,aryans t !y h    
long be5 an easy prey to e invad+ race4 
,*ri/ianity %[s 9 its sacr$ ,book a     
manife/ progress f l[] to high] moral   
/&>ds--f ! lett] to ! _s1 f ! =m] s9s t 
7 w9k$ at to ! p]fect example ( ,*ri/1 f
 ! n>r[ exclusiv5ess ( ,judaism to !    
broad & all-embrac+ _s ( ! ,gospel1 f   
prophecy to fulfilm5t1 f types & %ad[s  
to ! full light ( ,r$emption2 ! sacr$   
books ( ,h9duism h deg5]at$ f ! l(ty    
aspirations ( ! ,v$ic nature-wor%ip to !
 vil5ess ( ,saktism1 f ! noble praises (
 ,v>una to ! l[ s5suality ( ! ,tantras1 
f ,v$ic conceptions ( ! creation1       
sublime z ! op5+ ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 

to ! my?s ( ! div9e turtle or ! bo>1 or 
! escapades ( ! supreme & adorable      
,kri%na4#ga  ,*ri/ianity breaks d[n all 
b>ri]s :i* divide & ali5ate mank9d1 &   
e/abli%es a univ]sal bro!rhood 9 ,*ri/2 
,h9duism has rais$ ! mo/ insurm\ntable  
b>ri]s & develop$ ! mo/ inexorable      
social tyranny ev] inflict$ on ! human  
race4 ,! ,hebrew economy also recogniz$ 
a prie/ly class1 b !y 7 *os5 f among _! 
bre?r5 & 7 only a di/9ct family2 !y made
 no claim to div9e l9eage1 & !y 7       
guiltless ( social tyranny4  ,*ri/ianity
 enjo9s a high] & pur] e?ic ?an x has   
ev] f\nd 9 ! natural moral /&>ds ( any  
p2 x aims at p]fection2 x treats ! lea/ 
infraction z a violation ( ! :ole law2 x
 reg>ds ev5 corrupt ?\ghts z s9s2 x bids
 u be holy ev5 z ,he is holy 9 ^: sight 
! heav5s are unclean4 ,h9duism1 on ! o!r
 h&1 is bel[ ! e?ical /&>d ( respectable
 ,h9du society4 ,! bett] classes are    
compell$ to apologize = x by ass]t+ t t 
:i* is debas+ 9 m5 may be s9less 9 !    
gods4 ,! (f5ces ( ,kri%na & ,arjuna w\ld

 n be condon$ 9 mortals2 ! vile orgies (
 ! left-h&$ wor%ipp]s ( ,siva w\ld n be 
tol]at$ b = _! religi\s "*4 ,! murd]s   
committ$ by ! ,?ugs 9 honor ( ,kali 7   
w9k$ at only because a goddess dem&$ !m4
 ,! nak$ processions ( ,*aitanya's      
foll[]s w\ld be disp]s$ by ! police     
any:]e b 9 ,india4  ,x is ! peculi>     
di/9ction ( ,india t x has be5 ! !atre (
 ne>ly all ! great religions4           
,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 & ,mohamm$anism 
h all made trial ( _! social & political
 p[] & h fail$4 ,la/ ( all came         
,*ri/ianity4 ,! sy/ems :i* prec$$ x _h  
_h c5turies ( opportunity2 & yet        
,*ri/ianity has done m = ! elevation (  
,h9du society 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s ?an !y 
_h accompli%$ 9 all ! ages ( _! dom9ion4
 ,nei!r ,buddhism nor ,mohamm$anism _h  
made any s]i\s impression on ca/e2 nei!r
 _h be5 able to mitigate ! wrongs :i*   
,brahmanism _h heap$ ^u                 
woman--,mohamm$anism _h r increas$ !m4  
,! horrors ( ! satti & ! murd] ( female 
infants--^? bitt]e/ fruits ( prie/ly    

tyranny--7 left un*eck$ until ! ,briti% 
,gov]nm5t1 inspir$ by mission>y influ5ce
 & a g5]al ,*ri/ian s5tim5t1 br&$ !m z  
infam\s & made !m crimes4 ,b n[ ev5 !   
native s5tim5t ( ! bett] classes 9      
,india is greatly *ang$ by ^! high]     
influ5ces1 & ! conv5tional morality is  
ris+ above ! tea*+s ( ! national        
religion4 ,wid[-burn+ & infanticide     
belong almo/ :olly to ! pa/4            
,*ild-m>riage is com+ into disrepute1 & 
ca/e1 ?\gh n de/roy$1 is crippl$1 & its 
prepo/]\s assumptions are fall+ be=e !  
m>* ( social progress4  ,p]haps ! v     
highe/ tribute :i* ,h9duism has paid to 
,*ri/ianity is se5 9 ! fact t ! mod]n   
,arya ,somaj has borr[$ its e?ics & "s (
 its religi\s doctr9es1 & is promulgat+ 
!m "u ,v$ic labels & ^u ,v$ic           
au?ority4#gb ,x has r5\nc$ ^?           
corruptions ( ,h9duism :i* c no long]   
be> ! light--su* z en=c$ wid[hood & !   
g5]al oppression ( woman4 ,x d5\nces !  
inc>nations ( ,vi%nu z m]e inv5tions1 & 
!re=e cuts up by ! roots ! :ole ,kri%na 

cult & dissipates ! glory ( ! ,bhagavad 
,gita4 ,x abhors poly!ism1 & n only     
proclaims ! supremacy ( "o only true    
,god1 self-exi/5t1 ! creator & uphold] (
 all ?+s1 b x ma9ta9s t su* 0 ! tea*+ ( 
! ,v$as4 ,b al?\gh ?is mod]n eclectic   
sy/em adopts ! :ole e?ical outcome (    
,*ri/ian civilization 9 ,india = its own
 purposes1 x %[s a mo/ uncompromis+     
ho/ility to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?\gh x claims 
to be positively !i/ic1 x seems ready to
 ent] into alliance ) any =m ( a!ism or 
agno/icism1 ,ea/]n or ,we/]n1 aga9/ !   
spread ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce 9 ,india4  ,9
 speak+ ( ! movem5t ( reviv$ ,aryanism  
,i assume t ) ! m intellig5t &          
progressive classes ( ,india ! old      
,h9duism is dead4 ,( c\rse1 millions (  
m5 /ill adh]e to ! old corruptions4     
,millions 9 ! remot] di/ricts w\ld reta9
 ! fe/ival ( ,jugg]naut1 ! hook-sw++1   
ev5 infanticide & wid[-burn+1 if !y d>$4
 ,! revolt+ orgies ( ,kali & ,doorga1 & 
! vile/ =ms ( ,siva wor%ip1 ev5 !       
murd]\s rites ( ! ,?ugs1 might be reviv$

 by ! fanatical1 if =eign influ5ce 7    
)drawn2 b1 tak+ ,india z a :ole1 ^! ?+s 
are com+ to be disc>d$4 ,! p are a%am$ (
 !m2 !y d>e n und]take to def5d !m 9 !  
op5 day ( ! pres5t civilization4 ,all   
intellig5t ,h9dus are p]suad$ to accept 
! situation1 & look to ! future in/ead (
 ! pa/4 ,! c\ntry is full ( new         
influ5ces :i* mu/ be c\nt$ z factors4   
,briti% rule is !re1 & is !re to /ay4   
,education has come--good1 bad1 &       
indiff]5t4 ,engli% ,univ]sity tra9+ is  
br++ =w>d a ho/ ( acute ?9k]s ( native  
blood4 ,b ! =ces ( ,we/]n infidelity are
 also !re1 grappl+ ) ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity 
on ,indian soil1 & be=e ! eyes ( !      
conqu]$ & /ill sull5 p4 ,! vile/ (      
,engli% books & ! wor/ ( ,fr5* novels 9 
,engli% translations are 9 ! m>kets4    
,all ! wor/ phases ( ,european comm]ce  
are exhibit$4 ,! opium monopoly1 !      
liquor traffic1 & all ! means & me?ods (
 unscrupul\s money-gett+1 ) !           
wide-spread example ( dr9k+ habits1 &   
unb\nd$ luxury & extravagance4  ,&1 9   

op9ions1 ! w> ( aggression is no long]  
on "o side only4 ,:ile ! =eign] speaks &
 writes ( sup]/ition1 ( hea!nism1 (     
abom9able rites n[ pass+ away1 ! native 
,h9du press is equally emphatic 9 its   
condemnation ( :at x calls ! sw9i%      
indulg5ce ( ! ,anglo-,saxon1 8 be]-dr9k+
 & 8 gluttony1 8 craze = money & mat]ial
 p[]1 8 disgu/ at philosophy & all      
intellectual aspiration1 8 half-savage  
love = ! *ase & ! de/ruction ( animal   
life4 ,educat$ ,h9dus ?r[ back aga9/ !  
*>ge ( idolatry our idolatry ( pelf1    
:i*1 z !y claim1 eclipses e o!r ?\ght & 
aspiration1 leads to di%one/y1          
ov]-rea*+1 & manifold crime1 & s9ks     
noble e?ics to ! l[ level ( exp$i5cy or 
self-int]e/2 ! conque/ is n yet won4  ,a
 hundr$ v>ieties ( cre$ h sprung up     
b5ea? ?is banyan-tree :i* ,i h call$    
,h9duism4 ,!re are wor%ipp]s ( ,vi%nu1 (
 ,siva1 ( ,kali1 ( ,kri%na z ,bac*us1 & 
( ,kri%na z ! supreme & adorable ,god4  
,!re are ,sikhs1 & ,ja9s1 & ,buddhi/s2  
,!osophi/s1 ,v$antic ,philosoph]s1      

,mohamm$ans1 ,brahmos1 ,p>sees1         
,evolutioni/s1 & ,agno/ics2             
,devil-wor%ipp]s1 & wor%ipp]s ( gho/s & 
s]p5ts2 b 9 consid]+ ^! z =ces to be met
 by ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 we mu/ reg>d !m  
all z 9 virtual alliance ) ea* o!r4 ,!y 
are all "o 9 pride ( race & ( v5]able   
cu/om4 ,!y are all "o 9 _! hatr$ ( =eign
 dom9ion1 & ( ! arrogance & ov]be>+     
assumption ( ! ,european4#gc  ,! ,h9du  
religions1 !re=e1 h[ev] divid$1 & h[ev] 
weak & moribund !y may be tak5 s+ly1 f9d
 a real vitality 9 ! union ( common     
int]e/s1 9 ! s5tim5ts ( patriotism1 9 ! 
pride ( _! philosophy1 9 ! glory ( _!   
anci5t hi/ory z ! true & orig9al        
,aryans1 comp>$ ) :om ,we/]n nations are
 m]e (f%oots4  ,_! religi\s fai? is mix$
 & involv$ ) patriotism1 politics1 &    
race prejudice1 & on ! o!r h&           
,*ri/ianity 9 ,india is h&icapp$ by     
political & comm]cial int]e/ & a hat$   
dom9ation4 ,on bo? sides ^! comb9$      
influ5ces mu/ be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ !   
future issues ( ! great conflict4 ,! "q 

is n h[ ,*ri/ianity & ,h9duism w\ld f>e 
9 a conflict pure & simple1 unemb>rass$ 
by complications1 b h[ ,*ri/ianity ) its
 drawbacks is likely to succe$ aga9/    
,h9duism ) its manifold intr5*m5ts4  ,b1
 :ile weigh+ well ! ob/acles1 h[ great  
are ! enc\ragem5ts6 ,:at an auspici\s   
fact t ev5 a ho/ile organization has    
appropriat$ ! ,*ri/ian cultus bodily1 & 
c f9d no bett] weapons ?an its bless$   
tru?s4 ,*ri/ianity is felt z a sil5t    
p[]1 ev5 ?\gh "u o!r names4 ,x is1 aft] 
all1 ! leav5 t is work+ all-p[]fully 9  
,india to-day4  ,!re 0 a p]iod 9 !      
process ( creation :5 light beam$ dimly 
^u ! e>?1 ?\gh ! sun1 its s\rce1 _h n   
yet appe>$4 ,s ?r\gh ! pres5t ,h9duism  
!re is a haze ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 ?\gh !   
,sun ( ,righte\sness is n yet ackn[l$g$ 
z its s\rce4  ,b ! ,_s ( ,god broods ov]
 ! wat]s1 & ! true ,light ( ! _w w break
 on ,india4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote   
#cd3 ,! fact t environm5t has to a c]ta9
 ext5t affect$ ! religions ( mank9d is  
entirely ov]work$1 :5 m5 l ,buckle make 

x =mative & controll+4  ,footnote #ce3  
,in/ead ( ! lat] & univ]sal pessimism1  
!re 0 9 ! ,v$ic religion a simple b     
joy\s s5se ( life4  ,footnote #cf3      
,h9duism1 p4 #ca4  ,footnote #cg3 ,*ips 
f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i41 p4 #ae4   
,footnote #ch3 ,aryan ,witness1 p4 #bjd2
 also ,h9duism1 p4 #cf4  ,footnote #ci3 
,ibid41 p4 #cg4  ,footnote #dj3 ,a son (
 ,h>isc&ra4 ,h9duism1 p4 #cg4  ,footnote
 #da3 ,?is is 9 /rong contra/ ) ! ,old  
,te/am5t precepts1 :i* ev]y:]e _h great]
 respect to ! he>t ( ! (f]] ?an to !    
gifts4  ,footnote #db3 ,! ,brahmans _h  
f\nd c]ta9 grades ( population m>k$ by  
color l9es1 %ad$ (f f ! negroid         
aborig9es to ! ,dravidians1 & f !m to ! 
m rec5t & nobl] ,aryans1 & !y 7 prompt  
also to seize ^u a m]e poetic & fanciful
 expression f\nd 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 :i*     
seem$ to give c\nt5ance to _! f\rfold   
ca/e di/9ction by repres5t+ "o class z  
hav+ sprung f ! head ( ,brahma1 ano!r f 
! %\ld]s1 ! ?ird f 8 ?ighs1 & a f\r? f 8
 feet4 ,altoge!r !y f\nd$ a social sy/em

 :i* has be5 ! wond] ( ! ages1 & :i* has
 giv5 to ! ,brahmans ! pre/ige (        
cele/ial desc5t4 ,! ,k%atrey* or soldi] 
ca/e /&s next1 & z x has furni%$ _m     
milit>y lead]s & mon>*s :o disput$ !    
arrogant claims ( ! ,brahmans1 conflicts
 ( ! upp] ca/es h n be5 infrequ5t4  ,!  
,vai%ya1 or f>m] ca/e1 has furni%$ !    
pr9cipal gr\ndwork ( _m admixtures &    
subdivisions1 until at ! pres5t "t !re  
are endless subca/es1 to ea* ( :i* a    
p>ticul> k9d ( employm5t is assign$4 ,! 
,sudras are /ill ! m5ials1 b !re are    
diff]5t grades ( degradation ev5 among  
!m4  ,footnote #dc3 ,h9du ,philosophy1  
,bose1 p4 #dg4  ,footnote #dd3 ,indian  
,wisdom on ! ,brahmanas & ,upani%ads4   
,also ,h9du ,philosophy1 ,bose4         
,footnote #de3 ,colebrook's ,essays1    
foot-note1 p4 #he4  ,footnote #df3 ,see 
,introduction to ! ,sacr$ ,books ( !    
,ea/1 vol4 i4  ,footnote #dg3 ,vaise%ika
 ,philosophy1 9 ,indian ,wisdom4        
,footnote #dh3 ,mimansa ,philosophy4    
,ibid4  ,footnote #di3 ,sir ,moni]      

,williams assigns ! ,code ( ,manu 9 its 
pres5t =m to ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4       
,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #bae4 ,o!r ,ori5tal 
s*ol>s consid] x old]4  ,footnote #ej3  
,^! t5d5cies 7 m int5sely emphasiz$ 9 "s
 ( ! lat] codes1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 only     
v>iations ( ! great] "o ( ,manu4        
,footnote #ea3 ,see p4 #hb4  ,footnote  
#eb3 ,quot$ on p4 #gf4  ,footnote #ec3  
,see note1 p4 #hj4  ,footnote #ed3 ,sir 
,moni] ,williams decl>es t "s ( ,mann's 
precepts are wor?y ( ,*ri/ianity4       
,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #bab4  ,footnote    
#ee3 ,x %\ld be set d[n to ! cr$it ( !  
,code ( ,manu t ) all its rel5tless     
cruelty t[>d woman x n[h]e gives        
c\nt5ance to ! atroci\s cu/om (         
wid[-burn+ :i* soon aft]w>d became an   
important factor 9 ! ,h9du sy/em &      
desolat$ ! homes ( ,india = m ?an two   
?\s& ye>s4  ,!re w\ld seem to be "s     
dispute z to :e!r or n wid[-burn+ is    
sanction$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,colebrooke1 9 
8 ,essays 7,vol4 ,i41 p1 #ace71 quotes  
"o or two passages :i* au?orize ! rite1 

b ,sir ,moni] ,williams 7,indian        
,wisdom1 p4 #bei1 note7 has %[n t *anges
 7 made 9 ?is text at a mu* lat] day = !
 purpose ( ga9+ ,v$ic au?ority = a cruel
 sy/em1 ( :i* ev5 s late a "w z ! ,code 
( ,manu makes no m5tion1 & 7page #bje   
,ibid47 he quotes ano!r passage f ! ,rig
 ,v$a :i* directs a wid[ to asc5d ! pyre
 ( h] husb& z a tok5 ( atta*m5t1 b to   
leave x be=e ! burn+ is begun4          
,footnote #ef3 ,z ! spread ( ,buddhism  
_h ow$ mu* to ! political triumph ( ,k+ 
,a%oka1 s ! revival ( ,h9duism 0 greatly
 indebt$ to ! influ5ce ( a new dyna/y   
ab\t a c5tury ,b4,c4  ,footnote #eg3    
,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #cad4  ,footnote    
#eh3 ,ibid41 p4 #cag4  ,footnote #ei3   
,brahmanism & ,h9duism are (t5 us$      
int]*angeably1 b all confusion w be     
avoid$ by conf9+ ! =m] to t int5se      
sac]dotalism :i* prevail$ dur+ !        
,brahmana p]iod1 :ile ! latt] is us$ m  
compreh5sively1 or is ref]r$ p>ticul>ly 
to ! lat] & fully develop$ sy/em4       
,footnote #fj3 ,h9duism1 pp4 #ab1 #ac4  

,footnote #fa3 ,! ,brahmans 7 c>eful1   
h[ev]1 to br& ! ,buddha1 :ile admitt+   
him z an avat>4 ,_! !ory 0 t ,vi%nu     
appe>$ 9 ,gautama = ! purpose ( delud+  
c]ta9 demons into despis+ ! wor%ip ( !  
gods1 & ?us secur+ _! de/ruction4 ,?is  
af=ds an incid5tal pro( t ,gautama 0    
reg>d$ z an a!i/4--,see ,indian ,wisdom1
 p4 #cce4  ,footnote #fb3 ,see ,aryan   
,witness1 clos+ *apt]2 also ,*ri/ & ,o!r
 ,ma/]s1 p4 #aih1 notes #a1 #b1 & #c4   
,footnote #fc3 ,see ,brahmanism &       
,h9duism1 ,moni] ,williams4  ,footnote  
#fd3 ,h>dwick traces simil>ities betwe5 
,h9du traditions & ,*ri/ianity 9 su*    
po9ts z ^!3 #a1 ,! primitive /ate ( man2
 #b1 8 fall by transgression2 #c1 8     
puni%m5t 9 ! ,deluge2 #d1 ! rite (      
sacrifice2 #e1 ! primitive hope (       
re/oration4--,*ri/ & ,o!r ,ma/]s1 p4    
#bji4  ,footnote #fe3 ,! ,h9dus hold t  
tru? 0 orig9ally deposit$ ) m51 b       
gradually slumb]$ & 0 =gott52 ! k ( x   
returns l a recollection4--,humboldt's  
,kosmos1 ii41 p4 #aab4  ,footnote #ff3  

,pr(essor ,wilson's ,lectures1 p4 #eb4  
,footnote #fg3 ,vi%nu ,puranas1 p4 #de1 
note #d4  ,footnote #fh3 ,buddhism is   
/ill m di%e>t5+1 s9ce x d5ies ! sep>ate 
consci\s exi/5ce ( ! ego4 ,!re _c be    
div9e fell[%ip1 !re=e1 b only ! curr5t (
 ?\ghts & emotions l ! cont9u\s flame ( 
a burn+ c&le4 ,n our s\ls w survive1 b  
our ,k>ma4  ,footnote #fi3 ,*ri/ & ,o!r 
,ma/]s1 p4 #ahb4  ,footnote #gj3 ,yet 9 
spite ( ,manu & ! invet]acy ( old cu/om1
 !re gleams "h & !re 9 ,h9du lit]ature &
 hi/ory a bright ideal ( woman's "* &   
rank2 :ile ! ,ramayana has its model    
,sita1 ! ,mahabh>ata1 i41 #cjbh1 has ?is
 pe]less sket*3     ,a wife is half !   
man1 8 true/ fri5d2     ,a lov+ wife is 
a p]petual spr+     ,( virtue1 pleasure1
 weal?2 a fai?ful wife     ,is 8 be/ aid
 9 seek+ heav5ly bliss2     ,a          
sweetly-speak+ wife is a companion      
,9 solitude2 a fa!r 9 advice2     ,a "m 
9 all seasons ( di/ress2     ,a re/ 9   
pass+ ?r\gh life's wild]ness4  ,?is1    
h[ev]1 is a pa!tic outbur/3 ! tyranny ( 

! ages rema9s4  ,footnote #ga3 ,ev5 9 ! 
lat] developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( fai?      
7,bakti7 ,h9duism fails to connect ) x  
any moral purification or elevation4    
,see quotations f ,elph9/one & ,wilson 9
 ,*ri/ & ,o!r ,ma/]s1 p4 #bcd4          
,footnote #gb3 ,see a rec5t ,cate*ism   
publi%$ by ! ,arya ,somaj4  ,footnote   
#gc3 ,! foll[+ hymn1 quot$ f ! ,arya    
,cate*ism1 reveals ! pr\d _s ( reviv$   
,aryanism3     ,we are ! sons ( brave   
,aryas ( yore1     ,^? sages 9 le>n+1 ^?
 h]oes 9 w>4     ,!y 7 ! lights ( great 
nations be=e1     ,& %one 9 t d>kness l 
morn+'s bright />1     ,a beacon ( w>n+1
 a h]ald f f>4     ,h we =gott5 our     
,rama & ,arjun1     ,yudi/> or ,bi%ma or
 ,drona ! ,wise8     ,are n we sons ( ! 
mighty ,duryodani8     ,:]e did ,%ank> &
 great ,dayan&a arise8     ',9 ,india1 9
 ,india6' ! e*o replies4     ,ours !    
glory ( giv+ ! _w     ,its sci5ce1      
religion1 its poetry & art4     ,we 7 ! 
fir/ ( ! m5 :o unfurl$     ,! bann] (   
fre$om on e>?'s e "p1     ,br\ght tid+s 

( peace & ( love to ea* he>t4           
,,lecture ,,iv4  ,,! ,,bhagavad ,,gita  
,,& ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t   ,no o!r       
portion ( ,h9du lit]ature has made s    
great an impression on ,we/]n m9ds z !  
,bhagavad ,gita1 ,! ,"l's ,lay1 or !    
,song ( ! ,adorable4 ,x has d]iv$ its   
special importance f its suppos$        
resemblance to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,& z x  
claims to be mu* old] ?an ! olde/ ( !   
,gospels or ! ,epi/les1 x c>ries !      
inf]5ce t ! latt] may h borr[$ some?+ f 
x4  ,a plausible translation has be5    
publi%$ 9 ,bo/on by ,mr4 ,moh9i ,m4     
,*att]ji1 :o dev\tly believes ?is to be 
! reveal$ ^w ( ! ,supreme ,creator &    
,uphold] ( ! univ]se4#gd ,he admits t at
 a lat] day ! same ,god1 wor%ipp$ alike 
by ,h9dus & ,*ri/ians1 appe>$ aga9 9 !  
p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & t 9 ! ,bible ,he
 reveal$ ,himself to ,we/]n nations1 z !
 ,bhagavad ,gita _h proclaim$ ,him to ! 
p ( ! ,ea/4 ,& he draws ! inf]5ce t ,if 
! ,scriptures ( ! ,brahmans & !         
,scriptures ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1      

widely sep>at$ z !y are by age &        
nationality1 are b diff]5t names = "o & 
! same tru?1 :o c !n say t ! ,scriptures
 contradict ea* o!r8 ,a c>eful & rev]5t 
collation ( ! two sets ( ,scriptures w  
%[ =? ! consci\s & intellig5t design (  
revelation4 ,! fact t ! ,bhagavad ,gita 
is ?or\ghly pan!i/ic1 :ile ! ,bible     
emphasizes ! p]sonality ( ,god 9        
fell[%ip ) ! di/9ct p]sonality ( human  
s\ls1 seems to int]pose no s]i\s        
difficulty 9 ,mr4 ,*att]ji's view1 s9ce 
he says ',! ,"l's ,lay' is = philosophic
 m9ds1 & !re=e deals m at l5g? ) !      
my/]ies ( ! be+ ( ,god4 ,9 ! ,bhagavad  
,gita1 he says1 consi/+ ( sev5 hundr$ & 
sev5ty v]ses1 ! pr9cipal topic is ! be+ 
( ,god1 :ile sc>cely ! same am\nt (     
exposition is giv5 to x 9 ! :ole ,bible2
 & he adds1 ,! explanation ( ?is        
rem>kable fact is f\nd 9 ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 ! g5ius ( ! ,hebrew & ! ,brahman 
race1 & also 9 ! fact t ! tea*+s (      
,jesus ,*ri/ 7 address$ to '! common    
p4'#ge  ,! air ( intellectual sup]iority

 :i* is c\*$ 9 ^! words is conspicu\s4  
,mr4 ,*att]ji also f9ds an inn]         
satisfaction 9 :at he consid]s ! broad  
*>ity ( ! ,brahmanical ,scriptures4 ,he 
quotes a passage f ! ,n>ada ,pan*>ata   
:i* speaks ( ! ,buddha z ! pres]v] (    
revelation = ^? outside ( ! ,v$ic       
au?ority4 ,& he concludes t :5 "o su*   
reveal] is admitt$ !re c be no reason = 
exclud+ o!rs2 !re=e ,*ri/ianity also    
%\ld be all[$ a place4 ,he decl>es on   
,v$ic au?ority t :osoev] receives ! true
 k ( ,god1 h[ev] reveal$1 atta9s et]nal 
life4 ,& = a p>allel to ?is he quotes ! 
say+ ( ,*ri/1 t ?is is et]nal life t !y 
might "k ,!e ! only true ,god1 & ,jesus 
,*ri/ :om ,?\ ha/ s5t4 ,! ,brahmanical  
,scriptures1 he says1 are ( "o accord 9 
tea*+ t :5 ! he>t is purifi$ ,god is    
se52 s also ,jesus ,*ri/ decl>es t !    
pure 9 he>t are bless$1 = !y %all see   
,god4  ,our translator disc>ds !        
(t5-repeat$ !ory t ! ,*ri/ian           
,scriptures h copi$ ! wise say+s (      
,kri%na2 & x is v significant t an      

argum5t to :i* sup]ficial apologi/s     
con/antly resort is disc>d$ by ?is real 
,h9du1 z he supports ! !ory t z bo? 7   
direct revelations f ,vi%nu1 !re 0 9 8  
view no ne$ ( borr[+4 ,8 cont5tion is t 
,god1 :o at sundry times & 9 div]s      
mann]s has spok5 to m5 9 diff]5t ages1  
made kn[n 8 tru?1 & ess5tially ! same   
tru?1 bo? on ! pla9s ( ,india & 9       
,judea4 ,& he rem9ds ,h9dus & ,*ri/ians 
alike1 t ?is k ( tru? c>ries ) itself an
 increas$ responsibility4 ,he says3 ,!  
man :o sees ! wond]ful work+s ( ! ,_s   
among ! nations ( ! e>?1 br++ ea* p to  
,god by ways unkn[n to o!rs1 is !reby   
*>g$ ) a duty4 ,to him ) t]rible        
precision applies ! w>n+ giv5 by        
,gamaliel to ! ,ph>isees1 ',take he$ to 
y\rselves :at ye int5d to d 444 le/ ye  
be f\nd to fight ev5 aga9/ ,god4' ,if "o
 be a ,brahman1 let him reflect :5      
oppos+ ! religion ( ,jesus :at x is t he
 fights4 ,! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity are !   
same z ^? on :i* 8 own salvation dep5ds4
 ,h[ c he be a lov] ( tru?1 :i* is ,god1

 if he kn[s n 8 belov$ "u su* a         
disguise8 ,& if he p5etrates beh9d !    
veil1 :i* %\ld t5d only to increase !   
ardor ( 8 love1 he _c hate ^? :o 9      
ob$i5ce to ! same tru? are prea*+ !     
,gospel ( ,*ri/ to all nations4 ,inde$  
he ought to rejoice at 8 bro!rs'        
devotion to ! self-same ,god1 & to see t
 he is r5d]+ s]vice to ,him by help+    
o!rs to c>ry out ! behe/s giv5 to !m by 
! ,div9e ,ma/]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he be 
a ,*ri/ian1 let him rememb] t :ile he is
 comm&$ to prea* rep5tance & remission (
 s9s 9 ! ,savi\r ,jesus1 he is also w>n$
 aga9/ 'tea*+ = doctr9es ! comm&m5ts (  
m54' ,all ?is seems l *>ity1 b really x 
is laxity4  ,& "h is ! v ess5ce (       
,h9duism4 ,its *ief *>act]i/ic1 t :i*   
r5d]s x s h>d to combat1 is its easy    
indiff]5ce to all di/9ctions4 ,to reason
 ) x is l grasp+ a jelly-fi%4 ,its      
pan!ism1 :i* embraces all ?+s1 cov]s all
 sides ( all que/ions4 ,x sees no       
difficulties ev5 betwe5 ?+s :i* are     
morally opposites4 ,contradictions are n

 ob/acles1 & bo? sides ( a dilemma may  
be h>moniz$4 ,& to a great ext5t ?is    
same vagu5ess ( conviction *>act]izes   
all ! hea!n sy/ems ( ! ,ea/4 ,!         
,buddhi/s & ! ,%9toi/s 9 ,japan ju/ify  
_! easy-go+ p>tn]%ip by ! favorite maxim
 t1 :ile !re are _m pa?s by :i* m5 climb
 ! sides ( ,fusyama1 yet ^u rea*+ !     
summit !y all behold ! same glori\s     
moon4 ,! "q :e!r all d 9 fact rea* !    
summit is "o :i* does n occur to an     
,ori5tal to ask4  ,?is same pan!i/ic    
*>ity is se5 9 ! well-kn[n appeal ( !   
late ,*und] ,s51 :i* z an illu/ration is
 wor? repeat+ "h3 ,*e%ub ,*und] ,s51    
s]vant ( ,god1 call$ to be an apo/le ( !
 ,*ur* ( ! ,new ,disp5sation1 :i* is 9 !
 holy city ( ,calcutta2 to all ! great  
nations ( ! _w & to ! *ief religi\s     
sects 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 to ! foll[]s (   
,moses & ( ,jesus1 ( ,buddha1           
,confucius1 ,zoroa/]1 ,mohamm$1 ,nanak1 
& ( ! v>i\s ,h9du sects2 grace be to y &
 peace ev]la/+4 ,:]eas sects1 discords1 
& /range s*isms prevail 9 our fa!r's    

family2 & :]eas ?is sett+ ( bro!r aga9/ 
bro!r has prov$ ! prolific s\rce ( evil1
 x has pleas$ ,god to s5d into ! _w a   
message ( peace & reconciliation4 ,?is  
,new ,disp5sation ,he has v\*saf$ to u 9
 ! ,ea/1 & we h be5 comm&$ to be>       
witness to ! nations ( ! e>? 444 ,?us   
sai? ! ,"l3 ',i abom9ate sects & desire 
love & concord 444 ,i h at sundry times 
spok5 ?r\gh my prophets & my _m         
disp5sations4 ,!re is unity4 ,!re is "o 
music b _m in/rum5ts1 "o body b _m      
memb]s1 "o _s b _m gifts1 "o blood b _m 
nations1 "o ,*ur* b _m *ur*es4 ,let     
,asia & ,europe & ,am]ica & all nations 
prove ?is ,new ,disp5sation & ! true    
fa!rhood ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( m54'    
,?is rem>kable production--s ,paul9e 9  
/yle & s f> f ,paul 9 doctr9e--seems to 
possess ev]y?+ except def9ite & robu/   
conviction4 ,& its limp philosophy 0 n  
suffici5t to )hold ev5 ,*und] ,s5       
himself f ! ab&onm5t ( 8 pr9ciples n    
long aft]w>d4 ,?is sweet p]fume ( false 
*>ity1 ) :i* he ?us g5tly spray$ ! sects

 & nations ( mank9d1 lo/ its flavor ere 
! ink ( 8 message 0 fairly dry2 :ile he 
:o 9 simil> language ann\nc$ 8 call to  
an ,apo/le%ip eighte5 c5turies ago1 is  
/ill turn+ ! _w upside d[n4  ,*>ity is !
 wat*word ( indiff]5tism 9 ! ,we/ z well
 z 9 ! ,ea/2 & ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ are jo9+ 
h&s 9 _! ef=t to soo! ! _w into slumb] )
 all its s9s & woes unheal$4 ,"s mon?s  
ago an advanc$ ,unit>ian f ,bo/on       
deliv]$ a f>ewell address to ! ,buddhi/s
 ( ,japan1 9 :i* he pres5t$ ?ree great  
,unit>ians ( ,new ,engl&--,*ann+1       
,em]son1 & ,p>k]--9 a sort (            
transfiguration ( g5tl5ess & *>ity4 ,he 
ma9ta9$ t ! lives ( ^! m5 _h be5 an     
unconsci\s prophecy ( t mild & g5tle    
,buddhism :i* he _h f\nd 9 ,japan1 b (  
:i* !y _h di$ )\t ! sight4#gf  ,?us !   
transc5d5talism ( ,new ,engl& jo9s h&s )
 ! ,buddhism & ! ,%9toism ( ,japan1 & ! 
,brahmanism ( ,calcutta1 & all are 9    
accord ) ,mr4 ,*att]ji & ! ,bhagavad    
,gita4 ,ev5 ! ,!osophi/s pr(ess _!      
sympa?y ) ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & claim  

,*ri/ z an e>li] prophet4 ,! "o refra9 (
 all is ,*>ity4 ,all great tea*]s are   
avat>s ( ,vi%nu4 ,! globe is belt$ ) ?is
 multi=m indiff]5tism1 & ,i am sorry to 
say t x is l>gely ! gospel ( ! curr5t   
lit]ature & ( ! daily press4 ,9 x all   
!re is no ,savi\r & no salvation4       
,religions are all e?nic & local1 :ile !
 ignis fatuus ( a my/ic pan!ism p]vades 
! _w4  ,mr4 ,*att]ji's preface closes ) 
a pray] to ! m]ciful ,fa!r ( humanity to
 remove f all races ( m5 e unbro!rly    
feel+ 9 ! sacr$ "n ( religion1 :i* is b 
"o4 ,! pray] 7 t\*+ & beautiful on !    
assumption t !re 7 no diff]5ces betwe5  
tru? & error4 ,& !re are ?\s&s1 ev5     
among u1 :o are ask+1 ,:y may n         
,*ri/ians respond to ?is broad *>ity1 & 
admit ?is ,h9du eclectic poem to an     
equal place ) ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,m or    
less indiff]5t to all religions1 & fail+
 to und]/& ! real pr9ciples on :i* !y   
sev]ally re/1 !y are ready to applaud a 
*all5ge l t :i* we are consid]+1 & to   
contra/ x ) ! alleg$ n>r[ness &         

intol]ance ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism4  ,i h dwelt
 ?us at l5g? ^u ,mr4 ,*att]ji's         
introduction1 & h illu/rat$ x by        
ref]5ces to simil> speci\s claims ( o!r 
fai?s1 9 ord] t ,i might br+ into cle>] 
view ! ma9 issue :i* ?is book n[ pres5ts
 to ! ,am]ican public4 ,x is ! s(te/1   
sweete/ voice yet giv5 to t gospel (    
false *>ity :i* is ! fa%ion ( our times4
 ,em]son & o!rs caught x f af> &        
disc\rs$ to a g5]ation n[ mo/ly gone ( !
 g5tle maxims ( ,confucius1 ,kri%na1 &  
,gautama4 ,b n[ ,kri%na is among u 9 !  
p]son ( 8 mo/ dev\t apo/le1 & a /range  
h& ( fell[%ip is /ret*$ out t[>d u f !  
l& ( ! ,v$as4  ,x behooves u to inquire1
 fir/1 into ! pan!i/ic philosophy :i*   
und]lies ^! say+s1 & to ask = _! mean+ z
 appli$ 9 real life2 & second1 we %all  
ne$ to "k some?+ ( ,kri%na1 & :e!r he   
speaks z "o hav+ au?ority4 ,x %\ld be   
borne 9 m9d t pan!ism sacrifices no?+   
:atev] by embrac+ all religions1 s9ce   
ev5 false religions are a wor%ip (      
,vi%nu 9 _! way1 :ile ,*ri/ianity by its

 v nature w\ld sacrifice ev]y?+4        
,accord+ to pan!ism all ?+s t exi/1 &   
all ev5ts t transpire1 are expressions (
 ! ,div9e w4 ,! "o only exi/5t ,be+     
embraces all causes & all effects1 all  
tru? & all falsehood4 ,he is no m !     
s\rce ( good ?an ( evil4 ,i am          
immortality1 says ,kri%na4 ,i am also   
dea?4 ,man ) all 8 ?\ghts & acts is b ! 
%ad[ ( ,god1 & moves z he is mov$ ^u4   
,arjuna's div9e c\nsellor says to him3  
,! s\l1 exi/+ f et]nity1 devoid (       
qualities1 imp]i%able1 abid+ 9 ! body1  
yet supreme1 acts n nor is by any act   
pollut$4 ,he :o p]ceives t actions are  
p]=m$ by ,prakriti alone1 & t ! s\l is n
 an actor1 sees ! tru? aright4  ,n[1 if 
?is reason+ be correct1 x is n we t s92 
n we t wor%ip2 & 9 ! la/ analysis all   
religions are alike2 !y are only ! v>i$ 
expressions ( ! ?\ght ( ,god4 ,z ,he    
manife/s 8 p[] 9 nature 9 a ?\s& =ms1   
produc+ "s objects t are beautiful to ! 
eye & o!rs t are repulsive1 s 9 8       
spiritual manife/ations ,he displays a l

 v>iety4 ,! ignorance & degradation (   
feti*ism are ,81 z well z ! highe/      
revelations ( spiritual tru?4 ,a c]ta9  
class ( evolutioni/s tell u t ,god      
contriv$ ! s]p5t's poison-fang & ! "m's 
t5d] in/9ct ) ! same creative           
indiff]5ce4 ,& ! broad pan!ism :i*      
ov]rides ! di/9ctions ( et]nal "r &     
wrong1 & dive/s ,god ( all moral        
discrim9ations1 puts ,v$antism &        
,feti*ism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,wit*craft1 ^u 
! same basis4 ,! ,bhagavad ,gita & !    
,gospel bo? enjo9 ! bro!rhood ( m51 b   
:at are ! mean+s :i* !y give to ?is t]m8
 ,:at are _! aims1 respectively8 ,"o is 
endeavor+ to en=ce ! rigid &            
insurm\ntable b>ri]s ( ca/e2 ! o!r      
comm5ds a mission ( love :i* %all reg>d 
nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 ,b>b>ian1        
,scy?ian1 bond nor free4 ,x w become    
app>5t1 ,i ?9k1 t !re may be p>allels or
 simil>ities :i* relate to m]e phrases  
:ile _! mean+s are wide ap>t4  ,judg+ f 
,mr4 ,*att]ji's own /&-po9t1 8 "w has   
be5 well done4 ,he has %[n a c>eful /udy

 n only ( 8 own lit]atures &            
philosophies1 b also ( ! scriptures ( ! 
,old & ,new ,te/am5t--9 ?is respect     
sett+ u an example wor?y to be foll[$ by
 ,*ri/ian s*ol>s4 ,su* a man has 9 !    
outset an imm5se advantage ov] ^? :o "k 
no?+ ( ! enemies' positions1 b reg>d !m 
only ) disda94 ,be=e ! high c\rt (      
public op9ion1 z repres5t$ by our curr5t
 lit]ature1 m]e ex-p>te assumption w g  
to ! wall1 ev5 ?\gh x has ! bett] cause1
 :ile adroit error1 intellig5tly put &  
c\rte\sly comm5d$1 w w9 ! day4 ,?is is a
 lesson :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* greatly    
ne$s to le>n4 ,mr4 ,*att]ji's "w is ! m 
=midable = its *>m+ graces ( /yle4 ,he  
has t same facility & elegance 9 ! use (
 ! ,engli% language = :i* s _m ( 8      
c\ntrym51 ,%e%adri1 ,bose1 ,ban]gea1    
,*und] ,s51 ,mozoomd>1 & o!rs h be5     
di/+ui%$4 ,he is a model ( c\rtesy1 & he
 seems s9c]e4  ,b turn+ f ! translator  
to ! book itself1 we %all n[ inquire :o 
0 ,kri%na1 ,arjuna's fri5d1 :at 0 !     
orig9 ( ! ,"l's ,lay1 & :at are its real

 m]its z comp>$ ) ! ,new ,te/am5t8      
,kri%na & ,arjuna--l ,rama ,*&ra--7 real
 human h]oes :o di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 !   
w>s ( ! ,indo-,aryans ) rival tribes :o 
conte/$ ! dom9ion ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,!y 
did n live ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 z 
our translator decl>es1 = !y belong$ to 
! soldi] ca/e1 & accord+ to ! cons5sus (
 ,ori5tal s*ol>%ip ! sy/em ( ca/e did n 
exi/ till ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,brahmanic  
p]iod--say eight hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4
 ,kri%na 0 born 9 ! ,punjab1 ne> ,m]ut1 
& x 0 ne> !re t 8 *ief exploits 7 p]=m$4
 ,! leg5ds repres5t him z a g5ial b a   
reckless =e/]1 brave on ! battle-field1 
b lead+ a life ( l[ indulg5ce4 ,! secret
 ( 8 p[] lay 9 8 sympa?y4 ,8 wor%ip1 ev5
 z a h]oic demi-god1 br\ght a new &     
welcome elem5t into ,h9duism z contra/$ 
) ! remorselessness ( ,siva or ! cold   
indiff]5ce ( ,brahma4 ,x 0 ! dawn ( a   
doctr9e ( fai?1 & 9 ?is "* x 0 probably 
( lat] date ?an ! rise ( ,buddhism4     
,inde$1 ! ,brahmans le>n$ ?is lesson ( !
 value ( ,div9e sympa?y f ! ,buddha4 ,! 

sup]natural elem5t ascrib$ to ,kri%na1 z
 well z to ,rama1 0 a gr[?1 & _h its    
orig9 9 ! jeal\sy ( ! ,brahmans t[>d !  
w>rior ca/e4 ,8 exaltation z ! ,supreme 
0 an aft]-?\ght ( ! inv5tive ,brahmans4 
,z /at$ 9 a =m] lecture1 ^! h]oes _h    
acquir$ great r5[n2 & _! exploits 7 !   
glory & delight ( ! dazzl$ populace4 ,9 
rais+ !m to ! rank ( deities1 & z su*   
appropriat+ !m z k9dr$ to ! div9e       
,brahmans1 ! %rewd prie/hood sav$ !     
pre/ige ( _! ca/e & aggr&iz$ _! sy/em by
 a fully develop$ doctr9e ( inc>nations4
 ,?us1 by a gr[? ( c5turies1 ! ,kri%na  
cult f9ally cr[n$ ! ,h9du sy/em4  ,!    
,mahabh>ata1 9 :i* ! ,bhagavad ,gita 0  
incorporat$ by "s au?or ^: "n is unkn[n1
 is an imm5se lit]>y mosaic ( two hundr$
 & tw5ty ?\s& l9es4 ,x is het]og5e\s1   
grotesque1 inconsi/5t1 & (t5            
contradictory--qualities :i* are sc>cely
 consid]$ blemi%es 9 ,h9du lit]ature4   
,! ,bhagavad ,gita 0 incorporat$ z a "p 
( ?is great epic probably z late z !    
second or ?ird c5tury ( our era1 & by t 

"t ,kri%na _h come to be reg>d$ z div9e1
 ?\gh 8 full & extravagant deification z
 ! ,adorable ,"o probably did n appe>   
till ! au?or ( ,n>ada ,pan*>ata ( !     
eigh? c5tury _h add$ :atev] he ?\ght !  
orig9al au?or %\ld h said five c5turies 
be=e4 ,z x n[ /&s ! poem v clev]ly      
weaves into "o fabric _m l(ty aphorisms 
borr[$ f ! ,upani%ads & ! lat]          
philosophic s*ools1 ^u ! gr\ndwork ( a  
popul> /ory ( :i* ,arjuna is ! h]o4     
,arjuna & 8 f\r bro!rs are ab\t to      
engage 9 a great battle ) _! c\s9s = !  
possession ( an h]$it>y ?rone4 ,! div9e 
,kri%na1 once himself a h]o1 becomes    
,arjuna's *>iote]1 t 9 t capacity he may
 act z 8 c\nsellor4 ,z ! battle array is
 =m$1 ,arjuna is seiz$ ) misgiv+s at !  
?\ght ( slaught]+ 8 k9dr$ = ! glory ( a 
sceptre4 ,i _c--w n fight1 he says2 ,i  
seek n victory1 ,i seek no k+dom2 :at   
%all we d ) regal pomp & p[]8 :at )     
enjoym5ts1 or ) life itself1 :5 we h    
slaught]$ all our k9dr$ "h8  ,kri%na !n 
ent]s ^u a long disc\rse ^u ! duties (  

ca/e & ! indwell+ ( ! ,inf9ite1 %[+ t ! 
s\l1 :i* is a "p ( deity1 _c be sla9    
?\gh ! body may be hewn to pieces4 ,!   
wise1 he says1 grieve n = ! dep>t$ nor =
 ^? :o yet survive4 ,nev] 0 ! "t :5 ,i 0
 n1 nor ?\1 nor yond] *iefs1 & nev] %all
 be ! "t :5 all ( u %all n be4 ,z !     
embodi$ s\l 9 ?is corporeal frame moves 
swiftly on ?r\gh boyhood1 y\?1 & age1 s 
w x pass ?r\gh o!r =ms h]eaft]2 be n    
griev$ !reat4444 ,z m5 ab&on old &      
?readb>e clo!s to put on o!rs new1 s    
ca/s ! embodi$ s\l its worn-out frame to
 ent] o!r =ms4 ,no d>t c pi]ce x2 flame 
_c consume x1 wat] wet x n1 nor scor*+  
breezes dry x--inde/ructible1 et]nal1   
all-p]vad+1 dea?less4#gg  ,x may seem   
absurd to ,we/]n m9ds t a long disc\rse1
 :i* con/itutes a volume ( intricate    
pan!i/ic philosophy1 %\ld be giv5 to a  
great comm&] j at ! mom5t :5 he is      
plann+ 8 attack & is absorb$ ) ! mo/    
mom5t\s responsibilities2 x seems to u  
/rangely inconsi/5t also to expatiate   
elaborately ^u ! m]its ( ! ,yoga        

philosophy1 ) its asceticism & its holy 
torpor1 :5 ! real aim is to ar\se ! s\l 
to ardor = ! h\r ( battle4 ,b ^!        
infelicities are no ob/acle to ! ,h9du  
m9d1 & ! consi/5cy ( ! plot is entirely 
second>y to ! doctr9e ( ca/e & (        
philosophy :i* ! au?or makes ,kri%na    
proclaim4 ,g5tle z _m ( its precepts    
are1 ! ,bhagavad ,gita1 or ! ,"l's ,lay1
 is a battle-song utt]$ by ! ,supreme   
,be+ :ile ! cont5d+ ho/s await$ ! signal
 = fratricidal c>nage4  ,! grotesqu5ess 
:i* *>act]izes all ,h9du lit]ature is n 
want+ 9 ?is /ory ( ,kri%na & ,arjuna1 z 
giv5 9 ! great poem ( :i* ! ,bhagavad   
,gita =ms a "p4 ,! five sons ( ,p&u are 
repres5tatives ( ! pr9ciple (           
righte\sness1 :ile ! hundr$ bro!rs ( !  
rival bran* are embodim5ts ( evil4 ,yet1
 :5 ! victory _h be5 ga9$ & ! sceptre 0 
giv5 to ! sons ( ,p&u1 !y despis$ x &   
c\rt$ dea?1 ?\gh ! ,adorable ,"o _h urg$
 !m on to /rife4  ,bi%ma1 ! lead] ( !   
ho/ile =ce1 9 a p]sonal enc\nt] )       
,arjuna1 _h be5 fill$ s full ( d>ts t he

 c\ld nei!r /& nor lie d[n4 ,e "p ( 8   
body 0 bri/l+ ) arr[s1 & = fifty-eight  
days he l+]$1 lean+ on _! %>p po9ts4    
,mean:ile ! elde/ ( ! victors1 f9d+ 8   
?rone only a delusion & a sn>e1 & be+   
fill$ ) remorse1 0 urg$ by ,kri%na to   
visit 8 un=tunate adv]s>y & receive     
in/ruction & com=t4 ,bi%ma1 ly+ ^u 8 b$ 
( spikes1 edifi$ him ) a s]ies ( long & 
t$i\s disc\rses on pan!i/ic philosophy1 
aft] :i* he ask$ ! t5d]-he>t$ ,kri%na = 
p]mission to dep>t4 ,he is no long] !   
embodim5t ( evil3 ! cruel arr[s ) :i* ! 
ideal ( goodness _h pi]c$ him fall away1
 ! top ( 8 head op5s1 & 8 _s so>s to    
heav5 %9+ l a meteor4 ,h[ /range a      
rev]sal is "h6 ,h[ /range t he :o _h be5
 ! repres5tative ( all evil %\ld h be5  
trans=m$ by 8 suff]+1 & %\ld h be5 made 
to in/ruct & com=t ! man ( success4     
,mr4 ,*att]ji falls into a fatal        
inconsi/5cy :51 9 spite ( 8 assumption t
 ?is poem is ! v ^w ( ,kri%na spok5 at a
 p>ticul> "t1 9 a p>ticul> place1 he    
in=ms u t all ,indian au?orities agree 9

 pron\nc+ x to be ! ess5ce ( all sacr$  
writ+s4 ,!y call x an ,upani%ad--a t]m  
appli$ to ! wisdom1 z di/+ui%$ f !      
c]emonial1 "p ( ! ,v$as1 & to no book   
less sacr$4 ,m accurately he might h    
said t x is a comp5d ( all ,h9du        
lit]atures1 ! traditional z well z !    
inspir$1 & ) a mu* l>g] %>e ( ! =m] ?an 
( ! latt]4 ,pan!ism1 :i* is its         
qu9tess5ce1 did n exi/ 9 ! e>ly ,v$ic   
times4 ,kri%na 0 n kn[n z a god ev5 9 ! 
p]iod ( ! ,buddha4#gh ,& ! ,epics1 :i*  
are s l>gely drawn ^u1 are lat] /ill4 ,&
 x is ^u ! basis ( ! ,epics1 & ! /ill   
lat] ,puranas1 t ! common p ( ,india    
/ill wor%ip him z ! god ( good-fell[%ip 
& ( lu/4 ,! masses long$ = a god ( human
 sympa?ies1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 a ,bac*us4  ,9
 ! ,bhagavad ,gita z we n[ h x1 ) its _m
 *anges1 ,kri%na has become ! supreme   
,god1 ?\gh accord+ to ,lass5 8 actual   
wor%ip z su* 0 n r5d]$ e>li] ?an ! six? 
c5tury2 & ,pr(essor ,ban]gea claims t x 
0 n at its z5i? till ! eigh? c5tury1 & t
 x !n borr[$ mu* f ,*ri/ian1 or at lea/ 

,hebrew1 s\rces4 ,webb] & ,lor9s] h     
ma9ta9$ a simil> view4 ,kri%na z !      
,supreme & ,adorable ,"o has nev] f\nd  
favor except ) ! pan!i/s1 & to ?is day !
 wor%ip ( ! real ,kri%na z a ,bac*us is 
! mo/ popul> ( all ,h9du fe/ivals1 &    
naturally x is ! mo/ demoraliz+4  ,we   
are n[ prep>$ to assume t ! pan!i/ic    
gr\ndwork ( ! poem on ! "o h&1 & its    
borr[$ ,*ri/ian conceptions & ,*ri/ian  
nom5clature on ! o!r1 w expla9 its      
pr9cipal alleg$ p>allels ) ! ,new       
,te/am5t4 ,) 8 great famili>ity ) our   
,bible1 & 8 r>e ability 9 adju/+ %ades (
 ?\ght & expression1 ,mr4 ,*att]ji has  
pres5t$ no less ?an two hundr$ & f\rte5 
passages :i* he mat*es ) texts f !      
,bible4 ,_m ( ^! are s adroitly word$ t 
"o n famili> ) ! peculi>ities ( ,h9du   
philosophy might be /umbl$ by !         
comp>isons4 ,mr4 ,r4,c4 ,bose tells u t 
?is poem has wr\ght mu* evil among !    
=eign population ( ,india2 & 9 ?is      
c\ntry !re are ?\s&s ( ev5 cultivat$ p )
 :om ?is new translation w h great      

influ5ce4 ,m5 ) unsettl$ m9ds :o h turn$
 away ) contempt f ! crudities (        
spiritualism1 :o are disgu/$ ) ! r\gh   
assailm5ts ( ,+]soll1 & :o f9d only     
homesickness & desolation on ! bleak &  
w9try moor ( agno/ic sci5ce1 may yet be 
attract$ by a book :i* is s elevat$ &   
(t5 sublime 9 its philosophy1 & s *a/e 9
 its e?ical precepts1 & :i*1 l          
,*ri/ianity1 has bridg$ ! awful *asm    
betwe5 unapproa*able deity & our human  
conditions & wants by giv+ to ! _w a    
,god-man4  ,if ! orig9al au?or & ! v>i\s
 expositors ( ! ,bhagavad ,gita h n     
borr[$ f ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 !y h    
r5d]$ an undesign$ tribute to ! great   
,*ri/ian doctr9e ( a div9e & human      
m$iator3 !y h giv5 /rik+ evid5ce ( a    
felt want 9 all humanity ( a ,god ) m54 
,if x 0 a deeply consci\s want ( ! human
 he>t :i* l$ ! hea!n ( di/ant ,india to 
grope _! way f ! *e]less s]vice (       
remorseless deities to "o :o c\ld be    
t\*$ ) a feel+ ( _! infirmities1 & c\ld 
walk ^! e>?ly pa?s z a c\nsellor by _!  

side1 h[ /rik+ is ! analogy to ess5tial 
,*ri/ian tru?6  ,let u exam9e "s ( !    
alleg$ p>allels4 ,!y may be divid$ into 
?ree classes3  #a4 ,^? :i* are m]ely    
fanciful4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! :ole numb] are (
 ?is class4 ,!y are su* z w\ld nev]     
occur to a ,h9du on he>+ ! gospel tru?4 
,only "o :o _h exam9$ ! two records 9 ! 
ke5 se>* = p>allels1 & ^: wi% _h be5 !  
fa!r ( 8 ?\ght1 w\ld h se5 any          
resemblance4 ,i %all n occupy mu* "t )  
^!4  #b4 ,^? resemblances :i* are only  
accid5tal4 ,x may be an accid5t ( simil>
 circum/ances or simil> causes2 x may be
 a *ance resemblance 9 ! words employ$1 
:ile !re is no resemblance 9 ! ?\ghts   
express$4  #c4 ,^? co9cid5ces :i* spr+ f
 natural causes4 ,= an example ( ^!1 !  
clos+ *apt] ( ! ,apocalypse speaks (    
,*ri/ z ! ,alpha & ! ,omega1 ! ,beg9n+ &
 ! ,end4 ,x is a natural expression to  
indicate 8 supreme p[] & glory z        
,creator & f9al ,judge ( all ?+s4 ,9 a  
simil> mann] ,kri%na is made to say1 ,i 
am ,beg9n+1 ,middle1 ,end1 ,et]nal ,"t1 

! ,bir? & ! ,dea? ( all4 ,i am ! symbol 
,a among ! *>act]s4 ,i h creat$ all ?+s 
out ( "o portion ( myself4 ,!re are two 
mean+s 9 ,kri%na's words4 ,he is 9 all  
?+s pan!i/ically1 & he is ! fir/ & be/ (
 all ?+s4 ,9 ! t5? *apt] he names )     
great p>ticul>ity sixty-six classes (   
?+s 9 :i* he is always ! fir/3 ! fir/ ( 
elephants1 horses1 trees1 k+s1 h]oes1   
etc4 ,among lett]s ,i am ! v[el ,a4     
,among seasons ,i am spr+4 ,( !         
deceitful ,i am ! dice4  ,! late ,dr4   
,mull5s calls att5tion to ! fact t !    
,orphic ,hymns decl>e ,zeus to be ! fir/
 & ,zeus ! la/4 ,zeus is ! head & ,zeus 
! c5tre4 ,9 ^! ?ree simil> =ms (        
description "o common pr9ciple (        
supremacy rules4 ,! diff]5ce is t 9 !   
,*ri/ian revelation & 9 ! ,orphic ,hymns
 !re is dignity1 :ile 9 ,kri%na's       
disc\rse !re is frivol\s & vulg>        
p>ticul>ity4 ,let u notice a few        
examples ( ! alleg$ p>allels m          
p>ticul>ly4  ,9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,kri%na    
says3 ,:atev] ?\ doe/1 :atev] ?\ eate/1 

:atev] ?\ (f]e/ 9 sacrifice1 etc41      
commit t to me4 ,?is is comp>$ ) #a     
,cor9?ians x4 #ca3 ,:e!r !re=e ye eat or
 dr9k1 or :atsoev] ye d1 d all to !     
glory ( ,god4 ,also to ,colossians x4   
#ag3 ,:atsoev] ye d 9 ^w or de$1 d all 9
 ! "n ( ! ,"l ,jesus4  ,ev5 if !re 7 no 
pan!i/ic diff]5tial at ! f\ndation ( ^! 
utt]ances1 x w\ld n be at all /range if 
exhortations to an all-embrac+ devotion 
%\ld ?us 9 ea* case be made to cov] all 
! daily acts ( life4 ,b aside f ?is !re 
is a wide diff]5ce 9 ! fundam5tal ideas 
:i* ^! passages express4 ,paul's ?\ght  
is t ( lov+ devotion to an inf9ite      
,fri5d & ,savi\r2 x is su* an (f]+ (    
loyalty & love z "o consci\s be+ c make 
to ano!r & a high]4 ,b ,kri%na id5tifies
 ! giv] ) ! receiv]1 & ,arjuna is taught
 to reg>d ! gift itself z an act ( ,god4
 ,! phrase commit t to me is equival5t  
to ascribe t to me4 ,9 ! context we     
read3 ,( ^? m51 :o ?9k+ ( me 9 id5tity  
7) !mselves71 wor%ip me1 = !m always    
re/+ 9 me1 ,i be> ! burd5 ( acquisition 

& pres]vation ( possessions4 ,ev5 ^? !  
devotees ( o!r gods1 :o wor%ip 9 fai?1  
!y wor%ip me 9 ignorance4 ,9 o!r words1 
! wor%ipp] is to make no diff]5ce betwe5
 himself & ! ,inf9ite4 ,he is to ref]   
all 8 daily acts to ! ,inf9ite z ! real 
actor1 8 own p]sonal ego be+ ignor$4    
,?is is n ,paul's idea2 x is ! v rev]se 
( x4 ,x c\ld give com=t only to !       
evil-do] :o desir$ to %ift 8 p]sonal    
responsibility4  ,let u consid] ano!r   
alleg$ resemblance4 ,9 ! fif? *apt]     
,kri%na decl>es t :oev] kn[s him atta9s 
re/4 ,?is is pres5t$ z a p>allel to !   
words 9 ,*ri/'s pray]3 ,?is is life     
et]nal t !y might "k ,!e ! only true    
,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ :om ,?\ ha/ s5t4   
,9 bo? passages ! k ( ,god is made !    
*ief bless+ to be s\ght1 b 9 ! "o case k
 means only a recognition ( ! ,inf9ite  
,ego z exi/+ 9 "o's p]sonal ego3 x is a 
m]e acceptance ( t philosophic !ory (   
life4 ,?us "o ( ! ,upani%ads decl>es t  
:oev] sees all ?+s 9 ,god1 & ,god 9 all 
?+s1 sees ! tru? aright2 8 philosophy is

 correct4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at ,*ri/ meant 
0 n ! recognition ( a pan!i/ic !ory1 b a
 real he>t-k ( ! ,fa!r's "*1 a lov+     
exp]i5ce ( 8 div9e m]cy1 8 fa!rly love1 
8 ineffable glory4 ,! "o 0 cold         
philosophy1 ! o!r 0 exp]i5ce1 fell[%ip1 
gratitude1 filial love4  ,:at pan!ism   
taught 0 t ,god _c be kn[n              
practically--t ,he is )\t limitations or
 conditions t we c di/+ui% ,him f our   
f9it5ess only by dive/+ our conception (
 ,him ( all t we are wont to pr$icate ( 
ourselves4 ,he is subject to no su*     
limitations z good or evil4 ,9 ,*apt]   
,,ix41 ,kri%na says3 ,z air exi/+ 9     
space goes ev]y:]e & is unlimit$1 s are 
all ?+s 9 me4444 ,i am ! ,v$ic rite1 ,i 
am ! sacrifice1 ,i am food1 ,i am sacr$ 
=mula1 ,i am immortality1 ,i am also    
dea?2 also ! lat5t cause & ! manife/    
effect4 ,to "k ! ,god ( ! ,bhagavad     
,gita is to "k t he _c be kn[n4 ,god is 
inf9ite 9 attributes1 says ,mr4         
,*att]ji1 & yet devoid ( attributes4    
,?is is ! ,god :om ! ,bhagavad ,gita    

proclaims4  ,by a simil> contradiction !
 m ! dev\t wor%ipp] kn[s ( ,god ! less  
he kn[s1 because ! process ( k is a     
process ( effacem5t2 ! clos] ! gradual  
union becomes ! fa9t] is !              
self-p]sonality1 till at l5g? x fades   
away entirely1 & is m]g$ & lo/ z a drop 
9 ! illimitable sea4 ,?is is ! s-call$  
re/ :i* ,kri%na promises z ! rew>d (    
kn[+ him4 ,x is re/ 9 ! s5se (          
ext9ction2 x is dea?2 :ile t :i* ,*ri/  
promises is et]nal ,life ) un5d+ &      
raptur\s activity1 ) ev]-gr[+ p[]s (    
fell[%ip & ( love4  ,take ano!r alleg$  
p>allel4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 comm5ds ! man :o  
has rea*$ su* a measure ( indiff]5ce t 8
 he>t is ev5 9 reg>d to fri5ds & to     
foes1 to ! righte\s & to evil-do]s2 &   
?is is held up z a p>allel to ! ,s]mon  
on ! ,m\nt1 :i* comm5ds love to enemies 
t we may be *ildr5 ( ! heav5ly ,fa!r :o 
s5de? ra9 ^u ! j & ^u ! unju/4 ,9 ! "o  
case ! apa?y ( ! ascetic1 ! ext9ction ( 
susceptibility1 ! ignor+ ( moral        
di/9ctions1 ! crippl+ & dead5+ ( our    

noble/ p[]s2 9 ! o!r ! use ( ^! p[]s 9  
all ways ( b5efic5ce t[>d ^? :o injure  
u1 ev5 z ,god1 ?\gh 8 he>t is by no     
means ev5 z betwe5 ! righte\s & ! wick$1
 /ills %[s k9dness to bo?4 ,n[1 9 view (
 ! great plausibility ( ! p>allels :i*  
are ?us pres5t$ to ! public--p>allels ^:
 subtle fallacy ! mass ( read]s are     
almo/ sure to ov]look--"o c h>dly       
exagg]ate ! importance ( ?or\ghly sift+ 
! philosophy t und]lies !m1 & especially
 on ! "p ( ^? :o are1 or are to become1 
! def5d]s ( ! tru?4#gi  ,b turn+ f      
p>ticul> p>allels to a broad] comp>ison1
 !re is a g5]al use ( expressions 9 !   
,new ,te/am5t 9 reg>d to :i* e ,*ri/ian 
tea*] %\ld aim at cle> views & c>eful   
discrim9ations2 = example1 :5 we are    
said to be temples ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 or  
:5 ,*ri/ is said to be =m$ 9 u ! hope ( 
glory1 or x is no long] we t live1 b    
,*ri/ t live? 9 u4 ,x _c be d5i$ t      
def5d]s ( ! ,bhagavad ,gita1 & ( ! :ole 
,indo-pan!i/ic philosophy1 might make   
out a some:at plausible case along ^!   

l9es4 ,i recall an in/ance 9 :i* an     
honor$ pa/or _h made su* extravagant use
 ( ^! ,new ,te/am5t expressions t "s ( 8
 co-presbyt]s rais$ ! "q ( a trial =    
pan!ism4 ,b x is "o ?+ to employ /rong  
t]ms ( devotional feel+1 z is (t5 done1 
especially 9 pray]1 & q ano!r to frame  
!ories & philosophies1 & pres5t !m z    
accurate /atem5ts ( tru?4 ,! ,new       
,te/am5t n[h]e speaks ( ! indwell+ ,_s 9
 su* a s5se z implies an oblit]ation or 
absorption ( ! consci\s individual ego1 
:ile effacem5t in/ead ( fell[%ip is a   
favorite expression 9 ! ,bhagavad ,gita4
 ,paul 9 8 mo/ ec/atic language nev]    
gives any h9t ( ext9ction1 b1 on !      
contr>y1 he magnifies ! conception ( a  
sep>ate1 consci\s1 ev]-gr[+ p]sonality1 
liv+ & rejoic+ 9 ,div9e fell[%ip =      
ev]more4  ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t !          
expressions ( our union ) ,*ri/ are (t5 
rev]s$3 in/ead ( speak+ ( ,*ri/ z abid+ 
9 ! he>ts & lives ( 8 p1 !y are         
sometimes said to abide 9 ,him1 & t n 9 
! s5se ( absorption4 ,paul speaks ( !   

sa9ts 9 ,*ri/1 ( 8 own bonds 9 ,*ri/1 ( 
be+ baptiz$ 9 ,*ri/1 ( becom+ a new     
creature 9 ,*ri/1 ( true ,*ri/ians z be+
 "o body 9 ,*ri/1 ( _! lives be+ hid )  
,*ri/ 9 ,god4 ,believ]s are spok5 ( z   
be+ buri$ ) ,*ri/1 dead ) ,*ri/4 ,e =m (
 expression is us$ to repres5t fell[%ip1
 intimacy1 spiritual union ) ,him1 b    
always 9 a rational & practical s5se1 & 
) full implication ( our di/9ct &       
sep>ate p]sonality4 ,! ess5tial hope ( !
 ,gospel is t ^? :o believe 9 ,*ri/ %all
 nev] die1 t ev5 _! mortal bodies %all  
be rais$ 9 8 image1 & t !y %all be l    
,him & %all abide 9 8 pres5ce4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 ,! ess5ce ( ?is pan!i/ic sy/em1    
says ,mr4 ,*att]ji1 is ! d5ial ( real   
exi/5ce to ! individual _s1 & !         
insi/ance ^u its true id5tity ) ,god    
7,*apt] ,,iv474  ,x only rema9s to be   
said t1 :atev] may be ! simil>ities (   
expression betwe5 ?is ,bible ( pan!ism &
 t ( ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev] !y may agree 9 !
 utt]ance ( wor?y e?ical maxims1 t :i*  
mo/ broadly diff]5tiates ! ,*ri/ian fai?

 f ,h9du philosophy is ! sali5t         
pres5tation ( great fundam5tal tru?s :i*
 are f\nd 9 ! ,^w ( ,god alone4  #a4 ,! 
doctr9e t ,god 9 ,*ri/ is made s9 = !   
r$emption ( s9ful man--t ,he is ! end ( 
! law = righte\sness = !m t believe2 ?is
 is inde$ ,div9e help3 ?is is salvation4
 ,div9ity does n "h become ! m]e *>iote]
 ( human ef=t1 = ! purpose ( coa*+ x 9 !
 duties ( ca/e & prompt+ x to fight out 
its de/9y by its own valor4 ,*ri/ is our
 expiation1 takes our place1 = our sakes
 becomes poor t we ?r\gh 8 pov]ty may   
become ri*4 ,:at a boon to all fakirs & 
m]it-mak]s ( ! _w if !y c\ld feel t t   
law ( righte\sness :i* !y are /riv+ to  
"w out by mortifications & self-tortures
 _h be5 a*iev$ = !m by ! ,son ( ,god1 & 
t salvation is a free gift6 ,?is is     
some?+ t c be appreh5d$ alike by !      
philosoph] & by ! unlett]$ masses ( m54 
#b4 ,ano!r great tru? f\nd 9 our        
,scriptures is t ! pa?way by :i* ! human
 s\l returns to ,god is n ! way ( k 9 ! 
s5se ( philosophy1 b ! way ( intellig5t 

confid5ce & lov+ tru/4 ,) ! he>t man    
believe? unto righte\sness1 & ) ! m\?   
confession is made4 ,man by wisdom has  
nev] kn[n ,god4 ,?is has be5 ! va9 ef=t 
( ,h9du speculation = ages4 ,! au?or ( !
 ,nyaya philosophy assum$ t all evil    
spr+s f misappreh5sion1 & t ! rem$y is  
to be f\nd 9 correct me?ods (           
inve/igation1 guid$ by skilfully arrang$
 syllogisms4 ,?is has be5 9 all ages !  
*ief *>act]i/ic ( speculative ,h9duism4 
,& ! ,bhagavad ,gita furni%es "o ( its v
 be/ illu/rations4 ,( its eighte5       
*apt]s1 fifte5 are devot$ to ,eight ,k4 
,& by k is meant ab/ract speculation4 ,x
 is a rea*+ aft] on5ess ) ! deity by    
introspection & metaphysical analysis4  
,ev5 if ?\ w]t ! greate/ evil-do] among 
all ! unrighte\s1 says ,kri%na1 ?\ %alt 
cross ov] all s9s ev5 by ! ark ( k4 ,oh1
 ,arjuna1 z blaz+ fire r$uces fuel to   
a%es1 s ! fire ( k turns all action into
 a%es4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place a k ( ! inf9ite
 )9 u is unatta9able1 & 9 ! second place
 x c\ld n avail u ev5 if atta9able4 ,x  

is n practical k2 x is n a belief unto  
righte\sness4 ,fai? is n an act ( ! bra9
 m]ely1 b ( ! :ole moral nature4 ,!     
wisdom ( self mu/ be laid aside1        
self-righte\sness ca/ into ! du/1 !     
pride & rebellion ( ! w surr5d]$1 & !   
:ole man become z a little *ild4 ,?is is
 ! way ( k t c be made exp]im5tal2 ?is  
is ! k t is unto et]nal life4  #c4      
,ano!r great diff]5tial ( ! ,new        
,te/am5t is f\nd 9 its true doctr9e (   
div9e co-op]ation ) ! human w4 ,our     
p]sonality is n de/roy$ t ! absolute may
 take its place1 b ! two act toge!r4 ,= 
m5 ( r5unciation1 says ! ,bhagavad      
,gita1 ^: he>ts are at re/ f desire &   
ang]1 & kn[+ ! only self1 !re is on bo? 
sides ( dea? effacem5t 7( ! individual7 
9 ! supreme _s4 ,9 su* a p]son1 !re=e1  
ev5 on ?is side ( dea?1 !re is a        
cessation ( ! individual 9 ! supreme4   
,ov] aga9/ ?is ! ,gospel pres5ts !      
doctr9e ( co-op]ative grace1 :i* in/ead 
( crippl+ our human en]gies ar\ses !m to
 _! highe/ & be/ ex]tion4 ,"w out y\r   

own salvation ) fe> & trembl+1 = x is   
,god t worke? 9 y bo? to w & to d ( 8   
good pleasure4 ,! div9e acts ) & ?r\gh !
 human1 b does n de/roy x4 ,x imp>ts !  
greate/ enc\ragem5t1 ! true/            
inspiration4  #d4 ,we notice b "o m out 
( _m po9ts ( contra/ betwe5 ! doctr9es (
 ! ,h9du & ! ,*ri/ian ,bibles1 viz41 !  
diff]5ce betwe5 ascetic inaction & !    
life ( ,*ri/ian activity z means (      
religi\s gr[?4 ,i am aw>e t 9 ! e>li]   
*apt]s ( ! ,bhagavad ,gita1 ,kri%na     
urges ,arjuna to valiant activity on !  
battle-field1 b t is = a special        
purpose1 viz41 ! e/abli%m5t ( ca/e      
di/9ctions4 ,x is :olly =eign to ,h9du  
philosophy2 x is ev5 contradictory4 ,!  
au?or ( ! poem1 :o seems to be aw>e ( ! 
inconsi/5cy ( ar\s+ ,arjuna to ! mighty 
activities ( ! battle-field1 & at ! same
 "t indoctr9at+ him 9 ! _s ( a dead &   
n]veless asceticism1 /ruggles h>d ) !   
awkw>d task ( bridg+ ! illogical *asm ) 
?ree *apt]s ( my/ification4  ,b we take 
! diff]5t *apt]s z !y /&1 & 9 _! obvi\s 

mean+4 ,! man ( m$itation is sup]ior to 
! man ( action1 says ,*apt] ,i41 #df1   
!re=e1 ,arjuna1 become a man (          
m$itation4 ,h[ ! man ( m$itation is to  
proce$ is told 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 #aj-ad4  
,let him :o has atta9$ to m$itation     
always /rive to r$uce 8 he>t to re/ 9 ! 
,supreme1 dwell+ 9 a secret place alone1
 ) body & m9d "u control1 devoid (      
expectation z well z ( acceptance4 ,hav+
 plac$ 9 a clean spot "o's seat1 firm1 n
 v high nor v l[1 =m$ ( ! sk9s (        
animals1 plac$ ^u clo? & cusa grass ^u  
t1 sitt+ on t seat1 /rive = m$itation1 =
 ! purification ( ! he>t1 mak+ ! m9d    
"o-po9t$1 & r$uc+ to re/ ! action ( !   
?9k+ pr9ciple z well z t ( ! s5ses &    
organs4 ,hold+ ! body1 neck1 & head     
/raight & unmov$1 p]fectly det]m9$1 & n 
work+ 9 any direction1 b z if behold+ ! 
end ( 8 own nose1 ) 8 he>t 9 supreme    
peace1 devoid ( fe>1 ) ?\ght controll$ &
 he>t 9 me z ! supreme goal1 he rema9s4 
,h[ diff]5t f all ?is is t pray] (      
,*ri/1 ,i pray n t ,?\ %\ld/ take !m out

 ( ! _w1 b t ,?\ %\ld/ keep !m f ! evil4
 ,or ^? v>i\s words spok5 to 8          
disciples3 ,let y\r light s %9e be=e m5 
t o!rs see+ y\r good works %all glorify 
y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,"w :ile ! day
 la/s1 = ! night come? 9 :i* no man c   
"w4  ,:o c imag9e ,paul sp5d+ all ^?    
ye>s ( opportunity 9 sitt+ on a leop>d  
sk91 wat*+ ! end ( 8 nose in/ead ( turn+
 ! _w upside d[n6 ,9 t true s5se 9 :i*  
,*ri/ liv$ )9 him1 ,he fill$ e av5ue ( 8
 be+ ) ! aggressive _s ( ,god's own love
 = dy+ m54 ,! same _s :i* br\ght ,*ri/ f
 heav5 to e>? s5t ,paul out ov] ! e>?4  
,he 0 n ev5 cont5t to "w on old         
f\ndations1 b reg>d+ himself z "u s5t5ce
 ( dea? he long$ to make ! mo/ ( 8      
votive life1 to be> ! tor* ( ! tru? into
 all realms ( d>kness4 ,he 0 none ! less
 a philosoph] because he pref]r$ !      
simple logic ( ,god's love1 nor did he  
hesitate to confront ! philosophy (     
,a!ns or ! ?reat5+s ( ,roman tyrants4   
,he 0 ready = *a9s & imprisonm5t1 =     
p]ils ( tempe/s or %ipwreck1 or robb]s1 

or infuriate mobs1 or dea? itself4  ,no 
,h9du fakir 0 ev] m consci\s ( ! /ruggle
 ) inw>d corruption ?an he1 & at times  
he c\ld cry out1 ,oh1 wret*$ man t ,i   
am1 :o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is    
dea?8 b he did n seek relief 9 idl5ess &
 inanity1 b 9 :at ,dr4 ,*alm]s call$ !  
expulsive p[] ( new affections1 9 new   
measures ( ,*ri/like devotion to ! cause
 ( tru? & humanity4 ,9 a ^w1 ,*ri/ & 8  
k+dom displac$ ! p[] ( evil4 ,he c\ld d 
all ?+s ?r\gh ,*ri/ :o /r5g!n$ him4     
,nor 0 ! peace :i* he felt & :i* he     
comm5d$ to o!rs ! peace ( m]e negative  
placidity & indiff]5ce4 ,x 0 lov+       
confid5ce & tru/4 ,be c>eful = no?+--we 
he> him say+ to 8 fri5ds at             
,philippi--be c>eful = no?+2 b 9 all ?+s
 by pray] & supplication1 ) ?anksgiv+1  
make kn[n y\r reque/s unto ,god3 & !    
peace ( ,god1 :i* passe? und]/&+1 %all  
keep y\r m9ds & he>ts ?r\gh ,*ri/       
,jesus4 ,& yet to %[ h[ ?is consi/s )   
dev\t activity1 he comm5ds1 9 imm$iate  
connection ) x1 ! cultivation ( e active

 virtue kn[n to m54 ,?us1 ,:atsoev] ?+s 
are true1 :atsoev] ?+s are hone/1       
:atsoev] ?+s are j1 :atsoev] ?+s are    
pure1 :atsoev] ?+s are lovely1 :atsoev] 
?+s are ( good report1 if !re be any    
virtue1 if !re be any praise1 ?9k on ^! 
?+s4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #gd3     
,h\ghton1 ,miffl9  ,co41 #ahhi4         
,footnote #ge3 ,! au?or seems to ov]look
 ! fact t ! *ief excell5ce ( an evangel 
to lo/ m5 is t x appeals to ! masses4   
,footnote #gf3 ,address publi%$ 9 !     
,japan ,mail1 #ahij4  ,footnote #gg3    
,!re is sc>cely ano!r passage 9 all     
,h9du lit]ature :i* is s full (         
half-tru?s z ?is1 or :i* turns ! sublime
 p[]s ( ! human s\l to s unwor?y a      
purpose4  ,footnote #gh3 ,9 an          
enum]ation ( ,h9du gods made 9 ,buddha's
 "t ,kri%na does n appe>4  ,footnote    
#gi3 ,nev] be=e has !re be5 s mu* dang] 
z n[ t ! l9es ( tru? w be wa%$ out by ! 
flood-tides ( s5tim5tal & semi ,*ri/ian 
sub/itutes & make%ifts4 ,z )            
commodities1 s ) religion1 dilution &   

adult]ation are ! ord] ( ! day & a      
little ,*ri/ianity is made to flavor a  
?\s& %ams4     ,,lecture ,v4  ,,buddhism
 ,,& ,,*ri/ianity   ,new int]e/ has     
rec5tly be5 awak5$ 9 old controv]sies   
conc]n+ ! relations ( ,*ri/ianity &     
,buddhism4 ,! s-call$ ,!osophi/s &      
,esot]ic ,buddhi/s are reviv+ explod$   
argum5ts aga9/ ,*ri/ianity z means (    
support+ _! crude !ories4 ,! *>ge (     
,g]man sceptics1 t ,*ri/ianity borr[$   
l>gely f ,buddhism1 is made once m !    
special /ock 9 trade ( ^! new &         
fanatical organizations4 ,to ?is end    
books1 tracts1 & leaflets are scatt]$   
broadca/1 & especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 & ,great ,brita94  ,pr(essor ,max      
,muell] says1 9 a rec5t article publi%$ 
9 ,longman's ,new ,review3 ,:o has n    
suff]$ lately f ,!osophy & ,esot]ic     
,buddhism8 ,j\rnals are full ( x1 novels
 ov]fl[ ) x1 & "o is flood$ ) private & 
confid5tial lett]s to ask :at x all     
really means4 ,_m p1 no d\bt1 are mu*   
di/ress$ 9 _! m9ds :5 !y are told t     

,*ri/ianity is b a second edition (     
,buddhism4 ',is x really true8' !y ask4 
',:y did y n tell u all ?is be=e8       
,surely1 y mu/ h kn[n x1 & 7 only afraid
 to tell x4' ,!n foll[ o!r que/ions3    
',does ,buddhism really c\nt m believ]s 
?an any o!r religion8' ',is ,buddhism   
really old] ?an ,*ri/ianity1 & does x   
really conta9 _m ?+s :i* are f\nd 9 !   
,bible8' ,& ! le>n$ pr(essor proce$s to 
%[ t !re is no evid5ce t ,*ri/ianity has
 borr[$ f ,buddhism4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ^!   
same ideas are p]haps m widely circulat$
 ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,!y are subsidiz+ !      
p[]ful ag5cy ( ! secul> press1          
p>ticul>ly ! ,sunday newspap]s1 & ?\s&s 
( ! p are confront+ ^! puzzl+ que/ions4 
,!re is occasion1 !re=e1 = a c>eful &   
c&id review ( ,buddhism by all lead]s ( 
?\ght & def5d]s ( tru?4  ,9 ! brief "t  
allott$ me1 ,i c only call att5tion to a
 few sali5t po9ts ( a g5]al "*4 ,9 !    
outset1 a di/9ction %\ld be drawn betwe5
 ,buddhi/ hi/ory & ,buddhi/ leg5d1 = j  
at ?is po9t ! dang] ( misrepres5tation  

lies4 ,x is true t ! ,buddha liv$ be=e !
 "t ( ,*ri/1 & !re=e any?+ ( ! nature ( 
real biography mu/ be ( an e>li] date   
?an ! tea*+s ( ,jesus2 b :e!r ! leg5ds  
ant$ate ,8 life & doctr9es is q ano!r   
"q4 ,! ,buddhi/ apologi/s all assume t  
!y d1 & x is ^u ! leg5ds t mo/ ( !      
alleg$ p>allelisms 9 ! two records are  
bas$4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we draw ! l9e betwe5
 hi/ory & leg5d8 ,! conc5sus ( ! be/    
s*ol>%ip accepts ^? traditions 9 :i* !  
nor!rn & s\!rn ,buddhi/ records agree1  
:i* ! ,c\ncil ( ,patna1 ,b4,c4 #bdb1    
adopt$ z canonical1 & :i* are 9 !mselves
 cr$ible & consi/5t ) ! tea*+s (        
,gautama himself4 ,accord+ to ?is /&>d (
 au?ority ,gautama 0 born ab\t ! six?   
c5tury ,b4,c41 z ! son & heir ( a rajah 
( ! ,sakya tribe ( ,aryans1 liv+ ab\t   
eighty miles nor? by nor?we/ ( ,b5>es4  
,8 "m1 ! pr9cipal wife ( ,kajah         
,suddhodana1 _h liv$ _m ye>s )\t (fspr+1
 & %e di$ n long aft] ! bir? ( ?is h]   
only son1 ,sidd>?a4 ,9 8 y\? he 0 m>ri$ 
& surr\nd$ by all ! allurem5ts &        

pleasures ( an ,ori5tal c\rt4 ,he1 too1 
appe>s to h rema9$ )\t an heir till he 0
 tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( age1 :51 ^u ! bir? ( a
 son1 c]ta9 morbid t5d5cies came to a   
climax1 & he left 8 palace secretly &   
s\ght true com=t 9 a life ( asceticism4 
,= six ye>s he tri$ dilig5tly ! res\rces
 ( ,h9du self-mortification1 b becom+   
exhau/$ by 8 au/]ities1 almo/ unto dea?1
 he ab&on$ t mode ( life1 hav+ app>5tly 
become a!i/ic4 ,he r5\nc$ ! idea (      
m]it-mak+ z a means ( spiritual         
atta9m5t1 & he 0 sorely tempt$1 no d\bt1
 to return to 8 =m] life ( ease4 ,b he  
)/ood ! temptation & resolv$ to =ego    
e>?ly pleasure1 & tea* mank9d :at he    
conceiv$ to be ! way ( life1 ?r\gh      
self-control4 ,he _h tri$ pleasure2 next
 he _h tri$ extreme asceticism2 he n[   
/ruck out :at he call$ ,! ,middle ,pa?1 
z betwe5 self-indulg5ce on ! "o h&1 &   
extreme bodily mortification z a ?+ (   
m]it on ! o!r4 ,?is middle gr\nd /ill   
dem&$ ab/95ce z favorable to ! highe/   
m5tal & moral conditions1 b x 0 n c>ri$ 

to su* extremes z to weak5 ! body or !  
m9d1 or impair ! fulle/ op]ation ( e    
faculty4#hj  ,!re c be no d\bt t        
,gautama's rel9qui%m5t ( ,h9duism m>k$ a
 great & mo/ try+ crisis4 ,x involv$ !  
loss ( all confid5ce 9 him on ! "p ( 8  
disciples1 = :5 he began aga9 to take   
necess>y food !y all =sook him z a      
failure4 ,x 0 :ile sitt+ "u ! %ade ( an 
,indian fig-tree 7,boddhi-tree7 t ?is   
/ruggle occurr$ & 8 victory 0 ga9$4 ,!re
 8 future c\rse 0 resolv$ ^u2 !re 0 !   
real bir?-place ( ,buddhism z a sy/em4  
,he !nce=? began to prea* ! law1 or :at 
he reg>d$ z ! way ( self-emancipation1 &
 !re=e ! way ( life4 ,he fir/ s\ght 8   
five foll[]s1 :o _h ab&on$ him1 &       
succe$$ 9 w9n+ !m back4 ,he ga!r$ at    
l5g? a company ( ab\t sixty disciples1  
:om he tra9$ & s5t =? z tea*]s ( 8 new  
doctr9es4 ,yet1 /ill influ5c$ by ! old  
,h9du notions ( ! religi\s life1 he =m$ 
8 disciples into an ord] ( m5dicants1 & 
9 due "t he e/abli%$ an ord] ( nuns4  ,x
 0 :5 ,gautama rose up f 8 m$itation & 8

 high resolve "u ! ,bo-tree1 t he began 
8 c>e] z ,! ,enlight5$4 ,he 0 n[ a      
,buddha1 & claim$ to h atta9$ ,nirvana4 
,all t has be5 writt5 ( 8 hav+ left 8   
palace ) ! purpose ( becom+ a savi\r (  
mank9d1 is ! %e] assumption ( ! lat]    
leg5ds & _! apologi/s4 ,buddhism 0 an   
aft]-?\ght1 only rea*$ aft] six ye>s (  
bootless asceticism4 ,!re is no evid5ce 
t :5 ,sidd>?a left 8 palace he _h any   
?\ght ( b5efit+ anybody b himself4 ,he  
ent]$ ^u ! life ( ! recluse ) ! same    
motives & aims t h influ5c$ ?\s&s ( o!r 
monks & an*orets ( all l&s & ages--"s ( 
!m pr9ces l himself4 ,nev]!less1 = !    
noble decision :i* 0 f9ally rea*$ we    
give him high cr$it4 ,x seems to h be5  
"o ( ! noble/ victories ev] ga9$ by man 
ov] l[] impulses & desires4 ,! passions 
( y\? 7 n yet dead )9 him2 worldly      
ambition may be suppos$ to h be5 /ill 9 
=ce2 b he *ose ! "p ( a mission>y to 8  
fell[-m51 & !re is no evid5ce t he ev]  
sw]v$ f 8 purpose4 ,he _h won a great   
victory ov] himself1 & t fact con/itut$ 

a secret ( great p[]4 ,gautama 0 ab\t   
?irty-five ye>s ( age :5 he became a    
,buddha1 & = =ty-five ye>s aft] t he    
liv$ to prea* 8 doctr9es & to e/abli% ! 
mona/ic in/itution :i* has surviv$ to   
our "t4 ,he di$ a natural dea? f        
indige/ion at ! age ( eighty--greatly   
v5]at$ by 8 disciples1 & ! c5tre ( :at  
_h already become a wide-spread sy/em 9 
a l>ge di/rict ( ,india4  ,! leg5ds (   
,buddhism are a v diff]5t ?+ f ! brief  
sket* :i* ,i h giv51 & :i* is bas$ ^u ! 
e>li] ,buddhi/ lit]ature4 ,^! sprang up 
aft] ,gautama's dea?1 & _! gr[? ext5d$  
?r\gh _m c5turies--_m c5turies ev5 ( !  
,*ri/ian era4 ,! leg5ds divide ! life ( 
! ,buddha into ?ree p]iods3 #a4 ,t ( 8  
pre-exi/5t /ates4 #b4 ,t "p ( 8 life :i*
 ext5d$ f 8 bir? to 8 enlight5m5t "u !  
,bo-tree4 #c4 ,! =ty-five ye>s ( 8      
,buddha%ip4 ,! leg5ds h no m difficulty 
9 deal+ ) ! p>ticul> exp]i5ces ( !      
pre-exi/5t /ates ?an 9 enri*+ & adorn+ !
 incid5ts ( 8 e>?ly life2 & bo? are     
d\btless ab\t equally au!ntic4  ,gautama

 disc>d$ ! idea ( a div9e revelation2 he
 reject$ ! au?ority ( ! ,v$as totally4  
,he d5i$ t he 0 div9e1 b di/9ctly claim$
 to be a pla9 & e>ne/ man4 ,all t he    
knew1 he _h discov]$ by insight &       
self-conque/4 ,to assume t he 0         
pre-exi/5tly div9e & omnisci5t subv]ts !
 :ole !ory ( 8 s-call$ discov]y1 & is at
 v>iance ) ! idea ( a p]sonal conque/4  
,! *ief emphasis & =ce ( 8 tea*+s lay 9 
! assumption t he did simply :at o!r m5 
might d2 = 8 mission 0 t ( a tea*] &    
exempl] m]ely4 ,he 0 a savi\r only 9 t  
he taught m5 h[ to save !mselves4  ,!   
pre-exi/5t /ates are set =? 9 !         
,jatakas1 or ,bir? ,/ories ( ,ceylon1   
:i* repres5t him z hav+ be5 born five   
hundr$ & ?irty times aft] he became a   
,bodisat 7a pr$e/9$ ,buddha74 ,z a      
specim5 ( 8 v>i$ exp]i5ce :ile becom+   
fitt$ = ,budda%ip1 we read t he 0 born  
eighty-?ree times z an ascetic1         
fifty-eight z a mon>*1 =ty-?ree z a     
deva1 tw5ty-f\r z a ,brahman1 eighte5 z 
an ape2 z a de] t51 an elephant six1 a  

lion t52 at lea/ once ea* z a ?ief1 a   
gambl]1 a frog1 a h>e1 a snipe4 ,he 0   
also embodi$ 9 a tree4 ,b z a ,bodisat  
he c\ld n be born 9 hell1 nor z v]m91   
nor z a woman6 ,says ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 ) a  
t\* ( irony3 ,he c\ld desc5d no l[] ?an 
a snipe4  ,nor!rn leg5ds repres5t       
,buddha z hav+ inc>nat$ = ! purpose (   
br++ relief to a di/ress$ _w4 ,he 0     
miracul\sly conceiv$--8 "m's side 9 ! =m
 ( a :ite elephant4 ,all nature manife/$
 its joy on ! occasion4 ,! ocean bloom$ 
) fl[]s2 all be+s f _m worlds %[$ _!    
wond] & sympa?y4 ,_m miracles 7 wr\ght  
ev5 dur+ 8 *ildhood1 & e "p ( 8 c>e] 0  
fill$ ) m>vels4 ,at 8 temptation "u !   
,bo-tree1 ,m>a 7,satan7 came to him     
m\nt$ on an elephant sixte5 miles high &
 surr\nd$ by an encircl+ army ( demons  
elev5 miles deep4#ha ,f9d+ him pro(     
aga9/ 8 bl&i%m5ts1 he hurl$ m\nta9s (   
rocks aga9/ him1 & assail$ him ) fire & 
smoke & a%es & fil?--all ( :i* became z 
zephyrs on 8 *eek or z pres5ts (        
fragrant fl[]s4 ,la/ ( all1 he s5t 8    

?ree daught]s to s$uce him4 ,_!         
bl&i%m5ts are set =? at great l5g? 9 !  
,romantic ,leg5d4  ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,buddhi/
 lit]ature--embrac+ bo? ! ,romantic     
,leg5d#hb & ! ,lalita ,vi/>a--_m        
incid5ts ( ,buddha's *ildhood are giv5  
:i* %[ a seem+ co9cid5ce ) ! life (     
,*ri/4 ,x is claim$ t 8 bir? 0 h]ald$ by
 angelic ho/s1 t an ag$ sage receiv$ him
 into 8 arms & bless$ him1 t he 0 tak5  
to ! temple = consecration1 t a jeal\s  
rul] s\ght to de/roy him1 t 9 8 boyhood 
he a/oni%$ ! doctors by 8 wisdom1 t he 0
 baptiz$1 or at lea/ took a ba?1 t he 0 
tempt$1 transfigur$1 & f9ally receiv$ up
 into heav54 ,^! w be notic$ f>!r on2 x 
is only necess>y to say "h t ! leg5ds   
giv+ ^! details are fir/ at v>iance ) ! 
e>ly canonical hi/ory1 & second1 t !y   
are ( su* lat] dates z to place mo/ ( !m
 probably )9 ! ,*ri/ian era4  ,! ,f\r   
,peculi> & ,*>act]i/ic ,doctr9es (      
,buddhism4  #a4 ,its peculi> conception 
( ! s\l4 #b4 ,its doctr9e ( ,tri%na &   
,upadana4 #c4 ,its !ory ( ,kh>ma4 #d4   

,its doctr9e ( ,nirvana4  #a4 ,! ,sk&as1
 five 9 numb]1 con/itute 9 _! int]action
 :at all o!rs ?an ,buddhi/s reg>d z !   
s\l4 ,!y consi/ ( mat]ial prop]ties2 !  
s5ses2 ab/ract ideas2 t5d5cies or       
prop5sities2 & ! m5tal p[]s4 ,! s\l is !
 result ( ! comb9$ action ( ^!1 z !     
flame ( a c&le proce$s f ! combu/ion (  
its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,! flame is nev] 
! same = two consecutive mom5ts4 ,x     
seems to h a p]petuat$ id5tity1 b t is  
only an illusion1 & ! same unreality    
p]ta9s to ! s\l4 ,x is only a succession
 ( ?\ghts1 emotions1 & consci\s         
exp]i5ces4 ,we are n ! same t we 7 an   
h\r ago4 ,9 fact1 !re is no su* ?+ z    
be+--!re is only a con/ant becom+4 ,we  
are ev] pass+ f "o po9t to ano!r ?r\gh\t
 our life2 & ?is is true ( all be+s &   
all ?+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,h[ x is t !       
succession ( exp]i5ces is treasur$ up 9 
memory is n made cle>4 ,?is is a mo/    
subtle doctr9e1 & x has _m po9ts (      
contact ) v>i\s speculations ( mod]n    
times4 ,x has also a plausible side :5  

view$ 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce1 b its gaps &
 inconsi/5cies are fatal1 z mu/ be se5  
:5 x is ?or\ghly exam9$4  #b4 ,! second 
( ! c>d9al doctr9es is t ( ,tri%na4     
,tri%na is t inborn elem5t ( desire ^:  
t5d5cy is to lead m5 into evil4 ,s f>1 x
 is a mis=tune or a =m ( orig9al s94    
,:atev] x may h ( ! nature ( guilt hangs
 ^u ! issues ( a previ\s life4 ,upadana 
is a fur!r /age 9 ! same developm5t4 ,x 
is ,tri%na rip5$ into int5se crav+ by   
our own *oice & our own action4 ,x !n   
becomes uncontrollable & is cle>ly a    
matt] ( guilt4 ,n[1 ! mom5tum ( ?is     
,upadana is su* t x _c be arre/$ by     
dea?4 ,l ! demons ( ,gad>a x mu/ aga9   
become inc>nate1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld ent] ! 
body ( a brute4 ,& ?is transitional     
some?+1 ?is re/less moral or immoral =ce
 :i* mu/ "w out its natural results     
someh[ & some:]e1 & t 9 embodi$ =m      
projects into future be+ a residuum :i* 
is kn[n z ,kh>ma4  #c4 ,:at1 !n1 is     
,kh>ma8 ,lit]ally x means ! do+4 ,x is a
 man's record1 involv+ ! consequ5ces &  

liabilities ( 8 acts4 ,x is a score :i* 
mu/ be settl$4 ,a "q naturally arises1  
h[ ! record ( a s\l c survive :5 ! s\l  
itself has be5 bl[n out4 ,! illu/ration 
( ! c&le does n q meet ! case4 ,if !    
flame 7 some?+ :i* :5 bl[n out          
imm$iately seiz$ ^u "s o!r sub/ance 9   
:i* ! "w ( combu/ion proce$$1 x w\ld    
come ne>] to a p>allel4 ,"o c&le may    
light ano!r be=e itself is ext+ui%$1 b x
 does n d x by an inh]5t necessity4 ,b  
?is flame ( ! s\l1 ?is ,kh>ma1 mu/ ent] 
"s o!r body ( god1 or man1 or bea/4     
,aga91 ! "q arises1 ,h[ c responsibility
 be transf]r$ f "o to ano!r8 ,h[ c !    
heavy load ( a man's s9 be laid ^u "s   
new-born infant1 :ile ! dep>t+ s9n] has 
himself no fur!r conc]n 9 8 evil ,kh>ma1
 b s9ks into non-exi/5ce ! mom5t 8      
con=mations are t\*$ ) dissolution8     
,buddhism ackn[l$ges a my/]y "h2 no real
 explanation c be giv51 & none seems to 
h be5 attempt$ by ,buddhi/ writ]s4 ,to  
be consi/5t1 ,gautama1 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce 
( ,god & ( ! s\l z an entity1 %\ld h    

taught ! mat]iali/ic doctr9e (          
annihilation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he c\ld n d 9
 ! face ( t deep-root$ idea (           
transmigration :i* _h tak5 entire       
possession ( ! ,h9du m9d4 ,gautama 0    
compell$ !re=e to bridge a mo/ illogical
 *asm z be/ he c\ld4 ,kh>ma )\t a s\l to
 cl+ to is some?+ 9 ! air4 ,x alights l 
"s w+$ se$ ^u a new-born set ( ,sk&as ) 
its luckless boon ( ill des]t1 & x      
involves ! fatal inconsi/5cy ( inve/+ ) 
p]man5t "* t :i* is itself imp]man5t4   
,b ! "q may be ask$1 ,d we n admit a    
simil> pr9ciple :5 we speak ( a man's   
influ5ce z some?+ t survives him8 ,we   
answ]1 ,no4 ,influ5ce is a simple       
radiation ( impressions4 ,a man may     
leave an influ5ce :i* m5 are free to    
accept or n1 b x is q a diff]5t ?+ if he
 leaves ^u a successor ! moral          
liabilities ( a bankrupt "*4 ,gautama's 
own ,kh>ma1 = example1 ceas$ to exi/ ^u 
8 ent]+ ,nirvana2 !re 0 no re-bir?2 b 8 
influ5ce lives =ev]1 & has ext5d$ to    
millions ( 8 fell[-m54  ,! inju/ice     

involv$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,kh>ma is />tl+4  
,! new-born s\l t inh]its its unsettl$  
score has no memory or consci\sness t   
connects x ) himself2 x is n h]$ity2 x  
is n 8 fa!r's "* t inve/s him4 ,?is     
,kh>ma may h cross$ ! ocean f ! dea?-b$ 
( "s unkn[n man ( ano!r race4 ,! doctr9e
 is ! m a/oni%+ :5 we consid] t no      
,supreme ,be+ is recogniz$ z claim+ ?is 
retribution4 ,!re is no ,god2 x is a    
vague law ( et]nal ju/ice1 a law )\t a  
law-giv] or a judge4 ,!re c !re=e be no 
p>don1 no commutation ( s5t5ce1 no su*  
?+ z div9e pity or help4 ,! only way 9  
:i* "o c dis5tangle himself is by break+
 =ev] ! connection betwe5 _s & matt] :i*
 b9ds him ) ! %ackles ( consci\s be+4   
#d4 ,nirvana4 ,no doctr9e ( ,buddhism   
has be5 s mu* 9 dispute z ?is4 ,x has   
be5 widely ma9ta9$ t ,nirvana means     
ext9ction4 ,b ,t4,w4 ,rhys ,davids &    
o!rs h held t x is ! de/ruction (       
malice1 passion1 & delusion1 & t x may  
be atta9$ 9 ?is life4 ,! def9ition is   
quot$ f comp>atively rec5t ,pali        

translations4#hc ,gautama1 !re=e1 rea*$ 
,nirvana =ty-five ye>s be=e 8 dea?4 ,x  
is claim$1 h[ev]1 t insomu* z x cuts (f 
,kh>ma1 or re-bir?1 x involves entire   
ext9ction ( be+ ^u ! dissolution ( !    
body4#hd ,x is held by /ill o!rs t      
,nirvana is a return to ! orig9al &     
all-p]vad+ ,boddhi-ess5ce4 ,?is !ory1   
:i* is really a concession to !         
,brahmanical doctr9e ( absorption into !
 inf9ite ,brahma1 has a wide foll[+     
among ! mod]n ,buddhi/s 9 ,*9a & ,japan4
 ,x is a =m ( ,buddhi/ pan!ism4  ,z to !
 tea*+ ( ,gautama on ?is subject1       
,pr(essor ,max ,muell]1 :ile admitt+ t !
 meta-physicians :o foll[$ ! great tea*]
 pla9ly taught t ! entire p]sonal entity
 ( an arhat 7an enlight5$ "o7 w\ld      
become ext9ct ^u ! dea? ( ! body1 yet   
reasons1 9 8 lecture on ,buddhi/ic      
,nihilism1 t ! ,buddha himself c\ld n h 
taught a doctr9e s di%e>t5+4 ,at ! same 
"t he quotes ! le>n$ & judicial ,bi%op  
,big&et z decl>+1 aft] ye>s ( /udy &    
obs]vation 9 ,burmah1 t su* is ! doctr9e

 ascrib$ to ! great tea*] by 8 own      
disciples4 ,gautama is quot$ z clos+ "o 
( 8 s]mons 9 ^! words3 ,m5dicants1 t :i*
 b9ds ! tea*] to exi/5ce is cut (f1 b 8 
body /ill rema9s4 ,:ile 8 body /ill     
rema9s he %all be se5 by gods & m51 b   
aft] ! t]m9ation ( life1 ^u !           
dissolution ( ! body1 nei!r gods nor m5 
%all see him4 ,t4,w4 ,rhys ,davids      
expresses ! doctr9e ( ,nirvana t]sely & 
correctly :5 he says3 ,utt] dea?1 ) no  
new life to foll[1 is1 !n1 a result (1 b
 x is n1 ,nirvana4#he ,pr(essor ,old5b]g
 sugge/s1 ) mu* plausibility1 t !       
,buddha 0 m retic5t 9 reg>d to ! doctr9e
 ( f9al ext9ction 9 ! lat] p]iods ( 8   
life2 t ! depress+ doctr9e _h be5 f\nd a
 /umbl+-block1 & t he came to assume an 
agno/ic position on ! "q4 ,9 8          
,buddha1#hf ,pr(essor ,old5b]g1 p>tly 9 
answ] to ! gr\nds tak5 by ,pr(essor ,max
 ,muell] 9 8 lecture on ,buddhi/ic      
,nihilism1 has v fully discuss$ ! "q    
:e!r ! ego survives 9 ,nirvana 9 any    
s5se4 ,he claims t c]ta9 new            

translations ( ,pali texts h giv5       
important evid5ce on ! subject1 & he    
sums up ) ! app>5t conclusion t !       
,buddha1 mov$ by ! depress+ influ5ce :i*
 ! grim doctr9e ( ,nirvana1 9 ! s5se (  
ext9ction1 0 produc+ ^u 8 disciples1    
assum$ a position ( retic5ce z to :e!r !
 ego survives or n4 ,! v5]able ,malukya 
7see p4 #bge7 is said to h pli$ ! ,ma/] 
) que/ions4 ,does ! p]fect ,buddha live 
on beyond dea?1 or does he n8 ,x pleases
 me n t all ?is %\ld rema9 unansw]$1 &  
,i d n ?9k x "r4 ,may x please ! ,ma/]  
to answ] me if he c4 ,b :5 anyone does n
 und]/& a matt]1 !n a /raight=w>d man   
says1 ',i d n "k t4' ,! ,buddha replies 
some:at evasively t he has n und]tak5 to
 decide su* que/ions1 because !y are n =
 spiritual edification4  ,! "q1 ,:at is 
,nirvana8 has be5 ! object ( m ext5sive 
discussion ?an its importance dem&s4    
,practically1 ! millions ( ,buddhi/s are
 n conc]n$ ) ! "q4 ,!y f9d no attraction
 9 ei!r view4 ,!y desire nei!r ext9ction
 nor unconsci\s absorption into !       

,boddhi ess5ce 7or ,brahm74 ,:at !y     
anticipate is an improv$ transmigration1
 a bett] bir?4 ,! m dev\t may indulge ! 
hope t _! next life w be sp5t 9 "o ( !  
,buddhi/ heav5s2 o!rs may aspire to be  
m5 ( high position & influ5ce4 ,! real  
heav5 to :i* ! av]age ,buddhi/ looks    
=w>d is apt to be some?+ v mu* aft] 8   
own he>t1 or at lea/ some?+ indicat$ by 
! e/imate :i* he himself places ^u 8 own
 "* & life4 ,!re may be _m              
transmigrations await+ him1 b he is     
*iefly conc]n$ = ! next 9 ord]4 ,! v la/
 object to excite 8 int]e/ is t f>-(f   
%ad[ call$ ,nirvana4  ,9 e/imat+ !      
conflict ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,buddhism we   
mu/ n take c\nsel m]ely ( our own s5se (
 ! absurdity ( ,gautama's tea*+s2 we are
 to rememb] t 9 ,*ri/ian l&s society is 
made up ( all k9ds ( p2 t outside ( !   
,*ri/ian ,*ur* !re are ?\s&s1 & ev5     
millions1 :o1 ) respect to fai?1 are 9  
utt] *aos & d>kness4 ,! ,*ur* !re=e _c  
view ?is subject f its own /&-po9t      
m]ely4 ,let u glance at c]ta9 features (

 ,buddhism :i* r5d] x welcome to v>i\s  
classes ( m5 :o dwell among u 9 ,we/]n  
l&s4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! sy/em comm5ds itself
 to _m by its int5se individualism4     
,paul's figure ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! human 
frame z illu/rat+ ! body ( ,*ri/1 mutual
 9 ! int]dep5d5ce ( all its memb]s1 w\ld
 be :olly out ( place 9 ,buddhism4 ,ev5 
! ,buddhi/ monks are s _m units (       
introv]t$ self-righte\sness4 ,&         
individualism diff]5tly appli$ is !     
*>act]i/ic ( our age1 & !re=e a bond (  
sympa?y is suppli$4 ,e man = himself1   
appeals to mod]n society 9 _m ways4     
,aga91 ,gautama magnifi$ ! human        
intellect & ! p[] ( ! human w4 ,o ,an&a1
 he said1 be lamps unto y\rselves2 dep5d
 ^u no o!r4 ,he claim$ to h ?\ght out1 &
 ?\ght ?r\gh e problem ( exi/5ce1 to h  
p5etrat$ e secret ( human nature 9 !    
pres5t1 & 9 ! life to come1 & 8 example 
0 comm5d$ to all1 t !y might foll[ 9 _! 
measure4 ,s also our transc5d5tal       
philosoph]s h glorifi$ ! p[]s &         
possibilities ( humanity1 & h made g5ius

 sup]ior to sa9tl9ess4#hg ,!re are t5s (
 ?\s&s :o 9 ?is respect believe 9 a     
religion ( humanity1 & :o wor%ip1 if !y 
wor%ip at all1 ! goddess ( reason4 ,all 
su* h a natural aff9ity = ,buddhism4    
,ano!r po9t 9 common betwe5 ?is sy/em & 
! _s ( our age is its broad             
humanit>ianism--b5efic5ce to ! l[]      
grades ( life4 ,:5 love transc5ds !     
b\nds ( ! human family x does n rise up 
t[>d ,god1 x desc5ds t[>d ! l[] ord]s ( 
! animal _w4 ,%[ pity t[>d ev]y?+ t     
exi/s1 is its motto1 & ! insect & ! worm
 hold a l>g] relative place 9 ! ,buddhi/
 ?an 9 ! ,*ri/ian view4 ,! "q ,are ye n 
( m value ?an _m sp>r[s8 might be       
d\btful 9 ! ,buddhi/ e/imate1 = ! tea*] 
himself1 9 8 pre-exi/5t /ates1 _h (t5   
be5 inc>nate 9 inf]ior creatures4 ,x is 
by no means conc$$ t ,jesus1 9 ask+ 8   
disciples ?is "q1 _h less pity = !      
sp>r[s ?an ! ,buddha1 or t 8 b5efic5ce 0
 less ?\ghtful ( ! meane/ ?+ t glides   
?r\gh ! air or creeps ^u ! e>?2 b ! _s (
 ,*ri/ianity is m discrim9at+1 & its    

love rises up to heav51 :]e1 beg9n+ )   
,god1 x desc5ds ?r\gh e grade ( be+4    
,yet x is q 9 accordance ) ! _s & aim ( 
?\s&s to magnify ! *>ity t conf9es      
itself to bodily wants & di/resses1 to  
sne] at ! relief :i* religion may br+ to
 ! f> great] angui% ( ! _s1 & to look ^u
 love & loyalty to ,god z sup]/ition4   
,is x any wond] t su* p]sons h a w>m    
side t[>d ,buddhism8 ,aga91 ?is sy/em   
has c]ta9 po9ts 9 common ) our mod]n    
evolution !ories4 ,x is unsci5tific     
en\gh c]ta9ly 9 its speculations1 b x   
gets on )\t creator%ip or div9e         
sup]9t5d5ce1 & believes 9 ! inflexible  
reign ( law1 ?\gh )\t a law-giv]4 ,x    
assigns long ages to ! process (        
creation1 if we may call x creation1 & 9
 developm5t ?r\gh cycles x sees little  
necessity = ! "w ( ,god4  ,x c also jo9 
h&s cordially ) _m social !ories ( !    
day4 ,! pessimism ( ,buddhi/s1 anci5t or
 mod]n1 f9ds great sympa?y 9 ! cr[d$    
populations ( ! ,we/]n z well z ! ,ea/]n
 _w4 ,&1 almo/ z a rule1 ,esot]ic       

,buddhism1 ,am]ican ,buddhism1          
,neo-,buddhism1 or :atev] we may call x1
 is a cave ( ,adullam to :i* all types (
 religi\s apo/ates & social malcont5ts  
resort4 ,! ?\s&s :o h made %ipwreck (   
fai?1 :o h become s\r$ at ! unequal     
allotm5ts ( ,provid5ce1 :o h le>n$ to   
hate all :o are above !m & m prosp]\s   
?an !y1 are j 9 ! /ate ( m9d to take    
delight 9 ,buddha's s]mon at            
,kapilava/u1 z rehe>s$ by ,sir ,edw9    
,arnold4 ,!re all be+s met--gods1 devas1
 m51 bea/s ( ! field1 & f[ls ( ! air--to
 make common cause aga9/ ! rel5tless    
fate t rules ! _w1 & to bewail ! suff]+s
 & dea? :i* fill ! great *>nel-h\se (   
exi/5ce1 :ile ,buddha voic$ _! common   
compla9t & /ood be=e !m z ! only pity+  
fri5d t ! univ]se _h f\nd4 ,x 0 ! fir/  
great ,communi/ meet+ ( :i* we h any    
record4#hh ,! wrong$ & suff]+ univ]se 0 
!re1 & all              took ! promise (
 8 pite\s spee*1    ,s t _! lives1      
prison$ 9 ! %ape ( ape1    ,tig] or de]1
 %agg$ be>1 jackal or wolf1    ,f\l-fe$+

 kite1 pe>l$ dove or peacock gemm$1     
,squat toad or speckl$ s]p5t1 liz>d1    
bat1    ,yea1 or fi% fann+ ! riv] waves1
    ,t\*$ meekly at ! skirts ( bro!rhood
    ,) man1 :o ha? less innoc5ce ?an ^!3
    ,& 9 mute gladness knew _! bondage  
broke    ,:il/ ,buddha spoke ^! ?+s be=e
 ! k+4  ,!re 0 no m5tion ( s91 b only ( 
univ]sal mis=tune6  ,9 contra/ ) ! deep 
%ad[s ( a brood+ & all-embrac+ pessimism
 l ?is1 we ne$ only to h9t at t gl[ (   
hope & joy ) :i* ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness 
has flood$ ! _w1 & ! fa!rly love &      
compassion ) :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t & !    
,new are replete1 ! div9e plan (        
r$emption1 ! psalms ( praise &          
?anksgiv+1 ! pity ( ,*ri/'s words &     
acts1 & 8 invitations to ! we>y &       
heavy-lad54 ,9 "o view x is /range t    
pessimism %\ld h com=t 9 ! fell[%ip (   
pessimism1 b s x is2 !re is luxury ev5 9
 ! sympa?y ( hate1 & s ,buddhi/         
pessimism is a welcome gue/ among u1    
?\gh our ,communi/ic qu]ul\sness is m   
bitt]4  ,once m1 ,buddhi/ occultism has 

f\nd cong5ial fell[%ip 9 ,am]ican       
spiritualism4 ,( late we he> less (     
_s-rapp+s & f> m ( ,!osophy4 ,b ?is is  
only ! same crude sy/em ) o!r names1 &  
r5d]$ m respectable by ! ca/-(f g>m5ts (
 old ,indian philosophy4 ,!re is a      
disposition 9 ! m intellectual circles  
to assume a degree ( disda9 t[>d !      
crud5ess ( spiritualism & its vulg>     
famili>ity ) dep>t$ spirits1 :o mu/ ev] 
be di/urb$ by its beck & call2 b x is   
confid5tly expect$ t ! ?\s&s1 nay1 z "s 
say1 millions1 ( ,am]ican spirituali/s w
 gladly welcome ! "n & ! cre$ (         
,buddha4#hi ,x w be idle !re=e to assume
 t ! old sleepy sy/em ( ,gautama has no 
*ance 9 ?is wide-awake republic ( !     
,we/4#ij  ,i h already call$ att5tion to
 ! special tactics ( ,buddhi/s j n[ 9   
claim+ t ,*ri/ianity1 hav+ be5 ( lat]   
orig91 has borr[$ its pr9cipal facts &  
its tea*+s4 ,let u exam9e ! *>ge4 ,x is 
a real tribute to ! "* ( ,*ri/ t s _m   
sects ( false religioni/s h 9 all ages  
claim$ ,him ei!r z a foll[] or z an     

inc>nation ( _! respective deities4     
,o!rs h ackn[l$g$ 8 tea*+s z belong+ to 
_! p>ticul> /yle & grade4 ,! bitt] &    
sca?+ calumny ( ,celsus1 9 ! fir/       
c5turies ( our era1 did n prev5t num]\s 
attempts to prove ! id5tity ( ,*ri/'s   
tea*+s ) "s ( ! mo/ popul> philosophies 
( ! hea!n _w4 ,porphyry claim$ t _m (   
,*ri/'s virtues 7 copi$ f ,py?agoras4 ,)
 l concession ,mohamm$anism includ$     
,jesus z "o ( ! six great prophets1 &   
confess$ly ! only s9less "o among !m    
all4 ,_m a fanatic 9 ! successive       
c5turies has claim$ to be a new         
inc>nation ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,h9dus h    
nam$ ,him z an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu = !  
,we/]n1 z 0 ,kri%na = ! ,ea/]n ,_w4 ,z 0
 indicat$ 9 ! op5+ ( ?is lecture1 !     
,!osophi/s are mak+ special claim to    
,him1#ia & are reviv+ ! ?readb>e !ory t 
,he 0 a foll[] ( ,buddha4  ,s /rong an  
ef=t is made to prove t ,*ri/ianity has 
borr[$ bo? its div9e lead] & its        
ess5tial doctr9es f ,india1 t a mom5t's 
att5tion may well be giv5 to ! "q "h4   

,"o allegation is t ! ,evangeli/s copi$ 
! ,buddhi/ hi/ory & leg5ds 9 _! acc\nt (
 ,*ri/'s e>ly life4 ,ano!r is t ! lead]s
 ( ! ,alex&rian ,*ur* work$ ov] ! gospel
 /ory at a lat] day1 hav+ felt m fully !
 influ5ce ( ,india at t great comm]cial 
c5tre4 ,! two !ories are inconsi/5t )   
ea* o!r1 & bo? are inconsi/5t ) !       
assumption t ,*ri/ ,himself 0 a         
,buddhi/1 & taught ! ,buddhi/ doctr9es1 
s9ce ?is supposition w\ld h obviat$ !   
ne$ ( any manipulation or fraud at any  
po9t4  ,9 reply+ z briefly z possible ,i
 %all endeavor to cov] bo? allegations4 
,9 /rong contra/ ) ^! *eap ass]tions (  
,alex&rian corruption & plagi>ism is !  
frank admission ( su* ke5 critics z     
,r5an1 ,weiss1 ,volkm>1 ,s*5kel1 &      
,hitzig1#ib t ! gospel record z we h x1 
0 writt5 dur+ a g5]ation 9 :i* "s ( !   
companions ( ,jesus /ill liv$4 ,r5an    
says ( ,m>k's ,gospel t x is full (     
m9ute obs]vations1 com+ d\btless f an   
eye-witness1 & he ass]ts t ,mat!w1 ,m>k1
 & ,luke 7 writt5 9 sub/antially _!     

pres5t =m by ! m5 ^: names !y be>4 ,^!  
,gospels 7 ! "w ( m5 :o knew ,jesus4    
,mat!w 0 "o ( ! ,twelve2 ,john 9 8      
,epi/le speaks ( himself z an           
eye-witness4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 a hi/oric   
age & 7 op5 to *all5ge4 ,!y 7 n[h]e     
contradict$ 9 contempor>y hi/ory4 ,!y   
fit _! environm5t4  ,h[ is x ) !        
au!nticity ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature8        
,old5b]g says1 ,= ! :5 ( ?+s m5 ( ,india
 h nev] _h a prop] organ1 & ,max ,muell]
 decl>es to ! same effect1 t ! idea ( a 
fai?ful1 lit]al translation seems       
altoge!r =eign to ,ori5tal m9ds4 ,he    
also in=ms u t !re is n a s+le          
manuscript 9 ,india :i* is a ?\s& ye>s  
old1 & sc>cely "o t c claim five hundr$ 
ye>s4 ,= c5turies aft] ,gautama's "t    
no?+ 0 writt52 all 0 transmitt$ by ^w ( 
m\?4 ,buddhi/s !mselves say t ! ,pali   
canonical texts 7 writt5 ab\t #hh       
,b4,c4#ic  ,any fair comp>ison ( ! two  
hi/ories %\ld conf9e itself to ! writ+s 
:i* are reg>d$ z canonical respectively1
 & ^: dates c be fix$4 ,no m importance 

%\ld be atta*$ to ! lat] ,buddhi/ leg5ds
 ?an to ! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 or to ! 
absurd ,*ri/ian ,leg5ds :i* appe>$ 9 !  
middle ages4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,canon 0 adopt$
 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,patna #bdb ,b4,c4 ,!   
leg5ds :i* are g5]ally comp>$ ) !       
canonical /ory ( ,*ri/ are n includ$ 9 t
 ,canon1 or at mo/ v few ( !m4 ,!y are  
drawn f c]ta9 poetical books writt5 mu* 
lat]1 & hold+ ab\t ! same relation to ! 
,buddhi/ ,canon t ! ,p>adise ,lo/ &     
,p>adise ,rega9$ ( ,milton be> to !     
scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4   
,:o w\ld ?9k ( quot+ ,p>adise ,lo/ 9 any
 sob] comp>ison ( ,biblical tru? ) !    
tea*+s ( o!r religions8#id  ,ev5 !      
canonical lit]ature1 t :i* is suppos$ to
 conta9 ! true hi/ory & tea*+s (        
,buddha1 is f> f au?oritative1 ow+ to ! 
ackn[l$g$ habit--ackn[l$g$ ev5 by !     
au?or ( ! ,dhammapada ( add+ comm5t>ies1
 notes1 etc41 to orig9al tea*+s4 ,n only
 0 ?is common among ,buddhi/ writ]s1 b  
ev5 m surpris+ lib]ties 7 tak5 ) !      
n>rative4 ,= example3 ,! leg5d describ+ 

,buddha's leave-tak+ ( 8 h>em is cle>ly 
borr[$ f an e>li] /ory ( ,yasa1 a weal?y
 "y h\sehold] ( ,b5>es1 :o1 becom+      
disgu/$ ) 8 h>em1 left 8 sleep+ danc+   
girls & fl$ to ! ,buddha = in/ruction4  
,davids & ,old5b]g1 9 translat+ ?is     
leg5d f ! ,mahavagga1 say 9 a note1 ,a  
well-kn[n incid5t 9 ! life ( ,buddha has
 evid5tly be5 %ap$ aft] ! model ( ?is   
/ory2 & !y decl>e t n[h]e 9 ! ',pali    
,pitakas' is ?is sc5e ( ,buddha's       
leave-tak+ m5tion$4  ,z ano!r evid5ce ( 
! way 9 :i* fact & fiction h be5 mix$ & 
manipulat$ = a purpose1 "o ( ! leg5ds1  
:i* has (t5 be5 pres5t$ z a p>allel to !
 /ory ( ,*ri/1 repres5ts ! ,buddha z    
repell+ ! temptation ( ,m>a by quot+    
texts ( scripture1 & ! scripture ref]r$ 
to 0 ! ,dhammapada4 ,b ! ,dhammapada 0  
compil$ hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ,buddha's   
dea?4 ,besides1 !re 7 no scriptures (   
any k9d 9 8 day1 = no?+ 0 writt5 till   
two or ?ree c5turies lat]2 & worse /ill1
 ,buddha is made to quote 8 own         
subsequ5t tea*+s2 = ! ,dhammapada claims

 to consi/ ( ! sacr$ words ( ! enlight5$
 "o4 ,mo/ ( ! leg5ds ( ,buddhism 7 :olly
 writt5 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 
& x _c be %[n t any 7 writt5 9 _! pres5t
 =m until two or ?ree c5turies ( t era  
_h elaps$4 ,t4,w4 ,rhys ,davids says ( !
 ,lalita ,vi/>a :i* conta9s a v l>ge    
proportion ( !m1 & "o =m ( :i* is said  
to h be5 translat$ into ,*9ese 9 ! fir/ 
c5tury ,a4,d41 t !re is no real pro( t x
 exi/$ 9 its pres5t =m be=e ! ye> #fjj  
,a4,d4 ,! ,romantic ,leg5d _c be trac$  
f>!r back ?an ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4      
,old5b]g says3 ,no biography ( ,buddha  
has come d[n to u f anci5t times1 f !   
age ( ! ,pali texts1 & we c safely say t
 no su* biography 0 9 exi/5ce !n4 ,beal 
decl>es t ! ,buddhi/ leg5d1 z f\nd 9 !  
v>i\s ,epics ( ,nepaul1 ,?ibet1 & ,*9a1 
is n fram$ aft] any ,indian model ( any 
date1 b is to be f\nd work$ out1 s to   
speak1 among nor!rn peoples1 :o 7       
ignorant (1 or indiff]5t to1 ! p$antic  
/ories ( ! ,brahmans4 ,9 ! s\!rn &      
primitive records ! t]ms ( ! leg5d are  

want+4 ,buddha is n born ( a royal      
family2 he is n tempt$ be=e 8           
enlight5m5t2 he works no miracles1 & he 
is n a ,univ]sal ,savi\r4  ,! *ances are
 decid$ly t if any borr[+ has be5 done x
 0 on ! side ( ,buddhism4 ,x has be5    
ass]t$ t ?irty ?\s& ,buddhi/ monks f    
,alex&ria once visit$ ,ceylon on !      
occasion ( a great fe/ival4 ,?is is     
absurd on ! face ( x2 b t a ,*ri/ian    
colony settl$ 9 ,malab> at a v e>ly     
p]iod is atte/$ by ! pres5ce ( ?\s&s (  
_! foll[]s ev5 to ?is day4  ,9 discuss+ 
! specific *>ge ( copy+ ,buddhi/ leg5ds 
9 ! gospel n>ratives1 we are met at !   
?re%old by insurm\ntable                
improbabilities4 ,to "s ( ^! ,i ask a   
mom5t's att5tion4 ,i %all n take ! "t to
 discuss 9 detail ! alleg$ p>allels :i* 
are p>ad$ z pro(s4 ,to anyone :o und]/&s
 ! _s ( ,judaism & its attitude t[>d    
hea!nism ( all k9ds1 x is simply        
inconceivable t ! ,*ri/ian disciples1 ^:
 aim x 0 to propagate ! fai? ( _! ,ma/] 
9 a ,jewi% community1 %\ld h borr[$ old 

,indian leg5ds1 :i*1 by ! t]ms ( !      
supposition1 mu/ h be5 widely kn[n z    
su*4 ,& ,buddhi/ apologi/s mu/ admit t x
 is a little /range t ! ,scribes &      
,ph>isees1 :o 7 intellig5t1 & z al]t z  
!y 7 bitt]1 %\ld nev] h expos$ ?is      
transp>5t plagi>ism4 ,! great conc]n ( !
 ,apo/les 0 to prove to ,jews & ,g5tiles
 t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/ ( ,old ,te/am5t     
prophecy4 ,! :ole drift ( _! prea*+ & _!
 epi/les w5t to %[ t ! gospel hi/ory    
re/$ squ>ely & uncompromis+ly on a      
,jewi% basis4 ,pet] & ,john1 ,/eph5 &   
,paul1 con/antly reason$ ) ! ,jews out (
 _! own ,scriptures4 ,h[ unspeakably    
absurd is ! notion t !y 7 try+ to palm  
(f on ^? ke5 ,ph>isees a ,messiah :o1   
?\gh 9 ! outset at ,naz>e? he publicly  
trac$ 8 commission to ,old ,te/am5t     
prophecy1 0 all ! :ile copy+ an a!i/ic  
philosoph] ( ,india6  ,x is equally     
inconceivable t ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs %\ld h 
copi$ ,buddhism4 ,!y resi/$ ,p]sian     
my/icism z ! "w ( ! ,devil1 & x 0 9 t   
my/icism1 if any:]e1 t ,buddhi/ influ5ce

 exi/$ 9 ! ,levant4 ,:oev] has read     
,t]tullian's )]+ condemnation ( ,m>cion 
may judge h[ f> ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* favor$
 ! h]esies ( ! ,ea/4 ,augu/9e _h himself
 be5 a ,mani*ean my/ic1 & :5 aft] 8     
conv]sion he became ! great !ologian ( !
 ,*ur*1 he mu/ h kn[n :e!r ! tea*+s ( ! 
,buddha 7 be+ palm$ (f on ! ,*ri/ian _w4
 ,! great lead]s ( t age 7 m5 ( ?or\gh  
s*ol>%ip & ( ! deepe/ moral e>ne/ness4  
,_m ( !m gave up _! possessions & devot$
 _! lives to ! promotion ( ! tru?s :i*  
!y pr(ess$4 ,scores ( !m seal$ _! fai?  
by m>tyr dea?s4  ,b ev5 if we 7 to      
accept ! flippant allegation t !y 7 all 
impo/ors1 yet we %\ld be met by an      
equally insurm\ntable difficulty 9 !    
utt] sil5ce ( ! able & bitt] assailants 
( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! fir/ two or ?ree      
c5turies4 ,celsus prep>$ himself = 8    
well-kn[n attack on ,*ri/ianity ) !     
utmo/ c>e1 se>*+ hi/ory1 philosophy1 & e
 kn[n religion f :i* he c\ld d]ive an   
argum5t aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian fai?4  ,:y did 
he n /rike at ! v root ( ! matt] by     

expos+ ^? /upid plagi>i/s :o 7 attempt+ 
to play (f ^u ! intellig5ce ( ! ,roman  
_w a clumsy imitation ( ! f>-fam$       
,buddha8 ,x 0 ! v k9d ( ?+ t ! enemies (
 ,*ri/ianity want$4 ,:y %\ld ! adroit   
,porphyry attempt to "w up a few m]e    
scraps ( resemblance f ! life (         
,py?agoras1 :5 all he _h to d 0 to lay 8
 h& ^u famili> leg5ds :i* af=d$ an      
abundance ( ! v ?+ 9 dem&8  ,aga91 x is 
to be rememb]$ t ,*ri/ianity has always 
be5 re/rictive & oppos$ to admixtures ) 
o!r sy/ems4 ,x repell$ ! ,neo-,platonism
 ( ,alex&ria1 & x f\ght = two or ?ree   
c5turies aga9/ ,gno/icism1 ,mani*aeism1 
& simil> h]esies3 & ! assumption1 9 !   
face ( all ?is1 t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* w5t  
out ( its way to copy ,indian ,buddhism1
 mu/ be due ei!r to gross ignorance or  
to reckless misrepres5tation4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 x is 9 accordance ) ! v g5ius (     
,buddhism to borr[4 ,x has absorb$ e    
indig5\s sup]/ition & ent]$ into        
p>tn]%ip ) e local religi\s sy/em1 f !  
,devil ,wor%ip ( ,burmah & ,ceylon to ! 

,ta\ism ( ,*9a & ! ,%9to ( ,japan4 ,9   
its long-cont9u$ contact ) ,*ri/ianity x
 has *ang$ f ! orig9al a!ism ( ,gautama 
to v>i\s =ms ( !ism1 & 9 "s ( its sects1
 at lea/1 f a /an* insi/ance on         
self-help alone to an out-&-out doctr9e 
( salvation by fai?4 ,?is is true ( !   
,%9 & ,yodo sects ( ,japan4 ,f recogniz+
 no ,god at all at fir/1 ,buddhism _h1  
by ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d41 a v]itable    
,tr9ity1 ) attributes resembl+ ^? ( !   
,triune ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & by ! t5?  
c5tury x _h five tr9ities ) ,"o ,supreme
 ,adi-,buddha ov] !m all4 ,ev]yone may  
judge = himself :e!r ^! lat]            
int]polations ( ! sy/em 7 borr[$ f !    
,new ,te/am5t ,tr9ity1 :i* _h be5       
proclaim$ ?r\gh all ! ,ea/ t5 c5turies  
be=e4 ,buddhism is /ill absorb+ =eign   
elem5ts ?r\gh ! aid ( its v>i\s         
apologi/s4 ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold has       
greatly add$ to ! =ce ( its leg5d by !  
,*ri/ian phrases & ,*ri/ian conceptions 
:i* he has read into x4 ,t[>d ! close ( 
! ,light ( ,asia he also introduces into

 ! ,buddha's s]mon at ,kapilava/u !     
tea*+s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & o!rs ( our own 
"t4  ,b altoge!r ! mo/ /up5d\s          
improbability lies aga9/ ! :ole         
assumption t ,*ri/ & 8 foll[]s bas$ _!  
ess5tial doctr9es on ! tea*+s ( !       
,buddha4 ,! e>ly ,buddhism 0 a!i/ic3 ?is
 is ! common v]dict ( ,davids1 ,*ild]s1 
,sir ,moni] ,williams1 ,kellogg1 & _m   
o!rs4 ,! ,buddha decl>$ t )\t cause &   
unkn[n is ! life ( man 9 ?is _w1 & he   
recogniz$ no high] be+ to :om he ow$    
rev]5ce4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,cate*ism1 by      
,subhadra1 %[s t mod]n ,buddhism has no 
recognition ( ,god4  ,x says 7page #eh73
 ,buddhism tea*es ! reign ( p]fect      
goodness & wisdom )\t a p]sonal ,god1   
cont9uance ( individuality )\t an       
immortal s\l1 et]nal happ9ess )\t a     
local heav51 ! way ( salvation )\t a    
vic>i\s savi\r1 r$emption work$ out by  
ea* "o himself )\t any pray]s1          
sacrifices1 & p5ances1 )\t ! m9i/ry (   
orda9$ prie/s1 )\t ! int]cession (      
sa9ts1 )\t div9e m]cy4 ,& !n1 by way (  

au!ntication1 x adds3 ,^!1 & _m o!rs :i*
 h become ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( !     
,buddhi/ religion1 7 recogniz$ by !     
,buddha 9 ! night ( 8 enlight5m5t "u !  
,boddhi-tree4 ,& yet we are told t ?is  
is ! sy/em :i* ,*ri/ & 8 foll[]s copi$4 
,comp>e ?is passage ) ! ,"l's ,pray]1 or
 ) ! disc\rse ^u ! lilies1 & its lesson 
( tru/ 9 ,god ! ,fa!r ( all6 ,i appeal n
 m]ely to ,*ri/ian m51 b to any man :o  
has bra9s & common-s5se1 0 !re ev] s    
prepo/]\s an attempt to e/abli% an      
id5tity ( doctr9es8  ,b :at is ! evid5ce
 f\nd 9 ! leg5ds !mselves8 ,sev]al lead+
 ,ori5tal s*ol>s1 & m5 n at all bias$ 9 
favor ( ,*ri/ianity1 h c>efully exam9$ !
 subject1 & h decid$ t !re is no        
connection :atev]4 ,pr(essor ,seydel1 ( 
,leipsic1 :o has giv5 ! mo/ sci5tific   
plea = ! s-call$ co9cid5ces1 ( :i* he   
claims !re are fifty-"o1 has classifi$  
!m z3 #a1 ,^? :i* may h be5 m]ely       
accid5tal1 hav+ aris5 f simil> causes1 &
 n necess>ily imply+ any borr[+ on ei!r 
side2 #b1 ^? :i* seem to h be5 borr[$ f 

! "o n>rative or ! o!r2 & #c1 ^? :i* he 
?9ks 7 cle>ly copi$ by ! ,*ri/ian       
writ]s4 ,9 ?is la/ class he names b five
 out ( fifty-"o4  ,ku551 :o has little  
bias 9 favor ( ,*ri/ianity1 & :o has    
made a v ?or\gh exam9ation ( ,seydel's  
p>allels1 has completely refut$ ^!      
five4#ie ,& speak+ ( ! :ole "q he says3 
,i ?9k we may safely affirm t we mu/    
ab/a9 f assign+ to ,buddhism ! smalle/  
direct influ5ce on ! orig9 (            
,*ri/ianity4 ,he also says ( simil>     
!ories ( de ,buns53 ,a s+le in/ance is  
en\gh to tea* u t inv5tive fancy plays !
 *ief "p 9 !m4#if  ,rhys ,davids1 :om   
,subhadra's ,buddhi/ ,cate*ism approves 
z ! *ief expon5t ( ,buddhism1 says on ! 
same subject3 ,i c f9d no evid5ce ( any 
actual or direct communication ( ^!     
ideas common to ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity 
f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/4 ,old5b]g d5ies _!   
e>ly date1 & ,beal d5ies !m an ,indian  
orig9 ( any date4   ,contra/s betwe5    
,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity4  ,rhys ,davids 
has po9t$ out ! fact t1 :ile ,buddhism 9

 "s po9ts is m ne>ly alli$ to           
,*ri/ianity ?an any o!r sy/em1 yet 9    
o!rs x is ! f>!/ possible f x 9 its _s &
 its t5d5cy4 ,if we /rike out ^? e?ical 
pr9ciples :i*1 to a l>ge ext5t1 are !   
common h]itage ( mank9d1 reveal$ 9 !    
und]/&+ & ! consci5ce1 we %all f9d 9 :at
 rema9s an almo/ total contr>iety to !  
,*ri/ian fai?4 ,to give a few examples  
only4  #a4 ,*ri/ taught ! exi/5ce &     
glory ( ,god z ,supreme1 ! ,creator &   
,fa!r1 ! righte\s ,judge4 ,8 supreme    
mission to reconcile all m5 to ,god 0 ! 
key-note ( all ,8 m9i/ry4 ,by ,8 tea*+ !
 he>ts ( m5 are lift$ up above all e>?ly
 conceptions to ! wor%ip ( inf9ite      
purity1 & to ! com=t+ assurance ( m ?an 
a fa!r's c>e & love4 ,buddhism1 on !    
contr>y1 kn[s no?+ ( ,god1 (f]s no      
heav5ly inc5tive1 no div9e help4 ,lead+ 
s*ol>s are agre$ t1 :atev] x may be n[1 
! orig9al or?odox ,buddhism 0 ess5tially
 a!i/ic4 ,x despis$ ! idea ( div9e help1
 & taught m5 to rely ^u !mselves4 ,:ile1
 !re=e1 ,buddhism nev] rose above !     

level ( e>?ly res\rces1 & contemplat$   
only l[] ord]s ( be+1 ,*ri/ianity beg9s 
) ,god z supreme1 to be wor%ipp$ & lov$ 
) all ! he>t1 m9d1 & /r5g?1 :ile our    
neighbors are to be lov$ z ourselves4   
#b4 ,*ri/ repres5t$ ,himself z hav+     
pre-exi/$ f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 z hav+  
be5 equal ) ,god 9 ! glory ( heav51 all 
( :i* ,he resign$ t ,he might ent] ^u ! 
humiliation ( our e>?ly /ate1 & raise u 
up to et]nal life4 ,he di/9ctly claim$  
on5ess & equality ) ! ,fa!r4 ,buddha    
claim$ no su* antec$5t glory2 he spoke (
 himself z a man m]ely2 ! :ole aim ( 8  
tea*+ 0 to %[ 9 himself :at e man might 
accompli%4 ,lat] leg5ds ascribe to him a
 sort ( pre-exi/5ce1 9 :i* five hundr$ &
 ?irty successive lives 7 pass$1        
sometimes z a man1 sometimes z a god1 _m
 times z an animal4 ,b ev5 ^! claims 7 n
 made by ,buddha himself--except s f> z 
0 impli$ by ! common doctr9e (          
transmigration4  ,fur!rmore1 9 relation 
to ! alleg$ pre-exi/5ces1 accord+ to    
/rict ,buddhi/ doctr9e x 0 n really he  

:o _h gone be=e1 x 0 only a ,kh>ma or "*
 t _h ex*ang$ h&s _m times be=e x c\ld  
be tak5 up by ! real & consci\s ,buddha 
born ^u ! e>?4 ,/ill fur!r1 ev5 aft] !  
beg9n+ ( 8 e>?ly life he liv$ = _m ye>s 
9 :at1 accord+ to 8 own tea*+1 0 he9\s  
s91 all ( :i* is fatal to ! !ory (      
pre-exi/5t hol9ess4  #c4 ,*ri/ is a real
 ,savi\r2 ,8 atonem5t claim$ to be a    
complete ransom f ! p5alty ( s91 & by ,8
 tea*+ & example1 & by ! p[] ( ! ,holy  
,_s1 ,he ov]comes ! p[] ( s9 itself1    
trans=m+ ! s\l into ,8 own image4       
,buddha1 on ! o!r h&1 did n claim to    
a*ieve salvation = any except himself1  
?\gh ,mr4 ,arnold & o!rs con/antly use  
su* t]ms z help & salvation4 ,no?+ ( !  
k9d is claim$ by ! e>ly ,buddhi/        
doctr9es2 !y pla9ly decl>e t purity &   
impurity belong to "o's self1 & t no "o 
c purify ano!r4  #d4 ,*ri/ emphatically 
decl>$ ,himself a help]1 ev5 9 ?is life3
 ,come unto me1 all ye t labor & are    
heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,he      
promis$ also to s5d 8 ,_s z a com=t]1 z 

a support] ( 8 disciples' fai?1 z a     
guide & tea*]1 at all times c>+ = _!    
ne$2 9 :atev] exig5cy 8 grace w\ld be   
suffici5t = !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,buddha  
taught 8 foll[]s t no p[] 9 heav5 or e>?
 c\ld help !m2 ! victory mu/ be _! own4 
,h[ c we hope to am5d a life1 says      
,bi%op ,c>p5t]1 :i* is radically bad1 by
 ! aid ( a sy/em :i* tea*es t man's     
highe/ aim %\ld be to escape f life8    
,all t has be5 said aga9/ ! ascetic &   
non-worldly attitude ( ,*ri/ianity might
 be urg$ ) additional =ce aga9/         
,buddhism4 ,x is full ( ! /rong1 sweet1 
pa!tic compassion :i* looks ^u life )   
eyes full ( te>s1 b only to turn !m away
 f x aga91 z f an unsolv$ & insoluble   
riddle4 ,& he sub/antiates 8 position by
 quot+ ,reville & ,old5b]g4 ,reville    
rea*es ?is simil> conclusion3 ,buddhism1
 born on ! doma9 ( poly!ism1 has f\ght  
aga9/ x1 n by ris+ above nature 9       
subord9at+ x to a s+le sov]eign _s1 b by
 reprov+ nature 9 pr9ciple1 & condemn+  
life itself z an evil & a mis=tune4     

,buddhism does n measure itself aga9/   
?is or t abuse1 does n fur!r !          
developm5t or re=mation ( society1 ei!r 
directly or indirectly1 = ! v simple    
reason t x turns away f ! _w on         
pr9ciple4  ,old5b]g1 "o ( ! mo/ ?or\gh (
 ,pali s*ol>s1 says3 ,= ! l[] ord] ( !  
p1 = ^? born to toil 9 manual labor1    
h>d5$ by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 !         
ann\ncem5t ( ! connection ( mis]y ) all 
=ms ( exi/5ce 0 n made1 nor 0 !         
dialectic ( ! law ( ! pa9ful            
concat5ation ( causes & effects         
calculat$ to satisfy '! poor 9 _s4' ',to
 ! wise belonge? ?is law1' x is said1 'n
 to ! fooli%4' ,v unlike ! "w ( t ,man  
:o 'suff]$ little *ildr5 to come unto   
,him1 = ( su* is ! k+dom ( ,god4' ,=    
*ildr51 & ^? :o are l *ildr51 ! arms (  
,buddha are n op5$4  #e4 ,*ri/ & 8      
disciples set be=e m5 ! highe/ motives (
 life4 ,! great end ( man 0 to love ,god
 supremely1 & "o's neighbor z himself4  
,e true disciple 0 to consid] himself an
 almon] & disp5s] ( ! div9e goodness to 

8 race4 ,x 0 ?is t inspir$ ! sublime    
devotion ( ,paul & ( ?\s&s s9ce 8 "t4 ,x
 is ! secret pr9ciple ( all ! noble/    
de$s ( m54 ,gautama _h no su* high &    
unselfi% aim4 ,he f\nd no inspir+ motive
 above ! level ( humanity4 ,8 sy/em     
conc5trates all ?\ght & ef=t on "o's own
 life--virtually on ! atta9m5t ( utt]   
indiff]5ce to all ?+s else4 ,! e>ly zeal
 ( ,gautama & 8 foll[]s 9 prea*+ to _!  
fell[-m5 0 inconsi/5t ) ! pla9 doctr9es 
taught at a lat] day4 ,if 9 any case !re
 7 ^? :o1 l ,paul1 burn$ ) desire to    
save _! fell[-m51 all we c say is1 !y 7 
bett] ?an _! cre$4 ,su* 0 ! _s ( !      
,gospel1 r ?an ! idle & useless torpor (
 ! ,buddhi/ ord]4 ,"h1 accord+ to       
,buddhi/s1 says ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 is a m]e  
code ( proprieties1 an occasional       
opiate1 a plan = be+ free f discom=t1 a 
sy/em = p]sonal pr(it4 ,buddhism c]ta9ly
 taught ! repression ( human activity & 
influ5ce4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ,let y\r light
 s %9e be=e m5 t !y1 see+ y\r good      
works1 may glorify y\r ,fa!r :o is 9    

heav51 or ,"w :ile ! day la/s1 x said1  
,if ?\ keepe/ ?yself sil5t z a brok5    
gong1 ?\ ha/ atta9$ ,nirvana4 ,to w&]   
ab\t l ! rh9oc]os alone1 0 enjo9$ z !   
pa?way ( true wisdom4  #f4 ,*ri/ taught 
t life1 ?\gh att5d$ ) fe>ful            
alt]natives1 is a glori\s bir?right1 )  
b\ndless possibilities & promise ( good 
to ourselves & o!rs4 ,buddhism makes    
life an evil :i* x is ! supreme end (   
man to conqu] & cut (f f ! disa/] (     
re-bir?4 ,*ri/ianity op5s a pa? (       
usefulness1 hol9ess1 & happ9ess 9 ?is   
life1 & a c>e] ( triumph & glory 9 !    
endless ages to come4 ,bo? ,buddhism &  
,h9duism are worse ?an o!r pessimi/ic   
sy/ems 9 _! fe>ful law ( entailm5t ?r\gh
 c\ntless transmigrations1 ea* ( :i* mu/
 be a /ruggle4  #g4 ,*ri/1 accord+ to ! 
,new ,te/am5t1 ev] live? to make        
int]cession = u1 & ! ,holy ,_s repres5ts
 ,him con/antly z an ev]-liv+ p[] 9 !   
_w1 to reg5]ate1 save1 & bless4 ,b      
,buddha is dead1 & 8 v exi/5ce is a ?+ (
 ! pa/4 ,only traditions & ! influ5ce ( 

8 example c help m5 9 ! /ruggle ( life4 
,said ,buddha to 8 disciples3 ,z a flame
 bl[n by viol5ce goes out & _c be       
reckon$1 ev5 s a ,buddha deliv]$ f "n & 
body disappe>s & _c be reckon$ z exi/+4 
,aga91 he said to 8 ,ord]1 ,m5dicants1 t
 :i* b9ds ! ,tea*] 7himself7 is cut (f1 
b 8 body /ill rema9s4 ,:ile ?is body    
%all rema9 he w be se5 by gods & m51 b  
aft] ! t]m9ation ( life1 ^u !           
dissolution ( ! body1 nei!r gods nor m5 
%all see him4  #h4 ,*ri/ taught !       
sacr$ness ( ! human body4 ,"k ye n t y\r
 body is ! temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/ :i* is
 9 y8 said ,8 great ,apo/le4 ,b         
,buddhism says3 ,z m5 deposit fil? ^u a 
dungheap & dep>t regrett+ no?+1 want+   
no?+1 s w ,i dep>t leav+ ?is body fill$ 
) vile vapors4 ,*ri/ & ,8 disciples     
taught ! triumphant resurrection ( !    
body 9 spiritual =m & purity aft] ,8 own
 image4 ,! ,buddhi/ =sakes utt]ly & =ev]
 ! des]t$1 ca/-(f mortality1 :ile /ill  
he looks only = ano!r habitation equally
 mortal & corruptible1 & possibly t ( a 

l[] animal4 ,?us1 ?r\gh all ^! l9es (   
contra/1 & _m o!rs t might be nam$1 !re 
appe> light & life & bless$ness on ! "o 
h&1 & gloom & desolation on ! o!r4  ,!  
gloomy nature ( ,buddhism is well       
express$ 9 ,h>dy's ,leg5ds & ,!ories (  
,buddhism z foll[s3 ,! sy/em ( ,buddhism
 is humiliat+1 *e]less1 man-m>r+1       
s\l-cru%+4 ,x tells me t ,i am n a      
reality1 t ,i h no s\l4 ,x tells me t   
!re is no unalloy$ happ9ess1 no pl5itude
 ( enjoym5t1 no p]fect unbrok5 peace 9 !
 possession ( any be+ :atev]1 f ! highe/
 to ! l[e/1 9 any _w4 ,x tells me t ,i  
may live myriads ( millions ( ages1 & t 
n 9 any ( ^? ages1 nor 9 any portion (  
any age1 c ,i be free f appreh5sion z to
 ! future1 until ,i atta9 to a /ate (   
unconsci\sness2 & t 9 ord] to arrive at 
?is consummation ,i mu/ turn away f all 
t is pleasant1 or lovely1 or in/ructive1
 or elevat+1 or sublime4 ,x tells me by 
voices ev] repeat$1 l ! ceaseless s\nd (
 ! sea-wave on ! %ore1 t ,i %all be     
subject to sorr[1 imp]man5ce1 &         

unreality s long z ,i exi/1 & yet t ,i  
_c cease to exi/1 nor = c\ntless ages to
 come1 z ,i c only atta9 nirvana 9 ! "t 
( a ,supreme ,buddha4 ,9 my di/ress ,i  
ask = ! sympa?y ( an all-wise &         
all-p[]ful fri5d4 ,b ,i am mock$ in/ead 
by ! semblance ( relief1 & am told to   
look to ,buddha1 :o has ceas$ to exi/2  
to ! ,dh>ma t nev] 0 9 exi/5ce1 & to !  
,sangha1 ! memb]s ( :i* are real        
exi/5ces1 b l myself are p>tak]s ( sorr[
 & s94  ,h[ %all we measure ! contra/   
betwe5 all ?is & ! ec/acies ( ,*ri/ian  
hope1 :i* 9 v>i\s =ms are express$ 9 !  
,epi/les ( ,paul2 ! expect$ cr[n (      
righte\sness1 ! et]nal weight ( glory2  
heir%ip ) ,*ri/ 9 an endless inh]itance2
 ! h\se n made ) h&s2 ! ,g5]al ,assembly
 ( ! fir/ born8 ,ev5 9 ! mid/ ( e>?ly   
sorr[s & p]secutions he c\ld say1 ,nay1 
9 all ?+s we are m ?an conqu]ors ?r\gh  
,him t lov$ u4 ,= ,i am p]suad$ t nei!r 
dea?1 nor life1 nor angels1 nor         
pr9cipalities1 nor p[]s1 nor ?+s pres5t1
 nor ?+s to come1 nor height1 nor dep?1 

nor any o!r creature1 %all be able to   
sep>ate u f ! love ( ,god :i* is 9 ,*ri/
 ,jesus1 our ,"l4   ,,footnotes3        
,footnote #hj3 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t
 ,buddha's foll[]s1 9 c>ry+ out 8 sy/em1
 h n laps$ into ! old notions (         
m]it-mak+ asceticism to great] or less  
ext5t1 & h become virtually v mu* l !   
torpid & useless fakirs ( ! old         
,h9duism4  ,footnote #ha3 ,! ,jataka    
leg5ds ( ,ceylon1 dat+ 9 _! pres5t =m   
ab\t #ejj ,a4,d41 greatly enl>ge !      
proportions ( ?is ,nor!rn leg5d1 mak+ ! 
elephant ov] sev5 ?\s& miles high1 &    
wid5+ out ! surr\nd+ army to "o hundr$ &
 sixty f\r miles4  ,footnote #hb3 ,( !  
,romantic ,leg5d f\nd 9 ,nepaul1        
,beall's translation is probably ! be/4 
,footnote #hc3 ,see ,app5dix ( ,orig9 & 
,gr[? ( ,religion z illu/rat$ 9         
,buddhism4  ,footnote #hd3 ,see         
,buddhism1 pp4 #aaj-aae4  ,footnote #he3
 ,buddhism1 p4 #aad4  ,footnote #hf3    
,pp4 #bfe-bhe4  ,footnote #hg3 ,x is !  
boa/ ( ! au?or ( ,esot]ic ,buddhism1 t  

/range mixture ( ,we/]n spiritualism )  
,ori5tal my/icism1 t 8 sy/em despises ! 
tame goody1 goody _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 &   
deals ) ! endless gr[? ( m9d4  ,footnote
 #hh3 ,light ( ,asia4  ,footnote #hi3   
,mr4 ,s9nett1 9 8 ,esot]ic ,buddhism1   
express$ ! idea t x 0 high "t t !       
crudities ( spiritualism %\ld be        
correct$ by ! m philosophic occultism ( 
! ,ea/4  ,footnote #ij3 ,! po9ts (      
contact betwe5 ,buddhism & c]ta9 =ms (  
,we/]n ?\ght h be5 ably treat$ by       
,pr(essor ,s4,h4 ,kellogg1 9 ! ,light ( 
,asia & ,light ( ! ,_w4  ,footnote #ia3 
,a rec5t tract has appe>$1 entitl$      
,!osophy ! ,religion ( ,jesus4          
,footnote #ib3 ,cit$ by ,pr(essor       
,kellogg4  ,footnote #ic3 ,pr(essor     
,t4,w4 ,rhys ,davids1 9 8 introduction  
to ,buddhism1 enum]ates ! foll[+ s\rces 
( k conc]n+ ! e>ly ,buddhism3  #a4 ,!   
,lalita ,vi/>a1 a ,sanscrit "w ( !      
,nor!rn ,buddhi/s full ( extravagant    
fictions conc]n+ ! e>ly portion (       
,gautama's life4 ,davids comp>es x to   

,milton's ,p>adise ,rega9$1 z a s\rce ( 
hi/ory1 & claims t al?\gh p>ts ( x 7    
translat$ into ,*9ese 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( 
our era1 !re is no pro( ( its exi/5ce 9 
its pres5t =m e>li] ?an ! six? c5tury   
,a4,d4  #b4 ,two ,?ibetan v]sions1 bas$ 
*iefly on ! ,lalita ,vi/>a4  #c4 ,!     
,romantic ,leg5d1 f ! ,sanscrit ( !     
,nor!rn ,buddhi/s1 translat$ into ,*9ese
 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4,d42 ,engli% v]sion 
by ,beal publi%$ 9 #ahge4 ,?is also is  
an extravagant poem4 ,?is & ! ,lalita   
,vi/>a embrace mo/ ( ! alleg$ p>allels  
to ! ,life ( ,*ri/4  #d4 ,! orig9al     
,pali text ( ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,jatakas1 
writt5 9 ,ceylon probably ab\t ! fif?   
c5tury ( our era4 ,davids consid]s its  
acc\nt d[n to ! "t ( ,gautama's return  
to ,kapilava/u1 ! be/ au?ority we h4 ,x 
conta9s ^w = ^w almo/ ! :ole ( ! life ( 
,gautama giv5 by ,turn\r1 f a comm5t>y  
on ! ,buddhavansa1 :i* is ! acc\nt ( !  
,buddhas conta9$ 9 ! second ,pitaka4    
#e4 ,an acc\nt tak5 by ,sp5ce ,h>dy f   
,c+alese books ( a comp>atively mod]n   

date4  #f4 ,an ,engli% translation by   
,big&et ( a ,burmese acc\nt1 :i* 0      
itself a translation ( unkn[n date made 
f a ,pali v]sion4  #g4 ,an acc\nt ( !   
dea? ( ,gautama1 giv5 9 ,pali & said to 
be ! olde/ ( all ! s\rces4 ,x is full ( 
wond]s creat$ by ! fancy ( ! unkn[n     
au?or1 b diff]s widely f ! fancy sket*es
 ( ! ,lalita ,vi/>a ( ! ,nor?4  #h4 ,a  
translation by ,mr4 ,alaba/] ( a        
,siamese acc\nt4 ,x does n claim to be  
exact4  ,footnote #id3 ,t4,w4 ,rhys     
,davids illu/rates ! wor?lessness (     
poetic n>rations z gr\nds ( argum5t by  
quot+ f ,milton's ,p>adise ,rega9$ ?is  
m]e fancy sket* ( ! accompanim5ts (     
,*ri/'s temptation3            ,& ei!r  
tropic n[    ',gan ?und] & bo? ends (   
heav52 ! cl\ds    ,f _m a horrid rift   
abortive p\r$    ,fi]ce ra9 ) lightn+   
mix$1 wat] ) fire    ,9 ru9 reconcil$2  
nor slept ! w9ds    ,)9 _! /ony caves1 b
 ru%'d abroad    ,f ! f\r h+es ( ! _w1 &
 fell    ,on ! vex'd wild]ness2 ^:      
talle/ p9es    ,?o' root$ deep z high & 

/urdie/ oaks1    ,b[$ _! /iff necks1    
load5 ) /ormy bla/s    ,or torn up %e]4 
,ill wa/ ,?\ %r\d$ !n1    ,o pati5t ,son
 ( ,god1 yet /ood'/ alone    ,un%ak56   
nor yet /aid ! t]ror !re2    ,inf]nal   
gho/s & helli% furies r\nd    ,environ$ 
,!e2 "s h[l'd1 "s yell'd1 "s %riek'd1   
,"s b5t at ,!e _! fi]y d>ts1 :ile ,?\   
,sat'/ unappall'd 9 calm & s9less peace4
                                        
,book iv4  ,footnote #ie3 ,see ,national
 ,religion & ,univ]sal ,religion1 p4    
#cfb4  ,footnote #if3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1
 #ahhb4     ,,lecture ,,vi4             
,,mohamm$anism ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t   ,x  
has be5 ! fate ( e great religi\s tea*] 
to h 8 memory envelop$ 9 a haze (       
po/hum\s my?s4 ,ev5 ! ,gospel hi/ory 0  
embelli%$ ) m>vell\s apocryphal leg5ds (
 ! *ildhood ( ,*ri/4 ,buddhism v soon   
began to be ov]gr[n ) a truly ,indian   
luxuriance ( fables1 miracles1 &        
pre-exi/5t hi/ories ext5d+ ?r\gh five   
hundr$ pa/ transmigrations4 ,9 l mann]1 
! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$ trac$ ! hi/ory ( _!

 prophet & ( _! sacr$ city back to ! "t 
( ,adam4 ,& ,mohamm$an leg5ds 7 n a sl[ 
& natural gr[?1 z 9 ! case ( mo/ o!r    
fai?s4 ,!re 0 a set purpose 9 produc+ !m
 )\t mu* delay4 ,! conque/s ( ,islam ov]
 ! ,ea/]n empires _h be5 v rapid4 ,!    
success ( ,mohamm$'s cause & cre$ _h    
exce$$ ! expectations ( 8 mo/ sangu9e   
foll[]s4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5?       
c5tury--nay1 betwe5 ! ye>s #fcj & #fch  
,a4,d4--,j]usalem1 ,damascus1 & ,aleppo 
_h fall5 be=e ! arms ( ,om> & 8         
lieut5ant ,khal$ ! ,inv9cible1 & 9 #fci 
,egypt 0 add$ to ! realm ( ! ,khalifs4  
,p]sia 0 conqu]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fdj4  ,x     
seem$ sc>cely possible t a*ievem5ts s   
brilliant c\ld h be5 ! "w ( a m]e       
unlett]$ ,arab & 8 brave b unpret5ti\s  
successors4 ,! p]sonnel ( ! prophet mu/ 
be rais$ to an adequate proportion to   
su* a hi/ory4 ,special requisition 0    
made !re=e = incid5ts4 ,! dev\t fancy ( 
! fai?ful 0 tax$ = ! picturesque &      
m>vell\s2 & ! sy/em :i* ,mohamm$ taught1
 & ! v place 9 :i* he 0 born1 mu/ ne$s  

be rais$ to a sup]natural dignity &     
importance4 ,accord+ly1 ! hi/ory ( !    
prophet 0 trac$ back to ! creation ( !  
_w1 :5 ,god 0 said to h imp>t$ to a     
c]ta9 small portion ( e>?y du/ a my/]i\s
 sp>k ( light4 ,:5 ,adam 0 =m$ ?is      
p>ticul> lum9\s du/ appe>$ 9 8 =ehead1 &
 f him x pass$ 9 a direct l9e to        
,abraham4 ,f ,abraham x desc5d$1 n to   
,isaac1 b to ,i%mael2 & ?is 0 ! cause ( 
,s>ah's jeal\sy & ! secret ( all        
,abraham's dome/ic tr\bles4 ,( c\rse1   
?is bright sp>k ( heav5ly effulg5ce     
reappe>+ on ! br[ ( ea* l9eal prog5itor1
 0 design$ ultimately = ,mohamm$1 9 :om 
x %one =? ) t5fold brightness4  ,!re is 
real hi/oric evid5ce ( ! fact t ! ,vale 
( ,mecca _h = a long "t be5 reg>d$ z    
sacr$ gr\nd4 ,x 0 a sort ( =e/ or       
ext5sive grove1 a place = hold+ treaties
 among ! tribes1 a common gr\nd ( truce 
& a refuge f ! av5g]4 ,x 0 also a place 
= hold+ annual fairs1 = public h>angues1
 & ! competitive recitation ( ballads & 
o!r poems4 ,b all ?is1 h[ev] cr$itable  

to ! culture ( ! ,arab tribes1 0 n      
suffici5t = ! purposes ( ,islam4 ,!     
,kaaba1 :i* _h be5 a rude hea!n temple1 
0 rais$ to ! dignity ( a %r9e ( ! true  
,god1 or r x 0 re/or$1 = x 0 said to h  
be5 built by ,adam aft] a div9e patt]n4 
,! /ory 0 ?is3 ,at ! "t ( ! ,fall1 ,adam
 & ,eve _h someh[ become sep>at$4 ,adam 
_h w&]$ away to ,ceylon1 :]e a m\nta9   
peak /ill be>s 8 "n4 ,b hav+ be5 div9ely
 summon$ to ,mecca to erect ?is fir/ (  
e>?ly temples1 he unexpect$ly f\nd ,eve 
resid+ ^u a hill ne> ! city1 & !nce=w>d 
! ,valley ( ,mecca became _! p>adise    
rega9$4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,deluge ! ,kaaba 0 
buri$ 9 mud1 & = c5turies aft]w>d x 0   
ov]gr[n ) trees4  ,:5 ,hag> & h] son    
,i%mael 7 driv5 out f ! h\sehold (      
,abraham1 !y w&]$ by *ance to ?is v     
spot1 desolate & =sak54 ,:ile ,hag> 0   
dilig5tly se>*+ = wat]1 m anxi\s to save
 ! life ( h] son ?an h] own1 ,i%mael1   
boy-l1 sat pok+ ! s& ) 8 heel2 :51      
behold1 a spr+ ( wat] bubbl$ up 9 8     
footpr9t4 ,& ?is 0 none o!r ?an ! sacr$ 

well ,zemzem1 ^: bracki% wat]s are /ill 
eag]ly s\ght by e ,moslem pilgrim4 ,z   
,i%mael grew to manhood & e/abli%$ 8    
home 9 ! sacr$ city1 ,abraham 0 summon$ 
to jo9 him1 t !y toge!r might rebuild ! 
,kaaba4 ,b 9 ! succe$+ g5]ations apo/acy
 aga9 br\ght ru9 ^u ! place1 al?\gh !   
hea!n ,korei% /ill p]=m$ sacr$ rites    
!re--especially t ( sev5fold processions
 ar\nd ! sacr$ /one4 ,?is black5$       
object1 suppos$ to be an a]olite :i*    
fell ages ago1 is /ill reg>d$ z sacr$1 &
 ! sev5fold circuits ( ,mohamm$an       
pilgrims take ! place ( ! anci5t hea!n  
rites4  ,lay+ aside ^! crude leg5ds1 &  
conf9+ our att5tion to probable hi/ory1 
,i c only hope1 9 ! compass ( a s+le    
lecture1 to b>ely t\* ^u a s]ies (      
prom95t po9ts )\t any v c>eful reg>d to 
logical ord]4 ,?is w p]haps insure !    
greate/ cle>ness z well z ! be/ economy 
( "t4 ,& fir/1 we w glance at ! p]sonal 
hi/ory ( ,mohamm$--a hi/ory1 x %\ld be  
rememb]$1 :i* 0 n committ$ to writ+ till
 two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! prophet's dea?1 

& :i* dep5ds :olly on ! en?usia/ic      
traditions ( 8 foll[]s4 ,born 9 ! ye>   
#efa ,a4,d41 ( a rec5tly wid[$ "m1 he   
appe>s to h be5 f ! fir/ a victim (     
epilepsy1 or "s k9dr$ affection ^:      
p>oxysms _h mu* to d ) 8 subsequ5t      
exp]i5ces & 8 success4 ,! v>i\s tribes (
 ,arabia 7 mo/ly giv5 to a =m (         
poly!i/ic idolatry 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !      
conception ( a mono!i/ic supremacy 0    
/ill recogniz$4 ,mo/ s*ol>s1 includ+    
,r5an1 insi/ on ascrib+ to ! ,arabians1 
9 common ) all o!r ,%emitic races1 a    
wor%ip ( "o ,god z ,supreme1 ?\gh !     
,arabian ,allah1 l ! ,baal ( ,canaan &  
,pho5icia1 0 suppos$ to be att5d$ by    
num]\s inf]ior deities4 ,?\gh ,islam    
und\bt$ly borr[$ ! /aple ( its tru?s f !
 ,old ,te/am5t1 yet !re 0 a %ort        
confession /rik+ly resembl+ ! mod]n cre$
 ( to-day1 :i* _h be5 ^u ! lips ( _m    
g5]ations ( ,arabians be=e ,mohamm$'s   
"t4 ,?us x ran3 ,i d$icate myself to ?y 
s]vice1 ,o ,allah4 ,?\ ha/ no companion 
except ! companion ( :om ?\ art ma/] & (

 :atev] is 84  ,a society kn[n z !      
,hanifs exi/$ at ! "t ( ,mohamm$'s e>ly 
manhood1 & we "k n h[ long be=e1 ^: aim 
0 to br+ back _! c\ntrym5 f ! degrad+   
wor%ip & cruel practices ( hea!nism to !
 purity ( mono!i/ic wor%ip4 ,! old fai? 
_h be5 re9=c$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! m intellig5t 
,arabs by ! tru?s le>n$ f ,jewi% exiles1
 :o1 z e>ly z ! ,babyloni% captivity1 _h
 f\nd refuge 9 ,arabia2 & x is a /rik+  
fact t ! f\r ,hanif lead]s :om ! "y     
,mohamm$ f\nd on jo9+ _! society1 7     
plead+ = ! re/oration ( ! fai? (        
,abraham4 ,all ^! lead]s refus$ to foll[
 8 /&>d :5 he began to claim supremacy z
 a prophet2 ?ree ( !m 7 f9ally l$ to    
,*ri/ianity1 & ! f\r? di$ 9 a sort (    
qu&>y betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian fai? & ,islam4  
,! fir/ two1 ,w>aka & ,o?man1 7 c\s9s ( 
,mohamm$'s wife1 & ! ?ird1 ,obadulla1 0 
8 own c\s94 ,zaid1 ! la/ ( ! f\r1       
pres5ts to u a v pa!tic picture4 ,he    
liv$ & di$ 9 p]plexity4 ,bani%$ f ,mecca
 by ^? :o fe>$ 8 consci5ti\s c5sor%ip1  
he liv$ by himself on a neighbor+       

hillside1 an e>ne/ seek] aft] tru? to ! 
la/2 & he di$ ) ! pray] on 8 lips1 ,o   
,god1 if ,i knew :at =m ( wor%ip is mo/ 
pleas+ to !e1 s w\ld ,i s]ve !e1 b ,i "k
 x n4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ,mohamm$ t he  
*]i%$ a pr(\nd respect = ?is man4 ,i w  
pray = him1 he said2 9 ! ,resurrection  
he also w ga!r a *ur* ar\nd him4#ig  ,9 
spite ( 8 maladies & ! g5]al delicacy ( 
8 n]v\s organization1 ,mohamm$ ev9c$ 9  
e>ly y\? a degree ( en]gy & intellectual
 capacity :i* augur$ well = 8 future    
success 9 "s important sph]e4 ,=tune    
also favor$ him 9 _m ways4 ,8 success z 
manag] ( ! comm]cial c>avans ( a weal?y 
wid[ l$ to 8 acceptance z h] husb&4 ,%e 
0 f\rte5 ye>s 8 s5ior1 b %e seems to h  
entirely won 8 affections & to h prov$  
indisp5sable1 n only z a patroness1 b z 
a wise & fai?ful c\nsellor4 ,s long z %e
 liv$ %e 0 ! good _s :o call$ =? 8 bett]
 nature1 & kept him f ^? l[ impulses :i*
 subsequ5tly wr\ght ! ru9 ( 8 "*1 ev5 9 
! mid/ ( 8 successes4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is 
an argum5t 9 favor ( ! s9c]ity (        

,mohamm$'s prophetic claims1 t ?is good 
& true woman 0 ! fir/ to believe 9 him z
 a prophet ( ,god2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we   
mu/ rememb] t %e 0 a lov+ wife1 & t t   
*>ity :i* ?9ke? no evil is sometimes    
utt]ly bl9d to evil :5 f\nd 9 ?is t5d]  
relation4  ,we h no reason to d\bt t    
,mohamm$ 0 a s9c]e ,hanif4 ,hav+ means &
 leisure = /udy1 & be+ ( a bright &     
?\ghtful m9d1 he d\btless ent]$ )       
en?usiasm into ! "w ( re=m+ ! idolatr\s 
cu/oms ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,f ?is high /&po9t1
 & free f sup]/iti\s fe> ( a hea!n      
prie/hood1 he 0 prep>$ to e/imate 9 _!  
true enormity ! degrad+ rites :i* he    
ev]y:]e witness$ "u ! abus$ "n (        
religion4 ,t hatr$ ( idolatry :i* became
 ! ma9 spr+ ( 8 subsequ5t success1 0 ?us
 n\ri%$ & /r5g!n$ z an hone/ & abid+    
s5tim5t4 ,he 01 moreov]1 ( a            
contemplative--we may say1 ( a          
religi\s--turn ( m9d4 ,8 maladies gave  
him a t+e ( melan*oly1 &1 l ! ,buddha1  
he %[$ a *>act]i/ic ?\ghtfulness bord]+ 
^u ! morbid4 ,becom+ m & m a re=m]1 he  

foll[$ ! example ( _m o!r re=m]s by     
)draw+ at /at$ times to a place (       
solitude = m$itation2 at lea/ su* is !  
/atem5t ( 8 foll[]s1 ?\gh !re are       
evid5ces t he took 8 family ) him1 & t  
he may h be5 seek+ refuge f ! heat4     
,h[ev] ?is may h be51 ! place *os5 0 a  
neighbor+ cave1 9 ^: cool %ade he n only
 sp5t ! heat$ h\rs ( ! day1 b sometimes 
a succession ( days & nights4  ,p]haps !
 conf9em5t increas$ ! viol5ce ( 8       
convulsions1 & ! vividness & p[] ( !    
/range phantasmagorias :i* dur+ 8       
p>oxysms pass$ ?r\gh 8 m9d4 ,x 0 f "o ( 
^! t]rible attacks t 8 alleg$ call to ! 
prophetic (fice 0 dat$4 ,! prevail+     
!ories ( 8 "t ascrib$ all su* exp]i5ces 
to ! influ5ce ( sup]natural spirits1    
ei!r good or evil1 & ! suff]] 0 left to 
! alt]native ( assum+ ei!r t he _h      
receiv$ messages f heav51 or t he _h be5
 a victim ( ! devil4 ,aft] a night (    
great] suff]+ & m ?rill+ visions ?an he 
_h ev] exp]i5c$ be=e1 ,mohamm$ *ose ! m 
favorable int]pretation1 & ann\nc$ to 8 

sympa?iz+ wife ,kadijah t he _h receiv$ 
f ,gabriel a solemn call to become !    
,prophet ( ,god4  ,!re has be5 endless  
discussion z to h[ f> he may h be5      
self-deceiv$ 9 mak+ ?is claim1 & h[ f>  
he may h be5 guilty ( consci\s impo/ure4
 ,speculation is useless1 s9ce on ! "o  
h& we _c judge a man ( t age & t race by
 ! rigid /&>ds ( our own times2 & on !  
o!r1 we are =bidd5 to =m a too favorable
 judgm5t by ! subsequ5t developm5ts (   
,mohamm$'s "* & life1 9 reg>d to :i* no 
o!r int]pretation ?an t ( consci\s fraud
 seems possible4#ih  ,aside f ! previ\s 
developm5t & influ5ce ( a mono!i/ic     
re=m1 & ! favor+ circum/ance ( a =tunate
 m>riage1 he f\nd 8 way prep>$ by !     
tru?s :i* _h be5 made kn[n 9 ,arabia by 
bo? ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,jews _h fl$  
to ! ,arabian ,p59sula f ! v>i\s        
conqu]ors :o _h laid wa/e ,j]usalem &   
ov]run ! t]ritories ( ! ,t5 ,tribes4 ,at
 a lat] day1 _m ,*ri/ians _h also f\nd  
an asylum !re f ! p]secutions ( ho/ile  
bi%ops & emp]ors4 ,sir ,william ,muir   

has %[n h[ l>gely ! tea*+s ( ! ,koran   
are gr\nd$ ^u ^? ( ! ,old & ,new        
,te/am5ts4#ii ,all t is be/ 9           
,mohamm$anism is cle>ly borr[$ f        
,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,mohamm$ 0      
illit]ate & nev] claim$ orig9ality4     
,inde$1 he plead 8 illit]acy z a pro( ( 
direct inspiration4 ,a f> bett]         
explanation w\ld be f\nd 9 ! k d]iv$ f  
inspir$ records1 p5n$ long be=e & "u    
diff]5t names4  ,! prophet 0 =tunate n  
only 9 ! possession ( tru?s ?us         
indirectly receiv$1 b 9 ! fact t bo?    
,jews & ,*ri/ians _h laps$ f a fair     
repres5tation ( ! cre$s :i* !y pr(ess$4 
,! ,jews 9 ,arabia _h lo/ ! true _s ( _!
 sacr$ scriptures1 & 7 foll[+ _! own    
p]v]t$ traditions r ?an ! oracles (     
,god4 ,!y _h lo/ ! vitality & p[] ( !   
tru?s reveal$ to _! fa!rs1 & 7 de/itute 
( moral e>ne/ness & all spiritual life4 
,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ri/ian sects _h fall5 
into l[ sup]/itions & virtual idolatry4 
,! ,tr9ity1 z !y repres5t$ x1 gave to   
,mohamm$ ! impression t ! ,virg9 ,m>y1  

,"m ( ,god1 0 "o ( ! ?ree p]sons ( !    
,tr9ity1 & t ! promise ( ! com+         
,p>aclete might v plausibly be          
appropriat$ by himself4#ajj ,! prevail+ 
wor%ip ( pictures1 images1 & relics     
appe>$ 9 8 vision z truly idolatr\s z ! 
poly!ism ( ! hea!n ,korei%4 ,x 0 cle> to
 him t !re 0 a call = "s zeal\s         
iconocla/ to rise up & deliv] 8 c\ntry f
 idolatry4 ,! :ole situation seem$      
auspici\s4 ,arabia 0 ripe = a sweep+    
re=mation4 ,x appe>s /range to u1 at ?is
 late day1 t ! *ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom1 ev5  
d[n to ! sev5? c5tury1 %\ld h fail$ to  
*ri/ianize ,arabia1 ?\gh !y _h c>ri$ !  
,gospel ev5 to ,spa9 & to ,brita9 on !  
we/1 & to ,india & ,*9a on ! ea/4 ,if !y
 _h imag9$ t ! des]ts ( ! ,p59sula 7 n  
suffici5tly important to dem& att5tion1 
!y c]ta9ly le>n$ _! mi/ake2 = n[ ! sad  
day ( reckon+ _h come1 :5 sw>ms (       
fanatics %\ld issue f ^? des]ts l       
locu/s1 & ov]run _! ,*ri/ian            
communities1 humble _! bi%ops1          
appropriate _! sacr$ temples1 & r$uce _!

 despair+ p to ! alt]natives ( apo/acy1 
tribute1 slav]y1 or ! sword4  ,x seems  
equally /range t ! great empires :i* _h 
c>ri$ _! conque/s s f> on e h& _h       
neglect$ to conqu] ,arabia4 ,x 01 inde$1
 comp>atively isolat$2 x c]ta9ly did n  
lie 9 ! common pa?s ( ! conqu]ors2      
d\btless x appe>$ b>r51 & by no means a 
tempt+ prize2 & )al x 0 a difficult     
field = a successful campaign4 ,b f     
:atev] reason1 ! tribes ( ,arabia _h    
nev] be5 conqu]$4 ,v>i\s exp$itions _h  
won tempor>y successes1 b ! pr\d ,arab  
c\ld boa/ t 8 c\ntry _h nev] be5 br\ght 
into p]man5t subjection4#aja ,mean:ile !
 h]$ity ( a ?\s& ye>s _h /r5g!n$ ! valor
 ( ! ,arab w>rior4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to !  
saddle f 8 v infancy2 he 0 almo/ a "p ( 
8 horse4 ,he 0 tra9$ to ! use ( arms z a
 robb]1 :5 n engag$ 9 tribal w>s4 ,8    
:ole activity1 8 all-absorb+ int]e/1 0 9
 ho/ile =ays4 ,he knew no fe>2 he _h no 
scruples4 ,he _h be5 taught to feel t1 z
 a son ( ,i%mael e man's h& 0 turn$     
aga9/ him1 & ( simple "r 8 h& might be  

turn$ aga9/ e man4  ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,!  
surr\nd+ nations1 ea/ & we/1 _h long be5
 accu/om$ to employ ^! sons ( ! des]t z 
m]c5>y soldi]s4 ,!y _h all _h a h& 9    
tra9+ !m = _! t]rible "w1 by imp>t+ to  
!m a k ( _! respective c\ntries1 _!     
res\rces1 _! modes ( w>f>e1 & _! po9ts (
 weakness4 ,h[ _m nations h ?us pav$ !  
way to _! own de/ruction by call+ 9     
allies1 :o f9ally became _! ma/]s6#ajb  
,on ,mohamm$'s "p1 !re is no evid5ce t  
at ! outset he contemplat$ a milit>y    
c>e]4 ,at fir/ a re=m]1 !n a prophet1 he
 0 driv5 to arms 9 self-def5ce aga9/ 8  
p]secutors1 & he 0 =tunate 9 be+ able to
 pr(it by a c]ta9 jeal\sy :i* exi/$     
betwe5 ! rival cities ( ,mecca & ,m$9a4 
,flee+ f ,mecca ) only "o foll[]1 ,abu  
,bekr1 leav+ ! fai?ful ,ali to arrange 8
 affairs :ile he & 8 companion 7 hidd5 9
 a cave1 he f\nd on rea*+ ,m$9a a m     
favorable reception4 ,he soon ga!r$ a   
foll[+1 :i* enabl$ him to ga9 a truce f 
! ,meccans = t5 ye>s2 & :5 !y on _! "p  
violat$ ! truce1 he 0 able to m>* ^u _! 

city ) a =ce :i* defi$ all possible     
resi/ance1 & he ent]$ ,mecca 9 triumph4 
,m$9a _h be5 won p>tly by ! suppos$     
cr$5tials ( ! prophet1 b ma9ly by       
jeal\sy ( ! rival city4 ,mecca yield$ to
 a sup]ior =ce ( arms1 b 9 ! end became 
! honor$ capital & %r9e ( ,islam4  ,f   
?is "t ! c>e] ( ,mohamm$ 0 :olly *ang$4 
,he 0 n[ an ambiti\s conqu]or1 & "h z   
be=e1 ! "q h[ f> he may h s9c]ely       
int]pret$ 8 rem>kable =tune z a call (  
,god to subdue ! idolatr\s nations1 mu/ 
rema9 = ! pres5t unsettl$4 ,possibly    
fur!r light may be ?r[n ^u x z we       
proce$4 ,let u consid] "s ( ! *anges :i*
 appe> 9 ! developm5t ( ?is man's "*4   
,if we set out ) t high ideal :i* w\ld  
seem to be dem&$ z a *>act]i/ic ( a     
great religi\s tea*]1 & c]ta9ly ( "o    
claim+ to be a prophet ( ,god1 we ought 
to expect t 8 "* w\ld /eadily improve 9 
all purity1 humanity1 tru?fulness1      
*>ity1 & godlik5ess4 ,! te/ ( "* lies 9 
its tr5d4 ,if ! f\nd] ( a religion has n
 gr[n nobl] & bett] "u ! op]ation ( 8   

own sy/em1 t fact is ! /ronge/ possible 
condemnation ( ! sy/em4 ,a good man     
g5]ally feels t he c af=d to be         
magnanim\s & pitiful 9 proportion to 8  
victories & 8 success4 ,b ,mohamm$      
became rel5tless z 8 p[] increas$4 ,he  
_h at fir/ endeavor$ to w9 ! ,arabian   
,jews to 8 /&>d4 ,he _h adopt$ _!       
prophets & mu* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t tea*+s2
 he _h insi/$ ^u ! virtual id5tity ( !  
two religions4 ,b hav+ fail$ 9 8        
ov]tures1 & mean:ile hav+ ga9$ sup]ior  
p[]1 he wag$ aga9/ !m ! mo/ savage      
p]secution4 ,on "o occasion he ord]$ !  
massacre ( a surr5d]$ g>rison ( six     
hundr$ ,jewi% soldi]s4 ,at ano!r "t he  
put to ! mo/ inhuman torture a lead] :o 
_h oppos$ 8 cause2 9 repeat$ in/ances he
 in/igat$ ! crime ( assass9ation4#ajc ,9
 e>ly life he _h be5 engag$ 9 a peaceful
 c>avan trade1 & all 8 influ5ce _h be5  
ca/ 9 favor ( univ]sal security z aga9/ 
! pr$atory habits ( ! hea!n ,arabs2 b on
 com+ to p[] he himself resort$ to      
robb]y to enri* 8 ex*equ]4 ,sales       

m5tions tw5ty-sev5 ( ^! pr$atory        
exp$itions aga9/ c>avans1 9 :i* ,mohamm$
 0 p]sonally pres5t4#ajd  ,! biograph]s 
( 8 e>ly life repres5t him z a man ( a  
natural k9dness ( disposition1 & a      
s5sitive temp]am5t almo/ bord]+ on      
timidity4 ,?\gh n p>ticul>ly g5ial1 he 0
 fond ( *ildr51 & _h at fir/1 z 8       
record$ utt]ances %[1 frequ5t impulses (
 pity & magnanimity4 ,b he became h>d5$ 
z success cr[n$ 8 c>e]4 ,! temp]at5ess  
:i* *>act]iz$ 8 e>ly plead+s &          
remon/rances ) ^? :o diff]$ f him1 gave 
place to bitt] ana!mas2 & !re 0 root$ 9 
8 p]sonal "* t rel5tless bigotry :i* has
 be5 ! key-note ( ! mo/ intol]ant sy/em 
kn[n ^u ! e>?4  ,a /ill m m>k$ *ange    
occurr$ 9 ! increas+ s5suality (        
,mohamm$4 ,su* l5i5t apologi/s z ,e4    
,boswor? ,smi? & ,canon ,taylor h appli$
 _! mo/ skilful uphol/]y to ! defects ( 
8 sc&al\s morals4 ,mr4 ,smi? has ev5    
und]tak5 to palliate 8 appropriation (  
ano!r man's wife1 & ! blasphemy ( 8     
pret5d$ revelation 9 :i* he made ,god   

ju/ify 8 passion4#aje ,^! au?ors base _!
 *ief apologies ^u comp>isons betwe5    
,mohamm$ & ! worse depravity ( ! hea!n  
,arabs1 or !y balance acc\nts ) "s ( 8  
ackn[l$g$ virtues4  ,b ! case baffles   
all su* advocacy4 ,! real "q is1 :at 0 !
 drift ( ! prophet's "*8 ,:at 0 !       
influ5ce ( 8 pr(ess$ pr9ciples on 8 own 
life8 ,x _c be d5i$ t 8 moral tr5d 0    
d[nw>d4 ,if we cr$it ! traditions ( 8   
own foll[]s1 he _h liv$ a virtu\s life z
 ! husb& ( "o wife1#ajf & t = _m ye>s4  
,b aft] ! dea? ( ,kadijah he ent]$ ^u a 
c>e] ( polygamy 9 violation ( 8 own law4
 ,he _h fix$ ! limit = all ,moslems at  
f\r lawful wives2 & 9 spite ( ! argum5ts
 ( ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 we mu/ reg>d x z 
a mo/ damn+ aft]-?\ght t made ! fir/ &  
only exception to accommodate 8 own     
weakness4 ,by t act he plac$ himself    
beyond ! help ( all sophi/ry1 & took 8  
true place 9 ! sob] judgm5t ( mank9d4 ,&
 by a law :i* is z un]r+ z ! law (      
gravitation1 he became m & m s5sual z   
age advanc$4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea? he 0 !   

husb& ( elev5 wives4 ,we are n favor$ ) 
a li/ ( 8 concub9es3#ajg we only "k t 8 
sy/em plac$ no limit ^u ! numb]4#ajh    
,n[1 if a prophet claim+ direct         
inspiration c\ld break 8 own inspir$    
laws = 8 p]sonal accommodation2 if1 :5  
f\nd guilty ( adult]y1 he c\ld compel 8 
fri5d & foll[] to divorce 8 wife t he   
might take h]2 if ^u ea* violation (    
purity & dec5cy he did n %r9k f !       
blasphemy ( claim+ a special revelation 
:i* made ,god ! abettor ( 8 vices1 & ev5
 repres5t$ ,him z reprov+ & ?reat5+ 8   
wives = _! j compla9ts--if all ?is does 
n /amp a man z a reckless impo/or1 :at  
fur!r turpitude is requir$8  ,at ! same 
"t x is evid5t t con/ant discrim9ation  
is dem&$ 9 judg+ ( ! "* ( ,mohamm$4 ,x  
is n necess>y to assume t he 0 :olly    
deprav$ at fir/1 or to d5y t = a "t he 0
 ! good husb& t he is repres5t$ to h    
be51 or t he 0 a s9c]e & en?usia/ic     
re=m]1 or ev5 t he may h int]pret$ "s ( 
8 e>ly halluc9ations z my/]i\s messages 
f heav54 ,at v>i\s times 9 8 life he    

d\btless display$ noble s5tim5ts & p]=m$
 g5]\s acts4 ,b :5 we f9d him dictat+   
div9e communications ) delib]ate purpose
 = ! mo/ villa9\s objects1 :5 we f9d !  
messages ( ,gabriel tim$ & grad$ to suit
 ! exig5cies ( 8 gr[+ ambition1 or !    
dem&s ( 8 wor/ passions1 we are =c$ to a
 prepond]at+ condemnation4 ,! ,mohamm$ (
 ! lat] ye>s is a remorseless tyrant :5 
occasion requires1 & at all times !     
slave ( unbridl$ lu/4 ,ref9$ & cultivat$
 ,mohamm$an ladies--,i speak f te/imony 
t is v direct--d n hesitate to condemn !
 degrad+ morals ( _! prophet1 & to      
contra/ him ) ! spotless purity (       
,jesus2 b !n1 !y add1 ,god us$ him = a  
great purpose1 & gave him ! mo/ exalt$  
honor among m54 ,alas6 x is ! old       
argum5t s (t5 employ$ 9 _m l&s4         
,success1 great intellect1 gr&          
a*ievem5ts gild all moral de=mity1 & w9 
! connivance ( dazzl$ m9ds4 ,9 ?is case1
 h[ev]1 x is n a h]o or a /atesman1 b an
 alleg$ prophet ( ,god1 t is on trial4  
,x is a "q difficult to decide1 h[ f>   

,mohamm$ made ,mohamm$anism1 & h[ f> !  
sy/em m\ld$ him4 ,! action ( cause &    
effect 0 mutual1 & "u ?is int]action bo?
 ! "* & ! sy/em 7 sl[ gr[?s4 ,! ,koran 0
 compos$ 9 deta*$ fragm5ts suit$ to     
diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 diff]5t     
degrees & k9ds ( success1 diff]5t dem&s 
( p]sonal impulse or *anges ( conduct4  
,! ,suras1 )\t any claim to logical     
connection1 7 writt5 d[n by an amanu5sis
 on bits ( p>*m5t1 or pieces ( wood or  
lea!r1 & ev5 on ! %\ld]-bones ( %eep4 ,&
 !y 7 ea* ! expression ( ,mohamm$'s     
p>ticul> mood at ! "t1 & ea* ent]$ 9 "s 
degree into 8 "* f t "t =?4 ,! man & !  
book grew toge!r1 ! sy/em1 ?r\gh all its
 hi/ory1 fairly repres5ts ! example ( ! 
man & ! tea*+ ( ! book4  ,let u next    
consid] ! hi/oric "* & influ5ce ( !     
sy/em ( ,islam4 ,9 =m+ j conclusions z  
to ! real influ5ce ( ,mohamm$anism1 a   
judicial fairness is necess>y4 ,9 ! fir/
 place1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! ha/y &      
sweep+ judgm5ts :i* are too (t5 indulg$ 
9 by zeal\s ,*ri/ians2 & on ! o!r h&1 we

 mu/ c]ta9ly *all5ge ! exagg]at$        
/atem5ts ( en?usia/ic apologi/s4 ,x is  
errone\s to ass]t t ,islam has nev]     
enc\rag$ education1 t x has inv>iably   
be5 adv]se to all progress1 t x kn[s    
no?+ b ! ,koran1 or t ,om>1 9 ord]+ !   
de/ruction ( ! ,alex&rian libr>y1 is !  
only hi/orical expon5t ( ! sy/em4 ,su*  
/atem5ts are full ( p>tial tru?s1 b !y  
are also m+l$ ) pat5t errors4  ,! ,arab 
races 9 _! orig9al home 7 naturally     
incl9$ to ! enc\ragem5t ( lett]s1       
p>ticul>ly ( poetry1 & ,mohamm$ himself1
 ?\gh he _h nev] be5 taught ev5 to read1
 mu* less to write1 took special pa9s to
 enc\rage le>n+4 ,tea* y\r *ildr5       
poetry1 he said2 x op5s ! m9d1 l5ds     
grace to wisdom1 & makes ! h]oic virtues
 h]$it>y4#aji ,accord+ to ,spr5g]1 he   
gave lib]ty to e prison] :o taught      
twelve boys ( ,mecca to write4 ,!       
,abbasside pr9ces ( a lat] day (f]$ mo/ 
g5]\s prizes = sup]ior excell5ce 9      
poetry1 & ,bagdad1 ,damascus1 ,alex&ria1
 ,bassora1 & ,sam>c& 7 not$ = _!        

univ]sities4#aaj ,cordova & ,seville 7  
able to l5d _! light to ! infant        
univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,! f9e arts (        
sculpture & pa9t+ 7 condemn$ by ! e>ly  
caliphs1 d\btless on acc\nt ( !         
idolatr\s t5d5cies :i* !y 7 suppos$ to  
fo/]2 b m$ic9e1 philosophy1 ma!matics1  
*emi/ry1 & a/ronomy 7 especially        
develop$1 & t at a "t :5 ! nations (    
,europe 7 mo/ly 9 d>kness4#aaa ,yet x _c
 be d5i$ t on ! :ole ! influ5ce ( ,islam
 has be5 ho/ile to le>n+ & to           
civilization4#aab ,! _w w nev] =get t by
 ! burn+ ( ! great libr>y ( ,alex&ria ! 
ri* legacy :i* ! old _w _h bequea!d to !
 new 0 de/roy$4 ,by its occupation (    
,egypt & ,con/ant9ople1 & ?us cutt+ (f !
 mo/ important *annels ( communication1 
! ,mohamm$an p[] became l>gely          
responsible = ! long eclipse ( ,europe  
dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4  ,moreov]1 :5     
zeal\s advocates ( ! sy/em contra/ !    
b>b>ism ( ,ri*>d ,coeur de ,lion ) !    
culture & humanity ( ,salad91 !y seem to
 =get t ! race ( ,ri*>d _h b j em]g$ f !

 savag]y ( ! ,nor?m51 :ile ,salad9 & 8  
race _h n only inh]it$ ! high moral     
culture ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 b _h  
virtually monopoliz$ x4 ,x 0 *iefly by !
 w>s ( ! ,crusad]s t ,we/]n ,europe     
became acqua9t$ ) ! civilization ( !    
,ori5t4  ,in/ead ( ignor+ ! advantages  
:i* ! ,ea/ _h ov] ! ,we/ at t p]iod1 x  
w\ld be m j to inquire :at comp>ative   
improvem5ts ( _! respective             
opportunities h be5 made by ,we/]n      
,*ri/ianity & ,ea/]n ,mohamm$anism s9ce 
t "t4 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ task1 =     
example1 to />t ) ! p]iod ( ,salad9 &   
,coeur de ,lion1 & imp>tially trace on !
 "o h& ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity z x     
m\ld$ ! savage conqu]ors ( ! ,roman     
,empire1 & f su* rude mat]ials built up 
! great ,*ri/ian nations ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury2 & on ! o!r h&1 foll[ ! bann] ( !
 ,cresc5t ?r\gh all ! l&s :]e x has     
borne sway3 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 ,nor!rn    
,india1 ,egypt1 ! ,b>b>y ,/ates1 ,ea/   
,africa1 & ! ,s\dan1 & !n draw an       
unbias$ conclusion z to :i* sy/em1 z a  

sy/em1 has done m to spread g5]al       
enlight5m5t1 fo/] ! s5tim5ts ( k9dness &
 philan?ropy1 promote human lib]ty1     
advance civilization1 increase & elevate
 populations1 promote ! purity &        
happ9ess ( ! family & ! home1 & raise ! 
/&>ds ( e?ics & true religion among     
mank9d4#aac  ,"o ( ! brilliant dyna/ies 
( ,mohamm$an hi/ory 0 t ( ! ,moors (    
,spa94 ,we c nev] cease to admire _!    
enc\ragem5t ( arts & _! beautiful       
ar*itecture1 b is x q c]ta9 t all ?is 0 
a direct fruit ( ,islam8 ,! sugge/ion t 
x may h be5 p>tly due to contact ) !    
,go?ic elem5ts :i* ! ,moors vanqui%$1   
f9ds support 9 ! fact t no?+ ( ! k9d    
appe>$ on ! opposite coa/ ( ,africa4 ,& 
:ile ! ,mohamm$an ,empire 9 ,india has  
left ! mo/ exquisite ar*itectural       
/ructures 9 ! _w1 x is well kn[n t !y 7 
! "w ( ,european ar*itects4  ,b 9       
consid]+ ! influ5ce :i* ,islam has ex]t$
 on ! :ole1 lack ( "t compels me to     
limit our survey to ,africa1 except z   
o!r l&s may be ref]r$ to                

incid5tally4#aad ,t ! fir/ ,african     
conque/s1 ext5d+ f ,egypt to ,morocco1 7
 simple w>like invasions 9 :i* ! sword 0
 ! only in/rum5t ( propag&ism1 no "o w  
d5y4 ,b x is cont5d$ t 9 lat] c5turies a
 great "w has be5 accompli%$ 9 ,we/]n   
,s\dan1 & is /ill be+ accompli%$1 by    
mission>y ef=t & ! g5]al advance ( a    
:olesome civilization4  ,any fair       
e/imate ( ,mohamm$an influ5ce mu/ take  
acc\nt ( ! elem5ts :i* x f\nd 9 ,nor!rn 
,africa at ! "t ( its conque/s4 ,! /ates
 :i* bord] on ! ,m$it]ranean _h once be5
 p[]ful & comp>atively enlight5$4 ,!y _h
 be5 popul\s & prosp]\s4 ,! ,pho5ician  
colony 9 ,c>?age _h gr[n to be no mean  
rival ( ,rome's milit>y p[]4 ,egypt _h  
be5 a great c5tre ( le>n+1 n only 9 !   
mo/ anci5t times1 b especially aft] !   
build+ ( ,alex&ria4 ,m we/]n l&s1 l     
,numidia & ,mauritania1 _h be5 peopl$ by
 noble races4  ,aft] ! introduction (   
,*ri/ianity1 ,alex&ria became ! bright  
focus into :i* ! religions &            
philosophies ( ! _w p\r$ _! conc5trat$  

light4 ,"s ( ! greate/ ( ! ,*ri/ian     
fa!rs1 l ,augu/9e1 ,t]tullian1 &        
,cyprian1 7 ,africans4 ,! f\ndations (  
,lat9 ,*ri/ianity 7 laid by ^! m54 ,!   
,bi%opric ( ,hippo 0 a model = all "t 9 
deep & intellig5t devotion4 ,! grace &  
/r5g?1 ! sublime & all-conqu]+ fai? (   
,monica1 & o!rs l h]1 furni%$ a patt]n =
 all ,*ri/ian womanhood & mo!rhood4  ,i 
d n =get t be=e ! "t ( ! ,mohamm$an     
invasion ! ,v&als _h done _! "w (       
deva/ation1 or t ! ,african ,*ur* _h be5
 woefully weak5$ & r5t by wild h]esies &
 s*isms1 or t ! defection ( !           
,monophysite or ,coptic ,*ur* ( ,egypt 0
 "o ( ! influ5ces :i* facilitat$ !      
,mohamm$an success4 ,b mak+ due all[ance
 = all ?is1 v&alism & s*ism c\ld n h    
de/roy$ s soon ! anci5t civilization or 
sapp$ ! /r5g? ( ! ,nor? ,african races4 
,! process :i* has p]man5tly r$uc$ s _m 
once popul\s cities & villages to       
des]ts1 & left l>ge portions ( ! ,b>b>y 
,/ates ) only ! mold]+ ru9s ( _! =m]    
greatness1 has be5 a gradual "o4 ,=     

c5turies aft] ! ,arab conque/ ^? /ates 7
 virtually %ut (f f communication )     
,europe1 & = at lea/ ?ree c5turies m1   
say f #aejj d[n to ! g5]ation :i*       
imm$iately prec$$ our own1 !y 7 kn[n    
*iefly by ! piracies :i* !y c>ri$ on    
aga9/ ! comm]ce ( all m>itime nations4  
,ev5 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0    
compell$ to pay a million ( doll>s = !  
ransom ( captur$ ,am]ican seam51 & x    
paid x n to private corsairs1 b to !    
,mohamm$an gov]nm5ts by :i* ^? piracies 
7 subsidiz$1 z a means ( supply+ !      
public ex*equ]4 ,^! l>ge am\nts 7       
recov]$ only :5 our navy1 9 co-op]ation 
) t ( ,engl&1 extirpat$ ! ,riff piracies
 by bomb>d+ ! ,moslem ports4 ,! vaunt$  
civilizations ( ! ,nor? ,african /ates  
w\ld h be5 support$ by :olesale m>aud+  
to ?is day1 _h n _! piratical fleets be5
 ?us summ>ily swept f ! seas by o!r     
p[]s4  ,if ,egypt has %[n a high] degree
 ( advancem5t x has be5 due to h]       
peculi> geographical position1 to !     
inexhau/ible f]tility ( ! ,delta1 &1 mo/

 ( all1 to ! infusion ( =eign life &    
en]gy into ! managem5t ( h] affairs4    
,ambiti\s adv5tur]s1 l ! ,albanian      
,mehamet ,ali1 h ris5 to p[] & h made   
,egypt :at %e is1 or r :at %e 0 be=e ! m
 rec5t int]v5tion ( ! ,european p[]s4   
,ev5 ,canon ,taylor admits t = c5turies 
x has be5 necess>y to import m vigor\s  
=eign blood = ! adm9i/ration ( ,egyptian
 affairs4#aae  ,x w be admitt$ t        
,mohamm$an conque/s h be5 made 9        
m$iaeval times1 & d[n to our own age1 9 
,c5tral ,africa1 & t along ! s\!rn      
bord]s ( ,sah>a a cordon ( m or less    
prosp]\s /ates has be5 e/abli%$2 also1 t
 ! civilization ( ^? /ates contra/s     
favorably ) ! savag]y ( ! cannibal      
tribes ) :i* !y h come 9 contact4       
,probably ! be/--t is to say1 ! lea/    
objectionable--exemplifications ( ,islam
 n[ to be f\nd 9 ! _w are se5 9 "s ( !  
old] /ates ( ,we/]n ,s\dan4 ,! ,m&+o ( !
 c5tral upl&s furni%$ a bett] mat]ial   
?an ! unspeakable ,turk1 & x w\ld n be q
 fair to ascribe all 8 pres5t virtues to

 ! ,moslem rule4  ,b h[ h ^! conque/s 9 
,c5tral ,africa be5 made8 ,! cont5tion (
 ! apologi/s = ,islam is t rec5tly1 at  
lea/1 & probably m or less 9 ! pa/1 a   
quiet mission>y "w has greatly ext5d$   
mono!ism1 temp]ance1 education1 & g5]al 
com=t1 & t x has done m ?an all o!r     
influ5ces = ! p]man5t ext9ction ( !     
slave trade6 ,dr4 ,e4,w4 ,blyd51 9 answ]
 to ! *>ge t ,mohamm$an ,arabs are n[1 &
 long h be51 *iefly responsible = !     
horrors ( t trade1 & t ev5 :5 ,am]icans 
b\ght slaves = _! plantations1 ,moslem  
raid]s 9 ! int]ior in/igat$ ! tribal    
qu>rels :i* suppli$ ! m>kets on ! coa/1 
cont5ds t ! ,moslem conque/s d mo/      
effectually de/roy ! trade1 s9ce tribes 
:i* h become ,moslem c no long] be      
enslav$ by ,moslems4#aaf ,x is a curi\s 
argum5t1 especially z x seems to ignore 
! fact t at ! pres5t "t bo? ! supply & !
 dem& dep5d on ,mohamm$an influ5ce4  ,z 
to ! means by :i* ! ,s\danese ,/ates are
 n[ ext5d+ _! p[] we may cont5t         
ourselves ) a m]e ref]5ce to ! op]ations

 ( ! late ,el ,mahdi 9 ! ,ea/ & !       
notori\s ,samadu 9 ! ,we/4 ,_! me?ods   
may be accept$ z illu/rations ( a k9d ( 
tactics :i* h be5 employ$ = ages4 ,!    
c>e] ( ,el ,mahdi is already well kn[n4 
,samadu 0 orig9ally a prison]1 captur$  
:ile yet a boy 9 "o ( ! tribal w>s ne> !
 headwat]s ( ! ,nig]4 ,p>tly by intrigue
 & p>tly by ! aid ( 8 religi\s          
fanaticism he at l5g? became suffici5tly
 p[]ful to enslave 8 ma/]4 ,soon aft]w>d
 he proclaim$ 8 div9e mission1 & decl>$ 
a ,jehad or holy w> aga9/ all infidels4 
,?\s&s flock$ to 8 bann]1 influ5c$      
l>gely by ! hope ( booty2 & ere long1 to
 quote ! language ( a lay correspond5t (
 ! ,london ,/&>d1 writt5 9 ,si]ra ,leone
 ,septemb] #ah1 #ahhh1 he became !      
sc\rge ( all ! peaceable /ates on ! "r  
bank ( ! ,upp] ,nig]4 ,s9ce #ahhb he has
 attempt$ to dispute ! t]ritorial claims
 ( ! ,fr5* on ! upp]1 & ( ! ,engli% on !
 l[] ,nig]1 ?\gh )\t success4 ,b he has 
seem$ to av5ge 8 disappo9tm5t ! m       
t]ribly on ! native tribes4  ,! lett]   

publi%$ 9 ! ,/&>d gives an acc\nt ( an  
(ficial commission s5t by ! ,gov]nor (  
,si]ra ,leone to ! headqu>t]s ( ,samadu 
9 #ahhh1 & 9 describ+ ! track ( ?is     
,we/]n ,mahdi 9 8 approa*es to ! ,fr5*  
t]ritories x says3 ,! mess5g]s report t 
e t[n & village ?r\gh :i* !y pass$ 0 9  
ru9s1 & t ! road1 f ! bord]s (          
,sulimania to ,h]imakono1 0 l9$ ) human 
skeletons1 ! rema9s ( un=tunates :o _h  
be5 sla9 by ,samadu's fanatical soldi]y1
 or _h p]i%$ f />vation ?r\gh !         
deva/ation ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,"s ( ^!
 poor wret*es1 to judge f ! horrible    
contortions ( ! skeletons1 _h be5       
attack$ by vultures & bea/s ( prey :ile 
yet alive1 & :5 too ne> _! l+]+ dea? to 
h suffici5t /r5g? to beat !m (f4 ,ar\nd 
! ru9$ t[ns 7 hundr$s ( d\bl$-up        
skeletons1 ! rema9s ( prison]s :o1 b\nd 
h& & foot1 _h be5 =c$ ^u _! knees1 & _! 
heads /ruck (f4 ,keba1 ! h]oic ,bamb>a  
k+1 is /ill resi/+ bravely1 b he has    
only "o /ronghold 7,siaso7 left1 & ! end
 _c n[ be f> (f4  ,samadu's c>e] 9 ?is  

direction hav+ be5 arre/$1 he next turn$
 8 att5tion t[>d ! tribes "u ,engli%    
protection on ! s\!a/1 :]e1 un=tunately1
 !re 0 no p[] to take up ! cause (      
humanity & arre/ 8 progress4 ,be=e long 
he entirely ov]ran & subject$ ,k\ranko1 
,limbah1 ,sulimania1 ,kono1 & ,kissi4 ,!
 mo/ horrible atrocities 7 committ$2    
peaceable agriculturi/s 7 slaught$ 9    
?\s&s1 & _! wom5 & *ildr5 c>ri$ (f into 
slav]y4 ,falaba1 ! celebrat$ capital (  
,sulimania1 & ! great emporium = trade  
betwe5 ,si]ra ,leone & ! ,nig]1 0       
captur$ & de/roy$2 & all ! inhabitants (
 t di/rict1 :om e travell]1 f ,w9wood   
,reade d[n to ,dr4 ,blyd51 has m5tion$ )
 praise = _! indu/ry & docility1 h be5  
ext]m9at$ or c>ri$ (f4 ,sulimania1 :i* 0
 ! g>d5 ( ,we/ ,africa1 has n[ become a 
h[l+ wild]ness4  ,& ! writ] adds3 ,! p (
 ! ,/ates to ! s\? ( ,futa ,djallon are 
pagans1 & ,samadu makes _! religion a   
pretext = 8 outrages4 ,he is desir\s1 he
 says1 ( conv]t+ !m to ! ',true ,fai?1' 
& 8 modes ( p]suasion are murd] &       

slav]y4 ,:at c\ld be m horrible ?an !   
/ory j br\ght d[n by ! mess5g]s :o 7 )  
,major ,fe/+8 ,miles ( road /rewn )     
human bones2 black5$ ru9s :]e 7 peaceful
 hamlets2 desolation & empt9ess :]e 7   
smil+ plantations4 ,:at has become ( !  
t5s ( ?\s&s ( peaceful agriculturi/s1 _!
 wives & _! innoc5t *ildr58 ,gone2      
conv]t$1 aft] ,samadu's mann]1 to !     
',true ,fai?4' ,& ?us ! conv]sion ( ,we/
 ,africa to ,islamism goes m]rily on1   
:ile dilettante s*ol>s at home          
complac5tly discuss ! "q z to :e!r t    
fai? or ,*ri/ianity is ! m suitable = ! 
,negro2 & ! ,briti% p1 dead to _! g5]\s 
in/9cts ( old1 make no dem& t su* de$s (
 cruelty & horror %all be arre/$ ) a    
/rong h&4#aag  ,simil> acc\nts ( !      
,african propag&ism ( ,islam might be   
giv5 9 ! v words ( num]\s travell]s &   
explor]s1 b "o or two witnesses only    
%all be summon$ to speak ( ! ,mohamm$an 
dom9ion & civilization 9 ,ea/ ,africa4  
,pr(essor ,drummond1 9 giv+ 8           
impressions ( ,zanzib>1 says3 ,ori5tal 9

 its appe>ance1 ,mohamm$an 9 its        
religion1 ,arabian 9 its morals1 a      
cesspool ( wick$ness1 x is a fit capital
 to ! ,d>k ,cont95t4 ,& x is ! great    
emporium--n an obscure settlem5t1 b !   
consummate fl[] ( ,ea/ ,african         
civilization & boa/+ 9 ! late ,sultan   
,b>ga%1 an unusually enlight5$ ,moslem  
rul]4 ,( ! int]ior & ! ivory-slave trade
 pursu$ "u ! auspices ( ,arab dom9ion ! 
same au?or says3 ,arab encampm5ts =     
c>ry+ on a :olesale trade 9 ?is t]rible 
commodity are n[ e/abli%$ all ov] ! he>t
 ( ,africa4 ,!y are usually connect$ )  
weal?y ,arab trad]s at ,zanzib> & o!r   
places on ! coa/1 & communication is    
kept up by c>avans1 :i* pass at long    
int]vals f "o to ! o!r4 ,be+ always l>ge
 & well-suppli$ ) ! mat]ial ( w>1 ^!    
c>avans h at _! m]cy ! feeble & divid$  
native tribes ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 & _!   
trail across ! cont95t is d>k5$ ) e     
aggravation ( tyranny & crime4 ,!y come 
^u ! sc5e sudd5ly2 !y /ay only long     
en\gh to secure _! end1 & disappe> only 

to return :5 a new crop has aris5 :i* is
 wor? ! reap+4 ,sometimes ^! ,arab      
trad]s w actually settle = a ye> or two 
9 ! he>t ( "s quiet community 9 ! remote
 int]ior4 ,!y pret5d p]fect fri5d%ip2 !y
 mole/ no "o2 !y b>t] hone/ly4 ,!y plant
 ! se$s ( _! favorite vegetables &      
fruits--! ,arab always c>ries se$s )    
him--z if !y meant to /ay =ev]4         
,meantime !y buy ivory1 tusk aft] tusk1 
until great piles ( x are buri$ b5ea? _!
 huts1 & all _! b>t] goods are gone4 ,!n
 "o day sudd5ly ! inevitable qu>rel is  
pick$4 ,& !n foll[s a :olesale massacre4
 ,en\gh only are sp>$ f ! slaught] to   
c>ry ! ivory to ! coa/2 ! grass huts ( !
 village are set on fire2 ! ,arabs /rike
 camp2 & ! slave m>*1 worse ?an dea?1   
beg9s4 ,! la/ act 9 ! drama1 ! slave    
m>*1 is ! aspect ( slav]y :i* 9 ! pa/   
has *iefly ar\s$ ! passions & ! sympa?y 
( ! outside _w1 b ! great] evil is !    
demoralization & dis9tegration (        
communities by :i* x is necess>ily      
prec$$4 ,x is ess5tial to ! traffic t ! 

region dra9$ by ! slav] %\ld be kept 9  
p]petual political f]m5t2 t1 9 ord] to  
prev5t comb9ation1 *ief %\ld be pitt$   
aga9/ *ief1 & t ! mom5t any tribe       
?reat5s to assume a dom9at+ /r5g? x %\ld
 ei!r be brok5 up by ! in/igation (     
rebellion among its dep5d5cies or made a
 tool ( at _! exp5se4 ,! int]-relation (
 tribes is s intricate t x is impossible
 to exagg]ate ! effect ( di/urb+ !      
equilibrium at ev5 a s+le c5tre4 ,b1 l a
 riv]1 a slave c>avan has to be f$ by   
innum]able tribut>ies all along its     
c\rse1 at fir/ 9 ord] to ga!r a         
suffici5t volume ( human bodies = ! />t1
 & aft]w>d to replace ! frightful loss  
by des]tion1 disablem5t1 & dea?4  ,next 
to ,liv+/one1 ^: la/ pa!tic appeal to ! 
civiliz$ _w to heal ! op5 sore ( ,africa
 /&s engrav$ 9 m>ble 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 
no bett] witness c be summon$ 9 reg>d to
 ! slave trade & ! influ5ce ( ,islam    
g5]ally 9 ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,africa ?an  
,h5ry ,m4 ,/anley4 ,f ! "t :5 he        
enc\nt]$ ! ,mohamm$an propag&i/s at !   

,c\rt ( ,ug&a he has se5 h[ intimately &
 vitally ! fai? & ! traffic are ev]y:]e 
unit$4 ,i give b a s+le passage f 8     
,congo ,free ,/ate1 page #add4  ,we     
discov]$ t ?is horde ( b&itti--= 9      
reality & )\t disguise !y 7 no?+ else--0
 "u ! lead]%ip ( sev]al *iefs1 b        
pr9cipally "u ,k>ema & ,kibunga4 ,!y _h 
/>t$ sixte5 mon?s previ\sly f           
,wane-,kirundu1 ab\t ?irty miles bel[   
,v9ya ,nj>a4 ,= elev5 mon?s ! b& _h be5 
raid+ successfully betwe5 ! ,congo & !  
,lubiranzi1 on ! left bank4 ,!y _h !n   
und]tak5 to p]=m ! same cruel "w betwe5 
! ,biy]re & ,wane-,kirundu4 ,on look+ at
 my map ,i f9d t su* a t]ritory )9 !    
area describ$ w\ld cov] sup]ficially    
#af1bjj squ>e geographical miles on !   
left bank1 & #aj1ejj miles on ! "r1 all 
( :i* 9 /atute mileage w\ld be equal to 
#cd1gjj squ>e miles1 j #b1jjj squ>e     
miles great] ?an ! isl& ( ,irel&1       
inhabit$ by ab\t #a1jjj1jjj p4  ,! b& :5
 x set out f ,kirundu numb]$ #cjj fight+
 m51 arm$ ) fl9t-locks1 d\ble-b>rell$   

p]cussion guns1 & a few bree*-load]s2 _!
 foll[]s1 or dome/ic slaves & wom51     
d\bl$ ?is =ce4444 ,)9 ! enclosure 0 a   
s]ies ( l[ %$s ext5d+ _m l9es deep f !  
imm$iate edge ( ! clay bank inl&1 #ajj  
y>ds2 9 l5g? ! camp 0 ab\t #cjj y>ds4   
,at ! l&+-place bel[ 7 #ed long canoes1 
v>y+ 9 c>ry+ capacity4 ,ea* might convey
 f #aj to #ajj p4444 ,! fir/ g5]al      
impressions are t ! camp is mu* too     
d5sely peopl$ = com=t4 ,!re are r[s ^u  
r[s ( d>k nak$ness1 reliev$ "h & !re by 
! :ite dresses ( ! captors4 ,!re are    
l9es or gr\ps ( nak$ =ms--upright1 /&+1 
or mov+ ab\t li/lessly2 nak$ bodies are 
/ret*$ "u ! %$s 9 all positions2 nak$   
legs innum]able are se5 9 ! p]spective (
 pro/rate sleep]s2 !re are c\ntless nak$
 *ildr5--_m m]e infants--=ms ( boyhood &
 girlhood1 & occasionally a drove (     
absolutely nak$ old wom5 b5d+ "u a      
basket ( fuel1 or cassava tub]s1 or     
bananas1 :o are driv5 ?r\gh ! mov+ gr\ps
 by two or ?ree muskete]s4 ,on pay+ m   
att5tion to details1 ,i obs]ve t mo/ly  

all are fett]$2 y\?s ) iron r+s ar\nd _!
 necks1 ?r\gh :i* a *a91 l "o ( our boat
 an*or-*a9s1 is rove1 secur+ ! captives 
by tw5ties4 ,! *ildr5 ov] t5 are secur$ 
by ^! copp] r+s1 ea* r+$ leg br\ght     
toge!r by ! c5tral r+4  ,by a c>eful    
exam9ation ( /ati/ics ,mr4 ,/anley      
e/imates t c\nt+ ! m5 kill$ 9 ! raids & 
^? :o p]i% on ! m>* or are sla9 because 
suppos$ to be wor?less1 e #e1jjj slaves 
actually sold co/ ov] #cj1jjj lives4  ,b
 !re are ,arabs & ,arabs we are told4 ,!
 slave-deal]s ( ,ea/ ,africa & ! b>b>\s 
*iefta9s :o pu% _! bloody conque/s 9    
,we/]n ,s\dan are bad en\gh1 x is       
admitt$1 b !y are exceptions4 ,yet we   
insi/ t !y illu/rate ! v _s ( ,mohamm$  
himself1 :o au?oriz$ ! tak+ ( prison]s (
 w> z slaves4 ,_! plea is t !y save !   
s\ls ( ^? !y capture2 _m ( ^! trad]s are
 ,mollahs--,ph>isees ( ! ,ph>isees4     
,canon ,taylor1 ,dr4 ,blyd51 & o!rs h   
giv5 u gl[+ acc\nts ( ,arab mission>ies 
go+ ab\t )\t purse or scrip1 &          
dissem9at+ _! religion by quietly tea*+ 

! ,koran2 b ! v5]able ,bi%op ,cr[!r1 :o 
has sp5t 8 :ole life 9 t "p ( ,africa   
:]e ^! conque/s are suppos$ to be made1 
decl>es t ! real vocation ( ! quiet     
apo/les ( ! ,koran is t ( feti%         
p$dl]s4#aah ,if x be object$ t ?is is ! 
bias$ te/imony ( a ,*ri/ian mission>y1 x
 may be back$ by ! explor] ,l&]1 :o1 9  
speak+ ( ?is same class ( m51 says3 ,^! 
,mollahs procure an easy subsi/5ce by   
mak+ feti%es or writ+ *>ms on bits (    
wood :i* are wa%$ (f c>efully into a    
bas9 ( wat]1 & drank ) avidity by !     
cr$ul\s multitude4 ,& he adds3 ,^? :o   
pr(ess ! ,mohamm$an fai? among ! negroes
 are z ignorant & sup]/iti\s z _!       
idolatr\s bre?r52 nor does x appe> t _! 
hav+ adopt$ a new cre$ has ei!r improv$ 
_! mann]s or bett]$ _! condition 9 life4
 ,dr4 ,s*we9fur? also describes !       
,mohamm$an mission>ies :om he f\nd at   
,kh>t\m z pollut$ ) e abom9able vice :i*
 ! imag9ation ( man c conceive (4 ,9    
answ] to v>i\s /atem5ts :i* _h be5      
publi%$ 9 reg>d to ! rapid mission>y    

progress made by ,mohamm$ans 9 ,we/     
,c5tral ,africa1 ,bi%op ,cr[!r wrote a  
lett] to ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society at 
! beg9n+ ( #ahhh1 giv+ ! results ( 8 own
 prolong$ obs]vation4 ,he describes !   
me?ods us$ z3  #a4 ,w> ^u ! hea!n       
tribes4 ,if ! ,*ief ( a hea!n tribe     
accepts ! ,koran 8 p are at once c\nt$ z
 conv]ts & he is receiv$ into favor1 &  
is ?us prep>$ to become an in/rum5t 9   
conqu]+ o!r tribes4 ,b on ! refusal to  
accept ! ,koran w> is decl>$1 !         
de/ruction ( _! c\ntry is ! consequ5ce1 
& horrible blood%$4 ,! ag$1 male &      
female1 are massacr$1 :ile ! salable are
 l$ away z slaves4 ,"o half ( ! slaves  
are res]v$ by ! *ief1 ! o!r half is     
divid$ among ! soldi]s to enc\rage !m to
 future raids4  #b4 ,ano!r cause ( l>ge 
increase is polygamy4 ,= al?\gh b f\r   
lawful wives are all[$1 !re is unlimit$ 
lic5se = concub9age4  #c4 ,! sale ( *>ms
 is s conduct$ z to prove n only a means
 ( pr(it b a %rewd propag&a4 ,:5        
*ildless wom5 are furni%$ ) ^!1 !y are  

pl$g$1 if successful1 to d$icate _!     
*ildr5 to ,islam4  ,& ,bi%op ,cr[!r     
v]ifies ! /atem5t made by o!rs 9 ref]5ce
 to ,ea/ ,africa1 t ! prie/s besides be+
 *>m-mak]s are trad]s bo? 9 g5]al       
articles & m l>gely 9 slaves4#aai  ,we h
 only "t to consid] "o "q m1 viz41 ,:at 
is ! "* ( ,islam z we f9d x to-day1 &   
:at are its prospects ( developm5t8 ,x  
is a *>act]i/ic ( our age t no religion 
/&s :olly alone & un9flu5c$ by o!rs4 ,x 
is especially true t ! sy/ems ( ! ,ea/  
are all deeply affect$ by ! high] e?ics 
& pur] religi\s conceptions borr[$ f    
,*ri/ianity4 ,?us _m ,mohamm$ans ( our  
day1 & especially ^? liv+ 9 close       
contact ) our ,*ri/ian civilization1 are
 ris+ to high] conceptions ( ,god & (   
religi\s tru? ?an h be5 ent]ta9$ by     
,moslems hi!rto4 ,canon ,taylor1 9 a    
little volume entitl$ ,leaves f an      
,egyptian ,note-,book1 has drawn a      
picture ( ,islam :i* ,om> & ,o?man w\ld 
h>dly h recogniz$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x    
%\ld be rememb]$ t1 z he confesses1 8   

reputation z a def5d] ( ,mohamm$ & 8    
sy/em _h gone be=e him to ,cairo1 & t he
 0 und]/ood to be a seek] aft] facts    
favorable to 8 kn[n views4 ,?is op5$ !  
he>ts ( fri5dly ,pa%as & s]v$ to br+ out
 all ! praises t !y c\ld be/[ ^u _! own 
fai?4 ,x appe>s accord+ly t he 0 assur$ 
by !m t polygamy is widely disc>d$ &    
condemn$ by prom95t ,moslems 9 su*      
cities z ,cairo & ,alex&ria1 t _m lead+ 
m5 are highly intellig5t & widely read1 
t !y pr(ess belief 9 mo/ ( ! doctr9es   
held by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 t !y receive !
 inspir$ te/imony ( ! ,old & ,new       
,te/am5ts--except 9 s f> z !y h be5     
corrupt$ by ,*ri/ian manipulation4 ,?is 
exception1 h[ev]1 includes all t is at  
v>iance ) ! ,koran4 ,!y advocate        
temp]ance & condemn ! slave trade4 ,!y  
enc\rage ! g5]al promotion ( education1 
& :at seems to ! cr$ul\s ,canon mo/     
rem>kable ( all is t !y express deep    
regret t ,*ri/ians d n feel ! same *>ity
 & fell[%ip t[>d ,moslems t !y feel t[>d
 ,*ri/ians6  ,n[1 mak+ all due abatem5t 

= ! c\leur de rose :i* ^! easy-go+ &    
politic ,pa%as may h employ$ ) _!       
,engli% *ampion1 x is und\bt$ly true t a
 class ( ,mohamm$ans are f\nd 9 ! great 
cosmopolitan cities ( ! ,levant :o h    
come to recognize ! _s ( ! age 9 :i* !y 
live4 ,_m ( !m h be5 educat$ 9 ,europe2 
!y speak sev]al languages2 !y read !    
curr5t lit]ature2 !y are a%am$ ( ! old  
fanatical ,mohamm$anism4 ,?\gh !y *]i% a
 p>tisan int]e/ 9 ! recogniz$ religion (
 _! c\ntry1 _! fai? is really eclectic2 
x comes n f ,old ,mecca1 b is 9 "p a    
product ( ! awak5$ ?\ght ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury4 ,b ,canon ,taylor's great       
fallacy lies 9 try+ to p]suade himself &
 an intellig5t ,*ri/ian public t ?is is 
,islam4 ,he we>ies himself 9 8 attempts 
to squ>e ! mod]n ,cairo ) ! old1 & to   
trace ! mod]n g5tlemanly ,pa%a1 ^: fai? 
at lea/ sits lightly ^u 8 s\l1 z a      
legitimate desc5dant ( ! fanatical &    
lic5ti\s prophet ( ,arabia4 ,:5 he      
/rives to conv9ce ! _w t because ^!     
c\rte\s ,pa%as feel k9dly en\gh t[>d !  

,canon ( ,york & o!rs l him1 !re=e      
,islam is & always has be5 a *>itable & 
highly tol]ant sy/em1 he simply         
/ultifies ! :ole te/imony ( hi/ory4 ,he 
tells u t 8 ,egyptian fri5ds compla9 t  
:]eas !y reg>d u z bro!r-believ]s &     
accept our scriptures1 !y are nev]!less 
d5\nc$ z infidels4 ,& !y ask :y %\ld an 
et]nal coldness reign 9 our he>ts4      
,probably !y are n acqua9t$ ) ,samadu ( 
,we/]n ,s\dan & 8 me?ods ( propag&ism4  
,!y h =gott5 ! c>e] ( ,el ,mahdi2 !y are
 n famili> ) ! t]rible oppression ( !   
,jews 9 ,morocco--) :i* ev5 t 9 ,russia 
_c comp>e2 !y h n read ! d>k acc\nts ( !
 extortion practis$ by ! ,wahabees (    
,arabia1 ev5 ^u ,moslems ( ano!r sect on
 _! pilgrimages to ,mecca1#abj nor d !y 
seem to "k t ,syrian conv]ts f ,islam   
are n[ hid+ 9 ,egypt f ! blood?ir/y     
,moslems ( ,beyrut4 ,f9ally1 he =gets t 
! v *ildr5 are taught =mulas ( pray] 9  
:i* !y may comp5di\sly curse ,jews &    
,*ri/ians & all unbeliev]s4#aba  ,a m   
plausible case is made out by ,canon    

,taylor1 ,dr4 ,blyd51 & o!rs on ! "q (  
temp]ance4 ,x is true t ,moslems1 z a   
rule1 are n h>d dr9k]s4 ,m5 & races ( m5
 h _! besett+ s9s4 ,dr9k+ 0 n ! special 
vice ( ! ,arabs4 ,_! c\ntry 0 too arid2 
b !y _h ano!r vice ( :i* ,mohamm$ 0 !   
*ief exempl>4 ,canon ,taylor is d\btless
 correct also 9 ! /atem5t t ! ,engli%   
protectorate 9 ,egypt has greatly       
increas$ ! degree ( intemp]ance1 & t 9  
?is respect ! pres5ce ( ,european races 
g5]ally has be5 a curse4 ,c]ta9ly too   
mu* _c be said 9 condemnation ( !       
:olesale liquor trade c>ri$ on 9 ,africa
 by unscrupul\s subjects ( ,*ri/ian     
nations4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t !      
:iskey ( ,cairo & ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ does n 
repres5t ,*ri/ianity any m ?an ! ,greek 
assass9 or ! ,italian pickpocket 9      
,cairo repres5ts ,islam4 ,*ri/ian       
philan?ropi/s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica are   
seek+ to suppress ! evil4 ,if ,*ri/ian  
mission>ies 9 ,we/ ,africa 7 sell+ rum z
 ,moslem ,mollahs are buy+ & sell+      
slaves 9 ,ug&a1 if ! ,bible au?oriz$ !  

sy/em z ! ,koran enc\rages slav]y &     
concub9age1 z means ( propag&ism1 a     
p>allel might be pres5t$2 b ! v rev]se  
is true4  ,z a rule ,nomadic races are n
 z greatly incl9$ to ! use ( ard5t      
spirits z are ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t   
tribes ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,! diff]5ce is
 due to climate1 temp]am5t1 h]$ity1 & ! 
am\nt ( supply4 ,! ,koran disc\rages    
intemp]ance & s does ! ,bible2 bo? are  
disreg>d$ :5 ! means ( gratification are
 abundant4  ,! ,moguls ( ,india 7 sots  
almo/ z a rule4 ,weal?y ,p]sian ,moslems
 are ! *ief pur*as]s ( ! native w9es4   
,l&]1 ,s*we9fur?1 & ev5 ,mungo ,p>ke all
 speak ( communities 9 ,c5tral ,africa z
 :olly giv5 to intemp]ance4#abb         
,egyptians ev51 accord+ to ,canon       
,taylor1 f9d ! abundant supplies af=d$  
by ,europeans too tempt+ = ! re/ra9ts ( 
! ,koran4  ,"o ( ! mo/ significant      
indications t ! sob] judgm5t ( all      
enlight5$ m5 favors ! imm5se sup]iority 
( ! ,*ri/ian fai? ov] all e?nic sy/ems  
is ! fact t ev5 ^? zeal\s apologi/s :o h

 mo/ plausibly def5d$ ! non-,*ri/ian    
religions h subsequ5tly ev9c$ "s        
misgiv+s & h ev5 become advocates ( !   
sup]ior light ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,sir ,edw9 
,arnold1 see+ h[ s]i\sly "s ill-gr\nd$  
,*ri/ian p _h int]pret$ ,! ,light (     
,asia1 has s9ce made am5ds by writ+ ,!  
,light ( ! ,_w4 ,& ,e4 ,boswor? ,smi?1  
on read+ ! extravagant glorification    
giv5 to ,islam by ,canon ,isaac ,taylor1
 :om he accuses ( plagi>ism & absurd    
exagg]ation1 has come to ! /& z a       
witness aga9/ 8 extreme views4 ,)\t     
ackn[l$g+ any important modification ( 8
 own =m] views he has greatly *ang$ !   
place ( emphasis4 ,he has n only record$
 8 condemnation ( ,canon ,taylor's      
extravagance b he has made a /rong      
appeal = ! transc5d5t sup]iority ( !    
,*ri/ian fai? z t alone :i* mu/ f9ally  
reg5]ate ,africa & ! _w4 ,he has call$  
public att5tion to ! foll[+ po9t$       
criticism ( ,canon ,taylor's plea =     
,islam1 made by a g5tleman long resid5t 
9 ,alg]ia1 & he has giv5 x 8 own        

endorsem5t3 ,canon ,isaac ,taylor1 says 
! writ]1 has con/ruct$ at ! exp5se (    
,*ri/ianity a rose-color$ picture (     
,islam1 by a process ( comp>ison 9 :i*  
,*ri/ianity is arraign$ = failures 9    
practice1 ( :i* ,*ri/5dom is deeply &   
p5it5tly consci\s1 no acc\nt be+ tak5 ( 
,*ri/ian precept2 :ile ,islam is judg$  
by its bett] precepts only1 no acc\nt   
be+ tak5 ( ! frightful %ortcom+s 9      
,mohamm$an practice1 ev5 f ! /&>d ( !   
,koran4#abc ,no indictm5t ev] c>ri$ its 
pro(s m conspicu\sly on its face ?an    
?is4  ,e4 ,boswor? ,smi?'s subsequ5t    
tribute to ! relative sup]iority ( !    
,*ri/ian fai? 0 giv5 9 an address be=e !
 ,fell[s ( ,zion's ,college1 ,febru>y   
#ba1 #ahhh4 ,i give 8 clos+ comp>ison   
entire2 also 8 eloqu5t appeal = ,*ri/ian
 ,missions 9 ,africa4 ,! resemblances   
betwe5 ! two ,cre$s are inde$ _m &      
/rik+1 z ,i h impli$ ?r\gh\t2 b1 if ,i  
may1 once m1 quote a few words :i* ,i h 
us$ else:]e 9 deal+ ) ?is "q1 ! contra/s
 are ev5 m /rik+ ?an ! resemblances4 ,! 

religion ( ,*ri/ conta9s :ole fields (  
morality & :ole realms ( ?\ght :i* are  
all b outside ! religion ( ,mohamm$4 ,x 
op5s humility1 purity ( he>t1 =giv5ess (
 injuries1 sacrifice ( self1 to man's   
moral nature2 x gives scope = tol]ation1
 developm5t1 b\ndless progress to 8 m9d2
 its motive p[] is /rong] ev5 z a fri5d 
is bett] ?an a k+1 & love high] ?an     
ob$i5ce4 ,its realiz$ ideals 9 ! v>i\s  
pa?s ( human greatness h be5 m comm&+1 m
 _m-sid$1 m holy1 z ,av]roes is bel[    
,newton1 ,h>un bel[ ,alfr$1 & ,ali bel[ 
,/4 ,paul4 ,f9ally1 ! ideal life ( all  
is f> m elevat+1 f> m maje/ic1 f> m     
inspir+1 ev5 z ! life ( ! f\nd] (       
,mohamm$anism is bel[ ! life ( ! ,f\nd] 
( ,*ri/ianity4  ,if1 !n1 we believe     
,*ri/ianity to be tru] & pur] 9 itself  
?an ,islam1 & ?an any o!r religion1 we  
mu/ ne$s wi% o!rs to be p>tak]s ( x2 & !
 ef=t to propagate x is ?rice bless$--x 
blesses him t (f]s1 no less ?an him :o  
accepts x2 nay1 x (t5 blesses him :o    
accepts x n4 ,! la/ words ( a dy+ fri5d 

are apt to l+] 9 ! *amb]s ( ! he>t till 
! he>t itself has ceas$ to beat2 & ! la/
 record$ words ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity 
are n likely to pass f ! memory ( ,8    
,*ur* till t ,*ur* has done its "w4 ,!y 
are ! m>*+ ord]s ( ! ,*ri/ian army2 !   
consolation = e pa/ & pres5t failure2 ! 
e>ne/ & ! w>rant1 9 "s %ape or o!r1 (   
ultimate success4 ,! value ( a ,*ri/ian 
mission is n1 !re=e1 to be measur$ by ! 
numb] ( its conv]ts4 ,! pres5ce 9 a     
hea!n or a ,muslim di/rict ( a s+le man 
:o1 fill$ ) ! mission>y _s1 exhibits 9 8
 prea*+ &1 s f> z may be1 9 8 life1 !   
self-d5y+ & ! ,*ri/ian virtues1 :o is   
*>g$ ) sympa?y = ^? among :om 8 lot is  
ca/1 :o is pati5t ( disappo9tm5t & (    
failure1 & ( ! sne]s ( ! ignorant or !  
irreligi\s1 & :o works /eadily on ) a   
s+le eye to ! glory ( ,god & ! good ( 8 
fell[-m51 is1 ( itself1 an influ5ce =   
good1 & a c5tre f :i* x radiates1 :olly 
indep5d5t ( ! numb] ( conv]ts he is able
 to enli/4 ,!re is a va/ numb] ( su* m5 
engag$ 9 mission "w all ov] ! _w1 & our 

be/ ,indian /atesm51 "s ( :om1 = obvi\s 
reasons1 h be5 ho/ile to direct         
proselytiz+ ef=ts1 are unanim\s z to !  
quantity & quality ( ! s]vices !y r5d]4 
,no?+1 !re=e1 c be m %all[1 or m        
dis+5u\s1 or m mislead+1 ?an to attempt 
to disp>age ,*ri/ian missions by pitt+ !
 b>e numb] ( conv]ts :om !y claim aga9/ 
! numb] ( conv]ts claim$ by ,islam4 ,!  
numb]s are1 ( c\rse1 enorm\sly 9 favor (
 ,islam4 ,b does conv]sion mean ! same1 
or any?+ l ! same1 ?+ 9 ea*8 ,is x 9 p>i
 mat]ia1 & if n1 is ! comp>ison wor? !  
pap] on :i* x is writt58 ,! submission  
to ! rite ( circumcision & ! repetition 
( a confession ( fai?1 h[ev] noble &    
h[ev] elevat+ 9 its ultimate effect1 d n
 necessitate1 !y d n ev5 necess>ily t5d 
t[>d :at a ,*ri/ian means by a *ange (  
he>t4 ,x is ! *>act]i/ic ( ,mohamm$anism
 to deal ) bat*es & ) masses4 ,x is !   
*>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity to speak       
/raight to ! individual consci5ce4  ,!  
conv]sion ( a :ole ,pagan community to  
,islam ne$ n imply m ef=t1 m s9c]ity1 or

 m vital *ange1 ?an ! conv]sion ( a s+le
 individual to ,*ri/ianity4 ,!          
,*ri/ianity accept$ :olesale by ,clovis 
& 8 fi]ce w>riors1 9 ! flu% ( victory1  
on ! field ( battle1 or by ! ,russian   
peasants1 :5 !y 7 driv5 by ! ,cossack   
:ips into ! ,dniep]1 & baptiz$ !re by   
=ce--^! are tru] p>allels to ! tribal   
conv]sions to ,mohamm$anism 9 ,africa at
 ! pres5t day4 ,&1 :atev] may h be5 _!  
b5eficial effects 9 ! m>* ( ! c5turies1 
!y are n ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,*ri/1 nor are 
!y ! me?ods or ! objects at :i* a       
,*ri/ian mission>y ( ! pres5t day w\ld  
dream ( aim+4  ,a ,*ri/ian mission>y    
c\ld n ?us br+ ov] a ,pagan or a ,muslim
 tribe to ,*ri/ianity1 ev5 if he w\ld2  
he ought n to try ?us to br+ !m ov]1 ev5
 if he c\ld4 ',mission>y "w1' z rem>k$  
by an able writ] 9 ! ,spectator ! o!r   
day1 'is s[+1 n reap+1 & ! s[+ ( a plant
 :i* is sl[ to be>4' ,at times1 !       
difficulties & disc\ragem5ts may daunt !
 /\te/ he>t & ! mo/ liv+ fai?4 ,b ,god  
is great] ?an our he>ts & wid] ?an our  

?\ghts1 &1 if we are able to believe 9  
,him at all1 we mu/ also believe t !    
ultimate triumph ( ,*ri/ianity--& by    
,*ri/ianity ,i mean n ! comp>atively    
n>r[ cre$ ( ?is or t p>ticul> ,*ur*1 b !
 ,div9e ,_s ( its ,f\nd]1 t ,_s :i*1    
exactly 9 proportion z !y are true to _!
 "n1 in=ms1 & animates1 & und]lies1 &   
ov]lies !m all--is n problematical1 b   
c]ta91 & 9 ,8 good "t1 across ! lapse ( 
ages1 w prove to be1 n local b univ]sal1
 n p>tial b complete1 n evanesc5t b     
et]nal4#abd   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote   
#ig3 ,spr5g]'s ,life ( ,mohamm$1 pp4    
#dj1 #da4  ,footnote #ih3 ,x is a       
suspici\s fact t ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,koran
 beg9s ) prote/ations t x is a true     
revelation1 & ) mo/ t]rible ana!mas     
aga9/ all :o d\bt x4 ,?is seems         
significant1 & contra/s /rongly ) !     
consci\s tru?fulness & simplicity ( !   
,gospel n>rators4  ,footnote #ii3 ,nor h
 lat] def5d]s ( ! sy/em fail$ to d]ive  
alleg$ pro(s ( _! sy/em f ,biblical     
s\rces4 ,mohamm$an controv]siali/s h    

urg$ "s v speci\s & plausible argum5ts2 
= example1 ,deut4 xviii4 #ae-ah1        
promises t ! ,"l %all raise up unto     
,israel a prophet f among _! bre?r54 ,b 
,israel _h no bre?r5 b ! sons ( ,i%mael4
 ,!re 0 also promis$ a prophet l unto   
,moses2 b ,deut4 xxxiv4 decl>es t ,!re  
arose no ,prophet 9 ,israel l unto      
,moses4  ,:5 ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 ask$ :e!r
 he 7 ! ,*ri/1 or ,elijah1 or t prophet1
 no o!r ?an ,mohamm$ c\ld h be5 meant by
 t prophet4  ,footnote #ajj3 ,rev4 ,mr4 
,bruce1 mission>y 9 ,p]sia1 /ates t     
pictures ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ,m>y are  
/ill se5 9 ,ea/]n *ur*es4--,*ur*        
,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 ,janu>y1 #ahhb4
  ,footnote #aja3 ,sales1 9 8 ,prelim9>y
 ,disc\rse1 ,section #a/1 enum]ates !   
great nations :i* h va9ly attempt$ !    
conque/ ( ,arabia1 f ! ,assyrians d[n to
 ! ,romans1 & he ass]ts t ev5 ! ,turks h
 held only a nom9al sway4  ,footnote    
#ajb3 ,*9a owes h] pres5t dyna/y to !   
fact t ! h>dy ,man*us 7 call$ 9 z       
m]c5>ies or z allies4  ,footnote #ajc3  

,dr4 ,koelle3 quot$ 9 ,*ur* ,mission>y  
,intellig5c]4  ,footnote #ajd3 ,sales3  
,koran & ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 ,:]ry's  
edition1 p4 #hi4 ,"o ( ! *ief religi\s  
duties "u ! ,koran 0 ! giv+ ( alms      
7,zakat71 & "u ?is euphoni\s "n 0       
includ$ ! tax by :i* ,mohamm$ ma9ta9$ ! 
=ce t enabl$ him to keep up 8 pr$atory  
raids on ! c>avans ( 8 enemies4         
,footnote #aje3 ,mohamm$ &              
,mohamm$anism1 p4 #abc4  ,footnote #ajf3
 ,dr4 ,koelle gravely que/ions ?is4     
,footnote #ajg3 ,"o ( ! mo/ wick$ &     
disa/r\s ( all ,mohamm$'s laws 0 t :i*  
all[$ ! free practice ( captur+ wom5 &  
girls 9 w>1 & reta9+ !m z lawful *attels
 9 ! capacity ( concub9es4 ,x has be5 9 
all ages a base /imulus to ! raids ( !  
slave-hunt]4 ,sir ,william ,muir has    
ju/ly said1 t s long z a free sanction  
to ?is great evil /&s record$ on ! pages
 ( ! ,koran1 ,mohamm$ans w nev] ( _! own
 accord cease to prosecute !            
slave-trade4  ,footnote #ajh3 ,accord+  
to ,dr4 ,koelle1 ! numb] ( wom5 & *ildr5

 :o fell to ! prophet's %>e ( captives  
at ! "t ( 8 great slaught] ( ! surr5d]$ 
,jewi% soldi]s1 0 two hundr$4  ,footnote
 #aji3 ,mohamm$1 ,buddha1 & ,*ri/1 p4   
#aab4  ,footnote #aaj3 ,mohamm$1        
,buddha1 & ,*ri/4  ,footnote #aaa3      
,ibid1 p4 #aab4  ,footnote #aab3 ,says  
,sir ,william ,muir3 ,?ree radical evils
 fl[ f ! fai?1 9 all ages & 9 e c\ntry1 
& mu/ cont9ue to fl[ s long z ! ,koran  
is ! /&>d ( belief4 ,fir/1 polygamy1    
divorce1 & slav]y are ma9ta9$ &         
p]petuat$1 /rik+ at ! root ( public     
morals1 poison+ dome/ic life1 &         
disorganiz+ society4 ,second1 fre$om (  
?\ght & private judgm5t 9 religion is   
cru%$ & annihilat$4 ,! sword /ill is1 & 
mu/ rema91 ! inevitable p5alty = ! d5ial
 ( ,islam4 ,tol]ation is unkn[n4 ,?ird1 
a b>ri] has be5 int]pos$ aga9/ !        
reception ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y labor "u a 
mis]able delusion :o suppose t          
,mohamm$anism paves ! way = a pur] fai?4
 ,no sy/em c\ld h be5 devis$ ) m        
consummate skill = %utt+ out ! nations  

ov] :i* x has sway f ! light ( tru?4    
,idolatr\s ,arabia 7judg+ f ! analogy ( 
o!r nations7 might h be5 ar\s$ to       
spiritual life & to ! adoption ( ! fai? 
( ,jesus4 ,mohamm$an ,arabia is to !    
human eye seal$ aga9/ ! b5ign influ5ces 
( ! ,gospel4444 ,! sword ( ,mohamm$ & ! 
,koran are ! mo/ /ubborn enemies (      
civilization1 lib]ty1 & tru? :i* ! _w   
has yet kn[n4--,*ur* ,mission>y         
,intellig5c]1 ,novemb]1 #ahhe4          
,footnote #aac3 ,osborne1 9 8 ,islam "u 
! ,arabs1 & ,m>cus ,dodds1 9 ,mohamm$1  
,buddha1 & ,*ri/1 h emphasiz$ ! fact t  
,islam1 h[ev] favorably x might comp>e )
 ! ,arabian hea!nism :i* x ov]?rew1 0   
:olly out ( place 9 =c+ its semi-b>b>\s 
cultus ^u civilizations :i* 7 f> above  
x4 ,x might be an advance ^u ! rud5ess &
 cruelty ( ! ,korei%1 b ! mis=tune 0 t x
 /amp$ its /]eotyp$ & un*ang+ pr9ciples 
& cu/oms ^u nations :i* 7 9 advance ( x 
ev5 !n1 & :i*1 b = its dead5+ influ5ce1 
might h made f> great] progress 9 !     
c5turies :i* foll[$4  ,its bigot$ f\nd] 

gave ! ,koran z ! suffici5t guide = all 
"t4 ,x arre/$ ! _w's progress z f> z its
 p[] ext5d$4 ,v diff]5t 0 ! _s (        
,judaism4 ,x di/9ctly disclaim$ bo?     
f9ality & complet5ess4 ,e "p ( ! ,mosaic
 religion _h a =w>d look1 & 0 design$ to
 leave ! m9d 9 an attitude (            
expectation4  ,mohamm$anism1 9 claim+ to
 be ! "o religion = all m5 & all "t1 is 
convict$ ( absurdity & impo/ure by its  
failures2 by ! retrograde :i* m>ks its  
:ole hi/ory 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,z a        
univ]sal religion x has be5 tri$ & f\nd 
want+4  ,footnote #aad3 ,x has be5      
claim$ t ! spread ( ,mohamm$anism 9     
,india is f> m rapid ?an t (            
,*ri/ianity4 ,if ?is 7 true 9 po9t (    
fact1 x w\ld be significant2 = ,india "u
 ,briti% rule furni%es a fair field =   
su* a conte/4 ,b x s happ5s t !re1 :]e  
,islam holds no sword ( conque/1 & no   
arbitr>y p[] to compel ! fai? ( m51 its 
gr[? is v sl[1 x only keeps pace ) !    
g5]al increase ( ! population4 ,x _c    
comp>e ) ! advancem5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i 

subjo9 an extract f ,sir ,w4 ,hunt]'s   
pap] 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,july1      
#ahhh3  ,! (ficial c5sus1 not)/&+ its   
obscurities ( classification & ! di/urb+
 effects ( ! fam9e ( #ahgg1 atte/s !    
rapid increase ( ! ,*ri/ian population4 
,s f> z ^! di/urb+ influ5ces all[ ( an  
inf]5ce = all ,briti% ,india1 ! normal  
rate ( increase among ! g5]al population
 0 ab\t #h p] c5t1 f #ahgb to #ahha1    
:ile ! actual rate ( ! ,*ri/ian         
population 0 ov] #cj p] c5t4 ,b1 tak+ ! 
lieut5ant-gov]nor%ip ( ,b5gal z !       
greate/ prov9ce outside ! fam9e area (  
#ahgg1 & = ^: population1 am\nt+ to     
"o-?ird ( ! :ole ( ,briti% ,india1      
really comp>able /ati/ics exi/1 ! c5sus 
results are cle>4 ,! g5]al population   
increas$ 9 ! n9e ye>s prec$+ #ahha at ! 
rate ( #aj4hi p] c5t41 ! ,mohamm$ans at 
! rate ( #aj4if p] c5t41 ! ,h9dus at "s 
undet]m9$ rate bel[ #ac4fd p] c5t41     
,*ri/ians ( all races at ! rate ( #dj4ga
 p] c5t41 & ! native ,*ri/ians at ! rate
 ( #fd4jg p] c5t4  ,footnote #aae3      

,leaves f an ,egyptian ,note-book4      
,footnote #aaf3 ,*ri/ianity1 ,islam1 & !
 ,negro ,race1 p4 #bda4  ,footnote #aag3
 ,= ! full text ( ! lett] to ! ,/&>d1   
see ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]1      
,decemb]1 #ahhh4  ,footnote #aah3 ,*ur* 
,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 #ahhg1 p4 #fec4
  ,footnote #aai3 ,see ,*ur* ,mission>y 
,intellig5c]1 ,april1 #ahhh4  ,footnote 
#abj3 ,ov] aga9/ ,canon ,taylor's gl[+  
acc\nts ( ?is broad & g5tle *>ity we may
 place ! te/imony ( ,palgrave 9 reg>d to
 ! remorseless rapacity practis$ by !   
,wahabees ^u ! ,%iyaees ( ,p]sia :ile   
pass+ ?r\gh _! t]ritory 9 _! pilgrimages
 to a common %r9e4 ,he tells u t =ty    
gold tomans 7 fix$ z ! claim ( !        
,wahabee treasury on e ,p]sian pilgrim =
 8 passage ?r\gh ,r'ad1 & =ty m = a safe
 conduct ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! empire--eighty 
9 all4444  ,e local gov]nor on ! way    
w\ld naturally en\gh take ! h9t1 & /rive
 n to let ! 'enemies ( ,god' 7= ?is is !
 sole title giv5 by ,wahabees to all    
except !mselves7 g by )\t spoil+ !m m or

 less4444  ,s t1 all c\nt$ up1 ! legal &
 necess>y dues levi$ on e ,p]sian       
,%iyaee :ile trav]s+ ,c5tral ,arabia1 & 
"u ,wahabee guidance & protection1      
am\nt$1 ,i f\nd1 to ab\t "o hundr$ &    
fifty gold tomans1 equall+ ne>ly sixty  
p\nds /]l+1 ,engli%1 no light exp5diture
 = a ,p]sian1 & no despicable ga9 to an 
,arab4--,palgrave's ,c5tral & ,ea/]n    
,africa1 p4 #afa4  ,footnote #aba3      
,dodds3 ,mohamm$1 ,buddha1 & ,*ri/1 p4  
#aah4  ,footnote #abb3 ,*ur* ,mission>y 
,intellig5c]1 ,novemb]1 #ahhg4          
,footnote #abc3 ,*ur* ,mission>y        
,intellig5c]1 ,febru>y1 #ahhh1 p4 #ff4  
,footnote #abd3 ,*ur* ,mission>y        
,intellig5c]1 ,april1 #ahhh4            
,,lecture ,,vii4  ,,! ,,traces ,,( ,a   
,,primitive ,,mono!ism   ,!re are two   
conflict+ !ories n[ 9 vogue 9 reg>d to !
 orig9 ( religion4 ,! fir/ is t (       
,*ri/ian !i/s z taught 9 ! ,old & ,new  
,te/am5t ,scriptures1 viz41 t ! human   
race 9 its fir/ ance/ry1 & aga9 9 ! few 
survivors ( ! ,deluge1 possess$ ! k ( ! 

true ,god4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t
 !y _h a full & mature conception (     
,him1 or t t conception exclud$ ! idea (
 o!r gods4 ,no "o w\ld ma9ta9 t ,adam or
 ,noah compreh5d$ ! nature ( ! ,inf9ite 
z x has be5 reveal$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,god's 
deal+s ) m5 9 lat] times4 ,b f _! simple
 wor%ip ( "o ,god _! desc5dants came    
gradually to wor%ip v>i\s visible       
objects ) :i* !y associat$ _! bless+s--!
 sun z ! s\rce ( w>m? & vitality1 ! ra9 
z imp>t+ a quick5+ p[] to ! e>?1 !      
spirits ( ance/ors to :om !y look$ ) a  
special awe1 & f9ally a great v>iety (  
creat$ ?+s in/ead ( ! invisible         
,creator4 ,! o!r !ory is t man1 z we n[ 
behold him1 has be5 develop$ f l[] =ms (
 animal life1 ris+ fir/ to ! /ate ( a   
m]e human animal1 b gradually acquir+   
intellect1 consci5ce1 & f9ally a s\l2--t
 e?ics & religion h be5 develop$ f      
in/9ct by social contact1 especially by 
ties ( family & ! tribal relation2 t    
altruism :i* began ) ! in/9ctive c>e (  
p>5ts = _! (fspr+1 rose to ! high] doma9

 ( religion & began to recognize !      
claims ( deity2 t ,god1 if !re be a     
,god1 nev] reveal$ himself to man by any
 pret]natural means1 b t great s\ls1 l  
,moses1 ,isaiah1 & ,plato1 by _! high] &
 cle>] insight1 h ga9$ l(ti] views (    
deity ?an o!rs1 & z prophets & tea*]s h 
made kn[n _! inspirations to _!         
fell[-m54 ,gradually !y h =m$ rituals & 
elaborat$ philosophies1 add+ su*        
sup]natural elem5ts z ! ignorant fancy (
 ! masses 0 suppos$ to dem&4  ,accord+  
to ?is !ory1 religions1 l ev]y?+ else1 h
 gr[n up f simple g]ms3 & x is only 9 ! 
lat] /ages ( 8 developm5t t man c be    
said to be a religi\s be+4 ,:ile an     
animal m]ely1 & = a "t ev5 aft] he _h   
atta9$ to a rude & savage manhood1 a    
life ( selfi% passion & m>aud+ 0        
ju/ifiable1 s9ce only ?us c\ld !        
survival ( ! fitte/ be secur$ & !       
advancem5t ( ! race atta9$4#abe ,x is   
fair to say t !re are v>i\s %ades ( !   
!ory "h pres5t$--"s mat]iali/ic1 "s     
!i/ic1 o!rs hav+ a qualifi$ !ism1 & /ill

 o!rs practically agno/ic4 ,"s ev5 :o   
claim to be ,*ri/ians reg>d ! v>i\s     
religions ( m5 z s _m /ages 9 ! div9e   
education ( ! race--all be+ "u ! direct 
guidance ( ,god1 & all design$ to lead  
ultimately to ,*ri/ianity :i* is ! goal4
  ,t ,god has ov]rul$ all ?+s1 ev5 !    
errors & wick$ness ( m51 = "s wise      
object w n be d5i$2 t ,he has implant$ 9
 ! human und]/&+ _m correct conceptions 
( e?ical tru?1 s t noble pr9ciples are  
f\nd 9 ! tea*+s ( all religi\s sy/ems2 t
 ,god is ! au?or ( all tru? & all "r    
impulses1 ev5 9 hea!n m9ds1 is readily  
admitt$4 ,b t ,he has directly plann$ & 
*os5 ! non-,*ri/ian religions on !      
pr9ciple t half-tru?s & p]v]t$ tru?s & !
 direct opposites ( ! tru?1 7 be/ adapt$
 to c]ta9 /ages ( developm5t--9 o!r     
words1 t ,he has causatively l$ any     
nation into error & consequ5t de/ruction
 z a means ( prep>+ = subsequ5t         
g5]ations some?+ high] & bett]1 we _c   
admit4 ,! logic ( su* a conclusion w\ld 
lead to a remorseless fatalism4 ,ev]y?+ 

w\ld dep5d on ! age & ! environm5t 9 :i*
 "o's lot 7 ca/4 ,we _c believe t       
feti%ism & idolatry h be5 ,god's        
k9d]g>t5 me?od ( tra9+ ! human race = ! 
high] & m spiritual s]vice ( ,8 k+dom4  
,turn+ f ! te/imony ( ! ,scriptures on !
 "o h& & ! a priori assumptions (       
evolution on ! o!r1 :at is ! witness ( !
 actual hi/ory ( religions8 ,h !y %[n an
 upw>d or a d[nw>d developm5t8 ,d !y    
appe> to h ris5 f poly!ism t[>d simpl] &
 m spiritual =ms1 or h simple =ms be5   
ramifi$ into poly!ism8#abf ,if we %all  
be able to e/abli% cle> evid5ce t       
mono!i/ic or ev5 h5o!i/ic types ( fai?  
exi/$ among all1 or ne>ly all1 ! races  
at ! dawn ( hi/ory1 a v important po9t w
 h be5 ga9$4 ,! late ,dr4 ,h5ry ,b4     
,smi?1 aft] a c>eful p]usal ( ,ebr>d's  
elaborate pres5tation ( ! religions ( ! 
anci5t & ! mod]n _w1 & 8 cle> pro(s t !y
 _h at fir/ be5 inv>iably mono!i/ic & _h
 gradually laps$ into ramifi$ =ms (     
poly!ism1 says 9 8 review ( ,ebr>d's "w3
 ,we d n "k :]e to f9d a m weighty reply

 to ! assumptions & !ories ( ^? writ]s  
:o p]si/ 9 claim+1 accord+ to ! approv$ 
hypo!sis ( a m]ely naturali/ic          
evolution1 t ! primitive /ate ( mank9d 0
 ! l[e/ & mo/ debas$ =m ( poly!i/ic     
idolatry1 & t ! high] religions h be5   
develop$ out ( ^! base rudim5ts4 ,dr4   
,ebr>d %[s conclusively t ! facts all   
lead to ano!r conclusion1 t gross       
idolatry is a deg5]ation ( mank9d f     
antec$5t & pur] =ms ( religi\s          
wor%ip4444 ,he fir/ treats ( ! civiliz$ 
nations ( antiquity1 ! ,aryan & ,indian 
religions1 ! ,v$as1 ! ,indra p]iod (    
,brahmanism & ,buddhism2 !n ( ! religion
 ( ! ,iranians1 ! ,ave/a ( ! ,p>sees2   
next ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 !           
,egyptians1 ! ,canaanites1 & ! hea!n    
,semitic =ms ( wor%ip1 includ+ !        
,pho5icians1 ,assyrians1 & ,babylonians4
 ,8 second division is devot$ to !      
half-civiliz$ & savage races 9 ! ,nor? &
 ,we/ ( ,europe1 9 ,asia & ,polynesia   
7,t>t>s1 ,mongols1 ,malays1 & ,cu%ites72
 !n ! races ( ,am]ica1 includ+ a m9ute  

exam9ation ( ! relations ( ! diff]5t    
races "h to ! ,mongols1 ,japanese1 & old
 ,*9ese immigrations4#abg  ,ebr>d       
himself1 9 summ+ up ! results ( ^!      
prolong$ inve/igations1 says3 ,we h     
n[h]e be5 able to discov] ! lea/ trace (
 any =w>d & upw>d movem5t f feti*ism to 
poly!ism1 & f t aga9 to a gradually     
advanc+ k ( ! "o ,god2 b1 on ! contr>y1 
we h f\nd among all ! peoples ( ! hea!n 
_w a mo/ decid$ t5d5cy to s9k f an e>li]
 & relatively pur] k ( ,god t[>d some?+ 
l[]4#abh  ,if ^! conclusions1 rea*$ by  
,ebr>d & endors$ by ! s*ol>ly ,dr4 ,h5ry
 ,b4 ,smi?1 are correct1 !y are ( great 
importance2 !y br+ to ! /& ! witness ( !
 false religions !mselves ^u an issue 9 
:i* hi/oric te/imony z di/+ui%$ f m]e   
!ories is 9 special dem& 9 our "t4 ,(   
simil> import are ! well-consid]$ words 
( ,pr(essor ,naville1 9 ! fir/ ( 8      
lectures on mod]n a!ism4#abi ,he says3  
,almo/ all pagans seem to h _h a glimpse
 ( ! div9e unity ov] ! multiplicity ( _!
 idols1 & ( ! rays ( ! div9e hol9ess    

across ! saturnalia ( _! ,olympi4 ,x 0 a
 ,greek 7,clean?us7 :o wrote ^! words3  
',no?+ is accompli%$ on ! e>? )\t ,!e1  
,o ,god1 save ! de$s :i* ! wick$        
p]petrate 9 _! folly4' ,x 0 9 a !atre at
 ,a!ns1 t ! *orus ( a trag$y sang1 m ?an
 two ?\s& ye>s ago3 ',may de/9y aid me  
to pres]ve1 unsulli$1 ! purity ( my     
words1 & ( all my actions1 accord+ to ^?
 sublime laws :i*1 br\ght =? 9 !        
cele/ial heights1 h ! rav5 alone = _!   
fa!r1 to :i* ! race ( mortals did n give
 bir? & :i* oblivion %all nev] entomb4  
,9 !m is a supreme ,god1 & "o :o waxes n
 old4' ,x w\ld be easy to multiply      
quotations ( ?is ord] & to %[1 9 !      
docum5ts ( ,grecian & ,roman            
civilization1 num]\s traces ( ! k ( !   
only & holy ,god4  ,) mu* c>eful        
discrim9ation1 ,dr4 ,william ,a4,p4     
,m>t91 ( ! ,pek+ ,univ]sity1 has said3  
,x is cu/om>y ) a c]ta9 s*ool to        
repres5t religion z altoge!r ! fruit (  
an intellectual process4 ,x _h its bir?1
 say !y1 9 ignorance1 is modifi$ by e   

/age 9 ! progress ( k1 & expires :5 !   
light ( philosophy rea*es its noon-day4 
,! feti% gives place to a p]sonification
 ( ! p[]s ( nature1 & ?is poetic pan!on 
is1 9 "t1 sup]s$$ by ! high idea ( unity
 9 nature express$ by mono!ism4 ,?is    
!ory has ! m]it ( v]isimilitude4 ,x     
indicates :at might be ! process if man 
7 left to make 8 own religion2 b x has !
 mis=tune to be at v>iance ) facts4 ,a  
wide survey ( ! hi/ory ( civiliz$       
nations 7& ! hi/ory ( o!rs is beyond    
rea*7 %[s t ! actual process und]gone by
 ! human m9d 9 its religi\s developm5t  
is precisely opposite to t :i* ?is !ory 
supposes2 9 a ^w1 t man 0 n left to     
con/ruct 8 own cre$1 b t 8 blund]+ logic
 has always be5 active 9 its attempts to
 corrupt & obscure a div9e orig9al4 ,!  
connection subsi/+ betwe5 ! religi\s    
sy/ems ( anci5t & di/ant c\ntries       
pres5ts _m a problem difficult (        
solution4 ,inde$1 _! my?ologies &       
religi\s rites are g5]ally s di/9ct z to
 admit ! hypo!sis ( an indep5d5t orig92 

b ! simplicity ( _! e>lie/ beliefs      
exhibits an unmi/akable resemblance1    
sugge/ive ( a common s\rce4  ,*9a1      
,india1 ,egypt1 & ,greece all agree 9 ! 
mono!i/ic type ( _! e>ly religion4 ,!   
,orphic hymns1 long be=e ! adv5t ( !    
popul> div9ities1 celebrat$ ! ,pan!os1 !
 ,univ]sal ,god4 ,! odes compil$ by     
,confucius te/ify to ! e>ly wor%ip (    
,%angte1 ! ,supreme ,eul]4 ,! ,v$as     
speak ( '"o unkn[n true ,be+1           
all-pres5t1 all-p[]ful2 ! ,creator1     
,pres]v]1 & ,de/roy] ( ! univ]se4' ,& 9 
,egypt1 z late z ! "t ( ,plut>*1 !re 7  
/ill ve/iges ( a mono!i/ic wor%ip4 ',!  
o!r ,egyptians1' he says1 'all made     
(f]+s at ! tombs ( ! sacr$ bea/s2 b !   
inhabitants ( ! ,!baid /ood alone 9 mak+
 no su* (f]+s1 n reg>d+ z a god any?+ t 
c die1 & ackn[l$g+ no god b "o1 :om !y  
call ,kneph1 :o _h no bir?1 & c h no    
dea?4 ,abraham1 9 8 w&]+s1 f\nd ! ,god (
 8 fa!rs kn[n & honor$ 9 ,salem1 9 ,g]>1
 & 9 ,memphis2 :ile at a lat] day       
,je?ro1 9 ,midian1 & ,balaam1 9         

,mesopotamia1 7 witnesses t ! k (       
,jehovah 0 n yet ext9ct 9 ^?            
c\ntries4'#acj  ,pr(essor ,max ,muell]  
speaks 9 a simil> /ra9 ( ! lapse (      
mank9d f e>li] & simpl] types ( fai? to 
l[ & manifold sup]/itions3 ,:5ev] we c  
trace back a religion to its fir/       
beg9n+1 says ! di/+ui%$ ,ox=d pr(essor1 
we f9d x free f _m ( ! blemi%es t (f5d u
 9 its lat] phases4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! anci5t
 religions ( ! _w1 z f> z we c judge1 7 
m9ds ( a high /amp1 full ( noble        
aspirations1 ye>n+ = tru?1 devot$ to !  
welf>e ( _! neighbors1 examples ( purity
 & unselfi%ness4 ,:at !y desir$ to f\nd 
^u e>? 0 b seldom realiz$1 & _! say+s1  
if pres]v$ 9 _! orig9al =m1 (f]$ (t5 a  
/range contra/ to ! practice ( ^? :o    
pr(ess to be _! disciples4 ,z soon z a  
religion is e/abli%$1 & m p>ticul>ly :5 
x has become ! religion ( a p[]ful /ate1
 ! =eign & worldly elem5ts encroa* m & m
 on ! orig9al f\ndation1 & human int]e/s
 m> ! simplicity & purity ( ! plan :i* !
 f\nd] _h conceiv$ 9 8 own he>t & matur$

 9 8 commun+s ) 8 ,god4#aca  ,b 9 pursu+
 our subject we %\ld cle>ly det]m9e !   
real "q be=e u4 ,h[ mu* may we expect to
 prove f ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! non-,*ri/ian 
sy/ems8 ,n c]ta9ly t all nations once   
receiv$ a k ( ! ,old ,te/am5t           
revelation1 z "s h claim$1 nor t all    
races possess$ at ! beg9n+ ( _! sev]al  
hi/oric p]iods "o & ! same mono!i/ic    
fai?4 ,we _c prove f non-scriptural     
s\rces t _! v>y+ mono!i/ic conceptions  
sprang f a common belief4 ,we _c prove  
ei!r ! sup]natural revelation :i*       
,pr(essor ,max ,muell] emphatically     
rejects1 nor ! id5tity ( ! well-nigh    
univ]sal h5o!isms :i* he pr(esses to    
believe4 ,we _c prove t ! wor%ip ( "o   
,god z supreme did n coexi/ ) a sort (  
wor%ip ( inf]ior deities or m9i/]+      
spirits4 ,almo/ z a rule1 ! wor%ip (    
ance/ors1 or spirits1 or rul]s1 or !    
p[]s ( nature1 or ev5 totems & feti%es  
has be5 r5d]$ z subord9ate to ! wor%ip (
 ! "o supreme deity :o creat$ & upholds 
all ?+s4 ,ev5 ! mono!ism ( ,judaism & ( 

,*ri/ianity has be5 att5d$ ) ! belief 9 
angels & ! wor%ip ( int]cessory sa9ts1  
to say no?+ ( ! _m sup]/itions :i*      
prevail among ! m ignorant classes4 ,we 
%all only attempt to %[ t mono!ism1 9 ! 
s5se ( wor%ipp+ "o ,god z supreme1 is   
f\nd 9 ne>ly all ! e>ly tea*+s ( ! _w4  
,t ^! crude fai?s are "o 9 ! orig9 is   
only presumable1 if we leave ! te/imony 
( ! ,bible out ( ! acc\nt4  ,:5 on a    
summ] aft]noon we see great %afts (     
light aris+ & spread+ fan-%ap$ f beh9d a
 cl\d :i* lies along ! we/]n horizon1 we
 h a /rong presumption t !y all spr+ f  
"o great lum9>y t[>d :i* !y conv]ge1    
al?\gh t lum9>y is hidd5 f our view4 ,s 
trac+ ! conv]g5ce ( hea!n fai?s )       
respect to "o orig9al mono!ism1 back to 
! po9t :]e ! prehi/oric obscurity beg9s1
 we may on ! same pr9ciple say t all !  
evid5ce 9 ! case1 & x is n small1 po9ts 
t[>d a common orig9 = ! e>ly religi\s   
conceptions ( mank9d4  ,pr(essor ,rob]t 
,fl9t1 9 8 s*ol>ly article on !ism 9 ,! 
,britannica1 seems to disc>d ! idea t ! 

fir/ religion ( mank9d 0 mono!ism2 b a  
c>eful /udy ( 8 position w %[ t he has 9
 view ^? conceptions ( mono!ism :i* are 
common to u1 or1 z he expresses x1      
mono!ism 9 ! ord9>y or prop] s5se ( !   
t]m1 mono!ism prop]ly s call$1 mono!ism 
:i* excludes poly!ism1 etc4 ,moreov]1 he
 ma9ta9s t we _c1 f hi/orical s\rces1   
le>n :at conceptions m5 fir/ _h ( ,god4 
,ev5 :5 speak+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t record1
 he says3 ,^! *apt]s 7( ,g5esis71 al?\gh
 !y pla9ly tea* mono!ism & repres5t !   
,god ^: words & acts are record$ 9 !    
,bible z no m]e national ,god1 b ! only 
true ,god1 !y d n tea* :at is alone 9 ! 
"q--t !re 0 a primitive mono!ism1 a     
mono!ism reveal$ & kn[n f ! beg9n+4 ,!y 
give no w>rant to ! common assumption t 
,god reveal$ mono!ism to ,adam1 ,noah1 &
 o!rs be=e ! ,flood1 & t ! traces (     
mono!i/ic beliefs & t5d5cies 9 hea!ndom 
are d]ivable f ! tradition ( ?is        
primitive & ant$iluvian mono!ism4 ,! "o 
true ,god is repres5t$ z mak+ himself   
kn[n by p>ticul> words & 9 p>ticul> ways

 to ,adam1 b is n[h]e said to h taught  
him t ,he only 0 ,god4 ,x is pla9 t     
,pr(essor ,fl9t is "h deal+ ) a         
conception ( mono!ism :i* is exclusive (
 all o!r gods4 ,& 8 view is und\bt$ly   
correct1 s f> z ,adam 0 conc]n$4 ,!re 0 
no m ne$ ( tea*+ him t 8 ,god 0 ! only  
,god1 ?an t ,eve 0 ! only woman4 ,)     
,noah ! case is n s pla94 ,he d\btless  
wor%ipp$ ,god amid ! surr\nd+s (        
poly!i/ic hea!nism4 ,eno* probably _h a 
simil> environm5t1 & !re is no good     
reason = suppos+ t _! mono!ism may n h  
be5 z exclusive z t ( ,abraham4 ,b )    
respect to ! ,g5tile nations1 ! dim     
traces ( ?is monism or h5o!ism :i*      
,pr(essor ,fl9t seems to accord to ,adam
 & to ,noah1 is all t we are cont5d+ =1 
& all t is necess>y to ! argum5t ( ?is  
lecture4 ,we may ev5 admit t hea!n      
deities may sometimes h be5 call$ by    
diff]5t names :ile ! "o s\rce ( p[] 0   
int5d$4 ,diff]5t names seem to h be5    
employ$ to repres5t diff]5t             
manife/ations ( ! "o ,god ( ! ,old      

,te/am5t accord+ to ,8 v>i$ relations   
t[>d ,8 p4 ,!re are ^? :o d5y ?is       
polyonomy1 z ,max ,muell] has call$ x1 &
 :o ma9ta9 t ! names 9 ! e>lie/ ,v$a    
repres5t$ di/9ct deities2 b1 by simil>  
reason+1 ,pr(essor ,tiele & o!rs insi/ t
 ?ree diff]5t ,hebrew ,gods1 accord+ to 
_! respective names1 7 wor%ipp$ 9       
successive p]iods ( ! ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,x 
seems q possible1 !re=e1 t a too        
re/rictive def9ition ( mono!ism may     
prove too mu*1 by op5+ ! way = a claim t
 ev5 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian fai?1 ) its old
 ,te/am5t names ( ,god1 its angels1 its 
!ophanies1 & its fully develop$ tr9ity1 
is n /rictly mono!i/ic4 ,= our pres5t   
purpose1 traces ( ! wor%ip ( "o supreme 
,god--call x mono!ism or h5o!ism--is all
 t is requir$4  ,) ^! limitations &     
qualifications 9 view1 let u turn to !  
hi/ory ( "s ( ! lead+ non-,*ri/ian      
fai?s4 ,look+ fir/ to ,india1 we f9d 9 !
 #abi? hymn ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 a passage :i*
 n only pres5ts ! conception ( "o only  
supreme & self-exi/+ ,be+1 b at ! same  

"t be>s significant resemblance to our  
own acc\nt ( ! creation f *aos4 ,x reads
 ?us3     ,9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 nei!r naught
 nor aught1     ,!n !re 0 nei!r         
atmosph]e nor sky above1     ,!re 0     
nei!r dea? nor immortality1     ,!re 0  
nei!r day nor night1 nor light1 nor     
d>kness1     ,only ! ,,exi/5t ,,"o      
brea!d calmly self-conta9$4     ,naught 
else b ,he 0 !re1 naught else above1    
beyond4     ,!n fir/ came d>kness hid 9 
d>kness1 gloom 9 gloom2     ,next all 0 
wat]1 *aos indiscrete1     ,9 :i* ,,"o  
lay void1 %r\d$ 9 no?+ness4#acb  ,9 !   
#aba/ hymn ( ! same ,v$a occurs a       
passage :i* seems to resemble ! op5+ ( !
 ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,x reads ?us1 z   
translat$ by ,sir ,moni] ,williams3     
,him let u praise1 ! gold5 *ild t 0 ,9 !
 beg9n+1 :o      0 born ! ,"l1 ,:o made 
! e>? & =m$ ! sky4  ,! "o born ,"l      
rem9ds u ( ! ,new ,te/am5t expression1 !
 only begott5 ,son4 ,bo? 7 9 ! beg9n+2  
bo? 7 ! creators ( ! _w4 ,:ile !re is   
mu* t is my/]i\s 9 ^! ref]5ces1 ! idea (

 on5ess & supremacy is too pla9 to be   
mi/ak54 ,pr(essor ,max ,muell] has well 
express$ ?is fact :5 he said3 ,!re is a 
mono!ism :i* prec$es poly!ism 9 ! ,v$a2 
& ev5 9 ! invocation ( _! 7inf]ior7     
gods1 ! remembrance ( a ,god1 "o &      
inf9ite1 breaks ?r\gh ! mi/ ( an        
idolatr\s phraseology l ! blue sky t is 
hidd5 by pass+ cl\ds4#acc ,^! mono!i/ic 
conceptions appe> to h be5 common to !  
,aryans be=e _! removal f _! e>ly home  
ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,oxus1 & we %all see   
fur!r on t 9 "o =m or ano!r !y surviv$  
among all bran*es ( ! migrat+ race4 ,!  
same di/+ui%$ s*ol> traces ! e>ly       
exi/5ce ( mono!ism 9 a s]ies ( brief &  
rapid ref]5ces to ne>ly all ! scatt]$   
,aryans n only1 b also to ! ,turanians  
on ! ,nor? & ,ea/1 to ! ,tungusic1      
,mongolic1 ,t>t>ic1 & ,f9nic tribes4    
,ev]y:]e1 he says1 we f9d a wor%ip (    
nature1 & ! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 b beh9d 
x all !re rises a belief 9 "s high] p[] 
call$ by diff]5t names1 :o is ,mak] &   
,protector ( ! _w1 & :o always resides 9

 heav54#acd ,he also speaks ( an anci5t 
,african fai? :i*1 toge!r ) its wor%ip (
 reptiles & ( ance/ors1 %[$ a vague hope
 ( a future life1 & a n altoge!r fad$   
rem9isc5ce ( a supreme ,god1 :i* c]ta9ly
 implies a previ\s k4#ace  ,! same      
preval5ce ( "o supreme wor%ip ris+ above
 all idolatry he traces among ! v>i\s   
tribes ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,8          
g5]alizations are only second to ^? (   
,ebr>d4 ,al?\gh he rejects ! !ory ( a   
sup]natural revelation1 yet /rong]      
language c\ld h>dly be us$ ?an t :i* he 
employs 9 pro( ( a univ]sal mono!i/ic   
fai?4#acf ,n[h]e1 he says1 d we f9d     
/rong] argum5ts aga9/ idolatry1 n[h]e   
has ! unity ( ,god be5 upheld m /r5u\sly
 aga9/ ! errors ( poly!ism1 ?an by "s ( 
! anci5t sages ( ,india4 ,ev5 9 ! olde/ 
( ! sacr$ books1 ! ,rig ,v$a1 compos$   
?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 :]e we f9d   
hymns address$ to ! diff]5t deities ( ! 
sky1 ! air1 ! e>?1 ! riv]s1 ! prote/ ( !
 human he>t aga9/ _m gods breaks =? f "t
 to "t ) no unc]ta9 s\nd4 ,pr(essor     

,muell]'s :ole position is pretty cle>ly
 /at$ 9 8 fir/ lecture on ,! ,sci5ce (  
,religion1 9 :i* he prote/s aga9/ ! idea
 t ,god once gave to man a pret]natural 
revelation conc]n+ ,himself2 & yet he   
gives 9 ?is same lecture ?is /rik+      
te/imony to ! doctr9e ( an e>ly &       
prevail+ mono!i/ic fai?3  ,is x n some?+
 wor? kn[+1 he says1 wor? kn[+ ev5 to u 
aft] ! lapse ( f\r or five ?\s& ye>s1 t 
be=e ! sep>ation ( ! ,aryan race1 be=e !
 exi/5ce ( ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 or ,lat91 
be=e ! gods ( ! ,v$a _h be5 wor%ipp$1 & 
be=e !re 0 a sanctu>y ( ,zeus among !   
sacr$ oaks ( ,dodona1 "o ,supreme deity 
_h be5 f\nd1 _h be5 nam$1 _h be5 invok$ 
by ! ance/ors ( our race1 & _h be5      
invok$ by a "n :i* has nev] be5 excell$ 
by any o!r "n8 ,& aga91 on ! same       
subject1 he says3 ,if a critical        
exam9ation ( ! anci5t language ( ! ,jews
 leads to no worse results ?an ^? :i* h 
foll[$ f a c>eful int]pretation ( !     
petrifi$ language ( anci5t ,india &     
,greece1 we ne$ n fe>2 we %all be ga9]s1

 n los]s4 ,l an old preci\s m$al1 !     
anci5t religion1 aft] ! ru/ ( ages has  
be5 remov$1 w come out 9 all its purity 
& brightness2 & ! image :i* x discloses 
w be ! image ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,fa!r ( all ! 
nations ^u e>?2 & ! sup]scription1 :5 we
 c read x aga91 w be1 n only 9 ,judea1 b
 9 ! languages ( all ! races ( ! _w1 !  
,^w ( ,god1 reveal$ :]e alone x c be    
reveal$--reveal$ 9 ! he>t ( man4#acg  ,!
 late ,pr(essor ,ban]gea1 ( ,calcutta1 9
 a publication entitl$ ,! ,aryan        
,witness1 n only ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce (    
mono!ism 9 ! e>ly ,v$as1 b ) 8 r>e k (  
,sanskrit & k9dr$ tongues1 he ga!r$ f   
,iranian z well z ,h9du s\rces _m       
evid5ces ( a mono!ism common to all     
,aryans4 ,8 conclusions d]ive special   
value f ! fact t he 0 a high ca/e ,h9du1
 & 0 n only well v]s$ 9 ! sacr$         
language1 b 0 p]fectly famili> ) ,h9du  
traditions & modes ( ?\ght4 ,he 0 z well
 qualifi$ to judge ( e>ly ,h9duism z    
,paul 0 ( ,judaism1 & = ! same reason4  
,& f 8 ,h9du /&po9t1 z a ,ph>isee ( !   

,ph>isees1 ?\gh aft]w>d a ,*ri/ian      
conv]t1 he did n hesitate to decl>e 8   
belief1 n only t ! e>ly ,v$ic fai? 0    
mono!i/ic1 b t x conta9$ traces ( t true
 revelation1 once made to m54#ach  ,9 ! 
same l9e we f9d ! te/imony ( ! v>i\s    
types ( reviv$ ,aryanism ( our own      
times4 ,! ,brahmo ,somaj1 ! ,arya       
,somaj1 & o!r simil> organizations1 are 
n only all mono!i/ic1 b !y decl>e t     
mono!ism 0 ! religion ( ! e>ly ,v$as4 ,&
 _m o!r ,h9du re=ms1 "s ( !m go+ z f>   
back z ! twelf? c5tury1 h be5 s _m      
returns to mono!ism4 ,a rec5t ,arya     
cate*ism publi%$ by ,gane%i1 ass]ts 9   
its fir/ article t !re is "o only ,god1 
omnipot5t1 inf9ite1 & et]nal4 ,x proce$s
 to %[ t ! ,v$as pres5t b "o1 & t :5    
hymns 7 address$ to ,agni1 ,vayu1       
,indra1 etc41 x 0 only a use ( diff]5t  
names = "o & ! same ,be+4#aci  ,x       
repres5ts ,god z hav+ all ! attributes (
 supreme ,deity4 ,he creat$ ! _w by ,8  
direct p[] & = ! revelation ( ,8 glory  
to ,8 creatures4 ,man1 accord+ to !     

,aryas1 came n by evolution nor by any (
 ! processes kn[n to ,h9du philosophy1 b
 by direct creation f exi/+ atoms4  ,9  
all ?is x is easy to see t mu* has be5  
borr[$ f ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ,god's 
"* & attributes1 b ! value ( ?is ,aryan 
te/imony lies 9 ! fact t x claims = !   
anci5t ,v$as a cle> & positive mono!ism4
  ,if we consult ! sacr$ books ( ,*9a1  
we %all f9d !re also _m traces ( an     
anci5t fai? :i* ant$ates bo?            
,confucianism & ,ta\ism4 ,! gold5 age ( 
! pa/ to :i* all ,*9ese sages look )    
rev]5ce1 0 ! dyna/y ( ,yao & ,%un1 :i* 0
 eighte5 c5turies e>li] ?an ! p]iod (   
,confucius & ,laotze4 ,! records ( !    
,%u-k+ :i* ,confucius compil$1 & f :i*  
un=tunately 8 agno/icism exclud$ ne>ly  
all its orig9al ref]5ces to religion1   
nev]!less reta9 a full acc\nt ( c]ta9   
sacr$ rites p]=m$ by ,%un on 8 accession
 to ! full imp]ial p[]4 ,9 ^? rites !   
wor%ip ( ,"o ,god z supreme is di/9ctly 
set =? z a cu/om>y s]vice1 !reby imply+ 
t x 0 already long e/abli%$4 ,sep>ate   

m5tion is also made ( (f]+s to inf]ior  
deities1 z if ^! 7 honor$ at 8 own      
special in/ance4 ,x is unque/ionably    
true t 9 ,*9a1 & inde$ 9 all l&s1 !re   
sprang up almo/ f ! fir/ a t5d5cy to    
wor%ip1 or at lea/ to fe>1 unse5        
spirits4 ,?is t5d5cy has coexi/$ ) all  
religions ( ! _w--ev5 ) ! ,old ,te/am5t 
cult--ev5 ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,to ! excit$   
imag9ations ( m51 especially ! ignorant 
classes1 ! _w has always be5 a haunt$   
_w1 & j 9 proportion z ! light ( true   
religion has become dim1 c\ntless hordes
 ( gho/s & demons h appe>$4 ,:5         
,confucius arose ?is gross animism _h   
almo/ monopoliz$ ! wor%ip ( 8 c\ntrym51 
& univ]sal corruption bore sway4 ,he 0 n
 an orig9al ?9k]1 b only a compil] ( !  
anci5t wisdom1 & 9 8 selections f !     
traditions ( ! anci5ts1 he compil$ ^?   
?+s only :i* s]v$ 8 great purpose (     
build+ up1 f ! relations ( family &     
k9dr$1 ! complete pyramid ( a well-ord]$
 /ate 9 :i* ! ,emp]or %\ld hold to 8    
subjects ! place ( deity4 ,if su* honor 

to a mortal seem$ extravagant1 yet 9 8  
view a wise emp]or 0 f> wor?i] ( rev]5ce
 ?an ! imag9>y gho/s ( ! popul>         
sup]/itions4 ,yet1 ev5 ,confucius c\ld n
 q succe$ 9 bani%+ ! idea ( div9e help1 
nor c\ld he de/roy t high] & mo/ v5]able
 wor%ip :i* has ev] surviv$ amid all !  
corruptions ( poly!ism4 ,pr(essor       
,legge1 ( ,ox=d1 has claim$1 f :at he   
reg>ds z valid l+ui/ic pro(s1 t at a    
/ill e>li] p]iod ?an ! dyna/y ( ,yao &  
,%un !re exi/$ 9 ,*9a ! wor%ip ( "o     
,god4 ,he says3 ,five ?\s& ye>s ago !   
,*9ese 7 mono!i/s--n h5o!i/s1 b         
mono!i/s--?\gh he adds t ev5 !n !re 0 a 
con/ant /ruggle ) nature-wor%ip &       
div9ation4#adj  ,! same high au?ority   
cites a rem>kable pray] ( an ,emp]or ( !
 ,m+ dyna/y 7#aech ,a4,d47 to %[ t 9    
spite ( ! agno/icism & retic5ce (       
,confucius1 ,%angte has be5 wor%ipp$ 9 !
 c5turies :i* h foll[$ 8 "t4 ,! pray] is
 v significant z %[+ h[ ! ,"o ,supreme  
,god /&s relat$ to ! subord9ate gods :i*
 poly!ism has introduc$4 ,! ,emp]or 0   

ab\t to decree a slight *ange 9 ! "n (  
,%angte to be us$ 9 ! imp]ial wor%ip4   
,he fir/ address$ ! spirits ( ! hills1 !
 riv]s1 & ! seas1 ask+ !m to int]c$e =  
him ) ,%angte4 ,we w tr\ble y1 said he1 
on our behalf to ex]t y\r spiritual p[] 
& to display y\r vigor\s efficacy1      
communicat+ our poor desires to ,%angte1
 & pray+ him graci\sly to grant u 8     
acceptance & reg>d1 & to be pleas$ ) !  
title :i* we %all rev]5tly pres5t4 ,b v 
diff]5t 0 ! language us$ :5 he came to  
address ,%angte himself4 ,( old1 9 !    
beg9n+1 he began1--,( old 9 ! beg9n+1   
!re 0 ! great *aos )\t =m1 & d>k4 ,!    
five elem5ts _h n begun to revolve nor !
 sun & moon to %9e4 ,9 ! mid/ !re( !re  
pres5t$ itself nei!r =m nor s\nd4 ,?\1  
,o spiritual ,sov]eign6 e>ne/ =? 9 ?y   
presid5cy1 & fir/ did/ divide ! gross]  
p>ts f ! pur]4 ,?\ made/ heav53 ,?\     
made/ e>?3 ,?\ made/ man4 ,all ?+s got  
_! be+ ) _! produc+ p[]4 ,o ,te6 :5 ,?\ 
had/ op5$ ! c\rse = ! inactive & active 
=ces ( matt] to op]ate1 ?y mak+ "w w5t  

on4 ,?\ did/ produce1 ,o ,_s6 ! sun &   
moon & five planets1 & pure & beautiful 
0 _! light4 ,! vault ( heav5 0 spread   
out l a curta91 & ! squ>e e>? support$  
all on x1 & all creatures 7 happy4 ,i1  
?y s]vant1 presume rev]5tly to ?ank ,!e4
 ,f>!r on he says3 ,all ! num]\s tribes 
( animat$ be+s are indebt$ to ,?y favor 
= _! be+4 ,m5 & creatures are emp>adis$ 
9 ,?y love4 ,all liv+ ?+s are indebt$ to
 ,?y goodness4 ,b :o kn[s :5ce 8 bless+s
 come to him8 ,x is ,?\1 ,o ,"l6 :o art 
! p>5t ( all ?+s4#ada  ,surely ?is pray]
 humbly (f]$ by a mon>* w\ld n be       
greatly out ( place among ! ,psalms (   
,david4 ,its description ( ! primeval   
*aos /rik+ly resembles t :i* ,i h quot$ 
f ! ,rig ,v$a1 & bo? resemble t ( !     
,mosaic record4 ,if ! language us$ does 
n pres5t ! cle> conception ( "o ,god1 ! 
,creator & ! ,uphold] ( all ?+s1 & a    
supreme & p]sonal ,sov]eign ov] k+s &   
ev5 gods1 !n language has no mean+4 ,!  
mono!i/ic conception ( ! second petition
 is z di/9ct f ! poly!ism ( ! fir/1 z   

any pray] to ,jehovah is f a ,roman     
,ca?olic's pray] = ! int]cession ( !    
sa9ts2 & !re is no /rong] argum5t 9 ! "o
 case aga9/ mono!ism ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,dr4  
,legge ass]ts t bo? 9 ! ,%u-k+ & 9 !    
,%ik+1 ,te1 or ,%angte1 appe>s z a      
p]sonal be+ rul+ 9 heav5 & 9 e>?1 !     
au?or ( man's moral nature1 ! gov]nor   
among ! nations1 ! rew>d] ( ! good & !  
puni%] ( ! evil4#adb ,!re are pro(s t   
,confucius1 ?\gh 9 8 position ) respect 
to ,god he fell %ort ( ! doctr9e ( !    
anci5t sages1 yet believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( 
,%angte z a p]sonal be+4 ,:5 9 old age  
he _h f9i%$ 8 writ+s1 he laid !m on an  
alt> ^u a c]ta9 hill-top1 & kneel+ be=e 
! alt> he return$ ?anks t he _h be5 sp>$
 to complete 8 "w4#adc ,max ,muell] says
 ( him3 ,x is cle> f _m passages t )    
,confucius1 ,ti51 or ! ,_s ( ,heav51 0 !
 supreme deity1 & t he look$ ^u ! o!r   
gods ( ! p--! spirits ( ! air1 !        
m\nta9s1 & ! riv]s1#add & ! spirits ( ! 
dep>t$1 v mu* ) ! same feel+ ) :i*      
,socrates reg>d$ ! my?ological deities (

 ,greece4#ade  ,b !re rema9s to ?is day 
a rem>kable evid5ce ( ! wor%ip ( !      
supreme ,god1 ,%angte1 z he 0 wor%ipp$ 9
 ! days ( ! ,emp]or ,%un1 #bcef ,b4,c4  
,x is f\nd 9 ! great ,temple ( ,heav5 at
 ,pek+4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 & ,pr(essors ,legge &
 ,d\glas all insi/ t ! sacrifices !re   
celebrat$ are relics ( ! anci5t wor%ip (
 a supreme ,god4 ,*9a is full ( ! traces
 ( poly!ism2 ! l& sw>ms ) ,ta\i/ deities
 ( all names & functions1 ) ,confucian &
 ance/ral tablets1 & ) ,buddhi/ temples 
& dagobas2 b )9 ! sacr$ enclosure ( ?is 
temple no symbol ( hea!nism appe>s4 ,( !
 ,augu/ ,imp]ial s]vice ,dr4 ,m>t9 ?us  
eloqu5tly speaks3#adf ,)9 ! gates ( !   
s\!rn division ( ! capital1 & surr\nd$  
by a sacr$ grove s ext5sive t ! sil5ce (
 its deep %ades is nev] brok5 by ! noise
 ( ! busy _w ar\nd x1 /&s ! ,temple (   
,heav54 ,x consi/s ( a s+le t[]1 ^: til+
 ( respl5d5t azure is int5d$ to repres5t
 ! =m & color ( ! a]ial vault4 ,x       
conta9s no image2 b on a m>ble alt> a   
bullock is (f]$ once a ye> z a burnt    

sacrifice1 :ile ! mon>* ( ! empire      
pro/rates himself 9 adoration ( ! ,_s ( 
! ,univ]se4 ,?is is ! high place (      
,*9ese devotion1 & ! ?\ghtful visitor   
feels t he ought to tread its c\rts )   
uns&all$ feet1 = no vulg> idolatry has  
ent]$ "h4 ,?is m\nta9-top /ill /&s above
 ! waves ( corruption1 & on ?is solit>y 
alt> !re /ill re/s a fa9t ray ( its     
primeval fai?4 ,! tablet :i* repres5ts !
 invisible deity is inscrib$ ) ! "n     
,%angte1 ! ,supreme ,rul]1 & z we       
contemplate ! ,maje/y ( ! ,empire be=e  
x1 :ile ! smoke asc5ds f 8 burn+        
sacrifice1 our ?\ghts are irresi/ably   
c>ri$ back to ! "t :5 ! ,k+ ( ,salem    
(ficiat$ z prie/ ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god4   
,!re is1 he adds1 no ne$ ( ext5d$       
argum5t to e/abli% ! fact t ! e>ly      
,*9ese 7 by no means de/itute ( ! k ( ! 
true ,god4 ,dr4 ,legge1 ! le>n$         
translator ( ! ,*9ese classics1 %>es s  
fully ! views "h express$1 t he actually
 put 8 %oes f (f 8 feet be=e asc5d+ !   
great alt>1 feel+ t amid/ all ! mi/s &  

d>kness ( ! national sup]/ition1 a trace
 ( ! glory ( ! ,inf9ite ,jehovah /ill   
l+]$ !re4 ,& 9 _m a discussion s9ce he  
has firmly ma9ta9$ t t is 9 a dim way an
 alt> ( ! true & liv+ ,god4  ,laotze1 l 
,confucius1 0 agno/ic2 yet he c\ld n    
:olly rid himself ( ! influ5ce ( !      
anci5t fai?4 ,8 conception ( ,ta\1 or   
,reason1 0 rationali/ic1 c]ta9ly1 yet he
 inve/$ x ) all ! attributes (          
p]sonality1 z ! ^w ,wisdom is sometimes 
us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he spoke ( x z  
,! ,inf9ite ,supreme1 ,! ,fir/ ,beg9n+1 
& ,! ,great ,orig9al4 ,dr4 ,m$hur/ has  
translat$ f ! ,ta\ ,teh ,k+ ?is /rik+   
,ta\i/ pray]3 ,o ?\ p]fectly honor$ ,"o 
( heav5 & e>?1 ! rock1 ! orig9 ( myriad 
en]gies1 ! great manag] ( b\ndless      
kalpas1 d ,?\ enlight5 my spiritual     
conceptions4 ,)9 & )\t ! ?ree worlds1 ! 
,logos1 or div9e ,ta\1 is alone         
honorable1 embody+ 9 himself a gold5    
light4 ,may he ov]spread & illum9e my   
p]son4 ,he :om we _c see ) ! eye1 or he>
 ) ! e>1 :o embraces & includes heav5 & 

e>?1 may he n\ri% & support ! multitudes
 ( liv+ be+s4  ,if we turn to ! religion
 ( ! ,iranian or ,p]sian bran* ( !      
,aryan family1 we f9d among !m also !   
traces ( a primitive mono!ism2 & t x 0 n
 borr[$ f ,semitic s\rces1 ?r\gh !      
desc5dants ( ,abraham or o!rs1 ,ebr>d   
has %[n cle>ly 9 ! second volume ( 8    
,apologetics4 ,max ,muell] also ma9ta9s 
! id5tity ( ! ,iranian fai? ) t ( !     
,indo-,aryans4 ,! v fir/ notices ( !    
religion ( ! ,ave/a repres5t x z        
mono!i/ic4 ,ahura ,mazda1 ev5 :5 oppos$ 
by ,ahriman1 is supreme1 & 9 ! olde/    
hymns or ga?as ( ! ,yasna1 ,ahriman does
 n appe>2 !re are ref]5ces to evil be+s1
 b !y h no =midable head2 ,p]sian       
dualism1 !re=e1 0 ( lat] gr[?4 ,zoroa/]1
 :om ,moni] ,williams assigns to ! close
 ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41#adg speaks (   
himself z a re=m] s5t to re-e/abli% !   
pure wor%ip ( ,ahura1 & ,haug consid]s !
 conception ( ,ahura id5tical ) t (     
,jehovah4 ,high on a rocky precipice at 
,behi/un1 ,rawl9son has deciph]$ an     

inscription claim+ to h be5 ord]$ by    
,d>ius ,hy/aspes1 :o liv$ #ejj ,b4,c41  
:i* is z cle>ly mono!i/ic z ! ,song (   
,moses4 ,! ,v5didad1 :i* ,rawl9son      
supposes to h be5 compos$ #hjj ye>s     
,b4,c41 is full ( ref]5ces to m9or gods1
 b ,ahura is always supreme4 ,! mod]n   
,p>sees ( ,bombay claim to be mono!i/ic1
 & decl>e t su* has be5 ! fai? ( _!     
fa!rs f ! beg9n+4  ,a ,p>see cate*ism   
publi%$ 9 ,bombay tw5ty-five ye>s ago   
reads ?us3 ,we believe 9 only "o ,god1 &
 d n believe 9 any besides ,him4444 ,he 
is ! ,god :o creat$ ! heav5s1 ! e>?1 !  
angels1 ! />s1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! fire1 ! 
wat]1 444 & all ?+s ( ! worlds2 t ,god  
we believe 91 ,him we invoke1 ,him we   
adore4 ,& le/ ?is %\ld be suppos$ to be 
a mod]n fai?1 ! confession fur!r decl>es
 t ,?is is ! religion :i* ! true prophet
 ,zur?u/1 or ,zoroa/]1 br\ght f ,god4   
,! ,%9toi/s ( ,japan1 accord+ to _!     
sacr$ book1 ! ,kojiki1 believe 9 "o     
self-exi/5t & supreme ,god1 f :om o!rs  
emanat$4 ,f two ( ^!1 male & female1    

sprang ! ,goddess ( ! ,sun1 & f h] !    
royal l9e ( ! ,mikados4 ,!re 0 no       
creation1 b ! two active emanations     
/irr$ up ! et]nally exi/+ *aos1 till f x
 came =? ! teem+ _w ( animal & vegetable
 life4  ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ t tribes (
 m5 are f\nd :o h no conception ( ,god4 
,! au?or ( ,two ,ye>s 9 ! ,jungle       
decl>es t ! ,hill ,dyaks ( ,borneo are  
)\t ! slighte/ notion ( a div9e be+4 ,b 
a ,gov]nm5t (fic]1 :o = two ye>s 0 !    
gue/ ( ,rajah ,brooke1 succe$$ aft] long
 delay 9 ga9+ a key to ! religion ( ^!  
,dyaks4 ,he gives ! "n ( "o ,supreme be+
 among subord9ate gods1 & describes     
m9utely ! =ms ( wor%ip4 ,pr(essor ,max  
,muell]1 :ile ref]r+ to ?is same        
(t5-repeat$ allegation z hav+ be5 appli$
 to ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 cites "o ( 
,sir ,h]cules ,rob9son's ,reports on    
,new ,s\? ,wales1 :i* conta9s ?is       
description ( ! s+ul> fai? ( "o ( ! l[e/
 ( ! int]ior tribes3#adh ,fir/ a be+ is 
m5tion$ :o is supreme & ^: "n signifies 
! mak] or cutt]-out1 & :o is !re=e      

wor%ipp$ z ! great au?or ( all ?+s4 ,b z
 ?is supreme god is suppos$ to be       
inscrutable & f> remov$1 a second deity 
is nam$1 :o is ! reveal] ( ! fir/ & 8   
m$iator 9 all ! affairs ( m54#adi  ,rev4
 ,a4,c4 ,good1 n[ a mission>y among !   
cannibal tribes ( ,we/ ,africa1 /at$ 9 !
 ,presbyt]ian ,g5]al ,assembly at       
,s>atoga 9 ,may1 #ahij1 t ) all !       
feti%es & sup]/itions kn[n among !      
tribes on ! ,ogovie1 if a man is ask$ :o
 made him1 he po9ts to ! sky & utt]s !  
"n ( an unkn[n be+ :o creat$ all        
?+s4#aej ,:5 ,ts*oop1 ! /alw>t ,mohican 
*ief1 came to ! ,moravians to ask t a   
mission>y might be s5t to 8 p1 he said3 
,d n s5d u a man to tell u t !re is a   
,god--we all "k t2 or t we are s9n]s--we
 all "k t2 b s5d "o to tell u ab\t      
salvation4#aea ,ev5 ,buddhism has n     
rema9$ true to ! a!ism ( its f\nd]4 ,a  
,?ibetan ,lama said to ,abbe ,huc3 ,y   
mu/ n conf\nd religi\s tru?s ) !        
sup]/itions ( ! vulg>4 ,! ,t>t>s        
pro/rate !mselves be=e :atev] !y see1 b 

!re is "o only ,sov]eign ( ! univ]se1 ! 
creator ( all ?+s1 alike )\t beg9n+ &   
)\t end4  ,b :at is ! te/imony ( ! great
 dead religions ( ! pa/ ) respect to a  
primitive mono!ism8 ,x is admitt$ t !   
lat] developm5ts ( ! old ,egyptian fai? 
7 poly!i/ic4 ,b x has g5]ally be5 conc$$
 t z we approa* ! e>lie/ notices ( t    
fai?1 mono!i/ic features m & m prevail4 
,?is position is conte/$ by ,miss       
,amelia ,b4 ,edw>ds & o!rs1 :o lean t[>d
 ! developm5t !ory4 ,miss ,edw>ds       
decl>es t ! e>lie/ fai? ( ,egypt 0 m]e  
totemism1 :ile on ! o!r h& ,ebr>d1 ga!r+
 up ! results ( ! rese>*es ( ,lepsius1  
,eb]s1 ,brugs*1 & ,emanuel de ,r\ge1    
d$uces :at seem to be cle> evid5ces ( an
 e>ly ,egyptian mono!ism4 ,he quotes    
,mane?o1 :o decl>es t = ! fir/ n9e ?\s& 
ye>s ! god ,ptah rul$ alone2 !re 0 no   
o!r4 ,accord+ to inscriptions quot$ by  
,de ,r\ge1 ! ,egyptians 9 ! primitive   
p]iod wor%ipp$ ! "o be+ :o truly lives1 
:o has made all ?+s1 & :o alone has n   
be5 made4 ,?is "o ,god 0 kn[n 9 diff]5t 

p>ts ( ,egypt "u diff]5t names1 :i* only
 9 lat] times came to /& = di/9ct be+s4 
,a text :i* belongs to a p]iod fifte5   
hundr$ ye>s be=e ,moses says3  ,he has  
made all t is2 ?\ alone art1 ! millions 
owe _! be+ to !e2 he is ! ,"l ( all t   
:i* is1 & ( t :i* is n4 ,a papyrus n[ 9 
,p>is1 dat+ #bcjj ,b4,c41 conta9s       
quotations f two mu* old] records1 "o a 
writ+ ( ! "t ( ,k+ ,suff]n1 ab\t #cejj  
,b4,c41 :i* says3 ,! op]ation ( ,god is 
a ?+ :i* _c be und]/ood4 ,! o!r1 f a    
writ+ ( ,ptah ,hotep1 ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c41
 reads3 ,?is is ! comm& ( ! ,god (      
creation1 ! peaceable may come & issue  
ord]s4444 ,! eat+ ( bread is 9 con=mity 
) ! ord9ance ( ,god2 c "o =get t 8      
bless+ re/s !reupon8444 ,if ?\ art a    
prud5t man tea* ?y son ! love (         
,god4#aeb  ,pr(essor ,erne/ ,naville1 9 
speak+ ( ?is same subject 9 a c\rse (   
popul> lectures 9 ,g5eva1 said3 ,li/5 n[
 to a voice :i* has come =? actually f !
 recesses ( ! sepul*re3 x rea*es u f    
anci5t ,egypt4  ,9 ,egypt1 z y "k1 !    

degradation ( ! religi\s idea 0 9 popul>
 practice complete4 ,b "u ! confus$     
acc5ts ( sup]/ition ! sci5ce ( our age  
is succe$+ 9 cat*+ f af> ! vibrations ( 
a sublime utt]ance4 ,9 ! c(f9s ( a l>ge 
numb] ( mummies h be5 discov]$ rolls (  
papyrus conta9+ a sacr$ text :i* is     
call$ ',! ,book ( ! ,dead4' ,"h is !    
translation ( "s fragm5ts :i* appe> to  
date f a v remote epo*4 ,x is ,god :o   
speaks ?us3 ',i am ! ,mo/ ,holy1 !      
,creator ( all t repl5i%es ! e>?1 & ( ! 
e>? itself1 ! habitation ( mortals4 ,i  
am ! ,pr9ce ( ! inf9ite ages4 ,i am !   
,great & ,mighty ,god1 ! ,mo/ ,high1 %9+
 9 ! mid/ ( ! c>e]+ />s & ( ! armies :i*
 praise me above ?y head4444 ,x is ,i :o
 *a/ise ! evil-do]s & ! p]secutors (    
,godly m54 ,i discov] & conf\nd ! li>s4 
,i am ! all-see+ ,av5g]1 444 ! ,gu>dian 
( my laws 9 ! l& ( ! righte\s4' ,^!     
words are f\nd m+l$ 9 ! text1 f :i* ,i  
extract !m1 ) allusions to inf]ior      
deities2 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t !       
translation ( ! anci5t docum5ts ( ,egypt

 is unc]ta9 en\gh2 /ill ?is unc]ta9ty   
does n appe> to ext5d to ! g5]al s5se & 
be>+ ( ! rec5t discov]ies ( our         
savans4#aec  ,pr(essor ,fl9t z aga9/    
,cudwor?1 ,ebr>d1 ,glad/one1 & o!rs1    
ma9ta9s t ! ,egyptian religion at ! v   
dawn ( its hi/ory _h c]ta9 great gods1  
?\gh he adds t !re 7 n s _m z 9 lat]    
times4 ,ance/or wor%ip1 b n s develop$ z
 9 lat] times1 & animal wor%ip1 b v     
little ( x comp>$ ) lat] times4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 z aga9/ ,pr(essor ,tiele1 ,miss 
,amelia ,b4 ,edw>ds1 & o!rs1 he says3 ,=
 ! op9ion t its l[] elem5ts 7 old] ?an !
 high] !re is n a p>ticle ( prop]ly     
hi/orical evid5ce1 n a trace 9 !        
inscriptions ( m]e propitiation (       
ance/ors or ( belief 9 ! absolute       
div9ity ( k+s or animals2 on ! contr>y  
ance/ors are always f\nd propitiat$     
?r\gh pray] to "s ( ! great gods2 k+s   
wor%ipp$ z emanations & images ( ! sun  
god & ! div9e animals ador$ z div9e     
symbols & inc>nations4  ,among ! ,greeks
 !re are few traces ( mono!ism1 b we h  

reason = ?is 9 ! fact t _! e>lie/       
lit]ature dates f s late a p]iod4 ,x    
began ) ,hom] n e>li] ?an #fjj ,b4,c41 &
 direct acc\nts ( ! religion ( ! ,greeks
 are n trac$ beyond #efj ,b4,c4 ,b      
,welck]1 ^: exam9ations h be5 exhau/ive1
 has1 9 ! op9ion ( ,max ,muell]1 fairly 
e/abli%$ ! primitive mono!ism ( !       
,greeks4 ,muell] says3 ,:5 we asc5d )   
him to ! mo/ di/ant heights ( ,greek    
hi/ory ! idea ( ,god z ! supreme be+ /&s
 be=e u z a simple fact4 ,next to ?is   
adoration ( ,"o ,god ! fa!r ( m5 we f9d 
9 ,greece a wor%ip ( nature4 ,! p[]s (  
nature1 orig9ally wor%ipp$ z su*1 7     
aft]w>d *ang$ into a family ( gods1 (   
:i* ,zeus became ! k+ & fa!r4 ,! ?ird   
phase is :at is g5]ally call$ ,greek    
my?ology2 b x 0 prec$$ 9 "t1 or at lea/ 
r5d]$ possible 9 ?\ght1 by ! two prior  
conceptions1 a belief 9 a supreme ,god &
 a wor%ip ( ! p[]s ( nature4444 ,! div9e
 "* ( ,zeus1 z di/+ui%$ f 8 my?ological 
"*1 is mo/ c>efully br\ght out by       
,welck]4 ,he avails himself ( all !     

discov]ies ( comp>ative philology 9 ord]
 to %[ m cle>ly h[ ! same idea :i* f\nd 
expression 9 ! anci5t religions ( !     
,brahmans1 ! ,sclavs1 & ! ,g]mans _h be5
 pres]v$ "u ! same simple1 cle>1 &      
sublime "n by ! orig9al settl]s (       
,hellas4#aed  ,! same high au?ority     
traces 9 8 own l+ui/ic /udies !         
important fact t all bran*es ( ! ,aryan 
race pres]ve ! same "n = ! ,supreme     
,be+1 :ile !y %[ great ramification &   
v>iation 9 ! names ( _! subord9ate gods4
 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,indo-,aryans give       
evid5ce ( a mono!i/ic fai? at ! "t ( _! 
disp]sion1 !re is an a priori           
presumption = ! mono!ism ( ! ,greeks4   
,h]odotus1 says ,pr(essor ,rawl9son1    
speaks ( ,god z if he _h nev] he>d (    
poly!ism4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,greek poets  
%[s t b5ea? ! prevail+ poly!ism !re     
rema9$ an und]ly+ conception ( mono!i/ic
 supremacy4 ,pr(essor ,rawl9son quotes f
 an ,orphic poem ! words3         ,ares 
is w>1 peace    ,s(t ,aphrodite1 w9e t  
,god has made    ,is ,dionysius1 ,!mis  

is ! "r    ,m5 r5d] to ea*4 ,apollo1    
too1    ,& ,phoebus & ,a,eschlepius1 :o 
do? heal    ,diseases1 are ! sun4 ,all  
^! are "o4  ,max ,muell] traces to ?is  
same elem5t ( mono!ism ! real greatness 
& p[] ( ! ,hell5ic race :5 he says3 ,:at
 0 x1 !n1 t pres]v$ 9 _! he>ts 7!       
,greeks71 9 spite ev5 ( ! feuds ( tribes
 & ! jeal\sies ( /ates1 ! deep feel+ ( t
 ideal unity :i* con/itutes a p8 ,x 0 _!
 primitive religion2 x 0 a dim          
recollection ( ! common allegiance !y   
ow$ f "t immemorial to ! great fa!r (   
gods & m52 x 0 _! belief 9 ! old ,zeus (
 ,dodona 9 ! ,pan-,hell5ic ,zeus4#aee   
,!re is1 9 tru?1 b "o1 says ,sophocles1 
"o only ,god1 :o made bo? heav5 &       
long-ext5d$ e>? & bright-fac$ swell (   
seas & =ce ( w9ds4 ,x5ophanes says3     
',mong/ gods & m5 !re is "o mightie/    
,god n mortal or 9 =m or ?\ght4 ,entire 
he sees & und]/&s1 & )\t labor gov]ns   
all by m9d4 ,aratus1 :om ,paul          
quotes1#aef says3 ,) ,zeus began we2 let
 no mortal voice ( m5 leave ,zeus       

unprais$4 ,zeus fills ! heav5s1 !       
/reets1 ! m>ts4 ,ev]y:]e we live 9      
,zeus4 ,zeus fills ! sea1 ! %ores1 !    
h>bors4 ,we are 8 (fspr+1 too4 ,!       
ref]5ce made by ,paul evid5tly implies t
 ?is ,zeus 0 a dim conception ( ! "o    
true ,god4  ,t all bran*es ( ! ,semitic 
race 7 mono!i/ic we may call n only     
,ebr>d & ,muell]1 b ,r5an1 to witness4  
,accord+ to ,r5an1 evid5ces t ! mono!ism
 ( ! ,semitic races 0 ( a v e>ly orig91 
appe>s 9 ! fact t all _! names =        
deity--,el1 ,elohim1 ,ilu1 ,baal1 ,bel1 
,adonai1 ,%addai1 & ,allah--d5ote "o be+
 & t supreme4 ,^! names h resi/$ all    
*anges1 & d\btless ext5d z f> back z !  
,semitic language or ! ,semitic race4   
,max ,muell]1 9 speak+ ( ! e>ly fai? ( !
 ,arabs1 says3 ,long be=e ,mohamm$ !    
primitive intuition ( ,god made itself  
felt 9 ,arabia2 & he quotes ?is anci5t  
,arabian pray]3 ,i d$icate myself to ?y 
s]vice1 ,o ,allah4 ,?\ ha/ no companion1
 except ! companion ( :om ?\ art ma/]   
absolute1 & ( :atev] is 84 ,! book (    

,job & ! /ory ( ,balaam indicate !      
preval5ce ( an e>ly mono!ism beyond !   
pale ( ! ,abrahamic *ur*4 ,9 ! records (
 ! k+s ( ,assyria & ,babylonia !re is a 
conspicu\s poly!ism1 yet x is           
significant t ea* k+ wor%ipp$ "o ,god   
only4 ,& ?is fact sugge/s1 z a wide     
g5]alization1 t political & dyna/ic     
jeal\sies _h _! influ5ce 9 multiply+ !  
names & diff]5tiat+ ! attributes (      
anci5t deities4 ,?is 0 notably ! case 9 
anci5t ,egypt1 :]e ea* invasion & ea*   
*ange ( dyna/y l$ to a new adju/m5t ( ! 
,egyptian ,pan!on4  ,rome _h _m gods1 b 
,jupit] 0 supreme4 ,h]odotus says ( !   
,scy?ians1 t !y _h eight gods1 b "o 0   
supreme1 l ,zeus4 ,! ,nor?m51 accord+ to
 ,dr4 ,dasc5t1 _h "o supreme god kn[n z 
! ,all-fad]4 ,! ,druids1 ?\gh wor%ipp+  
v>i\s subord9ate deities1 believ$ 9 ,"o 
:o 0 supreme--! creator ( all ?+s & !   
s\l ( all ?+s4 ,?\gh conceiv$ ( 9 a     
,pan!i/ic s5se1 ,he 0 p]sonal & ex]t$ a 
moral control1 z is %[n by ! fam\s      
triad3 ,fe> ,god2 be j to all m52 die = 

y\r c\ntry4 ,9 ! highe/ & pure/ p]iod ( 
! old ,mexican fai? we read ( !         
,tezcucan mon>* ,nezahualcoyotl1 :o     
said3 ,^! idols ( wood & /one c nei!r   
he> nor feel2 mu* less c\ld !y make !   
heav5s & ! e>?1 & man :o is ! "l ( x4   
,^! mu/ be ! "w ( ! all-p[]ful unkn[n   
,god1 ! ,creator ( ! univ]se1 on :om    
alone ,i mu/ rely = consolation &       
support4#aeg ,! ,incas ( ,p]u also1 ?\gh
 sun-wor%ipp]s1 believ$ 9 a supreme     
creator :o made ! sun4 ,! olde/ ( _!    
temples 0 re>$ to ! supreme god         
,vira*oca4 ,& "o ( ! greate/ ,incas has 
left 8 decl>$ belief t !re mu/ be above 
! sun a great] & m p[]ful rul]1 at ^:   
behe/ ! sun pursues 8 daily & untir+    
r\nd4#aeh  ,x has be5 assum$ ?r\gh\t ?is
 lecture1 t in/ead ( an advance 9 !     
religions ( m51 !re has ev]y:]e be5     
decl9e4 ,our pro(s ( ?is are n !oretic b
 hi/oric4 ,z an example1 all writ]s are 
agre$1 ,i believe1 t dur+ ! hi/oric     
p]iod ! religion ( ! ,egyptians /eadily 
det]iorat$ until ,*ri/ianity &          

,mohamm$anism sup]s$$ x4 ,9 /rong       
contra/ ) ! l(ty & ennobl+ pray] :i* we 
h quot$ f an anci5t ,egyptian record1 is
 ! degradation ( ! lat] wor%ip4 ,on a   
column at ,heliopolis1 belong+ to ! f\r?
 c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 is inscrib$ ?is     
petition3 ,o ?\ :ite cat1 ?y head is !  
head ( ! sun god1 ?y nose is ! nose (   
,?o?1 ( ! exce$+ great love (           
,hemopolis4 ,! :ole pray] is on ?is l[  
level4 ,clem5t1 ( ,alex&ria1 aft]       
describ+ ! great beauty ( an ,egyptian  
temple1 proce$s to say3 ,! inn]mo/      
sanctu>y is conceal$ by a curta9 wr\ght 
9 gold1 :i* ! prie/ draws aside1 & !re  
is se5 a cat1 or a crocodile1 or a      
s]p5t1 :i* wriggles on a purple         
cov]4#aei  ,t ! religions ( ,india h    
deg5]at$ is equally cle>4 ,! fact t all 
! m$ieval & mod]n re=ms look back = _!  
ideals to ! e>li] & pur] ,aryan fai?1   
might ( itself af=d suffici5t pro( (    
?is1 b we h also abundant evid5ce :i* is
 direct4 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a !re is little   
poly!ism1 & no idolatry4 ,!re is no     

doctr9e ( ca/e1 no base wor%ip ( ,siva )
 ! f\l enormities ( ,saktism4#afj ,9 !  
mo/ anci5t times !re 0 no doctr9e (     
transmigration1 nor any notion t human  
life is an evil to be ov]come by        
self-mortification4 ,woman 0            
comp>atively free f ! oppressions :i* %e
 suff]$ 9 ! lat] p]iods4 ,infanticide _h
 n !n be5 sanction$ & enjo9$ by religi\s
 au?ority1 & wid[ burn+ & ! religi\s    
murd]s ( ! ,?ugs 7 unkn[n4 ,& yet s     
deeply 7 ^! evils root$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
,briti% rule 9 ,india1 t ! jo9t influ5ce
 ( ,*ri/ian in/ruction & ,gov]nm5tal    
au?ority = a :ole c5tury has n be5      
suffici5t to ov]come !m4  ,buddhism 9 ! 
fir/ two or ?ree c5turies _h mu* to     
comm5d x4 ,k+ ,a%oka left monum5ts (    
practical b5efic5ce & philan?ropy :i* h 
surviv$ to ?is day4 ,b c\ntless leg5ds  
soon sprang up to m> ! simplicity (     
,gautama's e?ics4 ,corruptions crept 94 
,compromises 7 made ) popul> sup]/itions
 & ) ,h9du ,saktism4#afa ,! mona/ic     
ord]s sank into corruption1 & by ! n9?  

c5tury ( our era ! sy/em _h be5 :olly   
swept f ,india4 ,! ,buddhism ( ,ceylon 0
 plant$ fir/ by ! dev\t son & daught] ( 
a k+1 & = a "t 0 *>act]iz$ by great     
purity & devotion4 ,b n[ x exi/s only 9 
"n1 & a prom95t mission>y ( ! c\ntry    
decl>$1 9 ! ,london ,mission>y ,conf]5ce
 ( #ahhh1 t n9e-t5?s ( ! ,c+alese 7     
wor%ipp]s ( s]p5ts or ( spirits4#afb ,! 
prevail+ ,buddhism 9 ,?ibet1 f ! eigh?  
to ! t5? c5tury1 0 an admixture )       
,saktism & sup]/ition4 ,:]e ! sy/em has 
surviv$ 9 any good degree ( /r5g?1 x has
 be5 due ei!r to gov]nm5t support or to 
an alliance ) o!r religions4 ,! hi/ory (
 ,ta\ism has %[n a /ill worse           
det]ioration4 ,laotze1 ?\gh             
impracticable z a re=m]1 0 a pr(\nd     
philosoph]4 ,8 tea*+s set =? a l(ty     
moral code4 ,sup]/ition he abom9at$4 ,8 
ideas ( deity 7 cold & rationali/ic1 b  
!y 7 pure & l(ty4 ,b ! mod]n ,ta\ism is 
a m$ley ( wild & degrad+ sup]/itions4   
,accord+ to its !odicy all nature is    
haunt$4 ,! ignorant masses are en?rall$ 

by ! fe> ( gho/s1 & all progress is     
p>alyz$ by ! nightm>e ( fung %uay4 ,_h n
 ,ta\ism be5 balanc$ by ! /urdy         
common-s5se e?ics ( ,confucianism1 !    
,*9ese might h become a race (          
savages4#afc  ,! decl9e ( ,mohamm$anism 
f ! sublime fanaticism ( ,abu ,bekr & ! 
intellectual aspirations ( ,h>\n ,al    
,ras*id1 to ! s5seless imbecility ( !   
mod]n ,turk1 is too pat5t to ne$        
argum5t4 ,! worm ( de/ruction 0 left 9 !
 sy/em by ! vices ( ,mohamm$ himself2 & 
f ! high] level ( 8 e>ly foll[]s x has n
 only det]iorat$1 b x has dragg$ d[n    
ev]y?+ else ) x4 ,x has de/roy$ !       
family1 because x has degrad$ woman4 ,x 
has sep>at$ h] immeasurably f ! /atus ( 
dignity & honor :i* %e enjoy$ "u !      
influ5ce ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & x has
 robb$ h] ( ev5 t fre$om :i* 0 accord$  
to h] by hea!n ,rome4 ,"o ne$ only look 
at ,nor!rn ,africa1 ! l& ( ,cyprian &   
,orig51 ( ,augu/9e & ! sa9tly ,monica1  
to see :at ,islam has done4 ,& ev5 !    
lat] c5turies h br\ght no relief4       

,prosp]\s l&s h be5 r5d]$ desolate &    
/]ile1 & all progress has be5 p>alyz$4  
,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,greek religion x is    
grant$ t !re 7 p]iods ( advancem5t4 ,!  
times ( ! fully develop$ ,apollo wor%ip 
%[$ va/ improvem5t ov] previ\s p]iods1 b
 ev5 ,pr(essor ,tiele virtually admits t
 ?is 0 ow+ to ! importation ( =eign     
influ5ces4 ,x 0 n due to any natural    
process ( evolution2 & x 0 foll[$ by    
hopeless corruption & decl9e4 ,! la/    
days ( bo? ,greece & ,rome 7 deg5]ate & 
full ( depression & despair4  ,x is n   
cont5d$ t no revivals or re=ms are      
possible 9 hea!nism4 ,!re h be5 _m ( ^!1
 b ) all all[ance = spasmodic ef=ts1 !  
g5]al drift has be5 always d[nw>d4#afd  
,!re is a natural disposition among m5  
to multiply objects ( wor%ip4 ,h]b]t    
,sp5c]'s pr9ciple1 t developm5t proce$s 
f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 is       
c]ta9ly true ( ! religions ( ! _w2 b 8  
o!r pr9ciple1 t developm5t proce$s f !  
incoh]5t to ! coh]5t1 does n apply4     
,incoh]5cy & moral *aos m>k ! tr5d ( all

 man-made fai?s4 ,! univ]sal t5d5cy to  
det]ioration is well summ$ up z foll[s  
by ,pr(essor ,naville3  ,traces are f\nd
 almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! mid/ ( idolatr\s     
sup]/itions1 ( a religion comp>atively  
pure & (t5 /amp$ ) a l(ty morality4     
,paganism is n a simple fact2 x (f]s to 
view 9 ! same b$ two curr5ts 7l ! ,arve 
& ! ,arveiron7--! "o pure1 ! o!r impure4
 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ^! two       
curr5ts8 444 ,did humanity beg9 ) a     
co>se feti%ism1 & !nce rise by sl[      
degrees to high] conceptions8 ,d !      
traces ( a comp>atively pure mono!ism   
fir/ %[ !mselves 9 ! rec5t p]iods (     
idolatry8 ,contempor>y sci5ce incl9es m 
& m to answ] 9 ! negative4 ,x is 9 ! mo/
 anci5t hi/orical gr\nd t ! labori\s    
inve/igators ( ! pa/ meet ) ! mo/       
elevat$ ideas ( religion4 ,cut to !     
gr\nd a "y & vigor\s bee*-tree1 & come  
back a few ye>s aft]w>d4 ,9 place ( !   
tree cut d[n y w f9d coppice-wood2 ! sap
 :i* n\ri%$ a s+le trunk has be5 divid$ 
among a multitude ( %oots4 ,?is         

comp>ison expresses well en\gh ! op9ion 
:i* t5ds to prevail among our savants on
 ! subject ( ! hi/orical developm5t (   
religions4 ,! idea ( "o ,god is at !    
roots--x is primitive2 poly!ism is      
d]ivative4#afe  ,we h ?us f> drawn our  
pro(s ( man's poly!i/ic t5d5cies f !    
hi/ory ( ! non-,*ri/ian religions4 ,9   
pro( ( ! same g5]al t5d5cy we n[ turn to
 ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites1 ! *os5 p (   
,god4 ,we may prop]ly appeal to ! ,bible
 z hi/ory1 especially :5 %[+ idolatr\s  
t5d5cies ev5 "u ! full blaze ( ! tru?4  
,9 spite ( ! sup]natural revelation :i* 
!y claim$ to possess--not)/&+ all _!    
in/ructions1 w>n+s1 promises1           
deliv]ances1 div9ely aid$ conque/s--!y  
relaps$ into idolatry aga9 & aga94 ,ere 
!y _h rea*$ ! l& ( promise !y _h begun  
to make images ( ! gods ( ,egypt4 ,!y   
made con/ant compromises & alliances ) !
 ,canaanites1 & n ev5 sev]e judgm5ts    
c\ld )hold !m f ?is d[nw>d drift4 ,_!   
wise/ k+ 0 demoraliz$ by hea!n m>riages1
 & 8 successors op5ly patroniz$ ! hea!n 

%r9es4 ,! abom9ations ( ,baal wor%ip & !
 nameless vices ( ,sodom 7 practis$ "u !
 v %ad[ ( ! ,temple4#aff ,judgm5ts      
foll[$ ^u ?is mis]able deg5]acy4        
,prophets 7 s5t ) repeat$ w>n+s1 & _m 7 
sla9 = _! fai?ful messages4 ,tribe aft] 
tribe 0 borne into captivity1 ! ,temple 
0 de/roy$1 & at la/ ! nation 0 virtually
 brok5 up & scatt]$ abroad4  ,!re 0     
inde$ a true developm5t 9 ! *ur* ( ,god 
f ! ,abrahamic p]iod to ! ,apo/olic day4
 ,!re 0 a ris+ f a n>r[ national _s to  
"o :i* embrac$ ! :ole bro!rhood ( man1 f
 type & prophecy to fulfilm5t1 f ! s9s t
 7 w9k$ at1 to a pur] e?ic & ! p]fect   
law ( love2 b ^! results came n by      
natural evolution--f> en\gh f x4 ,!y 7  
wr\ght out n by man1 b we might almo/   
say1 9 spite ( man4 ,div9e int]positions
 7 all t sav$ ,judaism f a total wreck1 
ev5 z ! national unity 0 de/roy$4 ,a new
 ,disp5sation 0 introduc$1 a ,div9e     
,r$eem] & an ,omnipot5t ,_s 7 ! =ces :i*
 sav$ ! _w f a second univ]sal apo/asy4 
,we come ne>] /ill to ! *ur* ( ,god =   

pro(s ( man's inh]5t t5d5cy to poly!ism4
 ,ev5 "u ! new ,disp5sation we h se5 !  
*ur* s9k into virtual idolatry4 ,)9 six 
c5turies f ! "t ( ,*ri/ & ,8 apo/les !re
 _h be5 a sad lapse into :at seem$ !    
wor%ip ( images1 pictures1 & relics1 & a
 fai? 9 holy places & ! bones ( sa9ts4  
,:at ,mohamm$ saw1 or ?\ght he saw1 0 a 
,*ri/ian idolatry sc>cely bett] ?an t ( 
! ,arabian ,korei%4 ,&1 z if by !       
judgm5t ( ,god1 ! *ur*es ( ! ,ea/ 7     
swept ) a de/ruction l t :i* _h be5     
visit$ ^u ! ,t5 ,tribes4 ,9 !           
,*ri/ianity ( to-day1 view$ z a :ole1 h[
 /rong is ! t5d5cy to turn f ! pure     
spiritual conception ( ,god to "s m     
objective tru/--a sa9t1 a relic1 a      
ritual1 an ord9ance4 ,9 ! old *ur*es ( !
 ,ea/ or on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 h[ mu*
 ( virtual idolatry is !re ev5 n[8 ,x is
 only ano!r =m ( ! t5d5cy 9 man to seek 
out _m devices--to f9d visible objects (
 tru/--to try new panaceas = ! ailm5ts (
 ! s\l--to multiply unto himself gods to
 help 8 weakness4 ,?is is j :at has be5 

done 9 all ages & among all races ( !   
_w4 ,?is expla9s poly!ism4 ,man's       
religi\s nature is a v9e1 & ,god is its 
only prop] support4 ,once fall5 f t     
support1 x creeps & grovels 9 all       
directions & ov] all false supports4    
,we h n resort$ to ,div9e revelation =  
pro(s except z hi/ory4 ,b our           
conclusions drawn f hea!n s\rces br+ u  
directly1 z "o face answ]e? to ano!r    
face 9 a glass1 to ! pla9 tea*+s ( ,paul
 & o!r inspir$ writ]s1 :o tell u t !    
human race 0 once possess$ ( ! k ( ,"o  
,supreme ,god1 b t m5 apo/atiz$ f ,him1 
pref]r+ to wor%ip ! creature r ?an !    
,creator4 ,!re are no traces ( an upw>d 
evolution t[>d cle>] k & pur] lives1    
except by ! op]ation ( outw>d causes1 b 
!re are _m pro(s t m5's he>ts h become  
d>k5$ & _! moral nature m & m deprav$4  
,9 all l&s !re h be5 ^? :o seem$ to ga9 
"s glimpses ( tru?1 & ^: tea*+s 7 f>    
above ! av]age s5tim5t & "* ( _! times1 
b !y h ei!r be5 disc>d$ l ,socrates & ! 
prophets ( ,israel1 or !y h obta9$ a    

foll[+ only = a "t & _! precepts h fall5
 into neglect4 ,x has be5 well said t no
 race ( m5 live up to _! religion1 h[ev]
 imp]fect x may be4 ,!y fir/ disreg>d x1
 & !n at l5g? degrade x1 to suit _!     
apo/ate "*4  ,paul's e/imate ( hea!n "* 
0 t ( a man :o1 aside f 8 direct        
inspiration1 spoke f a wide range (     
obs]vation4 ,he 0 a philosoph] by       
education1 & he liv$ 9 an age & amid    
national surr\nd+s :i* af=d$ ! broade/ k
 ( m51 ( cu/oms1 ( religi\s fai?s1 (    
in/itutions4 ,tra9$ z a ,jew1 deal+     
con/antly ) ! mo/ enlight5$ hea!n1      
p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians1 & !n esp\s+ _!    
cause1 8 prep>ation = a broad1 calm1 &  
un]r+ judgm5t ( ! "* ( ! ,g5tile nations
 0 complete2 & 8 "o emphatic v]dict 0   
apo/asy4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #abe3
 ,fiske3 ,! ,de/9y ( ,man1 pp4 #gh-hj4  
,footnote #abf3 ,we d n c>e to ent] !   
field ( pre-hi/oric speculation :]e !   
evolution ( religion f totemism or      
feti%ism claims to f9d its *ief support4
 ,we are consid]+ only ! traditional    

developm5t ( ! anci5t fai?s ( man4      
,footnote #abg3 ,introduction to        
,*ri/ian ,!ology1 ,app5dix1 pp4 #aff1   
#afg4  ,footnote #abh3 ,ebr>d's         
,apologetics1 vols4 ii4 & iii4          
,footnote #abi3 ,mod]n ,a!ism1 p4 #ac4  
,footnote #acj3 ,! ,*9ese1 pp4 #afc1    
#afd4  ,footnote #aca3 ,*ips f a ,g]man 
,work%op1 vol4 i41 p4 #bc4  ,footnote   
#acb3 ,pr(essor ,ban]gea 7see ,indian   
,antiqu>y1 ,febru>y1 #ahge7 ?9ks t ?is  
,h9du acc\nt ( creation %[s traces ( !  
common revelation made to mank9d4       
,footnote #acc3 ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 
#ii4  ,footnote #acd3 ,sci5ce (         
,religion1 p4 #hh4  ,footnote #ace3 ,!  
anci5t relics ( ,african fai? are       
rapidly disappe>+ at ! approa* (        
,mohamm$an & ,*ri/ian mission>ies2 b :at
 has be5 pres]v$ ( x1 *iefly ?r\gh !    
ex]tions ( le>n$ mission>ies1 is full ( 
int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( religion1 ) its     
/range wor%ip ( snakes & ance/ors1 its  
vague hope ( a future life1 & its n     
altoge!r fad$ rem9isc5ce ( a ,supreme   

,god1 ! ,fa!r ( ! black z well z ( !    
:ite man4--,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 #ci4 
,footnote #acf3 ,:ile he ma9ta9s t !    
idea ( ,god mu/ h prec$$ t ( gods1 z !  
plural always implies ! s+ul>1 he yet   
claims v ju/ly t ! exclusive conception 
( mono!ism z aga9/ poly!ism c\ld h>dly h
 exi/$4 ,m5 simply ?\ght ( ,god z ,god1 
z a *ild ?9ks ( its fa!r1 & does n ev5  
raise ! "q ( a second4--,see ,*ips f a  
,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i41 p4 #cdi4      
,footnote #acg3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 quot+   
,cyprian1 %[s t ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* look$ 
^u ,plato z a mono!i/4 ,! passage is z  
foll[s3 ,= :5 he 7,cyprian7 speaks ( !  
,magians1 he says t ! *ief among !m1    
,ho/anes1 ma9ta9s t ! true ,god is      
invisible1 & t true angels sit at ,8    
?rone2 & t ,plato agrees ) ?is &        
believes 9 "o ,god1 consid]+ ! o!rs to  
be demons2 & t ,h]mes ,trismegi/us also 
speaks ( "o ,god1 & confesses t ,he is  
incompreh5sible4 ,angus41 ,de ,baptismo 
contra ,donat41 ,lib4 ,,vi41 ,cap4      
,,xliv4  ,footnote #ach3 ,! ,aryan      

,witness1 passim4  ,footnote #aci3      
,ari/otle said1 ,god1 ?\gh ,he is "o1   
has _m names1 because ,he is call$      
accord+ to ! /ates into :i* ,he always  
ent]s anew4  ,footnote #adj3 ,!         
,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #af4  ,footnote   
#ada3 ,! ,religions ( ,*9a1 p4 #di4     
,footnote #adb3 ,9 ! ye> #afjj ! ,emp]or
 ( ,*9a decl>$ 9 an edict t ! ,*9ese    
%\ld adore1 n ! mat]ial heav5s1 b !     
,ma/] ( heav54--,c>d9al ,gibbons3 ,our  
,*ri/ian ,h]itage4  ,footnote #adc3     
,m>t93 ,! ,*9ese1 p4 #ajf4  ,footnote   
#add3 ,x has be5 relat$ by ,rev4 ,hudson
 ,taylor t ! fi%]m5 ( ! ,fuki5 ,prov9ce1
 :5 a /orm arises1 pray to ! goddess ( !
 sea2 b :5 t does n avail !y ?r[ all !  
idols aside & pray to ! ,great-gr&fa!r 9
 ,heav54 ,fa!r is a great conception to 
! ,*9ese m9d4 ,great-gr&fa!r is high]   
/ill1 & /&s to !m = ! ,supreme4         
,footnote #ade3 ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 
#hf4  ,footnote #adf3 ,! ,*9ese1 p4 #ii4
  ,footnote #adg3 ,o!r writ]s cont5d t  
he 0 probably contemporane\s ) ,abraham4

 ,/ill o!rs ?9k ,zoroa/] a g5]al "n =   
great prophets4 ,d>me/ett] incl9es to   
?is view4  ,footnote #adh3 ,*ips f a    
,g]man ,work%op4  ,footnote #adi3       
,ar*bi%op ,vaughn1 ( ,sydney1           
emphatically decl>es t ! aborig9es (    
,au/ralia believe 9 a ,supreme ,be+4    
,footnote #aej3 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,johnson1 (  
,lagos1 has express$ a belief t ! pagan 
tribes ( ,we/ ,africa 7 mono!i/s be=e ! 
incursion ( ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,rev4 ,alfr$ 
,m>l+1 ( ,gaboon1 be>s ! same te/imony (
 ! ,fans4  ,footnote #aea3 ,rev4 ,a4,c4 
,?ompson1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,moravians4  ,"o ( !
 e>ly conv]ts f among ! ,ojibwas1 said  
to ! mission>y1 ,rev4 ,s4,g4 ,wright3 ,a
 great deal ( y\r prea*+ ,i readily     
und]/&1 especially :at y say ab\t our   
real *>act]s4 ,we ,indians all "k t x is
 wrong to lie1 to /eal1 to be di%one/1  
to sl&]1 to be covet\s1 & we always "k t
 ! ,great ,_s hates all ^! ?+s4 ,all ?is
 we knew be=e we ev] saw ! :ite man4 ,i 
knew ^! ?+s :5 ,i 0 a little boy4 ,we   
did n1 h[ev]1 "k ! way ( p>don = ^! s9s4

 ,9 our religion !re is no?+ said by !  
wise m5 ab\t p>don4 ,we knew no?+ ( !   
,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ z a ,savi\r4  ,footnote
 #aeb3 ,pr(essor ,tiele1 ( ,leyd51      
ass]ts t ,x is altoge!r errone\s to     
reg>d ! ,egyptian religion z ! poly!i/ic
 deg5]ation ( a prehi/oric mono!ism4 ,x 
0 poly!i/ic f ! beg9n+4 ,b on "o ( !    
olde/ ( ,egyptian monum5ts is f\nd ?is  
hymn1 :i* is quot$ by ,c>d9al ,gibbons 9
 ,our ,*ri/ian ,inh]itance3     ,hail to
 !e1 say all creatures2 444    ,! gods  
adore ?y maje/y1    ,! spirits ?\ has   
made exalt !e1    ,rejoic+ be=e ! feet (
 _! begett]4    ,!y cry out welcome to  
!e1    ,fa!r ( ! fa!rs ( all ! gods1    
,:o raises ! heav5s1 :o fixes ! e>?2    
,we wor%ip ?y _s :o alone ha/ made u1   
,we :om ?\ ha/ made ?ank !e t ?\ ha/    
giv5 u bir?1    ,we give to !e praises =
 ?y m]cy t[>d u4  ,footnote #aec3 ,mod]n
 ,a!ism1 p4 #ac4  ,footnote #aed3 ,*ips 
f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #adf1
 #adg4  ,footnote #aee3 ,sci5ce (       
,religion1 ,lecture ,,iii41 p4 #eg4     

,footnote #aef3 ,acts xvii4 #bh4        
,footnote #aeg3 ,prescott's ,conque/ (  
,mexico4  ,footnote #aeh3 ,reville 9 8  
,hibb]t ,lectures on ,mexican & ,p]uvian
 religions ass]ts t poly!ism exi/$ f !  
beg9n+1 b our cont5tion is t ,"o ,god 0 
supreme & creat$ ! sun4  ,footnote #aei3
 ,de ,press5se3 ,! ,anci5t ,_w &        
,*ri/ianity4  ,footnote #afj3 ,b\rn\f   
f\nd ! ,tantras s obsc5e t he refus$ to 
translate !m4  ,footnote #afa3 ,t4 ,rhys
 ,davids3 ,buddhism1 p4 #bjh4  ,footnote
 #afb3 ,report ( ,mission>y ,conf]5ce1  
vol4 i1 p4 #gj4  ,footnote #afc3        
,buddhism1 9 ! ,britannica4  ,footnote  
#afd3 ,rev4 ,s4,g4 ,wright1 long a      
mission>y among ! ,am]ican ,indians1    
says3 ,dur+ ! =ty-six ye>s 9 :i* ,i h   
be5 labor+ among ! ,ojibway ,indians1 ,i
 h be5 m & m impress$ ) ! evid5ce1 %[+  
itself 9 _! language1 t at "s =m] "t !y 
h be5 9 possession ( mu* high] ideas (  
,god's attributes1 & ( :at con/itutes   
true happ9ess1 immortality1 & virtue1 z 
well z ( ! nature ( ! ,devil & 8        

influ5ce 9 ! _w1 ?an ^? :i* !y n[       
possess4 ,! ?+ :i* e>ly 9 our exp]i5ce  
surpris$ u1 & :i* has n ceas$ to impress
 u1 is1 t1 ) _! pres5t l[ conceptions ( 
spiritual ?+s1 !y c\ld h *os5 s l(ty &  
spiritual a ^w = ! ,deity4 ,! only      
satisfactory explanation seems to be t1 
at an e>ly p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 !y _h     
high] & m correct ideas conc]n+ ,god ?an
 ^? :i* !y n[ possess1 & t ^! h become1 
z ! geologi/s w\ld say1 fossiliz$ 9 _!  
=ms ( spee*1 & s pres]v$4--,biblio!ca   
,sacra1 ,octob]1 #ahhi4  ,footnote #afe3
 ,mod]n ,a!ism1 p4 #aj4  ,footnote #aff3
 ,i4 ,k+s1 xiv41 & ,,ii4 ,k+s1 xxiii4   
,,lecture ,,viii4  ,,indirect ,,tributes
 ,,( ,,hea!n ,,sy/ems ,,to ,,!          
,,doctr9es ,,( ,,! ,,bible   ,i am to   
speak ( c]ta9 indirect tributes borne by
 ! non-,*ri/ian religions to ! doctr9es 
( ,*ri/ianity4 ,"o su* tribute ( great  
value we h already consid]$ 9 !         
preval5ce ( e>ly mono!ism1 s f>         
corroborat+ ! scriptural acc\nt ( man's 
fir/ e/ate1 & af=d+ _m pro(s :i*        

corroborate ! scriptural doctr9e ( human
 apo/asy4 ,o!rs ( ! same g5]al be>+ w n[
 be consid]$4 ,! hi/ory ( man's orig91 !
 /range traditions ( 8 fall by          
transgression & 8 bani%m5t f ,ed51 ( !  
conflict ( good ) evil repres5t$ by a   
s]p5t1 ( ! ,deluge & ! disp]sion ( !    
human race1 h all be5 ! subjects (      
ridicule by anti-,*ri/ian writ]s3--?\gh 
by turns !y h recogniz$ ^! same facts & 
h us$ !m z pro(s t ,*ri/ianity _h borr[$
 !m f old my?s4 ,! idea ( sacrifice1 or 
atonem5t1 ( ,div9e inc>nation1 ( a      
tr9ity1 ( m$iation1 ( a salvation by    
fai? in/ead ( "o's own m]its1 h be5     
repres5t$ z unphilosophical1 & !re=e    
improbable 9 ! nature ( ! case4  ,x     
becomes an important "q1 !re=e1 :e!r o!r
 religions ( mank9d %[ simil>           
traditions1 h[ev] widely !y h dwelt     
ap>t1 & h[ev] div]sifi$ _! languages1   
lit]atures1 & in/itutions may h be5 9   
o!r respects4 ,& x is also an important 
"q1 :e!r ev5 "u hea!n sy/ems1 !         
consci\sness ( s9 & ! deepe/ moral      

ye>n+s ( m5 h f\nd expression along ! v 
l9es :i* are repres5t$ by ! ,*ri/ian    
doctr9es ( grace4 ,to ^! que/ions we n[ 
address ourselves4 ,:at are ! lessons ( 
! v>i\s e?nic traditions8 ,& h[ are we  
to acc\nt = _! /rik+ simil>ities8 ,! mo/
 obvi\s !ory is1 t a common orig9 mu/ be
 assign$ to !m1 t !y are dim rem9isc5ces
 ( a real k once cle> & di/9ct4 ,! fact 
t ) _! ess5tial unity !y diff] f ea* o!r
 & diff] f our ,scriptural record1 seems
 to r /r5g!n ! !ory t all--our own      
includ$--h be5 h&$ d[n f ! pre-,mosaic  
times--ours be+ div9ely edit$ by an     
inspir$ & infallible au?or4 ,_!         
diff]5ces are su* z might h be5 expect$ 
f sep>ate transmissions1 indep5d5tly    
made4  ,we h1 fir/ ( all1 ! v>i\s       
traditions ( ! ,creation4 ,9 mo/ hea!n  
races !re h appe>$1 9 _! lat] /ages1    
grave & grotesque cosmogonies2 & a too  
common impression is1 t ^! repres5t !   
real tea*+s ( _! sacr$ books or _!      
e>lie/ traditions4 ,b :5 "o ent]s ^u a  
c>eful /udy ( ! non-,*ri/ian religions1 

& traces !m back to _! s\rces1 he f9ds m
 rational acc\nts ( ! ,creation & ! ord]
 ( nature1 & sees /rik+ po9ts (         
resemblance to ! ,mosaic record4 ,! /ory
 ( ,g5esis repres5ts ! ,beg9n+ z =mless1
 *aotic1 & d>k4 ,! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! 
face ( ! wat]s4 ,! heav5s & ! e>? 7     
sep>at$4 ,light appe>$ long be=e ! sun &
 moon 7 visible1 & ! day & night 7      
cle>ly def9$4 ,creation proce$$ 9 a     
c]ta9 ord] f vegetable to animal life1 &
 f l[] animals to high]1 & la/ ( all man
 appe>$4 ,9 hea!n sy/ems we f9d fragm5ts
 ( ?is traditional acc\nt1 &1 z a rule1 
!y are m or less cle> 9 proportion to _!
 ne>ness to1 or dep>ture f1 ! great     
cradle ( ! human race4#afg ,?us         
,pr(essor ,rawl9son quotes f an         
,assyrian acc\nt ( ! creation1 z f\nd ^u
 ! clay tablets discov]$ 9 ! palace (   
,assur-bani-pal1 a description (        
=mlessness1 empt9ess1 & d>kness on !    
deep--( a sep>ation betwe5 ! e>? &      
sky--& ( ! light z prec$+ ! appe>ance ( 
! sun4 ,t acc\nt also places ! creation 

( animals be=e t ( man1 :om x repres5ts 
z be+ =m$ ( ! du/ ( ! e>?1 & z receiv+ a
 div9e efflu5ce f ! ,creator4#afh       
,accord+ to an ,etruscan saga quot$ by  
,suidas1 ,god creat$ ! _w 9 six p]iods (
 #a1jjj ye>s ea*4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! heav5s & 
! e>?2 9 ! second1 ! firmam5t2 9 ! ?ird1
 ! seas2 9 ! f\r?1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s2 9
 ! fif?1 ! bea/s ( ! l&1 ! air1 & ! sea2
 9 ! six?1 man4 ,accord+ to a passage 9 
! ,p]sian ,ave/a1 ! supreme ,ormazd     
creat$ ! visible _w by 8 ^w 9 six p]iods
 or ?\s&s ( ye>s3 9 ! fir/1 ! heav5s ) !
 />s2 9 ! second1 ! wat] & ! cl\ds2 9 ! 
?ird1 ! e>? & ! m\nta9s2 9 ! f\r?1 !    
trees & ! plants2 9 ! fif?1 ! bea/s :i* 
sprang f ! primeval bea/2 9 ! six?1     
man4#afi  ,z we get f>!r away f !       
suppos$ e>ly home ( ! race1 ! traditions
 become m fragm5t>y & indi/9ct4 ,! ,rig 
,v$a1 ,m&ala1 x41 #abi1 tells u t3      
,9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 nei!r naught nor      
aught2 ,!re 0      nei!r day nor night  
nor light nor d>kness2 ,only ! ,,exi/5t 
,,"o      brea!d calmly4 ,next came     

d>kness1 gloom on gloom4 ,next all 0    
wat]--*aos indiscrete4#agj  ,/rik+ly    
simil> is ! language quot$ 9 a =m]      
lecture f ! pray] ( a ,*9ese emp]or ( ! 
,m+ ,dyna/y4 ,x runs ?us3 ,( old1 9 !   
beg9n+1 !re 0 ! great *aos )\t =m & d>k4
 ,! five elem5ts _h n begun to revolve1 
nor ! sun & moon to %9e4 ,9 ! mid/ !re( 
!re pres5t$ itself nei!r =m nor s\nd4   
,?\1 ,o ,spiritual ,sov]eign1 did/      
divide ! gross] p>ts f ! pur]4 ,?\ made/
 heav53 ,?\ made/ e>?3 ,?\ made/ man4   
,!re is a possibility t ^! conceptions  
may h come f ,*ri/ian s\rces in/ead (   
primitive ,*9ese traditions1 possibly f 
e>ly ,ne/orian mission>ies1 ?\gh ?is is 
sc>cely probable1 z ,*9ese emp]ors h be5
 sl[ to introduce =eign conceptions into
 _! augu/ temple s]vice to ,%angte2 its 
*ief glory lies 9 its antiquity & its   
purely national "*4 ,buddhism _h already
 be5 9 ,*9a m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 & ^!     
pray]s are f> en\gh f its tea*+s4 ,may  
we n believe t ! ideas "h express$ _h   
always exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! m dev\t rul]s 

( ! empire8 ,9 simil> language1 ! ,edda 
( ! ,icel&ic ,nor?m5 describes !        
primeval *aos4  ,?us3     ',twas ! morn+
 ( "t     ,:5 yet naught 01     ,nor s& 
nor sea 0 !re1     ,nor cool+ /reams4   
,e>? 0 n =m$     ,nor heav5 above4      
,a yawn+ gap 0 !re     ,& grass n[h]e4  
,n unlike ^! conceptions ( ! ,beg9n+ is 
t :i* ,mor5h\t f\nd 9 a song ( !        
,tahitans1 & :i* ran ?us3     ,he 02    
,to>oa 0 8 "n1     ,he exi/$ 9 space2 no
 e>?1 no heav51 no m54  ,m4 ,g\ss9 adds 
! fur!r translation3 ,to>oa1 ! ,great   
,ord]]1 is ! orig9 ( ! e>?3 he has no   
fa!r1 no po/]ity4#aga ,! tradition ( !  
,od%is1 a negro tribe on ! ,african     
,gold ,coa/1 repres5ts ! creation z hav+
 be5 complet$ 9 six days4 ,god creat$   
fir/ ! woman2 !n ! man2 !n ! animals2 !n
 ! trees & plants2 & la/ly ! rocks4 ,god
 creat$ no?+ on ! sev5? day4 ,he only   
gave m5 ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,! rev]sal ( !    
ord] "h only confirms ! supposition t x 
is an orig9al tradition4 ,we f9d ev]y:]e
 on ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 nor? & s\?1    

pla9 recognition ( ! creation ( ! _w by 
"o ,supreme ,god1 ?\gh ! ord] is n giv54
 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ! simil>ities     
above indicat$1 except on ! supposition 
( a common & a v anci5t s\rce8  ,/ill m 
/rik+ are ! v>i\s traditions ( ! ,fall (
 man by s94 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is 
a v old ,babylonian seal :i* be>s !     
figures ( a man & a woman /ret*+ out _! 
h&s t[>d a fruit-tree1 :ile beh9d !     
woman lurks a s]p5t4 ,a fragm5t be>+ an 
inscription repres5ts a tree ( life z   
gu>d$ on all sides by a sword4 ,ano!r   
inscription describes a delectable      
region surr\nd$ by f\r riv]s4 ,pr(essors
 ,rawl9son & ,delitzs* bo? reg>d ?is z a
 ref]5ce to ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54  ,! ,h9du   
leg5ds1 says ,h>dwick1 are agre$ 9      
repres5t+ man z "o ( ! la/ products (   
creative wisdom1 z ! ma/]-"w ( ,god2 &  
also 9 extoll+ ! fir/ race ( m5 z pure &
 upright1 innoc5t & happy4 ,! be+s :o 7 
?us creat$ by ,brahma are all said to h 
be5 end[$ ) righte\sness & p]fect fai?2 
!y abode :]ev] !y pleas$1 un*eck$ by any

 imp$im5t2 _! he>ts 7 free f guile2 !y 7
 pure1 made free f toil by obs]vance (  
sacr$ in/itutes4 ,9 _! sanctifi$ m9ds   
,h>i dwelt2 & !y 7 fill$ ) p]fect wisdom
 by :i* !y contemplat$ ! glory ( ,vi%nu4
  ,! fir/ m5 71 accord+ly1 ! be/4 ,!    
,krita age1 ! 'age ( tru?1' ! reign (   
purity1 9 :i* mank9d1 z x came =? f !   
,creator1 0 n divid$ into num]\s        
conflict+ ord]s1 & 9 :i* ! diff]5t      
faculties ( man all work$ h>moni\sly    
toge!r1 0 a ?\ght t lay too ne> ! human 
he>t to be uproot$ by ! ills &          
inequalities ( actual life4 ,9 ?is !    
,h9du sid$ altoge!r ) ! ,hebrew1 & z    
flatly contradict$ ! unwor?y            
speculations ( ! mod]n philosoph]1 :o   
w\ld fa9 p]suade u t human be+s h n     
issu$ f "o s+le pair1 & also1 t !       
primitive type ( m5 is sc>cely sep>able 
f t ( ord9>y animals4444#agb  ,sp5ce    
,h>dy1 9 speak+ on ?is subject1         
describes a ,buddhi/ leg5d ( ,ceylon :i*
 repres5ts ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! _w 
z hav+ be5 once spotlessly pure1 & z    

dwell+ 9 e!real bodies :i* mov$ at w    
?r\gh space4 ,!y _h no ne$ ( sun or     
moon4 ,!y liv$ 9 p]fect happ9ess & peace
 till1 at la/1 "o ( _! numb] ta/$ ( a   
/range sub/ance :i* he f\nd ly+ on !    
surface ( ! e>?4 ,he induc$ o!rs to eat 
also1 :]eupon all knew good & evil1 & _!
 high e/ate 0 lo/4 ,!y n[ _h p]petual   
ne$ ( food1 :i* only made !m m gross &  
e>?ly4 ,wick$ness ab\nd$1 & !y 7 9      
d>kness4 ,assembl+ toge!r1 !y fa%ion$ = 
!mselves a sun1 b aft] a few h\rs x fell
 bel[ ! horizon1 & !y 7 compell$ to     
create a moon4#agc ,an old ,mongolian   
leg5d repres5ts ! fir/ man z hav+       
transgress$ by eat+ a pi/a*e nut4 ,z a  
puni%m5t1 he & all 8 po/]ity came "u !  
p[] ( s9 & dea?1 & 7 subject$ to toil & 
suff]+4#agd ,a tradition ( ! ,african   
,od%is1 already nam$1 relates t =m]ly   
,god 0 v ne> to m54 ,b a woman1 :o _h   
be5 p\nd+ banana fruit 9 a mort>1       
inadv]t5tly ent]+ ,8 pres5ce ) a pe/le 9
 h] h&s1 ar\s$ ,8 ang]1 & ,he )drew into
 ! high heav5s & li/5$ to m5 no m4 ,six 

ra9less ye>s br\ght fam9e & di/ress1    
:]eupon !y bes\ght ,him to s5d "o ( ,8  
c\nsellors :o %\ld be _! daysman1 & %\ld
 und]take _! cause & c>e = !m4 ,god s5t 
8 *ief m9i/]1 ) a promise t ,he w\ld    
give ra9 & sun%9e1 & ,he direct$ t ,8   
ra9b[ %\ld appe> 9 ! sky4#age ,!        
inhabitants ( ,tahiti h a tradition ( a 
fall :i* is v /rik+2 & ,humboldt1 aft]  
c>eful /udy1 rea*$ ! conclusion t x _h n
 be5 d]iv$ ?r\gh any communication )    
,*ri/ian l&s1 b 0 an old native leg5d4  
,! ,k>5s ( ,burmah _h a /ory ( an e>ly  
temptation ( _! ance/ors by an evil be+ 
& _! consequ5t apo/asy4 ,_m o!r races :o
 h no def9ite tradition ( ?is k9d h /ill
 "s vague notion ( a gold5 age 9 ! pa/4 
,!re has be5 ev]y:]e a m\rnful & pa!tic 
s5se ( some?+ lo/1 ( deg5]acy f bett]   
days gone by1 ( ,div9e displeasure &    
=feit$ favor4 ,! baffl$ grop+s ( all    
false religions seem to h be5 s _m      
devices to rega9 "s squ&]$ h]itage ( !  
pa/4 ,all ?is is /rik+ly true ( ,*9a4   
,/ill m cle> & wellnigh univ]sal are !  

traditions ( a flood4 ,! ,h9du          
,brahmanas & ! ,mahabh>ata ( a lat] age 
pres5t leg5ds ( a deluge :i* /rik+ly    
resemble ! /ory ( ,g5esis4 ,vi%nu       
inc>nate 9 a fi% w>n$ a great sage ( a  
com+ flood & direct$ him to build an    
ark4 ,a %ip 0 built & ! sage ) sev5 o!rs
 ent]$4 ,atta*$ to ! horn ( ! fi% ! %ip 
0 t[$ ov] ! wat]s to a high m\nta9      
top4#agf ,! ,*9ese also h a /ory ( a    
flood1 ?\gh x is n giv5 9 mu* detail4 ,!
 ,iranian tradition is v fragm5t>y &    
seems to conf\nd ! survivor ) ! fir/ man
 ( ! creation4 ,yima1 ! ,noah ( ! /ory1 
0 w>n$ by ! beg9n+ ( a great w9t] ra91  
by :i* ! wat]s 7 rais$ #ai1jjj feet4    
,yima 0 comm&$ to prep>e a place (      
safety = a numb] ( *os5 m51 birds1 &    
bea/s4 ,x 0 to be ?ree /ories high1 & to
 be furni%$ ) a high door & w9d[1 b :e!r
 x 0 a %ip or a refuge on ! m\nta9 top  
does n appe>4 ,! same tradition speaks (
 ,ed5 & ( a s]p5t1 b ! acc\nt is sudd5ly
 cut %ort4#agg  ,! ,greek traditions ( a
 flood v>i$ accord+ to ! diff]5t bran*es

 ( ! ,greek nation4 ,! ,arcadians trac$ 
_! orig9 to ,d>danus1 :o 0 pres]v$ f !  
great flood 9 a sk9-cov]$ boat4 ,!      
,pelasgians held ! tradition (          
,deucalion & 8 wife1 :o 7 sav$ 9 a %ip  
:i* 0 gr\nd$ on ! summit ( ,p9dus4 ,z ! 
wat] rec$$ !y s5t out a dove to se>* =  
l&4 ,! ,assyrian acc\nt1 :i* 0 f\nd a   
few ye>s ago on a tablet 9 ! palace (   
,assur-bani-pal1 claims to h be5 relat$ 
z a matt] ( p]sonal exp]i5ce by ,sisit1 
! ,*aldean ,noah1 :o 0 comm&$ to        
con/ruct a %ip #fjj cubits long1 into   
:i* he %\ld ent] ) 8 family & 8 goods4  
,at ! "t appo9t$ ! e>? became a wa/e4 ,!
 v gods 9 heav5 fl$ f ! fury ( ! tempe/ 
& huddl$ d[n 9 _! refuge l affright$    
dogs4 ,! race ( m5 0 swept away4 ,on !  
sev5? day ,sisit op5$ a w9d[ & saw t !  
ra9 0 /ay$1 b ! wat] 0 cov]$ ) float+   
corpses2 all m5 _h become z clay4 ,! %ip
 re/$ on a m\nta9 top1 & ,sisit s5t =? a
 dove1 a swall[1 & a rav54 ,! dove & !  
swall[ return$1 b ! rav5 0 satisfi$ ) ! 
float+ c>casses4 ,sisit w5t =? & (f]$   

sacrifice1 ar\nd :i* ! gods hov]$ l     
flies4  ,pr(essor ,rawl9son ?9ks t ^!   
acc\nts & ^? giv5 9 ,g5esis 7 bo? d]iv$ 
f ! e>li] traditions1 ! ,assyrian v]sion
 hav+ be5 greatly corrupt$4 ,! ,*aldean 
tradition is slightly diff]5t4 ,! ,noah 
( ! ,*aldeans 0 comm&$ 9 a dream n only 
to build a %ip1 b to bury all important 
docum5ts & s pres]ve ! ant$iluvian      
hi/ory4 ,z ! flood subsid$ he1 8 family1
 & 8 pilot 7 transf]r$ to heav51 b c]ta9
 fri5ds :o 7 sav$ ) !m rema9$ & peopl$ !
 e>?4 ,among ! anci5t ,p]uvians we f9d a
 tradition ( a great deluge :i* swept ! 
e>?4 ,aft] x _h pass$1 ! ag$ man        
,wiracots*a rose out ( ,lake ,titicaca &
 8 ?ree sons issu$ f a cave & peopl$ !  
e>?4#agh ,hugh ,mill] & o!rs h nam$ _m  
simil> traditions4  ,! fact t 9 ne>ly e 
case ^? :o 7 rescu$ f ! flood imm$iately
 (f]$ piacul> sacrifices sugge/s !      
recognition 9 all human hi/ory ( /ill   
ano!r fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 
! univ]sal s5se ( s94 ,?is conviction 0 
especially /rong :5 ! survivors ( a     

,div9e judgm5t beheld ! spectacle ( a   
race swept away = _! transgressions2 b  
!re are abundant traces ( x 9 all ages (
 ! _w4 ,! exceptions are f\nd 9 ^?      
in/ances :]e false sy/ems ( philosophy h
 sophi/icat$ ! natural s5se ( guilt by  
de/roy+ ! consci\sness ( p]sonality4    
,all races ( m5 h %[n a feel+ ( moral   
del9qu5cy & a correspond+ fe>4 ,! late  
,c4 ,lor+ ,brace1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,!     
,unkn[n ,god1 quotes "s /rik+ p5it5tial 
psalms or pray]s (f]$ by ! ,akkadians ( 
,nor!rn ,assyria f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4  ,! 
deep-seat$ conviction ( guilt :i* is    
indicat$ by ! old religion ( !          
,egyptians is well set =? by ,dr4 ,john 
,wortabet1 ( ,beyrut1 9 a pamphlet      
entitl$ ,! ,temples & ,tombs ( ,!bes4   
,he says3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l1 its   
rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ! next _w1 & its   
f9al salvation & return into ! ess5ce ( 
! div9ity 7 among ! mo/ *]i%$ articles (
 ! ,egyptian cre$4 ,"h 79 ! tombs71 z on
 ! papyri :i* conta9 ! ',ritual ( !     
,dead1' are repres5t$ ! passage ( ! s\l 

?r\gh ! ne!r _w & its introduction into 
! ,judgm5t ,hall1 :]e ,osiris1 ! god (  
b5evol5ce1 sits on a ?rone1 & ) !       
assi/ance ( =ty-two assessors proce$s to
 exam9e ! deceas$4 ,8 actions are weigh$
 9 a balance aga9/ tru? 9 ! pres5ce (   
,?o?1 ! ibis-head$ god ( wisdom1 & if   
f\nd want+ he is h\nd$ out 9 ! %ape ( an
 unclean animal by ,anubis1 !           
jackal-head$ god ( ! inf]nal regions4 ,!
 s\l !n proce$s 9 a s]ies (             
transmigrations into ! bodies ( animals 
& human be+s & ?us passes ?r\gh a       
purgatorial process :i* entitles x to   
appe> aga9 be=e ! judgm5t-seat (        
,osiris4 ,if f\nd pure x is convey$ to  
,aalu1 ! ,elysian fields1 or ! ',pools (
 ,peace4' ,aft] ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( s[+ &  
reap+ by cool wat]s x returns to its old
 body 7! pres]v$ mummy71 suff]s ano!r   
p]iod ( probation1 & is ultimately      
absorb$ into ! godhead4 ,"o ( ! mo/     
impressive sc5es 9 ! :ole s]ies is t :]e
 ! s\l1 9 ! =m ( a mummifi$ body1 /&s   
be=e ,osiris & ! =ty-two judges to be   

exam9$ on ! =ty-two comm&m5ts ( !       
,egyptian religion4 ,be>+ on its face ! 
signs ( solemnity & fe>1 & c>ry+ 9 its  
h& a fea!r1 ! symbol ( v]acity1 x says  
among o!r ?+s3 ',i h n blasphem$ ! gods1
 ,i h defraud$ no man1 ,i h n *ang$ !   
measures ( ,egypt1 ,i h n prev>icat$ at 
! c\rts ( ju/ice1 ,i h n li$1 ,i h n    
/ol51 ,i h n committ$ adult]y1 ,i h done
 no murd]1 ,i h n be5 idle1 ,i h n be5  
drunk1 ,i h n be5 cruel1 ,i h n fami%$  
my family1 ,i h n be5 a hypocrite1 ,i h 
n defil$ my consci5ce = ! sake ( my     
sup]iors1 ,i h n smitt5 privily1 ,i h   
liv$ on tru?1 ,i h made x my delight to 
d :at m5 comm& & ! gods approve1 ,i h   
giv5 bread to ! hungry & dr9k to ! ?ir/y
 & clo!s to ! nak$1 my m\? & h&s are    
pure4' ,n[ :at /rikes "o ) great =ce 9  
?is rem>kable passage f ! walls ( ! old 
s&-cov]$ tombs is ! wond]ful scope &    
fulness ) :i* ! laws ( "r & wrong 7     
/amp$ ^u ! ,egyptian consci5ce4 ,!re is 
"h a recognition1 n only ( ! great evils
 :i* man %all n commit1 b also ( _m ( ^?

 positive duties :i* 8 moral nature     
requires4 ,x matt]s n t ^! words are    
:olly exculpatory2 !y nev]!less         
recognize s94  ,b p]haps no "o has      
depict$ man's s5se ( guilt & fe> m      
eloqu5tly ?an ,dean ,/anley :5 speak+ ( 
! ,egyptian ,sph9x4 ,proce$+ ^u ! !ory t
 t "t-worn & my/]i\s relic is a c\*ant  
lion ^: project+ paws 7 long s9ce buri$ 
9 ! des]t s&s1 & foll[+ ! tradition t an
 alt> once /ood be=e t mighty embodim5t 
( p[]1 he graphically pictures !        
transi5t g5]ations ( m51 9 all ! s9 &   
weakness ( _! frail humanity1 com+ up ) 
_! (f]+s & _! pray]s betwe5 ! paws (    
deity4 ,x is a grim spectacle1 b x      
emphasizes ! s5se ( human guilt4 ,only !
 ,reveal$ ,^w ( ,god af=ds a complete & 
satisfactory explanation ( ! rem>kable  
fact t ! human race univ]sally /&       
self-convict$ ( s94  ,!re is also a     
tribute to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity 9 c]ta9 
traces ( a conception ( ,div9e sacrifice
 = s9 f\nd 9 "s ( ! e>ly religi\s fai?s 
( m54 ,all are famili> ) ! diff]5ce     

betwe5 ! (f]+s ( ,abel & ^? ( ,ca9--!   
=m] disclos+ a fai? 9 a high] expiation4
 ,9 l mann] !re appe> my/]i\s ref]5ces  
to a div9e & vic>i\s sacrifice 9 ! e>ly 
,v$as ( ,india4 ,9 ! ,p>u%a ,sukta ( !  
,rig ,v$a occurs ?is passage3 ,f him    
call$ ,p>u%a 0 born ,viraj1 & f ,viraj 0
 ,p>u%a produc$1 :om gods made _!       
oblation4 ,) ,p>u%a z a victim !y p]=m$ 
a sacrifice4 ,manu says t ,p>u%a1 ! fir/
 man1 0 call$ ,brahma1 & 0 produc$ by   
emanation f ! self-exi/5t _s4 ,brahma   
?us emanat+1 0 ! fir/ male1 or1 z       
else:]e call$1 ! born "l4 ,by him ! _w 0
 made4 ,! idea is br\ght out /ill m     
/rik+ly 9 "o ( ! ,brahmanas :]e !       
sacrifice is repres5t$ z volunt>y & all 
avail+4 ,surely1 says ,sir ,moni]       
,williams1 9 ^! my/]i\s allusions to !  
sacrifice ( a repres5tative man we may  
p]ceive traces ( ! orig9al in/itution ( 
sacrifice z a div9ely appo9t$ ord9ance1 
typical ( ! "o great (f]+ ( ! ,son (    
,god = ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,! late ,pr(essor  
,ban]gea1 ( ,calcutta1 rea*+ ! same     

conclusion1 says3 ,x is n easy to acc\nt
 = ! g5esis ( ^! ideas 9 ! ,v$a1 ( '"o  
born 9 ! beg9n+ ,"l ( creatures1' (f]+  
himself a sacrifice = ! b5efit ( deifi$ 
mortals1 except on ! assumption t x is  
bas$ ^u ! tradition ( ! ',lamb sla9 f ! 
f\ndation ( ! _w4'  ,no d\bt mod]n      
scepticism might be sl[ to ackn[l$ge any
 su* inf]5ce z ?is2 b z ,pr(essor       
,ban]gea 0 a high-ca/e ,h9du ( great    
le>n+1 & 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! subtleties 
( ,h9du ?\ght1 8 op9ion %\ld h great    
weight4 ,& :5 we rememb] h[ easily      
sci5tific scepticism is satisfi$ ) !    
fa9te/ traces ( :atev] /r5g!ns its      
!ories--h[ ?9 are "s ( ! g5]alizations (
 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--h[ v slight & fanciful  
are ! resemblances ( words :i*          
philologi/s (t5 accept z indisputable   
pro(s--h[ f>-fet*$ are ! inf]5ces       
sometimes drawn f ! appe>ance (         
half-decay$ fossils z pro(s & ev5       
demon/rations ( ! law ( evolution--we   
ne$ n be ov]-mode/ 9 sett+ =? ^! traces 
( an orig9al div9e elem5t 9 ! in/itution

 ( typical sacrifices among m54  ,x is  
nev] safe to assume positively ?is or t 
mean+ = a my/]i\s passage f\nd 9 ! sacr$
 books ( non-,*ri/ian sy/ems1 b !re are 
_m ?+s :i* seem at lea/ to illu/rate    
important precepts ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4   
,?us ! sla9 ,osiris ( ! ,egyptians 0    
said to ent] into ! suff]+s ( mortals4  
,hav+ suff]$ ! great w\nd1 s ! record   
runs1 he 0 w\nd$ 9 e o!r w\nd4 ,& we    
read 9 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead t :5 ! ,"l (  
tru? cleanses away defilem5t1 evil is   
jo9$ to ! deity t ! tru? may expel !    
evil4#agi ,?is seems to d5ote an idea ( 
vic>i\s righte\sness4  ,! ,onondaga     
,indians _h a tradition t ! cele/ial    
,hiawa?a desc5d$ f heav5 & dwelt among  
_! ance/ors1 & t ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( !    
,league ( ! ,iroquois he 0 call$ by !   
,great ,_s to sanctify t ,league by     
self-sacrifice4 ,z ! ,indian c\ncil 0   
ab\t to op51 ,hiawa?a 0 b[$ ) int5se    
suff]+1 :i* fa9tly rem9ds "o ( ,*ri/'s  
agony 9 ,ge?semane4 ,he =esaw t 8       
innoc5t & only *ild w\ld be tak5 f him4 

,soon aft] a mess5g] f heav5 smote h] to
 ! e>? by 8 side4 ,!n1 hav+ drank ?is   
cup ( sorr[1 he ent]$ ! c\ncil & guid$  
its delib]ations ) sup]human wisdom4#ahj
 ,9 cit+ ?is incid5t no?+ m is int5d$   
?an to call att5tion to "s ( ! my/]i\s  
conceptions :i* seem to float dimly     
?r\gh ! m9ds ( ! mo/ savage races1 & :i*
 %[ at ! v lea/ t ! idea ( vic>i\s      
sacrifice is n /range to mank9d1 b is   
(t5 my/]i\sly connect$ ) _! greate/     
bless+s4 ,! leg5d ( ,prome!us ,b\nd1 z  
we f9d x 9 ! trag$ies ( ,a,eschylus1 is 
s graphic 9 its picture ( vic>i\s suff]+
 = ! good ( m5 t infidel writ]s h *>g$ !
 /ory ( ! ,cross ) plagi>ism1 & h appli$
 to ,prome!us "s ( ! expressions us$ 9 !
 fifty-?ird *apt] ( ! ,prophecy (       
,isaiah4 ,we are (t5 told t !re is      
inju/ice 9 ! v idea ( vic>i\s suff]+1 z 
involv$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e (          
salvation1 or t ! be/ in/9cts ( a       
reasonable humanity revolt aga9/ x4 ,b  
su* criticisms are suffici5tly met by ^!
 analogies :i* we f9d among all nations4

  ,let me next call att5tion to "s ( !  
pr$ict$ deliv]]s = :om ! nations h be5  
look+4 ,no?+ f\nd 9 ! /udy ( ! religi\s 
hi/ory ( mank9d is m /rik+ ?an !        
univ]sality ( a vague expectation ( com+
 messiahs4 ,accord+ to ! tea*+s (       
,h9duism !re h be5 n9e inc>nations (    
,vi%nu1 ( :om ,buddha 0 admitt$ to be   
"o4 ,b !re is to be a t5? avat> :o %all 
yet come at a "t ( great & univ]sal     
wick$ness1 & %all e/abli% a k+dom (     
righte\sness on ! e>?4 ,"s ye>s ago !   
,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,newton1 ( ,lahore1    
took advantage ( ?is pr$iction & wrote a
 tract %[+ t ! true deliv]] & k+ (      
righte\sness _h already come 9 ! p]son (
 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,s /rik+ seem$ !         
fulfilm5t view$ f ! ,h9du /&po9t1 t "s  
hundr$s 9 ! city ( ,rampore 7 l$ to a   
fai? 9 ,*ri/ z an avat> ( ,vi%nu4  ,a   
rem>kable illu/ration ( a felt want (   
some?+ bright] & m hopeful is se5 9 !   
leg5ds & pr$ictions ( ! ,teutonic &     
,norse religions4 ,! fai?s ( all !      
,teutonic races 7 ( ! /]ne/ "*1 & x 0   

su* a cultus t made !m ! t]ror (        
,europe4 ,!y wor%ipp$ _! grim deities 9 
! cong5ial d>kness ( deep =e/ %ades4    
,!re 0 no joy1 no s5se ( div9e pity1 no 
peace4 ,!y 7 consci\s ( deep &          
unutt]able wants :i* 7 nev] met4 ,!y    
ye>n$ = a gold5 age & ! com+ ( a        
deliv]]4 ,baldr1 "o ( ! sons ( ,wod51 _h
 pass$ away1 b prophecy promis$ t he    
%\ld return to deliv] mank9d f sorr[ & f
 dea?4 ,:5 ! twilight ( ! gods %\ld h   
pass$ away1 !n amid prodigies & ! cra% &
 decay ( a wick$ _w1 9 glory & joy he   
%\ld return1 & a glori\s k+dom %\ld be  
r5ew$4 ,or1 9 ! words ( "o ( _! own     
poets3     ,!n uns[n ! swa? %all fl\ri% 
& back come ,baldr2     ,) him ,hod]    
%all dwell 9 ,hropt]'s palace1          
,%r9es ( gods ! great & holy1     ,!re !
 j %all joy =ev]1           ,& 9        
pleasure pass ! ages4  ,! well-kn[n     
pr$iction ( ! ,sibyl ( ,cumae be>s      
te/imony to ! same expectation ( mank9d4
 ,! g5u9e ,sibyll9e ,oracles 7 9 exi/5ce
 ant]ior to ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,virgil di$ 

=ty ye>s be=e t ev5t1 & ! well-kn[n     
eclogue ,pollio is /at$ by him to be a  
transcript ( ! prophetic c>m5 ( ! ,sibyl
 ( ,cumae4 ,b = ! fact t x has a ,roman 
in/ead ( a ,jewi% color+1 x might almo/ 
seem ,messianic4 ,! oracle speaks ?us3  
,! la/ era1 ! subject ( ! ,sibyl song ( 
,cumae1 has n[ arriv$2 ! great s]ies (  
ages beg9s anew4 ,! virg9               
returns--returns ! reign ( ,saturn4 ,!  
prog5y f heav5 n[ desc5ds4 ,be ?\       
propiti\s to ! ,infant ,boy by :om fir/ 
! ,iron ,age %all expire1 & ! ,gold5    
,age ov] ! :ole _w %all comm5ce4 ,:il/  
?\1 ,o ,pollio1 art consul1 ?is glory ( 
our age %all be made manife/1 & !       
cele/ial mon?s beg9 _! revolutions4 ,"u 
?y auspices :atev] ve/iges ( our guilt  
rema91 %all1 by be+ aton$ =1 r$eem ! e>?
 f fe> =ev]4 ,he %all p>take ( ! life ( 
! gods4 ,he %all reign ov] a _w 9 peace 
) 8 fa!r's virtues4 ,! e>?1 sweet boy1 z
 h] fir/-fruits1 %all p\r !e =?         
spontane\s fl[]s4 ,! s]p5t %all die3 !  
poison\s & deceptive tree %all die4 ,all

 ?+s1 heav5s & e>? & ! regions ( ! sea1 
rejoice at ! adv5t ( ?is age4 ,! "t is  
n[ at h&4#aha ,=ty ye>s lat] ! ,*ri/    
appe>$4 ,:e!r ,virgil _h be5 influ5c$ by
 ,hebrew prophecy x is impossible to    
say4 ,x may be t ! s-call$ ,sibyl _h    
caught some?+ ( ! same hope :i* l$ !    
,magi ( ! ,ea/ to ! cradle ( ! infant   
,messiah1 b 9 any case ! eclogue voic$ a
 vague expectation :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t 
! ,roman ,empire4  ,9 mod]n z well z 9  
anci5t times nations & races h look$ =  
deliv]]s or = "s bright] hope4          
,mission>ies f\nd ! ,hawaiians          
dissatisfi$ & hopeless2 _! idols _h be5 
?r[n away4 ,! ,k>5s 7 wait+ = ! arrival 
( ! mess5g]s ( ! tru?4 ,! ,mexicans1 at 
! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/1 7 look+ = a   
cele/ial b5efactor4 ,! v la/ in/ance (  
an anxi\s look+ = a deliv]] is t :i* q  
rec5tly has s sadly misl$ our ,si\x     
,indians4  ,mank9d h long$ n only =     
deliv]]s1 b also = m$iators4 ,! c5tral  
tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? is its div9e     
sympa?y & help br\ght d[n into our human

 nature4 ,9 o!r words1 m$iation--,god ) 
man4 ,! fai? ( ! ,h9dus1 lack+ ?is      
elem5t1 0 cold & remorseless4 ,siva1 !  
god ( de/ruction1 & 8 hide\s &          
blood-?ir/y wives1 _h become *ief       
objects ( wor%ip1 only because          
de/ruction & dea? l$ to life aga94 ,b   
!re 0 no div9e help4 ,! gods 7 pli$ )   
%>p b>ga9s 9 sacrifice & m]it2 !y 7     
appeas$2 !y 7 cajol$2 b !re 0 no love4  
,b ! "t came :5 ! felt want ( m5 =      
some?+ ne>] & m sympa!tic l$ to !       
doctr9e ( ,vi%nu's inc>nations3 fir/    
grotesque deliv]]s 9 animal %apes1 b at 
l5g? ! g5ial & sympa!tic ,kri%na4 ,he 0 
n ! highe/ model ( "*1 b he 0 human4 ,he
 _h associat$ ) ! ru/ics & frolick$     
ar\nd _! camp-fires4 ,he became         
,arjuna's *>iote] & r5d]$ him c\nsel &  
help 9 t l[ disguise4 ,he 0 a %>] (     
burd5s--a c\nsellor & fri5d4 ,& he      
became ! mo/ popul> ( all ,h9du deities4
  ,! important po9t 9 all ?is is t ?is  
old sy/em1 s self-suffici5t &           
self-satisfi$1 %\ld h grop$ its way t[>d

 a div9e sympa?iz] 9 human =m1 a liv+ & 
helpful god among m54 ,h9duism _h n be5 
want+ 9 an?ropomorphisms3 x _h imag9$ ! 
pres5ce ( ,god 9 a ?\s& visible objects 
:i* rude m5 c\ld appreciate4 ,trees1    
apes1 cattle1 crocodiles1 & s]p5ts _h   
be5 inve/$ ) an 9-dwell+ _s1 b x _h f\nd
 no m$iator4 ,m5 _h be5 try+ by all     
mann] ( devices to sublimate _! s\ls1 & 
climb ,godw>d by _! own                 
self-mortification2 b !y _h realiz$ no  
div9e help4 ,to meet ?is want !y        
develop$ a v]itable doctr9e ( fai?4 ,!y 
_h le>n$ f ,buddhism ! great influ5ce & 
p[] ( "o :o c\ld in/ruct & c\nsel &     
enc\rage4 ,"s ,ori5tal s*ol>s ?9k t !y  
_h also le>n$ _m ?+s f ,*ri/ian         
s\rces4#ahb  ,h[ev] t may be--f :atev]  
s\rce !y _h ga9$ ?is sugge/ion--!y f\nd 
x to accord ) ! deepe/ wants ( ! human  
he>t4 ,& ! spl5did tribute :i* t peculi>
 developm5t be>s to ! great fundam5tal  
pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 is all ! m 
/rik+ = ! fact t x grew up 9 spite ( !  
adamant9e conv]vatism ( a sy/em1 all (  

^: tea*+s _h be5 9 a precisely opposite 
direction4 ,x 0 old ,h9duism com+ out ( 
its intr5*m5ts to pay honor to ! true   
way ( et]nal life4 ,probably ! doctr9e  
fir/ sprang f a felt want1 b 0          
subsequ5tly re9=c$ by ,*ri/ian          
influ5ces4  ,! late ,pr(essor ,ban]gea1 
9 8 ,aryan ,witness1 gives :at mu/ be   
reg>d$ z at lea/ a v plausible acc\nt ( 
! la/ developm5t ( ! s-call$ ,kri%na    
cult1 & ( ?is doctr9e ( fai?4 ,he ?9ks t
 x borr[$ v mu* f we/]n mono!i/s4 ,he   
quotes a passage f ! ,n>ada ,pan*>ata1  
:i* repres5ts a pi\s ,brahman ( ! eigh? 
c5tury ,a4,d41 z hav+ be5 s5t to ! f>   
nor?we/1 :]e :ite-fac$ mono!i/s w\ld    
tea* him a pure fai? 9 ! ,supreme ,vi%nu
 or ,kri%na4 ,he quotes also1 f ano!r & 
lat] au?ority1 a dialogue 9 :i* ?is same
 ,brahman reprov$ ,vyasa = n hav+       
celebrat$ ! praises ( ,kri%na z supreme4
 ,?is ,pr(essor ,ban]gea reg>d$ z pro( t
 previ\sly to ! eigh? c5tury ,kri%na has
 be5 wor%ipp$ only z a demigod4 ,b !    
:ole drift ( ! old ,brahmanical doctr9es

 _h be5 t[>d sacrifice z a debt & cr$it 
sy/em1 & t plan _h fail$4 ,x _h         
impov]i%$ ! l& & ru9$ ! p1 & _h br\ght  
no spiritual com=t4 ,m5 _h f\nd t !y    
c\ld n buy salvation4  ,moreov]1        
,buddhism & o!r =ms ( rationali/ic      
philosophy1 aft] prolong$ & ?or\gh      
exp]im5t1 _h also fail$4 ,! ,h9du race  
_h f\nd t z salvation c\ld n be pur*as$ 
) sacrifices1 nei!r c\ld x be reason$   
out by philosophy1 nor work$ out by     
au/]ities4 ,x mu/ come f a ,div9e help]4
 ,?us1 :5 ,n>ada _h we>i$ himself )     
au/]ities--s we read 9 ! ,n>ada         
,pan*>ata--he he>d a voice f heav5 say+3
 ,if ,kri%na is wor%ipp$1 :at is ! use (
 au/]ities8 ,if ,kri%na is n wor%ipp$1  
:at is ! use ( au/]ities8 ,if ,kri%na is
 )9 & )\t1 :at is ! use ( au/]ities8 ,if
 ,kri%na is n )9 & )\t1 :at is ! use (  
au/]ities8 ,/op1 ,o ,brahman2 :y d y    
engage 9 au/]ities8 ,g quickly & get    
matur$ fai? 9 ,kri%na1 z describ$ by !  
sect ( ,vi%nu :o snaps ! fett]s ( ! _w4 
,we are ?us l$1 says ,pr(essor ,ban]gea1

 to ! v g5esis ( ! doctr9e ( fai? 9     
connection ) ,h9duism4 ,& x 0 admitt$ly 
n an excogitation ( ! ,brahmanical m9d  
itself4 ,n>ada _h br\ght x f ! l& ( '!  
:ites1' :]e he got an insight into      
,vi%nu z ! ,savi\r :i* 0 n atta9able    
else:]e4 ,& he !n p]suad$ ! au?or ( "o (
 ! ,puranas to rec\nt ! ,"l's acts--9   
o!r words1 ! hi/ory ( ,kri%na1 ) !      
en=cem5t ( fai? 9 8 div9ity3 ,*ange !   
"n1 says ,ban]gea1 & x is almo/ ,*ri/ian
 doctr9e4#ahc  ,x is an int]e/+ fact t  
,buddhism1 9 its progress ?r\gh !       
c5turies1 has also wr\ght out a doctr9e 
( fai? by a simil> process4 ,x began z a
 =m ( a!i/ic rationalism4 ,its mo/      
sali5t feature 0 /aun* & av[$ indep5d5ce
 ( all help f gods or m54 ,x emphasiz$ 9
 e way ! self-suffici5cy ( "o's own m9d 
& w to "w out emancipation4 ,b :5       
,buddha di$ no enlight5$ c\nsellor 0    
left1 & ano!r ,buddha c\ld n be expect$ 
= f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! multitudes ( 8      
disciples felt t1 !ory or no !ory1 !re 0
 an awful void4 ,! bald & bleak sy/em   

c\ld n /& on su* a basis4 ,! human he>t 
cri$ out = "s div9e help]1 "s "o to :om 
man c\ld pray4 ,=tunately !re 7 suppos$ 
to be pr$e/9$ ,buddhas4--,bodisats--!n  
liv+ 9 "s ( ! heav5s1 & z !y 7 prep>+   
!mselves to become inc>nate ,buddhas1 !y
 mu/ already be int]e/$ 9 human affairs1
 & especially ! ,maitreyeh1 :o w\ld     
appe> on e>? next 9 ord]4  ,s ,buddhism1
 9 spite ( its own mo/ pron\nc$ dogmas1 
began to pray to an unse5 be+1 began to 
dep5d & tru/1 began to lay hold on div9e
 sympa?y1 & look to heav5 = help4 ,by ! 
sev5? c5tury ( our era ! nor!rn         
,buddhi/s1 :e!r influ5c$ 9 "p by !      
contact ( ,*ri/ianity1 or n1 _h         
subsidiz$ m ?an "o ( ^! com+ ,buddhas4  
,!y _h a complete ,tr9ity4 ,"o p]son (  
?is ,tr9ity1 ! ev]y:]e pres5t           
,avolokitesv>a1 became ! *ief object (  
wor%ip1 ! div9e help] on :om all        
dep5d5ce 0 plac$4 ,?is my?ical be+ 0    
really ! ,god ( nor!rn ,buddhism 9 !    
,middle ,ages1 & is ! popul> sympa?iz] (
 all ,mongolian races to ! pres5t day4  

,9 ,?ibet he is suppos$ to be inc>nate 9
 ! ,gr& ,lama4 ,9 ,*9a he is inc>nate 9 
,quany51 ! goddess ( m]cy4 ,) sailors %e
 is ! goddess ( ! sea4 ,9 _m temples %e 
is invok$ by ! sick1 ! halt1 ! bl9d1 !  
impov]i%$4 ,h] images are sometimes     
repres5t$ ) a hundr$ arms to symbolize  
h] omnipot5ce to save4 ,beal says ( ?is1
 z ,ban]gea says ( ! fai? elem5t ( !    
,kri%na cult1 t x is :olly ali5 to !    
religion ^: "n x be>s3 x is n ,buddhism4
 ,he ?9ks t x has be5 greatly affect$ by
 ,*ri/ian influ5ces4  ,ano!r my?ical be+
 :o is wor%ipp$ z ,god 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 
is ,amitabba1 a ,dhyana or cele/ial     
,buddha1 :o 9 long kalpas ( ,"t has     
acquir$ m]it en\gh = ! :ole _w4 ,two ( !
 twelve ,buddhi/ sects ( ,japan h ab&on$
 e pr9ciple taught by ,gautama1 except 8
 e?ics1 & h ca/ !mselves ^u ! free grace
 ( ,amitabba4 ,!y h ex*ang$ ! old a!ism 
= !ism4 ,!y h giv5 up all dep5d5ce on   
m]it-mak+ & self-help2 !y n[ rely :olly 
on ! inf9ite m]it ( ano!r4 ,_! religi\s 
duties are p]=m$ out ( gratitude = a    

free salvation wr\ght out = !m1 & no    
long] z ! means ( ga9+ heav54 ,!y live  
by a fai? :i* works by love4 ,!y expect 
at dea? an imm$iate transf] to a p]man5t
 heav51 in/ead ( a s]ies (              
transmigrations4 ,_! ,buddha is n dead1 
b he ev] live? to receive into 8 heav5ly
 realm all :o accept 8 grace1 & to admit
 !m to 8 div9e fell[%ip =ev]4 ,by a     
direct & complete imputation !y are made
 %>]s 9 8 righte\sness1 & become jo9t   
heirs 9 8 heav5ly inh]itance4 ,:atev] ! 
g5esis ( ^! /range cults :i* n[ prevail 
z ! *ief religi\s beliefs among !       
,mongolian races1 !y are m>vell\sly     
significant4 ,!y h come almo/ to ! v    
?re%old ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at !y ne$ is ! 
true ,savi\r & n a my?1 a liv+ fai? & n 
an empty delusion4 ,nev]!less1 !y prove 
t fai? 9 a div9e salvation is ! only    
religion t c meet ! wants ( ! human s\l4
  ,!re is some?+ v enc\rag+ 9 ^!        
approa*es t[>d ! great doctr9es (       
salvation4 ,i d n believe t ^! sects h  
come s ne> to ! true ,messiah )\t !     

influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 & )\t m or less
 light f ,*ri/ian s\rces4 ,b p>tly !y h 
be5 mov$ by ^? wants :i* ,h9duism &     
,buddhism c\ld n satisfy4 ,! pr9ciple ( 
_! fai? is wor?y ( recognition1 & !     
mission>y %\ld say z ,paul said3 ,:om ye
 ignorantly wor%ip1 ,him decl>e ,i unto 
y4  ,x is a v significant fact t mo/ ( !
 ,brahmo ,somajes ( ,india h adopt$     
,jesus ,*ri/ z ! greate/ ( ! _w's       
prophets4 ,*und] ,s5 sometimes spoke (  
him z a dev\t ,*ri/ian w\ld speak4 ,!   
,arya ,somaj w\ld n own ,8 "n1 b x has  
grac$ its ,h9du cre$ ) _m ( ,8 ess5tial 
doctr9es4 ,q rec5tly a new organ ( !    
,brahmo ,somaj1 publi%$ at ,hyd]abad1   
has ann\nc$ z its lead+ object1 to      
h>monize pure ,h9duism & pure           
,*ri/ianity1 ) ,*ri/ z ! *ief           
corn]-/one4 ,9 ! exact words ( ?is pap]1
 call$ ,! ,h>mony1 its aim is to prea*  
,*ri/ z ! et]nal ,son ( ,god1 z ! ,logos
 9 all prophets & sa9ts be=e & aft] !   
inc>nation1 z ! inc>nate1 p]fect        
righte\sness by ^: ob$i5ce man is made  

righte\s4444 ,*ri/ is ! reconciliation (
 man ) man1 & ( all m5 ) ,god1 ! h>mony 
( humanity ) humanity1 & ( all humanity 
) ,div9ity4 ,?is prospectus condemns !  
av]age ,*ri/ianity ( =eign]s 9 ,india--!
 ov]-rea*+1 beef-eat+1 be]-dr9k+        
,anglo-,saxon type1 :i* despises ! ,h9du
 ,scriptures & yet belies its own2 b x  
exalts ! spotless & exalt$ ,*ri/ &      
builds all ! hopes ( humanity ^u ,him4  
,h[ w ! m]e philosoph] expla9 ?is       
wond]ful p[] ( p]sonality ov] m5 ( all  
races1 if x be n ,div9e8  ,b p]haps !   
mo/ rem>kable tribute to ! transc5d5t "*
 ( ,*ri/ is se5 9 ! fact t all sects (  
religioni/s1 ! mo/ fanatical &          
irrational1 seem to claim ,him z 9 "s   
s5se _! own4 ,mormonism1 ev5 :5 plung+  
into ! l[e/ dep?s ( degradation1 has    
always claim$ to re/ on ! r$emption (   
,jesus ,*ri/4 ,mohamm$anism--ev5 !      
,koran itself--has always ackn[l$g$     
,*ri/ z ! only s9less prophet4 ,all !   
o!rs1 f ,adam to ,mohamm$1 /& convict$ (
 he9\s (f5ces1 & !y w n reappe> on e>?2 

:ile ,he :o knew no s9 %all1 accord+ to 
,mohamm$an prophecy1 yet come aga9 to   
judge ! e>?4 ,! wor%ipp]s ( ,kri%na1 "s 
( :om are f\nd among u 9 ?is l&1 claim  
,*ri/ z "o ( ! true avat>s ( ,vi%nu1 &  
he>tily comm5d ,8 "* & ,8 tea*+s4 ,our  
we/]n ,buddhi/s are j n[ emphasiz+ !    
idea t ,*ri/ 0 ! sacr$ ,buddha (        
,pale/9e1 t he /udi$ & taught !         
eight-fold pa?1 became an arahat1 &     
atta9$ ,nirvana1 & t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*   
has only misrepres5t$ ,8 transc5d5t     
wisdom & purity4 ,! able/ tract on      
,!osophy t ,i h yet se5 is entitl$      
,!osophy ! ,religion ( ,jesus4  ,h[     
m>vell\s is all ?is--t ,!osophi/s1      
,aryas1 ,brahmos1 ,buddhi/s1 ,moslems1  
?\gh !y hate ,*ri/ianity & fight x to ! 
dea?--/ill b[ be=e ! mild sceptre (     
,*ri/4 ,z ! c5tral light ( ! diamond    
%9es alike ?r\gh e facet & angle1 s ,8  
doctr9e & "* are claim$ z ! glory ( e   
cre$4 ,_m types ( hea!n fai?s honor     
,him1 & _m s*ools ( philosophic         
scepticism4 ,"s ( ! noble/ tributes to  

,8 une>?ly purity h be5 giv5 by m5 :o   
reject$ ,8 div9ity4 ,9 spite ( itself ! 
mo/ e>ne/ ?\ght ( _m races1 _m sy/ems1  
_m cre$s1 has cry/alliz$ ar\nd ,him4    
,hi/ory has made ,him its moral c5tre1 !
 cal5d> ( ! nations beg9s ) ,him1 & !   
anniv]s>y ( ,8 bir? is ! fe/ival ( !    
civiliz$ _w4 ,! pr$iction t all nations 
%\ld call ,him bless$ is already        
fulfill$4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote     
#afg3 ,x is wor?y ( note t bo? !        
,p5tateu* & mo/ hea!n traditions agree1 
z to ! ord] or /ages ( creation1 ) !    
geological record ( mod]n sci5ce4       
,footnote #afh3 ,rawl9son3 ,anci5t      
,mon>*ies4  ,footnote #afi3 ,ebr>d3     
,apologetics1 vol4 ii4  ,footnote #agj3 
,williams3 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #bb4     
,footnote #aga3 ,de ,quatrefages3 ,!    
,human ,species1 p4 #dij4  ,footnote    
#agb3 ,*ri/ & ,o!r ,ma/]s1 p4 #bha4     
,footnote #agc3 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 p4 
#ff4  ,footnote #agd3 ,ebr>d3           
,apologetics1 vol4 ii4  ,footnote #age3 
,ibid4  ,footnote #agf3 ,indian ,wisdom1

 pp4 #cb1 #cic4  ,footnote #agg3 ,ebr>d3
 ,apologetics1 vol4 ii4  ,footnote #agh3
 ,ebr>d3 ,apologetics1 vol4 iii4        
,footnote #agi3 ,de ,press5se3 ,!       
,anci5t ,_w & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #hg4      
,footnote #ahj3 ,s*oolcraft3 ,notes on !
 ,iroquois4  ,footnote #aha3 ,quot$ by  
,morgan 9 ,/4 ,paul 9 ,brita91 p4 #bc4  
,footnote #ahb3 ,! full developm5t ( !  
doctr9e 0 n rea*$ till f> on 9 !        
,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,h>dwick3 ,*ri/ &    
,o!r ,ma/]s1 p4 #bjd4  ,footnote #ahc3  
,aryan ,witness1 clos+ *apt]4           
,,lecture ,,ix4  ,,e?ical ,,t5d5cies ,,(
 ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,& ,,! ,,we/]n            
,,philosophies   ,x is n my purpose to  
discuss ! comp>ative m]its ( philosophic
 sy/ems1 b only to consid] "s practical 
be>+s ( philosophy1 anci5t & mod]n1 ^u  
vital que/ions ( morals & religion4 ,!re
 has be5 no lack ( speculation 9 ! _w4  
,= ages ! mo/ gift$ m9ds h labor$ &     
/ruggl$ to solve ! my/]ies ( ! ,univ]se 
& ( its ,au?or4 ,b !y h miss$ !         
all-important fact t ) ! he>t1 z well z 

) ! intellect1 m5 are to be le>n]s ( !  
highe/ wisdom1 & t !y are to li/5 to !  
voice ( ,god n only 9 nature1 b 9 ! s\l4
  ,s ! old que/ions1 /ill unsolv$1 are  
ev] ask$ anew4 ,! same we>y+ rese>*es & 
! same confid5t ass]tions1 to be replac$
 by o!rs equally confid5t1 are f\nd bo? 
9 ! anci5t & 9 ! mod]n hi/ory ( mank9d4 
,by wisdom ! pres5t g5]ation has come no
 ne>] to f9d+ out ,god ?an m5 ( !       
remote/ times4 ,! *e]less conclusion (  
agno/icism 0 rea*$ 9 ,india tw5ty-f\r   
c5turies ago1 & ,confucius express$ x   
exactly :5 he said1 ) ref]5ce to !      
future1 ,we d n "k life2 h[ c we "k     
dea?8 ,?is same dubi\s negation probably
 has ! l>ge/ foll[+ ( all types (       
unbelief 9 our "t4 ,x is n a!ism3 t1 to 
! great mass ( m51 is un?9kable2 x is   
easi] to assume simply t we d n "k4 ,yet
 almo/ e =m ( agno/icism1 anci5t or     
mod]n1 claims to possess a va/ am\nt ( v
 positive k4 ,speculative hypo!sis nev] 
employ$ ! language ( dogmatic assurance 
s confid5tly z n[4 ,ev5 !osophic        

occultism speaks ( itself z sci5ce4  ,t 
:i* /rikes "o fir/ ( all 9 ! hi/ory (   
philosophy is ! simil>ity betwe5 anci5t 
& mod]n speculations ^u ! great my/]ies 
( ! _w4  #a4 ,notice ) :at accord v>i\s 
e>li] & lat] !ories disp5se ) real &    
p]sonal creator%ip 9 ! orig9 ( !        
univ]se4 ,! atomic !ory ( creation is by
 no means a mod]n inv5tion1 & s f> z    
evolution is connect$ ) t hypo!sis1     
evolution is v old4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]  
/ates 8 !ory ?us3 ,fir/ 9 ! ord] (      
evolution is ! =mation ( simple         
me*anical aggregates ( atoms1 e4g41     
molecules1 sph]es1 sy/ems2 !n !         
evolution ( m complex aggregations or   
organisms3 !n ! evolution ( ! highe/    
product ( organization1 ?\ght2 & la/ly1 
! evolution ( ! complex relations :i*   
exi/ betwe5 ?9k+ organisms1 or society )
 its regulative laws1 bo? civil & moral4
 ,betwe5 ^! /ages1 he tells u1 !re is no
 fix$ l9e ( dem>cation4444 ,! passage f 
"o to ! o!r is cont9u\s1 ! transition f 
organization to ?\ght be+ m$iat$ by !   

n]ve-sy/em1 9 ! molecul> *anges ( :i*   
are to be f\nd ! me*anical correlates & 
equival5ts ( all consci\s processes4 ,x 
w be se5 t ?is compreh5sive /atem5t is  
design$ to cov]1 if n ! creation1 at    
lea/ ! creative processes ( all ?+s 9 ! 
univ]se ( matt] & 9 ! univ]se ( ?\ght4  
,mr4 ,sp5c] does n allude "h to ! "q ( a
 ,fir/ ,cause back ( ! molecules & _!   
movem5ts1 ?\gh he is g5]ally und]/ood to
 admit t su* a ,cause may exi/4 ,he does
 n 9 express t]ms d5y t at "s /age 9 ?is
 developm5t !re may h be5 introduc$ a   
div9e sp>k ( immortal life direct f !   
,creator's h&4 ,he ev5 ma9ta9s t !      
consci\s s\l is n ! product ( a         
collocation ( mat]ial p>ticles1 b is 9 !
 deepe/ s5se a ,div9e efflu5ce4#ahd ,yet
 he seems to get on )\t any v necess>y  
reliance ^u su* an int]v5tion1 s9ce !   
developm5t f ! atom to ! civiliz$ man is
 a cont9u\s process1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole   
c\rse f molecule to ?\ght & moral &     
social law1 !re are no l9es (           
dem>cation4 ,he leaves x = ! believ] 9  

!i/ic evolution to %[ :5 & :]e & h[ !   
,div9e efflu5ce is introduc$4  ,simil>  
to ?is 0 ! !ory :i* ! ,h9du ,kanada     
prop\nd$ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,z    
translat$ & int]pret$ by ,colebrook1    
,kanada taught t two e>?ly atoms        
concurr+ by an unse5 & peculi> virtue   
call$ adri%ta1 or by ! w ( ,god1 or by  
"t1 or by compet5t cause1 con/itute a   
d\ble atom ( e>?2 & by conc\rse ( ?ree  
b9>y atoms a t]ti>y atom is produc$1 &  
by conc\rse ( f\r triple atoms a        
quat]n>y1 & s on4#ahe ,?us ! great e>?  
is produc$4 ,! sy/em ( ,lucretius 0 mu* 
! same1 ?\gh nei!r ,lucretius nor ,sp5c]
 has recogniz$ any su* =ce z            
adri%ta4#ahf  ,:at seems to di/+ui% ,mr4
 ,sp5c]'s !ory is ! ext5sion ( ?is      
evolution>y process to m9d & _s 9 !     
developm5t ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,he does n  
say t m9d resides 9 ! molecules1 b t _! 
movem5ts att5d 7if !y d n orig9ate &    
control7 ! op]ation ( ! m9d4 ,pr(essor  
,leconte seems to g f>!r :5 he says t 9 
animals bra9-*anges are 9 all cases !   

cause ( psy*ical ph5om5a2 9 man alone1 &
 only 9 8 high] activities1 psy*ic      
*anges prec$e & det]m9e bra9 *anges4#ahg
 ,we %all see f>!r on t ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 8
 !ory ( intuition1 admits ?is same      
pr9ciple by logical inf]5ce1 & traces   
ev5 man's highe/ faculties to bra9 or   
n]ve *anges 9 our ance/ors4 ,kanada also
 held t m9d1 in/ead ( be+ a purely      
spiritual p[]1 is atomic or molecul>1 & 
by logical d$uction ! m5tal activities  
mu/ dep5d on ! condition ( ! molecules4 
,ram ,*&ra ,bose1 9 exp\nd+ ,kanada's   
!ory1 says3 ,! g5]al idea ( m9d is t :i*
 is subord9ate to sub/ance1 be+ also    
f\nd 9 intimate relations 9 an atom1 & x
 is itself mat]ial4 ,! e>ly ,buddhi/    
philosoph]s also taught t physical      
elem5ts are among ! five sk&as :i*      
con/itute ! ph5om5al s\l4 ,democritus & 
,lucretius reg>d$ ! m9d z atomic1 & !   
primal monad ( ,leibnitz 0 ! liv+       
g]m--smalle/ ( ?+s--:i* ent]s into all  
visible & invisible creations1 & :i* is 
itself all-pot5tial2 x is a liv+        

microcosm2 x is an immortal s\l4 ,^!    
v>i\s !ories are n p>allels1 b !y h     
/rik+ simil>ities4 ,& ,i believe t      
,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8 fam\s ,belfa/   
,address1 virtually ackn[l$ges          
,lucretius z ! fa!r ( ! mod]n atomic    
!ories4 ,:e!r ,lucretius borr[$ !m f    
,india1 we %all n /op to inquire1 b we  
may safely ass]t t mod]n philosoph]s1   
,g]man1 ,fr5* or ,engli%1 h borr[$ !m f 
"o or bo?4  ,x is n my purpose to       
discuss ! tru? or falsity ( ! atomic    
!ory1 or ! relation ( m9d to ! movem5ts 
( molecules 9 ! bra92 ,i simply po9t out
 ! fact t ?is is virtually an old       
hypo!sis2 & ,i leave ea* "o to judge h[ 
great a degree ( light x has %$ ^u ! pa?
 ( human life 9 ! ages ( ! pa/1 h[ f> x 
avail$ to *eck ! decl9e ( ,greece &     
,rome1 & h[ mu* ( real moral or         
intellectual =ce x has imp>t$ to ! ,h9du
 race4 ,! cr$ul\s masses ( m5 %\ld n be 
left to suppose t ^! are new            
speculations1 nor to imag9e t t :i* has 
be5 s b>r5 9 ! pa/ c become a gospel (  

hope 9 ! pres5t & ! future4  ,! con/ant 
t5d5cy ) "y /ud5ts ( philosophy1 is to  
conclude t ! hypo!ses :i* !y esp\se ) s 
mu* en?usiasm are new revelations 9     
metaphysics & e?ics z well z 9 physical 
sci5ce--comp>$ ) :i* ! ,*ri/ian cultus (
 eighte5 c5turies is n[ effete & doom$4 
,x is well1 !re=e1 to "k t s f> f ^!    
speculations hav+ ris5 ^u ! ru9s (      
,*ri/ianity1 ,*ri/ianity rose ^u ! ru9s 
( ^! speculations z1 9 modifi$ =ms1 !y  
_h be5 pr(\ndly elaborat$ 9 !           
philosophies ( ,greece & ,rome4         
,lucretius 0 born a c5tury be=e !       
,*ri/ian era1 & ,democritus1 ^: disciple
 he became1 liv$ e>li] /ill4 ,kanada1 ! 
atomi/ philosoph] ( ,india1 liv$ ?ree   
c5turies be=e ,democritus4 ,! e>ly      
,*ri/ian fa!rs 7 p]fectly famili> ) !   
!ories ( ,lucretius4 ,we are indebt$ to 
,j]ome = _m ( ! facts :i* we possess    
conc]n+ him4 ,ne>ly all ! great lead]s (
 ! *ur*1 f ,orig5 to ,ambrose1 _h /udi$ 
,greek philosophy1 "s ( !m _h be5 its   
devotees be=e _! conv]sion to ! ,*ri/ian

 fai?4 ,!re is at lea/ incid5tal evid5ce
 t ! ,apo/le ,paul 0 v]s$ 9 ! curr5t    
philosophy z well z 9 ! poetry (        
,greece4  ,^! great m5--great 9 natural 
p[]s & 9 philosophic tra9+--_h se5 j :at
 ! speculations ( ,democritus1          
,lucretius1 ,z5o1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 &  
,ari/otle c\ld d2 !y _h inde$ und]m9$ ! 
l[ sup]/itions ( _! "t1 b !y _h prov$   
p[]less to reg5]ate society1 or ev5     
relieve ! individual pessimism & despair
 ( m5 l ,s5eca1 ,pl9y1 or ,m>cus        
,aurelius4 ,lucretius1 :olly or p>tially
 insane1 di$ by 8 own h&4 ,! light (    
philosophy left ! ,roman ,empire1 z     
,uhlhorn & o!rs h cle>ly %[n1 "u ! %ad[ 
( a g5]al despair4 ,& x 0 9 ! mid/ ( t  
gloom t ! light ( ,*ri/ianity %one =?4  
,augu/9e1 :o _h fa?om$ v>i\s sy/ems &   
believ$ 9 !m1 tells u t x 0 ! philosophy
 :i* appe>$ 9 ! writ+s & 9 ! life ( !   
,apo/le ,paul :i* f9ally wr\ght ! great 
*ange 9 8 c>e]4 ,plato _h done mu*2     
,paul & ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ did inf9itely  
m4  ,! developm5t ( high] =ms ( life f  

l[] by natural selection1 z set =? by ! 
late ,*>les ,d>w91 has be5 suppos$ to be
 an entirely new sy/em4 ,yet ! ,*9ese   
claim to h held a !ory ( developm5t :i* 
repres5ts ! m\nta9s z hav+ once be5     
cov]$ by ! sea4 ,:5 ! wat]s subsid$     
small h]bs sprang up1 :i* 9 ! c\rse (   
ages develop$ into trees4 ,worms &      
insects also appe>$ spontane\sly1 l lice
 ^u a liv+ body2 & ^! aft] a long p]iod 
became l>g] animals--beetles became     
tortoises2 worms1 s]p5ts4 ,! mantis 0   
develop$ into an ape1 & c]ta9 apes      
became at l5g? hairless4 ,"o ( ^! by    
accid5t /ruck fire ) a fl9t4 ,! cook+ ( 
food at l5g? foll[$ ! use ( fire1 & !   
apes1 by be+ bett] n\ri%$1 7 f9ally     
*ang$ into m54 ,:e!r ?is !ory is anci5t 
or mod]n1 x is em95tly ,*9ese1 & x %[s !
 natural t5d5cy ( m5 to ascribe ! g]ms (
 life to spontane\s g5]ation1 because !y
 fail to see ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause :o   
produces !m4 ,! "o ?+ :i* is noticeable 
9 ne>ly all human sy/ems ( religion &   
philosophy1 is t !y h no cle> & di/9ct  

idea ( creator%ip4 ,!y are sy/ems (     
evolution2 9 "o way or ano!r !y repres5t
 ! _w z hav+ gr[n4 ,g5]ally !y assume ! 
et]nity ( matt]1 & (t5 !y are f\nd to   
reg>d ! pres5t cosmos z only a c]ta9    
/age 9 an endless circle ( *anges f life
 to dea? & f dea? to life4 ,! _w        
rebuilds itself f ! wreck & debris ( =m]
 worlds4 ,x is q consi/5t ) _m ( ^!     
sy/ems t !re %\ld be gods1 b z a rule !y
 recognize no ,god4 ,:ile all races ( m5
 h %[n traces ( a belief 9 a ,supreme   
,creator & ,rul] f> above _! inf]ior    
deities1 yet _! philosoph]s1 if !y _h   
any1 h soon] or lat] b[$ ,him out4  #b4 
,mo/ sy/ems ( philosophic speculation1  
anci5t & mod]n1 t5d to weak5 ! s5se (   
moral acc\ntability4 ,fir/1 ! atomic    
!ory1 :i* we h j consid]$1 leads to ?is 
result by ! molecul>1 & !re=e purely    
physical1 orig9 :i* x assigns to moral  
acts & conditions4 ,we h already allud$ 
to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s !ory ( intuition4 ,9 
! ,data ( ,e?ics1 page #abc1 he says3 ,i
 believe t ! exp]i5ces ( utility1       

organiz$ & consolidat$ ?r\gh all pa/    
g5]ations ( ! human race1 h be5 produc+ 
correspond+ n]v\s modifications1 :i* by 
cont9u$ transmission & accumulation h   
become 9 u c]ta9 faculties ( moral      
intuition1 c]ta9 emotions correspond+ to
 "r & wrong conduct :i* h no app>5t     
basis 9 ! individual exp]i5ces (        
utility4  ,x appe>s f ?is /atem5t t1 s  
f> z we are conc]n$1 our moral          
intuitions are ! results ( n]v\s        
modifications1 if n 9 ourselves1 at lea/
 9 our ance/ors1 s t ! controll+        
influ5ce :i* rules1 & :i* ought to rule1
 our conduct is a n]v\s1 & !re=e a      
physical1 condition :i* we h inh]it$4 ,x
 foll[s1 !re=e1 t e man's consci5ce or  
inh]it$ moral s5se is b\nd by a         
necessity ( 8 physical con/itution4 ,&  
if ?is be s1 :y is !re n a wide door "h 
op5$ = !ories ( moral insanity1 :i*     
might come at l5g? to ca/ _! %ield ov]  
all =ms & grades ( crime8 ,x is easy to 
see t1 :atev] !ory ( creation may be    
admitt$ z to ! orig9 ( ! human s\l1 ?is 

hypo!sis rules out ! idea ( an orig9al  
moral lik5ess ( ! human _s to a ,supreme
 ,moral ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 9 :om        
righte\sness dwells z an et]nal         
pr9ciple2 & x f9ds no high] s\rce = :at 
we call consci5ce ?an ! accumulat$      
exp]i5ce ( our ance/ors4  ,! mat]iali/ic
 view rec5tly pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,h5ry     
,maudsley1 9 an article entitl$1 ,!     
,physical ,basis ( ,m9d--an article :i* 
seems to foll[ ,mr4 ,sp5c] v            
closely--w\ld break d[n all moral       
responsibility4 ,8 !ory t true "* dep5ds
 ^u :at he calls ! reflex action ( !    
n]ve-cells2 t acts ( reason or consci5ce
 :i* h be5 put =? s _m times t1 9 a     
s5se1 !y p]=m !mselves )\t any ex]cise (
 consci\sness1 are ! be/2 t a man is an 
in/9ctive ?ief or li>1 or a born poet1  
because ! prop] n]v\s /ructure has be5  
fix$ 9 8 con/itution by 8 ance/ors2 t   
any moral act1 s long z x is consci\s1  
is n +ra9$ 9 "*1 & ! m consci\s x is1 ! 
m dubi\s x is2 & t virtue itself is n   
safely lodg$ until x has become a       

habit--9 o!r words1 till x has become an
 automatic & unconsci\s op]ation ( !    
n]ve-cells1 su* a doctr9e1 9 its extreme
 logical results1 de/roys all volunt>y &
 consci\s loyalty to pr9ciple1 & r5d]s  
man a m]e automatic ma*9e4  ,on ! o!r h&
 ,mr4 ,a4,r4 ,wallace1 9 combat+ ! !ory 
t ! moral s5se 9 man is bas$ on !       
utility exp]i5c$ by our ance/ors1       
relates ! foll[+ incid5t3 ,a numb] (    
prison]s tak5 dur+ ! ,santal            
insurrection 7 all[$ to g free on p>ole1
 to "w at a c]ta9 spot = wages4 ,aft] "s
 "t *ol]a attack$ !m & !y 7 oblig$ to   
leave1 b ev]yone ( !m return$ & gave up 
8 e>n+s to ! gu>d4 ,two hundr$ savages )
 money 9 _! girdles walk$ ?irty miles   
back to prison r ?an break _! ^w4 ,my   
own exp]i5ce ) savages has furni%$ me ) 
simil>1 al?\gh less sev]ely te/$1       
in/ances2 & we _c avoid ask+ h[ x is t1 
9 ^! few cases 'exp]i5ce ( utility' h   
left su* an ov]p[]+ impression1 :ile 9  
o!rs !y h left none4444 ,! intuitional  
!ory :i* ,i am n[ advocat+ expla9s ?is  

by ! supposition t !re is a feel+--a    
s5se ( "r & wrong--9 our nature antec$5t
 to1 & indep5d5t (1 exp]i5ces (         
utility4#ahh  #c4 ,!ories :i* conf\nd ! 
orig9 ( man ) t ( brutes1 :e!r 9 ! old  
doctr9e ( transmigration or 9 at lea/ "s
 ( ! !ories ( evolution1 involve a      
contradiction 9 man's e?ical hi/ory4 ,! 
confusion %[n 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,jatakas1    
:]e9 ,buddha1 9 ! previ\s exi/5ces :i*  
prep>$ him = 8 great & holy mission1 0  
sometimes a sa9t & sometimes a gambl] & 
a ?ief1 is sc>cely great]1 f an e?ical  
po9t ( view1 ?an t :i* evolution        
enc\nt]s 9 bridg+ ! *asm betwe5 brute   
in/9ct & ! l(ty e?ics ( ! p]fect$ man4  
,! l[] grades ( animal life "k no o!r   
law ?an ! in/9ct :i* prompts !m to dev\r
 ! types :i* are l[] /ill4 ,?is         
de/ruction ( ! weak] by ! /rong] p]vades
 ! :ole brute creation2 x is a life (   
viol5ce ?r\gh\t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all weak]
 creatures1 expos$ to su* ravages1      
protect !mselves univ]sally by          
deception4 ,! gr\se %ields h] "y f hawks

 or o!r c>nivora by runn+ 9 ! opposite  
direction1 ) ! assum$ appe>ance ( a     
brok5 w+4 ,! flat fi%1 to escape its    
mortal enemies1 lies ^u ! bottom ( !    
/ream1 sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 color or   
appe>ance f ! s& :i* con/itutes its b$4 
,nature seems to aid & abet its         
falsehood by ! v =m :i* has be5 assign$ 
to x4 ,& s also ! gift ( transp>5cy     
helps ! *ameleon 9 seem+ to be a "p ( ! 
gre5 plant1 or ! br[n b>k1 ^u :i* x     
lies4 ,& ,pr(essor ,drummond1 9 8       
int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 ,african travels1    
describes c]ta9 insects :i* r5d]        
!mselves indi/+ui%able ei!r 9 color or 9
 =m f ! bran*+s & exfoliation ( c]ta9   
grasses ^u :i* !y fe$4 ,deception !re=e 
becomes a *ief res\rce ( ! weak1 :ile   
viol5ce is t ( ! /rong4 ,& ^? :i* are 9 
! middle ( ! scale practise bo?4 ,!re   
are /ill o!r animals :i* are inve/$ )   
attributes ( all t is meane/ & mo/      
contemptible 9 "*4 ,! sly & ins9uat+    
snake glid+ noiselessly t[>d ! victim ( 
its env5om$ /+--! spid] :i* spreads =?  

its beautiful & allur+ net1 sp>kl+ )    
morn+ dew1 :ile x lurks 9 a secret      
corn]1 ready to fall ^u its luckless    
prey--! sneak+ & repulsive hy5a1 too    
c[>dly to attack ! /rong & vigor\s1 b   
wait+ = ! crippl$1 ! helpless1 ! sick1 &
 dy+--if all ^! are 9 ! s*ool (         
prep>ation = t noble /age ( manhood :5  
tru? & righte\sness %all be its cr[n (  
glory1 !n1 :]e is ! turn+-po9t8 ,:]e d  
viol5ce1 meanness1 & deception gradually
 beam =? into b5evol5ce & tru?8     ,!  
spid] kills ! fly4 ,! wis] sph9x        
,/+s ! poor spid] 9 ! c5tre n]ve1       
,:i* p>alyzes only2 lays h] eggs1     ,&
 buries ) !m ) a lov+ c>e     ,! spid]1 
p[]less b /ill alive1     ,to w>m !m    
unto life1 & aft]w>d     ,to s]ve z food
 among ! little ones4     ,?is is !     
lesson nature has to tea*1     ',woe to 
! conqu]$1 victory to ! /rong4'     ,& s
 ?r\gh all ! ages1 /ep by /ep1     ,!   
/rong] & ! crafti] replac$     ,! weak]1
 & increas$ & multipli$4     ,& 9 ! end 
! outcome ( ! /rife     ,0 man1 :o _h   

dom9ion ov] all1     ,& prey$ on all    
?+s1 & ! /rong] man     ,trampl$ 8 weak]
 bro!r "u foot4  ,mr4 ,john ,fiske      
ma9ta9s t mank9d1 dur+ ! previ\s be/ial 
p]iod1 7 compell$ l all o!r animals to  
m>aud & de/roy1 z a "p ( ! plan (       
natural selection 9 secur+ ! survival ( 
! fitte/2 ! victories ( ! /rong ov] !   
weak 7 ! /eps & /ages ( ! animal        
creation 9 its g5]al advancem5t4 ,& he  
fur!r /ates t1 ev5 aft] man _h ent]$ ^u 
! h]itage ( 8 manhood1 x 0 /ill = a "t !
 true end ( 8 be+ to m>aud z be=e & to  
despoil all m5 ^: weakness plac$ !m 9 8 
p[]4 ,x 0 only ?us t ! /eady improvem5t 
( ! race c\ld be secur$2 & 9 t view x 0 
man's duty to consult ! dictates (      
selfi%ness & cruelty r ?an ^? ( k9dness4
 ,to use ,mr4 ,fiske's own words1 ,if we
 c\ld put a moral int]pretation ^u ev5ts
 :i* ant$at$ morality z we und]/& x1 we 
%\ld say x 0 _! duty to fight2 & !      
rev]5ce accord$ to ! *iefta9 :o murd]$  
mo/ successfully 9 behalf ( 8 clansm5 0 
well des]v$4#ahi  ,mu* to ! same effect 

writes ,pr(essor ,leconte4 ,9 organic   
evolution ! weak1 ! sick1 ! helpless1 ! 
unfit 9 anyway1 p]i%1 & ought to p]i%1  
because ?is is ! mo/ effici5t way (     
/r5g!n+ ! blood or physical nature ( !  
species1 & ?us ( c>ry+ =w>d evolution4  
,9 human evolution 7:i* occurs at an    
advanc$ /age7 ! weak1 ! helpless1 !     
sick1 ! old1 ! unfit 9 anyway1 are      
su/a9$1 & ought to be su/a9$1 because   
sympa?y1 love1 pity1 /r5g!n ! _s & moral
 nature ( ! race4#aij ,!re is ?is       
diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ?is /atem5t & t 
( ,mr4 ,fiske1 t x does n indicate at   
:at po9t human evolution beg9s2 x does n
 expressly decl>e t ! subject (         
evolution1 ev5 aft] he has become a man1
 is /ill = a "t 9 duty b\nd to fight 9 !
 int]e/ ( selfi%ness & natural          
selection4 ,/ill he rev]ses ! ought z he
 advances f organic to human evolution4 
,accord+ to bo? au?ors1 :51 9 view ( new
 environm5ts & new social requirem5ts1 x
 became m advantage\s to ea* individual 
man t he %\ld cease to m>aud1 %\ld le>n 

to reg>d ! rights ( o!rs1 %\ld respect !
 family relation1 & subord9ate 8 selfi% 
int]e/ to ! g5]al good2 !n altruism     
dawn$ ^u ! _w1 moral pr9ciple appe>$1 & 
! angel ( b5evol5ce & love became en%r9$
 9 ! human brea/4 ,/ep by /ep ?is favor$
 be+1 ! ideal ( natural selection 9 all 
h] plans1 advanc$ to a /age 9 :i* x     
became incumb5t to ev5 subord9ate self  
to ! good ( o!rs1 n only to sp>e ! weak 
b to t5d]ly c>e = !m1 & ev5 to love ^?  
:o h treat$ him ) unk9dness & abuse4    
,:ile 9 ! e>ly /ages ! law ( life &     
progress _h be5 ! sacrifice ( o!rs =    
selfi% good2 n[ ! cr[n+ glory consi/s 9 
self-sacrifice = ! good ( all b self4   
,! logical result ( ?is reason+ _c      
escape ! notice ( any :o c>efully       
consid] x4 ,if1 = any reason1 any       
community ( human be+s %\ld decl9e 9    
moral & intellectual "* until !y %\ld   
f9ally rea* ! orig9al /ate ( savag]y1 x 
w\ld aga9 become _! duty to lay aside   
all high e?ical claims z no long] suit$ 
to _! condition4 ,! extrane\s           

complications :i* _h gr[n out ( m]e     
social ord] hav+ pass$ away1 rectitude  
also w\ld pass away2 b5evol5ce1         
philan?ropy1 humanity1 w\ld be :olly out
 ( place1 & h[ev] lovely ,*ri/ian *>ity 
might appe> f a s5tim5tal po9t ( view1 x
 w\ld be ill adapt$ to t condition (    
society4 ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s ! /rong &  
vigor\s1 if sacrific+ !mselves to !     
weak1 w\ld only p]petuate weakness1 & x 
w\ld be _! duty r to extirpate !m1 & by 
! survival only ( ! fitte/ to rega9 !   
high] civilization4 ,i /ate ! case 9 all
 its nak$ de=mity1 because x %[s !      
confusion & d>kness ( a _w 9 :i* ,god is
 n ! moral c5tre4  ,& "h1 z already     
/at$1 mod]n speculation jo9s h&s ) ! old
 hea!n sy/ems4 ,accord+ to ,h9du z well 
z ,buddhi/ philosophy1 ?is retrograde   
process might n only c>ry civiliz$ man  
back to savag]y1 b might place him aga9 
9 ! category ( brutes4 ,if t5d5cies     
control all ?+s & h no limit1 :y might  
!y n rem& ! human be+ to l[] & l[] =ms1 
until he %\ld rea* aga9 ! /atus ( !     

mollusk8  ,n[1 ov] aga9/ all ! sy/ems   
:i* make m9d ei!r a product or a        
ph5om5on ( matt]1 we h ! ,scriptural    
doctr9e t man 0 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god4
 ,?is fact expla9s ! diff]5ces :i*      
di/+ui% him f ! bea/s ( ! field2 = ev5 9
 8 l[e/ e/ate he is am5able to !        
pr9ciple ( "r & wrong4 ,paul taught1 9 !
 fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 t 
:5 m5 desc5d to ! grade ( bea/s--& he   
%[s t !y may desc5d ev5 bel[ ! dignity (
 bea/s--s f> f becom+ exempt f moral    
claims1 !y fall "u increas$             
condemnation4 ,! old ,h9du sy/ems taught
 t !re c be no release f ! consequ5ces (
 evil acts4 ,!y trac$ !m f "o rebir? to 
ano!r 9 kh>ma1 z mod]n speculation      
traces !m physically 9 h]$ity4 ,! "o saw
 no relief except 9 ! *anges ( endless  
transmigrations1 ! o!r f9ds x only 9 !  
gradual readju/m5t ( ! n]ve-cells4 ,b we
 "k by obs]vation & exp]i5ce t !        
spiritual p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/ c trans=m 
"* at once4 ,no fact 9 ! hi/ory (       
,*ri/ianity is m firmly or m widely     

e/abli%$ ?an ?is4 ,! n]ve-tissues to !  
contr>y not)/&+1 ! human s\l may be born
 aga94 ,! p]secut+ ,saul may become at  
once a *ief apo/le4 ,! blasphem]1 ! sot1
 ! debau*ee1 ! murd]]1 may be trans=m$  
to a meek & s9c]e ,*ri/ian4 ,millions ( 
! hea!n1 ) ?\s&s ( ye>s ( savage &      
be/ial h]$ity beh9d !m1 h become pure & 
loyal disciples ( ! spotless ,r$eem]4 ,!
 fi]ce hea!n ,african]1 z well z !      
dissolute ,j]ry ,mc,cauley1 h illu/rat$ 
?is trans=m+ p[]4  ,pr(essor ,huxley &  
o!rs1 9 our "t1 are try+ to elaborate "s
 basis ( e?ics indep5d5tly ( religion4  
,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ^! v m5 are liv+  
on conv5tional moral prompt+s & re/ra9ts
 d]iv$ f ! ,bible4 ,! be/ basis ( morals
 yet kn[n is t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & x is f  
its high & ennobl+ cultus t ev5 !       
enemies ( ! tru? are d]iv+ _! highe/    
inspiration4 ,mr4 ,goldw9 ,smi?1 9 an   
able article publi%$ 9 ! ,=um ( ,april1 
#ahia1 on ! "q1 ,w ,morality ,survive   
,fai?8 %[s at lea/ t ! be/ e?ics :i* !  
_w n[ has are ! outcome ( religi\s      

belief & ( ,*ri/ian belief1 & he leads !
 m9ds ( 8 read]s to gravely d\bt :e!r a 
gospel ( agno/ic evolution c\ld ev]     
produce ^? =ces ( moral prompt+ &       
re/ra9t :i* ! c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity h  
develop$4 ,he does n hesitate to ass]t t
 ^? :o hold & advocate ! mod]n          
anti-!i/ic speculations are !mselves    
liv+ ^u ! influ5ce ( a ,*ri/ian cultus  
:i* has surviv$ _! fai?4 ,a true te/ (  
_! pr9ciples c\ld only be made :5 a     
g5]ation %\ld appe> ^u :i* no influ5ce (
 ,*ri/ian p>5ts /ill rema9$1 & 9 a      
society 9 :i* ,*ri/ian s5tim5t no long] 
surviv$4#aia ,x may be said t ! tru? mu/
 be receiv$ )\t reg>d to ! results :i*  
may foll[4 ,?is is admitt$1 b ! same _c 
be said ( !ories4 ,if !re is p]fect     
h>mony betwe5 all tru?s 9 ! physical & !
 moral _w1 !n all ^! %\ld h _! influ5ce 
9 rea*+ f9al conclusions4  #d4 ,!       
philosophies1 anci5t & mod]n1 h agre$ 9 
l[]+ ! common e/imate ( man z man2 !y h 
ex]t$ an influ5ce ! opposite ( t 9 :i* !
 ,new ,te/am5t pleads = a common & an   

exalt$ bro!rhood ( ! race4  ,h9duism    
rais$ ! ,brahman almo/ to ! dignity ( ! 
gods1 & debas$ ! ,sudra to a grade b a  
little high] ?an ! brute4 ,buddha decl>$
 t 8 tea*+s 7 = ! wise1 & n = ! simple4 
,! philosoph]s ( ,greece & ,rome1 ev5 ! 
be/ ( !m1 reg>d$ ! helot & ! slave z (  
an inf]ior grade ( be+s--ev5 ?\gh       
occasionally a slave by 8 sup]ior =ce   
rose to a high degree4 ,9 l mann] ! :ole
 t5d5cy ( mod]n evolution is to degrade 
! dignity & sacr$ness ( humanity4 ,x is 
se>*+ = miss+ l9ks2 x measures ! skulls 
( degrad$ races = pro(s ( its !ories4 ,x
 has travell]s & adv5tur]s on ! look\t =
 tribes :o h no conception ( ,god1 & no 
religi\s rites2 x se>*es caves & dr$ges 
lakes = hi/orical traces ( man :5 he _h 
b rec5tly le>n$ to /& upright ^u 8 h9d  
legs4 ,! l[] ! types t c be f\nd1 ! m   
valuable are !y = ! purposes requir$4   
,all ?is t5ds to ! di%onor+ ( ! inf]ior 
types ( m54 ,:]ev] ,*ri/ianity _h *ang$ 
! old e/imates ( ! philosoph]s1 & _h l$ 
to ! nobl] s5tim5t t ,god _h made ( "o  

blood all nations & races1 & _h /amp$ ,8
 own image on !m all1 & ev5 r$eem$ !m   
all by ! sacrifice ( ,8 ,son1 !         
speculations ( sceptical biology h 9 a  
measure c\nt]act$ its b5ign influ5ce4   
,!y h fo/]$ ! contempt ( v>i\s classes =
 a d>k sk9 or an inf]ior civilization4  
,!y indirectly enc\rage ^? :o1 ) little 
m]it ( _! own1 speak contemptu\sly ( !  
,buck ,indian1 ! ,nigg]1 ! ,hea!n ,*9ee4
 ,!y enc\rage ! hoodlum1 & s f> z !y h  
any influ5ce1 give an impli$ sanction to
 mu* unrighte\s legislation4  ,ev5      
,pes*el1 :o w n be suspect$ ( any bias  
t[>d ,*ri/ianity1 has said on ?is       
subject3 ,?is d>k side ( ! life (       
unciviliz$ nations has induc$ b>b>\s &  
inhuman settl]s 9 transoceanic regions  
to assume z _! own a "r to cultivate z  
_! own ! inh]itance ( ! aborig9es1 & to 
extol ! murd] ( races z a triumph (     
civilization4 ,o!r writ]s1 l$ away by   
,d>w9ian dogmas1 fanci$ t !y _h discov]$
 populations :i* _h1 z x 71 rema9$ 9 a  
=m] animal condition = ! in/ruction (   

our times4 ,& he adds3 ,?us 9 ! words ( 
a ',hi/ory ( ,creation1' 9 ! ta/e n[    
preval5t1 '9 ,s\!rn ,asia & ! ,ea/ (    
,africa m5 live 9 hordes1 mo/ly climb+  
trees & eat+ fruit1 unacqua9t$ ) fire1 &
 us+ no weapons b /ones & clubs1 aft] ! 
mann] ( ! high] apes4' ,x c be %[n1 he  
cont9ues1 t ^! /atem5ts are d]iv$ f !   
writ+s ( a le>n$ s*ol> ( ,bonn on !     
condition ( savage nations1 ! facts (   
:i* are bas$ ei!r on ! depositions ( an 
,african slave ( ! ,doko tribe1 a dw>fi%
 p 9 ! s\? ( ,%oa1 or on ! ass]tions (  
,b5galese plant]s1 or p]haps on !       
obs]vations ( a sport+ adv5tur]1 t a "m 
& daught]1 & at ano!r "t a man & woman1 
7 f\nd 9 ,india 9 a semi-animal         
condition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n only h nei!r 
nations1 nor ev5 hordes1 9 an ape-l     
condition ev] be5 enc\nt]$ by any       
tru/wor?y travell] ( mod]n times1 b ev5 
^? races :i* 9 ! fir/ sup]ficial        
descriptions 7 rank$ f> bel[ our grade (
 civilization h1 on ne>] acqua9tance1   
be5 plac$ mu* ne>] ! civiliz$ nations4  

,no portion ( ! human race has yet be5  
discov]$ :i* does n possess a m or less 
ri* vocabul>y1 rules ( language1        
artificially po9t$ weapons1 & v>i\s     
implem5ts1 z well z ! art ( k9dl+       
fire4#aib  ,! ass]tion has be5 made aga9
 & aga9 t races are f\nd :i* are        
possess$ ( no k or conception ( ,deity1 
b ?is assumption has be5 ?or\ghly refut$
 by ,max ,muell] & _m o!rs4  ,!re is a v
 g5]al assumption abroad 9 ! _w t       
bigotry & ev5 bias ( judgm5t belong     
exclusively to ! advocates ( religi\s   
tru?1 & t ! tea*]s ( agno/ic sci5ce are1
 9 ! nature ( ! case1 imp>tial & !re=e  
au?oritative4 ,b ! g5]alizations :i* h  
be5 mass$ by non-,*ri/ian an?ropologi/s 
& sociologi/s are (t5 glean$ & cull$ "u 
! /ronge/ subs]vi5cy to "s favorite     
hypo!sis1 & t on ! mo/ sup]ficial       
obs]vation & f ! mo/ unreliable         
au?orities4 ,de ,quatrefages1 an        
an?ropologi/ ( pr(\nd le>n+1 & c]ta9ly )
 no pr$ilections = ,*ri/ian !ism1 9     
speak+ ( ! alleg$ evid5ces giv5 by ,sir 

,john ,lubbock & ,sa9t-,hilaire to %[ t 
_m races ( m5 h be5 f\nd de/itute ( any 
conception ( ,deity1 says3 ,:5 ! writ]s 
aga9/ :om ,i am n[ argu+ h to *oose     
betwe5 two evid5ces1 ! "o atte/+1 & !   
o!r d5y+1 ! exi/5ce ( religi\s belief 9 
a population1 x is always ! latt] :i* !y
 seem to ?9k %\ld be accept$4 ,m (t5 ?an
 n1 !y d n ev5 m5tion ! contr>y         
evid5ces1 h[ev] def9ite1 h[ev] au!ntic  
!y may be4 ,n[1 x is evid5tly mu* easi] 
n to see ?an to discov] t :i* may be 9 s
 _m ways r5d]$ inappreciable to our     
eyes4 ,:5 a travell] /ates t he has     
prov$ ! exi/5ce ( religi\s s5tim5ts 9 a 
population :i* by o!rs has be5 decl>$   
de/itute ( !m1 :5 he gives precise      
details ^u su* a delicate "q1 he has    
unque/ionably at lea/ probability 9 8   
favor4 ,i see no?+ to au?orize ?is      
rejection ( positive evid5ce &          
unconditional acceptance ( negative     
evid5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is too (t5 ! case4
 ,i might ju/ify ?is imputation by tak+ 
"o by "o almo/ all ! examples ( s-call$ 

a!i/ populations po9t$ out by diff]5t   
au?ors4#aic ,de ,quatrefages !n proce$s 
to %[ h[1 ) respect to ,am]ican tribes1 
,rob]tson is quot$ :ile ,d',orbigny is  
pass$ 9 sil5ce1 ev5 ?\gh he has by !    
te/imony ( _m au?ors disprov$ ! /atem5ts
 ( ,rob]tson2 h[ ,baeg]t's negative &   
sweep+ /atem5ts 9 reg>d to ! ,cali=nia  
tribes are accept$1 :ile ! v specific   
te/imony ( ,de ,m(ras 9 reg>d bo? to !  
fact & to ! nature ( _! wor%ip is       
reject$4 ,9 relation to ! ,m9copies1    
,m\at 7negative7 is adopt$ aga9/ ,symes 
& ,day4 ,! ,hott5tots are adjudg$ a!i/ic
 on ! te/imony ( ,le ,vaillant1 9 spite 
( ! unit$ witness ( ,kolb51 ,sa>1       
,ta*>d1 ,boev+1 & ,campbell4 ,! ,kaffirs
 are decl>$ to be de/itute ( religion on
 ! /atem5ts ( ,bur*el1 :ile ,liv+/one & 
,cazalis h giv5 cle> acc\nts ( !        
religion ( ! diff]5t ,kaffir tribes4  ,9
 a simil> mann] ,pr(essor ,fl9t1 (      
,ed9burgh1 arraigns ,sir ,john ,lubbock 
& c]ta9 o!r advocates ( ! a!i/ic !ory   
conc]n+ savage tribes1 = ! p>tiality (  

_! selection ( te/imony & = ! sup]ficial
 evid5ce :i* !y accept :5 favorable to  
_! !ories4 ,aft] review+ ,lubbock's     
:olesale quotations conc]n+ ! ,indian   
tribes ( ,brazil1 he says1 ,^! are ,sir 
,john ,lubbock's in/ances f ,s\?        
,am]ican tribes4 ,b ,i f9d t !y are all 
ei!r errone\s or insuffici5tly e/abli%$4
 ,& he gives _m c\nt]-pro(s4 ,x w nev]  
d1 he says1 to believe su* sweep+       
/atem5ts--sweep+ negatives--m]ely       
because !y happ5 to be pr9t$4 ,f>!r on  
he adds3 ,b ,i ?9k t he 7,lubbock7 might
 h told u t ,humboldt1 ^: travels 9 ,s\?
 ,am]ica 7 s ext5sive1 ^: explorations 7
 s v>i$1 sci5tific1 & successful1 & :o  
c]ta9ly 0 un9flu5c$ by traditional      
!ological beliefs1 f\nd no tribes &     
peoples )\t a religion2 & t ,pr9ce ,max 
von ,neuwi$ tells u t 9 all 8 _m & wide 
w&]+s 9 ,brazil he _h f\nd no tribes !  
memb]s ( :i* did n give manife/ signs ( 
religi\s feel+s4  ,9 ! app5dix ( ! book 
f :i* ^! extracts are made1 ,pr(essor   
,fl9t says3 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 :o has n a  

!ory to ma9ta9 c consid] ! circum/ances 
9 :i* mo/ ( ! ,brazilian ,indian tribes 
are plac$ )\t com+ to ! conclusion t !y 
mu/ h sunk f a high] intellectual &     
religi\s level4  ,i h dwelt at l5g? ^u  
^! arraignm5ts ( ! c>eless & bias$      
utt]ances ( suppos$ sci5ti/s1 because x 
is s mu* ! fa%ion ( our times to support
 c]ta9 !ories ( an?ropology by mass+ !  
suppos$ evid5ces ( man's degradation    
f\nd1 ev5 n[1 9 ! environm5ts ( savage  
life4 ,_m read]s1 app>5tly daz$ by ! va/
 accumulation ( indiscrim9ate &         
het]og5e\s /atem5ts :i* !y h no "t to   
exam9e1 yield an easy & bl9d ass5t1 bas$
 ei!r on ! suppos$ wisdom ( ! writ] or  
^u ! fact t s _m o!rs believe1 & !y     
imag9e t no little c\rage is requir$ on 
_! "p to risk ! loss ( intellectual     
ca/e4 ,a va/ am\nt ( ! ?9k+ ( our age1  
al?\gh x claims to be sci5tific1 is     
really a matt] ( simple fai?--fai? 9 !  
op9ions & dicta ( di/+ui%$ lead]s4 ,& "u
 su* circum/ances1 is x n our privilege 
& our duty z ,*ri/ian m5 to at lea/     

*all5ge & cross-"q ^? !ories :i* depress
 & di%onor our common humanity be=e we  
yield !m our ass5t8  ,! majority (      
sci5ti/s n[ s confid5tly assume ! c]ta9 
d]ivation ( man f l[] ord]s ( life1 t1 z
 ,max ,muell] has express$ x1 _!        
intol]ance greets ) a p]fect h[l (      
d]ision a man l ,vir*[1 :o d>es to      
decl>e t pro( ( man's d]ivation f       
animals is /ill want+4 ,nev]!less       
,vir*[1 himself an evolutioni/1 ma9ta9s 
8 gr\nd1 z ! foll[+ passage quot$ "s    
mon?s s9ce f ,! ,london ,tablet w %[3   
,"s s5sation has be5 caus$ at ! rec5t   
,an?ropological ,congress 9 ,vi5na by ! 
spee* ( ! great ,b]l9 biologi/1         
,pr(essor ,vir*[4 ,ab\t a ye> ago       
,vir*[1 on a simil> occasion1 made a    
sev]e attack on ! ,d>w9ian position1 &  
?is ye> he is simil>ly outspok54 ,we    
make ! foll[+ extracts f 8 long address 
to ! ,congress3  ',tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 we
 met at ,innspruck1 x 0 precisely !     
mom5t :5 ! ,d>w9ian !ory _h made its    
fir/ victori\s m>k ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,my    

fri5d ,vogt at once ru%$ into ! ranks ( 
! *ampions ( ?is doctr9e4 ,we h s9ce    
s\ght 9 va9 = ! int]m$iate /ages :i* 7  
suppos$ to connect man ) ! apes2 !      
proto-man1 ! pro-an?ropos is n yet      
discov]$4 ,= an?ropological sci5ce !    
pro-an?ropos is n ev5 a subject (       
discussion4 ,! an?ropologi/ may1 p]haps1
 see him 9 a dream1 b z soon z he awakes
 he _c say t he has made any approa*    
t[>d him4 ,at t "t 9 ,innspruck !       
prospect 01 app>5tly1 t ! c\rse ( desc5t
 f ape to man w\ld be recon/ruct$ all at
 once1 b n[ we _c ev5 prove ! desc5t ( !
 sep>ate races f "o ano!r4#aid ,at ?is  
mom5t we are able to say t among !      
peoples ( antiquity no s+le "o 0 any    
ne>] to ! apes ?an we are4 ,at ?is mom5t
 ,i c affirm t !re is n ^u e>? any      
absolutely unkn[n race ( m54 ,! lea/    
kn[n ( all are ! peoples ( ! c5tral     
m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ! ,malay p59sula1 b 
o!rwise we "k ! p ( ,t]ra del ,fuego q z
 well z ! ,eskimo1 ,ba%kirs1            
,polynesians1 & ,lapps4 ,nay6 we "k m ( 

_m ( ^! races ?an we d ( c]ta9 ,european
 tribes4 ,i ne$ only m5tion !           
,albanians4 ,e liv+ race is /ill human2 
no s+le "o has yet be5 f\nd t we c      
designate z ,simian or quasi-,simian4   
,ev5 :5 9 c]ta9 ones ph5om5a appe> :i*  
are *>act]i/ic ( ! apes--e4g41 ! peculi>
 ape-l projections ( ! skull 9 c]ta9    
races--/ill we _c on t acc\nt alone say 
t ^! m5 are ape-l4 ,z reg>ds ! ,lake    
dwell+s1 ,i h be5 able to submit to     
comp>ative exam9ation ne>ly e s+le skull
 t has be5 f\nd4 ,! result has be5 t we 
h c]ta9ly met ) opposite *>act]i/ics    
among v>i\s races2 b ( all ^! !re is n  
"o t lies outside ( ! b\nd>ies ( our    
pres5t population4 ,x c ?us be          
positively demon/rat$ t 9 ! c\rse ( five
 ?\s& ye>s no *ange ( type wor?y (      
m5tion has tak5 place4 ,if y ask me :e!r
 ! fir/ man 7 :ite or black1 ,i c only  
say ,i don't "k4'  ,pr(essor ,vir*[ ?us 
summ$ up ! "q z to :at an?ropological   
sci5ce dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s has ga9$1 &  
:e!r1 z _m cont5d1 x has gone =w>d or   

backw>d4  ',tw5ty ye>s ago ! lead]s (   
our sci5ce ass]t$ t !y knew _m ?+s :i*1 
z a matt] ( fact1 !y did n "k4 ,n[adays 
we "k :at we "k4 ,i c only reckon up our
 acc\nt 9 s f> z to say t we h made no  
debts2 t is1 we h made no loan f        
hypo!ses2 we are 9 no dang] ( see+ t :i*
 we "k ov]-turn$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! next     
mom5t4 ,we h levell$ ! gr\nd s t ! com+ 
g5]ation may make abundant use ( !      
mat]ial at _! disposition4 ,z an        
atta9able objective ( ! next tw5ty ye>s1
 we mu/ look to ! an?ropology ( !       
,european nationalities4'  #e4 ,ano!r   
demoraliz+ type ( speculation :i* has   
ex]t$ a wide influ5ce 9 _m ages & on _m 
nations is pan!ism4 ,by abdicat+ ! place
 & function ( ! consci\s ego1 by mak+   
all ?+s m]e specializ$ expressions (    
inf9ite ,deity1 & yet fail+ to grasp any
 cle> conception ( :at is meant by      
,deity1 m5 h gradually de/roy$ t s5se ( 
moral responsibility :i* ! mo/ savage %[
 to h be5 a common h]itage4 ,x is n     
among ! l[e/ & mo/ simple races t       

mission>ies f9d ! greate/ degree (      
obtus5ess & ins5sibility ) respect to   
s92 x is among populations l ^? (       
,india1 :]e ! natural prompt+s (        
consci5ce h be5 sophi/icat$ by          
philosophic !ories4 ,! old ,v$antism1 by
 repres5t+ all ?+s z m]e ph5om5al       
expressions ( inf9ite ,brahm1 t5d$      
necess>ily to de/roy all s5se ( p]sonal 
responsibility4 ,! abdication ( !       
p]sonal ego is an easy way ( %ift+ !    
burd5 ( guilt4 ,! late ,n>yan ,%e%adri  
decl>$ t "o ?+ :i* l$ him to r5\nce     
,h9duism 0 ! fact t1 :5 he came to trace
 its und]ly+ pr9ciples to _! la/ logical
 result he saw no gr\nd ( moral         
responsibility left4 ,x plung$ him into 
an abyss ( intellectual & moral d>kness 
)\t *>t or compass4 ,x p>alyz$ consci5ce
 & moral s5sibility4  ,x is equally     
impossible to reason ourselves into any 
consci\sness ( m]it or dem]it1 if we are
 mov$ only by "s vague law ( nature ^:  
behe/1 z describ$ by ,mr4 ,buckle1 we _c
 resi/1 ^: op]ations )9 u we _c disc]n1 

& ^: drift or t5d5cy we _c =esee4 ,x    
makes little diff]5ce :e!r we build our 
fai? ^u ! god ( pan!ism or ^u !         
unkn[able b imp]sonal =ce :i* is suppos$
 to move ! _w1 :i* op]ates 9 ! same ways
 ^u all grades ( exi/5ce f ! ar*angel to
 ! mote 9 ! sunbeam1 :i* moves !        
molecules ( ! human bra9 only z x /irs !
 globules ( sap 9 ! tree or plant4 ,x is
 difficult to see h[1 ^u any su*        
hypo!sis1 we are any m responsible = our
 volitions & affections ?an we are = our
 he>t-beats or respirations4 ,& yet we  
are consci\s ( responsibility 9 ! "o    
case & n 9 ! o!r4 ,consci\sness comes 9 
) trem5d\s =ce at j ?is po9t1 all !ories
 & speculations to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,&
 we d>e n disreg>d its te/imony or its  
claims4 ,we "k t we are morally         
responsible4  #f4 ,_m philosophic       
sy/ems1 anci5t & mod]n1 h t5d$ to fill !
 _w ) gloomy pessimism4 ,pessimism is v 
old & v widespread4 ,s*op5hau]          
ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to ,gautama =  
mu* ( ! philosophy :i* is kn[n by 8 "n4 

,9 ,h9duism & ,buddhism1 z well z 9 !   
tea*+s ( ! ,g]man pessimi/s1 ! natural  
compla9+s ( ! human he>t are organiz$   
into philosophical sy/ems4 ,!re is 9 all
 human nature q en\gh ( qu]ul\sness     
aga9/ ! unequal allotm5ts ( ,provid5ce1 
b all ^! sy/ems inculcate & fo/] t      
discont5t by ! sanctions ( philosophy4  
,! :ole assumption ( ,! ,light ( ,asia  
is t ! p[] t upholds & gov]ns ! _w is a 
h>d ma/]1 f ^: lea% we %\ld escape if we
 c by annihilat+ our p[]s & faculties1 &
 abdicat+ our consci\s be+2 t ! _w & !  
entire con/itution ( ?+s are all wrong2 
t mis]y is ev]y:]e 9 ! asc5dant1 & t man
 & bea/ c only make common cause aga9/ !
 tyranny ( a reckless fate1 & cry out ) 
common voice = "s sympa?iz+ b5efactor :o
 c pity & deliv]4 ,!re is no h9t t s9   
has wr\ght ! evil4 ,man is n s mu* a    
s9n] z ! victim ( a h>d lot2 he is      
un=tunate1 & x is ! _w t is wrong4      
,!re=e ! true end ( life is to get rid (
 ! recurr5ce ( life4  ,9 mu* ( our mod]n
 agno/icism !re is ! same d>k outlook1 &

 agno/icism naturally jo9s h&s )        
pessimism4 ,dr4 ,noah ,port]1 9 "o ( !  
s]ies ( ,pres5t-,day ,tracts1 has %[n x 
to be a doctr9e ( despair4 ,a well-kn[n 
lectur] :o has l\dly declaim$ aga9/ :at 
he consid]s ! remorseless "* ( ! ,old   
,te/am5t1 has ackn[l$g$ t x is n m cruel
 ?an nature2 t 9 ! actual _w ab\t u we  
f9d ! same d>k my/]y1 ! weak p]i%+ be=e 
! /rong1 ! wick$ prosp]\s1 ! j oppress$1
 & ! innoc5t giv5 z a prey to ! guilty2 
& 8 conclusion is t deism is no m       
def5sible ?an ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 pessimi/ic
 e/imate ( ! actual _w drives him to a  
disbelief 9 a p]sonal ,god4  ,we d n    
ignore ! sad facts ( life2 ev5 !        
,*ri/ian is (t5 sadd5$ by ! my/]ies :i* 
he _c expla94 ,bi%op ,j4 ,boyd ,c>p5t]1 
9 speak+ ( ! sad & *e]less _s (         
,buddhism1 has said3 ,!re are mom5ts 9  
:i* we are all ,buddhi/s2 :5 life has   
disappo9t$ u1 :5 we>9ess is ^u u1 :5 !  
ke5 angui% born ( ! sight ( human suff]+
 appals & b5umbs u1 :5 we are froz5 to  
t]ror1 & our manhood flies at ! sight ( 

! ,m$usa-l head ( ! _w's unappeas$ &    
unappeasable agony2 !n we too are torn  
by ! p>oxysm ( angui%2 we w\ld flee to !
 ,nirvana ( oblivion & unconsci\sness1  
turn+ our back ^u :at we _c alleviate1 &
 long+ to lay d[n ! burd5 ( life1 & to  
escape f t :i* has become               
insupportable4#aie ,b ^! are only ! d>k 
& seem+ly =sak5 h\rs 9 :i* m5 sit 9     
despair b5ea? ! junip]-tree & imag9e t  
all ! _w has gone wrong4 ,! junip]-tree 
9 ,*ri/ianity is ! exception2 ! ,bo-tree
 ( ,buddhism1 ) ! same despond5t        
e/imate1 is ! rule4 ,no div9e message   
came to %[ ! ,buddha a bright] side4 ,& 
! agno/ic /ops 8 e>s t no voice ( *e]   
may be he>d4 ,! :ole philosophy (       
,buddhism & ( mod]n agno/icism is       
pessimi/ic4 ,! ^w & ,_s ( ,god d n d5y !
 sad facts ( human life 9 a _w ( s91 b  
!y enable ! ,*ri/ian to triumph ov] !m1 
& ev5 to rejoice 9 tribulation4  #g4 ,& 
?is leads to "o m common feature ( all  
false sy/ems1 _! fatalism4 ,among !     
exagg]at$ claims :i* are made = hea!n   

religions 9 our day1 x is alleg$ t !y   
re/ ^u a m humane philosophy ?an appe>s 
9 ! grim fatalism ( our ,*ri/ian !ology1
 especially t ( ! ,calv9i/ic type4 ,)\t 
ent]+ ^u any def5ce ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es 
( "o type or ano!r1 x w\ld be easy to %[
 t fatalism1 complete & unmitigat$1 is  
at ! f\ndation ( all ,ori5tal religion &
 philosophy1 all anci5t or mod]n        
pan!ism1 & mo/ ( ! v>i\s types (        
agno/icism4 ,:ile ?is has be5 ! po9t at 
:i* all infidel sy/ems h assail$ !      
,*ri/ian fai?1 x has nev]!less be5 !    
goal :i* !y h all rea*$ by _! own       
speculations4 ,!y h diff]$ f ,*ri/ianity
 9 t _! pr$e/9at+1 det]m9+ =ce1 in/ead (
 be+ qualifi$ by any play ( free-w1 or  
any feasible plan ( ultimate &          
sup]ab\nd+ good1 has be5 a real         
fatalism1 *angeless1 hopeless1          
remorseless4 ,t ! di/aff ( ! ,fates1 & !
 ru?less sceptre ( ! ,er9nys1 ent]$ 9   
full =ce into all ! religions ( !       
,greeks & ,romans1 sc>cely ne$s to be   
affirm$4 ,!y controll$ all human        

affairs1 & ev5 ! gods 7 subject to !m4  
,! ,sagas ( ! ,nor?m5 also 7 full (     
fatalism1 & t pr9ciple /ill survives 9 !
 folk-lore & common sup]/itions ( all   
,sc&9avian1 ,teutonic1 & ,celtic races4 
,! fatalism ( ! ,h9dus is pla9ly /at$ 9 
! ,code ( ,manu1 :i* decl>es t1 9 ord]  
to di/+ui% actions1 he 7! creator7      
sep>at$ m]it f dem]it4 ,to :atev] c\rse 
( action ! ,"l appo9t$ ea* k9d ( be+1 t 
alone x has spontane\sly adopt$ 9 ea*   
succe$+ creation4 ,:atev] he has assign$
 to ea* at ! fir/ creation1 noxi\sness  
or h>mlessness1 g5tl5ess or f]ocity1    
virtue or s91 tru? or falsehood1 t cl+s 
to x4#aif ,! same doctr9e is put 9 /ill 
m (f5sive =m :5 x is decl>$ t ,manu 7"h 
us$ 9 ! s5se ( creator7 allott$ to woman
 a love ( h] b$1 ( h] seat1 ( ornam5t1  
also impure desires1 wra?1 di%one/y1 &  
bad conduct4#aig ,!re w\ld be "s relief 
f ?is horrible doctr9e if 9 subsequ5t   
*apt]s ( ,manu !re 7 k9dly tok5s (      
grace1 or sympa?y = woman1 or any light 
( hope "h or h]eaft]2 b ! :ole tea*+ &  

_s ( ! ,code re/s z an iron yoke ^u     
womanhood1 & x is l>gely a result ( ?is 
high au?ority t ! female sex has = ages 
be5 subject$ to ! mo/ cruel tyranny &   
degradation4 ,x might well be said t1 9 
spite ( ! horrors ( infanticide1 ! mo/  
m]ciful elem5t ( ,h9duism ) respect to  
woman is ! cu/om by :i* s l>ge a        
proportion ( female *ildr5 h be5 de/roy$
 at bir?4 ,! same fatali/ic pr9ciples   
affect all ranks & conditions ( ,h9du   
society4 ,! poor ,sudra is n only       
l[-born & degrad$1 b he is immovably    
fix$ 9 8 degradation4 ,he is cut (f f   
all hope or aspiration2 he _c rise f !  
?raldom ( 8 fate4 ,9 ! ,bhagavad ,gita1 
,kri%na decl>es to ,arjuna t x is       
,bett] to d ! duty ( "o's ca/e     ,?\gh
 bad or ill p]=m$1 & fraught ) evil1    
,?an und]take ! bus9ess ( ano!r1        
,h[ev] good x be4  ,?us ev5 ! laws ( "r 
& wrong are subord9ate to ! fatality (  
ca/e1 & all aspiration is p>alyz$4  ,on 
! o!r h&1 x has be5 ackn[l$g$ repeat$ly 
t ! /]ne/ type ( ,puritan !ology1 z a   

moral & political =ce1 is full (        
inspiration2 x does n dead5 ! s\l2 x    
/imulates ! action ( free-w2 its moral  
e>ne/ness has be5 a great p[] 9 mold+   
national de/9ies4 ,mr4 ,bancr(t has n   
hesitat$ to decl>e t ! great *>t]s (    
human lib]ty are l>gely due to its /rong
 conception ( a div9e & all-controll+   
purpose4 ,ev5 ,mat!w ,arnold admitt$ t  
its /]n ,hebraic culture1 z he call$ x1 
_h wr\ght "s ( ! gr&e/ a*ievem5ts (     
hi/ory4 ,b ,h9du fatali/s1 noble ,aryans
 z !y 7 at fir/1 h be5 conqu]$ by e race
 ( invad]s t has *os5 to assail !m4 ,&  
no bett] result c\ld h be5 expect$ f a  
philosophy ^: summum bonum is !         
r5unciation ( life z n wor? liv+1 & !   
loss ( all p]sonality by absorption into
 ! ,"o supreme exi/5ce4  ,buddhism does 
n pres5t ! same fatali/ic !ory (        
creation z ,brahm9ism1 b x introduces   
ev5 a m aggravat$ fatalism into human   
life4 ,bo? alike load d[n ! newly-born )
 burd5s ( guilt & consequ5t suff]+      
transmitt$ f previ\s exi/5ces4 ,b 9 !   

case ( ,buddhism !re is no id5tity      
betwe5 ! s9n]1 :o incurr$ ! guilt1 & !  
recipi5t ( ! evil kh>ma1 :i* dem&s      
puni%m5t4 ,e man comes into ! _w        
entangl$ 9 ! moral bankruptcy ( "s "o :o
 has gone be=e1 he kn[s n :o nor :]e4   
,!re is no consci\sness ( id5tity1 no   
remembrance1 no possible s5se ( guilt1  
or notion ( responsibility4 ,x is n !   
same s\l t suff]s1 = 9 ei!r case !re is 
no s\l2 !re is only a bundle ( s-call$  
sk&has--c]ta9 faculties ( m9d & body    
newly comb9$ ^: int]action produces     
?\ght & emotion4 ,yet !re is consci\s   
suff]+4 ,sc(f]s h long po9t$ )          
indignation at ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e t a   
*ild inh]its a moral bias f 8 p>5ts1 b  
n[adays evolutioni/s c>ry ! law ( h]$ity
 to an extreme :i* no hyp]-,calv9i/ ev] 
?\ght (1 & _m cavill]s at orig9al s9 h  
become eloqu5t 9 _! praises ( ,buddhism1
 :i* h&icaps ea* *ild ) ! accumulat$    
dem]it ( pre-exi/5t be+s ) :om he _h no 
connection :atev]4#aih ,! ,*ri/ian      
doctr9e imputes puni%able guilt only s  

f> z ea* "o's free *oice makes ! s9 8   
own3 ! dy+ infant :o has no *oice is    
sav$ by grace2 b ^u e ,buddhi/1 h[ev]   
%ort-liv$1 !re re/s an heir-loom ( de/9y
 :i* c\ntless transmigrations _c        
dis*>ge4  ,9 ,mohamm$anism ! doctr9e (  
fate--cle>1 express1 & emphatic--is     
fully set =?4 ,! ,koran resorts to no   
euphemism or circumlocution 9 decl>+ x4 
,?us1 9 ,sura lxxiv4 #c1 #d1 we read3   
,?us do? ,god cause to err :om he       
pleases1 & directe? :om he pleases4     
,aga91 ,sura xx4 #d1 says3 ,! fate ( e  
man h we b\nd r\nd 8 neck4 ,z is well   
kn[n1 fatalism z a practical doctr9e (  
life has pass$ into all ,mohamm$an      
society4 ,kismet 7x is fat$7 is !       
exclamation ( despair ) :i* a ,moslem   
succumbs to adv]sity & (t5 dies )\t an  
ef=t to recov]4 ,9 times ( pe/il5ce     
mission>ies 9 ,syria h sometimes f\nd   
:ole villages p>alyz$ ) despair4 ,yield+
 to ! fatalism ( _! cre$1 ! poor        
m\nta9e]s h ab&on$ all means ( cure &   
resign$ !mselves to _! fate4 ,! same    

fatal p>alysis has affect$ all lib]ty ( 
?\ght1 all inv5tiv5ess & ent]prise1 all 
re=m ( evils1 all high] aspiration ( !  
oppress$ p4  ,) ! l[] =ms ( religi\s    
belief1 feti%ism1 animism1 s]p5t wor%ip1
 demon wor%ip1 ! case is /ill worse4 ,! 
only deities t are practically recogniz$
 9 ^! rude fai?s are g5]ally suppos$ to 
be malevol5t be+s1 :o h n only fix$ an  
evil fate ^u m51 b ^: active & cont9u$  
function x is to torm5t !m4 ,?\gh !re is
 a l+]+ belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+ :o     
creat$ all ?+s1 yet he is f> (f &       
incompreh5sible4 ,he has left 8         
creatures 9 ! h&s ( inf]ior deities1 at 
^: m]cy !y pass a mis]able exi/5ce4     
,look+ at ! d>k facts ( life & hav+ no  
revelation ( a m]ciful ,god !y =m _!    
e/imates ( ,deity f _! trials1 h>d%ips1 
fe>s1 & !y are fill$ ) dread2 all _!    
religi\s rites h be5 devis$ = appeas+ ! 
p[]s t dom9ate & di/ress ! _w4 ,& yet a 
pron\nc$ agno/ic has ask$ u to believe t
 ev5 ?is wide-spread horror1 ?is        
univ]sal nightm>e ( hea!n sup]/ition1 is

 m humane ?an ! ,calv9i/ic cre$4  ,if we
 inquire into ! t5d5cy ( all types (    
anci5t or mod]n pan!ism 9 ?is p>ticul>  
phase1 we %all f9d !m1 )\t exception1   
fatali/ic4 ,!y n m]ely make ,god ! au?or
 ( s9--!y make ,him ! s9n]4 ,our misde$s
 are n our acts1 b ,god's4 ,?us ! vaunt$
 ,bhagavad ,gita1 unit+ ! ,sankhyan & ! 
,v$anta philosophies1 makes ,kri%na say 
to ,arjuna3 ,all actions are incessantly
 p]=m$ by op]ation ( ! qualities (      
,prakriti 7! self-exi/+ ,ess5ce74       
,delud$ by ! ?\ght ( individuality1 !   
s\l va9ly believes itself to be ! do]4  
,! s\l1 exi/+ f et]nity1 devoid (       
qualities1 imp]i%able1 abid+ 9 ! body1  
acts n1 nor is by any act pollut$4 ,he  
:o sees t actions are p]=m$ by ,prakriti
 alone1 & t ! s\l is n an actor1        
p]ceives ! tru?4#aii ,su* is ,h9du      
pan!ism4 ,yet ?is mo/ inconsi/5t sy/em  
*>ges man ) guilt4 ,x repres5ts 8       
inexorable fate z pursu+ him ?r\gh      
endless transmigrations1 hold+ ov] him !
 la% ( retribution1 :ile x exacts ! v   

la/ f>?+4 ,/ill1 f fir/ to la/1 x is n  
he t acts1 b "s fractional "p ( ! ,"o   
only ,exi/5ce :i* fills all space4  ,!  
philosophy ( ,sp9oza 0 q z fatali/ic z !
 ,h9du ,v$anta4 ,he taught1 accord+ to  
,s*wegl]1 t ,! f9ite has no indep5d5t   
exi/5ce 9 itself3 x exi/s because !     
unre/ra9$ productive en]gy ( ! 7inf9ite7
 ,sub/ance spontane\sly produc$ an      
inf9ite v>iety ( p>ticul> =ms4 ,x has1  
h[ev]1 no prop] reality2 x exi/s only 9 
& ?r\gh ! ,sub/ance4 ,f9ite ?+s are !   
mo/ ext]nal1 ! la/1 ! mo/ subord9ate =ms
 ( exi/5ce into :i* ! univ]sal life is  
specializ$1 & !y manife/ _! f9itude 9 t 
!y are )\t resi/ance1 subject to !      
inf9ite *a9 ( causality :i* b9ds ! _w4  
,! div9e ,sub/ance works freely accord+ 
to ! inn] ess5ce ( its own nature2      
individuals1 h[ev]1 are n free1 b are   
subject to ! influ5ce ( ^? ?+s ) :i* !y 
come into contact4 ,x foll[s f ^!       
metaphysical gr\nds1 ,s*wegl] cont9ues1 
t :at is call$ free-w _c be admitt$4 ,=1
 s9ce man is only a mode1 he1 l any o!r 

mode1 /&s 9 an endless s]ies (          
condition+ causes1 & no free-w c1 !re=e1
 be pr$icat$ ( him4 ,fur!r on he adds3  
,evil1 or s91 is1 !re=e1 only relative &
 n positive1 = no?+ happ5s aga9/ ,god's 
w4 ,x is only a simple negation or      
deprivation1 :i* only seems to be a     
reality 9 our repres5tation4#bjj ,! late
 ,samuel ,johnson1 9 8 *apt] on ,!      
,morality & ,piety ( ,pan!ism1 und]takes
 to def5d bo? ! ,v$antic & ! ,sp9ozan   
philosophy by po9t+ out a di/9ction     
betwe5 an ext]nal compulsion & an inn]  
=ce :i* m]ges u 9 ! ,inf9ite4 ,?\gh bo? 
are equally effici5t z to ! result1 &   
bo? are inconsi/5t ) individual fre$om1 
yet real fate is only t :i* is          
ext]nal4444 ,:ile de/9y or fate 9 ! s5se
 ( absolute ext]nal compulsion w\ld     
c]ta9ly be de/ructive1 n only ( moral   
responsibility b ( p]sonality itself1   
yet religion or sci5ce )\t fate is      
radically uns\nd4 ,aga9 he adds3 ,we _c 
sep>ate p]fection & fate4 ,deity ^: sway
 is n de/9y is n v5]able1 nor ev5       

reliable4 ,x w\ld be a purpose t did n  
r\nd ! univ]se1 a love t c\ld n pres]ve 
x4 ,!ism )\t fate is a k9d ( a!ism1 & a 
self-dom9at$ a!ism4 ,b hold+ ju/ice to  
be ! true necessity or fate1 is prop]ly 
!ism1 ?\gh x refuses ! "n4#bja  ,!      
reason+ "h rem9ds "o ( ! conclusions ( a
 /ill m rec5t writ]1 :o :ile condemn+   
:at he consid]s ! fatalism ( ,calv9i/ic 
!ology1 /ill ass]ts t its logic leaves  
no alt]native b ! d5ial ( a p]sonal     
,god4 ,& an e>ly ,buddhi/ philosoph] has
 left a fragm5t :i* gives ! v same      
reason = agno/icism4 ,?us he says3 ,if !
 _w 0 made by ,god 7,isv>a7 !re %\ld be 
no su* ?+ z sorr[ or calamity1 nor do+  
wrong1 nor do+ "r2 = all1 bo? pure &    
impure1 de$s mu/ come f ,isv>a4444 ,if  
he makes )\t a purpose he is l a suckl+ 
*ild1 or ) a purpose1 he is n complete4 
,sorr[ & joy spr+ up 9 all t lives2 ^!1 
at lea/1 are n alike ! works ( ,isv>a1 =
 if he causes love & joy he mu/ himself 
h love & hate4 ,b if he loves & hates1  
he is n rightly call$ self-exi/5t4      

',tw]e equal1 !n1 ! do+ "r or do+ wrong4
 ,!re %\ld be no rew>d ( works2 ! works 
!mselves be+ 81 !n all ?+s are ! same to
 him1 ! mak]4  ,?is 0 a ,buddhi/'s answ]
 to ! ,h9du pan!ism1 & !re foll[s a     
reply also to ! ,ori5tal dualism :i*    
attempt$ to solve ! difficulty by       
assign+ two great fir/ causes1 "o good &
 ! o!r evil4 ,nay1 says ?is ,buddhi/    
philosoph]1 if y say !re is ano!r cause 
beside ?is ,isv>a1 !n he is n ! end or  
sum ( all1 & !re=e all t lives may1 aft]
 all1 be uncreat$1 & s y see ! ?\ght (  
,isv>a is ov]?r[n4#bjb ,?us ! same      
problems ( exi/5ce h tax$ human         
speculation 9 all l&s & all ages4 ,!    
same p]plexities h aris51 & ! same      
cavils & compla9ts4  ,!re is an         
important s5se 9 :i* all =ms (          
mat]ialism are fatali/ic 9 _! relation  
to moral responsibility4 ,james ,bue*n] 
assures u t :at is call$ man's s\l or   
m9d is n[ almo/ univ]sally conc$$ z     
equival5t to a function ( ! sub/ance ( !
 bra94 ,walt] ,bagehot1 l ,maudsley1    

sugge/s t ! newly born *ild has 8 de/9y 
inscrib$ on 8 n]v\s tissues4#bjc ,mr4   
,buckle assures u t c]ta9 und]ly+ b     
indef9able laws ( society1 z indicat$ by
 /ati/ics1 control human action         
irrespective ( *oice or moral           
responsibility4 ,ev5 accid5ts1 ! av]ages
 ( =getfulness or neglect1 are !        
subjects ( computation4 ,to support 8   
position he cites ! av]ages ( suicides1 
or ! numb] ( lett]s deposit$ ye>ly 9 a  
giv5 po/-(fice1 ! sup]scription ( :i*   
has be5 =gott54 ,?us1 und]ly+ all human 
activity !re is an unkn[n =ce1 a vague  
some?+--call x ,deity1 or call x        
,fate--:i* controls human affairs       
irresi/ibly4  ,x w\ld be amus+1 if x 7 n
 sad1 to see :at devices & :at names h  
be5 resort$ to 9 ord] to get rid ( a    
p]sonal ,god4 ,! ,h9du ,sankhyans       
ascrib$ all ?+s to ! ,et]nally ,exi/+   
,ess5ce4 ,! ,greek ,atomi/s call$ x an  
,inconceivable ,necessity2 ,anaxagoras1 
,! ,_w-=m+ ,intellig5ce2 ,hegel1        
,absolute ,idea2 ,sp9oza1 ,absolute     

,sub/ance2 ,s*op5hau]1 ,unconsci\s ,w4  
,sp5c] f9ds only ,! ,unkn[able2 ,d>w9's 
virtual ,creator is ,natural ,selection2
 ,mat!w ,arnold recognize a ,/ream (    
,t5d5cy n our own :i* makes =           
righte\sness4 ,no?+ c be m melan*oly ?an
 ?is dre>y wa/e ( human speculation1 ?is
 we>y & bootless se>* aft] ! secret ( ! 
univ]se4 ,at ! same "t a deaf e> is     
turn$ to ^? voices ( nature & revelation
 :i* speak ( a b5evol5t ,creator4 ,b !  
po9t to :i* ,i call p>ticul> att5tion 9 
?is connection is1 t ^! vague t]ms1     
:atev] else !y may mean1 imply 9 ea*    
case "s law ( necessity :i* m\lds ! _w4 
,!y are only ! names ( ! ,fates :om all 
philosophies h set ov] u4 ,if we h be5  
correct 9 trac+ an elem5t ( fatalism    
?r\gh all ! hea!n fai?s1 & all anci5t & 
mod]n philosophies1 h[ is x t ! :ole    
army ( unbelief conc5trate _! assailm5ts
 aga9/ div9e sov]eignty 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 
& yet are ready to laud & approve ^!    
sy/ems :i* exhibit ! same ?+s 9 great]  
degree & )\t mitigation8  ,t :i*        

diff]5tiates ,*ri/ianity is ! fact t1   
:ile x does repres5t ,god z ! orig9ator 
& controll] ( all ?+s1 x yet respects ! 
fre$om ( ! human w1 :i* ,mohamm$anism   
does n1 :i* ,h9duism does n1 :i* anci5t 
or mod]n ,buddhism does n1 :i*          
,mat]ialism does n4 ,n only ! ,^w ( ,god
 b our own reason tells u t ! ,creator (
 ?is _w mu/ h proce$$ ^u a def9ite &    
all-embrac+ plan2 & yet at ! same "t1 n 
only ! ,^w ( ,god1 b our own            
consci\sness1 tells u t we are free to  
act accord+ to our own w4 ,h[ ^! ?+s are
 to be reconcil$ we "k n1 simply because
 we are f9ite & ,god is inf9ite4 ,i once
 /ood be=e ! great sn[y range ( !       
,himalayas1 ^: l(ty peaks rose          
tw5ty-five ?\s& feet above ! sea4 ,none 
c\ld see h[ ^? gigantic masses /ood     
relat$ to ea* o!r1 simply because no    
mortal ev] has explor$1 or ev] c        
explore1 _! awful & unapproa*able       
recesses4  ,s ) _m great tru?s conc]n+ !
 be+1 attributes1 & works ( ,god4 ,"o   
may say t ,god pr$et]m9$ & !n =esaw :at 

,he _h orda9$2 ano!r t ,he =esaw & !n   
resolv$ to effect :at he _h =ese54      
,nei!r is correct1 or at lea/ nei!r c "k
 t he is correct4 ,god is n subject to  
our conditions ( "t & space4 ,x is      
impossible t ,he1 ^: k & w encompass all
 ?+s1 %\ld be affect$ by our notions (  
ord] & sequ5ce2 !re is ) ,him no be=e & 
aft]4 ,! :ole univ]se1 ) all its f>!/   
ext5d$ hi/ory1 /ood be=e ,him f all     
et]nity z "o conception & z "o purpose2 
& ! conception & ! purpose 7 "o4 ,! too 
frequ5t mi/ake ( human =mulas is t !y   
und]take to reason out inf9ite my/]ies  
on our l[ an?ropomorphic l9es1 "o 9 "o  
extreme & ano!r 9 ano!r4 ,we _c fit !   
ways ( ,god to ! measure ( our logic or 
our metaphysics4 ,:at we h to d ) _m ?+s
 is simply to believe & tru/ & wait4#bjd
 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m ?+s ( a       
practical nature :i* ,god has made v    
pla94 ,he has br\ght !m d[n to u4 ,!    
:ole s*eme ( grace is an adaptation ( ! 
my/]ies ( ! ,godhead to our k1 fai?1    
ob$i5ce1 & love4  ,& ?is leads directly 

to ! *ief diff]5tial :i* ,*ri/ianity    
pres5ts 9 contra/ ) ! fatalisms ( false 
sy/ems1 viz41 t :ile s9 & dea? ab\nd1 z 
all mu/ see1 ! ,gospel alone reveals a  
sup]ab\nd+ grace4 ,x is en\gh = u t !   
:ole s*eme is "o ( ,r$emption1 t ! ,lamb
 0 sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w--nay1 t ,he
 made ! _w1 & made x = an inf9itely     
b5evol5t purpose4 ,if d>k my/]ies appe> 
9 ! ,^w or 9 ! _w1 we are to view !m 9 !
 light ( ,calv>y1 & wait till we c see z
 we are se52 = ?is _w is ,*ri/'s1 & w   
surely subs]ve ,8 ends1 :i* are ^? (    
inf9ite compassion4  ,our position1     
!re=e1 z be=e ! abettors ( hea!n or     
agno/ic philosophy1 is impregnable3 !   
fatalism is all !irs1 ! union ( sov]eign
 p[] ) inf9ite love is ours4 ,we h      
reason z well z !y4 ,we realize ! facts 
& my/]ies ( life z fully z !y1 b are n  
embitt]$ by !m4 ,we see no?+ to be ga9$ 
by putt+ out ! light we h4 ,we pref]    
fai? to pessimism1 inc>nate love to !   
tyranny ( unconsci\s w4   ,,footnotes3  
,footnote #ahd3 ,quot$ 9 ,fiske's ,de/9y

 ( ,man1 p4 #aag4  ,footnote #ahe3 ,see 
,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #hb4  ,footnote     
#ahf3 ,:at ,kanada meant by adri%ta 0 a 
sort ( habit ( matt] d]iv$ f its pa/    
comb9ations 9 a previ\s cosmos1 "o or m4
 ,! rod :i* has be5 b5t w b5d aga91 & s 
matt] :i* has once be5 comb9$ w unite   
aga94  ,footnote #ahg3 ,evolution & its 
,relation to ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #cbg4 
,footnote #ahh3 ,on ,natural ,selection1
 p4 #cec4  ,footnote #ahi3 ,! ,de/9y (  
,man1 p4 #hj4  ,footnote #aij3          
,evolution & its ,relation to ,religi\s 
,?\ght1 p4 #hh4  ,footnote #aia3 ,"s (  
,goldw9 ,smi?'s utt]ances are su* z ^!3 
,if morality has be5 bas$ on religion   
!re mu/ be reason to fe> t ! f\ndation  
be+ remov$ ! sup]/ructure w fall4 ,t x  
has re/$ on religion s f> z ! great     
majority are conc]n$ w h>dly be d\bt$4  
444 ,! pres5ce ( ?is !i/ic sanction has 
be5 especially app>5t 9 all acts & lives
 ( all h]oic self-sacrifice &           
self-devotion4 444 ,all moral           
philosoph]s ^: philosophy has be5       

practically effective1 f ,socrates d[n1 
h be5 religi\s4 ,_m h tri$ to f9d an    
indep5d5t basis b h n be5 successful--at
 lea/ h n arriv$ at any agreem5t4 444   
,?ucydides ascrib$ ! fall ( ,greece to !
 fall ( religion4 ,ma*iavelianism foll[$
 ! fall ( ! ,ca?olic fai?4 444 ,into !  
void left by religion came spiritual    
*>latanry & physical sup]/ition1 su* z !
 arts ( ! hi]ophant ( ,isis1 ! soo?say]1
 ! a/rolog]--significant precursors (   
our mod]n m$iums4 444 ,consci5ce z a m]e
 evolution ( tribal exp]i5ce may h      
importance1 b x c h no au?ority1 &      
',nature' is an unmean+ ^w )\t an ,au?or
 ( nature--or r x is a philosophic "n = 
,god4 444 ,evolution is n moral1 nor c  
morality be educ$ f x4 ,x proclaims z   
its law ! survival ( ! fitte/1 & ! only 
pro( ( fitness is survival4 444 ,we mu/ 
rememb] t :atev] may be our philosophic 
s*ool we are /ill liv+ "u ! influ5ce (  
!ism1 & mo/ ( u "u ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is 
no say+ h[ mu* ( ,*ri/ianity /ill l+]s 9
 ! !ories ( agno/ics4 444 ,! g5]ation   

aft] ! next may p]haps see agno/icism1  
moral z well z religi\s1 tri$ on a cle> 
field4 ,^! utt]ances are weighty1 ?\gh  
deta*$4 ,we only raise a d\bt :e!r !    
g5]ation aft] ! next w see agno/icism   
tri$ on a cle> field4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w
 be surr\nd$ z n[1 & m & m1 by ,*ri/ian 
influ5ces1 & w /ill dep5d on ^?         
influ5ces to save x f ! sad results (   
its own tea*+s4  ,footnote #aib3 ,!     
,races ( ,man1 pp4 #acg1 #ach4          
,footnote #aic3 ,! ,human ,species1 p4  
#dgh4  ,footnote #aid3 ,mr4 ,john ,fiske
 decl>es t man is desc5d$ f ! cat>rh9e  
apes4--,de/9y ( ,man1 p4 #ai4 ,pr(essor 
,le ,conte ma9ta9s t no exi/+ animal    
c\ld ev] be develop$ into man4 ,he      
traces all exi/+ species up f a common  
/ock1 ( :i* man is ! head4 ,! common l9e
 ( ance/ors are all ext9ct4--,evolution 
9 ,relation to ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #ij4
  ,footnote #aie3 ,! ,p]man5t ,elem5ts 9
 ,religion1 p4 #aed  ,footnote #aif3    
,book ,,ii41 #ac4  ,footnote #aig3 ,book
 ,,ix41 #ag4  ,footnote #aih3           

,developm5t by h]$ity & ! ,buddhi/      
doctr9e ( transmigration1 ?\gh bo?      
fatali/ic1 rea* t result 9 diff]5t ways2
 !y are1 9 fact1 contradictory4 ,"*1    
accord+ to ,buddhism1 is inh]it$ n f    
p>5ts3 x foll[s ! l9e ( aff9ity4        
,footnote #aii3 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4     
#aeb4  ,footnote #bjj3 ,hi/ory (        
,philosophy1 pp4 #bbj1 #bba4  ,footnote 
#bja3 ,ori5tal ,religions--,india4 ,"p  
,,ii41 p4 #dd4  ,footnote #bjb3 ,beal1  
,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 p4 #ahj4  ,footnote   
#bjc3 ,physics & ,politics4  ,footnote  
#bjd3 ,probably no m significant *ange  
awaits ! !ology ( ! future ?an !        
recognition ( ?is prov9ce ( ! unkn[n1 & 
! cessation ( controv]sy z to matt]s t  
come )9 x1 & !re=e admit ( no dogmatic  
settlem5t4--,tullo*'s ,religi\s ,?\ght 9
 ,brita91 p4 #bd4     ,,lecture ,x4  ,,!
 ,,div9e ,,supremacy ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian  
,,fai?4   ,we h 9 previ\s lectures      
in/itut$ brief & p>tial comp>isons      
betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & p>ticul> fai?s ( ! 
,ea/1 b ,i n[ propose a g5]al comp>ative

 survey4  ,nev] be=e has ! ,*ri/ian     
,fai? be5 s boldly *all5g$ to %[ cause =
 its supreme & exclusive claims z 9 our 
"t4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians enc\nt]$ some?+ ( 
! same k9d3 x seem$ v prepo/]\s to !    
pr\d ,roman t an obscure sect1 com+ out 
( despis$ ,naz>e?1 %\ld refuse to place 
a /atue ( its deifi$ ,f\nd] )9 !        
,pan!on1 9 ! goodly company ( r5[n$ gods
 f e "p ( ! ,roman ,empire2 b x did s   
refuse & gave its reasons1 & x          
ultimately c>ri$ its po9t4 ,x ga9$ !    
,pan!on & ,rome itself = ,*ri/ alone4   
,he 0 proclaim$ z ! ,"o ,r$eem] ( ! _w1 
& ?is claim has be5 ma9ta9$ f t day to  
?is4 ,!re c be no div]sity1 said ,8     
foll[]s1 = !re is no o!r "n giv5 "u     
heav5 among m5 :]eby we mu/ be sav$4 ,! 
v g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity means supremacy & 
monopoly1 = ! reason t x is div9e & ,god
 _c be divid$ aga9/ ,himself4 ,b 9 our  
"t ! :ole _w is br\ght v closely toge!r4
 ,! religions ( m51 l _! social cu/oms &
 political in/itutions1 are plac$ 9     
contact & comp>ison4 ,! enemies ( !     

,*ri/ian fai? "h1 9 ,we/]n l&s1         
naturally make ! mo/ ( any possible     
alliances ) o!r sy/ems suppos$ to       
antagonize ,*ri/ianity2 :ile a multitude
 ( o!rs1 hav+ no p>ticul> int]e/ 9 any  
religion1 & r prid+ !mselves ^u a broad 
*>ity :i* is b a c\rte\s "n =           
indiff]5ce1 are dem&+ ) a sup]ior air t 
fair play %all be %[n to all religions  
alike4 ,! ,*ur* is !re=e call$ ^u to    
def5d h] unique position & !            
promulgation ( h] message to mank9d4 ,:y
 does %e refuse to admit ! validity (   
o!r religions1 & :y s5d h] mission>ies  
ov] ! e>? to turn ! non-,*ri/ian races f
 ^? fai?s :i* are _! h]itage by bir?1 & 
9 :i* !y hone/ly put _! tru/8 ,:y n     
respect ev]y:]e t noble/ ( all man's    
in/9cts :i* prompts him to inquire aft] 
,god1 :o ha? made ( "o blood all nations
 t dwell ^u ! e>?8 ,if ! old ,h9du      
pan!ism ( ! ,bhagavad ,gita taught t !  
wor%ipp]s ( o!r gods 7 only wor%ipp+ !  
,"o ,supreme ,vi%nu unaw>es2 if         
,buddhism =bids its foll[]s to ass]t t  

!irs is ! only religion1 or ev5 t x is !
 be/ religion2#bje is x n "t t ,*ri/ians
 %\ld emulate ?is noble *>ity8  ,?is    
plausible plea is urg$ ) su* =ce &      
volume1 x is s back$ by ! curr5t        
lit]ature & ! secul> newspap] press t x 
_c be ignor$4 ,! "t has come :5 ! ,*ur* 
mu/ n only be able to give a reason = ! 
fai? %e pr(esses1 b mu/ assign reasons  
:y h] fai? %\ld supplant e o!r4 ,i am   
aw>e t _m are insi/+ t h] true c\rse is 
to be f\nd 9 an int5sive zeal 9 !       
promulgation ( h] own doctr9es )\t reg>d
 to any o!r4 ,prea* ! ,gospel1 x is     
said1 :e!r m5 w he> or :e!r !y =be>4 ,b 
x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,paul's m        
intellig5t me?od 0 to /rive z "o :o w\ld
 w91 & n z !y :o beat ! air4 ,!         
,salvation ,army w rea* a c]ta9 class ) 
_! m]e unlett]$ zeal4 ,! m5 :o purposely
 read only ,"o ,book1 b read t on _!    
knees1 d\btless h an important "w to d1 
b ! ,*ur* z a :ole _c g back to ! "t :5 
dev\t zealots sne]$ at ! idea ( an      
educat$ m9i/ry4 ,! conflict ( tru? &    

error mu/ be wag$ intellig5tly4 ,!re are
 suffici5t reasons = claim+ a div9e     
supremacy = ! ,gospel ov] all hea!n     
fai?s1 & ! soon] we ?or\ghly und]/& !   
diff]5ce1 ! m wisely & successfully %all
 we accompli% our "w4  ,:]e91 !n1       
consi/s ! unique supremacy ( ! ,*ri/ian 
fai?8  #a4 ,x alone (f]s a real         
salvation4 ,we are n speak+ ( e?ics1 or 
conceptions ( ,god1 or me?ods ( race    
culture1 b ( t "o elem5t :i* heals !    
w\nds ( ackn[l$g$ s9 & reconciles m5 to 
,god4 ,& ?is is f\nd 9 ,*ri/ianity      
alone4 ,!re is no div9e help 9 any o!r4 
,sy/ems ( speculation1 !ories ( !       
univ]se1 & ( our relation to ! ,inf9ite 
are f\nd 9 all sacr$ books ( ! ,ea/4    
,!re are l(ty e?ical tea*+s ga!r$ f !   
lips ( _m ma/]s1 & records ( pati5t     
rese>*1 *e]ful endurance ( ascetic      
rigors1 & ! volunt>y enc\nt] ( m>tyrs'  
dea?s4 ,& "o _c b be impress$ by ?is    
spectacle ( e>ne/ /ruggles 9 m5 ( e l& &
 e age to f9d "s way ( peace4 ,b 9 none 
( ! e?nic religions has !re be5 reveal$ 

a div9e & heav5-wr\ght salvation4 ,!y h 
all begun & end$ ) human m]it & human   
ef=t4 ,brok5 ci/]ns h ev]y:]e tak5 !    
place ( ! ,"o ,f\nta9 ( ,et]nal ,life4  
,?\gh all ^! sy/ems recognize ! s9 &    
mis]y ( ! _w1 & c>ry _! e/imate ( !m to 
! l5g? ( d[nright pessimism1 !y h       
discov]$ no eye t c\ld pity & no arm t  
c\ld br+ salvation4 ,9 ! sil5ce & gloom 
( ! _w's hi/ory only "o voice has said1 
,lo1 ,i come6 9 ! volume ( ! ,book x is 
writt5 ( me4 ,& al?\gh m5 h 9 all ages  
/riv5 to rid !mselves ( s9 by           
self-mortification1 & ev5 mutilation1   
yet ! ev]-recurr+ "q1 ,:o %all deliv] me
 f ! body ( ?is dea?8 0 nev] answ]$ till
 ,paul answ]$ x 9 8 raptur\s ackn[l$gm5t
 ( victory ?r\gh ! righte\sness ( ,*ri/4
 ,mohamm$ nev] claim$ to be a savi\r or 
ev5 an int]cessor4 ,he 0 ! sword ( ,god 
aga9/ idolators1 & ! ambassador ( ,god  
to believ]s2 b beyond ! promise ( a     
s5su\s heav51 he (f]$ no salvation4 ,he 
_h no rem$y = s9--except t 9 8 own case 
he claim$ a special revelation ( clem5cy

 & indulg5ce4 ,_m a :olesome tru? d]iv$ 
f ! ,old ,te/am5t scriptures 0          
promulgat$ to ! fai?ful1 b              
self-righte\sness1 & especially valor 9 
,mohamm$an conque/1 0 (f]$ z ! key to   
p>adise4#bjf  ,d\btless we %\ld view !  
false sy/ems ) discrim9ation4 ,l !      
sublime philosophy ( ,plato1            
,mohamm$anism does tea* an exalt$ idea (
 ,god1 & !re is1 accord+ly1 a dignity & 
rev]5ce 9 its =ms ( wor%ip4 ,i once     
witness$ a v impos+ spectacle 9 ! great 
mosque at ,delhi1 on ! ,moslem ,sabba?4 
,sev]al hundr$ ,indian ,mohamm$ans 7    
repeat+ _! pray]s 9 conc]t4 ,!y 7 9 _!  
be/ attire1 & fre% f _! ablutions1 & _! 
conc]t$ g5uflections1 ! subdu$ murmur ( 
_! _m voices1 & ! g5]al solemnity ( _!  
demeanor1 r5d]$ ! :ole s]vice mo/       
impressive4 ,x contra/$ /rongly ) !     
spectacle :i* ,i witness$ a little lat] 
9 ! temple ( ,siva1 9 ,b5>es4 ,!        
unspeakable wor%ip ( ! l+a1 ! scatt]+ ( 
rice & fl[]s & ! p\r+ ( libations be=e  
?is symbol2 ! hang+ ( g>l&s on ! horns (

 sacr$ bulls1 & t by wom52 ! ru%+ to &  
fro1 track+ ! fil? ( ! sacr$ /ables into
 ! trodd5 ooze ( rice & fl[]s :i* cov]$ 
! temple pavem5ts2 ! draw+ & sipp+ (    
wat] f ! adjac5t cesspool1 kn[n z !     
sacr$ well2 ! %\t+ & /rik+ ( bells1 & ! 
g5]al fr5zy ( ! p--all ?is c\ld be      
consid]$ z no?+ %ort ( wild & deprav$   
orgies4 ,if we mu/ *oose1 give u ,islam1
 :e!r 9 contra/ ) ! ,siva wor%ip (      
,india or ) ! tyranny ( ! wit* doctors (
 int]ior ,africa4  ,yet1 ,i repeat1     
,islam has no salvation1 no s*eme (     
grace1 no great ,physician4 ,9 visit+   
any ,mohamm$an c\ntry "o is impress$ )  
?is "o defect1 ! want ( a ,m$iator4 ,i  
once /ood 9 ! c5tral hall ( an impos+   
mansion 9 ,damascus1 ar\nd ! frieze (   
:i* 7 describ$1 9 ,arabic lett]s ( gold1
 ,! ,hundr$ ,names ( ,allah4 ,!y 7      
int]pret$ to me by a fri5d z sett+ =? ! 
l(ty attributes ( ,god--= example1 ,!   
,inf9ite1 ,! ,et]nal1 ,! ,creator1 ,!   
,all-,see+1 ,! ,m]ciful1 ,! ,j4 ,no "o  
c\ld help be+ impress$ by ^! inspir+    

names4 ,!y 7 ! common h]itage ( ,judaism
 & ,*ri/ianity be=e ,islam adopt$ !m1 & 
!y are well calculat$ to fill ! s\l )   
rev]5ce & awe4 ,b !re is ano!r class (  
names :i* 7 pr$ict$ by ,judaism &       
rejoic$ 9 by ,*ri/ianity1 b :i* ,islam  
rejects2 = example1 ,messiah1 ,immanuel1
 or ,god ) u1 ,! ,son ( ,god1 ,! ,son ( 
,man1 ,! ,r$eem]1 ,! ,eld] ,bro!r4 ,9 a 
^w1 ,islam has no?+ to fill ! brea*     
betwe5 a holy & j ,god & !              
consci5ce-smitt5 s\ls ( m54 ,^! honor$  
names ( ,allah are z sublime z !        
sn[-peaks ( ! ,himalayas & z            
inaccessible4 ,h[ c we atta9 unto !m8   
,)\t a ,daysman h[ %all we bridge !     
abyss t lies betwe58 ,ev5 ,israel plead 
= ,moses to speak to !m 9 place ( !     
,inf9ite1 & !y voic$ a felt want ( all  
human he>ts4  ,yet no religi\s sy/em b  
,*ri/ianity reveals a ,m$iator4 ,!re is 
9 o!r fai?s no su* conception z !       
fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,?\gh su* names z      
,dyauspat]1 ,zeuspit] or ,jupit]1 & o!rs
 be>+ ! import ( fa!r are sometimes     

f\nd1 yet !y imply only a common s\rce1 
z ! sun is ! s\rce ( life4 ,!y lack !   
elem5ts ( love & fo/]+ c>e4 ,!re c be no
 real fa!rhood & no _s ( adoption except
 ?r\gh union ) ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! idea t 
re-bir? & remission ( s9 may be foll[$  
by adoption & heir%ip1 & jo9t heir%ip ) 
! ,son ( ! ,inf9ite1 belongs to !       
,*ri/ian fai? alone2 & ! hope &         
inspiration ( su* a h]itage1 se5 9      
contra/ ) ! endless & di%e>t5+ prospects
 ( c\ntless transmigrations1 are beyond 
! p[] ( language to describe4 ,x 0 )    
inf9ite reason t ,paul 0 taught to reg>d
 8 "w among ! ,g5tiles z a rescue or a  
deliv]ance f d>kness unto light1 & f !  
p[] ( ,satan unto ,god1 & x 0 a         
priceless boon :i* enabl$ him to (f] at 
once ! full remission ( s9s & a "p 9 !  
glori\s inh]itance reveal$ ?r\gh fai? 9 
,*ri/4  ,m]e e?ical k _c com=t ! human  
s\l4 ,contra/ ! gloom ( ,m>cus ,aurelius
 ) ! joy ( ,david 9 ,psalm cxix42 &     
,s5eca1 also1 ) all 8 disc]nm5t1 & 8    
eloqu5t pres5tation ( beautiful         

precepts1 0 "o ( ! sadde/1 d>ke/ *>act]s
 ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,he 0 ! man :o s*em$ )
 ,catil9e1 & :o at ! same "t t he wrote 
epigrams urg$ ,n]o onw>d ) flatt]y &    
enc\ragem5t to 8 mo/ infam\s vices & 8  
bolde/ crimes4 ,k ( e?ical maxims & !   
p[] ( express+ !m1 !re=e1 is "o ?+1     
religion is ano!r4 ,religion is a       
device1 human or div9e1 = rais+ up m5 by
 a real or a suppos$ sup]natural aid4 ,x
 ought to reveal ,god z a help] & a     
,savi\r4 ,x ought to be a provision (   
grace by :i* ! ,j c yet be a ju/ifi] (  
!m t are weak & w\nd$ by s94 ,! e?ical  
sy/ems ( ! hea!n _w corroborate !       
,scriptural diagnosis ( man's "* &      
condition1 b !y fail z prescriptions4 ,s
 f> z div9e help & reg5]ative p[] are   
conc]n$1 !y leave ! race helpless /ill4 
,*ri/ianity is a sy/em ( fai? 9 a moral 
z well z 9 an intellectual s5se4 ,x     
inculcates a _s ( lov+1 filial tru/     
in/ead ( a qu]ul\s self-righte\sness :i*
 virtually *ides ! unkn[n ,rul] ( !     
univ]se4 ,accord+ to ,! ,light ( ,asia  

:5 ! ,buddha prea*$ at ,kapilava/u !re 7
 assembl$ m5 & devils1 bea/s & birds1   
all victims alike ( ! cruel fate t rul$ 
! _w4 ,exi/5ce 0 an evil & only !       
,buddha c\ld be f\nd to pity4 ,b t pity 
(f]$ no hope except 9 ! de/ruction (    
hope1 & ! de/ruction ( all desire1 all  
aspiration1 ev5 all feel+2 :ile         
,*ri/ianity (f]s a hope :i* make? n     
a%am$1 ev5 an immortal inh]itance4#bjg  
,h9duism also1 l ,islam & ,buddhism1    
lacks e elem5t ( div9e salvation4 ,x is 
:olly a ?+ ( m]it4 ,! inf9ite ,brahm is 
said to be void ( attributes ( all k9ds4
 ,no an?ropomorphic conception c be     
pr$icat$ ( him4 ,! ?ree ,gods ( !       
,trimurti are cold & di/ant--?\gh =     
,vi%nu 9 8 alleg$ inc>nation ( ,kri%na1 
a sympa!tic nature 0 claim$ at a lat]   
day--borr[$1 "s say1 f ,buddhism1 or1   
accord+ to o!rs1 f ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 !    
,h9du sa9t all spiritual p[] 9 ?is life 
is ! m]it p[] ( ascetic au/]ities1 all  
hope = ! future _w lies 9 ! cleans+     
efficacy ( endless transmigrations ( :i*

 ! goal is absorption into deity4  ,b ! 
difficulty ) bo? ,buddhism & ,h9duism is
 t transmigration _c reg5]ate4 ,x is    
only a vague po/ponem5t ( ! moral issues
 ( ! s\l4 ,!re is recogniz$ no future   
int]v5tion t c effect a *ange 9 ! d[nw>d
 drift1 & :y %\ld a ?\s& exi/5ces prove 
bett] ?an "o8 ,accord+ to a law (       
physics kn[n z ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 a body 
once set 9 motion w nev] /op unless     
?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( "s o!r resi/+ =ce4 
,& ?is is /rik+ly true ( moral "* & !   
well-kn[n p[] & mom5tum ( habit4 ,:o    
%all *ange ! leop>d's spots or deflect !
 fatal drift ( a human s\l8             
,remorselessly ^! ,ori5tal sy/ems exact 
f ,kh>ma ! utt]mo/ f>?+4 ,!y emphasize !
 fact t accord+ to ! s[+ %all be !      
reap+1 & t 9 no "p ( ! univ]se c ill    
des]t escape its aw>ds4 ,ev5 if *ange 7 
possible1 !re=e1 h[ %all ! old score be 
settl$8 ,:at help1 :at rescue c m]e     
inf9itude ( "t af=d1 ?\gh !             
transmigrations %\ld numb] t5s ( ?\s&s8 
,!re is no h9t t any pity+ eye ( ,god or

 devil looks ^u ! /ruggle1 or any arm is
 /ret*$ =? to raise up ! crippl$ &      
helpless s\l4 ,"t is ! only ,savi\r--"t 
s va/1 s vague1 s di/ant1 t ! m9d _c    
foll[s its cycles or trace ! relations (
 cause & effect4  ,9 contra/ ) all ?is1 
,*ri/ianity bids ! ,h9du ascetic cease f
 8 self-mortification & become himself a
 h]ald ( ,glad ,tid+s4 ,x invites !     
hook-sw+] to r5\nce 8 useless torture & 
accept ! avail+ sacrifice ( ,him :o hung
 ^u ! ,cross4 ,x relieves woman f ! p[] 
( ,satan1 z ex]cis$ 9 ^? cruel          
disabilities :i* false sy/ems h impos$  
^u h]1 & assigns h] a place ( honor 9 ! 
k+dom ( ,god4 ,! _w has n done sc(f+ at 
! idea ( a vic>i\s sacrifice = ! s9s (  
m51 & yet x has advanc$ s f> t its be/  
?9k]s1 ev5 )\t any religi\s bias1 are   
agre$ t ! pr9ciple ( self-sacrifice is !
 v highe/ elem5t ( "* t man c aspire to4
 ,& ?is is tantam\nt to an ackn[l$gm5t t
 ! great pr9ciple :i* ! ,cross          
illu/rates1 & on :i* ! salvation ( !    
race is made to re/1 is ! cr[n+ glory ( 

all e?ics & mu/ be !re=e ! g]m9al       
pr9ciple ( all true religion4           
,*ri/ianity ) its doctr9e ( volunt>y    
,div9e ,sacrifice 0 no aft]-?\ght4 ,paul
 speaks ( x z ! my/]y :i* ha? be5 hid f 
ages & f g5]ations b n[ is made manife/4
 ,x 0 ! "o great my/]y :i* angels _h    
desir$ to look into & = :i* ! :ole _w _h
 wait$ 9 travail & expectation4 ,*ri/ 0 
! ,lamb sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 & !  
entire _w-hi/ory has proce$$ "u an      
economy ( grace4 ,& ,i repeat1 its      
fundam5tal pr9ciple ( sacrifice1        
exemplifi$ z x has be5 ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian 
c5turies1 has won ! recognition ev5 ( ^?
 :o 7 n !mselves ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 ,!  
hi/ory ( self-sacrifice dur+ ! la/      
eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 says ,lecky1 has   
be5 ma9ly ! hi/ory ( ! action (         
,*ri/ianity ^u ! _w4 ,ignorance & error 
h no d\bt (t5 direct$ ! h]oic _s into   
wrong *annels1 & sometimes ev5 made x a 
cause ( great evil to mank9d2 b x is !  
moral type & beauty1 ! enl>g$ conception
 & p]suasive p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? t h  

*iefly call$ x into be+2 & x is by _!   
influ5ce alone t x c be p]man5tly       
ma9ta9$4#bjh ,speak+ ( ! same pr9ciple  
,c>lyle says3 ,x is only ) r5unciation t
 life1 prop]ly speak+1 c be said to     
beg94444 ,9 a valiant suff]+ = o!rs1 n 9
 a slo?ful mak+ o!rs suff] = u1 did     
nobl5ess ev] lie4 ,& ,george ,s& 9 /ill 
/rong] t]ms has said1 ,!re is b "o sole 
virtue 9 ! _w--! ,et]nal ,sacrifice (   
self4  ,:ile we pond] ^! te/imonies com+
 f su* witnesses we rememb] h[ ! ,great 
,apo/le traces ?is wond]-work+ pr9ciple 
back to its ,div9e ,s\rce1 & f t ,s\rce 
d[n into all ! commone/ walks ( life :5 
he says1 ,let ?is m9d be 9 y :i* 0 also 
9 ,*ri/1 :o1 be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god1 ?\ght x 
n robb]y to be equal ) ,god2 b made     
himself ( no reputation1 & took on ,him 
! =m ( a s]vant1 & 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( 
m53 & be+ f\nd 9 fa%ion z a man1 he     
humbl$ himself1 & became ob$i5t unto    
dea?1 ev5 ! dea? ( ! ,cross4 ,or :5 he  
rem9ds ! ,cor9?ians t1 ?\gh ,*ri/ 0 ri*1
 yet = _! sake ,he became poor1 t !y    

?r\gh ,8 pov]ty might be ri*4  ,9 all ! 
,ori5tal sy/ems !re is no?+ l ?is1 ei!r 
z a div9e s\rce ( all-avail+ help &     
rescue1 or z a cele/ial spr+ ( human    
action4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is communicable    
grace t ,*ri/ becomes ! ,way1 ! ,tru?1 !
 ,life4 ,well might ,augu/9e say t :ile 
! philosophy ( ,plato l$ him to l(ty    
conceptions ( ,god1 x c\ld n %[ him h[  
to approa* ,him or be reconcil$ unto    
,him4 ,= x is "o ?+1 he says1 f !       
m\nta9's %aggy top to see ! l& ( peace &
 to f9d no way ?i!r2 & 9 va9 to essay   
?r\gh ways impossible1 oppos$ & beset by
 fugitives & des]t]s1 "u _! capta9 !    
lion & ! dragon2 & ano!r to keep on !   
way t leads ?i!r gu>d$ by ! ho/ ( !     
heav5ly ,g5]al1 :]e !y spoil n t h      
des]t$ ! heav5ly army2 = !y avoid x z v 
torm5t4 ,^! ?+s did wond]fully s9k into 
my b[els :5 ,i read t lea/ ( ,?y        
,apo/les1 & _h m$itat$ ^u ,?y works &   
trembl$ exce$+ly4 ,:ile ,*ri/ianity is  
:olly unique 9 provid+ an objective     
,salvation in/ead ( attempt+ to "w out  

p]fection f begg>ly elem5ts )9 ! s\l    
itself1 z all hea!n sy/ems d1 & z all   
our mod]n s*emes ( m]e e?ical culture d1
 x at ! same "t implants 9 ! he>t ! mo/ 
fruitful g]ms ( subjective spiritual    
life4 ,its sup]ior trans=mation ( human 
"*1 z comp>$ ) all o!r cults1 is n only 
a matt] ( doctr9e b also a matt] (      
hi/ory4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t ,*ri/ianity   
has wr\ght mo/ p[]fully ( all fai?s 9   
tam+ savage races z well z individual   
m51 9 m\ld+ high] civilizations &       
inspir+ s5tim5ts ( humanity & bro!rly   
love4 ,*ri/1 says "o ( ! ,bampton       
,lectur]s1 is ! ,light t broods ov] all 
hi/ory4444 ,all t !re is ^u e>? (       
beauty1 tru?1 & goodness1 all t         
di/+ui%es ! civiliz$ man f ! savage is  
?is gift4 ,& if x be ask$ h[ ! leav5 (  
,*ri/'s influ5ce has p]vad$ all society1
 ! answ] is t ! "w is presid$ ov] by a  
div9e & omnipot5t ,_s :o repres5ts      
,*ri/1 :o c>ries out :at ,he began1 :o  
by a direct & trans=m+ p[] r5ews &      
enlight5s & prompts ! s\l4  ,*ri/ianity1

 !n1 is n a record1 a hi/ory ( :at 0    
said & done eighte5 c5turies ago3 x is n
 a body ( doctr9es & precepts3 x is !   
liv+ p[] ( ,god 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,! writt5
 ,^w is ! sword ( ?is ,div9e ,_s4 ,!    
r5ew$ s\l is begott5 ( ! ,_s & x is     
in/9ct ) ! indwell+ ( ! ,_s4 ,no o!r    
sy/em makes any claim to su* an influ5ce
 z t ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,sacr$ books1     
writt5 sy/ems ( law or e?ics w\ld all   
prove a dead lett]--! ,bible itself1 z  
well z ! ,v$a1 w\ld be a dead lett] b = 
! co-op]ation ( ?is ,div9e ,_s4 ,sacr$  
,scriptures might be v5]at$1 !y w\ld n  
be obey$4 ,! dead he>t mu/ be quick5$ & 
r5ew$ & only ,*ri/ianity reveals !      
,trans=m+ ,p[]4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say   
unto !e1 ,except a man be born aga9 he  
_c see ! ,k+dom ( ,god4  ,in/antane\s   
r5ewal ( ! "* & ! life is n ev5 claim$  
by o!r fai?s2 !re is 9 !m no?+ l !      
conv]sion ( ,saul ( ,t>sus1 or t ( ?\s&s
 ( o!rs well kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian 
exp]i5ce4 ,!re are no su* *anges 9 m5   
:o1 f hav+ l$ lives ( pr(ligacy &       

irreligion1 h turn$ at once into pa?s ( 
righte\sness--h tam$ _! wild prop5sities
 & submitt$ !mselves to ! g5tle law (   
love4 ,b "u ,*ri/ian influ5ce we h se5  
,african] ! savage trans=m$ to a        
tractable1 humane1 & lov+ disciple4 ,we 
h se5 ! wild & blood?ir/y ,koord subdu$ 
& made z a little *ild4 ,we h se5 !     
cannibal ,k+ ,?okambo1 ( ,fiji1 turn$ f 
8 cruelty to a simple1 *ildlike fai?1 & 
made to pref] ! good ( 8 p to ! glory ( 
a p[]less sceptre4 ,:ole races1 l !     
,nor?m51 h be5 tam$ f savag]y & made    
peaceable & e>ne/ foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 ,9   
our own "t x has be5 said ( a mission>y 
9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,isl&s1 t :5 he arriv$
 on 8 field !re 7 no ,*ri/ians1 & :5 he 
clos$ 8 labors !re 7 no hea!n4  ,!      
religion ( ,gautama has won :ole tribes 
( m51 ,h9duism & ,mohamm$anism are ev5  
n[ w9n+ conv]ts f feti%-wor%ipp+ races1 
b1 s f> z ,i "k1 none ( ^! fai?s h ev]  
made conv]ts except ei!r by w> or by !  
pres5tation ( su* motives z might appeal
 to ! natural he>t ( man2 !re has be5 no

 spiritual trans=mation4 ,if x be said t
 ! ,buddhi/ ,nirvana & ! ,h9du doctr9e (
 f9al absorption _c attract ! natural   
he>t1 ! ready answ] is t ,nirvana &     
absorption are n ! real inspiration ( _!
 respective sy/ems4 ,!y are s f> remov$ 
into ! dim future z to ex]t no practical
 influ5ce on ! great mass ( m54 ,!      
future e/ate t is really expect$ &      
desir$ is a happy ideal transmigration1 
& p]haps _m ( !m2 & ! *ief felicity ( ! 
,h9du is t no p>ticul> e/ate is         
prescrib$4 ,:ile ! ,*ri/ian is promis$ a
 heav5 to :i* ! natural he>t does n     
aspire1 ! ,h9du may imag9e & prefigure 8
 own heav54 ,8 next life may be z c>nal 
z ! cele/ial hunt+-gr\nd ( ! ,indian or 
! promis$ p>adise ( ! ,moslem4 ,x may be
 only ! air-ca/le ( a day-dream]4 ,!re  
is no moral trans=mation4 ,!re is no    
expulsive p[] ( a new & high]           
aspiration4 ,old ?+s h n pass$ away2    
no?+ has become new4  ,b ! grace ( ,god 
9 ,*ri/ claims to "w an entire *ange 9 !
 desires & aspirations ( ! he>t by ! p[]

 ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,paul f\nd ! m5 (     
,ephesus highly civiliz$ 9 a s5se1 b    
dead 9 trespasses & s9s1 walk+ accord+  
to ! c\rse ( ?is _w1 & hav+ _!          
conv]sation 9 ! lu/s ( ! fle%4 ,b ,god  
by ,8 ,_s s quick5$ !m t !y 7 able to   
und]/& & appreciate "o ( ! mo/ spiritual
 ( all 8 ,epi/les4 ,he address$ !m z new
 creatures1 z ,god's workman%ip1 creat$ 
9 ,*ri/ ,jesus unto good works4  ,z has 
already be5 notic$1 all !ories ( moral  
trans=mation f\nd 9 hea!n sy/ems require
 "t4 ,! process is c>ri$ on by int5sive 
& long-cont9u$ ?\ght1 or by gradual     
accumulations ( m]it4 ,only ! ,buddha 0 
enlight5$ p] sallum1#bji s to speak4 ,& 
q 9 accord ) ?is view are ^? mod]n =ms (
 mat]ialism :i* ma9ta9 t m5tal & moral  
habits consi/ 9 gradual impressions made
 9 ! molecules ( ! n]ve-tissues--t ^!   
impressions come at l5g? to det]m9e our 
acts )\t ! necessity ( ei!r purpose or  
consci\s recognition1 & t only :5 "r    
action becomes ?us involunt>y c "*      
/rictly be said to exi/4#baj ,b su*     

!ories c]ta9ly d n h>monize ) ! kn[n    
facts ( ,*ri/ian conv]sion already      
allud$ to4 ,we d n refuse to recognize a
 c]ta9 degree ( tru? hidd5 9 ^!         
speculations4 ,we are aw>e t cont9u$    
?\ght or emotion promotes a c]ta9 habit1
 & t 9 ! ,*ri/ian life su* habit becomes
 an elem5t ( /r5g?4 ,we also admit t    
high & pure ?\ght & emotion /amp        
!mselves at l5g? ^u our physical nature1
 & appe> 9 ! v expression ( ! c\nt5ance1
 b :5 we look = ! trans=m+ impulse t c  
beg9 & su/a9 su* habitual ex]cises 9    
spite ( ! natural s9fulness & corruption
 :i* all sy/ems admit1 we f9d x only 9 !
 ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! new bir? by ! p[] 
( ! ,holy ,gho/4  ,on ^! two doctr9es ( 
a ,div9e ,vic>i\s ,sacrifice & ( !      
trans=m+ p[] ( a ,div9e ,_s we might re/
 our case4 ,x %\ld be suffici5t to %[1  
fir/1 t ,*ri/ianity alone provides a    
div9e salvation 9 :i* ,god is made s9 = 
u2 & second1 t its p[] alone1 ?\gh      
objective1 works 9 u ! only effectual   
subjective trans=mation by a direct     

influ5ce f on high4 ,b !re are _m o!r   
po9ts ( contra/ 9 :i* ! transc5d5t "* ( 
,*ri/ianity appe>s4  ,fir/1 an important
 diff]5tial lies 9 ! complet5ess ( !    
,div9e p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,buddhism1  
,confucianism1 & ,mohamm$anism1 7       
/rongly support$ by ! p]sonality ( _!   
f\nd]s4 ,we also *e]fully accord to su* 
m5 z ,socrates & ,plato great p]sonal   
influ5ce4 ,!y h impress$ !mselves ^u !  
millions ( mank9d m deeply ?an /atesm51 
or pot5tates1 or conqu]ors2 b n "o ( ^! 
pres5ts to u a complete & r\nd$ "*1     
judg$ ev5 f a human /&-po9t4 ,mohamm$   
utt]ly fail$ on ! e?ical side4#baa ,8   
life 0 s m>r$ by co>se s5suality1 weak  
effem9acy1 he>tless cruelty1 unblu%+    
hypocrisy1 & heav5-defy+ blasphemy1 t b 
= 8 /up5d\s a*ievem5ts1 & 8 sublime &   
p]si/5t self-ass]tion1 he w\ld long s9ce
 h be5 buri$ b5ea? ! contempt (         
mank9d4#bab ,confucius appe>s to h be5  
above reproa* 9 morals1 & t amid        
univ]sal pr(ligacy2 b he 0 cold 9       
temp]am5t1 unsympa!tic1 & slavi%ly      

utilit>ian 9 8 tea*+s4 ,8 e?ics lack$   
symmetry & j proportion4 ,! five        
relations :i* con/itut$ 8               
e?ico-political sy/em 7 ev]y?+4 ,!y 7   
made ! basis ( inexorable social cu/oms 
:i* sacrific$ "s ( ! t5d]e/ & noble/    
prompt+s ( ! human he>t4 ,confucius     
m\rn$ ! dea? ( 8 "m1 = filial respect 0 
a "p ( 8 sy/em1 b = 8 dy+ wife !re is no
 evid5ce ( grief or regret1 & :5 8 son  
m\rn$ ! dea? ( 8 wife ! philosoph]      
reprov$ him4 ,9 all ?+s he reason$ upw>d
 t[>d ! ?rone2 8 gr& aim 0 to build up  
an ideal /ate4 ,he !re=e magnifi$       
rev]5ce = p>5ts & all ance/ors ev5 to ! 
v]ge ( idolatry1 b he utt]ly fail$ 9 t  
symmetry 9 :i* ,paul makes ! duties (   
p>5ts & *ildr5 mutual4 ,"u 8 sy/em a    
fa!r might ex]cise 8 caprice almo/ to ! 
p[] ( life or dea?1 & a ,*9ese "m-9-law 
is prov]bially a tyrant4 ,! beautiful   
sympa?y ( ,*ri/1 %[n 9 bless+ little    
*ildr5 & 9 draw+ lessons f _! simple    
tru/1 w\ld h be5 utt]ly out ( place 9 ! 
great sage ( ,*9a4 ,confucius seems to h

 tr\bl$ himself b slightly1 if at all1  
ab\t ! wants ( ! poor & ! suff]+2 he    
taught no doctr9e ( self-sacrifice = !  
ignorant & ! unwor?y4 ,8 ideal ( !      
sup]ior man w\ld h be5 t>ni%$ by t      
contact ) ! l[ly & degrad$ :i* 0 ! glory
 ( ! ,*ri/4 ,& :5 8 cotempor>y1 ,laotze1
 taught ! duty ( do+ good1 ev5 to       
enemies1 he repudiat$ ! pr9ciple z      
uncall$ = 9 ! relative duties :i* %\ld  
gov]n mank9d4#bac  ,) respect to        
p]sonality1 probably a high] claim has  
be5 made = ,gautama ?an = ei!r ( !      
*>act]s :o h be5 nam$4 ,sir ,edw9       
,arnold1 9 8 preface to ! ,light (      
,asia1 has assign$ to him a virtual     
s9lessness1 & su* is d\btless ! "* :i* 8
 foll[]s w\ld claim = him4 ,b z a model 
= ! great masses ( m5 ,gautama 0 v f> f 
p]fection4 ,he _h little ( ! g5ial      
sunlight ( humanity2 9 e fibre ( 8      
nature he 0 a recluse2 8 views ( life 7 
pessimi/ic2 he _h no glad tid+s = !     
sorr[+2 no enc\ragem5t = ! we>y & !     
heavy lad54#bad ,8 agno/icism 0 ill     

adapt$ to ! irrepressible wants (       
mank9d1 = !y mu/ place _! tru/ 9 a high]
 p[]1 real or imag9$4#bae ,b :ile he ca/
 a cl\d ov] ! be+ ( ,god he drove 8     
despair+ c\ntrym5 to ! wor%ip ( s]p5ts &
 evil spirits4 ,9 ,ceylon1 :i* is p>    
em95ce an or?odox ,buddhi/ c\ntry1 n9ety
 p] c5t4 ( ! population are said to be  
devil wor%ipp]s1 & ! devil juggl]s are  
patroniz$ ev5 by ! ,buddhi/ monks4#baf  
,z ! philosophy ( ,gautama 0 above !    
compreh5sion ( ! common p1 s 8 example 0
 also above _! rea*4 ,x utt]ly lack$ !  
elem5t ( tru/1 & involv$ ! v de/ruction 
( society4 ,to w&] ap>t l a rh9oc]os &  
be sil5t z a brok5 gong might be        
practicable = a *os5 few1 if only self 7
 to be consid]$1 b sil5ce & isolation   
are n wor?y ideals 9 a _w ( mutual      
dep5d5ce & :]e all life's bless+s are   
enhanc$ by ! m9i/ries ( ! /rong to !    
necessities ( ! weak4 ,inf9itely high] 0
 ! example ( ,him :o said1 ,my ,fa!r    
worke? hi!rto1 & ,i "w2 & :o accord+ly  
exhort$ 8 disciples to "w :ile ! day    

la/s4 ,*ri/ pray$ n t !y %\ld be tak5   
out ( ! _w1 b t !y %\ld be kept f !     
evil4  ,aga9 ! ,buddha's life furni%$ b 
a poor example 9 ! dome/ic duties4 ,8   
ab&onm5t ( 8 wife & *ild _c be ju/ifi$  
^u any s\nd !ory ( life4 ,:atev] may be 
said ( ! m]its ( celibacy 9 ^? :o are "u
 no m>riage v[s1 ! ab&onm5t ( sacr$     
relations once =m$ mu/ be consid]$ a    
crime aga9/ all society4 ,z ,mohamm$'s  
example ( impurity has ca/ a blight ov] 
all ,moslem l&s1 s ,gautama's )drawal f 
8 home has borne1 & is /ill be>+1 its   
evil fruit4 ,9 ,burmah x is common = a  
,buddhi/ :o desires a *ange ( wives to  
ab&on 8 family = ! sacr$ life ( a       
mona/]y1 :]e1 if he rema9s b a s+le     
mon?1 he sund]s ! old relation & is at  
lib]ty to =m a new "o4 ,good m5 are     
disgu/$1 b !re is ! example ( ! ,bless$ 
,"o6 ,x w be admitt$ t 9 comp>ison )    
,h9duism ! ,buddhi/ e?ics advanc$ woman 
to a high] social condition1 b :5 mod]n 
apologi/s comp>e ,gautama ) ,*ri/ !re   
are _m contra/s :i* _c be disguis$4  ,9 

"s respects ,socrates /&s highe/ among  
great philosoph]s4 ,mohamm$'s c>e] co/  
him no?+ b ga9$ = him ev]y?+ t man's    
e>?ly nature c\ld desire4 ,gautama made 
only a tempor>y sacrifice2 he *ang$ l[] 
indulg5ces = honor & r5[n1 & di$ at a   
ripe old age surr\nd$ by lov+ fri5ds4 ,b
 ,socrates resolutely & calmly suff]$   
m>tyrdom = 8 pr9ciples4 ,! sublime      
dignity & self-control ( 8 dy+ h\rs w   
nev] cease to w9 ! admiration ( mank9d2 
yet ,socrates 0 by no means a complete  
"*4 ,he di$ unto himself m]ely4 ,he left
 no gospel ( peace to humanity4 ,8      
influ5ce1 h[ev] pure1 c\ld n1 & 9 fact  
did n1 become a diffusive & trans=m+    
leav51 ei!r 9 8 own or 9 any subsequ5t  
g5]ation4 ,! late ,mat!w ,arnold has    
said1 ,! radical diff]5ce betwe5 ,jesus 
& ,socrates is t su* a conception z     
,paul's 7conception ( fai?7 w\ld1 if    
appli$ to ,socrates1 be out ( place &   
ineffective4 ,socrates inspir$ b\ndless 
fri5d%ip & e/eem1 b ! inspiration (     
reason & consci5ce is ! "o inspiration  

:i* comes f him & :i* impels u to live  
righte\sly z he did4 ,a p5etrat+        
en?usiasm ( love1 sympa?y1 pity1        
adoration1 re9=c+ ! inspiration ( reason
 & duty does n belong to ,socrates4 ,)  
,jesus x is diff]5t4 ,on ?is po9t x is  
ne$less to argue3 hi/ory has prov$4 ,9 !
 mid/ ( errors ! mo/ prosaic1 ! mo/     
immoral1 ! mo/ unscriptural1 conc]n+    
,god1 ,*ri/1 & righte\sness1 ! imm5se   
emotion ( love & sympa?y inspir$ by !   
p]son & "* ( ,jesus has _h to "w almo/  
by itself alone = righte\sness1 b x has 
work$ wond]s4#bag  ,?is tribute to !    
complet5ess & p[] ( ,*ri/'s p]sonality  
is calculat$ to rem9d "o ( a memorable  
*apt] 9 ! well-kn[n "w ( ! late ,dr4    
,horace ,bu%nell1 entitl$1 ,nature & !  
,sup]natural4 ,) a wond]ful p[] x       
portrays ,*ri/ z ris+ above ! plane (   
m]ely human *>act]s--z belong+ to no age
 or race or /age ( civilization--z      
transc5d5t n 9 "s ( ! virtues1 b 9 !m   
all--z nev] subject to prejudice1 or !  
impulse ( passion1 nev] los+ t p]fect   

poise :i* x has be5 impossible = !      
greate/ ( m5 to a*ieve--z possess$ ( a  
my/]i\s magnetism :i* c>ri$ conviction  
to ,8 he>]s ev5 :5 claim+ to be "o ) !  
,inf9ite--z inspir+ ?\s&s ) a love :i*  
has l$ !m to give _! lives = ,8         
cause4#bah  ,i h (t5 ?\ght t "o ( ! mo/ 
/rik+ evid5ces ( ! div9e reality ( !    
,*ri/ian fai? is f\nd 9 ! reflection (  
,*ri/'s p]sonality 9 ! "* & life ( !    
apo/le ,paul4#bai ,no "o c d\bt t ,paul 
0 a real hi/oric p]sonage1 t f hav+ be5 
a /rict & influ5tial ,jew he became a   
foll[] ( ,jesus & gave himself to ,8    
s]vice ) a sublime devotion2 t he seal$ 
! s9c]ity ( 8 belief by a life (        
m>vell\s self-d5ial4 ,he _h no motive = 
act+ a false "p at su* co/2 on !        
contr>y1 an unmi/akable g5u95ess is     
/amp$ ^u 8 :ole c>e]4 ,h[ %all we expla9
 t c>e]8 ,:]e else 9 ! _w's hi/ory h we 
se5 a gift$ & exp]i5c$ man1 full ( /rong
 & repellant prejudices1 s /amp$ &      
p5etrat$ by ! p]sonality ( ano!r8  ,on  
:at !ory c we acc\nt = su* a *ange 9 su*

 a life1 except t 8 own /ory ( 8        
conv]sion 0 /rictly true1 t he _h felt 9
 8 inmo/ s\l a p[] s ov]:elm+ z to sweep
 away 8 prejudices1 humble 8 pride1 arm 
him aga9/ ! d]ision ( 8 =m] fri5ds1 &   
prep>e him = inevitable p]secution & = !
 m>tyr dea? ( :i* he 0 =ew>n$8 ,s vivid 
7 8 impressions ( ?is div9e p]sonality t
 x seem$ almo/ to absorb 8 own4 ,*ri/1  
?\gh ,he _h asc5d$1 0 /ill ) him z a    
liv+ pres5ce4 ,all 8 inspiration1 all 8 
/r5g? came f ,him4 ,8 plans & purposes  
c5tr$ 9 8 ,div9e ,ma/]1 & 8 only        
ambition 0 to be f\nd well-pleas+ 9 8   
sight4 ,he saw all types & prophecies   
fulfill$ 9 ,him z ! ,son ( ,god1 !      
fulness ( ,8 glory1 & ! express image ( 
,8 p]son4 ,paul nev] indulg$ 9 any      
similes by :i* to express ! glory (     
heav52 x 0 en\gh t we %\ld be l ,*ri/ & 
be ) ,him :]e ,he is4  ,! writ+s ( all !
 apo/les diff] f ! books ( o!r religions
 9 ! fact t _! doctr9es1 precepts1 &    
exhortations are s c5tr$ 9 _! div9e     
,tea*] & ,savi\r4 ,buddha's disciples   

cont9u$ to quote _! ,ma/]1 b ,buddha 0  
dead4 ,!oretically n ev5 8 immortal s\l 
surviv$4 ,he _h decl>$ t :5 8 bodily    
life %\ld cease !re w\ld be no?+ left ( 
:i* x c\ld be said ,i am4  ,b to ! vivid
 & realiz+ fai? ( ,*ri/'s foll[]s ,he is
 /ill _! liv+ ,head1 _! ,int]cessor1 _! 
,guide4 ,8 resurrection is ! w>rant ( _!
 future life4 ,he has gone be=e & w come
 aga9 to receive ,8 own4 ,*ri/ianity is 
,*ri/3 all believ]s are memb]s ( ,8     
my/ic body3 ! ,*ur* is ,8 bride4 ,he is 
! ,alpha & ! ,omega ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,9 
! contemplation ( ,8 p]sonality z ! *ief
 among t5 ?\s& ,8 p are *ang$ into ,8   
image z f glory to glory4 ,! gr\nd (    
salvation 9 ,*ri/ianity is n 9 a *ur*1  
nor a body ( doctr9es1 n ev5 9 ! tea*+s 
( ! ,ma/]3 x is 9 ,*ri/ ,himself z a    
humiliat$ sacrifice & a triumphant      
,savi\r4  ,second1 ! religion ( ! ,bible
 diff]s f e o!r 9 its complet5ess &     
scope--its adaptation to all ! duties & 
exp]i5ces ( life & to all races & all   
conditions ( m54 ,x alone is able to    

meet all ! deep & manifold wants (      
mank9d4 ,h>dwick has v aptly po9t$ out a
 contra/ 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! fai? (  
,abraham & t ( ! e>ly ,indo-,aryan *iefs
 z portray$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,! press+    
wants ( humanity necessitate a fai? t is
 ( ! nature ( a he>tfelt tru/4 ,no o!r c
 be reg>d$ z /rictly religi\s4 ,n[      
,abraham's fai? 0 some?+ m ?an a        
speculation or a cre$4 ,x 0 an          
all-embrac+ confid5ce 9 ,god4 ,he _h an 
abid+ s5se ( ,8 pres5ce & he confid$ 9  
,him z 8 con/ant guide1 def5d]1 & fri5d4
 ,8 family1 8 flocks1 8 relations to !  
ho/ile tribes :o surr\nd$ him1 ! promis$
 possession ( ! l& to :i* he            
j\rney$--all ^! 7 matt]s :i* he left 9 !
 h&s ( an unse5 b ev]-fai?ful fri5d4 ,8 
0 a practical fai?--a real & complete   
v5ture1 & x involv$ gratitude & loyalty 
& love4 ,abraham's *ildhood _h be5 sp5t 
9 ! home ( an idolatr\s fa!r2 = ,%emite 
z well z ,aryan _h dep>t$ f ! wor%ip ( !
 true ,god4 ,9 ,*aldea1 z 9 ,india1 m5  
_h come to wor%ip ! sun & moon & ! =ces 

( nature4 ,b :ile ! ,h9du w&]$ ev] f>!r 
away f ,jehovah1 ,abraham re/or$ ! fai? 
:i* 8 ance/ors _h lo/4 ,he _h no rec\rse
 to ,indra or ,v>una1 he s\ght no help f
 devas or dep>t$ spirits4 ,he look$ to  
,god alone1 = he _h he>d a voice say+1  
,i am ! ,almighty ,god1 walk be=e me &  
be ?\ p]fect4#bbj ,"u ! inspiration (   
su* a summons ,abraham became ! fa!r ( !
 fai?ful4 ,he 0 ! repres5tative &       
exempl> ( real & practical fai?1 n only 
to ! ,hebrew race b to all mank9d4 ,he  
/ak$ 8 all ^u a promise :i* he reg>d$ z 
div9e & !re=e sure4 ,he believ$ 9 ! ,"l 
& ,he c\nt$ x to him = righte\sness4 ,he
 left home & c\ntry & v5tur$ among      
ho/ile tribes 9 an assur$ confid5ce t he
 %\ld ga9 a possession1 ?\gh empty-h&$1 
& a c\ntless po/]ity1 ?\gh yet *ildless1
 & t all ?is w\ld be grant$ him n = 8   
own glory1 b t all nations might be ble/
 9 him4 ,& ?is subord9ation ( self & ?is
 uplift+ ( 8 s\l to a sublime hope r5d]$
 him pati5t :5 fulfilm5t seem$ po/pon$1 
& /rong aga9/ temptation :5 spoils &    

emolum5ts 7 (f]$ him2 = 9 "s s5se1 vague
 p]haps1 he =esaw a ,messiah & a ,k+dom 
( ,righte\sness1 & he 0 gird$ )         
confid5ce to ! la/1 ?\gh he di$ )\t !   
sight4  ,we look 9 va9 = any?+ to be    
comp>$ ) ?is 9 ! ,v$ic lit]ature1 /ill  
less 9 t ( ! p]iod ( ,brahmanical       
sac]dotalism1 or 9 ! /ill lat]          
speculations ( ! philosophic s*ools4    
,real ,h9duism is want+ 9 ! elem5t (    
tru/4 ,its only fai? is a belief1 a     
!ory1 a speculation4 ,x receives no?+ & 
expects no?+ z a free gift ( ,god4      
,sacrificial rites surviv$ 9 ! e>ly     
,v$ic p]iod1 b !y _h lo/ all prophetic  
significance4 ,!y t]m9at$ 9 !mselves &  
re/$ ^u _! own value4 ,!re 0 no rememb]$
 promise & no expectation ( any specific
 fulfilm5t4 ,! ,h9du ga9$ simply :at he 
b\ght ) 8 m]it or 8 (f]+s1 & he _h no   
great] s5se ( gratitude to deity ?an to 
! tradesman ( :om he made a pur*ase 9 ! 
baza>4 ,!re are1 inde$1 traces 9 "s ( ! 
e>lie/ ,v$ic hymns ( a feel+ ( dep5d5ce 
^u sup]ior p[]s1 yet ! ,brahmanical     

prie/hood taught m5 t he :o 0 ri* en\gh 
to (f] a sacrifice ( a hundr$ horses    
might bankrupt heav51 & by 8 simple "r (
 pur*ase ev5 rob ,indra ( 8 ?rone4#bba  
,z /at$ 9 a previ\s lecture1 s f> 0 ?is 
sy/em f ! fai? :i* works by love t ev5  
demons1 by co/ly sacrifices might       
dispute ! supremacy ( ! univ]se4  ,!re  
is an equally significant contra/ betwe5
 ! legislation ( ,moses & t ( ,manu4 ,! 
life & exp]i5ce ( ! =m] are int]wov5 ) 8
 /atutes4 ,!y are illu/rat$ ) ref]5ces  
to actual ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! p4 ,!    
bless+s1 ! trials1 ! puni%m5ts1 !       
victories1 ! defeats ( ,israel ent] into
 ! texture ( ! :ole ,mosaic record3 x is
 full ( sympa!tic feel+2 x takes hold on
 ! actual life ( m5 & !re=e is able to  
re=m & elevate !m4 ,x br+s n only       
,moses1 b ,jehovah ,himself into p]sonal
 sympa?y ) ! p4 ,b ,manu pres5ts /atutes
 only4 ,_m ( ^! are :olesome z laws1 b  
!y are de/itute ( t5d]ness or           
compassion4 ,no indication is giv5 ( !  
au?or's own exp]i5ce1 & we are left 9   

d\bt :e!r !re 7 n _m au?ors to :om !    
g5]al "n ( ,manu 0 appli$4 ,!re is no   
inculcation ( gratitude & love to ,god1 
or any h9t ( ,8 love to m54 ,no pray]1  
no song1 no confession ( dep5d5ce1 no   
tribute ( praise1 no record ( trembl+1  
yet tru/ful1 exp]i5ce4 ,x is all cold1  
lifeless precept & prohibition1 ) ?reats
 ( puni%m5t "h & h]eaft]4 ,religi\s     
exaction is mo/ /rict1 b !re are few    
religi\s privileges except = ,brahmans1 
& ^! !y possess by div9e bir?right4 ,no 
p>ticul> favor is ask$ f any be+ 9 heav5
 or on e>?4  ,) respect to ?is same     
elem5t ( p]sonal tru/1 & real1 he>tfelt 
exp]i5ce1 contra/ ,david also ) any     
au?or ^: "n is giv5 9 ,h9du lit]ature4  
,he 0 full ( humanity1 l>ge-he>t$1 lov+1
 grateful1 & ?\gh /a9$ by s91 yet he 0 s
 p5it5t & humble & t5d] t he 0 said to  
be a man aft] ,god's own he>t4 ,he 0 a  
successful w>rior & a great k+1 b he    
held all 8 honor & 8 p[] z a div9e gift 
& = ! ,div9e glory4 ,comp>e ! #aai?     
,psalm ) ! ,upani%ads1 or ) any ( ! six 

s*ools ( philosophy4 ,! "o deals ) moral
 precepts & spiritual aspirations1 all !
 o!rs ) subtle !ories ( creation or     
problems ( ! univ]se4 ,! "o is ! outfl[+
 ( joy\s exp]i5ce f\nd 9 ob$i5ce to     
,god's moral law1 & only out ( ! he>t   
c\ld su* a psalm h be5 writt54 ,! law ( 
,god _h become n a b>ri] or a hamp]1 b a
 delight4 ,evid5tly ,david _h f\nd a    
religion :i* fill$ e av5ue & met e want 
( 8 :ole be+4  ,aga91 only ! religion ( 
,*ri/ br+s man into 8 prop] relation (  
p5it5ce & humility be=e ,god4 ,x is     
necess>y to ! v conception (            
reconciliation to a high] & pur] be+ t  
wrong-do+ %all be confess$4 ,all ! lead+
 fai?s ( ! _w h traditions ( ! fall (   
man f a high] & holi] e/ate1 & mo/ (    
!m--notably ,h9duism1 ,buddhism1 anci5t 
,druidism1 & ! ,druse religion ( ,m\nt  
,lebanon--decl>e t ! fall 0 ! result (  
pride & rebellion ( _s4 ,& ( necessity !
 wrong1 if x _c be undone1 mu/ at lea/  
be confess$4 ,self-ju/ification is      
p]petuation4 ,! (f5d] mu/ lay aside 8   

false e/imate ( self & admit ! ju/ice ^:
 claims he has violat$4 ,ev5 9 ! ord9>y 
int]c\rse ( m5 ?is pr9ciple is          
univ]sally recogniz$4 ,!re c be no      
reconciliation )\t ei!r actual rep>ation
 or at lea/ a frank ackn[l$gm5t4        
,gov]nm5tal p>don always implies        
rep5tance & promis$ re=m1 & betwe5      
individuals a due concession to violat$ 
pr9ciple is deem$ ! dictate ( ! true/   
honor4 ,h[ c !re be reconciliation to   
,god1 !n1 )\t rep5tance & humiliation8  
,( :at value c hea!n asceticism &       
m]it-mak+ be :ile ! he>t is /ill b>r$ & 
buttress$ ) self-righte\sness8 ,! long] 
a man approa*es ! ,hol9ess ( ,deity ) ! 
(f]+s ( 8 own self-consequ5ce ! great]  
does ! enormity ( 8 (f5ce become & !    
wid] ! brea* :i* he attempts to close4  
,ev5 if he c\ld r5d] a p]fect ob$i5ce & 
s]vice = ! future1 he c\ld nev] ov]take 
! old unsettl$ score4 ,! prodigal _c    
recov] ! squ&]$ e/ate or wipe out !     
record ( folly & s91 & if !re be no     
res\rce ( free remission on ! "o h&1 &  

no deep & g5u9e rep5tance on ! o!r1 !re 
c be no possible adju/m5t4 ,! univ]sal  
judgm5t & consci5ce ( m5 s decide4      
,philosoph]s may pres5t ?is me?od & t ( 
moral culture & assimilation to ! "* ( !
 ,inf9ite1 b practically all m5 w       
approve ! philosophy taught 9 ,*ri/'s   
t\*+ p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,!      
beauty1 ! =ce1 ! propriety ( its        
pr9ciples /rike ! human und]/&+1 :e!r ( 
! sage or ( ! savage1 l a fla% (        
sunlight1 & no human he>t c fail to be  
t\*$ by its lessons4 ,yet :]e 9 all !   
wide wa/e ( hea!n fai?s or philosophies 
is !re any?+ :i* ev5 remotely resembles 
! /ory ( ! ,prodigal8 ,:]e is ! sy/em 9 
:i* su* an incid5t & su* a lesson w\ld n
 be :olly out ( place8  ,9 t anci5t book
 ( ! ,egyptian religion kn[n z ,! ,book 
( ! ,dead1 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ :5 arraign$
 be=e ! ?rone ( ,osiris are repres5t$ z 
all jo9+ 9 "o refra9 ( self-exculpation1
 utt]+ su* pleas z ^!3 ,i h n (f5d$ or  
caus$ o!rs to (f5d4 ,i h n sn>$ ducks   
illegally on ! ,nile4 ,i h n us$ false  

weights or measures4 ,i h n defraud$ my 
neighbor by unju/ly op5+ ! sluices ^u my
 own l&6 ,any s5se ( ! inw>d "* ( s9 or 
any conception ( wrong attitudes ( m9d  
or he>t t[>d ,god is utt]ly want+4 ,x is
 simply ! plea ( n guilty1 :i* ev5 ! mo/
 h>d5$ culprit may make 9 c\rt4 ,9 "o ( 
! ,v$ic hymns to ,v>una !re is some?+   
:i* looks l confession ( s91 b x really 
ends 9 palliation4 ,x 0 n our do+1 ,o   
,v>una1 x 0 necessity2 an intoxicat+    
draught1 passion1 dice1 ?\ghtlessness4  
,! old is !re to mislead ! "y4 ,ev5     
sleep br+s unrighte\sness4 ,& !         
remission s\ght = is n "o involv+ a     
*ange ( "* b only release f an ext]nal  
bond4 ,absolve u f ! s9s ( our fa!rs & f
 ^? :i* we committ$ ) our own bodies4   
,release ,vasi%?a1 ,o ,k+1 l a ?ief :o  
has fea/$ on /ol5 ox54 ,release him l a 
calf f ! rope4#bbb  ,9 ! ,p5it5tial     
,psalms ( ! anci5t ,akkadians1 :o       
inhabit$ ,nor!rn ,assyria 9 ! times (   
,abraham1 & :o may h reta9$ some?+ ( t  
true fai? f :i* ,abraham's fa!r _h      

decl9$1 we f9d a ne>] approa* to true   
p5it5ce1 b t also lacks ! inn] s5se ( s9
 & seeks m]ely an exemption f puni%m5ts4
  ,only 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts is s9 
recogniz$ z ( ! nature ( p]sonal guilt4 
,accord+ly1 ,*ri/ianity alone recognizes
 ! fact t "r ?\ghts & motives & a wor?y 
"* are ! gifts ( ,god4 ,cic]o has truly 
rem>k$#bbc t m5 ju/ly ?ank ,god =       
ext]nal bless+s1 b nev] = virtue1 or    
tal5t1 or "*4 ,all t is reg>d$ z _! own4
 ,& su* is ! conceit ( human            
self-righte\sness 9 all man-made        
religions1 :e!r ,h9du or ,greek1 anci5t 
or mod]n4 ,philosophy is 9 its v nature 
haughty & ari/ocratic4 ,ev5 ,plato      
betrays ?is elem5t4 ,x is only !        
,*ri/ian apo/le t is he>d to say1 )     
he>tfelt emotion1 ,by ! grace ( ,god ,i 
am :at ,i am4 ,! ,buddha decl>$ t he    
recogniz$ no be+ 9 any _w to :om he ow$ 
any special rev]5ce2 & especially 9 8   
lat] ye>s1 :5 8 disciples _h come to    
look ^u him z 9 a s5se div9e1 he reg>d$ 
himself z ! highe/ ( all intellig5ces on

 ! e>? or 9 ! v>i\s heav5s4 ,su*        
assumptions 9 bo? ,buddha & ,confucius w
 expla9 ! fact t = ages bo? h be5       
virtually wor%ipp$4 ,at fifte51 said    
,confucius1 ,i _h my m9d b5t on le>n+4  
,at ?irty ,i /ood firm4 ,at =ty ,i _h no
 d\bt4 ,at fifty ,i knew ! decrees (    
,heav54 ,at sixty my e> 0 an ob$i5t     
organ = ! reception ( tru?4 ,at sev5ty  
,i c\ld foll[ :at my he>t desir$ )\t    
transgress+ :at 0 "r4#bbd ,yet nei!r (  
^! great tea*]s claim$ to be a div9e    
,savi\r4 ,!y 7 simply exempl>s2 _!      
self-righte\sness 0 suppos$ to be       
atta9able by all4  ,i _c d bett] 9 ?is  
connection ?an po9t out a /rik+ contra/ 
9 ! record$ exp]i5ces ( two well-kn[n   
hi/oric *>act]s4 ,islam honors ,david1  
,k+ ( ,israel1 & accords him a place    
among its accr$it$ prophets4 ,bo? ,david
 & ,mohamm$ 7 guilty ( adult]y "u       
circum/ances ( peculi> aggravation4     
,mohamm$ cov]$ 8 (f5ce by a blasphem\s  
pret5ce ( special revelations f ,god1   
ju/ify+ 8 crime & *id+ him = su* qualms 

( consci5ce z he _h4 ,david lay 9 du/ & 
a%es :ile he bemoan$ n only !           
consequ5ces ( 8 s9 & ! brea* ( ju/ice   
t[>d 8 neighbor1 b also ! deep spiritual
 (f5ce ( 8 act4 ,aga9/ ,!e1 & ,!e only1 
,o ,god1 h ,i s9n$1 & done ?is evil 9   
,?y sight4 ,pr(\nde/ p5it5ce on ! "o h& 
& ,heav5-d>+ blasphemy on ! o!r1 !      
,bible & ! ,koran be+ witnesses6  ,ano!r
 m>k$ di/9ction is se5 9 ! moral purity 
( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures z contra/$ ) ! 
s-call$ sacr$ books ( all o!r religions4
 ,t :i* is simply human w naturally be  
expect$ to %[ ! moral ta9t ( laps$      
humanity4 ,! wat]s _c rise high] ?an !  
f\nta9-head1 nor c "o ga!r figs f       
?i/les4 ,9 our social int]c\rse ) m5 we 
soon] or lat] f9d out _! true moral     
level4 ,& s 9 :at is writt51 ! exact    
grade ( ! au?or w surely appe>4 ,& x is 
by ?is v te/ t we c ) tol]able accuracy 
di/+ui% ! human f ! div9e 9 religi\s    
records4 ,x is n difficult to det]m9e   
:at is f heav5 & :at is ( ! e>?4  ,no   
enlight5$ read] ( ,greek my?ology c     

proce$ f> )\t discov]+ t he is deal+ ) !
 pruri5t & (t5 lascivi\s imag9+s (      
semi-b>b>\s poets4 ,he f9ds ! poetry & !
 art ( ,greece bo? reflect+ ! "* ( a    
passionate p1 br$ "u a s\!rn sun & 9 an 
extremely s5su\s age4 ,if he v5tures    
into ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! popul> religi\s   
lit]ature ( ,greece or ,rome1 or anci5t 
,egypt or ,pho5icia1 he f9ds unspeakable
 vice en%r9$ among ! my/]ies ( religion1
 & corruptions :i* an age ( ref9em5t    
refuses to translate or depict ab\nd on 
e h&4 ,or apply ! same te/ to !         
lit]ature ( ,h9duism1 ev5 9 its e>lie/ &
 pure/ /ages4 ,! sacr$ ,v$as1 :i* are   
suppos$ to h be5 brea!d into ! s\ls (   
anci5t ri%is by direct div9e efflu5ce1  
are ta9t$ "h & !re by debas+ human      
elem5ts1 & t n incid5tally b z ! v s\l (
 ! ,h9du sy/em4 ,= example1 :5 ! ,v$ic  
hymns promise z future rew>ds ! l[e/    
s5sual indulg5ces#bbe none c d\bt !     
e>?ly s\rce ( _! inspiration4 ,z = !    
,upani%ads1 :i* are reg>d$ z ,sruti or  
inspir$1 ,pr(essor ,max ,muell]1 9 8    

,introduction to ! fir/ volume ( ,!     
,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 virtually admits
 ! impropriety ( translat+ !m = ,engli% 
read]s )\t expurgation4 ,mr4 ,ram ,*&ra 
,bose1 ( ,luckn[1 decl>es himself       
unable1 = ! same reason1 to give a full 
& unabridg$ acc\nt ( ! anci5t ,h9du     
sacrifices4#bbf ,! lat] lit]atures ( !  
,puranas & ! ,tantras are l[] /ill4     
,anti-,*ri/ian ,ori5tali/s h s g5]ally  
convey$ ! popul> impression t _! cull$ &
 expurgat$ translations 7 fair          
repres5tations ( ,h9du lit]ature t      
,wilson f9ally felt call$ ^u 9 ! int]e/ 
( tru? & hone/y to lift ! veil f "s ( ! 
lat] revelations ( ! ,puranas1 & x is   
suffici5t to say t ! ,greek my?ology is 
fairly outdone by ! alleg$ & repeat$    
escapades ( ! *ief ,h9du deities4  ,!   
traditions ( all anci5t religions f\nd  
on ei!r hemisph]e1 & ! usages obs]v$    
among savage tribes ( to-day all con=m  
to ! same l[ moral gauge4 ,all are z    
deplorably human z ! degrad$ peoples :o 
devis$ !m4 ,9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 z well z 9

 ,egypt & 9 ,babylonia1 base human      
passion 0 m+l$ ) ! highe/ tea*+s (      
religion4#bbg ,buddhism has g5]ally be5 
consid]$ an exception to ?is g5]al rule1
 & x w be confess$ t its influ5ce has   
be5 va/ly high] ?an t ( ! old ,h9duism1 
or ! religions ( ,canaan1 or ,greece1 or
 ,rome1 & immeasurably high] 9 morals   
?an t ( ,islam2 yet ev5 ,buddhism has   
be5 color$ by its ,european advocates ) 
f> too roseate a hue4 ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold
 0 n ! fir/ biograph] ( ,gautama to     
glorify incid5tally ! s$uctive influ5ces
 ( 8 ,indian h>em1 & to leave on too _m 
m9ds ! impression t1 aft] all1 !        
luxuri\s palace ( ,sid>?a 0 m attractive
 ?an ! begg>s' b[l ( ! enlight5$        
,ta?agata4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,colombo1 9 an   
able article on ,buddhism1 arraigns !   
apologetic translators ( ,buddhi/ic     
lit]ature = hav+ giv5 to ! _w an        
altoge!r errone\s impression ( ! moral  
purity ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ,ceylon4#bbh 
,! vaunt$ claim t ! e>ly ,buddhi/       
records1 & especially ! e>ly rock       

inscriptions f\nd 9 caves1 are pure1    
:atev] corruptions may h crept into m   
mod]n manuscripts1 is well met by lett]s
 f a rec5t travell]1 :i* speak ( c]ta9  
,buddhi/ inscriptions s que/ionable 9 "*
 t !y _c be translat$ or describ$4#bbi  
,x is sc>cely necess>y = me to speak ( !
 base appeal to man's l[ passions f\nd 9
 ! ,koran4 ,x is only necess>y to trace 
its unmi/akable influ5ce 9 ! moral      
deg5]acy ( ,mohamm$an populations 9 all 
l&s & all ages--de/roy+ ! sacr$ness ( ! 
home1 degrad+ woman1 eng5d]+ unnatural  
vices1 & poison+ all society f g5]ation 
to g5]ation4 ,x is inde$ a h>d task =   
its apologi/s1 by any k9d ( lit]>y v5e]+
 to cov] ! moral de=mity & ! blasphem\s 
wick$ness :i*1 side by side ) ackn[l$g$ 
excell5ces1 m> ! pages ( ! ,koran4 ,!   
soil$ f+]-m>ks ( ! s5sual ,arab ev]y:]e 
defile !m4 ,l ! blood ( ,banquo1 !y defy
 all ocean's wat]s to wa% !m out4 ,x 0  
easy en\gh = ,mohamm$ to copy _m exalt$ 
tru?s f ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 & no    
c&id m9d w d5y t !re are _m noble       

precepts 9 ! ,koran2 b aft] all has be5 
said1 its rul+ _s is base4 ,ev5 its     
promis$ heav5 is demoraliz+4 ,x is      
*>act]i/ically a human book1 & v l[ 9 ! 
e?ical scale at t4  ,let u n[ turn to ! 
,bible2 let u rememb] t ! ,old ,te/am5t 
repres5ts ^? e>ly c5turies :5 ! p (     
,israel 7 surr\nd$ by ! corruptions (   
,baal wor%ip1 :i* transc5d$ ! grovell+  
wick$ness ( all o!r hea!n sy/ems1 anci5t
 or mod]n4 ,let u be> 9 m9d ! k9d (     
tra9+ :i* ! nation _h receiv$ amid !    
corruptions ( ,egypt1 all r5d]$ m       
effective = evil by _! degrad+ bondage2 
& ) all ^! disadvantages 9 view1 let u  
se>* ev]y:]e1 f ,g5esis to ,mala*i1 &   
see if !re be "o pruri5t utt]ance1 "o   
sanction =1 or ev5 connivance at1       
impurity 9 all ^? records1 writt5 by m5 
9 diff]5t l&s & ages1 m5 repres5t+ all  
social grades1 all vocations 9 life1 &  
*os5 f among all v>ieties ( association4
 ,:o w d5y t ^! m5 appe> to h be5 rais$ 
by "s unacc\ntable p[] to a common level
 ( moral purity :i* 0 above _! age1 _!  

social /&>ds1 _! natural impulses1 or   
any ( ! highe/ human influ5ces :i* c\ld 
h be5 ex]t$ ^u !m8  ,!y 7 (t5 call$ to  
deal pla9ly ) moral evils4 ,!y record   
in/ances ( griev\s d]eliction1 9 "s     
cases ! writ]s 7 !mselves ! (f5d]s4 ,b  
!re is always repro(4 ,! /ory always has
 a salut>y moral4 ,s9 is always %[n to  
be a los+ game1 a s[+ to ! w9d & a reap+
 ( ! :irlw9d4 ,x is ei!r foll[$ by sev]e
 judgm5ts1 or x is rep5t$ ( ) a         
contrition :i* b[s ev5 a great mon>* 9  
du/ & a%es4  ,! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 
7 also writt5 9 an age ( great moral    
corruption4 ,judaism 0 virtually dead2 !
 curr5t religion 9 ! ,holy ,city 0 a sad
 p]v]sion ( ! tru?4 ,hypocrisy sat 9    
high places :5 ,john ,bapti/ came ) 8   
prote/ & 8 rebukes4 ,! ,h]ods1 :o held !
 sceptres ( prov9cial au?ority1 7 ei!r  
base "t-s]v]s1 or worse1 !y 7 mon/]s (  
lu/ & depravity4 ,9 ! f>-(f capitals ( !
 dom9ant hea!n races vice _h atta9$ its 
full fruitage & 0 already go+ to se$ &  
consequ5t decay4 ,a!ns1 ,cor9?1         

,ephesus1 & ,antio* 7 /eep$ 9 iniquity1 
:ile ! emp]ors :o wield$ ! sceptre ( !  
,roman empire 7 ha/5+ ! ru9 ( ! exi/+   
civilization4 ,x 0 9 su* an age & amid  
su* surr\nd+s t ! ,gospels & ! ,epi/les 
came =? z ! lotus spr+s1 pure & radiant 
f ! f\l & fetid quagmire4 ,:at c\ld h   
produc$ !m8 ,! widely accept$ rule t    
religions are ! products ( _!           
environm5ts is surely at fault "h4      
,nei!r 9 ! natural impulses ( a doz5    
,judean fi%]m5 & peasants1 nor 9 !      
bigot$ brea/ ( ,saul ( ,t>sus1 c\ld ^!  
unique & sublime conceptions h f\nd _!  
g5esis4 ,!y are manife/ly div9e4 ,h[    
exalt$ is ! portraiture ( ! ,*ri/6 ,:at 
human skill c\ld h depict$ a "* :i* no  
ideal ( our be/ mod]n culture c equal8  
,9 all ! ,new ,te/am5t !re are none b ! 
highe/ & pure/ e?ical tea*+s1 & ev5 !   
mo/ poetical descriptions ( heav5 are   
free f any fa9te/ t+e ( human folly4 ,! 
,apocalypse is full ( images :i* appeal 
to ! s5ses1 b !re is no?+ :i* does n    
m9i/] to ! mo/ rigid purity2 :ile !     

repres5tations :i* ,paul makes ( et]nal 
felicity are /rictly & conspicu\sly     
spiritual & elevat+4 ,ev]y:]e1 f ,mat!w 
to ,revelations1 x is ! pure 9 he>t :o  
%all see ,god1 & ! inducem5t held out is
 to be pure because ,he is pure4 ,&     
al?\gh ! gift ( et]nal life is a free   
gift1 yet x af=ds no excuse = laxity4 ,!
 six? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is 
a remon/rance aga9/ all presumption 9 ^?
 t are "u grace4 ,reckon ye y\rselves to
 be dead inde$ unto s91 b alive unto    
,god ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,let n 
s9 !re=e rule 9 y\r mortal body t ye    
%\ld obey x 9 ! lu/s !re(4 ,nei!r yield 
ye y\r memb]s z in/rum5ts (             
unrighte\sness unto s91 b yield         
y\rselves unto ,god z ^? t are alive f !
 dead4#bcj ,! religion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t
 is a spiritual religion1 ! resurrection
 body is a spiritual body2 heav5 is n an
 ,indian hunt+-gr\nd1 nor a ,vik+s      
,valhalla ( %ield-clad w>riors1 nor a   
,moslem h>em4 ,x is a spiritual abode1 &
 its companion%ips are ) ,god & ! ,lamb1

 ) ! *ur* ( ! fir/-born & ( sa9ts made  
p]fect4 ,n[1 all t we c say ( ^! l(ty & 
pure conceptions is t fle% & blood nev] 
reveal$ !m4 ,!y are div9e4 ,!y are out (
 ! range ( our native humanity2 !y are n
 ! ?+s t human nature desires1 & x is   
only by ! high culture ( trans=m+ grace 
t human aspirations are rais$ to _!     
level4  ,9 conclusion1 !re are _m po9ts 
9 :i* ,*ri/ianity ass]ts its unique     
supremacy ov] all o!r sy/ems ( :i* !re  
is "t b = ! briefe/ m5tion4 ,x pres5ts  
to man ! only cultus :i* c h univ]sal   
adaptation4 ,*ri/ only1 belongs to all  
ages & all races4 ,buddha is b an       
,asiatic1 ,mohamm$ is an ,arab & belongs
 only to ! ,ea/4 ,! religion or         
philosophy ( ,confucius has nev] f\nd   
adaptation to any b ,mongolian races2 8 
social & political pyramid w\ld crumble 
9 contact ) republican in/itutions4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 ! religion ( ,*ri/ is n only  
adapt$ to all races1 b x aims at _!     
union 9 "o great bro!rhood4 ,aga91      
,*ri/ianity alone pres5ts ! true        

relation betwe5 ,div9e help & human     
ef=t4 ,x does n inve/ m>r$ & crippl$    
human nature ) a false & impossible     
indep5d5ce1 nei!r does x cru% x4 ,:5ev] 
hea!n sy/ems h taught a salvation by    
fai? !y h lo/ sight ( moral obligation4 
,weitbre*t & o!rs /ate ?is z a fact ) ! 
,h9du doctr9e ( ,bakti 7fai?7 adopt$ 9 !
 lat] c5turies2 ,de ,quatrefages ass]ts 
! same ( ! ,tahitans4 ,b ! fai? ( ! ,new
 ,te/am5t ev]y:]e supposes a ,div9e &   
effectual co-op]ation4 ,"w out y\r own  
salvation ) fe> & trembl+1 = x is ,god t
 worke? 9 y to w & to d ( ,8 good       
pleasure4 ,x bids m5 s]ve n z hirel+s1 b
 z sons & heirs2 x /imulates hope )\t   
eng5d]+ pride2 x adm9i/]s discipl9e1 b )
 a fa!r's love2 x tea*es t trials are n 
judgm5ts1 b :olesome lessons4 ,( all    
religions x alone inculcates a rational 
& consol+ doctr9e ( ,provid5ce4 ,x      
decl>es t to ! righte\s dea? is n       
de/ruction1 b a sleep 9 peace & hope4 ,x
 bids ! ,*ri/ian lay (f 8 c>es &        
worries--9 all ?+s mak+ 8 reque/s kn[n  

unto ,god ) ?anksgiv+s2 & yet x enjo9s  
him n to re/ 9 slo?1 b to aspire aft]   
all t is pure & true & honorable &      
lovely & ( good report 9 human life &   
conduct4 ,x saves him f s9 n by ! /ifl+ 
& atrophy ( any ,god-giv5 p[]1 b by !   
expulsive influ5ce ( new affections2 x  
bids him be pure ev5 z ,god is pure4    
,!re is 9 ! brief epi/le ( ,paul to     
,titus a passage :i* 9 a s+le s5t5ce    
sets =? ! way ( salvation 9 its fulness4
 ,x traces r$emption to ! grace ( ,god1 
& x makes x a free provision = all m52  
yet x insi/s ^u c>efulness & sobriety4  
,salvation is %[n to beg9 n[ 9 ! lay+   
aside ( all s9 & ! liv+ ( a godly life4 
,mean:ile x *e]s ! s\l ) expectation t  
,*ri/ %all dwell ) ! r$eem$ 9 triumph1 z
 ,he once came 9 humiliation1 & x keeps 
ev] 9 m9d ! great tru? t ,8 mission is n
 m]ely to secure = man future exemptions
 & possessions1 b to build up "*--"* t  
%all cont9ue to rise & exp& =ev]4  ,= ! 
grace ( ,god t br+e? salvation ha?      
appe>$ to all m51 tea*+ u t1 d5y+       

ungodl9ess & worldly lu/s1 we %\ld live 
sob]ly1 righte\sly1 & godly1 9 ?is      
pres5t _w2 look+ = t bless$ hope1 & !   
glori\s appe>+ ( ! great ,god & our     
,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/2 :o gave ,himself =
 u t ,he might r$eem u f all iniquity1 &
 purify unto ,himself a peculi> p zeal\s
 ( good works4   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote
 #bje3 ,holy ,bible & ,sacr$ ,books ( ! 
,ea/1 p4 #ab4  ,footnote #bjf3 ,mohamm$ 
0 once ask$ :e!r he tru/$ 9 8 own m]it  
or 9 ! m]cy ( ,god1 & he answ]$1 ,! m]cy
 ( ,god4 ,b ! :ole drift ( 8 tea*+ beli$
 ?is "o pi\s utt]ance4  ,footnote #bjg3 
,( ! t]rible d>kness & bewild]m5t into  
:i* b5ight$ races are (t5 f\nd          
,s*oolcraft furni%es ?is graphic &      
pa9ful picture 9 ! condition ( !        
,iroquois3  ,_! notions ( a deity1 f\nd$
 app>5tly on "s dreamy tradition (      
orig9al tru?1 are s subtile & divisible1
 & e/abli% s het]og5e\s a connection    
betwe5 _s & matt] ( all imag9able =ms1 t
 popul> belief seems to h :olly conf\nd$
 ! possible ) ! impossible1 ! natural ) 

! sup]natural4 ,action1 s f> z respects 
cause & effect1 takes ! wide/ & wilde/  
range1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( good or evil     
influ5ces1 :i* are put 9 motion alike = 
noble or ignoble ends--alike by m51     
bea/s1 devils1 or gods4 ,see+ some?+    
my/]i\s & wond]ful1 he believes all ?+s 
my/]i\s & wond]ful2 & he is afloat )\t  
%ore or compass1 on ! wilde/ sea (      
sup]/ition & necromancy4 ,he sees a god 
9 e ph5om5on1 & fe>s a sorc]] 9 e enemy4
 ,life1 "u su* a sy/em ( poly!ism & wild
 belief1 is a con/ant sc5e ( fe>s &     
al>ms4 ,fe> is ! pr$om9at+ passion1 & he
 is ready1 :]ev] he goes1 to sacrifice  
at any alt>1 be ! suppos$ deity ev] s   
grotesque4 ,he relates j :at he         
believes1 & unluckily he believes ev]y?+
 t c possibly be told4 ,a bea/1 or a    
bird1 or a man1 or a god1 or a devil1 a 
/one1 a s]p5t1 or a wiz>d1 a w9d1 or a  
s\nd1 or a ray ( light--^! are s _m     
causes ( action1 :i* ! meane/ & l[e/ ( !
 s]ies may put 9 motion1 b :i* %all 9 8 
!ology & philosophy vibrate along !     

my/]i\s *a9 ?r\gh ! upp]mo/1 & life or  
dea? may at any mom5t be ! rew>d or !   
p5alty4--,notes on ! ,iroquois1 p4 #bfc4
  ,footnote #bjh3 ,hi/ory (             
,rationalism4  ,footnote #bji3 ,& ev5 ! 
,buddha _h sp5t six ye>s 9              
self-mortification & 9 ! dilig5t se>* = 
:at he reg>d$ z ! true wisdom4          
,footnote #baj3 ,h5ry ,maudsley1 9 ,!   
,ar5a ( ,april1 #ahia4  ,footnote #baa3 
,b>r5 ,mohamm$anism has be5 9 all !     
high] & m t5d] virtues1 because its     
noble morality & its pure !ism h be5    
unit$ ) no liv+ example4--,lecky1       
,hi/ory ( ,morals1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aj4    
,footnote #bab3 ,! mo/ intellig5t       
,mohamm$ans1 z we h %[n 9 a =m] lecture1
 admit ! moral blemi%es ( 8 "* z comp>$ 
) ! purity ( ,jesus & only rev]e him z !
 in/rum5t ( a great ,div9e purpose4 ,8  
only elem5t ( greatness 0 success4 ,ev5 
! ,koran convicts him ( :at ! _w mu/    
reg>d z he9\s s91 & pres5ts ,jesus z !  
only s9less prophet4  ,footnote #bac3   
,d\glass1 ,confucianism & ,ta\ism4      

,footnote #bad3 ,! apologi/s ( ,buddhism
 h made mu* ( ! /ory ( a di/ress$ "y "m 
:o came to ! ,ma/] be>+ 9 h] arms ! dead
 body ( h] fir/-born--hop+ = "s com=t or
 help4 ,he bade h] br+ him "s mu/>d se$ 
f\nd 9 a home :]e no *ild _h di$4 ,aft] 
a we>isome b va9 se>* he only rem9d$ h] 
( ! univ]sality ( dea?4 ,no hope ( a    
future life & a glad recov]y ( ! lo/ 0  
giv54 ,z an illu/ration ( ,buddhism !   
example is a good "o4  ,footnote #bae3  
,m5 want$ a ,fa!r 9 heav51 :o %\ld take 
acc\nt ( _! ef=ts & assure !m a         
recomp5se4 ,m5 want$ a future (         
righte\sness1 9 :i* ! e>? %\ld belong to
 ! feeble & ! poor2 !y want$ ! assurance
 t human suff]+ is n all loss1 b t      
beyond ?is sad horizon1 dimm$ by te>s1  
are happy pla9s :]e sorr[ %all "o day   
f9d its consolation4--,r5an1 ,hibb]t    
,lectures1 p4 #db4  ,footnote #baf3 ,see
 report ( ,mission>y ,conf]5ce1 ,london1
 #ahhh1 vol4 i41 p4 #gj4  ,footnote     
#bag3 ,/4 ,paul & ,prote/antism1 p4 #gi1
 quot$ by ,bi%op ,c>p5t]4  ,footnote    

#bah3 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem9d !   
read] ( ! well-kn[n tribute :i*         
,napoleon1 9 8 conv]sations ) 8 fri5ds  
on ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 paid to !       
transc5d5t p]sonality ( ,*ri/4 ,he drew 
a graphic contra/ betwe5 ! s-call$ glory
 :i* _h be5 won by great conqu]ors l    
,alex&]1 ,caes>1 & himself1 & t my/]i\s 
& all-ma/]+ p[] :i* 9 all l&s & all ages
 cont9ues to atta* itself to ! p]son1 ! 
"n1 ! memory ( ,*ri/1 = :om1 aft]       
eighte5 c5turies ( "t1 millions ( m5    
w\ld sacrifice _! lives4  ,footnote     
#bai3 ,augu/9e appe>s to h be5 greatly  
mov$ by ! life z well z by ! writ+s (   
,paul4 ,9 an acc\nt giv5 ( 8 conv]sion  
to 8 fri5d ,romanianus1 he says1 ,s !n  
/umbl+1 hurry+1 hesitat+1 ,i seiz$ !    
apo/le ,paul1 '= nev]1' said ,i1 'c\ld  
!y h wr\ght su* ?+s1 or liv$ z x is pla9
 !y did live1 if _! writ+s & argum5ts 7 
oppos$ to ?is s high a                  
good4'--,confessions1 ,bk4 vii41 xxi41  
note4  ,footnote #bbj3 ,g5esis1 xvii4   
#a4  ,footnote #bba3 ,! doctr9e ( human 

m]it-mak+ 0 c>ri$ to su* an extreme "u !
 ,brahmanical sy/em t ! gods became     
afraid ( its p[]4 ,!y sometimes f\nd x  
necess>y to s5d aps>as 7nymphs71 wives (
 g5ii1 to tempt ! mo/ holy ascetics1 le/
 _! au/]ities & _! m]it %\ld proce$ too 
f>4--,see ,article ,brahmanism1 9 !     
,britannica4  ,footnote #bbb3 ,muell]1  
,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i41 p4  
#dj4  ,footnote #bbc3 ,de ,nat4 ,deorum1
 iii41 #cf4  ,footnote #bbd3 ,*ips f a  
,g]man ,work%op1 p4 #cjd4  ,footnote    
#bbe3 ,see ,murdock's ,v$ic ,religion1  
p4 #eg4  ,footnote #bbf3 ,h9du          
,philosophy4  ,footnote #bbg3 ,! mo/    
sacr$ ( human victims (f]$ by ! ,aztecs 
7 prep>$ by a mon? ( unbridl$ lu/4 ,see 
,prescott's ,conque/4  ,footnote #bbh3  
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,july1 #ahhh4         
,footnote #bbi3 ,lett]s ( ,rev4 ,p5teco/
 9 ,! ,*ri/ian at ,"w1 #ahia4  ,footnote
 #bcj3 ,! same pr9ciples are set =? )   
great emphasis 9 ,isaiah1 ,*ap4 iii4    
,,app5dix  ,,books ,,( ,,ref]5ce   ,!   
books relat+ directly or indirectly to !

 wide range ( topics discuss$ 9 ! foll[+
 lectures are too num]\s = citation "h2 
b !re are "s :i* are s ess5tial to a    
?or\gh k ( comp>ative religion &        
comp>ative philosophy1 t a special      
ackn[l$gm5t is due4  ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( 
! ,ea/ are indisp5sable to "o :o w\ld   
cat* ! real _s ( ! ,ori5tal religions4  
,! translations f ,h9du1 ,buddhi/1      
,mohamm$an1 ,confucian1 & ,zoroa/rian   
lit]atures1 by ,max ,muell]1 ,rhys      
,davids1 ,old5b]g1 ,fausboll1 ,palm]1   
,d>me/et]1 ,mills1 ,legge1 ,buhl]1 ,we/1
 ,beal1 & o!r able s*ol>s1 are          
invaluable4 ,! v>i\s o!r works ( ,max   
,muell]1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ,*ips f
 a ,g]man ,work%op1 ,! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( 
,religion1 ,physical ,religion1 etc41   
fill an important place 9 all /udy ( ^! 
subjects4  ,indian ,wisdom1 by ,sir     
,moni] ,williams1 is ! mo/ compreh5sive1
 & 9 _m ways ! be/1 ( all comp5ds (     
,h9du religion & philosophy4 ,8 abridg$ 
"w1 ,h9duism1 & ! l>g] volume entitl$   
,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 are also        

valuable4 ,r4,c4 ,bose has giv5 to !    
public an able treatise entitl$ ,h9du   
,philosophy4 ,o!r books on ,h9duism to  
:i* m or less ref]5ce is made1 are3 ,!  
,v$ic ,religion1 by ,mc,donald2 ,india &
 ! ,indians1 by ,duff2 ,! ,life &       
,lett]s ( ,colbrooke2 ,! ,bhagavad      
,gita1 z translat$ by ,*att]ji2 ,!      
,vi%nu ,puranas1 by ,wilson2 ,!         
,ramayana1 by ,griffi?s2 ,brahmoism1 by 
,bose2 ,! ,ori5tal ,*ri/1 by ,mozoomd>2 
,*ri/ianity & ,h9du ,philosophy1 by     
,ballantyne4  ,among ! able/ books on   
,buddhism are3 ,buddhism2 ,! ,gr[? (    
,religion z illu/rat$ by ,buddhism1 & ! 
able article on ! same subject 9 !      
,britannica--all by ,rhys ,davids4      
,buddha3 ,8 ,life1 ,"*1 & ,ord]1 by     
,pr(essor ,old5b]g1 is a sc>cely less   
important contribution to ,buddhi/      
lit]ature4 ,! ,light ( ,asia1 by ,sir   
,edw9 ,arnold1 has done m ?an any o!r "w
 to int]e/ ,we/]n nations 9 ! leg5ds (  
,gautama2 p]haps no o!r ,ori5tal "* has 
be5 m successfully popul>iz$4 ,( ! _m   

ef=ts to correct ! mislead+ impressions 
giv5 by ?is fanciful b really poetic    
/ory1 ,! ,light ( ,asia & ! ,light ( !  
,_w1 by ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,kellogg1 is        
probably ! able/4 ,dr4 ,edk9s1 9 ,*9ese 
,buddhism1 & ,pr(essor ,beal1 9         
,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 h v successfully %[n !
 *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*9ese types ( ! sy/em4
 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 9 8 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 
has r5d]$ a simil> s]vice 9 relation to 
! ,buddhism ( ,ceylon1 :ile ,big&et has 
set =? t ( ,burmah1 & ,alaba/] t (      
,siam4 ,sir ,moni] ,williams1 9 8 m     
rec5t "w1 ,buddhism1 has done mu* to    
c\nt]act ! fa%ionable t5d5cy ( mo/      
,ori5tali/s to idealize ! ,buddhi/      
sy/em4  ,o!r works relat+ to ,buddhism  
are1 ,mohamm$1 ,buddha1 & ,*ri/1 by     
,dodds2 ,buddhism 7,mod]n71 by          
,subhadra2 & ,esot]ic ,buddhism1 by     
,s9nett4 ,maurice1 ,bi%op ,c>p5t]1      
,brace1 ! ,bi%op ( ,colombo1 ,m>t91 & _m
 o!rs h ably discuss$ ! subject4  ,( all
 works on ,mohamm$anism1 ,sale's        
translation ( ! ,koran1 ) a ,prelim9>y  

,disc\rse1 is ! mo/ compreh5sive &      
important4 ,spr5g]'s ,life ( ,mohamm$1 f
 ,orig9al ,s\rces1 is p]haps next 9     
rank4 ,islam & ,mahomet1 by ,samuel     
,johnson2 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 by  
,e4 ,boswor? ,smi?2 ,*ri/ianity1 ,islam1
 & ! ,negro ,race1 by ,e4,w4 ,blyd52 &  
,leaves f an ,egyptian ,note-book1 by   
,canon ,isaac ,taylor1 are among !      
pr9cipal apologies = ,islam4 ,gibbon's  
fif? volume ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( !     
,roman ,empire has at lea/ done ample   
ju/ice to ! glory ( ! ,mohamm$an        
conque/4  ,( ^? :o h ably controv]t$ !  
claims ( ,islam1 ! late ,dr4 ,pf&]1 (   
,nor!rn ,india1 w p]haps hold ! fir/    
rank4 ,( ! ?ree ,m\lvies :o 7 select$ to
 meet him 9 public discussion1 two are  
said to h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by 
8 argum5ts4 ,! concessions ( ! ,koran to
 ! tru?s ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts h be5
 ably po9t$ out by ,sir ,william ,muir 9
 ,! ,koran1 & ,dr4 ,e4,m4 ,:]ry1 9 8    
,comm5t>y1 has e/abli%$ ! /rik+ fact1 t 
( all ! prophets nam$ 9 ! ,koran1       

includ+ ,mohamm$1 ,jesus alone is       
repres5t$ z s9less4 ,! mod]n apologi/s (
 ,mohamm$ & 8 sy/em h be5 well answ]$ by
 ,knox 9 curr5t numb]s ( ! ,*ur*        
,mission>y ,intellig5c]4 ,o!r works ^u !
 subject are ,islam1 by ,/ob>t2 ,islam z
 a ,mission>y ,religion1 by ,ha9es2     
,essays on ,ea/]n ,que/ions1 by         
,palgrave4 ,sir ,william ,muir's ,hi/ory
 ( ! ,caliphate is an important & rec5t 
"w4  ,confucianism & ,ta\ism may be     
fairly und]/ood1 ev5 by ^? :o h n ! "t =
 a c>eful /udy ( ,legge's translations (
 ! ,*9ese classics1 by ref]5ce to !     
foll[+ works3 ,*9a & ! ,*9ese1 by       
,m$hur/2 ,! ,religions ( ,*9a1 by       
,legge2 ,! ,*9ese1 by ,m>t92            
,confucianism & ,ta\ism1 by ,d\glass2   
,religion 9 ,*9a1 by ,edk9s4 ,! late    
,samuel ,johnson1 9 8 ,ori5tal          
,religions1 has devot$ a l>ge volume to 
! religions ( ,*9a1 pr9cipally to !     
e?ics & political economy ( ! ,confucian
 sy/em2 & ,james ,freeman ,cl>k has giv5
 consid]able att5tion to ,confucianism z

 "o ( ,! ,t5 ,great ,religions4         
,zoroa/rianism is ably treat$ by        
,d>me/et] 9 ! ,introduction to 8        
translation ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 ,in/ructive
 lectures on ! religion & lit]ature (   
,p]sia may be f\nd 9 ! fir/ volume (    
,max ,muell]'s ,*ips f a ,g]man         
,work%op2 also 9 ,! ,religion ( !       
,iranians1 f\nd 9 ,ebr>d's ,apologetics1
 vol4 ii4 ,we/'s & ,d>me/et]'s          
translations ( ,pahlavi ,texts1 9 !     
,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 are also        
sugge/ive4  ,9 ! foll[+ discussions1    
relat+ broadly to ! anci5t z well z !   
mod]n religions & philosophies ( ! _w1 &
 _! contra/s to ,*ri/ian tru?1 ref]5ce  
is made directly or indirectly to !     
foll[+ works3 ,*ri/ & ,o!r ,ma/]s1 by   
,h>dwick2 ,! ,anci5t ,_w & ,*ri/ianity1 
by ,edw>d de ,press5se2 ,! ,religions ( 
! ,_w1 by ,maurice2 ,! ,aryan ,witness1 
by ,ban]gea2 ,! ,unkn[n ,god1 by ,brace2
 ,! ,p]man5t ,elem5ts 9 ,religion1 by   
,boyd ,c>p5t]2 ,ori5tal & ,l+ui/ic      
,/udies1 by ,a4,d4 ,:itney2 ,! ,doom$   

,religions1 by ,reid2 ,! ,idea ( ,god1  
by ,fiske2 ,! ,de/9y ( ,man1 by ,fiske2 
,! ,races ( ,man1 by ,pes*el2           
,introduction to ! ,philosophy (        
,religion1 by ,caird2 ,national         
,religions & ,univ]sal ,religions1 by   
,ku552 ,"s ,elem5ts ( ,religion1 by     
,liddon2 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t 
,religions1 by ,tiele2 ,! ,philosophy ( 
,religion1 by ,pfleid]]2 ,our ,*ri/ian  
,h]itage1 by ,c>d9al ,gibbons2 ,hulsean 
,lectures1 #ahde-f1 by ,tr5*2 ,hibb]t   
,lectures1 #ahhj1 by ,r5an2 ,orig9s (   
,engli% ,hi/ory1 by ,elton2 ,/4 ,paul 9 
,brita9 7,druidism71 by ,morgan2 ,fossil
 ,m5 & _! ,mod]n ,repres5tatives1 by    
,dawson2 ,mod]n ,ideas ( ,evolution1 by 
,dawson2 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 by ,r5an2    
,epictetus1 ,bonn's ,libr>y2            
,confessions1 by ,/4 ,augu/9e2 ,hi/ory (
 ! ,egyptian ,religion1 by ,tiele2      
,lucretius1 ,bonn's ,libr>y2 ,lives ( ! 
,fa!rs1 by ,f>r>2 ,! ,vik+s ( ,we/]n    
,*ri/5dom1 by ,ke>y2 ,pr9ciples (       
,sociology1 by ,sp5c]2 ,! ,desc5t (     

,man1 by ,d>w92 ,evolution & ,its       
,relation to ,*ri/ian ,?\ght1 by ,le    
,conte2 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 by 
,lecky2 ,! ,kojiki 7,sacr$ ,books (     
,%9to71 ,*amb]la9's translation2 ,!     
,witness ( ,hi/ory to ,*ri/1 by ,f>r>2  
,anti-,!i/ic ,!ories1 by ,fl9t2 ,!      
,human ,species1 by ,de ,quatrefages4