,,! ,,unse5 ,,_w ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,by ,john ,fiske ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is reviews ,drap]'s ,sci5ce & ,religion & contra/s two ,dante translations4 ,,to ,,james ,,sime4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sime3 ,life has n[ & !n "s supreme mom5ts ( pure happ9ess1 :i* 9 rem9isc5ce give to s+le days ! value ( mon?s or ye>s4 ,two or ?ree su* mom5ts x has be5 my good =tune to enjoy ) y1 9 talk+ ov] ! my/]ies :i* =ev] fasc9ate :ile !y =ev] baffle u4 ,x 0 our midnight talks 9 ,great ,russell ,/reet & ! ,addison ,road1 & our bright ,may holiday on ! ,?ames1 t l$ me to write ?is scanty essay on ! ,unse5 ,_w1 & to :om c\ld ,i s he>tily d$icate x z to y8 ,i only wi% x 7 m wor?y ( its orig94 ,z = ! doz5 pap]s :i* ,i h app5d$ to x1 by way ( cle>+ out my work%op1 ,i hope y w read !m indulg5tly1 & believe me ,ev] fai?fully y\rs1 ,,john ,,fiske4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,febru>y #c1 #ahgf4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,_w ,,ii4 ,,! ,,to-,,morr[ ,,( ,,dea? ,,iii4 ,,! ,,jesus ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,iv4 ,,! ,,*ri/ ,,( ,,dogma ,v4 ,a ,,^w ,,ab\t ,,miracles ,,vi4 ,,drap] ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion ,,vii4 ,,na?an ,,! ,,wise ,,viii4 ,,hi/orical ,,difficulties ,,ix4 ,,! ,,fam9e ,,( #aggj ,,9 ,,b5gal ,x4 ,,spa9 ,,& ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,,xi4 ,,longfell[',s ,,dante ,,xii4 ,,pa9e',s ,,/4 ,,pet] ,,xiii4 ,a ,,philosophy ,,( ,,art ,,xiv4 ,,a!nian ,,& ,,am]ican ,,life ,,essays4 ,i4 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,_w4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,:at are y1 :]e did y come f1 & :i!r are y b\nd8--! "q :i* f ,hom]'s days has be5 put to ! wayf>] 9 /range l&s--is likewise ! all-absorb+ "q :i* man is ev] ask+ ( ! univ]se ( :i* he is himself s t9y yet s wondr\s a "p4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ! ultimate purpose ( all sci5tific rese>* has be5 to elicit fragm5t>y or p>tial responses to ?is "q1 & philosophy has ev] busi$ itself 9 piec+ toge!r ^! sev]al bits ( in=mation accord+ to ! be/ me?ods at its disposal1 9 ord] to make up some?+ l a satisfactory answ]4 ,9 old times ! be/ me?ods :i* philosophy _h at its disposal = ?is purpose 7 su* z n[ seem v crude1 & accord+ly anci5t philosoph]s bungl$ consid]ably 9 _! task1 ?\gh n[ & !n !y came surpris+ly ne> :at w\ld to-day be call$ ! tru?4 ,x 0 natural t _! me?ods %\ld be crude1 = sci5tific inquiry _h z yet suppli$ b scanty mat]ials = !m to "w )1 & x 0 only aft] a v long c\rse ( speculation & criticism t m5 c\ld f9d out :at ways ( go+ to "w are likely to prove successful & :at are n4 ,! e>lie/ ?9k]s1 inde$1 7 fur!r h9d]$ f accompli%+ mu* by ! imp]fections ( ! language by ! aid ( :i* _! ?9k+ 0 done2 = sci5ce & philosophy h _h to make a s]viceable t]m9ology by d9t ( long & ardu\s trial & practice1 & l+ui/ic processes fit = express+ g5]al or ab/ract notions accurately grew up only ?r\gh numb]less failures & at ! exp5se ( mu* inaccurate ?9k+ & loose talk+4 ,z 9 mo/ ( nature's processes1 !re 0 a great wa/e ( en]gy be=e a good result c\ld be secur$4 ,accord+ly primitive m5 7 v wide ( ! m>k 9 _! views ( nature4 ,to !m ! _w 0 a sort ( en*ant$ gr\nd1 peopl$ ) sprites & gobl9s2 ! qua9t notions ) :i* we n[ amuse our *ildr5 9 fairy tales repres5t a /yle ( ?9k+ :i* once 0 curr5t among gr[n m5 & wom51 & :i* is /ill curr5t :]ev] m5 rema9 9 a savage condition4 ,! !ories ( ! _w wr\ght out by e>ly prie/-philosoph]s 7 9 great "p made up ( su* grotesque notions2 & hav+ become v>i\sly implicat$ ) e?ical op9ions z to ! nature & consequ5ces ( "r & wrong behavi\r1 !y acquir$ a k9d ( sanctity1 s t any ?9k] :o 9 ! light ( a wid] exp]i5ce v5tur$ to alt] or am5d ! primitive !ory 0 likely to be vitup]at$ z an irreligi\s man or a!i/4 ,?is sort ( inf]5ce has n yet be5 :olly ab&on$1 ev5 9 civiliz$ communities4 ,ev5 to-day books are writt5 ab\t ! conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 & o!r books are writt5 ) int5t to reconcile ! two presum$ antagoni/s4 ,b :5 we look b5ea? ! surface ( ?+s1 we see t 9 reality !re has nev] be5 any conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 nor is any reconciliation call$ = :]e h>mony has always exi/$4 ,! real hi/orical conflict1 :i* has be5 ?us curi\sly misnam$1 has be5 ! conflict betwe5 ! m-crude op9ions belong+ to ! sci5ce ( an e>li] age & ! less-crude op9ions belong+ to ! sci5ce ( a lat] age4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is conte/ ! m-crude op9ions h usually be5 def5d$ 9 ! "n ( religion1 & ! less-crude op9ions h inv>iably won ! victory2 b religion itself1 :i* is n conc]n$ ) op9ion1 b ) ! aspiration :i* leads u to /rive aft] a pur] & holi] life1 has seldom or nev] be5 attack$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! sci5tific m5 :o h conduct$ ! battle on behalf ( ! less-crude op9ions h g5]ally be5 influ5c$ by ?is religi\s aspiration q z /rongly z ! apologi/s ( ! m-crude op9ions1 & s f> f religi\s feel+ hav+ be5 weak5$ by _! p]5nial s]ies ( victories1 x has app>5tly be5 gr[+ deep] & /rong] all ! "t4 ,! religi\s s5se is z yet too feebly develop$ 9 mo/ ( u2 b c]ta9ly 9 no prec$+ age h m5 tak5 up ! "w ( life ) m e>ne/ness or ) m real fai? 9 ! unse5 ?an at ! pres5t day1 :5 s mu* ( :at 0 once deem$ all-important k has be5 consign$ to ! limbo ( my?ology4 ,! m-crude !ories ( e>ly times are to be *iefly di/+ui%$ f ! less-crude !ories ( to-day z be+ l>gely ! products ( r&om guesswork4 ,hypo!sis1 or guesswork1 inde$1 lies at ! f\ndation ( all sci5tific k4 ,! riddle ( ! univ]se1 l less important riddles1 is unravell$ only by approximative trials1 & ! mo/ brilliant discov]]s h usually be5 ! brave/ guess]s4 ,kepl]'s laws 7 ! result ( indefatigable guess+1 & s1 9 a some:at diff]5t s5se1 0 ! wave-!ory ( light4 ,b ! guesswork ( sci5tific inquir]s is v diff]5t n[ f :at x 0 9 old] times4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h sl[ly le>n$ t a guess mu/ be v]ifi$ be=e x c be accept$ z a s\nd !ory2 &1 secondly1 s _m tru?s h be5 e/abli%$ beyond contrav5tion1 t ! latitude = hypo!sis is mu* less ?an x once 04 ,n9e t5?s ( ! guesses :i* might h occurr$ to a m$iaeval philosoph] w\ld n[ be rul$ out z inadmissible1 because !y w\ld n h>monize ) ! k :i* has be5 acquir$ s9ce ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re is "o direction especially 9 :i* ?is cont9u\s limitation ( guesswork by ev]-accumulat+ exp]i5ce has manife/$ itself4 ,f fir/ to la/1 all our speculative successes & failures h agre$ 9 tea*+ u t ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples ( action :i* prevail to-day1 & 9 our own corn] ( ! univ]se1 h always prevail$ ?r\gh\t z mu* ( ! univ]se z is accessible to our rese>*4 ,!y h taught u t = ! deciph]+ ( ! pa/ & ! pr$ict+ ( ! future1 no hypo!ses are admissible :i* are n bas$ ^u ! actual behavi\r ( ?+s 9 ! pres5t4 ,once !re 0 unlimit$ facility = guess+ z to h[ ! sol> sy/em might h come into exi/5ce2 n[ ! orig9 ( ! sun & planets is adequately expla9$ :5 we h unfold$ all t is impli$ 9 ! processes :i* are /ill go+ on 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,=m]ly appeals 7 made to all mann] ( viol5t ag5cies to acc\nt = ! *anges :i* ! e>?'s surface has und]gone s9ce our planet began its indep5d5t c>e]2 n[ x is se5 t ! same sl[ work+ ( ra9 & tide1 ( w9d & wave & fro/1 ( secul> contraction & ( e>?quake pulse1 :i* is visible to-day1 w acc\nt = ! :ole4 ,x is n long s9ce x 0 suppos$ t a species ( animals or plants c\ld be swept away only by "s unusual cata/rophe1 :ile = ! orig9ation ( new species some?+ call$ an act ( special creation 0 necess>y2 & z to ! nature ( su* extraord9>y ev5ts !re 0 endless room = guesswork2 b ! discov]y ( natural selection 0 ! discov]y ( a process1 go+ on p]petually "u our v eyes1 :i* mu/ inevitably ( itself ext+ui% "s species & br+ new ones into be+4 ,9 ^! & c\ntless o!r ways we h le>n$ t all ! ri* v>iety ( nature is p]vad$ by unity ( action1 su* z we might expect to f9d if nature is ! manife/ation ( an inf9ite ,god :o is )\t v>iabl5ess or %ad[ ( turn+1 b q incompatible ) ! fitful behavi\r ( ! an?ropomorphic deities ( ! old my?ologies4 ,by ?us ab/a9+ f all appeal to ag5cies t are extra-cosmic1 or n involv$ 9 ! ord]ly sy/em ( ev5ts t we see occurr+ ar\nd u1 we h at la/ succe$$ 9 elim9at+ f philosophic speculation ! "* ( r&om guesswork :i* at fir/ ( necessity belong$ to x4 ,mod]n sci5tific hypo!sis is s f> f be+ a haphaz>d m5tal proce$+ t x is p]haps h>dly fair to classify x ) guesses4 ,x is lift$ out ( ! plane ( guesswork1 9 s f> z x has acquir$ ! "* ( inevitable inf]5ce f t :i* n[ is to t :i* has be5 or w be4 ,in/ead ( ! innum]able p>ticul> assumptions :i* 7 once admitt$ into cosmic philosophy1 we are n[ r$uc$ to ! "o univ]sal assumption :i* has be5 v>i\sly describ$ z ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity1 ! uni=mity ( nature1 ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 or ! law ( causation1 & :i* has be5 v>i\sly expla9$ z a necess>y datum = sci5tific ?9k+ or z a net result ( all induction4 ,i am n unwill+1 h[ev]1 to adopt ! language ( a book :i* has furni%$ ! occasion = ! pres5t discussion1 & to say t ?is gr& assumption is a supreme act ( fai?1 ! def9ite expression ( a tru/ t ! inf9ite ,su/a9] ( ! univ]se w n put u to p]man5t intellectual confusion4 ,= 9 ?is mode ( /atem5t ! h>mony betwe5 ! sci5tific & ! religi\s po9ts ( view is well br\ght out4 ,x is z af=d+ ! only outlet f p]man5t intellectual confusion t inquir]s h be5 driv5 to appeal to ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity2 & x is by unsw]v+ reliance ^u ?is pr9ciple t we h obta9$ su* insight into ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future ( ! _w z we n[ possess4 ,! "w j m5tion$ #a is especially int]e/+ z an attempt to br+ ! probable de/9y ( ! human s\l into connection ) ! mod]n !ories :i* expla9 ! pa/ & future c>e] ( ! physical univ]se 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity4 ,its au?or%ip is z yet unkn[n1 b x is believ$ to be ! jo9t production ( two ( ! mo/ em95t physici/s 9 ,great ,brita91 & c]ta9ly ! accurate k & ! +5uity & subtlety ( ?\ght display$ 9 x are su* z to l5d great probability to ?is conjecture4 ,"s acc\nt ( ! argum5t x conta9s may well prec$e ! sugge/ions pres5tly to be set =? conc]n+ ! ,unse5 ,_w2 & we %all f9d x mo/ conv5i5t to beg91 l our au?ors1 ) a brief /atem5t ( :at ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity tea*es z to ! proximate beg9n+ & end ( ! visible univ]se4 ,i %all 9 ! ma9 set d[n only results1 hav+ else:]e #b giv5 a simple exposition ( ! argum5ts ^u :i* ^! results are f\nd$4 #a ,! ,unse5 ,univ]se2 or1 ,physical ,speculations on a ,future ,/ate4 ,attribut$ to ,pr(essors ,,tait & ,,balf\r ,,/ew>t4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahge4 #hvo4 pp4 #bab4 #b ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy1 bas$ on ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution4 ,bo/on3 ,j4 ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahge4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,! fir/ great cosmological speculation :i* has be5 rais$ q above ! plane ( guesswork by mak+ no o!r assumption ?an t ( ! uni=mity ( nature1 is ! well-kn[n ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,e a/ronom] kn[s t ! e>?1 l all o!r cosmical bodies :i* are flatt5$ at ! poles1 0 =m]ly a mass ( fluid1 & consequ5tly fill$ a mu* l>g] space ?an at pres5t4 ,x is fur!r agre$1 on all h&s1 t ! sun is a contract+ body1 s9ce !re is no o!r possible way ( acc\nt+ = ! enorm\s quantity ( heat :i* he g5]ates4 ,! s-call$ primeval nebula foll[s z a necess>y inf]5ce f ^! facts4 ,!re 0 once a "t :5 ! e>? 0 di/5d$ on all sides away out to ! moon & beyond x1 s t ! matt] n[ conta9$ 9 ! moon 0 !n a "p ( our equatorial zone4 ,& at a /ill remot] date 9 ! pa/1 ! mass ( ! sun 0 diffus$ 9 e direction beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune1 & no planet _h an individual exi/5ce1 = all 7 indi/+ui%able p>ts ( ! sol> mass4 ,:5 ! great mass ( ! sun1 increas$ by ! relatively small mass ( all ! planets put toge!r1 0 spread out 9 ?is way1 x 0 a r>e vap\r or gas4 ,at ! p]iod :]e ! "q is tak5 up 9 ,laplace's treatm5t ( ! nebul> !ory1 ! %ape ( ?is mass is reg>d$ z sph]oidal2 b at an e>li] p]iod its %ape may well h be5 z irregul> z t ( any ( ! nebulae :i* we n[ see 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! heav5s1 =1 :atev] its primitive %ape1 ! equalization ( its rotation w\ld 9 "t make x sph]oidal4 ,t ! ,,quantity ( rotation 0 ! same !n z n[ is unque/ionable2 = no sy/em ( p>ticles1 great or small1 c acquire or lose rotation by any action go+ on )9 itself1 any m ?an a man c\ld pick himself up by 8 wai/b& & lift himself ov] a /one wale ,s t ! primitive rotat+ sph]oidal sol> nebula is n a matt] ( assumption1 b is j :at mu/ once h exi/$1 provid$ !re has be5 no brea* ( cont9uity 9 nature's op]ations4 ,n[ proce$+ to reason back f ! pa/ to ! pres5t1 x has be5 %[n t ! ab&onm5t ( successive equatorial belts by ! contract+ sol> mass mu/ h ensu$ 9 accordance ) kn[n me*anical laws2 & 9 simil> wise1 "u ord9>y circum/ances ea* belt mu/ h p>t$ into fragm5ts1 & ! fragm5ts *as+ ea* o!r ar\nd ! same orbit1 mu/ h at la/ coalesc$ into a sph]oidal planet4 ,n only ?is1 b x has also be5 %[n t z ! result ( su* a process ! relative sizes ( ! planets w\ld be likely to take ! ord] :i* !y n[ foll[2 t ! r+ imm$iately succe$+ t ( ,jupit] w\ld be likely to abort & produce a great numb] ( t9y planets in/ead ( "o good-siz$ "o2 t ! out] planets w\ld be likely to h _m moons1 & t ,saturn1 besides hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( moons1 w\ld be likely to reta9 "s ( 8 inn] r+s unbrok52 t ! e>? w\ld be likely to h a long day & ,jupit] a %ort "o2 t ! extreme out] planets w\ld be n unlikely to rotate 9 a retrograde direction2 & s on1 ?r\gh a long li/ ( int]e/+ & /rik+ details4 ,n only1 !re=e1 are we driv5 to ! inf]5ce t our sol> sy/em 0 once a vapor\s nebula1 b we f9d t ! m]e contraction ( su* a nebula1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! enorm\s mutual gravitation ( its p>ticles1 c>ries ) x ! explanation ( bo? ! m g5]al & ! m p>ticul> features ( ! pres5t sy/em4 ,s t we may fairly reg>d ?is /up5d\s process z v]itable matt] ( hi/ory1 :ile we proce$ to /udy x "u "s fur!r aspects & to consid] :at consequ5ces are likely to foll[4 ,our att5tion %\ld fir/ be direct$ to ! enorm\s wa/e ( en]gy :i* has accompani$ ?is contraction ( ! sol> nebula4 ,! fir/ result ( su* a contraction is ! g5]ation ( a great quantity ( heat1 & :5 ! heat ?us g5]at$ has be5 lo/ by radiation into surr\nd+ space x becomes possible = ! contraction to cont9ue4 ,?us1 z conc5tration goes on1 heat is incessantly g5]at$ & incessantly dissipat$4 ,h[ long ?is process is to endure dep5ds *iefly on ! size ( ! contract+ mass1 z small bodies radiate heat mu* fa/] ?an l>ge ones4 ,! moon seems to be already ?or\ghly refrig]at$1 :ile ,jupit] & ,saturn are v mu* hott] ?an ! e>?1 z is %[n by ! trem5d\s atmosph]ic ph5om5a :i* occur on _! surfaces4 ,! sun1 aga91 g5]ates heat s rapidly1 ow+ to 8 great en]gy ( contraction1 & loses x s sl[ly1 ow+ to 8 great size1 t 8 surface is always kept 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5ce4 ,8 surface-temp]ature is e/imat$ at "s ?ree million degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 & a dim9ution ( 8 diamet] f> too small to be detect$ by ! f9e/ exi/+ in/rum5ts w\ld suffice to ma9ta9 ! pres5t supply ( heat = m ?an fifty c5turies4 ,^! facts po9t to a v long future dur+ :i* ! sun w cont9ue to w>m ! e>? & its companion planets1 b at ! same "t !y c>ry on _! face ! /ory ( inevitable ultimate doom4 ,if ?+s cont9ue to g on z !y h all along gone on1 ! sun mu/ by & by gr[ black & cold1 & all life :atev] ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em mu/ come to an end4 ,long be=e ?is consummation1 h[ev]1 life w probably h become ext9ct ?r\gh ! refrig]ation ( ea* ( ! planets into a /ate l ! pres5t /ate ( ! moon1 9 :i* ! atmosph]e & oceans h disappe>$ f ! surface4 ,no d\bt ! sun w cont9ue to give out heat a long "t aft] heat has ceas$ to be ne$$ = ! support ( liv+ organisms4 ,= ! f9al refrig]ation ( ! sun w long be po/pon$ by ! fate ( ! planets !mselves4 ,! sep>ation ( ! planets f _! p>5t sol> mass seems to be aft] all b a tempor>y sep>ation4 ,s nicely balanc$ are !y n[ 9 _! orbits t !y may well seem capable ( roll+ on 9 _! pres5t c\rses =ev]4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,two sets ( circum/ances are all ! :ile /riv+1 ! "o to drive ! planets f>!r away f ! sun1 ! o!r to draw !m all into x4 ,on ! "o h&1 e body 9 our sy/em :i* conta9s fluid matt] has tides rais$ ^u its surface by ! attraction ( neighb\r+ bodies4 ,all ! planets raise tides ^u ! surface ( ! sun & ! p]iodicity ( sun-spots 7or sol> cyclones7 dep5ds ^u ?is fact4 ,^! tidal waves act z a drag or brake ^u ! rotation ( ! sun1 some:at dim9i%+ its rapidity4 ,b1 9 con=mity ) a pr9ciple ( me*anics well kn[n to a/ronom]s1 ?\gh n famili> to ! g5]al read]1 all ! motion ( rotation ?us lo/ by ! sun is add$ to ! planets 9 ! %ape ( annual motion ( revolution1 & ?us _! orbits all t5d to enl>ge1--!y all t5d to rec$e some:at f ! sun4 ,b ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ?\gh long-endur+ en\gh1 is aft] all only tempor>y1 & w at any rate come to an end :5 ! sun & planets h become solid4 ,mean:ile ano!r set ( circum/ances is all ! "t t5d+ to br+ ! planets ne>] to ! sun1 & 9 ! long run mu/ ga9 ! ma/]y4 ,! space ?r\gh :i* ! planets move is fill$ ) a k9d ( matt] :i* s]ves z a m$ium = ! transmission ( heat & light1 & ?is k9d ( matt]1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 "s respects f ord9>y pond]able matt]1 is yet l x 9 ex]t+ friction4 ,?is friction is almo/ inf9itely little1 yet x has a wellnigh inf9ite l5g? ( "t to "w 91 & dur+ all ?is wellnigh inf9ite l5g? ( "t x is sl[ly eat+ up ! mom5tum ( ! planets & dim9i%+ _! ability to ma9ta9 _! di/ances f ! sun4 ,h5ce 9 c\rse ( "t ! planets w all fall into ! sun1 "o aft] ano!r1 s t ! sol> sy/em w end1 z x began1 by consi/+ ( a s+le mass ( matt]4 ,b ?is is by no means ! end ( ! /ory4 ,:5 two bodies ru% toge!r1 ea* p>ts ) "s ( its en]gy ( motion1 & ?is lo/ en]gy ( motion reappe>s z heat4 ,9 ! concussion ( two cosmical bodies1 l ! sun & ! e>?1 an enorm\s quantity ( motion is ?us conv]t$ into heat4 ,n[ heat1 :5 n all[$ to radiate1 or :5 g5]at$ fa/] ?an x c be radiat$1 is trans=m$ into motion ( expansion4 ,h5ce ! %ock ( sun & planet w\ld at once result 9 ! vaporization ( bo? bodies2 & !re c be no d\bt t by ! "t ! sun has absorb$ ! out]mo/ ( 8 att5dant planets1 he w h resum$ some?+ l 8 orig9al nebul\s condition4 ,he w h be5 dilat$ into a huge mass ( vap\r1 & w h become fit = a new process ( contraction & = a new production ( life-be>+ planets4 ,we are n[1 h[ev]1 confront$ by an int]e/+ b difficult "q4 ,?r\gh\t all ?is gr& pa/ & future c>e] ( ! sol> sy/em :i* we h j briefly trac$1 we h be5 witness+ a mo/ prodigal dissipation ( en]gy 9 ! %ape ( radiant heat4 ,at ! outset we _h an enorm\s quantity ( :at is call$ en]gy ( position1 t is1 ! out] p>ts ( our primitive nebula _h a v long di/ance ?r\gh :i* to travel t[>ds "o ano!r 9 ! sl[ process ( conc5tration2 & ?is di/ance 0 ! measure ( ! quantity ( "w possible to our sy/em4 ,z ! p>ticles ( our nebula drew ne>] & ne>] toge!r1 ! en]gy ( position cont9ually lo/ reappe>$ cont9ually z heat1 ( :i* ! great] "p 0 radiat$ (f1 b ( :i* a c]ta9 am\nt 0 reta9$4 ,all ! gigantic am\nt ( "w a*iev$ 9 ! geologic developm5t ( our e>? & its companion planets1 & 9 ! developm5t ( life :]ev] life may exi/ 9 our sy/em1 has be5 ! product ( ?is reta9$ heat4 ,at ! pres5t day ! same wa/eful process is go+ on4 ,ea* mom5t ! sun's p>ticles are los+ en]gy ( position z !y draw clos] & clos] toge!r1 & ! heat into :i* ?is lo/ en]gy is metamorphos$ is p\r$ out mo/ prodigally 9 e direction4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t h[ little ( x gets us$ 9 our sy/em4 ,! e>?'s orbit is a ne>ly circul> figure m ?an five hundr$ million miles 9 circumf]5ce1 :ile only eight ?\s& miles ( ?is pa? are at any "o "t occupi$ by ! e>?'s mass4 ,?r\gh ^! eight ?\s& miles ! sun's radiat$ en]gy is do+ "w1 b ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! five hundr$ million x is idle & wa/$4 ,b ! case is f> m /rik+ :5 we reflect t x is n 9 ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit only t ! sun's radiance is be+ p\r$ out4 ,x is n an affair ( a circle1 b ( a sph]e4 ,9 ord] to utilize all ! sol> rays1 we %\ld ne$ to h an imm5se numb] ( e>?s arrang$ s z to t\* ea* o!r1 =m+ a holl[ sph]e ar\nd ! sun1 ) ! pres5t radius ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,we may well believe ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 !re=e1 :5 he tells u t all ! sol> radiance we receive is less ?an a two-billion? "p ( :at is s5t fly+ ?r\gh ! des]t regions ( space4 ,"s ( ! imm5se residue ( c\rse hits o!r planets /ation$ 9 ! way ( x1 & is utiliz$ ^u _! surfaces2 b ! planets1 all put toge!r1 /op s little ( ! total quantity t our />tl+ illu/ration is n mat]ially alt]$ by tak+ !m into ! acc\nt4 ,n[ ?is two-billion? "p ( ! sol> radiance p\r$ out f mom5t to mom5t suffices to bl[ e w9d1 to raise e cl\d1 to drive e eng9e1 to build up ! tissue ( e plant1 to su/a9 ! activity ( e animal1 includ+ man1 ^u ! surface ( our va/ & /ately globe4 ,consid]+ ! wondr\s ri*ness & v>iety ( ! t]re/rial life wr\ght out by ! few sunbeams :i* we cat* 9 our c>e] ?r\gh space1 we may well pause ov]:elm$ & /upefi$ at ! ?\ght ( ! incalculable possibilities ( exi/5ce :i* are ?r[n away ) ! pot5t act9ism t d>ts unceas+ly into ! unfa?om$ abysms ( imm5sity4 ,:]e x goes to or :at becomes ( x1 no "o ( u c surmise4 ,n[ :51 9 ! remote future1 our sun is r$uc$ to vap\r by ! impact ( ! sev]al planets ^u 8 surface1 ! result+ nebul\s mass mu/ be a v insignificant affair comp>$ ) ! nebul\s mass ) :i* we />t$4 ,9 ord] to make a second nebula equal 9 size & pot5tial en]gy to ! fir/ "o1 all ! en]gy ( position at fir/ exi/+ %\ld h be5 reta9$ 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,b ne>ly all ( x has be5 lo/1 & only an insignificant fraction rema9s ) :i* to end[ a new sy/em4 ,9 ord] to reproduce1 9 future ages1 any?+ l t cosmical developm5t :i* is n[ go+ on 9 ! sol> sy/em1 aid mu/ be s\ght f )\t4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to frame "s valid hypo!sis z to ! relation ( our sol> sy/em to o!r sy/ems4 ,?us f> our view has be5 conf9$ to ! c>e] ( a s+le />1--our sun1--) ! t9y1 easily-cool+ balls :i* x has ca/ (f 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t4 ,?us f>1 too1 our inf]5ces h be5 v secure1 = we h be5 deal+ ) a circumscrib$ gr\p ( ph5om5a1 ! beg9n+ & end ( :i* h be5 br\ght pretty well )9 ! compass ( our imag9ation4 ,x is q ano!r ?+ to deal ) ! actual or probable c>e] ( ! />s 9 g5]al1 inasmu* z we d n ev5 "k h[ _m />s !re are1 :i* =m p>ts ( a common sy/em1 or :at are _! precise dynamic relations to "o ano!r4 ,nev]!less we h k ( a few facts :i* may support "s cauti\s inf]5ces4 ,all ! />s :i* we c see are und\bt$ly b\nd toge!r by relations ( gravitation4 ,no d\bt our sun attracts all ! o!r />s )9 our k51 & is reciprocally attract$ by !m4 ,! />s1 too1 lie mo/ly 9 or ar\nd "o great plane1 z is ! case ) ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,moreov]1 ! />s are %[n by ! spectroscope to consi/ ( *emical elem5ts id5tical ) ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,su* facts z ^! make x probable t ! c>e] ( o!r />s1 :5 adequately inquir$ into1 w\ld be f\nd to be l t ( our own sun4 ,obs]vation daily enhances ?is probability1 = our /udy ( ! sid]eal univ]se is cont9ually %[+ u />s 9 all /ages ( developm5t4 ,we f9d irregul> nebulae1 = example2 we f9d spiral & sph]oidal nebulae2 we f9d />s :i* h got beyond ! nebul\s /age1 b are /ill at a :it] heat ?an our sun2 & we also f9d _m />s :i* yield ! same sort ( spectrum z our sun4 ,! inf]5ce seems =c$ ^u u t ! same process ( conc5tration :i* has gone on 9 ! case ( our sol> nebula has be5 go+ on 9 ! case ( o!r nebulae4 ,! hi/ory ( ! sun is b a type ( ! hi/ory ( />s 9 g5]al4 ,& :5 we consid] t all o!r visible />s & nebulae are cool+ & contract+ bodies1 l our sun1 to :at o!r conclusion c\ld we v well come8 ,:5 we look at ,sirius1 = in/ance1 we d n see him surr\nd$ by planets1 = at su* a di/ance no planet c\ld be visible1 ev5 ,sirius himself1 ?\gh f\rte5 times l>g] ?an our sun1 appe>+ only z a tw9kl+ little />4 ,b a comp>ative survey ( ! heav5s assures u t ,sirius c h>dly h arriv$ at 8 pres5t /age ( conc5tration )\t deta*+1 planet-=m+ r+s1 = !re is no reason = suppos+ t me*anical laws out !re are at all diff]5t f :at !y are 9 our own sy/em4 ,& ! same k9d ( inf]5ce mu/ apply to all ! matur$ />s :i* we see 9 ! heav5s4 ,:5 we duly take all ^! ?+s into ! acc\nt1 ! case ( our sol> sy/em w appe> z only "o ( a ?\s& cases ( evolution & dissolution ) :i* ! heav5s furni% u4 ,o!r />s1 l our sun1 h und\bt$ly />t$ z vapor\s masses1 & h ?r[n (f planets 9 contract+4 ,! inf]5ce may seem a bold "o1 b x aft] all involves no o!r assumption ?an t ( ! cont9uity ( natural ph5om5a4 ,x is n likely1 !re=e1 t ! sol> sy/em w =ev] be left to itself4 ,/>s :i* /rongly gravitate t[>d ea* o!r1 :ile mov+ ?r\gh a p]5nially resi/+ m$ium1 mu/ 9 "t be drawn toge!r4 ,! collision ( our ext9ct sun ) "o ( ! ,pleiades1 aft] ?is mann]1 w\ld v likely suffice to g5]ate ev5 a gr&] nebula ?an ! "o ) :i* we />t$4 ,possibly ! entire galactic sy/em may1 9 an inconceivably remote future1 remodel itself 9 ?is way2 & possibly ! nebula f :i* our own gr\p ( planets has be5 =m$ may h ow$ its orig9 to ! dis9tegration ( sy/ems :i* _h accompli%$ _! c>e] 9 ! dep?s ( ! bygone et]nity4 ,:5 ! problem is ext5d$ to ^! huge dim5sions1 ! prospect ( an ultimate cessation ( cosmical "w is indef9itely po/pon$1 b at ! same "t x becomes impossible = u to deal v securely ) ! que/ions we h rais$4 ,! magnitudes & p]iods we h introduc$ are s ne>ly inf9ite z to baffle speculation itself3 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 we seem dimly to disc]n4 ,suppos+ ! /ell> univ]se n to be absolutely inf9ite 9 ext5t1 we may hold t ! day ( doom1 s (t5 po/pon$1 mu/ come at la/4 ,! conc5tration ( matt] & dissipation ( en]gy1 s (t5 *eck$1 mu/ 9 ! end prevail1 s t1 z ! f9al outcome ( ?+s1 ! entire univ]se w be r$uc$ to a s+le enorm\s ball1 dead & froz51 solid & black1 its pot5tial en]gy ( motion hav+ be5 all trans=m$ into heat & radiat$ away4 ,su* a conclusion has be5 sugge/$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson1 & x is q =cibly /at$ by ! au?ors ( ,! ,unse5 ,univ]se4 ,!y rem9d u t if !re be any "o =m ( en]gy less readily or less completely trans=mable ?an ! o!rs1 & if trans=mations con/antly g on1 m & m ( ! :ole en]gy ( ! univ]se w inevitably s9k into ?is l[] grade z "t advances4 ,n[ radiant heat1 z we h se51 is su* a l[] grade ( en]gy4 ,at ea* trans=mation ( heat-en]gy into "w1 a l>ge portion is degrad$1 :ile only a small portion is trans=m$ into "w4 ,s t :ile x is v easy to *ange all ( our me*anical or useful en]gy into heat1 x is only possible to trans=m a portion ( ?is heat-en]gy back aga9 into "w4 ,aft] ea* *ange1 too1 ! heat becomes m & m dissipat$ or degrad$1 & less & less available = any future trans=mation4 ,9 o!r words1 our au?ors cont9ue1 ! t5d5cy ( heat is t[>ds equalization2 heat is p> excell5ce ! communi/ ( our univ]se1 & x w no d\bt ultimately br+ ! sy/em to an end44444 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t life1 s f> z x is physical1 dep5ds ess5tially ^u trans=mations ( en]gy2 x is also absolutely c]ta9 t age aft] age ! possibility ( su* trans=mations is becom+ less & less2 &1 s f> z we yet "k1 ! f9al /ate ( ! pres5t univ]se mu/ be an aggregation 7into "o mass7 ( all ! matt] x conta9s1 i4 e4 ! pot5tial en]gy gone1 & a practically useless /ate ( k9etic en]gy1 i4 e4 uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t t mass4 ,?us our au?ors conclude t ! visible univ]se began 9 "t & w 9 "t come to an end2 & !y add t "u ! physical conditions ( su* a univ]se immortality is impossible4 ,conc]n+ ! latt] inf]5ce we %all by & by h some?+ to say4 ,mean:ile ?is :ole speculation z to ! f9al cessation ( cosmical "w seems to me--z x does to my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,clif=d #c--;by no means tru/wor?y4 ,! conditions ( ! problem s f> transc5d our grasp t any su* speculation mu/ rema9 an unv]ifiable guess4 ,i d n g ) ,pr(essor ,clif=d 9 d\bt+ :e!r ! laws ( me*anics are absolutely ! same ?r\gh\t et]nity2 ,i _c q reconcile su* a d\bt ) fai? 9 ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity4 ,b x does seem to me ne$ful1 be=e we conclude t radiat$ en]gy is absolutely & =ev] wa/$1 t we %\ld f9d out :at becomes ( x4 ,:at we call radiant heat is simply transv]se wave-motion1 propagat$ ) enorm\s velocity ?r\gh an ocean ( subtle e!real matt] :i* ba!s ! atoms ( all visible or palpable bodies & fills ! :ole ( space1 ext5d+ beyond ! remote/ /> :i* ! telescope c rea*4 ,:e!r !re are any b\nds at all to ?is e!real ocean1 or :e!r x is z inf9ite z space itself1 we _c surmise4 ,if x be limit$1 ! possible disp]sion ( radiant en]gy is limit$ by its ext5t4 ,heat & light _c travel ?r\gh empt9ess4 ,if ! e!r is b\nd$ by surr\nd+ empt9ess1 !n a ray ( heat1 on arriv+ at ?is limit+ empt9ess1 w\ld be reflect$ back z surely z a ball is s5t back :5 ?r[n aga9/ a solid wall4 ,if ?is be ! case1 x w n affect our conclusions conc]n+ su* a t9y region ( space z is occupi$ by ! sol> sy/em1 b x w s]i\sly modify ,sir ,william ,?omson's sugge/ion z to ! fate ( ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,! radiance ?r[n away by ! sun is inde$ lo/ s f> z ! future ( our sy/em is conc]n$1 b n a s+le unit ( x is lo/ f ! univ]se4 ,soon] or lat]1 reflect$ back 9 all directions1 x mu/ d "w 9 "o qu>t] or ano!r1 s t ultimate /agnation be comes impossible4 ,x is true t no su* return ( radiant en]gy has be5 detect$ 9 our corn] ( ! _w2 b we h n yet s f> dis5tangl$ all ! =ce-relations ( ! univ]se t we are entitl$ to reg>d su* a return z impossible4 ,?is is "o way ( escape f ! consummation ( ?+s depict$ by our au?ors4 ,ano!r way ( escape is equally available1 if we suppose t :ile ! e!r is )\t b\nds ! /ell> univ]se also ext5ds to inf9ity4 ,= 9 ?is case ! reproduction ( nebul\s masses fit = g5]at+ new sy/ems ( worlds mu/ g on ?r\gh space t is endless1 & consequ5tly ! process c nev] come to an end & c nev] h _h a beg9n+4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ?ree alt]natives3 ei!r ! visible univ]se is f9ite1 :ile ! e!r is inf9ite2 or bo? are f9ite2 or bo? are inf9ite4 ,only on ! fir/ supposition1 ,i ?9k1 d we get a univ]se :i* began 9 "t & mu/ end 9 "t4 ,betwe5 su* /up5d\s alt]natives we h no gr\nds = *oos+4 ,b x w\ld seem t ! ?ird1 :e!r /rictly true or n1 be/ repres5ts ! /ate ( ! case relatively to our feeble capacity ( compreh5sion4 ,:e!r absolutely inf9ite or n1 ! dim5sions ( ! univ]se mu/ be tak5 z practically inf9ite1 s f> z human ?\ght is conc]n$4 ,!y immeasurably transc5d ! capabilities ( any gauge we c br+ to be> on !m4 ,accord+ly all t we are really entitl$ to hold1 z ! outcome ( s\nd speculation1 is ! conception ( innum]able sy/ems ( worlds conc5trat+ out ( nebul\s masses1 & !n ru%+ toge!r & dissolv+ into simil> masses1 z bubbles unite & break up--n[ "h1 n[ !re--9 _! play on ! surface ( a pool1 & to ?is trem5d\s s]ies ( ev5ts we c assign nei!r a beg9n+ nor an end4 #c ,=tnightly ,review1 ,april1 #ahge4 ,we mu/ n[ make "s m explicit m5tion ( ! e!r :i* c>ries ?r\gh space ! rays ( heat & light4 ,9 close/ connection ) ! visible /ell> univ]se1 ! vicissitudes ( :i* we h briefly trac$1 ! all-p]vad+ e!r con/itutes a sort ( unse5 _w rem>kable en\gh f any po9t ( view1 b to :i* ! !ory ( our au?ors ascribes capacities hi!rto unsuspect$ by sci5ce4 ,! v exi/5ce ( an ocean ( e!r envelop+ ! molecules ( mat]ial bodies has be5 d\bt$ or d5i$ by _m em95t physici/s1 ?\gh ( c\rse none h call$ 9 "q ! necessity = "s int]/ell> m$ium = ! transmission ( !rmal & lum9\s vibrations4 ,?is scepticism has be51 ,i ?9k1 p>tially ju/ifi$ by ! _m difficulties encompass+ ! conception1 into :i*1 h[ev]1 we ne$ n "h ent]4 ,t light & heat _c be convey$ by any ( ! ord9>y s5sible =ms ( matt] is unque/ionable4 ,none ( ! =ms ( s5sible matt] c be imag9$ suffici5tly ela/ic to propagate wave-motion at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & eighty-eight ?\s& miles p] second4 ,yet a ray ( light is a s]ies ( waves1 & implies "s sub/ance 9 :i* ! waves occur4 ,! sub/ance requir$ is "o :i* seems to possess /rangely contradictory prop]ties4 ,x is commonly reg>d$ z an e!r or inf9itely r>e sub/ance2 b1 z ,pr(essor ,jevons obs]ves1 we might z well reg>d x z an inf9itely solid adamant4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has calculat$ ! am\nt ( =ce :i* may be suppos$1 accord+ to ! undulatory !ory ( light1 to be ex]t$ at ea* po9t 9 space1 & f9ds x to be #a1adh1jjj1jjj1jjj times ! ela/ic =ce ( ord9>y air at ! e>?'s surface1 s t ! pressure ( ! e!r ^u a squ>e in* ( surface mu/ be ab\t #ag1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 or sev5te5 billions ( p\nds4 #d ,yet at ! same "t ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! e!r to ! planet>y motions is too m9ute to be appreciable4 ,all our ord9>y notions1 says ,pr(essor ,jevons1 mu/ be laid aside 9 contemplat+ su* an hypo!sis2 yet x is no m ?an ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( light & heat =ce u to accept4 ,we _c d5y ev5 ! /range sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,"y1 t !re may be indep5d5t worlds1 "s possibly exi/+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( space1 b o!rs p]haps p]vad+ ea* o!r1 unse5 & unkn[n1 9 ! same space4 ,= if we are b\nd to admit ! conception ( ?is adamant9e firmam5t1 x is equally easy to admit a plurality ( su*4 #d ,jevons's ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ade4 ,! figures1 :i* 9 ! ,engli% sy/em ( num]ation read z sev5te5 billions1 w\ld 9 ! ,am]ican sy/em read z sev5te5 trillions4 ,! e!r1 !re=e1 is unlike any ( ! =ms ( matt] :i* we c weigh & measure4 ,9 "s respects x resembles a fluid1 9 "s respects a solid4 ,x is bo? h>d & ela/ic to an almo/ inconceivable degree4 ,x fills all mat]ial bodies l a sea 9 :i* ! atoms ( ! mat]ial bodies are z isl&s1 & x occupies ! :ole ( :at we call empty space4 ,x is s s5sitive t a di/urbance 9 any "p ( x causes a trem\r :i* is felt on ! surface ( c\ntless worlds4 ,our old exp]i5ces ( matt] give u no acc\nt ( any sub/ance l ?is2 yet ! undulatory !ory ( light obliges u to admit su* a sub/ance1 & t !ory is z well e/abli%$ z ! !ory ( gravitation4 ,obvi\sly we h "h an enl>gem5t ( our exp]i5ce ( matt]4 ,! analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( light & radiant heat has br\ght u into m5tal relations ) matt] 9 a diff]5t /ate f any 9 :i* we previ\sly knew x4 ,= ! supposition t ! e!r may be some?+ ess5tially diff]5t f matt] is contradict$ by all ! t]ms we h us$ 9 describ+ x4 ,/range & contradictory z its prop]ties may seem1 are !y any m /range ?an ! prop]ties ( a gas w\ld seem if we 7 = ! fir/ "t to discov] a gas aft] h]et(ore kn[+ no?+ b solids & liquids8 ,i ?9k n2 & ! conclusion impli$ by our au?ors seems to me em95tly probable1 t 9 ! s-call$ e!r we h simply a /ate ( matt] m primitive ?an :at we "k z ! gase\s /ate4 ,inde$1 ! conceptions ( matt] n[ curr5t1 & inh]it$ f b>b>\s ages1 are likely en\gh to be crude 9 ! extreme4 ,x is n /range t ! /udy ( su* subtle ag5cies z heat & light %\ld oblige u to modify !m2 & x w n be /range if ! /udy ( electricity %\ld entail /ill fur!r revision ( our ideas4 ,we are n[ br\ght to "o ( ! pr(\nde/ speculations ( mod]n times1 ! vortex-atom !ory ( ,helmholtz & ,?omson1 9 :i* ! evolution ( ord9>y matt] f e!r is pla9ly indicat$4 ,! read] fir/ ne$s to "k :at vortex-motion is2 & ?is has be5 s beautifully expla9$ by ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 t ,i quote 8 description entire3 ,imag9e a r+ ( india-rubb]1 made by jo9+ toge!r ! ends ( a cyl9drical piece 7l a lead-p5cil be=e x is cut71 to be put ^u a r\nd /ick :i* x w j fit ) a little /ret*+4 ,let ! /ick be n[ pull$ ?r\gh ! r+ :ile ! latt] is kept 9 its place by be+ pull$ ! o!r way on ! outside4 ,! india-rubb] has !n :at is call$ vortex-motion4 ,be=e ! ends 7 jo9$ toge!r1 :ile x 0 /raight1 x might h be5 made to turn ar\nd )\t *ang+ position1 by roll+ x betwe5 ! h&s4 ,j ! same motion ( rotation x has on ! /ick1 only t ! ends are n[ jo9$ toge!r4 ,all ! inside surface ( ! r+ is go+ "o way1 namely1 ! way ! /ick is pull$2 & all ! outside is go+ ! o!r way4 ,su* a vortex-r+ is made by ! smok] :o purses 8 lips into a r\nd hole & s5ds out a puff ( smoke4 ,! outside ( ! r+ is kept back by ! friction ( 8 lips :ile ! inside is go+ =w>ds2 ?us a rotation is set up all r\nd ! smoke-r+ z x travels out into ! air4 ,9 ^! cases1 & 9 o!rs z we commonly f9d x1 vortex-motion owes its orig9 to friction & is aft] a :ile br\ght to an end by friction4 ,b 9 #aheh ! equations ( motion ( an incompressible frictionless fluid 7 fir/ successfully solv$ by ,helmholtz1 & among o!r ?+s he prov$ t1 ?\gh vortex-motion c\ld n be orig9at$ 9 su* a fluid1 yet suppos+ x once to exi/1 x w\ld exi/ to all et]nity & c\ld n be dim9i%$ by any me*anical action :atev]4 ,a vortex-r+1 = example1 9 su* a fluid1 w\ld =ev] pres]ve its own rotation1 & w\ld ?us =ev] reta9 its peculi> individuality1 be+1 z x 71 m>k$ (f f its neighb\r vortex-r+s4 ,^u ?is me*anical tru? ,sir ,william ,?omson bas$ 8 wond]fully sugge/ive !ory ( ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,t :i* is p]man5t or inde/ructible 9 matt] is ! ultimate homog5e\s atom2 & ?is is probably all t is p]man5t1 s9ce *emi/s n[ almo/ unanim\sly hold t s-call$ elem5t>y molecules are n really simple1 b owe _! s5sible diff]5ces to ! v>i\s gr\p+s ( an ultimate atom :i* is alike = all4 ,relatively to our p[]s ( compreh5sion ! atom endures et]nally2 t is1 x reta9s =ev] unalt]able its def9ite mass & its def9ite rate ( vibration4 ,n[ ?is is j :at a vortex-r+ w\ld d 9 an incompressible frictionless fluid4 ,?us ! />tl+ "q is sugge/$1 ,:y may n ! ultimate atoms ( matt] be vortex-r+s =ev] exi/+ 9 su* a frictionless fluid fill+ ! :ole ( space8 ,su* a hypo!sis is n less brilliant ?an ,huygh5s's conjectural id5tification ( light ) undulatory motion2 & x is moreov] a legitimate hypo!sis1 s9ce x c be br\ght to ! te/ ( v]ification4 ,sir ,william ,?omson has %[n t x expla9s a great _m ( ! physical prop]ties ( matt]3 x rema9s to be se5 :e!r x c expla9 !m all4 ,( c\rse ! e!r :i* conveys !rmal & lum9\s undulations is n ! frictionless fluid po/ulat$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s prop]ty ( ! e!r is its enorm\s ela/icity1 a prop]ty :i* we %\ld n f9d 9 a frictionless fluid4 ,to acc\nt = su* ela/icity1 says ,pr(essor ,clif=d 7^: exposition ( ! subject is /ill m lucid ?an t ( our au?ors71 x has to be suppos$ t ev5 :]e !re are no mat]ial molecules ! univ]sal fluid is full ( vortex-motion1 b t ! vortices are small] & m closely pack$ ?an ^? ( ord9>y matt]1 =m+ altoge!r a m f9ely gra9$ /ructure4 ,s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 matt] & e!r is r$uc$ to a m]e diff]5ce 9 ! size & arrangem5t ( ! compon5t vortex-r+s4 ,n[1 :atev] may turn out to be ! ultimate nature ( ! e!r & ( molecules1 we "k t to "s ext5t at lea/ !y obey ! same dynamic laws1 & t !y act ^u "o ano!r 9 accordance ) ^! laws4 ,until1 !re=e1 x is absolutely disprov$1 x mu/ rema9 ! simple/ & mo/ probable assumption t !y are f9ally made ( ! same /uff1 t ! mat]ial molecule is "s k9d ( knot or coagulation ( e!r4 #e #e ,=tnightly ,review1 ,june1 #ahge1 p4 #ghd4 ,ano!r int]e/+ consequ5ce ( ,sir ,william ,?omson's pregnant hypo!sis is t ! absolute h>dness :i* has be5 attribut$ to mat]ial atoms f ! "t ( ,lucretius d[nw>d may be disp5s$ )4 ,some:at 9 ! same way t a loosely susp5d$ *a9 becomes rigid ) rapid rotation1 ! h>dness & ela/icity ( ! vortex-atom are expla9$ z due to ! swift rot>y motion ( a s(t & yield+ fluid4 ,s t ! vortex-atom is really indivisible1 n by reason ( its h>dness or solidity1 b by reason ( ! inde/ructibl5ess ( its motion4 ,suppos+1 n[1 t we adopt provisionally ! vortex !ory1--! great p[] ( :i* is well %[n by ! consid]ation j m5tion$1--we mu/ n =get t x is absolutely ess5tial to ! inde/ructibl5ess ( ! mat]ial atom t ! univ]sal fluid 9 :i* x has an exi/5ce z a vortex-r+ %\ld be entirely de/itute ( friction4 ,once admit ev5 ! mo/ inf9itesimal am\nt ( friction1 :ile reta9+ ! conception ( vortex-motion 9 a univ]sal fluid1 & ! :ole case is s f> alt]$ t ! mat]ial atom c no long] be reg>d$ z absolutely inde/ructible1 b only z indef9itely endur+4 ,x may h be5 g5]at$1 9 bygone et]nity1 by a natural process ( evolution1 & 9 future et]nity may come to an end4 ,relatively to our p[]s ( compreh5sion ! practical diff]5ce is p]haps n great4 ,sci5tifically speak+1 ,helmholtz & ,?omson are z well entitl$ to reason ^u ! assumption ( a p]fectly frictionless fluid z geomet]s 9 g5]al are entitl$ to assume p]fect l9es )\t bread? & p]fect surfaces )\t ?ickness4 ,p]fect l9es & surfaces d n exi/ )9 ! region ( our exp]i5ce2 yet ! conclusions ( geometry are none ! less true ideally1 ?\gh 9 any p>ticul> concrete in/ance !y are only approximately realiz$4 ,j s ) ! conception ( a frictionless fluid4 ,s f> z exp]i5ce goes1 su* a ?+ has no m real exi/5ce ?an a l9e )\t bread?2 & h5ce an atomic !ory bas$ ^u su* an assumption may be z true ideally z any ( ! !orems ( ,euclid1 b x c give only an approximatively true acc\nt ( ! actual univ]se4 ,^! consid]ations d n at all affect ! sci5tific value ( ! !ory2 b !y w modify ! t5\r ( su* transc5d5tal inf]5ces z may be drawn f x reg>d+1 ! probable orig9 & de/9y ( ! univ]se4 ,! conclusions rea*$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is pap]1 :ile we 7 deal+ only ) gross visible matt]1 may h seem$ bold en\gh2 b !y are f> surpass$ by ! inf]5ce :i* our au?ors draw f ! vortex !ory z !y int]pret x4 ,our au?ors exhibit v>i\s reasons1 m or less s\nd1 = attribut+ to ! primordial fluid "s slight am\nt ( friction2 & 9 support ( ?is view !y adduce ,le ,sage's explanation ( gravitation z a diff]5tial result ( pressure1 & ,/ruve's !ory ( ! p>tial absorption ( light-rays by ! e!r1--que/ions ) :i* our pres5t purpose does n require u to m$dle4 ,ap>t f su* que/ions x is e way probable t ! prim>y assumption ( ,helmholtz & ,?omson is only an approximation to ! tru?4 ,b if we accr$it ! primordial fluid ) ev5 an inf9itesimal am\nt ( friction1 !n we are requir$ to conceive ( ! visible univ]se z develop$ f ! invisible & z de/9$ to return into ! invisible4 ,! vortex-atom1 produc$ by inf9itesimal friction op]at+ ?r\gh wellnigh inf9ite "t1 is to be ultimately aboli%$ by ! ag5cy :i* produc$ x4 ,9 ! words ( our au?ors1 ,if ! visible univ]se be develop$ f an invisible :i* is n a p]fect fluid1 !n ! argum5t d$uc$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson 9 fav\r ( ! et]nity ( ord9>y matt] disappe>s1 s9ce ?is et]nity dep5ds ^u ! p]fect fluidity ( ! invisible4 ,9 f9e1 if we suppose ! mat]ial univ]se to be compos$ ( a s]ies ( vortex-r+s develop$ f an invisible univ]se :i* is n a p]fect fluid1 x w be ephem]al1 j z ! smoke-r+ :i* we develop f air1 or t :i* we develop f wat]1 is ephem]al1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 duration1 ^! la/+ only = a few seconds1 & ! o!rs x may be = billions ( ye>s4 ,?us1 z our au?ors suppose t ! available en]gy ( ! visible univ]se w ultimately be appropriat$ by ! invisible1 !y g on to imag9e1 at lea/ z a possibility1 t ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! visible univ]se w %>e ! same fate1 s t we %all h no huge1 useless1 in]t mass exi/+ 9 aft] ages to rem9d ! pass]-by ( a =m ( en]gy & a species ( matt] t is long s9ce out ( date & functionally effete4 ,:y %\ld n ! univ]se bury its dead out ( sight8 ,9 "o respect p]haps no m /up5d\s subject ( contemplation ?an ?is has ev] be5 (f]$ to ! m9d ( man4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! l5g? ( "t ?us requir$ to efface ! t9y individual atom1 ! entire cosmical c>e] ( our sol> sy/em1 or ev5 t ( ! :ole />ry galaxy1 %r9ks into utt] no?+ness4 ,:e!r we %all adopt ! conclusion sugge/$ mu/ dep5d on ! ext5t ( our speculative audacity4 ,we h se5 :]e9 its probability consi/s1 b 9 reason+ ^u su* a scale we may fitly be cauti\s & mode/ 9 accept+ inf]5ces1 & our au?ors1 we may be sure1 w\ld be ! fir/ to recomm5d su* mode/y & caution4 ,ev5 at ! dim5sions to :i* our !oriz+ has "h gr[n1 we may = in/ance disc]n ! possible alt]native ( a simultane\s or rhy?mically successive g5]ation & de/ruction ( vortex-atoms :i* w\ld g f> to modify ! conclusion j sugge/$4 ,b "h we mu/ pause = a mom5t1 res]v+ = a second pap] ! weighti] ?\ghts z to futurity :i* our au?ors h s\ght to enwrap 9 ^! sublime physical speculations4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,up to ?is po9t1 h[ev] remote f ord9>y e-day ?\ghts may be ! region ( speculation :i* we h be5 call$ ^u to trav]se1 we h /ill kept )9 ! limits ( legitimate sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,?\gh we h v5tur$ = a goodly di/ance into ! unkn[n1 we h n yet be5 requir$ to ab&on our base ( op]ations 9 ! kn[n4 ,( ! views pres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ pap]1 "s are wellnigh c]ta9ly e/abli%$1 "s are probable1 "s h a sort ( plausibility1 o!rs--to :i* we h refra9$ f giv+ ass5t--may possibly be true2 b none are irretrievably beyond ! jurisdiction ( sci5tific te/s4 ,no sugge/ion has s f> be5 broa*$ :i* a v little fur!r increase ( our sci5tific k may n %[ to be ei!r em95tly probable or em95tly improbable4 ,we h kept pretty cle> ( m]e subjective guesses1 su* z m5 may wrangle ab\t =ev] )\t com+ to any conclusion4 ,! !ory ( ! nebul> orig9 ( our planet>y sy/em has come to comm& ! ass5t ( all p]sons qualifi$ to appreciate ! evid5ce on :i* x is bas$2 & ! m imm$iate conclusions :i* we h drawn f t !ory are only su* z are commonly drawn by a/ronom]s & physici/s4 ,! doctr9e ( an int]molecul> & int]/ell> e!r is wrapp$ up 9 ! well-e/abli%$ undulatory !ory ( light4 ,su* is by no means ! case ) ,sir ,william ,?omson's vortex-atom !ory1 :i* to-day is 9 some:at ! same condition z ! undulatory !ory ( ,huygh5s two c5turies ago4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is none ! less a hypo!sis truly sci5tific 9 conception1 & 9 ! speculations to :i* x leads u we are /ill sure ( deal+ ) views t admit at lea/ ( def9ite expression & treatm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh our /udy ( ! visible univ]se has l$ u to ! recognition ( a k9d ( unse5 _w und]ly+ ! _w ( ?+s t are se51 yet conc]n+ ! economy ( ?is unse5 _w we h n be5 l$ to ent]ta9 any hypo!sis t has n its possible ju/ification 9 our exp]i5ces ( visible ph5om5a4 ,we are n[ call$ ^u1 foll[+ 9 ! wake ( our e/eem$ au?ors1 to v5ture on a diff]5t sort ( exploration1 9 :i* we mu/ cut loose altoge!r f our moor+s 9 ! _w ( :i* we h def9ite exp]i5ce4 ,we are invit$ to ent]ta9 sugge/ions conc]n+ ! peculi> economy ( ! invisible portion ( ! univ]se :i* we h no means ( subject+ to any sort ( te/ ( probability1 ei!r exp]im5tal or d$uctive4 ,^! sugge/ions are1 !re=e1 n to be reg>d$ z prop]ly sci5tific2 b1 ) ?is ^w ( caution1 we may proce$ to %[ :at !y are4 ,comp>$ ) ! life & dea? ( cosmical sy/ems :i* we h h]et(ore contemplat$1 ! life & dea? ( individuals ( ! human race may p]haps seem a small matt]2 yet because we are ourselves ! m5 :o live & die1 ! small ev5t is ( va/ly great] int]e/ to u ?an ! gr& s]ies ( ev5ts ( :i* x is "p & p>cel4 ,x is natural t we %\ld be m int]e/$ 9 ! ultimate fate ( humanity ?an 9 ! fate ( a _w :i* is ( no acc\nt to u save z our pres5t dwell+-place4 ,:e!r ! human s\l is to come to an end or n is to u a m important "q ?an :e!r ! visible univ]se1 ) its matt] & en]gy1 is to be absorb$ 9 an invisible e!r4 ,x is inde$ only because we are int]e/$ 9 ! =m] "q t we are s curi\s ab\t ! latt]4 ,if we c\ld dissociate ourselves f ! mat]ial univ]se1 our habitat1 we %\ld probably speculate mu* less ab\t its pa/ & future4 ,we c>e v little :at becomes ( ! black ball ( ! e>?1 aft] all life has vani%$ f its surface2 or1 if we c>e at all ab\t x1 x is only because our ?\ghts ab\t ! c>e] ( ! e>? are necess>ily mix$ up ) our ?\ghts ab\t life4 ,h5ce 9 consid]+ ! probable ultimate de/9y ( ! physical univ]se1 our inn]mo/ purpose mu/ be to "k :at is to become ( all ?is ri* & wond]ful life ( :i* ! physical univ]se is ! !atre4 ,has x all be5 develop$1 app>5tly at almo/ inf9ite wa/e ( ef=t1 only to be aboli%$ aga9 be=e x has atta9$ to complet5ess1 or does x conta9 or %elt] "s inde/ructible elem5t :i* hav+ drawn su/5ance = a :ile f ! s5seless turmoil ( physical ph5om5a %all /ill survive _! f9al decay8 ,?is "q is closely connect$ ) ! "t-hon\r$ "q ( ! mean+1 purpose1 or t5d5cy ( ! _w4 ,9 ! c>e] ( ! _w is life an end1 or a means t[>d an end1 or only an incid5tal ph5om5on 9 :i* we c discov] no mean+8 ,contempor>y !ologians seem g5]ally to believe t "o necess>y result ( mod]n sci5tific inquiry mu/ be ! de/ruction ( ! belief 9 immortal life1 s9ce aga9/ e ?or\ghgo+ exp\nd] ( sci5tific k !y seek to hurl ! *>ge ( mat]ialism4 ,_! d\bts1 h[ev]1 are n %>$ by our au?ors1 ?or\gh m5 ( sci5ce z !y are1 ?\gh _! mode ( deal+ ) ! "q may n be su* z we c well adopt4 ,:ile uphold+ ! doctr9e ( evolution1 & all ! s-call$ mat]iali/ic views ( mod]n sci5ce1 !y n only reg>d ! hypo!sis ( a future life z admissible1 b !y ev5 g s f> z to prop\nd a physical !ory z to ! nature ( exi/5ce aft] dea?4 ,let u see :at ?is physical !ory is4 ,z f> z ! visible univ]se is conc]n$1 we d n f9d 9 x any evid5ce ( immortality or ( p]man5ce ( any sort1 unless x be 9 ! sum ( pot5tial & k9etic en]gies on ! p]si/5cy ( :i* dep5ds our pr9ciple ( cont9uity4 ,9 ord9>y language ! />s 9 _! c\rses s]ve z symbols ( p]man5ce1 yet we h f\nd reason to reg>d !m z b tempor>y ph5om5a4 ,s1 9 ! language ( our au?ors1 if we take ! individual man1 we f9d t he lives 8 %ort tale ( ye>s1 & t !n ! visible ma*9]y :i* connects him ) ! pa/1 z well z t :i* enables him to act 9 ! pres5t1 falls into ru9 & is br\ght to an end4 ,if any g]m or pot5tiality rema9s1 x is c]ta9ly n connect$ ) ! visible ord] ( ?+s4 ,9 l mann] our race is pretty sure to come to an end long be=e ! de/ruction ( ! planet f :i* x n[ gets its su/5ance4 ,& 9 our au?ors op9ion ev5 ! univ]se w by & by become old & effete1 no less truly ?an ! individual3 x is a glori\s g>m5t ?is visible univ]se1 b n an immortal "o2 we mu/ look else:]e if we are to be clo!d ) immortality z ) a g>m5t4 ,x is at ?is po9t t our au?ors call att5tion to ! app>5tly wa/eful "* ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! visible univ]se4 ,! fact is "o :i* we h already suffici5tly describ$1 b we %all d well to quote ! words 9 :i* our au?ors recur to x3 ,all b a v small portion ( ! sun's heat goes day by day into :at we call empty space1 & x is only ?is v small rema9d] t is made use ( by ! v>i\s planets = purposes ( _! own4 ,c any?+ be m p]plex+ ?an ?is seem+ly frightful exp5diture ( ! v life & ess5ce ( ! sy/em8 ,t ?is va/ /ore ( high-class en]gy %\ld be do+ no?+ b travell+ outw>ds 9 space at ! rate ( #ahh1jjj miles p] second is h>dly conceivable1 especially :5 ! result ( x is ! inevitable de/ruction ( ! visible univ]se4 ,pursu+ ?is teleological argum5t1 x is sugge/$ t p]haps ?is app>5t wa/e ( en]gy is only an arrangem5t 9 virtue ( :i* our univ]se keeps up a memory ( ! pa/ at ! exp5se ( ! pres5t1 inasmu* z all memory consi/s 9 an inve/iture ( pres5t res\rces 9 ord] to keep a hold ^u ! pa/4 ,rec\rse is _h to ! +5i\s argum5t 9 :i* ,mr4 ,babbage %[$ t if we _h p[] to foll[ & detect ! m9ute/ effects ( any di/urbance1 ea* p>ticle ( exi/+ matt] mu/ be a regi/] ( all t has happ5$4 ,! track ( e canoe1 ( e vessel t has yet di/urb$ ! surface ( ! ocean1 :e!r impell$ by manual =ce or elem5tal p[]1 rema9s =ev] regi/]$ 9 ! future movem5t ( all succe$+ p>ticles :i* may occupy its place4 ,! furr[ :i* is left is1 inde$1 in/antly fill$ up by ! clos+ wat]s2 b !y draw aft] !m o!r & l>g] portions ( ! surr\nd+ elem5t1 & ^! aga91 once mov$1 communicate motion to o!rs 9 endless succession4 ,9 l mann]1 ! air itself is "o va/ libr>y1 on ^: pages are =ev] writt5 all t man has ev] said or ev5 :isp]$4 ,!re 9 _! mutable b un]r+ *>act]s1 mix$ ) ! e>lie/ z well z ! late/ sighs ( mortality1 /& =ev] record$ v[s unr$eem$1 promises unfulfill$1 p]petuat+ 9 ! unit$ movem5ts ( ea* p>ticle ! te/imony ( man's *angeful w4 #f ,9 "s su* way z ?is1 records ( e movem5t t takes place 9 ! _w are ea* mom5t transmitt$1 ) ! spe$ ( light1 ?r\gh ! invisible ocean ( e!r ) :i* ! _w is surr\nd$4 ,ev5 ! molecul> displacem5ts :i* occur 9 our bra9s :5 we feel & ?9k are ?us propagat$ 9 _! effects into ! unse5 _w4 ,! _w ( e!r is ?us reg>d$ by our au?ors z 9 "s sort ! obv]se or complem5t ( ! _w ( s5sible matt]1 s t :atev] en]gy is dissipat$ 9 ! "o is by ! same act accumulat$ 9 ! o!r4 ,x is l ! negative plate 9 photography1 :]e light answ]s to %ad[ & %ad[ to light4 ,or1 /ill bett]1 x is l ! case ( an equation 9 :i* :atev] quantity y take f "o side is add$ to ! o!r ) a contr>y sign1 :ile ! relation ( equality rema9s undi/urb$4 ,?us1 x w be notic$1 f ! +5i\s & subtle1 b q def5sible sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,babbage1 a leap is made to an assumption :i* _c be def5d$ sci5tifically1 b only teleologically4 ,x is "o ?+ to say t e movem5t 9 ! visible _w transmits a record ( itself to ! surr\nd+ e!r1 9 su* a way t f ! undulation ( ! e!r a suffici5tly p[]ful intellig5ce might inf] ! "* ( ! g5]at+ movem5t 9 ! visible _w4 ,x is q ano!r ?+ to say t ! e!r is organiz$ 9 su* a complex & delicate way z to be l a negative image or c\nt]p>t ( ! _w ( s5sible matt]4 ,! latt] view is no d\bt +5i\s1 b x is gratuit\s4 ,x is su/a9$ n by sci5tific analogy1 b by ! desire to f9d "s assignable use = ! en]gy :i* is con/antly escap+ f visible matt] into invisible e!r4 ,! mom5t we ask h[ d we "k t ?is en]gy is n really wa/$1 or t x is n put to "s use :olly undiscov]able by human intellig5ce1 ?is assumption ( an organiz$ e!r is at once se5 to be gr\ndless4 ,x belongs n to ! region ( sci5ce1 b to t ( pure my?ology4 #f ,babbage1 ,n9? ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #aae2 ,jevons1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dee4 ,9 ju/ice to our au?ors1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is assumption is put =? n z some?+ sci5tifically probable1 b z some?+ :i* = aught we "k to ! contr>y may possibly be true4 ,?is1 to be sure1 we ne$ n d5y2 nor if we once all[ ?is prodigi\s leap ( inf]5ce1 %all we f9d mu* difficulty 9 rea*+ ! fam\s conclusion t ?\ght conceiv$ to affect ! matt] ( ano!r univ]se simultane\sly ) ?is may expla9 a future /ate4 ,?is proposition1 qua9tly c\*$ 9 an anagram1 l ! discov]ies ( old a/ronom]s1 0 publi%$ la/ ye> 9 ,nature1 z conta9+ ! gi/ ( ! =?com+ book4 ,on ! negative-image hypo!sis x is n h>d to see h[ ?\ght is conceiv$ to affect ! se5 & ! unse5 worlds simultane\sly4 ,e act ( consci\sness is accompani$ by molecul> displacem5ts 9 ! bra91 & ^! are ( c\rse respond$ to by movem5ts 9 ! e!real _w4 ,?us z a s]ies ( consci\s /ates build up a cont9u\s memory 9 /rict accordance ) physical laws ( motion1 #g s a correlative memory is simultane\sly built up 9 ! e!real _w out ( ! e!real correlatives ( ! molecul> displacem5ts :i* g on 9 our bra9s4 ,& z !re is a cont9ual transf] ( en]gy f ! visible _w to ! e!r1 ! ext9ction ( vital en]gy :i* we call dea? mu/ co9cide 9 "s way ) ! awak5+ ( vital en]gy 9 ! correlative _w2 s t ! d>k5+ ( consci\sness "h is co9cid5t ) its dawn+ !re4 ,9 ?is way dea? is = ! individual b a transf] f "o physical /ate ( exi/5ce to ano!r2 & s1 on ! l>ge/ scale1 ! dea? or f9al loss ( en]gy by ! :ole visible univ]se has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! acquirem5t ( a maximum ( life by ! correlative unse5 _w4 ,!re seems to be a c]ta9 sort ( rigor\s logical consi/5cy 9 ?is d>+ speculation2 b really ! propositions ( :i* x consi/s are s f> f answ]+ to any?+ )9 ! doma9 ( human exp]i5ce t we are unable to tell :e!r any "o ( !m logically foll[s f its pr$ecessor or n4 ,x is evid5t t we are q out ( ! region ( sci5tific te/s1 & to :atev] view our au?ors may urge we c only languidly ass5t t x is out ( our p[] to disprove x4 #g ,see my ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #adb-adh4 ,! ess5tial weakness ( su* a !ory z ?is lies 9 ! fact t x is ?or\ghly mat]iali/ic 9 "*4 ,x is curr5tly assum$ t ! doctr9e ( a life aft] dea? _c be def5d$ on mat]iali/ic gr\nds1 b ?is is altoge!r too ha/y an assumption4 ,our au?ors1 inde$1 are n philosophical mat]iali/s1 l ,dr4 ,prie/ley1--:o nev]!less believ$ 9 a future life1--b "o ( ! prim>y doctr9es ( mat]ialism lies at ! bottom ( _! argum5t4 ,mat]ialism holds = "o ?+ t consci\sness is a product ( a peculi> organization ( matt]1 & = ano!r ?+ t consci\sness _c survive ! disorganization ( ! mat]ial body ) :i* x is associat$4 ,z held by philosophical mat]iali/s1 l ,bu*n] & ,moles*ott1 ^! two op9ions are /rictly consi/5t ) ea* o!r2 nay1 ! latt] seems to be ! inevitable inf]5ce f ! =m]1 ?\gh ,prie/ley did n s reg>d x4 ,n[ our au?ors v prop]ly refuse to commit !mselves to ! op9ion t m9d is ! product ( matt]1 b _! argum5t nev]!less implies t "s sort ( mat]ial vehicle is necess>y = ! cont9uance ( m9d 9 a future /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,?is mat]ial vehicle !y seek to supply 9 ! !ory :i* connects by invisible bonds ( transmitt$ en]gy ! p]i%able mat]ial body ) its c\nt]p>t 9 ! _w ( e!r4 ,! mat]ialism ( ! argum5t is inde$ p>tly veil$ by ! t]m9ology 9 :i* ?is c\nt]p>t is call$ a spiritual body1 b 9 ?is novel use or abuse ( scriptural language !re seems to me to be a /range confusion ( ideas4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! invisible univ]se into :i* en]gy is con/antly pass+ is simply ! lum9if]\s e!r1 :i* our au?ors1 to suit ! requirem5ts ( _! hypo!sis1 h gratuit\sly end[$ ) a complexity & v>iety ( /ructure analog\s to t ( ! visible _w ( matt]4 ,_! language is n always q s precise z "o c\ld desire1 = :ile !y sometimes speak ( ! e!r itself z ! unse5 univ]se1 !y sometimes allude to a primordial m$ium yet subtl] 9 con/itution & presumably m immat]ial4 ,h]e9 lies ! confusion4 ,:y %\ld ! lum9if]\s e!r1 or any primordial m$ium 9 :i* x may h be5 g5]at$1 be reg>d$ z 9 any way spiritual8 ,great physici/s1 l less tra9$ ?9k]s1 are sometimes liable to be unconsci\sly influ5c$ by old associations ( ideas :i*1 o/5sibly repudiat$1 /ill lurk "u cov] ( ! words we use4 ,i fe> t ! old associations :i* l$ ! anci5ts to describe ! s\l z a brea? or a %ad[1 & :i* acc\nt = ! etymologies ( su* words z gho/ & _s1 h _h some?+ to d ) ?is spiritualization ( ! int]/ell> e!r4 ,"s %>e may also h be5 contribut$ by ! ,platonic notion ( ! grossness or brut5ess ( tangible matt]1--a notion :i* has surviv$ 9 ,*ri/ian !ology1 & :i* educat$ m5 ( ! pres5t day h by no means univ]sally outgr[n4 ,save = "s su* old associations z ^!1 :y %\ld x be suppos$ t matt] becomes spriritualiz$ z x dim9i%es 9 app>5t sub/antiality8 ,:y %\ld matt] be pron\nc$ respectable 9 ! inv]se ratio ( its d5sity or pond]ability8 ,:y is a diamond any m *>geable ) grossness ?an a cubic c5timetre ( hydrog58 ,obvi\sly su* fancies are purely ( my?ologic p>5tage4 ,n[ ! lum9if]\s e!r1 ^u :i* our au?ors make su* ext5sive dem&s1 may be physically e!real en\gh1 9 spite ( ! enorm\s ela/icity :i* leads ,pr(essor ,jevons to *>act]ize x z adamant9e2 b mo/ assur$ly we h n ! slighte/ reason = speak+ ( x z immat]ial or spiritual4 ,?\gh we are unable to weigh x 9 ! balance1 we at lea/ "k x z a transmitt] ( undulatory movem5ts1 ! size & %ape ( :i* we c accurately measure4 ,its =ce-relations ) pond]able matt] are n only univ]sally & incessantly ma9ta9$1 b !y h t precisely quantitative "* :i* implies an ess5tial id5tity betwe5 ! inn]mo/ natures ( ! two sub/ances4 ,we h se5 reason = ?9k+ x probable t e!r & ord9>y matt] are alike compos$ ( vortex-r+s 9 a quasi-frictionless fluid2 b :atev] be ! fate ( ?is subtle hypo!sis1 we may be sure t no !ory w ev] be ent]ta9$ 9 :i* ! analysis ( e!r %all require diff]5t symbols f t ( ord9>y matt]4 ,9 our au?ors' !ory1 !re=e1 ! putt+ on ( immortality is 9 no wise ! passage f a mat]ial to a spiritual /ate4 ,x is ! passage f "o k9d ( mat]ially condition$ /ate to ano!r4 ,! !ory ?us appeals directly to our exp]i5ces ( ! behavi\r ( matt]2 & 9 d]iv+ s little support z x does f ^! exp]i5ces1 x rema9s an ess5tially weak speculation1 :atev] we may ?9k ( its +5uity4 ,= s long z we are ask$ to accept conclusions drawn f our exp]i5ces ( ! mat]ial _w1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 dem&+ some?+ m ?an m]e uncondition$ possibility4 ,we require "s positive evid5ce1 be x ev] s little 9 am\nt2 & no !ory :i* _c furni% su* positive evid5ce is likely to c>ry to our m9ds mu* practical conviction4 ,?is is :at ,i meant by say+ t ! great weakness ( ! hypo!sis "h criticiz$ lies 9 its mat]iali/ic "*4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is we %all pres5tly see t ! ass]tion ( a future life :i* is n mat]ially condition$1 ?\gh unsupport$ by any item ( exp]i5ce :atev]1 may nev]!less be an impregnable ass]tion4 ,b fir/ ,i w\ld conclude ! =ego+ criticism by rul+ out altoge!r ! s5se 9 :i* our au?ors use ! expression ,unse5 ,univ]se4 ,sci5tific inf]5ce1 h[ev] remote1 is connect$ by su* ins5sible gradations ) ord9>y p]ception1 t "o may well "q ! propriety ( apply+ ! t]m unse5 to t :i* is pres5t$ to ! m9d's eye z inevitable matt] ( inf]5ce4 ,x is true t we _c see ! ocean ( e!r 9 :i* visible matt] floats2 b !re are _m o!r invisible ?+s :i* yet we d n reg>d z "p ( ! unse5 _w4 ,i d n see ! air :i* ,i am n[ brea?+ )9 ! f\r walls ( my /udy1 yet its exi/5ce is suffici5tly a matt] ( s5se-p]ception z x fills my lungs & fans my *eek4 ,! atoms :i* compose a drop ( wat] are n only invisible1 b _c 9 any way be made ! objects ( s5se-p]ception2 yet by prop] inf]5ces f _! behavi\r we c s+le !m out = measurem5t1 s t ,sir ,william ,?omson c tell u t if ! drop ( wat] 7 magnifi$ to ! size ( ! e>?1 ! con/itu5t atoms w\ld be l>g] ?an peas1 b n s l>ge z billi>d-balls4 ,if we d n see su* atoms ) our eyes1 we h "o adequate reason 9 _! t9y dim5sions1 ?\gh !re are fur!r reasons ?an ?is4 ,x w\ld be h>d to say :y ! lum9if]\s e!r %\ld be relegat$ to ! unse5 _w any m ?an ! mat]ial atom4 ,:atev] we "k z possess+ resi/ance & ext5sion1 :atev] we c subject to ma!matical processes ( measurem5t1 we also conceive z exi/+ 9 su* %ape t1 ) appropriate eyes & "u prop] visual conditions1 we ,,might see x1 & we are n entitl$ to draw any l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 su* an object ( inf]5ce & o!rs :i* may be made objects ( s5se-p]ception4 ,to set ap>t ! e!r z con/itut+ an unse5 univ]se is !re=e illegitimate & confus+4 ,x introduces a di/9ction :]e !re is none1 & obscures ! fact t bo? invisible e!r & visible matt] =m b "o gr& univ]se 9 :i* ! sum ( en]gy rema9s con/ant1 ?\gh ! ord] ( its di/ribution endlessly v>ies4 ,v diff]5t w\ld be ! logical position ( a !ory :i* %\ld assume ! exi/5ce ( an ,unse5 ,_w entirely spiritual 9 con/itution1 & 9 :i* mat]ial conditions l ^? ( ! visible _w %\ld h nei!r place nor mean+4 ,su* a _w w\ld n consi/ ( e!rs or gases or gho/s1 b ( purely psy*ical relations ak9 to su* z con/itute ?\ghts & feel+s :5 our m9ds are lea/ solicit$ by s5se-p]ceptions4 ,9 ?us m>k+ (f ! ,unse5 ,_w f ! objective univ]se ( :i* we h k1 our l9e ( dem>cation w\ld at lea/ be drawn 9 ! "r place4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 psy*ical & mat]ial ph5om5a is a di/9ction ( a diff]5t ord] f all o!r di/9ctions kn[n to philosophy1 & x immeasurably transc5ds all o!rs4 ,! progress ( mod]n discov]y has 9 no respect weak5$ ! =ce ( ,desc>tes's rem>k1 t betwe5 t ( :i* ! diff]5tial attribute is ,?\ght & t ( :i* ! diff]5tial attribute is ,ext5sion1 !re c be no simil>ity1 no community ( nature :atev]4 ,by no sci5tific cunn+ ( exp]im5t or d$uction c ,?\ght be weigh$ or measur$ or 9 any way assimilat$ to su* ?+s z may be made ! actual or possible objects ( s5se-p]ception4 ,mod]n discov]y1 s f> f bridg+ ov] ! *asm betwe5 ,m9d & ,matt]1 t5ds r to exhibit ! di/9ction betwe5 !m z absolute4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 r5d]$ highly probable t e act ( consci\sness is accompani$ by a molecul> motion 9 ! cells & fibres ( ! bra92 & mat]iali/s h f\nd great com=t 9 ?is fact1 :ile !ologians & p]sons ( little fai? h be5 v mu* fright5$ by x4 ,b s9ce no "o ev] pret5d$ t ?\ght c g on1 "u ! conditions ( ! pres5t life1 )\t a bra91 "o f9ds x r h>d to sympa?ize ei!r ) ! self-congratulations ( ,dr4 ,bu*n]'s disciples #h or ) ! t]rors ( _! oppon5ts4 ,b :at has be5 less commonly rem>k$ is ! fact t :5 ! ?\ght & ! molecul> movem5t ?us occur simultane\sly1 9 no sci5tific s5se is ! ?\ght ! product ( ! molecul> movem5t4 ,! sun-d]iv$ en]gy ( motion lat5t 9 ! food we eat is v>i\sly trans=m$ )9 ! organism1 until "s ( x appe>s z ! motion ( ! molecules ( a little globule ( n]ve-matt] 9 ! bra94 ,9 a r\gh way we might ?us say t ! *emical en]gy ( ! food indirectly produces ! motion ( ^! little n]ve-molecules4 ,b does ?is motion ( n]ve-molecules n[ produce a ?\ght or /ate ( consci\sness8 ,by no means4 ,x simply produces "s o!r motion ( n]ve-molecules1 & ?is 9 turn produces motion ( contraction or expansion 9 "s muscle1 or becomes trans=m$ into ! *emical en]gy ( "s secret+ gl&4 ,at no po9t 9 ! :ole circuit does a unit ( motion disappe> z motion to reappe> z a unit ( consci\sness4 ,! physical process is complete 9 itself1 & ! ?\ght does n ent] into x4 ,all t we c say is1 t ! occurr5ce ( ! ?\ght is simultane\s ) t "p ( ! physical process :i* consi/s ( a molecul> movem5t 9 ! bra94 #i ,to be sure1 ! ?\ght is always !re :5 summon$1 b x /&s outside ! dynamic circuit1 z some?+ utt]ly ali5 f & incomp>able ) ! ev5ts :i* summon x4 ,no d\bt1 z ,pr(essor ,tyndall obs]ves1 if we knew exhau/ively ! physical /ate ( ! bra91 ! correspond+ ?\ght or feel+ might be inf]r$2 or1 giv5 ! ?\ght or feel+1 ! correspond+ /ate ( ! bra9 might be inf]r$4 ,b h[ inf]r$8 ,x w\ld be at bottom n a case ( logical inf]5ce at all1 b ( empirical association4 ,y may reply t _m ( ! inf]5ces ( sci5ce are ( ?is "*2 ! inf]5ce1 = example1 t an electric curr5t ( a giv5 direction w deflect a magnetic ne$le 9 a def9ite way2 b ! cases diff] 9 ?is1 t ! passage f ! curr5t to ! ne$le1 if n demon/rable1 is ?9kable1 & t we ent]ta9 no d\bt z to ! f9al me*anical solution ( ! problem4 ,b ! passage f ! physics ( ! bra9 to ! correspond+ facts ( consci\sness is un?9kable4 ,grant$ t a def9ite ?\ght & a def9ite molecul> action 9 ! bra9 occur simultane\sly2 we d n possess ! intellectual organ1 nor app>5tly any rudim5t ( ! organ1 :i* w\ld enable u to pass by a process ( reason+ f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,!y appe> toge!r1 b we d n "k :y4 #aj #h ,! ,nation once wittily describ$ ^! p z p :o believe t !y are go+ to die l ! bea/s1 & :o congratulate !mselves t !y are go+ to die l ! bea/s4 #i ,= a full] exposition ( ?is po9t1 see my ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dcf-dde4 #aj ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #aai4 ,an unse5 _w consi/+ ( purely psy*ical or spiritual ph5om5a w\ld accord+ly be dem>cat$ by an absolute gulf f :at we call ! mat]ial univ]se1 b w\ld n necess>ily be discont9u\s ) ! psy*ical ph5om5a :i* we f9d manife/$ 9 connection ) ! _w ( matt]4 ,! transf] ( matt]1 or physical en]gy1 or any?+ else t is quantitatively measurable1 into su* an unse5 _w1 may be set d[n z impossible1 by reason ( ! v def9ition ( su* a _w4 ,any hypo!sis :i* %\ld assume su* a transf] w\ld involve a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,b ! hypo!sis ( a survival ( pres5t psy*ical ph5om5a 9 su* a _w1 aft] be+ d5ud$ ( mat]ial conditions1 is n 9 itself absurd or self-contradictory1 ?\gh x may be impossible to support x by any argum5ts drawn f ! doma9 ( human exp]i5ce4 ,su* is ! %ape :i* x seems to me t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( philosophy1 ! hypo!sis ( a future life mu/ assume4 ,we h no?+ to say to gross mat]iali/ic notions ( gho/s & bogies1 & spirits t upset tables & :isp] to ignorant vulg> wom5 ! wond]ful in=mation t y once _h an aunt ,susan4 ,! unse5 _w imag9$ 9 our hypo!sis is n connect$ ) ! pres5t mat]ial univ]se by any su* invisible bonds z w\ld all[ ,bacon & ,addison to come to ,bo/on & write ! sillie/ twaddle 9 ! mo/ ungrammatical ,engli% be=e a roomful ( p :o h nev] le>n$ h[ to te/ :at !y are pleas$ to call ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses4 ,our hypo!sis is expressly fram$ s z to exclude all int]c\rse :atev] betwe5 ! unse5 _w ( _s uncondition$ by matt] & ! pres5t _w ( _s condition$ by matt] 9 :i* all our exp]i5ces h be5 ga!r$4 ,! hypo!sis be+ fram$ 9 su* a way1 ! "q is1 ,:at has philosophy to say to x8 ,c we1 by se>*+ our exp]i5ces1 f9d any reason = adopt+ su* an hypo!sis8 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 suppos+ we c f9d no su* reason1 w\ld ! total failure ( exp]im5tal evid5ce ju/ify u 9 reject+ x8 ,! "q is s important t ,i w re/ate x4 ,i h imag9$ a _w made up ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 fre$ f ! mat]ial conditions "u :i* alone we "k su* ph5om5a4 ,c we adduce any pro( ( ! possibility ( su* a _w8 ,or if we _c1 does our failure raise ! slighte/ presumption t su* a _w is impossible8 ,! reply to ! fir/ clause ( ! "q is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,we h no exp]i5ce :atev] ( psy*ical ph5om5a save z manife/$ 9 connection ) mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,we "k ( ,m9d only z a gr\p ( activities :i* are nev] exhibit$ to u except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( motions ( matt]4 ,9 all our exp]i5ce we h nev] enc\nt]$ su* activities save 9 connection ) c]ta9 v complicat$ gr\p+s ( highly mobile mat]ial p>ticles into aggregates :i* we call liv+ organisms4 ,& we h nev] f\nd !m manife/$ to a v conspicu\s ext5t save 9 connection ) "s ( ^? specially organiz$ aggregates :i* h v]tebrate skeletons & mamm>y gl&s4 ,nay1 m1 :5 we survey ! net results ( our exp]i5ce up to ! pres5t "t1 we f9d indisputable evid5ce t 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! visible univ]se psy*ical ph5om5a h only begun to be manife/$ 9 connection ) c]ta9 complex aggregates ( mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,z ^! mat]ial aggregates h age by age become m complex 9 /ructure1 m complex psy*ical ph5om5a h be5 exhibit$4 ,! developm5t ( ,m9d has f ! outset be5 associat$ ) ! developm5t ( ,matt]4 ,& to-day1 ?\gh none ( u has any k ( ! end ( psy*ical ph5om5a 9 8 own case1 yet f all ! m>ks by :i* we recognize su* ph5om5a 9 our fell[-creatures1 :e!r brute or human1 we are taught t :5 c]ta9 mat]ial processes h be5 gradually or sudd5ly br\ght to an end1 psy*ical ph5om5a are no long] manife/$4 ,f fir/ to la/1 !re=e1 our appeal to exp]i5ce gets b "o response4 ,we h n ! fa9te/ %ad[ ( evid5ce :]e) to make x seem probable t ,m9d c exi/ except 9 connection ) a mat]ial body4 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t ( t]re/rial exp]i5ce1 !re is no m reason = suppos+ t consci\sness survives ! dissolution ( ! bra9 ?an = suppos+ t ! pung5t flav\r ( table-salt survives its decomposition into metallic sodium & gase\s *lor9e4 ,our answ] f ?is side is ?us unequivocal en\gh4 ,inde$1 s uni=m has be5 ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce 9 ?is respect t ev5 9 _! attempts to depict a life aft] dea?1 m5 h always f\nd !mselves oblig$ to h rec\rse to mat]iali/ic symbols4 ,to ! m9d ( a savage ! future _w is a m]e reproduction ( ! pres5t1 ) its ev]la/+ hunt+s & fight+s4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians look$ =w>d to a r5ovation ( ! e>? & ! bodily resurrection f ,%eol ( ! righte\s4 ,! pictures ( hell & purgatory1 & ev5 ( p>adise1 9 ,dante's great poem1 are s int5sely mat]iali/ic z to seem grotesque 9 ?is m spiritual age4 ,b ev5 to-day ! popul> conceptions ( heav5 are by no means fre$ f ! notion ( matt]2 & p]sons ( high culture1 :o realize ! inadequacy ( ^! popul> conceptions1 are wont to avoid ! difficulty by refra9+ f putt+ _! hopes & beliefs into any def9ite or describable =m4 ,n unfrequ5tly "o sees a smile rais$ at ! assumption ( k or insight by prea*]s :o describe 9 eloqu5t t]ms ! joys ( a future /ate2 yet ! smile does n necess>ily imply any scepticism z to ! ab/ract probability ( ! s\l's survival4 ,! scepticism is aim$ at ! "* ( ! description r ?an at ! reality ( ! ?+ describ$4 ,x implies a tacit agreem5t1 among cultivat$ p1 t ! unse5 _w mu/ be purely spiritual 9 con/itution4 ,! agreem5t is n habitually express$ 9 def9ite =mulas1 = ! reason t no m5tal image ( a purely spiritual _w c be =m$4 ,mu* /ress is commonly laid ^u ! recognition ( fri5ds 9 a future life2 & h[ev] deep a mean+ may be giv5 to ! phrase ! love ( ,god1 "o does n easily realize t a heav5ly exi/5ce c\ld be wor? ! long+ t is felt = x1 if x 7 to af=d no fur!r scope = ! pure & t5d] h\sehold affections :i* give to ! pres5t life its p[]ful ?\gh indef9able *>m4 ,yet ! recognition ( fri5ds 9 a purely spiritual _w is some?+ ( :i* we c frame no conception :atev]4 ,we may look ) unspeakable rev]5ce on ! features ( wife or *ild1 less because ( _! physical beauty ?an because ( ! beauty ( s\l to :i* !y give expression1 b to imag9e ! p]ception ( s\l by s\l ap>t f ! mat]ial /ructure & activities 9 :i* s\l is manife/$1 is some?+ utt]ly beyond our p[]4 ,nay1 ev5 :5 we try to repres5t to ourselves ! psy*ical activity ( any s+le s\l by itself z cont9u+ )\t ! aid ( ! physical ma*9]y ( s5sation1 we get into unmanageable difficulties4 ,a great "p ( ! cont5ts ( our m9ds consi/s ( s5su\s 7*iefly visual7 images1 & ?\gh we may imag9e reflection to g on )\t fur!r images suppli$ by vision or he>+1 t\* or ta/e or smell1 yet we _c well see h[ fre% exp]i5ces c\ld be ga9$ 9 su* a /ate4 ,! read]1 if he require fur!r illu/rations1 c easily foll[ out ?is l9e ( ?\ght4 ,en\gh has no d\bt be5 said to conv9ce him t our hypo!sis ( ! survival ( consci\s activity ap>t f mat]ial conditions is n only utt]ly unsupport$ by any evid5ce t c be ga!r$ f ! _w ( :i* we h exp]i5ce1 b is utt]ly & hopelessly inconceivable4 ,x is inconceivable ,,because x is entirely )\t f\ndation 9 exp]i5ce4 ,our p[]s ( conception are closely det]m9$ by ! limits ( our exp]i5ce4 ,:5 a proposition1 or comb9ation ( ideas1 is sugge/$1 = :i* !re has nev] be5 any prec$5t 9 human exp]i5ce1 we f9d x to be ,,un?9kable1--! ideas w n comb9e4 ,! proposition rema9s "o :i* we may utt] & def5d1 & p]haps vitup]ate our neighb\rs = n accept+1 b x rema9s none ! less an un?9kable proposition4 ,x takes t]ms :i* sev]ally h mean+s & puts !m toge!r into a phrase :i* has no mean+4 #aa ,n[ :5 we try to comb9e ! idea ( ! cont9uance ( consci\s activity ) ! idea ( ! entire cessation ( mat]ial conditions1 & !reby to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a purely spiritual _w1 we f9d t we h made an un?9kable proposition4 ,we may def5d our hypo!sis z passionately z we l1 b :5 we /rive coolly to realize x 9 ?\ght we f9d ourselves baulk$ at e /ep4 #aa ,see my ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #fd-fg4 ,b n[ we h to ask1 ,h[ mu* does ?is inconceivability signify8 ,9 mo/ cases1 :5 we say t a /atem5t is inconceivable1 we practically decl>e x to be untrue2 :5 we say t a /atem5t is )\t w>rant 9 exp]i5ce1 we pla9ly indicate t we consid] x unwor?y ( our acceptance4 ,?is is legitimate 9 ! majority ( cases ) :i* we h to deal 9 ! c\rse ( life1 because exp]i5ce1 & ! capacities ( ?\ght call$ out & limit$ by exp]i5ce1 are our only guides 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,b e "o w admit t our exp]i5ce is n inf9ite1 & t our capacity ( conception is n coext5sive ) ! possibilities ( exi/5ce4 ,x is n only possible1 b 9 ! v highe/ degree probable1 t !re are _m ?+s 9 heav51 if n on e>?1 :i* are undream$ ( 9 our philosophy4 ,s9ce our ability to conceive any?+ is limit$ by ! ext5t ( our exp]i5ce1 & s9ce human exp]i5ce is v f> f be+ inf9ite1 x foll[s t !re may be1 & 9 all probability is1 an imm5se region ( exi/5ce 9 e way z real z ! region :i* we "k1 yet conc]n+ :i* we _c =m ! fa9te/ rudim5t ( a conception4 ,any hypo!sis relat+ to su* a region ( exi/5ce is n only n disprov$ by ! total failure ( evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 b ! total failure ( evid5ce does n raise ev5 ! slighte/ prima facie presumption aga9/ its validity4 ,^! consid]ations apply ) great =ce to ! hypo!sis ( an unse5 _w 9 :i* psy*ical ph5om5a p]si/ 9 ! abs5ce ( mat]ial conditions4 ,x is true1 on ! "o h&1 t we c br+ up no sci5tific evid5ce 9 support ( su* an hypo!sis4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is equally true t 9 ! v nature ( ?+s no su* evid5ce c\ld be expect$ to be =?com+3 ev5 7 !re su* evid5ce 9 abundance1 x c\ld n be accessible to u4 ,! exi/5ce ( a s+le s\l1 or cong]ies ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 unaccompani$ by a mat]ial body1 w\ld be evid5ce suffici5t to demon/rate ! hypo!sis4 ,b 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ev5 7 !re a million su* s\ls r\nd ab\t u1 we c\ld n become aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( "o ( !m1 = we h no organ or faculty = ! p]ception ( s\l ap>t f ! mat]ial /ructure & activities 9 :i* x has be5 manife/$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( our exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 our own self-consci\sness involves ! consci\sness ( ourselves z p>tly mat]ial bodies4 ,^! consid]ations %[ t our hypo!sis is v diff]5t f ! ord9>y hypo!ses ) :i* sci5ce deals4 ,! entire abs5ce ( te/imony does n raise a negative presumption except 9 cases :]e te/imony is accessible4 ,9 ! hypo!ses ) :i* sci5tific m5 are occupi$1 te/imony is always accessible2 & if we d n f9d any1 ! presumption is rais$ t !re is none4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,ba/ian tells u t he has f\nd liv+ organisms to be g5]at$ 9 seal$ flasks f :i* all liv+ g]ms _h be5 exclud$1 we dem& ! evid5ce = 8 ass]tion4 ,! te/imony ( facts is 9 ?is case h>d to elicit1 & only skilful reason]s c prop]ly e/imate its wor?4 ,b /ill x is all accessible4 ,) m or less lab\r x c be got at2 & if we f9d t ,dr4 ,ba/ian has produc$ no evid5ce save su* z may equally well receive a diff]5t int]pretation f t :i* he has giv5 x1 we rightly feel t a /rong presumption has be5 rais$ aga9/ 8 hypo!sis4 ,x is a case 9 :i* we are entitl$ to expect to f9d ! fav\r+ facts if !re are any1 & s long z we d n f9d su*1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ _! exi/5ce4 ,s :5 our au?ors prop\nd ! hypo!sis ( an unse5 univ]se consi/+ ( ph5om5a :i* occur 9 ! int]/ell> e!r1 or ev5 9 "s primordial fluid ) :i* ! e!r has physical relations1 we are entitl$ to dem& _! pro(s4 ,x is n en\gh to tell u t we _c disprove su* a !ory4 ,! burd5 ( pro( lies ) !m4 ,! int]/ell> e!r is some?+ conc]n+ ! physical prop]ties ( :i* we h "s k2 & surely1 if all ! ?+s are go+ on :i* !y suppose 9 a m$ium s closely relat$ to ord9>y matt]1 !re ought to be "s traceable indications ( ! fact4 ,at lea/1 until ! contr>y c be %[n1 we mu/ refuse to believe t all ! te/imony 9 a case l ?is is utt]ly inaccessible2 & accord+ly1 s long z none is f\nd1 especially s long z none is ev5 alleg$1 we feel t a presumption is rais$ aga9/ _! !ory4 ,^! illu/rations w %[1 by %e] contra/1 h[ diff]5t x is ) ! hypo!sis ( an unse5 _w t is purely spiritual4 ,! te/imony 9 su* a case mu/1 "u ! conditions ( ! pres5t life1 be =ev] inaccessible4 ,x lies :olly outside ! range ( exp]i5ce4 ,h[ev] abundant x may be1 we _c expect to meet ) x4 ,& accord+ly our failure to produce x does n raise ev5 ! slighte/ presumption aga9/ our !ory4 ,:5 conceiv$ 9 ?is way1 ! belief 9 a future life is )\t sci5tific support2 b at ! same "t x is plac$ beyond ! ne$ ( sci5tific support & beyond ! range ( sci5tific criticism4 ,x is a belief :i* no imag9able future advance 9 physical discov]y c 9 any way impugn4 ,x is a belief :i* is 9 no s5se irrational1 & :i* may be logically ent]ta9$ )\t 9 ! lea/ affect+ our sci5tific habit ( m9d or influ5c+ our sci5tific conclusions4 ,to take a brief illu/ration3 we h allud$ to ! fact t 9 ! hi/ory ( our pres5t _w ! developm5t ( m5tal ph5om5a has gone on h& 9 h& ) ! developm5t ( organic life1 :ile at ! same "t we h f\nd x impossible to expla9 m5tal ph5om5a z 9 any s5se ! product ( mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,n[ !re is ano!r side to all ?is4 ,! great lesson :i* ,b]keley taught mank9d 0 t :at we call mat]ial ph5om5a are really ! products ( consci\sness co-op]at+ ) "s ,unkn[n ,p[] 7n mat]ial7 exi/+ beyond consci\sness4 ,we d v well to speak ( matt] 9 common p>lance1 b all t ! ^w really means is a gr\p ( qualities :i* h no exi/5ce ap>t f our m9ds4 ,mod]n philosoph]s h q g5]ally accept$ ?is conclusion1 & e attempt to ov]turn ,b]keley's reason+ has hi!rto result$ 9 complete & disa/r\s failure4 ,9 admitt+ ?is1 we d n admit ! conclusion ( ,absolute ,idealism1 t no?+ exi/s outside ( consci\sness4 ,:at we admit z exi/+ indep5d5tly ( our own consci\sness is ! ,p[] t causes 9 u ^? consci\s /ates :i* we call ! p]ception ( mat]ial qualities4 ,we h no reason = reg>d+ ?is ,p[] z 9 itself mat]ial3 inde$1 we _c d s1 s9ce by ! !ory mat]ial qualities h no exi/5ce ap>t f our m9ds4 ,i h else:]e s\ght to %[ t less difficulty is involv$ 9 reg>d+ ?is ,p[] outside ( u z quasi-psy*ical1 or 9 "s measure simil> to ! m5tal "p ( ourselves2 & ,i h gone on to conclude t ?is ,p[] may be id5tical ) :at m5 h1 9 all times & by ! aid ( v>i\s imp]fect symbols1 endeav\r$ to appreh5d z ,deity4 #ab ,we are ?us l$ to a view ( ?+s n v unlike ! views ent]ta9$ by ,sp9oza & ,b]keley4 ,we are l$ to ! inf]5ce t :at we call ! mat]ial univ]se is b ! manife/ation ( inf9ite ,deity to our f9ite m9ds4 ,obvi\sly1 on ?is view1 ,matt]--! only ?+ to :i* mat]iali/s conc$e real exi/5ce--is simply an ord]ly phantasmagoria2 & ,god & ! ,s\l--:i* mat]iali/s reg>d z m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation--are ! only conceptions t answ] to real exi/5ces4 #ab ,see my ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy1 ,"p ,i4 ,*ap4 ,,iv42 ,"p ,,iii4 ,*aps4 ,,iii41 ,,iv4 ,9 ! =ego+ p>agraph ,i h be5 sett+ d[n op9ions ) :i* ,i am prep>$ to agree1 & :i* are n 9 conflict ) any?+ t our /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! objective _w has taught u4 ,9 s f> z t /udy may be suppos$ to be> on ! "q ( a future life1 two conclusions are op5 to u4 ,fir/ we may say t s9ce ! ph5om5a ( m9d appe> & run _! c\rse along ) c]ta9 specializ$ gr\ps ( mat]ial ph5om5a1 s1 too1 !y mu/ disappe> :5 ^! specializ$ gr\ps are brok5 up4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 we may say t e liv+ p]son is an organiz$ :ole2 consci\sness is some?+ :i* p]ta9s to ?is organiz$ :ole1 z music belongs to ! h>p t is entire2 b :5 ! h>p is brok5 x is sil5t1 & :5 ! organiz$ :ole ( p]sonality falls to pieces consci\sness ceases =ev]4 ,to _m well-discipl9$ m9ds ?is conclusion seems irresi/ible2 & d\btless x w\ld be a s\nd "o--a good ,baconian conclusion--if we 7 to admit1 ) ! mat]iali/s1 t ! possibilities ( exi/5ce are limit$ by our t9y & ephem]al exp]i5ce4 ,b n[1 suppos+ "s ,platonic speculator 7 to come along & insi/ ^u our leav+ room = an alt]native conclusion2 suppose he 7 to urge ^u u t all ?is process ( mat]ial developm5t1 ) ! discov]y ( :i* our pati5t /udy has be5 rew>d$1 may be b ! tempor>y manife/ation ( relations o!rwise unkn[n betwe5 ourselves & ! inf9ite ,deity2 suppose he 7 to argue t psy*ical qualities may be inh]5t 9 a spiritual sub/ance :i* "u c]ta9 conditions becomes inc>nat$ 9 matt]1 to we> x z a p]i%able g>m5t = a brief season1 b pres5tly to ca/ x (f & ent] ^u ! fre$om ( a l>g] exi/5ce2--:at reply %\ld we be b\nd to make1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! possibilities ( exi/5ce are 9 no wise limit$ by our exp]i5ce8 ,obvi\sly we %\ld be b\nd to admit t 9 s\nd philosophy ?is conclusion is j z likely to be true z ! o!r4 ,we %\ld1 inde$1 w>n him n to call on u to help him to e/abli% x by sci5tific argum5ts2 & we %\ld rem9d him t he mu/ n make illicit use ( 8 extra-exp]i5tial hypo!ses by br++ !m into ! treatm5t ( sci5tific que/ions t lie )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 sci5ce1 = example1 we make no use ( ! conception ( a spiritual sub/ance 7or ( a mat]ial sub/ance ei!r71 because we c get along suffici5tly well by deal+ solely ) qualities4 ,b ) ?is g5]al und]/&+ we %\ld feel b\nd to conc$e ! impregnabl5ess ( 8 ma9 position4 ,i h suppos$ ?is !ory only z an illu/ration1 n z a !ory :i* ,i am prep>$ to adopt4 ,my pres5t purpose is n to treat z an advocate ! "q ( a future life1 b to endeav\r to po9t out :at conditions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 treat+ ! "q philosophically4 ,x seems to me t a great deal is ga9$ :5 we h di/9ctly set be=e u :at are ! peculi> conditions ( pro( 9 ! case ( su* transc5d5tal que/ions4 ,we h ga9$ a great deal :5 we h le>n$ h[ ?or\ghly impot5t1 h[ truly irrelevant1 is physical inve/igation 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a "q4 ,if we get n mu* positive satisfaction = our unquiet ye>n+s1 we occupy at any rate a s\nd] philosophic position :5 we recognize ! limits )9 :i* our conclusions1 :e!r positive or negative1 are valid4 ,x seems n improbable t ,mr4 ,mill may h _h 9 m9d some?+ l ! =ego+ consid]ations :5 he sugge/$ t !re is no reason :y "o %\ld n ent]ta9 ! belief 9 a future life if ! belief be necess>y to "o's spiritual com=t4 ,p]haps no sugge/ion 9 ,mr4 ,mill's ri*ly sugge/ive po/hum\s "w has be5 m g5]ally condemn$ z unphilosophical1 on ! gr\nd t 9 matt]s ( belief we mu/ be guid$1 n by our likes & dislikes1 b by ! evid5ce t is accessible4 ,! objection is c]ta9ly a s\nd "o s f> z x relates to sci5tific que/ions :]e evid5ce is accessible4 ,to hesitate to adopt a well-support$ !ory because ( "s vague pref]5ce = a diff]5t view is 9 sci5tific matt]s ! "o unp>donable s91--a s9 :i* has be5 only too (t5 committ$4 ,ev5 9 matt]s :i* lie beyond ! range ( exp]i5ce1 :]e evid5ce is inaccessible1 desire is n to be reg>d$ z by itself an adequate basis = belief4 ,b x seems to me t ,mr4 ,mill %[$ a deep] k ( ! limitations ( sci5tific me?od ?an 8 critics1 :5 he ?us h9t$ at ! possibility ( ent]ta9+ a belief n am5able to sci5tific te/s4 ,! hypo!sis ( a purely spiritual unse5 _w1 z above describ$1 is entirely remov$ f ! jurisdiction ( physical inquiry1 & c only be judg$ on g5]al consid]ations ( :at has be5 call$ moral probability2 & consid]ations ( ?is sort are likely1 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/1 to possess diff]5t values = diff]5t m9ds4 ,he :o1 on su* consid]ations1 ent]ta9s a belief 9 a future life may n dem& t 8 sceptical neighb\r %all be conv9c$ by ! same consid]ations2 b 8 neighb\r is at ! same "t e/opp$ f /igmatiz+ 8 belief z unphilosophical4 ,! consid]ation :i* mu/ influ5ce mo/ m9ds 9 _! attitude t[>d ?is "q1 is ! crav+1 almo/ univ]sally felt1 = "s teleological solution to ! problem ( exi/5ce4 ,:y we are "h n[ is a "q ( ev5 pr(\nd] int]e/ ?an :e!r we are to live h]eaft]4 ,un=tunately its solution c>ries u no less completely beyond ! range ( exp]i5ce6 ,! belief t all ?+s are work+ toge!r = "s good end is ! mo/ ess5tial expression ( religi\s fai?3 ( all intellectual propositions x is ! "o mo/ closely relat$ to t emotional ye>n+ = a high] & bett] life :i* is ! sum & sub/ance ( religion4 ,yet all ! treatises on natural !ology t h ev] be5 writt5 h b>ely succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a l[ degree ( sci5tific probability = ?is belief4 ,9 spite ( ! eight ,bridgewat] ,treatises1 & ! ,n9? beside1 dy/eleology /ill holds full half ! field z aga9/ teleology4 ,mo/ ( ?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 results f ! crude an?ropomorphic views :i* !ologians h held conc]n+ ,god4 ,once admitt+ t ! ,div9e attributes may be 7z !y mu/ be7 incomm5surably great] ?an human attributes1 our fai? t all ?+s are work+ toge!r = good may rema9 unimpugn$4 ,to _m m9ds su* a fai? w seem incompatible ) belief 9 ! ultimate de/ruction ( s5ti5cy amid ! g5]al doom ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,a good end c h no mean+ to u save 9 relation to consci\sness t di/+ui%es & kn[s ! good f ! evil4 ,!re c\ld be no bett] illu/ration ( h[ we are hemm$ 9 ?an ! v inadequacy ( ! words ) :i* we try to discuss ?is subject4 ,su* words h all ga9$ _! mean+s f human exp]i5ce1 & h5ce ( necessity c>ry an?ropomorphic implications4 ,b we _c help ?is4 ,we mu/ ?9k ) ! symbols ) :i* exp]i5ce has furni%$ u2 & :5 we s ?9k1 !re does seem to be little t is ev5 intellectually satisfy+ 9 ! awful picture :i* sci5ce %[s u1 ( giant worlds conc5trat+ out ( nebul\s vap\r1 develop+ ) prodigi\s wa/e ( en]gy into !atres ( all t is gr& & sacr$ 9 spiritual endeav\r1 cla%+ & explod+ aga9 into dead vap\r-balls1 only to r5ew ! same toilful process )\t end1--a s5seless bubble-play ( ,titan =ces1 ) life1 love1 & aspiration br\ght =? only to be ext+ui%$4 ,! human m9d1 h[ev] sci5tific its tra9+1 mu/ (t5 recoil f ! conclusion t ?is is all2 & !re are mom5ts :5 "o passionately feels t ?is _c be all4 ,on w>m ,june morn+s 9 gre5 c\ntry lanes1 ) sweet p9e-od\rs waft$ 9 ! breeze :i* sighs ?r\gh ! bran*es1 & cl\d-%ad[s flitt+ ov] f>-(f blue m\nta9s1 :ile little birds s+ _! love-songs1 & gold5-hair$ *ildr5 weave g>l&s ( wild roses2 or :5 9 ! solemn twilight we li/5 to wondr\s h>monies ( ,bee?ov5 & ,*op9 t /ir ! he>t l voices f an unse5 _w2 at su* times "o feels t ! pr(\nde/ answ] :i* sci5ce c give to our que/ion+s is b a sup]ficial answ] aft] all4 ,at ^! mom5ts1 :5 ! _w seems fulle/ ( beauty1 "o feels mo/ /rongly t x is b ! h>b+] ( some?+ else1--t ! ceaseless play ( ph5om5a is no m]e sport ( ,titans1 b an ord]ly sc5e1 ) its reason = exi/+1 its ,"o div9e f>-(f ev5t ,to :i* ! :ole creation moves4 ,difficult z x is to dis5tangle ! elem5ts ( reason+ t ent] into ^! complex gr\ps ( feel+1 "o may /ill see1 ,i ?9k1 t x is speculative int]e/ 9 ! _w1 r ?an anxi\s int]e/ 9 self1 t pr$om9ates4 ,! desire = immortality 9 its l[e/ phase is m]ely ! outcome ( ! repugnance we feel t[>d ?9k+ ( ! f9al cessation ( vigor\s vital activity4 ,su* a feel+ is naturally /rong ) heal?y p4 ,b 9 ! mood :i* ,i h above tri$ to depict1 ?is feel+1 or any o!r :i* is m]ely self-reg>d+1 is lo/ sight ( 9 ! feel+ :i* associates a future life ) "s solution ( ! burd5some problem ( exi/5ce4 ,_h we b fai? en\gh to light5 ! burd5 ( ?is problem1 ! inf]ior "q w\ld p]haps be less absorb+4 ,c\ld we b "k t our pres5t lives are work+ toge!r t[>d "s good end1 ev5 an end 9 no wise an?ropomorphic1 x w\ld be ( less consequ5ce :e!r we 7 individually to endure4 ,to ! dog "u ! knife ( ! exp]im5t]1 ! _w is a _w ( pure evil2 yet c\ld ! poor bea/ b und]/& ! alleviation ( human suff]+ to :i* he is contribut+1 he w\ld be =c$ to own t ?is is n q true2 & if he 7 also a h]oic or ,*ri/ian dog1 ! ?\ght w\ld p]haps take away f dea? its /+4 ,! analogy may be a crude "o2 b ! reasonabl5ess ( ! univ]se is at lea/ z f> above our compreh5sion z ! purposes ( man surpass ! und]/&+ ( ! dog4 ,believ+1 h[ev]1 ?\gh z a simple act ( tru/1 t ! end w cr[n ! "w1 we may rise sup]ior to ! "q :i* has "h conc]n$ u1 & exclaim1 9 ! supreme language ( fai?1 ,?\gh ,he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 ,him6 ,july1 #ahge4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,to-,,morr[ ,,( ,,dea?4 ,few ( ^? :o f9d pleasure 9 frequ5t+ book/ores c h fail$ to come across "o or m ( ! pr(usely illu/rat$ volumes 9 :i* ,m4 ,l\is ,figui] has s\ght to r5d] dry sci5ce ent]ta9+ to ! multitude4 ,& ( ^? :o may h casually turn$ ov] _! pages1 !re are probably none1 compet5t to =m an op9ion1 :o h n spe$ily p]ceiv$ t ^! pret5ti\s books belong to ! class ( pe/s & unmitigat$ nuisances 9 lit]ature4 ,antiquat$ views1 utt] lack ( compreh5sion ( ! subjects treat$1 & %ameless unscrupul\sness z to accuracy ( /atem5t1 are faults b ill aton$ = by s5sational pictures ( ! dragons ( ! prime t t>e ea* o!r 9 _! slime1 or ( ! ,newton-l br[ & silk5 curls ( t primitive man 9 contra/ ) :om ! said dragons h be5 lik5$ to mell[ music4 ,nev]!less1 ! sort ( sci5tific reputation :i* ^! discr$itable p]=mances h ga9$ = ,m4 ,figui] among an uncritical public is su* z to ju/ify u 9 devot+ a few p>agraphs to a book #ac :i*1 on its own m]its1 is unwor?y ( any notice :atev]4 ,! ,to-morr[ ( ,dea?--if "o 7 to put 8 tru/ 9 ! translator's prefatory note--discusses a grave "q ^u purely sci5tific me?ods4 ,we are glad to see ?is rem>k1 because x %[s :at notions may be ent]ta9$ by p]sons ( av]age intellig5ce ) ref]5ce to sci5tific me?ods4 ,^?--& !y are _m--:o vaguely ?9k t sci5ce is some?+ diff]5t f common-s5se1 & t any book is sci5tific :i* talks ab\t p]ihelia & asymptotes & cetacea1 w f9d _! vague notions "h well corroborat$4 ,q diff]5t w be ! impression made ^u ^?--& !y are yet too few--:o h le>n$ t ! me?od ( sci5ce is ! common-s5se me?od ( cauti\sly weigh+ evid5ce & )hold+ judgm5t :]e evid5ce is n =?com+4 ,if talk+ ab\t remote & difficult subjects suffice to make "o sci5tific1 !n is ,m4 ,figui] sci5tific to a q t]rible degree4 ,he writes ab\t ! />ry heav5s z if he _h be5 pres5t at ! h\r ( creation1 or _h at lea/ accompani$ ! ,arabian prophet on 8 fam\s night-j\rney4 ,nor is 8 k ( physiology & o!r ab/ruse sci5ces at all less rem>kable4 ,b ^! ?+s w cease to surprise u :5 we le>n ! s\rces1 hi!rto suspect$ only 9 my?ology1 f :i* fav\r$ mortals c obta9 a k ( :at is go+ on outside ( our planet4 #ac ,! ,to-morr[ ( ,dea?2 or1 ,! ,future ,life accord+ to ,sci5ce4 ,by ,l\is ,figui]4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,s4 ,r4 ,crock]4 ,bo/on3 ,rob]ts ,bro!rs4 #ahgb4 ,! f\r inn] planets be+ ne>ly alike 9 size 787 & 9 l5g? ( day1 ,m4 ,figui] inf]s1 by /rictly sci5tific me?ods1 t :atev] is true ( "o ( !m1 z our e>?1 w be true ( ! o!rs 7p4 #cd74 ,h5ce1 !y are all inhabit$ by human be+s4 ,x is true t human be+s mu/ f9d ,v5us r w>m1 & are n unlikely to be s]i\sly incommod$ by ! tropical climate ( ,m]cury4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! m5 ( ,v5us & ,m]cury are made by nature to resi/ heat1 z ^? ( ,jupit] & ,saturn are made to endure cold1 & ^? ( ! ,e>? & ,m>s to live 9 a mean temp]ature3 ,,o!rwise ,,!y ,,c\ld ,,n ,,exi/ 7p4 #gb74 ,9 view ( ?is *>m+ specim5 ( a truly sci5tific inf]5ce1 x is almo/ too bad to call att5tion to ! fact t ,m4 ,figui] is q beh9d ! age 9 8 /atem5t ( facts4 ,s f> f ,jupit] & ,saturn be+ cold1 obs]vation pla9ly indicates t !y are prodigi\sly hot1 if n ev5 inc&esc5t & p>tly self-lum9\s2 ! explanation be+ t1 by reason ( _! huge bulk1 !y /ill reta9 mu* ( ! primitive heat :i* small] planets h m quickly radiat$ away4 ,z = ,m4 ,figui]'s /atem5t1 t pol> sn[s h be5 witness$ on ^! planets1 x is simply untrue2 no su* ?+ has ev] be5 se5 !re4 ,m>s1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 obs]v$ to resemble 9 _m important respects its ne> neighb\r1 ! ,e>?2 :5ce our au?or decl>es t if an a]onaut 7 to %oot cle> ( t]re/rial gravitation & l& ^u ,m>s1 he w\ld unque/ionably suppose himself to be /ill ^u ! e>?4 ,= a]olites1 x seems1 are someh[ fir$ d[n ^u our planet bo? f ,m>s & f ,v5us2 & a]olites sometimes conta9 vegetable matt] 7874 ,!re=e1 ,m>s has a vegetation1 & v likely its r$ col\r is caus$ by its luxuriant autumnal foliage6 7p4 #dg47 ,to return to ,jupit]3 ?is planet1 inde$1 has inconv5i5tly %ort days4 ,9 8 ',picture ( ! ,heav5s1' ! ,g]man a/ronom]1 ,littr[ 7^! ,g]mans ?9k ( no?+ b gorm&iz+71 asks h[ ! p ( ,jupit] ord] _! meals 9 ! %ort int]val ( five h\rs4 ,nev]!less1 says our au?or1 ! great planet is comp5sat$ = ?is inconv5i5ce by its equable & delici\s climate4 ,9 view1 h[ev]1 ( our au?or's m /rik+ & orig9al disclosures1 "o w\ld suppose t all ?is discussion ( ! physical conditions ( exi/5ce on ! v>i\s planets might h be5 pass$ ov] )\t detrim5t to ! argum5t4 ,aft] ^! ef=ts at prov+ 7= ,m4 ,figui] presumably reg>ds ?is rigm>ole z pro(7 t all ! memb]s ( our sol> sy/em are habitable1 ! int]planet>y e!r is =?) peopl$ ?ickly ) s\ls1 )\t any resort to argum5t4 ,?is1 we suppose1 is "o ( ^? sci5tific tru?s :i* z ,m4 ,figui] tells u1 prec$e & und]lie demon/ration4 ,^u ?is impregnable basis is re>$ ! sci5tific !ory ( a future life4 ,:5 we die our s\l passes into "s o!r t]re/rial body1 unless we h be5 v good1 9 :i* case we at once so> al(t & jo9 ! noble frat]nity ( ! e!r-folk4 ,bad m5 & "y *ildr51 on dy+1 mu/ und]go r5ew$ probation "h bel[1 b ultimately all pass away into ! int]planet>y e!r4 ,! dwell] 9 e!r is *iefly di/+ui%$ f ! mundane mortal by 8 acute s5ses & 8 ability to subsi/ )\t food4 ,he c see z if ?r\gh a telescope & microscope comb9$4 ,8 intellig5ce is s great t 9 comp>ison an ,ari/otle w\ld seem idiotic4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 too1 t he possesses eighty-five p] c5t ( s\l to fifte5 p] c5t ( body1 :]eas 9 t]re/rial man ! two elem5ts are mix$ 9 equal proportions4 ,!re is no sex among ! e!r-folk1 _! numb]s be+ kept up by ! influx ( s\ls f ! v>i\s planets4 ,alim5tation1 t necessity :i* tyrannizes ov] m5 & animals1 is n impos$ ^u ! inhabitants ( e!r4 ,_! bodies mu/ be repair$ & su/a9$ by ! simple respiration ( ! fluid 9 :i* !y are imm]s$1 t is1 ( e!r4 ,mo/ likely1 cont9ues our sci5tific au?or1 ! physiological functions ( ! e!r-folk are conf9$ to respiration1 & t x is possible to brea! )\t num]\s organs is prov$ by ! fact t 9 all ( a :ole class ( animals--! batra*ians--! m]e b>e sk9 con/itutes ! :ole ma*9]y ( respiration 7p4 #ie74 ,all[+ = ! un=tunate slip ( ! p5 by :i* batra*ians are sub/itut$ = fre%-wat] polyps1 h[ c we fail to admire ! sev]ity ( ! sci5tific me?od employ$ 9 rea*+ ^! int]e/+ conclusions8 ,b ! ,k+ ( ,s]5dib mu/ die1 nor w ! rel5tless scy! ( ,"t sp>e our ,e!rians1 ) all _! exalt$ attributes4 ,!y w die repeat$ly2 & aft] hav+ ?r\gh sundry p]iods ( probation atta9$ spiritual p]fection1 !y w all p\r into ! sun4 ,s9ce x is ! sun :i* orig9ates life & feel+ & ?\ght ^u ! surface ( our e>?1 :y may we n decl>e t ! rays transmitt$ by ! sun to ! e>? & ! o!r planets are no?+ m nor less ?an ! emanations ( ^! s\ls8 ,& n[ we may beg9 to =m an adequate conception1 ( ! rigor\sly sci5tific "* ( our au?or's me?od4 ,!re h be5 _m hypo!ses by :i* to acc\nt = ! supply ( sol> radiance4 ,"o ( ! mo/ +5i\s & probable ( ^! hypo!ses is t ( ,helmholtz1 accord+ to :i* ! sol> radiance is due to ! arre/$ motion ( ! sun's con/itu5t p>ticles t[>d _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,b ?is is too fanciful to satisfy ,m4 ,figui]4 ,! speculations ( ,helmholtz h ! disadvantage ( re/+ on ! idea ( ! sun's nebulosity1--an hypo!sis :i* w\ld ne$ to be m closely exam9$ be=e s]v+ z a basis = s important a d$uction4 ,accord+ly1 ,m4 ,figui] prop\nds an explanation :i* possesses ! signal advantage t !re is no?+ hypo!tical 9 x4 ,9 our op9ion1 ! sol> radiation is su/a9$ by ! cont9ual influx ( s\ls into ! sun4 ,?is1 z ! read] w p]ceive1 is ! well-kn[n !ory ( ,may]1 t ! sol> heat is due to a p]5nial bomb>dm5t ( ! sun by meteors1 save t1 9 place ( gross mat]iali/ic meteors1 ,m4 ,figui] puts e!real s\ls4 ,! e!r-folk are daily ra9+ into ! sol> orb 9 untold millions1 & to ! unceas+ concussion is due ! radiation :i* ma9ta9s life 9 ! planets1 & ?us ! circle is complete4 ,9 spite ( _! exalt$ position1 ! e!r-folk d n disda9 to m+le ) ! affairs ( t]re/rial mortals4 ,!y give u c\nsel 9 dreams1 & x is f ?is s\rce1 we presume1 t our au?or has d]iv$ 8 rigid notions z to sci5tific me?od4 ,9 evid5ce ( ?is dream-!ory we h ! usual array ( cases1 a celebrat$ j\rnali/1 ,m4 ,r----1 ,m4 ,l----1 a lawy]1 etc41 etc41 z 9 mo/ books ( ?is k9d4 ,m4 ,figui] is n a ,d>w9ian3 ! d]ivation ( our bodies f ! bodies ( apes is a conception too grossly mat]iali/ic = him4 ,our s\ls1 h[ev]1 he is q will+ to d]ive f ! s\ls ( l[] animals4 ,obvi\sly we h pre-exi/$2 h[ are we to acc\nt = ,moz>t's precocity save by suppos+ 8 pre-exi/5ce8 ,he br\ght ) him ! musical skill acquir$ 9 a previ\s life4 ,9 g5]al1 ! s\ls ( musical *ildr5 come f night+ales1 :ile ! s\ls ( great ar*itects h pass$ into !m f beav]s 7p4 #bdg74 ,we d n rememb] ^! pa/ exi/5ces1 x is true2 b :5 we become e!r-folk1 we %all be able to look back 9 recollection ov] ! :ole s]ies4 ,amid ^! sublime inquiries1 ,m4 ,figui] is sometimes notably oblivi\s ( humbl] tru?s1 z might inde$ be expect$4 ,?us he repeat$ly alludes to ,locke z ! au?or ( ! doctr9e ( innate ideas 76671 #ad & he in=ms u t ,kepl] nev] quitt$ ,prote/ant ,engl& 7p4 #ccf71 ?\gh we believe t ! ne>e/ ,kepl] ev] came to liv+ 9 ,engl& 0 ! refus+ ( ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton's reque/ t he %\ld move ?i!r4 #ad ,pages #bea1 #beb1 #bhg4 ,s 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ c5tury "s avat> ( ,m4 ,figui] w p]haps describe ! late pr(essor ,agassiz z ! au?or ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,& la/ly1 we are treat$ to a real dialogue1 ) q a dramatic mise en sc5e4 ,! au?or's imag9>y fri5d1 ,!ophilus1 ent]s1 seats himself 9 a com=table *air1 places an ottoman "u 8 feet1 a book "u 8 elb[ to support x1 & a cig>ette ( ,turki% tobacco betwe5 8 lips1 & sets himself to ! task ( li/5+ ) a grave air ( collect$ness1 reliev$ by a c]ta9 t\* ( suspici\s sev]ity1 z becomes ! arbit] 9 a lit]>y & philosophic matt]4 ,& s1 beg9s our au?or1 y wi% to "k1 my de> ,!ophilus1 ,,:]e ,i ,,locate ,,god8 ,i locate him 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 or1 9 bett] phrase1 at ! c5tral focus1 :i* mu/ exi/ some:]e1 ( all ! />s t make ! univ]se1 & :i*1 borne onw>d 9 a common movem5t1 gravitate toge!r ar\nd ?is focus4 ,mu* m1 ( an equally sci5tific "*1 foll[s2 b 9 fairness to ! read]1 :o is already blam+ u = wa/+ ! preci\s mom5ts ov] su* sorry tra%1 we may z well conclude our sket* ( ?is new l9e ( speculation4 ,may1 #ahgb4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,jesus ,,( ,,hi/ory4 #ae #ae ,! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory4 ,anonym\s4 #hvo4 pp4 #dbf4 ,london3 ,williams ,norgate1 #ahfi4 ,vie de ,jesus1 p> ,erne/ ,r5an4 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 7,?irte5? edition1 revis$ & p>tly rewritt547 ,9 republi%+ ?is & ! foll[+ article on ,! ,*ri/ ( ,dogma1 ,i am aw>e t !y d b scanty ju/ice to _! v int]e/+ subjects4 ,s mu* gr\nd is cov]$ t x w\ld be impossible to treat x satisfactorily 9 a pair ( review-articles2 & 9 p>ticul> ! views adopt$ ) reg>d to ! ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature are r indicat$ ?an ju/ifi$4 ,^! defects ,i hope to rem$y 9 a future "w on ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 & ! ,f\nd+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 = :i* ! pres5t articles mu/ be reg>d$ z furni%+ only a few introductory h9ts4 ,?is "w has be5 = sev]al ye>s on my m9d1 b z x may /ill be long be=e ,i c f9d ! leisure ne$ful = writ+ x out1 x seem$ be/ to republi% ^! prelim9>y sket*es :i* h be5 "s "t out ( pr9t4 ,! project$ "w1 h[ev]1 :ile cov]+ all ! po9ts "h treat$1 w h a mu* wid] scope1 deal+ on ! "o h& ) ! natural g5esis ( ! complex aggregate ( beliefs & aspirations kn[n z ,*ri/ianity1 & on ! o!r h& ) ! metamorphoses :i* are be+ wr\ght 9 ?is aggregate by mod]n k & mod]n !ories ( ! _w4 ,! views adopt$ 9 ! pres5t essay z to ! date ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels may seem ov]-cons]vative to ^? :o accept ! ably-argu$ conclusions ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,q possibly 9 a m detail$ discussion ^! briefly-indicat$ data may require revision2 b = ! pres5t x seems be/ to let ! article /& z x 0 writt54 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion w\ld no d\bt admit t1 ev5 if ! synoptic gospels _h n assum$ _! pres5t =m be=e ! end ( ! second c5tury1 nev]!less ! body ( tradition conta9$ 9 !m _h be5 committ$ to writ+ v e>ly 9 t c5tury4 ,s mu* appe>s to be prov$ by ! v v>iations ( text ^u :i* 8 argum5t relies4 ,& if ?is be grant$1 ! value ( ! synoptics z ,,hi/orical evid5ce is n mat]ially alt]$4 ,) _! value z te/imony to s-call$ ,,sup]natural ev5ts1 ! pres5t essay is 9 no way conc]n$4 ,( all ! great f\nd]s ( religions1 ,jesus is at once ! be/ kn[n & ! lea/ kn[n to ! mod]n s*ol>4 ,f ! dogmatic po9t ( view he is ! be/ kn[n1 f ! hi/oric po9t ( view he is ! lea/ kn[n4 ,! ,*ri/ ( dogma is 9 e l9eam5t famili> to u f e>ly *ildhood2 b conc]n+ ! ,jesus ( hi/ory we possess b few facts re/+ ^u tru/wor?y evid5ce1 & 9 ord] to =m a picture ( him at once consi/5t1 probable1 & di/9ct 9 its outl9es1 x is necess>y to ent] ^u a long & difficult inve/igation1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* "s ( ! mo/ delicate app>atus ( mod]n criticism is requir$4 ,?is circum/ance is suffici5tly s+ul> to require especial explanation4 ,! case ( ,sakyamuni1 ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 :i* may p]haps be cit$ z p>allel1 is 9 reality :olly diff]5t4 ,n only did ,sakyamuni live five c5turies e>li] ?an ,jesus1 among a p t h at no "t possess$ ! art ( insur+ au!nticity 9 _! records ( ev5ts1 & at an era :i* is at be/ b dimly disc]n$ ?r\gh ! mi/s ( fable & leg5d1 b ! "w :i* he a*iev$ lies :olly out ( ! c\rse ( ,european hi/ory1 & x is only 9 rec5t times t 8 c>e] has pres5t$ itself to u z a problem ne$+ to be solv$4 ,jesus1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>$ 9 an age :i* is famili>ly & 9 _m respects m9utely kn[n to u1 & among a p ^: =tunes we c trace ) hi/oric c]ta9ty = at lea/ sev5 c5turies previ\s to 8 bir?2 :ile 8 life & a*ievem5ts h probably _h a l>g] %>e 9 direct+ ! entire subsequ5t intellectual & moral developm5t ( ,europe ?an ^? ( any o!r man :o has ev] liv$4 ,nev]!less1 ! details ( 8 p]sonal c>e] are %r\d$ 9 an obscurity almo/ z d5se z t :i* envelops ! life ( ! remote f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 ,?is ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 appe>s less /range & p>adoxical :5 we come to exam9e x m closely4 ,a little reflection w disclose to u sev]al good reasons :y ! hi/orical records ( ! life ( ,jesus %\ld be s scanty z !y are4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! activity ( ,jesus 0 private r ?an public4 ,conf9$ )9 exce$+ly n>r[ limits1 bo? ( space & ( duration1 x made no impression :atev] ^u ! politics or ! lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,8 "n does n occur 9 ! pages ( any contempor>y writ]1 ,roman1 ,greek1 or ,jewi%4 ,d\btless ! case w\ld h be5 :olly diff]5t1 _h he1 l ,mohamm$1 liv$ to a ripe age1 & _h ! exig5cies ( 8 peculi> position z ! ,messiah ( ! ,jewi% p br\ght him into relations ) ! ,empire2 ?\gh :e!r1 9 su* case1 ! success ( 8 gr& und]tak+ w\ld h be5 z complete z x has actually be51 may well be d\bt$4 ,secondly1 ,jesus did n1 l ,mohamm$ & ,paul1 leave beh9d him au!ntic writ+s :i* might s]ve to ?r[ light ^u 8 m5tal developm5t z well z ^u ! ext]nal facts ( 8 c>e]4 ,)\t ! ,koran & ! f\r g5u9e ,epi/les ( ,paul1 we %\ld be ne>ly z mu* 9 ! d>k conc]n+ ^! great m5 z we n[ are conc]n+ ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,we %\ld be compell$ to rely1 9 ! "o case1 ^u ! untru/wor?y gossip ( ,mussulman *ronicl]s1 & 9 ! o!r case ^u ! g>bl$ /atem5ts ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 a book writt5 ) a di/9ct dogmatic purpose1 sixty or sev5ty ye>s aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! ev5ts :i* x pr(esses to record4 ,x is true1 _m ( ! words ( ,jesus1 pres]v$ by he>say tradition ?r\gh ! g5]ation imm$iately succe$+ 8 dea?1 h come d[n to u1 probably ) little alt]ation1 9 ! pages ( ! ?ree e>li] evangeli/s4 ,^! are priceless data1 s9ce1 z we %all see1 !y are almo/ ! only mat]ials at our comm& = =m+ ev5 a p>tial conception ( ! "* ( ,jesus' "w4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 "h ! cauti\s inquir] has only too (t5 to pause 9 face ( ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! au!ntic utt]ances ( ! great tea*] f ! lat] int]polations sugge/$ by ! dogmatic necessities ( ! n>rators4 ,bitt]ly mu/ ! hi/orian regret t ,jesus _h no philosophic disciple1 l ,x5ophon1 to record 8 ,memorabilia4 ,( ! v>i\s writ+s includ$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,apocalypse alone 7& possibly ! ,epi/le ( ,jude7 is f ! p5 ( a p]sonal acqua9tance ( ,jesus2 & besides ?is1 ! f\r epi/les ( ,paul1 to ! ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans1 make up ! sum ( ! writ+s f :i* we may expect contempor>y te/imony4 ,yet f ^! we obta9 absolutely no?+ ( t = :i* we are seek+4 ,! brief writ+s ( ,paul are occupi$ exclusively ) ! int]nal significance ( ,jesus' "w4 ,! epi/le ( ,jude--if x be really writt5 by ,jesus' bro!r ( t "n1 :i* is d\btful--is solely a polemic direct$ aga9/ ! innovations ( ,paul4 ,& ! ,apocalypse1 ! "w ( ! fi]y & imag9ative disciple ,john1 is conf9$ to a prophetic description ( ! ,messiah's anticipat$ return1 & tells u no?+ conc]n+ ! de$s ( t ,messiah :ile on ! e>?4 ,"h we t\* ^u our ?ird consid]ation1--! consid]ation :i* be/ enables u to see :y ! hi/oric notices ( ,jesus are s meagre4 ,rightly consid]$1 ! /atem5t ) :i* we op5$ ?is article is its own explanation4 ,! ,jesus ( hi/ory is s little kn[n j because ! ,*ri/ ( dogma is s well kn[n4 #af ,o!r tea*]s--,paul1 ,mohamm$1 ,sakyamuni--h come m]ely z prea*]s ( righte\sness1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( g5]al pr9ciples ) :i* _! own p]sonalities 7 n directly implicat$4 ,b ,jesus1 z we %all see1 be=e ! close ( 8 life1 proclaim$ himself to be some?+ m ?an a prea*] ( righte\sness4 ,he ann\nc$ himself--& ju/ly1 f 8 own po9t ( view--z ! long-expect$ ,messiah s5t by ,jehovah to lib]ate ! ,jewi% race4 ,?us ! success ( 8 religi\s tea*+s became at once implicat$ ) ! "q ( 8 p]sonal nature & "*4 ,aft] ! sudd5 & viol5t t]m9ation ( 8 c>e]1 x imm$iately became all-important ) 8 foll[]s to prove t he 0 really ! ,messiah1 & to insi/ ^u ! c]ta9ty ( 8 spe$y return to ! e>?4 ,?us ! fir/ g5]ation ( disciples dogmatiz$ ab\t him1 in/ead ( n>rat+ 8 life1--a task :i* to !m w\ld h seem$ ( little pr(it4 ,= !m ! all-absorb+ object ( contemplation 0 ! imm$iate future r ?an ! imm$iate pa/4 ,z all ! e>li] ,*ri/ian lit]ature in=ms u1 = ne>ly a c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 8 foll[]s liv$ 9 daily anticipation ( 8 triumphant return to ! e>?4 ,! end ( all ?+s be+ s ne> at h&1 no attempt 0 made to insure accurate & complete memoirs = ! use ( a po/]ity :i* 0 de/9$1 9 ,*ri/ian imag9ation1 nev] to arrive4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians wrote b little2 ev5 ,papias1 at ! end ( a c5tury1 pref]r+ second-h& or ?ird-h& oral tradition to ! writt5 gospels :i* 7 !n beg9n+ to come into circulation4 #ag ,memoirs ( ! life & tea*+s ( ,jesus 7 call$ =? by ! necessity ( hav+ a writt5 /&>d ( doctr9e to :i* to appeal amid ! gr[+ diff]5ces ( op9ion :i* di/urb$ ! ,*ur*4 ,?us ! e>li] gospels exhibit1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees1 ! indications ( a modify+1 sometimes ( an ov]rul+ dogmatic purpose4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no consci\s violation ( hi/oric tru?1 b f ! v>i$ mass ( mat]ial suppli$ by tradition1 su* incid5ts are select$ z are fit to support ! views ( ! writ]s conc]n+ ! p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,accord+ly1 :ile ! e>ly gospels ?r[ a /rong light ^u ! /ate ( ,*ri/ian op9ion at ! dates :5 !y 7 successively compos$1 ! in=mation :i* !y give conc]n+ ,jesus himself is1 = t v reason1 (t5 vague1 uncritical1 & contradictory4 ,/ill m is ?is true ( ! f\r? gospel1 writt5 late 9 ! second c5tury1 9 :i* hi/oric tradition is m\ld$ 9 ! int]e/s ( dogma until x becomes no long] recognizable1 & 9 ! place ( ! human ,messiah ( ! e>li] acc\nts1 we h a semi-div9e ,logos or ,aeon1 deta*$ f ,god1 & inc>nate = a brief season 9 ! lik5ess ( man4 #af ,w] e9mal v]gott]t word5 i/1 d] hat se9e ,m5se!it unwi$]br+li* e+ebus/4--,/rauss1 ,d] alte und d] neue ,glaube1 p4 #gf4 #ag ,rog] 0 ! att5dant ( ,?omas ,becket dur+ 8 soj\rn at ,pontigny4 ,we might h expect$ him to be v full on t "p ( 8 hi/ory2 b1 writ+ d\btless ma9ly = ! monks ( ,pontigny1 he says t ,,he ,,w ,,n ,,enl>ge ,,^u ,,:at ,,e ,,"o ,,kn[s1 & cuts t "p v %ort4--,freeman1 ,hi/orical ,essays1 #a/ s]ies1 p4 #ij4 ,n only 0 hi/ory subord9at$ to dogma by ! writ]s ( ! gospel-n>ratives1 b 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* :o assi/$ 9 det]m9+ :at writ+s %\ld be consid]$ canonical1 dogmatic prepossession w5t v mu* fur!r ?an critical acum54 ,nor is ?is /range :5 we reflect t critical discrim9ation 9 que/ions ( lit]>y au!nticity is "o ( ! late/ acquisitions ( ! cultivat$ human m9d4 ,9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur* ! evid5ce ( ! g5u95ess ( any lit]>y production 0 nev] weigh$ critically2 writ+s conta9+ doctr9es acceptable to ! majority ( ,*ri/ians 7 quot$ z au?oritative :ile writ+s :i* suppli$ no dogmatic want 7 ov]look$1 or p]haps condemn$ z apocryphal4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is is furni%$ by ! =tunes ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,al?\gh p]haps ! be/ au!nticat$ "w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t collection1 its mill5>ian doctr9es caus$ x to become unpopul> z ! ,*ur* gradually ceas$ to look = ! spe$y return ( ! ,messiah1 &1 accord+ly1 z ! canon assum$ a def9ite %ape1 x 0 plac$ among ! ,antilegom5a1 or d\btful books1 & cont9u$ to hold a prec>i\s position until aft] ! "t ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r? gospel1 :i* 0 q unkn[n & probably did n exi/ at ! "t ( ! ,qu>todeciman controv]sy 7,a4 ,d4 #afh71 0 accept$ ) little hesitation1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury is m5tion$ by ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t1 & ,t]tullian1 z ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,to ?is uncritical _s1 lead+ to ! neglect ( su* books z fail$ to answ] ! dogmatic requirem5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 may probably be attribut$ ! loss ( s _m ( ! e>li] gospels4 ,x is d\btless = ?is reason t we d n possess ! ,aramaean orig9al ( ! ,logia ( ,mat!w1 or ! ,memorabilia ( ,m>k1 ! companion ( ,pet]1--two works to :i* ,papias 7,a4 ,d4 #abj7 alludes z conta9+ au!ntic reports ( ! utt]ances ( ,jesus4 ,^! consid]ations w1 we believe1 suffici5tly expla9 ! curi\s circum/ance t1 :ile we "k ! ,*ri/ ( dogma s intimately1 we "k ! ,jesus ( hi/ory s slightly4 ,! lit]ature ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity enables u to trace ) tol]able complet5ess ! progress ( op9ion conc]n+ ! nature ( ,jesus1 f ! "t ( ,paul's e>ly missions to ! "t ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil2 b ^u ! actual words & de$s ( ,jesus x ?r[s a v un/eady light4 ,! dogmatic purpose ev]y:]e obscures ! hi/oric basis4 ,?is same dogmatic prepossession :i* has r5d]$ ! data = a biography ( ,jesus s scanty & untru/wor?y1 has also until comp>atively rec5t times prev5t$ any unbiass$ critical exam9ation ( su* data z we actually possess4 ,previ\s to ! eighte5? c5tury any attempt to deal ) ! life ( ,jesus ^u purely hi/orical me?ods w\ld h be5 n only contemn$ z irrational1 b /igmatiz$ z impi\s4 ,& ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ^? writ]s :o _h become :olly emancipat$ f ecclesia/ic tradition 7 s de/itute ( all hi/oric sympa?y & s unskill$ 9 sci5tific me?ods ( criticism1 t !y utt]ly fail$ to compreh5d ! requirem5ts ( ! problem4 ,_! aims 7 9 ! ma9 polemic1 n hi/orical4 ,!y ?\ght m ( ov]?r[+ curr5t dogmas ?an ( imp>tially exam9+ ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian lit]ature ) a view ( elicit+ its hi/oric cont5ts2 &1 accord+ly1 !y accompli%$ b little4 ,two brilliant exceptions mu/1 h[ev]1 be notic$4 ,sp9oza1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ,less+1 9 ! eighte5?1 7 m5 f> 9 advance ( _! age4 ,!y are ! fa!rs ( mod]n hi/orical criticism2 & to ,less+ 9 p>ticul>1 ) 8 enorm\s erudition & incomp>able sagacity1 belongs ! hon\r ( initiat+ t me?od ( inquiry :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ! s-call$ ,tub+5 ,s*ool1 has l$ to su* /rik+ & valuable conclusions conc]n+1 ! age & "* ( all ! ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature4 ,b x 0 long be=e any "o c\ld be f\nd fit to b5d ! b[ :i* ,less+ & ,sp9oza _h wield$4 ,a succession ( able s*ol>s--,seml]1 ,ei*horn1 ,paulus1 ,s*lei]ma*] ,brets*neid]1 & ,de ,wette--7 requir$ to exam9e1 ) ,g]man pati5ce & accuracy1 ! details ( ! subject1 & to prop\nd v>i\s unt5able hypo!ses1 be=e su* a "w c\ld be p]=m$ z t ( ,/rauss4 ,! ,life ( ,jesus1 publi%$ by ,/rauss :5 only tw5ty-six ye>s ( age1 is "o ( ! monum5tal works ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 wor?y to rank1 z a hi/orical ef=t1 along ) su* books z ,niebuhr's ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,wolf's ,prolegom5a1 or ,b5tley's ,diss]tations on ,phal>is4 ,x in/antly sup]s$$ & r5d]$ antiquat$ ev]y?+ :i* _h prec$$ x2 nor has any "w on e>ly ,*ri/ianity be5 writt5 9 ,g]many = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s :i* has n be5 dom9at$ by ! recollection ( t m>vell\s book4 ,nev]!less1 ! lab\rs ( ano!r g5]ation ( s*ol>s h c>ri$ our k ( ! ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature f> beyond ! po9t :i* x _h rea*$ :5 ,/rauss fir/ wrote4 ,at t "t ! dates ( b few ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s _h be5 fix$ ) any approa* to c]ta9ty2 ! age & "* ( ! f\r? gospel1 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,paul9e epi/les1 ev5 ! mutual relations ( ! ?ree synoptics1 7 /ill undet]m9$2 &1 z a natural result ( ?is unc]ta9ty1 ! progress ( dogma dur+ ! fir/ c5tury 0 ill und]/ood4 ,at ! pres5t day x is impossible to read ! e>ly "w ( ,/rauss )\t be+ impress$ ) ! necessity ( obta9+ positive data z to ! orig9 & dogmatic "* ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 be=e attempt+ to rea* any conclusions z to ! probable c>e] ( ,jesus4 ,^! positive data we owe to ! g5ius & dilig5ce ( ! ,tub+5 ,s*ool1 &1 above all1 to its f\nd]1 ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian ,baur4 ,beg9n+ ) ! epi/les ( ,paul1 ( :i* he di/+ui%$ f\r z g5u9e1 ,baur gradually work$ 8 way ?r\gh ! entire ,new ,te/am5t collection1 detect+--) t inspir$ insight :i* only unfl9*+ dilig5ce c imp>t to orig9al g5ius--! age at :i* ea* book 0 writt51 & ! circum/ances :i* call$ x =?4 ,to give any acc\nt ( ,baur's detail$ conclusions1 or ( ! me?od by :i* he rea*$ !m1 w\ld require a volume4 ,!y are v scantily pres5t$ 9 ,mr4 ,mackay's "w on ! ,tub+5 ,s*ool & its ,antec$5ts1 to :i* we may ref] ! read] desir\s ( fur!r in=mation4 ,we c "h m]ely say t tw5ty ye>s ( en]getic controv]sy h only s]v$ to e/abli% mo/ ( ,baur's lead+ conclusions m firmly ?an ev]4 ,! priority ( ! s-call$ gospel ( ,mat!w1 ! ,paul9e purpose ( ,luke1 ! second 9 date ( our gospels1 ! d]ivative & second-h& "* ( ,m>k1 & ! unapo/olic orig9 ( ! f\r? gospel1 are po9ts :i* may = ! future be reg>d$ z wellnigh e/abli%$ by circum/antial evid5ce4 ,s ) respect to ! pseudo-,paul9e epi/les1 ,baur's "w 0 done s ?or\ghly t ! only "q /ill left op5 = mu* discussion is t conc]n+ ! date & au?or%ip ( ! fir/ & second ,!ssalonians1--a po9t ( q inf]ior importance1 s f> z our pres5t subject is conc]n$4 ,seldom h su* va/ results be5 a*iev$ by ! lab\r ( a s+le s*ol>4 ,seldom has any hi/orical critic possess$ su* a comb9ation ( analytic & ( co-ord9at+ p[]s z ,baur4 ,8 ke5 criticism & 8 wond]ful fla%es ( insight ex]cise ^u ! read] a truly poetic effect l t :i* is felt 9 contemplat+ ! m>vels ( physical discov]y4 ,! compreh5sive lab\rs ( ,baur 7 foll[$ up by ,zell]'s able "w on ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 9 :i* t book 0 %[n to h be5 p>tly f\nd$ ^u docum5ts writt5 by ,luke1 or "s o!r companion ( ,paul1 & exp&$ & modifi$ by a mu* lat] writ] ) ! purpose ( cov]+ up ! traces ( ! e>ly s*ism betwe5 ! ,paul9e & ! ,petr9e sections ( ! ,*ur*4 ,along ) ?is1 ,s*wegl]'s "w on ! ,po/-,apo/olic ,times des]ves m5tion z cle>+ up _m obscure po9ts relat+ to ! e>ly developm5t ( dogma4 ,f9ally1 ! ,new ,life ( ,jesus1 by ,/rauss1 adopt+ & utiliz+ ! pr9cipal discov]ies ( ,baur & 8 foll[]s1 & comb9+ all into "o gr& hi/orical picture1 wor?ily completes ! task :i* ! e>li] "w ( ! same au?or _h inaugurat$4 ,! read] w h notic$ t1 ) ! exception ( ,sp9oza1 e "o ( ! names above cit$ 9 connection ) ! lit]>y analysis & criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! "n ( a ,g]man4 ,until )9 ! la/ decade1 ,g]many has inde$ possess$ almo/ an absolute monopoly ( ! sci5ce ( ,biblical criticism2 o!r c\ntries hav+ rema9$ n only unfamili> ) its me?ods1 b ev5 grossly ignorant ( its conspicu\s results1 save :5 "s ,g]man treatise ( m ?an ord9>y popul>ity has n[ & !n be5 translat$4 ,b dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s ,france has ent]$ ! li/s2 & ! writ+s ( ,reville1 ,reuss1 ,nicolas1 ,d',ei*?al1 ,s*]]1 & ,colani te/ify to ! rapidity ) :i* ! ,g]man se$ has fructifi$ ^u h] soil4 #ah #ah ,b n[1 9 annex+ ,alsace1 ,g]many has annex$ pretty mu* ! :ole ( ?is dep>tm5t ( ,fr5* s*ol>%ip1--a curi\s incid5tal consequ5ce ( ! late w>4 ,none ( ^! books1 h[ev]1 has a*iev$ su* wide-spread celebrity1 or done s mu* t[>d int]e/+ ! g5]al public 9 ?is class ( hi/orical inquiries1 z ! ,life ( ,jesus1 by ,r5an4 ,?is pre-em95ce ( fame is p>tly1 b n :olly1 des]v$4 ,f a purely lit]>y po9t ( view1 ,r5an's "w d\btless m]its all ! celebrity x has ga9$4 ,its au?or writes a /yle su* z is p]haps surpass$ by t ( no o!r liv+ ,fr5*man4 ,x is by f> ! mo/ readable book :i* has ev] be5 writt5 conc]n+ ! life ( ,jesus4 ,& no d\bt "s ( its popul>ity is due to its v faults1 :i*1 f a critical po9t ( view1 are nei!r few nor small4 ,= ,r5an is c]ta9ly v faulty1 z a hi/orical critic1 :5 he practically ignores ! extreme meagr5ess ( our positive k ( ! c>e] ( ,jesus1 & describes sc5e aft] sc5e 9 8 life z m9utely & ) z mu* confid5ce z if he _h himself be5 pres5t to witness x all4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! critical read] feels prompt$ to ask1 ,h[ d y "k all ?is8 or :y1 out ( two or ?ree conflict+ acc\nts1 d y quietly adopt "s p>ticul> "o1 z if its sup]ior au?ority 7 self-evid5t8 ,b 9 ! eye ( ! uncritical read]1 ^! defects are excell5ces2 = x is unpleasant to be kept 9 ignorance :5 we are seek+ aft] def9ite k1 & x is di%e>t5+ to read page aft] page ( an elaborate discussion :i* ends 9 conv9c+ u t def9ite k _c be ga9$4 ,9 ! ?irte5? edition ( ! ,vie de ,jesus1 ,r5an has correct$ "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ errors ( ! orig9al "w1 & 9 p>ticul> has1 ) praisewor?y c&\r1 ab&on$ 8 unt5able position ) reg>d to ! age & "* ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,r5an1 9 8 e>li] editions1 ascrib$ to ?is gospel a hi/orical value sup]ior to t ( ! synoptics1 believ+ x to h be5 writt5 by an eyewitness ( ! ev5ts :i* x relates2 & f ?is s\rce1 accord+ly1 he drew ! l>g] %>e ( 8 mat]ials4 ,n[1 if !re is any "o conclusion conc]n+ ! ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z incontrov]tibly e/abli%$ by ! lab\rs ( a :ole g5]ation ( s*ol>s1 x is ?is1 t ! f\r? gospel 0 utt]ly unkn[n until ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #agj1 t x 0 writt5 by "s "o :o possess$ v little direct k ( ,pale/9e1 t its purpose 0 r to exp\nd a dogma ?an to give an accurate record ( ev5ts1 & t z a guide to ! compreh5sion ( ! c>e] ( ,jesus x is ( f> less value ?an ! ?ree synoptic gospels4 ,x is impossible1 9 a brief review l ! pres5t1 to epitomize ! evid5ce ^u :i* ?is conclusion re/s1 :i* may m pr(itably be s\ght 9 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,tayl]'s "w on ,! ,f\r? ,gospel1 or 9 ,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x mu/ suffice to m5tion t ?is gospel is n cit$ by ,papias2 t ,ju/91 ,m>cion1 & ,val5t9us make no allusion to x1 ?\gh1 s9ce x furni%es s mu* t is g]mane to _! views1 !y w\ld gladly h appeal$ to x1 _h x be5 9 exi/5ce1 :5 ^? views 7 z yet "u discussion2 & t1 f9ally1 9 ! great ,qu>todeciman controv]sy1 ,a4 ,d4 #afh1 ! gospel is n only n m5tion$1 b ! au?ority ( ,john is cit$ by ,polyc>p 9 flat contradiction ( ! view aft]w>ds tak5 by ?is evangeli/4 ,/ill m1 ! assumption ( ,r5an l$ at once into complicat$ difficulties ) ref]5ce to ! ,apocalypse4 ,! f\r? gospel1 if x does n unmi/akably ann\nce itself z ! "w ( ,john1 at lea/ pr(esses to be ,johann9e2 & x _c = a mom5t be suppos$ t su* a book1 mak+ su* claims1 c\ld h ga9$ curr5cy dur+ ,john's lifetime )\t call+ =? 8 indignant prote/4 ,=1 9 reality1 no book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t collection w\ld s completely h %ock$ ! prejudices ( ! ,johann9e p>ty4 ,john's own views are well kn[n to u f ! ,apocalypse4 ,john 0 ! mo/ en?usia/ic ( mill5>ians & ! mo/ n>r[ & rigid ( ,judaiz]s4 ,9 8 antagonism to ! ,paul9e innovations he w5t f>!r ?an ,pet] himself4 ,int5se hatr$ ( ,paul & 8 foll[]s appe>s 9 sev]al passages ( ! ,apocalypse1 :]e !y are /igmatiz$ z ,nicolaitans1 deceiv]s ( ! p1 ^? :o say !y are apo/les & are n1 eat]s ( meat (f]$ to idols1 =nicators1 pret5d$ ,jews1 li>s1 synagogue ( ,satan1 etc4 7,*ap4 ,,ii474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r? gospel conta9s no?+ mill5>ian or ,judaical2 x c>ries ,paul9e univ]salism to a f> great] ext5t ?an ,paul himself v5tur$ to c>ry x1 ev5 condemn+ ! ,jews z *ildr5 ( d>kness1 & by implication contra/+ !m unfav\rably ) ! ,g5tiles2 & x conta9s a !ory ( ! nature ( ,jesus :i* ! ,ebioniti% ,*ri/ians1 to :om ,john belong$1 reject$ to ! la/4 ,9 8 pres5t edition ,r5an admits ! insup]able =ce ( ^! objections1 & ab&ons 8 !ory ( ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,& z ?is has necessitat$ ! omission or alt]ation ( all su* passages z re/$ ^u ! au?ority ( t gospel1 ! book is to a consid]able ext5t rewritt51 & ! *anges are su* z greatly to increase its value z a hi/ory ( ,jesus4 ,nev]!less1 ! au?or has s long be5 9 ! habit ( %ap+ 8 conceptions ( ! c>e] ( ,jesus by ! aid ( ! f\r? gospel1 t x has become v difficult = him to pass freely to ano!r po9t ( view4 ,he /ill cl+s to ! hypo!sis t !re is an elem5t ( hi/oric tradition conta9$ 9 ! book1 drawn f memorial writ+s :i* _h p]haps be5 h&$ d[n f ,john1 & :i* 7 inaccessible to ! synopti/s4 ,9 a v int]e/+ app5dix1 he collects ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is hypo!sis1 :i* inde$ is n )\t plausibility1 s9ce !re is e reason = suppos+ t ! gospel 0 writt5 at ,ephesus1 :i* a c5tury be=e _h be5 ,john's place ( resid5ce4 ,b ev5 grant+ mo/ ( ,r5an's assumptions1 x mu/ /ill foll[ t ! au?ority ( ?is gospel is f> inf]ior to t ( ! synoptics1 & c 9 no case be v confid5tly appeal$ to4 ,! "q is "o ( ! fir/ importance to ! hi/orian ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 inquir+ into ! life ( ,jesus1 ! v fir/ ?+ to d is to e/abli% firmly 9 ! m9d ! true relations ( ! f\r? gospel to ! fir/ ?ree4 ,until ?is has be5 done1 no "o is compet5t to write on ! subject2 & x is because he has done ?is s imp]fectly1 t ,r5an's "w is1 f a critical po9t ( view1 s imp]fectly successful4 ,! anonym\s "w entitl$ ,! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory1 :i* we h plac$ at ! head ( ?is article1 is 9 e respect notewor?y z ! fir/ sy/ematic attempt made 9 ,engl& to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,g]man criticism 9 writ+ a life ( ,jesus4 ,we "k ( no good reason :y ! book %\ld be publi%$ anonym\sly2 = z a hi/orical essay x possesses extraord9>y m]it1 & does great cr$it n only to its au?or1 b to ,engli% s*ol>%ip & acum54 #ai ,x is n1 inde$1 a book calculat$ to captivate ! imag9ation ( ! read+ public4 ,?\gh writt5 9 a cle>1 =cible1 & (t5 elegant /yle1 x possesses no su* wond]ful rhetorical *>m z ! "w ( ,r5an2 & x w probably nev] f9d half a doz5 read]s :]e ! ,vie de ,jesus has f\nd a hundr$4 ,b ! success ( a book ( ?is sort is n to be measur$ by its rhetorical excell5ce1 or by its adaptation to ! lit]>y ta/es ( an uncritical & un9/ruct$ public1 b r by ! am\nt ( critical sagacity :i* x br+s to be> ^u ! elucidation ( ! _m difficult & disput$ po9ts 9 ! subject ( :i* x treats4 ,measur$ by ?is /&>d1 ,! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory mu/ rank v high inde$4 ,to say t x ?r[s m light ^u ! c>e] ( ,jesus ?an any "w :i* has ev] be=e be5 writt5 9 ,engli% w\ld be v inadequate praise1 s9ce ! ,engli% language has be5 s+ul>ly defici5t 9 ?is bran* ( hi/orical lit]ature4 ,we %all convey a m j idea ( its m]its if we say t x w be> comp>ison ) any?+ :i* ev5 ,g]many has produc$1 save only ! works ( ,/rauss1 ,baur1 & ,zell]4 #ai ,! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory is n[ kn[n to h be5 writt5 by ,sir ,ri*>d ,hanson1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,! fitness ( our au?or = ! task :i* he has und]tak5 is %[n at ! outset by 8 *oice ( mat]ials4 ,9 bas+ 8 conclusions almo/ exclusively ^u ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! fir/ gospel1 he is upheld by e s\nd pr9ciple ( criticism4 ,! times & places at :i* our ?ree synoptic gospels 7 writt5 h be51 ?r\gh ! lab\rs ( ! ,tub+5 critics1 det]m9$ almo/ to a c]ta9ty4 ,( ! ?ree1 ,m>k is unque/ionably ! late/2 ) ! exception ( ab\t tw5ty v]ses1 x is entirely made up f ,mat!w & ,luke1 ! div]se ,petr9e & ,paul9e t5d5cies ( :i* x /rives to neutralize 9 con=mity to ! conciliatory disposition ( ! ,*ur* at ,rome1 at ! epo* at :i* ?is gospel 0 writt51 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #acj4 ,! ?ird gospel 0 also writt5 at ,rome1 "s fifte5 ye>s e>li]4 ,9 ! preface1 its au?or describes x z a compilation f previ\sly exi/+ writt5 mat]ials4 ,among ^! mat]ials 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ gospel1 sev]al passages ( :i* are adopt$ ^w = ^w by ! au?or ( ,luke4 ,yet ! n>rative v>ies mat]ially f t ( ! fir/ gospel 9 _m ess5tial po9ts4 ,! arrangem5t ( ev5ts is less natural1 &1 z 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 by ! same au?or1 !re is app>5t ?r\gh\t ! design ( suppress+ ! old discord betwe5 ,paul & ! ,judaiz+ disciples1 & ( repres5t+ ,*ri/ianity z ess5tially ,paul9e f ! outset4 ,h[ f> ,paul 0 correct 9 8 int]pretation ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus1 x is difficult to decide4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 possible t ! fir/ gospel may h l5t to ! words ( ,jesus an ,ebionite col\r+ 9 "s in/ances1 & t n[ & !n ! ?ird gospel may pres5t u ) a tru] acc\nt4 ,to ?is supremely important po9t we %all by & by return4 ,= ! pres5t x mu/ suffice to obs]ve t ! evid5ces ( an ov]rul+ dogmatic purpose are g5]ally mu* m conspicu\s 9 ! ?ird synopti/ ?an 9 ! fir/2 & t ! v loose mann] 9 :i* ?is writ] has h&l$ 8 mat]ials 9 ! ,acts is n calculat$ to inspire u ) confid5ce 9 ! hi/orical accuracy ( 8 gospel4 ,! writ] :o1 9 spite ( ! direct te/imony ( ,paul himself c\ld repres5t ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles z act+ "u ! direction ( ! disciples at ,j]usalem1 & :o puts ,paul9e s5tim5ts into ! m\? ( ,pet]1 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 capable ( unw>rantably giv+ a ,paul9e turn to ! tea*+s ( ,jesus himself4 ,we are !re=e1 z a la/ resort1 br\ght back to ! fir/ gospel1 :i* we f9d to possess1 z a hi/orical n>rative1 f> /rong] claims ^u our att5tion ?an ! second & ?ird4 ,9 all probability x _h assum$ ne>ly its pres5t %ape be=e ,a4 ,d4 #ajj1 its orig9 is unmi/akably ,pale/9ian2 x betrays comp>atively few indications ( dogmatic purpose2 & !re are /rong reasons = believ+ t ! spee*es ( ,jesus record$ 9 x are 9 sub/ance tak5 f ! g5u9e ,logia ( ,mat!w m5tion$ by ,papias1 :i* mu/ h be5 writt5 z e>ly z ,a4 ,d4 #fj-gj1 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,inde$1 we are incl9$ to agree ) our au?or t ! gospel1 ev5 9 its pres5t %ape 7save only a few int]polat$ passages71 may h exi/$ z e>ly z ,a4 ,d4 #hj1 s9ce x places ! "t ( ,jesus' second com+ imm$iately aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 :]eas ! ?ird evangeli/1 :o wrote =ty-five ye>s aft] t ev5t1 is c>eful to tell u1 ,! end is ,,n imm$iately4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ h be5 writt5 :ile ! ,paulo-,petr9e controv]sy 0 /ill rag+1 z is %[n by ! p>able ( ! enemy :o s[$ ! t>es1 :i* manife/ly ref]s to ,paul1 & also by ! allusions to false prophets 7vii4 #ae71 to ^? :o say ,"l1 ,"l1 & :o ca/ out demons 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l 7vii4 #ba-bc71 tea*+ m5 to break ! comm&m5ts 7v4 #ag-bj74 ,!re is1 !re=e1 good reason = believ+ t we h "h a n>rative writt5 n mu* m ?an fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 bas$ p>tly ^u ! writt5 memorials ( an apo/le1 & 9 ! ma9 tru/wor?y1 save :]e x relates occurr5ces ( a m>vell\s & leg5d>y "*4 ,su* is our au?or's conclusion1 & 9 describ+ ! c>e] ( ! ,jesus ( hi/ory1 he relies almo/ exclusively ^u ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! fir/ gospel4 ,let u n[ aft] ?is long b inadequate introduction1 give a brief sket* ( ! life ( ,jesus1 z x is to be f\nd 9 our au?or4 ,conc]n+ ! "t & place ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 we "k next to no?+4 ,accord+ to uni=m tradition1 bas$ ^u a /atem5t ( ! ?ird gospel1 he 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age at ! "t :5 he began tea*+4 ,! same gospel /ates1 ) elaborate precision1 t ! public c>e] ( ,john ! ,bapti/ began 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ,tib]ius1 or ,a4 ,d4 #bh4 ,9 ! w9t] ( ,a4 ,d4 #ce-cf1 ,pontius ,pilate 0 recall$ f ,judaea1 s t ! crucifixion c\ld n h tak5 place lat] ?an 9 ! spr+ ( #ce4 ,?us we h a p]iod ( ab\t six ye>s dur+ :i* ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus mu/ h begun & end$2 & if ! tradition ) respect to 8 age be tru/wor?y1 we %all n be f> out ( ! way 9 suppos+ him to h be5 born some:]e betwe5 ,b4 ,c4 #e & ,a4 ,d4 #e4 ,he is ev]y:]e allud$ to 9 ! gospels z ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 9 ,galilee1 :]e liv$ also 8 fa!r1 "m bro!rs & si/]s1 & :]e v likely he 0 born4 ,8 p>5ts' names are said to h be5 ,joseph & ,m>y4 ,8 own "n is a ,hell5iz$ =m ( ,jo%ua1 a "n v common among ! ,jews4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ gospel 7xiii4 #ee71 he _h f\r bro!rs1--,joseph & ,simon2 ,james1 :o 0 aft]w>ds "o ( ! heads ( ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 & ! mo/ =midable enemy ( ,paul2 & ,judas or ,jude1 :o is p]haps ! au?or ( ! anti-,paul9e epi/le commonly ascrib$ to him4 ,( ! e>ly y\? ( ,jesus1 & ( ! circum/ances :i* guid$ 8 intellectual developm5t1 we "k absolutely no?+1 nor h we ! data requisite = =m+ any plausible hypo!sis4 ,he fir/ appe>s 9 hi/ory ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #bi or #cj1 9 connection ) a v rem>kable p]son :om ! ?ird evangeli/ describes z 8 c\s91 & :o seems1 f 8 mode ( life1 to h be5 9 "s way connect$ ) or influ5c$ by ! ,hell5iz+ sect ( ,ess5es4 ,"h we obta9 our fir/ clew to guide u 9 =m+ a consecutive !ory ( ! developm5t ( ,jesus' op9ions4 ,! sect ( ,ess5es took its rise 9 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #agj4 ,^u ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,judaism x _h engraft$ _m ,py?agorean notions1 & 0 d\btless 9 ! "t ( ,jesus in/rum5tal 9 spread+ ,greek ideas among ! p ( ,galilee1 :]e ,judaism 0 f> f be+ s n>r[ & rigid z at ,j]usalem4 ,! ,ess5es atta*$ b little importance to ! ,messianic expectations ( ! ,ph>isees1 & m+l$ sc>cely at all 9 national politics4 ,!y liv$ = ! mo/ "p a /rictly ascetic life1 be+ inde$ ! legitimate pr$ecessors ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian h]mits & monks4 ,b :ile pre-em95t = sanctity ( life1 !y heap$ ridicule ^u ! entire sacrificial s]vice ( ! ,temple1 despis$ ! ,ph>isees z hypocrites1 & insi/$ ^u *>ity t[>d all m5 in/ead ( ! old ,jewi% exclusiv5ess4 ,x 0 once a fav\rite !ory t bo? ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus 7 memb]s ( ! ,ess5ian bro!rhood2 b t !ory is n[ g5]ally ab&on$4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! case ) ,john1 :o is said to h liv$ l an an*orite 9 ! des]t1 !re seems to h be5 b little practical ,ess5ism 9 ,jesus1 :o is almo/ uni=mly repres5t$ z *e]ful & social 9 demean\r1 & aga9/ :om x 0 expressly urg$ t he came eat+ & dr9k+1 mak+ no pres5ce ( puritanical hol9ess4 ,he 0 nei!r a puritan1 l ! ,ess5es1 nor a rituali/1 l ! ,ph>isees4 ,besides :i*1 bo? ,john & ,jesus seem to h begun _! c>e]s by prea*+ ! un-,ess5e doctr9e ( ! spe$y adv5t ( ! k+dom ( heav51 by :i* is meant ! reign ( ! ,messiah ^u ! e>?4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh we _c reg>d ,jesus z actually a memb] ( ! ,ess5ian community or sect1 we c h>dly avoid ! conclusion t he1 z well z ,john ! ,bapti/1 _h be5 at "s "t /rongly influ5c$ by ,ess5ian doctr9es4 ,! spiritualiz$ conception ( ! k+dom ( heav5 proclaim$ by him 0 j :at w\ld naturally & logically arise f a remodell+ ( ! ,messianic !ories ( ! ,ph>isees 9 con=mity to advanc$ ,ess5ian notions4 ,x seems highly probable t "s su* ref9$ conception ( ! functions ( ! ,messiah 0 rea*$ by ,john1 :o1 /igmatiz+ ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees z a g5]ation ( vip]s1 call$ al\d to ! p to rep5t ( _! s9s1 9 view ( ! spe$y adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 & to te/ify to _! rep5tance by submitt+ to ! ,ess5ian rite ( baptism4 ,!re is no positive evid5ce t ,jesus 0 ev] a disciple ( ,john2 yet ! acc\nt ( ! baptism1 9 spite ( ! leg5d>y "* ( its details1 seems to re/ ^u a hi/orical basis2 & p]haps ! mo/ plausible hypo!sis :i* c be fram$ is1 t ,jesus receiv$ baptism at ,john's h&s1 became = a :ile 8 disciple1 & acquir$ f him a k ( ,ess5ian doctr9es4 ,! c>e] ( ,john seems to h be5 v brief4 ,8 /]n puritanism br\ght him soon into disgrace ) ! gov]nm5t ( ,galilee4 ,he 0 seiz$ by ,h]od1 ?r[n into prison1 & behead$4 ,aft] ! brief h9ts giv5 z to ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,jesus & ,john1 we next he> ( ,jesus alone 9 ! des]t1 :]e1 l ,sakyamuni & ,mohamm$1 he may h brood$ 9 solitude ov] 8 great project4 ,yet we d n f9d t he _h z yet =m$ any di/9ct conception ( 8 own ,messiah%ip4 ,! total neglect ( *ronology by our au?orities #bj r5d]s x impossible to trace ! developm5t ( 8 ?\ghts /ep by /ep2 b = "s "t aft] ,john's cata/rophe we f9d him call+ ^u ! p to rep5t1 9 view ( ! spe$y approa* ( ! ,messiah1 speak+ ) great & comm&+ p]sonal au?ority1 b us+ no language :i* w\ld indicate t he 0 /riv+ to d m ?an wor?ily fill ! place & add to ! good "w ( 8 late ma/]4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :i* ! fir/ gospel ins]ts 9 ?is place1 0 p]haps nev] spok5 z a cont9u\s disc\rse2 b x no d\bt = ! mo/ "p conta9s ! v words ( ,jesus1 & repres5ts ! g5]al _s ( 8 tea*+ dur+ ?is e>li] portion ( 8 c>e]4 ,9 ?is is conta9$ ne>ly all t has made ,*ri/ianity s p[]ful 9 ! doma9 ( e?ics4 ,if all ! re/ ( ! gospel 7 tak5 away1 or de/roy$ 9 ! night ( "s future b>b>ian invasion1 we %\ld /ill "h possess ! secret ( ! wond]ful impression :i* ,jesus made ^u ^? :o he>d him speak4 ,add$ to ! ,ess5ian scorn ( ,ph>isaic =malism1 & ! spiritualiz$ conception ( ! ,messianic k+dom1 :i* ,jesus may probably h %>$ ) ,john ! ,bapti/1 we h "h = ! fir/ "t ! di/9ctively ,*ri/ian conception ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( m51 :i* ultimately insur$ ! success ( ! new religion4 ,! special po9t ( orig9ality 9 ,jesus 0 8 conception ( ,deity4 ,z ,/rauss well says1 ,he conceiv$ ( ,god1 9 a moral po9t ( view1 z be+ id5tical 9 "* ) himself 9 ! mo/ exalt$ mom5ts ( 8 religi\s life1 & /r5g!n$ 9 turn 8 own religi\s life by ?is ideal4 ,b ! mo/ exalt$ religi\s t5d5cy 9 8 own consci\sness 0 exactly t compreh5sive love1 ov]p[]+ ! evil only by ! good1 :i* he !re=e transf]r$ to ,god z ! fundam5tal t5d5cy ( ,8 nature4 ,f ?is conception ( ,god1 obs]ves ,zell]1 fl[$ naturally all ! moral tea*+ ( ,jesus1 ! insi/5ce ^u spiritual righte\sness in/ead ( ! m]e me*anical obs]vance ( ,mosaic precepts1 ! call to be p]fect ev5 z ! ,fa!r is p]fect1 ! pr9ciple ( ! spiritual equality ( m5 be=e ,god1 & ! equal duties ( all m5 t[>d ea* o!r4 #bj ,! biograph]s ( ,becket are commonly r c>eless z to ! ord] ( "t4 ,ea*4444 record$ :at /ruck him mo/ or :at he be/ knew1 "o set d[n "o ev5t & ano!r2 & none ( !m paid mu* reg>d to ! ord] ( details4--,freeman1 ,hi/orical ,essays1 #a/ s]ies1 p4 #id4 ,h[ f>1 9 addition to ^! vitally important lessons1 ,jesus may h taught doctr9es ( an ephem]al or vision>y "*1 x is v difficult to decide4 ,we are incl9$ to reg>d ! ?ird gospel z ( "s importance 9 settl+ ?is po9t4 ,! au?or ( t gospel repres5ts ,jesus z decid$ly ho/ile to ! ri*4 ,:]e ,mat!w has ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s1 ,luke has ,bless$ are ye poor4 ,9 ! fir/ gospel we read1 ,bless$ are !y :o hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness1 = !y w be fill$2 b 9 ! ?ird gospel we f9d1 ,bless$ are ye t hung] n[1 = ye w be fill$2 & ?is assurance is imm$iately foll[$ by ! d5unciation1 ,woe to y t are ri*1 = ye h receiv$ y\r consolation6 ,woe to y t are full n[1 = ye w hung]4 ,! p>able ( ,dives & ,laz>us illu/rates concretely ?is view ( ! case1 :i* is /ill fur!r corroborat$ by ! acc\nt1 giv5 9 bo? ! fir/ & ! ?ird gospels1 ( ! "y man :o came to seek ev]la/+ life4 ,jesus "h ma9ta9s t righte\sness is insuffici5t unless volunt>y pov]ty be sup]add$4 ,?\gh ! "y man has /rictly fulfill$ ! greate/ ( ! comm&m5ts1--to love 8 neighb\r z himself1--he is requir$1 z a ne$ful pro( ( 8 s9c]ity1 to di/ribute all 8 va/ possessions among ! poor4 ,& :5 he naturally manife/s a reluctance to p]=m s sup]flu\s a sacrifice1 ,jesus obs]ves t x w be easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le ?an = a ri* man to %>e 9 ! glories ( ! anticipat$ ,messianic k+dom4 ,x is difficult to escape ! conclusion t we h "h a v primitive & probably au!ntic tradition2 & :5 we rememb] ! importance :i*1 accord+ to ! ,acts1 ! e>lie/ disciples atta*$ to ! pr9ciple ( communism1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! leg5d ( ,ananias & ,sapphira1 we mu/ admit /rong reasons = believ+ t ,jesus himself held views :i* t5d$ t[>d ! abolition ( private prop]ty4 ,on ?is po9t1 ! te/imony ( ! ?ird evangeli/ s+ly is ( consid]able weight2 s9ce at ! "t :5 he wrote1 ! communi/ic !ories ( ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians _h be5 g5]ally ab&on$1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any dogmatic motives1 he c\ld only h ins]t$ ^! p>ticul> traditions because he believ$ !m to possess hi/orical value4 ,b we are n dep5d5t on ! ?ird gospel alone4 ,! /ory j cit$ is atte/$ by bo? our au?orities1 & is 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! g5]al views ( ,jesus z report$ by ! fir/ evangeli/4 ,?us 8 disciples are enjo9$ to leave all1 & foll[ him2 to take no ?\ght = ! morr[2 to ?9k no m ( lay+ up treasures on ! e>?1 = 9 ! ,messianic k+dom !y %all h treasures 9 abundance1 :i* c nei!r be wa/$ nor /ol54 ,on mak+ _! j\rneys1 !y are to provide nei!r money1 nor clo!s1 nor food1 b are to live at ! exp5se ( ^? :om !y visit2 & if any t[n refuse to h>b\r !m1 ! ,messiah1 on 8 arrival1 w deal ) t t[n m sev]ely ?an ,jehovah dealt ) ! cities ( ! pla94 ,inde$1 s9ce ! end ( ! _w 0 to come be=e ! end ( ! g5]ation !n liv+ 7,matt4 xxiv4 #cd2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ea-ef1 vii4 #bi71 !re c\ld be no ne$ = acquir+ prop]ty or mak+ arrangem5ts = ! future2 ev5 m>riage became unnecess>y4 ,^! tea*+s ( ,jesus h a m>k$ ,ess5ian "*1 z well z 8 decl>ation t 9 ! ,messianic k+dom !re 0 to be no m m>riage1 p]haps no di/9ction ( sex 7,matt4 xxii4 #cj74 ,! sect ( ,ebionites1 :o repres5t$ ! e>lie/ doctr9e & practice ( ,*ri/ianity be=e x _h be5 modifi$ by ,paul1 diff]$ f ! ,ess5es 9 no ess5tial respect save 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 & ! expectation ( 8 spe$y return to ! e>?4 ,h[ long1 or ) :at success1 ,jesus cont9u$ to prea* ! com+ ( ! ,messiah 9 ,galilee1 x is impossible to conjecture4 ,8 fell[-t[nsm5 ( ,naz>e? appe> to h ridicul$ him 9 8 prophetical capacity2 or1 if we may tru/ ! ?ird evangeli/1 to h aris5 aga9/ him ) indignation1 & made an attempt ^u 8 life4 ,to !m he 0 b a c>p5t]1 ! son ( a c>p5t] 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee2 ,m>k vi4 #c71 :o told !m disagreeable tru?s4 ,our au?or repres5ts 8 tea*+ 9 ,galilee to h produc$ b little result1 b ! gospel n>ratives af=d no def9ite data = decid+ ?is po9t4 ,we believe ! mo/ probable conclusion to be t ,jesus did attract _m foll[]s1 & became fam\s ?r\gh\t ,galilee2 = ,h]od is said to h reg>d$ him z ,john ! ,bapti/ ris5 f ! grave4 ,to escape ! malice ( ,h]od1 ,jesus !n retir$ to ,syro-,pho5icia1 & dur+ ?is ev5tful j\rney ! consci\sness ( 8 own ,messiah%ip seems = ! fir/ "t to h di/9ctly dawn$ ^u him 7,matt4 xiv4 #a1 #ac2 xv4 #ba2 xvi4 #ac-bj74 ,already1 x appe>s1 speculations 7 rife z to ! "* ( ?is wond]ful prea*]4 ,"s ?\ght he 0 ,john ! ,bapti/1 or p]haps "o ( ! prophets ( ! ,assyrian p]iod return$ to ! e>?4 ,"s1 9 accordance ) a g5]ally-receiv$ tradition1 suppos$ him to be ,elijah1 :o _h nev] se5 dea?1 & _h n[ at la/ return$ f ! regions above ! firmam5t to ann\nce ! com+ ( ! ,messiah 9 ! cl\ds4 ,x 0 g5]ally admitt$1 among en?usia/ic he>]s1 t he :o spake z nev] man spake be=e mu/ h "s div9e commission to execute4 ,^! speculations1 com+ to ! e>s ( ,jesus dur+ 8 prea*+ 9 ,galilee1 c\ld n fail to excite 9 him a tra9 ( self-consci\s reflections4 ,to him also mu/ h be5 pres5t$ ! qu]y z to 8 own prop] "* & functions2 &1 z our au?or acutely demon/rates1 8 only *oice lay betwe5 a pr(itless life ( exile 9 ,syro-,pho5icia1 & a bold return to ,jewi% t]ritory 9 "s pron\nc$ "*4 ,! problem be+ ?us prop\nd$1 !re c\ld h>dly be a d\bt z to :at t "* %\ld be4 ,jesus knew well t he 0 n ,john ! ,bapti/2 nor1 h[ev] completely he may h be5 dom9at$ by 8 sublime en?usiasm1 0 x likely t he c\ld mi/ake himself = an anci5t prophet aris5 f ! l[] _w ( %ades1 or = ,elijah desc5d$ f ! sky4 ,b ! ,messiah himself he might well be4 ,su* inde$ 0 ! almo/ inevitable coroll>y f 8 own conception ( ,messiah%ip4 ,we h se5 t he _h1 probably f ! v outset1 disc>d$ ! traditional notion ( a political ,messiah1 & recogniz$ ! tru? t ! happ9ess ( a p lies n s mu* 9 political autonomy z 9 ! love ( ,god & ! s9c]e practice ( righte\sness4 ,! p 7 to be fre$ f ! bondage ( s91 ( mean+less =malism1 ( consecrat$ hypocrisy1--a bondage m degrad+ ?an ! paym5t ( tribute to ! emp]or4 ,! true bus9ess ( ! ,messiah1 !n1 0 to deliv] 8 p f ! =m] bondage2 x might be left to ,jehovah1 9 8 own good "t1 to deliv] !m f ! latt]4 ,hold+ ^! views1 x 0 h>dly possible t x %\ld n soon] or lat] occur to ,jesus t he himself 0 ! p]son de/9$ to dis*>ge ?is glori\s function1 to lib]ate 8 c\ntrym5 f ! ?raldom ( ,ph>isaic ritualism1 & to inaugurate ! real ,messianic k+dom ( spiritual righte\sness4 ,_h he n already prea*$ ! adv5t ( ?is spiritual k+dom1 & be5 in/rum5tal 9 rais+ _m to l(ti] conceptions ( duty1 & to a high] & pur] life8 ,& might he n n[1 by a gr& attack ^u ,ph>isaism 9 its c5tral /ronghold1 de/roy its pre/ige 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 & cause ,israel to adopt a nobl] religi\s & e?ical doctr9e8 ,! tem]ity ( su* a purpose detracts no?+ f its sublimity4 ,& if t purpose %\ld be accompli%$1 ,jesus w\ld really h p]=m$ ! legitimate "w ( ! ,messiah4 ,?us1 f 8 own po9t ( view1 ,jesus 0 ?or\ghly consi/5t & rational 9 ann\nc+ himself z ! expect$ ,deliv]]2 & 9 ! eyes ( ! imp>tial hi/orian 8 c\rse is fully ju/ifi$4 ,f t "t1 says ! fir/ evangeli/1 ,jesus began to %[ to 8 disciples t he mu/ g to ,j]usalem1 & suff] _m ?+s f ! eld]s & *ief prie/s & scribes1 & be put to dea?1 & rise aga9 on ! ?ird day4 ,"h we h1 obvi\sly1 ! k ( ! writ]1 aft] ! ev5t1 reflect$ back & attribut$ to ,jesus4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible t ,jesus %\ld h pr$ict$ ) su* def9it5ess 8 approa*+ dea?2 nor is x v likely t he ent]ta9$ any hope ( be+ rais$ f ! grave on ! ?ird day4 ,to a man 9 t age & c\ntry1 ! conception ( a return f ! l[] _w ( %ades 0 n a difficult "o to frame2 & x may well be t ,jesus' s5se ( 8 own exalt$ position 0 suffici5tly great to inspire him ) ! confid5ce t1 ev5 9 case ( tempor>y failure1 ,jehovah w\ld rescue him f ! grave & s5d him back ) l>g] p[]s to c>ry out ! purpose ( 8 mission4 ,b ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 8 own words & ! int]pretation put ^u !m by 8 disciples becomes "h insup]able2 & !re w always be room = ! hypo!sis t ,jesus _h 9 view no po/hum\s c>e] ( 8 own1 b only express$ 8 un%ak5 confid5ce 9 ! success ( 8 ent]prise1 ev5 aft] & 9 spite ( 8 dea?4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! possibility ( 8 dea? mu/ n[ h be5 (t5 9 8 m9d4 ,he 0 und]tak+ a wellnigh desp]ate task1--to ov]?r[ ! ,ph>isees 9 ,j]usalem itself4 ,no o!r alt]native 0 left him4 ,& "h we believe ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman to be s+ul>ly at fault 9 pron\nc+ ?is attempt ( ,jesus ^u ,j]usalem a foolh>dy attempt4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,newman1 no man has any bus9ess to ru% ^u c]ta9 dea?1 & x is only a crazy fanatic :o w d s4 #ba ,b su* glitt]+ g5]alizations w "h help u b little4 ,! hi/oric data %[ t to g to ,j]usalem1 ev5 at ! risk ( dea?1 0 absolutely necess>y to ! realization ( ,jesus' ,messianic project4 ,mr4 ,newman c]ta9ly w\ld n h _h him drag out an +lori\s & baffl$ exi/5ce 9 ,syro-,pho5icia4 ,if ! ,messianic k+dom 0 to be fairly inaugurat$1 !re 0 "w to be done 9 ,j]usalem1 & ,jesus mu/ g !re z "o 9 au?ority1 co/ :at x might4 ,we believe him to h gone !re 9 a _s ( gr& & c>eless brav]y1 yet s]i\sly & sob]ly1 & "u ! influ5ce ( no fanatical delusion4 ,he knew ! risks1 b delib]ately *ose to incur !m1 t ! w ( ,jehovah might be accompli%$4 ,we next he> ( ,jesus travell+ d[n to ,j]usalem by way ( ,j]i*o1 & ent]+ ! sacr$ city 9 8 "* ( ,messiah1 att5d$ by a great multitude4 ,x 0 ne> ! "t ( ! ,passov]1 :5 p f all p>ts ( ,galilee & ,judaea 7 sure to be at ,j]usalem1 & ! nature ( 8 reception seems to indicate t he _h already secur$ a consid]able numb] ( foll[]s ^u ^: assi/ance he might hope to rely1 ?\gh x n[h]e appe>s t he int5d$ to use o!r ?an purely moral weapons to insure a fav\rable reception4 ,we mu/ rememb] t = half a c5tury _m ( ! ,jewi% p _h be5 con/antly look+ = ! arrival ( ! ,messiah1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! entry ( ,jesus rid+ ^u an ass 9 lit]al fulfilm5t ( prophecy mu/ h wr\ght p[]fully ^u ! imag9ation ( ! multitude4 ,t ! believ]s 9 him 7 v num]\s mu/ be inf]r$ f ! cauti\s1 n to say timid1 behavi\r ( ! rul]s at ,j]usalem1 :o are repres5t$ z desir+ to arre/ him1 b z det]r$ f tak+ active /eps ?r\gh fe> ( ! p4 ,we are l$ to ! same conclusion by 8 driv+ ! money-*ang]s out ( ! ,temple2 an act ^u :i* he c\ld h>dly h v5tur$1 _h n ! popul> en?usiasm 9 8 fav\r be5 = ! mom5t ov]:elm+4 ,b ! en?usiasm ( a mob is %ort-liv$1 & ne$s to be f$ ^u ! excitem5t ( brilliant & dramatically arrang$ ev5ts4 ,! calm prea*] ( righte\sness1 or ev5 ! fi]y d5\nc] ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 c\ld n hope to reta9 undim9i%$ au?ority save by ! display ( extraord9>y p[]s to :i*1 s f> z we "k1 ,jesus 7l ,mohamm$7 made no pres5ce 7,matt4 xvi4 #a-d74 ,! ignorant & mat]iali/ic populace c\ld n und]/& ! exalt$ conception ( ,messiah%ip :i* _h be5 =m$ by ,jesus1 & z day aft] day elaps$ )\t ! appe>ance ( any m>vell\s sign f ,jehovah1 _! en?usiasm mu/ naturally h cool$ d[n4 ,!n ! ,ph>isees appe> cauti\sly endeav\r+ to entrap him into admissions :i* might r5d] him obnoxi\s to ! ,roman gov]nor4 ,he saw ?r\gh _! design1 h[ev]1 & foil$ !m by ! magnific5t rep>tee1 ,r5d] unto ,caes> ! ?+s t are ,caes>'s1 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's4 ,no?+ c\ld m =cibly illu/rate ! completely non-political "* ( 8 ,messianic doctr9es4 ,nev]!less1 we are told t1 fail+ 9 ?is attempt1 ! *ief prie/s suborn$ false witnesses to te/ify aga9/ him3 ?is ,sabba?-break]1 ?is d]id] ( ,mosaic =malism1 :o ) 8 ,messianic pret5sions excit$ ! p aga9/ _! h]$it>y tea*]s1 mu/ at all ev5ts be put out ( ! way4 ,jesus mu/ suff] ! fate :i* society has too (t5 _h 9 /ore = ! re=m]2 ! fate :i* ,sokrates & ,savon>ola1 ,van9i & ,bruno1 h suff]$ = be+ wis] ?an _! own g5]ation4 ,messianic adv5tur]s _h already giv5 mu* tr\ble to ! ,roman au?orities1 :o 7 n likely to scrut9ize critically ! peculi> claims ( ,jesus4 ,& :5 ! *ief prie/s accus$ him be=e ,pilate ( pr(ess+ to be ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 ?is claim c\ld 9 ,roman appreh5sion be> b "o int]pretation4 ,! (f5ce 0 treason1 puni%able1 save 9 ! case ( ,roman citiz5s1 by crucifixion4 #ba ,phases ( ,fai?1 pp4 #aeh-afd4 ,su* 9 its ma9 outl9es is ! hi/oric c>e] ( ,jesus1 z con/ruct$ by our au?or f data furni%$ *iefly by ! fir/ gospel4 ,connect$ ) ! n>rative !re are _m int]e/+ topics ( discussion1 ( :i* our rapidly dim9i%+ space w all[ u to select only "o = comm5t4 ,t "o is p]haps ! mo/ important ( all1 namely1 ! "q z to h[ f> ,jesus anticipat$ ! views ( ,paul 9 admitt+ ,g5tiles to %>e 9 ! privileges ( ! ,messianic k+dom4 ,our au?or argues1 ) mu* =ce1 t ! designs ( ,jesus 7 entirely conf9$ to ! ,jewi% p1 & t x 0 ,paul :o fir/1 by admitt+ ,g5tiles to ! ,*ri/ian fold )\t requir+ !m to live l ,jews1 gave to ,*ri/ianity ! "* ( a univ]sal religion4 ,our au?or rem9ds u t ! ?ird gospel is n to be dep5d$ ^u 9 det]m9+ ?is po9t1 s9ce x manife/ly puts ,paul9e s5tim5ts into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 & 9 p>ticul> attributes to ,jesus an acqua9tance ) h]etical ,sam>ia :i* ! fir/ gospel disclaims4 ,he argues t ! apo/les 7 9 e respect ,jews1 save 9 _! belief t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah2 & he p]t95tly asks1 if ,james1 :o 0 ! bro!r ( ,jesus1 & ,pet] & ,john1 :o 7 8 ne>e/ fri5ds1 unanim\sly oppos$ ,paul & /igmatiz$ him z a li> & h]etic1 is x at all likely t ,jesus _h ev] di/9ctly sanction$ su* views z ,paul ma9ta9$8 ,9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s' reflection ^u ?is po9t1 we h sev]al times be5 incl9$ to accept ! n>r[ int]pretation ( ,jesus' tea*+ "h indicat$2 yet1 on ! :ole1 we d n believe x c ev] be conclusively e/abli%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x mu/ be rememb]$ t if ! ?ird gospel ?r[s a ,paul9e col\r+ ov] ! ev5ts :i* x describes1 ! fir/ gospel also %[s a decid$ly anti-,paul9e bias1 & ! "o p>ty 0 z likely z ! o!r to attribute its own views to ,jesus himself4 ,"o /rik+ in/ance ( ?is t5d5cy has be5 po9t$ out by ,/rauss1 :o has %[n t ! v]ses ,matt4 v4 #ag-bj are an int]polation4 ,! p]son :o tea*es m5 to break ! comm&m5ts is und\bt$ly ,paul1 & 9 ord] to furni% a text aga9/ ,paul's foll[]s1 ! ,nicolaitans1 ,jesus is made to decl>e t he came n to de/roy "o tittle ( ! law1 b to fulfil ! :ole 9 e p>ticul>4 ,su* an utt]ance is 9 manife/ contradiction to ! _s ( ,jesus' tea*+1 z %[n 9 ! v same *apt]1 & ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! same gospel4 ,he :o taught 9 8 own "n & n z ! scribes1 :o proclaim$ himself ,"l ov] ! ,sabba?1 & :o manife/$ f fir/ to la/ a m ?an ,ess5ian contempt = rites & c]emonies1 did n come to fulfil ! law ( ,mosaism1 b to sup]s$e x4 ,nor c any inf]5ce adv]se to ?is conclusion be drawn f ! injunction to ! disciples 7,matt4 x4 #e-g7 n to prea* to ,g5tiles & ,sam>itans1 b only to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel2 = ?is rem>k is plac$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ,jesus' ,messianic c>e]1 & ! reason assign$ = ! re/riction is m]ely t ! disciples w n h "t ev5 to prea* to all ! ,jews be=e ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 ^: approa* ,jesus 0 ann\nc+ 7,matt4 x4 #bc7 ,^! examples %[ t we mu/ use caution 9 weigh+ ! te/imony ev5 ( ! fir/ gospel1 & mu/ n too ha/ily cite x z pro( t ,jesus suppos$ 8 mission to be re/rict$ to ! ,jews4 ,:5 we come to consid] :at happ5$ a few ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 we %all be /ill less ready to insi/ ^u ! view def5d$ by our anonym\s au?or4 ,paul1 accord+ to 8 own confession1 p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians unto dea?4 ,n[ :at1 9 ! !ories or 9 ! practice ( ! ,jewi% disciples ( ,jesus1 c\ld h mov$ ,paul to su* fanatic behavi\r8 ,c]ta9ly n _! spiritual int]pretation ( ,mosaism1 = ,paul himself belong$ to ! lib]al s*ool ( ,gamaliel1 to ! views ( :i* ! tea*+s & practices ( ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john might easily be accommodat$4 ,probably n _! belief 9 ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 = at ! riot 9 :i* ,/eph5 0 murd]$ & all ! ,hell5i/ disciples driv5 f ,j]usalem1 ! ,jewi% disciples 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ! city unmole/$4 7,see ,acts viii4 #a1 #ad47 ,?is m>k$ diff]5ce ( treatm5t indicates t ,paul reg>d$ ,/eph5 & 8 fri5ds z decid$ly m h]etical & obnoxi\s ?an ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 :om1 inde$1 ,paul's own ma/] ,gamaliel _h rec5tly 7,acts v4 #cd7 def5d$ be=e ! c\ncil4 ,& ?is inf]5ce is fully confirm$ by ! acc\nt ( ,/eph5's dea?1 :]e 8 murd]]s *>ge him ) ma9ta9+ t ,jesus _h f\nd$ a new religion :i* 0 de/9$ entirely to sup]s$e & replace ,judaism 7,acts vi4 #ad74 ,! ,petr9e disciples nev] held ?is view ( ! mission ( ,jesus2 & to ?is diff]5ce x is und\bt$ly ow+ t ,paul & 8 companions =bore to di/urb !m4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ev5 previ\s to ,paul's conv]sion1 )9 five or six ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 !re 0 a prom95t p>ty among ! disciples :i* held t ! new religion 0 n a modification b an abrogation ( ,judaism2 & _! "n ,hell5i/s suffici5tly %[s ei!r t !re 7 ,g5tiles among !m or t !y held fell[%ip ) ,g5tiles4 ,x 0 ?is :i* ar\s$ ,paul to p]secution1 & ^u 8 sudd5 conv]sion x 0 ) ^! ,hell5i/ic doctr9es t he frat]niz$1 tak+ little he$ ( ! ,petr9e disciples 7,galatians i4 #ag71 :o 7 h>dly m ?an a ,jewi% sect4 ,n[ ! exi/5ce ( ^! ,hell5i/s at ,j]usalem s soon aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus is cle> pro( t he _h nev] di/9ctly & irrevocably pron\nc$ aga9/ ! admission ( ,g5tiles to ! ,messianic k+dom1 & x makes x v probable t ! d[nfall ( ,mosaism z a result ( 8 prea*+ 0 by no means unprem$itat$4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ob/9acy ( ! ,petr9e p>ty 9 adh]+ to ,jewi% cu/oms %[s equally t ,jesus c\ld n h unequivocally committ$ himself 9 fav\r ( a new gospel = ! ,g5tiles4 ,probably ,jesus 0 seldom br\ght into direct contact ) o!rs ?an ,jews1 s t ! que/ions conc]n+ ! admission ( ,g5tile conv]ts did n come up dur+ 8 lifetime2 & ?us ! way 0 left op5 = ! controv]sy :i* soon broke out betwe5 ! ,petr9e p>ty & ,paul4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ,jesus may nev] h def9itely pron\nc$ ^u ?is po9t1 x w h>dly be d5i$ t 8 tea*+1 ev5 z report$ 9 ! fir/ gospel1 is 9 its utt] condemnation ( =malism f> m closely alli$ to ! ,paul9e ?an to ! ,petr9e doctr9es4 ,9 8 h&s ,mosaism became spiritualiz$ until x really lo/ its id5tity1 & 0 trans=m$ into a code fit = ! :ole ,roman _w4 ,& we d n d\bt t if any "o _h ask$ ,jesus :e!r circumcision 7 an ess5tial pr]equisite = admission to ! ,messianic k+dom1 he w\ld h giv5 ! same answ] :i* ,paul aft]w>ds gave4 ,we agree ) ,zell] & ,/rauss t1 z ,lu!r 0 a m lib]al _s ?an ! ,lu!ran div9es ( ! succe$+ g5]ation1 & ,sokrates a m pr(\nd ?9k] ?an ,x5ophon or ,anti/h5es1 s also ,jesus mu/ be cr$it$ ) hav+ rais$ himself f> high] above ! n>r[ prejudices ( 8 nation ?an ^? ( 8 disciples :o c\ld sc>cely und]/& ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity among ! hea!n :5 x _h become an accompli%$ fact4 ,janu>y1 #ahgj4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,*ri/ ,,( ,,dogma4 #bb #bb ,sa9t-,paul1 p> ,erne/ ,r5an4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 ,hi/oire du ,dogme de la ,div9ite de ,jesus-,*ri/1 p> ,alb]t ,reville4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 ,! ,end ( ! ,_w & ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,two ,disc\rses by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,alg]4 ,bo/on3 ,rob]ts ,bro!rs1 #ahgj4 ,! meagr5ess ( our in=mation conc]n+ ! hi/oric c>e] ( ,jesus /&s 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! mass ( in=mation :i* lies )9 our rea* conc]n+ ! primitive "* ( ,*ri/ologic speculation4 ,fir/ we h ! f\r epi/les ( ,paul1 writt5 f tw5ty to ?irty ye>s aft] ! crucifixion1 :i*1 al?\gh !y tell u next to no?+ ab\t :at ,jesus did1 nev]!less give u v pla9 in=mation z to ! impression :i* he made4 ,!n we h ! ,apocalypse1 writt5 by ,john1 ,a4 ,d4 #fh1 :i* exhibits ! ,messianic !ory ent]ta9$ by ! e>lie/ disciples4 ,next we h ! epi/les to ! ,hebrews1 ,philippians1 ,colossians1 & ,ephesians1 besides ! f\r gospels1 con/itut+ altoge!r a connect$ *a9 ( te/imony to ! progress ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e f ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem to ! "t ( ! ,qu>todeciman controv]sy 7,a4 ,d4 #gj-agj74 ,f9ally1 !re is ! va/ collection ( apocryphal1 h]etical1 & patri/ic lit]ature1 f ! writ+s ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ! pseudo-,clem5t1 & ! pseudo-,ignatius1 d[n to ! "t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nikaia1 :5 ! (ficial !ories ( ,*ri/'s p]son assum$ v ne>ly ! %ape :i* !y h reta9$1 )9 ! or?odox *ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,z we po9t$ out 9 ! =ego+ essay1 :ile all ?is volum9\s lit]ature ?r[s b an unc]ta9 light ^u ! life & tea*+s ( ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 x nev]!less furni%es ne>ly all ! data :i* we c\ld desire = kn[+ :at ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ?\ght ( ! ma/] ( _! fai?4 ,hav+ giv5 a brief acc\nt ( ! hi/oric c>e] ( ,jesus1 s f> z x c n[ be det]m9$1 we propose "h to sket* ! rise & progress ( ,*ri/ologic doctr9e1 9 its mo/ /rik+ features1 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies4 ,beg9n+ ) ! apo/olic view ( ! human ,messiah s5t to deliv] ,judaism f its spiritual torpor1 & prep>e x = ! mill5nial k+dom1 we %all briefly trace ! progressive metamorphosis ( ?is conception until x completely loses its id5tity 9 ! ,a?anasian !ory1 accord+ to :i* ,jesus 0 ,god himself1 ! ,creator ( ! univ]se1 inc>nate 9 human fle%4 ,! e>lie/ dogma held by ! apo/les conc]n+ ,jesus 0 t ( 8 resurrection f ! grave aft] dea?4 ,x 0 n only ! e>lie/1 b ! mo/ ess5tial to ! success ( ! new religion4 ,*ri/ianity might h ov]spread ! ,roman ,empire1 & ma9ta9$ its hold ^u m5's fai? until to-day1 )\t ! dogmas ( ! inc>nation & ! ,tr9ity2 b )\t ! dogma ( ! resurrection x w\ld probably h fail$ at ! v outset4 ,its l(ty morality w\ld n alone h suffic$ to insure its success4 ,= :at m5 ne$$ !n1 z inde$ !y /ill ne$1 & w always ne$1 0 n m]ely a rule ( life & a mirror to ! he>t1 b also a compreh5sive & satisfactory !ory ( ?+s1 a philosophy or !osophy4 ,! times dem&$ intellectual z well z moral consolation2 & ! dis9tegration ( anci5t !ologies ne$$ to be repair$1 t ! new e?ical impulse imp>t$ by ,*ri/ianity might re/ ^u a plausible speculative basis4 ,! doctr9e ( ! resurrection 0 b ! beg9n+ ( a s]ies ( speculative innovations :i* prep>$ ! way = ! new religion to emancipate itself f ,judaism1 & a*ieve ! conque/ ( ! ,empire4 ,ev5 ! fai? ( ! apo/les 9 ! spe$y return ( _! ma/] ! ,messiah mu/ h some:at lo/ gr\nd1 _h x n be5 support$ by _! belief 9 8 resurrection f ! grave & 8 consequ5t transf] f ,%eol1 ! gloomy l& ( %ad[s1 to ! regions above ! sky4 ,! orig9 ( ! dogma ( ! resurrection _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! "q has1 dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion1 ^u :i* x is n necess>y = u "h to comm5t4 ,su* app>5t evid5ce z !re is 9 fav\r ( ! old !ory ( ,jesus' natural recov]y f ! effects ( ! crucifixion may be f\nd 9 ,salvador's ,jesus-,*ri/ et sa ,doctr9e2 b1 z ,zell] has %[n1 ! !ory is utt]ly unsatisfactory4 ,! natural return ( ,jesus to 8 disciples nev] c\ld h giv5 rise to ! notion ( 8 resurrection1 s9ce ! natural explanation w\ld h be5 ! m obvi\s "o2 besides :i*1 if we 7 to adopt ?is hypo!sis1 we %\ld be oblig$ to acc\nt = ! fact t ! hi/oric c>e] ( ,jesus ends ) ! crucifixion4 ,! mo/ probable explanation1 on ! :ole1 is ! "o sugge/$ by ! acc\nts 9 ! gospels1 t ! dogma ( ! resurrection is due orig9ally to ! excit$ imag9ation ( ,m>y ( ,magdala4 #bc ,! te/imony ( ,paul may also be cit$ 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 s9ce he always alludes to e>li] ,*ri/ophanies 9 j ! same language :i* he uses 9 describ+ 8 own vision on ! road to ,damascus4 #bc ,see ,ta9e1 ,de l',intellig5ce1 ,,ii4 #aib4 ,b ! "q z to h[ ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus orig9at$ is ( less importance ?an ! "q z to h[ x %\ld h produc$ ! effect t x did4 ,! dogma ( ! resurrection has1 until rec5t times1 be5 s r>ely treat$ f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 t ! /ud5t ( hi/ory at fir/ f9ds "s difficulty 9 ?or\ghly realiz+ its import to ! m9ds ( ^? :o fir/ proclaim$ x4 ,we _c hope to und]/& x )\t be>+ 9 m9d ! !ories ( ! ,jews & e>ly ,*ri/ians conc]n+ ! /ructure ( ! _w & ! cosmic location ( dep>t$ s\ls4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,cop]nicus mod]n ,*ri/ians no long] attempt to locate heav5 & hell2 !y are conceiv$ m]ely z my/]i\s places remote f ! e>?4 ,! !ological univ]se no long] corresponds to t :i* physical sci5ce pres5ts = our contemplation4 ,x 0 q diff]5t ) ! ,jew4 ,8 conception ( ! abode ( ,jehovah & ! angels1 & ( dep>t$ s\ls1 0 exce$+ly simple & def9ite4 ,9 ! ,jewi% !ory ! univ]se is l a sort ( ?ree-/ory h\se4 ,! flat e>? re/s ^u ! wat]s1 & "u ! e>?'s surface is ! l& ( graves1 call$ ,%eol1 :]e aft] dea? ! s\ls ( all m5 g1 ! righte\s z well z ! wick$1 = ! ,jew _h n arriv$ at ! doctr9e ( heav5 & hell4 ,! ,hebrew ,%eol corresponds /rictly to ! ,greek ,hades1 be=e ! notions ( ,elysium & ,t>t>us 7 add$ to x1--a l& peopl$ ) flitt+ %ad[s1 suff]+ no torm5t1 b exp]i5c+ no pleasure1 l ^? :om ,dante met 9 "o ( ! upp] circles ( 8 ,inf]no4 ,%eol is ! fir/ /ory ( ! cosmic h\se2 ! e>? is ! second4 ,above ! e>? is ! firmam5t or sky1 :i*1 accord+ to ! book ( ,g5esis 7*ap4 i4 v4 #f1 ,hebrew text71 is a va/ plate hamm]$ out by ! gods1 & supports a great ocean l t ^u :i* ! e>? re/s4 ,ra9 is caus$ by ! op5+ ( little w9d[s or trap-doors 9 ! firmam5t1 ?r\gh :i* p\rs ! wat] ( ?is upp] ocean4 ,^u ?is wat] re/s ! l& ( heav51 :]e ,jehovah reigns1 surr\nd$ by ho/s ( angels4 ,to ?is bless$ l& two only ( ! human race _h ev] be5 admitt$1--,eno* & ,elijah1 ! latt] ( :om _h asc5d$ 9 a *>iot ( fire1 & 0 de/9$ to return to e>? z ! h]ald & =]unn] ( ! ,messiah4 ,heav5 =ms ! ?ird /ory ( ! cosmic h\se4 ,betwe5 ! firmam5t & ! e>? is ! air1 :i* is ! habitation ( evil demons rul$ by ,satan1 ! pr9ce ( ! p[]s ( ! air4 ,su* 0 ! cosmology ( ! anci5t ,jew2 & 8 !ology 0 equally simple4 ,%eol 0 ! de/9$ abode ( all m5 aft] dea?1 & no !ory ( moral retribution 0 atta*$ to ! conception4 ,! rew>ds & puni%m5ts kn[n to ! au?ors ( ! ,p5tateu* & ! e>ly ,psalms are all e>?ly rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ & ! mis=tunes ( ! good man furni%$ a tr\blesome problem = ! ,jewi% ?9k]2 & aft] ! ,babyloni% ,captivity1 we f9d ! doctr9e ( a resurrection f ,%eol devis$ 9 ord] to meet ?is case4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e--:i* 0 borr[$ f ! ,z>a?u/rian !ology ( ,p]sia--! ,messiah on 8 arrival 0 to free f ,%eol all ! s\ls ( ! righte\s1 caus+ !m to asc5d re9ve/$ 9 _! bodies to a r5ew$ & beautiful e>?1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! wick$ 7 to be puni%$ ) tortures l ^? ( ! valley ( ,h9nom1 or 7 to be imm]s$ 9 liquid brim/one1 l t :i* _h ra9$ ^u ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,"h we get ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( a future /ate ( retribution4 ,! doctr9e 0 peculi>ly ,ph>isaic1 & ! ,sadducees1 :o 7 /rict adh]5ts to ! lett] ( ,mosaism1 reject$ x to ! la/4 ,by degrees ?is doctr9e became c\pl$ ) ! ,messianic !ories ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,! loss ( ,jewi% indep5d5ce "u ! dom9ion ( ,p]sians1 ,mac$onians1 & ,romans1 caus$ ! p to look ev] m e>ne/ly t[>d ! expect$ "t :5 ! ,messiah %\ld appe> 9 ,j]usalem to deliv] !m f _! oppressors4 ,! moral doctr9es ( ! ,psalms & e>li] prophets assum$ an increas+ly political aspect4 ,! ,jews 7 ! righte\s "u a cl\d1 ^: suff]+s 7 symbolically depict$ by ! y\ng] ,isaiah z ! afflictions ( ! s]vant ( ,jehovah2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! wick$ 7 ! ,g5tile oppressors ( ! holy p4 ,accord+ly ! ,messiah1 on 8 arrival1 0 to sit 9 judgm5t 9 ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat1 rectify+ ! wrongs ( 8 *os5 ones1 condemn+ ! ,g5tile tyrants to ! torm5ts ( ,geh5na1 & rais+ f ,%eol all ^? ,jews :o _h liv$ & di$ dur+ ! evil times be=e 8 com+4 ,^! 7 to f9d 9 ! ,messianic k+dom ! comp5sation = ! ills :i* !y _h suff]$ 9 _! fir/ e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,su* are ! ma9 outl9es ( ! !ory f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 writt5 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #ajj1 & x is adopt$ 9 ! ,johann9e ,apocalypse1 ) little v>iation1 save 9 ! recognition ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 & 9 ! transf]r5ce to 8 second com+ ( all ^! wond]ful proce$+s4 ,! mann] ( ! ,messiah's com+ _h be5 v>i\sly imag9$4 ,accord+ to an e>li] view1 he 0 to ent] ,j]usalem z a ,k+ ( ! h\se ( ,david1 & !re=e ( human l9eage4 ,accord+ to a lat] view1 pres5t$ 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 he 0 to desc5d f ! sky1 & appe> among ! cl\ds4 ,bo? ^! views 7 adopt$ by ! disciples ( ,jesus1 :o h>moniz$ !m by ref]r+ ! "o to 8 fir/ & ! o!r to 8 second appe>ance4 ,n[ to ! imag9ations ( ^! e>lie/ disciples ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus pres5t$ itself z a ne$ful gu>antee ( 8 ,messiah%ip4 ,_! fai?1 :i* mu/ h be5 %ak5 by 8 execution & desc5t into ,%eol1 receiv$ welcome confirmation by ! spr++ up ( ! belief t he _h be5 aga9 se5 ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,apply+ ! imag]y ( ,daniel1 x became a logical conclusion t he mu/ h asc5d$ into ! sky1 :5ce he might %ortly be expect$ to make 8 appe>ance1 to enact ! sc5es =etold 9 prophecy4 ,t su* 0 ! actual process ( inf]5ce is %[n by ! leg5d ( ! ,asc5sion 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,acts1 & especially by ! words1 ,?is ,jesus :o ha? be5 tak5 up f y into heav51 w come 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* ye beheld him go+ into heav54 ,9 ! ,apocalypse1 writt5 ,a4 ,d4 #fh1 j aft] ! dea? ( ,n]o1 ?is second com+ is describ$ z some?+ imm$iately to happ51 & ! col\rs 9 :i* x is depict$ %[ h[ closely alli$ 7 ! ,johann9e notions to ^? ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,! glories ( ! ,new ,j]usalem are to be res]v$ = ,jews1 :ile = ! ,roman tyrants ( ,judaea is res]v$ a fe>ful retribution4 ,!y are to be trodd5 und]foot by ! ,messiah1 l grapes 9 a w9e-press1 until ! gu%+ blood %all rise to ! height ( ! horse's bridle4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,paul ! dogma ( ! resurrection assumes a v diff]5t aspect4 ,?\gh ,paul1 l ! old] apo/les1 held t ,jesus1 z ! ,messiah1 0 to return to ! e>? )9 a few ye>s1 yet to 8 ca?olic m9d ?is anticipat$ ev5t _h become dive/$ ( its n>r[ ,jewi% significance4 ,9 ! eyes ( ,paul1 ! religion prea*$ by ,jesus 0 an abrogation ( ,mosaism1 & ! tru?s conta9$ 9 x 7 a free gift to ! ,g5tile z well z to ! ,jewi% _w4 ,accord+ to ,paul1 dea? came into ! _w z a puni%m5t = ! s9 ( ,adam4 ,by ?is he meant t1 _h x n be5 = ! orig9al transgression1 all m5 escap+ dea? w\ld ei!r h rema9$ ^u e>? or h be5 convey$ to heav51 l ,eno* & ,elijah1 9 incorruptible bodies4 ,b 9 reality z a p5ance = disob$i5ce1 all m51 ) ^! two exceptions1 _h suff]$ dea?1 & be5 exil$ to ! gloomy cav]ns ( ,%eol4 ,! ,mosaic ritual 0 p[]less to free m5 f ?is repulsive doom1 b x _h nev]!less s]v$ a good purpose 9 keep+ m5's m9ds direct$ t[>d hol9ess1 prep>+ !m1 z a s*oolma/] w\ld prep>e 8 pupils1 to receive ! vitaliz+ tru?s ( ,*ri/4 ,n[1 at la/1 ! ,messiah or ,*ri/ _h come z a second ,adam1 & be+ )\t s9 _h be5 rais$ by ,jehovah out ( ,%eol & tak5 up into heav51 z te/imony to m5 t ! p[] ( s9 & dea? 0 at la/ defeat$4 ,! way h5ce=? to avoid dea? & escape ! exile to ,%eol 0 to live spiritually l ,jesus1 & ) him to be dead to s5sual requirem5ts4 ,fai?1 9 ,paul's appreh5sion1 0 n an intellectual ass5t to def9itely prescrib$ dogmas1 b1 z ,mat!w ,arnold has well po9t$ out1 x 0 an emotional /riv+ aft] righte\sness1 a develop+ consci\sness ( ,god 9 ! s\l1 su* z ,jesus _h possess$1 or1 9 ,paul's phraseology1 a subjugation ( ! fle% by ! _s4 ,all ^? :o %\ld ?us seek spiritual p]fection %\ld escape ! orig9al curse4 ,! ,messiah 0 de/9$ to return to ! e>? to e/abli% ! reign ( spiritual hol9ess1 probably dur+ ,paul's own lifetime 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ea74 ,!n ! true foll[]s ( ,jesus %\ld be clo!d 9 e!real bodies1 free f ! imp]fections ( ! fle%1 & %\ld asc5d to heav5 )\t suff]+ dea?1 :ile ! righte\s dead %\ld at ! same "t be releas$ f ,%eol1 ev5 z ,jesus himself _h be5 releas$4 ,to ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 9 :i* e?ical & speculative elem5ts are ?us happily bl5d$ by ,paul1 ! new religion d\btless ow$ 9 great "p its rapid success4 ,into an acc\nt ( ! causes :i* fav\r$ ! spread+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is n our purpose to ent] at pres5t4 ,b we may note t ! local religions ( ! anci5t pagan _w _h p>tly de/roy$ ea* o!r by mutual int]m+l+1 & _h lo/ _! hold ^u p f ! circum/ance t _! e?ical tea*+ no long] correspond$ to ! advanc$ e?ical feel+ ( ! age4 ,poly!ism1 9 %ort1 0 outgr[n4 ,x 0 outgr[n bo? intellectually & morally4 ,p 7 ceas+ to believe 9 its doctr9es1 & 7 ceas+ to respect its precepts4 ,! le>n$ 7 tak+ refuge 9 philosophy1 ! ignorant 9 my/ical sup]/itions import$ f ,asia4 ,! comm&+ e?ical motive ( anci5t republican times _h be5 patriotism1--devotion to ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,b ,roman dom9ion _h de/roy$ patriotism z a guid+ pr9ciple ( life1 & ?us 9 e way ! m9ds ( m5 7 left 9 a sceptical1 unsatisfi$ /ate1--crav+ aft] a new !ory ( life1 & crav+ aft] a new /imulus to "r action4 ,obvi\sly ! only !ology :i* c\ld n[ be satisfactory to philosophy or to common-s5se 0 "s =m ( mono!ism2--"s sy/em ( doctr9es :i* %\ld repres5t all m5 z spiritually subject$ to ! w ( a s+le ,god1 j z !y 7 subject$ to ! temporal au?ority ( ! ,emp]or4 ,& simil>ly ! only sy/em ( e?ics :i* c\ld h a *ance ( prevail+ mu/ be "s sy/em :i* %\ld cle>ly prescribe ! mutual duties ( all m5 )\t di/9ction ( race or locality4 ,?us ! spiritual morality ( ,jesus1 & 8 conception ( ,god z a fa!r & ( all m5 z bro!rs1 appe>$ at once to meet ! e?ical & speculative dem&s ( ! "t4 ,yet :atev] effect ^! tea*+s might h produc$1 if unaid$ by fur!r doctr9al elaboration1 0 enhanc$ myriadfold by ! elaboration :i* !y receiv$ at ! h&s ( ,paul4 ,philosophic ,/oics & ,epicureans _h arriv$ at ! conception ( ! bro!rhood ( m51 & ! ,greek hymn ( ,klean!s _h exhibit$ a deep spiritual s5se ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,! orig9ality ( ,*ri/ianity lay n s mu* 9 its enunciation ( new e?ical precepts z 9 ! fact t x furni%$ a new e?ical sanction1--a comm&+ inc5tive to hol9ess ( liv+4 ,t x might accompli% ?is result1 x 0 absolutely necess>y t x %\ld beg9 by disc>d+ bo? ! ritualism & ! n>r[ !ories ( ,judaism4 ,! m]e desire = a mono!i/ic cre$ _h l$ _m pagans1 9 ,paul's "t1 to embrace ,judaism1 9 spite ( its requirem5ts1 :i* to ,romans & ,greeks 7 mean+less1 & (t5 disgu/+2 b su* conv]sions c\ld nev] h be5 num]\s4 ,judaism c\ld nev] h conqu]$ ! ,roman _w2 nor is x likely t ! ,judaical ,*ri/ianity ( ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john w\ld h be5 any m successful4 ,! doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 9 p>ticul>1 0 n likely to prove attractive :5 accompani$ by ! picture ( ! ,messiah tread+ ! ,g5tiles 9 ! w9e-press ( 8 righte\s indignation4 ,b "h ,paul %[$ 8 pr(\nd orig9ality ,! condemnation ( ,jewi% =malism :i* ,jesus _h pron\nc$1 ,paul turn$ aga9/ ! old] apo/les1 :o insi/$ ^u circumcision4 ,) m>vell\s flexibility ( m9d1 ,paul plac$ circumcision & ! ,mosaic injunctions ab\t meats ^u a level ) ! ritual obs]vances ( pagan nations1 all[+ ea* feeble bro!r to p]=m su* works z might tickle 8 fancy1 b bidd+ all take he$ t salvation 0 n to be obta9$ aft] any su* me*anical me?od1 b only by devot+ ! :ole s\l to righte\sness1 aft] ! example ( ,jesus4 ,?is 0 ! negative "p ( ,paul's "w4 ,?is 0 ! knock+ d[n ( ! b>ri]s :i* _h kept m51 & w\ld always h kept !m1 f ent]+ into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,b ! positive "p ( ,paul's "w is conta9$ 9 8 !ory ( ! salvation ( m5 f dea? ?r\gh ! second ,adam1 :om ,jehovah rescu$ f ,%eol = 8 s9lessness4 ,! resurrection ( ,jesus 0 ! visible tok5 ( ! escape f dea? :i* might be a*iev$ by all m5 :o1 ) ,god's aid1 %\ld succe$ 9 free+ !mselves f ! burd5 ( s9 :i* _h encumb]$ all ! *ildr5 ( ,adam4 ,! end ( ! _w 0 at h&1 & !y :o w\ld live ) ,*ri/ mu/ figuratively die ) ,*ri/1 mu/ become dead to s94 ,?us to ! pure & spiritual e?ics conta9$ 9 ! tea*+s ( ,jesus1 ,paul add$ an incalculably p[]ful inc5tive to "r action1 & a !ory ( life calculat$ to satisfy ! speculative necessities ( ! pagan or ,g5tile _w4 ,to ! educat$ & sceptical ,a!nian1 z to ! critical s*ol> ( mod]n times1 ! physical resurrection ( ,jesus f ! grave1 & 8 asc5t ?r\gh ! vault$ floor ( heav51 might seem fooli%ness or naivete4 ,b to ! av]age ,greek or ,roman ! conception pres5t$ no s]i\s difficulty4 ,! cosmical !ories ^u :i* ! conception 0 f\nd$ 7 ess5tially ! same among ,jews & ,g5tiles1 & inde$ 7 b little modifi$ until ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah's second com+ 0 also receiv$ )\t opposition1 & = ab\t a c5tury m5 liv$ 9 cont9ual anticipation ( t ev5t1 until hope long def]r$ produc$ its usual results2 ! writ+s 9 :i* t ev5t 0 pr$ict$ 7 gradually expla9$ away1 ignor$1 or /igmatiz$ z uncanonical2 & ! ,*ur* end$ by condemn+ z a h]esy ! v doctr9e :i* ,paul & ! ,judaiz+ apo/les1 :o agre$ 9 little else1 _h alike made ! basis ( _! speculative tea*+s4 ,nev]!less1 by ! d9t ( allegorical int]pretation1 ! belief has ma9ta9$ an obscure exi/5ce ev5 d[n to ! pres5t "t2 ! ,antio*us ( ! ,book ( ,daniel & ! ,n]o ( ! ,apocalypse hav+ giv5 place to ! ,roman ,pontiff or to ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*4 ,b z ! mill5>ism ( ! primitive ,*ur* gradually di$ out dur+ ! second c5tury1 ! ess5tial pr9ciples involv$ 9 x lo/ none ( _! hold on m5's m9ds4 ,z ! g5]ation contempor>y ) ,paul di$ away & 0 ga!r$ into ,%eol1 x became app>5t t ! orig9al !ory mu/ be some:at modifi$1 & to ?is "q ! au?or ( ! second epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians addresses himself4 ,in/ead ( lit]al pres]vation f dea?1 ! doctr9e ( a resurrection f ! grave 0 gradually ext5d$ to ! case ( ! new believ]s1 :o 7 to %>e 9 ! same glori\s revival ) ! righte\s ( anci5t times4 ,& ?us by sl[ degrees ! victory ov] dea?1 ( :i* ! resurrection ( ,jesus 0 a symbol & a witness1 became metamorphos$ into ! comp>atively mod]n doctr9e ( ! re/ ( ! sa9ts 9 heav51 :ile ! bani%m5t ( ! unrighte\s to ,%eol 0 made /ill m dreadful by c\pl+ ) ! vague conception ( a gloomy subt]ranean cav]n ! horrible imag]y ( ! lake ( fire & brim/one borr[$ f ! apocalyptic descriptions ( ,geh5na4 ,b 9 ?is modification ( ! orig9al !ory1 ! fundam5tal idea ( a future /ate ( retribution 0 only ! m di/9ctly emphasiz$2 al?\gh1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! orig9al inc5tive to righte\sness suppli$ by ,paul 0 m & m subord9at$ to ! comp>atively degrad+ inc5tive involv$ 9 ! fe> ( damnation4 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! def9it5ess & vividness ( ! ,paul9e !ory ( a future life contribut$ v l>gely to ! rapid spread ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 nor c x be d\bt$ t to ! desire to be holy l ,jesus1 9 ord] to escape dea? & live ) ,jesus1 is due ! elevat+ e?ical influ5ce :i*1 ev5 9 ! wor/ times ( ecclesia/ic deg5]acy1 ,*ri/ianity has nev] fail$ to ex]t4 ,d\btless1 z ,less+ long1 ago obs]v$1 ! notion ( future rew>d & puni%m5t ne$s to be elim9at$ 9 ord] t ! inc5tive to hol9ess may be a p]fectly pure "o4 ,! highe/ virtue is t :i* takes no ?\ght ( rew>d or puni%m5t2 b = a conception ( ?is sort ! m9d ( antiquity 0 n ready1 nor is ! av]age m9d ( to-day yet ready2 & ! sudd5 or premature dissolution ( ! ,*ri/ian !ory--:i* is =tunately impossible--might p]haps entail a moral retrogradation4 ,! above is by no means int5d$ z a complete outl9e ( ! religi\s philosophy ( ,paul4 ,we h aim$ only at a cle> def9ition ( ! "* & scope ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 at ! "t :5 x 0 fir/ elaborat$4 ,we h n[ to notice ! influ5ce ( t doctr9e ^u ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ologic speculation4 ,9 nei!r or ! f\r g5u9e epi/les ( ,paul is ,jesus describ$ z sup]human1 or z diff]+ 9 nature f o!r m51 save 9 8 fre$om f s94 ,z ,baur has %[n1 ! prop] nature ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ is human4 ,he is a man1 b a spiritual man1 "o 9 :om _s or pneuma 0 ! ess5tial pr9ciple1 s t he 0 _s z well z man4 ,! pr9ciple ( an ideal humanity exi/$ be=e ,*ri/ 9 ! bright =m ( a typical man1 b 0 manife/$ to mank9d 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,su*1 accord+ to ,baur1 is ,paul's int]pretation ( ! ,messianic idea4 ,paul kn[s no?+ ( ! miracles1 ( ! sup]natural conception1 ( ! inc>nation1 or ( ! ,logos4 ,! ,*ri/ :om he prea*es is ! man ,jesus1 ! f\nd] ( a new & spiritual ord] ( humanity1 z ,adam 0 ! fa!r ( humanity aft] ! fle%4 ,! resurrection is uni=mly describ$ by him z a manife/ation ( ! p[] ( ,jehovah1 n ( ,jesus himself4 ,! lat] conception ( ,*ri/ bur/+ ! b>r$ gates ( ,%eol1 & aris+ by 8 own might to heav51 f9ds no w>rant 9 ! expressions ( ,paul4 ,inde$1 x 0 ess5tial to ,paul's !ory ( ! ,messiah z a new ,adam1 t he %\ld be human & n div9e2 = ! escape ( a div9e be+ f ,%eol c\ld af=d no prec$5t & furni% no assurance ( ! future escape ( human be+s4 ,x 0 expressly because ! man ,jesus _h be5 rescu$ f ! grave because ( 8 spirituality1 t o!r m5 might hope1 by becom+ spiritual l him1 to be rescu$ also4 ,accord+ly ,paul is c>eful to /ate t s9ce ?r\gh man came dea?1 ?r\gh man came also ! resurrection ( ! dead 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ba72 a passage :i* w\ld look l an express d5ial ( ,*ri/'s sup]human "*1 7 x probable t any ( ,paul's contempor>ies _h ev] conceiv$ ( ,jesus z o!r ?an ess5tially human4 ,b ?\gh ,paul's ,*ri/ology rema9$ 9 ?is primitive /age1 x conta9$ ! g]ms ( a m advanc$ !ory4 ,= ev5 ,paul conceiv$ ( ,jesus z a man :olly exceptional 9 spiritual "*2 or1 9 ! phraseology ( ! "t1 z consi/+ to a l>g] ext5t ( pneuma ?an any man :o _h liv$ be=e him4 ,! "q 0 sure to arise1 ,:5ce came ?is pneuma or spiritual quality8 ,:e!r ! "q ev] di/9ctly pres5t$ itself to ,paul's m9d _c be det]m9$4 ,probably x did n4 ,9 ^? writ+s ( 8 :i* h come d[n to u1 he %[s himself c>eless ( metaphysical consid]ations4 ,he is ma9ly conc]n$ ) exhibit+ ! unsatisfactory "* ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 & ) inculcat+ a spiritual morality1 to :i* ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s resurrection is made to supply a surpass+ly p[]ful sanction4 ,b attempts to solve ! problem 7 n long 9 com+4 ,accord+ to a v e>ly tradition1 ( :i* ! obscur$ traces rema9 9 ! synoptic gospels1 ,jesus receiv$ ! pneuma at ! "t ( 8 baptism1 :5 ! ,holy ,_s1 or visible manife/ation ( ! ess5ce ( ,jehovah1 desc5d$ ^u him & became inc>nate 9 him4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 0 expos$ to ! objection t x impli$ a sudd5 & entire trans=mation ( an ord9>y man into a p]son inspir$ or possess$ by ! ,deity4 ,?\gh long ma9ta9$ by ! ,ebionites or primitive ,*ri/ians1 x 0 v soon reject$ by ! great body ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* ass]t$ in/ead t ,jesus _h be5 inspir$ by ! ,holy ,_s f ! mom5t ( 8 conception4 ,f ?is x 0 b a /ep to ! !ory t ,jesus 0 actually begott5 by or ( ! ,holy ,_s2 a notion :i* ! ,hell5ic m9d1 accu/om$ to ! my?s ( ,l$a1 ,an*ises1 & o!rs1 f\nd no difficulty 9 ent]ta9+4 ,accord+ to ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 z cit$ by ,orig51 ! ,holy ,_s 0 ! "m ( ,jesus1 & ,joseph 0 8 fa!r4 ,b accord+ to ! prevail+ op9ion1 z repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ & ?ird synopti/s1 ! relation%ip 0 j ! o!r way4 ,) great] app>5t plausibility1 ! div9e aeon 0 sub/itut$ = ! human fa!r1 & a my? sprang up1 ( :i* ! mat]iali/ic details furni%$ to ! oppon5ts ( ! new religion an opportunity = mak+ ! mo/ gross & exasp]at+ ins9uations4 ,! dom9ance ( ?is !ory m>ks ! era at :i* our fir/ & ?ird synoptic gospels 7 compos$1--f sixty to n9ety ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! luxuriant my?ologic gr[? !re exhibit$1 we may yet trace ! v>i\s successive phases ( ,*ri/ologic speculation b imp]fectly bl5d$4 ,9 ,mat!w & ,luke we f9d ! orig9al ,messianic !ory exemplifi$ 9 ! g5ealogies ( ,jesus1 9 :i*1 contr>y to hi/oric probability 7cf4 ,matt4 xxii4 #da-df71 b 9 accordance ) a "t-hon\r$ tradition1 8 p$igree is trac$ back to ,david2 ,mat!w ref]r+ him to ! royal l9e ( ,judah1 :ile ,luke m cauti\sly has rec\rse to an assum$ y\ng] bran*4 ,sup]pos$ ^u ?is primitive my?ologic /ratum1 we f9d1 9 ! same n>ratives1 ! acc\nt ( ! desc5t ( ! pneuma at ! "t ( ! baptism2 & cr[n+ ! :ole1 !re are ! two acc\nts ( ! nativity :i*1 ?\gh conflict+ 9 ne>ly all _! details1 agree 9 repres5t+ ! div9e pneuma z ! fa!r ( ,jesus4 ,( ^! ?ree /ages ( ,*ri/ology1 ! la/ becomes entirely irreconcilable ) ! fir/2 & no?+ c bett] illu/rate ! uncritical "* ( ! synopti/s ?an ! fact t ! assum$ desc5t ( ,jesus f ,david ?r\gh 8 fa!r ,joseph is all[$ to /& side by side ) ! acc\nt ( ! miracul\s conception :i* completely negatives x4 ,( ?is difficulty ,mat!w is q unconsci\s1 & ,luke1 :ile vaguely notic+ x 7iii4 #bc71 proposes no solution1 & appe>s undi/urb$ by ! contradiction4 ,?us f> ! ,*ri/ology ) :i* we h be5 deal+ is pr$om9antly ,jewi%1 ?\gh to "s ext5t influ5c$ by ,hell5ic conceptions4 ,none ( ! successive doctr9es pres5t$ 9 ,paul1 ,mat!w1 & ,luke ass]t or imply ! pre-exi/5ce ( ,jesus4 ,at ?is e>ly p]iod he 0 reg>d$ z a human be+ rais$ to p>ticipation 9 c]ta9 attributes ( div9ity2 & ?is 0 z f> z ! dogma c\ld be c>ri$ by ! ,jewi% metaphysics4 ,b soon aft] ! date ( our ?ird gospel1 a ,hell5ic sy/em ( ,*ri/ology arose into prom95ce1 9 :i* ! problem 0 rev]s$1 & ,jesus 0 reg>d$ z a semi-div9e be+ tempor>ily l[]$ to p>ticipation 9 c]ta9 attributes ( humanity4 ,= su* a doctr9e ,jewi% my?ology suppli$ no prec$5ts2 b ! ,indo-,european m9d 0 famili> ) ! conception ( deity inc>nate 9 human =m1 z 9 ! avat>s ( ,vi%nu1 or ev5 suff]+ ,,iii ! int]e/s ( humanity1 z 9 ! noble my? ( ,prome!us4 ,! elem5ts ( ,*ri/ology pre-exi/+ 9 ! religi\s conceptions ( ,greece1 ,india1 & ,p]sia1 are too ri* & num]\s to be discuss$ "h4 ,a v full acc\nt ( !m is giv5 9 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,mackay's acute & le>n$ treatise on ! ,religi\s ,developm5t ( ! ,greeks & ,hebrews4 ,x 0 9 ,alex&ria1 :]e ,jewi% !ology fir/ came into contact ) ,hell5ic & ,ori5tal ideas1 t ! way 0 prep>$ = ! dogma ( ,*ri/'s pre-exi/5ce4 ,! attempt to rationalize ! conception ( deity z embodi$ 9 ! ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t gave rise to ! class ( op9ions describ$ z ,gnosis1 or ,gno/icism4 ,! signification ( ,gnosis is simply rationalism1--! endeav\r to h>monize ! mat]iali/ic /atem5ts ( an old my?ology ) ! m advanc$ spirituali/ic philosophy ( ! "t4 ,! ,gno/ics reject$ ! conception ( an an?ropomorphic deity :o _h appe>$ visibly & audibly to ! patri>*s2 & !y 7 ! au?ors ( ! doctr9e1 v widely spread dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies1 t ,god c\ld n 9 p]son h be5 ! creator ( ! _w4 ,accord+ to !m1 ,god1 z pure _s1 c\ld n act directly ^u vile & gross matt]4 ,! difficulty :i* tr\bl$ !m 0 curi\sly analog\s to t :i* di/urb$ ! ,c>tesians & ! foll[]s ( ,leibnitz 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 h[ 0 _s to act ^u matt]1 )\t ceas+1 pro tanto1 to be _s8 ,to evade ?is difficulty1 ! ,gno/ics po/ulat$ a s]ies ( emanations f ,god1 becom+ successively less & less spiritual & m & m mat]ial1 until at ! l[e/ end ( ! scale 0 rea*$ ! ,demiurgus or ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :o creat$ ! _w & appe>$1 clo!d 9 mat]ial =m1 to ! patri>*s4 ,accord+ to "s ( ! ,gno/ics ?is l[e/ aeon or emanation 0 id5tical ) ! ,jewi% ,satan1 or ! ,ahriman ( ! ,p]sians1 :o is call$ ! pr9ce ( ?is _w1 & ! creation ( ! _w 0 an ess5tially evil act4 ,b all did n %>e 9 ^! extreme op9ions4 ,9 ! prevail+1 !ory1 ?is la/ ( ! div9e emanations 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,sophia1 or p]sonifi$ ,wisdom1 ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs 7viii4 #bb-cj71 :o is describ$ z pres5t ) ,god be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,! totality ( ^! aeons con/itut$ ! pl]oma1 or fulness ( ,god 7,coloss4 i4 #bj2 ,eph4 i4 #bc71 & 9 a coroll>y :i* be>s unmi/akable m>ks ( ,buddhi/ influ5ce1 x 0 argu$ t1 9 ! f9al consummation ( ?+s1 matt] %\ld be elim9at$ & all _s reunit$ ) ,god1 f :om x _h prim>ily fl[$4 ,x 0 impossible t su* views z ^! %\ld n soon be tak5 up & appli$ to ! fluctuat+ ,*ri/ology ( ! "t4 ,accord+ to ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 an apocalyptic writ+ ne>ly contempor>y ) ! gospel ( ,m>k1 ! aeon or son ( ,god :o exi/$ previ\s to ! creation 0 n ! ,*ri/1 or ! ,sophia1 b ! ,pneuma or ,holy ,_s1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z ! angel ( ,jehovah4 ,jesus1 9 rew>d = 8 p]fect goodness1 0 admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! privileges ( ?is ,pneuma 7,reville1 p4 #ci74 ,"h1 z ,m4 ,reville obs]ves1 ?\gh a ,gno/ic idea is adopt$1 ,jesus is nev]!less view$ z asc5d+ humanity1 & n z desc5d+ div9ity4 ,! au?or ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies advances a /ep f>!r1 & cle>ly assumes ! pre-exi/5ce ( ,jesus1 :o1 9 8 op9ion1 0 ! pure1 primitive man1 successively inc>nate 9 ,adam1 ,eno*1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,moses1 & f9ally 9 ! ,messiah or ,*ri/4 ,! au?or prote/s1 9 vehem5t language1 aga9/ ^? ,hell5i/s :o1 misl$ by _! poly!i/ic associations1 w\ld elevate ,jesus into a god4 ,nev]!less1 8 own hypo!sis ( pre-exi/5ce suppli$ at once ! requisite fulcrum = ^? ,gno/ics :o wi%$ to reconcile a /rict mono!ism ) ! ascription ( div9e attributes to ,jesus4 ,comb9+ ) ?is notion ( pre-exi/5ce ! pneumatic or spiritual quality attribut$ to ,jesus 9 ! writ+s ( ,paul1 ! ,gno/iciz+ ,*ri/ians ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ 0 an aeon or emanation f ,god1 r$eem+ m5 f ! consequ5ces entail$ by _! imprisonm5t 9 matt]4 ,at ?is /age ( ,*ri/ologic speculation appe>$ ! anonym\s epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & ! pseudo-,paul9e epi/les to ! ,colossians1 ,ephesians1 & ,philippians 7,a4 ,d4 #acj74 ,9 ^! epi/les1 :i* orig9at$ among ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ians1 ! ,gno/ic !osophy is skilfully appli$ to ! ,paul9e conception ( ! scope & purposes ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,jesus is describ$ z ! creator ( ! _w 7,coloss4 i4 #af71 ! visible image ( ! invisible ,god1 ! *ief & rul] ( ! ?r\es1 dom9ions1 pr9cipalities1 & p[]s1 into :i*1 9 ,gno/ic phraseology1 ! emanations ( ,god 7 classifi$4 ,or1 accord+ to ,colossians & ,philippians1 all ! aeons are summ$ up 9 him1 9 :om dwells ! pl]oma1 or fulness ( ,god4 ,?us ,jesus is elevat$ q above ord9>y humanity1 & a close approa* is made to di!ism1 al?\gh he is /ill emphatically subord9at$ to ,god by be+ made ! creator ( ! _w1--an (fice !n reg>d$ z incompatible ) absolute div9e p]fection4 ,9 ! celebrat$ passage1 ,philippians ii4 #f-aa1 ! aeon ,jesus is describ$ z be+ ! =m or visible manife/ation ( ,god1 yet z humbl+ himself by tak+ on ! =m or semblance ( humanity1 & suff]+ dea?1 9 return = :i* he is to be exalt$ ev5 above ! ar*angels4 ,a simil> view is tak5 9 ,hebrews2 & x is probable t to ! gr[+ fav\r ) :i* ^! doctr9es 7 receiv$1 we owe ! omission ( ! miracul\s conception f ! gospel ( ,m>k1--a circum/ance :i* has misl$ "s critics into assign+ to t gospel an e>li] date ?an to ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,yet ! fact t 9 ?is gospel ,jesus is implicitly rank$ above ! angels 7,m>k xiii4 #cb71 reveals a lat] /age ( ,*ri/ologic doctr9e ?an t rea*$ by ! fir/ & ?ird synopti/s2 & x is altoge!r probable t1 9 accordance ) ! noticeable conciliatory disposition ( ?is evangeli/1 ! sup]natural conception is omitt$ out ( def]5ce to ! ,gno/iciz+ !ories ( ,colossians & ,philippians1 9 :i* ?is mat]iali/ic doctr9e seems to h _h no assignable place4 ,9 ,philippians especially1 _m expressions seem to v]ge ^u ,docetism1 ! extreme =m ( ,gno/icism1 accord+ to :i* ! human body ( ,jesus 0 only a phantom4 ,val5t9us1 :o 0 contempor>y ) ! ,paul9e writ]s ( ! second c5tury1 ma9ta9$ t ,jesus 0 n born ( ,m>y by any process ( conception1 b m]ely pass$ ?r\gh h]1 z light trav]ses a transluc5t sub/ance4 ,& f9ally ,m>cion 7,a4 ,d4 #adj7 c>ri$ ! !ory to its extreme limits by decl>+ t ,jesus 0 ! pure ,pneuma or ,_s1 :o conta9$ no?+ 9 common ) c>nal humanity4 ,! pseudo-,paul9e writ]s /e]$ cle> ( ?is extravagant doctr9e1 :i* err$ by break+ entirely ) hi/oric tradition1 & 0 consequ5tly soon condemn$ z h]etical4 ,_! language1 ?\gh unmi/akably ,gno/ic1 0 suffici5tly neutral & indef9ite to all[ ( _! comb9ation ) e>li] & lat] expositions ( dogma1 & !y 7 !re=e ev5tually receiv$ into ! canon1 :]e !y exhibit a /age ( op9ion midway betwe5 t ( ,paul & t ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,= ! con/ruction ( a durable sy/em ( ,*ri/ology1 /ill fur!r elaboration 0 necess>y4 ,! pre-exi/5ce ( ,jesus1 z an emanation f ,god1 9 :om 7 summ$ up ! attributes ( ! pl]oma or full scale ( ,gno/ic aeons1 0 n[ g5]ally conc$$4 ,b ! relation ( ?is pl]oqma to ! ,godhead ( :i* x 0 ! visible manife/ation1 ne$$ to be m accurately def9$4 ,& "h rec\rse 0 _h to ! conception ( ! ,logos1--a notion :i* ,philo _h borr[$ f ,plato1 l5d+ to x a !osophic significance4 ,9 ! ,platonic metaphysics objective exi/5ce 0 attribut$ to g5]al t]ms1 ! signs ( g5]al notions4 ,besides ea* p>ticul> man1 horse1 or tree1 & besides all m51 horses1 & trees1 9 ! aggregate1 !re 0 suppos$ to exi/ an ideal ,man1 ,horse1 & ,tree4 ,ea* p>ticul> man1 horse1 or tree consi/$ ( ab/ract exi/5ce plus a portion ( ! ideal man1 horse1 or tree4 ,sokrates1 = in/ance1 consi/$ ( ,exi/5ce1 plus ,animality1 plus ,humanity1 plus ,sokraticity4 ,! visible _w ( p>ticul>s ?us exi/$ only by virtue ( its p>ticipation 9 ! attributes ( ! ideal _w ( univ]sals4 ,god creat$ ! _w by encumb]+ ea* idea ) an envelopm5t or clo?+ ( visible matt]2 & s9ce matt] is vile or imp]fect1 all ?+s are m or less p]fect z !y p>take m or less fully ( ! idea4 ,! pure un5cumb]$ idea1 ! ,idea ( ideas1 is ! ,logos1 or div9e ,reason1 :i* repres5ts ! sum-total ( ! activities :i* su/a9 ! _w1 & s]ves z a m$iator betwe5 ! absolutely ideal ,god & ! absolutely non-ideal matt]4 ,"h we arrive at a ,gno/ic conception1 :i* ! ,philoni/s ( ,alex&ria 7 n sl[ to appropriate4 ,! ,logos1 or div9e ,reason1 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,sophia1 or div9e ,wisdom ( ! ,jewi% ,gno/ics1 :i* _h dwelt ) ,god be=e ! creation ( ! _w4 ,by a subtle play ^u ! d\ble mean+ ( ! ,greek t]m 7logos reason or ^w71 a di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 ! div9e ,reason & ! div9e ,^w4 ,! =m] 0 ! ar*ctypal idea or ?\ght ( ,god1 exi/+ f all et]nity2 ! latt] 0 ! ext]nal manife/ation or realization ( t idea :i* occurr$ at ! mom5t ( creation1 :51 accord+ to ,g5esis1 ,god ,,spoke1 & ! _w 04 ,9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 ?is ,philonian !ory 0 ! "o ?+ ne$ful to add metaphysical precision to ! ,gno/ic & ,paul9e speculations conc]n+ ! nature ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7,a4 ,d4 #aej-aff71 ,jesus is = ! fir/ "t id5tifi$ ) ! ,philonian ,logos or ,^w ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ,ju/91 an impassable abyss exi/s betwe5 ! ,inf9ite ,deity & ! ,f9ite ,_w2 ! "o _c act ^u ! o!r2 pure _s _c contam9ate itself by contact ) impure matt]4 ,to meet ?is difficulty1 ,god evolves f himself a second>y ,god1 ! ,logos1--yet )\t dim9i%+ himself any m ?an a flame is dim9i%$ :5 x gives bir? to a second flame4 ,?us g5]at$1 l light begott5 ( light 7lum5 de lum9e71 ! ,logos creates ! _w1 inspires ! anci5t prophets ) _! div9e revelations1 & f9ally reveals himself to mank9d 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,yet ,ju/9 s$ul\sly gu>ds himself aga9/ di!ism1 insi/+ frequ5tly & emphatically ^u ! immeasurable inf]iority ( ! ,logos z comp>$ ) ! actual ,god 7gr o ontws qeos74 ,we h "h rea*$ v ne>ly ! ultimate phase ( ,new ,te/am5t speculation conc]n+ ,jesus4 ,! doctr9es enunciat$ by ,ju/9 became ev5tually1 ) slight modification1 ! (ficial doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*2 yet be=e !y c\ld ?us be receiv$1 "s fur!r elaboration 0 ne$$4 ,! pre-exi/+ ,logos-,*ri/ ( ,ju/9 0 no long] ! human ,messiah ( ! fir/ & ?ird gospels1 born ( a woman1 inspir$ by ! div9e ,pneuma1 & tempt$ by ! ,devil4 ,!re 0 dang] t ,*ri/ologic speculation might break q loose f hi/oric tradition1 & pass into ! metaphysical extreme ( ,docetism4 ,_h ?is come to pass1 !re might p]haps h be5 a fatal s*ism 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,tradition /ill rema9$ ,ebioniti%2 dogma _h become decid$ly ,gno/ic2 h[ 7 ! two to be m\ld$ into h>mony ) ea* o!r8 ,su* 0 ! problem :i* pres5t$ itself to ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel 7,a4 ,d4 #agj-ahj74 ,z ,m4 ,reville obs]ves1 if ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos 7 really to be appli$ to ! p]son ( ,jesus1 x 0 necess>y to remodel ! evangelical hi/ory4 ,tradition mu/ be m\ld$ s z to fit ! dogma1 b ! dogma mu/ be re/ra9$ by tradition f runn+ into ,docetic extravagance4 ,x mu/ be %[n hi/orically h[ ! ,^w became fle% & dwelt on e>? 7,john i4 #ad71 h[ ! de$s ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 7 ! de$s ( ! inc>nate ,logos1 9 :om 0 exhibit$ ! pl]oma or fulness ( ! div9e attributes4 ,! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel is1 l ,ju/91 a ,philonian ,gno/ic2 b he diff]s f ,ju/9 9 8 bold & skilful treatm5t ( ! traditional mat]ials suppli$ by ! e>li] gospels4 ,! process ( developm5t 9 ! !ories & purposes ( ,jesus1 :i* c be trac$ ?r\gh\t ! ,messianic descriptions ( ! fir/ gospel1 is entirely oblit]at$ 9 ! f\r?4 ,"h ,jesus appe>s at ! outset z ! creator ( ! _w1 desc5d$ f 8 glory1 b de/9$ soon to be re9/at$4 ,! title ,son ( ,man has lo/ its orig9al significance1 & become synonym\s ) ,son ( ,god4 ,! temptation1 ! transfiguration1 ! sc5e 9 ,ge?semane1 are omitt$1 & = ! latt] is sub/itut$ a ,philonian pray]4 ,nev]!less1 ! au?or c>efully avoids ! extremes ( ,docetism or di!ism4 ,n only does he repres5t ! human life ( ,jesus z real1 & 8 dea? z a truly physical dea?1 b he di/9ctly ass]ts ! inf]iority ( ! ,son to ! ,fa!r 7,john xiv4 #bh74 ,inde$1 z ,m4 ,reville well obs]ves1 x is "p ( ! v notion ( ! ,logos t x %\ld be imp]fect relatively to ! absolute ,god2 s9ce x is only its relative imp]fection :i* all[s x to su/a9 relations to ! _w & to m5 :i* are incompatible ) absolute p]fection1 f ! ,philonian po9t ( view4 ,! ,a?anasian doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity f9ds no support 9 ! f\r? gospel1 any m ?an 9 ! e>li] books collect$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! f\r? gospel completes ! speculative revolution by :i* ! conception ( a div9e be+ l[]$ to humanity 0 sub/itut$ = t ( a human be+ rais$ to div9ity4 ,we h "h travell$ a long di/ance f ! ris5 ,messiah ( ! g5u9e ,paul9e epi/les1 or ! prea*] ( righte\sness 9 ! fir/ gospel4 ,yet x does n seem probable t ! ,*ur* ( ! ?ird c5tury 0 ?or\ghly aw>e ( ! discrepancy4 ,! au?ors ( ! lat] ,*ri/ology did n reg>d !mselves z add+ new tru?s to ,*ri/ianity1 b m]ely z giv+ a full] & m consi/5t int]pretation to :at mu/ h be5 kn[n f ! outset4 ,!y 7 s completely de/itute ( ! hi/oric s5se1 & s /rictly conf9$ to ! dogmatic po9t ( view1 t !y project$ _! own !ories back into ! pa/1 & vitup]at$ z h]etics ^? :o adh]$ to tradition 9 its e>li] & simpl] =m4 ,examples f m rec5t times are n want+1 :i* %[ t we are deal+ "h ) an invet]ate t5d5cy ( ! human m9d4 ,new facts & new !ories are at fir/ condemn$ z h]etical or ridicul\s2 b :5 once firmly e/abli%$1 x is imm$iately ma9ta9$ t e "o knew !m be=e4 ,aft] ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy _h won ! day1 x 0 tacitly assum$ t ! anci5t ,hebrew a/ronomy 0 ,cop]nican1 & ! ,biblical conception ( ! univ]se z a k9d ( ?ree-/ory h\se 0 ignor$1 & has be51 except by s*ol>s1 q =gott54 ,:5 ! geologic evid5ce ( ! e>?'s imm5se antiquity c\ld no long] be ga9said1 x 0 sudd5ly asc]ta9$ t ! ,bible _h f ! outset ass]t$ t antiquity2 & 9 our own day we h se5 an elegant popul> writ] p]v]t+ ! te/imony ( ! rocks & di/ort+ ! ,elohi/ic cosmogony ( ! ,p5tateu*1 until ! twa9 h be5 made to furni% :at ,bacon long ago describ$ z a h]etical religion & a false philosophy4 ,n[ j z 9 ! popul> ?\ght ( ! pres5t day ! anci5t ,elohi/ is accr$it$ ) a k ( mod]n geology & a/ronomy1 s 9 ! op9ion ( ! f\r? evangeli/ & 8 contempor>ies ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos-,*ri/ 0 implicitly conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! e>ly traditions conc]n+ ,jesus1 & ne$$ only to be br\ght into prom95ce by a fre% int]pretation4 ,h5ce arose ! f\r? gospel1 :i* 0 no m a consci\s violation ( hi/oric data ?an ,hugh ,mill]'s imag9ative description ( ! ,mosaic ,vision ( ,creation4 ,its metaphysical disc\rses 7 readily accept$ z equally au!ntic ) ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,its ,philonian doctr9es 7 imput$ to ,paul & ! apo/les1 ! pseudo-,paul9e epi/les furni%+ ! ne$ful texts4 ,! ,ebionites--:o 7 simply ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians1 hold+ 9 ne>ly its orig9al =m ! doctr9e ( ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john--7 eject$ f ! ,*ur* z ! mo/ p]nici\s ( h]etics2 & s completely 0 _! hi/oric position misund]/ood & =gott51 t1 9 ord] to acc\nt = _! exi/5ce1 x became necess>y to inv5t an eponym\s h]esi>*1 ,ebion1 :o 0 suppos$ to h l$ !m a/ray f ! true fai?6 ,! ,*ri/ology ( ! f\r? gospel is sub/antially ! same z t :i* 0 held 9 ! next two c5turies by ,t]tullian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 & ,arius4 ,:5 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,sabellius 7,a4 ,d4 #bej-bfj71 x 0 =mally condemn$ z h]etical1 ! ,*ur* be+ n yet q prep>$ to receive x4 ,9 #bfi ! ,c\ncil ( ,antio* solemnly decl>$ t ! ,son 0 ,,n consub/antial ) ! ,fa!r1--a decl>ation :i*1 )9 sixty ye>s1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,nikaia 0 de/9$ z solemnly to contradict4 ,! ,tr9it>ian ,*ri/ology /ruggl$ long = acceptance1 & did n f9ally w9 ! victory until ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,yet f ! outset its ultimate victory 0 h>dly d\btful4 ,! peculi> doctr9es ( ! f\r? gospel c\ld reta9 _! integrity only s long z ,gno/ic ideas 7 preval5t4 ,:5 ,gno/icism decl9$ 9 importance1 & its !ories fad$ out ( recollection1 its peculi> phraseology receiv$ ( necessity a new int]pretation4 ,! doctr9e t ,god c\ld n act directly ^u ! _w sank gradually into oblivion z ! ,*ur* grew m & m ho/ile to ! ,neo-,platonic philosophy4 ,& :5 ?is !ory 0 once =gott51 x 0 inevitable t ! ,logos1 z ! creator ( ! _w1 %\ld be rais$ to an equality or id5tity ) ,god himself4 ,9 ! view ( ! f\r? evangeli/1 ! ,creator 0 necess>ily inf]ior to ,god2 9 ! view ( lat] ages1 ! ,creator c\ld be none o!r ?an ,god4 ,& s ! v phrases :i* _h mo/ emphatically ass]t$ ! subord9ation ( ! ,son 7 aft]w>d int]pret$ z ass]t+ 8 absolute div9ity4 ,to ! ,gno/ic =mula1 lum5 de lum9e1 0 add$ ! ,a?anasian s*olium1 ,deum v]um de ,deo v]o2 & ! ,tr9it>ian dogma ( ! union ( p]sons 9 a s+le ,godhead became ?us ! only available logical device = pres]v+ ! purity ( mono!ism4 ,febru>y1 #ahgj4 ,v4 ,a ,,^w ,,ab\t ,,miracles4 #bd #bd ,^! comm5ts on ,mr4 ,h5ry ,rog]s's review ( ,m4 ,r5an's ,les ,apotres1 conta9$ 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,lewes1 7 %ortly aft]w>ds publi%$ by him 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,septemb] #ae1 #ahff4 ,x is ! lot ( e book :i* attempts to treat ! orig9 & progress ( ,*ri/ianity 9 a sob] & sci5tific _s1 to meet ) unsp>+ attacks4 ,critics 9 pl5ty are always to be f\nd1 :o1 possess$ ) ! idea t ! entire significance & value ( ! ,*ri/ian religion are demoli%$ unless we reg>d x z a sort ( hi/orical mon/rosity1 are only too eag] to subject ! (f5d+ "w to a sca?+ scrut9y1 display+ )al a modicum ( righte\s indignation at ! unblu%+ h]esy ( ! au?or1 n unmix$ ) a little scornful pity at 8 inability to believe v prepo/]\s /ories ^u v meagre evid5ce4 ,cons]vative polemics ( ?is sort h d\btless _! function4 ,!y s]ve to purge sci5tific lit]ature ( ! awkw>d & c>eless /atem5ts too (t5 made by writ]s n suffici5tly in/ruct$ or cauti\s1 :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( ho/ile criticism might get accept$ by ! un?9k+ read] along ) ! tru?s :i* !y accompany4 ,mo/ sci5tific & philosophical works h _! defects2 & x is =tunate t !re is su* a ?+ z dogmatic ard\r 9 ! _w1 ev] %>p5+ its wits to ! utmo/1 t x may spy ea* lurk+ inaccuracy & ru?lessly drag x to light4 ,b ?is useful _s is wont to lead ^? :o are inspir$ by x to %oot beyond ! m>k1 & aft] po9t+ out ! errors ( o!rs1 to commit fre% mi/akes ( _! own4 ,9 ! skilful criticism ( ,m4 ,r5an's "w on ! ,apo/les1 9 ,no4 #bi ( ! ,=tnightly ,review !re is n[ & !n a vuln]able spot ?r\gh :i* a controv]sial %aft may p]haps be made to pi]ce4 ,x may be true t ,"l ,lyttelton's tract on ! ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul1 z ,dr4 ,johnson & ,dr4 ,rog]s h said1 has nev] yet be5 refut$2 b if ,i may judge f my own recollection ( ! "w1 ,i %\ld say t ?is mu/ be because no compet5t writ] ev] ?\ght x wor? 8 pa9s to criticize x4 ,its argum5t conta9s ab\t z mu* solid consi/5cy z a di/5d$ balloon1 & collapses z readily at ! fir/ puncture4 ,x attempts to prove1 fir/1 t ! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul _c be made intelligible except on ! assumption t !re 0 a miracle 9 ! case2 & secondly1 t if ,paul 0 conv]t$ by a miracle1 ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity is impregnable4 ,n[1 if ! fir/ ( ^! po9ts be e/abli%$1 ! demon/ration is n yet complete1 = ! second po9t mu/ be prov$ indep5d5tly4 ,b if ! fir/ po9t be ov]?r[n1 ! second loses its prop1 & falls likewise4 ,great ef=ts are !re=e made to %[ t no natural influ5ces c\ld h int]v5$ to br+ ab\t a *ange 9 ! feel+s ( ,paul4 ,he 0 viol5t1 ?or\gh1 unaffect$ by pity or remorse2 & accord+ly he c\ld n h be5 s completely alt]$ z he 01 _h he n actually beheld ! ris5 ,*ri/3 su* is ! argum5t :i* ,mr4 ,rog]s deems s conclusive4 ,i d n "k t f any ( ,paul's own ass]tions we are entitl$ to affirm t no %ade ( remorse _h ev] cross$ 8 m9d previ\s to ! vision ne> ,damascus4 ,b waiv+ ?is po9t1 ,i d ma9ta9 t1 grant+ ,paul's feel+s to h be5 z ,mr4 ,rog]s ?9ks !y 71 8 conv]sion is inexplicable1 ev5 on ! hypo!sis ( a miracle4 ,he t is det]m9$ n to believe1 w n believe1 ?\gh "o %\ld rise f ! dead4 ,to make ,paul a believ]1 x 0 n en\gh t he %\ld meet 8 ,"l face to face he mu/ h be5 already prep>$ to believe4 ,o!rwise he w\ld h easily f\nd means ( expla9+ ! miracle f 8 own po9t ( view4 ,he w\ld c]ta9ly h attribut$ x to ! wiles ( ! demon1 ev5 z ! ,ph>isees are said to h done ) reg>d to ! miracul\s cures p]=m$ by ,jesus4 ,a miracul\s occurr5ce 9 ^? days did n a/oni% z x w\ld at pres5t4 ,miracles 7 r ! ord] ( ! day1 & 9 fact 7 lavi%$ ) su* extreme b\nty on all h&s1 t _! conv9c+ p[] 0 v slight4 ,nei!r side ev] ?\ght ( disput+ ! reality ( ! miracles suppos$ to be p]=m$ on ! o!r2 b ea* side consid]$ ! miracles ( its antagoni/ to be ! "w ( diabolic ag5cies4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is useless to suppose t ,paul c\ld h di/+ui%$ betwe5 a true & a false miracle1 or t a real miracle c\ld ( itself h _h any effect 9 induc+ him to dep>t f 8 habitual c\rse ( belief & action4 ,z f> z ,paul's m5tal op]ations 7 conc]n$1 x c\ld h made no diff]5ce :e!r he met ) 8 future ,ma/] 9 p]son1 or m]ely enc\nt]$ him 9 a vision4 ,! sole po9t to be consid]$ is :e!r or n he ,,believ$ 9 ! ,div9e "* & au?ority ( ! ev5t :i* _h happ5$4 ,:at ! ev5t might h really be5 0 ( no practical consequ5ce to him or to any "o else4 ,:at he believ$ x to be 0 ( ! fir/ importance4 ,& s9ce he did believe t he _h be5 div9ely summon$ to cease p]secut+1 & comm5ce prea*+ ! new fai?1 x foll[s t 8 /ate ( m9d mu/ h be5 m or less affect$ by circum/ances o!r ?an ! m]e vision4 ,_h he n be5 ripe = *ange1 nei!r %ad[ nor sub/ance c\ld h *ang$ him4 ,?is view ( ! case is by no means s extravagant z ,mr4 ,rog]s w\ld h u suppose4 ,!re is no reason = believ+ t ,paul's "* 0 ess5tially diff]5t aft]w>ds f :at x _h be5 be=e4 ,! v f]v\r :i* caus$ him1 z a ,ph>isee1 to exclude all b or?odox ,jews f ! hope ( salvation1 w\ld lead him1 z a ,*ri/ian1 to c>ry ! ,*ri/ian idea to its extreme developm5t1 & admit all p]sons :atev] to ! privileges ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! same zeal = ! tru? :i* _h urg$ him to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians unto ! dea? aft]w>ds l$ him to sp>e no toil & %un no dang] :i* might br+ ab\t ! triumph ( _! cause4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! p]secutor & ! m>tyr are b "o & ! same man "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,he :o is ready to die = 8 own fai? w sometimes ?9k x fair to make o!r m5 die = !irs4 ,m5 ( a vehem5t & fi]y temp]am5t1 moreov]1--su* z ,paul always 01--nev] *ange _! op9ions sl[ly1 nev] re/ 9 philosophic d\bt1 nev] take a middle c\rse4 ,if !y leave "o extreme = an in/ant1 !y are drawn irresi/ibly to ! o!r2 & usually v little is ne$$ to "w ! *ange4 ,! conv]sion ( ,om> is a /rik+ in/ance 9 po9t1 & has be5 cit$ by ,m4 ,r5an himself4 ,! "* ( ,om> be>s a /rong lik5ess to t ( ,paul4 ,previ\s to 8 conv]sion1 he 0 a consci5ti\s & virul5t p]secutor ( ,mohamm$anism4 #be ,aft] 8 conv]sion1 he 0 ,mohamm$'s mo/ effici5t disciple1 & x may be safely ass]t$ t = dis9t]e/$ness & self-abnegation he 0 n inf]ior to ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! *ange 9 8 case 01 moreov]1 q z sudd5 & unexpect$ z x 0 ) ,paul2 x 0 nei!r m nor less incompreh5sible2 & if ,paul's conv]sion ne$s a miracle to expla9 x1 ,om>'s mu/ ne$ "o likewise4 ,b 9 tru?1 !re is no difficulty 9 ! case1 save t :i* /upid dogmatism has creat$4 ,! conv]sions ( ,paul & ,om> are p>allel$ by innum]able ev5ts :i* occur 9 e p]iod ( religi\s or political excitem5t4 ,f> f be+ extraord9>y1 or inexplicable on natural gr\nds1 su* ph5om5a are j :at might occasionally be look$ =4 #be ,sa9t-,hilaire3 ,mahomet et le ,coran1 p4 #aji4 ,b1 says ,mr4 ,rog]s1 is x possible = a mom5t to imag9e ! dot+ & dream+ victim ( halluc9ations 7:i* ,m4 ,r5an's !ory repres5ts ,paul7 to be ! man ^: mascul9e s5se1 /rong logic1 practical prud5ce1 & high adm9i/rative tal5t appe> 9 ! a*ievem5ts ( 8 life1 & 9 ! ,epi/les he has left beh9d him8 ,m4 ,r5an's !ory does n1 h[ev]1 repres5t ,paul z ! victim ( halluc9ations to a great] degree ?an ,mohamm$4 ,! latt]1 z e "o kn[s1 lab\r$ dur+ mu* ( 8 life "u almo/ con/ant halluc9ation2 yet mascul9e s5se1 /rong logic1 etc41 7 qualities q z conspicu\s 9 him z 9 ,/4 ,paul4 ,"h1 z ?r\gh\t 8 essay1 ,mr4 ,rog]s %[s himself totally unable to compreh5d ! m5tal condition ( m5 9 pa/ ages4 ,if an ,apo/le has a dream or sees a vision1 & int]prets x accord+ to ! ideas ( 8 "t & c\ntry1 in/ead ( accord+ to ! ideas ( sci5tific ,engl& 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,mr4 ,rog]s ?9ks he mu/ ne$s be mad3 & :5 accord+ to ! well-kn[n law t m5tal excitem5t is contagi\s1 #bf sev]al p]sons are said to h concurr$ 9 int]pret+ "s ph5om5on sup]naturally1 ,mr4 ,rog]s _c see :y s _m p %\ld all g mad at once6 ,to g mad1 9 fact is 8 fav\rite designation = a m5tal act1 :i* ne>ly all ! human race h habitually p]=m$ 9 all ages2 ! act ( mi/ak+ subjective impressions = outw>d realities4 ,! disposition to reg>d all /range ph5om5a z manife/ations ( sup]natural p[] 0 univ]sally preval5t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ,*ri/ianity1 & long aft]4 ,nei!r greatness ( intellect nor ?or\ghness ( scepticism gave exemption4 ,ev5 ,julius ,caes>1 ! greate/ practical g5ius t ev] liv$1 0 some:at sup]/iti\s1 despite 8 a!ism & 8 ,vigor\s common-s5se4 ,x is too (t5 argu$ t ! preval5ce ( scepticism 9 ! ,roman ,empire mu/ h made m5 scrupul\s ab\t accept+ miracles4 ,by no means4 ,no?+ b physical sci5ce ev] drives out miracles3 m]e doctr9al scepticism is p[]less to d x4 ,9 ! age ( ! ,apo/les1 little if any radical di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 a miracle & an ord9>y occurr5ce4 ,no "o suppos$ a miracle to be an infraction ( ! laws ( nature1 = no "o _h a cle> idea t !re 7 su* ?+s z laws ( nature4 ,a miracle 0 simply an extraord9>y act1 exhibit+ ! p[] ( ! p]son :o p]=m$ x4 ,blank1 inde$1 w\ld ! evangeli/s h look$1 _h any "o told !m :at an enorm\s !ory ( sy/ematic m$dl+ ) nature 0 de/9$ to gr[ out ( _! beautiful & artless n>ratives4 #bf ,heck]'s ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4 #hg-aeb4 ,! incapacity to appreciate ?is frame ( m9d r5d]s ! curr5t argum5ts 9 behalf ( miracles utt]ly wor?less4 ,f ! fact t ,celsus & o!rs nev] d5i$ ! reality ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 x is commonly inf]r$ t ^? miracles mu/ h actually happ5$4 ,! same argum5t w\ld1 h[ev]1 equally apply to ! miracles ( ,apollonius & ,simon ,magus1 = ! ,*ri/ians nev] d5i$ ! reality ( ^!4 ,:at ^! facts really prove is t ! /ate ( human intellig5ce 0 z ,i h j describ$ x3 & ! inf]5ce to be drawn f !m is t no miracul\s acc\nt emanat+ f an au?or ( su* a p]iod is wor?y ( s]i\s att5tion4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,rog]s supposes t if ! miracles _h n really happ5$ !y w\ld h be5 *all5g$1 he is assum+ t a /ate ( m9d exi/$ 9 :i* x 0 possible = miracles to be *all5g$2 & ?us commits an ana*ronism z mon/r\s z if he _h attribut$ ! k ( "s mod]n inv5tion1 su* z /eamboats1 to ^? e>ly ages4 ,mr4 ,rog]s seems to compla9 ( ,m4 ,r5an = quietly assum+ t miracles are inv>iably to be reject$4 ,c]ta9ly a hi/orian ( ! pres5t day :o %\ld n make su* an assumption w\ld betray 8 lack ( ! prop] qualifications = 8 pr(ession4 ,x is n consid]$ necess>y = e writ] to beg9 8 "w by sett+ out to prove ! fir/ pr9ciples ( hi/orical criticism4 ,!y are tak5 = grant$4 ,&1 z ,m4 ,r5an ju/ly says1 a miracle is "o ( ^? ?+s :i* mu/ be disbeliev$ until x is prov$4 ,! onus prob&i lies on ! ass]tor ( a fact :i* conflicts ) univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! great numb] ( intellig5t p]sons :o1 ev5 n[1 f dogmatic reasons1 accept ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles1 =bids t !y %\ld be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce l simil> ph5om5a else:]e n>rat$4 ,b1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( hi/orical sci5ce1 ! argu+ aga9/ miracles is1 z ,colet rem>k$ ( 8 fri5d ,erasmus's w>f>e aga9/ ! ,?omi/s & ,scoti/s ( ,cambridge1 a conte/ m necess>y ?an glori\s or difficult4 ,to be satisfactorily e/abli%$1 a miracle ne$s at lea/ to be record$ by an eyewitness2 & ! m5tal atta9m5ts ( ! witness ne$ to be ?or\ghly kn[n besides4 ,unless he has a cle> conception ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! natural & ! unnatural ord] ( ev5ts1 8 te/imony1 h[ev] unimpea*able on ! score ( hone/y1 is /ill wor?less4 ,to say t ?is condition 0 fulfill$ by ^? :o describ$ ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles1 w\ld be absurd4 ,& 9 ! face ( :at ,g]man criticism has done = ! e>ly ,*ri/ian docum5ts1 x w\ld be an excess ( tem]ity to ass]t t any "o ( ! sup]natural acc\nts conta9$ 9 !m re/s on contempor>y au?ority4 ,( all hi/ory1 ! miracul\s "p %\ld be atte/$ by ! /ronge/ te/imony1 :]eas x is inv>iably atte/$ by ! weake/4 ,& ! paucity ( miracles :]ev] we h contempor>y records1 z 9 ! case ( primitive ,islamism1 is a mo/ significant fact4 ,9 attempt+ to def5d 8 pr9ciple ( nev] accept+ a miracle1 ,m4 ,r5an has inde$ got into a sorry plight1 & ,mr4 ,rog]s1 9 controv]t+ him1 has n greatly help$ ! matt]4 ,by /irr+ ,m4 ,r5an's bemuddl$ pool1 ,mr4 ,rog]s has only bemuddl$ x ! m4 ,nei!r ( ^! excell5t writ]s seems to suspect t transmutation ( species1 ! geologic developm5t ( ! e>?1 & o!r l ph5om5a d n pres5t features conflict+ ) ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld be greatly a/oni%$ to be told t _! !ories ( inorganic & organic evolution involv$ any ag5cies n kn[n to exi/ 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( nature4 ,! great a*ievem5t ( ^! writ]s has be5 to %[ t all pa/ *anges ( ! e>? & its inhabitants are to be expla9$ z result+ f ! cont9u\s action ( causes l ^? n[ 9 op]ation1 & t ?r\gh\t !re has be5 no?+ ev5 fa9tly resembl+ a miracle4 ,m4 ,r5an may feel p]fectly safe 9 ext5d+ 8 pr9ciple back to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s2 & ,mr4 ,rog]s's argum5t1 ev5 if valid aga9/ ,m4 ,r5an1 does n help 8 own case 9 ! lea/4 ,on "s po9ts1 inde$1 ,m4 ,r5an has laid himself op5 to sev]e criticism1 & on o!r po9ts he has furni%$ good h&les = 8 or?odox oppon5ts4 ,8 views 9 reg>d to ! au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ! ,acts are n likely to be endors$ by _m s*ol>s2 & 8 revival ( ! rationali/ic absurdities ( ,paulus m]its 9 mo/ in/ances all t ,mr4 ,rog]s has said ab\t x4 ,z 0 said at ! outset1 or?odox criticisms ^u het]odox books are always welcome4 ,!y d excell5t s]vice4 ,& ) ! feel+ :i* impels _! au?ors to def5d _! fav\rite dogmas ) e available weapon ( controv]sy ,i = "o c he>tily sympa?ize4 ,_! zeal 9 uphold+ :at !y consid] ! tru? is greatly to be respect$ & admir$4 ,b s mu* _c always be said = ! mode ( argum5tation !y adopt1 :i* too (t5 ju/ifies ,m4 ,r5an's description1 :5 he says1 ,raisonnem5ts triomphants sur des *oses que l'adv]saire n'a pas dites1 cris de victoire sur des erreurs qu'il n'a pas commises1 ri5 ne p>ait deloyal a celui qui cr(t t5ir en ma9 les int]ets de la v]ite absolue4 ,augu/1 #ahff4 ,,vi4 ,,drap] ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion4 #bg #bg ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 by ,john ,william ,drap]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,f\r? edition4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahge4 #abmo1 pp4 xxii41 #cgc4 7,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 ,,xii47 ,"s twelve ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,drap] publi%$ a bulky volume entitl$ ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 9 :i* 8 pr(ess$ purpose 0 to %[ t nations or races pass ?r\gh c]ta9 def9able epo*s ( developm5t1 analog\s to ! p]iods ( infancy1 *ildhood1 y\?1 manhood1 & old age 9 individuals4 ,b :ile ann\nc$ ) due =mality1 ! c>ry+ out ( ! argum5t 0 left = ! mo/ "p to ! head+s & runn+-titles ( ! sev]al *apt]s1 :ile 9 ! text ! au?or peacefully me&]$ along d[n ! /ream ( "t1 giv+ u a succession ( pleasant ?\gh some:at ?readb>e anecdotes1 z well z a sup]abundance ( deta*$ & fragm5t>y op9ions on div]s hi/orical ev5ts1 hav+ app>5tly q =gott5 t he _h />t$ ) a !sis to prove4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 runn+ heads1 "s po9ts 7 suffici5tly curi\s to require a ^w ( explanation1 z1 = example1 :5 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity 7 at "o "t labell$ z an epo* ( progress & at ano!r "t z an epo* ( decrepitude4 ,b ! argum5t & ! cont5ts nev] got s f> en rapport ) ea* o!r z to cle> up su* po9ts z ?is4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* kept on ! ev5 t5\r ( its way )\t mu* reg>d to ! o!r4 ,f ! titles ( ! *apt]s "o 0 l$ to expect "s compreh5sive !ory ( ,european civilization cont9u\sly exp\nd$4 ,b ! text m]ely %[$ a great quantity ( sup]ficial & second-h& in=mation1 s]v+ to illu/rate ! m5tal idiosyncrasies ( ! au?or4 ,among ^! idiosyncrasies might be not$ a v inadequate und]/&+ ( ! "p play$ by ,rome 9 ! "w ( civilization1 a s+ul> lack ( appreciation ( ! political & philosophical a*ievem5ts ( ,greece "u ,a!nian lead]%ip1 a /rong ho/ility to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 a curi\s disposition to ov]rate semi-b>b>\s1 or abortive civilizations1 su* z ^? ( ! old ,asiatic & native ,am]ican communities1 at ! exp5se ( ,europe1 &1 above all1 an undiscrim9at+ admiration = ev]y?+1 great or small1 t has ev] worn ! g>b ( ,islam or be5 associat$ ) ! c>e] ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,! discov]y t 9 "s respects ! ,mussulmans ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 m highly cultivat$ ?an _! ,*ri/ian contempor>ies1 has made su* an impression on ,dr4 ,drap]'s m9d t x seems to be z h>d = him to get rid ( x z x 0 = ,mr4 ,dick to keep ! execution ( ,*>les ,i4 out ( 8 ,memorial4 ,ev5 9 an essay on ! ,civil ,policy ( ,am]ica1 ! turban$ sage figures q prom95tly2 & x is ne$less to add t he reappe>s1 z l>ge z life1 :5 ! subject ( discussion is ! attitude ( sci5ce t[>d religion4 ,speak+ briefly ) reg>d to ?is matt]1 we may freely admit t ! "w done by ! ,arabs1 9 sci5tific inquiry z well z 9 ! mak+ ( ev5ts1 0 v consid]able4 ,x 0 a "w1 too1 ! value ( :i* is n commonly appreciat$ 9 ! acc\nts ( ,european hi/ory writt5 = ! g5]al read]1 & we h no disposition to f9d fault ) ,dr4 ,drap] = describ+ x ) en?usiasm4 ,! philosoph]s ( ,bagdad & ,cordova did excell5t s]vice 9 keep+ alive ! traditions ( ,greek physical inquiry at a "t :5 ,*ri/ian ?9k]s 7 too exclusively occupi$ ) transc5d5tal speculations 9 !ology & logic4 ,9 "s dep>tm5ts1 z 9 *emi/ry & a/ronomy1 !y made orig9al discov]ies ( consid]able value2 & if we turn f ab/ract k to ! arts ( life1 x _c be d5i$ t ! m$iaeval ,mussulmans _h rea*$ a high] plane ( mat]ial com=t ?an _! ,*ri/ian contempor>ies4 ,9 %ort1 ! "w ( all k9ds done by ^! p w\ld furni% ! judici\s advocate ( ! claims ( ! ,semitic race ) mat]ials = a pleas+ & in/ructive picture4 ,dr4 ,drap]1 h[ev]1 errs1 ?\gh no d\bt un9t5tionally1 by s pres5t+ ! case z to leave ^u ! read]'s m9d ! impression t all ?is sci5tific & practical a*ievem5t 0 ! "w ( ,islamism1 & t ! ,mohamm$an civilization 0 ( a high] type ?an ! ,*ri/ian4 ,x is ) an app>5t feel+ ( regret t he looks ^u ! ou/+ ( ! ,moors f dom9ion 9 ,spa92 b ?is is a mi/ak5 view4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ po9t1 x is a pat5t fact t sci5tific inquiry 0 conduct$ at ! co/ ( z mu* !ological obloquy 9 ! ,mohamm$an z 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,x is true !re 0 m actual tol]ance ( h]esy on ! "p ( ,moslem gov]nm5ts ?an 0 cu/om>y 9 ,europe 9 ^? days2 b ?is is a sup]ficial fact1 :i* does n indicate any sup]iority 9 ,moslem popul> s5tim5t4 ,! caliphate or emirate 0 a truly absolute despotism1 su* z ! ,papacy has nev] be51 & ! conduct ( a sceptical emir 9 enc\rag+ sci5tific inquiry goes b little way t[>d prov+ any?+ l a g5]al preval5ce ( tol]ance or ( free-?9k+4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! second po9t1--t ,mohamm$an civilization 01 on ! :ole1 r a sk9-deep affair4 ,x 0 sup]ficial because ( t extreme sev]ance betwe5 gov]nm5t & p :i* has nev] exi/$ 9 ,european nations )9 hi/oric times1 b :i* has always exi/$ among ! pr9cipal races t h pr(ess$ ,moslemism4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,mohamm$an _w has !re ev] be5 :at we call a national life1 & n[h]e d we f9d 9 its records any trace ( su* an intellectual impulse1 ?rill+ ?r\gh e fibre ( ! p & begett+ prodigi\s a*ievem5ts 9 art1 poetry1 & philosophy1 z 0 awak5$ 9 ,europe 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury & aga9 9 ! fifte5?4 ,"u ! peculi> =m ( unlimit$ mat]ial & spiritual despotism exemplifi$ 9 ! caliphate1 a few m5 may discov] gases or comm5t on ,ari/otle1 b no g5]al movem5t t[>d political progress or philosophical inquiry is possible4 ,su* a society is rigid & inorganic at bottom1 :atev] scanty signs ( flexibility & life x may %[ at ! surface4 ,!re is no bett] illu/ration ( ?is1 :5 well consid]$1 ?an ! fact t ,moori% civilization rema9$1 politically & intellectually1 a m]e excresc5ce 9 ,spa91 aft] hav+ be5 fa/5$ d[n ov] half ! c\ntry = ne>ly eight c5turies4 ,b we are 9 dang] ( =gett+ our ma9 !me1 z ,dr4 ,drap] seems to d1 :ile we l+] ) him ov] ^! int]e/+ wayside topics4 ,we may p]haps be excus$1 h[ev]1 if we h n yet made any v explicit allusion to ! ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 because ?is "w seems to be 9 ! ma9 a repetition en petit ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 & :at we h said w apply z well to "o z to ! o!r4 ,9 ! little book1 z 9 ! big "o1 we he> a great deal ab\t ! ,arabs1 & some?+ ab\t ,columbus & ,galileo1 :o made m5 accept sundry tru?s 9 ! tee? ( cl]ical opposition2 &1 z be=e1 we float g5tly d[n ! curr5t ( hi/ory )\t be+ ov] well-in=m$ z to ! precise didactic purpose ( our voyage4 ,"h1 inde$1 ev5 our head+s & runn+-titles d n mat]ially help u1 = ?\gh we are suppos$ to be witness+1 or mayhap assi/+ 91 a p]5nial conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 we are n[h]e enlight5$ z to :at ! cause or "* ( ?is conflict is1 nor are we enabl$ to get a good look at ei!r ( ! p>ties to ! /rife4 ,) reg>d to x religion especially are we left 9 ! d>k4 ,:at ?is dreadful ?+ is t[>ds :i* sci5ce is always play+ ! "p ( ,h]akles t[>ds ! ,l]naean ,hydra1 we are left to ga!r f ! c\rse ( ! n>rative4 ,yet1 9 a book ) any valid claim to cle>sight$ness1 "o w\ld ?9k su* a po9t z ?is ought to receive v explicit prelim9>y treatm5t4 ,! c\rse ( ! n>rative1 h[ev]1 leaves u 9 little d\bt z to :at ,dr4 ,drap] means by a conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,:5 he enl>ges on ! trite /ory ( ,galileo1 & alludes to ! m mod]n qu>rel betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! geologi/s1 & does ?is 9 ! belief t he is !reby illu/rat+ an antagonism betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 x is obvi\s t he id5tifies ! cause ( ! anti-geologi/s & ! p]secutors ( ,galileo ) ! cause ( religion4 ,! ^w religion is to him a symbol :i* /&s = un5light5$ bigotry or n>r[-m9d$ unwill+ness to look facts 9 ! face4 ,su* a conception ( religion is common en\gh1 & unhappily a great deal has be5 done to /r5g!n x by ! v p]sons to :om ! int]e/s ( religion are presum$ to be a pr(essional c>e4 ,x is nev]!less a v sup]ficial conception1 & no book :i* is vitiat$ by x c h mu* philosophic value4 ,x is simply ! crude impression :i*1 9 m9ds unaccu/om$ to analysis1 is left by ! fact t !ologians & o!r p]sons int]e/$ 9 religion are usually al>m$ at new sci5tific tru?s1 & resi/ !m ) emotions s highly wr\ght t !y are n only incapable ( e/imat+ evid5ce1 b (t5 also h _! moral s5se impair$1 & fight ) f\l means :5 fair ones fail4 ,if we reflect c>efully on ?is class ( ph5om5a1 we %all see t some?+ besides m]e pride ( op9ion is involv$ 9 ! /ruggle4 ,at ! bottom ( *ang+ !ological beliefs !re lies some?+ :i* m5 p]5nially value1 & = ! sake ( :i* !y cl+ to ! beliefs z long z possible4 ,t :i* !y value is n itself a matt] ( belief1 b x is a matt] ( conduct2 x is ! se>*+ aft] goodness1--aft] a high] life ?an ! m]e satisfaction ( individual desires4 ,all animals seek = fulness ( life2 b 9 civiliz$ man ?is crav+ has acquir$ a moral significance1 & has become a spiritual aspiration2 & ?is emotional t5d5cy1 m or less /rong 9 ! human race1 we call religi\s feel+ or religion4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 religion is n only some?+ t mank9d is nev] likely to get rid (1 b x is incomp>ably ! mo/ noble z well z ! mo/ useful attribute ( humanity4 ,n[1 ?is emotional prompt+ t[>d complet5ess ( life requires1 ( c\rse1 t conduct %\ld be guid$1 z f> z possible1 9 accordance ) a true !ory ( ! relations ( man to ! _w 9 :i* he lives4 ,h5ce1 at any giv5 era ! religi\s feel+ w always be f\nd enli/$ 9 behalf ( "s !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,at any "t1 :atev] may be _! %ortcom+s 9 practice1 religi\s m5 w aim at do+ "r accord+ to _! conceptions ( ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,if m5's conceptions ( ! ord] ( nature rema9$ con/ant1 no app>5t conflict betwe5 _! religi\s feel+s & _! k ne$ ev] arise4 ,b ) ! fir/ advance 9 our k ( nature ! case is alt]$4 ,new & /range !ories are naturally reg>d$ ) fe> & dislike by p]sons :o h always be5 accu/om$ to f9d ! sanction & ju/ification ( _! emotional prompt+ t[>d righte\sness 9 old famili> !ories :i* ! new ones are seek+ to supplant4 ,su* p]sons oppose ! new doctr9e because _! engra9$ m5tal habits compel !m to believe t its e/abli%m5t w 9 "s way l[] m5's /&>d ( life1 & make !m less c>eful ( _! spiritual welf>e4 ,?is is ! case1 at all ev5ts1 :5 !ologians oppose sci5tific conclusions on religi\s gr\nds1 & n simply f m5tal dulness or rigidity4 ,&1 9 s f> z x is religi\s feel+ :i* ?us prompts resi/ance to sci5tific innovation1 x may be said1 ) "s appe>ance ( tru?1 t !re is a conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce4 ,b !re mu/ always be two p>ties to a qu>rel1 & our /atem5t has to be modifi$ z soon z we consid] :at ! sci5tific innovator impugns4 ,x is n ! emotional prompt+ t[>d righte\sness1 x is n ! ye>n+ to live im ,gut51 ,ganz51 ,wahr51 t he seeks to weak52 q likely he has all ?is z mu* at he>t z ! !ologian :o vitup]ates him4 ,nor is x true t 8 discov]ies1 9 spite ( him1 t5d to de/roy ?is all-important m5tal attitude4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to say t ! fate ( religi\s feel+ is really involv$ 9 ! fate ( grotesque cosmogonies & !osophies fram$ 9 ! infancy ( m5's k ( nature2 = hi/ory %[s u q ! contr>y4 ,religi\s feel+ has surviv$ ! helioc5tric !ory & ! discov]ies ( geologi/s2 & x w be none ! worse = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,d>w9ism4 ,x is ! m]e/ truism to say t religion /rikes its roots deep] d[n into human nature ?an speculative op9ion1 & is accord+ly indep5d5t ( any p>ticul> set ( beliefs4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! sci5tific innovator does n1 ei!r volunt>ily or involunt>ily1 attack religion1 x foll[s t !re c be no su* conflict z t ( :i* ,dr4 ,drap] has und]tak5 to write ! hi/ory4 ,! real conte/ is betwe5 "o phase ( sci5ce & ano!r2 betwe5 ! m-crude k ( ye/]day & ! less-crude k ( to-day4 ,! conte/1 inde$1 z pres5t$ 9 hi/ory1 is simply ! measure ( ! difficulty :i* m5 f9d 9 ex*ang+ old views = new ones4 ,all along1 ! practical "q has be51 :e!r we %\ld passively acquiesce 9 ! crude g5]alizations ( our ance/ors or v5ture actively to revise !m4 ,b z = ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ! p]5nial /ruggle 9 :i* x has be5 engag$ has n be5 ) sci5tific inquiry1 b ) ! selfi% prop5sities ^: t5d5cy is to make m5 lead ! lives ( brutes4 ,! "t is at h& :5 ! int]e/s ( religion c no long] be suppos$ to be subs]v$ by ob/9ate adh]5ce to crude speculations bequea!d to u f pre-sci5tific antiquity4 ,"o good result ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 :i* is n[ ga9+ sway 9 all dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght1 is ! lesson t all our op9ions mu/ be held subject to cont9ual revision1 & t ) none ( !m c our religi\s int]e/s be reg>d$ z irretrievably implicat$4 ,to any "o :o has once le>n$ ?is lesson1 a book l ,dr4 ,drap]'s c be nei!r int]e/+ nor useful4 ,he :o has n le>n$ x c d]ive little b5efit f a "w :i* 9 its v title keeps op5 an old & baneful s\rce ( error & confusion4 ,novemb]4 #ahge4 ,,vii4 ,,na?an ,,! ,,wise4 #bh #bh ,na?an ! ,wise3 ,a ,dramatic ,poem1 by ,got?old ,ephraim ,less+4 ,translat$ by ,ell5 ,fro?+ham4 ,prec$$ by a brief acc\nt ( ! poet & 8 works1 & foll[$ by an essay on ! poem by ,kuno ,fis*]4 ,second edition4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfh4 ,le ,*ri/ianisme ,mod]ne1 etude sur ,less+4 ,p> ,erne/ ,fontanes4 ,p>is3 ,bailli]e4 #ahfg4 ,! fame ( ,less+ is /eadily gr[+4 ,ye> by ye> he is valu$ m highly1 & valu$ by a great] numb] ( p4 ,& he is de/9$1 l 8 ma/] & =]unn] ,sp9oza1 to receive a yet l>g] %>e ( m5's rev]5ce & gratitude :5 ! philosophic _s :i* he liv$ to illu/rate %all h become 9 "s measure ! g5]al possession ( ! civiliz$ "p ( mank9d4 ,9 8 own day1 ,less+1 ?\gh widely kn[n & greatly admir$1 0 little und]/ood or appreciat$4 ,he 0 kn[n to be a le>n$ antiqu>ian1 a t]rible controv]siali/1 & an incomp>able writ]4 ,he 0 reg>d$ z a brilliant ornam5t to ,g]many2 & a paltry ,duke ( ,brunswick ?\ght a few hundr$ ?al]s well sp5t 9 secur+ ! glory ( hav+ su* a man to reside at 8 prov9cial c\rt4 ,b ! majority ( ,less+'s contempor>ies und]/ood him z little p]haps z did ! ,duke ( ,brunswick4 ,if any?+ 7 ne$$ to prove ?is1 x w\ld be ! upro> :i* 0 made ov] ! publication ( ! ,wolf5buttel ,fragm5ts1 & ! curi\s exegesis :i* 0 appli$ to ! poem ( ,na?an on its fir/ appe>ance4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! true "* ( ?is great poem1 & ( ,less+'s religi\s op9ions z embodi$ 9 x1 x w be necess>y fir/ to consid] ! memorable !ological controv]sy :i* prec$$ x4 ,dur+ ,less+'s resid5ce at ,hamburg1 he _h come into possession ( a mo/ important manuscript1 writt5 by ,h]mann ,samuel ,reim>us1 a pr(essor ( ,ori5tal languages1 & be>+ ! title ( an ,apology = ! ,rational ,wor%ipp]s ( ,god4 ,/ruck ) ! rigor\s logic display$ 9 its argum5ts1 & ) ! quiet dignity ( its /yle1 :ile yet unable to accept its mo/ g5]al conclusions1 ,less+ resolv$ to publi% ! manuscript1 accompany+ x ) 8 own comm5ts & /rictures4 ,accord+ly 9 #aggd1 avail+ himself ( ! fre$om f c5sor%ip enjoy$ by publications drawn f manuscripts deposit$ 9 ! ,ducal ,libr>y at ,wolf5buttel1 ( :i* he 0 libr>ian1 ,less+ publi%$ ! fir/ portion ( ?is "w1 "u ! title ( ,fragm5ts drawn f ! ,pap]s ( an ,anonym\s ,writ]4 ,?is fir/ ,fragm5t1 on ! ,tol]ation ( ,dei/s1 awak5$ b little opposition2 = ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?\gh intol]ant en\gh1 did n p>ade its bigotry1 b r saw fit to disclaim x4 ,a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 ,ru!r=d1 9 8 ,free ,disputation1 _h decl>$ tol]ation ( alle religions to bee n f>re remov$ f blasphemie4 ,intol]ance 0 !n a ?+ to be pr\d (1 b 9 ,less+'s "t "s progress _h be5 a*iev$1 & m5 began to ?9k x a good ?+ to seem tol]ant4 ,! succe$+ ,fragm5ts 7 to te/ ?is lib]ality & reveal ! flims9ess ( ! /uff ( :i* x 0 made4 ,:5 ! unkn[n disputant began to decl>e ! impossibility ( a revelation ^u :i* all m5 c re/ a solid fai?1 & :5 he began to criticize ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/'s resurrection1 su* a /orm bur/ out 9 ! !ological _w ( ,g]many z _h n be5 witness$ s9ce ! "t ( ,lu!r4 ,! rec5t ,col5so controv]sy 9 ,engl& 0 b a g5tle breeze comp>$ to x4 ,press & pulpit sw>m$ ) refutations1 9 :i* weakness ( argum5t & scant9ess ( erudition 7 comp5sat$ by /r5g? ( acrimony & unscrupul\sness ( sl&]4 ,pamphlets & s]mons1 says ,m4 ,fontanes1 7 multipli$1 to d5\nce ! impi\s blasphem]1 :o1 de/itute alike ( %ame & ( c\rage1 _h %elt]$ himself beh9d a paltry fiction1 9 ord] to let loose ^u society an evil _s ( unbelief4 ,b ,less+'s artifice _h be5 int5d$ to scre5 ! memory ( ,reim>us1 r ?an 8 own reputation4 ,he 0 n ! man to quail be=e any am\nt ( human opposition2 & x 0 :5 ! tempe/ ( invective 0 j at its height t he publi%$ ! la/ & bolde/ ,fragm5t ( all1--on ! ,designs ( ,jesus & 8 ,disciples4 ,! publication ( ^! ,fragm5ts l$ to a mighty controv]sy4 ,! mo/ em95t1 bo? = uncompromis+ zeal & = worldly position1 ( ^? :o _h attack$ ,less+1 0 ,mel*ior ,goetze1 pa/or prim>ius at ! ,hamburg ,ca!dral4 ,?\gh 8 "n is n[ rememb]$ only because ( 8 connection ) ,less+1 ,goetze 0 n de/itute ( le>n+ & ability4 ,he 0 a collector ( r>e books1 an amateur 9 numismatics1 & an antiqu>ian ( ! n>r[-m9d$ sort4 ,less+ _h kn[n him :ile at ,hamburg1 & _h visit$ him s con/antly z to draw =? f 8 fri5ds malici\s ins9uations z to ! excell5ce ( ! pa/or's :ite w9e4 ,d\btless ,less+1 z a wise man1 0 n ins5sible to ! attractions ( good ,moselle2 b t :i* he *iefly lik$ 9 ?is !ologian 0 8 logical & rigor\sly consi/5t turn ( m9d4 ,he always1 says ,m4 ,fontanes1 *]i%$ a holy horror ( loose1 inconsequ5t ?9k]s2 & ! man ( ! pa/1 ! inexorable gu>dian ( tradition1 appe>$ to him f> m wor?y ( respect ?an ! het]odox innovator :o /ops 9 mid-c\rse1 & is fai?ful nei!r to reason nor to fai?4 ,b :5 ,less+ publi%$ ^! unhall[$ ,fragm5ts1 ! h\r ( conflict _h s\nd$1 & ,goetze ca/ himself into ! ar5a ) a boldness & impetuosity :i* ,less+1 9 8 arti/ic capacity1 c\ld n fail to admire4 ,he sp>$ no possible means ( r$uc+ 8 enemy to submission4 ,he ar\s$ aga9/ him all ! con/itut$ au?orities1 ! consi/ories1 & ev5 ! ,aulic ,c\ncil ( ! ,empire1 & he ev5 succe$$ 9 draw+ along ) him ! *ief ( contempor>y rationali/s1 ,seml]1 :o s f> =got himself z to decl>e t ,less+1 = :at he _h done1 des]v$ to be s5t to ! madh\se4 ,b ) all ,goetze's or?odox val\r1 he 0 no mat* = ! antagoni/ :om he _h excit$ to activity4 ,! great critic repli$ ) pamphlet aft] pamphlet1 inv9cible 9 logic & erudition1 sp>kl+ ) wit1 & irritat+ 9 _! utt] coolness4 ,su* pamphlets _h n be5 se5 s9ce ,pascal publi%$ ! ,prov9cial ,lett]s4 ,goetze f\nd t he _h tak5 up arms aga9/ a ma/] 9 ! arts ( controv]sy1 & be=e long he became well aw>e t he 0 wor/$4 ,hav+ br\ght ! case be=e ! ,aulic ,c\ncil1 :i* consi/$ 9 great "p ( ,ca?olics1 ! /\t pa/or1 =gett+ t judgm5t _h n yet be5 r5d]$1 all[$ himself to proclaim t all :o d n recognize ! ,bible z ! only s\rce ( ,*ri/ianity are n fit to be call$ ,*ri/ians at all4 ,less+ 0 n sl[ to pr(it by ?is unlucky decl>ation4 ,que/ion$1 ) all mann] ( f]oci\s vitup]ation1 by ,goetze1 z to :at sort ( ,*ri/ianity might h exi/$ prior to & indep5d5tly ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon1 ,less+ imp]turbably answ]$3 ,by ! ,*ri/ian religion ,i mean all ! confessions ( fai? conta9$ 9 ! collection ( cre$s ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 includ+1 if y wi% x1 ! s-call$ cre$ ( ! apo/les1 z well z ! cre$ ( ,a?anasius4 ,! cont5t ( ^! confessions is call$ by ! e>li] ,fa!rs ! regula fidei1 or rule ( fai?4 ,?is rule ( fai? is n drawn f ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x exi/$ be=e any ( ! books 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 writt54 ,x suffic$ n only = ! fir/ ,*ri/ians ( ! age ( ! apo/les1 b = _! desc5dants dur+ f\r c5turies4 ,& x is1 !re=e1 ! v]itable f\ndation ^u :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is built2 a f\ndation n bas$ ^u ,scripture4 ,?us1 by a ma/]-/roke1 ,less+ secur$ ! adh]5ce ( ! ,ca?olics con/itut+ a majority ( ! ,aulic ,c\ncil ( ! ,empire4 ,l ,paul be=e him1 he divid$ ! ,sanh$rim4 ,s t ,goetze1 foil$ 9 8 attempts at us+ viol5ce1 & disconc]t$ by ! patri/ic le>n+ ( "o :om he _h tak5 to be a m]e connoisseur 9 art & writ] ( plays = ! !atre1 conclud$ t discretion 0 ! sure/ k9d ( val\r1 & desi/$ f fur!r attacks4 ,less+'s triumph came opportunely2 = already ! m9i/ry ( ,brunswick _h n only confiscat$ ! ,fragm5ts1 b _h prohibit$ him f publi%+ any?+ m on ! subject )\t fir/ obta9+ express au?ority to d s4 ,8 la/ replies to ,goetze 7 publi%$ at ,hamburg2 & z he held himself 9 read9ess to dep>t f ,wolf5buttel1 he wrote to sev]al fri5ds t he _h conceiv$ ! design ( a drama1 ) :i* he w\ld te> ! !ologians 9 pieces m ?an ) a doz5 ,fragm5ts4 ,i w try & see1 said he1 if !y w let me prea* 9 peace f my old pulpit1 ! !atre4 ,9 ?is way orig9at$ ,na?an ! ,wise4 ,b x 9 no way answ]$ to ! expectations ei!r ( ,less+'s fri5ds or ( 8 enemies4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r expect$ to see ! controv]sy ) ,goetze c>ri$ on1 develop$1 & g5]aliz$ 9 ! poem4 ,!y look$ = a satirical com$y1 9 :i* or?odoxy %\ld be held up = sca?+ ridicule1 or at lea/ = a direful trag$y1 ! moral ( :i*1 l t ( ! great poem ( ,lucretius1 %\ld be ,tantum religio potuit suad]e malorum4 ,_h ,less+ produc$ su* a poem1 he w\ld d\btless h gratifi$ 8 free-?9k+ fri5ds & wreak$ due lit]>y v5geance ^u 8 !ological p]secutors4 ,he w\ld1 p]haps1 h giv5 articulate expression to ! radicalism ( 8 own "t1 &1 l ,voltaire1 might h con/itut$ himself ! lead] ( ! age1 ! inc>nation ( its mo/ conspicu\s t5d5cies4 ,b ,less+ did no?+ ( ! k9d2 & ! expectations =m$ ( him by fri5ds & enemies alike %[ h[ little he 0 und]/ood by ei!r4 ,na?an ! ,wise 01 z we %all see1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury an entirely new ph5om5on2 & its au?or 0 ! pione] ( a q new religi\s philosophy4 ,reim>us1 ! able au?or ( ! ,fragm5ts1 9 8 attack ^u ! evid5ces ( reveal$ religion1 _h tak5 ! same gr\nd z ,voltaire & ! old ,engli% dei/s4 ,& :5 we h said ?is1 we h suffici5tly def9$ 8 position1 = ! t5ets ( ! dei/s are at ! pres5t day pretty well kn[n1 & are1 moreov]1 ( v little vital importance1 hav+ long s9ce be5 supplant$ by a m j & compreh5sive philosophy4 ,reim>us accept$ nei!r miracles nor revelation2 b 9 accordance ) ! rudim5t>y /ate ( criticism 9 8 "t1 he admitt$ ! hi/orical "* ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian records1 & 0 ?us driv5 to ! conclusion t ^? writ+s mu/ h be5 fraudul5tly compos$4 ,h[ su* a set ( impo/ors z ! apo/les mu/ on ?is hypo!sis h be51 %\ld h succe$$ 9 inspir+ l>ge numb]s ( _! contempor>ies ) high] & gr&] religi\s notions ?an _h ev] be=e be5 conceiv$2 h[ !y %\ld h laid ! f\ndations ( a !ological sy/em de/9$ to hold toge!r ! mo/ enlight5$ & progressive portion ( human society = sev5te5 or eighte5 c5turies1--does n seem to h ent]$ 8 m9d4 ,aga9/ su* attacks z ?is1 or?odoxy 0 comp>atively safe2 = :atev] d\bt might be ?r[n ^u "s ( its lead+ dogmas1 ! sy/em z a :ole 0 m consi/5t & rational ?an any ( ! !ories :i* 7 endeav\r+ to supplant x4 ,& ! fact t ne>ly all ! great ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury adopt$ ?is dei/ic hypo!sis1 %[s1 m ?an any?+ else1 ! crud5ess ( _! psy*ological k1 & _! utt] lack ( :at is call$ ! hi/orical s5se4 ,less+ at once saw ! weak po9t 9 ,reim>us's argum5t1 b 8 me?od ( dispos+ ( x diff]$ signally f t adopt$ by 8 or?odox contempor>ies4 ,! m advanc$ ,g]man !ologians ( t day1 :ile accept+ ! ,new ,te/am5t records z lit]ally hi/orical1 7 dispos$ to rationalize ! acc\nts ( miracles conta9$ 9 !m1 9 su* a way z to get rid ( any presum$ infractions ( ! laws ( nature4 ,?is me?od ( exegesis1 :i* rea*$ its p]fection 9 ,paulus1 is too well kn[n to ne$ describ+4 ,its unsatisfactory "* 0 cle>ly %[n1 ?irty ye>s ago1 by ,/rauss1 & x is n[ g5]ally ab&on$1 ?\gh "s traces ( x may /ill be se5 9 ! rec5t works ( ,r5an4 ,less+ /eadily avoid$ ?is me?od ( int]pretation4 ,he _h /udi$ ,sp9oza to "s purpose1 & ! outl9es ( ,biblical criticism laid d[n by t rem>kable ?9k] ,less+ develop$ into a sy/em wond]fully l t n[ adopt$ by ! ,tub+5 s*ool4 ,! c>d9al results :i* ,baur has rea*$ )9 ! pa/ g5]ation 7 ne>ly all h9t$ at by ,less+1 9 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,fragm5ts4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree1 or synoptic gospels1 & ! f\r?1 ! lat] age ( ! f\r?1 & ! me?od ( composition ( ! fir/ ?ree1 f e>li] docum5ts & f oral tradition1 are all cle>ly laid d[n by him4 ,! di/9ct po9ts ( view f :i* ! f\r acc\nts 7 compos$1 are also indicat$1--! ,judaiz+ disposition ( ,mat!w1 ! ,paul9e sympa?ies ( ,luke1 ! compromis+ or ,petr9e t5d5cies ( ,m>k1 & ! advanc$ ,hell5ic "* ( ,john4 ,^? be/ acqua9t$ ) ! results ( mod]n criticism 9 ,g]many w p]haps be mo/ surpris$ at f9d+ su* speculations 9 a book writt5 _m ye>s be=e ei!r ,/rauss or ,baur 7 born4 ,b su* results1 z might h be5 expect$1 did n satisfy ! pa/or ,goetze or ! public :i* sympa?iz$ ) him4 ,! valiant pa/or unhesitat+ly decl>$ t he read ! objections :i* ,less+ oppos$ to ! ,fragm5ti/ ) m horror & disgu/ ?an ! ,fragm5ts !mselves2 & 9 ! tee? ( ! pr9t$ comm5ts he decl>$ t ! editor 0 craftily uphold+ 8 au?or 9 8 dei/ical assault ^u ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,! accusation 0 unju/1 because untrue4 ,!re c\ld be no g5u9e coop]ation betwe5 a m]e iconocla/ l ,reim>us1 & a con/ructive critic l ,less+4 ,b ! confusion 0 n an unnatural "o on ,goetze's "p1 & ,i _c agree ) ,m4 ,fontanes 9 tak+ x z conv9c+ pro( ( ! pa/or's wrong-head$ p]v]sity4 ,x appe>s to me t ,goetze int]pret$ ,less+'s position q z accurately z ,m4 ,fontanes4 ,! latt] writ] ?9ks t ,less+ 0 a ,*ri/ian ( ! lib]al s*ool s9ce repres5t$ by ,!odore ,p>k] 9 ?is c\ntry & by ,m4 ,reville 9 ,france2 t 8 real object 0 to def5d & /r5g!n ! ,*ri/ian religion by reliev+ x ( ^? peculi> doctr9es :i* to ! free?9k]s ( 8 "t 7 a /umbl+-block & an (f5ce4 ,&1 9 spite ( ,less+'s own decl>ations1 he endeav\rs to %[ t he 0 an ord9>y !i/1--a foll[] ( ,leibnitz r ?an ( ,sp9oza4 ,b ,i d n ?9k he has made out 8 case4 ,less+'s own confession to ,jacobi is unequivocal en\gh1 & _c well be argu$ away4 ,9 t rem>kable conv]sation1 held t[>d ! close ( 8 life1 he indicates cle>ly en\gh t 8 fai? 0 nei!r t ( ! ord9>y !i/1 ! a!i/1 nor ! pan!i/1 b t 8 religi\s !ory ( ! univ]se 0 id5tical ) t sugge/$ by ,sp9oza1 adopt$ by ,goe!1 & rec5tly elaborat$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,moreov]1 :ile ,less+ _c be consid]$ an antagoni/ ( ,*ri/ianity1 nei!r did he assume ! attitude ( a def5d]4 ,he rema9$ outside ! !ological ar5a2 look+ at !ological que/ions f ! po9t ( view ( a layman1 or r1 z ,m4 ,*]buliez has happily express$ x1 ( a ,pagan4 ,8 m9d 0 ( decid$ly antique /ructure4 ,he _h ! virtues ( paganism3 its sanity1 its calmness1 & its probity2 b ( ! t5d]ness ( ,*ri/ianity1 & its qu5*less aspirations aft] an indef9able ideal1 ( t feel+ :i* has inc>nat$ itself 9 ,go?ic ca!drals1 masses & oratorios1 he exhibit$ b scanty traces4 ,8 intellect 0 above all ?+s self-consi/5t & incorruptible4 ,he _h t imp]ial good-s5se :i* might h =m$ ! ideal alike ( ,horace & ( ,epictetus4 ,no cl&e/9e pref]5ce = c]ta9 conclusions c\ld make 8 reason sw]ve f ! /raight pa?s ( logic4 ,& he exam9$ & reject$ ! conclusions ( ,reim>us 9 ! same imp]turbable _s ) :i* he exam9$ & reject$ ! curr5t !ories ( ! ,fr5* classic drama4 ,su* a man c h _h b little 9 common ) a prea*] l ,!odore ,p>k]1 or ) a writ] l ,m4 ,fontanes1 ^: :ole book is a noble specim5 ( l(ty ,*ri/ian eloqu5ce4 ,8 attribute 0 light1 n w>m?4 ,he scrut9iz$1 b did n attack or def5d4 ,he recogniz$ ! transc5d5t m]its ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 b made no attempt to re9/ate x :]e x _h seem$ to suff] %ock4 ,x 0 !re=e ) ! sure/ ( in/9cts1 ) t same in/9ct ( self-pres]vation :i* _h once l$ ! ,*ur* to ana!matize ,galileo1 t ,goetze4 proclaim$ ,less+ a m dang]\s foe to or?odoxy ?an ! dei/s :o _h prec$$ him4 ,controv]sy1 he d\btless ?\ght1 may be kept up indef9itely1 & bl[s giv5 & return$ =ev]2 b be=e ! /eady gaze ( t scrut9iz+ eye :i* "o ( u %all f9d himself able to /& erect8 ,x has become fa%ionable to heap blame & ridicule ^u ^? :o viol5tly def5d an antiquat$ ord] ( ?+s2 & ,goetze has receiv$ at ! h&s ( po/]ity 8 full %>e ( abuse4 ,8 wra? contra/$ unfav\rably ) ,less+'s calmness2 & x 0 8 mis=tune to h tak5 up arms aga9/ an oppon5t :o always knew h[ to keep ! laugh ^u 8 own side4 ,= my own "p ,i am con/ra9$ to admire ! militant pa/or1 z ,less+ himself admir$ him4 ,f an arti/ic po9t ( view he is n an un9t]e/+ figure to contemplate4 ,& al?\gh 8 attempts to awak5 p]secution 7 repreh5sible1 yet 8 ard\r 9 def5d+ :at he believ$ to be vital tru? is none ! less to be respect$4 ,he _h ! acut5ess to see t ,less+'s refutation ( deism did n make him a ,*ri/ian1 :ile ! new views propos$ z a sub/itute = ^? ( ,reim>us 7 su* z ,goetze & 8 age c\ld 9 no wise compreh5d4 ,less+'s own views ( dogmatic religion are to be f\nd 9 8 "w entitl$1 ,! ,education ( ! ,human ,race4 ,^! views h s9ce s f> become ! v]ie/ commonplaces ( criticism1 t "o c h>dly realize t1 only n9ety ye>s ago1 !y %\ld h be5 reg>d$ z dang]\s p>adoxes4 ,!y may be summ$ up 9 ! /atem5t t all great religions are good 9 _! "t & place2 t1 z !re is a s\l ( goodness 9 ?+s evil1 s also !re is a s\l ( tru? 9 ?+s errone\s4 ,accord+ to ,less+1 ! successive phases ( religi\s belief con/itute epo*s 9 ! m5tal evolution ( ! human race4 ,s t ! crude/ =ms ( !ology1 ev5 feti%ism1 n[ to all appe>ance s utt]ly revolt+1 & poly!ism1 s completely inadequate1 h once be5 ! be/1 ! natural & inevitable results ( man's reason+ p[]s & appliances = atta9+ tru?4 ,! m]e fact t a sy/em ( religi\s ?\ght has receiv$ ! will+ allegiance ( l>ge masses ( m5 %[s t x mu/ h suppli$ "s consci\sly felt want1 "s moral or intellectual crav+4 ,& ! m]e fact t k & morality are progressive implies t ea* successive sy/em may 9 due c\rse ( "t be ess5tially modifi$ or f9ally supplant$4 ,! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to a future /ate ( retribution1 9 ! ,p5tateu* & g5]ally 9 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,jews1 & ! cont9ual appeal to hopes & fe>s ( a worldly "*1 h be5 pron\nc$ by dei/s an irrem$iable defect 9 ! ,jewi% religion4 ,x is precisely ?is1 h[ev]1 says ,less+1 :i* con/itutes "o ( its signal excell5ces4 ,t ?y days may be long 9 ! l& :i* ,jehovah ?y ,god give? !e1 0 an appeal :i* ! unciviliz$ ,jew c\ld und]/&1 & :i* c\ld ar\se him to action2 :ile ! ne$ ( a future _w1 to rectify ! inju/ices ( ?is1 n yet be+ felt1 ! doctr9e w\ld h be5 ( b little s]vice4 ,b 9 lat] ,hebrew lit]ature1 _m magnific5t passages reveal$ ! despair felt by prophet & ?9k] ov] ! insoluble problem pres5t$ by ! evil fate ( ! good & ! triumphant success ( ! wick$2 & a solution 0 s\ght 9 ! doctr9e ( a ,messianic k+dom1 until ,*ri/ianity ) its proclamation ( a future life set ! "q entirely aside4 ,by its appeal to :at has be5 aptly t]m$ o!r-worldl9ess1 ,*ri/ianity immeasurably int5sifi$ human responsibility1 besides r5d]+ cle>] its nature & limits4 ,b accord+ to ,less+1 yet ano!r /ep rema9s to be tak52 & "h we come ^u ! gulf :i* sep>ates him f m5 ( ! /amp ( ,!odore ,p>k]4 ,=1 says ,less+1 ! appeal to une>?ly rew>ds & puni%m5ts is aft] all an appeal to our l[] feel+s2 o!r-worldl9ess is b a ref9$ selfi%ness2 & we are to *]i% virtue = its own sake n because x w lead u to heav54 ,"h is ! gr& pr9ciple ( ,/oicism4 ,less+ believ$1 ) ,mr4 ,mill1 t ! less we ?9k ab\t gett+ rew>d$ ei!r on e>? or 9 heav5 ! bett]4 ,he 0 ca/ 9 ! same h]oic m\ld z ,muhamad ,ef5di1 :o :5 l$ to ! /ake exclaim$3 ,?\gh ,i h no hope ( recomp5se h]eaft]1 yet ! love ( tru? con/ra9e? me to die 9 its def5ce6 ,) ! tru? or complet5ess ( ^! views ( ,less+ we are n "h conc]n$2 our bus9ess be+ n to exp\nd our own op9ions1 b to indicate z cle>ly z possible ,less+'s position4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! g5]al philosophical _s ( ! pres5t age1 z repres5t$ by writ]s o!rwise s diff]5t z ,littre & ,sa9te-,beuve1 w be/ appreciate ! p[] & orig9ality ( ^! speculations4 ,com+ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 amid ! crudities ( deism1 !y made a well-def9$ epo*4 ,!y inaugurat$ ! hi/orical me?od ( criticism1 & !y robb$ ! _s ( intol]ance ( its only philosophical excuse = exi/+4 ,hi!rto ! or?odox _h be5 intol]ant t[>d ! philosoph]s because !y consid]$ !m h]etics2 & ! philosoph]s _h be5 intol]ant t[>d ! or?odox because !y consid]$ !m fools4 ,to ,voltaire x naturally seem$ t a man :o c\ld believe 9 ! reality ( miracles mu/ be :at 9 ,fr5* is expressively t]m$ a sot4 ,b h5ce=?1 to ! disciple ( ,less+1 m5 ( all %ade ( op9ion 7 b ! repres5tatives & expon5ts ( diff]5t phases 9 ! g5]al evolution ( human intellig5ce1 n necess>ily to be dislik$ or despis$ if !y did n happ5 to repres5t ! mature/ phase4 ,religion1 !re=e1 f ?is po9t ( view1 becomes cle>ly dem>cat$ f !ology4 ,x consi/s no long] 9 ! m5tal ass5t to c]ta9 prescrib$ =mulas1 b 9 ! moral ob$i5ce to ! great rule ( life2 ! great comm&m5t laid d[n & illu/rat$ by ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & conc]n+ :i* ! pr(\nde/ mod]n philosophy in=ms u t ! ext5t to :i* a society has le>n$ to con=m to x is ! te/ & gauge ( ! progress 9 civilization :i* t society has a*iev$4 ,! comm& to love "o ano!r1 to *eck ! b>b>\s impulses inh]it$ f ! pre-social /ate1 :ile giv+ free play to ! b5efic5t impulses ne$ful = ! ultimate atta9m5t ( social equilibrium1--or z ,t5nyson phrases x1 to move upw>d1 work+ out ! bea/1 & lett+ ! ape & tig] die1--01 9 ,less+'s view1 ! task set be=e u by religion4 ,! true religi\s feel+ 0 ?us1 9 8 op9ion1 :at ! au?or ( ,ecce ,homo has f9ely t]m$ ! en?usiasm ( humanity4 ,& we %all f9d no bett] language ?an t ( ! writ] j m5tion$1 9 :i* to describe ,less+'s conception ( fai?3-- ,he :o1 :5 goodness is impressively put be=e him1 exhibits an in/9ctive loyalty to x1 />ts =w>d to take its side1 tru/s himself to x1 su* a man has fai?1 & ! root ( ! matt] is 9 su* a man4 ,he may h habits ( vice1 b ! loyal & fai?ful in/9ct 9 him w place him above _m t practice virtue4 ,he may be rude 9 ?\ght & "*1 b he w unconsci\sly gravitate t[>d :at is "r4 ,o!r virtues c sc>cely ?rive )\t a f9e natural organization & a happy tra9+4 ,b ! mo/ neglect$ & ungift$ ( m5 may make a beg9n+ ) fai?4 ,o!r virtues want civilization1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( k1 a few books2 b 9 half-brutal c\nt5ances fai? w light up a glimm] ( nobl5ess4 ,! savage1 :o c d little else1 c wond] & wor%ip & en?usia/ically obey4 ,he :o _c "k :at is "r c "k t "s "o else kn[s2 he :o has no law may /ill h a ma/]2 he :o is incapable ( ju/ice may be capable ( fidelity2 he :o und]/&s little may h 8 s9s =giv5 because he loves mu*4 ,su* 0 ,less+'s religion1 s f> z x c be asc]ta9$ f ! fragm5t>y writ+s :i* he has left on ! subject4 ,und\bt$ly x lack$ complet5ess4 ,! op9ions :i* we h "h set d[n1 ?\gh con/itut+ some?+ m ?an a m]e !ory ( morality1 c]ta9ly d n con/itute a complete !ory ( religion4 ,our valiant knight has exam9$ b "o side ( ! %ield1--! bright side1 turn$ t[>d u1 ^: m>vell\s inscriptions ! human reason c by d9t ( unwe>i$ ef=t deciph]4 ,b ! d>k side1 look+ out ^u inf9ity1 & cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics ! mean+ ( :i* we c nev] "k1 he has q =gott5 to consid]4 ,yet x is ?is side :i* g5u9e religi\s feel+ ev] seeks to contemplate4 ,x is ! consci\sness t !re is ab\t u an omnipres5t ,p[]1 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+1 et]nally manife/+ itself ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( natural ph5om5a1 :i* has ev] dispos$ m5 to be religi\s1 & lur$ !m on 9 ! va9 ef=t to con/ruct adequate !ological sy/ems4 ,we may1 gett+ rid ( ! la/ traces ( feti%ism1 elim9ate arbitr>y volition z mu* z we w or c4 ,b !re /ill rema9s ! consci\sness ( a div9e ,life 9 ! univ]se1 ( a ,p[] :i* is beyond & above our compreh5sion1 ^: go+s out & com+s 9 no man c foll[4 ,! m we "k1 ! m we rea* out = t :i* we _c "k4 ,& :o c realize ?is s vividly z ! sci5tific philosoph]8 ,= our k be+1 accord+ to ! famili> comp>ison1 l a brilliant sph]e1 ! m we increase x ! great] becomes ! numb] ( p]iph]al po9ts at :i* we are confront$ by ! imp5etrable d>kness beyond4 ,i believe t ?is re/less ye>n+1--vague en\gh 9 ! description1 yet recognizable by all :o1 commun+ ) !mselves or ) nature1 h felt x1--?is con/ant seek+ = :at _c be f\nd1 ?is p]si/5t knock+ at gates :i*1 :5 op5$1 b reveal o!rs yet to be pass$1 con/itutes an elem5t :i* no adequate !ory ( religion c ov]look4 ,b ( ?is we f9d no?+ 9 ,less+4 ,) him all is sunny1 s]5e1 & pagan4 ,n ! dim aisle ( a va/ ca!dral1 b ! symmetrical portico ( an antique temple1 is ! wor%ipp+-place into :i* he w\ld lead u4 ,b if ,less+'s !ology mu/ be consid]$ imp]fect1 x is none ! less admirable z f> z x goes4 ,) its peculi> doctr9es ( love & fai?1 x tea*es a morality f> high] ?an any t ,puritanism ev] dream$ (4 ,& ) its !ory ( developm5t x cuts away e possible logical basis = intol]ance4 ,x is ?is !ology to :i* ,less+ has giv5 concrete expression 9 8 immortal poem ( ,na?an4 ,! c5tral idea ( ,na?an 0 sugge/$ to ,less+ by ,boccaccio's /ory ( ,! ,?ree ,r+s1 :i* is suppos$ to h _h a ,jewi% orig94 ,salad91 pret5d+ to be inspir$ by a sudd51 imp]i\s :im1 su* z is n unbecom+ 9 a ,sultan1 dem&s t ,na?an %all answ] him on ! spur ( ! mom5t :i* ( ! ?ree great religions !n kn[n--,judaism1 ,mohamm$anism1 ,*ri/ianity--is adjudg$ by reason to be ! true "o4 ,= a mom5t ! philosoph] is 9 a qu&>y4 ,if he does n pron\nce 9 fav\r ( 8 own religion1 ,judaism1 he /ultifies himself2 b if he does n aw>d ! prec$5ce to ,mohamm$anism1 he w app>5tly insult 8 sov]eign4 ,) true ,ori5tal tact he escapes f ! dilemma by means ( a p>able4 ,!re 0 once a man1 says ,na?an1 :o possess$ a r+ ( ine/imable value4 ,n only 0 ! /one :i* x conta9$ incomp>ably f9e1 b x possess$ ! m>vell\s prop]ty ( r5d]+ its own] agreeable bo? to ,god & to m54 ,! old man bequea!d ?is r+ to t "o ( 8 sons :om he lov$ ! mo/2 & ! son1 9 turn1 made a simil> disposition ( x4 ,s t1 pass+ f h& to h&1 ! r+ f9ally came into ! possession ( a fa!r :o lov$ 8 ?ree sons equally well4 ,unto :i* "o %\ld he leave x8 ,to get rid ( ! p]plexity1 he _h two o!r r+s made by a jewell]1 exactly l ! orig9al1 & to ea* ( 8 ?ree sons he bequea!d "o4 ,ea* !n ?9k+ t he _h obta9$ ! true talisman1 !y began viol5tly to qu>rel1 & aft] long cont5tion agre$ to c>ry _! dispute be=e ! judge4 ,b ! judge said3 ,qu>relsome fell[s6 ,y are all ?ree ( y *eat$ *eats4 ,y\r ?ree r+s are alike c\nt]feit4 ,= ! g5u9e r+ is lo/1 & to conceal ! loss1 y\r fa!r _h made ^! ?ree sub/itutes4 ,at ?is unexpect$ d5\em5t ! ,sultan breaks out 9 exclamations ( delight2 & x is int]e/+ to le>n t :5 ! play 0 br\ght ^u ! /age at ,con/ant9ople a few ye>s ago1 ! ,turki% audi5ce 0 simil>ly affect$4 ,!re is 9 ! /ory t quiet1 /eal?y hum\r :i* is *>act]i/ic ( _m m$iaeval apologues1 & 9 :i* ,less+ himself lov$ to deal4 ,x is hum\r ( ! k9d :i* hits ! m>k1 & reveals ! tru?4 ,9 a note ^u ?is passage1 ,less+ himself said3 ,! op9ion ( ,na?an ^u all positive religions has = a long "t be5 my own4 ,let him :o has ! g5u9e r+ %[ x by mak+ himself lov$ ( ,god & man4 ,?is is ! c5tral idea ( ! poem4 ,x is :olly unlike ! iconoclasm ( ! dei/s1 &1 com+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 l a v]itable evangel4 ,na?an 0 n br\ght out until ?ree ye>s aft] ,less+'s dea?1 & x kept possession ( ! /age = b a %ort "t4 ,9 a dramatic po9t ( view1 x has h>dly any m]its4 ,:atev] plot !re is 9 x is weak & improbable4 ,! decisive incid5ts seem to be br\ght 9 l ! deus ex ma*9a ( ! lat] ,greek drama4 ,!re is no movem5t1 no action1 no developm5t4 ,! *>act]s are poetically b n dramatically conceiv$4 ,consid]$ z a trag$y1 ,na?an w\ld be weak2 consid]$ z a com$y1 x w\ld be heavy4 ,) full k ( ^! circum/ances1 ,less+ call$ x n a drama1 b a dramatic poem2 & he might h call$ x /ill m accurately a didactic poem1 = ! only feature :i* x has 9 common ) ! drama is t ! p]sonages use ! oratio directa4 ,na?an is a didactic poem3 x is n a m]e philosophic treatise writt5 9 v]se1 l ! fragm5ts ( ,x5ophanes4 ,its lessons are convey$ concretely & n ab/ractly2 & its *>act]s are n m]e lay figures1 b liv+ poetical conceptions4 ,consid]$ z a poem among classic ,g]man poems1 x mu/ rank next to1 ?\gh immeasurably bel[1 ,goe!'s ,fau/4 ,!re are two contra/$ k9ds ( g5ius1 ! poetical & ! philosophical2 or1 to speak yet m g5]ally1 ! arti/ic & ! critical4 ,! =m] is di/+ui%$ by a concrete1 ! latt] by an ab/ract1 imag9ation4 ,! =m] sees ?+s syn!tically1 9 all _! natural complexity2 ! latt] pulls ?+s to pieces analytically1 & scrut9izes _! relations4 ,! =m] sees a tree 9 all its glory1 :]e ! latt] sees an exog5 ) a pair ( cotyl$ons4 ,! =m] sees :oles1 :]e ! latt] sees aggregates4 ,correspond+ ) ^! two k9ds ( g5ius !re are two classes ( arti/ic productions4 ,:5 ! critical g5ius writes a poem or a novel1 he con/ructs 8 plot & 8 *>act]s 9 con=mity to "s pre>rang$ !ory1 or ) a view to illu/rate "s fav\rite doctr9e4 ,:5 he pa9ts a picture1 he fir/ ?9ks h[ c]ta9 p]sons w\ld look "u c]ta9 giv5 circum/ances1 & pa9ts !m accord+ly4 ,:5 he writes a piece ( music1 he fir/ decides t ?is phrase expresses joy1 & t phrase disappo9tm5t1 & ! o!r phrase disgu/1 & he composes accord+ly4 ,we !re=e say ord9>ily t he does n create1 b only con/ructs & comb9es4 ,x is f> diff]5t ) ! arti/ic g5ius1 :o1 )\t /opp+ to ?9k1 sees ! picture & he>s ! symphony ) ! eyes & e>s ( imag9ation1 & pa9ts & plays m]ely :at he has se5 & he>d4 ,:5 ,dante1 9 imag9ation1 arriv$ at ! l[e/ circle ( hell1 :]e traitors l ,judas & ,brutus are puni%$1 he came ^u a t]rible froz5 lake1 :i*1 he says1-- ,ev] makes me %udd] at ! sight ( froz5 pools4 ,i h always consid]$ ?is l9e a m>vell\s in/ance ( ! int5sity ( ,dante's imag9ation4 ,x %[s1 too1 h[ ,dante compos$ 8 poem4 ,he did n take c\nsel ( himself & say3 ,g to1 let u describe ! traitors froz5 up to _! necks 9 a dismal lake1 = t w be mo/ t]rible4 ,b ! picture ( ! lake1 9 all its ic9ess1 ) ! hagg>d faces />+ out f its glassy cru/1 came unbidd5 be=e 8 m9d ) su* int5se reality t1 = ! re/ ( 8 life1 he c\ld n look at a froz5 pool )\t a %udd] ( horror4 ,he describ$ x exactly z he saw x2 & 8 description makes u %udd] :o read x aft] all ! c5turies t h int]v5$4 ,s ,mi*ael ,angelo1 a k9dr$ g5ius1 did n keep cutt+ & *ipp+ away1 ?9k+ h[ ,moses ought to look1 & :at sort ( a nose he ought to h1 & 9 :at position 8 head might be/ re/ ^u 8 %\ld]s4 ,b1 he look$ at ! rectangul> block ( ,c>r>a m>ble1 & behold+ ,moses gr& & lifelike )9 x1 knock$ away ! environ+ /one1 t o!rs also might see ! mighty figure4 ,& s ,bee?ov51 an arti/ ( ! same colossal ord]1 wrote out = u ^? my/]i\s h>monies :i* 8 e> _h = ! fir/ "t he>d2 & :i*1 9 8 m\rnful old age1 x he>d none ! less pla9ly because ( its complete physical deafness4 ,& 9 ?is way ,%akespe>e wrote 8 ,o!llo2 sp9n+ out no ab/ract ?\ghts ab\t jeal\sy & its fe>ful effects ^u a pr\d & ard5t nature1 b reveal+ to u ! liv+ concrete man1 z 8 imp]ial imag9ation _h spontane\sly fa%ion$ him4 ,mod]n psy*ology has demon/rat$ t ?is is ! way 9 :i* ! creative arti/ic imag9ation proce$s4 ,x has prov$ t a va/ portion ( all our ?9k+ goes on unconsci\sly2 & t ! results may arise into consci\sness piecemeal & gradually1 *eck+ ea* o!r z !y come2 or t !y may come all at once1 ) all ! complet5ess & def9it5ess ( p]ceptions pres5t$ f )\t4 ,! =m] is ! case ) ! critical1 & ! latt] ) ! arti/ic intellect4 ,& ?is we recognize imp]fectly :5 we talk ( a g5ius be+ inspir$4 ,all ( u probably h ^! two k9ds ( imag9ation to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,x is only giv5 to a few supremely end[$ p]sons l ,goe! to possess !m bo? to an em95t degree4 ,p]haps ( no o!r man c x be said t he 0 a poet ( ! fir/ ord]1 & z great a critic z poet4 ,x is !re=e apt to be a b>r5 criticism :i* /udies ! works ( creative g5iuses 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at !ory lies b5ea? !m4 ,h[ _m sy/ems ( philosophy1 h[ _m subtle speculations1 h we n se5 fa!r$ ^u ,dante1 ,c]vantes1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,goe!6 ,yet _! works are1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 great] ?an any sy/ems4 ,!y p>take ( ! inf9ite complexity & v>iety ( nature1 & no m ?an nature itself c !y be n>r[$ d[n to ! limits ( a precise =mula4 ,less+ 0 wont to disclaim ! title ( poet2 b1 z ,goe! said1 8 immortal works refute him4 ,he _h n only poetical1 b dramatic g5ius2 & 8 ,emilia ,galotti has kept ! /age until to-day4 ,nev]!less1 he knew well :at he meant :5 he said t he 0 m ( a critic ?an a poet4 ,8 g5ius 0 ma9ly ( ! critical ord]2 & 8 great "w1 ,na?an ! ,wise1 0 c]ta9ly con/ruct$ r ?an creat$4 ,x 0 int5d$ to convey a doctr9e1 & 0 c>efully %ap$ = ! purpose4 ,& :5 we h pron\nc$ x ! greate/ ( all poems t h be5 writt5 = a set purpose1 & admit ( be+ express$ 9 a def9ite =mula1 we h classifi$ x ) suffici5t accuracy4 ,= an analysis ( ! *>act]s 9 ! poem1 no?+ c be bett] ?an ! essay by ,kuno ,fis*]1 app5d$ to ! pres5t volume4 ,! "w ( translation has be5 admirably done2 & ?anks are due to ,miss ,fro?+ham = h] reproduction ( ?is beautiful poem4 ,june1 #ahfh4 ,,viii4 ,,hi/orical ,,difficulties4 #bi #bi ,hi/orical ,difficulties & ,conte/$ ,ev5ts4 ,by ,octave ,delepi]re1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 ,secret>y ( ,legation to ! ,k+ ( ! ,belgians4 #hvo4 ,london3 ,murray4 #ahfh4 ,hi/ory1 says ,sa9te-,beuve1 is 9 great "p a set ( fables :i* p agree to believe 94 ,&1 on read+ books l ! pres5t1 "o c]ta9ly ne$s a good deal ( t discipl9e acquir$ by long famili>ity ) vex$ hi/orical que/ions1 9 ord] to *eck ! disposition to accept ! great critic's ironical rem>k 9 sob] e>ne/4 ,mu* ( :at is curr5tly accr$it$ z au!ntic hi/ory is 9 fact a mixture ( flatt]y & calumny1 my? & fable4 ,yet 9 ?is set ( fables1 :atev] may h be5 ! case 9 pa/ times1 p w no long] agree to believe4 ,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury ! criticism ( record$ ev5ts has gone f> t[>d assum+ ! develop$ & sy/ematiz$ aspect ( a sci5ce1 & canons ( belief h be5 e/abli%$1 :i* x is n safe to disreg>d4 ,great occurr5ces1 su* z ! ,trojan ,w> & ! ,siege ( ,!bes1 n long ago fai?fully describ$ by all hi/orians ( ,greece1 h be5 f\nd to be "p ( ! common my?ical h]itage ( ! ,aryan nations4 ,a*illeus & ,hel5a1 ,oidip\s & ,ioka/a1 ,o9one & ,p>is1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ,india & aga9 9 ,sc&9avia1 & s on1 until _! non5tity has become ! legitimate inf]5ce f _! v ubiquity4 ,legislators l ,romulus & ,numa1 inv5tors l ,kadmos1 h evaporat$ into etymologies4 ,:ole legions ( h]oes1 dyna/ies ( k+s1 & adult]esses z _m z ,dante saw borne on ! :irlw9d1 h vani%$ f ! face ( hi/ory1 & t]rible has be5 ! havoc 9 ! op5+ pages ( our *ronological tables4 ,nor is x primitive hi/ory alone :i* has be5 ?us metamorphos$4 ,*>act]s unduly exalt$ or defam$ by p>ty _s are daily be+ set be=e u 9 _! true1 or at lea/ 9 a tru]1 light4 ,:at ,mr4 ,fr\de has done = ,h5ry ,,viii4 we "k2 & he might h done m if he _h n tri$ to d s mu*4 ,humpback$ ,ri*>d turns out to h be5 "o ( ! h&some/ k+s t ev] sat on ! ?rone ( ,engl&4 ,edw>d ,i41 9 8 deal+s ) ,scotl&1 is se5 to h be5 scrupul\sly j2 :ile ! dignity ( ! patriot h]o ,wallace has be5 some:at impair$4 ,elizabe? is prov$ to h befri5d$ ! false ,m>y ,/u>t mu* long] ?an 0 consi/5t ) h] p]sonal safety4 ,eloqu5t ,cic]o has be5 held up z an object ( contempt2 & ev5 weighty ,tacitus has be5 said to owe mu* ( 8 reputation to 8 ability to give false te/imony ) a grave face4 ,x has lately be5 suspect$ t gloomy ,tib]ius1 ap>t f 8 gloom9ess1 may h be5 r a good fell[2 n s lic5ti\s z puritanical1 n cruel s mu* z exceptionally m]ciful1--a r>e g5]al1 a sagaci\s /atesman1 & popul> to boot ) all 8 subjects save ! malignant olig>*y :i* he consi/5tly snubb$1 & :i* took rev5ge on him by writ+ 8 life4 ,&1 to cr[n all1 ev5 ,catil9e1 abus] ( our pati5ce1 s$uc] ( ve/al nuns1 & dr9k] ( *ildr5's blood1--^: v "n sugge/s murd]1 ince/1 & robb]y1--ev5 ,catil9e has f\nd an able def5d] 9 ,pr(essor ,beesly4 ,x is claim$ t ,catil9e 0 a man ( great abilities & av]age good "*1 a well-calumniat$ lead] ( ! ,m>ian p>ty :i* ,caes> aft]w>ds l$ to victory1 & t 8 fam\s plot = burn+ ,rome nev] exi/$ save 9 ! unscrupul\s ,cic]onian fancy4 ,& ^? :o ?9k x easy to refute ^! conclusions ( ,pr(essor ,beesly _h bett] set to "w & try x4 ,su* are a few ( ! surpris+ que/ions op5$ by rec5t hi/orical rese>*2 & 9 ! face ( !m ! public is q excusable if x decl>es itself at a loss :at to believe4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are cases 9 :i* criticism has at lea/ made "s %[ ( asc]ta9+ ! tru? & detect+ ! causes ( ! preval5t misconception4 ,t m5 l ,catil9e & ,tib]ius %\ld h _h _! *>act]s black5$ is q easily explicable4 ,presid5t ,johnson w\ld h little bett] *ance ( obta9+ ju/ice at ! h&s ( po/]ity1 if ! mo/ widely read hi/ory ( 8 adm9i/ration %\ld happ5 to be writt5 by a radical memb] ( ! ,rump ,congress4 ,b ! cases :i* ,mr4 ,delepi]re invites u to contemplate are ( a diff]5t "*4 ,!y come nei!r "u ! head ( my?s nor "u t ( misrepres5tations4 ,"s ( !m are truly vex$ que/ions :i* x may p]haps always be impossible satisfactorily to solve4 ,o!rs may be dealt ) m easily1 b af=d no clew to ! orig9 ( ! popul>ly receiv$ error4 ,let u briefly exam9e a few ( ,mr4 ,delepi]re's difficulties4 ,& fir/1 because simple/1 we w take ! case ( ! ,alex&rian ,libr>y4 ,e "o has he>d h[ ,amr\1 aft] 8 conque/ ( ,egypt1 s5t to ,caliph ,om> to "k :at %\ld be done ) ! ,alex&rian ,libr>y4 ,if ! books agree ) ! ,koran1 said ! ,caliph1 !y are sup]flu\s2 if !y contradict x1 !y are damnable2 9 ei!r case1 de/roy !m4 ,s ! books 7 tak5 & us$ to light ! fires :i* heat$ wat] = ! ba?s2 & s va/ 0 ! numb] t1 us$ 9 ?is way1 !y la/$ six mon?s6 ,all ?is happ5$ because ,john ! ,gramm>ian 0 ov]-anxi\s en\gh to reque/ t ! books might be pres]v$1 & ?us drew ,amr\'s att5tion to !m4 ,great has be5 ! obloquy p\r$ ^u ,om> = ?is piece ( v&alism1 & l\d has be5 ! m\rn+ ov] ! treasures ( anci5t sci5ce & lit]ature suppos$ to h be5 irrecov]ably lo/ 9 ?is ignom9i\s conflagration ,!ologians1 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 h be5 fond ( quot+ x z an in/ance ( ! ho/ility ( ,mahometanism to k1 & we h ev5 he>d an edify+ s]mon prea*$ ab\t x4 ,on see+ ! /ory put to su* uses1 "o feels sometimes l us+ ! ad hom9em argum5t1 & quot+ ! :olesale de/ruction ( pagan libr>ies "u ,val5s1 ! burn+ ( books by ! ,lat9 /orm]s ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! alleg$ annihilation ( #ajj1jjj volumes by ,g5oese crusad]s at ,tripoli1 ! book-burn+ exploits ( ,torquemada1 ! bonfire ( #hj1jjj valuable ,arabic manuscripts1 light$ up 9 ! squ>e ( ,granada by ord] ( ,c>d9al ,xim5es1 & ! irrep>able cremation ( ,aztec writ+s by ! fir/ ,*ri/ian bi%ops ( ,mexico4 ,^! examples1 ) p]haps o!rs :i* d n n[ occur to u1 might be appli$ 9 j ?\gh ung5tle retort by ,mahometan doctors4 ,yet ! mo/ direct rejo9d] w\ld probably n occur to !m3 ! ,alex&rian ,libr>y 0 ,,n de/roy$ by ! ord]s ( ,om>1 & ! :ole /ory is a figm5t6 ,! v pi?9ess ( x1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! excell5t b bigot$ ,om>1 is en\gh to ca/ suspicion ^u x4 ,de ,qu9cey tells u t if a say+ has a prov]bial fame1 ! probability is t x 0 nev] said4 ,h[ _m amus+ /ories /& a *ance ( go+ d[n to po/]ity z ! inv5tions ( ,presid5t ,l9coln1 ( :i*1 nev]!less1 he is d\btless :olly innoc5t6 ,h[ *>act]i/ic 0 ,caes>'s reply to ! fright5$ pilot6 ,yet 9 all probability ,caes> nev] made x4 ,n[ = ! evid5ce4 ,alex&ria 0 captur$ by ,armr\ 9 #fdj4 ,! /ory ( ! burn+ ( ! libr>y occurs = ! fir/ "t 9 ! works ( ,abulph>agius1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 #abfd4 ,six hundr$ ye>s _h elaps$4 ,x is z if a /ory ab\t ! crusades ( ,l\is ,,ix4 7 to be f\nd = ! fir/ "t 9 ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,bancr(t4 ,! ,byzant9e hi/orians 7 furi\sly angry ) ! ,s>ac5s2 :y did !y1 "o & all1 neglect to m5tion su* an outrage\s piece ( v&alism8 ,_! sil5ce mu/ be consid]$ q conclusive4 ,moreov] we "k t ! caliphs _h =bidd5 "u sev]e p5alties ! de/ruction ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian books1 a circum/ance :olly inconsi/5t ) ?is fam\s /ory4 ,& f9ally1 :at a m$iaeval recklessness ( dates is %[n 9 lugg+ into ! /ory ,john ! ,gramm>ian1 :o 0 dead & 9 8 grave :5 ,alex&ria 0 tak5 by ,amr\6 ,b ! *ief item ( pro( rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,! ,s>ac5s did n burn ! libr>y1 because !re 0 no libr>y !re = !m to burn6 ,x _h be5 de/roy$ j two hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e by a rabble ( monks1 incit$ by ! patri>* ,!ophilus1 :o saw 9 su* a va/ collection ( pagan lit]ature a p]petual insult & m5ace to religion4 ,9 ! ye> #cij ?is turbul5t bigot sack$ ! temple ( ,s]apis1 :]e ! books 7 kept1 & drove out ! philosoph]s :o lodg$ !re4 ,( ?is viol5t de$ we h contempor>y evid5ce1 = ,orosius tells u t less ?an fifte5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 :ile pass+ ?r\gh ,alex&ria1 he saw ! empty %elves4 ,?is fact disposes ( ! /ory4 ,pass+ f ,egypt to ,france1 & f ! sev5? c5tury to ! fifte5?1 we meet ) a mu* m difficult problem4 ,t ,jeanne d',arc 0 burnt at ! /ake1 at ,r\51 on ! #cj? ( ,may1 #adca1 & h] bones & a%es ?r[n into ! ,se9e1 is g5]ally suppos$ to be z indisputable z any ev5t 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,su* is1 h[ev]1 h>dly ! case4 ,plausible evid5ce has be5 br\ght to prove t ,jeanne d',arc 0 nev] burnt at ! /ake1 b liv$ to a ripe age1 & 0 ev5 happily m>ri$ to a nobleman ( high rank & reputation4 ,we %all abridge ,mr4 ,delepi]re's /atem5t ( ?is curi\s case4 ,9 ! ar*ives ( ,metz1 ,fa!r ,vigni] discov]$ ! foll[+ rem>kable entry3 ,9 ! ye> #adcf1 ,messire ,phl9 ,m>c\ 0 ,%]iff ( ,metz1 & on ! #bj? day ( ,may ( ! a=esaid ye> came ! maid ,jeanne1 :o _h be5 9 ,france1 to ,la ,grange ( ,ormes1 ne> ,/4 ,prive1 & 0 tak5 !re to conf] ) any "o ( ! sieurs ( ,metz1 & %e call$ h]self ,claude2 & on ! same day !re came to see h] !re h] two bro!rs1 "o ( :om 0 a knight1 & 0 call$ ,messire ,pi]re1 & ! o!r 'petit ,jehan1' a squire1 & !y ?\ght t %e _h be5 burnt1 b z soon z !y saw h] !y recogniz$ h] & %e !m4 ,& on ,monday1 ! #ba/ day ( ! said mon?1 !y took _! si/] ) !m to ,boquelon1 & ! sieur ,nicole1 be+ a knight1 gave h] a /\t /allion ( ! value ( ?irty francs1 & a pair ( saddle-clo?s2 ! sieur ,aub]t ,b\lle1 a rid+-hood1 ! sieur ,nicole ,groguet1 a sword2 & ! said maid5 m\nt$ ! said horse nimbly1 & said sev]al ?+s to ! sieur ,nicole by :i* he well und]/ood t x 0 %e :o _h be5 9 ,france2 & %e 0 recogniz$ by _m tok5s to be ! maid ,jeanne ( ,france :o escort$ ,k+ ,*>les to ,rheims1 & sev]al decl>$ t %e _h be5 burnt 9 ,norm&y1 & %e spoke mo/ly 9 p>ables4 ,%e aft]w>ds return$ to ! t[n ( ,m>nelle = ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 & rema9$ !re ab\t ?ree weeks1 & !n set (f to g to ,notre ,dame d',alliance4 ,& :5 %e wi%$ to leave1 sev]al ( ,metz w5t to see h] at ! said ,m>nelle & gave h] sev]al jewels1 & !y knew well t %e 0 ! maid ,jeanne ( ,france2 & %e !n w5t to ,erlon1 9 ! ,du*y ( ,luxemb\rg1 :]e %e 0 ?rong$14444 & !re 0 solemniz$ ! m>riage ( ,monsieur de ,h]moise1 knight1 & ! said maid ,jeanne1 & aft]w>ds ! said sieur ,h]moise1 ) 8 wife1 ! ,maid1 came to live at ,metz1 9 ! h\se ! said sieur _h1 opposite ,/4 ,segl5ne1 & rema9$ !re until x pleas$ !m to dep>t4 ,?is is surpris+ en\gh2 b m rema9s beh9d4 ,d9+ %ortly aft]w>ds ) ,m4 des ,armoises1 memb] ( "o ( ! olde/ families 9 ,lorra9e1 ,fa!r ,vigni] 0 invit$ to look ov] ! family ar*ives1 t he might satisfy 8 curiosity reg>d+ c]ta9 ance/ors ( 8 ho/4 ,& on look+ ov] ! family regi/]1 :at 0 8 a/oni%m5t at f9d+ a contract ( m>riage betwe5 ,rob]t des ,armoises1 ,knight1 & ,jeanne d',arcy1 ! s-call$ ,maid ( ,orleans6 ,9 #agdj1 "s "t aft] ^! occurr5ces1 !re 0 f\nd1 9 ! t[n hall ( ,orleans1 a bill ( "o ,jacques l',arg5ti]1 ( ! ye> #adcf1 9 :i* m5tion is made ( a small sum paid = refre%m5ts furni%$ to a mess5g] :o _h br\ght lett]s f ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 & ( twelve livres giv5 to ,jean du ,lis1 bro!r ( ,jeanne d',arc1 to help him pay ! exp5ses ( 8 j\rney back to 8 si/]4 ,!n come two *>ges :i* we %all translate lit]ally4 ,to ! sieur de ,lis1 #ah? ,octob]1 #adcf1 = a j\rney :i* he made ?r\gh ! said city :ile on 8 way to ! ,maid1 :o 0 !n at ,erlon 9 ,luxemb\rg1 & = c>ry+ lett]s f ,jeanne ! ,maid to ! ,k+ at ,loi*]1 :]e he 0 !n /ay+1 six livres4 ,& aga93 ,to ,r5>d ,brune1 #be? ,july1 #adce1 at ev5+1 = pay+ ! hire ( a mess5g] :o 0 c>ry+ lett]s f ,jeanne ! ,maid1 & 0 on 8 way to ,william ,beli]s1 bailiff ( ,troyes1 two livres4 ,z no d\bt has be5 ?r[n ^u ! g5u95ess ( ^! docum5ts1 x mu/ be consid]$ e/abli%$ t 9 #adcf1 five ye>s aft] ! public execution at ,r\51 a "y woman1 believ$ to be ! real ,jeanne d',arc1 0 alive 9 ,lorra9e & 0 m>ri$ to a ,m4 ,h]moises or ,armoises4 ,%e may1 ( c\rse1 h be5 an impo/or2 b 9 ?is case x is difficult to believe t h] bro!rs1 ,jean & ,pi]re1 & ! p ( ,lorra9e1 :]e %e 0 well kn[n1 w\ld n h detect$ ! impo/ure at once4 ,& t ,jean du ,lis1 dur+ a famili> int]c\rse ( at lea/ sev]al mon?s1 z indicat$ 9 ! above extracts1 %\ld h cont9u$ to mi/ake a /rang] = 8 own si/]1 ) :om he _h liv$ f *ildhood1 seems a v absurd supposition4 ,nor is x likely t an impo/or w\ld h expos$ h]self to su* a =midable te/4 ,if x _h be5 a bold *>latan :o1 tak+ advantage ( ! q g5]al belief1 to :i* we h ample te/imony1 t !re 0 some?+ m 9 ! execution at ,r\5 ?an 0 all[$ to come to ! surface1 _h resolv$ to usurp = h]self ! hon\rs due to ! woman :o _h sav$ ,france1 %e w\ld h>dly h gone at ! outset to a "p ( ! c\ntry :]e ! real ,maid _h sp5t ne>ly all h] life4 ,h] in/ant detection & exposure1 p]haps a disgraceful puni%m5t1 w\ld h be5 inevitable4 ,b if ?is p]son 7 ! real ,jeanne1 escap$ f prison or return+ f an exile dictat$ by prud5ce1 :at %\ld %e h done b g /raightway to ! haunts ( h] *ildhood1 :]e %e might meet once m h] own fri5ds & family8 ,b ! acc\nt does n end "h4 ,m4 ,wallon1 9 8 elaborate hi/ory ( ,jeanne d',arc1 /ates t 9 #adcf ! suppos$ ,maid visit$ ,france1 & appe>s to h met "s ( ! m5-at-arms ) :om %e _h f\ght4 ,9 #adci %e came to ,orleans1 = 9 ! acc\nts ( ! t[n we read1 ,july #bh1 = t5 p9ts ( w9e pres5t$ to ,jeanne des ,armoises1 #ad s\s4 ,& on ! day ( h] dep>ture1 ! citiz5s ( ,orleans1 by a special decree ( ! t[n-c\ncil1 pres5t$ h] ) #baj livres1 = ! s]vices :i* %e _h r5d]$ to ! said city dur+ ! siege4 ,at ! same "t ! annual c]emonies = ! repose ( h] s\l 71 q naturally1 suppress$4 ,n[ we may ask if x is at all probable t ! p ( ,orleans1 :o1 t5 ye>s be=e1 dur+ ! siege1 mu/ h se5 ! ,maid day aft] day1 & to :om h] :ole appe>ance mu/ h be5 p]fectly famili>1 w\ld h be5 likely to %[ su* att5tions z ^! to an impo/or8 ,9 #addj1 says ,mr4 ,delepi]re1 ! p s firmly believ$ t ,jeanne d',arc 0 /ill alive1 & t ano!r _h be5 sacrific$ 9 h] place1 t an adv5turess :o endeav\r$ to pass h]self (f z ! ,maid ( ,orleans 0 ord]$ by ! gov]nm5t to be expos$ be=e ! public on ! m>ble /one ( ! palace hall1 9 ord] to prove t %e 0 an impo/or4 ,:y 7 n su* measures tak5 aga9/ ! real ,maid ( ,orleans1 :o is m5tion$ 9 s _m public docum5ts1 & :o took no pa9s to hide h]self8 ,!re is yet ano!r docum5t be>+ on ?is case1 drawn f ! acc\nts ( ! auditor ( ! ,orleans e/ate1 9 ! ye> #addd1 :i* we w "h translate4 ,an isl& on ! ,riv] ,loire is re/or$ to ,pi]re du ,lis1 knight1 'on acc\nt ( ! supplication ( ! said ,pi]re1 alleg+ t = ! acquittal ( 8 debt ( loyalty t[>d our ,"l ! ,k+ & ,m4 ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 he left 8 c\ntry to come to ! s]vice ( ! ,k+ & ,m4 ! ,duke1 accompani$ by 8 si/]1 ,jeanne ! ,maid1 ) :om1 d[n to ! "t ( h] dep>ture1 & s9ce1 unto ! pres5t "t1 he has expos$ 8 body & goods 9 ! said s]vice1 & 9 ! ,k+'s w>s1 bo? 9 resi/+ ! =m] enemies ( ! k+dom :o 7 besieg+ ! t[n ( ,orleans1 & s9ce !n 9 div]s ent]prises1' c41 c4 ,^u ?is ,mr4 ,delepi]re ju/ly rem>ks t ! bro!r might h pres5t$ 8 claims 9 a mu* /rong] light1 if 9 #addd1 in/ead ( say+ 'up to ! "t ( h] dep>ture1' he _h br\ght =w>d ! m>tyrdom ( 8 si/]1 z hav+ be5 ! means ( sav+ ,france f ! yoke ( ,engl&4 ,! expression "h cit$ & italiciz$ 9 ! above translation1 may inde$ be held to ref] delicately to h] dea?1 b ! p>ticul> ,fr5* phrase employ$1 jusques a son abs5tem5t1 app>5tly excludes su* an int]pretation4 ,! expression1 on ! o!r h&1 might well ref] to ,jeanne's dep>ture = ,lorra9e1 & h] m>riage1 aft] :i* !re is no evid5ce t %e return$ to ,france1 except = brief visits4 ,?us a notable am\nt ( evid5ce goes to %[ t ,jeanne 0 n put to dea? 9 #adca1 z usually suppos$1 b 0 alive1 m>ri$1 & fl\ri%+ 9 #addd4 ,^u ?is supposition1 c]ta9 alleg$ difficulties 9 ! traditional acc\nt are easily dispos$ (4 ,mr4 ,delepi]re urges ^u ! te/imony ( ,p]ceval de ,cagny1 t at ! execution 9 ,r\5 ! victim's face 0 cov]$ :5 walk+ to ! /ake1 :ile at ! same "t a spot _h be5 *os5 = ! execution t p]mitt$ ! populace to h a good view4 ,:y ?is contradiction8 ,a place is *os5 to enable ! p to see ev]y?+1 b ! victim is c>efully hidd5 f _! sight4 ,:e!r o!rwise explicable or n1 ?is fact is c]ta9ly consi/5t ) ! hypo!sis t "s o!r victim 0 secretly sub/itut$ = ,jeanne by ! ,engli% au?orities4 ,we h ?us f> cont5t$ ourselves ) pres5t+ & re-en=c+ ,mr4 ,delepi]re's /atem5t ( ! case4 ,x is n[ "t to int]pose a little criticism4 ,we mu/ exam9e our data some:at m closely1 = vagu5ess ( conception all[s a latitude to belief :i* accuracy ( conception consid]ably re/ricts4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( h] survival1 :]e 0 ,jeanne1 & :at 0 %e do+ all ! "t f h] capture be=e ,compiegne1 ,may #bd1 #adcj1 until h] appe>ance at ,metz1 ,may #bj1 #adcf8 ,mr4 ,delepi]re rem9ds u t ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 reg5t ( ,france = ! ,engli% k+1 di$ 9 #adce1 & t mo/ probably ,jeanne d',arc 0 releas$ f prison aft] ?is ev5t4 ,n[ ?is supposition l&s u 9 a fatally absurd conclusion4 ,we are1 9 fact1 ask$ to believe t ! ,engli%1 :ile hold+ ,jeanne fa/ 9 _! clut*es1 gratuit\sly w5t ?r\gh ! horrid f>ce ( burn+ "s "o else 9 h] /ead2 & t1 aft] hav+ ?us inexplicably behav$1 !y fur!r /ultifi$ !mselves by lett+ h] g scot-free1 t _! fooli%ness might be duly expos$ & confut$4 ,su* a !ory is *ildi%4 ,if ,jeanne d',arc ev] surviv$ ! #cj? ,may1 #adca1 x 0 because %e escap$ f prison & succe$$ 9 hid+ h]self until saf] times4 ,:5 c\ld %e h done ?is8 ,9 a sortie f ,compiegne1 ,may #bd1 #adcj1 %e 0 ?r[n f h] horse by a ,pic>d ar*] & tak5 prison] by ! ,ba/>d ( ,v5dome1 :o sold h] to ,john ( ,luxemb\rg4 ,john kept h] 9 close cu/ody at ,beaulieu until ,augu/4 ,:ile !re1 %e made two attempts to escape2 fir/1 app>5tly1 by runn+ out ?r\gh a door1 :5 %e 0 at once caught by ! gu>ds2 secondly1 by jump+ f a high w9d[1 :5 ! %ock ( ! fall 0 s great t %e lay ins5sible on ! gr\nd until discov]$4 ,%e 0 !n remov$ to ,beaurevoir1 :]e %e rema9$ until ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]4 ,by ?is "t1 ,philip ! ,good1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 _h made up 8 m9d to sell h] to ! ,engli% = #aj1jjj francs2 & ,jeanne 0 accord+ly tak5 to ,arras1 & !nce to ,cotoy1 :]e %e 0 deliv]$ to ! ,engli% by ,philip's (fic]s4 ,s f>1 all is cle>2 b "h x may be ask$1 ,,0 %e really deliv]$ to ! ,engli%1 or did ,philip1 pocket+ 8 #aj1jjj francs1 *eat & defraud 8 allies ) a c\nt]feit ,jeanne8 ,su* crook$ deal+ w\ld h be5 9 p]fect keep+ ) 8 "*4 ,?\gh a f> m agreeable & g5tlemanly p]son1 he 0 almo/ z consummate & arti/ic a rascal z 8 great-great-great-gr&son & namesake1 ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa94 ,8 duplicity 0 s unfa?omable & 8 policy s obscure1 t x w\ld be h>dly safe to affirm a priori t he might n1 = reasons be/ kn[n to himself1 h play$ a d\ble game ) 8 fri5d ! ,duke ( ,b$=d4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 he w\ld ( c\rse keep ,jeanne 9 close cu/ody s long z !re 0 any reason = keep+ 8 trea*]y secret4 ,b 9 #adcf1 aft] ! dea? ( ,b$=d & ! f9al expulsion ( ! ,engli% f ,france1 no h>m c\ld come f sett+ h] at lib]ty4 ,b z soon z we cease to reason a priori1 ?is is se5 to be1 aft] all1 a lame hypo!sis4 ,no "o c read ! trial ( ,jeanne at ,r\51 ! que/ions t 7 put to h] & ! answ]s :i* %e made1 )\t be+ conv9c$ t we are "h deal+ ) ! g5u9e ,maid & n ) a sub/itute4 ,! fir/ /ep ( a c\nt]feit ,jeanne w\ld h naturally be5 to save h]self f ! flames by reveal+ h] true "*4 ,moreov]1 among ! multitudes :o saw h] dur+ h] cruel trial1 x is n likely t none 7 acqua9t$ ) ! true ,jeanne's voice & features4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ,jeanne d',arc 0 really consign$ to ! t5d] m]cies ( ! ,engli%4 ,ab\t ! #ba/ ( ,novemb] %e 0 tak5 on horseback1 /rongly gu>d$1 f ,cotoy to ,r\51 :]e ! trial began ,janu>y #i1 #adca4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y %e appe>$ be=e ! c\rt2 on ! #ac? ( ,m>* %e 0 exam9$ 9 ! prison by an inquisitor2 & on ,may #bd1 ! ,?ursday aft] ,p5teco/1 ^u a scaffold conspicu\sly plac$ 9 ! ,cemet]y ( ,/4 ,ou51 %e publicly recant$1 abjur+ h] h]esies & ask+ ! ,*ur*'s p>don = h] wit*craft4 ,we may be sure t ! ,*ur* dignit>ies w\ld n kn[+ly h made su* public display ( a c\nt]feit ,jeanne2 nor c\ld !y well h be5 deceiv$ !mselves "u su* circum/ances4 ,x may inde$ be said1 to exhau/ all possible suppositions1 t a "y girl wond]fully simil> 9 feature & voice to ,jeanne d',arc 0 palm$ (f ^u ! ,engli% by ,duke ,philip1 & aft]w>ds1 on h] trial1 comport$ h]self l ! ,maid1 tru/+ 9 ?is recantation to effect h] release4 ,b we consid] su* an hypo!sis extremely f>-fet*$1 nor does x accord ) ! ev5ts :i* imm$iately foll[$4 ,x seems h>dly que/ionable t x 0 ! real ,jeanne :o publicly recant$ on ! #bd? ( ,may4 ,?is 0 only six days be=e ! execution4 ,f\r days aft]1 on ,monday ! #bh?1 x 0 report$ t ,jeanne _h relaps$1 t %e _h1 9 defiance ( ! ,*ur*'s prohibition1 clo!d h]self 9 male attire1 :i* _h be5 left 9 a conv5i5t place by ! au?orities1 expressly to te/ h] s9c]ity4 ,on ! next day b "o1 ! woman purport+ to be ! ,maid ( ,orleans 0 l$ out1 ) h] face c>efully cov]$1 & burnt at ! /ake4 ,"h is ! fir/ comb9ation ( circum/ances :i* be>s a suspici\s look4 ,x disposes ( our ,burgundy hypo!sis1 = a false ,jeanne1 aft] recant+ to secure h] safety1 w\ld nev] h /ultifi$ h]self by su* a b>efac$ relapse4 ,b ! true ,jeanne1 aft] recant+1 might c]ta9ly h escap$4 ,"s compassionate gu>d1 :o be=e w\ld h scrupl$ to assi/ h] :ile "u ! ban ( ! ,*ur*1 might h deem$ himself excusable = l5d+ h] 8 aid aft] %e _h be5 absolv$4 ,po/ulat+1 !n1 t ,jeanne escap$ f ,r\5 betwe5 ! #bd? & ! #bh?1 h[ %all we expla9 :at happ5$ imm$iately aft]w>d8 ,! ,engli% fe>$ ,jeanne d',arc z mu* z !y hat$ h]4 ,%e _h1 by h] m]e pres5ce at ! head ( ! ,fr5* army1 turn$ _! app>5t triumph into ignom9i\s defeat4 ,9 ^? days ! true psy*ological explanation ( su* an ev5t 0 by no means obvi\s4 ,:ile ! ,fr5* attribut$ ! result to cele/ial int]position 9 _! behalf1 ! ,engli%1 equally ready to admit its sup]natural "*1 consid]$ ! p[]s ( hell r ?an ^? ( heav5 to h be5 ! prime in/igators4 ,9 _! eyes ,jeanne 0 a wit*1 & x 0 at lea/ _! cue to exhibit h] z su*4 ,!y might h put h] to dea? :5 %e fir/ rea*$ ,r\54 ,"s p]sons1 inde$1 w5t s f> z to advise t %e %\ld be sew$ up 9 a sack & ?r[n at once into ! ,se9e2 b ?is 0 n :at ! au?orities want$4 ,! :ole elaborate trial1 & ! extort$ recantation1 7 devis$ = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ h] to be a wit*1 & ?us de/roy+ h] cr$it ) ! common p4 ,t !y int5d$ aft]w>ds to burn h] _c = an in/ant be d\bt$2 t 0 ! only fit consummation = _! evil "w4 ,n[ :51 at ! end ( ! week aft] ,p5teco/1 ! bi%ops & inquisitors at ,r\5 le>n$1 to _! dismay1 t _! victim _h escap$1 :at 7 !y to d8 ,confess t !y _h be5 foil$1 & create a panic 9 ! army by ! news t _! dread$ enemy 0 at lib]ty8 ,or boldly c>ry out _! purposes by a fictiti\s execution1 tru/+ 9 ! au?ority :i* (ficial /atem5ts always c>ry1 & %rewdly =esee+ t1 aft] h] recantation1 ! disgrac$ ,maid w\ld no m v5ture to claim = h]self ! lead]%ip ( ! ,fr5* =ces8 ,cle>ly1 ! latt] w\ld h be5 ! wis] c\rse4 ,we may assume1 !n1 t1 by ! aft]noon ( ! #bh?1 ! /ory ( ! relapse 0 promulgat$1 z a suitable prep>ation = :at 0 to come2 & t on ! #cj? ! poor creature :o _h be5 ha/ily *os5 to figure z ! condemn$ ,maid 0 l$ out1 ) face closely veil$1 to p]i% by a sl[ fire 9 ! old m>ket-place4 ,mean:ile ! true ,jeanne w\ld h made h] way1 d\btless1 9 :at to h] 0 ! effectual disguise ( a woman's app>el1 to "s obscure place ( safety1 outside ( d\btful ,france & trea*]\s ,burgundy1 p]haps 9 ,alsace or ! ,vosges4 ,"h %e w\ld rema91 until ! f9al expulsion ( ! ,engli% & ! conclusion ( a treaty ( peace 9 #adcf made x safe = h] to %[ h]self2 :5 %e w\ld naturally return to ,lorra9e to seek h] family4 ,! comp>ative obscurity 9 :i* %e mu/ h rema9$ = ! re/ ( h] life1 o!rwise q inexplicable on any hypo!sis ( h] survival1 is 9 h>mony ) ! above-giv5 explanation4 ,! +ratitude ( ,k+ ,*>les t[>ds ! h]o9e :o _h won him 8 cr[n is ! subject ( common hi/orical rem>k4 ,m4 ,wallon insi/s ^u ! circum/ance t1 aft] h] capture at ,compiegne1 no attempts 7 made by ! ,fr5* ,c\rt to ransom h] or to lib]ate h] by a bold c\p de ma94 ,& :51 at ,r\51 %e appeal$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur* to ! ,pope to grant h] a fair trial1 n a s+le lett] 0 writt5 by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 ,high ,*ancellor ( ,france1 to 8 suffragan1 ! ,bi%op ( ,beauvais1 dem&+ cognizance ( ! proce$+s4 ,nor did ! ,k+ make any appeal to ! ,pope1 to prev5t ! consummation ( ! judicial murd]4 ,! ,maid 0 delib]ately left to h] fate4 ,x is ^u h] enemies at c\rt1 ,la ,trem\ille & ,regnault de ,*>tres1 t we mu/ lay "p ( ! blame = ?is wick$ neglig5ce4 ,b x is also probable t ! ,k+1 & especially 8 cl]ical advis]s1 7 at times almo/ dispos$ to acquiesce 9 ! !ory ( ,jeanne's wit*craft4 ,admire h] z !y might1 !y c\ld n help feel+ t 9 h] :ole behavi\r !re 0 some?+ uncanny2 &1 aft] hav+ reap$ ! b5efits ( h] assi/ance1 !y 7 cont5t to let h] %ift = h]self4 ,?is af=ds ! clew to ! ,k+'s inconsi/5cies4 ,x may be ?\ght suffici5t to expla9 ! fact t ,jeanne is said to h receiv$ public te/imonials at ,orleans1 :ile we h no reason to suppose t %e visit$ ,p>is4 ,x may help to dispose ( ! objection t %e virtually disappe>s f hi/ory aft] ! date ( ! trag$y at ,r\54 ,nev]!less1 ?is la/ objection is a weighty "o1 & _c easily be got rid (4 ,x appe>s to me utt]ly incr$ible t1 if ,jeanne d',arc _h really surviv$1 we %\ld f9d no fur!r m5tion ( h] ?an su* z haply occurs 9 "o or two t[n-records & dilapidat$ acc\nt-books4 ,if %e 0 alive 9 #adcf1 & correspond+ ) ! ,k+1 "s ( h] fri5ds at c\rt mu/ h got an inkl+ ( ! true /ate ( ?+s4 ,:y did !y n p>ade _! k1 to ! manife/ discomfiture ( ,la ,trem\ille & 8 company8 ,or :y did n ,pi]re du ,lis cause x to be proclaim$ t ! ,engli% 7 li>s1 8 si/] be+ safely h\s$ 9 ,metz8 ,9 ! m]e int]e/s ( hi/orical criticism1 we h said all t we c\ld 9 behalf ( ,mr4 ,delepi]re's hypo!sis4 ,b z to ! facts ^u :i* x re/s1 we may rem>k1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! surname ,arc or ,b[ 0 n uncommon 9 ^? days1 :ile ! ,*ri/ian "n ,jeanne 0 & n[ is ! v commone/ ( ,fr5* names4 ,!re might h be5 a hundr$ ,jeanne d',arcs1 all def9able z pucelle or maid1 j z we say sp9/]3 we ev5 read ( "o 9 ! "t ( ! ,revolution4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no d\bt t ,rob]t des ,h]moises m>ri$ a ,jeanne d',arc1 :o may also h be5 a maid ( ,orleans2 b ?is does n prove h] to h be5 ! hi/oric ,jeanne4 ,secondly1 z to ! cov]+ ( ! face1 we may m5tion ! fact1 hi!rto )held1 t x 0 by no means an uncommon circum/ance3 ! victims ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition 7 usually l$ to ! /ake ) veil$ faces4 ,?irdly1 ! phrase jusques a son abs5tem5t is hopelessly ambigu\s1 & may z well ref] to ,pi]re du ,lis himself z to 8 si/]4 ,^! brief consid]ations seem to knock away all ! ma9 props ( ,mr4 ,delepi]re's hypo!sis1 save t furni%$ by ! app>5t te/imony ( ,jeanne's bro!rs1 giv5 at second h& 9 ! ,metz ar*ives4 ,& ^? :o are famili> ) ! ph5om5a ( m$iaeval delusions w be unwill+ to draw too ha/y an inf]5ce f ?is alone4 ,f ! ,emp]or ,n]o to ,don ,seba/ian ( ,portugal1 !re h be5 _m in/ances ( ! suppos$ reappe>ance ( p]sons g5]ally believ$ to be dead4 ,= my own "p1 !re=e1 ,i am by no means incl9$ to adopt ! hypo!sis ( ,jeanne's survival1 al?\gh ,i h endeav\r$ to give x tangible %ape & plausible consi/5cy4 ,b ! fact t s mu* c be said 9 behalf ( a !ory runn+ c\nt] n only to univ]sal tradition1 b also to su* a va/ body ( contemporane\s te/imony1 %\ld tea* u to be circumspect 9 hold+ our op9ions1 & *>itable 9 our treatm5t ( ^? :o diss5t f !m4 ,= ^? :o c discov] 9 ! hi/orian ,r5an & ! critic ,/rauss no?+ b ! malevol5ce ( incr$ulity1 ! case ( ,jeanne d',arc1 duly contemplat$1 may s]ve z a :olesome lesson4 ,we h devot$ s mu* space to ?is problem1 by f> ! mo/ consid]able ( ^? treat$ 9 ,mr4 ,delepi]re's book1 t we h h>dly room = any ( ! o!rs4 ,b a false leg5d conc]n+ ,solomon de ,caus1 ! suppos$ orig9al inv5tor ( ! /eam-eng9e1 is s in/ructive t we mu/ give a brief acc\nt ( x4 ,9 #ahcd !re appe>$ 9 ! ,musee des ,familles a lett] f ! celebrat$ ,m>ion ,delorme1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 on ! #c;d ,febru>y1 #afda1 to h] lov] ,c9q-,m>s4 ,9 ?is lett] x is /at$ t ,de ,caus came f\r ye>s ago #afcg f ,norm&y1 to in=m ! ,k+ conc]n+ a m>vell\s inv5tion :i* he _h made1 be+ no?+ less ?an ! application ( /eam to ! propulsion ( c>riages4 ,! ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu dismiss$ ?is fool )\t giv+ him a he>+4 ,b ,de ,caus1 n[ise disc\rag$1 foll[$ close ^u ! autocrat's heels :]ev] he w5t1 & s teas$ him1 t ! ,c>d9al1 out ( pati5ce1 s5t him (f to a madh\se1 :]e he pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 days beh9d a grat$ w9d[1 proclaim+ 8 inv5tion to ! pass5g]s 9 ! /reet1 & call+ ^u !m to release him4 ,m>ion gives a graphic acc\nt ( h] visit1 accompani$ by ! fam\s ,"l ,worce/]1 to ! asylum at ,bicetre1 :]e !y saw ,de ,caus at 8 w9d[2 & ,worce/]1 9 ^: m9d ! conception ( ! /eam-eng9e 0 already tak+ %ape1 in=m$ h] t ! rav+ prison] 0 n a madman1 b a g5ius4 ,a great /ir 0 made by ?is lett]4 ,! anecdote 0 copi$ into /&>d works1 & repres5t$ 9 engrav+s4 ,yet x 0 a complete hoax4 ,de ,caus 0 n only nev] conf9$ 9 a madh\se1 b he 0 ar*itect to ,l\is ,,xiii4 up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 9 #afcj1 j elev5 ye>s ,,be=e ,m>ion ,delorme 0 said to h se5 him at 8 grat$ w9d[6 ,on trac+ ?is hoax to its s\rce1 says ,mr4 ,delepi]re1 we f9d t ,m4 ,h5ri ,b]?\d1 a lit]>y man ( "s repute1 & a con/ant contributor to ! ,musee des ,familles1 confesses t ! lett] attribut$ to ,m>ion 0 9 fact writt5 by himself4 ,! editor ( ?is j\rnal _h reque/$ ,gav>ni to furni% him ) a draw+ = a tale 9 :i* a madman 0 introduc$ look+ ?r\gh ! b>s ( 8 cell4 ,! draw+ 0 execut$ & engrav$1 b arriv$ too late2 & ! tale1 :i* c\ld n wait1 appe>$ )\t ! illu/ration4 ,h[ev]1 z ! wood-engrav+ 0 effective1 &1 moreov]1 0 paid =1 ! editor 0 unwill+ t x %\ld be useless4 ,b]?\d 01 !re=e1 commission$ to look = a subject & to inv5t a /ory to :i* ! engrav+ might be appli$4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! _w refus$ to believe 9 ,m4 ,b]?\d's confession1 s great a hold _h ! anecdote tak5 on ! public m9d2 & a ,p>is newspap] w5t s f> ev5 z to decl>e t ! orig9al autograph ( ?is lett] 0 to be se5 9 a libr>y 9 ,norm&y6 ,m4 ,b]?\d wrote aga91 d5y+ its exi/5ce1 & (f]$ a million francs to any "o :o w\ld produce ! said lett]4 ,f ?is we may le>n two lessons1 ! fir/ be+ t utt]ly baseless b plausible /ories may arise 9 que] ways4 ,9 ! above case1 ! mo/ f>-fet*$ hypo!sis to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! leg5d c\ld h>dly h be5 z app>5tly improbable z ! reality4 ,secondly1 we may le>n t if a my? once gets into ! popul> m9d1 x is next to impossible to get x out aga94 ,9 ! ,ca/le ( ,heidelb]g !re is a portrait ( ,de ,caus1 & a folio volume ( 8 works1 accompani$ by a note1 9 :i* ?is lett] ( ,m>ion ,delorme is unsuspect+ly cit$ z g5u9e4 ,& only ?ree ye>s ago1 at a public banquet at ,limoges1 a well-kn[n ,fr5* ,s5ator & man ( lett]s made a spee*1 9 :i* he retail$ ! /ory ( ! madh\se = ! edification ( 8 he>]s4 ,truly a popul> error has z _m lives z a cat2 x comes walk+ 9 long aft] y h imag9$ x effectually /rangl$4 ,9 conclusion1 we may rem>k t ,mr4 ,delepi]re does v scant ju/ice to _m ( ! int]e/+ que/ions :i* he discusses4 ,x is to be regrett$ t he has n ?\ght x wor? :ile to argue 8 po9ts m ?or\ghly1 & t he has n be5 m c>eful 9 mak+ /atem5ts ( fact4 ,he sometimes makes /range blund]s1 ! wor/ ( :i*1 p]haps1 is conta9$ 9 8 article on ,petr>* & ,laura4 ,he ?9ks ,laura 0 m]ely a poetical allegory1 & su* 0 ! case1 he goes on to say1 ) ,dante himself1 ^: ,beatrice 0 a *ild :o di$ at n9e ye>s ( age4 ,dante's ,beatrice di$ on ! #i? ( ,june1 #abij1 at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r1 hav+ be5 ! wife ( ,simone dei ,b>di r m ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,octob]1 #ahfh4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,fam9e ,,( #aggj ,,9 ,,b5gal4 #cj #cj ,! ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,e?nical ,fronti] ( ,l[] ,b5gal1 ) ! ,anci5t ,pr9cipalities ( ,be]bhoom & ,bi%5pore4 ,second ,edition4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt & ,holt4 #ahfh4 #hvo41 pp4 xvi41 #dge4 ,no intellig5t read] c advance fifty pages 9 ?is volume )\t becom+ aw>e t he has got hold ( a v rem>kable book4 ,mr4 ,hunt]'s /yle1 to beg9 )1 is su* z is writt5 only by m5 ( l>ge calibre & high culture4 ,no words are wa/$4 ,! n>rative fl[s calmly & p[]fully along1 l a geometrical demon/ration1 omitt+ no?+ :i* is significant1 admitt+ no?+ :i* is irrelevant1 gl[+ ) all ! w>m? ( ri* imag9ation & sympa!tic g5ius1 yet nev] all[+ any ov]t manife/ation ( feel+1 ev] conceal+ ! au?or's p]sonality b5ea? ! unsw]v+ exposition ( ! subject-matt]4 ,t highe/ art1 :i* conceals art1 ,mr4 ,hunt] appe>s to h le>n$ well4 ,) him1 ! curta9 is ! picture4 ,su* a /yle z ?is w\ld suffice to make any book int]e/+1 9 spite ( ! remot5ess ( ! subject4 ,b ! ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal d n conc]n u s remotely z "o might at fir/ imag9e4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! moral & indu/rial gr[? or /agnation ( a highly-end[$ p mu/ ev] possess ! int]e/ ( fasc9ation = ^? :o take he$ ( ! maxim t hi/ory is philosophy tea*+ by example4 ,national prosp]ity dep5ds ^u circum/ances suffici5tly g5]al to make ! exp]i5ce ( "o c\ntry ( great value to ano!r1 ?\gh ignorant ,b\rbon dyna/ies & ,rump ,congresses refuse to le>n ! lesson4 ,x is ( ! intimate e-day life ( rural ,b5gal t ,mr4 ,hunt] treats4 ,he does n1 l old hi/orians1 try our pati5ce ) a bead-roll ( names t h e>n$ no j title to remembrance1 or dazzle u ) a b\ntiful display ( b>b>ic pe>ls & gold1 or lead u 9 ! gondolas ( ,buddhi/ k+s d[n sacr$ riv]s1 amid a summ] fann$ ) spice2 b he describes ! lab\rs & ! suff]+s1 ! mi%aps & ! good =tune1 ( ?irty millions ( p1 :o1 h[ev] dusky may be _! hue1 tann$ by ! tropical suns ( fifty c5turies1 are nev]!less memb]s ( ! imp]ial ,aryan race1 desc5d$ f ! cool highl&s ea/w>d ( ! ,caspian1 :]e1 long be=e ! beg9n+ ( record$ hi/ory1 _! ance/ors & ^? ( ! ,anglo-,am]ican 7 indi/+ui%ably unit$ 9 ! same primitive community4 ,! n>rative portion ( ! pres5t volume is conc]n$ ma9ly ) ! social & economical disorganization wr\ght by ! great fam9e ( #aggj1 & ) ! attempts ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t to rem$y ! same4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book is occupi$ ) inquiries into ! e?nic "* ( ! population ( ,b5gal1 & p>ticul>ly ) an exposition ( ! peculi>ities ( ! language1 religion1 cu/oms1 & in/itutions ( ! ,santals1 or hill-tribes ( ,be]bhoom4 ,a few rem>ks on ! fir/ ( ^! topics may n be un9t]e/+4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire c\rse ( record$ ,european hi/ory1 f ! remote times ( :i* ! ,hom]ic poems pres]ve ! dim tradition d[n to ! pres5t mom5t1 !re has occurr$ no calamity at once s sudd5 & ( su* appall+ magnitude z ! fam9e :i* 9 ! spr+ & summ] ( #aggj ne>ly ext]m9at$ ! anci5t civilization ( ,b5gal4 ,x pres5ts t aspect ( pret]natural va/ness :i* *>act]izes ! cont95t ( ,asia & all t conc]ns x4 ,! ,black ,dea? ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 01 p]haps1 ! mo/ fe>ful visitation :i* has ev] afflict$ ! ,we/]n _w4 ,b 9 ! conc5trat$ mis]y :i* x occasion$ ! ,b5gal fam9e surpass$ x1 ev5 z ! ,himalayas dw>f by comp>ison ! highe/ peaks ( ,switz]l&4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! key to ! hi/ory ( ,b5gal dur+ ! next =ty ye>s2 & z su*1 m]its1 f an economical po9t ( view1 clos] att5tion ?an x has hi!rto receiv$4 ,l[] ,b5gal ga!rs 9 ?ree h>ve/s ea* ye>2 9 ! spr+1 9 ! e>ly autumn1 & 9 ,decemb]1 ! la/ be+ ! great rice-crop1 ! h>ve/ on :i* ! su/5ance ( ! p dep5ds4 ,?r\gh ! ye> #agfi !re 0 great sc>city1 ow+ to ! p>tial failure ( ! crops ( #agfh1 b ! spr+ ra9s appe>$ to promise relief1 & 9 spite ( ! w>n+ appeals ( prov9cial (fic]s1 ! gov]nm5t 0 sl[ to take al>m1 & cont9u$ rigor\sly to en=ce ! l&-tax4 ,b 9 ,septemb] ! ra9s sudd5ly ceas$4 ,?r\gh\t ! autumn !re rul$ a p>*+ dr\ght2 & ! rice-fields1 accord+ to ! description ( a native sup]9t5d5t ( ,bi%5pore1 became l fields ( dri$ /raw4 ,nev]!less1 ! gov]nm5t at ,calcutta made--) "o lam5table exception1 h]eaft] to be notic$--no legislative attempt to meet ! consequ5ces ( ?is dang]\s condition ( ?+s4 ,! adm9i/ration ( local affairs 0 /ill1 at t date1 intru/$ to native (ficials4 ,! :ole int]nal regulation 0 9 ! h&s ( ! fam\s ,muhamad ,reza ,ehan4 ,h9du or ,mussulman assessors pri$ into e b>n & %rewdly e/imat$ ! probable dim5sions ( ! crops on e field2 & ! c\rts1 z well z ! police1 7 /ill 9 native h&s4 ,^! m51 says our au?or1 knew ! c\ntry1 its capabilities1 its av]age yield1 & its av]age requirem5ts1 ) an accuracy t ! mo/ pa9/ak+ ,engli% (ficial c seldom hope to atta9 to4 ,!y _h a /rong int]e/ 9 repres5t+ ?+s to be worse ?an !y 72 = ! m int5se ! sc>city1 ! great] ! m]it 9 collect+ ! l&-tax4 ,e consultation is fill$ ) _! appreh5sions & highly-col\r$ acc\nts ( ! public di/ress2 b x does n appe> t ! conviction ent]$ ! m9ds ( ! ,c\ncil dur+ ! previ\s w9t] mon?s1 t ! "q 0 n s mu* "o ( rev5ue z ( depopulation4 ,9 fact1 ! local (fic]s _h cri$ ,wolf6 too (t54 ,gov]nm5t 0 sl[ to believe !m1 & ann\nc$ t no?+ bett] c\ld be expect$ ?an ! adoption ( a g5]\s policy t[>d ^? l&hold]s :om ! loss ( h>ve/ _h r5d]$ unable to pay _! l&-tax4 ,b v few indulg5ces 7 grant$1 & ! tax 0 n dim9i%$1 b on ! contr>y 01 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 #aggj1 increas$ by t5 p] c5t = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! "* ( ! ,b5gali p mu/ also be tak5 into ! acc\nt 9 expla9+ ?is /range action on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,l[] ,b5gal 9 hi/ory1 its inhabitants h be5 retic5t1 self-conta9$1 di/ru/ful ( =eign obs]vation1 9 a degree )\t p>allel among o!r equally civiliz$ nations4 ,! cause ( ?is taciturnity w aft]w>ds be cle>ly expla9$2 b no "o :o is acqua9t$ ei!r ) ! pa/ exp]i5ces or ! pres5t condition ( ! p c be ignorant ( its results4 ,local (ficials may write al>m+ reports1 b _! appreh5sions seem to be contradict$ by ! app>5t quiet t prevails4 ,outw>d1 palpable pro(s ( suff]+ are (t5 :olly want+2 & ev5 :51 z 9 #aggj1 su* pro(s ab\nd1 !re is g5]ally no lack ( evid5ce on ! o!r side4 ,! ,b5gali be>s exi/5ce ) a composure t nei!r accid5t nor *ance c ruffle4 ,he becomes sil5tly ri* or uncompla9+ly poor4 ,! emotional "p ( 8 nature is 9 /rict subjection1 8 res5tm5t endur+ b unspok51 8 gratitude ( ! sort t sil5tly desc5ds f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! passion = privacy rea*es its climax 9 ! dome/ic relations4 ,an out] ap>tm5t1 9 ev5 ! humble/ h\seholds1 is set ap>t = /rang]s & ! transaction ( bus9ess1 b ev]y?+ beh9d x is a my/]y4 ,! mo/ intimate fri5d does n v5ture to make ^? commonplace k9dly inquiries ab\t a neighb\r's wife or daught] :i* ,european c\rtesy dem&s f m]e acqua9tances4 ,?is family privacy is ma9ta9$ at any price4 ,dur+ ! fam9e ( #ahff x 0 f\nd impossible to r5d] public *>ity available to ! female memb]s ( ! respectable classes1 & _m a rural h\sehold />v$ sl[ly to dea? )\t utt]+ a compla9t or mak+ a sign4 ,all ?r\gh ! /ifl+ summ] ( #aggj ! p w5t on dy+4 ,! husb&m5 sold _! cattle2 !y sold _! implem5ts ( agriculture2 !y dev\r$ _! se$-gra92 !y sold _! sons & daught]s1 till at l5g? no buy] ( *ildr5 c\ld be f\nd2 !y ate ! leaves ( trees & ! grass ( ! field2 & 9 ,june1 #aggj1 ! ,resid5t at ! ,durb> affirm$ t ! liv+ 7 fe$+ on ! dead4 ,day & night a torr5t ( fami%$ & disease-/rick5 wret*es p\r$ into ! great cities4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ( ! ye> pe/il5ce _h brok5 out4 ,9 ,m>* we f9d small-pox at ,moor%$abad1 :]e x glid$ ?r\gh ! vice-regal mutes1 & cut (f ! ,pr9ce ,syfut 9 8 palace4 ,! /reets 7 block$ up ) promiscu\s heaps ( ! dy+ & dead4 ,int]m5t c\ld n d its "w quick en\gh2 ev5 ! dogs & jackals1 ! public scav5g]s ( ! ,ea/1 became unable to accompli% _! revolt+ "w1 & ! multitude ( mangl$ & fe/]+ corpses at l5g? ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( ! citiz5s44444 ,9 #aggj1 ! ra9y season br\ght relief1 & be=e ! end ( ,septemb] ! prov9ce reap$ an abundant h>ve/4 ,b ! relief came too late to av]t depopulation4 ,/>v+ & %elt]less cr[ds crawl$ despair+ly f "o des]t$ village to ano!r 9 a va9 se>* = food1 or a re/+-place 9 :i* to hide !mselves f ! ra94 ,! epidemics incid5t to ! season 7 ?us spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry2 &1 until ! close ( ! ye>1 disease cont9u$ s preval5t z to =m a subject ( communication f ! gov]nm5t 9 ,b5gal to ! ,c\rt ( ,directors4 ,millions ( fami%$ wret*es di$ 9 ! /ruggle to live ?r\gh ! few int]v5+ weeks t sep>at$ !m f ! h>ve/1 _! la/ gaze be+ probably fix$ on ! d5sely-cov]$ fields t w\ld rip5 only a little too late = !m44444 ,?ree mon?s lat]1 ano!r b\ntiful h>ve/1 ! great rice-crop ( ! ye>1 0 ga!r$ 94 ,abundance return$ to ,b5gal z sudd5ly z fam9e _h swoop$ d[n ^u x1 & 9 read+ "s ( ! manuscript records ( ,decemb] x is difficult to realize t ! sc5es ( ! prec$+ t5 mon?s h n be5 hide\s phantasmagoria or a long1 tr\bl$ dream4 ,on ,*ri/mas eve1 ! ,c\ncil 9 ,calcutta wrote home to ! ,c\rt ( ,directors t ! sc>city _h entirely ceas$1 &1 incr$ible z x may seem1 t unusual pl5ty _h return$44444 ,s g5]\s _h be5 ! h>ve/ t ! gov]nm5t propos$ at once to lay 9 its milit>y /ores = ! ensu+ ye>1 & expect$ to obta9 !m at a v *eap rate4 ,su* sudd5 transitions f ! dep?s ( mis]y to ! mo/ exub]ant pl5ty are by no means r>e 9 ! hi/ory ( ,asia1 :]e ! v>i\s c5tres ( civilization are1 9 an economical s5se1 s isolat$ f ea* o!r t ! welf>e ( ! population is ne>ly always absolutely dep5d5t on ! irregul>3 & app>5tly caprici\s b\nty ( nature4 ,= ! ?ree ye>s foll[+ ! dreadful mis]y above describ$1 h>ve/s ( unprec$5t$ abundance 7 ga!r$ 94 ,yet h[ inadequate !y 7 to repair ! fe>ful damage wr\ght by six mon?s ( />vation1 ! hi/ory ( ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury too pla9ly reveals4 ,pl5ty _h inde$ return$1 says our annali/1 b x _h return$ to a sil5t & des]t$ prov9ce4 ,! ext5t ( ! depopulation is to our ,we/]n imag9ations almo/ incr$ible4 ,dur+ ^? six mon?s ( horror1 m ?an ,,t5 ,,millions ( p _h p]i%$6 ,x 0 z if ! entire population ( our ?ree or f\r l>ge/ ,/ates--man1 woman1 & *ild--7 to be utt]ly swept away betwe5 n[ & next ,augu/1 leav+ ! region betwe5 ! ,hudson & ,lake ,mi*igan z quiet & dea?like z ! buri$ /reets ( ,pompeii4 ,yet ! e/imate is bas$ ^u mo/ accurate & tru/wor?y (ficial returns2 & ,mr4 ,hunt] may well say t x repres5ts an aggregate ( individual suff]+ :i* no ,european nation has be5 call$ ^u to contemplate )9 hi/oric times4 ,?is unp>allel$ calamity /ruck d[n imp>tially ! ri* & ! poor4 ,! old1 ari/ocratic families ( ,l[] ,b5gal 7 irretrievably ru9$4 ,! ,rajah ( ,burdwan1 ^: possessions 7 s va/ t1 travel z f> z he w\ld1 he always slept "u a ro( ( 8 own & )9 8 own jurisdiction1 di$ 9 su* indig5ce t 8 son _h to melt d[n ! family plate & beg a loan f ! gov]nm5t 9 ord] to dis*>ge 8 fa!r's fun]al exp5ses4 ,& our au?or gives o!r simil> in/ances4 ,! weal?y natives :o 7 appo9t$ to assess & collect ! int]nal rev5ue1 be+ unable to raise ! sums requir$ by ! gov]nm5t1 7 9 _m cases imprison$1 or _! e/ates 7 confiscat$ & re-let 9 ord] to dis*>ge ! debt4 ,= fifte5 ye>s ! depopulation w5t on increas+4 ,! *ildr5 9 a community1 requir+ mo/ n\ri%m5t to su/a9 _! activity1 are ^? :o soone/ succumb to fam9e4 ,until #aghe1 says our au?or1 ! old di$ (f )\t !re be+ any ris+ g5]ation to /ep into _! places4 ,f lack ( cultivators1 "o ?ird ( ! surface ( ,b5gal fell out ( tillage & became wa/e l&4 ,! l&$ proprietors began ea* to entice away ! t5ants ( 8 neighb\r1 by (f]+ protection aga9/ judicial proce$+s1 & f>ms at v l[ r5ts4 ,! disputes & deadly feuds :i* arose f ?is practice 71 p]haps1 ! lea/ fatal ( ! evil results :i* fl[$ f x4 ,= ! competition w5t on until1 ! t5ants obta9+ _! hold+s at half-rates1 ! resid5t cultivators--:o _h once be5 ! weal?ie/ f>m]s 9 ! c\ntry--7 no long] able to complete on su* t]ms4 ,!y began to sell1 lease1 or des]t _! prop]ty1 migrat+ to less afflict$ regions1 or fly+ to ! hills on ! fronti] to adopt a savage life4 ,b1 9 a climate l t ( ,nor!a/]n ,india1 x takes b little "t to trans=m a tract ( untill$ l& into =midable wild]ness4 ,:5 ! functions ( society are imp$$1 nature is swift to ass]t its claims4 ,& accord+ly1 9 #aghi1 ,"l ,cornwallis aft] ?ree ye>s' vigilant inquiry1 pron\nc$ "o ?ird ( ! company's t]ritories 9 ,b5gal to be a jungle1 inhabit$ only by wild bea/s4 ,on ! ,we/]n fronti] ( ,be]bhoom ! /ate ( affairs 01 p]haps1 mo/ calamit\s4 ,9 #aggf1 f\r acres out ( e sev5 rema9$ untill$4 ,?\gh 9 e>li] times ?is di/rict _h be5 a fav\rite highway = armies1 by ! ye> #aghj x _h become an almo/ impassable jungle4 ,a small company ( ,sepoys1 :i* 9 t ye> by h]oic ex]tions =c$ its way ?r\gh1 0 oblig$ to trav]se #abj miles ( trackless =e/1 sw>m+ ) tig]s & black %aggy be>s4 ,9 #aghi ?is jungle cont9u$ s d5se z to %ut (f all communication betwe5 ! two mo/ important t[ns1 & to cause ! mails to be c>ri$ by a circuit ( fifty miles ?r\gh ano!r di/rict4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s x is difficult = u to realize2 b ! monoton\s tale ( disa/] & suff]+ is n yet complete4 ,be]bhoom 01 to all int5ts & purposes1 giv5 ov] to tig]s4 ,a belt ( jungle1 fill$ ) wild bea/s1 =m$ r\nd ea* village4 ,at nightfall ! hungry animals made _! dread$ incursions c>ry+ away cattle1 & ev5 wom5 & *ildr51 & dev\r+ !m4 ,! (ficial records frequ5tly speak ( ! mail-bag be+ c>ri$ (f by wild bea/s4 ,s great 0 ! damage done by ^! depr$ations1 t ! company (f]$ a rew>d = ea* tig]'s head1 suffici5t to ma9ta9 a peasant's family 9 com=t = ?ree mon?s2 an item ( exp5diture x deem$ s necess>y1 t1 :5 "u extraord9>y pressure x _h to susp5d all paym5ts1 ! tig]-money & diet all[ance = prison]s 7 ! sole exceptions to ! rule4 ,/ill m =midable foes 7 f\nd 9 ! h]ds ( wild elephants1 :i* came troop+ along 9 ! re> ( ! deva/ation caus$ by ! fam9e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s fifty-six villages 7 report$ z de/roy$ by elephants1 & z hav+ laps$ into jungle 9 consequ5ce2 & an (ficial return /ates t =ty m>ket-t[ns ?r\gh\t ! di/rict _h be5 des]t$ f ! same cause4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! peasantry did n d>e to sleep 9 _! h\ses1 le/ !y %\ld be buri$ b5ea? !m dur+ ! night4 ,^! t]rible bea/s cont9u$ to infe/ ! prov9ce z late z #ahaj4 ,b society dur+ ^! d>k days _h ev5 worse enemies ?an tig]s & elephants4 ,! b>b>\s highl&]s1 ( a l[] type ( mank9d1 n\ri%+ = =ty c5turies a hatr$ ( _! ,h9du supplant]s1 l t :i* ! ,apa*e be>s aga9/ ! :ite fronti]sman1 seiz$ ! occasion to r5ew _! inroads ^u ! l[l& c\ntry4 ,ye> by ye> !y desc5d$ f _! m\nta9 fa/nesses1 plund]+ & burn+4 ,_m noble ,h9du families1 ou/$ by ! tax-collectors f _! e/ates1 began to seek subsi/5ce f robb]y4 ,o!rs1 consult+ _! selfi% int]e/s amid ! g5]al di/ress1 f\nd x m pr(itable to %elt] b&itti on _! e/ates1 levy+ blackmail f ! surr\nd+ villages z ! price ( immunity f depr$ation1 & %>+ 9 ! plund] ( su* z w\ld n come to t]ms4 ,_! c\ntry h\ses 7 robb] /rongholds1 & ! e>ly ,engli% adm9i/rators ( ,b5gal h left x on record t a gang-robb]y nev] occurr$ )\t a l&$ proprietor be+ at ! bottom ( x4 ,! peasants 7 n sl[ to foll[ suit1 & ^? :o 7 robb$ ( _! w9t]'s /ore _h no alt]native left b to become robb]s !mselves4 ,! ?iev]ies ( ! ,fake]s1 or religi\s m5dicants1 & ! bold1 ?\gh /eal?y attacks ( ,?ugs & ,dacoits--memb]s ( ,masonic bro!rhoods1 :i* at all times h liv$ by robb]y & assass9ation--add$ to ! g5]al turmoil4 ,9 ! cold wea!r ( #aggb ! prov9ce 0 ravag$ f> & wide by b&s ( arm$ freeboot]s1 fifty ?\s& /rong2 & to su* a pass did ?+s arrive t ! regul> =ces s5t by ,w>r5 ,ha/+s to pres]ve ord] 7 twice disa/r\sly r\t$2 :ile1 9 ,mr4 ,hunt]'s graphic language1 villages high up ! ,ganges liv$ by h\sebreak+ 9 ,calcutta4 ,9 ,engli% mansions x 0 ! inv>iable practice = ! port] to %ut ! out] door at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* meal1 & n to op5 x till ! butl] br\ght him ^w t ! plate 0 safely lock$ up4 ,& = a long "t ne>ly all traffic ceas$ ^u ! imp]ial roads4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s1 :i* am\nt$ to *ronic civil w>1 induc$ ,"l ,cornwallis 9 #aghh to place ! prov9ce "u ! direct milit>y control ( an ,engli% (fic]4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ,mr4 ,keat+--! fir/ h>dy g5tleman to :om ?is ardu\s (fice 0 assign$--is m9utely describ$ by our au?or4 ,= our pres5t purpose x is en\gh to note t two ye>s ( sev]e campaign+1 att5d$ & foll[$ by rel5tless puni%m5t ( all transgressors1 0 requir$ to put an end to ! disord]s4 ,su* 0 ! appall+ mis]y1 ?r\gh\t a community ( ?irty million p]sons1 occasion$ by ! failure ( ! w9t] rice-crop 9 #agfi4 ,9 abridg+ ,mr4 ,hunt]'s acc\nt we h adh]$ z closely to our orig9al z possible1 b he :o w\ld obta9 adequate k ( ?is tale ( woe mu/ seek x 9 ! ev] memorable description ( ! hi/orian himself4 ,! fir/ "q :i* naturally occurs to ! read]--?\gh1 z ,mr4 ,hunt] obs]ves1 x w\ld h be5 "o ( ! la/ to occur to ! ,ori5tal m9d--is1 ,:o 0 to blame8 ,to :at culpable neglig5ce 0 x due t su* a dire calamity 0 n =ese51 & at lea/ p>tially w>d$ (f8 ,we %all f9d reason to believe t x c\ld n h be5 adequately =ese51 & t no legislative measures c\ld 9 t /ate ( society h entirely prev5t$ x4 ,yet x w appe> t ! gov]nm5t1 ) ! be/ ( int5tions1 did all 9 its p[] to make matt]s worse2 & t to its blund]+ ignorance ! di/ress :i* foll[$ is l>gely due4 ,! fir/ duty incumb5t ^u ! gov]nm5t 9 a case l t ( ! failure ( ! w9t] rice-crop ( #agfi1 0 to d away ) all h9drance to ! importation ( food into ! prov9ce4 ,"o *ief cause ( ! f>-rea*+ di/ress wr\ght by great ,asiatic fam9es has be5 ! almo/ complete comm]cial isolation ( ,asiatic communities4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! ,european communities 7 also1 ?\gh to a f> less ext5t1 isolat$ f ea* o!r1 & 9 ^? days p]iods ( fam9e 7 comp>atively frequ5t & sev]e4 ,& "o ( ! *ief causes :i* n[ r5d] ! occurr5ce ( a fam9e on a great scale almo/ impossible 9 any "p ( ! civiliz$ _w is ! increas$ comm]cial solid>ity ( civiliz$ nations4 ,increas$ facility ( di/ribution has op]at$ no less effectively ?an improv$ me?ods ( production4 ,n[1 9 #aggj ! prov9ce ( ,l[] ,b5gal 0 9 a /ate ( almo/ complete comm]cial isolation f o!r communities4 ,importation ( food on an adequate scale 0 h>dly possible4 ,a s+le fact speaks volumes z to ! isolation ( ea* di/rict4 ,an abundant h>ve/1 we are repeat$ly told1 0 z disa/r\s to ! rev5ues z a bad "o2 =1 :5 a l>ge quantity ( gra9 _h to be c>ri$ to m>ket1 ! co/ ( c>riage swall[$ up ! price obta9$4 ,inde$1 ev5 if ! means ( int]communication & transport _h r5d]$ importation practicable1 ! prov9ce _h at t "t no money to give 9 ex*ange = food4 ,n only _h its v>i\s divisions a sep>ate curr5cy :i* w\ld pass n[h]e else except at a ru9\s ex*ange1 b 9 t un=tunate ye> ,b5gal seems to h be5 utt]ly dra9$ ( its specie44444 ,! abs5ce ( ! means ( importation 0 ! m to be deplor$1 z ! neighb\r+ di/ricts c\ld easily h suppli$ gra94 ,9 ! s\!a/ a fair h>ve/ _h be5 reap$1 except1 9 circumscrib$ spots2 & we are assur$ t1 dur+ ! fam9e1 ?is "p ( ,b5gal 0 enabl$ to export )\t hav+ to compla9 ( any defici5cy 9 consequ5ce44444 ,,inde$1 ,,no ,,matt] ,,h[ ,,local ,a ,,fam9e ,,might ,,be ,,9 ,,! ,,la/ ,,c5tury1 ,,! ,,effects ,,7 ,,equally ,,disa/r\s4 ,sylhet1 a di/rict 9 ! nor!a/ ( ,b5gal1 _h reap$ unusually pl5tiful h>ve/s 9 #aghj & #agha1 b ! next crop 0 de/roy$ by a local inundation1 &1 not)/&+ ! facilities = importation af=d$ by wat]-c>riage1 "o ?ird ( ! p di$4 ,"h we h a vivid repres5tation ( ! economic condition ( a society :i*1 h[ev] highly civiliz$ 9 _m important respects1 /ill reta9$1 at ! epo* treat$ (1 its aborig9al type ( organization4 ,"h we see ea* community br\ght face to face ) ! impossible task ( supply+1 unaid$1 ! defici5cies ( nature4 ,we see "o petty di/rict a prey to ! mo/ frightful de/itution1 ev5 :ile pr(use pl5ty reigns 9 ! di/ricts r\nd ab\t x4 ,we f9d an almo/ complete abs5ce ( ! comm]cial ma*9]y :i*1 by enabl+ ! />v+ region to be f$ out ( ! surplus ( m fav\r$ localities1 has 9 ! mo/ advanc$ c\ntries r5d]$ a great fam9e practically impossible4 ,n[ ?is /ate ( ?+s ! gov]nm5t ( #aggj 0 inde$ p[]less to rem$y4 ,legislative p[] & wisdom c\ld n anticipate ! inv5tion ( railroads2 nor c\ld x introduce ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,b5gal a sy/em ( coa*es1 canals1 & c>avans2 nor c\ld x all at once d away ) ! "t-hon\r$ brig&age1 :i* increas$ ! co/ ( transport by decreas+ ! security ( x2 nor c\ld x 9 a trice remove ! curse ( a het]og5e\s co9age4 ,none1 save ^? un9/ruct$ agitators :o believe t gov]nm5ts c make wat] run up-hill1 w\ld be dispos$ to f9d fault ) ! au?orities 9 ,b5gal = fail+ to cope ) ^! difficulties4 ,b :at we are to blame !m =--?\gh x 0 an error ( ! judgm5t & n ( ! int5tions--is _! mis*iev\s int]f]5ce ) ! natural c\rse ( trade1 by :i*1 in/ead ( help+ matt]s1 !y b add$ ano!r to ! _m p[]ful causes :i* 7 conspir+ to br+ ab\t ! economic ru9 ( ,b5gal4 ,we ref] to ! act :i* 9 #aggj prohibit$ "u p5alties all speculation 9 rice4 ,?is disa/r\s piece ( legislation 0 due to ! univ]sal preval5ce ( a prejudice f :i* s-call$ enlight5$ communities are n yet :olly free4 ,x is ev5 n[ cu/om>y to heap abuse ^u ^? p]sons :o 9 a season ( sc>city1 :5 prices are rapidly ris+1 buy up ! necess>ies ( life1 !reby /ill increas+ = a "t ! co/ ( liv+4 ,su* p]sons are commonly assail$ ) speci\s g5]alities to ! effect t !y are enemies ( society4 ,p ^: only ideas are moral ideas reg>d !m z he>tless %>p]s :o fatt5 ^u ! mis]y ( _! fell[-creatures4 ,& x is sometimes h9t$ t su* practices ought to be /opp$ by legislation4 ,n[1 s f> is ?is prejudice1 :i* is a v old "o1 f be+ ju/ifi$ by facts1 t1 in/ead ( be+ an evil1 speculation 9 bread/uffs & o!r necess>ies is "o ( ! *ief ag5cies by :i* 9 mod]n times & civiliz$ c\ntries a real fam9e is r5d]$ almo/ impossible4 ,?is natural monopoly op]ates 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 by rais+ prices1 x *ecks consumption1 putt+ e "o on %ort] all[ance until ! season ( sc>city is ov]1 & ?us prev5ts ! sc>city f gr[+ into fam9e4 ,9 ! second place1 by rais+ prices1 x /imulates importation f ^? localities :]e abundance reigns & prices are l[4 ,x ?us 9 ! long run does mu* to equalize ! pressure ( a "t ( de>? & dim9i% ^? extreme oscillations ( prices :i* int]f]e ) ! ev51 heal?y c\rse ( trade4 ,a gov]nm5t :i*1 9 a season ( high prices1 does any?+ to *eck su* speculation1 acts ab\t z sagely z ! skipp] ( a wreck$ vessel :o %\ld refuse to put 8 crew ^u half rations4 ,! turn+-po9t ( ! great ,dut* ,revolution1 s f> z x conc]n$ ! prov9ces :i* n[ con/itute ,belgium1 0 ! fam\s siege & capture ( ,antw]p by ,alex&] ,f>nese1 ,duke ( ,p>ma4 ,! siege 0 a long "o1 & ! resi/ance ob/9ate1 & ! city w\ld probably n h be5 captur$ if fam9e _h n come to ! assi/ance ( ! besieg]s4 ,x is int]e/+1 !re=e1 to inquire :at /eps ! civic au?orities _h tak5 to prev5t su* a calamity4 ,!y knew t ! /ruggle be=e !m 0 likely to be ! life-&-dea? /ruggle ( ! ,s\!rn ,ne!rl&s2 !y knew t !re 0 risk ( _! be+ surr\nd$ s t relief f )\t w\ld be impossible2 !y knew t _! assailant 0 "o ( ! mo/ a/ute & unconqu]able ( m51 by f> ! greate/ g5]al ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!re=e !y proce$$ to d j :at our ,republican ,congress1 "u su* circum/ances1 w\ld probably h done1 & j :at ! ,new ,york ,tribune1 if x _h exi/$ 9 ^? days1 w\ld h advis$ !m to d4 ,f9d+ t sundry speculators 7 accumulat+ & ho>d+ up provisions 9 anticipation ( a season ( high prices1 !y ha/ily decid$1 fir/ ( all to put a /op to su* selfi% iniquity4 ,9 _! eyes ! great ?+ to be done 0 to make ?+s *eap4 ,!y !re=e affix$ a v l[ maximum price to ev]y?+ :i* c\ld be eat51 & prescrib$ sev]e p5alties = all :o %\ld attempt to take m ?an ! sum by law decre$4 ,if a bak] refus$ to sell 8 bread = a price :i* w\ld h be5 adequate only 9 a "t ( great pl5ty1 8 %op 0 to be brok5 op51 & 8 loaves di/ribut$ among ! populace4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is idiotic policy 7 tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! en=c$ l[ness ( prices prev5t$ any bread/uffs or o!r provisions f be+ br\ght into ! city4 ,x 0 a long "t be=e ,f>nese succe$$ 9 s blockad+ ! ,s*eldt z to prev5t %ips lad5 ) eatables f com+ 9 bel[4 ,corn & pres]v$ meats might h be5 hurri$ by ?\s&s ( tons into ! beleagu]$ city4 ,fri5dly ,dut* vessels1 freight$ ) abundance1 7 wait+ at ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,b all to no purpose4 ,no m]*ant w\ld expose 8 valuable %ip1 ) its c>go1 to ! risk ( be+ sunk by ,f>nese's batt]ies1 m]ely = ! sake ( f9d+ a m>ket no bett] ?an a hundr$ o!rs :i* c\ld be ent]$ )\t incurr+ dang]4 ,no d\bt if ! m]*ants ( ,holl& _h foll[$ out ! maxim ,vivre p\r autrui1 !y w\ld h brav$ ru9 & de/ruction r ?an behold _! neighb\rs ( ,antw]p enslav$4 ,no d\bt if !y c\ld h ris5 to a broad philosophic view ( ! future int]e/s ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 !y w\ld h se5 t ,antw]p mu/ be sav$1 no matt] if "s ( !m 7 to lose money by x4 ,b m5 d n yet sacrifice !mselves = _! fell[s1 nor d !y z a rule look f> beyond ! pres5t mom5t & its em]g5cies4 ,& ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t is to legislate = m5 z !y are1 n z x is suppos$ !y ought to be4 ,if provisions _h br\ght a high price 9 ,antw]p1 !y w\ld h be5 c>ri$ ?i!r4 ,z x 01 ! city1 by its own /upidity1 blockad$ itself f> m effectually ?an ,f>nese c\ld h done x4 ,9 ! second place1 ! en=c$ l[ness ( prices prev5t$ any g5]al retr5*m5t on ! "p ( ! citiz5s4 ,nobody felt x necess>y to economize4 ,e "o b\ght z mu* bread1 & ate x z freely1 z if ! gov]nm5t by insur+ its *eapness _h insur$ its abundance4 ,s ! city liv$ 9 high spirits & 9 gleeful defiance ( its besieg]s1 until all at once provisions gave out1 & ! gov]nm5t _h to /ep 9 aga9 to palliate ! di/ress :i* x _h wr\ght4 ,x con/itut$ itself qu>t]ma/]-g5]al to ! community1 & dol$ out /9t$ rations alike to ri* & poor1 ) t /]n democratic imp>tiality peculi> to times ( mortal p]il4 ,b ?is s]v$ only1 l mo/ artificial palliatives1 to l5g!n out ! mis]y4 ,at ! "t ( ! surr5d]1 n a loaf ( bread c\ld be obta9$ = love or money4 ,9 ?is way a bungl+ act ( legislation help$ to decide = ! worse a campaign :i* involv$ ! t]ritorial integrity & future welf>e ( :at might h become a great nation p]=m+ a valuable function 9 ! sy/em ( ,european communities4 ,! /rik+ "* ( ?is in/ructive example mu/ be our excuse = pres5t+ x at su* l5g?4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fam9e 9 ,b5gal ! au?orities legislat$ 9 v mu* ! same _s z ! burgh]s :o _h to def5d ,antw]p aga9/ ,p>ma4 ,by int]dict+ :at x 0 pleas$ to t]m ! monopoly ( gra91 x prev5t$ prices f ris+ at once to _! natural rates4 ,! ,prov9ce _h a c]ta9 am\nt ( food 9 x1 & ?is food _h to la/ ab\t n9e mon?s4 ,private ent]prise if left to itself w\ld h /or$ up ! g5]al supply at ! h>ve/1 ) a view to realiz+ a l>g] pr(it at a lat] p]iod 9 ! sc>city4 ,prices w\ld 9 consequ5ce h imm$iately ris51 compell+ ! population to r$uce _! consumption f ! v beg9n+ ( ! de>?4 ,! g5]al /ock w\ld ?us h be5 husb&$1 & ! pressure equally spread ov] ! :ole n9e mon?s1 in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$ ^u ! la/ six4 ,! price ( gra91 9 place ( promptly ris+ to ?ree half-p5ce a p\nd z 9 #ahfe-ff1 cont9u$ at ?ree f>?+s dur+ ! e>li] mon?s ( ! fam9e4 ,dur+ ! latt] ones x advanc$ to twop5ce1 & 9 c]ta9 localities rea*$ f\rp5ce4 ,! c\rse tak5 by ! great fam9e ( #ahff well illu/rates ! above views4 ,?is fam9e1 also1 0 caus$ by ! total failure ( ! ,decemb] rice-crop1 & x 0 br\ght to a close by an abundant h>ve/ 9 ! succe$+ ye>4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ! maximum price rea*$1 ! analogy holds good1 9 ea* case rice hav+ ris5 9 g5]al to ne>ly twop5ce1 & 9 p>ticul> places to f\rp5ce1 a p\nd2 & 9 ea* ! quot$ rates be+ = a brief p]iod 9 sev]al isolat$ localities m]ely nom9al1 no food exi/+ 9 ! m>ket1 & money altoge!r los+ its int]*angeable value4 ,9 bo? ! p endur$ sil5tly to ! end1 ) a =titude t casual obs]v]s ( a diff]5t temp]am5t & widely dissimil> race may easily mi/ake = apa?y1 b :i* ^? :o liv$ among ! suff]]s are unable to di/+ui% f qualities t g5]ally pass "u a m hon\rable "n4 ,dur+ #ahff1 :5 ! fam9e 0 sev]e/1 ,i sup]9t5d$ public in/ruction ?r\gh\t ! s\?we/]n division ( ,l[] ,b5gal1 includ+ ,orissa4 ,! subord9ate native (fic]s1 ab\t eight hundr$ 9 numb]1 behav$ ) a /ead9ess1 & :5 call$ ^u1 ) a self-abnegation1 beyond praise4 ,_m ( !m ru9$ _! heal?4 ,! t\*+ sc5es ( self-sacrifice & humble h]oism :i* ,i witness$ among ! poor villag]s on my t\rs ( inspection w rema9 9 my memory till my late/ day4 ,b to meet ! fam9e ( #ahff ,b5gal 0 equipp$ ) railroads & canals1 & bett] ?an all1 ) an intellig5t gov]nm5t4 ,f> f try+ to *eck speculation1 z 9 #aggj1 ! gov]nm5t did all 9 its p[] to /imulate x4 ,9 ! e>li] fam9e "o c\ld h>dly engage 9 ! gra9 trade )\t becom+ am5able to ! law4 ,9 #ahff respectable m5 9 va/ numb]s w5t into ! trade2 = gov]nm5t1 by publi%+ weekly returns ( ! rates 9 e di/rict1 r5d]$ ! traffic bo? easy & safe4 ,e "o knew :]e to buy gra9 *eape/1 & :]e to sell x de>e/1 & food 0 accord+ly br\ght f ! di/ricts t c\ld be/ sp>e x1 & c>ri$ to ^? :i* mo/ urg5tly ne$$ x4 ,n only 7 prices equaliz$ s f> z possible ?r\gh\t ! /rick5 p>ts1 b ! publicity giv5 to ! high rates 9 ,l[] ,b5gal induc$ l>ge %ipm5ts f ! upp] prov9ces1 & ! *ief seat ( ! trade became unable to af=d accommodation = l&+ ! va/ /ores ( gra9 br\ght d[n ! riv]4 ,rice p\r$ into ! affect$ di/ricts f all p>ts1--railways1 canals1 & roads vigor\sly do+ _! duty4 ,! result ( ?is wise policy 0 t sc>city 0 height5$ into fam9e only 9 "o remote corn] ( ,b5gal4 ,orissa 0 comm]cially isolat$ 9 #ahff1 z ! :ole c\ntry _h be5 9 #aggj4 ,z f> back z ! records ext5d1 ,orissa has produc$ m gra9 ?an x c use4 ,x is an export+1 n an import+ prov9ce1 s5d+ away its surplus gra9 by sea1 & nei!r requir+ nor seek+ any communication ) ,l[] ,b5gal by l&4 ,long aft] ! re/ ( ! prov9ce _h begun to prep>e = a ye> ( fam9e1 ,orissa kept on export+4 ,9 ,m>*1 :5 ! al>m 0 fir/ rais$1 ! s\?we/ monsoon _h set 91 r5d]+ ! h>b\rs inaccessible4 ,?us ! di/rict 0 isolat$4 ,x 0 no long] possible to apply ! :olesome policy :i* 0 op]at+ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,! doom$ population ( ,orissa1 l pass5g]s 9 a %ip )\t provisions1 7 call$ ^u to suff] ! extremities ( fam9e2 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! spr+ & summ] ( #ahff1 "s sev5 hundr$ ?\s& p p]i%$4 ,janu>y1 #ahfi4 ,x4 ,,spa9 ,,& ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4 #ca #ca ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s3 f ! ,dea? ( ,william ! ,sil5t to ! ,twelve ,ye>s' ,truce1 #afji4 ,by ,john ,lo?rop ,motley1 ,d4 ,c4 ,l4 ,9 f\r volumes4 ,vols4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ,new ,york4 #ahfh4 ,t&em fit surculus arbor3 ! twig :i* ,mr4 ,motley 9 8 e>li] volumes has describ$ z sl[ly putt+ =? its leaves & rootless1 :ile pa9fully /ruggl+ = exi/5ce 9 a ho/ile soil1 has at la/ gr[n into a mighty tree ( lib]ty1 draw+ su/5ance f all l&s1 & protect+ all civiliz$ peoples ) its pleasant %ade4 ,we congratulate ,mr4 ,motley ^u ! successful completion ( ! second portion ( 8 great "w2 & we ?9k t ! ,ne!rl&]s ( our "t h reason to be grateful to ! writ] :o has s fai?fully & eloqu5tly told ! /ory ( _! c\ntry's fe>ful /ruggle aga9/ civil & ecclesia/ical tyranny1 & its manifold contributions to ! advancem5t ( ,european civilization4 ,mr4 ,motley has be5 =tunate 9 8 selection ( a subject ^u :i* to write4 ,probably no c5tury ( mod]n times l5ds itself to ! purposes ( ! descriptive hi/orian s well z ! sixte5?4 ,:ile on ! "o h& ! problems :i* x pres5ts are suffici5tly ne> = u to und]/& !m )\t too great an ef=t ( ! imag9ation1 on ! o!r h& !y are suffici5tly remote = u to /udy !m )\t passionate & w>p+ prejudice4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ,ca?olicism & ! re=m$ religion--betwe5 ecclesia/ical autocracy & ! "r ( private inve/igation--has become a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & con/itutes a clos$ *apt] 9 human hi/ory4 ,! epo* :i* beg9s :]e ,mr4 ,motley's hi/ory is design$ to close--at ! peace ( ,we/phalia--is f> m complicat$4 ,s9ce ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a d\ble movem5t has be5 go+ on 9 religion & philosophy1 society & politics1--a movem5t ( de/ruction typifi$ by ,voltaire & ,r\sseau1 & a con/ructive movem5t repres5t$ by ,did]ot & ,less+4 ,we are /ill liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is great epo*3 ! que/ions :i* x pres5ts are liable to di/urb our prejudices z well z to /imulate our reason2 ! results to :i* x mu/ soon] or lat] atta9 c n[ be only p>tially =ese52 & ev5 its pres5t t5d5cies are g5]ally misund]/ood1 & 9 _m qu>t]s :olly ignor$4 ,) ! sixte5? c5tury1 z we h said1 ! case is f> diff]5t4 ,! hi/orical problem is f> less complex4 ,! issues at /ake are comp>atively simple1 & ! hi/orian has be=e him a /raight=w>d /ory4 ,f ! dramatic1 or r f ! epic1 po9t ( view1 ! sixte5? c5tury is pre-em95t4 ,! ess5tially transitional "* ( mod]n hi/ory s9ce ! break+ up ( ! papal & feudal sy/ems is at no p]iod m di/9ctly m>k$4 ,9 trav]s+ ! sixte5? c5tury we realize t we h fairly got out ( "o /ate ( ?+s & into ano!r4 ,at ! outset1 ev5ts l ! *all5ge ( ,b>letta may make u d\bt :e!r we h yet q left beh9d ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! belief 9 ! c5tral position ( ! e>? is /ill univ]sal1 & ! belief 9 its rotundity n yet1 until ! voyage ( ,magellan1 g5]ally accept$4 ,we f9d ,engl&--ow+ p>tly to ! introduction ( gunp[d] & ! consequ5t disuse ( ar*]y1 p>tly to ! results ( ! rec5t integration ( ,france "u ,l\is ,,xi4--fall5 back f ! high relative position :i* x _h occupi$ "u ! rule ( ! ,plantag5ets2 & its policy /ill direct$ 9 accordance ) rem9isc5ces ( ,ag9c\rt1 & g>net1 & ,burgundian alliances4 ,we f9d ,france j beg9n+ h] ill-fat$ c>e] ( int]v5tion 9 ! affairs ( ,italy2 & ,spa91 ) h] ,moors f9ally vanqui%$ & a new _w beyond ! ocean j add$ to h] doma91 rapidly develop+ into ! greate/ empire :i* _h be5 se5 s9ce ! days ( ! fir/ ,caes>s4 ,b at ! close ( ! c5tury we f9d feudal life 9 ca/les *ang$ into mod]n life 9 t[ns2 *ivalric defiances ex*ang$ = ov]-subtle diplomacy2 ,maurices in/ead ( ,bay>ds2 a ,h5ry ,,iv4 in/ead ( a ,ga/on de ,foix4 ,we f9d ! old !ory ( man's c5tral position 9 ! univ]se--! f\ndation ( ! doctr9e ( f9al causes & ( ! :ole !ological me?od ( int]pret+ nature--f9ally ov]?r[n by ,cop]nicus4 ,in/ead ( ! circumnavigability ( ! e>?1 ! discov]y ( a ,nor?we/ passage--z in/anc$ by ! h]oic voyage ( ,b>5dz1 s nobly describ$ by ,mr4 ,motley--is n[ ! *ief geographical problem4 ,ea/ ,india ,companies1 9 place ( petty guilds ( weav]s & bak]s1 be> witness to ! va/ comm]cial progress4 ,we f9d ,engl&1 fre% f h] /up5d\s victory ov] ! :ole p[] ( ,spa91 aga9 9 ! front rank ( nations2 ,france1 "u ! mo/ a/ute ( mod]n sov]eigns1 tak+ h] place = a "t z ! political lead] ( ! civiliz$ _w2 ,spa91 ) h] evil s*emes baffl$ 9 e qu>t]1 s9k+ into t t]rible dea?-l le?>gy1 f :i* %e has h>dly yet awak5$1 & :i* mu/ ne$s call =? our pity1 ?\gh x is b ! des]v$ retribution = h] pa/ behavi\r4 ,:ile ! little realm ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 fil*$ & coz5$ f ! un=tunate ,jacquel9e by ! good ,duke ( ,burgundy1 c>ri$ ov] to ,au/ria z ! m>riage-portion ( ,lady ,m>y1 s5t d[n to ,spa9 z ! p]sonal inh]itance ( ! prud5t ,philip1 & by him intol]ably torm5t$ ) an ,inquisition1 a ,blood-,c\ncil1 & a ,duke ( ,alva1 has aft] a =ty ye>s' w> ( indep5d5ce tak5 its position = a "t z ! greate/ ( comm]cial nations1 ) ! mo/ =midable navy & "o ( ! be/ discipl9$ armies yet se5 ^u ! e>?4 ,b ! c5tral ph5om5on ( ! sixte5? c5tury is ! culm9ation ( ! ,prote/ant movem5t 9 its decisive proclamation by ,lu!r4 ,= ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s already ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* _h be5 decl9+1 & its function z a civiliz+ ag5cy _h be5 gr[+ m & m obsolete4 ,! fir/ great bl[ at its supremacy _h be5 direct$ ) p>tial success 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury by ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,co9cid5t ) ?is attack f )\t1 we f9d a re=mation begun )91 z exemplifi$ 9 ! ,dom9ican & ,franciscan movem5ts4 ,! second great bl[ 0 aim$ by ,philip ,,iv4 ( ,france1 & ?is "t x /ruck ) t]rible =ce4 ,! removal ( ! ,papacy to ,avignon1 9 #acje1 0 ! virtual ?\gh unrecogniz$ abdication ( its b5efic5t supremacy4 ,b]eft ( its dignity & indep5d5ce1 f t "t =? x ceas$ to be ! def5d] ( national unity aga9/ b>onial an>*y1 ( popul> rights aga9/ mon>*ical usurpation1 & became a =midable in/rum5t ( despotism & oppression4 ,?r\gh ! vicissitudes ( ! great s*ism 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ! refractory c\ncils 9 ! fifte5?1 its position became rapidly m & m retrograde & demoraliz$4 ,& :51 9 #aecj1 x jo9$ its =ces ) ^? ( ,*>les ,v41 9 cru%+ ! lib]ties ( ! wor?ie/ ( m$iaeval republics1 x became evid5t t ! cause ( fre$om & progress mu/ h5ce=? be intru/$ to "s m fai?ful *ampion4 ,! revolt ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 l$ by ,lu!r & ,h5ry ,,viii4 0 b ! articulate ann\ncem5t ( ?is alt]$ /ate ( affairs4 ,s long z ! ,roman ,*ur* _h be5 felt to be ! enemy ( tyrannical mon>*s & ! /eadfa/ fri5d ( ! p1 its encroa*m5ts1 z repres5t$ by m5 l ,dun/an & ,becket1 7 reg>d$ ) popul> fav\r4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,*ur* lay ev] 9 its democratic in/9cts2 & :5 ^! 7 f\nd to h ab&on$ x1 ! indignant prote/ ( ,lu!r suffic$ to te> away half ( ,europe f its allegiance4 ,by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we f9d ! t]ritorial /ruggle betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! re=m$ religion sub/antially decid$4 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicism occupi$ !n ! same respective areas :i* !y n[ occupy4 ,s9ce #afjj !re has be5 no in/ance ( a nation pass+ f "o =m ( wor%ip to ! o!r2 & 9 all probability !re nev] w be4 ,s9ce ! :olesale dissolution ( religi\s beliefs wr\ght 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ! :ole issue betwe5 ,romanism & ,prote/antism1 reg>d$ z dogmatic sy/ems1 is practically dead4 ,m4 ,r5an is giv+ expression to an almo/ self-evid5t tru?1 :5 he says t religi\s developm5t is no long] to proce$ by way ( sect>ian proselytism1 b by way ( h>moni\s int]nal developm5t4 ,! conte/ is no long] betwe5 "o !ology & ano!r1 b x is betwe5 ! !ological & ! sci5tific me?ods ( int]pret+ natural ph5om5a4 ,! sixte5? c5tury has to u !re=e ! int]e/ belong+ to a r\nd$ & complet$ tale4 ,x conta9s )9 itself sub/antially ! entire hi/ory ( ! f9al /age ( ! !ological re=mation4 ,?is great p]iod falls naturally into two divisions1 ! fir/ correspond+ v ne>ly ) ! reigns ( ,*>les ,v4 & ,h5ry ,,viii41 & ! second ) ! age ( ,philip ,,ii4 & ,elizabe?4 ,! fir/ ( ^! p]iods 0 fill$ ) ! skirmi%es :i* 7 to op5 ! great battle ( ! ,re=mation4 ,at fir/ ! /r5g? & ext5t ( ! new revolution 7 n altoge!r app>5t4 ,:ile ! ,inquisition 0 vigor\sly cru%+ out ! fir/ symptoms ( disaffection 9 ,spa91 x at "o "t seem$ z if ! ,re=m]s 7 ab\t to ga9 ! :ole ( ! ,empire1 besides acquir+ an excell5t foo?old 9 ,france4 ,aga91 :ile ,engl& 0 wav]+ betwe5 ! old & ! new fai?1 ! la/ hopes ( ! ,re=m 9 ,g]many seem$ likely to be de/roy$ by ! milit>y g5ius ( ,*>les4 ,b 9 ,maurice1 ! r$-be>d$ h]o ( ,saxony1 ,*>les f\nd m ?an 8 mat*4 ,! picture ( ! rapid & desp]ate m>* ( ,maurice ^u ,innspruck1 & ( ! great ,emp]or fly+ = 8 life at ! v h\r ( 8 imag9$ triumph1 has /ill = u an int5s] int]e/ ?an almo/ any o!r sc5e ( t age2 = x 0 ! ev5t :i* prov$ t ,prote/antism 0 n a m]e local insurrection :i* a mon>* l ,*>les c\ld easily put d[n1 b a gigantic revolution aga9/ :i* all ! p[]s 9 ! _w might well /rive 9 va94 ,) ! abdication ( ,*>les 9 #aeef ! new p]iod may be said to beg91 & x is "h t ,mr4 ,motley's hi/ory comm5ces4 ,ev5ts cr[d$ ?ick & fa/4 ,9 #aeef ,philip ,,ii41 a pr9ce br$ & educat$ = ! di/9ct purpose ( suppress+ h]esy1 succe$$ to ! rule ( ! mo/ p[]ful empire :i* _h be5 se5 s9ce ! days ( ! ,anton9es4 ,9 ! previ\s ye> a new era _h begun at ! c\rt ( ,rome4 ,! old race ( pagan pontiffs1 ! ,borgias1 ! ,f>neses1 & ! ,m$icis1 _h come to an end1 & ! papal ?rone 0 occupi$ by ! puritanical ,c>affa1 z viol5t a fanatic z ,robespi]re1 & a foe ( fre$om z uncompromis+ z ,philip ,,ii4 himself4 ,"u 8 auspices took place ! great re=m 9 ! ,*ur* signaliz$ by ! rise ( ! ,jesuits1 z ! re=m 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury _h be5 att5d$ by ! rise ( ! ,cordeli]s & ,dom9icans4 ,8 "n %\ld n be =gott51 = x is ma9ly ow+ to ! policy inaugurat$ by him t ,ca?olicism 0 enabl$ to hold its gr\nd z well z x did4 ,9 #aeeg ! next ye>1 ! /r5g? ( ,france 0 brok5 at ,/4 ,qu5t91 & ,spa9 0 left ) h] h&s free to deal ) ! ,prote/ant p[]s4 ,9 #aeeh1 by ! accession ( ,elizabe?1 ,engl& became committ$ to ! cause ( ,re=m4 ,9 #aeei ! /ormy adm9i/ration ( ,m>g>et began 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 #aefj ! ,scot* nobles a*iev$ ! de/ruction ( ,ca?olicism 9 ,nor? ,brita94 ,by ?is "t e nation except ,france1 _h tak5 sides 9 ! conflict :i* 0 to la/1 ) h>dly any cessation1 dur+ two g5]ations4 ,mr4 ,motley1 !re=e1 9 describ+ ! rise & progress ( ! unit$ republic ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 is writ+ n ,dut* b ,european hi/ory4 ,on 8 pages ,france1 ,spa91 & ,engl& make almo/ z l>ge a figure z ,holl& itself4 ,he is writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation dur+ its conclud+ epo*1 & he *ooses ! ,ne!rl&s z 8 ma9 subject1 because dur+ t p]iod ! ,ne!rl&s 7 ! c5tre ( ! movem5t4 ,!y con/itut$ ! great bulw>k ( fre$om1 & ^u ! success or failure ( _! cause ! future prospect ( ,europe & ( mank9d dep5d$4 ,spa9 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,philip ,,ii4 & ,william ! ,sil5t1 7 ! two lead+ antagoni/s & 7 felt to be su* by ! o!r nations & rul]s t came to m+le 9 ! /rife4 ,x is !re=e a /upid criticism :i* we h se5 made ^u ,mr4 ,motley1 t1 hav+ br\ght 8 n>rative d[n to ! truce ( #afji1 he ought1 in/ead ( describ+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 to keep on ) ,dut* hi/ory1 & p\rtray ! w>s aga9/ ,cromwell & ,*>les ,,ii41 & ! /ruggle ( ! second ,william ( ,orange aga9/ ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,by s do+ he w\ld only violate ! unity ( 8 n>rative4 ,! w>s ( ! ,dut* aga9/ ,engl& & ,france belong to an entirely diff]5t epo* 9 ,european hi/ory1--a mod]n epo*1 9 :i* political & comm]cial int]e/s 7 ( prime importance1 & !ological int]e/s di/9ctly subsidi>y4 ,! natural t]m9us ( ,mr4 ,motley's "w is ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia4 ,aft] br++ d[n 8 hi/ory to ! "t :5 ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ne!rl&s 0 virtually ackn[l$g$1 aft] describ+ ! pr9cipal /ages ( ! /ruggle aga9/ ,ca?olicism & univ]sal mon>*y1 z c>ri$ on 9 ! fir/ g5]ation by ,elizabe? & ,william1 & 9 ! second by ,maurice & ,h5ry1 he w naturally g on to treat ( ! epilogue z conduct$ by ,ri*elieu & ,gu/avus1 end+ 9 ! f9al cessation ( religi\s w>s ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! conflict 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 0 inde$ f> m ?an a m]e religi\s /ruggle4 ,9 its c\rse 0 di/9ctly br\ght into prom95ce ! fact :i* we h above signaliz$1 t s9ce ! ,roman ,*ur* _h ab&on$ ! lib]ties ( ! p !y _h f\nd a new def5d] 9 ! re=m$ religion4 ,! ,dut* rebellion is peculi>ly int]e/+1 because x 0 a revolt n m]ely aga9/ ! ,inquisition1 b also aga9/ ! temporal sov]eignty ( ,philip4 ,besides *ang+ _! religion1 ! /urdy ,ne!rl&]s saw fit to ?r[ (f ! sway ( _! legitimate rul]1 & to proclaim ! ?rice h]etical doctr9e ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p4 ,9 ?is "o respect _! views 7 decid$ly m mod]n ?an ^? ( ,elizabe? & ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,^! great mon>*s app>5tly nei!r und]/ood nor reli%$ ! republican !ories ( ! ,holl&]s2 ?\gh x is h>dly necess>y = ,mr4 ,motley to sne] at !m q s (t5 because !y 7 n to an impossible degree 9 advance ( _! age4 ,! proclamation ( a republic 9 ! ,ne!rl&s m>k$ ( itself ! beg9n+ ( a new era1--an era :5 fl\ri%+ communities ( m5 7 no long] to be b\ght & sold1 transf]r$ & bequea!d l real e/ate & *attels1 b 7 to h & ma9ta9 ! "r ( *oos+ ) :om & "u :om !y %\ld transact _! affairs4 ,! int]m9able negotiations = a truce1 :i* fill ne>ly "o ?ird ( ,mr4 ,motley's conclud+ volume1 exhibit ) /rik+ di/9ctness ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & new po9ts ( view4 ,"h aga9 we ?9k ,mr4 ,motley errs slightly1 9 call+ too mu* att5tion to ! prev>icat+ diplomacy ( ! ,spani% c\rt1 & too little to its manife/ inability to compreh5d ! dem&s ( ! ,ne!rl&]s4 ,h[ %\ld /atesm5 br\ght up "u ,philip ,,ii4 & kept "u ! eye ( ! ,inquisition be expect$ to und]/& a claim = lib]ty orig9at+ 9 ! rights ( ! common p & n 9 ! graci\s b5evol5ce or intellig5t policy ( ! ,k+8 ,! v idea mu/ h be5 practically inconceivable by !m4 ,accord+ly1 !y /rove by e available device ( *ican]y to :e$le ! ,ne!rl&]s into accept+ _! indep5d5ce z a gift f ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,b to su* a piece ( self-/ultification ! cle>-sight$ ,dut*m5 c\ld by no p]suasion be br\ght to cons5t4 ,_! indep5d5ce1 !y argu$1 0 n ! ,k+'s to give4 ,!y _h won x f him & 8 fa!r1 9 a w> ( =ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* !y _h suff]$ atroci\s mis]ies1 & all t ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 c\ld d 0 to ackn[l$ge x z _! "r1 & cease to mole/ !m 9 future4 ,ov] ?is po9t1 s simple to u b knotty en\gh 9 ^? days1 ! commission]s wrangl$ = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,& :5 ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 unable to c>ry on ! w> any long] )\t risk ( utt] bankruptcy1 & daily crippl$ 9 its res\rces by ! attacks ( ! ,dut* navy1 grudg+ly a re$ to a truce ^u ! ,ne!rl&]s' t]ms1 x virtually ackn[l$g$ its own defeat & ! d[nfall ( ! pr9ciples = :i* x _h s ob/9ately f\ght4 ,by ! truce ( #afji ! republican pr9ciple 0 admitt$ by ! mo/ despotic ( gov]nm5ts4 ,"h 0 ! fir/ great triumph ( republicanism ov] mon>*y2 & x 0 n long 9 be>+ fruits4 ,= ! ,dut* revolution1 ! settlem5t ( ,am]ica by ,engli% ,puritans1 ! great rebellion ( ! ,commons1 ! ,revolution ( #afhh1 ! revolt ( ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 & ! g5]al ov]?r[ ( feudalism 9 #aghi1 are b successive acts 9 ! same drama ,william ! ,sil5t 0 ! wor?y =]unn] ( ,cromwell & ,wa%+ton2 & b = ! victory :i* he won1 dur+ 8 life & aft] 8 untimely dea?1 ! subsequ5t triumphs ( civil lib]ty might h be5 long1 po/pon$4 ,ov] ! sublime figure ( ,william--saevis tranquillus 9 undis--we %\ld be glad to dwell1 b we are n review+ ! ,rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic1 & 9 ,mr4 ,motley's pres5t volumes ! h]o ( tol]ation appe>s no long]4 ,8 antagoni/1 h[ev]1--! ,philip :om ,god = "s inscrutable purpose p]mitt$ to afflict ,europe dur+ a reign ( =ty-two ye>s1--accompanies u ne>ly to ! end ( ! pres5t "w1 dy+ j 9 "t = ! hi/orian to sum up ! case aga9/ him1 & pron\nce f9al judgm5t4 ,= ! memory ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,mr4 ,motley *]i%es no weak pity4 ,he r>ely alludes to him )\t comm5t+ ^u 8 total depravity1 & he dismisses him ) ! rem>k t if !re are vices--z possibly !re are--f :i* he 0 exempt1 x is because x is n p]mitt$ to human nature to atta9 p]fection 9 evil4 ,! v]dict is none ! less j because ( its concis5ess4 ,if !re ev] 0 a /rife betwe5 ,h]cules & ,cacus1 betwe5 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 betwe5 ! ,p[] ( ,light & ! ,p[] ( ,d>kness1 x 0 c]ta9ly ! /rife betwe5 ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange & ! ,spani% ,mon>*4 ,!y are contra/$ l ! light & %ade 9 "o ( ,dore's pictures4 ,& yet x is p]haps unnecess>y = ,mr4 ,motley to say t if ,philip _h be5 alive :5 ,sp9ola won = him ! great victory ( ,o/5d1 he w\ld h felt x 8 duty to make imm$iate arrangem5ts = poison+ him4 ,d\btless ! imputation is suffici5tly ju/ifi$ by :at we "k ( ,philip2 b x is uncall$ =4 ,we d n c>e to he> ab\t :at ! despot might h done4 ,we "k :at he did d1 & ! record is suffici5tly damn+4 ,!re is no h>m 9 our giv+ ! ,devil 8 due1 or z ,llor5te wittily says1 ,il ne faut pas calomni] meme l',inquisition4 ,philip inh]it$ all 8 fa!r's bad qualities1 )\t any ( 8 good ones2 & s x is mu* easi] to judge him ?an 8 fa!r4 ,*>les1 inde$1 is "o ( ^? *>act]s :om "o h>dly kn[s :e!r to love or hate1 to admire or despise4 ,he _h mu* bad blood 9 him4 ,*>les ! ,bold & ,f]d9& ( ,aragon 7 n gr&p>5ts to be pr\d (4 ,yet ) all ?is he inh]it$ f 8 gr&mo!r ,isabella mu* t "o c l1 & 8 face1 z pres]v$ by ,titian1 9 spite ( its fr[n+ br[ & ?ick ,burgundian lip1 is r prepossess+1 :ile ! face ( ,philip is simply odi\s4 ,9 intellect he mu/ probably be call$ great1 ?\gh 8 policy (t5 betray$ ! pett9ess ( selfi%ness4 ,if1 9 comp>ison ) ! m$iaeval emp]or ^: fame he envi$1 he may ju/ly be call$ ,*>les ! ,little1 he may /ill1 :5 comp>$ to a m mod]n emulator ( ,*>lemagne1--! fir/ ( ! ,bonap>tes1--be consid]$ great & enlight5$4 ,if he c\ld lie & *eat m consummately ?an any contempor>y mon>*1 n except+ 8 rival1 ,francis1 he c\ld /ill be gr&ly magnanim\s1 :ile ! g5]osity ( ,francis fl[$ only f ! %all[ surface ( a maudl9 good-nature4 ,he spoke _m languages & _h ! ta/es ( a s*ol>1 :ile 8 son _h only ! incl9ations ( an unfeel+ p$agogue4 ,he _h an inkl+ ( urbanity1 & c\ld 9 a measure become all ?+s to all m51 :ile ,philip c\ld nev] %[ himself except z a gloomy1 impracticable bigot4 ,x is = "s su* reasons z ^!1 ,i suppose1 t ,mr4 ,buckle--no fri5d to despots--speaks well ( ,*>les1 & t ,mr4 ,fr\de is mov$ to tell ! foll[+ anecdote3 ,:ile /&+ by ! grave ( ,lu!r1 & mus+ ov] ! /range c>e] ( ! giant monk ^: tea*+s _h gone s f> to wreck 8 mo/ *]i%$ s*emes & r5d] 8 life a failure1 "s fanatical by/&] advis$ ! ,emp]or to h ! body tak5 up & burn$ 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,!re 0 no?+1 says ,mr4 ,fr\de1 unusual 9 ! proposal2 x 0 ! common practice ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ) ! rema9s ( h]etics1 :o 7 held unwor?y to be left 9 repose 9 hall[$ gr\nd4 ,!re 0 sc>cely1 p]haps ano!r ,ca?olic pr9ce :o w\ld h hesitat$ to comply4 ,b ,*>les 0 "o ( nature's g5tlem54 ,he answ]$1 ',i w> n ) ! dead4' ,mr4 ,motley takes a less *>itable view ( ! great ,emp]or4 ,8 g5]\s indignation aga9/ all p]secutors makes him sev]e2 & 9 "o ( 8 e>li] volumes1 :ile speak+ ( ! fam\s edicts = ! suppression ( h]esy 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 he some:]e uses ! ^w murd]4 ,)\t attempt+ to palliate ! crime ( p]secution1 ,i d\bt if x is q fair to ,*>les to call him a murd]]4 ,we mu/ n =get t p]secution1 n[ rightly deem$ an atroci\s crime1 0 once really consid]$ by "s p a sacr$ duty2 t x 0 none o!r ?an ! compassionate ,isabella :o e/abli%$ ! ,spani% ,inquisition2 & t ! bloody ,m>y ,tudor 0 a woman :o w\ld n wilfully h done wrong4 ,) ! progress ( civilization ! "t w d\btless come :5 w>f>e1 hav+ ceas$ to be necess>y1 w be ?\ght highly crim9al2 yet x w n !n be fair to hold ,m>lbor\gh or ,well+ton acc\ntable = ! lives lo/ 9 _! great battles4 ,we /ill live 9 an age :5 w> is1 to ! imag9ation ( "s p]sons1 surr\nd$ ) false glories2 & ! greate/ ( mod]n g5]als #cb has /ill _m undiscrim9at+ admir]s4 ,yet ! day is no less c]ta9ly at h& :5 ! edicts ( ,*>les ,v4 w be deem$ a m p>donable (f5ce aga9/ humanity ?an ! wanton m>* to ,mosc[4 #cb ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! de$s ( ,moltke _h eclips$ ^? ( ,napoleon4 ,philip ,,ii4 0 diff]5t f 8 fa!r 9 capacity z a drudg+ cl]k1 l ,b\twell1 is diff]5t f a brilliant f9anci] l ,glad/one4 ,9 organization he diff]$ f him z a boor diff]s f a g5tleman4 ,he seem$ made ( a co>s] clay4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is well indicat$ by _! ta/es at ! table4 ,bo? 7 t]rible gluttons1 a fact :i* puritanic criticism might set d[n z equally to ! discr$it ( ea* ( !m4 ,b ev5 9 intemp]ance !re are degrees ( ref9em5t1 & ! imp>tial critic ( life & mann]s w no d\bt say t if "o mu/ get drunk1 let x be on ,*ateau ,m>gaux r ?an on commiss>y :iskey4 ,pickl$ p>tridges1 plump capons1 syrups ( fruits1 delicate pa/ry1 & r>e fi% w5t to make up ! diet ( ,*>les 9 8 la/ days at ,yu/e4 ,b ! bea/ly ,philip w\ld make himself sick ) a surfeit ( und]done pork4 ,:atev] may be said ( ! fa!r1 we c h>dly g f> wrong 9 ascrib+ ! in/9cts ( a murd]] to ! son4 ,he n only burn$ h]etics1 b he burn$ !m ) an air ( enjoym5t & self-complac5cy4 ,8 nuptials ) ,elizabe? ( ,france 7 celebrat$ by a va/ auto-da-fe4 ,he /udi$ murd] z a f9e art1 & 0 z skilful 9 private assass9ations z ,cell9i 0 9 engrav+ on gems4 ,! secret execution ( ,montigny1 nev] br\ght to light until ! pres5t c5tury1 0 a v]itable *ef d'oeuvre ( ?is sort4 ,! cases ( ,escob$o & ,antonio ,p]ez may also be cit$ 9 po9t4 ,d>k suspicions hung ar\nd ! premature dea? ( ,don ,john ( ,au/ria1 8 too brilliant & popul> half-bro!r4 ,he plann$ ! murd] ( ,william ! ,sil5t1 & rew>d$ ! assass9 ) an annuity furni%$ by ! rev5ues ( ! victim's confiscat$ e/ates4 ,he kept a /aff ( ruffians con/antly 9 s]vice = ! purpose ( tak+ (f ,elizabe?1 ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,pr9ce ,maurice1 ,old5-,b>neveldt1 & ,/4 ,aldegonde4 ,he in/ruct$ ,alva to execute s5t5ce ( dea? ^u ! :ole population ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,he is p>tly responsible = ! m>tyrdoms ( ,ridley & ,latim]1 & ! judicial murd] ( ,cranm]4 ,he fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( ! :olesale massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 _m ye>s be=e ,ca?>9e de' ,m$ici c>ri$ x into op]ation4 ,8 +ratitude 0 z dang]\s z 8 rev5geful fanaticism4 ,^? :o _h be/ s]v$ 8 int]e/s 7 ! lea/ likely to escape ! consequ5ces ( 8 jeal\sy4 ,he de/roy$ ,egmont1 :o _h won = him ! spl5did victories ( ,/4 ,qu5t9 & ,gravel9es2 & ) m9ute & arti/ic trea*]y he plott$ ! disgrace & ru9 ( ,f>nese1 ! man :o 0 8 ne> blood-relation1 & :o _h s]v$ him mo/ fai?fully f e>lie/ y\?4 ,contempor>y op9ion ev5 held him acc\ntable = ! obscure dea?s ( 8 wife ,elizabe? & 8 son ,c>los2 b ,m4 ,ga*>d has %[n t ?is suspicion is unf\nd$4 ,philip appe>s p]haps to bett] advantage 9 8 dome/ic ?an 9 8 political relations4 ,yet he 0 addict$ to vulg> & miscellane\s incont95ce2 t[>d ! close ( 8 life he s]i\sly contemplat$ m>ry+ 8 own daught] ,isabella2 & he end$ by tak+ = 8 f\r? wife 8 niece1 ,anne ( ,au/ria1 :o became ! "m ( 8 half-idiotic son & successor4 ,we "k ( no royal family1 unless x may be ! ,claudians ( ,rome1 9 :i* ! transmission ( moral & intellectual qualities is m ?or\ghly illu/rat$ ?an 9 ?is ,burgundian race :i* = two c5turies held ! sceptre ( ,spa94 ,! son ,philip & ! gr&mo!r ,isabella are bo? ne$ful 9 ord] to compreh5d ! /range mixture ( good & evil 9 ,*>les4 ,b ! desc5dants ( ,philip--two g5]ations ( idiocy1 & a ?ird ( utt] impot5ce--are a suffici5t comm5t>y ^u ! organization & "* ( _! prog5itor4 ,su* 0 ! man :o = two g5]ations _h be5 consid]$ ! bulw>k ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 :o1 hav+ be5 at ! bottom ( ne>ly all ! villany t _h be5 wr\ght 9 ,europe = half a c5tury1 0 yet able to decl>e ^u 8 dea?-b$ t 9 all 8 life he _h nev] consci\sly done wrong to any "o4 ,at a ripe old age he di$ ( a fe>ful disease4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( a typhus fev]1 sup]v5+ ^u g\t1 he _h begun to decompose :ile yet alive4 ,8 suff]+s1 says ,mr4 ,motley1 7 horrible1 b no sa9t c\ld h manife/$ 9 !m m g5tle resignation or angelic pati5ce4 ,he moraliz$ on ! condition to :i* ! greate/ pr9ces might ?us be br\ght at la/ by ! h& ( ,god1 & bade ! ,pr9ce obs]ve well 8 fa!r's pres5t condition1 9 ord] t :5 he too %\ld be laid ?us l[1 he might likewise be su/a9$ by a consci5ce void ( (f5ce4 ,:at m is ne$$ to complete ! disgu/+ picture8 ,philip 0 fanatical up to ! po9t :]e fanaticism bord]s ^u hypocrisy4 ,he 0 possess$ ) a great moral idea1 ! idea ( mak+ ,ca?olicism ! rul] ( ! _w1 t he might be ! rul] ( ,ca?olicism4 ,:y1 x may be said1 %all ! *>ge ( fanaticism be all[$ to absolve ,isabella & ext5uate ! guilt ( ,*>les1 :ile x only /r5g!ns ! case aga9/ ,philip8 ,because ,isabella p]secut$ h]etics 9 ord] to save _! s\ls f a worse fate1 :ile ,philip burnt !m 9 ord] to get !m out ( 8 way4 ,isabella w\ld p]haps h gone to ! /ake h]self1 if !reby %e might h put an end to h]esy4 ,philip w\ld h se5 e s\l 9 ,europe consign$ to et]nal p]dition be=e he w\ld h yield$ up an iota ( 8 claims to univ]sal dom9ion4 ,he c\ld s5d ,alva to br[beat ! ,pope1 z well z to oppress ! ,ne!rl&]s4 ,he c\ld compass ! de/ruction ( ! or?odox ,egmont & ,f>nese1 z well z ( ! h]etical ,william4 ,8 unctu\s piety only adds to ! abhorr5ce ) :i* we reg>d him2 & 8 humility 9 face ( dea? is nei!r bett] nor worse ?an ! assum$ humility :i* _h become second nature to ,uriah ,heep4 ,9 %ort1 take him = all 9 all1 he 0 probably ! mo/ loa?some "* 9 all ,european hi/ory4 ,he has frequ5tly be5 call$1 by ,prote/ant hi/orians1 an inc>nate devil2 b we d n ?9k t ,mephi/opheles w\ld ackn[l$ge him4 ,he %\ld r be class$ among ^? creatures describ$ by ,dante z a ,dio spiac5ti ed ai nemici sui4 ,! abdication ( ,*>les ,v4 left ,philip rul] ov] wid] dom9ions ?an _h ev] be=e be5 br\ght toge!r "u ! sway ( "o man4 ,9 8 own "r ,philip 0 ma/] n only ( ,spa91 b ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,fran*e ,comte1 ,lomb>dy1 ,naples1 & ,sicily1 ) ! :ole ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica2 besides :i* he 0 m>ri$ to ! ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 reign he became possess$ ( ,portugal1 ) all its va/ doma9s 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,8 rev5ues 7 great] ?an ^? ( any o!r contempor>y mon>*2 8 navy 0 consid]$ inv9cible1 & 8 army 0 ! be/ discipl9$ 9 ,europe4 ,all ^! great advantages he 0 de/9$ to ?r[ to ! w9ds4 ,9 ! /rife = univ]sal mon>*y1 9 ! mad endeav\r to subject ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,france to 8 own dom9ion & ! tyranny ( ! ,inquisition1 besides re-conqu]+ ! ,ne!rl&s1 all 8 va/ res\rces 7 wa/$4 ,! ,dut* w> alone1 l a bottomless pit1 absorb$ all t he c\ld p\r into x4 ,long be=e ! w> 0 ov]1 or %[$ signs ( draw+ to an end1 8 rev5ues 7 wa/$1 & 8 troops 9 ,fl&]s 7 mut9\s = want ( pay4 ,he _h to rely ^u en]getic vic]oys l ,f>nese & ! ,sp9olas to furni% funds out ( _! own pockets4 ,f9ally1 he 0 oblig$ to repudiate all 8 debts2 & :5 he di$ ! ,spani% empire 0 9 su* a begg>ly condition t x quak$ at e approa* ( a ho/ile ,dut* fleet4 ,su* a result is n evid5ce ( a /atesmanlike ability2 b ,philip's fanatical selfi%ness 0 incompatible ) /atesman%ip4 ,he nev] c\ld be made to believe t 8 projects _h suff]$ defeat4 ,no soon] _h ! ,inv9cible ,armada be5 s5t to ! bottom by ! guns ( ! ,engli% fleet & ! gales ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 ?an he s5t ord]s to ,f>nese to invade ,engl& at once ) ! l& =ce "u 8 comm&6 ,he ?\ght to obta9 ,scotl&1 :51 aft] ! dea? ( ,m>y1 x _h pass$ "u ! undisput$ control ( ! ,prote/ant noblem54 ,he dream$ ( secur+ = 8 family ! cr[n ( ,france1 ev5 aft] ,h5ry1 ) free cons5t ( ! ,pope1 _h made 8 triumphal entry into ,p>is4 ,he ass]t$ complete & entire sov]eignty ov] ! ,ne!rl&s1 ev5 aft] ,pr9ce ,maurice _h won back f him ! la/ squ>e foot ( ,dut* t]ritory4 ,su* ob/9acy z ?is c only be call$ fatuity4 ,if ,philip _h liv$ 9 ,pagan times1 he w\ld d\btless1 l ,caligula1 h dem&$ recognition ( 8 own div9ity4 ,! mis]able condition ( ! ,spani% p "u ?is t]rible reign1 & ! causes ( _! subsequ5t deg5]acy1 h be5 well treat$ by ,mr4 ,motley4 ,! causes ( ! failure ( ,spani% civilization are p>tly social & p>tly economical2 & !y _h be5 op]at+ = eight hundr$ ye>s :5 ,philip succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,! ,moori% conque/ 9 #gaa _h practically isolat$ ,spa9 f ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ,crusades %e took no "p1 & reap$ none ( ! signal advantages result+ f t great movem5t4 ,h] :ole en]gies 7 direct$ t[>d ?r[+ (f ! yoke ( h] civiliz$ b unbeliev+ oppressors4 ,= a long] "t ?an has n[ elaps$ s9ce ! ,norman ,conque/ ( ,engl&1 ! entire ,go?ic population ( ,spa9 0 engag$ 9 unceas+ religi\s & patriotic w>f>e4 ,! unlimit$ p[] ?us acquir$ by an unscrupul\s cl]gy1 & ! _s ( uncompromis+ bigotry ?us imp>t$ to ! :ole nation1 are 9 ?is way readily acc\nt$ =4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is1 ! affairs ( ,spa9 at ! accession ( ,*>les ,v4 7 n 9 an unpromis+ condition4 ,! ,spani% ,visigo?s _h be5 ! lea/ b>b>\s ( ! ,teutonic settl]s )9 ! limits ( ! ,empire2 _! civil in/itutions 7 excell5t2 _! cities _h obta9$ municipal lib]ties at an e>li] date ?an ^? ( ,engl&2 & _! ,p>liam5ts indulg$ 9 a lib]ty ( spee* :i* w\ld h seem$ extravagant ev5 to ,de ,mont=t4 ,s late z ! "t ( ,f]d9&1 ! ,spani>ds 7 /ill ju/ly pr\d ( _! fre$om2 & ! *ivalr\s ambition :i* inspir$ ! m>vell\s exp$ition ( ,cortes to ,mexico1 & cov]$ ! soil ( ,italy ) ,spani% armies1 0 probably 9 ! ma9 a heal?y "o4 ,b ! =ces ( ,spani% fre$om 7 unit$ at too late an epo*2 9 #adib1 ! p[] ( despotism 0 already 9 ! asc5dant4 ,9 ,engl& ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,! b>ons 7 enabl$ to comb9e & wre/ p]man5t privileges f ! cr[n1 at a "t :5 feudalism 0 /rong4 ,b ! ,spani% communes wait$ = comb9$ action until feudalism _h become weak1 & mod]n despotism1 ) its /&+ armies & its control ( ! spiritual p[]1 0 array$ 9 ! ranks aga9/ !m4 ,! ,w> ( ! ,communes1 e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,v41 irrevocably decid$ ! case 9 fav\r ( despotism1 & f t date ! int]nal decl9e ( ,spa9 may be said to h begun4 ,b ! triumphant consolidation ( ! spiritual & temporal p[]s ( despotism1 & ! abnormal developm5t ( loyalty & bigotry1 7 n ! only evil results ( ! *ronic /ruggle 9 :i* ,spa9 _h be5 engag$4 ,= _m c5turies1 :ile ,*ri/ian ,spa9 _h be5 b a fr+e ( debatable bord]-l& on ! skirts ( ! ,moori% k+dom1 p]petual gu]illa w>f>e _h r5d]$ consecutive lab\r difficult or impracticable2 & ! physical configuration ( ! c\ntry contribut$ 9 br++ ab\t ?is result4 ,to plund] ! ,moors across ! bord] 0 easi] ?an to till ! gr\nd at home4 ,!n z ! ,spani>ds1 exemplify+ ! milit>y sup]iority ( ! feudal ov] ! sultanic =m ( social organization1 proce$$ /eadily to recov] dom9ion ov] ! l&1 ! indu/ri\s ,moors1 in/ead ( migrat+ backw>d be=e ! advance ( _! conqu]ors1 rema9$ at home & submitt$ to !m4 ,?us ,spani% society became comp\nd$ ( two di/9ct ca/es1--! ,moori% ,spani>ds1 :o 7 skill$ lab\r]s1 & ! ,go?ic ,spani>ds1 by :om all lab\r1 crude or skilful1 0 deem$ ! /igma ( a conqu]$ race1 & unwor?y ! att5tion ( respectable p4 ,z ,mr4 ,motley concisely says3-- ,! highe/ indu/rial & sci5tific civilization t _h be5 exhibit$ ^u ,spani% t]ritory 0 t ( ,moors & ,jews4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( "t ^? races _h be5 subjugat$1 massacr$1 or driv5 into exile1 n only 0 ,spa9 depriv$ ( its highe/ intellectual culture & its mo/ productive lab\r1 b intellig5ce1 sci5ce1 & indu/ry 7 acc\nt$ degrad+1 because ! m>k ( inf]ior & dete/$ peoples4 ,?is is ! key to ! :ole subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,spa94 ,bigotry1 loyalty1 & consecrat$ idl5ess are ! ?ree factors :i* h made t great c\ntry :at x is to-day1--! mo/ backw>d region 9 ,europe4 ,9 view ( ! circum/ances j n>rat$1 x is n surpris+ to le>n t 9 ,philip ,,ii4's "t a va/ portion ( ! real e/ate ( ! c\ntry 0 held by ! ,*ur* 9 mortma92 t =ty-n9e noble families own$ all ! re/2 t all great e/ates 7 held 9 tail2 & t ! prop]ty ( ! ari/ocracy & ! cl]gy 0 completely exempt f taxation4 ,?us ! accumulation & ! diffusion ( capital 7 alike prev5t$2 & ! few possessors ( prop]ty wa/$ x 9 unproductive exp5diture4 ,h5ce ! fundam5tal error ( ,spani% political economy1 t weal? is repres5t$ solely by ! preci\s metals2 an error :i* well en\gh expla9s ! total failure1 9 spite ( h] magnific5t opportunities1 ( ,spa9's attempts to colonize ! ,new ,_w4 ,su* 0 ! frightful condition ( ,spani% society "u ,philip ,,ii42 & z if ?is /ate ( ?+s 7 n bad en\gh1 ! next k+1 ,philip ,,iii41 at ! in/igation ( ! cl]gy1 decid$ to drive into bani%m5t ! only class ( productive lab\r]s yet rema9+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 #afaj1 ?is /up5d\s crime & blund]--unp>allel$ ev5 9 ,spani% hi/ory--0 p]petrat$4 ,! entire ,moori% population 7 expell$ f _! homes & driv5 into ! des]ts ( ,africa4 ,= ! awful consequ5ces ( ?is mad action no rem$y 0 possible4 ,no sy/em ( native indu/ry c\ld be creat$ on dem&1 to take ! place ( t :i* _h be5 ?us wantonly cru%$ =ev]4 ,f ?is epo* dates ! social ru9 ( ,spa94 ,9 less ?an a c5tury h] p 7 riot\s ) fam9e2 & e seque/]$ gl5 & m\nta9 pa?way ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry _h become a lurk+-place = robb]s4 ,:oev] w\ld duly realize to :at a lam5table condition ?is beautiful p59sula _h 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury be5 r$uc$1 let him /udy ! immortal pages ( ,lesage4 ,he w le>n afre% ! lesson1 n yet suffici5tly reg>d$ 9 ! discussion ( social problems1 t ! laws ( nature _c be violat$ )\t entail+ a p5alty fe>ful 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( ! violation4 ,b let him c>efully rememb] also t ! ,spani>ds are n & nev] h be5 a despicable p4 ,if ,spa9 has produc$ "o ( ! l[e/ *>act]s 9 hi/ory1 %e has also produc$ "o ( ! highe/4 ,t man 0 e in* a ,spani>d :o1 maim$1 diseas$1 & poor1 brok5 d[n by long captivity1 & h>ass$ by malignant p]secution1 liv$ nev]!less a life ( gr&eur & beauty fit to be a patt]n = com+ g5]ations1--! au?or ( a book :i* has _h a wid] fame ?an any o!r 9 ! :ole range ( secul> lit]ature1 & :i* = delicate hum\r1 exquisite pa?os1 & deep e?ical s5tim5t1 rema9s to-day )\t a pe] or a rival4 ,if ,philip ,,ii4 0 a ,spani>d1 s1 too1 0 ,c]vantes4 ,spa9 c\ld n be free1 = %e violat$ e condition by :i* fre$om is secur$ to a p4 ,acut5ess ( intellect1 weal? ( imag9ation1 h]oic qualities ( he>t & h& & bra91 r>ely surpass$ 9 any race & manife/$ on a ?\s& battle-fields1 & 9 ! triumphs ( a magnific5t & mo/ orig9al lit]ature1 _h n be5 able to save a :ole nation f ! disa/]s & ! degradation :i* ! m]e words ,philip ,,ii4 & ! ,holy ,inquisition sugge/ to e educat$ m9d4 ,nor c\ld ,spa9 possibly become ri*1 =1 z ,mr4 ,motley cont9ues1 ne>ly e law1 accord+ to :i* ! prosp]ity ( a c\ntry becomes progressive1 0 habitually violat$4 ,on turn+ to ! ,ne!rl&s we f9d ! mo/ complete contra/1 bo? 9 hi/orical conditions & 9 social results2 & ! success ( ! ,ne!rl&s 9 _! long /ruggle becomes easily intelligible4 ,! ,dut* & ,flemi% prov9ces _h =m$ a "p ( ! r5ovat$ ,roman ,empire ( ,*>les ! ,great & ! ,o?os4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! p]5nial conte/ = supremacy betwe5 ! popes & ! ,roman emp]ors1 ! con/itu5t b>onies & municipalities ( ! ,empire succe$$ 9 acquir+ & ma9ta9+ a practical ?\gh unrecogniz$ indep5d5ce2 & ?is is ! orig9al reason :y ,italy & ,g]many1 unlike ! ?ree we/]n ,european communities1 h rema9$ fragm5t>y until our own "t4 ,by reason ( ! practical fre$om ( action ?us secur$1 ! ,italian civic republics1 ! ,hanse t[ns1 & ! cities ( ,holl& & ,fl&]s1 7 enabl$ gradually to develop a va/ comm]ce4 ,! outly+ position ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 remote f ! imp]ial au?orities1 & on ! direct l9e ( comm]ce betwe5 ,italy & ,engl&1 0 ano!r & a peculi> advantage4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages ! ,flemi% & ,dut* cities 7 ( consid]able political importance1 & 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,ne!rl& prov9ces 7 ! mo/ highly civiliz$ portion ( ,europe nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,= sev]al g5]ations !y _h enjoy$1 & _h kn[n h[ to ma9ta91 civic lib]ties1 & :5 ,*>les & ,philip attempt$ to fa/5 ^u !m _! peculi> in/itution1 ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 !y 7 ripe = political z well z !ological revolt4 ,natural laws 7 f\nd to op]ate on ! ,rh9e z well z on ! ,tagus1 & at ! end ( ! great w> ( indep5d5ce1 ,holl& 0 n only bett] equipp$ ?an ,spa9 = a ,european conflict1 b 0 rapidly ou/+ h] f ! ,ea/ ,indian c\ntries :i* %e _h 9 va9 attempt$ to colonize4 ,b if we 7 to take up all ! int]e/+ & in/ructive !mes sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,motley's "w1 we %\ld nev] come to an end4 ,we mu/ pass ov] ! excit+ ev5ts n>rat$ 9 ^! la/ volumes2 ! victory ( ,nieuport1 ! siege ( ,o/5d1 ! m>vell\s c>e] ( ,maurice1 ! surpris+ exploits ( ,sp9ola4 ,we h attempt$ n s mu* to describe ,mr4 ,motley's book z to indulge 9 sundry reflections sugge/$ by ! p]usal ( x4 ,b we _c close )\t "s rem>ks ^u a great man1 ^: "* ,mr4 ,motley seems to h some:at misconceiv$4 ,if ,mr4 ,motley exhibits any s]i\s fault1 x is p]haps ! natural t5d5cy to ,,take ,,sides 9 ! ev5ts :i* he is describ+1 :i* sometimes op]ates z a drawback to complete & ?or\ghgo+ criticism4 ,) e int5tion to d ju/ice to ! ,ca?olics1 ,mr4 ,motley /ill writes z a ,prote/ant1 view+ all que/ions f ! ,prote/ant side4 ,he praises & condemns l a v fair-m9d$ ,hugu5ot1 b /ill l a ,hugu5ot4 ,x is = ?is reason t he fails to int]pret correctly ! v complex "* ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 reg>d+ him z a sort ( selfi% r5egade :om he _c q =give = accept+ ! cr[n ( ,france at ! h&s ( ! ,pope4 ,n[ ?is v action ( ,h5ry1 9 ! eye ( an imp>tial criticism1 mu/ seem to be "o ( 8 *ief claims to ! admiration & gratitude ( po/]ity4 ,h5ry 0 m ?an a m]e ,hugu5ot3 he 0 a f>-see+ /atesman4 ,he saw cle>ly :at no rul] be=e him1 save ,william ! ,sil5t1 _h ev5 dimly disc]n$1 t n ,ca?olicism & n ,prote/antism1 b absolute spiritual fre$om 0 ! true end to be aim$ at by a righte\s lead] ( op9ion4 ,x 0 z a ,ca?olic sov]eign t he c\ld be mo/ useful ev5 to 8 ,hugu5ot subjects2 & he %ap$ 8 c\rse accord+ly4 ,x 0 z an or?odox sov]eign1 hold+ 8 position by ! g5]al cons5t ( ,europe1 t he c\ld be/ subs]ve ! int]e/s ( univ]sal tol]ation4 ,?is pr9ciple he embodi$ 9 8 admirable edict ( ,nantes4 ,:at a ,hugu5ot pr9ce might h done1 may be se5 f ! %ameful way 9 :i* ! ,fr5* ,calv9i/s abus$ ! fav\r :i* ,h5ry--& ,ri*elieu aft]w>ds--accord$ to !m4 ,rememb]+ h[ ,calv9 himself dragoon$ ,g5eva1 let u be ?ankful = ! =tune :i*1 9 "o ( ! mo/ critical p]iods ( hi/ory1 rais$ to ! highe/ position 9 ,*ri/5dom a man :o 0 some?+ m ?an a sect>ian4 ,) ?is brief criticism1 we mu/ regretfully take leave ( ,mr4 ,motley's "w4 ,mu* m rema9s to be said ab\t a hi/orical treatise :i* is1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ valuable & important "o yet produc$ by an ,am]ican2 b we h already exce$$ our limits4 ,we tru/ t our au?or w be z successful 9 ! future z he has be5 9 ! pa/2 & t we %all soon h an opportunity ( welcom+ ! fir/ in/alm5t ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,m>*1 #ahfh4 ,,xi4 ,,longfell[',s ,,dante4 #cc #cc ,! ,div9e ,com$y ( ,dante ,alighi]i4 ,translat$ by ,h5ry ,wadswor? ,longfell[4 #c vols4 ,bo/on3 ,ticknor ,fields1 #ahfg4 ,,! task ( a translator is a ?ankless "o at be/4 ,be he nev] s skilful & accurate1 be he nev] s amply end[$ ) ! div9e qualifications ( ! poet1 x is /ill que/ionable if he c ev] succe$ 9 say+ satisfactorily ) new words t :i* has once be5 inimitably said--said = all "t--) ! old words4 ,psy*ologically1 !re is p]haps no?+ m complex ?an an elaborate poem4 ,! s\rces ( its effect ^u our m9ds may be lik5$ to a sy/em ( =ces :i* is 9 ! highe/ degree un/able2 & ! slighte/ displacem5t ( phrases1 by di/urb+ ! delicate rhy?mical equilibrium ( ! :ole1 mu/ inevitably awak5 a j>r+ s5sation4 ,mat!w ,arnold has giv5 u an excell5t s]ies ( lectures ^u translat+ ,hom]1 9 :i* he d\btless succe$s 9 %[+ t "s me?ods ( translation are pref]able to o!rs1 b 9 :i* he proves no?+ s =cibly z t ! simplicity & grace1 ! rapidity1 dignity1 & fire1 ( ,hom] are q incommunicable1 save by ! v words 9 :i* !y fir/ f\nd expression4 ,& :at is ?us said ( ,hom] w apply to ,dante ) p]haps ev5 great] =ce4 ,) ne>ly all ( ,hom]'s gr&eur & rapidity1 ?\gh n ) ne>ly all 8 simplicity1 ! poem ( ,dante manife/s a peculi> int5sity ( subjective feel+ :i* 0 =eign to ! age ( ,hom]1 z inde$ to all pre-,*ri/ian antiquity4 ,b conc]n+ ?is we ne$ n dilate1 z x has (t5 be5 duly rem>k$ ^u1 & notably by ,c>lyle1 9 8 ,lectures on ,h]o-,wor%ip4 ,:o t has once he>d ! wail ( unutt]able despair s\nd+ 9 ! l9e ,ahi1 dura t]ra1 p]*e non t' apri/i8 c re/ satisfi$ ) ! int]pretation ,ah1 obdurate e>?1 :]e=e did/ ?\ n op58 yet ?is r5d]+ is lit]ally exact4 ,a second ob/acle1 h>dly less =midable1 h>dly less fatal to a satisfactory translation1 is pres5t$ by ! highly complicat$ sy/em ( triple rhyme ^u :i* ,dante's poem is con/ruct$4 ,?is1 :i* mu/ ev] be a /umbl+-block to ! translator1 seems r>ely to int]f]e ) ! free & graceful movem5t ( ! orig9al "w4 ,! mighty ?\ght ( ! ma/] felt no imp$im5t f ! elaborate arti/ic panoply :i* mu/ ne$s ob/ruct & h>ass ! int]pretation ( ! disciple4 ,dante's t]za rima is a b[ ( ,odysseus :i* weak] mortals _c b5d ) any am\nt ( tugg+1 & :i* ,mr4 ,longfell[ has judici\sly refra9$ f try+ to b5d4 ,yet no "o c fail to rem>k ! prodigi\s loss entail$ by ?is necess>y sacrifice ( "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ! orig9al poem4 ,let any "o :o has duly reflect$ ^u ! /range & subtle effect produc$ on him by ! peculi> rhyme ( ,t5nyson's ,9 ,memoriam1 endeav\r to realize ! v diff]5t effect :i* w\ld be produc$ if ! v]ses 7 to be alt]nat$ or c\pl$ 9 successive pairs1 or if rhyme 7 to be ab&on$ = blank v]se4 ,! exquisite melody ( ! poem w\ld be sil5c$4 ,! rhyme-sy/em ( ! ,div9e ,com$y refuses equally to be tamp]$ ) or ignor$4 ,its effect ^u ! e> & ! m9d is q z rem>kable z t ( ! rhyme-sy/em ( ,9 ,memoriam2 & ! impossibility ( reproduc+ x is "o good reason :y ,dante mu/ always suff] ev5 m f translation ?an mo/ poets4 ,some?+1 too1 mu/ be said ( ! difficulties inevitably aris+ f ! div]se /ructure & g5ius ( ! ,italian & ,engli% languages4 ,none w d5y t _m ( !m are insurm\ntable4 ,take ! ?ird l9e ( ! fir/ canto1-- ,*e la diritta via era sm>rita1 :i* ,mr4 ,longfell[ translates ,= ! /raight=w>d pa?way _h be5 lo/4 ,p]haps !re is no bett] ^w ?an lo/ by :i* to translate sm>rita 9 ?is place2 yet ! two words are f> f equival5t 9 =ce4 ,ab\t ! ^w sm>rita !re is ?r[n a wide p5umbra ( mean+ :i* does n belong to ! ^w lo/4 #ce ,by its diffuse connotations ! ^w sm>rita calls up 9 our m9ds an adequate picture ( ! bewild]m5t & p]plexity ( "o :o is lo/ 9 a trackless =e/4 ,! high-road ) out1 beat5 h>d by incessant ov]pass+ ( m5 & bea/s & :eel$ vehicles1 gradually becomes metamorphos$ into ! %ady lane1 :]e grass spr\ts up rankly betwe5 ! ruts1 :]e bu%es encroa* ^u ! roadside1 :]e fall5 trunks n[ & !n int]cept ! travell]2 & ?is 9 turn is lo/ 9 crook$ by-ways1 amid brambles & und]bru% & tangl$ v9es1 gr[+ fanta/ically a?w>t ! pa?1 %oot+ up on all sides ( ! bewild]$ w&]]1 & r5d]+ advance & retreat alike hopeless4 ,no "o :o 9 *ildhood has w&]$ alone 9 ! woods c help feel+ all ?is sugge/$ by ! ^w sm>rita 9 ?is passage4 ,h[ bald 9 comp>ison is ! ^w lo/1 :i* might equally be appli$ to a pa?way1 a reputation1 & a pocket-book6 #cf ,! ,engli% is no d\bt ! mo/ copi\s & v>i\sly expressive ( all liv+ languages1 yet ,i d\bt if x c furni% any ^w capable by itself ( call+ up ! complex images "h sugge/$ by sm>rita4 #cg ,& ?is is b "o example1 out ( _m t might be cit$1 9 :i* ! lack ( exact p>allelism betwe5 ! two languages employ$ causes e translation to suff]4 #ce ,see ,diez1 ,romance ,diction>y1 s4 v4 ,m>rir4 #cf ,on lit]ally retranslat+ lo/ into ,italian1 we %\ld get ! q diff]5t ^w p]duta4 #cg ,! m flexible me?od ( ,dr4 ,p>sons leads to a m satisfactory b /ill inadequate result3-- ,half-way on our life's ,j\rney1 9 a wood1 ,f ! "r pa? ,i f\nd myself a/ray4 ,all ^!1 h[ev]1 are difficulties :i* lie 9 ! nature ( ?+s1--difficulties = :i* ! translator is n responsible2 ( :i* he mu/ try to make ! be/ t c be made1 b :i* he c nev] expect :olly to surm\nt4 ,we h n[ to inquire :e!r !re are n o!r difficulties1 avoidable by "o me?od ( translation1 ?\gh n by ano!r2 & 9 criticiz+ ,mr4 ,longfell[1 we h *iefly to ask :e!r he has *os5 ! be/ me?od ( translation1--t :i* mo/ surely & readily awak5s 9 ! read]'s m9d ! ideas & feel+s awak5$ by ! orig9al4 ,! translator ( a poem may proce$ ^u ei!r ( two di/9ct pr9ciples4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 he may r5d] ! text ( 8 orig9al into ,engli%1 l9e = l9e & ^w = ^w1 pres]v+ z f> z possible its exact v]bal sequ5ces1 & translat+ ea* individual ^w into an ,engli% ^w z ne>ly z possible equival5t 9 its etymological =ce4 ,9 ! second case1 disreg>d+ m]e syntactic & etymologic equival5ce1 8 aim w be to reproduce ! inn] mean+ & p[] ( ! orig9al1 s f> z ! con/itutional diff]5ce ( ! two languages w p]mit him4 ,x is ! fir/ ( ^! me?ods t ,mr4 ,longfell[ has foll[$ 9 8 translation ( ,dante4 ,fidelity to ! text ( ! orig9al has be5 8 guid+ pr9ciple2 & e "o mu/ admit t1 9 c>ry+ out t pr9ciple1 he has a*iev$ a degree ( success alike delightful & surpris+4 ,! me?od ( lit]al translation is n likely to receive any m spl5did illu/ration4 ,x is inde$ put to ! te/ 9 su* a way t ! %ortcom+s n[ to be notic$ be> n ^u ,mr4 ,longfell['s own /yle ( "w s mu* z ^u ! me?od itself ) :i* !y are necess>ily implicat$4 ,^! defects are1 fir/1 ! too frequ5t use ( syntactic inv]sion1 & secondly1 ! too manife/ pref]5ce ext5d$ to words ( ,romanic ov] words ( ,saxon orig94 ,to illu/rate ! fir/ po9t1 let me give a few examples4 ,9 ,canto ,i4 we h3-- ,s bitt] is x1 dea? is little m2 ,b ( ! good to treat :i* !re ,i f\nd1 ,speak w ,i ( ! o!r ?+s ,i saw !re2 :i* is ?us r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,c>y1-- ,:i* to rememb] only1 my dismay ,r5ews1 9 bitt]ness n f> f dea?4 ,yet to disc\rse ( :at !re good befell1 ,all else w ,i relate discov]$ !re2 & by ,dr4 ,p>sons1-- ,its v ?\ght is almo/ dea? to me2 ,yet1 hav+ f\nd "s good !re1 ,i w tell ,( o!r ?+s :i* !re ,i *anc$ to see4 #ch #ch ,tanto e am>a1 *e poco e piu morte3 ,ma p] tratt> del te5 *' i' vi trovai1 ,diro dell' altre ,bose1 *' io v' ho scorte4 ,inf]no1 ,i4 #g-aj4 ,aga9 9 ,canto ,x4 we f9d3-- ,_! cemet]y h ^u ?is side ,) ,epicurus all 8 foll[]s1 ,:o ) ! body mortal make ! s\l2-- an inv]sion :i* is p]haps n m unidiomatic ?an ,mr4 ,c>y's1-- ,! cemet]y on ?is "p obta9 ,) ,epicurus all 8 foll[]s1 ,:o ) ! body make ! _s die2 b :i* is advantage\sly avoid$ by ,mr4 ,wright1-- ,"h ,epicurus ha? 8 fi]y tomb1 ,& ) him all 8 foll[]s1 :o ma9ta9 ,t s\l & body %>e "o common doom2 & is /ill bett] r5d]$ by ,dr4 ,p>sons1-- ,"h 9 _! cemet]y on ?is side1 ,) 8 :ole sect1 is ,epicurus p5t1 ,:o ?\ght ! _s ) its body di$4 #ci #ci ,suo cimit]o da que/a p>te hanno ,con ,epieuro tutti i suoi seguaci1 ,*e l'anima col corpo morta fanno4 ,inf]no1 ,x4 #ac-ae4 ,& "h my eyes1 rev]t+ to ! end ( ,canto ,,ix41 fall ^u a simil> contra/ betwe5 ,mr4 ,longfell['s l9es1-- ,= flames betwe5 ! sepul*res 7 scatt]$1 ,by :i* !y s int5sely heat$ 71 ,t iron m s asks n any art1-- & ^? ( ,dr4 ,p>sons1-- ,= "h mid sepul*res 7 spr9kl$ fires1 ,:]e) ! enk9dl$ tombs all-burn+ gleam$2 ,metal m fi]cely hot no art requires4 #dj #dj ,*e tra gli avelli flamme erano sp>te1 ,p] le quali eran si del tutto accesi1 ,*e f]ro piu non *i$e v]un' arte4 ,inf]no1 ,,ix4 #aah-abj4 ,does x n seem t 9 all ^! cases ,mr4 ,longfell[1 & to a slightly less ext5t ,mr4 ,c>y1 by _! /rict adh]5ce to ! lett]1 transgress ! ord9>y rules ( ,engli% con/ruction2 & t ,dr4 ,p>sons1 by 8 comp>ative fre$om ( movem5t1 produces bett] poetry z well z bett] ,engli%8 ,9 ! la/ example especially1 ,mr4 ,longfell['s inv]sions are s viol5t t to a read] ignorant ( ! orig9al ,italian1 8 s5t5ce might be h>dly intelligible4 ,9 ,italian su* inv]sions are p]missible2 9 ,engli% !y are n2 & ,mr4 ,longfell[1 by transplant+ !m into ,engli%1 sacrifices ! _s to ! lett]1 & creates an obscurity 9 ! translation :]e all is lucidity 9 ! orig9al4 ,does n ?is %[ t ! !ory ( absolute lit]ality1 9 ! case ( two languages s widely diff]5t z ,engli% & ,italian1 is n ! true "o8 ,secondly1 ,mr4 ,longfell['s !ory ( translation leads him 9 mo/ cases to *oose words ( ,romanic orig9 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( ,saxon desc5t1 & 9 _m cases to *oose an unfamili> in/ead ( a famili> ,romanic ^w1 because ! =m] happ5s to be etymologically id5tical ) ! ^w 9 ! orig9al4 ,let me cite z an example ! op5+ ( ,canto ,,iii43-- ,p] me si va nella eitti dol5te1 ,p] me si va nell' et]no dolore1 ,p] me si va tra la p]duta g5te4 ,"h are ?ree l9es :i*1 9 _! mat*less simplicity & gr&eur1 might well excite despair 9 ! brea/ ( any translator4 ,let u contra/ ,mr4 ,longfell['s v]sion4-- ,?r\gh me ! way is to ! city dol5t2 ,?r\gh me ! way is to et]nal dole2 ,?r\gh me ! way among ! p lo/1-- ) t ( ,dr4 ,p>sons1--1 ,?r\gh me y rea* ! city ( despair2 ,?r\gh me et]nal wret*$ness ye f9d2 ,?r\gh me among p]dition's race ye f>e4 ,i d n ?9k any "o w d5y t ,dr4 ,p>sons's v]sion1 :ile f> m remote ?an ,mr4 ,longfell['s f ! diction ( ! orig9al1 is some:at ne>] its _s4 ,x rema9s to seek ! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :y words ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ,dante's are unfit to call up 9 our m9ds ! feel+s :i* ,dante's own words call up 9 ! m9d ( an ,italian4 ,& ?is inquiry leads to "s g5]al consid]ations respect+ ! relation ( ,engli% to o!r ,european languages4 ,e "o is aw>e t ,fr5* poetry1 z comp>$ ) ,g]man poetry1 seems to ! ,engli% read] v tame & insipid2 b ! cause ( ?is fact is by no means s app>5t z ! fact itself4 ,t ! poetry ( ,g]many is actually & intr9sically sup]ior to t ( ,france1 may readily be admitt$2 b ?is is n en\gh to acc\nt = all ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,x does n expla9 :y "s ( ! v passages 9 ,corneille & ,rac9e1 :i* to u appe> dull & prosaic1 are to ! ,fr5*man's appreh5sion in/9ct ) poetic f]v\r4 ,x does n expla9 ! und\bt$ fact t we1 :o speak ,engli%1 are prone to und]rate ,fr5* poetry1 :ile we are equally dispos$ to r5d] to ,g]man poetry ev5 m ?an its due %>e ( m]it4 ,! reason is to be s\ght 9 ! v]bal associations e/abli%$ 9 our m9ds by ! peculi> composition ( ! ,engli% language4 ,our vocabul>y is *iefly made up on ! "o h& ( indig5\s ,saxon words1 & on ! o!r h& ( words d]iv$ f ,lat9 or ,fr5*4 ,x is mo/ly words ( ! fir/ class t we le>n 9 *ildhood1 & t are associat$ ) our homelie/ & deepe/ emotions2 :ile words ( ! second class--usually acquir$ some:at lat] 9 life & employ$ 9 s$ate ab/ract disc\rse--h an intellectual r ?an an emotional function to fulfil4 ,_! orig9al significations1 ! physical metaphors involv$ 9 !m1 :i* are p]haps /ill some:at app>5t to ! ,fr5*man1 are to u :olly non-exi/5t4 ,no?+ b ! d]ivative or metaphysical signification rema9s4 ,no physical image ( a man /epp+ ov] a b\nd>y is pres5t$ to our m9ds by ! ^w transgress1 nor 9 us+ ! ^w compreh5sion d we picture to ourselves any manual act ( grasp+4 ,x is to ?is d\ble /ructure ( ! ,engli% language t x owes its sup]iority ov] e o!r tongue1 anci5t or mod]n1 = philosophical & sci5tific purposes4 ,albeit !re are num]\s exceptions1 x may /ill be safely said1 9 a g5]al way1 t we possess & habitually use two k9ds ( language1--"o t is physical1 = our ord9>y purposes1 & "o t is metaphysical1 = purposes ( ab/ract reason+ & discussion4 ,we d n say l ! ,g]mans1 t we begripe 7begreif57 an idea1 b we say t we conceive x4 ,we use a ^w :i* once _h ! v same mat]ial mean+ z begreif51 b :i* has 9 our language utt]ly lo/ x4 ,we are accord+ly able to c>ry on philosophical inquiries by means ( words :i* are ne>ly or q free f ^? %ad[s ( orig9al concrete mean+ :i*1 9 ,g]man1 too (t5 obscure ! acquir$ ab/ract signification4 ,:oev] has dealt 9 ,engli% & ,g]man metaphysics w n fail to recognize ! prodigi\s sup]iority ( ,engli% 9 =ce & p]spicuity1 aris+ ma9ly f ! causes "h /at$4 ,b :ile ?is homog5eity ( /ructure 9 ,g]man injures x = philosophical purposes1 x is ! v ?+ :i* makes x s excell5t z an organ = poetical expression1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o speak ,engli%4 ,g]man be+ ne>ly alli$ to ,anglo-,saxon1 n only d its simple words /rike u ) all ! =ce ( our own homely ,saxon t]ms1 b its comp\nds also1 pres]v+ _! physical significations almo/ unimpair$1 call up 9 our m9ds concrete images ( ! greate/ def9it5ess & livel9ess4 ,x is ?us t ,g]man seems to u pre-em95tly a poetical language1 & x is ?us t we are naturally incl9$ to ov]rate r ?an to depreciate ! poetry t is writt5 9 x4 ,) reg>d to ,fr5*1 ! case is j ! rev]se4 ,! ,fr5*man has no ,saxon words1 b he has1 on ! o!r h&1 an indig5\s /ock ( ,lat9 words1 :i* he le>ns 9 e>ly *ildhood1 :i* give outlet to 8 mo/ intimate feel+s1 & :i* reta9 to "s ext5t _! primitive concrete picturesqu5ess4 ,!y are to him j z good z our ,saxon words are to u4 ,?\gh cold & m]ely intellectual to u1 !y are to him w>m ) emotion2 & ?is is "o reason :y we _c d ju/ice to 8 poetry1 or appreciate x z he appreciates x4 ,to make ?is p]fectly cle>1 let u take two or ?ree l9es f ,%akespe>e3-- ,bl[1 bl[1 ?\ w9t] w9d6 ,?\ art n s unk9d ,z man's +ratitude1 ,?y too? is n s ke51 etc41 etc42 :i* ,i h some:]e se5 ?us r5d]$ into ,fr5*3 ,s\ffle1 s\ffle1 v5t d'hiv]6 ,tu n'es pas si cruel ,que l'+ratitude de l'homme4 ,ta d5t n'e/ pas si p5etrante1 etc41 etc4 ,:y are we incl9$ to laugh z we read ?is8 ,because x excites 9 u an und]curr5t ( consci\sness :i*1 if put into words1 might run some?+ l ?is3-- ,insufflate1 insufflate1 w9d hib]nal6 ,?\ art n s cruel ,z human +ratitude4 ,?y d5tition is n s p5etrat+1 etc41 etc4 ,no su* effect w\ld be produc$ ^u a ,fr5*man4 ,! translation w\ld /rike him z excell5t1 :i* x really is4 ,! la/ l9e 9 p>ticul> w\ld seem poetical to u1 did we n happ5 to h 9 our language words closely ak9 to d5t & p5etrante1 & famili>ly employ$ 9 s5ses t are n poetical4 ,apply+ ^! consid]ations to ,mr4 ,longfell['s *oice ( words 9 8 translation ( ,dante1 we see at once ! uns\ndness ( ! pr9ciple t ,italian words %\ld be r5d]$ by _! ,romanic equival5ts 9 ,engli%4 ,words t are etymologically id5tical ) ^? 9 ! orig9al are (t51 = t v reason1 ! wor/ words t c\ld be us$4 ,!y are h>% & =eign to ! ,engli% e>1 h[ev] homelike & musical !y may be to ! e> ( an ,italian4 ,_! connotations are unlike 9 ! two languages2 & ! translation :i* is made lit]ally exact by us+ !m is at ! same "t made actually inaccurate1 or at lea/ inadequate4 ,dole & dol5t are d\btless ! exact c\nt]p>ts ( dolore & dol5te1 s f> z m]e etymology c g4 ,b :5 we consid] ! effect t is to be produc$ ^u ! m9d ( ! read]1 wret*$ness & despair+ are fat bett] equival5ts4 ,! =m] may compel our intellectual ass5t1 b ! latt] awak5 our emotional sympa?y4 ,d\btless by long famili>ity ) ! ,romanic languages1 ! s*ol> becomes to a great degree emancipat$ f ! conditions impos$ ^u him by ! peculi> composition ( 8 native ,engli%4 ,! concrete significance ( ! ,romanic words becomes app>5t to him1 & !y acquire en]gy & vitality4 ,! expression dol5t may ?us satisfy ! /ud5t famili> ) ,italian1 because x calls up 9 8 m9d1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its equival5t dol5te1 ! same associations :i* ! latt] calls up 9 ! m9d ( ! ,italian himself4 #da ,b ?is p[] ( appreciat+ ?or\ghly ! beauties ( a =eign tongue is 9 ! la/ degree an acquir$ ta/e1--z mu* s z ! ta/e = olives & kirs*5wass] to ! c>nal palate4 ,x is only by long & pr(\nd /udy t we c ?us tempor>ily ve/ ourselves1 s to speak1 ) a ,fr5* or ,italian consci\sness 9 ex*ange = our ,engli% "o4 ,! lit]>y epicure may ke5ly reli% su* epi!ts z dol5t2 b ! common ,engli% read]1 :o loves pla9 f>e1 c h>dly fail to be />tl$ by x4 ,to him x sav\rs ( ! grotesque2 & if !re is any "o ?+ especially to be avoid$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ,dante1 x is grotesqu5ess4 #da ,a consummate ,italian s*ol>1 ! delicacy ( ^: ta/e is que/ion$ by no "o1 & ^: k ( ,dante's diction is probably n inf]ior to ,mr4 ,longfell['s1 has told me t he reg>ds ! expression z a noble & effective "o1 full ( dignity & solemnity4 ,^? :o h read ov] ,dante )\t read+ into him1 & ^? :o h d]iv$ _! impressions ( 8 poem f ,m4 ,dore's memorable illu/rations1 w "h probably demur4 ,:at6 ,dante n grotesque6 ,t tunnel-%ap$ /ructure ( ! inf]nal pit2 ,m9os pass+ s5t5ce on ! damn$ by coil+ 8 tail2 ,*>on beat+ ! lagg+ %ades ) 8 o>2 ,antaios pick+ up ! poets ) 8 f+]s & l[]+ !m 9 ! holl[ ( 8 h& into ! ,n9? ,circle2 ,satan crun*+ 9 8 mon/r\s jaws ! ar*-traitors1 ,judas1 ,brutus & ,cassius2 ,ugol9o appeas+ 8 fam9e ^u ! t\gh nape ( ,ruggi]i2 ,b]tr& de ,born look+ 7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression7 at 8 own dissev]$ head2 ! robb]s ex*ang+ =m ) s]p5ts2 ! :ole demoniac troop ( ,malebolge1--are n all ^! ?+s grotesque beyond ev]y?+ else 9 poetry8 ,to u1 nurtur$ 9 ?is sci5tific n9ete5? c5tury1 !y d\btless seem s2 & by ,leigh ,hunt1 :o _h ! eighte5?-c5tury way ( appreciat+ o!r ages ?an 8 own1 !y 7 uni=mly treat$ z su*4 ,to u !y are at fir/ sight grotesque1 because !y are no long] real to u4 ,we h ceas$ to believe 9 su* ?+s1 & !y no long] awak5 any feel+ ak9 to t]ror4 ,b 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ! m9ds ( ,dante & 8 read]s1 !y 7 liv+1 t]rible realities4 ,t ,dante believ$ lit]ally 9 all ?is une>?ly _w1 & describ$ x ) su* wond]ful m9ut5ess because he believ$ 9 x1 admits ( little d\bt4 ,z he walk$ ! /reets ( ,v]ona ! p :isp]$1 ,see1 !re is ! man :o has be5 9 hell6 ,truly1 he _h be5 9 hell1 & describ$ x z he _h se5 x1 ) ! ke5 eyes ( imag9ation & fai?4 ,) all its weird une>?l9ess1 !re is h>dly ano!r book 9 ! :ole range ( human lit]ature :i* is m>k$ ) su* unsw]v+ v]acity z ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,no?+ is !re set d[n arbitr>ily1 out ( wanton caprice or = ! sake ( poetic effect1 b because to ,dante's imag9ation x _h s impos+ly %[n itself t he c\ld n b describe x z he saw x4 ,9 read+ 8 cantos we =get ! poet1 & h be=e u only ! v]aci\s travell] 9 /range realms1 f :om ! %rewde/ cross-exam9ation c elicit b "o consi/5t acc\nt4 ,to 8 m9d1 & to ! m$iaeval m9d g5]ally1 ?is out] k+dom1 ) its w>ds ( ,despair1 ,expiation1 & ,beatitude1 0 z real z ! ,holy ,roman ,empire itself4 ,its extraord9>y ph5om5a 7 n to be look$ on ) critical eyes & call$ grotesque1 b 7 to be se5 ) eyes ( fai?1 & to be wor%ipp$1 lov$1 or %udd]$ at4 ,rightly view$1 !re=e1 ! poem ( ,dante is n grotesque1 b unspeakably awful & solemn2 & ! /atem5t is ju/ifi$ t all grotesqu5ess & biz>r]ie 9 its int]pretation is to be s$ul\sly avoid$4 ,!re=e1 :ile ackn[l$g+ ! accuracy ) :i* ,mr4 ,longfell[ has kept pace ) 8 orig9al ?r\gh l9e aft] l9e1 foll[+ ! foot+ ( its feet1 accord+ to ! motto quot$ on 8 title-page1 ,i _c b ?9k t 8 accuracy w\ld h be5 ( a some:at high] k9d if he _h n[ & !n all[$ himself a little m lib]ty ( *oice betwe5 ,engli% & ,romanic words & idioms4 ,a few examples w p]haps s]ve to /r5g!n z well z to elucidate /ill fur!r ?is position4 ,inf]no1 ,canto ,,iii41 l9e #bb1 accord+ to ,longfell[3-- ,!re sighs1 compla9ts1 & ululations l\d ,res\nd$ ?r\gh ! air )\t a />1 ,:5ce ,i at ! beg9n+ wept !reat4 ,accord+ to ,c>y3-- ,"h sighs1 ) lam5tations & l\d moans ,res\nd$ ?r\gh ! air pi]c$ by no />1 ,t e'en ,i wept at ent]+4 ,accord+ to ,p>sons3-- ,mid sighs1 lam5ts1 & holl[ h[ls ( woe1 ,:i*1 l\d res\nd+ ?r\gh ! />less air1 ,=c$ te>s ( pity f m9e eyes at fir/4 #db #db ,quivi sospiri1 pianti ed alti guai ,risonavan p] l' n] s5za /elle1 ,p]*' io al com9ci> ne lagrimai4 ,canto ,v41 l9e #hd3-- ,,longfell[4--,fly ?r\gh ! air by _! volition borne4 ,,c>y4--,cleave ! air1 waft$ by _! w along4 ,,p>sons4--,sp$ ev] onw>d by _! wi% alone4 #dc #dc ,volan p] l' a] dal vol] portate4 ,canto ,,xvii41 l9e #db3-- ,,longfell[4--,t he conc$e to u 8 /alw>t %\ld]s4 ,,c>y--,t to u he may v\*safe ,! aid ( 8 /rong %\ld]s4 ,,p>sons4--,& ask = u 8 %\ld]s' /rong support4 #dd #dd ,*e ne conc$a i suoi om]i =ti4 ,canto ,,xvii41 l9e #be3-- ,,longfell[4-- ,8 tail 0 :olly quiv]+ 9 ! void1 ,contort+ upw>ds ! env5om$ =k ,t 9 ! guise ( scorpion arm$ its po9t4 ,,c>y4-- ,9 ! void ,glanc+1 8 tail upturn$ its v5om\s =k1 ,) /+ l scorpions arm$4 ,,p>sons4--,9 ! void *asm 8 trembl+ tail he %[$1 ,z up ! env5om$1 =k$ po9t he swung1 ,:i*1 z 9 scorpions1 arm$ its tap]+ end4 #de #de ,nel vano tutta sue coda guizzava1 ,torc5do 9 su la v55osa =ca1 ,*e1 a guisa di scorpion1 la punta armava4 ,canto ,v41 l9e #ea3-- ,,longfell[4--,p :om ! black air s ca/igates4 ,,c>y4--,by ! black air s sc\rg$4 #df #df ,g5ti *e l' aura n]a si ga/iga4 ,l9e #acf3-- ,,longfell[4--,kiss$ me ^u ! m\? all palpitat+4 ,,c>y4--,my lips all trembl+ kiss$4 #dg #dg ,la bocca mi bacio tutto tremante4 ,purgatorio1 ,canto ,,xv41 l9e #aci3-- ,,longfell[4-- ,we pass$ along1 a?w>t ! twilight pe]+ ,=w>d z f> z ev] eye c\ld /ret* ,aga9/ ! sunbeams s]ot9e & luc5t4 #dh #dh ,noi &avam p] lo vesp]o att5ti ,oltre1 quanto potean gli oc*i allung>si1 ,contra i raggi s]ot9i e luc5ti4 ,mr4 ,c>y's bright vesp]t9e ray is only a trifle bett]2 b ,mr4 ,wright's spl5d\r ( ! ev5+ ray is1 9 its simplicity1 f> pref]able4 ,canto ,,xxxi41 l9e #aca3-- ,,longfell[4--,did ! o!r ?ree advance ,s++ to _! angelic s>ab&4 ,,c>y4--,to _! own c>ol on !y came ,danc+1 9 fe/ive r+ angelical ,,wright4--,& songs accompani$ _! angel dance4 ,"h ,mr4 ,longfell[ has app>5tly foll[$ ! au?ority ( ! ,crusca1 read+ ,cant&o al loro angelico c>ribo1 & translat+ c>ribo by s>ab&1 a k9d ( ,moori% dance4 ,! be/ manuscripts1 h[ev]1 sanction ,m4 ,witte's read+3-- ,danz&o al loro angelico c>ribo4 ,if ?is be correct1 c>ribo _c signify a dance1 b r ! song :i* accompanies ! dance2 & ! true s5se ( ! passage w h be5 be/ r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,c>y4 #di #di ,see ,blanc1 ,vocabol>io ,dantesco1 s4 v4 c>ibo4 ,:5ev] ,mr4 ,longfell['s translation is kept free f oddities ( diction & con/ruction1 x is v animat$ & vigor\s4 ,no?+ c be f9] ?an 8 r5d]+ ( ,purgatorio1 ,canto ,,vi41 l9es #ig-aag3-- ,o ,g]man ,alb]t6 :o ab&one/ ,h] t has gr[n recalcitrant & savage1 ,& oughte/ to be/ride h] saddle-b[1 ,may a j judgm5t f ! />s d[n fall ,^u ?y blood1 & be x new & op51 ,t ?y successor may h fe> !re(3 ,because ?y fa!r & ?yself h suff]$1 ,by gre$ ( ^? transalp9e l&s di/ra9$1 ,! g>d5 ( ! empire to be wa/e4 ,come & behold ,montec*i & ,cappelletti1 ,monaldi & ,filippes*i1 c>eless man6 ,^? sad already1 & ^! d\bt-depress$6 ,come1 cruel "o6 come & behold ! oppression ,( ?y nobility1 & cure _! w\nds1 ,& ?\ %alt see h[ safe 8 is ,santafiore4 ,come & behold ?y ,rome t is lam5t+1 ,wid[$1 alone1 & day & night exclaims ',my ,caes>1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8' ,come & behold h[ lov+ are ! p2 ,& if = u no pity move? !e1 ,come & be made a%am$ ( ?y r5[n4 #ej #ej ,o ,alb]to ,t$esco1 *e abb&oni ,co/ei *' e fatta indomita e selvaggia1 ,e dovre/i in=c> li suoi arcioni1 ,giu/o g9dizio dalle /elle caggia ,sopra il tuo sangue1 e sia nuovo ed ap]to1 ,tal *e il tuo successor tem5za n' aggia3 ,*eavete tu e il tuo padre s(f]to1 ,p] cupidigia di co/a di/retti1 ,*e il gi>d9 dell' imp]io sia dis]to4 ,vi5i a v$] ,montec*i e ,cappelletti1 ,monaldi e ,filippes*i1 uom s5za cura3 ,color gia tri/i1 e que/i con sospetti4 ,vi51 crudel1 vi5i1 e v$i la pressura ,de' tuoi g5tili1 e cure lor magagne1 ,e v$rai ,santafior com' e oscura secura84 ,vi5i a v$] la tua ,roma *e piagne1 ,v$ova e sola1 e di e notte *iama3 ,ces>e mio1 p]*e non m' accompagne8 ,vi5i a v$] la g5te quanto s' ama2 ,e se nulla di noi pieta ti move1 ,a v]gogn> ti vi5 della tua fama4 ,s1 too1 ,canto ,,iii41 l9es #gi-hd3-- ,z %eep come issu+ =? f out ! fold ,by ones1 & twos1 & ?rees1 & ! o!rs /& ,timidly hold+ d[n _! eyes & no/rils1 ,& :at ! =emo/ does ! o!rs d ,huddl+ !mselves aga9/ h] if %e /op1 ,simple & quiet1 & ! :]e=e "k n4 #ea #ea ,come le pecorelle escon del *iuso ,ad una1 a due1 a tre1 e l' altre /anno ,timidette att]r&o l' oc*io e il muso2 ,e cio *e fa la prima1 e l' altre sanno1 ,addoss&osi a lei s' ella s' arre/a1 ,semplici e quete1 e lo 'mp]*e non sanno4 ,francesca's exclamation to ,dante is ?us r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,longfell[3-- ,& %e to me3 ,!re is no great] sorr[ ,?an to be m9dful ( ! happy "t ,9 mis]y4 #eb #eb ,ed ella a me3 ,nessun maggior dolore ,*e ricord>si del tempo felice ,nella mis]ia4 ,inf]no1 ,v4 #aba-abc4 ,?is is admirable1--full ( ! true poetic gl[1 :i* w\ld h be5 utt]ly qu5*$ if "s ,romanic equival5t ( dolore _h be5 us$ in/ead ( our good ,saxon sorr[4 #ec ,s1 too1 ! ,p>adiso1 ,canto ,i41 l9e #ajj3-- ,:]eupon %e1 aft] a pity+ sigh1 ,h] eyes direct$ t[>d me ) t look ,a "m ca/s on a deliri\s *ild4 #ed #ec ,yet admirable z x is1 ,i am n q sure t ,dr4 ,p>sons1 by tak+ fur!r lib]ty ) ! orig9al1 has n surpass$ x3-- ,& %e to me3 ,! mightie/ ( all woes ,is 9 ! mid/ ( mis]y to be curs$ ,) bliss rememb]$4 #ed ,ond' ella1 appresso d'un pio sospiro1 ,gli oc*i drizzo v] me con quel sembiante1 ,*e madre fa sopra figl9ol deliro4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? canto ( ! ,purgatorio3-- ',t 0 n[ ! h\r t turne? back desire ,9 ^? :o sail ! sea1 & melts ! he>t1 ,! day !y've said to _! sweet fri5ds f>ewell2 ,& ! new pilgrim p5etrates ) love1 ,if he do? he> f f> away a bell ,t seeme? to deplore ! dy+ day4 #ee #ee ,era gia l' ora *e volge il disio ,ai naviganti1 e int5]isce il core ,lo di *' h5 detto ai dolci amici addio2 ,e *e lo nuovo p]egr9 d' amore ,punge1 se ode squilla di lontano1 ,*e paia il giorno piang] *e si m4 ,?is passage af=ds an excell5t example ( :at ! me?od ( lit]al translation c d at its be/4 ,except 9 ! second l9e1 :]e ^? :o sail ! sea is wisely pref]r$ to any ,romanic equival5t ( naviganti ! v]sion is utt]ly lit]al2 z lit]al z ! "o ! s*ool-boy makes1 :5 he op5s 8 ,virgil at ! ,f\r? ,eclogue1 & lumb]+ly reads1 ,sicilian ,muses1 let u s+ ?+s a little great]4 ,b !re is no?+ clumsy1 no?+ :i* smacks ( ! recitation-room1 9 ^! l9es ( ,mr4 ,longfell[4 ,= easy grace & exquisite beauty x w\ld be difficult to surpass !m4 ,!y may well be> comp>ison ) ! beautiful l9es into :i* ,"l ,byron has r5d]$ ! same ?\ght3-- ,s(t h\r :i* wakes ! wi%1 & melts ! he>t1 ,( ^? :o sail ! seas1 on ! fir/ day ,:5 !y f _! sweet fri5ds are torn ap>t2 ,or fills ) love ! pilgrim on 8 way1 ,z ! f> bell ( vesp] makes him />t1 ,seem+ to weep ! dy+ day's decay4 ,is ?is a fancy :i* our reason scorns8 ,ah1 surely no?+ dies b some?+ m\rns6 #ef #ef ,don ,juan1 ,,iii4 #ajh4 ,sett+ aside ! conclud+ s5tim5tal g5]alization1--:i* is mu* m ,byronic ?an ,dantesque1--"o h>dly kn[s :i* v]sion to call m truly poetical2 b = a fai?ful r5d]+ ( ! orig9al conception "o c h>dly hesitate to give ! palm to ,mr4 ,longfell[4 ,?us we see :at may be a*iev$ by ! mo/ highly gift$ ( translators :o cont5ts himself ) passively reproduc+ ! diction ( 8 orig9al1 :o con/itutes himself1 z x 71 a conduit ?r\gh :i* ! mean+ ( ! orig9al may fl[4 ,:]e ! diff]5ces inh]5t 9 ! languages employ$ d n int]v5e to alloy ! result1 ! /ream ( ! orig9al may1 z 9 ! v]ses j cit$1 come out pure & unweak5$4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 su* is ! subtle *emi/ry ( ?\ght1 x w come out dim9i%$ 9 its integrity1 or w appe>1 b]eft ( its primitive prop]ties z a m]e elem5t 9 "s new comb9ation4 ,our *annel is a trifle too alkal9e p]haps2 & t ! transf]r$ mat]ial may pres]ve its pleasant %>pness1 we may ne$ to ?r[ 9 a little extra acid4 ,too (t5 ! m]e diff]5ces betwe5 ,engli% & ,italian prev5t ,dante's expressions f com+ out 9 ,mr4 ,longfell['s v]sion s pure & unimpair$ z 9 ! in/ance j cit$4 ,b ^! diff]5ces _c be ignor$4 ,!y lie deep 9 ! v /ructure ( human spee*1 & are n>r[ly implicat$ ) equally pr(\nd nuances 9 ! composition ( human ?\ght4 ,! causes :i* make dol5te a solemn ^w to ! ,italian e>1 & dol5t a que] ^w to ! ,engli% e>1 are causes :i* h be5 sl[ly op]at+ ev] s9ce ! ,italian & ! ,teuton p>t$ company on _! way f ,c5tral ,asia4 ,!y h br\ght ab\t a /ate ( ?+s :i* no cunn+ ( ! translator c ess5tially alt]1 b to ! em]g5cies ( :i* he mu/ graci\sly con=m 8 proce$+s4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! sole po9t on :i* we disagree ) ,mr4 ,longfell[1 ! sole reason we h = ?9k+ t he has n atta9$ ! fulle/ possible measure ( success4 ,n t he has made a reali/ic translation1--s f> we conceive him to be entirely "r2 b t1 by d9t ( pu%+ %e] lit]alism beyond its prop] limits1 he has too (t5 fail$ to be truly reali/ic4 ,let u "h expla9 :at is meant by reali/ic translation4 ,e ?or\ghly conceiv$ & adequately execut$ translation ( an anci5t au?or mu/ be f\nd$ ^u "s consci\s !ory or "s unconsci\s in/9ct ( lit]>y criticism4 ,z is ! critical _s ( an age1 s among o!r ?+s w be its translations4 ,n[ ! critical _s ( e age previ\s to our own has be5 *>act]iz$ by its inability to appreciate sympa!tically ! _s ( pa/ & bygone times4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury criticism made idols ( its anci5t models2 x ackn[l$g$ no s]i\s imp]fections 9 !m2 x set !m up z exempl>s = ! pres5t & all future times to copy4 ,let ! g5ial ,epicurean h5ce=? write l ,horace1 let ! epic n>rator imitate ! supreme elegance ( ,virgil1--t 0 ! conspicu\s idea1 ! conspicu\s error1 ( sev5te5?-c5tury criticism4 ,x ov]look$ ! diff]5ces betwe5 "o age & ano!r4 ,conv]sely1 :5 x br\ght ,roman patricians & ,greek olig>*s on to ! /age1 x made !m behave l ,fr5* c\rti]s or ,ca/ilian gr&ees or ,engli% pe]s4 ,:5 x _h to deal ) anci5t h]oes1 x clo!d !m 9 ! g>b & imput$ to !m ! s5tim5ts ( knights-errant4 ,!n came ! revolution>y criticism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* assum$ t ev]y?+ old 0 wrong1 :ile ev]y?+ new 0 "r4 ,x recogniz$ crudely ! diff]5ces betwe5 "o age & ano!r1 b x _h a way ( look+ d[n ^u all ages except ! pres5t4 ,?is intol]ance %[n t[>d ! pa/ 0 inde$ a measure ( ! crud5ess ) :i* x 0 compreh5d$4 ,because ,mohamm$1 if he _h done :at he did1 9 ,france & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 w\ld h be5 call$ an impo/or1 ,voltaire1 ! great m\?piece & repres5tative ( ?is /yle ( criticism1 portrays him z an impo/or4 ,recognition ( ! fact t diff]5t ages are diff]5t1 toge!r ) inability to p]ceive t !y ought to be diff]5t1 t _! diff]5ces lie 9 ! nature ( progress1--?is 0 ! prom95t *>act]i/ic ( eighte5?-c5tury criticism4 ,( all ! great m5 ( t c5tury1 ,less+ 0 p]haps ! only "o :o outgrew ?is n>r[ critical habit4 ,n[ n9ete5?-c5tury criticism n only kn[s t 9 no prec$+ age h m5 ?\ght & behav$ z !y n[ ?9k & behave1 b x also und]/&s t old-fa%ion$ ?9k+ & behavi\r 0 9 its way j z natural & s5sible z t :i* is n[ new-fa%ion$4 ,x does n flippantly sne] at an anci5t cu/om because we no long] *]i% x2 b ) an enlight5$ reg>d = ev]y?+ human1 x inquires into its orig91 traces its effects1 & endeav\rs to expla9 its decay4 ,x is sl[ to *>act]ize ,mohamm$ z an impo/or1 because x has come to feel t ,arabia 9 ! sev5? c5tury is "o ?+ & ,europe 9 ! n9ete5? ano!r4 ,x is scrupul\s ab\t br&+ ,caes> z an usurp]1 because x has discov]$ t :at ,mr4 ,mill calls republican lib]ty & :at ,cic]o call$ republican lib]ty are widely diff]5t notions4 ,x does n tell u to b[ d[n be=e ,lucretius & ,virgil z unapproa*able models1 :ile lam5t+ our own hopeless inf]iority2 nor does x tell u to set !m d[n z half-skill$ appr5tices1 :ile congratulat+ ourselves on our own com=table sup]iority2 b x tells u to /udy !m z ! expon5ts ( an age =ev] gone1 f :i* we h /ill _m lessons to le>n1 ?\gh we no long] ?9k z x ?\ght or feel z x felt4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 z repres5t$ by ! *>act]i/ic passage f ,voltaire1 cit$ by ,mr4 ,longfell[1 fail$ utt]ly to und]/& ,dante4 ,to ! m9ds ( ,voltaire & 8 contempor>ies ! great m$iaeval poet 0 little else ?an a ,titanic mon/rosity1--a maniac1 ^: rav+s f\nd rhy?mical expression2 8 poem a grotesque m$ley1 :]e9 a few beautiful v]ses 7 buri$ "u ! weight ( :ole cantos ( nons5sical s*ola/ic quibbl+4 ,?is view1 some:at s(t5$1 we f9d also 9 ,leigh ,hunt1 ^: :ole acc\nt ( ,dante is an excell5t specim5 ( ?is sort ( criticism4 ,mr4 ,hunt's f9e moral nature 0 %ock$ & horrifi$ by ! t]rible puni%m5ts describ$ 9 ! ,inf]no4 ,he did n duly consid] t 9 ,dante's "t ^! fe>ful ?+s 7 an indisp5sable "p ( e man's !ory ( ! _w2 &1 bl9d$ by 8 k9dly prejudices1 he does n seem to h p]ceiv$ t ,dante1 9 accept+ et]nal torm5ts z "p & p>cel ( ! sy/em ( nature1 0 nev]!less1 9 describ+ !m1 inspir$ ) t ineffable t5d]ness ( pity :i*1 9 ! episodes ( ,francesca & ( ,brunetto ,lat9i1 has melt$ ! he>ts ( m5 9 pa/ times1 & w cont9ue to d s 9 times to come4 ,inf9ite pity1 yet inf9ite rig\r ( law6 ,x is s ,nature is made3 x is s ,dante disc]n$ t %e 0 made4 #eg ,?is rem>k ( ! great se] ( our "t is :at ! eighte5? c5tury c\ld 9 no wise compreh5d4 ,! m5 ( t day fail$ to appreciate ,dante1 j z !y 7 oppress$ or disgu/$ at ! sight ( ,go?ic ar*itecture2 j z !y pron\nc$ ! s*ola/ic philosophy an unmean+ j>gon2 j z !y consid]$ m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity a gigantic sy/em ( *>latanry1 & 7 wont unres]v$ly to *>act]ize ! ,papacy z a blight+ despotism4 ,9 our "t cultivat$ m5 ?9k diff]5tly4 ,we h le>n$ t ! int]m9able hair-splitt+ ( ,aqu9as & ,abel>d has add$ precision to mod]n ?9k+4 #eh ,we d n curse ,gregory ,,vii4 & ,innoc5t ,,iii4 z enemies ( ! human race1 b rev]e !m z b5efactors4 ,we c sp>e a morsel ( he>ty admiration = ,becket1 h[ev] /rongly we may sympa?ize ) ! /alw>t k+ :o did p5ance = 8 f\l murd]2 & we c appreciate ,dante's poor op9ion ( ,philip ! ,fair no less ?an 8 d5unciation ( ,boniface ,,viii4 ,! contemplation ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 z we /& entranc$ 9 ! sublime ca!drals ( ,york or ,r\51 awak5s 9 our brea/s a g5u9e response to ! mighty aspirations :i* ?us became inc>nate 9 endur+ /one4 ,& ! poem ( ,dante--:i* has be5 well lik5$ to a great ca!dral--we rev]5tly accept1 ) all its qua9t c>v+s & hi]oglyphic symbols1 z ! au!ntic utt]ance ( feel+s :i* /ill exi/1 ?\gh !y no long] *oose ! same =m ( expression4 #eg ,c>lyle1 ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip1 p4 #hd4 #eh ,see my ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #abc4 ,a c5tury ago1 !re=e1 a translation ( ,dante su* z ,mr4 ,longfell['s w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! criticism ( t "t 0 9 no mood = reali/ic reproductions ( ! antique4 ,x ei!r sup]cili\sly neglect$ ! antique1 or else dress$ x up to suit its own notions ( propriety4 ,x 0 n l a sev5-league boot :i* c\ld fit ev]ybody1 b x 0 l a ,procru/es-b$ :i* ev]ybody mu/ be made to fit4 ,its great expon5t 0 n a ,sa9te-,beuve1 b a ,boileau4 ,its typical sample ( a reproduction ( ! antique 0 ,pope's translation ( ! ,iliad4 ,t book1 we presume1 ev]ybody has read2 & _m ( ^? :o h read x "k t1 ?\gh an excell5t & spirit$ poem1 x is no m ,hom] ?an ! age ( ,que5 ,anne 0 ! age ( ,peisi/ratos4 ,( ! translations ( ,dante made dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! *ief 0 unque/ionably ,mr4 ,c>y's4 #ei ,= a man born & br\ght up 9 ! mo/ unpoetical ( c5turies1 ,mr4 ,c>y c]ta9ly made a v good poem1 ?\gh n s good z ,pope's4 ,b x fell f> %ort ( be+ a reproduction ( ,dante4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury note r+s out l\dly on e page ( x4 ,l mu* o!r poetry ( ! "t1 x is lab\r$ & artificial4 ,its s5t5ces are (t5 involv$ & occasionally obscure4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ,canto ,,iv4 #be-cf ( ! ,p>adiso3 #ei ,?is "w comes at ! end ( ! eighte5?-c5tury p]iod1 z ,pope's translation ( ,hom] comes at ! beg9n+4 ,^! are ! que/ions :i* !y w ,urge equally2 & !re=e ,i ! fir/ ,( t w treat :i* ha? ! m ( gall4 ,( s]aphim he :o is mo/ enski$1 ,moses1 & ,samuel1 & ei!r ,john1 ,*oose :i* ?\ wilt1 nor ev5 ,m>y's self1 ,h n 9 any o!r heav5 _! seats1 ,?an h ^? spirits :i* s late ?\ saw'/2 ,nor m or few] ye>s exi/2 b all ,make ! fir/ circle beaute\s1 div]sely ,p>tak+ ( sweet life1 z m or less ,afflation ( et]nal bliss p]vades !m4 ,"h ,mr4 ,c>y n only fails to cat* ,dante's gr& /yle2 he does n ev5 write a /yle at all4 ,x is too con/ra9$ & awkw>d to be dignifi$1 & dignity is an indisp5sable elem5t ( /yle4 ,)\t dignity we may write cle>ly1 or n]v\sly1 or racily1 b we h n atta9$ to a /yle4 ,?is is ! second %ortcom+ ( ,mr4 ,c>y's translation4 ,l ,pope's1 x fails to cat* ! gr& /yle ( its orig9al4 ,unlike ,pope's1 x frequ5tly fails to exhibit any /yle4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to sp5d mu* "t 9 prov+ t ,mr4 ,longfell['s v]sion is f> sup]ior to ,mr4 ,c>y's4 ,x is usually easy & fl[+1 & save 9 ! occasional use ( viol5t inv]sions1 always dignifi$4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! episode ( ,ugol9o1 x ev5 rises to some?+ l ! gr&eur ( ! orig9al3 ,:5 he _h said ?is1 ) 8 eyes di/ort$1 ,! wret*$ skull resum$ he ) 8 tee?1 ,:i*1 z a dog's1 ^u ! bone 7 /rong4 #fj #fj ,qu&' ebbe detto cio1 eon gli oc*i torti ,riprese il tes*io mis]o coi d5ti1 ,*e furo all' osso1 come d'un c1 =ti4 ,inf]no1 ,,xxxiii4 #gf4 ,t is 9 ! gr& /yle1 & s is ! foll[+1 :i* describes ^? s9n]s lock$ 9 ! froz5 lake bel[ ,malebolge3-- ,weep+ itself !re does n let !m weep1 ,& grief t f9ds a b>ri] 9 ! eyes ,turns itself inw>d to increase ! angui%4 #fa #fa ,lo pianto /esso li piang] non lascia1 ,e il duol1 *e trova 9 sugli oc*i r9toppo1 ,si volve 9 entro a f> cresc] l' ambascia4 ,inf]no1 ,,xxxiii4 #id4 ,& ! exclamation ( "o ( ^! poor wret*es ( ! froz5 cru/ is an exclamation t ,%akespe>e might h writt53-- ,lift f m9e eyes ! rigid veils1 t ,i ,may v5t ! sorr[ :i* impregns my he>t4 #fb #fb ,levatemi dal viso i duri veli1 ,si *' io sfoghi il dolor *e il cor m' impregna4 ,ib4 #aab4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,mr4 ,c>y's translation :i* c /& a comp>ison ) t4 ,! eighte5? c5tury c\ld n translate l t4 ,= "h at la/ we h a real reproduction ( ! antique4 ,9 ! ,%akespe>ian r+ ( ^! l9es we recognize ! au!ntic r5d]+ ( ! tones ( ! only man s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era :o c\ld speak l ,%akespe>e4 ,9 ?is way ,mr4 ,longfell['s translation is1 to an em95t degree1 reali/ic4 ,x is a "w conceiv$ & execut$ 9 entire accordance ) ! _s ( our "t4 ,mr4 ,longfell[ has set ab\t mak+ a recon/ructive translation1 & he has succe$$ 9 ! attempt4 ,9 view ( :at he has done1 no "o c ev] wi% to see ! old me?ods ( ,pope & ,c>y aga9 resort$ to4 ,x is only :]e he fails to be truly reali/ic t he comes %ort ( success4 ,&1 z already h9t$1 x is (t5e/ ?r\gh %e] excess ( ,,lit]alism t he ceases to be reali/ic1 & dep>ts f ! _s ( 8 au?or in/ead ( com+ ne>] to x4 ,9 ! ,p>adiso1 ,canto ,x4 #a-f1 8 me?od leads him into awkw>dness3-- ,look+ into ,8 ,son ) all ! love ,:i* ea* ( !m et]nally brea!s =?1 ,! primal & unutt]able ,p[] ,:ate'er be=e ! m9d or eye revolves ,) s mu* ord] made1 !re c be none ,:o ?is beholds )\t enjoy+ ,him4 ,?is seems clumsy & halt+1 yet x is an extremely lit]al p>aphrase ( a graceful & fl[+ orig9al3-- ,gu>d&o nel suo figlio con l' amore ,*e l' uno e l' altro et]nalm5te spire1 ,lo primo ed ineffabile ,valore1 ,quanto p] m5te o p] loco si gira ,con tanto ord9e fe'1 *' ess] non puote ,s5za gu/> di lui ehi cio rimira ,n[ to turn a graceful & fl[+ s5t5ce into "o t is clumsy & halt+ is c]ta9ly n to reproduce x1 no matt] h[ exactly ! sep>ate words are r5d]$1 or h[ closely ! syntactic con/ructions mat* ea* o!r4 ,& ?is consid]ation seems conclusive z aga9/ ! adequacy ( ! lit]ali/ me?od4 ,t me?od is inadequate1 n because x is too ,,reali/ic1 b because x runs cont9ual risk ( be+ too ,,v]bali/ic4 ,x has rec5tly be5 appli$ to ! translation ( ,dante by ,mr4 ,rossetti1 & x has sometimes l$ him to write curi\s v]ses4 ,= in/ance1 he makes ,francesca say to ,dante1-- ,o graci\s & b5ignant ,,animal6 = ,o animal grazioso e b5igno6 ,mr4 ,longfell['s good ta/e has prev5t$ 8 do+ any?+ l ?is1 yet ,mr4 ,rossetti's extravagance is due to an unsw]v+ adh]5ce to ! v rules by :i* ,mr4 ,longfell[ has be5 guid$4 ,good ta/e & poetic g5ius are1 h[ev]1 bett] ?an ! be/ ( rules1 & s1 aft] all said & done1 we c only conclude t ,mr4 ,longfell[ has giv5 u a great & noble "w n likely soon to be equall$4 ,leop>di some:]e1 9 speak+ ( ! e>ly ,italian translators ( ! classics & _! well-e>n$ popul>ity1 says1 :o kn[s b ,c>o w live 9 m5's remembrance z long z ,virgil8 ,la belie de/9ee1 adds ,sa9te-,beuve1 de ne p\voir plus m\rir1 s9on avec un immortel6 ,ap>t f ,mr4 ,longfell['s o!r titles to undy+ fame1 su* a de/9y is surely m>k$ out = him1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,engli% portions ( ! _w 8 "n w always be associat$ ) t ( ! great ,flor5t9e4 ,june1 #ahfg4 ,,xii4 ,,pa9e',s ,,/4 ,,pet]4 ,= music-lov]s 9 ,am]ica ! great ev5t ( ! season has be5 ! p]=mance ( ,mr4 ,pa9e's oratorio1 ,/4 ,pet]1 at ,portl&1 ,june #c4 ,?is ev5t is important1 n only z ! fir/ appe>ance ( an ,am]ican oratorio1 b also z ! fir/ direct pro( we h _h ( ! exi/5ce ( creative musical g5ius 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= ,mr4 ,pa9e's ,mass 9 ,d--a "w :i* 0 br\ght out ) great success sev]al ye>s ago 9 ,b]l9--has1 = "s reason or o!r1 nev] be5 p]=m$ "h4 ,&1 ) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,pa9e1 we "k ( no ,am]ican hi!rto :o has %[n ei!r ! g5ius or ! culture requisite = writ+ music 9 ! gr& /yle1 al?\gh !re is "s ( ! ,kapellmei/] music1 writt5 by our lead+ organi/s & *ori/]s1 :i* des]ves hon\rable m5tion4 ,conc]n+ ! rank likely to be assign$ by po/]ity to ,/4 ,pet]1 x w\ld be fooli% n[ to speculate2 & x w\ld be equally unwise to br+ x into direct comp>ison ) ma/]pieces l ! ,messiah1 ,elijah1 & ,/4 ,paul1 ! greatness ( :i* has be5 s long ackn[l$g$4 ,long] famili>ity ) ! "w is ne$$ be=e su* comp>isons1 always ( some:at d\btful value1 c be pr(itably und]tak54 ,b x mu/ at lea/ be said1 z ! net result ( our impressions d]iv$ bo? f previ\s /udy ( ! score & f he>+1 ! p]=mance at ,portl&1 t ,mr4 ,pa9e's oratorio has fairly e>n$ = itself ! "r to be judg$ by ! same high /&>d :i* we apply to ^! noble works ( ,m5delssohn & ,h&el4 ,9 our limit$ space we c give only ! briefe/ description ( ! g5]al /ructure ( ! "w4 ,! f\nd+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 z illu/rat$ 9 f\r pr9cipal sc5es ( ! life ( ,/4 ,pet]1 supplies ! mat]ial = ! dramatic developm5t ( ! subject4 ,! ov]ture1 beg9n+ ) an adagio movem5t 9 ,b-flat m9or1 gives expression to ! vague ye>n+s ( t "t ( d\bt & hesitancy :5 ! oracles 7 dumb1 & ! dawn+ ( a new era ( /rong] & div9] fai? 0 matt] ( pres5tim5t r ?an ( def9ite hope or expectation4 ,?\gh ! tonality is at fir/ firmly e/abli%$1 yet z ! movem5t becomes m agitat$1 ! f9al t5d5cy ( ! modulations also becomes unc]ta91 & = a few b>s x w\ld seem z if ! key ( ,f-%>p m9or might be ! po9t ( de/9ation4 ,b aft] a %ort melody by ! w9d in/rum5ts1 accompani$ by a rapid upw>d movem5t ( /r+s1 ! dom9ant *ord ( ,c major ass]ts itself1 be+ repeat$1 ) sundry inv]sions1 ?r\gh a doz5 b>s1 & lead+ directly into ! triumphant & maje/ic *orus1 ,! "t is fulfill$1 & ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,! second subject1 introduc$ by ! ^w rep5t desc5d+ ?r\gh ! int]val ( a dim9i%$ sev5? & contra/$ ) ! florid c\nt]po9t ( ! phrase1 & believe ! glad tid+s ( ,god1 is a ma/]piece ( contrapuntal writ+1 &1 if p]=m$ by a *oir ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ voices1 w\ld produce an ov]p[]+ effect4 ,! div9e call ( ,simon ,pet] & 8 bre?r5 is next describ$ 9 a t5or recitative2 & ! acceptance ( ! glad tid+s is express$ 9 an aria1 ,! _s ( ! ,"l is ^u me1 :i*1 by an orig9al b appropriate conception1 is giv5 to ! soprano voice4 ,9 ! next numb]1 ! disciples are dramatically repres5t$ by twelve basses & t5ors1 s++ 9 f\r-"p h>mony1 & alt]nat+ or comb9+ ) ! full *orus 9 description ( ! aims ( ! new religion4 ,! poem ends ) ! *oral1 ,h[ lovely %9es ! ,morn+ ,/>6 ,!n foll[s ! sublime sc5e f ,mat!w xvi4 #ad-ah1 :]e ,pet] decl>es 8 ma/] to be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god1--"o ( ! mo/ impressive sc5es1 we h always ?\ght1 9 ! gospel hi/ory1 & "h n inadequately treat$4 ,! feel+ ( my/]i\s & awful gr&eur awak5$ by ,pet]'s bold exclamation1 ,?\ art ! ,*ri/1 is p[]fully r5d]$ by ! entrance ( ! trombones ^u ! inv]t$ subdom9ant triad ( ,c-%>p m9or1 & _! pause ^u ! dom9ant ( ! same key4 ,?r\gh\t ?is sc5e ! *>act]i/ic contra/ betwe5 ! ard5t vig\r ( ,pet] & ! sweet s]5ity ( ,jesus is well del9eat$ 9 ! music4 ,aft] ,pet]'s /irr+ aria1 ,my he>t is glad1 ! dramatic climax is rea*$ 9 ! ,c-major *orus1 ,! ,*ur* is built ^u ! f\ndation ( ! apo/les & prophets4 ,! second sc5e is c>ri$ out to some:at great] l5g?1 correspond+ ne>ly to ! la/ half ( ! fir/ "p ( ,elijah1 f ! po9t :]e ! *all5ge is giv5 to ! prophets ( ,baal4 ,9 ! op5+ passages ( m+l$ recitative & arioso1 ,pet] is =ew>n$ t he %all d5y 8 ,ma/]1 & 8 half-indignant remon/rance is su/a9$1 ) add$ emphasis1 by ! voices ( ! twelve disciples1 pit*$ a f\r? high]4 ,!n ,judas comes1 ) a great multitude1 & ,jesus is c>ri$ be=e ! high-prie/4 ,! beautiful ,f-m9or *orus1 ,we hid our faces f him1 furni%es ! musical comm5t ^u ! /atem5t t ! disciples all =sook him & fl$4 ,we h>dly d>e to give full expression to our feel+s ab\t ?is *orus 7:i* dur+ ! pa/ mon? has be5 cont9ually s++ itself ov] & ov] aga9 9 our recollection71 le/ x %\ld be suppos$ t our en?usiasm has got ! bett] ( our sob] judgm5t4 ,! second !me1 ,he 0 br\ght z a lamb to ! slaught]1 yet he op5$ n 8 m\?1 is q ,h&el-l 9 ! simplicity & massiv5ess ( its magnific5t h>monic progressions4 ,) ! sc5e ( ! d5ial1 = :i* we are ?us prep>$1 ! dramatic movem5t becomes exce$+ly rapid1 & ! r5d]+ ( ! ev5ts 9 ! high-prie/'s hall--,pet]'s bass recitative alt]nat+ its crav5 prote/ations ) ! clamor\s agitato *orus ( ! s]vants--is /irr+ 9 ! extreme4 ,! contralto aria describ+ ! ,"l's turn+ & look+ ^u ,pet] is foll[$ by ! or*e/ra ) a lam5t 9 ,b-flat m9or1 introduc+ ! bass aria ( ! rep5tant & remorse-/rick5 disciple1 ,o ,god1 my ,god1 =sake me n4 ,z ! la/ /ra9s ( ! lam5tation die away1 a *oir ( angels is he>d1 ( sopranos & contraltos divid$1 s++1 ,rememb] f :5ce ?\ art fall51 to an accompanim5t ( h>ps4 ,! second !me1 ,he t ov]come? %all receive a cr[n ( life1 is introduc$ 9 full *orus1 9 a *e]+ allegro movem5t1 prep>+ ! way = a climax high] ?an any yet rea*$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w4 ,?is climax--delay$ = a few mom5ts by an &ante aria = a contralto voice1 ,! ,"l is fai?ful & righte\s--at la/ bur/s ^u u ) a sup]b cresc5do ( /r+s1 & ! words1 ,awake1 ?\ t sleepe/1 arise f ! dead1 & ,*ri/ %all give !e light4 ,?is *orus1 :i* = reasons pres5tly to be giv5 0 he>d at consid]able disadvantage at ,portl&1 conta9s "s ( ! be/ fugue-writ+ 9 ! "w1 & is especially ri* & p[]ful 9 its in/rum5tation4 ,! second "p ( ! oratorio beg9s ) ! crucifixion & asc5sion ( ,jesus4 ,"h we mu/ note especially ! deeply pa!tic op5+ *orus1 ,! ,son ( ,man 0 deliv]$ into ! h&s ( s9ful m51 ! joy\s allegro1 ,& on ! ?ird day he rose aga91 ! *oral1 ,jesus1 my ,r$eem]1 lives1 & ! qu>tet1 ,fe$ ! flock ( ,god1 comm5t+ ^u ! comm& ( ,jesus1 ,fe$ my lambs4 ,?is qu>tet has all ! heav5ly sweetness ( ,h&el's ,he %all fe$ 8 flock1 :i* x sugge/s by simil>ity ( subject1 ?\gh n by simil>ity ( treatm5t2 b 9 a c]ta9 quality ( inw>dness1 or religi\s m$itativ5ess1 x rem9ds "o m ( ,mr4 ,pa9e's fav\rite ma/]1 ,ba*4 ,! *oral1 l ! "o 9 ! fir/ "p & ! "o :i* foll[s ! sc5e ( ,p5teco/1 is tak5 f ! ,lu!ran ,*oral ,book1 & arrang$ ) orig9al h>mony & in/rum5tation1 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ,ba*1 ,m5delssohn1 & o!r compos]s1 ( introduc+ into _! sacr$ compositions ! old popul> *oral melodies :i* are ! peculi> (fspr+ ( a religi\s age4 ,?us ! noble/ *oral ev] writt51 ! ,sleep]s1 wake1 9 ,/4 ,paul1 0 compos$ 9 #afjd by ,praetorius1 ! h>monization & accompanim5t only be+ ! "w ( ,m5delssohn4 ,9 ,/4 ,pet]1 z 9 ,elijah1 ! second "p1 :ile =m+ ! true musical climax ( ! oratorio1 admits ( a brief] description ?an ! fir/ "p4 ,! wave ( emotion answ]+ to ! s5su\sly dramatic elem5t hav+ p>tly sp5t itself1 ! wave ( lyric emotion ga!rs fre% /r5g?1 & "o feels t "o has rea*$ ! height ( spiritual exaltation1 :ile1 nev]!less1 !re is n s mu* :i* "o c describe to o!rs :o may n happ5 to h gone ?r\gh ) ! same exp]i5ce4 ,some?+ ( ! same feel+ "o gets 9 /udy+ ,dante's ,p>adiso1 aft] f9i%+ ! prec$+ divisions ( 8 poem3 !re is less :i* c be pictur$ to ! eye ( s5se1 or left to be suppli$ by ! concrete imag9ation4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! sc5e ( ,p5teco/1 :i* foll[s t ( ! ,asc5sion1 !re is no lack ( dramatic vividness4 ,inde$1 !re is no?+ 9 ! "w m /rik+ ?an ! or*e/ration ( ! introductory t5or recitative1 ! my/]i\s *orus1 ,! voice ( ! ,"l divide? ! flames ( fire1 or ! amaz$ qu]y :i* foll[s1 ,behold1 are n all ^! :o speak ,galileans8 & h[ is x t we e "o he> !m 9 our own tongue :]e9 we 7 born8 ,we h he>d ! op9ion express$ t ,mr4 ,pa9e's oratorio mu/ be lack+ 9 orig9ality1 s9ce x sugge/s su* /rong rem9isc5ces ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,n[1 ?is sugge/ion1 x seems to u1 is due p>tly to ! simil>ity ( ! subjects1 indep5d5tly ( any lik5ess 9 ! modes ( treatm5t1 & p>tly1 p]haps1 to ! fact t ,mr4 ,pa9e1 z well z ,m5delssohn1 has be5 a devot$ /ud5t ( ,ba*1 ^: *>act]i/ics are s /rong t !y may well h left _! m>k ^u ! works ( bo? compos]s4 ,b especially x w\ld seem t !re is "s real1 ?\gh v g5]al resemblance betwe5 ?is colloquial *orus1 ,behold1 etc41 & "s *oruses 9 ,/4 ,paul1 z1 = example ,nos4 #bi & #cf-ch4 ,9 ! same way ! sc5e 9 ! high-prie/'s hall might di/antly sugge/ ei!r ( ^! passages1 or o!rs 9 ,elijah2 ,^! resemblances1 h[ev]1 are v sup]ficial1 p]ta9+ n to ! musical b to ! dramatic treatm5t ( situations :i* are g5]ically simil> 9 s f>1 & only 9 s f>1 z !y repres5t conv]sational passages betwe5 an apo/le or prophet & an ignorant multitude1 :e!r amaz$ or ho/ile1 "u ! sway ( viol5t excitem5t4 ,z reg>ds ! musical elaboration ( ^! t]se & /rik+ alt]nations ( *orus & recitative1 its orig9ality c be que/ion$ only aft] we h decid$ to ref] all orig9ality on su* matt]s to ,ba*1 or1 inde$1 ev5 beh9d him1 into ! ,middle ,ages4 ,aft] ! prea*+ ( ,pet]1 & ! sweet contralto aria1 ,z = man1 8 days are z grass1 ! culm9ation ( ?is sc5e comes 9 ! ,d-major *orus1 ,?is is ! witness ( ,god4 ,:at foll[s1 beg9n+ ) ! *oral1 ,praise to ! ,fa!r1 is to be reg>d$ z an epilogue or p]oration to ! :ole "w4 ,x is 9 accordance ) a s\nd tradition t ! gr& sacr$ drama ( an oratorio %\ld conclude ) a lyric outbur/ ( ?anksgiv+1 a psalm ( praise to ! ,giv] ( e good & p]fect gift4 ,?us1 aft] ,pet]'s lab\rs are end$ 9 ! aria1 ,n[ z ye 7 r$eem$1 9 :i* ! twelve disciples & ! full *orus jo91 a duet = t5or & soprano1 ,s+ unto ,god1 br+s u to ! gr& f9al *orus 9 ,c major1 ,great & m>vell\s are ?y works1 ,"l ,god ,almighty4 ,! cad5ce ( ?is conclud+ *orus rem9ds u t "o ( ! notewor?y po9ts 9 ! oratorio is ! "* ( its cad5ces4 ,! cad5ce prep>$ by ! #f_/d *ord1 n[ become s hackney$ f its p]petual & we>isome repetition 9 popul> *ur* music1 seems to be especially dislik$ by ,mr4 ,pa9e1 z x occurs b once or twice 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w4 ,9 ! great *oruses ! cad5ce is usually rea*$ ei!r by a p$al on ! tonic1 z 9 ! *orus1 ,awake1 ?\ t sleepe/1 or by a p$al on ! dom9ant culm9at+ 9 a *ord ( ! major n9?1 z 9 ! f9al *orus2 or !re is a plagal cad5ce1 z 9 ! fir/ *orus ( ! second "p2 or1 if ! #f_/d *ord is introduc$1 z x is 9 ! *orus1 ,he t ov]come?1 its ord9>y effect is cov]$ & obscur$ by ! movem5t ( ! divid$ sopranos4 ,we d n rememb] notic+ any:]e su* a decid$ use ( ! #f_/d *ord z is made1 = example1 by ,m5delssohn1 9 ,?anks be to ,god1 or 9 ! f9al *orus ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,p]haps if we 7 to confess our l+]+ fondness = ! cad5ce prep>$ by ! #f_/d *ord1 :5 n too frequ5tly introduc$1 x might only %[ t we reta9 a lik+ = ,new ,engl& psalm-tunes2 b x does seem to u t a s5se ( f9al repose1 ( entire cessation ( movem5t1 is m effectually secur$ by ?is cad5ce ?an by any o!r4 ,yet :ile ! #f_/d cad5ce mo/ completely expresses f9ality & re/1 x w\ld seem t ! plagal & o!r cad5ces above enum]at$ z pref]r$ by ,mr4 ,pa9e h a c]ta9 sort ( sup]iority by reason ( ! v incomplet5ess ) :i* !y express f9ality4 ,!re is no s5se ( f9ality :atev] ab\t ! ,phrygian cad5ce2 x leaves ! m9d occupi$ ) ! feel+ ( a b\ndless region beyond1 into :i* "o w\ld fa9 p5etrate2 & = ?is reason x has1 9 sacr$ music1 a great value4 ,some?+ ( ! same feel+1 too1 atta*es to ^? cad5ces 9 :i* an unexpect$ major ?ird usurps ! place ( ! m9or :i* ! e> 0 expect+1 z 9 ! ,inc>natus ( ,moz>t's ,twelf? ,mass1 or 9 ,ba*'s sublime ,prelude1 ,"p ,i41 ,no4 #bb ( ! ,well-temp]$ ,clavi*ord4 ,9 a less degree1 an analog\s effect 0 produc$ ^u u by ! cad5ce ) a p$al on ! tonic 9 ! *oruses1 ,! ,*ur* is built1 & ,awake1 ?\ t sleepe/4 ,on ^! consid]ations x may become intelligible t to "s he>]s ,mr4 ,pa9e's cad5ces h seem$ unsatisfactory1 _! e>s hav+ miss$ ! positive categorical ass]tion ( f9ality :i* ! #f_/d cad5ce alone c give4 ,to g fur!r into ?is subject w\ld take u f> beyond our limits4 ,! pleasant little t[n ( ,portl& has reason to congratulate itself1 fir/1 on be+ ! bir?place ( su* a compos] z ,mr4 ,pa9e2 secondly1 on hav+ be5 ! place :]e ! fir/ great "w ( ,am]ica 9 ! doma9 ( music 0 br\ght out2 & ?irdly1 on possess+ :at is probably ! mo/ ?or\ghly discipl9$ *oral society 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,our ,new ,york fri5ds1 aft] _! rec5t exp]i5ces1 w p]haps be sl[ to believe u :5 we say t ! ,portl& *oir sang ?is new "w ev5 bett]1 9 _m respects1 ?an ! ,h&el & ,haydn ,society s+ ! old & famili> ,elijah2 b x is true4 ,9 _! comm& ( ! pianissimo & ! gradual cresc5do1 & 9 ! precision ( _! attack1 ! ,portl& s+]s c easily tea* ! ,h&el & ,haydn a qu>t]'s lessons4 ,&1 besides all ?is1 !y "k h[ to pres]ve _! equanimity "u ! grave/ p]secutions ( ! or*e/ra2 keep+ ! ev5 t5\r ( _! way :]e a less discipl9$ *oir1 incit$ by ! excessive bl>e ( ! trombones & ! undue scrap+ ( ! second viol9s1 w\ld be likely to lose its pres5ce ( m9d & break out into an untimely =tissimo4 ,no d\bt x is easi] to a*ieve p]fect *orus-s++ ) a *oir ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five voices ?an ) a *oir ( six hundr$4 ,b ?is dim9utive size1 :i* 0 an advantage s f> z conc]n$ ! te*nical excell5ce ( ! ,portl& *oir1 0 decid$ly a disadvantage s f> z conc]n$ ! prop] r5d]+ ( ! m massive *oruses 9 ,/4 ,pet]4 ,all ! greate/ *oruses--su* z ,nos4 #a1 #h1 #ai1 #bj1 #bh1 #ce1 & #ci--7 s]i\sly impair$ 9 ! r5d]+ by ! lack ( massiv5ess 9 ! voices4 ,= example1 ! gr& *orus1 ,awake1 ?\ t sleepe/1 beg9s ) a rapid cresc5do ( /r+s1 introduc+ ! full *orus on ! ^w ,awake1 ^u ! dom9ant triad ( ,d major2 & aft] a c\ple ( beats ! voices are re9=c$ by ! trombones1 produc+ ! mo/ trem5d\s effect possible 9 su* a cresc5do4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! brass ass]t$ itself at ?is po9t s mu* m emphatically ?an ! voices t ! effect 0 almo/ to disjo9 ! latt] portion ( ! *ord f its beg9n+1 & ?us to dw>f ! utt]ance ( ! ^w ,awake4 ,to u ?is effect 0 v disagreeable2 & x 0 obvi\sly contr>y to ! effect int5d$ by ! compos]4 ,b ) a weight ( f\r or five hundr$ voices1 ! effect w\ld be entirely diff]5t4 ,in/ead ( ent]+ ^u ! sc5e z intrud]s1 ! mighty trombones w\ld only s]ve to swell & enri* ! pond]\s *ord :i* op5s ?is noble *orus4 ,giv5 great] weight only1 & ! p]=mance ( ! admirable ,portl& *oir w\ld h left no?+ to be desir$4 ,we _c speak ) s mu* satisfaction ( ! p]=mance ( ! or*e/ra4 ,! in/rum5tation ( ,/4 ,pet] is rem>kably f9e4 ,b ?is in/rum5tation 0 r clumsily r5d]$ by ! or*e/ra1 ^: do+s con/itut$ ! lea/ enjoyable "p ( ! p]=mance4 ,!re 0 too mu* bl>e ( brass1 :9e ( hautboy1 & scrap+ ( /r+s4 ,b 9 condonation ( ?is s]i\s defect1 "o mu/ admit t ! requisite am\nt ( rehe>sal is out ( ! "q :5 "o's *oir is 9 ,portl& & "o's or*e/ra 9 ,bo/on2 besides :i* ! p>ts _h be5 inaccurately copi$4 ,= a mom5t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! or*e/ral lam5t1 !re 0 risk ( disa/]1 ! w9d in/rum5ts fail+ to come 9 at ! "r "t1 :5 ,mr4 ,pa9e1 ) =tunate pres5ce ( m9d1 /opp$ ! play]s1 & ! movem5t 0 begun ov] aga91--! :ole occurr+ s quickly & quietly z h>dly to attract att5tion4 ,9 conclusion we w\ld say a few words sugge/$ by a rec5t critical notice ( ,mr4 ,pa9e's "w 9 ! ,nation4 ,:ile ackn[l$g+ ! importance ( ! publication ( ?is oratorio1 z an ev5t 9 ! art-hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 ! writ] betrays manife/ disappo9tm5t t ?is "w %\ld n r h be5 a symphony1 #fc & ?us h belong$ to :at he calls ! doma9 ( absolute music4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! assumption t ! oratorio is n s high a =m ( music z ! symphony1 or1 9 o!r words1 t vocal music 9 g5]al is arti/ically inf]ior to in/rum5tal music1 we may obs]ve1 fir/1 t ,ambros & ,domm]--two ( ! mo/ pr(\nd musical critics n[ liv+--d n su/a9 x4 ,x is ,beanqui]1 we ?9k1 :o sugge/s t in/rum5tal music %\ld rank above vocal1 because x is pure music1 b]eft ( ! fictiti\s aids ( language & ( ! emotional associations :i* are gr\p$ ab\t ! peculi> timbre ( ! human voice4 #fd ,at fir/ ! sugge/ion seems plausible2 b on analog\s gr\nds we might set ! piano above ! or*e/ra1 because ! piano gives u pure h>mony & c\nt]po9t1 )\t ! adv5titi\s aid ( v>iety 9 timbre4 ,& x is inde$ true t1 = "s su* reason z ?is1 musicians delight 9 piano-sonatas1 :i* are above all ?+s t$i\s & un9telligible to ! m9d untra9$ 9 music4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( its great & peculi> pr]ogatives1 x w\ld be absurd to pref] ! piano to ! or*e/ra2 & !re is a k9dr$ absurdity involv$ 9 sett+ ! or*e/ra above t mighty union ( or*e/ra1 organ1 & voices :i* we get 9 ! oratorio4 ,:5 ! reason alleg$ = rank+ ! symphony above ! oratorio leads u likewise to rank ! sonata above ! symphony1 we seem to h rea*$ a r$uctio ad absurdum4 #fc ,n[ )9 two ye>s1 ,mr4 ,pa9e's ,c-m9or symphony has foll[$ ! completion ( 8 oratorio4 #fd ,^! peculi> associations are no d\bt :at is *iefly enjoy$ 9 music1 antec$5t to a prop]ly musical culture4 ,p]sons ( slight acqua9tance ) music inv>iably pref] ! voice to ! piano4 ,rightly consid]$1 ! "q betwe5 vocal & in/rum5tal music am\nts to ?is1 ,:at does music express8 ,?is is a great psy*ological "q1 & we h n n[ ! space or ! leisure requisite = discuss+ x1 ev5 9 ! mo/ summ>y way4 ,we w say1 h[ev]1 t we d n see h[ music c 9 any way express ideas1 or any?+ b moods or emotional /ates to :i* ! ideas giv5 9 language may add det]m9ation & precision4 ,! pure symphony gives utt]ance to moods1 & w be a satisfactory "w ( art or n1 accord+ z ! compos] has be5 actuat$ by a legitimate sequ5ce ( emotional /ates1 l ,bee?ov51 or by a desire to produce novel & />tl+ effects1 l ,liszt4 ,b ! dang] 9 purely in/rum5tal music is t x may run riot 9 ! extravagant utt]ance ( emotional /ates :i* are n prop]ly concat5at$ by any normal sequ5ce ( ideas associat$ ) !m4 ,?is is sometimes exemplifi$ 9 ! mo/ mod]n in/rum5tal music4 ,n[1 z 9 real life our sequ5t clu/]s ( emotional /ates are 9 g5]al det]m9$ by _! association ) our sequ5t gr\ps ( intellectual ideas1 x w\ld seem t music1 reg>d$ z an expon5t ( psy*ical life1 rea*es its fulle/ expressiv5ess :5 ! sequ5ce ( ! moods :i* x inc>nates 9 s\nd is det]m9$ by "s sequ5ce ( ideas1 su* z is furni%$ by ! words ( a libretto4 ,n t ! words %\ld h pr$om9ance ov] ! music1 or ev5 coequal sway ) x1 b t !y %\ld s]ve to give direction to ! succession ( feel+s express$ by ! music4 ,lift up y\r heads & ,hallelujah d n owe _! glory to ! text1 b to t trem5d\s en]gy ( rhy?mic & contrapuntal progression :i* ! text s]ves to conc5trate & ju/ify4 ,:5 precision & def9it5ess ( direction are ?us add$ to ! p[]ful physical means ( expression :i* we get 9 ! comb9ation ( *orus1 or*e/ra1 & organ1 we h atta9$ ! greate/ sur5ess z well z ! greate/ weal? ( musical expressiv5ess4 ,& ?us we may see ! reasonabl5ess ( ,domm]'s op9ion t 9 ord] to re/ra9 in/rum5tal music f ru9+ itself by mean+less extravagance1 x is desirable t !re %\ld be a r5aissance ( vocal music1 su* z x 0 9 ! gold5 age ( ,pale/r9a & ,orl&o ,lasso4 ,we are n incl9$ to d5y t 9 /ructural beauty--9 ! symmetrical disposition & elaboration ( musical !mes--! symphony has ! advantage4 ,! words1 :i* 9 ! oratorio s]ve to give def9ite direction to ! curr5ts ( emotion1 may also sometimes hamp] ! free developm5t ( ! pure musical conception1 j z 9 psy*ical life ! obtrusive entrance ( ideas l9k$ by association may h9d] ! full fruition ( "s emotional /ate4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ?is possible drawback1 x may be d\bt$ if ! high] =ms ( polyphonic composition fall s v f> %ort ( ! symphony 9 capability ( giv+ full elaboration to ! musical idea4 ,! practical te/imony ( ,bee?ov51 9 8 ,n9? ,symphony1 is decid$ly adv]se to any su* supposition4 ,b to pursue ?is int]e/+ "q w\ld c>ry u f> beyond our limits4 ,:atev] may be ! decision z to ! respective claims ( vocal & in/rum5tal music1 we h e reason = welcom+ ! appe>ance1 9 our own c\ntry1 ( an orig9al "w 9 ! highe/ =m ( vocal music4 ,x is to be hop$ t we %all (t5 h ! opportunity to he> ) our e>s ?is int]e/+ "w2 = z a rule great musical compositions are peculi>ly un=tunate among works ( art1 9 be+ kn[n at fir/ h& by comp>atively few p]sons4 ,9 ?is way is r5d]$ possible t pret5ti\s k9d ( dilettante criticism :i* is s common 9 musical matt]s1 & :i* is (t5 positively injuri\s1 z sub/itut+ a factiti\s public op9ion = "o t is g5u9e4 ,we hope t ! fav\r ) :i* ! new oratorio has already be5 receiv$ w enc\rage ! au?or to pursue ! enviable c>e] ^u :i* he has ent]$4 ,ev5 re/rict+ ourselves to vocal music1 !re is /ill a broad field left op5 = orig9al "w4 ,! secul> cantata--attempt$ 9 rec5t times by ,s*umann1 z well z by ,engli% compos]s ( small] calibre--is a v high =m ( vocal music2 & if f\nd$ on an adequate libretto1 deal+ ) "s supremely gr& or tragical situation1 is capable ( be+ c>ri$ to an unprec$5t$ height ( musical elaboration4 ,"h is an opportunity = orig9al a*ievem5t1 ( :i* x is to be hop$ t "s gift$ & well-tra9$ compos]1 l ! au?or ( ,/4 ,pet]1 may f9d x wor? :ile to avail himself4 ,june1 #ahgc4 ,,xiii4 ,a ,,philosophy ,,( ,,art4 #fe #fe ,! ,philosophy ( ,art4 ,by ,h4 ,ta9e4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfg4 ,we are glad ( a *ance to introduce to our read]s "o ( ! works ( a great writ]4 ,?\gh n yet #ff widely kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,m4 ,ta9e has obta9$ a v high reputation 9 ,europe4 ,he is /ill q a "y man1 b is nev]!less ! au?or ( n9ete5 goodly volumes1 witty1 acute1 & le>n$2 & already he is (t5 rank$ ) ,r5an1 ,littre1 & ,sa9te-,beuve1 ! greate/ liv+ ,fr5* writ]s4 #ff ,t is1 9 #ahfh4 ,hippolyte ,adolphe ,ta9e 0 born at ,v\zi]s1 among ! gr& =e/s ( ,ard5nes1 9 #ahbh1 & is !re=e ab\t =ty ye>s old4 ,8 family 0 simple 9 habits & ta/es1 & ent]ta9$ a /eadfa/ belief 9 culture1 along ) ! possession ( a fair am\nt ( x4 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 sub-prefect at ,rocroi1 9 #ahad & #ahae1 "u ! fir/ re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons4 ,8 fa!r1 a lawy] by pr(ession1 0 ! fir/ in/ructor ( 8 son1 & taught him ,lat91 & f an uncle1 :o _h be5 9 ,am]ica1 he le>n$ ,engli%1 :ile /ill a m]e *ild4 ,hav+ gone to ,p>is ) 8 "m 9 #ahdb1 he began 8 /udies at ! ,college ,b\rbon & 9 #ahdh 0 promot$ to ! ecole ,normale4 ,weiss1 ,ab\t1 & ,prevo/-,p>adol 7 8 contempor>ies at ?is in/itution4 ,at t "t great lib]ty 0 enjoy$ 9 reg>d to ! ord] & ! details ( ! ex]cises2 s t ,ta9e1 ) 8 surpris+ rapidity1 w\ld d 9 "o week ! "w laid out = a mon?1 & w\ld sp5d ! rema9d] ( ! "t 9 private read+4 ,9 #ahea he left college1 & aft] two or ?ree unsatisfactory attempts at tea*+1 9 ,p>is & 9 ! prov9ces1 he settl$ d[n at ,p>is z a private /ud5t4 ,he gave himself ! v be/ elem5t>y prep>ation :i* a lit]>y man c h1--a ?or\gh c\rse 9 ma!matics & ! physical sci5ces4 ,8 /udies 9 anatomy & physiology 7 especially elaborate & m9ute4 ,he att5d$ ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e z regul>ly z if he expect$ to make 8 daily bread 9 ! pr(ession4 ,9 ?is way1 :5 at ! age ( tw5ty-five he began to write books1 ,m4 ,ta9e 0 a really educat$ man2 & 8 books %[ x4 ,! day is pa/ :5 a man c\ld write securely1 ) a k ( ! classics alone4 ,we d\bt if a philosophical critic is p]fectly educat$ = 8 task1 unless he c read1 = in/ance1 ,donaldson's ,new ,cratylus on ! "o h&1 & ,rokitansky's ,pa?ological ,anatomy on ! o!r1 = ! %e] pleasure ( ! ?+4 ,at any rate1 x 0 an education ( ?is sort :i* ,m4 ,ta9e1 at ! outset ( 8 lit]>y c>e]1 _h secur$4 ,by ?is solid discipl9e ( ma!matics1 *emi/ry1 & m$ic9e1 ,m4 ,ta9e became t :i* above all ?+s he n[ is1--a man possess$ ( a c5tral philosophy1 ( an exact1 categorical1 well-def9$ sy/em1 :i* accompanies & supports him 9 8 mo/ di/ant lit]>y excursions4 ,he does n keep ?r[+ out ideas at r&om1 l too _m lit]>y critics1 b atta*es all 8 criticisms to a common fundam5tal pr9ciple2 9 %ort1 he is n a dilettante1 b a savant4 ,8 treatise on ,la ,fonta9e1 9 #ahec1 attract$ mu* att5tion1 bo? ! /yle & ! matt] be+ s+ul>ly fre% & orig9al4 ,he has s9ce republi%$ x1 ) alt]ations :i* s]ve to %[ t he c be docile t[>d intellig5t criticisms4 ,ab\t ! same "t he prep>$ = ! ,fr5* ,academy 8 "w ^u ! hi/orian ,livy1 :i* 0 cr[n$ 9 #ahee4 ,suff]+ !n f ov]work1 he 0 oblig$ to make a %ort j\rney to ! ,pyr5ees1 :i* he has s9ce describ$ 9 a *>m+ little volume1 illu/rat$ by ,dore4 ,8 subsequ5t works are a treatise on ! ,fr5* philosoph]s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 9 :i* ! vapid *>latanism ( ,m4 ,c\s9 is satisfactorily dealt )2 a hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]ature 9 five volumes2 a humor\s book on ,p>is2 ?ree volumes ^u ! g5]al !ory ( art2 & two volumes ( travels 9 ,italy2 besides a consid]able collection ( hi/orical & critical essays4 ,we ?9k t sev]al ( ^! works w\ld be int]e/+ to ! ,am]ican public1 & might pr(itably be translat$4 ,"s ?ree or f\r ye>s ago1 ,m4 ,ta9e 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor 9 ! ecole des ,beaux ,arts1 & we suppose 8 j\rney to ,italy mu/ h be5 und]tak5 p>tly ) a view to qualify himself = 8 new position4 ,he visit$ ! f\r cities :i* may be consid]$ ! arti/ic c5tres ( ,italy1--,rome1 ,naples1 ,flor5ce1 & ,v5ice1--& a l>ge "p ( 8 acc\nt ( 8 j\rney is tak5 up ) descriptions & criticisms ( pictures1 /atues1 & build+s4 ,?is is a dep>tm5t ( criticism :i*1 we may z well frankly ackn[l$ge1 is f> bett] appreciat$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe ?an 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica4 ,ov] ! ,engli% race !re pass$1 ab\t two c5turies ago1 a deluge ( ,puritanism1 :i* = a "t almo/ dr[n$ out its arti/ic ta/es & prop5sities4 ,! ,puritan movem5t1 9 proportion to its success1 0 ne>ly z de/ructive to art 9 ! ,we/1 z ,mohamm$anism _h long be=e be5 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 its int5se & "o-sid$ reg>d = morality1 ,puritanism n only relegat$ ! love = beauty to an inf]ior place1 b contemn$ & spat ^u x1 z some?+ s9ful & degrad+4 ,h5ce1 ! utt] ar*itectural impot5ce :i* *>act]izes ! ,am]icans & ! mod]n ,engli%2 & h5ce ! bewild]$ ignorant way 9 :i* we ord9>ily contemplate pictures & /atues4 ,= two c5turies we h be5 remov$ f an arti/ic environm5t1 & consequ5tly c ) difficulty ent] into ! feel+s ( ^? :o h all ?is "t be5 nurtur$ 9 love = art1 & belief 9 art = its own sake4 ,^! peculi>ities1 z ,mr4 ,mill has ably po9t$ out1 h ent]$ deep into our e?nic "*4 ,ev5 9 pure morals !re is a radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli%man & ! inhabitant ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! ,engli%man foll[s virtue f a s5se ( duty1 ! ,fr5*man f an emotional aspiration t[>d ! beautiful ,! "o admires a noble action because x is "r1 ! o!r because x is attractive4 ,& ?is diff]5ce und]lies ! moral judgm5ts ^u m5 & ev5ts :i* are to be f\nd respectively 9 ,engli% & 9 cont95tal lit]ature4 ,by keep+ x con/antly 9 view1 we %all be enabl$ to und]/& _m ?+s :i* might o!rwise surprise u 9 ! writ+s ( ,fr5* au?ors4 ,we are n[ sl[ly outgr[+ ! extravagances ( ,puritanism4 ,x has giv5 u an e>ne/ness & sobriety ( "*1 to :i* mu* ( our real greatness is ow+1 bo? "h & 9 ! "m c\ntry4 ,x has made u /rong] & /eadi]1 b x has at ! same "t n>r[$ u 9 _m respects1 & r5d]$ our lives incomplete4 ,?is incomplet5ess1 entail$ by ,puritanism1 we are gradually gett+ rid (2 & we are le>n+ to admire & respect _m ?+s ^u :i* ,puritanism set its m>k ( contempt4 ,we are beg9n+1 = in/ance1 to recognize ! transc5d5t m]its ( t great civiliz+ ag5cy1 ! drama2 we no long] ?9k x necess>y t our temples = wor%ipp+ ,god %\ld be con/ruct$ l hide\s b>racks2 we are gradually p]mitt+ our *oirs to disc>d ! dron+ & s5tim5tal mod]n psalm-tune = ! inspir+ h>monies ( ,bee?ov5 & ,moz>t2 & we admit ! classical picture & ! undrap$ /atue to a high place 9 our e/eem4 ,yet ) all ?is x w probably be "s "t be=e g5u9e art ceases to be an exotic among u1 & becomes a plant ( unh9d]$ native gr[?4 ,x w be "s "t be=e we cease to reg>d pictures & /atues z a high] species ( uphol/]y1 & place !m 9 ! same category ) poems & dramas1 duly rev]5c+ !m z au!ntic revelations ( ! beauty :i* is to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,x w be "s "t be=e we realize t art is a ?+ to be /udi$1 z well z lit]ature1 & be=e we c be q reconcil$ to ! famili> way 9 :i* a ,fr5*man quotes a picture z we w\ld quote a poem or novel4 ,arti/ic g5ius1 z ,m4 ,ta9e has %[n1 is some?+ :i* w develop itself only "u peculi> social circum/ances2 &1 !re=e1 if we h n art1 we c p]haps only wait = x1 tru/+ t :5 ! "t comes x w arise among u4 ,b )\t orig9at+1 we may at lea/ intellig5tly appreciate4 ,! nature ( a "w ( art1 & ! mode 9 :i* x is produc$1 are subjects well wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,ar*itecture & music1 poetry1 pa9t+ & sculpture1 h 9 times pa/ con/itut$ a va/ portion ( human activity2 & )\t kn[+ some?+ ( ! philosophy ( art1 we ne$ n hope to und]/& ?or\ghly ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,9 ent]+ ^u ! /udy ( art 9 g5]al1 "o may f9d _m sugge/ive h9ts 9 ! little books ( ,m4 ,ta9e1 repr9t$ f ! lectures :i* he has be5 deliv]+ at ! ecole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,! fir/1 on ! ,philosophy ( ,art1 designat$ at ! head ( ?is pap]1 is already accessible to ! ,am]ican read]2 & translations ( ! o!rs are probably soon to foll[4 ,we %all = ! pres5t give a m]e synopsis ( ,m4 ,ta9e's g5]al views4 ,& fir/ x mu/ be det]m9$ :at a "w ( art is4 ,leav+ = a :ile music & ar*itecture out ( consid]ation1 x w be admitt$ t poetry1 pa9t+1 & sculpture h "o obvi\s "* 9 common3 !y are arts ( ,,imitation4 ,?is1 says ,ta9e1 appe>s at fir/ sight to be _! ess5tial "*4 ,x w\ld appe> t _! great object is to ,,imitate z closely z possible4 ,x is obvi\s t a /atue is int5d$ to imitate a liv+ man1 t a picture is design$ to repres5t real p]sons 9 real attitudes1 or ! int]ior ( a h\se1 or a l&scape1 su* z x exi/s 9 nature4 ,& x is no less cle> t a novel or drama endeav\rs to repres5t ) accuracy real *>act]s1 actions1 & words1 giv+ z precise & fai?ful an image ( !m z possible4 ,& :5 ! imitation is incomplete1 we say to ! pa9t]1 ,y\r p are too l>gely proportion$1 & ! col\r ( y\r trees is false2 we tell ! sculptor t 8 leg or arm is incorrectly modell$2 & we say to ! dramati/1 ,nev] has a man felt or ?\ght z y\r h]o is suppos$ to h felt & ?\ght4 ,?is tru?1 moreov]1 is se5 bo? 9 ! c>e]s ( individual arti/s1 & 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( art4 ,accord+ to ,ta9e1 ! life ( an arti/ may g5]ally be divid$ into two p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod1 t ( natural gr[?1 he /udies nature anxi\sly & m9utely1 he keeps ! objects !mselves be=e 8 eyes1 & /rives to repres5t !m ) scrupul\s fidelity4 ,b :5 ! "t = m5tal gr[? ends1 z x does ) e man1 & ! cry/allization ( ideas & impressions comm5ces1 !n ! m9d ( ! arti/ is no long] s susceptible to new impressions f )\t4 ,he beg9s to n\ri% himself f 8 own sub/ance4 ,he ab&ons ! liv+ model1 & ) recipes :i* he has ga!r$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]i5ce1 he proce$s to con/ruct a drama or novel1 a picture or /atue4 ,n[1 ! fir/ p]iod1 says ,ta9e1 is t ( g5u9e art2 ! second is t ( mann]ism4 ,our au?or cites ! case ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 a man :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ colossal embodim5ts ( physical & m5tal en]gy t ! _w has ev] se54 ,9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's case1 ! p]iod ( gr[?1 ( g5u9e art1 may be said to h la/$ until aft] 8 sixtie? ye>4 ,b look1 says ,ta9e1 at ! works :i* he execut$ 9 8 old age2 consid] ! ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 pa9t$ :5 he 0 ne>ly sev5ty4 ,ev5 ^? :o are n connoisseurs c see t ^! frescos are pa9t$ by rule1 t ! arti/1 hav+ /ock$ 8 memory ) a c]ta9 set ( =ms1 is mak+ use ( !m to fill out 8 tableau2 t he wantonly multiplies que] attitudes & +5i\s =e%ort5+s2 t ! lively inv5tion1 ! gr& outbur/ ( feel+1 ! p]fect tru?1 by :i* 8 e>li] works are di/+ui%$1 h disappe>$2 & t1 if he is /ill sup]ior to all o!rs1 he is nev]!less inf]ior to himself4 ,! c>e]s ( ,scott1 ( ,goe!1 & ( ,voltaire w furni% p>allel examples4 ,9 e s*ool ( art1 too1 ! fl\ri%+ p]iod is foll[$ by "o ( decl9e2 & 9 e case ! decl9e is due to a failure to imitate ! liv+ models4 ,9 pa9t+1 we h ! exagg]at$ =e%ort5]s & muscle-mak]s :o copi$ ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ! lov]s ( !atrical decorations :o succe$$ ,titian & ,giorgione & ! deg5]ate b\doir-pa9t]s :o foll[$ ,claucle & ,p\ss94 ,9 lit]ature1 we h ! v]sifi]s1 epigrammati/s1 & rhetors ( ! ,lat9 decad5ce2 ! s5sual & declamatory dramati/s :o repres5t ! la/ /ages ( old ,engli% com$y2 & ! mak]s ( sonnets & madrigals1 or conceit$ euphemi/s ( ! ,gongora s*ool1 9 ! decl9e ( ,italian & ,spani% poetry4 ,briefly x may be said1 t ! ma/]s copy nature & ! pupils copy ! ma/]s4 ,9 ?is way are expla9$ ! con/antly recurr+ ph5om5a ( decl9e 9 art1 & ?us1 also1 x is se5 t art is p]fect 9 proportion z x successfully imitates nature4 ,b we are n to conclude t absolute imitation is ! sole & entire object ( art4 ,7 ?is ! case1 ! f9e/ works w\ld be ^? :i* mo/ m9utely correspond to _! ext]nal prototypes4 ,9 sculpture1 a m\ld tak5 f ! liv+ features is t :i* gives ! mo/ fai?ful repres5tation ( ! model2 b a well-m\ld$ bu/ is f> f be+ equal to a good /atue4 ,photography is 9 _m respects m accurate ?an pa9t+2 b no "o w\ld rank a photograph1 h[ev] exquisitely execut$1 ) an orig9al picture4 ,& f9ally1 if exact imitation 7 ! supreme object ( art1 ! be/ trag$y1 ! be/ com$y1 & ! be/ drama w\ld be a /5ographic report ( ! proce$+s 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 9 a family ga!r+1 9 a popul> meet+1 9 ! ,rump ,congress4 ,ev5 ! works ( arti/s are n rat$ 9 proportion to _! m9ute exactness4 ,nei!r 9 pa9t+ nor 9 any o!r art d we give ! prec$5ce to t :i* deceives ! eye simply4 ,e "o rememb]s h[ ,zeuxis 0 said to h pa9t$ grapes s fai?fully t ! birds came & peck$ at !m2 & h[1 ,p>rhasios1 8 rival1 surpass$ ev5 ?is feat by pa9t+ a curta9 s natural 9 its appe>ance t ,zeuxis ask$ him to pull x aside & %[ ! picture beh9d x4 ,all ?is is n art1 b m]e knack & trick]y4 ,p]haps no pa9t] 0 ev] s m9ute z ,d5n]4 ,x us$ to take him f\r ye>s to make "o portrait4 ,he w\ld omit no?+1--nei!r ! blui% l9es made by ! ve9s "u ! sk91 nor ! little black po9ts scatt]$ ov] ! nose1 nor ! bright spots 9 ! eye :]e neighb\r+ objects are reflect$2 ! head seems to />t out f ! canvas1 x is s l fle% & blood4 ,yet :o c>es = ,d5n]'s portraits8 ,& :o w\ld n give t5 times z mu* = "o :i* ,van ,dyck or ,t9toretto might h pa9t$ 9 a few h\rs8 ,s 9 ! *ur*es ( ,naples & ,spa9 we f9d /atues col\r$ & drap$1 sa9ts clo!d 9 real coats1 ) _! sk9 yell[ & bloodless1 _! h&s ble$+1 & _! feet bruis$2 & beside !m ,madonnas 9 royal habilim5ts1 9 gala dresses ( lu/r\s silk1 adorn$ ) diadems1 preci\s necklaces1 bright ribbons1 & elegant laces1 ) _! *eeks rosy1 _! eyes brilliant1 _! eyela%es sweep+4 ,& by ?is excess ( lit]al imitation1 !re is awak5$ a feel+1 n ( pleasure1 b always ( repugnance1 (t5 ( disgu/1 & sometimes ( horror ,s 9 lit]ature1 ! anci5t ,greek !atre1 & ! be/ ,spani% & ,engli% dramati/s1 alt] on purpose ! natural curr5t ( human spee*1 & make _! *>act]s talk "u all ! re/ra9ts ( rhyme & rhy?m4 ,b we pron\nce ?is dep>ture f lit]al tru? a m]it & n a defect4 ,we consid] ,goe!'s second ,iphig5ie1 writt5 9 v]se1 f> pref]able to ! fir/ "o writt5 9 prose2 nay1 x is ! rhy?m or metre itself :i* communicates to ! "w its incomp>able beauty4 ,9 a review ( ,longfell['s ,dante1 publi%$ la/ ye>1 we argu$ ?is v po9t 9 "o ( its special applications2 ! arti/ mu/ copy 8 orig9al1 b he mu/ n copy x too lit]ally4 ,:at !n mu/ he copy8 ,he mu/ copy1 says ,ta9e1 ! mutual relations & int]dep5d5ces ( ! p>ts ( 8 model4 ,& m ?an ?is1 he mu/ r5d] ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! object--t *>act]i/ic ^u :i* all ! m9or qualities dep5d--z sali5t & conspicu\s z possible4 ,he mu/ put into ! backgr\nd ! traits :i* conceal x1 & br+ into ! =egr\nd ! traits :i* manife/ x4 ,if he is sculptur+ a gr\p l ! ,laocoon1 he mu/ /rike ^u ! supreme mom5t1 t 9 :i* ! :ole trag$y reveals itself1 & he mu/ pass ov] ^? insignificant details ( position & movem5t :i* s]ve only to di/ract our att5tion & weak5 our emotions by divid+ !m4 ,if he is writ+ a drama1 he mu/ n attempt to give u ! complete biography ( 8 "*2 he mu/ depict only ^? situations :i* /& 9 direct subord9ation to ! gr& climax or d5\m5t4 ,z a f9al result1 !re=e4 ,ta9e concludes t a "w ( art is a concrete repres5tation ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! p>ts ( an object1 ) ! int5t to br+ ! ess5tial or dom9at+ "* !re( into prom95ce4 ,we %\ld ov]run our limits if we 7 to foll[ out ! admirable discussion 9 :i* ,m4 ,ta9e ext5ds ?is def9ition to ar*itecture & music4 ,^! closely alli$ arts are di/+ui%$ f poetry1 pa9t+1 & sculpture1 by appeal+ f> less directly to ! intellig5ce1 & f> m exclusively to ! emotions4 ,yet ^! arts likewise aim1 by br++ into prom95ce c]ta9 relations ( symmetry 9 =m z p]ceiv$ by ! eye1 or 9 a]ial vibrations z p]ceiv$ by ! e>1 to excite 9 u ! /ates ( feel+ ) :i* ^! species ( symmetry are by subtle laws ( association connect$4 ,!y1 too1 imitate1 n lit]ally1 b "u ! guidance ( a pr$om9at+ s5tim5t or emotion1 relations :i* really exi/ among ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,& "h1 too1 we e/imate excell5ce1 n 9 proportion to ! direct1 b to ! indirect imitation4 ,a ,go?ic ca!dral is n1 z has be5 suppos$1 directly imitat$ f ! t[]+ vegetation ( ,nor!rn =e/s2 b x may well be ! expression ( ! dim s5tim5t ( an unse51 all-p]vad+ ,p[]1 g5]at$ by c5turies ( primeval life amid su* =e/s4 ,s ! s\nds :i* 9 a symphony ( ,bee?ov5 are wov5 into a web ( su* amaz+ complexity may exi/ 9 diff]5t comb9ations 9 nature2 b :5 a musician /eps out ( 8 way to imitate ! cr[+ ( cocks or ! ro> ( ! tempe/1 we reg>d 8 a*ievem5t m]ely z a graceful conceit4 ,art is1 !re=e1 an imitation ( nature2 b x is an intellectual & n a me*anical imitation2 & ! p]=mances ( ! cam]a & ! music-box are n to be class$ ) ^? ( ! viol9i/'s b[ or ! sculptor's *isel4 ,& la/ly1 9 di/+ui%+ art f sci5ce1 ,ta9e rem>ks1 t 9 dis5gag+ f _! complexity ! causes :i* are at "w 9 nature1 & ! fundam5tal laws accord+ to :i* !y "w1 sci5ce describes !m 9 ab/ract =mulas convey$ 9 te*nical language4 ,b art reveals ^! op]ative causes & ^! dom9ant laws1 n 9 arid def9itions1 inaccessible to mo/ p1 intelligible only to specially in/ruct$ m51 b 9 a concrete symbol1 address+ itself n only to ! und]/&+1 b /ill m to ! s5tim5ts ( ! ord9>y man4 ,art has1 !re=e1 ?is peculi>ity1 t x is at once elevat$ & popul>1 t x manife/s t :i* is (t5 mo/ recondite1 & t x manife/s x to all4 ,hav+ det]m9$ :at a "w ( art is1 our au?or goes on to /udy ! social conditions "u :i* works ( art are produc$2 & he concludes t ! g5]al "* ( a "w ( art is det]m9$ by ! /ate ( intellect & morals 9 ! society 9 :i* x is execut$4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a sort ( moral temp]ature :i* acts ^u m5tal developm5t mu* z physical temp]ature acts ^u organic developm5t4 ,! condition ( society does n produce ! arti/'s tal5t2 b x assi/s or *ecks its ef=ts to display itself2 x decides :e!r or n x %all be successful ,& x ex]ts a natural selection betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( tal5ts1 /imulat+ "s & />v+ o!rs4 ,to make ?is p]fectly cle>1 we w cite at "s l5g? ,ta9e's brilliant illu/ration4 ,! case *os5 = illu/ration is a v simple "o1--t ( a /ate ( society 9 :i* "o ( ! pr$om9ant feel+s is melan*oly4 ,?is is n an arbitr>y supposition1 = su* a "t has occurr$ m ?an once 9 human hi/ory2 9 ,asia1 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & especially 9 ,europe1 f ! f\r? to ! t5? c5turies ( our era4 ,to produce su* a /ate ( feel+1 five or six g5]ations ( decad5ce1 accompani$ ) dim9ution ( population1 =eign invasions1 fam9es1 pe/il5ces1 & increas+ difficulty 9 procur+ ! necess>ies ( life1 are amply suffici5t4 ,x !n happ5s t m5 lose c\rage & hope1 & consid] life an evil4 ,n[1 admitt+ t among ! arti/s :o live 9 su* a "t1 !re are likely to be ! same relative numb]s ( melan*oly1 joy\s1 or indiff]5t temp]am5ts z at o!r times1 let u see h[ !y w be affect$ by reign+ circum/ances4 ,let u fir/ rememb]1 says ,ta9e1 t ! evils :i* depress ! public w also depress ! arti/4 ,8 risks are no less ?an ^? ( less gift$ p4 ,he is liable to suff] f plague or fam9e1 to be ru9$ by unfair taxation or conscription1 or to see 8 *ildr5 massacr$ & 8 wife l$ into captivity by b>b>ians4 ,& if ^! ills d n rea* him p]sonally1 he mu/ at lea/ behold ^? ar\nd him affect$ by !m4 ,9 ?is way1 if he is joy\s by temp]am5t1 he mu/ inevitably become less joy\s2 if he is melan*oly1 he mu/ become m melan*oly4 ,secondly1 hav+ be5 re>$ among melan*oly contempor>ies1 8 education w h ex]t$ ^u him a correspond+ influ5ce4 ,! prevail+ religi\s doctr9e1 accommodat$ to ! /ate ( affairs1 w tell him t ! e>? is a place ( exile1 life an evil1 gayety a sn>e1 & 8 mo/ pr(itable occupation w be to get ready to die4 ,philosophy1 con/ruct+ its sy/em ( morals 9 con=mity to ! exi/+ ph5om5a ( decad5ce1 w tell him t he _h bett] nev] h be5 born4 ,daily conv]sation w in=m him ( horrible ev5ts1 ( ! deva/ation ( a prov9ce1 ! sack ( a t[n by ! ,go?s1 ! oppression ( ! neighb\r+ peasants by ! imp]ial tax-collectors1 or ! civil w> t has j bur/ out betwe5 half a doz5 pret5d]s to ! ?rone4 ,z he travels ab\t1 he beholds signs ( m\rn+ & despair1 cr[ds ( begg>s1 p dy+ ( hung]1 a brok5 bridge :i* no "o is m5d+1 an ab&on$ suburb :i* is go+ to ru91 fields *ok$ ) we$s1 ! black5$ walls ( burn$ h\ses4 ,su* sights & impressions1 repeat$ f *ildhood to old age 7& we mu/ rememb] t ?is has actually be5 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :at are n[ ! faire/ p>ts ( ! globe71 _c fail to deep5 :atev] elem5ts ( melan*oly !re may be already 9 ! arti/'s disposition4 ,! op]ation ( all ^! causes w be enhanc$ by t v peculi>ity ( ! arti/ :i* con/itutes 8 tal5t4 ,=1 accord+ to ! def9itions above giv51 t :i* makes him an arti/ is 8 capacity = seiz+ ^u ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics & ! sali5t traits ( surr\nd+ objects & ev5ts4 ,o!r m5 see ?+s 9 "p fragm5t>ily2 he cat*es ! _s ( ! ensemble4 ,& 9 ?is way he w v likely exagg]ate 9 8 works ! g5]al av]age ( contempor>y feel+4 ,la/ly1 our au?or rem9ds u t a man :o writes or pa9ts does n rema9 alone be=e 8 easel or 8 writ+-desk4 ,he goes out1 looks ab\t him1 receives sugge/ions f fri5ds1 f rivals1 f books1 & works ( art :5ev] accessible1 & he>s ! criticisms ( ! public ^u 8 own productions & ^? ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 ord] to succe$1 he mu/ n only satisfy to "s ext5t ! popul> ta/e1 b he mu/ feel t ! public is 9 sympa?y ) him4 ,if 9 ?is p]iod ( social decad5ce & gloom he endeav\rs to repres5t gay1 brilliant1 or triumphant ideas1 he w f9d himself left to 8 own res\rces2 &1 z ,ta9e rightly says1 ! p[] ( an isolat$ man is always insignificant4 ,8 "w w be likely to be m$iocre4 ,if he attempts to write l ,rabelais or pa9t l ,rub5s1 he w get nei!r assi/ance nor sympa?y f a public :i* pref]s ! pictures ( ,rembr&t1 ! melodies ( ,*op91 & ! poetry ( ,he9e4 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ 8 position by ?is extreme in/ance1 signifi$ = ! sake ( cle>ness1 ,ta9e goes on to apply su* g5]al consid]ations to f\r hi/oric epo*s1 tak5 9 all _! complexity4 ,he discusses ! aspect pres5t$ by art 9 anci5t ,greece1 9 ! feudal & ,ca?olic ,middle ,ages1 9 ! c5traliz$ mon>*ies ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 ! sci5tific1 indu/rial democracy 9 :i* we n[ live4 ,out ( ^! we %all select1 z p]haps ! simple/1 ! case ( anci5t ,greece1 /ill foll[+ our au?or closely1 ?\gh necess>ily omitt+ _m int]e/+ details4 ,! anci5t ,greeks1 obs]ves ,ta9e1 und]/ood life 9 a new & orig9al mann]4 ,_! en]gies 7 nei!r absorb$ by a great religi\s conception1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,h9dus & ,egyptians1 nor by a va/ social organization1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,assyrians & ,p]sians1 nor by a purely indu/rial & comm]cial regime1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,pho5icians & ,c>?ag9ians4 ,in/ead ( a !ocracy or a rigid sy/em ( ca/es1 in/ead ( a mon>*y ) a hi]>*y ( civil (ficials1 ! m5 ( ?is race inv5t$ a peculi> in/itution1 ! ,city1 ea* city giv+ rise to o!rs l itself1 & f colony to colony reproduc+ itself indef9itely4 ,a s+le ,greek city1 = in/ance1 ,miletos1 produc$ ?ree hundr$ o!r cities1 coloniz+ ) !m ! entire coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,ea* city 0 sub/antially self-rul+2 & ! idea ( a coalesc5ce ( sev]al cities into a nation 0 "o :i* ! ,greek m9d r>ely conceiv$1 & nev] 0 able to put into op]ation4 ,9 ^! cities1 lab\r 0 = ! mo/ "p c>ri$ on by slaves4 ,9 ,a!ns !re 7 f\r or five = ea* citiz51 & 9 places l ,kor9? & ,aig9a ! slave population is said to h numb]$ f\r or five hundr$ ?\s&4 ,besides1 ! ,greek citiz5 _h little ne$ ( p]sonal s]vice4 ,he liv$ out ( doors1 &1 l mo/ ,s\!rn p1 0 comp>atively ab/emi\s 9 8 habits4 ,8 d9n]s 7 slight1 8 clo?+ 0 simple1 8 h\se 0 scantily furni%$1 be+ int5d$ *iefly = a d5 to sleep 94 ,s]v+ nei!r k+ nor prie/1 ! citiz5 0 free & sov]eign 9 8 own city4 ,he elect$ 8 own magi/rates1 & might himself s]ve z city-rul]1 z juror1 or z judge4 ,repres5tation 0 unkn[n4 ,legislation 0 c>ri$ on by all ! citiz5s assembl$ 9 mass4 ,!re=e politics & w> 7 ! sole or *ief employm5ts ( ! citiz54 ,w>1 inde$1 came 9 = no slight %>e ( 8 att5tion4 ,= society 0 n s well protect$ z 9 ^! mod]n days4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,greek cities1 scatt]$ ov] ! coa/s ( ! ,aigeian1 ! ,black ,sea1 & ! ,m$it]ranean1 7 surr\nd$ by tribes ( b>b>ians1 ,scy?ians1 ,gauls ,spani>ds1 & ,africans4 ,! citiz5 mu/ !re=e keep on 8 gu>d1 l ! ,engli%man ( to-day 9 ,new ,zeal&1 or l ! inhabitant ( a ,massa*usetts t[n 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,o!rwise ,gauls ,samnites1 or ,bi?ynians1 z savage z ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 w\ld be sure to encamp ^u ! black5$ ru9s ( 8 t[n4 ,moreov]1 ! ,greek cities _h _! qu>rels ) ea* o!r1 & _! laws ( w> 7 v b>b>\s4 ,a conqu]$ city 0 liable to be raz$ to ! gr\nd1 its male inhabitants put to ! sword1 its wom5 sold z slaves4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 accord+ to ,ta9e's happy expression1 a citiz5 mu/ be a politician & w>rior1 on pa9 ( dea?4 ,& n only fe>1 b ambition also t5d$ to make him s4 ,= ea* city /rove to subject or to humiliate its neighb\rs1 to acquire tribute1 or to exact homage f its rivals4 ,?us ! citiz5 pass$ 8 life 9 ! public squ>e1 discuss+ alliances1 treaties1 & con/itutions1 he>+ spee*es1 or speak+ himself1 & f9ally go+ abo>d ( 8 %ip to fight 8 neighb\r ,greeks1 or to sail aga9/ ,egypt or ,p]sia4 ,w> 7& politics z subsidi>y to x7 0 !n ! *ief pursuit ( life4 ,b z !re 0 no organiz$ indu/ry1 s !re 7 no ma*9es ( w>f>e4 ,all fight+ 0 done h& to h&4 ,!re=e1 ! great ?+ 9 prep>+ = w> 0 n to trans=m ! soldi]s into precisely-act+ automata1 z 9 a mod]n army1 b to make ea* sep>ate soldi] z vigor\s & active z possible4 ,! lead+ object ( ,greek education 0 to make m5 physically p]fect4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,sp>ta may be tak5 z ! typical ,greek community1 = n[h]e else 0 physical developm5t s entirely made ! great end ( social life4 ,9 ^! matt]s ,sp>ta 0 always reg>d$ by ! o!r cities z tak+ ! lead1--z hav+ atta9$ ! ideal aft] :i* all alike 7 /riv+4 ,n[ ,sp>ta1 situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( a num]\s conqu]$ population ( ,mess5ians & ,helots1 0 p>tly a great gymnasium & p>tly a p]petual camp4 ,h] citiz5s 7 always 9 tra9+4 ,! entire social con/itution ( ,sp>ta 0 %ap$ ) a view to ! bre$+ & br++ up ( a /rong & beautiful race4 ,feeble or ill-=m$ infants 7 put to dea?4 ,! age at :i* citiz5s might m>ry 0 prescrib$ by law2 & ! ,/ate pair$ (f m5 & wom5 z ! mod]n bre$] pairs (f horses1 ) a sole view to ! excell5ce ( ! (f-spr+4 ,a wife 0 n a helpmate1 b a be>] ( a?letes4 ,wom5 box$1 wre/l$1 & rac$2 a circum/ance ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ,ari/ophanes1 z r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,felton3-- ,,lysi/rata4 ,hail6 ,lampito1 de>e/ ( ,lakonian wom54 ,h[ %9es ?y beauty1 ,o my sweete/ fri5d6 ,h[ fair ?y col\r1 full ( life ?y frame6 ,:y1 ?\ c\ld/ *oke a bull4 ,,lampito4 ,yes1 by ! ,twa92 ,= ,i d practice ! gymna/ic art1 ,&1 leap+1 /rike my backbone ) my heels4 ,,lysi/rata4 ,9 soo?1 ?y bu/ is lovely to behold4 ,! "y m5 liv$ toge!r1 l soldi]s 9 a camp4 ,!y ate out-(-doors1 at a public table4 ,_! f>e 0 z simple z t ( a mod]n univ]sity boat-crew be=e a race4 ,!y slept 9 ! op5 air1 & sp5t _! wak+ h\rs 9 wre/l+1 box+1 runn+ races1 ?r[+ quoits1 & engag+ 9 mock battles4 ,?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ! ,sp>tans liv$2 & ?\gh no o!r city c>ri$ ?is discipl9e to su* an ext5t1 yet 9 all a v l>ge portion ( ! citiz5's life 0 sp5t 9 mak+ himself h>dy & robu/4 ,! ideal man1 9 ! eyes ( a ,greek1 01 !re=e n ! contemplative or delicately susceptible ?9k] b ! nak$ a?lete1 ) firm fle% & swell+ muscles4 ,mo/ ( _! b>b>ian neighb\rs 7 a%am$ to be se5 undress$1 b ! ,greeks seem to h felt little emb>rassm5t 9 appe>+ nak$ 9 public4 ,_! gymna/ic habits entirely trans=m$ _! s5se ( %ame4 ,_! ,olympic & o!r public games 7 a triumphant display ( nak$ physical p]fection4 ,"y m5 ( ! noble/ families & f ! f>!/ ,greek colonies came to !m1 & wre/l$ & ran1 undrap$1 be=e c\ntless multitudes ( admir+ spectators4 ,note1 too1 z significant1 t ! ,greek era began ) ! ,olympic games1 & t "t 0 reckon$ by ! int]vals betwe5 !m2 z well z ! fact t ! gr&e/ lyric poetry ( antiquity 0 writt5 9 celebration ( ^! gymna/ic conte/s4 ,! victor 9 ! foot-race gave 8 "n to ! curr5t ,olympiad2 & on rea*+ home1 0 receiv$ by 8 fell[-citiz5s z if he _h be5 a g5]al return+ f a successful campaign4 ,to be ! mo/ beautiful man 9 ,greece 0 9 ! eyes ( a ,greek ! height ( human felicity2 & ) ! ,greeks1 beauty necess>ily includ$ /r5g?4 ,s ard5tly did ?is gift$ p admire corporeal p]fection t !y actually wor%ipp$ x4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotos1 a "y ,sicilian 0 deifi$ on acc\nt ( 8 beauty1 & aft] 8 dea? alt>s 7 rais$ to him4 ,! va/ intellectual p[] ( ,plato & ,sokrates did n prev5t !m f %>+ ?is univ]sal en?usiasm4 ,poets l ,sophokles1 & /atesm5 l ,alex&]1 ?\ght x n b5ea? _! dignity to engage publicly 9 gymna/ic sports4 ,_! conceptions ( div9ity 7 fram$ 9 accordance ) ^! g5]al habits4 ,?\gh sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ,hephai/os1 ! exig5cies ( ! p>ticul> my? requir$ ! deity to be physically imp]fect1 yet ord9>ily ! ,greek god 0 simply an immortal man1 complete 9 /r5g? & beauty4 ,! deity 0 n inve/$ ) ! human =m z a m]e symbol4 ,!y c\ld conceive no l(ti] way ( repres5t+ him4 ,! gr&e/ /atue1 express+ mo/ adequately ! calmness ( absolutely unfett]$ /r5g?1 might well1 9 _! eyes1 be a v]itable portrait ( div9ity4 ,to a ,greek1 beauty ( =m 0 a consecrat$ ?+4 ,m ?an once a culprit got (f ) 8 life because x w\ld h be5 ?\ght sacrilegi\s to put an end to su* a symmetrical creature4 ,& = a simil> reason1 ! ,greeks1 ?\gh p]haps n m humane ?an ! ,europeans ( ! ,middle ,ages1 r>ely all[$ ! human body to be mutilat$ or tortur$4 ,! condemn$ crim9al mu/ be m>r$ z little z possible2 & he 01 !re=e1 quietly poison$1 in/ead ( be+ hung1 behead$1 or brok5 on ! :eel4 ,is n ! unapproa*able excell5ce ( ,greek /atu>y--t art nev] s9ce equall$1 & mo/ likely1 f ! abs5ce ( ! ne$ful social /imulus1 de/9$ nev] to be equall$--already suffici5tly expla9$8 ,consid]1 says our au?or1 ! nature ( ! ,greek sculptor's prep>ation4 ,^! m5 h obs]v$ ! human body nak$ & 9 movem5t1 9 ! ba? & ! gymnasium1 9 sacr$ dances & public games4 ,!y h not$ ^? =ms & attitudes 9 :i* are reveal$ vig\r1 heal?1 & activity4 ,& dur+ ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s !y h ?us modifi$1 correct$ & develop$ _! notions ( corporeal beauty4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ surpris+ 9 ! fact t ,greek sculpture f9ally arriv$ at ! ideal model1 ! p]fect type1 z x 01 ( ! human body4 ,our highe/ notions ( physical beauty1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 h be5 bequea!d to u by ! ,greeks4 ,! e>lie/ mod]n sculptors :o ab&on$ ! bony1 hide\s1 />vel+ figures ( ! monki% ,middle ,ages1 le>n$ _! fir/ lessons 9 bett] ?+s f ,greek bas-reliefs4 ,& if1 to-day1 =gett+ our half-develop$ bodies1 ineffici5tly n\ri%$1 because ( our excessive bra9-"w1 & ) _! muscles weak & flabby f want ( /r5u\s ex]cise1 we wi% to contemplate ! human =m 9 its gr&e/ p]fection1 we mu/ g to ,hell5ic art = our models4 ,! ,greeks 71 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 an intellectual race2 b !y nev] all[$ ! m9d to tyrannize ov] ! body4 ,spiritual p]fection1 accompani$ by corporeal feebl5ess1 0 ! inv5tion ( asceticism2 & ! ,greeks 7 nev] ascetics4 ,diog5es might scorn sup]flu\s luxuries1 b if he ev] roll$ & tumbl$ 8 tub ab\t z ,rabelais says he did1 x is cle> t ! victory ( _s ov] body =m$ no "p ( 8 !ory ( ?+s4 ,su* an idea w\ld h be5 incompreh5sible to a ,greek 9 ,plato's "t4 ,_! consci5ces 7 n ov] active4 ,!y 7 n burd5$ ) a s5se ( s9fulness4 ,_! aspirations 7 decid$ly f9ite2 & !y believ$ 9 secur+ ! maximum complet5ess ( ?is t]re/rial life4 ,consequ5tly !y nev] set ! physical bel[ ! intellectual4 ,to return to our au?or1 !y nev]1 9 _! /atues1 subord9at$ symmetry to expression1 ! body to ! head4 ,!y 7 int]e/$ n only 9 ! prom95ce ( ! br[s1 ! wid? ( ! =ehead1 & ! curvature ( ! lips1 b q z mu* 9 ! massiv5ess ( ! *e/1 ! compactness ( ! ?ighs1 & ! solidity ( ! arms & legs4 ,n only ! face1 b ! :ole body1 _h = !m its physiognomy4 ,!y left picturesqu5ess to ! pa9t]1 & dramatic f]v\r to ! poet2 & keep+ /rictly be=e _! eyes ! n>r[ b exalt$ problem ( repres5t+ ! beauty ( symmetry1 !y fill$ _! sanctu>ies & public places ) ^? gr& motionless p ( brass1 gold1 ivory1 copp]1 & m>ble1 9 :om humanity recognizes its highe/ arti/ic types4 ,/atu>y 0 ! c5tral art ( ,greece4 ,no o!r art 0 s popul>1 or s completely express$ ! national life4 ,! numb] ( /atues 0 enorm\s4 ,9 lat] days1 :5 ,rome _h spoil$ ! ,greek _w ( its treasures1 ! ,imp]ial ,city possess$ a population ( /atues almo/ equal 9 numb] to its population ( human be+s4 ,& at ! pres5t day1 aft] all ! de/ructive accid5ts ( s _m int]v5+ c5turies1 x is e/imat$ t m ?an sixty ?\s& /atues h be5 obta9$ f ,rome & its suburbs alone4 ,9 cit+ ?is admirable exposition z a specim5 ( ,m4 ,ta9e's me?od ( deal+ ) 8 subject1 we h refra9$ f di/urb+ ! pellucid curr5t ( ?\ght by criticisms ( our own4 ,we ?9k ! =ego+ explanation correct en\gh1 s f> z x goes1 ?\gh x deals ) ! m]e/ rudim5ts ( ! subject1 & really does no?+ t[>d elucidat+ ! deep] my/]ies ( arti/ic production4 ,= ?is !re is ne$$ a pr(\nd] psy*ology ?an ,m4 ,ta9e's4 ,b :e!r 8 !ory ( art be adequate or n1 !re c be b "o op9ion z to ! brilliant eloqu5ce ) :i* x is set =?4 ,june1 #ahfh4 ,,xiv4 ,,a!nian ,,& ,,am]ican ,,life4 ,,9 a v int]e/+ essay on ,briti% & ,=eign ,*>act]i/ics1 publi%$ a few ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,greg quotes ! fam\s lett] ( ! ,turki% cadi to ,mr4 ,lay>d1 ) ! comm5t t x conta9s ! g]m & elem5t ( a wisdom to :i* our busy & bu/l+ exi/5ce is a /rang]2 & he uses x z a text = an in/ructive s]mon on ! gospel ( leisure4 ,he urges1 ) ju/ice1 t ! too eag] & re/less mod]n man1 absorb$ 9 problems ( indu/rial developm5t1 may le>n a :olesome lesson f ! contemplation ( 8 ,ori5tal bro!r1 :o c>es n to say1 ,behold1 ?is /> sp9ne? r\nd t />1 & ?is o!r /> ) a tail come? & goe? 9 s _m ye>s2 :o aspires n aft] a d\ble /oma*1 nor hopes to atta9 to ,p>adise by seek+ ) 8 eyes4 ,if any "o may be ?\ght to /& 9 ne$ ( "s su* lesson1 x is ! ,am]ican ( to-day4 ,j z f> z ! ,turk c>ries 8 apa?y to excess1 does ! ,am]ican c>ry to excess 8 re/lessness4 ,b j because ! incuri\s idl5ess ( ! ,turk is excessive1 s z to be detrim5tal to complet5ess ( liv+1 x is unfit to supply u ) ! h9ts we ne$ conc]n+ ! causes1 "*1 & effects ( our ov]-activity4 ,a s]mon ( leisure1 if x is to be ( practical use to u1 mu/ n be a s]mon ( laz9ess4 ,! ,ori5tal /ate ( m9d is incompatible ) progressive improvem5t ( any sort1 physical1 intellectual1 or moral4 ,x is "o ( ! ph5om5a att5dant ^u ! arrival ( a community at a /ation>y condition be=e x has acquir$ a complex civilization4 ,& x appe>s s]viceable r z a backgr\nd ^u :i* to exhibit 9 relief our mod]n turmoil1 ?an by reason ( any lesson :i* x is itself likely to convey4 ,let u 9 pref]5ce /udy "o ( ! mo/ em95tly progressive ( all ! communities t h exi/$4 ,let u take an example q diff]5t f any t c be drawn f ,ori5tal life1 b almo/ equally contra/$ ) any t c be f\nd among ourselves2 & let u1 ) ! aid ( x1 exam9e ! respective effects ( leisure & ( hurry ^u ! culture ( ! community4 ,:at d mod]n critics mean by ! heal?y complet5ess ( anci5t life1 :i* !y are s fond ( contra/+ ) ! heat$1 discont5t$1 or imp]fect & "o-sid$ exi/5ce ( mod]n communities8 ,is ?is a m]e set ( phrases1 suit$ to "s imag9>y want ( ! lit]>y critic1 b answ]+ to no?+ real8 ,are !y to be summ>ily dispos$ ( z re/+ ^u "s tacit assumption ( t old-grannyism :i* delights 9 assev]at+ t times are n :at !y us$ to be8 ,is ! contra/ an imag9>y "o1 due to ! s(t5$1 *e]ful light ) :i* we are wont to contemplate classic antiquity ?r\gh ! *>m$ m$ium ( its incomp>able lit]ature8 ,or is x a real contra/1 wor?y ( ! att5tion & analysis ( ! hi/orical inquir]8 ,! answ] to ^! qu]ies w lead u f> into ! discussion ( ! subject :i* we h prop\nd$1 & we %all be/ rea* x by consid]+ "s aspects ( ! social condition ( anci5t ,greece4 ,! lessons to be le>n$ f t wond]ful c\ntry are n yet exhau/$ ,ea* "t t we return to t ri*e/ ( hi/oric m9es1 & delve fai?fully & c>efully1 we %all be sure to dig up "s jewel wor? c>ry+ away4 ,& 9 consid]+ anci5t ,greece1 we %all d well to conf9e our att5tion1 = ! sake ( def9it5ess ( conception1 to a s+le city4 ,comp>atively homog5e\s z ,greek civilization 01 !re 0 nev]!less a great deal ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! social circum/ances ( sundry ( its civic communities4 ,:at 0 true ( ,a!ns 0 frequ5tly n true ( ,sp>ta or ,!bes1 & g5]al ass]tions ab\t anci5t ,greece are (t5 likely to be collect only 9 a loose & g5]al way4 ,9 speak+1 !re=e1 ( ,greece1 ,i mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! ma9 z ref]r+ to ,a!ns1 ! eye & light ( ,greece1 ! nucleus & c5tre ( ,hell5ic culture4 ,let u note fir/ t ,a!ns 0 a l>ge city surr\nd$ by pleasant village-suburbs1--! demes ( ,attika1--v mu* z ,bo/on is closely girdl$ by rural places l ,brookl9e1 ,jamaica ,pla91 & ! re/1 village aft] village r ?ickly cov]+ a circuit ( f t5 to tw5ty miles' radius4 ,! population ( ,a!ns ) its suburbs may p]haps h exce$$ half a million2 b ! numb] ( adult freem5 be>+ arms did n exce$ tw5ty-five ?\s&4 #fg ,= e "o ( ^! freem5 !re 7 f\r or five slaves2 n ignorant1 degrad$ lab\r]s1 belong+ to an inf]ior type ( humanity1 & be>+ ! m>ks ( a l[] ca/e 9 _! v p]sonal =mation & 9 ! col\r ( _! sk91 l our lately-enslav$ negroes2 b intellig5t1 skill$ lab\r]s1 belong+ usually to ! ,hell5ic1 & at any rate to ! ,aryan race1 z fair & p]haps z h&some z _! ma/]s1 & n subject$ to especial ignom9y or h>d%ip4 ,^! slaves1 ( :om !re 7 at lea/ "o hundr$ ?\s& adult males1 reliev$ ! tw5ty-five ?\s& freem5 ( ne>ly all ! sev]e drudg]y ( life2 & ! result 0 an am\nt ( leisure p]haps nev] s9ce kn[n on an equal scale 9 hi/ory4 #fg ,see ,h]od4 ,v4 #ig2 ,ari/oph4 ,ekkl4 #dcb2 ,?ukyd4 ,,ii4 #ac2 ,plut>*1 ,p]ikl4 #cg4 ,! relations ( ma/] & slave 9 anci5t ,a!ns con/itut$1 ( c\rse1 a v diff]5t ph5om5on f any?+ :i* ! hi/ory ( our own ,s\!rn ,/ates has to (f] u4 ,our ,s\!rn slavehold]s liv$ 9 an age ( indu/rial developm5t2 !y 7 money-mak]s3 !y _h _! full %>e ( bus9ess 9 manag+ ! op]ations = :i* _! lab\r]s suppli$ ! crude physical =ce4 ,x 0 n s 9 ,a!ns4 ,! era ( civilization f\nd$ ^u organiz$ indu/ry _h n begun2 money-mak+ _h n come to be1 ) ! ,greeks1 ! "o all-important end ( life2 & m]e subsi/5ce1 :i* is n[ difficult1 0 !n easy4 ,! ,a!nian liv$ 9 a mild1 g5ial1 heal?y climate1 9 a c\ntry :i* has always be5 notable = ! activity & longevity ( its inhabitants4 ,he 0 frugal 9 8 habits1--a w9e-dr9k] & an eat] ( meat1 b r>ely addict$ to gluttony or intemp]ance4 ,8 dress 0 inexp5sive1 = ! ,greek climate made b little protection necess>y1 & ! gymna/ic habits ( ! ,greeks l$ !m to e/eem m highly ! beauty ( ! body ?an t ( its cov]+4 ,8 h\se 0 simple1 n be+ int5d$ = social purposes1 :ile ( :at we %\ld call home-life ! ,greeks _h none4 ,! h\se 0 a %elt] at night1 a place :]e ! frugal meal might be tak51 a place :]e ! wife might /ay1 & look aft] ! h\sehold slaves or att5d to ! *ildr54 ,& ?is br+s u to ano!r notable feature ( ,a!nian life4 ,! wife hav+ no position 9 society1 be+ no?+1 inde$1 b a sort ( h\sehold ut5sil1 h[ greatly 0 life simplifi$6 ,:at a door = exp5diture 0 !re1 z yet securely clos$1 & :i* no "o _h ?\ght ( op5+6 ,no mill9]'s or dressmak]'s bills1 no ev5+ p>ties1 no ,protean fa%ions1 no elegant furniture1 no imp]i\s necessity = ,klean!s to out%9e ,kleon1 no coa*es1 no ,*ateau ,m>gaux1 no j\rneys to ,arkadia 9 ! summ]6 ,9 su* a /ate ( society1 z "o may easily see1 ! lab\r ( "o man w\ld support half a doz54 ,x co/ ! ,a!nian b a few c5ts daily to live1 & ev5 ^! few c5ts might be e>n$ by 8 slaves4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 be surpris$ to le>n t 9 anci5t ,a!ns !re 7 no paup]s or begg>s4 ,!re might be pov]ty1 b indig5ce 0 unkn[n2 & because ( ! abs5ce ( fa%ion1 /yle1 & display1 ev5 pov]ty entail$ no uncom=table loss ( social position4 ,! ,a!nians valu$ weal? highly1 no d\bt1 z a s\rce ( contributions to public fe/ivals & to ! necessities ( ! /ate4 ,b z f> z ! circum/ances ( daily life g1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ri* man & ! poor man 0 immeasurably less ?an 9 any mod]n community1 & ! inc5tives to ! acquirem5t ( weal? 71 z a consequ5ce1 comp>atively slight4 ,i d n mean to say t ! ,a!nians did n engage 9 bus9ess4 ,_! city 0 a comm]cial city1 & _! %ips cov]$ ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!y _h ag5cies & factories at ,m>seilles1 on ! remote coa/s ( ,spa91 & along ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,!y 7 9 _m respects ! greate/ comm]cial p ( antiquity1 & d\btless knew1 z well z o!r p1 ! ke5 delights ( acquisition4 ,b my po9t is1 t ) !m ! acquir+ ( prop]ty _h n become ! *ief or only end ( life4 ,production 0 c>ri$ on almo/ entirely by slave-lab\r2 int]*ange ( commodities 0 ! bus9ess ( ! ma/]s1 & comm]ce 0 9 ^? days simple4 ,banks1 insurance companies1 brok]s' bo>ds1--all ^! complex in/rum5ts ( ,mammon 7 z yet un?\ght (4 ,!re 0 no ,wall ,/reet 9 anci5t ,a!ns2 !re 7 no great failures1 no comm]cial panics1 no ov]-issues ( /ock4 ,comm]ce1 9 %ort1 0 a q subord9ate matt]1 & ! art ( money-mak+ 0 9 its infancy4 ,! tw5ty-five ?\s& ,a!nian freem5 ?us enjoy$1 on ! :ole1 m undi/urb$ leisure1 m fre$om f petty h>ass+ c>es1 ?an any o!r community kn[n to hi/ory4 ,n[h]e else c we f9d1 on c>eful /udy1 s little ( ! hurry & anxiety :i* de/roys ! ev5 t5\r ( mod]n life1--n[h]e else s few ( ! circum/ances :i* t5d to make m5 insane1 inebriate1 or ph?isical1 or prematurely old4 ,?is be+ grant$1 x rema9s only to /ate & illu/rate ! obv]se fact4 ,x is n only true t ,a!ns has produc$ & educat$ a relatively l>g] numb] ( m5 ( ! highe/ calibre & mo/ complete culture ?an any o!r community ( l dim5sions :i* has ev] exi/$2 b x is also true t !re has be5 no o!r community1 ( :i* ! memb]s h1 z a g5]al rule1 be5 s highly cultivat$1 or h atta9$ individually su* complet5ess ( life4 ,9 pro( ( ! fir/ ass]tion x w be en\gh to m5tion su* names z ^? ( ,solon1 ,!mi/okles1 ,p]ikles1 & ,demo/h5es2 ,isokrates & ,lysias2 ,ari/ophanes & ,m5&]2 ,ais*ylos1 ,sophokles1 & ,euripides2 ,pheidias & ,praxiteles2 ,sokrates & ,plato2 ,?ukydides & ,x5ophon3 rememb]+ t ^! m51 di/+ui%$ = su* diff]5t k9ds ( a*ievem5t1 b l ea* o!r 9 consummat5ess ( culture1 7 all produc$ )9 "o t[n 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree c5turies4 ,at no o!r "t & place 9 human hi/ory has !re be5 ev5 an approa* to su* a fact z ?is4 ,my o!r ass]tion1 ab\t ! g5]al culture ( ! community 9 :i* su* m5 7 re>$1 w ne$ a m detail$ explanation4 ,:5 ,i say t ! ,a!nian public 01 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ highly cultivat$ public t has ev] exi/$1 ,i ref] ( c\rse to some?+ m ?an :at is n[ kn[n z lit]>y culture4 ,( ?is !re 0 relatively little 9 ! days ( ,a!nian greatness2 & ?is 0 because !re 0 n yet ne$ = x or room = x4 ,greece did n until a lat] "t beg9 to produce s*ol>s & savants2 = ! function ( s*ol>%ip does n beg9 until !re has be5 an accumulation ( bygone lit]ature to be int]pret$ = ! b5efit ( ^? :o live 9 a lat] "t4 ,grecian greatness 0 already becom+ a ?+ ( ! pa/1 :5 s*ol>%ip & lit]>y culture ( ! mod]n type began at ,rome & ,alex&ria4 ,! culture ( ! anci5t ,a!nians 0 l>gely d]iv$ f direct int]c\rse ) facts ( nature & ( life1 & ) ! ?\ghts ( ri* & p[]ful m9ds orally express$4 ,! value ( ?is mu/ n be und]rat$4 ,we mod]ns are accu/om$ to get s l>ge a portion ( our k & ( our !ories ( life out ( books1 our ta/e & judgm5t are s l>gely educat$ by int]c\rse ) ! pr9t$ page1 t we are apt to conf\nd culture ) book-k2 we are apt to =get ! innum]able ways 9 :i* ! highe/ intellectual faculties may be discipl9$ )\t ! aid ( lit]ature4 ,we mu/ /udy antiquity to realize h[ ?or\ghly ?is c\ld be done4 ,b ev5 9 our day1 h[ mu* m fruitful is ! direct influ5ce ( an orig9al m9d ov] u1 9 ! r>e cases :5 x c be enjoy$1 ?an any indirect influ5ce :i* ! same m9d may ex]t ?r\gh ! m$ium ( pr9t$ books6 ,:at fell[ ( a college1 plac$ amid ! mo/ abundant & effici5t implem5ts ( /udy1 ev] gets su* a /imulus to ! highe/ & ri*e/ intellectual life z 0 af=d$ to ,eck]mann by 8 daily int]c\rse ) ,goe!8 ,! bread? ( culture & ! p]fection ( tra9+ exhibit$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill ne$ n surprise u :5 we recollect t 8 e>li] days 7 sp5t 9 ! society ( ,james ,mill & ,j]emy ,b5?am4 ,& ! rem>kable ext5t ( view1 ! comm& ( facts1 & ! a/oni%+ productiv5ess ( su* mod]n ,fr5*m5 z ,sa9te-,beuve & ,littre become explicable :5 we reflect ^u ! circum/ance t s _m able & brilliant m5 are collect$ 9 "o city1 :]e _! m9ds may cont9ually & directly react ^u ea* o!r4 ,x is f ! lack ( su* p]sonal /imulus t x is difficult or inde$ wellnigh impossible1 ev5 = ^? ^: res\rces are su* z to give !m an ext5sive comm& ( books1 to keep up to ! highe/ level ( contempor>y culture :ile liv+ 9 a village or prov9cial t[n4 ,& x is ma9ly because ( ! p]sonal /imulus :i* x af=ds to its /ud5ts1 t a great univ]sity1 z a seat ( culture1 is immeasurably sup]ior to a small "o4 ,nev]!less1 ! small community 9 any age possesses "o signal advantage ov] ! l>ge "o1 9 its great] simplicity ( life & its consequ5t relative leisure4 ,x 0 ! pr]ogative ( anci5t ,a!ns t x unit$ ! advantages ( ! l>ge to ^? ( ! small community4 ,9 relative simplicity ( life x 0 n unlike ! mod]n village1 :ile at ! same "t x 0 ! metropolis :]e ! =emo/ m9ds ( ! "t 7 enabl$ to react directly ^u "o ano!r4 ,9 yet ano!r respect ^! opposite advantages 7 comb9$4 ,! tw5ty-five ?\s& free inhabitants might p]haps all "k some?+ ( ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is respect ,a!ns 0 d\btless mu* l a ,new ,engl& c\ntry t[n1 ) ! all-important diff]5ce t ! sordid tone due to cont9ual /ruggle = money 0 abs5t4 ,x 0 l ! small t[n 9 ! *ance :i* x af=d$ = publicity & community ( pursuits among its inhabitants4 ,cont9u\s & unre/ra9$ social int]c\rse 0 accord+ly a di/9ctive feature ( ,a!nian life4 ,&1 z already h9t$1 ?is int]c\rse did n consi/ 9 ev5+ flirtations1 ) ! eat+ ( indige/ible food at unseasonable h\rs1 & ! danc+ ( ! ,g]man4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on out-(-doors 9 ! brighte/ sunlight2 x brook$ no effem9acy2 its amusem5ts 7 a?letic games1 or dramatic ent]ta9m5ts1 su* z h h>dly s9ce be5 equall$4 ,its ar5a 0 a t[n ^: /reets 7 fill$ ) /atues & adorn$ ) build+s1 m]ely to behold :i* 0 9 itself an education4 ,! p>ticipators 9 x 7 n m5 ) m9ds s dw>f$ by exclusive devotion to special pursuits t aft] talk+ %op !y c\ld f9d no?+ else save w9e & cook]y to conv]se ab\t4 ,!y 7 m5 ) m9ds fre% & op5 = ! discussion ( topics :i* are n = a day only4 ,a man l ,sokrates1 liv+ 9 su* a community1 did n ne$ to write d[n 8 wisdom4 ,he _h no su* va/ public z ! mod]n philosoph] has to rea*4 ,he c\ld hail any "o he happ5$ to pass 9 ! /reet1 beg9 an argum5t ) him =?)1 & set a :ole cr[d ?9k+ & inquir+ ab\t subjects ! m]e contemplation ( :i* w\ld raise !m = ! mom5t above matt]s ( transi5t conc]n4 ,= m ?an half a c5tury any citiz5 might h gratis ! b5efit ( oral in/ruction f su* a man z he4 ,& ,i sometimes ?9k1 by ! way1 t--curtail$ z x is to lit]>y proportions 9 ! dialogues ( ,plato1 b]eft ( all t p]sonal pot5cy :i* x _h :5 x fl[$1 in/9ct ) e>ne/ness1 f ! lips ( ! tea*]--ev5 to ?is day ! wit ( man has p]haps devis$ no bett] g5]al gymna/ics = ! und]/&+ ?an ! ,sokratic dialectic4 ,i am f> f say+ t all ,a!ns li/5$ to ,sokrates or und]/ood him3 _h x be5 s1 ! c>icature ( ,ari/ophanes w\ld h be5 po9tless1 & ! sublime yet m\rnful trilogy ( dialogues :i* p\rtray ! clos+ sc5es ( ! greate/ life ( antiquity w\ld nev] h be5 writt54 ,b ! m]e fact t su* a man liv$ & taught 9 ! way t he did goes f> 9 pro( ( ! deep culture ( ! ,a!nian public4 ,fur!r confirmation is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t su* trag$ies z ! ,antigone1 ! ,oidip\s1 & ! ,prome!us 7 writt5 to suit ! popul> ta/e ( ! "t2 n to be read by lit]>y p1 or to be p]=m$ be=e select audi5ces su* z 9 our day li/5 to ,ri/ori or ,janaus*ek1 b to hold spell-b\nd t va/ conc\rse ( all k9ds ( p :i* assembl$ at ! ,dionysiac fe/ivals4 ,/ill fur!r pro( is furni%$ by ! exquisite lit]>y p]fection ( ,greek writ+s4 ,"o ( ! common argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! /udy ( ,greek at ! pres5t day is bas$ ^u ! op9ion t 9 ! be/ works extant 9 t language ! art ( lit]>y expression has rea*$ wellnigh absolute p]fection4 ,i fully concur 9 ?is op9ion1 s f> z to d\bt if ev5 ! greate/ mod]n writ]s1 ev5 a ,pascal or a ,voltaire1 c fairly su/a9 a comp>ison ) su* ,a!nians z ,plato or ,lysias4 ,?is excell5ce ( ! anci5t books is 9 "p imm$iately due to ! fact t !y 7 n writt5 9 a hurry1 or amid ! anxieties ( an ov]-busy exi/5ce2 b x is 9 great] "p due to ! indirect consequ5ces ( a leisurely life4 ,^! books 7 writt5 = a public :i* knew well h[ to appreciate ! f9] beauties ( expression2 &1 :at is /ill m to ! po9t1 _! au?ors liv$ 9 a community :]e an elegant /yle 0 habitual4 ,be=e a mat*less /yle c be writt51 !re mu/ be a good /yle 9 ! air1 z ! ,fr5* say4 ,probably ! mo/ f9i%$ talk+ & writ+ ( mod]n times has be5 done 9 & ab\t ! ,fr5* c\rt 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 & x is accord+ly !re t we f9d m5 l ,pascal & ,bossuet writ+ a prose :i* = precision1 purity1 & dignity has nev] s9ce be5 surpass$4 ,x is ?us t ! unapproa*able lit]>y excell5ce ( anci5t ,greek books speaks = ! g5u9e culture ( ! p :o 7 expect$ to read !m1 or to he> !m read4 ,= "o ( ! sure/ indices ( true culture1 :e!r pr(ess$ly lit]>y or n1 is ! p[] to express "o's self 9 precise1 rhy?mical1 & dignifi$ language4 ,we h>dly ne$ a bett] evid5ce ?an ?is ( ! sup]iority ( ! anci5t community 9 ! g5]al elevation ( its ta/es & p]ceptions4 ,recollect+ h[ ,h]odotos read 8 hi/ory at ! ,olympic games1 let u try to imag9e ev5 s picturesque a writ] z ,mr4 ,p>kman read+ a few *apt]s ( 8 ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica be=e ! spectators assembl$ at ! ,j]ome ,p>k races1 & we %all ! bett] realize h[ deep-seat$ 0 ,hell5ic culture4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ,i h ref]r$ to b "o side ( ,a!nian life4 ,?\gh seek]s aft] wisdom1 ! cultivat$ p ( ,a!ns did n sp5d all _! valuable leisure 9 dialectics or 9 connoisseur%ip4 ,!y 7 n a set ( dilettanti or dreamy philosoph]s1 & !y 7 f> f subord9at+ ! mat]ial side ( life to ! intellectual4 ,also1 ?\gh !y dealt n 9 money-mak+ aft] ! eag] fa%ion ( mod]n m51 !y _h /ill conc]ns ( imm$iate practical int]e/ ) :i* to busy !mselves4 ,ea* "o ( ^! tw5ty-five ?\s& free ,a!nians 0 n only a free vot]1 b an (fice-hold]1 a legislator1 a judge4 ,!y did n control ! gov]nm5t ?r\gh a repres5tative body1 b !y 7 !mselves ! gov]nm5t4 ,!y 71 "o & all1 9 turn liable to be call$ ^u to make laws1 & to execute !m aft] !y 7 made1 z well z to adm9i/] ju/ice 9 civil & crim9al suits4 ,! affairs & int]e/s1 n only ( _! own city1 b ( a score or two ( scatt]$ dep5d5cies1 7 m or less closely to be look$ aft] by !m4 ,x lay ) !m to decl>e w>1 to c>ry x on aft] decl>+ x1 & to pay ! exp5ses ( x4 ,actually & n by deputy !y adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t ( _! own city1 bo? 9 its local & 9 its imp]ial relations4 ,all ?is implies a m ?or\gh1 m con/ant1 & m vital political tra9+ ?an t :i* is impli$ by ! mod]n duties ( ca/+ a ballot & s]v+ on a jury4 ,! life ( ! ,a!nian 0 emphatically a political life4 ,f e>ly manhood onw>d1 x 0 "p ( 8 duty to he> legal que/ions argu$ by p[]ful advocates1 & to utt] a decision ^u law & fact2 or to mix 9 debate ^u que/ions ( public policy1 argu+1 li/5+1 & pond]+4 ,x is cu/om>y to comp>e ! political tal5t ( ! ,greeks unfav\rably ) t display$ by ! ,romans1 & ,i h no wi% to dispute ?is e/imate4 ,b on a c>eful /udy x w appe> t ! ,a!nians1 at lea/1 9 a high] degree ?an any o!r community ( anci5t times1 exhibit$ p>liam5t>y tact1 or ! ability to sit /ill :ile bo? sides ( a "q are gett+ discuss$1--t sort ( political tal5t = :i* ! ,engli% races are di/+ui%$1 & to ! lack ( :i* s _m ( ! political failures ( ! ,fr5* are egregi\sly due4 ,"o w\ld suppose t a judicature ( ! :ole t[n w\ld be likely to execute a sorry p>ody ( ju/ice2 yet ju/ice 0 by no means ill-adm9i/]$ at ,a!ns4 ,ev5 ! mo/ un=tunate & disgraceful sc5es1--z :]e ! propos$ massacre ( ! ,mytil5aians 0 discuss$1 & :]e summ>y retribution 0 dealt out to ! g5]als :o _h neglect$ _! duty at ,arg9usai1--ev5 ^! sc5es furni%1 :5 ?or\ghly exam9$1 z by ,mr4 ,grote1 only ! m conv9c+ pro( t ! ,a!nian 0 usually sway$ by s\nd reason & good s5se to an extraord9>y degree4 ,all great po9ts 9 fact1 7 settl$ r by sob] appeals to reason ?an by intrigue or lobby+2 & "o _c help ?9k+ t an ,a!nian ( ! "t ( ,p]ikles w\ld h reg>d$ ) pity+ contempt ! trick ( ! previ\s "q4 ,& ?is expla9s ! und\bt$ pre-em95ce ( ,a!nian oratory4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t we f9d 9 ! =5sic annals ( a s+le city1 & )9 ! compass ( a s+le c5tury1 su* names z ,lysias1 ,isokrates1 ,&okides1 ,hyp]eides1 ,ais*9es1 & ,demo/h5es4 ,! art ( oratory1 l ! art ( sculpture1 %one =? m brilliantly !n ?an ev] s9ce1 because !n ! conditions fav\r+ its developm5t 7 m p]fectly comb9$ ?an !y h s9ce be54 ,n[1 a condition ( society 9 :i* ! multitude c always be made to /& quietly & li/5 to a logical disc\rse is a condition ( high culture4 ,read]s ( ,x5ophon's ,anabasis w rememb] ! frequ5cy ( ! spee*es 9 t *>m+ book4 ,:5ev] "s t]rible em]g5cy arose1 or "s al>m+ qu>rel or di%e>t5+ panic occurr$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! retreat ( ! ,t5 ,?\s&1 an oration f "o ( ! comm&]s--n a demagogue's appeal to ! l[] passions1 b a calm exposition ( circum/ances address$ to ! sob] judgm5t--usually suffic$ to set all ?+s 9 ord]4 ,to my m9d ?is is "o ( ! mo/ impressive hi/orical lessons convey$ 9 ,x5ophon's book4 ,& ?is peculi> k9d ( self-control1 indicative ( intellectual sobriety & high moral tra9+1 :i* 0 m or less *>act]i/ic ( all ,greeks1 0 especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,a!nians4 ,^! illu/rations w1 ,i hope1 suffice to %[ t !re is no?+ extravagant 9 ! high e/imate :i* ,i h made ( ,a!nian culture4 ,i h b>ely indicat$ ! causes ( ?is s+ul> p]fection ( individual tra9+ 9 ! social circum/ances amid :i* ! ,a!nians liv$4 ,i h alleg$ x z an in/ance ( :at may be accompli%$ by a well-direct$ leisure & 9 ! abs5ce or v scanty developm5t ( su* a complex indu/rial life z t :i* surr\nds u to-day4 ,b ,i h n yet q done ) ! ,a!nians4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i mu/ m5tion "o fur!r circum/ance :i* t5ds to make anci5t life appe> 9 our eyes m sunny & heal?y & less di/ress$1 ?an ! life ( mod]n times4 ,& 9 ?is in/ance1 too1 ?\gh we are n deal+ ) any imm$iate or remote effects ( leisurel9ess1 we /ill h to note ! peculi> advantage ga9$ by ! abs5ce ( a great complexity ( int]e/s 9 ! anci5t community4 ,) respect to religion1 ! ,a!nians 7 peculi>ly situat$4 ,!y _h = ! mo/ "p outgr[n ! primitive t]rorism ( feti%i/ic belief4 ,save 9 cases ( public di/ress1 z 9 ! mutilation ( ! ,h]mai1 or 9 ! refusal ( ,nikias to retreat f ,syracuse because ( an eclipse ( ! moon1 !y 7 no long]1 l savages1 afraid ( ! d>k4 ,_! ke5 ae/hetic s5se _h prevail$ to turn ! horrors ( a primeval nature-wor%ip into beauties4 ,_! spr+s & groves 7 peopl$ by _! fancy ) naiads & dryads1 n ) trolls & grotesque gobl9s4 ,_! feel+s t[>d ! unse5 p[]s at "w ab\t !m 7 9 ! ma9 pleasant2 z witness ! little /ory ab\t ,pheidippides meet+ ! god ,pan z he 0 mak+ ) hot ha/e t[>d ,sp>ta to ann\nce ! arrival ( ! ,p]sians4 ,n[1 :ile ?is orig9al s\rce ( m5tal discom=t1 :i* afflicts ! unciviliz$ man1 _h ceas$ mat]ially to affect ! ,a!nians1 !y on ! o!r h& liv$ at a "t :5 ! vague s5se ( s9 & self-repro( :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 _h n yet invad$ society4 ,! va/ complication ( life br\ght ab\t by ! ext5sion ( ! ,roman ,empire l$ to a great developm5t ( human sympa?ies1 unkn[n 9 e>li] times1 & call$ =? unquiet ye>n+s1 desire = amelioration1 a s5se ( %ort-com+1 & a morbid self-consci\sness4 ,x is accord+ly "u ,roman sway t we fir/ come across *>act]s approximat+ to ! mod]n type1 l ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,x is !n t we f9d ! idea ( social progress fir/ cle>ly express$1 t we discov] "s glimm]+s ( a consci\s philan?ropy1 & t we detect ! e>lie/ symptoms ( t unheal?y t5d5cy to subord9ate too entirely ! physical to ! moral life1 :i* rea*$ its culm9ation 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! palmy days ( ! ,a!nians x 0 diff]5t4 ,:5 we h9t t !y 7 n consci\sly philan?ropi/s1 we d n mean t !y 7 n humane2 :5 we accr$it !m ) no idea ( progress1 we d n =get h[ mu* !y did to r5d] bo? ! idea & ! reality possible2 :5 we say t !y _h n a di/ress+ s5se ( spiritual unwor?9ess1 we d n mean t !y _h no consci5ce4 ,we mean t _! moral & religi\s life sat easily on !m1 l _! own graceful drap]y1--did n gall & worry !m1 l ! hair-clo? g>m5t ( ! monk4 ,!y 7 free f t d>k conception ( a devil :i* l5t t]ror to life 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 & ! morbid self-consci\sness :i* l$ m$iaeval wom5 to immure !mselves 9 conv5ts w\ld h be5 to an ,a!nian q inexplicable4 ,!y _h1 9 %ort1 an op5 & *ildlike conception ( religion2 &1 z su*1 x 0 a sunny conception4 ,any "o :o w take ! tr\ble to comp>e an idyl ( ,!okritos ) a mod]n pa/oral1 or ! poem ( ,klean!s ) a mod]n hymn1 or ! ,aphrodite ( ,melos ) a mod]n ,madonna1 w realize mo/ effectually :at ,i mean4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! religion ( ! ,a!nians 0 9 ! ma9 symboliz$ 9 a fluctuat+ my?ology1 & _h nev] be5 h>d5$ into dogmas4 ,! ,a!nian 0 subject to no prie/1 nor 0 he oblig$ to p9 8 fai? to any =mulat$ cre$4 ,8 hospitable poly!ism left little room = !ological p]secution1 & none = any h]esy %ort ( virtual a!ism4 ,! fev]i% d\bts :i* rack ! mod]n m9d left him undi/urb$4 ,?\gh he might s9k to any dep? ( scepticism 9 philosophy1 yet ! et]nal welf>e ( 8 s\l 0 n suppos$ to hang ^u ! issue ( 8 d\bts4 ,accord+ly ,a!nian society 0 n only *>act]iz$ 9 ! ma9 by fre$om ( op9ion1 9 spite ( ! exceptional cases ( ,anaxagoras & ,sokrates2 b !re 0 also none ( t ,go?ic gloom ) :i* ! deep-seat$ ,*ri/ian s5se ( inf9ite responsibility = op9ion has sadd5$ mod]n religi\s life4 ,9 ^! reflections ,i h w&]$ a little way f my pr9cipal !me1 9 ord] m fully to %[ :y ! old ,greek life impresses u z s *e]ful4 ,return+ n[ to ! keynote ) :i* we />t$1 let u /ate succ9ctly ! net result ( :at has be5 said ab\t ! ,a!nians4 ,z a p we h se5 t !y enjoy$ an unp>allel$ am\nt ( leisure1 liv+ ?r\gh life ) b little turmoil & clatt]4 ,_! life 0 m spontane\s & unre/ra9$1 less rigor\sly m>k$ out by uncontrollable circum/ances1 ?an ! life ( mod]ns4 ,!y did n run s mu* 9 grooves4 ,& along ) ?is we h se5 reason to believe t !y 7 ! mo/ pr(\ndly cultivat$ ( all peoples2 t a l>g] proportion ( m5 liv$ complete1 well-r\nd$1 h>moni\s lives 9 anci5t ,a!ns ?an 9 any o!r kn[n community4 ,ke51 nimble-m9d$1 & self-possess$2 audaci\s speculators1 b temp]ate & av]se to extravagance2 emotionally heal?y1 & end[$ ) an unequall$ s5se ( beauty & propriety2 h[ admirable & wond]ful !y seem :5 look$ at across ! gulf ( ages int]v5+1--& :at a priceless possession to humanity1 ( :at noble augury = ! di/ant future1 is ! fact t su* a society has once exi/$6 ,! lesson to be drawn f ! /udy ( ?is antique life w impress itself m deeply ^u u aft] we h briefly contemplat$ ! /rik+ contra/ to x :i* is af=d$ by ! phase ( civilization amid :i* we live to-day4 ,ev] s9ce ,greek civilization 0 m]g$ 9 ,roman imp]ialism1 !re has be5 a sl[ly gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d complexity ( social life1--t[>d ! wid5+ ( sympa?ies1 ! multiply+ ( int]e/s1 ! increase ( ! numb] ( ?+s to be done4 ,?r\gh ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 aft] ,roman civilization _h absorb$ & discipl9$ ! incom+ b>b>ism :i* _h ?reat5$ to de/roy x1 !re 0 a /eadily increas+ complication ( society1 a multiplication ( ! wants ( life1 & a consequ5t enhancem5t ( ! difficulty ( self-ma9t5ance4 ,! ultimate causes ( ?is ph5om5on lie s f> b5ea? ! surface t !y c\ld be satisfactorily discuss$ only 9 a te*nical essay on ! evolution ( society4 ,x w be en\gh = u "h to obs]ve t ! great geographical discov]ies ( ! sixte5? c5tury & ! some:at lat] a*ievem5ts ( physical sci5ce h1 dur+ ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s1 aid$ p[]fully 9 det]m9+ ! entrance ( ! ,we/]n _w ^u an indu/rial epo*1--an epo* :i* has = its f9al object ! complete subjection ( ! p[]s ( nature to purposes ( individual com=t & happ9ess4 ,we h n[ to trace "s ( ! effects ( ?is lately-begun indu/rial developm5t ^u social life & individual culture4 ,& z we /udi$ ! leisurel9ess ( antiquity :]e its effects 7 mo/ conspicu\s1 9 ! city ( ,a!ns1 we %all n[ d well to /udy ! opposite *>act]i/ics ( mod]n society :]e !y are mo/ conspicu\sly exemplifi$1 9 our own c\ntry4 ,! attributes ( ,am]ican life :i* x w be necess>y to signalize w be se5 to be only ! attributes ( mod]n life 9 _! mo/ exagg]at$ phase4 ,to beg9 )1 9 /udy+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we are no long] deal+ ) a s+le city1 or ) small gr\ps ( cities4 ,! city z a political unit1 9 ! antique s5se1 has nev] exi/$ among u1 & inde$ c h>dly be said n[ to exi/ any:]e4 ,! mod]n city is h>dly m ?an a great emporium ( trade1 or a place :]e l>ge numb]s ( p f9d x conv5i5t to live huddl$ toge!r2 n a sacr$ fa!rl& to :i* its inhabitants owe _! highe/ allegiance1 & by ! requirem5ts ( :i* _! political activity is limit$4 ,:at /rikes u "h is t our mod]n life is diffus$ or spread out1 n conc5trat$ l ! anci5t civic life4 ,if ! ,a!nian _h be5 ! memb] ( an integral community1 compris+ all p59sul> ,greece & ! ma9l& ( ,asia ,m9or1 he c\ld n h tak5 life s easily z he did4 ,n[ our c\ntry is n only a v l>ge "o1 b comp>$ to its va/ t]ritorial ext5t x conta9s a v small population4 ,if we g on increas+ at ! pres5t rate1 s t a c5tury h5ce we numb] f\r or five hundr$ millions1 our c\ntry w be h>dly m cr[d$ ?an ,*9a is to-day4 ,or if our :ole population 7 n[ to be br\ght ea/ ( ,niag>a ,falls1 & conf9$ on ! s\? by ! ,potomac1 we %\ld /ill h z mu* elb[-room z !y h 9 ,france4 ,political economi/s c %[ ! effects ( ?is high ratio ( l& to inhabitants1 9 increas+ wages1 rais+ ! int]e/ ( money1 & /imulat+ production4 ,we are ?us liv+ amid circum/ances :i* are goad+ ! indu/rial activity *>act]i/ic ( ! la/ two c5turies1 & notably ( ! ,engli% race1 into an almo/ fev]i% en]gy4 ,! va/ ext5t ( our unwr\ght t]ritory is con/antly dra9+ fre% life f our old] di/ricts1 to aid 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( new fronti] communities ( a some:at l[] or less highly organiz$ type4 ,& ^! y\ng] communities1 daily spr++ up1 are con/antly /riv+ to take on ! high] /ructure1--to become z highly civiliz$ & to enjoy z _m ( ! pr]ogatives ( civilization z ! re/4 ,all ?is calls =? an enorm\s quantity ( activity1 & causes ,am]ican life to assume ! aspect ( a life-&-dea? /ruggle = ma/]y ov] ! mat]ial =ces ( t "p ( ! e>?'s surface ^u :i* x ?rives4 ,x is ?us t we are trav]s+ :at may prop]ly be call$ ! ,,b>b>\s epo* ( our hi/ory1--! epo* at :i* ! pr$om9ant intellectual activity is employ$ 9 a*ievem5ts :i* are ma9ly ( a mat]ial "*4 ,milit>y b>b>ism1 or ! inability ( communities to live toge!r )\t frequ5t w>f>e1 has be5 ne>ly outgr[n by ! :ole ,we/]n _w4 ,private w>s1 long s9ce made ev]y:]e illegal1 h ne>ly ceas$2 & public w>s1 once cont9ual1 h become infrequ5t4 ,b indu/rial b>b>ism1 by :i* ,i mean ! inability ( a community to direct a portion ( its "t to purposes ( spiritual life1 aft] provid+ = its physical ma9t5ance1--?is k9d ( b>b>ism ! mod]n _w has by no means outgr[n4 ,to-day1 ! great "w ( life is to live2 :ile ! am\nt ( lab\r consum$ 9 liv+ has ?r\gh\t ! pres5t c5tury be5 rapidly increas+4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ?is ,am]ican community toils f y\? to old age 9 m]ely procur+ ! means = satisfy+ ! transi5t wants ( life4 ,our "t & en]gies1 our _s & buoyancy1 are q us$ up 9 :at is call$ gett+ on4 ,ano!r po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ructure ( ,am]ican & ( ,a!nian society mu/ n be left out ( ! acc\nt4 ,! "t has gone by 9 :i* ! en]gies ( a hundr$ ?\s& m5 & wom5 c\ld be employ$ 9 m9i/]+ to ! individual p]fection ( tw5ty-five ?\s&4 ,slav]y1 9 ! antique s5se1--an absolute comm& ( bra9 z well z ( muscle1 a slave-sy/em ( skill$ lab\r1--we h nev] _h4 ,9 our day x is = ea* man to e>n 8 own bread2 s t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce has become univ]sal4 ,! "w ( "o class does n furni% leisure = ano!r class4 ,! exceptional circum/ances :i* fre$ ! ,a!nian f indu/rial b>b>ism1 & enabl$ him to become ! great tea*] & model ( culture = ! human race1 h disappe>$ =ev]4 ,!n ! g5]al /&>d ( com=table liv+1 z already h9t$1 has be5 greatly rais$1 & is /ill ris+4 ,:at w\ld h satisfi$ ! anci5t w\ld seem to u l p5ury4 ,we h a dome/ic life ( :i* ! ,greek knew no?+4 ,we live dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! ye> 9 ! h\se4 ,our social life goes on "u ! ro(4 ,our h\ses are n m]e places = eat+ & sleep+1 l ! h\ses ( ! anci5ts4 ,x !re=e co/s u a l>ge am\nt ( toil to get :at is call$ %elt] = our heads4 ,! sum :i* a "y m>ri$ man1 9 good society1 has to pay = 8 h\se & ! furniture conta9$ 9 x1 w\ld h enabl$ an ,a!nian to live 9 pr9cely leisure f y\? to old age4 ,! sum :i* he has to pay out ea* ye>1 to meet ! complicat$ exp5se ( liv+ 9 su* a h\se1 w\ld h m ?an suffic$ to br+ up an ,a!nian family4 ,if wor?y ,/repsiades c\ld h got an ,asmodean glimpse ( ,fif? ,av5ue1 or ev5 ( "s unpret5d+ /reet 9 ,cambridge1 he might h gone back to 8 ari/ocratic wife a sadd] b a m cont5t$ man4 ,weal?--or at lea/ :at w\ld until lately h be5 call$ weal?--has become ess5tial to com=t2 :ile ! opportunities = acquir+ x h 9 rec5t times be5 imm5sely multipli$4 ,to get money is1 !re=e1 ! *ief end ( life 9 our "t & c\ntry4 ,success 9 life has become synonym\s ) becom+ weal?y4 ,a man :o is successful 9 :at he und]takes is a man :o makes 8 employm5t pay him 9 money4 ,our normal type ( "* is t ( ! %rewd1 circumspect bus9ess man2 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 t ( ! h>dy w>rior4 ,& z 9 ^? days :5 fight+ 0 a con/ant necessity1 & :5 ! only hon\rable way = a g5tleman ( high rank to make money 0 by freeboot+1 fight+ came to be reg>d$ z an end desirable 9 itself2 s 9 ^! days ! m]e ef=t to accumulate has become a s\rce ( enjoym5t r ?an a means to x4 ,! same tru? is to be witness$ 9 ab]rant types ( "*4 ,! infatuat$ speculator & ! close-fi/$ millionaire are our sub/itutes = ! m$iaeval b]s]kir1--! man :o lov$ ! pell-mell ( a conte/ s well t he w\ld make w> on 8 neighb\r1 j to keep 8 h& 94 ,9 l mann]1 :ile su* crimes z murd] & viol5t robb]y h dim9i%$ 9 frequ5cy dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 on ! o!r h& su* crimes z embezzlem5t1 gambl+ 9 /ocks1 adult]ation ( goods1 & us+ ( false weights & measures1 h probably increas$4 ,if ,dick ,turp9 7 n[ to be br\ght back to life1 he w\ld f9d ! ,new ,york ,cu/om-,h\se a m cong5ial & pr(itable work+-place ?an ! k+'s highway4 ,! result ( ?is univ]sal que/ = money is t we are always 9 a hurry4 ,our lives pass by 9 a :irl4 ,x is all lab\r & no fruition4 ,we "w till we are we>y2 we c>ry our "w home ) u2 x haunts our ev5+s1 & di/urbs our sleep z well z our dige/ion4 ,our m9ds are s burd5$ ) x t our conv]sation1 :5 s]i\s1 c dwell ^u little else4 ,if we /ep into a railway-c>1 or ! smok+-room ( a hotel1 or any o!r place :]e a doz5 or two ( m5 are ga!r$ toge!r1 we %all he> !m talk+ ( /ocks1 ( inve/m5ts1 ( comm]cial pap]1 z if !re 7 really no?+ 9 ?is univ]se wor? ?9k+ (1 save only ! int]*ange ( doll>s & commodities4 ,s con/ant & unremitt$ is our =c$ application1 t our m9ds are dw>f$ = ev]y?+ except ! prosecution ( ! "o univ]sal pursuit4 ,are we n[ prep>$ = ! complet+ ( ! contra/8 ,mu/ we say t1 z ,a!ns 0 ! mo/ leisurely & ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! mo/ hurri$ community kn[n 9 hi/ory1 s ! ,am]icans are1 z a consequ5ce ( _! hurry1 lack+ 9 ?or\ghness ( culture8 ,or1 s9ce x is difficult to br+ our mod]n culture directly into contra/ ) t ( an anci5t community1 let me /ate ! case aft] a diff]5t b equival5t fa%ion4 ,s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates pres5t only an exagg]at$ type ( ! mod]n indu/rial community1 s9ce ! turmoil ( incessant money-gett+1 :i* affects all mod]n communities 9 l>ge measure1 affects u mo/ s]i\sly ( all1 %all x be said t we are1 on ! :ole1 less highly cultivat$ ?an our contempor>ies 9 ,we/]n ,europe8 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t we mu/ confess t ?is is ! case4 ,9 ! high] culture--9 ! culture ( ! :ole man1 accord+ to ! antique idea--we are und\bt$ly beh9d all o!r nations ) :i* x w\ld be fair to comp>e ourselves4 ,x w n d to decide a "q l ?is m]ely by c\nt+ lit]>y celebrities1 al?\gh ev5 ?us we %\ld by no means get a v]dict 9 our fav\r4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 ,engl& has produc$ z _m great writ]s & ?9k]s z ,france or ,g]many2 yet ! g5]al /atus ( culture 9 ,engl& is said--p]haps ) tru?--to be l[] ?an x is 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,x is said t ! av]age ,engli%man is less ready ?an ! av]age ,g]man or ,fr5*man to sympa?ize ) ideas :i* h no obvi\s m>ket-value4 ,yet 9 ,engl& !re is an am\nt ( high culture among ^? n pr(essionally s*ol>s1 :i* x w\ld be va9 to seek among ourselves4 ,! purposes ( my argum5t1 h[ev]1 require t ! comp>ison %\ld be made betwe5 our own c\ntry & ,we/]n ,europe 9 g5]al4 ,comp>e1 !n1 our be/ magaz9es--n solely ) reg>d to _! intr9sic excell5ce1 b also ) reg>d to ! way 9 :i* !y are su/a9$--) ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes or ! ,j\rnal des ,debats4 ,or comp>e our lead+ politicians ) m5 l ,glad/one1 ,disraeli1 or ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewis2 or ev5 ) su* m5 z ,br\gham or ,?i]s4 ,or comp>e ! slov5ly /yle ( our newspap] articles1 ,i w n say ) ! exquisite prose ( ! lam5t$ ,prevo/-,p>adol1 b ) ! ord9>y prose ( ! ,fr5* or ,engli% newspap]4 ,b a f> bett] illu/ration--= x goes d[n to ! root ( ?+s--is sugge/$ by ! rec5t "w ( ,mat!w ,arnold on ! s*ools ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! c\ntry ( our "t :]e ! g5]al culture is unque/ionably ! highe/ is ,prussia4 ,n[1 9 ,prussia1 !y are able to h a ,m9i/] ( ,education1 :o is a memb] ( ! ,cab9et4 ,!y are sure t ?is m9i/] w n appo9t or remove ev5 an assi/ant pr(essor = political reasons4 ,only once1 z ,arnold tells u1 has su* a ?+ be5 done2 & !n public op9ion express$ itself 9 su* an emphatic tone ( disapproval t ! displac$ tea*] 0 in/antly appo9t$ to ano!r position4 ,no?+ ( ?is sort1 says ,arnold1 c\ld h occurr$ 9 ,engl&2 b /ill less c\ld x occur 9 ,am]ica4 ,_h we su* an educational sy/em1 !re w\ld pres5tly be an ,education ,r+ to control x4 ,nor c ?is diff]5ce be ascrib$ to ! less eag] political activity ( ,g]many4 ,! ,prussian /ate ( ?+s w\ld h be5 possible 9 anci5t ,a!ns1 :]e political life 0 z absorb+ & ne>ly z turbul5t z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! diff]5ce is due to our lack ( fai? 9 culture1 a lack ( fai? 9 t ( :i* we h n _h adequate exp]i5ce4 ,we lack culture because we live 9 a hurry1 & because our att5tion is giv5 up to pursuits :i* call into activity & develop b "o side ( u4 ,on ! "o h& contemplate ,sokrates quietly ent]ta9+ a cr[d 9 ! ,a!nian m>ket-place1 & on ! o!r h& consid] ,broadway ) its et]nal clatt]1 & its ?rongs ( hurry+ p elb[+ & tread+ on ea* o!r's heels1 & y w get a lively notion ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! extreme phases ( anci5t & mod]n life4 ,by ! "t we h ?us ru%$ ?r\gh our day1 we h no /r5g? left to devote to ?+s spiritual4 ,to-day f9ds u no ne>] fruition ?an ye/]day4 ,& if p]haps ! "t at la/ arrives :5 fruition is practicable1 our m9ds h run s long 9 ! ruts t !y _c be twi/$ out4 ,z x is impossible = any p]son liv+ 9 a giv5 /ate ( society to keep himself exempt f its influ5ces1 detrim5tal z well z b5eficial1 we f9d t ev5 ^? :o /rive to make a lit]>y occupation subs]vi5t to purposes ( culture are n1 save 9 r>e cases1 sp>$ by ! g5]al turmoil4 ,^? :o h at once ! ability1 ! ta/e1 & ! weal? ne$ful = tra9+ !mselves to ! accompli%m5t ( "s _m-sid$ & p]man5t "w are ( c\rse v few4 ,nor h our univ]sities yet provid$ !mselves ) ! means = secur+ to lit]>y tal5t ! leisure :i* is ess5tial to complete m5tal developm5t1 or to a high ord] ( productiv5ess4 ,al?\gh 9 mo/ indu/rial ent]prises we "k h[ to "w toge!r s successfully1 9 lit]ature we h z yet no co-op]ation4 ,we h n only no ,p>is1 b we h n ev5 a ,tub+51 a ,leipsic1 or a ,j5a1 or any?+ correspond+ to ! fell[%ips 9 ! ,engli% univ]sities4 ,our lit]>y work]s h no *oice b to fall into ! ranks1 & make m]*&ise ( _! half-=m$ ideas4 ,!y mu/ "w )\t co-op]ation1 !y mu/ write 9 a hurry1 & !y mu/ write = ^? :o h no leisure = aught b ha/y & sup]ficial read+4 ,bur/+ boil]s & cu/om-h\se frauds may h at fir/ sight no?+ to d ) ea* o!r or ) my subject4 ,x is indisputable1 h[ev]1 t ! horrible massacres p]petrat$ e few weeks or m\?s by our common c>ri]s1 & ! disgraceful peculation 9 :i* we all[ our public s]vants to indulge ) h>dly ev] an effective ^w ( prote/1 are alike to be ascrib$ to ! same causes :i* int]f]e ) our high] culture4 ,x is by no means a m]e accid5tal co9cid5ce t = e doll> /ol5 by gov]nm5t (ficials 9 ,prussia1 at lea/ fifty or a hundr$ are /ol5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is does n %[ t ! ,g]mans are our sup]iors 9 av]age hone/y1 b x %[s t !y are our sup]iors 9 ?or\ghness4 ,x is ) !m an imp]ative dem& t any (ficial :atev] %all be qualifi$ = 8 po/2 a pr9ciple ( public economy :i* 9 our c\ntry is n simply ignor$ 9 practice1 b (t5 op5ly laugh$ at4 ,b 9 a c\ntry :]e high intellig5ce & ?or\gh tra9+ are imp]atively dem&$1 x foll[s ( necessity t ^! qualifications mu/ insure = _! possessors a p]man5t c>e] 9 :i* ! temptations to malfeasance or di%one/y are r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a c\ntry :]e intellig5ce & tra9+ h no surety t !y are to c>ry ! day aga9/ /upidity & ineffici5cy1 ! inc5tives to di%on\rable conduct are ov]p[]+4 ,! result 9 our own political life is t ! be/ m5 are driv5 9 disgu/ f politics1 & ?us "o ( ! noble/ fields = ! culture ( ! :ole man is giv5 ov] to be work$ by sw9dl]s & *>latans4 ,to an ,a!nian su* a sev]ance ( ! highe/ culture f political life w\ld h be5 utt]ly inconceivable4 ,obvi\sly ! deepe/ explanation ( all ?is lies 9 our lack ( belief 9 ! necessity = high & ?or\gh tra9+4 ,we d n value culture en\gh to keep x 9 our employ or to pay x = its s]vices2 & :at is ?is %ort-sight$ neglig5ce b ! outcome ( ! univ]sal %iftlessness begott5 ( ! habit ( do+ ev]y?+ 9 a hurry8 ,on e h& we may see ! fruits ( ?is %iftlessness1 f build+s t tumble 91 swit*es t are misplac$1 furnaces t are ill-protect$1 fire-brigades t are )\t discipl9e1 up to unau?oriz$ m$dl+s ) ! curr5cy1 & rev5ue laws :i* defeat _! own purpose4 ,i said above t ! attributes ( ,am]ican life :i* we %\ld f9d x necess>y = our purpose to signalize are simply ! attributes ( mod]n life 9 _! mo/ exagg]at$ phase4 ,is !re n a c]ta9 s5se 9 :i* all mod]n h&iwork is ha/ily & imp]fectly done8 ,to beg9 ) common h\sehold arts1 does n e "o "k t old ?+s are m durable ?an new ?+s8 ,our gr&fa!rs wore bett] %oes ?an we we>1 because !re 0 leisure en\gh to cure ! lea!r prop]ly4 ,9 old times a *air 0 made ( season$ wood1 & its jo9ts c>efully fitt$2 its mak] _h leisure to see t x 0 well put toge!r4 ,n[ a ?\s& are turn$ (f at once by ma*9]y1 out ( gre5 wood1 &1 ) _! backs glu$ on1 are hurri$ (f to _! evil fate1--de/9$ to drop 9 pieces if !y happ5 to /& ne> ! fireplace1 & liable to collapse "u ! weight ( a heavy man4 ,"s ( u /ill pres]ve1 z heirlooms1 old tables & b$/eads ( ,cromwellian times3 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ c5tury :at w h become ( our ma*9e-made b$/eads & tables8 ,p]haps x may seem odd to talk ab\t tann+ & jo9]y 9 connection ) culture1 b inde$ !re is a subtle bond ( union hold+ toge!r all ^! ?+s4 ,any phase ( life c be und]/ood only by associat+ ) x "s diff]5t phase4 ,sokrates himself has taught u h[ ! homely ?+s illu/rate ! gr& ?+s4 ,if we turn to ! art ( musical composition & inquire into "s ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 our rec5t music & t ( ,h&el's "t1 we %all alight ^u ! v criticism :i* ,mr4 ,mill some:]e makes 9 comp>+ anci5t ) mod]n lit]ature3 ! sub/ance has improv$1 b ! =m has 9 "s respects det]iorat$4 ,! mod]n music expresses ! results ( a ri*] & m v>i$ emotional exp]i5ce1 & 9 weal? ( h>monic res\rces1 to say no?+ ( increas$ skill 9 or*e/ration1 x is notably sup]ior to ! old music4 ,along ) ?is advance1 h[ev]1 !re is a p]ceptible fall+ (f 9 symmetry & complet5ess ( design1 & 9 :at ,i w\ld call spontane\sness ( composition4 ,i believe t ?is is because mod]n compos]s1 z a rule1 d n drudge pati5tly en\gh ^u c\nt]po9t4 ,!y d n get t absolute ma/]y ov] te*nical difficulties ( figuration :i* 0 ! great secret ( ! incr$ible facility & spontaneity ( composition display$ by ,h&el & ,ba*4 ,among rec5t musicians ,m5delssohn is ! mo/ ?or\ghly discipl9$ 9 ! elem5ts ( c\nt]po9t2 & x is ?is p]fect ma/]y ( ! te*nique ( 8 art :i* has enabl$ him to outrank ,s*ub]t & ,s*umann1 nei!r ( :om w\ld "o v5ture to pron\nce inf]ior to him 9 native weal? ( musical ideas4 ,may we n p>tly attribute to rudim5t>y defici5cy 9 c\nt]po9t ! irregul>ity ( /ructure :i* s (t5 disfigures ! works ( ! great ,wagn] & ! less] ,liszt1 & :i* ! m ard5t admir]s ( ^! compos]s are incl9$ to reg>d z a symptom ( progress8 ,i am told t a simil> illu/ration might be drawn f ! mod]n hi/ory ( pa9t+2 t1 h[ev] noble ! conceptions ( ! great pa9t]s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 !re are none :o h ga9$ su* a complete ma/]y ov] ! te*nicalities ( draw+ & ! h&l+ ( ! bru% z 0 requir$ 9 ! times ( ,raphael1 ,titian1 & ,rub5s4 ,b on ?is po9t ,i c only speak f he>say1 & am q will+ to end "h my s]ies ( illu/rations1 fe>+ t ,i may already h be5 wrongly set d[n z a lavulator temporis acti4 ,n ! idle prais+ ( times gone by1 b ! gett+ a lesson f !m :i* may be ( use to u1 has be5 my object4 ,& ,i believe en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! great complexity ( mod]n life1 ) its multiplicity ( dem&s ^u our en]gy1 has got u into a /ate ( *ronic hurry1 ! results ( :i* are ev]y:]e to be se5 9 ! %ape ( less ?or\gh workman%ip & less r\nd$ culture4 ,= "o mom5t let me /op to note a fur!r s\rce ( ! relative imp]fection ( mod]n culture1 :i* is be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( lit]ature4 ,i allude to ! imm5se1 unorganiz$ mass ( lit]ature 9 all dep>tm5ts1 repres5t+ ! accumulat$ acquisitions ( pa/ ages1 :i* mu/ =m ! basis ( our own a*ievem5t1 b ) :i* our pres5t me?ods ( education seem inadequate to deal prop]ly4 ,speak+ r\ghly1 mod]n lit]ature may be said to be gett+ into ! /ate :i* ,roman jurisprud5ce 0 9 be=e x 0 re=m$ by ,ju/9ian4 ,philosophic criticism has n yet rea*$ ! po9t at :i* x may s]ve z a natural codifi]4 ,we mu/ read labori\sly & exp5d a disproportionate am\nt ( "t & pa9s 9 w9n[+ ! *aff f ! :eat4 ,?is t5ds to make u digs or lit]>y drudges2 b ,i d\bt if ! dig is a ?or\ghly develop$ man4 ,goe!1 ) all 8 b\ndless k1 8 univ]sal curiosity1 & 8 admirable capacity = "w1 0 n a dig4 ,b ?is matt] c only be h9t$ at3 x is too l>ge to be well discuss$ at ! fag end ( an essay :ile o!r po9ts are press+ = consid]ation4 ,a /ate ( *ronic hurry n only directly h9d]s ! p]=mance ( ?or\gh "w1 b x has an indirect t5d5cy to blunt ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t "o ( ! psy*ological consequ5ces entail$ by ! /ra9 ( a too complex & rapid activity4 ,e "o mu/ h obs]v$ t 9 go+ (f = a vacation ( two or ?ree weeks1 or 9 gett+ fre$ 9 any way f ! ruts ( e-day life1 "t slack5s its gait some:at1 & ! ev5ts :i* occur are apt a few ye>s lat] to cov] a disproportionately l>ge area 9 our recollections4 ,?is is because ! human organism is a natural timepiece 9 :i* ! ticks are consci\s s5sations4 ,! great] ! numb] ( s5sations :i* occupy ! =egr\nd ( consci\sness dur+ ! day1 ! long] ! day seems 9 ! retrospect4 ,b ! v>i\s gr\ps ( s5sations :i* accompany our daily "w t5d to become automatic f cont9ual repetition1 & to s9k into ! backgr\nd ( consci\sness2 & 9 a v complex & busi$ life ! numb] ( s5sations or /ates ( consci\sness :i* c /ruggle up to ! front & get att5d$ to1 is comp>atively small ,x is ?us t ! days seem s %ort :5 we are busy ab\t e-day matt]s1 & t !y get blurr$ toge!r1 & z x 7 individually annihilat$ 9 recollection4 ,:5 we travel1 a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( fre% s5sations occupy att5tion1 !re is a maximum ( consci\sness1 & a di/9ct image is left to loom up 9 memory4 ,= ! same reason ! weeks & ye>s are mu* long] to ! *ild ?an to ! gr[n man4 ,! life is simpl] & less hurri$1 s t !re is "t to att5d to a great _m s5sations4 ,n[ ?is fact lies at ! bottom ( t ke5 enjoym5t ( exi/5ce :i* is ! pr]ogative ( *ildhood & e>ly y\?4 ,! day is n ru%$ ?r\gh by ! automatic dis*>ge ( c]ta9 psy*ical functions1 b ea* s5sation /ays long en\gh to make itself recogniz$4 ,n[ :5 once we und]/& ! psy*ology ( ?is matt]1 x becomes evid5t t ! same contra/ t holds betwe5 ! *ild & ! man mu/ hold also betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n4 ,! numb] ( elem5ts ent]+ into anci5t life 7 s few relatively1 t !re mu/ h be5 f> m ?an !re is n[ ( t int5se realization ( life :i* we c obs]ve 9 *ildr5 & rememb] ( our own *ildhood4 ,space p]mitt+1 x w\ld be easy to %[ f ,greek lit]ature h[ int5se 0 ?is realization ( life4 ,b my po9t w already h be5 suffici5tly appreh5d$4 ,already we _c fail to see h[ difficult x is to get m ?an a m9imum ( consci\s fruition out ( a too complex & rapid activity4 ,"o o!r po9t is wor? notic+ be=e we close4 ,h[ is ?is turmoil ( mod]n exi/5ce impress+ itself ^u ! physical con/itutions ( mod]n m5 & wom58 ,:5 an individual man engages 9 furi\s productive activity1 8 fri5ds w>n him t he w break d[n4 ,does ! collective man ( our "t ne$ "s su* fri5dly w>n+8 ,let u fir/ get a h9t f :at =eign]s ?9k ( u ultra-mod]niz$ ,am]icans4 ,w&]+ j\rnali/s1 ( an e?nological turn ( m9d1 :o visit ^! %ores1 pr(ess to be /ruck ) ! sl5d]ness1 ! app>5t lack ( t\ghness1 ! dyspeptic look1 ( ! ,am]ican physique4 ,& f su* obs]vations x has be5 s]i\sly argu$ t ! /alw>t ,engli% race is suff]+ inevitable deg5]acy 9 ?is =eign climate4 ,i h ev5 se5 x d\bt$ :e!r a race ( m5 c ev] become ?or\ghly naturaliz$ 9 a locality to :i* x is n indig5\s4 ,to su* vag>ies x is a suffici5t answ] t ! ,engli% are no m indig5\s to ,engl& ?an to ,am]ica4 ,!y are indig5\s to ,c5tral ,asia1 & z !y h surviv$ ! fir/ transplantation1 !y may be safely c\nt$ on to survive ! second4 ,a m c>eful survey w tea* u t ! sl[ alt]ation ( physique :i* is go+ on 9 ?is c\ntry is only an exagg]ation ( t :i* mod]n civilization is t5d+ to br+ ab\t ev]y:]e4 ,x is caus$ by ! premature & excessive /ra9 ^u ! m5tal p[]s requisite to meet ! em]g5cies ( our complex life4 ,! progress ( ev5ts has ?r[n ! "w ( su/a9+ life s l>gely ^u ! bra9 t we are beg9n+ to sacrifice ! physical to ! intellectual4 ,we are gr[+ spirituelle 9 appe>ance at ! exp5se ( robu/ness4 ,comp>e any typical ,greek face1 ) its firm muscles1 its symmetry ( feature1 & its s]5ity ( expression1 to a typical mod]n portrait1 ) its m delicate cont\r1 its exagg]at$ =ehead1 its ?\ghtful1 p]haps jad$ look4 ,or consid] 9 :at respects ! gr& faces ( ! ,plantag5et mon>*s diff] f ! ref9$ c\nt5ances ( ! lead+ ,engli% /atesm5 ( to-day4 ,or aga91 consid] ! famili> pictures ( ! ,ox=d & ,h>v>d crews :i* r[$ a race on ! ,?ames 9 #ahfi1 & obs]ve h[ mu* less y\?ful are ! faces ( ! ,am]icans4 ,by contra/ !y almo/ look c>eworn4 ,! summ+ up ( c\ntless su* facts is t mod]n civilization is mak+ u n]v\s4 ,our mo/ =midable diseases are ( n]v\s orig94 ,we seem to h got rid ( ! m$iaeval plague & _m ( its typhoid cong5]s2 b in/ead we h an increas$ am\nt ( insanity1 me?omania1 consumption1 dyspepsia1 & p>alysis4 ,9 ?is fact x is pla9ly writt5 t we are suff]+ physically f ! ov]-"w & ov]-excitem5t entail$ by excessive hurry4 ,9 view ( ^! v>i\s b ne>ly relat$ po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n life z /udi$ 9 _! extreme manife/ations1 x _c be d5i$ t :ile we h ga9$ mu*1 we h also lo/ a good deal t is valuable1 9 our progress4 ,we _c b suspect t we are n 9 all po9ts m highly fav\r$ ?an ! anci5ts4 ,& x becomes probable t ,a!ns1 at all ev5ts1 :i* ,i h *os5 z my example1 may h exhibit$ an adumbration ( a /ate ( ?+s :i*1 = ! _w at l>ge1 is /ill 9 ! future1--/ill to be remotely hop$ =4 ,! ri* complexity ( mod]n social a*ievem5t is atta9$ at ! co/ ( individual _m-sid$ness4 ,z ,t5nyson puts x1 ,! individual )]s & ! _w is m & m4 ,yet ! individual does n exi/ = ! sake ( society1 z ! positivi/s w\ld h u believe1 b society exi/s = ! sake ( ! individual4 ,& ! te/ ( complete social life is ! opportunity :i* x af=ds = complete individual life4 ,tri$ by ?is te/1 our contempor>y civilization w appe> s]i\sly defective1--excell5t only z a prep>ation = some?+ bett]4 ,?is is ! true light 9 :i* to reg>d x4 ,?is incessant turmoil1 ?is rage = accumulation ( weal?1 ?is cr[d+1 jo/l+1 & trampl+ ^u "o ano!r1 _c be reg>d$ z p]man5t1 or z any?+ m ?an ! accompanim5t ( a transitional /age ( civilization4 ,!re mu/ be a limit to ! ext5t to :i* ! /&>d ( com=table liv+ c be rais$4 ,! indu/rial organization ( society1 :i* is n[ b beg9n+1 mu/ culm9ate 9 a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! means ( exp5se w exce$ ! dem& = exp5se1 9 :i* ! human race w h "s surplus capital4 ,! incessant manual lab\r :i* ! anci5ts relegat$ to slaves w 9 c\rse ( "t be m & m l>gely p]=m$ by inanimate ma*9]y4 ,unskill$ lab\r w = ! mo/ "p disappe>4 ,skill$ lab\r w consi/ 9 ! guid+ ( implem5ts contriv$ ) v]satile cunn+ = ! relief ( human n]ve & muscle4 ,ultimately !re w be no unsettl$ l& to fill1 no fronti] life1 no savage races to be assimilat$ or extirpat$1 no ext5sive migration4 ,?us life w aga9 become comp>atively /ation>y4 ,! *ances = mak+ great =tunes quickly w be dim9i%$1 :ile ! facilities = acquir+ a compet5ce by /eady lab\r w be increas$4 ,:5 e "o is able to rea* ! normal /&>d ( com=table liv+1 we mu/ suppose t ! exagg]at$ appetite = weal? & display w gradually disappe>4 ,we %all be m easily satisfi$1 & ?us enjoy m leisure4 ,x may be t !re w ultimately exi/1 ov] ! civiliz$ _w1 conditions z fav\rable to ! complete fruition ( life z ^? :i* =m]ly exi/$ )9 ! n>r[ circuit ( ,attika2 save t ! "p once play$ by enslav$ human bra9 & muscle w f9ally be play$ by ! enslav$ =ces ( ins5ti5t nature4 ,society w at la/ be> ! te/ ( provid+ = ! complete developm5t ( its individual memb]s4 ,s1 at lea/1 we may hope2 su* is ! probability :i* ! progress ( ev5ts1 :5 c>efully que/ion$1 sket*es out = u4 ,ne$ we fe>1 asks ,mr4 ,greg1 t ! _w w\ld /agnate "u su* a *ange8 ,ne$ we gu>d ourselves aga9/ ! miscon/ruction ( be+ held to recomm5d a life ( complac5t & +lori\s inaction8 ,we ?9k n4 ,we w\ld only sub/itute a nobl] = a mean] /rife1--a rational = an excessive toil1--an enjoym5t t spr+s f s]5ity1 = "o t spr+s f excitem5t only44444 ,to ea* "t its own prea*]1 to ea* excess its own c\nt]action4 ,9 an age ( dissipation1 languor1 & /agnation1 we %\ld jo9 ) ,mr4 ,c>lyle 9 prea*+ ! ',evangel ( ,"w1' & say ) him1 ',bless$ is ! man :o has f\nd 8 "w1--let him ask no o!r bless$ness4' ,9 an age ( /r5u\s1 fr5zi$14444 & (t5 utt]ly irrational & objectless ex]tion1 we jo9 ,mr4 ,mill 9 prea*+ ! mild] & m ne$$ ',evangel ( ,leisure4' ,be>+ all ^! ?+s 9 m9d1 we may und]/& ! rem>k ( ! supremely cultivat$ ,goe!1 :5 ask$ :o 7 8 ma/]s3 ,die ,grie*51 die ,grie*51 und imm] die ,grie*54 ,we may appreciate ! significance ( ,mr4 ,mill's argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! /udy ( antiquity1 t x pres]ves ! tradition ( an era ( individual complet5ess4 ,!re is a disposition gr[+ among u to remodel our me?ods ( education 9 con=mity ) ! tempor>y requirem5ts ( ! age 9 :i* we live4 ,9 ?is endeav\r !re is mu* t is wise & practical2 b 9 s f> z x t5ds to ! neglect ( antiquity1 ,i _c ?9k x well-tim$4 ,our education %\ld n only enhance ! value ( :at we possess2 is %\ld also supply ! consci\sness ( :at we lack4 ,& :ile1 = g5]ations to come1 we pass toilfully ?r\gh an era ( exorbitant indu/rialism1 "s fragm5t ( our "t w n be missp5t 9 keep+ alive ! tradition ( a /ate ( ?+s :i* 0 once briefly enjoy$ by a little community1 b :i*1 9 ! di/ant future1 w1 z x is hop$1 become ! p]man5t possession ( all mank9d4 ,janu>y1 #ahgc4