file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #adhcd-;h4htm  
or #adhcd-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/d_
/h_/c_/adhcd_/adhcd-;h_/#adhcd-;h4htm7  
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/d_
/h_/c_/adhcd_/adhcd-;h4zip7      ,,!    
,,:5ce ,,& ,,! ,,:i!r ,,( ,,man  ,a     
,brief ,hi/ory ( ,8 ,orig9 & ,developm5t
 ?r\gh ,con=mity to ,environm5t  ,be+ ! 
,morse ,lectures ( #ahie  by  ,,john ,m4
 ,,tyl] ,pr(essor ( ,biology1 ,amh]/    
,college  ,new ,york ,*>les ,scribn]'s  
,sons  #ahif                  ,morse    
,lectures      #ahic--,,! ,,place ,,(   
,,*ri/ ,,9       ,,mod]n ,,!ology4 ,by  
,rev4 ,a4,m4       ,fairbairn1 ,d4,d4   
#hvo1 #b4ej      #ahid--,,! ,,religions 
,,( ,,japan4 ,by ,rev4       ,william   
,elliot ,griffis1 ,d4,d4       #abmo1   
#b4jj4      #ahie--,,! ,,:5ce ,,& ,,!   
,,:i!r ,,(       ,,man4 ,by ,pr(essor   
,john ,m4 ,tyl]4       #abmo1 #a4ge4    
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts    ,,introduction 

,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,problem3 ,,! ,,mode   
,,( ,,its ,,solution  ,! "q4--,! two    
!ories ( man's orig94--,! argum5t purely
 hi/orical4--,means ( trac+ man's       
ance/ry &                               
hi/ory4--,classification4--,ontog5esis &
 ,phylog5esis4   ,,*apt] ,,ii           
,,protozoa ,,to ,,worms3 ,,cells1       
,,tissues1 ,,& ,,organs  ,amoeba3 ,its  
anatomy & physiology4--,developm5t ( !  
cell4--,hydra3 ,! developm5t ( dige/ive 
& reproductive organs1 & (              
tissues4--,=ms int]m$iate betwe5 amoeba 
& hydra3 ,magosphra1 volvox4--,embryonic
 developm5t4--,turbell>ia3 ,appe>ance ( 
a body wall1 ( ganglion1 & n]ve-cords4  
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,worms ,,to             
,,v]tebrates3 ,,skeleton ,,& ,,head     
,worms & ! developm5t (                 
organs4--,mollusks3 ,! ext]nal          
protective skeleton leads to deg5]ation 
or /agnation4--,annelids & ar?ropods3 ,!
 ext]nal locomotive skeleton leads to   
tempor>y rapid advance1 b fails ( !     
goal4--,its disadvantages4--,v]tebrates3

 ,! int]nal locomotive skeleton leads to
 backbone & bra94--,reasons = _!        
dom9ance4--,! primitive v]tebrate4      
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,v]tebrates3 ,,backbone  
,,& ,,bra9  ,! advance ( v]tebrates f   
fi% ?r\gh amphibia & reptiles to        
mammals4--,! developm5t ( skeleton1     
app5dages1 circulatory & respiratory    
sy/ems1 & bra94--,mammals3 ,! ovip>\s   
monotremata4--,m>supials4--,plac5tal    
mammals4--,developm5t ( !               
plac5ta4--,primates4--,arboreal life & !
 developm5t ( ! h&4--,comp>ison ( man ) 
! highe/ apes4--,recapitulation ( !     
hi/ory ( man's orig9 & developm5t4--,!  
sequ5ce ( dom9ant functions4   ,,*apt]  
,v  ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,m5tal            
,,developm5t ,,& ,,its ,,sequ5ce ,,(    
,,functions  ,mode (                    
inve/igation4--,intellect4--,s5se-p]cept
ions4--,association4 --,inf]5ce &       
und]/&+4--,rational intellig5ce4--,modes
 ( m5tal or n]v\s action4--,reflex      
action1 unconsci\s & comp>atively       
me*anical4--,in/9ctive action3 ,! actor 

is consci\s1 b guid$ by                 
h]$ity4--,intellig5t action4--,! actor  
is consci\s1 guid$ by intellig5ce       
result+ f exp]i5ce or obs]vation4--,! w 
/imulat$ by motives4--,appetites4--,fe> 
& o!r prud5tial consid]ations4--,c>e =  
"y & love ( mates4--,! dawn (           
unselfi%ness4--,motives furni%$ by !    
rational intellig5ce3 ,tru?1 "r1        
duty4--,recapitulation3 ,! w1 /imulat$  
by ev] high] motives1 is f9ally to be   
dom9at$ by unselfi%ness & love ( tru? & 
righte\sness4--,^! r\se ! only          
inappeasable hung]1 & are capable (     
indef9ite developm5t4--,/r5g? ( ^!      
motives4--,_! complete dom9ance ! goal (
 human developm5t4   ,,*apt] ,,vi       
,,natural ,,selection ,,& ,,environm5t  
,! rev]sal ( ! sequ5ce ( functions leads
 to ext]m9ation1 deg5]ation1 or1 r>ely1 
to /agnation4--,natural selection       
becomes m unsp>+ z we g                 
high]4--,ext9ction4--,sev]ity ( !       
/ruggle = life4--,environm5t "o4--,b l[]
 animals come into vital relation ) b a 

small "p ( x4--,x consi/s ( a myriad (  
=ces1 :i*1 z act+ on a giv5 =m1 may be  
consid]$ z "o gr&                       
resultant4--,environm5t is ?us a p[]    
mak+ at fir/ = dige/ion & reproduction1 
!n = muscul> /r5g? & activity1 !n =     
%rewdness1 f9ally = unselfi%ness &      
righte\sness4--,an ultimate p[]1 n      
ourselves1 mak+ = righte\sness1 a       
p]sonality4--,our k ( ?is p]sonality may
 be valid1 ev5 ?\gh v                   
incomplete4--,religion4--,con=mity to ! 
spiritual 9 or beh9d environm5t is      
lik5ess to ,god4--,! cons]vative t5d5cy 
9 evolution4   ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,con=mity
 ,,to ,,environm5t  ,human              
environm5t4--,! developm5t ( ! family z 
! s*ool ( man's tra9+4--,! family z !   
s*ool ( unselfi%ness & ob$i5ce4--,!     
family z ! basis ( social               
life4--,society z an aid to con=mity to 
environm5t by increas+ intellig5ce &    
tra9+ consci5ce4--,m5tal & moral        
h]$ity4--,p]sonal magnetism4--,man's    
se>* = a k+4--,! ess5ce (               

,*ri/ianity4--,con=mity to environm5t   
gives future supremacy1 b (t5 at ! co/ (
 pres5t h>d%ip4--,con=mity z ob$i5ce to 
! laws ( our be+4--,environm5t be/      
und]/ood ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! human         
m9d4--,productiv5ess & prospectiv5ess ( 
vital capital4--,fai?4   ,,*apt] ,,viii 
,,man  ,compos$ ( atoms & molecules1    
h5ce subject to *emical & physical      
laws4--,z a liv+ be+4--,z an animal4--,z
 a v]tebrate4--,z a mammal4--,z a social
 be+4--,z a p]sonal & moral be+4--,!    
conflict betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] 9       
man4--,z a religi\s be+4--,z h]o4--,he  
has n yet atta9$4--,future man4--,he w  
utilize all 8 p[]s1 duly subord9at+ !   
l[] to ! high]4--,! triumph ( ! common  
p4   ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,! ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,! 
,,bible  ,subject ( ! ,bible4--,man3    
,body1 intellect1 he>t4--,god3 ,law1 s91
 & p5alty4--,god manife/$ 9             
,*ri/4--,salvation1 ! div9e life p]meat+
 man--,fai?4--,pray]4--,hope4--,!       
,*ur*4--,! battle4--,! victory4--,!     
cr[n4   ,,*apt] ,x  ,,pres5t ,,aspects  

,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution  ,!      
/ruggle = exi/5ce4--,natural            
selection4--,correlation (              
organs4--,=tuit\s v>iation4--,orig9 ( ! 
fitte/4--,ngeli's !ory3 ,initial t5d5cy 
supreme4--,weismann & ! ,neo-,d>w9ians3 
,natural selection omnipot5t4--,!       
,neo-,lam>ckians4--,comp>ison ( !       
,neo-,d>w9ian & ! ,neo-,lam>ckian       
views4--,individuality ! controll+ p[]  
?r\gh\t ! life ( !                      
organism4--,transmission ( special      
effects ( use & disuse4--,summ>y4       
,,*>t ,,%[+ ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,atta9m5ts   
,,& ,,( ,,dom9ant ,,functions           
,,phylog5etic ,,*>t ,,( ,,! ,,animal    
,,k+dom   ,,index      ,,introduction   
,9 ! ye> #ahfe ,pr(essor ,samuel ,f9ley 
,breese ,morse1 to :om ! _w is indebt$ =
 ! application ( ! pr9ciples (          
electro-magnetism to telegraphy1 gave ! 
sum ( t5 ?\s& doll>s to ,union          
,!ological ,sem9>y to f\nd a lecture%ip 
9 memory ( 8 fa!r1 ! ,rev4 ,j$$iah      
,morse1 ,d4,d41 !ologian1 geograph]1 &  

gazette]4 ,! subject ( ! lectures 0 to h
 to d ) ,! relations ( ! ,bible to any (
 ! sci5ces4 ,! t5 *apt]s ( ?is book     
correspond to t5 lectures1 eight ( :i* 7
 deliv]$ z ,morse ,lectures at ,union   
,!ological ,sem9>y dur+ ! e>ly spr+ (   
#ahie4 ,! fir/ n9e *apt]s appe> 9 =m &  
sub/ance z !y 7 giv5 9 ! lectures1      
except t ,*apt]s ,,vi4 & ,,vii4 7       
cond5s$ 9 "o lecture4 ,*apt] ,x4 is new1
 & ,i h n hesitat$ to add a few         
p>agraphs :]ev] ! argum5t seem$         
especially to dem& fur!r evid5ce or     
illu/ration4  ,"o ( my fri5ds1 read+ !  
title ( ^! lectures1 said3 ,( man's     
orig9 y "k no?+1 ( 8 future y "k less4  
,i fe> t _m %>e 8 op9ion1 al?\gh !y     
might n express x s emphatically4  ,x   
w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to be 9 ord] to %[ t  
sci5ce is n[ compet5t to deal ) ?is "q2 
n t %e c give a f9al & conclusive answ]1
 b t we c rea* results :i* are probably 
9 ! ma9 correct4 ,we may grant v        
*e]fully t we c atta9 no demon/ration2 !
 mo/ t we c claim = our results w be a  

high degree ( probability4 ,if our      
conclusions are v probably correct1 we  
%all d well to act accord+ to !m2 = all 
our actions 9 life are suit$ to meet !  
em]g5cies ( a probable b unc]ta9 c\rse (
 ev5ts4  ,we take = grant$ ! probable   
tru? ( ! !ory ( evolution z /at$ by ,mr4
 ,d>w91 & t x applies to man z really z 
to any l[] animal4 ,at ! same "t x      
conc]ns our argum5t b little :e!r       
natural selection is omnipot5t or ( only
 second>y importance 9 evolution1 z long
 z x is a real factor1 or :i* !ory (    
h]$ity or v>iation is ! m probable4  ,if
 man has be5 evolv$ f simple liv+       
sub/ance protoplasm1 by a process (     
evolution1 x w "s day be possible to    
write a hi/ory ( t process4 ,b h we yet 
suffici5t k to ju/ify su* an attempt8   
,be=e ! hi/ory ( any p]iod c be writt5  
its ev5ts mu/ h be5 accurately *ronicl$4
 ,biological hi/ory c be writt5 only :5 
! successive /ages ( developm5t & !     
atta9m5ts ( ea* /age h be5 cle>ly       
p]ceiv$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fir/           

pr]equisite w\ld seem to be a           
g5ealogical,a tree ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! 
means ( trac+ ?is g5ealogical tree are  
giv5 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 & ! results 9 !    
second1 ?ird1 & f\r? *apt]s ( ?is book4 
,footnote ,a3 ,see ,phylog5etic ,*>t1 p4
 #caj4  ,n[1 = "s ( ! ance/ral /ages (  
man's developm5t a v high degree (      
probability c be claim$4 ,"o ( man's    
e>lie/ ance/ors 0 almo/ c]ta9ly a       
unicellul> animal4 ,a little lat] he v  
probably pass$ ?r\gh a ga/ra /age4 ,he  
trav]s$ fi%1 amphibian1 & reptilian     
grades4 ,! ovip>\s monotreme & !        
m>supial almo/ c]ta9ly repres5t l[]     
mammalian ance/ral /ages4 ,b :at k9d (  
fi%1 :at species ( amphibian1 :at =m (  
reptiles mo/ closely resembles ! old    
ance/or8 ,h[ did ea* ( ^! ance/ors look8
 ,i d n "k4 ,x looks z if our ance/ral  
tree 7 entirely unc]ta9 & we 7 left )\t 
any f\ndation = hi/ory or argum5t4  ,b !
 hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( anatomical     
details1 h[ev] important & desirable1 is
 n ! only hi/ory :i* c be writt51 nor is

 x ess5tial4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! 
size ( bra91 gir? ( *e/1 av]age /ature1 
& ! features ( ! anci5t ,greeks &       
,romans4 ,b ?is is n ! mo/ important "p 
( _! hi/ory1 nor is x ess5tial4 ,! great
 "q is1 ,:at did !y contribute to human 
progress8  ,ev5 if we _c accurately     
portray ! anatomical details ( a s+le   
ance/ral /age1 c we p]haps discov] :at  
function gov]n$ its life & 0 ! aim ( its
 exi/5ce8 ,did x live to eat1 or to     
move1 or to ?9k8 ,if we _c tell exactly 
h[ x look$1 c we tell :at x liv$ = & :at
 x contribut$ to ! evolution ( man8     
,n[1 ! sequ5ce ( dom9ant functions or   
aims 9 life c be trac$ ) f> m ease &    
safety1 n to say c]ta9ty1 ?an "o (      
anatomical details4 ,! latt] *>act]ize  
small gr\ps1 g5]a1 families1 or classes2
 :ile ! dom9ant function *>act]izes all 
animals ( a giv5 grade1 ev5 ^? :i* ?r\gh
 deg5]ation h rev]t$ to ?is grade4  ,ev5
 if ,i _c trace ! exact pa? :i* leads to
 ! m\nta9-top1 ,i may almo/ ) c]ta9ty   
affirm t x leads f mead[ & pa/ure ?r\gh 

=e/ to b>e rock1 & !nce ov] sn[ & ice to
 ! summit2 = ea* ( ^! =ms a zone        
encircl+ ! m\nta94 ,v simil>ly ,i f9d t1
 :atev] g5ealogical tree ,i adopt1 "o   
sequ5ce 9 ! dom9ance ( functions        
*>act]izes !m all2 dige/ion is dom9ant  
be=e locomotion & locomotion be=e ?\ght4
  ,& x is h>dly less ?an a physiological
 necessity t x %\ld be s4 ,! plant c &  
does exi/1 liv+ almo/ purely = dige/ion 
& reproduction1 & ! same is true ( !    
l[e/ & mo/ primitive animals4 ,a muscul>
 sy/em _c develop & d its "w until "s   
sort ( a dige/ive sy/em has aris5 to    
furni% nutrim5t1 any m ?an a /eam-eng9e 
c run )\t fuel4 ,& a bra9 is ( no use   
until muscle & s5se-organs h appe>$4    
,?is sequ5ce ( dom9ant functions1,a (   
physiological dyna/ies1 w\ld seem !re=e 
to be a fact4 ,& our s]ies ( =ms        
describ$ 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? *apt]s
 is m]ely a concrete illu/ration %[+ h[ 
?is sequ5ce may h be5 evolv$4 ,!        
sub/itution ( o!r t]ms 9 ! anatomical   
s]ies !re describ$--amoeba1 volvox1     

etc4--w\ld n affect ?is result4 ,by a   
*ange 9 ! =m ( our hi/ory we h elim9at$ 
to a l>ge ext5t ! s\rces ( unc]ta9ty &  
error4 ,& ! dom9ant function ( a gr\p   
?r[s no little light on ! details ( its 
anatomy4    ,footnote ,a3 ,see cond5s$  
,*>t ( ,developm5t1 etc41 p4 #cji4  ,if 
we c be satisfi$ t ev] high] functions h
 ris5 to dom9ance 9 ! successive /ages (
 animal & human developm5t1 if we c     
fur!r be conv9c$ t ! sequ5ce is         
irrev]sible1 we %all be conv9c$ t future
 man w be m & m completely controll$ by 
! v highe/ p[]s or aims to :i* ?is      
sequ5ce po9ts4 ,o!rwise we mu/          
disbelieve ! cont9uity ( hi/ory4 ,b !   
g]ms ( ! future are always conceal$ 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ! pres5t4 ,h5ce--p>don !       
reit]ation--if we c once trace ?is      
sequ5ce ( dom9ant functions1 ^:         
evolution has fill$ pa/ ages1 we c      
safely =etell some?+ at lea/ ( man's    
future developm5t4  ,! argum5t & me?od  
is !re=e purely hi/orical4 ,"h & !re we 
w try to f9d :y & h[ ?+s _h to be s4 ,b 

all su* digressions are ( small acc\nt  
comp>$ ) ! fact t ?+s 7 or are ?us & s4 
,& a mi/ak5 explanation w n invalidate !
 facts ( hi/ory4  ,! subject ( our      
hi/ory is ! developm5t1 n ( a s+le human
 race nor ( ! movem5ts ( a c5tury1 b !  
developm5t ( animal life ?r\gh ages4 ,& 
ev5 if our attempts to deciph] a few    
pages "h & !re 9 ! volumes ( ?is va/    
biological hi/ory are n z successful z  
we c\ld hope1 we mu/ n all[ ourselves to
 be disc\rag$ f future ef=ts4 ,ev5 if   
our translation is "h & !re at fault1 we
 mu/ nev] =get ! exi/5ce ( ! hi/ory4 ,"s
 ( ! wor/ errors ( biologi/s are due to 
_! hav+ =gott5 t 9 ! l[] /ages ! g]ms ( 
! high] mu/ be pres5t1 ev5 ?\gh         
invisible to any microscope4 ,our /udy (
 ! worm is inadequate & likely to       
mislead u1 unless we rememb] t a worm 0 
! ance/or ( man4 ,& a biologi/ :o c tell
 u no?+ ab\t man is neglect+ 8 faire/   
field4  ,conv]sely hi/ory & social      
sci5ce w re/ on a firm] basis :5 _!     
/ud5ts recognize t _m human laws &      

in/itutions are heirlooms1 ! atta9m5ts1 
or direct results ( atta9m5ts1 ( animals
 f> bel[ man4 ,we are j beg9n+ to       
recognize t ! /udy ( zology is an       
ess5tial pr]equisite to1 & firm         
f\ndation =1 t ( hi/ory1 social sci5ce1 
philosophy1 & !ology1 j z really z =    
m$ic9e4 ,an adequate k ( any hi/ory     
dem&s m ?an ! /udy ( its la/ page4 ,!   
zologi/ has be5 remiss 9 n claim+ 8     
bir?right1 & 9 ?is respect has sadly    
fail$ to foll[ ! pa? po9t$ out by ,mr4  
,d>w94  ,= palontology1 zology1 hi/ory1 
social & political sci5ce1 & philosophy 
are really only p>ts ( "o great sci5ce1 
( biology 9 ! wide/ s5se1 9 di/9ction f 
! n>r[] s5se 9 :i* x is n[ us$ to       
include zology & botany4 ,!y =m an      
organic unity 9 :i* no "o "p c be       
adequately und]/ood )\t ref]5ce to !    
o!rs4 ,y "k no?+ ( ev5 a con/ellation1  
if y h /udi$ only "o ( its />s4 ,mu*    
less c ! /udy ( a s+le organ or function
 give an adequate idea ( ! human body4  
,only :5 we h atta9$ a biological hi/ory

 c we h any satisfactory conception (   
environm5t4 ,z we look ab\t u 9 ! _w1   
environm5t (t5 seems to u to be a *aos (
 =ces aid+ or de/roy+ good & bad1 fit & 
unfit1 alike4  ,b our hi/ory ( animal & 
human progress %[s u successive /ages1  
ea* a little high] ?an ! prec$+1 &      
surviv+1 = a "t at lea/1 because m      
completely con=m$ to environm5t4 ,if ?is
 be true1 & x mu/ be true unless our    
!ory ( evolution be false1 high] =ms are
 m completely con=m$ to _! environm5t   
?an l[]2 & man has atta9$ ! mo/ complete
 con=mity ( all4 ,our biological hi/ory 
is !re=e a record ( ! results (         
successive ef=ts1 ea* atta9+ a little m 
complete con=mity ?an ! prec$+4 ,f su* a
 hi/ory we ought to be able to draw     
c]ta9 valid d$uctions conc]n+ ! g5]al "*
 & laws ( our environm5t1 to discov] !  
direction 9 :i* its =ces are urg+ u1 &  
h[ man c m completely con=m to x4  ,if  
man is a product ( evolution1 8 m5tal & 
moral1 j z really z 8 physical1         
developm5t mu/ be ! result ( su* a      

con=mity4 ,! /udy ( environm5t f ?is    
/&po9t %\ld ?r[ "s light on ! validity (
 our moral & religi\s cre$s & !ories4 ,x
 w\ld seem1 !re=e1 n only ju/ifiable1 b 
imp]ative to attempt su* a /udy4  ,our  
argum5t is n directly conc]n$ ) mod]n   
!ories ( h]$ity1 or v>iation1 or ) !    
omnipot5ce or second>y importance (     
natural selection4 ,& yet ,ngeli1 &     
especially ,weismann1 h _h s m>k$ an    
influ5ce on mod]n ?\ght t we _c af=d to 
neglect _! !ories4 ,we w briefly notice 
^! 9 ! clos+ *apt]4     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! 
,,problem3 ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,its         
,,solution   ,! /ory ( a human life c be
 told 9 v few words4 ,a y\? ( gold5     
dreams & visions2 a few ye>s ( /ruggle  
or ( neglect$ opportunities2 !n         
retrospect & ! end4          ,we come l 
wat]1 & l w9d we g4  ,b h[ few ( !      
visions are realiz$4 ,fau/ sums up !    
:ole ( life 9 ! twice-repeat$ ^w v]sag51
 r5\nce1 & hi/ory tells a simil> /ory4  
,t]ah di$ 9 ,h>an2 ,abraham obta9$ b a  
grave 9 ! l& promis$ him & 8 *ildr52    

,jacob1 *eat$ 9 m>riage1 bitt]ly        
disappo9t$ 9 8 *ildr51 di$ 9 exile1     
leav+ 8 desc5dants to become slaves 9 ! 
l& ( ,egypt2 & ,moses1 _! h]oic deliv]]1
 di$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,moab 9 sight ( ! l& 
:i* he 0 =bidd5 to ent]4 ,y may answ] t 
x is no injury t ! promise is too l>ge1 
! vision too gr&1 to be fulfill$ 9 !    
span ( a s+le life1 b mu/ become !      
h]itage ( a race4 ,b :at has be5 !      
hi/ory ( ,abraham's desc5dants8 ,a      
dea?-grapple = exi/5ce1 captivity1 &    
disp]sion4 ,_! national exi/5ce has long
 be5 lo/4  ,0 !re ev] a nation ( gr&]   
promise ?an ,greece or ,rome8 ,b ,greece
 di$ ( premature old age1 & ,rome (     
rott5ness begott5 ( s94 ,b ea* ( !m1 y w
 say1 left a priceless h]itage to !     
immortal race4 ,b if ,greece & ,rome & a
 ho/ ( old] nations1 ( :i* ,hi/ory has  
(t5 =gott5 ! v "n1 h fail$ & di$1 c     
any?+ b ultimate failure await ! race8  
,is human hi/ory to prove a /ory told by
 an idiot1 or does x signify some?+8 ,is
 ! great m>* ( humanity1 :i* ,c>lyle s  

vividly depicts1 f ! inane to ! inane1  
or f ,god to ,god8  ,?is is ! sph9x "q  
put to e ?9k+ man1 & on 8 answ] hangs 8 
life4 ,= accord+ to t answ]1 he w ei!r  
fl9* & turn back1 or exp5d e drop (     
blood & gra9 ( p[] 9 urg+ on ! m>*4  ,to
 ?is "q ! ,bible gives a cle> & emphatic
 answ]4 ,god creat$ man 9 8 own image1 &
 !n1 z if m5 might refuse to believe s  
a/\nd+ a /atem5t1 x is repeat$1 9 !     
image ( ,god creat$ he him4 ,:51 & by   
:at mode or process1 man 0 creat$ we are
 n told4 ,8 orig9 is cond5s$ almo/ into 
a l9e1 8 pres5t & future occupy all !   
re/ ( ! book4 ,:5ce we came is important
 only 9 s f> z x tea*es u humility & yet
 assures u t we may be ,godlike because 
we are ,8 h&iwork & *ildr51 heirs ( ,god
 & jo9t heirs ) ,*ri/ ( a heav5ly       
inh]itance4  ,n[ has ,sci5ce any answ]  
to ?is vital "q8 ,p]haps4 ,b ?is mu* is 
c]ta92 x c =etell ! future only f ! pa/4
 ,its answ] to ! "q :i!r mu/ be an      
inf]5ce f its k z to :5ce we h come4 ,! 
,bible looks ma9ly at ! pres5t & future2

 ,sci5ce mu/ at lea/ beg9 ) ! /udy ( !  
pa/4 ,! deciph]+ ( man's pa/ hi/ory is !
 great aim ( ,biology1 & ultimately (   
all ,sci5ce4 ,= ! "q ( ,man's pa/ is    
only a "p ( a great] "q1 ! orig9 ( all  
liv+ species4  ,we may say broadly t    
conc]n+ ! orig9 ( species two !ories1 & 
only two1 seem possible4 ,! fir/ !ory is
 t e species is ! result ( an act (     
imm$iate creation4 ,& e true species1   
h[ev] slightly x may diff] f its ne>e/  
relative1 repres5ts su* a creative act1 
& once creat$ is practically            
un*angeable4 ,?is is ! !ory (           
immutability ( species4 ,accord+ to !   
second !ory all high]1 probably all     
pres5t exi/+1 species are only m$iately 
! result ( a creative act4 ,! fir/ liv+ 
g]m1 :5ev] & h[ev] creat$1 0 infus$ )   
p[] to give bir? to high] species4 ,( ^!
 & _! desc5dants "s w\ld cont9ue to     
advance1 o!rs w\ld deg5]ate4 ,ea* !ory  
dem&s equally = its ultimate explanation
 a creative act2 ! second z mu* z1 if n 
m ?an1 ! fir/4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ !ory !

 creative p[] has be5 di/ribut$ ov] a   
s]ies ( acts1 accord+ to ! second !ory x
 has be5 conc5trat$ 9 "o primal         
creation4 ,! second is ! !ory ( !       
mutability ( species1 or1 9 g5]al1 (    
evolution1 b n necess>ily ( ,d>w9ism    
alone4  ,! fir/ !ory is consid]$ by _m !
 m attractive & hopeful4 ,n[ a !ory ne$ 
n be attractive1 nor at fir/ sight appe>
 hopeful1 provid$ only x is true4 ,b let
 me call y\r att5tion to c]ta9          
conclusions :i*1 z x appe>s to me1 are  
necess>ily involv$ 9 x4 ,its c5tral     
?\ght is ! practical immutability (     
species4 ,ea* "o ( ^! lives its little  
span ( "t1 = species are usually        
comp>atively %ort-liv$1 gr[s possibly a 
v little bett] or worse1 & dies4 ,its   
progress has add$ no?+ to ! total (     
life2 its deg5]ation h>m$ no "o1 h>dly  
ev5 itself2 x 0 doom$ f ! />t4 ,progress
 !re has be51 9 a s5se4 ,! ,creator has 
plac$ ev] high] =ms on ! globe4 ,b all !
 progress lies 9 ! gaps & di/ances      
betwe5 successive =ms1 n 9 any advance  

made1 or victory won1 by ! species or   
individual4 ,! mo/ aspir+ ape1 if ev]   
!re 0 su* a be+1 rema9s b an ape4 ,he   
mu/ com=t himself ) ! ?\ght t1 :ile he &
 8 desc5dants c nev] ga9 an in*1 ! gap  
betwe5 himself & ! next high] =m %all be
 f> great] ?an t betwe5 himself & ! l[e/
 monkey4  ,& if ?is has be5 ! hi/ory (  
?\s&s ( o!r species1 :y %\ld x n be true
 ( man also8 ,:o c wond] t _m :o accept 
?is !ory d\bt :e!r ! _w is gr[+ any     
bett]1 or :e!r ev5 man w ev] be high] & 
bett] ?an he n[ is8 ,w\ld x n be contr>y
 to ! :ole c\rse ( pa/ hi/ory1 if y c   
prop]ly call su* a record a hi/ory1 if  
he c\ld advance at all8 ,n[ ,i h no wi% 
to misrepres5t ?is or any hone/ly       
accept$ !ory1 b x appe>s to me          
ess5tially hopeless1 a record n ( !     
progress ( life on ! globe1 b ( a       
succession ( /agnations1 ( dea?s4 ,i c  
nev] und]/& :y "s v good & intellig5t p 
/ill ?9k t ! !ory ( ! imm$iate creation 
( ea* species does m honor to ! ,creator
 & 8 creation ?an ! !ory ( evolution4   

,evolution is a process1 n a =ce4 ,! p[]
 ( ! ,creator is equally dem&$ 9 bo?    
cases2 only x is diff]5tly di/ribut$4 ,&
 evolution is ! v highe/ pro( ( ! wisdom
 & skill ( ! ,creator4 ,x elevates our  
views ( ! liv+ be+s1 mu/ x n give a     
high] conception ( ,him :o =m$ !m8  ,!  
plant 9 its fir/ /ages %[s no trace (   
fl[]s1 b ( leaves only4 ,lat] a bran* or
 twig1 simil> 9 /ructure to all ! re/1  
%ort5s4 ,! cells & tissues :i* 9 o!r    
twigs turn into gre5 leaves "h become ! 
petals & o!r organs ( ! rose or violet4 
,let u suppose = a mom5t t e rose &     
violet requir$ a special act ( imm$iate 
creation1 w\ld ! spr+time be z wond]ful 
z n[8 ,w\ld ! rose or violet be any m   
beautiful1 or are !y any less fl[]s     
because develop$ out ( t :i* might h    
rema9$ a common bran*8 ,! plant at lea/ 
is glorifi$ by ! p[] to give rise to su*
 beauty4 ,& is n ! creation ( ! se$ ( a 
violet or rose some?+ inf9itely gr&] ?an
 ! deck+ ( a fl[]less plant ) newly     
creat$ roses8 ,! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ &  

mo/ div]sifi$ beauty & utility ) ! fewe/
 & simple/ means is always ! sign ( :at 
we call 9 man creative g5ius4 ,is n !   
same true ( ,god8 ,i ?9k y all feel !   
=ce ( ! argum5t "h4  ,!re 7 at "o "t no 
fl[]+ plants4 ,! "t came at la/ = _!    
appe>ance4 ,:i* is ! high]1 gr&] mode ( 
produc+ !m1 imm$iate creation ( e fl[]+ 
species1 or developm5t ( ! fl[] out ( ! 
gre5 leaves ( "s old club moss or simil>
 =m8 ,! latt] seems to me at lea/ by f> 
! high] mode4 ,& to h creat$ a gr\nd-p9e
 :i* c\ld give rise to a rose seems f> m
 difficult & great] ?an to h creat$ bo? 
sep>ately4 ,x requires m g5ius1 s to    
speak4 ,x gives u a f> high] op9ion ( ! 
gr\nd-p9e2 does x disgrace ! rose8 ,we c
 look dispassionately at plants4 ,! rose
 is /ill & always a rose1 & ! oak an    
oak1 :atev] its orig94 ,& ,i believe t  
we %all all readily admit t evolution is
 "h a !ory :i* does ! highe/ honor to ! 
wisdom & p[] ( ! ,creator4 ,:at if !    
animal k+dom is cont9ually blossom+ 9   
ev] high] =ms8 ,does n ! same reason+   

hold true1 only ) add$ =ce8 ,i firmly   
believe t we %\ld all unhesitat+ly      
answ]1 yes1 c\ld we b be assur$ t all m5
 w\ld ev]y:]e & always believe t we1 m51
 7 ! results ( an imm$iate creative act4
  ,b :y d we s /r5u\sly object to !     
application to ourselves ( ! !ory (     
evolution8 ,"o or two reasons are easily
 se54 ,we h all ( u a great deal (      
innate snobb]y1 we w\ld r h be5 born    
great ?an to h won greatness by ! mo/   
h]oic /ruggle4 ,b is man any less a man 
= hav+ aris5 f some?+ l[]1 & be+ 9 a    
fair way to become some?+ high]8        
,c]ta9ly n1 unless ,i am less a man =   
hav+ once be5 a baby4 ,x is only :5 ,i  
am unusually cross & irritable t ,i     
object to be+ rem9d$ ( my infancy4 ,b a 
"y *ild does n l to be rem9d$ ( x4 ,he  
is afraid t "s "o w take him = a baby   
/ill4 ,& ! snob is always desp]ately    
afraid t "s "o w fail to notice :at a   
high-born g5tleman he is4  ,n[ man c    
relapse into some?+ l[] ?an a brute2 !  
only g5u9e brute is a deg5]ate man4 ,&  

we all recognize ! /r5g? ( t5d5cies urg+
 u d[nw>d4 ,is n ?is ! (t5 unrecogniz$  
k]n ( our eag]ness = "s m>k or /amp t   
%all prove to all t we are no apes1 b   
m58 ,x is n ! pure gold t ne$s ! gu9ea  
/amp4 ,if we are m51 & z we become m51  
we %all cease to fe> ! !ory ( evolution4
 ,n[ ?is is n ! only1 or p]haps !       
greate/1 objection :i* m5 feel or speak 
aga9/ ! !ory4 ,b ,i mu/ believe t x has 
m weight ) u ?an we are will+ to admit4 
,b "s say t ! !ory ( imm$iate creation &
 immutability ( species is ! m natural &
 has always be5 accept$1 :ile ! !ory (  
evolution is new & v likely to be z     
%ort-liv$ z _m ano!r !ory :i* has = a "t
 fasc9at$ m5 only to be =gott5 or       
ridicul$4  ,b ! idea ( evolution is z   
old z ,h9du philosophy4 ,! old ,ionic   
natural philosoph]s 7 all evolutioni/s4 
,s ,ari/ophanes1 quot+ f ^! or ,hesiod  
conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ?+s1 says3 ,*aos 0 &  
,night1 & ,erebus black1 & wide ,t>t>us4
 ,no e>?1 nor air nor sky 0 yet2 :51 9 !
 va/ bosom ( ,erebus 7or *aotic d>kness7

 w+$ ,night br\ght =? fir/ ( all ! egg1 
f :i* 9 aft] revolv+ p]iods sprang ,eros
 7,love7 ! mu* desir$1 glitt]+ ) gold5  
w+s2 & ,eros aga91 9 union ) ,*aos1     
produc$ ! brood ( ! human race4 ,"h !   
=mative process is a bir?1 n a creation2
 x is evolution pure & simple4 ,accord+ 
to ! anci5t view1 says ,pr(essor ,lewis1
 ! pres5t _w 0 a gr[?2 x 0 born1 x came 
f some?+ antec$5t1 n m]ely z a cause b z
 its se$1 embryo or pr9cipium4 ,plato's 
_w 0 a 'zoon1' a liv+ ?+1 a natural     
production4  ,fur!rmore1 to ! anci5t    
writ]s ( ! ,bible ! idea ( orig9 by bir?
 f "s antec$5t =m--& ?is is ! ess5tial  
idea ( evolution--0 p]fectly natural4   
,!y speak ( ! g5]ations ( ! heav5s & !  
e>? z ( ! g5]ations ( ! patri>*s4 ,!    
fir/ book ( ! ,bible is /ill call$      
,g5esis1 ! book ( bir?s4 ,! writ] ( !   
n9etie? ,psalm says1 ,be=e ! m\nta9s 7  
born1 or ev] ?\ had/ br\ght to bir? !   
e>? & ! _w4 ,& :at satisfactory mean+ c 
y give to ! words1 ,let ! e>? br+ =?1 & 
! e>? br\ght =?1 9 imm$iate proximity to

 ! words1 & ,god made1 unless :ile !    
ultimate s\rce 0 ,god's creative p[]1 ! 
imm$iate process ( =mation 0 "o (       
evolution4  ,! ,bible is big & broad    
en\gh to include bo? ideas1 ! human m9d 
is prone to ov]e/imate ! "o or ! o!r4   
,traces1 at lea/1 ( a simil> mode (     
?\ght p]si/$ by ! ,greek ,fa!rs ( !     
,*ur*1 & disappe>$1 if ev]1 ) !         
pr$om9ance ( ,lat9 !ology4 ,to ! ori5tal
 ! idea ( evolution is natural4 ,! e>?  
is to him no in]t1 resi/ant clod2 %e    
br+s =? ( h]self4  ,b our ance/ors liv$ 
on a b>r5 soil b5ea? a =bidd+ sky4 ,!y 7
 froz5 9 w9t] & p>*$ 9 summ]4 ,nature 0 
to !m no k9d fo/]-"m1 b a cruel /epmo!r1
 tra9+ !m by /]n discipl9e to battle )  
h] & ! _w4 ,!y peopl$ ! e>? ) gnomes &  
cobolds & giants1 & _! nymphs 7 !       
,valkyre4 ,_! ,god 0 ,?or1 ( ! ?und]bolt
 & hamm]1 & :o yet liv$ 9 cont9ual dread
 ( ! ho/ile p[]s ( ,nature4 ,a ,norse   
prophet or prophetess /&+ beside ,elijah
 at ,horeb w\ld h b[$ d[n be=e !        
e>?quake or ! fire2 ! ori5tal wait$ = ! 

/ill small voice4 ,& we are heirs to a  
,lat9 !ology graft$ on to ! ,?or-wor%ip 
( our pagan ance/ors4 ,! idea ( a       
,nature produc+ b5efic5tly & k9dly at ! 
^w ( a lov+ ,god is =eign to all our    
inh]it$ modes ( ?\ght4 ,& our views ( ! 
he>t ( ,nature are ab\t z correct z ^? (
 our ance/ors 7 ( ,god4 ,a little m (   
ori5tal t5d5cies ( ?\ght w\ld h>m nei!r 
our !ology nor our life4  ,:at1 !n1 is !
 biblical idea ( ,nature8 ,god speaks to
 ! e>?1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 & !   
e>? responds by giv+ bir? to m\nta9s &  
liv+ be+s4 ,x is evid5tly no m]e        
lifeless1 in]t clod1 b pulsat+ ) life & 
responsive to ! div9e comm&s4 ,:ile yet 
a *aos x _h be5 brood$ ov] by ! ,div9e  
,_s4 ,x is l ! great :eels )9 :eels1 )  
r+s full ( eyes r\nd ab\t1 :i* ,ezekiel 
saw 9 8 vision by ! riv] ,*eb>4 ,:5 !   
liv+ creatures w5t1 ! :eels w5t by !m2 &
 :5 ! liv+ creatures 7 lift$ up f ! e>?1
 ! :eels 7 lift$ up4 ,:i!rsoev] ! _s 0  
to g1 !y w5t1 ?i!r 0 _! _s to g2 & !    
:eels 7 lift$ up ov] aga9/ !m3 = ! _s ( 

! liv+ creatures 7or ( life7 0 9 !      
:eels4 ,& above ! liv+ creatures 0 !    
firmam5t & ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,s ,nature   
may be mat]ial1 b x is mat]ial          
int]p5etrat$ by ! div9e2 if y call x a  
fabric1 ! wo( may be mat]ial b ! w>p is 
,god4 ,?is view conta9s all ! tru? (    
mat]ialism & pan!ism1 & va/ly m ?an !y1 
& x avoids _! errors & omissions4  ,to !
 old metaphysical hypo!sis ( evolution  
,mr4 ,d>w9 gave a sci5tific basis4 ,x _h
 always be5 admitt$ t species 7 capable 
( slight v>iation & t ?is div]g5ce might
 become h]$it>y & ?us p]haps give rise  
to a v>iety ( ! p>5t species4 ,b x 0    
d5i$ t ! v>iation c\ld g on increas+    
indef9itely1 x seem$ soon to rea* a     
limit & /op4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury    
,lam>ck _h attempt$ to prove t by ! use 
& disuse ( organs ?r\gh a s]ies (       
g5]ations a great div]g5ce might arise  
result+ 9 new species4 ,b ! !ory 0      
crude1 capable at be/ ( b limit$        
application1 & fell be=e ! argum5ts &   
au?ority ( ,cuvi]4 ,! times 7 n ripe =  

su* a !ory4 ,"s fifty ye>s lat]1 ,mr4   
,d>w9 call$ att5tion to ! /ruggle =     
exi/5ce z a means ( aggregat+ ^! slight 
modifications 9 a div]g5ce suffici5t to 
produce new species1 g5]a1 or families4 
,8 argum5t may be v briefly /at$ z      
foll[s3  #a4 ,!re is 9 ,nature a law (  
h]$ity2 l begets l4  #b4 ,! (fspr+ is   
nev] exactly l ! p>5t2 & ! memb]s ( !   
second g5]ation diff] m or less f "o    
ano!r4 ,?is is especially noticeable 9  
dome/icat$ plants & animals1 b no less  
true ( wild =ms4 ,if ! p>5t is n exactly
 l ! o!r memb]s ( ! species1 "s ( its   
desc5dants w inh]it its peculi>ities    
enhanc$1 o!rs dim9i%$4  #c4 ,e species  
t5ds to increase 9 geometrical          
progression4 ,b mo/ species actually    
increase 9 numb] v sl[ly1 if at all4 ,n[
 & !n "s insect or we$ escapes f its    
enemies1 comes "u favorable food        
conditions1 & multiplies ) su* rapidity 
t x ?reat5s to ravage ! c\ntry4 ,b z x  
multiplies x furni%es an abundance (    
food = ! enemies :i* dev\r x1 or ( food 

& place = ! p>asites 9 & ^u x2 & !y     
increase ) at lea/ equal rapidity4 ,h5ce
 :ile ! vangu>d increases prodigi\sly 9 
numb]s1 because x has outrun ^! enemies1
 ! re> is cont9ually slaught]$4 ,& ?us  
^! plagues seem 9 successive g5]ations  
to m>* across ! cont95t4  ,& yet ev5 !y 
give b a fa9t idea ( ! reproductive p[]s
 ( plants & animals4 ,! female fi%      
produces (t5 _m ?\s&s1 sometimes hundr$s
 ( ?\s&s ( eggs4 ,insects g5]ally f a   
hundr$ to a ?\s&4 ,ev5 birds1 sl[ly z !y
 increase1 produce 9 a lifetime probably
 at lea/ f twelve to tw5ty eggs4 ,n[ let
 u suppose t all ^! eggs develop$1 & all
 ! birds liv$ out _! normal p]iod (     
life1 & reproduc$ at ! same rate4 ,aft] 
n _m c5turies !re w\ld n be /&+ room on 
! globe = ! desc5dants ( a s+le pair4   
,aga91 ( ! "o hundr$ eggs ( an insect   
let u suppose t only sixty develop into 
! fir/ l>val1 cat]pill>1 /age4 ,( ^!    
sixty1 ! numb] ( memb]s ( ! species     
rema9+ con/ant1 only two w survive4 ,!  
o!r fifty-eight die--( />vation1        

p>asites1 or o!r enemies1 or f inclem5t 
wea!r4 ,n[ :i* two ( all %all survive8  
,^? naturally be/ able to escape _!     
enemies or to resi/ unfavorable         
influ5ces2 9 a ^w1 ^? be/ suit$ to _!   
conditions1 or1 to use ,mr4 ,d>w9's     
words1 con=m$ to _! environm5t4  ,n[ if 
any individual has v>i$ s z to possess  
"s peculi>ity :i* enables x ev5 9 slight
 degree to bett] escape its enemies or  
to resi/ unfavorable conditions1 ^? (   
its desc5dants :o inh]it mo/ m>k$ly ?is 
peculi> quality or v>iation w be ! mo/  
likely to escape1 ^? )\t x to p]i%4 ,if 
a =m v>ies unfavorably1 becomes =       
in/ance m conspicu\s to its enemies1 x w
 almo/ c]ta9ly p]i%4 ,?us favorable     
v>iations t5d to increase & become m    
m>k$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4  ,n[ x has 
always be5 kn[n t bre$]s c\ld produce a 
race ( m>k$ly peculi> =m or *>act]i/ics 
by select+ ! individuals possess+ ?is   
quality 9 ! highe/ degree & bre$+ only f
 ^!4 ,! bre$] dep5ds ^u h]$ity1         
v>iation1 & 8 selection ( ! individuals 

f :i* to bre$4 ,simil>ly 9 nature new   
species h aris5 ?r\gh h]$ity1 v>iation1 
& a selection accord+ to ! laws ( nature
 ( ^? v>y+ 9 con=mity ) _! environm5t4  
,& ?is ,mr4 ,d>w9 call$ natural1 9      
contra/ ) ! bre$]'s artificial1         
selection1 aris+ f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 
& result+ 9 :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] has call$ ! 
survival ( ! fitte/4  ,let u take a s+le
 illu/ration4 ,_m ( ! species ( beetles 
on oceanic isl&s h v rudim5t>y w+s1 or  
none at all1 & yet _! ne>e/ relatives   
are w+$ =ms on "s neighbor+ cont95t4    
,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld expla9 ! orig9 ( ^!     
evid5tly di/9ct w+less species z foll[s3
 ,!y are desc5d$ f w+$ ance/ors bl[n or 
o!rwise transport$ ?i!r f ! neighbor+   
cont95t4 ,b beetles are sl[ & clumsy    
fli]s1 & on ^! w9d-swept isl&s ^? :i*   
flew mo/ w\ld be bl[n out to sea &      
dr[n$4 ,^? :i* flew ! lea/1 & ^! w\ld   
include ! individuals ) m poorly        
develop$ w+s1 w\ld survive4 ,!re w\ld   
?us be a survival 9 e g5]ation ( a l>g] 
proportion ( ^? hav+ ! poore/ w+s1 &    

de/ruction ( ^? ^: w+s 7 /rong1 or ^:   
habits mo/ active4 ,we h "h a natural   
selection :i* mu/ 9 "t produce a species
 ) rudim5t>y or abort$ w+s1 j z surely z
 a human bre$]1 by artificial selection 
c produce su* an animal z a pug or a    
poodle4 ,^!1 l s91 are a human device2  
nature %\ld n be held responsible = !m4 
,b y may urge t ! v>iation :i* w\ld take
 place 9 a s+le g5]ation w\ld be1 z a   
rule1 too slight to be ( any practical  
value to ! animal1 & c\ld n be fo/]$ by 
natural selection until greatly enhanc$ 
by "s o!r means4 ,let u ?9k a mom5t4 ,if
 t5 ord9>y m5 run 9 a foot-race1 ! two  
=emo/ may lead by sev]al feet4 ,b if !  
numb] ( runn]s be cont9ually increas$ ! 
f9i% w be ev] clos] until f9ally b an   
atom m w9d or muscle or pluck w\ld make 
all ! diff]5ce betwe5 w9n+ & los+ !     
prize4  ,simil>ly ! million or m "y (   
any species ( insect 9 a giv5 area may  
be said to run a race ( :i* ! prize is  
life1 & ! los+ ( :i* means lit]ally     
dea?4 ,! competition is inconceivably   

sev]e4 ,h[ indef9itely slight w be !    
diff]5ce betwe5 ! poore/ ( ! #b1jjj or  
#bj1jjj survivors & ! be/ ( ! m ?an     
#ijj1jjj :i* p]i%4 ,! v slighte/        
favorable v>iation may make all !       
diff]5ce betwe5 life & sure dea?4 ,& yet
 ^! indef9itely slight v>iations cont9u$
 & aggregat$ ?r\gh ages w\ld foot up an 
imm5se total div]g5ce4 ,! *alk cliffs ( 
,engl& h be5 built up ( microscopic     
%ells4  ,i h tri$ to give y v briefly a 
sket* ( ! ess5tial po9ts ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's 
!ory ( evolution4 ,b y %\ld all read t  
m>vel ( pati5ce1 indu/ry1 cle> insight1 
close reason+1 & gr& hone/y1 ! ,orig9 ( 
,species4 ,i h no "t to give ! argum5ts 
9 its favor or to attempt to meet !     
objections :i* may arise 9 y\r m9ds4 ,i 
ask y to believe only ?is mu*2 t ! !ory 
is accept$ ) practical unanimity by     
sci5tific m5 because x1 & x alone1      
furni%es an explanation = ! facts :i* !y
 discov] 9 _! daily "w4 ,& ?is is !     
/ronge/ pro( ( ! tru? ( any accept$     
!ory4  ,inasmu* z x is accept$ by all   

sci5ti/s & l>gely by ! public1 x is     
c]ta9ly wor? y\r :ile to "k :e!r x has  
any be>+ on ! great moral & religi\s    
que/ions :i* y are consid]+4 ,& 9 ^!    
lectures ,i %all take = grant$1 :at "s  
sci5ti/s /ill d\bt1 t man also is a     
product ( evolution4 ,= ! weight (      
evid5ce 9 favor ( ?is view is con/antly 
increas+1 & seems already to /rongly    
prepond]ate4 ,also ,i wi% 9 ^! lectures 
to grant all t ! mo/ ard5t evolutioni/ c
 possibly claim4 ,n t ,i w\ld l[] man's 
position1 b ,i h a cont9ually increas+  
respect = ! s-call$ l[] animals4  ,n[ if
 ! !ory ( evolution be true1 & really   
only on ?is condition1 life has _h a    
hi/ory2 & human hi/ory began ages be=e  
man's actual appe>ance on ! globe1 j z  
,am]ican hi/ory began to be fa%ion$ by  
,anglo-,saxons1 ,danes1 & ,normans be=e 
!y set foot ev5 9 ,engl&4 ,we /udy      
hi/ory ma9ly to d$uce its laws2 & t kn[+
 !m we may f ! pa/ =eca/ ! future1      
prep>e = its em]g5cies1 & avoid or      
wisely meet1 its dang]s4 ,& we rely on  

^! laws ( hi/ory because !y are !       
embodim5t ( ages ( human exp]i5ce4      
,:atev] be our sy/em ( philosophy we all
 practically rely on pa/ exp]i5ce &     
obs]vation4 ,fire burns & wat] dr[ns4   
,?is we "k1 & ?is k gov]ns our daily    
lives1 :atev] be our !ories1 or ev5 our 
ignorance1 ( ! laws ( heat &            
respiration4 ,n[ human hi/ory is !      
embodim5t ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! race2 & we   
/udy x 9 ! full confid5ce t1 if we c    
d$uce its laws1 we c rely on racial     
exp]i5ce c]ta9ly z safely z on t ( !    
individual4 ,fur!rmore1 if we c discov] 
c]ta9 great movem5ts or curr5ts ( human 
action or progress mov+ /eadily on ?r\gh
 pa/ c5turies1 we h full confid5ce t ^! 
movem5ts w cont9ue 9 ! future4 ,! /udy (
 hi/ory %\ld make u se]s4  ,b ! l9e (   
human progress is l a m\nta9 road1 ve]+ 
& twi/+1 & (t5 appe>+ to turn back ^u   
itself1 & hav+ _m by-roads1 :i* lead u  
a/ray4 ,if we "k b a few miles ( x we _c
 tell :e!r x leads nor? or s\? or due   
we/4 ,b if f any m\nta9-top we c ga9 a  

cle> bird's-eye view ( its :ole c\rse1  
we easily di/+ui% ! ma9 road1 its turns 
become q insignificant1 we see t x leads
 z directly z any eng9e]+ skill c\ld    
locate x ?r\gh ! m\nta9s to ! f]tile    
pla9s & ri* h>ve/s beyond4  ,n[ our k ( 
! hi/ory ( man cov]s s brief a p]iod t  
we c sc>cely m ?an haz>d a guess z to ! 
tr5d ( human progress4 ,_m ( ! mo/      
promis+ social movem5ts are l by-roads  
:i*1 at fir/ less /eep & difficult1 end 
soon] or lat] aga9/ impassable ob/acles4
 ,& ev5 if !re be a ma9 l9e ( m>*1      
advance seems to alt]nate ) retreat1    
progress ) retrogression4 ,to illu/rate 
fur!r1 ! great waves ru% onw>d only to  
fall back aga91 & we c h>dly tell :e!r !
 tide is fl[+ or ebb+4  ,yet already    
c]ta9 t5d5cies appe> fairly cle>4       
,gov]nm5ts t5d to become democratic1 if 
we def9e democracy z any =m ( gov]nm5t 9
 :i* ! w ( ! p f9ds sov]eign expression4
 ,! t5d5cy ( society seems to be t[>d   
furni%+ all its memb]s equality (       
opportunity to make ! mo/ ( _! natural  

end[m5ts4 ,b if we are conv9c$ t ^!     
/atem5ts express ev5 vaguely ! t5d5cy ( 
human developm5t 9 all its pa/ hi/ory1  
we are confid5t t ^! t5d5cies w cont9ue 
9 ! future = a p]iod some:at            
proportional to _! "t ( gr[? 9 ! pa/4   
,if we are wise1 we try to make our own 
lives & actions1 & ^? ( our fell[s1     
con=m to & advance !m4 ,o!rwise our     
lives w be ?r[n away4  ,b if ! !ory (   
evolution be true1 human hi/ory is only 
! la/ page ( ! "o hi/ory ( all life4 ,if
 we are to ga9 any adequate1 true1      
ext5sive view ( human progress1 we mu/  
read m ?an ?is4 ,we mu/ take into acc\nt
 ! hi/ory ( man :5 he 0 n yet man4 ,& if
 we believe 9 ! future cont9uance (     
t5d5cies ( a few c5turies' gr[?1 we %all
 re/ assur$ ( ! p]man5ce ( t5d5cies :i* 
h gr[n & /r5g!n$ ?r\gh ! ages4  ,our    
confid5ce 9 ! results ( hi/orical /udy  
is !re=e proportion$ to ! ext5t &       
?or\ghness ( ! exp]i5ce :i* !y record1 &
 to ! "t dur+ :i* ^! laws c be prov5 to 
h held good4 ,if ,i c make x ev5 fairly 

probable t ^! laws1 on ob$i5ce to :i*   
human progress & success seem to dep5d1 
are m]ely quot$ f a gr&] code applicable
 to all life 9 all times1 y\r confid5ce 
9 !m w be ev5 great]4 ,i tru/ ,i c prove
 to y t ! animal k+dom has n drift$     
aimlessly at ! m]cy ( e w9d & tide &    
curr5t ( circum/ance4 ,i hope to %[ t   
along "o l9e x has f ! beg9n+ ?r\gh !   
ages held a /eady c\rse /raight onw>d1 &
 t deviation f ?is c\rse has always l$  
to failure or deg5]ation4 ,f s va/ a    
hi/ory we may hope to d$uce "s ( ! great
 laws ( true success 9 life4 ,fur!rmore1
 if along ?is c5tral l9e1 at ! head (   
:i* man /&s1 !re always has be5         
progress1 we _c d\bt t future progress w
 be z c]ta91 & p]haps f> m rapid4 ,9 all
 ! /ruggle ( life we %all h ! sure hope 
( success & victory2 if n = ourselves   
/ill = ^? :o %all come aft] u4 ,we are  
sav$ by hope4 ,& we may be confid5t t   
?is hope w nev] make u a%am$4  ,f9ally1 
ev5 f our pres5t k ( ! pa/ progress (   
life we %all hope to cat* h9ts at lea/ t

 man's only pa? to 8 de/9$ goal is !    
/raight & n>r[ road po9t$ out 9 !       
,bible4 ,if 9 ?is we are ev5 fairly     
successful we %all f9d a relation & bond
 betwe5 ! ,bible & ,sci5ce wor?y ( all  
consid]ation4 ,& ?is is ! only agreem5t 
:i* c ev] satisfy u4  ,if ,i wi%$ to br+
 be=e y a view ( ! developm5t ( man1 ,i 
%\ld be/ *oose individuals or families f
 v>i\s p]iods ( human hi/ory f ! e>lie/ 
times d[n to ! pres5t4 ,i %\ld try to   
tell y h[ !y look$ & liv$4 ,b if anyone 
%\ld attempt to cond5se into ?ree       
lectures su* a hi/ory ( ev5 "o l9e ( !  
human race1 y w\ld probably ?9k him     
insane4 ,ev5 if he succe$$ 9 giv+ a     
fairly cle> view ( ! diff]5t /ages1 !   
successive /ages w\ld be s remote f "o  
ano!r1 su* va/ *anges w\ld necess>ily   
rema9 unnotic$ or unexpla9$ t y w\ld    
h>dly believe t !y c\ld h any g5etic    
relation or belong to "o developm5tal   
s]ies4  ,b ! hi/ory :i* ,i mu/ attempt  
to cond5se = y is measur$ by ages1 & !  
successive t]ms ( ! s]ies w be          

indef9itely m remote f ea* o!r ?an !    
life & ?\ghts ( ,l9coln or ,wa%+ton f ^?
 ( our mo/ primitive ,aryan ance/or or (
 ! rude/ savage ( ! ,/one ,age4 ,! s]ies
 mu/ appe> exce$+ly disconnect$4 ,sy/ems
 ( organs w app>5tly spr+ sudd5ly into  
exi/5ce1 & we %all h no "t to trace _!  
orig9 or e>li] developm5t4 ,ev5 if we _h
 an abundance ( "t _m gaps w\ld /ill    
rema92 = ! =ms1 :i* accord+ to our !ory 
mu/ h occupi$ _! place1 h long s9ce     
disappe>$ & left no trace nor sign4 ,we 
h g5]ally no conception at all ( ! am\nt
 ( ext]m9ation & deg5]ation :i* h tak5  
place 9 pa/ ages4  ,i grant frankly t ,i
 d n believe t ! =ms :i* ,i h select$   
repres5t exactly ! ance/ors ( man4 ,!y h
 all be5 m or less modifi$4 ,i claim    
only t 9 ! balance & relative developm5t
 ( _! organic sy/ems--muscul>1 dige/ive1
 n]v\s1 etc4--!y give u a v fair idea ( 
:at our ance/or at ea* /age mu/ h be54  
,b x is on ?is balance & relative       
developm5t ( ! diff]5t sy/ems1 t is1    
:e!r an animal is m reproductive1       

dige/ive1 or n]v\s1 t my argum5t w 9 !  
ma9 be bas$4  ,b if ! old] ance/ors h s 
g5]ally disappe>$1 & _! surviv+         
relatives h be5 s greatly modifi$1 h[ c 
we make ev5 a %rewd guess at ! ance/ry (
 high] =ms8 ,! g5ealogy ( ! animal k+dom
 has be5 really ! /udy ( c5turies1      
al?\gh ! e>li] zologi/s did n "k t ?is 0
 to be ! result ( _! labors4 ,! fir/ "w 
( ! naturali/ 0 necess>ily to classify !
 plants & animals :i* he f\nd1 &        
catalogue & tabulate !m s t !y might be 
easily recogniz$1 & t lat] discov]$ =ms 
might readily f9d a place 9 ! sy/em4    
,hypo!ses & !ories 7 look$ ^u )         
suspicion4 ,ev5 ,l9nu1 says ,romanes1 0 
express 9 8 limitations ( true sci5tific
 "w 9 natural hi/ory to ! collect+ &    
arrang+ ( species ( plants & animals4 ,!
 "q1 ,:at is x8 came fir/2 !n1 ,h[ did x
 come to be :at x is8 ,we are j awak5+  
to ! "q1 ,:y ?is progressive sy/em (    
=ms1 & :at does x all mean8  ,let u     
exp]im5t a little 9 =m+ our own         
classification ( a few v]tebrates4 ,we  

see a bat fly+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,we mi/ake x
 = a bird4 ,b a glance at x %[s t x is a
 mammal4 ,x is cov]$ ) hair4 ,x has =e &
 h9d legs4 ,its w+s are membranes /ret*$
 betwe5 ! f+]s & along ! sides ( ! body4
 ,x has tee?4 ,x suckles its "y4 ,9 all 
^! respects x diff]s f birds4 ,x diff]s 
f mammals only 9 its w+s4 ,b we rememb] 
t fly+ squirrels h a membrane /ret*+    
along ! sides ( ! body & s]v+ z a       
p>a*ute1 ?\gh n z w+s4 ,we naturally    
consid] ! w+s z a sort ( aft]-?\ght     
sup]9duc$ on ! mammalian /ructure4 ,we d
 n hesitate to call x a mammal4  ,! :ale
 makes u m tr\ble2 x c]ta9ly looks      
rem>kably l a fi%4 ,b ! f9 ( its tail is
 horizontal1 n v]tical4 ,its front      
flipp]s diff] altoge!r f ! correspond+  
f9s ( fi%2 _! bones are ! same z ^?     
occurr+ 9 ! =elegs ( mammals1 only %ort]
 & m cr[d$ toge!r4 ,lat] we f9d t x has 
lungs1 & a he>t ) f\r *amb]s in/ead (   
only two1 z 9 fi%4 ,! v]tebr ( its      
backbone are n biconcave1 b flat 9 front
 & beh9d4 ,&1 f9ally1 we discov] t x    

suckles its "y4 ,x1 too1 is 9 all its   
deep-seat$ *>act]i/ics a mammal4 ,x is  
fi%-l only 9 *>act]i/ics :i* x might    
easily h acquir$ 9 adaptation to its    
aquatic life4 ,& !re are o!r aquatic    
mammals1 l ! seals1 9 :i* ^! *>act]i/ics
 are mu* less m>k$4 ,_! adaptation has  
evid5tly n gone s f>4  ,n[ ! fir/       
attempts result$ 9 artificial           
classifications1 mu* l our gr\p+ ( bats 
) birds & :ales ) fi%4 ,all animals1 l  
coral animals & />fi%es1 ^: simil> p>ts 
7 arrang$ 9 l9es radiat+ f a c5tre1 7   
unit$ z radiates1 h[ev] mu* !y might    
diff] 9 int]nal /ructure & grade (      
organization4 ,b ?is radiate /ructure   
prov$ aga9 to be l>gely a matt] (       
adaptation4  ,practically all animals   
hav+ a heavy calc>e\s %ell 7 gr\p$ ) !  
snails & oy/]s z mollusks4 ,b ! b>nacle 
did n fit well ) o!r mollusks4 ,its %ell
 0 entirely diff]5t4 ,x _h sev]al pairs 
( legs2 & no mollusk has legs4 ,!       
b>nacle is evid5tly a sessile crab or   
bett] cru/acean4 ,its molluscan         

*>act]i/ics 7 only sk9-deep1 evid5tly an
 adaptation to a mode ( life l t (      
mollusks4 ,! old artificial sy/ems 7    
bas$ too mu* on m]ely ext]nal           
*>act]i/ics1 ! results ( adaptation4 ,:5
 ! int]nal anatomy _h be5 ?or\ghly /udi$
 _! gr\ps _h to be re>rang$4  ,reptiles 
& amphibia 7 at fir/ unit$ 9 "o class   
because ( _! resemblance 9 ext]nal =m4  
,our common salam&]s look s mu* l liz>ds
 t !y g5]ally pass by ?is "n4 ,b ! "y   
salam&]1 l all amphibia1 brea!s by      
gills1 its skeleton diff]s greatly f1 & 
is f> weak] ?an1 t ( ! liz>d1 & !re are 
important diff]5ces 9 ! circulatory &   
o!r sy/ems4 ,moreov]1 practically all   
amphibia diff] f all reptiles 9 ^!      
respects4 ,evid5tly ! fact t ! alligator
 & _m snakes & turtles 7( :i* nei!r ! "y
 nor ! embryos ev] brea! by gills7 live 
almo/ entirely 9 ! wat]1 is no bett]    
reason = classify+ ^! ) amphibia ?an to 
call a :ale a fi%1 & n a mammal1 because
 ( its =m & aquatic life4  ,:5 !        
comp>ative anatomy ( fi%1 amphibia1 &   

reptiles _h be5 c>efully /udi$ x 0      
evid5t t ! amphibia /ood f> ne>] ! fi% 9
 g5]al /ructure1 :ile ! high] reptiles  
closely approa*$ birds4 ,!n x 0 notic$ t
 our common fi% =m$ a fairly well-def9$ 
gr\p1 b t ! ganoids1 includ+ ! /urgeons1
 g>-pikes1 & "s o!rs1 _h at lea/ traces 
( amphibian *>act]i/ics4 ,su* g5]aliz$  
=ms1 ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ! class less     
%>ply m>k$1 7 usually by common cons5t  
plac$ at ! bottom ( ! class4 ,& ?is     
suit$ well _! g5]al /ructure1 :ile 9    
p>ticul> *>act]i/ics !y 7 (t5 m highly  
organiz$ ?an high] gr\ps ( ! same class4
  ,! palontologi/ f\nd t ! olde/ fossil 
=ms belong$ to ^! g5]aliz$ gr\ps1 & t m 
highly specializ$ =ms--t is1 ^? 9 :i* ! 
special class di/9ctions 7 m %>ply &    
univ]sally m>k$--7 ( lat] geological    
orig94 ,?us ! olde/ fi% 7 mo/ l our     
pres5t ganoids & %>ks1 ?\gh diff]+ mu* f
 bo?4 ,our common teleo/ fi%1 l p]* &   
cod1 appe>$ mu* lat]4 ,! olde/ bird1 !  
ar*opt]yx1 _h a long tail l t ( a liz>d1
 & tee?2 & ?us /ood 9 _m respects almo/ 

midway betwe5 birds & reptiles4 ,& mo/ (
 ! e>lie/ =ms 7 compreh5sive1 unit+ !   
*>act]i/ics ( two or m lat] gr\ps4 ,?us 
z ! classification became m natural1    
bas$ on a c>eful comp>ison ( ! :ole     
anatomy ( ! animals1 its ord] 0 f\nd to 
co9cide 9 g5]al ) t ( geological        
succession4  ,!n ! zologi/ began to ask 
& inve/igate h[ ! animal grew 9 ! egg & 
atta9$ its def9ite =m4 ,& ?is /udy (    
embryology br\ght to light _m new &     
int]e/+ facts4 ,agassiz especially      
emphasiz$ & ma9ta9$ ! univ]sality ( !   
fact t !re 0 a rem>kable p>allelism     
betwe5 embryos ( lat] =ms & adults ( old
 or fossil gr\ps4 ,! embryos ( high]    
=ms1 he said1 pass ?r\gh & beyond c]ta9 
/ages ( /ructure1 :i* are p]man5t 9 l[] 
& old] memb]s ( ! same gr\p4  ,y rememb]
 t ! f9 on ! tail ( a fi% is z a rule   
bilob$4 ,n[ ! backbone ( a p]* or cod   
ends at a po9t 9 ! end ( ! tail opposite
 ! angle betwe5 ! two lobes1 )\t ext5d+ 
out into ei!r ( !m4 ,9 ! %>k x ext5ds   
almo/ to ! end ( ! upp] lobe4 ,n[ we h  

se5 t %>ks & ganoids are old] ?an cod4  
,9 ! embryo ( ! cod or p]* ! backbone   
has1 at an e>ly /age1 ! same position z 
9 ! %>k or ganoid2 only at a lat] /age  
does x atta9 its def9ite position4  ,s  
,agassiz says ! "y lepido/eus 7a ganoid 
fi%71 long aft] x is hat*$1 exhibits 9 !
 =m ( its tail *>act]s ?us f> kn[n only 
among ! fossil fi%es ( ! ,devonian      
p]iod4 ,! embryology ( turtles ?r[s     
light ^u ! fossil *elonians4 ,x is      
already kn[n t ! embryonic *anges (     
frogs & toads co9cide ) :at is kn[n ( _!
 succession 9 pa/ ages4 ,! *>act]i/ics (
 ext9ct g5]a ( mammals exhibit ev]y:]e  
indications t _! liv+ repres5tatives 9  
e>ly life resemble !m m ?an !y d _! own 
p>5ts4 ,a m9ute comp>ison ( a "y        
elephant ) any ma/odon w %[ ?is mo/     
fully1 n only 9 ! peculi>ities ( _!     
tee?1 b ev5 9 ! proportion ( _! limbs1  
_! toes1 etc4 ,x may !re=e be consid]$ z
 a g5]al fact t ! phases ( developm5t ( 
all liv+ animals correspond to ! ord] ( 
succession ( _! ext9ct repres5tatives 9 

pa/ geological times4 ,! above /atem5ts 
are quot$ almo/ ^w = ^w f ,pr(essor     
,agassiz's ,essay on ,classification4 ,!
 l>v ( b>nacles & o!r m degrad$ p>asitic
 cru/acea are almo/ exactly l ^? (      
,cru/acea 9 g5]al4 ,! embryos ( birds h 
a long tail conta9+ almo/ or q z _m     
v]tebr z t ( ar*opt]yx4 ,b mo/ ( ^! nev]
 rea* _! full developm5t b are absorb$  
into ! pelvis1 or into ! pl\gh%>e bone  
support+ ! tail fea!rs4 ,?us old] =ms   
may be said to h reta9$ ?r\gh\t life a  
condition only embryonic 9 _! high]     
relatives4 ,& ! natural classification  
gave ! ord] n only ( geological         
succession b also ( /ages ( embryonic   
developm5t4 ,?us ! sy/em (              
classification improv$ cont9ually1      
al?\gh m & m int]m$iate =ms1 l          
ar*opt]yx1 7 discov]$1 & c]ta9 ab]rant  
gr\ps c\ld f9d no p]man5t re/+-place4   
,b :y %\ld ! g5]aliz$ compreh5sive =ms  
/& at ! bottom r ?an ! top ( ! sy/ematic
 arrangem5t ( _! classes8 ,:y %\ld !    
sy/em ( classification co9cide ) ! ord] 

( geologic occurr5ce1 & ?is ) ! s]ies ( 
embryonic /ages8 ,above all1 :y %\ld !  
embryos ( bird & p]* =m _! tails by su* 
a r\ndab\t me?od8 ,:y %\ld ! embryo ( ! 
bird h ! tail ( a liz>d8 ,no "o c\ld    
give any satisfactory explanation1      
al?\gh ! facts 7 und\bt$4  ,mr4 ,d>w9's 
!ory 0 ! "o impulse ne$$ to cry/allize  
^! disconnect$ facts into "o            
compreh5sible :ole4 ,! connect+ l9k 0   
ev]y:]e common desc5t1 diff]5ce 0 due to
 ! cont9ual v>iation & div]g5ce ( _!    
ance/ors4 ,! classification1 :i* all 7  
seek+1 0 really ! ance/ral tree ( !     
animal k+dom4 ,=ms m g5]aliz$ %\ld be   
plac$ l[] d[n on ! ance/ral tree1 & mu/ 
h _h an e>li] geological occurr5ce      
because !y repres5t$ m ne>ly ! ance/ors 
( ! high]4 ,b ?is expla9s also ! facts (
 embryonic developm5t4  ,accord+ to ,mr4
 ,d>w9's !ory all ! species ( high]     
animals h develop$ f unicellul>         
ance/ors4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t all     
high] =ms />t 9 life z s+le cells1 egg &
 sp]matozoon4 ,& ^!1 fus$ 9 ! process ( 

f]tilization1 =m /ill a s+le cell4 ,& :5
 ?is s+le cell proce$s ?r\gh successive 
embryonic /ages to develop into an adult
 individual x naturally1 ?r\gh =ce (    
h]$it>y habit1 s to speak1 treads ! same
 pa? :i* its ance/ors foll[$ f !        
unicellul> condition to _! pres5t po9t (
 developm5t4 ,?us high] =ms %\ld be     
expect$ to %[ traces ( _! e>ly ance/ry 9
 _! embryonic life4 ,old] & l[] adult   
=ms %\ld repres5t p]si/5t embryonic     
/ages ( high]4 ,x c\ld n well be        
o!rwise4  ,b ! pa? :i* ! embryo has to  
foll[ f ! egg to ! adult =m is          
cont9ually l5g!n+ z life advances ev]   
high]4 ,f egg to sponge is1 comp>atively
 speak+1 b a /ep2 x is a long m>* f !   
egg to ! e>?worm2 & ! v]tebrate embryo  
makes a va/ j\rney4 ,b embryonic life is
 & mu/ rema9 %ort4 ,h5ce 9 high] =ms !  
ance/ral /ages w (t5 be slurr$ ov] & v  
incompletely repres5t$4 ,& ! embryo may1
 & (t5 does1 %ort5 ! pa? by %ort-cuts   
impossible to its orig9al ance/or4 ,/ill
 x w 9 g5]al hold true1 & may be        

recogniz$ z a law ( va/ importance1 t   
any individual dur+ 8 embryonic life    
repeats v briefly ! diff]5t /ages ?r\gh 
:i* 8 ance/ors h pass$ 9 _! developm5t  
s9ce ! beg9n+ ( life4 ,or1 briefly /at$1
 ontog5esis1 or ! embryonic developm5t (
 ! individual1 is a brief recapitulation
 ( phylog5esis1 or ! ance/ral developm5t
 ( ! phylum or gr\p4  ,! illu/ration &  
pro( ( ?is law is ! "w ( ! embryologi/4 
,we h "t to draw only "o or two         
illu/rations f ! embryonic developm5t ( 
birds4 ,we h already se5 t ! embryonic  
bird has ! long tail ( 8 reptilian      
ance/or4 ,9 e>ly embryonic life x has   
gill-slits lead+ f ! ph>ynx to ! outside
 ( ! neck l ^? ?r\gh :i* ! wat] passes 9
 ! respiration ( fi%4 ,! ,eu/a*ian tube 
& ! canal ( ! ext]nal e> ( man1 sep>at$ 
only by ! drum1 are no?+ b su* an old   
p]si/5t gill-slit4 ,no gills ev] develop
 9 ^!1 b ! great art]ies run to !m1 &   
inde$ to all p>ts ( ! embryo1 on almo/  
precisely ! same g5]al plan z 9 ! adult 
fi%4 ,only lat] is ! def9ite avian      

circulation gradually acquir$4  ,?is law
 is ev5 m /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 !         
embryonic developm5t ( ! v]tebral column
 & skull1 if we _h "t to trace _!       
developm5t4 ,& ! developm5t ( !         
excretory sy/em po9ts to an ance/or f> m
 primitive ?an ev5 ! fi%4 ,our embryonic
 developm5t is "o ( ! v /ronge/ evid5ces
 ( our l[ly orig94  ,?us we h ?ree      
s\rces ( in=mation = ! /udy ( animal    
g5ealogy4 ,fir/1 ! comp>ative anatomy ( 
all ! diff]5t gr\ps ( animals2 second1  
_! comp>ative embryology2 & ?ird1 _!    
palontological hi/ory4 ,ea* s\rce has   
its difficulties or defects4 ,b tak5 all
 toge!r !y give u a g5ealogical tree :i*
 is 9 ! ma9 po9ts correct1 ?\gh "h & !re
 v defective & d\btful 9 detail4 ,!     
po9ts 9 :i* we are left mo/ 9 d\bt 9    
reg>d to ea* ance/or are its modes (    
life & locomotion1 & body =m4 ,b ^! may 
tempor>ily v>y consid]ably )\t affect+  
to any great ext5t ! g5]al plan (       
/ructure & ! l9e ( developm5t ( ! mo/   
important deep-seat$ organs4  ,i h *os5 

a l9e compos$ ( =ms tak5 f ! comp>ative 
anatomical s]ies4 ,all su* pres5t exi/+ 
=ms h probably be5 modifi$ dur+ ! lapse 
( ages4 ,b ,i %all try to tell y :5 !y h
 div]g$ noticeably f ! /ructure ( !     
primitive ance/or ( ! correspond+ /age4 
,x is mu* saf] = u to /udy concrete1    
actual =ms ?an imag9>y ones1 h[ev] real 
may h be5 ! =m] exi/5ce ( ! latt]4 ,&1  
aft] all1 _! lat]al div]g5ce is ( small 
acc\nt comp>$ ) ! great upw>d & onw>d   
m>* ( life1 to ! "r & left ( :i* !y h   
rema9$ /ation>y or retrograd$ some:at1 l
 ! tribes :i* rema9$ on ! o!r side (    
,jordan & nev] ent]$ ! ,promis$ ,l&4    
,to recapitulate3 ,our "q is ! ,:5ce & !
 ,:i!r ( man4 ,to ?is "q ! ,bible gives 
a cle> & def9ite answ]4 ,c ,sci5ce also 
give an answ]1 & is ?is 9 ! ma9 9 accord
 ) ! answ] ( ,scripture8 ,sci5ce c answ]
 ! "q only by ! hi/orical me?od ( trac+ 
! hi/ory ( life 9 ! pa/ & obs]v+ ! goal 
t[>d :i* x t5ds4 ,if ! evolution !ory be
 true1 ! record ( human a*ievem5t &     
progress =ms only "o %ort *apt] 9 !     

hi/ory ( ! ages4 ,if f ! records ( man's
 little span ( life on ! globe we c     
d$uce laws ( hi/ory on ^: tru? we c     
rely1 ) h[ mu* great] confid5ce &       
c]ta9ty may we rely on laws :i* h gov]n$
 all life s9ce its e>lie/               
appe>ance8--always provid$ t su* c be   
f\nd4  ,our fir/ ef=t mu/ !re=e be to   
trace ! great l9e ( developm5t ?r\gh a  
few ( its mo/ *>act]i/ic /ages f !      
simple/ liv+ be+s up to man4 ,?is w be  
our "w 9 ! ?ree succe$+ lectures4 ,& to 
^! ,i mu/ ask y to br+ a l>ge /ore (    
pati5ce4 ,anatomical details are at be/ 
dry & un9t]e/+4 ,b ^! dry facts (       
anatomy =m ! f\ndation on :i* all our   
argum5ts & hopes mu/ re/4  ,b if y w ?9k
 long & c>efully ev5 ( anatomical facts1
 y w see 9 & beh9d !m some?+ m & gr&]   
?an !y4 ,y w cat* glimpses ( ! div9ity (
 ,nature4 ,mo/ ( u travel ?reescore ye>s
 & t5 /one-bl9d 9 a _w ( m>vell\s       
beauty4 ,:y does ! arti/ see s mu* m 9 e
 f5ce-corn] & on e hill-side ?an we1 set
 face to face ) ! gr&e/ l&scapes8       

,prim>ily1 ,i believe1 because he is    
sympa!tic1 & looks on ,nature z a       
comrade z ne> & de> z any human si/] &  
companion4 ,z ,pr(essor ,huxley has     
said1 !y get on r>ely toge!r4 ,%e speaks
 to ! arti/2 to u %e is dumb1 & ought to
 be1 = we are boori%ly c>eless ( h] & h]
 tea*+s4  ,nature1 to be kn[n1 mu/ be   
lov$4 ,& ?\gh y h all ! k ( a von       
,humboldt1 & d n love h]1 y w nev]      
und]/& h] or h] tea*+s4 ,y w g ?r\gh    
life ) h]1 & yet p>t$ f h] z by an      
adamant9e wall4  ,i d n suppose t !     
au?or ( ! book ( ,job _h ev] /udi$      
geology1 or m9]alogy1 or biology1 b read
 him1 & see :e!r ?is old pr9ce (        
sci5tific h]oes _h lov$1 & und]/ood1 &  
caught ! _s ( ,nature4 ,& :at a gr&1    
free _s x 01 & :at a giant x made ( him4
 ,i d n believe t ,paul ev] _h a special
 c\rse ( anatomy or botany4 ,b if he _h 
n pond]$ long & lov+ly on ! /ructure ( 8
 body1 & ! g]m9ation ( ! se$1 he nev]   
c\ld h writt5 ! twelf? & fifte5? *apt]s 
( ! fir/ lett] to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,& "t   

fails to speak ( ,david & all ! writ]s (
 ! ,psalms1 & ( ^? h]oic s\ls misnam$ ! 
,m9or ,prophets4  ,/udy ! tea*+s ( our  
,"l4 ,h[ he mu/ h consid]$ ! lilies ( ! 
field1 & t su* a t9y se$ z t ( ! mu/>d  
c\ld h produc$ s great an h]b1 & notic$ 
& ?\ght on ! ?orns & ! t>es & ! :eat1 & 
wat*$ ! sp>r[s1 & pond]$ & wond]$ h[ !  
birds 7 f$4 ,all 8 tea*+ 0 drawn f      
,nature4 ,& all ! /udy 9 ! _w c\ld nev] 
h taught him :at he knew1 if x _h n be5 
a lov+ & appreciative /udy4  ,!re is "o 
/range & int]e/+ passage 9 ,john's      
,gospel1 xv4 #a3 ,i am ! true v9e4 ,my  
fa!r us$ to tell u t ! ,greek ^w ,greek3
 al?91 r5d]$ true1 is usually employ$ ( 
! g5u9e 9 di/9ction f ! c\nt]feit1 !    
reality 9 di/9ction f ! %ad[ & image4   
,is n ?is p]haps ! clew to our ,"l's use
 ( natural imag]y8 ,nature 0 always !   
pres5tation to 8 s5ses ( ! div9e ?\ght &
 purpose4 ,he /udi$ ! words ( ! anci5t  
,scripture1 he f\nd ! same words &      
tea*+s cle>ly & concretely embodi$ 9 !  
processes ( ,nature4 ,! int]pretation ( 

! ,p>able ( ! ,s[] 0 no m]e play ( fancy
 to him2 x 0 ! g5u9e & fundam5tal tru?1 
deep] & m real ?an ! exi/5ce ( ! s[]1 ! 
soil1 & ! se$4 ,! spiritual tru? 0 !    
sub/ance2 ! tangible soil & se$ really  
only ! %ad[4 ,& ?us all ,nature 0 to him
 div9e4  ,we all ( u ne$ to (f] ! pray] 
( ! bl9d man1 ,"l1 t our eyes may be    
op5$4 ,let u le>n1 too1 f ! old hea!n   
giant1 ,antu1 :o1 aft] e defeat & fall1 
rose /r5g!n$ & vivifi$ f contact ) 8 "m 
,e>?4 ,y w exp]i5ce 9 life _m a desp]ate
 /ruggle1 _m a h>d fall4 ,!re is at su* 
times no?+ 9 ! _w s /r5g!n+1 heal+1 &   
life-giv+ z ! ?\ghts & enc\ragem5ts :i* 
,nature p\rs into ! he>ts & m9ds ( h]   
lov+ disciples4 ,%e w set y on y\r feet 
aga91 infus$ ) new life1 fill$ ) an     
unconqu]able _s1 ) unfalt]+ c\rage1 & an
 iron w to fight once m & w94 ,9 e      
battle h] inspir+ words w r+ 9 y\r e>s1 
& %e w nev] fail y4 ,we may n see h]    
deepe/ realities1 h] r>e/ treasures (   
?\ght & wisdom2 b if we w li/5 lov+ly = 
h] voice1 we may be assur$ t %e w speak 

to u _m a ^w ( *e] & enc\ragem5t1 ( w>n+
 & exhortation4 ,=1 to p>aphrase !      
language ( ! n9ete5? ,psalm1 ,%e has no 
spee* nor language1 h] voice is n he>d4 
,b h] rule is gone out ?r\gh\t all !    
e>?1 & h] words to ! end ( ! _w4        
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,protozoa ,,to ,,worms3  
,,cells1 ,,tissues1 ,,& ,,organs   ,!   
fir/ & l[e/ =m 9 our ance/ral s]ies is !
 amoeba1 a little fre%-wat] animal f    
#a_/ejj to #a_/ajjj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 
,"u ! microscope x looks l a little drop
 ( mucilage4 ,?is semifluid1 mucilag9\s 
sub/ance is ! ,protoplasm4 ,its out]    
portion is cle> & transp>5t1 its inn] m 
granul>4 ,9 ! inn] portion is a little  
sph]oidal body1 ! nucleus4 ,?is is      
c]ta9ly ( great importance 9 ! life ( ! 
animal2 b j :at x does1 or :at is its   
relation to ! surr\nd+ protoplasm we d n
 yet "k4 ,!re is also a little cavity   
ar\nd :i* ! protoplasm has drawn back1 &
 on :i* x w soon close 9 aga91 s t x    
pulsates l a he>t4 ,x is cont9ually tak+
 9 wat] f ! body1 or ! outside1 & driv+ 

x out aga91 & ?us aids 9 respiration &  
excretion4 ,! animal has no organs 9 !  
prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 & yet x has !        
rudim5ts ( all ! functions :i* we       
possess4  ,a little projection ( ! out]1
 cle>] lay] ( protoplasm1 a             
pseudopodium1 appe>s2 into ?is ! :ole   
animal may fl[ & ?us advance a /ep1 or !
 projection may be )drawn4 ,& ?is p[] ( 
*ange ( =m is a l[] grade ( !           
contractility ( our muscul> cells4      
,prick x ) a ne$le & x contracts4 ,x    
recognizes its food ev5 at a microscopic
 di/ance2 x appe>s !re=e to feel &      
p]ceive4 ,p]haps we might say t x has a 
m9d & w ( its own4 ,x is saf] to say t x
 is irritable1 t is1 x reacts to /imuli 
too feeble to be reg>d$ z ! cause ( its 
reaction4 ,x engulfs microscopic plants1
 & dige/s !m 9 ! int]nal protoplasm by !
 aid ( an acid secretion4 ,x brea!s     
oxyg51 & excretes c>bonic acid & urea1  
?r\gh its :ole body surface4 ,its mode (
 ga9+ ! en]gy :i* x manife/s is !re=e   
app>5tly l our own1 by combu/ion ( food 

mat]ial4    ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,amoeba  
,,proteus4 ,,h]twig1 ,,f ,,leidy4   ek1 
ectos>c2 en1 endos>c2 ,n1 food p>ticles2
   n1 nucleus2 cv1 contractile vesicle4 
,x gr[s & rea*es a c]ta9 size1 !n       
con/ricts itself 9 ! middle & divides   
into two4 ,! old amoeba has divid$ into 
two "y ones1 & !re is no p>5t left to   
die1 & dea?1 except by viol5ce1 does n  
occur4 ,b ?is abs5ce ( dea? 9 o!r r     
di/ant relatives ( ! amoeba1 & probably 
9 ! amoeba itself1 holds true only      
provid$ t1 aft] a s]ies (               
self-divisions1 reproduction takes place
 aft] ano!r mode4 ,two r small & weak   
individuals fuse toge!r 9 "o animal (   
r5ew$ vigor1 :i* soon divides into two  
l>g] & /rong] desc5dants4 ,we h "h      
evid5tly a process correspond+ to !     
f]tilization ( ! egg 9 high] animals2   
yet !re is no egg1 sp]matozoon1 or sex4 
,x is a little mass ( protoplasm conta9+
 a nucleus1 & corresponds1 !re=e1 to "o 
( ! cells1 mo/ closely to ! egg-cell or 
sp]matozoon ( high] animals4 ,if e liv+ 

be+ is desc5d$ f a s+le cell1 ! f]tiliz$
 egg1 x is n h>d to believe t all high] 
animals are desc5d$ f an ance/or hav+ ! 
g5]al /ructure or lack ( /ructure ( !   
amoeba4  ,b is ! amoeba really          
/ructureless8 ,probably x has an        
exce$+ly complex /ructure1 b our        
microscopes & te*nique are /ill too     
imp]fect to %[ m ?an traces ( x4 ,says  
,h]twig3 ,protoplasm is n a s+le *emical
 sub/ance1 h[ev] complicat$1 b a mixture
 ( _m sub/ances1 :i* we mu/ picture to  
ourselves z f9e/ p>ticles unit$ 9 a     
wond]fully complicat$ /ructure4 ,truly  
protoplasm is1 to borr[ ,mephi/opheles' 
expression conc]n+ blood1 a q peculi>   
juice4 ,& ! complexity ( ! nucleus is f>
 m evid5t ?an t ( ! protoplasm4 ,is     
protoplasm itself ! result ( a long     
developm5t8 ,if s1 out ( :at & h[ did x 
develop8 ,we _c ev5 guess4 ,b ! beg9n+ (
 life may1 app>5tly mu/1 h be5          
indef9itely f>!r back ?an ! simple/ n[  
exi/+ =m4 ,! /udy ( ! amoeba _c fail to 
raise a ho/ ( que/ions 9 ! m9d ( any    

?\ghtful man4  ,z we h "h ! animal      
r$uc$1 s to speak1 to l[e/ t]ms1 x may  
be well to exam9e a little m closely    
into its physiology & comp>e x briefly )
 our own4  ,! amoeba eats food z we d1 b
 ! food is dige/$ directly 9 ! int]nal  
protoplasm in/ead ( 9 a /oma*2 & once   
dige/$ x diffuses to all p>ts ( ! cell2 
"h x is built up into comp\nds ( a m    
complex /ructure1 & =ms an integral "p (
 ! animal body4 ,! dead food p>ticle has
 be5 trans=m$ into liv+ protoplasm1 !   
cont9ually repeat$ miracle ( life4 ,b x 
does n rema9 long 9 ?is condition4 ,9   
contact ) ! oxyg5 f ! air x is soon     
oxidiz$1 burn$ up to furni% ! en]gy     
necess>y = ! motion & irritability ( !  
body4 ,we are all ( u l[-temp]ature     
eng9es4 ,! dige/ive function exi/s 9 all
 animals m]ely to br+ ! food into a     
soluble1 diffusible =m1 s t x c pass to 
all p>ts ( ! body & be us$ = fuel or    
gr[?4 ,9 our body a circulatory sy/em is
 necess>y to c>ry food & oxyg5 to !     
cells & to remove _! wa/e4 ,= mo/ ( our 

cells lie at a di/ance f ! /oma*1 lungs1
 & kidney4 ,b 9 a small animal !        
circulatory sy/em is (t5 unnecess>y &   
fails4 ,brea?+ & excretion take place   
?r\gh ! :ole surface ( ! body4 ,! body (
 ! frog is devoid ( scales1 s t ! blood 
is sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ wat] only by a  
?9 membrane1 & x brea!s & excretes to a 
c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! same way4  ,b ano!r     
factor has to be consid]$4 ,if we d\ble 
ea* dim5sion ( our amoeba1 we %all      
increase its surface f\r times1 its mass
 eight-fold4 ,n[ ! p[] ( absorb+ oxyg5 &
 excret+ wa/e is evid5tly proportional  
to ! excretory & respiratory surface1 & 
mu* ! same is true ( dige/ion4 ,b !     
am\nt ( oxyg5 requir$1 & ( wa/e to be   
remov$ is proportional to ! mass2 = e   
p>ticle ( protoplasm requires food &    
oxyg51 & produces wa/e4 ,! p>ticles (   
protoplasm 9 our new1 l>g] amoeba c     
!re=e receive only half z mu* oxyg5 z   
be=e1 & rid !mselves ( _! wa/e only half
 z fa/4 ,!re is dang] ( :at 9 our bodies
 w\ld be call$ suffocation &            

blood-poison+4 ,! amoeba hav+ atta9$ a  
c]ta9 size meets ?is em]g5cy by divid+  
into two small individuals1 ! division  
is a physical adaptation4 ,b ! _m-cell$ 
animal _c d ?is2 x mu/ keep its cells   
toge!r4 ,x ga9s ! additional surface by 
fold+ & plait+4 ,& ! complicat$ int]nal 
/ructure ( high] animals is 9 its la/   
analysis su* a fold+ & plait+ 9 ord] to 
ma9ta9 ! prop] ratio betwe5 ! expos$    
surface ( ! cells & _! mass4 ,& ea* cell
 9 our bodies lives 9 "o s5se its own   
individual life1 only ba!d 9 ! lymph &  
receiv+ f x its food & oxyg5 in/ead (   
tak+ x f ! wat]4  ,b 9 ano!r s5se !     
cells ( our body live an entirely       
diff]5t life1 = !y =m a community4      
,division ( labor has tak5 place betwe5 
!m1 !y are int]dep5d5t1 correlat$ ) "o  
ano!r1 subject !re=e to ! laws ( ! :ole 
community or organism4 ,!re are _m      
respects 9 :i* x is impossible to comp>e
 ,rob9son ,crusoe ) a workman 9 a huge  
wat* factory2 yet !y are bo? m54  ,bo? !
 amoeba & we live 9 ! close/ relation to

 our environm5t1 & con=mity to x is     
evid5tly necess>y3 life has be5 def9$ z 
! adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to       
ext]nal conditions4 ,we cont9ually take 
food1 use x = en]gy & gr[?1 & return !  
simpl] wa/e comp\nds4 ,we are all ( u1 z
 ,pr(essor ,huxley has said1 :irlpools  
on ! surface ( ,nature2 :5 ! :irl (     
ex*ange ( p>ticles ceases we die4 ,we h 
se5 t ! fusion ( two amoeb results 9 a  
new rejuv5at$ individual4 ,:y is a      
mixture ( two protoplasms bett] ?an "o8 
,we c frame hypo!ses2 we "k no?+ ab\t x4
 ,:at ( ! m9d ( ! amoeba8 ,a ho/ (      
que/ions ?rong ^u u & we c answ] no "o (
 !m4 ,all ! great que/ions conc]n+ life 
confront u "h 9 ! l[e/ t]m ( ! animal   
s]ies1 & appe> z insoluble z 9 ! highe/4
  ,our second ance/ral =m is also a     
fre%-wat] animal1 ! hydra4 ,?is is a    
little1 vase-%ap$ animal1 :i* usually   
lives atta*$ to grass-/ems or /icks1 b  
has ! p[] to free itself & hang on !    
surface ( ! wat] or to sl[ly creep on ! 
bottom4 ,! m\? is at ! top ( ! vase1 & !

 simple1 undivid$ cavity )9 ! vase is ! 
dige/ive cavity4 ,ar\nd ! m\? is a r+ ( 
f f\r to t5 holl[ t5tacles1 ^: cavities 
communicate freely und]nea? ) ! dige/ive
 cavity4 ,n only is food tak5 9 at !    
m\?1 b indige/ible mat]ial is ?r[n out  
"h4 ,! animal may ?us be comp>$ to a    
ne>ly cyl9drical sack ) a circle ( tubes
 atta*$ to x above4 ,! body consi/s (   
two lay]s ( cells1 ! ectod]m on !       
outside & ! entod]m l9+ ! dige/ive      
cavity4 ,betwe5 ^! two is a             
/ructureless1 ela/ic membrane1 :i* t5ds 
to keep ! body mod]ately exp&$4  ,! food
 is captur$ by ! t5tacles2 b dige/ion   
takes place only p>tially 9 ! dige/ive  
cavity1 = ea* surr\nd+ cell engulfs     
small p>ticles ( food & dige/s !m )9    
itself4 ,! entod]mal cells behave 9 ?is 
respect mu* l a colony ( amoeb4 ,! cells
 ( bo? lay]s h at _! bases long muscul> 
fibrils1 ^? ( ! ectod]mal cells runn+   
longitud9ally1 ^? ( ! entod]m           
transv]sely4 ,! animal c ?us contract   
its body 9 bo? directions1 or1 if ! body

 conta9 wat] & ! transv]se muscles are  
contract$1 ! pressure ( ! wat] l5g!ns ! 
body & t5ds to ext5d ! t5tacles4  ,on ! 
outside ( ! ela/ic membrane1 j b5ea? !  
ectod]m1 is a plexus or cobweb ( n]v\s  
cells & fibrils4 ,z 9 e n]v\s sy/em1    
?ree elem5ts are "h to be f\nd4 #a4 ,an 
aff]5t or s5sory n]ve-fibril1 :i* "u    
adequate /imulus is set 9 vibration by  
"s cell ( ! epid]mis or ectod]m1 :i* is 
!re=e call$ a s5sory cell4 #b4 ,a c5tral
 or ganglion cell1 :i* receives ! s5sory
 impulse1 translates x into             
consci\sness1 & is ! seat ( :atev] p[]s 
( p]ception1 ?\ght1 or w ! animal       
possesses4 ,?is also gives rise to !    
eff]5t or motor impulses1 :i* are       
convey$ by 7#c7 a motor fibril to !     
correspond+ muscle1 excit+ its          
contraction4 ,b !re are also            
n]ve-fibrils connect+ ! diff]5t ganglion
 cells1 s t !y may act 9 unison4 ,9 !   
high] animals we %all f9d ^! c5tral or  
ganglion cells cond5s$ 9 "o or a few    
masses or ganglia4 ,b "h !y are scatt]$ 

ov] ! :ole surface ( ! ela/ic support+  
membrane4  ,! reproductive organs = !   
production ( eggs & sp]matozoa =m little
 protub]ances on ! outside ( ! body bel[
 ! t5tacles4 ,b hydra reproduces mo/ly  
by budd+2 new individuals gr[+ out ( !  
side ( ! old "o1 l bran*es f ! trunk ( a
 tree1 b aft]w>d break+ free & lead+ an 
indep5d5t life4 ,!re are special =ms (  
cells besides ^? describ$2 nettle cells 
= captur+ food1 int]/itial cells1 etc41 
b ^! d n conc]n u4  ,! di/ance f !      
s+le-cell$ amoeba to hydra is va/1      
probably really great] ?an t betwe5 any 
o!r successive t]ms ( our s]ies4 ,x may 
!re=e be useful to consid] "o or two    
int]m$iate =ms & ! p>allel embryonic    
/ages ( high] animals1 & to see h[ !    
high] _m-cell$ animal orig9ates f !     
unicellul> /age4  ,! amoeba is an       
illu/ration ( a great k+dom ( simil>1   
practically unicellul> =ms1 :i* h play$ 
no unimportant "p 9 ! geological hi/ory 
( ! globe4 ,^! are ! protozoa4 ,!y      
include1 fir/ ( all1 ! =am9if]a1 :i*    

usually h %ells compos$ ( c>bonate (    
lime4 ,^! %ells1 settl+ to ! bottom ( ! 
ocean1 h accumulat$ 9 va/ b$s1 & :5     
compact$ & rais$ above ! surface1 =m    
*alk1 lime/one1 or m>ble1 accord+ to !  
degree & mode ( _! h>d5+4  ,! protozoa  
include also ! flagellata1 a great1 v   
poorly def9$ mass ( =ms occupy+ ! b\nd>y
 betwe5 ! plant & animal k+doms4 ,!y are
 usually unicellul>1 & _! protoplasm is 
surr\nd$ by a ?91 /ructureless membrane4
 ,?is prev5ts _! putt+ out pseudopodia z
 organs ( motion4 ,in/ead ( ^! !y h at  
"o end ( ! ovoid or pe>-%ap$ body a     
long1 :ipla%-l process or ?read1 a      
flagellum1 & by sw++ ?is !y propel      
!mselves ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,^! flagellata   
seem to h a r m>k$ t5d5cy to =m         
colonies4 ,! fir/ individual gives rise 
to o!rs by division4 ,b ! division is n 
complete2 ! new individuals rema9       
connect$ by ! undivid$ re> end ( ! body4
 ,& su* a colony may come to conta9 a   
l>ge numb] ( individuals4               
,illu/ration3 #b4 ,,magosph,,ra         

,,planula4 ,,lang1 ,,f ,,haeckel4  ,su* 
a colony is repres5t$ by magosphra4 ,?is
 is a microscopic globul> =m1 discov]$  
by ,pr(essor ,haeckel on ! coa/ (       
,norway4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge numb] (    
conical or pe>-%ap$ individual cells1 ^:
 apices are turn$ t[>d ! c5tre ( !      
sph]e4 ,! cells are cem5t$ toge!r by a  
mucilag9\s sub/ance4 ,ar\nd _! expos$   
l>g] ends1 :i* =m ! surface ( ! sph]e1  
are r[s ( flagella1 by ^: unit$ action !
 colony rolls ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,aft] a "t  
ea* individual absorbs its flagella1 !  
colony is brok5 up1 ! diff]5t           
individuals settle to ! bottom1 & ea*   
gives rise by division to a new colony4 
,?is gr\p ( cells may be consid]$ z a   
colony or z an individual4 ,ea* t]m is  
def5sible4  ,volvox is also a sph]oidal 
organism1 compos$ (t5 ( a v l>ge numb] (
 flagellat$ cells4 ,b x diff]s f        
magosphra 9 c]ta9 important respects4 ,9
 ! fir/ place its cells h *lorophyl1 !  
gre5 color+ matt] ( plants4 ,x lives    
!re=e on unorganiz$ fluid n\ri%m5t1     

c>bon dioxide1 nitrates1 etc4 ,x is a   
plant4 ,b c]ta9 *>act]i/ics r5d] x      
probable t x once liv$ on solid food & 0
 !re=e an animal4 ,= :]e almo/ ! sole   
diff]5ce betwe5 plants & animals is 9 ! 
fluid or solid "* ( _! food1 a *ange f !
 "o =m into ! o!r is n z difficult or   
improbable z "o might naturally ?9k4 ,& 
plants & animals are "h s ne> toge!r1 & 
travell+ by roads s ne>ly p>allel1 t1   
ev5 if volvox nev] 0 an animal1 x might 
/ill s]ve v well to illu/rate a /age    
?r\gh :i* animals mu/ h pass$4  ,! cells
 ( volvox d n =m a solid mass1 b h      
arrang$ !mselves 9 a s+le lay] on ! out]
 surface ( ! sph]e4 ,= a "t1 "u         
favorable circum/ances1 volvox          
reproduces v mu* l magosphra1 & ea* cell
 c give rise to a new1 _m-cell$         
individual4 ,b aft] a "t1 especially "u 
unfavorable circum/ances1 a new mode (  
reproduction appe>s4 ,c]ta9 cells )draw 
f ! out] lay] into ! int]ior ( ! colony4
 ,"h !y are n\ri%$ by ! o!r cells &     
develop into true reproductive elem5ts1 

eggs & sp]matozoa4 ,f]tilization1 t is1 
! union ( egg & sp]matozoon1 or ma9ly ( 
_! nuclei1 takes place2 & ! f]tiliz$ egg
 develops into a new organism4 ,b ! o!r 
cells1 :i* h be5 all ! "t n\ri%+ ^!1    
seem n[ to lack nutrim5t1 /r5g?1 or     
vitality to give rise to a new colony4  
,!y die4  ,we f9d ?us 9 volvox division 
( labor & correspond+ diff]5ce (        
/ructure or diff]5tiation2 c]ta9 cells  
reta9 ! p[] ( fus+ ) o!r correspond+    
cells1 & ?us ( rejuv5esc5ce & ( giv+    
rise to a new organism4 ,& ^! cells1 =m+
 a s]ies ?r\gh all g5]ations1 are       
evid5tly immortal l ! protozoa4 ,natural
 dea? _c t\* !m4 ,^! are ! reproductive 
cells4 ,! o!r cells n\ri% & transport !m
 & c>ry on ! "w ( excretion &           
respiration4 ,^! latt] correspond       
practically to our :ole body4 ,we call  
!m somatic cells4 ,9 volvox !y are      
entirely subs]vi5t to1 & exi/ =1 !      
reproductive cells1 & die :5 !y h       
complet$ _! s]vice ( ^!4 ,! body is "h  
only a vehicle = ova4 ,fur!rmore1 9     

volvox !re has aris5 su* an int]dep5d5ce
 ( cells t we c no long] speak ( x z a  
colony4 ,! colony has become an         
individual by division ( labor & !      
result+ diff]5tiation 9 /ructure4  ,b   
hydra gives u b a poor idea ( !         
coel5t]ata1 to :i* k+dom x belongs4 ,!  
high] coel5t]ata h ne>ly or q all !     
tissues ( high] animals--muscul>1       
connective1 gl&ul>1 etc4 ,& by tissues  
we mean gr\ps ( cells modifi$ 9 =m &    
/ructure = ! p]=mance ( a special "w or 
function4 ,! protozoa develop$ ! cell = 
all "t to come1 ! coel5t]ata develop$ ! 
tissues :i* /ill compose our bodies4 ,b 
!y _h !m ma9ly 9 a diffuse =m4 ,a sort (
 dige/ive & reproductive sy/em !y did   
possess4 ,b ! "w ( arrang+ ^! tissues & 
cond5s+ !m into compact organs 0 to be  
done by ! next high] gr\p1 ! worms4     
,let u n[ take a glance at c]ta9 /ages (
 embryonic developm5t :i* correspond to 
^! e>lie/ ance/ral =ms4 ,we %\ld expect 
"s su* correspond5ce f ! fact already   
/at$ t ! embryonic developm5t ( !       

individual is a brief recapitulation ( !
 ance/ral developm5t ( ! species or l>g]
 gr\p4 ,! egg ( ! l[e/ v]tebrate1       
amphioxus1 %[s ^! *anges 9 a simple &   
app>5tly primitive =m4    ,illu/ration3 
#c4 ,,immature ,,egg-,,%ell ,,f ,,ov>y  
,,( ,,e*9od]m4   ,,hats*ek1 ,,f         
,,h]twig4  ,! f]tiliz$ egg ( any animal 
consi/s ( a s+le cell1 a little mass (  
protoplasm conta9+ a nucleus & surr\nd$ 
by a /ructureless membrane4 ,! egg is   
globul>4 ,! nucleus und]goes c]ta9 v    
peculi>1 /ill b little und]/ood1 *anges 
& divides into two4 ,! protoplasm also  
soon divides into two masses clu/]+ ea* 
ar\nd its own nucleus4 ,! plane (       
division w be m>k$ ar\nd ! outside by a 
circul> furr[1 b ! cells w /ill rema9   
unit$ by a l>ge "p ( ! membrane :i*     
b\nds _! adjac5t1 newly =m$1 int]nal    
faces4  ,let u suppose t ! egg lay s t !
 fir/ plane ( division 0 v]tical &      
ext5d+ nor? & s\?4 ,ea* cell or half ( !
 egg w divide into two precisely z be=e4
 ,! new plane ( division w be v]tical1 b

 ext5d+ ea/ & we/4 ,ea* plane passes    
?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! egg1 & ! f\r cells are
 ( ! same =m & size1 l mu*-r\nd$ qu>t]s 
( an orange4 ,! ?ird plane w lie        
horizontal or equatorial1 & w divide ea*
 ( ^! qu>t]s into an upp] & l[] octant4 
,! cells keep on divid+ rapidly1 ! eight
 =m sixte51 !n ?irty-two1 etc4 ,! %>p   
angle by :i* ! cells met at ! c5tre has 
become r\nd$ (f1 & has left a little    
space1 ! segm5tation cavity1 fill$ )    
fluid 9 ! middle ( ! embryo4 ,! cells   
cont9ue to press or be cr[d$ away f !   
c5tre & =m a lay] "o cell deep on !     
surface ( ! sph]e4  ,?is embryo1        
resembl+ a holl[ rubb] ball fill$ )     
fluid1 is call$ a bla/osph]e4 ,x        
corresponds 9 /ructure ) ! fully        
develop$ volvox1 except1 ( c\rse1 9     
lack+ reproductive cells4               
,illu/ration3 #d4 ,,ga/rula4 ,,hats*ek1 
,,f ,,h]twig4   ,out] lay] is ! ectod]m2
 inn] lay]1 ! entod]m2 int]nal   cavity1
 ! ar*5t]on2 m\? ( cavity1 bla/opore4   
,if ! rubb] ball has a hole 9 x s t ,i c

 squeeze out ! wat]1 ,i c ?ru/ ! "o-half
 into ! o!r1 & *ange ! ball into a      
d\ble-wall$ cup4 ,a simil> *ange takes  
place 9 ! embryo4 ,! cells ( ! l[] half 
( ! bla/osph]e are slightly l>g] ?an ^? 
( ! upp] half4 ,?is l[] hemisph]e       
flatt5s & !n ?ru/s itself1 or is        
invag9at$1 into ! upp] hemisph]e (      
small] cells & =ms its l9+4 ,?is        
cup-%ap$ embryo is call$ ! ga/rula4 ,!  
cup deep5s some:at & becomes ovoid4     
,take a boil$ egg1 make a hole 9 !      
small] end & remove ! yolk1 & y h a     
passable model ( a ga/rula4 ,! %ell     
corresponds to ! ectod]m or out] lay] ( 
small] cells2 ! lay] ( :ite repres5ts ! 
entod]m or l9+ ( l>g] cells4 ,! space   
occupi$ by ! yolk corresponds to !      
ar*5t]on or primitive dige/ive cavity2 &
 ! op5+ at ! end to ! primitive m\? or  
bla/opore4 ,ectod]m & entod]m unite     
ar\nd ! m\?4 ,bo? ! bla/osph]e & ga/rula
 (t5 swim freely by flagella4  ,y c     
h>dly h fail$ to notice h[ closely !    
ga/rula corresponds to a hydra1 & _m    

facts lead u to believe t ! /ill e>li]  
ance/or ( ! hydra 0 free swimm+1 & t !  
t5tacles are a lat] developm5t correlat$
 ) its adult sessile life4 ,yet we mu/ n
 =get t ! hydra is ev5 n[ n q sessile1 x
 moves some:at4 ,& our ance/or 0 almo/  
c]ta9ly a free swimm+ ga/ra1 or         
hypo!tical =m correspond+ 9 =m &        
/ructure to ! ga/rula4 ,! ance/or ( man 
nev] settl$ d[n lazily into a sessile   
life4  ,b h[ is an adult worm or        
v]tebrate =m$ out ( su* a ga/rula8 ,to  
answ] ?is w\ld require a c\rse (        
lectures on embryology4 ,b c]ta9 *anges 
int]e/ u4 ,betwe5 ! ectod]m & entod]m ( 
! ga/rula1 9 ! space occupi$ by !       
support+ membrane ( hydra1 a new lay] ( 
cells1 ! mesod]m1 appe>s4 ,?is has be5  
produc$ by ! rapid gr[? & reproduction (
 c]ta9 cells ( ! entod]m :i* h migrat$1 
s to speak1 into ?is new position4 ,9   
high] =ms x becomes ( cont9ually great] 
importance1 until f9ally ne>ly all !    
organs ( ! body develop f x4 ,9 our     
bodies only ! l9+ ( ! mid-inte/9e & (   

its gl&s has aris5 f ! entod]m4 ,& only 
! epid]mis1 or out] lay] ( our sk91 & ! 
n]v\s sy/em & p>ts ( our s5se-organs h  
aris5 f ! ectod]m4 ,b our mid-inte/9e is
 /ill ! greatly elongat$ ar*5t]on ( !   
ga/rula4  ,we may !re=e comp>e ! hydra  
or ga/rula to a little portion ( ! l9+ (
 ! human mid-inte/9e cov]$ ) a little   
flake ( epid]mis4 ,?is mu* ! hydra has  
atta9$4 ,b our bones & muscles &        
blood-vessels all come f ! mesod]m by   
fold+1 plait+1 & *annell+1 & division ( 
labor result+ 9 diff]5tiation (         
/ructure4 ,( all true mesod]mal         
/ructures ! hydra has actually none1 b 9
 ! ectod]mal & entod]mal cells he has ! 
pot5tiality ( !m all4 ,we mu/ n[ try to 
discov] h[ ^! pot5tialities became      
actualities 9 high] =ms4  ,! ?ird /age 9
 our ance/ral s]ies is ! turbell>ian4   
,?is is a little1 flat1 oval worm1 v>y+ 
greatly 9 size 9 diff]5t species1 & f\nd
 bo? 9 fre% & salt wat]4 ,"s w\ld d5y t 
?is worm belong$ 9 our s]ies at all4 ,b1
 :ile d\btless consid]ably modifi$1 x   

has /ill reta9$ _m *>act]i/ics almo/    
c]ta9ly possess$ by our primitive       
bilat]al ance/or4 ,! diff]5t p>ts (     
hydra 7 arrang$ l ^? ( mo/ fl[]s1 ar\nd 
"o ma9 v]tical axis2 x 0 ?us radiate 9  
/ructure1 hav+ nei!r front nor re>1 "r  
nor left side4 ,b our little turbell>ia1
 :ile /ill )\t a head1 has "o end :i*   
goes fir/ & c be call$ ! front end4 ,!  
upp] or dorsal surface is usually m     
color$ ) pigm5t cells ?an ! l[] or      
v5tral surface1 on :i* is ! m\?4 ,x has 
also a "r & left side4 ,x is ?us        
bilat]al4  ,! ga/ra swam by cilia1      
little eyela%-l processes :i* urge !    
animal =w>d l a myriad ( microscopic    
o>s4 ,9 our bodies !y are sometimes us$ 
to keep up a curr5t1 e4g41 to remove    
=eign p>ticles f ! lungs4 ,! turbell>ia 
is /ill cov]$ ) cilia1 probably an      
inh]itance f ! ga/ra2 =1 :ile 9 small]  
=ms !y may /ill be ! pr9cipal means (   
locomotion1 9 l>g] ones ! muscles are   
beg9n+ to assume ?is function & ! animal
 moves by wri?+4 ,! bilat]al symmetry   

has aris5 9 connection ) ?is mode (     
locomotion & is ?us a m>k ( important   
progress4  ,9 ! turbell>ia we f9d = !   
fir/ "t a true body-wall di/9ct f       
und]ly+ organs4 ,! out] lay] ( ?is is a 
ciliat$ epi!lium or lay] ( cells4 ,"u   
?is an ela/ic membrane may occur4 ,!n   
come true body muscles1 runn+           
transv]sely1 longitud9ally &            
dorso-v5trally4 ,betwe5 ! ext]nal       
transv]se & ! int]nal longitud9al lay]s 
we (t5 f9d two muscul> lay]s ^: fibres  
run diagonally4 ,! body is well provid$ 
) muscles1 b _! arrangem5t is /ill f> f 
economical or effective4  ,)9 !         
body-wall is ! p>5*ym4 ,?is is a spongy 
mass ( connectile tissue 9 :i* ! o!r    
organs are emb$d$4 ,! m\? lies 9 !      
middle1 or ne> ! front ( ! v5tral       
surface4 ,! inte/9e v>ies 9 =m1 b is    
provid$ ) its own lay]s ( longitud9al & 
transv]se muscles1 & usually has pair$  
p\*es ext5d+ out f x into ! body p>5*ym4
 ,^! seem to di/ribute ! dissolv$       
nutrim5t2 h5ce ! :ole cavity is /ill (t5

 call$ a ga/ro-vascul> cavity z s]v+ bo?
 dige/ion & circulation4 ,!re is no anal
 op5+1 b indige/ible mat]ial is /ill ca/
 out ?r\gh ! m\?4  ,! animal c ga9      
suffici5t oxyg5 to supply its muscles & 
n]ves1 :i* are ! pr9cipal seats (       
combu/ion1 ?r\gh ! ext]nal surface4 ,x  
has1 !re=e1 no special respiratory      
organs4 ,b ! wa/e matt] ( ! muscles _c  
escape s easily1 = ^! are becom+ deep]  
seat$4 ,h5ce we f9d an excretory sy/em  
consi/+ ( two tubes ) _m bran*es 9 !    
p>5*ym1 & dis*>g+ at ! re> end ( ! body4
 ,?is aga9 is a sign t ! muscles are    
becom+ m important1 = ! excretory sy/em 
is ne$$ ma9ly to remove _! wa/e4 ,^!    
tubes maybe only greatly enl>g$ gl&s ( !
 sk94    ,illu/ration3 #e4              
,,turbell>ian4 ,,lang4   va & ha1 front 
& re> bran*es ( ga/ro-vascul> cavity2   
ph1 ph>ynx4 ,! d>k oval ) f9e bran*es   
repres5ts !   n]v\s sy/em4  ,! n]v\s    
sy/em consi/s ( a plexus ( fibres &     
cells1 ! cells orig9at+ impulses & !    
fibres convey+ !m4 ,b ?is mu* 0 pres5t 9

 hydra also4 ,"h ! front end ( ! body   
goes =emo/ & is cont9ually com+ 9       
contact ) new conditions4 ,"h ! look\t =
 food & dang] mu/ be kept4 ,h5ce1 z a   
result ( con/ant ex]cise1 or selection1 
or bo?1 ! n]ve-plexus has ?ick5$ at ?is 
po9t into a little compact mass ( cells 
& fibres call$ a ganglion4 ,& because   
?is ganglion ?r\gh\t high] =ms usually  
lies ov] ! oesophagus1 x is call$ !     
supra-oesophogeal ganglion4 ,?is is !   
fir/ fa9t & dim prophecy ( a bra91 & x  
s5ds its n]ves to ! front end ( ! body4 
,b !re run f x to ! re> end ( ! body f\r
 to eight n]ve-cords1 consi/+ ( bundles 
( n]ve-?reads l our n]ves1 b ov]laid ) a
 coat+ ( ganglion cells capable (       
orig9at+ impulses4 ,^! cords are1 !re=e1
 l ! plexus f :i* !y h cond5s$1 bo?     
n]ves & c5tres2 diff]5tiation has n gone
 s f> z at ! front ( ! body4 ,s5se      
organs are /ill v rudim5t>y4 ,special   
cells ( ! sk9 h be5 modifi$ into        
neuro-epi!lial cells1 hav+ s5sory hairs 
protrud+ f !m & n]ve-fibrils runn+ f _! 

bases4    ,illu/ration3 #f4             
,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,turbell>ian4    
,,hats*ek1 ,,f   ,,jijima4   e1 ext]nal 
sk92 rm1 lat]al muscles2 la & li1       
longitud9al muscles2 mdv1 dorso-v5tral  
muscles2 pa1   p>5*yma2 h1 te/icle2 ov1 
oviduct2 dt1 yolk-gl&2 n1   v5tral n]ve2
 i1 ga/ro-vascul> cavity4  ,9 a v few   
turbell>ia we f9d otoli? vesicles4 ,^!  
are little sacks 9 ! sk91 l9$ )         
neuro-epi!lial cells & hav+ 9 ! middle a
 little concretion ( c>bonate ( lime    
hung on r a /iff] hair1 l a clapp] 9 a  
bell4 ,su* organs s]ve 9 high] animals z
 organs ( he>+1 = ! s5sory hairs are set
 9 vibration by ! s\nd-waves4 ,x is q z 
probable t !y "h s]ve z organs = feel+ !
 slighte/ vibrations 9 ! surr\nd+ wat]1 
& ?us giv+ w>n+ ( approa*+ food or      
dang]4 ,! animal has also eyes1 & ^! may
 be v num]\s4 ,!y are n able to =m      
images ( ext]nal objects1 b only (      
p]ceiv+ light & ! direction ( its s\rce4
 ,a little gr\p ( ^! eyes lies directly 
ov] ! bra91 ne> ! front end ( ! body2 ! 

o!rs are di/ribut$ ar\nd ! front or     
ne>ly ! :ole m>g9 ( ! body4  ,!         
turbell>ia1 d\btless1 h ! s5se ( smell1 
al?\gh we c discov] no special olfactory
 organ4 ,?is s5se w\ld seem to be z old 
z protoplasm itself4  ,?is di/ribution (
 ! eyes ar\nd a l>ge portion ( ! m>g91 &
 c]ta9 o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! adult        
/ructure & ( ! embryonic developm5t1 are
 v int]e/+1 z giv+ h9ts ( ! developm5t (
 ! turbell>ia f "s radiate ance/or4 ,!  
m\? is 9 a mo/ unfavorable position1 9  
or ne> ! middle ( ! body1 r>ely at !    
front end1 z ! animal has to swim ov]   
its food be=e x c grasp x4 ,! animal    
only sl[ly rids itself ( old            
disadvantage\s =m & /ructure & adapts   
itself completely to a high] mode (     
life4  ,by f> ! mo/ highly develop$     
sy/em 9 ! body is ! reproductive4 ,x is 
d\btful :e!r any animal1 except1 p]haps1
 ! mollusk1 has z complicat$ & highly   
develop$ reproductive organs4 ,by m>k$ly
 high] =ms !y c]ta9ly gr[ simpl]4  ,& "h
 we mu/ notice c]ta9 g5]al              

consid]ations4 ,we f\nd t reproduction 9
 ! amoeba c\ld be def9$ z gr[? beyond ! 
limit normal to ! individual4 ,?is =m ( 
gr[? b5efits especially ! species4 ,!   
ne$s & exp5ses ( ! individual w !re=e   
fir/ be met & !n ! balance be devot$ to 
reproduction4 ,n[ ! income ( ! animal is
 proportional to its surface1 its exp5se
 to its mass1 & activity4 ,& ! ratio (  
surface to mass is mo/ favorable 9 !    
smalle/ animals4,a ,h5ce1 small]        
animals1 z a rule1 increase fa/] ?an    
l>g] ones2 & ?is is only "o illu/ration 
( ! fact t great size 9 an animal is    
any?+ b an unmix$ advantage to its      
possessor4 ,b muscles & n]ves are ! mo/ 
exp5sive sy/ems2 "h mo/ ( ! food is     
burn$ up4 ,h5ce en]getic animals h a    
small balance rema9+4 ,n[ ! turbell>ian 
is small & sluggi%1 ) a fair dige/ive   
sy/em4 ,) a great am\nt ( nutrim5t at   
its disposal ! reproductive sy/em came  
rapidly to a high developm5t1 &         
relatively to o!r organs /&s high] ?an x
 almo/ ev] w aga94    ,footnote ,a3 ,cf4

 p4 #ce4  ,x is only fair to /ate t good
 au?orities hold t s primitive an animal
 c\ld n orig9ally h _h s highly develop$
 a sy/em1 & t ?is *>act]i/ic mu/ be     
acquir$1 n ance/ral4  ,t c]ta9 portions 
( x may be lat] developm5ts may be n    
only possible b probable4 ,b anyone :o  
has c>efully /udi$ ! diff]5t gr\ps (    
worms1 w1 ,i ?9k1 readily grant t 9 !   
/age ( ^! flat worms reproduction 0 !   
dom9ant function1 :i* _h mo/ ne>ly      
atta9$ its possible height ( developm5t4
 ,f ?is "t on ! muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems 7
 to claim an ev]-increas+ %>e ( !       
nutrim5t1 & ! balance = reproduction is 
to gr[ small]4  ,at ! close ( ?is       
lecture ,i wi% to describe v briefly a  
hypo!tical =m4 ,x no long] exi/s2 p]haps
 x nev] did4 ,b _m facts ( embryology & 
comp>ative anatomy po9t to su* a =m z a 
v possible ance/or ( all =ms high] ?an  
flat worms1 viz41 mollusks1 ar?ropods1 &
 v]tebrates4  ,x 0 probably r long &    
cyl9drical1 resembl+ a small & %ort     
e>?worm 9 %ape4 ,! sk9 may h be5 mu* l t

 ( turbell>ia4 ,)9 ?is ! muscles run 9  
only two-directions--longitud9ally &    
transv]sely4 ,betwe5 ^! & ! inte/9e is a
 cavity--! p]ivisc]al cavity--l t ( our 
own bodies1 b fill$ ) a nutritive fluid 
l our lymph4 ,?is cavity seems to h     
develop$ by ! expansion & cutt+ (f ( !  
pair$ lat]al outgr[?s ( ! dige/ive sy/em
 ( "s old flat worm4 ,b o!r modes (     
developm5t are q possible4 ,! inte/9e   
has n[ an anal op5+ at or ne> ! re> end 
( ! body4 ,! food moves only f front to 
re>1 & rea*es ea* "p always 9 a c]ta9   
condition4 ,dige/ion prop] & absorption 
h be5 di/ribut$ to diff]5t cells1 & ! "w
 is bett] done4 ,?ree portions c be     
readily di/+ui%$3 =e-inte/9e ) ! m\?1   
mid-inte/9e1 z ! seat ( dige/ion &      
absorption1 & h9d-inte/9e1 or rectum1 ) 
! anal op5+4 ,! front & h9d-inte/9e are 
l9$ ) infold$ out] sk94  ,! n]v\s sy/em 
consi/s ( a supra-oesophageal ganglion )
 f\r po/]ior n]ve-cords--"o dorsal1 two 
lat]al1 & "o 7or p]haps two7 v5tral4    
,!re 7 probably also rema9s ( ! old     

plexus1 b ?is is fa/ disappe>+4 ,!      
excretory sy/em consi/s ( a pair ( tubes
 dis*>g+ ?r\gh ! sides ( ! body-wall1 & 
hav+ ea* a ciliat$1 funnel-%ap$ op5+ 9 !
 p]ivisc]al cavity4 ,^! h receiv$ ! "n (
 nephridia4 ,?r\gh ^! also ! eggs &     
sp]matozoa are dis*>g$4 ,! reproductive 
organs are modifi$ pat*es ( ! p]itoneum1
 or l9+ ( ! p]ivisc]al cavity4  ,! numb]
 ( muscles or muscul> lay]s has be5     
r$uc$ 9 ?is animal4 ,b su* a r$uction 9 
! numb] ( l p>ts 9 any animal is a sign 
( progress4 ,& ! longitud9al muscles h  
increas$ 9 size & /r5g?1 & ! animal     
moves by wri?+4 ,su* a worm has ! g5]al 
plan ( ! body ( ! high] =ms fairly well1
 ?\gh rudely1 sket*$4 ,_m improvem5ts w 
come1 & details be add$4 ,b ! rudim5ts (
 ! trunk ( ev5 our own bodies are       
already visible4 ,head1 9 any prop] s5se
 ( ! t]m1 & skeleton are /ill lack+2 !y 
rema9 to be develop$4  ,& yet1 tak+ !   
mo/ hopeful view possible conc]n+ !     
animal k+dom1 its prospects ( atta9+    
any?+ v l(ty seem at ?is po9t poor4 ,its

 highe/ repres5tative is a headless     
trunk1 )\t skeleton or legs4 ,x has no  
bra9 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 its       
s5se-organs are feeble2 x moves by      
wri?+4 ,its life is devot$ to dige/ion &
 reproduction4 ,:atev] high] organs x   
has are subsidi>y to ^! l[] functions4  
,& yet x has tak5 ages on ages to       
develop ?is mu*4 ,if ?is is ! highe/    
visible result ( ages on ages (         
developm5t1 :at hope is !re = ! future8 
,c su* a ?+ be ! ance/or ( a ?9k+1      
moral1 religi\s p]son1 l man8 ,t is n   
fir/ :i* is spiritual1 b t :i* is       
natural 7animal1 s5su\s72 & aft]w>d t   
:i* is spiritual4 ,fir/1 9 ord] ( "t1   
mu/ come ! body1 & !n ! m9d & _s %all be
 en?ron$ 9 x4 ,! little knot ( n]v\s    
mat]ial :i* =ms ! supra-oesophageal     
ganglion is s small t x might easily    
escape our notice2 b x is ! promise ( an
 inf9ite future4 ,! atom ( n]v\s p[]    
%all increase until x subdues & dom9ates
 ! :ole mass4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,worms
 ,,to ,,v]tebrates3 ,,skeleton ,,&      

,,head   ,9 trac+ ! g5ealogy ( any      
,am]ican family x is (t5 difficult or   
impossible to say :e!r a c]ta9 bran* is 
desc5d$ f ,john ,oldwor?y or 8 c\s9 or  
second c\s94 ,9 ! latt] cases to f9d !  
common ance/or we mu/ g back to !       
gr&fa!r or great-gr&fa!r4 ,! same       
difficulty1 b greatly enhanc$1 meets u  
:5 we try to make a g5ealogical tree ( !
 animal k+dom4 ,?us x seems altoge!r    
probable t all high] =ms are desc5d$ f  
an ance/or ( ! same g5]al /ructure &    
grade ( organization z ! turbell>ia1    
al?\gh probably free swimm+1 & h5ce )   
some:at diff]5t =m & developm5t1        
especially ( ! muscul> sy/em4 ,x seems  
to me altoge!r probable t all1 except   
possibly ,mollusca1 are desc5d$ f a     
common ance/or closely resembl+ !       
s*ematic worm la/ describ$4 ,"s w\ld1   
h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t !y div]g$ r e>li] ?an   
ev5 ! turbell>ia2 o!rs aft] ! s*ematic  
worm1 if su* ev] exi/$4 ,z f> z our     
argum5t is conc]n$ x makes little       
diff]5ce :i* ( ^! views we adopt4  ,f   

our turbell>ia1 or possibly f "s ev5 m  
primitive ance/or1 _m l9es div]g$4 ,&   
?is 0 to be expect$4 ,! coel5t]ata1 z we
 saw 9 hydra1 _h develop$ rude dige/ive 
& reproductive sy/ems4 ,! high] gr\ps ( 
?is k+dom _h develop$ all1 or ne>ly all1
 ! tissues us$ 9 build+ ! bodies ( high]
 animals--muscul>1 reproductive1        
connectile1 gl&ul>1 n]v\s1 etc4 ,b ^!   
are mo/ly v diffuse4 ,! muscul> fibrils 
( a jelly-fi% are mo/ly isolat$ or      
p>allel 9 b&s1 r>ely 9 compact          
well-def9$ bundles4 ,! tissues h g5]ally
 n yet be5 m\ld$ into compact masses (  
def9ite =m4 ,!re are z yet v few        
/ructures to :i* we c give ! "n (       
organs4 ,to =m organs & gr\p !m 9 a body
 ( compact def9ite =m 0 ! "w pre-em95tly
 ( worms4 ,! mat]ial = ! build+ 0 ready1
 b ! ar*itecture ( ! bilat]al animal 0 n
 ev5 sket*$4 ,& diff]5t worms 7 _! own  
ar*itects1 untrammell$ by conv5tion or  
h]$ity1 h5ce !y built v diff]5t1        
sometimes almo/ fanta/ic1 /ructures4    
,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 ! great age ( ?is 

gr\p4 ,!y are pres5t 9 highly modifi$   
=ms 9 ! v olde/ palozoic /rata1 &       
probably !re=e came into exi/5ce z !    
fir/ traces ( cont95tal areas 7 beg9n+  
to rise above ! primeval ocean4 ,!y are 
lit]ally old] ?an ! hills4 ,!y 7 expos$ 
to a ho/ ( rapidly *ang+ conditions1 v  
diff]5t 9 diff]5t areas4 ,?is prep>es u 
= ! fact t ! worms repres5t a /age 9    
animal life correspond+ fairly well to !
 ,t[] ( ,babel 9 biblical hi/ory4 ,!    
animal k+dom seems almo/ to explode into
 a ho/ ( fragm5ts4 ,our g5ealogical tree
 fairly bri/les ) bran*es1 b ! bran*es d
 n seem to =m any regul> :orls or       
spirals4 ,few ( !m h develop$ into m ?an
 feeble gr[?s4 ,!y n[ conta9 g5]ally b  
few species4 ,_m ( !m are l>gely or     
entirely p>asitic1 & 9 connection ) ?is 
mode ( life h und]gone modifications &  
deg5]ation :i* make x exce$+ly difficult
 to deciph] _! desc5t or relation%ips4  
,f\r ( ^! bran*es h rea*$ great prom95ce
 9 numb]s & importance4 ,"o or two o!rs 
7 =m]ly equally num]\s & h s9ce become  

almo/ ext9ct2 s ! bra*iopoda1 :i* h be5 
almo/ entirely replac$ by mollusks4 ,!  
same may v possibly be true ( o!rs4 ,= (
 ! am\nt ( ext9ction ( l>g] gr\ps we h  
g5]ally b an exce$+ly fa9t conception4  
,inde$ 9 ?is respect ! worms h be5 well 
comp>$ to ! relics :i* fill ! %elves (  
"o ( our gr&mo!r's *9a-closets4  ,! f\r 
great bran*es are ! e*9od]ms1 mollusks1 
articulates1 & v]tebrates4 ,! e*9od]ms1 
includ+ />fi%es1 sea-ur*9s1 & o!rs      
/raggl$ e>ly f ! great army4 ,we "k z   
yet almo/ no?+ ( _! hi/ory2 :5 deciph]$ 
x w be z /range z any romance4 ,!       
v]tebrates are ( c\rse ! mo/ important  
l9e1 z includ+ ! ance/ors ( man4 ,b we  
mu/ take a little glance at mollusks1   
includ+ our clams1 snails1 &            
cuttle-fi%es2 & at ! articulates1       
includ+ annelids & culm9at+ 9 insects4  
,! molluscan & articulate l9es1 ?\gh    
div]g5t1 are ( great importance to u z  
?r[+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( light on v]tebrate 
developm5t2 & /ill m z %[+ h[ a c]ta9   
l9e ( developm5t may seem1 & at fir/    

really be1 advantage\s1 & /ill lead to  
deg5]ation1 or at be/ to b p>tial       
success4  ,:5 we comp>e ! =ms :i*       
repres5t fairly well ! direction (      
developm5t ( ^! ?ree l9es1 a snail or a 
clam ) an insect & a fi%1 we f9d cle>ly1
 ,i ?9k1 t ! fundam5tal anatomical      
diff]5ce lies 9 ! skeleton2 & t ?is     
result$ f1 & almo/ irrevocably fix$1    
c]ta9 habits ( life4  ,we may picture to
 ourselves ! primitive ance/or (        
mollusks z a worm hav+ ! %ort & broad =m
 ( ! turbell>ia1 b mu* ?ick] or deep]   
v]tically4 ,a full] description c be    
f\nd 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1      
,art41 ,mollusca4 ,x 0 hemi-ovoid 9 =m4 
,x _h app>5tly ! p]ivisc]al cavity &    
nephridia ( ! s*ematic worm1 & a        
circulatory sy/em4 ,9 ?is latt] respect 
x /ood high] ?an any =m :i* we h yet    
/udi$4 ,its n]v\s sy/em also 0 r m      
advanc$4 ,x _h app>5tly already tak5 to 
a creep+ mode ( life & ! muscles ( its  
v5tral surface 7 /rongly develop$1 :ile 
its expos$ & f> less muscul> dorsal     

surface 0 protect$ by a cap-l %ell cov]+
 ! mo/ important int]nal organs4 ,b !   
integum5t ( ! :ole dorsal surface 01 z  
is n uncommon 9 inv]tebrates1 h>d5+ by !
 deposition ( c>bonate ( lime 9 !       
integum5t4 ,& ?is 9 "t increas$ to su*  
an ext5t z to replace ! primitive1      
probably horny1 %ell4  ,into ! anatomy (
 ?is animal or ( its desc5dants we h no 
"t to ent]1 = "h we mu/ be v brief4 ,we 
h already notic$ t ! mo/ important      
visc]a 7 lodg$ safely "u ! %ell4 ,& z ^!
 increas$ 9 size or 7 cr[d$ upw>d by !  
muscles ( ! creep+ disk1 _! portion ( ! 
body grew upw>d 9 ! =m ( a visc]al hump4
 ,app>5tly ! animal c\ld n increase mu* 
9 l5g? & reta9 ! advantage ( !          
protection ( ! %ell2 & ! %ell 0 !       
dom9at+ /ructure4 ,x _h ent]$ ^u a      
def5sive campaign4 ,motion1 sl[ at !    
outset1 became m difficult1 & !         
protection ( ! %ell !re=e all ! m       
necess>y4 ,! %ell increas$ 9 size &     
weight & motion became almo/ impossible4
 ,! snail repres5ts ! av]age result ( ! 

exp]im5t4 ,x c crawl1 b t is ab\t all2 x
 is nei!r swift nor en]getic4 ,ev5 !    
e>?worm c outcrawl x4 ,x has feel]s &   
eyes1 & is ?us bett] provid$ )          
s5se-organs ?an almo/ any worm4 ,x has a
 supra-oesophageal ganglion ( fair size4
  ,! clams & oy/]s %[ ev5 m cle>ly :at  
we might call ! logical results (       
molluscan /ructure4 ,!y increas$ ! %ell 
until x =m$ two heavy valves hang+ d[n  
on ea* side ( ! body & completely       
enclos+ x4 ,!y became almo/ sessile1    
liv+ g5]ally buri$ 9 ! mud & ga9+ _!    
food1 consi/+ mo/ly ( m9ute p>ticles (  
organic matt]1 by means ( curr5ts creat$
 by cilia cov]+ ! l>ge curta9-l gills4  
,_! muscul> sy/em disappe>$ except 9 !  
pl\gh%>e-%ap$ foot us$ mo/ly = burr[+1 &
 9 ! muscles = clos+ ! %ell4 ,t portion 
( ! body :i* corresponds to ! head ( !  
snail practically abort$ ) ne>ly all !  
s5se-organs4 ,! n]v\s sy/em deg5]at$ &  
became r$uc$ to a rudim5t4 ,!y _h giv5  
up locomotion1 _h )drawn1 s to speak1 f 
! _w2 all ! s5se !y ne$$ 0 j en\gh to   

di/+ui% ! p>ticles ( food z !y swept pa/
 ! m\? 9 ! curr5t ( wat]4 ,!y h an      
abundance ( food1 & wax fat4 ,! clam is 
s completely protect$ by 8 %ell & ! mud 
t he has little to fe> f enemies4 ,!y h 
increas$ & multipli$ & fill$ ! mud4     
,requiescat 9 pace4  ,b zology has its  
trag$ies z well z human hi/ory4 ,let u  
turn to ! developm5t ( a ?ird molluscan 
l9e t]m9at+ 9 ! cuttle-fi%es4 ,!        
ance/ors ( ^! cephalopods1 al?\gh /ill  
possess$ ( a %ell & a high visc]al hump1
 rega9$ ! swimm+ life4 ,fir/1 app>5tly1 
by means ( f9s1 & !n by a simple b v    
effective use ( a curr5t ( wat]1 !y     
acquir$ an (t5 rapid locomotion4 ,!     
highe/ =ms gave up ! purely def5sive    
campaign1 develop$ a p[]ful beak1 l$ a  
life l t ( ! old ,norse pirates1 & 7 = a
 "t ! rul]s & t]rors ( ! sea4 ,) _! m   
rapid locomotion ! supra-oesophageal    
ganglion rea*$ a high] degree (         
developm5t1 & x 0 s]v$ by s5se-organs ( 
great effici5cy4 ,!y r$uc$ ! ext]nal    
%ell1 & succe$$1 9 ! highe/ =ms1 ( almo/

 ridd+ !mselves ( ?is burd5 &           
encumbrance4 ,traces ( x rema9 9 !      
squids1 b trans=m$ into an int]nal      
quill-l1 support+1 n def5sive1 skeleton4
 ,!y h retrac$ ! d[nw>d /eps ( _!       
ance/ors z f> z !y c\ld4 ,& ! high      
developm5t ( _! supra-oesophageal       
ganglion & s5se-organs1 & _! p[]ful jaws
 & arms1 or t5tacles1 %[ to :at good    
purpose !y h /ruggl$4 ,b ! /ruggle 0 9  
va91 z f> z ! supremacy ( ! animal k+dom
 0 conc]n$4 ,_! ance/ors _h tak5 a c\rse
 :i* r5d]$ x impossible = _! desc5dants 
to rea* ! goal4 ,_! progress became ev] 
sl[]4 ,!y 7 entirely & hopelessly beat5 
by ! v]tebrates4 ,!y /ruggl$ h>d1 b too 
late4  ,! hi/ory ( mollusks is full (   
int]e/4 ,!y %[ cle>ly h[ intimately     
n]v\s developm5t is connect$ ) ! use ( !
 locomotive organs4 ,! snail crept1 &   
slightly increas$ its n]v\s sy/em &     
s5se-organs4 ,! clam almo/ lo/ !m 9     
connection ) its /ation>y life4 ,!      
cephalopods 7 exce$+ly active1 develop$1
 !re=e1 ke5 s5se-organs & a v l>ge &    

complicat$ supra-oesophagal ganglion1   
:i* we might almo/ call a bra94  ,!     
articulate s]ies consi/s ( two gr\ps (  
animals4 ,! high] gr\p includes ! crabs1
 spid]s1 ?\s&-legs1 & f9ally ! insects1 
& =ms ! k+dom ( ar?ropoda4 ,! l[] memb]s
 are /ill usually reckon$ z worms1 & are
 includ$ "u ! annelids4 ,( ^! our common
 e>?worm is a good example1 & ne> !m    
belong ! lee*es4 ,b ! m>9e annelids1 (  
:i* n]eis1 or a clam-worm1 is a good    
example1 are m typical4 ,!y are (t5 q   
l>ge1 a foot or ev5 m 9 l5g?4 ,!y are   
compos$ ( _m1 (t5 sev]al hundr$1 r+s or 
segm5ts4 ,betwe5 ^! ! body-wall is ?91 s
 t ! segm5ts move easily ^u ea* o!r1 &  
?us ! animal c creep or wri!4  ,^!      
segm5ts are v mu* alike except ! fir/   
two & ! la/4 ,if we exam9e "o f ! middle
 ( ! body we %all f9d its /ructure v mu*
 l t ( our s*ematic worm4 ,outside we   
f9d a v ?91 horny cuticle1 secret$ by ! 
lay] ( cells j b5ea? x1 ! hypod]mis4    
,b5ea? ! sk9 we f9d a ?9 lay] (         
transv]se muscles1 & !n f\r heavy b&s ( 

longitud9al muscles4 ,^! latt] h be5    
gr\p$ 9 ! f\r quadrants1 a mu* m        
effective arrangem5t ?an ! cyl9drical   
lay] ( ! s*ematic worm4 ,fur!rmore1 !   
animal has on ea* segm5t a pair ( f9-l  
projections1 /iff5$ ) bri/les1 !        
p>apodia4 ,^! are mov$ by special       
muscles & =m effective organs ( creep+4 
,illu/ration3 #g4 ,,eunice ,,limosa     
7,,annelid74 ,,lang1 ,,f ,,ehl]s4       
,front & h9d end se5 f dorsal surface4  
fa1 fp1 fc1 feel]s2 a1 eye2 k1 gill2    
p1 p>apodia2 ac1 anal cirri4  ,)9 !     
muscles is ! p]ivisc]al cavity1 & 9 its 
c5tral axis ! inte/9e1 segm5t$ l !      
body-wall4 ,! reproductive organs are   
=m$ f pat*es ( ! l9+ ( ! p]ivisc]al     
cavity1 & ! reproductive elem5ts1 :5    
fully develop$1 fall into ! p]ivisc]al  
fluid & are c>ri$ out by nephridia1 j   
su* z we f\nd 9 ! s*ematic worm4 ,beside
 ! p]ivisc]al cavity & its fluid !re is 
a special circulatory sy/em4 ,?is       
consi/s ma9ly ( "o long tube above !    
inte/9e & a second bel[1 ) (t5 sev]al   

small] p>allel tubes4 ,transv]se vessels
 run f ^! to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,!      
dorsal tube pulsates & ?us acts z a     
he>t4 ,! surface ( ! body no long]      
suffices to ga!r oxyg51 h5ce we f9d     
special fea!ry gills on ! p>apodia4 ,b  
^! gills are m]ely exp&$ portions ( !   
body wall1 arrang$ s z to (f] ! greate/ 
possible am\nt ( surface :]e !          
capill>ies ( ! blood sy/em c be almo/   
imm$iately 9 contact ) ! surr\nd+ wat]4 
,illu/ration3 #h4 ,,cross-,,section ,,( 
,,body ,,segm5t ,,( ,,annelid4 ,,lang4  
dp & vp1 dorsal & v5tral halves (       
p>apodia2 b & ac1   bri/les2 k1 gill2 dc
 & vc1 feel]s2 rm1 lat]al muscles2   lm1
 longitud9al muscles2 vd1 dorsal        
blood-vessel2 vo1 v5tral   blood-vessel2
 bm1 v5tral ganglion2 ov1 ov>y2 tr1 op5+
 (   nephridium 9 ! p]ivisc]al cavity2  
np1 tubul> portion (   nephridium4 ,!   
circles conta9+ dots repres5t eggs      
float+ 9   ! p]ivisc]al fluid4  ,! n]v\s
 sy/em consi/s ( a l>ge                 
supra-oesophageal ganglion 9 ! fir/     

segm5t2 !n ( a *a9 ( ganglia1 "o to ea* 
segm5t1 on ! v5tral side ( ! body4 ,) "o
 ganglion 9 ea* segm5t !re is f> m      
controll+1 p]ceptive1 ganglionic mat]ial
 ?an 9 l[] worms4 ,fur!rmore !          
supra-oesophageal ganglion is reliev$ ( 
a l>ge "p ( ! direct control ( ! muscles
 ( ea* segm5t1 & is becom+ m a c5tre (  
control & p]ception = ! body z a :ole4  
,x is m l our bra91 comm&]-9-*ief1 ! o!r
 ganglia con/itut+ its /aff4 ,!         
s5se-organs h improv$ greatly4 ,!re are 
t5tacles & otoli? vesicles z v delicate 
organs ( feel+1 or possibly ( he>+ also4
  ,b ! annelids 7 probably ! fir/       
animals to develop an eye capable ( =m+ 
an image ( ext]nal objects4 ,!          
importance ( ?is organ 9 ! pursuit (    
food or ! escape f enemies c sc>cely be 
ov]-e/imat$4 ,! l9+ ( ! m\? & ph>ynx c  
be protrud$ z a proboscis1 & drawn back 
by p[]ful muscles1 & is arm$ ) two or m 
horny claws4 ,eyes & claws gave !m a    
great advantage ov] _! n q bl9d b really
 visionless & comp>atively def5celess   

neighbors1 & !y mu/ h wr\ght t]rible    
ext9ction ( l[] & old] =ms4 ,b :ile we  
_c ov]-e/imate ! importance ( ^! eyes1  
we c easily exagg]ate _! p]fectness4 ,!y
 7 ( %ort range1 fitt$ = see+ objects   
only a few in*es di/ant1 & ! image 0 v  
imp]fect 9 detail4 ,b ! plan or         
fundam5tal s*eme ( ^! eyes is correct & 
capable ( indef9itely great] developm5t 
?an ! organs ( t\* or smell1 p]haps     
great] ev5 ?an ! otoli? vesicle4  ,& !  
reflex influ5ce ( ! eye on ! bra9 0 !   
greate/ advantage ( all4 ,hi!rto )      
feeble muscles & s5se-organs x has h>dly
 paid ! animal to devote m mat]ial to   
build+ a l>g] bra94 ,x 0 bett] to build 
m muscle4 ,b n[ ) /rong] muscles at its 
comm&1 & bett] s5se-organs to report to 
x1 e gra9 ( add$ bra9 mat]ial is beg9n+ 
to be wor? t5 devot$ to muscle4 ,!      
muscul> sy/em w /ill cont9ue to develop1
 b ! bra9 has begun an almo/ endless m>*
 ( progress4 ,! eye becomes ( cont9ually
 increas+ advantage & importance because
 x has a capable bra9 to use x2 & bra9  

is a m & m pr(itable inve/m5t1 because x
 is s]v$ by an ev]-improv+ eye4         
,illu/ration3 #i4 ,,myrmeleo ,,=mic>ius4
 ,,ant-,,lion4 ,,h]twig1 ,,f   ,,s*m>da4
   #a1 adult2 #b1 l>va2 #c1 cocoon4  ,! 
annelid _h hit ^u a mo/ advantage\s l9e 
( developm5t1 :i* l$ ultimately to !    
insect4 ,! /udy ( ! insect w %[ u cle>ly
 ! advantages & defects ( ! annelid     
plan4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! insect1 l !        
mollusk1 has an ext]nal skeleton4 ,b !  
skeleton ( ! mollusk 0 purely           
protective1 a h9drance to locomotion4 ,t
 ( ! insect is /ill some:at protective1 
b is ma9ly1 almo/ purely1 locomotive4 ,x
 is nev] all[$ to become s heavy z to   
int]f]e ) locomotion4 ,9 ! second place1
 ! insect has ?ree body regions1 hav+   
ea* its own special functions or "w4 ,& 
"o ( ^! is a head4 ,! annelid _h two    
ant]ior segm5ts diff]+ f ^? ( ! re/ ( ! 
body2 ^! may1 p]haps1 be consid]$ z !   
=e%ad[+s ( a /ructure n yet realiz$2 !y 
c only by c\rtesy be call$ a head4      
,?irdly1 ! insect has legs4 ,! annelid  

_h f9-l p>apodia1 approa*+ ! legs (     
insects ab\t z closely z ! f9s ( a fi%  
approa* ! legs ( a mammal4 ,!           
reproductive & dige/ive sy/ems1 :ile    
some:at improv$1 are n v m>k$ly high]   
?an ^? ( annelids4 ,! excretory sy/em   
has m "w to p]=m & rea*es a r high]     
developm5t4  ,b 9 ^! organs !re is no   
great or /rik+ *ange2 ! "t = m>k$ &     
rapid developm5t ( ! dige/ive &         
reproductive sy/ems has gone by4        
,mat]ial c be m pr(itably inve/$ 9 bra9 
or muscle4 ,air is c>ri$ to all p>ts ( !
 body by a special sy/em ( air-sacks &  
tubes4 ,?is is a v advantage\s /ructure 
= small animals ) an ext]nal skeleton4  
,9 v l>ge animals1 or :]e ! skeleton is 
int]nal1 x w\ld h>dly be practicable2 ! 
risk ( compression ( ! tubes at "s po9t1
 & ( ?us cutt+ (f ! air-supply ( "s     
portion ( ! body1 w\ld be altoge!r too  
great4  ,! circulatory sy/em is v poor4 
,x consi/s practically only ( a he>t1   
:i* drives ! blood 9 an irregul>        
circulation betwe5 ! o!r organs ( ! body

 mu* z ) a syr+e y might keep up a sy/em
 ( curr5ts 9 a b[l ( wat]4 ,b ! rapidity
 ( ! fl[ ( ! blood 9 our bodies is ma9ly
 to furni% a supply ( oxyg5 to ! organs4
 ,a tea-spoonful ( blood c c>ry a fair  
am\nt ( dissolv$ solid nutrim5t l sug>1 
x c c>ry at ea* r\nd b a v little gas l 
oxyg54 ,h5ce ! blood mu/ make its r\nds 
rapidly1 c>ry+ b a little oxyg5 at ea*  
circuit4 ,b 9 ! insect ! blood conveys  
only ! dissolv$ solid nutrim5t1 ! food2 
h5ce a comp>atively irregul> circulation
 answ]s all purposes4  ,! skeleton is a 
?ick5+ ( ! horny cuticle ( ! annelid on 
! surface ( ea* segm5t4 ,! horny cyl9d] 
surr\nd+ ea* segm5t is compos$ ( sev]al 
pieces1 & on ! abdom5 ^! are unit$ by   
flexible1 infold$ membranes4 ,?is all[s 
! increase 9 ! size ( ! segm5t          
correspond+ to ! v>y+ size ( ! dige/ive 
& reproductive sy/ems4 ,9 ?is "p ( !    
body ! skeletal r+ ( ea* segm5t is jo9$ 
to t ( ! segm5ts be=e & beh9d x 9 ! same
 mann]4 ,b 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body we %all  
f9d ! skeletal pieces ( ea* segm5t & !  

r+s ( successive segm5ts fus$ 9 "o plate
 ( mail4 ,! legs are ! p>apodia (       
annelids c>ri$ to a va/ly high]         
developm5t4 ,!y are sl5d] & jo9t$1 & yet
 (t5 v p[]ful4 ,a l>ge portion ( !      
muscul> sy/em ( ! body is atta*$ to ^!  
app5dages4  ,b ! insect has also jaws4  
,! annelid _h tee? or claws atta*$ to ! 
proboscis4 ,b true jaws are some?+ q    
diff]5t4 ,!y always develop by modify+  
"s o!r organ4 ,9 ! insect !y are modifi$
 legs4 ,?is is %[n fir/ by _! embryonic 
developm5t4 ,b ! k+- or horse%oe-crab   
has /ill no true jaws1 b uses ! upp]    
jo9ts ( its legs = *ew+4 ,!re are       
primitively ?ree pairs ( jaws ( v>i\s   
=ms = ! diff]5t k9ds ( food ( diff]5t   
species or high] gr\ps4 ,b "s ( !m may  
disappe> & ! o!rs be greatly modifi$    
into awls = pi]c+1 or a tube = suck+    
honey4 ,into ! wond]ful trans=mations ( 
^! modifi$ legs we _c ent]4  ,! muscles 
are no long] arrang$ to =m a sack z 9   
annelids4 ,transv]se muscles1 runn+     
p>allel to ! unyield+ plates ( *it9 or  

horn c\ld accompli% no?+4 ,!y h l>gely  
disappe>$4 ,! "w ( locomotion has be5   
transf]r$ f ! trunk to ! legs4  ,!      
abdom5 ( ! insect is z cle>ly compos$ ( 
di/9ct segm5ts z ! body ( ! annelid4 ,( 
^! !re are p]haps typically elev54 ,!   
?orax is compos$ ( ?ree segm5ts1 di/9ct 
9 ! l[e/ =ms1 fus$ 9 ! highe/4 ,?is     
fusion ( segm5ts 9 ! ?orax ( ! highe/   
=ms furni%es a v firm framework = !     
atta*m5t ( w+s & muscles4 ,^! w+s are a 
new developm5t1 & h[ !y arose is /ill a 
"q4 ,b !y give ! insect ! capability (  
exce$+ly rapid locomotion4  ,! ?ree     
pairs ( jaws1 modifi$ legs1 9 ! re> half
 ( ! head %[ t ?is portion is compos$ ( 
?ree segm5ts4 ,= only "o pair ( legs is 
ev] develop$ on a s+le segm5t4          
,embryology has %[n t ! portion ( ! head
 9 front ( ! m\? is also compos$ ( ?ree 
segm5ts4 ,possibly betwe5 ! pr- &       
po/-oral portions /ill ano!r segm5t %\ld
 be includ$1 mak+ a total ( sev5 9 !    
head4 ,! head has ?us be5 =m$ by draw+  
=w>d segm5ts f ! trunk1 & fus+ !m       

successively ) ! fir/ or primitive head 
segm5t4 ,?is is difficult to conceive ( 
9 ! fully develop$ insect1 :]e ! b\nd>y 
betwe5 head & ?orax is v %>p4 ,b !      
ance/ors ( insects look$ m l ?\s&-legs  
or c5tip$es1 & "h head & ?orax are mu*  
less di/9ct4 ,b 9 ! annelid ! m\? is on 
! second segm5t2 "h x is on ! f\r?4 ,x  
has evid5tly travell$ backw>d4 ,t ! m\? 
( an animal c migrate seems at fir/     
impossible1 b if we _h "t to exam9e !   
embryology ( annelids & insects1 x w\ld 
no long] appe> inconceivable or         
improbable4 ,& its backw>d migration    
br\ght x among ! legs :i* 7 grasp+ &    
*ew+ ! food4 ,& 9 v]tebrates ! m\? has  
*ang$ its position1 ?\gh n 9 exactly !  
same way4 ,our pres5t m\? is probably n 
at all ! m\? ( ! primitive ance/or (    
v]tebrates4 ,?us 9 ! insect ?ree segm5ts
 h fus$ ar\nd ! m\?1 & ?ree1 possibly   
f\r1 9 front ( x4 ,?is makes a head     
wor?y ( ! "n4 ,! ganglia ( ! ?ree       
po/-oral segm5ts1 :i* be> ! jaws1 h fus$
 9 "o comp\nd ganglion inn]vat+ ! m\? & 

jaws4 ,^? ( ! ?ree pr-oral segm5ts h    
fus$ to =m a bra94 ,eyes are well       
develop$1 giv+ images sometimes accurate
 9 detail1 sometimes v rude4 ,e>s are n 
uncommon4 ,! s5se ( smell is (t5 ke54   
,p]haps ! greate/ advance ( ! insect is 
its adaptation to l& life4 ,?is gives x 
a l>g] supply ( oxyg5 ?an any aquatic   
animal c\ld ev] obta94 ,?is itself      
/imulates e function1 & all ! "w ( !    
body goes on m en]getically4 ,!n ! heat 
produc$ is conduct$ (f f> less rapidly  
?an 9 aquatic =ms4 ,wat] is a good      
conductor ( heat1 & ne>ly all aquatic   
animals are cold-blood$4 ,! few :i* are 
w>m-blood$ are protect$ by a ?ick lay] (
 non-conduct+ fat4 ,9 all l& animals1   
ev5 :5 cold-blood$1 ! "w ( ! diff]5t    
sy/ems is aid$ by ! long] ret5tion ( !  
heat 9 ! body4  ,let u recapitulate4 ,! 
s*ematic worm _h a body compos$ ( two   
conc5tric tubes4 ,! out] 0 compos$ ( !  
muscles ( ! body cov]$ by ! protective  
integum5t4 ,! inn] tube 0 ! alim5t>y    
canal ) its special muscles4 ,betwe5 ^! 

two 0 ! p]ivisc]al cavity1 fill$ )      
nutritive fluid1 lymph1 & furni%+ a safe
 lodg+-place = ! m delicate visc]a4 ,x  
repres5t$ fairly ! trunk ( high]        
animals4  ,! annelid add$ segm5tation1 &
 ?us great] fre$om ( motion by !        
p>apodia4 ,b ! segm5ts 7 /ill           
practically alike4 ,9 ! insect division 
( labor took place1 t is1 ea* gr\p (    
segm5ts 0 allott$ its own special "w2 & 
^! gr\ps ( segm5ts 7 modifi$ 9 /ructure 
to be/ suit ! p]=mance ( ?is "p ( ! "w (
 ! body4 ,! abdom5 0 lea/ modifi$ & its 
elev5 segm5ts 7 devot$ to dige/ion1     
reproduction1 & excretion--! old        
vegetative functions4 ,?ree segm5ts 7   
unit$ 9 ! ?orax2 all _! en]gy 0 turn$ to
 locomotion1 & ! insect became ?us an   
exce$+ly active1 swift animal4 ,! ?ird  
body-region1 ! head1 includes six       
segm5ts1 ( :i* ?ree surr\nd$ ! m\? &    
furni%$ ! jaws1 :ile two m 7 cr[d$ or   
drawn =w>d 9 ord] t _! ganglia might be 
add$ to ! old supraoesophageal ganglion 
& =m a bra94 ,x is int]e/+ to note t a  

=m1 p]ipatus1 /ill exi/s :i* /&s almo/  
midway betwe5 annelids & insects & has  
only f\r segm5ts 9 ! head4 ,! =mation ( 
! head 0 ?us a gradual process1 "o      
segm5t be+ add$ aft] ano!r4  ,9 !       
turbell>ia ! dom9ant functions 7        
dige/ion & reproduction1 & _! organs    
compos$ almo/ ! :ole body4 ,"h only     
elev5 segm5ts at mo/ are devot$ to ^!   
functions1 & n9e 9 head & ?orax to      
locomotion & bra94 ,head & ?orax h      
increas$ /eadily 9 importance1 :ile !   
abdom5 has decreas$ z /eadily 9 numb] ( 
segm5ts4 ,& ! bra9 is increas+ ?us      
rapidly because !re are n[ muscles &    
s5se-organs ( suffici5t p[] to make su* 
a bra9 ( value4 ,& ?is bra9 p]ceives n  
only objects & qualities1 b invisible   
relations betwe5 ^!1 & ?is is an advance
 am\nt+ to a revolution4 ,x rememb]s1 & 
uses its recollections4 ,x is capable ( 
le>n+ a little by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4
 ,! ,a1 ,b1 ,c ( ?9k+ 0 probably le>n$  
long be=e ! insect's "t1 & ! bee %[s a  
fair am\nt ( intellig5ce4  ,! l9e (     

developm5t :i* ! insect foll[$ 0        
comp>atively easy & its c\rse probably  
rapid4 ,c]ta9 cru/acea1 aquatic         
ar?ropoda1 are among ! olde/ fossils1 & 
x is possible t insects liv$ on ! l&    
be=e ! fir/ fi% swam 9 ! sea4 ,!y _h f9e
 /ructure & p[]s2 & yet dur+ ! lat]     
geologic p]iods !y h sc>cely advanc$ a  
/ep1 & are n[ app>5tly at a /&/ill4 ,!y 
ran spl5didly = a "t1 & !n fell out ( ! 
race4 ,:at h9d]$ & /opp$ !m8  ,"o vital 
defect 9 _! :ole plan ( organization is 
evid5t4 ,! ext]nal skeleton is admirably
 suit$ to animals ( small size1 b only  
to ^!4 ,9 l>g] animals liv+ on l& x w\ld
 h to be made s heavy z to be unwieldy &
 no long] economical4 ,_! mode ( brea?+ 
also is fitt$ only = animals ( small    
size hav+ an ext]nal skeleton4 ,:atev]  
may be our explanation ! fact rema9s t  
insects are always small4 ,?is is 9     
itself a disadvantage4 ,v small animals 
_c keep up a con/ant high temp]ature    
unless ! surr\nd+ air is w>m1 = _!      
radiat+ surface is too l>ge 9 comp>ison 

) _! heat-produc+ mass4 ,at ! fir/      
approa* ( ev5 cool wea!r !y become *ill$
 & sluggi%1 & mu/ hib]nate or die4 ,!y  
are con=m$ to b a limit$ range (        
environm5t 9 temp]ature4  ,b small size 
is1 z a rule1 accompani$ by an ev5      
great] disadvantage4 ,x seems to be     
almo/ always correlat$ ) %ort life4 ,:y 
?is is s1 or h[1 we d n "k4 ,!re are    
exceptions2 a cr[ lives z long z a man2 
or w\ld1 if all[$ to4 ,b1 z a rule1 !   
l5g? ( an animal's days is r\ghly       
proportional to ! size ( its body4 ,& ! 
insect is1 z a rule1 v %ort-liv$4 ,x    
lives = a few days or weeks1 or ev5     
mon?s1 b r>ely outla/s ! ye>4 ,x has "t 
to le>n b little by exp]i5ce4 ,! same   
exp]i5ce mu/ be pass$1 ! same em]g5cy   
arise & be met1 ov] & ov] aga9 dur+ !   
lifetime ( ! same individual if ! animal
 is to le>n !reby4 ,& intellig5ce is    
bas$ ^u exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce insects c & d   
possess b a l[ grade ( intellig5ce4 ,b  
in/9ct is 9 _m cases habit fix$ by      
h]$ity & improv$ by selection4 ,! rapid 

recurr5ce ( successive g5]ations 0      
exce$+ly favorable to ! developm5t (    
in/9cts1 b v unfavorable to intellig5ce4
 ,insects are in/9ctive1 ! highe/       
v]tebrates intellig5t4 ,! future c nev] 
belong to a t9y animal gov]n$ by        
in/9cts4 ,mollusks & insects h bo? fail$
 to rea* ! goal2 ano!r plan ( /ructure  
?an !irs mu/ be s\ght if ! animal k+dom 
is to h a future4  ,! future belong$ to 
! v]tebrate4 ,to beg9 ) less *>act]i/ic 
organs ! dige/ive sy/em is mu* l t ( !  
annelid or s*ematic worm1 b ) greatly   
increas$ gl&ul> & absorptive surfaces4  
,! pres5t m\? ( ne>ly all v]tebrates is 
probably n primitive4 ,x is almo/       
c]ta9ly "o ( ! gill-slits ( "s old      
ance/or ( fi%1 su* z n[ are us$ to      
dis*>ge ! wat] :i* is us$ = respiration4
 ,! jaws are modifi$ bran*ial ar*es or !
 c>tilag9\s or bony rods :i* 9 our      
pres5t fi% support ! fr+e ( gills4 ,^! h
 =m$ a pair ( exce$+ly effective &      
p[]ful jaws4 ,! reproductive sy/em holds
 /ill to ! old type & %[s little if any 

improvem5t4 ,! excretory organs1        
kidneys1 are compos$ primitively (      
nephridial tubes l ^? ( ! s*ematic worm 
or annelid1 b imm5sely increas$ 9 numb]1
 modifi$1 & improv$ 9 c]ta9 v important 
p>ticul>s4 ,! muscles 9 simple/ =ms are 
compos$ ( heavy longitud9al b&s1        
especially develop$ t[>d ! dorsal       
surface ( ! body to ! "r & left ( !     
axial skeleton4 ,locomotion 0 produc$ by
 la%+ ! tail "r & left1 z /ill 9 fi%4   
,!re is improvem5t 9 all ^! organs1     
except p]haps ! reproductive1 b no?+ v  
new or /rik+4 ,! great improvem5t f ?is 
"t on 0 n to be s\ght 9 ! vegetative    
organs1 or ev5 directly to any great    
ext5t 9 muscles4  ,! new & *>act]i/ic   
organ 0 n ! v]tebral column1 or s]ies ( 
v]tebr1 or backbone1 f :i* ! k+dom has  
d]iv$ its "n4 ,?is 0 a lat] production4 
,! primitive skeleton 0 ! noto*ord1 /ill
 appe>+ 9 ! embryos ( all v]tebrates &  
p]si/+ ?r\gh\t life 9 fi%4 ,?is is an   
ela/ic rod ( c>tilage1 ly+ j b5ea? !    
sp9al m>r[ or n]ve-cord1 :i* runs       

backw>d f ! bra94 ,! n]ve-c5tres are    
!re=e "h all dorsal1 & ! noto*ord or    
skeleton lies betwe5 ^! & ! dige/ive or 
alim5t>y canal4 ,! skeleton ( ! clam or 
snail is purely protective & a h9drance 
to locomotion4 ,t ( ! insect is almo/   
purely locomotive1 b ext]nal1 t ( !     
v]tebrate purely locomotive & int]nal4  
,x does n lie outside ev5 ( ! n]v\s     
sy/em1 al?\gh ?is sy/em especially      
requir$1 & 0 wor?y (1 protection4 ,x    
does n protect ev5 ! bra92 ! skull (    
v]tebrates is an aft]-?\ght4 ,x is almo/
 ! deepe/ seat$ ( all organs4 ,b ly+ 9 !
 c5tral axis ( ! body x furni%es ! v be/
 possible atta*m5t = muscles4 ,ar\nd ?is
 primitive noto*ord 0 a lay] (          
connectile tissue :i* lat] gave rise to 
! v]tebr =m+ our backbone4              
,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,,cross-,,section ,,(
 ,,axial ,,skeleton ,,( ,,petromyzon4   
,,h]twig1 ,,f ,,hi$]%eim4   ,,ss1       
skeletog5\s lay]2 ,ob1 ,ub1 dorsal &    
v5tral processes   ( ,,ss2 ,c1 noto*ord2
 ,cs1 %ea? ( noto*ord2 ,ee1 ela/ic      

ext]nal lay] ( %ea?2 ,f1 fatty tissue2  
,m1 sp9al m>r[2   ,p1 %ea? ( ,m4  ,!    
n]v\s sy/em on ! dorsal surface ( !     
noto*ord consi/s ( ! bra9 9 ! head & !  
sp9al m>r[ runn+ d[n ! back4 ,! bra9 (  
all except ! v l[e/ v]tebrates consi/s (
 f\r portions3 #a4 ,! c]ebrum1 or       
c]ebral lobes1 or simply =ebra91 ! seat 
( consci\sness1 ?\ght1 & w1 & f :i* no  
n]ves proce$4 ,:e!r ! primitive         
v]tebrate _h any c]ebrum is /ill        
unc]ta94 #b4 ,! mid-bra91 :i* s5ds n]ves
 to ! eyes1 & 9 ?is respect rem9ds u ( !
 bra9 ( insects4 ,its ant]ior portion   
appe>s f embryology to be v primitive4  
#c4 ,! small bra91 or c]ebellum1 :i* 9  
all high] =ms is ! c5tre = co-ord9ation 
( ! motions ( ! body4 #d4 ,! m$ulla1 :i*
 controls especially ! int]nal organs4  
,! sp9al m>r[1 or t portion ( ! n]v\s   
sy/em :i* lies outside ( ! head1 is at !
 same "t a great n]ve-trunk & a c5tre = 
reflex action ( ! muscles ( ! body4 ,b !
 developm5t ( ^! di/9ct portions & !    
division ( labor betwe5 !m mu/ h be5 a  

long & gradual process4  ,we h e reason 
to believe t "h1 z 9 insects1 ! head has
 be5 =m$ by annexation ( segm5ts f !    
rump & ! fusion ( _! n]v\s matt] ) t ( !
 bra94 ,b "h1 in/ead ( only ?ree        
segm5ts1 f n9e to f\rte5 h be5 fus$ 9 ! 
head to furni% ! mat]ial = ! bra94      
,noto*ord & backbone may be ! mo/ /rik+ 
& app>5t *>act]i/ic ( v]tebrates1 b _!  
pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic is bra94 ,on ?is   
sy/em !y lavi%$ mat]ial1 giv+ x f ?ree  
to f\r times z mu* z any l[] or e>li]   
gr\p _h done4 ,!y v e>ly set ap>t !     
c]ebral lobes to be ! comm&]-9-*ief &   
c5tre ( control = all o!r n]ve-c5tres4  
,to ?is all report1 & f x all directly  
or indirectly receive ord]s4 ,x c say to
 e o!r organ 9 ! body1 ,/>ve t ,i may   
live4 ,x is ! seat ( ?\ght & w4 ,! o!r  
portions ( ! bra9 report to x :at !y h  
ga!r$ ( vision or s\nd2 x expla9s !     
vision or song or p>able4 ,x is reliev$ 
z f> z possible f all l[] & r\t9e "w t x
 may ?9k & rememb] & gov]n4 ,! v]tebrate
 built = m9d1 n neglect+ ! body4  ,e    

trait ( v]tebrates is a promise ( a     
great future4 ,its int]nal skeleton     
gives x ! possibility ( l>ge size4 ,?is 
gave x 9 "t ! victory 9 ! /ruggle ) its 
competitors1 z to :e!r x %\ld eat or be 
eat54 ,x is vigor\s & p[]ful1 = all its 
organs are at ! be/4 ,x gives !         
possibility ( lat]1 on l&1 becom+       
w>m-blood$1 i4e41 ( ma9ta9+ a con/ant   
high temp]ature4 ,x is ?us resi/ant to  
climate & h>d%ip4 ,9 "t its desc5dants w
 face ! arctic w9t] z well z ! heat ( ! 
tropics4  ,b x has />t$ on ! road :i*   
leads to m9d4 ,! great] size is         
correlat$ ) long] life4 ,! lessons (    
exp]i5ce come to x ov] & ov] aga91 & x c
 & mu/ le>n !m4 ,x is ! intellig5t1     
rememb]+1 ?9k+ type4 ,! insect _h begun 
to pe] into ! _w ( invisible &          
intangible relations1 ! v]tebrate w "s  
day see !m4 ,?is mu* is propheci$ 9 8 v 
/ructure4 ,he mu/ be heir to an         
indef9ite future4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,y h probably     
notic$ t ! v]tebrate diff]s greatly f   

all 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! gulf betwe5 him & 
!m is inde$ wide & deep4 ,8 orig9 &     
ance/ry are yet f> f c]ta94 ,b an       
attempt to deciph] 8 pa/ hi/ory1 ?\gh x 
may lead to no sure conclusions1 w yet  
be ( use to u4 ,practically all aquatic 
v]tebrates lead a swimm+ life1 nei!r    
sessile nor creep+4 ,! embryonic        
developm5t ( our app5dages leads to !   
same conclusion4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t !  
embryonic developm5t ( ! individual     
recapitulates briefly ! hi/ory ( !      
developm5t ( ! race4 ,n[ ! legs & arms1 
or =e- & h9d-legs1 ( high] v]tebrates & 
! correspond+ pair$ f9s ( fi% develop 9 
! embryo z portions ( a long ridge      
ext5d+ f front to re> ( ! side ( ! body4
  ,?is ju/ifies ! inf]5ce t ! primitive 
v]tebrate ance/or _h a pair ( long f9s  
runn+ along ! sides ( ! body1 b b5d+    
slightly d[nw>d t[>d ! re> s z to meet  
"o ano!r & cont9ue z a s+le caudal f9   
beh9d ! anal op5+4 ,su* f9s1 l ! fea!rs 
( an arr[1 c\ld be useful only to keep !
 animal on an ev5 keel z x 0 =c$ ?r\gh !

 wat] by ! lat]al sweeps ( ! tail4 ,!y  
w\ld h be5 useless = creep+4  ,b !re is 
ano!r piece ( evid5ce t he 0 a free     
swimm+ =m4 ,all v]tebrates brea! by     
gills or lungs1 & ^! are modifi$        
portions ( ! dige/ive sy/em1 ( ! walls (
 ! oesophagus1 f :i* ev5 ! lung is an   
embryonic outgr[?4 ,n[ practically all  
inv]tebrates brea! ?r\gh modifi$        
portions ( ! integum5t or out] surface (
 ! body1 & _! gills are m]ely expansions
 ( ?is4 ,9 ! annelid !y are projections 
( ! p>apodia1 9 ! mollusk expansions ( !
 sk91 :]e ! foot or creep+ sole jo9s !  
body4 ,:y did ! v]tebrate take a new &  
/range1 &1 at fir/ sight1 disadvantage\s
 mode ( brea?+8 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s good  
reason = ?is4 ,! mo/ natural explanation
 w\ld seem to be t he _h no projections 
on 8 out] surface :i* c\ld develop into 
gills1 & f>!r1 t he c\ld n af=d to h    
any4 ,n[ projections on ! l[] portion ( 
! sides ( ! body w\ld be an advantage 9 
creep+1 b a h9drance 9 any su* mode (   
swimm+ z we h describ$1 or inde$ 9 any  

mode ( wri?+ ?r\gh ! wat]4  ,fur!rmore1 
if he liv$1 n a creep+ life on ! bottom1
 b swimm+ 9 ! wat] above1 he w\ld h to  
live almo/ entirely on microscopic      
animals & embryos2 & ^! w\ld be mo/     
easily captur$ by a curr5t ( wat] br\ght
 9 at ! m\?4 ,! :ole bran*ial app>atus 9
 its simple/ =ms w\ld seem to be an     
app>atus = sift+ out ! microscopic      
p>ticles ( food & only lat] a purely    
respiratory app>atus4 ,moreov]1 we h se5
 t ! p>apodia ( annelids naturally po9t 
to ! developm5t ( an ext]nal skeleton1 =
 _! muscles are already a "p ( ! ext]nal
 body-wall & atta*$ to ! already exi/+  
horny cuticle4 ,! logical goal ( _!     
developm5t 0 ! insect4  ,n[ ,i d n wi%  
to conceal f y t _m good zologi/s       
believe t ! v]tebrate is desc5d$ f      
annelids2 b = ?is & o!r reasons su* a   
desc5t appe>s to me v improbable4 ,x    
w\ld seem f> m natural to d]ive !       
v]tebrate f "s free swimm+ =m l !       
s*ematic worm1 ^: l>ge/ n]ve-cord lay on
 ! dorsal surface because its bran*es   

ran to heavy muscles mu* us$ 9 swimm+4  
,lat] ! o!r n]ve-cords deg5]at$1 = su* a
 deg5]ation ( n]ve-cords is n at all    
impossible or improbable4 ,no ?or\ghf>e 
is (t5 writt5 across pa?s previ\sly     
foll[$ by blood or n]v\s impulses1 :5   
o!r pa?s h be5 f\nd m economical or     
effective4  ,b :]e did ! noto*ord come  
f8 ,i d n "k4 ,x always =ms 9 ! embryo  
out ( ! entod]m or lay] :i* becomes !   
l9+ ( ! inte/9e4 ,n[ ?is is a v peculi> 
orig9 = c>tilage1 & ! noto*ord is a v   
/range c>tilage ev5 if we h n made a    
mi/ake 9 call+ x c>tilage at all4 ,my   
be/ guess w\ld be t x is simply a ?ick5$
 portion ( ! upp] m$ian surface ( !     
inte/9e to keep ! balls ( dige/+        
nutrim5t or o!r h>d p>ticles 9 ! inte/9e
 f gr9d+ aga9/ ! n]ve-cord z !y are     
cr[d$ along 9 ! process ( dige/ion4     
,once />t$ its ela/icity w\ld be a great
 aid 9 swimm+4  ,pr(essor ,brooks has   
call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! high] a    
gr\p /&s 9 developm5t1 ! long] its      
ance/ors h ma9ta9$ a swimm+ life4 ,?us  

we h notic$ t ! sponges 7 ! fir/ to     
settle2 !n a little lat] ! mass ( !     
coel5t]ates foll[$ _! example4 ,b !     
et5ophora1 ! ne>e/ relatives ( bilat]al 
animals1 h rema9$ free swimm+4 ,!n !    
flat worms & mollusks took to a creep+  
mode ( life1 :ile ! annelids &          
v]tebrates /ill swam4 ,!n ! annelids    
settl$ to ! bottom & crept1 & all _!    
desc5dants rema9$ creep+ =ms4 ,!        
v]tebrates alone rema9$ swimm+1 &       
probably nei!r !y nor _! desc5dants ev] 
crept until !y em]g$ on ! l&1 or z      
amphibia 7 prep>+ = l& life4 ,if ?is be 
true1 x is a fact wor?y ( our mo/ c>eful
 consid]ation4 ,! swimm+ life w\ld appe>
 to be nei!r z easy nor z economical z !
 creep+4 ,x is c]ta9ly h>d to believe t 
food w\ld n h be5 obta9$ ) less ef=t & 9
 great] abundance at ! bottom ?an 9 !   
wat] above4 ,! swimm+ life gave rise to 
high] & /rong] =ms2 b did its ma9t5ance 
give imm$iate advantage 9 ! /ruggle =   
exi/5ce8 ,?is is an exce$+ly int]e/+ &  
important "q1 & dem&s mo/ c>eful        

consid]ation4 ,b we %all be bett] prep>$
 to answ] x 9 a future lecture4  ,!     
p]iod ( developm5t ( mollusks1          
articulates1 & v]tebrates1 is really "o4
 ,!y develop$ to a c]ta9 ext5t          
contemporane\sly4 ,! developm5t (       
v]tebrates 0 sl[1 & !y 7 ! la/ to appe> 
on ! /age ( geological hi/ory4  ,y mu/  
all h notic$ t developm5t1 dur+ ?is     
p]iod1 takes on a mu* m hopeful =m ?an  
dur+ t describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,!n      
dige/ion & reproduction 7 dom9ant4 ,n[  
muscle is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,if   
?is fails ( developm5t1 z 9 mollusks1 ! 
gr\p is doom$ to deg5]ation or at be/   
/agnation4 ,b we h se5 ! dawn ( a /ill  
high] function4 ,9 insects & v]tebrates 
! bra9 is becom+ ( importance1 & absorb+
 m & m mat]ial4 ,?is is ! promise (     
some?+ va/ly high] & bett]4 ,bett]      
s5se-organs are appe>+1 fitt$ to aid 9 a
 wid] p]ception ( m di/ant objects4 ,!  
v]tebrate has discov]$ ! "r pa?2 ?\gh a 
long j\rney /ill lies be=e x4 ,! night  
is f> sp5t1 ! day is at h&4     ,,*apt] 

,,iv  ,,v]tebrates3 ,,backbone ,,&      
,,bra9   ,9 trac+ man's ance/ry f fi%   
upw>d we ought prop]ly to describe ?ree 
or f\r fi%1 an amphibian1 a reptile1 &  
!n take up ! s]ies ( mammalian ance/ors4
 ,b we h n suffici5t "t = s ext5d$ a    
/udy1 & a simpl] me?od may answ] our    
purpose fairly well4 ,let u fix our     
att5tion on ! few organs :i* /ill %[ !  
capacity ( m>k$ developm5t1 & foll[ ea* 
"o ( ^! rapidly 9 its upw>d c\rse4  ,we 
mu/ rememb] t !re are *anges 9 !        
vegetative organs4 ,! dige/ive &        
excretory sy/ems improve4 ,b ?is        
improvem5t is n = ! sake ( ^! vegetative
 functions4 ,bra9 & muscle dem& va/ly m 
fuel1 & produce va/ly m wa/e :i* mu/ be 
remov$4 ,at almo/ ! close ( ! s]ies !   
reproductive sy/em und]goes a           
modification :i* is almo/ revolution>y 9
 its results4 ,b we %all f9d t ?is      
modification is necessitat$ by ! small] 
am\nt ( mat]ial :i* c be sp>$ = ?is     
function2 n by its increas+ importance1 
/ill less its dom9ance = its own wor?4  

,! v]tebrate is l an old ,roman2 ev]y?+ 
is subord9at$ to m5tal & physical p[]4  
,he is ! _w conqu]or4  ,! important     
*anges f fi% upw>d affect ! foll[+      
organs3 #a4 ,! skeleton4 ,a light1 solid
 framework mu/ be develop$ = ! body4 #b4
 ,! app5dages />t z f9s1 & end z ! legs 
& arms ( man4 #c4 ,! circulatory &      
respiratory sy/ems develop$ s z to c>ry 
) ! utmo/ rapidity & c]ta9ty fuel &     
oxyg5 to ! muscul> & n]v\s high-pressure
 eng9es4 ,or1 to *ange ! figure1 !y are 
! roads along :i* supplies & munitions c
 be c>ri$ to ! army sudd5ly mobiliz$ at 
any po9t on ! fronti]4 #d4 ,above all1 !
 bra91 especially ! c]ebrum1 ! cr[n &   
goal ( v]tebrate /ructure4 ,! improvem5t
 is n[ practically altoge!r 9 ! animal  
organs ( locomotion & ?\ght4 ,/ill1     
among ^! animal organs1 ! l[] sy/ems w  
lead 9 po9t ( "t4 ,! bra9 mu/ to a c]ta9
 ext5t wait = ! skeleton4  #a4 ,!       
skeleton4 ,! axial skeleton consi/s1 9 !
 l[e/ fi%1 ( ! noto*ord1 a cyl9drical   
unsegm5t$ rod ( c>tilage runn+ ne>ly !  

l5g? ( ! body4 ,?is is surr\nd$ by a    
%ea? ( connective tissue1 at fir/ m]ely 
membran\s1 lat] becom+ c>tilag9\s or    
gri/ly4 ,pieces ( c>tilage ext5d upw>d  
ov] ! sp9al m>r[1 & d[nw>d ar\nd ! great
 aortic art]y1 =m+ ! neural & hmal      
ar*es4 ,^! unite ) ! masses ( c>tilage  
surr\nd+ ! noto*ord to =m c>tilag9\s    
v]tebr1 :i* may be /iff5$ by an         
infiltration ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,!      
v]tebral column ( %>ks has rea*$ ?is    
/age4 ,!n ! c>tilag9\s v]tebr ossify &  
=m a true backbone4 ,i h describ$ !     
process z if x 7 v simple4 ,b only !    
/ud5t ( comp>ative o/eology c h any     
conception ( ! numb] ( exp]im5ts :i* 7  
tri$ 9 diff]5t gr\ps be=e ! def9ite mode
 ( =m+ a bony v]tebra 0 atta9$4 ,at !   
same "t ! skull 0 develop+ 9 a some:at  
simil> mann]4 ,b ! skull is f> m complex
 9 orig9 & und]goes f> m num]\s &       
important *anges ?an ! simpl] v]tebral  
column4 ,into its hi/ory we h no "t to  
ent]4  ,& :at %all we say ( bone itself 
z a m]e mat]ial or tissue1 ) its        

admirable lightness1 compactness1 &     
flawlessness4 ,& e bone 9 our body is a 
triumph ( eng9e]+ ar*itecture4 ,no      
eng9e] c\ld bett] recognize ! direction 
( /ra9 & /ress1 & arrange 8 rods &      
columns1 ar*es & buttresses1 to suitably
 meet !m1 ?an ^! problems are solv$ 9 ! 
long bone ( our ?igh4 ,& !y mu/ be      
l5g!n$ :ile ! *ild is leap+ ^u !m4 ,an  
eng9e] is ju/ly pr\d if he c rebuild or 
l5g!n a bridge )\t delay+ ! passage ( a 
s+le tra94 ,b :at w\ld he say if y ask$ 
him to rebuild a locomotive1 :ile x 0   
runn+ ev5 tw5ty miles an h\r8 ,& yet a  
simil> problem _h to be solv$ 9 our     
bodies4  ,b ! v]tebral column is n      
p]fect$ by fi%4 ,! v]tebr ) few         
exceptions are holl[ 9 front & beh9d1   
biconcave2 & betwe5 ea* two v]tebr !re  
is a l>ge cavity /ill occupi$ by !      
noto*ord4 ,?us ^! v]tebr jo9 "o ano!r by
 _! edges1 l two %all[ w9e-glasses plac$
 rim to rim4 ,only gradually is !       
noto*ord cr[d$ out s t ! v]tebr jo9 by  
_! :ole adjac5t surfaces4 ,ev5 9 highe/ 

=ms1 = ! sake ( mobility1 !y are unit$  
by wa%]-l disks ( c>tilage4 ,biconcave  
v]tebr p]si/$ ?r\gh ! olde/ amphibia1   
reptiles1 & birds4 ,b f9ally a firm     
backbone & skull 7 atta9$4  #b4 ,!      
app5dages4 ,( ^! we c say b little4 ,!  
fi% has o>-l f9s1 atta*$ to ! body by a 
jo9t1 b !mselves unjo9t$4 ,by ! amphibia
 legs1 ) ! same regions z our own & )   
five toes1 h already appe>$4 ,!         
developm5t ( ! leg out ( ! f9 is "o ( ! 
mo/ difficult & lea/ und]/ood problems (
 v]tebrate comp>ative anatomy4 ,! legs  
are at fir/ weak & sc>cely capable (    
support+ ! body4 ,only gradually d !y   
/r5g!n into ! =e- & h9d-legs ( mammals1 
or into ! legs & w+s ( birds & old fly+ 
reptiles4  #c4 ,*anges 9 ! circulatory &
 respiratory sy/ems4 ,! fi% lives       
altoge!r 9 ! wat] & brea!s by gills1 b !
 dipnoi among fi%es brea!s by lungs z   
well z gills4 ,z long z respiration     
takes place by gills alone1 !           
circulation is simple2 ! blood fl[s f ! 
he>t to ! gills1 & !nce directly all ov]

 ! body2 ! oxyg5at$ blood f ! gills does
 n return directly to ! he>t4 ,b ! blood
 f ! lungs does return to ! he>t2 & !re 
at fir/ mixes 9 ! v5tricle ) ! impure   
blood :i* has return$ f ! re/ ( ! body4 
,gradually a p>tition arises 9 !        
v5tricle1 divid+ x into a "r & left     
half4 ,?us ! two circulations ( ! v5\s  
blood to ! lungs1 & ( ! oxyg5at$ blood  
ov] ! body1 are m & m sep>at$ until1 9  
high] reptiles1 !y become entirely      
di/9ct4  ,z ! animal came on l& & brea!d
 ! air1 m completely oxyg5at$ blood 0   
c>ri$ to ! organs1 & _! activity 0      
greatly height5$4 ,z m & m heat 0       
produc$ by ! combu/ion 9 muscul> & n]v\s
 tissues1 & less 0 lo/ by conduction1 ! 
temp]ature ( ! body rose1 & 9 birds &   
mammals becomes con/ant sev]al degrees  
above ! highe/ summ] temp]ature ( !     
surr\nd+ air4  ,! *anges 9 ! bra9 affect
 ma9ly ! l>ge & small bra94 ,! c]ebellum
 increases ) ! great] locomotive p[]s ( 
! animal4 ,b its developm5t is evid5tly 
limit$4 ,! l>ge bra91 or c]ebrum1 is 9  

fi% h>dly z heavy z ! mid-bra92 9       
amphibia ! rev]se is true4 ,9 high]     
rec5t reptiles ! c]ebrum w\ld some:at   
outweigh all ! o!r portions ( ! bra9 put
 toge!r4 ,9 mammals x ext5ds upw>d &    
backw>d1 has already 9 l[] =ms ov]spread
 ! mid-bra91 & is beg9n+ to cov] ! small
 bra94 ,b ?is 0 n s 9 ! e>lie/ mammals4 
,"h ! c]ebrum 0 small1 m l t ( reptiles4
 ,b dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iod ! l>ge bra9     
began to increase ) m>vell\s rapidity4  
,x 0 v late 9 arriv+ at ! p]iod ( rapid 
developm5t1 b x kept on aft] all ! o!r  
organs ( ! body _h settl$ d[n into      
comp>ative re/1 p]haps retrogression4   
,we h giv5 ?us a rapid sket* 9 outl9e ( 
! *anges 9 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic sy/ems      
betwe5 fi% & mammals4 ,"s ( ! *anges :i*
 took place 9 mammals 7 along ! same    
l9es1 b "o at lea/ is s new & unexpect$ 
t ?is highe/ class dem&s m c>eful &     
detail$ exam9ation4  ,! mammal is a     
v]tebrate4 ,h5ce all its organs are at  
_! be/4 ,b mammals /&1 all ?+s consid]$1
 at ! head ( v]tebrates4 ,! skeleton is 

firm & compact4 ,! muscles are          
beautifully m\ld$ & fitt$ to ! skeleton 
s z to produce ! greate/ effect ) ! lea/
 mass & weight ( tissue4 ,! s5se-organs 
are ke51 & ! eye & e> especially        
delicate1 & fitt$ = p]ception at long   
range4 ,yet 9 all ^! respects !y are    
surpass$ by birds4 ,z a m]e anatomical  
ma*9e ! bird always seems to me sup]ior 
to ! mammal4 ,x is n easy to see :y x   
fail$1 z x has1 to rea* ! goal (        
possibility ( indef9ite developm5t &    
dom9ance 9 ! animal _w4 ,:y he /opp$    
%ort ( ! high] bra9 developm5t ,i _c    
tell4 ,! fact rema9s t ! mammal is      
pre-em95t 9 bra9 p[]1 & t ?is gave him !
 supremacy4  ,b mammals came v late to !
 ?rone1 & ! probability ( _! ev] ga9+ x 
mu/ = ages h appe>$ v d\btful4 ,!y seem 
to h be5 a fairly old gr\p ) a v sl[    
e>ly developm5t4 ,reptiles especially1 &
 ev5 birds1 7 f> m precoci\s ?an ^! sl[]
 & weak] =ms :i* crept along ! e>?4 ,b  
reptiles & birds1 l _m o!r precoci\s    
*ildr51 soon rea*$ ! limit ( _!         

developm5t4 ,!y _h muscle1 ! mammal bra9
 & n]ve2 ! mammal _h ! /ay+ p[] & !     
future4 ,bitt] & disc\rag+ mu/ h be5 !  
/ruggle ( ^! feeble e>ly mammals ) _!   
l>g]1 swift]1 & m p[]ful1 reptilian     
relatives4 ,& yet1 p]haps1 by ?is v     
/ruggle ! mammal 0 tra9$ to %rewdness & 
endurance4  ,! primitive mammals laid   
eggs l reptiles or birds4 ,only two     
g5]a1 e*idna & platypus1 survive to be> 
witness ( ^! old ovip>\s gr\ps1 & ^!    
only 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,^! reta9 sev]al old
 reptilian *>act]i/ics4 ,_! l[] position
 is %[n also by ! fact t ! temp]ature ( 
_! bodies is1 at lea/1 t5 degrees       
,fahr5heit bel[ t ( high] mammals4 ,"o (
 ^! c>ries ! egg 9 a p\* on ! v5tral    
surface2 ! o!r1 liv+ l>gely 9 wat]1     
deposits its eggs 9 a ne/ 9 a burr[ 9 ! 
side ( ! bank ( ! /ream4  ,aft] ^! came 
! m>supials4 ,9 ^! ! eggs develop 9 a   
sort ( ut]us2 b !re is no plac5ta1 9 !  
s5se ( an organic connection betwe5 !   
embryo & ! ut]us ( ! "m4 ,! "y are at   
bir? exce$+ly small & feeble4 ,! adult  

giant ,kang>oo weighs ov] "o hundr$     
p\nds2 ! "y are at bir? n z l>ge z y\r  
?umb4 ,!y are plac$ by ! "m 9 a m>supial
 p\* on h] v5tral surface1 & "h n\ri%$  
till able to c>e = !mselves4  ,p>don a  
mom5t's digression4 ,! m>supials1 except
 ! opossum1 are conf9$ to ,au/ralia1 & !
 ovip>\s mammals1 or monotremes1 to ,new
 ,zeal&4 ,=m]ly ! m>supials1 at lea/1   
rang$ all ov] ,europe & ,asia1 = we h   
indisputable evid5ce 9 _! fossil rema9s4
 ,b !y h surviv$ only 9 ?is isolat$     
area1 & "h app>5tly only because _!     
isolation pres]v$ !m f ! competition )  
high] =ms4 ,if ! ,au/ralian cont95t _h n
 be5 ?us e>ly cut (f f all ! re/ ( ! _w1
 ! only trace ( bo? ^! l[] gr\ps w\ld h 
be5 ! opossum 9 ,am]ica & c]ta9         
peculi>ities 9 ! developm5t ( ! egg 9   
high] mammals4 ,?is %[s u h[ mu* weight 
%\ld be assign$ to ! =m]ly popul>       
argum5t ( ! miss+ l9ks4 ,! wond] is n t 
s _m l9ks are miss+1 b t any ( ^!       
primitive =ms h come d[n to u4 ,= we see
 "h ano!r pro( ( ! fe>ful ext]m9ation ( 

l[] =ms dur+ ! progress ( life on !     
globe4 ,x seems z if ! int]m$iate =ms 7 
less common among ^! mo/ rec5t animals  
?an among ! old] types4 ,?is may n be   
true1 = x is n easy to comp>e ! gap     
betwe5 two mammals ) t betwe5 two worms 
or insects1 & mi/akes are v easily made4
 ,b x seems z if ext]m9ation _h done its
 "w m ru?lessly among ^! highe/ =ms ?an 
among _! humbl] & l[] ance/ors4 ,i w\ld 
n lay mu* weight on su* an op9ion2 b1 if
 true1 x has a mean+ & is wor?y ( /udy4 
,9 high]1 true1 plac5tal mammals ! p]iod
 ( pregnancy is mu* long]1 & ! "y are   
born 9 a f> high] /age ( developm5t1 or 
r1 gr[?4 ,! /age ( gr[? at :i* ! "y are 
born diff]s m>k$ly 9 diff]5t gr\ps4 ,a  
new-born kitt5 is a mu* feebl]1 less    
develop$ be+ ?an a new-born calf4 ,an   
embryonic app5dage1 ! allantois1 us$ 9  
reptiles & birds = respiration1 has "h  
be5 turn$ to ano!r purpose4 ,x lays     
itself aga9/ ! walls ( ! ut]us1 ut]9e   
projections int]lock ) ^? :i* x puts =?1
 & ! blood ( ! "m circulates ?r\gh a ho/

 ( capill>ies sep>at$ f ^? ( ! blood    
sy/em ( ! embryo only by ! ?9ne/        
membrane4 ,?is is ! plac5ta1 develop$1 9
 "p f ! allantois ( ! embryo1 9 "p f !  
ut]us ( ! "m4 ,x is n a new organ1 b an 
old "o turn$ to bett] & full] use4 ,9 ^!
 closely associat$ sy/ems (             
blood-vessels1 nutrim5t & oxyg5 diffuse 
f ! blood ( ! "m into t ( ! embryo1 &   
?us rapid gr[? is assur$4 ,! importance 
& f>-rea*+ effect ( ?is new modification
 9 ! old reproductive sy/em _c be       
ov]-e/imat$4 ,! int]nal intra-ut]9e     
developm5t ( ! "y1 & ! mammalian habit (
 suckl+ !m1 f> m ?an any o!r factors1 h 
made man :at he is4 ,"s explanation mu/ 
be s\ght = su* a fact4  ,we h already   
se5 t any animal devotes to reproduction
 ! balance betwe5 income & exp5diture ( 
nutrim5t4 ,n[1 ! dige/ive sy/em is "h   
well develop$1 & ! income is l>ge4 ,b we
 h already notic$ t1 z animals gr[ l>g]1
 ! ratio betwe5 ! dige/ive surface & !  
mass to be support$ gr[s cont9ually     
small]4 ,on acc\nt ( size alone ! mammal

 has b a small balance4 ,b ! am\nt (    
exp5diture is proportional to ! mass &  
activity ( ! muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems4 ,& 
! mammal is1 & f ! beg9n+ _h to be1 an  
exce$+ly active1 en]getic1 & n]v\s      
animal4 ,! income has increas$1 b !     
exp5ses h f> outrun ! increase4 ,!      
mammal c devote b little to             
reproduction4  ,moreov]1 x requires a   
l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial to =m a mammalian  
egg1 su* z t ( ! monotreme4 ,x requires 
indef9itely m nutrim5t to build a mammal
 ?an a worm1 = ! =m] is n only l>g] & m 
p]fect at bir?2 x is also va/ly m       
complicat$4 ,! embryonic j\rney has1 s  
to speak1 l5g!n$ out imm5sely4 ,"o      
monotreme egg repres5ts m economy & sav+
 ?an a ?\s& eggs ( a worm4 ,moreov]1 :]e
 ! individuals are long] liv$ & !       
g5]ations foll[ "o ano!r at long]       
int]vals1 ! numb] ( favorable v>iations 
& ! possibility ( con=mity to environm5t
 ?r\gh ^! is greatly less5$4 ,9 su* a   
gr\p x is ( ! utmo/ importance t e egg  
%\ld develop2 ! de/ruction ( a s+le "o  

is a real & important loss to ! species4
 ,x is n en\gh to produce su* an egg2 x 
mu/ be mo/ scrupul\sly gu>d$4 ,ev5 ! egg
 ( ! platypus is deposit$ 9 a ne/ 9 a   
hole 9 ! bank1 & ! female ,e*idna c>ries
 ! egg 9 a m>supial p\* until x         
develops4  ,notice fur!r t among c]ta9  
species ( fi%1 amphibia1 & reptiles1 !  
females c>ry ! eggs 9 ! body until !    
embryos or "y are fairly develop$4      
,vivip>\s =ms are unkn[n by birds1      
probably because ?is mode ( developm5t  
is incompatible ) flight1 _! dom9ant    
*>act]i/ic4 ,putt+ ^! facts toge!r1 :at 
m probable ?an t c]ta9 primitive        
egg-lay+ mammals %\ld h c>ri$ ! eggs z  
long z possible 9 ! ut]us4 ,! embryo "u 
^! conditions w\ld be bett] n\ri%$ by a 
secretion ( ! ut]9e gl&s ?an by a v l>ge
 am\nt ( yolk4 ,! yolk w\ld dim9i% & !  
egg decrease 9 size1 & ?us ! m>supial   
mode ( developm5t w\ld h result$4 ,&1   
giv5 ! m>supial mode ( developm5t & an  
embryo possess+ an allantois1 x is almo/
 a physiological necessity t 9 "s =ms at

 lea/ a plac5ta %\ld develop4 ,t !      
plac5ta has result$ f "s su* process (  
evolution is prov5 by its diff]5t /ages 
( developm5t 9 diff]5t ord]s ( mammals4 
,& ev5 ! feeble/ atta*m5t ( ! allantois 
( ! embryo to ! wall ( ! ut]us w\ld be (
 ! greate/ advantage to ! species4  ,?is
 is n ! :ole explanation2 o!r factors   
/ill undiscov]$ 7 und\bt$ly conc]n$4 ,b 
ev5 ?is %[s u t ! int]nal developm5t ( !
 "y & ! habit ( suckl+ !m 0 a logical   
result ( mammalian /ructure & position4 
,! gr& results ( ?is *ange we %all trace
 f>!r on4  ,! *anges f ! l[] true       
mammals to ! apes are ( great int]e/1 b 
we c notice only "o or two ( ! m        
important4 ,! prosimii1 or half apes1   
includ+ ! lemurs1 are ne>ly all arboreal
 =ms4 ,p]haps !y 7 driv5 to ?is life by 
_! m p[]ful competitors4 ,! arboreal    
life develop$ ! f+]s & toes1 & mo/ ( ^! 
end1 n ) a claw1 b ) a nail4 ,! little  
gr\p has mu* div]sity ( /ructure1 & at  
pres5t f9ds its home ma9ly 9 ,madagasc>2
 ?\gh 9 e>li] times app>5tly occurr+ all

 ov] ! globe4 ,! bra9 is m highly       
develop$ ?an 9 ! av]age mammal1 b f>    
inf]ior to t ( ! apes4 ,!y h a fairly   
opposable ?umb4  ,! highe/ mammals are !
 primates4 ,_! *>act]i/ics are ! foll[+3
 ,f+]s & toes all arm$ ) nails1 ! eyes  
comp>atively ne> toge!r & fully enclos$ 
9 a bony case4 ,! c]ebrum )             
well-develop$ furr[s cov]s ! o!r        
portions ( ! bra94 ,!re is b "o pair (  
milk-gl&s1 & ^! on ! brea/4 ,! diff]5ces
 betwe5 h& & foot become mo/ /rongly    
m>k$ by ! an?ropoid apes4 ,^! h become  
accu/om$ to an upright gait 9 _! climb+2
 h5ce ! feet are us$ = support+ ! body &
 ! h&s = grasp+4 ,bo? ?umb & great toe  
are opposable2 b ! foot is a true foot1 
& ! h& a true h&1 9 anatomical /ructure4
 ,! face1 h&s1 & feet h ma9ly lo/ !     
cov]+ ( hair4 ,!y h no tail1 or r its   
rudim5ts are conceal$ b5ea? ! sk94 ,^!  
include ! gibbon1 ! orang1 ! gorilla1 & 
! *impanzee4  ,we c sum up ! few        
atta9m5ts ( mammals 9 a l9e4 ,! l[] =ms 
atta9$ ! plac5tal mode ( embryonic      

developm5t2 ! high] atta9$ upright gait1
 h&s & feet1 & a great increase ( bra94 
,anatomically consid]$ ^! 7 b trifles1 b
 ! addition ( ^! trifles revolutioniz$  
life on ! globe4 ,! pr9cipal anatomical 
diff]5ces betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid ape  
are ! foll[+3 ,man is a /rictly erect   
animal4 ,! foot ( ! ape is less fitt$ = 
walk+ on ! gr\nd1 :]e he usually goes on
 all f\rs4 ,! skull is almo/ balanc$ on 
! condyles by :i* x articulates ) !     
neck1 & has b slight t5d5cy to tip =w>d4
 ,! facial portion1 nose & jaws1 is less
 develop$ & retract$ b5ea? ! l>g]       
cranium or bra9-case4 ,?is has greatly  
*ang$ ! appe>ance ( ! head4 ,protrud+   
jaws & *91 ev5 :5 comb9$ ) l>ge cranium 
& bra91 always give man ! appe>ance (   
brutality & l[ intellig5ce4  ,! pelvis  
is broad & comp>atively %all[4 ,! legs1 
especially ! ?ighs1 are long4 ,! foot is
 long & /rong1 & re/s its l[] surface1 n
 m]ely ! out] m>g9 z 9 apes1 on ! gr\nd4
 ,! ela/ic ar* ( ! in/ep mu/ be except$ 
9 ! above description1 & adds lightness 

& swiftness to 8 o!rwise sl[ gait4 ,!   
great toe is %ort & g5]ally n opposable4
 ,! muscles ( ! leg are heavy & !       
knee-jo9t has a v broad articulat+      
surface4 ,b ! great result ( man's erect
 po/ure is t ! h& is set free f ! "w (  
locomotion1 & has become a delicate     
tactile & tool-us+ organ4 ,! importance 
( ?is *ange we _c ov]-e/imate4 ,! h& 0 !
 s]vant ( ! bra9 = try+ all exp]im5ts4  
,_h n our arboreal ance/ors develop$ !  
h& = u we c\ld nev] h inv5t$ tools nor  
us$ !m if inv5t$4 ,& its reflex influ5ce
 9 develop+ ! bra9 has be5 enorm\s4 ,!  
arm is %ort] & ! h& small]4 ,! bra9 is  
absolutely & relatively l>ge1 & its     
surface greatly convolut$4 ,?is gives   
place = a l>ge am\nt ( gray matt]1 ^:   
functions are p]ception1 ?\ght1 & w4 ,= 
?is gray matt] =ms a lay] on ! outside (
 ! bra94  ,?us1 ev5 anatomically1 man   
diff]s f ! an?ropoid apes4 ,8 :ole      
/ructure is m\ld$ to & by ! high] m5tal 
p[]s1 s t he is ! ,an?ropos ( ! old     
,greek philosoph]s1 ! be+ :o turns 8    

face upw>d4 ,yet 9 all ^! anatomical    
respects "s ( ! apes diff] less f him   
?an f ! l[] apes or half apes4 ,& e "o (
 ^! c easily be expla9$ z ! result (    
progressive developm5t & modification4  
,:oev] w d5y ! possibility or           
probability ( man's developm5t f "s l[] 
=m mu/ argue on psy*ological1 n on      
anatomical1 gr\nds2 & x gr[s cle>] e day
 t ev5 ! =m] b poorly ju/ify su* a      
d5ial4  ,b x is int]e/+ to note t no "o 
ape mo/ closely approa*es man 9 all     
anatomical respects4 ,?us among !       
an?ropoids ! orang is p]haps mo/ simil> 
to man 9 c]ebral /ructure1 ! *impanzee 9
 =m ( skull1 ! gorilla 9 feet & h&s4 ,no
 evolutioni/ w\ld claim t any exi/+ ape 
repres5ts ! ance/or ( man4 ,! an?ropoids
 repres5t v probably ! culm9ation ( at  
lea/ ?ree di/9ct l9es ( developm5t4 ,b  
we mu/ rememb] t 9 e>ly t]ti>y times    
apes occurr$ all ov] ,europe1 & probably
 ,asia1 _m degrees f>!r nor? ?an n[4 ,9 
^? days1 z lat]1 ! fauna & flora (      
nor!rn climates 7 sup]ior 9 vigor &     

height ( developm5t to t ( ,africa or   
,au/ralia4 ,x is ?us1 to say ! lea/1 n  
at all improbable t !re exi/$ 9 ^? times
 apes consid]ably1 if n f>1 sup]ior to  
any surviv+ =ms4 ,:e!r ! palontologi/ w 
f9d = u rema9s ( su* an?ropoids is /ill 
to be se54  ,b y w naturally ask1 ,is   
!re n1 aft] all1 a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 !
 bra9 ( man & t ( ! ape8 ,let u exam9e  
?is "q z fully z our v brief "t w all[4 
,consid]able emphasis us$ to be laid on 
! facial angle betwe5 a l9e drawn       
p>allel to ! base ( ! skull & "o        
obliquely v]tical t\*+ ! tee? & mo/     
prom95t portion ( ! =ehead4 ,n[ ?is     
angle is 9 man v l>ge--f sev5ty-five to 
eighty-five degrees1 or ev5 m1 & r>ely  
fall+ bel[ sixty-five degrees4 ,b ?is   
angle dep5ds l>gely on ! protrusion ( ! 
jaws1 & v>ies greatly 9 species (       
animals %[+ mu* ! same grade (          
intellig5ce4 ,9 "s n especially         
intellig5t ,s\? ,am]ican monkeys !      
facial angle am\nts to ab\t sixty-five  
degrees4 ,9 ?is respect ! skull ( a     

*impanzee rem9ds u ( a human skull (    
small cranial capacity & l>ge jaws1 9   
:i* ! cranium has be5 press$ back & !   
jaws cr[d$ =w>d & slightly upw>d4  ,!   
weight ( ! bra9 9 proportion to t ( !   
body has be5 consid]$ z ( great         
importance1 & )9 c]ta9 limits ?is is    
und\bt$ly correct4 ,?us1 accord+ to     
,leuret1 ! weight ( ! bra9 is to t ( !  
:ole body3 ,9 fi%1 #a3e1ffh2 9 reptiles1
 #a3a1cbj2 9 birds1 #a3bab2 9 mammals1  
#a3ahf4 ,^! figures give ! av]ages (    
l>ge numb]s ( obs]vations & h a c]ta9   
am\nt ( value4 ,b )9 ! same class !     
ratio v>ies extraord9>ily4 ,?us ! weight
 ( ! bra9 is to t ( ! :ole body3 ,9 !   
elephant1 #a3ejj2 9 ! l>ge/ dogs1       
#a3cje2 9 ! cat1 #a3aef2 9 ! rat1 #a3gf2
 9 ! *impanzee1 #a3ej2 9 man1 #a3cf2 9 !
 field-m\se1 #a3ca2 9 ! goldf9*1 #a3bd4 
,f ?is s]ies x is evid5t t ! relative   
weight ( ! bra9 is no index ( !         
intellig5ce ( ! animal4 ,inde$ if ! bra9
 7 purely an organ ( m9d1 !re is no     
reason t x %\ld be any l>g] 9 an        

elephant ?an 9 a m\se1 provid$ !y _h !  
same m5tal capacity4 ,z animals gr[ l>g]
 ! weight ( ! bra91 relatively to t ( ! 
body1 decreases1 & consid]+ ! size ( man
 x is rem>kable t x %\ld =m s l>ge a    
fraction ( 8 weight4 ,/ill ! fraction 9 
! *impanzee is n s mu* small]4 ,x is    
/ill possible t ?is fraction is above ! 
normal = ! *impanzee1 = "s ( !          
obs]vations may h be5 tak5 on animals   
:i* _h di$ ( consumption or "s o!r wa/+ 
disease4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d :e!r ?is
 possibility ( error has be5 scrupul\sly
 avoid$4  ,a fair idea ( ! size ( ! bra9
 may be obta9$ by measur+ ! cranial     
capacity4 ,?is v>ies 9 man f almo/      
"o-hundr$ cubic in*es to less ?an       
sev5ty4 ,9 ! gorilla its av]age is      
p]haps ?irty1 9 ! orang & *impanzee r   
less1 ab\t tw5ty-eight4 ,?is is c]ta9ly 
a va/ diff]5ce1 especially :5 we rememb]
 t ! gorilla f> exce$s man 9 weight4    
,le ,bon tells u t ( a s]ies ( skulls   
=ty-five p] c5t1 ( ! ,au/ralian _h a    
cranial capacity ( #a1bjj to #a1cjj     

c4c41 :ile #df4g p] c5t4 ( mod]n        
,p>isian skulls %[$ a capacity ( betwe5 
#a1ejj & #a1fjj c4c4 ,! skull ( !       
gorilla conta9s ab\t five hundr$ &      
sev5ty cubic c5timetres4 ,broca f\nd t !
 cranial capacity ( #aae ,p>isian       
skulls1 ( probably ! high] classes f !  
twelf? c5tury1 av]ag$ ab\t #a1dbf cubic 
c5timetres1 :ile n9ety ( ^? ( ! poor]   
classes ( ! n9ete5? c5tury av]ag$ ab\t  
#a1dhd4 ,8 obs]vations seem$ to prove t 
!re has be5 a /eady increase 9 ,p>isian 
cranial capacity f ! twelf? to ! n9ete5?
 c5tury4  ,turn+ to ! actual weight ( ! 
bra91 t ( ,cuvi] weigh$ #fd4e ounces1 & 
a few cases ( weights exce$+ #fe ounces 
h be5 record$4 ,! l[e/ limit ( weight 9 
a normal human bra9 has n yet be5       
accurately det]m9$4 ,f #cd to #ca ounces
 h be5 assign$ by diff]5t writ]s4 ,!    
bra9 ( a ,bu% woman 0 comput$ by ,m>%all
 at #ca4e ounces1 & weights ( ev5 #ca   
ounces h be5 record$ )\t any note to %[ 
t ! possessors 7 especially lack+ 9     
intellig5ce4 ,z ,pr(essor ,huxley says 9

 8 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 a little    
book :i* ,i _c too highly recomm5d to y 
all1 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r a heal?y human
 adult bra9 ev] weigh$ less ?an #ca or  
#cb ounces1 or t ! heavie/ gorilla bra9 
has ev] exce$$ #bj ounces4 ,! diff]5ce 9
 weight ( bra9 betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ 
m5 is f> great]1 bo? relatively &       
absolutely1 ?an t betwe5 ! l[e/ man & ! 
highe/ ape4 ,! latt]1 z has be5 se51 is 
repres5t$ by #ab ounces ( c]ebral       
sub/ance absolutely1 or by #cb3bj       
relatively4 ,b z ! l>ge/ record$ human  
bra9 weigh$ betwe5 #fe & #ff ounces1 !  
=m] diff]5ce is repres5t$ by #cc ounces 
absolutely1 or by #fe3cb relatively4  ,b
 !re is ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! bra9 :i*   
seems to be> a close relation to !      
degree ( intellig5ce4 ,! surface ( !    
human bra9 is n smoo? b cov]$ )         
convolutions1 ) alt]nat+ grooves or     
sulci1 :i* va/ly increase its surface & 
?us make room = m gray matt]4 ,says     
,gratiolett3 ,on comp>+ a s]ies ( human 
& simian bra9s we are imm$iately /ruck )

 ! analogy exhibit$ 9 ! c]ebral =ms 9   
all ^! creatures4 ,!re is a c]ebral =m  
peculi> to man & ! apes2 & s 9 ! c]ebral
 convolutions1 :]ev] !y appe>1 !re is a 
g5]al unity ( arrangem5t1 a plan1 ! type
 ( :i* is common to all ^! creatures4   
,pr(essor ,huxley says3 ,x is mo/       
rem>kable t1 z soon z all ! pr9cipal    
sulci appe>1 ! patt]n accord+ to :i* !y 
are arrang$ is id5tical ) ! correspond+ 
sulci 9 man4 ,! surface ( ! bra9 ( !    
monkey exhibits a sort ( skeleton map ( 
man's1 & 9 ! man-l apes ! details become
 m & m fill$ 91 until x is only 9 m9or  
*>act]s t ! *impanzee's or orang's bra9 
c be /ructurally di/+ui%$ f man's4  ,!  
facts ( anatomy1 at lea/1 are all aga9/ 
u4 ,/ruggle z we may1 be z snobbi% z we 
w1 we _c %ake (f ^! poor relations (    
ours4 ,our adult anatomy at once betrays
 our ance/ry1 if we attempt to d5y x4   
,read ! fir/ *apt] ( t rem>kable book by
 ,pr(essor ,drummond on ! ,asc5t ( ,man1
 ! *apt] on ! asc5t ( ! body1 & ! second
 *apt] on ! scaffold+ left 9 ! body4 ,! 

tips ( our e>s & our rudim5t>y e>       
muscles1 ! hair on h& & arm1 & ! little 
plica semilun>is1 or rudim5t>y ?ird     
eyelid 9 ! inn] angle ( our eyes1 !     
v]mi=m app5dage ( ! inte/9e1 ! coracoid 
process on our %\ld]-blades1 ! atlas    
v]tebra ( our necks--to say no?+ ( !    
coccyx at ! o!r end ( ! backbone--_m    
mal=mations1 & a ho/ ( m9or *>act]i/ics 
all refute our d5ial4  ,if we appeal f  
adult anatomy to embryology ! case      
becomes all ! worse = u4 ,our e> is     
lodg$ 9 ! gill-slit ( a fi%1 our jaws   
are bran*ial ar*es1 our hyoid bone !    
rudim5t ( ?is sy/em ( bones support+ !  
gills4 ,our circulation beg9s z a       
v]itable fi% circulation2 our e>lie/    
skeleton is a noto*ord2 ,meckel's       
c>tilage1 f :i* our l[] jaw & ! bones ( 
our middle e> develop1 is a :ole        
g5ealogical tree ( disagreeable         
ance/ors4 ,our gl&ula ?yreoidea has1    
accord+ to good au?orities1 an orig9 s  
slimy t x %\ld nev] be m5tion$ 9 polite 
society4 ,! orig9 ( our kidneys appe>s  

decid$ly v]mian4 ,"t fails me to read   
m]ely ! "n ( ! witnesses :i* c\ld be    
summon$ f our own bodies to witness     
aga9/ u4  ,ev5 if ! te/imony ( "s ( ^!  
witnesses is n z /rong z _m ?9k1 & we h 
misund]/ood sev]al ( !m1 !y are too     
num]\s & _! /ories hang too well toge!r 
n to impress an intellig5t & imp>tial   
jury4 ,b :at if x is all true8 ,:at if1 
z "s ?9k1 our million? c\s91 ! tig] or  
cat1 is anatomically a bett] mammal ?an 
,i8 ,8 tee? & claws & magnific5t muscles
 are ( small value comp>$ ) man's m5tal 
p[]4  ,:at a com$y t man %\ld "w s h>d  
to prove t 8 *ief glory is 8 opposable  
?umb1 or a few ounces ( bra9 matt]6     
,man's glory is 8 m9d & w1 8 reason &   
moral p[]s1 8 vision (1 & communion )1  
,god4 ,& suppos+ x be true1 z ,i believe
 x is true1 t ! animal has ! g]m ( ^!   
also1 does t cl\d my m9d or obscure my  
vision or weak5 my action8 ,x bids me   
only /rive ! h>d] to be wor?y ( ! noble 
ance/ors :o h rais$ me to my high] level
 & on ^: buri$ %\ld]s ,i /&4 ,:atev] may

 h be5 our orig91 :oev] our ance/ors1 we
 are m54 ,!n let u play ! man4 ,if we w 
b play our "p z well z our old ance/ors 
play$ !irs1 if we w b walk & act accord+
 to our light "o-half z h]oically & well
 z !y grop$ 9 ! d>kness1 we ne$ n worry 
ab\t ! future4 ,t w be assur$4  ,says   
,pr(essor ,huxley3 ,man n[ /&s z on a   
m\nta9-top f> above ! level ( 8 humble  
fell[s1 & transfigur$ f 8 gross] nature 
by reflect+ "h & !re a ray f ! inf9ite  
s\rce ( tru?4 ,& ?\ghtful man1 once     
escap$ f ! bl9d+ influ5ces ( traditional
 prejudice1 w f9d 9 ! l[ly /ock :5ce man
 has sprung ! be/ evid5ce ( ! spl5dor ( 
8 capacities1 & w disc]n 9 8 long       
progress ?r\gh ! pa/ a reasonable gr\nd 
( fai? 9 8 atta9m5t ( a nobl] future4   
,we h sket*$ ha/ily & 9 rude outl9e !   
anatomical /ructure ( ! successive /ages
 ( man's ance/ry2 let u n[1 9 a v brief 
recapitulation1 cond5se ?is *ronicle    
into a hi/orical record ( progress4  ,we
 began ) ! amoeba4 ,?is c\ld n h be5 !  
beg9n+4 ,9 all its /ructure x tells u ( 

some?+ e>li] & f> simpl]1 b :at ?is     
e>li] ance/or 0 we d n "k4 ,r m highly  
organiz$ relatives ( ! amoeba1 !        
flagellata1 h produc$ a membrane1 & swim
 by means ( vibratile1 :ipla%-l         
flagella4 ,we mu/ emphasize t ^! little 
animals correspond 9 all ess5tial       
respects to ! cells ( our bodies2 !y are
 unicellul> animals4 ,& ! cell once     
develop$ rema9s ess5tially ! same       
/ructure1 modifi$ only 9 details1       
?r\gh\t high] animals4 ,& ^! unicellul> 
animals h ! rudim5ts ( all our          
functions4 ,_! protoplasm & functions   
seem to diff] f ^? ( high] animals only 
9 degree1 n 9 k9d4 ,& ! m we consid] bo?
 ^! facts ! m rem>kable & sugge/ive d !y
 become4  ,cells ) membranes c unite 9  
colonies capable ( division ( labor &   
diff]5tiation4 ,& magosphra is j su* a  
little sph]oidal colony4 ,b ! cells are 
/ill all alike1 ea* "o p]=ms all        
functions equally well4 ,b 9 volvox     
division ( labor & diff]5tiation (      
/ructure h tak5 place4 ,c]ta9 cells h   

become purely reproductive1 :ile ! re/  
ga!r nutrim5t = ^!1 b are at ! same "t  
s5sitive & locomotive1 excretory &      
respiratory4 ,! fir/ function to h cells
 specially devot$ to x is !             
reproductive2 ?is is a function         
absolutely necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( !   
species4 ,= ! nutritive cells die :5 !y 
h br\ght ! reproductive cells to _! full
 developm5t4 ,^! few nutritive cells    
repres5t ! body ( all high] animals 9   
contra/ ) ! reproductive elem5ts4 ,& ) !
 developm5t ( a body1 dea?1 z a normal  
process1 ent]s ! _w4 ,! dom9ant function
 is "h evid5tly ! reproductive1 & ! :ole
 body is subs]vi5t to ?is4  ,9 hydra !  
union & diff]5tiation ( cells is c>ri$  
fur!r4 ,b ! cells are /ill mu* alike &  
only sl[ly lose _! own individuality 9 t
 ( ! :ole animal4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! fact t
 ea* entod]mal cell dige/s its own      
p>ticles ( food1 al?\gh ! nutrim5t once 
dige/$ diffuses to all p>ts ( ! body4   
,also almo/ any "p ( ! animal conta9+   
bo? ectod]m & entod]m c be cut (f & w   

develop into a new animal4  ,b beside ! 
reproductive cells & tissues hydra has  
develop$ a v simple dige/ive sy/em1 9   
:i* ! newly caught food at lea/ mac]ates
 & beg9s to be dissolv$4 ,?is is !      
second ess5tial function4 ,! animal c1 &
 ! plant z a rule does1 exi/ ) only !   
l[e/ rudim5ts ( any?+ l n]v\s or muscul>
 p[]2 b no species c exi/ )\t good p[]s 
( dige/ion & reproduction4 ,^! ess5tial 
organs mu/ fir/ develop & ! high] mu/   
wait4 ,& ! inn]1 dige/ive1 lay] ( cells 
p]si/s 9 our bodies z ! l9+ ( !         
mid-inte/9e4 ,we comp>$ hydra !re=e to a
 little pat* ( ! l9+ ( our inte/9e cov]$
 ) a flake ( epid]mis2 only ^! lay]s 9  
hydra possess p[]s lo/ to ! correspond+ 
cells ( our bodies 9 ! process (        
diff]5tiation4 ,notice1 please1 t :5    
cell or organ has once be5 develop$ x   
p]si/s1 z a rule1 modifi$1 b n lo/4     
,nature's exp]im5ts are n 9 va92 h]     
progress is v sl[ b sure4 ,b hydra has  
also ! promise ( bett] ?+s1 traces (    
muscul> & n]v\s tissue4 ,!re are /ill no

 compact muscles1 l our own1 mu* less   
ganglion or bra9 or n]ve-c5tre (        
individuality4 ,! tissues are diffuse1 b
 !y are ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! organs ( 
high] animals w cry/allize1 s to speak4 
,notice also t ^! high] muscles & n]ves 
are "h entirely subs]vi5t to1 & exi/ =1 
dige/ion & reproduction4  ,9 !          
turbell>ia ! reproductive sy/em has     
rea*$ a v high grade ( developm5t4 ,x is
 a complex & beautifully con/ruct$      
organ4 ,! dige/ive sy/em has also va/ly 
improv$2 x has its own muscul> lay]s1 & 
(t5 "s means ( grasp+ food4 ,b x is sl[]
 9 rea*+ its full developm5t ?an !      
reproductive sy/em4 ,b all ! muscles are
 no long] atta*$ to ! /oma*2 !y are     
beg9n+ to ass]t _! indep5d5ce1 &1 9 a   
rude way1 to build a body-wall4 ,b !y   
are 9 _m lay]s1 & run 9 almo/ all       
directions4 ,"s ( ^! lay]s w disappe>1 b
 ! mo/ important ones1 consi/+ (        
longitud9al & transv]se fibres1 w p]si/ 
9 high] =ms4 ,locomotion by means ( ^!  
muscles is sl[ly com+ into prom95ce4 ,!y

 are no long] m]ely slaves ( dige/ion4  
,b a muscul> fibril contracts only "u ! 
/imulus ( a n]v\s impulse4 ,m n]ve-cells
 are necess>y to control ^! m num]\s    
muscul> fibrils4 ,! animal n[ moves ) "o
 end =emo/1 & t end fir/ comes 9 contact
 ) food1 h9drances1 or injuri\s         
surr\nd+s4 ,"h ! s5sory cells ( feel+ & 
_! n]ve fibrils multiply4 ,rememb] t ^! 
neuro-epi!lial s5sory cells are suit$ to
 respond n m]ely to pressure1 b to a    
v>iety ( ! /imuli1 *emical1 molecul>1 & 
( vibration1 :i* excite our organs (    
smell1 ta/e1 & he>+4 ,su* organs & !    
directive eyes appe> ma9ly at ?is       
ant]ior end4 ,b a ganglion cell s5ds an 
impulse to a muscle because x has       
receiv$ "o along a s5sory n]ve f "o or m
 ( ^! s5sory cells4 ,h5ce ! ganglion    
cells w increase 9 numb]4 ,! old        
cobweb-l plexus cond5ses into a little  
knot1 ! supra-oesophageal ganglion4 ,?is
 ganglion _c d mu*1 if any1 ?9k+2 x is r
 a /e]+ organ to control ! muscles &    
guide ! animal4 ,x is ! s]vant ( !      

locomotive sy/em4 ,yet x is ! beg9n+ ( !
 bra9 ( high] animals1 & probably /ill  
p]si/s z an inf9itesimal portion ( our  
human bra94 ,& all ?is is ! prophecy ( a
 head soon to be develop$4 ,an excretory
 sy/em has appe>$ to c>ry (f ! wa/e ( ! 
muscles & n]ves4  ,9 ! s*ematic worm &  
annelid ! reproductive sy/em is simpl]1 
?\gh p]haps equally effective4 ,x takes 
! excess ( nutrim5t ( ! body4 ,! muscul>
 sy/em has tak5 ! =m ( a sack compos$ ( 
longitud9al & transv]se fibres4 ,!      
p]ivisc]al cavity1 =m$ p]haps by cutt+  
(f & enl>g+ ! lat]al p\*es ( !          
turbell>ian dige/ive sy/em1 s]ves z a v 
simple b s]viceable circulatory sy/em4  
,b 9 ! annelid & all high] =ms a special
 sy/em ( tubes has develop$ to c>ry !   
nutrim5t1 & usually oxyg5 also1 ne$$ to 
keep up ! combu/ion requir$ to furni% ! 
en]gy 9 ^! active organs4 ,! dige/ive   
sy/em has atta9$ its def9ite =m ) !     
appe>ance ( an anal op5+ & ! accompany+ 
division ( labor & diff]5tiation into   
=e-1 mid-1 & h9d-inte/9e4  ,! dige/ive &

 reproductive sy/ems h ?us ne>ly atta9$ 
_! f9al =m4 ,f ! high] worms upw>d !    
dige/ive sy/em w improve greatly4 ,its  
l9+ w fold & flex & va/ly increase !    
dige/ive & absorptive surfaces4 ,! lay] 
( cells :i* n[ secrete ! dige/ive fluids
 w 9 "p be replac$ by massive gl&s4 ,f> 
bett] means ( grasp+ food ?an ! horny   
tee? ( annelids w yet appe>4 ,b all ^!  
*anges are inconsid]able comp>$ ) ! va/ 
advance made by ! muscul> & n]v\s       
sy/ems4 ,reproduction & dige/ion are    
los+ _! supremacy 9 ! animal body4 ,_!  
advance & improvem5t w require b little 
fur!r att5tion4  ,9 ! annelid           
especially1 & to "s ext5t 9 ! s*ematic  
worm1 ! supra-oesophageal ganglion is   
reliev$ 9 "p ( ! direct control ( !     
muscul> fibrils & has become an organ ( 
p]ception & ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( l[]     
n]v\s c5tres4 ,9 all high] =ms x        
inn]vates directly only ! pr9cipal      
s5se-organs ( ! head4 ,& at ?is /age !  
light-p]ceiv+ directive eye has develop$
 into a =m-p]ceiv+1 eidoscopic organ4 ,!

 eye 0 %ort ( range & its images 7      
p]haps rude & imp]fect1 b x 0 a visual  
eye & _h va/ possibilities4 ,! animal is
 tak+ cognizance ( ev] m subtle elem5ts 
9 its environm5t4 ,p]haps x is n too mu*
 to say t ! eidoscopic eye fir/ awak5$ !
 slumb]+ animal m9d1 = its reflex effect
 ^u ! supra-oesophageal ganglion _c be  
ov]-e/imat$4 ,! animal w v soon beg9 to 
?9k4  ,betwe5 ! turbell>ian & ! annelid 
_m ab]rant l9es div]g$4 ,"s ( ^! atta9$ 
a comp>atively high level & !n seem$ to 
meet insup]able ob/acles1 :ile o!rs came
 to an end or turn$ d[nw>d v e>ly4 ,?ree
 ( ^! dem&$ att5tion1 ^? lead+ to       
mollusks1 insects1 & v]tebrates4 ,& x is
 int]e/+ to notice t ! fundam5tal       
diff]5ce betwe5 ^! ?ree l9es 0 !        
skeleton1 or p]haps we ought to say x 0 
! habit ( life :i* l$ to ! developm5t ( 
su* a skeleton4  ,! mollusk took to a   
sluggi%1 creep+ mode ( life1 "u an      
ext]nal purely protective skeleton2 !   
insect to a creep+ mode ( life1 ) an    
ext]nal b almo/ purely locomotive       

skeleton2 ! v]tebrate kept on swimm+ &  
develop$ an int]nal locomotive skeleton4
 ,& x mu/ already h become cle> to y t !
 de/9y ( ^! diff]5t l9es 0 fix$ n s mu* 
directly by ! skeleton itself z by its  
reflex effect 9 m\ld+ ! muscul>1 &      
ultimately ! n]v\s1 sy/em4  ,! insects  
=m$ _! skeleton by ?ick5+ ! horny       
cuticle ( ! annelid4 ,!y trans=m$ !     
annelid p>apodia into legs & develop$   
w+s4 ,!y atta9$ life 9 ! air4 ,!y devot$
 ! muscles ( ! body l>gely to !         
extremities & ga9$ swift locomotion4 ,!y
 h a fair circulatory & an excell5t     
respiratory sy/em4 ,be/ ( all1 !y       
develop$ a head & a bra9 by fus+ ! ?ree 
ant]ior ganglia ( ! body4 ,! insect c\ld
 & does ?9k4 ,su* a /ructure ought to   
lead to great & high results4 ,b        
actually _! possibilities 7 v limit$4   
,!y h n progress$ m>k$ly dur+ ! la/     
geological p]iod4 ,_! ext]nal skeleton 0
 easily atta9$ & br\ght spe$y           
advantages1 :i* = a "t plac$ !m f> above
 all competitors4 ,b x limit$ _! size & 

l5g? ( life & opportunities1 & f9ally _!
 intellig5ce4 ,!y rema9$ l>gely ! slaves
 ( in/9ct4 ,!y foll[$ an attractive &   
exce$+ly promis+ pa?1 b x l$ to ! bottom
 ( a cliff1 n to ! summit4  ,! mollusks1
 clams1 & snails took an easi]1 d[n-hill
 road4 ,!y =m$ a %ell1 & x develop$ l>ge
 en\gh to cov] !m4 ,x hamp]$ & almo/    
de/roy$ locomotion & r$uc$ n]ve to a    
m9imum4 ,b n]ves are no?+ b a nuisance  
anyh[4 ,& :y %\ld !y move8 ,food 0 pl5ty
 d[n 9 ! mud1 & if dang] ?reat5$1 !y    
)drew into ! %ell4 ,!y /ay$ d[n 9 ! mud 
& let ! _w g its way4 ,if griev\sly     
afflict$ by a p>asite !y produc$ a      
pe>l--to save !mselves f fur!r discom=t4
 ,!y develop$ j en\gh muscle & n]v\s    
sy/em to close ! %ell or drag x a little
 way2 t 0 all4 ,dige/ion & reproduction 
reta9$ ! supremacy4 ,!y 7 fruitful &    
multipli$1 & produc$ ho/s ( o!r clams & 
snails4 ,! pres5t 0 en\gh = !m & !y _h  
t4  ,= if ! w9n] 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce  
is ! "o :o ga9s ! mo/ food1 ! mo/ entire
 protection aga9/ discom=t1 dang] f     

enemies or unfavorable surr\nd+s1 & !   
mo/ fruitful & rapid reproduction--& ^! 
are all good--!n ! clam is ! highe/     
product ( evolution4 ,x nev] has be5    
surpass$--,i v5ture to say x nev] c     
be--except possibly by ! tape-worms4 ,i 
c nev] help ?9k+ ) :at contempt ^!      
primitive oy/]s1 if !y _h _h bra9s      
en\gh1 w\ld h look$ d[n ^u ! toil+1     
/ruggl+1 discont5t$1 fight+1 aspir+     
primitive v]tebrates4 ,h[ !y w\ld h     
wond]$ :y ,god all[$ su* disagreeable1  
di/urb+1 unconv5tional creatures to     
exi/1 & ?ank$ him t he _h made ! _w =   
!m1 & heav5 too1 if !re be su* a place =
 mollusks4 ,_! road l$ to ! ,sl\gh (    
,cont5tm5t4  ,b ev5 9 molluscan hi/ory  
!re 0 a tragic *apt]4 ,! squids &       
cuttle-fi%es rega9$ ! swimm+ life1 & 9  
_! late/ =ms gave up ! protective %ell4 
,b its =m] pres5ce _h s modifi$ _!      
/ructure t any great advance 0          
impossible4 ,x 0 too late4 ,! s9s ( !   
fa!rs 7 visit$ ^u ! *ildr5 9 ! ?\s&?    
g5]ation4  ,! v]tebrate develop$ an     

int]nal skeleton4 ,?is 0 necess>ily a   
sl[ gr[?1 & ! type came late to         
supremacy4 ,! longitud9al muscles are   
arrang$ 9 heavy b&s on ea* side ( !     
back1 & ! animal swims rapidly4 ,!      
s5se-organs are ke54 ,! bra9 conta9s !  
ganglia ( sev]al or _m segm5ts & is     
highly diff]5tiat$4 ,x has a special    
c5tre ( p]ception1 ?\ght1 & w2 x is an  
organ ( m9d4 ,! v]tebrate has ! physical
 & m5tal advantages ( l>ge size4  ,fir/ 
! def9ite =m & mode ( develop+ a v]tebra
 is atta9$4 ,!n ! v]tebral column is    
p]fect$4 ,! f9s are modifi$ into legs4  
,! lungs increase 9 size & ! he>t       
becomes d\ble4 ,! animal em]ges on l&2  
&1 ) a bett] supply ( oxyg5 & less loss 
( heat1 all ! functions are p]=m$ ) !   
highe/ possible effici5cy4 ,fir/1       
app>5tly1 amphibia1 !n reptiles1 &      
f9ally mammals ( enorm\s size & /r5g?   
appe>$4 ,x look$ z if ! e>? 7 to be an  
ar5a :]e gigantic bea/s f\ght a         
nev]-end+ battle ( brute =ce4 ,b ^!     
great brutes reproduc$ sl[ly1 _h !re=e  

little p[] ( adaptation1 7 fitt$ to     
special conditions1 & :5 ! conditions   
*ang$ !y disappe>$4 ,! bird tri$ once m 
! exp]im5t ( develop+ ! locomotive p[]s 
to ! highe/ possible ext5t4 ,x became a 
fly+ ma*9e1 & e organ 0 m\ld$ to suit   
?is life4 ,e ounce ( sp>e weight 0 ?r[n 
aside1 ! muscles 7 wond]fully arrang$ & 
( ! highe/ possible effici5cy4 ,! body  
temp]ature is high] ?an t ( mammals4 ,! 
:ole organization is a physiological    
high-pressure eng9e4 ,! s5se-organs are 
p]haps ! f9e/ & ke5e/ 9 ! :ole animal   
k+dom4 ,! bra9 is inf]ior only to t (   
mammals4 ,! exp]im5t c\ld n h be5 tri$  
"u m favorable conditions2 x 0 n a      
failure1 x c]ta9ly 0 n a success :5     
comp>$ ) t ( mammals4  ,! possibilities 
( e sy/em except "o _h be5 practically  
exhau/$4 ,only bra9 developm5t rema9$ z 
! la/ hope ( success4 ,"h 0 an untri$   
l9e1 & ! mammals foll[$ x4 ,dur+ ! %ort 
t]ti>y p]iod ! bra9 9 _m ( _! g5]a seems
 to h increas$ t5fold4 ,by ! arboreal   
life ( ! highe/ =ms ! h& is develop$ z !

 in/rum5t ( ! ?9k+ bra94 ,! battle is   
beg9n+ to become "o ( wits1 & ! cr[n w  
soon pass f ! /ronge/ to ! %rewde/4     
,m9d1 n muscle1 mu* less dige/ion or    
reproduction1 is ! goal ( ! animal      
k+dom4 ,& we %all see lat] t ! mammalian
 mode ( reproduction & ( c>e ( ! "y l$  
to an almo/ purely m5tal & moral        
advance4 ,= ^! c\ld h b "o logical      
outcome1 family life4 ,& ! family is !  
f\ndation ( society4 ,& family & social 
life h be5 ! s*ool 9 :i* man has be5    
compell$ to le>n ! moral lessons1 !     
application ( :i* has made him :at he   
is4  ,y mu/ all1 ,i ?9k1 h notic$ t !   
diff]5t sy/ems ( organs succe$ "o ano!r 
9 a c]ta9 def9ite ord]2 & t ea* /age f !
 l[e/ to ! highe/ is *>act]iz$ by !     
pr$om9ance ( a c]ta9 function or gr\p ( 
functions4 ,?is sequ5ce ( functions is n
 a d$uction b a fact4 ,place side by    
side all possible g5ealogical trees ( ! 
animal k+dom1 :e!r f\nd$ on comp>ative  
anatomy1 embryology1 palontology1 or all
 comb9$4 ,!y w all disclose ?is sequ5ce 

( functions arrang$ 9 ! same ord]4 ,let 
me call y\r att5tion to ! fact t ?is    
ord] is n due to *ance1 b re/s ^u a     
physiological basis4 ,we might almo/    
claim t if ! evolution ( man f ! s+le   
cell be grant$1 no o!r ord] ( _!        
occurr5ce is possible4  ,! protozoa are 
mo/ly1 ?\gh n purely1 nutritive &       
reproductive4 ,^! functions are ess5tial
 to ! exi/5ce ( ! species4 ,naturally 9 
! e>ly protozoan colonies1 & 9 =ms l    
hydra1 ^! functions pr$om9at$4 ,b m]e   
dige/ive tissue is n en\gh = dige/ion4  
,muscles are ne$$ to draw ! food to !   
m\?1 to keep ! dige/ive sack 9 contact )
 x1 & = o!r purposes4 ,a little high] !y
 are us$ to enable ! animal to g 9 se>* 
( its food4 ,!y are /ill1 h[ev]1 m or   
less entirely subs]vi5t to dige/ion4 ,b 
9 ! highe/ worms we are beg9n+ to see   
signs t muscles are pr$om9at+ 9 ! body2 
& we feel t1 :ile mutually helpful1 !   
dige/ive sy/em exi/s = ! muscles1 & ^!  
latt] are becom+ ! aim ( developm5t4 ,f 
worms upw>d !re is a m>k$ advance 9     

physical activity & /r5g?4 ,! muscles   
?ick5 & are arrang$ 9 heavi] b&s4       
,skeleton & locomotive app5dages & jaws 
foll[ 9 insects & v]tebrates4 ,! direct 
battle ( animal aga9/ animal1 & ( /r5g? 
oppos$ to /r5g? or activity1 becomes ev]
 %>p]4 ,! /ronge/ & mo/ active are      
select$ & survive4  ,& yet ?is is n !   
:ole tru?4 ,"s p[] ( p]ception is       
possess$ by e animal4 ,b until muscles  
_h develop$ ! n]v\s sy/em c\ld be ( b   
little practical value4 ,k ( ev5 a great
 em]g5cy is ( little use1 if ,i c d no?+
 ab\t x4 ,b :5 ! muscles appe>$1 n]ves &
 ganglion cells 7 necess>y to /imulate &
 control !m4 ,& ?is highe/ sy/em holds =
 a long "t a position subord9ate to t ( 
! l[] muscul> organ4 ,its developm5t    
seems at fir/ sight extraord9>ily sl[4  
,only 9 insects & v]tebrates has x      
become a c5tre ( in/9ct & ?\ght4 ,?r\gh 
! s5se-organs x is ga9+ an ev] cle>]1   
deep]1 & wid] k ( its environm5t4 ,fir/ 
x is affect$ only by ! l[] /imuli ( t\*1
 ta/e1 & smell4 ,!n ) ! developm5t ( e> 

& eye x takes cognizance ( ev] subtl]   
=ces & movem5ts4 ,memory comes into     
activity v e>ly4 ,! animal beg9s to le>n
 by exp]i5ce4 ,! bra9 is becom+ n m]ely 
a /e]+ b a ?9k+ organ4 ,m & m n]v\s     
mat]ial is cr[d$ into x & detail$ = its 
"w4 ,wits & %rewdness are beg9n+ to c\nt
 = some?+ 9 ! battle4 ,n only ! animal )
 ! /ronge/ muscles1 b ! "o ) ! be/ bra9 
survives4 ,& ?us at la/ ! bra9 began to 
develop ) a rapidity z rem>kable z its  
long delay4 ,?us ea* high] function is  
call$ into activity by ! next l[]1 s]ves
 ?is at fir/1 & only lat] atta9s its    
supremacy4  ,& yet ! advance ( ! diff]5t
 functions is n altoge!r successive4    
,muscle & n]ve d n wait = dige/ion &    
reproduction to %[ signs ( halt+ be=e !y
 beg9 to advance4 ,!y all advance at    
once4 ,b ! progress ( reproduction &    
dige/ion is mo/ rapid at fir/1 & x      
appe>s z if !y w\ld outrun ! o!rs4 ,b 9 
! asc5d+ s]ies ! o!rs foll[ aft]1 & soon
 ov]take & pass by !m4 ,& ^! l[]        
functions1 :5 out-m>*$1 d n lag beh9d1 b

 keep 9 t\* ) ! o!rs1 =m+ ! re>-gu>d &  
supply-tra9 ( ! army4 ,& notice t ea*   
organ holds ! pr$om9ance ab\t z long z x
 %[s ! p[] ( rapid improvem5t4 ,! l5g? (
 its reign is pretty closely            
proportional to its capacity (          
developm5t4 ,! dige/ive sy/em rea*es t  
limit e>ly1 ! muscul> sy/em is capable (
 indef9itely high] complexity1 z we see 
9 our h&4 ,b ! muscul> sy/em has ne>ly  
or q rea*$ its limit4 ,! body _h se5 its
 day ( dom9ance be=e man arriv$ on !    
globe4  ,b :]e is ! limit to man's m5tal
 or moral p[]s8 ,e upw>d /ep 9 k1       
wisdom1 & righte\sness only op5s our    
eyes to great] heights1 be=e unp]ceiv$ &
 /ill to be atta9$4 ,^! capacities1 ev5 
to our dim vision1 are evid5tly capable 
( an indef9ite1 p]haps inf9ite1         
developm5t4 ,:at1 z yet only p>tially   
develop$1 faculty rema9s to sup]s$e !m8 
,z be+ capable ( an endless developm5t &
 )\t a rival1 may we n1 mu/ we n1       
consid] !m z ends 9 !mselves8 ,!y are   
evid5tly :at we are "h =4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts 

to a spiritual end 9 animal evolution4  
,! l9e ( developm5t is f ! pr$om9antly  
mat]ial to ! pr$om9ance ( ! non-mat]ial4
 ,n t ! mat]ial is to be cr[d$ out4 ,x  
is to rea* its highe/ developm5t 9 !    
s]vice ( ! m9d4 ,! body mu/ be su/a9$ & 
p]fect$1 b x is n ! end4 ,! goal is m9d1
 ! body is ( subord9ate importance4  ,b 
if ?is is true1 we mu/ /udy c>efully !  
developm5t ( m9d 9 ! animal4 ,! "q      
presses ^u u2 if !re is a sequ5ce (     
physical functions 9 animal developm5t1 
is !re n p]haps also a sequ5ce 9 !      
developm5t ( ! m5tal faculties8 ,:at is 
! cr[n+ faculty ( ! human m9d & h[ is   
its full] developm5t to be atta9$8 ,let 
u pass !re=e to ! "q ( m9d 9 ! animal   
k+dom4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( 
,,m5tal ,,developm5t ,,& ,,its ,,sequ5ce
 ,,( ,,functions   ,we h sket*$ ha/ily !
 developm5t ( ! human body4 ,?is portion
 ( our hi/ory is m>k$ by ! successive   
dom9ance ( high] & high] functions4 ,x  
is a hi/ory treat+ ( successive eras4   
,!re is fir/ ! p]iod ( ! dom9ance (     

reproduction & dige/ion1 purely         
vegetative functions1 *>act]i/ics ( !   
plant j z truly z ( ! animal4 ,?is p]iod
 ext5ds f ! beg9n+ ( life up to ! "t :5 
! annelid 0 ! highe/ liv+ =m yet        
develop$4 ,b 9 insects & l[] v]tebrates 
ano!r sy/em has ris5 to dom9ance4 ,?is  
is muscle4 ,! v]tebrate no long] devotes
 all1 or ! l>g] "p1 ( its income to     
dige/ion & reproduction4 ,if x did1 x   
w\ld deg5]ate or disappe>4 ,! /oma* &   
inte/9e are improv$1 b only t !y may    
furni% m abundant nutrim5t = build+ &   
support+ m p[]ful muscles bett] arrang$4
 ,! hi/ory ( v]tebrates is a record ( ! 
/ruggle = supremacy betwe5 successive   
gr\ps ( cont9ually great] & bett] appli$
 muscul> p[]4 ,"h /r5g? & activity seem 
to be ! goal ( animal developm5t1 & !   
prize falls to ! /ronge/ or mo/ agile4  
,! e>? is peopl$ by huge reptiles1 or   
mammals ( enorm\s /r5g?1 & by birds (   
exce$+ swiftness4 ,?is portion ( our    
hi/ory cov]s ! era ( muscul> activity4  
,b ^! huge brutes are mo/ly doom$ to    

ext9ction1 & ! bird fails ( supremacy 9 
! animal k+dom4 ,! race is n to ! swift1
 nor ! battle to ! /rong4 ,all ! "t     
ano!r sy/em has be5 sl[ly develop+4 ,!  
complicat$ n]v\s sy/em has requir$ ages 
= its con/ruction & arrangem5t4 ,only 9 
! highe/ mammals does ! bra9 ass]t its  
"r to supremacy4 ,b once e/abli%$ on its
 ?rone ! bra9 reigns supreme2 its "r is 
*all5g$ by no o!r organ4 ,!             
possibilities ( all ! o!r organs1 z     
supreme rul]s1 h be5 exhau/$4 ,ea* "o   
has be5 ?or\ghly te/$1 & its inadequacy 
prov5 beyond d\bt by actual exp]im5t4   
,^! =m]ly supreme l[] organs mu/ s]ve ! 
high]4 ,! age ( man's exi/5ce on ! globe
 is1 & mu/ rema91 ! era ( m9d4 ,= ! m9d 
alone has an inexhau/ible /ore (        
possibilities4  ,! developm5t ( all ^!  
sy/ems is simultane\s4 ,f ! v beg9n+ all
 ! functions h be5 repres5t$1 all !     
sy/ems h be5 gradually advanc+4 ,hydra  
has a n]v\s sy/em j z really z man4 ,x  
has no bra91 b x has ! pot5tiality &    
promise ( "o1 & is tak+ ! necess>y /eps 

t[>d its atta9m5t4 ,b :ile ! developm5t 
( all is simultane\s1 _! culm9ation &   
supremacy is successive1 fir/ /oma* &   
muscle1 !n bra9 & m9d4 ,t 0 n fir/ :i*  
is spiritual1 b t :i* is natural2 &     
aft]w>d t :i* is spiritual4 ,b n[ t !   
m9d has once become supreme1 man mu/    
live & "w *iefly = its high] developm5t4
 ,?us alone is progress possible4  ,b ! 
^w m9d calls up be=e u a long li/ (     
p[]s4 ,& ! que/ions arise1 ,is "o mode &
 l9e ( m5tal action j z mu* ! goal (    
man's developm5t z ano!r8 ,is man to    
cultivate ! appetite = food & s5se      
gratification j z mu* z ! hung] =       
righte\sness8 ,or is appetite 9 ! m9d l 
dige/ion 9 ! body1 a function1 necess>y 
inde$ & once dom9ant1 b no long] fitt$ =
 supreme control8 ,is !re 9 ! developm5t
 ( ! m5tal p[]s or functions j z really 
a sequ5ce ( dom9ance z 9 t ( ! bodily   
functions8 ,are !re old] & l[] p[]s &   
modes ( action1 :i*1 ?\gh once supreme1 
mu/ n[ be rigidly kept d[n 9 _! prop]   
l[] place8 ,are !re l[] motives1 = :i* !

 v laws ( evolution =bid u to live1 j z 
truly z !y =bid a man's liv+ = /oma* or 
brute /r5g? in/ead ( bra9 & m9d8 ,are ^!
 l[] p[]s m]ely ! f\ndation on :i* !    
high] motives & p[]s are to rise 9 _!   
transc5d5t glory8 ,?is is ! "q :i* we n[
 mu/ face1 & x is ( vital importance4   
,we h come to "o ( ! mo/ important &    
difficult subjects ( zology4 ,let u     
di/9ctly recognize t x is n our task to 
expla9 ! orig9 ( m9d1 or ev5 ( a s+le   
m5tal faculty4 ,i %all take = grant$ :at
 _m ( y w n admit1 t ! g]ms ( all man's 
highe/ m5tal p[]s are pres5t undevelop$ 
9 ! m9d1 if y w call x s1 ( ! amoeba4 ,!
 limits ( ?is c\rse ( lectures h requir$
 u to *oose betwe5 alt]natives1 ei!r to 
attempt to prove ! tru? ( ! !ory (      
evolution1 or tak+ ?is = grant$1 to     
attempt to f9d its be>+s on our moral & 
religi\s beliefs4 ,i h *os5 ! latt]     
c\rse1 & "h1 z else:]e1 w abide by x4 ,i
 %\ld n h foll[$ su* a c\rse if ,i did n
 ?or\ghly believe t man also1 9 m9d z   
well z body1 is ! product ( evolution4  

,b ?is is no reason = y\r accept+ ^!    
views4 ,y are ask$ only to judge        
imp>tially ( ! t5d5cies ( ! !ory4 ,we   
take = grant$1 ,i repeat1 t all man's   
m5tal faculties are g]m9ally1           
pot5tially1 pres5t 9 protoplasm2 we seek
 ! hi/ory ( _! developm5t4  ,we mu/     
rememb]1 fur!r1 t ! sci5ce ( animal or  
comp>ative psy*ology is yet 9 its       
infancy4 ,ev5 reliable facts are only   
sl[ly be+ sift$ & record$ 9 suffici5t   
numb]s to make d$uctions at all safe4 ,&
 ev5 ( ^! facts diff]5t writ]s give v   
diff]5t explanations4 ,z ,mr4 ,romanes  
has well said1 ,all our k ( m5tal       
faculties1 o!r ?an our own1 really      
consi/s ( an inf]5tial int]pretation (  
bodily activities--?is int]pretation be+
 f\nd$ on our subjective k ( our own    
m5tal activities4 ,by inf]5ce we        
project1 z x 71 ! human patt]n ( our own
 m5tal *romograph on :at is to u !      
o!rwise blank scre5 ( ano!r m9d4 ,!     
value & cle>ness ( our inf]5ces w be    
proportional to ! simil>ity ( ! animal  

to ourselves4 ,?us we c educate _m ( our
 high] mammals by a sy/em ( rew>ds &    
puni%m5ts1 & we seem !re=e to h good    
reason to believe t fe> & joy1 ang] &   
desire1 c]ta9 p[]s ( p]ception &        
inf]5ce1 are 9 _! m9ds simil> to our    
own4 ,b fe> 9 a fi% is c]ta9ly a mu*    
dimm] appreh5sion ( dang] ?an 9 u1 ev5  
if x des]ves ! "n ( appreh5sion4 ,& !   
m5tal /ate :i* we call al>m 9 a fly or  
any l[] animal is v difficult to cle>ly 
imag9e or at all express 9 t]ms ( our   
own m9d4  ,"s inve/igators h made !     
mi/ake ( project+ into ! animal m9d all 
our emotions & complicat$ tra9s ( ?\ght4
 ,?us ,s*wamm]dam app>5tly cr$its !     
snail ) remorse = ! commission (        
excesses4 ,o!rs g to ! o!r extreme &    
make animals h>dly m ?an m9dless        
automata4 ,we are w>n$1 !re=e1 by our v 
mode ( /udy1 to be cauti\s1 n too       
absolutely sure ( our results1 nor      
indignant at o!rs :o may take a v       
diff]5t view4 ,& yet by mov+ cauti\sly &
 accept+ only :at seems fairly cle> &   

evid5t we may arrive at v valuable &    
tol]ably sure results4  ,! human m9d1 & 
! animal m9d app>5tly1 manife/s itself 9
 ?ree /ates or functions4 ,^! are       
intellig5ce1 ! realm ( k2               
susceptibility1 ! realm or /ate ( feel+s
 or emotions2 w1 ! p[] or /ate ( *oice4 
,let u trace fir/ ! developm5t (        
intellig5ce or ! intellect 9 ! animal4  
,let u try to discov] :at k9ds ( k are  
successively atta9$ & ! mode & sequ5ce (
 _! atta9m5t4 ,hydra appe>s to be       
consci\s ( its food4 ,x recognizes x    
p>tially by t\*1 p]haps also by feel+ ! 
waves caus$ by its approa*4 ,x seems    
also to recognize food at a little      
di/ance by a p[] comp>able to our s5se (
 smell4 ,/rong] impacts cause x to      
contract4 ,x nei!r sees nor he>s2 x     
probably does little or no ?9k+4 ,its k 
is !re=e limit$ to ! recognition (      
objects ei!r 9 contact )1 or b slightly 
remov$ f1 itself4 ,& its recognition ( !
 objects is v dim & incomplete1 obta9$  
?r\gh ! s5se ( t\* & smell4  ,a little  

high] 9 ! animal _w a rude e> has       
develop$1 fir/ z a v delicate organ =   
feel+ ! waves caus$ by approa*+ food or 
enemies2 only lat] z an organ ( he>+4   
,mean:ile ! eye has be5 develop+1 to    
p]ceive ! subtle e!r vibrations4 ,! eye 
( ! turbell>ia di/+ui%es only light f   
d>kness1 t ( ! annelid is a true visual 
organ4 ,n[ ! bra9 c beg9 to p]ceive !   
%ape ( objects at a little di/ance4 ,t\*
 & smell1 he>+1 sight2 su* is sequ5ce ( 
s5se p]ceptions4 ,! s5se-organs respond 
to cont9ually m delicate & subtle       
impacts1 & cov] an ev]-wid5+ range ( m &
 m di/ant objects4 ,up to ?is po9t      
intellig5ce has h>dly includ$ m ?an     
s5se-p]ceptions4  ,b ^! s5se-p]ceptions 
h be5 all ! "t spurr+ ! m9d to beg9 a   
high] "w4 ,at fir/ x is consci\s m]ely (
 objects1 & its ma9 ef=t is to ga9 a    
cle>] & cle>] p]ception ( ^!4  ,n[ x is 
l$ to und]take1 s to speak1 ! "w ( a    
s5se-organ ( a high] grade4 ,x beg9s to 
directly see invisible relations j z    
truly z ?r\gh ! eye x has p]ceiv$ light4

 ,fir/ p]haps x p]ceives t c]ta9        
p]ceptions & exp]i5ces1 agreeable or    
disagreeable1 occur 9 a c]ta9 sequ5ce4  
,x beg9s to associate ^!4 ,x le>ns ?us  
to recognize ! premonitory symptoms (   
nature's favor or disfavor1 & ?us ga9s  
food or avoids dang]s4 ,! bee le>ns to  
associate accessible nect> ) a c]ta9    
spot on ! fl[] m>k$ by bright dots or   
l9es1 honey-guides1 & ! *impanzee t :5 a
 h5 cackles !re is an egg 9 ! ne/4 ,b   
association is only ! fir/ lesson2      
inf]5ce & und]/&+ foll[4  ,! *ild at    
k9d]g>t5 receives a few blocks4 ,x      
admires & plays ) !m4 ,!n x is taught to
 notice _! =m4 ,aft] a "t x arranges !m 
9 gr\ps & le>ns ! fir/ elem5ts ( numb]4 
,b :5 x has advanc$ to high] ma!matics1 
! blocks1 or figures on ! blackbo>d1    
become only symbols or means ( illu/rat+
 ! great !orems & propositions ( t      
sci5ce4 ,?us ! animal has begun 9 !     
k9d]g>t5 way to dimly p]ceive t !re are 
real1 ?\gh intangible & invisible1      
relations betwe5 objects4 ,b :at is all 

human sci5ce b ! cle>] vision1 & f>!r   
se>* into1 & trac+ ( ^! same relations8 
,& :at is all advance ( k b a p]ception 
( ev] subtl] relations8 ,:at is ev5 ! k 
( "r b ! p]ception ( ! subtle/ & deepe/ 
& wide/ relations ( man to 8 environm5t8
 ,! animal seems to be /eadily advanc+  
along ! pa? t[>d ! p]ception ( ab/ract  
tru?1 ?\gh man alone really atta9s x4   
,& ! high] p[] ( association & inf]5ce  
:i* we call und]/&+1 aid$ by memory1    
results 9 ! p[] ( le>n+ by exp]i5ce1 s  
*>act]i/ic ( high] v]tebrates4 ,! hunt$ 
bird or mammal v quickly becomes w>y4 ,a
 new trap cat*es m ?an a bett] old "o   
until ! animals h le>n$ to und]/& x1 &  
"y animals are trapp$ m easily ?an old4 
,cases %[+ ! limitations ( mammalian    
intellig5ce are int]e/+ 9 ?is           
connection4 ,a cat :i* wi%$ to look out 
& f9d ! cause ( a noise outside1 :5 all 
! w9d[s 7 clos$ by wood5 bl9ds1 jump$ ^u
 a /& & look$ into a mirror4 ,h] inf]5ce
 z to ! g5]al use ( glass 0 correct2 all
 its uses _h n yet come )9 ! range ( h] 

exp]i5ce4 ,a monkey us$ to /op a hole 9 
! side ( a cage ) /raw4 ,! keep]1 to    
tease him1 us$ to pull ?is out4 ,b "o   
day ! monkey tugg$ at a nail 9 ! side ( 
8 cage until he _h pull$ x out1 & ?ru/ x
 into ! hole4 ,b :5 x 0 pu%$ back he    
fell into a rage4 ,8 inf]5ce t !        
nail-head c\ld n be pull$ ?r\gh 0       
entirely correct2 he _h fail$ to =esee t
 x c\ld be pu%$ back4 ,_m su* in/ances h
 probably come )9 ! range ( y\r         
obs]vation1 if y h notic$ !m4 ,b _m ( ! 
facts :i* ,mr4 ,romanes gives u conc]n+ 
! intellig5ce ( monkeys1 apes1 & baboons
 w\ld n disgrace ! intellig5ce ( *ildr5 
or m54  ,mr4 ,romanes relates ! foll[+  
acc\nt ( a little capu*9 monkey f       
,brazil3     ,to-day he obta9$          
possession ( a he>?-bru%1 "o ( ! k9d    
:i* has ! h&le screw$ into ! bru%4 ,he  
soon f\nd !    way to unscrew ! h&le1 & 
hav+ done t he imm$iately    began to   
try to f9d out ! way to screw x 9 aga94 
,?is he 9    "t accompli%$4 ,at fir/ he 
put ! wrong end ( ! h&le    into ! hole1

 b turn$ x r\nd & r\nd ! "r way =       
screw+4 ,f9d+ x did n hold he turn$ !   
o!r end ( !    h&le & c>efully /uck x   
into ! hole1 & began aga9 to    turn x !
 "r way4 ,x 0 ( c\rse a difficult feat =
 him    to p]=m1 = he requir$ bo? 8 h&s 
9 ord] to screw x    91 & ! long bri/les
 ( ! bru% prev5t$ x f    rema9+ /eady or
 ) ! "r side up4 ,he held ! bru%    ) 8 
h9d h&1 b ev5 s x 0 v difficult = him to
    get ! fir/ turn ( ! screw to fit    
into ! ?read2 he work$    at x1 h[ev]1 )
 ! mo/ unwe>y+ p]sev]ance until he      
got ! fir/ turn ( ! screw to cat*1 & he 
!n quickly    turn$ x r\nd & r\nd until 
x 0 screw$ up to ! end4 ,!    mo/       
rem>kable ?+ 01 t h[ev] (t5 he 0        
disappo9t$    9 ! beg9n+1 he nev] 0     
induc$ to try turn+ ! h&le    ! wrong   
way2 he always screw$ x f "r to left4 ,z
 soon    z he _h accompli%$ 8 wi% he    
unscrew$ x aga91 & !n    screw$ x 9 aga9
 ! second "t r m easily ?an !    fir/1 &
 s on _m times4 ,:5 he _h become by     
practice    tol]ably p]fect 9 screw+ &  

unscrew+1 he gave x up &    took to "s  
o!r amusem5t4 ,"o rem>kable ?+ is t he  
%\ld take s mu* tr\ble to d t :i* is no 
mat]ial    b5efit to him4 ,! desire to  
accompli% a *os5 task seems a           
suffici5t inducem5t to lead him to take 
any am\nt ( tr\ble4    ,?is seems a v   
human feel+1 su* z is n %[n1 ,i believe1
    by any o!r animal4 ,x is n ! desire 
( praise1 z he nev]    notices p look+  
on2 x is simply ! desire to a*ieve an   
object = ! sake ( a*iev+ an object1 & he
 nev] re/s    nor all[s 8 att5tion to be
 di/ract$ until x is done4444     ,z my 
si/] once obs]v$ :ile we 7 wat*+ him    
conduct+    "s ( 8 rese>*es1 9 oblivion 
to 8 food & all 8 o!r    surr\nd+s--',:5
 a monkey behaves l ?is x is no wond]   
t man is a sci5tific animal6',a         
,footnote ,a3 ,romanes3 ,animal         
,intellig5ce1 pp4 #dij1 #dih4  ,9 !     
highe/ mammals we f9d also diff]5t      
degrees ( att5tion & conc5tration (     
?\ght & obs]vation4 ,?is diff]5ce c     
easily be notic$ 9 "y hunt+ dogs4 ,a    

tra9] ( monkeys said t he c\ld easily   
select ^? :i* c\ld mo/ easily be taught1
 by notic+ 9 ! fir/ lesson :e!r he c\ld 
easily ga9 & hold _! att5tion4 ,?is 0   
easy ) "s1 :ile o!rs 7 div]t$ by e pass+
 fly2 & ! latt]1 l he$less /ud5ts1 made 
b sl[ progress4  ,x is int]e/+ to notice
 t "o ( ! p]ceptions :i* we class among 
! highe/ is app>5tly develop$           
comp>atively e>ly4 ,i ref] to ! /hetic  
p]ception ( ! beautiful4 ,n[1 !         
p]ception ( beauty is g5]ally consid]$ z
 n v f> bel[ or remov$ f ! p]ception (  
tru? & "r4 ,b "s insects & birds        
app>5tly possess ?is p]ception & !      
correspond+ emotion 9 no l[ degree4 ,!  
colors ( fl[]s seem to exi/ ma9ly = !   
attraction ( insects to insure          
cross-f]tilization1 & c]ta9 insects seem
 to pref] c]ta9 colors4 ,b y may say t  
^! af=d m]ely s5se gratification l t :i*
 gre5 af=ds to our eyes or sug> to our  
ta/es4  ,b does n ! gr\p+ ( colors 9 !  
fl[] appeal to "s /hetic /&>d 9 ! m9d ( 
! insect8 ,:at ( ! tail ( ! peacock8    

,its iridesc5t r+s & eyes evid5tly      
appeal to some?+ 9 ! m9d ( ! female4 ,d 
=m & gr\p+ m9i/] to pure s5se           
gratification8 ,:at ( ! song ( ! ?ru%8  
,does n ! ord]ly & h>moni\s arrangem5t (
 notes & cad5ces appeal to "s /&>d (    
ord] ( arrangem5t1 & h5ce idea ( h>mony1
 9 ! m9d ( ! bird's mate8  ,n[1 ,i grant
 y readily t ! ,a ,b ,c ( ?is tra9+ is  
m]e s5se gratification at ! sight (     
bright colors4 ,mo/ insects & birds h   
probably n advanc$ mu* beyond ?is fir/  
lesson4 ,savages h g5]ally /opp$ !re or 
rev]t$ to x4 ,b any appreciation ( =m & 
h>moni\s arrangem5t ( cad5ce & colors   
seems to me at lea/ to dem& "s p]ception
 :i* we mu/ call /hetic1 or dang]\sly   
ne> x4 ,b "h y mu/ judge c>efully =     
y\rselves le/ y be misl$4 ,= rememb]1   
please1 t ^? s*emes ( psy*ology f>!/    
remov$ f1 & lea/ readily reconcilable   
to1 ! !ory ( evolution ma9ta9 t         
p]ception ( beauty is ! "w ( ! rational 
faculty1 :i* also p]ceives tru? & "r 9  
mu* ! same way t x p]ceives & recognizes

 beauty4 ,if ! animal has ! /hetic      
p]ception1 x has ! faculty :i*1 at !    
next high] /age ( developm5t1 w p]ceive1
 & recognize z su*1 bo? tru? & "r4 ,we  
are consid]+ no unimportant "q2 = on our
 answ] to ?is dep5ds our answ] to       
que/ions ( f> great] importance4  ,does 
x look z if ! animal _h begun to le>n ! 
fir/ rudim5ts ( ! great sci5ce ( rights1
 ( 8 own rights & ^? ( o!rs8 ,?is is an 
exce$+ly difficult "q1 ?\gh (t5 answ]$  
unhesitat+ly 9 ! negative4 ,b :at ( !   
division ( t]ritory by ! dogs 9 ori5tal 
cities1 a division evid5tly dep5d+ ^u   
some?+ outside ( m]e brute /r5g? & p[]  
to ma9ta91 & _! respect ( b\nd>ies8 ,!  
female is all[$1 ,i am told by an       
eye-witness long resid5t 9              
,con/ant9ople1 to di/ribute h] puppies 9
 unoccupi$ spots ?r\gh ! city )\t       
int]f]5ce4 ,b :5 %e has once locat$ !m1 
%e is n all[$ to return & visit !m1 or  
pass t way aga94 ,s ! acc\nt by ,dr4    
,wa%burn ( platoons ( dogs com+ 9 turn1 
& peaceably1 to fe$ on a dead donkey 9 !

 /reets ( ,con/ant9ople1 w\ld seem to be
 mo/ naturally expla9$ by "s dim        
recognition ( rights4 ,rook communities 
h n receiv$ ! att5tion & inve/igation   
:i* !y des]ve1 b _! actions are c]ta9ly 
wor?y ( att5tion4 ,conc]n+ ! s5se (     
own]%ip 9 dogs & o!r mammals op9ions    
diff]1 & yet _m facts are mo/ naturally 
expla9$ on su* a supposition4  ,j "o m  
"q 9 ?is connection1 = we are 9 !       
bord]l& or twilightl& :]e x is mu* saf] 
to ask que/ions ?an to attempt to answ] 
!m4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! in/9ctive fe> ( man
 on ! "p ( wild & fi]ce animals8 ,!y    
c]ta9ly d n quail be=e 8 brute /r5g?1 = 
a bl[ at su* a "t breaks ! *>m & insures
 an attack4 ,!y quail be=e 8 eye & look4
 ,is n ?is ! answ]+ ( a p]sonality 9 !  
animal to ! p]sonality 9 man2 a         
recognition ( some?+ deep] ?an bone &   
muscle8 ,& may n1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has urg$1
 ?is fe> 9 ! pres5ce ( a high]          
p]sonality be ! dim =e%ad[+ ( an awe :i*
 promises indef9itely bett] ?+s8 ,is1   
aft] all1 ! atta*m5t ( a dog to 8 ma/]  

some?+ f> deep] ?an an appetite = bones 
or pats1 or a fe> ( kicks8  ,a ho/ ( o!r
 & simil> que/ions ?rong ^u u "h1 to no 
"o ( :i* we c give a def9ite answ]4 ,we 
ne$ m inve/igation1 m light4 ,we mu/ n  
re/ cont5t$ ) old prejudices or accept )
 too great c]ta9ty new explanations4 ,! 
que/ions are wor?y ( c>eful & pati5t    
inve/igation4 ,! /udy ( comp>ative      
anatomy has ?r[n a flood ( light on !   
/ructure & work+ ( ! human body 9 heal? 
& disease4 ,we %all nev] fully und]/& ! 
m9d ( man until we "k m ( ! work+ ( !   
m9d ( ! animal4  ,x w\ld seem to be cle>
 t !re is a sequ5ce ( dom9ance 9 !      
faculties ( ! intellect4 ,fir/1 ! only  
means ( acquir+ k is ?r\gh              
s5se-p]ception4 ,b memory dawns f> d[n 9
 ! animal k+dom4 ,& ?us ! animal beg9s  
to associate pa/ exp]i5ce ) pres5t      
objects4 ,! bee rememb]s ! ga9+ ( honey 
9 ! pa/1 associat$ ) ! color ( ! fl[]   
:i* %e n[ sees1 & kn[s t honey is to be 
atta9$ aga94 ,?us 9 "t association leads
 to inf]5ce1 & und]/&+ has dawn$4 ,b !  

highe/ faculty ( ! intellect is !       
rational intellig5ce1 :i* p]ceives      
beauty1 tru?1 & goodness4 ,?is is ! la/ 
to develop4 ,traces ( its work+ may be  
p]haps discov]$ bel[ man1 b only 9 man  
does x become dom9ant4 ,?r\gh x ,i      
p]ceive my rights & duties1 & come to ! 
consci\sness ( my own p]sonality z a    
moral ag5t4 ,?is tells me ( ! relation (
 my own p]sonality to o!r p]sons & ?+s4 
,& ^! are evid5tly ! mo/ important      
objects ( human /udy4 ,! atta9m5t ( ?is 
k & ! developm5t ( ?is faculty are      
evid5tly ! goal ( human intellectual    
developm5t4 ,?is x is :i* has insur$    
progress & rais$ man ev] high] above !  
brutes4  ,be=e we c proce$ to ! /udy ( !
 w we mu/ cle>ly recognize & def9e c]ta9
 modes ( m5tal & n]v\s action1 :i* soon]
 or lat] manife/ !mselves 9 muscul>     
activity4 ,=1 :ile c]ta9 ( our bodily   
activities are cle>ly volunt>y1 o!rs    
take place :olly1 or 9 "p indep5d5tly1 (
 ! individual w4 ,betwe5 ^! diff]5t     
modes ( bodily action we mu/ di/+ui% z  

cle>ly z may be possible4  #a4 ,reflex  
,action4 ,i t\* some?+ cold or hot 9 !  
d>k1 sudd5ly & unexpect$ly4 ,i draw back
 my h& involunt>ily & be=e ,i h p]ceiv$ 
! s5sation ( cold or heat4 ,y tell me to
 keep my eyes op5 :ile y make a sudd5   
pass at !m ) y\r h&4 ,i try h>d to d s1 
b my eyes %ut = all t4 ,i %ut !m        
unconsci\sly & aga9/ my own w4 ,i say1  
,!y %ut ( !mselves4 ,n[1 ?is is n true1 
b ! explanation is n difficult4 ,^! &   
simil> actions are entirely possible1   
al?\gh ! cont9uity betwe5 sp9al m>r[ &  
bra9 may h be5 s int]rupt$ by "s accid5t
 t s5sation 9 ! reflexly active "p fails
 altoge!r4 ,a bird flaps its w+s aft]   
its head is cut (f1 & yet ! seat (      
consci\sness & w is c]ta9ly 9 ! bra94 ,a
 pati5t ) a brok5 back1 & p>alyz$ 9 8   
legs1 w draw up 8 feet if !y are tickl$1
 al?\gh he is entirely unable to move !m
 by any ef=t ( 8 w & has no consci\sness
 ( ! irritation4  ,! physiological      
action is 9 ?is case cle>4 ,! vibration 
( ! n]ve caus$ by ! tickl+ travels f !  

foot to ! appropriate c5tre 9 ! sp9al   
m>r[1 & "h gives rise to1 or is swit*$  
(f z1 a motor impulse travell+ back to !
 muscles ( ! leg1 caus+ !m to contract4 
,9 ! injur$ pati5t ! n]v\s impulse _c   
rea* ! bra91 ! seat ( consci\sness1 &   
h5ce ?is is n awak5$4 ,normally         
consci\sness does result 9 a majority ( 
su* cases1 b only aft] ! beg9n+ or      
completion ( ! appropriate action4 ,yet 
! movem5ts ( our int]nal organs1 inte/9e
 & he>t1 g on cont9ually1 & 9 heal? we  
rema9 entirely unconsci\s ( _! action4  
,b reflex actions may be any?+ b simple4
 ,we walk & talk1 & write or play !     
piano )\t ev] ?9k+ ( a s+le muscle or   
organ4 ,yet we _h once to le>n ) mu*    
ef=t to take ea* /ep or frame ea* lett]4
 ,?us actions1 orig9ally consci\s &     
int5d$1 easily become reflex2 (t5       
repeat$ ! bra9 leaves _! control to !   
l[] c5tres4 ,we (t5 say1 ,i did n int5d 
to d t2 ,i c\ld n help x4 ,we =get t ?is
 excuse is our wor/ condemnation4 ,x is 
a confession t we h all[$ or enc\rag$ a 

habit to we> a groove f :i* ! :eels (   
our life _c escape4 ,! ess5tial         
*>act]i/ic ( reflex action is !re=e t f 
beg9n+ to completion x goes on          
indep5d5tly ( consci\sness4  #b4        
,in/9ct4 ,?is is a mu*-abus$ ^w4 ,x is  
frequ5tly appli$ to all ! m5tal actions 
( animals )\t mu* ?\ght or c>e z to its 
mean+4 ,let u ga9 a def9ition f ! /udy (
 a typical case le/ we use ! ^w z a     
cloak = ignorance or neglig5t           
?\ghtlessness4 ,wat* a spid] build+ its 
wond]ful geometrical web4 ,! web is a "w
 ( art1 & e motion ( ! spid] beautifully
 adapt$ to its purpose4 ,b ! spid] is n 
!re=e necess>ily an arti/4 ,let u see ( 
h[ mu* ! spid] is probably consci\s1    
rememb]+ t our be/ judgm5t is b an      
inf]5ce4 ,we h good reason to believe t 
%e is consci\s ( ! /imulus to action1   
hung]4 ,%e may be1 probably is1 consci\s
 ( ! end to be atta9$--to cat* a fly =  
h] d9n]4 ,%e seems consci\s ( :at %e is 
do+4 ,9 all ^! respects ?is diff]s f    
reflex action4 ,b %e is probably        

unconsci\s ( ! exact fitness ( ! means  
to ! end4 ,we d n believe t %e has      
adopt$ ! geometrical patt]n1 because %e 
has discov]$ or calculat$ t ?is w make !
 close/ & l>ge/ net = ! smalle/ outlay (
 labor & mat]ial4 ,fur!rmore ! "y spid] 
builds practically z good a web z ! old 
"o4 ,%e has inh]it$ ! p[]1 n develop$ or
 ga9$ x by exp]i5ce or obs]vation4 ,&   
all ! memb]s ( ! species h inh]it$ x 9  
mu* ! same degree ( p]fection4  ,conc]n+
 ! orig9 ( in/9cts !re are sev]al       
!ories4 ,"s in/9cts w\ld seem to be !   
result ( non-intellig5t1 p]haps         
unconsci\s1 habits becom+ fix$ by h]$ity
 & improv$ by natural selection2 o!rs   
w\ld appe> to be modifications ( actions
 orig9ally due to intellig5ce4 ,in/9ct  
is !re=e *>act]iz$ by consci\sness ( !  
/imulus to act1 ( ! means & end1 )\t ! k
 ( ! exact adaptation ( means to end4 ,x
 is h]$it>y & *>act]izes species or l>ge
 gr\ps4  #c4 ,intellig5t ,action4 ,y    
come 9 cold & sit d[n be=e an op5 fire4 
,y pu% ! br&s toge!r to make ! fire     

burn4 ,apply+ once m ! crit]ion (       
consci\sness to ?is action we notice t y
 are consci\s ( ! /imulus to act1 ( !   
/eps ( ! action1 & ( ! end to be atta9$1
 exactly z 9 in/9ctive action4 ,b       
f9ally1 & ?is is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic (
 intellig5t action1 y are aw>e to a     
c]ta9 ext5t ( ! fitness ( ! means to !  
atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,?is piece ( k y _h to
 acquire = y\rself4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 def9$
 a fool z a man :o _h nev] tri$ an      
exp]im5t4 ,exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 n     
h]$ity1 are ! s\rces ( intellig5ce4     
,intellig5ce is p[] to ?9k1 & a man may 
be v le>n$--= d we n h le>n$ pigs8--&   
yet h v little real intellig5ce4 ,h5ce  
?is is possess$ by diff]5t individuals 9
 v v>y+ degrees4  ,we may n[ briefly    
comp>e ^! ?ree k9ds ( n]v\s action4     
,reflex action is involunt>y &          
unconsci\s4 ,! actor may1 & usually     
does1 become consci\s ( ! action aft] x 
has be5 comm5c$ or complet$1 b ?is is n 
at all necess>y or univ]sal4  ,in/9ctive
 action is to a c]ta9 ext5t volunt>y &  

consci\s4 ,! actor is consci\s ( !      
/imulus1 ! means & mode1 & ! end or     
purpose ( ! action4 ,( ! exact fitness  
or adaptation ( ! means to ! end ! actor
 is unconsci\s4  ,intellig5t action is  
consci\s & volunt>y4 ,! actor is        
consci\s ( ! /imulus to act1 ( ! means &
 mode1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! adaptation
 ( ! means to ! end4 ,?is la/ item ( k1 
lack+ 9 in/9ctive action1 is acquir$ by 
exp]i5ce or obs]vation4  ,reflex action 
may be reg>d$ z a comp>atively          
me*anical1 ?\gh (t5 v complex1 process2 
! reflex ganglia appe> to be h>dly m ?an
 swit*-bo>ds4 ,!re is /imulus ( !       
s5se-organs1 & ?us :at ,mr4 ,romanes has
 call$ unfelt s5sation1 unfelt z f> z ! 
completion ( ! action is conc]n$4 ,b 9  
in/9ct ! s5sation no long] rema9s       
unfelt2 p]ception is necess>y1          
consci\sness plays a "p4 ,& ?is         
consci\sness is a va/ly m subtle elem5t1
 diff]+ z mu* app>5tly f ! vibration (  
bra91 or n]v\s1 molecules z ! ,g5i f !  
rubb+ ( ,aladd9's lamp1 to borr[ an     

illu/ration4  ,b ?is elem5t (           
consci\sness is "o :i* x is exce$+ly    
difficult to detect 9 our analysis1 &   
yet ^u x our classification & ! psy*ic  
position ( an animal mu/ to a great     
ext5t dep5d4 ,! amoeba contracts :5     
prick$1 jelly-fi%es swim t[>d ! light1 !
 e>?worm1 al>m$ by ! tread ( y\r foot1  
)draws into its hole4 ,are ^! & simil>  
actions reflex or in/9ctive8 ,a gra9 (  
consci\sness prec$+ an action :i* be=e  
has be5 reflex *anges x into in/9ct4    
,mr4 ,romanes1 probably correctly1      
reg>ds !m z purely reflex4 ,we mu/1 ,i  
?9k1 believe t ^! actions result 9      
consci\sness ev5 9 ! l[e/ =ms4 ,!       
selection & atta9m5t ( food c]ta9ly     
looks l consci\s action4 ,probably all  
n]ve-cells or n]v\s mat]ial 7 orig9ally1
 ev5 9 ! l[e/ =ms1 dimly consci\s2 !n by
 division ( labor "s became purely      
conductive1 o!rs m highly p]ceptive4 ,! 
important ?+ = u to rememb] 9 our pres5t
 ignorance is n to be dogmatic4         
,fur!rmore1 ! ga9 ( a gra9 (            

consci\sness ( ! adaptation ( c]ta9     
means to special ends *anges in/9ctive  
action into intellig5t1 & its loss may  
rev]se ! process4 ,=tunately we h f\nd t
 9 s f> z actions1 ev5 in/9ctive1 are   
modifi$ by exp]i5ce1 !y are becom+ to t 
ext5t intellig5t4 ,?is crit]ion (       
intellig5ce seems easily appli$4 ,b ?is 
pr(it+ by exp]i5ce mu/ manife/ itself )9
 ! lifetime ( ! individual1 or 9 l9es   
outside ( circum/ances to :i* its ord9>y
 in/9cts are adapt$1 or we may give to  
individual intellig5ce ! cr$it due      
really to natural selection4 ,we mu/ be 
cauti\s 9 our judgm5ts4  ,^! reflex     
actions are p]=m$ indep5d5tly (         
consci\sness or w4 ,consci\sness may1   
probably does1 att5d ! selection &      
grasp+ ( food2 b mo/ ( ! actions ( !    
body w g on bett] )\t its int]f]5ce4 ,x 
is n yet suffici5tly develop$1 or1 s to 
speak1 wise en\gh to be intru/$ ) mu*   
control ( ! animal4  ,among high] worms 
cases ( in/9ct seem prov54 ,traces ( x w
 almo/ c]ta9ly be yet f\nd mu* l[] d[n4 

,fre%-wat] mussels migrate into deep]   
wat] at ! approa* ( cold wea!r4 ,& if ! 
clam has in/9cts1 !re is no reason :y ! 
turbell>ia %\ld n also possess !m4 ,b   
all high] p[]s develop gradually1 & _!  
beg9n+s usually elude our se>*4 ,along !
 l9e lead+ f annelids to insects in/9ct 
is becom+ dom9ant4 ,a supraoesophageal  
ganglion has develop$1 & has be5 reliev$
 ( mo/ ( ! direct control ( ! muscles4  
,v good s5se-organs are also pres5t4 ,f 
?is "t on consci\sness becomes cle>]1 & 
! bra9 is beg9n+ to ass]t its "r to at  
lea/ "k :at is go+ on 9 ! body1 & to h  
some?+ to say ab\t x4 ,/ill1 z long z ! 
actions rema9 purely in/9ctive ! bra91  
:ile consci\s1 is gov]n$ by h]$ity4 ,!  
animal does z its ance/ors always h4 ,x 
does n occur to x to ask :y x %\ld d ?us
 or o!rwise1 or :e!r o!r means w\ld be  
bett] fitt$ to ! end 9 view4 ,x acts    
exactly l mo/ ( ! memb]s ( our great    
political & !ological p>ties4 ,& until !
 animal has a bett] bra9 ?is is its be/ 
c\rse & is favor$ by natural selection4 

,b ! h& ( ev5 ! be/ dead ance/ors _c    
always be all[$ to hold ! helm4 ,! bra9 
is /ill enl>g+1 ! s5se-organs br+ 9     
full] & m def9ite reports ( a wid]      
environm5t4 ,great] fre$om ( action by  
means ( a /rong] locomotive sy/em is    
br++ cont9ually new & v>i$ exp]i5ces4 ,&
 if1 z 9 v]tebrates1 long] life be add$1
 frequ5t repetition ( ! exp]i5ce deep5s 
! impression4 ,sl[ly1 z if t5tatively1 !
 animal beg9s to modify "s ( its        
in/9cts1 at fir/ only 9 slight details1 
or to adopt new l9es ( action n includ$ 
9 its old in/9cts1 b suit$ to ! new     
em]g5cies4 ,?is is ! dawn ( intellig5ce4
 ,its beg9n+s /ill rema9 undiscov]$4    
,mr4 ,d>w9 believes t traces ( x c be   
f\nd 9 e>?worms & o!r annelids4 ,he also
 tells u t oy/]s tak5 f a dep? nev]     
uncov]$ by ! sea1 & transport$ inl&1 op5
 _! %ells1 lose ! conta9$ wat]1 & die2 b
 t left 9 res]voirs1 :]e !y are         
occasionally left uncov]$ = a %ort "t1  
!y le>n to keep _! %ells %ut1 & live = a
 mu* long] "t :5 remov$ f ! wat]4 ,if   

oy/]s c le>n by exp]i5ce1 l[] worms     
probably c d ! same4  ,c]ta9 exp]im5ts  
made on sea-anemones1 act9 animals a    
little m highly organiz$ ?an hydra1 dem&
 repetition "u c>eful obs]vation4,a ,!  
obs]v] plac$ on "o ( ! t5tacles ( a     
sea-anemone a bit ( pap] :i* _h be5     
dipp$ 9 beef-juice4 ,x 0 seiz$ & c>ri$  
to ! m\? & "h disc>d$4 ,?is t5tacle aft]
 "o or two exp]im5ts refus$ to h any?+ m
 to d ) x4 ,b o!r t5tacles c\ld be      
successively *eat$4 ,! n]ve-cells gov]n+
 ea* t5tacle appe> to h be5 able to le>n
 by exp]i5ce1 b ea* gr\p 9 ! diffuse    
n]v\s sy/em _h to le>n sep>ately4 ,!    
dawn ( ?is mu* ( intellig5ce f> d[n 9 ! 
animal k+dom w\ld n be surpris+1 = !    
selection & grasp+ ( food has always    
involv$ high] m5tal p[] ?an mo/ ( !     
actions ( ^! l[e/ animals4 ,memory goes 
f> d[n 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,p]haps1 z     
,pr(essor ,haeckel has urg$1 x is an    
ultimate m5tal prop]ty ( protoplasm4 ,& 
! memory ( pa/ exp]i5ce w\ld cont9ually 
t5d to modify habit or in/9ct4          

,footnote ,a3 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5       
cont9u$ ) mo/   int]e/+ & valuable      
results by ,dr4 ,g4,h4 ,p>k]1 ( ,h>v>d  
,univ]sity4  ,x is unsafe1 !re=e1 to say
 j :]e intellig5ce beg9s4 ,at a c]ta9   
po9t we f9d dim traces ( x2 bel[ t we h 
fail$ to f9d !m4 ,b t !y w n be f\nd1 we
 d>e n affirm4 ,9 ! highe/ insects      
in/9ct pr$om9ates1 b m>ks ( intellig5ce 
are fairly abundant4 ,ants & wasps      
modify _! habits to suit em]g5cies :i*  
in/9ct alone c\ld h>dly cope )4 ,bees   
le>n to use graft+ wax in/ead ( propolis
 to /op ! *9ks 9 _! hives1 & soon cease 
to /ore up honey 9 a w>m climate4  ,our 
k ( v]tebrate psy*ology is n yet        
suffici5t to give a hi/ory ( ! /ruggle =
 supremacy betwe5 in/9ct & intellig5ce1 
betwe5 inh]it$ t5d5cy & ! consci\sness (
 ! individual4 ,b ! outcome is evid5t2  
intellig5ce prevails1 in/9ct wanes4 ,!  
actions ( ! "y may be purely in/9ctive2 
x is bett] t !y %\ld be4 ,b in/9ct 9 !  
adult is m & m modifi$ by intellig5ce   
ga9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,!re is p]haps no m   

*>act]i/ic in/9ct ?an ! habit (         
ne/-build+ 9 birds4 ,& yet !re are      
num]\s in/ances :]e ! /ructure &        
position ( ne/s h be5 completely *ang$  
to suit new circum/ances4 ,& ! view t   
?is habit is a pure in/9ct1 unmodifi$ by
 intellig5ce1 has be5 disprov$ by ,mr4  
,wallace4 ,b :ile size ( bra91 ke5ness (
 s5se-organs1 & l5g? ( life may be      
rightly emphasiz$ z ! mo/ important     
elem5ts 9 ! developm5t ( v]tebrate      
intellig5ce1 ! importance ( ! app5dages 
%\ld nev] be =gott54 ,cats seem to h    
acquir$ c]ta9 accompli%m5ts--op5+ doors1
 r++ door-bells1 etc4--nev] atta9$ by ! 
m intellig5t dog1 ma9ly because ( !     
great] mobility & bett] p[]s ( grasp+ ( 
! =epaws4 ,! elephant has its trunk & ! 
ape its h&4 ,! p[] ( h&l+ & ! increas$  
size ( ! bra9 aid$ ea* o!r 9 a common   
advance4  ,! tea*abl5ess ( mammals is   
also a sign ( high intellig5ce4 ,! "y   
are (t5 taught by ! p>5t1 a dim =e%ad[+ 
( ! human family relation4 ,& we notice 
?is capacity 9 dome/ic animals because (

 its practical value to man4 ,& "h1 too1
 we notice ! diff]5ce betwe5            
individuals1 :i* fails 9 in/9ct4 ,all   
spid]s ( ! same species build & hunt    
alike1 al?\gh diff]5ces caus$ by ! m\ld+
 influ5ce ( intellig5ce w probably be "h
 discov]$4 ,b among individual dogs &   
horses we f9d all degrees ( intellig5ce 
f absolute /upidity to high intellig5ce4
 ,& _m mammals are sl&]$ griev\sly by   
man4 ,! pig is n /upid1 f> f x4  ,/ill  
only 9 man does intellig5ce reign       
supreme & cle>ly %[ its innate p[]s4 ,b 
ev5 9 man c]ta9 realms1 l ^? ( ! int]nal
 organs1 are r>ely invad$ by            
consci\sness1 b are normally left to !  
control ( reflex action4 ,^! actions g  
on bett] )\t ! int]f]5ce ( consci\sness4
  ,b o!r l9es ( action are relegat$ z   
rapidly z possible to ! same control4   
,we le>n to walk by a consci\s ef=t to  
take ea* /ep2 aft]w>d we take ea* /ep   
automatically1 & ?9k only :i!r we wi% to
 g4 ,we le>n by consci\s ef=t to talk & 
write1 to s+1 or play ! piano4 ,aft]w>d 

we frame ea* lett] or note              
automatically1 & ?9k only ( ! idea & its
 expression4  ,s also 9 our moral &     
spiritual nature4,a    ,footnote ,a3    
,mr4 ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke has /at$ ?is
 bett] ?an ,i   c4 ,we may /ate ! law   
?us3 ',any habitual c\rse ( conduct     
*anges volunt>y actions into automatic  
or involunt>y 7i4e41   reflex7 actions4'
 ,by practice man =ms habits1 & habitual
 action   is automatic action1 requir+  
no ex]cise ( w except at !   beg9n+ ( ! 
s]ies ( acts4 ,! law ( association does 
!   re/4 ,z volunt>y acts are trans=m$  
into automatic1 ! w is   set free to    
devote itself to high] ef=ts & l>g]     
atta9m5ts4   ,aft] tell+ ! tru? a :ile  
by an ef=t1 we tell ! tru?   naturally1 
necess>ily1 automatically4 ,aft] giv+ to
 good objects   = a :ile f pr9ciple1 we 
give z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,hone/y         
becomes automatic2 self-control becomes 
automatic4 ,we rule ov] our   _s1       
repress ill-temp]1 keep d[n bad feel+s1 
fir/ by an   ef=t1 aft]w>ds z a matt] ( 

c\rse4    ,possibly ^! virtues really   
become inc>nate 9 ! bodily              
organization4 ,possibly goodness is made
 fle% & becomes   consolidate 9 ! fibres
 ( ! bra94 ,vices1 beg9n+ 9 !   s\l1    
seem to become at la/ bodily diseases2  
:y may n virtues   foll[ ! same law8 ,if
 x 7 n = "s su* law (   accumulation z  
?is1 ! "w ( life w\ld h to be begun     
=ev] anew4 ,=mation ( "* w\ld be        
impossible4 ,we %\ld   be incapable (   
progress1 our :ole /r5g? be+ always     
employ$   9 battl+ ) our fir/ enemies1  
le>n+ ev]more anew our   e>lie/ lessons4
 ,b by our pres5t con/itution he :o has 
tak5   "o /ep c take ano!r1 & life may  
become a p]petual advance   f good to   
bett]4 ,& ! highe/ graces ( all--,fai?1 
,hope1 &   ,love--obey ! same law4 ,see 
,james ,freeman ,cl>ke1 ,e-,day         
,religion1 p4 #abb4  ,!re has be5 !re=e 
9 ! successive =ms & /ages ( animal life
 a cle> sequ5ce ( dom9ant n]v\s actions4
 ,! actions ( all animals bel[ ! annelid
 are ma9ly reflex or automatic1         

unconsci\s & involunt>y4 ,b 9 insects & 
l[] v]tebrates ! highe/ actions at lea/ 
are in/9ctive4 ,consci\sness plays a    
cont9ually m important "p4 ,/ill !      
actions are controll$ by h]$it>y t5d5cy 
f> m ?an by ! w ( ! individual4 ,b 9 man
 in/9ct has be5 almo/ entirely replac$  
by consci\s1 volunt>y1 intellig5t       
action4 ,& yet 9 man1 z rapidly z       
possible1 actions :i* at fir/ require   
consci\s ef=t become1 ?r\gh repetition &
 habit1 reflex & automatic4 ,all our    
consci\s ef=t & ! en]gy ( ! w1 be+ no   
long] requir$ = ^! (t-repeat$ actions1  
are set free = high] atta9m5ts4 ,!      
t]ritory :i* _h to be conqu]$ by h>d    
battles has become an integral "p ( !   
realm4 ,x n[ h>dly requires ev5 a       
g>rison1 b has become a s\rce ( supplies
 = a new advance & m>* ( conque/4  ,b   
all ?is "t we h be5 talk+ ab\t action & 
h n giv5 a ?\ght to ! w4 ,& we h spok5 z
 if consci\s p]ception & intellig5ce    
directly controll$ w & action4 ,b ?is is
 ( c\rse incorrect4 ,w is practically   

p[] ( *oice4 ,y ask me :e!r ,i pref] ?is
 or t1 & ,i answ] p]haps t ,i d n c>e4  
,until ,i c>e ,i %all nev] *oose4 ,!    
p]ception mu/ ar\se "s feel+1 if x is to
 result 9 *oice4 ,i see a diamond 9 !   
road & ?9k x is m]ely a piece ( glass4  
,i d n /op4 ,b z ,i am pass+ on2 ,i     
rememb] t !re 0 a rem>kable brilliancy 9
 its fla%4 ,x mu/ h be51 aft] all1 a    
gem4 ,my feel+s are ar\s$4 ,h[ pr\d ,i  
%all feel to we> x4 ,or h[ mu* money ,i 
c get = x4 ,or h[ glad ! own] w be :5 x 
is return$ to h]4 ,i turn back & se>*   
eag]ly4 ,p]ception is necess>y1 b x is  
only ! fir/ /ep4 ,! p]ception mu/ excite
 "s feel+1 if *oice or ex]tion ( ! w is 
to foll[4 ,?is is a truism4  ,n[ reflex 
action takes place indep5d5tly (        
consci\sness or w4 ,in/9ctive action may
 be volunt>y1 b x is1 aft] all1 n s mu* 
! result ( individual purpose z (       
h]$it>y t5d5cy4 ,is !re !n no w 9 !     
animal until x has become intellig5t8 ,i
 ?9k !re has be5 a sort ( volunt>y      
action all ! "t4 ,ev5 ! amoeba selects  

or *ooses1 if ,i may use ! ^w1 its food 
among ! s& gra9s4 ,& ! w is /imulat$ to 
act by ! appetite4 ,hung] is ! fir/     
tea*]4 ,& h[ did appetite develop8 ,:y  
does ! animal hung] = j ! food suit$ to 
its dige/ion & ne$s8 ,we d n "k4 ,& !   
reproductive appetite soon foll[s4 ,"o (
 ^! results f ! condition ( ! dige/ive1 
! o!r f t ( ! reproductive1 cells or    
protoplasm4 ,^! appetites are due to "s 
condition 9 a "p ( ! organism & c be    
felt4 ,!y are 9 a s5se n ( ! m9d b ( !  
body4 ,& ! response to !m on ! "p ( !   
m9d is 9 "s respects almo/ comp>able to 
reflex action4 ,b ! mode ( ! response   
is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/1 )9 !      
control ( consci\sness4 ,!y tra9 & spur 
! w z pure reflex action nev] c\ld4 ,b !
 w is z yet h>dly m ?an ! expression (  
^! appetites4 ,x expresses n s mu* its  
own decision z t ( ! /oma*4 ,x is !     
body's slave & m\?piece4 ,& once aga9 x 
is be/ & safe/ = ! animal t x %\ld be s4
  ,& ^! appetites are at fir/           
comp>atively feeble4 ,!re is b little   

muscle or n]ve & b little food is       
requir$4 ,b ^! cont9ually /r5g!n & spur 
! w h>d] & m frequ5tly4 ,& ! w /irs up !
 we>y & flagg+ muscles4 ,! w may be a   
poor slave & ! appetites h>d taskma/]s4 
,b "u _! /]n discipl9e x is gr[+ /rong] 
& m completely subjugat+ ! body4 ,bett] 
slav]y to h>d taskma/]s ?an rott5ness f 
in]tia4 ,! fir/ requirem5t is p[]1      
activity1 & !n ?is p[] c be direct$ to  
ev] high] ends4 ,y _c /e] ! vessel until
 %e has sails or an eng9e2 ) no way on  
%e w n m9d ! helm1 %e only drifts4 ,b ! 
condition ( ! animal at ?is /age c]ta9ly
 looks v unpromis+4 ,c ! w emancipate   
itself f appetite & control x8 ,or is x 
to rema9 ! slave ( ! body8  ,9 "t an    
emotion appe>s :i* m>ks ! influ5ce n    
directly ( ! body b ( ! individual      
consci\sness4 ,?is is fe>2 x is = !     
body1 b n1 l hung]1 directly ( x4 ,x    
arises 9 ! m9d4 ,x results f exp]i5ce & 
memory4 ,! fir/ animal :i* fe>$ took a  
long /ep upw>d4 ,b :5 & :]e 0 ! dawn (  
fe>8 ,i t\* a sea-anemone & x contracts4

 ,has x felt fe>8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! action   
c]ta9ly may be purely reflex4 ,natural  
selection1 n m9d1 des]ves ! cr$it ( t   
action4 ,b ,i am sure t ! cat fe>s !    
dog1 or ! dog ! cat1 z ! case may be4 ,i
 h little or no d\bt t ! bird fe>s !    
cat4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! insect 
fe>s ! bird & ! spid] ! wasp4 ,b does ! 
highe/ worm fe>8 ,i d n "k4 ,i d n see  
h[ !re c h be5 any fe> until !re 0 a    
n]ve-c5tre highly en\gh develop$ to     
rememb] pa/ exp]i5ces ( dang] & fair    
s5se-organs to report ! pres5t risk4    
,o!r emotions soon foll[4 ,ang] appe>s  
e>ly4 ,! ord] ( appe>ance ( ^! emotions 
or motives ,i %all n attempt to give to 
y4 ,inde$ ?is is to u ( relatively      
slight importance4 ,! important po9t to 
notice is t a ho/ ( ^! h appe>$ 9       
mammals & birds1 & t ea* "o ( ^! is a   
new spur to ! w4 ,& ! w ( a horse or    
dog1 to say no?+ ( a pig1 is by no means
 feeble4 ,& ^! are sl[ly emancipat+ !   
animal f ! tyranny ( appetite4 ,b h[ sl[
 ! progress is6 ,has ! emancipation yet 

become complete 9 man8 ,i ne$ n answ]4  
,! w has 9 "p1 at lea/1 escap$ f abject 
slav]y to appetite2 x sometimes rises   
sup]ior to fe>4 ,b x is evid5tly        
self-c5tr$4 ,! animal may h =gott5 !    
claims ( 8 dead ance/ors1 he is c]ta9ly 
fully alive to 8 own int]e/s4 ,c he ev5 
p>tially rise sup]ior to prud5tial      
consid]ations1 z he has to "s ext5t to !
 claims ( appetite8 ,is x possible to   
develop ! unselfi% out ( ! purely       
selfi%8 ,& if s1 h[ is ?is to be        
accompli%$8 ,x is n accompli%$ 9 !      
animal2 x is b v incompletely accompli%$
 9 man4 ,x w be accompli%$ "o day4  ,9  
action1 at lea/1 ! animal is n purely   
selfi%4 ,z ,mr4 ,drummond has %[n1      
reproduction1 t old function & fir/ to  
ga9 an organ1 is n prim>ily = ! b5efit (
 self1 b = ! species4 ,& n only ! /or+  
up ( mat]ial 9 ! egg1 b c>e = ! "y aft] 
bir?1 is f\nd 9 "s fi% & insects1 &     
increases f fi% upw>d4 ,i readily grant 
y t ?is 9 its beg9n+s may be purely     
in/9ctive1 & t n a p>ticle ( g5u9e      

affection = ! "y may z yet be pres5t 9 !
 m9d ( ! p>5t4 ,b b5eficial habits may1 
"u ! fo/]+ c>e ( selection1 develop into
 in/9cts4 ,! animal may at fir/ be      
unconsci\s ( ^!1 & yet !y may gr[       
cont9ually /rong]4 ,b "o day ! animal   
awak5s to its actions1 & f t "t on :at  
_h be5 done bl9dly & unconsci\sly is    
cont9u$ consci\sly1 intellig5tly1 & f   
set purpose4 ,?is /ory is repeat$ ov] & 
ov] aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( ! animal-k+dom4 ,!
 c>e = ! "y once />t$ z an in/9ct1      
affection w foll[ f ! v association (   
p>5t ) "y4 ,c]ta9ly 9 birds & mammals   
!re seems to be a v g5u9e love ( ! p>5ts
 = _! "y4 ,?is is at fir/ %ort liv$1 & !
 "y are & h to be driv5 away1 (t5 by h>%
 treatm5t1 to %ift = !mselves4 ,b :ile x
 la/s x c]ta9ly seems entirely real &   
g5u9e4 ,& h[ /rong x is4 ,a be> robb$ ( 
h] :elps is no mean+less expression4 ,& 
ev5 ! weak & timid bird or mammal       
becomes /rong & fi]ce 9 def5ce ( h] "y4 
,9 ! pres5ce ( ?is emotion appetite &   
fe> are alike =gott54  ,b ?is affection 

or love once />t$ does n rema9 limit$ to
 p>5t & (fspr+4 ,mammals1 especially !  
high] =ms1 are social4 ,!y frequ5tly g 9
 h]ds & troops1 & appe> to h a g5u9e    
affection = ea* o!r4 ,y all "k h[ 9 h]ds
 ( cattle or wild horses ! males =m a   
circle ar\nd ! females & "y at ! approa*
 ( wolves4 ,a troop ( orangs 7 surpris$ 
by dogs at a little di/ance f _! %elt]4 
,! old male orangs =m$ a r+ & beat (f ! 
dogs until ! females & "y c\ld escape1 &
 !n retreat$4 ,b z !y 7 n[ 9 comp>ative 
safety a cry came f "o "y "o1 :o _h be5 
unable to keep up 9 ! scramble ov] !    
rocks1 & 0 left on a b[ld] surr\nd$ by !
 dogs4 ,!n "o old orang turn$ back1     
f\ght 8 way ?r\gh ! dogs1 tuck$ ! little
 fell[ "u "o arm1 f\ght 8 way out ) !   
o!r1 & br\ght ! "y "o to safety4 ,i call
 t old orang a h]o1 b ,i am prejudic$ & 
may easily be mi/ak54  ,9 a cage 9 a    
,european zological g>d5 !re 7 kept     
toge!r a little ,am]ican monkey & a l>ge
 baboon ( :i* ! =m] 0 greatly afraid4 ,!
 keep]1 to :om ! little monkey 0 /rongly

 atta*$1 0 "o day attack$ & ?r[n d[n by 
! baboon & 9 dang] ( be+ kill$4 ,!n !   
little monkey ran to 8 help1 & bit &    
beat 8 tyrant companion until he all[$ !
 keep] to escape4 ,we are all pr\d t !  
little monkey 0 an ,am]ican4  ,in/ances 
( dis9t]e/$ actions are s common among  
dogs & horses t f>!r illu/rations are   
entirely unnecess>y4 ,& dis9t]e/$ action
 is limit$ to few] cases because !      
environm5t is r>ely suit$ to its        
developm5t 9 ! animal _w4 ,b d y answ] t
 ! affection ( ! dog is nev] really     
dis9t]e/$1 b a v ref9$ =m ( selfi%ness4 
,possibly4 ,b x 7 to be greatly desir$ t
 selfi%ness w\ld m frequ5tly take t same
 ref9$ =m among m54 ,b ,i _c see h[     
selfi%ness c ev] become s ref9$ z to    
lead an animal to die ( grief ov] its   
ma/]'s grave4  ,& if ref9$ selfi%ness 7 
all1 ,i = "o _c help believ+ t ! dog    
w\ld long ago h be5 asleep on a full    
/oma* be=e ! kit*5 fire4 ,has no attempt
 be5 made to prove t all human actions  
are due to selfi%ness m or less ref9$8  

,x is v unwise to apply te/s & use      
argum5ts conc]n+ animals :i*1 if appli$ 
) equal /rictness to human conduct1 w\ld
 prove human society irrational & purely
 selfi%4  ,mammals may be self-c5tr$4 ,b
 ! highe/ =ms h set _! faces away f self
 & t[>d ! non-self2 "s h at lea/ />t$ on
 ! road :i* leads to unselfi%ness4  ,&  
man is gov]n$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by       
prud5tial consid]ations4 ,if he entirely
 disreg>d$ ^! he w\ld n be wise4 ,b !   
developm5t ( ! rational faculty has     
br\ght be=e 8 m9d a s]ies ( motives     
high] ?an ^!1 :i* are sl[ly b surely    
sup]s$+ !m4 ,tru?1 "r1 & duty are       
motives ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,) reg>d to ^!
 !re c be no "q ( pr(it or loss4 ,"h !  
m9d _c /op to ask1 ,w x pay8 ,self mu/  
be left out ( acc\nt4          ,:5 duty 
:isp]s l[1 ,?\ mu/1          ,! s\l     
replies1 ,i c4  ,& ?us man rises above  
appetite1 above prud5tial consid]ations1
 & becomes a free & moral ag5t4 ,&      
family & social life br+ him into new   
relations1 press home ^u him new duties 

& responsibilities1 e "o ( :i* is a new 
motive compell+ him to rise above self4 
,& ?us ! unselfi%1 altrui/ic emotions h 
made man :at he is1 & are 9 him1 ev]    
advanc+ t[>d _! future supremacy4 ,b "s 
"o w say1 ,?is is a v pretty !ory2 x is 
n hi/ory4 ,b ! p]ception ( tru? & "r is 
c]ta9ly a fact1 ! result ( ages (       
developm5t4 ,& ! v highe/ :i* !         
intellect c p]ceive is b\nd to become ! 
controll+ motive ( ! w4 ,x always has   
be5 s4 ,x mu/ be s1 if evolution is n to
 be purely deg5]ation4 ,?us only has man
 become :at he is4 ,& ! voice ( ! p     
dem&+ tru? & ju/ice1 :5ev] & :]ev] !y   
see !m1 is ! voice ( ,god promis+ !     
future triumph ( righte\sness4 ,= x is  
pro( positive t man's face is resolutely
 set t[>d ^!1 z 8 ance/ors h always m>*$
 /eadily t[>d t :i* 0 ! highe/ possible 
atta9m5t4  ,we f9d ?us t !re is a       
sequ5ce 9 ! motives :i* control ! w4 ,! 
fir/ & l[e/ motives are ! appetites1 &  
"h ! w is ! m\?piece ( ! bodily organs4 
,!n fe> & a ho/ ( o!r prud5tial         

consid]ations appe>4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! t5d   
purely to ! gratification ( ! s5ses or  
to ! avoidance ( bodily discom=t4 ,b !y 
orig9ate 9 ! m9d1 & t is a great ga94 ,b
 ! high] prud5tial consid]ations take   
into acc\nt some?+ high] ?an m]e bodily 
com=t or discom=t4 ,approbation &       
disapprobation are motives :i* weigh    
heavily ) ! high] mammals4 ,! l[]       
prud5tial consid]ations are purely      
selfi%4 ,! high] ones1 :i* /imulate to  
action = fell[-animals or m51 %[ at lea/
 ! dawn ( unselfi%ness4 ,& ! altrui/ic  
motives1 :i* /imulate to action = !     
happ9ess & welf>e ( o!rs1 pr$om9ate 91 &
 are *>act]i/ic (1 man4 ,! human w is   
sl[ly ris+ above ! dom9ance (           
selfi%ness4 ,) ! dawn ( ! rational      
p]ception ( tru?1 "r1 & duty1 ! v highe/
 motives beg9 to ga9 control4 ,& ! w    
becomes m & m p[]ful z ! motives become 
high]4 ,x is almo/ a mis-use ( language 
to speak ( ! w ( a slave ( appetite4 ,he
 is gov]n$ by ! body1 n at all by ! m9d4
  ,! man :o is gov]n$ by prud5tial      

consid]ations1 & is always ask+1 ,w x   
pay8 is ! inc>nation ( fickl5ess1       
in/ability1 & feebl5ess4 ,! app>5t /r5g?
 ( ! selfi% w is usually a holl[ %am4 ,b
 tru?1 "r1 & love are motives /rong] ?an
 dea?4 ,& ! w1 dom9at$ by ^!1 gives !   
body to be burn$4 ,! man ( ! future w h 
an iron w1 because he w keep ^! highe/  
motives con/antly be=e 8 m9d4  ,9 !     
prec$+ lectures we h trac$ ! sequ5ce (  
functions & h f\nd t bra9 & m9d1 n      
dige/ion & muscle1 are ! goal ( animal  
developm5t4 ,9 ?is lecture we h attempt$
 to trace a correspond+ s]ies (         
functions 9 ! realm ( m9d4 ,we h f\nd1  
,i ?9k1 t !re has be5 an ord]ly &       
logical developm5t ( p]ceptions1 modes (
 action1 & f9ally ( motives 9 ! animal  
m9d4 ,let u n[ briefly review ?is hi/ory
 & see :e!r x ?r[s any light on ! pa? ( 
man's future progress4  ,mo/ ( ! s5sory 
cells ( ! animal m9i/] at fir/ to reflex
 action1 & !re is ?us little true       
p]ception4 ,! /imuli :i* h call$ =? !   
reflex action may result aft]w>d 9      

consci\sness2 b until bra9 & muscle h   
rea*$ a high] grade1 ?is c\ld be ( b    
slight b5efit to ! animal4 ,p]ception & 
consci\sness are ex]cis$ ma9ly 9 !      
recognition & atta9m5t ( food4 ,:5 !    
animal beg9s to %[ fe>1 we may feel     
tol]ably c]ta9 t x has be5 consci\s (   
pa/ exp]i5ce ( dang] & rememb]s ^!      
exp]i5ces4 ,b ! s5se-organs are all ! "t
 improv+1 :e!r z s]vants ( consci\s     
p]ception or ( reflex action1 & !       
developm5t ( ! high] s5se-organs1       
especially ( ! eyes1 has call$ =? a     
high] developm5t ( ! bra94 ,! bra9      
cont9ually develops bo? ?r\gh con/ant   
ex]cise & ?r\gh natural selection4      
,?r\gh ! high] & m delicate s5se-organs 
x p]ceives a cont9ually wid] range ( m  
subtile elem5ts 9 its environm5t4 ,& !  
high] ! s5se-organ ! m directly & purely
 does x m9i/] to consci\sness4 ,! eye1  
:5 capable ( =m+ an image1 is almo/ nev]
 conc]n$ 9 a purely reflex action4  ,f !
 con/ant recurr5ce ( p]ceptions &       
exp]i5ces 9 a con/ant ord] ! animal     

beg9s to associate ^!1 & :5 he has      
p]ceiv$ ! "o to expect ! o!r4 ,out ( ?is
 gr[s1 9 "t1 inf]5ce & und]/&+4 ,! m9d  
is beg9n+ to turn its att5tion n m]ely  
to objects & qualities1 b to p]ceive    
relations4 ,& ?us x has tak5 ! fir/ /ep 
t[>d ! p]ception ( ab/ract tru?4 ,& if x
 has ! /hetic p]ception & c p]ceive     
beauty1 we h e reason to believe t !    
same faculty w "o day p]ceive tru? & "r4
 ,b on ! purely animal plane ( exi/5ce  
^! p[]s c\ld be ( b little s]vice1 & we 
c expect to f9d !m develop$ only v      
slightly & "u peculi> surr\nd+s4 ,& 9   
?is connection x is int]e/+ to notice ! 
great results ( man's tra9+ & education 
9 ! dog4 ,= ! wolf & ! jackal1 ! dog's  
ne>e/ relatives1 if n 8 actual ance/ors1
 are n especially intellig5t mammals4   
,comp>$ ) !m ! dog is a sage & a sa9t4  
,! e>lie/ =m ( action is ! reflex4 ,?is 
is indep5d5t ( bo? consci\sness & w4 ,! 
only consci\s volunt>y action ( ! animal
 is limit$ ma9ly or entirely to !       
recognition & atta9m5t ( food4 ,! motive

 = ! ex]tion ( ! w is ! appetite1 & ! w 
is ! slave or m\?piece ( ! body4 ,f>    
high] ?an ?is is ! /age ( in/9ct4 ,"h ! 
animal is consci\s ( its actions & new  
motives beg9 to appe>4 ,b ! animal is   
guid$ by t5d5cies inh]it$ f its         
ance/ors4 ,! w has1 s to speak1 advisory
 p[]2 x is by no means supreme4 ,b ) a  
wid] & deep] k ( its environm5t1 ) !    
memory ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 c>ri$ by ! high]
 locomotive p[]s into new surr\nd+s1    
br\ght face to face ) new em]g5cies     
outside ( ! range ( its old in/9cts1 x  
is compell$ to try "s exp]im5ts ( its   
own4 ,x beg9s to modify ^! in/9cts1 & 9 
"t altoge!r does away ) _m ( !m4 ,x has 
ris5 a little above its old abject      
slav]y to ! appetites1 x is sl[ly ?r[+  
(f ! bondage to h]$ity4 ,new emotions or
 motives h aris5 appeal+ directly to !  
individual w4 ,! heir has be5 long en\gh
 "u gu>dians & reg5ts1 x assumes !      
gov]nm5t & c rightly say1 ,l'tat1 c'e/  
moi4  ,b a great] problem confronts x2 c
 x rise above self8 ,! animal (t5 seems 

absolutely selfi%4 ,c ! unselfi% be     
develop$ out ( ! selfi%8 ,?is seems at  
fir/ sight impossible4 ,& ! fir/ lessons
 are s easy1 ! fir/ /eps s %ort1 t we d 
n notice !m4 ,reproduction comes to !   
aid ( m9d4 ,! "y are born m & m         
immature4 ,!y beg9 to receive ! c>e ( ! 
p>5t4 ,! love ( ! p>5t = ! "y is at fir/
 %ort liv$ & feeble4 ,b x is ! g5u9e    
article1 &1 l ! mu/>d-se$ plant$ 9 good 
soil1 mu/ gr[4 ,x /r5g!ns & deep5s4     
,soon x beg9s to wid5 also4 ,social     
life1 v rude & imp]fect1 appe>s4 ,& !   
memb]s ( ?is social gr\p support1 help1 
& def5d "o ano!r4 ,& do+ = "o ano!r &   
help+ ea* o!r1 h[ev] slightly &         
imp]fectly1 /r5g!ns _! affection = "o   
ano!r4 ,! animal is /ill selfi%1 s is   
man frequ5tly1 b x is 9 a fair way to   
become unselfi%1 & ?is is all we c      
reasonably expect ( x4  ,= ^! are va/   
revolutions f reflex action to in/9ct1 &
 f in/9ct to ! reign ( ! individual w1 &
 f appetite to selfi%ness on ! gr\nd (  
high] motives1 & f imm$iate             

gratification to prud5tial              
consid]ations4 ,& ! cr[n+ *ange ( all is
 f selfi%ness to love4 ,& ea* "o ( !m   
takes "t4 ,rememb] t ! ,old ,te/am5t    
hi/ory is ! record ( h[ ,god taught "o  
little p t !re is b "o ,god1 ,jehovah4  
,?9k ( ! /ruggles1 defeats1 &           
captivities :i* ! ,israelites _h to     
und]go be=e !y le>n$ ?is lesson1 & ev5  
!n only a fraction ( ! p ev] le>n$ x at 
all4 ,z ! prophet =etold1 s x came to   
pass4 ,?\gh ,israel 0 z ! s& by !       
sea-%ore1 b a remnant 0 sav$4  ,b :ile  
we seek to d full ju/ice to ! animal1   
let u n und]e/imate ! va/ diff]5ces     
betwe5 x & man4 ,! true evolutioni/     
takes no l[ view ( man's pres5t actual  
atta9m5ts2 9 8 possibilities he has a   
l>g] fai? ?an t ( ! disbeliev] 9        
evolution4 ,9 intellig5ce & ?\ght1 9 w  
p[] & fre$om ( *oice1 9 "o ^w1 9 all t  
makes up "* & p]sonality1 man is        
immeasurably sup]ior to ! animal4 ,^!   
p[]s raise him to a new plane ( be+1    
give him an indef9itely high] & broad]  

life1 & 8 appe>ance m>ks a new era4 ,he 
alone is a moral1 responsible be+1 to a 
c]ta9 ext5t ! =m] ( 8 own de/9y &       
record] ( 8 doom1 if he fails4 ,?is     
gives to all 8 actions a peculi> /amp ( 
a dignity only 84 ,:at he is & is to be 
we mu/ attempt to trace 9 ano!r lecture4
 ,b to "o or two *>act]i/ic results ( 8 
progress we mu/ call att5tion "h4  ,!   
pr9cipal subject ( man's /udy is n s mu*
 ! ?+s :i* surr\nd him z 8 relation to  
!m & !irs to ea* o!r4 ,8 environm5t has 
become really "o1 n s mu* "o ( tangible 
& visible objects z ( invisible         
relations4 ,& ^! w dem& endless         
inve/igation4 ,! m he /udies !m ! m     
wond]ful d !y become4 ,! ve9 broad5s &  
gr[s indef9itely ri*] ! deep] he se>*es 
into x4 ,we f9d ?us ! purpose ( !       
intellect2 x is to /udy environm5t4  ,& 
n[ a little ab\t motives4 ,! animal     
beg9s ) appetite1 & "s animals & m5 nev]
 get any f>!r4 ,& yet h[ easily ?is     
appetite = food is satiat$6 ,we all     
rememb] our exp]i5ces z *ildr5 ar\nd !  

,?anksgiv+ or ,*ri/mas table4 ,:at a    
disappo9tm5t x 0 to u to f9d h[ soon our
 appetite _h =sak5 u1 & t we _h lo/ !   
p[] ( enjoy+ ! delicacies :i* we _h mo/ 
anticipat$4 ,& ov]-indulg5ce (t5 br\ght 
sad results & 0 foll[$ by a p]iod (     
p5it5tial fa/+4 ,& ! appetites = s5se   
gratification mu/ always lead to ?is    
result4 ,!y n only crave ?+s :i* p]i% ) 
! us+2 tempor>ily at lea/1 (t5          
p]man5tly1 ! appetite itself p]i%es ) ! 
gratification4  ,b :at ( ! appetite1 if 
y w p>don ! expression1 = tru? & "r8    
,all atta9m5t only /r5g!ns x2 &1 in/ead 
( enslav+1 x makes m5 ev] m free4 ,& yet
 :at a p[] !re is 9 ! appetite = tru? & 
righte\sness8 ,9 ob$i5ce to x man gives 
8 body to be burn$1 or p\rs out 8       
life-blood drop by drop = its atta9m5t1 
& rejoices 9 ! sacrifice4 ,!re are      
victims to appetite3 !re are only m>tyrs
 to tru?4 ,?is s\l hung] = tru? & "r1   
gr[+ m int5se z ! s\l is fill$ ) !      
object ( desire1 is ! only "o capable ( 
indef9ite developm5t & dom9ance ( ! w4  

,?is mu/ be & is ! m5tal goal ( animal  
developm5t1 if man has a future         
correspond+ 9 l5g? at all to 8 pa/4     
,o!rwise ! hi/ory ( life becomes a /ory 
told by an idiot4 ,= its satisfaction is
 ! only "o :i* nev] causes satiety1 & ( 
:i* ov]-indulg5ce is impossible4 ,all   
o!rs lead only to a sl\gh ( despond1 or 
! deep] & m trea*]\s sl\gh ( cont5tm5t1 
beyond :i* rise no delectable m\nta9s or
 gold5 city4  ,& n[ 9 clos+ let me call 
y\r att5tion to "o ?\ght ( practical    
vital importance4  ,accord+ to ! !ory   
:i* we h agre$ to adopt1 high] species h
 aris5 ?r\gh a process ( natural        
selection1 ^? species surviv+ :i* are   
be/ con=m$ to _! environm5t4 ,& ?is     
applies to man z well z to l[] animals4 
,all k is 9 man1 !re=e1 prim>ily1 a     
means by :i* he may con=m to environm5t1
 survive1 & progress4 ,b con=mity       
includes m ?an m]e k ( environm5t4 ,a   
man might h all k1 & yet refuse to      
con=m2 & !n 8 k c\ld n save him f       
de/ruction4 ,= con=mity alone gives     

survival4 ,con=mity 9 man requires an   
ef=t ( ! w4 ,x is intellig5t1 b x is    
also volunt>y action4 ,& k is a necess>y
 means ( con=mity because ?r\gh x we see
 h[ we may con=m1 & because x furni%es !
 motives :i* /imulate ! w to ! necess>y 
ef=t4  ,n[1 t faculty ( ! intellect :i* 
is dom9ant 9 man1 & :i* has rais$ him   
immeasurably above ! animal1 & made him 
man1 is ! rational intellig5ce4 ,if !re 
is any su* ?+ z a law ( hi/ory or z     
cont9uity 9 evolution1 man's future     
progress mu/ dep5d ^u 8 cle>] vision &  
recognition ( ! p]ceptions ( ?is        
faculty4 ,?r\gh x man p]ceives beauty1  
tru?1 & goodness1 & atta9s k ( himself z
 a p]son & moral ag5t1 & recognizes 8   
rights & duties4 ,( all ?is ! animal is 
& rema9s unconsci\s2 inde$ he is n yet a
 moral be+ & p]son 9 any prop] s5se ( ! 
^w4  ,inasmu* z ! rational p]ception is 
! dom9ant faculty 9 man1 x mu/ p]ceive !
 l9es along :i* he is to con=m4 ,tru?1  
"r1 & duty mu/ be 8 wat*words4 ,^! are  
to be ! rules & motives ( all 8 actions4

 ,he _c live = ! body1 b = some?+ high]1
 ! m9d4 ,?is 0 prov5 be=e man appe>$ on 
! globe4 ,he is to be a m5tal1          
intellig5t be+4 ,b he is n to be gov]n$ 
by appetite or m]e prud5tial            
consid]ations4 ,^! are animal1 n human  
motives4 ,^! are n to be disreg>d$ any m
 ?an dige/ion c be safely disreg>d$ by  
man4 ,b !y are n to be 8 *ief motives4  
,he mu/ subord9ate ^! to ! high] motives
 furni%$ by "r & duty4 ,man is n m]ely a
 m5tal b a moral be+4 ,if he s9ks bel[  
?is plane ( life he is n foll[+ ! pa?   
m>k$ out = him 9 all 8 pa/ developm5t4  
,9 ord] to progress1 ! high] v]tebrate  
_h to subord9ate ev]y?+ to m5tal        
developm5t4 ,9 ord] to become man x _h  
to develop ! rational intellig5ce4 ,9   
ord] to become high] man1 pres5t man mu/
 subord9ate ev]y?+ to moral developm5t4 
,?is is ! great law ( animal & human    
developm5t cle>ly reveal$ 9 ! sequ5ce ( 
physical & m5tal functions4  ,mu/ man be
 a religi\s be+ also8 ,?is "q we mu/ try
 to answ] 9 a future lecture4           

,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,natural ,,selection ,,& 
,,environm5t   ,i h attempt$ to %[ t    
animal developm5t has n be5 an aimless  
drift+4 ,functions develop$ & organs    
arose & 7 p]fect$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,fir/ 
! purely vegetative organs appe>$1 & !  
animal liv$ = dige/ion & reproduction2  
!n came muscle & x br\ght ) x n]ve4 ,b  
^! 7 n en\gh2 ! bra9 _h all ! "t be5    
gradually improv+1 & n[ x becomes !     
dom9ant function to :i* all o!rs are    
subord9at$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 fairly tri$4  
,m]e dige/ion & reproduction are c>ri$  
to ab\t ! highe/ p]fection :i* c be     
expect$ ( !m 9 worms & mollusks4 ,! bird
 tri$ :at c\ld be done ) dige/ion m9i/]+
 to locomotion guid$ by ! v ke5e/       
s5se-organs & controll$ by no mean bra94
 ,ev5 ?is exp]im5t 0 n a success4 ,b "o 
organ rema9$1 ! bra91 & on its m5tal    
possibilities dep5d ! future ( ! animal 
k+dom4 ,vegetative organs & muscle h be5
 tri$ & f\nd want+4#a    ,footnote #a3  
,see *>t1 p4 #caj4  ,we h foll[$ ha/ily 
! developm5t ( m9d4 ,! m9d began its    

c>e] z ! s]vant ( dige/ion1 recogniz+ & 
aid+ to atta9 food4 ,action is at fir/  
ma9ly reflex4 ,b consci\s p]ception     
plays an ev] m important "p4 ,! animal  
is at fir/ guid$ by natural selection   
?r\gh ! survival ( ! mo/ suitable reflex
 actions1 !n by inh]it$ t5d5cies1 f9ally
 by its own consci\s intellig5ce & w4 ,!
 fir/ motives are ! appetites1 b ^! are 
succe$$ by ev] high] motives z !        
p]ceptions become cle>] & m subtile     
relations 9 environm5t are tak5 into    
acc\nt4 ,gov]n$ fir/ purely by          
appetites1 ! w is ev] m influ5c$ by     
prud5tial consid]ations1 & f9ally %[s   
well-develop$ natural affections4 ,x has
 set its face t[>d unselfi%ness4        
,dige/ion & muscle1 z well z m9d1 h     
p]si/$ 9 man4 ,he is n1 _c be1          
disembodi$ _s4 ,& 9 8 m5tal life reflex 
action & in/9ct1 appetite & prud5ce1 are
 /ill ( great importance4 ,b ! high] &  
supreme developm5t ( ^! p[]s c\ld nev] h
 result$ 9 man4 ,!y might alone h       
produc$ a sup]ior animal1 nev] man4 ,8  

mammalian /ructure f\nd its logical &   
natural goal 9 family & social life4 ,& 
ev5 ! l[e/ goal ( family life is        
incompatible ) pure selfi%ness1 & z     
family life advanc$ to an ev] high]     
grade x became ! s*ool ( unselfi%ness & 
love4 ,& social life _h a simil> effect4
  ,moreov]1 man z a social be+ e>ly     
began to le>n t he c\ld claim some?+ f 8
 fell[s1 & t he ow$ some?+ to !m4 ,if he
 refus$ to help o!rs1 !y w\ld refuse to 
help him4 ,?is 0 8 fir/1 v rude lesson 9
 rights & duties4 ,love1 duty1 & "r h   
ev] s9ce be5 ! wat*words ( 8 developm5t 
& progress4 ,we h n yet consid]$1 & mu/ 
= ! pres5t disreg>d1 ! value & effici5cy
 ( religion 9 aid+ 8 advance4 ,at pres5t
 we emphasize only ! hi/orical fact t   
man has n become :at he is by a high]   
developm5t ( ! body1 nor by giv+ free   
re9 to appetite1 nor yet by mak+ !      
dictates ( selfi% prud5ce supreme4 ,& if
 !re is any su* ?+ z cont9uity 9 hi/ory1
 su* modes & aims ( life1 if n[ foll[$1 
w\ld surely only brutalize him & plunge 

him headlong 9 deg5]ation4 ,he mu/ live 
= "r1 tru?1 love1 & duty4 ,9 j s f> z he
 makes any o!r aim 9 life supreme1 or   
all[s x to ev5 rival ^!1 he is s9k+ into
 brutality4 ,?is is ! cle>1 unmi/akable 
v]dict ( hi/ory1 & we %all d well to he$
 x4  ,b grant+ all t c be claim$ = ?is  
sequ5ce1 h n ! l[] =ms ^: anatomy we h  
sket*$--worm1 fi%1 & bird--halt$ at     
v>i\s po9ts along ?is l9e ( m>*8 ,yet !y
 h evid5tly surviv$4 ,& if !y h f\nd    
safe re/+-places1 _c high] =ms turn back
 & jo9 !m8 ,9 o!r words1 is n deg5]ation
 easi] ?an advance & j z safe8 ,:at is !
 result if an animal tries to return to 
a l[] plane ( life or refuses to take ! 
next upw>d /ep8 ,g5]ally ext]m9ation4 ,!
 v classification ( worms 9 a numb] (   
small isolat$ gr\ps1 :i* mu/ once h be5 
connect$ by a ho/ ( int]m$iate =ms1 is  
indisputable pro( ( mo/ t]rible         
ext]m9ation4 ,!y did n g =w>d1 & !      
survivors are b an inf9itesimal fraction
 ( ^? :i* p]i%$4 ,let u take an         
illu/ration :]e palontology c help u4 ,!

 e>? 0 at "o "t cov]$ ) m>supial        
mammals4 ,"s advanc$ into plac5tal =ms4 
,! great mass rema9$ beh9d4 ,& outside (
 ,au/ralia ! opossums are ! only        
survivors ( !m all4 ,& ?is is only "o   
example :]e a ?\s& c\ld be giv54 ,place 
is n long res]v$ = m]e cumb]]s ( !      
gr\nd4 ,!re are s few exceptions to ?is 
/atem5t t we might almo/ call x a law ( 
biology4  ,let u see h[ x f>es ) an     
animal :i* retreats to a l[] plane (    
life4 ,a worm1 r ?an seek its own food1 
becomes a p>asite4 ,x deg5]ates1 b /ill 
is easily recogniz$ z a worm4 ,a        
cru/acean tries ! same exp]im5t1 ?\gh   
liv+ outside ( its ho/ in/ead ( 9 x4 ,x 
s9ks to a place ev5 l[]1 if possible1   
?an t ( ! p>asitic worm4 ,a locomotive  
=m becomes sessile4 ,x loses mo/ ( its  
muscles & ! l>g] "p ( its n]v\s sy/em2 &
 ev5 ! dige/ive sy/em1 :i* x has made ! 
goal ( its exi/5ce1 is inf]ior to t (   
its locomotive ance/ors & relatives4 ,b 
to ! v]tebrate ^! l[e/ dep?s ( /agnation
 & deg5]ation are1 z a rule1 impossible4

 ,f true fi% upw>d p>asitism & sessile  
life are practically impossible4 ,"h    
/agnation & deg5]ation mean1 z a rule1  
ext9ction4 ,( all ! relatives (         
v]tebrates back to worms only ! v       
ab]rant l9es ( amphioxus & ( ! tunicata 
rema94 ,( ! re/ n a s+le survivor has   
yet be5 discov]$4 ,& yet :at ho/s (     
species mu/ h peopl$ ! sea4 ,! primitive
 r\nd-m\!d fi%es h practically          
disappe>$4 ,! ganoids survive 9 a few   
species out ( ?\s&s4 ,! amphibia ( !    
c>bonif]\s & ! next p]iod & ! reptiles (
 ! mesozoic h disappe>$2 only a few     
feeble deg5]ate remnants p]si/4 ,& ?is 0
 necess>ily s4 ,ea* advanc+ =m cr[d$    
h>de/ on ^? :i* occupi$ ! same place &  
s\ght ! same food1 t is1 ! memb]s ( !   
same species4 ,& ! fir/ to suff] f its  
competition 7 its own bre?r54 ,dea?1    
r>ely commut$ into life imprisonm5t1 is 
! v]dict pron\nc$ on all =ms :i* w n    
advance4 ,& does n ! same law ( advance 
or ext9ction apply to man8 ,:at is !    
record ( successive civilizations b its 

v]ification8  ,notice once m t z we     
asc5d 9 ! scale ( developm5t natural    
selection selects m unsp>+ly & ! pa? to 
life n>r[s4 ,x is a v easy matt] = !    
l[e/ =ms to get food4 ,inde$ ! plant    
sits /ill & its food comes to x4 ,& !   
battle ( brute =ce c be f\ght 9 a       
multitude ( ways--by m]e /r5g?1 by      
activity1 by (f5sive or def5sive armor1 
or ev5 by runn+ into ! mud & skulk+4 ,x 
is h>d] to ga9 k1 & yet _m roads lead to
 an education4 ,colleges are by no means
 ! only seats ( education4 ,& _m totally
 un$ucat$ m5 h college diplomas4 ,& life
 is1 aft] all1 ! great univ]sity1 & "h !
 slugg>d fails & ! plucky man ) ! poor  
fit (t5 c>ries (f ! honors4    ,b :]e   
%all wisdom be f\nd8    ,& :]e is !     
place ( und]/&+8    ,! gold & ! cry/al  
_c equal x3    ,& ! ex*ange ( x %all n  
be = jewels ( f9e gold4    ,no m5tion   
%all be made ( corals or ( pe>ls3    ,= 
! price ( wisdom is above rubies4  ,& :5
 x comes to righte\sness !re is only "o 
"r1 & ev]y?+ else is wrong4 ,wide is !  

gate & broad is ! way t leade? to       
de/ruction1 & _m !re be t g 9 !reat3    
,because /rait is ! gate & n>r[ is ! way
 :i* leade? unto life1 & few !re be t   
f9d x4 ,!re=e /rive to ent] 9 at ! /rait
 gate4 ,& rememb] t /rive means wre/le l
 "o ( ! a?letes 9 ! old ,olympic games4 
,i saw also t ! ,int]pret] took ,*ri/ian
 aga9 by ! h&    & l$ him into a        
pleasant place1 :]e 0 built a /ately    
palace beautiful to behold2 at ! sight (
 :i* ,*ri/ian 0    greatly delight$4 ,he
 saw also1 ^u ! top !re(1 c]ta9         
p]sons walk+1 :o 7 clo!d all 9 gold4 ,!n
 said    ,*ri/ian1 ,may we g 9 ?i!r8    
,!n ! ,int]pret] took him & l$ him up   
t[>d ! door (    ! palace2 &1 behold1 at
 ! door /ood a great company (    m51 z 
desir\s to g 91 b dur/ n4 ,!re also sat 
a man at    a little di/ance f ! door at
 a table-side1 to take ! "n    ( him t  
%\ld ent] !re92 he saw also t 9 !       
door-way /ood _m m5 9 arm\r1 to keep x1 
be+ resolv$ to    d to ! m5 t w\ld ent] 
:at hurt & mis*ief !y c\ld4    ,n[ 0    

,*ri/ian some:at 9 amaze4 ,at la/1 :5 e 
man    />t$ back = fe> ( ! arm$ m51     
,*ri/ian saw a man ( a    v /\t         
c\nt5ance come up to ! man t sat !re to 
write1 say+1 ,set d[n my "n1 ,sir2 ! :i*
 :5 he _h done1    he saw ! man draw 8  
sword1 & put an helmet ^u 8 head1    &  
ru% t[>d ! door ^u ! arm$ m51 :o laid ^u
 him    ) deadly =ce2 b ! man1 n at all 
disc\rag$1 fell to    cutt+ & hack+ mo/ 
fi]cely4 ,s aft] he _h receiv$ &    giv5
 _m w\nds to ^? t attempt$ to keep him  
out1 he cut    8 way ?r\gh !m all1 &    
press$ =w>d into ! palace1 at    :i* !re
 0 a pleasant voice he>d f ^? t 7    )91
 ev5 ( ^? t walk$ ^u ! top ( ! palace   
say+3          ',come 91 come 92        
,et]nal glory ?\ %alt w94'     ,s he w5t
 91 & 0 clo!d 9 su* g>m5ts z !y4     ,!n
 ,*ri/ian smil$1 & said1 ,i ?9k v]ily ,i
 "k !    mean+ ( ?is4--,bunyan's1       
,pilgrim's ,progress1 p4 #dd4  ,if y wi%
 to climb ! ,matt]horn _m pa?s lead up !
 l[] slopes1 & a /umble "h may co/ y    
only a spra94 ,& ,i suppose t sev]al    

pa?s lead to ! base ( ! cone4 ,b !nce to
 ! summit !re is b "o pa?1 & a mis/ep   
means dea?4 ,p>don ^! quotations &      
illu/rations4 ,!y are my only means ( at
 all adequately pres5t+ to y a sci5tific
 man's conception ( ! mean+ ( ! /ruggle 
= life4 ,! laws ( evolution are writt5 9
 blood & be> ! dea? p5alty4 ,=          
,life is n z idle ore1         ,b iron  
dug f c5tral gloom1         ,& heat$ hot
 ) burn+ fe>s1         ,& dipt 9 ba?s ( 
hiss+ te>s1         ,& batt]$ ) ! %ocks 
( doom         ,to %ape & use4  ,!re    
w\ld seem !re=e to be go+ on a process (
 natural selection4 ,natural selection  
seems to select m unsp>+ly & ! /ruggle =
 life--or ev5 exi/5ce--to gr[ fi]c] z we
 advance f l[] =ms to high] 9 ! animal  
k+dom4  ,b ! !ory :i* we h agre$ to     
accept tea*es u t ^! survivors are ^?   
:i* or :o h con=m$ to _! environm5t & t 
!y h surviv$ because ( _! con=mity4 ,&  
:at d we mean by environm5t8 ,& does n  
man modify 8 environm5t8 ,c]ta9ly he    
*anges by irrigation a des]t into a     

g>d54 ,he c>ries wat] aga9/ its t5d5cy  
to ! hill-top4 ,b he has le>n$ to d ?is 
only by /udy+ ! laws :i* gov]n ! motions
 ( fluids & rigor\sly obey+ !m4 ,he mu/ 
c>ry 8 wat] 9 /rong pipes & take x f "s 
high] po9t1 or mu/ use heat or "s means 
to furni% ! =ce to drive x to ! high]   
po9t4 ,he _c *ange a s+le iota ( ! law1 
& ga9s control ( ! elem5ts only by      
ob$i5ce to _! laws4 ,electricity is     
man's be/ s]vant z long z he respects   
its laws1 b x kills him :o disobeys !m4 
,b does n man make 8 own surr\nd+s 9    
social life8 ,he m]ely ent]s ^u a new   
mode ( life2 & if ?is new mode be 9     
con=mity ) ! et]nal =ces & laws (       
environm5t man prosp]s 9 ?is new mode ( 
life & con=ms /ill m closely4  ,!re is1 
inde$1 b "o environm5t1 b ! l[] animal  
comes 9 contact )1 & is affect$ by1 b a 
small portion ( its elem5ts4 ,=m & color
 7 9 ! _w be=e ! animal _h develop$ an  
eye1 b up to ?is "t ^! c\ld h b little  
effect on animal life4 ,light vibrations
 7 pres5t 9 e!r long be=e ! animal by   

respond+ to !m made !m any "p ( its own 
true environm5t4 ,!re is va/ly m 9      
environm5t ?an man has yet discov]$1 &  
he w discov] ^! elem5ts only by ob$i5ce 
to _! laws4  ,environm5t includes       
ultimately all ! =ces & elem5ts :i* g to
 make up our _w or univ]se4 ,x is an    
exce$+ly g5]al t]m4 ,i might say t "u ! 
environm5t ( c]ta9 :eels1 spr+s1 &      
sp9dles1 :i* we call a ,jacqu>d loom1   
silk ?reads become a ribbon wor?y ( a   
que54 ,is ,nature & environm5t only a   
huge div9e loom to weave man & some?+   
high] yet8 ,"o great diff]5ce is evid5t4
 ,"u normal conditions ! silk mu/ become
 a ribbon4 ,b protoplasm c fail to con=m
 & become wa/e4 ,environm5t is a v h>d  
^w to def9e1 & our views conc]n+ x may  
diff]4  ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 seems to me cle> 
& evid5t4 ,if ea* successive /age 9 !   
asc5d+ s]ies is select$ or survives on  
acc\nt ( its con=mity to environm5t !re 
mu/ be "s elem5t or p[]1 some?+ or      
some:at 9 environm5t specially          
correspond+ 9 "s way to1 or suit$ to    

draw+ out1 ! *>act]i/ic ( ?is asc5d+    
/age on acc\nt ( :i* x survives4 ,! =ces
 & elem5ts ( environm5t make & "w aga9/ 
^? at ea* /age :o w&] f ! "r pa?1 & = ^?
 :o foll[ x4 ,& ?us natural selection   
arises z ! total result ( ! comb9$ work+
 ( all ^! =ces4 ,!y all unite 9 "o      
resultant work+ along a c]ta9 l9e1 &    
natural selection is ! effect ( ?is     
resultant4 ,9 ! /age repres5t$ by hydra 
! =ces ( environm5t comb9e 9 a resultant
 :i* works = dige/ion & reproduction & !
 be/ developm5t ( _! organs4 ,b z !     
animal *anges he comes into a new       
relation or occupies a new position 9   
respect to ^! =ces4 ,new elem5ts 9 ! old
 environm5t are beg9n+ to press ^u him4 
,& ! resultant *anges accord+ly4 ,he may
 be comp>$ to a /eam] at sea :i* raises 
a sail4 ,! w9d has be5 bl[+ = h\rs1 b ! 
sail gives x a new hold on ! %ip4 ,/eam 
& w9d n[ comb9e 9 a new resultant (     
=ces4 ,f worms upw>d environm5t manife/s
 itself ?r\gh natural selection z a p[] 
work+ = muscul> =ce & brute /r5g? or    

activity4  ,b soon natural selection    
ceases to select on ! gr\nd ( brute =ce4
 ,aft] a "t environm5t proves to be a   
p[] mak+ = %rewdness4 ,& :5 ! mammal has
 appe>$ ! resultant ( ! =ces (          
environm5t impels m & m t[>d            
unselfi%ness1 & :5 man has appe>$       
environm5t proves to be a p[]1 n        
ourselves1 t makes = righte\sness4 ,b   
:at %all we say ( an environm5t :i*     
unmasks itself at la/ z a p[] mak+ =    
intellig5ce1 unselfi%ness1 &            
righte\sness8 ,someone may answ] x is a 
ho/ ( *emical & physical =ces br++ ab\t 
v high ends4 ,t is v true1 b is x ! :ole
 tru?8 ,! ?9k+ man mu/ ask1 ,h[ did x   
come ab\t1 & :y is x t all ^! =ces "w   
toge!r = su* high moral & intellig5t    
ends8  ,we face1 !re=e1 ! "q1 ,c an     
environm5t :i* proves f9ally &          
ultimately to be a p[] n ourselves mak+ 
= righte\sness & unselfi%ness be purely 
mat]ial & me*anical8 ,or mu/ !re be 9 or
 beh9d x some?+ spiritual8 ,%all we be/ 
call environm5t1 9 its highe/           

manife/ation1 x or him8  ,! old argum5t 
( ,socrates1 z on ! la/ day ( 8 life he 
sits disc\rs+ ) 8 fri5ds1 /ill holds    
good4 ,he is discuss+ ! same old "q1    
:e!r !re is any?+ m ?an =ce1 mat]ial1   
me*anism 9 ! _w4 ,he says t "o might    
assign z ! cause :y ,i am sitt+ "h t my 
body is compos$ ( bones & muscles2 t !  
bones are solid & sep>ate1 & t ! muscles
 c be contract$ & ext5d$1 & are all     
inclos$ 9 ! fle% & sk92 & t ! bones1 be+
 jo9t$1 c be drawn by ! muscles1 & s ,i 
c move my legs z y see2 & t ?is is !    
reason :y ,i am sitt+ "h4 ,b by ! dog1  
^! bones & muscles w\ld long ago h c>ri$
 me to ,meg>a or ,booetia1 mov$ by my   
op9ion ( :at 0 be/1 if ,i _h n ?\ght x m
 "r & honorable to submit to ! s5t5ce   
pron\nc$ by ! /ate ?an to run away f x4 
,to call su* ?+s causes is absurd4 ,=   
!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! cause &
 t )\t :i* ! cause w\ld n produce its   
effect4  ,if !re is no intellig5ce or   
love ( tru? 9 ! cause1 h[ c !re be any?+
 high] 9 ! effect8 ,& if ,socrates _h   

be5 only bone & muscle1 he ought to h   
run away4  ,our problem /&s some:at z   
foll[s3 ,we h giv5 protoplasm1 a /range 
sub/ance ( m>vell\s capacities1 :i* we  
call functions1 & possess+ a p[] (      
develop+ into be+s ( ev] high] grades ( 
organization4 ,environm5t proves to be a
 comb9ation ( =ces work+ = ! high]      
developm5t ( functions 9 a c]ta9 ord]ly 
sequ5ce4 ,& e l[] function 9 ! asc5d+   
l9e dem&s ! developm5t ( ! next high]4  
,dige/ion dem&s muscle1 & muscle n]ve1 &
 n]ve bra94 ,we %all soon see t         
mammalian /ructure _h to culm9ate 9 !   
family1 & ! family dem&s unselfi%ness & 
ob$i5ce4 ,environm5t !re=e proves f !   
beg9n+ to h be5 unceas+ly work+ = !     
highe/ end2 nev]1 ev5 tempor>ily1 m]ely 
= ! l[]4 ,= we h se5 t environm5t works 
mo/ unsp>+ly aga9/ ^? :o1 hav+ tak5     
c]ta9 ( ! /eps 9 ! asc5d+ pa?1 fail to  
cont9ue !re94  ,b 9 ord] to atta9 ?is   
highe/ end = :i* x has always be5 work+1
 an imm5se numb] ( subsidi>y ends h _h  
to be atta9$4 ,^! are n m]ely dige/ion &

 bra91 b a ho/ ( o!rs3 e4g41 9          
v]tebrates1 v]tebr ( ! "r sub/ance1     
position1 =m1 arrangem5t1 & union4 ,& 9 
! asc5d+ l9e1 = ^: highe/ =ms x has     
cont9ually work$1 ! difficulties (      
atta9+ ea* subsidi>y end h be5          
successively solv$1 & ?r\gh ?is ho/ (   
subsidi>y ends ! animal k+dom has       
advanc$ /raight to its goal (           
intellig5ce & righte\sness4 ,n[ ! :ole  
process is a gr& argum5t = design4 ,b ,i
 w\ld n emphasize ! process s mu* z !   
end atta9$4 ,?is especially1 :5 atta9$  
by con=mity to t environm5t1 dem&s m ?an
 m]e m9dless atoms 9 or beh9d t         
environm5t4 ,c we call ! ultimate p[]   
:i* makes = righte\sness x8 ,c we call x
 less ?an ,him1 9 :om we live & move & h
 our be+8  ,! hi/ory ( life is a gr&    
drama4 ,p>adise ,lo/ & ,%akespe>e's     
plays are b fragm5ts ( x4 ,b )\t        
intellig5ce !y c\ld nev] h be5 compos$2 
)\t a *oice ( means & ends !y c\ld nev] 
h be5 plac$ ^u ! /age4 ,does ! plot (   
?is gr&] drama ( evolution dem& no      

intellig5ce 9 its ultimate cause &      
produc]8 ,is ! succession ( /eps1 ea*   
succe$+ ! o!r 9 su* ord] z to lead to   
tru? & "r & cont9ual progress t[>d a    
spiritual goal1 is ?is plot possible )\t
 a great compos] :o has se5 ! end f !   
beg9n+8 ,c\ld x ev] h be5 execut$ ^u !  
/age ( ! _w1 & p]haps ( ! univ]se1 )\t  
an execut+ w8  ,n[ ,i freely grant y t  
?is is no ma!matical demon/ration4      
,natural sci5ce does n deal 9           
demon/rations1 x re/s ^u ! doctr9e (    
probabilities2 j z we h to ord] our :ole
 lives accord+ to ?is doctr9e4 ,its     
solution ( a problem is nev] ! only     
conceivable answ]1 b ! "o :i* be/ fits &
 expla9s all ! facts & meets ! fewe/    
objections4 ,! argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( a 
p]sonal ,god are f> /rong] ?an ^? 9     
favor ( any !ory ( evolution4 ,b we v   
rightly te/ ! =m] argum5ts1 indef9itely 
m rigidly & sev]ely1 j because our v    
life hangs on !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld 
n reject !m z useless1 because !y are n 
( an entirely diff]5t k9d f ^? on :i*   

all ! actions & beliefs ( our common    
daily life are bas$4 ,!re is a          
scepticism :i* is m]ely a cr$ulity (    
negations4 ,?is also we %\ld avoid4  ,we
 h consid]$ a few ( ! reasons = ?9k+ t1 
) ! mat]ial1 !re mu/ be some?+ spiritual
 9 environm5t1 t if ! wo( is mat]ial !  
w>p is ,god4 ,"h we ne$ n delay long4   
,blank a!ism seems to be at pres5t      
unpopul> & g5]ally reg>d$ z unsci5tific4
 ,! s-call$ philosophic mat]ialism ( !  
pres5t day seems to be 9 g5]al f> ne>]  
to pan!ism ?an to ! old =m ( mat]ialism 
:i* recogniz$ only atoms & me*anism4    
,a!ism z a p[] to de=m ! lives ( m5 has1
 = ! pres5t1 lo/ its hold1 & ev5        
agno/icism is respectful4 ,! mat]ialism 
aga9/ :i* we h to /ruggle is n t ( !    
s*ool1 b ( ! %op1 ( society1 ( life4    
,!re are comp>atively few n[ :o av[ a   
sy/em ( philosophy mak+ m9dless atoms _!
 fir/ cause4  ,b !re is a f> gross]1 m  
deadly mat]ialism ( ! he>t & w4 ,x sits 
unrebuk$ 9 ! front pews ( our *ur*es &  
controls alike *ur* & p>i%1 caucus &    

legislature4 ,x calls on u all to fall  
d[n & wor%ip1 promis+ ! _w if we obey1 !
 cross if we refuse4 ,& we b[ to x2 & t 
is all x asks1 = a nod on our "p makes u
 its slaves4 ,x is ! idolatry ( money1  
position1 %rewdness1 le>n+--9 "o ^w1 (  
success4 ,x takes all ! /r5g? out ( our 
morality1 loyalty & ob$i5ce to ,god out 
( our religion1 & makes c[>ds & li>s (  
u1 :o %\ld be h]oes4 ,x makes our       
religion a byword ) hone/ unbeliev]s4 ,&
 if !y are hone/ sci5tific m9ds1 wait+ =
 evid5ce ( ! practical value ( our      
religion1 :y %\ld !y believe1 :5 we live
 s successfully d[n to ! religion :i* we
 w\ld scorn to op5ly pr(ess8 ,our fa!rs 
may h be5 n>r[ or /raight-lac$2 !y 7 n  
cross-ey$ f try+ to keep "o eye on ,god 
& ! o!r on ! ma9 *ance4 ,:at is ! use ( 
:isp]+1 ,"l1 ,"l1 ,sundays1 if we %\t1  
,oh1 ,baal1 he> u1 all ! re/ ( ! week4  
,let u at lea/ be hone/1 & if ,baal be  
god1 foll[ him1 & av[ x4 ,& wor/1 & mo/ 
hide\s1 ( all1 we are n s mu* hypocrites
 z self-deceiv$4 ,let u n =get ! old    

,greek doctr9e ( ,ate1 goddess (        
judicial bl9dness1 s5t d[n only ^u ^? :o
 7 liv+ ! unp>donable s9 ( indiff]5ce4  
,b suppos+ t !re is 9 environm5t some?+ 
m & o!r ?an mat]ial1 c we possibly "k   
any?+ ab\t x8  ,i am 9 a boat ne> ! m\? 
( a riv]4 ,! boat is toss$ by ! waves1  
driv5 by curr5ts ( w9d1 & n[ & !n       
tempor>ily turn$ by eddies4 ,i seem to  
look out ^u a *aos ( app>5tly conflict+ 
=ces4 ,b all ! "t ! w9d & tide are      
sweep+ me homew>d4 ,n[ ! w9d1 :i*       
sometimes inde$ does %ift1 & ! great    
tidal wave are /eadily be>+ me 9 a c]ta9
 direction1 ?\gh wave & eddy & gu/ may  
(t5 make ?is appe> d\btful to me4 ,s1   
und]nea? all waves & eddies (           
environm5t1 !re is a great tidal wave1  
be>+ man /eadily onw>d2 & ,i ga9 a c]ta9
 am\nt ( valid k ( environm5t f !       
direction 9 :i* x is be>+ me4  ,let u   
*ange ! illu/ration4 ,man survives z all
 8 ance/ors h surviv$ be=e him1 ?r\gh   
con=mity to environm5t4 ,environm5t has 
!re=e dur+ ages pa/ be5 cont9ually mak+ 

impressions ^u him4 ,& he c draw valid  
inf]5ces conc]n+ ! "o p[]1 :i* mu/      
und]lie ! app>5t ho/ ( =ces (           
environm5t1 f ! impressions :i* ^! h    
left ^u ! /ructure ( 8 m9d & "*4 ,by    
/udy+ himself he ga9s valid k ( :at is  
deepe/ 9 environm5t4 ,= man is ! mo/    
completely & closely con=m$ !reto ( all 
liv+ be+s4  ,b man is a religi\s be+4   
,?is is a fact :i* dem&s explanation j z
 mu* z bone & muscle4 ,n[ no evolutioni/
 w\ld believe t ! eye c\ld ev] h        
develop$ )\t ! /imulus ( light act+ ^u !
 cells ( ! sk94 ,place ! animal 9       
d>kness & ! eye becomes rudim5t>y &     
disappe>s4 ,c\ld a visual organ = see+  
moral & religi\s tru? h ev] orig9at$ 9 !
 m9d ( man _h !re be5 no correspond+    
pulsation & ?rill ( a correspond+       
reality 9 environm5t8 ,is n ! "o        
developm5t j z improbable or            
inconceivable z ! o!r8  ,& ?is is !     
reason t1 :5 man awak5$ to himself & 8  
own p[]s1 he knew t !re 0 & mu/ be a    
,god4 ,pass ov] ! e>?1 says ,plut>*2 y  

may discov] cities )\t walls1 )\t       
lit]ature1 )\t mon>*s1 )\t palaces &    
weal?2 :]e ! !atre & ! s*ool are n kn[n2
 b no man ev] saw a city )\t temples &  
gods1 :]e pray]s & oa?s & oracles &     
sacrifices 7 n us$ = obta9+ p>don or    
av]t+ evil4 ,giv5 man & environm5t z !y 
are1 & a belief 9 ,god is a necess>y    
result4 ,b y may ask1 if we are to      
wor%ip a p]sonal ,god1 :y might n a     
consci\s & religi\s hydra1 ) equal "r1  
wor%ip an inf9ite /oma*1 & ! annelid a  
god ( m]e brute =ce8  ,!re /&s 9        
,flor5ce a magnific5t /atue by ,mi*el   
,angelo4 ,a human figure is only        
p>tially hewn out ( ! /one4 ,he nev]    
f9i%$ x4 ,if y c\ld h se5 ! ma/] hew+ ! 
*ips ) ha/y1 impati5t bl[s f ! %apeless 
block1 y w\ld h be5 tempt$ to say t he 0
 b a /onecutt]1 & b a ha/y workman at t4
 ,ev5 n[ we d n "k exactly :at =m &     
expression he w\ld h giv5 to ! /ill     
unf9i%$ head4 ,b no "o c exam9e x &     
hesitate to pron\nce x a gr& "w ( a     
ma/]-m9d4 ,9 any manife/ly incomplete "w

 y mu/ judge ! purpose & "* & p[]s ( !  
workman or arti/ by its highe/          
possibilities1 j s f> z y h any reason  
to believe t ^! possibilities w be      
realiz$4 ,y mu/ look at ! rudely outl9$ 
h]oic human figure 9 ! block ( /one1 n  
at ! r\gh unf9i%$ p$e/al1 if y w\ld "k  
,mi*el ,angelo4 ,s 9 ! hydra & ! annelid
 y mu/ look at ! possibilities ( ! n]v\s
 sy/em be=e y or he ?9k t dige/ion &    
muscle are all4  ,once m ! highe/ p[]s  
dawn f> d[n 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,!re are  
traces ( m9d 9 ! amoeba1 & (            
unselfi%ness 9 ! l[] mammals4 ,if !re 7 
a goal ( human developm5t high] & o!r   
?an unselfi%ness1 wisdom1 & love1 we    
%\ld h se5 traces ( x be=e ?is4 ,b h we 
f\nd ! fa9te/ sign ( any su*8 ,moreov]1 
rememb] t a function cont9ues to develop
 ab\t z long z x %[s ! capacity =       
developm5t4 ,& dur+ t p]iod environm5t  
is a p[] mak+ = its high] developm5t4 ,b
 is !re any limit to ! possible         
developm5t ( ! ?ree m5tal activities    
m5tion$ above8 ,i c see none4 ,!n mu/ we

 n expect t environm5t w always make =  
^!8 ,& w environm5t ev] manife/ itself  
to man z ! seat or in/rum5t ( a p[]     
possess+ high] faculties o!r ?an ^!8    
,man mu/ wor%ip a p]sonal ,god ( wisdom1
 unselfi%ness1 & love1 or cease to      
wor%ip4 ,! latt] alt]native he nev] yet 
has be5 able to take1 & society survive 
"u its dom9ation4 ,s ,i at lea/ am      
compell$ to read ! f9d+ ( biological    
hi/ory4  ,b let u grant = ! sake (      
argum5t t man conta9s /ill undevelop$   
g]ms ( faculties capable ( p]ceiv+ &    
atta9+ some?+ z mu* high] ?an wisdom &  
love z ^! are high] ?an brute =ce4 ,y w 
answ]1 ?is is n only inconceivable1 x is
 impossible4 ,/ill let u grant !        
possibility4 ,we notice1 fir/ ( all1 t x
 is aga9/ ! :ole c\rse ( evolution t ^! 
faculties %\ld be o!r ?an m5tal1 & :at  
we class "u p[]s p]ta9+ to our          
p]sonality4 ,= ages pa/ evid5tly1 & no  
less really f ! v beg9n+1 evolution has 
work$ = ! body only z a p]fect vehicle (
 m9d1 & = ?is z lead+ to w & "*4 ,&     

human developm5t has l$1 & ev] m t5ds1 z
 ,mr4 ,drummond has %[n1 to ! arre/1    
?\gh n ! deg5]ation1 ( ! body4 ,x is to 
rema9 at ! highe/ possible /age (       
effici5cy z ! s]vant ( m9d4 ,^! high]   
p[]s w ?us be m5tal & p]sonal p[]s4 ,&  
h[ has any & e advance to high]         
capabilities be5 atta9$ 9 ! animal      
k+dom8 ,m]ely by ! mo/ active possible  
ex]cise ( ! next l[] p[]4 ,?is is prov5 
by ! sequ5ce ( physical & m5tal         
functions4 ,we %all atta91 !re=e1 any   
high] m5tal capacities only by !        
cont9ual practice ( wisdom & love4 ,t is
 our only pa? to some?+ high]1 if high] 
!re %all ev] be4 ,b if we f9d t ! ,god (
 our environm5t is a ,god ( some?+ high]
 ?an love & righte\sness1 w ^! cease to 
be *>act]i/ics ( 8 nature & ess5ce8 ,n  
at all4  ,i h le>n$1 p]haps1 to "k my   
fa!r z a pla9 citiz54 ,if ,i lat] f9d t 
he is a k+ & /atesman1 ) p[]s & m5tal   
capacities ( :i* ,i h nev] dream$1 d ,i 
!re=e f t "t cease to ?9k ( him z wise &
 k9d & good8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,i only tru/ 8

 love & wisdom z guide ( my little life 
all ! m4 ,& %all n ! same be true ( ,god
 ?\gh he be k+ ( all worlds & ages8 ,x  
becomes unwise & wrong to wor%ip ,god z 
! ,god ( might only :5 we h f\nd t he is
 a ,god also ( some?+ high] & nobl]1 (  
love2 & aft] we h p]ceiv$ ?is fully &   
wor%ip him z love1 we re/ 9 ! arms ( 8  
inf9ite p[]4  ,b n[ t ! "w has gone ?us 
f>1 we c see t all developm5t mu/ take  
place along p]sonal1 spiritual l9es2 &  
are compell$ to believe 9 a spiritual   
cause :o knew ! end f ! beg9n+4 ,& man's
 f>!r progress dep5ds ^u 8 con=mity to  
?is spiritual environm5t4 ,& :at is     
con=mity to ! p]sonal elem5t 9 our      
environm5t b lik5ess to him8 ,?is is my 
only possible mode ( con=mity to a      
p]son--to become l him 9 ^w1 action1    
?\ght1 & purpose1 & f9ally 9 all my be+4
 ,v f> f a close resemblance we /ill    
are4 ,b we are m l him ?an primitive man
 02 & our desc5dants w resemble him f> m
 closely ?an we4 ,& ?us man1 consci\s ( 
8 environm5t1 & t means capable ( kn[+  

some?+ ab\t ,god1 kn[s at lea/ :at ,god 
requires ( him1 namely1 righte\sness1   
love1 & lik5ess to himself2 or1 z ! old 
hea!n se] express$ x1 to d ju/ly1 love  
m]cy1 & walk humbly be=e ,god4 ,man is &
 mu/ be a religi\s be+4 ,& he con=ms    
consci\sly4 ,?us to be m l ,god he mu/  
"k m ab\t him1 & to "k m ab\t him he mu/
 become m l him4 ,! two g h& 9 h&1 & by 
mutual reaction /r5g!n ea* o!r4 ,i w n  
ent] into ! mo/ important "q ( all1 :e!r
 we c ev] really "k a p]son unless we h 
"s love = him4 ,! facts ( evolution seem
 to me to admit ( b "o int]pretation1 t 
( ,augu/9e3 ,?\ ha/ =m$ me = !e1 ,o ,"l1
 & my re/less _s f9ds no re/ b 9 !e4    
,grant$1 !re=e1 a p]sonal ,god 9 & beh9d
 environm5t1 h[ev] dimly p]ceiv$1 &     
con=mity to environm5t means            
god-lik5ess2 = con=mity to a p]son c    
mean no?+ less ?an lik5ess to him4  ,"s 
( y mu/1 all ( y %\ld1 h read ,pr(essor 
,huxley's ,address on ,education4 ,9 x  
he says1 ,x is a v pla9 & elem5t>y tru? 
t ! life1 ! =tune1 & ! happ9ess ( e "o (

 u1 &1 m or less1 ( ^? :o are connect$ )
 u1 d dep5d ^u our kn[+ some?+ ( ! rules
 ( a game inf9itely m difficult &       
complicat$ ?an *ess4 ,x is a game :i*   
has be5 play$ = unkn[n ages1 e man &    
woman ( u be+ "o ( ! two play]s 9 a game
 ( 8 or h] own4 ,! *ess-bo>d is ! _w1 ! 
pieces are ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 !     
rules ( ! game are :at we call ! laws ( 
,nature4 ,! play] on ! o!r side is hidd5
 f u4 ,we "k t 8 play is always fair1 j1
 & pati5t4 ,b also we "k1 to our co/1 t 
he nev] ov]looks a mi/ake1 or makes !   
smalle/ all[ance = ignorance4 ,to ! man 
:o plays well ! highe/ /akes are paid ) 
t sort ( ov]fl[+ g5]osity ) :i* ! /rong 
%[s delight 9 /r5g?4 ,& "o :o plays ill 
is *eckmat$--)\t ha/e1 b )\t remorse4   
,my metaphor1 he cont9ues1 w rem9d "s ( 
y ( ! fam\s picture 9 :i* ,retzs* has   
depict$ ,satan play+ at *ess ) man = 8  
s\l4 ,sub/itute = ! mock+ fi5d 9 t      
picture a calm1 /rong angel1 :o is play+
 = love1 z we say1 & w\ld r lose ?an    
w9--& ,i %\ld accept x z an image (     

human life4#a    ,footnote #a3 ,huxley3 
,lay ,s]mons & ,addresses1 p4 #ca4  ,?is
 is a m>vell\s illu/ration1 & 9 g5]al z 
true z x is beautiful & gr&4 ,b t calm1 
/rong angel :o is play+ = love1 z we    
say1 & w\ld r lose ?an w91 is c]ta9ly a 
v /range antagoni/4 ,is x1 aft] all1    
possible t our cle>-ey$ sci5tific man   
has altoge!r misund]/ood ! game8 ,is n !
 calm1 /rong angel m probably our p>tn]8
 ,c]ta9ly v _m ?+s po9t t way4 ,& :o are
 our antagoni/s8 ,look )9 y\rself & y w 
always f9d at lea/ a pair ready to take 
a h& aga9/ y1 to say no?+ ( !           
possibilities ( environm5t4 ,rex regis  
rebellis4 ,our p>tn] is try+ by e me?od1
 except p]haps by talk+ across ! bo>d1  
to tea* u ! laws & me?ods ( ?is great   
game4 ,& calls & signals are always     
all[able4 ,! game is n f9i%$ 9 "o h&2 he
 gives u a second & ?ird1 & repeats !   
signals1 & nev] misleads4 ,only :5 we   
c>elessly or ob/9ately refuse to le>n1 &
 wilfully lose ! game beyond all hope1  
does he leave u to meet our losses z be/

 we may4  ,let u c>ry ! illu/ration a   
/ep f>!r4 ,:o kn[s t ! game 01 or c\ld  
be1 at fir/ taught )\t talk+ across !   
bo>d8 ,i c f9d no?+ 9 sci5ce to compel  
su* a belief1 _m ?+s r5d] x improbable4 
,grant a p]sonality 9 environm5t to :i* 
p]sonality 9 man is to con=m & ga9      
lik5ess4 ,environm5t c act on ! dige/ive
 & muscul> sy/ems ?r\gh m]e mat]ial4 ,b 
h[ c p]sonality 9 environm5t act on     
p]sonality 9 man except by p]sonal      
contact or by symbols easy (            
compreh5sion accord+ to its own laws8   
,"s me?od ( atta9+ acqua9tance at lea/  
we %\ld c]ta9ly expect4  ,b "s ( y may  
ask1 ,h[ c any !ory ( evolution gu>antee
 t any?+ ( ! pres5t %all survive 9 !    
future8 ,x is cont9ually *ang+ & de/roy+
 =m] types4 ,! old ord] ( ev]y?+ *anges 
& passes away1 giv+ place to ! new4 ,b  
is ?is ! :ole tru?8 ,evolution is a     
radical process1 b we mu/ nev] =get t x 
is also1 & at ! same "t1 exce$+ly       
cons]vative4 ,! cell 0 ! fir/ inv5tion (
 ! animal k+dom1 & all high] animals are

 & mu/ be cellul> 9 /ructure4 ,our      
tissues 7 =m$ ages on ages ago2 !y h all
 p]si/$4 ,mo/ ( our organs are z old z  
worms4 ,all ^! are v old1 old] ?an !    
m\nta9s1 & yet ,i _c d\bt t !y mu/ la/ z
 long z man exi/s4 ,inde$1 :ile ,nature 
is wond]fully inv5tive ( new /ructures1 
h] cons]vatism 9 hold+ on to old ones is
 /ill m rem>kable4 ,9 ! asc5d+ l9e (    
developm5t %e tries an exp]im5t once    
exce$+ly ?or\gh1 & !n ! "q is solv$ =   
all "t4 ,= %e always takes "t en\gh to  
try ! exp]im5t exhau/ively4 ,x took ages
 to f9d h[ to build a sp9al column or   
bra91 b :5 ! exp]im5t 0 f9i%$ %e _h     
reason to be1 & 01 satisfi$4 ,& if ?is  
is true ( bodily organs we %\ld expect t
 ! same law w\ld hold good :5 ! animal  
developm5t gradually passes ov] into !  
spiritual4 ,& :at is human hi/ory b !   
record ( moral & religi\s exp]im5ts1 &  
_! success or failure accord+ z !       
exp]im5t]s con=m$ to ! laws ( !         
spiritual =ces ) :i* !y _h to d8  ,we   
ne$ n fe> t our old fundam5tal beliefs w

 be lo/4 ,_! v age %[s t !y h be5       
?or\ghly te/$ 9 ! great exp]im5t ( human
 hi/ory & f\nd sure4 ,modifi$ !y may be2
 !y w be us$ = high] purposes & ! build+
 ( bett] *>act]s ?an ours4 ,!y w n be   
lo/ or disc>d$4 ,we too (t5 ?9k ( nature
 z build+ l man1 ) huge scaffold+s1 :i* 
mu/ lat] be torn d[n & de/roy$4 ,b 9 !  
=e/ ! only scaffold+ is ! he>t ( oak4   
,we h se5 t ! sequ5ce ( functions 9     
animal developm5t has culm9at$ 9 man's  
rational1 moral nature4 ,he alone has ! 
cle> p]ception ( ! reality ( "r1 tru?1 &
 duty4 ,! pursuit ( ^! has made him :at 
he is4 ,8 advance1 if !re is any        
cont9uity 9 hi/ory1 dep5ds ^u 8 mak+ ^! 
! rul+ motives & aims ( 8 life4 ,he mu/ 
cont9ually gr[ 9 righte\sness &         
unselfi%ness1 if he is n to deg5]ate &  
give place to "s o!r product (          
evolution4 ,moreov]1 z ^! moral         
faculties are capable ( indef9ite1 if n 
inf9ite1 developm5t1 !y mu/ dom9ate 8   
life ?r\gh a future ( indef9ite         
duration4 ,= ! l5g? ( ! p]iod ( dom9ance

 ( a function has always be5            
proportional to ! capacity ( t function 
= future developm5t4 ,^! c nev]1 s f> z 
we c see1 be sup]s$$1 = no rival to !m c
 be discov]$4 ,we h f\nd 9 !m !         
culm9ation ( ! sequ5ce ( functions4  ,we
 h attempt$ to %[ 9 ?is lecture t       
rev]sal ( ?is gr& sequ5ce has always l$ 
to deg5]ation1 or1 9 high] =ms1 f> m    
frequ5tly1 to ext9ction4 ,z we asc5d1   
natural selection works m1 r ?an less1  
unsp>+ly4 ,& z advance dep5ds ^u        
con=mity to environm5t1 & z ! highe/ =ms
 mu/ be reg>d$ z !re=e mo/ completely   
con=m$1 we ga9 our mo/ adequate k (     
environm5t :5 we /udy x z work+         
especially = ^!4 ,= ^! h be5 f ! v      
beg9n+ its f>-(f1 *ief aim & goal4      
,view$ f ?is /&po9t1 environm5t proves  
to be a ho/ ( int]act+ =ces unit+ 9 a   
resultant p[]1 n ourselves1 t makes =   
righte\sness1 & unselfi%ness4  ,inasmu* 
z man's rational moral nature1 8        
p]sonality1 is ! result ( ! la/ & longe/
 /ep t[>d & 9 con=mity to environm5t1 ^!

 p[]s correspond to t :i* is at ! same  
"t highe/1 & deepe/1 & mo/ fundam5tal 9 
t environm5t4 ,?is p[] :i* makes =      
righte\sness is !re=e to be reg>d$ z    
p]sonal & spiritual r ?an mat]ial4 ,x is
 ,god imman5t 9 nature4 ,& x is ma9ly to
 ?is p]sonal & spiritual elem5t 9 8     
environm5t t man is 9 ! future to m     
completely con=m4 ,con=mity to ?is      
elem5t 9 man's environm5t does n s mu*  
result 9 life z x is life2 failure to   
con=m is dea?4 ,& ! pressure (          
environm5t ^u man1 compell+ him to *oose
 betwe5 life ?r\gh con=mity &           
non-con=mity ) dea?1 c be mo/ naturally 
& adequately expla9$ z ! expression ( 8 
w4 ,we "k :at he requires ( u4  ,our k (
 him is v incomplete1 b may be valid z  
f> z x ext5ds4 ,& x w\ld seem to be     
valid1 = x has be5 te/$ by ages (       
exp]im5t4 ,! results ( ?is gr& exp]im5t 
h be5 summ$ up 9 man's fundam5tal       
religi\s beliefs4 ,& f>!r k w be ga9$ by
 m complete ob$i5ce to ! requirem5ts    
already kn[n4 ,! evid5ce1 t ^!          

fundam5tal religi\s beliefs w p]si/1 is 
( ! same "* z t ^u :i* re/s our belief 9
 ! p]si/5ce ( cells & tissues4 ,! "o is 
root$ 9 ! /ructure ( our m9ds2 ! o!r1 9 
! /ructure ( our bodies4 ,b1 aft] all1  
only w c act ^u w1 & p]sonality ^u      
p]sonality4 ,x rema9s = u to exam9e h[  
man 0 compell$ by 8 v /ructure to       
develop a new elem5t 9 8 environm5t1    
con=m$ inde$ to ! laws ( 8 old          
environm5t1 b bett] fitt$ to draw out ! 
moral & spiritual side ( 8 nature4 ,& 9 
connection ) ?is /udy we may hope to ga9
 "s new light on ! laws ( con=mity4     
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,con=mity ,,to          
,,environm5t   ,we are too prone to ?9k 
t soil & climate1 hill-side or pla91    
m\nta9 & %ore1 temp]ature & ra9fall1    
con/itute ! sole or ! mo/ important     
elem5ts 9 human environm5t4 ,e "o ( ^!  
elem5ts is d\btless important4 ,fro/1   
dr\ght1 or b>r5ness ( soil may make a   
region a des]t1 or dw>f ! developm5t (  
its inhabitants4 ,m\nta9e]1 & ! dwell]  
on ! pla91 & ! fi%]man on ! %ore ( !    

ocean develop diff]5t traits ?r\gh !    
influ5ce ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,9 too w>m a   
climate ! human race loses its m5tal &  
moral vigor & deg5]ates4 ,?is is        
und5iable4  ,b1 ?\gh "o soil & climate &
 set ( physical surr\nd+s may be m      
conducive ?an ano!r to ! developm5t (   
h]oism1 tru?fulness1 unselfi%ness1 &    
righte\sness1 no "o is ess5tial to _!   
production or sure to give rise to !m4  
,moral & religi\s "* is a feature (     
man's p]sonality1 & our p]sonality is   
m\ld$ ma9ly by ! m5 & wom5 ) :om we     
associate4 ,a man is n only kn[n by !   
company :i* he keeps2 he is usually     
fa%ion$ by & con=ms to x4 ,z ,presid5t  
,seelye has well said1 ,! only motive   
:i* c move a w is ei!r a w itself1 or   
some?+ into :i* a w ent]s4 ,x is n a    
?\ght1 b only a s5tim5t1 a de$1 or a    
p]son1 by :i* we become truly inspir$4  
,x is n ! intellect1 b ! he>t & w1 ?r\gh
 :i* & by :i* we are controll$4 ,x is n 
! precepts ( life1 b life itself1 by :i*
 alone we are begott5 & born unto life4 

,n[1 !re are two ways 9 :i* liv+ p[]1   
p]sonal p[]1 ! p[] ( a w1 may ent] a s\l
 & give x life2 ! "o is :5 ,god's w     
works ^u u1 & ! o!r :5 our wills "w ^u  
"o ano!r4 ,god's w may directly p5etrate
 ours1 enabl+ u to w & to d ( 8 good    
pleasure2 & our own wills1 ?us inspir$1 
may be ! tor* to k9dle o!r wills ) !    
same inspiration4 ,x is 9 only "o ( ^!  
two ways t a human s\l c be truly       
inspir$2 &1 )\t a true inspiration1 no  
am\nt ( in/ruction1 :e!r 9 duty1 or     
life1 or any?+ else1 w *ange a s+le     
moral prop5sity4,a    ,footnote ,a3     
,seelye3 ,*ri/ian ,missions1 p4 #aed4   
,ev5 ?\gh a ,l9coln may rise above 8    
h]$it>y position or 8 surr\nd+s1 !y are 
! s*ool 9 :i* he is tra9$2 ! gymnasium 9
 :i* 8 m5tal & moral fibre is /r5g!n$4  
,family & social life =m ?us ! elem5t ( 
man's environm5t by :i* he is mo/ly     
m\ld$1 & to :i* he mo/ naturally &      
completely con=ms4 ,let u !re=e briefly 
trace ! orig9 ( ?is new elem5t ( man's  
environm5t1 & !n notice ! effect ^u him 

( con=mity to its laws1 & see :i!r ^!   
w\ld lead him4  ,we h already se5 t     
intra-ut]9e developm5t ( ! "y 0 be+     
c>ri$ ev] f>!r by mammals1 & we f\nd "o 
explanation ( ?is 9 ! fact t ea*        
mammalian egg repres5t$ a l>ge am\nt (  
nutrim5t1 & t ! mammal _h v little      
mat]ial to sp>e = reproduction4 ,v      
possibly1 too1 ! newly hat*$ mammals 7  
expos$ to ev5 m num]\s & great] dang]s  
?an ! "y ( birds4 ,ev5 among l[] mammals
 ! "y is feeble at bir?4 ,b ! human     
infant is absolutely helpless4 ,& !     
c5tre ( its helplessness is its bra94   
,its eyes & e>s are comp>atively p]fect1
 b its p]ceptions are v dim4 ,its       
muscles are all pres5t1 b x mu/ v sl[ly 
& gradually le>n to use !m4 ,its        
language is b a cry1 its few actions    
reflex4 ,! new-born kitt5 may be j z    
helpless1 b 9 a few weeks x w run & play
 & hunt1 & aft] a few mon?s c c>e =     
itself4 ,n s ! *ild4 ,x mu/ be c>$ =    
dur+ mon?s & ye>s be=e x c be giv5      
indep5d5ce4 ,its bra9 is s m>vell\sly   

complex t x is f9i%$ z a ?9k+ & will+ & 
muscle-controll+ me*anism only long aft]
 bir?4 ,?is means a p]iod ( infancy dur+
 :i* ! "y cl+s helplessly to ! "m1 :o is
 its natural protector4 ,& dur+ ?is     
p]iod ! "m & "y h to be c>$ = & protect$
 by ! male4 ,& ! p]iod ( infancy & !    
protection ( ! female & "y are j z      
truly1 ?\gh 9 f> less degree1 *>act]i/ic
 ( ! highe/ apes z ( man4  ,i c give y  
only ?is v cond5s$ & incomplete ab/ract 
( ,mr4 ,john ,fiske's argum5t2 y mu/    
read x = y\rself 9 8 ,de/9y ( ,man4 ,& z
 he has !re %[n1 ?is c h b "o result1 & 
t is ! family life ( man4 ,& we may yet 
v possibly h to ackn[l$ge t family life 
( a v l[ grade is j z truly *>act]i/ic (
 ! high] apes z ( l[] man4 ,& ?us !     
family life ( man is ! physiological    
result (1 & root$ 91 mammalian /ructure4
  ,& ! b5efits ( family life are too    
great & num]\s to ev5 enum]ate4 ,fir/ ( 
all ! family is ! s*ool ( unselfi%ness4 
,all ! love ( ! p>5t is drawn out = !   
helpless & dep5d5t *ild1 & gr[s z ! p>5t

 works & ?9ks = x4 ,& ! *ild returns a  
fraction ( 8 p>5ts' love4 ,)9 ! close   
bond ( ! family ! /ruggle = place &     
opportunity is replac$ by mutual        
helpfulness2 & ?is do+ & burd5-be>+ ) & 
= ea* o!r is a con/ant ex]cise 9 !      
practice ( love4 ,& ) out ?is mutual    
love & helpfulness ! family _c exi/4  ,&
 sl[ly man beg9s to apply ! lessons     
le>n$ 9 ! family to o!r relations )     
p>tn]s1 neighbors1 & fri5ds4 ,sl[ly he  
discov]s t an entirely selfi% life      
defeats its own ends4 ,a voice )9 him   
tells him cont9ually t love is bett] ?an
 selfi%ness & m9i/]+ bett] ?an be+      
m9i/]$ unto4 ,x dawns ^u him t x is     
aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s t o!r p %\ld be s  
selfi% & grasp+2 a few beg9 to apply !  
moral to !mselves1 & a few ( ^! to act  
accord+ly4  ,& :at a *ange ! few /eps   
:i* man has tak5 9 ?is direction h      
wr\ght 9 8 life4 ,says ,pr(essor        
,huxley3 ,9 place ( ru?less             
self-ass]tion x dem&s self-re/ra9t1 9   
place ( ?ru/+ aside or tread+ d[n all   

competitors1 x requires t ! individual  
%all n m]ely respect1 b %all help 8     
fell[s2 its influ5ce is direct$ n s mu* 
to ! survival ( ! fitte/ z to ! fitt+ ( 
z _m z possible to survive4 ,x          
repudiates ! gladiatoral !ory ( exi/5ce4
  ,x is a va/ *ange f ! gladiatorial    
!ory to t ( mutual helpfulness4 ,call x 
a revolution1 if y w4 ,revolutions are n
 unhe>d ( 9 ! hi/ory ( ! animal k+dom   
any m ?an 9 human hi/ory4 ,we h se51    
fir/1 dige/ion & reproduction on ! ?rone
 ( animal organization1 !n muscle1 &    
f9ally bra94 ,ea* ( ^! *anges is 9 "o   
s5se a revolution4  ,a little be=e !    
summ] sol/ice ! e>? is :izz+ away f !   
sun2 a few weeks lat] x is :izz+ ) equal
 rapidity 9 almo/ ! opposite direction4 
,9 ! v nature ( ?+s x c\ld n be o!rwise4
 ,b s sil5tly & gradually does x come   
ab\t t we nev] feel ! rev]sal ( ! eng9e2
 inde$ ! eng9e has n be5 rev]s$ at all4 
,v simil> is ! *ange ( ! /ruggle ( brute
 aga9/ brute to t ( man = man4 ,inde$   
human developm5t seems n[ to be almo/ at

 su* a sol/ice :]e ! p[] t makes = love 
is almo/ exhau/$ 9 oppos+ ! t5d5cy t[>d 
selfi%ness4 ,we %all n always /ay at !  
sol/ice2 soon we %all make m rapid      
progress4 ,& unselfi%ness l ! family    
relation is firmly root$ 9 mammalian    
/ructure4  ,& man owes almo/ ev]y?+ to  
family life4 ,fir/ ! *ild ga9s !        
advantage ( ! p>5t's exp]i5ce4 ,he is   
educat$ by ! p>5t4 ,9 a few =mative &   
receptive ye>s he ga9s f ! p>5t !       
results ( c5turies ( human exp]i5ce4 ,! 
process is ?us cumulative1 ! inve/m5t   
be>s comp\nd int]e/4 ,& yet ?is is      
peculi> to man only 9 degree4 ,h y nev] 
wat*$ a cat tra9 h] kitt5s8 ,& !        
education ( ! *ild 9 ! savage family is 
v incomplete4  ,! family is ! fir/ &    
fundam5tal ( all high] social &         
political unities4 ,& )\t ! p]si/5ce ( !
 family ! l>g] social unit w\ld become  
an in]t mass4 ,all ! individual         
ambition1 all desire = family           
advancem5t1 mu/ be reta9$ z /ill a      
motive = en]getic advance4 ,& all !     

tra9+ :i* social life c give rea*es !   
individual mo/ effectively1 or solely1  
?r\gh ! family4 ,society )\t ! family   
w\ld be l an army )\t company or        
regim5tal organization4 ,?us ! v        
exi/5ce1 n only ( tra9+ 9 love & mutual 
helpfulness1 b ev5 ( society itself z a 
m]e organization1 dep5ds ^u ! exi/5ce & 
improvem5t ( family life4 ,& z s mu*    
dep5d$ ^u & result$ f x1 x c\ld n b be  
fo/]$ & improv$ by natural selection4 ,!
 tribe or race ) ! be/ family life has  
app>5tly surviv$4 ,b all social animals 
h "s means ( communicat+ v simple ?\ghts
 or p]ceptions4 ,! simple/ illu/rations 
( ?is are ! calls & w>n+ cries ( mammals
 & birds4 ,x is n impossible t ! high]  
mammals h some?+ wor?y ( ! "n (         
language4 ,b man alone1 ) 8 bett] bra9 &
 bett] anatomical /ructure ( ?roat &    
m\?1 & ! clos] int]dep5d5ce ) 8 fell[s1 
has atta9$ to articulate spee*4 ,& ?is  
aga9 has become ! bond to a /ill clos]  
union4  ,n[ our only "q is1 ,h[ does    
social life enable & aid man to con=m to

 environm5t8 ,we are int]e/$ n s mu* 9 8
 happ9ess z 9 8 progress4 ,x helps &    
improves ! body by giv+ him a bett] & m 
con/ant supply ( m suitable food1 &     
bett] protection f inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 
& 9 _m o!r ways4 ,ba?s & gymnasia are   
built1 & m$ical sci5ce prolongs life4   
,yet make ! items z _m z y c1 & :at a   
long li/ ( disadvantages to man         
physically y mu/ set ov] aga9/ ^!4 ,_m (
 ^! evils w d\btless disappe> z society 
becomes bett] organiz$1 b "s w always   
rema9 to plague u4 ,we pamp] or abuse   
our /oma*s1 & dyspepsia results4 ,we    
live 9 hot-h\ses1 & a ho/ ( diseases are
 fo/]$ by !m4 ,inde$ x w\ld be h>d to   
c\nt up ! diseases = :i* social life is 
directly or indirectly responsible4     
,social life becomes m & m complicat$1 &
 our n]v\s sy/ems _c be> ! /ra94 ,m$ical
 sci5ce saves alive ?\s&s :o w\ld       
o!rwise die1 & ^! gr[ up to be> *ildr5 z
 weak z !mselves4 ,we are look+ n[ at ! 
physical side alone2 & f ?is /&po9t !   
survival ( ! invalid is a sore evil4 ,n[

 society w & mu/ become heal?i]2 we %all
 n always abuse our bodies z s9fully z  
we n[ d4 ,/ill1 view$ f ! /&po9t ( !    
body alone1 ! be/1 z x seems to me1 :i* 
we c claim1 is t social life does no m  
h>m ?an good4  ,:at has social life done
 = man intellectually8 ,mu*4 ,x gives   
him s*ools & colleges4 ,b are our sy/ems
 ( education an unmix$ good8 ,h[ _m (   
our s*ools & colleges are places :]e m5 
are /uff$ ) facts until !y h no "t nor  
incl9ation to ?9k8 ,!y may turn out     
le>n$ m52 d !y produce ?9k]s8 ,& h[ ab\t
 ! spread ( k8 ,is x n a spread (       
in=mation8 ,& mo/ ( :at goes =? f !     
press is n wor?y ( ev5 t "n1 or is      
in=mation :i* a man _h bett] be )\t4 ,we
 are pr\d ( be+ a nation ( read]s4 ,&   
read+ is good1 if a man ?9ks ab\t :at he
 reads2 o!rwise x is l undige/$ food 9 !
 /oma*1 an injury & a curse4 ,a         
dyspeptic g\rm& is help$ by cutt+ d[n 8 
rations4 ,9 our m5tal disease we ne$ !  
same c\rse ( treatm5t4 ,let u read few] 
books & pap]s & ?9k m ab\t :at we d     

read4  ,society may fo/] orig9al ?9k+2 x
 is none ! less oppos$ to x4            
,yon ,cassius has a lean & hungry look1 
,he ?9ks too mu*2 su* m5 are dang]\s4   
,?is is ! motto ( all great p>ties 9    
,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,/ill social life has    
und\bt$ly fo/]$ ?\ght4 ,we ?9k va/ly m &
 bett] ?an primitive man2 /ill we h mu* 
to le>n4 ,society puts ! exp]i5ce (     
c5turies at ! s]vice ( e individual4    
,poor & unsatisfactory z are our modes (
 education1 !y are a great bless+       
intellectually & w become m helpful4 ,&1
 aft] all1 ! friction ( m9d aga9/ m9d 9 
social life--provid$ social int]c\rse is
 ?is1 & n ! comm+l+ ( two vacua--is a   
cont9ual education ( ine/imable         
advantage4 ,& all ^! advantages w\ld )\t
 language h be5 absolutely impossible4  
,intellectually our debt to society is  
ine/imable4  ,& h[ does social life aid 
man morally8 ,i _c help believ+ t       
primitive society 0 ! fir/ s*ool ( !    
human consci5ce4 ,x 0 a rude s*ool1 b x 
taught man "s gr& lessons4  ,! primitive

 clan w\ld seem to h exi/$ z a rude army
 = ! def5ce ( its memb]s & = (f5sive    
op]ations aga9/ enemies4 ,individual    
responsibility on ! "p ( its memb]s 0   
slight = (f5ces aga9/ individuals ( o!r 
clans1 or aga9/ ! gods4 ,= any su* (f5ce
 ( "o ( its memb]s ! :ole clan 0 held1  
or held itself1 l>gely responsible4 ,if 
"o man s9n$1 ! clan suff]$4 ,x c\ld n   
!re=e af=d to p>don wilful disob$i5ce to
 regulations made by x or its lead]s4   
,its v exi/5ce dep5d$ on ?is /rict      
discipl9e4 ,& mu* ! same /]n discipl9e  
has to be ma9ta9$ 9 our mod]n armies or 
!y become utt]ly wor?less4  ,fur!rmore1 
man1 z a social be+1 is v ready to      
accept ! e/imate ( 8 actions plac$ ^u !m
 by 8 fell[s4 ,x is n easy to resi/     
public op9ion n[4 ,! tie ( class or     
pr(essional feel+ is a trem5d\s p[] =   
good & evil4 ,x mu/ h be5 almo/         
irresi/ible 9 t primitive army1 :i*     
summ>ily outlaw$ or kill$ ! ob/9ately   
disob$i5t4 ,b all ob$i5ce 0 laud$ &     
rew>d$4 ,x _h to be s4 ,& if ! tribe 0  

wor?y to survive1 because its           
regulations 7 bett] ?an ^? ( its rivals1
 or p]haps z ne>ly j & "r z 7 well      
possible1 x 0 altoge!r be/ & "r x %\ld  
be s4 ,! voice ( ! p 01 9 a v rude1     
/amm]+ way1 ! voice ( ,god4 ,& ^? :o    
surviv$ became m & m ob$i5t1 & f\nd     
!mselves1 :5 disob$i5t1 feel+ debas$1 & 
mean1 & unwor?y1 z _! fell[s consid]$   
!m4 ,& all ?is feel+ t5d$ to develop a  
consci5ce 9 ! individual answ]+ to !    
e/imates & regulations ( ! community4   
,& rememb] t ! primitive religion is a  
tribal religion4 ,! gods felt t[>d a man
 j z 8 neighbors did4 ,a public op9ion (
 ?is sort is irresi/ible1 & a man's     
consci5ce & e/imate ( himself & 8       
actions mu/ con=m to x4 ,b y may say a  
man may grant t ?is op9ion is 9 a s5se  
irresi/ible1 & f9d himself v mis]able & 
unhappy "u its condemnation4 ,b he w\ld 
n feel remorse2 ?is is a v diff]5t      
feel+4 ,possibly x may be4 ,i am n s    
sure4 ,b :at ,i am int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ is 
t ! condemnation ( "o's fell[-m5 puts m 

vividly be=e "o's eyes1 & emphasizes1 ! 
condemnation ( "o's own self4 ,x may (t5
 be a necess>y /ep 9 self-conviction4 ,&
 :at is mo/ important1 ev5 9 our own    
case1 ! condemnation ( our fell[s (t5   
br+s ) x self-condemnation4  ,try !     
exp]im5t1 z y w "s day1 ( foll[+ a c\rse
 ( action :i* y feel fairly confid5t is 
"r1 b :i* all y\r neighbors ?9k is      
fooli% & wrong4 ,see if y d n feel tw+es
 )9 y :i* y mu/ exam9e v closely to     
di/+ui% f tw+es ( consci5ce4 ,if y d n1 
,i see b "o explanation--y are consci\s 
t ,god is ) y1 & cont5t ) ?is majority4 
,b 9 ! case ( primitive man ,god 0      
always on ! side ( "o's tribe4  ,n[ ?is 
does n expla9 ! orig9 ( man's conception
 ( "r2 x presupposes su* a conception 9 
"s dim =m4 ,i d n n[ "k :y "r is "r or  
beauty beautiful4 ,i only "k !y are s4  
,:]e or :5 ei!r ( ^! p]ceptions dawn$ ,i
 d n "k4 ,b1 giv5 "s su* dim p]ception1 
,i believe t primitive human society    
gave x its iron grip on e fibre ( man's 
nature4  ,be=e ! animal c\ld safely be  

all[$ to gov]n itself intellig5tly x _h 
to s]ve a long appr5tice%ip to reflex   
action & in/9ct4 ,& man's moral nature  
_h to und]go a simil> appr5tice%ip to   
tribal regulation & tribal consci5ce4   
,only sl[ly 0 in/9ct modifi$ & replac$  
by intellig5t action4 ,& h[ ?is old     
tribal consci5ce p]si/s4 ,(t5 = good1   
al?\gh !re x 7 bett] replac$ by an      
individual consci5ce work+ = "r4 ,b h[  
sl[ly y & ,i le>n t !re is a high]      
responsibility ?an to p>ty or class4 ,h[
 (t5 my vote & action are controll$1 n  
by my own consci5ce1 b by ! op9ion ( my 
fell[s1 or ! feel+ t1 if my p>ty suff]s 
defeat1 ,god's "w w suff] at ! h&s ( my 
oppon5ts4 ,& :at is all ?is b ! survival
 9 a v deg5]ate =m ( ! old tribal       
consci5ce ( primitive man8 ,& he knew1 &
 c\ld "k1 no?+ bett]3 ,i c & d4  ,b     
society sl[ly works = unselfi%ness4 ,!  
love le>n$ 9 ! family manife/s itself 9 
ev]-wid5+ circles2 x mu/ d s if x is !  
g5u9e article4 ,x works = neighbors &   
fri5ds1 !n = ! poor & helpless ( !      

community4 ,!n x spreads to o!r         
communities & nations4 ,= g5u9e love    
recognizes no b\nds ( "t or place4      
,sl[ly we le>n t we are our bro!r's     
keep]s1 & t ! bro!rhood _c /op %ort ( ! 
human race4 ,goodness & k9dness radiate 
f "o1 p]haps unkn[n1 memb] ( ! community
 to 8 fell[s1 & !nce all ov] ! _w4 ,& ! 
_w is ! bett] = 8 "o action4  ,primitive
 society 0 ?us ! be/ possible s*ool (   
consci5ce2 & ! family & x are ! great   
s*ool ( unselfi%ness4 ,b society is ev5 
m & bett] ?an ?is4 ,x is ! m$ium ?r\gh  
:i* ?\ght1 p[]1 & moral & religi\s life 
c spr+ f man to man4 ,?is is its la/ &  
culm9at+ advantage3 x is t = :i* society
 really exi/s4  ,=1 9 ! close bonds (   
family & social life1 a new possibility 
( developm5t has aris5 bas$ ^u          
articulate spee*4 ,we might almo/ call x
 a new =m ( h]$ity1 indep5d5t ( all     
blood-relation%ip4 ,progress 9          
anatomical /ructure 9 ! animal k+dom 0  
sl[1 because any improvem5t c\ld be     
transmitt$ only to ! direct desc5dants (

 its orig9al possessor4 ,b 9 all matt]s 
p]ta9+ to or bas$ ^u m9d1 a new         
inv5tion1 or idea1 or sy/em becomes !   
prop]ty ( him :o c be/ appreciate x4 ,! 
tor* is always h&$ on to ! swifte/      
runn]4 ,?us ,socrates is ! true fa!r (  
,plato1 & ,plato ( ,ari/otle4 ,:oev] c  
be/ und]/& & appreciate & ent] into ! _s
 ( ,socrates & ,plato becomes heir to _!
 ?\ghts & int]prets !m to u4 ,& ! ?\ght 
( "o man enri*es all races & times4  ,b 
a great tea*] l ,socrates is n m]ely an 
intellectual p[]4 ,probe a little deep]1
 surgeon1 said ! ,fr5* soldi]1 & y'll   
f9d ! emp]or4 ,napoleon may h impress$  
himself on ! soldi]'s intellect2 he _h  
en?ron$ himself 9 8 he>t4 ,slave1 said !
 old ,roman1 ,m>ius1 to ! b>b>ian :o _h 
be5 s5t into ! dungeon to despat* him1  
slave1 w\ld/ ?\ kill ,ca9s ,m>ius8 ,& ! 
b>b>ian1 ?\gh back$ by all ! p[] (      
,rome1 is said to h fl$ 9 dismay4 ,:y   
did he run away8 ,i d n "k4 ,i only "k t
 ,i %\ld h done ! same4 ,"o m in/ance4  
,"s ?irty ye>s ago ! nor!rn army 0      

flee+1 a disorganiz$ mob1 t[>d ,w9*e/]4 
,e>ly _h fall5 ^u !m sudd5ly 9 ! gray ( 
! morn+1 &1 :ile "o corps /ill held its 
gr\nd1 ! re/ ( ! army 0 melt+ away 9    
panic4 ,!n a little r$-fac$ troop] came 
te>+ d[n ! l9e %\t+1 ,face ! o!r way    
boys2 face ! o!r way4 ,& ^? panic-/rick5
 m5 turn$ & roll$ an irresi/ible        
avalan*e ( h]oes ^u ! ,conf$]ate l9es4  
,:at made !m turn ab\t8 ,x 0 some?+ :i* 
,i c nei!r def9e nor analyze--! p]sonal 
p[] ( ,%]idan4 ,x is ! secret ( e great 
lead] ( m54 ,n[ ,%]idan _h imp>t$ m ?an 
in=mation to ^! m54 ,is x too mu* to say
 t he put himself into !m8 ,f su* m5 p[]
 /reams out l electricity f a huge      
dynamo4  ,n[ society furni%es ! m$ium   
?r\gh :i* su* a man c act4 ,y h all met 
su* m51 ?\gh probably n m ?an "o or two 
( !m4 ,b "o su* man is a ho/4 ,!y may be
 m5 ( few words4 ,b _! v pres5ce & look 
calls out all t is good 9 y2 & :ile y   
are ) !m evil loses its p[]4 ,says ! gay
 & lic5ti\s ,alcibiades1 9 ,plato's     
,banquet conc]n+ ,socrates3  ,:5 ,i he>d

 ,p]icles or any o!r great orator1 ,i 0 
ent]ta9$ & delight$1 & ,i felt t he _h  
spok5 well4 ,b no mortal spee* has ev]  
excit$ 9 my m9d su* emotions z are      
excit$ by ?is magician4 ,:5ev] ,i he>   
him1 ,i am1 z x 71 *>m$ & fett]$4 ,my   
he>t leaps l an inspir$ ,corybant4 ,my  
inmo/ s\l is /ung by 8 words z by ! bite
 ( a s]p5t4 ,x is indignant at its own  
rude & ignoble "*4 ,i (t5 weep te>s (   
regret & ?9k h[ va9 & +lori\s is ! life 
,i lead4 ,nor am ,i ! only "o t weeps l 
a *ild & despairs ( himself4 ,_m o!rs   
are affect$ 9 ! same way4  ,^! m5 are ! 
real k+s4 ,_! p[] = good1 & sometimes = 
evil1 is ine/imable4 ,& ! great         
advantage ( social life1 z a means (    
con=m+ to environm5t1 is ! m$ium :i* x  
furni%es to conduct ! p[] ( su* m54     
,man's la/ ef=t t[>d con=mity to        
environm5t1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 its   
la/ mo/ real =m1 is ! life & dea?       
grapple betwe5 good & evil4 ,= "h good &
 evil1 righte\sness & s91 come face to  
face 9 spiritual =m2 we wre/le n ) fle% 

& blood4 ,life is m ?an a game ( *ess or
 :i/2 x is a great battle2 e man mu/1 & 
does1 take sides2 he mu/ fight or die4  
,& ! real k+s ( society are1 z a rule1  
on ! side ( tru?1 & aid its triumph4 ,= 
"o ess5tial condition ( su* lead]%ip is 
! p[] to inspire confid5ce 9 ! love ( ! 
k+ = 8 will+ subject4 ,a suspicion (    
selfi% aims 9 ! lead] breaks ?is bond4  
,! h]o mu/ be self-=getful4 ,?is is "o  
reason = man's h]o-wor%ip1 & ! magnetic1
 dom9ant p[] ( ! h]o4 ,b evil is        
ess5tially selfi% & c ga9 & hold ?is    
k+%ip only z long z x c deceive4 ,& ^!  
k+s live =ev]4 ,dyna/ies & empires      
disappe>1 b ,socrates & ,plato1 ,lu!r & 
,huss1 ,cromwell & ,l9coln1 rule an     
ev]-wid5+ k+dom ( ev] m loyal subjects4 
,& society w h lead]s2 m5 may set up    
:atev] =m ( gov]nm5t !y w1 !y are always
 se>*+ = a k+4 ,& ?is is no sign (      
weakness or cr$ulity4 ,man's desire =   
lead]%ip is only ano!r pro( ( ! va/     
future :i* he kn[s is be=e him1 & into  
:i* he longs to be guid$4 ,! wis] a man 

is1 ! m he desires to be taught2 ! nobl]
 he becomes1 ! m :ole-s\l$ is ! homage  
:i* he pays to ! noble/4 ,is x a sign ( 
weakness or ignorance 9 /ud5ts1 ( adult 
age & ripe manhood1 to flock to "s great
 univ]sity to he> ! wisdom & cat* !     
inspiration ( "s great ma/]8 ,:5        
,jackson fell ,lee exclaim$1 ,i h lo/ my
 "r arm4 ,0 ,jackson any ! less = be+ ! 
"r arm to deal1 z only he c\ld1 ! cru%+ 
bl[s plann$ by ! great /rategi/8  ,b is 
n man to be indep5d5t & free8 ,c]ta9ly4 
,b he ga9s fre$om f ! petty tyranny (   
robb]-b>on or boss1 & f ! v pettie/     
tyranny ( all1 ! s]vice ( self1 only z  
he f9ds & enli/s "u ! k+4 ,s]ve self & x
 w plunge y 91 & drag y ?r\gh1 ! dit*1  
till y\r own clo!s abhor y4 ,y are free 
to *oose y\r tea*] & guide & example4 ,b
 *oose y w & mu/4 ,i am n prop\nd+      
!ories2 ,i am tell+ y facts4 ,:e!r =    
bett] or worse man always does & w *oose
 because he mu/4 ,look ab\t y1 look into
 y\rselves4 ,h y no h]o :om y admire &  
/rive to resemble8 no tea*] to :om y    

li/58 ,y mu/ & d h y\r example & tea*]4 
,is he tea*+ y to con=m to environm5t1  
or lead+ y to be gr\nd 9 pieces by its  
=ces all array$ aga9/ y8  ,! ,c>p5t] (  
,naz>e? /ood be=e ,pilate4 ,& ,pilate   
said unto him1 ,art ?\ a k+ !n8 ,jesus  
answ]$1 ,?\ saye/ t ,i am a k+4 ,to ?is 
end 0 ,i born1 & = ?is cause came ,i    
into ! _w1 t ,i %\ld be> witness unto ! 
tru?4 ,e "o t is ( ! tru? he>e? my      
voice4 ,& ,pilate w\ld n wait = ! answ] 
to 8 "q1 ,:at is tru?8 & ! ,jews *ose   
,b>abbas4 ,w\ld y & ,i h act$ diff]5tly8
 ,! answ] ( our ,"l to ,pilate conta9s !
 ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,y a k+1 says    
,pilate 9 a/oni%m5t2 :]e is y\r p[] to  
en=ce y\r au?ority8 ,& our ,"l's answ]  
seems to me to mean sub/antially ?is3   
,roman legions %all suff] defeat1 r\t1 &
 ext]m9ation2 & ,roman p[] %all cease to
 t]rify4 ,all its might mu/ decay4 ,b   
ev]yone t is ( ! tru? %all atta* himself
 to me ) a love :i* w brave rack & /ake4
 ,all y\r p[] _c give a gra9 ( new life4
 ,i c & w infuse my own div9e life1 my  

own div9e self1 into m54 ,& ?is new life
 is inv9cible1 immortal1 all-conqu]+4 ,i
 h infus$ myself into a few fi%]m51 & !y
 w infuse me into a ho/ ( o!r m54 ,?us  
,i w transfigure into my own "* e man 9 
! _w1 :o is ( ! tru?1 & !re=e w he> my  
voice4 ,all ! p[] ( ,rome _c prev5t x1 &
 :atev] opposes x mu/ g d[n be=e x4     
,*ri/ianity is ! contagion ( a div9e    
life4 ,society is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x   
c\ld & 0 to "w4 ,greece _h prep>$ !     
language necess>y = its spread4 ,roman  
p[] _h built its highways & levell$ all 
ob/ructions4  ,a little leav5 leav5e? ! 
:ole lump4 ,n by might1 nor by p[]1 b by
 my ,_s1 sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4  ,b1 y w   
object1 ! gr&e/ k+s h _h1 z a rule1 !   
fewe/ loyal subjects4 ,! prophets & se]s
 are /on$4 ,elijah /&s alone on ,c>mel &
 oppos$ to him are m ?an a ?\s& prophets
 ( ,baal1 ) c\rt & k+ at _! head4       
,h]oism does n pay1 & h]oes are few4 ,"r
 is always 9 a hopeless m9ority4 ,let u 
look into ?is matt] c>efully1 = !       
objection1 ev5 if ov]/at$1 c]ta9ly      

conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( tru?4  ,let u g  
back to two =ms hav+ mu* ! same grade ( 
organization3 bo? worms4 ,"o ( !m sets  
out to become a v]tebrate1 build+ an    
int]nal skeleton4 ,! o!r =ms an ext]nal 
skeleton & becomes a crab4 ,to =m its   
skeleton ! crab _h only to ?ick5 !      
cuticle already pres5t 9 ! annelid4 ,x  
_h to modify ! already exi/+ p>apodia & 
_! muscles1 *ang+ !m to legs4 ,! ext]nal
 skeleton gave f ! />t a d\ble          
advantage--protection & bett]           
locomotion4 ,e gra9 ( ?ick5+ aid$ !     
animal 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 bo? ^!   
ways4 ,! v fact t ! skeleton 0 ext]nal  
may h r5d]$ x m liable to v>iation1     
because x 0 ?us expos$ to cont9ual      
/imuli4 ,& ! be/ 7 rapidly sift$ out by 
,natural ,selection4 ,! *ange &         
developm5t w5t on ) comp>ative rapidity4
 ,9 ! mollusk ! *ange 0 app>5tly /ill m 
easy & ! developm5t /ill m rapid4  ,b ! 
developm5t ( an int]nal skeleton 0 m    
difficult & sl[]4 ,x 0 ( no use = !     
protection ( ! animal1 & only gradually 

did x become ( mu* s]vice 9 locomotion4 
,be+ deep-seat$ x v possibly *ang$ all !
 m sl[ly4 ,fur!rmore1 a c>tilag9\s rod1 
l ! noto*ord1 ev5 fully develop$1 h>dly 
enabl$ ! animal to fight directly ) !   
mail-clad crab4 ,! int]nal skeleton _h  
to become f> m highly develop$ be=e its 
great advantages1 & fre$om f            
disadvantages1 became app>5t4 ,! mollusk
 & crab 7 work+ a m9e ri* 9 surface     
deposits al?\gh soon exhau/$4 ,!        
v]tebrate lead 0 poor at ! surface1 &   
only lat] %[$ its inexhau/ible ri*ness4 
,x look$ z if ! v]tebrate 7 mak+ a v    
poor speculation4  ,:e!r ?is explanation
 be true or n1 a glance at a *>t1 %[+ ! 
geological succession ( occurr5ce ( !   
diff]5t k+doms1 proves t 9 ! olde/      
palozoic p]iods !re 7 well-develop$     
cuttlefi% & crabs be=e !re 7 any        
v]tebrates wor?y ( ! "n4 ,if any 7      
pres5t1 _! skeleton 0 purely c>tilag9\s 
& n pres]v$4  ,i ?9k we may g f>!r1     
al?\gh 9 ?is latt] consid]ation we may v
 possibly be mi/ak54 ,we h already se5 t

 ! progress made by any animal may be   
measur$ m or less accurately by ! l5g? (
 "t dur+ :i* its ance/ors ma9ta9$ a     
swimm+ life4 ,! ance/ors ( ! coel5t]ates
 settl$ to ! bottom fir/4 ,!n           
successively ^? ( flatworms1 mollusks1  
annelids1 & crabs4 ,all ?is "t !        
ance/ors ( v]tebrates 7 swimm+ 9 ! wat] 
above4 ,food 0 probably m abundant1     
c]ta9ly m easily & economically obta9$  
by a creep+ life1 on ! bottom4 ,b ?i!r !
 v]tebrate c\ld n g4 ,!re 8 mail-clad   
competitors 7 too /rong = him4 ,^? :i*  
settl$ & tri$ to compete 9 ?is sort (   
life p]i%$4 ,we may h to except !       
ascidia1 b !y paid = _! success by !    
loss ( ne>ly all _! v]tebrate           
*>act]i/ics4 ,! future progress (       
v]tebrates dep5d$ ^u _! cont9ual        
activity 9 ! swimm+ life4 ,& !y 7 =c$ by
 _! environm5t to ma9ta9 ?is4 ,o!rwise  
!y might1 probably w\ld1 nev] h atta9$  
_! pres5t height ( organization4        
,c]ta9ly at ?is "t y w\ld h f\nd x h>d  
to believe t ! victory 0 to fall to ^!  

weak] & small] v]tebrates4  ,let u come 
d[n to a lat] p]iod4 ,reptiles1 mammals1
 & birds are /ruggl+ = supremacy4 ,( !  
p[] & div]sity ( =m ( ^! old reptiles we
 h g5]ally no adequate conception4 ,!   
=ms n[ liv+ are b feeble remnants4 ,!re 
7 huge sea-s]p5ts1 & =ms l our pres5t   
crocodiles1 b f> m p[]ful4 ,o!rs        
app>5tly resembl$ 9 =m & habit !        
h]bivor\s & c>nivor\s mammals ( to-day4 
,o!rs /rode or leap$ on two legs4 ,&    
/ill o!rs flew l bats or birds4 ,!y 7   
t]rible =ms1 ) coats ( mail & p[]ful    
jaws & tee?4 ,& !y 7 active & swift4 ,:5
 we look at !m we see t ! v]tebrate1    
?\gh sl[ 9 ga9+ ! lead1 is sure to hold 
x4 ,! int]nal skeleton gave few]        
advantages at ! />t2 its greate/        
sup]iority _h la9 9 future              
possibilities4  ,b :i* v]tebrate is heir
 to ! future8 ,x w\ld h be5 a h>d *oice 
betwe5 reptile & bird4 ,i feel sure t   
,i1 = "o1 %\ld n h select$ ! mammal1 a  
small1 feeble be+1 hid+ 9 holes & l$ges1
 & cont9ually h>d put to x to escape    

becom+ a m\?ful = "s huge reptile4 ,&   
yet ! p]secution1 ! impossibility (     
cont5d+ by brute /r5g?1 may h =c$ !     
mammal into ! l9e ( bra9-build+ &       
plac5tal developm5t4 ,! e>ly developm5t 
( mammals appe>s to h be5 sl[4          
,palontology proves t !y 7 long surpass$
 by reptiles & birds4 ,b ! little mammal
 _h ! future4 ,! battle 0 to g aga9/ !  
/rong4  ,once aga94 ,! arboreal life (  
high] mammals w\ld seem to be mo/ easily
 expla9$ by ! view t !y 7 driv5 to x by 
/rong] c>nivor\s mammals hav+ possession
 ( ! gr\nd4 ,bra9 0 good1 = x plann$    
escape f enemies4 ,b x did n give its   
possessor imm$iate victory ov] muscle1  
too?1 & claw 9 ! tig]4 ,t 0 to come f>  
lat] ) ! inv5tion ( traps & guns4 ,bra9 
gave its possessor a sure hold ( !      
future1 & j en\gh ( ! pres5t to enable x
 to survive by a h>d /ruggle4 ,& ! same 
appe>s to h be5 true ( primitive man4   
,?us all man's ance/ors h _h to lead a  
life ( cont9ual /ruggle aga9/ ov]:elm+  
odds & ( seem+ defeat4 ,x 0 a life (    

h>d%ip1 if n ( positive suff]+4 ,! organ
 :i* 0 to give !m future supremacy1 :e!r
 x 0 backbone1 plac5ta1 or bra91 c\ld 9 
its e>li] /ages aid !m only to a h>dly  
won survival4 ,! pres5t app>5tly1 &     
really z f> z fre$om f discom=t & dang] 
is conc]n$1 always belongs to =ms       
hopelessly doom$ to deg5]ation or       
/agnation4 ,crabs1 n primitive          
v]tebrates1 7 ma/]s ( ! good ?+s ( !    
sea2 &1 9 lat] times1 reptiles1 n       
mammals1 ( ^? ( ! l&4 ,any progressive  
=m has to *oose betwe5 ! pres5t & !     
future4 ,x _c grasp bo?4 ,i am n        
prop\nd+ to y any metaphysical !ories1 b
 pla91 dry1 h>d facts ( palontology2    
expla9 !m z y w4  ,& "h we mu/ add our  
la/ ^w ab\t con=mity to environm5t2 & x 
is a mo/ important consid]ation4        
,con=mity to environm5t is n su* an     
adaptation z w conf] ^u an animal !     
greate/ immunity f discom=t or dang]1 or
 w enable x to ga9 ! greate/ am\nt (    
food & place1 & produce ! l>ge/ numb] ( 
(fspr+4 ,inde$1 if y w add "o elem5t to 

^? m5tion$ above1 namely1 t all ^! %all 
be atta9$ ) ! lea/ am\nt ( ef=t1 !y     
insure deg5]ation beyond a d\bt4 ,?is is
 ! con=mity ( ! bivalve mollusk4 ,! clam
 has abundance ( food1 enorm\s p[]s (   
reproduction1 almo/ p]fect protection   
aga9/ enemies1 & lives a life ( almo/   
absolute fre$om f discom=t1 & ! clam is 
really l[] ?an mo/ worms4  ,if an animal
 is to progress1 x mu/ keep su* a       
con=mity ev] second>y to a /ill m       
important elem5t1 namely1 con=mity or   
ob$i5ce to ! laws ( its own /ructure &  
be+4 ,?is second elem5t ! mollusk & e   
creep+ /age neglect$1 & ! result ( ?is  
neglect 0 /agnation or deg5]ation4      
,activity 0 ess5tial to progress f ! v  
/ructure & laws ( developm5t ( ! animal1
 :ile a great abundance ( food 0 n4 ,a  
life ( ease1 = ! same reason1 necess>ily
 results 9 deg5]ation4  ,b y w ask1 ,:at
 becomes ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory (          
evolution1 if ob$i5ce to ! laws (       
individual be+ is m important ?an       
con=mity to ext]nal conditions8 ,bo? are

 evid5tly necess>y1 & !y are n s diff]5t
 z !y may seem at fir/ sight4 ,!y are   
really "o & ! same4 ,br++ out ! be/ &   
highe/ !re is 9 u1 is ! only true       
con=mity to t :i* is deepe/ & sure/ &   
mo/ endur+ 9 our environm5t4 ,t 9       
environm5t :i* makes = dige/ion is almo/
 palpable & tangible1 t :i* makes =     
activity less s p]haps2 b t :i* makes = 
bra9 & tru? & "r is intangible &        
invisible4 ,we easily fail to notice x2 
&1 unless we take a c>eful view ( !     
c\rse ( developm5t 9 ! highe/ =ms (     
life1 we may be incl9$ to d5y its       
exi/5ce4 ,b x is surely !re1 if man is a
 product ( evolution4  ,ea* successive  
/age ( animal life is n ! prec$+ /age on
 a high] plane1 b ! prec$+ /age modifi$ 
9 con=mity to ! environm5t ( t f :i* x  
has j aris54 ,says ,pr(essor ,h]twig,a3 
,dur+ ! process ( organic developm5t !  
ext]nal is cont9ually becom+ an integral
 "p ( ! individual4 ,! g]m is cont9ually
 gr[+ & *ang+ at ! exp5se ( surr\nd+    
conditions4 ,e /age ?us conta9s ! result

 ( a ho/ ( reactions to a rud] & old]   
portion ( environm5t4 ,& ! high] we g ! 
m has ! orig9al protoplasm & /ructure   
be5 modifi$ z ! result ( ^! reactions4  
,footnote ,a3 ,h]twig3 ,zeit- und       
,/reitfrag51 p4 #hb4  ,we h se5 cle>ly t
 environm5t mu/ be /udi$ ?r\gh its      
effect ^u liv+ be+s4 ,view$ f any o!r   
/&po9t x appe>s to be a myriad1 almo/ a 
*aos1 ( int]act+1 app>5tly conflict+1   
=ces4 ,! resultant ( "s ( ^! is %[n by !
 animal at any /age ( its developm5t4 ,&
 z ! animal advances1 ! resultant       
det]m9+ its new l9e1 or /age1 ( advance1
 includes new =ces1 to :i* x has only   
lately become s5sitive4 ,& ?us ! human  
m9d1 z ! la/ & highe/ product (         
evolution1 mirrors mo/ adequately !     
resultant ( all its =ces4 ,if we w\ld "k
 environm5t we mu/ /udy ourselves1 n    
atoms alone1 nor rocks1 nor worms4      
,extremely s5sitive photographic plates1
 aft] long exposure1 h prov5 ! exi/5ce (
 />s s dim & f>-(f z to be invisible to 
! be/ telescopes4 ,man's m9d is j su* a 

s5sitive plate2 x is ! only valid       
repres5tation ( environm5t4  ,! tru?    
w\ld appe> to be t ! law is pres5t 9    
environm5t1 b h>d to read2 b x is /amp$ 
^u our /ructure & be+ s deeply & pla9ly 
t ! dulle/ ( u _c fail to read x4 ,we   
le>n$ ! fact ( gravitation ! fir/ "t t  
we fell d[n 9 le>n+ to walk1 long       
aft]w>d we le>n$ t its law guid$ e>? &  
moon4 ,& x is ! pres5ce ( ?is law )9 u1 
& our own k t we are consci\s ( x1 t    
makes man )\t excuse4 ,b con=mity to t  
:i* is deepe/ 9 environm5t (t51 always1 
dem&s non-con=mity to "s ( ! mo/        
palpable ( surr\nd+ conditions4  ,!re is
 no bett] /atem5t ( ! ultimate law (    
con=mity ?an ! words ( ,paul3 ,be n     
con=m$ to ?is _w2 b be ye trans=m$ by ! 
r5ew+ ( y\r m9d1 t ye may prove :at is t
 good & acceptable & p]fect w ( ,god4   
,& ?is diff]5ce is exactly :at ,i h be5 
try+ to put be=e y4 ,! mollusk con=m$1 b
 ! v]tebrate con=m$ 9 a v diff]5t way1 &
 0 trans=m$1 metamorphos$1 to translate 
! ,greek ^w lit]ally1 into some?+ high]4

 ,& let u n =get t man con=ms consci\sly
 & volunt>ily1 if at all2 he is able to 
read 9 himself & environm5t ! law to :i*
 l[] =ms h be5 compell$ unconsci\sly to 
con=m4  ,^! facts m]ely illu/rate a     
great law ( life4 ,no man's eye1 mu*    
less h&1 c grasp ! :ole ( ! pres5t & at 
! same "t ! future4 ,r :at we usually   
call pres5t advantage is n advantage at 
all1 b ! fir/ /ep 9 deg5]ation4 ,if "o w
 be ri* 9 old age he mu/ d5y himself "s 
gratifications 9 y\?2 8 pres5t rew>d is 
8 self-control4 ,if a man w climb high] 
?an 8 fell[s he mu/ expect to be        
sometimes solit>y2 8 rew>d is !         
ev]-wid5+ view1 ?\gh ! pa? be r\gh] & ! 
air m bit+ ?an 9 _! l[] altitude4 ,if he
 po9t to heights yet to atta91 !        
majority w disbelieve him or say1 ,our  
pres5t height 0 good en\gh = our        
ance/ors1 x is good en\gh = u4 ,:y      
sacrifice a good ?+ & make y\rself      
ridicul\s scrambl+ aft] :at 9 ! end may 
prove unatta9able8 ,if y discov] new    
tru?s y w c]ta9ly be call$ a subv]t] (  

old ones4 ,& ?is is entirely natural4 ,!
 upw>d pa? 0 nev] int5d$ to be easy4    
,read ! ,gorgias ( ,plato1 & let u li/5 
to ! clos+ words ( ,socrates 9 t        
dialogue3 ,& s1 bidd+ f>ewell to ^? ?+s 
:i* mo/ m5 acc\nt honors1 & look+ onw>d 
to ! tru?1 ,i %all e>ne/ly endeavor to  
gr[1 s f> z may be1 9 goodness1 & ?us   
live1 & ?us1 :5 ! "t comes1 die4 ,&1 to 
! be/ ( my p[]1 ,i exhort all o!r m5    
also2 & y especially1 9 my turn1 ,i     
exhort to ?is life & conte/1 :i* is1 ,i 
prote/1 f> above all conte/s "h4 ,y mu/ 
rememb] t ,callicles has be5 taunt+     
,socrates ) 8 lack ( worldly wisdom & ! 
c]ta9ty t 9 any c\rt ( ju/ice he w\ld be
 absolutely helpless because ( 8 lack ( 
k ( ! rhetorician's art3 ,?is way !n we 
w foll[1 & we w call ^u all o!r m5 to d 
! same1 n t :i* y believe 9 & call ^u me
 to foll[2 = t way1 ,callicles1 is wor? 
no?+4  ,& ,socrates met ! end :i* he    
expect$3 dea? at ! h&s ( 8              
fell[-citiz5s4  ,& "h p]haps a little   
glimm] ( light is ?r[n into "o ( ! d>ke/

 corn]s ( human exp]i5ce4 ,! wise old   
au?or ( ,ecclesia/es writes3 ,!re is a j
 man t p]i%e? 9 8 righte\sness2 & !re is
 a wick$ man t prolonge? 8 life 9 8     
wick$ness4 ,!re is a vanity :i* is done 
^u ! e>?1 t !re be j m5 unto :om x      
happ5e? accord+ to ! "w ( ! wick$2 aga91
 !re be wick$ m5 to :om x happ5e?       
accord+ to ! "w ( ! righte\s3 ,i said t 
?is also is vanity4 ,i return$ & saw "u 
! sun t ! race is n to ! swift1 nor !   
battle to ! /rong1 nei!r yet bread to ! 
wise1 nor yet ri*es to m5 ( und]/&+1 nor
 yet favor to m5 ( skill2 b "t & *ance  
happ5e? to !m all 7,eccles4 viii4 #ad2  
ix4 #aa74 ,x is ?is elem5t ( *ance t    
?reat5s to make a mock]y ( ef=t1 &      
sometimes seems to make life b a        
trave/y4 ,! t]rible feature ( ,t5nyson's
 description ( ,ar?ur's la/1 dim battle 
9 ! we/ is n ! cra% ( battle-axe on     
%att]$ helm1 b ! all-engulf+ mi/4       
,p]haps ?is is all int5d$ to tea* u t   
ri*es & favor1 & ev5 bread1 are n !     
ess5tials ( life1 & t failure to atta9  

^! is n su* ru9 z we (t5 ?9k4 ,b no man 
ev] /ruggl$ = wisdom1 righte\sness1     
unselfi%ness1 & h]oism )\t atta9+ !m2   
ev5 ?\gh ! m he atta9$ ! m dissatisfi$  
he became ) all previ\s atta9m5t4 ,& if 
our slight atta9m5ts 9 wisdom & k always
 br\ght weal? & favor1 we might re/     
satisfi$ ) ! latt]1 in/ead ( cle>ly     
recogniz+ t wisdom mu/ be its own rew>d4
 ,unc]ta9ty & deprivation are ! be/ &   
only tra9+ = a h]o1 n sure rew>d paid 9 
popul> plaudits4  ,political economi/s  
speak ( ! productiv5ess & prospectiv5ess
 ( capital4 ,we may well borr[ ^! t]ms1 
us+ !m 9 a some:at modifi$ s5se4 ,9 our 
s5se capital is productive 9 s f> z x   
gives an imm$iate return2 x is          
prospective 9 proportion z ! return is  
expect$ l>gely 9 ! future4 ,a pocket may
 yield an imm$iate v l>ge return ( gold 
nuggets at a v slight exp5se ( labor &  
appliances1 b x is soon exhau/$4 ,9 a   
m9e ! ore may be poor ne> ! surface1 b  
gr[ ri*] z ! %aft deep5s2 ! ve9 is n>r[ 
above1 b wid5s bel[4 ,! returns are at  

fir/ small1 its inexhau/ible ri*ness    
becomes app>5t only aft] consid]able "t 
& labor4 ,! value ( ! pocket is purely  
productive1 t ( ! m9e l>gely or purely  
prospective4 ,inde$ x may be op5$ at a  
loss4 ,b ev5 a ri* m9e may be work$     
purely = its productive value2 x may be 
sk9n$4  ,let u apply ?is ?\ght to !     
developm5t ( a species2 al?\gh :at is   
true ( ! species w g5]ally be true ( !  
individual also1 = ! developm5t ( ! two 
is1 9 ! ma91 p>allel4 ,9 ! animal all   
functions are to a c]ta9 ext5t          
productive1 & all directly or indirectly
 prospective4 ,:5 we exam9e ! sequ5ce ( 
functions we _c b notice h[ l>gely _!   
value is prospective4 ,z long z a l[]   
function is ris+ to supremacy 9 !       
animal1 x appe>s to be reta9$ purely =  
its productive value2 ?us dige/ion 9    
hydra or ga/ra4 ,b aft] a "t animals    
appe>$ :i* _h "s muscle & n]ve4 ,&1 by !
 process ( natural selection1 ^? animals
 :i* us$ dige/ion z an end = its        
productive value became food =1 & gave  

place to1 ^? us+ x z a means ( support+ 
muscle & n]ve ( great] prospective      
value4 ,& simil>ly1 ^? animals :i* us$  
muscle1 or ev5 m9d1 productively gave   
place to o!rs us+ ^! prospectively4  ,9 
o!r words1 ! functions & capacities (   
any animal1 ! ext5t ( its con=mity to   
environm5t1 may be reg>d$ z its capital4
 ,! animal may use ?is capital          
productively or prospectively4 ,x may   
sp5d its income1 & m too2 x may increase
 its capital4 ,n[ social capital w      
always fall soon] or lat] to ^?         
communities ^: memb]s use x mo/         
prospectively1 :o are will+ to =ego1 to 
q an ext5t1 pres5t enjoym5t1 & look =   
future return4 ,! same is true ( all    
developm5t4 ,sessile =ms & mollusks1 &1 
9 a less degree1 crabs & reptiles1 work$
 = imm$iate return4 ,!y are l           
extravagant heirs :o draw on _! capital 
& soon] or lat] come to pov]ty4 ,!      
primitive v]tebrate1 ! mammal1 & ! o!r  
ance/ors ( man us$ _! capital           
prospectively1 & x increas$1 z if at    

comp\nd int]e/4  ,! sp5d?rift appe>s at 
fir/ sight to h ! greate/ enjoym5t 9    
life1 ! ris+ bus9ess man works h>d &    
=egoes mu*4 ,i believe t ! latt] is     
really by f> ! happi] ( ! two4 ,b1 if y 
c sp5d only a day or two 9 a city1 & y\r
 exam9ation is sup]ficial1 y may easily 
make ! mi/ake ( consid]+ ! sp5d?rift z !
 mo/ successful man 9 ! community4 ,s1 9
 our brief visit to ! _w 9 times pa/1 we
 pick$ out ! crab1 ! reptile1 & !       
c>nivore z its ris+ memb]s4  ,once m1   
capital c be sp5t v quickly2 to use x   
prospectively requires "t4 ,?is is a    
truism2 b x does no h>m to call att5tion
 to truisms :i* h be5 neglect$4 ,organs 
& p[]s ( great prospective value are sl[
 & difficult ( developm5t4 ,if _!       
increase is to be at all rapid1 !y mu/  
/>t e>ly4 ,if _! developm5t & culture is
 def]r$1 !re w be little or no advance1 
b probably deg5]ation4 ,extravagance    
gr[s rapidly & soon becomes irresi/ible2
 habits ( sav+ mu/ be =m$ e>ly4 ,! same 
is true ( ! developm5t ( all o!r        

virtues4  ,!re is 9 ! *ild an ord]ly    
sequ5ce ( developm5t ( m5tal traits4    
,:ile ^! p[]s are 9 _! e>li]1 s to speak
 embryonic1 /ages ( developm5t1 !y c be 
fo/]$ & increas$ or ret>d$4 ,!y are /ill
 pla/ic4 ,v e>ly 9 a *ild's life        
acquisitiv5ess %[s itself2 he beg9s to  
say ,i1 & m9e1 & desires ?+s to be 8 v  
own4 ,& ?is c be fo/]$ s t ! *ild w gr[ 
up a covet\s ma*9e4 ,or he may be taught
 to %>e ) o!rs4  ,n s mu* lat]1 :ile !  
*ild is /ill 9 ! l[] grades ( 8 s*ool   
life1 comes ! p]iod ( moral developm5t4 
,if1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ^! p[]s are fo/]$ &
 cultivat$1 !y may1 & probably w1 be    
dom9ant ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,& h]e9 lies !  
dignity & glory ( ! unappreciat$1       
und]paid1 & ov]work$ tea*]s ( our l[]   
s*ools1 t !y h ! opportunity to         
cultivate ^! moral p[]s ( ! *ild dur+ ^!
 mo/ critical ye>s ( 8 life4 ,repression
 or neglect "h works life-long &        
irrep>able h>m4 ,! "y man goes out into 
! _w4 ,"h practical m5 cont9ually       
in/ruct him by precept ^u precept1 l9e  

^u l9e1 t he _c af=d to be g5]\s until  
he has acquir$ weal?2 t he mu/ fir/ w9  
success = himself1 & t he c !n help     
o!rs4 ,&1 unless 8 "* is l pa/ure-gr[n  
oak1 he foll[s & improves ^u _! tea*+s4 
,he rev]ses ! sequ5ce ( functions4 ,he  
puts acquisitiv5ess fir/ & "r & /]l+    
hone/y & unselfi%ness second4 ,= a score
 or m ( ye>s he labors4 ,at fir/ he     
hone/ly int5ds to build up a /rong "* & 
a g5]\s nature j z soon z he c af=d to2 
b = ! pres5t he _c af=d x4 ,if he is to 
succe$1 he mu/ d z o!rs d & walk 9 !    
beat5 track4 ,he w9s weal? & position1  
or le>n+ & fame4 ,he n[ has ! ability & 
means to help o!rs1 b he no long] c>es  
to d s4 ,loyalty to tru?1 /]l+ hone/y--!
 g5u9e1 n ! conv5tional                 
c\nt]feit--unselfi%ness1 9 "o ^w1 "*1 ^!
 are plants ( sl[ gr[?4 ,!y require     
cultivation by habit ?r\gh long ye>s4 ,9
 8 case !y h become abort$ & incapable (
 rejuv5esc5ce4 ,b 8 rudim5t ( a moral   
nature feels tw+es ( remorse4 ,he ought 
n to h rev]s$ ! sequ5ce ( functions1 &  

he kn[s x4 ,b he _c retrace 8 /eps4 ,he 
made ! developm5t ( "* impossible :5 he 
made weal? 8 fir/ & *ief aim4 ,if he has
 a million doll>s he tries to insure 8  
s\l by leav+ 9 8 w "o-t5? to build a    
*ur*1 or1 possibly1 "o-half = =eign     
missions4 ,9 ! latt] case he w be held  
up z a %9+ example to all ! y\? ( ! l&1 
& ! *ur*es w r+ ) 8 praises4 ,b :at has 
be5 ! effect ( 8 life on ! moral1 social
 capital ( ! community8 ,is ! _w bett]  
or worse = 8 life8 ,he has all 8 life   
be5 dissem9at+ ! g]ms ( a s\l-blight m  
infecti\s & deadly ?an any bodily       
disease4  ,if he has made le>n+ or fame 
8 *ief aim1 he probably has n ! money to
 buy s\l-insurance4 ,he takes refuge 9  
agno/icism1 l an o/ri* 9 a bu%4 ,8      
agno/icism is 9 8 w2 he does n wi% to   
see4 ,or its cause is atrophy1 ?r\gh    
disuse1 ( moral vision4 ,he _c see4 ,!re
 are agno/ics ( q ano!r /amp1 :om we mu/
 respect & honor = _! /]l+ hone/y & high
 "*1 ?\gh we may h little respect = _!  
philosophical t5ets4 ,b h[ mu* has our  

s*ol> advanc$ ! morality ( ! community8 
,he has probably done ev5 m h>m ?an !   
bus9ess man1 :o is a m]e covet\s ma*9e4 
,! practical man has rev]s$ ! sequ5ce ( 
functions4 ,"* is1 & mu/ be1 fir/2 &    
weal?1 le>n+1 p[]1 & fame are !         
mat]ials1 (t5 exce$+ly refractory1 :i* x
 mu/ subjugate to its gr[? & use4 ,& ?is
 subjugation is any?+ b easy4 ,! rev]sal
 ( ! sequ5ce results 9 a moral          
degradation & pov]ty indef9itely m      
dang]\s to ! community ?an ! slums ( our
 great cities4 ,= ^! may be controll$ & 
cleans$2 b ! moral slum floods our      
legislatures & positions ( honor & tru/1
 & invades ! *ur*es4 ,! m5tal & moral   
wat]-supply ( ! community is load$ )    
disease-g]ms4  ,! social weal? ( a      
community is ! sum total ( ! weal? ( its
 individual memb]s4 ,& a community is   
truly weal?y only :5 ?is weal? is1 to a 
c]ta9 ext5t1 diffus$4 ,if !re is any    
tru? 9 our argum5t t ! sequ5ce (        
functions culm9ates 9 righte\sness &    
unselfi%ness1 ! real social weal? ( a   

community consi/s 9 its moral "*1 n 9   
its money1 or ev5 9 its intellig5ce4 ,we
 may re/ assur$ t "*1 result+ 9 indu/ry 
& economy1 w br+ suffici5t means (      
subsi/5ce1 s t all its memb]s w be f$ & 
h\s$ & clo!d4 ,& art & culture1 ( ! mo/ 
ennobl+ & inspir+ sort1 w surely foll[4 
,& ev5 if su* lit]ature fail$ z l>gely  
composes our pres5t f9-de-sicle         
g>bage-heap1 we w\ld n regret its       
abs5ce4 ,t community w & mu/ survive 9  
:i* ! l>ge/ proportion ( memb]s make !  
accumulation ( "* _! *ief & fir/ aim4 ,&
 to ?is community e rival mu/ 9 "t yield
 its place & p[]1 & all its             
acquisitions4 ,& 9 e advanc+ community !
 position ( any class or pr(ession w 9  
"t be det]m9$ by its moral weal?4  ,b   
?is moral weal? is intangible4 ,! rew>ds
 & p5alties ( moral law easily escape   
notice 9 our ha/y & sup]ficial /udy (   
life4 ,! ,god imman5t 9 our environm5t  
(t5 seems to hide himself4 ,! alt> (    
,jehovah is fall5 d[n1 & ,baal's temples
 are cr[d$ ) l\d-m\!d wor%ipp]s4 ,!     

bribes ( pres5t enjoym5t & ( imm$iate   
success loom up be=e u1 & we d\bt if any
 o!r success is possible4  ,b ! law (   
progress1 ev5 n[ s dimly disc]nible 9   
environm5t1 is writt5 9 our m9ds 9      
lett]s ( fire4 ,= we h already se5 t    
environm5t c be und]/ood only by trac+  
its effects 9 ! developm5t ( life4 ,:at 
is be/ & highe/ 9 u is ! record ( !     
work+ ( :at is be/ & highe/ 9           
environm5t4 ,& ! p]sonal ,god s dimly   
se5 9 environm5t is reveal$ 9 man's s\l4
 ,man mu/ /udy himself1 if he is to "k  
:at environm5t requires ( him4 ,& if ! k
 ( himself & ( ! laws ( 8 be+ is !      
highe/ k1 is n ! vision (1 & /ruggle    
t[>d1 high] atta9m5ts1 n yet realiz$ &  
h5ce necess>ily =ese51 ! only mode (    
f>!r progress8 ,& :at is ?is pursuit (1 
& devotion to1 ideals n yet realiz$ & b 
dimly =ese51 if x is n ,fai?1 ! sub/ance
 ( ?+s hop$ =1 & evid5ce ( ?+s n se58   
,by x alone c man obta9 a good report4  
,man mu/ walk by fai?1 n by sight4 ,= ! 
?+s :i* are se5 are temporal1 b ! ?+s   

:i* are n se5 are et]nal4     ,,*apt]   
,,viii  ,,man   ,9 ,k+sley's fasc9at+   
hi/orical romance1 ,raphael ,ab5-,ezra  
says to ,hypatia1 ,is x n possible t we 
h be5 s busy discuss+ :at ! philosoph]  
%\ld be1 t we h =gott5 t he mu/ fir/ (  
all be a man8 ,?is tru? we too (t5 =get4
 ,no /atesman1 philosoph]1 lea/ ( all   
tea*]1 c be truly great :o is n1 fir/ ( 
all1 & above all1 a great man4 ,& 9 our 
/udy ( man are we n prone to =get t he  
/&s 9 c]ta9 v def9ite & close relations 
) surr\nd+ nature8  ,man has be5 !      
object ( s mu* special /udy1 8 position1
 ow+ to 8 high] moral & m5tal p[]1 is s 
unique t he has (t5 be5 reg>d$ n only z 
a special creation1 b z creat$ to occupy
 a position n only unique1 b also       
exceptional1 above _m ( ! v laws (      
nature1 & n b\nd by !m4 ,_m speak &     
write ( him z if x 7 8 *ief glory &     
pr]ogative to be z f> remov$ z possible1
 n only f ! animal1 b ev5 f ! :ole realm
 ( nature4 ,! mi/ake ( mak+ him an      
exception arises1 aft] all1 n s mu* f   

too high a conception ( man1 at lea/ ( 8
 possibilities1 z f too l[ a view (     
nature4  ,b h[ev] ?is view may h aris51 
x is "o-sid$ & mi/ak54 ,man c]ta9ly has 
a place 9 ,nature--n above x4 ,if he is 
! goal t[>d :i* ! asc5d+ s]ies ( liv+   
=ms has cont9ually t5d$1 he is a "p ( ! 
s]ies--! real goal lies f> above him4   
,pascal says1 ,x is dang]\s to %[ a man 
too cle>ly h[ closely he resembles !    
brute )\t %[+ him at ! same "t 8        
greatness4 ,x is equally dang]\s to     
impress ^u him 8 greatness )\t 8        
l[l9ess4 ,x is /ill m dang]\s to leave  
him 9 ignorance ( bo?4 ,b x is ( great  
advantage to po9t out to him bo?        
*>act]i/ics side by side4  ,a great     
,g]man ?9k] began 8 "w on ! human s\l ) 
a discussion ( ! law ( gravitation4     
,all /udy ( man mu/ beg9 ) ! /udy ( !   
atom4 ,man's life we h se5 to be !      
aggregate ( ! "w ( all ! cells ( 8 body4
 ,b ! protoplasm :i* composes 8 cells is
 a *emical comp\nd1 & h5ce subject to   
all ! laws ( all ! atoms ( :i* x is     

compos$4 ,& its molecules1 or ! smalle/ 
me*anically sep>able comp\nds ( ^!      
atoms1 are arrang$ & relat$ accord+ to !
 laws ( physics1 s z to p]mit or produce
 ! play ( c]ta9 =ces :i* are always !   
result ( atomic or molecul> comb9ation4 
,e motive or ?\ght dem&s ! combu/ion ( a
 c]ta9 am\nt ( mat]ial :i* has be5      
already assimilat$ 9 ! microscopic      
cellul> laboratories ( our body4 ,e     
vital activity is manife/$ at lea/ ?r\gh
 *emical & physical =ces4 ,& ! elem5ts (
 ! fuel = our eng9es we receive ?r\gh   
plants f ! inorganic _w4 ,= ! plant1 z  
we h se51 /ores up z pot5tial en]gy 9   
its comp\nds ! actual en]gy ( ! sun's   
rays4 ,& ?us man lives & ?9ks by en]gy1 
obta9$ orig9ally f ! sun4 ,b man n only 
consumes food & fuel4 ,! complicat$     
protoplasm is cont9ually we>+ out & be+ 
replac$4 ,e cell 9 our bodies is a c5tre
 t[>d :i* p>ticles ( mat]ial /ream to be
 assimilat$ & =m = a "t a "p ( ! liv+   
sub/ance1 & !n to be ca/ out aga9 z dead
 matt]4 ,our v exi/5ce dep5ds ^u ?is    

cont9ual *ange4 ,!re is syn!sis ( simple
 sub/ances into m complex comp\nds1 & !n
 analysis ( ^! complex comp\nds into    
simpl]1 & f ?is latt] process results ! 
en]gy manife/$ 9 e vital action4 ,we are
 all :irlpools on ! surface ( nature2 :5
 ! :irl+ ceases we disappe>4 ,man1 l e  
o!r liv+ be+1 exi/s 9 a condition (     
con/ant int]*ange ) surr\nd+ nature2 he 
is root$ 9 innum]able ways 9 ! inorganic
 _w4  ,& because ( ^! close relations ! 
great *>act]i/ic ( liv+ be+s is !       
necessity & p[] ( con=mity to           
environm5t4 ,h5ce a v common def9ition (
 life is ! cont9ual adju/m5t ( int]nal  
relations to ext]nal relations or       
conditions4 ,to a v slight ext5t man c  
rise sup]ior to c]ta9 ( ! rud] elem5ts (
 8 surr\nd+s1 b he ga9s ?is victory only
 by le>n+ & foll[+ ! laws ( ! v         
environm5t :i* he succe$s 9 subject+ to 
himself4 ,inde$ 8 high] developm5t & f9]
 build br+ him into t\* ) an indef9itely
 wid] range ( surr\nd+s ?an ev5 ! l[]   
animal4 ,=ces1 conditions1 & relations  

:i* nev] ent] ! sph]e ( life ( l[] =ms1 
cr[d & press ^u him & he _c escape !m4  
,8 high] position1 in/ead ( free+ him f 
dep5d5ce ^u environm5t & subjection to  
law1 makes him ?us m s5sitive1 z well z 
m capable ( exact con=mity to an        
environm5t ( almo/ inf9ite complexity2 &
 m sure ( absolute ru91 if ignorant1    
neglig5t1 or disob$i5t4 ,! words ( !    
,g]man poet are lit]ally true3          
,na* eh]n51 eis]n51 gross5 ,gesetz51    
,mss5 wir alle uns]es ,dase9s           
,kreise voll5d54  ,b man is an animal4  
,& ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( an animal is 
t x eats a c]ta9 am\nt ( solid food4 ,! 
plant lives on fluid nutrim5t1 & ?is    
comes to x by ! process ( diffusion 9 e 
drop ( wat] & brea? ( air4 ,!           
acquisition ( food requires no ef=t1 & !
 plant makes none4 ,x has !re=e always  
rema9$ /ation>y & almo/ ins5sible4 ,n   
tak+ ! fir/ /ep x has nev] tak5 any ( ! 
high] ones4 ,b solid food w\ld n1 z a   
rule1 come to ! animal--?\gh /ation>y & 
sessile animals are n uncommon 9 !      

wat]--he mu/ g 9 se>* ( x4 ,?is call$   
into play ! p[]s ( locomotion &         
p]ception4 ,& 9 ! sequ5ce ( function we 
h se5 dige/ion call+ = ! developm5t (   
muscle2 & muscle1 ( n]ve & bra94 ,& !   
bra9 became ! organ ( m9d4  ,man z a m]e
 animal is necess>ily active & en]getic2
 o!rwise he /agnates & deg5]ates4 ,labor
 is a curse1 b "w a bless+2 & man's be/ 
"w1 ( e k9d1 is done 9 ! friction (     
life1 n 9 ease & quiet4 ,man is1 fur!r1 
a be+ compos$ ( cells1 tissues1 &       
organs1 :i* 7 successively develop$ =   
him by ! l[] animal k+doms4 ,! old view1
 t man 0 ! microcosm1 _h 9 x a c]ta9    
am\nt ( e important tru?4 ,we ne$ to be 
cont9ually rem9d$ ( our indebt$ness 9 a 
?\s& ways to ! l[e/ & mo/ insignificant 
=ms ( life4  ,man is a v]tebrate animal4
 ,?is means t he has a locomotive1 n    
protective1 skeleton1 compos$ (         
c>tilage--a t\gh1 ela/ic1 organic       
mat]ial1 h>d5$1 z a rule1 by !          
deposition ( m9]al salts1 ma9ly         
phosphate ( lime1 9 exce$+ly f9e        

p>ticles1 s z to =m a homog5e\s1        
flawless1 ela/ic1 t\gh1 light1 &        
unyield+ skeleton1 held toge!r by firm  
ligam5ts4  ,! skeleton is int]nal1 & ?is
 fact1 z we h se51 gives ! possibility (
 l>ge size4 ,& size is 9 itself no      
unimportant factor4 ,pr(essor ,lotze    
ma9ta9s t )\t man's size & /r5g?1       
agriculture & ! work+ ( metals1 & ?us   
all civilization1 w\ld h be5 impossible4
 ,b we h already se5 t !re is an extreme
 ( size1 e4g41 9 ! elephant1 :i* makes  
its possessor clumsy1 able to exi/ only 
:]e !re are l>ge am\nts ( food 9 limit$ 
areas1 sl[ to reproduce1 & lack+ 9      
adaptability4 ,?is extreme also is      
avoid$ 9 man2 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r         
p>ticul>s1 he holds ! gold5 mean4 ,b we 
h also se5 t l>ge size is1 z a rule1    
correlat$ ) long life & great           
opportunity = exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,& 
^! are ! f\ndations ( intellig5ce4 ,h5ce
 ! deliv]ance ( ! high] v]tebrate1 &    
especially ( man1 f any iron-b\nd       
subjection to in/9ct4  ,& "h ano!r "q ( 

vital importance meets u4 ,is man's life
 at pres5t z long z x %\ld or c be8 ,!  
"q is exce$+ly difficult1 b a negative  
answ] seems m probable4 ,we _c b hope t1
 ) a bett] k ( our physical /ructure1 a 
cle>] vision ( ! dang]s to :i* we are   
expos$1 m /udy ( ! laws ( physiology1   
h]$ity1 & ( our environm5t1 & above all1
 less reckless disreg>d ( ^! 9 a mad    
pursuit ( pleasure1 weal?1 & position1  
man's p]iod ( mature1 heal?y1 & be/     
activity may be l5g!n$1 p]haps1 ev5 a   
score ( ye>s4 ,! mitigation ( hurry &   
worry alone1 ! two great curses ( our   
,am]ican civilization1 might po/pone !  
collapse ( our n]v\s sy/ems long] ?an we
 ev5 dream4 ,& if we c\ld add ev5 five  
ye>s to ! work+ life ( our /atesm51     
s*ol>s1 & discov]]s1 ! "w ( ^! la/ five 
ye>s1 ) ! advantage ( all previ\sly     
acquir$ k & exp]i5ce1 might be ( m value
 ?an t ( _! :ole previ\s life4 ,human   
advance c\ld n b be greatly1 or ev5     
va/ly1 accel]at$4  ,moreov]1 we h se5 t 
! hi/ory ( v]tebrates is really ! hi/ory

 ( ! developm5t ( ! c]ebrum1 =ebra9 or  
l>ge bra91 z we call x 9 man4 ,?is is ! 
seat 9 man ( consci\sness1 ?\ght1 & w4  
,?is portion z a di/9ct & new lobe fir/ 
appe>s 9 l[e/ v]tebrates1 increases     
/eadily 9 size f class to class1 rea*es 
its mo/ rapid developm5t by mammals1 &  
its culm9ation 9 man4 ,dur+ ! t]ti>y    
p]iod--! la/ ( ! great geological       
p]iods--! bra9 9 _m gr\ps ( mammals     
increas$ 9 size1 bo? absolutely &       
relatively1 eight to t5fold4 ,dr4       
,holmes says1 t ! education ( a *ild    
%\ld beg9 a c5tury or two be=e its bir?2
 man really began 8 m5tal education at  
lea/ z e>ly z ! appe>ance ( v]tebrate   
life4  ,b man is a mammal4 ,?is means t 
e organ is at its be/4 ,! dige/ive      
sy/em1 :ile mak+ b a small "p ( ! weight
 ( ! body1 & built ma9ly on ! old plan1 
is wond]fully p]fect 9 its microscopic  
details4 ,! muscles are heavy & p[]ful1 
arrang$ ) ! weight ne> ! axis ( ! body1 
& replac$ ne> ! ends ( ! app5dages by   
light1 t\gh s9ews4 ,! high] mammal is   

?is compact1 light1 & agile4 ,! skeleton
 is /rong1 & ! lev]s ( ! app5dages are  
fitt$ to give rapidity ( motion ev5 at !
 exp5se ( /r5g?4 ,& ?is aga9 is possible
 only because ( ! high developm5t &     
/r5g? ( ! muscles4 ,moreov]1 ! highe/   
mammals are l>gely arboreal1 & 9        
connection ) ?is habit h *ang$ ! =eleg  
into an arm & h&4 ,! latt] became !     
s]vant ( ! bra9 & gave ! possibility (  
us+ tools4  ,b increase 9 size &        
activity1 & ! exp5se ( produc+ ea* new  
individual1 l$ to ! adoption ( plac5tal 
developm5t4 ,& ! mammal is s complex1 ! 
road f ! egg to ! fully develop$ "y is s
 long1 t a long p]iod ( ge/ation is     
necess>y4 ,& ev5 at bir? ! bra91        
especially ( man1 is any?+ b complete4  
,h5ce ! necessity ( ! mammalian habit ( 
suckl+ & c>+ = ! "y4 ,& ?is feebl5ess & 
dep5d5ce ( ! "y _h begun f> bel[ man to 
draw out mat]nal t5d]ness & affection4  
,& ! mammalian mode ( reproduction & c>e
 ( "y l$ to a m m>k$ diff]5ce &         
int]dep5d5ce betwe5 ! sexes4  ,! result 

( ?is is man's family life1 z ,mr4 ,john
 ,fiske has %[n s beautifully 9 t       
fasc9at+ monograph1 ,! ,de/9y ( ,man4 ,&
 family life once introduc$ becomes !   
f\ndation & bulw>k ( all civilization1  
morality1 & religion4 ,f> d[n 9 !       
mammalian s]ies1 be=e ! developm5t ( !  
family1 mat]nal education has become    
prom95t1 & ! "y beg9s life1 b5efit$ by !
 exp]i5ces ( ! p>5t4 ,h[ mu* m effici5t 
is ?is 9 family life4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 !  
family is p]haps ! fir/1 c]ta9ly ! mo/  
important1 ( ^? high] unities 9 :i* m5  
are b\nd toge!r4 ,social life ( a sort  
und\bt$ly exi/$1 be=e man1 among birds1 
insects1 & l[] mammals4 ,! community 0  
(t5 defective or incomplete 9 unity1 or 
exi/$ "u su* limitations t x c\ld n %[  
its be/ results1 b t x 0 ( va/ b5efit f 
an ev5 high] ?an m]e physical /&po9t1 no
 "o w1 ,i ?9k1 d5y4 ,b ) ! family a new 
era ( education & social life began4    
,fir/ ( all1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is     
!reby greatly modifi$ & mitigat$4 ,?is  
cr[d+ out & trampl+ d[n ( ! weak] by !  

/rong] is transf]r$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 f
 ! individual to ! family &1 9 great    
degree1 f ! family to l>g] & l>g] social
 units4 ,= )9 ! limits ( ! family       
competition t5ds to be replac$ by mutual
 helpfulness1 & n only are ! lonel9ess &
 horror ( ! /ruggle betwe5 isolat$      
individuals bani%$1 b1 :at is va/ly m1 !
 family becomes ! s*ool ( unselfi%ness &
 love4 ,& :at has ?us become true ( !   
s+le family1 & gr\ps ( ne>ly relat$     
families1 is sl[ly be+ realiz$ 9 ! l>g] 
units ( communities & /ates4 ,=1 z      
families & communities are j z really   
organisms z are ! individual m5 & wom51 
^: s\ndness dep5ds ^u ! heal?y activity 
( e organ1 s !re is a survival1 fir/ (  
families1 !n ( communities & rival      
civilizations1 9 proportion to _! unity 
& s\ndness 9 e "p4 ,= on acc\nt ( !     
close bonds ( family & social life1 & 9 
connection ) ! developm5t ( articulate  
spee*1 a new k9d ( h]$ity1 s to speak1  
arises1 ( va/ importance = bo? good &   
evil4 ,?is m5tal & moral h]$ity1        

ov]-leap+ all b\nd>ies ( blood & natural
 k9%ip1 spreads light & good influ5ce or
 an immoral contagion ?r\gh ! community4
 ,& ?us1 9 %e] self-def5ce1 society     
passes laws sett+ limits to ! oppression
 ( ! poor & weak1 le/1 degrad$ &        
brutaliz$1 !y become bre$+ c5tres (     
physical & moral disease 9 ! community4 
,! positive lesson t ! sure/ mode (     
self-def5ce is ! elevation ( ^! subm]g$ 
classes1 we are j beg9n+ to le>n &      
apply4  ,by ! ev]-increas+ accel]ation (
 ! developm5t ! gap betwe5 man & ! l[]  
animal wid5s ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,(    
c\rse x is only 9 man1 & high] man1 t ^!
 la/ & highe/ results ( mammalian       
/ructure appe>4 ,b t1 f> remov$ z !y    
are1 !y are ! results ( mammalian &     
v]tebrate *>act]i/ics _c1 ,i ?9k1 be    
well d5i$4 ,& ?is is only "o (          
innum]ably possible illu/rations ( !    
fact t all our mo/ highly priz$         
in/itutions are root$ f> back 9 our     
ance/ry1 (t5 in]adicably 9 ! v organs ( 
our bodies4 ,& ?us evolution1 :i* _m    

view only f its radical side--& x has a 
radical side--is really ! cons]vative   
bulw>k ( all t is ess5tially wor?       
possess+ 9 ! pa/4  ,b e factor 9 man's  
developm5t t5ds t[>d intellectual &     
spiritual developm5t4 ,man's va/        
increase ( bra92 8 f9ely balanc$ body2 8
 upright gait2 sett+ 8 h&s free f ! "w (
 locomotion t !y might become ! skilful 
s]vants ( ! m9d2 f9ally1 articulate     
spee* & social1 &1 above all1 family1   
life1 all t5d$ 9 ?is same direction4  ,&
 ?is makes ! great difficulty 9 assign+ 
man 8 prop] place 9 our sy/ems (        
classification4 ,our zological          
classifications dep5d ^u anatomical     
*>act]i/ics2 & anatomically man belongs 
among ! ord] primates4 ,b m5tal & moral 
values _c be express$ 9 t]ms ( anatomy1 
any m ?an we c speak ( an idea ( s _m   
horse-p[]1 & h5ce wor? ?ree or f\r      
ance/ral doll>s4 ,h5ce1 :ile f !        
zological /&po9t man is a primate1 &    
:ile he is v probably desc5d$ f "o ( ^!1
 he has gradually ris5 above !m m5tally 

& spiritually1 s t he /&s z f> above !m 
z !y above ! l[e/ worm4 ,& ?is leads u  
to ! consid]ation ( man1 n m]ely z a    
mammal1 b z ,an?ropos1 ,homo sapi5s1    
al?\gh he (t5 deg5]ates into ,simia     
de/ructor4  ,f :at has j be5 said man's 
pre-em95ce _c consi/ 9 any anatomical   
*>act]i/ic1 ev5 ( ! bra9--mu* less (    
?umb1 =ef+]1 h&1 or foot4 ,b man's m5tal
 & moral *>act]i/ics 7ev5 ?\gh g]ms ( ^!
 may be pres5t 9 ! animal71 :e!r diff]+ 
9 degree or k9d f !irs1 raise 8 life to 
a totally diff]5t plane4 ,he lives 9 an 
environm5t ( :i* ! l[] animal is z      
unconsci\s & ignorant z we ( a f\r?     
dim5sion ( space4 ,he has ! k ( ab/ract 
tru? & goodness1 ( c]ta9 /&>ds outside (
 m]e appetite & desire1 & feels &       
ackn[l$ges1 h[ev] dimly1 ! requirem5t & 
! ability to con=m 8 life to ^! /&>ds4  
,he alone c say ,i ought1 & answ] ,i c &
 w4 ,& h5ce man alone actually lives 9  
an environm5t ( ! laws ( reason1        
responsibility1 & p]sonality4 ,:atev]   
g]ms ( ^! high] p[]s ! animal possesses 

are means to mat]ial ends1 to ! physical
 life ( ! animal4 ,9 man ! long & sl[   
evolution has end$ 9 revolution1 !      
mat]ial & physical h be5 de?ron$1 & tru?
 & goodness reign supreme z ends 9      
!mselves4  ,b1 y may object1 ?is        
def9ition ( man may be true ideally1    
c]ta9ly x is n true actually4 ,:]e are !
 high ideals ( tru? & goodness 9 !      
savage8 & are ^! ! supreme ends ( ev5 ! 
av]age ,am]ican ( to-day8 ,b all[+ all  
weight to ?is objection1 does x n rema9 
true t a be+ :o nev] says ,i ought1 :o  
ackn[l$ges & manife/s no responsibility1
 to :om goodness does n appeal1 & 9 :om 
^! feel+s _c be awak5$1 is ei!r n yet or
 no long] man8 ,b f> m ?an ?is1 if ! "* 
( ! individual is to be judg$ by 8      
t5d5cy m ?an 8 pres5t condition1 by !   
way 9 :i* he is go+ m ?an 8 mom5t>y     
position1 is n ! race to be judg$ &     
def9$ by a t5d5cy1 gradually ?\gh v     
sl[ly becom+ realiz$1 & a goal1 t[>d :i*
 x looks & :i* x is surely atta9+1 r ?an
 by its pres5t realization8 ,z we rise  

high] 9 ! animal k+dom ! *>act]i/ics ( !
 successive high] gr\ps are m & m sl[ ( 
atta9m5t & difficult ( realization1 j   
because ( _! gr&] possibilities4 ,& ?is 
is true & important above all 9 ! case (
 man4 ,8 possibilities are beyond our   
p[]s ( conception1 =1 if y w1 man is yet
 only l>val man4  ,we h foll[$ ! sequ5ce
 ( functions to its culm9ation 9 a m9d  
completely dom9at$ by righte\sness &    
unselfi%ness1 h[ev] f> above our pres5t 
atta9m5ts ?is goal may be4 ,we h f\nd t 
all attempts to rev]se ?is sequ5ce end 9
 dea? or deg5]ation4 ,failure to        
advance1 especially 9 high] =ms1 results
 9 ext9ction or retrogression4 ,we _c /&
 /ill4 ,ea* high] /ep is long] & m      
important ?an any prec$+2 ea* la/ /ep is
 ess5tial to life4 ,righte\sness 9 ! w  
is ! la/ /ep ess5tial to man's progress4
 ,& if a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body is      
important or necess>y1 a s\nd w1        
resolutely set on "r1 is absolutely     
ess5tial4 ,failure to atta9 ?is is ru94 
,& man c to a great ext5t place himself 

s t 8 surr\nd+s %all aid him to take ?is
 la/1 ess5tial1 upw>d /ep4 ,he does ?is 
by ! *oice ( 8 associates4 ,if he       
associates himself ) m5 :o are t5d+     
upw>d1 he w rise ev] high]4 ,if he *oose
 ! opposite k9d ( associates he mu/ s9k 
into ev] deep] degradation2 he has !reby
 *os5 dea?4 ,= 8 associates1 once *os51 
make him l !mselves4 ,& ?us natural     
selection makes = ! survival ( ^? m5 :o 
resolutely *oose life4 ,& ?\ghtless or  
c>eless failure to *oose is ru94 ,! man 
has pref]r$ degradation2 x is only "r t 
he %\ld h x to satiety4  ,b man is n1 & 
nev] c be1 pure _s4 ,he may let ! ape & 
tig] die1 b he mu/ always reta9 ! animal
 ) its natural appetites4 ,moreov]1 8   
high] m5tal capacities increase _! p[]4 
,memory recalls pa/ gratifications z x  
nev] does to ! animal2 imag9ation pa9ts 
be=e him vivid pictures ( simil> future 
enjoym5ts1 & m5tal ke5ness & /r5g? ( w  
tell him t !y c all be 84 ,b if he      
yields himself a slave to ^! appetites1 
if he seeks to be an animal r ?an a     

spiritual be+1 he becomes n an animal b 
a brute2 & ! only g5u9e brute is a      
deg5]ate man4 ,& ?us aft] conqu]+ ! _w  
man's v /ructure compels him to jo9     
battle ) himself4 ,= "h1 z ev]y:]e else1
 to attempt to g backw>d to a plane (   
life once pass$ is to surely deg5]ate4  
,! "t :5 ! prize ( pre-em95ce c\ld be   
won by m]e physical sup]iority 0 pass$  
be=e man _h a hi/ory4 ,physical         
sup]iority mu/ be ma9ta9$1 & e advance 9
 art & sci5ce1 consid]$ "h z m9i/]+ to  
man's physical com=t1 is advantage\s j s
 f> z ^! all[ man fre$om & aid to pursue
 ! m5tal & moral l9e :i* is ! only true 
pa? left op5 to him4 ,b :5 ev5 ^! are   
all[$ to m9i/] only to ! animal1 or to  
tempt to luxuri\s ease & indiff]5ce to  
any high] aims1 9 a ^w1 9 s f> z !y fail
 to m9i/] to m5tal & moral advancem5t1  
!y are 9 great dang] ( becom+1 if !y h n
 already become1 a curse r ?an a bless+4
 ,& we all "k t ?is has be5 prov5 ov] & 
ov] aga9 9 human hi/ory4 ,families1     
cities1 & nations rot1 ma9ly because !y 

_c resi/ ! s$uctions ( an ov]:elm+      
mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,a man says to 8 s\l1
 ,take ?9e ease1 eat1 dr9k & be m]ry1 & 
to t man scripture & sci5ce say1 ) equal
 emphasis1 ,?\ fool6  ,e upw>d /ep 9    
atta9m5t ( ! com=ts ( life1 ( art &     
sci5ce1 br+s man into new fields n (    
c>eless enjoym5t b ( /ruggle4 ,!y sw>m )
 new enemies & temptations be=e unkn[n4 
,! new atta9m5ts are n unalloy$ bless+s1
 !y are m]ely opportunities = victory or
 defeat4 ,! unc]ta9 battle is only %ift$
 to a little high] plane4 ,man has      
increas$ ! =ces at 8 comm& only to meet 
/rong] oppos+ ho/s4 ,& retreat is       
impossible4 ,man rema9s a spiritual be+ 
only on condition t he resolutely &     
vigilantly purposes to be s4 ,to lag    
beh9d 9 ?is spiritual pa? is dea?4  ,& !
 epitaph ( nations & individuals is !   
record ( _! defeat 9 ?is /ruggle to be  
ma/]s & n slaves ( _! mat]ial &         
intellectual atta9m5ts4 ,greece1 ! mo/  
intellectual ( all nations ( all times1 
di$ 9 m5tal s5ility ( moral p>alysis4 ,(

 ,socrates's & ,plato's foll[+ aft] tru?
 no?+ rema9$ b ! gossipy curiosity ( a  
second *ildhood1 liv+ only to tell or to
 he> "s new ?+4 ,& ! s*ools ( philosophy
 7 clos$ because !y _h no?+ to tell :i* 
0 wor? ! kn[+ or he>+4 ,all ! weal? ( ! 
_w 0 p\r$ into ,rome1 ! home ( ,/oic    
philosophy1 & x 0 smo!r$1 & di$ 9       
rott5ness "u its mat]ial prosp]ity4  ,a 
family1 race1 or nation />ts out fre% 9 
its y\?ful physical & m5tal vigor &     
/rict ob$i5ce to moral law & 9 its fai? 
9 ,god4 ,= ^! reasons x survives 9 !    
/ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x gr[s 9 ext5t &    
p[]1 9 intellig5ce & weal?4 ,b ) ?is    
increase 9 weal? & p[] comes a dead5+ ( 
! m9d to ! claims ( moral law1 & an     
idolatr\s wor%ip ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,!
 new g5]ation looks ^u ! /]n morality & 
indu/ry & self-control ( its ance/ors z 
/raight-lac$ & n>r[4 ,morality may n be 
unfa%ionable1 b any /]n rebuke (        
immorality is n conv5tional4 ,/rong     
moral e>ne/ness & :ole-s\l$ loyalty to  
tru? are n 9 good =m4 ,weal? & social   

position become ! *ief ends ( m5's      
ef=ts1 &1 to buy ^!1 unselfi%ness & tru?
 & self-respect are b>t]$ away4 ,luxury1
 en]vation1 & effem9acy are rife1 &     
snobb]y foll[s close beh9d !m4 ,!       
ance/ral vigor1 ! insight to recognize  
great moral pr9ciples1 & ! p[] to gladly
 haz>d all 9 _! def5ce h disappe>$ 9 a  
mi/ ( indiff]5ce1 :i* becl\ds ! eyes &  
b5umbs all ! p[]s4 ,! race ( giants is  
dw9dl+ into dw>fs4 ,!y say1 :5 ! "t     
comes1 we w r\se ourselves & be l our   
fa!rs4 ,& ! crisis comes1 b !y are n    
equal to x4 ,! nation has long en\gh    
cumb]$ ! gr\nd1 x has already di$ by    
suicide & mu/ n[ give place to a race & 
civilization :i* has "s aim 91 & h5ce "r
 to1 exi/5ce1 & :i* is ( "s use to      
itself & o!rs4 ,if we w\ld le>n by      
obs]vation1 & n by sad exp]i5ce1 we mu/ 
rememb] t man is above all1 & mu/ be a  
religi\s be+ con=m+ to ! p]sonality ( ! 
,god manife/$ 9 8 environm5t4  ,c y f9d 
any:]e a m pr(\nd or sci5tific          
philosophy ( hi/ory ?an t ( ,paul 9 !   

fir/ *apt] ( ,romans8 ,= ! invisible ?+s
 ( him s9ce ! creation ( ! _w are cle>ly
 se51 be+ p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! ?+s t are     
made1 ev5 8 ev]la/+ p[] & div9ity2 s t  
!y are )\t excuse3 because t1 kn[+ ,god1
 !y glorifi$ him n z ,god1 nei!r gave   
?anks2 b became va9 9 _! reason+s & _!  
s5seless he>t 0 d>k5$4 ,pr(ess+ !mselves
 to be wise1 !y became fools4 ,& ev5 z  
!y refus$ to h ,god 9 _! k1 ,god gave !m
 up to a reprobate m9d1 to d ^? ?+s :i* 
are n fitt+2 be+ fill$ ) all            
unrighte\sness4,a ,& !n foll[s ! d>k    
picture1 f :i* we revolt b :i* ! anci5t 
hi/orians !mselves ju/ify4    ,footnote 
,a3 ,romans i4 #bj-bb1 #bh4  ,on ! ceil+
 ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel at ,rome is ,mi*el   
,angelo's m>vell\s pa9t+ ( ! creation ( 
,adam4 ,a human figure ( magnific5t     
/r5g? is half-ris+ f its recumb5t       
po/ure1 z if j awak5+ to consci\sness1 &
 is rea*+ out its h& to t\* ! out/ret*$ 
f+] ( ,god4 ,! human be+ became &       
becomes man :51 & 9 proportion z1 he    
puts himself 9 t\* ) ,god1 & is inspir$ 

) ! div9e life4 ,! l[] animal con=m$    
ma9ly to ! mat]ial 9 environm5t1 man    
con=ms consci\sly to ! spiritual &      
p]sonal4  ,any sci5ce ( human hi/ory t  
does n ackn[l$ge man's relation to a    
p]sonal ,god is fatally incomplete2 = x 
has miss$ ! goal ( man's developm5t & ! 
*ief means ( 8 f>!r advance4 ,& a       
religion :i* does n emphasize ?is is    
worse ?an a brok5 re$4 ,x is a mirage ( 
! des]t1 t[>d :i* ?ir/y s\ls run only to
 die unsatisfi$4  ,man c nev] ov]come 9 
?is battle ) ! allurem5ts ( mat]ial     
prosp]ity & ) ! pride & selfi%ness (    
intellect1 except z he is int]p5etrat$ &
 p]meat$ ) ,god1 any m ?an we c move or 
?9k1 unless our blood is *>g$ ) ! oxyg5 
( ! air4 ,x is n en\gh t man h ,god 9 8 
intellectual cre$2 he mu/ h him 9 8 he>t
 & w1 9 e fibre ( 8 p]sonality1 9 e     
?\ght & action ( life4 ,o!rwise 8 defeat
 & ru9 are sure4  ,?ree fatal h]esies   
are abroad to-day3 #a4 ,man's *ief end  
is avoidance ( pa9 & discom=t1 9 "o ^w1 
happ9ess2 & ,god is someh[ b\nd to      

surfeit man ) ?is4 ,& ?is is ! *ief end 
( a mollusk4 #b4 ,man's *ief end is     
mat]ial prosp]ity & social position4 #c4
 ,man's *ief end is intellect1 k4 ,ea*  
"o ( ^! ?ree ends1 :ile good 9 a        
subord9ate place1 w surely ru9 man if   
made 8 *ief end4 ,= !y leave out (      
acc\nt con=mity to environm5t4 ,man's   
*ief end is to glorify ,god & enjoy him 
= ev]4 ,& j z ! plant glorifies ! sun by
 turn+ to1 & be+ p]meat$ & vivifi$ &    
built up by1 ! w>m? & light ( its rays1 
simil>ly man mu/ glorify ,god4 ,?is is !
 religion ( con=mity to environm5t3 man 
work+ out 8 salvation because ,god works
 9 him4 ,?us1 & ?us only1 %all man      
ov]come ! allurem5ts ( ^! l[] end[m5ts &
 receive ! rew>ds ( him t ov]come?4     
,?us prosp]ity & adv]sity1 success &    
failure1 cont9ually te/ a man4 ,if he c 
rise sup]ior to ^!1 c subjugate !m &    
make !m subs]ve 8 moral progress1 he    
survives2 if he is ma/]$ by !m1 he      
p]i%es4 ,?r\gh ^! does natural selection
 ma9ly "w to f9d & tra9 great s\ls4 ,!y 

are ! ?reads ( ! sieve ( de/9y4  ,9 ?is 
/ruggle man mu/ fight aga9/ ov]:elm+    
odds1 & ! co/ ( victory is de>4 ,he mu/ 
be prep>$1 l ,socrates1 to bid f>ewell  
to ^? ?+s :i* mo/ m5 c\nt honors1 & look
 onw>d to ! tru?4 ,he appe>s to ! _w at 
l>ge1 (t5 to himself1 em95tly           
unpractical4 ,! majority aga9/ 8 view & 
vote w usually be ov]:elm+4 ,tru? is a  
/]n goddess1 & %e w (t5 bid him draw    
sword & /& aga9/ 8 ne>e/ & de>e/ fri5ds4
 ,! issue w (t5 appe> to him exce$+     
d\btful4 ,! gr&] ! tru? = :i* he is     
fight+1 ! great] ! ne$ ( its def5ce &   
en=cem5t1 ! great] ! probability t he w 
nev] live to see its triumph4 ,! h]o mu/
 be a man ( gigantic fai?4 ,b all 8     
ance/ors h _h to make a simil> *oice &  
to fight a simil> battle4 ,! upw>d pa? 0
 int5d$ to be exce$+ly h>d4 ,?is is a   
law ( biology4  ,:y ?is is s ,i may n   
"k4 ,i only "k t no bett] & sur] way    
c\ld h be5 discov]$ to tra9 a race (    
h]oes4 ,= no man ev] becomes a h]o :o   
has n le>n$ to battle ) ! _w & himself4 

,does x n look z if ,god lov$ a h]oic   
s\l z mu* z m5 wor%ip "o1 & z if he     
int5d$ t man %\ld atta9 to x8 ,man 0    
born & br$ 9 h>d%ip t he might be a h]o4
    ,c>eless seems ! great av5g]2       
hi/ory's pages b record   ,"o           
dea?-grapple 9 ! d>kness 'twixt old     
sy/ems & ! ^w2   ,tru? =ev] on !        
scaffold1 ,wrong =ev] on ! ?rone1   ,yet
 t scaffold sways ! future1 & beh9d !   
dim unkn[n   ,/&e? ,god )9 ! %ad[1 keep+
 wat* above 8 own4    ,!n to side )     
,tru? is noble :5 we %>e h] wret*$ cru/1
   ,ere h] cause br+ fame & pr(it1 &    
'tis prosp]\s to be j2   ,!n x is !     
brave man *ooses1 :ile ! c[>d /&s aside1
   ,d\bt+ 9 8 abject _s1 till 8 ,"l is  
crucifi$1   ,& ! multitude make virtue (
 ! fai? !y _h d5i$4  ,! ,cr[n ,pr9ce (  
,prussia has less sp5d+ money ?an _m a  
"y fell[ 9 ,b]l94 ,he is tra9$ to       
economy1 indu/ry1 self-control4 ,he is  
to le>n some?+ bett] ?an habits (       
luxury1 to rule himself1 & ?us lat] !   
,g]man ,empire4 ,! *ildr5 ( a great     

capta91 !mselves to be soldi]s1 mu/     
endure h>dness l good soldi]s4 ,& man is
 to fight 8 way to a ?rone4  ,b 8 p[]s  
are /ill 9 _! infancy & ! goal f> above 
him4 ,:at he is to become y & ,i c h>dly
 appreciate4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! body w      
become f9]1 fitt$ = nobl] ends4 ,x w n  
be all[$ to deg5]ate4 ,x may become less
 fitt$ = ! r\gh "w1 :i* c be done by    
ma*9]y2 x w be all ! bett] = high] uses4
 ,x is to be trans=m$1 transfigur$4 ,!  
eye may n see s f>1 x w be bett] fitt$ =
 p]ceiv+ all ! beauties ( art & nature4 
,x w become a bett] means ( express+    
p]sonality1 z our p]sonality becomes m  
fit to be se54 ,x is cont9ually ga9+ a  
spee* ( its own4 ,& w n ! e> become m   
delicate1 a bett] in/rum5t = respond+ to
 ! f9e/ h>monies1 & bett] gateway to our
 highe/ feel+s8 ,we may n h s _m mol>   
tee? = *ew+ food1 b may n our m\?s      
become ev] f9] in/rum5ts = spee* & song8
 ,9 o!r words1 ! body is to be          
transfigur$ by ! m9d & become its wor?y 
s]vant & repres5tative4  ,z we le>n to  

live = some?+ bett] ?an food & clo!s1 & 
cease to pamp] ! body1 x w become bett] 
& heal?i]4 ,sci5ce w /amp out _m        
diseases1 & we %all le>n to prev5t o!rs 
by "r liv+4 ,& :at a *ange 9 our moral &
 religi\s life w be made by good heal?4 
,:at a *e]ful c\rage & hope x w give4   
,man w become m intellig5t4 ,he w le>n !
 laws ( h]$ity & ( life 9 g5]al4 ,he w  
see deep] into ! relations ( ?+s4 ,he w 
recognize 9 himself & 8 environm5t !    
laws ( progress4 ,he w cle>ly disc]n    
great moral tru?s1 :]e we b dimly see   
lights & %ad[s4  ,b :ile we w\ld n      
und]e/imate ! value & necessity ( gr[? 9
 k1 we mu/ z cle>ly recognize t !       
intellect is n ! c5tre & ess5ce ( man's 
be+4 ,k1 :ile ! sure/ =m ( weal? ( :i*  
no "o c rob u1 & ! be/ z ! /epp+-/one to
 ! highe/ well-be+1 is l weal? 9 "o     
respect3 x is n "* & c be us$ = good or 
evil4 ,if my neighbor uses 8 great] k z 
a means ( ov]rea*+ u all1 x injures u & 
ru9s him4  ,our emotions1 & ?is is b    
ano!r ^w = our motives1 /& f> ne>] to ! 

c5tre ( life2 = !y control our conduct &
 directly det]m9e :at we are4 ,k (      
environm5t is good1 b ( :at real &      
p]man5t use is su* k )\t con=mity8 ,our 
real weakness is n our ignorance2 we "k 
! good1 b lack ! w & purpose to live x  
out4 ,& ?is is because ! ?\ght ( tru? & 
goodness excites no su* /r5g? ( feel+ z 
t ( "s l[] gratification4 ,we _c p]haps 
ov]rate ! value ( intellect2 we c]ta9ly 
und]rate ! value ( emotion & feel+4 ,k  
puffe? up1 love builde?4 ,x does n      
require great intellect1 x does require 
int5se feel+ to be a h]o4 ,we sl&] !    
emotions by call+ p emotional because !y
 are always talk+ ab\t _! feel+s2 b deep
 feel+ is always sil5t4 ,x is n         
fa%ionable to feel deeply1 & we are     
dw>f$ by ?is conv5tionality4 ,we h almo/
 ceas$ to wond]1 & h5ce we h almo/ ceas$
 to le>n2 = ! wise old ,greeks knew t   
wond] is ! "m ( wisdom4  ,! man ( !     
future w probably be a man ( /rong      
appetites1 = he w be heal?y2 he w be    
prud5t1 because wise2 b he w hold 8     

appetites well 9 lea%4 ,he w trample ^u 
m]e prud5tial consid]ations at ! call ( 
tru? or "r4 ,= 9 him ^! highe/ motives w
 be absolute mon>*s1 & !y are ! only    
motives :i* c enable a man to face rack 
& /ake )\t fl9*+4 ,he w be a h]o because
 he feels int5sely4 ,9 o!r words1 he w  
be a man ( gigantic w1 because he has a 
great he>t4 ,& 9 ! man ( ! future all ^!
 p[]s w be n only highly develop$2 !y w 
be rightly proportion$ & duly           
subord9at$4 ,he w be a well-balanc$ man4
 ,b h[ few complete m5 we n[ see4  ,we  
see ! /rong w )\t ! cle> intellect to   
guide x2 ! gu% ( feel+ ei!r direct$ t[>d
 l[ ends or evaporat+ 9 s5tim5t2 ! cle> 
head ) ! cold he>t4 ,! high developm5t (
 "o m5tal p[] seems to draw away all    
/r5g? & vitality f ! re/4 ,h[ r>ely d we
 f9d ! /rong w guid$ by ! ke5 intellect 
t[>d ! highe/ aims cle>ly disc]n$4      
,memory & imag9ation mu/ always play _! 
"p 9 ! joy set be=e u4 ,b 9 addition to 
all ^!1 ! :ite heat ( feel+1 ( :i* man  
alone is capable1 is necess>y = 8 gr&e/ 

ef=ts4 ,su* a be+ w\ld be a man born to 
be a k+4 ,& !re w be a race ( su* m54 ,&
 we mu/ play ! man t !y may be rais$ ^u 
our buri$ %\ld]s4 ,& !y w t[] above u1 z
 ! se]s ( old 9 ,judea1 ,a!ns1 ,india1 &
 ,rome t[]$ above _! indol5t1 luxuri\s1 
bl9d1 & mat]ial contempor>ies4 ,& ) all 
_! accel]at$ developm5t1 inf9ite        
possibilities w /ill /ret* beyond ! rea*
 ( _! imag9ation4 ,= m5 foll[ duty1 nev]
 ov]take4  ,b all our analyses are      
unsatisfactory4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( any great 
p !re is a p]iod :5 !y seem to rise     
above !mselves4 ,!y h ! /r5g? ( giants1 
& accompli% ?+s be=e & s9ce impossible4 
,we sometimes ascribe ^! results to !   
exub]ant vitality ( ! race at ?is "t2 & 
_! life is l>ge & gr&4 ,su* 0 ,engl& "u 
,elizabe?4 ,?9k ( h] soldi]s & explor]s1
 h] /atesm5 & poets4 ,!re 7 giants 9 ^? 
days4 ,:at a heal?y1 he>ty enjoym5t !y  
%[$ 9 all _! "w1 & ) :at ease 0 !       
impossible accompli%$4 ,! great] !      
h>d%ips to be borne or odds to be fac$1 
! great] ! joy 9 ov]com+ !m4 ,!y sail$  

out to give battle to ! sup]ior p[] (   
,spa91 n at ! comm&1 b by ! p]mission1 (
 _! que52 (t5 )\t ev5 ?is4  ,& :at a    
vigor & vitality !re is 9 ! lit]ature ( 
?is p]iod4 ,life is wor? liv+1 & /udy+1 
& describ+4 ,!y see ! _w directly z x   
is2 n "s di/ort$ picture ( x1 se5 by an 
unheal?y m9d & drawn by a feeble h&4 ,! 
_w is ev] new & fre% to !m because !y   
see x ?r\gh "y1 cle> eyes4  ,7 !y giants
 or are we dw>f$8 ,:i* ( ! two lives is 
normal8 ,!y us$ all _! faculties &      
utiliz$ all _! p[]s4 ,d we8 ,! only =ce 
or product :i* we are will+ to see wa/$ 
is ! highe/ m5tal & moral p[]4 ,our     
eng9es & turb9e :eels utilize ! la/     
ounce ( pressure ( ! /eam or wat]4 ,!   
manufactur]s pay high wages to h&s :o c 
t5d ma*9es run at ! highe/ possible     
spe$4 ,! pr(its ( mod]n bus9ess come    
l>gely f ! utilization ( =ce or products
 =m]ly wa/$4 ,b h[ f> d we utilize !    
highe/ faculties ( ! m9d1 :i* h to d )  
"*1 ! cr[n+ glory ( human developm5t8   
,are we n em95tly p5ny-wise &           

p\nd-fooli%8 ,a %ip :i* uses only its   
donkey-eng9es1 & does no?+ b take 9 &   
get out c>go is a dismantl$ hulk4 ,a    
capta9 :o ?9ks only ( c>go1 & eng9es1 & 
! l5g? ( ! daily run1 b :o takes no     
obs]vations & consults no *>t1 w make l&
 only to run ^u rocks4 ,are we n too mu*
 l su* dismantl$ hulks1 or %ips sail+ ) 
priceless c>goes b ) mad capta9s8  ,b we
 h n yet se5 ! wor/ results ( ?is wa/e (
 our highe/ p[]s4 ,! sessile animal1 :i*
 lives ma9ly = dige/ion1 does n atta9 z 
good dige/ive organs z 8 m active       
neighbor1 :o subord9ates dige/ion to    
muscle4 ,l[] p[]s rea* _! highe/        
developm5t only 9 proportion z !y are   
/rictly subord9at$ to high]4 ,?is may be
 call$ a law ( biology4 ,& our l[] m5tal
 p[]s fail ( _! highe/ developm5t &     
capacity ma9ly because ( ! lack ( ?is   
subord9ation4  ,b a disus$ organ is v   
likely to become a seat ( disease & to  
?us enfeeble or de/roy ! :ole body4 ,&  
?is disease effects ! mo/ complete ru9  
:5 its seat is 9 ! highe/ organs4       

,dyspepsia is bad en\gh1 b mania or     
idiocy is inf9itely worse4 ,& our moral 
p[]s are always enfeebl$1 & (t5 diseas$1
 f lack ( /rong ex]cise4 ,& "s bl9d     
guides1 see+ only ! disease1 cry out = !
 extirpation ( ! :ole faculty1 z "s     
physicians are said to propose ! removal
 ( ! v]mi=m app5dage 9 *ildr54 ,simil>ly
 might ! drunk>d argue aga9/ ! value (  
bra91 because x a*es aft] a debau*4 ,our
 "w is h>d labor1 & we ga9 no enjoym5t 9
 ! use ( our m5tal p[]s2 = ! enjoym5t ( 
any activity is proportional to ! height
 & glory ( ! purpose = :i* x is employ$4
 ,z long z we are cont5t to use only our
 l[] m5tal faculties & to ga9 l[ ends1  
our use ( ev5 ^! w be feeble &          
ineffectual1 & our lives w be poor1     
weak1 & unhappy4  ,b future man w       
subord9ate ^! l[] p[]s to ! high]4 ,he w
 utilize all t !re is 9 him4 ,& 8       
effici5cy mu/ be va/ly great] ?an ours4 
,& f9ally1 & mo/ important1 ^! m5 w be  
all-p[]ful1 because !y h s con=m$ to    
environm5t t all its =ces comb9e to "w )

 !m4  ,engl& "u ,elizabe? seem$ to rise 
above itself4 ,?9k ( ,holl&1 "u ,william
 ! ,sil5t1 defy+ all ! p[] ( ,spa94     
,look at ,bohemia1 "u ,ziska1 a h&ful ( 
peasants jo9+ battle ) & defeat+ ,g]many
 & ,au/ria comb9$4 ,?9k ( ,cromwell & 8 
,ironsides1 be=e :om ,europe trembl$4   
,^! m5 7 n m]ely giants1 !y 7 h]oes4 ,& 
! ess5ce ( h]oism is self-=getfulness4  
,! la/ ?\ght ( ,william ! ,sil5t 0 n =  
himself1 b = 8 poor p4 ,& ^? rugg$      
,ironsides1 fight+ ) _! h&s & pray+ ) _!
 he>ts1 smote ) light good-w &          
irresi/ibly1 because !y /ruck = tru? &  
fre$om1 = "r & ,god4 ,^! are motives (  
incalculable /r5g?1 & !y transfigure a  
man & raise him above 8 surr\nd+s & ev5 
himself4 ,! man becomes h]oic & godlike1
 & :5 possess$ by ^! motives he has     
clasp$ h&s ) ,god4 ,he is inspir$ &     
infus$ ) ! div9e p[] & life4 ,su* a man 
has no "t nor c>e to ?9k ( himself4 ,to 
him x matt]s little :e!r he lives to see
 ! triumph ( 8 cause1 provid$ he c ha/5 
x4 ,?\gh victory be 9 ! future1 x is    

sure2 & ! joy ( battle = s sure & gr& a 
triumph is pres5t rew>d en\gh4 ,8 v fai?
 removes m\nta9s & turns to night armies
 ( ! ali5s4 ,= h]oism begets fai?1 j z  
surely z fai? begets h]oism4  ,:]e !re  
is no vision ! p p]i%4 ,:5 ! memb] (    
,congress c see no?+ high] ?an spoils ( 
(fice1 no?+ l>g] ?an a silv] doll>1 y   
%\ld n criticise ! poor man if 8        
oratorical ef=ts d n move an audi5ce l !
 say+s ( ,web/]1 ,l9coln1 or ,phillips4 
,future man w be h]oic & div9e1 because 
he w live 9 an atmosph]e ( tru? & "r &  
,god1 & w be consci\sly inspir$ by ^!   
div9e1 omnipot5t motives4  ,b :o w      
compose ?is future race8 ,we _c tell4 ,&
 yet ! attempt to answ] ! "q may op5 our
 eyes to tru? ( great practical         
importance4  ,x w\ld seem to be a fact t
 ! (fspr+ ( a cross betwe5 diff]5t races
 ( ! same species is z a rule m vigor\s 
?an t ( ei!r pure race4 ,human hi/ory   
seems to %[ ! same result4 ,! ,engli%   
race is a mixture ( ,celts1             
,anglo-,saxons1 ,danes1 & ,normans1 ) a 

spr9kl+ ( o!r races4 ,& a new fusion ( a
 great numb] ( mo/ div]se /ra9s is      
rapidly go+ on 9 ! newly populat$       
portions ( ,am]ica & 9 ,au/ralia4 ,!    
mixture conta9s ?us f> almo/ purely     
occid5tal races4 ,x w 9 future almo/    
c]ta9ly conta9 ori5tal also4 ,= ! races 
( ,india1 ,japan1 & ev5 ,*9a1 are no    
f>!r f u to-day ?an ! ance/ors ( _m (   
our occid5tal fell[-citiz5s 7 a c5tury  
ago4 ,racial prejudices1 h[ev] /rong1   
weak5 rapidly ?r\gh int]c\rse & bett]   
acqua9tance4 ,"o ( ! gr&e/ & lea/       
p]ceiv$ results ( mission>y "w is !     
prep>ation = ?is great fusion4  ,_m     
races w und\bt$ly g d[n be=e ! advance (
 civilization & h no %>e 9 ! future4    
,progress seems to be limit$ to !       
inhabitants ( temp]ate zones2 & ev5 "h !
 weak] may be cr[d$ out be=e ! /rong] r 
?an absorb$ by !m4 ,b _m :om we n[      
despise may h a l>g] inh]itance 9 !     
future ?an we4 ,god is cle>ly %[+ u t we
 %\ld n c\nt any man1 mu* less any      
nation1 common or unclean4 ,& ! laws (  

evolution give u a firm confid5ce t no  
good atta9$ by any race or civilization 
w fail to be pres]v$ 9 ! future4  ,! =ms
 :i* seem to u at any "o "t ! highe/ are
 z a rule n ! ance/ors ( ! race ( !     
future4 ,^! highe/ =ms are too mu*      
specializ$1 & ?us fitt$ to a n>r[ range 
( space1 "t1 & g5]al conditions2 :5 ^!  
*ange !y pass away4 ,specialization is  
d\bly dang]\s :5 x foll[s a wrong l9e4  
,b :5ev] x is c>ri$ f> en\gh to lead to 
a "o-sid$ developm5t1 x n>r[s !         
possibility ( future advance2 = x       
neglects or cr[ds out or prev5ts !      
developm5t ( o!r p[]s ess5tial to life4 
,! mollusk neglect$ n]ve & muscle4 ,b ! 
s*ol> may1 & (t5 does1 cultivate ! bra9 
at ! exp5se ( ! re/ ( ! body until he & 
8 desc5dants suff]1 & ! family becomes  
ext9ct4  ,! "y m5 ( ! nobility ( weal?1 
bir?1 & fa%ion usually m>ry heiresses1  
if !y c4 ,b only 9 families ( enorm\s   
weal? c !re be m ?an "o or two heiresses
 9 ! same g5]ation4 ,%e has v probably  
inh]it$ a portion ( h] weal? f "o or m  

ext9ct bran*es ( ! family4 ,moreov]1 n  
to speak ( o!r factors1 ! labor &       
anxiety :i* h be5 ess5tial to !         
accumulation & pres]vation ( ^! great   
=tunes1 or ! mode ( life :i* has        
accompani$ _! use or abuse1 t5d to      
dim9i% ! numb] ( *ildr54 ,heiresses to v
 l>ge =tunes usually !re=e belong to    
families :i* are t5d+ to /]ility4 ,& ?is
 has v probably be5 no unimportant      
factor 9 ! ext9ction ( noble families4  
,a s\nd body conta9s _m organs1 all (   
:i* mu/ be s\nd4 ,& 9 a s\nd m9d !re is 
an ev5 great] numb] ( faculties1 all (  
:i* mu/ be kept at a high grade (       
effici5cy4 ,man is a m>vell\sly complex 
be+1 & m 9 dang] ( a n>r[ & "o-sid$     
developm5t ?an any l[] animal4 ,& x is v
 easy = a c]ta9 grade or class (        
society1 or = a :ole race1 to become s  
specializ$1 by ! cultivation ( only "o  
set ( faculties z to altoge!r prev5t its
 giv+ bir? to a complete humanity4      
,along c]ta9 broad l9es ! ,greeks &     
,romans atta9$ results nev] s9ce        

equall$4 ,b _! neglect ( o!r1 ev5 m     
important1 p[]s & atta9m5ts1 especially 
! moral & religi\s1 doom$ !m to a spe$y 
decay4 ,! rude nor!rn races 7 on ! :ole 
bett] & nobl]1 & became heirs to ,greek 
art & lett]s1 & to ,roman law4 ,& ?is is
 ano!r illu/ration ( ! advantage or     
necessity ( ! fusion ( races4  ,to answ]
 ! "q1 ,:i* /ratum or class 9 !         
community or _w at l>ge is heir to !    
future8 we mu/ seek ! "o :i* is /ill to 
a l>ge ext5t g5]aliz$4 ,x mu/ be        
ma9ta9+1 9 a s\nd body1 a /eady1 ev5 if 
sl[1 advance ( all ! m5tal p[]s4 ,x w n 
be rem>kable = ! high developm5t or lack
 ( any quality or p[]2 x mu/ h a fair   
am\nt ( all ( !m well correlat$4 ,x mu/ 
be well balanc$1 good all ar\nd1 z we   
say4 ,& ?is class is evid5tly nei!r !   
highe/ nor ! l[e/ 9 ! community1 b !    
common p1 :om ,god mu/ h lov$1 because  
he made s _m ( !m4  ,!y h1 z a rule1    
fair-siz$ or l>ge families4 ,_! bodies  
are kept s\nd & vigor\s by manual labor4
 ,!y are compell$ to ?9k on all sorts ( 

que/ions & to solve !m z be/ !y c4 ,!y h
 a heal?y balance ( m5tal faculties1 ev5
 if !y are n v le>n$ or arti/ic4 ,!y are
 kept temp]ate because !y _c af=d _m    
luxuries4 ,_! heal?y life prev5ts an    
undue crav+ = !m4 ,!y help "o ano!r &   
cultivate unselfi%ness4 ,! good old ^w1 
neighbor1 means some?+ to !m4 ,!y h a   
/urdy morality1 & y c always rely ^u !m 
9 great moral crises4 ,!y are patriotic 
& public-spirit$2 !y h n s _m1 or s     
enslav+1 selfi% int]e/s4 ,!y h always   
be5 tra9$ to self-sacrifice & !         
endurance ( h>d%ip2 & h]oism is natural 
to !m4 ,!y h a /rong w1 cultivat$ by !  
battle ( daily life4 ,& among !m        
religion nev] loses its hold4  ,b :at ( 
our t5d5cies to specialization 9        
education & bus9ess8 ,are ^! wrong &    
injuri\s8 ,specialization1 l great      
weal?1 is a great dang] & a fe>ful te/ (
 "*4 ,x t5ds to n>r[ness4 ,if y w "k    
ev]y?+ ab\t some?+1 y mu/ make a great  
ef=t to "k some?+ ab\t1 & h "s int]e/ 91
 ev]y?+4 ,! great s*ol> is (t5 any?+ b !

 l>ge-m9d$1 :ole-s\l$ man :i* he might h
 become4 ,he has all[$ himself to become
 absorb$ 91 & fett]$ by1 8 specialty    
until he c see & enjoy no?+ outside ( x4
 ,!re is no selfi%ness l t ( le>n+4  ,we
 c accompli% no?+ unless we conc5trate  
our ef=ts ^u a comp>atively n>r[ l9e (  
"w4 ,b ?is does n necessitate t our     
views %\ld be n>r[ or our aims l[4      
,teufelsdrckh may live on a n>r[ lane2 b
 8 ?\ghts1 />t+ along ! n>r[ lane1 lead 
him ov] ! :ole _w4 ,! n>r[ness ( our    
horizon is due to our ne>-sight$ness4   
,b ! only absolutely safe specialization
 is ! highe/ possible developm5t ( our  
moral & religi\s p[]s4 ,= _! cultivation
 only enl>ges & /r5g!ns all ! o!r p[]s (
 body & m9d4 ,b1 y w object1 does       
religion always broad58 ,yes4 ,t :i*    
n>r[s is ! base alloy ( sup]/ition4 ,b a
 religion :i* f9ds its goal & end 9     
con=mity to environm5t1 "*1 & godlik5ess
 c only broad54  ,b !re is ! s-call$    
bread? ( ! %all[ m9d :i* attempts to f9d
 room at ! same "t = ?+s :i* are        

mutually exclusive4 ,god & ,baal1 "r &  
wrong1 hone/y & ly+1 selfi%ness & love1 
^! are mutually exclusive4 ,y _c f9d    
room 9 y\r m9d = bo? memb]s ( ! pair at 
! same "t4 ,y mu/ *oose4 ,&1 :5 y h     
*os51 abide by y\r *oice4 ,a ladleful ( 
?9 d\gh fall5 on ! floor is v broad4 ,b 
its bread? is due to lack ( consi/5cy4  
,bett] n>r[ness ?an su* bread?4  ,b :ile
 individual specialization may be safe =
 ! individual1 & b5eficial to ! race1 ! 
race :i* is to inh]it ! future mu/ rema9
 unspecializ$4 ,x mu/ n sacrifice future
 possibilities to pres5t rapidity (     
advance4 ,& ! common p are advanc+      
safely1 sl[ly1 b surely4 ,weal? & le>n+ 
become ( p]man5t prospective & real     
value only :5 !y are inve/$ 9 ! masses4 
,!y are ! f9al deposit>ies ( all        
weal?--mat]ial1 intellectual1 moral1 &  
religi\s4 ,:atev]1 & only t :i*1 becomes
 a "p ( _! life becomes !reby end[$ )   
immortality4 ,w we inve/ freely or w we 
wait to h t :i* we call our own wre/$ f 
u8 ,if we refuse x to our own k9 &      

nation1 x w surely fall to =eign]s4 ,god
 made great m5 to help little ones4  ,! 
city ( ,god on e>? is be+ sl[ly build$  
by ! h&s ( selfi% m54 ,b ! build]s are  
becom+ cont9ually m unselfi% & righte\s1
 & z !y become bett] & pur] its walls   
rise ! m rapidly4     ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,! 
,,tea*+s ,,( ,,! ,,bible   ,we h /udi$ !
 tea*+s ( sci5ce conc]n+ man & 8        
environm5t1 let u turn n[ to ! tea*+s ( 
! ,bible4 ,& ?\gh eight *apt]s h be5    
devot$ to ! tea*+s ( sci5ce1 & only "o  
to ! tea*+s ( ! ,bible1 x is n because  
,i und]e/imate ! importance ( ! latt]4  
,x is m difficult to cle>ly discov] j   
:at are ! tea*+s ( ,nature 9 sci5ce4 ,! 
lesson is writt5 9 a language =eign to  
mo/ ( u1 & "o requir+ c>eful /udy2 & yet
 once deciph]$ x is cle>4 ,sci5ce atta9s
 ! laws ( ,nature by ! /udy ( animal &  
human hi/ory4 ,b ?is record is a hi/ory 
( cont9ually clos] con=mity to          
environm5t on ! "p ( all advanc+ =ms4 ,!
 animal k+dom is ! clay :i* is turn$1 z 
,job says1 to ! seal ( environm5t1 & x  

makes little diff]5ce :e!r we /udy !    
seal or ! impression2 we %all read !    
same s5t5ce4 ,environm5t has /amp$ its  
laws on ! v /ructure ( man's body & m9d4
 ,& ! old biblical writ]s read ^! laws1 
guid$ by ,god's ,_s1 9 _! own he>ts1 & 9
 ^? ( _! neighbors1 & 9 _! national     
hi/ory1 z ! record ( ,god's work+1 &    
gave u concrete examples ( ! results (  
ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce4 ,h5ce ! tea*+ ( ! 
,bible is always cle> & unmi/akable4  ,!
 ,bible treats ( ?ree subjects--,nature1
 ,man1 & ,god--& ! relations ( ea* ( ^! 
to ! o!rs4 ,i h tri$ to pres5t to y 9 ! 
fir/ *apt] ! biblical conception (      
,nature & its relation to ,god4 ,9 its  
relation to man x is 8 manife/ation to  
u1 &1 9 its wide/ s5se1 ! sum ( ! means 
& modes ?r\gh :i* he develops1 aids1 &  
educates u4 ,& 9 ?is conception ,i f9d  
sci5ce to be /rictly 9 accord )         
scripture4  ,n[ :at is ! scriptural idea
 ( man8 ,man int]e/s u especially 9 ?ree
 aspects4 ,he is a corporeal be+2 he is 
an intellectual be+2 he is a moral be+1 

) feel+s1 w1 & p]sonality4  ,man's body4
 ,plato consid]$ ! body z a s\rce ( evil
 & a h9drance to all high] life4 ,&     
,plato 0 by no means alone 9 ?is4 ,!    
,bible takes a v diff]5t view4 ,neglect 
( ! body is always rebuk$4 ,! only      
place1 s f> z ,i c f9d1 :]e ! body is   
call$ vile is :]e x is comp>$ ) !       
glori\s body into :i* x is to be        
trans=m$4 ,y\r bodies1 writes ,paul to !
 ,cor9?ians1 are memb]s ( ,*ri/1 temples
 ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b ! ,bible tea*es t !
 body is to be ! s]vant1 n ! rul]1 ( !  
_s4 ,i keep "u my body1 & br+ x into    
subjection1 cont9ues ,paul4 ,"h aga9    
sci5ce is /rictly 9 accord ) scripture4 
,man is an intellectual be+4 ,i ne$ n   
quote ! praises ( k 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4  
,!y mu/ be fre% 9 y\r m9d4 ,b !         
practical ,pet] writes1 giv+ all        
dilig5ce add to y\r fai? virtue2 & to   
virtue k4 ,& ,paul prays t ! love ( !   
,ephesians may ab\nd m & m 9 k & 9 all  
judgm5t4 ,b ! important k is ! k ( ,god1
 & ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 our ,"l & ,ma/]4 ,&  

simil>ly sci5ce emphasizes t ! *ief end 
( all k is t we %\ld "k ! environm5t to 
:i* we are to con=m4 ,k is useful to    
/r5g!n & cl>ify ! m9d1 t x may see &    
con=m to tru? & ,god3 & if x fails to   
become a means to con=mity1 x has fail$ 
( ! *ief1 & practically ! only1 end =   
:i* x 0 int5d$4 ,we are to come 9 !     
unity ( ! fai? & ( ! k ( ! ,son ( ,god1 
unto a p]fect man1 unto ! measure ( !   
/ature ( ! fulness ( ,*ri/4 ,b k :i*    
only puffs up & di/racts ! m9d f ! great
 aims & ends :i* x %\ld s]ve is rebuk$ )
 equal emphasis by ! ,bible & by sci5ce4
  ,i w\ld n claim t we h set too high a 
value ^u k1 p]haps we _c2 b !re is      
some?+ f> high] on :i* we are incl9$ to 
set f> too l[ a value4 ,?is is          
righte\sness & love2 & true wisdom is k 
p]meat$1 vivifi$1 & transfigur$ by      
devotion to ^! high] ends4 ,& 9 ?is     
highe/ realm ( ! m9d feel+ & w rule     
conjo9tly4 ,love is a feel+ :i* always w
 & mu/ f9d its way to activity ?r\gh !  
w1 & x is an activity ( ! w r\s$ by ! v 

deepe/ feel+1 inspir$ by a wor?y object4
 ,if y try to divorce !m1 bo? die4 ,h5ce
 ,paul c say1 ,?\gh ,i speak ) ! tongues
 ( m5 & ( angels1 & ?\gh ,i h ! gift (  
prophecy1 & und]/& all my/]ies & all k2 
& ?\gh ,i h all fai?1 s t ,i c\ld remove
 m\nta9s1 & h n love1 ,i am no?+4 ,&    
,john goes1 if possible1 ev5 f>!r &     
says1 ,e "o t love? is born ( ,god1 &   
kn[e? ,god4 ,he t love? n1 kn[e? n ,god2
 = ,god is love4 ,& ?is sort ( love be>s
 & believes & hopes & endures1 & nev]   
fails4 ,& = ?is reason ! ,bible lays su*
 trem5d\s emphasis on ! he>t1 n z !     
c5tre ( emotion alone1 b z ! seat ( w z 
well4 ,& sci5ce po9ts to ! same end1    
?\gh %e sees x af> (f4  ,& :at ( ,god8  
,god is a ,_s1 ,creator1 ,au?or1 &      
,f9i%] ( all ?+s1 & fill+ all4 ,b :ile  
omnipot5t1 omnipres5t1 & omnisci5t1 ^!  
are n ! *>act]i/ics emphasiz$ 9 !       
,bible4 ,he is righte\s4 ,%all n ! judge
 ( all ! e>? d "r8 is ! gr& "q ( ! fa!r 
( ! fai?ful4 ,& :5 ,moses prays ,god to 
%[ him 8 glory1 ,god answ]s1 ,i w make  

all my goodness pass be=e !e4 ,he is !  
refuge ( ,israel1 ! ev]la/+ arms        
und]nea? !m1 pity+ !m z a fa!r pitie? 8 
*ildr54 ,& 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we are     
bidd5 to pray to our ,fa!r1 :o is love1 
& ^: temple is ! he>t ( :osoev] w       
receive him4 ,truly a v p]sonal be+4    
,n[ ! ,bible rises "h indef9itely above 
any?+ t m]e natural sci5ce c describe4  
,b c ! ultimate ,p[]1 n ourselves1 :i*  
makes = righte\sness & unselfi%ness1 (  
^: pres5ce 9 environm5t sci5ce assures  
u1 be ev] bett] describ$ ?an by ^! words
 conc]n+ ! ,fa!r ( our spirits8  ,& an  
inf9itely wise1 good1 & lov+ be+ w h    
fix$ modes ( work+2 = ) him is no       
v>iabl5ess1 nei!r %ad[ ( turn+4 ,?us    
only c man tru/ & "k him4 ,! old ,/oic  
philosoph] tells u ev]y?+ has two h&les1
 & c be c>ri$ by "o ( !m1 b n by ! o!r4 
,s ) ,god's laws4 ,_m seem to look ^u !m
 z a h9drance & limitation to him 9     
c>ry+ out 8 righte\s & lov+ w t[>d man4 
,b !y are really ! modes or means ( 8   
work+1 :i* he uses ) su* regul>ity &    

consi/5cy t we c always rely ^u !m &    
him4 ,! pure riv] ( ! wat] ( life       
proce$e? f ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb4  
,if ,i am ly+ ill wait+ anxi\sly = !    
physician ,i c ?9k ( ?is great city z a 
mass ( blocks ( h\ses sep>at+ him f me4 
,b ! h\ses h be5 arrang$ 9 blocks s z to
 leave free /reets1 along :i* he c      
travel ! m quickly4 ,& ,god's laws are n
 blocks1 b ?or\ghf>es1 plann$ t ! angels
 ( 8 m]cy may fly swiftly to our aid4   
,we are prone to =get t ^! laws are     
expressly made = y\r & my b5efit1 z well
 z t ( all be+s1 t we may be righte\s & 
unselfi%4 ,& ?is is "o gr\nd ( !        
apo/le's fai? t all ?+s "w toge!r = good
 to !m t love ,god4 ,& 9 ! ,apocalypse !
 e>? helps ! woman4 ,x mu/ be s4  ,b :at
 if y or ,i try to block ! ?or\ghf>e8   
,:at w\ld happ5 to u if we tri$ to /op  
b>e-h&$ ! curr5t ( a huge dynamo1 or to 
hold back ! torr5t ( ,niag>a8 ,no?+ b   
dea? c result4 ,& :at if ,i /em myself  
aga9/ ! riv] ( ! wat] ( life1 proce$+ f 
! ?rone ( ,god1 & try to turn x aside or

 hold x back f m5 p]i%+ ( ?ir/8 ,& t is 
j :at s9 is1 ev5 if done c>elessly or   
?\ghtlessly2 = m5 h no "r to be c>eless 
& ?\ghtless ab\t "s ?+s4 ,! wages ( s9  
is dea?2 physical dea? = break+ physical
 law1 & spiritual dea? = break+         
spiritual law4 ,h[ c x be o!rwise8 ,!   
wages are fairly e>n$4 ,! h>de/ doctr9e 
= a sci5tific man to believe is t !re c 
be any =giv5ess ( su* s9 z ! he$less1   
ungrateful break+ ( su* wise & b5efic5t 
laws ( a lov+ ,fa!r4 ,& yet my e>?ly    
fa!r has _h to =give me a ho/ ( times   
dur+ my boyhood4 ,p]haps ,i c hope !    
same f ,god2 ,i take 8 ^w = x4  ,b if y 
or ,i ?9k t x is safe to trifle ) ,god's
 laws1 we are t]ribly mi/ak54 ,! ,"l    
proclaim$ himself to ,moses z ,! ,"l1 ! 
,"l ,god1 m]ciful & graci\s1            
long-suff]+1 & abundant 9 goodness &    
tru?1 keep+ m]cy = ?\s&s1 =giv+ iniquity
 & transgression & s91 & t w by no means
 cle> ! guilty2 visit+ ! iniquity ( !   
fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 & ^u ! *ildr5's      
*ildr51 unto ! ?ird & to ! f\r?         

g5]ation4 ,b someone w say1 ,?is is     
t]rible4 ,x is t]rible2 b ! "q is1 ,does
 ! ,bible speak ! tru? ab\t nature8 ,is 
nature a fairy godmo!r1 or does %e br+  
m5 up ) /]nness & inflict suff]+ ^u !   
innoc5t *ildr51 if necess>y1 le/ !y copy
 aft] _! s9ful p>5ts8 ,d ! *ildr5 ( !   
default] & drunk>d & debau*ee suff]     
because ( ! s9s ( _! fa!r1 or d !y n8   
,if ! bless+s won by p>5tal virtue g d[n
 to ! ?\s&? g5]ation1 mu/ n ! evil      
consequ5ces ( s9 g d[n to ! ?ird or     
f\r?8  ,t we are n "u ! law1 b "u grace1
 does n mean1 z "s seem to ?9k1 t x is  
safe to s94 ,o!rwise ! =giv5ess ( ,god  
becomes ! l[e/ =m ( indulg5ce sl&]\sly  
attribut$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,we ga9   
fre$om f law z well z p5alty only by    
ob$i5ce4 ,! arti/ c safely =get ! laws &
 rules ( 8 art only :5 by long ob$i5ce &
 practice he obeys !m unconsci\sly4 ,we 
seem to be ?reat5$ ) a belief t ,god w  
nev] puni% s9 9 "o :o has pr(ess$       
,*ri/ianity4 ,?is view *eap5s s9 & makes
 p>don wor?less1 x takes ! iron out ( ! 

blood1 & ! backbone out ( all our       
religion & e?ics4 ,x ru9s ,*ri/ians &   
disgraces ,*ri/ianity4 ,we sometimes    
seem to ?9k t our nation or *ur* or     
d5om9ation is s important to ! c>ry+ on 
( ,god's "w t he _c af=d to let any evil
 befall u1 :atev] we may d or be4  ,he> 
?is1 ,i pray y1 ye heads ( ! h\se (     
,jacob1 & pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 t  
abhor judgm5t & p]v]t all equity4 ,!y   
build up ,zion ) blood1 & ,j]usalem )   
iniquity4 ,! heads !re( judge = rew>d1 &
 ! prie/s !re( tea* = hire1 & ! prophets
 !re( div9e = money3 yet w !y lean ^u ! 
,"l & say1 ,is n ! ,"l among u8 none    
evil c come ^u u4 ,!re=e %all ,zion =   
y\r sake be pl\gh$ z a field1 &         
,j]usalem %all become heaps1 & ! m\nta9 
( ! h\se z ! high places ( ! =e/4 ,t 0  
pla9 prea*+1 & ! p did n l x4 ,!y w\ld n
 l x any bett] to-day2 x w\ld come too  
ne> ! tru?4  ,b o!rs seem to ?9k t ,god 
is too k9d1 n to say good-natur$1 to    
all[ 8 *ildr5 to suff] = _! s9s4 ,?is is
 "p ( a cre$1 unconsci\sly v widely held

 to-day1 t com=t1 n "*1 is ! *ief end ( 
life4 ,n[ if ,god is too k9d to all[ 8  
*ildr5 to suff] "s ( ! natural          
consequ5ces ( s91 he is n a really k9d &
 lov+ fa!r1 he is spoil+ 8 *ildr54      
,salvation is s\ndness1 sanity1 heal?2 j
 z hol9ess is :ol5ess1 escape f !       
disease1 & n m]ely f ! consequ5ces ( s94
 ,a physician1 unless a quack1 nev]     
promises relief f a deep-seat$ disease  
)\t any pa9 or discom=t4 ,& if ! disease
 is ! result ( indulg5ce1 he w>ns u t   
relapse into indulg5ce w br+ a worse    
recurr5ce ( ! pa94 ,p]haps1 aft] all1   
,socrates 0 n s f> f "r :5 he ma9ta9$ t 
if a man _h s9n$ ! be/ & only ?+ = him  
is to suff] = x4 ,god ! ,"l w speak     
peace unto 8 p1 & to 8 sa9ts3 b let !m n
 turn aga9 to folly4 ,& our ,"l says1   
,?9k n t ,i am come to de/roy ! law or !
 prophets2 ,i am n come to de/roy1 b to 
fulfil4 ,= v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,till   
heav5 & e>? pass1 "o jot or "o tittle   
%all 9 no wise pass f ! law till all be 
fulfill$4 ,= ,i say unto y1 ,t except   

y\r righte\sness %all exce$ !           
righte\sness ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 ye
 %all 9 no case ent] into ! k+dom (     
heav54 ,if we w\ld be great 9 ! k+dom ( 
heav5 we mu/ d & tea* ! comm&m5ts4 ,"o (
 ! be/ lessons t ! cl]gy c le>n f sci5ce
 is t law & p5alty are n ?+s ( ! pa/4   
,!y are et]nal facts2 & if s1 ought     
sometimes to be at lea/ m5tion$ f !     
pulpit z well z rememb]$ 9 ! pew4  ,b if
 ,god is a p]son /riv+ to communicate ) 
man1 & if man is a p]son int5d$ to con=m
 to environm5t by becom+ l ,god1 :at is 
m probable f ! sci5tific /&-po9t ?an t  
,god %\ld seek & f9d "s means ( mak+    
himself cle>ly kn[n to man 9 "s p]sonal 
way8 ,i d n see h[ any sci5tific man :o 
believes 9 a p]sonal ,god c avoid ask+  
?is "q4 ,& is !re any m natural solution
 ( ! "q ?an t giv5 9 ! ,bible8 ,god 0 9 
,*ri/ reconcil+ ! _w to himself4 ,god1  
:o spake 9 "t pa/ unto ! fa!rs by !     
prophets1 ha? 9 ^! la/ days spok5 unto u
 by 8 son4 ,philip says1 ,"l1 %[ u !    
,fa!r & x suffice? u4 ,jesus sai? unto  

him1 ,h ,i be5 s long "t ) y1 & do/ ?\ n
 "k me1 ,philip8 he t ha? se5 me ha? se5
 ! ,fa!r2 h[ saye/ ?\ %ew u ! ,fa!r8    
,believe/ ?\ n t ,i am 9 ! ,fa!r & !    
,fa!r 9 me8 ! words t ,i say unto y ,i  
speak n f myself3 b ! ,fa!r abid+ 9 me  
doe? 8 works4  ,& ?is is ! condemnation1
 t light is come into ! _w1 & m5 lov$   
d>kness r ?an light1 because _! de$s 7  
evil4  ,some?+ m is ne$$ ?an light4 ,we 
ne$ m light & k ( our duty2 we ne$ va/ly
 m ! w-p[] to d x4 ,i "k h[ ,i ought to 
live2 ,i d n live ?us4 ,:at ,i ne$ is n 
a tea*]1 b p[] to become a son ( ,god4  
,i delight 9 ! law ( ,god aft] ! inw>d  
man3 b ,i see a diff]5t law 9 my memb]s1
 w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d1 & br++ me   
into captivity "u ! law ( s9 :i* is 9 my
 memb]s4 ,o wret*$ man t ,i am6 :o %all 
deliv] me out ( ! body ( ?is dea?8  ,?is
 is ! t]rible "q4 ,h[ is x to be answ]$8
 ,let u rememb] our illu/ration ( !     
*ange wr\ght 9 t panic-/rick5 army be=e 
,w9*e/] by ! appe>ance ( ,%]idan4 ,:at  
^! m5 ne$$ 0 n in=mation4 ,no plan (    

battle report$ z sure ( success by      
tru/wor?y & compet5t witnesses1 & =w>d$ 
f ! greate/ lead] c\ld h /ay$ t r\t4    
,:at !y ne$$ 0 ,%]idan & ! magnetic p[] 
( 8 p]sonality4 ,?is is ! /range p[] (  
all great lead]s ( m51 :e!r orators1    
/atesm51 or g5]als4 ,x is intellect act+
 on & ?r\gh intellect1 b x is also va/ly
 m2 x is w act+ on w4 ,! lead] does n   
m]ely in/ruct o!rs1 he inspires !m1 puts
 himself into !m1 & makes !m h]oes l    
himself4  ,n[ some?+ l ?is1 b va/ly gr&]
 & deep]1 seems to me to h be5 ! "w (   
our ,"l4 ,read ,john's gospel & see h[ x
 is int]p5etrat$ ) ! idea ( ! new life  
to be ga9$ by contact ) our ,"l1 & h[   
?is =ms ! f\ndation ( 8 hope & claim to 
give m5 ?is new life by draw+ !m to     
himself4 ,& ,pet] says t x 0 impossible 
= ! ,pr9ce ( ,life to be hold5 ( dea?1 =
 he 0 ! c5tre & s\rce f :i* n only new  
?\ghts & purposes1 b new w & life 0 to  
/ream out into ! s\ls ( m54 ,?is p[] (  
our ,"l may h be5 miracul\s &           
sup]natural 9 degree2 ,i feel assur$ t x

 0 n unnatural 9 k9d & mode ( action4   
,& "h1 "y m51 p>don a p]sonal ^w ab\t   
y\r prea*+4 ,y w ne$ to prea* _m s]mons 
( w>n+ aga9/1 & d5unciation (1 s92 _m ( 
in/ruction 9 duty4 ,! ,bible is a       
/ore-h\se ( in/ruction & m5 ne$ x1 & y  
mu/ make x cle> to !m4 ,all ?is is good 
& necess>y1 b x is n en\gh4 ,le>n f !   
exp]i5ce ( ! greate/ prea*]1 p]haps1 :o 
ev] liv$4  ,paul1 ! greate/ philosoph] (
 anci5t times1 came to ,a!ns4 ,y c well 
imag9e h[ he _h wait$ & long$ = !       
opportunity to speak 9 ?is home (       
philosophy & intellectual life4 ,n[ he 0
 to speak1 n to uncultur$ b>b>ians1 b to
 m5 :o c\ld und]/& & appreciate 8 be/   
?\ghts4 ,he prea*$ 9 ,a!ns ! gr&e/      
s]mon1 z f> z argum5t is conc]n$1 ev]   
utt]$4 ,i d\bt if ev] a s]mon ( ,paul's 
accompli%$ less4 ,he c\ld n ev5 r\se a  
heal?y opposition4 ,! idea ( a new god1 
,jesus1 & a new goddess1 !              
,resurrection1 r tickl$ ! ,a!nian fancy4
 ,he left !m1 &1 9 deep dejection1 w5t  
d[n to ,cor9?4 ,!re he det]m9$ to "k    

only ,*ri/ & him crucifi$1 & ?us prea*+ 
9 mat]ial1 vici\s ,cor9? he f\nd$ a     
*ur*4  ,"s ( y w g ?r\gh ! same         
exp]i5ce4 ,y w prea* to cultur$ &       
intellig5t audi5ces1 & !y w li/5        
c\rte\sly & eag]ly z long z y tell !m   
some?+ new1 & d n ask !m to d any?+4 ,! 
only possible way ( rea*+ ,a!nian       
intellect or ,cor9?ian mat]ialism & vice
 is by prea*+ ,*ri/1 ! p[] ( ,god & !   
wisdom ( ,god4 ,& y w rea* m ,cor9?ians 
?an ,a!nians4  ,y may prea* s]mons full 
( ! gr&e/ philosophy & !ology1 & ( !    
highe/1 mo/ exact1 sci5ce2 y may *a9 m5 
by y\r logic1 ?rill !m by y\r rhetoric1 
& move !m to te>s by y\r eloqu5ce1 & !y 
w g home z dead & cold z !y came4 ,:at  
!y ne$ is p[]1 life4 ,b prea* ,*ri/ &   
him crucifi$--n m]ely dead two ?\s& ye>s
 ago--b ris5 & alive = ev]more1 & ) u to
 ! end ( ! _w1 ! gr&e/1 mo/ h]oic1      
div9e/ help] :o ev] /ood by a man1 "o   
all-p[]ful to help & :o nev] =sakes1 & e
 "o ( y\r he>]s :o is n dead to tru? w  
cat* ! life1 & g home alive & n alone4  

,s long z we prea* a dead ,*ri/ we %all 
h a dead *ur*1 z hopeless z ! apo/les 7 
be=e ! resurrection4 ,b n[ is ,*ri/ ris5
 f ! dead1 alive = ev]more4 ,see h[     
,paul & ,pet] & ,john1 & d\btless all ! 
o!rs1 talk$ ) him & he ) !m1 aft] he 0  
tak5 f !m1 & y h f\nd ! secret ( _! p[]1
 & ( t ( all ! great ,*ri/ian h]oes &   
m>tyrs :o c\ld truly say1 ,"l ,jesus1 we
 und]/& ea* o!r4 ,bett] yet1 prove by   
exp]i5ce t x is possible = e "o ( u4  ,&
 our ,"l & ,ma/] is ! connect+ l9k      
betwe5 ,god & man1 ?r\gh :om ,god's own 
,holy ,_s is p\r$ l a mighty flood into 
! he>ts & lives ( m51 transfigur+ !m &  
fill+ !m ) ! div9e p[]4 ,?is is !       
biblical idea ( ,*ri/ianity2 man1 ?r\gh 
,*ri/1 flood$ & p]meat$ & int]p5etrat$ )
 ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god4 ,& ?us ,paul is    
dead & yet alive1 b fully possess$ &    
dom9at$ by ! _s ( ,*ri/4 ,alive z nev]  
be=e1 & yet 8 e ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$ is     
really t ( 8 great lead]4 ,c y talk (   
self-d5ial to su* a ,*ri/ian8 ,he _h    
=gott5 t su* a man z ,saul ( ,t>sus or  

,paul ev] exi/$2 he lives only 9 8      
,ma/]'s "w1 & is transfigur$ by x4 ,?is1
 & no?+ less1 is ,*ri/ianity1 & ?is is !
 v highe/ & gr&e/ h]oism4 ,paul conqu]s 
,europe s+le-h&$1 alone he /&s be=e     
,cs>'s tribunal1 & yet he is nev] alone2
 & f ! gloom ( ! ,mamm]t9e dungeon he   
s5ds back a %\t ( triumph4 ,& ,pet]     
walks /eadily1 *e]fully1 & unfl9*+ly1 9 
! foot/eps ( 8 ,ma/] to %>e 8 cross4    
,let u1 be=e leav+ ?is topic1 notice    
c>efully j :at religion1 & especially   
,*ri/ianity1 is n4  #a4 ,x is n m]ely   
op9ion or intellectual belief 9 a cre$4 
,?is may be good1 or ev5 necess>y1 b x  
is n religion4 ,?\ believe/ t !re is "o 
,god2 ?\ doe/ well3 ! devils also       
believe & tremble4 ,we speak ) pride1   
sometimes1 ( our puissant ,*ri/5dom1 s  
indu/ri\s1 s intellig5t1 s moral1 ) its 
ubiquit\s comm]ce1 its adorn+ arts1 its 
halls ( le>n+1 its happy firesides1 &   
its noble *>ities4 ,& yet :at is our    
vaunt$ ,*ri/5dom b a va/ assemblage (   
believ+ b disob$i5t m58 ,said ,william  

,law to ,john ,wesley1 ,! head c z      
easily amuse itself ) a liv+ & ju/ify+  
fai? 9 ! blood ( ,jesus z ) any o!r     
notion4 ,! mo/ sacr$ duty may deg5]ate  
into a dogma1 ask+ only to be believ$4  
,i g1 sir1 answ]$ ! son 9 ! p>able1 b   
w5t n4  #b4 ,x is n m]e feel+4 ,x is    
nei!r hope ( heav5's joy1 nor fe> (     
hell's mis]y4 ,x may rightly include ^!1
 b x is va/ly m & high]4 ,x is nei!r    
ec/asy nor remorse4 ,! mo/ resolutely   
imp5it5t s9n] c %\t ,hallelujah1 & ,woe 
is me1 z l\dly z any sa9t4 ,n[ feel+ is 
( va/ importance4 ,x /&s close to ! w & 
/imulates x1 b x is n con=mity4 ,! w mu/
 be ar\s$ to a robu/ life4  #c4         
,*ri/ianity is ^! & a great deal m4 ,m]e
 belief w\ld make religion a m]e !ology4
 ,m]e emotion w\ld make x m]e excitem5t4
 ,! true div9e idea ( x is a life2 do+ 8
 w1 n indol5tly sigh+ to d x1 & !n      
lam5t+ t we d x n2 b ! ?+ itself 9      
actual a*ievem5t1 f day to day1 f mon?  
to mon?1 f ye> to ye>4 ,?us religion    
rises on u 9 its own imp]ial maje/y4 ,x 

is no m]e delight ( ! und]/&+ 9 !       
doctr9es ( our fai?2 no m]e excitem5t ( 
! s5sibilities1 n[ h>r[$ by fe>1 & n[   
jubilant 9 hope2 b a w>f>e & a "w1 a    
w>f>e aga9/ s91 & a "w ) ,god4 ,religion
 is n an ent]ta9m5t1 b a s]vice4 ,we are
 to set be=e u ! p]fect /&>d1 & !n      
/ruggle to %ape our lives to x4 ,p]sonal
 sanctity mu/ be made a bus9ess (4,a    
,footnote ,a3 ,?is page is ma9ly a s]ies
 ( quotations f ,dr4   ,r4,d4           
,hit*cock's s]mon on ,religion1 ! ,do+ (
 ,god's ,w4  ,a little m ?an ?irty ye>s 
ago a regim5t 0 s5t home f ! ,army ( !  
,potomac to en=ce ! draft aft] ! riots 9
 ?is city4 ,"s ( y may picture to       
y\rselves a ?\s& m5 ) silk bann]s & gold
 lace & bright uni=ms1 respl5d5t 9 !    
sun%9e4 ,y c\ld n make a worse mi/ake4  
,fir/ 9 t gray e>ly morn+ came two old  
flags1 s torn by %ot & %ell t !re 0     
h>dly en\gh left ( !m to tell :e!r !    
,/ate flag 0 t ( ,massa*usetts or       
,virg9ia4 ,& beh9d ^! came scant ?ree   
hundr$ m54 ,all ! re/ 7 sleep+ betwe5   

,wa%+ton & ,ri*mond1 "s on almo/ e      
battle-field4 ,! uni=ms 7 old & fad$ f  
sun & ra94 ,only gun-b>rel & bayonet 7  
bright4 ,& ! m5 7 sc>r$ & tir$ &        
foot-sore1 hagg>d f h>d fight+ & long1  
swift m>*es4 ,= ^! m5 _h be5 tra9$ to be
 hurri$ back & =? beh9d ! long l9e (    
battle1 t !y might be hurl$ into x :]ev]
 ! ne$ 0 greate/4 ,i d n suppose t "o ( 
!m c\ld h deliv]$ a f\r?-(-,july oration
 on ,patriotism4 ,!y 7 tra9$ n to talk1 
b to obey ord]s4 ,b !y _h /ood 9 !      
bloody angle at ,spottsylvania all day &
 all night2 & 9 ! gray dawn ( ! next    
morn+1 :5 /r5g? & c\rage are always at  
ebb1 fa9t & exhau/$1 _! la/ c>tridge %ot
 away1 _h sprung =w>d at ! comm& ( _!   
colonel to make a la/ desp]ate1 =lorn   
def5ce ) ! bayonet aga9/ ! advanc+      
enemy4 ,numb]s d n c\nt aga9/ m5 l ^!4  
,:at made !m su* inv9cible h]oes8 ,x 0  
ma9ly ! resolute w & long tra9+ to obey 
ord]s4 ,a ,*ri/ian %\ld nev] =get t he  
is a soldi] 9 ! army ( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s2 t 
enli/m5t is easy & quickly accompli%$2 b

 t ! tra9+ is long1 & t he mu/ le>n1    
above all1 to endure h>dness4  ,& s1 my 
bro!rs1 ,i beg ( y to prea* a h]oic     
,*ri/ianity1 = if !re ev] 0 a h]oic     
religion x is ours4 ,if y (f] m]ely free
 transportation to a future heav5 (     
delight on fl[]y b$s ( ease1 y w enli/  
only ! c[>d & ! slugg>d4 ,b ev]yone :o  
has a drop ( /rong old ,norse blood 9 8 
ve9s w pref] a hea!n ,valhalla1 ?\gh    
build$ 9 hell1 to su* a heav54 ,& 8     
,norse in/9cts w be ne>] tru? ?an y\r   
c\nt]feit ( a debas$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,b    
prea* ! city ( ,god's righte\sness on   
e>? & n[ among m51 & call on e h]oic s\l
 to take sides ) ,god aga9/ s9 )9       
himself & ! evil & mis]y all ar\nd him4 
,!re is an almo/ inf9ite am\nt ( /r5g?1 
endurance1 & h]oism 9 ?is sl[-witt$ b   
long-w9d$ human race wait+ to leap up at
 ! appeal to fight once m & w9 a victory
 aft] repeat$ defeats be=e ! sun goes   
d[n4 ,appeal to ?is & po9t to ! great   
capta9 ( our salvation made p]fect ?r\gh
 suff]+s1 & e man t is ( ! tru? w he> 9 

y\r voice ! call ( ! ,ma/] & ,k+4 ,y w n
 be disappo9t$1 b among ! publicans &   
fi%]m5 ( ,am]ica y w f9d h]oic s\ls1 :o 
w leave all to foll[1 z fai?fully &     
unfl9*+ly z ^? f ! %ores ( ,galilee4  ,&
 :at ( fai?8 ,fai? is ! p]sonal atta*m5t
 ( a s\l to su* a lead]4 ,=tunately !   
,bible conta9s a sci5tific monograph on 
?is subject4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to !     
elev5? *apt] ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4  
,& ! :ole result is summ$ up 9 a few    
words ( ! ?irte5? v]se4 ,! great h]oes1 
l ,eno*1 ,noah1 & ,abraham1 saw !       
promises af> (f1 & 7 p]suad$ ( !m1 &    
embrac$ !m1 & confess$ t !y 7 /rang]s & 
pilgrims on ! e>?4  ,!y saw ! promises  
af> (f1 dimly1 on ! horizon ( _! m5tal  
vision2 z "o looks into ! di/ance & _c  
tell :e!r :at he sees be cl\d or m\nta94
 ,& until !y c\ld make up _! m9ds t !re 
0 "s sub/ance 9 ! vision1 !y did n      
embrace x4 ,!y 7 n cr$ul\s4 ,nei!r 7 !y 
c>elessly or he$lessly sure t !re 0 &   
c\ld be no?+ 9 ! vision b mi/ & fancy4  
,!y recogniz$ t on _! decision ( ! "q   

hung ! life ( :i* !y meant to make ! v  
mo/4 ,!y look$ aga9 & aga91 & kept ?9k+ 
ab\t x4 ,?us !y became & 7 p]suad$ ( !m4
 ,& mo/ p /op "h ) a m]ely intellectual 
fai? 9 _! heads1 & v little 9 _! he>ts &
 lives4 ,n s ^! old h]oes2 !y 7 n s     
purely & coldly intellectual t !y c\ld n
 d any?+4 ,!y embrac$ !m4 ,!y said1 t is
 exactly :at ,i want & ne$1 & ,i'll h x1
 if x co/s me my life4  ,n[ a promise is
 always conditional2 if y want "o ?+1 y 
mu/ give up some?+ else4 ,x involves a  
*oice betwe5 alt]natives2 y c h ei!r "o 
freely1 y _c h bo?4 ,x 0 to !m z to     
,*ri/ on ! exce$+ high m\nta91 ,god or !
 _w2 ,god ) ! cross1 or ! _w ) ,satan   
?r[n 94 ,& ! same alt]native confronts  
u4  ,moses c\ld be a good ,jew or a good
 ,egyptian4 ,mo/ ( u1 :ile resolv$ to be
 excell5t ,jews at he>t1 w\ld h said    
no?+ ab\t x1 b rema9$ sons ( ,ph>aoh's  
daught] 9 ord] to b5efit ! ,jews by our 
influ5ce 9 our l(ty /ation4 ,we %\ld h  
become mis]able hybrids ) all ! vices & 
weaknesses ( bo? races1 b ) none ( !    

virtues ( ei!r4 ,& = all t we %\ld ev] h
 done ! ,jews might h rott$ 9 ,egyptian 
bondage4 ,enl>gem5t & deliv]ance w\ld h 
aris5 to ! ,jews f "s o!r place2 b we & 
our fa!r's h\se w\ld h be5 de/roy$4 ,by 
fai? ,moses refus$ to be call$ ! son (  
,ph>aoh's daught]1 *oos+ r to suff]     
affliction ) ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 etc4 ,&   
c]ta9ly he did suff] = x4  ,!y embrac$ !
 promises ) _! :ole he>ts4 ,!y 7 /on$ & 
sawn asund] r ?an give !m up4 ,& :at 0 !
 effect on _! *>act]s8 ,hav+ c\nt$ !    
co/1 & be+ p]fectly will+ to accept any 
loss or pa9 = ! sake ( ^! promises1 &   
h5ce inspir$ by !m1 !y became sublime   
h]oes4 ,?r\gh fai? !y subdu$ k+doms1    
wr\ght righte\sness1 obta9$ promises1   
/opp$ ! m\?s ( lions1 qu5*$ ! viol5ce ( 
fire1 escap$ ! edge ( ! sword1 out (    
weakness 7 made /rong1 wax$ valiant 9   
fight1 turn$ to flight ! armies ( !     
ali5s4 ,& o!rs _h trials ( cruel mock+s 
& sc\rg+s1 yea1 moreov] ( bonds &       
imprisonm5t3 !y w&]$ ab\t 9 %eepsk9s & 9
 goatsk9s2 be+ de/itute1 afflict$1      

torm5t$4 ,( :om ! _w 0 n wor?y4 ,t is a 
fai? wor? hav+1 & x is z s\nd philosophy
 z x is scripture4  ,^! all di$ 9 fai?1 
n hav+ receiv$ ! promises4 ,did !y      
receive no?+8 ,moses & ,elijah1 ,gideon 
& ,b>ak ga9$ p[] & h]oism great] ?an we 
c conceive (4 ,surely t 0 en\gh4 ,b !y  
did n get ! :ole ( ! promise1 or ev5 !  
be/ ( x4 ,& ! simple reason 0 t ,god _c 
make a promise small en\gh to be        
completely fulfill$ to a man 9 8 e>?ly  
life4 ,he gets en\gh to make him a k+1 b
 ?is does n beg9 to exhau/ ! promise4 ,x
 is inexhau/ible4 ,?is is ! exp]i5ce (  
anyone :o w fai?fully try x4 ,& ?is     
exp]i5ce is ! gr&e/ argum5t =           
immortality4  ,!re=e1 giv+ all dilig5ce1
 add to y\r fai? virtue 7,greek3 aret1  
/r5g?71 & to virtue k1 & to k temp]ance 
7,greek3 enkrateia1 self-control71 & to 
temp]ance pati5ce 7,greek3 hypom51      
endurance71 & to pati5ce godl9ess1 & to 
godl9ess bro!rly k9dness1 & to bro!rly  
k9dness *>ity 7love74  ,& :at ( pray]8  
,h[ c x be answ]$ 9 a univ]se ( law8 ,we

 c]ta9ly c\ld h no confid5ce t our      
pray]s c\ld or w\ld be answ]$ if ours 7 
n a univ]se ( law4 ,god's laws are1 z we
 h se51 8 modes ( work+ out 8 great     
plan4 ,& ! la/ & highe/ unfold+ ( ,god's
 plan is ! developm5t ( man4 ,& man is  
to become con=m$ to 8 environm5t1 &     
con=mity ( man's highe/ p[]s to 8       
environm5t is lik5ess to ,god4  ,! laws 
( nature1 !n1 are 9 ultimate analysis & 
highe/ aim ! diff]5t /eps 9 ,god's plan 
( man's salvation f ! disease ( s91 n   
m]ely or ma9ly f its consequ5ces1 & 8   
atta9m5t ( hol9ess4 ,= ?is is ! only    
true & s\nd manhood4 ,salvation is      
spiritual heal?1 result+ also 9 heal? ( 
body & ( m9d4 ,if ,god's laws are 8     
modes ( c>ry+ out 8 plan = godlik5ess 9 
man1 !n !y are s ?\ght out z to be !    
means ( help+ me to e real good4  ,!    
,bible decl>es explicitly t ! aim (     
pray] is n to in=m ,god ( our ne$s4 ,=  
he kn[s !m already4 ,x is n to *ange    
,god's purpose1 = he is un*angeable1 &  
we %\ld rejoice 9 ?is4 ,we are to pray =

 our daily bread2 we are to pray = !    
sick2 &1 if be/ = !m & consi/5t ) ,god's
 plan1 !y %all recov]4 ,elijah pray$ =  
dr\ght & pray$ = ra91 & 0 answ]$4 ,&    
,abraham's pray] w\ld h sav$ ,sodom1 _h 
!re be5 t5 righte\s m5 9 ! city4 ,m5    
ought alway to pray & n to fa9t4        
,m ?+s are wr\ght by pray]         ,?an 
?is _w dreams (4 ,:]e=e let ?y voice    
,rise l a f\nta9 = me night & day4      
,= :at are m5 bett] ?an %eep or goats   
,t n\ri% a bl9d life )9 ! bra91         
,if1 kn[+ ,god1 !y lift n h&s ( pray]   
,bo? = !mselves & ^? :o call !m fri5d8  
,= s ! :ole r\nd e>? is e way           
,b\nd by gold *a9s ab\t ! feet ( ,god4  
,b c\ld n all ^! ?+s be br\ght ab\t )\t 
a s+le pray]8 ,n accord+ to ! plan (    
man's education :i* ,god has adopt$4    
,:e!r he c\ld well h made a plan by :i* 
mat]ial bless+s c\ld h be5 be/[$ ^u m5  
:o d n ask = !m1 ,i d n "k4 ,! rav5s &  
all animals are f$ )\t a s+le pray]1 =  
!y are n fitt$ or int5d$ to hold        
communion ) ,god4 ,b a pray]less race ( 

m5 has nev] be5 f$ long2 x has soon     
ceas$ to exi/4 ,god's plan ( salvation &
 ord]+ ( ! univ]se involves pray] z a   
means ( bless+ & good ?+s z an answ] to 
pray]4 ,god says1 ,i make y a co-work] )
 me4 ,i w help y 9 ev]y?+2 b y mu/ call 
on me = help1 or y w =get t ,i am !     
s\rce ( y\r help & /r5g?1 & ?us hav+ lo/
 y\r communion ) me w die4 ,:5 ,je%urun 
wax$ fat he kick$4 ,?is is ! (t-repeat$ 
/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ( all hi/ory4  
,& ?us1 :ile mat]ial bless+s are giv5 9 
answ] to pray]1 ^! are n ! *ief end =   
:i* pray] is to be (f]$4  ,pray] is a   
means ( con=mity to environm5t1 (       
godlik5ess4 ,h[ d y become l a fri5d8 ,(
 c\rse by associat+ & talk+ ) him4 ,& :y
 does x help y to associate ) a h]o8    
,simply because y _c be ) him )\t be+   
inspir$ ) 8 h]oism4 ,& s :ile ,i may    
pray = bread & clo!s & opportunities1 & 
,god w give me ^! or some?+ bett]2 ,i w1
 if wise1 pray = purity1 c\rage1 moral  
p[]1 h]oism1 & hol9ess4 ,& ,i "k t ^! w 
/ream f 8 s\l into m9e l a great riv]4  

,& s ,i may pray = bread & be d5i$2 =   
hung]1 ) "s high] good1 may be f> bett] 
= me ?an a full /oma*4 ,b if ,i pray =  
any spiritual gift1 :i* w make me       
godlike1 & on :i* z an heir ( ,god ,i h 
a rightful claim1 e law & =ce 9 ,god's  
univ]se is a means to answ] t pray]4 ,& 
be/ ( all1 if ,i pray = ! gift ( ,god's 
,_s1 t is ! pray] :i* ! :ole _w (       
environm5t has be5 fram$ to answ]4  ,b  
?is ,i c nev] h unless ,i hung] = x4 ,i 
c nev] h x to use z a means ( ga9+ "s   
l[] good :i* ,i wor%ip m ?an ,god4 ,god 
w n & _c l5d himself to any su*         
idolatry4 ,i mu/ be will+ to give up    
any?+ & ev]y?+ else = its atta9m5t4     
,o!rwise ! answ] to ! pray] w\ld ru9 me4
  ,i _c grasp ! high] :ile us+ bo? h&s  
to grasp ! l[]4  ,?us religion is !     
int]p5etration & p]meation ( my         
p]sonality by t ( ,god4 ,& pray] is !   
communion by :i* ?is p]meation becomes  
possible4 ,& fai? is ! vision ( ^!      
possibilities1 ! be+ p]suad$ by !m1 & ! 
resolute purpose to atta9 !m4 ,& fai? 9 

,*ri/ is confid+ communion ) him &      
ob$i5ce to 8 comm&s t 8 div9e life may  
fl[ ov] into me & dom9ate m9e4 ,&       
common-s5se1 & ! m ref9$ common-s5se :i*
 we call sci5ce1 c %[ me no o!r means to
 ! atta9m5t ( t godlik5ess :i* is ! only
 true con=mity to environm5t4  ,&1 hold+
 su* a belief & fai?1 we mu/ be hopeful4
 ,& only next 9 importance to fai? &    
love /&s hope4 ,! h]o mu/ be hopeful4 ,&
 :5 times look d>k ab\t y1 & !y         
sometimes w1 y mu/ /ill hope4           
,o x is h>d to "w = ,god1            ,to
 rise & take 8 "p          ,^u !        
battle-field ( e>?1            ,& n     
sometimes lose he>t6          ,o !re is 
less to try our fai?            ,9 our  
my/]i\s cre$1          ,?an 9 ! godless 
look ( e>?            ,9 ^! our h\rs (  
ne$4          ,ill ma/]s good2 good     
seems to *ange            ,to ill )     
greate/ ease2          ,&1 wor/ ( all1 !
 good ) good            ,is at cross    
purposes4          ,workman ( ,god6 ,o  
lose n he>t1            ,b le>n :at ,god

 is l2          ,& 9 ! d>ke/            
battle-field            ,?\ %alt "k :]e 
to /rike4          ,muse on 8 ju/ice1   
d[nca/ s\l6            ,muse1 & take    
bett] he>t2          ,back ) ?9e angel  
to ! field1            ,good luck %all  
cr[n ?y "p6          ,= "r is "r1 s9ce  
,god is ,god2            ,& "r ! day mu/
 w92          ,to d\bt w\ld be          
disloyalty1            ,to falt] w\ld be
 s94  ,hope on1 be /rong & ( a good     
c\rage4 ,= 9 ! d>k h\rs o!rs w lean on y
 to cat* y\r hope & c\rage4 ,to _m a    
poor disc\rag$ s\l y mu/ be a hid+-place
 f ! w9d & a cov]t f ! tempe/2 z riv]s (
 wat] 9 a dry place1 z ! %ad[ ( a great 
rock 9 a we>y l&4 ,e p[] & =ce 9 !      
univ]se ( environm5t makes = ! ultimate 
triumph ( tru? & "r4 ,defeat is         
impossible4 ,"o man ) ,god on 8 side is 
! majority t c>ries ! day4 ',we are b   
two1' said ,abu ,bakr to ,mohamm$ z !y 7
 fly+ hunt$ f ,mecca to ,m$9a4 ',nay2'  
answ]$ ,mohamm$1 'we are ?ree2 ,god is )
 u4'  ,& n only ! race w triumph & rega9

 ! ,p>adise lo/4 ,! city ( ,god %all    
surely be ) m51 & ,god w dwell ) !m & 9 
!m4 ,b y & ,i c & %all triumph too4  ,we
 are prone to feel t ! individual man is
 too insignificant a be+ to be ! object 
( ,god's c>e & =e?\ght4 ,b we %\ld n    
=get t x is ! individual :o con=ms1 & t 
! high] & nobl] race is to be atta9$    
?r\gh ! elevation ( individuals1 "o aft]
 ano!r4 ,god deals ) races & nations z  
su*4 ,b 8 laws & promises are made almo/
 entirely = ! individuals ( :i* ^! l>g] 
units are conc]n$4  ,b !re is ano!r     
/&po9t f :i* we may ga9 a helpful view (
 ! matt]4 ,i may be ! meane/ citiz5 ( my
 native /ate1 & my fa!r may leave me    
heir ( only a few acres ( rocky l&4 ,b1 
if my title is good1 e p[] 9 ! /ate is  
pl$g$ to put me 9 possession ( my       
inh]itance4 ,!y :o w\ld rob me may be   
/rong2 b ! /ate w call out e able-bodi$ 
man1 & p\r out e doll> 9 its treasury   
be=e x w all[ me to be defraud$ ( my    
legal rights4 ,& x mu/ d ?is = me1 its  
meane/ citiz51 else !re is no gov]nm5t1 

b an>*y1 & oppression1 & ! rule ( !     
/ronge/4 ,& we all recognize t ?is is b 
"r & necess>y1 & w\ld be a%am$ ( our    
/ate & gov]nm5t 7 x n lit]ally true4    
,if ,i travel 9 di/ant l&s1 my passport 
is ! sign t all ! p[] ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates
 is pl$g$ to protect me f inju/ice4 ,?9k
 ( ! s5sitiv5ess ( gov]nm5ts to any     
wrong done to _! private citiz5s4 ,engl&
 w5t to w> ) ,abyss9ia to protect &     
deliv] two ,engli%m54 ,& %all ,god d    
less8 ,c he d less8 ,if x is only j & "r
 & necess>y = e>?ly gov]nm5ts to ?us c>e
 = _! citiz5s1 %all n ! rul] & judge (  
all ! e>? d "r8  ,n[ y & ,i are comm&$  
to be heirs ( ,god1 to atta9 to lik5ess 
to him4 ,?is is !re=e our legal "r1     
gu>ante$ by him1 = e comm& ( ,god is    
really a promise4 ,& he w exhau/ e p[] 9
 ! univ]se be=e he all[s any?+ to prev5t
 u f ga9+ our legal rights1 provid$ only
 t we are e>ne/ 9 claim+ !m4  ,b if ,i  
ali5ate my rights to my inh]itance1 !   
commonweal? _c help me4 ,if ,i r5\nce my
 citiz5%ip1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates

 c no long] protect me4 ,& s ,i c       
ali5ate my "r to ! tree ( life1 & to    
entrance into ! city1 & ,i c =feit my   
heir%ip to all t ,god w\ld give me4 ,=  
,i am p]suad$ t nei!r dea?1 nor life1   
nor angels1 nor pr9cipalities1 nor ?+s  
pres5t1 nor ?+s to come1 nor p[]s1 nor  
height1 nor dep?1 nor any o!r creation1 
%all be able to sep>ate u f ! love (    
,god1 :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l4 ,b 
,i c ali5ate & make void e promise &    
title1 if ,i w or if ,i d n c>e4 ,?is is
 ! unique glory1 & awfulness ( ! human  
w4 ,& we "k t to !m t love ,god all ?+s 
"w toge!r = good4 ,if ,god is = u :o is 
aga9/ u8 ,x mu/ be s if ,god's laws are 
8 modes ( aid+ m5 to con=m to           
environm5t4  ,& :at ( ! *ur*8 ,is x     
any?+ else or o!r ?an a means ( aid+ man
 to con=m to environm5t8 ,if x fails (  
?is1 c x be any long] ! *ur* ( ,god8 ,! 
*ur* is a means1 n an end4 ,& x is a    
means ( godlik5ess 9 man4  ,"s w\ld make
 x a social club4 ,! bond ( union betwe5
 its memb]s is _! common grade ( weal?1 

social position1 or intellectual        
atta9m5ts4 ,& ?is idea ( ! *ur* has     
deep] root 9 ! m9ds ( u all ?an we ?9k4 
,i c imag9e a f> bett] club ?an "o =m$ &
 fram$ on ?is pr9ciple1 b x is difficult
 = me to imag9e a worse c\nt]feit ( a   
*ur*4 ,o!rs make x a s\rce (            
intellectual delectation1 & ! means (   
he>+ "o or two /rik+ s]mons ea* week4   
,su* a *ur* w conduce to ! intellig5ce (
 its memb]s1 & may be r m1 ?\gh probably
 less1 useful ?an ! old ,new ,engl&     
,lyceum lecture sy/em4 ,su* a *ur* is ( 
ab\t z mu* practical value to ! _w at   
l>ge z "s consultations ( physicians are
 to _! pati5ts4 ,! doctors h a mo/      
int]e/+ discussion1 b ! pati5t dies1 & !
 nature ( ! disease is discov]$ at !    
autopsy4 ,o!rs /ill w\ld make ( ! *ur* a
 great railroad sy/em1 ov] :i*          
sleep+-c>s run f ! ,city ( ,de/ruction1 
) a c\pon good to admit "o to ! ,gold5  
,city at ! o!r end4 ,! coa*es are       
luxuri\s & ! road-b$ smoo?4 ,! ,sl\gh ( 
,despond has be5 fill$1 ! ,valley (     

,humiliation bridg$ at its n>r[e/ po9t1 
& ! ,delectable ,m\nta9s tunnell$4 ,b   
sc(f]s say t mo/ ( ! pass5g]s make full 
use ( ! unlimit$ /op-ov] privileges     
all[$ at ,vanity ,fair4  ,! ,bible w\ld 
seem to give ! impression t ! *ur* is ! 
army ( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s1 a discipl9$ army (
 h>dy1 h]oic s\ls1 ea* soldi] aid+ 8    
fell[ 9 work+ out ! salvation :i* ,god  
is work+ 9 him4 ,& x jo9s battle fi]cely
 & fe>lessly ) e =m ( s9 & mis]y1 c\nt+ 
n ! odds aga9/ x4 ,& ! ,salvation ,army 
seems to me to h conceiv$ & realiz$ to a
 great ext5t j :at at lea/ "o corps 9   
?is gr& army c & %\ld be4 ,& y & ,i c   
le>n _m a lesson f !m4  ,! *ur* is !    
body ( :i* ,*ri/ is ! head1 & y & ,i are
 memb]s 9 p>ticul>4 ,let u see to x t we
 are n ! weak spot 9 ! body1 crippl+ &  
maim+ ! :ole4 ,! *ur* is ! city ( ,god  
among m51 & we are its citiz5s1 b\nd by 
its laws1 loyal s]vants ( ! ,great ,k+1 
sworn to obey 8 comm&s & enl>ge 8 k+dom1
 & repel all ! assaults ( 8 adv]s>ies4  
,?us ! ,bible seems to me to depict !   

*ur* ( ,god4 ,b :at if ! army conta9s a 
multitude ( m5 :o w n obey ord]s or     
submit to discipl9e8 or if ! city be    
ov]:elm$ ) a mass ( ali5s1 :o see 9 its 
laws & in/itutions ma9ly means ( selfi% 
individual advantage8 ,responsibility1 n
 privilege1 is ! f\ndation ( /rong "* 9 
bo? m5 & in/itutions4 ,!re 0 a good gra9
 ( tru? 9 ! old ,scot* m9i/]'s rem>k1 t 
!y _h _h a bless$ "w ( grace 9 8 *ur*2  
!y _h n tak5 anybody 91 b a lot _h gone 
out4  ,!re are pl5ty ( *ur*es (         
,laodicea to-day4 ,may y be deliv]$ f   
!m4 ,b1 ?ank ,god1 !re are also *ur*es (
 ,philadelphia & ,smyrna4 ,may y be     
pa/ors ( "o ( ! latt]4 ,x w n pay y a v 
l>ge sal>y1 = ,demas has gone to ! *ur* 
( ,laodicea1 because ! m9i/] ( ! *ur* ( 
,smyrna 0 n or?odox1 or n suffici5tly   
spiritually m9d$--mean+ !reby t he      
rebuk$ ! s9s ( actual liv+ m5 9 g5]al1 &
 ( ,demas 9 p>ticul>--or prea*$         
politics1 & did n m9d 8 bus9ess4 ,& y\r 
*ur* may be small4 ,= _m ( !            
congregation h gone to ! *ur* ar\nd !   

o!r corn]1 :i* is ma9ly a clu/] (       
associations1 hav+ excell5t names1 &    
useful = almo/ e purpose except build+  
up a manly1 rugg$1 h]oic1 godlike "*4 ,!
 m9i/] !re1 !y w tell y1 prea*es        
delightful s]mons4 ,!y make y feel s    
good4 ,he annihilates pan!ism1 & 8      
d5unciations ( mat]ialism are eloqu5t 9 
! extreme4 ,b 8 inc>nations ( mat]ialism
 are ,huxley & ,d>w91 & to ! un*>itable 
he seems to almo/ c>efully avoid any    
language :i* might seem to reflect ^u ! 
doll>- & place-wor%ip ( "s ( ! occupants
 ( 8 front pews4 ,n[1 ,i am n "h to     
def5d ,mr4 ,huxley or ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,)/&  
!m to ! face :]ev] !y are to be blam$4  
,& = "s utt]ances !y are und\bt$ly to be
 blam$1 hone/ s\ls z !y 74 ,b ,i = "o _c
 help feel+ t !re is among ! dwell]s 9  
,j]usalem a mat]ialism ( ! he>t :i* is  
indef9itely worse ?an any intellectual  
h]esy4 ,:5 y hit at ! "o h]esy /rike h>d
 at ! o!r also4  ,_m w h left y\r little
 *ur* ( ,smyrna4 ,x _h to be s4 ,= !    
div9e sift+ process1 :i* is natural     

selection on its highe/ plane1 has n    
ceas$ to "w4 ,x mu/ & %all /ill g on2 x 
_c be o!rwise4 ,has ! great pr9ciple    
ceas$ to be true 9 mod]n hi/ory t ?\gh !
 numb] ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel be z ! s& ( 
! sea1 a remnant %all be sav$8  ,b d n  
be disc\rag$4 ,prea* ,*ri/ & a h]oic    
,*ri/ianity4 ,d n be afraid to dem&     
great ?+s ( y\r p4 ,rememb] t ,ananias 0
 enc\rag$ to g to ,paul because ! ,"l   
w\ld %[ ,paul h[ great ?+s he %\ld suff]
 = ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,?is is :at appeals to
 ! h]oic 9 e man1 & we d n make ne>ly   
en\gh use ( x4 ,& ! h]oic ,*ri/ & 8     
h]oic ,*ri/ianity w draw e h]oic s\l 9 !
 community to himself4 ,!y may n be v   
h]oic look+4 ,y may be 9 "s hill t[n 9  
old ,massa*usetts ,nurse ( h]oes4 ,p>don
 me1 ,i d n int5d to be invidi\s4       
,h]oism is cosmopolitan4 ,"o ( ! pill>s 
( y\r *ur* may be ! s*ool-tea*] ( !     
little r$ s*ool-h\se at ! =k ( ! roads1 
9 ! y>d ornam5t$ ) ald]s1 mulle9s1 &    
suma*s4 ,%e bo>ds ar\nd1 & is clad 9    
any?+ b silks & sealsk9s4 ,b %e tra9s   

well h] b& ( h>dy little fell[s1 :o w   
lat] fe> ! multitude z little z !y n[   
m9d ! ,b]k%ire w9ds4 ,& f ! pittance %e 
receives = tra9+ ^! rebelli\s ur*9s into
 h]oic m5 %e is support+ an old "m      
some:]e1 or help+ a bro!r to an         
education4 ,& y\r deacon w be "s f>m]1  
p]haps unc\? 9 appe>ance & r\gh ( dress1
 & c]ta9ly blunt 9 8 scanty spee*4      
,he'll n flatt] y nor y\r s]mons2 &     
until y've liv$ ) him = ye>s y w n "k   
:at a great he>t !re is 9 t rugg$ frame1
 & :at weal? ( affection 9 t sil5t      
h&-%ake4 ,& !re is 8 wife4 ,%e is r\nd &
 ample1 & c]ta9ly does n look especially
 solemn or pi\s4 ,%e is aunt & "m to !  
:ole community1 ! joy ( all ! *ildr51   
nurse ( ! sick1 & com=t ( ! dy+4 ,%e is 
do+ ! "w ( t5 at home1 & ( a ho/ 9 !    
village4 ,& y\r "r-h& man is great      
,onesiphorus f ! mill d[n 9 ! valley1   
fight+ an uphill battle to keep ! wolf f
 ! door1 :ile he & 8 wife d5y !mselves  
ev]y?+1 t _! flock ( *ildr5 may h bett] 
tra9+ = fight+ ,god's battles ?an !y ev]

 enjoy$4  ,i _c describe ^! m5 & wom54  
,if y h liv$ ) !m1 y w ne$ no           
description1 & w\ld res5t ! inadequacy (
 m9e4 ,if y h nev] _h ! good =tune to   
live ) !m1 x is impossible to make y see
 !m z !y are4 ,:5 y once h ?or\ghly kn[n
 !m1 language w fail y to d !m ju/ice1 &
 y w pref] to be sil5t r ?an sl&] !m by 
inadequate portrayal4 ,!y are at fir/   
sight n attractive-look+4 ,if y /&      
outside & look at !m f a di/ance _!     
lives w appe> to y v humdrum & prosaic4 
,b rememb] t = almo/ ?irty ye>s our ,"l 
liv$ j su* a life 9 ,naz>e?1 mak+ pl\ghs
 & yokes2 & !n1 :5 ! y\ng] bro!rs &     
si/]s 7 able to c>e = !mselves1 snat*$  
?ree ye>s f support+ a peasant family 9 
,galilee to r$eem a _w4 ,& :o 0 ,pet] b 
a r\gh1 h>dy fi%]man8  ,n[ a ,paul1     
tra9$ at ! feet ( ,gamaliel1 0 also     
ne$$2 & ! twelve did n come f ! l[e/    
ranks ( society4 ,b !y 7 hone/1         
indu/ri\s1 practical1 c\rage\s1 h>dy1   
common p4 ,& s+le-h&$ !y w5t out to     
conqu] empires4 ,& !y succe$$ ?r\gh !   

p[] ( ,god 9 !m4  ,:o kn[s !            
possibilities ( y\r little *ur* 9 !     
hillt[n ( ,smyrna8 ,^! m5 & wom5 are !  
pickets ( ,god's great ho/4 ,!y are     
scatt]$ up & d[n our l&1 fight+ alone ! 
great battle1 unkn[n ( m5 & sometimes   
?9k+ t !y mu/ be =gott5 ( ,god4 ,& !    
picket's lonely po/ is :at tries a man's
 c\rage & /r5g?4  ,take y\r example f   
,paul's epi/le4 ,greet ,phebe1 !        
s*oolmi/ress1 & ,aquila & ,priscilla on 
_! rocky f>m on ! m\nta9-side1 & greet !
 burd5-be>+ ,onesiphorus4 ,& give !m    
,god's greet+ & enc\ragem5t1 = he s5ds x
 to !m ?r\gh y4 ,%[ !m ! h]oism :i* !re 
is 9 _! humdrum lives2 & *e] !m 9 !     
ef=ts1 ( ^: gr&eur !y are all           
unconsci\s4 ,bid !m be /rong & ( a v    
good c\rage4 ,= 9 ! "* ( ^! p !re is !  
granite ( ! et]nal hills1 & 9 _! he>ts  
%\ld be ! sun%9e ( ,god4 ,d n be a%am$ (
 y\r congregation4 ,_! dimes or doll>s  
may look pitifully small & few on !     
collector's plate2 only ,god sees ! real
 imm5sity ( ! gift 9 ! self-d5ial :i* x 

has co/4 ,y\r p w take sides ) ! cause (
 "r1 :ile x is /ill unpopul>4 ,!y h     
furni%$ ! moral backbone & unsw]v+      
integrity ( _m ( y\r great bus9ess h\ses
 9 ?is city to-day4 ,f ^? families w g  
=? ! m5 :om ! good w tru/ & ! evil fe>4 
,! p[] = good proce$+ f y\r *ur* w be l 
! floods :i* ,ezekiel saw p\r+ out f    
b5ea? ! ?re%old ( ! ,"l's h\se4  ,= ^!  
common p1 :om ,god mu/ h lov$ because he
 made s _m ( !m1 are ! true heirs to !  
future4 ,& weal? & culture1 art & le>n+1
 are to burn l tor*es to light _! m>*4  
,f9ally1 my "y bro!rs1 d n be bitt]ly   
disappo9t$ if y are n popul> prea*]s4 ,d
 n let too _m p g to sleep "u y\r       
prea*+1 ev5 if "o "y man did g to sleep 
"u "o ( ,paul's s]mons4 ,b if n[ & !n   
someone is angry at :at y h said1 d n   
worry too mu* ov] x4 ,prea* ! tru? 9    
love4 ,if ,elijah & ,john ! ,bapti/1 &  
,pet] & ,paul1 7 to prea* to-day ,i d\bt
 greatly :e!r !y w\ld be popul> prea*]s4
 ,i _c f9d t !y ev] 7 s4 ,!y w\ld       
probably be p]ipatetic c&idates1 until  

someone support$ !m z indep5d5t         
evangeli/s4 ,aft] _! dea? we w\ld re> !m
 great monum5ts1 & !n devote ourselves  
to rail+ at ,timo?y because he 0 n m l  
:at we imag9e ,paul 04  ,ev5 ,socrates  
f\nd t he mu/ bid f>ewell to :at m5 c\nt
 honors1 if he w\ld foll[ aft] tru?4 ,y 
may h ! same exp]i5ce4 ,y w h to *ampion
 _m an unpopul> cause1 & y\r p w n l x4 
,!y w say y lack tact4 ,n[ ,paul 0 a man
 ( inf9ite tact4 ,witness 8 s]mon on    
,m>s' ,hill4 ,b if 8 lett]s to ! *ur* 9 
,cor9? 7 address$ to mo/ mod]n *ur*es1  
!y w\ld soon set out 9 se>* ( a pa/or ( 
great] adaptability4  ,if y play ! man1 
& fight ! good fight ( fai?1 ,i d n see 
h[ y c always avoid hitt+ somebody on ! 
o!r side4 ,& he w pull y d[n if he c2 & 
w probably succe$ 9 sometimes mak+ y\r  
life v uncom=table4 ,rememb] ! tea*+ (  
scripture & sci5ce1 t ! upw>d pa? 0 nev]
 int5d$ to be easy4 ,! scriptural       
passages to ?is effect y c f9d all ?r\gh
 ! gospels & epi/les1 & ,i ne$ n quote  
!m to y4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 tell y hone/ly t  

_m are ( ! op9ion t ^! passages are n[  
obsolete1 be+ applicable only to ! fir/ 
c5turies1 or to especially critical     
times 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*4 ,i _c %>e t  
view1 b1 le/ ,i seem too old-fa%ion$1 w 
m]ely quote ! r++ words ( our own ,dr4  
,hit*cock1 t no man ev] ent]s heav5 save
 on 8 %ield4 ,& all[ me to quote 9 !    
same connection ! te/imony ( t pr9ce (  
sci5ti/s1 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 8 lecture
 on ,evolution & ,e?ics3  ,if we may    
p]mit ourselves a l>g] hope ( abatem5t (
 ! ess5tial evil ( ! _w ?an 0 possible  
to ^? :o1 9 ! infancy ( exact k1 fac$ ! 
problem ( exi/5ce m ?an a score (       
c5turies ago1 ,i deem x an ess5tial     
condition ( ! realization ( t hope t we 
%\ld ca/ aside ! notion t ! escape f pa9
 & sorr[ is ! prop] object ( life4  ,we 
h long s9ce em]g$ f ! h]oic *ildhood (  
our race1 :5 good & evil c\ld be met ) !
 same 'frolic welcome2' ! attempts to   
escape f evil1 :e!r ,indian or ,greek1 h
 end$ 9 flight f ! battle-field2 x      
rema9s to u to ?r[ aside ! y\?ful       

ov]-confid5ce & ! no less y\?ful        
disc\ragem5t ( nonage4 ,we are gr[n m51 
& mu/ play ! man                        
444 '/rong 9 w         ,to /rive1 to    
seek1 to f9d1 & n to yield1'  *]i%+ !   
good t falls 9 our way & be>+ ! evil 9 &
 ar\nd u1 ) /\t he>t set on dim9i%+ x4  
,s f> we all may /rive 9 "o fai? t[>d "o
 hope3          ',x may be t ! gulfs w  
wa% u d[n1           ,x may be we %all  
t\* ! ,happy ,isles4                    
444 b some?+ ere ! end1            ,"s  
"w ( noble note may yet be done4'  ,we  
mu/ be /rong & ( a v good c\rage4 ,:ile 
! avoidance ( pa9 & discom=t1 or ev5    
happ9ess1 _c be ! prop] end ( life1 x is
 n a _w ( mis]y or an ess5tially &      
hopelessly evil _w4 ,!re is pl5ty (     
mis]y 9 ! _w1 & we _c d5y x4 ,nei!r c we
 d5y t ,god has put u 9 ! _w to relieve 
mis]y1 & t until we h made e ef=t &     
/ra9$ e n]ve z we h nev] yet done1 we1 &
 n ,god1 are l>gely responsible = x4 ,b 
beh9d mis]y /& selfi%ness & s9 z its    
cause4 ,& "h we mu/ n p>ley b fight4 ,& 

! ho/s ( evil are organiz$ & mighty4 ,! 
sons ( ?is _w are = _! own g5]ation wis]
 ?an ! sons ( light4 ,& we %all nev]    
ov]come !m by adopt+ _! means4 ,b we c &
 %all surely ov]come4 ,= he t is ) u is 
m ?an !y t be ) !m4 ,! skirmi%es are    
frequ5tly disa/r\s to u1 b ! great      
battles all g "o way4 ,& we long = !    
glory ( him t ov]come?4 ,b ! victor's   
song c come only aft] ! battle1 & be    
sung only by ^? :o h ov]come4 ,& we w\ld
 n h x o!rwise if we c\ld4 ,! clos+     
words ( ,dr4 ,hit*cock's la/ s]mon are !
 foll[+3  ,x is "o ( ! revelations (    
scripture t we are to judge ! angels1   
sitt+ above !m on ! %9+ heights4 ,x may 
well be s4 ,^? angels are ! imp]ial     
gu>d1 do+ easy duty at home4 ,we are !  
t5? legion1 m>*+ 9 f ! swamps & =e/s ( !
 f>-(f fronti]1 sc>r$ & batt]$1 b       
victori\s ov] dea? & s94     ,,*apt] ,x 
,,pres5t ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,(   
,,evolution   ,9 all our /udy we h tak5 
= grant$ ! tru? ( ! !ory ( evolution4   
,if y are n already p]suad$ ( ?is by !  

writ+s ( ,d>w91 ,wallace1 & _m o!rs1 no 
words or argum5ts ( m9e w\ld conv9ce y4 
,we h us$ z ! f\ndation ( our argum5t   
only ! fundam5tal propositions ( ,mr4   
,d>w9's !ory4  ,b :ile all evolutioni/s 
accept ^! propositions !y diff] m or    
less 9 ! weight or effici5cy :i* !y     
assign to ea*4 ,9 a sum 9 multiplication
 y may ga9 ! same product by us+ diff]5t
 factors2 b if ! product is to be       
con/ant1 if y halve "o factor1 y mu/    
d\ble ano!r4 ,evolution is a product (  
_m factors4 ,"o evolutioni/ lays m1     
ano!r less1 emphasis on natural         
selection1 accord+ z he assigns less or 
m effici5cy to o!r =ces or processes4   
,fur!rmore1 evolutioni/s diff] widely 9 
que/ions ( detail1 & "s ( ^! subsidi>y  
que/ions are ( great practical          
importance & int]e/4 ,x may be useful1  
!re=e1 to review ^! propositions 9 !    
light ( ! facts :i* we h ga!r$1 & to see
 h[ !y are int]pret$1 & :at emphasis is 
laid on ea* by diff]5t ?9k]s4  ,!       
fundam5tal fact on :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory

 re/s is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,life is n
 some?+ to be idly enjoy$1 b a prize to 
be won2 ! _w is n a play-gr\nd1 b an    
ar5a4 ,& ! sev]ity ( ! /ruggle c sc>cely
 be ov]rat$4 ,only "o or two ( a ho/ (  
runn]s rea* ! goal1 ! o!rs die along !  
c\rse4 ,conc]n+ ?is !re c be no d\bt1 & 
!re is little room = diff]5ce (         
int]pretation4  ,! /ruggle may take ! =m
 ( a lit]al battle betwe5 two           
individuals1 or ( ! individual )        
inclem5cy ( climate or o!r de/ructive   
ag5ts4 ,m usually x is a competition1 no
 m noticeable & no less real ?an t      
betwe5 m]*ants or manufactur]s 9 ! same 
l9e ( trade4  ,! we$s 9 our g>d5s       
compete ) ! fl[]s = food1 light1 &      
place1 & cr[d !m out unless prev5t$ by  
man4 ,& :5 ! we$s alone rema91 !y cr[d  
on ea* o!r until only a few ( ! h>die/ &
 mo/ vigor\s survive4 ,& fl[]s1 by _!   
nect>1 color1 & odor1 compete = ! visits
 ( insects1 :i* insure                  
cross-f]tilization4 ,& fruits are       
frequ5tly or usually ! inducem5ts by :i*

 plants compete = ! aid ( animals 9 !   
dissem9ation ( _! se$s4 ,s !re is       
ev]y:]e competition & /ruggle2 _m fail &
 p]i%1 few succe$ & survive4  ,9 a      
foot-race x is (t5 v difficult to "n !  
w9n]4 ,muscle alone does n w91 n ev5    
good he>t & lungs4 ,good judgm5t1       
pati5ce1 coolness1 c\rage1 _m m5tal &   
moral qualities1 are ess5tial to !      
successful a?lete4 ,s 9 ! /ruggle =     
life4 ,! race is n always to ! swift1   
nor ! battle to ! /rong4  ,! total (    
po9ts :i* w9s ?is gr& prize is !        
aggregate ( _m items1 "s ( :i* appe> to 
u v insignificant4 ,h5ce1 :5 we ask1 ,:o
 w survive8 ! answ] is necess>ily vague4
 ,mr4 ,d>w9's answ] is1 ,^? be/ con=m$  
to _! environm5t2 & ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s       
/atem5t ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ means ! 
same ?+4  ,! judges :o pron\nce &       
execute ! v]dict ( dea?1 or aw>d ! prize
 ( life1 are ! =ces & conditions (      
environm5t4 ,we h already consid]$ !    
mean+ ( ?is ^w4 ,_m ( its =ces &        
conditions are /ill unkn[n1 or b v      

imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,b kn[n or unkn[n1 
visible or invisible1 ! result ( _!     
unit$ action is ! ext9ction or          
degradation ( ^! individuals :i* deviate
 f c]ta9 fairly well-m>k$ l9es (        
developm5t4 ,we mu/ keep cle>ly be=e our
 m9ds ! fact t ! _w ( liv+ be+s makes up
 by f> ! mo/ important "p ( ! environm5t
 ( any individual plant or animal4 ,two 
plants may be equally well suit$ to !   
soil & climate ( any region2 b if "o h a
 scanty developm5t ( root or leaf1 or is
 = any reason m liable to attacks f     
insects or g]ms1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x w 
9 "t be cr[d$ out by its competitor4    
,worms are eat5 by l[] v]tebrates1 & ^! 
by high]4 ,an animal's environm5t1 l t (
 a m]*ant or manufactur]1 is v l>gely a 
matt] ( ! ability & me?ods ( its        
competitors4 ,& man1 compell$ to live 9 
society1 makes t "p ( ! environm5t by   
:i* he is mo/ l>gely m\ld$4  ,?is       
process ( ext9ction ,mr4 ,d>w9 has call$
 natural selection4 ,natural selection  
is n a =ce1 b a process1 result+ f !    

comb9$ action ( ! =ces ( environm5t4 ,x 
is n a cause 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 b 
a result ( a myriad ( int]act+ =ces4 ,! 
comb9ation ( ^! =ces 9 a process (      
natural selection lead+ directly to a   
moral & spiritual goal dem&s an         
explanation 9 "s ultimate cause4 ,?is   
explanation we h already tri$ to f9d4   
,x is a process ( ext9ction4 ,x favors !
 fitte/1 b only by leav+ !m to enjoy !  
food & place =m]ly claim$1 or /ill      
furni%$1 by ! less fit4 ,9 any advanc+  
gr\p1 z ! less fit are cr[d$ out1 & !   
bett] fitt$ ga9 m place & food & m rapid
 increase1 ! :ole species becomes on an 
av]age bett] con=m$4 ,m abundant        
n\ri%m5t & increas$ vigor seem also to  
be accompani$ by increas$ v>iation4 ,&  
by ! ext9ction ( ! less fit !           
probability is increas$ t m fit         
individuals w pair ) "o ano!r & give    
rise to ev5 fitt] (fspr+1 possess+      
p]haps new & /ill m valuable v>iations4 
,b if1 ( a gr\p ( weak] =ms1 ^? alone   
survive :i* adopt a p>asitic life1 ^?   

:i* 9 adult life move ! lea/ w survive &
 reproduce2 !re w result ! survival ( ! 
lea/ muscul> & n]v\s4 ,?is deg5]ation w 
cont9ue until ! species has sunk5 into  
equilibrium1 s to speak1 ) its          
surr\nd+s4 ,"h natural selection works =
 deg5]ation4 ,sessile animals h _h a    
simil> hi/ory4 ,b ^! p>asitic & sessile 
=ms _h already be5 hopelessly di/anc$ 9 
! race = life4 ,_! pres5ce _c imp$e !   
lead]s2 inde$ _! survival is necess>y to
 directly or indirectly furni% food = ! 
bett] con=m$4 ,9 ! animal & plant _w !re
 is abundant room & advantage at ! top4 
,once m1 natural selection works z a    
rule = ! survival ( individuals1 only   
indirectly = t ( organs compos+1 or (   
species includ+1 ^! individuals4 ,x may 
"w = ! developm5t ( a trait or /ructure 
:i*1 :ile ( no imm$iate advantage to !  
individual1 increases ! probability (   
its re>+ a l>g] numb] ( fitt] (fspr+4   
,?us def5ce ( ! "y by birds may be a    
disadvantage to ! p>5t1 b ?is is m ?an  
c\nt]balanc$ 9 ! life ( ! species by !  

numb] ( "y com+ to maturity & inh]it+ ! 
trait4 ,ev5 "h natural selection favors 
! survival ( ! trait indirectly by sp>+ 
! desc5dants ( ! individual possess+ x4 
,natural selection may always "w on &   
?r\gh individuals )\t always work+ = _! 
sole & selfi% advantage4  ,9 human      
society we f9d ! selection ( families1  
societies1 nations1 & civilizations go+ 
on1 b ma9ly z ! result ( ! survival ( ! 
fitte/ individuals4  ,!re may v probably
 be a /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 organs or
 cells 9 ! body ( ea* individual4 ,!    
am\nt ( nutrim5t 9 ! body is a m or less
 fix$ quantity2 & if "o organ seizes m  
?an its fair %>e1 o!rs may or mu/ dim9i%
 = lack4 ,b ! limit to ?is usurpation   
mu/ app>5tly be set by ! cr[d+ out ( ^? 
individuals 9 :i* x is c>ri$ too f>4    
,natural selection1 s to speak1 leaves !
 individual responsible = ! di/ribution 
( ! nutrim5t among ! organs1 & sp>es or 
de/roys ! individual z ?is usurpation   
proves = its advantage or disadvantage4 
,x makes its v]dict mu* z ! judges at a 

great p\ltry or dog %[ c\nt ! s]ies (   
po9ts1 giv+ ea* "o ( !m a c]ta9 value on
 a c]ta9 scale1 & !n aw>d ! prize to !  
individual hav+ ! highe/ aggregate on ! 
:ole s]ies4 ,any su* illu/ration is v   
liable to mislead2 ,i wi% to emphasize t
 fitness to survive is det]m9$ by !     
aggregate ( ! qualities ( an individual4
  ,b an animal hav+ "o organ ( great    
value or capacity may ?us c>ry (f !     
prize1 ev5 ?\gh its o!r organs des]ve a 
mu* l[] m>k4 ,?is is ! case ) man4 ,9   
almo/ e respect1 except 9 bra9 & h&1 he 
is surpass$ by ! c>nivora1 ! cat1 =     
example4 ,b muscle may be m>k$1 9 mak+  
up ! aggregate1 on a scale ( #ejj1 &    
bra9 on a scale ( #e1jjj1 or p]haps (   
#ej1jjj4 ,a v slight diff]5ce 9 bra9    
capacity outweighs a great sup]iority 9 
muscle 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 man & !       
c>nivora1 or betwe5 man & man4  ,! scale
 on :i* an organ is m>k$ w be           
proportional to its usefulness "u !     
conditions giv5 at a giv5 "t4 ,dur+ !   
p]iod ( developm5t ( worms & l[]        

v]tebrates mu* muscle ) a little bra9 0 
m useful ?an m bra9 ) less muscle4      
,h5ce1 z a rule1 ! m muscul> surviv$2 ! 
bra9 increas+ sl[ly1 at fir/ app>5tly   
l>gely because ( its correlation )      
muscle & s5se-organs4 ,at a lat] date   
muscle1 too?1 & claw 7 m useful on !    
gr\nd2 bra9 & h& 9 ! trees4 ,h5ce       
c>nivora rul$ ! gr\nd1 & c]ta9 arboreal 
apes became cont9ually m an?ropoid4 ,at 
a lat] date bra9 became m useful ev5 on 
! gr\nd1 & 0 m>k$ on a high] scale1     
because x c\ld inv5t traps & weapons    
aga9/ :i* muscle 0 ( little avail4 ,j at
 pres5t bra9 is ( use to1 & valu$ by1 a 
l>ge portion ( society 9 proportion to  
its effici5cy 9 mak+ & selfi%ly sp5d+   
money4 ,b sl[ly & surely x is becom+ (  
use z an organ ( ?\ght1 = ! sake ( !    
tru? :i* x c discov] & inc>nate4        
,natural selection works ?us app>5tly = 
! survival ( ! individuals possess+ 9 ! 
aggregate ! mo/ complete con=mity to    
environm5t4 ,let u n[ imag9e t an animal
 is s con/ruct$ z to be capable (       

v>iation along sev]al disadvantage\s or 
neutral l9es1 & along only "o :i* is    
advantage\s4 ,! developm5t w\ld ( c\rse 
proce$ along ! advantage\s l9e4 ,let u  
f>!r imag9e t to ! desc5dants ( ?is     
individual two1 & only two1 advantage\s 
l9es ( v>iations are all[$ by its       
/ructure4 ,!n natural selection w\ld    
probably favor ! decid$ly advantage\s   
l9e1 if su* !re 74 ,b z long z !        
/ructure ( ! animal all[s v>iation along
 only a few l9es1 ! two advantage\s     
v>iations w\ld1 accord+ to ! law (      
probabilities1 frequ5tly occur 9 ! same 
individual4 ,! eggs & sp]matozoa ( two  
su* individuals might n infrequ5tly     
unite1 & ?us 9 "t ! two *>act]i/ics be  
inh]it$ by a l>ge fraction ( ! species4 
,& n[ let me quote f ,mr4 ,sp5c]3     ,b
 9 proportion z ! life gr[s complex--9  
proportion z a    heal?y exi/5ce _c be  
secur$ by a l>ge end[m5t ( "s    "o p[]1
 b dem&s _m p[]s2 9 ! same proportion d 
!re arise ob/acles to ! increase ( any  
p>ticul> p[]1 by    '! pres]vation (    

favor$ races 9 ! /ruggle = life4' ,z    
fa/ z ! faculties are multipli$1 s fa/  
does x become    possible = ! sev]al    
memb]s ( a species to h v>i\s    k9ds ( 
sup]iorities ov] "o ano!r4 ,:ile "o     
saves its life    by high] spe$1 ano!r  
does ! l by cle>] vision1 ano!r    by   
ke5] sc5t1 ano!r by quick] he>+1 ano!r  
by great]    /r5g?1 ano!r by unusual p[]
 ( endur+ cold or hung]1    ano!r by    
special sagacity1 ano!r by special      
timidity1 ano!r    by special c\rage2 & 
o!rs by o!r bodily & m5tal              
attributes4 ,n[ x is unque/ionably true 
t1 o!r ?+s    equal1 ea* ( ^!           
attributes1 giv+ its possessor an extra 
*ance ( life1 is likely to be transmitt$
 to po/]ity4 ,b    !re seems no reason  
to suppose t x w be increas$ 9          
subsequ5t g5]ations by natural          
selection4 ,t x may be ?us    increas$1 
! individuals n possess+ m ?an av]age   
end[m5ts ( x mu/ be m frequ5tly kill$ (f
 ?an    individuals highly end[$ ) x2 & 
?is c happ5 only :5    ! attribute is "o

 ( great] importance1 = ! "t be+1    ?an
 mo/ ( ! o!r attributes4 ,if ^? memb]s (
 !    species :i* h b ord9>y %>es ( x1  
nev]!less    survive by virtue ( o!r    
sup]iorities :i* !y sev]ally    possess1
 !n x is n easy to see h[ ?is p>ticul>  
attribute    c be develop$ by natural   
selection 9 subsequ5t g5]ations4    ,!  
probability seems r to be t1 by         
gamog5esis1 ?is    extra end[m5t w1 on !
 av]age1 be dim9i%$ 9    po/]ity--j s]v+
 9 ! long run to comp5sate !    defici5t
 end[m5ts ( o!r individuals ^: special  
p[]s    lie 9 o!r directions1 & s to    
keep up ! normal /ructure    ( !        
species4 ,! work+ out ( ! process is "h 
some:at    difficult to foll[2 b x      
appe>s to me t z fa/ z !    numb] (     
bodily & m5tal faculties increases1 & z 
fa/ z    ! ma9t5ance ( life comes to    
dep5d less on ! am\nt ( any    "o1 & m  
on ! comb9$ action ( all1 s fa/ does !  
production ( specialties ( "* by natural
 selection alone    become difficult4   
,p>ticul>ly does ?is seem to be s ) a   

species s multitud9\s 9 its p[]s z      
mank9d1 & above all    does x seem to be
 s ) su* ( ! human p[]s z h b    m9or   
%>es 9 aid+ ! /ruggle = life--! /hetic  
faculties = example4--,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples
 ( ,biology1  #aff4  ,c ?us natural     
selection1 act+ ^u =tuit\s v>iations1 be
 ! sole guid+ process conc]n$ 9         
progress8 ,mu/ !re n be "s comb9+ p[] to
 produce ! high] individuals :i* are    
pr]equisites to ! work+ ( natural       
selection8  ,we are consid]+ ! effici5cy
 ( natural selection 9 enhanc+ useful   
v>iations ?r\gh a s]ies ( g5]ations4    
,let u return to ! di/9ction betwe5     
productiv5ess & prospectiv5ess ( social 
capital4 ,appli$ to v>iations           
productiv5ess means imm$iate advantage1 
prospectiv5ess ! great] future & p]man5t
 returns4 ,n[ all p]si/+ v>iations mu/1 
9 animals bel[ man1 app>5tly be some:at 
productive1 else !y w\ld n cont9ue1 mu* 
less increase4 ,n[ ! imm$iate return f  
prospective v>iations is (t5 small] ?an 
f productive4 ,x looks at fir/ z if     

productive v>iations w\ld always be     
pres]v$ by natural selection1 & t       
prospective v>iations w\ld n long       
advance4 ,yet 9 ! muscul> sy/em         
v>iations valuable l>gely = _! future   
value are nei!r few nor unimportant4 ,h[
 c ! bra9 9 its infancy develop until x 
ga9s supremacy ov] muscle1 or muscle h  
done ! same ) dige/ion8 ,n[ a p>tial    
explanation ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 !     
correlation ( organs4 ,?is is !re=e a   
factor ( va/ importance 9 progress ?r\gh
 evolution4  ,progress 9 any "o l9e     
dem&s correlat$ *anges 9 _m organs4 ,?us
 9 ! advance ( annelids to insects !    
muscul> sy/em increases 9 relative bulk1
 & absolutely 9 complexity4 ,b a *ange  
or increase 9 ! muscle mu/ be accompani$
 by correspond+ *anges 9 ! motor-n]ve   
fibrils2 & ^! aga9 w\ld be useless      
unless accompani$ by increas$ complexity
 & m or less readju/m5t ( ! cells &     
fibrils ( ! n]ve-c5tres4 ,& all ^!      
additions to1 & readju/m5ts (1 !        
n]ve-c5tres mu/ take place )\t any      

di/urbance ( ! o!r necess>y adju/m5ts   
already atta9$4 ,?is is no simple       
problem4  ,we w "h neglect ! fact t _m  
o!r *anges are go+ on simultane\sly4    
,legs are be+ =m$ or m\ld$ into jaws1 ! 
ant]ior segm5ts are fus+ into a head1 & 
_! ganglia into a bra92 an ext]nal      
skeleton is develop+4 ,fur!rmore !      
increase ( ! muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems mu/ 
be accompani$ by increas$ p[]s (        
dige/ion1 respiration1 & excretion4     
,practically ! :ole body is be+ reca/4  
,we insi/ only on ! necessity (         
simultane\s & p>allel *anges 9 muscles1 
n]ves1 & n]ve-c5tres2 ?\gh :at is true (
 ^! is true1 9 great] or less degree1 ( 
all ! o!r organs4  ,y may answ] t ?is is
 to be expla9$ by ! law ( correlation ( 
organs2 t :5 *anges 9 "o organ dem&     
correspond+ *anges 9 ano!r1 ^! two *ange
 simil>ly & m or less at ! same "t &    
rate4 ,b ?is is evid5tly n an           
explanation b a re/atem5t ( ! fact4 ,!  
"q rema9s1 ,:at makes ! organs v>y      
simultane\sly s z to always correspond  

to ea* o!r8 ,! :ole s]ies ( *anges mu/  
to "s ext5t be effect$ at once & 9 !    
same individual1 if x is to be pres]v$  
by natural selection4 ,=tuit\s v>iations
 "h & !re along ! l9e ( ! s]ies are (   
little or no avail4 ,t ! :ole s]ies (   
v>iations %\ld happ5 to occur 9 "o      
animal is altoge!r aga9/ ! law (        
probabilities2 if ! favorable v>iation  
occurs 9 only a "p ( ! s]ies x rema9s   
useless until ! correspond+ v>iation has
 tak5 place 9 ! o!r t]ms4 ,& :ile !     
v>iation is ?us await+ its completion1 s
 to speak1 x is useless1 & _c be fo/]$  
by natural selection4  ,evolution by    
means ( =tuit\s v>iations1 comb9$ &     
controll$ only ?r\gh natural selection1 
seems to me at lea/ impossible2 & ?is   
view is1 ,i ?9k1 /eadily ga9+ gr\nd4    
,natural selection1 :ile a real & v     
important factor 9 evolution1 _c be its 
sole & exclusive explanation4 ,x        
presupposes o!r factors1 :i* we z yet b 
dimly p]ceive4 ,& ?is does n impea* !   
validity ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory any m ?an  

,newton's !ory ( gravitation is impea*$ 
by ! fact t x (f]s no explanation z to  
:y ! apple falls or h[ bodies attract "o
 ano!r4  ,= natural selection expla9s ! 
survival1 b n ! orig91 ( ! fitte/4 ,giv5
 a species or o!r gr\p compos$ ( m &    
less fit individuals & ! fitte/ w       
survive4 ,h[ does x come ab\t t !re are 
any m & less fit individuals8 ,?is br+s 
u to ! consid]ation ( ! subject (       
v>iation4  ,let u beg9 ) a simple case (
 *ange 9 ! adult body4 ,! workman grasps
 8 tools day aft] day1 & 8 h&s become   
horny4 ,! sk9 has evid5tly ?ick5$1      
some:at z on ! soles ( ! feet4 ,?is is  
no m]e me*anical result ( pressure      
alone4 ,cont9u\s pressure w\ld produce !
 opposite result4 ,b "u ! /imulus (     
int]mitt5t pressure ! capill>ies1 or    
smalle/ blood vessels1 furni% m nutrim5t
 to ! cells compos+ ! l[e/ lay] ( ! out]
 sk9 or epid]mis4 ,^! cells1 be+ bett]  
n\ri%$1 reproduce by division m rapidly1
 & ! epid]mis1 becom+ compos$ ( a great]
 numb] ( lay]s ( cells1 ?ick5s4 ,!      

out]-mo/ lay]s1 be+ f>!/ f ! blood      
supply1 dry up & are pack$ toge!r into a
 horny mass4  ,if ,i g out into ! sun%9e
 ,i become tann$4 ,?is aga9 is n a      
direct & purely *emical or physical     
result ( ! sun's rays1 b ^! h /imulat$ !
 cells ( ! sk9 to und]go c]ta9          
modifications4 ,any *ange 9 ! liv+ body 
"u *ang$ conditions is n passive1 b an  
active reaction to a /imulus furni%$ by 
! surr\nd+s4 ,! same /imulus may excite 
v diff]5t reactions 9 diff]5t           
individuals or species4  ,e>ly 9 ?is    
c5tury a f>m]1 ,se? ,wright1 f\nd among 
8 lambs a "y ram ) %ort legs & long     
body4 ,! f>m] kept ! ram1 reason+ t 8   
%ort legs w\ld prev5t him f lead+ !     
flock ov] ! f>m-walls & f5ces4 ,f ?is   
ram 0 desc5d$ ! bre$ ( ancon1 or ott]1  
%eep4 ,n[ ! /imulus :i* _h excit$ ?is   
v>iation mu/ h be5 appli$ e>ly 9        
embryonic life1 or p]haps dur+ ! =mation
 or matur+ ( ! g]m-cells !mselves4 ,su* 
a v>iation we call a cong5ital v>iation4
  ,^! cases are m]ely illu/rations ( !  

g5]al tru? t 9 e v>iation !re are two   
factors conc]n$3 ! liv+ be+ ) its       
con/itution & inh]5t t5d5cies & !       
ext]nal /imulus4  ,! c\rses ( ! diff]5t 
balls 9 a *>ge ( grape-%ot1 hurl$ f a   
cannon1 are evid5tly due to two sets (  
=ces--#a1 _! initial en]gy & ! direction
 ( _! aim2 #b1 ! deflect+ p[] ( resi/+  
objects or =ces--or ! diff]5t balls     
might roll ) great velocity d[n a       
precipit\s m\nta9-side4 ,9 ! fir/ case  
velocity & direction ( c\rse w\ld be    
det]m9$ l>gely by initial impulse2 9 !  
second1 by ! attraction ( ! e>? & by !  
inequalities ( its surface4  ,9         
evolution1 environm5t1 r\ghly speak+1   
corresponds to ^! deflect+ or attract+  
ext]nal objects or =ces2 inh]5t t5d5cies
 to initial impulse4 ,if we lay great   
weight on initial t5d5cies1 inh]5t 9    
protoplasm f ! v beg9n+1 we %all        
probably lay less /ress on natural      
selection z a guid+1 direct+ process4   
,! great botani/1 ,ngeli1 has prop\nd$ a
 mo/ +5i\s & elaborate !ory ( evolution1

 z dep5d5t ma9ly on inh]5t initial      
t5d5cy4 ,we c notice only "o or two (   
its sali5t po9ts4 ,all developm5t is1   
accord+ to 8 view1 due to a t5d5cy 9 !  
primitive liv+ sub/ance t[>d m complete 
division ( labor & great] complexity4   
,?is t5d5cy1 :i* he calls progression1  
or ! t5d5cy t[>d p]fection1 is ! result 
( ! *emical & molecul> /ructure ( !     
=mative controll+ protoplasm 7idioplasm7
 ( ! body1 & is transmitt$ ) o!r p>5tal 
traits f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,&       
/ructural complexity ?us increases l    
money at comp\nd int]e/4 ,developm5t is 
a process ( unfold+ or ( realization ( !
 possibilities ( ?is t5d5cy "u ! /imulus
 ( surr\nd+ influ5ces4 ,environm5t plays
 an ess5tial "p 9 8 sy/em4 ,b only su*  
*anges are transmissible to future      
g5]ations z h result$ f modifications   
aris+ 9 ! idioplasm4 ,desc5dants (      
plants :i* h v>i$ "u *ang$ conditions   
rev]t1 z a rule1 to ! old type1 :5      
return$ to ! old surr\nd+s4 ,& 9 !      
animal _w effects ( use & disuse are1   

accord+ to 8 view1 n transmissible4     
,natural selection plays a v subord9ate 
"p4 ,x is purely de/ructive4 ,giv5 an   
inf9ity ( place & n\ri%m5t--d away1 t   
is1 ) all /ruggle & selection--& ! liv+ 
_w w\ld h advanc$1 purely by ! =ce ( !  
progressive t5d5cy1 j z f> z x n[ has2  
only !re w\ld h surviv$ an indef9ite    
numb] ( int]m$iate =ms4 ,x w\ld h diff]$
 f our pres5t liv+ _w z ! milky way does
 f ! />ry firmam5t4  ,he comp>es ! plant
 k+dom to a great1 luxuri\s tree1 bran*+
 f its v base1 ^: twigs w\ld repres5t ! 
pres5t /age ( our diff]5t species4 ,left
 to itself x w\ld put out a *aos (      
innum]able bran*es4 ,natural selection1 
l a g>d5]1 prunes ! tree into %ape4     
,*ildr5 might imag9e t ! g>d5] caus$ !  
gr[?2 b ! tree w\ld h be5 broad] & h    
bran*$ m luxuriantly if left to         
itself4,a    ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,ngeli1 
,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre1 p4 #ah2     
also pp4 #ab1 #aah1 #bhe4  ,e species   
mu/ v>y p]petually4 ,n[ ?is proposition 
is app>5tly n 9 accord ) fact2 = "s h   

rema9$ un*ang$ dur+ imm5se p]iods4 ,&   
natural selection1 by remov+ ! less fit1
 c]ta9ly appe>s to contribute to        
progress by rais+ ! av]age ( ! species4 
,! !ory seems extreme & "o-sid$4 ,& yet 
x has done great s]vice by call+ 9 "q ! 
all-suffici5cy ( natural selection & !  
modify+ p[] ( environm5t1 & by          
emphasiz+1 probably ov]mu*1 ! importance
 ( initial inh]5t t5d5cy1 ^: value has  
be5 entirely neglect$ by _m             
evolutioni/s4  ,lack ( space compels u  
to leave unnotic$ mo/ ( ! exce$+ly      
valuable sugge/ions ( ,ngeli's brilliant
 "w4  ,x is /ill less possible to d any 
ju/ice 9 a few words to ,weismann's     
!ory4 ,into its v>i\s modifications1 z x
 has gr[n f ye> to ye>1 we h no "t to   
ent]4 ,& we mu/ conf9e ourselves to 8   
views ( v>iation & h]$ity4  ,9 /udy+    
protozoa we notic$ t !y reproduc$ by    
fission1 ea* adult individual divid+    
into two "y ones4 ,!re is !re=e no old  
p>5t left to die4 ,natural dea? does n  
occur "h1 only dea? by viol5ce or       

unfavorable conditions4 ,! protozoa are 
immortal1 n 9 ! s5se ( ! endless        
p]si/5ce ( ! individual1 b ( ! abs5ce ( 
dea?4 ,h]$ity is "h easily              
compreh5sible1 = "o-half1 or less       
frequ5tly a small] fraction1 ( !        
sub/ance ( ! p>5t goes to =m ! new      
individual4 ,!re is direct cont9uity (  
sub/ance f g5]ation to g5]ation4  ,b 9  
volvox a *ange has tak5 place4 ,!       
f]tiliz$ egg-cell1 =m$ by ! union ( egg 
& sp]matozoon1 is a s+le cell1 l !      
individual result+ f ! conjugation or   
fusion ( two protozoa4 ,b 9 ! _m-cell$  
individual1 :i* develops out ( !        
f]tiliz$ egg1 !re are two k9ds ( cells4 
#a4 ,!re are o!r egg-cells1 l ! fir/1   
ea* "o ( :i* c1 "u favorable conditions1
 develop into a multicellul> individual 
l ! p>5t4 ,& ! g]m-cells 7eggs &        
sp]matozoa7 ( volvox are immortal l !   
protozoa4 ,b1 #b1 !re are nutritive1    
somatic cells1 :i* n\ri% & transport !  
g]m-cells1 & aft] _! dis*>ge die4 ,^!   
somatic cells1 be+ mortal1 diff]        

altoge!r f ! g]m-cells & ! protozoa4 ,! 
protoplasm mu/ diff] 9 *emical1 or      
molecul>1 or o!r /ructure 9 ! two cases1
 & we di/+ui% ! g]m-plasm ( ! g]m-cells1
 resembl+ 9 c]ta9 respects ,ngeli's     
idioplasm1 f somatoplasm1 :i* p]=ms mo/ 
( ! functions ( ! cell4 ,! somatoplasm  
arises f1 & h5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z a      
modification (1 ! g]m-plasm4 ,!         
g]m-plasm c increase indef9itely 9 !    
lapse ( g5]ations1 increase ( !         
somatoplasm is limit$4  ,:5 a new       
individual develops1 a c]ta9 portion ( !
 g]m-plasm ( ! egg is set aside & rema9s
 un*ang$ 9 /ructure4 ,?is1 increas+ 9   
quantity1 =ms ! reproductive elem5ts = !
 next g5]ation4 ,! g]m-plasm1 :i* does n
 =m ! :ole ( ea* reproductive elem5t1 b 
only a "p ( ! nucleus1 is ?us an        
exce$+ly /able sub/ance4 ,& !re is a j z
 real cont9uity ( g]m-plasm ?r\gh       
successive g5]ations ( volvox1 or ( any 
high] plants or animals1 z 9 successive 
g5]ations ( protozoa4  ,9 c]ta9 plants  
!re is an und]gr\nd /em or root/ock1 :i*

 gr[s p]5nially1 & ea* ye> produces a   
plant f a bud at its end4 ,?is und]gr\nd
 root/ock w\ld repres5t ! cont9u\s      
g]m-plasm ( successive g5]ations2 !     
plants :i* ye>ly arise f x w\ld repres5t
 ! successive g5]ations ( adult         
individuals1 compos$ ma9ly (            
somatoplasm4 ,or we may imag9e a long   
*a91 ) a p5dant atta*$ to ea* t5? or    
"o-hundr$? l9k4 ,! l9ks ( ! *a9 w\ld    
repres5t ! s]ies ( g5]ations (          
g]m-cells2 ! p5dants1 ! adults (        
successive g5]ations4  ,b any leaf (    
begonia c be made to develop into a new 
plant1 giv+ rise to g]m-cells4 ,"h !re  
mu/ be scatt]$ ?r\gh ! leaves ( ! plant 
small portions ( g]m-plasm1 :i* g5]ally 
rema9 dormant1 & only "u special        
conditions increase & give rise to      
g]m-cells4  ,a l>ge "p ( ! g]m-plasm ( !
 f]tiliz$ egg is us$ to give rise to !  
somatoplasm compos+ ! diff]5t sy/ems ( !
 embryo & adult4 ,weismann's explanation
 ( ?is *ange ( g]m-plasm into           
somatoplasm is v +5i\s1 & dep5ds ^u 8   

!ory ( ! /ructure ( ! g]m-plasm2 & ?is  
latt] !ory =ms ! basis ( 8 !ory (       
evolution4 ,x w\ld take too long to /ate
 8 !ory ( ! /ructure ( g]m-plasm1 b an  
illu/ration may pres5t fairly cle> all t
 is ( special importance to u4  ,!      
molecules ( g]m-plasm are gr\p$ 9 units1
 & ^! 9 an asc5d+ s]ies ( units (       
cont9ually increas+ complexity1 until at
 la/ we f9d ! highe/ unit repres5t$ 9 ! 
nucleus ( ! g]m-cell4 ,?is gr\p+ (      
molecules 9 units ( increas+ complexity 
is l ! gr\p+ ( ! m5 ( an army 9         
companies1 regim5ts1 brigades1          
divisions1 etc4  ,to =m ! somatoplasm ( 
! diff]5t tissues ( ! body1 ?is         
complicat$ organization breaks up1 z !  
egg divides1 into an ev]-increas+ numb] 
( cells4 ,fir/1 s to speak1 ! corps     
sep>ate to preside ov] ! =mation (      
diff]5t body regions4 ,!n ! diff]5t     
divisions1 brigades1 & regim5ts1 compos+
 ea* next high] unit1 sep>ate1 be+      
detail$ to =m ev] small] portions ( !   
body4 ,! process ( *ang+ g]m-plasm into 

somatoplasm is "o ( dis9tegration4 ,!   
g]m-plasm conta9s repres5tatives ( !    
:ole army2 a somatic cell only          
repres5tatives ( "o special arm ( a     
special tra9+4 ,g]m-plasm 9 ! egg is l  
,humpty-,dumpty on ! wall2 somatoplasm1 
l ,humpty-,dumpty aft] 8 great fall4  ,i
 use ^! rude illu/rations to make cle>  
"o po9t3 ,g]m-plasm c easily *ange into 
somatoplasm1 b somatoplasm once =m$ c   
nev] be reconv]t$ into g]m-plasm1 any m 
?an ! fall5 h]o ( ! nurs]y rhyme c\ld   
ev] be re/or$4  ,! g]m-plasm is1 accord+
 to ,weismann1 a v peculi>1 complex1    
/able sub/ance1 cont9u\s f g5]ation to  
g5]ation s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( life on
 ! globe4 ,x is 9 ! body ( ! p>5t1 b    
sc>cely ( x4 ,its relation to ! body is 
l t ( a plant to ! soil or ( a p>asite  
to its ho/4 ,x receives f ! body        
practically only transport & n\ri%m5t4  
,x is l a self-p]petuat+1 close         
corporation2 & ! somatoplasm has no     
means ( ei!r controll+ x or ( ga9+      
repres5tation 9 x4  ,says ,weismann,a3  

,! g]m-cells are conta9$ 9 ! organism1 &
 ! ext]nal influ5ces :i* affect !m are  
intimately connect$ ) ! /ate ( !        
organism 9 :i* !y lie hid4 ,if x be well
 n\ri%$1 ! g]m-cells w h abundant       
nutrim5t2 &1 conv]sely1 if x be weak &  
sickly1 ! g]m-cells w be arre/$ 9 _!    
gr[?4 ,x is ev5 possible t ! effects (  
^! influ5ces may be m specializ$2 t is  
to say1 !y may act only ^u c]ta9 p>ts ( 
! g]m-cells4 ,b ?is is inde$ v diff]5t f
 believ+ t ! *anges ( ! organism :i*    
result f ext]nal /imuli c be transmitt$ 
to ! g]m-cells & w r$evelop 9 ! next    
g5]ation at ! same "t z t at :i* !y     
arose 9 ! p>5t1 & 9 ! same "p ( !       
organism4    ,footnote ,a3 ,essays ^u   
,h]$ity1 p4 #aje4  ,b if ! g]m-plasm has
 ?is con/itution & relation to ! re/ ( !
 body1 h[ is any v>iation possible8     
,diff]5t individuals ( any species h    
slightly diff]5t cong5ital t5d5cies4    
,h5ce 9 ! act ( f]tilization two        
g]m-plasms ( slightly diff]5t /ructure &
 t5d5cy are m+l$4 ,! m+l+ ( ! two       

produces a g]m-plasm & individual diff]+
 f bo? ( ! p>5ts4 ,?us1 accord+ to      
,weismann's e>li] view1 ! orig9 (       
v>iation 0 to be s\ght 9 sexual         
reproduction ?r\gh ! m+l+ ( slightly    
diff]5t g]m-plasms4  ,b h[ did ^! two   
g]m-plasms come to be diff]5t8 ,h[ 0 !  
v>iation />t$8 ,to expla9 ?is ,weismann 
w5t back to ! unicellul> protozoa4 ,^!  
animals are und\bt$ly influ5c$ by       
environm5t & v>y "u its /imuli4 ,"h !   
v>iations 7 /amp$ ^u ! g]m-plasm1 & !   
comm+l+ ( ^! v>i\sly /amp$ g]m-plasms   
has result$ 9 all ! v>iations ( high]   
animals4  ,( late ,weismann has modifi$ 
& greatly improv$ ?is portion ( 8 !ory4 
,he n[ accepts ! view t ext]nal         
influ5ces may act ^u ! g]m-plasm n only 
9 protozoa b also 9 all high] animals4  
,v>iation is ?us due to ! action or     
/imulus ( ext]nal influ5ces1 supplem5t$ 
by sexual reproduction4  ,b ! v         
con/itution ( ! g]m-plasm & its relation
 to ! body absolutely =bids !           
transmission ( acquir$ somatic          

*>act]i/ics & ( ! special effects ( use 
& disuse4 ,muscul> activity promotes    
g5]al heal?1 & might ?us conduce to     
bett]-n\ri%$ g]m-cells & to m vigor\s & 
!re=e a?letic desc5dants4 ,! ex]cise ( !
 muscles might possibly cause su* a     
condition ( ! blood t ! portion ( !     
g]m-plasm repres5t+ ! muscul> sy/em ( ! 
next g5]ation might be especially n\ri%$
 or /imulat$4 ,?us an a?letic p>5t might
 produce m a?letic *ildr54  ,b let u    
imag9e tw9 bro!rs ( equal muscul>       
developm5t4 ,"o f *ildhood on ex]cises !
 l[] half ( 8 body2 ! o!r1 ! upp]4 ,bo? 
take ! same am\nt ( ex]cise1 & h p]haps 
equal muscul> developm5t1 b locat$ 9    
diff]5t halves ( ! body4 ,n[ x is h>d to
 conceive t x c make any diff]5ce 9 !   
n\ri%+ or /imulat+ influ5ce ( ! blood1  
:e!r ! muscul> activity resides 9 "o    
half ( ! body or ! o!r4 ,! *ildr5 might 
be exactly alike4  ,"o man drives ! p51 
a second plays ! piano1 & a ?ird wields 
a light hamm]4 ,all ?ree use diff]5t    
muscles ( ! h& & arm4 ,h[ c ?is use (   

special muscles /amp itself ^u !        
g]m-cells 9 su* a way t ! (fspr+ w h ^! 
special muscles enl>g$8 ,grant+ t       
ext]nal influ5ces ( environm5t & bodily 
condition may effect ! g]m-cells2 grant+
 ev5 t "s ( ! mo/ g5]al effects ( use & 
disuse might be transmitt$1 :at w>rant h
 we = believ+ t ! special acquir$       
*>act]i/ic c be transmitt$8 ,weismann   
answ]s1 ,none at all4 ,! somatoplasm c  
only 9 ! mo/ g5]al way affect !         
self-p]petuat+1 close corporation ( !   
g]m-plasm4,a    ,footnote ,a3 ,weismann1
 ,essays1 p4 #bhf4  ,!re is ?us1 accord+
 to ,weismann1 no?+ to direct v>iation  
to c]ta9 organs1 or to guide & comb9e ! 
v>iations ( ^! organs along c]ta9 l9es1 
except natural selection4 ,to a c]ta9   
ext5t v>iation may be limit$ by ! v     
/ructure ( ! animal4 ,b )9 ^! limits !re
 are wide ranges :]e "o v>iation is     
app>5tly j z likely to occur z ano!r4   
,)9 ^! wide limits v>iation appe>s to be
 =tuit\s4 ,natural selection mu/ wait   
until ! individuals appe> 9 :i* ^!      

v>iations occur already correlat$1 & !n 
seize ^u ^! individuals4 ,x is app>5tly 
! only guid+1 direct+ =ce4 ,l9e>        
v>iation1 t is1 a v>iation advanc+      
cont9u\sly along "o or v few /raight    
l9es1 w\ld appe> to be impossible4  ,9  
,ngeli's !ory initial t5d5cy is         
ov]:elm+ly dom9ant2 9 ,weismann's1      
natural selection is almighty4          
,weismann's foll[]s h receiv$ ! "n (    
,neo-,d>w9ians4 ,! s-call$              
,neo-,lam>ckian s*ool believes 9 !      
transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics1 
& ( at lea/ p>ticul> effects ( use &    
disuse4 ,! "o !ory is nei!r m nor less  
,d>w9ian ?an ! o!r4 ,= :ile ,d>w9       
emphasiz$ natural selection1 he accept$ 
to a c]ta9 ext5t ! transmission (       
special effects ( use & disuse4  ,a     
special !ory ( h]$ity1 pang5esis1 has   
be5 accept$ by _m ( ! ,neo-,lam>ckian   
s*ool4 ,! !ory ( pang5esis1 z prop\nd$  
by ,mr4 ,d>w91 may be v briefly /at$ z  
foll[s3 ,! cells 9 all p>ts ( ! body are
 cont9ually ?r[+ (f g]m9al p>ticles1 or 

gemmules4 ,^! become scatt]$ ?r\gh !    
body1 gr[1 & multiply by division4 ,on  
acc\nt ( mutual attraction !y unite 9 ! 
reproductive gl&s to =m eggs or         
sp]matozoa4 ,! g]m-cells are ?us ! be>]s
 ( h]$ity because !y conta9 samples1 s  
to speak1 ( all ! organs ( ! body4  ,9  
h]$ity1 accord+ to ,weismann's !ory1 !  
egg is ! c5tre ( control1 ! cont9u\s    
g]m-plasm ! s\rce ( all transmitt$      
*anges2 accord+ to ,d>w9's !ory1 ! body 
is ! s\rce1 & ! egg is d]iv$ 9 great "p 
at lea/ f x4 ,if y put to ! two !       
"t-honor$ "q1 ,:i* is fir/1 ! owl or !  
egg8 ,weismann w\ld ann\nce1 ) emphasis1
 ,! egg2 ,d>w9 w\ld say1 ,! owl4 ,"o    
proposition is ! conv]se ( ! o!r1 & mo/ 
facts accord almo/ equally well ) bo?   
!ories4  ,9 any family1 devot$ =        
g5]ations to lit]>y or arti/ic pursuits1
 ! *ildr5 %[1 z a rule1 an aptitude =   
su* pursuits n manife/$ by ^? ( o!r     
families4 ,accord+ to ! ,neo-,lam>ckian 
view1 ?is inh]it$ aptitude is to a c]ta9
 ext5t ! result ( ! con/ant ex]cise ( ^!

 faculties ?r\gh a s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,!
 active ef=ts & volunt>y disposition ( !
 p>5ts h giv5 an increas$ pr$isposition 
to ! *ild4 ,q ! rev]se1 says ,weismann1 
! increase ( an organ 9 ! c\rse (       
g5]ations does n dep5d ^u ! summation ( 
ex]cise tak5 dur+ s+le lives1 b ^u !    
summation ( m favorable pr$ispositions 9
 ! g]m4 ,an organism _c acquire any?+   
unless x already possesses !            
pr$isposition to acquire x4,a           
,footnote ,a3 ,weismann1 ,essays1 pp4   
#he & #aga4  ,we may accept or d5y ?is  
la/ /atem5t1 b x is evid5t t facts l ^!1
 & inde$ ! orig9 ( mo/ or all           
*>act]i/ics involv+ use or disuse1 may  
be expla9$ almo/ equally well by ei!r   
!ory4  ,b z f> z ! transmission (       
effects ( somatic *anges is conc]n$1 if 
protozoa und]go special modifications "u
 ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions1 w n ! 
g]m-cells und]go special modification "u
 ! influ5ce ( *anges 9 ! somatoplasm :i*
 =ms _! imm$iate environm5t8 ,we mu/    
nev] =get ! close relation%ip betwe5 all

 ! cells ( ! body1 & h[ slight a *ange 9
 ! body or its surr\nd+s may conduce to 
/]ility or f]tility4 ,su* isolation &   
indep5d5ce 9 ! body1 on ! "p ( !        
g]m-cells1 is oppos$ to all t we "k ( ! 
organic unity ( ! body1 ^: cells h aris5
 by ! diff]5tiation (1 & division (     
labor betwe51 cells primitively alike4  
,! facts ( bud-v>iation1 ( *anges 9 !   
p>5t /ock due to graft+1 & o!rs1 ( :i*  
,mr4 ,d>w9 has giv5 a summ>y 9 ! elev5? 
*apt] ( ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,plants &     
,animals "u ,dome/ication1 h nev] be5   
adequately expla9$ by ,weismann 9       
accordance ) 8 !ory4 ,he has p]haps     
succe$$ 9 p>ry+ _! =ce by %[+ t "s su*  
explanation is conceivable2 !y /ill po9t
 /rongly aga9/ him4  ,wilson has good   
reason = 8 /eadily gr[+ conviction t !  
cell is n a self-regulat+ me*anism 9    
itself1 t no cell is isolat$1 & t       
,weismann's fundam5tal proposition is   
false4  ,b1 grant+ ! =ce ( ^!           
criticisms1 ! "q /ill rema9s1 ,is !     
special effect ( use or disuse          

transmissible8 ,w\ld ! blacksmi?'s son h
 a /rong] "r arm8  #a4 ,! isolation &   
indep5d5ce ( ! g]m-cells1 :i* ,weismann 
po/ulates z oppos+ ?is1 c h>dly be z    
great z he ?9ks4 #b4 ,x is 9 8 view     
impossible to conceive h[ ^! acquir$    
*>act]i/ics c 9 any way rea* & affect ! 
g]m-cells 9 su* a mann] z to reappe> 9 !
 next g5]ation4 #c4 ,all v>iations c be 
expla9$ by 8 own !ory )\t su*           
transmission4 ,:y !n believe t acquir$  
*>act]i/ics c 9 "s inconceivable way    
affect ! g]m-cells s z to reappe> 9 !   
next g5]ation1 z long z all ! facts c be
 expla9$ 9 a m simple & easily          
conceivable mann]8  ,z to 8 second      
argum5t1 ,i w\ld readily ackn[l$ge t x  
is at pres5t difficult or impossible =  
me to conceive h[ any cell c act ^u     
ano!r1 except ?r\gh ! nutri5t or o!r    
fluids :i* x c produce4 ,b ?\gh ,i _c   
conceive h[ "o cell c affect ano!r1 ,i  
may be compell$ to believe t x does s4  
,& ?is ,weismann readily ackn[l$ges4    
,dries* *ang$ by pressure ! relative    

position ( ! cells ( a v "y embryo1 s t 
^? :i* 9 a normal embryo w\ld h produc$ 
"o organ 7 n[ compell$1 if us$ at all1  
to =m q a diff]5t "o4 ,& yet ^! displac$
 cells =m$ ! organ requir$ ( cells      
normally occupy+ ?is new position1 n !  
"o = :i* !y 7 normally int5d$4 ,& !     
organ :i* !y w\ld h build$ 9 a normal   
embryo 0 n[ =m$ by o!r cells transf]r$  
to _! rightful place4  ,:at made !m ?us 
*ange8 ,n *ange ( sub/ance or /ructure1 
= ! slight pressure c\ld h>dly h modifi$
 ?is4 ,n *ange ( nutrim5t4 ,! only      
visible or easily conceivable *ange 0 9 
position relative to o!r cells ( !      
embryo4  ,let u 9 imag9ation simplify   
,dries*'s exp]im5t1 = ! sake ( ga9+ a   
cle>] view ( its mean+4 ,9 a c]ta9      
embryo at an e>ly /age are c]ta9 cells  
^: desc5dants %\ld =m ! l9+ ( ! inte/9e 
& be us$ 9 ! adult = dige/ion4 ,a second
 set ( cells %\ld =m muscle end[$ ma9ly 
) contractility4 ,:5 ^! two sets (      
cells1 or "s ( !m1 ex*ange positions 9 !
 embryo1 !y ex*ange l9es ( developm5t4  

,! fir/ set n[ =m muscle1 ! second      
dige/ive tissue4 ,! only *ange has be5 9
 _! relative positions4 ,dries* ma9ta9s1
 !re=e1 t ! goal ( developm5t 9 any     
embryonic cell is det]m9$ n by /ructure 
or nutrim5t b by position4 ,& ?is w\ld  
seem to be true ( ! cells ( ! e>lie/    
embryonic /ages4  ,c]ta9 o!r exp]im5ts  
po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,cut a hydra   
into equal halves & ea* half w =m a     
complete animal4 ,! l[] half =ms a new  
top1 ) m\? & t5tacles2 ! upp] half1 a   
new base4 ,cut ! o!r hydra a            
hair's-bread? f>!r up4 ,! same lay] (   
cells :i* 9 ! fir/ animal =m$ ! l[]     
expos$ surface ( ! upp] half n[ =ms !   
upp] expos$ surface ( ! l[] half4 ,& )  
?is *ange ( position x has *ang$ its l9e
 ( developm5t2 x w n[ give rise to a new
 upp] half1 n a base z be=e4 ,! same    
exp]im5t c be tri$ on c]ta9 worms )     
simil> results1 only head & tail diff]  
f> m ?an top & base ( hydra4 ,diff]5ce 9
 ! position ( cells has made va/        
diff]5ce 9 _! l9e ( developm5t4 ,n[ 9   

bo? embryo & adult !re mu/ be "s direct+
 influ5ce guid+ ^! cells4 ,:at is x8    
,an army is m ?an a mob ( individuals2 x
 is individuals plus organization1      
discipl9e1 au?ority4 ,a republic is n   
squ>e miles ( t]ritory & ?\s&s or       
millions ( inhabitants4 ,x is ^! plus   
organization1 c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,web/]   
claim$ t ! c5tral gov]nm5t 01 & _h to   
be1 be=e ! /ates4 ,! organism _c exi/   
)\t its p>ts2 x has a v real exi/5ce 9 &
 ?r\gh !m4 ,x c co]ce !m4 ,! /ate may be
 an ab/raction1 b x is "o aga9/ :i* x is
 usually fatal to rebel1 & :i* c say to 
a citiz51 ,g & be hang$1 & he /raightway
 m\nts ! scaffold4 ,n[ ^! are analogies 
& prove no?+4 ,b 9 s f> z !y ?r[ light  
on ! ess5tial idea ( an organism1 !y may
 aid u 9 ga9+ a "r view ( our cell      
republic4  ,says ,:itman 9 a v int]e/+  
article on ! ,inadequacy ( !            
,cell-,!ory3 ,t organization prec$es    
cell-=mation & regulates x1 r ?an !     
rev]se1 is a conclusion t =ces itself ^u
 u f _m sides4 ,! /ructure :i* we see 9 

a cell-mosaic is some?+ sup]add$ to     
organization1 n itself ! f\ndation (    
organization4 ,comp>ative embryology    
rem9ds u at e turn t ! organism dom9ates
 cell-=mation1 us+ = ! same purpose "o1 
sev]al1 or _m cells1 mass+ its mat]ial &
 direct+ its movem5ts1 & %ap+ its organs
 z if cells did n exi/1 or z if !y exi/$
 only 9 complete subord9ation to its w1 
if ,i may s speak4 ,! organization ( !  
egg is c>ri$ =w>d to ! adult z an       
unbrok5 physiological unity1 or         
individuality1 ?r\gh all modifications &
 trans=mations4 ,& ,wilson1 ,:itman1    
,h]twig1 & o!rs urge t ! organism z a   
:ole controls ! =mative processes go+ on
 9 ea* "p ( ! embryo4 ,& _m ye>s ago    
,huxley wrote1 ,!y 7! cells7 are no m ! 
produc]s ( ! vital ph5om5a ?an ! %ells  
scatt]$ along ! sea-bea* are ! in/rum5ts
 by :i* ! gravitative =ce ( ! moon acts 
^u ! ocean4 ,l ^!1 ! cells m>k only :]e 
! vital tides h be51 & h[ !y h act$4,a  
,footnote ,a3 ,see articles by ,:itman &
 ,wilson1 ,j\rnal (   ,morphology1 vol4 

viii41 pp4 #fdi1 #fjg1 etc4  ,int]action
 ( cells c help u b little4 ,= h[ c     
neighbor+ cells direct o!rs plac$ 9 a   
new position8 ,! expression1 if n       
positively mislead+ & untrue1 is at !   
be/ only a re/atem5t ( fact4 ,x c]ta9ly 
(f]s no explanation4 ,flood-tide is n   
due to ! int]action ( p>ticles ( wat]1  
?\gh ?is may influ5ce ! =m ( ! waves4   
,! c5tre ( control is !re=e n to be     
s\ght 9 individual cells1 :e!r g]m-cells
 or somatic1 b 9 ! organism4 ,& x is !  
:ole organism1 "o & indivisible1 :i*    
controls 9 g]m1 embryo1 & adult1 9 egg &
 owl4 ,?is individuality1 or :atev] y w 
call x1 impresses itself ^u develop+    
somatic cells1 m\ld+ !m into appropriate
 organs1 & ^u g]m-cells 9 process (     
=mation1 m\ld+ !m s t !y may cont9ue its
 sway4 ,! muscle1 modifi$ by use or     
disuse1 is a bett] expression ( !       
individuality ( its possessor1 & ! same 
individuality m\lds simil>ly &          
simultane\sly ! g]m-cells4 ,bo? are     
diff]5t expressions or manife/ations ( !

 same individuality4 ,only sl[ly does ! 
individuality m\ld ! muscles & n]ves ( !
 adult body to its use4 ,/ill m sl[ may 
be ! m\ld+ ( ! /ill m refractory        
g]m-plasm1 if su* !re be4 ,b ! m\ld+    
process goes on p>allel 9 ! two cases4  
,b ,weismann's argum5t re/s n m]ely ^u  
any difficulty or impossibility ( !     
transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics4 
,8 argum5t is r t all facts c be bett]  
expla9$ by 8 !ory )\t po/ulat+ or       
accept+ su* transmission1 cases ( :i* h 
nev] be5 absolutely prov54 ,b ! "q is n 
:e!r 8 !ory (f]s a possible explanation 
( ! facts1 b :e!r x is ! mo/ probable   
explanation ( all ! facts4 ,no "o w\ld  
d5y1 ,i ?9k1 t ! cont9uity ( ! g]m-plasm
 (f]s ! be/ & mo/ natural explanation ( 
h]$ity2 & t v>iations c\ld be produc$ by
 ! influ5ce on ! g]m-plasm ( ext]nal    
conditions seems entirely probable4  ,b 
:5 we consid] ! aggregation ( ^!        
v>iations 9 a process ( evolution1 8    
!ory seems unsatisfactory4 ,we h already
 se5 t :at we commonly call a v>iation  

involves n "o *ange1 b a s]ies ( *anges1
 ea* t]m ( :i* is necess>y4 ,muscle1    
n]ve1 & ganglion mu/ all v>y            
simultane\sly & correspond+ly4          
,correlation & comb9ation are j z       
ess5tial z v>iation4 ,& evolution (t5   
dem&s ! disappe>ance ( less fit         
/ructures j z mu* z ! advance ( !       
fitte/4 ,says ,osborne1 ,x is mislead+  
to base our !ory ( evolution & h]$ity   
solely ^u entire organs2 9 ! h& & foot  
we h num]\s cases ( muscles 9 close     
contiguity1 "o /eadily develop+1 ! o!r  
deg5]at+4 ,weismann (f]s ! explanation t
 if ! av]age am\nt ( food :i* an animal 
c assimilate e day rema9s con/ant = a   
consid]able "t1 x foll[s t a /rong      
influx t[>d "o organ mu/ be accompani$  
by a dra9 ^u o!rs1 & ?is t5d5cy w       
increase1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 9     
proportion to ! developm5t ( ! gr[+     
organ1 :i* is favor$ by natural         
selection 9 its increas$ blood-supply1  
etc42 :ile ! op]ation ( natural         
selection has also det]m9$ ! organ :i* c

 be> a correspond+ loss )\t detrim5t to 
! organism z a :ole4,a    ,footnote ,a3 
,weismann1 ,essays1 p4 #hh4  ,"h aga9   
natural selection ( individuals1 n !    
dim9i%$ supply ( nutrim5t1 has to       
det]m9e :i* ( _m muscles %all be poorly 
f$ & :i* favor$4 ,b natural selection c 
favor special organs only indirectly    
?r\gh ! individuals :i* possess su*     
organs4 ,v>iation is =tuit\s1 & !re is  
no?+1 except natural selection1 to      
comb9e or direct !m4 ,&1 ,i ?9k1 we h   
already se5 t any !ory :i* neglects or  
excludes su* direct+ & comb9+ ag5cies   
mu/ be unsatisfactory & inadequate4     
,weismann has promis$ u an explanation (
 correlation ( v>iation 9 accordance ) 8
 !ory2 & if su* an explanation c be     
made1 x w\ld remove "o ( ! /ronge/      
objections4 ,b = ! pres5t ! objection   
has v great weight4  ,fur!rmore1 z      
,osborne has insi/$1 l9e> v>iations1 or 
v>iations proce$+ along c]ta9 s+le &    
well-m>k$ l9es1 w\ld seem inexplicable  
by1 if n fatal to1 ,weismann's !ory4 ,& 

yet ,osborne1 ,cope1 & o!rs h %[n t !   
tee? ( mammals h develop$ /eadily along 
well-m>k$ l9es4 ,!y h app>5tly n result$
 at all by selection f a ho/ ( =tuit\s  
v>iations4  ,says ,osborne 9 8          
,c>twright ,lectures,a3 ,x is evid5t t  
use & disuse *>act]ize all ! c5tres (   
evolution2 t *anges ( /ructure are sl[ly
 foll[+ on *anges ( function or habit4  
,9 eight indep5d5t regions ( evolution 9
 ! human body !re are upw>d ( tw5ty     
develop+ organs1 upw>d ( ?irty deg5]at+ 
organs4 ,n[ ?is p>allelism1 ?r\gh a long
 s]ies ( g5]ations1 betwe5 ! evolution (
 organs1 _! advance or deg5]ation1 & !  
use or disuse ( ^! same organs1 t is1 ( 
! habits ( ! individual1 is c]ta9ly (   
great significance4 ,x mu/ h an         
explanation2 & ! mo/ natural "o w\ld    
seem to be ! transmission ( ! effects ( 
use & disuse4    ,footnote ,a3 ,am]ican 
,naturali/1 vols4 xxv4 & xxvi4  ,on !   
:ole ,osborne's v]dict w\ld seem j3 ,!  
,neo-,lam>ckian !ory fails to expla9    
h]$ity1 ,weismann's !ory does n expla9  

evolution4 ,b1 if ! effects ( use &     
disuse are transmitt$1 correlation (    
v>iation is to be expect$4 ,muscle1     
n]ve1 & ganglion all v>y 9 correlation  
because !y are all us$ toge!r & 9 l     
degree4 ,evolution & deg5]ation (       
muscles 9 h& & foot g on side by side1  
because "s are us$ & "s are disus$4     
,c5tres ( use & disuse mu/ be c5tres (  
evolution4 ,& !re w\ld be z _m di/9ct   
c5tres ( evolution 9 diff]5t p>ts ( !   
body z !re 7 c5tres ( use & disuse4 ,&  
betwe5 ^! c5tres !re might be no        
correlation except t ( use & disuse4    
,bra91 muscles1 & jaws w\ld develop     
simultane\sly 9 ! ance/ors ( insects4 ,&
 ! effects ( use & disuse1 transmitt$   
?r\gh a s]ies ( g5]ations1 w\ld be      
cumulative4 ,! species advances rapidly 
because all its memb]s h 9 g5]al ! same 
habits2 ! same p>ts are advanc+ or      
deg5]at+1 al?\gh at diff]5t rates1 9 all
 its individuals4 ,an animal hav+ an    
organ highly develop$ is f> less likely 
to pair ) "o hav+ a l[] developm5t ( !  

same organ4 ,! ,neo-,lam>ckian !ory     
supplies ?us :at is lack+ 9 !           
,neo-,d>w9ian4  ,9 l[] =ms1 l hydra1 (  
simple /ructure & comp>atively few      
possibilities ( v>iation1 natural       
selection is dom9ant4 ,9 high] =ms1 l   
v]tebrates1 & especially 9 man1 x is (  
decid$ly subord9ate value z a promot] ( 
evolution4 ,= man1 z we h se51 is a     
m>vell\sly complex be+4 ,! great        
difficulty 9 8 case is n s mu* to       
quickly ga9 new & favorable v>iations z 
to keep all ! organs & p[]s ( ! body    
/eadily advanc+ side by side4 ,natural  
selection has 9 man ! important b       
subord9ate position ( ! judge 9 a       
crim9al c\rt1 to pron\nce ! dea? v]dict 
on ! hopeless & incorrigible4  ,bo?     
,neo-,d>w9ians & ,neo-,lam>ckians h err$
 9 be+ too exclusively me*anical 9 _!   
!ories4 ,x is ! ma9 bus9ess ( !         
sci5tific man to discov] & /udy         
me*anisms4 ,b he mu/ rememb] t me*anism 
does n produce =ce1 x only transmits x4 
,if he ma9ta9s t he has no?+ to d )     

any?+ outside ( me*anism1 t ! invisible 
& impond]able =ce lies outside ( 8      
doma91 he has h&$ ov] to metaphysics !  
faire/ & ri*e/ portion ( 8 realm4 ,9 our
 fe> ( be+ metaphysical we h swung to   
ano!r extreme1 & h lo/ sight ( valuable 
tru? :i* lay at ! bottom ( ! old        
vitali/ic !ories4 ,cells1 tissues1 &    
organs are b *annels along :i* ! flood (
 life-=ce fl[s4 ,bov]i has well said1   
,!re is too mu* intellig5ce 7,v]/&7 9   
nature = any purely me*anical !ory to be
 possible4  ,ea* !ory conta9s important 
tru?4 ,ngeli's view ( ! importance (    
initial t5d5cies1 inh]5t 9 ! orig9al    
liv+ sub/ance1 is too (t5 und]valu$4 ,my
 own conviction1 at lea/1 is /eadily    
/r5g!n+ t1 )\t "s su* orig9al t5d5cy or 
aim1 evolution w\ld nev] h rea*$ its    
pres5t culm9ation 9 man4 ,8 error lies 9
 emphasiz+ ?is factor too exclusively4  
,! fundam5tal proposition ( ,weismann's 
!ory1 t h]$ity is due to cont9uity (    
g]m-plasm1 seems to conta9 important    
tru?4 ,b we ne$ n !re=e accept 8 !ory ( 

a g]m-plasm s isolat$ & indep5d5t z to  
be beyond control or influ5ce by !      
habits ( ! body4 ,! importance ( use &  
disuse1 & ! transmissibility ( _!       
effects1 w\ld seem to supply a factor   
ess5tial to evolution4 ,weismann has    
done good s]vice 9 emphasiz+ ! /ability 
( ! g]m-plasm4 ,evolution is always sl[1
 &1 = t v reason1 sure4  ,if ^!         
conclusions are correct1 !y h an        
important practical be>+4 ,/ruggle &    
ef=t are ess5tial to progress4 ,n inborn
 tal5t alone1 b ! use :i* "o makes ( x1 
c\nts 9 evolution4 ,! effects ( use &   
disuse are cumulative4 ,! h>d-f\ght     
battle ( pa/ g5]ations becomes an easy  
victory 9 ! pres5t1 j because ( ! /r5g? 
acquir$ & h&$ d[n f ! pa/ /ruggle4      
,p]si/5t v>iation t[>d evil is 9 "t we$$
 out by natural selection4 ,&1 :ile evil
 rema9s 9 ! _w1 we are to lay up /ores (
 /r5g? = ourselves & our desc5dants by  
/urdily fight+ x4 ,b ! effects ( "r liv+
 ?r\gh a hundr$ g5]ations are n ov]come 
by ! crim9al life ( "o or two4 ,evil    

surr\nd+s weigh m 9 produc+ crim9als ?an
 h]$ity1 & _! *ildr5 are n              
irreclaimable4  ,! /ruggles & victories 
( ea* "o ( u enc\rage ! re/4 ,!re is1 to
 borr[ ,mr4 ,huxley's language1 n only a
 survival ( ! fitte/1 b a fitt+ ( z _m z
 possible to survive4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( !   
h>de/ /ruggle !re is ! peace :i* comes f
 ! assurance ( a glori\s triumph4       
,cond5s$ ,*>t ( ,developm5t ( ! ,ma9    
,l9e                     ( ! ,animal    
,k+dom lead+ to ,man4                   
,,organs         ,,mo/ ,,rapidly        
,,phylog5etic                           
,,approa*+    ,,advanc+   ,,s]ies4      
,,new ,,atta9m5ts4                      
,,culm9ation4   ,,organs4               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,amoeba4       ,cell4                   
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,volvox4       ,somatic & reproductive  
,reproductive4                 cells    
----------------------------------------

------------------------------   ,hydra4
        ,simple reproductive organs4    
,reproductive4                 ,ga/ro   
vascul> cavity4                         
7,tissues74                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,turbell>ia4  ,d  ,complex reproductive 
,reproductive4  ,dige/ive4              
e  ,organs4 ,supra-oes4                 
v  ,ganglion & cords4                   
e  ,s5se organs4                        
l  ,body wall4ns4                       
o                                       
p                                       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,annelid4      ,o  ,p]ivisc]al ,cavity4 
r  ,inte/9e4 ,circulatory               
g  sy/em4 ,nephridia4                   
a  ,visual eyes4                        
n                                       
s                                       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           

,primitive     ,noto*ord4 ,f9s4         
,v]tebrate4                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------------   ,fi%4  
,backbone 7incomplete74      ,dige/ive4 
,muscles4                 ,pair$ ,f9s4  
,jaws f                                 
,bran*ial ,ar*es4 ,simple               
he>t4 ,air ,bladd]4 ,bra94              
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,amphibian4    ,legs4 ,lungs4 ,c]ebrum  
,muscles4                 increases f   
?is                                     
=m on4                                  
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,reptile4      ,d\ble he>t4             
,muscles &                              
app5dages4                              
----------------------------------------
------------------------------   ,l[]   
,con/ant high temp]ature                
,muscles &   ,plac5tal     ,plac5ta4    
,muscle4       app5dages4   ,mammals4   

----------------------------------------
-               --------------   ,ape4  
,erect po/ure4 ,h&4 ,l>ge               
,bra94                 c]ebrum4         
----------------------------------------
------------------------------   ,man4  
,v l>ge c]ebrum4                        
,,bra94                 ,p]sonality4    
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,table cont9u$ bel[                     
,,dom9ant ,,m5tal                       
,,dom9ant    7,,or ,,n]v\s7    ,,sequ5ce
 ,,(   ,,sequ5ce ,,(    ,,environm5t    
,,function4   ,,action4                 
,,p]ceptions4  ,,motives4       ,,makes 
,,=4                                    
----------------------------------------
------------------------------   ,a     
,t\*4 ,smell4  ,hung]4                  
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,v,reproduction4               ,t\*4    
,smell4  ,hung]4                        
----------------------------------------

-----------------                       
,h,reproduction4 ,reflex4       ,t\*4   
,smell4  ,hung]4                        
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,reproduction4 ,reflex4       ,t\*4     
,smell4  ,hung]4          ,t            
,rapid                                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------reproduction           
,dige/ion    ,reflex4        ,t\*4      
,hung]4       & good   ,a ,muscul>4     
,smell4                      dige/ion4  
n                                       
----------------------------------------
-----------------   ,p ,dige/ion        
,in/9ct4       8                        
,v ,muscul>4                            
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,dige/ion    ,in/9ct4      ,he>+4       
,f ,muscul>4                   ,sight4  
----------------------------------------
--,fe> &          ,a ,dige/ion          
,in/9ct4      ,he>+4     o!r            

,/r5g? &   m ,muscul>4                  
,sight4       prud5tial     activity4   
consid]ations4                          
----------------------------------------
--                  ,r ,muscul>4        
,in/9ct4 8    ,he>+4                    
,sight4                                 
----------------------------------------
--                  ,l ,muscul>4        
,in/9ct 8 8   ,he>+4                    
,p                             ,sight4  
,m                                      
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,muscul>4    ,intellig5ce4 ,m5tal       
8   ,a ,n]v\s4                          
,p]ception4                             
7,%rewdness87   p                       
,und]/&+4                  e            
,association4                           
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,m9d499       ,intellig5ce4  ,reason499 
,love ( man4  ,%rewdness4   ,m          
,tru?4        ,righte\sness   a         

,"r499        &   n                     
unelfi%ness99                           
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
99 ,app>5tly capable ( indef9ite        
developm5t4          ,,phylog5etic ,,*>t
 ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,types ,,( ,,animal    
,,life4                                 
,man4                               _/  
,apes4                                _/
                               _/       
,l[] ,plac5tal ,mammals4                
,m>supial ,mammals4                     
,ovip>\s ,mammals4       _/,birds4      
_/                                  _/  
_/,reptiles4                            
_/                    ,ampibia4   _/    
,insect4                                
_/,fi%4                                 
_/                                  _/  
_/,mollusca4                            
_/        _/                            
,annelid4------    _/        _/         
_/        _/                            
_/                                      

_/                                      
_/                                      
_/                                    _/
             ,s*ematic ,worm4      _/   
_/                                _/    
_/,turbell>ia4                          
_/                                      
_/                                      
_/                                    _/
                    ,hydra4        _/   
_/                                _/    
_/                                      
_/,volvox4                              
_/                                  _/  
,magospha]a4     _/                     
_/                                      
_/,amoeba4                              
_/                                  _/  
_/                                _/    
,,phylog5etic ,,*>t ,,( ,,pr9cipal      
,,types ,,(                             
,,animal ,,life4             ,,index    
,amoeba1 #cb    ,annelids1 #fa1 #ajc    
,apes1 an?ropoid1 #ia    ,appetites1    
#acg    ,ar?ropoda1 #fa    ,articulata1 

#fa     ,beauty1 p]ception (1 #aba      
,bible1 #bda    ,bla/osph]e1 #dd        
,bra91 #fd1 #ajh2     ( insects1 #fi2   
v]tebrates1 #ge1 #he2     man1 #if4     
,see also ,ganglion     ,cell1 #cd1 #cf 
,*ild1 m5tal developm5t (1 #bjd         
,*ri/ianity1 #aib1 #bej1 #beb    ,*ur*1 
#bfe    ,circulatory sy/em1     worms1  
#fb2     insects1 #ff2     v]tebrates1  
#hd    ,classification1 #bj             
,coel5t]ata1 #db1 #ee    ,con=mity to   
environm5t1 #aej1 #agj1 #agg1 #aig1     
#bdc1 #bei1 #bfe    ,consci5ce1 #ahd    
,correlation ( organs1 #bhd             
,d>w9ism1 #aj    ,deg5]ation1 #aee1 #bgi
    ,dige/ion1 #cji2     amoeba1 #cc2   
hydra1 #cg2     worms1 #dg1 #eb2        
insects1 #ff2     v]tebrates1 #gc1 #ha  
,e>1 #ej1 #fd    ,e*9od]ms1 #eg         
,ectod]m1 #cg1 #dd    ,egg1 #dc         
,embryology1 #dc    ,emotions1 #acf1    
#bcj1 #cji    ,entod]m1 #cg1 #dd        
,environm5t1 #aeh1 #cji2     ,god       
imman5t 91 #afa1 #age2     mirror$ 9    
human m9d1 #aii    ,evolution1 #c2      

cons]vative1 #agc    ,excretion1        
amoeba1 #cc2     worms1 #dh1 #ec2       
v]tebrates1 #gc1 #ha     ,fai?1 #bji1   
#bef    ,family1 #ahj2     orig9 (1 ,cf4
 #hh1 #agh1 #bag2     results (1 #aha   
,flagellata1 #ci     ,ganglion1         
supra-oesophageal1 #di1 #ed2            
annelids1 #fd4     ,see ,bra9    ,ga/ra1
 #de    ,ga/rula1 #dd    ,god1 #bdd2    
kn[able1 #afg     ,head1     insect1    
#fh2     v]tebrate1 #ge    ,h]$ity1     
m5tal & moral1 #ahh    ,h]oism1 #aic1   
#bjj1 #bbg    ,hi/ory1 #ae    ,hope1    
#bfb    ,huxley 7quot$71 #ii1 #aga1 #bgc
    ,hydra1 #cg     ,insects1 #fe1 #aje 
,in/9ct1 #abg1 #aca    ,intellect1 #aag1
 #abd    ,intellig5ce1 #aag             
,intellig5t action1 #abh1 #acb          
,jaws1     insects1 #fg2     v]tebrates1
 #gc     ,k1 value (1 #aej1 #bbi1 #bdb  
,law1 ,div9e1 #bde    ,locomotion &     
n]v\s developm5t1 #fa4     ,see also    
,muscul> ,sy/em    ,love1 #aci1 #ahj1   
#bdc     ,magosphra1 #dj    ,mammals1   
#he1 #ib2     ovip>\s1 #hf2             

m>supial1 #hg2     plac5tal1 #hh2       
tempor>ily surpass$ by reptiles1 #aie   
,man1 #baj1 #bai2     anatomical        
*>act]i/ics1 #ib2     m5tal & moral     
*>act]i/ics1 #ii1 #aab1 #adg1 #aej1     
#bai1 #bdb2     relation to nature1     
#baj2     animal1 #bac2     moral1 #bbj2
     religi\s1 #bbd2     h]o1 #bbg2     
future1 #bbh1 #bca    ,mat]ialism1 #afe 
,mesod]m1 #de    ,m9d1 #aae1 #add2      
amoeba1 #cc    ,mollusks1 #eh1 #ajf     
,motives1 #acf1 #adh2     sequ5ce (1    
#adc    ,muscul> sy/em1 #cji2     hydra1
 #ch2     worms1 #fb2     insects1 #fh2 
v]tebrates1 #gc1 #ajh1 #baf     ,ngeli1 
#bhh    ,natural selection1 #ab1 #aeb1  
#bgh    ,nature1 #i1 #bh                
,neo-,d>w9ians & ,neo-,lam>ckians1 #bif 
,n]v\s sy/em1 #ajb2     hydra1 #ch2     
turbell>ia1 #dh2     mollusks1 #ei2     
annelids1 #fc2     insects1 #fi2        
v]tebrates1 #gd    ,noto*ord1 #gd1 #gi  
,ontog5esis1 #bf     ,phylog5esis1 #bf1 
#ajj1 #caj    ,plac5ta1 #hh    ,pray]1  
#bei    ,primates1 #ia    ,productiv5ess

 & prospectiv5ess1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bjb     
,protoplasm1 #cb1 #cd    ,protozoa1 #ci 
,reflex action1 #abe1 #ace1 #adf        
,religion1 #aff1 #bbd1 #bfb             
,reproduction1 #cji2     amoeba1 #cb1   
#ce2     hydra1 #ch2     magosphra1 #dj2
     volvox1 #da2     turbell>ia1 #ej2  
annelids1 #fb2     insects1 #ff2        
v]tebrates1 #gc4     ,see also ,size &  
,surface & ,mass    ,respiration1       
amoeba1 #ce2     worms1 #dh1 #fc2       
insects1 #ff2     v]tebrates1 #gg1 #hd  
,sequ5ce ( functions1 #hj1 #aji1 #agd1  
#cji2     cond5s$ hi/ory (1 #ajj1 #aeb1 
#bba2     rev]sal (1 #aed1 #bje         
,sexual reproduction1 #cc1 #cg1 #da     
,s91 #bde    ,size1 #ce1 #ea1 #gb1 #gf1 
#hi1 #bad    ,skeleton1 #eh1 #gd2       
mollusks1 #ei2     insects1 #fe1 #fg1   
#ga2     v]tebrates1 #gd1 #hb    ,social
 life1 #ahb1 #bag    ,socrates1 #afa1   
#ahi1 #bjj    ,specialization1 #bcf1    
#bci    ,/ruggle = exi/5ce1 #aa1 #aeh1  
#bgg2     mitigation (1 #bag    ,surface
 & mass1 #ce1 #ej     ,tissues1 #db     

,turbell>ia1 #df1 #ajb     ,v]tebrates1 
#gc1 #ha1 #ajg2     primitive1 #gg      
,volvox1 #dj     ,weismann1 #bij    ,w1 
#acf    ,worms1 #ef2     s*ematic1 #eb  
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,morse ,lectures = #ahie  ,,! ,,:5ce 
,,& ,,:i!r ,,( ,,man  ,a ,,brief        
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man',s ,,orig9 ,,&       
,,developm5t1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,evolution   
,,( ,,8 ,,moral ,,& ,,religi\s          
,,capacities ,,?r\gh ,,con=mity ,,to    
,,environm5t  ,by ,,john ,m4 ,,tyl]     
,pr(essor ( ,biology1 ,amh]/ ,college   
#abmo1 #a4ge         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,*>les           
,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 ,,publi%]s         
99       99       99       99       99  
,?is "w is a solidification ( "s new    
matt] ) ! sub/ance ( ! t5 ,morse        
,lectures deliv]$ at ,union ,!ological  
,sem9>y 9 ! spr+ ( #ahie4 ,pr(essor     
,tyl] aims to trace ! developm5t ( man f
 ! simple liv+ sub/ance to 8 position at
 pres5t1 pay+ att5tion to incid5tal     
facts m]ely z incid5tal & contributory4 

,he keeps always 9 view ! successive    
accompli%m5ts ( life z !y appe> 9 !     
p]son ( accept$ g5]al tru?1 r ?an 9 !   
guise ( ! facts ( progress4  ,he beg9s  
by say+3 ,we take = grant$ ! probable   
tru? ( ! !ory ( evolution z /at$ by ,mr4
 ,d>w91 & t x applies to man z really z 
to any l[] animal4 ,he assumes t an     
acceptable hi/orian ( biology mu/       
possess a g5ealogical tree ( ! animal   
k+dom1 & adds t a k ( ! sequ5ce (       
dom9ant functions or physiological      
dyna/ies1 is q z necess>y to 8 inquiry z
 a hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( anatomical   
details4 ,s9ce ! g]ms ( ! future are    
always conceal$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pres5t1  
he claims t if we c trace ?is sequ5ce ( 
dom9ant functions1 ^: evolution has     
fill$ pa/ ages1 we c safely =etell      
some?+1 at lea/1 ( man's future         
developm5t4  ,! possibility ( mak+ false
 trails1 at times1 %\ld n det] !        
inve/igator2 = :at he w\ld e/abli% is n 
! hi/ory ( a s+le human race1 nor ( !   
movem5ts ( a c5tury1 b an und]/&+ ( !   

developm5t ( animal life ?r\gh ages4 ,& 
only1 says ,pr(essor ,tyl]1 :5 we h a   
biological hi/ory c we h any            
satisfactory conception ( environm5t4 ,!
 book concludes ) a brief notice ( !    
mod]n !ories ( h]$ity & v>iation advanc$
 by ,nageli & ,weismann4     ,! ,morse  
,lectures = #ahid   ,,! ,,religions ,,( 
,,japan  ,,f ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,hi/ory    
,,to ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,m,,iji  ,by     
,,william ,,elliot ,,griffis1 ,d4,d4    
,=m]ly ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,tokio2
 ,au?or ( ,! ,mikado's ,empire & ,corea1
 ! ,h]mit ,nation  #abmo1 #b4jj  ,! book
 is excell5t ?r\gh\t1 & indisp5sable to 
! religi\s /ud5t4--,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly4
  ,to any "o desir+ a k ( ! developm5t &
 e?ical /atus ( ! ,ea/1 ?is book w prove
 ( ! utmo/ assi/ance1 & ,dr4 ,griffis   
may be ?ank$ = ?r[+ a /ill great] *>m   
ab\t ! ,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun4--,! ,*ur*man4
  ,already an ackn[l$g$ au?ority on     
,japanese que/ions1 ,dr4 ,griffis 9 ?is 
volume gives to an appreciative public1 
:at we risk call+ 8 mo/ valuable        

contribution to ! lit]ature ?is pr(\ndly
 int]e/+ nation has evok$4--,!          
,evangeli/4  444 ,! f9e quality ( ,dr4  
,griffis' works4 ,8 book is fre% &      
orig9al1 & may be dep5d$ on z mat]ial = 
sci5tific use4444 ,x may safely be said 
t x is ! be/ g5]al acc\nt ( ! religions 
( ,japan t has appe>$ 9 ! ,engli%       
language1 & = any b ! special /ud5t x is
 ! be/ we "k ( 9 any tongue4--,!        
,critic4     ,! ,morse ,lectures = #ahic
  ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,mod]n    
,,!ology  ,by ,a4,m4 ,,fairbairn1       
,m4,a41 ,d4,d4  ,pr9cipal ( ,mansfield  
,college1 ,ox=d2 ,gif=d ,lectur] 9 !    
,univ]sity ( ,ab]de52 ,late ,morse      
,lectur] 9 ,union ,sem9>y1 ,new ,york1 &
 ,lyman ,bee*] ,lectur] 9 ,yale         
,univ]sity  #hvo1 #b4ej  ,"o ( ! mo/    
valuable & compreh5sive contributions to
 !ology t has be5 made dur+ ?is         
g5]ation4--,london ,spectator4  ,! k1   
ability1 & lib]ality ( ! au?or unite to 
make ! "w int]e/+ & valuable4--,! ,dial4
  ,x is v high1 b ?or\ghly des]v$1      

praise to say t x is wor?y ( its great  
!me4--,! ,critical ,review4  ,! volume  
reveals ,dr4 ,fairbairn z a cle> &      
vigor\s ?9k]1 :o kn[s h[ to be bold )\t 
be+ too bold4--,new ,york ,tribune4     
,sugge/ive1 /imulat+1 & a h>b+] ( !     
future ca?olic !ology4--,bo/on ,lit]>y  
,_w4  ,x is a book ab\nd+ 9 f9e &       
philosophical ?\ghts1 & deeply sympa!tic
 ) ! mo/ e>ne/ religi\s ?9k+ ( ! "t4--,!
 ,critic4  ,if ! object ( a book (      
!ology is to /ir up ! he>t & m9d )      
/rong1 cle> ?9k+ on div9e ?+s1 no book1 
c]ta9ly1 ( ! pres5t season surpasses    
,dr4 ,fairbairn's4--,! ,outlook4  ,an   
important contribution to !ological     
lit]ature4--,london ,times4  ,! "w %[s a
 ke5 insight into ! relations ( tru?    
comb9$ ) a r>e p[] ( accurate           
judgm5t4--,new ,york ,obs]v]4  ,beyond  
"q ?is is "o ( ! mo/ signally valuable  
books ( ! season4--,! ,advance1 ,*icago4
     ,! ,ely ,lectures = #ahia          
,,ori5tal ,,religions ,,& ,,*ri/ianity  
,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,lectures ,,deliv]$     

,,be=e ,,! ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,union         
,,!ological ,,sem9>y1 ,,new ,,york  ,by 
,,frank ,f4 ,,ellewood1 ,d4,d4          
,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,=eign ,missions (
 ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1 ,u4,s4,a42       
,lectur] on ,comp>ative ,religion 9 !   
,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york       
#abmo1 #a4ge  ,! volume is n only       
valuable1 x is int]e/+2 x n only gives  
in=mation1 b x /imulates                
?\ght4--,evangeli/4  ,?or\ghly ,*ri/ian 
9 _s4444 ,!re is a compactness ab\t x   
:i* makes x full ( in=mation &          
sugge/ion4--,*ri/ian ,inquir]4  ,! au?or
 has read widely1 reflect$ c>efully1 &  
writt5 ably4--,congregationali/4  ,x is 
a book :i* we c mo/ he>tily comm5d to e 
pa/or & to e intellig5t /ud5t1 ( ! "w   
:i* ! ,*ur* is call$ to d 9 ! _w4--,!   
,mission>y4  ,an able "w4--,bo/on       
,transcript4  ,a m in/ructive book has n
 be5 issu$ = ye>s4--,new ,york ,obs]v]4 
,a notewor?y contribution to ,*ri/ian   
polemics4--,bo/on ,beacon4  ,! special  
value ( ?is volume is 9 its c>eful      

diff]5tiation ( ! s*ools ( religioni/s 9
 ! ,ea/ & ! di/9ct po9ts ( antagonism on
 ! v fundam5tal ideas ( ,ori5tal        
religions t[>d ! religion (             
,jesus4--,outlook4  ,we wi% ?is book    
might be read by all mission>ies & by   
all ,*ri/ians at home4--,presbyt]ian &  
,re=m$ ,review4     ,! ,ely ,lectures = 
#ahij  ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ian      
,,exp]i5ce  ,by ,,lewis ,,fr5* ,,/e>ns  
,pr(essor ( ,*ri/ian ,!ology 9 ,bangor  
,!ological ,sem9>y  #abmo1 #b4jj   ,!   
tone & _s :i* p]vade !m are wor?y ( !   
!me1 & ! /yle is excell5t4 ,!re is no?+ 
( ei!r cant or p$antry 9 ! treatm5t4    
,!re is simplicity1 directness1 &       
fre%ness ( mann] :i* /rongly w9 & hold !
 read]4--,*icago ,advance4  ,we h read  
!m ) a gr[+ admiration = ! ability1     
/r5g?1 & complet5ess display$ 9 !       
argum5t4 ,x is a book :i* %\ld be       
circulat$ n only 9 !ological circles1 b 
among "y m5 ( reflective disposition :o 
are beset by ! s-call$ 'sci5tific'      
attacks ^u ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian    

fai?4--,*ri/ian ,intellig5c]4  ,! /yle  
is a model ( cle>ness ev5 :]e ! reason+ 
is deep4--,*ri/ian ,inquir]4  ,8        
pres5tation ( ! c]ta9ty1 reality1 &     
sci5tific "* ( ! facts 9 a ,*ri/ian     
consci\sness is v /rong4--,! ,lu!ran4   
,an important contribution to ! libr>y (
 apologetics4--,liv+ ,*ur*4 7,p4,e47  ,a
 good & useful "w4--,! ,*ur*man4        
7,p4,e47  ,! "w is se>*+1 c>eful1 /rong1
 & s\nd4--,*autauquan4  ,z ?or\gh &     
logical z x is                          
spiritual4--,congregationali/4  ,a      
timely & apropos contribution to !      
def5ses ( ,*ri/ianity4--,int]ior4