,scann$ by ,*>les ,kell] ) ,omni,page ,pr(essional ,,ocr s(tw>e ,=ty ,c5turies ( ,ink by ,david ,n4 ,c>valho4 ,,=ty ,,c5turies ,,( ,,ink ,,or ,a ,,*ronological ,,n>rative ,,conc]n+ ,,ink ,,& ,,its ,,backgr\nds ,,introduc+ ,,incid5tal ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,d$uctions1 ,,p>allels ,,( ,,"t ,,& ,,color ,,ph5om5a1 ,,bibliography1 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,poetical ,,effusions1 ,,citations1 ,,anecdotes ,,& ,,curiosa ,,toge!r ,,) ,,"s ,,evid5ce ,,respect+ ,,! ,,evanesc5t ,,"* ,,( ,,mo/ ,,inks ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,& ,,an ,,epitome ,,( ,,*emico-,,legal ,,ink4 ,,by ,,david ,n4 ,,c>valho ,,preface4 ,! un=tunate conditions surr\nd+ ! almo/ univ]sal use ( ! oddly nam$ comm]cial & ) few exceptions record inks1 & ! s-call$ mod]n pap]1 is ! motive = ! writ+ ( ?is book4 ,! num]\s color products ( coal t>1 n[ s l>gely employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ink1 & ! worse mat]ial utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! h>d- f9i%$ writ+ pap]s1 m5ace ! future pres]vation ( public & o!r records4 ,^? :o occupy (ficial position & :o c help to ameliorate ?is increas+ evil1 %\ld beg9 to d s )\t delay4 ,abroad ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,france & at home ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut h s\ght to modify ^! conditions by legislation & our ,national ,treasury ,dep>tm5t only la/ ye>1 9 e/abli%+ a /&>d = its ink1 gives (ficial recognition ( ^! tru?s4 ,!re is no ,hi/ory ( ,ink2 b ( ink hi/ory !re is a weal? ( mat]ial1 al?\gh hi/orians h neglect$ to record in=mation ab\t ! v sub/ance by :i* !y s\ght to keep & transmit ! *ronicles !y mo/ desir$ to pres]ve4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era to ! pres5t day1 ,ink lit]ature1 exclusive ( its etymology1 *emical =mulas1 & me?ods ( manufacture1 has be5 conf9$ to brief /atem5ts 9 ! encyclop$ias1 :i* b repeat ea* o!r4 ,a half doz5 orig9al articles1 cov]+ only "s p>ticul> bran* toge!r ) a few treatises m g5]al 9 _! ramifications ( ! subject1 c also be f\nd4 ,sev5ty l9es ab\t writ+ ink cov]+ its hi/ory = ne>ly f\r ?\s& ye>s is all t is said 9 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,h&writ+1 a revis$ book ( hundr$s ( pages ( ,sir ,?omas ,a/le1 ,london1 #ahgf1 & once deem$ ! v highe/ au?ority4 ,! mass ( anci5t & comp>atively mod]n docum5ts :i* we h inh]it$1 *ronicle no?+ ab\t ! mat]ial ) :i* !y 7 writt54 ,! m valuable ( !m are disfigur$ by ! sup]scription ( new] writ+s ov] ! p>tially eras$ e>li] ones1 ?us r5d]+ ! "w ( asc]ta9+ _! real "* mo/ difficult4 ,nev]!less1 pati5t rese>* & advanc$ sci5ce h enabl$ u to intellig5tly /udy & inve/igate1 & f ! evid5ce ?us ga9$1 to /ate facts & =mulate op9ions t may p]haps outla/ criticism4 ,! bibliographical /ory ( ,ink is replete ) _m int]e/+ episodes1 anecdotes & poetical effusions4 ,its *emical hi/ory is a v>i$ & ph5om5al "o4 ,be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ink indu/ry 0 conf9$ to ! few4 ,s9ce !n1 x has develop$ into "o ( magnific5t proportions4 ,! new dep>ture1 due to ! discov]y & developm5t ( ! ,anil9e family ( fugitive colors1 is notewor?y z be+ a /ep backw>d :i* may take ye>s to retrace4 ,! crim9al abuse ( ink is n infrequ5t by evil- dispos$ p]sons :o try by secret processes to reproduce ink ph5om5a on anci5t & mod]n docum5ts4 ,:ile x is possible to make a new ink look old1 ! me?ods t mu/ be employ$1 w ( !mselves reveal to ! exam9] ! attempt$ fraud1 if he b kn[s h[ to inve/igate4 ,h[ to accompli% ?is z well z to give a *ronological hi/ory on ! subject ( inks g5]ally1 bo? z to _! g5esis1 ! effect ( "t & ! elem5ts1 ! det]m9ation ( ! con/itu5ts & ! con/itution ( inks1 _! value z to la/+ qualities1 _! removal & re/oration1 is ! object ( ?is "w4 ,!re is also includ$ _m c\rt cases :]e ! matt] ( ink 0 9 controv]sy2 in=mation respect+ anci5t ,,mss4 & ! implem5ts & o!r accessories ( ink :i* h f "t to "t be5 employ$ 9 ! act ( writ+4 ,to make a compreh5sive review ( ! pa/ 9 its relation%ip to ink has be5 my aim4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ?is "w rec\rse has be5 _h to ! s- call$ orig9al s\rces ( in=mation4 ,9 ^!1 ! div]sity ( _! incomplete /atem5ts ab\t diff]5t c\ntries & epo*s has (f]$ _m ob/acles4 ,9 pres5t+ my own d$uctions & inf]5ces1 x is ) a desire to remove any impressions z to ?is volume be+ a m]e compilation4 ,facts are ! data ( all j reason+1 & ! elem5ts ( all real k4 ,x foll[s t he is a wise man :o possesses ! greate/ /ore ( facts on a giv5 subject4 ,a book1 !re=e1 :i* assembles facts f _! scatt]$ s\rces1 may be consid]$ z a useful & important auxili>y to ^? :o seek !m4 ,a prolong$ & cont9u\s int]c\rse = ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury ) anci5t & mod]n ,,mss41 ) books & o!r lit]ature1 ) laym5 & *emi/s1 ) /ud5ts & manufactur]s1 toge!r ) ! in=mation & k d]iv$ f exp]im5t & /udy ( results may enable ! au?or to make ! subject fairly cle>4 ,ef=t has be5 made to avoid te*nical words & phrases 9 t portion treat+ ( ! ,*emi/ry ( ,inks4 ,?is "w w no d\bt be v>i\sly consid]$4 ,criticism is expect$1 inde$ x is gladly invit$1 = !reby may foll[ controv]sy1 discussion & p]haps legislation1 :i* w br+ ab\t results b5eficial to ^? :o are to foll[ aft] u4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,g5esis ,,( ,,ink ,,ii4 ,,antiquity ,,( ,,ink ,,iii4 ,,classical ,,ink ,,& ,,its ,,exodus ,,iv4 ,,classical ,,ink ,,& ,,its ,,exodus 7,cont9u$7 ,v4 ,,revival ,,( ,,ink ,,vi4 ,,ink ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,vii4 ,,e>ly ,,m$iaeval ,,ink ,,viii4 ,,m$iaeval ,,ink ,,ix4 ,,end ,,( ,,m$iaeval ,,ink ,x4 ,,r5aissance ,,ink ,,xi4 ,,anci5t ,,ink ,,treatises ,,xii4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,ink ,,xiii4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,ink ,,xiv4 ,,classifications ,,( ,,ink ,,xv4 ,,(ficial ,,& ,,legal ,,ink ,,xvi4 ,,endur+ ,,ink ,,xvii4 ,,ink ,,ph5om5a ,,xviii4 ,,ink ,,*emi/ry ,,xix4 ,,fraudul5t ,,ink ,,backgr\nds ,,xx4 ,,fugitive ,,ink4 ,,xxi4 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,ink ,,receipts ,,xxii4 ,,ink ,,indu/ry4 ,,xxiii4 ,,*emico-,,legal ,,ink ,,xxiv4 ,,*emico-,,legal ,,ink 7,cont9u$7 ,,xxv4 ,,ink ,,ut5sils ,,( ,,antiquity ,,xxvi4 ,,ink ,,ut5sils 7,quill ,,p5 v4 ,/eel ,p57 ,,xxvii4 ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,ink ,,ut5sils 7,lead & o!r ,p5cils7 ,,xxviii4 ,,anci5t ,,ink ,,backgr\nds 7,! ,orig9 ( ,papyrus7 ,,xxix4 ,,anci5t ,,ink ,,backgr\nds 7,p>*m5t & ,vellum7 ,,xxx4 ,,mod]n ,,ink ,,backgr\nds 7,true ,pap]7 ,,xxxi4 ,,mod]n ,,ink ,,backgr\nds 7,wood ,pap] & ,safety ,pap]7 ,,xxxii4 ,,curiosa 7,ink & o!r ,writ+ ,mat]ials7 ,,=ty ,,c5turies ,,( ,,ink ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5esis ,,( ,,ink4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,ink--,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,color$ ,,inks ,,( ,,antiquity--,,anci5t ,,names ,,= ,,black ,,inks--,,me?ods ,,( ,,_! ,,manufacture--,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,indian ,,ink--,,! ,,art ,,( ,,dye+ ,,hi/orically ,,consid]$--,,! ,,symbolic ,,e/imation ,,( ,,colors--,,! ,,employm5t ,,( ,,t9ctures ,,z ,,inks--,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,artificial ,,inks ,,& ,,! ,,black ,,inks ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,times--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,color$ ,,pigm5ts ,,( ,,antiquity-,,citations ,,f ,,h]odotus1 ,,pl9y ,,& ,,arbu?not--,,prices ,,curr5t1 ,,( ,,anci5t ,,inks ,,& ,,colors--,,:y ,,! ,,natural ,,inks ,,=m]ly ,,employ$ ,,are ,,n ,,/ill ,,extant--,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,ink ,,employ$ ,,by ,,! ,,prie/s ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,moses--,,illu/rative ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,egyptians ,,9 ,,its ,,relation%ip ,,to ,,writ+ ,,implem5ts--,,! ,,use ,,( ,,bo? ,,r$ ,,& ,,black ,,ink ,,9 ,,joseph',s ,,"t--,,its ,,o!r ,,hi/ory ,,prec$+ ,,! ,,dep>ture ,,( ,,israel ,,f ,,egypt--,,! ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,all ,,b ,a ,,few ,,k9ds ,,( ,,ink--,,ink ,,traditions ,,& ,,_! ,,value--,,/ory ,,ab\t ,,! ,,oracles ,,( ,,! ,,sibyls--,,h[ ,,! ,,anci5t ,,hi/orians ,,s\ght ,,to ,,be ,,mislead+--,,illu/rative ,,anecdote ,,by ,,ri*>dson3 ,,! orig9 ( ,ink belongs to an era foll[+ ! inv5tion ( writ+4 ,:5 ! developm5t ( t art _h advanc$ beyond ! age ( /one inscription or clay tablet1 "s mat]ial = m>k+ ) ! re$ & ! bru% 0 necess>y4 ,x 0 n difficult to obta9 black or color$ mixtures = ?is purpose4 ,) _! adv5t1 =ty c5turies or m ago1 beg9s ! g5esis ( ink4 ,! color$ inks ( antiquity includ$ ! use ( a v>iety ( dyes & pigm5t>y colors1 typical ( ^? employ$ 9 ! anci5t art ( dye+1 9 :i* ! ,egyptians excell$ & /ill ?\ght by _m to be "o ( ! lo/ arts4 ,! ,bible & alleg$ contempor>y & lat] lit]ature make frequ5t m5tion ( black & _m colors ( brilliant hues4 ,9 trac+ ! arts ( h&writ+ & dye+1 "s def9ite facts are to be pr$icat$ z to ! mo/ remote hi/ory ( ink4 ,! ,hebrew ^w = ink is deyo1 s call$ f its blackness4 ,z primitively prep>$ = rituali/ic purposes & = a cont9u+ p]iod ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 x 0 a simple mixture ( p[d]$ *>coal or soot ) wat]1 to :i* gum 0 sometimes add$4 ,! ,arabian me?ods ( mak+ ink 7al*ib]7 7 m complex4 ,lampblack 0 fir/ made by ! burn+ ( oil1 t> or ros91 :i* 0 !n comm+l$ ) gum & honey & press$ into small waf]s or cakes1 to :i* wat] c\ld be add$ :5 want$ = use4 ,ab\t #abjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,*9ese p]fect$ ?is me?od & inv5t$ ,indian ,ink1 o/5sibly = black5+ ! surface ( rais$ hi]oglyphics1 :i* 0 obta9$ f ! soot produc$ by ! smoke ( p9es & ! oil 9 lamps1 mix$ ) ! is+lass 7gelat97 ( asses' sk91 & musk to correct ! od\r ( ! oil4 ,du ,halde cites ! foll[+1 z ( ! "t ( ! celebrat$ ,emp]or ,wu-,wong1 :o fl\ri%$ #aabj ye>s be=e ,*ri/3 ,z ! /one ,me 7a ^w signify+ black5+ 9 ! ,*9ese language71 :i* is us$ to black5 ! engrav$ *>act]s1 c nev] become :ite2 s a he>t black5$ by vices w always reta9 its blackness4 ,t ! art ( dye+ 0 kn[n1 valu$ & appli$ among e>ly nations1 is abundantly cle>4 ,! allusions to purple & f9e raim5t1 to dy$ g>m5ts1 to clo? ( _m col\rs1 c41 are num]\s 9 ! ,bible4 ,9 a note to ! ,pictorial ,bible1 aft] an allusion to ! antiquity ( ?is art1 & to ! pre- em95ce atta*$ by ! anci5ts to purple beyond e o!r color1 x is rem>k$3 ,x is important to und]/& t ! ^w purple1 9 anci5t writ+s1 does n d5ote "o p>ticul> col\r4 ,_m ( ! names ( ! dye/uffs h come d[n to u1 "s ( !m /ill 9 use at ?is "t & o!rs obsolete4 ,!y 7 employ$ sometimes z ink1 & c]ta9 color values giv5 to !m1 ( :i* ! m important 7 blue1 r$1 yell[1 gre51 :ite1 black1 purple1 gold & silv]4 ,"s colors 7 e/imat$ symbolically4 ,:ite 0 ev]y:]e ! symbol ( purity & ! emblem ( innoc5ce1 &1 j opposite1 black 0 held up z an emblem ( affliction & calamity4 ,gre5 0 ! emblem ( fre%ness1 vigor & prosp]ity4 ,blue 0 ! symbol ( revelation2 x 0 pre-em95tly ! cele/ial color bless$ among hea!n nations1 & among ! ,hebrews x 0 ! ,jehovah color1 ! symbol ( ! rev]$ ,god4 ,h5ce1 x 0 ! color pr$om9ant 9 ,mosaic c]emonies4 ,purple 0 associat$ z ! dress ( k+s1 ) ideas ( royalty & maje/y4 ,crimson & sc>let1 f _! resemblance to blood1 became symbolical ( life1 & also an emblem ( t :i* 0 indelible or deeply +ra9$4 ,lat]1 9 ,*ri/ian times1 only five colors 7 recogniz$ z fitt+ = !ological mean+ or expression3 :ite1 r$1 gre51 violet & black4 ,:ite 0 e/eem$ z be+ ! union ( all ! rays ( light1 & is (t5 ref]r$ to z ! symbol ( tru? & spotless purity4 ,r$ 0 emblematic bo? ( fire & love1 :ile gre5 f its analogy to ! vegetable _w1 0 indicative ( life & hope4 ,violet 0 consid]$ ! color ( p5it5ce & sorr[4 ,blue 0 =bidd5 except z a color peculi>ly appropriat$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 :ile black repres5t$ univ]sally sorr[1 de/ruction & dea?4 ,! art ( dye+ 0 also well und]/ood & practic$ 9 ,p]sia 9 ! mo/ anci5t p]iods4 ,! mod]n ,p]sians h *os5 ,*ri/ z _! patron1 & ,bis*(f says at pres5t call a dyeh\se ,*ri/'s work%op1 f a tradition !y h t ,he 0 ( t pr(ession1 :i* is probably f\nd$ on ! old leg5d t ,*ri/ be+ put appr5tice to a dy]1 ,8 ma/] desir$ him to dye "s pieces ( clo? ( diff]5t colors2 ,he put !m all into a boil]1 & :5 ! dy] took !m out he 0 t]ribly fright5$ on f9d+ t ea* _h its prop] color4 ,?is1 or a simil> leg5d1 occurs 9 ! apocryphal book entitl$1 ,! ,fir/ ,gospel ( ! ,infancy ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! foll[+ is ! passage3 ,on a c]ta9 day also1 :5 ! ,"l ,jesus 0 play+ ) ! boys1 & runn+ ab\t1 ,he pass$ by a dy]'s %op ^: "n 0 ,salem1 & !re 7 9 8 %op _m pieces ( clo? belong+ to ! p ( t city1 :i* !y design$ to dye ( sev]al colors4 ,!n ! ,"l1 ,jesus1 go+ into ! dy]'s %op1 took all ! clo?s & ?rew !m into ! furnace4 ,:5 ,salem came home & saw ! clo? spoil$1 he began to make a great noise & to *ide ! ,"l ,jesus1 say+3 ',:at ha/ ,?\ done1 unto me1 ,o ?\ son ( ,m>y8 ,?\ ha/ injur$ bo? me & my neighbors2 !y all desir$ _! clo?s ( a prop] color1 b ,?\ ha/ come & spoil$ !m all4' ,! ,"l ,jesus repli$3 ',i w *ange ! color ( e clo? to :at color ?\ desire/1' & !n ,he pres5tly began to take ! clo?s out ( ! furnace2 & !y 7 all dy$ ( ^? same colors :i* ! dy] desir$4 ,& :5 ! ,jews saw ?is surpris+ miracle !y prais$ ,god4 ,! anci5ts us$ also a numb] ( t9ctures z ink1 among !m a br[n color1 sepia1 9 ,hebrew tekele?4 ,z a natural ink its orig9 ant$ates e o!r ink1 artificial or o!rwise1 9 ! _w4 ,x is a black-br[n liquor1 secret$ by a small gl& into an oval p\*1 & ?r\gh a connect+ duct is eject$ at w by ! cuttle fi% :i* inhabits ! seas ( ,europe1 especially ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,^! fi% con/antly employ ! cont5ts ( _! ink bags to discolor ! wat]1 :5 9 ! pres5ce ( enemies1 9 ord] to facilitate _! escape f !m4 ,! black bro? ( ! ,sp>tans 0 compos$ ( ?is product4 ,! ,egyptians sometimes us$ x = color+ inscriptions on /one4 ,x is ! mo/ la/+ ( all natural ink sub/ances4 ,s great is ! antiquity ( artificial ink t ! "n ( its inv5tor or date ( its inv5tion are alike unkn[n4 ,! poet ,:itehead ref]s to x z foll[s3 ,h>d t 8 "n x %\ld n save1 ,:o fir/ p\r$ =? ! sable wave4 ,! common black ink ( ! anci5ts 0 ess5tially diff]5t 9 composition & less liable to fade ?an ^? us$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,x 0 n a /a9 l ours1 & :5 ,horace wrote ,& yet z ink ! faire/ pap] /a9s1 ,s wor?less v]se pollutes ! faire/ de$s1 he mu/ h _h 9 m9d ! vitriolic ink ( 8 own "t4 ,b little in=mation relative to black inks ( ! int]m$iate times has come d[n to u1 & x is convey$ ?r\gh que/ion$ writ+s ( au?ors :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! p]iod ( ! life ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 ! ,y\ng] ,pl9y & ,dioscorides are ! mo/ prom95t ( !m4 ,!y pres5t _m curi\s recipes4 ,"o ( ^!1 sugge/$ by ,pl9y1 is t ! addition ( an infusion ( wormwood to ink w prev5t ! de/ruction ( ,,mss4 by mice4 ,f a memoir by ,m4 ,r\sset ^u ! pigm5ts & dyes us$ by ! anci5ts1 x w\ld appe> t ! v>iety 0 v consid]able4 ,among ! :ite colors1 !y 7 acqua9t$ ) :ite lead2 & = ! blacks1 v>i\s k9ds ( *>coal & soot 7 us$4 ,animal sk9s 7 dy$ black ) gall apples & sulphate ( iron 7copp]74 ,br[n pigm5ts 7 made by mix+ diff]5t k9ds ( o*re4 ,"u ! "n ( ,alex&] blue1 ! anci5ts--,egyptians z well z ,greeks & ,romans--us$ a pigm5t conta9+ oxide ( copp]1 & also "o conta9+ cobalt4 ,fabrics 7 dy$ blue by means ( pa/el-wood4 ,yell[ pigm5ts 7 pr9cipally d]iv$ f weld1 saffron1 & o!r native plants4 ,v]milion1 r$ o*re1 & m9ium 7r$ lead7 7 kn[n f a remote antiquity1 al?\gh ! artificial prep>ation ( v]milion 0 a secret possess$ only by ! ,*9ese4 ,! t]m sc>let z employ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 us$ to designate ! blood-r$ color procur$ f an insect some:at resembl+ co*9eal1 f\nd 9 great quantities 9 ,arm5ia & o!r ea/]n c\ntries4 ,! ,arabian "n ( ! insect is ,k]mez 7:5ce crimson74 ,x frequ5ts ! b\ghs ( a species ( ! ilex tree3 on ^! x lays its eggs 9 gr\ps1 :i* become cov]$ ) a sort ( d[n1 s t !y pres5t ! appe>ance ( vegetable galls or excresc5ces f ! tree itself & are describ$ z su* by ,pl9y ,,xvi1 #ab1 :o also gave x ! "n ( granum1 probably on acc\nt ( its resemblance to a gra9 or b]ry1 :i* has be5 adopt$ by m rec5t writ]s & is ! orig9 ( ! t]m +ra9 color z n[ 9 use4 ,! dye is procur$ f ! female grub alone1 :i*1 :5 alive is ab\t ! size ( ! k]nel ( a *]ry & ( a d>k r$-br[n color1 b :5 dead1 %rivels up to ! size ( a gra9 ( :eat & is cov]$ ) a blui% mold4 ,x has an agreeable aromatic smell :i* x imp>ts to t ) :i* x comes into contact4 ,x 0 fir/ f\nd 9 g5]al use 9 ,europe 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,ab\t #aeej1 co*9eal1 introduc$ !re f ,mexico1 0 f\nd to be f> ri*] 9 color+ matt] & !re=e gradually sup]s$$ ! old] dye/uff4 ,indigo 0 us$ 9 ,india & ,egypt long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 & x is ass]t$ t blue ribbons 7/rips7 f\nd on ,egyptian mummies #dejj ye>s old _h be5 dy$ ) indigo4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,europe only 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! use ( madd] z a r$ dye/uff dates f v e>ly times4 ,pl9y m5tions x z be+ employ$ by ! ,h9doos1 ,p]sians & ,egyptians4 ,9 ! middle ages ! names s&is1 w>antia1 granza1 g>ancia1 7 appli$ to madd]1 ! latt] 7g>ance7 be+ /ill reta9$ 9 ,france4 ,! color yield+ sub/ance resides almo/ entirely 9 ! roots4 ,*ilzon 0 ! "n giv5 by ! anci5t ,hebrews to a blue dye procur$ f a species ( %ell-fi%4 ,h]odotus1 ,b4 ,c4 #ddc1 ass]ts t on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea liv$ a p :o pa9t$ ! =ms ( animals on _! g>m5ts ) vegetable dyes3 ,!y h trees ^: leaves possess a peculi> prop]ty2 !y r$uce !m to p[d]1 & !n /rip !m 9 wat]2 ?is =ms a dye or color+ matt] ) :i* !y pa9t on _! g>m5ts ! figures ( animals4 ,! impression is su* t x _c be wa%$ out2 x appe>s1 inde$1 to be wov5 into ! clo?1 & we>s z long z ! g>m5t itself4 ,we are in=m$ by ano!r anci5t writ] t ! pagan nations 7 accu/om$ to array ! images ( _! gods 9 robes ( purple4 ,:5 ! prophet ,ezekiel took up a lam5tation = ,tyre1 he spoke ( ! blue & purple f ! isles ( ,eli%ah 9 :i* ! p 7 clo!d4 ,?is ref]5ce is said to d\btless ref] to ! isl&s ( ! ,aegian ,sea1 f :5ce _m claim 1 ! ,tyrians obta9$ ! %ell-fi%1--! murex & papura1 :i* produc$ ! d>k-blue & bright-sc>let color+ mat]ials1 ! employm5t ( :i* contribut$ s mu* to ! fame ( anci5t ,tyre4 ,pl9y ! y\ng] confirms ?is /atem5t3 ,! ,tyrian-purple 0 ! juice ( ! ,purpurea1 a %ell-fi%1 ! ve9s ( its neck & jaws secret+ ?is royal color1 b s little 0 obta9$ t x 0 v r>e & co/ "o ?\s& ,d5>ii 7ab\t #aej4jj7 p] p\nd4 ,a m mod]n writ] 9 discuss+ a crimson or ruby color says3 ,by a mi/ak5 s5se ! ,lat9 ^w purpurus1 has be5 call$ purple1 by all ! ,engli% & ,fr5* writ]s4 ,arbu?not1 ,london1 #agbg1 9 8 book ,anci5t ,co9s1 ,weights & ,measures1 z ! result ( 8 exam9ations ( ! mo/ anci5t records e/imates3 ,! ,purple 0 v de>2 !re 7 two sorts ( ,fi%es :]e( x 0 made1 ! ,pelagii1 7:i* 7 ^? t 7 caught 9 ! deep7 & ! ,bucc9i4 ,! ,pelagium p] ,p\nd 0 wor? #ej ,nummi1 7#h s4 #aj #c_/d d471 & ! ,buce9unt d\ble t1 viz4 #ag s4 #h #c_/d d4 7,h>du9 reads a hundr$ ,p\nds at t price47 ,! ,tyrian d\ble ,dye p] ,p\nd c\ld sc>ce be b\ght = ,l#ce #i s41 #a #c_/d d4 ,! v anci5t writ]s /ate t ! mo/ e/eem$ ( ! ,tyrian purples 7 ^? :i* comp>$ 9 color ) coagulat$ bullocks' blood4 ,?is e/imation seems to g back to ! "t ( ! ,pho5icians1 :o 7 excessively fond ( ! r$d] %ades ( purple :i* !y obta9$ also f sev]al v>ieties ( %ell-fi% & compreh5d$ "u two species2 "o 7,bucc9um7 f\nd 9 cliffs1 & ! o!r 7,pelagia7 :i* 0 captur$ at sea4 ,! fir/ 0 f\nd on ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,atlantic4 ,! ,atlantic %ells af=d$ ! d>ke/ color1 :ile ^? ( ! ,pho5ician coa/ itself yield$ sc>let %ades ( wond]ful int5sity4 ,respect+ ! co/ & durability ( ! ,tyrian purple1 x is relat$ t ,alex&] ! ,great f\nd 9 ! treasury ( ! ,p]sian mon>* #e1jjj qu9tals ( ,h]mione purple ( great beauty1 & #ahj ye>s old1 & t x 0 wor? #abe ( our money p] p\nd weight4 ,! price ( dye+ a p\nd ( wool 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us is giv5 by ,pl9y1 & t price is equal to ab\t #afj ( our money4 ,x is probable t 8 rem>ks ref] to "s p>ticul> t9t or quality ( color easily di/+ui%$1 al?\gh n at all cle>ly def9$ by ,pl9y4 ,he also m5tions a sort ( purple1 or hyac9?1 :i* 0 wor?1 9 ! "t ( ,julius ,caes>1 #ajj d5>ii 7ab\t #ae ( our money7 p] p\nd4 ,! be/ au?orities ( ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 are ( op9ion t ! celebrat$ ,tyrian-purple 0 extract$ f a mollusk kn[n z ! ,jan?9a prolongata1 a %ell abundant 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & v common ne> ,n>bonne1 :]e ! ,tyrian purple dye-works 7 9 op]ation at lea/ six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! price curr5t ( "s ( ! inks & colors ( antiquity1 z quot$ by ,arbu?not1 are cit$ h]e)3 ,arm5ian purple #cj hs4#d s4 #aj #a_/c d4 ,india purple f "o ,d5>ius1 or #g #c_/d d4 to #cj ,d5>ii1 #ai s4 #d #a #b d4 ,pelagium1 ! juice ( "o sort fi%es t dy$ purple1 #ej hs4#h s4 #j #g_/h d4 ,bucc9um ! juice ( ! o!r fi% t dy$ purple1 #ajj hs4#af s4 #a #c_/d d4 ,c9nab> #ej hs4#h s4 #j #g_/h d4 ,t>5t9e r$ purple1 price n m5tion$4 ,mel9um1 a sort ( col\r t came f ,melos1 "o ,nummus1#a #ae_/af d4 ,p>etonium1 a sort ( col\r t came f aegypt1 v la/+1 #f ,d5>ii1#c s4 #aj #a_/b d4 ,myrobalanus1 #b ,d5>ii1#a s4 #c #a_/b d4 ,! la/-nam$ sub/ance is ! fruit ( ! ,t]mi- nalia1 a product ( ,*9a & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 be/ kn[n z ,myrabolams & mu/ h be5 utiliz$ solely = ! tann9 !y conta91 :i* ,loewe e/imates to be id5tical ) ellago-tannic acid1 lat] discov]$ 9 ! divi-divi1 a fruit gr[n 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & bablah :i* is also a fruit ( a species ( ,acacia1 well kn[n also = its gum4 ,no monum5ts are extant ( ! anci5t ,myrabolam ink4 ,antimony & galls 7 us$ by ! ,egyptian ladies to t9t _! eyes & la%es & 7:o kn[s7 to write )4 ,_m ( ! dyes employ$ z ink 7 ^? occurr+ naturally z animal & vegetable products1 or :i* c\ld be produc$ !refrom by comp>atively simple means1 o!rwise we w\ld n be confront$ ) ! fact t no specim5s ( ink writ+ ( natural orig9 rema9 to u4 ,! v few specim5s ( ink writ+ :i* h outla/$ decay & dis9tegration ?r\gh s _m ages1 are f\nd to be closely alli$ to mat]ials l bitum51 lampblack obta9$ f ! smoke ( oil- tor*es or res9s2 or gold1 silv]1 c9nab> & m9ium4 ,josephus ass]ts t ! books ( ! anci5t ,hebrews 7 writt5 9 gold & silv]4 ,sicca dewat 7,a silv] ink /&e?71 z ! anci5t ,arabic prov]b runs4 ,rossel9i ass]ts3 ! monum5tal hireoglyphics ( ! ,egyptians 7 almo/ inv>iably pa9t$ ) ! livelie/ t9ts2 & :5 simil> hireoglyphics 7 execut$ on a r$uc$ scale1 & 9 a m cursive =m ^u papyri or scrolls made f ! leaves ( ! papyrus ! pages 7 writt5 ) bo? black & color$ inks4 ,! e>ly mode ( ink writ+ 9 biblical times m5tion$ 9 ,numb]s v4 #bc1 :]e ,x is said ! prie/ %all write ! curses 9 a book1 & blot !m out ) ! bitt] wat]1 0 ) a k9d ( ink prep>$ = ! purpose1 )\t any salts ( iron or o!r mat]ial :i* c\ld make a p]man5t dye2 ^! mal$ictions 7 !n wa%$ into ! wat]1 :i* ! woman 0 oblig$ to dr9k1 s t %e drank ! v words ( ! execration4 ,! ink /ill us$ 9 ! ,ea/ is almo/ all ( ?is k9d2 a wet sponge w oblit]ate ! f9e/ ( _! writ+s4 ,9 ! book ( ,j]emiah1 *ap4 xxxvi4 v]se #ah1 x says3 ,!n ,b>u* answ]$1 ,he pron\nc$ all ^! words unto me ) 8 m\?1 & ,i wrote ,,!m ) ink 9 ! book1 & 9 ,ezek4 ix4 #b1 #c1 #aa1 ,ink horn is ref]r$ to4 ,six hundr$ ye>s lat] 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is ano!r m5tion ( ink hav+ _m ?+s to write unto y4 ,i w\ld n write ) pap] & ,ink1 c42 second epi/le4 ( ,john1 #ab1 & aga9 9 8 ?ird epi/le1 #ac1 ,i _h _m ?+s to write1 b ,i w n ) p5 & ,ink write unto !e4 ,! illu/rative hi/ory ( ! anci5t ,egyptians does n po9t to a "t be=e ! re$ 0 us$ z a p54 ,! v>i\s sculptures1 c>v+s1 pott]y & pa9t+s1 exhibit ! scribes at "w 9 _! avocations1 record+ details ab\t ! h&s & e>s ( slaught]$ enemies1 ! numb]s ( captives1 ! baskets ( :eat1 ! num]\s animals1 ! tribute1 ! treaties & ! public records4 ,^! anci5t scribes employ$ a cyl9drical box = ink1 ) writ+ tablets1 :i* 7 squ>e sections ( wood ) lat]al grooves to hold ! small re$s = writ+4 ,dur+ ! "t ,joseph 0 ,vic]oy ( ,egypt "u ,se?osis ,i1 ! fir/ ( ! ,ph>aohs1 ,b4 ,c4 #agag1 he employ$ a small army ( cl]ks & /orekeep]s ?r\gh\t ,egypt 9 8 ext5sive gra9 op]ations4 ,! scribes ^: duties p]ta9$ to mak+ records respect+ ?is bus9ess1 us$ bo? r$ & black inks1 conta9$ 9 diff]5t receptacles 9 a desk1 :i*1 :5 n 9 use1 0 plac$ 9 a box or trunk1 ) lea!r h&les at ! sides1 & 9 ?is way 0 c>ri$ f place to place4 ,z ! scribe _h two colors ( ink1 he ne$$ two p5s 7re$s7 & we see him on ! monum5ts ( ,!bes1 busy ) "o p5 at "w1 & ! o!r plac$ 9 t mo/ anci5t p5-rack1 beh9d ! e>4 ,su*1 says ,mr4 ,knight1 is pres5t$ 9 a pa9t+ at ,b5i ,hassan4 ,! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,new ,york possesses a small bundle ( ^! p5s1 ) ! /a9s ( ! ink yet ^u !m1 besides a bronze knife us$ = mak+ su* p5s 7re$s71 & :i* are alleg$ to belong to a p]iod n f> remov$ f ,joseph's "t4 ,! o!r hi/ory ( ink1 long prec$+ ! dep>ture ( ,israel f ,egypt1 & ) few exceptions until aft] ! middle ages1 c only be consid]$1 z x is intimately b\nd up 9 ! *ronology & /ory ( h&writ+ & writ+ mat]ials4 ,ev5 !n x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! hi/ory ( ink is au!ntic & cont9u\s f ! mom5t h&writ+ 0 appli$ to ! record+ ( ev5ts2 = ! e>lie/ records are lo/ to u 9 almo/ e in/ance4 ,we are !re=e dep5d5t ^u lat] writ]s1 :o made _! records 9 ! inks ( _! own "t1 & :o c\ld ref] to ^? prec$+ !m only by ! aid ( leg5ds & traditions4 ,!re is no indep5d5t data indicat+ any v>iation :atev] 9 ! me?ods ( ! admixture ( black or color$ inks1 :i* diff]5tiates !m f ^? us$ 9 ! e>lie/ times ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,hebrews or ,*9ese4 ,on ! contr>y if we exclude ,indian & "o ( ! r$ inks1 = a p]iod ( f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s we f9d _! numb] dim9i%+ until ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,exagg]at$ tradition has describ$ inks z well z o!r ?+s & imag9ation is n lack+4 ,"s ( ^! leg5ds1 9 lat] ye>s put 9 writ+1 compel u to dep5d on translations ( obscure & obsolete tongues1 :ile ! majority ( !m are m+l$ ) ! errors & sup]/iti\s ( ! "t 9 :i* !y 7 transcrib$4 ,! value ( su* acc\nts dep5ds ^u a v>iety ( circum/ances & we mu/ proce$ ) ! utmo/ caution & discrim9ation 9 exam9+ & weigh+ ! au!nticity ( ^! s\rces ( in=mation4 ,if we reason t ! art ( h&writ+ did n become kn[n to all ! anci5t nations at once1 b 0 gradually imp>t$ by "o to ano!r1 x foll[s t records suppos$ to be contemporane\s1 7 made 9 "s c\ntries at a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x mu/ also be obs]v$ t ! ,asiatic nations & ! ,egyptians practic$ ! art ( writ+ _m c5turies be=e x 0 introduc$ into ,europe4 ,h5ce we are able to e/imate ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty t ink-writt5 acc\nts ( "s ,asiatic nations 7 made :ile ,europe 0 9 ?is respect buri$ 9 utt] d>kness4 ,an int]e/+ /ory :i* be>s on ?is /atem5t is told by ,k5nett1 9 8 ,antiquities ( ,rome1 ,london1 #agdc1 z to ! discov]y ( anci5t ,,mss41 five hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ( :at ev5 !n mu/ h be5 rem>kable3 ,a /range old woman came once to ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus ) n9e books1 :i*1 %e said1 7 ! oracles ( ! ,sybils1 & pr(f]$ to sell !m4 ,b ! k+ mak+ "s scruple ab\t ! price1 %e w5t away & burnt ?ree ( !m2 & return+ ) ! six1 ask$ ! same sum z be=e4 ,t>qu9 only laugh$ at ! hum\r2 ^u :i* ! old woman left him once m2 & aft] %e _h burnt ?ree o!rs1 came aga9 ) !m t 7 left1 b /ill kept to h] old t]ms4 ,! k+ n[ began to wond] at h] ob/9acy1 & ?9k+ !re might be some?+ m ?an ord9>y 9 ! bus9ess1 s5t = ! aug>s 7soo?say]s7 to consult :at 0 to be done4 ,!y1 :5 _! div9ations 7 p]=m$1 soon acqua9t$ him :at a piece ( impiety he _h be5 guilty (1 by refus+ a treasure s5t to him f heav51 & comm&$ him to give :atev] %e dem&$ = ! books t rema9$4 ,! woman receiv$ h] money1 & deliv]$ ! writ+s2 & only1 *>g+ !m by all means to keep !m sacr$1 imm$iately vani%$4 ,two ( ! nobility 7 pres5tly aft] *os5 to be ! keep]s ( ^! oracles1 :i* 7 laid up ) all imag9able c>e 9 ! ,capitol1 9 a *e/ "u gr\nd4 ,!y c\ld n be consult$ )\t a special ord] ( ! ,s5ate1 :i* 0 nev] grant$1 unless ^u ! receiv+ ( "s notable defeat2 ^u ! ris+ ( any consid]able mut9y1 or s$ition 9 ! ,/ate2 or ^u "s o!r extraord9>y occasion2 sev]al ( :i* we meet ) 9 ,livy4 ,"s ( ! anci5t hi/orians ev5 s\ght to be mislead+ respect+ ! ev5ts n only ( _! own times1 b ( epo*s :i* prec$$ !m4 ,ri*>dson1 9 8 ,diss]tation on ,anci5t ,hi/ory & ,my?ology1 publi%$ 9 #aggh1 rem>ks3 ,! in=mation receiv$ hi!rto has be5 almo/ entirely d]iv$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,grecian writ]s2 ^: elegance ( ta/e1 h>mony ( language1 & f9e arrangem5t ( ideas1 h captivat$ ! imag9ation1 misl$ ! judgm5t1 & /amp$ ) ! dignifi$ title ( hi/ory1 ! amus+ excursions ( fanciful romance4 ,too pr\d to consid] surr\nd+ nations1 7if ! ,eyptians may be except$7 9 any light b t ( b>b>ians2 !y despis$ _! records1 !y alt]$ _! language1 & fram$ too (t5 _! details1 m to ! prejudices ( _! fell[ citiz5s1 ?an to ! /&>d ( tru? or probability4 ,we h names ( ,p]sian k+s1 :i* a ,p]sian c\ld n pron\nce2 we h facts relat$ !y app>5tly nev] knew2 & we h cu/oms ascrib$ to !m1 :i* contradict e di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( an ,ea/]n p4 ,! /ory ( ,lysima*us & "o ,greek hi/orian may inde$1 ) ju/ice1 be appli$ to _m o!rs4 ,?is pr9ce1 9 ! p>tition ( ,alex&]'s empire1 became ,k+ ( ,?race3 he _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ active ( t conqu]or's comm&]s2 & 0 pres5t at e ev5t :i* des]v$ ! att5tion ( hi/ory4 ,a ,grecian _h writt5 an acc\nt ( ! ,p]sian conque/2 & be wi%$ to read x be=e ! k+4 ,! mon>* li/5$ ) equal att5tion & wond]3 ',all ?is is v f9e1' says he1 :5 ! hi/orian _h f9i%$1 'b :]e 0 ,i :5 ^? ?+s 7 p]=m$8' ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,antiquity ,,( ,,ink4 ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,writ+--,,to ,,:om ,,x ,,belongs--,,its ,,utilization ,,by ,,nations ,,& ,,individuals--,,:5 ,,x ,,is ,,fir/ ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,! ,,bible--,,citations ,,f ,,! ,e,n,c,y,c,l,o,pae,d,i,a ,,britannica ,,& ,,smi?s ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,bible--,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,by ,,humphreys ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,h&writ+--,,comm5ts ,,by ,,plato ,,& ,,! ,,colloquy ,,betwe5 ,,k+ ,,?amus ,,& ,,?o?1 ,,! ,,egyptian ,,god ,,( ,,! ,,lib]al ,,arts--,,fir/ ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,ink ,,writt5 ,,rolls--,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,temples ,,:i* ,,conta9$ ,,!m--,,comm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,hi/orian ,,roll9s--,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,anci5t ,,*9ese ,,ink ,,writt5 ,,mss4 ,,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at nation belongs ! honor ( ! inv5tion ( ! art ( h&writ+4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton obs]ves3 ,!re is ! utmo/ unc]ta9ty 9 ! *ronology ( anci5t k+doms1 aris+ f ! vanity ( ea* claim+ ! greate/ antiquity1 :ile ^? pret5sions 7 fav\r$ by _! hav+ no exact acc\nt ( "t4 ,its antiquity has be5 exhau/ively treat$ by _m writ]s2 ! be/ kn[n are ,massey1 #agfc1 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,lett]s2 ,a/le1 #ahjc1 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,writ+2 ,silve/re1 ,univ]sal ,palaeography1 ,p>is1 #ahci-da 2 & ,humphreys1 #ahee1 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,art ( ,writ+4 ,!y1 ) o!rs1 h s\ght to record ! orig9 & gradual developm5t ( ! art ( writ+ f ! ,egyptian ,hi]oglyphics ( #djjj ,b4 ,c42 ! ,*9ese ,figurative1 #cjjj ,b4 ,c4 2 ,indian ,alphabetic1 #bjjj or m ,b4 ,c4 2 ! ,babylonian or ,cunei=m1 #bjjj ye>s ,b4 ,c42 & ! ,pho5ician 9 :i* !y include ! ,hebrew or ,sam>itan ,alphabet1 #bjjj or m ,b4 ,c41 d[n to ! writ+s ( ! new or ,we/]n _w ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! data pres5t$ & ! argum5ts set =?1 des]ve pr(\nd respect1 & ?\gh we f9d "s favor+ ! ,egyptians1 or ! ,pho5icians1 ! ,*aldeans1 ! ,syrians1 ! ,indians1 ! ,p]sians or ! ,arabians1 x is be/ to accept ! conc5sus ( _! op9ion1 :i* seems to divide betwe5 ! ,pho5icians & ! ,egyptians z be+ ! inv5tors ( ! =emo/ ( all ! arts4 ,=1 9 ,pho5icia1 _h liv$ ,taaut or ,?o? ! fir/ ,h]mes1 its inv5tor1 & :o lat] c>ri$ 8 art into ,egypt :]e !y fir/ wrote 9 pictures1 "s #bbjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,! art appe>s to h be5 fir/ ex]cis$ 9 ,greece & ! ,we/ ab\t #aejj or #ahjj ,b4 ,c41 & l all arts1 x 0 d\btless sl[ & progressive4 ,! ,greeks ref] ! inv5tion ( writt5 lett]s to ,cadmus1 m]ely because he introduc$ !m f ,pho5icia1 !n only sixte5 9 numb]4 ,to ^!1 f\r m 7 add$ by ,simonides4 ,ev&] br\ght lett]s into ,latium f ,greece1 ! ,lat9 lett]s be+ at fir/ ne>ly ! same =m z ! ,greek4 ,! ,romans employ$ a device ( scatt]+ gre5 s& ^u tables1 = ! tea*+ ( ari?metic & writ+1 & 9 ,india a s& box consi/+ ( a surface ( s& laid on a bo>d ! f+] be+ utiliz$ to trace =ms1 0 ! me?od foll[$ by ! natives to tea* _! *ildr54 ,x is said t su* me?ods /ill obta9 ev5 9 ?is age1 9 "s rural di/ricts ( ,engl&4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( writ+ well-in=m$ nations & individuals kept scribes or *ronicl]s to record 9 writ+1 hi/orical & o!r ev5ts1 m+l$ ) claims ( antiquity bas$ on popul> leg5ds4 ,^! individuals 7 n always held 9 ! highe/ e/eem4 ,among ! ,hebrews x 0 consid]$ an honorable vocation1 :ile ! ,greeks = a long "t treat$ its practition]s z outca/s4 ,x 0 an accompli%m5t possess$ by ! few ev5 d[n to ! fifte5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! rul]s ( ! diff]5t c\ntries 7 defici5t 9 ! art & dep5d$ on o!rs to write _! docum5ts & lett]s to :i* !y app5d$ _! monogram or ! sign ( ! ,cross aga9/ _! names z an atte/ation4 ,s late z ,a4 ,d4 #aeaf an ord] 0 made 9 ,london to exam9e all p]sons :o c\ld write 9 ord] to discov] ! au?or%ip ( a s$iti\s docum5t4 ,! art ( writ+ is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible prior to ! "t ( ,moses1 al?\gh z be=e /at$1 9 ,egypt & ! c\ntries adjac5t !reto x 0 n only kn[n b practic$4 ,its fir/ m5tion record$ 9 ,scripture w be f\nd 9 ,exodus xvii4 v4 #ad2 ,& ! ,"l said unto ,moses1 ,write ?is1 = a memorial1 9 a book2 & rehe>se x 9 ! e> ( ,jo%ua2 = ,i w utt]ly put out ! remembrance ( ,amalek f "u heav54 ,?is comm& 0 giv5 imm$iately aft] ! defeat ( ! ,amalekites ne> ,horeb1 & be=e ! arrival ( ! ,israelites at ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,x is obs]vable1 t !re is n ! lea/ h9t to induce u to believe t writ+ 0 !n newly inv5t$2 on ! contr>y1 we may conclude1 t ,moses und]/ood :at 0 meant by writ+ 9 a book2 o!rwise ,god w\ld h in/ruct$ him1 z he _h done ,noah 9 build+ ! ,ark2 = he w\ld n h be5 comm&$ to write 9 a book1 if he _h be5 ignorant ( ! art ( writ+2 b ,moses express$ no difficulty ( compreh5sion :5 he receiv$ ?is comm&4 ,we also f9d t ,moses wrote all ! works & all ! judgm5ts ( ! ,"l1 conta9$ 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ & ! two succe$+ *apt]s ( ! book ( ,exodus1 be=e ! two writt5 tables ( /one 7 ev5 s mu* z promis$4 ,! deliv]y ( ! tables is n m5tion$ till ! eighte5? v]se ( ! ?irty-fir/ *apt]1 aft] ,god _h made an end ( commun+ ) him ^u ! m\nt1 ?\gh ! t5 comm&m5ts 7 promulgat$ imm$iately aft] 8 ?ird desc5t4 ,moses makes frequ5t m5tion ( anci5t books ( ! ,hebrews1 b describes none1 except ! two tables on :i* ,god wrote ! t5 comm&m5ts4 ,^! he tells u1 7 ( poli%$ /one1 engrav5 on bo? sides & z ,calmet rem>ks3 x is probable t ,moses w\ld n h obs]v$ to u ^! two p>ticul>s s (t5 z he does1 7 x n to di/+ui% !m f o!r books1 :i* 7 made ( tables1 n ( /one1 b ( wood & curi\sly engrav51 b on "o side only4 ,x _c be said t ,moses uses any language :i* c be con/ru$ to mean ! employm5t ( rolls ( papyrus1 or b>ks ( trees1 mu* less ( p>*m5t4 ,we h !re=e reason to believe t by ! t]m book1 he always means table-books1 made ( small ?9 bo>ds or plates4 ,! edicts1 z well z ! lett]s ( k+s1 7 writt5 ^u tablets & s5t to ! v>i\s prov9ces1 seal$ ) _! signets4 ,scripture pla9ly alludes to ! cu/om ( seal+ up lett]s1 edicts & ! tablets on :i* ! prophets wrote _! visions4 ,! practice ( writ+ ^u rolls made ( ! b>ks ( trees is v anci5t4 ,x is allud$ to 9 ! ,book ( ,job3 ,oh6 t m9e adv]s>y _h writt5 a book2 surely ,i w\ld take x ^u my %\ld]s1 & b9d x z a cr[n to me4 7,old v]sion47 ,! new "o runs3 ,& t ,i _h ! indictm5t :i* m9e adv]s>y ha? writt56 ,! rolls1 or volumes1 g5]ally speak+1 7 writt5 ^u "o side only4 ,?is is intimat$ by ,ezekiel :o obs]ves t he saw "o ( 9 extraord9>y =m writt5 on bo? sides3 ,& :5 ,i look$1 behold1 an ,h& 0 s5t unto me1 & lo6 a roll ( a book 0 !re92 & he spread x be=e me1 & x 0 writt5 )9 & )\t4 ,to h be5 able to write on dry tablets ( wood or b>ks ( trees ) ! re$ or bru%1 ! !n only ink-writ+ in/rum5ts 9 vogue w\ld h necessitat$ ! employm5t ( lampblack susp5d$ 9 a vehicle ( ?ick gum1 or 9 ! =m ( a pa9t4 ,bo? ( ^! maybe t]m$ pigm5t>y inks4 ,! use ( ?9 inks w\ld h caus$ spread+ or blott+ & ?us r5d]$ ! writ+ illegible4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica g5]alizes its rem>ks on ?is subject3-- ,! e>lie/ writ+s 7 purely monum5tal & accord+ly ^? mat]ials 7 *os5 :i* 7 suppos$ to la/ ! longe/4 ,! same idea ( p]petuity :i* 9 ar*itecture f9ds its mo/ /rik+ exposition 9 ! pyramids 0 repeat$1 9 ! case ( lit]>y records1 9 ! two columns m5tion$ by ,josephus1 ! "o ( /one & ! o!r ( brick1 on :i* ! *ildr5 ( ,se? wrote _! inv5tions & a/ronomical discov]ies2 9 ! pill>s 9 ,crete on :i*1 accord+ to ,porphyry1 ! c]emonies ( ! ,corybantes 7 inscrib$2 9 ! lead5 tablets conta99lu ! works ( ,hesiod1 deposit$ 9 ! temple ( ! ,muses1 9 ,boeotia2 9 ! t5 comm&m5ts on /one deliv]$ by ,moses2 & 9 ! laws ( ,solon1 inscrib$ on planks ( wood4 ,! notion ( a lit]>y production surviv+ ! de/ruction ( ! mat]ials on :i* x 0 fir/ writt5--! 'mom5tum1 a]e p]5nius' ( ,horace's ambition--0 unkn[n be=e ! discov]y ( sub/ances = sy/ematic transcription4 ,tablets ( ivory or metal 7 9 common use among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,:5 made ( wood--sometimes ( citron1 b usually ( bee* or fir--_! inn] sides 7 coat$ ) wax1 on :i* ! lett]s 7 trac$ ) a po9t$ p5 or /iletto 7/ylus71 "o end ( :i* 0 us$ = erasure4 ,x 0 ) 8 /ylus t ,caes> /abb$ ,casca 9 ! arm :5 attack$ by 8 murd]]s4 ,wax tablets ( ?is k9d cont9u$ 9 p>tial use 9 ,europe dur+ ! middle ages2 ! olde/ extant specim51 n[ 9 ! museum at ,flor5ce1 belongs to ! ye> #acja4 ,lat] ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 7 writt5 9 ink or pa9t ^u ! sk9s ( c]emonially clean animals or ev5 birds4 ,^! 7 roll$ ^u /icks & fa/5$ ) a cord1 ! ends ( :i* 7 seal$ :5 security 0 an object4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 columns1 & usually ^u "o side1 only4 ,! writ+ 0 f "r to left2 ! upp] m>g9 0 ?ree f+]s broad1 ! l[] "o f\r f+]s2 a bread? ( two f+]s sep>at$ ! columns4 ,! columns ran across ! wid? ( ! %eet1 ! roll$ ends ( :i* 7 held v]tically 9 ! respective h&s4 ,:5 "o column 0 read1 ano!r 0 expos$ to view by unroll+ x f ! end 9 ! left h&1 :ile ! =m] 0 hidd5 f view by roll+ up ! end grasp$ by ! "r b&4 ,! p5 0 a re$1 ! ink black1 c>ri$ 9 a bottle susp5d$ f ! girdle4 ,! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu* is v anci5t1 z is prov$ by ! criticisms ( ,talmudic writ]s4 ,a copy ( x 0 acquir$ 9 #afaf by ,pietro della ,valle1 "o ( ! fir/ discov]]s ( ! cunei=m inscriptions4 ,x 0 ?us introduc$ to ! notice ( ,europe4 ,x is claim$ by ! ,sam>itans ( ,nablus t _! copy 0 writt5 by ,abi%a1 ! great-gr&son ( ,a>on1 9 ! ?irte5? ye> ( ! settlem5t ( ! l& ( ,canaan by ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,! copies ( x br\ght to ,europe are all writt5 9 black ink on vellum or cotton pap]1 & v>y f #abmo to folio4 ,! scroll us$ by ! ,sam>itans is writt5 9 gold lett]s4 7,see ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aajf-aaah47 ,its claims to great antiquity are n admitt$ by s*ol>s4 ,! enum]ation ( "s ( ! modes ( writ+ may be int]e/+3 ,! ,mexican writ+ is 9 v]tical columns1 beg9n+ at ! bottom4 ,! ,*9ese & ,japanese write 9 v]tical columns1 beg9n+ at ! top & pass+ f left to "r4 ,! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics are writt5 inv]tical columns or horizontal l9es accord+ to ! %ape & position ( ! tablet4 ,x is said t ) ! horizontal writ+ ! direction is indiff]5t1 b t ! figures ( m5 & animals face ! beg9n+ ( ! l9e4 ,) figures1 ! units /& on ! left4 ,! ,egyptians also wrote f "r to left 9 ! hi]atic & demotic & en*orial /yles4 ,! ,palasgians did ! same1 & 7 foll[$ by ! ,etruscans4 ,9 ! demotic "*1 ,dr4 ,brugs* rem>ks t ?\gh ! g5]al direction ( ! writ+ 0 usually f "r to left1 yet ! individual lett]s 7 =m$ f left to "r1 z is evid5t f ! unf9i%$ ends ( horizontal lett]s :5 ! ink fail$ 9 ! p54 ,9 writ+ numb]s 9 ! hi]atic & en*orial ! units 7 plac$ to ! left4 ,! ,arabs write f "r to left1 b receiv$ _! num]als f ,india1 :5ce !y call !m ,h9dee1 & !re ! arrangem5t ( _! num]als is l our own1 units to ! "r4 ,! foll[+ notewor?y passage is tak5 f ,humphreys' "w ,on ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,art ( ,writ+3 ,ne>ly all ! pr9cipal me?ods ( anci5t writ+ may be divid$ into squ>e capitals1 r\nd$ capitals1 & cursive lett]s2 ! squ>e capitals be+ t]m$ simply capitals1 ! r\nd$ capitals uncials1 & ! small lett]s1 or su* z _h *ang$ _! =m dur+ ! creation ( a runn+ h&1 m9uscule4 ,capitals are1 /rictly speak+1 su* lett]s z reta9 ! e>lie/ settl$ =m ( an alphabet2 be+ g5]ally ( su* angul> %apes z c\ld conv5i5tly be c>v$ on wood or /one1 or engrav$ 9 metal1 to be /amp$ on co9s4 ,! e>lie/ ,lat9 ,,mss4 kn[n are writt5 entirely 9 capitals l inscriptions 9 metal or m>ble4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! uncial lett]s1 z !y are t]m$1 appe> to h aris5 z writ+ on papyrus or vellum became common1 :5 _m ( ! /raight l9es ( ! capitals1 9 t k9d ( writ+1 gradually acquir$ a curv$ =m1 to facilitate _! m rapid execution4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 f ! six? to ! eigh?1 or ev5 #aj? c5tury1 ^! uncials or p>tly r\nd$ capitals prevail4 ,! mod]n m9uscule1 diff]+ f ! anci5t cursive "*1 appe>s to h aris5 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,dur+ ! #f? & #g? c5turies1 a k9d ( transition /yle prevail$ 9 ,italy & "s o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 ! lett]s compos+ :i* h be5 t]m$ semi-uncials1 :i*1 9 a fur!r transition1 became m l ^? ( ! old ,roman cursive4 ,?is mann]1 :5 def9itely =m$1 became :at is n[ t]m$ ! m9uscule mann]2 x began to prevail ov] uncials 9 a c]ta9 class ( ,,mss4 ab\t ! #h? c5tury1 & t[>ds ! #aj? its g5]al use 01 ) few exceptions1 e/abli%$4 ,x is said to h be5 occasionally us$ z e>ly z ! #e? c5tury2 b ,i am unable to cite an au!ntic exi/+ monum5t4 ,! ,psalt] ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 writt5 9 ! #i? c5tury1 is 9 a small ,roman cursive h&1 :i* has induc$ ,casley to consid] x ! "w ( "s ,italian ecclesia/ic4 ,! le>n$ :o h made a life /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ anci5t manuscripts1 m5tion !m specifically 9 great numb] & ( diff]5t c\ntries1 :i* w\ld seem to indicate t ! art ( h&writ+ _h made great /rides 9 ! v old5 times2 _m nations _h adopt$ x1 & ,b4 ,c4 #fej x _h spread itself ov] ! 7!n kn[n7 great] "p ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,we c well believe ?is to be true 9 read+ ab\t ! anci5t libr>ies1 not)/&+ t "s rul]s _h s\ght to prohibit its ex]cise4 ,plato1 :o liv$ ,b4 ,c4 #cej1 expresses 8 views ( ! importance ( writ+ 9 8 imag9>y colloquy betwe5 ,?amus1 k+ ( ,egypt1 & ,?o?1 ! god ( ! lib]al arts ( ! ,egyptians2 he acqua9ts u3 ,t ! disc\rse turn$ ^u lett]s4 ,?o? ma9ta9$ ! value ( ,writ+1 z capable ( mak+ ! ,p wis]1 increas+ ! p[]s ( ,memory2 to ?is ! k+ diss5t$1 & express$ 8 op9ion t by ! ex]cise ( ?is ,art ! multitude w\ld appe> to be kn[+ ( ^? ?+s ( :i* !y 7 really ignorant1 possess+ only an idea ( ,wisdom1 in/ead ( ,wisdom itself4 ,py?agoras1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecb1 we are in=m$ by ,a/le3 ,w5t into ,egypt :]e he resid$ tw5ty-two ye>s2 he 0 initiat$ into ! sac]dotal ord]1 &1 f 8 _s ( inquiry1 he has be5 ju/ly said to h acquir$ a great deal ( ,egyptian le>n+1 :i* he aft]w>ds introduc$ into ,italy4 ,! ,py?agorean s*ools :i* he e/abli%$ 9 ,italy :5 writ+ 0 taught1 7 de/roy$ :5 ! ,platonic or new philosophy prevail$ ov] ! =m]4 ,polybius 7lib4 ii4 p4 #age7 & ,jambli*us 79 vita ,py?ag47 m5tion _m circum/ances1 relative to ^! facts1 quot$ f au?ors n[ lo/2 z do? ,porphyry1 9 8 life ( ,py?agoras4 ,= ! hundr$ ye>s or m foll[+1 h[ev]1 ! dissem9ation ( le>n+ & ! transcription ( ev5ts 0 n to be d5i$4 ,we f9d ink-writt5 volumes 7rolls7 relat+ to div]se subjects be+ loan$ to "o ano!r2 correspond5ce by lett] to & f di/ant l&s ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & ! art ( h&writ+ regul>ly taught 9 ! s*ools ( le>n+4 ,its progress 0 to be int]rupt$ by ! w>s ( ! ,p]sians4 ,mr4 ,a/le 9 call+ att5tion to ev5ts :i* h contribut$ to deprive u ( ! lit]>y treasures ( antiquity ?us ref]s to !m3 ,a v fatal bl[ 0 giv5 to lit]ature1 by ! de/ruction ( ! ,pho5ician temples1 & ( ! ,egyptian colleges1 :5 ^? k+doms1 & ! c\ntries adjac5t1 7 conqu]$ by ! ,p]sians1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,o*us1 ! ,p]sian g5]al1 ravag$ ^! c\ntries )\t m]cy1 & =ty ?\s& ,sidonians burnt !mselves ) _! families & ri*es 9 _! own h\ses4 ,! conqu]or !n drove ,nectanebus out ( ,egypt1 & committ$ ! l ravages 9 t c\ntry2 aft]w>ds he m>*$ into ,judea1 :]e he took ,j]i*o1 & s5t a great numb] ( ,jews into captivity4 ,! ,p]sians _h a great dislike to ! religion ( ! ,pho5icians & ! ,egyptians2 ?is 0 "o reason = de/roy+ _! books1 ( :i* ,eusebius 7,de ,prep>at4 ,evang47 says1 !y _h a great numb]4 ,^! losses1 app>5tly1 did n int]f]e ) ! progress ( ! art 9 m we/]n c\ntries4 ,pr(essor ,roll9 9 8 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 #ahbc1 rem>ks3 ,ptolemy ,sot]1 ,k+ ( ,egypt ,b4 ,c4 #bhe1 _h be5 c>eful to improve himself 9 public lit]ature1 z 0 evid5t by 8 compil+ ! life ( ,alex&]1 :i* 0 greatly e/eem$ by ! anci5ts1 b is n[ entirely lo/4 ,9 ord] to enc\rage ! cultivation ( ! sci5ces1 :i* he mu* admir$1 he f\nd$ an academy at ,alex&ria1 call$ ! ,museum1 :]e a society ( le>n$ m5 devot$ !mselves to philosophic /udies1 & ! improvem5t ( all o!r sci5ces1 almo/ 9 ! same mann] z ^? ( ,london & ,p>is4 ,= ?is purpose1 he began by giv+ !m a libr>y1 :i* 0 prodigi\sly increas$ by 8 successors4 ,8 son ,philadelphus left a hundr$ ?\s& volumes 9 x at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 & ! succe$+ pr9ces ( t race enl>g$ x /ill m1 till at la/ x consi/$ ( sev5 hundr$ ?\s& volumes4 ,?is libr>y 0 =m$ by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,all ! ,greek & o!r books t 7 br\ght into ,egypt 7 seiz$1 & s5t to ! ,museum1 :]e !y 7 transcrib$ by p]sons employ$ = t purpose4 ,! copies 7 !n deliv]$ to ! proprietors1 & ! orig9als 7 deposit$ 9 ! libr>y4 ,z ! ,museum 0 at fir/ 9 t qu>t] ( ! city :i* 0 call$ ,bru*ion1 & ne> ! royal palace1 ! libr>y 0 f\nd$ 9 ! same place1 & x soon drew va/ numb]s ?i!r2 b :5 x 0 s mu* augm5t$1 z to conta9 f\r hundr$ ?\s& volumes1 !y began to deposit ! additional books 9 ! ,s]apion4 ,?is la/ libr>y 0 a supplem5t to ! =m]1 = :i* reason x receiv$ ! appellation ( its ,daught]1 & 9 process ( "t _h 9 x ?ree hundr$ ?\s& volumes4 ,9 ,caes>'s w> ) ! inhabitants ( ,alex&ria1 a fire1 occasion$ by ^? ho/ilities1 consum$ ! libr>y ( ,bru*ion1 ) its f\r hundr$ ?\s& volumes4 ,s5eca seems to me to be out ( hum\r1 :51 speak+ ( ! conflagration1 he be/[s 8 c5sures bo? on ! libr>y itself1 & ! eulogium made on x by ,livy1 :o /yles x an illu/ri\s monum5t ( ! opul5ce ( ! ,egyptian k+s1 & ( _! judici\s att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ! sci5ces4 ,s5eca1 in/ead ( all[+ x to be su*1 w\ld h x consid]$ only z a "w result+ f ! pride & vanity ( ^? mon>*s1 :o _h amass$ su* a numb] ( books1 n = _! own use1 b m]ely = pomp & o/5tation4 ,?is reflection1 h[ev]1 seems to discov] v little sagacity2 = is x n evid5t beyond contradiction1 t none b k+s are capable ( f\nd+ ^! magnific5t libr>ies1 :i* become a necess>y treasure to ! le>n$1 & d inf9ite hon\r to ^? /ates 9 :i* !y are e/abli%$8 ,! libr>y ( ,s]apion1 did n su/a9 any damage1 & x 0 und\bt$ly !re t ,cleopatra deposit$ ^? two hundr$ ?\s& volumes f t ( ,p]gamus1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to h] by ,antony4 ,?is addition1 ) o!r enl>gem5ts t 7 made f "t to "t1 r5d]$ ! new libr>y ( ,alex&ria m num]\s & consid]able ?an ! fir/2 & ?\gh x 0 ransack$ m ?an once1 dur+ ! tr\bles & revolutions :i* happ5$ 9 ! ,roman empire1 x always retriev$ its losses1 & recov]$ its numb] ( volumes4 ,9 ?is condition x subsi/$ = _m ages1 display+ its treasures to ! le>n$ & curi\s1 till ! sev5? c5tury1 :5 x suff]$ ! same fate ) its p>5t1 & 0 burnt by ! ,s>ac5s1 :5 !y took t city 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #fdb4 ,! mann] by :i* ?is mis=tune happ5$ is too s+ul> to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,john1 surnam$ ! ,gramm>ian1 a fam\s foll[] ( ,ari/otle1 happ5$ to be at ,alex&ria1 :5 ! city 0 tak52 & z he 0 mu* e/eem$ by ,amri ,ebnol ,z1 ! g5]al ( ! ,s>ac5 troops1 he entreat$ t comm&] to be/[ ^u him ! ,alex&rian libr>y4 ,amri repli$1 t x 0 n 9 8 p[] to grant su* a reque/2 b t he w\ld write to ! ,khalif1 or emp]or ( ! ,s>ac5s1 = 8 ord]s on t head1 )\t :i* he c\ld n presume to dispose ( ! libr>y4 ,he accord+ly wrote to ,om>1 ! !n ,khalif1 ^: answ] 01 t if ^? books conta9$ ! same doctr9e ) ! ,koran1 !y c\ld n be ( any use1 because ! ,koran 0 suffici5t 9 itself1 & compreh5d$ all necess>y tru?s2 b if !y conta9$ any p>ticul>s contr>y to t book1 !y ought to be de/roy$4 ,9 consequ5ce to ?is answ]1 !y 7 all condemn$ to ! flames1 )\t any fur!r exam9ation2 &1 = t purpose1 7 di/ribut$ among ! public ba?s2 :]e1 = ! space ( six mon?s1 !y 7 us$ = fuel in/ead ( wood4 ,we may f h5ce =m a j idea ( ! prodigi\s numb] ( books conta9$ 9 t libr>y2 & ?us 0 ?is ine/imable treasure ( le>n+ de/roy$6 ,! ,museum ( ,bru*ion 0 n burnt ) ! libr>y :i* 0 atta*$ to x4 ,/rabo acqua9ts u1 9 8 description ( x1 t x 0 a v l>ge /ructure ne> ! palace1 & front+ ! port2 & t x 0 surr\nd$ ) a portico1 9 :i* ! philosoph]s walk$4 ,he adds1 t ! memb]s ( ?is society 7 gov]n$ by a presid5t1 ^: /ation 0 s hon\rable & important1 t1 9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies1 he 0 always *os5 by ! k+ himself1 & aft]w>ds by ! ,roman emp]or2 & t !y _h a hall :]e ! :ole society ate toge!r at ! exp5se ( ! public1 by :om !y 7 support$ 9 a v pl5tiful mann]4 ,among ! o!r ev5ts contribut+ to ! deplorable losses :i* mank9d has su/a9$ 9 ?is respect1 a sad "o 0 :5 ! mo/ anci5t ink writ+s ( ! ,*9ese 7 ord]$ to be de/roy$ by _! emp]or ,*ee-,:ange-,tee1 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ) ! av[$ purpose t ev]y?+ %\ld beg9 anew z f 8 reign4 ,! small portion ( !m :i* escap$ de/ruction 7 recov]$ & pres]v$ by 8 successors4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,classical ,,ink ,,& ,,its ,,exodus4 ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,me?ods ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,ink ,,mss4 ,,( ,,antiquity--,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,p>*m5t ,,z ,a ,,sub/itute ,,= ,,papyrus--,,mode ,,( ,,writ+ ,,on ,,p>*m5t--,,h[ ,,sep>ate ,,pieces ,,7 ,,fir/ ,,jo9$ ,,into ,,book ,,=m--,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,writ+ ,,ut5sils ,,to ,,be ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,pictures--,,"s ,,=mulas ,,by ,,! ,,y\ng] ,,pl9y ,,& ,,8 ,,contempor>y ,,dioscorides--,,h[ ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans ,,kept ,,_! ,,papyri ,,f ,,break+--,,:5 ,,black ,,ink ,,began ,,to ,,fall ,,into ,,disuse ,,& ,,its ,,cause--,,! ,,adoption ,,( ,,! ,,/ylus ,,& ,,its ,,accompany+ ,,%eets ,,( ,,lead1 ,,ivory1 ,,metal ,,& ,,wood ,,coat$ ,,) ,,wax--,,! ,,ef=ts ,,made ,,to ,,resume ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,"s ,,ink ,,:i* ,,w\ld ,,b9d ,,to ,,p>*m5t--,,:y ,,!re ,,are ,,no ,,orig9al ,,mss4 ,,extant ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,*ri/--,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,vitriolic ,,inks--,,humphrey',s ,,blund] ,,9 ,,locat+ ,,dates ,,( ,,e>ly ,,greek ,,mss4--,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,cities ,,( ,,h]culaneum ,,& ,,pompeii--,,awak5+ ,,( ,,int]e/ ,,aga9 ,,ab\t ,,! ,,employm5t ,,( ,,inks--,,r$iscov]ies ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,m ,,remote ,,anci5t ,,recipes--,,! ,,writ]s ,,9 ,,gold ,,& ,,silv]--,,record$ ,,in/ances ,,( ,,illum9at$ ,,mss4--,,passage ,,f ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job ,,writt5 ,,by ,,/4 ,,j]ome--,,d5ial ,,( ,,! ,,employm5t ,,( ,,tanno- ,,gallate ,,( ,,iron ,,ink ,,9 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,c5tury-- ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,inspir$ ,,writ+s ,,by ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,s5ate--,,! ,,eclipse ,,( ,,classical ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,dismemb]m5t ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire--,,poem ,,on ,,! ,,?\s& ,,ye>s ,,kn[n ,,z ,,! ,,d>k ,,ages ,,:i* ,,foll[$4 ,,!ophra/us says t ! papyrus books ( ! anci5ts 7 no o!r ?an rolls prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two leaves ( ! ru% 7 pla/]$ toge!r1 usually ) ! mud ( ! ,nile1 9 su* a fa%ion t ! fibres ( "o leaf %\ld cross ! fibres ( ! o!r at "r angles2 ! ends ( ea* be+ !n cut (f1 a squ>e leaf 0 obta9$1 equally capable ( resi/+ fracture :5 pull$ or tak5 hold ( 9 any direction4 ,9 ?is =m ! papyri 7 export$ 9 great quantities4 ,9 ord] to =m ^! s+le leaves into ! scapi1 or rolls ( ! anci5ts1 ab\t tw5ty 7 glu$ toge!r end to end4 ,! writ+ 0 !n execut$ 9 p>allel columns a few in*es wide1 runn+ transv]sely to ! l5g? ( ! scroll4 ,to ea* end ( ! scrolls 7 atta*$ r\nd /aves simil> to ^? we use = maps4 ,to ^! /aves1 /r+s1 kn[n z umbilici1 7 atta*$1 to ! ends ( :i* bullae or weights 7 fix$4 ,! books :5 roll$ up1 7 b\nd up ) ^! umbilici1 & 7 g5]ally kept 9 cyl9drical boxes or capsae1 a t]m f :i* ! ,m$iaeval capsula1 or book-cov] 0 d]iv$4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! /ud5ts held ! rolls 9 ord] to read f !m is well %[n 9 a pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( a surgeon at ,pompeii4 ,"o ( ! /aves1 ) ! papyrus roll$ r\nd x1 0 held 9 ea* h&1 at a di/ance ap>t equal to ! wid? ( "o or m ( ! transv]se columns ( writ+4 ,z soon z ! eye 0 c>ri$ d[n to ! bottom ( a column1 "o h& roll$ up & ! o!r unroll$ suffici5t ( ! papyrus to br+ a fre% column opposite to ! read]'s eye1 & s on until ! :ole 0 w\nd r\nd "o ( ! /aves1 :51 ( c\rse1 ! /ud5t _h arriv$ at ! end ( 8 book4 ,eum5es1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 be+ unable to procure ! ,egyptian papyrus1 ?r\gh ! jeal\sy ( "o ( ! ,ptolemies1 :o occupi$ himself 9 =m+ a rival libr>y to ! "o :i* subsequ5tly became s celebrat$ at ,p]gamus1 introduc$ ! use ( ,p>*m5t prop]ly dress$ = tak+ ink & pigm5ts & h5ce ! d]ivation ( ! ^w p]gam5a z appli$ to p>*m5t or vellum1 ! =m] sub/ance be+ ! prep>$ sk9 ( %eep1 & ! latt] ( calves4 ,! %eets ( p>*m5t 7 jo9$ end to end1 z ! %eets ( papyrus _h be51 & :5 writt5 ^u1 on "o side only1 & 9 n>r[ columns across ! bread? ( ! scroll1 7 roll$ up ar\nd /aves & b\nd ) /r+s1 to :i* seals ( wax 7 occasionally atta*$1 9 place ( ! m common lead5 bullae4 ,! cu/om ( divid+ wax1 ivory1 wood & metal ,,mss4 into pages & 9 ?is way into book =m is said by ,suetonius to h be5 introduc$ by ,julius ,caes>1 ^: lett]s to ! ,s5ate 7 s made up1 & aft] ^: "t ! practice became usual = all docum5ts ei!r address$ to1 or issu+ f t body1 or to or f ! ,emp]ors4 ,z t =m subsequ5tly crept into g5]al use1 ! books 7 kn[n z codices2 & h5ce ! ord9>y t]m z appli$ to manuscript volumes4 ,all classes ( books1 ! re$s = writ+ 9 !m1 ! ink/&s1 & ! capsae or scr9ia1 ! boxes 9 :i* ! scapi or rolls 7 kept1 are m9utely portray$ 9 anci5t wall-pa9t+s & ivory dipty*s 7d\ble tablets71 & :i* may belong to a p]iod ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,pl9y & ,dioscorides h giv5 ! =mulas = ! writ+ inks us$ by ! ,greek & ,roman scribes imm$iately be=e & dur+ _! "t4 ,pl9y decl>es t ! ink ( ! bookmak]s 0 made ( soot1 *>coal & gum1 al?\gh he does n /ate :at fluid 0 employ$ to comm+le !m4 ,he does1 h[ev]1 m5tion to an occasional use ( "s acid 7v9eg>7 to give ! ink a b9d+ prop]ty on ! papyrus4 ,dioscorides1 h[ev]1 specifies ! proportions ( ?is soot ink4 ,ano!r =mula allud$ to by ! same au?or calls = a half ounce ea* ( copp]as 7blue7 & ox-glue1 ) half p\nd ( smoke black made f burn$ res94 ,he adds1 is a good application 9 cases ( gangr5e & is useful 9 scalds1 if a little ?ick5$ & employ$ z a salve4 ,de ,v9ne speaks ( ?is z a crude receipt :i* w enable "o to =m a correct op9ion ( ! quality ( sci5tific k !n appli$ to m$ic9e & ! me*anical arts2 also t ^! mixtures :i* are m l %oe black+ ?an writ+ fluid 7 us$ ) immat]ial modifications by ! scribes ( ! d>k ages4 ,! old ,greeks & ,romans _h no sub/itute = ! papyrus1 :i* 0 s brittle t x c\ld n be fold$ or creas$4 ,x c\ld n be b\nd up 9 books1 nor c\ld x be roll$ up unsupport$4 ,x 0 secure only :5 x _h be5 w\nd ar\nd a wood5 or metal roll]4 ,aft] ! :olesale de/ruction ( ! libr>ies ( ink-writt5 ,,mss41 ! black inks began to fall into disuse2 _! value 9 respect to quality gradually det]iorat$1 caus$ by ! displacem5t ( gummy vehicles1 & a consequ5t abs5ce ( any *ance ( union betwe5 ! p>*m5t or papyrus & ! dry black p>ticles1 :i* c\ld be bl[n or wa%$ (f4 ,to employ any o!r k9d ( ink except "o ( natural orig9 l ! juice ( b]ries :i* soon disappe>$1 0 =bidd5 by prevail+ religi\s cu/oms4 ,su* conditions naturally m]g$ into o!rs1 9 ! %ape ( ink sub/itutes = writ+2 ! /ylus1 ) its accompany+ %eets or tablets ( ivory1 wood1 metal & wax came into popul> vogue & s cont9u$ = _m c5turies1 ev5 aft] ! employm5t ( ink = writ+ purposes _h be5 resum$4 ,ovid1 9 8 /ory ( ,caunus & ,byblis1 illu/rates ! use ( ! tables 7tablets71 & he liv$ at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 ?us translat$3 ,!n fits h] trembl+ h&s to ,write3 ,"o holds ! ,wax1 ! ,/yle ! o!r guides1 ,beg9s1 d\bts1 writes1 & at ! ,table *ides2 ,notes1 razes1 *anges (t1 dislikes1 approves1 ,?r[s all aside1 resumes :at %e removes4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,wax ?us fill$ ) h] successless wit1 ,%e ,v]ses 9 ! utmo/ m>g9 writ4 ,he also makes ref]5ce to inks1 9 ! passage tak5 f 8 fir/ elegy1 ,ad ,librum3 ,nec te purpureo vel5t vacc9ia succo2 ,non e/ conv5i5s luctibus ille color4 ,nec titulus m9io1 nec c$ro *>ta notetur4 ,c&ida nec nigra cornua fronte g]as4 :i* ,davids translates z foll[s3 ,,to ,,8 ,,book4 ,nor %all huckleb]ries /a9 7lit]ally veil7 !e ) purple juice3 ,t color is n becom+ to lam5tations4 ,nor %all title 7or head-lett]7 be m>k$ ) v]million1 or pap] ) c$>1 ,?\ %alt c>ry nei!r :ite nor black horns on ?y =ehead 7or front1 or frontispiece74 ,! traditions h&$ d[n z ( ?is era relat+ to ! ef=ts to f9d "s sub/itute = ,indian ink :i* w\ld n only b9d to p>*m5t & vellum b also w\ld be satisfactory to ! prie/s1 are m or less confirm$ by ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 & makes x safe to assume t sev]al 7 inv5t$ & employ$ 9 writ+1 ?\gh possess+ b little la/+ qualities4 ,_! use & natural disappe>ance is p]haps ! real cause ( ! fact t !re are no orig9al ,,mss4 extant dat+ z ( or belong+ to ! "t imm$iately prec$+ or foll[+ ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 or inde$ until long aft] 8 dea?4 ,!re is "s au?ority ?\gh = ! /atem5t t at ?is "t two vitriolic sub/ances 7 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( black ink1--a slime or s$im5t 7,salsugo7 & a yell[ vitriolic e>? 7,misy74 ,?is la/-nam$ m9]al1 is unque/ionably ! same natural *emical m5tion$ by writ]s1 :i* ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury 0 designat$ kalkan?um or *alkan?um & possess$ n only ! appe>ance (1 b ! virtues ( :at we "k z blue copp]as or sulphate ( copp]4 ,x cont9u$ 9 use z long z m5 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! art ( lixiviat+ salt1 or1 9 o!r words1 z long z !y _h no vitriol manufactories4 ,comm+l$ ) lampblack1 bitum5 or l black sub/ances 9 gummy wat]1 x 0 acceptable to ! prie/s = rituali/ic writ+s & 0 9 g5]al vogue = sev]al c5turies !reaft] "u ! "n ( 7blue7 vitriolic ink1 not)/&+ ! fact t !re c\ld n be any la/+ *emical union betwe5 su* mat]ials4 ,x 0 ! s-call$ vitriolic ink1 :i* is said to h corrod$ ! delicate leaves ( ! papyrus & to h eat5 ?r\gh bo? p>*m5t & vellum4 ,^! d$uctions1 h[ev]1 d n agree ) "s ( ! hi/orians & s*ol>s l ,noel ,humphreys1 au?or ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,art ( ,writ+1 ,london1 #ahee1 a recogniz$ au?ority on ! subject ( anci5t ,,mss41 :o b repeats 9 "p ! text ( e>li] writ]s1 :5 he says1 p4 #aja3 ,examples ( e>ly ,greek ,,mss4 ( ! la/ c5tury previ\s to ! ,*ri/ian era are n conf9$ to ,egyptian s\rces2 ! buri$ city ( ,h]culaneum1 9 ,italy1 p>tially de/roy$ ab\t sev5ty- n9e ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & injur$ by subsequeut eruptions1 till totally de/roy$ by ! mo/ viol5t eruption ( ,vesuvius on record1 t ( ! ye> #dga ,a4 ,d4 hav+ yield$ sev]al specim5s4 ,! ,,mss4 examples m5tion$ 9 ! citation1 mu/ ( necessity ref] to specim5s ( writ+ made ) vitriolic & ev5 m anci5t inks4 ,!y are to be consid]$ 9 conjunction ) ! hi/orical fact t ^! cities 7 buri$ = m ?an sixte5 hundr$ ye>s1 c\nt+ f ! fir/ eruption1 be=e !y 7 br\ght to light 7,h]culaneum 0 discov]$ ,a4 ,d4 #agac & ,pompeii1 =ty ye>s lat]72 also t !y mu/ h be5 subject$ to int5se heat & a long p]iod ( decay :i* c\ld only op]ate to rob !m ( all traces ( natural ink ph5om5a4 ,fur!rmore1 ! in=mation ,mr4 ,humphreys seeks to convey1 dates contemporane\sly ) ! fir/ eruption ( ,vesuvius1 :i* occurr$ sev5ty-n9e ye>s ,,aft] ! ,*ri/ian era & n sev5ty-n9e ye>s ,,be=e x4 ,?is /up5d\s blund] involves a p]iod ( "o hundr$ & fifty-eight ye>s2 if x is rectifi$1 ! e>ly ,greek ,,mss4 are %[n to emanate f ! second half ( ! fir/ c5tury foll[+ ! bir? ( ,*ri/ & confirm+ to "s ext5t ! d$uctions h]e9be=e made1 al?\gh ! probabilities are t !y belong to lat] p]iods1 includ$ 9 ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,x is affirm$ t ! eruption ( ,mt4 ,vesuvius ,a4 ,d4 #gi1 did n entirely de/roy ! cities ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 & t !y em]g$ f _! ru9s 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,titus4 ,!y are also m5tion$ z inhabit$ cities 9 ! *>t ( ,peut+]1 :i* is ( ! date ( ,con/ant9e4 ,! next eruption1 ,a4 ,d4 #dga1 0 probably ! mo/ frightful on record if we exclude ! volcanic eruption ( ,mt4 ,pelee1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,m>t9ique1 ,we/ ,indies1 9 #aijb1 de/roy+ ?irty ?\s& human be+s 9 fifte5 m9utes & deva/at+ ne>ly ! entire isl&4 ,f ,m>cell9us we le>n t ! a%es ( ! ,vesuvius volcano 7 vomit$ ov] a great portion ( ,europe1 rea*+ to ,con/ant9ople1 :]e a fe/ival 0 in/itut$ 9 commemoration ( ! /range ph5om5on4 ,aft] ?is1 we he> no m ( ^! cities1 b ! portion ( ! inhabitants :o escap$ built or occupi$ suburbs at ,nola 9 ,campania & at ,naples4 ,9 ! latt] city1 ! ,regio ,h]culan5sium1 or ,qu>t] ( ! ,h]culaneans1 an inscription m>k$ on sev]al lapid>y monum5ts1 indicates ! "p devot$ to ! population driv5 f ! doom$ city4 ,! anci5t ink/& f\nd at ,h]culaneum1 said to conta9 a sub/ance resembl+ a ?ick oil or pa9t *>act]i/ic ( a mat]ial :i* x is alleg$1 "s ( ! manuscripts h be5 writt5 9 a sort ( relievo1 visible 9 ! lett]s :5 a 'leaf' is held to ! light 9 a horizontal direction1 x is n impossible1 inde$ x is q probable1 belong$ to an era c5turies lat] ?an ! p]iod to :i* x has be5 assign$4 ,no p]fect papyri1 b only fragm5ts1 h be5 f\nd at ,pompeii4 ,at ,h]culaneum1 up to ! ye> #ahbe1 #a1gef _h be5 obta9$1 besides _m o!rs de/roy$ by ! workm51 :o imag9$ !m to be m]e /icks ( *>coal4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 f\nd 9 a suburban villa1 9 a room ( small dim5sions1 rang$ 9 presses r\nd ! sides ( ! room1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* /ood a sort ( rectangul> bookcase4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 aft] inve/igat+ _! *emical nature1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t !y _h n be5 c>boniz$ by heat1 b *ang$ by ! long action ( air & moi/ure2 & he visit$ ,naples 9 hopes ( r5d]+ ! res\rces ( *emi/ry available t[>ds deciph]+ ^! long-lo/ lit]>y treasures4 ,8 expectations1 h[ev]1 7 n fully cr[n$ ) success1 al?\gh ! p>tial efficacy ( 8 me?ods 0 e/abli%$2 & he rel9qui%$ ! pursuit at ! end ( six mon?s1 p>tly f disappo9tm5t1 p>tly f a belief t vexati\s ob/acles 7 ?r[n 9 8 way by ! jeal\sy ( ! p]sons to :om ! task ( unroll+ _h be5 intru/$4 ,ab\t five hundr$ volumes h be5 well & neatly unroll$4 ,x is r rem>kable t1 z f> z c be le>n$1 no manuscript ( any kn[n /&>d "w has be5 f\nd1 nor1 inde$1 any production ( any ( ! great lum9>ies ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ p]son ( :om any "w has be5 f\nd is ,epicurus1 ^: treatise1 ,de ,natura1 has be5 successfully unroll$4 ,?is & a few o!r treatises h be5 publi%$4 ,! libr>y 9 :i* ?is 0 f\nd appe>s to h be5 ri* 9 treatises on ! ,epicurean philosophy4 ,! only ,lat9 "w :i* x conta9$ 0 a poem1 attribut$ to ,rabirius1 on ! w> ( ,caes> & ,antony4 ,beg9n+ ) ,a4 ,d4 #bjj1 ! employm5t ( inks became m & m con/ant & popul>4 ,r$iscov]ies ( anci5t =mulas belong+ to a m remote antiquity multipli$ 9 numb]4 ,silv] ink 0 aga9 q common 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,r$ ink made ( v]milion 7a composition ( m]cury1 sulphur & pota%7 & c9nab> 7native m]curic sulphide7 7 employ$ 9 ! writ+ ( ! titles z 0 blue ink made ( indigo1 cobalt or oxide ( copp]4 ,tyrian purple 0 us$ = color+ ! p>*m5t or vellum4 ,! ,indian inks made by ! ,*9ese 7 import$ & us$ 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( simil> "* manufactur$ at home4 ,! /ylus & wax$ tablets ?\gh /ill us$1 9 a measure gave way to ! reawak5$ int]e/ 9 ink & ink writ+s4 ,a great] facility 9 writ+1 due to ! gradual r$uction 9 size ( ! uncial 7in*7 lett]s 0 !reby atta9$4 ,!re 7 writ]s 9 gold & writ]s 9 silv] :o travell$ f ! ,ea/ into ,greece & :o bad f\nd _! way be=e ! ?ird c5tury into ! v he>t ( ,rome4 ,_! bus9ess 0 to embelli% ! manuscript writ+s ( ^? times4 ,x 0 consid]$ en regale = au?ors to illum9ate _! ,,mss4 & ^? :o fail$ to d s suff]$ 9 popul>ity4 ,^! au?ors frequ5tly allude to _! use ( r$1 black & secret inks4 ,m>tial 9 8 fir/ epi/le po9ts out ! booksell]'s %op opposite ! ,julian ,=um :]e 8 works may be obta9$ smoo!d ) pumice /one & decorat$ ) purple4 ,s5eca m5tions books ornam5t$ cum imag9abus4 ,v>ro is relat$ by ! y\ng] ,pl9y to h illu/rat$ 8 works by pictures ( m ?an sev5 hundr$ illu/ri\s p]sons4 ,m>tial dwells on ! edition ( ,virgil1 ) 8 portrait z a frontispiece4 ,! e>lie/ record$ in/ance ( ! ri*] adornm5ts ( gold5 lett]+ on purple or rose-/a9$ vellum is giv5 by ,julius ,capitol9us 9 8 life ( ! ,emp]or ,maxim9us ! y\ng]4 ,he !re9 m5tions t ! "m ( ! emp]or pres5t$ to him on 8 return to 8 tutor 7e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury71 a copy ( ! works ( ,hom]1 writt5 9 gold ^u purple vellum4 ,! fugitive "*1 z be=e /at$1 ( a great _m ( ! color$ inks1 & inde$ mo/ ( ! black ones :i* 7 und\bt$ly employ$1 is ! pr9cipal reason :y s few specim5s ( !m rema9 to u4 ,^? :i* h prov$ !mselves s la/+ 9 "* z to be /ill extant1 be> evid5ce ( extreme c>e 9 ! prep>ation ( bo? ! inks & ! mat]ials on :i* ! writ+s appe>4 ,p]haps "o ( ! f9e/ illu/rations ( ?is practice is to be f\nd 9 a book ( ! ,f\r ,gospels ( ,italian orig91 discov]$ 9 ! t5? c5tury 7a "w ( ! f\r? c5tury7 & deposit$ 9 ! ,h>le9 ,libr>y4 ,?is book is writt5 9 ,indian ink & possesses magnific5tly embelli%$ & illum9at$ lett]s at ! beg9n+ ( ea* ,gospel1 :i* are on vellum /a9$ 9 diff]5t colors4 ,/4 ,j]ome calls att5tion to ?is class ( books 9 a well-kn[n passage ( 8 preface to ! ,book ( ,job1 also writt5 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :]e he expla9s z translat$3 ,let ^? :o w h old books writt5 9 gold & silv] on purple p>*m5t1 or1 z !y are commonly call$1 9 uncial-lett]s1--r pond]\s loads ?an books1--s long z !y p]mit me & m9e to h copies1 & r correct ?an beautiful books4 ,x has be5 said t ! ,tanno-gallate ( ,iron ,inks 7iron salts1 nut-galls & gum7 7 fir/ us$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,!re is positively no cr$ible au?ority = su* a /atem5t1 nor is !re a s+le monum5t 9 ! %ape ( a docum5t>y specim5 ( ink writ+ ( t "o or an e>li] c5tury made ) su* an ink 9 any public or private libr>y & z f> z kn[n 9 exi/5ce4 ,ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #cij ! inspir$ writ+s 7(t5 t]m$ pagan7 ( ! classical c\ntries1 or at lea/ ! copies or extracts ( !m1 ^u a special se>* made by ord] ( ! ,roman ,s5ate1 includ+ ^? already m5tion$ z ( ! "t ( ,t>qu9 7"s n9e hundr$ ye>s e>li]71 7 ga!r$ up 9 ,greece1 ,italy & o!r p>ts & de/roy$1 because1 z we are in=m$1 ?is ,roman ,s5ate _h embrac$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? & fur!rmore su* vanities began to gr[ out ( fa%ion2 till at la/ ,/ili*o burnt !m all "u ,honorius 7a son ( ,!odosius ! ,great71 = :i* he is s sev]ely c5sur$ by ! noble poet ,rutilius1 9 8 +5i\s it9]>y4 ,n only ,roman ,arms ! ,wret* betray$ ,to b>b>\s ,foes2 be=e t curs$ ,de$1 ,he burnt ! ,writ+s ( ! sacr$ ,maid1 ,we hate ,al?aea = ! fatal ,br&2 ,:5 ,nisius fell1 ! weep+ ,birds compla9$3 ,m cruel he ?an ! rev5geful ,fair2 ,m cruel he? at ,nisius' ,murd]]4 ,^: impi\s ,h&s into ! ,flames h ?r[n ,! ,heav5ly ,pl$ges ( ! ,roman ,cr[n1 ,unrav'll+ all ! ,doom t c>eful ,fate _h spun4 ,! de/ruction ( ,rome by ,al>ic1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/]n ,go?s1 ,a4 ,d4 #daj1 & ! subsequ5t dismemb]m5t ( ! entire ,roman ,empire by ! b>b>ians ( ! ,nor? :o foll[$ 9 8 wake1 ann\nc$ t anci5t hi/ory _h come to an end4 ,x may be truly said z well t ! end+ ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! black & color$ writ+ inks :i* began 9 ! obscurity ( tradition betwe5 #bjjj & #ahjj ,b4 ,c41 a p]iod ( "s #bbjj ye>s1 0 also contemporane\s ) ^! ev5ts4 ,! eclipse ( ink-writt5 lit]ature = at lea/ #ejj ( ! #ajjj ye>s :i* foll[$1 & kn[n z ! ,middle or ,d>k ,ages1 except 9 ! ,*ur* alone1 :o seem to h kept up ! production ( manuscript books pr9cipally = ecclesia/ical & m$ical purposes 0 complete4 ,h5ce1 any in=mation p]ta9+ to ^? epo*s ab\t ink1 writ+ mat]ials & ink writ+s1 mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! unde/roy$ records & ! ink writ+s !mselves left by ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,all else is ta9t$ & ( d\btful au?ority4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 wan$ ! /> ( ,greece 0 !re no cry1 ,to r\se h] p f _! le?>gy8 ,0 !re no s5try on ! ,p>!non-- ,no wat*-fire on ! field ( ,m>a?on1 ,:5 sci5ce left ! ,a!nian city's gate1 ,to seek protection f a nameless fate8 ,! sluggi% s5try slept--no cry 0 he>d ,no h&s ! glimm'r+ wat*-fire's emb]s /irr'd4 ,fair sci5ce unmole/$ left ! l&1 ,t %e _h nurtur$ ) mat]nal h&2 ,& w&]$ =? "s g5ial spot to f9d1 ,:]e %e might re> h] alt> to ! m9d4 ,long ?ro' ! d>k5'd ages ( a _w1 ,back to primeval *aos rudely hurl$1 ,%e j\rney'd on amid ! ga?'r+ gloom1 ,a spectre =m em]g+ f ! tomb4 ,e>? _h no re/+ place--no wor%ipp]-- ,no dove return$ ) olive bran* to h]3 ,h] lamp burn$ dimly1 yet its flick'r+ light1 ,guid$ ! w&]] ?ro' ! l5g!n'd night4 ,(t 9 h] we>y se>*1 %e paus$ ! :ile1 ,to cat* "o gleam ( hope--"o fav\r'd smile2 ,b ! dim mi/s ( ignorance /ill ?rew1 ,_! blight+ influ5ce o'er ! fami%'d few1 ,:o deign$ to look ^u t lu/r\s eye1 ,:i* pi]c$ ! ages ( futurity4 ,= t5 long c5turies %e grop$ h] way1 ,?r\gh gloom1 & d>kness1 ru9 & decay2 ,yet came at la/ ! morn+'s rosy light1 ,a ?\s& e*oes hail'd ! glori\s sight-- ,joy ?rill'd ! univ]se--"o in+l$ cry ,( exultation1 peal$ along ! sky6 ,sci5ce came =? 9 ri*] robes array$ ,%e trod a pa?way ne'er be=e essay$2 ,up ! /eep m\nt ( fame %e fleetly press$1 ,& hung h] trophies on its gild$ cre/4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,classical ,,ink ,,& ,,its ,,exodus 7,,cont9u$74 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,p]gamus ,,libr>y ,,( ,,alex&ria-- ,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,by ,,sir ,,?omas ,,a/le --,,comp>ison ,,( ,,8 ,,/atem5ts ,,) ,,^? ,,( ,,pr(essor ,,an?on ,,relative ,,to ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,antiquity ,,:i* ,,rema9--,,au!nticity ,,( ,,!m ,,n ,,di/urb$ ,,if ,,!y ,,are ,,( ,,prop] ,,age --,,taylor',s ,,views ,,on ,,?is ,,subject4 ,,! /orm+ ( ,alex&ria & ! de/ruction ( ! ,p]gamus libr>y1 compos$ l>gely ( ink-writt5 volumes1 by ! ,s>ac5s1 ,a4 ,d4 #fdb1 has already be5 rev]t$ to4 ,a/le obs]ves3 ,?us p]i%$ by fanatical madness1 ! ine/imable ,alex&rian libr>y1 :i* is said to h conta9$ at t "t upw>ds ( five hundr$ ?\s& volumes2 & f ?is p]iod1 b>b>ity & ignorance prevail$ = sev]al c5turies4 ,9 ,italy & all ov] ! we/ ( ,europe le>n+ 0 9 a measure ext+ui%$1 except "s small rema9s :i* 7 pres]v$ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,!odosi\s1 ! y\ng]1 0 v assidu\s 9 augm5t+ ?is libr>y1 by :om1 9 ! latt] end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 x 0 enl>g$ to "o hundr$ ?\s& volumes1 above "o-half ( :i* 7 burnt 9 ! fif? c5tury by ! ,emp]or ,leo ! ,fir/1 s fam\s = 8 hatr$ to images4 ,! inhabitants ( ,con/ant9ople _h n lo/ _! ta/e = lit]ature 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ?is city 0 sack$ by ! ,crusad]s1 9 ! ye> #abje2 ! depr$ations !n committ$ are relat$ 9 ,mr4 ,h>ris's po/hum\s works1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cja1 f ,nicetas ! ,*oniate1 :o 0 pres5t at ! sack+ ( ?is place4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! /atues1 bu/os1 bronzes1 manuscripts1 & o!r exquisite rema9s ( antiquity1 :i* !n p]i%$1 _c be read by any lov] ( arts & le>n+ )\t emotion4 ,! ravages committ$ by ! ,turks :o plund]$ ,con/ant9ople1 9 ! ye> #adec1 are relat$ by ,philelphus1 :o 0 a man ( le>n+1 & 0 tutor to a5eas ,sylvius 7aft]w>ds pope1 "u ! "n ( ,pius ! ,second7 & 0 an eye-witness to :at pass$ at t "t4 ,?is tutor says1 t ! p]sons ( quality1 especially ! wom51 /ill pres]v$ ! ,greek language uncorrupt$4 ,he obs]ves1 t ?\gh ! city _h be5 tak5 be=e1 x nev] suff]$ s mu* z at t "t2 & adds1 t1 till t p]iod1 ! remembrance ( anci5t wisdom rema9$ at ,con/ant9ople1 & t no "o among ! ,lat9s 0 deem$ suffici5tly le>n$1 :o _h riot /udi$ = "s "t at t place2 he express$ 8 fe> t all ! works ( ! anci5ts w\ld be de/roy$4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re are ! rema9s ( ?ree libr>ies at ,con/ant9ople3 ! fir/ is call$ t ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great2 ! second is = all ranks ( p )\t di/9ction2 ! ?ird is 9 ! palace1 & is call$ ! ,ottoman libr>y2 b a fire consum$ a great "p ( ! palace1 & almo/ ! :ole libr>y1 :5 z is suppos$1 ,livy & a great _m valuable works ( ! anci5ts p]i%$4 ,fa!r ,possevius has giv5 an acc\nt ( ! libr>ies at ,con/ant9ople1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,turki% dom9ions1 9 8 excell5t "w entitl$1 ,app>atus ,sac]4 7,he calls att5tion to no less ?an six ?\s& au?ors47 ,_m o!r losses ( ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts h be5 attribut$ to ! zeal ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o at diff]5t p]iods made great havock among/ ! ,hea!n au?ors4 ,n a s+le copy ( ! "w ( ,celsus is n[ to be f\nd1 & :at we "k ( t "w is f ,orig51 8 oppon5t4 ,! v5]able fa!rs1 :o employ$ !mselves 9 eras+ ! be/ works ( ! mo/ em95t ,greek or ,lat9 au?ors1 9 ord] to transcribe ! lives ( sa9ts or leg5d>y tales ^u ! oblit]at$ vellum1 possible mi/ook ^! lam5table depr$ations = works ( piety4 ,! anci5t fragm5t ( ! #ia/ book ( ,livy1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,bruns1 9 ! ,vatican1 9 #aggb1 0 mu* defac$ by ! pi\s lab\rs ( "s well-int5tion$ div9e4 ,! ,monks made w> on books z ! ,go?s _h done be=e !m4 ,great numb]s ( manuscripts h also be5 de/roy$ 9 ?is k+dom 7,great ,brita97 by its invad]s1 ! ,pagan ,danes1 & ! ,normans1 by ! civil commotions rais$ by ! b>ons1 by ! bloody conte/s betwe5 ! h\ses ( ,york & ,lanca/]1 & especially by ! g5]al plund] & deva/ations ( mona/]ies & religi\s h\ses 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?2 by ! ravages committ$ 9 ! civil w> 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ! ,fir/1 & by ! fire t happ5$ 9 ! ,cottonian libr>y1 ,octob] #bc1 #agca4 ,mr4 ,a/le's comm5ts on ! volumes or remnants ( volumes :i* rema9 to u1 becomes mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! lights ?r[n on !m by ,pr(essor ,an?on 9 8 ,classical ,diction>y1 #ahda1 :i* are quot$ 9 "p foll[+ ^? ( ,mr4 ,a/le4 ,mr4 ,a/le rem>ks3 ,! hi/ory ( ,pho5icia by ,sanconia?o1 :o 0 a contempor>y ) ,solomon1 w\ld h be5 entirely lo/ to u1 _h x n be5 = ! valuable fragm5ts pres]v$ by ,eusebius4 ,says ,pr(4 ,an?on3 ,san*onia?on1 a ,pho5ician au?or1 :o if ! fragm5ts ( 8 works t h rea*$ u be g5u9e1 & if su* a p]son ev] exi/$1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! mo/ anci5t writ] ( :om we h any k aft] ,moses4 ,z to ! p]iod :5 be fl\ri%$1 all is unc]ta94 ,he is ! au?or ( ?ree pr9cipal works1 :i* 7 writt5 9 ,pho5ician4 ,!y 7 translat$ into ! ,greek language by ,h]5nius ,philo1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,x is f ?is translation :i* we obta9 all ! fragm5ts ( ,san*onia?on t h rea*$ our times4 ,philo _h divid$ 8 translation into n9e books1 ( :i* ,porphyry made use 9 8 diatribe aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,x is f ! f\r? book ( ?is lo/ "w t ,eusebius took1 = an end directly opposite to ?is1 ! passages :i* h come d[n to u4 ,& ?us we h ^? docum5ts relat+ to ! my?ology & hi/ory ( ! ,pho5icians f ! f\r? h&4 ,mr4 ,a/le cont9ues3 ,mane?o's ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 & ! ,hi/ory ( ,*aldea1 by ,b]osus1 h ne>ly met ) ! same fate4 ,f ,an?on3 ,b]osus2 a ,babylonian hi/orian4 ,he 0 a prie/ ( ! temple ( ,belus 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,! anci5ts m5tion ?ree books ( 8 ( :i* ,josephus & ,eusebius h pres]v$ fragm5ts4 ,annius ( ,vit]bo publi%$ a "w "u ! "n ( ,b]osus1 :i* 0 soon discov]$ to be a =g]y4 ,by ,a/le3 ,! ,hi/orical ,libr>y ( ,diodorus ,siculus consi/$ likewise ( =ty books1 b only fifte5 are n[ extant2 t is1 five betwe5 ! fif? & ! elev5?1 & ! la/ t51 ) "s fragm5ts collect$ out ( ,photius & o!rs4 ,by ,an?on3 ,diodorus1 surnam$ ,siculus1 a contempor>y ( ,julius ,caes> & ,agu/us4 ,he publi%$ a g5]al hi/ory 9 =ty books1 "u ! title ',hi/orical ,libr>y1' :i* cov]$ a p]iod ( #aach ye>s4 ,we h only a small "p rema9+ ( ?is va/ compilation4 ,^! rescu$ portions we owe to ,eusebius1 to ,john ,malala & o!r writ]s ( ! l[] empire1 :o h cit$ !m 9 ! c\rse ( _! works4 ,he is ! reput$ au?or ( ! fam\s sophism aga9/ motion4 ',if any body be mov$1 x is mov$ 9 ! place :]e x is1 or 9 a place :]e x is n1 = no?+ c act or suff] :]e x is n1 & !re=e !re is no su* ?+ z motion4' ,by ,a/le3 ,! ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,polybius orig9ally conta9$ =ty books2 b ! fir/ five only1 ) "s extracts or fragm5ts1 are transmitt$ to u4 ,by ,an?on3 ,polybius1 an em95t ,greek hi/orian1 born ab\t1 ,b4 ,c4 #bjc4 ,polybius gave to ! _w v>i\s hi/orical writ+s1 :i* are entirely lo/ ) ! exception ( 8 ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,x embrac$ a p]iod ( #ec ye>s4 ,( ! =ty books :i* x orig9ally compreh5d$1 "t has sp>$ only ! fir/ five entire4 ,( ! re/1 z f> z ! sev5te5?1 we h m]ely fragm5ts ?\gh ( consid]able size4 ,( ! rema9+ books we h no?+ left except :at is f\nd 9 two m]g] abridgm5ts :i* ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,porphyrog5itus1 9 ! t5? c5tury caus$ to be made ( ! :ole "w4 ,f ,a/le3 ,dionysius ,halic>nass5sis wrote tw5ty books ( ,roman antiquities1 ext5d+ f ! siege ( ,troy1 to ! ,punic w> ,a4 ,u4 ,c4 #dhh2 b only elev5 ( !m are n[ rema9+1 :i* rea* no fur!r ?an ! ye> ( ,rome #cab4 ,f ,an?on3 ,he 0 born 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,8 pr9cipal "w 0 ',roman ,antiquities4' ,x orig9ally consi/$ ( tw5ty books1 ( :i* ! fir/ t5 rema9 entire4 ,dionysius wrote = ! ,greeks1 & 8 object 0 to relieve !m f ! mortification :i* !y felt at be+ conqu]$ by a race ( b>b>ians1 z !y consid]$ ! ,romans to be4 ,& ?is he endeavor$ to effect by twi/+ & =g+ te/imonies1 & bot*+ up ! old leg5ds1 s z to make out a prima facie pro( ( ! ,greek orig9 ( ! city ( ,rome4 ,valuable additions 7 made 9 #ahaf1 by ,mai1 f an old ,,mss4 ,by ,a/le3 ,appian is said to h writt5 ! ,roman ,hi/ory 9 tw5ty-f\r books2 b ! greate/ "p ( ! works ( t au?or is lo/4 ,by ,an?on3 ,he 0 ! au?or ( a ,roman ,hi/ory 9 tw5ty-f\r books :i* no long] exi/ entire2 ! p>ts miss+ h be5 suppli$ b 0 n writt5 by ,appian b is a m]e compilation f ,plut>*'s ,lives ( ,crassus & ,antony4 ,by ,a/le3 ,dion ,cassius wrote eighty books ( hi/ory1 b only tw5ty-five are rema9+1 ) "s fragm5ts1 & an epitome ( ! la/ tw5ty by ,xiphil9us4 ,by ,an?on3 ,8 true "n 0 ,cassius1 born ,a4 ,d4 #aee2 --we h fragm5ts rema9+ ( ! fir/ ?irty- six books1 !y compreh5d a p]iod f ,b4 ,c4 #fe to ,b4 ,c4 #aj2--!y 7 f\nd by ,mai 9 two ,vatican ,,mss41 :i* conta9 a sylloge or collection made by ,maximus ,planudes 7:o liv$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,greek t made use ( ! ,arabic num]als z !y are call$74 ,mr4 ,a/le fur!r obs]ves3 ,! ,emp]or ,tacitus ord]$ t5 copies ( ! works ( 8 relation1 ! hi/orian1 to be made e ye> :i* he s5t into ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ! empire2 & yet1 not)/&+ 8 endeav\rs to p]petuate ^! ine/imable works1 !y 7 buri$ 9 oblivion = _m c5turies4 ,s9ce ! re/oration ( le>n+ an anci5t ,,mss4 0 discov]$ 9 a mona/]y 9 ,we/phalia1 :i* conta9$ ! mo/ valuable "p ( 8 annals2 b 9 ?is unique manuscript1 "p ( ! fif?1 sev5?1 n9? & t5? books are defici5t1 z are "p ( ! elev5?1 & ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5?4 ,?is ,,mss4 0 procur$ by t great re/or] ( le>n+ ,pope ,leo ,x41 "u ^: patronage x 0 pr9t$ at ,rome 9 #aeae2 he aft]w>ds deposit$ x 9 ! ,vatican libr>y1 :]e x is /ill pres]v$4 ,?us po/]ity is probably indebt$ to ! above magnific5t ,pontiff1 = ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! works ( ?is inimitable hi/orian4 ,acc\nts :i* diff]5tiate 9 _! descriptive details ( que/ion$ ink-writt5 fragm5ts ( antiquity & on ! g5u95ess or au!nticity ( :i* re/s ! tru? or falsity ( anci5t hi/ory or o!r lit]ature1 s]ve to ta9t su* rema9s ) a c]ta9 degree ( suspicion & d\bt4 ,:51 h[ev]1 9 ! light ( inve/igation1 ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$ are f\nd to approa* closely ! age !y purport to repres5t1 !n x is t su* fragm5ts c be said to h fairly e/abli%$ _! own id5tity4 ,taylor ass]ts3 ,! remote antiquity ( a manuscript is ( t5 e/abli%$ by ! peculi> circum/ance ( its exi/+ ,,b5ea? ano!r writ+4 ,"s invaluable manuscripts ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & n a few preci\s fragm5ts ( classic lit]ature1 h be5 ?us br\ght to light4 ,! age ( a manuscript may (t5 be asc]ta9$ ) little *ance ( error1 by "s su* indications z ! foll[+3--! quality or appe>ance ( ! ,,ink1 ! nature ( ! mat]ial2 t is to say1 :e!r x be s(t lea!r1 or p>*m5t1 or ! papyrus ( ,egypt1 or ! bombyc9e pap]2 = ^! mat]ials succe$$ ea* o!r1 9 common use1 at p]iods t are well kn[n2-- ! peculi> =m1 size1 & "* ( ! writ+2 = a regul> progression 9 ! modes ( writ+ may be trac$ by abundant evid5ce ?r\gh e age f ! remote/ times2--! /yle ( ! ornam5ts or illum9ations1 z !y are t]m$1 (t5 s]ves to indicate ! age ( ! book :i* !y decorate4 ,f su* indications z ^!1 m or less def9ite & c]ta91 anci5t manuscripts1 n[ extant1 are assign$ to v>i\s p]iods1 ext5d+ f ! sixte5?1 to ! f\r? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 or p]haps1 9 "o or two in/ances1 to ! ?ird or second4 ,v few c claim an antiquity s high z ! f\r? c5tury2 b n a few are safely attribut$ to ! sev5?2 & a great proportion ( ^? extant 7 unque/ionably execut$ 9 ! t5?2 :ile _m belong to ! foll[+ f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$1 t "s manuscripts1 execut$ at s late a "t z ! ?irte5?1 or ev5 ! fifte5? c5tury1 af=d cle> int]nal evid5ce t1 by a s+le remove only1 ! text !y conta9 claims a ,,real antiquity1 high] ?an t ev5 ( ! olde/ exi/+ copy ( ! same "w4 ,= ^! old] copies sometimes prove1 by ! peculi> nature ( ! corruptions :i* h crept into ! text1 t !y h be5 d]iv$ ?r\gh a long s]ies ( copies2 :ile p]haps ! text ( ! m mod]n manuscripts possesses su* a degree ( purity & fre$om f all ! usual consequ5ces ( frequ5t transcription1 z to make x manife/ t ! copy f :i* x 0 tak51 0 s anci5t z n to be f> di/ant f ! "t ( ! fir/ publication ( ! "w4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,revival ,,( ,,ink4 ,,! ,,disappe>ance ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,ink ,,writ+s1 ,,z ,,e/imat$ ,,by ,,la ,,croix--,,comm5ts ,,( ,,o!r ,,writ]s--,,de ,,v9ne',s ,,int]e/+ ,,explanations ,,( ,,! ,,/atus ,,quo ,,( ,,manuscript ,,writ+s ,,dur+ ,,! ,,d>k ,,ages ,,:i* ,,prec$$ ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+--,,prices ,,paid ,,= ,,books ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,times--,,limitations ,,( ,,h&writ+ ,,& ,,h&writ+ ,,mat]ials ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,fif? ,,c5tury--,,:o ,,controll$ ,,! ,,records ,,ab\t ,,!m--,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,quill ,,p5--,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,increas$ ,,fluidity ,,( ,,inks--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,secreta--,,"* ,,( ,,in=mation ,,obta9$ ,,f ,,!m--,,improvem5t ,,( ,,black ,,inks ,,9 ,,! ,,eigh? ,,c5tury ,,& ,,employm5t ,,( ,,pomegranite ,,ink4 ,,la ,,croix' preface to 8 ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,r5aissance1 ref]s to ! ,d>k ,ages3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! ,b>b>ians made an inroad ^u ! old _w2 _! r5ew$ invasions cru%$ out1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 ! ,greek & ,roman civilization2 & ev]y:]e d>kness succe$$ to light4 ,! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 alone capable ( resi/+ ?is b>b>ian invasion1 & sci5ce & lit]ature1 toge!r ) ! arts1 disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>?1 tak+ refuge 9 ! *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,x 0 !re t !y 7 pres]v$ z a sacr$ deposit1 & x 0 !nce t !y em]g$ :5 ,*ri/ianity _h r5ovat$ pagan society4 ,b c5turies & c5turies elaps$ be=e ! sum ( human k 0 equal to :at x _h be5 at ! fall ( ! ,roman empire4 ,a new society1 moreov]1 0 ne$$ = ! new ef=ts ( human intellig5ce z x resum$ its rights4 ,s*ools & univ]sities 7 f\nd$ "u ! auspices ( ! cl]gy & ( ! religi\s corporations1 & ?us sci5ce & lit]ature 7 enabl$ to em]ge f _! tombs4 ,europe1 amid/ ! tumultu\s conflicts ( ! policy :i* made & unmade k+doms1 witness$ a g5]al revival ( ! s*ola/ic zeal2 poets1 orators1 noveli/s1 & writ]s increas$ 9 numb]s & grew 9 fav\r2 savants1 philosoph]s1 *emi/s & al*emi/s1 ma!maticians & a/ronom]s1 travell]s & naturali/s1 7 awak5$1 s to speak1 by ! life-giv+ brea? ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & great sci5tific discov]ies & admirable works on e imag9able subject %[$ t ! g5ius ( mod]n society 0 n a :it inf]ior to t ( antiquity4 ,pr9t+1 0 inv5t$1 & ) t brilliant discov]y1 ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* _h accompli%$ _! "w ( social r5ovation1 made way = ! ,r5aissance1 :i* scatt]$ abroad 9 pr(usion ! prolific & brilliant creations ( ,art1 ,sci5ce1 & ,lit]ature4 ,?is au?or to "s ext5t discr$its himself1 h[ev]1 p4 #dee1 :]e he rem>ks3 ,long be=e ! invasions ( ! ,b>b>ians ! hi/ories writt5 by ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors conc]n+ ! annals ( ! anci5t peoples _h be5 fall+ into disfavor4 ,ev5 ! be/ ( !m 7 little read1 = ! ,*ri/ians felt b slight int]e/ 9 ^! pagan n>ratives1 & t is :y works relat+ to ! hi/ory ( antiquity 7 already s sc>ce4 ,ano!r au?ority writ+ on ! same subject discusses x f a diff]5t /&po9t1 rem>k+3 ,z 9 ! middle ages inv5tion busi$ itself ) in/rum5ts ( torture1 & z 9 our days x is tak5 up almo/ z mu* ) ! de/ructive eng9es ( w> z ) ! productive arts ( peace1 s 9 ^? e>ly ages x appli$ itself to ! fabrication ( idols1 to ! me*anism & !atrical contrivances = my/]ies & religi\s c]emonies4 ,!re 0 !n no desire to communicate discov]ies1 sci5ce 0 a sort ( freemasonry1 & sil5ce 0 effectually secur$ by prie/ly ana!mas2 m5 ( sci5ce 7 z jeal\s ( "o ano!r z !y 7 ( all o!r classes ( society4 ,if we wi% to =m a cle> picture ( ?is e>lie/ /age ( civilization1 an age :i* repres5ts at once ! naivete ( *ildhood & ! suspici\s retic5ce ( s5ility1 we mu/ turn our eyes to ! prie/1 on ! "o h&1 claim+ z 8 own all art & sci5ce1 & comm&+ respect by 8 contemptu\s sil5ce2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! me*anic ply+ ! loom1 extract+ ! ,tyrian dye1 practis+ *emi/ry1 ?\gh ignorant ( its v "n1 despis$ & oppress$1 & only tol]at$ :5 he furni%$ ,religion ) h] trapp+s or ,w> ) arms4 ,?us ! gr[? ( *emi/ry 0 sl[1 & by reason ( its backw>dness x 0 long] ?an any o!r art 9 ridd+ itself ( ! lead+-/r+s ( magic & a/rology4 ,practical discov]ies mu/ h be5 made _m times )\t sci5ce acquir+ !reby any new fact4 ,= to prev5t a new discov]y f be+ lo/ !re mu/ be su* a comb9ation ( favorable circum/ances z 0 r>e 9 t age & = _m succe$+ ages4 ,!re mu/ be publicity1 & publicity is ( q rec5t gr[?2 ! application ( ! discov]y mu/ be n only possible b obvi\s1 z satisfy+ "s want4 ,b wants are only felt z civilization progresses4 ,nor is t all2 = a practical discov]y to become a sci5tific fact x mu/ s]ve to demon/rate ! error ( "o hypo!sis1 & to sugge/ a new "o1 bett] fitt$ = ! syn!sis ( exi/+ facts4 ,b 7"s7 old beliefs are prov]bially ob/9ate & virul5t 9 _! opposition to new] & tru] !ories :i* are de/9$ to eject & replace !m4 ,to sum up1 ev5 9 our own day1 *emi/ry re/s on a less s\nd basis ?an ei!r physics1 :i* _h ! advantage ( orig9at+ z late z ! #ag? c5tury1 or a/ronomy1 :i* dates f ! "t :5 ! ,*aldean %eph]d _h suffici5tly provid$ = 8 daily wants to f9d leisure = gaz+ into ! />ry ,heav5s4 ,! obs]vations ( a /ill e>li] comm5tator are ( ! same g5]al nature4 ,he says3 ,9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,jews1 & ! ,hea!n philosoph]s 7 s w>mly engag$ 9 controv]sy1 !re is reason to believe t pi\s frauds 7 n uncommon3 & t :5 "o p>ty suspect$ =g]ies1 in/ead ( an attempt at confutation1 :i* might h be5 difficult1 !y _h rec\rse p]haps to a c\nt]m9e3 & ei!r inv5t$ altoge!r1 or ek$ out "s obscure traditional scraps by ! embelli%m5ts ( fancy4 ,:5 we consid]1 among/ _m lit]>y impositions ( lat] times1 t ,psalmanaz>'s hi/ory ( ,=mosa 01 ev5 9 ?is enlight5$ age & c\ntry 7,engl&1 ab\t #agce71 consid]$ by our mo/ le>n$ m5 z unque/ionably au!ntic1 till ! confession ( ! au?or discov]$ ! secret1 ,i ?9k x is n difficult to conceive h[ =g]ies ( remote ev5ts1 be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! g5]al diffusion ( k might ga9 an au?ority1 & especially ) ! zeal\s1 h>dly inf]ior to t ( ! mo/ g5u9e hi/ory4 ,de ,v9ne1 h[ev]1 9 8 ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 ,new ,york1 #ahgh1 be/ expla9s ! /atus quo ( ^? times1 relative n only to book 7,,mss47 mak+1 & me?ods ( circulation1 b ! causes :i* l$ up to _! ev5tual disappe>ance & ! lit]>y d>kness :i* ensu$4 ,8 rem>ks are s p]t95t t !y are quot$ at l5g?3 ,! civilization ( anci5t ,rome did n require pr9t+4 ,if all ! processes ( typography _h be5 reveal$ to its s*ol>s ! art w\ld n h be5 us$4 ,! wants ( read]s & writ]s 7 abundantly suppli$ by ! p54 ,papyrus pap] 0 *eap1 & scribes 7 num]\s2 ,rome _h m booksell]s ?an x ne$$1 & books 7 made fa/] ?an !y c\ld be sold4 ,! pr(essional scribes 7 educat$ slaves1 :o1 f$ & clo!d at nom9al exp5se1 & organiz$ "u ! direction ( weal?y publi%]s1 7 made s effici5t 9 ! production ( books1 t typography1 9 an op5 competition1 c\ld h (f]$ few advantages4 ,our k ( ! ,roman organization ( labor 9 ! field ( bookmak+ is n z precise z c\ld be wi%$2 b ! frequ5t notices ( books1 copyi/s & publi%]s1 made by _m au?ors dur+ ! fir/ c5tury1 tea* u t books 7 pl5tiful4 ,horace1 ! elegant & fa/idi\s man ( lett]s1 compla9$ t 8 books 7 too common1 & t !y 7 sometimes f\nd 9 ! h&s ( vulg> snobs = ^: ent]ta9m5t !y 7 n writt54 ,m>tial1 ! jovial man ( ! _w1 boa/$ t 8 books ( /++ epigrams 7 to be f\nd 9 ev]ybody's h&s or pockets4 ,books 7 read n only 9 ! libr>ies1 b at ! ba?s1 9 ! porticoes ( h\ses1 at private d9n]s & 9 mix$ assemblies4 ,! bus9ess ( bookmak+ 0 practis$ by too _m p1 & "s 7 incompet5t4 ,lucian1 :o _h a ke5 p]ception ( pret5se 9 e =m1 ridicules ! publi%]s z ignoramuses4 ,/rabo1 :o probably wrote illegibly1 says t ! books ( booksell]s 7 incorrect4 ,! price ( books made by slave labor 0 necess>ily l[4 ,m>tial says t 8 fir/ book ( epigrams 0 sold 9 pla9 b9d+ = six se/]ces1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r c5ts ( ,am]ican money2 ! same book 9 sumptu\s b9d+ 0 valu$ at five d5>ii1 ab\t eighty c5ts4 ,he subsequ5tly compla9$ t 8 ?irte5? book 0 sold = only f\r se/]ces1 ab\t sixte5 c5ts4 ,he frankly admits t half ( ?is sum 0 pr(it1 b intimates1 some:at ungraci\sly1 t ! publi%] ,tryphon gave him too small a %>e4 ,( ! m]its ( ?is old disagreem5t betwe5 ! au?or & publi%] we h n en\gh ( facts to ju/ify an op9ion4 ,we le>n t "s publi%]s1 l ,tryphon & ! bro!rs ,sosii1 acquir$ weal?1 b !re are _m indications t publi%+ 0 !n1 z x is n[1 "o ( ! mo/ speculative k9ds ( bus9ess4 ,"o writ] *uckles ov] ! unk9d fate t s5t s _m ( ! unsold books ( rival au?ors f ! w>eh\ses ( ! publi%]1 to ! %ops ( groc]s & bak]s1 :]e !y 7 us$ to wrap up pa/ry & spices2 ano!r writ] says t ! unsold /ock ( a booksell] 0 sometimes b\ght by but*]s & trunk mak]s4 ,! ,romans n only _h pl5ty ( books b !y _h a manuscript daily newspap]1 ! ,acta ,diurna1 :i* seems to h be5 a record ( ! proce$+s ( ! s5ate4 ,we d n "k h[ x 0 writt51 nor h[ x 0 publi%$1 b x 0 frequ5tly m5tion$ by contempor>y writ]s z ! regul> (ficial m$ium = transmitt+ intellig5ce4 ,x 0 s5t to subscrib]s 9 di/ant cities1 & 01 sometimes1 read to an assembl$ army4 ,cic]o m5tions ! ,acta z a %eet 9 :i* he expect$ to f9d ! city news & gossip ab\t m>riages & divorces4 ,) ! decl9e ( p[] 9 ! ,roman empire came ! decl9e ( lit]ature ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ! bus9ess ( bookmak+ _h fall5 into hopeless decay4 ,! books t _h be5 writt5 7 seldom read1 & ! numb] ( read]s dim9i%$ ) e succe$+ g5]ation4 ,ignorance p]vad$ 9 all ranks ( society4 ,! ,emp]or ,ju/9 ,i1 :o reign$ betwe5 ! ye>s #eah & #ebg1 c\ld n write1 & 0 oblig$ to sign /ate pap]s ) ! =m ( /5cil plate t _h be5 recomm5d$ by ,qu9tilian4 ,respect = lit]ature 0 dead4 ,9 ! ye>1 #dgf1 ,z5o1 ! ,isaurian1 burn$ #abj1jjj volumes 9 ! city ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,dur+ ! ye> #fdj1 ,amr\1 ! ,s>ac51 f$ ! ba?s ( ,alex&ria = six mon?s ) ! #ejj1jjj books t _h be5 accumulat+ = c5turies 9 its fam\s libr>y ( ! ,s]apion4 ,yet books 7 s sc>ce 9 ,rome at ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury t ,pope ,m>t9 reque/$ "o ( 8 bi%ops to supply !m1 if possible1 f ,g]many4 ,! ignorance ( ecclesia/ics 9 high /ation 0 al>m+4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury1 & = c5turies aft]w>d1 !re 7 _m bi%ops & ar*bi%ops ( ! *ur* :o c\ld n sign _! names4 ,x 0 ass]t$ at a c\ncil ( ! *ur* held 9 ! ye> #iib1 t sc>cely a s+le p]son 0 to be f\nd 9 ,rome itself :o knew ! fir/ elem5ts ( lett]s4 ,hallam says1 ',to sum up ! acc\nt ( ignorance 9 a ^w1 x 0 r>e = a layman ( any rank to "k b[ to sign 8 "n4' ,he repeats ! /atem5ts t ,*>lemagne c\ld n write1 & ,fr$]ic ,b>b>ossa c\ld n read4 ,john1 k+ ( ,bohemia1 & ,philip1 ! ,h>dy1 k+ ( ,france1 7 ignorant ( bo? accompli%m5ts4 ,! graces ( lit]ature 7 tol]at$ only 9 ! ranks ( ! cl]gy2 ! layman :o pref]r$ lett]s to arms 0 reg>d$ z a man ( mean _s4 ,:5 ! ,crusad]s took ,con/ant9ople1 9 #abjd1 !y expos$ to public ridicule ! p5s & ink/&s t !y f\nd 9 ! conqu]$ city z ! ignoble arms ( a contemptible race ( /ud5ts4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( intellectual d>kness1 :i* la/$ f ! fif? until ! fifte5? c5tury1 a p]iod sometimes describ$1 & n improp]ly1 z ! d>k ages1 !re 0 no ne$ = any improvem5t 9 ! old me?od ( mak+ books4 ,! _w 0 n !n ready = typography4 ,! inv5tion wait$ = read]s m ?an x did = types2 ! multitude ( book buy]s ^u :i* its success dep5d$ _h to be creat$4 ,books 7 ne$$ z well z read]s4 ,! treatises ( ! old ,roman sophi/s & rhetoricians1 ! dialectics ( ,ari/otle & ! s*oolm51 & ! comm5t>ies on ecclesia/ical law ( ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 7 ! works :i* engross$ ! att5tion ( m5 ( lett]s = _m c5turies be=e ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,useful z ^! books may h be5 to ! small class ( read]s = ^: b5efit !y 7 writt51 !y 7 ( no use to a p :o ne$$ ! elem5ts ( k4 ,9 ! m anci5t times1 h[ev]1 :5 ,,mss4 books 7rolls7 7 n q s pl5tiful !re 0 seem+ly no difficulty 9 obta9+ l>ge sums = !m4 ,ari/otle1 di$ ,b4 ,c4 #cbb1 paid = a few books ( ,leusippus1 ! philosoph]1 ?ree ,attick tal5ts1 :i* is ab\t #c1jjj4 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus is said to h giv5 ! ,a!nians fifte5 tal5ts1 an exemption f tribute & a l>ge supply ( provisions = ! ,,mss4 ( aes*ylus1 ,sophocles & ,euripides writt5 by !mselves4 ,arbu?not1 discuss+ ?is subject1 rem>ks t ,cic]o's head1 :i* %\ld ju/ly come into ! acc\nt ( ,eloqu5ce br\ght tw5ty-five ,myriads ( ,dra*ms1 :i* is ! equival5t ( #dj1jjj4 ,also1 ! prices ( ! magical books m5tion$ to be burnt 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is five4 ,myriads ( ,pieces ( ,silv] or ,dra*ms4 ,picolim9i relates t ! equival5t ( eighty gold5 cr[ns 0 dem&$ = a small "p ( ! works ( ,plut>*4 ,if we are to believe any ( ! acc\nts1 ! environm5t ( ! art ( h&writ+ & h&writ+ mat]ials at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury _h contract$ )9 a small compass1 due pr9cipally to ! g5]al ignorance ( ! times4 ,z practic$ x 0 pretty mu* "u ! control ( ! diff]5t religi\s d5om9ations & ! in=mation obta9able ab\t inks f ^! s\rces is b fragm5t>y4 ,:at has come d[n to u ( ?is p>ticul> era is mo/ly f\nd on ! old writt5 ,hebrew relics1 %[+ t !y at lea/ _h made no innovations 9 respect to ! use ( _! rituali/ic deyo4 ,! inv5tion ( ! quill p5 9 ! six? c5tury p]mitt$ a degree ( latitude 9 writ+ nev] be=e kn[n1 ! inks 7 made ?9n] & necess>ily 7 less durable 9 "*4 ,great] att5tion 0 giv5 to ! /udy & practice ( m$ic9e & al*emy :i* 7 limit$ to ! walls ( ! cloi/] & secret places4 ,! monk physicians endeavor$ by oral in/ructions & lat] by writt5 ones to communicate _! ink-mak+ me?ods n only ( ! black & color$1 b ( secret or sympa!tic inks1 to _! y\ng] bre?r51 t !y might ?us be p]petuat$4 ,all ! traditional & practical k !y possess$ 0 cond5s$ into manuscript =ms2 additions f o!r h&s :i* includ$ num]\s *emical receipts = dye+ caus$ !m to multiply2 s t z occasion requir$ f "t to "t1 !y 7 b\nd up toge!r booklike & !n circulat$ among favor$ secul> individuals1 "u ! "n ( ,secreta4 ,! m remote ( su* treatises :i* h come d[n to u seem to indicate ! tr5d ( ! rese>*es respect+ :at mu/ h be5 9 ^? times unsatisfactory inks4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh !m appe> a v>iety ( =mulas :i* specify pyrites 7a comb9ation ( sulphur & metal71 metals1 /ones & o!r m9]als1 soot1 7blue7 vitriol1 calxes 7lime or *alk71 dye-woods1 b]ries1 plants1 & animal colors1 "s ( :i* if made into ink c\ld only h be5 us$ ) disa/r\s results1 :5 p]man5cy is consid]$4 ,! black ink =mulas ( ! eigh? c5tury are b few1 & %[ m>k$ improvem5t 9 respect to ! con/itu5ts !y call =1 indicat+ t _m ( ^? ( e>li] times _h be5 tri$ & f\nd want+4 ,"o 9 p>ticul> is wor?y ( notice z x names 7blue7 vitriol1 yea/1 ! lees 7dregs7 ( w9e & ! r9d ( ! pomegranate apple1 :i* if comm+l$ toge!r w\ld give results n altoge!r unlike ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a ( gall ink4 ,confirmation ( ! employm5t ( su* an ink on a docum5t ( ! reign ( ,*>lemigne 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury on yell[-br[n ,esp>to 7a ,spani% ru%7 pap]1 is /ill pres]v$4 ,specim5s ( pomegranate ink1 to :i* lampblack & o!r pigm5ts _h be5 add$ ( v>y+ degrees ( blackness1 on ,,mss41 b less5+ 9 numb] z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 are /ill extant 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & o!r public libr>ies4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,ink ,,( ,,! ,,we/4 ,,rem>ks ,,( ,,ar*-,,deacon ,,c>lisle--,,:5 ,,read+ ,,& ,,writ+ ,,ceas$ ,,to ,,be ,,my/]ies--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,words ,,cl]k ,,& ,,sign--,,sc>city ,,( ,,manuscripts --,,f\nd+ ,,( ,,iri% ,,s*ools ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury--,,monks ,,n ,,p]mitt$ ,,to ,,use ,,artificial ,,light ,,9 ,,prep>+ ,,mss4--,,obs]vations ,,( ,,madan ,,ab\t ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,writ+ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,d>k ,,ages--,,ink- ,,writt5 ,,mss4 ,,treasures4 ,,! anci5t hi/ory ( ! art ( writ+ 9 m nor!rn sections ( ! ,we/]n _w1 ,william ,nicolson1 ,ar*-,deacon ( ,c>lisle1 au?or ( ,! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #afif1 tells v qua9tly3 ,! ,danes regi/]'d _! m consid]able transactions ^u ,rocks2 or on p>ts ( !m1 hew5 into v>i\s ,%apes & ,figures4 ,on ^! !y engrav'd su* ,inscriptions z 7 prop] = _! ,hea!n ,alt]s1 ,triumphal ,ar*es1 ,sepul*ral ,monum5ts & ,g5ealogical ,hi/ories ( _! ,ance/ors4 ,_! writ+s ( less conc]n 7z ,lett]s1 ,almanacks1 c47 7 engrav5 ^u ,wood3 ,& because ,bee* 0 mo/ pl5tiful 9 ,demn>k1 7?o ,firr & ,oak be s 9 ,norway & ,sw$57 & mo/ commonly employ'd 9 ^! ,s]vices1 =m ! ^w ,bog 7:i* 9 _! ,language is ! ,"n ( t sort ( ,wood7 !y & all o!r ,nor!rn ,nations h ! ,"n ( ,book4 ,! poor] sort us$ ,b>k2 & ! ,horns ( ,ra9- ,de] & ,elks 7 (t5 f9ely poli%'d & %ap$ into ,books ( sev]al ,leaves4 ,_m ( ^! old ,cal5d>s are likewise ^u ,bones ( ,bea/s & ,fi%es3 ,b ! ,inscriptions on ,tape/ry1 ,bells1 ,p>*m5t & ,pap]1 are ( lat] use4 ,"s o!r ,monum5ts may be kn[n to be ( a ,dani% ,extraction1 ?o !y c>ry no?+ ( a ,runic ,inscription4 ,few ( _! ,temples 7 cov]'d2 & ! l>ge/ obs]v'd by ,wormius 7at ,kial]nes 9 ,isl&7 0 #abj foot 9 l5g?1 & #fj 9 bread?4 ,! next ,monum5t ( ,age is _! ,edda ,isl&orum2 ! mean+ ( :i* ,appellation !y t publi% ! ,book h>dly pret5d to und]/&4 ,z f> z ,i c give ! ,read] any satisfaction1 he is to4 "k t ,isl& 0 fir/ inhabit$ 79 ! ye> #hgd7 by a ,colony ( ,norwegians2 :o br\ght hi!r ! ,traditions ( _! ,=efa!rs1 9 c]ta9 metrical ,composures1 :i* 7z is usual ) ,m5 transplant$ into a ,=eign ,l&7 7 "h m zeal\sly & c>efully pres]v'd & kept 9 memory ?an by ! ,m5 ( ,norway !mselves4 ,ab\t #bdj ye>s aft] ?is 7,a4 ,d4 #aaad7 _! ,hi/ory began to be writt5 by "o ,saemund1 surnam'd ,frode or ! wise2 :o 79 n9e ye>s' travel ?r\gh ,italy1 ,g]many & ,engl&7 _h amass'd toge!r a mighty ,collection ( ,hi/orical ,treatises4 ,) ^! he return'd full fraught into ,isl&2 :]e he also drew up an acc\nt ( ! affairs ( 8 own ,c\ntry4 ,_m ( 8 ,works are n[ said to be lo/3 ,b !re is /ill an ,edda1 consi/+ ( sev]al ,odes 7:5ce ,i suspect its ,"n is d]iv$7 writt5 by _m sev]al h&s1 & at diff]5t times1 :i* be>s 8 ,"n4 ,! ,book is a ,collection ( ,my?ological ,fables1 relat+ to ! anci5t ,/ate & ,behavi\r ( ! ,great ,wod5 & 8 foll[]s1 9 t]ms poetical & adapt$ to ! ,s]vice ( ^? t 7 employ'd 9 ! composure ( _! old ,rhymes & ,sonnets4 ,!re is likewise extant a c\ple ( ,norwegian ,hi/ories ( good ,au!ntic ,cr$it2 :i* expla9s a great _m p>ticul>s relat+ to ! ,exploits ( ! ,dani% ,k+s 9 ,great ,brita91 :i* our own ,hi/orians h ei!r :olly omitt$ or v d>kly record$4 ,! =m] ( ^! 0 writt5 soon aft] ! ye> #aacj1 by "o ,!odoric a ,monk1 :o ackn[l$ges 8 :ole ,fabrick to be built ^u ,tradition1 & t ! old ,nor!rn ,hi/ory is no :]e n[ to be _h save only ab ,isl5d+orum antiquis ,c>m9ibus4 ',tis a v disc\rag+ ,c5sure :i* ,sir ,william ,temple passes ^u all ! ,acc\nts giv5 u ( ! ,affairs ( ?is ,isl&1 be=e ! ,romans came & ,invad$ x4 ,! ,tales 7says he7 we h ( :at pass'd be=e ,caes>'s ,"t1 ( ,brute & 8 ,trojans1 ( _m ,adv5tures & ,successions1 are cov]'d ) ! ,ru/ ( ,"t1 or ,involv'd 9 ! ,vanity ( ,fables or pret5d$ ,traditions2 :i* seem to all ,m5 obscure or unc]ta91 b to be =g$ at pleasure by ! ,wit or ,folly ( _! fir/ ,au?ors1 & n to be reg>d$4 ,& aga92 ,i "k few anci5t ,au?ors ^u ?is ,subject 7( ! ,briti% ,hi/ory7 wor? ! pa9s ( p]usal1 & ( ,divid+ or ,ref9+ s little ,gold out ( s mu* c\rse ,o>1 or f s mu* ,dross4 ,b "s o!r ,inf]i\r ,p may ?9k ?is wor? _! pa9s2 s9ce all ,m5 are n born to be ,ambassadors3 ,&1 accord+ly1 we are told ( a v ,em95t ,antiqu>y :o has ?\ght fit to give 8 ,lab\rs 9 ?is k9d ! ,title ( ,aurum1 ex ,/]core4 ,!re's a deal ( ,s]vile ,drudg]y requir'd to ! ,discov]y ( ^! ri*es1 & su* z e ,body w n /oop to3 = few ,/atesm5 & ,c\rti]s 7z "o is lately said to h obs]v'd 9 8 own ,case7 c>e = travell+ 9 ,irel&1 or ,wales1 purely to le>n ! ,language4 ,a dilig5t ,enquir] into our old ,briti% ,antiquities w\ld r obs]ve 7) ,indu/ri\s ,lel&7 t ! poor ,brita9s1 be+ h>ass'd by ^? ,roman ,conqu]\rs ) cont9ual ,w>s1 c\ld nei!r h leisure nor ?\ght = ! p5n+ ( a ,regul> ,hi/ory3 & t aft]w>ds _! ,back-,fri5ds1 ! ,saxons1 7 7= a good :ile7 an ,illit]ate ,g5]ation2 & m9d$ no?+ b ,kill+ & tak+ ,possession4 ,s t 'tis a wond] t ev5 s mu* rema9s ( ! ,/ory ( ^? ,times z ! sorry ,fragm5ts ( ,gildas2 :o appe>s to h writt5 9 su* a ,con/]nation1 t :at he has left u looks m l ! ,declamation ( an ,orator1 hir$ to expose ! mis]able ,wret*es1 ?an any ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( _! ,suff]+s4 ,palgrave ass]ts t read+ & writ+ 7 no long] my/]ies aft] ! pagan age1 b 7 /ill acquirem5ts almo/ :olly conf9$ to ! cl]gy4 ,! ^w cl]icus or cl]k1 became synonym\s ) p5man1 ! s5se 9 :i* x is /ill mo/ usually employ$4 ,if a man c\ld write1 or ev5 read1 8 k 0 consid]$ z pro( presumptive t he 0 9 holy ord]s4 ,if k+s & great m5 _h occasion to au!nticate any docum5t1 !y subscrib$ ! sign ( ! cross opposite to ! place :]e ! cl]k _h writt5 _! "n4 ,h5ce we say1 to sign a de$ or a lett]4 ,books 7,,mss47 7 extremely r>e among/ ! ,sc&9avian & nor!rn nations4 ,be=e _! communication ) ! ,lat9 mission>ies1 wood appe>s to h be5 ! mat]ial ^u :i* _! runes 7 *iefly writt53 & ! v]b write1 :i* is d]iv$ f a ,teutonic root1 signify+ to scrat* or te>1 is "o ( ! te/imonies ( ! usage4 ,_! poems 7 grav5 ^u small /aves or rods1 "o l9e ^u ea* face ( ! rod2 & ! ,old ,engli% ^w /ave1 z appli$ to a /anza1 is probably a relic ( ! practice1 :i*1 9 ! e>ly ages1 prevail$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,vellum or p>*m5t aft]w>ds suppli$ ! place ( ^! mat]ials4 ,real pap]1 manufactur$ f ! pellicle ( ! ,egyptian re$ or papyras1 0 /ill us$ occasionally 9 ,italy1 b x 0 seldom export$ to ! c\ntries beyond ! ,alps2 & ! elaborate prep>ation ( ! vellum1 ^u :i* mu* great] c>e 0 be/[$ ?an 9 ! mod]n manufacture1 r5d]$ x a co/ly article2 s mu* s1 t a pa9/ak+ cl]k c\ld f9d x wor? 8 :ile to erase ! writ+ ( an old book1 9 ord] to use ! blank pages = ano!r manuscript4 ,! books ?us rewritt5 7 call$ codices rescripti1 or palimpse/s4 ,! evanesc5t traces ( ! fir/ lay] ( *>act]s may occasionally be disc]n$ b5ea? ! m rec5t text :i* has be5 impos$ ^u !m4 ,9 ,irel&1 fir/ kn[n z ! ,isle ( ,sa9ts1 0 f\nd$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury a great s*ool ( le>n+ :i* includ$ writ+ & illum9at+1 :i* pass$ to ! ,engli% by way ( ! mona/]ies creat$ by ,iri% monks 9 ,scotl&4 ,_! e>lie/ exi/+ ,,mss4 are said to belong to t p]iod4 ,9 ! ,iri% scriptoriums 7rooms or cells = writ+7 ( ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies :]e !y 7 prep>$1 s p>ticul> 7 ! monks t ! scribes 7 =bidd5 to use artificial light = fe> ( injur+ ! manuscripts4 ,mo/ int]e/+ & ent]ta9+ are ! obs]vations ( ,falcon] ,madan1 a mod]n s*ol> ( "s repute4 ,( ! hi/ory ( writ+ 9 ink dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages he says3 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies we f9d ! fir/ t5d5cy to =m national h&s1 result+ 9 ! ,m]ov+ian or ,franki% h&1 ! ,lomb>dic ( ,italy1 & ! ,visigo?ic ( ,spa94 ,^! are ! fir/ difficult b&s :i* we enc\nt]2 & :5 we rememb] t ! object ( writ+ is to be cle> & di/9ct1 & t ! te/ ( a good /yle is t x seizes on ! ess5tial po9ts 9 :i* lett]s diff]1 & puts aside ! fl\ri%es & ornam5ts :i* disguise ! simple =m1 we %all see h[ mu* a /rong influ5ce 0 ne$$ to prev5t writ+ f becom+ obscure & degrad$4 ,t influ5ce 0 f\nd 9 ,*>les ! ,great4 ,9 ! field ( writ+ x has be5 grant$ to no p]son b ,*>les ! ,great to influ5ce pr(\ndly ! hi/ory ( ! alphabet4 ,) r>e insight & r>] ta/e he disc\nt5anc$ ! preval5t ,m]ov+ian h&1 & sub/itut$ 9 eclectic h&1 kn[n z ! ,c>ol+ian ,m9uscule1 :i* way /ill be reg>d$ z a model ( cle>ness & elegance4 ,! *ief in/rum5t 9 ?is re=m 0 ,alcu9 ( ,york1 :om ,*>les plac$1 p>tly = ?is purpose1 at ! head ( ! ,s*ool ( ,t\rs 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gif4 ,! selection ( an ,engli%man = ! po/ naturally leads u to inquire :at h&s 7 !n us$ 9 ,engl&1 & :at am\nt ( ,engli% influ5ce ! ,c>ol+ian ,m9uscule1 ! f\ndation ( our mod]n /yles1 exhibits4 ,if we gaze 9 wond] on ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ,*>les ! ,great 9 re=m+ h&writ+1 we %all be /ill m /ruck by ! spectacle pres5t$ to u by ,irel& 9 ! six?1 sev5? & eigh? c5turies4 ,x is ! great m>vel 9 ! hi/ory ( writ+4 ,mod]n hi/orians h at la/ appreciat$ ! blaze ( life1 religions1 lit]>y1 & arti/ic1 :i* 0 k9dl$ 9 ! ',isle ( ,sa9ts' )9 a c5tury aft] ,/4 ,patrick's com+ 7ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #dej72 h[ ! en?usiasm k9dl$ by ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,celtic nature s f> transc5d$ ! limits ( ! isl&1 & inde$ ( ,great ,brita91 t ,iri% mission>ies & monks 7 soon f\nd 9 ! *ief religi\s c5tres ( ,gaul1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 & ,nor? ,italy1 :ile =eign]s f\nd _! toilsome way to ,irel& to le>n ,greek6 ,b less prom95ce has be5 giv5 to ! arti/ic side ( ?is great reflex movem5t f ,we/ to ,ea/ ?an to ! o!r two4 ,! simple facts atte/ t 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 :5 our e>lie/ exi/+ ,iri% ,,mss4 7 writt51 we f9d n only a /yle ( writ+ 7or inde$ two7 di/9ctive1 national1 & ( a high type ( excell5ce1 b also a s*ool ( illum9ation :i*1 9 ! comb9$ l9es ( me*anical accuracy & intricacy1 ( f]tile inv5tion ( =m & figure & ( /rik+ arrangem5ts ( col\r1 has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,& ?is is 9 ! sev5? c5tury--! nadir ( ! re/ ( ,europe6 ,x is c]ta9 t ,alcu9 0 tra9$ 9 ,hib]no- ,saxon calligraphy1 s t we may be surpris$ to f9d t ! writ+ :i*1 "u ,*>les ! ,great1 he develop$ at ,t\rs1 be>s h>dly a trace ( ! /yle to :i* he 0 accu/om$4 ,en revan*e1 9 ! ornam5tation & illum9ation ( ! great ,c>ol+ian volumes :i* h come d[n to our times1 we f9d ^? con/ant1 p]si/5t traces ( ,engli% & ,iri% "w :i* we seek = 9 va9 9 ! pla9] writ+4 ,?is m9uscule sup]s$$ all o!rs almo/ ?r\gh\t ! empire ( ,*>les ! ,great1 & dur+ ! n9?1 t5?1 & elev5? c5turies und]w5t v little modification4 ,ev5 9 ! two next c5turies1 ?\gh x is subject to g5]al modification1 national diff]5ces are h>dly obs]vable1 & we c only di/+ui% two l>ge divisions1 ! gr\p ( ,nor!rn ,europe 7,engl&1 ,nor? ,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa974 ,! two exceptions are1 t ,g]many1 bo? 9 writ+ & pa9t+1 has always /ood ap>t1 & lags beh9d ! o!r nations ( ,we/]n ,europe 9 its developm5t1 & t ,engl& reta9s h] ,hib]no-,saxon h& till aft] ! ,conque/ ( #ajff4 ,x may be not$ t ! twelf? c5tury produc$ ! f9e/ writ+ ev] kn[n--a l>ge1 free & fl[+ =m ( ! m9uscule ( ,t\rs4 ,9 ! next c5tury comes 9 ! angul> ,go?ic h&1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :i* & ! twelf? c5tury h& may be fairly und]/ood by a comp>ison ( ord9>y ,g]man & ,roman type4 ,9 ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies ! writ+ ( ea* c5tury may be disc]n$1 :ile ! g5]al t5d5cy is t[>ds complication1 use ( abbreviations & contractions1 & developm5t ( uness5tial p>asitic =ms ( lett]s4 ,! ,book ( ,kells1 ! *ief treasure ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 is s-call$ f hav+ be5 long pres]v$ at ! ,mona/]y ( ,kells1 f\nd$ by ,columba himself4 ,/ol5 f !nce1 x ev5tually pass$ into ,ar*bi%op ,us%]'s h&s1 &1 ) o!r p>ts ( 8 libr>y1 to ,dubl94 ,! volume conta9s ! ,f\r ,gospels 9 ,lat91 ornam5t$ ) extraord9>y fre$om1 elaboration1 & beauty4 ,writt5 app>5tly 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 x exhibits1 bo? 9 =m & col\r1 all ! signs ( ! full developm5t & maturity ( ! ,iri% /yle1 & mu/ ( necessity h be5 prec$$ by sev]al g5]ations ( arti/ic work]s1 :o f\nd$ & improv$ ?is p>ticul> s*ool ( art4 ,! foll[+ words ( ,pr(essor ,we/wood1 :o fir/ drew att5tion to ! peculi> excell5ces ( ?is volume1 w ju/ify tile t]ms made use ( above3 ',?is copy ( ! ,gospels1 traditionally ass]t$ to h belong$ to ,columba1 is unque/ionably ! mo/ elaborately execut$ ,,ms4 ( e>ly art n[ 9 exi/5ce1 f> excell+1 9 ! gigantic size ( ! lett]s 9 ! frontispieces ( ! ,gospel1 ! excessive m9ut5ess ( ! ornam5tal details1 ! numb] ( its decorations1 ! f95ess ( ! writ+1 & ! endless v>iety ( initial capital lett]s ) :i* e page is ornam5t$1 ! fam\s ,gospels ( ,l9disf>ne 9 ! ,cottonian ,libr>y4 ,b ?is ,,ms4 is /ill m valuable on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s pictorial repres5tations ( diff]5t sc5es 9 ! life ( our ,savi\r1 del9eat$ 9 a /yle totally unlike t ( e o!r s*ool4' ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,e>ly ,,m$iaeval ,,ink4 ,,controv]sies ,,among ,,hebrew ,,s*ol>s ,,relat+ ,,to ,,rituali/ic ,,inks--,,! ,,class ,,( ,,inks ,,employ$ ,,by ,,! ,,fr5* ,,& ,,g]man ,,jews--,,conv5tion ,,( ,,repres5tatives ,,f ,,jewi% ,,c5t]s--,,submission ,,( ,,_! ,,diff]5ces ,,to ,,maimonides--,,he ,,def9es ,,talmudic ,,ink--,,six? ,,c5tury ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,gall ,,ink--,,ass]tion ,,( ,,hotz-,,o/]wald ,,t ,,exclusive ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,ink1 ,,! ,,writ+ ,,pigm5ts ,,( ,,antiquity ,,h ,,nev] ,,be5 ,,inve/igat$--,,8 ,,belief ,,t ,,yea/ ,,=m$ ,a ,,portion ,,( ,,!m--,,"s ,,o!r ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,?is ,,subject--,,anci5t ,,=mulas ,,ab\t ,,! ,,lees ,,( ,,w9e ,,9 ,,ink-,,mak+--,,comm5ts ,,on ,,ink-,,mak+ ,,by ,,pl9y--,,anci5t ,,=mula ,,( ,,pomegranate ,,ink-- ,,secreta ,,by ,,! ,,monk ,,!ophilus--,,:at ,,!1 ,,?orn ,,tree ,,he ,,ref]s ,,to ,,really ,,is--,,id5tity ,,( ,,! ,,myrobolam ,,ink ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,remote ,,antiquity ,,) ,,! ,,pomegranate ,,ink ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages-- ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,acacia ,,tree4 ,,mo/ ( ! docum5ts ( e>ly m$iaeval times :i* rema9 to u conta9+ ink 9 fairly good condition1 l *>t]s1 protocols1 bulls1 wills1 diplomas1 & ! l1 7 writt5 or engross$ ) ,indian ink1 9 :i* respect we ( ! pres5t c5tury cont9ue to foll[ su* e/abli%$ prec$5t :5 prep>+ important writt5 in/rum5ts4 ,x is n rem>kable1 !re=e1 t ! black inks ( ! sev5?1 eigh?1 n9? & t5? c5turies pres]ve _! blackness s mu* bett] ?an _m belong+ to succe$+ ages1 includ+ a new class ( inks :i* c\ld n /& ! te/ ( "t4 ,dur+ ! twelf? & fir/ ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5turies !re 7 bitt] controv]sies among ,talmudic 7,hebrew7 s*ol>s1 relative to ! "* ( ! ink to be employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( rituali/ic writ+s4 ,nice di/9ctions 7 drawn z to ! real mean+ ( ! ^w deyo z und]/ood by ! ,jews ( ! we/]n "p ( ! _w1 & ! ,arabic ^w al*ib]1 z !n und]/ood ne>] ,pale/9e & ! o!r ea/]n c\ntries4 ,! ,fr5* ,jews 7 us+ tus*e 7typical ( ! ,indian ink71 :ile ! ,g]mans 7 employ+ pomegranate & gall inks4 ,repres5tatives f int]e/$ religi\s ,jewi% c5t]s came toge!r & resolv$ to submit _! diff]5ces = f9al adju/m5t to ,maimonides1 born 9 ,spa91 ,a4 ,d4 #aacj 1 & di$ ,a4 ,d4 #abjd--! !n greate/ liv+ ,hebrew !ologian & au?ority on biblical & rabb9ical laws4 ,disc>d+ all side issues1 _! diff]5ces 7 seem+ly incorporat$ into ?ree que/ions & ?us prop\nd$ to him3 #a4 ,is ! ,talmudic deyo id5tical ) al*ib]8 #b4 ,( :at +r$i5t %\ld ! ,talmudic deyo consi/1 if x is n ! same z al*ib]8 #c4 ,is al*ib] to be und]/ood z relat+ to ! gall-apple & *alkan?um 7blue vitriol78 ,to ! fir/ & ?ird que/ions ,maimonides decl>$ t deyo & al*ib] 7 n id5tical2 & = ! reasons t ! ,talmud decl>es deyo to be a writ+ mat]ial :i* does n rema9 on ! surface on :i* x is plac$ & to be easily effac$4 ,on ! o!r h& al*ib] conta9s gum & o!r ?+s :i* causes x to adh]e to ! writ+ surface4 ,to ! second "q he affirm$ t ! ,talmud di/+ui%es a d\ble k9d ( deyo1 "o conta9+ little or no gum & be+ a fluid1 & ! o!r ref]r+ to pulv]iz$ coal ( ! v9e1 soot f burn+ olive oil1 t>1 ros9 & honey1 press$ into plates to be dissolv$ 9 wat] :5 want$ = use4 ,fur!rmore1 :ile ! ,talmud excludes ! use ( c]ta9 inks ( :i* iron vitriol 0 "o1 x does n exclude atram5tum1 7*alkan?um1 copp] vitriol71 because ! ,talmud nev] speaks ( x4 ,he insi/$ t ! ,talmud requires a dry ink 7deyo74 ,z "o ( ! la/ entries made 9 ! ,talmud 7a great collection ( legal decisions by ! anci5t ,rabbis1 ,hebrew traditions1 etc41 & believ$ to h be5 comm5c$ 9 ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era7 is claim$ to belong to ! six? c5tury1 m5tions gall-apples & iron 7copp]7 vitriol1 x mu/ h ref]r$ to gall ink4 ,fur!r inve/igation discloses ! fact t su* galls 7 ( ,*9ese orig9 & z we "k !y d n conta9 ! necess>y f]m5t :i* ! aleppo & o!r galls possess = induc+ a trans=mation ( ! tann9 into gallic acid1 no complete union c\ld !re=e obta94 ,h5ce ! value ( ?is composition 0 limit$ until ! "t :5 yea/ & o!r mat]ials 7 introduc$ to ov]come its defici5cies4 ,hotz-,o/]wald ( ,zuri*1 antiqu>ian & s*ol>1 has ass]t$ t ) ! exception ( ! c>bon inks employ$ on papyrus1 ! writ+ pigm5ts ( antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages h sc>cely be5 inve/igat$4 ,! d>k to light-br[n pigm5t1 hi!rto a problem1 univ]sally us$ on p>*m5t1 he cont5ds ^u hi/orical1 *emical & microscopic evid5ce is id5tical ) o5o-cyan9 & 0 prep>$ = ! mo/ "p f yea/1 & 0 fir/ employ$ z a pigm5t4 ,contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion x conta9s no iron1 except frequ5tly accid5tal traces1 & aft] its appe>ance 9 ,greece 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 x =m$ almo/ exclusively ! ink ( ! anci5t manuscripts1 until displac$ by ! gallate inks1 said to h be5 introduc$ by ! ,arabians4 ,^! accid5tal traces ( iron 7 due to ! employm5t ( iron vessels 9 ! mak+ ( ! ink4 ,my own obs]vations 9 ?is direction confirm & e/abli% ! fact t x 0 ! cu/om 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era to utilize yea/ or an analog\s comp\nd z "p ( ! composition ( ink1 to :i* 0 add$ sepia1 or ! r9d ( ! pomegranate apple previ\sly dissolv$ by heat 9 alkal9e solutions4 ,?is analog\s comp\nd 0 probably ! mat]ial procur$ f w9e lees 7dregs71 deposit$ aft] f]m5tation has comm5c$1 & :i* aft] consid]able application ( heat yields n only mo/ ( ! tann9 conta9$ 9 ! /ones & fruit /alks1 b a viscid comp\nd *>act]i/ic ( gelat9e & ( a r$-purple color :i* 9 c\rse ( "t *anges to br[n4 ,bloxam says t ! color+ matt] ( grapes & ( r$ w9e appe>s to be cyan94 ,"o ( ! me?ods ( treat+ w9e lees1 z translat$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury f an old ,italian secreta1 is suffici5tly curi\s to p>tly quote3 ,dry ! ,lees 7dregs7 ( w9e ) a g5tle fire & fill ) !m two ?ird ( a l>ge e>!n ,retort1 place ?is retort 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 & fitt+ x to a l>ge receiv]1 give a small fire to x to heat ! ,retort by degrees1 & drive =? an insipid phlegm2 :5 vap\rs beg9 to rise1 y mu/ take out ! phlegm & lut+ c>efully ! junctures ( y\r vessels1 quick5 ! fire little by little until y f9d ! receiv] fill$ ) :ite cl\ds2 cont9ue x 9 ?is condition1 & y p]ceive ! receiv] to cool1 raise ! fire to ! utmo/ extremity1 & cont9ue x s1 until !re arise no m vap\rs4 ,:5 ! vessels are cold unlute ! receiv]1 & %ak+ x to make ! ,volatile salt1 :i* /icks to x1 fall to ! bottom1 p\r x all into a bolt-head2 fit x to a ,head ) a small receiv]2 lute well ! junctures & plac+ x 9 s&1 give a little fire "u x1 & ! volatile salt w rise & /ick to ! head1 & ! top ( ! ,bolt-head2 take (f y\r head & set on ano!r 9 its place2 ga!r y\r salt & /op x tip quickly1 = x easily dissolves into a liquor2 cont9ue ! fire1 & take c>e to ga!r ! ,salt accord+ z y see x appe>2 b :5 !re rises no m salt1 a liquor w di/ill1 ( :i* y mu/ draw ab\t ?ree ounces1 & put out ! fire1 c4 ,! lees ( w9e1 9 connection ) ! anci5t me?ods ( ink-mak+ is also ref]r$ to by ! y\ng] ,pl9y 9 8 tw5ty-fif? book1 :i* ! ,ed9burgh ,review has c>efully translat$ & pr9t$3 ,,ink 7or lit]ally7 ,,black+4--,ink also may be set d[n among ! artificial 7or comp\nd7 drugs1 al?\gh x is a m9]al d]iv$ f two s\rces4 ,=1 x is sometimes develop$ 9 ! =m ( a sal9e effloresc5ce1--or is a real m9]al ( sulphure\s color--*os5 = ?is purpose4 ,!re h be5 pa9t]s :o dug up f graves color$ coals 7,,c>bon74 ,b all ^! are useless & new-fangl$ notions4 ,= x is made f soot 9 v>i\s =ms1 z 7= in/ance7 ( burnt ros9 or pit*4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y h built manufactories n emitt+ t smoke4 ,! ink ( ! v be/ quality is made f ! smoke ( tor*es4 ,an inf]ior article is made f ! soot ( furnaces & ba?-h\se *imneys4 ,!re are "s 7manufactur]s7 also1 :o employ ! dri$ lees ( w9e2 & !y d say t if ! lees s employ$ 7 f good w9e1 ! quality ( ! ink is !reby mu* improv$4 ,polygnotus & ,micon1 celebrat$ pa9t]s at ,a!ns1 made _! black pa9t f burnt grape-v9es2 !y gave x ! "n ( ,,trygynon4 ,,apelles1 we are told1 made ,,8 f burnt ivory1 & call$ x elephant9a 'ivory-black4' ,indigo has be5 rec5tly import$1-- a sub/ance ^: composition ,i h n yet inve/igat$4 ,! dy]s make !irs f ! d>k cru/ t gradually accumulates on brass-kettles4 ,ink is made also f tor*es 7p9e-knots71 & f *>coal p\nd$ f9e 9 mort>s4 ',! cuttlefi%' has a rem>kable qualify 9 ?is respect2 b ! color+-matt] :i* x produces is n us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ink4 ,all ink is improv$ by exposure to ! sun's rays4 ,book-writ]s' ink has gum mix$ ) x1--weav]s' ink is made up ) glue4 ,ink ^: mat]ials h be5 liquifi$ by ! ag5cy ( an acid is eras$ ) great difficulty4 ,!re are b few exceptions respect+ ! g5]al sam5ess ( ink receipts ( ! succe$+ c5turies1 "o ( :i* is ! ,pomegranate1 cr$it$ to ! sev5? c5tury b really belong+ to an e>li] p]iod3 ,( ! dri$ ,pommegranite 7apple7 r9d take an ounce1 boil x 9 a p9t ( wat] until #c_/d be gone2 add #a_/b p9t ( small be] wort & once m boil x away s t only a #a_/d p9t rema94 ,aft] y %all h /ra9$ x1 boil+ hot ?r\gh a l9n5 clo? & x comes cold1 be+ !n ( a glut9\s consi/5ce1 drop 9 a 'bit' ( ,sal ,alkali & add z mu* w>m wat] z w br+ x to a due fluidity & a gold br[n color = writ+ ) a p54 ,foll[+ ?is =mula & )\t any modifications1 ,i obta9$ an excell5t ink ( durable quality1 b ( poor color1 f a /&po9t ( blackness4 ,a less anci5t ,secreta1 sign$ by ! ,italian monk ,!ophilus1 :o liv$ ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! elev5? c5tury1 is mo/ int]e/+3 ,to make ink1 cut = y\rself wood ( ! ?orn-trees 9 ,april or ,may1 be=e !y produce fl[]s or leaves1 & collect+ !m 9 small bundles1 all[ !m to lie 9 ! %ade = two1 ?ree1 or f\r weeks1 until !y are some:at dry4 ,!n h wood5 mallets1 ) :i* y beat ^! ?orns ^u ano!r piece ( h>d wood1 until y peel (f ! b>k ev]y:]e1 put :i* imm$iately into a b>relful ( wat]4 ,:5 y h fill$ two1 or ?ree1 or f\r1 or five b>rels ) b>k & wat]1 all[ !m s to /& = eight days1 until ! wat]s imbibe all ! sap ( ! b>k4 ,aft]w>ds put ?is wat] into a v clean pan1 or into a cauldron1 & fire be+ plac$ "u x1 boil x2 f "t to "t1 also1 ?r[ into ! pan "s ( ?is b>k1 s t :atev] sap may rema9 9 x may be boil$ out4 ,:5 y h cook$ x a little1 ?r[ x out1 & aga9 put 9 m2 :i* done1 boil d[n ! rema9+ wat] unto a ?ird "p1 & !n p\r+ x out ( ?is pan1 put x into "o small]1 & cook x until x gr[s black & beg9s to ?ick52 add "o ?ird "p ( pure w9e1 & putt+ x into two or ?ree new pots1 cook x until y see a sort ( sk9 %[ itself on ! surface2 !n tak+ ^! pots f ! fire1 place !m 9 ! sun until ! black ink purifies itself f ! r$ dregs4 ,aft]w>ds take small bags ( p>*m5t c>efully sewn1 & bladd]s1 & p\r+ 9 ! pure ink1 susp5d !m 9 ! sun until all is q dry2 ,& :5 dry1 take f x z mu* z y wi%1 & temp] x ) w9e ov] ! fire1 &1 add+ a little vitriol1 write4 ,b1 if x %\ld happ5 ?r\gh neglig5ce t y\r ink be n black en\gh1 take a fragm5t ( ! ?ickness ( a f+] & putt+ x into ! fire1 all[ x to gl[1 & ?r[ x directly into ! ink4 ,aft] recit+ _m receipts :i* p]ta9 to o!r arts1 ?is good old monk concludes3 ,:5 y %all h re-read ?is (t51 & h committ$ x to y\r t5aci\s memory1 y %all ?us recomp5se me = ?is c>e ( in/ruction1 t1 z (t5 z y %all successfully h made use ( my "w1 y pray = me = ! pity ( omnipot5t ,god1 :o kn[s t ,i h writt5 ^! ?+s :i* are "h arrang$1 nei!r ?r\gh love ( human approbation1 nor ?r\gh desire ( temporal rew>d1 nor h ,i /ol5 any?+ preci\s or r>e ?r\gh envi\s jeal\sy1 nor h ,i kept back any?+ res]v$ = myself alone2 b1 9 augm5tation ( ! hon\r & glory ( ,8 "n1 ,i h consult$ ! progress & ha/5$ to aid ! necessities ( _m m54 ,! ?orn trees :i* ,!ophilus m5tions are ass]t$ by "s writ]s 7) :om ,i d n agree7 to be ^? commonly kn[n z ! ,norway spruce1 a species ( p9e ( l(ty proportions sometimes ris+ to ! height ( #aej feet ) a trunk f f\r to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,x lives to a great age believ$ to exce$ 9 _m in/ances #dej ye>s4 ,! leaves 7ne$les1 ?orns7 are %ort b /& ?ickly ^u ! bran*es & are ( a dusky gre5 color %9+ on ! upp] surface2 ! fruit is ne>ly cyl9drical 9 =m & ( a purple color cov]$ ) scales ragg$ at ! edges4 ,x is a native ( ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,x furni%es ! mat]ial kn[n z ,burgundy pit* :i* is obta9$ by remov+ ! juice :i* is secret$ 9 ! b>k ( ! tree2 x is purifi$ by a melt+ process & /ra9+ ei!r ?r\gh a clo? or a lay] ( /raw4 ,x gives =? a peculi> odor n unpleasant1 resembl+ turp5t9e4 ,! ,burgundy pit* or ros9 is soluble 9 hot alcohol 7spirits ( w9e74 ,an ink prep>$ aft] ! me?od laid d[n by ?is monk1 assum+ t he ref]r$ to ! spruce-p9e1 :ile tr\blesome to write )1 w\ld be almo/ z la/+ z ,indian ink & w\ld be mo/ difficult to erase f p>*m5t into :i* x w\ld be absorb$ due to its alcoholic qualities4 ,! ink1 rem>ks ,montfaucon1 :i* we see 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,greek manuscripts1 has evid5tly lo/ mu* ( its pri/9e blackness2 yet nei!r has x become altoge!r yell[ or fa9t1 b is r tawny or deep r$1 & (t5 n f> f a v]million4 ,:ile !re are "s monum5ts ( ?is k9d ( ink 9 fair condition ( ! f\r? & succe$+ c5turies1 !y aggregate b a v small proportion ( ! va/ numb] ( pr9cipally ,indian ink specim5s :i* rema9 to u ( ^? epo*s4 ,z exempl>s1 h[ev]1 ( a =gott5 class ( inks belong+ to a /ill m remote antiquity1 c>eful rese>* adduces c]ta9 pro( ( _! exi/5ce m ?an n9e hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era comm5c$4 ,ref]5ce has e>li] be5 made to ! anci5t ,myrobolam ink1 :i* 0 *>act]i/ically ! same 9 color ph5om5a z ^? :i* ,montfaucon m5tions4 ,^! tawny color$ inks ,i e/imate 7 products obta9$ f ! ?orn trees spok5 ( by ! monk ,!ophilus4 ,! ?orn trees 7 ( two species4 ,! pomegranate1 anci5tly call$ ! ,punic apple1 because x 0 l>gely employ$ by ! ,c>?ag5ians = ! purposes ( dye+ & tann+2 & ! acacia1 kn[n 9 ,egyptian times z ! lotus4 ,! =m] 0 held 9 su* high e/eem t ! ,arabians & ,egyptians made x an emblem to designate "o ( _! dieties & t]m$ x raman4 ,! products ( ^! ?orn1 trees 7 collectively us$ toge!r z ink1 mo/ ( ! tann9 be+ obta9$ f ! pomegranate1 & ! gum f ! acacia4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,m$iaeval ,,ink4 ,,ink ,,secretas ,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,c5tury ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,e>li] ,,ones--,,appe>ance ,,( ,,tanno-,,gallate ,,( ,,iron ,,ink ,,9 ,,! ,,twelf? ,,c5tury--,,its ,,introduction ,,locates ,,! ,,epo* ,,:5 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,ink ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,fir/ ,,came ,,into ,,vogue--,,its ,,approval ,,& ,,adoption ,,by ,,! ,,fa!rs ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*--,,! ,,inv5tion ,,n ,,italian ,,b ,,asiatic--,,its ,,arrival ,,f ,,asia ,,f ,,! ,,we/ ,,& ,,n ,,! ,,ea/--,,appe>ance ,,ab\t ,,! ,,same ,,"t ,,( ,,l95 ,,or ,,mod]n ,,pap]--,,settlem5t ,,( ,,old ,,controv]sies ,,ab\t ,,anci5t ,,s-,,call$ ,,cotton ,,pap]-,,de ,,v9ne',s ,,comm5t ,,ab\t ,,pap] ,,& ,,pap]-,,mak+--,,curi\s ,,contract ,,( ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,! ,secretas ( ! twelf? c5tury1 9 s f> z !y relate to me?ods ( mak+ ink1 indicate _m dep>tures f ^? conta9$ 9 ! m anci5t ones4 ,frequ5t m5tion is made ( s\r galls1 aleppo galls1 gre5 & blue vitriol1 ! lees ( w9e1 black amb]1 sug>1 fi%-glue & a ho/ ( unimportant mat]ials z be+ employ$ 9 ! admixture ( black inks4 ,comb9ations ( "s ( ^! mat]ials are express$ 9 =mulas1 ! mo/ important "o ( :i* details ) great p>ticul>ity ! comm+l+ toge!r ( an infusion ( nut-galls1 gre5 vitriol 7sulphate ( iron7 & fi%-glue 7is+lass72 ! two fir/ 7tanno-gallate ( iron7 :5 us$ alone1 =ms ! sole base ( all unadult]at$ gall inks4 ,dates are app5d$ to "s ( ^! ink & o!r =mulas4 ,! tanno-gallate ( iron "o has1 h[ev]1 no date4 ,b z x appe>s closely foll[+ a date ( ,a4 ,d4 #aabf1 x mu/ h be5 writt5 ab\t t "t4 ,docum5ts1 public & private1 be>+ dates ne>ly contempor>y ) t era1 writt5 9 ink ( l type1 are /ill extant1 confirm+ 9 a rem>kable degree ! ,secreta =mula1 & e/abli%+ ! fact t ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury m>ks ! epo* 9 :i* ! gall or mod]n ink ( today came into vogue4 ,its adoption by ! prie/s /amp$ x ) ! seal ( ! ,*ur* & ! arrival f ! ,we/ ab\t ! same p]iod ( flax or l95 pap] ) ! add$ fact t ^! assimilat$ s well toge!r1 lat] plac$ !m bo? on ! popul> basis :i* has cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,:ile ! ,secreta :i* conta9s ! gall ink =mula is ( ,italian orig91 ! inv5tion ( ?is ink belongs solely to an ,asiatic c\ntry1 f :5ce 9 gradual /ages by way ( ,arabia1 ,spa9 & ,france1 x f9ally rea*$ ,rome4 ,!nce1 ?r\gh ! ,*ur*1 in=mation ab\t x 0 convey$ to :]ev] civilization exi/$4 ,we are n conf9$ 9 our inve/igations ( anci5t ,,mss4 to any p>ticul> locality or date1 z ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies are prolific ( gall ink monum5ts cov]+ an imm5se t]ritory4 ,su* inks :5 us$ unadult]at$1 rema9 9 an almo/ pri/9e color condition2 :ile ! o!r inks to :i* "s pigm5t or color _h be5 add$1 probably to make !m m agreeable 9 appe>ance & m free-fl[+1 ) a mi/ak5 idea ( improv+ !m1 are mu* discolor$ & 9 e in/ance pres5t b slight indications ( _! orig9al condition4 ,! "q ( ! "* ( ! pap] employ$ dur+ ^! eras1 compos$ ( diff]5t k9ds ( fibr\s vegetable sub/ances1 possesses "s importance :5 discuss+ its relation%ip to inks4 ,_m au?ors c]tify to ! manufacture & use ( cotton 9 ! elev5?1 twelf? & lat] c5turies4 ,madan1 h[ev]1 9 treat+ ?is subject1 makes ! foll[+ comm5ts :i* are 9 l9e ) my own obs]vations3 ,pap] has = long be5 ! common sub/ance = miscellane\s purposes ( ord9>y writ+1 & has at all times be5 =m$ exclusively f rags 7*iefly ( l957 r$uc$ to pull71 p\r$ out on a frame 9 a ?9 wat]y %eet1 & gradually dri$ & giv5 consi/5ce by ! action ( heat4 ,x has be5 a popul> belief1 f\nd 9 e book till #ahhf 7n[ entirely disprov$1 b probably de/9$ to die h>d71 t ! common yell[i% ?ick pap]1 ) r\gh fibr\s edge1 f\nd especially 9 ,greek ,,mss4 till ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 pap] ( q ano!r sort1 & made ( cotton 7*>ta bombycna1 bombyx be+ usually silk1 b also us$ ( any f9e fibre su* z cotton74 ,! microscope has at la/ conclusively %[n t ^! two pap]s are simply two diff]5t k9ds ( ord9>y l95-rag pap]4 ,de ,v9ne speak+1 ( pap] & pap]-mak+ says3 ,! gradual developm5t ( pap]-mak+ 9 ,europe is b imp]fectly pres5t$ ?r\gh ^! fragm5t>y facts4 ,pap] may h be5 made = _m ye>s be=e x f\nd *ronicl]s :o ?\ght ! manufacture wor?y ( notice4 ,! ,spani% pap]-mills ( ,tol$o :i* 7 at "w 9 ! ye> #ajhe1 & an anci5t family ( pap]-mak]s :i* 0 honor$ ) m>k$ favor by ! k+ ( ,sicily 9 ! ye> #aajb1 are c>elessly m5tion$ by contempor>y writ]s z if pap]-mak+ 0 an old & e/abli%$ bus9ess4 ,x does n appe> t pap] 0 a novelty at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,! bulls ( ! popes ( ! eigh? & n9? c5turies 7 writt5 on cotton c>d or cotton pap]1 b no writ] call$ att5tion to ?is c>d1 or describ$ x z a new mat]ial4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ?is pap] 0 made 9 ,asia1 b x c\ld h be5 made 9 ,europe4 ,a pap]-l fabric1 made f ! b>ks ( trees1 0 us$ = writ+ by ! ,longob>ds 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & a co>se imitation ( ! ,egyptian papyrus1 9 ! =m ( a /rong br[n pap]1 _h be5 made by ! ,romans z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! art ( compact+ 9 a web ! mac]at$ fibres ( plants seems to h be5 kn[n & practis$ to "s ext5t 9 ,s\!rn ,europe long be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ,moori% pap]-mills4 ,! ,moors br\ght to ,spa9 & ,sicily n an entirely new inv5tion1 b an improv$ me?od ( mak+ pap]1 & :at 0 m important1 a culture & civilization t kept ?is me?od 9 con/ant ex]cise4 ,x 0 *iefly = ! lack ( ability & lack ( disposition to put pap] to prop] use t ! e>li] ,european k ( pap]- mak+ 0 s b>r5 ( results4 ,! art ( book- mak+ z x 0 !n practis$ 0 made subs]vi5t to ! _s ( luxury m ?an to ! desire = k4 ,vellum 0 reg>d$ by ! copyi/ z ! only sub/ance fit = writ+ on1 ev5 :5 x 0 s sc>ce t x c\ld be us$ only = ! mo/ exp5sive books4 ,! c>d-l cotton pap] once made by ! ,s>ac5s 0 c]ta9ly kn[n 9 ,europe = _m ye>s be=e its utility 0 recogniz$4 ,hallam says t ! use ( ?is cotton pap] 0 by no means g5]al or frequ5t1 except 9 ,spa9 or ,italy1 & p]haps 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 until ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,nor 0 x mu* us$ 9 ,italy = books4 ,pap] came be=e its "t & _h to wait = recognition4 ,x 0 sorely ne$$4 ,! ,egyptian manufacture ( papyrus1 :i* 0 9 a /ate ( decay 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ceas$ entirely 9 ! n9? or t5?4 ,n _m books 7 writt5 dur+ ?is p]iod1 b !re 0 !n1 & = at lea/ ?ree c5turies aft]w>ds1 an unsatisfi$ dem& = some?+ to write ^u4 ,p>*m5t 0 s sc>ce t reckless copyi/s frequ5tly resort$ to ! desp]ate exp$i5t ( effac+ ! writ+ on old & lightly e/eem$ manuscripts4 ,x 0 n a difficult task4 ,! writ+ ink !n us$ 0 usually made ( lamp-black1 gum & v9eg>2 x x _h b a feeble encau/ic prop]ty1 & x did n bite 9 or p5etrate ! p>*m5t4 ,! "w ( effac+ ?is ink 0 accompli%$ by moi/5+ ! p>*m5t ) a weak alkal9e solution & by rubb+ x ) pumice /one4 ,?is treatm5t did n entirely oblit]ate ! writ+1 b made x s indi/9ct t ! p>*m5t c\ld be writt5 ov] ! second "t4 ,manuscripts s treat$ are n[ kn[n z palimpse/s4 ,all ! l>ge ,european public libr>ies h copies ( palimpse/s1 :i* are melan*oly illu/rations ( ! lit]>y ta/es ( _m writ]s or bookmak]s dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,m conv9c+ly ?an by argum5t !y %[ ! utility ( pap]4 ,manuscripts ( ! ,gospels1 ( ! ,iliad1 & ( works ( ! highe/ m]it1 (t5 ( great beauty & accuracy1 are dimly se5 und]nea? /upid s]mons1 & !ological writ+s ( a nature s paltry t no man liv+ c>es to read !m4 ,9 ,"s in/ances ! fir/ writ+ has be5 s ?or\ghly scrubb$ out t its mean+ is irretrievably lo/4 ,mu* z pap] 0 ne$$1 x 0 n at all popul> ) copyi/s2 _! prejudice 0 n altoge!r unreasonable1 = x 0 ?ick1 co>se1 knotty1 & 9 e way unfitt$ = ! display or ornam5tal p5man%ip or illum9ation4 ,! *eap] quality1 !n kn[n z cotton pap]1 0 especially objectionable4 ,x seems to h be5 s badly made z to ne$ gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ( ,g]many1 9 ! ye> #abba1 =esee+ evils t might arise f bad pap]1 made a decree by :i* he made invalid all public docum5ts t %\ld be put on cotton pap]1 & ord]$ !m )9 two ye>s to be transcrib$ ^u p>*m5t4 ,pet] ,,ii1 ( ,spa91 9 ! ye> #acch1 publicly comm&$ ! pap]-mak]s ( ,val5cia & ,xativa to make _! pap] ( a bett] quality & equal to t ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,! bett] quality ( pap]1 n[ kn[n z l95 pap]1 _h ! m]its ( /r5g?1 flexibility1 & durability 9 a high degree1 b x 0 set aside by ! copyi/s because ! fabric 0 too ?ick & ! surface 0 too r\gh4 ,! art ( cal5d]+ or poli%+ pap]s until !y 7 ( a smoo?1 glossy surface1 :i* 0 !n practis$ by ! ,p]sians1 0 unkn[n to1 or at lea/ unpractis$ by1 ! e>ly ,european mak]s4 ,! *anges or fa%ion 9 ! selection ( writ+ pap]s are wor?y ( pass+ notice4 ,! r\gh h&-made pap]s s he>tily despis$ by ! copyi/s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury are n[ pref]r$ by neat p5m5 & skill$ draughtsm54 ,! imitations ( m$iaeval pap]1 ?ick1 h>%1 & d+y1 & %[+ ! m>ks ( ! wires ^u :i* ! fabric 0 c\*$1 are pref]r$ by m5 ( lett]s = books & = correspond5ce1 :ile highly poli%$ mod]n plate pap]s1 ) surfaces mu* m glossy ?an any prep>ation ( vellum1 are n[ reject$ by !m z f9ical & effem9ate4 ,!re is a popul> notion t ! s-call$ inv5tions ( pap] & xylographic pr9t+ 7 gladly welcom$ by m5 ( lett]s1 & t ! new fabric & ! new art 7 imm$iately press$ into s]vice4 ,! facts ab\t to be pres5t$ 9 succe$+ *apt]s w lead to a diff]5t conclusion4 ,we %all see t ! mak]s ( play+ c>ds & ( image pr9ts 7 ! m5 :o fir/ made ext5d$ use ( pr9t+1 & t self-taught & unpr(essional copyi/s 7 ! m5 :o gave enc\ragem5t to ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,! m lib]al use ( pap] at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury by ?is newly- creat$ class ( read]s & book-buy]s m>ks ! p]iod ( transition & ( m5tal & me*anical developm5t = :i* ! crude arts ( pap]- mak+ & ( black pr9t+ _h be5 wait+ = c5turies4 ,we %all also see t if pap] _h be5 ev] s *eap & common dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 x w\ld h work$ no *anges 9 education or lit]ature2 x c\ld n h be5 us$ by ! p1 = !y 7 too illit]ate2 x w\ld n h be5 us$ by ! pr(essional copyi/s1 = !y pref]r$ vellum & despis$ ! sub/itute4 ,! sc>city ( vellum 9 "o c5tury1 & its abundance 9 ano!r1 are indicat$ by ! size ( writt5 pap]s dur+ ! same p]iods4 ,be=e ! six? c5tury1 legal docum5ts 7 g5]ally writt5 ^u "o side only2 9 ! t5? c5tury ! practice ( writ+ ^u bo? sides ( ! vellum became common4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury valuable docum5ts 7 (t5 writt5 ^u /rips two in*es wide & b ?ree & a half in*es long4 ,at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ^! /rips w5t out ( fa%ion4 ,! m g5]al use ( pap] _h dim9i%$ ! dem& = vellum & increas$ ! supply4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 legal docum5ts on rolls ( sew$ vellum tw5ty feet 9 l5g? 7 n uncommon4 ,all ! valuable books ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 writt5 on vellum4 ,9 ! libr>y ( ! ,l\vre ! manuscripts on pap]1 comp>$ to ^? on vellum1 7 z "o to tw5ty-eight2 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy1 "o-fif? ( ! books 7 ( pap]4 ,! increase 9 ! proportion ( pap] books is a fair indication ( ! increas+ popul>ity ( pap]2 b x is obvi\s t vellum 0 ev5 !n consid]$ z ! m suitable sub/ance = a book ( value4 ,! curi\s contract belong+ to ! f\rte5? c5tury :i* foll[s1 is a lit]al copy ( ! orig9al4 ,x does n seem to specify :e!r ! book is to be made ( vellum or pap]4 ,9 o!r respects ! m9ute details no d\bt prev5t$ any misund]/&+ betwe5 ! contract+ p>ties4 ,augu/ #bf?1 #acdf--,!re appe>$ ,rob]t ,brekel+1 scribe1 & swore t he w\ld obs]ve ! contract made betwe5 him & ,sir ,john ,=b]1 viz41 t ! said ,rob]t w\ld write "o ,psalt] ) ! ,kal5d] = ! "w ( ! said ,sir ,john = #e s4 & #f d42 & 9 ! same ,psalt]1 9 ! same "*1 a ,placebo & a ,dirige1 ) a ,hymnal & ,collect>y1 = #d s4 & #c d4 ,& ! said ,rob]t w illum9ate 7'lum9abet'7 all ! ,psalms ) great gild$ lett]s laid 9 ) col\rs2 & all ! l>ge lett]s ( ! ,hymnal & ,collect>y w he illum9ate ) gold & v]million1 except ! great lett]s ( d\ble fea/s1 :i* %all be z ! l>ge gilt lett]s are 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,& all ! lett]s at ! comm5cem5t ( ! v]ses %all be illum9at$ ) good azure & v]million2 & all ! lett]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nocturns %all be great uncial 7unciales7 lett]s1 conta9+ ,v4 l9es1 b ! ,beatus ,vir & ,dixit ,dom9us %all conta9 ,,vi4 or ,,vii4 l9es2 & = ! a=esaid illum9ation & = col\rs he ,john w give #e s4 #f d41 & = gold he w give #ah d41 & #b s4 = a cloak & fur trimm+4 ,item "o robe--"o cov]let1 "o %eet1 & "o pill[4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,end ,,( ,,m$iaeval ,,ink4 ,,! ,,secretas ,,prec$e ,,al*emy ,,& ,,*emi/ry--,,ef=t ,,to ,,improve ,,gall ,,inks--,,v>iations ,,9 ,,ink ,,colors--,,! ,,use ,,( ,,r$ ,,ink ,,9 ,,! ,,n9? ,,& ,,t5? ,,c5turies--,,color ,,comp>isons ,,betwe5 ,,ink ,,writ+s ,,( ,,italy1 ,,g]many1 ,,france1 ,,engl& ,,& ,,spa9--,,h[ ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,mss4--,,practices ,,:i* ,,obta9$ ,,9 ,,mona/ic ,,libr>ies ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,c\ntries---,,k9ds ,,( ,,ink ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,liturgical ,,writ+s--,,! ,,public ,,scribes ,,& ,,_! ,,employm5ts--,,ef=ts ,,to ,,c\nt]feit ,,old ,,script ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,pr9t$ ,,books--,,:5 ,,!y ,,7 ,,ab&on$4 ,,x is well kn[n t al*emy prec$$ *emi/ry & h5ce ! ,secreta came fir/4 ,:5 ! =mula = mak+ a real gall ink _h ceas$ to be a secret1 *emi/ry 0 !n b little und]/ood4 ,x is n a matt] = wond]1 !re=e1 to le>n t gall ink ( ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury 0 l[ 9 grade & poor 9 quality4 ,x 0 a muddy fluid easily precipitat$ & x det]iorat$ quickly4 ,a c5tury or m ( exp]im5t+ 0 ne$$ to modify or ov]come defects1 z well z to ga9 in=mation ab\t ! *emical value ( ! diff]5t tann9s1 ! relative proportions ( ea* con/itu5t & ! correct me?ods 9 its admixture4 ,!re is no writt5 acc\nt ( ?is ink be+ manufactur$ z an indu/ry until ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,h5ce1 z x appe>s s frequ5tly ( v>y+ degrees ( color on docum5ts ( ! int]v5+ c5turies1 we are compell$ to assume t x 0 comp\nd$ by individuals :o _h nei!r *emical k1 nor :o _h made a /udy or a bus9ess ( ink-mak+4 ,not)/&+ :i*1 its progress seems to h be5 comp>atively rapid & l ! same ink ( ! pres5t day 0 to be obta9$ ( any quality or k9d1 :e!r unadult]at$ or conta9+ "s add$ color4 ,int5se black or a black t+$ ) r$-br[n *>act]izes ! color ( ! inks f\nd on ! v e>lie/ ,,mss4 ,_! la/+ color ph5om5a1 due to ! employm5t ( lampblack & k9dr$ sub/ances ev5 aft] a lapse ( s _m ages1 is at ?is late day ( no p>ticul> mom5t z !y b prove ! virtues ( ! diff]5t types ( ,indian inks4 ,a diff]5t set ( facts are evid5t 9 ! inks ( m$iaeval times :i* are f\nd to greatly v>y accord+ to _! ages & locality4 ,b few black inks ( ! n9? & t5? c5turies rema9 to u4 ,9 ! ,,mss4 ( ^? c5turies a r$ ink 0 ! prevail+ "o ev5 to ! ext5t ( entire volumes be+ writt5 ) x4 ,9 ,italy & _m o!r portions ( ,s\!rn ,europe specim5s n[ extant1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? belong+ to ,g]many & o!r m nor!rn c\ntries1 are se5 to be black] & ?is is also true :5 ^? ( ,france & ,engl& are comp>$1 ! black] inks belong+ to ,france4 ,) ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! s-call$ ,d>k ,ages1 ! ink f\nd on ,spani% writt5 ,,mss4 ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 are not$ly ( int5se blackness :ile ^? ( "s ( ! o!r c\ntries appe> ( a r fad$ gray color1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?is gray color effect prevail$ all ov] ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,to rev]t aga9 to ! ink ph5om5a ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies :i* are ( ,italian orig94 ,9 no section ( t c\ntry or ( ,europe dur+ ^? c5turies d ink creations possess1 9 s m>k$ a degree1 ! v>iety ( color qualities t are se5 on ^? ( ! city ( ,flor5ce4 ,inde$ x may be truly said t dur+ ^? p]iods m ink writt5 ,,mss4 7 produc$ 9 t place ?an all ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,^! productions ( ,,mss4 7 n conf9$ to simple ink writ+s4 ,! heads ( religi\s ord]s & rul]s ( ! c\ntry lik$ to h arti/s ne> !m to illum9ate _! missals & sacr$ books1 besides ! decorat+ ( walls 9 _! *ur*es & palaces4 ,?r\gh ?is art ( illum9at+ & ! pa9t+ ( m9iatures 9 ,,mss4 books1 oil pa9t+ took root & ! day = m]e symbols & hi]oglyphics 0 ov]4 ,9 t city ( s*ol>s & weal? x 0 a fa%ion & lat] ! cu/om to acquire ,greek1 ,lat9 & ,ori5tal ,,mss4 & copy !m = circulation & sale4 ,! prices (f]$ 7 suffici5t to /imulate ! se>* & zeal = !m4 ,we le>n t 9 ! ye> #adjj on ! squ>e ( ! ,duoma a spacciatore 0 e/abli%$ ^: bus9ess 0 to sell manuscripts (t5 full ( mi/akes & blund]s4 ,ni*olas ,v1 be=e he became ,pope1 0 nicknam$ ,tommaso ! ,copyi/4 ,he is said to h pres5t$ to ! ,vatican libr>y z a gift five ?\s& volumes ( 8 own creation4 ,! in=mation ( ^! increas+ dem&s = anci5t docum5ts ( any k9d spread ov] ,europe & portions ( ,asia1 br++ into ,flor5ce a great quantity ( !m1 z well z _m s*ol>s & copyi/s4 ,%iploads ( ! works ( ! ,byzant9e hi/orians arriv$ f ! ,gold5 ,horn1 & ! city became a va/ manufactory = duplicat+ or =g+ anci5t ,,mss4 ,p>*m5t & vellum 7 too co/ly to employ v mu*1 s mo/ ( !m 7 ( pap]4 ,vespaciano1 "o ( ! _m engag$ 9 ?is bus9ess & :o liv$ 9 #adfd1 f\nd x necess>y 9 ord] to r$uce ! co/ ( production1 to become a pap] m]*ant4 ,9 writ+ to a fri5d he says3 ,i engag$ =ty-five copyi/s & 9 tw5ty- two mon?s _h complet$ two hundr$ volumes1 :i* includ$ "s ,greek & ,lat9 z well z _m ,ori5tal writ+s4 ,! read+ & judg+ ( manuscripts are n[ kn[n z ! sci5ce ( diplomatics4 ,to det]m9e _! antiquity or g5u95ess requires ! nice/ di/9ctions & c>e1 irrespective ( alleg$ dates 7:e!r exhibit$ by ,roman numb]s or ! ,arabic "o :i* we cont9ue to employ1 & :i* fir/ made _! appe>ance ne> ! comm5cem5t ( ! twelf? c5tury74 ,! inks z already m5tion$ & us$ on !m1 z we %all see1 s]ve fully z mu* 9 e/imat+ au!nticity or g5u95ess z does comb9$ toge!r1--! /yle ( ! writ+1 ! m9iatures1 vignettes & arabesques 7if any71 ! colors1 cov]s1 mat]ials1 ornam5tation & ! "* ( _! cont5ts4 ,) ! re-e/abli%m5t ( le>n+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & ! creation ( alleg$ /able gov]nm5ts1 :o may p]haps h realiz$ ! necessity = an ink ( endur+ good comm]cial & record qualities1 s-call$ gall inks 7 *os5 z be/ possess+ !m1 & 7 made & employ$ ) v>y+ results ev5 m ?an ! anci5t ,indian inks4 ,m$iaeval practices 9 relation to ink & o!r writ+ mat]ials z well z ! mona/ic libr>ies ( :i* ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many & ,italy possess$ _m dur+ ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & m p>ticul>ly ! fifte5? c5turies1 7 gov]n$ by e/abli%$ rules4 ,! libr>ies ( su* in/itutions 7 plac$ by ! abbot "u ! sole *>ge ( ! arm>ian1 an (fic] :o 0 made responsible = ! pres]vation ( ! volumes "u 8 c>e2 be 0 expect$ frequ5tly to exam9e !m1 le/ damp or insects %\ld injure !m2 he 0 to cov] !m ) wood5 cov]s to pres]ve !m & c>efully to m5d & re/ore any damage :i* "t or accid5t might cause2 he 0 to make a note ( any book borr[$ f ! libr>y1 ) ! "n ( ! borr[]2 b ?is la/ rule appli$ only to ! less valuable portion ( x1 z ! great & preci\s books c\ld only be l5t by ! p]mission ( ! abbot himself4 ,x 0 also ! duty ( ! arm>ian to h all ! books 9 8 *>ge m>k$ ) _! correct titles1 & to keep a p]fect li/ ( ! :ole4 ,"s ( ^! catalogues are /ill 9 exi/5ce & are curi\s & int]e/+ 9 _! exemplification ( ! k9ds ( ink employ$ & z indicative ( ! /ate ( lit]ature 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 besides pres5t+ ! names ( _m au?ors ^: works h nev] rea*$ u4 ,x 0 also ! duty ( ! arm>ian1 "u ! ord]s ( 8 sup]ior1 to provide ! transcrib]s ( manuscripts ) ! writ+s :i* !y 7 to copy1 z well z all ! mat]ials necess>y = _! labors1 to make b>ga9s z to paym5t1 & to sup]9t5d ! "w dur+ _! progress4 ,^! transcrib]s1 ,mr4 ,maitl& 9 8 ,d>k ,ages tells u1 7 monks & _! cl]ks1 "s ( :om 7 s skill$ t !y c\ld p]=m all ! diff]5t bran*es4 ,!y 7 exhort$ by ! rules ( _! ord] to le>n writ+1 & to p]sev]e 9 ! "w ( copy+ manuscripts z be+ "o mo/ acceptable to ,god2 ^? :o c\ld n write 7 recomm5d$ to b9d books4 ,?is 0 9 l9e ) ! behe/ ( ! fam\s monk ,alciun :o liv$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury & :o entreat$ all to employ !mselves 9 copy+ books1 say+3 ,x is a mo/ m]itori\s "w1 m useful to ! heal? ?an work+ 9 ! fields1 :i* pr(its only a man's body1 :ile ! lab\r ( a copyi/ pr(its 8 s\l4 ,:5 black ink 0 us$ 9 liturgical writ+s1 ! title page & heads ( *apt]s 7 writt5 9 r$ ink2 :5ce comes ! t]m rubric4 ,gre51 purple1 blue & yell[ inks 7 sometimes us$ = words1 b *iefly = ornam5t+ capital lett]s4 ,a l>ge room 0 9 mo/ mona/]ies set ap>t = su* labors & "h ! g5]al transcrib]s pursu$ _! avocations2 9 addition1 small rooms or cells1 kn[n also z scriptoria1 occupi$ by su* monks z 7 consid]$1 f _! piety & le>n+1 to be entitl$ to ! indulg5ce1 & us$ by !m = _! private devotions1 z well z = ! purpose ( transcrib+ works = ! use ( ! *ur* or libr>y4 ,! scriptoria 7 frequ5tly enri*$ by donations & beque/s f ^? :o knew ! value ( ! works c>ri$ on 9 !m1 & l>ge e/ates 7 (t5 devot$ to _! support4 ,mean:ile along ! cloi/]'s pa9t$ side1 ,! monks--ea* b5d+ l[ ^u 8 book ,) head on h& recl9$--_! /udies pli$2 ,=bid to p>ley1 or 9 front to look1 ,l5g?ways _! regulat$ seats !y took3 ,! /rutt+ prior gaz$ ) pomp\s mi51 ,& wakeful tongue1 prep>$ ) prompt rebuke1 ,if monk asleep 9 %elt]+ hood 0 se52 ,he w>y (t5 peep$ b5ea? t russet scre54 ,h>d by1 aga9/ ! w9d['s adv]se light1 ,:]e desks 7 wont 9 l5g? ( r[ to /&1 ,! g[n$ artific]s incl9$ to write2 ,! p5 ( silv] gli/5$ 9 ! h& ,"s ( _! f+]s rhym+ ,lat9 scann$2 ,"s textile gold f halls unw9d+ drew1 ,& on /ra9$ velvet /ately portraits plann$2 ,"h arms1 !re faces %[n 9 embryo view1 ,at la/ to glitt]+ life ! total figures grew4 --,,fosbrooke4 ,! public scribes ( ^? days 7 employ$ mo/ly by secul> individuals1 al?\gh subject to be call$ ^u at any mom5t by ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*4 ,!y work$ 9 _! homes except :5 any valuable "w 0 to be copi$1 !n 9 t ( _! employ]1 :o bo>d$ & lodg$ !m dur+ ! "t ( _! engagem5t4 ,to diff]5tiate ! "* ( ! class ( pigm5ts or mat]ials !n employ$ 9 mak+ color$ inks1 f ^? ( ! m anci5t times is difficult2 because we n only f9d _m ( l "* b ( l>g] v>iety4 ,^! 7 us$ m = purposes ( illum9at+ & embelli%+ ?an = regul> writ+4 ,ev5 :5 pr9t+ _h be5 inv5t$ spaces 7 frequ5tly left1 bo? 9 ! block books & 9 ! e>lie/ movable type1 = ! illum9ation by h&1 ( initial lett]s s z to deceive pur*as]s into ! belief t ! pr9t$ type :i* 0 patt]n$ closely aft] ! =ms ( lett]s employ$ 9 ,,mss4 writ+s 0 ! real ?+4 ,! le>n$ soon discov]$ su* frauds & !reaft] ^! practices 7 ab&on$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,r5aissance ,,ink4 ,,ink ,,( ,,gray ,,color ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,& ,,its ,,causes--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,fa!rs ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,respect+ ,,ink ,,dur+ ,,! ,,d>k ,,ages--,,! ,,re=mation ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,affect$ ,,m$iaeval ,,mss4--,,rem>ks ,,( ,,bale ,,ab\t ,,_! ,,de/ruction-- ,,qua9t ,,ink ,,receipt ,,( #afjb--,,selection ,,f ,,! ,,twelf? ,,night ,,relat+ ,,to ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink--,,g5]al ,,conditions ,,:i* ,,obta9$ ,,until #afbf--,,! ,,fr5* ,,gov]nm5t ,,aw>ds ,,an ,,ink ,,contract ,,9 ,,t ,,ye>--,,o!r ,,gov]nm5ts ,,adopt ,,! ,,fr5* ,,=mula--,,inks ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,,almo/ ,,p]fect ,,9 ,,_! ,,color ,,ph5om5a-- ,,no ,,add$ ,,color ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,_! ,,manufacture4 ,,! gray color ( mo/ ( ! inks f\nd on docum5ts writt5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury is a notewor?y fact4 ,:5ce its cause is a matt] = consid]able speculation4 ,! majority ( ^! inks unque/ionably belong to ! gall class & if prep>$ aft] ! =mulas utiliz$ 9 prec$+ c5turies %\ld indicate l color ph5om5a4 ,z ^! same peculi>ities exi/ on bo? pap]1 vellum & p>*m5t1 x _c be attribut$ to _! use4 ,inve/igations 9 _m in/ances ( ! writ+s indicate ! ex]cise ( a m rapid p5 movem5t & a consequ5t employm5t ( inks ( great] fluidity ?an ^? ( an e>li] hi/ory4 ,su* fluidity c\ld only be obta9$ by a r$uction ( ! quantity ( gummy vehicles toge!r ) an increase ( ink acidity4 ,! acids :i* _h !ret(ore be5 m or less introduc$ into inks1 except oxalic acid1 c\ld n effect su* results4 ,consequ5tly1 z ! monum5ts ( ?is gray ink ph5om5a are to be f\nd belong+ to all ! portions ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ) a uni=mity t is c]ta9ly rem>kable1 x becomes a fair d$uction to assume t ! mak+ ( inks bad pass$ into ! h&s ( regul> manufactur]s :o adult]at$ !m ) add$ color4 ,we c well believe t ! influ5ces :i* ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* ex]t$ dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s kn[n z ! ,d>k ,ages1 9 respect to ink & k9dr$ subjects1 mu/ h be5 v great4 ,t !y endeavor$ to p]petuate = ! b5efit ( succe$+ g5]ations 9 book & o!r =ms1 ?is k9d ( in=mation1 :i* !y di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! _w we "k to be true4 ,mo/ ( ^! s\rces ( ink in=mation1 h[ev]1 gradually disappe>$ z con/itut+ a s]ies ( sad ev5ts 9 ! unhappy w> :i* foll[$ _! prep>ation4 ,! ,re=mation began 9 ,g]many 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ) x ! eighty ye>s ( cont9ual religi\s w>f>e :i* foll[$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! priceless ,,mss4 books ( in=mation1 hi/orical1 lit]>y & o!rwise1 conta9$ 9 ! mona/ic libr>ies outside ( ,italy 7 burnt4 ,we are told3 ,9 ,engl& cupidity & intol]ance de/roy$ recklessly4 ,?us1 aft] ! dissolution ( mona/ic e/abli%m5ts1 p]sons 7 appo9t$ to se>* out all missals1 books ( leg5ds1 & su* 'sup]/iti\s books' & to de/roy or sell !m = wa/e pap]2 res]v+ only _! b9d+s1 :51 z 0 frequ5tly ! case1 !y 7 ornam5t$ ) massive gold & silv]1 curi\sly *as$1 & (t5 fur!r enri*$ ) preci\s /ones2 & s indu/ri\sly _h ^! m5 done _! "w1 de/roy+ all books 9 :i* !y consid]$ popi% t5d5cies to be %[n by illum9ation1 ! use ( r$ lett]s1 or ( ! ,cross1 or ev5 by !--to !m --my/]i\s diagrams ( ma!matical problems-- t :51 "s ye>s lat]1 ,lel& 0 appo9t$ to exam9e ! mona/ic libr>ies1 ) a view to ! pres]vation ( :at 0 valuable 9 !m1 he f\nd t ^? :o _h prec$$ him _h left little to rew>d 8 se>*4 ,bale1 himself an advocate = ! dissolution ( mona/]ies1 says3 ,nev] _h we b5e (f5d$ = ! losse ( our lybr>yes beyng s _m 9 nombre & 9 s desolute places = ! mo/e p>te1 yf ! *ief monum5ts & mo/e notable workes ( our excell5t wryt]s _h b5e res]v$1 yf !re _h b5e 9 e %yre ( ,engl&e b "o solemyne lybr>y = ! pres]vacyon ( ^? noble workes1 & pref]rm5ts ( good le>nyuges 9 our po/]yte x _h b5e yet some:at4 ,b to de/roye all )\t consyd]acyon is & wyll be unto ,engl&e = ev] a mo/ horryble infamy amonge ! grave s5y\rs ( o!r natyons4 ,a grete nombre ( !m wy* pur*as$ ( ^? sup]/ycyose mansyons res]v$ ( ^? lybr>ye bokes1 "s to s]ve !yr jaks1 "s to sc\re !yr c&el/yckes1 & "s to rubb !yr bootes 4 "s !y solde to ! gross]s & sope sell]s1 & "s !y s5t ov] see to ! bokebynd]s1 n 9 small nombre1 b at tymes :ole %ippesful4 ,i kn[a m]*ant man1 :y*e %all at ?ys tyme be namelesse1 t b\ghte ! cont5t-1 ( two noble lybr>yes = xl %yllyngs pryce1 a %ame x is to be spok54 ,?ys /uffe ha! he occupy$ 9 ! /ide ( greve pap] = ! space ( m ?an ^! t5 ye>s1 & yet ha! /ore yn\gh = z _m ye>s to come4 ,a prodygu\s example is ?ys1 & to be abhorr$ ( all m5 :o love !yr n atyon z !y %\lde d4 ,pass+ to lat] epo*s1 ,a4 ,d4 #afjb1 ! foll[+ qua9t receipt proves int]e/+ z %[+ t ! gall inks 7 well kn[n at t "t3 ,to make common ,ink1 ( ,w9e take a qu>t1 ,two ounces ( ,gumme1 let t be a "p2 ,five ounces ( ,galls1 ( ,cop'res take ?ree1 ,long /&+ do? make x ! bett] to be2 ,if ,w9e ye d want1 ra9e wat] is be/1 ,& !n z mu* /uffe z above at ! lea/1 ,if ! ,ink be too ?ick1 put ,v9eg> 91 ,= wat] do? make ! col\r m dimme4 ,%akespe>e 9 8 ,twelf? ,night ,,iii1 #b1 has also ref]r$ to !m 9 ! foll[+ amus+ /ra93 ,g write x 9 a m>tial h&2 be cur/ & brief2 x is no matt] h[ witty1 s x be eloqu5t1 & full ( inv5tion2 taunt him ) ! lic5se ( ink2 if ?\ ?\'/ him ?rice1 x %all nor be amiss2 & z _m lies z w lie on a %eet ( pap]1 al?\gh ! %eet 7 big en\gh = ! b$ ( ,w>e 9 ,engl&1 set 'em d[n2 g1 ab\t x4 ,let !re be gall en\gh 9 ?y ink1 ?\gh ?\ write ) a goose p51 no matt]3 ab\t x4 ,! g5]al black ink conditions = a p]iod ( at lea/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 if we exclude ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h be5 b repetitions ( ea* o!r4 ,!y s rema9$ until ! ye> #afbf1 :5 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t conclud$ an arrangem5t ) a *emi/ by ! "n ( ,guyot1 = ! manufacture ( a gall ink ,,)\t add$ color & :i* !reby gu>ante$ & insur$ m sam5ess 9 respect to desirable ink qualities4 ,t gov]nm5t ) a few modifications relative to ! proportions ( +r$i5ts cont9u$ its employm5t1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ! contemporane\s writ]s4 ,o!r gov]nm5ts lat] p>tially adopt$ ! ,fr5* =mulas :ile "s ( !m gave ! matt] no att5tion1 al?\gh _! records & ^? ( ! cities or t[ns n only ( ,europe b e>ly ,am]ica1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada are f\nd 9 mo/ in/ances to h be5 writt5 ) an ink ( ?is "*4 ,:]e prior to #ahej1 inks conta9+ a diff]5t base 7) ! s+le exception ( indigo7 7 us$1 !y h ei!r disappe>$ or ne>ly s & x is n an infrequ5t occurr5ce among ^? :o are accu/om$ to exam9e old records to f9d t signatures or dates to valuable in/rum5ts1 pages ( writ+s & inde$ sometimes ! writ+s 9 an entire book are m or less oblit]at$4 ,! black inks ( a l>ge portion ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 on docum5ts ( e k9d1 are f\nd to be ne>ly p]fect z to color conditions1 :i* is evid5ce ( ! extreme c>e us$ 9 _! prep>ation & ! exclusion ( add$ color 9 ink manufacture4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,anci5t ,,ink ,,treatises4 ,,ink ,,treatises ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5?1 ,,sixte5? ,,& ,,sev5te5? ,,c5turies--,,john ,,bapti/a ,,porta ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,fir/--,,secret ,,inks---,,n]i1 ,,canep>ius1 ,,borel1 ,,m]ret1 ,,kunckel ,,& ,,o!r ,,au?ors ,,:o ,,ref] ,,to ,,ink ,,manufacture--,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,h&writ+ ,,illu/rat$ ,,9 ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,ov] ,a ,,hundr$ ,,calligraph]s ,,*ronologically ,,arrang$4 ,,! lit]ature ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies on ! subject ( black & color$ ink =mulas1 secret inks1 etc41 is bo? div]sifi$ & ( consid]able importance4 ,! foll[+ au?ors & citations are deem$ ! mo/ notewor?y3 ,john ,bapti/a ,porta1 ( ,naples1 born ,a4 ,d4 #adde & di$ ,a4 ,d4 #aeae1 is be/ kn[n z ! inv5tor ( ! cam]a obscuro2 0 also ! au?or ( _m ,,mss4 books compil$2 he says1 ,z ! results ( discussions ( long ye>s held at my own h\se :i* is kn[n z de ,secreti1 & into :i* none c ent] unless he claim to be an inv5tor ( new discov]ies4 ,two ( ^! treatises :i* 7 extant 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 dat$ respectively #adha & #adhc1 dwell at great l5g? on ,,secret inks & specifically m5tion z translat$ into ! ,engli% ( ! "t s[re galls 9 :ite w9e1 & vitriol2 repeat+ ,italian =mulas p]ta9+ to ! ,secreta ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,ab\t secret ink he tells u3 ,!re are _m & almo/ inf9ite ways to write ?+s ( necessity1 t ! ,*>act]s %all n be se51 unless y dip !m into wat]s1 or put !m ne> ! fire1 or rub !m ) du/1 or sme] !m ov]4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,let ,vitriol soak 9 ,boyl+ wat]3 :5 x is dissolv$1 /ra9 x s long till ! wat] gr[ cle>3 ) t liquor write ^u pap]3 :5 !y are dry !y are n se54 ,moreov]1 gr9de burnt /raw & ,v9eg>3 & :at y w write 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! =m] l9es1 describe at l>ge4 ,!n boyl s[re ,galls 9 :ite ,w9e1 wet a spunge 9 ! liquor3 & :5 y h ne$1 wipe x ^u ! pap] g5tly1 & wet ! lett]s s long until ! native black col\r disappe>1 b ! =m] col\r1 t 0 n se51 w be made app>5t4 ,n[ ,i w %[ 9 :at liquors pap] mu/ be soak$ to make lett]s to be se54 ,z ,i said1 ,dissolve ,vitriol 9 wat]3 !n p[d] ,galls f9ely1 & soak !m 9 wat]3 let !m /ay !re tw5ty-f\r h\rs3 filtre !m ?r\gh a l95 clo?1 or some?+ else1 t may make ! wat] cle>1 & make lett]s ^u ! pap] t y desire to h conceal$3 s5d x to y\r ,fri5d abs5t3 :5 y w\ld h !m appe>1 dip !m 9 ! fir/ liquor1 & ! lett]s w pres5tly be se54 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,if y write ) ! juice ( ,citrons1 ,oranges1 ,onyons1 or almo/ any %>p ?+s1 if y make x hot at ! fire1 _! acrimony is pres5tly discov]$3 = !y are undige/$ juices1 :]eas !y are detect$ by ! heat ( ! fire1 & !n !y %[ =? ^? col\rs t !y w\ld %[ if !y 7 ripe4 ,if y write ) a s[re ,grape t w\ld be black1 or ) ,c]vices2 :5 y hold !m to ! fire !y are concoct$1 & w give ! same col\r !y w\ld 9 due "t give ^u ! tree1 :5 !y 7 ripe4 ,juice ( ,*]ries1 add$ to ,calamus1 w make a gre53 to s[- bread a r$3 s div]s juices ( ,fruits w %[ div]s col\rs by ! fire4 ,by ^! means ,maids s5d+ & receiv+ love-lett]s1 escape f ^? t h *>ge ( !m4 ,!re is also a k9d ( ,salt call$ ,ammoniac3 ?is p[d]$ & m+l$ ) wat]1 w write :ite lett]s1 & c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ! pap]1 b hold !m to ! fire1 & !y w %ew black4 ,) respect to ! prep>ation ( black & color$ inks & also colors3 ,antonio ,n]i1 an ,italian au?or & *emi/ :o liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 8 treatise seems n only to h laid ! f\ndation = mo/ ( ! receipts call$ att5tion to by lat] writ]s dur+ ! two hundr$ ye>s :i* foll[$1 b to h be5 ! v fir/ to specify a prop] gall ink & its =mula1 z ! mo/ wor?y ( notice4 ,pietro ,canep>ius1 a physician & writ] ( ,v5ice1 ,a4 ,d4 #afab1 9 8 "w ,de ,atrametis1 gives a m ext5sive view ab\t ! prep>ation & composition ( inks & adopts all t ,n]i _h giv51 ?\gh he nev] quotes 8 "n1 & adds--hi!rto publi%$ by no "o4 ,he does h[ev] m5tion _m valuable p>ticul>s :i* 7 omitt$ by ,n]i4 ,mo/ ( 8 receipts are ab\t gold1 silv] & nondescript inks1 ) directions = mak+ a great v>iety = secret writ+ & defac+4 ,?is book revis$ & enl>g$ 0 republi%$ 9 ,london1 #affj4 ,9 #afec ,pet] ,borel1 :o 0 physician to ,l\is ,,xiv1 ,k+1 ( ,france publi%$ 8 ,biblio!ca ,*emica1 :i* conta9s a l>ge numb] ( ink receipts1 two ( :i* may be *>act]iz$ z iron & gall ones4 ,!y possess value on acc\nt ( ! relative proportions indicat$ betwe5 ! two *emicals4 ,! color$ ones1 includ+ gold1 silv] & sympa!tic inks are mo/ly repetitions ( ^? ( ,n]i & ,canep>ius4 ,! ,fr5* writ]s1 ?\gh1 speak ( 8 rese>*es 9 *emi/ry z some:at cr$ul\s4 ,*ri/oph] ,m]ret1 an ,engli% physician & naturali/1 born ,a4 ,d4 #afad1 translat$ ,n]i into our language 9 #afed1 ) _m notes ( 8 own ab\t him2 8 obs]vations h add$ no?+ ( value to ! *emi/ry ( inks4 ,johann ,kunckel1 a not$ ,g]man *emi/ & writ] 9 #afeg1 republi%$ 9 ! ,g]man language ,n]i's "w ) ,m]ret's notes1 & 8 own obs]vations on bo?4 ,he also ins]t$ _m o!r processes z ! result ( consid]able rese>* & seems to h be5 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! *emi/ry ( inks1 advocat+ especially ! value & employm5t ( a tanno-gallate ( iron ink = record purposes4 ,salmon1 ,a4 ,d4 #affe1 9 8 ,polygraphics1 proce$s to give in/ructions relative to inks :i* not)/&+ _! m]it are conf\nd$ ) s _m absurdities z to less5 _! value = ^? :o 7 unable to sep>ate tru? f falsehood2 b he nev]!less dwells on ! virtues ( ! gall inks4 ,jacques ,lemort1 a ,dut* *emi/ ( "s note1 issu$ a treatise1 ,a4 ,d4 #affi1 on ,ink ,=mulas & ,colors1 seem+ly select$ f ! books ( ^? :o _h prec$$ him4 ,he expresses ! op9ion t ! gall inks if prop]ly comp\nd$ w\ld give b5eficial results4 ,=mulas = mak+ inks are f\nd tuck$ away 9 "s ( ! v old lit]ature treat+ ( curi\s ?+s4 ,"o ( !m :i* appe>$ 9 #affi directs3 to /ra9 out ! be/ quality ( iron employ old & ru/y nails2 ano!r "o says1 t ! ink :5 made is to rema9 9 an op5 vessel = ?irty days & ?irty nights1 be=e putt+ x 9 a p>*m5t bag4 ,an ,engli% comp5dium ( ink =mulas1 publi%$ 9 #afic1 calls att5tion to _m =mulas = black inks z well z gold1 silv]1 & ! color$ ones2 no comm5t1 h[ev]1 is made 9 respect to any p>ticul> "o be+ bett] ?an ano!r z to p]man5cy1 & ^! conditions w\ld seem to h cont9u$ = ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 ?\gh ! art ( h&writ+ 0 mak+ giant /rides4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t not)/&+ ! num]\s devotees to t art :i* includ$ _m ( ! g5tl] sex1 reproductions ( ^: skill 9 ,indian ink are to be f\nd engrav$ 9 magnific5t publications1 bo? 9 book & o!r =ms1 !re is no m5tion 9 !m or 9 any o!rs includ$ )9 ?is p]iod ab\t ! necessity ( us+ any o!r ,,durable ink = record or comm]cial purposes4 ,z indicative 9 "s degree ( ! progress ( ! art ( h&writ+ & h&writ+ mat]ials1 comm5c+ ,a4 ,d4 #aebe & end+ ,a4 ,d4 #ahad1 ,i pres5t h]e) a compilation ( ! names ( ov] "o hundr$ ( ! be/ kn[n calligraph]s & au?ors ( ! _w1 & n to be f\nd z a :ole 9 any public or private libr>y4 ,x is arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]4 #aebe4 ,! fir/ ,engli% essay on ! subject ( ,curi\s ,calligraphy 0 by a woman :o f all acc\nts possess$ mo/ rem>kable facility 9 ! use ( ! p5 z well z a k ( languages4 ,h] "n 0 ,elizabe? ,luc>2 z %e 0 born 9 ,london 9 #aeaj & di$ #aecg1 h] "w mu/ h be5 accompli%$ :5 only fifte5 ye>s ( age4 #aedj4 ,rog] ,as*am1 be/ kn[n z ! tutor ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 #aegj4 ,pet] ,bales1 au?or ( _m works1 ,! ,writ+ ,s*oolma/]1 :i* he publi%$ 9 ?ree p>ts1 be+ ! be/ kn[n4 ,he 0 also a microscopic writ]4 ,8 rooms 7 at ! sign ( ,! ,h& & ,gold5 ,p51 ,london4 #aega4 ,john de ,beau*esne1 tea*] ( ! ,pr9cess ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,k+ ,james ,i4 ,au?or ( _m copy books4 #aehh4 ,john ,mellis1 ,m]*ants ,acc\nts1 etc4 #afjj4 ,elizabe? ,jane ,we/on1 ( ,london & ,prague1 wrote _m poems 9 old ,lat94 #afjj4 ,he/] ,+lis1 ,! ,psalms ( ,david4 #afja4 ,john ,davies1 ,! ,writ+ ,s*oolma/]1 or ,anatomy ( ,fair ,writ+4 #afaf4 ,ri*>d ,ge?+1 ,! ,h& & ,p52 #afde1 ,*irographia & _m o!rs4 #afah4 ,m>t9 ,bill+sley1 ,! ,writ+ ,s*oolma/]1 or ! ,anatomie ( ,fair ,writ+4 ,?is au?or 0 writ+ ma/] to ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 #afbb4 ,david ,br[n1 :o 0 scribe to ,k+ ,james ,i4 ,calligraphia4 #afbb4 ,william ,comley1 ,copy-,book ( all ! mo/ usual ,engli% ,h&s1 etc4 #afdf4 ,josiah ,ricrafte1 ,! ,peculi> ,"* ( ! ,ori5tal ,languages4 #afej4 ,l\is ,hughes1 ,pla9 & ,easy ,directions to ,fair ,writ+4 #afej4 ,john ,johnson1 ,! ,usual ,practices ( ,fair & ,spe$y ,writ+4 #afea4 ,john ,cli!rs1 ,! ,p5s ,p>adise1 d$icat$ to ,pr9ce ,*>les4 #afeb4 ,james ,seam]1 ,a ,comp5dium ( ,all ! ,usual ,h&s ,writt5 9 ,engl&4 #afeg4 ,edw>d ,cock]1 p5man & engrav]1 fam\s 9 8 "t = ! numb] & v>iety ( 8 productions4 ,au?or ( ,! ,p5's ,triumph1 ,! ,arti/'s ,glory1 ,engl&'s ,p5man1 & _m m4 #afei4 ,james ,hodd]1 ,! ,p5man's ,recreation1 etc4 #affj4 ,john ,fi%]1 ,! ,p5's ,treasury4 #affc4 ,ri*>d ,daniel1 ,a ,comp5dium ( _m h&s ( ,v>i\s ,c\ntries4 #affi4 ,pet] ,/ory or ,/5t1 ,fair ,writ+ ( ,sev]al ,h&s 9 ,use4 #afgh4 ,william ,rav51 ,an ,exact ,copy ( ! ,c\rt ,h&4 #afhj4 ,pet] ,iv]s1 fam\s = 8 engross+ & draw+s4 #afhj4 ,?omas ,watson1 ,copy-,book ( ,alphabets4 #afha4 ,john ,p>die1 ,an ,essay on ! ,g]man ,text & ,old ,pr9t ,alphabets4 #afha4 ,?omas ,we/on1 ,ancilla ,calligraphiae4 #afha4 ,pet] ,g]y1 ,copy book ( all ! ,h&s 9 use1 ,p]=m$ accord+ to ! ,natural ,fre5ess ( ! ,p54 #afha4 ,william ,eld]1 ,copy-book ( ! mo/ useful & necess>y ,h&s n[ us$ 9 ,engl&4 #afhc4 ,john ,ay]s1 ,tutor to ,p5man%ip1 & _m o!rs4 #afhd4 ,caleb ,williams1 ,nuncius ,oris1 writt5 & engrav$ by himself4 #afic4 ,*>les ,snell1 ,! ,p5man's ,treasury ,op5$2 #agab1 ,art ( ,writ+ 9 ,!ory & ,practice2 #agad1 ,/&>d ,rules1 etc4 #afie4 ,ri*>d ,alle9e1 writ+ ma/]4 #afie4 ,eleaz] ,wig91 ,! ,h& & ,p54 #afie4 ,john ,s$d51 ,! ,p5man's ,p>adise4 #afif4 ,john ,eade1 writ+ ma/]4 #afii4 ,joseph ,alle9e1 publi%$ sev]al books ab\t writ+ & acc\nts4 #afii4 ,rob]t ,m1 ,! ,writ+ ,ma/]s ,assi/ant4 #agbe4 ,! ,g5]al ,p5man4 #agjj4 ,john ,beckham1 fa!r ( ! celebrat$ ,george ,beckham1 wrote & engrav$ sev]al pieces = ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agjj4 ,edw>d ,smi?1 ,! ,my/]ies ( ! ,p5 9 fifte5 ,h&s1 ,unfold$1 etc4 #agjj4 ,h5ry ,legg1 ,writ+ & ,ari?metic4 #agjb4 ,william ,banson1 ,! ,m]*ants ,p5man4 #agjc4 ,john ,dundas1 microscopic writ]4 #agje4 ,george ,%elley1 ,! ,p5mans ,magaz9e4 ,9 #agcj he wrote sev]al pages = ,bickman's ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agjh4 ,john ,cl>k1 ,! ,p5mans ,div]sion4 #agji4 ,james ,heacock1 writ+ ma/]4 #agji4 ,george ,%elley1 ,natural writ+ 9 all h&s4 #agaa4 ,george ,bickham1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( writ]s ( 8 "t1 born #afhd1 di$ #ageh1 au?or ( ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 ,he publi%$ _m works4 #agaa1 ,! ,briti% ,p5man2 #agca1 ,p5man%ip 9 its utmo/ ,beauty & ,ext5t & ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man are ! be/ kn[n4 #agji4 ,john ,rayn]1 ,paul's ,s*ol>s ,copy-,book4 #agaa4 ,humphrey ,johnson1 ,y\?'s ,recreation3 a ,copy-,book ( ,writ+ done by ,comm& ( ,h&4 #agab4 ,william ,web/]1 writ+ & ma!matics4 #agcj1 wrote sev]al pages = ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agac4 ,?omas ,ollyffe1 ,! ,h& & ,p54 #agad1 ,! ,practical ,p5man4 #agag4 ,william ,brooks1 ,delightful ,recreation = ! ,indu/ri\s4 ,contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agag4 ,abraham ,ni*olas1 ,v>i\s ,examples ( ,p5man%ip4 #agbb1 ,! ,compleat ,writ+ ,ma/]4 ,wrote also = ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agai4 ,ralph ,sn[1 ,y\?s ,introduction to ,h&writ+4 #agbj4 ,william ,ri*>ds1 ,! ,complete ,p5man4 #agbc4 ,john ,j>man1 ,a ,sy/em ( ,c\rt ,h&s4 #agbd4 ,h5ry ,lune1 ,r\nd ,h& ,complete4 #agbe4 ,john ,%ortl&1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agbe4 ,edw>d ,dawson1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agbf4 ,moses ,gratwick1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agbg4 ,john ,langton1 ,! ,itali5 ,h&4 #agbh4 ,john ,day1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agbi4 ,gabriel ,brooks1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to1 ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agcj4 ,william ,keppax1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agcj4 ,john ,bl&1 ,essay 9 ,writ+4 ,also contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agcj4 ,solomon ,cook1 ,! ,modi% ,r\nd ,h&4 #agcj4 ,william ,leckey1 ,a ,disc\rse on ! ,use ( ! ,p54 ,contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agcj4 ,pet] ,norman1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agcj4 ,well+ton ,cl>k1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agcj4 ,za*>y ,*amb]s1 ,vive la ,plume4 ,contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agcc4 ,bright ,:ilton1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agcd4 ,timo?y ,treadway1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agch4 ,george ,j4 ,bickham1 writ+ ma/]2 also wrote = ,bickham's ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agci4 ,emanuel ,au/91 writ+ ma/]2 he wrote #bb pages 9 ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agci4 ,samuel ,vaux1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agdj4 ,j]emiah ,&rews1 writ+ ma/] & tutor to ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 #agdj4 ,na?aniel ,dove1 ,! ,progress ( ,"t1 & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agda4 ,john ,bl&e1 ,essay 9 ,writ+2 #agcj1 contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agda4 ,ri*>d ,morris1 writ+ ma/] & contributor to ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agdg4 ,m>y ,johns1 microscopic writ] & au?or4 #agdi4 ,*>les ,woodham1 ,a ,specim5 ( ,writ+1 9 ! mo/ ,useful ,h&s n[ ,practis$ 9 ,engl&4 #agej4 ,john ,oldfield1 ,hone/y4 ,he wrote "o piece 9 ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man4 #agej4 ,joseph ,*ampion1 ,! ,p>allel or ,comp>ative ,p5man%ip4 #agfb1 ,! ,liv+ ,h&s4 #agea4 ,edw>d ,lloyd1 ,"y ,m]*ants ,assi/ant4 #ageh4 ,ri*>d ,cl>k1 ,practical & ,ornam5tal ,p5man%ip4 #agfj4 ,b5jam9 ,webb1 writ] ( copy books1 etc4 #agfb4 ,william ,*9n]y1 ,! ,comp5di\s ,emblemati/4 #agfc4 ,william ,massey1 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,lett]s1 conta9+ valuable in=mation ab\t ! art4 #agfi4 ,john ,g>dn]1 ,introduction to ! ,c\nt+ ,h\se4 #aghj4 ,edw>d ,p[ell1 writ+ ma/] & design]4 #aghd4 ,e4 ,butt]wor?1 ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man 9 two p>ts1 publi%$ 9 ,ed9burgh4 #agie4 ,william ,milns1 ,! ,p5man's ,repository4 #agii4 ,william ,g4 ,:eatcr(t1 ,! ,mod]n ,p5man4 #ahad4 ,john ,c>/airs1 ,ta*ygraphy1 or ! ,fly+ ,p54 #b4 ,writ+ made easy1 etc4 ,illu/rat$ works on ! subject ( p5man%ip ( contemporane\s times & n ( ,engli% orig9 are b few4 ,! be/ kn[n are3 #aedc4 ,luduvico ,vic5t9o1 ,a ,copy book publi%$ 9 ,rome1 seems to h be5 ! fir/4 #aegj4 ,il p]fetto ,scrittore 7,! ,p]fect ,writ]7 by ,francesco ,cresci1 publi%$ 9 ,rome4 #afje4 ,spieghel d] ,s*rijkfkon/e 7or ,mirror ( ,p5man%ip7 writt5 by ,van d5 ,velde1 publi%$ 9 ,am/]dam4 #afab4 ,writ+ & ,ink ,recipes1 by ,pet] ,canip>ius1 ,v5ice & ,london4 #agjj4 ,d] ,getreue ,s*reibemei/] 7or ,true ,writ+ ,ma/]71 by ,johann ,fri$r ,vicum1 publi%$ 9 ,dresd54 ,f #afjb to #agji _m ,indian ink specim5s 7 extant & are /ill ( ! diff]5t s*ools ( p5man%ip4 ,! productions ( ,phrysius1 ,mat]ot & ,b>b$or illu/rat+ ! ,fr5* /yle1 ,vignon1 ,sell]y & o!rs1 = ! ,italian h&1 & ,ov]bique & ,smy!rs = ! ,g]man text1 & ,ambrosius ,p]l5gh & ,hugo1 ) a few m1 complete ! li/4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,ink4 ,,lack ,,( ,,int]e/ ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,ink ,,dur+ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury--,,! ,,conditions ,,:i* ,,!n ,,prevail$ ,,ne>ly ,,! ,,same ,,z ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t--,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,ink ,,n ,,und]/ood-- ,,?is ,,lack ,,( ,,in=mation ,,n ,,conf9$ ,,to ,,any ,,p>ticul> ,,c\ntry--,,lewis1 ,,9 #agfe1 ,,beg9s ,a ,,sci5tific ,,inve/igation ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,inks --,,! ,,results ,,& ,,8 ,,conclusions ,,publi%$ ,,9 #agig--,,! ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,engl& ,,9 #aghg ,,receives ,,compla9ts ,,ab\t ,,! ,,inf]iority ,,( ,,inks --,,its ,,secret>y ,,reads ,a ,,pap] ,,! ,,same ,,ye>--,,! ,,pap] ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,full--,,dr4 ,,bo/ock ,,9 #ahcj ,,communicates ,,to ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,arts ,,:at ,,he ,,e/imates ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,imp]fections ,,9 ,,ink-- ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces-- ,,complications ,,surr\nd+ ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,ink ,,only ,,?irty-,,five ,,ye>s ,,ago4 ,,! increas+ dem&s = ink1 & ! lack ( int]e/ z to its composition dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 if view$ 9 ! same lights :i* prevail 9 our own times1 p]mitt$ ! g5]al manufacture ( *eap grades ( ink :i* possess$ no v la/+ qualities4 ,! *emi/ry ( ,inks 0 n fully und]/ood1 inde$ we f9d ,pr(ess] ,turn] ( ! ,college ( ,ed9burgh decl>+ 9 #ahbg3 ,gallic acid 0 discov]$ by ,s*eele 9 #aghf1 & exi/s ready =m$ 9 ! b>k ( _m trees1 & 9 gall-nuts4 ,x is always associat$ ) tann91 a sub/ance to :i* x is alli$ 9 a mann] hi!rto unexpla9$4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f tann9 by caus+ no precipitate 9 a solution ( gelat9e4 ,) a salt ( iron x =ms a d>k blue col\r$ comp\nd1 :i* is ! basis ( ink4 ,! f9e/ col\r is procur$ :5 ! p]oxide & protoxide ( iron are mix$ toge!r4 ,?is "* di/+ui%es gallic acid f e o!r sub/ance except+ tann94 ,! g5]al lack ( in=mation or k respect+ ink *emi/ry or its "t-ph5om5a 0 n conf9$ to any p>ticul> c\ntry1 & x does n appe> t any g5]al or specific att5tion 0 sci5tifically direct$ to x until #agfe1 :5 ,william ,lewis1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 an ,engli% *emi/1 publicly ann\nc$ t he propos$ to inve/igate ! subject4 ,8 exp]im5tations cov]$ a p]iod ( _m ye>s & _! results & 8 !ories z to ! ph5om5a ( inks 7 publi%$ 9 #agig4 ,! mo/ valuable ( 8 conclusions 7 t an excess ( iron salt 9 ! ink is detrim5tal to color p]man5ce 7su* ink becom+ br[n on exposure7 & also t acetic acid 9 ! m5/ruum provides an ink ( great] body & blackness ?an sulphuric acid does 7a circum/ance due to ! small] resi/ance ( acetic acid to ! =mation ( iron gallo-tannate74 ,_m ( 8 o!r obs]vations 7 lat] %[n to h be5 errone\s4 ,dr4 ,lewis 0 ! fir/ to advocate log- wood z a t9ctorial ag5t 9 connection ) iron & gall compositions4 ,ribauc\rt1 a ,fr5* ink mak]1 9 #agih det]m9$ t an excess ( galls is q z injuri\s to ! p]man5ce ( ink z an excess ( iron4 ,p5d+ ! completion ( ! rese>*es ( ,lewis1 ! ,royal ,society ( ,engl&1 affect$ by compla9ts f all qu>t]s relative to ! inf]iority ( inks z comp>$ ) ^? ( e>li] times1 br\ght ! subject to ! att5tion ( _m ( its memb]s = discussion & advice4 ,its secret>y1 ,*>les ,blagd51 ,m4 ,d41 read a pap] be=e ! society1 ,june #bh1 #aghg1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions & widely circulat$4 ,x is s int]e/+ t copi\s extracts are giv53 ,9 a conv]sation "s "t ago ) my fri5d ,?omas ,a/le1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 & ,a4 ,s41 relative to ! legibility ( anci5t ,,mss4 a "q arose1 :e!r ! inks 9 use eight or t5 c5turies ago1 :i* are (t5 f\nd to h pres]v$ _! col\r rem>kably well1 7 made ( diff]5t mat]ials f ^? employ$ 9 lat] times1 ( :i* _m are already become s pale z sc>cely to be read4 ,) a view to ! decision ( ?is "q1 ,mr4 ,a/le oblig+ly furni%$ me ) sev]al ,,mss41 on p>*m5t & vellum1 f ! n9? to ! fifte5? c5turies inclusively1 "s ( :i* 7 /ill black1 & o!rs ( diff]5t %ades ( col\r1 f a deep yell[i% br[n to a v pale yell[1 9 "s p>ts s fa9t z to be sc>cely visible4 ,on all ( ^! ,i made exp]im5ts ) ! *emical re-ag5ts :i* appe>$ to me be/ adapt$ to ! purpose1 namely1 alkalis bo? simple & phlogi/icat$1 ! m9]al acids1 & infusions ( galls4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s & sup]flu\s to ent] into a detail ( ! p>ticul> exp]im5ts1 z all ( !m1 "o in/ance only except$1 agre$ 9 ! g5]al result1 to %ew t ! ink employ$ anci5tly1 z f> z ! above-m5tion$ ,,mss4 ext5d$1 0 ( ! same nature z ! pres5t2 = ! lett]s turn$ ( a r$di% or yell[ br[n ) alkalis1 became pale1 & 7 at l5g? oblit]at$1 ) ! dilute m9]al acids1 & ! drop ( acid liquor :i* _h extract$ a lett]1 *ang$ to a deep blue or gre5 on ! addition ( a drop ( phlogi/icat$ alkali2 moreov]1 ! lett]s acquir$ a deep] t+e ) ! infusion ( galls1 9 "s cases m1 9 o!rs less4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t "o ( ! +r$i5ts 0 iron1 :i* !re is no reason to d\bt 0 jo9$ ) ! vitriolic acid2 & ! col\r ( ! m p]fect ,,mss4 :i* 9 "s 0 deep black1 & 9 o!rs purpli% black1 toge!r ) ! re/itution ( t col\r1 9 ^? :i* _h lo/ x1 by ! infusion ( galls1 suffici5tly prov$ t ano!r ( ! +r$i5ts 0 a /r+5t matt]1 :i* f hi/ory appe>s to be t ( galls4 ,no trace ( a black pigm5t ( any sort 0 discov]$1 ! drop ( acid :i* _h completely extract$ a lett]1 appe>+ ( an uni=m pale f]rug9e\s color1 )\t an atom ( black p[d]1 or o!r extrane\s matt]1 float+ 9 x4 ,z to ! durability ( ! m anci5t inks1 x seem$1 f :at occurr$ to me 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 to dep5d v mu* on a bett] prep>ation ( ! mat]ial ^u :i* ! writ+ 0 made1 namely1 ! p>*m5t or vellum2 ! blacke/ lett]s be+ ^? :i* _h sunk into x deepe/4 ,"s degree ( eff]vesc5ce 0 commonly to be p]ceiv$ :5 ! acids came into contact ) ! surface ( ^! old vellums4 ,i 0 l$1 h[ev]1 to suspect1 t ! m mod]n2 = 9 g5]al ! t+e ( col\r1 produc$ by ! phlogi/icat$ alkali 9 ! acid laid ^u !m1 seem$ less deep2 :i*1 h[ev]1 might dep5d 9 "p ^u ! l5g? ( "t !y h be5 kept3 & p]haps m gum 0 us$ 9 !m1 or possible !y 7 wa%$ ov] ) "s k9d ( v>ni%1 ?\gh n su* z gave gloss4 ,"o ( ! specim5s s5t me by ,mr4 ,a/le1 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! lett]s 7 ^? ( an engross+ h&1 angul>1 )\t any ,,f9e /rokes1 broad & v black4 ,on ?is none ( ! above-m5tion$ re-ag5ts produc$ any consid]able effect2 mo/ ( !m seem$ to make ! lett]s black]1 probably by clean+ ! surface2 & ! acids1 aft] hav+ be5 rubb$ /rongly on ! lett]s1 did n /rike any deep] t+e ) ! phlogi/icat$ alkali4 ,no?+ _h a s5sible effect t[>d oblit]at+ ^! lett]s b :at took (f "p ( ! surface ( ! vellum1 :5 small rolls1 z ( a dirty matt]1 7 to be p]ceiv$4 ,x is !re=e unque/ionable1 t no iron 0 us$ 9 ?is ink2 & f its resi/ance to ! *emical solv5ts1 z well z a c]ta9 clott$ appe>ance 9 ! lett]s :5 exam9$ closely1 & 9 "s places a slight degree ( gloss1 ,i h little d\bt b !y 7 =m$ ) a composition ( a black1 sooty or c>bonace\s p[d] & oil1 probably some?+ l our pres5t pr9t]'s ink1 & am n )\t suspicion t !y 7 actually pr9t$ 7a subsequ5t exam9ation ( a l>g] portion ( ?is suppos$ ,,mss4 has %[n t x is really a "p ( a v anci5t pr9t$ book74 ,:il/ ,i 0 consid]+ ( ! exp]im5ts to be made1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! composition ( anci5t inks1 x occurr$ to me t p]haps "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( re/or+ legibility to decay$ writ+ might be to jo9 phlogi/icat$ alkali ) ! rema9+ calx ( iron1 because1 z ! quantity ( precipitate =m$ by ^! two sub/ances v mu* exce$s t ( ! iron alone1 ! bulk ( ! col\r+ matt] w\ld !reby be greatly augm5t$4 ,m4 ,b]gman 0 ( op9ion t ! blue precipitate conta9s only betwe5 a fif? & a six? "p ( its weight ( iron1 & ?\gh subsequ5t exp]im5ts t5d to %[ t1 9 "s cases at lea/1 ! proportion ( iron is mu* great]1 yet ^u ! :ole x is c]ta9ly true1 t if ! iron left by ! /roke ( a p5 7 jo9$ to ! col\r+ matt] ( phlogi/icat$ alkali1 ! quantity ( ,prussian blue !nce result+ w\ld be mu* great] ?an ! quantity ( black matt] orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! ink deposit$ by ! p51 ?\gh p]haps ! body ( col\r might n be equally augm5t$4 ,to br+ ! idea to ! te/1 ,i made a few exp]im5ts z foll[s3 ,! phlogi/icat$ alkali 0 rubb$ ^u ! b>e writ+ 9 diff]5t quantities1 b 9 g5]al ) little effect4 ,9 a few in/ances1 h[ev]1 x gave a blui% t+e to ! lett]s1 & increas$ _! int5sity1 probably :]e some?+ ( an acid nature _h contribut$ to ! dim9ution ( _! col\r4 ,reflect+ t :5 phlogi/icat$ alkali =ms its blue precipitate ) iron ! metal is fir/ usually dissolv$ 9 an acid1 ,i 0 next induc$ to try ! effect ( add+ a dilute m9]al acid to writ+ besides ! alkali4 ,?is answ]$ fully to my expectations1 ! lett]s *ang+ v spe$ily to a deep blue col\r1 ( great beauty & int5sity4 ,x seems ( little consequ5ce z to ! /r5g? ( col\r obta9$1 :e!r ! writ+ be fir/ wett$ ) ! acid1 & !n ! phlogi/icat$ alkali be t\*$ ^u x1 or :e!r ! process be inv]t$1 beg9n+ ) ! alkali2 b on ano!r acc\nt ,i ?9k ! latt] way pref]able4 ,= ! pr9cipal inconv5i5ce :i* occurs 9 ! propos$ me?od ( re/or+ ,,mss4 is1 t ! col\r frequ5tly spreads1 & s mu* blots ! p>*m5t z to detract greatly f ! legibility2 n[ ?is appe>s to happ5 9 a less degree :5 ! alkali is put on fir/1 & ! dilute acid is add$ ^u x4 ,! me?od ,i h hi!rto f\nd to answ] be/ has be5 to spread ! alkali ?9 ) a fea!r or a bit ( /ick cut to a blunt po9t1 ?\gh ! alkali has occasion$ no s5sible *ange ( col\r1 yet ! mom5t t ! acid comes ^u x1 e trace ( a lett] turns at once to a f9e blue1 :i* soon acquires its full int5sity1 & is beyond comp>ison /rong] ?an ! col\r ( ! orig9al trace _h be54 ,if n[ ! corn] ( a bit ( blott+ pap] be c>efully & dext]\sly appli$ ne> ! lett]s1 9 ord] to suck up ! sup]flu\s liquor1 ! /a9+ ( ! p>*m5t may be 9 a great measure avoid$3 = x is ?is sup]flu\s liquor :i* absorb+ "p ( ! col\r+ matt] f ! lett]s becomes a dye to :atev] x t\*es4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to br+ ! blott+ pap] 9 contact ) ! lett]s1 because ! col\r+ matt] is s(t :il/ wet1 & may easily be rubb$ (f4 ,! acid ,i h *iefly employ$ has be5 ! m>9e2 b bo? ! vitriolic & nitr\s succe$ v well4 ,!y %\ld und\bt$ly be s f> dilut$ z n to be 9 dang] ( corrod+ ! p>*m5t1 aft] :i* ! degree ( /r5g? does n seem to be a matt] ( mu* nicety4 ,! me?od n[ commonly practic$ to re/ore old writ+s1 is by wett+ !m ) an infusion ( galls 9 :ite w9e4 7,see a complicat$ process = ! prep>ation ( su* a liquor 9 ,canep>ius ,de ,atram5tis1 ,a4 ,d4 #affj1 p4 #bgg7 ,?is c]ta9ly has a great effect2 b is subject1 9 "s degree1 to ! same inconv5i5ce z ! phlogi/icat$ alkali1 ( /a9+ ! sub/ance on :i* ! writ+ 0 made4 ,p]haps if1 in/ead ( galls !mselves1 ! peculi> acid ( or o!r matt] :i* /rikes ! black ) iron 7 sep>at$ f ! simple a/r+5t matt]1 = :i* purpose two diff]5t processes are giv5 by ,pies5br+ & by ,s*eele1 ?is inconv5i5ce might be avoid$4 ,x is n improbable1 likewise1 t a phlogi/icat$ alkali might be prep>$ bett] suit$ to ?is object ?an ! common2 z by r5d]+ x z free z possible f iron1 dilut+ x to a c]ta9 degree1 or sub/itut+ ! volatile alkali = ! fix$4 ,exp]im5t w\ld mo/ likely po9t out _m o!r means ( improv+ ! process describ$ above2 b 9 its pres5t /ate ,i hope x may be ( "s use1 z x n only br+s out a prodigi\s body ( col\r ^u lett]s :i* 7 be=e s pale z to be almo/ invisible1 b has ! fur!r advantages ov] ! infusions ( galls1 t x produces its effect imm$iately1 & c be conf9$ to ^! lett]s only = :i* su* assi/ance is want$4 ,! ,society ( ,arts 9 #ahcj1 receiv$ a communication f ,dr4 ,bo/ock1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he /at$ t ! tann91 mucilage & extractive matt] are )\t d\bt ! pr9cipal causes ( ! difficulty :i* is enc\nt]$ 9 ! =mation ( a p]fect & durable ink & = a good ink ! ess5tial +r$i5ts are gallic acid & a sesqui salt ( iron4 ,ow+ to 8 work+ ) galls he 0 unable to make decisive exp]im5ts1 b he concludes1 & t rightly1 t 9 proportion z ink consi/s m]ely ( gallate ( iron1 x is less liable to decomposition & any k9d ( metamorphosis4 ,9 #ahca ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,france took up ! matt] & designat$ a committee compos$ ( *emi/s ) in/ructions to /udy ! subject ( a p]man5t ink4 ,aft] long rese>* x report$ t x 0 unable to recomm5d any bett] ink ?an ! tanno-gallate ( iron "o !n 9 use1 b x %\ld be prop]ly comp\nd$4 ,p$d+ton inve/igat$1 #ahda-dh1 ! anci5t ,,mss4 collect$ by ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 ,calcutta1 & publi%$ ! results 9 ,exam9ation ( ,"s ,decay$ ,ori5tal ,works 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,asiatic ,society1 :i* are ( mu* int]e/ z relat+ to m9]al inks1 ! gall inks be+ unkn[n 9 ,asia aft] ! twelf? c5tury4 ,up to ?irty-five ye>s ago1 ! manufacture ( gall inks necessitat$ a complicat$ s]ies ( processes & long p]iods ( "t to enable ! ink to settle prop]ly1 etc4 ,x 0 ,pr(essor ,p5ny ( ! ,&]son ,univ]sity :o sugge/$ ! way to avoid "o ( ! processes p]ta9+ to ink-mak+ by utiliz+ ! kn[n fact1 t tann9 is m soluble 9 cold ?an 9 w>m or hot wat]4 ,x 0 adopt$ all ov] ! _w & revolutioniz$ ! manufacture ( ink1 by do+ away ) boil+ processes & hot mac]ations ( +r$i5ts4 ,) h>dly 9 exception ! be/ tanno-gallate ( iron 7gall7 inks are n[ cold made4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,ink4 ,,inve/igations ,,by ,,/>k ,,( ,,ink ,,qualities ,,cov]+ ,a ,,p]iod ,,( ,,tw5ty-,,?ree ,,ye>s--,,ab/ract ,,f ,,8 ,,report ,,( #ahee--;,,dr4 ,,*ilton ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,city #ahef--;,,action ,,( ,,! ,,prussian ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 #ahei ,,& ,,employm5t ,,( ,,an ,,(ficial ,,ink--,,watt5ba*',s ,,g]man ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,ar*ives ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages--,,william ,,+lis ,,cl>k ,,attempts ,,to ,,place ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,ink ,,on ,a ,,sci5tific ,,basis--,,submits ,,8 ,,valuable ,,rese>*es ,,& ,,d$uctions ,,to ,,! ,,en9burgh ,,univ]sity ,,9 #ahgi--,,s*luttig ,,& ,,neumann ,,9 #ahij ,,e/abli% ,a ,,/&>d ,,=mula ,,= ,,iron ,,& ,,gall ,,ink--,,names ,,( ,,"s ,,ink ,,inve/igators ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,,dr4 ,,james ,,/>k1 a fam\s *emi/1 submitt$ ! results ( tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( inve/igations ( writ+ inks 9 a pap] read by him 9 #ahee be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 9 ,ed9burg1 ,scotl&4 ,! foll[+ is ! ab/ract z pr9t$ by ! ,london ,artisan at ! "t3 ,! au?or /at$ t 9 #ahdb he comm5c$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on writ+ inks1 & up to ?is date 7#ahee71 _h manufactur$ #bbi diff]5t inks1 & _h te/$ ! durability ( writ+s made ) ^! on all k9ds ( pap]4 ,z ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts be %[$ t ! br[n+ & fad+ ( inks result$ f _m causes1 b 9 ord9>y inks *iefly f ! iron becom+ p]oxyg5at$ & sep>at+ z a heavy precipitate4 ,_m inks1 !re=e1 :5 fre% made1 yield$ durable writ+s2 b :5 ! ink became old1 ! tanno-gallate ( iron sep>at$1 & ! durability ( ! ink 0 de/roy$4 ,f a num]\s set ( exp]im5ts ! au?or %[$ t no salt ( iron & no precipitate ( iron equall$ ! common sulphate ( iron--t is1 ! comm]cial copp]as--= ! purpose ( ink- mak+2 & t ev5 ! addition ( any p]salt1 su* z ! nitrate or *loride ( iron1 ?\gh x improv$ ! pres5t color ( ! ink1 det]iorat$ its durability4 ,! au?or fail$ to procure a p]si/5t black ink f manganese1 or o!r metal or metallic salt4 ,! au?or exhibit$ a s]ies ( eighte5 inks :i* _h ei!r be5 made ) metallic iron or ) :i* metallic iron _h be5 imm]s$1 & direct$ att5tion to ! fact t ?\gh ! dep? & body ( color seem$ to be deep5$1 yet 9 e case ! durability ( writ+s made ) su* inks 0 s impair$ t !y became br[n & fad$ 9 a few mon?s4 ,! mo/ p]man5t ord9>y inks 7 %[n to be compos$ ( ! be/ blue gall nuts ) copp]as & gum1 & ! proportions f\nd on exp]im5t to yield ! mo/ p]si/5t black 7 six p>ts ( be/ blue galls to f\r p>ts ( copp]as4 ,writ+s made ) su* an ink /ood exposure to sun & air = twelve mon?s )\t exhibit+ any *ange ( color1 :ile ^? made ) inks ( e o!r proportion or composition _h m or less ( _! color dis*>g$ :5 simil>ly te/$4 ,?is ink1 !re=e1 if kept f m\ld+ & f deposit+ its tanno-gallate ( iron1 w\ld af=d writ+s p]fectly durable4 ,x 0 %[n t no gall & logwood ink 0 equal to ! pure gall ink 9 s f> z durability 9 ! writ+s 0 conc]n$4 ,all su* inks 7 exhibit$ :i*1 ?\gh durable be=e ! addition ( logwood1 fad$ rapidly aft] logwood 0 add$ to !m4 ,sug> 0 %[n to h an especially hurtful action on ! durability ( inks conta9+ logwood--inde$1 on all inks4 ,_m o!r pla9 inks 7 exhibit$1 & _! prop]ties describ$ --z gallo-suma* ink1 myrabolams ink1 ,runge's ink1 --inks 9 :i* ! tanno-gallate ( iron 0 kept 9 solution by nitric1 muriatic1 sulphuric1 & o!r acids1 or by oxalate ( pota%1 *loride ( lime1 etc4 ,! myrabolams 0 recomm5d$ z an ink ( "s promise = durability1 & z ! *eape/ ink x 0 possible to manufacture4 ,all ord9>y inks1 h[ev]1 7 %[n to h c]ta9 drawbacks1 & ! au?or endeavor$ to asc]ta9 by exp]im5t :e!r o!r d>k sub/ances c\ld be add$ to inks to imp>t great] durability to writ+s made ) !m1 & at ! same "t prev5t ^? *emical *anges :i* 7 ! cause ( ord9>y inks fad+4 ,aft] exp]im5t+ ) v>i\s sub/ances1 & among o!rs ) ,prussian blue & indigo dissolv$ 9 v>i\s ways1 he f\nd ! sulphate ( indigo to fulfil all ! requir$ conditions &1 :5 add$ 9 ! prop] proportion to a tanno-gallate ( iron ink1 x yield$ an ink :i* is agreeable to write )1 :i* fl[s freely f ! p5 & does n clog x2 :i* nev] m\lds1 :i*1 :5 x dries on ! pap]1 becomes ( an int5se pure black1 & :i* does n fade or *ange its color h[ev] long kept4 ,! au?or po9t$ out ! prop] proportions = secur+ ^? prop]ties1 & %[$ t ! smalle/ quantity ( ! sulphate ( indigo :i* c\ld be us$ = ?is purpose 0 eight ounces = e gallon ( ink4 ,! au?or /at$ t ! ink he pref]r$ = 8 own use 0 compos$ ( twelve ounces ( gall1 eight ounces ( sulphate ( indigo1 eight ounces ( copp]as1 a few cloves1 & f\r or six ounces ( gum arabic1 = a gallon ( ink4 ,x 0 %[n t imm]s+ iron wire or fil+s 9 ^! inks de/roy$ ord9>y inks4 ,he !re=e recomm5d$ t all legal de$s or docum5ts %\ld be writt5 ) quill p5s1 z ! contact ( /eel inv>iably de/roys m or less ! durability ( e ink4 ,! au?or conclud$ 8 pap] ) a few rem>ks on copy+ inks & indelible inks1 %[+ t a good copy+ ink has yet to be s\ght =1 & t indelible inks1 :i* w resi/ ! p5cil+s & wa%+s ( ! *emi/ & ! =g]1 ne$ nev] be look$ =4 ,pr(essor ,leonh>di1 ( ,dresd51 :o _h giv5 mu* att5tion to ! subject ( inks1 introduc$ 9 #ahee :at he t]m$ a ,,new ink1 & nam$ x aliz>9e ink1 aliz>9 be+ a product obta9$ f ! madd] root1 :i* he employ$ = add$ color 9 a tanno-gallate ( iron solution4 ,x possess$ "s m]it due to its fluidity1 & = a "t 0 q popul>1 b gradually gave place to ! s-call$ *emical writ+ fluids2 x is n[ obsolete4 ,*amp\r & ,malepeyre1 ,p>is1 #ahef1 issu$ a jo9t manual1 ,fabrication des ,encres1 devot$ almo/ exclusively to ! manufacture ( inks & compiles _m old gall & o!r ink =mulas4 ,9 #ahef ,dr4 ,*ilton ( ,new ,york ,city publi%$ ! results ( ink exp]im5ts :i* he _h made4 ,! accompany+ extracts are tak5 f ! local press ( ! mon? ( ,april ( t ye>3 ,"s +5i\s exp]im5ts to te/ ! durability ( writ+ inks h rec5tly be5 made by ,dr4 ,*ilton1 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,he expos$ a manuscript writt5 ) f\r diff]5t inks ( ! pr9cipal mak]s1 ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 to ! con/ant action ( ! wea!r ^u ! ro( ( 8 laboratory4 ,aft] an exposure ( ov] five mon?s1 ! pap] %[s ! diff]5t k9d ( writ+ 9 v>i\s %ades ( color4 ,! ,engli% sample1 ,blackwood's1 well kn[n & popul> f ! neat & conv5i5t way t x is prep>$ = ?is m>ket1 0 q indi/9ct4 ,! ,am]ican samples1 ,david's1 ,h>rison's & ,mayn>d's are bett]4 ,! fir/ appe>s to reta9 its orig9al %ade v neatly2 ! two la/ are pal]4 ,?is te/ %[s conclusively ! durability ( ink2 & :ile1 = _m purposes1 s*ool & ! l1 an ink t w /& undefac$ a ye> or s1 is all t is necess>y1 yet !re is h>dly a bottle ( ink sold1 "s ( :i* may n be us$ 9 ! signature or execution ( pap]s t may be important to be legible fifty or "o hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,= /ate & c\nty (fices1 probate records1 etc41 x is ( vital importance t ! records %\ld be legible c5turies h5ce4 ,we believe t "s ( ! e>ly manuscripts ( ,new ,engl& are bright] ?an "s t[n & *ur* records ( ?is c5tury4 ,9 ,europe at ! pres5t "t1 great c>e is tak5 by ! diff]5t gov]nm5ts 9 ! prep>ation ( p]man5t ink--"s ( !m ev5 comp\nd+ _! own1 accord+ to ! mo/ approv$ & exp5sive =mulas4 ,manuscripts ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies n[ 9 ! /ate pap] (fice ( ,great ,brita91 are app>5tly z bright z :5 fir/ writt52 :ile ^? ( ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s are m or less illegible1 & "s ( !m entirely oblit]at$4 ,:ile ! in=mation s\ght to be convey$ 9 ! la/ /atem5t may be 9 "s respects correct1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t mo/ ( ! ,,mss4 extant dat+ be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 writt5 9 ,indian ink1 :ile ! great majority ( ^? ( ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s 7 n2 & ?is fact alone w\ld acc\nt to "s ext5t = ! diff]5ces m5tion$4 ,! ,g]man 7,prussian7 gov]nm5t 9 #ahei1 z ! result ( an inve/igation1 employ$ :at !y t]m$ ,(ficial ,ink ( ! ,fir/ ,class1 i4 e41 a /raight tanno- gallate ( iron ink )\t add$ color2 & if p]man5ce 7 requir$ z aga9/ removal by *emicals1 x 0 accompli%$ by writ+ on pap] saturat$ ) *romates & ultram>9e4 ,9 #ahga ,pr(essor ,watt5ba* ( ,g]many publi%$ a treatise entitl$ ,ar*ives dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* has "s valuable ref]5ces to ! color ph5om5a ( inks4 ,william ,+lis ,cl>k 9 #ahgi submitt$ to ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity a !sis entitl$ ,an ,attempt to ,place ! ,manufacture ( ,ink on a ,sci5tific ,basis1 & :i* v ju/ly receiv$ ! comm5dation ( ! ,univ]sity au?orities4 ,8 rese>*es & rational d$uctions are ( ! greate/ possible value judg$ f a sci5tific /&po9t4 ,! introduction ( blue-black ink is a phase ( ! developm5t t[>ds mod]n me?ods :i* he discusses at mu* l5g?4 ,! object ( add+ a dye 9 mod]ation1 he ass]ts1 is to give tempor>y color to ! ink & :]e indigo-pa/e is us$1 x has be5 assum$ t x kept ! iron gallo-tannate 9 solution1 :]eas any virtue ( ?is k9d :i* indigo-pa/e possesses is m likely due to ! sulphuric acid :i* x conta9s ?an to ! indigo itself4 ,! ess5tial "p ( ! pa/e requir$ is ! sulpho-indigodate ( sodium1 n[ commonly call$ indigo-c>m9e4 ,he fur!r rem>ks t ! /ability ( an ink precipitate dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( iron :i* x conta9s & :i* on no acc\nt %\ld be less ?an eight p] c5t2 he adds rightly1 if gallic acid be pref]ably us$ 9 sub/itution = tann91 no precipitate is obta9$ "u precisely simil> conditions4 ,?is po9t foll[$ up expla9s 9 a measure :y a gall infusion prep>$ ) hot wat] is n suitable = a blue-black1 :ile a cold wat] infusion is4 ,9 ! latt] case a comp>atively small p]c5tage ( tann9 is extract$ f ! galls1 :ile mu* is extract$ ) hot wat] & ! consequ5ce is1 on add+ ! indigo blue ! color is n br\ght out z x %\ld be4 ,sub/antially ! same ?+ occurs ) ink made ) ! respective acids1 al?\gh ! blue color rema9s = a "t unimpair$ 9 ! tann9 ink1 app>5tly due to ! fact t f]r\s-tannate r$uces indigo blue to indigo :ite1 a *ange :i* ! l[ r$uc+ p[] ( f]r\s- gallate does little to effect4 ,! vegetable matt] 9 common inks facilitates ! de/ruction1 or r alt]ation & precipitation ( ! indigo1 = ! dye appe>s 9 ! iron precipitate & may be extract$ f x ) boil+ wat]4 ,dr4 ,cl>k's inve/igations seek to demon/rate ! sup]iority ( tann9 & gallic acid ov] infusions ( ! natural galls1 & he und]takes to det]m9e ! correct ratio ( tann9 & sulphate ( iron to be us$ z ink4 ,8 exp]im5ts 9 ?is l9e %[ t3 #a4 ,! am\nt ( precipitate increases z ! proportion ( iron to tann9 is increas$4 #b4 ,! composition ( ! precipitate is s valuable z to preclude ! possibility ( its be+ a def9ite body4 ,increase ( iron 9 ! solution has n at fir/ any effect on ! composition ( ! precipitate1 b aft]w>ds iron is f\nd 9 x 9 great] b n proportional am\nt4 #c4 ,at "o po9t ! proportions ( iron 9 ! precipitate & 9 solution are ! same1 & ?is is at betwe5 #f & #aj p>ts ( iron to #ajj p>ts ( tann94 #d4 ,! proportion ( iron 9 ! precipitate v>ies greatly ) ! l5g? ( "t ! ink has be5 expos$4 ,at fir/ ! precipitate conta9s #aj p] c5t ( iron1 b by & by a new "o hav+ only #g4e p] c5t is =m$1 & 9 f =ty to sev5ty days we f9d "o ( #e4g p] c5t4 ,simultane\sly iron increases 9 ! ink 7proportionate to ! tann974 #e4 ,! results %[1 & practice confirms1 t #af p>ts ( iron 7#hj f]r\s sulphate7 & #ajj p>ts ( tann9 are be/ = ink manufacture4 ,! rese>* n[ travell$ 9 a direction :i* accumulat+ exp]i5ce %[$ to be obligatory4 ,blue-black tann9 ink lo/ color1 & ! r$uc+ nature ( ! tann9 t5d$ to ! =mation ( a highly objectionable precipitate 9 ! ink1 :i* made writ+ any?+ b a pleasure4 ,^! two faults 7 d\btless l9k$ toge!r 9 "s way & seem$ n to exi/ :5 gallic acid 0 us$1 = ink s made 0 f\nd to precipitate only aft] a long exposure1 x requir$ no free acid to keep ! precipitate 9 solution1 & reta9$ ! indigo blue color = a long "t2 alkalis did n decompose ! ink1 & provid$ black] & m p]man5t writ+4 ,det]m9ation ( ! correct proportions ( gallic acid & f]r\s-sulphate 0 ! subject ( prolong$ exp]im5ts conduct$ on simil> l9es to ^? already detail$4 ,! conclusions z to precipitation 7 also simil>4 ,?irty p>ts ( iron 7#aej ( f]r\s- sulphate7 & #ajj p>ts ( gallic acid 7 f\nd to be ! mo/ suitable proportions = ink-mak+4 ,x is advisable1 h[ev]1 n to disc>d tann9 altoge!r1 ow+ to ! sl[ black5+ ( ! gallic acid ink1 & a little tann9 gives initial black5+ & body1 :ile x is absolutely necess>y = copy+ ink4 ,initial blackness c also be ensur$ by oxidiz+ #ba p] c5t ( ! f]r\s-sulphate )\t add+ ! extra acid necess>y to ! =mation ( a f]ric salt4 ,! conclud+ portion ( 8 rese>* is devot$ to ! influ5ce ( sug> ^u ! p]man5ce ( ink1 & ! results ( ! exp]im5ts are summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,x w\ld be injuri\s to add #c p] c5t ( sug> to a tan 9 ink1 :ile f #d to #aj p] c5t w\ld be q all[able4 ,mo/ copy+ inks conta9 ab\t #c4e p] c5t ( sug>-- n f> f ! critical am\nt4 ,) gallic acid m ?an #c p] c5t ( sug> h>dly v>ies ! precipitate1 b ! importance ( ?is po9t is some:at dim9i%$ by ! fact t ! pres5ce ( sug> is by no means necess>y 9 a writ+ ink4 ,dextr9 is a mu* sup]ior sub/ance to use4 ,curi\sly ?is body rapidly precipitates a tann9 ink2 h5ce x is useless = copy+ ink1 b = ! gallic ink x is an excell5t ?ick5]4 ,*5-,ki-,s\51 ,l5cre de ,*9a1 by ,maurice ,jametel1 appe>$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhb1 b z ! title indicates1 x is ! old ,indian or ,*9ese ink t is discuss$4 ,s*luttig & ,neumann 9 #ahij issu$ _! ,edition ,dresd5 on ! subject ( ,iron & ,gall inks4 ,9 ?is valuable "w is to be f\nd ! =mula :i* has be5 g5]ally adopt$ z ! /&>d :]e "o is us$ = tanno-gallate ( iron ink4 ,! inve/igations ( o!r sci5tific m5 l ,lep[itz1 ,boo?1 ,desormeaux1 ,*evreuse1 ,irv9e1 ,traille1 ,bottg]1 ,riffault1 ,pre*t1 ,ni*oles1 ,runge1 ,gob]t1 ,p5ny1 ,arnold1 ,?omson 7,"l ,kelv971 ,davids1 ,k9dt1 ,ure1 ,wisl> & _m m :o h dealt ) ! *emi/ry ( inks1 pres5t to u "s te/imony dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! ef=ts made to secure a good ink4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,classifications ,,( ,,ink4 ,,ink ,,us$ ,,by ,,u ,,has ,,no?+ ,,9 ,,common ,,) ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t ,,h ,,l>gely ,,utiliz$ ,,=mulas ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,pa/ ,,c5turies--,,! ,,common ,,acceptation ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,ink--,,sev5 ,,diff]5t ,,classes ,,( ,,inks ,,& ,,_! ,,composition ,,briefly ,,told--,,failure ,,( ,,ef=ts ,,to ,,secure ,a ,,real ,,safety ,,ink4 ,,! inks us$ by u h no?+ 9 common ) ^? ( ! anci5ts except ! color & gum1 & mighty little ( t4 ,^? ( ! gall class employ$ 9 ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 sixte5?1 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 "s =mulas ( :i* are utiliz$ by ! manufactur]s ( ink 9 our own "t1 consi/$ g5]ally 9 comb9ation2 infusions ( nut-galls1 sulphate ( copp] or iron1 or bo?1 & fi%-glue or gum1 slightly acidulat$4 ,! frequ5t introduction ( ! s-call$ add$ color into ^! inks1 "t has %[n to h be5 a grave mi/ake4 ,! common acceptation ( ! t]m ink may be said to *>act]ize an imm5se numb] ( fluid comp\nds1 ! function ( :i* 9 connection ) a m>k+ in/rum5t is to del9eate conv5tional signs1 *>act]s & lett]s z put toge!r & commonly call$ writ+1 on pap] or l sub/ances4 ,to classify !m w\ld be impossible2 b black writ+ ink1 *emical writ+ fluid1 color$ writ+ ink1 copy+ ink1 ,india ink1 secret or sympa!tic ink1 & indelible ink make sev5 classes2 ! o!rs may be d5om9at$ "u ! head ( miscellane\s inks1 & ( !m all1 !re is no s+le ink answ]+ e requirem5t & few answ] at all times ! same requirem5ts4 ,ink may be ei!r a cle> solution ( any color+ matt] or ( color+ matt] held 9 susp5sion4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t al?\gh mo/ inks are *emical compositions & _m times made aft] ! same =mula1 id5tical results _c always be calculat$ or obta9$4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly to be not$ 9 ! case ( black writ+ inks o!rwise kn[n z ! tanno-gallate ( iron inks gallic & gallotanic acid obta9$ f nut-galls1 sulphate ( iron1 7gre5 copp]as7 & "s gummy vehicle4 ,! v>iations w\ld appe> to be l>gely due to ! diff]5ce 9 quality ( ! gall-nuts1 treatm5t1 & temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e2 p]haps1 h[ev]1 n s mu* to-day z x 0 t5 or tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 to make ink ( ?is "* boil+ processes 7 employ$4 ,mo/ ( !m z already /at$ are n[ cold made4 ,inks ( ?is class consi/ ( a f9ely divid$ insoluble precipitate susp5d$ 9 wat] by ! use ( gum & possess+ a slight acidity4 ,! requisites ( a good black writ+ ink or black writ+ fluid require x to fl[ readily f ! p51 to indicate 9 a %ort "t a black color & to p5etrate ! pap] to an appreciable degree1 & m important ?an all ! re/1 to be ( great durability4 ,:5 kept 9 a clos$ vessel no s$im5t ( any acc\nt %\ld be precipitat$1 al?\gh su* w be ! case 9 op5 ink-wells1 & ?is ! quick] ! m ! air is p]mitt$ to get to x4 ,if x is to be us$ = record or docum5t>y purposes x mu/ n be altoge!r oblit]at$ if br\ght into contact ) wat] or alcohol1 & %\ld dep5d = p]man5cy on its *emical & n on its pigm5t>y qualities4 ,! second class1 call$ = di/9ction *emical writ+ fluids1 possesses ! same ess5tial +r$i5ts to be f\nd 9 class "o1 b mu* less 9 quantity & ) "s add$ color$ sub/ance :i* ,i %all t]m load+1 = its real purpose is to *eap5 ! co/ ( production & n altoge!r z "s manufactur]s /ate simply to give !m an agreeable color4 ,previ\s to ! discov]y ( ! soluble anil9es1 logwood1 indigo1 madd]1 or*il & o!r dye+ mat]ials 7 us$ = a p]iod ( "s eighty ye>s & vanadium = "s tw5ty ye>s 7v co/ly at t "t71 = ?is purpose1 b s9ce #ahgd1 & ) frequ5t *anges z ! new] anil9e comp\nds 7 inv5t$1 ^! by-products ( coal-t>1 z well z logwood1 etc41 h be5 & are to-day employ$ = load+1 or z ! manufactur] expresses1 x add$ color4 ,! *emical writ+ fluids z n[ prep>$1 yield :5 fir/ writt5 a blue or gre5 color ) a t5d5cy to *ange to black aft]w>ds4 ,!y are n z p]man5t z ^? ( ! fir/ class4 ,ano!r black ink n durable1 h[ev]1 is logwood2 its extract is comb9$ ) a little *romate ( potassium & boil$ toge!r 9 wat]4 ,x possesses its own gum & conta9s "s tann94 ,9 comb9ation ) alum & wat]1 x =ms a d>k purple ink4 ,! color$ writ+ inks1 ( :i* r$ is ! m important1 are 9 great numb] & ) h>dly an exception at ! pres5t "t1 manufactur$ by add+ wat] & wat]-glass to a soluble anil9e r$ color4 ,co*9eal :i* 0 us$ = r$ ink =m]ly is n[ almo/ obsolete4 ,nigros9e1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( !m1 is mu* us$ z a *eap black ink1 b z x is blue black & nev] becomes black1 x really belongs to ! family ( color$ writ+ inks4 ,!y possess an undes]v$ popul>ity = !y fl[ freely f ! p5 :i* !y d n corrode1 nor d !y ?ick5 or spoil 9 ! inkwell2 !y are h[ev] v fugitive 9 "* & %\ld n be employ$ = record1 legal1 monet>y or o!r docum5t>y purposes4 ,! indigo & prussian blue inks are well kn[n1 ! =m] "u c]ta9 conditions a v p]man5t ink1 ! latt] soon dis9tegrat+4 ,copy+ inks are ( two k9ds1 "o dep5d5t on ! addition ( glyc]9e1 sug>1 glucose or l comp\nds to ! black writ+ inks or *emical writ+ fluids h]et(ore m5tion$1 :i* are !reby kept 9 a moi/ (fsett+ condition2 ! o!r due to ! solubility ( ! pigm5t>y color ) wat]1 su* z ! anil9e inks :i* are giv5 m body ?an ^? = ord9>y purposes--& ! logwoods 9 :i* ! pigm5t is develop$ & giv5 copy+ qualities by *emicals1 & h5ce becomes responsive to ! application ( a %eet ( pap] damp5$ ) wat]4 ,copy+ ink %\ld nev] be us$ = record purposes z x is affect$ by *anges ( ! temp]ature4 ,india ink1 sometimes call$ ,*9a ink1 or z =m]ly kn[n by ! anci5ts & 9 classical & lat] times ,indian ink1 is n[ us$ m = draw+ & engross+ ?an x is = comm]cial purposes4 ,x belongs to ! c>bon class & 9 "s =m 0 ! fir/ "o us$ 9 ! v e>lie/ times4 ,9 ,*9a x is appli$ ) a bru% or pi? ( "s re$ to ! rice pap] also !re manufactur$4 ,x is easily wa%$ away unless bi*romate ( ammonium or potassium 9 m9ute quantities be add$ to x1 & !n if ! pap] on :i* x appe>s be expos$ = a %ort "t to ! action ( ! act9ic rays ( sunlight1 ?is gummy comp\nd w be r5d]$ insoluble & _c be remov$ ) any fluid1 *emical or o!rwise4 ,x possesses also great advantages 9 draw+1 s9ce x acts z a pa9t1 & w give any degree ( blackness accord+ to ! quantity ( wat] mix$ ) x4 ,secret or sympa!tic inks are invisible until ! writ+ is subject$ to a subsequ5t op]ation1 su* z w>m+ or expos+ to sunlight4 ,to fur!r aid ! object 9 view1 ! pap] may be fir/ /eep$ 9 a liquid & ! writ+ only made visible by us+ ano!r liquid :i* has "s *emical aff9ity ) ! previ\s "o4 ,! numb] ( ?is k9d 7 b few b h multipli$ z *emi/ry progress$4 ,! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) sev]al modes4 ,ovid indiscreetly advises ! ,roman wives & maid5s if !y int5d to make _! correspond5ce unreadable to ! wrong p]sons to write ) new milk1 :i* :5 dri$ may be r5d]$ visible by rubb+ a%es ^u x or a hot iron4 ,pl9y sugge/s milky juices ( c]ta9 plants ( :i* !re are a consid]able v>iety4 ,indelible ink is n us$ = writ+ purposes on pap]1 b is f\nd be/ adapt$ = m>k+ l95 & cancellation or endors+ purposes4 ,x is *iefly compos$ ( nitrate ( silv] prep>ations1 to :i* heat mu/ be appli$ aft] x has be5 dri$2 or a pigm5t is comm+l$ ) ! same vehicles us$ 9 mak+ common pr9t+ ink & 9 its use treat$ z su*4 ,diamonds1 gold1 silv]1 plat9um & a ho/ ( o!r mat]ials are manufactur$ into ink & are to be plac$ "u ! head ( miscellane\s inks4 ,!y are 9 great numb] & ( no int]e/ 9 respect to ink writ+ except = engross+ or illum9at+4 ,/ill ano!r ink once held 9 mu* e/eem & n[ almo/ obsolete is ! s-call$ safety ink4 ,manufactur]s1 *emi/s & laym5 9 great numb] = _m ye>s wa/$ money1 "t & en]gy 9 dilig5t wor%ip at a secret %r9e :i* c\ld n give ! in=mation !y s\ght4 ,a summ>y ( ! meag] & b>r5 results !y secur$ is ( little value & unimportant4 ,h5ce1 !re is no ,,real safety ink4 ,x is true t lampblack 7c>bon7 z made into ink1 resi/s any *emical or *emicals1 b simple wat] appli$ on a s(t sponge w soon remove su* ink m>ks4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s1 ! ink does n p5etrate ! pap]4 ,safety ink :i* w n respond to acids may be affect$ by alkalis1 or if resi/+ !m sep>ately1 w yield to !m 9 comb9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,(ficial ,,& ,,legal ,,ink4 ,,fir/ ,,complete ,,(ficial ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,ink ,,9 ,,?is ,,c\ntry--,,! ,,honor ,,due ,,to ,,rob]t ,t4 ,,swan ,,( ,,bo/on--,,resume ,,( ,,8 ,,reports ,,to ,,! ,,legislature ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,massa*usetts--,,! ,,swan ,,law ,,adopt$ ,,9 #ahid ,,by ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,massa*usetts--,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t ,,adopts ,,an ,,(ficial ,,ink ,,9 #aija--,,unsuccessful ,,attempt ,,to ,,secure ,,ink ,,legislation ,,9 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york--,,comm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,press ,,( ,,t ,,p]iod--,,diff]5t ,,works ,,:i* ,,m ,,or ,,less ,,dwell ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,ink ,,f #ahij ,,to #aijj--;,,citations ,,f ,,all5',s ,,comm]cial ,,organic ,,analysis--,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,pap] ,,ab\t ,,ink ,,read ,,be=e ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,b> ,,association4 ,,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until #ahia t ! subject ( ! con/itution ( an endur+ record ink receiv$ ! consid]ation its importance des]v$ & 9 ?is ! y\nge/ ( c\ntries4 ,to ,rob]t ,t4 ,swan ( ,bo/on is all honor due = ! v unique & compreh5sive me?ods adopt$ 9 8 inve/igations4 ,appo9t$ commission] ( public records ( ! /ate ( ,massa*usetts1 he has set an example :i* may well be foll[$ by o!r /ates1 z has be5 done 9 a less] degree by ,connecticut & t5 ye>s lat] by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 :i* 9 ?is respect is s ably repres5t$ 9 "p by ,dr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,crampton ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mr4 ,swan 9 8 reports to ! legislature ( 8 /ate = ! la/ twelve ye>s1 deals ) ! subject ( ! con/itution ( p]man5t inks s ?or\ghly1 & ) x af=ds in=mation ( s practical & useful a "*1 t ! fulle/ ref]5ces to !m prove bo? in/ructive & int]e/+4 ,9 8 report ( #ahia he rem>ks3 ,^u comm5c+ an exam9ation ( ! records 9 v>i\s places1 ,i 0 impress$ ) ! great importance ( ! use ( inks :i* %\ld be p]man5t1 & ! necessity ( an inve/igation :i* might prev5t ! fur!r use ( inks t = "o reason or ano!r 7 unfit = use ^u records4 ,i f\nd t1 z a rule1 ! inks ^u ! mo/ anci5t records _h pres]v$ _! color1 _m und\bt$ly be+ black] ?an :5 us$1 b t ! lat] records lo/ ! jet-black appe>ance ( ! old]4 ,?is1 x is true1 is n :olly due to ! *ange ( inks1 = ! use ( quills1 ! s(t surface ( ! old pap]1 ! abs5ce ( blott+ pap] & ! great] "t sp5t 9 writ+1 7 all conducive to a heavi] deposit ( ink2 b evid5ce is ample t 9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s inks ( poor quality came 9 use4 ,pro( ( ?is is giv5 by an exam9ation ( ! records 9 ! /ate h\se4 ,up to ab\t #ahej x 0 ! cu/om 9 ! (fice ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? to use = engross+ ! acts1 inks made ( a p[d] :i* 0 mix$ 9 ! (fice2 & until t "t ! acts :i* are engross$ ^u p>*m5t %[1 ) b few exceptions1 no signs ( fad+4 ,f #ahej = sev]al ye>s ! writ+ 9 _m cases is becom+ indi/9ct1 t ^u an act 9 #ahea1 & ^u two 9 #ahee1 hav+ ne>ly disappe>$4 ,s9ce #ahfj1 acts %[+ diff]5t int5sity ( color are f\nd1 b :e!r ?is is _! orig9al color or n _c be det]m9$4 ,t ! fad+ c be attribut$ to ! p>*m5t1 z "s claim1 is disprov$ by ! fact t ( ! signatures ^u ! same act a few h fad$ :ile o!rs h n4 ,^u an act approv$ ,janu>y #d1 #ahde1 ! signature ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate has ne>ly disappe>$1 t ( ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se is m legible1 :ile t ( ! ,gov]nor1 & ! figure #d1 :i* he evid5tly ins]t$1 are jet black4 ,! indexes 9 ! volumes ( ar*ives 9 ! (fice ( ! secret>y1 :i* 7 writt5 ab\t #ahdj1 7 evid5tly made ) a diff]5t ink f t us$ = engross+1 & fad$ s badly t ! important words _h to be rewritt54 ,9 ! (fice ( ! ,/ate ,treasur] ! records to ab\t #ahfg are v black & di/9ct1 b ! ink us$ dur+ a few ye>s foll[+ has fad$4 ,! records ( bir?s1 m>riages & dea?s1 9 ! regi/ration volumes 9 ! secret>y's (fice1 furni% an excell5t illu/ration ( ! diff]5t qualities ( ! inks n[ us$4 ,^! records are orig9al returns made by ! city & t[n cl]ks1 & f #ahdb to #ahhi %[ in/ances ( ! use ( inks :i* are n[ almo/ illegible4 ,"h aga9 ! fault _c be attribut$ to ! pap]1 = endorsem5ts made 9 ! secret>y's (fice ^u ! mo/ fad$ returns at ! "t ( _! receipt are z black z :5 made4 ,! volumes ( copies ( ! old records ( ,lex+ton1 made 9 #ahec1 h fad$ until !y are q indi/9ct4 ,"s ( ! old inks1 ?\gh reta9+ _! black color h1 f ! pres5ce ( acid 9 ! ink or pap]1 eat5 ?r\gh ! pap] z ?or\ghly z if ! writ+ _h be5 done ) a %>p in/rum5t4 ,9 "p ( "o old volume ( c\rt records1 ! ink1 :ile n injur+ ! pap] or becom+ illegible ^u ! face ( ! leaves1 has gradually become legible ^u ! rev]se1 :ile ! heavy pap] has be5 imp]vi\s to ! o!r inks us$4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,to asc]ta9 :at k9d ( inks 7 9 use by ! t[n cl]ks1 ,i exam9$ ! regi/ration volumes be=e ref]r$ to1 &1 z be=e /at$1 f\nd _m poor inks 9 use4 ,9 a few cases blue inks 7 us$1 & 9 two violet1 :i* is1 z a rule1 if n always1 a fugitive color4 ,a numb] ( ! returns 9 ^! volumes ( z rec5t date z #ahge 7 almo/ illegible1 & ?ree made 9 #ahhh 7 ne>ly z indi/9ct4 ,! m ,i look$ into ! subject1 ! m ,i became conv9c$ t ! :ole subject ( ink 0 "o ^u :i* ! p]sons us+ x 7 comp>atively ignorant4 ,consultation ) exp]ts satisfi$ me t good inks 7 be+ injur$ by improp] treatm5t2 t ! cu/om ( mix+ inks & ( add+ wat] to !m 0 unsafe2 & t among ! inks report$ z 9 use ^u ! records !re 7 _m manufactur$ = comm]cial uses :i* %\ld n be us$ ^u records1 & :i* ! manufactur]s w\ld say 7 n int5d$ = record inks4 ,i !re=e s5t to ! manufactur]s ( ! inks report$ z 9 use by ! record+ (fic]s1 & to "s o!rs1 ! foll[+ lett] & inquiries3 ',! fad+ ( mu* ( ! ink us$ 9 records ( comp>atively rec5t date1 :ile z a rule ! records ( two hundr$ ye>s ago are z legible z :5 writt51 e/abli%es ! fact t = p]man5t qualities mu* ( ! mod]n ink is inf]ior to ! anci5t1 & t inks are us$ t are unfit = mak+ a record :i* %\ld /& = all "t4 ',i am l$ to believe t mo/ ink 9 manufactur]s make inks :i* are good = comm]cial & o!r uses :]e !re is no desire = a p]man5t record1 b :i* !y w\ld n recomm5d = use :]e ! important object 0 ! p]man5cy ( ! record4 ,"o ( ! dang]s to :i* our records are expos$ c be obviat$ by ! use ( prop] inks2 & ,i desire to obta9 ! op9ion ( ! lead+ manufactur]s on ! subject1 t ,i may advise ! record+ (fic]s ( ! ,/ate :at are1 & :at are n1 safe inks to use = records4 ',i %all e/eem x a favor1 !re=e1 if y w answ] ! enclos$ que/ions1 & return !m at y\r conv5i5ce4 ,y\r reply w be treat$ z confid5tial z f> z names are conc]n$1 except 9 ! answ] to "q ,no4 #e1 & t w n be pr9t$ if y s reque/4 ,any g5]al op9ion :i* w aid ! record+ (fic]s 9 _! selection ( ink or pap] w be welcom$4 '#a4 ,d y consid] x safe to use = a p]man5t record anil9e inks8 '#b4 ,d y consid] x safe to use = a record logwood inks8 '#c4 ,d y\r consid] nut-gall & iron inks absolutely safe = a p]man5t record8 '#d4 ,d y consid] c>bon ink ! only p]man5t ink8 '#e4 ,:at inks ( y\r manufacture w\ld y advise aga9/ us+ = a p]man5t record8 '#f4 ,d y advise g5]ally aga9/ ! inks kn[n z writ+ fluids1 :5 p]man5cy is ! fir/ requisition8 '#g4 ,d y manufacture a writ+ fluid8 '#h4 ,d y consid] x safe to add wat] to ink int5d$ = p]man5t record1 :i* has gr[n ?ick by exposure to ! air8 '#i4 ,d y believe t ! oblit]ation ( ink is ev] due to ! *emicals left 9 ! pap]8 7,?is "q has be5 ask$ ( ! pap] manufactur]s also47 '#aj4 ,d y consid] x safe to mix inks )\t kn[+ to :at *emical gr\p ! inks s mix$ belong8' ,replies 7 receiv$ f tw5ty-two manufactur]s4 ,sev]al ( ! inks 9 ! m>ket1 ?\gh be>+ ! "n ( c]ta9 p]sons1 7 f\nd to be manufactur$ = !m by manufactur]s :o _h already answ]$ ! que/ions4 ,_! replies 71 !re=e1 n consid]$4 ,to ! fir/ "q1 ',d y consid] x safe to use = a p]man5t record anil9e inks6' ! unanim\s answ] 0 decid$ly no4 ,anil9e black is absolutely p]man5t1 b z x is n yet kn[n h[ to r5d] x soluble 9 wat]1 x has n be5 mu* us$ 9 ink4 ,to ! inquiry 9 reg>d to logwood inks1 ne>ly all answ]$ no1 & mo/ ( ^? :o did n qualifi$ _! answ]s to su* an ext5t z to imply di/ru/4 ,^u ! "q ( ! p]man5cy ( nut-gall & iron inks1 ! answ]s 7 m v>i$2 "o answ]+ no1 & f\r answ]+ directly yes1 ! rema9+ answ]s be+ 9 brief t su* inks 7 p]man5t if prop]ly made4 ,to ! "q1 ',d y consid] c>bon ink ! only p]man5t ink8' ! answ]s 7 v>i$ & contradictory4 ,mo/ ( ! manufactur]s said a c>bon ink c\ld n be p]man5t1 because c>bon 0 insoluble2 & "s said t no *emical union c\ld exi/ betwe5 c>bon & ! o!r +r$i5ts 9 ink4 ,o!rs claim$ t c>bon 0 ! "o p]man5t color1 & cit$ ! old ,indian & ,*9ese inks :i* h /ood = c5turies z illu/rations ( its p]man5cy4 ,^! /atem5ts 7 s widely diff]5t t ,i pursu$ ! inquiry fur!r1 & f\nd x 0 conc$$ t1 if a process c\ld be discov]$ by :i* c>bon c\ld be dissolv$ & made to reta9 its color1 no kn[n sub/ance w\ld make s p]man5t an ink2 b t !re 0 no su* process1 & 9 ! inks n[ made ! c>bon 0 simply held 9 susp5sion 9 ! ink )\t any *emical union2 b ,i f\nd also t improvem5t has be5 made1 & t x is possible to comb9e ! c>bon ) *emicals :i* w cause ! c>bon to embody itself4 ,m ?an ord9>y c>e %\ld1 h[ev]1 be ex]cis$ 9 ! pur*ase ( c>bon inks1 = ! lack ( *emical union w\ld cause a t5d5cy to precipitate ! c>bon if ! ink 7 improp]ly made4 ,! replies to ! inquiry1 ',d y advise g5]ally aga9/ ! inks kn[n z writ+ fluids1 :5 p]man5cy is ! fir/ requisition8' 7 9 a way ! mo/ unsatisfactory1 & savor$ some:at ( adv]tis+4 ,"o manufactur] made no fluid1 & _h no op9ion to express4 ,mo/ ( ! o!rs made fluids4 ,n9e advis$ g5]ally aga9/ _! use2 f\r recomm5d$ !m 9 pref]5ce to ink2 & ! o!rs ei!r advis$ g5]ally aga9/ !m1 b recomm5d$ _! own1 or qualifi$ ! answ] 9 su* a way z to ?r[ d\bt on !m4 ,! argum5t 9 _! favor seems to be t _! fluidity makes !m p]meate ! pap]1 &1 9 ! *ange ( color :i* usually takes place aft] us+1 a dye+ ( ! pap] results4 ,! objections are1 t to obta9 ! fluidity body mu/ be sacrific$1 & !re is n en\gh sub/ance deposit$ ^u ! pap]4 ,! objections made by two manufactur]s ( fluids ,i give 9 _! own words4 ',we advise g5]ally aga9/ ! inks kn[n simply z writ+ fluids--^? n int5d$ to yield a lett]-press copy--because !y are univ]sally made1 fir/1 ) z little solid matt] z possible1--i4 e4 weak2 second1 ) an excess ( iron beyond t requir$ to comb9e ) ! tann91 s z to develop all ! color possible & fl[ ) ! greate/ fre$om4 ,! comb9$ writ+ & copy+ fluids1 & ! copy+ fluids on ! o!r h& if prop]ly made1 may be ju/ly recomm5d$ :]e p]man5cy is ! fir/ requisition1 p>ticul>ly ! old] ones1 :i* %\ld be ! mo/ durable ( all nut-gall & iron inks1 because 9 !m p>ticul>ly conc5tration is aim$ at1 & ! iron ne$ n necess>ily1 & %\ld n1 be 9 excess ( t requir$ to comb9e ) ! tann9 pres5t4 ,a /eel p5 dur+ use injures1 & (t5 greatly1 ! durability ( a writ+ ink by giv+ up iron to x4 ',= y\r purpose1 :]e extreme p]man5cy is ! fir/ requisition1 ,i %\ld n advise ! use ( an ord9>y writ+ fluid4 ,_m manufactur]s _c obta9 suffici5t fluidity 9 _! writ+ fluids )\t mak+ _! inks v dilute1 & obs]v+ a p>ticul> me?od ( manufacture :i*1 al?\gh provid+ m atta9$ color = a "t1 sacrifices ! p]man5t quality ( _! color 9 a great measure4 ,i %\ld advise ! use ( an ink decid$ly /rong]4' ,! addition ( wat] 0 almo/ univ]sally condemn$1 = reasons /at$ lat]4 ,z pro( t ?is 0 n = ! m]c5>y purpose ( indirectly advis+ ! use ( m ink1 "s ( ! manufactur]s said ! ink %\ld be kept 9 small- m\!d ink-/&s1 & :5 n 9 use %\ld be z tightly seal$ z possible1 to prev5t evaporation4 ,9 reply to ! inquiry z to :e!r *emicals left 9 ! pap] ev] oblit]at$ ! ink1 sev]al ( ! manufactur]s said !y knew ( su* cases1 & all 7 agre$ t1 if ! *lorides us$ = blea*+ ! pap] 7 n wa%$ out1 !y w\ld dang]\sly affect any ink4 ,! practice ( mix+ inks 0 univ]sally condemn$4 ,p]man5cy aga9/ ! action ( "t is ! quality s\ght = 9 ?is inve/igation1 & x is claim$ t bett] evid5ce z to t quality is furni%$ by ! te/ ( "t ?an by any o!r2 & manufactur]s h %[n or ref]r$ to specim5s ( writ+ made ) _! ink _m ye>s ago1 z pro( ( its m]it 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,if !re 0 any surety t ! /&>d ( quality 0 always kept up 9 all ( ! olde/ inks on ! m>ket1 x w\ld be safe to accept t te/1 b ?is may n be a fact2 &1 z has be5 /at$1 "s ( ! record+ (fic]s believe t x is n4 ,moreov]1 if only ! old inks 7 to be accept$1 x w\ld be aga9/ ! _s ( ! age1 :i* is to adopt ! improvem5ts :i* sci5ce makes possible2 & manufactur]s :o at great co/ ( "t & money h made improvem5ts1 w\ld be depriv$ ( ! comp5sation :i* !y des]ve4 ,! old inks 7 z a rule heavy1 & _h a t5d5cy to settle2 & ! endeavor on ! "p ( "s manufactur]s has be5 to pres]ve ! p]man5cy1 & at ! same "t produce ?9n] inks :i* w\ld be m agreeable to use4 ,improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! direction ( free-fl[+ inks1 & ^! are fa/ becom+ popul>2 &1 :ile = correspond5ce & comm]cial uses !y are und\bt$ly suffici5tly p]man5t1 = records _m ( !m are n1 & x 0 ) a view ( prev5t+ ! use ( ^! ^u records t ?is inve/igation 0 made4 ,no att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! p]man5cy ( ! inks1 z aga9/ _! removal by acids4 ,! use ( prop] ink is consid]$ s important by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t t ! inks us$ 9 ! public dep>tm5ts are obta9$ by public t5d]1 9 accordance ) ! conditions drawn up by ! controll] ( ,h4 ,m4 /ation]y (fice1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! *ief *emi/ ( ! inl& rev5ue dep>tm5t1 to :om ! inks suppli$ by ! contractor are f "t to "t submitt$ = analysis4 ,suitable inks = ! v>i\s uses are ?us obta9$1 & _! /&>d ma9ta9$4 ,! la/ =m ( 'invitation to t5d]1' or 'proposal1' z we t]m x1 is app5d$1 z be+ in/ructive4 ,i _c le>n t ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t uses any su* c>e z ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 ! matt] ( ink1 al?\gh ! "q has be5 a tr\blesome "o 9 ! dep>tm5ts4 ,! ,/ate dep>tm5t issues no special rules = det]m9+ suitable inks1 or requir+ t p>ticul> inks %all be us$4 ,proposals are ask$ = ! l[e/ bids = ! articles ( /ation]y requir$1 ! la/ =m ( proposal ask+ = bids ^u sev5 black inks1 "o crimson1 & "o writ+ fluid1 :i* are nam$4 ,) ! m>ket full ( inks wor?less = records1 ! only safety = our records seems to be 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em simil> to ! ,engli%1 :i* %all fix ^u prop] inks = v>i\s uses1 :i* all record+ (fic]s %all be requir$ to use4 ,i believe t ! record+ (fic]s w be glad to h ! "q ( p]man5t inks decid$ = !m1 & to "k :e!r inks :i* 7 9 use _m ye>s ago1 & h /ood ! te/ ?us f>1 are ma9ta9$ at _! old /&>d4 ,9 ! face ( %>p competition among manufactur]s1 !y fe> !y are n4 ,mr4 ,swan1 proce$+ /ill fur!r1 secur$ ! s]vices ( two ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essors ( *emi/ry 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,messrs4 ,m>koe & ,baird1 & submitt$ to !m 9 cam]a sixty-sev5 samples ( diff]5t inks1 kn[n only by numb]s1 = *emical analysis2 9 a long & exhau/ive report on ! "w !y _h set out to accompli%1 & also ) a diss]tation on ! *emi/ry ( inks 9 g5]al1 !y complete _! report z foll[s3 ,z a conclusion1 s9ce ! great mass ( inks on ! m>ket are n suitable = records1 because ( _! lack ( body & because ( ! quantity ( un/able color :i* !y conta91 & because ! few ^: color+ matt]s are n objectionable are defici5t 9 galls & iron1 or bo?1 we w\ld /rongly recomm5d t ! ,/ate set its own /&>d = ! composition ( inks to be us$ 9 its (fices & = its records1 h ! inks manufactur$ accord+ to specifications s5t out1 & receive ! manufactur$ products subject to *emical assay4 ,9 ?is way only c !re be a uni=mity 9 ! inks us$ = ! records ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 & 9 no o!r way c a prop] /&>d be ma9ta9$4 ,mr4 ,swan comm5ts on ! report ( 8 *emi/s1 & calls att5tion to o!r te/s made by himself3 ,! conclusions at :i* ,i arriv$ 7 drawn1 z /at$1 f manufactur]s or record+ (fic]s1 :olly indep5d5tly ( ! *emi/s1 b !y w be f\nd to co9cide 9 _m p>ticul>s ) !irs4 ,i did consult !m 9 reg>d to ! practicability ( ma9ta9+ a ,/ate /&>d = record ink1 :i* !y h approv$4 ,! comm5dation by ! *emi/s ( "s ( ! s-call$ writ+ fluids expla9s 9 a degree ! v>iety ( op9ions advanc$ by ! manufactur]s 9 reg>d to ! durability ( fluids4 ,"s ( !m w be se5 to possess ! qualities ( ink1 & ! "n fluid is evid5tly giv5 to meet ! comm]cial dem& = fluids4 ,sev]al p]sons1 manufactur]s among !m1 express$ great] confid5ce 9 te/s ( exposure ( inks to ! light & wea!r ?an to *emical analysis4 ,i1 !re=e1 z a dry te/1 plac$ on ! inside ( a w9d[ pane receiv+ a /rong light1 writ+ made "u exactly ! same conditions ) ea* ( sixty-sev5 inks1 :i* rema9$ !re f ,m>* #ac to ,decemb] #h4 ,simil> writ+ 0 expos$ to light & ! wea!r f ,septemb] #be to ,decemb] #h1 & ! result ( ! resi/ance ( ! inks 9 bo? te/s is an almo/ exact confirmation ( ! report ( ! *emi/s1 inks ( ! same class v>y+ 9 _! resi/ance accord+ to _! specific gravity or am\nt ( add$ color4 ,x may be safely said1 !re=e1 t ( sixty- sev5 inks ( :i* ,i procur$ samples1 all b sev5te5 are unsuitable = records1 & among ^! ! *emi/s say b "o is fully up to ! e/abli%$ sci5tific /&>d ( quantity ( iron sulphate4 ,! reason is pla91--! dem& = comm]cial inks is l>ge1 = record1 small1 & ! supply has be5 to meet ! dem&4 ,! ,briti% gov]nm5t adv]tises = t5d]s ea* ye>1 ! requirem5ts = black writ+ ink 9 #ahhi reads3 ,to be made ( ,be/ ,galls1 ,sulphate ( ,iron1 & ,gum4 ,! ,sulphate ( ,iron n to exce$ 9 quantity "o-?ird ( ! weight ( ! ,galls us$1 & ! specific gravity ( ! matur$ ,ink n to exce$ #ajde degrees 7di/ill$ wat] be+ #ajjj degrees74 ,t ( ,black ,copy+ ,ink ,to be made ( ! above mat]ials1 b ( a /r5g? "o f\r? great] ?an ! ,writ+ ,ink1 & ) ! addition ( ,sug> or ,glyc]9e4 ,! specific gravity ( ! matur$ ,ink n4 to exce$ #ajhe degrees4 ,& t ( ,blue-,black ,writ+ ,ink ,to be made ( f9e/ ,galls1 ,sulphate ( ,iron1 ,gum1 ,indigo1 & ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,! specific gravity ( ! ,ink :5 matur$ n to exce$ #ajce degrees4 ,mr4 ,swan aga9 rem>ks 9 8 report ( #ahib3 ,_m ( ! inks :i* %\ld n be us$ ^u records are free fl[+ & m agreeable to use ?an p]man5t inks1 conta9+ m body4 ,z long z record+ & copy+ is paid = by ! page1 & ! object is to accompli% ! mo/ 9 ! lea/ "t1 ^! inks w be 9 popul> use1 & us$1 & blott$ (f ! pap] be=e !y h mu* m ?an color$ x1 only to disappe> ev5tually4 ,! ,/ate %\ld set a /&>d = a record ink2 &1 :ile our pres5t sy/em ( keep+ records & furni%+ supplies w n all[ t its use be requir$ on all public records1 z 9 ,engl&1 x w\ld seem practicable = ! secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? to adv]tise = proposals = inks ( a c]ta9 /&>d1 :i* ! manufactur]s %\ld be b\nd to ma9ta91 & t ^! %\ld be us$ 9 all ! ,/ate (fices4 ,) a ,/ate /&>d ink adopt$1 its use by record+ (fic]s w\ld soon foll[4 ,9 #ahid ,mr4 ,swan's indefatigable ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) success1 ! /ate ( ,massa*usetts adopt+ 8 recomm5dations includ$ 9 ! foll[+ act3 ,,section #a4 ,no p]son hav+ ! c>e or cu/ody ( any book ( record or regi/ry 9 any ( ! dep>tm5ts or (fices ( ! ,commonweal? %all use or all[ to be us$ ^u su* books any ink except+ su* z is furni%$ by ! secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,,section #b4 ,! secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? %all f "t to "t adv]tise = proposals to furni% ! sev]al dep>tm5ts & (fices ( ! ,commonweal? 9 :i* books ( record or regi/ry are kept ) ink ( a /&>d & ^u conditions to be e/abli%$ by ! secret>y at su* p]iods & 9 su* quantities z may be requir$1 & may contract = ! same4 ,,section #c4 ,! ink s furni%$ %all be exam9$ f "t to "t by a *emi/ to be designat$ by ! secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 & if at any "t said ink %all be f\nd to be inf]ior to ! e/abli%$ /&>d ! secret>y %all h au?ority to cancel any contract made = furni%+ said ink1 & ! quantity s f\nd inf]ior %all n be paid =4 ,pr(essor ,m>koe1 ref]r$ to be=e1 0 appo9t$ *emi/ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? & prep>$ :at he consid]$ ! be/ =mula1 = a /&>d ink1 :i* 0 compet$ = by a numb] ( ink manufactur]s aft] prop] adv]tisem5t1 & a contract aw>d$4 ,mr4 ,swan says t ?is dep>ture 0 receiv$ ) favor by record+ (fic]s4 ,no *ange 0 made 9 ! =mula until aft] ! dea? ( ,pr(essor ,m>koe 9 #aijj1 :5 ,dr4 ,b5nett ,f4 ,dav5port ( ,bo/on 0 select$ z 8 successor4 ,he submitt$ a modifi$ =mula to be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( an (ficial or /&>d ink4 ,x 0 adopt$ & su* an ink is )\t exception n[ us$ by all record+ (fic]s ( bo? ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut4 ,9 #aija ! ,unit$ ,/ates treasury dep>tm5t adopt$ a simil> ink except t x p]mitt$ ! introduction into x ( an unnam$ blue color+ mat]ial4 ,e>ly 9 #ahid & dur+ ! legislative session ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 aft] consultation ) ,g5]al ,palm]1 ! !n secret>y ( /ate1 ,i prep>$ a bill some:at on ! l9es z laid d[n 9 ! ,massa*usetts /atute4 ,! press all ov] ! /ate at once took up ! matt] & urg$ t "s su* measure %\ld be enact$ into law4 ,a ,new ,york ,city newspap] discuss$ x z foll[s3 ,a bill is to be introduc$ 9 ! legislature ?is week1 probably to-morr[ night1 provid+ = an (ficial ink to be us$ by e public (fic] ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 9 ! writ+ ( public docum5ts & 9 mak+ entries 9 ! records4 ,! (ficial ink is = ! purpose ( mak+ public records p]man5t & to gu>d aga9/ fraud by ! alt]ation ( ! records4 ,z ! law /&s at ! pres5t "t 9 ! /ate e (ficial1 :e!r municipal1 c\nty or /ate1 is all[$ to pur*ase & use = ! records ( 8 (fice :atev] ink he may *oose4 ,! consequ5ce is t !re is no uni=mity 9 public records ?r\gh\t ! /ate1 & entries1 transcripts & c]tificates are writt5 ) hundr$s ( v>i\s k9ds ( inks4 ,! s]i\s "p ( ! bus9ess1 h[ev]1 is ! evanesc5t "* ( "s ( ! k9ds n[ us$1 especially ( ! *eap] grades4 ,^! are ! inks made f anil9e & o!r dyes :i* are held 9 solution 9 wat]4 ,su* inks are made f a f9e1 *eap p[d]1 ( :i* nigros9e is us$ 9 mak+ black inks1 eos9e = r$1 & me?yl5e = blue ink1 & !y co/ only a few dimes a gallon to manufacture4 ,! writ+ made ) su* inks quickly dries by ! evaporation ( ! wat]1 :5 x m]ely requires ! application ( a little soap & wat] to wa% !m out1 leav+ ! pap] absolutely clean1 besides be+ fugitive4 ,x is said t z a result ( ! pres5t lack ( sy/em 9 ?is matt] !re are n[ public records ( ! city ( ,new ,york 9 :i* ! ink has entirely fad$4 ,^! records h be5 made )9 ! pa/ =ty ye>s1 & are n[ wor?less because ( ! "* ( ! inks orig9ally us$4 ,9 ! ,police dep>tm5t ( ?is city a blue ink is (t5 us$ :i* is made f prussian blue4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! entries 9 ! books ( ! ,police dep>tm5t are made ) ink ( ?is k9d1 & ! w>rants & o!r public docum5ts ) :i* ! police h to d are simil>ly writt54 ,a little soap & wat] w wipe out ?is writ+1 s t ! record c be easily alt]$ at any "t4 ,! use ( ?is ink 9 ! ,police dep>tm5t is said to date f ! "t ( ,twe$1 :i* is significant ( ! orig9al purpose = :i* x4 0 adopt$4 ,a p]man5t writ+ fluid su* z x is n[ propos$ to adopt ?r\gh\t ! /ate w\ld n only secure uni=mity 9 ! "* ( ! inks us$1 b x w\ld also ?r[ _m ob/acles 9 ! way ( alt]+ ! records4 ,! pres5t ,secret>y ( ,/ate is he>tily 9 accord ) ! propos$ legislation4 ,he 0 se5 la/ week by ,mr4 ,david ,n4 ,c>valho1 :o has made a life /udy ( ! subject & :o drew ! bill & is pu%+ ! re=m4 ,mr4 ,c>valho said ye/]day3 ',?is ink1 ^: use x is int5d$ to secure 9 ! mak+ ( public records 9 ?is /ate1 is m co/ly ?an ^? made f anil9e & o!r dyes1 :i* fade & wa%4 ,9 x ! black p>ticles are susp5d$ 9 wat] by ! addition ( gum4 ,?is k9d ( ink has an aff9ity = oxyg51 & h5ce x oxidizes & turns black4 ,:5 unadult]at$ x only becomes black] ) ! passage ( "t1 & _c be wa%$ f ! pap] by ! use ( wat]4' ',i c\ld %[ y1' cont9u$ ,mr4 ,c>valho1 'public records ( ?is city made )9 =ty ye>s :i* are entirely illegible & consequ5tly wor?less1 because *eap inks 7 us$ 9 ! writ+4 ,^! include n only records ( wills 9 ! ,surrogate's (fice1 b entries & transf]s ( real e/ate :i* are likely to come up 9 ! c\rse ( litigation at any "t1 !reby affect+ ! rights ( _m citiz5s4 ',i c tell y at once ^u see+ an old docum5t ! "* ( ! ink t 0 us$ 9 ! writ+1 & ,i h se5 _m old pap]s ov] a hundr$ ye>s ( age 9 :i* ! writ+ 0 z cle> z ! day x 0 made1 simply because a good writ+ ink 0 us$4 ,on ! o!r h& writ+ made ) *eap anil9e ink may "u c]ta9 circum/ances fade out )9 a ye>1 & 9 a book :i* is mu* h&l$ is almo/ c]ta9 to be rubb$ out 9 "t4 ',x has frequ5tly happ5$ t 9 ! c\rse ( litigation1 especially ov] real e/ate1 t old records made ) poor inks h be5 produc$ :i* ! c\rt refus$ to accept z evid5ce1 !reby depriv+ "s citiz5 ( 8 rights4 ,at ! pres5t "t _m (ficials 9 ?is /ate1 9 fact1 ! majority ( !m1 are us+ ^! *eap & wor?less inks & ! records !y are mak+ w be ( little or no value 9 a few ye>s4 ',x is to put a /op to ?is abuse t ! pres5t bill has be5 drawn up1 & !re is no argum5t :i* c be rais$ aga9/ x4' ,x appe>s t !re 0 "o1 h[ev]1 z ! bill fail$ to pass = ! /at$ reason t x came "u ! head ( class legislation4 ,! great /ate & city ( ,new ,york ) co/ly & magnific5t depositories cont9ue to place 9 !m1 = safe-keep+1 valuable records & o!r ink-writt5 in/rum5ts :i* w become illegible be=e ! pres5t c5tury comes to an end4 ,pr(essor ,lehn]1 a ,g]man *emi/1 9 #ahij publi%$ a treatise ,die ,t9t5-,fabrikation1 :i* has be5 translat$ & add$ to by ,dr4 ,brannt1 ( ,philadelphia1 editor ( ,! ,te*no-,*emical ,receipt-,book1 :o rem>ks3 ,! lack ( a rec5t treatise 9 ! ,engli% language conta9+ detail$ descriptions ( ! raw mat]ials & receipts = ! prep>ation ( ,inks1 & ! app>5t necessity1 z %[n by frequ5t inquiries1 = su* a volume1 7 ! consid]ations :i* l$ to ! prep>ation ( ,! ,manufacture ( ,ink4 ,?is "w compiles a great numb] ( =mulas1 & r favors ! views ( ! *emi/ ,dr4 ,bo/ock respect+ ! iron & gall inks4 ,! book possesses value = ref]5ce purposes to ! manufactur]4 ,augu/e ,p]et1 au?or ( ,! ,manufacture ( ,ink1 #ahia1 has put toge!r a lot ( excell5t mat]ial relative to ink-mak+ & valuable = ref]5ce purposes4 ,! late ,dr4 ,william ,e4 ,hagan ( ,troy1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahid issu$ 8 book1 ,disput$ ,h&-writ+4 ,he devotes two *apt]s to ! discussion ( anci5t & mod]n inks & _! *emi/ry4 ,he has be5 k9d en\gh to quote ! writ] z ! fir/ to remove ink 9 op5 c\rt ) *emicals 9 ord] to det]m9e ! exi/5ce ( p5cil writ+ b5ea? ! ink4 ,! p5cil be+ c>bon 0 n affect$ !reby & ) ! subsequ5t re/oration ( ! blea*$ ink by ! use ( ! correct re-ag5t4 ,9 ! same ye> ,dr4 ,p]si= ,fraz] ( ,philadelphia publi%$ 8 ,manual ( ! ,/udy ( ,docum5ts4 ,a few pages are giv5 to ! /udy ( inks1 & a "p !re( is devot$ to ! rese>*es ( ,c>re1 ,hag]1 ,baudrimont1 ,t>ry1 ,*evalli] & ,lassaigne1 to det]m9e suspect$ =g]ies4 ,! *apt] on ! sequ5ce 9 cross$ l9es1 :]e he indicates 8 me?od ( det]m9+ :i* ( two cross$ ink l9es 0 writt5 fir/1 is bo? orig9al & a real contribution to sci5ce4 ,alfr$ ,h4 ,all51 ,f4 ,c4 ,s41 ( ,engl&1 p]haps ! highe/ au?ority on ! subject ( tann9s1 dyes & color+ matt]s 9 8 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 revis$ & edit$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,m]ritt ,ma!ws ( ,p5nsylvania1 edition ( #aijj1 devotes eight pages to ! subject ( ! ,exam9ation ( ,ink ,m>ks4 ,he says3 ,ord9>y writ+ ink 0 =m]ly always made f a decoction ( galls1 to :i* gre5 vitriol 0 add$4 ,( late1 ! composition ( writ+ inks has become f> less con/ant1 anil9e & o!r dyes be+ frequ5tly employ$1 & o!r metallic salts sub/itut$ = ! f]r\s- sulphate =m]ly inv>iably us$4 ,! be/ black ink is a tanno-gallate ( iron1 obta9$ by add+ an infusion ( nut-galls to a solution ( f]r\s- sulphate 7copp]as74 ,9 #ahig ! au?or 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,b> ,association at ,albany1 entitl$ ,a ,plea = ! ,pres]vation ( ! ,public ,records1 discuss$ ! "q ( ! /ability ( inks & _! ph5om5a & took occasion to make recomm5dations z to _! con/itution & future me?ods ( employm5t4 ,a vote ( ?anks 0 adopt$ & ! association ref]r$ ! pap] to ! ,committee on ,law ,re=m1 :]e no d\bt x /ill slumb]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,endur+ ,,ink4 ,,asc]ta9m5t ,,( ,a ,,correct ,,ink ,,=mula ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,ov] ,a ,,c5tury--,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,:i* ,,e/abli%es ,,x--,,! ,,inve/igations ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,,9 ,,?is ,,direction ,,& ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,^? ,,( ,,commission] ,,swan--,,elim9ation ,,( ,,! ,,add$ ,,colors ,,& ,,_! ,,orig9-- ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,relative ,,m]its ,,( ,,lampblack1 ,,madd] ,,& ,,indigo--,,! ,,durable ,,virtues ,,( ,,indigo ,,:5 ,,employ$ ,,alone--,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,br[n+ ,,( ,,inks--,,longevity ,,( ,,ink ,,due ,,to ,,vehicle ,,:i* ,,c>ries ,,x--,,:5 ,,p]fect ,,ink ,,w ,,be ,,inv5t$4 ,,to asc]ta9 ! correct =mula ( a sub/antially p]man5t ink1 z we h le>n$1 has be5 ! aim dur+ a c5tury or m1 ( able *emi/s1 manufactur]s & laym54 ,_! exp]im5ts & /udy ( anci5t & mod]n docum5ts all po9t un]r+ly 9 ! direction ( an ink conta9+ iron & galls4 ,accumulat$ evid5ce may be said to e/abli% itself 9 ! light ( inve/igation & exp]i5ce & becomes m & m a c]ta9ty :5 consid]$1 review$ & discuss$ 9 connection ) a *ronological hi/ory ( ! gall inks s9ce !y came into semi-(ficial & o!r uses c5turies ago4 ,descriptions ( ,,mss4 conta9+ ink writ+s hundr$s ( ye>s old1 _m ( !m z legible z :5 fir/ writt51 are sil5t witnesses ^: te/imony _c be assail$4 ,su* in=mation :5 assembl$ toge!r m9imizes _m ( ! conditions :i* h exi/$ & int]pos$ 9 prev5t+ dur+ ! la/ f\r decades a g5]al adoption or re-adoption ( su* a tanno-gallate ( iron ink1 ! la/+ qualities ( :i* "s ( our =efa!rs e/imat$ w\ld1 & z we "k h /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,assum+ ?is "* ( ink to h be5 employ$ 9 pa/ c5turies1 ! cause or causes = ! diff]5tiations 9 respect to color & durability become ( p>am\nt importance4 ,! inve/igations ( ! writ] 9 ?is direction1 :ile 9 "s respects travel+ ! same road foll[$ by o!rs1 div]g$ f !m & has be5 m 9 ! nature ( a comp>ative analytical & microscopic exam9ation ( anci5t ) anci5t & mod]n ) mod]n docum5ts 9 connection ) num]\s *emical exp]im5ts1 ! manufacture ( hundr$s ( inks & ! /udy ( _! "t & o!r ph5om5a4 ,to accompli% ?is1 anci5t docum5ts n writt5 ) ,indian ink1 b ) ^? obvi\sly conta9+ comb9ations ( iron & galls or o!r tann9s1 7 select$ & gr\p$ into color families4 ,!y began ) ! f\rte5? c5tury1 cont9u+ well into ! n9ete5?1 to ! numb] ( ne>ly f\r hundr$1 ea* ( !m ( a diff]5t date & diff]5t ye>4 ,"s ( !m 7 s pale & indi/9ct z to be illegible1 o!rs less s & by gradual /eps !y approa*$ to a def9ite black2 _m ( !m z ri* & deep 9 color z if !y _h be5 writt5 n c5turies ago b )9 a few ye>s4 ,signatures on ! same docum5t repres5t$ diff]5t degrees ( color1 s t ! "q ( ! mat]ial on :i* ! writ+ appe>$ affect+ ! appe>ance ( ! ink1 0 n a factor2 b ! diff]5ce 9 ! inks us$ to make ! signatures 0 ! det]m9+ factor4 ,at ?is po9t x may be not$ t ! inve/igations conduct$ by ,mr4 ,swan be=e ref]r$ to & ^? by ! writ] & ! resultant obs]vations ( ea* 7 sub/antially alike4 ,_m ( ! writ]'s1 h[ev]1 prec$$ ^? ( ,mr4 ,swan's1 = dur+ ! ye>s #ahhe & #ahhf1 hav+ _h ! cu/ody ( "p ( ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york !re 7 _m opportunities to /udy ?is subject :i* 7 tak5 advantage (1 be=e & aft] :i* "t frequ5t exam9ations 7 made ( writ+s mu* m anci5t ?an ^? p]ta9+ to ,new ,york4 ,assum+ a second premise 0 to ass]t t ! inks employ$ 9 ! writ+ ( ^! docum5ts 7 /raight or possess$ "s add$ pigm5t or color4 ,aga91 ! vehicles to hold ! p>ticles or possibly pres]v+ sub/ances1 might be factors4 ,all lit]ature possible ref]r+ to ink =mulas 0 exam9$ to asc]ta9 ! names ( mat]ials recomm5d$ or =m]ly add$ to gall inks1 because if ! pri/95ess ( ! black] inks 0 due to ! add$ pigm5t x 0 a safe proposition t x 0 /ill exi/5t 9 ! ink1 & t if x c\ld be discov]$ "p at lea/ ( ! problem w\ld be1 simplifi$4 ,! add$ color comp\nds1 exclud+ ^? ( ! anil9e family :i* p]ta9 to ! m mod]n ink compositions1 are ( two classes3 ^? possess+ tann9 & color-yield+ mat]ials & ^? conta9+ only a color-yield+ mat]ial4 ,_m ( ! fir/ class h be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ink bo? ) infusions ( nut-galls or alone1 :ile b v few ( ! second class h be5 us$ = ei!r purpose4 ,! decompos+ action ( light1 oxyg5 & moi/ure on _m ( ea* class plac$ !m beyond ! purview ( consid]ation1 :ile ! dates ( ! discov]y & ! fact ( ! small p]c5tage ( tann9 conta9$ 9 o!rs p]mitt$ !m also to be disc>d$4 ,= in/ance3 vanadium1 :i* is fairly p]man5t1 0 discov]$ only 9 #ahcj2 *an*i1 ! ink plant ( ,new ,granada discov]$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 possess+ excell5t la/+ qualities1 does n assimilate p]fectly ) o!r con/itu5ts us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ink1 b is be/ :5 us$ alone2 ,b]l9 blue 7prussian blue7 is well spok5 (1 b 0 only discov]$ by accid5t 9 #agaj by ,diesba*1 a prep>] ( colors at ,b]l92 logwood1 m us$ = ?is purpose ?an any o!r mat]ial1 0 fir/ import$ into ,europe 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & causes a det]ioration ( ! durable qualities ( ! tanno-gallate ( iron2 ,brazil-wood & ar*il1 & _! allies1 are exce$+ly fugitive2 bablah1 ! fruit ( ! acacia arabica1 myrabolams1 ( ,*9ese gr[?1 cate*u1 & sumac :i* ?\gh us$ 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 ea* conta9s a p]c5tage ( gallic acid too small to meet ! requirem5ts4 ,divi-divi1 a ,s\? ,am]ican product1 came into use only at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury & has n /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,?is sift+ process completely elim9at$ all b lampblack1 madd] & indigo 9 "s =m z a p]man5t add$ color pigm5t4 ,lampblack1 :i* is we "k =ms ! basis ( ,indian ink1 is n soluble & requires a v heavy gummy vehicle to prev5t its imm$iate precipitation1 & :ile x c\ld h be5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) tanno-gallate ( iron z an ink1 ! fact t x 0 possible to *emically remove ! anci5t inks :i* rema9$ black1 0 a suffici5t demon/ration t ?is c>bon sub/ance1 :i* is n affect$ by *emicals1 ei!r z conta9$ 9 ! fluid ink or z du/$ on aft] writ+1 c\ld h =m$ no "p ( ! anci5t tanno-gallate ( iron inks4 ,madd] is m5tion$ z ( v anci5t times & 0 cultivat$ 9 ,europe z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury2 its addition to an iron & gall ink is said to be an inv5tion ( ! ye> #ahee2 x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t x 0 us$ = a l purpose z e>ly z #ahbf1 & a fair presumption t x 0 frequ5tly employ$ 9 "s =m dur+ ! prec$+ f\r c5turies4 ,x has "u c]ta9 conditions v la/+ prop]ties z ! madd]-dy$ clo?s f\nd wrapp$ ar\nd ,egyptian mummies demon/rates1 b does n assi/ ! tanno-gallate ( iron to reta9 its black color2 on ! contr>y x seems to less5 ?is quality4 ,t indigo = add$ color 0 employ$ by ink manufactur]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury is %[n by ! =mulas appe>+ 9 ! lit]ature ( t "t4 ,x 0 us$ alone z an ink long be=e1 z well z contemporane\sly )1 ^? ( ! tanno-gallate ( iron family4 ,its la/+ prop]ties are mo/ rem>kable if x be true t1 us$ z a dye1 !re is /ill 9 exi/5ce specim5s ( x on clo? five ?\s& or m ye>s old4 ,! hi/ory ( its use ,,alone z an ink is difficult to asc]ta9 back ( a c]ta9 p]iod2 ! writ] has sev]al specim5s ( x1 "o writt5 9 #afib ^: color is a gre5 blue2 ano!r writt5 ab\t a c5tury ago is believ$ to be z bright blue z ! day x 0 plac$ on ! pap]2 f #ahaj to #ahej x 0 9 common use p>ticul>ly 9 hot climates :]e x 0 home-made4 ,consequ5tly if ! old gall inks conta9$ a la/+ add$ color1 indigo mu/ h be5 ! "o1 ,dr4 ,/>k ^: inve/igations along ?is l9e = tw5ty-?ree ye>s h already be5 cit$ has said t he pref]r$ = 8 own use an ink compos$ ( galls1 sulphate ( indigo & copp]as 7sulphate ( iron72 ?is means a tanno-gallate ( iron ink ) indigo = add$ color4 ,l =mulas call+ = diff]5t proportions ( con/itu5ts bo? be=e & aft] 8 "t 9 ,engl& & ! cont95ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica are to be f\nd 9 consid]able numb]1 prov+ t its use 0 m or less con/ant 9 ?is respect4 ,to det]m9e1 !n1 :e!r or n ! black] specim5s ( ! anci5t writ+s conta9$ indigo 9 any ( its =ms 0 mo/ important1 & ! plan adopt$ mo/ simple4 ,specim5s ( writ+ 9 ink ( :i* ! manufactur]'s "n 0 kn[n z well z 8 =mula & only ?irty ye>s old %[$ evid5ce ( consid]able br[n+2 "s ( !m :5 te/$ 9 juxtaposition ) ^? ( f fifty to "o hundr$ ye>s old :i* _h turn$ completely br[n1 gave approximately ! same results1 & diff]5tiat$ l>gely f ! results obta9$ f jet black specim5s ( eighty to five hundr$ or m ye>s ( age4 ,9 a numb] ( ! br[n] ones indigo 0 f\nd to be pres5t :ile 9 _m ( ! black ones x 0 n1 demon/rat+ t ! reason = ! cont9u+ blackness ( ! old] inks is n due to an add$ color or pigm5t ( any k9d & fur!rmore t ! ,/>k & correspond+ ink =mulas aft] ! te/ ( ,,"t did n reta9 _! orig9al blackness b det]iorat$ to a br[n color2 moreov]1 t _! purpose z 9 ! pres5t day 0 to give an agreeable & imm$iate color result1 a free-fl[+ ink1 & to *eap5 ! co/ ( manufacture :5 comp>$ ) t ( an unadult]at$ tanno-gallate ( iron ink4 ,no disagreem5t be+ n[ possible z to ! la/+ color virtues ( a prop]ly proportion$ tanno- gallate ( iron ink ,,)\t an add$ color or pigm5t1 !re rema9$ ! sole "q z to ! vehicle utiliz$ to hold ?is comb9ation 9 susp5sion & :e!r or n x _h to d ) ! cont9u+ blackness ( ! old] inks4 ,! answ] mu/ lie betwe5 ! vegetable product kn[n z gum & ! animal product kn[n z gelat9e4 ,! fir/ dis9tegrates1 quickly absorbs moi/ure & gradually disappe>s1 :ile gelat9e 7is+lass7 conta9s "u conditions #ej c>bon1 al?\gh its molecul> =mula has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,x _c be conv]t$ into vapor & does n =m well-def9$ comp\nds ) o!r bodies2 x is insoluble 9 alcohol :i* precipitates x 9 flakes f its aque\s solution4 ,x is also precipitat$ by tann91 :i* comb9es ) x to =m an insoluble non-putrescible comp\nd4 ,gallic acid1 h[ev]1 does n precipitate x4 7,bloxam47 ,possess+ an undi/urb$ & complete hi/ory x 0 ! v sub/ance employ$ long be=e ! discov]y ( gall ink1 & is f\nd pres5t 9 ! e>lie/ specim5s ( ! ,indian inks :i* rema9 to u4 ,x mu/ n[ be evid5t t !re c be no mat]ial diff]5ce ( op9ions z to :at has be5 s cle>ly & conclusively e/abli%$1 viz4 t ink :i* conta9s a base ( tanno-gallate ( iron 7)\t add$ color7 is a p]man5t ink1 & ! l5g? ( its durability & cont9u+ pri/95ess c be di/urb$ only by inf]ior quality ( con/itu5ts1 wrong me?ods ( admixture & its future environm5t4 ,h5ce any black ink ) ?is comb9ation miss+ is ( no practical value :atev] ei!r = record or comm]cial uses4 ,indian ink1 except = specific purposes1 belongs to ! great pa/ & w s cont9ue ) its virtues un*all5g$ & prov51 until "s solv5t is discov]$ = ! c>bon :i* =ms ne>ly ! :ole ( its composition1 at :i* "t ,,! p]fect ink c be said to h be5 discov]$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ink ,,ph5om5a4 ,,condition ,,( ,,ink ,,:5 ,,fir/ ,,plac$ ,,on ,,pap]--,,its ,,metamorphosis ,,& ,,aff9ities--,,ignorance ,,( ,,! ,,=g] ,,z ,,to ,,its ,,orig9al ,,environm5t--,,treatm5t ,,( ,,old ,,ink ,,m>ks--,,h[ ,,pap] ,,may ,,discolor ,,ink--,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,acid ,,9 ,,ink--,,vehicles ,,to ,,hold ,,ink ,,p>ticles ,,& ,,pres]ve ,,!m--,,inks ,,five ,,c5turies ,,old ,,d ,,pres]ve ,,_! ,,gloss--,,"s ,,causes ,,( ,,ink ,,dis9tegration--,,:5 ,,ink ,,becomes ,,irresponsive ,,to ,,! ,,elem5ts-- ,,demon/rat$ ,,tru?s ,,ab\t ,,ink ,,con/itu5ts ,,& ,,color ,,ph5om5a--,,natural ,,evolution ,,( ,,an ,,ink ,,m>k--,,l5g? ,,( ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,to ,,become ,,black--,,fir/ ,,indications ,,( ,,age--,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,ink ,,qualities--,,artificial ,,ag+ ,,( ,,ink--,,te/s ,,= ,,x ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,confirm ,,!m--,,blea*+ ,,& ,,removal ,,( ,,ink ,,f ,,pap] ,,crim9ally ,,consid]$-- ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,su* ,,m>ks--,,_! ,,re/oration-- ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,me?ods ,,:i* ,,c ,,be ,,employ$4 ,,all inks :5 fir/ plac$ on pap] are ( c\rse 9 a fluid /ate4 ,gradual evaporation ( moi/ure causes a *ange n only 9 color b 9 ! case ( ! iron & gall inks1 9 _! *emical con/itution1 be+ imm$iately affect$ by _! environm5t1 :e!r due to ! "* ( ! pap] on :i* !y re/1 ! k9d or condition ( ! p5 us$1 or mo/ important ( all1 ! elem5ts4 ,^? :o use ! black inks & *emical writ+ fluids w h notic$ ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,! pale br[n1 blue or gre5 z fir/ writt51 & ! gradual *ange aft] a %ort p]iod to an approa*+ blackness1 are reactions due l>gely to atmosph]ic conditions1 ! oxyg5 unit+ ) t = :i* x has aff9ity & in/antly beg9n+ ) ,,"t to make its m>*1 produc+ natural ph5om5a1 :i* c be only sup]ficially imitat$ b nev] exactly reproduc$4 ,:5 we fur!r take into consid]ation t ! =g] _c always "k ( ! circum/ances :i* surr\nd ! plac+ ( orig9al ink on pap] & t be _c manufacture ! ,,"t :i* has already elaps$1 x is n /range t attempt$ fraud c (t5 be made evid5t & complete demon/rations giv5 ( ! me?ods employ$4 ,) ! passage ( "t1 ! p>ticles 9 "s inks :i* are held toge!r on ! pap] by gummy vehicles1 comm5ce to dis9tegrate & *ange f int5se black to ! br[n color ( iron ru/1 ! add$ color :i* ( itself is fugitive 9 "*1 soon dep>ts2 ! vegetable a/r+5t sep>at+ f ! iron salt decays gradually & disappe>s & f9ally t]m9ates 9 a m]e /a9 or du/ m>k :i* c be bl[n (f ! pap]4 ,sometimes1 ! writt5 surface ( su* pap] c be treat$ by c>efully moi/5+ x ) a decoction ( nut-galls or its equival5t 9 ! pres5ce ( a weak acid1 !n if any iron be pres5t1 a measurable degree ( re/oration ( color w ensue & rema9 = a %ort p]iod4 ,aga91 ! discoloration ( an iron ink may be due to ! "* ( ! pap]2 if ( ! *eap] grades & ! blea*+ comp\nds employ$ 9 _! manufacture are n ?or\ghly wa%$ out1 !n ! ink n only beg9s to absorb oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e b ! *lor9e 9 ! pap] attacks x & ! process ( de/ruction is !reby ha/5$4 ,! introduction ( acid into ink has two purposes1 "o to secure m limpidity1 & ! o!r to cause x to p5etrate ! pap] & 9 ?is way b9d toge!r ! con/itu5t p>ticles ( bo? ink & pap]4 ,mo/ ( ! *emical writ+ fluids ( ?is decade c>ry a sup]abundance ( acid 9 _! composition1 :i* 9 "t w burn ?r\gh ! pap] & ultimately de/roy x4 ,all tanno-gallate ( iron inks require "s vehicle to hold _! p>ticles 9 a /ate ( susp5sion1 o!rwise !re w\ld be precipitation & su* an ink c\ld n be us$4 ,to meet ?is requirem5t a v>iety ( gums are employ$ by manufactur]s1 gum acacia be+ ! pr9cipal "o4 ,its purpose is ?reefold--z be=e /at$1 to hold ! ink p>ticles 9 susp5sion--to prev5t ! ink f fl[+ too rapidly1 & aft] dry+ ,,)\t blott+1 to act z an envelope to encase ! n[ fix$ ink & prev5t or int]f]e ) its absorption ( an excess ( oxyg54 ,! long] ^! latt] conditions obta9 ! long] w ! ink reta9 its pri/95ess1 its durability & p]man5ce4 ,! "t prov$ ink-writt5 specim5s ( five hundr$ ye>s or m ago :i* cont9ue to reta9 _! orig9al int5se black color & glossy appe>ance1 d n1 h[ev]1 yield any evid5ce ( ! use ( vegetable gums 9 _! composition4 ,:]e su* in/ances h be5 notic$ ! gloss is inv>iably miss+4 ,b1 :]e ,,any gloss is pres5t1 x 0 & is because ( ! employm5t ( is+lass 7fi%-glue7 z ! vehicle to hold ! anci5t ink p>ticles4 ,h5ce ! v>iations ( color se5 9 anci5t pap] writ+s1 z already /at$1 7 due n only to possible imp]fect admixtures ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! inks1 b to ! use ( vegetable gums 9 _! prep>ation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ^! h be5 absorb$ by moi/ure :i* ha/5$ dis9tegration1 caus+ a gradual disappe>ance ( _! orig9al blackness & gloss & f9ally a return to ! ru/y color ( oxidiz$ iron4 ,x !re=e foll[s1 my obs]vations & d$uctions be+ correct1 ! old] a writ+ made ) tanno-gallate ( iron ink1 :]e is+lass is ! b9d]1 & :i* has n be5 blott$1 ! h>d] & m imp]vi\s & irresponsive x becomes to ! action ( ! natural elem5ts or ( *emical reag5ts4 ,! tru?s demon/rat$ 9 ?is proposition _c be d5i$4 ,!y =tify z c]ta9 t a prop]ly proportion$ mixture 9 wat] ( an infusion ( nut- galls or gallo-tannic acid & sulphate ( iron1 ) is+lass z ! vehicle to bold ! p>ticles 9 a /ate ( susp5sion1 if writt5 ) on good pap] & all[$ to dry )\t blott+1 9 a %ort "t becomes encas$ or envelop$ 9 su* vehicle1 :i* is !reby r5d]$ sub/antially insoluble & absolutely prev5ts any ext5sive oxidation4 ,also1 z a fur!r consequ5t result1 !re is *emically creat$ an un*angeable & cont9u+ black color m p]man5t & durable ?an ! sub/ance on :i* x appe>s4 ,) a sample ( /&>d comm]cial *emical writ+ fluid1 write on l95 pap] )\t blott+ x2 9 ?irty h\rs1 if expos$ to ! air & f ?ree to five days if kept f x1 ! writ+ %\ld h assum$ a color bord]+ on black2 x becomes black at ! end ( a mon? "u any conditions1 & s cont9ues = a p]iod ( ab\t five or six ye>s1 :5 if exam9$ "u a l5s ( ! magnification ( t5 diamet]s1 !re w be a noticeable discoloration ( ! sides or p5 tracks :i* sl[ly spreads dur+ a cont9u+ p]iod ( f t5 to fifte5 ye>s1 until ! entire p5 m>ks are ( a ru/y br[n t9t4 ,a species ( dis9tegration & decay is n[ progress+ & :5 approximately =ty ye>s ( age1 has de/roy$ all ink qualities4 ,if1 h[ev]1 *emical writ+ fluid is fir/ treat$ by exposure to ! fumes ( an ammoniacal gas1 a br[n+ ( ! ink occurs1 n only ( ! p5 tracks b ( ! entire ink m>k4 ,if exam9$ n[ ) a l5s1 ! ink is f\nd to be ?9 en\gh to p]mit ! fibre ( ! pap] to be se5 ?r\gh x1 ?us indicat+ artificial age4 ,fur!rmore1 if a #bj p] c5t /r5g? ( hydro*loric acid be appli$1 ! add$ color 7usually a blue "o7 is re/or$ to ,,its orig9al hue2 alike exp]im5t on "t ag$ ink gives only ! yell[ br[n t9t ( pure gall & iron comb9ations1 ! add$ color hav+ dep>t$ caus$ by its fugitive *>act]i/ics4 ,aga91 if a solution ( *lor9ate ( lime or soda be appli$1 ! ink m>k is in/antly blea*$1 :]e 9 ! case ( hone/ old ink m>ks1 x takes consid]able "t to ev5 approximate a l result4 ,to confirm ! *emical te/s :i* may be employ$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! artificial ag+ ( ink m>ks1 photographs made by p]mitt+ light to transmit ?r\gh ! pap] & to int]f]e ) its rays by filt]+ !m ?r\gh a color scre5 conta9+ orange & "s gre51 w indicate ! pres5ce ( a fugitive sub/ance 9 ! ink1 usually ! add$ color employ$ 9 its manufacture4 ,! process ( blea*+ or removal ( ink m>ks f pap] is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! attempt$ eradication ( words or figures & ! sub/itution ( o!rs on monet>y in/rum5ts1 commonly call$ rais+4 ,its purpose is usually a crim9al "o & "s obs]vations z to ! modus op]&i & its *emi/ry are n out ( place "h4 ,ink m>ks made ) a comp\nd consi/+ ( ! comb9ation ( iron & an infusion ( galls or its equival5t 7a tanno-gallate ( iron ink71 z treat$ ) c]ta9 *emicals1 *ange f a comp\nd ) color to a *emical comp\nd1 ) no color4 ,no?+ has 9 fact be5 absolutely remov$ or eradicat$1 b x is a m]e *ange ( =m1 a sort ( re-arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles1 ! +r$i5ts :i* =m$ ! orig9al color be+ /ill pres5t1 b 9 su* a condition t !y are invisible to ! eye4 ,a re/oration ( ! invisible ink m>ks s t !y c be obs]v$1 becomes possible by ! use ( *emical reag5ts & is ! rev]se ( ! "o ( erasure or blea*+1 & *anges ! con/itu5ts aga9 into a comp\nd :i* has color f ! "o :i* _h none4 ,x does1 n1 h[ev]1 reproduce ! exact composition orig9ally exi/+4 ,su* a reag5t simply goes to ! basis ( ! mat]ial z fir/ us$1 takes up :at 0 left & re=ms ! p>ticles suffici5tly to make !m abundantly recognizable4 ,an apt illu/ration ( ^! *emical *anges ( color is f\nd 9 :at is kn[n z ! ph5olphtale9 te/ solution1 :i* is color$ deep purpli%-r$ by alkali hydrates or c>bonates1 & !n by ! addition ( an acid r5d]$ colorless1 to be aga9 r$d5$ by an ov]- plus ( ! alkali & s on ad inf9itum4 ,a popul> mat]ial = ! purpose ( mak+ *emical erasures is *lor9at$ lime or soda1 :i* becomes m active by fir/ t\*+ ! ink m>k to be remov$ ) a "o half /r5g? solution ( acetic acid2 ?is ha/5s ! lib]ation ( *lor9e gas1 ,,! active ag5t :i* causes ! blea*+ to take place4 ,hydrog5 p]oxide1 also a blea*+ comp\nd1 is less rapid 9 its action ?an *lor9ate ( soda2 ! same may be said ( comb9ations ( oxalic & sulphur\s acids4 ,! mo/ effective re-ag5t = ! re/oration ( a *emically blea*$ iron ink m>k is ! sulphide or sulphuret ( ammonia 7x has sev]al names74 ,?is p5etrat+ *emical black5s metals or _! salts1 :e!r visible or n1 if br\ght toge!r4 ,x mu/ n be us$ by direct contact1 ! be/ & safe/ plan be+ to place a quantity 9 a small sauc]1 to be set on ! floor ( a clos$ box2 to fa/5 to ! box lid ! specim5 to be op]at$ on2 9 ?is way ! re/oration is due to ! fumes ( ! *emical & a possible dang] ( de/ruction ( ! specim5 mu* less5$1 especially if ! m>ks are v light or delicate ones4 ,! re/oration ( color "u p>ticul> conditions may also be obta9$ by treatm5t ) tannic acid1 potassium f]ro-cyanide 7acidulat$7 or a weak solution ( an infusion ( galls4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,ink ,,*emi/ry4 ,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,z ,,to ,,*emical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,ink ,,m>ks ,,by ,,all5--,,eras+ ,,( ,,inks ,,by ,,*emical ,,means--,,approv$ ,,*emical ,,te/s ,,9 ,,! ,,asc]ta9m5t ,,( ,,ink ,,con/itu5ts4 ,a ,,compilation ( ! me?ods ( ,rob]tson1 ,w4 ,?ompson 7,"l ,kelv971 ,irv9e1 ,wisl>1 ,h(fman & o!rs1 relative to ! *emical exam9ation ( ink m>ks1 is to be f\nd 9 ,all5's ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis4 ,_! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 date back _m ye>s ago1 a few ( !m be=e ! "t ( ! use ( ! anil9es = add$ color4 ,! s-call$ aliz>9 ink ref]r$ to has n[ become obsolete4 ,! foll[+ is ! citation 9 "p3 ,9 *emico-legal cases x is sometimes ( importance to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! ink us$1 to comp>e x ) specim5s ( writ+ ( kn[n hi/ory1 & to asc]ta9 ! relative ages ( ! writ+s4 ,a m9ute inspection %\ld fir/ be made ) a magnify+ p[] ( ab\t #aj diamet]s1 & any peculi>ities ( color1 lu/re1 %ade1 etc41 duly not$1 & :]e l9es cross ea* o!r :i* lie upp]mo/4 ,! exam9ation is (t5 facilitat$ by moi/5+ ! pap] ) b5z9e or petroleum _s1 :]eby x is r5d]$ semi- transp>5t4 ,! use ( alcohol or wat] is inadmissible4 ,valuable in=mation is (t5 obta9able by treat+ writ+ or o!r ink-m>ks ) reag5ts4 ,"s inks are affect$ mu* m rapidly ?an o!rs1 ?\gh ! rate ( *ange dep5ds greatly on ! age ( ! writ+4 ,normal oxalic acid 7#fc grammes p] litre71 or hydro*loric acid ( correspond+ /r5g?1 %\ld be appli$ to a "p ( ! ink m>k$ ) a fea!r or camel-hair bru% 7or ! writ+ may be trac$ ov] ) a quill p571 & ! action obs]v$ by means ( a l5s1 ! reag5t be+ all[$ to dry on ! pap]4 ,rec5t writ+ 7"o or two days old7 9 gallic inks is *ang$ by "o application ( oxalic acid to a light gray1 or by hydro*loric acid to yell[4 ,old] /a9s resi/ long]1 9 proportion to _! age1 & a deep] color rema9s4 ,log-wood ink m>ks are mo/ly r$d5$ by oxalic acid1 & aliz>9 m>ks become blui%1 b anil9e inks are unaffect$4 ,) hydro*loric acid1 logwood ink m>ks turn r$di% or r$di%-gray1 aliz>9 m>ks gre5i%1 & anil9e ink m>ks r$di% or br[ni%-gray4 ,! treatm5t ) acid %\ld be foll[$ by exposure to ammonia vapors1 or blott+ pap] wet ) ammonia may be appli$4 ,?us treat$1 m>ks 9 logwood ink turn d>k violet or violet-black4 ,! age ( ink m>ks v greatly affects ! rate ( _! fad+ :5 treat$ ) dilute ammonia1 ! old m>ks be+ m refractory4 ,! behavior ( ink m>ks :5 treat$ ) solution ( blea*+ p[d] is (t5 *>act]i/ic1 ! old] writ+s resi/+ long]2 b unless ! reag5t be extremely dilute1 writ+s ( all ages are remov$ almo/ simultane\sly4 ,hydrog5 p]oxide acts m sl[ly ?an blea*+ solution1 b gives m def9ite results4 ,aft] blea*+ ! m>k by ei!r reag5t1 ! iron ( ! ink rema9s mordant$ on ! pap]1 & ! m>k may be re/or$ by treatm5t ) a dilute solution ( galls1 tannic acid1 or acidulat$ f]ro- cyanide4 ,! same reag5ts may be us$ = re/or+ writ+ :i* has be5 fad$ f age alone4 ,:5 ink m>ks h be5 eras$ or dis*>g$ by *emical means1 traces ( ! treatm5t are (t5 recognizable4 ,aft] effect+ ! erasure ! spot is (t5 rubb$ ov] ) a p[d]$ alum or gum s&>ac1 or coat$ ) gelat9 or size4 ,! blea*+ ag5ts mo/ likely to h be5 us$ are oxalic1 citric1 or hydro*loric acid1 blea*+ p[d] solution1 or acid sulphite ( sodium4 ,moi/5$ litmus pap] w indicate ! pres5ce ( a free acid1 & 9 "s cases treatm5t ) ammonia fumes w re/ore ! color4 ,! pres5ce ( calcium1 *lorides1 or sulphates 9 ! wat] 9 :i* ! pap] is soak$ w af=d "s indication ( blea*+ p[d] or a sulphite hav+ be5 us$4 ,potassium f]ro-cyanide w detect any iron rema9+ 9 ! pap]4 ,exposure to iod9e vapor (t5 af=ds evid5ce ( *emical treatm5t1 & o!r me?ods ( exam9ation readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,m4 ,piesse1 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 is au?ority = a me?od ( remov+ ink1 f\nd on pat5t *eck pap]3 ,alt]nately wa% ! pap] ) a camel's- hair bru% dipp$ 9 a solution ( cyanide ( potassium & oxalic acid2 !n :5 ! ink has disappe>$ wa% ! pap] ) pure wat]4 ,inks ( ! tanno-gallate ( iron family1 :e!r conta9+ add$ color or n1 c be m or less eras$ by *lor9ate ( lime or soda1 9 ! pres5ce ( a weak acid4 ,^! *emicals d n1 h[ev]1 mat]ially affect ! prussian blue inks1 :i* require solutions ( hydrate ( pota% or soda4 ,real indigo c be remov$ by *lor(orm1 morph9e or an anil9e salt 7indigo & anil9e bo? owe _! names to ! same ,portuguese s\rce71 :i* possess ! r>e prop]ty ( dissolv+ pure indigo4 ,su* comb9ation1 if refractory 9 ! pres5ce ( p]manganate ( pota% ) sulphuric acid1 mu/ be foll[$ by an application ( sulphur\s acid4 ,9 l mann]1 inks compos$ ( by-products ( coal t>1 c be effectively treat$1 :5 irradicable ) pla9 wat] or soap & wat]4 ,! erasure & removal ( mo/ inks f pap] c be accompli%$ by ! application ( ! *emicals h]et(ore enum]at$4 ,! requirem5ts 9 ?is direction ( "s inks1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ( r>e occurr5ce1 are to be met by ! employm5t ( o!r & p>ticul> reag5ts4 ,_m ( ! te/s specifi$ 9 ! ,all5 citation to det]m9e ! "* ( ink con/itu5ts1 if made alone are practically valueless1 because ! same behavior occurs ) diff]5t mat]ials employ$ 9 ! admixture ( ink4 ,to avoid error 9 judgm5t ! op]ator %\ld v]ify if possible by confirmatory te/s4 ,?us1 9 ! "o = logwood1 sulphur\s acid w cause a logwood ink m>k to turn yell[2 m]curic *loride1 orange2 t>t>-emetic1 r$2 & if ! m>ks are fad$ ones1 solutions ( sulphate ( iron or bi*romate ( pota% w re/ore !m respectively to a violet or blue-black color4 ,prussian blue1 anil9e blue & indigo blue are to be te/$ z foll[s3 ,solution ( *loride ( lime1 no *ange ( color = prussian blue2 decoloration or fa9t yell[ = anil9e blue or indigo4 ,to discrim9ate betwe5 ! two latt]1 te/ ) solution ( cau/ic soda1 :5 decoloration or *ange ( color w indicate anil9e blue & p]man5ce w indicate pres5ce ( indigo blue4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! blue-black inks1 a v>iety ( violets h be5 & are /ill employ$4 ,among !m are anil9e violet1 iod9e violet1 madd]1 alkanet1 or*il & logwood4 7a7 ,apply *loride ( lime solution3 #a4 ,no *ange ( color indicates alkanet4 #b4 ,any *ange1 "o ( ! o!r five4 7b7 ,apply lemon juice3 #a4 ,! violet becomes bright] if x is "o ( ! anil9e violets1 to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by apply+ "o "p ( hydro*loric acid to ?ree p>ts ( wat]1 :5 x w become violet-blue1 *ang+ to r$ if x is common anil9e-violet1 b blue *ang+ to a gre5 hue & ^u add+ pla9 wat] to a lilac or pe>l gray if x is iod9e-violet 7,h(fman's74 ,x w also turn f r$ to yell[ 9 lemon juice4 ,to te/ = ! o!r ?ree violets3 7a7 ,apply *loride ( lime1 to be foll[$ by a solution ( yell[ prussiate ( pota%3 abs5ce ( a blue coloration leaves or*il & logwood to be consid]$4 ,to di/+ui% betwe5 !m apply solution ( hydrate ( lime1 :]eby a *ange to gray1 foll[$ by complete decoloration indicates logwood1 & a *ange to violet-blue1 or*il4 ,! sub/ances utiliz$ ) b few exceptions = r$ ink are ! eos9s1 possess+ diff]5t names l ery?ros9e1 z well z diff]5t hues4 ,antec$5t to ab\t ?irty-five ye>s ago1 co*9eal 7kn[n z c>m9e71 madd]1 ,brazil wood & saffron =m$ ! basis ( mo/ ( ! r$ inks4 ,make a soap solution add+ a small quantity ( ammonia1 lemon juice1 muriate ( t91 all 9 wat]3 #a4 ,no *ange ^u application indicates madd]4 #b4 ,any *ange1 ! pres5ce ( "o ( ! ?ree o!r r$s3 7a7 ?us a complete decoloration ) a return ( ! color indicates saffron2 7b7 reappe>ance ( ! r$ color ?\gh weak]1 anil9e-r$3 7c7 production ( a yell[i% r$ or light yell[ color1 co*9eal or ,brazil wood1 to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! application ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 :5 ,brazil wood w at once give a bright *]ry-r$1 & co*9eal a yell[i% orange4 ,no yell[ inks are 9 comm]cial use4 ,docum5ts d1 h[ev]1 (t5 conta9 yell[ m>ks ab\t :i* in=mation is requir$ z to _! orig94 ,z a rule !y are iron ru/1 picric acid1 turm]ic1 fu/ic1 weld1 ,p]sian b]ries or qu]citron4 ,9 ord] to recognize ! diff]5t colors1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( iron ru/ & picric acid mu/ fir/ be det]m9$4 ,apply a w>m sample ( a slightly acid solution ( yell[ prussiate ( pota%2 iron ru/ w be indicat$ by a blue coloration4 ,apply a weak solution ( cyanide ( potassium2 picric acid w yield a blood-r$ coloration4 ,if picric acid & iron ru/ are bo? abs5t1 apply a bit ( ord9>y wett$ soap3 #a4 ,x turns r$di%-br[n & becomes yell[ aga9 ) hydro*loric acid-- turm]ic2 #b4 ,x turns q d>k--fu/ic2 #c4 ,x is unaffect$--weld1 ,p]sian b]ries or qu]citron4 ,to di/+ui% betwe5 ^! ?ree1 apply sulphuric acid1 ! color ( weld w disappe>1 & ( ! o!rs rema9+ apply t9-salt solution1 :5 a *ange to orange indicates ,p]sian b]ries1 & no *ange or a v slight "o1 qu]citron4 ,inks conta9+ also logwood1 fu/ic1 ,brazil wood1 or madd]1 7 all ( !m m or less employ$ "s ye>s ago4 ,_! color ph5om5a1 foll[+ long p]iods ( "t1 is mu* ! same4 ,te/s z prescrib$ 9 ! accompany+ table = su* inks w s]ve to classify !m prelim9>y to subsequ5t & m c]ta9 ones4 ,,logwood4 ,,fu/ic4 ,conc5trat$ ,hydro*loric ,acid ,r$-yell[ ,r$ ,dilute ,r$di% ,yell[-,br[n ,conc5trat$ & dilute ,nitric ,acid ,r$ ,r$-,yell[ ,sulphuric ,acid 4 4 ,black ,d>k ,purple ,dilute ,r$ ,br[n ,purple ,potassium ,*romate 4 4 4 4 ,black ,/ann\s ,*loride ,violet ,yell[ ,t>t>ic ,acid 4 4 4 4 4 ,gray-,br[n ,yell[ ,sulphate ( ,copp] 4 4 4 4 ,d>k ,gray ,tann9 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,yell[-,r$ ,yell[ ,pota% ,d>k ,r$ ,yell[ ,potassium ,p]manganate ,light-,br[n ,yell[ ,iodide 4 4 4 4 4 ,r$-,yell[ ,pyrogallic ,acid 4 4 4 4 ,yell[-,br[n ,yell[ ,*rome-yell[ 4 4 4 4 4 ,d>k ,violet ,sodium 7,salt7 ,violet ,r$ ,sulphate ( ,iron ,gray to ,black ,alum 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,violet ,r$1,br[n4 ,fa9t ,r$ ,,brazil ,,wood4 ,,madd]4 ,conc5trat$ ,hydro*loric ,acid ,light ,r$ ,pale ,yell[ ,dilute ,light ,r$ ,pale ,yell[ ,conc5trat$ & dilute ,nitric ,acid ,d>k ,purple ,pale ,yell[ ,sulphuric ,acid 4 4 ,r$ ,pale ,yell[ ,dilute ,purple ,pale ,yell[ ,potassium ,*romate 4 4 4 4 - - ,/ann\s ,*loride ,light ,r$ ,light ,r$ ,t>t>ic ,acid 4 4 4 4 4 ,r$ ,yell[ ,pale ,yell[ ,sulphate ( ,copp] 4 4 4 4 - - ,tann9 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,no ,*ange ,pale ,yell[ ,pota% ,crimson ,light ,r$ ,potassium ,p]manganate - - ,iodide 4 4 4 4 4 - - ,pyrogallic ,acid 4 4 4 4 - - ,*rome-yell[ 4 4 4 4 4 - - ,sodium 7,salt7 - ,r$ ,sulphate ( ,iron ,d>k ,violet - ,alum 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 - ,fa9t ,r$ ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,fraudul5t ,,ink ,,back ,,gr\nds4 ,,detection ,,( ,,alt]ations ,,9 ,,docum5ts ,,by ,,*emical ,,te/s ,,:i* ,,apply ,,solely ,,to ,,! ,,pap]--,,accuracy ,,( ,,results ,,obta9$ ,,by ,,use ,,( ,,iod9e ,,excels ,,t ,,( ,,all ,,o!r ,,*emicals--,,x ,,applies ,,be/ ,,to ,,l95 ,,pap]--,,mod]n ,,h>d ,,pap] ,,does ,,n ,,give ,,complete ,,in=mation--,,effect ,,( ,,iod9e ,,on ,,m>ks ,,made ,,by ,a ,,/ylus ,,or ,,glass ,,p54 ,,fifty ye>s ago & long be=e ! employm5t ( ! fugitive anil9es = ink uses1 & wood pulp z a mat]ial = pap]1 two ,fr5* *emi/s1 ,*evalli] & ,lassiagne1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,*imie ,m$ical1 an article ,on ! ,means to be ,employ$ = ,detect+ & ,r5d]+ ,p]ceptible ,fraudul5t ,alt]ations 9 ,public & ,private ,docum5ts1 :i* z translat$ is valuable en\gh to quote 9 full3 ,! num]\s exp]im5ts :i* h be5 already tri$ at v>i\s times1 h made kn[n ! processes :i* may frequ5tly be put 9 practice = caus+ ! reappe>ance ( traces ( writ+ effac$ by *emical reactions1 & = ?r[+ light on ! "w ( ! guilty4 ,b !re are cases 9 :i* all ! means propos$ = ?is purpose fail1 & !n ! crim9al may escape ju/ice f ! want ( conclusive mat]ial pro(s4 ,if1 z has already be5 prov$1 x is n always possible to cause ! reappe>ance ( ! effac$ writ+1 = :i* writt5 words h ) a fraudul5t int5t be5 sub/itut$1 at lea/1 z our exp]im5ts demon/rates1 we may recognize1 by "s effects :i* are manife/ on ! surface ( ! alt]$ pap]1 ! places :]e ! crim9al act has be5 p]=m$1 circumscribe !m by a simple *emical reaction visible to ! lea/ practic$ eye1 & ev5 measure _! ext5t4 ,9 a ^w1 ! visible alt]ations produc$ on a de$ are susceptible1 ow+ to ! p>tial modifications :i* ! surface ( ! pap] has und]gone1 ( be+ diff]5tly affect$ by c]ta9 *emical actions1 & ( be+ r5d]$ visible4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 made 9 a judicial inve/igation1 furni% u ) ! foll[+ facts3 #a/4 ,! surface ( pap] siz$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 or lett] pap]1 no long] pres5ts ) c]ta9 reactions1 ! same uni=mity :]e x has be5 ei!r accid5tly moi/5$ 9 sev]al places by v>i\s liquids1 or left 9 contact = a c]ta9 "t ) ag5ts capable ( remov+ or de/roy+ ! *>act]s :i* h be5 trac$ on x ) ink4 #b;d4 ,! application ( a ?9 lay] ( gum1 ( />*1 or f>9a1 ( gelat9e1 or fi%-glue1 ) a view ( siz+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! pap]1 or ( caus+ c]ta9 bodies to adh]e to x mom5t>ily1 is detect$ by an action simil> to t :i* %[s pap] to h lately be5 wett$ by ! contact ( liquids4 #c;d4 ,! het]og5e\sness ( ! pulp ( ! pap]s1 & ! k9d ( size ) :i* !y are impregnat$1 lead to diff]5ces 9 ! results :i* are obs]v$ ) ! same *emical reag5ts4 ,we %all n[ exam9e ea* ( ^! propositions1 & describe ! means :i* we h employ$ 9 endeavor+ to solve que/ions ( s high a degree ( int]e/4 #a/4 ,! homog5e\sness ( siz$ pap] n p>tially alt]$ by ! contact ( liquids 7wat]1 alcohol1 salt-wat]1 v9eg>1 saliva1 te>s1 ur9e1 acid salts1 & alkal9e salts7 is demon/rat$ by ! uni=m coloration :i* ?is surface takes on be+ expos$1 if n :olly1 at lea/ 9 v>i\s p>ts1 to ! action ( ! vapor ( iod9e dis5gag$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature f a flask conta9+ a portion ( ! metalloid4 ,:5 ! surface ( pap] n /a9$ by any ( ! above m5tion$ liquids is expos$ to ! action ( ?is vapor = ?ree or f\r m9utes 9 a room ! temp]ature ( :i* is ab\t #fj degrees ,f41 a uni=m yell[i%1 or light-br[ni% yell[1 coloration is notic$ on ! :ole ext5t expos$ to ! vapor ( iod9e2 9 ! contr>y case1 ! surface :i* has be5 moi/5$1 & aft]w>ds dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 is p]fectly di/+ui%$ by a diff]5t & well circumscrib$ t9t4 ,on ! pap]s into :i* pa/e />* & res9 h be5 introduc$1 ! /a9s pres5t su* delicate reactions t we may sometimes di/+ui% by _! color ! portion ( pap] :i* has be5 moi/5$ ) alcohol f t :i* has be5 moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,! /a9 produc$ by alcohol takes a bi/re-yell[ t9t2 t =m$ by wat] is color$ ( a m or less deep violet blue1 ! desiccation hav+ be5 effect$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,= ! /a9s occasion$ on ^! same pap]s by o!r aque\s liquids1 ! t9t1 ap>t f its int5sity1 resembles t ( ! /a9s ( pure wat]4 ,! feeble or dilute acids act l wat] on ! surface ( ! same pap] conta9+ />* 9 its pa/e2 b ! conc5trat$ m9]al acids1 by alt]+ m or less ! sub/ances :i* ent] into ! composition ( ! latt]1 give te/ to ! /a9s :i* pres5t diff]5ces4 ,we are always able to recognize by ! action ( ! vapor ( iod9e ! p>ts ( ! pap] :i* h be5 put 9 contact ) *emical ag5ts1 ! en]gy ( :i* has be5 arre/$ by wa%+ 9 cold wat]4 ,we are able1 on sev]al anci5t de$s1 writt5 on /amp$ pap]1 & a few words ( :i* _h be5 remov$ by u ) *emical ag5ts1 to recognize ! places :]e _! action 0 ex]t$1 to see & to measure ! ext5t :i* !y occupi$ on ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,! te/+ ( a pap] ) ! vapor ( iod9e w pres5t ?is d\ble advantage ov] ! me?ods hi!rto practic$ = detect+ falsifications 9 writ+s1 t x po9ts out at once ! place 9 ! pap] 9 :i* any alt]ation may be suspect$1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 x enables u to act aft]w>ds ) ! reag5ts prop] = caus+ ! reappe>ance ( ! traces ( ink1 :5 t is possible4 ,if ! means :i* we n[ propose _c always make ! =m] writ+ appe>1 !y demon/rate ! places :]e ! alt]ations mu/ h be5 made1 :51 h[ev]1 ! want ( uni=mity pres5t$ by ! surface ( ! pap] is n expla9$ by any circum/ance4 ,?is pro( becomes1 !re=e1 a weapon :i* ! guilty p]son _c avoid4 ,b might n ! pres5ce ( a /a91 or sev]al /a9s1 develop$ by ! vapor ( iod9e1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a public or private de$1 give rise to a suspicion1 :]e ^! /a9s h1 p]haps1 be5 occasion$ by ! spill+ ( "s liquid on ! surface ( ! pap]8 & w\ld x n be ra% & unju/ to raise an accusation f su* a fact8 ,!re w\ld inde$ be great tem]ity 9 draw+ su* a conclusion f a =tuit\s circum/ance2 b ! inf]5ce :i* may be drawn f ! place occupi$ by ^! /a9s on ! surface ( ! pap]1 f ! m or less significant words f\nd 9 ^? places1 w\ld n p]mit an accusation to be s lightly br\ght1 :]e simple reason+ w\ld be suffici5t to de/roy its basis4 ,besides1 ! subsequ5t reactions :i* w\ld be made w\ld c]ta9ly nev] revive words =m]ly writt5 & effac$2 :il/ ! latt] effects may be (t5 produc$1 m or less visibly1 on ^? p>ts ( ! pap] on :i* falsification has be5 practic$1 figures or words be+ sub/itut$ = o!r figures or words4 #b;d4 ,! applications made to ! surface ( a %eet ( pap]1 ) a view ( cov]+ x aga9 at c]ta9 p>ts ) a f9e lay] ( gum1 gelat9e1 />* or fl\r pa/e1 or 9 o!r places to cause o!r %eets ( pap] to adh]e1 may be recogniz$ n only by ! reflection ( light fall+ ^u ! pap] incl9$ at a c]ta9 degree ( obliquity1 & by ! transmission ( light ?r\gh ! pap]1 b also by ! v>y+ action :i* ! vapor ( iod9e ex]ts on ! surface :i* is n homog5e\s4 ,pap]s conta9+ />* & res9 are m p[]fully act$ ^u by ?is vapor ?an pap]s ( a less complex composition4 ,bo? 9 ! p>ts cov]$ ) />*1 or pa/e fl\r1 are color$ 9 a few m9utes ( a violet blue2 b ) />*$ pap]s alone a m int5se coloration is manife/ on ! places cov]$ aga9 ) a ?9 lay] ( gum arabic1 size or gelat9e4 ,by look+1 !n1 on ! surface ( ! pap]1 held some:at obliquely to incid5tal light1 we di/+ui% cle>ly1 by _! diff]5t aspects1 ! p>ts on :i* ^! v>i\s sub/ances h be5 appli$4 ,! vapor ( iod9e1 9 cond5s+ at ! ord9>y temp]ature on ! surface ( ! pap]s to :i* any k9d ( size has be5 appli$ 9 v>i\s places1 produces diff]5ces :i* are mo/ commonly well recogniz$ by ! great] or less transp>5ce ( ! pa/e ( ! pap]4 #c;d4 ,! het]og5e\sness ( ! pulp ( ! v>i\s pap]s ( comm]ce1 & ! nature ( ! size ) :i* !y are p5etrat$1 cause diff]5ces1 ei!r 9 ! coloration :i* ! surface ( ^! pap]s takes :5 expos$ to ! vapor ( iod9e1 or 9 ! t9t :i* is manife/$ 9 ! portions ( ! size deposit$ 9 c]ta9 portions ( t surface2 ?us1 pap]s ) />*$ pulp g5]ally turn br[n1 or blue1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( wat] t rema9s 9 _! int]/ices2 o!r pap]s turn yell[ only "u ! influ5ce ( ! vapor ( iod9e1 & ! p>ts :i* h receiv$ sup]ficially a lay] ( ano!r agglut9ative body resi/ ?is action = a c]ta9 "t1 & are di/+ui%$ f ! p>ts ( ! pap] :i* are n cov]$ ) x4 ,my own inve/igations confirm to a great ext5t ! value ( ^! exp]im5ts & ! accuracy ( ! d$uctions1 9 s f> z !y relate to l95 pap]2 b !y d n always obta9 :5 made 9 connection ) pap] ( inf]ior grades4 ,x is also true t dry pap] is affect$ diff]5tly "u ! influ5ce ( ! vapor ( iod9e1 z w\ld be pap] :i* _h be5 moi/5$ & !n dri$2 b ! "p :i* _h be5 moi/ assumes ! color ( blue-violet1 :ile unalt]$ pap] assumes a yell[- br[n color4 ,ev5 :5 ! pap] ?us treat$ is moi/5$ all ov] ) wat]1 !re w be a diff]5ce1 = ^? p>ts :i* _h be5 be=e moi/5$1 w appe> a d>k violet-blue1 :ile ! o!r p>ts w %[ a pla9 blue coloration4 ,9 cases :]e p5cil writ+ has be5 remov$ ) a s(t rubb] or fre% bread1 ! p>ts ?us eras$ w assume1 :5 subject$ to iod9e fumes1 a br[n color tr5d+ t[>ds violet & mu* d>k] ?an ! undi/urb$ portions ( ! pap]4 ,l9es impress$ ^u pap] ) a /ylus1 a glass or ord9>y dry p51 c be made visible by ! fumes ( iod9e1 ! l9es %[+ ) a /rong] coloration ?an ! surr\nd+ pap]4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,fugitive ,,ink4 ,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,add$ ,,color ,,to ,,ink-- ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,coal ,,t> ,,colors--,,*ronological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,anil9es ,,employ$ ,,z ,,ink--,,o!r ,,sub/ances ,,us$ ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,purpose4 ,,! t]m add$ color1 z appli$ to ink1 is ! popul> phraseology = a multitude ( mat]ials :i* h be5 m or less utiliz$ = a p]iod ( c5turies1 9 adult]at+ & color+ ink4 ,9 old5 times !y 7 introduc$ into ink ) an hone/ belief t x w\ld also improve & ensure its la/+ qualities1 b latt]ly m (t5 to *eap5 ! co/ ( its manufacture4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to a l>ge v>iety ( ^! sub/ances us$ = ?is purpose & ! /ory told ( ! effect ( ! te/ ( "t ^u !m z indicative ( _! suppos$ value4 ,att5tion has also be5 direct$ to ! discov]y dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! colors :i* owe _! orig9 to by-products ( coal t>4 ,g5]ically ^! colors are classifi$ z anil9es4 ,!y h work$ a revolution 9 all ! arts 9 :i* colors are us$4 ,employ$ )\t a mordant1 ) few exceptions1 !y are measurably affect$ by bo? light1 heat1 moi/ure1 or o!r *anges & z made into inks are nev] p]man5t4 ,h5ce !y %\ld n be us$ = records1 because if oblit]at$ f any cause :atev]1 !re are no kn[n means to r5d] !m aga9 legible4 ,! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! anil9es are kn[n4 ,view$ f an ink /&po9t !y are ( va/ int]e/4 ,s ext5d$ 9 numb] are ! anil9es 7!y run into ! ?\s&s7 t !y include e %ade ( black & all possible t9ts or hues ( ! colors ( ! ra9b[4 ,! *ronological hi/ory ( su* ( ^! artificial colors :i* app]ta9 to ink or its manufacture is important z locat+ ! dates ( _! inv5tion & comm]cial use4 ,! fir/ discov]y ( anil9e is cr$it$ to ,helot 9 #agej4 ,9 #ahbe ,f>aday 9 rectify+ naph?a discov]$ b5zole1 :i* by ! action ( /rong nitric acid be conv]t$ into nitro-b5zole2 & ?is latt]1 :5 agitat$ ) wat]1 acetic acid & iron fil+s produc$ anil9e4 ,unv]dorb5 9 #ahbf discov]$ an analog\s mat]ial 9 products obta9$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( indigo4 ,runge 9 #ahcd claims to h detect$ x 9 coal t> & call$ x kyanol1 :i* aft] oxidation became an insoluble black pigm5t & kn[n z anil9e black4 ,x c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be us$ z an ink4 ,z9an 9 #ahdj1 exp]im5t+ along ! same l9es1 produc$ ano!r comp\nd t]m+ x b5zidam4 ,frits*e 9 ! same ye> by ! di/illation ( indigo ) cau/ic pota% develop$ a product :i* he also call$ anil9e1 ! "n be+ d]iv$ f ! ,portuguese ^w anil1 mean+ indigo4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,a4 ,w4 ,h(fman e/abli%$ ! id5tity ( ^! sub/ances4 ,anil9e :5 pure is a colorless liquid1 possess+ a r ammoniacal odor4 ,x soon becomes yell[ & yell[-br[n "u ! influ5ce ( light & air4 ,x does n affect litmus pap]4 ,9 #ahef ,p]k9s accid5tally discov]$ ! violet dye call$ mauve1 :i* acquir$ consid]able comm]cial importance besides its utility = ink purposes4 ,ni*olson 9 #ahfb succe$$ 9 produc+ ! fir/ ( ! soluble blue anil9es4 ,! discov]y ( indul9e1 "o ( ! modifications ( anil9e black1 0 made kn[n 9 #ahfd4 ,nigros9e1 produc$ by ! action ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid on ! insoluble indul9es1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfh4 ,! soluble indul9es & nigros9es diff]5tiate 9 appe>ance1 ! fir/ a bronzy p[d] & ! latt] a black lu/r\s p[d]4 ,:5 made into ink !y possess ab\t equal color values4 ,9 #ahgj ! ,g]man *emi/s1 ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 ann\nc$ t !y _h succe$$ 9 produc+ artificial aliz>91--! color+ matt] ( ! madd] root4 ,comm]cial value 0 n giv5 to ?is discov]y until x 0 put on ! m>ket 9 #ahgc1 al?\gh x did n meet all ! requirem5ts4 ,spr+muhl 9 #ahgc obta9$ an accessory product 9 ! artificial manufacture ( aliz>9 out ( an?rac5e1 f :i* a beautiful blue 0 made1 sup]ior 9 _m respect to ! anil9e blues4 ,x diff]$ f anil9e 9 hav+ ! same color 9 solution4 ,alkalis de/roy$ ! color b acids re/or$ x4 ,! process 0 kept a secret = a long "t4 ,?is product 0 orig9ally sold z high z #a1ejj = a s+le p\nd4 ,c>o1 a ,g]man *emi/1 inv5t$ 9 #ahgd ! r$ color kn[n z eos9e1 :i* 0 br\ght to ?is c\ntry 9 ! foll[+ ye> & sold = #abe p] p\nd4 ,its color is de/roy$ by acids4 ,or*il or ar*il 7! r$ color7 0 discov]$ 9 #ahgi4 ,! comm]cial use ( ! s-call$ or*il sub/itutes 7purples7 began1 h[ev]1 9 ! ye>s #ahhe & #ahhg4 ,artificial indigo1 z ! result ( _m ye>s ( exp]im5t+1 came into comm]cial use "u ! "n ( indigo pure only 9 #ahig4 ,x _h previ\sly be5 produc$ syn!tically 9 a v>iety ( ways1 b ! co/ ( ! production 0 f> above t ( ! natural product4 ,baey] & ,emm]l+ 9 #ahgj1 ,suida 9 #ahgh1 ,baey] 9 #ahgh1 ,baey] & ,drews5 9 #ahhb1 & ,heumann 9 #ahij1 c be said to h be5 ! pione]s 9 ! production ( artificial indigo4 ,! int5sity ( "s ( ! anil9e colors may be indicat$ by ! fact t a s+le gra9 ( eos9e 9 t5 millions ( wat] exhibits a def9ite rose-p9k color4 ,x is ass]t$ t 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s _m improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! p]man5t qualities ( "s ( ! soluble anil9es1 b no mat]ial :i* is soluble 9 pla9 wat] %\ld ev] be employ$ z an ink = record purposes4 ,prec$+ ! discov]y ( ! anil9es1 z already relat$1 o!r sub/ances _h be5 employ$ = add$ color 9 ! admixture ( ink1 pr9cipally madd]1 ,brazil wood1 indigo1 & logwood4 ,only a casual ref]5ce has h]et(ore be5 made to ,brazil wood & logwood4 ,brazil wood1 also call$ pea* wood1 is import$ f ,brazil4 ,its employm5t z a dye/uff is kn[n to be ( great antiquity1 ant$at+ consid]ably ! discov]y ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,bancr(t /ates1 ,! "n ',brazil' 0 giv5 to ! c\ntry on acc\nt ( ! ext5sive =e/s ( ! already well-kn[n ',brazil wood1' :i* 0 f\nd by its ,portuguese discov]]s4 ,! dye/uff ?us gave its "n to ! c\ntry f :i* x 0 aft]w>ds pr9cipally obta9$4 ,! ^w ',brazil' appe>s to h be5 orig9ally us$ to designate a bright r$ or flame color4 ,?us 9 a contract betwe5 ! cities ( ,bologna & ,f]r>a1 9 #aaid1 ! dye/uff k]mez is ref]r$ to z grana de ,brazile & ,brazil wood1 bo? dye/uffs at t "t be+ obta9$ f ,india4 ,= add$ color to ink & alone x 0 mu* us$ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,logwood1 employ$ m ext5sively = add$ color ?an any o!r color comp\nd1 0 introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,spani>ds1 ,a4 ,d4 #aejb4 ,9 ,engl& x does n appe> to h be5 mu* us$ until ab\t #aege4 ,9 #aeha ! ,p>liam5t prohibit$ its use because ! col\rs produc$ f x 7 ( a fugaci\s "*4 ,its use 0 legaliz$ 9 #afgc by an act1 ! preamble ( :i* reads1 ,! +5i\s indu/ry ( mod]n times ha? taught ! dy]s ( ,engl& ! art ( fix+1 ! col\rs made ( logwood1 alias blackwood1 s z t1 by exp]i5ce1 !y are f\nd z la/+ z ! col\rs made ) any sort ( dye+ wood :atev]4 ,x is obta9$ pr9cipally f ! ,campea*y tree1 :i* gr[s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! practical utility ( logwood z ! base = an ink 0 a discov]y ( ,runge 9 #ahdh1 :o f\nd t a dilute solution ( its color+ matt]1 to :i* _h be5 add$ a small quantity ( neutral *romate ( potassium1 produc$ a deep black liquid :i* app>5tly rema9$ cle> & did n deposit any s$im5t4 ,?is composition became v popul> on acc\nt ( its *eapness & d>k purple color4 ,x is ( a fugitive "*1 ?\gh1 & has pass$ almo/ entirely out ( comm]cial use4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,ink ,,receipts4 ,,indian ,,ink--,,spani% ,,licorice--,,bitum5--,,c>bon ,,f ,,petroleum--,,process ,,to ,,obta9 ,,gallic ,,acid--,,effect ,,( ,,sug> ,,9 ,,ink--,,d>k ,,color$ ,,galls ,,be/ ,,= ,,ink ,,mak+--,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,galls--,,relative ,,proportions ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,galls--,,anecdote ,,( ,,pr(essor ,,triall-- ,,e/imation ,,( ,,sulphate ,,( ,,copp]--,,qua9t ,,ink ,,recipe--,,ribauc\rt',s ,,ink--,,horseley',s ,,ink-- ,,elsn]',s ,,indelible ,,m>k+ ,,ink--,,black ,,ink ,,= ,,common ,,& ,,copy+ ,,uses--,,common ,,black ,,ink--,,%9+ ,,black ,,ink--,,process ,,= ,,be/ ,,ink--,,indelible ,,black ,,ink ,,)\t ,,galls ,,or ,,iron--,,ink ,,p[d]--,,/eel ,,p5 ,,ink--,,"s ,,e>ly ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,coal ,,t> ,,products--,,ink ,,plant ,,( ,,new ,,granada--,,imp]i%able ,,ink--,,fire- ,,pro( ,,ink--,,in]adicable ,,ink--,,ex*equ] ,,ink--,,p]man5t ,,r$ ,,ink--,,sub/itute ,,= ,,indian ,,ink--,,to ,,prev5t ,,ink ,,freez+--,,bact]ia ,,9 ,,ink--,,gold ,,& ,,o!r ,,inks ,,us$ ,,= ,i,l,l,u,ml,n,a,t,i,n,g4 ,,innum]able receipts & directions = mak+ inks ( e k9d1 color & quality are to be f\nd di/ribut$ 9 books m or less devot$ to su* subjects1 9 ! encyclopa$ias1 *emi/ries1 & o!r sci5tific publications4 ,if assembl$ toge!r !y w\ld occupy hundr$s ( pages4 ,^? cit$ are exempl>s indicat+ ! tr5d ( ideas belong+ to diff]5t nations1 epo*s1 & ! div]sity ( mat]ials4 ,!y c also be consid]$ z object lessons :i* conclusively demon/rate ! dissatisfaction always exi/+ 9 respect to ! con/itution & modes ( ink admixture4 ,_m ( !m are curi\s & are reproduc$ )\t any am5dm5ts4 ,indian ink is a black pigm5t br\ght hi!r f ,*9a1 :i* on be+ rubb$ ) wat]1 dissolves2 & =ms a sub/ance resembl+ ink2 b ( a consi/5ce extremely well adapt$ to ! work+ ) a p5cil-bru%1 on :i* acc\nt x is n only mu* us$ z a black col\r 9 m9iature pa9t+2 b is ! black n[ g5]ally made use ( = all small] draw+s 9 *i>o obscuro 7or :]e ! effect is to be produc$ f light & %ade only74 ,! prep>ation ( ,indian ink1 z well z ( ! o!r compositions us$ by ! ,*9ese z pa9ts1 is n hi!rto reveal$ on any good au?ority2 b x appe>s cle>ly f exp]im5ts to be ! coal ( fi% bones1 or "s o!r vegetable sub/ance1 mix$ ) is+lass size1 or o!r size2 & mo/ probably1 honey or sug> c&y to prev5t its crack+4 ,a sub/ance1 !re=e1 mu* ( ! same nature1 & applicable to ! same purposes1 may be =m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,take ( is+lass six ounces1 r$uce x to a size1 by dissolv+ x ov] ! fire 9 d\ble its weight ( wat]4 ,take !n ( ,spani% liquorice "o ounce2 & dissolve x also 9 d\ble its weight ( wat]2 & gr9d up ) x an ounce ( ivory black4 ,add ?is mixture to ! size :ile hot2 & /ir ! :ole toge!r till all ! +r$i5ts be ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,!n evaporate away ! wat] 9 bal5o m>iae1 & ca/ ! rema9+ composition into lead5 molds greas$2 or make x up 9 any o!r =m4 ,! col\r ( ?is composition w be equally good ) t ( ! ,indian ink3 ! is+lass size1 mixt ) ! col\rs1 works ) ! p5cil equally well ) ! ,indian ink2 & ! ,spani% liquorice w bo? r5d] x easily dissolvable on ! rubb+ ) wat]1 to :i* ! is+lass alone is some:at reluctant2 & also prev5t its crack+ & peel+ (f f ! gr\nd on :i* x is laid4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is f\nd 9 small curr5ts ne> ! ,baltick ,sea1 9 ! ,dut*y ( ,prussia a c]ta9 coagulat$ bitum51 :i*1 because x seems to be a juice ( ! e>? is call$ succ9um2 & c>abe1 because x w attract /raws2 x is likewise call$ electrum1 glessum1 an?ra citr9a1 vulg>ly yell[ amb]4 ,?is bitum5 be+ s(t & visc\s1 sev]al little animals1 su* z flies1 & ants1 d /ick to x1 & are buri$ 9 x4 ,amb] is ( diff]5t col\rs1 su* z :ite1 yell[ & black4 ,! :ite is held 9 greate/ e/eem 9 physick1 ?o' x be opac\s2 :5 x is rubb$ aga9/ any?+1 x is odorif]\s1 & x yields m volatile salt ?an ! re/4 ,! yell[1 is transp>5t & pleasant to ! eye1 :]e=e beads1 necklaces1 & o!r little conceits are made ( x4 ,x is also e/eem$ m$ic9al1 & x yielde? mu* oil4 ,! black is ( lea/ use ( all4 7,sometimes us$ by ! anci5ts 9 mak+ ink47 ,"s d ?9k t petroleum1 or ,oil ( ,pet]1 is a liquor drawn f amb]1 by ! means ( subt]r5ean fires1 :i* make a di/illation ( x1 & t jet1 & coals are ! rema9d]s ( ?is di/illation4 ,?is op9ion w\ld h probability en\gh 9 x1 if ! places1 f :5ce ?is sort ( drogues does come1 7 n s f> asund] ! "o f ! o!r2 f or petroleum is n commonly f\nd b 9 ,italy1 9 ,sicily1 & ,prov5ce4 ,?is oil di/ils ?r\gh ! clefts ( rocks1 & x is v likely to be ! oil ( "s bitum51 :i* ! subt]ranean fires h rais$4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are v>i\s processes = obta9+ gallic acid1 "o ( :i* is to moi/5 ! bruis$ galls & expose !m = f\r or five weeks to a temp]ature ( #hj degrees ,fahr42 by :i* a m\ldy pa/e is =m$1 :i* is press$ dry & !n dige/$ 9 boil+ wat]1 :i* aft] evaporation yields ! acid1 & mix$ ) ! solution ( gre5 copp]as1 makes !1 ink4 ,a quick] process1 h[ev]1 is to put ! bruis$ galls into a cyl9drical copp] ( a dep? equal to its diamet]1 & boil !m 9 n9e gallons ( wat]--tak+ c>e to replace ! wat] lo/ by evaporation4 ,! decoction to be empti$ into a tub1 all[$ to settle1 & ! cle> liquid be+ drawn (f1 ! lees are empti$ into ano!r tub to be dra9$4 ,! gre5 copp]as mu/ be sep>ately dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & !n mix$ ) ! decoction ( ! galls4 ,a precipitate is !n =m$ 9 ! /ate ( a f9e black p[d]1 ! subsid5ce ( :i* is prev5t$ by ! addition ( ! gum1 :i*1 sep>ately dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( hot wat]1 comb9es ) ! cle> black liquid4 ,besides its effect 9 keep+ ! f9e insoluble p>ticles 9 susp5sion1 ! gum mucilage improves ! body ( ! ink1 prev5ts its spread+ or s9k+ too mu* into ! pap] 9 writ+1 & also acts b5eficially by =m+ a sort ( compact v>ni% 9 x1 :i* t5ds to pres]ve its col\r1 & %ield x f ! action ( ! air4 ,if1 h[ev]1 too mu* mucilage is us$1 ! ink fl[s badly f quill p5s1 & /ill m s f /eel p5s1 :i* require a v limpid ink4 ,! addition ( sug> increases ! fluidity ( ink1 & p]mits ! quantity ( gum to be increas$ ov] :at x w\ld be> )\t x2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x causes x to dry m sl[ly1 & besides x frequ5tly passes into v9eg>1 :5 x acts injuri\sly on ! p5s4 ,! d>k- col\r$ galls1 kn[n z ! blue ,aleppo ones1 are said by ,ribauc\rt1 & o!rs :o h giv5 mu* att5tion to ! +r$i5ts = ink-mak+ to be ! be/ = t purpose1 & !y are g5]ally us$ by ! be/ mak]s4 ,f _! high price1 h[ev]1 & t ( galls g5]ally1 suma*1 logwood1 & ev5 oak b>k are too frequ5tly sub/itut$ 9 ! manufacture ( inks1 b x ne$ sc>cely be said always injuri\sly4 ,ink made accord+ to ! receipt giv5 above is mu* m ri* & p[]ful ?an _m ( ^? commonly made4 ,to r$uce x to _! /&>d "o half m wat] may be safely add$2 or ev5 tw5ty gallons ( tol]able ink may be made f ! same weight ( mat]ials4 ,suma* & logwood admit ( only ab\t "o-half or less ( ! gre5 copp]as t galls w take1 to br+ out ! maximum am\nt ( black col\r4 ,! col\r ( black ink gradually d>k5s 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]oxidation ( ! iron 9 x on exposure to ! air1 b x af=ds a m durable writ+ :5 us$ pale2 its p>ticles be+ !n f9]1 p5etrate ! pap] m intimately1 & on its oxidation is mordant$ into x4 ,x is advisable s soon z ! ink has acquir$ a mod]ately deep t9t1 to draw x (f cle> into bottles & cork !m well4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ accurate exp]im5ts on ! prep>ation ( black writ+ inks1 x appe>s t ! proportion ( ! gre5 copp]as ought to be1 & n to exce$1 a ?ird ( ! decoction ( galls us$2 b ! proportions us$ v>y accord+ to ! practical exp]i5ce ( ink-mak]s1 :o h all receipts ( _! own1 :i* !y deem be/1 &1 ( c\rse1 keep secret4 ,9 ! precipitate an excess ( col\r+ matt]1 :i* is necess>y = its durability1 is pres]v$ 9 x4 ,! blue galls alone ought to be employ$ 9 mak+ ! be/ quality ( black ink4 ,logwood is a useful4 +r$i5t1 because its col\r+ matt] unites ) ! sulphate ( iron & r5d]s x n only ( a v d>k col\r1 b also less capable ( *ange f ! action ( acids or ( ! atmosph]e4 ,_m attempts h be5 made by amateurs to make a good p]man5t black ink4 ,a good /ory is told ( ,pr(essor ,traill4 ,he _h succe$$1 aft] a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 9 produc+ an ink :i* he deem$ to be 9 all respects ,a #a1 & :i* resi/$ ! action ( all acids & alkalies alike4 ,! pleas$ savant s5t samples ( x = trial to sev]al banks & s*ools1 :]e x gave g5]al satisfaction2 b1 alas1 an exp]im5t+ scribbl]1 ?\ghtlessly or o!rwise1 appli$ a simple te/ undreamt ( by ! ,pr(essor1 & ) a wet sponge completely wa%$ (f 8 'indelible1' & !reby f9i%$ 8 c>e] z an amateur ink-mak]6 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,ni*olson1 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1 an old b valuable "w1 says t ,ribauc\rt f\nd vitriol ( copp]1 9 a c]ta9 proportion1 to give dep? & firmness to ! col\r ( black ink2 b1 f :atev] cause1 ?is has n tak5 a place among ! commonly-us$ ink-mak+ +r$i5ts-- probably because x acts injuri\sly on /eel p5s4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a qu>t ( ra9 ,wate4 #c ,ounces ( ,blue ,knolly ,gawalls4 ,bruise ym x mu/ /& be /irr$ #c or #d times 9 ym ,day !n ,/ra9 out out all ye gawells all t5 ,days & #b ,ounces ( ,cle> ,gumm>y ,beck #a_/b an ,ounce ( ,cop]\s #a_/b an ,ounce ( ,rock ,alum half an ,ounce ( ,loafe sug> ye ,bigness ( a ,ho>sel nut ( ,roman ,vitt]all ,bray ym all small ,be=e !y be put 9 x mu/ be /irr$ v well = ye space ( two weeks4 ,a receit =9k4--#agbg ,william ,sa!rwaite4 7,! above receipt is a lit]al copy ( ! orig9al1 n[ 9 my possession4 ,x purports to h be5 writt5 ) ! mixture x specifies47 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 de ,*ampnor & ,m4 ,f4 ,malepeyre1 #ahfb1 9 _! ,mannel /ate t ,ribauc\rt's ink is "o ( ! be/ !n 9 use4 ,! =mula = its prep>ation is z foll[s3 ,aleppo galls1 9 co>se p[d]1 #h ounces4 ,logwood *ips1 #d ,sulphate ( iron1 #d ,p[d]$ gum-arabic1 #c ,sulphate ( copp]1 #a ,cry/alliz$ sug>1 #a ,boil ! galls ( logwood toge!r 9 twelve p\nds ( wat] = an h\r1 or till half ! wat] has be5 evaporat$2 /ra9 ! decoction ?r\gh a hair sieve1 & add ! o!r +r$i5ts2 /ir till ! :ole1 especially ! gum1 be dissolv$2 & !n leave at re/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 ! ink is to be p\r$ (f into glass bottles & c>efully cork$4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,j4 ,horsley gives ! foll[+ receipt3 ,triturate 9 a mort> ?irty-six gra9s ( gallic acid ) ?ree & "o-half ounces ( /rong decoction ( logwood1 put x into an eight ounce bottle1 toge!r ) "o ounce ( /rong ammonia4 ,next dissolve "o ounce ( sulphate ( iron 9 half an ounce ( di/ill$ wat] by ! aid ( heat2 mix ! solutions toge!r by a few m9utes' agitation1 :5 a good ink w be =m$1 p]fectly cle>1 :i* w keep good any l5g? ( "t )\t deposit+1 ?ick5+1 or gr[+ m\ldy1 :i* latt] quality is a great desid]atum1 z ink und]go+ t *ange becomes wor?less4 ,x w n d to mix ) ord9>y ink1 nor mu/ greasy pap] be us$ = writ+ on ) x4-- ,*emical ,news 7#ahfb74 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,indelible ,m>k+ ,ink4--,dr4 ,elsn] gives ! foll[+ z a /amp+ ink = goods be=e und]go+ blea*+1 or treat+ ) acids or alkalis4 ,x consi/s m]ely ( "o ounce ( f9e ,*9ese v]milion & "o dra*m ( protosulphate ( iron1 well triturat$ ) boil$ oil v>ni%4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,put ,aleppo galls1 well bruis$1 #d #a_/b oz4 & logwood *ipp$1 #a oz4 ) #c p9ts s(t wat]1 into a /onew>e mug3 sl[ly boil1 until "o qu>t rema9s3 add1 well p[d]$1 ! pure gre5 cry/als ( sulphate ( iron1 #b #a_/b oz4 blue vitriol or v]digris1 7,i ?9k ! latt] bett]7 #a_/b oz4 gum arabic #b oz4 & br[n sug>1 #b oz4 ,%ake x occasionally a week aft] mak+3 !n aft] /&+ a day1 decant & cork4 ,to prev5t m\ld+ add a little br&y or alcohol4 ,! common copp]as w n answ] s well z x has already absorb$ oxyg54 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,p\r a gallon ( boil+ s(t wat] on a p\nd ( p[d]$ galls1 previ\sly put into a prop] vessel4 ,/op ! mon? ( ! vessel1 & set x 9 ! sun 9 summ]1 or 9 w9t] :]e x may be w>m$ by any fire1 & let x /& two or ?ree days4 ,!n add half a p\nd ( gre5 vitriol p[d]$1 & hav+ /irr$ ! mixture well toge!r ) a wood5 spatula1 let x /& aga9 = two or ?ree days1 repeat+ ! /irr+1 :5 add fur!r to x #e ounces ( gum arabic dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( boil+ wat]1 & la/ly1 #b ounces ( alum1 aft] :i* let ! ink be /ra9$ ?r\gh a co>se l95 clo? = use4 ,ano!r4 ,a good & durable ink may be made by ! foll[+ directions3 ,to #b p9ts ( wat] add #c ounces ( ! d>k col\r$ r\gh- sk9n$ ,aleppo galls 9 gross p[d]1 & ( rasp$ logwood1 gre5 vitriol1 & gum arabic1 ea*1 #a oz4 ,?is mixture is to be put into a conv5i5t vessel1 & well %ak5 f\r or five "t a day1 = t5 or twelve days1 at ! end ( :i* "t x w be fit = use1 ?\gh x w improve by rema9+ long] on ! +r$i5ts4 ,v9eg> in/ead ( wat] makes a deep] col\r$ ink2 b its action on p5s soon spoils !m4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,beat up well toge!r 9 an iron mort> ! foll[+ +r$i5ts 9 a dry /ate2 viz4 #h oz4 ( be/ blue gall-nuts1 #d oz4 ( copp]as1 or sulphate ( iron1 #b oz4 ( cle> gum arabic1 & #c p9ts ( cle> ra9 wat]4 ,:5 prop]ly p[d]$1 put to ! above2 let ! :ole be %ak5 9 a /one bottle ?ree or f\r times a day1 = sev5 days1 & at ! end ( t "t1 p\r ! liquid (f g5tly into ano!r /one bottle1 :i* place 9 an airy situation to prev5t x f becom+ f\l or mo!ry4 ,:5 us$ put ! liquid into ! ink-/& z requir$4 ,take #f qu>ts 7be] measure7 ( cle> wat]1 s(t or h>d1 & boil 9 x = ab\t an h\r #d oz4 ( ! be/ ,campea*y logwood1 *ipp$ v ?9 across ! gra91 add+1 f "t to "t1 boil+ wat] to supply 9 "p ! loss by evaporation2 /ra9 ! liquor :ile hot1 & suff] x to cool4 ,if ! liquor is !n %ort ( #e qu>ts1 make x equal to ?is quantity by ! addition ( cold wat]4 ,aft] :i* let #a lb4 ( bruis$ blue galls1 or #bj oz4 ( ! be/ common galls1 be add$4 ,let a pa/e be prep>$ by triturat+ #d oz4 ( sulphate ( iron 7gre5 vitriol7 calc9$ to :it5ess1 & let half an ounce ( acetite ( copp] 7v]digris7 be well incorporat$ toge!r ) ! above decoction into a mass1 ?r[+ 9 also #c oz4 ( co>se br[n sug> & #f oz4 ( gum ,s5egal1 or ,arabic4 ,put ! mat]ials into a /one bottle ( su* a size z to half fill x2 let ! m\? be left op51 & %ake ! bottle well1 twice or ?rice a day4 ,9 ab\t a =tnight x may be fill$1 & kept 9 well- /opp$ bottles = use4 ,x requires to be protect$ f ! fro/1 :i* w\ld consid]ably injure x4 ,infuse a p\nd ( pomegranate peels1 brok5 to a gross p[d]1 = #bd h\rs 9 a gallon & a half ( wat]1 & aft]w>ds boil ! mixture till #a-c;d ( ! fluid be wa/$4 ,!n add to x #a lb4 ( ,roman vitriol1 & #d oz4 ( gum arabic p[d]$1 & cont9ue ! boil+ till ! vitriol & gum be dissolv$1 aft] :i* ! ink mu/ be /ra9$ ?r\gh a co>se l95 clo?1 :5 x w be fit = use4 ,?is ink is some:at m exp5sive1 & yet n s good 9 hue z t made by ! g5]al me?od1 b ! col\r :i* x has is n liable to vani% or fade 9 any l5g? ( "t4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,infuse a p\nd ( galls p[d]$ & #c ounces ( pomegranate peels1 9 a gallon ( s(t wat] = a week1 9 a g5tle heat1 & !n /ra9 (f ! fluid ?r\gh a co>se l95 clo?4 ,!n add to x #h oz4 ( vitriol dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( wat]1 & let !m rema9 = a day or two1 prep>+ 9 ! meantime a decoction ( logwood1 by boil+ a p\nd ( ! *ips 9 a gallon ( wat]1 till #a-c;d be wa/$1 & !n /ra9+ ! rema9+ fluid :ile x is hot4 ,mix ! decoction & ! solution ( galls & vitriol toge!r1 & add #e oz4 ( gum arabic1 & !n evaporate ! mixture ov] a common fire to ab\t #b qu>ts1 :5 ! rema9d] mu/ be put into a vessel prop] = t purpose1 & r$uc$ to dryness1 by hang+ ! vessel 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! mass left1 aft] ! fluid has :olly exhal$1 mu/ be well p[d]$1 & :5 want$ = use1 may be conv]t$ into ink by ! addition ( wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,t5 p>ts ( logwood are to be exhau/$ ) eighty ( boil+ wat]4 ,to ! solution "o ?\s&? ( its weight ( yell[ *romate ( pota% is to be add$ gradually4 ,! liquid turns br[n & at la/ blue-black4 ,no gum is ne$$1 & ! ink is n remov$ by soak+ 9 wat]4 --,*emical ,gazette1 ,london 7#ahej74 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,%ellac1 #b oz42 borax1 #a oz42 di/ill$ or ra9 wat]1 #ah oz4 ,boil ! :ole 9 a closely cov]$ t9 vessel1 /irr+ x occasionally ) a glass rod until ! mixture has become homog5e\s2 filt] :5 cold1 & mix ! fluid solution ) an ounce ( mucilage or gum arabic prep>$ by dissolv+ #a oz4 ( gum 9 #b oz4 ( wat]1 & add pulv]iz$ indigo & lampblack ad libitum4 ,boil ! :ole aga9 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ir ! fluid well to effect ! complete solution & admixture ( ! gum arabic4 ,/ir x occasionally :ile x is cool+2 & aft] x has rema9$ undi/urb$ = two or ?ree h\rs1 t ! excess ( indigo & lamp- black may subside1 bottle x = use4 ,! above ink = docum5t>y purposes is invaluable1 be+ "u all ord9>y circum/ances1 inde/ructible4 ,x is also p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = ! use ( ! laboratory4 ,five drops ( creosote add$ to a p9t ( ord9>y ink w effectually prev5t its becom+ m\ldy4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahed1 ,mr4 ,grace ,calv]t read a pap] be=e ! ,london ,society ( ,arts 9 :i* he said t he hop$ be=e long "s valuable dye+ sub/ances o!r ?an c>bo-azotic acid w\ld be prep>$ f coal t>4 ,9 ano!r pap] read be=e ! same society 9 #aheh he said3 ',?is expectation has n[ be5 fulfill$4 ,messrs4 ,p]k9s & ,*ur* h obta9$ sev]al blue color+ sub/ances f ! alkaloids ( coal t>1 & "o f naph?al5e4' ,also t himself & ,mr4 ,*>les ,l[e _h succe$$ 9 obta9+ coal t> products yield+ colors ( a beautiful p9k1 r$1 violet1 purple1 & *ocolate4 7,^! 7 n soluble 9 wat]74 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,among vegetable sub/ances useful 9 ! arts is "o t has long be5 kn[n 9 ,new ,gr5ada "u ! "n ( ! ink-plant1 z furni%+ a juice :i* c be us$ 9 writ+ )\t previ\s prep>ation4 ,*>act]s trac$ ) ?is sub/ance h a r$di% color at fir/1 :i* turns to a deep black 9 a few h\rs4 ,?is juice is said to be really less liable to ?ick5 ?an ord9>y ink1 & n to corrode /eel p5s4 ,x resi/s ! action ( wat]1 & is practically indelible4 ,! plant is kn[n z cory>ia ?ymifolia4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,desormeaux recomm5ds t ! sulphate ( iron be calc9$ to :it5ess2 co>se br[n sug> in/ead ( sug> c&y2 #a_/d oz4 acetate ( copp]1 in/ead ( "o ounce ( ! sulphate1 & a drop or two ( creosote or ess5tial oil ( cloves to prev5t m\ld+4 7,see ,ribauc\rt receipt1 p4 #aid47 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,john ,spill] communicat$ to ! ,london ,*emical ,news 7#ahfa7 a pap] on ! employm5t ( c>bon z a means ( p]man5t record4 ,! imp]i%able nature ( c>bon1 9 its v>i\s =ms ( lamp-black1 ivory-black1 wood-*>coal1 & graphite or black lead1 holds out mu* great] promise ( be+ usefully employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( a p]man5t writ+ mat]ial2 s9ce1 = ?is sub/ance1 9 its elem5t>y condition & at ord9>y temp]atures1 !re exi/s no solv5t nor *emical reag5t capable ( affect+ its alt]ation4 ,! sugge/ion relative to ! mode ( apply+ c>bon to ^! purposes1 :i* x is int5d$ m p>ticul>ly n[ to enunciate1 dep5ds on ! fact ( ! sep>ation ( c>bon f organic comp\nds ri* 9 t elem5t1 sug>1 gum1 etc41 by ! comb9$ op]ation ( heat & ( *emical reag5ts1 su* z sulphuric & phosphoric acids1 :i* ex]t a decompos+ action 9 ! same direction2 & by su* means to effect ! deposition ( ! c>bon )9 ! pores ( ! pap] by a process ( developm5t to be p]=m$ aft] ! fluid writ+ ink has be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t absorb$ into its sub/ance--a sy/em ( =mation by :i* a consid]able am\nt ( resi/ance1 bo? to *emical & ext]nal influ5ces1 appe>s to be secur$4 ,an ink ( ! foll[+ composition has be5 made ! subject ( exp]im5t3 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 deeply color$ ) indigo 4444444444 #a fluid ounce4 ,wat]1 444444444444444444444444444444 #f ,loaf ,sug>144444444444444444444444444 #a ounce1 troy4 ,/rong mucilage ( gum-arabic #b to #c fluid ounces4 ,writ+ trac$ ) a quill or gold p5 dipp$ 9 ?is ink dries to a pale blue color2 b if n[ a heat$ iron be pass$ ov] its surface1 or ! page ( manuscript be held ne> a fire1 ! writ+ w quickly assume a jet black appe>ance1 result+ f ! c>bonization ( ! sug> by a w>m acid1 & w h become s firmly engraft$ into ! sub/ance ( ! pap] z to oppose consid]able difficulty to its removal or erasure by a knife4 ,on acc\nt ( ! dep? to :i* ! writt5 *>act]s usually p5etrate1 ! %eets ( pap] select$ = use %\ld be ( ! ?icke/ make1 & good :ite c>tridge pap]1 or t kn[n z 'cream laid1' pref]r$ to su* z are color$ blue ) ultram>9e2 =1 9 ! latt] case1 a blea*$ halo is frequ5tly p]ceptible ar\nd ! outl9es ( ! lett]s1 indicat+ ! p>tial de/ruction ( ! color+ matt] by ! lat]al action ( ! acid4 ,! writ+ produc$ 9 ?is mann] seems indelible2 x resi/s ! action ( salts ( lemon1 & ( oxalic1 t>t>ic1 & dilut$ hydro*loric acids1 ag5ts :i* r5d] ne>ly illegible ! traces ( ord9>y black writ+ ink2 nei!r d alkal9e solutions ex]t any appreciable action on ! c>bon ink4 ,?is mat]ial possesses1 !re=e1 _m advantage\s qualities :i* w\ld recomm5d its adoption 9 cases :]e ! "q ( p]man5ce is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,b x mu/1 on ! o!r h&1 be all[$ t su* an ink1 9 its pres5t =m1 w\ld b ineffici5tly fulfil _m ( ! requirem5ts necess>y to br+ x into common use4 ,! peculi> me?od ( developm5t r5d]+ ! application ( heat imp]ative1 & t ( a temp]ature some:at above ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 toge!r ) ! circum/ance t x w be f\nd impossible ) a ?9 %eet ( pap] to write on bo? sides1 mu/ c]ta9ly be c\nt$ among its m prom95t disadvantages4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,fire-pro( ink = writ+ or pr9t+ on incombu/ible pap] is made accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe3 ,graphite1 f9ely gr\nd1 #bb drams2 copal or o!r res9\s gum1 #ab gra9s2 sulphate ( iron1 #b drams2 t9cture ( nutgalls1 #b drams2 & sulphate ( indigo1 #h drams4 ,^! sub/ances are ?or\ghly mix$ & boil$ 9 wat]1 & ! ink ?us obta9$ is said to be bo? fire- pro( & insoluble 9 wat]4 ,:5 any o!r color b black is desir$1 ! graphite is replac$ by an e>?ly m9]al pigm5t ( ! desir$ color4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,in]adicable ,writ+4--,a ,fr5* te*nical pap]1 specially devot$ to ! art & sci5ce ( pap] manufacture1 /ates t any alt]ations or falsifications ( writ+s 9 ord9>y ink maybe r5d]$ impossible by pass+ ! pap] ^u :i* x is int5d$ to write ?r\gh a solution ( "o milligram 7#j4jaedc ,engli% gra97 ( gallic acid 9 z mu* pure di/ill$ wat] z w fill to a mod]ate dep? an ord9>y s\p-plate4 ,aft] ! pap] ?us prep>$ has become ?or\ghly dry1 x may be us$ z ord9>y pap] = writ+1 b any attempt made to alt]1 falsify1 or *ange any?+ writt5 !reon1 w be left p]fectly visible1 & may ?us be readily detect$4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,ex*equ] ,ink4--,to #dj p\nds ( galls1 add #aj p\nds ( gum1 #i p\nds ( copp]as1 & #de gallons ( s(t wat]4 ,?is ink w endure = c5turies4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,take ( oil ( lav5d]1 #abj gra9s1 ( copal 9 p[d]1 #ag gra9s1 r$ sulphuret ( m]cury1 #fj gra9s4 ,! oil ( lav5d] be+ dissipat$ ) a g5tle heat1 a col\r w be left on ! pap] surr\nd$ ) ! copal2 a sub/ance insoluble 9 wat]1 spirits1 acids1 or alkal9e solutions4 ,?is composition possesses a p]man5t col\r1 & a ,,mss4 writt5 ) x1 may be expos$ to ! process commonly us$ = re/or+ ! col\r ( pr9t$ books1 )\t injury to ! writ+4 ,9 ?is mann] int]polations ) common ink may be remov$4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,boil p>*m5t slips or cutt+s ( glove lea!r1 9 wat] till x =ms a size1 :i*1 :5 cool1 becomes ( ! consi/5ce ( jelly1 !n1 hav+ black5$ an e>!rn plate1 by hold+ x ov] ! flame ( a c&le1 mix up ) a camel hair p5cil1 ! f9e lamp-black ?us obta9$1 ) "s ( ! above size1 :ile ! plate is /ill w>m4 ,?is black requires no gr9d+1 & produces an ink ( ! same col\r1 :i* works z fregy ) ! p5cil1 & is z p]fectly transp>5t z ! be/ ,indian ink4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,in/ead ( wat] use br&y1 ) ! same +r$i5ts :i* ent] into ! composition ( any ink1 & x w nev] freeze4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,bact]ia 9 ,ink--,accord+ to exp]im5ts :i* h rec5tly be5 complet$ at ,b]l9 & ,leipzig by ! lead+ bact]iologi/s ( ,g]many ! ord9>y inks lit]ally teem ) bacilla ( a dang]\s "*1 ! bact]ia tak5 !refrom suffic+ to kill mice & rabbits inoculat$ !re) 9 ! space ( f "o to ?ree days4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mo/ easy & neat me?od ( =m+ lett]s ( gold on pap]1 & = ornam5ts ( writ+ is1 by ! gold ammoniac1 z x 0 =m]ly call$3 ! me?od ( manag+ :i* is z foll[s3 ,take gum ammoniacum1 & p[d] x2 & !n dissolve x 9 wat] previ\sly impregnat$ ) a little gum arabic1 & "s juice ( g>lic4 ,! gum ammoniacum w n dissolve 9 wat]1 s z to =m a transp>5t fluid1 b produces a milky appe>ance2 f :5ce ! mixture is call$ 9 m$ic9e ! lac ammoniacum4 ,) ! lac ammoniacum ?us prep>$1 draw ) a p5cil1 or write ) a p5 on pap]1 or vellum1 ! int5d$ figure or lett]s ( ! gild+4 ,suff] ! pap] to dry2 & !n1 or any "t aft]w>ds1 brea? on x till x be moi/5$2 & imm$iately lay leaves ( gold1 or p>ts ( leaves cut 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann] to save ! gold1 ov] ! p>ts drawn or writt5 ^u ) ! lac ammoniacum2 & press !m g5tly to ! pap] ) a ball ( cotton or s(t lea!r4 ,:5 ! pap] becomes dry1 :i* a %ort "t or g5tle heat w soon effect1 bru% (f1 ) a s(t p5cil1 or rub (f by a f9e l95 rag1 ! r$undant gold :i* cov]$ ! p>ts betwe5 ! l9es ( ! draw+ or writ+2 & ! f9e/ hair /rokes ( ! p5cil or p51 z well z ! broad]1 w appe> p]fectly gilt4 ,x is usual to see 9 old manuscripts1 t are highly ornam5t$1 lett]s ( gold :i* rise consid]ably f ! surface ( ! pap] or p>*m5t conta9+ !m 9 ! mann] ( emboss$ "w2 & ( ^! "s are less %9+1 & o!rs h a v high poli%4 ,! me?od ( produc+ ^! lett]s is ( two k9ds2 ! "o by friction on a prop] body ) a solid piece ( gold3 ! o!r by leaf gold4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ^! lett]s by means ( solid gold is z foll[s3 ,take *ry/al2 & r$uce x to p[d]4 ,temp] x !n ) /rong gum wat]1 till x be ( ! consi/5ce ( pa/e2 & ) ?is =m ! lett]s2 &1 :5 !y are dry1 rub !m ) a piece ( gold ( good col\r1 z 9 ! mann] ( poli%+2 & ! lett]s w appe> z if gilt ) burni%t gold4 7,kunckel1 9 8 fifty curi\s exp]im5ts1 has giv5 ?is receipt1 b omitt$ to take ! lea/ notice ( ! mann] ^! lett]s are to be =m$1 ?\gh ! mo/ difficult circum/ance 9 ! production ( !m47 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,ink ,,indu/ry4 ,,importance ,,( ,,hone/ ,,ink ,,manufacture--,,abs5ce ,,( ,,in=mation ,,z ,,to ,,names ,,( ,,mo/ ,,anci5t ,,ink ,,mak]s1--,,:]e ,,to ,,look ,,= ,,anci5t ,,ink--,,_! ,,ph5om5al ,,id5tity--,,ink ,,& ,,pap] ,,z ,,asiatic ,,inv5tions ,,ent] ,,europe ,,9 ,,! ,,twelf? ,,c5tury-- ,,bo? ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury--,,monks ,,& ,,scribes ,,z ,,_! ,,own ,,ink ,,manufactur]s--,,mod]n ,,indu/ry ,,( ,,ink ,,beg9s ,,9 #afbe--;,,its ,,gr[? ,,& ,,pres5t ,,situation--,,! ,,g5]al ,,ignorance ,,( ,,! ,,subject--,,ink ,,indu/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury--,,! ,,fir/ ,,pione]s ,,abroad ,,& ,,^? ,,at ,,home--,,obs]vations ,,respect+ ,,ink ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ ,,eighty ,,ye>s--,,:at ,,"s ,,ink ,,mak]s ,,say ,,ab\t ,,x--,,little ,,dem& ,,= ,,pure ,,inks--,,"s ,,sket*es ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,ink ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,! ,,_w--,,e/imation ,,( ,,quantity ,,( ,,ink ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates--,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,m>k ,,made ,,) ,,ord9>y ,,writ+ ,,fluid--,,e/imation ,,( ,,mo/ ,,inks ,,by ,,pr(essors ,,baird ,,& ,,m>koe--,,=mula ,,( ,,! ,,(ficial ,,ink ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,massa*usetts--,,views ,,( ,,"s ,,prom95t ,,ink ,,manufactur]s ,,ab\t ,,su* ,,ink--,,"s ,,comm]cial ,,names ,,be/[$ ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,inks--,,! #bjj ,,or ,,m ,,names ,,( ,,ink ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,,! consid]ation ( ! effect ( ! use ( ink ^u civilization f primitive times to ! pres5t1 z we h se51 (f]s a mo/ sugge/ive field & c]tifies to ! importance ( ! manufacture ( hone/ inks z necess>y to ! future enlight5m5t ( society4 ,t x has n be5 fully und]/ood or ev5 appreciat$ goes )\t say+2 a prop] g5]alization becomes possible only 9 ! light ( corroborative data & ! exp]i5ces ( ! _m4 ,hi/ory has n giv5 u ! names ( anci5t ink mak]s2 b we c believe !re mu/ h be5 dur+ a p]iod ( ?\s&s ( ye>s a great _m1 & t ! k9ds & v>ieties ( inks 7 )\t numb]4 ,^? inks :i* rema9 to u are to be f\nd only z writt5 ) on anci5t ,,mss42 !y are ( b few k9ds1 & 9 composition & appe>ance pres]ve a ph5om5al id5tity1 ?\gh belong+ to c\ntries & epo*s widely sep>at$4 ,?is id5tity leads to ! fur!r conclusion t ink mak+ mu/ h be5 an indu/ry at c]ta9 p]iods1 ov]look$ by c>eful comp\nd]s :o di/ribut$ _! w>es ov] a va/ t]ritory4 ,gall ink & l95 pap] z already /at$ are ,asiatic inv5tions4 ,bo? ( !m seem to h ent]$ ,europe by way ( ,arabia1 h& 9 h& at ! v end ( ! elev5? or beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5turies & = ! next two hundr$ ye>s1 not)/&+ ! fact t *emi/ry 0 almo/ an unkn[n sci5ce & ! secrets ( ! al*emi/s kn[n only to ! few1 ?is comb9ation gradually came into g5]al vogue4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury we f9d "o or bo? ( !m m or less sub/itut$ = ,indian ink1 p>*m5t1 vellum & cotton pap]4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! monks & scribes :o manufactur$ = _! own & assi/ants' use gall ink1 j z !y _h be5 9 ! habit ( prep>+ ,indian ink :5 requir$1 :i* s f> z kn[n 0 n always a commodity4 ,z an indu/ry x c be said to h def9itely begun :5 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t recogniz$ ! necessity = "o1 ,a4 ,d4 #afbe1 by giv+ a contract = a great quantity ( 'gall ink' to ,guyot1 :o = ?is reason seems to occupy ! unique position ( ! fa!r ( ! mod]n ink indu/ry4 ,ink manufacture z a gr[+ indu/ry h]et(ore & to a l>ge ext5t at pres5t1 occupies a peculi>ly anomal\s situation4 ,o!r indu/ries foll[ ! law ( evolution :i* may p]haps be> criticism2 b ! ink indu/ry foll[s none1 nor does x ev5 pret5d to possess any4 ,?\s&s are engag$ 9 its pursuit1 few ( :om und]/& ei!r ink *emi/ry or ink ph5om5a4 ,! consum] kn[s /ill less1 & ) bl9d confid5ce placidly accepts nondescript comp\nds label$ ,ink1 :e!r pur*as$ at depots or f comb9$ it9]ant manufactur+ p$dl]s & ) !m write or sign docum5ts :i* "s day may di/urb millions ( prop]ty4 ,& yet 9 a comp>ative s5se x has outpac$ all o!r indu/ries4 ,) ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury we f9d ! indu/ry settl+ 9 ,dresd51 ,*emnitz1 ,am/]dam1 ,b]l91 ,elb]field & ,cologne4 ,/ill lat] 9 ,london1 ,vi5na1 ,p>is1 ,ed9burgh & ,dubl91 & 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x _h begun to make consid]able progress4 ,among ! fir/ pione]s ( ! lat] mod]n ink indu/ry abroad1 may be m5tion$ ! names ( ,/eph5s1 ,arnold1 ,blackwood1 ,ribauc\rt1 ,/>k1 ,lewis1 ,runge1 ,leonh>di1 ,gaf=d1 ,bottg]1 ,lip[itz1 ,geissl]1 ,jahn1 ,van ,moos1 ,ure1 ,s*midt1 ,ha5le1 ,elsn]1 ,boss91 ,k9dt1 ,trialle1 ,morrell1 ,co*rane1 ,anto9e1 ,fab]1 ,wat]l\s1 ,t>l+1 ,hyde1 ,?ack]1 ,mordan1 ,fea!r/one1 ,maur91 ,trie/ & ,drap]4 ,9 ! p]iod cov]$ by ! n9ete5? c5tury at home1 ! legitimate indu/ry includ$ ov] #cjj ink mak]s4 ,^? be/ kn[n are ,davids1 ,mayn>d & ,noyes1 ,c>t]1 ,und]wood1 ,/af=d1 ,moore1 ,davis1 ,?omas1 ,san=d1 ,b>nes1 ,morrell1 ,walkd51 ,lyons1 ,freeman1 ,murray1 ,todd1 ,bonney1 ,pom]oy1 ,wor?+ton1 ,joy1 ,blair1 ,cross1 ,dunlap1 ,higg9s1 ,paul1 ,&]son1 ,woodmansee1 ,delang1 ,all51 ,/e>ns1 ,gobel1 ,walla*1 ,b>tram1 ,=d & ,h>rison4 ,! ink ph5om5a includ$ 9 ! pa/ eighty ye>s has demon/rat$ a cont9u+ retrogression 9 ink manufacture & a consequ5t det]ioration ( necess>y ink qualities4 ,:5 ! att5tion ( "s ink mak]s are address$ to ^! sad facts1 !y attribute !m1 ei!r to ! dem& ( ! public = an agreeable color & a free fl[+ ink1 or to an inability to compete ) inf]ior sub/itutes1 :i* h flood$ ! m>ket s9ce ! discov]y ( ! coal t> colors2 !y h be5 compell$ to dep>t f old & tri$ =mulas1 9 ! extravagant use 7misuse7 ( ! s-call$ add$ color4 ,an exceptional few ( ! old] firms cont9ue to catalogue unadult]at$ gall inks2 b ! dem& = !m except 9 localities :]e ! law ,,compels _! employm5t1 is only little4 ,int]e/+ d$uctions c be made f ! accompany+ brief sket*es ( ! lead+ ink manufactur]s ( ! _w4 ,! ,arnold br& ( inks possesses a worldwide reputation1 al?\gh n always kn[n by t "n1 beg9n+ ,a4 ,d4 #agbd "u ! /yle ( ,r4 ,=d1 & cont9u+ until #aggb1 :5 ! firm "n 0 *ang$ to ,william ,gre5 ,co4 ,9 #ahji x became ,j4 ,j4 ,arnold1 :o 7 succe$$ 9 #ahad by ,pi*>d & ,john ,arnold1 ! firm "n by :i* x is kn[n at ! pres5t day4 ,?is la/ nam$ conc]n locat$ at #ei ,b>bican1 on ! site ( ! old ,city ,hall 9 ,london1 & lat] mov$ to _! pres5t address1 ,no4 #aee ,ald]sgate /reet4 ,! inks made by ! fa!rs ( ! firm 7 gall inks ,,)\t add$ color4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury we f9d !m mak+ tanno-gallate ( iron inks to :i* 7 add$ extractive matt] f logwood & o!r mat]ials to =m ?ick fluids = %ipm5t to ,brazil1 ,india & ! c\ntries :]e bru%es or re$s 7 us$ z writ+ in/rum5ts4 ,= ! m civiliz$ portions ( ! _w simil> inks b ( an increas$ fluidity 7 suppli$1 t ! quill p5s might be employ$4 ,! dem&s = /ill m fluid inks :i* w\ld p]mit ! use ( /eel p5s1 result$ 9 ! mod]n blue-black *emical writ+ fluid1 ! add$ blue portion be+ indigo 9 "s =m4 ,x 0 fir/ put on ! m>ket 9 #ahcj4 ,!y manufacture ov] ?irty v>ieties ( ink1 b only "o real gall ink )\t add$ color4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ,may1 #ahbd1 ,?addeus ,davids />t$ 8 ink factory at ,no4 #bbb ,william /reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,8 fir/ & be/ ef=t 0 a /rictly pure tanno-gallate ( iron ink1 :i* he plac$ on ! m>ket 9 #ahbg "u ! "n ( ,/eel ,p5 ,ink1 gu>ante$ to write black & to possess record qualities4 ,9 #ahcc he made innovations foll[+ ! l9es laid d[n by ,arnold & also comm5c$ ! manufacture ( a *emical writ+ fluid1 ) indigo = add$ color4 ,_m m add$ colors 7 employ$ at diff]5t p]iods1 l logwood & fu/ic1 ) ! incorporation ( sug>1 glucose1 etc4 ,9 ! e>ly fifties ! *eap grades ( logwood ink aft] ! =mula ( ,runge 7#ahdh7 & :i* co/ ab\t f\r c5ts p] gallon 0 m>ket$1 pr9cipally = s*ool purposes2 x 0 nev] satisfactory1 becom+ ?ick & color fad+4 ,mr4 ,davids made _m exp]im5ts ) aliz>9 inks 9 ! e>ly sixties b did n consid] !m valuable en\gh to put on ! m>ket4 ,9 #ahge ! firm introduc$ violet ink made f ! anil9e color ( t "n4 ,exp]im5tations 9 #ahgh ) ! insoluble anil9e blacks & vanadium 7 unsuccessful2 b ! soluble anil9e black 7blue- black7 kn[n z nigros9e !y us$ & /ill use 9 v>i\s comb9ations4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod _! e/abli%m5ts h be5 9 diff]5t locations4 ,f ,no4 #bbb ,william /reet x 0 *ang$ to ,eigh? /reet1 ) ! (fice at ,no4 #bf ,cliff /reet4 ,9 #ahed ! works 7 remov$ to ,new ,ro*elle1 ,we/*e/] c\nty1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 #ahef ! firm "n 0 ,?addeus ,davids & ,co41 ,mr4 ,george ,davids hav+ be5 admitt$ z a p>tn] & _! w>eh\se & (fices at ?is "t 7 locat$ at ,nos4 #abg & #abi ,william /reet1 :]e a bus9ess ( enorm\s proportions1 :i* includes ! manufacture ( ?irty-?ree inks & o!r products1 is /ill c>ri$ on at ! pres5t day "u ! "n & /yle ( ,?addeus ,davids1 ,co4 ,! old ,davids' ,/eel ,p5 ,ink cont9ues to be manufactur$ f ! orig9al =mula & is ! only tanno-gallate ( iron ink !y make1 ,,)\t add$ color4 ,! ,p>is h\se ( ,anto9e z manufactur]s ( writ+ inks dates f #ahdj4 ,!y are be/ kn[n z ! mak]s ( ! ,fr5* copy+ ink1 ( a violet- black color1 made f logwood1 :i* 0 fir/ put on ! m>ket 9 #ahec "u ! "n ( ,encres ,japonaise4 ,9 #ahfj an ag5cy 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,!y make a l>ge v>iety ( writ+ inks b d n (f] = sale a tanno-gallate ( iron ink )\t add$ color4 ,c>t]'s inks came into notoriety 9 #ahfa1 by ! introduction ( a comb9$ writ+ & copy+ ink1 ( ! gall & iron type & includ$ add$ color4 ,x 0 ! fir/ innovation ( ?is "*4 ,at ! end ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,john ,w4 ,c>t] ( ,bo/on1 :o _h be5 an (fic] ( ! regul> army1 pur*as$ an int]e/ 9 ! bus9ess1 associat+ ) himself ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,d9smore ( ,new ,york1 ! firm be+ kn[n z ,c>t]1 ,d9smore ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,9 #ahie ,mr4 ,c>t] di$ & ,mr4 ,d9smore retir$ f ! bus9ess4 ,! firm 0 !n incorporat$ "u ! /yle ( ,! ,c>t]'s ,ink ,co4 ,!y d an imm5se bus9ess & make all k9ds ( ink4 ,( ! logwoods1 ,rav5 ,black is be/ kn[n4 ,:5 ! /ate ( ,massa*usetts 9 #ahid decid$ t record+ (fic]s mu/ use a gall ink made aft] an (ficial =mula1 !y compet$ ) o!r manufactur]s = ! privilege ( supply+ su* an ink & won x4 ,!y d n (f] = sale1 h[ev]1 gall ink ,,)\t add$ color4 ,_! laboratories are magnific5tly equipp$2 ! writ] has _h ! pleasure ( collaborat+ ) sev]al ( _! exp]t *emi/s4 ,! ,fab]s1 :o date back to ! ye> #agfa1 are kn[n all ov] ! _w z lead p5cil mak]s4 ,!y also manufacture _m inks & h done s s9ce #ahha1 :5 !y built n[ factories at ,noisy-le-,sac1 ne> ,p>is4 ,blue-black & violet-black writ+ & copy+ inks ( ! class made by ! ,anto9es are ! pr9cipal k9ds4 ,!y d n (f] = sale1 tanno-gallate ( iron ink )\t add$ color4 ,a bran* h\se 9 ,new ,york ,city has rema9$ s9ce #ahdc4 ,/af=d's violet comb9$ writ+ & copy+ ink 0 fir/ plac$ on ! ,new ,york m>ket 9 #ahfi1 ?\gh x 0 9 #aheh t ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,/af=d1 ! f\nd] ( ! h\se1 began ! manufacture ( inks1 :i* he has cont9u$ to d to ! pres5t day4 ,8 *emical writ+ fluids are v popul>1 b he does n make a tanno-gallate ( iron ink )\t add$ color1 = ! trade4 ,*>les ,m4 ,higg9s ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahhj comm5c$ ! manufacture ( c>bon inks = engross+1 ar*itectural & eng9e]+ purposes1 & has succe$$ 9 produc+ an excell5t liquid ,indian ink1 :i* w n lose its consi/5cy if kept f ! air4 ,x c also be us$ z a writ+ ink1 if ?9n$ d[n ) wat]4 ,he does n make a tanno-gallate ( iron ink )\t add$ color4 ,mayn>d & ,noyes1 ^: inks 7 mu* e/eem$ 9 ?is section = ov] fifty ye>s1 is no long] 9 bus9ess1 z is ! case ) _m o!rs well kn[n dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! enorm\s quantities ( ink ( e color1 quality & description made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates almo/ surpasses belief4 ,x is said t ! output = home consumption alone exce$s twelve millions ( gallons p] annum1 & = export ?ree ?\s& gallons p] annum4 ,x is v safe to affirm t less ?an #a_/ej ( #a p] c5t ( ?is quantity repres5ts a tanno-gallate ( iron ink ,,)\t add$ color4 ,mo/ color$ inks & gall ones :i* possess add$ color if plac$ on pap] "u ord9>y conditions w n be visible a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,?is /atem5t ( m9e might be consid]$ altoge!r p>adoxical 7 x n = associat$ evid5tial facts1 :i* by prov+ !mselves h e/abli%$ its correctness & tru?4 ,to repeat "o ( !m is to ref] to ! report ( ,pr(essors ,baird & ,m>koe1 :o exam9$ = ! /ate ( ,massa*usetts all ! comm]cial inks on ! m>ket at t "t4 ,z a conclusion1 s9ce ! great mass ( inks on ! m>ket are n suitable = records1 because ( _! lack ( body & because ( ! quantity ( un/able color :i* !y conta91 & because ! few ^: color+ matt]s are n objectionable are defici5t 9 gall & iron or bo?1 we w\ld /rongly recomm5d t ! ,/ate set its own /&>d = ! composition ( inks to be us$ 9 its (fices & = its records4 ,an (ficial ink modell$ some:at aft] ! =mula employ$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 0 contract$ = by ! /ate ( ,massa*usetts4 ,x read z foll[s3 ,take ( pure1 dry tannic acid1 #bc4d p>ts by weight4 ( cry/al gallic acid1 #g4g p>ts4 ( f]r\s sulphate1 #cj4j p>ts4 ( gum arabic1 #aj4j p>ts4 ( dilut$ hydro*loric acid1 #be4j p>ts4 ( c>bolic acid1 #a4j "p4 ( wat]1 suffici5t to make up ! mixture at ! temp]ature ( #fj degrees ,f4 to ! volume ( #a1jjj p>ts by weight ( wat]4 ,su* an ink prep>$ aft] ?is receipt w\ld be a /rictly pure tanno-gallate ( iron ink ,,)\t any add$ color :atev]4 ,! e/imation 9 :i* su* an ink is held by ! majority ( ! ink manufactur]s is be/ illu/rat$ by quot+ f two ( ! mo/ prom95t ones1 & ?us enable ! read] to draw 8 own conclusions4 ,we d n make a tanno-gallate ( iron ink )\t add$ color1 & s f> z we "k1 !re is no su* ink on ! m>ket1 z x w\ld be practically colorless & illegible4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is no su* ink 7a tanno-gallate ( iron ink )\t add$ color7 manufactur$ by any ink- mak] z f> z ,i "k4 ,x is obsolete4 ,! comm]cial names be/[$ on ! multitude ( diff]5t inks plac$ on ! m>ket by manufactur]s dur+ ! la/ c5tury are 9 ! ?\s&s4 ,a few ( !m are cit$ z indicative ( _! v>iety1 "s ( :i* are /ill sold "u ^! names4 ,kosmian ,safety ,fluid1 ,bablah ,ink1 ,univ]sal ,jet ,black1 ,treasury ,l$g] ,fluid1 ,ev]la/+ ,black ,ink1 ,rav5-,black ,ink1 ,nut-gall ,ink1 ,p]nambuco ,ink1 ,blue ,po/ ,(fice ,ink1 ,un*angeable ,black1 ,docum5t ,safety ,ink1 ,birm+ham ,copy+ ,ink1 ,comm]cial ,writ+ ,fluid1 ,g]mania ,ink1 ,horticultural ,ink1 ,ex*equ] ,ink1 ,*esnut ,ink1 ,c>bon ,safety ,ink1 ,vanadium ,ink1 ,asiatic ,ink1 ,t]ra-cotta ,ink1 ,jugl&9 ,ink1 ,p]sian ,copy+1 ,sambuc91 ,*rome ,ink1 ,sloe ,ink1 ,/eel ,p5 ,ink1 ,japanese ,ink1 ,engli% ,(fice ,ink1 ,cate*u ,ink1 ,*9ese ,blue ,ink1 ,aliz>9 ,ink1 ,s*ool ,ink1 ,b]l9 ,ink1 ,res9 ,ink1 ,wat]-glass ,ink1 ,p>isian ,ink1 ,immutable ,ink1 ,graphite ,ink1 ,nigril9 ,ink1 ,muni* ,ink1 ,electro-,*emical1 ,egyptian ,black1 ,koal ,black ,ink1 ,ebony ,black ,ink1 ,zulu ,black1 ,cobalt ,black1 ,m>oon ,black1 ,aeilyton ,copy+1 ,di*roic1 ,congress ,record1 ,regi/ration1 ,old ,engli%1 etc4 ,! li/ ( ov] #bjj names1 :i* foll[1 includes ^? ( manufactur]s ( ! be/ kn[n =eign & dome/ic black inks & *emical writ+ fluids 9 use dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 z well z ^? ( ! pres5t "t4 ,adriana ,allfield ,&]son ,anto9e ,arnaudon ,arnold ,artus ,ballade ,ball&e ,b>nes ,b>t ,b>tram ,beaur ,behr5s ,belmondi ,b]zelius ,bizang] ,blackwood ,blair ,bolley ,bonney ,boss9 ,boswell ,bottg] ,b\t5guy ,braconnot ,br&e ,bufeu ,bufton ,bure ,c>t] ,caw ,celli] ,*ampion ,*aptal ,*evalli] ,cl>ke ,close ,co*rane ,coll9 ,cooke ,c\pi] & ,coll9s ,coxe ,crock ,cross ,d>cet ,davids ,davis ,delunel ,del>ve ,delang ,d]heims ,dize ,drap] ,druck ,duhalde ,dumas ,dumovl5 ,dun& ,dunlap ,ellis ,eisn] ,fab] ,fau*] ,faux ,fea!r/one ,fesneau ,font5elle ,=d ,f\rm5t9 ,freeman ,fu*s ,gaff>d ,ga/aldi ,geissl] ,ge(froy ,gebel ,goold ,g\peir ,grasse ,gre5 ,guesneville ,gulli] ,guyon ,guyot ,ha5les ,hag] ,haldat ,hanle ,h>e ,h>rison ,hausman ,he]5 ,h5ry ,h]epa? ,hevrant ,higg9s ,hogy ,hunt ,hyde ,jahn ,james ,joy ,k>m>s* ,kasletey] ,k9dt ,klapro? ,klo5 ,knaffl ,kne*t ,lanaux ,lanet ,l>5audi]e ,lemancy ,l5orm& ,leonh>di ,lewis ,ley ,kauf ,l9k ,lip[itz ,lorme ,luhr+ ,lyons ,mac,cullogh ,mack5sic ,ma?ieu ,maur9 ,mayn>d & ,noyes ,melville ,m5des ,m]emee ,m]get ,m9et ,moll] ,moore ,mordan ,mos] ,morrell ,moz>d ,murray ,na% ,niss5 ,ohme ,ott ,paul ,pay5 ,p]ry ,peltz ,petibeau ,platz] ,plissey ,pom]oy ,poncelet ,prollius ,pr\/ ,pu%] ,rapp ,reade ,r$wood ,reid ,remigi ,re9mann ,rhe9feld ,ribauc\rt ,rick] ,rod] ,ruhr ,runge ,san=d ,s*affgoto* ,s*leckum ,s*midt ,s*(f]n ,scott ,seldrake ,selmi ,simon ,s\b]9 ,s\irssean ,/af=d ,/>k ,/e9 ,/eph5s ,/ev5s ,syuck]buyk ,swan ,tabuy ,t>l+ ,?ack] ,?omas ,?umann ,todd ,tomk9s ,trialle ,trie/ ,trommsdorff ,und]wood ,vallet ,van ,moos ,vogel ,wagn] ,walkd5 ,walla* ,wat]l\s ,w9dsor & ,newton ,w9t]nitz ,woodmansee ,wor?+ton ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,*emico-,,legal ,,ink4 ,,e/imat$ ,,value ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,evid5ce ,,z ,,held ,,by ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,appeals--,,n[ ,,beyond ,,! ,,purview ,,( ,,criticism--,,v]dicts ,,9 ,,! ,,trials ,,( ,,causes ,,affect$ ,,by ,,su* ,,evid5ce--,,l5g? ,,( ,,"t ,,necess>y ,,to ,,ov]come ,,prejudice ,,& ,,ignorance-- ,,:]e ,,objections ,,to ,,su* ,,evid5ce ,,emanate-- ,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,su* ,,evid5ce ,,g5]ally-- ,,:5 ,,prec$5t ,,0 ,,made ,,to ,,*emically ,,exam9e ,a ,,c\rt ,,exhibit ,,be=e ,,trial--,,! ,,controv]sy ,,9 ,,:i* ,,judge ,,ransom ,,made ,,?is ,,new ,,dep>ture--,,citation ,,( ,,! ,,case ,,& ,,its ,,outcome-- ,,decision ,,9 ,,! ,,gordon ,,w ,,case ,,obta9$ ,,by ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,evid5ce--,,complete ,,/ory ,,ab\t ,,x--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,dimon ,,w ,,case ,,& ,,h[ ,,*emi/ry ,,made ,,x ,,possible ,,to ,,consid] ,,x--,,op9ion ,,( ,,judge ,,+raham--,,p ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york ,v4 ,,cody--,,! ,,attempt ,,to ,,prove ,,an ,,alleg$ ,,g\ld ,,bir? ,,c]tificate ,,g5u9e1 ,,fru/rat$ ,,by ,,*emical ,,evid5ce--,,! ,,def5dant ,,convict$--,,! ,,p ,v4 ,,kellam--,,*emical ,,evid5ce ,,makes ,,! ,,tru? ,,kn[n--,,! ,,holt ,,w ,,case ,,& ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,:i* ,,affect$ ,,its ,,result--,,! ,,tighe ,,w ,,case--,,op9ion ,,( ,,judge ,,fitzg]ald4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice pr(its by ! progress ( sci5ce1 & its hi/ory %[s x to h be5 almo/ ! e>lie/ 9 antagonism to popul> delusion & sup]/ition4 ,! revelations ( ! microscope are con/antly resort$ to 9 protection ( individual & public int]e/s4 4 4 4 ,if !y are reli$ ^u z ag5cies = accurate ma!matical results 9 m5suration & a/ronomy1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld be deem$ unreliable 9 matt]s ( evid5ce4 ,:]ev] :at !y disclose c aid or elucidate ! j det]m9ation ( legal controv]sies !re c be no well- f\nd$ objection to resort+ to !m4 ,frank v4 ,*emical ,nat4 ,bank1 #cg ,sup]ior ,c\rt 7,j4 ,s47 #cd1 affirm$ 9 ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 #hd ,n4 ,y4 #bji4 ,,?is decision by a f9al c\rt ( adjudicature1 expresses 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms ! n[ g5]ally e/imat$ value ( evid5ce :i* sci5ce may reveal4 ,! importance :i* t bran* ( x d5om9at$ ,*emico-legal ink has atta9$ & its utilization 9 _m trials ( causes bo? civil z well z crim9al1 places x beyond ! purview ( criticism or objection4 ,) ! introduction ( a new class ( inks 9 ! la/ two decades1 its scope has be5 mu* broad5$4 ,innum]able v]dicts by juries :]ev] ! sy/em prevails1 all ov] ! _w1 ! op9ions ( le>n$ judges1 :e!r presid+ dur+ a jury trial or sitt+ alone1 m or less affect$ by ?is "* ( evid5ce1 pres5ts fairly ! tr5d ( ! views ( ! public m9d respect+ x4 ,con/ant exp]im5t & successful demon/rations1 cov]+ a p]iod ( ov] fifty ye>s1 0 necess>y to ov]come prevail+ prejudices & ignorance4 ,! conditions to-day1 :i* happily obta91 are t ! objection to ! introduction ( su* evid5ce f9ds its s\rce usually 9 ! side seek+ to obscure & hide ! tru? or facts1 :ile ! hone/ litigant or innoc5t individual ha/5s to advocate its employm5t4 ,ano!r feature wor?y ( consid]ation is t p]sons :o possess intimate k ( ink *em4 i/ry & :o might o!rwise successfully p]petrate fraud if opportunity pres5t$ itself1 refra9 f mak+ ! attempt because ( t v k1 :i* is suffici5t also to tea* !m ( ! possible exposure ( _! ef=ts4 ,aga91 !y & o!rs are aw>e ( ! reliance plac$ on *emico-legal evid5ce z an aid to ! cause ( ju/ice by c\rts & juries & ?is is an add$ reason :y !y hesitate to take *ances4 ,^! propositions be+ true1 !y e/abli% ano!r "o1 viz3 t mo/ ( ! attempt$ frauds at ! pres5t "t 9 ?is connection1 are by ! ignorant & ^? ^: conceit does n p]mit !m to believe t any "o kn[s m ?an !mselves4 ,*emico-legal ink evid5ce z be=e /at$ has be5 employ$ 9 ! trials ( causes = _m ye>s2 b x 0 n until ! ye> #ahhi t a prec$5t 0 e/abli%$ = ! *emical exam9ation ( a suspect$ docum5t prec$+ any trial4 ,! honor ( ?is dep>ture f ! ord9>y modes ( proc$ure belongs to ! ,hon4 ,ra/us ,s4 ,ransom1 :o 0 surrogate ( ! c\nty ( ,new ,york at ! "t4 ,! matt] 9 controv]sy 0 an alleg$ w execut$ 9 triplicate by "o ,?omas ,j4 ,monroe4 ,*>ges 7 made t ! ?ree wills 7 spuri\s1 z !y 7 facsimiles ( ea* o!r4 ,x 0 = ! ma9 purpose ( det]m9+ ! me?ods ( _! make-up t ,judge ,ransom r5d]$ ! op9ion & made ! ord] = its *emical exam9ation :i* is cit$ 9 full3 ,e/ate ( ,?omas ,j4 ,monroe4--,?is is an application by ! special gu>dian & conte/ant 9 ?is proce$+1 :i* is n[ p5d+ be=e ! assi/ant1 = leave to photograph ! v>i\s pap]s :i* h be5 fil$ z ! w ( ! deceas$1 & to compel ! fil+ ( two p>ts ( "o ( said wills1 :i* 0 execut$ 9 triplicate2 likewise t ! la/ pap] be subject$ to *emical te/s = ! purpose ( disclos+ ! nature ( ! composition ( ! ink & ! process or processes to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,^u ! oral argum5t ! surrogate decid$ ! applications fir/ /at$ 9 favor ( ! petition]1 res]v+ only ! "q ( 8 p[] to direct or p]mit ! *emical te/s4 ,! special gu>dian on ! oral argum5t /at$ t he 0 unable1 to f9d any au?ority = ! application4 ,consultation ( ! v>i\s s\rces ( au?ority ^u ! subject ( exp]t te/imony & ! v>i\s te/s = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ or disprov+ h&writ+ has n result$ 9 ! discov]y ( any au?ority = grant+ ! application4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 f "s ( ! cases t su* an exam9ation mu/ h be5 p]mitt$2 = in/ance1 9 ,fulton v4 ,hood 7#cd? ,p5n4 ,/ate ,reports1 #cfe71 exp]t te/imony 0 receiv$ 9 corroboration ( positive evid5ce to prove t ! :ole ( an in/rum5t 0 writt5 by ! same h&1 ) ! same ink1 & at ! same "t4 ,x is inconceivable h[ te/imony ( any value c\ld be giv5 z to ! "* ( ink ) :i* an in/rum5t 0 writt51 unless x _h be5 subject$ to a *emical te/4 ,! writ] ( a valuable article 9 ! eighte5? volume ( ! ,am]ican ,law ,regi/]1 page #bha 7,r4 ,u4 ,pip]1 an em95t exp]t ( ,*icago1 ,ill471 9 comm5t+ ^u ! rule z /at$ 9 ! case ( ,fulton v4 ,hood 7supra71 v prop]ly says3 ',microscopical & *emical te/s may be compet5t to settle ! "q1 b ^! %\ld n be receiv$ z evid5ce1 ,i ?9k1 unless ! exp]t is able to %[ to ! c\rt & ! jury ! actual results ( 8 exam9ation1 & also to expla9 8 me?ods1 s t !y c be fully und]/ood4' ,! writ] ( ?is article is also au?ority = ! /atem5t t 9 ! ,fr5* ,c\rts e manipulation or exp]im5t necess>y to elucidate ! tru? 9 ! case1 ev5 to ! de/ruction ( ! docum5t 9 "q1 is all[$1 ! ,c\rt1 z a matt] ( precaution1 be+ fir/ suppli$ ) a c]tifi$ copy ( ! same4 ,! mo/ obvi\s argum5t to be urg$ aga9/ all[+ a *emical te/ to be made on a w1 & "o t 0 sugge/$ by ! c\rt on ! argum5t ( ?is motion1 is t1 inasmu* z ! pap] may be ! subject ( future controv]sy 9 ?is or "s o!r tribunal1 future litigants %\ld n be prejudic$ by any alt]ation or manipulation ( ! in/rum5t4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ?is objection is s\nd4 ,take an extreme case1 ( p]mitt+ a suffici5t am\nt ( ! ink 7:i* ! affidavit ( ! exp]t %[s to be b inf9itesimal7 = ! purpose ( *emical exam9ation2 ! =m ( ! lett] w\ld rema9 ^u ! pap]2 if n1 ! =m & appe>ance ( ! entire signature might1 z a prelim9>y precaution1 be pres]v$ by photography4 ,! portion ( ! signature rema9+ w\ld af=d ample mat]ial = future exp]im5ts & inve/igations 9 subsequ5t proce$+s :]e9 x might be deem$ advisable to take t c\rse4 ,because ! subject matt] ( ! controv]sy may be litigat$ h]eaft] %\ld n deprive p>ties 9 ! proce$+ ( any rights :i* !y w\ld o!rwise h4 ,!y c]ta9ly are entitl$ to all rights 9 ?is proce$+ t ! p>ties to any future proce$+s w\ld h4 ,besides1 all ! p>ties ^: pres5ce w\ld be necess>y to an adjudication 91 = example1 an ejectm5t proce$+1 are 7or _! privies are7 p>ties "h4 ,x c]ta9ly _c be t ! law1 seek+ ! tru?1 w n avail itself ( ?is sci5tific me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! g5u95ess ( ! in/rum5t because ( "s problematical effect ^u ! rights or opportunities ( p>ties to future litigations respect+ ! same in/rum5t4 ,! possibilities ( litigation ov] a w are almo/ inf9ite1 & if su* a rule %\ld obta9 ?is important *annel ( inve/igation w\ld be clos$4 ,suppose ! same objection 7 rais$ to ! fir/ action ( ejectm5t :i* might be br\ght1 x might !n ) ! same =ce be urg$ t p>ties to "s future ejectm5t suit w\ld be prejudic$ by a *emical te/ ( ! ink us$ 9 ! w1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,by n avail+ itself ( ?is me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! tru? z to ! "* ( ! ink1 ! ,c\rt deprives itself ( a species ( evid5ce :i* am\nts to practical demon/ration4 ,i c see no reason :y ! application %\ld n be grant$4 ,! ord] 9 "p reads3 ,x is ord]$ & direct$ t ,*>les ,h4 ,beckett1 ! special gu>dian a=esaid1 be & he h]eby is all[$ p]mission to photograph ! a=esaid pap] writ+s describ$ 9 said ord] to %[ cause1 viz41 "o ( ! two p>ts ( a triplicate ,w ( ,?omas ,j4 ,monroe1 deceas$1 dat$ ,febru>y #aj?1 #ahgc1 :i* 7 fil$ 9 ! (fice ( ! ,surrogate ( ! ,city & ,c\nty ( ,new ,york on or ab\t ! #i? day ( ,may1 #ahhi1 & also ! conte/$ ,w h]e9 dat$ ,m>* #bg? & ,june #a/1 #ahhh1 & to h ! said pap] writ+1 be>+ date ,m>* #bb;d & ,june #a/1 #ahhh1 subject$ to su* *emical te/ or te/s z %all disclose ! nature ( ! composition ( ! ink &1 if possible1 ! process or processes to :i* x has be5 subject$1 if any4 ,& x is fur!r ord]$ & direct$ t su* *emical te/ be appli$ to ! ink or writ+ fluid on said alleg$ ,w to ! foll[+ specifi$ portion1 or any "p ( su* portions1 viz4 ,specifications 9 m9ute detail foll[1 call+ att5tion to ! words & spaces :i* are p]mitt$ to be *emically te/$1 & !n cont9ues3 ,& x is fur!r ord]$ & direct$ t ! said pap] writ+s %all be photograph$ be=e any *emical te/s are appli$ !reto4 ,& x is fur!r ord]$ & direct$ t su* photograph+ & *emical te/s be p]=m$ by ,david ,n4 ,c>valho1 ,esq41 a prop] & suitable p]son1 at ! places above indicat$ respectively1 betwe5 ! #aj? & ! #bj? days ( ,june1 #ahhi1 inclusive1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p>ties 9 int]e/ or _! attorneys1 ^u at lea/ two days' notice to all p>ties h]e9 or _! attorneys4 ,& x is fur!r ord]$ & direct$ t 9 ! ev5t ( de/ruction or break+ ( ! negatives aft] su* pap] writ+s h be5 photograph$1 ! said special gu>dian1 ^u simil> notice1 %all h leave to re-photograph ! said pap] writ+s1 at ! same place & by ! said ,david ,n4 ,c>valho1 betwe5 ! #aj? & #bj? days ( ,june1 #ahhi1 inclusive4 7,sign$7 ,,ra/us ,s4 ,,ransom1 ,surrogate4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,june1 #ahhi1 pursuant to ! ord] ( ! c\rt1 ! alleg$ w ref]r$ to 0 fir/ photograph$1 & lat] 9 t day su* places z _h be5 designat$ 9 ! ord] 7 *emically treat$1 z "p ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,! results obta9$ briefly summ>iz$ 7 z1 foll[s3 ,! in/rum5t :i* purport$ to be a holographic w ( ,?omas ,j4 ,monroe ! exp]im5ts %[$ conclusively to be n ! case1 z nei!r p5 nor ink 9 ! body writ+ portion or 9 ! dec$5t's signature _h ev] t\*$ ! pap]2 ! date & names ( ! witnesses !reon 7 writt51 h[ev]1 ) p5 & ink4 ,fur!rmore1 ! exp]im5ts demon/rat$ beyond "q t exclusive ( its date & names ( witnesses1 t x 0 :at is commonly kn[n z a transf] tak5 f a gelat9e pad 7hektograph71 a me?od ( duplicat+ popul>ly 9 vogue at t "t4 ,! d$uc$ facts 9 ! matt] be+ t ,?omas ,j4 ,monroe _h writt5 8 w 9 an anil9e purple ink1 to :i* he _h app5d$ 8 "n1 leav+ blank spaces to be fill$ 9 = ! date1 names ( witnesses1 etc41 & _h transf]r$ ! same to a hektograph1 f :i* he _h tak5 a numb] ( duplicate facsimile copies1 & at "s o!r "t _h fill$ 9 ! blank spaces by ord9>y me?ods & to :i*1 at 8 reque/1 ! names ( ! witnesses _h be5 writt5 ) a p5 & ink4 ,9 ! trial :i* foll[$ ! surrogate decl9$ to su/a9 ! allegation ( ! propon5ts t ! alleg$ signature 0 ! orig9al writ+ ( ,?omas ,j4 ,monroe1 or inde$ ( any p]son4 ,! w 0 n admitt$ to probate4 ,exp]im5ts1 bo? 9 op5 c\rt or dur+ its sessions 9 ! te/+ ( ink & pap]1 microscopically & *emically1 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & _m conte/s involv+ enorm\s int]e/s h be5 m or less decid$ z ! result ( !m4 ,! conte/ ( ! alleg$ w ( ,george ,p4 ,gordon1 tri$ be=e ! late ,*ancellor ,mc,gill ( ,new ,j]sey 9 #ahia1 illu/rates 9 a rem>kable degree j h[ c]ta9 are ! results ( inve/igations ( ?is "*4 ,! *ancellor's decision1 aft] li/5+ to te/imony = _m weeks1 0 9 effect to decl>e ! w a =g]y1 l>gely because ( ! fact t ! premise on :i* x re/$ 0 a s-call$ draft1 f :i* x 0 sworn x _h be5 copi$4 ,! ink on ?is draft x 0 prov$ c\ld n h _h an exi/5ce4 until _m ye>s aft] ! date ( ! =g$ w4 ,! dec$5t1 :o di$ 9 #ahgh1 0 ! inv5tor ( a fam\s pr9t+ press1 & left a l>ge =tune4 ,a w (f]$ = probate soon aft] ! dea? ( ,gordon 0 n probat$1 ow+ to ! discov]y t ! witnesses _h n sign$ x 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce4 ,! pr9cipal b5efici>ies1 h[ev]1 "u t w1 ! wid[ & daught] ( ,gordon1 agre$ to a division ( ! e/ate :i* 0 satisfactory to ! o!r heirs at law1 & ! matt] app>5tly 0 settl$4 ,b a retir$ lawy] nam$ ,h5ry ,c4 ,adams began 9 #ahgi1 a ye> aft] ,gordon's dea?1 to endeavor to obta9 ! assi/ance ( "s heirs at law 9 an ent]prise :i* 0 f9ally end$ only :5 ,*ancellor ,mc,gill's decision 0 r5d]$4 ,9 #ahfh ,adams liv$ ) 8 fa!r & bro!rs on a f>m1 ne> ,rahway1 ,n4 ,j41 adjo9+ ! ,gordon place4 ,! two m5 became well acqua9t$ ?r\gh _! common int]e/ 9 music4 ,adams call$ ^u ,a4 ,sidney ,doane1 a nephew ( ,gordon1 & told him t ,gordon _h made a w 9 #ahfh :i* might be f\nd or if lo/1 e/abli%$ by means ( a draft ( x :i* he 7,adams7 _h reta9$4 ,mr4 ,doane refus$ to act ^u ?is proposition4 ,!n ,adams pres5t$ ! matt] to ,gu?b]t ,o4 ,gordon1 a bro!r to ,george ,p4 ,gordon4 ,he decl9$ to consid] ! propos$ se>* = a new w4 ,adams !n wrote to ,gu?b]t ,gordon1 ,jr41 caution+ him to say no?+ to any "o1 b to come & see him4 ,gu?b]t ,gordon1 ,jr41 decl9$ to accept ,adams's invitation = a secret conf]5ce4 ,adams did n write or communicate ) ! wid[ or daught] ( ,george ,p4 ,gordon1 or ) any ( ! (ficials or o!r p]sons :o dealt ) ! e/ate4 ,f9d+ t ! heirs at law 7 satisfi$ ) ! arrangem5t ( ! e/ate "u ,gordon's daught]'s managem5t1 he gave up 8 ef=ts at t "t4 ,9 #ahij ,m>y ,agnes ,gordon1 ! daught]1 di$ 9 ,p>is1 & remittances f h] ceas+ & h] w n be+ satisfactory to ^? :o _h be5 receiv+ !m f h]1 ano!r conte/ 0 begun4 ,?is caus$ a r5ewal ( ,adams's activity4 ,9 #ahij he wrote to ,messrs4 ,black ,k+1 a firm ( lawy]s :o repres5t$ ! conte/ants ( ,m>y ,agnes ,gordon's w4 ,adams's lett] to ! law firm conta9$ ?is expression3 ,if "o ( y w come ov] "h on ,sunday morn+1 br++ no brass b&1 fife or drums1 ,i w tell y some?+ wor? kn[+4 ,mr4 ,k+ visit$ ,adams1 :o 0 !n liv+ at ,orange1 ,n4 ,j41 & 0 told by him t ,mr4 ,gordon _h execut$ a w 9 #ahfh :i* he 7,adams7 _h drawn at ,gordon's in/ance1 & t he _h reta9$ a correct$ draft f :i* ! w itself _h be5 copi$4 ,he also told ,k+ t ! orig9al w aft] its execution _h be5 left ) 8 fa!r1 & t x mu/ be at 8 fa!r's home/ead ne> ,rahway1 :]e he w\ld try to f9d x4 ,a few days lat] he wrote to ,black ,k+ t ! w _h be5 f\nd1 & ! next day w5t ) ! lawy]s to ,rahway & id5tifi$ ! package f\nd by 8 bro!r ,edw>d ,adams1 :o occupi$ ! ,rahway f>m1 z t :i* conta9$ ! w4 ,! package1 unop5$1 0 tak5 to a safe deposit company & ! orig9al draft 0 deposit$ ) ! secret>y ( /ate4 ,! alleg$ w1 :i* ,*ancellor ,mc,gill pron\nc$ a =g]y :5 f9ally op5$ 9 ! prelim9>y probate proce$+s1 0 f\nd to be a v long & complicat$ docum5t1 writt5 on blue pap] 9 black ink4 ,! draft1 :i* 0 on :ite pap]1 0 also writt5 9 ! ma9 9 black ink1 b a copi\s quantity ( r$ ink _h be5 us$ 9 int]l9eations4 ,! significant p>agraph ( ! new w 0 a direction to 8 heirs to pur*ase1 if ! te/ator _h n succe$$ 9 do+ s be=e 8 dea?1 ! ,h5ry ,adams f>m = #cb1jjj4 ,m9ute directions 7 giv5 to insure ! pur*ase1 b no l[] price ?an #cb1jjj 0 m5tion$4 ,comm5t+ ^u ?is ,*ancellor ,mc,gill's rem>ks3 ,x is also to be "h not$ t ! ,adams f>m is n[ sc>cely wor? "o-?ird ! price = :i* x is direct$ to be pur*as$4 ,cont9u+ ! c\rt says3 ,! only liv+ p]son :o pr(esses to h _h k ( ?is disput$ pap] prior to ,novemb]1 #ahij1 is ,h5ry ,c4 ,adams4 ,he mo/ cle>ly & positively te/ifi$ t he drew ! disput$ pap] at ! in/ance ( ,mr4 ,gordon4 ,he produc$ a draft f :i* he said x 0 copi$4 4 4 4 ,i h already /at$ t ,mr4 ,adams te/ifi$ mo/ positively :5 ! draft ( ! disput$ pap] 0 (f]$ 9 evid5ce t x 0 ! id5tical docum5t f :i* ! w ( #ahfh _h be5 copi$1 & x is to be rememb]$ t ! int]l9eations 9 t draft are almo/ all made ) r$ ink1 & t ,mr4 ,adams te/ifi$ t ^? int]l9eations exi/$ :5 ! w 0 copi$ f ! draft4 ,) a view to te/+ ! tru? ( ?is te/imony ! conte/ants submitt$ ! draft to sci5tific exp]ts1 :o pron\nc$ ! r$ ink to be a product ( eos9e1 a sub/ance inv5t$ by a ,g]man *emi/ nam$ ,c>o 9 ! ye> #ahgd1 & aft] t "t import$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,at fir/ x 0 sold = #abe a p\nd1 & 0 s exp5sive x c\ld n be us$ comm]cially 9 ! manufacture ( ink4 ,aft]w>ds ! price 0 s greatly r$uc$ t x became g5]ally us$ 9 mak+ r$ ink4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by a peculi> bronze ca/ t is readily detect$4 ,x 0 recogniz$ 9 ! r$ ink int]l9eations 9 ! draft ( ! disput$ pap] produc$ by ,mr4 ,adams by a numb] ( sci5tific g5tlem51 among :om 7 "s ( ! be/ kn[n ink manufactur]s 9 ! c\ntry1 & ,mr4 ,c>l ,pickh>dt1 :o fir/ import$ eos9e4 ,^u fur!r exam9ation ! witness1 ,adams1 said he ?\ght ! draft produc$ to be ! orig9al until he saw ! w on blue pap]1 & t !n he 0 p]plex$1 b dismiss$ 8 d\bt ^u ! sugge/ion ( c\nsel1 b aft]w>d he ?\ght ^u ! subject '9 ! vigils ( ! night1' b by an un=tunate co9cid5ce did n rea* sub/antial d\bt en\gh to correct 8 previ\s te/imony until aft] ! te/imony conc]n+ ! "* ( ! r$ ink he _h us$ 9 int]l9+ _h be5 produc$4 4 4 4 ,x is impossible to /udy ?is rem>kable case at ?is po9t )\t grave d\bts z to ! tru?fulness ( ,mr4 ,adams1 & inde$ z to ! frankness ) :i* ! case 0 produc$ 9 c\rt 9 behalf ( ! propon5ts4 ,z to ,adams z a witness1 ! c\rt f9ally says3 ,& z ,i read ! confus$ answ]s ( ,mr4 ,adams & note 8 app>5t misappreh5sion ( que/ions t w\ld t5d to involve him1 & note ! app>5t failure ( 8 !ret(ore wond]fully cle> & exact memory ( ! mo/ trivial & unimportant details1 ,i am incl9$ to reject ! :ole /ory z a fabrication t has be5 punctur$ & fall5 to pieces4 4 4 4 ,i f9d x to be impossible to rely ^u ! te/imony ( ,h5ry ,c4 ,adams4 ,exclud+ x ! w is n prov$4 4 4 4 ,i w d5y probate1 revok+ t :i* ,i h h]et(ore grant$ 9 common =m4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! attempt made to prove ! alleg$ la/ w & te/am5t ( ,/eph5 ,c4 ,dimon1 deceas$1 *emi/ry 0 ! all-det]m9+ factor 9 ! mo/ important bran* ( ! case4 ,! peculi> features ( ?is rem>kable & unique case are be/ describ$ by pres5t+ !m ) a brief hi/ory ( ! entire matt]4 ,9 #ahhd ,/eph5 ,c4 ,dimon ( ! city ( ,new ,york made & execut$ a w1 *oos+ z legatee & executrix a ,mrs4 ,m>?a ,ke]y4 ,! w he intru/$ to ! cu/ody ( 8 c\nsel4 ,x appe>$4 t "s "t dur+ ! foll[+ ye> 8 attorney transf]r$ ?is w f its re/+ place 9 a desk draw] to a new safe & recall$ hav+ se5 its envelope a ye> lat]1 b said he nev] saw ! w !reaft]4 ,9 #ahic ,mr4 ,dimon di$4 ,no w be+ produc$1 8 bro!r took1 out lett]s ( adm9i/ration4 ,:]eupon ,mrs4 ,m>?a ,ke]y comm5c$ a suit aga9/ ! bro!r & ! next ( k9 he repres5t$1 9 an ef=t to obta9 ! dead man's e/ate4 ,%e bas$ h] claim solely on ! ,,lo/ w1 ! cont5ts ( :i* 7 recall$ 9 ! trial by ,mr4 ,dimon's =m] c\nsel1 :o 0 also "o ( ! witnesses to ! lo/ w4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! trial 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 presid$ ov] by ,ju/ice ,george ,l4 ,+raham1 ,mrs4 ,ke]y's attorney produc$ a mutilat$ docum5t :i* f its read+ indicat$ t x _h once be5 a w1 ?\gh n ! lo/ "o4 ,b ! names ( ! legatee1 executrix1 te/ator1 names ( witnesses & _! addresses 7 completely oblit]at$4 ,! writt5 portions /ill undi/urb$ %[$ x to be 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,/eph5 ,c4 ,dimon4 ,mrs4 ,ke]y's /ory 0 t aft] ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,dimon 9 go+ ov] an old coat =m]ly worn by him1 %e _h f\nd x 9 a side pocket & _h giv5 x to h] c\nsel j z x came into h] h&s4 ,its condition %[$ x to be consid]ably pocket- worn4 ,! oblit]ations ref]r$ to repres5t$ huge blots ( black ink cov]+ a lot ( scrat*es & mak+ x impossible to deciph] ! "u writ+4 ,def5dant's ,c\nsel imm$iately reque/$ t ! docum5t be turn$ ov] to an exp]t1 to see :at c\ld be done ) x4 ,! judge grant$ ! motion & adj\rn$ ! case = sev]al days to await results4 ,c\nsel on bo? sides jo9$ 9 ! selection ( myself4 ,?ree days 7 occupi$ 9 its deciph]m5t4 ,! w occupi$ two sides ( a full %eet ( legal cap4 ,! orig9al ink :i* 0 employ$ 9 ! writ+ ( ! w 0 ( pale gray color4 ,! fir/ oblit]ations 7 a s]ies ( p5 & ink scrat*es & m>ks :i* de/roy$ ! writ+4 ,n satisfi$ ) !m ! op]ator _h ) a saturat$ piece ( blott+ pap]1 bru%$ ov] ! scrat*es & z t ink 0 ( good quality e m>k ( writ+ _h disappe>$ 9 ! jumble & blots4 ,x s happ5$ t ?ree inks _h be5 employ$4 ,! orig9al ink1 ! ink us$ = scrat*+ & ! "o employ$ to d ! blott+4 ,! ?ree inks 7 happily mixtures conta9+ diff]5t con/itu5ts1 & s by utiliz+ ! reag5t ( "o :i* did n affect ! o!r1 gradually ! encru/$ upp] inks 7 remov$ & lat] ! orig9al writ+ appe>$ suffici5tly pla9 n only to be read b to id5tify x4 ,photographs made be=e & aft] ! *emical exp]im5ts1 p]mitt$ c\rt & c\nsel to make _! own comp>isons dur+ ! giv+ ( ! te/imony ab\t x4 ,x p]mitt$ also ! f9d+ ( ! two witnesses :o liv$ outside ( ! city & to le>n _m details f !m z to ,mr4 ,dimon's conduct 9 ! matt]4 ,! re/or$ w %[$ t ,mrs4 ,ke]y at its date 7#ahia7 0 /ill 9 8 m9d1 & its de/ruction by himself--t he _h *ang$ 8 m9d4 ,ju/ice ,+raham completes 8 op9ion 9 decid+ ! case z foll[s3 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! long "t t elaps$ betwe5 ! "t ( ! deliv]y ( ! w to ,mr4 ,morgan & ! dea? ( ! te/ator1 ! abs5ce ( my satisfactory pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! w f ! "t x 0 deliv]$ to ,mr4 ,morgan to ! "t ( ! te/ator's dea?1 & ! fact t ! te/ator made ano!r w1 mak+ sub/antially ! same disposition ( ! prop]ty1 :i* he subsequ5tly de/roy$1 all t5d to ca/ a d\bt ^u ! fact t ! w 0 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ( ! te/ator's dea?1 & !re is positively no evid5ce t x 0 ev] fraudul5tly de/roy$4 ,i d n ?9k ! c\rt is ju/ifi$ 9 div]t+ a l>ge sum ( money f ^? legally entitl$ to x1 by all[+1 a lo/ w to be prov$1 except ^u ! cle>e/ & mo/ satisfactory evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! w at ! "t ( ! te/ator's dea?4 ,& ! te/imony 9 ?is case falls %ort ( :at ,i consid] necess>y to e/abli% su* a w4 ,!re %\ld be1 !re=e1 judgm5t = ! def5dants ) co/s4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a case ( consid]able int]e/ 0 tri$ be=e ,hon4 ,clif=d ,d4 ,gregory 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #ahii1 9 ! city ( ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,x 0 entitl$ ! ,p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york aga9/ ,m>g>et ,e4 ,cody1 z *>g$ ) ! crime ( blackmail1 9 ! s5d+ ( a lett] to ,mr4 ,george ,j4 ,g\ld1 9 :i* %e ?reat5$ to divulge c]ta9 in=mation :i* %e claim$ to possess ab\t 8 dead fa!r1 ,jay ,g\ld4 ,! "* ( ?is in=mation 0 su* t if true x meant t ,jay ,g\ld & 8 wife _h liv$ 9 bigam\s relations dur+ a great numb] ( ye>s prec$+ _! dea? & h5ce also affect$ ! legitimacy ( ! entire ,g\ld family4 ,mrs4 ,cody ass]t$ t ,jay ,g\ld 0 m>ri$ to a ,mrs4 ,angel "s "t 9 #ahec1 & t z a result ( t lawful m>riage %e gave bir? to a daught]1 a ,mrs4 ,pi]ce1 :o 0 /ill alive & liv+ some:]e 9 ! we/4 ,z ,mrs4 ,cody (f]$ to sell or secrete ! in=mation :i* %e said %e possess$ = a consid]ation1 ,mr4 ,george ,j4 ,g\ld & 8 si/]1 ,miss ,hel5 ,g\ld1 in/antly det]m9$ t x c\ld be no?+ else ?an a cle> case ( an attempt at blackmail1 :i* falsely impugn$ ! reputations ( _! dead p>5ts4 ,!y in/itut$ crim9al proce$+s aga9/ ,mrs4 ,cody1 *>g+ t ,mrs4 ,cody :5 %e wrote ! lett] well knew t h] claim t 8 fa!r _h be5 m>ri$ to ,mrs4 ,angel & t ,mrs4 ,pi]ce 0 _! daught]1 0 absolutely false4 ,two trials foll[$1 ! fir/ 9 #ahih 9 :i* ! jury disagre$1 & a second "o 9 #ahii :i* la/$ ov] a week4 ,x 0 9 ! second trial t *emical te/s on a c]ta9 entry 9 a *ur* record 9 ! pres5ce ( ! jury 7 made1 :i* %[$ conclusively t anci5t writ+ ( ano!r "* ?an t :i* _h be5 sub/itut$ 0 /ill exi/5t b5ea? ! writ+ :i* 0 app>5t to ! nak$ eye4 ,! foll[+ are exc]pts ( ! judge's *>ge to ! jury3 ,i wi% to invite y\r att5tion1 = a few mom5ts1 to ! baptismal c]tificate4 ,y h _h produc$ "h be=e y ! orig9al baptismal record ( ! *ur* at ,coop]ville4 ,x has be5 sub/antially admitt$1 9 ! argum5ts ( ?is case1 t !re has be5 a *ange made 9 ?is c]tificate4 ,i d n ?9k t ! ,di/rict ,attorney claims t !re is any evid5ce t ,mrs4 ,cody h]self *ang$ ?is record2 !re is no claim1 z ,i und]/& x1 made by ! prosecut+ (fic] t %e w5t !re & obta9$ ?is book1 & ) h] own h& *ang$ ?is record2 b he asks y to inf] & f9d f ! evid5ce t has be5 giv51 t %e 0 a p>ty to ?is *ange1 t %e 0 privy to ?is *ange1 & t kn[+ t fact %e _h guilty k :5 %e wrote ! lett] ^u :i* ! indictm5t is bas$4 ,y w rememb] t ,mr4 ,c>valho1 ! exp]t 9 h&writ+1 0 plac$ ^u ! /&2 & he has te/ifi$ 9 y\r pres5ce z to 8 qualifications 9 det]m9+ disput$ h&writ+s1 & :at 8 exp]i5ce has be5 dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,he tells y t he has exam9$ ?is record1 & t !re is no "q b "s ( ! words h be5 eras$ & o!rs sub/itut$ 9 _! places4 ,he tells y t ! words ',jay ,g\lds' 7 n ! orig9al words 9 ! c]tificate1 or if !y 71 ! pres5t ',jay ,g\lds1' z !y appe> 9 ! c]tificate1 h be5 =g$2 t ! words ',m>y ,s4 ,br[n1' ! 'sex mois1' ! ,fr5* words = six mon?s1 & o!r *anges :i* he has describ$ to y are =g]ies4 ,i %all submit to y1 z a "q ( fact1 :e!r or n ,mrs4 ,cody _h any k or took any "p1 or au?oriz$ or conniv$ at any ( ! *anges made 9 ?is c]tificate4 ,i d n say t %e did2 ,i leave x to y to say1 f ! evid5ce 9 ?is case1 :e!r y\r m9ds are conv9c$ t %e _h any "p or p>cel1 or und]took 9 any way to accompli% ! *anges :i* h be5 made 9 ?is baptismal record4 ,& if y f9d z matt] ( fact t %e _h su* k at ! "t ?is lett] 0 writt52 if y f9d z matt] ( fact %e _h ?is in=mation giv5 to h] by ,mrs4 ,angel1 !n ,i leave x to y to say :e!r %e _h su* k1 su* guilty k1 z %\ld prev5t h]1 if act+ hone/ly1 f writ+ a lett] su* z has be5 describ$ "h & conta9$ 9 ! indictm5t4 ,! jury br\ght 9 a v]dict ( guilty4 ,9 ! trial ( ! ,p v4 ,david ,l4 ,kellam 7#ahie71 :o 0 *>g$ ) alt]+ ! dates ( ?ree notes = #f1jjj ea*1 ! cont5tion ( ! prosecution 0 t ! dates ( ! notes _h be5 *ang$ by *emicals1 & ) ! cons5t ( ! def5se a reag5t 0 appli$ to ! suspect$ places & ! orig9al dates re/or$4 ,! v]dict ( ! jury 0 guilty4 ,9 ! ,holt ,w case1 tri$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #ahif1 great /ress 0 laid on ! fact ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! admixture ( inks f\nd on lett]s contemporane\s ) ! date ( ! w1 & x 0 ass]t$ also t ! ink ) :i* ! w 0 writt5 0 n 9 exi/5ce at ! "t x 0 alleg$ to h be5 made1 ,june #ad1 #ahgc1 & probably n e>li] ?an t5 ye>s lat]4 ,fur!rmore1 t x 0 a habit ( ,judge ,holt up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* habit 0 illu/rat$ 9 8 writ+s & correspond5ce to s& 8 writ+4 ,! jury decid$ ! w 0 a =g]y4 ,ano!r fam\s case 9 :i* ! sci5tific te/imony ab\t ink & p5cil writ+ mu/ h assi/$ ! c\rt 9 arriv+ at a conclusion 0 9 ! trial ( ! fam\s ,tighe w conte/1 tri$ be=e ,hon4 ,frank ,t4 ,fitzg]ald1 "o ( ! pres5t surrogates ( ! c\nty ( ,new ,york4 ,! /ory ( ?is case is incorporat$ 9 ! op9ion :i* is cit$ 9 "p3 ,hon4 ,frank ,t4 ,fitzg]ald1 ,surrogate ( ! c\nty ( ,new ,york3 ,t ,ri*>d ,tighe di$ on ! #f? day ( ,may1 #ahif1 at ,no4 #cb ,union ,squ>e1 9 ! city & c\nty ( ,new ,york1 :]e he _h liv$ = fifty ye>s prior to 8 dea?1 & 0 at ! "t ( 8 dea? ov] n9ety ye>s4 ,t ! te/ator1 on or ab\t ! #bg? day ( ,m>*1 #ahhd1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! atte/+ witnesses1 duly sign$ ! in/rum5t 9 writ+1 & duly publi%$ & decl>$ ! same to be 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 & reque/$ said witnesses to witness ! same1 & pursuant to su* reque/ said atte/+ witnesses did subscribe said w z atte/+ witnesses4 ,t at ! "t said ,ri*>d ,tighe s sign$1 publi%$ & decl>$ ! said in/rum5t to be 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 ! said ,ri*>d ,tighe 0 9 all respects compet5t to execute ! same1 & 0 n "u any re/ra9t or undue influ5ce4 ,t ! said in/rum5t1 s sign$1 publi%$ & decl>$ by te/ator 0 & consi/$ ( ! id5tical %eets ( pap] & ! id5tical writ+ n[ appe>+ ^u ! same z to all except p5cil writ+2 ! te/ator did n publi% or decl>e ! m>ks1 words or figures writt5 9 or ^u said in/rum5t 9 p5cil to be a "p ( 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 & x is n f\nd t su* m>ks1 words or figures 7 ^u said in/rum5t at ! "t :5 said in/rum5t 0 s publi%$ & decl>$ to be ! la/ w & te/am5t ( ! te/ator4 ,t ! said la/ w & te/am5t is writt5 consecutively ^u two %eets ( legal cap pap]4 ,t ! said la/ w & te/am5t 0 orig9ally prep>$ ) blank spaces left = ! ins]tion ( ! numb]s ( %>es int5d$ to be bequea!d & devis$ to ! v>i\s b5efici>ies nam$ !re91 & z s prep>$ 0 9 ! h&-writ+ ( ,c>ol9e ,s4 ,tighe1 ! wife ( te/ator1 & t at "s subsequ5t "t & be=e ! execution ( ! said in/rum5t by ! said ,ri*>d ,tighe1 ! blank spaces h]e9aft] ref]r$ to z fill$ 9 9 ink1 7 fill$ 9 by or "u ! direction ( ! te/ator4 ,^u said in/rum5t z (f]$ = probate !re appe>s 9 ! blanks orig9ally left !reon1 9 "s in/ances1 p5cil writ+s sup]impos$ ov] o!r p5cil writ+s1 :i* h be5 ei!r :olly or p>tially eras$1 & 9 o!r in/ances ink writ+ diff]5t f ! body ( ! in/rum5t 9 ! mat]ial employ$1 appe>+ ov] p5cil writ+s :olly or p>tially oblit]at$4 4 4 ,t ! said words writt5 9 ink fill+ su* blanks z a=esaid express$ ! f9al det]m9ation ( ! te/ator ) reg>d to ! b5efici>ies to :om ! same appli$2 & t ! words & figures writt5 9 p5cil fill+ su* blanks z a=esaid 7 writt5 only delib]ately & t5tatively & t z to ^? words & figures ! te/ator _h n at ! "t :5 he execut$1 publi%$ or decl>$ said in/rum5t to be 8 la/ w & te/am5t det]m9$ z to :om or 9 :at proportions he w\ld give ! sev]al %>es ( 8 e/ate & prop]ty cov]$ by said words & figures1 b ! te/ator attempt$ & int5d$ to res]ve to himself ! p[] ( mak+ disposition ( said %>es !reaft]1 & int5d$ ! f9al disposition !re( to be 9 ink writ+4 4 4 4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,*emico-,,legal ,,ink 7,,cont9u$74 ,,fam\s ,,case ,,( ,,critt5 ,v4 ,,*emical ,,national ,,bank--,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,case ,,includ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,op9ion ,,( ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,appeals ,,z ,,writt5 ,,by ,,ju/ice ,,edg> ,m4 ,,cull5--,,! ,,p9k]ton ,,case ,,( ,,beck]--,,/ory ,,( ,,h[ ,,he ,,secur$ #bj1jjj ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,alt]ation ,,( ,a #ab ,,*eck--,,beck]',s ,,comm5ts ,,ab\t ,,himself--,a ,,criticism ,,( ,,beck] ,,& ,,8 ,,"w--,,names ,,( ,,"s ,,cases ,,9 ,,:i* ,,*emical ,,evid5ce ,,0 ,,pres5t$ ,,to ,,c\rts ,,& ,,juries4 ,,! books conta9 no cle>] or m =cible exposition ( ,*emico-legal ink1 9 its relation%ip to facts adduc$ f illu/rat$ sci5tific te/imony1 ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! f9al op9ion writt5 by t em95t juri/ ,hon4 ,edg> ,m4 ,cull5 on behalf ( ! majority ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 9 ! case ( ,de ,frees ,critt5 v4 ,! ,*emical ,national ,bank4 ,x 0 ! au?or's privilege to be ! exp]t employ$ 9 ! l[] c\rt ab\t ^: te/imony ,judge ,cull5 rem>ks 7,n4 ,y4 ,rep41 #aga1 p4 #bbc7 ,! alt]ation ( ! *ecks by ,davis 0 e/abli%$ beyond contradiction1 & aga91 p4 #bbg1 ,! skill ( ! crim9al has kept pace ) ! advance 9 hone/ arts & a =g]y may be made s skillfully z to deceive n only ! bank b ! draw] ( ! *eck z to ! g5u95ess ( 8 own signature4 ,! ma9 facts are includ$ 9 ! portion ( ! op9ion cit$3 ,! pla9tiffs kept a l>ge & active acc\nt ) ! def5dant1 & ?is action is to recov] an alleg$ balance ( a deposit due to !m f ! bank4 ,! pla9tiffs _h 9 _! employ a cl]k nam$ ,davis4 ,x 0 ! duty ( ,davis to fill up ! *ecks :i* x might be necess>y = ! pla9tiffs to give 9 ! c\rse ( bus9ess1 to make correspond+ entries 9 ! /ubs ( ! *eck book & pres5t ! *ecks s prep>$ to ,mr4 ,critt51 "o ( ! pla9tiffs1 = signature1 toge!r ) ! bills 9 paym5t ( :i* !y 7 drawn4 ,aft] sign+ a *eck ,critt5 w\ld place x & ! bill 9 an envelope address$ to ! prop] p>ty1 seal ! envelope & put x 9 ! mail+ draw]4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f ,septemb]1 #ahig1 to ,octob]1 #ahii1 9 tw5ty-f\r sep>ate in/ances ,davis ab/ract$ "o ( ! envelopes f ! mail+ draw]1 op5$ x1 oblit]at$ by acids ! "n ( ! payee & ! am\nt specifi$ 9 ! *eck1 !n made ! *eck payable to ca% & rais$ its am\nt1 9 ! majority ( cases1 by ! sum ( #ajj4 ,he w\ld draw ! money on ! *eck s alt]$ f ! def5dant bank1 pay ! bill = :i* ! *eck 0 drawn 9 ca% & appropriate ! excess4 ,on "o occasion ,davis did n collect ! alt]$ *eck f ! def5dant1 b deposit$ x to 8 own cr$it 9 ano!r bank4 ,:5 a *eck 0 pres5t$ to ,critt5 = signature ! numb] ( doll>s = :i* x 0 drawn w\ld be cut 9 ! *eck by a pun*+ in/rum5t4 ,:5 ,davis alt]$ a *eck he w\ld pun* a new figure 9 front ( ^? already appe>+ 9 ! *eck4 ,! *ecks s alt]$ by ,davis 7 *>g$ to ! acc\nt ( ! pla9tiff s1 :i* 0 balanc$ e two mon?s & ! v\*]s return$ to !m f ! bank4 ,to ,davis himself ! pla9tiffs1 z a rule1 intru/$ ! v]ification ( ! bank balance4 ,?is "w hav+ 9 ! abs5ce ( ,davis be5 committ$ to ano!r p]son1 ! =g]ies 7 discov]$ & ,davis 0 arre/$ & puni%$4 ,x is ! am\nt ( ^! =g$ *ecks1 ov] & above ! sums = :i* !y 7 orig9ally drawn1 t ?is action is br\ght to recov]4 ,! def5dant plead$ paym5t & *>g$ neglig5ce on pla9tiff's "p1 bo? 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! *ecks 7 drawn & 9 ! failure to discov] ! =g]ies :5 ! pass book 0 balanc$ & ! v\*]s surr5d]$4 ,on ! trial ! alt]ation ( ! *ecks by ,davis 0 e/abli%$ beyond contradiction & ! sub/antial issue litigat$ 0 t ( ! pla9tiff's neglig5ce4 ,! ref]ee r5d]$ a %ort decision 9 favor ( ! pla9tiffs 9 :i* he /ates z ! gr\nd ( 8 decision t ! pla9tiffs 7 n neglig5t ei!r 9 sign+ ! *ecks z drawn by ,davis or 9 fail+ to discov] ! =g]ies at an e>li] date ?an t at :i* !y 7 made kn[n to !m4 ,! relation exi/+ betwe5 a bank & a depositor be+ t ( debtor & cr$itor1 ! bank c ju/ify a paym5t on ! depositor's acc\nt only ^u ! actual direction ( ! depositor4 ',! "q aris+ on su* pap] 7*ecks7 betwe5 drawee & draw]1 h[ev]1 always relate to :at ! "o has au?oriz$ ! o!r to d4 ,!y are n que/ions ( neglig5ce or ( liability to p>ties ^u comm]cial pap]1 b are ^? ( au?ority solely4 ,! "q ( neglig5ce _c arise unless ! depositor has 9 draw+ 8 *eek left blanks unfill$1 or by "s affirmative act ( neglig5ce has facilitat$ ! commission ( a fraud by ^? into ^: h&s ! *eck may come4' 7,craw=d v4 ,we/ ,side ,bank1 #ajj ,n4 ,y4 #ej47 ,!re=e1 :5 ! fraudul5t alt]ation ( ! *ecks 0 prov$1 ! liability ( ! bank = _! am\nt 0 made out & x 0 incumb5t ^u ! def5dant to e/abli% affirmatively neglig5ce on ! pla9tiff's "p to relieve x f ! consequ5ces ( its fault or mis=tune 9 pay+ =g$ ord]s4 ,n[1 :ile ! draw] ( a *eck may be liable :]e he draws ! in/rum5t ill su* ill incomplete /ate z to facilitate or invite fraudul5t alt]ations1 x is n ! law t he is b\nd s to prep>e ! *eek t nobody else call successfully tamp] ) x4 7,societe ,g5]ale v4 ,metropolitan ,bank1 #bg ,l4 ,t4 ,n4 ,s4 #hdi2 ,belknap v4 ,national ,bank ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ajj ,mass4 #chj7 ,9 ! pres5t case ! fraudul5t alt]ation ( ! *ecks 0 n m]ely 9 ! p]=ation ( ! additional figure1 b 9 ! oblit]ation ( ! writt5 "n ( ! payee & ! sub/itution !re= ( ! ^w ',ca%4' ,aga9/ ?is latt] *ange ( ! in/rum5t ! pla9tiffs c\ld n h be5 expect$ to gu>d1 & )\t t alt]ation x w\ld h no way pr(it$ ! crim9al to raise ! am\nt4 4 4 4 ,a ,p9k]ton case ( int]national repute1 be/ kn[n z ! ,beck] case1 includ$ ! successful rais+ ( a *eck by *emical means f #ab to #bb1jjj4 ,! crim9al au?or ( ?is /up5d\s fraud 0 ,*>les ,beck]1 k+ ( =g]s1 :o z an all r\nd imitator ( any writ+ & manipulator ( monet>y in/rum5ts !n /ood at ! head ( 8 pr(ession4 ,arre/$ & tak5 to ,san ,francisco he 0 br\ght to trial4 ,two ( 8 pals turn$ /ate's evid5ce1 & ,beck] 0 s5t5c$ to a life t]m4 ,?r\gh an error on ! "p ( ! trial judge he secur$ a new trial on an appeal to ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! jury disagre$ on a second trial1 b on ! ?ird trial he 0 convict$4 ,beck] plead$ = m]cy1 & z he 0 an old man & %[$ signs ( physical break-d[n1 ! c\rt 0 l5i5t ) him4 ,sev5 ye>s 0 8 s5t5ce4 ,aft] 8 inc>c]ation 9 ,san ,quet9 prison1 he describ$ 9 "o s5t5ce h[ he _h ris5 to ! head ( ! craft ( =g]s4 ,a _w ( pati5ce1 a heap ( "t1 & good inks1--t is ! secret ( my success 9 ! pr(ession4 ,on complet+ 8 s5t5ce1 8 reply to ! "q1 ,:at 0 ! und]ly+ motive :i* induc$ y to =ge8 0 "o ^w1 ,vanity6 ,! detail$ facts :i* foll[ are f ! ,am]ican ,bank]3 ,on ,decemb] #b1 #ahie1 a smoo?-speak+ man1 "u ! "n ( ,a4 ,h4 ,dean1 hir$ an (fice 9 ! ,*ronicle build+ at ,san ,francisco1 "u ! guise ( a m]*ant brok]1 paid a mon?'s r5t 9 advance1 & on ,decemb] #d he w5t to ! ,bank ( ,nevada & op5$ an acc\nt ) #b1ejj ca%1 say+ t 8 acc\nt w\ld run f #b1jjj to #cj1jjj1 & t he w\ld want no accommodation4 ,he manipulat$ ! acc\nt s z to invite confid5ce1 & on ,decemb] #ag he deposit$ a *eck or draft ( ! ,bank ( ,woodl&1 ,cal41 ^u its correspond5t1 ! ,crock]- ,woolwor? ,bank ( ,san ,francisco4 ,! am\nt 0 paid to ! cr$it ( ,dean1 ! *eck 0 s5t ?r\gh ! cle>+-h\se1 & 0 paid by ! ,crock]- ,woolwor? ,bank4 ,! next day1 ! *eck hav+ be5 cle>$1 ,dean call$ & drew out #bj1jjj1 tak+ ! ca% 9 f\r bags ( gold1 ! tell] n hav+ pap] money conv5i5t4 ,he _h a vehicle at ! door1 ) 8 (fice boy inside z driv]1 & away he w5t4 ,at ! end ( ! mon?1 :5 ! ,crock]-,woolwor? ,bank made returns to ! ,woodl& ,bank1 x includ$ ! draft = #bb1jjj4 ,"h ! fraud 0 discov]$1 & "h ! lesson to bank]s ( advis+ drafts receiv$ a new illu/ration4 ,! ,bank ( ,woodl& _h drawn no su* draft1 & ! only "o x _h drawn :i* 0 n acc\nt$ = 0 "o = twelve doll>s1 issu$ 9 favor ( ,a4 ,h4 ,holmes to an innoc5t- look+ man1 :o1 on ,decemb] #i1 call$ to ask h[ he c\ld s5d twelve doll>s to a di/ant fri5d1 & :e!r x 0 bett] to s5d a money ord] or an express ord]4 ,:5 he 0 told he c\ld s5d x by bank draft1 he seem$ to h le>n$ some?+ new2 suppos$ t he c\ld n get a bank draft1 & he took x1 pay+ ! fee4 ,"h came back t innoc5t twelve-doll> draft1 rais$ to #bb1jjj1 & on its way _h co/ somebody #bj1jjj 9 gold4 ,! almo/ absolute p]fection ) :i* ! draft _h be5 =g$ _h ne>ly defi$ ! detection ( ev5 ! microscope4 ,9 ! body ( ! orig9al #ab draft _h be5 ! words1 ',twelve 44444444 ,doll>s4' ,! =g]1 by ! use ( "s *emical prep>ation1 _h eras$ ! f9al lett]s 'lve' f ! ^w 'twelve1' & _h sub/itut$ ! lett]s 'nty-two1' s t 9 place ( ! 'twelve1' is x appe>$ 9 ! g5u9e draft1 !re 0 ! ^w 'tw5ty-two' 9 ! =g$ pap]4 ,9 ! space betwe5 ! ^w 'tw5ty-two' & ! ^w 'doll>s' ! =g] ins]t$ ! ^w '?\s&1' s t 9 place ( ! draft read+ 'twelve doll>s1' z at fir/1 x read 'tw5ty-two ?\s& doll>s1' z *ang$4 ,9 ! orig9al #ab draft1 ! figures '#a' & '#b' & ! "* '' _h be5 pun*$ s t ! comb9ation read '#ab4' ,! =g] _h fill$ 9 ^! p]=ations ) pap] 9 su* away t ! "p fill$ 9 look$ exactly l ! field ( ! pap]4 ,aft] hav+ fill$ 9 ! p]=ations1 he _h p]=at$ ! pap] ) ! comb9ation1 '#bb1jjj4' ,! dates1 too1 _h be5 eras$ by ! *emical process1 & 9 _! /ead 7 dates :i* w\ld make x appe> t ! pap] bad be5 pres5t$ = paym5t )9 a reasonable l5g? ( "t aft] x _h be5 issu$4 ,! dates 9 ! orig9al draft1 if left on ! =g$ draft1 w\ld h be5 liable to ar\se suspicion at ! bank1 = !y w\ld h %[n t ! hold] _h dep>t$ f cu/om 9 c>ry+1 su* a valuable pap] m ?an a few days4 ,t 0 ! ext5t ( ! =g]ies :i* _h be5 made 9 ! pap]1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y _h be5 made betray$ ! h& ( an exp]t =g]4 ,! int]ject$ h&-writ+ 0 s ne>ly l t 9 ! orig9al pap] t x took a great :ile to decide :e!r or n x 0 a =g]y4 ,9 ! places :]e lett]s _h be5 eras$ by ! use ( *emicals ! color+ ( ! pap] _h be5 re/or$1 s t x 0 well-nigh impossible to detect a v>iance ( ! hue4 ,x 0 ! "w ( an arti/1 ) p51 ink1 *emicals1 camel's hair bru%1 wat] colors1 pap] pulp & a p]=at+ ma*9e4 ,moreov] ! crime 0 eighte5 days old1 & ! =g] might be 9 ,japan or on 8 way to ,europe4 ,! ,protective ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,bank]s' ,association held a hurri$ consultation z soon z ! news ( ! =g]y rea*$ ,new ,york1 & ord]s 7 giv5 to get ?is =g]1 reg>dless ( exp5se--he 0 too dang]\s a man to be at l>ge4 ,x 0 easi] said ?an done2 b ! skill ( ! ,p9k]tons 0 ar\s$ & ! wires 7 made hot gett+ an accurate description ( ,dean f all :o _h se5 him4 ,suspect$ bank crim9als 7 %ad[$ night & day to see if !y connect$ ) any "o answ]+ ! description1 b pati5t1 h>d labor = ne>ly two mon?s did n seem to promise mu*4 ,n satisfi$ ) _! success 9 ,san ,francisco ^! same bank work]s began a s]ies ( op]ations 9 ,m9neapolis & ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota4 ,?is in=mation by *ance rea*$ ! ,p9k]tons :o laid a trap & captur$ two ( ! gang4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ,beck] on in=mation furni%$ by !m 0 also arre/$1 tak5 to ,cali=nia & aft] ?ree sep>ate trials z be=e /at$1 s5t to ,san ,quet94 ,?is triumph ( ! =g]'s art1 ,i exam9$ 9 ! city ( ,san ,francisco & al?\gh x 0 n1 ! fir/ "t ,i _h be5 br\ght into contact ) ! "w ( ,beck]1 0 compell$ to admit t ?is p>ticul> specim5 0 almo/ p]fect & m ne>ly s ) a s+le exception ?an any o!r :i* _h come "u my obs]vation4 ,beck] 0 a sort ( g5ius 9 ! juggl+ ( bank *ecks4 ,he knew ! values ( ink & ! correct *emical to affect !m4 ,8 pap] mill 0 8 m\?1 9 :i* to manufacture specially prep>$ pulp to fill 9 pun* holes1 :i* :5 iron$ ov]1 made x mo/ difficult to detect ev5 ) a magnify+ glass4 ,he 0 able also to imitate wat] m>ks & c\ld reproduce ! mo/ intricate designs4 ,he says he has re=m$4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s q a numb] ( cases h be5 tri$ 9 ,new ,york ,city & vic9ity 9 :i* ! "q ( inks 0 an all important "o4 ,! titles ( a few n already ref]r$ to are giv54 h]e)3 ,lawless-,flemm+1 ,alb+] ,w1 ,phelan- ,press ,publi%+ ,co41 ,ryold1 ,k]r-,s\?wick1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr$g+ ,co41 ,?orless-,n]n/1 ,gek\ski1 ,p]k9s1 ,b$ell =g]ies1 ,/orey1 ,lyddy1 ,cl>ke1 ,woods1 ,bak]1 ,trefe!n1 ,dupont-,dubos1 ,s*ooley1 ,humphrey1 ,dietz-,all51 ,c>t]1 & ,r9e>d-,b[]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,ink ,,ut5sils ,,( ,,antiquity4 ,,! ,,grav+ ,,tool ,,prec$es ,,! ,,p5--,,classification ,,"u ,,two ,,heads1 ,,"o ,,:i* ,,scrat*$ ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,:i* ,,us$ ,,an ,,ink--,,! ,,/ylus ,,& ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,:i* ,,x ,,0 ,,compos$--,,poetically ,,describ$--,,comm5ts ,,by ,,noel ,,humphreys--,,recapitulation ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,devices ,,by ,,knight--,,biblical ,,ref]5ces--,,engrav$ ,,/ones ,,& ,,o!r ,,mat]ials ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,k9ds ,,( ,,records--,,:5 ,,?9 ,,bricks ,,7 ,,utiliz$ ,,= ,,inscription ,,purposes--,,me?ods ,,employ$ ,,by ,,! ,,*9ese-- ,,hilpre*t',s ,,discov]ies--,,! ,,diamond ,,z ,a ,,scrat*+ ,,in/rum5t--,,hi/orical ,,incid5t ,,writt5 ,,) ,,"o--,,biblical ,,m5tion ,,ab\t ,,! ,,diamond-- ,,:5 ,,x ,,became ,,possible ,,to ,,int]pret ,,"* ,,values ,,( ,,anci5t ,,hi]oglyphics--,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,rosetta ,,/one ,,& ,a ,,description ,,( ,,x--,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,*ampollion ,,& ,,dr4 ,,"y ,,:o ,,deciph]$ ,,x--,,its ,,capture ,,by ,,! ,,engli% ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum--,,employm5t ,,( ,,! ,,re$ ,,p5 ,,& ,,p5cil- ,,bru%--,,! ,,bru% ,,prec$$ ,,! ,,re$ ,,p5--,,! ,,places ,,:]e ,,! ,,re$s ,,grew--,,comm5ts ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,writ]s--,,me?od ,,( ,,=m+ ,,! ,,re$ ,,into ,a ,,p5--,,cont9u$ ,,employm5t ,,( ,,!m ,,9 ,,! ,,f> ,,ea/--,,! ,,bru% ,,/ill ,,9 ,,use ,,9 ,,*9a ,,& ,,japan--,,e>lie/ ,,examples ,,( ,,re$ ,,p5 ,,writ+-- ,,:5 ,,! ,,quill ,,0 ,,sub/itut$ ,,= ,,! ,,re$--,,re$ ,,p5s ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,ru9s ,,( ,,h]culaneum--,,anecdote ,,by ,,! ,,abbe1 ,,huc4 ,,! in/rum5ts ( antiquity employ$ 9 ! art ( writ+ belong to two ( ! mo/ di/ant epo*s4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod1 inscriptions 7 engrav$1 c>v$ or impress$ ) %>p in/rum5ts1 & ( patt]ns *>act]i/ic ( a grav+ tool1 *isel or o!r =m :i* c\ld be adapt$ to p>ticul> sub/ances l /one1 leaves1 metal or ivory plates1 wax or clay tablets1 cyl9d]s & prisms4 ,! anci5t ,assyrians ev5 us$ knives or /amps = impress+ _! cunei=m writ+ ^u cyl9d]s or prisms ( s(t clay :i* 7 (t5 glaz$ by subsequ5t bak+s 9 kilns4 ,! o!r p]iod 0 t 9 :i* writt5 *>act]s 7 made ) liquids or pa9ts ( any k9d or color4 ,! liquids 7inks7 7 us$ 9 connection ) a p5 manufactur$ f a re$ 7calamus71 :ile ! pa9ts 7 pa9t$ on ! v>i\s sub/ances ) a bru%4 ,! writ+ execut$ ) bo? ( ^! in/rum5ts 0 on mat]ials l ! b>k ( trees1 clo?1 sk9s1 papyrus1 vellum1 etc4 ,! anci5t z well z mod]n p5s1 ?\gh ( _m sorts & k9ds1 are to be classifi$ "u two g5]al heads1 ^? :i* scrat* & ^? :i* use an ink4 ,!re is no au?ority to dispute ! g5]ally conc$$ fact t ! scrat*+ in/rum5t 0 ! fir/ "o us$4 ,its mo/ popul> =m seems to h be5 ! /ylus or bodk91 :i* 0 made ( a v>iety ( mat]ials1 su* z iron1 ivory1 bone1 m9]als or any o!r h>d sub/ance1 :i* c\ld be suffici5tly %>p5$ at "o end to ind5t ! v>i\s mat]ials employ$ 9 connection ) its use4 ,! o!r end 0 flatt5$ = eras+ m>ks made on wax & smoo?+ x4 ,f x ! ,italian /illetto took its orig94 ,! /ylus is be/ describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,my head is flat & smoo?1 b %>p my foot1 ,& by man's h& to diff]5t uses put2 ,= :at my foot p]=ms ) art & c>e1 ,my head makes void1 su* opposites !y are4 ,relative to ! employm5t ( m>k+ in/rum5ts :i* belong to ! mo/ v5]able antiquity1 ,noel ,humphreys obs]ves3 ,be=e ! gr[? ( weal? & luxury _h taught nations to raise magnific5t temples & /ately palaces1 ^: walls ! hi]oglyphic sculptor cov]$ ) records ( ! pomp & pride ( pr9ces1 m purely national memorials _h f\nd _! place ^u ! native rock1 ! mo/ conv5i5t surfaces ( :i* 7 smoo!d = ?is purpose4 ,:]e no su* rock exi/$ 9 ! situation requir$1 a massive /one 0 rais$ by artificial means & ! record1 :e!r ref]r+ to a victory1 a new b\nd>y1 or any o!r ev5t ( national int]e/ 0 engrav$ ^u x4 ,su* memorials h be5 describ$ by ,hebrew writ]s z aumad or ammod1 lit]ally1 ! lips ( ! p1 or1 ! words ( ! p1 b actually mean+ a pill>4 ,records 9 ?is =m & ! e>ly "n !y bore acc\nt = ! /range leg5ds ( m$iaeval times ref]r+ to speak+ /ones--a "n by :i* su* monum5ts 7 probably /ill call$ long aft] "t _h effac$ ! speak+ record1 & ! orig9al purport ( ! defac$ /one 0 =gott54 ,9 semi-b>b>\s epo*s1 l ! era :i* foll[$ ! p>tial ext9ction ( ,roman civilization1 popul> curiosity & sup]/ition comb9$ w\ld seek to give a mean+ to ! "n ( su* 'speak+ /ones1' & z an example ( ! leg5ds :i* ?us arose1 ! it9]>ium cambriae ( ,g]aldus may be cit$1 9 :i* a /one is m5tion$ at ,/4 ,david's z ! 'speak+ /one' 7le* lav>7 :i* 0 said to call out :5 a dead body 0 plac$ ^u x4 ,! mo/ rem>kable rock inscriptions /ill rema9+ are ^? ( ,assyria & ,p]sia1 b _m national tablets ( m rec5t date are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,= ! execution ( su* records & ^? ( ! palaces ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 "s k9d ( /eel po9t mu/ h be5 us$1 z no s(t] sub/ance w\ld h s]v$ to engrave !m 9 granitic & basaltic slabs ) ! %>pness !y /ill exhibit1 :i* proves t ! art ( h>d5+ /eel1 long ?\ght a comp>atively mod]n inv5tion1 0 kn[n to ! anci5t p ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,a li/ ( ! v>i\s devices ( diff]5t c\ntries1 by :i* *>act]s c\ld be legibly portray$ ) a scrat*+ implem5t1 is be/ recapitulat$ by ,mr4 ,knight1 :o pres5ts !m 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,! tabula or wood5 bo>d sme>$ ) wax1 ^u :i* a lett] 0 writt5 by a /ylus4 ,! ,a!nian scrat*$ 8 vote ^u a %ell z did ! l\t :5 he vot$ to o/racize ,ari/ides4 ,! records ( ,n9evah 7 inscrib$ ^u tablets ( clay1 :i* 7 !n bak$4 ,! laws ( ,rome 7 engrav$ on brass & laid up 9 ! ,capitol4 ,! decalogue 0 grav5 ^u ! tables ( /one4 ,! ,egyptians us$ papyrus & granite4 ,! ,burmese1 tablets ( ivory & leaves4 ,pl9y m5tions %eets ( lead1 books ( l951 & wax$ tablets ( wood4 ,! ,hebrews us$ l95 & sk9s4 ,! ,p]sians1 ,mexicans1 & ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians us$ sk9s4 ,! ,greeks1 prep>$ sk9s call$ membrana4 ,! p ( ,p]gamus1 p>*m5t & vellum4 ,! ,h9doos1 palm-leaves4 ,! writt5 de$s ( biblical "t 7 kept 9 v>i\s /yles ( pott]y 7,j]emiah xxxii4 #ad74 ,h&writ+ on tiles 0 common 9 ,egypt1 ,assyria & ,pale/9e 7,ezekiel iv4 ,i74 ,su* h&writ+s 7 on tablets ( t]ra-cotta or common bak$ clay bricks4 ,"o ( ! k9d 0 fa%ion$ by inscrib+ directly ) a /ylus on ! clay1 be=e bak+4 ,ano!r1 7 m\lds made f old] inscriptions or duplicates f ! fir/ k9d4 ,! ,hebrew t]m seph]1 translat$ into ,engli% means a book1 & "s au?orities claim x is d]iv$ f ! same root z ! ,greek gr kefas1 a /one1 :i* w\ld seem to po9t to engrav$ /ones z ! e>lie/ k9ds ( records4 ,inde$ ne>ly all ! passages 9 ! ,five ,books ( ,moses1 9 :i* writ+ is m5tion$1 ref] to records ( ?is k9d1 or to tablets ( lead or wood1 occasionally describ$ z coat$ ) wax4 ,long be=e ! use ( papyrus1 or any l sub/ance 0 kn[n z a mat]ial = writ+ on1 ?9 bricks 7 frequ5tly utiliz$ = su* purposes4 ,! ,*9ese wrote on slips ( bamboo :i* _h be5 previ\sly scrap$ to be aft]w>ds submitt$ to int5se heat :i* s h>d5$ !m1 t a grav] w\ld cut l9es ) ! same facility1 z c\ld be accompli%$ on s(t metal l lead4 ,^! bamboo tablets 7 jo9$ toge!r by means ( cords made ( b>k & :5 fold$ =m$ a book4 ,diff]5t nations adopt$ o!r modes 9 _! prep>ation ( surfaces to engrave on4 ,_m orig9al specim5s h come d[n to u :i* pres5t def9ite evid5ce ( ! v>iety ( mat]ials & me?ods employ$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,hilpre*t1 ,explorations 9 ,bible ,l&s1 #aijc1 m5tions _m discov]ies ( su* specim5s4 ,he says t m ?an f\r ?\s& clay tablets 7 discov]$ dur+ ! excavations ( #ahhi & #aijj4 ,^! relics call att5tion only to a v few discov]ies ( ?is "*4 ,!re 7 o!r explor]s :o prec$$ ,hilpre*t 9 ?is direction1 & :o ) him h ?us secur$ tangible evid5ce :i* fully confirms all t has be5 said ab\t ! employm5t ( ! mo/ anci5t ( writ+ in/rum5ts1 ! /ylus4 ,! diamond is also to be classifi$ "u ! head ( scrat*+ implem5ts & _m hi/orical incid5ts are record$ ( its use4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ relates to ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh & ,que5 ,elizabe? & to be f\nd 9 ,scott's ,k5ilwor?4 ,sir ,walt]1 us+ 8 diamond r+1 wrote on a pane ( glass 9 h] summ]-h\se at ,gre5wi*3 ,fa9 w\ld ,i climb1 b t ,i fe> to fall4 ,! maid5 ,que5 add+ ! words3 ,if ?y m9d fail !e1 d n climb at all4 ,biblical m5tion ( ! diamond1 employ$ z a p51 is f\nd 9 ,j]emiah xvii4 #a4 ,! s9 ( ,judah is writt5 ) a p5 ( iron1 & ) ! po9t ( a diamond4 ,x has n always be5 possible to deciph] & int]pret ! "* values ( ! mo/ anci5t hi]oglyphics or picture writ+s inscrib$ on bricks1 /one & metal slabs1 & ! ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,! means to d s 7 furni%$ z ! result ( a v =tunate accid5t or f9d4 ,a ,fr5* artill]y (fic] 9 #agii :ile excavat+ ! f\ndations = a =tification ne> ! ,rosetta m\? ( ! ,nile1 f\nd a curi\s black tablet ( /one4 ,on x 7 engrav$ ?ree inscriptions1 ea* ( diff]5t *>act]s & dialects4 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree inscriptions 0 9 hi]oglyphic1 !n unreadable2 ! second 9 demotic or %ort] script1 also unkn[n1 & ! ?ird 9 a liv+ language p]ta9+ to ! "t ( ,ptolemy ,epiphanes1 :o reign$ ab\t #bjj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is relic ( antiquity is call$ ! ,rosetta /one4 ,jean ,francois ,*ampollion1 :o ) ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y /udi$ ! intricacies ( ^! writ+s1 fir/ e/abli%$ ! fact t ! ?ree inscriptions on ?is /one 7 translations ( ea* o!r4 ,dr4 ,"y's inve/igations caus$ him to /udy ! language includ$ 9 ! second inscription1 & made 8 d$uctions1 x is said1 by d9t ( ?\s&s ( sci5tific guesses1 all b a few ( :i* 7 elim9at$ by te/s :i* he inv5t$ & appli$2 he at la/ discov]$ & put toge!r ! set ( fundam5tal pr9ciples t gov]n ! anci5t writ+s4 ,*ampollion1 h[ev]1 began at ! bottom & hav+ successfully translat$ ! ,,liv+ language1 e/abli%$ a key or alphabet4 ,h5ce x became possible1 al?\gh requir+ "s ye>s1 to solve ! my/]y ( writ+s ( #djjj or m ye>s old4 ,*ampollion pursu$ 8 discov]ies s ?or\ghly 9 ?is direction z to be able to complete 9 #ahbi an ,egyptian vocabul>y & gramm>4 ,! ,rosetta /one aft] rema9+ 9 ! possession ( ! ,fr5* = _m ye>s 0 captur$ by ! ,engli% on ! defeat ( ! ,fr5* =ces 9 ,egypt & is n[ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,z writ+ ) liquid colors on papyrus or analog\s mat]ials :i* c\ld be us$ 9 ! =m ( rolls1 gradually came into vogue1 ! calamus or re$ p51 p5cil bru% 7hair p5cil71 or ! juncas1 a p5 =m$ f a k9d ( cane1 7 m or less employ$4 ,! calamus foll[$ ! bru%1 j z phonographic writ+ :i* d5otes arbitr>y s\nds or ! language ( symbols1 came aft] ! picture or ideographic writ+4 ,! places :]e ! calamus grew & ! modes ( prep>+ !m are v>i\sly discuss$ by diff]5t anci5t & mod]n writ]s4 ,"s claim t ! be/ re$s = p5 purposes =m]ly grew ne> ,memphis on ! ,nile1 ne> ,cnidus ( ,c>ia1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & 9 ,arm5ia4 ,^? gr[n 9 ,italy 7 e/imat$ to h be5 ( b poor quality4 ,*>d9 calls att5tion to a k9d to be f\nd1 9 a l>ge f5 or tract ( soggy l& suppli$ ) wat] by ! riv] ,helle1 a place 9 ,arabia =m$ by ! unit$ arms ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,!y are cut 9 ,m>*1 ti$ 9 bundles1 laid six mon?s 9 a manure heap1 :]e !y assume a beautiful color1 mottl$ yell[ & black4 ,t\rne=t saw !m gr[+ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,teflis 9 ,georgia4 ,mill] describes ! cane z gr[+ no high] ?an a man1 ! /em ?ree or f\r l9es 9 ?ickness & solid f "o knot to ano!r1 except+ ! c5tral :ite pi?4 ,! incipi5t f]m5tation 9 ! manure heap dries up ! pi? & h>d5s ! cane4 ,! p5s 7 ab\t ! size ( ! l>ge/ swan's quills4 ,!y 7 cut & slit l a quill p5 b ) mu* l>g] nibs4 ,9 ! f> ,ea/ ! calamus is /ill us$1 ! be/ be+ ga!r$ 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 ne> ,aurac1 on ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & /ill prep>$ aft] ! old me?od ( imm]s+ !m = ab\t six mon?s 9 f]m5t+ manure :i* coats !m ) a sort ( d>k v>ni% & ! d>k] _! color ! m !y are priz$4 ,! bru% also holds its c>e] ( usefulness1 m especially 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! e>lie/ examples ( re$ p5 writ+ are ! anci5t rolls ( papyrus :i* h be5 f\nd buri$ ) ! ,egyptian dead4 ,"s ( ^! old relics ( antiquity are claim$ to h be5 prep>$ fully tw5ty c5turies or m be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! re$ p5 = ink writ+ held almo/ undisput$ sway until ! six? c5tury aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 ! quill 7p5na7 came into vogue4 ,re$ p5s pres]v$ 9 excell5t condition 7 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum4 ,:5 he _h f9i%$1 he dri$ ! bamboo-p5 on 8 hair1 & replac$ x beh9d 8 e>1 say+1 ',yak pose' 7,t is well74 ',tem\ *u' 7,re/ 9 peace71 we repli$2 &1 aft] politely putt+ out our tongues1 )drew4 ,abbe ,hue at ,lha-,ssa4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,ink ,,ut5sils 7,,quill ,,p5 ,,/eel ,,p574 ,,! ,,quill ,,p5 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,successful ,,& ,,fitt+ ,,( ,,all ,,writ+ ,,in/rum5ts--,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,we> ,,out--,,! ,,sometimes ,,affection ,,= ,,old ,,p5s--,,dr4 ,,holl&',s ,,l9es ,,on ,,! ,,p5--,,selection ,,( ,,quills ,,to ,,be ,,made ,,into ,,p5s--,,me?od ,,( ,,prep>+ ,,!m--,,byron',s ,,e/imation ,,( ,,8 ,,quill ,,p5--,,its ,,inv5tion ,,be=e ,,! ,,six? ,,c5tury ,,unc]ta9-- ,,employm5t ,,( ,,! ,,re$ ,,& ,,quill ,,p5 ,,toge!r ,,until ,,! ,,twelf? ,,c5tury--,,:5 ,,! ,,/eel ,,p5 ,,came ,,into ,,vogue--,,:o ,,0 ,,its ,,inv5tor--,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,x--,,quantity ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,sixty ,,ye>s ,,ago ,,consum$ ,,9 ,,p5 ,,manufacture--,a ,,few ,,rem>ks ,,ab\t ,,gold1 ,,f\nta9 ,,& ,,/ylographic ,,p5s--,,m ,,/eel ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,p5s ,,?an ,,9 ,,t ,,( ,,swords ,,& ,,guns--,,poetical ,,l9es ,,ab\t ,,! ,,p54 ,,! quills belong+ to ! fea!rs ( birds seem to h be5 ! mo/ successful & fitt+ ( all mat]ials = p5s1 =1 ?\gh /eel & o!r metals are n[ us$ = ?is purpose to an imm5se ext5t1 !re is a p[] ( adaptation 9 a quill p5 :i* has nev] yet be5 equall$ 9 metal4 ,quills1 h[ev]1 l o!r ?+s1 h a t5d5cy to we> out1 & ! tr\ble result+ f ! necessity ( frequ5tly m5d+ quill p5s & a desire to write ) m rapidity h be5 ! ma9 causes ( ! introduction ( /eel sub/itutes4 ,a k9d ( affection has (t5 be5 felt by an au?or or (ficial1 or _! admir]s1 = ! p5 ) :i* he has writt5 any l>ge or celebrat$ "w or sign$ "s important docum5t2 old worn-out p5s1 z well z new ones1 h be5 pres]v$ z memorials 9 connection ) su* matt]s1 & ,dr4 ,holl&1 :o translat$ ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 record$ an exploit connect$ ) x 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,) "o sole p5 ,i wrote ?is book1 ,made ( a gray goose-quill3 ,a p5 x 0 :5 x ,i took ,a p5 ,i leave x /ill4 ,! quills employ$ = p5s 7 g5]ally ^? ( ! goose1 al?\gh ! cr[1 ! swan1 & o!r birds yield$ fea!rs :i* 7 occasionally available = ?is purpose4 ,ea* w+ produc$ ab\t five good quills1 b ! numb] ?us yield$ 0 s small t ! geese re>$ 9 ,engl& c\ld n furni% ne>ly en\gh = ! dem&1 h5ce ! importation ( goose quills f ! ,cont95t 0 v l>ge4 ,! process surr\nd+ ! manufacture ( a quill p5 proves ( consid]able int]e/4 ,! geese are pluck$ ( _! fea!rs ?ree or f\r times a ye>1 ! fir/ "t = ! sake bo? ( ! quills & ! fea!rs1 b ! o!r times = ! fea!rs only4 ,! p5 quills are g5]ally tak5 f ! ends ( ! w+s4 ,:5 pluck$ ! quills are f\nd to be cov]$ ) a membran\s sk91 result+ f a decay ( a k9d ( %ea? :i* _h envelop$ !m2 ! int]ior vascul> membrane1 too1 result+ f ! decay ( ! vascul> pi?1 adh]es s /rongly to ! b>rel ( ! quill z to be ) difficulty sep>at$1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! b>rel itself is opaque1 s(t1 & t\gh4 ,to remove ^! v>i\s defects ! quills und]go sev]al processes4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z a means ( remov+ ! membrane\s sk91 ! quills are plung$ into heat$ s&1 ! high temp]ature ( :i* causes ! ext]nal sk9 ( ! b>rel to crack & peel (f1 & ! int]nal membrane to %rivel up4 ,! out] membrane is !n scrap$ (f ) a %>p in/rum5t1 :ile ! inn] membrane rema9s 9 a /ate to be easily deta*$4 ,= ! f9e/ quills ! heat+ is repeat$ two or ?ree times4 ,! heat ( ! s&1 by consum+ or dry+ up ! natural moi/ure ( ! b>rel1 r5d]s x h>d] & m transp>5t4 ,9 ord] to give ! b>rel a yell[ color1 & a t5d5cy to split m readily & cle>ly1 x is dipp$ 9 weak nitric acid1 b ?is 0 consid]$ to r5d] ! quill m brittle & less durable1 & 0 !re=e a sacrifice ( utility = ! sake ( appe>ance4 ,oh6 nature's noble/ gift--my gray goose quill6 ,slave ( my ?\ghts1 ob$i5t to my w1 ,torn f ?y p>5t bird to =m a p51 ,t mighty in/rum5t ( little m56 ,,byron4 ,to locate an exact p]iod = ! inv5tion ( ! quill p5 is impossible4 ,x c\ld h>dly h be5 9 use be=e ! f\r? c5tury1 probably n e>li] ?an two c5turies lat]4 ,"s writ]s h assum$ t x 0 employ$ by ! ,romans1 b z no di/9ct m5tion is made ( !m by e>ly classical au?ors we mu/ accept ! only in=mation at h&4 ,isidore 7di$ ,a4 ,d4 #fcf7 & contempor>ies /ate t ! quills ( birds came into use z p5s only 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,x is also kn[n1 ,/4 ,brovv]us be+ ! au?ority1 t 9 8 "t 7sev5? c5tury7 ! calamus or re$ p5 & ! quill p5 7 employ$ toge!r1 ! calamus be+ us$ 9 ! writ+ ( ! uncial 7in*7 lett]s & capitals1 & ! quill = small] lett]s4 ,m5tion is also made by _m writ]s ( ! five c5turies :i* foll[$ ,isidore's "t ( ! calamus1 indicat+ t not)/&+ x _h be5 sup]s$$ by ! quill x 0 /ill a favorite writ+ implem5t 9 "s places4 ,! use ( ! /eel p5 did n spr+ imm$iately f t ( ! quill p54 ,!re 7 sev]al int]m$iate /ages adopt$ be=e ! fitness ( /eel = ?is purpose 0 suffici5tly kn[n1 ,f ab\t #ahjj to #ahce ! numb] ( propos$ sub/itutes = ! quill p5 0 v consid]able4 ,horn p5s1 tortoise-%ell p5s1 nibs ( diamond or ruby imb$d$ 9 tortoise %ell1 nibs ( ruby set 9 f9e gold1 nibs ( rhodium & ( iridium imb$d$ 9 gold1-- all h be5 adopt$ at diff]5t times1 b mo/ ( !m h be5 f\nd too co/ly = g5]al adoption4 ,/eel is prov$ to be suffici5tly ela/ic & durable to =m v good p5s1 & ! +5uity ( manufactur]s has be5 ex]t$ to give to su* p5s z _m z possible ( ! good qualities possess$ by ! quill p54 ,! orig9al flexible iron p5 ( mod]n times 0 an exp]im5tal affair probably1 be+ m5tion$ by ,*amb]layne z f> back z #afhe4 ,! fir/ /eel p5s 9 regul> use 7 made by ,wise1 9 ,london1 9 #ahjc1 & = _m ye>s !reaft]4 ,8 p5 0 made ) a b>rel1 by :i* x 0 slipp$ ^u a /raight h&le4 ,9 its portable =m x 0 m\nt$ 9 a bone case = ! pocket4 ,prejudice1 h[ev]1 0 /rong aga9/ !m1 & up to #ahce or !reab\ts quills ma9ta9$ _! full sway1 & mu* lat] among ! old-fa%ion$ folks4 ,to him1 h[ev]1 is due ! cr$it ( be+ ! inv5tor ( ! mod]n /eel p54 ,x has be5 ! ?\ght ( "s p t ,gillott 0 ! prog5itor ( ! /eel p51 b he 0 n4 ,arn\x1 a ,fr5* me*anic1 made metallic p5s ) side slits 9 #agej4 ,samuel ,h>rison1 an ,engli%man1 made a /eel p5 = ,dr4 ,prie/ly 9 #aghj4 ,p]egr9e ,williamson1 a native ( ,new ,york1 :ile engag$ z a jewel] 9 ! city ( ,baltimore1 made /eel p5s 9 #ahjj4 ,p]ry's fir/ p5s 7 ( /eel1 roll$ f wire1 ! mat]ial co/+ sev5 %ill+s a p\nd4 ,five %ill+s ea* 0 paid ! workman = mak+ !m2 ?is 0 aft]w>d r$uc$ to ?irty-six %ill+s p] gross1 :i* price 0 cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,x 0 ,joseph ,gillott1 h[ev]1 orig9ally a ,%effield cutl]1 & aft]w>ds a workman 9 light /eel articles1 z buckles1 *a9s1 & o!r articles ( t class1 :o 9 #ahbb gave impulse to ! /eel-p5 manufacture4 ,previ\s to 8 ent]+ ! bus9ess ! p5s 7 cut out ) %e>s & f9i%$ ) ! file4 ,gillott adapt$ ! /amp+ press to ! requirem5ts ( ! manufacture1 z cutt+ out ! blanks1 =m+ ! slits1 b5d+ ! metal1 & impress+ ! mak]'s "n on ! p5s4 ,he also devis$ improv$ modes ( prep>+ ! metal = ! action ( ! press1 temp]+1 cleans+1 & poli%+1 &1 9 %ort1 _m little details ( manufacture necess>y to give !m ! requir$ flexibility to enable !m to compete ) ! quill p54 ,"o great difficulty to be ov]come 0 _! extreme h>dness & /iffness2 ?is 0 effect$ by mak+ slits at ! side 9 addition to ! c5tral "o1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 solely us$4 ,a fur!r improvem5t1 t ( cross gr9d+ ! po9ts1 0 subsequ5tly adopt$4 ,! fir/ gross ( p5s ) ?ree slits 0 sold = sev5 p\nds4 ,9 #ahcj ! price 0 #b4jj2 9 #ahcb1 #a4ej2 9 #ahfa1 #ab c5ts1 & a common v>iety = #d c5ts a gross4 ,ab\t #i1cjj tons ( /eel are annually consum$1 ! numb] ( p5s produc$ 9 ,engl& alone be+ ab\t #h1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,bramah pat5t$ quill nibs made by splitt+ quills & cutt+ ! semicyl9d]s into sections :i* 7 %ap$ into p5s & adapt$ to be plac$ 9 a hold]4 ,^! 71 p]haps1 ! fir/ nibs1 ! prog5itors ( a ho/ ( /eel1 gold1 & o!r p5s4 ,hawk9s & ,mordan1 9 #ahbc1 made nibs ( horn & tortoise %ell1 in/ead ( quill4 ,! tortoise %ell be+ s(t5$1 po9ts ( ruby & diamond 7 imb$d$4 ,metallic po9ts 7 also cem5t$ to ! %ell nibs4 ,d\ghty1 ab\t #ahbe1 made gold p5s ) ruby po9ts4 ,gold p5s ) rhodium or iridium po9ts 7 introduc$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,mordan's oblique p51 ,engli% pat5t1 #ahca1 0 design$ to pres5t ! nibs 9 ! "r direction :ile pres]v+ ! cu/om>y positions ( ! p5 & h&4 ,! f\nta9 p5 c>ries a supply ( ink1 f$ gradually to ! po9t ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! fir/ made by ,s*eff] 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahce by ,mordan4 ,! pressure ( ! ?umb on a /ud 9 a hold] caus$ a cont9u\s supply ( ink to fl[ f ! res]voir to ! p54 ,! /ylographic is a res]voir p5 %ap$ l a p5cil1 9 :i* ! fl[ ( ink is regulat$ by pressure ( a /yle or f9e ne$le ) blunt po9t ^u ! pap]4 ,x mu/ be held 9 a v]tical position4 ,all m>ks made ) "o1 bo? up & d[n /rokes1 are equal 9 wid?4 ,gold p5s are n[ usually tipp$ ) iridium1 mak+ :at are commonly kn[n z diamond po9ts4 ,! iridium = ?is purpose is f\nd 9 small gra9s ( plat9um1 slightly alloy$ ) ?is latt] metal4 ,! gold = p5s is alloy$ ) silv] to ab\t sixte5 c>ats f95ess1 roll$ into ?9 /rips1 f :i* ! blanks are /ruck4 ,! "u side ( ! po9t is not*$ by a small circul> saw to receive ! iridium po9t1 :i* is select$ ) ! aid ( a microscope4 ,a flux ( borax & a bl[pipe secure x to its place4 ,! po9t is !n gr\nd on a copp] :eel ( em]y4 ,! p5-blank is next roll$ to ! requisite ?9ness by ! means ( roll]s especially adapt$ = ! purpose1 & temp]$ by bl[s f a hamm]4 ,x is !n trimm$ ar\nd ! edges1 /amp$1 & =m$ 9 a press4 ,! slit is next cut ?r\gh ! solid iridium po9t by means ( a ?9 copp] :eel f$ ) f9e em]y1 & a saw ext5ds ! ap]ture along ! p5 itself4 ,! inside edges ( ! slit are smoo!d & poli%$ by ! em]y :eel2 burni%+ & hamm]+ produce ! prop] degree ( ela/icity4 ,x is ass]t$ t m /eel is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( p5s ?an 9 all ! swords & guns 9 ! _w4 ,?is fact p>tly v]ifies ! old say+1 ,! p5 is mighti] ?an ! sword4 ,?ree ?+s be> mighty sway ) m51 ,! ,sword1 ! ,sceptre1 & ! ,p52 ,:o c ! lea/ ( ^! comm&1 ,9 ! fir/ rank ( ,fame w /&4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,ink ,,ut5sils 7,,lead ,,& ,,o!r ,,p5cils74 ,,black-,,lead ,,p5cils ,,an ,,excell5t ,,p5 ,,sub/itute ,,"u ,,c]ta9 ,,conditions--,,its ,,composition-- ,,black-,,lead ,,conta9s ,,no ,,lead1 ,,h5ce ,,! ,,"n ,,is ,,misappli$--,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,its ,,pr9cipal ,,s\rce ,,( ,,supply ,,an ,,accid5t--,a ,,description ,,( ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,m9$--,,treatm5t ,,be=e ,,be+ ,,introduc$ ,,into ,,! ,,groov$ ,,wood--,,use ,,( ,,r$ ,,& ,,black ,,*alk ,,p5cils ,,9 ,,g]many1 #adej--,,_! ,,use ,,9 ,,mexico ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,times--,,:o ,,manufactures ,,lead ,,p5cils--,,employm5t ,,( ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,lead ,,& ,,t9 ,,9 ,,m$iaeval ,,times--,,bav>ian ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 #ahaf ,a ,,manufactur] ,,( ,,lead ,,p5cils4 ,,! black-lead p5cil1 "u _m circum/ances1 is a v useful sub/itute = ! p51 9 t x requires no liquid ink = m>k+ ! *>act]s on pap] or o!r mat]ials4 ,! peculi> sub/ance :i* fills ! c5tral *annel ( ! /ick ( c$> has ! prop]ty ( m>k+ :5 x t\*es pap]2 &1 z ! m>ks ?us made are susceptible to easy removal1 a p5cil ( ?is k9d is available = purposes :i* w\ld n be answ]$ by ! use ( p5 & ink4 ,! sub/ance misnam$ black-lead conta9s ,,no ,,lead & is a c>buret ( iron1 be+ compos$ ( c>bon & iron4 ,x g5]ally occurs 9 ,m\nta9 di/ricts1 9 small kidney-%ap$ pieces1 v>y+ 9 size f t ( a pea upw>ds1 :i* are int]sp]s$ among v>i\s /rata1 & is met ) 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,its pr9cipal s\rce ( supply until ab\t #ahde1 :5 x became exhau/$1 0 ! ,borr[dale m9e 9 ,cumb]l&1 ,engl&1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #aefd4 ,ab\t #aheb a numb] ( m9es 7 op5$ conta9+ ?is sub/ance 9 ,sib]ia & f :i* place ! be/ products are n[ obta9$4 ,! accid5tal discov]y ( ?is m9]al at ,borr[dale 0 dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? :o made _m inquiries ab\t x4 ,! "n ( ?is m9]al 0 locally kn[n z wad 7graphite74 ,s valuable 0 x reg>d$ t x comm&$ a v high price1 & ?is price act$ z 9 inducem5t to ! workm5 & o!rs to pilf] pieces f ! m9e4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s sc5es ( great commotion took place1 aris+ out ( ^! depr$ations2 & ! result 0 t ! proprietors adopt$ su* /r+5t rules t h>dly any?+ 0 kn[n ( ! int]nal economy ( ! m9e till ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 :5 ,mr4 ,p>kes gave a description ( x1 f :i* ,i may cond5se a few p>ticul>s4 ,! m9e is 9 ! mid/ ( a m\nta9 ab\t two ?\s& feet high1 :i* rises at 9 angle ( ab\t #de degrees2 &1 z t "p ( ! m9e :i* has be5 work$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury is ne> ! middle ( ! m\nta91 ! pres5t entrance is ab\t a ?\s& feet f ! summit4 ,! op5+ by :i* ! workm5 ent] desc5ds by a flight ( /eps2 & 9 ord] to gu>d ! treasure )91 ! proprietors h erect$ a /rong brick build+ ( f\r rooms1 "o ( :i* is imm$iately ov] ! entrance into ! m9e4 ,?is entrance is secur$ by a trap-door1 & ! room connect$ ) x s]ves z a dress+-room = ! m5 :5 !y ent] & leave ! m9e4 ,! m5 "w 9 gangs1 :i* relieve ea* o!r e six h\rs1 & :5 ! h\r ( relief comes1 a /ew>d or =eman att5ds ! dress+- room to see ! m5 *ange _! dresses z !y come up "o by "o out ( ! m9e4 ,! clo!s are exam9$ by ! /ew>d to see t no black-lead is conceal$ 9 !m2 & :5 ! m5 h dress$ !y leave ! m9e1 mak+ room = ano!r gang1 :o *ange _! clo!s1 ent] ! m9e1 & are fa/5$ 9 = six h\rs4 ,9 "o ( ! f\r rooms ( :i* ! h\se consi/s !re is a table1 at :i* m5 are employ$ 9 sort+ & dress+ ! m9]al4 ,?is is necess>y1 because x is usually divid$ into two qualities1 ! f9e/ ( :i* h g5]ally pieces ( iron- ore or o!r impurity atta*$ to !m1 :i* mu/ be dress$ (f4 ,^! m51 :o are /rictly wat*$ :ile at "w1 put ! dress$ black-lead into casks hold+ ab\t "o hundr$-weight ea*1 9 :i* /ate x leaves ! m9e4 ,! casks are convey$ d[n ! side ( ! m\nta9 9 a curi\s mann]4 ,ea* cask is fix$ ^u a light sl$ge ) two :eels1 & a man1 :o is well us$ to ! precipit\s pa?1 walks d[n 9 front ( ! sl$ge1 tak+ c>e t x does n acquire mom5tum en\gh to ov]p[] him4 ,:5 ! cask has be5 ?us guid$ safely to ! bottom1 ! man c>ries ! sl$ge up hill ^u 8 %\ld]s1 & prep>es = ano!r desc5t4 ,up to ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! m9e 0 op5$ only once 9 sev5 ye>s1 ! quantity tak5 out at ea* "t ( op5+ be+ su* z 0 deem$ suffici5t to s]ve ! m>ket = sev5 ye>s2 b :51 at a lat] p]iod1 x 0 f\nd t ! dem& 0 increas+ & ! supply decreas+1 x 0 deem$ necess>y to "w ! m9e six or sev5 weeks e ye>4 ,dur+ ! "t ( work+1 ! m9e is gu>d$ night & day2 & :5 a quantity suffici5t = "o ye>'s consumption has be5 tak5 out1 ! m9e is secur$ until ! foll[+ ye>4 ,sev]al hundr$ c>tloads ( rubbi% are :eel$ into ! m9e1 s z to block up ! entrance completely2 & ?is rubbi% acts z a dam to prev5t ! spr+s & l& wat]s f fl[+ out1 s t ! m9e gradually becomes flood$4 ,:5 ! ,ye>'s m9+ is conclud$1 ! b>rels ( black-lead are br\ght to m>ket1 & ! mode ( effect+ ! sales 0 describ$ by ,dr4 ,f>aday "s ye>s ago to be z foll[s3 ,a m>ket is held on ! fir/ ,monday ( e mon? at a h\se 9 ,london1 :]e ! buy]s1 :o are g5]ally only sev5 or eight 9 numb]1 exam9e ea* piece ) a %>p in/rum5t to asc]ta9 its h>dness1 ^? :i* are too s(t be+ reject$4 ,! p]son :o has ! fir/ *oice pays #des4 p] p\nd1 ! o!rs #cjs4 ,b1 z !re is no addition made to ! fir/ quantity 9 ! m>ket1 ! residual portions are exam9$ ov] & ov] aga9 until !y are exhau/$4 ,at "o "t ! annual sale 0 said to am\nt to ! value ( ,l#dj1jjj p] annum1 b x has be5 greatly r$uc$ s9ce4 ,a mode ( apply+ manufactur+ processes to ! prep>ation ( black-lead is describ$ by ,dr4 ,ure z be+ adopt$ 9 ,p>is4 ,! m9]al1 be+ r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 is mix$ ) v pure p[d]$ clay1 & ! two are calc9$ 9 a crucible at a :ite heat2 ! proportion ( clay employ$ is great] z ! p5cil is requir$ to be h>d]1 ! av]age be+ equal p>ts ( bo?4 ,! +r$i5ts are gr\nd ) a mull] on a porphyry slab & !n made into balls1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 a moi/ atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( pa/e4 ,! pa/e is press$ into grooves cut 9 a smoo? bo>d1 & ano!r bo>d1 previ\sly greas$1 is press$ d[n ^u x4 ,:5 ! pa/e has _h "t to dry1 ! m\ld or groov$ bo>d is put into a mod]ately heat$ ov51 by :i* ! pa/e1 n[ 9 ! =m ( squ>e p5cils1 %r9ks suffici5tly to fall out ( ! grooves4 ,9 ord] to give solidity to ! p5cils !y are set upright 9 a crucible & surr\nd$ ) p\nd$ *>coal1 f9e s&1 or sift$ a%es2 ! crucible1 be+ cov]$1 is expos$ to a degree ( heat proportionate to ! h>dness requir$ 9 ! p5cils1 ! h>d] p5cils requir+ ! high] degree ( heat4 ,"s ( ! p5cils are %ap$ 9 a curi\s mann]3 models ( ! p5cils1 made ( iron1 are /uck upright ^u an iron tray1 hav+ edges rais$ z high z ! int5d$ l5g? ( ! p5cils2 & a metallic alloy1 made ( t91 lead1 antimony & bismu? is p\r$ into ! %eet-iron tray4 ,:5 ! alloy has cool$1 x is inv]t$ & %ak5 (f f ! model-rods1 s z to =m a mass ( metal p]=at$ ?r\gh\t ) tubul> cavities correspond+ 9 size ) ! int5d$ p5cil pieces2 ! p5cil pa/e is introduc$ by pressure into ^! cavities1 & :5 ne>ly dry ! pieces %r9k suffici5tly to be easily remov$ f ! cavities4 ,! p5cils j describ$ are alike ?r\gh\t all _! ?ickness1 b 9 ! majority ( ,engli% p5cils !re is a wood5 hold] to conta9 a n>r[ filam5t ( black lead runn+ d[n ! middle4 ,s long ago z ! ye> #afah ?is mode 0 adopt$2 = ,sir ,john ,pettus1 :o 0 deputy gov]nor ( ! ,borr[dale m9e "u ,*>les ,,ii1 9 8 ,fleta ,m9or1 :ile1 speak+ ( black-lead says1 t ,( late x is curi\sly =m$ into cases ( deal or c$> & s sold z dry p5cils1 some?+ m useful ?an p5 & ink4 ,9 a g5]al way mod]n black-lead p5cils1 are made by saw+ c$> fir/ into long planks1 & !n into small] rods2 grooves are cut out by means ( a cutt+ ma*9e mov$ by a fly- :eel to su* a dep? z w receive a small lay] ( black-lead2 ! pieces ( ! m9]al are cut into ?9 slabs & !n into rods ! same size z ! grooves1 into :i* !y are ins]t$2 ! two halves ( ! case are !n glu$ toge!r1 & ! :ole is turn$ into a cyl9drical =m by means ( a guage4 ,! k9d ( p5cil call$ crayon is a mixture ( "s k9d ( e>? ) a color+ sub/ance4 ,! e>? employ$ is sometimes *alk1 & at o!r times pipe-clay1 gypsum1 />*-fl\r1 or o*re4 ,! color+ sub/ance is yell[ o*re1 m9]al yell[1 *rome1 r$ *alk1 v]milion1 indigo--inde$1 any ( ! usual dry colors1 accord+ to ! t9t requir$4 ,besides ! e>? & ! color1 !re is a gummy liquid requir$ to comb9e !m toge!r2 gum arabic1 gum tragacan?1 & 9 "s cases oil1 wax1 or suet1 are us$ z ! ?ird +r$i5t4 ,! crayons "h allud$ to are employ$ r = draw+ ?an = writ+1 b !y obvi\sly belong to ! class ( p5cils 9 _! mode ( action4 ,! anci5ts drew l9es & lett]s ) wood5 /yles1 & aft]w>d an alloy ( lead & t9 0 us$4 ,pl9y ref]s to ! use ( lead = rul+ l9es on papyrus4 ,la ,mo9e cites a docum5t ( #achg rul$ ) graphite4 ,slips ( graphite 9 wood5 /icks 7p5cils7 are m5tion$ by ,gesn]1 ( ,zuri*1 9 #aefe2 he cr$its ,engl& ) ! production4 ,!y are d\btless ! product ( ! ,borr[dale m9e1 !n lately discov]$4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury black-lead p5cils are di/9ctly describ$ by sev]al writ]s4 ,!y are notic$ by ,ambros9us1 #afdh2 spok5 ( by ,pettus1 9 #afhc1 z inclos$ 9 fir or c$>4 ,r$ & black *alk p5cils 7 us$ 9 ,g]many 9 #adej2 9 fact1 fragm5ts ( *alk1 *>coal1 & %ap$ /icks ( color$ m9]als _h be5 9 use s9ce times previ\s to all hi/oric m5tion4 ,:5 ,cortez l&$ 9 ,mexico1 9 #aebj1 he f\nd ! ,aztecs us+ graphite crayons1 :i* 7 probably made f a m9]al f\nd 9 ,sonora4 ,! firm ( ,a4 ,w4 ,fab] are ! l>ge/ manufactur]s ( lead p5cils 9 ! _w4 ,!y h compil$ a hi/ory ( ?is implem5t ( h&writ+ :i* !y h p]mitt$ me to use 9 ! /ory :i* foll[s4 ,! lead p5cil is an inv5tion ( mod]n times1 & its introduction may des]v$ly be rank$ ) ! l>ge numb] ( te*nical innovations 9 :i* m especially ! la/ ?ree c5turies h be5 s ri*2 nor c x be d5i$ t p5cils h play$ an important "p 9 ! diffusion ( arts & sci5ces & 9 facilitat+ /udy & intellectual int]c\rse4 ,to ! classic ages & _! art ! p5cil1 & 9 g5]al e application ( lead z a writ+ mat]ial1 0 entirely unkn[n1 & x 0 n till ! adv5t ( ! middle ages t x began to be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is lead1 i4 e4 metallic lead1 h[ev]1 0 9 no way equival5t to ! graphite or black-lead ( our p5cils1 :i* are only honor$ ) ! prefix ( lead1 ow+ to ! lead5 color ( ! writ+ done ) !m4 ,moreov]1 9 ^? days1 lead 0 us$ exclusively = rul+ & 9 no way = writ+ or draw+2 x 0 employ$ 9 ! =m ( r\nd1 %>p-edg$ discs1 simil> to ^? :i*1 x is said1 7 already us$ = ! same purpose 9 anci5t classic times4 ,x is only ) ! developm5t & gr[? ( mod]n pa9t+ t traces ( p5cil-l draw+s fir/ beg9 to be met4 ,at s e>ly a p]iod ev5 z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 m5tion is made by ! ma/]s ( t "t1 m especially by ! bro!rs ,van ,eyck1 & aga9 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by ,m5l9k & o!rs1 ( /udies or compositions :i* 7 made ) an in/rum5t simil> to a lead p5cil1 ^u a pap] ) *alk prep>$ surface4 ,?is type ( draw+ 0 commonly class$ z silv]- /yle1 a t]m1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 no d\bt errone\s1 z !re c\ld be no "q ( ! use ( pure silv] 9 ?is connection4 ,9 ! same way x is also report$ ( ! lat] m$iaeval ,italian arti/s t !y drew _! subjects 9 silv]-/yle1 ^u plani%$ fig-tree wood1 ! surface ( :i* _h be5 prep>$ ) ! p[d] obta9$ f calc9$ bones1--a me?od1 h[ev]1 :i* seems only to h be5 employ$ 9 exceptional in/ances4 ,b 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 draw+s 7 frequ5tly done 9 ,italy ) p5cils consi/+ ( a mixture ca/ f lead & t92 ^! draw+s c\ld easily be eras$ ) bread crumbs4 ,petr>*'s ,laura 0 portray$ 9 ?is mann] by "o ( 8 contempor>ies1 & ! me?od 0 /ill 9 vogue 9 ! days ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,f ,italy ^! p5cils subsequ5tly f\nd _! way to ,g]many1 b x is n app>5t "u :at p>ticul> "n4 ,9 ,italy itself !y 7 call$ /ili1 ! equival5t ( ! ^w /ylus4 ,at no "t1 h[ev]1 d ^! v>ieties seem to h be5 ! pr$om9at+ mat]ial us$ = draw+ purposes4 ,9 conjunction ) ^!1 p5s 7 us$ = writ+ & draw+1 & at ! z5i? ( ! art p]iod ( ^? days black & r$ crayons 7 also us$ on a l>ge scale4 ,! ,italians import$ ! be/ qualities ( r$ crayons f ,g]many1 ! be/ black *alk be+ obta9$ f ,spa94 ,vas>i writes ( a c]ta9 sixte5? c5tury arti/1 t he 0 equally skillful 9 h&l+ ! /ylus or ! p51 black *alk or r$ crayon4 ,x 0 ?is p]iod :i* witness$ ! discov]y ( plumbago1 a m9]al :i* 0 soon work$ up into an entirely new mat]ial = writ+ & draw+1-- ! lead p5cil4 ,?is discov]y1 :i* 0 de/9$ to conf] su* great b5efits n only ^u practical life1 b also ^u art1 0 made 9 ,engl& dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 = 9 ! ye> #aefd ! celebrat$ black-lead m9es ( ,borr[dale1 9 ,cumb]l&1 7 discov]$4 ,) ! op5+ ( ?is m9e1 ! fir/ mat]ial /eps 7 tak5 to implant on ,engli% soil a lead p5cil indu/ry :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t 0 to assume important dim5sions4 ,! fir/ lead p5cils are suppos$ to h be5 manufactur$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! raw plumbago1 or wad1 z x 0 locally t]m$1 0 subject$ to ! foll[+ treatm5t3 ,on rea*+ ! surface x 0 sawn into /rips ( ! requir$ size1 & ^!1 )\t any fur!r manipulation1 7 ins]t$ into ! wood4 ,/range ?\gh x may appe>1 ! lead p5cils fir/ manufactur$ 9 ?is mann] are ackn[l$g$ to h be5 ! be/--& ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury !y rema9$ unsurpass$ ^u ! score ( ! s(tness & f9e tone ( ! lead4 ,al?\gh ! ,cumb]l& lead p5cils 7 9 great dem& ow+ to ! fact t !y 7 ! fir/ to successfully meet a long-felt want1 !y nev]!less ow$ _! p]man5t & wide-spread reputation-- m especially 9 arti/ic circles--to _! excell5t quality4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury ! black-lead p5cil indu/ry 0 introduc$ into ,france1 :]e ) "s re/rictions x soon develop$4 ,) ! removal ( all re/rictions on indu/rial fre$om 9 #agie1 ! idea 0 ent]ta9$ ( us+ clay z a b9d+ m$ium = black-lead4 ,?is me?od (f]$ sev]al advantages1 = n only did ! addition ( clay cause a sav+ ( a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! valuable m9]al1 b x greatly facilitat$ ! me?od ( manufacture1 s t lead p5cils c\ld n[ be (f]$ at greatly r$uc$ prices4 ,by ^! improvem5ts a new era 9 ! manufacture ( lead p5cils 0 begun 9 ,france4 ,/ill1 !re rema9$ mu* to be done 9 ! field ( black- lead p5cil mak+ 9 ord] to d ju/ice to ! increas+ dem&s ( art & ! requirem5ts ( m civiliz$ life4 ,x is true1 diff]5t k9ds ( lead p5cils ( v>i\s degrees 7 produc$1 b !y did n comply by a long way ) ! diff]5t uses = :i* !y 7 ne$$4 ,! manipulation ( ! brittle mat]ial requir$ n only deep /udy1 b also consci5ti\s & skillful workm51 9 ord] to imp>t ! necess>y /&>d ( p]fection to ! lead p5cil4 ,among ! v>i\s ,g]man indu/ries ! manufacture ( black-lead p5cils occupi$ b a v mode/ place4 ,! fir/ traces ( its exi/5ce are to be f\nd at ,/e91 a village n f> f ,nuremb]g4 ,z f> back z ! ye> #agbf ! *ur* regi/]s m5tion m>riages betwe5 black-lead p5cil mak]s1 &1 at a lat] date ref]5ces are f\nd 9 ! same regi/]s to black-lead cutt]s ( bo? sexes4 ,! manufacture ( black-lead p5cils1 h[ev]1 occupi$ a position on ! v l[e/ rung ( ! indu/rial ladd]4 ,b is "t proce$$ ! ,bav>ian gov]nm5t direct$ _! att5tion to ?is bran* ( indu/ry1 & did all 9 _! p[] to enc\rage x2 &1 z e>ly z ! ye> #agff1 a ,c\nt von ,kronsfeld obta9$ a concession to e/abli% a lead p5cil factory at ,jett5ba*4 ,lat] on1 9 ! ye> #ahaf1 ! ,bav>ian gov]nm5t e/abli%$ a royal lead p5cil manufactory at ,ob]nzell 7,hafn]zell71 & introduc$ into x ! ,fr5* process1 describ$ above1 ( us+ clay z a b9d+ m$ium = graphite4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,anci5t ,,ink ,,backgr\nds 7,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,papyrus74 ,,f ,,:5ce ,,comes ,,! ,,"n ,,pap]--,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,,comm5t ,,ab\t ,,x--,,knight',s ,,comm5ts ,,m ,,?an #a1hjj ,,ye>s ,,lat]--,,papyrus ,,an ,,egyptian ,,re$--,,names ,,be/[$ ,,by ,,anci5t ,,writ]s--,,! ,,same ,,names ,,z ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,times--,,leaves ,,( ,,plants ,,prec$$ ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,papyrus-- ,,:5 ,,x ,,0 ,,t ,,roll$ ,,records ,,came ,,into ,,vogue--,,v>ro',s ,,e/imation ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,orig9al ,,use ,,( ,,papyrus ,,n ,,correct--,,real ,,facts ,,respect+ ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,papyrus ,,beyond ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,egypt--,,"* ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,employ$ ,,by ,,! ,,greeks ,,be=e ,,t ,,epo*--,,employm5t ,,( ,,x ,,= ,,lit]>y ,,purposes--,,adoption ,,( ,,p>*m5t ,,& ,,vellum--,,papyrus ,,mss4 ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,rolls ,,& ,,! ,,reason ,,= ,,same--,,anci5t ,,manufacture ,,( ,,papyrus ,,9 ,,egypt--,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,us$ ,,to ,,designate ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds--,,pl9y',s ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,papyrus ,,& ,,8 ,,mis9=mation ,,ab\t ,,x--,,:]e ,,x ,,fl\ri%$ ,,be/--,,papyrus ,,z ,,kn[n ,,to ,,! ,,hebrews ,,& ,,its ,,biblical ,,m5tion--,,manufacture ,,( ,,papyrus ,,9 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,city ,,( ,,memphis--,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,pap] ,,employ$ ,,by ,,! ,,mexicans--,,mr4 ,,h>ris',s ,,discov]y ,,( ,,anci5t ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,papyrus-- ,,! ,,/ory ,,ab\t ,,x ,,z ,,told ,,by ,,! ,,london ,a,t,h,e,nae,u,m--,,dates ,,( ,,! ,,olde/ ,,kn[n ,,specim5s ,,( ,,greek ,,papyri--,,date ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,discov]y ,,( ,,greek ,,papyri--,,use ,,( ,,o!r ,,pliable ,,mat]ials ,,) ,,papyrus--,,h[ ,,!y ,,7 ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,writ+ ,,purposes--,,d\bts ,,z ,,to ,,"t ,,t ,,roll$ ,,records ,,sup]s$$ ,,tablet ,,=ms--,,sugge/ions ,,by ,,noel ,,humphreys--,,views ,,ent]ta9$ ,,by ,,e>li] ,,writ]s4 ,,! "n pap] is d]iv$ f papyrus1 a re$ gr[n 9 ,egypt1 ^: /alk furni%$ = s _m c5turies ! pr9cipal mat]ial = writ+ ^u to ! p ( t c\ntry & ^? bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! y\ng] ,pl9y rem>ks3 ,all ! usages ( civiliz$ life dep5d 9 a rem>kable degree ^u ! employm5t ( pap]4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! remembrance ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,a /atem5t :i* has caus$ ,mr4 ,knight to make ! foll[+ comm5t3 ,?is obs]vation1 und\bt$ly true #a1hjj ye>s ago1 is mu* m rem>kably s n[2 inde$1 9 consid]+ t pap] z we n[ und]/& x 0 entirely unkn[n to ,europe 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 ! expression ( ! great dep5d5ce ^u :at seems to u s fragile & ineffici5t a sub/itute = real pap] appe>s /range4 ,mr4 ,knight also says t ! ,greek "n papuros1 m5tion$ by ,!ophra/us1 a contempor>y ( ,ari/otle & ,alex&]1 0 probably ! ,egyptian "n ( ! re$ ) a ,greek t]m9ation4 ,x 0 also call$ biblos by ,hom] & ,h]odotus1 :5ce our t]m bible4 ,! t]m volum51 a scroll1 indicates ! e>ly =m ( a book ( b>k1 papyrus1 sk91 or p>*m5t1 z ! t]m lib] 7,lat91 a book1 or ! inn] b>k ( a tree7 does ! use ( ! b>k itself4 ,h5ce also our t]ms libr>y & libr>ian4 ,book is also d]iv$ f ! ,dani% ^w bog1 ! b>k ( ! bee*4 ,pl9y quot+ ,v>ro1 :o prec$$ him "s two c5turies1 ass]ts t be=e ! inv5tion ( papyrus1 ! l>ge leaves ( c]ta9 plants 7 prep>$ s t !y c\ld be writt5 ^u4 ,h5ce orig9ates our t]m leaves ( a book :i* 9 ! ,lat9 =m folium has also giv5 u ! mod]n t]m folio4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! re$ p5 & ! p5cil bru% & _! k9dr$ sub/ances d5om9at$ color$ liquids or inks1 came into vogue1 "s mat]ial on :i* *>act]s c\ld be inscrib$ & pres]v$ 9 ! %ape ( cont9u\s rolls = record & o!r uses became necess>y4 ,! papyrus plant seems to h met e requirem5t4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t all in=mation :i* c be d]iv$ f any s\rce1 specifically calls att5tion to papyrus & sometimes ! inn] b>ks ( trees z be+ coexi/5t ) p5 & ink4 ,v>ro has be5 cr$it$ ) _m /atem5ts :i* 9 ! light ( inve/igation & discov]y are prov$ to be incorrect4 ,"o ( ^! is 9 effect t ! use ( papyrus 0 an incid5t p]ta9+ to ! exp$itions ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,?is ass]tion is n only contradict$ by ,pl9y1 ! hi/orian1 :o calls att5tion to books ( papyrus f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ,numa 7,numa ,pompilius1 ! second k+ ( ,rome1 ,b4 ,c4 #gaf-fgb17 b ev5 at ?is late day _m monum5ts ( anci5t papyri are /ill extant & belong+ to p]iods m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,alex&]'s "t4 ,! real facts 9 respect to ?is matt] are1 t ! introduction ( ! use ( papyrus to nations beyond ! limits ( ,egypt 0 an ev5t t did n take place until aft] ! reign ( ! fir/ ,mac$onian sov]eign ( ,egypt1 ,ptolemy ,lagus 7,b4 ,c4 #cbc7 :51 9 return = ,greek lit]ature1 ,egypt gave back h] papyrus4 ,be=e ?is epo* ! ,greeks _h be5 9 ! habit ( employ+ su* mat]ials z l951 wax1 b>k & leaves = ord9>y writ+ purposes1 :ile _! public records 7 inscrib$ on /one1 brass1 lead or o!r metals4 ,papyrus z !n introduc$ into ^? we/]n c\ntries 0 ! only sub/ance = a long p]iod employ$ = lit]>y purposes4 ,p>*m5t & vellum1 :i* 7 adopt$ !re z writ+ mat]ials ab\t two c5turies lat]1 7 too co/ly to be us$ s long z papyrus 0 )9 rea*4 ,:5 ! use ( ?is anci5t pap] _h become e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 all ! ,,mss4 assum$ ! =m ( rolls1 be+ roll$ on cyl9d]s ( wood1 ivory1 bronze1 glass & o!r sub/ances4 ,sometimes1 ! ends 7 decorat$ by v>i\s ornam5ts4 ,z a rule only "o side ( ! mat]ial 0 writt5 ^u4 ,?is 0 due l>gely to ! fact ( its brittle "* :i* w\ld cause x to break if roll$ or b5t ! wrong way4 ,! anci5t manufacture ( papyrus = export 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,egypt on an ext5sive scale & 9 ! mo/ sy/ematic mann]4 ,a gradual improvem5t 9 quality 0 ! result1 "s ( ! k9ds be+ giv5 well-kn[n ,roman names :i* are m5tion$ by contempor>y writ]s4 ,! k9d employ$ by ! ,romans = ord9>y use 0 designat$ ,*>ta4 ,m exp5sive qualities 7 kn[n z ,augu/a1 ,liv9ia1 ,hi]atica1 etc41 ! latt] be+ res]v$ = religi\s books4 ,"s k9ds 7 sold by weight & employ$ by ! tradesm5 = wrapp+ purposes1 :ile ! b>k ( ! plant 0 manufactur$ into cord & rope4 ,! me?ods ( ! manufacture ( papyrus z a writ+ mat]ial ,pl9y und]takes to describe at great l5g?1 & :ile he ass]ts _m ?+s f probable k & ! in=mation at h& 9 8 "t1 yet he is n always correct4 ,he says t ! re$ /alks 7 cut into l5g?s & sep>at$ by splitt+ ! successive folds ( ! /alk ) a f9e metal po9t4 ,mr4 ,knight1 :o inve/igat$ ?is matt] ) c>e1 is au?ority = ! /atem5t1 t ! papyrus /alk z se5 "u ! microscope %[s t x does n possess successive folds1 b is a triangul> /alk ) a s+le envelope ) a pi? on ! inside1 :i* c\ld only be divid$ into slices ) a knife1 ei!r 9 /ripes ( a wid? p]mitt$ by ! sides ( ! prism1 or else %av$ r\nd & r\nd1 l ! op]ation ( cork mak+1 & produc+ a long spiral %av+4 ,9 ! description :i* ,pl9y gives ( ! v>i\s homes ( ?is plant 9 ,egypt1 he calls p>ticul> att5tion to its abundance 9 m>%y places :]e ! ,nile ov]fl[s & /agnates3 ,x gr[s l a great bulru% f fibr\s1 re$y roots1 & runs up 9 sev]al triangul> /alks to a consid]able height4 ,!y possess$ l>ge tuft$ heads1 b only ! /em 0 fit = mak+ into pap]4 ,aft] ! pellicles or ?9 coats 7 remov$ f ! /alk1 !y 7 laid ^u tables two or m ov] ea* o!r & glu$ toge!r ) ! muddy & glut9\s wat] ( ! ,nile or ) f9e pa/e made ( :eat fl\r2 aft] be+ press$ & dri$ !y 7 made smoo? ) a rul] & !n rubb$ ov] ) a glass hemisph]e4 ,! size ( ! pap] seldom exce$$ two feet4 ,papyrus 0 also kn[n to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,prophet ,isaiah 7,b4 ,c4 #geb7 ref]s to ?is plant :5 he says3 ,! pap] re$s by ! brooks1 & ev]y?+ s[n by ! brooks1 %all )]1 be driv5 away & be no m4 ,:i* pr$iction seems to h be5 long ago fulfill$ z ! plant is n[ exce$+ly r>e4 ,! manufacture ( ,egyptian pap] f papyrus x is said 0 q an indu/ry 9 ! anci5t city ( ,memphis m ?an six hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,mexicans employ$ = writ+ a pap] :i* some:at resembl$ ! ,egyptian papyrus4 ,x 0 prep>$ f ! aloe1 call$ by ! natives ,maguey :i* gr[s wild ov] ! tablel&s ( ,mexico4 ,x c\ld be easily color$ & seem$ to b9d to ink v closely4 ,x c\ld be roll$ up 9 scrolls j l ! m anci5t rolls ( papyrus4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( an int]e/+ discov]y ( a fragm5t ( "o ( ! ,orations ( ,hyp]ides1 by ,mr4 ,h>ris1 ! well-kn[n ,ori5tal s*ol>1 is d]iv$ f ! ,london ,a!naeum3 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahdg ,mr4 ,h>ris 0 sitt+ 9 8 boat1 "u ! %ade ( ! well-kn[n sycamore1 on ! we/]n bank ( ! ,nile1 at ,!bes1 ready to />t = ,nubia1 :5 an ,arab br\ght him a fragm5t ( a papyrus roll1 :i* he v5tur$ to op5 suffici5tly to asc]ta9 t x 0 writt5 9 ! ,greek language1 & :i* he b\ght be=e proce$+ fur!r on 8 j\rney4 ,^u 8 return to ,alex&ria1 :]e circum/ances 7 m favorable to ! difficult op]ation ( unroll+ a fragile papyrus1 he discov]$ t be possess$ a fragm5t ( ! oration ( ,hyp]ides aga9/ ,demo/h5es1 9 ! matt] ( ,h>palus1 & also a v small fragm5t ( ano!r oration1 ! :ole writt5 9 extremely legible *>act]s1 & ( a =m or fa%ion :i* ^? le>n$ 9 ,greek ,,mss4 consid] to be ( ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,) ^! int]e/+ fragm5ts ( orations ( an orator s celebrat$ is ,hyp]ides1 ( ^: works no?+1 is extant b a few quotations 9 o!r ,greek writ]s1 he emb>k$ = ,engl&4 ,^u 8 arrival !re he submitt$ ! preci\s relics to ! inspection ( ! ,c\ncil & memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature1 :o 7 unanim\s 9 _! judgm5t z to ! importance & g5u95ess ( ! ,,mss42 & ,mr4 ,h>ris imm$iately set to "w1 & ) 8 own h& made a li?ographic facsimile ( ea* piece4 ,( ?is p]=mance a few copies 7 pr9t$ & di/ribut$ among ! savants ( ,europe1--& ,mr4 ,h>ris return$ to ,alex&ria1 :5ce he has made m ?an "o j\rney to ,!bes 9 ! hope ( discov]+ "s o!r portion ( ! volume1 ( :i* he already _h a "p4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#ahdg7 ano!r ,engli% g5tleman1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,ard51 ( ,london1 b\ght at ,!bes a papyrus1 :i* he likewise br\ght to ,engl&4 ,induc$ by ! success ( ,mr4 ,h>ris1 ,mr4 ,ard5 submitt$ 8 roll to ! skilful & exp]i5c$ h&s ( ,mr4 ,hog>?2 & ^u ! completion ( ! op]ation ( unroll+1 ! ,,mss4 0 discov]$ to be ! t]m9at+ portion ( ! v same volume ( :i* ,mr4 ,h>ris _h b\ght a fragm5t ( ! =m] "p 9 ! v same ye>1 & probably ( ! v same ,arabs4 ,no d\bt n[ exi/$ t ! volume1 :5 entire1 consi/$ ( a collection (1 or a selection f1 ! orations ( ! celebrat$ ,a!nian orator1 ,hyp]ides4 ,! portion ( ! volume :i* has fall5 into ! possession ( ,mr4 ,ard5 conta9s 'fifte5 cont9u\s columns ( ! ,oration = ,lycophron1 to :i* "w ?ree ( ,mr4 ,h>ris's fragm5ts app]ta9$2 & likewise ! ,oration = ,eux5ippus1 :i* is q complete & 9 beautiful pres]vation4 ,:e!r1 z ,mr4 ,bab+ton obs]ves 9 8 preface to ! "w1 any m scraps ( ! ,oration = ,lycophron or ( ! ,oration aga9/ ,demo/h5es rema9 to be discov]$1 ei!r 9 ,!bes or else:]e1 may be d\btful1 b is c]ta9ly wor? ! inquiry ( le>n$ travell]s4' ,! condition1 h[ev]1 ( ! fragm5ts obta9$ by ,mr4 ,h>ris b too significantly indicate ! hopelessness ( success4 ,! scroll _h evid5tly be5 m frequ5tly roll$ & unroll$ 9 t p>ticul> "p1 namely1 ! spee* ( ,hyp]ides 9 a matt] ( su* peculi> int]e/ z t involv+ ! honor ( ! mo/ celebrat$ orator ( antiquity2 x _h be5 m read & _h be5 m ?umb$ by anci5t f+]s ?an any o!r spee* 9 ! :ole volume2 & h5ce ! t]rible gap betwe5 ,mr4 ,h>ris's & ,mr4 ,ard5's portions ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! brittle1 friable nature ( a roll ( papyrus 9 ! dry climate ( ,!bes1 aft] be+ buri$ two ?\s& ye>s or m & !n com+ fir/ into ! h&s ( a ru?less ,arab1 :o1 p]haps1 _h rudely snat*$ x out ( ! s>cophagus ( ! mummi$ scribe1 w well und]/& h[ dilapidations occur4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a s+le roll1 or possibly an entire box1 ( su* fragile treasures is f\nd 9 ! tomb ( "s anci5t philologi/ or man ( le>n+1 & t ! possession is imm$iately disput$ by ! company ( ,arabs :o may h emb>k$ on ! v5ture4 ,to settle ! dispute1 :5 !re is n a scroll = ea* memb] ( ! company1 an equitable division is made by divid+ ! papyrus & di/ribut+ ! portions4 ,?us1 9 ?is volume ( ,hyp]ides1 x seems t x has fall5 into two pieces at ! place :]e x _h mo/ usually be5 op5$1 & :]e1 alas6 x w\ld h be5 mo/ desirable to h kept x :ole2 & t ! small] fragm5ts h be5 lo/ amid ! du/ & rubbi% ( ! excavation1 :ile ! two extremities h be5 made di/9ct prop]ties1 :i* h be5 sold1 z we h se51 to sep>ate collectors4 ,s1 at all ev5ts1 su* matt]s are manag$ at ,!bes4 ,mr4 ,h>ris m5tions fragm5ts ( ! ',iliad1' :i* he _h pur*as$ ( "s ( ! ,arab di/urb]s ( ! dead 9 ! sacr$ cemet]ies ( ,middle ,egypt1 mo/ probably ,sacc>a4 ,! olde/ kn[n specim5s ( ! ,greek papyri & :i* 7 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 h a range ( "o ?\s& ye>s2 t is1 f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c4 to ! sev5? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,! fir/ discov]y ( ,greek papyri 0 made at ,h]culaneum 9 #ageb4 ,papyrus1 h[ev]1 9 ! mo/ anci5t1 p]iods 0 n ! only pliable mat]ial us$ to write on :i* c\ld be roll$ on cyl9d]s4 ,l95 or clo?1 :i* _h be5 fir/ treat$ ) sub/ances :i* fill$ ! int]/ices & *>act]i/ic ( our oil-clo?1 ! inn] b>k ( c]ta9 trees1 or 9 fact any mat]ial :i* w\ld receive ink & roll ar\nd a cyl9d] 0 9 vogue4 ,?is =m ( manuscript 0 lat] t]m$ by ! ,romans rolles1 to roll r\nd1 or m commonly volv]e1 to roll ov]4 ,x is n c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ?is "* ( manuscript imm$iately sup]s$$ ! tablet =m ( records inscrib$ on wood or metal4 ,noel ,humphreys is "o ( sev]al to sugge/3 ,! ref]5ce to ! 'p5 ( a ready writ]1' m5tion$ 9 ! ,psalms ( ,david 7,b4 ,c4 #ajhf- #ajaf7 c\ld sc>cely be ! %>p po9t1 or /ilus1 by means ( :i* *>act]s 7 engrav$ ^u wood or metal1 b r ! calamus or juncas1 us$ = writ+ ) a d>k fluid ^u b>k or l954 ,! ^w volume inde$ occurs 9 ,psalms xxxix41 & ^! volum9a or volumes mu/ h be5 ei!r rolls ( leaves1 or b>k1 or ,egyptian papyrus4 ,"s writ]s l ,casley1 ,purcelli1 ,hayg51 ,calmet1 & o!rs1 :o also m or less discuss ?is subject1 d n view x entirely ! same4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,anci5t ,,ink ,,backgr\nds 7,,p>*m5t ,,& ,,vellum74 ,,! ,,p]gamus ,,libr>y ,,compos$ ,,pr9cipally ,,( ,,p>*m5t ,,volumes--,,causes ,,:i* ,,contribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,sub/itution ,,( ,,p>*m5t ,,= ,,papyrus --,,anecdote ,,ab\t ,,eum5es ,,& ,,ptolemy ,,philadelphus-- ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,me?od ,,:i* ,,made ,,sk9s ,,available ,,= ,,fluid ,,ink ,,writ+--,,introduction ,,( ,,dress$ ,,sk9s ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/ep ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,mod]n ,,=m ,,( ,,books--,,:5 ,,p>*m5t ,,& ,,vellum ,,sup]s$$ ,,o!r ,,sub/ances ,,z ,a ,,g5]al ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,writ+ ,,^u--,,manufacture ,,( ,,b>k ,,pap] ,,previ\s ,,to ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,l95 ,,pap] ,,( ,,! ,,ea/--,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,*9ese ,,pap]--,,allusions ,,( ,,classical ,,writ]s ,,to ,,inscriptions ,,on ,,sk9s ,,& ,,discov]y ,,( ,,specim5s--,,employm5t ,,( ,,p>*m5t ,,by ,,! ,,hebrews--,,old ,,scriptural ,,mss4 ,,discov]$ ,,on ,,p>*m5t--,,names ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,valuable ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,codices--,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,s9aitic ,,codex ,,z ,,told ,,by ,,madan--,,ass]tion ,,( ,,simonides ,,t ,,he ,,=g$ ,,x--,,pamlimpse/s ,,! ,,l9k ,,betwe5 ,,classical ,,times ,,& ,,! ,,middle ,,ages--,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,!m ,,& ,,"s ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,! ,,m ,,fam\s ,,ones--,,use ,,( ,,papyrus1 ,,p>*m5t ,,& ,,vellum ,,toge!r ,,9 ,,mss4 ,,books--,,obs]vations ,,by ,,?ompson--,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,rolls ,,& ,,records ,,belong+ ,,to ,,e>ly ,,p>liam5t>y ,,times ,,9 ,,engl&--,,comp>ative ,,me?ods ,,( ,,_! ,,prep>ation--,,modes ,,( ,,deposit+ ,,& ,,c>ry+ ,,anci5t ,,engli% ,,records --,,me?od ,,( ,,f9d+ ,,p>ticul> ,,docum5ts-- ,,! ,,individuals ,,:o ,,h&l$ ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,^? ,,epo*s--,,citations ,,f ,,knight',s ,,life ,,( ,,caxton--,,rem>ks ,,by ,,w>ton--,,exp5se ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,sir ,,john ,,h[>d--,,me?ods ,,( ,,! ,,transcrib]s ,,& ,,limn]s ,,( ,,^? ,,times--,,mod]n ,,me?ods ,,( ,,prep>+ ,,p>*m5t ,,& ,,vellum--,,citation ,,f ,,! ,,p5ny ,c,y,c,l,o,pae,d,i,a--,,passage ,,f ,a ,,s]mon ,,( ,,! ,,ar*bi%op ,,( ,,t\rs--,,anecdote ,,ab\t ,,! ,,c\nt ,,( ,,nev]s4 ,,! great abundance ( papyrus 9 ,egypt1 ! *ief s\rce ( its supply1 ! g5ius & magnific5ce ( ! rul]s ( t c\ntry1 & ! army ( le>n$ m5 :o resort$ ?i!r1 caus$ x to become ! pr9cipal home ( ^? imm5se libr>ies ( antiquity already m5tion$ z hav+ p]i%$ by fire & tumults includ$ 9 p]iods betwe5 ,b4 ,c4 #dh & ,a4 ,d4 #fdj4 ,! ,p]gamus libr>y :i* 0 deposit$ by ,cleopatra1 ,b4 ,c4 #cb1 9 ! city ( ,alex&ria1 is said to h be5 compos$ almo/ :olly ( p>*m5t writt5 volumes4 ,! reason or cause ( su* employm5t1 ( p>*m5t 9 pref]5ce to papyrus is attribut$ to jeal\sies exi/+ betwe5 ,eum5es1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus1 & ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ! rul] ( ,egypt1 contempor>ies ( ea* o!r4 ,?is ,ptolemy1 ,b4 ,c4 #bjb1 issu$ an edict prohibit+ ! exportation ( papyrus f ,egypt1 & hop$ !reby to rid himself ( =eign rivals 9 ! =mation ( libr>ies2 also t he might nev] be subject to ! inconv5i5ce ( want+ pap] = ! multitude ( scribes :om he kept con/antly employ$1 bo? to write orig9al manuscripts z well z to multiply !m by duplication4 ,be=e ?is p]iod ! exportation ( papyrus _h be5 a v consid]able article ( ,egyptian comm]ce1 b !reaft] x became mu* curtail$1 & ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #iej _h ceas$ altoge!r4 ,eum5es1 x appe>s1 0 n to be det]r$ f 8 favorite /udy & pa/ime1 s lie contriv$ a peculi> mode ( dress+ sk9s1 :i* seems to h answ]$ v fully ! requirem5ts ( fluid-ink writ+ me?ods & ?us avoid+ ! necessity ( employ+ pa9ts1 ! only mat]ial :i* w\ld b9d to undress$ p>*m5t 7sk9s74 ,t ! ref9$ & luxuri\s ,romans1 aft] ! introduction ( p>*m5t1 vellum1 & pap]1 insi/$ on an improvem5t 9 quality & appe>ance is c]ta94 ,?is appe>s f v>i\s passages 9 _! be/ au?ors4 ,ovid1 writ+ to ,rome f 8 place ( exile1 compla9s bitt]ly t 8 lett] mu/ be s5t pla91 simple1 & )\t ! cu/om>y embelli%m5ts4 ,we c safely date ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! mod]n =m ( books to ! introduction ( dress$ sk9s 7p>*m5t & vellum71 z surfaces to receive ink writ+4 ,^! mat]ials c\ld be =m$ into leaves1 in/ead ( metal1 wood1 ivory1 or wax tablets1 a use to :i* papyrus c\ld n be put on acc\nt ( its brittl5ess4 ,?us orig9at$ ! libri quadrali1 or squ>e books1 :i* ev5tually sup]s$$ ! anci5t volum9a 7rolls74 ,p>*m5t & vellum gradually sup]s$$ all o!r sub/ances 9 ,europe z a g5]al mat]ial = writ+ ^u1 aft] ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury4 ,! employm5t ( papyrus1 h[ev]1 9 ecclesia/ical c5t]s cont9u$ ev5 z late z ! elev5? c5tury4 ,a k9d ( b>k pap] 0 manufactur$ 9 ,europe previ\s to ! introduction ( l95 7cotton1 ,bombyc9a7 pap] f ! ,ea/4 ,! anci5t ,*9ese made v>i\s k9ds ( pap] & _h a me?od ( produc+ pieces sometimes =ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ,*9ese record1 call$ ,s\ ki5 t*i p\1 /ates t a k9d ( pap] 0 made f hemp1 & ano!r au?ority 7,du ,halde7 obs]ves1 t old pieces ( wov5 hemp 7 fir/ made into pap] 9 t c\ntry ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ie1 by a great m&>9 ( ! palace4 ,l95 rags 7 aft]w>ds employ$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,! introduction ( l95 pap] into ,europe did n mat]ially affect or int]f]e ) ! use ( p>*m5t or vellum until aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! class ( sub/ances to :i* p>*m5t & vellum belong has already receiv$ "s consid]ation b is a subject well wor? "s fur!r discussion4 ,allusions are f\nd 9 "s ( ! classical writ]s to inscriptions writt5 on ! sk9s ( goats & %eep2 x has1 inde$1 be5 ass]t$ by "s s*ol>s t ! ,books ( ,moses 7 writt5 on su* sk9s4 ,dr4 ,bu*anan _m ye>s ago discov]$1 9 ! record *e/ ( "s ,hebrews at ,malab>1 a manuscript copy ( ! great] "p ( ! ,p5tateu*1 writt5 9 ,hebrew on goat's sk9s4 ,! goat sk9s 7 ?irty-sev5 9 numb]1 dy$ r$1 & 7 sewn toge!r1 s z to =m a roll =ty-eight feet 9 l5g? by tw5ty-two in*es 9 wid?4 ,at :at date ?is 0 writt5 _c be n[ det]m9$1 b x is suppos$ to be extremely anci5t4 ,! ,hebrews began1 e>ly aft] ! inv5tion ( p>*m5t1 to write _! scriptures on ?is mat]ial1 ( :i* ! rolls ( ! law us$ 9 _! synagogues are /ill compos$4 ,scriptural1 l _m o!r classes ( ,,mss4 orig9at+ previ\s to ! eigh? c5tury & ink writt5 ei!r on p>*m5t or vellum1 or bo?1 are 9 capital lett]s )\t spaces betwe5 words & exce$+ly r>e4 ,! m important & valuable ( !m :i* apply to ! ,new ,te/am5t are respectively kn[n z ! ,s9aitic1 ! ,vatican & ! ,alex&rian1 _m ( ^: v>i\s translations & read+s are incorporat$ by ,tis*5dorf 9 8 ,leipzig edition ( ! ,engli% ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! /ories relat+ to ! discov]y & obta9+ ( ^! relics ( ! fir/ c5turies ( our era are />tl+ ones4 ,! reputation & /&+1 h[ev]1 ( ! discov]]s1 & ! inve/igations subsequ5tly made by kn[n s*ol>s ( _! "t1 s]ves to inve/ !m ) a c]ta9 degree ( tru?fulness4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ is ! /ory ab\t ! ,s9aitic codex1 ! olde/ ( any extant & :i* is be/ told by ,madan3 ,! /ory ( ! discov]y ( ?is fam\s manuscript ( ! ,bible 9 ,greek1 ! olde/ exi/+ ( all ! ,new ,te/am5t codexes1 & 9 sev]al po9ts ! mo/ int]e/+1 reads l a romance4 ,con/ant9e ,tis*5dorf1 ! well- kn[n editor ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t1 />t$ on 8 fir/ mission litt]aire 9 ,april1 #ahdd1 & 9 ! next mon? f\nd himself at ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,!re1 9 ! middle ( ! hall1 z he cross$ x1 he saw a basket full ( old p>*m5t leaves on _! way to ! burn+1 & 0 told t two baskets _h already gone6 ,look+ at ! leaves m closely1 he p]ceiv$ t !y 7 p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek1 writt5 9 an extremely old h&writ+4 ,he 0 all[$ to take away =ty-?ree leaves2 b ! int]e/ ( ! monks 0 ar\s$1 & !y bo? /opp$ ! burn+1 & also refus$ to "p ) any m ( ! preci\s fragm5ts4 ,tis*5dorf dep>t$1 deposit$ ! =ty- ?ree leaves 9 ! ,leipsig ,libr>y1 & edit$ !m "u ! title ( ! ,codex ,frid]ico-,au- gu/anus1 9 complim5t to ! ,k+ ( ,saxony1 9 #ahdf4 ,b he wisely kept ! secret ( _! prov5ance1 & no "o foll[$ 9 8 track until he himself w5t on a second que/ to ! mona/]y 9 #ahec4 ,9 t ye> he c\ld f9d no traces :atev] ( ! rema9s ( ! ,,mss4 except a few fragm5ts ( ,g5esis1 & return$ unsuccessful & di%e>t5$4 ,at la/1 he once m took a j\rney to ! mona/]y1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,russian ,emp]or1 :o 0 popul> ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ z ! protector ( ! ,ori5tal ,*ur*es4 ,no?+ c\ld he f9d1 h[ev]2 & he _h ord]$ 8 ,b$\9s to get ready = dep>ture1 :51 happ5+ to h tak5 a walk ) ! /ew>d ( ! h\se1 & to be invit$ into 8 room1 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation ! /ew>d said3 ',i1 too1 h read a ,septuag9t1' & produc$ out ( a wrapp] ( r$ clo?1 'a bulky k9d ( volume1' :i* turn$ out to be ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ) ! ,greek text ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 mu* ( :i* 0 hi!rto unkn[n1 & ! great] "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 all p>ts ( ! v ,,mss4 :i* _h s long be5 s\ght6 ,9 a c>eless tone ,tis*5dorf ask$ if he might h x 9 8 room = fur!r inspection1 & t night 7,febru>y #d-e1 #ahei7 x 'seem$ impiety to sleep4' ,by ! next morn+ ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 0 copi$ out1 & a c\rse ( action 0 settl$4 ,might he c>ry ! volume to ,cairo to transcribe8 ,yes1 if ! ,prior's leave 0 obta9$2 b1 unluckily ! ,prior _h already />t$ to ,cairo on 8 way to ,con/ant9ople4 ,by ! activity ( ,tis*5dorf he 0 caught up at ,cairo1 gave ! requisite p]mission1 & a ,b$on9 0 s5t to ! conv5t1 & return$ ) ! book 9 n9e days4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,febru>y1 ,tis*5dorf began to transcribe x2 & :5 x 0 done1 conceiv$ ! happy idea ( ask+ = ! volume z a gift to ! ,emp]or ( ,russia4 ,probably ?is 0 ! only possible plea :i* w\ld h ga9$ ! ma9 object 9 view1 & ev5 z x 0 !re 0 great delay2 b at la/1 on ! #bh? ( ,septemb]1 ! gift 0 =mally made1 & ! ,,mss4 soon aft] deposit$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :]e x n[ lies4 ,! date ( ?is ,,mss4 is suppos$ to be n lat] ?an ,a4 ,d4 #djj1 & has be5 ! subject ( m9ute inquiry 9 consequ5ce ( ! curi\s /atem5t ( ,simonides 9 #ahfb1 t he _h himself writt5 x on ,m\nt ,a?os 9 #ahci-dj4 ,con/ant9e ,simonides 0 a ,greek :o 0 born 9 #ahbd & is believ$ to h be5 ! mo/ v]satile =g] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,f #ahdc until #ahef he 0 9 evid5ce all ov] ,europe (f]+ = sale fraudul5t ,,mss4 purport+ to be ( anci5t orig94 ,9 #ahfa ,madan says3 ,he boldly ass]t$ t he himself _h writt5 ! :ole ( ! ,codex ,s9aiticus :i* ,tis*5dorf _h b\ght 9 #ahef f ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,! /atem5t 01 ( c\rse1 receiv$ ) ! utmo/ incr$ulity2 b ,simionides ass]t$1 n only t he _h writt5 x1 b t1 9 view ( ! probable skepticism ( ! s*ol>s1 he _h plac$ c]ta9 private signs on p>ticul> leaves ( ! codex4 ,:5 press$ to specify ^! m>ks he gave a li/ ( ! leaves on :i* 7 to be f\nd 8 initials or o!r monogram4 ,! te/ 0 a fair "o1 & ! ,,mss41 :i* 0 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 0 c>efully inspect$4 ,e leaf designat$ by ,simonides 0 f\nd to be imp]fect at ! "p :]e ! m>k 0 to h be5 f\nd4 ,delib]ate mutilation by an enemy1 said 8 fri5ds4 ,b _m ?\ght t ! wily ,greek _h acquir$ ?r\gh private fri5ds a note ( "s imp]fect leaves 9 ! ,,mss41 & _h made unscrupul\s use ( ! in=mation4 ,a curi\s k9d ( docum5t1 :i* l9ks ! classical times ) ! middle ages1 9 respect to ! we ( p>*m5t1 is af=d$ by ! palimpse/s1 or manuscripts f :i* old writ+ _h be5 eras$ 9 ord] to make way = new4 ,a well-prep>$ leaf ( p>*m5t 0 s co/ly an article 9 ! middle ages1 t ! transcrib]s :o 7 employ$ by ! mona/ic e/abli%m5ts 9 writ+ (t5 avail$ !mselves ( "s old manuscript1 f :i* !y scrap$ (f ! writ+2 su* a d\bly-us$ piece ( p>*m5t 0 call$ a palimpse/4 ,?is practice seems to h be5 foll[$ long be=e1 b n to s great an ext5t z ab\t ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 at :i* "t !re 7 p]sons regul>ly employ$ z p>*m5t-re/or]s4 ,! transcrib]s _h a regul> k9d ( knife1 ) :i* !y scrat*$ out ! old writ+1 & !y rubb$ ! surface ) p[d]$ pumice /one1 to prep>e x = receiv+ ! new ink4 ,s common 0 ?is practice t :5 "o ( ! emp]ors ( ,g]many e/abli%$ ! (fice ( imp]ial not>y1 x 0 "o ( ! articles or conditions atta*$ to ! hold+ ( ! (fice t ! not>y %\ld n use scrap$ vellum 9 draw+ de$s4 ,sometimes ! orig9al writ+1 by a c>eful treatm5t ( ! p>*m5t1 has be5 s f> re/or$ z to be visible1 & x is f\nd to be p>allel1 diagonal1 & sometimes at "r angles to ! writ+ aft]w>ds introduc$4 ,9 _m cases ! anci5t writ+ re/or$ b5ea? is f\nd to be inf9itely m valuable ?an ! monki% leg5ds writt5 aft]w>ds4 ,cic]o's ,de ,republica 0 discov]$ by ,angelo ,mai 9 ! ,vatican libr>y writt5 "u a comm5t>y ( ,/4 ,augu/9e on ! ,psalms2 & ! ,in/itutions ( ,ga9s1 9 ! libr>y ( ! *apt] ( ,v]ona1 7 deciph]$ 9 l mann] "u ! works ( ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,papyrus1 p>*m5t1 & vellum 7 sometimes us$ toge!r 9 ! ,,mss4 books4 ,?ompson1 au?or ( ,greek & ,lat9 ,palaeography1 obs]ves3 ,examples1 made up 9 book =m1 sometimes ) a few vellum leaves incorporat$ to give /ability1 are f\nd 9 diff]5t libr>ies ( ,europe4 ,!y are3 ,! ,homilies ( ,/4 ,avitus1 ( ! #f? c5tury1 at ,p>is2 ,s]mons & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ( ! #f? or #g? c5tury1 at ,p>is & ,g5oa2 works ( ,hil>y1 ( ! #f? c5tury1 at ,vi5na2 fragm5ts ( ! ,dige/s1 ( ! #f? c5tury1 at ,pomm]sfeld2 ! ,antiquities ( ,josephus1 ( ! #g? c5tury1 at ,milan2 an ,isidore1 ( ! #g? c5tury1 at ,/4 ,gall4 ,at ,muni*1 also1 is ! regi/] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rav5na1 writt5 on ?is mat]ial 9 ! #aj? c5tury4 ,! rolls & records connect$ ) ! e>ly p>liam5t>y & legal proce$+s 9 ,engl& furni% int]e/+ examples ( ! use ( p>*m5t 9 writ+4 ,! ,records1 s (t5 allud$ to 9 su* matt]s1 are /atem5ts or details1 writt5 ^u rolls ( p>*m5t1 ( ! proce$+s 9 ^? high] c\rts ( law :i* are di/+ui%$ z ,c\rts ( ,record4 ,x has be5 /at$ t our /ores ( public records are ju/ly reckon$ to excel 9 age1 beauty1 correctness1 & au?ority :atev] ! *oice/ ar*ives abroad c boa/ ( ! l sort4 ,! records are g5]ally made ( sev]al sk9s or %eets ( p>*m5t or vellum1 ea* %eet be+ ab\t ?ree feet long & (t5 n9e to f\rte5 in*es 9 wid?4 ,!y are ei!r all fa/5$ toge!r at "o end1 s z to =m a k9d ( book1 or are /it*$ end to end1 s z to con/itute an ext5d$ roll4 ,^! two me?ods appe> ea* to h _h its p>ticul> advantages1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i*1 & ! "t at :i*1 ! manuscript 0 fill$ up4 ,"s ( ! records ( ! =m] ( ^! two k9ds conta9 s _m sk9s ( p>*m5t t !y =m a huge roll equal 9 size to a l>ge bass drum1 & requir+ ! /r5g? ( two m5 to lift !m4 ,"s ( ^! on ! cont9u\s plan are also said to be ( imm5se size2 "o1 ( mod]n date1 is n9e hundr$ feet 9 l5g? & employs a man ?ree h\rs to unroll x4 ,! invaluable old record1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,doomsday ,book1 is %ap$ l a book1 & is mu* m conv5i5t to op5 ?an mo/ ( ! o!rs4 ,v>i\s o!r legal docum5ts1 to an imm5se am\nt1 are fil$1 or fa/5$ toge!r by a /r+ pass+ ?r\gh !m4 ,x seems a v /range contradiction1 b x is positively ass]t$ z a fact1 t ! p>*m5t employ$ = ^! records 0 ( v f9e quality d[n to ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 b t x gradually det]iorat$ aft]w>ds1 insomu* t ! late/ are ! wor/4 ,"s ( ^! records & rolls are writt5 9 ,lat91 "s 9 ,norman ,fr5*1 & "s 9 ,engli%4 ,! modes ( deposit+ & c>ry+ ! anci5t records 7 curi\s1 & !re seems to h be5 no v def9ite arrangem5t 9 ?is respect4 ,great numb]s 7 kept 9 p\*es or bags made ( lea!r1 canvas1 cordovan1 or buckram2 !y 7 ti$ l mod]n reticules4 ,:5 su* p\*es h escap$ damp !y h pres]v$ ! p>*m5t records = c5turies p]fectly clean & un9jur$4 ,ano!r k9d ( receptacle = records 0 a small turn$ box1 call$ a skippet1 & ano!r 0 ! hanap]1 or hamp]1 a basket made ( twigs or wick]-"w4 ,*e/s1 c(f]s1 & cases ( v>i\s %apes & sizes =m$ o!r receptacles = ! records4 ,! mode ( f9d+ ! p>ticul> docum5t requir$ 0 n by a sy/em ( pag+ & an index1 z 9 a mod]n book1 because ! arrangem5t ( ! writt5 %eets did n admit ( ?is1 b !re 7 lett]s1 signs1 & inscriptions1 or labels = ?is purpose2 !y con/itute an odd assemblage1 compris+ %ips1 scales1 balances1 ca/les1 plants1 animals1 etc42 9 mo/ in/ances ! signs or symbols be> "s analogy1 or suppos$ analogy1 ) ! subject ( ! record1 su* z an oak on a record relat+ to ! =e/ laws1 a head 9 a c[l on "o relat+ to a mona/]y1 scales on "o relat+ to co9+1 etc4 ,at a "t :5 books 7 prep>$ by h& in/ead ( by pr9t+1 & :5 ea* copy became v valuable1 books 7 treat$ ) a degree ( respect :i* c be h>dly und]/ood at ! pres5t day4 ,! cl]gy & ! monks 7 almo/ exclusively ! read]s ( ^? days1 & !y held ! o!r classes ( society 9 su* contempt1 9 all t reg>d$ lit]ature & le>n+1 t ,bi%op de ,burg1 :o wrote ab\t five c5turies ago1 expresses an op9ion t ,laym51 to :om x matt]s n :e!r !y look at a book turn$ wrong side upw>ds or spread be=e !m 9 natural ord]1 are altoge!r unwor?y ( any communion ) books4 ,x is /at$ by ,mr4 ,knight1 9 8 ,life ( ,caxton3 ,we h abundant evid5ce1 :atev] be ! sc>city ( books z comp>$ ) ! gr[? ( s*ol>%ip1 t ! ecclesia/ics lab\r$ mo/ dilig5tly to multiply books = _! own e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 e great abbey !re 0 a room call$ ! ,scriptorium1 :]e boys & novices 7 con/antly employ$ 9 multiply+ ! s]vice- books ( ! *oir1 & ! less valuable books = ! libr>y2 :il/ ! monks !mselves lab\r$ 9 _! cells ^u bibles & missals4 ,equal pa9s 7 tak5 9 provid+ books = ^? :o receiv$ a lib]al education 9 collegiate e/abli%m5ts4 ,w>ton says3 ,at ! f\ndation ( ,w9*e/] ,college1 "o or m transcrib]s 7 hir$ & employ$ by ! f\nd] to make books = ! libr>y4 ,!y transcrib$ & took _! food )9 ! college1 z appe>s by computation ( exp5ses on _! acc\nt n[ rema9+4 ,b !re are _m indications t ev5 k+s & nobles _h n ! advantage ( s*ol>s by pr(ession1 &1 possess+ few books ( _! own1 _h sometimes to borr[ ( _! m fav\r$ subjects4 ,we le>n f ano!r s\rce t ! great n only procur$ books by pur*ase1 b employ$ transcrib]s to make !m = _! libr>ies4 ,! manuscript exp5se acc\nt ( ,sir ,john ,h[>d1 aft]w>ds ,duke ( ,norfolk1 %[s 9 #adfg1 ,?omas ,lympnor1 t is ,?omas ! ,limn] ( ,bury1 0 paid ! sum ( fifty %ill+s & two p5ce = a book :i* he _h transcrib$ & ornam5t$1 includ+ ! vellum & b9d+4 ,! limn]'s bill is made up ( a numb] ( items1 = :ole vignettes1 & half-vignettes1 & capital lett]s1 & fl\ri%+ & pla9 writ+4 ,^! transcrib]s & limn]s work$ pr9cipally ^u p>*m5t & vellum1 = ! use ( pap] 0 by no means ext5sive until ! inv5tion ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,"s ( ! old manuscripts conta9 draw+s repres5t+ a copi] or transcrib] at "w1 :]e ! monk is repres5t$ z provid$ ) a s+ul> & tol]ably complete set ( app>atus to aid him 9 8 "w4 ,! desk = conta9+ ! %eet or sk9 on :i* he is writ+1 ! clasp to keep ?is %eet flat1 ! ink/&1 ! p51 & ! knife1 ! manuscript f :i* ! copy is be+ made1 ! desk = conta9+ t manuscript1 & ! weight = keep+ x 9 its place1--all are %[n1 ) a cle>ness :i*1 despite ( bad p]spective1 r5d]s !m q intelligible4 ,( ! two sub/ances1 p>*m5t & vellum1 be=e ! inv5tion ( pap]1 ano!r ^w or two may be said4 ,p>*m5t is made f ! sk9 ( %eep or lambs2 vellum1 f t ( v "y calves 7sometimes unborn ones71 b ! process ( prep>+ is pretty mu* ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,:5 ! hair or wool has be5 remov$1 ! sk9 is /eep$ 9 lime wat]1 & !n /ret*$ on a squ>e frame 9 a light mann]4 ,:ile s /ret*$1 x is scrap$ on ! fle% side ) a blunt iron1 wett$ ) a moi/ rag1 cov]$ ) p\nd$ *alk1 & rubb$ well ) pumice /one4 ,aft] a "t1 ^! op]ations are repeat$1 b )\t ! use ( *alk2 ! sk9 is !n turn$1 & scrap$ on ! hair side once only2 ! fle% side is !n scrap$ once m1 & aga9 rubb$ ov] ) *alk1 :i* is bru%$ (f ) a piece ( lambsk9 reta9+ ! wool4 ,all ?is is done by ! sk9n]1 :o all[s ! sk9 to dry on a frame1 & !n cuts x out & s5ds x to ! p>*m5t mak]1 :o repeats ! op]ation ) a %>p] tool1 us+ a sack /uff$ ) flocks 7wool or hair7 to lay ! sk9 ^u1 in/ead ( /ret*+ x on a frame4 ,respect+ ! quality1 value1 & prep>ation ( p>*m5t 9 pa/ ages1 x is /at$ 9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopa$ia t p>*m5t f ! sev5? to ! t5? c5tury 0 :ite & good1 & at ! e>lie/ ( ^! p]iods x appe>s to h ne>ly sup]s$$ papyrus1 :i* 0 brittle & m p]i%able4 ,a v few books ( ! sev5? c5tury h leaves ( p>*m5t & papyrus mix$1 t ! =m] co/ly mat]ial might /r5g!n & support ! friable pap]4 ,ab\t ! elev5? c5tury x grew worse1 & a dirty color$ p>*m5t is evid5ce ( a want ( antiquity4 ,?is may possibly arise f ! circum/ances t writ]s ( ?is "t prep>$ _! own p>*m5t1 & !y 7 probably n s skill$ z manufactur]s4 ,a curi\s passage f a s]mon ( ,hildeb]t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,t\rs1 :o 0 born 9 #ajed1 is a v\*] = ?is fact4 ,! s]mon is on ! ,book ( ,life1 :i* he recomm5ds 8 he>]s to obta93 ',d y "k :at a writ] does8 ,he fir/ cleanses 8 p>*m5t f ! grease1 & takes (f ! pr9cipal "p ( ! dirt2 !n he entirely rubs (f ! hair & fibres ) pumice /one2 if he did n d s1 ! lett]s writt5 ^u x w\ld n be good1 nor w\ld !y la/ long4 ,he !n rules l9es t ! writ+ may be /raight4 ,all ^! ?+s y ought to d1 if y wi% to possess ! book :i* ,i h be5 display+ to y4' ,at ?is "t p>*m5t 0 a v co/ly mat]ial4 ,we f9d x m5tion$ t ,gui1 ,c\nt ( ,nev]s1 hav+ s5t a valuable pres5t ( plate to ! ,*>treux ( ,p>is1 ! uno/5tati\s monks return$ x ) a reque/ t he w\ld s5d !m p>*m5t in/ead4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,mod]n ,,ink ,,backgr\nds 7,,true ,,pap]74 ,,:5 ,,x ,,0 ,,t ,,true ,,pap] ,,0 ,,inv5t$--,,citations ,,f ,,munsell ,,ab\t ,,*9ese ,,& ,,o!r ,,anci5t ,,pap]--,a ,,%ort ,,*ronology ,,f ,,! ,,same ,,au?or--,,l95 ,,pap] ,,9 ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,twelf? ,,c5tury--,,bombyc9e ,,pap]--,,developm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,microscope--,,me?ods ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,asc]ta9+ ,,orig9 ,,( ,,l95 ,,pap] ,,by ,,me]man--,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,pap] --,,rapid ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,quality ,,aft] ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+--,,curi\s ,,cu/oms ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,wat] ,,m>k--,,no ,,di/9ctions ,,9 ,,quality ,,( ,,pap] ,,us$ ,,= ,,mss4 ,,or ,,o!r ,,books--,,anecdotes ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,! ,,wat] ,,m>k--,,its ,,value ,,9 ,,detect+ ,,frauds--,,int]e/+ ,,anecdote ,,( ,,its ,,use ,,9 ,,fabricat+ ,a ,,fraud--,,full]',s ,,*>act]ization ,,( ,,! ,,pap]s ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries--,,:5 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pap] ,,mill ,,0 ,,e/abli%$ ,,9 ,,europe ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,l95 ,,pap]--,,date ,,( ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pap] ,,mill ,,9 ,,am]ica--,,:o ,,fir/ ,,sugge/$ ,,wood ,,z ,a ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,mak+ ,,pap]--,,"s ,,names ,,( ,,au?ors ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,pap]--,,/ory ,,( ,,rag ,,pap] ,,in/ructive ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,int]e/+4 ,,:5 x 0 t ! great *ange occurr$ & true pap] made ( fibr\s matt] or rags r$uc$ to a pulp 9 wat] 0 inv5t$ has be5 a subject ( consid]able ?\ght & inve/igation4 ,munsell1 9 8 ,*ronology ( ,pap] & ,pap]-,mak+1 cr$its x to ! ,*9ese1 & e/imates its date to be includ$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,he obs]ves3 ,! ,*9ese pap] is commonly suppos$ to be made ( silk2 b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,silk by itself _c be r$uc$ to a pulp suitable = mak+ pap]4 ,refuse silk is said to be occasionally us$ ) o!r +r$i5ts1 b ! great] "p ( ! ,*9ese pap] is made f ! inn] b>k ( ! bamboo & mulb]ry tree1 call$ by !m ! pap] tree1 hemp5 rags1 etc4 ,! latt] are prep>$ = pap] by be+ cut & well wa%$ 9 tanks4 ,!y are !n blea*$ & dri$2 9 twelve days !y are conv]t$ into a pulp1 :i* is !n made into balls ( ab\t f\r p\nds weight4 ,^! are aft]w>ds saturat$ ) wat]1 & made into pap] on a frame ( f9e re$s2 & are dri$ by be+ press$ "u l>ge /ones4 ,a second dry+ op]ation is p]=m$ by pla/]+ ! %eets on ! walls ( a room4 ,! %eets are !n coat$ ) gum size1 & poli%$ ) /ones4 ,!y also make pap] f cotton & l95 rags1 & a co>se yell[ sort f rice /raw1 :i* is us$ = wrapp+4 ,!y are enabl$ to make %eets ( a l>ge size1 ! m\ld on :i* ! pulp is made into pap] be+ sometimes t5 or twelve feet long & v wide1 & manag$ by means ( ,pulleys4 ,! ,japanese prep>e pap] f ! mulb]ry z foll[s3 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb] ! twigs are cut into l5g?s n exce$+ ?irty in*es & put toge!r 9 bundles4 ,^! fagots are !n plac$ upright 9 a l>ge vessel conta9+ alkal9e ley1 & boil$ till ! b>k %r9ks s z to all[ ab\t a half an in* ( ! wood to appe> free at ! top4 ,aft] !y are ?us boil$ !y are expos$ to a cool atmosph]e1 & laid away = future use4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity has be5 ?us collect$1 x is soak$ 9 wat] ?ree or f\r days1 :5 a blacki% sk9 :i* cov]$ x is scrap$ (f4 ,at ! same "t also ! /rong] b>k :i* is ( a full ye>'s gr[? is sep>at$ f ! ?9n]1 :i* cov]$ ! y\ng] bran*es1 & :i* yields ! be/ & :ite/ pap]4 ,aft] x has be5 suffici5tly cleans$ out & sep>at$1 x mu/ be boil$ 9 cle> ley1 & if /irr$ frequ5tly x soon becomes ( a suitable nature4 ,x is !n wa%$1 a process requir+ mu* att5tion & great skill & judgm5t2 = if x be n wa%$ long en\gh1 al?\gh /rong & ( good body1 w be co>se & ( little value2 if wa%$ too long x w af=d a :ite pap]1 b w be spongy & unfit = writ+ ^u4 ,hav+ be5 wa%$ until x becomes a s(t & woolly pulp1 x is spread ^u a table & beat f9e ) a mallet4 ,x is !n put into a tub ) an infusion ( rice & br5i root1 :5 ! :ole is /irr$ until ! +r$i5ts are ?or\ghly mix$ 9 a mass ( prop] consi/5ce4 ,! m\lds on :i* %eets are =m$ are made ( re$s cut into n>r[ /rips in/ead ( wire1 & ! process ( dipp+ is l t ( o!r c\ntries4 ,aft] be+ all[$ to rema9 a %ort "t 9 heaps "u a slight pressure1 ! %eets are expos$ to ! sun1 by :i* !y are prop]ly dri$4 ,! ,arabians 9 ! sev5? c5tury appe> to h ei!r discov]$ or to h le>n$ f ! ,*9ese or ,h9doos1 q likely f ! latt]1 ! art ( mak+ pap] f cotton2 = x is kn[n t a manufactory ( su* pap] 0 e/abli%$ at ,sam>c& ab\t ! ye> #gjf ,a4 ,d1 ,! ,arabians seem to h c>ri$ ! art to ,spa91 & to h !re made pap] f l95 & hemp z well z f cotton4 ,! art ( manufactur+ pap] f cotton is suppos$ to h f\nd its way into ,europe 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ pap] ( t k9d 0 made ( raw cotton2 b its manufacture 0 by ! ,arabians ext5d$ to old worn-out cotton1 & ev5 to ! smalle/ pieces x is said4 ,b z !re are cotton plants ( v>i\s k9ds1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld produce pap]s ( diff]5t qualities2 & x 0 impossible to unite _! woolly p>ticles s firmly z to =m a /rong sub/antial pap]1 = want ( suffici5t skill & prop] ma*9]y1 us+ z !y did mort>s & rude horse-mills4 ,! ,greeks1 x is said1 made use ( cotton pap] be=e ! ,lat9s4 ,x came into ,g]many ?r\gh ,v5ice & 0 call$ ,greek p>*m5t4 ,! ,moors1 :o 7 ! pap]-mak]s ( ,spa91 hav+ be5 expell$ by ! ,spani>ds1 ! latt]1 acqua9t$ ) wat] mills1 improv$ ! manufacture s z to produce a pap] f cotton ne>ly equal to t made ( l95 rags4 ,a *ronology ( pap] relat+ to ! e>lie/ specim5s ( !m c also be f\nd 9 ,munsell's "w on t subject2 sev]al are "h cit$3 ,a4 ,d4 #gjd4 ,! ,arabians are suppos$ to h acquir$ ! k ( mak+ pap] ( cotton1 by _! conque/s 9 ,t>t>y4 ,a4 ,d4 #gjf4 ,casiri1 a ,spani% au?or1 attributes ! inv5tion ( cotton pap] to ,joseph ,amru1 9 ?is ye>1 at ,mecca2 b x is well kn[n t ! ,*9ese & ,p]sians 7 acqua9t$ ) its manufacture be=e ?is p]iod4 ,a4 ,d4 #ijj4 ,! bulls ( ! popes 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies 7 writt5 ^u cotton pap]4 ,a4 ,d4 #ijj4 ,montfaucon1 :o on acc\nt ( 8 dilig5ce & ! ext5t ( 8 rese>*es is great au?ority1 wrote a diss]tation to prove t *>ta bombyc9e1 cotton pap]1 0 discov]$ 9 ! empire ( ! ea/ t[>d ! end ( ! n9? or beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,a4 ,d4 #ajjg4 ,! pl5>ium1 or inv5tory1 ( ! treasure ( ! *ur* ( ,s&]%eim1 is writt5 ^u pap] ( cotton1 be>+ ?is date4 ,a4 ,d4 #ajdi4 ,! olde/ manuscript 9 ,engl& writt5 ^u cotton pap]1 is 9 ! ,bodleian collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 hav+ ?is date4 ,a4 ,d4 #ajej4 ,! mo/ anci5t manuscript on cotton pap]1 t has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,p>is hav+ a date1 be>s record ( ?is ye>4 ,a4 ,d4 #ajhe4 ,! ,*ri/ian successors ( ,moori% pap]-mak]s at ,tol$o 9 ,spa91 work$ ! pap]-mills to bett] advantage ?an _! pr$ecessors4 ,in/ead ( manufactur+ pap] ( raw cotton1 :i* is easily recogniz$ by its yell[ness & brittl5ess1 !y made x ( rags1 9 m\lds ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ran (f2 = ?is reason x 0 call$ p>*m5t clo?4 ,a4 ,d4 #aajj4 ,! ,aphorisms ( ,hippocrates1 9 ,arabia1 ! manuscript ( :i* be>s ?is date1 has be5 pron\nc$ ! olde/ specim5 ( l95 pap] t has come to light4 ,a4 ,d4 #aajj4 ,arabic manuscripts 7 at ?is "t writt5 on sat9 pap]1 & embelli%$ ) a quantity ( ornam5tal "w1 pa9t$ 9 su* gay & respl5d5t colors t ! read] might behold 8 face reflect$ z if f a mirror4 ,a4 ,d4 #aajj4 ,!re 0 a diploma ( ,rog]1 k+ ( ,sicily1 dat$ #aade1 9 :i* be says t he _h r5ew$ on p>*m5t a *>t] t _h be5 writt5 on cotton pap] 9 #aajj4 ,a4 ,d4 #aajb4 ,! k+ ( ,sicily appe>s to h accord$ a diploma to an anci5t family ( pap]-mak]s :o _h e/abli%$ a manufactory 9 t isl&1 :]e cotton 0 indig5\s1 & ?is has be5 ?\ght to po9t to ! orig9 ( cotton pap]1 q errone\sly4 ,a4 ,d4 #aabj4 ,pet] ! ,v5]able1 abbot ( ,clum1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ?is "t1 decl>$ t pap] f l95 rags 0 9 use 9 8 day4 ,a4 ,d4 #aaej4 ,edrisi1 :o wrote at ?is "t1 tells u t ! pap] made at ,xativa1 an anci5t city ( ,val5cia1 0 excell5t1 & 0 export$ to c\ntries ea/ & we/4 ,a4 ,d4 #aaea4 ,an ,arabian au?or c]tifies t v f9e :ite cotton pap] 0 manufactur$ 9 ,spa91 & ,cacim ab5 ,hegi assures u t ! be/ 0 made at ,xativa4 ,! ,spani>ds be+ acqua9t$ ) wat]-mills1 improv$ ^u ! ,moori% me?od ( gr9d+ ! raw cotton & rags2 & by /amp+ ! latt] 9 ! mill1 !y produc$ a bett] pulp ?an f raw cotton1 by :i* v>i\s sorts ( pap] 7 manufactur$1 ne>ly equal to ^? made f l95 rags4 ,a4 ,d4 #aaec4 ,petrus ,mauritius 7! ,abbi de ,cluni71 :o di$ 9 ?is ye>1 has ! foll[+ passage on pap] 9 8 ,treatise aga9/ ! ,jews2 ',! books we read e day are made ( %eep1 goat1 or calf sk92 or ( rags 7ex rasauris vet]um pannorum71' suppos$ to allude to mod]n pap]4 ,a4 ,d4 #aagh4 ,a treaty ( peace betwe5 ! k+s ( ,aragon & ,ca/ile is ! olde/ specim5 ( l95 pap] us$ 9 ,spa9 ) a date4 ,x is suppos$ t ! ,moors1 on _! settlem5t 9 ,spa91 :]e cotton 0 sc>ce1 made pap] ( hemp & flax4 ,! inv5tor ( l95-rag pap]1 :oev] he 01 is entitl$ to ! gratitude ( po/]ity4 ,a4 ,d4 #abjj4 ,casiri positively affirms t !re are manuscripts 9 ! ,escurial palace ne> ,madrid1 ^u bo? cotton & hemp pap]1 writt5 prior to ?is "t4 ,abdollatiph1 an ,arabian physician1 :o visit$ ,egypt 9 #abjj1 says t ! l95 mummy-clo?s 7 habitually us$ to make wrapp+ pap] = ! %opkeep]s4 ,a docum5t ) ! seals pres]v$ dat$ ,a4 ,d4 #abci & sign$ by ,adolphus1 c\nt ( ,s*aumburg is writt5 on l95 pap]4 ,x is pres]v$ 9 ! univ]sity ( ,r9teln1 ,g]many1 & e/abli%es ! fact t l95 pap] 0 already 9 use 9 ,g]many4 ,specim5s ( flax pap] & /ill extant are q num]\s1 a v few ( !m hav+ dates includ$ 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies4 ,! *>ta ,damasc5a1 s-call$ f ! fact ( its manufacture 9 ! city ( ,damascus1 0 9 use 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,_m ,arabian ,,mss4 on su* a pap] exi/ dat+ f ! n9? c5tury4 ,! *>ta bombyc9a 7bombyx1 a silk & cotton pap]7 0 mu* employ$ dur+ m$iaeval p]iods4 ,! microscope1 h[ev]1 has demon/rat$ conclusively _m ?+s =m]ly 9 d\bt & relat+ p>ticul>ly to ! matt] ( ! "* ( fibre us$ 9 pap]-mak+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important is ! n[ e/abli%$ fact t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! fibres ( ! old cotton & l95 pap]s1 z made f rags s nam$4 ,to asc]ta9 ! precise p]iod & ! p>ticul> nation ( ,europe1 :5 & among :om ! use ( our common pap] fabricat$ f l95 rags fir/ orig9at$1 0 a v e>ne/ object ( rese>* ) ! le>n$ ,me]man1 au?or ( a n[ exce$+ly r>e "w on ?is subject & publi%$ 9 #agfg4 ,8 mode ( inquiry 0 unique4 ,he propos$ a rew>d ( tw5ty-five gold5 ducats1 to :oev] %\ld discov] :at on due exam9ation %\ld appe> to be ! mo/ anci5t manuscript or public docum5t inscrib$ on pap] manufactur$ f l95 rags4 ,?is proposal 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,8 little volume conta9s ! replies :i* ,me]man receiv$4 ,! s*ol>s :o remitt$ ! result ( _! inve/igations 7 unable to di/+ui% betwe5 :at !y e/imat$ z cotton or l95 rags4 ,!y did1 h[ev]1 e/abli% ! fact t pap] made ( l95 rags exi/$ be=e #acjh1 & "s ( !m ev5 s\ght to give ! honor ( ! inv5tion to ,g]many4 ,!y also ass]t$ t ! mo/ anci5t ,engli% specim5 ( su* a pap] belong$ to ! ye> #acdb4 ,! trans=mation ( pap] made f e conceivable fibr\s mat]ial into :at is commonly kn[n z l95 or true pap] 0 ( sl[ gr[? until aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,foll[+ t great ev5t x is surpris+1 h[1 9 s %ort a p]iod1 ! manufactur]s ( pap] improv$ its quality & ! degree ( excell5ce :i* x lat] atta9$4 ,!y imitat$ ! old vellum s closely t x 0 ev5 call$ vellum & is s kn[n to ?is day4 ,?is class ( pap] 0 employ$ bo? = writ+ & pr9t+ purposes & has nev] be5 excell$1 surpass+ any l productions ( mod]n times4 ,a curi\s cu/om came into vogue dur+ ! e>ly infancy ( ! l95 pap] indu/ry1 :i* is ( s mu* int]e/ & possesses s curi\s a hi/ory z to be well wor? m5tion+4 ,x is ! wat] m>k z x is commonly b errone\sly t]m$ 9 connection ) pap] manufacture4 ,its orig9 dates back to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?\gh ! monum5ts indicat+ its use be=e ! "t ( pr9t+ are b few 9 numb]4 ,! real employm5t ( ! wat] m>k may be said to h comm5c$ at ! "t :5 x 0 a cu/om ( ! fir/ pr9t]s to omit _! names f _! works4 ,also1 x is to be consid]$ t at ?is p]iod comp>atively few p c\ld ei!r read or write & !re=e pictures1 designs or o!r m>ks 7 employ$ to enable !m to di/+ui% ! pap] ( "o manufactur] f ano!r4 ,^! m>ks z !y became common naturally gave _! names to ! diff]5t sorts ( pap]4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n wat] m>k on l95 pap] repres5t$ a picture ( a t[] & 0 ( ! date ( #abic4 ,! next kn[n wat] m>k :i* c be designat$ is a ram's head & is f\nd 9 a book ( acc\nts belong+ to an (ficial ( ,bordeaux :i* 0 !n subject to ,engl&4 ,x is dat$ #accj4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury !re 7 no di/9ctions 9 ! quality ( pap] us$ = manuscripts or = books4 ,9 ! ,m5tz ,bible ( #adfb are to be f\nd no less ?an ?ree sorts ( pap]4 ,( ?is ,bible1 ! wat] m>k 9 "s %eets is a bull's head simply1 & 9 o!rs a bull's head f ^: =ehead rises a long l9e1 at ! end ( :i* is a cross4 ,9 o!r %eets ! wat] m>k is a bun* ( grapes4 ,9 #adih ! wat] m>k ( pap] consi/$ ( an eight po9t$ /> )9 a d\ble circle4 ,! design ( an op5 h& ) a /> at ! top :i* 0 9 use z e>ly z #aecj1 probably gave ! "n to :at is /ill call$ h& pap]4 ,x appe>s t ev5 s high a p]sonage z ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl& 9 #aedj utiliz$ ! wat] m>k 9 ord] to %[ 8 contempt = & animosity to ,pope ,paul ,,iii1 ) :om he _h !n qu>rel$1 gave ord]s = ! prep>ation ( pap]1 ! wat] m>k ( :i* 0 a hog ) a mit]3 ?is he us$ = 8 private correspond5ce4 ,a little lat]1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! favorite pap] m>k 0 ! jug or pot1 f :i* w\ld appe> to h orig9at$ ! t]m pot pap]4 ,/ill ano!r belong+ to ?is p]iod 0 ! device ( a glove4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! device 0 a fool's cap & :i* has cont9u$ by "n z ! p>ticul> size :i* we n[ designate fool's cap4 ,! wat] m>k has cont9u$ to increase 9 popul>ity & to-day may be f\nd 9 almo/ any k9d ( pap]1 ei!r 9 ! %ape ( designs1 figures1 numb]s or names4 ,! circum/ance ( ! wat] m>k has at v>i\s times be5 ! means ( detect+ frauds1 =g]ies & impositions 9 our c\rts ( law & else:]e4 ,! foll[+ is introduc$ z a :imsical example ( su* detections & is said to h occurr$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & is relat$ by ,beloe1 ,london1 #ahjg3 ,! monks ( a c]ta9 mona/]y at ,mess9a exhibit$ to a visitor ) great triumph1 a lett] :i* !y claim$ _h be5 writt5 9 ink by ! ,virg9 ,m>y ) h] own h&1 n on ! anci5t papyrus1 b on pap] made ( rags4 ,! visitor to :om x 0 %[n obs]v$ ) affect$ solemnity1 t ! lett] involv$ also a miracle because ! pap] on :i* x 0 writt5 c\ld n h be5 9 exi/5ce until ov] a ?\s& ye>s aft] h] dea?4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! use ( wat] m>ks on pap] = fraudul5t purposes is to be f\nd 9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,irel&'s ,confessions4 ,?is p]son1 a son ( ,samuel ,irel&1 :o 0 a di/+ui%$ draughtsman & engrav]1 ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury fabricat$ a pret5d$ ,%akespe>e ,,mss41 :i* z a lit]>y =g]y 0 ! mo/ rem>kable ( its "t4 ,previ\s to 8 confessions x _h be5 accept$ by ! ,%akespe>ean s*ol>s z unque/ionably ! "w ( ! immortal b>d4 ,! foll[+ is a citation f 8 ,confessions3 ,be+ ?us urg$ =w>d to ! production ( m manuscripts1 x became necess>y t ,i %\ld posses2 a suffici5t quantity ( old pap] to enable me to proce$2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,i appli$ to a book-sell] nam$ ,v]ey1 9 ,great ,may's build+s1 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane1 :o1 = ! sum ( five %ill+s1 suff]$ me to take f all ! folio & qu>to volumes 9 8 %op ! fly leaves :i* !y conta9$4 ,by ?is means ,i 0 amply /or$ ) t commodity--nor did ,i fe> any m5tion ( ! circum/ance by ,mr4 ,v]ey1 ^: quiet1 unsuspect+ disposition1 ,i 0 well conv9c$1 w\ld nev] lead him to make ! transaction public2 9 addition to :i*1 he 0 n likely ev5 to "k any?+ conc]n+ ! suppos$ ,%akespe>ean discov]y by myself1 & ev5 if he _h1 ,i d n imag9e t my pur*ase ( ! old pap] 9 "q w\ld h excit$ 9 him ! smalle/ degree ( suspicion4 ,z ,i 0 fully aw>e1 f ! v>iety ( wat]-m>ks1 :i* are 9 exi/5ce at ! pres5t day1 t !y mu/ h con/antly be5 alt]$ s9ce ! p]iod ( ,elizabe? & be+ = "s "t :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! wat]-m>ks ( t age1 ,i v c>efully produc$ my fir/ specim5s ( ! writ+ on su* %eets ( old pap] z _h no m>ks :atev]4 ,hav+ he>d x frequ5tly /at$ t ! appe>ance ( su* m>ks on ! pap]s w\ld h greatly t5d$ to e/abli% _! validity1 ,i li/5$ att5tively to e rem>k :i* 0 made ^u ! subject1 & f !nce ,i at l5g? glean$ ! intellig5ce t a jug 0 ! preval5t wat]-m>k ( ! reign ( ,elizabe?2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,i inspect$ all ! %eets ( old pap] !n 9 my possession1 & hav+ select$ su* z _h ! jug ^u !m1 ,i produc$ ! succe$+ manuscripts ^u ^!1 be+ c>eful1 h[ev]1 to m+le ) !m a c]ta9 numb] ( blank leaves1 t ! production on a sudd5 ( s _m wat]-m>ks might n excite suspicion 9 ! brea/s ( ^? p]sons :o 7 mo/ conv]sant ) ! manuscripts4 ,full]1 writ+ 9 #affb1 *>act]izes ! pap] ( 8 day3 ,pap] p>ticipates 9 "s sort ( ! "* ( ! c\ntry :i* makes x2 ! ,v5etian be+ neat1 subtle1 & c\rt-l2 ! ,fr5* light1 slight1 & sl5d]2 & ! ,dut* ?ick1 corpul5t1 & gross1 /ick+ up ! ink ) ! spong9ess !re(4 ,& he compla9s ( ! 'va/ sums ( money exp5d$ 9 our l& = pap] out ( ,italy1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 :i* might be less5$ 7 x made 9 our nation4' ,ulman ,/ro!r 9 #acij />t$ 8 pap] mill at ,nuremb]g 9 ,bav>ia :i* 0 ! fir/ pap] mill kn[n to h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many1 & is said to h be5 ! only "o 9 ,europe !n manufactur+ pap] f l95 rags4 ,among ! privy exp5ses ( ,h5ry ,,vii ( ! ye> #adih appe>s ! foll[+ entry3 ,a rew>d giv5 to ! pap] mill1 #afs4 #h;d4 ,?is is probably ! pap] mill m5tion$ by ,wynk9 de ,worde1 ! fa!r ( ,engli% typography4 ,x 0 locat$ at ,h]t=d1 & ! wat] m>k he employ$ 0 a /> )9 a d\ble circle4 ,! manufacture ( pap] 9 ,engl& previ\s to ! revolution ( #afhh 0 an indu/ry ( v small proportions1 mo/ ( ! pap] be+ import$ f ,holl&4 ,! fir/ pap] mill e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica 0 by ,william ,ritt5h\se :o emigrat$ f ,holl& & settl$ 9 ,g]mant[n1 ,pa41 9 #afij4 ,at ,roxbor\gh1 ne> ,philadelphia1 on a /ream aft]w>ds call$ ,pap] ,mill run1 :i* empties into ! ,wissahick5 riv]1 0 locat$ ! site :i* 9 company ) ,william ,brad=d1 a pr9t]1 he *ose = 8 mill4 ,! pap] 0 made f l95 rags1 mo/ly ! product ( flax rais$ 9 ! vic9ity & made fir/ into we>+ app>el4 ,x 0 ,reaum]1 :o 9 #agai fir/ sugge/$ ! possibility ( pap] be+ made f wood4 ,he obta9$ 8 in=mation on ?is subject f exam9ation ( wasps' ne/s4 ,mat?ias ,koops 9 #ahjj publi%$ a "w on ,pap] made f /raw1 wood & o!r sub/ances4 ,8 second edition appe>$ 9 #ahja & 0 compos$ ( old pap] re-made into new4 ,ano!r "w on ! subject ( ,pap] f ,/raw1 c41 by ,piette1 appe>$ 9 #ahce1 :i* said "w conta9s m ?an a hundr$ pages1 ea* "o ( :i* 0 made f a diff]5t k9d ( mat]ial4 ,_m o!r valuable works are obta9able :i* treat ( rag pap] manufacture & ! /ories !y tell are in/ructive z well z int]e/+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,mod]n ,,ink ,,backgr\nds 7,,wood ,,pap] ,,& ,,safety ,,pap]74 ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,,mat]ials--,,probabilities ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,records--,,e/imation ,,( ,,su* ,,matt]s ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,pope--,,inv5tion ,,( ,,wood-,,pulp ,,pap] --,,its ,,la/+ ,,qualities--,,! ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,su* ,,pap] ,,def9$--,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,fungi ,,9 ,,pap] ,,by ,,glyde--,,"s ,,te/s ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,:i* ,,pap] ,,is ,,compos$-- ,,te/s ,,z ,,to ,,siz+ ,,& ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,gra9--,,absorb+ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,blott+ ,,pap]--,,te/s ,,= ,,gr\nd ,,wood--,,new ,,mode ,,( ,,analy/s--,,:5 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,safety ,,pap] ,,0 ,,inv5t$--,,! ,,_m ,,k9ds ,,( ,,safety ,,pap] ,,& ,,processes ,,9 ,,_! ,,manufacture-- ,,*ronological ,,review ,,cov]+ ,,?is ,,subject-- ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,processes ,,9 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,safety ,,pap]--,,only ,,?ree ,,*emical ,,safety ,,pap]s ,,n[ ,,on ,,! ,,m>ket-- ,,:y ,,x ,,is ,,possible ,,to ,,raise ,,"s ,,monet>y ,,in/rum5ts4 ,,pap] manufactur]s h tri$ all ! pulp-mak+ sub/ances4 ,?is /atem5t to ! unle>n$ mu/ seem curi\s1 because 9 ! v e>ly times !y 7 cont5t ) a s+le mat]ial & t did n ev5 require to be fir/ made into ! =m ( pulp4 ,:5 ! supply ( papyrus fail$1 x 0 rags :i* !y sub/itut$4 ,by ! simple/ processes !y produc$ a pap] ) :i* our be/ _c comp>e4 ,9 "s c\ntries great c>e is ex]cis$ 9 select+ ! quality ( pap] = (ficial use1 9 o!rs none at all4 ,:at w be ! /ate ( our ar*ives a few hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 if !y be n cont9ually recopi$8 ,"s ( ! pr9t$ pap] rots ev5 m quickly ?an writt54 ,! late ,pope at "o "t invit$ _m ( ! savants1 *emi/s & libr>ians ( ,europe1 to meet at ,e9si$l5 ,abbey 9 ,switz]l&4 ,he reque/$ t ! subject ( _! discussions %\ld be bo? ink & pap]4 ,he volunte]$ ! in=mation1 already kn[n to ! initiat$1 t ! records ( ?is g5]ation 9 8 cu/ody & "u 8 control 7 fa/ disappe>+ & unless ! writ+ mat]ials 7 mu* improv$ he e/imat$ t !y w\ld entirely disappe>4 ,x is /at$ t at ?is meet+ ! ,pope's repres5tative submitt$ a numb] ( docum5ts f ! ,vatican ar*ives :i* are sc>cely deciph]able ?\gh dat$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 a few ( ^? ( dates lat] ?an #ahgc ! pap] 0 s t5d] t unless h&l$ ) exceptional c>e1 x w\ld break 9 pieces l scor*$ pap]4 ,^! conditions are 9 l9e ) _m ( ^? :i* prevail ) few exceptions 9 e c\ntry1 t[n or hamlet4 ,a contributory cause z we "k is a class ( poor & *eap inks n[ 9 almo/ univ]sal use4 ,! o!r is ! s-call$ mod]n or wood-pulp pap] 9 g5]al vogue4 ,reaumur1 z already /at$1 back 9 #agai sugge/$ f in=mation ga!r$ 9 exam9ations ( wasps' ne/s1 t a pap] might be manufactur$ f wood4 ,?is idea does n appe> to h be5 act$ ^u until _m ye>s lat]1 al?\gh 9 ! int]im inv5tors 7 exhau/+ _! +5uity 9 ! selection ( fibr\s mat]ials f :i* pap] might be manufactur$4 ,! successful introduction ( wood z a sub/itute = or ) rags 9 pap] manufacture until ab\t #ahgj 0 ( sl[ gr[?2 s9ce :i* "t va/ quantities h be5 employ$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry alone millions ( tons ( raw mat]ial are be+ import$ to say no?+ ( home products4 ,its value 9 ! cause ( progress ( "s arts :i* contribute greatly to our com=t & civilization _c be ov]e/imat$1 b nev]!less ! wood pap] is b\nd to dis9tegrate & decay1 & ! "t n v f> di/ant ei!r4 ,h5ce1 its use = records ( any k9d is always to be condemn$4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( wood pulp2 me*anical wood1 soda process1 & ! sulphite4 ,! fir/ or me*anical wood is a ,g]man inv5tion ( #ahdd1 :]e ! logs aft] be+ cut up into prop] blocks1 7 !n gr\nd aga9/ a mov+ mill/one aga9/ :i* !y 7 press$ & ) ! aid ( fl[+ wat] r$uc$ to a pulpy =m4 ,?is pulp 0 transport$ into suitable tanks & !n pump$ to ! beat]s4 ,! soda process wood & sulphite wood pulp are bo? made by *emical processes4 ,! fir/ 0 inv5t$ by ,mel9] 9 #ahfe4 ,! prep>ation ( pulp by ?is process consi/s briefly 9 fir/ cutt+ up ! logs into suitable sections & ?r[+ !m into a *ipp+ ma*9e4 ,! *ips are !n introduc$ into tanks conta9+ a /rong solution ( cau/ic soda & boil$ "u pressure4 ,! sulphite process is sub/antially ! same except t ! *ips are ?r[n into :at are call$ dige/]s & f$ ) ! *emicals :i* =m an acid sulphite4 ,! real inv5tor ( ?is latt] process is n kn[n4 ,! *emicals employ$ 9 bo? ( ^! processes compel a sep>ation ( ! res9\s matt]s f ! cell tissues or cellulose4 ,^! products are !n treat$ 9 ! manufactur+ ( pap] ) few v>iations1 ! same z ! ord9>y rag pulp4 ,^! n[ p]fect$ processes are ! results ( long & cont9u+ exp]im5tations made by _m inv5tors4 ,! foll[+ pap] 0 read be=e ! ,london ,society ( ,arts by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,glyde1 9 ,may1 #ahej1 & is equally applicable to "s ( ! wood pap] ( ! pres5t day3 ,ow+ to ! imp]fections =m]ly exi/+ 9 ! microscope1 little 0 kn[n ( ! real nature ( ! plants call$ fungi until )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 b s9ce ! improvem5ts 9 t in/rum5t ! subject ( ! developm5t1 gr[?1 & (fices ( ! fungi has receiv$ mu* att5tion4 ,!y compose1 ) ! algae & li*5s1 ! class ( ?allog5s 7,l9dley71 ! algae exi/+ 9 wat]1 ! o!r two 9 air only4 ,a fungus is a cellul> fl[]less plant1 fructify+ solely by spores1 by :i* x is propagat$1 & ! me?ods ( atta*m5t ( :i* are s+ul>ly v>i\s & beautiful4 ,! fungi diff]s f ! li*5s & algae 9 d]iv+ _! n\ri%m5t f ! sub/ances on :i* !y gr[1 in/ead ( f ! m$ia 9 :i* !y live4 ,!y conta9 a l>g] quantity ( nitrog5 9 _! con/itution ?an vegetables g5]ally d1 & ! sub/ance call$ 'fung9e' has a ne> resemblance to animal matt]4 ,_! spores are inconceivably num]\s & m9ute1 & are diffus$ v widely1 develop+ !mselves :]ev] !y f9d organic matt] 9 a fit /ate4 ,! pr9cipal conditions requir$ = _! gr[? are moi/ure1 heat1 & ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 & electricity4 ,no decomposition or developm5t ( fungi takes place 9 dry organic matt]1 a fact illu/rat$ by ! high /ate ( pres]vation 9 :i* timb] has be5 f\nd aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 z well z by ! condition ( mummy-cases1 b&ages1 etc41 kept dry 9 ! hot climate ( ,egypt4 ,decay w n take place 9 a temp]ature bel[ t ( ! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 nor )\t oxyg51 by exclud+ :i*1 is conta9$ 9 ! air1 meat & vegetables may be kept fre% & sweet = _m ye>s4 ,! action :i* takes place :5 moi/ vegetable sub/ances are expos$ to oxyg5 is t ( sl[ combu/ion 7'eremacausis'71 ! oxyg5 unit+ ) ! wood & lib]at+ a volume ( c>bonic acid equal to itself1 & ano!r portion comb9+ ) ! hydrog5 ( ! wood to =m wat]4 ,decomposition takes place on contact ) a body already und]go+ ! same *ange1 9 ! same mann] t yea/ causes f]m5tation4 ,animal matt] ent]s into comb9ation ) oxyg5 9 precisely ! same way z vegetable matt]1 b z1 9 addition to c>bon & hydrog51 x conta9s nitrog51 ! products ( ! eremacausis are m num]\s1 be+ c>bon & nitrate ( ammonia1 c>burett$ & sulphurett$ hydrog51 & wat]1 & ^! ammoniacal salts greatly favor ! gr[? ( fungi4 ,n[ pap] consi/s ess5tially ( woody fibre1 hav+ animal matt] z size on its surface4 ,! fir/ microscopic symptom ( decay 9 pap] is irregul>ity ( surface1 ) a slight *ange ( color1 indicat+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! process j notic$1 dur+ :i*1 9 addition to c>bonic acid1 c]ta9 organic acids are =m$1 z cr5ic & ulmic acids1 :i*1 if ! pap] has be5 /a9$ by a color+ matt]1 w =m spots ( r$ on ! surface4 ,! same process ( decay goes on 9 p>*m5t z 9 pap]1 only ) m rapidity1 f ! pres5ce ( nitrog5 9 its composition4 ,:5 ?is decay has begun to take place1 fungi are produc$1 ! mo/ common species be+ ,p5icilium glaucum4 ,!y ins9uate !mselves betwe5 ! fibre1 caus+ a fre] admission ( air1 & consequ5tly ha/5 ! decay4 ,! sub/ances mo/ successfully us$ z prev5tives ( decay are ! salts ( m]cury1 copp]1 & z9c4 ,bi*loride ( m]cury 7corrosive sublimate7 is ! mat]ial employ$ 9 ! kyanization ( timb]1 ! probable mode ( action be+ its comb9ation ) ! album5 ( ! wood1 to =m an insoluble comp\nd n susceptible ( spontane\s decomposition1 & !re=e incapable ( excit+ f]m5tation4 ,! antiseptic p[] ( corrosive sublimate may be easily te/$ by mix+ a little ( x ) fl\r pa/e1 ! decay ( :i*1 & ! appe>ance ( fungi1 are q prev5t$ by x4 ,next to corrosive sublimate 9 antiseptic value /& ! salts ( copp] & z9c4 ,= use 9 ! pres]vation ( pap] ! sulphate ( z9c is bett] ?an ! *loride1 :i* is to a c]ta9 ext5t del9quesc5t4 ,!re are num]\s pap] te/s :i* include ! matt] ( siz+1 direction ( ! gra91 absorb+ p[]s1 "* ( +r$i5ts1 etc4 ,a few ( !m are cit$4 ,,siz+4--,! ev]yday te/s z to h>dness ( siz+ answ] e ord9>y purpose3 ,moi/5 ) ! tongue1 & if ! pap] is slack-siz$ y c detect x (t5 by ! in/ant draw+ or absorption ( ! moi/ure4 ,wat* ! spot moi/5$1 & ! long] x rema9s wet ! bett] ! pap] is siz$4 ,look ?r\gh ! spot damp5$--! poor] ! siz+ ! m transp>5t is ! pap] :]e x is wet4 ,if ?or\ghly siz$ no diff]5ce w be app>5t betwe5 ! spot damp5$ & ! balance ( ! %eet4 ,:5 !re is a "q z to :e!r a pap] is tub or eng9e siz$1 x c be usually decid$ by wett+ ! =ef+] & ?umb & press+ ! %eet betwe5 !m4 ,if tub-siz$1 ! glue :i* is appli$ to ! surface w p]ceptibly cl+ to ! f+]s4 ,,to ,,te/ ,,! ,,ink ,,resi/+ ,,quality ,,( ,,pap]4-- ,draw a heavy ink l9e across ! %eet4 ,if ! pap] is poorly siz$1 a fea!ry edge w appe>1 caus$ by spread+ ( ! ink4 ,slack-siz$ pap] w be p5etrat$ by ! ink1 :i* w pla9ly appe> on ! rev]se side ( ! %eet4 ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,gra94-- ,an easy b sure te/ to det]m9e ! direction ( ! gra9 9 a %eet ( pap]1 :i* w be f\nd useful & wor? rememb]+1 is z foll[s3 ,= in/ance1 ! size ( %eet is #agx#bb in*es4 ,cut out a circul> piece z ne>ly r\nd z ! eye c judge2 be=e entirely deta*+ f ! %eet1 m>k on ! circle ! #ag-;in* way & ! #bb-;in* way2 !n float ! cut out piece on wat] = a few seconds2 !n place on ! palm ( ! h&1 tak+ c>e n to let ! edges /ick to ! h&1 & ! pap] w curl until x =ms a cone2 ! gra9 ( ! pap] runs ! opposite way f :i* ! pap] curls4 ,,absorb+ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,blott+ ,,pap]4--,comp>ative te/s z to absorb+ p[]s ( blott+ c be made betwe5 %eets ( same weight p] ream by all[+ ! po9t$ corn] ( a %eet to t\* ! surface ( a drop ( ink4 ,repeat ) ea* %eet to be te/$1 & comp>e ! height 9 ea* to :i* ! ink has be5 absorb$4 ,a well-made blott+ pap] %\ld h little or no free fibre du/ to fill ) ink & sme> ! pap]4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,gr\nd ,,wood4--,make a /reak across ! pap] ) a solution ( anil9e sulphate or ) conc5trat$ nitric acid2 ! fir/ w turn gr\nd wood yell[1 ! second w turn x br[n4 ,i give anil9e sulphate ! pref]5ce1 z nitric acid acts ^u unblea*$ sulphite1 if pres5t 9 ! pap]1 ! same z x acts ^u gr\nd wood1 viz41 turn+ x br[n4 ,phlorogluc9 gives a rose-r$ /a9 on pap] conta9+ 7sulphite7 wood pulp1 aft] ! specim5 has be5 previ\sly treat$ ) a weak solution ( hydro*loric acid4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury x became necess>y to make special pap]s d5om9at$ safety pap]4 ,_! manufacture has cont9u$ until ! pres5t day al?\gh mu* limit$1 l>gely because ( ! employm5t ( me*anical devices :i* seek to safety monet>y in/rum5ts4 ,su* safety pap]s are ( sev]al k9ds4 #a4 ,pap] made ) di/+ui%+ m>ks to indicate proprietor%ip1 z ) ! ,bank ( ,engl& wat] m>k1 to imitate :i* is a felony4 ,or ! pap] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy1 :i* has silk fib]s unit$ ) ! pulp1 ! imitation ( :i* is a felony4 #b4 ,pap] made ) lay]s or mat]ials :i* are di/urb$ by erasure or *emical dis*>ge ( writt5 or pr9t$ cont5ts1 s z to prev5t fraudul5t tamp]+4 #c4 ,pap] made ( peculi> mat]ials or color1 to prev5t copy+ by photographic means4 ,a numb] ( processes may be cit$3 ,"o k9d is made ( a pulp t+$ ) a /a9 easily affect$ by *lor9e1 acids1 or alkalis1 & is made into %eets z usual4 ,wat] m>ks made by wires tw9$ among ! me%es ( ! wire clo? on :i* ! pap] is made4 ,?reads embodi$ 9 ! web ( ! pap]4 ,color$ ?reads sy/ematically arrang$ 7 =m]ly us$ 9 ,engl& = po/-(fice envelopes & ex*equ] bills4 ,silk5 fib]s mix$ ) ! pulp or du/$ ^u x 9 process ( =mation1 z us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy4 ,tig]e1 #ahag1 treat$ ! pulp ( ! pap]1 previ\s to siz+1 ) a solution ( prussiate ( pota%4 ,sir ,w94 ,congreve1 #ahai1 prep>$ a color$ lay] ( pulp 9 comb9ation ) :ite lay]s1 also by pr9t+ ^u "o %eet & cov]+ x ) an out] lay]1 ei!r pla9 or wat]-m>k$4 ,glynn & ,appel1 #ahba1 mix$ a copp] salt 9 ! pulp & aft]w>d add$ an alkali or alkal9e salt to produce a copi\s precipitate4 ,! pulp 0 !n wa%$ & made into pap] & !reaft] dipp$ 9 a saponace\s comp\nd4 ,/ev5son1 #ahcg1 incorporat$ into pap] a metallic base su* z manganese1 & a neutral comp\nd l prussiate ( pota%1 to protect writ+ f be+ tamp]$ )4 ,v>nham1 #ahde1 inv5t$ a pap] consi/+ ( a :ite %eet or surface on "o or bo? sides ( a color$ %eet4 ,/ones1 #ahea4 ,an iodide or bromide 9 connection ) f]rocyanide ( potassium & />* comb9$ ) ! pulp4 ,johnson1 #ahec1 employ$ ! r\gh & irregul> surface produc$ by ! fracture ( ca/ iron or o!r brittle metal to =m a wat] m>k = pap] by tak+ an impression !refrom on s(t metal1 gutta- p]*a1 etc41 & aft]w>d transf]r+ x to ! wire clo? on :i* ! pap] is made4 ,sc\ttet51 #ahec1 treat$ pap] ) ca\t*\e dissolv$ 9 bisulphide ( c>bon1 9 ord] to r5d] x imp]meable & to prev5t erasures or *emical action4 ,ross1 #ahed1 inv5t$ wat]-l9+ or pr9t+ ! d5om9ation ( ! note 9 colors :ile ! pulp 0 yet s(t4 ,evans1 #ahed1 comm+l$ a lace or op5-"w fabric 9 ! pulp4 ,c\rb\lay1 #ahef1 mix$ ! pulp & appli$ to ! pap] salts ( iod9e or brom9e4 ,l\bati]es1 #aheg1 manufactur$ pap] 9 lay]s1 any or all ( :i* might be color$1 or h impressions or conspicu\s m>ks = prev5t+ =g]y4 ,h]apa?1 #aheh1 saturat$ pap] dur+ or aft] its manufacture ) a solution ( a f]rocyanide1 a f]riccyanide1 or sulphocyanide ( potassium1 sodium1 or ammonium4 ,seys & ,brew]1 #aheh1 appli$ aque\s solutions ( f]rocyanide ( potassium or o!r salts1 :i* =m$ an indelible comp\nd ) ! f]rug9\s base ( writ+ ink4 ,sp>re1 #ahei1 utiliz$ opaque matt]1 su* z prussian blue1 :ite or r$ lead1 insoluble 9 wat] & /5cil$ on "o lay] ( ! pap] web1 =m+ a regul> patt]n2 ?is 0 !n cov]$ by a second lay] ( pap]4 ,moss1 #ahei1 inv5t$ a color+ matt] prep>$ f burn$ *9a or o!r clay1 oxide ( *romium or sulphur1 & comb9$ x ) ! pulp4 ,b>clay1 #ahei1 incorporat$ ) ! pap]3 #a4 ,soluble f]rocyanides1 f]ricyanides1 & sulphocyanides ( v>i\s metals1 by =m+ dibasic salts ) potassium1 sodium1 or ammonium1 9 conjunction ) vegetable1 animal1 or metallic color+ matt]s4 #b4 ,salts ( manganese1 lead1 or nickel n conta9+ f]rocyanog54 #c4 ,f]rocyanides1 etc41 ( potassium1 sodium1 & ammonium1 9 conjunction ) insoluble salts ( manganese1 lead1 or nickel4 ,hoop]1 #ahfj4 ,employ$ oxides ( iron1 ei!r alone or dissolv$ 9 an acid1 & mix$ ) ! pulp4 ,niss51 #ahfj4 ,treat$ pap] ) a prep>ation ( iron1 toge!r ) ammonia1 prussiate ( pota% & *lor9e1 :ile 9 ! pulp or be+ siz$4 ,middleton1 #ahfj4 ,jo9$ toge!r "o portion ( a bank note pr9t$ ^u "o %eet ( ?9 pap] & ! o!r "p on ano!r2 ! two 7 !n cem5t$ toge!r by india-rubb]1 gutta-p]*a1 or o!r comp\nd4 ,! int]ior pr9t+ c\ld be se5 ?r\gh its cov]+ %eet1 s t ! :ole device on ! note appe>$ on its face4 ,oli]1 #ahfa4 ,employ$ sev]al lay]s ( pap] ( v>i\s mat]ials & colors2 ! middle "o 0 color$ ) a deleble dye1 ^: color 0 *ang$ by ! application ( *emicals to ! out] lay]4 ,oli]1 #ahfc4 ,prep>$ a pap] ( ?ree lay]s ( diff]5t ?icknesses1 ! c5tral "o hav+ an easily removable color1 & ! ext]nal lay]s 7 *>g$ ) silicate ( magnesia or o!r salt4 ,=/] & ,drap]1 #ahfd4 ,treat+ pap] dur+ or aft] manufacture ) artificial ultram>9e & ,prussian blue or o!r metallic comp\nd4 ,hayw>d1 #ahfd4 ,incorporat$ ?reads ( fibr\s mat]ials ( diff]5t colors or *>act]s into & among ! pulp4 ,loew5b]g1 #ahff4 ,introduc$ prussiate ( pota% & oxalic acid or su* o!r alkal9e salts or acids into ! pulp1 9 ord] to indicate fraud 9 ! removal ( cancellation /amps or writt5 m>ks4 ,casile>1 #ahfh4 ,pr9t$ numb]s on a fugitive gr\nd1 t9t or color 9 ord] to prev5t alt]ation ( figures or numb]s4 ,jameson1 #ahgj4 ,pr9t$ on pap]1 designs ) f]rocyanide ( potassium & !n soak$ ! pap] :5 dry 9 a solution ( oxalic acid 9 alcohol4 ,du?ie1 #ahgb4 ,made a gr\nd "w ( writ+ ink ( diff]5t colors by any kn[n means ( p5 rul+4 ,syms1 #ahgf4 ,produc$ graduat$ color$ /a9s1 :i* 7 made to p>tially p5etrate & spread 9 ! pulp web4 ,van ,nuys1 #ahgh4 ,color$ ! ,pap] ) a pigm5t & !n pr9t$ designs ) a soluble sulphide4 ,casile>1 #ahgh4 ,unit$ two di/9ctive color$ pap]s1 "o a fugitive & ! o!r a p]man5t color4 ,h5dri*s1 #ahgi4 ,dipp$ ord9>y pap] 9 an aque\s solution ( sulphate ( copp] & c>bonate ( ammonia & !n add$ alkal9e solutions ( co*9eal or equival5t color+ matt]4 ,n[lan1 #ahhd4 ,back$ ! ord9>y *emical pap] ) a ?9 %eet ( wat]pro( pap]4 ,m5zies1 #ahhd4 ,introduc$ iodide & iodate ( potassium or _! equival5ts into pap]4 ,clapp1 #ahhd4 ,saturat$ pap] ) gallo-tanic acid1 b ! ink us$ on ?is pap] conta9$ f]ri-sesqui*loride or o!r simil> prep>ation ( iron4 ,hill1 #ahhe4 ,introduc$ into pap]1 f]rocyanide ( manganese & hydrat$ p]oxide ( iron4 ,s*reib]1 #ahhe4 ,color$ pap] mat]ial ) indigo & ) a subsequ5t treatm5t ( *romates soluble only 9 alcohol4 ,s*reib]1 #ahhe4 ,treat$ f9i%$ pap] ) f]ric- oxide salts & ) f]rocyanides insoluble 9 wat] b soluble 9 acids4 ,s*lumb]g]1 #ahij4 ,impregnat$ :ite pap] ) a res9at$ f]r\s salt1 a res9 comp\nd ( plumbic f]rocyanide1 & a res9 comp\nd ( f]rocyanide ( manganese 9 comb9ation ) a salt ( molybd5um & a res9 comp\nd ( z9c sulphide4 ,s*lumb]g]1 #ahic4 ,dy$ fir/ ! spla% fib]s & mix$ !m ) ! pap] pulp4 ,second4 ,he also treat$ portions ( ! surface ) an alkali1 s z to =m l9es or *>act]s !reon1 !n imm]s$ ! same 9 a weak acid1 9 ord] to produce wat]-m>k l9es4 ,c>valho1 #ahid4 #a4 ,*>g$ ! pap] ) bismu? iodide & sodium iodide4 #b4 ,*>g$ ! pap] ) a bismu? salt & iodide ( soda 9 comb9ation ) primul91 congo r$ or o!r pigm5t4 #c4 ,*>g$ ! pap] ) a b5zid9e dye & an alkal9e iodide4 #ahie4 ,appli$ a comp\nd1 s5sitive to ink eras+ *emicals1 ,,aft] ! writ+ has be5 plac$ on ! pap]4 ,hosk9s & ,weis1 #ahie1 a safety pap] hav+ add$ !reto a soluble f]rocyanide & a p]-salt ( iron insoluble 9 wat] b decomposable by a weak acid 9 ! pres5ce ( a soluble f]rocyanide1 z & = ! purpose describ$4 7#b7 ,a safety pap] hav+ add$ !reto a f]rocyanide soluble 9 wat]1 a p]-salt ( iron insoluble 9 wat] b easily decompos$ by weak acids 9 ! pres5ce ( a f]rocyanide soluble 9 wat]1 & a salt ( manganese easily decompos$ by alkalis or blea*+ ag5ts1 sub/antially z describ$4 ,a review ( ! v>i\s processes = treatm5t ( pap] 9 pulp or :5 f9i%$1 demon/rates t "t1 money & /udy has be5 devot$ to ! production ( a ,,real safety pap]4 ,"s compositions & processes h 9 a measure be5 successful4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! +5uity ( ^? evil-m9d$ p]sons1 to ! detection ( ^: ef=ts to alt] ! writ+ 9 docum5ts ?is class ( inv5tion has m p>ticul>ly be5 direct$1 f9ds a ready way ( remov+ 9 "s cases ! evid5ce :i* ! *emical reag5t furni%es4 ,?is be+ true mo/ ( !m h become obsolete1 hav+ entirely fail$ to accompli% ! purposes = :i* !y 7 inv5t$4 ,!re are b ?ree s-call$ safety pap]s n[ on ! m>ket1 if we exclude ^? possess+ pr9t$ designs 9 fugitive colors4 ,x is a /range anomaly1 nev]!less x is true1 t #ij p] c5t or m ( ! rais$ *ecks1 notes1 or o!r monet>y in/rum5ts :i* 7 9 _! orig9al condition writt5 on ord9>y or s-call$ safety pap]1 nev] c\ld h be5 successfully put ?r\gh b = ! gross & at times crim9al neglig5ce ( _! writ]s by ! failure to adopt precautions ( ! v simple/ k9ds1 & !reby avoid$ plac+ temptation 9 ! way ( _m :o "u o!r circum/ances w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( becom+ =g]s4 ,!re is no safety pap]1 safety ink1 or me*anical appliance :i* w prev5t ! ins]tion ( words or figures be=e o!r words or figures if a blank space be left :]e ! =g] c place !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,curiosa 7,,ink ,,& ,,o!r ,,writ+ ,,mat]ials74 ,,artificial ,,ink ,,& ,,pap] ,,owe ,,_! ,,inv5tion ,,to ,,! ,,wasp--,p,hoe,n,i,c,i,a1 ,,l& ,,( ,,! ,,purple-,,dye --,,l9es1 ,,address$ ,,to ,,! ,p,hoe,n,i,c,i,a,n--,,olde/ ,,exi/+ ,,piece ,,( ,,lit]>y ,,composition--,,:]e ,,papyrus ,,/ill ,,gr[s--,,du ,,cange',s ,,l9es ,,on ,,! ,,/ylus--,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,to ,,promulgate ,,anci5t ,,laws ,,( ,,greece--,,anci5t ,,me?od ,,( ,,writ+ ,,wills--,,mat]ials ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,hebrew ,,rolls--,,antiquity ,,( ,,exi/+ ,,hebrew ,,writ+ --,,olde/ ,,specim5 ,,( ,,greek ,,wax ,,writ+-- ,,wood5 ,,tallies ,,z ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,engl&--,,:5 ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,gold ,,ceas$--,,date ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,discov]y ,,( ,,greek ,,papyrus ,,9 ,,egypt--,,p]iods ,,to ,,:i* ,,belong ,,v>i\s ,,/yles ,,( ,,writ+--,,anecdote ,,& ,,poem ,,ab\t ,,! ,,fir/ ,,gold ,,p5--,,int]e/+ ,,notes ,,ab\t ,,p5s ,,& ,,ink-,,horns--,,employm5t ,,( ,,! ,,p5 ,,z ,a ,,badge ,,9 ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury--,,"s ,,l9es ,,by ,,cock]--,,! ,,olde/ ,,exi/+ ,,writt5 ,,docum5ts ,,( ,,russia--,,:5 ,,seal+ ,,wax ,,0 ,,fir/ ,,employ$--,,pl9y',s ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,papyrus ,,pap]--,,mode ,,( ,,pres]v+ ,,! ,,anci5t ,,papyrus ,,rolls--,,sugge/ions ,,respect+ ,,uses ,,( ,,ink-- ,,comp>ative ,,table ,,ab\t ,,coal ,,t> ,,& ,,its ,,by- ,,products--,,compositions ,,( ,,secret ,,inks ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,r5d] ,,!m ,,visible--,,"* ,,( ,,ink ,,employ$ ,,= ,,_m ,,ye>s ,,by ,,! ,,wa%+ton ,,pat5t ,,(fice--,,facts ,,elicit$ ,,by ,,h]apa? ,,9 ,,! ,,unrollm5t ,,( ,a ,,mummy--,,l9es ,,f ,,%akespe>e ,,& ,,p]seus--,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,secret ,,inks--,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,_m ,,anci5t ,,mss4--,,me?ods ,,to ,,be ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,re/oration ,,( ,,"s ,,old ,,inks-- ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,words--,,! ,,p\nce ,,box ,,prec$$ ,,blott+ ,,pap]--,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,blott+ ,,pap]--,,anecdote ,,relat+ ,,to ,,dr4 ,,gale--,,:5 ,,waf]s ,,7 ,,introduc$-- ,,p]sian ,,anecdote ,,ab\t ,,! ,,dives--,,episodes ,,respect+ ,,! ,,/ylus--,,description ,,by ,,beloe ,,( ,,anci5t ,,p]sic ,,& ,,arabic ,,mss4--,,citation ,,f ,,old ,,bo/on ,,newspap] ,,& ,,poem--,,me?od ,,( ,,collect+ ,,rags ,,9 #ahjg ,,& ,,"s ,,l9es ,,address$ ,,to ,,! ,,ladies--,,me?od ,,to ,,photograph ,,color$ ,,inks--,,poem ,,by ,,isabelle ,,h[e ,,fiske4 ,,9 consid]+ ! important & k9dr$ subjects ( gall ink & pulp pap]1 we are n to =get ! ,,little ?+s connect$ ) _! developm5t & :i*1 inde$1 made _! inv5tion possible4 ,! gall-nut conta9s gallic & gallo-tannic acid1 & :i* acids1 9 conjunction ) an iron salt1 =ms ! sole base ( ! be/ ink4 ,?is nut is produc$ by ! punctures made on ! "y buds ( bran*es ( c]ta9 species ( oak trees by ! female wasp4 ,?is same busy little insect 0 also ! fir/ pr(essional pap] mak]4 ,%e x 0 :o taught u n only ! way to *ange dry wood into a suitable pulp1 ! k9d ( size to be us$1 h[ to wat]pro( & give ! pap] /r5g?1 b _m m m>vel\s details app]ta9+ to ! manufacture ( pap] :i* 9 _! ramifications h prov$ ( ine/imable b5efit & s]vice to ! human race4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,greek ^w ,pho5icia means lit]ally ! l& ( ! purple dye1 & to ! ,pho5icians is attribut$ ! inv5tion ( ! art ( writ+4 ,,to ,,! ,,pho5ician4 ,creator ( cele/ial arts1 ,?y pa9t$ ^w speaks to ! eye2 ,to simple l9es ?y skill imp>ts ,! gl[+ _s's ec/asy4 ,! olde/ piece ( lit]>y composition kn[n 9 ! olde/ book 7roll7 9 exi/5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! celebrat$ papyrus ,prisse1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is4 ,x consi/s ( eighte5 pieces 9 ,egyptian hi]atic writ+1 ascrib$ to ab\t ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #bejj4 ,:ile ! papyrus plant has almo/ vani%$ f ,egypt1 x /ill gr[s 9 ,nubia & ,abyss9ia4 ,x is relat$ by ! ,arab travel]1 ,ibn-,haukal1 t 9 ! t5? c5tury1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,pal]mo 9 ,sicily1 ! papyrus plant grew ) luxuriance 9 ! ,papirito1 a /ream to :i* x gave its "n4 ,du ,cange1 #acgf1 cites ! foll[+ l9es f a ,fr5* metrical romance1 writt5 ab\t t "t1 to %[ t wax5 tablets cont9u$ to be occasionally us$ till a late p]iod3 ,"s ) antiquat$ /yle ,9 wax5 tablets promptly write2 ,o!rs ) f9] p51 ! :ile ,=m lett]s loveli] to ! sight4 ,! laws ( ,greece 7 promulgat$ by means ( ,,mss4 on l951 z !y 7 also 9 ,rome1 & 9 addition to l952 clo? & silk 7 occasionally us$4 ,sk9s ( v>i\s k9ds ( fi%1 & ev5 ! inte/9es ( s]p5ts 7 employ$ z writ+ mat]ials4 ,zon>as /ates t ! fire :i* took place at ,con/ant9ople 9 ! reign ( ,emp]or ,basiliscus consum$1 among o!r valuable rema9s ( antiquity1 a copy ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 & "s o!r anci5t poems1 writt5 9 lett]s ( gold ^u mat]ial =m$ ( ! inte/9es ( a s]p5t4 ,we are also in=m$ by ,purcelli t monum5ts ( mu* m mod]n dates1 ! *>t] ( ,hugo & ,lo?aire1 ,a4 ,d4 #icc 7k+s ( ,italy71 pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ,milan1 are writt5 ^u fi% sk9s4 ,con/ant9e au?oriz$ 8 soldi]s dy+ on ! field ( battle to write _! la/ w & te/am5t ) ! po9t ( _! sword on its %ea? or on a %ield4 ,b4 ,c4 #bgj4 ,! ,jewi% eld]s1 by ord] ( ! high prie/1 c>ri$ a copy ( ! law to ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 writt5 9 lett]s ( gold ^u sk9s1 ! pieces ( :i* 7 s artfully put toge!r t ! jo9+s did n appe>4 ,no monum5ts ( ,hebrew writ+ exi/ :i* are n po/]ior ev5 to ! ,*ri/ian era1 ) ! exception ( ^? on ! co9s ( ! ,maccabees1 :i* are 9 ! anci5t or :at is t]m$ ! ,sam>itan =ms ( ! ,hebrew lett]s4 ,?is co9age took place ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #add4 ,! mo/ anci5t specim5 ( ,hebrew ink writ+ extant is alleg$ to h be5 writt5 ,a4 ,d4 #dhi4 ,x is a p>*m5t roll :i* 0 f\nd 9 a ,k>iat synagogue 9 ! ,crimea4 ,ano!r1 br\ght f ,dangan/an1 if ! sup]scription be g5u9e1 has a date correspond+ ) ,a4 ,d4 #ehj4 ,! date ( /ill ano!r ( ! celebrat$ ,hebrew scriptural codices1 ab\t :i* !re is no dispute1 is ! ,hilel codex writt5 at ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,its "n is said to be d]iv$ f ! fact t x 0 writt5 at ,hila1 a t[n built ne> ! ru9s ( ! anci5t ,babel2 "s ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t x 0 nam$ aft] ! man :o wrote x4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ specim5s ( ,greek 7wax7 writ+ is an inscription on a small wood5 tablet n[ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,x ref]s to a money transaction ( ! ?irty-fir/ ye> ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ,b4 ,c4 #bed4 ,9 ,engl& ! cu/om ( us+ wood5 tallies1 inscrib$ z well z not*$ 9 ! public acc\nts1 la/$ d[n to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,gold writ+ 0 a practice :i* di$ out 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ discov]y ( ,greek papyri 9 ,egypt took place 9 ! ye> #aggh4 ,x is ( ! 7late ( ,a4 ,d4 #aia & outside ( ,egypt & ,h]culaneum is ! only place 9 :i* ! ,greek papyri has ev] be5 f\nd4 ,squ>e capital ink writ+ 9 ,lat9 ( anci5t date is f\nd on a few leaves ( an ,,ms4 ( ,virgil1 :i* is attribut$ to ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & ! fir/ ru/ic ,,ms4 to :i* an approximate date c be giv51 belongs to ! close ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! mo/ anci5t uncial ink writ+ extant1 belongs to ! f\r? c5tury1 :il/ ! e>lie/ mix$ uncial & m9iscule writ+ p]ta9s to ! six? c5tury4 ,! olde/ extant ,iri% ,,ms4 9 ! r\nd ,iri% h& is ascrib$ to ! latt] "p ( ! sev5? c5tury1 :ile ! e>lie/ specim5 ( ,engli% writ+ ( any k9d extant dates ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! gold p5 won by ,pet] ,bales 9 8 trial ( skill ) ,johnson1 dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 if really made = use1 is probably ! fir/ mod]n example ( su* p5s4 ,bales 0 employ$ by ,sir ,francis ,wals+ham1 & aft]w>ds kept a writ+ s*ool at ! upp] end ( ! ,old ,bailey4 ,9 #aeie1 :5 ne>ly fifty ye>s old1 he _h a trial ( skill ) "o ,daniel ,johnson1 by :i* he 0 ! w9n] ( a gold5 p51 ( a value ( ,l#bj1 :i*1 9 ! pride ( 8 victory1 he set up z 8 sign4 ,^u ?is occasion ,john ,davis made ! foll[+ epigram 9 8 ,sc\rge ( ,folly3 ,! ,h& & ,gold5 ,p51 ,clophonion ,sets on 8 sign1 to %ew1 ,o pr\d1 poor s\l1 ,bo? :]e he wonnes1 & h[ ! same he won1 ,f writ]s fair1 ?\gh he writ ev] f\l2 ,b by t ,h&1 t ,p5 s borne has be51 ,f place to ,place1 t = ! la/ half ,ye>e1 ,x sc>ce a s5'night at a place is se54 ,t ,h& s plies ! ,p51 ?\gh ne'er ! ne>e1 ,= :5 ,m5 seek x1 else:]e x is s5t1 ,or !re %ut up z = ! ,plague or ,r5t1 ,)\t :i* /ay1 x nev] /ill c\ld /&1 ,because ! ,p5 is = a ,runn+ ,h&4 ,! sign ( ! ,h& & ,p5 0 also us$ by ! ,fleet /reet m>riage-mong]s1 to d5ote m>riages p]=m$ )\t imposition4 ,rob]t ,m1 a fam\s writ+ ma/]1 9 #afif liv$ 9 ,ca/le /reet1 ne> ,/4 ,paul's *ur*y>d1 ,london1 at ! sign ( ! ,gold5 ,p54 ,! ink horn 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t 0 9 popul> use z a receptacle = hold+ writ+ ink1 & ,petticoat lane 9 ,london 0 ! great manufactur+ c5t] = !m4 ,bi%ops ,gate 9 ! same vic9ity 0 kn[n z ! home ( ! scribbl]s4 ,beg9n+ ) #aefj & = _m ye>s !reaft] ! sign ( ! ,five ,ink ,horns 0 appropriately display$ by ,haddon on ! h\se 9 :i* he dwelt4 ,away back 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii 7#acac- #acgg71 royalty 0 employ+ ! p51 bo? quill & gold1 z badges4 ,?is is indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ int]e/+ li/ to be f\nd 9 ! ,h>le9 libr>y3 ,k+ ,edw>d ! iii4 gave a lyon 9 8 prop] c\lor1 arm$1 azure1 langue d'or4 ,! ou/ri* fe!r gold1 ! p5 gold1 & a faucon 9 8 prop] c\lor & ! ,sonne ,ris+4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales ! o/ri* fe!r p5 & all arg4 ,h5ry1 sonne ( ! ,erl ( ,d]by1 fir/ ,duk ( ,lanca/]1 gave ! r$ rose uncr[n$1 & 8 ance/ors gave ! ,fox tayle 9 8 prop4 c\lor & ! o/ri* fe!r ar4 ! p5 ermyn4 ,! ,o/ry* fe!r silv]1 ! p5 gobone sylv] & azur1 is ! ,duk ( ,som]set's bage4 ,! o/ry* fe!r silv] & p5 gold ys ! k+es4 ,! o/ry* fe!r p5 & all sylv] ys ! ,prynces4 ,! o/ry* fe!r sylv]1 p5 ermyn is ! ,duke ( ,lance/]s4 ,! o/ry* fe!r sylv] & p5 gobone is ! ,duke ( ,som]sets4 ,:at's great ,golia?'s spe>1 ! sev5fold %ield1 ,sc&]beg's sword1 to "o :o _c wield ,su* weapons8 ,or1 :at means a well cut quill1 ,9 ?' untaught h& ( him t's void ( skill8 --,,cock]1 ,a4 ,d4 #afej4 ,! olde/ ink 7,russian7 docum5ts t exi/ 9 ,russia are two treaties ) ! ,greek emp]ors1 made by ,oleg1 ,a4 ,d4 #iab1 & ,igor1 ,a4 ,d4 #idc4 ,*ri/ianity1 introduc$ into ,russia at ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury by ,vladimir ! ,great1 br\ght ) x _m words ( ,greek orig94 ,pr9t+ 0 introduc$ !re ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! olde/ pr9t$ book :i* has be5 discov]$ is a ,sclavonic psalt]1 ! date ,kiev1 #aeea1 two ye>s aft] a press 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,mosc[4 ,x is said t ! sk9s ( #cjj %eep 7 us$ 9 e copy ( ! fir/ pr9t$ ,bible4 ,h5ce ! old say+1 ,x takes a flock ( %eep to write a book4 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! comm5t 9 old5 times1 to le>n t x takes almo/ a =e/ ( trees to pr9t ! ,sunday edition ( "s ( our great newspap]s8 ,wax 7%oemak]s'7 0 fir/ employ$ on docum5ts ,a4 ,d4 #abac1 al?\gh x 0 :ite wax :i* 0 us$ to seal ! magna *>ta1 grant$ to ! ,engli% b>ons by ,k+ ,john1 ,a4 ,d4 #abae4 ,9 #adde r$ wax 0 mu* employ$ 9 ,engl&1 b ! e>lie/ specim5 ( r$ seal+ wax extant is f\nd on a lett] dat$ ,augu/ #c1 #aeed4 ,pl9y enum]ates & describes eight diff]5t k9ds ( papyrus pap]3 #a4 ,*>t] hi]atica--sacr$ pap]1 us$ only = books on religion4 ,f adulation ( ,augu/us x 0 also call$ *>ta augu/a & *>ta livia4 #b4 ,*>ta amphi!atrica--f ! place :]e x 0 fabricat$4 #c4 ,*>ta fannia--f ,fannius1 ! manufactur]4 #d4 ,*>ta saitica--f ,sais 9 ,egypt4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 a co>s] k9d4 #e4 ,*>ta to5iotica--f ! place :]e made1 n[ ,damietta4 ,?is 0 also ( a less f9e quality4 #f4 ,*>ta claudia4 ,?is 0 an improvem5t ( ! *>ta hi]atica1 :i* 0 too f9e4 #g4 ,*>ta emporitica4 ,a co>se pap] = p>cels4 ,!re 0 also a pap] call$ macrocollum1 :i* 0 ( a v l>ge size4 ,( all ^!1 he says1 ! *>ta claudia 0 ! be/4 ,! ink-writt5 rolls ( papyrus 7 plac$ v]tically 9 a cyl9drical box call$ capsula4 ,x is v evid5t t a great numb] ( su* volumes might be compris$ 9 ?is way )9 a small space1 & ?is may t5d to expla9 ! smallness ( ! rooms :i* are consid]$ to h be5 us$ = conta9+ ! anci5t libr>ies4 ,at ,m5tz1 9 ,upp] ,g]many1 is a leaf ( p>*m5t on :i* are fairly writt5 twelve diff]5t k9ds ( h&writ+s 9 six diff]5t inks also a v>iety ( m9iatures & draw+s curi\sly done ) a p5 by "o ,!odore ,s*ubik]1 :o 0 born )\t h&s & p]=m$ ! "w ) 8 feet4 ,9 ,rome ! v plate ( brass on :i* ! laws ( ! t5 tables are writt5 is /ill to be se54 ,/ylographic inks %\ld n be us$ ^u records1 mo/ ( !m are anil9e4 ,! abs5ce ( solid matt]1 :i* makes !m desirable = ! /ylographic p51 unfits !m = records4 ,nev] add wat] to ink4 ,:ile an ink :i* has wat] z its base might1 "u c]ta9 conditions be> ! addition ( an am\nt equal to t lo/ by evaporation1 z a rule ! ink p>ticles :i* h become injur$ w n assimilate aga94 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods to cleanse a /eel p5 aft] use1 is to /ick x 9 a raw 7:ite7 potato4 ,inks :i* are recomm5d$ z p]man5t1 because wat] w n remove !m1 :ile x does imm$iately oblit]ate o!rs1 may n be p]man5t z aga9/ "t4 ,^! inks may be ! be/ = monet>y purposes1 b1 ow+ to an excess ( acid 9 !m1 may be dang]\s 9 "t to ! pap]4 ,x is int]e/+1 s9ce coal t> has acquir$ s important a position 9 ! arts1 to trace h[ its v>i\s products successively rose 9 value4 ,! prices 9 ,p>is1 z giv5 by ,m4 ,p>isal 9 #ahfa1 are z foll[s3 ,coal14444444444444444444444444444444444 #a_/d c4 p] lb4 ,coal t>1444444444444444444444444444444 #c_/d ,heavy coal oil144444444444444 #b #a_/b a #c #c_/d ,light coal oil14444444444444 #f #c_/d a #aj #a _/#d ,b5zole1444444444444444444444444 #aj #a_/b a #ac ,crude nitro-b5zole14444444444444444 #eg a #fa ,rectifi$ nitro-b5zole1444444444444 #hb a #if ,ord9>y anil9e14444444444444 #c4bg a #d4ij ,liquid anil9e violet144444444444444 #bh a #da ,c>m9e anil9e violet14444444 #cb c4 a #a4ib ,pure anil9e violet1 9 p[d]14444 #bde a #cbf4hh ,! la/ is equal to ! price ( gold4 ,& s1 says ,m4 ,p>isal1 f coal1 c>ri$ to its t5? p[]1 we h gold2 ! diamond is to come4 ,mod]n *emi/ry (f]s _m =mulas & me?ods ( r5d]+ visible secret or sympa!tic inks4 ,writ+ made ) any ( ! foll[+ solutions1 & p]mitt$ to dry1 is invisible4 ,treatm5t by ! means cit$ w r5d] !m visible4 ,solution4 ,aft] treatm5t4 ,color produc$4 ,acetate ( lead4 ,sulphuret ( potassiur94 ,br[n4 ,gold 9 nitrohydro,chloric acid4 ,t9 9 same acid4 ,purple4 ,nut-galls4 ,sulphate ( iron4 ,black4 ,dilute sulphuric acid4 ,heat4 ,black4 ,cobalt 9 dilute ,heat4 ,gre54 nitrohydro*loric acid4 ,lemon juice4 ,heat4 ,br[n4 ,oxide ( copp] 9 ,heat4 ,blue4 acetic acid & salt ,nitrate ( bismu?4 ,infusions ( ,nutgalls4 ,br[n4 ,common />*4 ,iod9e 9 alcohol4 ,purple4 ,colorless iod9e4 ,*loride ( lime4 ,br[n4 ,ph5olphtal94 ,alkal9e solution4 ,r$4 ,vanadium4 ,pyrogallic acid4 ,purple4 ,! ,pat5t ,(fice at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 = m ?an =ty ye>s employ$ a violet copy+ ink made ( logwood4 ,f #ahec until #ahgh x 0 furni%$ by ! ,anto9es ( ,p>is1 ( ! br& t]m$ ,imp]ial2 9 lat] ye>s x 0 suppli$ by ! ,fab]s4 ,s9ce #ahif !y h be5 us+ comb9$ writ+ fluids4 ,! foll[+ facts elicit$ by ! unrollm5t ( a mummy at ,bri/ol1 ,engl&1 9 #ahec1 7 communicat$ to ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 by ,dr4 ,h]apa?4 ,he says3 ,on ?ree ( ! b&ages 7 hi]oglyphical *>act]s ( a d>k color1 z well def9$ z if writt5 ) a mod]n p52 :]e ! m>k+ fluid _h fl[$ m copi\sly ?an ! *>act]s requir$1 ! texture ( ! clo? _h become decompos$ & small holes _h result$4 ,i h no d\bt t ! b&ages 7 g5u9e1 & _h n be5 di/urb$ or unfold$2 ! color ( ! m>ks 7 s simil> to ^? ( ! pres5t 'm>k+ ink1' t ,i 0 induc$ to try if !y 7 produc$ by silv]4 ,) ! bl[pipe ,i imm$iately obta9$ a button ( t metal2 ! fibre ( ! l95 ,i prov$ by ! microscope1 & by *emical reag5ts1 to be l952 x is !re=e c]ta9 t ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 acqua9t$ ) ! means ( dissolv+ silv]1 & ( apply+ x z a p]man5t ink2 b :at 0 _! solv5t8 ,i "k ( none t w\ld act on ! metal & decompose flax fibre b nitric acid1 :i* we h be5 told 0 unkn[n until discov]$ by ! al*emi/ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* 0 ab\t #bbjj ye>s aft] ! date ( ?is mummy1 accord+ z its sup]scription 0 read4 ,! ,yell[ color ( ! f9e l95 clo?s :i* _h n be5 /a9$ by ! embalm+ mat]ials1 ,i f\nd to be ! natural color+ matt] ( ! flax2 !y !re=e did n1 if we judge f ?is specim51 practice blea*+4 ,!re 71 9 "s ( ! b&ages ne> ! selvage1 "s tw5ty or ?irty blue ?reads2 ^! 7 dy$ by indigo1 b ! t9t 0 n s deep nor s equal z ! "w ( ! mod]n dy]s2 ! color _h be5 giv5 x 9 ! ske94 ,"o ( ! out] b&ages 0 ( a r$di% color1 :i* dye ,i f\nd to be vegetable1 b c\ld n individualize x2 ,mr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,h]apa? analyz$ x = t9 & alum9a1 b c\ld n f9d any4 ,! face & int]nal surfaces ( ! orbits _h be5 pa9t$ :ite1 :i* pigm5t ,i asc]ta9$ to be f9ely p[d]$ *alk4 ,i am a scribbl$ =m1 drawn ) a ,p5 ,^u a ,p>*m5t1 & aga9/ ?is fire ,d ,i %r9k up4 --,,k+ ,,john1 v1 #g4 ,) mu* ado1 8 ,book be=e him laid1 ,& ,p>*m5t ) ! smoo!r side display'd2 ,he takes ! ,pap]s1 lays 'em d[n ag51 ,& ) unwill+ f+]s tries 8 ,p52 ,"s peevi% qu>rel /raight he tries to pick1 ,8 ,quill writes d\ble1 or 8 ,ink's too ?ick2 ,infuse m ,wat]2 n[ 'tis gr[n too ?91 ,x s9ks1 nor c ! *>act]s be se54 --,p]sius1 translat$ by ,dryd54 ,,inks ,,call$ ,,sympa!tical 7,sev5te5? ,c5tury74 ,^! op]ations are liquors ( a diff]5t nature1 :i* d de/roy "o ano!r2 ! fir/ is an infusion ( quick-lime & orp92 ! second a wat] turn'd black by means ( burn$ cork2 & ! ?ird is a v9eg> impregnat$ ) saturn4 ,take an ounce ( quick-lime1 & half an ounce ( orp91 p[d] & mix !m1 put y\r mixture into a matrass1 & p\r ^u x five or six ounces ( wat]1 t ! wat] may be ?ree f+]s bread? above ! p[d]1 /op y\r matrass ) cork1 wax1 & a bladd]2 set x 9 dige/ion 9 a mild s& heat t5 or twelve h\rs1 %ak+ ! matrass f "t to "t1 !n let x settle1 ! liquid becomes cle> l common wat]4 ,burn cork1 & qu5* x 9 aqua vitae1 !n dissolve x 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 :]e9 y %all h melt$ a little gumm arabick1 9 ord] to make an ink z black z common ink4 ,y mu/ sep>ate ! cork t c't dissolve1 & if ! ink be n black en\gh1 add m cork z be=e4 ,get ! impregnation ( saturn made ) v9eg>1 di/ill$ z ,i h %ewn be=e1 or else dissolve s mu* salt ( saturn z a quantity ( wat] is able to receive3 write on pap] ) a new p5 dipt 9 ?is liquor1 take notice ( ! place :]e y writ1 & let x dry1 no?+ at all w appe>4 ,write ^u ! invisible writ+ ) ! ink made ( burnt cork1 & let x dry1 t :i* y h writ w appe> z if x _h be5 done ) common ink4 ,dip a little cotton 9 ! fir/ liquor made ( lime & orp91 b ! liquor mu/ be fir/ settl$ & cle>2 rub ! place y writ ^u ) ?is cotton & t :i* appe>$ w pres5tly disappe>1 & t :i* 0 n se5 w appe>4 ,,ano!r ,,exp]im5t4 ,take a book f\r f+]s bread? 9 bigness1 or bigg] if y w3 write on ! fir/ leaf ) y\r impregnation ( saturn1 or else put a pap] t y h writ ^u betwe5 ! leaves2 turn to t' o!r side ( ! ,book1 & hav+ obs]v$ z ne> z may be ! opposite place to y\r writ+1 rub ! la/ leaf ( ! book ) cotton dipt 9 liquor made ( quick- lime & orp91 nay & leave ! cotton on ! place clap a fold$ pap] pres5tly ^u x1 & %utt+ ! book quickly1 /rike ^u x ) y\r h& f\r or five good /rokes2 !n turn ! book1 & clap x into a press = half a qu>t] ( an h\r2 take x out & op5 x1 y'll f9d ! place appe> black1 :]e y _h writ ) ! invisible ink4 ,! same ?+ might be done ?r\gh a wall1 if y c\ld provide some?+ to lay on bo? sides1 t might h9d] ! evaporation ( ! spirits4 ,,rem>ks4 ,^! op]ations are inde$ ( no use1 b because !y are some:at surpriz+1 ,i hope ! curi\s w n take x ill1 t ,i make ?is small digression4 ,x is a h>d matt] to explicate well ! effects ,i h n[ relat$1 nev]!less ,i %all endeav\r to illu/rate !m a little1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to sympa?y & antipa?y1 :i* are g5]al t]ms1 & d n explicate no?+ at all2 b be=e ,i beg91 we mu/ rem>k sev]al ?+s4 ,! fir/ is1 t x is an ess5tial po9t to qu5* ! coal ( cork 9 aqua vitae1 t ! visible ink may become black ) x4 ,secondly1 t ! blackness ( ?is ink does proce$ f ! fulig9osity or sooty "p ( ! coal ( ! cork :i* is exce$+ por\s & light1 & t ?is fulig9osity is no?+ b an oil v mu* r>efi$4 ,?irdly1 t ! impregnation ( saturn1 :i* makes ! invisible ink1 is only a lead dissolv$1 & held up imp]ceptibly 9 an acid liquor1 z ,i h said1 :5 ,i spoke ( ?is metal4 ,f\r?ly1 t ! fir/ ( ^! liquors 9 a mixture ( ! alkali & igne\s p>ts ( quick-lime ) ! sulphure\s sub/ance ( ars5ick2 = ! orp9 is a sort ( ars5ick1 z ,i said be=e4 ,all ?is be+ grant$1 z no body c reasonably ?9k o!rwise1 ,i n[ affirm1 t ! reason :y ! visible ink does disappe>1 :5 ! defac+ liquor is rubb$ ^u x1 is t ?is liquor consi/+ ( an alkali salt1 & p>ts t are oily & p5etrat+1 ?is mixture does make a k9d ( soap1 :i* is able to dissolve any fulig9\s sub/ance1 su* z burnt cork1 especially :5 x has be5 already r>efi$ & dispos$ = dissolution by aqua vitae1 aft] ! same mann] z common soap1 :i* is comp\nd$ ( oil1 & an alkali salt1 is able to take away any spots made by grease4 ,b x may be dem&$1 :y aft] ! dissolution ! blackness does disappe>4 ,i answ]1 t ! fulig9\s p>ts h be5 s divid$1 & lock$ up 9 ! sulphure\s alkali ( ! liquor1 t !y are become invisible1 & we see e day t v exact solutions d r5d] ! ?+ dissolv$ imp]ceptible1 & )\t col\r4 ,! little alkali salt :i* is 9 ! burnt cork may also ! bett] s]ve to joyn ) ! alkali ( ! quick-lime1 & to help ! dissolution4 ,z = ! invisible ink1 x is easy to appreh5d h[ t appe>s black1 :5 ! same liquor1 :i* s]ves to deface ! o!r1 is us$ ^u x4 ,= :]eas ! impregnation ( saturn is only a lead susp5d$ by ! edges1 ( ! acid liquor1 ?is lead mu/ ne$s revive1 & resume its black col\r1 :5 t :i* held x r>efi$ is entirely de/roy$2 s ! alkali ( quick- lime be+ fill$ ) ! sulphurs ( ars5ick becomes v prop] to break & de/roy ! acids1 & to agglut9ate toge!r ! p>ticles ( lead4 ,x happ5s t ! visible ink does disappe> by reason t ! p>ts :i* did r5d] x black h be5 dissolv$2 & ! invisible ink does also appe> because ! dissolv$ p>ts h be5 reviv$4 ,quick-lime &1 orpim5t be+ mix$ & dige/$ toge!r 9 wat]1 d yield a smell mu* l t :i* happ5s :5 common sulphur is boil$ 9 a lixivium1 ( t>t>4 ,?is "h is ! /rong]1 because ! sulphur ( ars5ick is load$ ) c]ta9 salts t make a /rong] impression on ! smell4 ,quick- lime is an alkali t op]ates 9 ?is mu* l ! salt ( t>t> 9 ! o!r op]ation2 y mu/ n leave ! matrass op51 because ! =ce ( ?is wat] do? consi/ 9 a volatile4 ,! lime reta9s ! m fixt "p ( ! ars5ick & ! sulphurs t come =? are s mu* ! m subtile1 z !y are sep>at$ f :at did fix !m be=e1 & ?is appe>s to be s1 because ! sulphurs mu/ ( necessity pass ?r\gh all ! book to make a writ+ ( a cle> & invisible liquor appe> black & visible3 & to facilitate ?is p5etration ! book is /rook1 & !n turn$ ab\t1 because ! _s or volatile sulphurs d always t5d upw>ds2 y mu/ likewise clap x into a press1 t ^! sulphurs may n be disp]s$ 9 ! air4 ,i h f\nd1 if t ^! circum/ances are n obs]v$1 ! bus9ess fails4 ,fur!rmore t :i* p]suades me t ! sulphurs d pass ?r\gh ! book1 & n take a circuit to slip 9 by ! sides1 z _m d imag9e1 is t aft] ! book is tak5 out ( ! press1 all ! inside is f\nd to be sc5t$ ) ! smell ( ?is liquor4 ,!re is "o ?+ m to be obs]v$1 :i* is1 t ! infusion ( quick-lime & orp9 be newly made1 because o!rwise x w n h =ce en\gh to p5etrate4 ,! ?ree liquors %\ld be made 9 diff]5t places too2 = if !y %\ld approa* ne> "o ano!r1 !y w\ld be spoil$4 ,?is la/ effect does likewise proce$ f ! defac+ liquor2 = because ^u ! dige/ion ( quick- lime & orp91 x is a ?+ impossible = "s ( ! p>ticles w exalt1 /op ! vessel z close z y w2 ! air impregnat$ ) ^! little bodies does mix )1 & alt] ! inks1 insomu* t ! visible ink does !reby become ! less black1 & ! invisible ink does also acquire a little blackness4 ,priceless ,,mss4 9 imm5se numb] writt5 9 p]iods betwe5 ! ?ird & ?irte5? c5turies h be5 de/roy$ by mod]n s*ol>s 9 exp]im5tations bas$ on ! false !ory t ! fad$ inks on !m1 :e!r above or bel[ o!r inks 7palimpse/s71 conta9$ iron4 ,sulphocyanide ( potassium is highly e/eem$ z a reag5t = ! re/oration ( writ+1 if iron is pres5t4 ,!oretically1 x is "o ( ! be/ = su* a purpose if employ$ ) acetic acid4 ,x causes1 h[ev]1 su* a decid$ contraction ( p>*m5t z to be utt]ly useless1 b = pap] ,,mss4 is excell5t4 ,! metallic sulphides g5]ally pron\nc$ h>mless1 causes ! writ+ to s(t5 & become illegible 9 a %ort "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 yell[ prussiate ( pota%1 ) acetic acid 9 successive op]ations is ( great s]vice 9 treat+ ! mo/ p]plex+ palimpse/s4 ,ink :i* badly corrodes a /eel p5 ne$ n necess>ily be condemn$2 x may conta9 j ! qualities :i* make x b9d to ! pap] & r5d] x m durable4 ,"s inks :i* are fairly p]man5t aga9/ "t if n tamp]$ )1 c be remov$ ) wat]4 ,?is is true ( ! mo/ la/+ ( inks1--! old ,indian4 ,9 anci5t ,lat9 ,,mss4 ! words fuco1 fucosus & fucus are f\nd to be frequ5tly employ$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! v>iations 9 _! mean+3 ,,fuco4--,to color1 pa9t or dye a r$ color4 ,,fucosus4--,color$1 c\nt]feit1 spuri\s1 pa9t$1 etc4 ,,fucus4--,rock li*5 7or*il7 r$ dye4 ,r$ or purple color4 ,! 7r$di%7 juice ) :i* bees /op up ! entrance to _! hives4 ,bee glue4 ,,fucus4--,a drone4 ,9 ,japan ! ^w ink possesses m ?an "o mean+ ,f\r hundr$ ,inks--"o degree ( sixty miles4 7,see ,geographical ,gramm>1 ( #agcg1 page #c47 ,say :at y w ,sir1 b ,i "k :at ,i "k2 ,t y beat me at ! ,m>t1 ,i h y\r h& to %[2 ,if ! sk9 7 ,p>*m5t1 & ! bl[s y gave 7 ,ink1 ,y\r own ,h&-writ+ w\ld tell y :at ,i ?9k4 --,com$y ( ,errors1 iii1 #a4 ,! fir/ book ev] pr9t$ 9 ,europe1 to wit1 a copy ( ,tully's ,(fices1 is c>efully pres]v$ 9 ,holl&4 ,:ite's ,lat9-,engli% ,diction>y1 #ahgb1 di/+ui%es ! words ,atram5tum & ,sutorium 9 _! int]pretations4 ,,atram5tum4--,! ?+ s]v+ = mak+ black4 ,a black liquid ( any k9d4 ,a writ+ ink4 ,%oemak]'s black4 ,blue vitriol4 ,,sutorium4--,belong+ to a %oemak]4 ,be=e ! employm5t ( blott+ pap] a p\nce- box :i* conta9$ ei!r p[d]$ gum s&>a* & gr\nd cuttle-fi% bones1 or p[d]$ *>coal1 s& & l mat]ials 0 us$ by %ak+ x l a pepp]- box on fre%ly writt5 manuscripts4 ,blott+ pap] z fir/ employ$ consi/$ ( v ?9 %eets & ( a d>k p9k color1 :i* fa%ion *ang$ to blue 9 lat] ye>s4 ,good blott+ pap] ( ! pres5t "t removes fully two ?irds ( fre% ink :5 us$ on ,,h>d f9i%$ pap]4 ,blott+ pap] %\ld n be us$ ^u records4 ,its use removes ! body ( ! ink1 leav+ discoloration1 b no?+ = p5etration4 ,9 inks int5d$ = copy+1 ! employm5t ( blott+ pap] is especially bad4 ,?\ ha/ mo/ traitor\sly corrupt$ ! y\? ( ! realm 9 erect+ a ,gramm> ,s*ool2 & :]eas1 be=e1 our =efa!rs _h no o!r books b ! score & ! tally1 ?\ ha/ caus$ pr9t+ to be us$1 & contr>y to ! ,k+1 8 cr[n & dignity1 ?\ ha/ built a pap] mill4 --#b ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vi1 iv1 #e4 ,mr4 ,knight relates a conv]sation betwe5 ,dr4 ,gale & a g5tlem5 f ! ,we/ relative to ! introduction ( "s mat]ial into ink to prev5t m\ld+4 ,dr4 ,gale _h a/oni%$ 8 fri5d by /at+-- w prev5t ! deposition ( ! ova ( infusoria animalcutae2 :5 x 0 sugge/$ t he add & ! sporadic gr[?s ( ?allog5ic cryptograms & be fatal to ! fungi4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania claims to possess ! olde/ piece ( writ+ 9 ! _w & :i* is on a fragm5t ( a vase f\nd at ,nippur4 ,x is an inscription 9 picture writ+ suppos$ to h be5 made #d1ejj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,waf]s 7 n introduc$ until ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,p]sians 9 anci5t times1 "s #hjj ye>s ,b4 ,c41 7 9 ! habit ( celebrat+ c]ta9 fe/ivals & x is relat$ t 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb] "o ( _! c]emonies 0 t ( driv+ ! ,dives 7spirits7 out ( _! h\ses4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,magi wrote c]ta9 words ) saffron on sk9s1 papyrus or wood & !n smok$ x ov] a fire4 ,! spell ?us prep>$ 0 glu$ or nail$ to ! inside ( ! door1 :i* 0 pa9t$ r$4 ,! prie/ !n took s&1 :i* he spread ) a long knife1 :il/ he mutt]$ c]ta9 pray]s & !n ?r[+ x on ! floor ! en*antm5t 0 complete2 & ! ,dives 7 suppos$ imm$iately to vani%2 or at lea/ to be depriv$ ( all malignant influ5ce4 ,ari/otle's "w on ! ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 ,b4 ,c4 #cdj1 or probably ! copy made by ,tyrannio1 0 discov]$ transcrib$ und]nea? f>m acc\nts ( l& 9 ! di/rict ( ,h]mopolis 9 ,egypt 9 ! reign ( ,vespasian1 ,a4 ,d4 #i to #gi4 ,9 ,,mss4 writt5 be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & inde$ = _m ye>s aft]1 ! title page if any1 w be f\nd on ! la/ page ) ! date4 ,let lawy]s bawl & /ra9 _! ?roats1 ',tis ,i t mu/ ! l&s convey1 ,& /rip _! cli5ts to _! coats1 ,nay1 give _! v s\ls away6 --,,dean ,,swift1 ,on ink4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 _! treaties ) ! ,european ,greeks ( ,con/ant9ople ! ,arabs always /ipulat$ = ! deliv]y ( a fix$ numb] ( manuscripts4 ,_! en?usiasm = ,ari/otle is equally notori\s2 b x w\ld be unju/ to imag9e t1 9 adopt+ ! ,ari/otelian me?od1 toge!r ) ! a/rology & al*emy ( ,p]sia1 & ( ! ,jews ( ,mesopotamia & ,arabia1 !y 7 :olly devoid ( orig9ality4 ,! ,arabic num]als :i* we n[ employ are probably ( ,indian orig91 hav+ be5 br\ght by ,arab trad]s f ! ,ea/ & introduc$ by !m into ,spa9 9 ! middle ages1 :]eas !y spread ov] ,europe com+ 9 use 9 ,engl& p]haps ab\t ! elev5? c5tury4 ,b :e!r ,india inv5t$ !m or borr[$ f ,greek or o!r trad]s f ! ,we/ is unkn[n4 ,! anci5t writ+ implem5t kn[n z ! /ylus 0 made ( e conceivable mat]ial1 sometimes ) ! preci\s metals1 b usually ( iron1 & on occasion might be turn$ into =midable weapons4 ,x 0 ) 8 /ylus t ,caes> /abb$ ,casca 9 ! arm1 :5 attack$ 9 ! s5ate by 8 murd]]s2 & ,caligula employ$ "s p]son to put to dea? a s5ator ) a l in/rum5t4 ,9 ! reign ( ,claudius wom5 & boys 7 se>*$ to asc]ta9 :e!r !re 7 any /yluses 9 _! p5 cases4 ,/abb+ ) ! p51 !re=e1 is n m]ely a metaphorical expression4 ,sir ,william ,gore ,ouseley1 a fam\s diplomat & savant1 :o 0 liv+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 dur+ 8 long resid5ce 9 ,india sp5t a =tune 9 ! collection ( anci5t ,p]sic & ,arabic ,,mss4 ,9 #ahjg he p]mitt$ !m to be exam9$ by ,beloe1 ^: description ( a few w be> repeat+3 ,no4 #a4 ,a ,koran1 9 ! ,cufi or ,cufic "*1 said to be writt5 by ,ali1 ! son-9-law ( ,mahamm$1 ! ,arabian prophet4 ,! sub/ance ^u :i* ?is curi\s manuscript is writt5 appe>s to be a f9e k9d ( asses' sk9 or vellum1 & ! ink ( a r$1 br[ni% col\r4 ,! ends ( v]ses are m>k$ by l>ge />s ( gold4 ,if writt5 by ,ali1 x mu/ be ne>ly twelve hundr$ ye>s old1 b at all ev5ts may be consid]$ z v anci5t1 _m hundr$ ye>s hav+ elaps$ s9ce ! use ( ! ,cufi "* has giv5 way to ! ,neskh1 ,suls1 etc41 etc4 ,?is manuscript is /ill 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,no4 #d4 ,beh>i/an1 ',! ,g>d5 ( ,spr+4' ,a book on e?ics & education1 illu/rat$ by int]e/+ anecdotes & n>ratives1 writt5 bo? 9 v]se & prose1 9 imitation ( ! ,guli/an1 or ',rose g>d5' ( ,saadi1 & l x divid$ into eight *apt]s1 compos$ by ,nurudd91 ,abdurrahman ,jami1 b5 ,ahm$ ( ! village ( ,jam1 ne> ,h]at4 ,he 0 born ,a4 ,h4 #hag & di$ at ! age ( #ha ye>s 7ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #adib74 ,z a gramm>ian1 !ologi/ & poet he 0 unequall$1 & 8 compositi\s are z volum9\s z !y are excell5t4 ,! enorm\s exp5se :i* p h incurr$ to possess accurate copies ( & to adorn & embelli% 8 works1 is no small pro( ( ! great e/imation 9 :i* !y 7 held by ! lit]ati ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is volume is a small folio1 consi/+ ( #acd pages1 writt5 9 ! mo/ beautiful ,na/ilik "*1 by ! fam\s scribe ,mohamm$ ,husse91 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 inimitable p5man%ip1 obta9$ ! title ( ,z]9 ,kalm1 or ',p5 ( ,gold4' ,! leaves are ( ! s(te/ ,ca%mirian pap]1 & ( su* mode/ %ades ( gre51 blue1 br[n1 dove1 & fawn colors1 z nev] to (f5d ! eye by _! gl>e1 al?\gh ri*ly p[d]$ ) gold4 ,! m>g9s1 :i* are broad1 display a great v>iety ( *a/e & beautiful del9eations 9 liquid gold1 no two pages be+ alike4 ,"s are divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 o!rs are 9 runn+ patt]ns1 9 all ( :i* ! illum9ations %[ ! mo/ correct1 & at ! same "t fanciful ta/e4 ,_m are del9eations ( field sports1 :i*1 ?\gh simple outl9es ( gold1 are calculat$ to af=d ! highe/ gratifications to ! lov] ( natural hi/ory1 z well z ! arti/1 f ! uncommon accuracy ) :i* ! =ms ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 buffalo1 lion1 tig]1 leop>d1 pan!r1 lynx1 & o!r ,asiatic animals are portray$4 ,x appe>s1 by ! names :i* are ins]t$ at ! bottom ( ! pages1 t sev]al arti/s 7 employ$ 9 ! composition & comb9ation ( ^! ornam5ts1 "o = ! l&scape1 ano!r = ! animals1 & a ?ird = ! human figures1 all ( :om h giv5 pro(s ( sup]ior m]it4 ,x w\ld take almo/ a mon? to inspect all ! excell5cies ( ?is r>e manuscript2 =1 al?\gh s ri*ly ornam5t$ 9 gold1 ! *a/e colors ( ! gr\nd prev5t any gl>+ obtrusion on ! eye1 & oblige ! exam9] to place x 9 a p>ticul> po9t ( light to see ! exquisite & m9ute beauties ( ! del9eations4 ,! pa9t+s1 :i* are meant to illu/rate ! subject ( ! book1 are done 9 colors1 & 9 ! c5t] ( ! leaves4 ,on ! back ( ! fir/ page are ! autographs ( ! ,emp]ors ( ,h9du/an1 ,jehangir & 8 son ,%ajehan4 ,no4 #e4 ',a ,diwan i ,%ahi4' ,a ,diwan or ,collection ,odes by ,%ahi1' transcrib$ by ! fam\s p5man ,mir ,ali1 9 ,bok>a#a41 ,a4 ,d4 #aecd4 7,a4 ,h4 #idj47 ,! au?or ( ^! poems1 ,mamlic ,arnir ,%ahi1 ! son ( ,malic ,jemaludd9 ,firozkohi1 a nobleman ( high rank & =tune z well z great lit]>y atta9m5ts1 0 born 9 ,sebzw>1 ,a4 ,h4 #ghf4 ,he pass$ a "p ( 8 life at ! c\rts ( ,baisank> 7! son ( ,%ahrukh ,mirza1 & gr&son ( ,tam]lane7 & ( 8 son ,abul ,kasim ,bab]1 dur+ :i* "t he held appo9tm5ts ( ! highe/ tru/ & emolum5t1 & 0 univ]sally c>ess$4 ,b1 tak+ (f5se at an expression ( ,sultan ,bab]'s1 :i* he conceiv$ reflect$ on 8 fa!r1 he quitt$ ! c\rt 9 disgu/1 & pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 ! cultivation ( ! si/] arts1 poetry1 pa9t+1 & music 9 all ( :i* he em95tly excell$4 ,he 0 also unequall$ 9 p5man%ip4 ,at ! age ( sev5ty ye>s be di$ 9 ,a/]abad1 dur+ ! reign ( ,bab]1 ,a4 ,h4 #hef1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! suburbs ( 8 native city1 ,sebzw>1 9 a mausoleum erect$ by 8 ance/ors4 ,mir ,ali1 :o transcrib$ ?is book1 0 ! mo/ excell5t p5man ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 born 9 ! reign ( ,sultan ,husse9 ,mirza ,bahudur1 ! son ( ,mansur1 & great gr&son ( ,om> ,%eikh1 ! second son ( ,tam]lane4 ,he 0 a le>n$ man & good poet1 & took ! ,takhulas 7poetical title7 mo/ appropriate to 8 greate/ accompli%m5ts1 ( ,al ,cateb1 or '! ,scribe4' ,he 0 ! pupil ( ,sultan ,ali1 b f> exce$$ 8 ma/] 9 calligraphy4 ,an entire book writt5 by him is ju/ly e/eem$ a great treasure 9 ! ,ea/4 ,on ! back ( ! fir/ page ( ?is mo/ beautiful manuscript are ! autographs ( ! ,emp]ors ( ,h9du/an1 ,jehangir 7! son ( ! great ,acb]7 & 8 son ,%ah ,jehan2 !re is also ! seal ( ,aurangzeb1 ! son ( ,%ah ,jehun4 ,jehangir dates ! acquir+ possession ( ?is treasure ,a4 ,h4 #ajbe1 & ,%ah ,jehun1 ,a4 ,h4 #ajcg4 ,a collection ( my?ological draw+s 7br\ght f a =t 9 ,bhutan1 :]e !y 7 tak5 z plund]7 exce$+ly well col\r$1 & ri*ly illum9$4 ,"s ( ! deities resemble ^? ( ! ,t>t>s1 del9eat$ by ! travell] ,pallas2 o!rs aga9 are pure ,h9du & _m ,*9ese2 b ! mo/ frequ5t are ! repres5tations ( ,baudh1 exactly z depict$ 9 ! pa9t+s & temples at ,ceylon4 ,! religion ( ,bhutan & ,neipal seems to be l ! local situation ( ^? c\ntries1 ! l9k ( connection betwe5 t ( ! ,h9dus1 ) its diff]5t s*isms1 & t ( ! ,*9ese ) ! ,t>t> sup]/ructure4 ,) ?is book ( draw+s are sev]al rolls ( ,bhutan ,scripture1 v well /amp$ by /]eotype blocks ( wood4 ,"s ( ! blocks accompani$ ! draw+s2 !y are %>ply & neatly cut 9 a k9d ( ,sanscrit "*1 & are objects ( great curiosity1 z1 by ! acc\nts ( ! natives1 ?is mode ( pr9t+ has be5 9 use = "t immemorial4 ,!re are besides 9 ,sir ,gore ,ouseley's collection #a1ajj mo/ beautiful books ( ,p]sian & ,indian pa9t+s1 portraits ( ! ,emp]ors ( ,h9du/an f ,sultan ,bab] d[n to ,bahudur ,%ah1 f9ely color$ draw+s ( natural hi/ory1 & curi\s designs ( fancy1 ) specim5s ( f9e p5man%ip 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,arabic & ,p]sian *>act]s4 ,sev]al ,sanscrit manuscripts1 highly ornam5t$ & ri*ly illum9$1 "s ( !m writt5 9 lett]s ( gold & silv] on a black gr\nd4 ,_m ( !m illu/rat$ ) ! neate/ m9iature pa9t+s ( ! ,h9du gods & sa9ts4 ,two ,korans1 ! lett]s entirely ( gold1 ) ! v[el po9ts 9 black4 ,! two v]sions ( ,pilpais or ,b$pai's fables1 by ,husse9 ,vaiz & ,abulfazl1 illu/rat$ ) upw>ds ( #gjj highly f9i%$ m9iatures2 ! be/ hi/orical works 9 ! ,p]sian language1 f9ely writt51 & 9 high pres]vation4 ,! high reg>d ) :i* ! writ]s ( ,,mss4 9 anci5t ,p]sia 7 view$ may be le>n$ among o!r ?+s f ! foll[+ anecdote3 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t among !m 0 9 8 walks solicit$ by a begg> = alms4 ,money1 he repli$1 ,i h none1 b tak+ 8 p5 & ink f 8 girdle1 :i* are ! insignia ( ! pr(ession 7)\t :i* !y nev] w5t abroad71 he took a piece ( pap]1 & wrote "s ^w or o!r ^u x4 ,! poor man receiv$ x ) gratitude1 & sold x to ! fir/ weal?y p]son he met = a gold5 mohur1 9 value ab\t #b4ej4 ,is n ?is a lam5table ?+1 t ( ! sk9 ( an innoc5t lamb %\ld be made ,p>*m5t8 t ,p>*m5t be+ scribbl$ o'er %\ld undo a man8 --#b ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vi1 iv1 #b4 ,! ,bo/on ,news ,lett]1 #agfi1 ann\nces3 ,! belle>t w g ?r\gh ,bo/on be=e ! end ( next mon?1 to collect rags = ! pap] mill at ,milton1 :5 all p t w enc\rage ! pap] manufactory may dispose ( !m4 ,rags are z beauties1 :i* conceal$ lie1 ,b :5 9 pap] h[ x *>ms ! eye2 ,pray save y\r rags1 new beauties x discov]1 ,= pap] truly e "o's a lov]3 ,by ! p5 & press su* k is display$1 ,z w\ldn't exi/1 if pap] 0 n made4 ,wisdom ( ?+s1 my/]i\s1 div9e1 ,illu/ri\sly do? on pap] %9e4 ,g54 ,walt] ,m>t91 proprietor ( ! t[n%ip ( ,m>t9sburg1 ,lewis c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 erect$ a pap]-mill1 :i* 0 run by ,john ,cl>k ,co4 ,?is 0 9 #ahjg4 ,!y gave notice t rags w\ld be receiv$ at ! pr9cipal /ores 9 ,upp] ,canada & ! ,black riv] c\ntry1 :i* 7l _m ( ! adv]tisem5ts ( ! e>ly pap]mak]s1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica71 0 accompani$ by a poetic address to ! ladies1 "o /anza ( :i* ran ?us3 ,sweet ladies pray be n (f5d$1 ,nor m9d ! je/s ( sne]+ wags2 ,no h>m1 believe u1 is int5d$1 ,:5 humbly we reque/ y\r rags4 ,! employm5t ( complem5t>y color scre5s has made x possible to photograph colors :i* =m]ly indicat$ no contra/ ) :ite back gr\nds 9 ! negative & lat] 9 ! f9i%$ picture4 ,?is discov]y has de/roy$ ! value ( safety pap]s1 bas$ on complete t9ts or possess+ color$ l9es or words4 ,,9 ,,manuscript4 ,! ra9 /orm wields a noisy p5 ,ad[n ! pane1 ,wet spla%es leav+1 blots ( /range :ite ink1 ,blund]s ( ra94 ,& yet no poems ( ec/atic m51 ,olympic fac$1 ,c\ld be z wond]ful z ^!1 ,i ?9k1 ,9 ciph] trac$4 --,,isabelle ,,h[e ,,fiske4