,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity by ,,william ,,paley1 ,d4,d4 ,a ,new ,edition ,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,w4 ,cl[es & ,sons1 ,/am=d ,/reet #ahea ,,! ,,hon\rable ,,& ,,"r ,,rev]5d ,,james ,,york1 ,d4,d41 ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ely ,my ,,"l1 ,:51 five ye>s ago1 an important /ation 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge await$ y\r ,lord%ip's disposal1 y 7 pleas$ to (f] x to me4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ?is (f] 0 made dem& a public ackn[l$gm5t4 ,i _h nev] se5 y\r ,lord%ip2 ,i possess$ no connection :i* c\ld possibly recomm5d me to y\r fav\r2 ,i 0 kn[n to y only by my endeav\r1 9 common ) _m o!rs1 to dis*>ge my duty z a tutor 9 ! ,univ]sity2 & by "s v imp]fect1 b c]ta9ly well-int5d$1 &1 z y ?\ght1 useful publications s9ce4 ,9 an age by no means want+ 9 examples ( hon\rable patronage1 al?\gh ?is des]ve n to be m5tion$ 9 respect ( ! object ( y\r ,lord%ip's *oice1 x is inf]ior to none 9 ! purity & dis9t]e/$ness ( ! motives :i* sugge/$ x4 ,h[ ! foll[+ "w may be receiv$1 ,i pret5d n to =etell4 ,my fir/ pray] conc]n+ x is1 t x may d good to any3 my second hope1 t x may assi/1 :at x ha? always be5 my e>ne/ wi% to promote1 ! religi\s "p ( an academical education4 ,if 9 ?is latt] view x might seem1 9 any degree1 to excuse y\r ,lord%ip's judgm5t ( its au?or1 ,i %all be gratifi$ by ! reflection t1 to a k9dness fl[+ f public pr9ciples1 ,i h made ! be/ public return 9 my p[]4 ,9 ! mean "t1 & 9 e ev5t1 ,i rejoice 9 ! opportunity "h af=d$ me ( te/ify+ ! s5se ,i ent]ta9 ( y\r ,lord%ip's conduct1 & ( a notice :i* ,i reg>d z ! mo/ flatt]+ di/9ction ( my life4 ,i am1 ,,my ,,"l1 ,) s5tim5ts ( gratitude & respect1 ,y\r ,lord%ip's fai?ful ,& mo/ oblig$ s]vant1 ,,william ,,paley4 ,,cont5ts ,prep>atory ,consid]ations--,( ! antec$5t ,cr$ibility ( ,miracles4 ,,"p #a4 ,,( ,,! ,,direct ,,hi/orical ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ianity1 ,,& ,,:]e9 ,,x ,,is ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,alleg$ ,,= ,,o!r ,,miracles4 ,proposition /at$ ,,proposition ,i4 ,t !re is satisfactory ,evid5ce1 t _m pr(ess+ to be orig9al ,witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian ,miracles pass$ _! ,lives 9 ,lab\rs1 ,dang]s1 & ,suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 ,atte/ation ( ! ,acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! ,belief ( ^? ,acc\nts2 & t !y submitt$1 f ! same ,motives1 to new ,rules ( ,conduct4 ,,*apt] ,i ,evid5ce ( ! ,suff]+ ( ! fir/ ,propagators ( ,*ri/ianity1 f ! ,nature ( ! ,case4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,evid5ce ( ! ,suff]+s ( ! fir/ ,propagators ( ,*ri/ianity1 f ,pr(ane ,te/imony4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,indirect ,evid5ce ( ! ,suff]+s ( ! fir/ ,propagators ( ,*ri/ianity1 f ! ,scriptures & o!r anci5t ,*ri/ian ,writ+s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,direct ,evid5ce ( ! same4 ,,*apt] ,v ,obs]vations ^u ! prec$+ ,evid5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,t ! ,/ory = :i* ! fir/ ,propagators ( ,*ri/ianity suff]$ 0 miracul\s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,t x 01 9 ! ma91 ! ,/ory :i* we h n[ prov$ by indirect ,consid]ations4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! same prov$ f ! ,au?ority ( our ,hi/orical ,scriptures4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,( ! ,au!nticity ( ! hi/orical ,scriptures1 9 elev5 ,sections ,,sect4 #a ,quotations ( ! hi/orical ,scriptures by anci5t ,*ri/ian ,writ]s4 ,,sect4 #b ,( ! peculi> ,respect ) :i* !y 7 quot$4 ,,sect4 #c ,! ,scriptures 7 9 v e>ly ,times collect$ into a di/9ct ,volume4 ,,sect4 #d ,& di/+ui%$ by appropriate ,names & ,titles ( ,respect4 ,,sect4 #e ,7 publicly read & exp\nd$ 9 ! religi\s ,assemblies ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,,sect4 #f ,comm5t>ies1 c41 7 anci5tly writt5 ^u ! ,scriptures4 ,,sect4 #g ,!y 7 receiv$ by anci5t ,*ri/ians ( diff]5t ,sects & p]suasions4 ,,sect4 #h ,! f\r ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 & ! fir/ ( ,pet]1 7 receiv$ )\t d\bt by ^? :o d\bt$ conc]n+ ! o!r ,books ( our pres5t ,canon4 ,,sect4 #i ,our pres5t ,gospels 7 consid]$ by ! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity z conta9+ ! ,acc\nts ^u :i* ! ,religion 0 f\nd$4 ,,sect4 #aj ,=mal ,catalogues ( au!ntic ,scriptures 7 publi%$1 9 all :i* our pres5t ,gospels 7 includ$4 ,,sect4 #aa ,! above ,propositions _c be pr$icat$ ( ^? ,books :i* are commonly call$ ,apocryphal ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,recapitulation4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,direct ,,hi/orical ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ianity1 ,,& ,,:]e9 ,,x ,,is ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,alleg$ ,,= ,,o!r ,,miracles4 ,,proposition ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,i ,t !re is n satisfactory ,evid5ce1 t ,p]sons pret5d+ to be orig9al ,witnesses ( any o!r simil> ,miracles h act$ 9 ! same ,mann]1 9 ,atte/ation ( ! ,acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! ,belief ( ! ,tru? ( ^? ,acc\nts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,consid]ation ( "s specific ,in/ances ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,auxili>y ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity1 ,,*apt] ,i ,prophecy ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,morality ( ! ,gospel ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,c&\r ( ! ,writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,,*apt] ,,iv ,id5tity ( ,*ri/'s ,"* ,,*apt] ,v ,orig9ality ( our ,savi\r's ,"* ,,*apt] ,,vi ,con=mity ( ! ,facts occasionally m5tion$ or ref]r$ to 9 ,scripture ) ! ,/ate ( ?+s 9 ^! ,times1 z repres5t$ by =eign & indep5d5t ,acc\nts4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,undesign$ ,co9cid5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,resurrection4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,( ! ,propagation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,sect4 #b ,reflections ^u ! prec$+ ,acc\nt4 ,,sect4 #c ,( ! ,religion ( ,mahomet4 ,,"p ,,iii ,a ,,brief ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,"s ,,popul> ,,objections4 ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,discrepancies betwe5 ! sev]al ,gospels4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,errone\s ,op9ions imput$ to ! ,apo/les4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,connection ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! ,jewi% ,hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,rejection ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,v ,t ! ,*ri/ian ,miracles are n recit$1 or appeal$ to1 by e>ly ,*ri/ian ,writ]s !mselves1 s fully or frequ5tly z might h be5 expect$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,want ( ,univ]sality 9 ! ,k & ,reception ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( great] ,cle>ness 9 ! ,evid5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,suppos$ effects ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,conclusion4 ,,prep>atory ,,consid]ations4 ,i deem x unnecess>y to prove t mank9d /ood 9 ne$ ( a revelation because ,i h met ) no s]i\s p]son :o ?9ks t1 ev5 "u ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 we h too mu* light1 or any degree ( assurance :i* is sup]flu\s4 ,i desire1 moreov]1 t 9 judg+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 x may be rememb]$ t ! "q lies betwe5 ?is religion & none3 =1 if ! ,*ri/ian religion be n cr$ible1 no "o1 ) :om we h to d1 w support ! pret5sions ( any o!r4 ,suppose1 !n1 ! _w we live 9 to h _h a ,creator2 suppose x to appe>1 f ! pr$om9ant aim & t5d5cy ( ! provisions & contrivances obs]vable 9 ! univ]se1 t ! ,deity1 :5 he =m$ x1 consult$ = ! happ9ess ( 8 s5sitive creation2 suppose ! disposition :i* dictat$ ?is c\nsel to cont9ue2 suppose a "p ( ! creation to h receiv$ faculties f _! ,mak]1 by :i* !y are capable ( r5d]+ a moral ob$i5ce to 8 w1 & ( volunt>ily pursu+ any end = :i* he has design$ !m2 suppose ! ,creator to int5d = ^!1 8 rational & acc\ntable ag5ts1 a second /ate ( exi/5ce1 9 :i* _! situation w be by _! behavi\r 9 ! fir/ /ate1 by :i* suppose 7& by no o!r7 ! objection to ! div9e gov]nm5t 9 n putt+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! good & ! bad1 & ! inconsi/5cy ( ?is confusion ) ! c>e & b5evol5ce discov]able 9 ! works ( ! ,deity is done away2 suppose x to be ( ! utmo/ importance to ! subjects ( ?is disp5sation to "k :at is int5d$ = !m1 t is1 suppose ! k ( x to be highly conducive to ! happ9ess ( ! species1 a purpose :i* s _m provisions ( nature are calculat$ to promote3 ,suppose1 nev]!less1 almo/ ! :ole race1 ei!r by ! imp]fection ( _! faculties1 ! mis=tune ( _! situation1 or by ! loss ( "s prior revelation1 to want ?is k1 & n to be likely1 )\t ! aid ( a new revelation1 to atta9 x2 "u ^! circum/ances1 is x improbable t a revelation %\ld be made8 ,is x incr$ible t ,god %\ld int]pose = su* a purpose8 ,suppose him to design = mank9d a future /ate2 is x unlikely t he %\ld acqua9t him ) x8 ,n[ 9 :at way c a revelation be made1 b by miracles8 ,9 none :i* we are able to conceive4 ,consequ5tly1 9 :atev] degree x is probable1 or n v improbable1 t a revelation %\ld be communicat$ to mank9d at all3 9 ! same degree is x probable1 or n v improbable1 t miracles %\ld be wr\ght4 ,!re=e1 :5 miracles are relat$ to h be5 wr\ght 9 ! promulgat+ ( a revelation manife/ly want$1 &1 if true1 ( ine/imable value1 ! improbability :i* arises f ! miracul\s nature ( ! ?+s relat$ is n great] ?an ! orig9al improbability t su* a revelation %\ld be imp>t$ by ,god4 ,i wi% x1 h[ev]1 to be correctly und]/ood1 9 :at mann]1 & to :at ext5t1 ?is argum5t is alleg$4 ,we d n assume ! attributes ( ! ,deity1 or ! exi/5ce ( a future /ate1 9 ord] to prove ! reality ( miracles4 ,t reality always mu/ be prov$ by evid5ce4 ,we ass]t only1 t 9 miracles adduc$ 9 support ( revelation !re is n any su* antec$5t improbability z no te/imony c surm\nt4 ,& = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ?is ass]tion1 we cont5d1 t ! incr$ibility ( miracles relat$ to h be5 wr\ght 9 atte/ation ( a message f ,god1 convey+ intellig5ce ( a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & tea*+ mank9d h[ to prep>e !mselves = t /ate1 is n 9 itself great] ?an ! ev5t1 call x ei!r probable or improbable1 ( ! two foll[+ propositions be+ true3 namely1 fir/1 t a future /ate ( exi/5ce %\ld be de/9$ by ,god = 8 human creation2 &1 secondly1 t1 be+ s de/9$1 he %\ld acqua9t !m ) x4 ,x is n necess>y = our purpose1 t ^! propositions be capable ( pro(1 or ev5 t1 by argum5ts drawn f ! light ( nature1 !y c be made out to be probable2 x is en\gh t we are able to say conc]n+ !m1 t !y are n s viol5tly improbable1 s contradictory to :at we already believe ( ! div9e p[] & "*1 t ei!r ! propositions !mselves1 or facts /rictly connect$ ) ! propositions 7& !re=e no fur!r improbable ?an !y are improbable71 ought to be reject$ at fir/ sight1 & to be reject$ by :atev] /r5g? or complication ( evid5ce !y be atte/$4 ,?is is ! prejudication we w\ld resi/4 ,= to ?is l5g? does a mod]n objection to miracles g1 viz41 t no human te/imony c 9 any case r5d] !m cr$ible4 ,i ?9k ! reflection above /at$1 t1 if !re be a revelation1 !re mu/ be miracles1 & t1 "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! human species are plac$1 a revelation is n improbable1 or n to any great degree1 to be a fair answ] to ! :ole objection4 ,b s9ce x is an objection :i* /&s 9 ! v ?re%old our argum5t1 &1 if admitt$1 is a b> to e pro(1 & to all future reason+ ^u ! subject1 x may be necess>y1 be=e we proce$ fur!r1 to exam9e ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x pr(esses to be f\nd$2 :i* pr9ciple is concisely ?is1 ,t x is contr>y to exp]i5ce t a miracle %\ld be true1 b n contr>y to exp]i5ce t te/imony %\ld be false4 ,n[ !re appe>s a small ambiguity 9 ! t]m exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! phrases1 contr>y to exp]i5ce1 or contradict+ exp]i5ce1 :i* x may be necess>y to remove 9 ! fir/ place4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! n>rative ( a fact is !n only contr>y to exp]i5ce1 :5 ! fact is relat$ to h exi/$ at a "t & place1 at :i* "t & place we be+ pres5t did n p]ceive x to exi/2 z if x %\ld be ass]t$1 t 9 a p>ticul> room1 & at a p>ticul> h\r ( a c]ta9 day1 a man 0 rais$ f ! dead1 9 :i* room1 & at ! "t specifi$1 we1 be+ pres5t & look+ on1 p]ceiv$ no su* ev5t to h tak5 place4 ,"h ! ass]tion is contr>y to exp]i5ce prop]ly s call$2 & ?is is a contr>iety :i* no evid5ce c surm\nt4 ,x matt]s no?+1 :e!r ! fact be ( a miracul\s nature1 or n4 ,b al?\gh ?is be ! exp]i5ce1 & ! contr>iety1 :i* ,ar*bi%op ,tillotson alleg$ 9 ! quotation ) :i* ,mr4 ,hume op5s 8 ,essay1 x is c]ta9ly n t exp]i5ce1 nor t contr>iety1 :i* ,mr4 ,hume himself int5d$ to object4 ,& %ort ( ?is ,i "k no intelligible signification :i* c be affix$ to ! t]m contr>y to exp]i5ce1 b "o1 viz41 t ( n hav+ ourselves exp]i5c$ any?+ simil> to ! ?+ relat$1 or su* ?+s n be+ g5]ally exp]i5c$ by o!rs4 ,i say n g5]ally = to /ate conc]n+ ! fact 9 "q1 t no su* ?+ 0 ev] exp]i5c$1 or t univ]sal exp]i5ce is aga9/ x1 is to assume ! subject ( ! controv]sy4 ,n[ ! improbability :i* arises f ! want 7= ?is prop]ly is a want1 n a contradiction7 ( exp]i5ce1 is only equal to ! probability !re is1 t1 if ! ?+ 7 true1 we %\ld exp]i5ce ?+s simil> to x1 or t su* ?+s w\ld be g5]ally exp]i5c$4 ,suppose x !n to be true t miracles 7 wr\ght on ! fir/ promulgation ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 no?+ b miracles c\ld decide its au?ority1 is x c]ta9 t su* miracles w\ld be repeat$ s (t51 & 9 s _m places1 z to become objects ( g5]al exp]i5ce8 ,is x a probability approa*+ to c]ta9ty8 ,is x a probability ( any great /r5g? or =ce8 ,is x su* z no evid5ce c enc\nt]8 ,& yet ?is probability is ! exact conv]se1 & !re=e ! exact measure1 ( ! improbability :i* arises f ! want ( exp]i5ce1 & :i* ,mr4 ,hume repres5ts z inv9cible by human te/imony4 ,x is n l alleg+ a new law ( nature1 or a new exp]im5t 9 natural philosophy2 because1 :5 ^! are relat$1 x is expect$ t1 "u ! same circum/ances1 ! same effect w foll[ univ]sally2 & 9 proportion z ?is expectation is ju/ly ent]ta9$1 ! want ( a correspond+ exp]i5ce negatives ! hi/ory4 ,b to expect conc]n+ a miracle1 t x %\ld succe$ ^u a repetition1 is to expect t :i* w\ld make x cease to be a miracle1 :i* is contr>y to its nature z su*1 & w\ld totally de/roy ! use & purpose = :i* x 0 wr\ght4 ,! =ce ( exp]i5ce z an objection to miracles is f\nd$ 9 ! presumption1 ei!r t ! c\rse ( nature is inv>iable1 or t1 if x be ev] v>i$1 v>iations w be frequ5t & g5]al4 ,has ! necessity ( ?is alt]native be5 demon/rat$8 ,p]mit u to call ! c\rse ( nature ! ag5cy ( an intellig5t ,be+1 & is !re any good reason = judg+ ?is /ate ( ! case to be probable8 ,ought we n r to expect t su* a ,be+1 on occasions ( peculi> importance1 may int]rupt ! ord] :i* he _h appo9t$1 yet1 t su* occasions %\ld return seldom2 t ^! int]ruptions consequ5tly %\ld be conf9$ to ! exp]i5ce ( a few2 t ! want ( x1 !re=e1 9 _m1 %\ld be matt] nei!r ( surprise nor objection8 ,b1 z a cont9uation ( ! argum5t f exp]i5ce1 x is said t1 :5 we advance acc\nts ( miracles1 we assign effects )\t causes1 or we attribute effects to causes inadequate to ! purpose1 or to causes ( ! op]ation ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce ( :at causes1 we may ask1 & ( :at effects1 does ! objection speak8 ,if x be answ]$ t1 :5 we ascribe ! cure ( ! palsy to a t\*1 ( bl9dness to ! ano9t+ ( ! eyes ) clay1 or ! rais+ ( ! dead to a ^w1 we lay ourselves op5 to ?is imputation2 we reply t we ascribe no su* effects to su* causes4 ,we p]ceive no virtue or en]gy 9 ^! ?+s m ?an 9 o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d4 ,!y are m]ely signs to connect ! miracle ) its end4 ,! effect we ascribe simply to ! volition ( ,deity2 ( ^: exi/5ce & p[]1 n to say ( ^: ,pres5ce & ag5cy1 we h previ\s & indep5d5t pro(4 ,we h1 !re=e1 all we seek = 9 ! works ( rational ag5ts--a suffici5t p[] & an adequate motive4 ,9 a ^w1 once believe t !re is a ,god1 & miracles are n incr$ible4 ,mr4 ,hume /ates ! ease ( miracles to be a conte/ ( opposite improbabilities1 t is to say1 a "q :e!r x be m improbable t ! miracle %\ld be true1 or ! te/imony false3 & ?is ,i ?9k a fair acc\nt ( ! controv]sy4 ,b h]e9 ,i rem>k a want ( argum5tative ju/ice1 t1 9 describ+ ! improbability ( miracles1 he suppresses all ^? circum/ances ( ext5uation1 :i* result f our k ( ! exi/5ce1 p[]1 & disposition ( ! ,deity2 8 conc]n 9 ! creation1 ! end answ]$ by ! miracle1 ! importance ( t end1 & its subs]vi5cy to ! plan pursu$ 9 ! "w ( nature4 ,z ,mr4 ,hume has repres5t$ ! "q1 miracles are alike incr$ible to him :o is previ\sly assur$ ( ! con/ant ag5cy ( a ,div9e ,be+1 & to him :o believes t no su* ,be+ exi/s 9 ! univ]se4 ,!y are equally incr$ible1 :e!r relat$ to h be5 wr\ght ^u occasion ! mo/ des]v+1 & = purposes ! mo/ b5eficial1 or = no assignable end :atev]1 or = an end confess$ly trifl+ or p]nici\s4 ,?is surely _c be a correct /atem5t4 ,9 adju/+ also ! o!r side ( ! balance1 ! /r5g? & weight ( te/imony1 ?is au?or has provid$ an answ] to e possible accumulation ( hi/orical pro( by tell+ u t we are n oblig$ to expla9 h[ ! /ory ( ! evid5ce arose4 ,n[ ,i ?9k t we are oblig$2 n1 p]haps1 to %[ by positive acc\nts h[ x did1 b by a probable hypo!sis h[ x might s happ54 ,! exi/5ce ( ! te/imony is a ph5om5on2 ! tru? ( ! fact solves ! ph5om5on4 ,if we reject ?is solution1 we ought to h "s o!r to re/ 92 & none1 ev5 by our adv]s>ies1 c be admir$1 :i* is n inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciples t regulate human affairs & human conduct at pres5t1 or :i* makes m5 !n to h be5 a diff]5t k9d ( be+s f :at !y are n[4 ,b ! %ort consid]ation :i*1 indep5d5tly ( e o!r1 conv9ces me t !re is no solid f\ndation 9 ,mr4 ,hume's conclusion1 is ! foll[+4 ,:5 a !orem is propos$ to a ma!matician1 ! fir/ ?+ he does ) x is to try x ^u a simple case1 & if x produce a false result1 he is sure t !re mu/ be "s mi/ake 9 ! demon/ration4 ,n[ to proce$ 9 ?is way ) :at may be call$ ,mr4 ,hume's !orem4 ,if twelve m51 ^: probity & good s5se ,i _h long kn[n1 %\ld s]i\sly & circum/antially relate to me an acc\nt ( a miracle wr\ght be=e _! eyes1 & 9 :i* x 0 impossible t !y %\ld be deceiv$3 if ! gov]nor ( ! c\ntry1 he>+ a rum\r ( ?is acc\nt1 %\ld call ^! m5 into 8 pres5ce1 & (f] !m a %ort proposal1 ei!r to confess ! impo/ure1 or submit to be ti$ up to a gibbet2 if !y %\ld refuse ) "o voice to ackn[l$ge t !re exi/$ any falsehood or impo/ure 9 ! case3 if ?is ?reat 7 communicat$ to !m sep>ately1 yet ) no diff]5t effect2 if x 0 at la/ execut$2 if ,i myself saw !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 cons5t+ to be rack$1 burnt1 or /rangl$1 r ?an live up ! tru? ( _! acc\nt2--/ill if ,mr4 ,hume's rule be my guide1 ,i am n to believe !m4 ,n[ ,i und]take to say t !re exi/s n a sceptic 9 ! _w :o w\ld n believe !m1 or :o w\ld def5d su* incr$ulity4 ,in/ances ( spuri\s miracles support$ by /rong app>5t te/imony und\bt$ly dem& exam9ation2 ,mr4 ,hume has endeav\r$ to =tify 8 argum5t by "s examples ( ?is k9d4 ,i hope 9 a prop] place to %[ t none ( !m rea* ! /r5g? or circum/ances ( ! ,*ri/ian evid5ce4 ,9 ^!1 h[ev]1 consi/s ! weight ( 8 objection2 9 ! pr9ciple itself1 ,i am p]suad$1 !re is none4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,direct ,,hi/orical ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ianity1 ,,& ,,:]e9 ,,x ,,is ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,alleg$ ,,= ,,o!r ,,miracles4 ,! two propositions :i* ,i %all endeav\r to e/abli% are ^!3 ,i4 ,t !re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 #b4 ,t !re is n satisfactory evid5ce t p]sons pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( o!r miracles1 9 _! nature z c]ta9 z ^! are1 h ev] act$ 9 ! same mann]1 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & prop]ly 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts4 ,! fir/ ( ^! prepositions1 z x =ms ! argum5t w /& at ! head ( ! foll[+ n9e *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,i ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m1 pr(ess+ to be orig9al witness ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! ( belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,to support ?is proposition1 two po9ts are necess>y to be made out3 fir/1 t ! ,f\nd] ( ! in/itution1 8 associates & imm$iate foll[]s1 act$ ! "p :i* ! proposition imputes to !m3 secondly1 t !y did s 9 atte/ation ( ! miracul\s hi/ory record$ 9 our ,scriptures1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ! tru? ( ?is hi/ory4 ,be=e we produce any p>ticul> te/imony to ! activity & suff]+s :i* compose ! subject ( our fir/ ass]tion1 x w be prop] to consid] ! degree ( probability :i* ! ass]tion d]ives f ! nature ( ! case1 t is1 by inf]5ces f ^? p>ts ( ! case :i*1 9 po9t ( fact1 are on all h&s ackn[l$g$4 ,fir/1 !n1 ! ,*ri/ian ,religion exi/s1 &1 !re=e1 by "s means or o!r1 0 e/abli%$4 ,n[ x ei!r owes ! pr9ciple ( its e/abli%m5t1 i4 e4 its fir/ publication1 to ! activity ( ! ,p]son :o 0 ! f\nd] ( ! in/itution1 & ( ^? :o 7 jo9$ ) him 9 ! und]tak+1 or we are driv5 ^u ! /range supposition1 t1 al?\gh !y might lie by1 o!rs w\ld take x up2 al?\gh !y 7 quiet & sil5t1 o!r p]sons busi$ !mselves 9 ! success & propagation ( _! /ory4 ,?is is p]fectly incr$ible4 ,to me x appe>s little less ?an c]ta91 t1 if ! fir/ ann\nc+ ( ! religion by ! ,f\nd] _h n be5 foll[$ up by ! zeal & indu/ry ( 8 imm$iate disciples1 ! attempt mu/ h expir$ 9 its bir?4 ,!n z to ! k9d & degree ( ex]tion :i* 0 employ$1 & ! mode ( life to :i* ^! p]sons submitt$1 we reasonably suppose x to be l t :i* we obs]ve 9 all o!rs :o volunt>ily become mission>ies ( a new fai?4 ,frequ5t1 e>ne/1 & labori\s prea*+1 con/antly conv]s+ ) religi\s p]sons ^u religion1 a seque/ration f ! common pleasures1 engagem5ts1 & v>ieties ( life1 & an addiction to "o s]i\s object1 compose ! habits ( su* m54 ,i d n say t ?is mode ( life is )\t enjoym5t1 b ,i say t ! enjoym5t spr+s f s9c]ity4 ,) a consci\sness at ! bottom ( holl[ness & falsehood1 ! fatigue & re/ra9t w\ld become insupportable4 ,i am apt to believe t v few hypocrites engage 9 ^! und]tak+s2 or1 h[ev]1 p]si/ 9 !m long4 ,ord9>ily speak+1 no?+ c ov]come ! indol5ce ( mank9d1 ! love :i* is natural to mo/ temp]s ( *e]ful society & *e]ful sc5es1 or ! desire1 :i* is common to all1 ( p]sonal ease & fre$om1 b conviction4 ,secondly1 x is also highly probable1 f ! nature ( ! case1 t ! propagation ( ! new religion 0 att5d$ ) difficulty & dang]4 ,z address$ to ! ,jews1 x 0 a sy/em adv]se1 n only to _! habitual op9ions b to ^? op9ions ^u :i* _! hopes1 _! p>tialities1 _! pride1 _! consolation1 0 f\nd$4 ,?is p1 ) or )\t reason1 _h work$ !mselves into a p]suasion1 t "s signal & greatly advantage\s *ange 0 to be effect$ 9 ! condition ( _! c\ntry1 by ! ag5cy ( a long-promis$ mess5g] f heav5499 ,! rul]s ( ! ,jews1 _! lead+ sect1 _! prie/hood1 _h be5 ! au?ors ( ?is p]suasion to ! common p4 ,s t x 0 n m]ely ! conjecture ( !oretical div9es1 or ! secret expectation ( a few recluse devotees1 b x 0 become ! popul> hope & ,passion1 &1 l all popul> op9ions1 und\bt+ & impati5t ( contradiction4 ,!y clung to ?is hope "u e mis=tune ( _! c\ntry1 & ) m t5acity z _! dang]s & calamities increas$4 ,to f9d1 !re=e1 t expectations s gratify+ 7 to be worse ?an disappo9t$2 t !y 7 to end 9 ! diffusion ( a mild unambiti\s religion1 :i*1 in/ead ( victories & triumphs1 in/ead ( exalt+ _! nation & in/itution above ! re/ ( ! _w1 0 to advance ^? :om !y despis$ to an equality ) !mselves1 9 ^? v po9ts ( comp>ison 9 :i* !y mo/ valu$ _! own di/9ction1 c\ld be no v pleas+ discov]y to a ,jewi% m9d2 nor c\ld ! mess5g]s ( su* intellig5ce expect to be well receiv$ or easily cr$it$4 ,! doctr9e 0 equally h>% & novel4 ,! ext5d+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god to ^? :o did n con=m to ! law ( ,moses 0 a notion t _h nev] be=e ent]$ into ! ?\ghts ( a ,jew4 99 ,p]]ebu]at ori5to toto vetus et contans op9io1 esse 9 fatis1 ut eo tempore ,judaea pr(ecti r]um potirsatur4 ,sueton4 ,vespasian4 cap4 #d--h4 ,pluribus p]suasio in]at1 antiquis sac]dotum lit]is cont9]i1 eo ipso tempore =e1 ut valesecret ori5s1 pr(ectique ,judaea r]um potir5tur4 ,tacit4 ,hi/4 lib4 v4 cap4 #i--ac4 ,! "* ( ! new in/itution 01 9 o!r respects also1 ungrateful to ,jewi% habits & pr9ciples4 ,_! own religion 0 9 a high degree te*nical4 ,ev5 ! enlight5$ ,jew plac$ a great deal ( /ress ^u ! c]emonies ( 8 law1 saw 9 !m a great deal ( virtue & efficacy2 ! gross & vulg> _h sc>cely any?+ else2 & ! hypocritical & o/5tati\s magnifi$ !m above measure1 z be+ ! in/rum5ts ( _! own reputation & influ5ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian s*eme1 )\t =mally repeal+ ! ,levitical code1 l[]$ its e/imation extremely4 ,9 ! place ( /rictness & zeal 9 p]=m+ ! obs]vances :i* t code prescrib$1 or :i* tradition _h add$ to x1 ! new sect prea*$ up fai?1 well-regulat$ affections1 inw>d purity1 & moral rectitude ( disposition1 z ! true gr\nd1 on ! "p ( ! wor%ipp]1 ( m]it & acceptance ) ,god4 ,?is1 h[ev] rational x may appe>1 or recomm5d+ to u at pres5t1 did n by any means facilitate ! plan !n4 ,on ! contr>y1 to disp>age ^? qualities :i* ! highe/ *>act]s 9 ! c\ntry valu$ !mselves mo/ ^u1 0 a sure way ( mak+ p[]ful enemies4 ,z if ! fru/ration ( ! national hope 0 n en\gh1 ! long-e/eem$ m]it ( ritual zeal & punctuality 0 to be decri$1 & t by ,jews prea*+ to ,jews4 ,! rul+ p>ty at ,j]usalem _h j be=e crucifi$ ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion4 ,t is a fact :i* w n be disput$4 ,!y1 !re=e1 :o /ood =? to prea* ! religion mu/ necess>ily reproa* ^! rul]s ) an execution :i* !y c\ld n b repres5t z an unju/ & cruel murd]4 ,?is w\ld n r5d] _! (fice m easy1 or _! situation m safe4 ,) reg>d to ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t :i* 0 !n e/abli%$ 9 ,judea1 ,i %\ld n expect1 t1 despis+ z x did ! religion ( ! c\ntry1 x w\ld1 if left to itself1 animadv]t1 ei!r ) mu* vigilance or mu* sev]ity1 ^u ! s*isms & controv]sies :i* arose )9 x4 ,yet !re 0 t 9 ,*ri/ianity :i* might easily af=d a h&le ( accusation ) a jeal\s gov]nm5t4 ,! ,*ri/ians av[$ an unqualifi$ ob$i5ce to a new ma/]4 ,!y av[$ also t he 0 ! p]son :o _h be5 =etold to ! ,jews "u ! suspect$ title ( ,k+4 ,! spiritual nature ( ?is k+dom1 ! consi/5cy ( ?is ob$i5ce ) civil subjection1 7 di/9ctions too ref9$ to be ent]ta9$ by a ,roman presid5t1 :o view$ ! bus9ess at a great di/ance1 or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( v ho/ile repres5tations4 ,our hi/ories accord+ly in=m u1 t ?is 0 ! turn :i* ! enemies ( ,jesus gave to 8 "* & pret5sions 9 _! remon/rances ) ,pontius ,pilate4 ,& ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 compla9s t ! same mi/ake prevail$ 9 8 "t3 ,ye1 hav+ he>d t we are wait+ = a k+dom1 suppose )\t di/+ui%+ t we mean a human k+dom1 :5 9 tru? we speak ( t :i* is ) ,god499 ,& x 0 und\bt$ly a natural s\rce ( calumny & miscon/ruction4 99 ,ap4 ,ima p4 #af4 ,ed4 ,?irl4 ,! prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity _h1 !re=e1 to cont5d ) prejudice back$ by p[]4 ,!y _h to come =w>d to a disappo9t$ p1 to a prie/hood possess+ a consid]able %>e ( municipal au?ority1 & actuat$ by /rong motives ( opposition & res5tm5t2 & !y _h to d ?is "u a =eign gov]nm5t1 to ^: fav\r !y made no pret5sions1 & :i* 0 con/antly surr\nd$ by _! enemies4 ,! well-kn[n1 because ! exp]i5c$1 fate ( re=m]s1 :5ev] ! re=mation subv]ts "s reign+ op9ion1 & does n proce$ ^u a *ange t has already tak5 place 9 ! s5tim5ts ( a c\ntry1 w n all[1 mu* less lead u to suppose t ! fir/ propagators ( ,*ri/ianity at ,j]usalem & 9 ,judea1 "u ! difficulties & ! enemies !y _h to cont5d )1 & entirely de/itute z !y 7 ( =ce1 au?ority1 or protection1 c\ld execute _! mission ) p]sonal ease & safety4 ,let u next inquire1 :at might reasonably be expect$ by ! prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity :5 !y turn$ !mselves to ! hea!n public4 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes u is1 t ! religion !y c>ri$ ) !m 0 exclusive4 ,x d5i$ )\t res]ve ! tru? ( e article ( hea!n my?ology1 ! exi/5ce ( e object ( _! wor%ip4 ,x accept$ no compromise1 x admitt$ no compreh5sion4 ,x mu/ prevail1 if x prevail$ at all1 by ! ov]?r[ ( e /atue1 alt>1 & temple 9 ! _w1 ,x w n easily be cr$it$1 t a design1 s bold z ?is 01 c\ld 9 any age be attempt$ to be c>ri$ into execution ) impunity4 ,= x ought to be consid]$1 t ?is 0 n sett+ =?1 or magnify+ ! "* & wor%ip ( "s new competitor = a place 9 ! ,pan!on1 ^: pret5sions might he discuss$ or ass]t$ )\t que/ion+ ! reality ( any o!rs3 x 0 pron\nc+ all o!r gods to be false1 & all o!r wor%ip va94 ,f ! facility ) :i* ! poly!ism ( anci5t nations admitt$ new objects ( wor%ip into ! numb] ( _! ackn[l$g$ div9ities1 or ! pati5ce ) :i* !y might ent]ta9 proposals ( ?is k9d1 we c argue no?+ z to _! tol]ation ( a sy/em1 or ( ! publi%]s & active propagators ( a sy/em1 :i* swept away ! v f\ndation ( ! exi/+ e/abli%m5t4 ,! "o 0 no?+ m ?an :at x w\ld be1 9 popi% c\ntries1 to add a sa9t to ! cal5d>2 ! o!r 0 to aboli% & tread "u foot ! cal5d> itself4 ,secondly1 x ought also to be consid]$1 t ?is 0 n ! case ( philosoph]s prop\nd+ 9 _! books1 or 9 _! s*ools1 d\bts conc]n+ ! tru? ( ! popul> cre$1 or ev5 av[+ _! disbelief ( x4 ,^! philosoph]s did n g ab\t f place to place to collect proselytes f among/ ! common p2 to =m 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry societies pr(ess+ _! t5ets2 to provide = ! ord]1 in/ruction & p]man5cy ( ^! societies2 nor did !y enjo9 _! foll[]s to )draw !mselves f ! public wor%ip ( ! temples1 or refuse a compliance ) rites in/itut$ by ! laws499 ,^! ?+s are :at ! ,*ri/ians did1 & :at ! philosoph]s did n2 & 9 ^! consi/$ ! activity & dang] ( ! ent]prise4 99 ,! be/ ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 ,plato1 ,cic]o1 & ,epictetus1 all[$1 or r enjo9$1 m5 to wor%ip ! gods ( ! c\ntry1 & 9 ! e/abli%$ =m4 ,see passages to ?is purpose collect$ f _! works by ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 ,nat4 & ,rev4 ,rel4 p4 #ahj4 ed4 v--,except ,socrates1 !y all ?\ght x wis] to comply ) ! laws ?an to cont5d4 ,?irdly1 x ought also to be consid]$1 t ?is dang] proce$$ n m]ely f solemn acts & public resolutions ( ! /ate1 b f sudd5 bur/s ( viol5ce at p>ticul> places1 f ! lic5ce ( ! populace1 ! ra%ness ( "s magi/rates & neglig5ce ( o!rs2 f ! influ5ce & in/igation ( int]e/$ adv]s>ies1 &1 9 g5]al1 f ! v>iety & w>m? ( op9ion :i* an err& s novel & extraord9>y c\ld n fail ( excit+4 ,i c conceive t ! tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity might bo? fe> & suff] mu* f ^! causes1 )\t any g5]al p]secution be+ d5\nc$ aga9/ !m by imp]ial au?ority4 ,"s l5g? ( "t1 ,i %\ld suppose1 might pass1 be=e ! va/ ma*9e ( ! ,roman empire w\ld be put 9 motion1 or its att5tion be obta9$ to religi\s controv]sy3 b1 dur+ t "t1 a great deal ( ill usage might be endur$1 by a set ( fri5dless1 unprotect$ travell]s1 tell+ m51 :]ev] !y came1 t ! religion ( _! ance/ors1 ! religion 9 :i* !y _h be5 br\ght up1 ! religion ( ! /ate1 & ( ! magi/rate1 ! rites :i* !y frequ5t$1 ! pomp :i* !y admir$1 0 ?r\gh\t a sy/em ( folly & delusion4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t ! tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld f9d protection 9 t g5]al disbelief ( ! popul> !ology1 :i* is suppos$ to h prevail$ among/ ! intellig5t "p ( ! hea!n public4 ,x is by no means true t unbeliev]s are usually tol]ant4 ,!y are n dispos$ 7& :y %\ld !y87 to endang] ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 by suff]+ a religion ( :i* !y believe no?+ to be di/urb$ by ano!r ( :i* !y believe z little4 ,!y are ready !mselves to con=m to any?+2 & are1 (t5times1 among/ ! =emo/ to procure con=mity f o!rs1 by any me?od :i* !y ?9k likely to be efficaci\s4 ,:5 0 ev] a *ange ( religion patroniz$ by infidels8 ,h[ little1 n )/&+ ! reign+ scepticism1 & ! magnifi$ lib]ality ( t age1 ! true pr9ciples ( tol]ation 7 und]/ood by ! wise/ m5 among/ !m1 may be ga!r$ f two em95t & unconte/$ examples4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y1 poli%$ z he 0 by all ! lit]ature ( t s(t & elegant p]iod1 c\ld gravely pron\nce ?is mon/r\s judgm5t3--,^? :o p]si/$ 9 decl>+ !mselves ,*ri/ians1 ,i ord]$ to be l$ away to puni%m5t1 7i4 e4 to execution17 = ,i ,,did ,,n ,,d\bt1 :atev] x 0 t !y confess$1 t contumacy & inflexible ob/9acy ought to be puni%$4 ,8 ma/] ,trajan1 a mild & accompli%$ pr9ce1 w5t1 nev]!less1 no fur!r 9 8 s5tim5ts ( mod]ation & equity ?an :at appe>s 9 ! foll[+ rescript3--,! ,*ri/ians are n to be s\ght =2 b if any are br\ght be=e y1 & convict$1 !y are to be puni%$4 ,& ?is direction he gives1 aft] x _h be5 report$ to him by 8 own presid5t1 t1 by ! mo/ /rict exam9ation1 no?+ c\ld be discov]$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ^! p]sons1 b a bad & excessive sup]/ition1 accompani$1 x seems1 ) an oa? or mutual f$]ation1 to all[ !mselves 9 no crime or immoral conduct :atev]4 ,! tru? is1 ! anci5t hea!ns consid]$ religion entirely z an affair ( /ate1 z mu* "u ! tuition ( ! magi/rate z any o!r "p ( ! police4 ,! religion ( t age 0 n m]ely alli$ to ! /ate2 x 0 incorporat$ into x4 ,_m ( its (fices 7 adm9i/]$ by ! magi/rate4 ,its titles ( pontiffs1 augurs1 & flam5s1 7 borne by s5ators1 consuls1 & g5]als4 ,)\t discuss+1 !re=e1 ! tru? ( ! !ology1 !y res5t$ e affront put ^u ! e/abli%$ wor%ip1 z a direct opposition to ! au?ority ( gov]nm5t4 ,add to :i*1 t ! religi\s sy/ems ( ^? times1 h[ev] ill support$ by evid5ce1 _h be5 long e/abli%$4 ,! anci5t religion ( a c\ntry has always _m vot>ies1 & sometimes n ! few]1 because its orig9 is hidd5 9 remot5ess & obscurity4 ,m5 h a natural v5]ation = antiquity1 especially 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,:at ,tacitus says ( ! ,jewi% 0 m applicable to ! hea!n e/abli%m5t3 ,hi ritus1 quoquo modo inducti1 antiquitate def5duntur4 ,x 0 also a spl5did & sumptu\s wor%ip4 ,x _h its prie/hood1 its end[m5ts1 its temples4 ,/atu>y1 pa9t+1 ar*itecture1 & music1 contribut$ _! effect to its ornam5t & magnific5ce4 ,x ab\nd$ 9 fe/ival %[s & solemnities1 to :i* ! common p are greatly addict$1 & :i* 7 ( a nature to engage !m mu* m ?an any?+ ( t sort among u4 ,^! ?+s w\ld reta9 great numb]s on its side by ! fasc9ation ( spectacle & pomp1 z well z int]e/ _m 9 its pres]vation by ! advantage :i* !y drew f x4 ,x 0 moreov] int]wov51 z ,mr4 ,gibbon rightly repres5ts x1 ) e circum/ance ( bus9ess or pleasure1 ( public or private life1 ) all ! (fices & amusem5ts ( society4 ,on ! due celebration also ( its rites1 ! p 7 taught to believe1 & did believe1 t ! prosp]ity ( _! c\ntry 9 a great measure dep5d$4 ,i am will+ to accept ! acc\nt ( ! matt] :i* is giv5 by ,mr4 ,gibbon3 ,! v>i\s modes ( wor%ip :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,roman _w 7 all consid]$ by ! p z equally true1 by ! philosoph] z equally false1 & by ! magi/rate z equally useful3 & ,i w\ld ask f :i* ( ^! ?ree classes ( m5 7 ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies to look = protection or impunity8 ,c\ld !y expect x f ! p1 ^: ackn[l$g$ confid5ce 9 ! public religion !y subv]t$ f its f\ndation8 ,f ! philosoph]1 :o1 consid]+ all religi\s z equally false1 w\ld ( c\rse rank !irs among ! numb]1 ) ! addition ( reg>d+ !m z busy & tr\blesome zealots8 ,or f ! magi/rate1 :o1 satisfi$ ) ! utility ( ! subsi/+ religion1 w\ld n be likely to c\nt5ance a _s ( proselytism & innovation3--a sy/em :i* decl>$ w> aga9/ e o!r1 & :i*1 if x prevail$1 mu/ end 9 a total rupture ( public op9ion2 an up/>t religion1 9 a ^w1 :i* 0 n cont5t ) its own au?ority1 b mu/ disgrace all ! settl$ religions ( ! _w8 ,x 0 n to be imag9$ t he w\ld endure ) pati5ce1 t ! religion ( ! emp]or & ( ! /ate %\ld be calumniat$ & borne d[n by a company ( sup]/iti\s & despicable ,jews4 ,la/ly2 ! nature ( ! case af=ds a /rong pro(1 t ! orig9al tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 consequ5ce ( _! new pr(ession1 ent]$ ^u a new & s+ul> c\rse ( life4 ,we may be all[$ to presume1 t ! in/itution :i* !y prea*$ to o!rs1 !y con=m$ to 9 _! own p]sons2 because ?is is no m ?an :at e tea*] ( a new religion bo? does1 & mu/ d1 9 ord] to obta9 ei!r proselytes or he>]s4 ,! *ange :i* ?is w\ld produce 0 v consid]able4 ,x is a *ange :i* we d n easily e/imate1 because1 ourselves & all ab\t u be+ habituat$ to ! in/itutions f our infancy1 x is :at we nei!r exp]i5ce nor obs]ve4 ,aft] m5 became ,*ri/ians1 mu* ( _! "t 0 sp5t 9 pray] & devotion1 9 religi\s meet+s1 9 celebrat+ ! ,eu*>i/1 9 conf]5ces1 9 exhortations1 9 prea*+1 9 an affectionate int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 & correspond5ce ) o!r societies4 ,p]haps _! mode ( life1 9 its =m & habit1 0 n v unlike ! ,unitas ,fratrum1 or ! mod]n me?odi/s4 ,?9k !n :at x 0 to become su* at ,cor9?1 at ,ephesus1 at ,antio*1 or ev5 at ,j]usalem4 ,h[ new6 ,h[ ali5 f all _! =m] habits & ideas1 & f ^? ( ev]ybody ab\t !m6 ,:at a revolution !re mu/ h be5 ( op9ions & prejudices to br+ ! matt] to ?is6 ,we "k :at ! precepts ( ! religion are2 h[ pure1 h[ b5evol5t1 h[ dis9t]e/$ a conduct !y enjo92 & t ?is purity & b5evol5ce are ext5d$ to ! v ?\ghts & affections4 ,we are n1 p]haps1 at lib]ty to take = grant$ t ! lives ( ! prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity 7 z p]fect z _! lessons2 b we are entitl$ to cont5d1 t ! obs]vable "p ( _! behavi\r mu/ h agre$ 9 a great measure ) ! duties :i* !y taught4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 7:i* is all t we ass]t17 a c\rse ( life pursu$ by !m1 diff]5t f t :i* !y be=e l$4 ,& ?is is ( great importance4 ,m5 are br\ght to any?+ almo/ soon] ?an to *ange _! habit ( life1 especially :5 ! *ange is ei!r inconv5i5t1 or made aga9/ ! =ce ( natural incl9ation1 or ) ! loss ( accu/om$ indulg5ces4 ,x is ! mo/ difficult ( all ?+s to conv]t m5 f vici\s habits to virtu\s ones1 z e "o may judge f :at he feels 9 himself1 z well z f :at he sees 9 o!rs499 ,x is almo/ l mak+ m5 ov] aga94 99 ,h>tley's ,essays on ,man1 p4 #aij4 ,left !n to myself1 & )\t any m in=mation ?an a k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! religion1 ( ! g5]al /ory ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 & t no act ( p[]1 =ce1 & au?ority 0 conc]n$ 9 its fir/ success1 ,i %\ld conclude1 f ! v nature & exig5cy ( ! case1 t ! ,au?or ( ! religion1 dur+ 8 life1 & 8 imm$iate disciples aft] 8 dea?1 ex]t$ !mselves 9 spread+ & publi%+ ! in/itution ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 9 :i* x began1 & into :i* x 0 fir/ c>ri$2 t1 9 ! prosecution ( ?is purpose1 !y und]w5t ! lab\rs & tr\bles :i* we obs]ve ! propagators ( new sects to und]go2 t ! attempt mu/ necess>ily h also be5 9 a high degree dang]\s2 t1 f ! subject ( ! mission1 comp>$ ) ! fix$ op9ions & prejudices ( ^? to :om ! mission>ies 7 to address !mselves1 !y c\ld h>dly fail ( enc\nt]+ /rong & frequ5t opposition2 t1 by ! h& ( gov]nm5t1 z well z f ! sudd5 fury & unbridl$ lic5ce ( ! p1 !y w\ld (t5times exp]i5ce injuri\s & cruel treatm5t2 t1 at any rate1 !y mu/ h always _h s mu* to fe> = _! p]sonal safety1 z to h pass$ _! lives 9 a /ate ( con/ant p]il & anxiety2 & la/ly1 t _! mode ( life & conduct1 visibly at lea/1 correspond$ ) ! in/itution :i* !y deliv]$1 &1 s f>1 0 bo? new1 & requir$ cont9ual self-d5ial4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m1 pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,aft] ?us consid]+ :at 0 likely to happ51 we are next to inquire h[ ! transaction is repres5t$ 9 ! sev]al acc\nts t h come d[n to u4 ,& ?is inquiry is prop]ly prec$$ by ! o!r1 =asmu* z ! reception ( ^! acc\nts may dep5d 9 "p on ! cr$ibility ( :at !y conta94 ,! obscure & di/ant view ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* "s ( ! hea!n writ]s ( t age _h ga9$1 & :i* a few passage 9 _! rema9+ works incid5tally discov] to u1 (f]s itself to our notice 9 ! fir/ place3 because1 s f> z ?is evid5ce goes1 x is ! concession ( adv]s>ies2 ! s\rce f :i* x is drawn is unsuspect$4 ,"u ?is head1 a quotation f ,tacitus1 well kn[n to e s*ol>1 mu/ be ins]t$1 z des]v+ p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! read] w be> 9 m9d t ?is passage 0 writt5 ab\t sev5ty ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s dea?1 & t x relates to transactions :i* took place ab\t ?irty ye>s aft] t ev5t--,speak+ ( ! fire :i* happ5$ at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,n]o1 & ( ! suspicions :i* 7 ent]ta9$ t ! emp]or himself 0 conc]n$ 9 caus+ x1 ! hi/orian proce$s 9 8 n>rative & obs]vations ?us3-- ,b nei!r ^! ex]tions1 nor 8 l>gesses to ! p1 nor 8 (f]+s to ! gods1 did away ! infam\s imputation "u :i* ,n]o lay1 ( hav+ ord]$ ! city to be set on fire4 ,to put an end1 !re=e1 to ?is report1 he laid ! guilt1 & inflict$ ! mo/ cruel puni%m5ts1 ^u a set ( p1 :o 7 hold5 9 abhorr5ce = _! crimes1 & call$ by ! vulg>1 ,*ri/ians4 ,! f\nd] ( t "n 0 ,*ri/1 :o suff]$ dea? 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 "u 8 procurator1 ,pontius ,pilate--,?is p]nici\s sup]/ition1 ?us *eck$ = a :ile1 broke out aga92 & spread n only ov] ,judea1 :]e ! evil orig9at$1 b ?r\gh ,rome also1 :i!r ev]y?+ bad ^u ! e>? f9ds its way & is practis$4 ,"s :o confess$ _! sect 7 fir/ seiz$1 & aft]w>ds1 by _! in=mation1 a va/ multitude 7 appreh5d$1 :o 7 convict$1 n s mu* ( ! crime ( burn+ ,rome1 z ( hatr$ to mank9d4 ,_! suff]+s at _! execution 7 aggravat$ by insult & mock]y2 = "s 7 disguis$ 9 ! sk9s ( wild bea/s1 & worri$ to dea? by dogs2 "s 7 crucifi$2 & o!rs 7 wrapp$ 9 pit*$ %irts199 & set on fire :5 ! day clos$1 t !y might s]ve z lights to illum9ate ! night4 ,n]o l5t 8 own g>d5s = ^! executions1 & exhibit$ at ! same "t a mock ,circ5sian ent]ta9m5t2 be+ a spectator ( ! :ole1 9 ! dress ( a *>iote]1 sometimes m+l+ ) ! cr[d on foot1 & sometimes view+ ! spectacle f 8 c>4 ,?is conduct made ! suff]]s piti$2 & ?\gh !y 7 crim9als1 & des]v+ ! sev]e/ puni%m5ts1 yet !y 7 consid]$ z sacrific$1 n s mu* out ( a reg>d to ! public good1 z to gratify ! cruelty ( "o man4 99 ,?is is r a p>aphrase1 b is ju/ifi$ by :at ! ,s*olia/ ^u ,juv5al says2 ,n]o maleficos hom9es ta$a et papyro et c]a sup]ve/iebat1 et sic ad ignem admov]i jubebat4 ,l>d4 ,jewi% & ,hea?4 ,te/4 vol4 i4 p4 #cei4 ,our conc]n ) ?is passage at pres5t is only s f> z x af=ds a presumption 9 support ( ! proposition :i* we ma9ta91 conc]n+ ! activity & suff]+s ( ! fir/ tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[1 consid]$ 9 ?is view1 x proves ?ree ?+s3 #a/1 t ! ,f\nd] ( ! in/itution 0 put to dea?2 #b;dly1 t 9 ! same c\ntry 9 :i* he 0 put to dea?1 ! religion1 aft] a %ort *eck1 broke out aga9 & spread2 #c;dly1 t x s spread z t1 )9 ?irty-f\r ye>s f ! ,au?or's dea?1 a v great numb] ( ,*ri/ians 7+5s eorum multitudo7 7 f\nd at ,rome4 ,f :i* fact1 ! two foll[+ inf]5ces may be fairly drawn3 fir/1 t if1 9 ! space ( ?irty-f\r ye>s f its comm5cem5t1 ! religion _h spread ?r\gh\t ,judea1 _h ext5d$ itself to ,rome1 & !re _h numb]$ a great multitude ( conv]ts1 ! orig9al tea*]s & mission>ies ( ! in/itution c\ld n h be5 idle2 secondly1 t :5 ! ,au?or ( ! und]tak+ 0 put to dea? z a malefactor = 8 attempt1 ! endeav\rs ( 8 foll[]s to e/abli% 8 religion 9 ! same c\ntry1 among/ ! same p1 & 9 ! same age1 c\ld n b be att5d$ ) dang]4 ,suetonius1 a writ] contempor>y ) ,tacitus1 describ+ ! transactions ( ! same reign1 uses ^! words3 ,affecti suppliciis ,*ri/iani g5us hom9um sup]/itionis novae et maleficae4 7,suet4 ,n]o4 ,cap4 #af7 ,! ,*ri/ians1 a set ( m5 ( a new & mis*iev\s 7or magical7 sup]/ition1 7 puni%$4 ,s9ce x is n m5tion$ "h t ! burn+ ( ! city 0 ! pret5ce ( ! puni%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ians1 or t !y 7 ! ,*ri/ians ( ,rome :o alone suff]$1 x is probable t ,suetonius ref]s to "s m g5]al p]secution ?an ! %ort & occasional "o :i* ,tacitus describes4 ,juv5al1 a writ] ( ! same age ) ! two =m]1 & int5d+1 x %\ld seem1 to commemorate ! cruelties ex]cis$ "u ,n]o's gov]nm5t1 has ! foll[+ l9es3 7,sat4 i4 v]4 #aee7 ,pone ,tigell9um1 ta$a lucebis 9 illa1 ,qua /antes ard5t1 qui fixo gutture fumant1 ,et latum m$ia sulcum d$ucit ar5a 7,=san d$ucis47 ,describe ,tigell9us 7a creature ( ,n]o71 & y %all suff] ! same puni%m5t ) ^? :o /& burn+ 9 _! own flame & smoke1 _! head be+ held up by a /ake fix$ to _! *91 till !y make a long /ream ( blood & melt$ sulphur on ! gr\nd4 ,if ?is passage 7 consid]$ by itself1 ! subject ( allusion might be d\btful2 b1 :5 connect$ ) ! te/imony ( ,suetonius1 z to ! actual puni%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ians by ,n]o1 & ) ! acc\nt giv5 by ,tacitus ( ! species ( puni%m5t :i* !y 7 made to und]go1 ,i ?9k x suffici5tly probable t ^! 7 ! executions to :i* ! poet ref]s4 ,^! ?+s1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 took place )9 ?irty-"o ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s dea?1 t is1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( nature1 9 ! life-"t1 probably1 ( "s ( ! apo/les1 & c]ta9ly 9 ! life-"t ( ^? :o 7 conv]t$ by ! apo/les1 or :o 7 conv]t$ 9 _! "t4 ,if !n ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion 0 put to dea? 9 ! execution ( 8 design2 if ! fir/ race ( conv]ts to ! religion1 _m ( !m1 suff]$ ! greate/ extremities = _! pr(ession2 x is h>dly cr$ible1 t ^? :o came betwe5 ! two1 :o 7 companions ( ! ,au?or ( ! in/itution dur+ 8 life1 & ! tea*]s & propagators ( ! in/itution aft] 8 dea?1 c\ld g ab\t _! und]tak+ ) ease & safety4 ,! te/imony ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y belongs to a lat] p]iod2 =1 al?\gh he 0 contempor>y ) ,tacitus & ,suetonius1 yet 8 acc\nt does n1 l !irs1 g back to ! transactions ( ,n]o's reign1 b is conf9$ to ! affairs ( 8 own "t4 ,8 celebrat$ lett] to ,trajan 0 writt5 ab\t sev5ty ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s dea?2 & ! in=mation to be drawn f x1 s f> z x is connect$ ) our argum5t1 relates pr9cipally to two po9ts3 fir/1 to ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,bi?ynia & ,pontus1 :i* 0 s consid]able z to induce ! gov]nor ( ^! prov9ces to speak ( !m 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,multi1 omnis aetatis1 utriusque sexus etiam2--neque enim civitates tantum1 s$ vicos etiam et agros1 sup]/itionis i/ius contagio p]vagata e/4 ,!re are _m ( e age & ( bo? sexes2--nor has ! contagion ( ?is sup]/ition seiz$ cities only1 b small] t[ns also1 & ! op5 c\ntry4 ,great ex]tions mu/ h be5 us$ by ! prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity to produce ?is /ate ( ?+s )9 ?is "t4 ,secondly1 to a po9t :i* has be5 already notic$1 &1 :i* ,i ?9k ( importance to be obs]v$1 namely1 ! suff]+s to :i* ,*ri/ians 7 expos$1 )\t any public p]secution be+ d5\nc$ aga9/ !m by sov]eign au?ority4 ,=1 f ,pl9y's d\bt h[ he 0 to act1 8 sil5ce conc]n+ any subsi/+ law on ! subject1 8 reque/+ ! emp]or's rescript1 & ! emp]or1 agreeably to 8 reque/1 prop\nd+ a rule = 8 direction )\t ref]5ce to any prior rule1 x may be inf]r$ t !re 01 at t "t1 no public edict 9 =ce aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,yet f ?is same epi/le ( ,pl9y x appe>s t accusations1 trials1 & exam9ations1 71 & _h be51 go+ on aga9/ !m 9 ! prov9ces ov] :i* he presid$2 t s*$ules 7 deliv]$ by anonym\s in=m]s1 conta9+ ! names ( p]sons :o 7 suspect$ ( hold+ or ( fav\r+ ! religion2 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ^! in=mations1 _m _h be5 appreh5d$1 ( :om "s boldly av[$ _! pr(ession1 & di$ 9 ! cause2 o!rs d5i$ t !y 7 ,*ri/ians2 o!rs1 ackn[l$g+ t !y _h once be5 ,*ri/ians1 decl>$ t !y _h long ceas$ to be su*4 ,all :i* demon/rates t ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity 0 at t "t 79 t c\ntry at lea/7 att5d$ ) fe> & dang]3 & yet ?is took place )\t any edict f ! ,roman sov]eign1 comm&+ or au?oriz+ ! p]secution ( ,*ri/ians4 ,?is obs]vation is fur!r confirm$ by a rescript ( ,adrian to ,m9ucius ,fundanus1 ! proconsul ( ,asia 7,l>d4 ,hea?4 ,te/4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaj73 f :i* rescript x appe>s t ! cu/om ( ! p ( ,asia 0 to proce$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians ) tumult & upro>4 ,?is disord]ly practice1 ,i say1 is recognis$ 9 ! edict1 because ! emp]or enjo9s1 t1 = ! future1 if ! ,*ri/ians 7 guilty1 !y %\ld be legally br\ght to trial1 & n be pursu$ by importunity & clam\r4 ,m>tial wrote a few ye>s be=e ! y\ng] ,pl9y3 &1 z 8 mann] 01 made ! suff]+ ( ! ,*ri/ians ! subject ( 8 ridicule4 ,9 matut9a nup] spectatus ar5a ,mucius1 imposuit qui sua membra focis1 ,si pati5s =tisque tibi durusque videtur1 ,abd]itanae pectora plebis habes2 ,nam cum dicatur1 tunica praes5te mole/a1 ,ure99 manum3 plus e/ dic]e1 ,non facio4 99,=san ?ure manum4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld %[ ! notoriety ( ! fact ) m c]ta9ty ?an ?is does4 ,m>tial's te/imony1 z well inde$ z ,pl9y's1 goes also to ano!r po9t1 viz1 t ! dea?s ( ^! m5 7 m>tyrdom 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 t is to say1 7 s volunt>y1 t x 0 9 _! p[]1 at ! "t ( pron\nc+ ! s5t5ce1 to h av]t$ ! execution1 by cons5t+ to jo9 9 hea!n sacrifices4 ,! con/ancy1 & by consequ5ce ! suff]+s1 ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ?is p]iod1 is also ref]r$ to by ,epictetus1 :o imputes _! intrepidity to madness1 or to a k9d ( fa%ion or habit2 & ab\t fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1 by ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :o ascribes x to ob/9acy4 ,is x possible 7,epictetus asks7 t a man may arrive at ?is temp]1 & become indiff]5t to ^? ?+s f madness or f habit1 z ! ,galileans8 ,let ?is prep>ation ( ! m9d 7to die7 arise f its own judgm5t1 & n f ob/9acy l ! ,*ri/ians4 7,epict4 ,i4 iv4 ,c4 #g47 7,m>c4 ,aur4 ,m$4 #a4 xi4 c4 #c47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m1 pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ !re lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,( ! primitive condition ( ,*ri/ianity1 a di/ant only & g5]al view c be acquir$ f hea!n writ]s4 ,x is 9 our own books t ! detail & int]ior ( ! transaction mu/ be s\ght =4 ,& ?is is no?+ diff]5t f :at might be expect$4 ,:o w\ld write a hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 b a ,*ri/ian8 ,:o 0 likely to record ! travels1 suff]+s1 lab\rs1 or successes ( ! apo/les1 b "o ( _! own numb]1 or ( _! foll[]s8 ,n[ ^! books come up 9 _! acc\nts to ! full ext5t ( ! proposition :i* we ma9ta94 ,we h f\r hi/ories ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,we h a hi/ory tak+ up ! n>rative f 8 dea?1 & c>ry+ on an acc\nt ( ! propagation ( ! religion1 & ( "s ( ! mo/ em95t p]sons engag$ 9 x1 = a space ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,we h1 :at "s may ?9k /ill m orig9al1 a collection ( lett]s1 writt5 by c]ta9 pr9cipal ag5ts 9 ! bus9ess ^u ! bus9ess1 & 9 ! mid/ ( _! conc]n & connection ) x4 ,& we h ^! writ+s sev]ally atte/+ ! po9t :i* we cont5d =1 viz4 ! suff]+s ( ! witnesses ( ! hi/ory1 & atte/+ x 9 e v>iety ( =m 9 :i* x c be conceiv$ to appe>3 directly & indirectly1 expressly & incid5tally1 by ass]tion1 recital1 & allusion1 by n>ratives ( facts1 & by argum5ts & disc\rses built ^u ^! facts1 ei!r ref]r+ to !m1 or necess>ily presuppos+ !m4 ,i rem>k ?is v>iety1 because1 9 exam9+ anci5t records1 or inde$ any species ( te/imony1 x is1 9 my op9ion1 ( ! greate/ importance to att5d to ! in=mation or gr\nds ( argum5t :i* are casually & undesign$ly disclos$2 =asmu* z ?is species ( pro( is1 ( all o!rs1 ! lea/ liable to be corrupt$ by fraud or misrepres5tation4 ,i may be all[$ !re=e1 9 ! inquiry :i* is n[ be=e u1 to sugge/ "s conclusions ( ?is sort1 z prep>atory to m direct te/imony4 #a4 ,our books relate1 t ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! f\nd] ( ! religion1 01 9 consequ5ce ( 8 und]tak+1 put to dea?1 z a malefactor1 at ,j]usalem4 ,?is po9t at lea/ w be grant$1 because x is no m ?an :at ,tacitus has record$4 ,!y !n proce$ to tell u t ! religion 01 not)/&+1 set =? at ?is same city ( ,j]usalem1 propagat$ !nce ?r\gh\t ,judea1 & aft]w>ds prea*$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,^! po9ts also are fully confirm$ by ,tacitus1 :o in=ms u t ! religion1 aft] a %ort *eck1 broke out aga9 9 ! c\ntry :]e x took its rise2 t x n only spread ?r\gh\t ,judea1 b _h rea*$ ,rome1 & t x _h !re great multitudes ( conv]ts3 & all ?is )9 ?irty ye>s aft] its comm5cem5t4 ,n[ ^! facts af=d a /rong inf]5ce 9 behalf ( ! proposition :i* we ma9ta94 ,:at c\ld ! disciples ( ,*ri/ expect = !mselves :5 !y saw _! ma/] put to dea?8 ,c\ld !y hope to escape ! dang]s 9 :i* he _h p]i%$8 ,if !y _h p]secut$ me1 !y w also p]secute y1 0 ! w>n+ ( common s5se4 ,) ?is example be=e _! eyes1 !y c\ld n be )\t a full s5se ( ! p]il ( _! future ent]prise4 #b4 ,secondly1 all ! hi/ories agree 9 repres5t+ ,*ri/ z =etell+ ! p]secution ( 8 foll[]s3-- ,!n %all !y deliv] y up to be afflict$1 & %all kill y1 & ye %all be hat$ ( all nations = my "n's sake4 7,matt4 xxiv4 #i47 ,:5 affliction or p]secution arise? = ! ^w's sake1 imm$iately !y are (f5d$4 7,m>k iv4 #ag4 ,see also *ap4 x4 #cj47 ,!y %all lay h&s on y1 & p]secute y1 deliv]+ y up to ! synagogues1 & into prisons1 be+ br\ght be=e k+s & rul]s = my "n's sake3--& ye %all be betray$ bo? by p>5ts & bre?r51 & k9sfolks & fri5ds1 & "s ( y %all !y cause to be put to dea?4 7,luke xxi4 #ab--af4 ,see also *ap4 xi4 #di47 ,! "t come?1 t he t kill$ y w ?9k t he doe? ,god s]vice4 ,& ^! ?+s w !y d unto y1 because !y h n kn[n ! ,fa!r1 nor me4 ,b ^! ?+s h ,i told y1 t :5 ! "t %all come1 ye may rememb] t ,i told y ( !m4 7,john xvi4 #d4 ,see also *ap4 xv4 #bj2 xvi4 #cc47 ,i am n entitl$ to argue f ^! passages1 t ,*ri/ actually did =etell ^! ev5ts1 & t !y did accord+ly come to pass2 because t w\ld be at once to assume ! tru? ( ! religion3 b ,i am entitl$ to cont5d t "o side or o!r ( ! foll[+ disjunction is true2 ei!r t ! ,evangeli/s h deliv]$ :at ,*ri/ really spoke1 & t ! ev5t correspond$ ) ! pr$iction2 or t !y put ! pr$iction into ,*ri/'s m\?1 because at ! "t ( writ+ ! hi/ory1 ! ev5t _h turn$ out s to be3 =1 ! only two rema9+ suppositions appe> 9 ! highe/ degree incr$ible2 :i* are1 ei!r t ,*ri/ fill$ ! m9ds ( 8 foll[]s ) fe>s & appreh5sions1 )\t any reason or au?ority = :at he said1 & contr>y to ! tru? ( ! case2 or t1 al?\gh ,*ri/ _h nev] =etold any su* ?+1 & ! ev5t w\ld h contradict$ him if he _h1 yet hi/orians :o liv$ 9 ! age :5 ! ev5t 0 kn[n1 falsely1 z well z (fici\sly1 ascrib$ ^! words to him4 #c4 ,?irdly1 ^! books ab\nd ) exhortations to pati5ce1 & ) topics ( com=t "u di/ress4 ,:o %all sep>ate u f ! love ( ,*ri/8 ,%all tribulation1 or di/ress1 or p]secution1 or fam9e1 or nak$ness1 or p]il1 or sword8 ,nay1 9 all ^! ?+s we are m ?an conqu]ors ?r\gh ,him t lov$ u4 7,rom4 viii4 #ce-cg47 ,we are tr\bl$ on e side1 yet n di/ress$2 we are p]plex$1 b n 9 despair2 p]secut$1 b n =sak52 ca/ d[n1 b n de/roy$2 always be>+ ab\t 9 ! body ! dy+ ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 t ! life also ( ,jesus might be made manife/ 9 our body2--kn[+ t he :i* rais$ up ! ,"l ,jesus %all raise u up also by ,jesus1 & %all pres5t u ) y---,= :i* cause we fa9t n2 b1 ?\gh our outw>d man p]i%1 yet ! inw>d man is r5ew$ day by day4 ,= our light affliction1 :i* is b = a mom5t1 worke? = u a f> m exce$+ & et]nal weight ( glory4 7#b ,cor4 iv4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ad1 #af1 #ag47 ,take1 my bre?r51 ! prophets1 :o h spok5 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 = an example ( suff]+ affliction1 & ( pati5ce4 ,behold1 we c\nt !m happy :i* endure4 ,ye h he>d ( ! pati5ce ( ,job1 & h se5 ! end ( ! ,"l2 t ! ,"l is v pitiful1 & ( t5d] m]cy4 7,james v4 #aj1 #aa47 ,call to remembrance ! =m] days1 9 :i*1 aft] ye 7 illum9at$1 ye endur$ a great fight ( afflictions p>tly :il/ ye 7 made a gaz+-/ock bo? by reproa*es & afflictions1 & p>tly :il/ ye became companions ( !m t 7 s us$2 = ye _h compassion ( me 9 my bonds1 & took joyfully ! spoil+ ( y\r goods1 kn[+ 9 y\rselves t ye h 9 heav5 a bett] & an endur+ sub/ance4 ,ca/ n away1 !re=e1 y\r confid5ce1 :i* ha? great recomp5se ( rew>d2 = ye h ne$ ( pati5ce1 t1 aft] ye h done ! w ( ,god1 ye might receive ! promise4 7,heb4 x4 #cb-cf47 ,s t we ourselves glory 9 y 9 ! *ur*es ( ,god1 = y\r pati5ce & fai? 9 all y\r p]secutions & tribulations t ye endure4 ,:i* is a manife/ tok5 ( ! righte\s judgm5t ( ,god1 t ye may be c\nt$ wor?y ( ! k+dom = :i* ye also suff]4 7#b ,!ss4 i4 #d1 #e47 ,we rejoice 9 hope ( ! glory ( ,god2 & n only s1 b we glory 9 tribulations also2 kn[+ t tribulation worke? pati5ce1 & pati5ce exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce hope4 7,rom4 v4 #c1 #d47 ,belov$1 ?9k x n /range conc]n+ ! fi]y trial :i* is to try y1 z ?\gh "s /range ?+ happ5$ unto y2 b rejoice1 inasmu* z ye are p>tak]s ( ,*ri/'s suff]+s4--,:]e=e let !m t suff] accord+ to ! w ( ,god commit ! keep+ ( _! s\ls to him 9 well do+1 z unto a fai?ful ,creator4 7#a ,pet4 iv4 #ab1 #ac1 #ai47 ,:at c\ld all ^! texts mean1 if !re 0 no?+ 9 ! circum/ances ( ! times :i* requir$ pati5ce1--:i* call$ = ! ex]cise ( con/ancy & resolution8 ,or w x be pret5d$1 t ^! exhortations 7:i*1 let x be obs]v$1 come n f "o au?or1 b f _m7 7 put 9 m]ely to induce a belief 9 aft]-ages1 t ! ,*ri/ians 7 expos$ to dang]s :i* !y 7 n expos$ to1 or und]w5t suff]+s :i* !y did n und]go8 ,if ^! books belong to ! age to :i* !y lay claim1 & 9 :i* age1 :e!r g5u9e or spuri\s1 !y c]ta9ly did appe>1 ?is supposition _c be ma9ta9$ = a mom5t2 because ,i ?9k x impossible to believe t passages1 :i* mu/ be deem$ n only un9telligible1 b false1 by ! p]sons into ^: h&s ! books ^u _! publication 7 to come1 %\ld nev]!less be ins]t$1 = ! purpose ( produc+ an effect ^u remote g5]ations4 ,9 =g]ies :i* d n appe> till _m ages aft] t to :i* !y pret5d to belong1 x is possible t "s contrivance ( t sort may take place2 b 9 no o!rs c x be attempt$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,! acc\nt ( ! treatm5t ( ! religion1 & ( ! ex]tions ( its fir/ prea*]s1 z /at$ 9 our ,scriptures 7n 9 a pr(ess$ hi/ory ( p]secutions1 or 9 ! connect$ mann] 9 :i* ,i am ab\t to recite x1 b disp]s$ly & occasionally1 9 ! c\rse ( a mix$ g5]al hi/ory1 :i* circum/ance1 alone negatives ! supposition ( any fraudul5t design71 is ! foll[+3 ,t ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 m9i/ry to ! "t ( 8 viol5t dea?1 employ$ himself :olly 9 publi%+ ! in/itution 9 ,judea & ,galilee2 t1 9 ord] to assi/ him 9 ?is purpose1 he made *oice1 out ( ! numb] ( 8 foll[]s1 ( twelve p]sons1 :o might accompany him z he travell$ f place to place2 t1 except a %ort abs5ce ^u a j\rney 9 :i* he s5t !m two by two to ann\nce 8 mission1 & "o ( a few days1 :5 !y w5t be=e him to ,j]usalem1 ^! p]sons 7 /eadily & con/antly att5d+ ^u him2 t !y 7 ) him at ,j]usalem :5 he 0 appreh5d$ & put to dea?2 & t !y 7 commission$ by him1 :5 8 own m9i/ry 0 conclud$1 to publi% 8 ,gospel1 & collect disciples to x f all c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,! acc\nt !n proce$s to /ate1 t a few days aft] 8 dep>ture1 ^! p]sons1 ) "s ( 8 relations1 & "s :o _h regul>ly frequ5t$ _! society1 assembl$ at ,j]usalem2 t1 consid]+ ! (fice ( prea*+ ! religion z n[ devolv$ ^u !m1 & "o ( _! numb] hav+ des]t$ ! cause1 &1 rep5t+ ( 8 p]fidy1 hav+ de/roy$ himself1 !y proce$$ to elect ano!r into 8 place1 & t !y 7 c>eful to make _! election out ( ! numb] ( ^? :o _h accompani$ _! ma/] f ! fir/ to ! la/1 9 ord]1 z !y alleg$1 t he might be a witness1 toge!r ) !mselves1 ( ! pr9cipal facts :i* !y 7 ab\t to produce & relate conc]n+ him2 7 ,acts i4 #ab1 #bb47 t !y began _! "w at ,j]usalem by publicly ass]t+ t ?is ,jesus1 :om ! rul]s & inhabitants ( t place _h s lately crucifi$1 01 9 tru?1 ! p]son 9 :om all _! prophecies & long expectations t]m9at$2 t he _h be5 s5t among/ !m by ,god2 & t he 0 appo9t$ by ,god ! future judge ( ! human species2 t all :o 7 solicit\s to secure to !mselves happ9ess aft] dea?1 ought to receive him z su*1 & to make pr(ession ( _! belief1 by be+ baptis$ 9 8 "n4 7,acts xi47 ,! hi/ory goes on to relate1 t consid]able numb]s accept$ ?is proposal1 & t !y :o did s =m$ among/ !mselves a /rict union & society2 7,acts iv4 #cb47 t ! att5tion ( ! ,jewi% gov]nm5t be+ soon drawn ^u !m1 two ( ! pr9cipal p]sons ( ! twelve1 & :o also _h liv$ mo/ intimately & con/antly ) ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion1 7 seiz$ z !y 7 disc\rs+ to ! p 9 ! temple2 t aft] be+ kept all night 9 prison1 !y 7 br\ght ! next day be=e an assembly compos$ ( ! *ief p]sons ( ! ,jewi% magi/racy & prie/hood2 t ?is assembly1 aft] "s consultation1 f\nd no?+1 at t "t1 bett] to be done t[>ds suppress+ ! gr[? ( ! sect1 ?an to ?reat5 _! prison]s ) puni%m5t if !y p]si/$2 t ^! m51 aft] express+1 9 dec5t b firm language1 ! obligation "u :i* !y consid]$ !mselves to be1 to decl>e :at !y knew1 'to speak ! ?+s :i* !y _h se5 & he>d1' return$ f ! c\ncil1 & report$ :at _h pass$ to _! companions2 t ?is report1 :il/ x appriz$ !m ( ! dang] ( _! situation & und]tak+1 _h no o!r effect ^u _! conduct ?an to produce 9 !m a g5]al resolution to p]sev]e1 & an e>ne/ pray] to ,god to furni% !m ) assi/ance1 & to inspire !m ) =titude1 proportion$ to ! increas+ exig5cy ( ! s]vice4 7 ,acts iv47 ,a v %ort "t aft] ?is1 we read t all ! twelve apo/les 7 seiz$ & ca/ into prison2 7 ,acts v4 #ah47 t1 be+ br\ght a second "t be=e ! ,jewi% ,sanh$rim1 !y 7 upbraid$ ) _! disob$i5ce to ! injunction :i* _h be5 laid ^u !m1 & beat5 = _! contumacy2 t1 be+ *>g$ once m to desi/1 !y 7 suff]$ to dep>t2 t h[ev] !y nei!r quitt$ ,j]usalem1 nor ceas$ f prea*+1 bo? daily 9 ! temple1 & f h\se to h\se 7,acts v4 #db47 & t ! twelve consid]$ !mselves z s entirely & exclusively devot$ to ?is (fice1 t !y n[ transf]r$ :at may be call$ ! temporal affairs ( ! society to o!r h&s499 99 ,i d n "k t x has ev] be5 ins9uat$ t ! ,*ri/ian mission1 9 ! h&s ( ! apo/les1 0 a s*eme = mak+ a =tune1 or = gett+ money4 ,b x may nev]!less be fit to rem>k ^u ?is passage ( _! hi/ory1 h[ p]fectly free !y appe> to h be5 f any pecuni>y or int]e/$ views :atev]4 ,! mo/ tempt+ opportunity :i* occurr$ ( mak+ ga9 ( _! conv]ts1 0 by ! cu/ody & managem5t ( ! public funds1 :5 "s ( ! ri*] memb]s1 int5d+ to contribute _! =tunes to ! common support ( ! society1 sold _! possessions1 & laid d[n ! prices at ! apo/les' feet4 ,yet1 s ins5sible or undesir\s 7 !y ( ! advantage :i* t confid5ce af=d$1 t we f9d !y v soon dispos$ ( ! tru/1 by putt+ x into ! h&s1 n ( nom9ees ( _! own1 b ( /ew>ds =mally elect$ = ! purpose by ! society at l>ge4 ,we may add also1 t ?is excess ( g5]osity1 :i* ca/ private prop]ty into ! public /ock1 0 s f> f be+ requir$ by ! apo/les1 or impos$ z a law ( ,*ri/ianity1 t ,pet] rem9ds ,ananias t he _h be5 guilty1 9 8 behavi\r1 ( an (fici\s & volunt>y prev>ication2 = :il/1 says he1 ?y e/ate rema9$ unsold1 0 x n ?9e own8 ,& aft] x 0 sold1 0 x n 9 ?9e own p[]8 ,hi!rto ! prea*]s ( ! new religion seem to h _h ! common p on _! side2 :i* is assign$ z ! reason :y ! ,jewi% rul]s did n1 at ?is "t1 ?9k x prud5t to proce$ to great] extremities4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! enemies ( ! in/itution f\nd means to repres5t x to ! p z t5d+ to subv]t _! law1 degrade _! lawgiv]1 & di%on\r _! temple4 7,acts vi4 #ab47 ,& ^! ins9uations 7 disp]s$ ) s mu* success z to induce ! p to jo9 ) _! sup]iors 9 ! /on+ ( a v active memb] ( ! new community4 ,! dea? ( ?is man 0 ! signal ( a g5]al p]secution1 ! activity ( :i* may be judg$ ( f "o anecdote ( ! "t3--,z = ,saul1 he made havoc ( ! *ur*1 ent]+ into e h\se1 & tak+ m5 & wom5 committ$ !m to prison4 7,acts viii4 #c47 ,?is p]secution rag$ at ,j]usalem ) s mu* fury z to drive mo/ ( ! new conv]ts out ( ! place199 except ! twelve apo/les4 ,! conv]ts ?us scatt]$ abroad1 prea*$ ! religion :]ev] !y came2 & _! prea*+ 01 9 effect1 ! prea*+ ( ! twelve2 = x 0 s f> c>ri$ on 9 conc]t & correspond5ce ) !m1 t :5 !y he>d ( ! success ( _! emiss>ies 9 a p>ticul> c\ntry1 !y s5t two ( _! numb] to ! place1 to complete & confirm ! mission4 99,acts viii4 ,i4 ,& !y 7 all scatt]$ abroad2 b ! t]m all is n1 ,i ?9k1 to be tak5 /rictly z d5ot+ m ?an ! g5]ality2 9 l mann] z 9 ,acts ix4 #ce3 ,& all t dwelt at ,lydda & ,s>on saw him1 & turn$ to ! ,"l4 ,an ev5t n[ took place1 ( great importance 9 ! future hi/ory ( ! religion4 ,! p]secution :i* _h begun at ,j]usalem foll[$ ! ,*ri/ians to o!r cities1 7 ,acts ix47 9 :i* ! au?ority ( ! ,jewi% ,sanh$rim ov] ^? ( _! own nation 0 all[$ to be ex]cis$4 ,a "y man1 :o _h signaliz$ himself by 8 ho/ility to ! pr(ession1 & _h procur$ a commission f ! c\ncil at ,j]usalem to seize any conv]t$ ,jews :om he might f9d at ,damascus1 sudd5ly became a proselyte to ! religion :i* he 0 go+ ab\t to extirpate4 ,! new conv]t n only %>$1 on ?is extraord9>y *ange1 ! fate ( 8 companions1 b br\ght ^u himself a d\ble measure ( enmity f ! p>ty :i* he _h left4 ,! ,jews at ,damascus1 on 8 return to t city1 wat*$ ! gates night & day1 ) s mu* dilig5ce1 t he escap$ f _! h&s only by be+ let d[n 9 a basket by ! wall4 ,nor did he f9d himself 9 great] safety at ,j]usalem1 :i!r he imm$iately repair$4 ,attempts 7 !re also soon set on foot to de/roy him2 f ! dang] ( :i* he 0 pres]v$ by be+ s5t away to ,cilicia1 8 native c\ntry4 ,= "s reason n m5tion$1 p]haps n kn[n1 b probably connect$ ) ! civil hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 or ) "s dang]99 :i* engross$ ! public att5tion1 an int]mission ab\t ?is "t took place 9 ! suff]+s ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,?is happ5$1 at ! mo/1 only sev5 or eight1 p]haps only ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s dea?1 )9 :i* p]iod1 & not)/&+ t ! late p]secution occupi$ "p ( x1 *ur*es1 or societies ( believ]s1 _h be5 =m$ 9 all ,judea1 ,galilee1 & ,sam>ia2 = we read t ! *ur*es 9 ^! c\ntries _h n[ re/ & 7 edifi$1 &1 walk+ 9 ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 & 9 ! com=t ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 7 multipli$4 7,acts ix #ca47 ,! orig9al prea*]s ( ! religion did n remit _! lab\rs or activity dur+ ?is season ( quietness2 = we f9d "o1 & he a v pr9cipal p]son among !m1 pass+ ?r\gh\t all qu>t]s4 ,we f9d also ^? :o _h be5 be=e expell$ f ,j]usalem by ! p]secution :i* rag$ !re1 travell+ z f> z ,po5ice1 ,cyprus1 & ,antio*2 7,acts xi4 #ai47 & la/ly1 we f9d ,j]usalem aga9 9 ! c5tre ( ! mission1 ! place :i!r ! prea*]s return$ f _! sev]al excursions1 :]e !y report$ ! conduct & effects ( _! m9i/ry1 :]e que/ions ( public conc]n 7 canvass$ & settl$1 :5ce directions 7 s\ght1 & tea*]s s5t =?4 99 ,dr4 ,l>dn] 79 :i* he is foll[$ also by ,dr4 ,b5son7 ascribes ! cessation ( ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians to ! attempt ( ,caligula to set up 8 own /atue 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 & to ! con/]nation !reby excit$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,jewi% p2 :i* con/]nation = a season sup]s$$ e o!r conte/4 ,! "t ( ?is tranquillity did n1 h[ev]1 cont9ue long4 ,h]od ,agrippa1 :o _h lately acc$$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ,judea1 /ret*$ =? 8 h& to vex c]ta9 ( ! *ur*4 7,acts xii4 #a47 ,he began 8 cruelty by behead+ "o ( ! twelve orig9al apo/les1 a k9sman & con/ant companion ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion4 ,p]ceiv+ t ?is execution gratifi$ ! ,jews1 he proce$$ to seize1 9 ord] to put to dea?1 ano!r ( ! numb]1--& him1 l ! =m]1 associat$ ) ,*ri/ dur+ 8 life1 & em95tly active 9 ! s]vice s9ce 8 dea?4 ,?is man 01 h[ev]1 deliv]$ f prison1 z ! acc\nt /ates miracul\sly1 7,acts xii4 #c--ag47 & made 8 escape f ,j]usalem4 ,^! ?+s are relat$1 n 9 ! g5]al t]ms "u :i*1 9 giv+ ! outl9es ( ! hi/ory1 we h "h m5tion$ !m1 b ) ! utmo/ p>ticul>ity ( names1 p]sons1 places1 & circum/ances2 &1 :at is des]v+ ( notice1 )\t ! smalle/ discov]able prop5sity 9 ! hi/orian1 to magnify ! =titude1 or exagg]ate ! suff]+s1 ( 8 p>ty4 ,:5 !y fl$ = _! lives1 he tells u4 ,:5 ! *ur*es _h re/1 he rem>ks x4 ,:5 ! p took _! "p1 he does n leave x )\t notice4 ,:5 ! apo/les 7 c>ri$ a second "t be=e ! ,sanh$rim1 he is c>eful to obs]ve t !y 7 br\ght )\t viol5ce4 ,:5 mild] c\nsels 7 sugge/$1 he gives u ! au?or ( ! advice & ! spee* :i* conta9$ x4 ,:51 9 consequ5ce ( ?is advice1 ! rul]s cont5t$ !mselves ) ?reat5+ ! apo/les1 & comm&+ !m to be beat5 ) /ripes1 )\t urg+ at t "t ! p]secution fur!r1 ! hi/orian c&idly & di/9ctly records _! =be>ance4 ,:51 !re=e1 9 o!r in/ances1 he /ates heavi] p]secutions1 or actual m>tyrdoms1 x is reasonable to believe t he /ates !m because !y 7 true1 & n f any wi% to aggravate1 9 8 acc\nt1 ! suff]+s :i* ,*ri/ians su/a9$1 or to extol1 m ?an x des]v$1 _! pati5ce "u !m4 ,our hi/ory n[ pursues a n>r[] pa?4 ,leav+ ! re/ ( ! apo/les1 & ! orig9al associates ( ,*ri/1 engag$ 9 ! propagation ( ! new fai?1 7& :o !re is n ! lea/ reason to believe abat$ 9 _! dilig5ce or c\rage17 ! n>rative proce$s ) ! sep>ate memoirs ( t em95t tea*]1 ^: extraord9>y & sudd5 conv]sion to ! religion1 & correspond+ *ange ( conduct1 _h be=e be5 circum/antially describ$4 ,?is p]son1 9 conjunction ) ano!r1 :o appe>$ among ! e>li] memb]s ( ! society at ,j]usalem1 & among/ ! imm$iate adh]5ts ( ! twelve apo/les1 7,acts iv4 #cf47 set out f ,antio* ^u ! express bus9ess ( c>ry+ ! new religion ?r\gh ! v>i\s prov9ces ( ! ,less] ,asia4 7,acts xiii4 #b47 ,dur+ ?is exp$ition1 we f9d t 9 almo/ e place to :i* !y came1 _! p]sons 7 insult$1 & _! lives endang]$4 ,aft] be+ expell$ f ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 !y repair$ to ,iconium4 7,acts xiii4 #ea47 ,at ,iconium1 an attempt 0 made to /one !m2 at ,ly/ra1 :i!r !y fl$ f ,iconium1 "o ( !m actually 0 /on$ & drawn out ( ! city = dead4 7,acts xiv4 #ai47 ,^! two m51 ?\gh n !mselves orig9al apo/les1 7 act+ 9 connection & conjunction ) ! orig9al apo/les2 =1 aft] ! completion ( _! j\rney1 be+ s5t on a p>ticul> commission to ,j]usalem1 !y !re relat$ to ! apo/les 7,acts xv4 #ab--bf47 & eld]s ! ev5ts & success ( _! m9i/ry1 & 7 9 return recomm5d$ by !m to ! *ur*es1 z m5 :o _h haz>d$ _! lives 9 ! cause4 ,! treatm5t :i* !y _h exp]i5c$ 9 ! fir/ progress did n det] !m f prep>+ = a second4 ,^u a dispute1 h[ev]1 aris+ betwe5 !m1 b n connect$ ) ! common subject ( _! lab\rs1 !y act$ z wise & s9c]e m5 w\ld act2 !y did n retire 9 disgu/ f ! s]vice 9 :i* !y 7 engag$1 b1 ea* devot+ 8 endeav\rs to ! advancem5t ( ! religion1 !y p>t$ f "o ano!r1 & set =w>d ^u sep>ate r\tes4 ,! hi/ory goes along ) "o ( !m2 & ! second ent]prise to him 0 att5d$ ) ! same dang]s & p]secutions z bo? _h met ) 9 ! fir/4 ,! apo/le's travels hi!rto _h be5 conf9$ to ,asia4 ,he n[ crosses = ! fir/ "t ! ,aegean sea1 & c>ries ) him1 among/ o!rs1 ! p]son ^: acc\nts supply ! in=mation we are /at+4 7,acts xvi4 #aa47 ,! fir/ place 9 ,greece at :i* he appe>s to h /opp$1 0 ,philippi 9 ,mac$onia4 ,"h himself & "o ( 8 companions 7 cruelly :ipp$1 ca/ into prison1 & kept !re "u ! mo/ rigor\s cu/ody1 be+ ?ru/1 :il/ yet sm>t+ ) _! w\nds1 into ! inn] dungeon1 & _! feet made fa/ 9 ! /ocks4 7,acts xvi4 #bc1 #bd1 #cc47 ,not)/&+ ?is unequivocal specim5 ( ! usage :i* !y _h to look = 9 t c\ntry1 !y w5t =w>d 9 ! execution ( _! err&4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ,amphipolis & ,apollonia1 !y came to ,!ssalonica2 9 :i* city ! h\se 9 :i* !y lodg$ 0 assail$ by a p>ty ( _! enemies1 9 ord] to br+ !m out to ! populace4 ,& :51 =tunately = _! pres]vation1 !y 7 n f\nd at home1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se 0 dragg$ be=e ! magi/rate = admitt+ !m )9 8 doors4 7,acts xvii4 #a--e47 ,_! reception at ! next city 0 some?+ bett]3 b nei!r _h !y cont9u$ long be=e _! turbul5t adv]s>ies ! ,jews1 excit$ aga9/ !m su* commotions among/ ! inhabitants z oblig$ ! apo/le to make 8 escape by a private j\rney to ,a!ns4 7,acts xvii4 #ac47 ,! extremity ( ! progress 0 ,cor9?4 ,8 abode 9 ?is city1 = "s "t1 seems to h be5 )\t mole/ation4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! ,jews f\nd means to /ir up an insurrection aga9/ him1 & to br+ him be=e ! tribunal ( ! ,roman presid5t4 7,acts xviii4 #ab47 ,x 0 to ! contempt :i* t magi/rate ent]ta9$ = ! ,jews & _! controv]sies1 ( :i* he acc\nt$ ,*ri/ianity to be "o1 t our apo/le ow$ 8 deliv]ance4 7,acts xviii4 #ae47 ,?is indefatigable tea*]1 aft] leav+ ,cor9?1 return$ by ,ephesus into ,syria2 & aga9 visit$ ,j]usalem1 & ! society ( ,*ri/ians 9 t city1 :i*1 z ha? be5 repeat$ly obs]v$1 /ill cont9u$ ! c5tre ( ! mission4 7,acts xviii4 #bb47 ,x suit$ n1 h[ev]1 ) ! activity ( 8 zeal to rema9 long at ,j]usalem4 ,we f9d him go+ !nce to ,antio*1 &1 aft] "s /ay !re1 trav]s+ once m ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or4 7,acts xviii4 #bc47 ,?is progress end$ at ,ephesus3 9 :i* city1 ! apo/le cont9u$ 9 ! daily ex]cise ( 8 m9i/ry two ye>s1 & until 8 success1 at l5g?1 excit$ ! appreh5sions ( ^? :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! support ( ! national wor%ip4 ,_! clam\r produc$ a tumult1 9 :i* he _h ne>ly lo/ 8 life4 7,acts xix4 #a1 #i1 #aj47 ,undismay$1 h[ev]1 by ! dang]s to :i* he saw himself expos$1 he 0 driv5 f ,ephesus only to r5ew 8 lab\rs 9 ,greece4 ,aft] pass+ ov] ,mac$onia1 he !nce proce$$ to 8 =m] /ation at ,cor9?4 7,acts xx4 #a1 #b47 ,:5 he _h =m$ 8 design ( return+ by a direct c\rse f ,cor9? into ,syria1 he 0 compell$ by a conspiracy ( ! ,jews1 :o 7 prep>$ to int]cept him on 8 way1 to trace back 8 /eps ?r\gh ,mac$onia to ,philippi1 & !nce to take %ipp+ into ,asia4 ,along ! coa/ ( ,asia1 he pursu$ 8 voyage ) all ! exp$ition he c\ld comm&1 9 ord] to rea* ,j]usalem aga9/ ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/4 7,acts xx4 #af47 ,8 reception at ,j]usalem 0 ( a piece ) ! usage he _h exp]i5c$ f ! ,jews 9 o!r places4 ,he _h be5 only a few days 9 t city1 :5 ! populace1 in/igat$ by "s ( 8 old oppon5ts 9 ,asia1 :o att5d$ ?is fea/1 seiz$ him 9 ! temple1 =c$ him out ( x1 & 7 ready imm$iately to h de/roy$ him1 _h n ! sudd5 pres5ce ( ! ,roman gu>d rescu$ him out ( _! h&s4 7,acts xxi4 #bg--cc47 ,! (fic]1 h[ev]1 :o _h ?us seasonably int]pos$1 act$ f 8 c>e ( ! public peace1 ) ! pres]vation ( :i* he 0 *>g$1 & n f any fav\r to ! apo/le1 or inde$ any disposition to ex]cise ei!r ju/ice or humanity t[>ds him2 = he _h no soon] secur$ 8 p]son 9 ! =tress1 ?an he 0 proce$+ to exam9e him by torture4 7,acts xxii #bd47 ,f ?is "t to ! conclusion ( ! hi/ory1 ! apo/le rema9s 9 public cu/ody ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,aft] escap+ assass9ation by a =tunate discov]y ( ! plot1 & deliv]+ himself f ! influ5ce ( 8 enemies by an appeal to ! audi5ce ( ! emp]or1 7,acts xxv4 #i1 #aa47 he 0 s5t1 b n until he _h suff]$ two ye>s' imprisonm5t1 to ,rome4 7,acts xxiv4 #bg47 ,he rea*$ ,italy aft] a t$i\s voyage1 & aft] enc\nt]+ 9 8 passage ! p]ils ( a desp]ate %ipwreck4 7,acts xxvii47 ,b al?\gh /ill a prison]1 & 8 fate /ill dep5d+1 nei!r ! v>i\s & long-cont9u$ suff]+s :i* he _h und]gone1 nor ! dang] ( 8 pres5t situation1 det]r$ him f p]si/+ 9 prea*+ ! religion3 = ! hi/orian closes ! acc\nt by tell+ u t1 = two ye>s1 he receiv$ all t came unto him 9 8 own hir$ h\se1 :]e he 0 p]mitt$ to dwell ) a soldi] t gu>d$ him1 prea*+ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & tea*+ ^? ?+s :i* conc]n ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) all confid5ce4 ,n[ ! hi/orian1 f :om we h drawn ?is acc\nt1 9 ! "p ( 8 n>rative :i* relates to ,sa9t ,paul1 is support$ by ! /ronge/ corroborat+ te/imony t a hi/ory c receive4 ,we are 9 possession ( lett]s writt5 by ,sa9t ,paul himself ^u ! subject ( 8 m9i/ry1 & ei!r writt5 dur+ ! p]iod :i* ! hi/ory comprises1 or1 if writt5 aft]w>ds1 recit+ & ref]r+ to ! transactions ( t p]iod4 ,^! lett]s1 )\t borr[+ f ! hi/ory1 or ! hi/ory f !m1 un9t5tionally confirm ! acc\nt :i* ! hi/ory deliv]s1 9 a great v>iety ( p>ticul>s4 ,:at belongs to our pres5t purpose is ! description exhibit$ ( ! apo/le's suff]+s3 & ! repres5tation1 giv5 9 our hi/ory1 ( ! dang]s & di/resses :i* he und]w5t n only agrees 9 g5]al ) ! language :i* he himself uses :5ev] he speaks ( 8 life or m9i/ry1 b is also1 9 _m in/ances1 atte/$ by a specific correspond5cy ( "t1 place1 & ord] ( ev5ts4 ,if ! hi/orian put d[n 9 8 n>rative1 t at ,philippi ! apo/le 0 beat5 ) _m /ripes1 ca/ into prison1 & !re treat$ ) rig\r & indignity2 7,acts xvi4 #bc1 #bd47 we f9d him1 9 a lett] to a neighb\r+ *ur*1 7,i ,!ss4 ii4 #b47 rem9d+ 8 conv]ts t1 aft] he _h suff]$ be=e1 & 0 %amefully entreat$ at ,philippi1 he 0 bold1 nev]!less1 to speak unto !m 7to ^: city he next came7 ! ,gospel ( ,god4 ,if ! hi/ory relates t1 7,acts xvii4 #e47 at ,!ssalonica1 ! h\se 9 :i* ! apo/le 0 lodg$1 :5 he fir/ came to t place1 0 assault$ by ! populace1 & ! ma/] ( x dragg$ be=e ! magi/rate = admitt+ su* a gue/ )9 8 doors2 ! apo/le1 9 8 lett] to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,!ssalonica1 calls to _! remembrance h[ !y _h receiv$ ! ,gospel 9 mu* affliction4 7#a ,!ss4 i4 #f47 ,if ! hi/ory deliv] an acc\nt ( an insurrection at ,ephesus1 :i* _h ne>ly co/ ! apo/le 8 life1 we h ! apo/le himself1 9 a lett] writt5 a %ort "t aft] 8 dep>ture f t city1 describ+ 8 despair1 & return+ ?anks = 8 deliv]ance4 7,acts xix4 #b ,cor4 i4 #h--aj47 ,if ! hi/ory in=m u1 t ! apo/le 0 expell$ f ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 attempt$ to be /on$ at ,iconium1 & actually /on$ at ,ly/ra2 !re is pres]v$ a lett] f him to a fav\rite conv]t1 :om1 z ! same hi/ory tells u1 he fir/ met ) 9 ^! p>ts2 9 :i* lett] he appeals to t disciple's k ( ! p]secutions :i* befell him at ,antio*1 at ,iconium1 at ,ly/ra4 7,acts xiii4 #ej2 xiv4 #e1 #ai4 #b ,tim4 #aj1 #aa47 ,if ! hi/ory make ! apo/le1 9 8 spee* to ! ,ephesian eld]s1 rem9d !m1 z "o pro( ( ! dis9t]e/$ness ( 8 views1 t1 to _! k1 he _h suppli$ 8 own & ! necessities ( 8 companions by p]sonal lab\r2 7,acts xx4 #cd47 we f9d ! same apo/le1 9 a lett] writt5 dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,ephesus1 ass]t+ ( himself1 t ev5 to t h\r he lab\r$1 work+ ) 8 own h&s4 7#a ,cor4 iv #aa1 #ab47 ,^! co9cid5ces1 toge!r ) _m relative to o!r p>ts ( ! apo/le's hi/ory1 & all drawn f indep5d5t s\rces1 n only confirm ! tru? ( ! acc\nt1 9 ! p>ticul> po9ts z to :i* !y are obs]v$1 b add mu* to ! cr$it ( ! n>rative 9 all its p>ts2 & support ! au?or's pr(ession ( be+ a contempor>y ( ! p]son ^: hi/ory he writes1 &1 ?r\gh\t a mat]ial portion ( 8 n>rative1 a companion4 ,:at ! epi/les ( ! apo/les decl>e ( ! suff]+ /ate ( ,*ri/ianity ! writ+s :i* rema9 ( _! companions & imm$iate foll[]s expressly confirm4 ,clem5t1 :o is hon\rably m5tion$ by ,sa9t ,paul 9 8 epi/le to ! ,philippians1 7,philipp4 iv4 #c47 ha? left u 8 atte/ation to ?is po9t1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,let u take 7says he7 ! examples ( our own age4 ,?r\gh zeal & envy1 ! mo/ fai?ful & righte\s pill>s ( ! *ur* h be5 p]secut$ ev5 to ! mo/ griev\s dea?s4 ,let u set be=e our eyes ! holy apo/les4 ,pet]1 by unju/ envy1 und]w5t n "o or two1 b _m suff]+s2 till at la/1 be+ m>tyr$1 he w5t to ! place ( glory t 0 due unto him4 ,= ! same cause did ,paul1 9 l mann]1 receive ! rew>d ( 8 pati5ce4 ,sev5 times he 0 9 bonds2 he 0 :ipp$1 0 /on$2 he prea*$ bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/1 leav+ beh9d him ! glori\s report ( 8 fai?2 & s hav+ taught ! :ole _w righte\sness1 & = t end travell$ ev5 unto ! utmo/ b\nds ( ! ,we/1 he at la/ suff]$ m>tyrdom by ! comm& ( ! gov]nors1 & dep>t$ out ( ! _w1 & w5t unto 8 holy place1 be+ become a mo/ em95t patt]n ( pati5ce unto all ages4 ,to ^! holy apo/les 7 jo9$ a v great numb] ( o!rs1 :o1 hav+ ?r\gh envy und]gone1 9 l mann]1 _m pa9s & torm5ts1 h left a glori\s example to u4 ,= ?is1 n only m51 b wom51 h be5 p]secut$2 &1 hav+ suff]$ v griev\s & cruel puni%m5ts1 h f9i%$ ! c\rse ( _! fai? ) firmness4 7,clem4 ad ,cor4 c4 v4 vi4 ,abp4 ,wake's ,trans47 ,h]mas1 salut$ by ,sa9t ,paul 9 8 epi/le to ! ,romans1 9 a piece v little connect$ ) hi/orical recitals1 ?us speaks3 ,su* z h believ$ & suff]$ dea? = ! "n ( ,*ri/1 & h endur$ ) a ready m9d1 & h giv5 up _! lives ) all _! he>ts4 7,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 c4 xxviii47 ,polyc>p1 ! disciple ( ,john 7?\gh all t rema9s ( 8 works be a v %ort epi/le71 has n left ?is subject unnotic$4 ,i exhort 7says he7 all ( y1 t ye obey ! ^w ( righte\sness1 & ex]cise all pati5ce1 :i* ye h se5 set =? be=e y\r eyes1 n only 9 ! bless$ ,ignatius1 & ,lorimus1 & ,rufus1 b 9 o!rs among y\rselves1 & 9 ,paul himself & ! re/ ( ! apo/les2 be+ confid5t 9 ?is1 t all ^! h n run 9 va91 b 9 fai? & righte\sness2 & are gone to ! place t 0 due to !m f ! ,"l1 ) :om also !y suff]$4 ,= !y lov$ n ?is pres5t _w1 b him :o di$1 & 0 rais$ aga9 by ,god = u4 7,pol4 ad ,phil c4 ix47 ,ignatius1 ! contempor>y ( ,polyc>p1 recognises ! same topic1 briefly inde$1 b positively & precisely4 ,= ?is cause1 7i4 e4 hav+ felt & h&l$ ,*ri/'s body at 8 resurrection1 & be+ conv9c$1 z ,ignatius expresses x1 bo? by 8 fle% & _s17 !y 7i4 e4 ,pet]1 & ^? :o 7 pres5t ) ,pet] at ,*ri/'s appe>ance7 despis$ dea?1 & 7 f\nd to be above x4 7#ai4 ,ep4 ,smyr4 c4 iii47 ,w\ld ! read] "k :at a p]secution 9 ^? days 01 ,i w\ld ref] him to a circul> lett]1 writt5 by ! *ur* ( ,smyrna soon aft] ! dea? ( ,polyc>p1 :o x w be rememb]$1 _h liv$ ) ,sa9t ,john2 & :i* lett] is entitl$ a relation ( t bi%op's m>tyrdom4 ,! suff]+s 7say !y7 ( all ! o!r m>tyrs 7 bless$ & g5]\s1 :i* !y und]w5t accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,= s x becomes u1 :o are m religi\s ?an o!rs1 to ascribe ! p[] & ord]+ ( all ?+s unto ,him4 ,&1 inde$1 :o c *oose b admire ! greatness ( _! m9ds1 & t admirable pati5ce & love ( _! ,ma/]1 :i* !n appe>$ 9 !m8 ,:o1 :5 !y 7 s flay$ ) :ipp+ t ! frame & /ructure ( _! bodies 7 laid op5 to _! v inw>d ve9s & art]ies1 nev]!less endur$ x4 ,9 l mann]1 ^? :o 7 condemn$ to ! bea/s1 & kept a long "t 9 prison1 und]w5t _m cruel torm5ts1 be+ =c$ to lie ^u %>p spikes laid "u _! bodies1 & torm5t$ ) div]s o!r sorts ( puni%m5ts2 t s1 if x 7 possible1 ! tyrant1 by ! l5g? ( _! suff]+s1 might h br\ght !m to d5y ,*ri/4 7,rel4 ,mor4 ,pol4 c4 ii47 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m1 pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,on ! hi/ory1 ( :i* ! la/ *apt] conta9s an ab/ract1 !re are a few obs]vations :i* x may be prop] to make1 by way ( apply+ its te/imony to ! p>ticul> propositions = :i* we cont5d4 ,i4 ,al?\gh our ,scripture hi/ory leaves ! g5]al acc\nt ( ! apo/les 9 an e>ly "p ( ! n>rative1 & proce$s ) ! sep>ate acc\nt ( "o p>ticul> apo/le1 yet ! in=mation :i* x deliv]s s f> ext5ds to ! re/1 z x %[s ! nature ( ! s]vice4 ,:5 we see "o apo/le suff]+ p]secution 9 ! dis*>ge ( ?is commission1 we %all n believe1 )\t evid5ce1 t ! same (fice c\ld1 at ! same "t1 be att5d$ ) ease & safety to o!rs4 ,& ?is fair & reasonable inf]5ce is confirm$ by ! direct atte/ation ( ! lett]s1 to :i* we h s (t5 ref]r$4 ,! writ] ( ^! lett]s n only alludes1 9 num]\s passages1 to 8 own suff]+s1 b speaks ( ! re/ ( ! apo/les z endur+ l suff]+s ) himself4 ,i ?9k t ,god ha? set =? u ! apo/les la/1 z x 71 appo9t$ to dea?2 = we are made a spectacle unto ! _w1 & to angels1 & to m52 ev5 unto ?is pres5t h\r1 we bo? hung] & ?ir/1 & are nak$1 & are buffet$1 & h no c]ta9 dwell+-place2 & lab\r1 work+ ) our own h&s3 be+ revil$1 we bless2 be+ p]secut$1 we suff] x2 be+ defam$1 we entreat3 we are made z ! fil? ( ! e>?1 & z ! (fsc\r+ ( all ?+s unto ?is day4 7,i ,cor4 iv4 #i1 et seq47 ,add to :i*1 t 9 ! %ort acc\nt t is giv5 ( ! o!r apo/les 9 ! =m] "p ( ! hi/ory1 & )9 ! %ort p]iod :i* t acc\nt comprises1 we f9d1 fir/1 two ( !m seiz$1 imprison$1 br\ght be=e ! ,sanh$rim1 & ?reat5$ ) fur!r puni%m5t2 7,acts iv4 #c1 #ba47 !n1 ! :ole numb] imprison$ & beat52 7,acts v4 #ah1 #dj47 soon aft]w>ds1 "o ( _! adh]5ts /on$ to dea?1 & s hot a p]secution rais$ aga9/ ! sect z to drive mo/ ( !m out ( ! place2 a %ort "t only succe$+1 be=e "o ( ! twelve 0 behead$1 & ano!r s5t5c$ to ! same fate2 & all ?is pass+ 9 ! s+le city ( ,j]usalem1 & )9 t5 ye>s aft] ! ,f\nd]'s dea?1 & ! comm5cem5t ( ! in/itution4 ,,ii4 ,we take no cr$it at pres5t = ! miracul\s "p ( ! n>rative1 nor d we insi/ ^u ! correctness ( s+le passages ( x4 ,if ! :ole /ory be n a novel1 a romance2 ! :ole action a dream2 if ,pet]1 & ,james1 & ,paul1 & ! re/ ( ! apo/les m5tion$ 9 ! acc\nt1 be n all imag9>y p]sons2 if _! lett]s be n all =g]ies1 &1 :at is m1 =g]ies ( names & *>act]s :i* nev] exi/$2 !n is !re evid5ce 9 our h&s suffici5t to support ! only fact we cont5d = 7& :i*1 ,i repeat aga91 is1 9 itself1 highly probable71 t ! orig9al foll[]s ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ex]t$ great endeav\rs to propagate 8 religion1 & und]w5t great lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 9 consequ5ce ( _! und]tak+4 ,,iii4 ,! g5]al reality ( ! apo/olic hi/ory is /rongly confirm$ by ! consid]ation1 t x1 9 tru?1 does no m ?an assign adequate causes = effects :i* c]ta9ly 7 produc$2 & describe consequ5ces naturally result+ f situations :i* c]ta9ly exi/$4 ,! effects 7 c]ta9ly !re1 ( :i* ?is hi/ory sets =? ! cause1 & orig91 & progress4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ on all h&s1 because x is record$ by o!r te/imony ?an t ( ! ,*ri/ians !mselves1 t ! religion began to prevail at t "t1 & 9 t c\ntry4 ,x is v difficult to conceive h[ x c\ld beg9 )\t ! ex]tions ( ! ,f\nd] & 8 foll[]s1 9 propagat+ ! new p]suasion4 ,! hi/ory n[ 9 our h&s describes ^! ex]tions1 ! p]sons employ$1 ! means & endeav\rs made use (1 & ! lab\rs und]tak5 9 ! prosecution ( ?is purpose4 ,aga91 ! treatm5t :i* ! hi/ory repres5ts ! fir/ propagators ( ! religion to h exp]i5c$ 0 no o!r ?an :at naturally result$ f ! situation 9 :i* !y 7 confess$ly plac$4 ,x is admitt$ t ! religion 0 adv]se1 9 great degree1 to ! reign+ op9ions1 & to ! hopes & wi%es ( ! nation to :i* x 0 fir/ introduc$2 & t x ov]?rew1 s f> z x 0 receiv$1 ! e/abli%$ !ology & wor%ip ( e o!r c\ntry4 ,we _c feel mu* reluctance 9 believ+ t :5 ! mess5g]s ( su* a sy/em w5t ab\t n only publi%+ _! op9ions1 b collect+ proselytes1 & =m+ regul> societies ( proselytes1 !y %\ld meet ) opposition 9 _! attempts1 or t ?is opposition %\ld sometimes proce$ to fatal extremities4 ,our hi/ory details examples ( ?is opposition1 & ( ! suff]+s & dang]s :i* ! emiss>ies ( ! religion und]w5t1 p]fectly agreeable to :at might reasonably be expect$1 f ! nature ( _! und]tak+1 comp>$ ) ! "* ( ! age & c\ntry 9 :i* x 0 c>ri$ on4 ,,iv4 ,! records be=e u supply evid5ce ( :at =m$ ano!r memb] ( our g5]al proposition1 & :at1 z ha? already be5 obs]v$1 is highly probable1 & almo/ a necess>y consequ5ce ( _! new pr(ession1 viz41 t1 toge!r ) activity & c\rage 9 propagat+ ! religion1 ! primitive foll[]s ( ,jesus assum$1 ^u _! conv]sion1 a new & peculi> c\rse ( private life4 ,imm$iately aft] _! ,ma/] 0 )drawn f !m1 we he> ( _! cont9u+ ) "o accord 9 pray] & supplication2 7,acts i4 #ad47 ( _! cont9u+ daily ) "o accord 9 ! temple 7,acts ii4 #df47 ,( _m be+ ga!r$ toge!r pray+4 7,acts xii4 #ab47 ,we "k t /rict in/ructions 7 laid ^u ! conv]ts by _! tea*]s4 ,:]ev] !y came1 ! fir/ ^w ( _! prea*+ 01 ,rep5t6 ,we "k t ^! injunctions oblig$ !m to refra9 f _m species ( lic5ti\sness1 :i* 7 n1 at t "t1 reput$ crim9al4 ,we "k ! rules ( purity1 & ! maxims ( b5evol5ce1 :i* ,*ri/ians read 9 _! books2 conc]n+ :i* rules x is en\gh to obs]ve1 t1 if !y 71 ,i w n say completely obey$1 b 9 any degree reg>d$1 !y c\ld produce a sy/em ( conduct1 &1 :at is m difficult to pres]ve1 a disposition ( m9d1 & a regulation ( affections1 diff]5t f any?+ to :i* !y _h hi!rto be5 accu/om$1 & diff]5t f :at !y w\ld see 9 o!rs4 ,! *ange & di/9ction ( mann]s1 :i* result$ f _! new "*1 is p]petually ref]r$ to 9 ! lett]s ( _! tea*]s4 ,& y ha? he quick5$1 :o 7 dead 9 trespasses & s9s1 :]e9 9 times pa/ ye walk$1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( ?is _w1 accord+ to ! pr9ce ( ! p[] ( ! air1 ! ,_s t n[ worke? 9 ! *ildr5 ( disob$i5ce2 among :om also we all _h our conv]sation 9 times pa/1 9 ! lu/s ( our fle%1 fulfill+ ! desires ( ! fle%1 & ( ! m9d1 & 7 by nature ! *ildr5 ( wra?1 ev5 z o!rs4 7,eph4 ii #a-c4 ,see also ,tit4 iii4 #c47--;,= ! "t pa/ ( our life may suffice u to h wr\ght ! w ( ! ,g5tiles1 :5 we walk$ 9 lascivi\sness1 lu/s1 excess ( w9e1 revell+s1 banquet+s1 & abom9able idolatries2 :]e9 !y ?9k x /range t ye run n ) !m to ! same excess ( riot4 7#a ,pet4 iv4 #c1 #d47 ,sa9t ,paul1 9 8 fir/ lett] to ! ,cor9?ians1 aft] enum]at+1 z 8 mann] 01 a catalogue ( vici\s *>act]s1 adds1 ,su* 7 "s ( y2 b ye are wa%$1 b ye are sanctifi$4 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #aa47 ,9 l mann]1 & allud+ to ! same *ange ( practices & s5tim5ts1 he ask$ ! ,roman ,*ri/ians1 :at fruit !y _h 9 ^? ?+s1 :]e( !y are n[ a%am$8 7,rom4 vi4 #ba47 ,! phrases :i* ! same writ] employs to describe ! moral condition ( ,*ri/ians1 comp>$ ) _! condition be=e !y became ,*ri/ians1 su* z newness ( life1 be+ fre$ f s91 be+ dead to s92 ! de/ruction ( ! body ( s91 t1 = ! future1 !y %\ld n s]ve s92 *ildr5 ( light & ( ! day1 z oppos$ to *ildr5 ( d>kness & ( ! night2 n sleep+ z o!rs2 imply1 at lea/1 a new sy/em ( obligation1 &1 probably1 a new s]ies ( conduct1 comm5c+ ) _! conv]sion4 ,! te/imony :i* ,pl9y be>s to ! behavi\r ( ! new sect 9 8 "t1 & :i* te/imony comes n m ?an fifty ye>s aft] t ( ,/4 ,paul1 is v applicable to ! subject "u consid]ation4 ,! "* :i* ?is writ] gives ( ! ,*ri/ians ( t age1 & :i* 0 drawn f a pretty accurate inquiry1 because he consid]$ _! moral pr9ciples z ! po9t 9 :i* ! magi/rate 0 int]e/$1 is z foll[s3--,he tells ! emp]or1 t "s ( ^? :o _h rel9qui%$ ! society1 or :o1 to save !mselves1 pret5d$ t !y _h rel9qui%$ x1 affirm$ t !y 7 wont to meet toge!r on a /at$ day1 be=e x 0 light1 & sang among !mselves alt]nately a hymn to ,*ri/ z a ,god2 & to b9d !mselves by an oa?1 n to ! commission ( any wick$ness1 b t !y w\ld n be guilty ( !ft1 or robb]y1 or adult]y2 t !y w\ld nev] falsify _! ^w1 or d5y a pl$ge committ$ to !m1 :5 call$ ^u to return x4 ,?is proves t a morality1 m pure & /rict ?an 0 ord9>y1 prevail$ at t "t 9 ,*ri/ian societies4 ,& to me x appe>s1 t we are au?oris$ to c>ry 8 te/imony back to ! age ( ! apo/les2 because x is n probable t ! imm$iate he>]s & disciples ( ,*ri/ 7 m relax$ ?an _! successors 9 ,pl9y's "t1 or ! mission>ies ( ! religion ?an ^? :om !y taught4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,:5 we consid]1 fir/1 ! preval5cy ( ! religion at ?is h\r2 secondly1 ! only cr$ible acc\nt :i* c be giv5 ( its orig91 viz4 ! activity ( ! ,f\nd] & 8 associates2 ?irdly1 ! opposition :i* t activity mu/ naturally h excit$2 f\r?ly1 ! fate ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion1 atte/$ by hea!n writ]s1 z well z our own2 fif?ly1 ! te/imony ( ! same writ]s to ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ians1 ei!r contempor>y )1 or imm$iately succe$+1 ! orig9al settl]s ( ! in/itution2 six?ly1 pr$ictions ( ! suff]+ ( 8 foll[]s ascrib$ to ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion1 :i* ascription alone proves1 ei!r t su* pr$ictions 7 deliv]$ & fulfill$1 or t ! writ]s ( ,*ri/'s life 7 induc$ by ! ev5t to attribute su* pr$ictions to him2 sev5?ly1 lett]s n[ 9 our possession1 writt5 by "s ( ! pr9cipal ag5ts 9 ! transaction1 ref]r+ expressly to extreme lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 su/a9$ by !mselves & _! companions2 la/ly1 a hi/ory purport+ to be writt5 by a fell[-travell] ( "o ( ! new tea*]s1 &1 by its unsophi/icat$ correspond5cy ) lett]s ( t p]son /ill extant1 prov+ itself to be writt5 by "s "o well acqua9t$ ) ! subject ( ! n>rative1 :i* hi/ory conta9s acc\nts ( travels1 p]secutions1 & m>tyrdoms1 answ]+ to :at ! =m] reasons lead u to expect3 :5 we lay toge!r ^! consid]ations1 :i* tak5 sep>ately are1 ,i ?9k correctly su* z ,i h /at$ !m 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 !re _c mu* d\bt rema9 ^u our m9ds b t a numb] ( p]sons at t "t appe>$ 9 ! _w1 publicly advanc+ an extraord9>y /ory1 & = ! sake ( propagat+ ! belief ( t /ory1 volunt>ily incurr+ great p]sonal dang]s1 trav]s+ seas & k+doms1 ex]t+ great indu/ry1 & su/a9+ great extremities ( ill usage & p]secution4 ,x is also prov$ t ! same p]sons1 9 consequ5ce ( _! p]suasion1 or pret5d$ p]suasion1 ( ! tru? ( :at !y ass]t$1 ent]$ ^u a c\rse ( life 9 _m respects new & s+ul>4 ,f ! cle> & ackn[l$g$ p>ts ( ! case1 ,i ?9k x to be likewise 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 t ! /ory = :i* ^! p]sons volunt>ily expos$ !mselves to ! fatigues & h>d%ips :i* !y endur$ 0 a miracul\s /ory2 ,i mean1 t !y pret5d$ to miracul\s evid5ce ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,!y _h no?+ else to /& ^u4 ,! designation ( ! p]son1 t is to say1 t ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 r ?an any o!r p]son1 0 ! ,messiah1 & z su* ! subject ( _! m9i/ry1 c\ld only be f\nd$ ^u sup]natural tok5s attribut$ to him4 ,"h 7 no victories1 no conque/s1 no revolutions1 no surpris+ elevation ( =tune1 no a*ievem5ts ( val\r1 ( /r5g?1 or ( policy1 to appeal to2 no discov]ies 9 any art or sci5ce1 no great ef=ts ( g5ius or le>n+ to produce4 ,a ,galilean peasant 0 ann\nc$ to ! _w z a div9e lawgiv]4 ,a "y man ( mean condition1 ( a private & simple life1 & :o _h wr\ght no deliv]ance = ! ,jewi% nation1 0 decl>$ to be _! ,messiah4 ,?is1 )\t ascrib+ to him at ! same "t "s pro(s ( 8 mission1 7& :at o!r b sup]natural pro(s c\ld !re be87 0 too absurd a claim to be ei!r imag9$1 or attempt$1 or cr$it$4 ,9 :atev] degree1 or 9 :atev] "p1 ! religion 0 argum5tative1 :5 x came to ! "q1 ,is ! c>p5t]'s son ( ,naz>e? ! p]son :om we are to receive & obey8 !re 0 no?+ b ! miracles attribut$ to him by :i* 8 pret5sions c\ld be ma9ta9$ = a mom5t4 ,e controv]sy & e "q mu/ presuppose ^!3 =1 h[ev] su* controv]sies1 :5 !y did arise1 might & naturally w\ld1 be discuss$ ^u _! own gr\nds ( argum5tation1 )\t cit+ ! miracul\s evid5ce :i* _h be5 ass]t$ to att5d ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion 7:i* w\ld h be5 to ent] ^u ano!r1 & a m g5]al "q71 yet we are to be> 9 m9d1 t )\t previ\sly suppos+ ! exi/5ce or ! pret5ce ( su* evid5ce1 !re c\ld h be5 no place = ! discussion ( ! argum5t at all4 ,?us1 = example1 :e!r ! prophecies1 :i* ! ,jews int]pret$ to belong to ! ,messiah1 7 or 7 n applicable to ! hi/ory ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 0 a natural subject ( debate 9 ^? times2 & ! debate w\ld proce$ )\t recurr+ at e turn to 8 miracles1 because x set out ) suppos+ ^!2 inasmu* z )\t miracul\s m>ks & tok5s 7real or pret5d$71 or )\t "s su* great *ange effect$ by 8 means 9 ! public condition ( ! c\ntry1 z might h satisfi$ ! !n receiv$ int]pretation ( ^! prophecies1 ,i d n see h[ ! "q c\ld ev] h be5 ent]ta9$4 ,apollos1 we read1 mightily conv9c$ ! ,jews1 %[+ by ! ,scriptures t ,jesus 0 ,*ri/2 7,acts xviii4 #bh47 b unless ,jesus _h exhibit$ "s di/9ction ( 8 p]son1 "s pro( ( sup]natural p[]1 ! argum5t f ! old ,scriptures c\ld h _h no place4 ,x _h no?+ to atta* ^u4 ,a "y man call+ himself ! ,son ( ,god1 ga!r+ a cr[d ab\t him1 & deliv]+ to !m lectures ( morality1 c\ld n h excit$ s mu* z a d\bt among ! ,jews1 :e!r he 0 ! object 9 :om a long s]ies ( anci5t prophecies t]m9at$1 f ! completion ( :i* !y _h =m$ su* magnific5t expectations1 & expectations ( a nature s opposite to :at appe>$2 ,i mean no su* d\bt c\ld exi/ :5 !y _h ! :ole case be=e !m1 :5 !y saw him put to dea? = 8 (fici\sness1 & :5 by 8 dea? ! evid5ce conc]n+ him 0 clos$4 ,aga91 ! effect ( ! ,messiah's com+1 suppos+ ,jesus to h be5 he1 ^u ,jews1 ^u ,g5tiles1 ^u _! relation to ea* o!r1 ^u _! acceptance ) ,god1 ^u _! duties & _! expectations2 8 nature1 au?ority1 (fice1 & ag5cy2 7 likely to become subjects ( mu* consid]ation ) ! e>ly vot>ies ( ! religion1 & to occupy _! att5tion & writ+s4 ,i %\ld n h[ev] expect1 t 9 ^! disquisitions1 :e!r pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( lett]s1 spee*es1 or set treatises1 frequ5t or v direct m5tion ( 8 miracles w\ld occur4 ,/ill1 miracul\s evid5ce lay at ! bottom ( ! argum5t4 ,9 ! prim>y "q1 miracul\s pret5sions & miracul\s pret5sions alone1 7 :at !y _h to rely ^u4 ,t ! orig9al /ory 0 miracul\s1 is v fairly also inf]r$ f ! miracul\s p[]s :i* 7 laid claim to by ! ,*ri/ians ( succe$+ ages4 ,if ! acc\nts ( ^! miracles be true1 x 0 a cont9uation ( ! same p[]s2 if !y be false1 x 0 an imitation1 ,i w n say ( :at _h be5 wr\ght1 b ( :at _h be5 report$ to h be5 wr\ght1 by ^? :o prec$$ !m4 ,t imitation %\ld foll[ reality1 fiction %\ld be graft$ ^u tru?2 t1 if miracles 7 p]=m$ at fir/1 miracles %\ld be pret5d$ aft]w>ds2 agrees s well ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( human affairs1 t we c h no great difficulty 9 believ+ x4 ,! contr>y supposition is v improbable1 namely1 t miracles %\ld be pret5d$ to by ! foll[]s ( ! apo/les & fir/ emiss>ies ( ! religion1 :5 none 7 pret5d$ to1 ei!r 9 _! own p]sons or t ( _! ,ma/]1 by ^! apo/les & emiss>ies !mselves4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m1 pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,x be+ !n once prov$1 t ! fir/ propagators ( ! ,*ri/ian in/itution did ex]t activity1 & subject !mselves to great dang]s & suff]+s1 9 consequ5ce & = ! sake ( an extraord9>y &1 ,i ?9k1 we may say1 ( a miracul\s /ory ( "s k9d or o!r2 ! next great "q is1 :e!r ! acc\nt1 :i* our ,scriptures conta91 be t /ory2 t :i* ^! m5 deliv]$1 & = :i* !y act$ & suff]$ z !y did8 ,?is "q is1 9 effect1 no o!r ?an :e!r ! /ory :i* ,*ri/ians h n[ be ! /ory :i* ,*ri/ians _h !n8 ,& ( ?is ! foll[+ pro(s may be d$uc$ f g5]al consid]ations1 & f consid]ations prior to any inquiry into ! p>ticul> reasons & te/imonies by :i* ! au?ority ( our hi/ories is support$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re exi/s no trace or ve/ige ( any o!r /ory4 ,x is n1 l ! dea? ( ,cyrus ! ,great1 a competition betwe5 opposite acc\nts1 or betwe5 ! cr$it ( diff]5t hi/orians4 ,!re is n a docum5t1 or scrap ( acc\nt1 ei!r contempor>y ) ! comm5cem5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 or extant )9 _m ages af> t comm5cem5t1 :i* assigns a hi/ory sub/antially diff]5t f ours4 ,! remote1 brief1 & incid5tal notices ( ! affair :i* are f\nd 9 hea!n writ]s1 s f> z !y d g1 g along ) u4 ,!y be> te/imony to ^! facts--t ! in/itution orig9at$ f ,jesus2 t ! ,f\nd] 0 put to dea?1 z a malefactor1 at ,j]usalem1 by ! au?ority ( ! ,roman gov]nor1 ,pontius ,pilate2 t ! religion nev]!less spread 9 t city1 & ?r\gh\t ,judea2 & t x 0 propagat$ !nce to di/ant c\ntries2 t ! conv]ts 7 num]\s2 t !y suff]$ great h>d%ips & injuries = _! pr(ession2 & t all ?is took place 9 ! age ( ! _w :i* our books h assign$4 ,!y g on1 fur!r1 to describe ! mann]s ( ,*ri/ians 9 t]ms p]fectly con=mable to ! acc\nts extant 9 our books2 t !y 7 wont to assemble on a c]ta9 day2 t !y sang hymns to ,*ri/ z to a ,god2 t !y b\nd !mselves by an oa? n to commit any crime1 b to ab/a9 f !ft & adult]y1 to adh]e /rictly to _! promises1 & n to d5y money deposit$ 9 _! h&s299 t !y wor%ipp$ him :o 0 crucifi$ 9 ,pale/9e2 t ?is _! fir/ lawgiv] _h taught !m t !y 7 all bre?r52 t !y _h a great contempt = ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 & look$ ^u !m z common2 t !y flew to "o ano!r's relief2 t !y *]i%$ /rong hopes ( immortality2 t !y despis$ dea?1 & surr5d]$ !mselves to suff]+s4 99 ,see ,pl9y's ,lett]--,bonnet1 9 8 lively way ( express+ himself1 says1--,comp>+ ,pl9y's ,lett] ) ! acc\nt ( ! ,acts1 x seems to me t ,i _h n tak5 up ano!r au?or1 b t ,i 0 /ill read+ ! hi/orian ( t extraord9>y society4 ,?is is /rong2 b !re is und\bt$ly an aff9ity1 & all ! aff9ity t c\ld be expect$4 ,x is incr$ible1 :at exp$ition !y use :5 any ( _! fri5ds are kn[n to be 9 tr\ble4 ,9 a ^w1 !y sp>e no?+ ^u su* an occasion2--= ^! mis]able m5 h no d\bt !y %all be immortal & live = ev]2 !re=e !y contemn dea?1 & _m surr5d] !mselves to suff]+s4 ,moreov]1 _! fir/ lawgiv] has taught !m t !y are all bre?r51 :5 once !y h turn$ & r5\nc$ ! gods ( ! ,greeks1 & wor%ip ?is ,ma/] ( !irs :o 0 crucifi$1 & engage to live accord+ to 8 laws4 ,!y h also a sov]eign contempt = all ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 & look ^u !m z common4 ,lucian1 de ,morte ,p]egr9i1 t4 i4 p4 #efe1 ed4 ,graev4 ,?is is ! acc\nt ( writ]s :o view$ ! subject at a great di/ance2 :o 7 un9=m$ & un9t]e/$ ab\t x4 ,x be>s ! *>act]s ( su* an acc\nt ^u ! face ( x1 because x describes effects1 namely ! appe>ance 9 ! _w ( a new religion1 & ! conv]sion ( great multitudes to x1 )\t desc5d+1 9 ! smalle/ degree1 to ! detail ( ! transaction ^u :i* x 0 f\nd$1 ! int]ior ( ! in/itution1 ! evid5ce or argum5ts (f]$ by ^? :o drew ov] o!rs to x4 ,yet /ill "h is no contradiction ( our /ory2 no o!r or diff]5t /ory set up aga9/ x3 b s f> a confirmation ( x z t1 9 ! g5]al po9ts on :i* ! hea!n acc\nt t\*es1 x agrees ) t :i* we f9d 9 our own books4 ,! same may be obs]v$ ( ! v few ,jewi% writ]s ( t & ! adjo9+ p]iod1 :i* h come d[n to u4 ,:atev] !y omit1 or :atev] difficulties we may f9d 9 expla9+ ! omission1 !y advance no o!r hi/ory ( ! transaction ?an t :i* we ackn[l$ge4 ,josephus1 :o wrote 8 ,antiquities1 or ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 ab\t sixty ye>s aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 a passage g5]ally admitt$ z g5u9e1 makes m5tion ( ,john "u ! "n ( ,john ! ,bapti/2 t he 0 a prea*] ( virtue2 t he baptiz$ 8 proselytes2 t he 0 well receiv$ by ! p2 t he 0 imprison$ & put to dea? by ,h]od2 & t ,h]od liv$ 9 a crim9al cohabitation ) ,h]odias1 8 bro!r's wife4 7,antiq4 ,i4 xviii4 cap4 v4 sect4 #a1 #b47 ,9 ano!r passage all[$ by _m1 al?\gh n )\t consid]able "q be+ mov$ ab\t x1 we he> ( ,james1 ! bro!r ( him :o 0 call$ ,jesus1 & ( 8 be+ put to dea?4 7,antiq4 ,i4 xx4 cap4 ix4 sect4 #a47 ,9 a ?ird passage1 extant 9 e copy t rema9s ( ,josephus's hi/ory1 b ! au!nticity ( :i* has nev]!less be5 long disput$1 we h an explicit te/imony to ! sub/ance ( our hi/ory 9 ^! words3--,at t "t liv$ ,jesus1 a wise man1 if he may be call$ a man1 = he p]=m$ _m wond]ful works4 ,he 0 a tea*] ( su* m5 z receiv$ ! tru? ) pleasure4 ,he drew ov] to him _m ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,?is 0 ! ,*ri/2 & :5 ,pilate1 at ! in/igation ( ! *ief m5 among u _h condemn$ him to ! cross1 !y :o be=e _h conceiv$ an affection = him did n cease to adh]e to him2 =1 on ! ?ird day1 he appe>$ to !m alive aga91 ! div9e prophets hav+ =etold ^! & _m wond]ful ?+s conc]n+ him4 ,& ! sect ( ! ,*ri/ians1 s call$ f him1 subsi/s to ?is "t4 7,antiq4 ,i4 xviii4 cap4 iii4 sect #c47 ,:atev] become ( ! controv]sy conc]n+ ! g5u95ess ( ?is passage2 :e!r ,josephus g ! :ole l5g? ( our hi/ory1 :i*1 if ! passage be s9c]e1 he does2 or :e!r he proce$ only a v little way ) u1 :i*1 if ! passage be reject$1 we confess to be ! case2 /ill :at we ass]t$ is true1 t he gives no o!r or diff]5t hi/ory ( ! subject f ours1 no o!r or diff]5t acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! in/itution4 ,& ,i ?9k also t x may ) great reason be cont5d$1 ei!r t ! passage is g5u9e1 or t ! sil5ce ( ,josephus 0 design$4 ,=1 al?\gh we %\ld lay aside ! au?ority ( our own books entirely1 yet :5 ,tacitus1 :o wrote n tw5ty1 p]haps n t51 ye>s aft] ,josephus1 9 8 acc\nt ( a p]iod 9 :i* ,josephus 0 ne>ly ?irty ye>s ( age1 tells u1 t a va/ multitude ( ,*ri/ians 7 condemn$ at ,rome2 t !y d]iv$ _! d5om9ation f ,*ri/1 :o1 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 0 put to dea?1 z a crim9al1 by ! procurator1 ,pontius ,pilate2 t ! sup]/ition _h spread n only ov] ,judea1 ! s\rce ( ! evil b x _h rea*$ ,rome also3--:5 ,suetonius1 an hi/orian contempor>y ) ,tacitus1 relates t1 9 ! "t ( ,claudius1 ! ,jews 7 mak+ di/urbances at ,rome1 ,*ri/us be+ _! lead]3 & t1 dur+ ! reign ( ,n]o1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 puni%$2 "u bo? :i* emp]ors ,josephus liv$3 :5 ,pl9y1 :o wrote 8 celebrat$ epi/le n m ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,josephus's hi/ory1 f\nd ! ,*ri/ians 9 su* numb]s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bi?ynia z to draw f him a compla9t t ! contagion _h seiz$ cities1 t[ns1 & villages1 & _h s seiz$ !m z to produce a g5]al des]tion ( ! public rites2 & :51 z has already be5 obs]v$1 !re is no reason = imag9+ t ! ,*ri/ians 7 m num]\s 9 ,bi?ynia ?an 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,roman empire2 x _c1 ,i %\ld suppose1 aft] ?is1 be believ$1 t ! religion1 & ! transaction ^u :i* x 0 f\nd$1 7 too obscure to engage ! att5tion ( ,josephus1 or to obta9 a place 9 8 hi/ory4 ,p]haps he did n "k h[ to repres5t ! bus9ess1 & dispos$ ( 8 difficulties by pass+ x ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,eusebius wrote ! life ( ,con/ant9e1 yet omits entirely ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance 9 t life1 ! dea? ( 8 son ,crispus2 und\bt$ly = ! reason "h giv54 ,! res]ve ( ,josephus ^u ! subject ( ,*ri/ianity appe>s also 9 8 pass+ ov] ! bani%m5t ( ! ,jews by ,claudius1 :i* ,suetonius1 we h se51 has record$ ) an express ref]5ce to ,*ri/4 ,?is is at lea/ z rem>kable z 8 sil5ce ab\t ! infants ( ,be?lehem499 ,be1 h[ev]1 ! fact1 or ! cause ( ! omission 9 ,josephus1 :at x may1 no o!r or diff]5t hi/ory on ! subject has be5 giv5 by him1 or is pret5d$ to h be5 giv54 99 ,mi*aelis has comput$1 &1 z x %\ld seem1 fairly en\gh2 t probably n m ?an tw5ty *ildr5 p]i%$ by ?is cruel precaution4 ,mi*aelis's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 translat$ by ,m>%2 vol4 i4 c4 ii4 sect4 #aa4 ,!re is no notice tak5 ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,mi%na1 a collection ( ,jewi% traditions compil$ ab\t ! ye> #ahj2 al?\gh x conta9s a ,tract ,de cultu p]egr9o1 ( /range or idolatr\s wor%ip2 yet x _c be disput$ b t ,*ri/ianity 0 p]fectly well kn[n 9 ! _w at ?is "t4 ,!re is extremely little notice ( ! subject 9 ! ,j]usalem ,talmud1 compil$ ab\t ! ye> #cjj1 & n mu* m 9 ! ,babyloni% ,talmud1 ( ! ye> #ejj2 al?\gh bo? ^! works are ( a religions nature1 & al?\gh1 :5 ! fir/ 0 compil$1 ,*ri/ianity 0 on ! po9t ( becom+ ! religion ( ! /ate1 &1 :5 ! latt] 0 publi%$1 _h be5 s = #bjj ye>s4 ,b fur!r2 ! :ole s]ies ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 f ! fir/ age ( ! in/itution d[n to ! pres5t1 9 _! discussions1 apologies1 argum5ts1 & controv]sies1 proce$ ^u ! g5]al /ory :i* our ,scriptures conta91 & ^u no o!r4 ,! ma9 facts1 ! pr9cipal ag5ts1 are alike 9 all4 ,?is argum5t w appe> to be ( great =ce1 :5 x is kn[n t we are able to trace back ! s]ies ( writ]s to a contact ) ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & to ! age ( ! fir/ emiss>ies ( ! religion1 & to d$uce x1 by an unbrok5 cont9uation1 f t end ( ! tra9 to ! pres5t4 ,! rema9+ lett]s ( ! apo/les1 7& :at m orig9al ?an _! lett]s c we h87 ?\gh writt5 )\t ! remote/ design ( transmitt+ ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 or ( ,*ri/ianity1 to future ages1 or ev5 ( mak+ x kn[n to _! contempor>ies1 incid5tally disclose to u ! foll[+ circum/ances3--,*ri/'s desc5t & family2 8 innoc5ce2 ! meekness & g5tl5ess ( 8 "* 7a recognition :i* goes to ! :ole ,gospel hi/ory72 8 exalt$ nature2 8 circumcision2 8 transfiguration2 8 life ( opposition & suff]+2 8 pati5ce & resignation2 ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,eu*>i/1 & ! mann] ( x2 8 agony2 8 confession be=e ,pontius ,pilate2 8 /ripes1 crucifixion1 & burial2 8 resurrection2 8 appe>ance aft] x1 fir/ to ,pet]1 !n to ! re/ ( ! apo/les2 8 asc5sion into heav52 & 8 designation to be ! future judge ( mank9d2 ! /at$ resid5ce ( ! apo/les at ,j]usalem2 ! work+ ( miracles by ! fir/ prea*]s ( ! ,gospel1 :o 7 also ! he>]s ( ,*ri/299 ! successful propagation ( ! religion2 ! p]secution ( its foll[]s2 ! miracul\s conv]sion ( ,paul2 miracles wr\ght by himself1 & alleg$ 9 8 controv]sies ) 8 adv]s>ies1 & 9 lett]s to ! p]sons among/ :om !y 7 wr\ght2 f9ally1 t ,,miracles 7 ! signs ( an apo/le4 99 ,heb4 ii4 #c4 ,h[ %all we escape1 if we neglect s great salvation1 :i*1 at ! fir/1 began to be spok5 by ! ,"l1 & 0 confirm$ unto u by !m t he>d him1 ,god also be be>+ !m witness1 bo? ) signs & wond]s1 & ) div]s miracles1 & gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,i allege ?is epi/le )\t hesitation2 =1 :atev] d\bts may h be5 rais$ ab\t its au?or1 !re c be none conc]n+ ! age 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,no epi/le 9 ! collection c>ries ab\t x m indubitable m>ks ( antiquity ?an ?is does4 ,x speaks = in/ance1 ?r\gh\t1 ( ! temple z !n /&+ & ( ! wor%ip ( ! temple z !n subsi/+4--,heb4 viii4 #d3 ,=1 if he 7 on e>?1 he %\ld n be a prie/1 see+ !re are prie/s t (f] accord+ to ! law4--,aga91 ,heb4 xiii4 #aj3 ,we h an alt> :]e( !y h no "r to eat :i* s]ve ! tab]nacle4 ,truly ! signs ( z apo/le 7 wraught among y 9 all pati5ce1 9 signs1 & wond]s1 & mighty de$s4' #b ,cor4 xii4 #ab4 ,9 an epi/le be>+ ! "n ( ,b>nabas1 ! companion ( ,paul1 probably g5u9e1 c]ta9ly belong+ to t age1 we h ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 8 *oice ( apo/les & _! numb]1 8 passion1 ! sc>let robe1 ! v9eg> & gall1 ! mock+ & pi]c+1 ! ca/+ lots = 8 coat1 7,ep4 ,b>4 c4 vii47 8 resurrection on ! eigh?1 7i4 e4 ! fir/ day ( ! week1,ep4 ,b>4 c4 vi47 & ! commemorative di/9ction ( t day1 8 manife/ation aft] 8 resurrection1 &1 la/ly1 8 asc5sion4 ,we h also 8 miracles g5]ally b positively ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ words3--,f9ally1 tea*+ ! p ( ,israel1 & do+ _m wond]s & signs among !m1 he prea*$ to !m1 & %[$ ! exce$+ great love :i* he b>e t[>ds !m4 7,ep4 ,b>4 c4 v47 ,9 an epi/le ( ,clem5t1 a he>] ( ,/4 ,paul1 al?\gh writt5 = a purpose remotely connect$ ) ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 we h ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 & ! subsequ5t mission ( ! apo/les1 record$ 9 ^! satisfactory t]ms3 ,! apo/les h prea*$ to u f our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ f ,god3--,=1 hav+ receiv$ _! comm&1 & be+ ?or\ghly assur$ by ! resurrection ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 !y w5t abroad1 publi%+ t ! k+dom ( ,god 0 at h&4 7,ep4 ,clem4 ,rom4 c4 xlii47 ,we f9d notic$1 also1 ! humility1 yet ! p[] ( ,*ri/1 7,ep4 ,clem4 ,rom4 c4 xvi47 8 desc5t f ,abraham--8 crucifixion4 ,we h ,pet] & ,paul repres5t$ z fai?ful & righte\s pill>s ( ! *ur*2 ! num]\s suff]+s ( ,pet]2 ! bonds1 /ripes1 & /on+ ( ,paul1 & m p>ticul>ly 8 ext5sive & unwe>i$ travels4 ,9 an epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 a disciple ( ,/4 ,john1 ?\gh only a brief hortatory lett]1 we h ! humility1 pati5ce1 suff]+s1 resurrection1 & asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 toge!r ) ! apo/olic "* ( ,/4 ,paul1 di/9ctly recognis$4 7,pol4 ,ep4 ,ad ,phil4 ,c4 v4 viii4 ii4 iii47 ,( ?is same fa!r we are also assur$1 by ,ir5aeus1 t he 7,ir5aeus7 _h he>d him relate1 :at he _h receiv$ f eye-witnesses conc]n+ ! ,"l1 bo? conc]n+ 8 miracles & 8 doctr9e4 7,ir4 ad ,flor4 #a ap4 ,euseb4 l4 v4 c4 #bj47 ,9 ! rema9+ works ( ,ignatius1 ! contempor>y ( ,polyc>p1 l>g] ?an ^? ( ,polyc>p1 7yet1 l ^? ( ,polyc>p1 treat+ ( subjects 9 n[ise lead+ to any recital ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory17 ! occasional allusions are proportionably m num]\s4 ,! desc5t ( ,*ri/ f ,david1 8 "m ,m>y1 8 miracul\s conception1 ! /> at 8 bir?1 8 baptism by ,john1 ! reason assign$ = x1 8 appeal to ! prophets1 ! o9tm5t p\r$ on 8 head1 8 suff]+s "u ,pontius ,pilate & ,h]od ! tetr>*1 8 resurrection1 ! ,"l's day call$ & kept 9 commemoration ( x1 & ! ,eu*>i/1 9 bo? its ,p>ts1--are unequivocally ref]r$ to4 ,^u ! resurrection1 ?is writ] is ev5 circum/antial4 ,he m5tions ! apo/les' eat+ & dr9k+ ) ,*ri/ aft] he _h ris51 _! feel+ & _! h&l+ him2 f :i* la/ circum/ance ,ignatius raises ?is j reflection2--,!y believ$1 be+ conv9c$ bo? by 8 fle% & _s2 = ?is cause1 !y despis$ dea?1 & 7 f\nd to be above x4 7,ad ,smyr4 c4 iii47 ,quadratus1 ( ! same age ) ,ignatius1 has left u ! foll[+ noble te/imony3--,! works ( our ,savi\r 7 always conspicu\s1 = !y 7 real2 bo? ^? t 7 heal$1 & ^? t 7 rais$ f ! dead2 :o 7 se5 n only :5 !y 7 heal$ or rais$1 b = a long "t aft]w>ds2 n only :il/ he dwell$ on ?is e>?1 b also aft] 8 dep>ture1 & = a good :ile aft] x1 insomu* t "s ( !m h rea*$ to our times4 7,ap4 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 l4 iv4 c4 #c47 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr came little m ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ,quadratus4 ,f ,ju/9's works1 :i* are /ill extant1 might be collect$ a tol]ably complete acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s life1 9 all po9ts agree+ ) t :i* is deliv]$ 9 our ,scriptures2 tak5 inde$1 9 a great measure1 f ^? ,scriptures1 b /ill prov+ t ?is acc\nt1 & no o!r1 0 ! acc\nt kn[n & extant 9 t age4 ,! miracles 9 p>ticul>1 :i* =m ! "p ( ,*ri/'s hi/ory mo/ mat]ial to be trac$1 /& fully & di/9ctly recognis$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3--,he heal$ ^? :o _h be5 bl9d1 & deaf1 & lame f _! bir?2 caus+1 by 8 ^w1 "o to leap1 ano!r to he>1 & a ?ird to see3 &1 by rais+ ! dead1 & mak+ !m to live1 he induc$1 by 8 works1 ! m5 ( t age to "k him4 7,j4 ,dial4 cum ,tryph4 p4 #bhh1 ed4 ,?irl47 ,x is unnecess>y to c>ry ^! citations l[]1 because ! hi/ory1 aft] ?is "t1 occurs 9 anci5t ,*ri/ian writ+s z famili>ly z x is wont to d 9 mod]n s]mons2--occurs always ! same 9 sub/ance1 & always t :i* our evangeli/s repres5t4 ,?is is n only true ( ^? writ+s ( ,*ri/ians :i* are g5u9e1 & ( ackn[l$g$ au?ority2 b x is1 9 a great measure1 true ( all _! anci5t writ+s :i* rema92 al?\gh "s ( ^! may h be5 errone\sly ascrib$ to au?ors to :om !y did n belong1 or may conta9 false acc\nts1 or may appe> to be undes]v+ ( cr$it1 or nev] inde$ to h obta9$ any4 ,:atev] fables !y h mix$ ) ! n>rative1 !y pres]ve ! mat]ial p>ts1 ! lead+ facts1 z we h !m2 &1 s f> z !y d ?is1 al?\gh !y be evid5ce ( no?+ else1 !y are evid5ce t ^! po9ts 7 fix$1 7 receiv$ & ackn[l$g$ by all ,*ri/ians 9 ! ages 9 :i* ! books 7 writt54 ,at lea/1 x may be ass]t$1 t1 9 ! places :]e we 7 mo/ likely to meet ) su* ?+s1 if su* ?+s _h exi/$1 no reliques appe> ( any /ory sub/antially diff]5t f ! pres5t1 z ! cause1 or z ! pret5ce1 ( ! in/itution4 ,n[ t ! orig9al /ory1 ! /ory deliv]$ by ! fir/ prea*]s ( ! in/itution1 %\ld h di$ away s entirely z to h left no record or memorial ( its exi/5ce1 al?\gh s _m records & memorials ( ! "t & transaction rema92 & t ano!r /ory %\ld h /epp$ into its place1 & ga9$ exclusive possession ( ! belief ( all :o pr(ess$1 !mselves disciples ( ! in/itution1 is beyond any example ( ! corruption ( ev5 oral tradition1 & /ill less consi/5t ) ! exp]i5ce ( writt5 hi/ory3 & ?is improbability1 :i* is v great1 is r5d]$ /ill great] by ! reflection1 t no su* *ange z ! oblivion ( "o /ory1 & ! sub/itution ( ano!r1 took place 9 any future p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian a]a4 ,*ri/ianity ha? travell$ ?r\gh d>k & turbul5t ages2 nev]!less x came out ( ! cl\d & ! /orm1 su*1 9 sub/ance1 z x ent]$ 94 ,_m additions 7 made to ! primitive hi/ory1 & ^! entitl$ to diff]5t degrees ( cr$it2 _m doctr9al errors also 7 f "t to "t graft$ into ! public cre$2 b /ill ! orig9al /ory rema9$1 & rema9$ ! same4 ,9 all its pr9cipal p>ts1 x has be5 fix$ f ! beg9n+4 ,?irdly3 ,! religi\s rites & usages t prevail$ among/ ! e>ly disciples ( ,*ri/ianity 7 su* z belong$ to1 & sprung out (1 ! n>rative n[ 9 our h&s2 :i* accordancy %[s1 t x 0 ! n>rative ^u :i* ^! p]sons act$1 & :i* !y _h receiv$ f _! tea*]s4 ,our acc\nt makes ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion direct t 8 disciples %\ld be baptiz$3 we "k t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 baptiz$1 ,our acc\nt makes him direct t !y %\ld hold religi\s assemblies3 we f9d t !y did hold religi\s assemblies4 ,our acc\nts make ! apo/les assemble ^u a /at$ day ( ! week3 we f9d1 & t f in=mation p]fectly indep5d5t ( our acc\nts1 t ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5tury did obs]ve /at$ days ( assembl+4 ,our hi/ories record ! in/itution ( ! rite :i* we call ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & a comm& to repeat x 9 p]petual succession3 we f9d1 among/ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ! celebration ( ?is rite univ]sal4 ,&1 inde$1 we f9d concurr+ 9 all ! above-m5tion$ obs]vances1 ,*ri/ian societies ( _m diff]5t nations & languages1 remov$ f "o ano!r by a great di/ance ( place & dissimilitude ( situation4 ,x is also extremely mat]ial to rem>k1 t !re is no room = ins9uat+ t our books 7 fabricat$ ) a /udi\s accommodation to ! usages :i* obta9$ at ! "t !y 7 writt52 t ! au?ors ( ! books f\nd ! usages e/abli%$1 & fram$ ! /ory to acc\nt = _! orig9al4 ,! ,scripture acc\nts1 especially ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 are too %ort & cursory1 n to say too obscure1 & 9 ?is view1 defici5t1 to all[ a place = any su* suspicion499 99 ,! read] :o is conv]sant 9 ^! rese>*es1 by comp>+ ! %ort ,scripture acc\nts ( ! ,*ri/ian rites above-m5tion$ ) ! m9ute & circum/antial directions conta9$ 9 ! pret5d$ apo/olical con/itutions1 w see ! =ce ( ?is obs]vation2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 tru? & =g]y4 ,among/ ! pro(s ( ! tru? ( our proposition1 viz4 ,t ! /ory :i* we h n[ is1 9 sub/ance1 ! /ory :i* ! ,*ri/ians _h !n1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! acc\nts 9 our ,gospels are1 z to _! pr9cipal p>ts1 at lea/1 ! acc\nts :i* ! apo/les & orig9al tea*]s ( ! religion deliv]$1 "o arises f obs]v+1 t x appe>s by ! ,gospels !mselves t ! /ory 0 public at ! "t2 t ! ,*ri/ian community 0 already 9 possession ( ! sub/ance & pr9cipal p>ts ( ! n>rative4 ,! ,gospels 7 n ! orig9al cause ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory be+ believ$1 b 7 !mselves among ! consequ5ces ( t belief4 ,?is is expressly affirm$ by ,sa9t ,luke1 9 8 brief1 b1 z ,i ?9k1 v important & in/ructive preface3--,=asmu* 7says ! evangeli/7 z _m h tak5 9 h& to set =? 9 ord] a decl>ation ( ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ surely believ$ among/ u1 ev5 z !y deliv]$ !m unto u1 :i*1 f ! beg9n+1 7 eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w2 x seem$ good to me also1 hav+ _h p]fect und]/&+ ( all ?+s f ! v fir/1 to write unto !e 9 ord]1 mo/ excell5t ,!ophilus1 t ?\ mighte/ "k ! c]ta9ty ( ^? ?+s :]e9 ?\ ha/ be5 in/ruct$4--,?is %ort introduction te/ifies1 t ! sub/ance ( ! hi/ory :i* ! evangeli/ 0 ab\t to write 0 already believ$ by ,*ri/ians2 t x 0 believ$ ^u ! decl>ations ( eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w2 t x =m$ ! acc\nt ( _! religion 9 :i* ,*ri/ians 7 in/ruct$2 t ! (fice :i* ! hi/orian propos$ to himself 0 to trace ea* p>ticul> to its orig91 & to fix ! c]ta9ty ( _m ?+s :i* ! read] _h be=e he>d (4 ,9 ,sa9t ,john's ,gospel ! same po9t appe>s h5ce1 t !re are "s pr9cipal facts to :i* ! hi/orian ref]s1 b :i* he does n relate4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is k9d is ! asc5sion1 :i* is n m5tion$ by ,/4 ,john 9 its place1 at ! conclusion ( 8 hi/ory1 b :i* is pla9ly ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ words ( ! six? *apt]2 ,:at & if ye %all see ! ,son ( man asc5d up :]e he 0 be=e8 7,also ,john iii4 #ca2 & xvi4 #bh47 ,& /ill m positively 9 ! words :i* ,*ri/1 accord+ to our evangeli/1 spoke to ,m>y aft] 8 resurrection1 ,t\* me n1 = ,i am n yet asc5d$ to my ,fa!r3 b g unto my bre?r51 & say unto !m1 ,i asc5d unto my ,fa!r & y\r ,fa!r1 unto my ,god & y\r ,god4 7,john xx4 #ag47 ,?is c only be acc\nt$ = by ! supposition t ,/4 ,john wrote "u a s5se ( ! notoriety ( ,*ri/'s asc5sion1 among ^? by :om 8 book 0 likely to be read4 ,! same acc\nt mu/ also be giv5 ( ,sa9t ,mat!w's omission ( ! same important fact4 ,! ?+ 0 v well kn[n1 & x did n occur to ! hi/orian t x 0 necess>y to add any p>ticul>s conc]n+ x4 ,x agrees also ) ?is solution1 & ) no o!r1 t nei!r ,mat!w nor ,john disposes ( ! p]son ( our ,"l 9 any mann] :atev]4 ,o!r intimations 9 ,/4 ,john's ,gospel ( ! !n g5]al notoriety ( ! /ory are ! foll[+3 ,8 mann] ( introduc+ 8 n>rative 7*4 i4 v]4 #ae47--;,john b>e witness ( him1 & cri$1 say+ evid5tly presupposes t 8 read]s knew :o ,john 04 ,8 rapid p>5!tical ref]5ce to ,john's imprisonm5t1 = ,john 0 n yet ca/ into prison1 7,john iii1 #bd47 c\ld only come f a writ] ^: m9d 0 9 ! habit ( consid]+ ,john's imprisonm5t z p]fectly notori\s4 ,! description ( ,&rew by ! addition ,simon ,pet]'s bro!r1 7,john i4 #dj47 takes x = grant$1 t ,simon ,pet] 0 well kn[n4 ,8 "n _h n be5 m5tion$ be=e4 ,! evangeli/'s notic+ ! prevail+ miscon/ruction ( a disc\rse1 7,john xxi4 #bd47 :i* ,*ri/ held ) ! belov$ disciple1 proves t ! *>act]s & ! disc\rse 7 already public4 ,& ! obs]vation :i* ^! in/ances af=d is ( equal validity = ! purpose ( ! pres5t argum5t1 :oev] 7 ! au?ors ( ! hi/ories4 ,^! f\r circum/ances3--fir/1 ! recognition ( ! acc\nt 9 its pr9cipal p>ts by a s]ies ( succe$+ writ]s2 secondly1 ! total abs5ce ( any acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! religion sub/antially diff]5t f ours2 ?irdly1 ! e>ly & ext5sive preval5ce ( rites & in/itutions1 :i* result$ f our acc\nt2 f\r?ly1 our acc\nt be>+ 9 its con/ruction pro( t x is an acc\nt ( facts :i* 7 kn[n & believ$ at ! "t1 are suffici5t1 ,i conceive1 to support an assurance1 t ! /ory :i* we h n[ is1 9 g5]al1 ! /ory :i* ,*ri/ians _h at ! beg9n+4 ,i say 9 g5]al2 by :i* t]m ,i mean1 t x is ! same 9 its texture1 & 9 its pr9cipal facts4 ,= in/ance1 ,i make no d\bt1 = ! reasons above /at$1 b t ! resurrection ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion 0 always a "p ( ! ,*ri/ian /ory4 ,nor c a d\bt ( ?is rema9 ^u ! m9d ( any "o :o reflects t ! resurrection is1 9 "s =m or o!r1 ass]t$1 ref]r$ to1 or assum$1 9 e ,*ri/ian writ+1 ( e description :i* ha? come d[n to u4 ,& if our evid5ce /opp$ "h1 we %\ld h a /rong case to (f]3 = we %\ld h to allege1 t 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,caes>1 a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons set ab\t an attempt ( e/abli%+ a new religion 9 ! _w3 9 ! prosecution ( :i* purpose1 !y volunt>ily enc\nt]$ great dang]s1 und]took great lab\rs1 su/a9$ great suff]+s1 all = a miracul\s /ory1 :i* !y publi%$ :]ev] !y came2 & t ! resurrection ( a dead man1 :om dur+ 8 life !y _h foll[$ & accompani$1 0 a con/ant "p ( ?is /ory4 ,i "k no?+ 9 ! above /atem5t :i* c1 ) any appe>ance ( reason1 be disput$2 & ,i "k no?+1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human species1 simil> to x4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m1 pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,t ! /ory :i* we h n[ is1 9 ! ma91 ! /ory :i* ! apo/les publi%$1 is1 ,i ?9k1 ne>ly c]ta91 f ! consid]ations :i* h be5 propos$4 ,b :e!r1 :5 we come to ! p>ticul>s1 & ! detail ( ! n>rative1 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t be des]v+ ( cr$it z hi/ories1 s t a fact ought to be acc\nt$ true1 because x is f\nd 9 !m2 or :e!r !y are entitl$ to be consid]$ z repres5t+ ! acc\nts :i*1 true or false1 ! apo/les publi%$2 :e!r _! au?ority1 9 ei!r ( ^! views1 c be tru/$ to1 is a po9t :i* necess>ily dep5ds ^u :at we "k ( ! books1 & ( _! au?ors4 ,n[1 9 treat+ ( ?is "p ( our argum5t1 ! fir/ & mo/ mat]ial obs]vation ^u ! subject is1 t su* 0 ! situation ( ! au?ors to :om ! f\r ,gospels are ascrib$1 t1 if any "o ( ! f\r be g5u9e1 x is suffici5t = our purpose4 ,! receiv$ au?or ( ! fir/ 0 an orig9al apo/le & emiss>y ( ! religion4 ,! receiv$ au?or ( ! second 0 an inhabitant ( ,j]usalem1 at ! "t1 to ^: h\se ! apo/les 7 wont to resort1 & himself an att5dant ^u "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( t numb]4 ,! receiv$ au?or ( ! ?ird 0 a /at$ companion & fell[-travell] ( ! mo/ active ( all ! tea*]s ( ! religion1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels1 frequ5tly 9 ! society ( ! orig9al apo/les4 ,! receiv$ au?or ( ! f\r?1 z well z ( ! fir/1 0 "o ( ^! apo/les4 ,no /rong] evid5ce ( ! tru? ( a hi/ory c arise f ! situation ( ! hi/orian ?an :at is "h (f]$4 ,! au?ors ( all ! hi/ories liv$ at ! "t & ^u ! spot4 ,! au?ors ( two ( ! hi/ories 7 pres5t at _m ( ! sc5es :i* !y describe2 eye-witnesses ( ! facts1 e>-witnesses ( ! disc\rses2 writ+ f p]sonal k & recollection2 &1 :at /r5g!ns _! te/imony1 writ+ ^u a subject 9 :i* _! m9ds 7 deeply engag$1 & 9 :i*1 z !y mu/ h be5 v frequ5tly repeat+ ! acc\nts to o!rs1 ! passages ( ! hi/ory w\ld be kept cont9ually alive 9 _! memory4 ,:oev] reads ! ,gospels 7& !y ought to be read = ?is p>ticul> purpose7 w f9d 9 !m n m]ely a g5]al affirmation ( miracul\s p[]s1 b detail$ circum/antial acc\nts ( miracles1 ) specifications ( "t1 place1 & p]sons2 & ^! acc\nts _m & v>i\s4 ,9 ! ,gospels1 !re=e1 :i* be> ! names ( ,mat!w & ,john1 ^! n>ratives1 if !y really proce$$ f ^! m51 mu/ ei!r be true z f> z ! fidelity ( human recollection is usually to be dep5d$ ^u1 t is1 mu/ be true 9 sub/ance & 9 _! pr9cipal p>ts1 7:i* is suffici5t = ! purpose ( prov+ a sup]natural ag5cy17 or !y mu/ be wilful & m$iat$ falsehoods4 ,yet ! writ]s :o fabricat$ & utt]$ ^! falsehoods1 if !y be su*1 are ( ! numb] ( ^? :o1 unless ! :ole contexture ( ! ,*ri/ian /ory be a dream1 sacrific$ _! ease & safety 9 ! cause1 & = a purpose ! mo/ inconsi/5t t is possible ) di%one/ int5tions4 ,!y 7 villa9s = no end b to tea* hone/y1 & m>tyrs )\t ! lea/ prospect ( hon\r or advantage4 ,! ,gospels :i* be> ! names ( ,m>k & ,luke1 al?\gh n ! n>ratives ( eye-witnesses1 are1 if g5u9e1 remov$ f t only by "o degree4 ,!y are ! n>ratives ( contempor>y writ]s1 or writ]s !mselves mix+ ) ! bus9ess2 "o ( ! two probably liv+ 9 ! place :i* 0 ! pr9cipal sc5e ( action2 bo? liv+ 9 habits ( society & correspond5ce ) ^? :o _h be5 pres5t at ! transactions :i* !y relate4 ,! latt] ( !m accord+ly tells u 7& ) app>5t s9c]ity1 because he tells x )\t pret5d+ to p]sonal k1 & )\t claim+ = 8 "w great] au?ority ?an belong$ to x7 t ! ?+s :i* 7 believ$ am\nt ,*ri/ians came f ^? :o f ! beg9n+ 7 eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w2 t he _h trac$ acc\nts up to _! s\rce2 & t he 0 prep>$ to in/ruct 8 read] 9 ! c]ta9ty ( ! ?+s :i* he relat$499 ,v few hi/ories lie s close to _! facts2 v few hi/orians are s ne>ly connect$ ) ! subject ( _! n>rative1 or possess su* means ( au!ntic in=mation1 z ^!4 99 ,:y %\ld n ! c&id & mode/ preface ( ?is hi/orian be believ$1 z well z t :i* ,dion ,cassius prefixes to 8 ,life ( ,commodus8 ,^! ?+s & ! foll[+ ,i write1 n f ! report ( o!rs1 b f my own k & obs]vation4 ,i see no reason to d\bt b t bo? passages describe truly en\gh ! situation ( ! au?ors4 ,! situation ( ! writ]s applies to ! tru? ( ! facts :i* !y record4 ,b at pres5t we use _! te/imony to a po9t some:at %ort ( ?is1 namely1 t ! facts record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 :e!r true or false1 are ! facts1 & ! sort ( facts :i* ! orig9al prea*]s ( ! religion allege4 ,/rictly speak+1 ,i am conc]n$ only to %[1 t :at ! ,gospels conta9 is ! same z :at ! apo/les prea*$4 ,n[1 h[ /&s ! pro( ( ?is po9t8 ,a set ( m5 w5t ab\t ! _w1 publi%+ a /ory compos$ ( miracul\s acc\nts1 7= miracul\s f ! v nature & exig5cy ( ! case !y mu/ h be517 & ^u ! /r5g? ( ^! acc\nts call$ ^u mank9d to quit ! religions 9 :i* !y _h be5 educat$1 & to take up1 !nce=?1 a new sy/em ( op9ions1 & new rules ( action4 ,:at is m 9 atte/ation ( ^! acc\nts1 t is1 9 support ( an in/itution ( :i* ^! acc\nts 7 ! f\ndation1 is1 t ! same m5 volunt>ily expos$ !mselves to h>ass+ & p]petual lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s4 ,we want to "k :at ^! acc\nts 74 ,we h ! p>ticul>s1 i4 e4 _m p>ticul>s1 f two ( _! own numb]4 ,we h !m f an att5dant ( "o ( ! numb]1 & :o1 !re is reason to believe1 0 an inhabitant ( ,j]usalem at ! "t4 ,we h !m f a f\r? writ]1 :o accompani$ ! mo/ labori\s mission>y ( ! in/itution 9 8 travels2 :o1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! travels1 0 frequ5tly br\ght into ! society ( ! re/2 & :o1 let x be obs]v$1 beg9s 8 n>rative by tell+ u t he is ab\t to relate ! ?+s :i* _h be5 deliv]$ by ^? :o 7 m9i/]s ( ! ^w1 & eye-witnesses ( ! facts4 ,i d n "k :at in=mation c be m satisfactory ?an ?is4 ,we may1 p]haps1 p]ceive ! =ce & value ( x m s5sibly if we reflect h[ requir+ we %\ld h be5 if we _h want$ x4 ,suppos+ x to be suffici5tly prov$1 t ! religion n[ pr(ess$ among u ow$ its orig9al to ! prea*+ & m9i/ry ( a numb] ( m51 :o1 ab\t eighte5 c5turies ago1 set =? 9 ! _w a new sy/em ( religi\s op9ions1 f\nd$ ^u c]ta9 extraord9>y ?+s :i* !y relat$ ( a wond]ful p]son :o _h appe>$ 9 ,judea2 suppose x to be also suffici5tly prov$1 t1 9 ! c\rse & prosecution ( _! m9i/ry1 ^! m5 _h subject$ !mselves to extreme h>d%ips1 fatigue1 & p]il2 b suppose ! acc\nts :i* !y publi%$ _h n be5 committ$ to writ+ till "s ages aft] _! times1 or at lea/ t no hi/ories b :at _h be5 compos$ "s ages aft]w>ds _h rea*$ our h&s2 we %\ld h said1 & ) reason1 t we 7 will+ to believe ^! "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y deliv]$ _! te/imony1 b t we did n1 at ?is day1 "k ) suffici5t evid5ce :at _! te/imony 04 ,_h we receiv$ ! p>ticul>s ( x f any ( _! own numb]1 f any ( ^? :o liv$ & conv]s$ ) !m1 f any ( _! he>]s1 or ev5 f any ( _! contempor>ies1 we %\ld h _h some?+ to rely ^u4 ,n[1 if our books be g5u9e1 we h all ^!4 ,we h ! v species ( in=mation :i*1 z x appe>s to me1 our imag9ation w\ld h c>v$ out = u1 if x _h be5 want+4 ,b ,i h said t if any "o ( ! f\r ,gospels be g5u9e1 we h n only direct hi/orical te/imony to ! po9t we cont5d =1 b te/imony :i*1 s f> z t po9t is conc]n$1 _c reasonably be reject$4 ,if ! fir/ ,gospel 0 really writt5 by ,mat!w1 we h ! n>rative ( "o ( ! numb]1 f :i* to judge :at 7 ! miracles1 & ! k9d ( miracles1 :i* ! apo/les attribut$ to ,jesus4 ,al?\gh1 = argum5t's sake1 & only = argum5t's sake1 we %\ld all[ t ?is ,gospel _h be5 errone\sly ascrib$ to ,mat!w2 yet1 if ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john be g5u9e1 ! obs]vation holds ) no less /r5g?4 ,aga91 al?\gh ! ,gospels bo? ( ,mat!w & ,john c\ld be suppos$ to be spuri\s1 yet1 if ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,luke 7 truly ! composition ( t p]son1 or ( any p]son1 be 8 "n :at x might1 :o 0 actually 9 ! situation 9 :i* ! au?or ( t ,gospel pr(esses himself to h be51 or if ! ,gospel :i* be> ! "n ( ,m>k really proce$$ f him2 we /ill1 ev5 ^u ! l[e/ supposition1 possess ! acc\nts ( "o writ] at lea/1 :o 0 n only contempor>y ) ! apo/les1 b associat$ ) !m 9 _! m9i/ry2 :i* au?ority seems suffici5t1 :5 ! "q is simply :at x 0 :i* ^! apo/les advanc$4 ,i ?9k x mat]ial to h ?is well notic$4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s a great numb] ( di/9ct writ+s1 ! g5u95ess ( any "o ( :i* is almo/ suffici5t to prove ! tru? ( ! religion3 x conta9s1 h[ev]1 f\r di/9ct hi/ories1 ! g5u95ess ( any "o ( :i* is p]fectly suffici5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 we mu/ be consid]$ z enc\nt]+ ! risk ( error 9 assign+ ! au?ors ( our books1 we are entitl$ to ! advantage ( s _m sep>ate probabilities4 ,& al?\gh x %\ld appe> t "s ( ! evangeli/s _h se5 & us$ ea* o!r's works1 ?is discov]y1 :i/ x subtracts inde$ f _! *>act]s z te/imonies /rictly indep5d5t1 dim9i%es1 ,i conceive1 little ei!r _! sep>ate au?ority1 7by :i* ,i mean ! au?ority ( any "o t is g5u9e17 or _! mutual confirmation4 ,=1 let ! mo/ disadvantage\s supposition possible be made conc]n+ !m2 let x be all[$1 :at ,i %\ld h no great difficulty 9 admitt+1 t ,m>k compil$ 8 hi/ory almo/ entirely f ^? ( ,mat!w & ,luke2 & let x also = a mom5t be suppos$ t 7 n1 9 fact1 writt5 by ,mat!w & ,luke2 yet1 if x be true t ,m>k1 a contempor>y ( ! apo/les1 liv+1 9 habits ( society ) ! apo/les1 a fell[-travell] & fell[-lab\r] ) "s ( !m2 if1 ,i say1 x be true1 t ?is p]son made ! compilation1 x foll[s1 t ! writ+s f :i* he made x exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ! apo/les1 & n only s1 b t !y 7 !n 9 su* e/eem & cr$it1 t a companion ( ! apo/les =m$ a hi/ory out ( !m4 ,let ! ,gospel ( ,m>k be call$ an epitome ( t ( ,mat!w2 if a p]son 9 ! situation 9 :i* ,m>k is describ$ to h be5 actually made ! epitome1 x af=ds ! /ronge/ possible atte/ation to ! "* ( ! orig9al4 ,aga91 p>allelisms 9 s5t5ces1 9 ^w1 & 9 ! ord] ( words1 h be5 trac$ out betwe5 ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w & t ( ,luke2 :i* concurr5ce _c easily be expla9$1 o!rwise ?an by suppos+1 ei!r t ,luke _h consult$ ,mat!w's hi/ory1 or1 :at appe>s to me 9 n[ise incr$ible1 t m9utes ( "s ( ,*ri/'s disc\rses1 z well z brief memoirs ( "s passages ( 8 life1 _h be5 committ$ to writ+ at ! "t2 & t su* writt5 acc\nts _h by bo? au?ors be5 occasionally admitt$ into _! hi/ories4 ,ei!r supposition is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! ackn[l$g$ =mation ( ,/4 ,luke's n>rative1 :o pr(esses n to write z an eye-witness1 b to h inve/igat$ ! orig9al ( e acc\nt :i* he deliv]s3 9 o!r words1 to h collect$ !m f su* docum5ts & te/imonies z he1 :o _h ! be/ opportunities ( mak+ inquiries1 judg$ to be au!ntic4 ,!re=e1 all[+ t ?is writ] also1 9 "s in/ances1 borr[$ f ! ,gospel :i* we call ,mat!w's & once m all[+ = ! sake ( /at+ ! argum5t1 t t ,gospel 0 n ! production ( ! au?or to :om we ascribe x2 yet /ill we h 9 ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel a hi/ory giv5 by a writ] imm$iately connect$ ) ! transaction ) ! witnesses ( x ) ! p]sons engag$ 9 x1 & compos$ f mat]ials :i* t p]son1 ?us situat$1 deem$ to be safe s\rce ( intellig5ce2 9 o!r words1 :atev] supposition be made conc]n+ any or all ! o!r ,gospels1 if ,sa9t ,luke's ,gospel be g5u9e1 we h 9 x a cr$ible evid5ce ( ! po9t :i* we ma9ta94 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,sa9t ,john appe>s to be1 & is on all h&s all[$ to be1 an indep5d5t te/imony1 /rictly & prop]ly s call$4 ,not)/&+ !re=e1 any connexion or suppos$ connexion1 betwe5 "o ( ! ,gospels1 ,i aga9 repeat :at ,i be=e said1 t if any "o ( ! f\r be g5u9e1 we h1 9 t "o1 /rong reason1 f ! "* & situation ( ! writ]1 to believe t we possess ! acc\nts :i* ! orig9al emiss>ies ( ! religion deliv]$4 ,secondly3 ,9 treat+ ( ! writt5 evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 next to _! sep>ate1 we are to consid] _! aggregate au?ority4 ,n[1 !re is 9 ! evangelic hi/ory a cumulation ( te/imony :i* belongs h>dly to any o!r hi/ory1 b :i* our habitual mode ( read+ ! ,scriptures sometimes causes u to ov]look4 ,:5 a passage1 9 any wise relat+ to ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ is read to u out ( ! epi/le ( ,clem5s ,romanus1 ! epi/les ( ,ignatius1 ( ,polycap1 or f any o!r writ+ ( t age1 we are imm$iately s5sible ( ! confirmation :i* x af=ds to ! ,scripture acc\nt4 ,"h is a new witness4 ,n[1 if we _h be5 accu/om$ to read ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w alone1 & _h kn[n t ( ,luke only z ! g5]ality ( ,*ri/ians "k ! writ+s ( ! apo/olical fa!rs1 t is1 _h kn[n t su* a writ+ 0 extant & ackn[l$g$2 :5 we came1 = ! fir/ "t1 to look into :at x conta9$1 & f\nd _m ( ! facts :i* ,mat!w record$1 record$ also !re1 _m o!r facts ( a simil> nature add$1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole "w ! same g5]al s]ies ( transactions /at$1 & ! same g5]al "* ( ! p]son :o 0 ! subject ( ! hi/ory pres]v$1 ,i appreh5d t we %\ld feel our m9ds /rongly impress$ by ?is discov]y ( fre% evid5ce4 ,we %\ld feel a r5ewal ( ! same s5tim5t 9 fir/ read+ ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,john4 ,t ( ,sa9t ,m>k p]haps w\ld /rike u z an abridgm5t ( ! hi/ory ) :i* we 7 already acqua9t$2 b we %\ld naturally reflect1 t if t hi/ory 0 abridg$ by su* a p]son z ,m>k1 or by any p]son ( s e>ly an age1 x af=d$ "o ( ! highe/ possible atte/ations to ! value ( ! "w4 ,?is successive disclosure ( pro( w\ld leave u assur$1 t !re mu/ h be5 at lea/ "s reality 9 a /ory :i* n "o1 b _m1 _h tak5 9 h& to commit to writ+4 ,! v exi/5ce ( f\r sep>ate hi/ories w\ld satisfy u t ! subject _h a f\ndation2 & :51 amid/ ! v>iety :i* ! diff]5t in=mation ( ! diff]5t writ]s _h suppli$ to _! acc\nts1 or :i* _! diff]5t *oice & judgm5t 9 select+ _! mat]ials _h produc$1 we obs]v$ _m facts to /& ! same 9 all2 ( ^! facts1 at lea/1 we %\ld conclude1 t !y 7 fix$ 9 _! cr$it & publicity4 ,if1 aft] ?is1 we %\ld come to ! k ( a di/9ct hi/ory1 & t also ( ! same age ) ! re/1 tak+ up ! subject :]e ! o!rs _h left x1 & c>ry+ on a n>rative ( ! effects produc$ 9 ! _w by ! extraord9>y causes ( :i* we _h already be5 in=m$1 & :i* effects subsi/ at ?is day1 we %\ld ?9k ! reality ( ! orig9al /ory 9 no little degree e/abli%$ by ?is supplem5t4 ,if subsequ5t inquiries %\ld br+ to our k1 "o aft] ano!r1 lett]s writt5 by "s ( ! pr9cipal ag5ts 9 ! bus9ess1 ^u ! bus9ess1 & dur+ ! "t ( _! activity & conc]n 9 x1 assum+ all along & recognis+ ! orig9al /ory1 agitat+ ! que/ions t arose out ( x1 press+ ! obligations :i* result$ f x1 giv+ advice & directions to ^! :o act$ ^u x2 ,i conceive t we %\ld f9d1 9 e "o ( ^!1 a /ill fur!r support to ! conclusion we _h =m$4 ,at pres5t1 ! weight ( ?is successive confirmation is1 9 a great measure2 unp]ceiv$ by u4 ,! evid5ce does n appe> to u :at x is2 =1 be+ f our infancy accu/om$ to reg>d ! ,new ,te/am5t z "o book1 we see 9 x only "o te/imony4 ,! :ole occurs to u z a s+le evid5ce2 & its diff]5t p>ts n z di/9ct atte/ations1 b z diff]5t portions only ( ! same4 ,yet 9 ?is conception ( ! subject we are c]ta9ly mi/ak52 = ! v discrepancies among ! sev]al docum5ts :i* =m our volume prove1 if all o!r pro( 7 want+1 t 9 _! orig9al composition !y 7 sep>ate1 & mo/ ( !m indep5d5t productions4 ,if we dispose our ideas 9 a diff]5t ord]1 ! matt] /&s ?us3--,:il/ ! transaction 0 rec5t1 & ! orig9al witnesses 7 at h& to relate x2 & :il/ ! apo/les 7 busi$ 9 prea*+ & travell+1 9 collect+ disciples1 9 =m+ & regulat+ societies ( conv]ts1 9 support+ !mselves aga9/ opposition2 :il/ !y ex]cis$ _! m9i/ry "u ! h>ass+s ( frequ5t p]secutions1 & 9 a /ate ( almo/ cont9ual al>m1 x is n probable t1 9 ?is engag$1 anxi\s1 & unsettl$ condition ( life1 !y w\ld ?9k imm$iately ( writ+ hi/ories = ! in=mation ( ! public or ( po/]ity499 ,b x is v probable1 t em]g5cies might draw f "s ( !m occasional lett]s ^u ! subject ( _! mission1 to conv]ts1 or to societies ( conv]ts1 ) :i* !y 7 connect$2 or t !y might address writt5 disc\rses & exhortations to ! disciples ( ! in/itution at l>ge1 :i* w\ld be receiv$ & read ) a respect proportion$ to ! "* ( ! writ]4 ,acc\nts 9 ! mean "t w\ld get abroad ( ! extraord9>y ?+s t _h be5 pass+1 writt5 ) diff]5t degrees ( in=mation & correctness4 ,! ext5sion ( ! ,*ri/ian society1 :i* c\ld no long] be in/ruct$3 by a p]sonal int]c\rse ) ! apo/les1 & ! possible circulation ( imp]fect or errone\s n>ratives1 w\ld soon tea* "s among/ !m ! exp$i5cy ( s5d+ =? au!ntic memoirs ( ! life & doctr9e ( _! ,ma/]4 ,:5 acc\nts appe>$ au?oris$ by ! "n1 & cr$it1 & situation ( ! writ]s1 recomm5d$ or recognis$ by ! apo/les & fir/ prea*]s ( ! religion1 or f\nd to co9cide ) :at ! apo/les & fir/ prea*]s ( ! religion _h taught1 o!r acc\nts w\ld fall into disuse & neglect2 :il/ ^!1 ma9ta9+ _! reputation 7z1 if g5u9e & well f\nd$1 !y w\ld d7 "u ! te/ ( "t1 inquiry1 & contradiction1 might be expect$ to make _! way into ! h&s ( ,*ri/ians ( all c\ntries ( ! _w4 99 ,?is ?\ght occurr$ to ,eusebius3 ,nor 7 ! apo/les ( ,*ri/ greatly conc]n$ ab\t ! writ+ ( books1 be+ engag$ 9 a m excell5t m9i/ry :i* is above all human p[]4 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 #a4 iii4 c4 #bd4--,! same consid]ation acc\nts also = ! paucity ( ,*ri/ian writ+s 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( its a]a4 ,?is seems ! natural progress ( ! bus9ess2 & ) ?is ! records 9 our possession1 & ! evid5ce conc]n+ !m correspond4 ,we h rema9+1 9 ! fir/ place1 _m lett]s ( ! k9d above describ$1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ ) a c>e & fidelity answ]+ to ! respect ) :i* we may suppose t su* lett]s w\ld be receiv$4 ,b z ^! lett]s 7 n writt5 to prove ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we reg>d t "q2 nor to convey in=mation ( facts1 ( :i* ^? to :om ! lett]s 7 writt5 _h be5 previ\sly in=m$2 we are n to look 9 !m = any?+ m ?an incid5tal allusions to ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,we are able1 h[ev]1 to ga!r f ^! docum5ts v>i\s p>ticul> atte/ations :i* h be5 already enum]at$2 & ?is is a species ( writt5 evid5ce1 z f> z x goes1 9 ! highe/ degree satisfactory1 & 9 po9t ( "t p]haps ! fir/4 ,b = our m circum/antial in=mation1 we h1 9 ! next place1 five direct hi/ories1 be>+ ! names ( p]sons acqua9t$1 by _! situation1 ) ! tru? ( :at !y relate1 & ?ree ( !m purport+1 9 ! v body ( ! n>rative1 to be writt5 by su* p]sons2 ( :i* books we "k1 t "s 7 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o 7 contempor>ies ( ! apo/les1 & t1 9 ! age imm$iately po/]ior to t1 !y 7 9 ! h&s1 we may say1 ( e "o1 & receiv$ by ,*ri/ians ) s mu* respect & def]5ce1 z to be con/antly quot$ & ref]r$ to by !m1 )\t any d\bt ( ! tru? ( _! acc\nts4 ,!y 7 treat$ z su* hi/ories1 proce$+ f su* au?orities1 might expect to be treat$4 ,9 ! preface to "o ( our hi/ories1 we h intimations left u ( ! exi/5ce ( "s anci5t acc\nts :i* are n[ lo/4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is circum/ance t c surprise u4 ,x 0 to be expect$1 f ! magnitude & novelty ( ! occasion1 t su* acc\nts w\ld sw>m4 ,:5 bett] acc\nts came =?1 ^! di$ away4 ,our pres5t hi/ories sup]s$$ o!rs4 ,!y soon acquir$ a "* & e/abli%$ a reputation :i* does n appe> to h belong$ to any o!r3 t1 at lea/1 c be prov$ conc]n+ !m :i* _c be prov$ conc]n+ any o!r4 ,b to return to ! po9t :i* l$ to ^! reflections4 ,by consid]+ our records 9 ei!r ( ! two views 9 :i* we h repres5t$ !m1 we %all p]ceive t we possess a connection ( pro(s1 & n a nak$ or solit>y te/imony2 & t ! writt5 evid5ce is ( su* a k9d1 & comes to u 9 su* a /ate1 z ! natural ord] & progress ( ?+s1 9 ! infancy ( ! in/itution1 might be expect$ to produce4 ,?irdly3 ,! g5u95ess ( ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is und\bt$ly a po9t ( importance1 because ! /r5g? ( _! evid5ce is augm5t$ by our k ( ! situation ( _! au?ors1 _! relation to ! subject1 & ! "p :i* !y su/a9$ 9 ! transaction2 & ! te/imonies :i* we are able to produce compose a firm gr\nd ( p]suasion1 t ! ,gospels 7 writt5 by ! p]sons ^: names !y be>4 ,nev]!less1 ,i mu/ be all[$ to /ate1 t to ! argum5t :i* ,i am endeav\r+ to ma9ta91 ?is po9t is n ess5tial2 ,i mean1 s ess5tial z t ! fate ( ! argum5t dep5ds ^u x4 ,! "q be=e u is1 :e!r ! ,gospels exhibit ! /ory :i* ! apo/les & fir/ emiss>ies ( ! religion publi%$1 & = :i* !y act$ & suff]$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i*1 = "s miracul\s /ory or o!r1 !y did act & suff]4 ,n[ let u suppose t we possess no o!r in=mation conc]n+ ^! books ?an t !y 7 writt5 by e>ly disciples ( ,*ri/ianity2 t !y 7 kn[n & read dur+ ! "t1 or ne> ! "t1 ( ! orig9al apo/les ( ! religion2 t by ,*ri/ians :om ! apo/les in/ruct$1 by societies ( ,*ri/ians :i* ! apo/les f\nd$1 ^! books 7 receiv$1 7by :i* t]m receiv$ ,i mean t !y 7 believ$ to conta9 au!ntic acc\nts ( ! transactions ^u :i* ! religion re/$1 & acc\nts :i* 7 accord+ly us$1 repeat$1 & reli$ ^u17 ?is reception w\ld be a valid pro( t ^! books1 :oev] 7 ! au?ors ( !m1 mu/ h accord$ ) :at ! apo/les taught4 ,a reception by ! fir/ race ( ,*ri/ians1 is evid5ce t !y agre$ ) :at ! fir/ tea*]s ( ! religion deliv]$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 if !y _h n agre$ ) :at ! apo/les !mselves prea*$1 h[ c\ld !y h ga9$ cr$it 9 *ur*es & societies :i* ! apo/les e/abli%$8 ,n[ ! fact ( _! e>ly exi/5ce1 & n only ( _! exi/5ce1 b _! reputation1 is made out by "s anci5t te/imonies :i* d n happ5 to specify ! names ( ! writ]s3 add to :i*1 :at ha? be5 already h9t$1 t two out ( ! f\r ,gospels conta9 av]m5ts 9 ! body ( ! hi/ory1 :i*1 ?\gh !y d n disclose ! names1 fix ! "t & situation ( ! au?ors1 viz41 t "o 0 writt5 by an eye-witness ( ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 ! o!r by a contempor>y ( ! apo/les4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john 7xix4 #ce71 describ+ ! crucifixion1 ) ! p>ticul> circum/ance ( pi]c+ ,*ri/'s side ) a spe>1 ! hi/orian adds1 z = himself1 & he t saw x b>e record1 & 8 record is true1 & he kn[e? t he sai? true1 t ye might believe4 ,aga9 7xxi4 #bd71 aft] relat+ a conv]sation :i* pass$ betwe5 ,pet] & ! disciple1 z x is !re express$1 :om ,jesus lov$1 x is add$1 ?is is ! disciple :i* te/ifie? ( ^! ?+s1 & wrote ^! ?+s4 ,?is te/imony1 let x be rem>k$1 is n ! less wor?y ( reg>d1 because x is1 9 "o view1 imp]fect4 ,! "n is n m5tion$2 :i*1 if a fraudul5t purpose _h be5 int5d$1 w\ld h be5 done4 ,! ?ird ( our pres5t ,gospels purports to h be5 writt5 by ! p]son :o wrote ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 9 :i* latt] hi/ory1 or r latt] "p ( ! same hi/ory1 ! au?or1 by us+ 9 v>i\s places ! fir/ p]son plural1 decl>es himself to h be5 a contempor>y ( all1 & a companion ( "o1 ( ! orig9al prea*]s ( ! religion4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m1 pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,,( ,,! ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures4 ,n =gett+1 !re=e1 :at cr$it is due to ! evangelical hi/ory1 suppos+ ev5 any "o ( ! f\r ,gospels to be g5u9e2 :at cr$it is due to ! ,gospels1 ev5 suppos+ no?+ to be kn[n conc]n+ !m b t !y 7 writt5 by e>ly disciples ( ! religion1 & receiv$ ) def]5ce by e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es2 m especially n =gett+ :at cr$it is due to ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 its capacity ( cumulative evid5ce2 we n[ proce$ to /ate ! prop] & di/9ct pro(s1 :i* %[ n only ! g5]al value ( ^! records1 b _! specific au?ority1 & ! high probability !re is t !y actually came f ! p]sons ^: names !y be>4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few prelim9>y reflections1 by :i* we may draw up ) m regul>ity to ! propositions ^u :i* ! close & p>ticul> discussion ( ! subject dep5ds4 ,( :i* nature are ! foll[+3 ,i4 ,we are able to produce a great numb] ( anci5t manuscripts1 f\nd 9 _m diff]5t c\ntries1 & 9 c\ntries widely di/ant f ea* o!r1 all ( !m ant]ior to ! art ( pr9t+1 "s ,c]ta9ly sev5 or eight hundr$ ye>s old1 & "s :i* h be5 pres]v$ probably above a ?\s& ye>s499 ,we h also _m anci5t v]sions ( ^! books1 & "s ( !m into languages :i* are n at pres5t1 nor = _m ages h be51 spok5 9 any "p ( ! _w4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! manuscripts & v]sions proves t ! ,scriptures 7 n ! production ( any mod]n contrivance4 ,x does away also ! unc]ta9ty :i* hangs ov] su* publications z ! works1 real or pret5d$1 ( ,ossian & ,r[ley1 9 :i* ! editors are *all5g$ to produce _! manuscripts & to %[ :]e !y obta9$ _! copies4 ,! numb] ( manuscripts1 f> exce$+ ^? ( any o!r book1 & _! wide disp]sion1 af=d an argum5t1 9 "s measure to ! s5ses1 t ! ,scriptures anci5tly1 9 l mann] z at ?is day1 7 m read & s\ght aft] ?an any o!r books1 & t also 9 _m diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! greate/ "p ( spuri\s ,*ri/ian writ+s are utt]ly lo/1 ! re/ pres]v$ by "s s+le manuscript4 ,!re is weight also 9 ,dr4 ,b5tley's obs]vation1 t ! ,new ,te/am5t has suff]$ less injury by ! errors ( transcrib]s ?an ! works ( any pr(ane au?or ( ! same size & antiquity2 t is1 !re nev] 0 any writ+1 9 ! pres]vation & purity ( :i* ! _w 0 s int]e/$ or s c>eful4 99 ,! ,alex&rian manuscript1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 0 writt5 probably 9 ! f\r? or fif? c5tury4 ,,ii4 ,an argum5t ( great weight ) ^? :o are judges ( ! pro(s ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 & capable1 ?r\gh _! te/imony1 ( be+ address$ to e und]/&+1 is t :i* arises f ! /yle & language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is j su* a language z might be expect$ f ! apo/les1 f p]sons ( _! age & 9 _! situation1 & f no o!r p]sons4 ,x is ! /yle nei!r ( classic au?ors1 nor ( ! anci5t ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 b ,greek com+ f m5 ( ,hebrew orig92 ab\nd+1 t is1 ) ,hebraic & ,syriac idioms1 su* z w\ld naturally be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( m5 :o us$ a language spok5 inde$ :]e !y liv$1 b n ! common dialect ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is happy peculi>ity is a /rong pro( ( ! g5u95ess ( ^! writ+s3 = :o %\ld =ge !m8 ,! ,*ri/ian fa!rs 7 = ! mo/ "p totally ignorant ( ,hebrew1 & !re=e 7 n likely to ins]t ,hebraisms & ,syriasms into _! writ+s4 ,! few :o _h a k ( ! ,hebrew1 z ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,orig51 & ,epiphanius1 wrote 9 a language :i* he>s no resemblance to t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,naz>5es1 :o und]/ood ,hebrew1 us$ *iefly1 p]haps almo/ entirely1 ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,mat!w1 & !re=e _c be suspect$ ( =g+ ! re/ ( ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,! argum5t1 at any rate1 proves ! antiquity ( ^! books2 t !y belong$ to ! age ( ! apo/les2 t !y c\ld be compos$1 inde$1 9 no o!r499 99 ,see ?is argum5t /at$ m at l>ge 9 ,mi*aelis's ,introduction1 7,m>%'s translation17 vol4 i4 c4 ii4 sect4 #aj1 f :i* ^! obs]vations are tak54 ,,iii4 ,:y %\ld we "q ! g5u95ess ( ^! books8 ,is x = t !y conta9 acc\nts ( sup]natural ev5ts8 ,i appreh5d t ?is1 at ! bottom1 is ! real1 ?\gh secret1 cause ( our hesitation ab\t !m3 = _h ! writ+s inscrib$ ) ! names ( ,mat!w & ,john relat$ no?+ b ord9>y hi/ory1 !re w\ld h be5 no m d\bt :e!r ^! writ+s 7 !irs ?an !re is conc]n+ ! ackn[l$g$ works ( ,josephus or ,philo2 t is1 !re w\ld h be5 no d\bt at all4 ,n[ x ought to be consid]$ t ?is reason1 h[ev] x may apply to ! cr$it :i* is giv5 to a writ]'s judgm5t or v]acity1 affects ! "q ( g5u95ess v indirectly4 ,! works ( ,b$e exhibit _m wond]ful relations3 b :o1 = t reason1 d\bts t !y 7 writt5 by ,b$e8 ,! same ( a multitude ( o!r au?ors4 ,to :i* may be add$ t we ask no m = our books ?an :at we all[ to o!r books 9 "s sort simil> to ours3 we d n d5y ! g5u95ess ( ! ,koran2 we admit t ! hi/ory ( ,apollonius ,tyanaeus1 purport+ to be writt5 by ,philo/ratus1 0 really writt5 by ,philo/ratus4 ,,iv4 ,if x _h be5 an easy ?+ 9 ! e>ly times ( ! in/itution to h =g$ ,*ri/ian writ+s1 & to h obta9$ curr5cy & reception to ! =g]ies1 we %\ld h _h _m appe>+ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ himself4 ,no writ+s w\ld h be5 receiv$ ) s mu* avidity & respect z ^!3 consequ5tly none af=d$ s great a temptation to =g]y4 ,yet h we he>d b ( "o attempt ( ?is sort1 des]v+ ( ! smalle/ notice1 t 9 a piece ( a v few l9es1 & s f> f succe$+1 ,i mean1 f obta9+ acceptance & reputation1 or an acceptance an reputation 9 anywise simil> to t :i* c be prov$ to h att5d$ ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t x is n s mu* z m5tion$ by any writ] ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies4 ,! le>n$ read] ne$ n be in=m$ t ,i mean ! epi/le ( ,*ri/ to ,abg>us1 k+ ( ,edessa1 f\nd at pres5t 9 ! "w ( ,eusebius199 z a piece ackn[l$g$ by him1 ?\gh n )\t consid]able d\bt :e!r ! :ole passage be n an int]polation1 z x is mo/ c]ta91 t1 aft] ! publication ( ,eusebius's "w1 ?is epi/le 0 univ]sally reject$4 99 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 lib4 i4 c4 #ae4 ,augu/91 ,a4,d4 #hie 7,de ,cons5s4 ,evan4 c4 #cd71 _h he>d t ! ,pagans pret5d$ to be possess$ ( an epi/le ( ,*ri/ to ,pet] & ,paul2 b he _h nev] se5 x1 & appe>s to d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( any su* piece ei!r g5u9e or spuri\s4 ,no o!r anci5t writ] m5tions x4 ,he also1 & he alone1 notices1 & t 9 ord] to condemn x1 an epi/le ascrib$ to ,*ri/ by ! ,mani*ees1 ,a4,d4 #bgj1 & a %ort hymn attribut$ to him by ! ,priscilliani/s1 ,a4,d4 #cgh 7cont4 ,fau/4 ,man4 ,lib xxviii1 c1#d74 ,! lat5ess ( ! writ] :o notices ^! ?+s1 ! mann] 9 :i* he notices !m1 & above all1 ! sil5ce ( e prec$+ writ]1 r5d] !m unwor?y on ( consid]ation4 ,v4 ,if ! ascription ( ! ,gospels to _! respective au?ors _h be5 arbitr>y or conjectural1 !y w\ld h be5 ascrib$ to m em95t m54 ,?is obs]vation holds conc]n+ ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 ! reput$ au?ors ( :i* 7 enabl$1 by _! situation1 to obta9 true intellig5ce1 & 7 likely to deliv] an hone/ acc\nt ( :at !y knew1 b 7 p]sons n di/+ui%$ 9 ! hi/ory by extraord9>y m>ks ( notice or comm5dation4 ,( ! apo/les1 ,i h>dly "k any "o ( :om less is said ?an ( ,mat!w1 or ( :om ! little t is said is less calculat$ to magnify 8 "*4 ,( ,m>k1 no?+ is said 9 ! ,gospels2 & :at is said ( any p]son ( t "n 9 ! ,acts1 & 9 ! epi/les1 9 no "p be/[s praise or em95ce ^u him4 ,! "n ( ,luke is m5tion$ only 9 ,/ ,paul's epi/les199 & t v transi5tly4 ,! judgm5t1 !re=e1 :i* assign$ ^! writ+s to ^! au?ors proce$$1 x may be presum$1 ^u prop] k & evid5ce1 & n ^u a volunt>y *oice ( names4 ,,vi4 ,*ri/ian writ]s & ,*ri/ian *ur*es appe> to h soon arriv$ at a v g5]al agreem5t ^u ! subject1 & t )\t ! int]position ( any public au?ority4 ,:5 ! div]sity ( op9ion :i* prevail$1 & prevails among ,*ri/ians 9 o!r po9ts1 is consid]$1 _! concurr5ce 9 ! canon ( ,scripture is rem>kable1 & ( great weight1 especially z x seems to h be5 ! result ( private & free inquiry4 ,we h no k ( any int]f]5ce ( au?ority 9 ! "q be=e ! c\ncil ( ,laodicea 9 ! ye> #cfc4 ,probably ! decree ( ?is c\ncil r decl>$ ?an regulat$ ! public judgm5t1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ! judgm5t ( "s neighb\r+ *ur*es2 ! c\ncil itself consi/+ ( no m ?an ?irty or =ty bi%ops ( ,lydia & ! adjo9+ c\ntries4 ,nor does its au?ority seem to h ext5d$ fur!r2 = we f9d num]\s ,*ri/ian writ]s1 aft] ?is "t1 discuss+ ! "q1 ,:at books 7 entitl$ to be receiv$ z ,scripture1 ) great fre$om1 ^u prop] gr\nds ( evid5ce1 & )\t any ref]5ce to ! decision at ,laodicea4 99 ,col4 iv4 #ad4 #b,tim4 iv4 #aa4 ,philem4 #bd4 ,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 viii4 ,p4#bia1 et seq4 ,^! consid]ations are n to be neglect$3 b ( an argum5t conc]n+ ! g5u95ess ( anci5t writ+s1 ! sub/ance1 und\bt$ly1 & /r5g?1 is anci5t te/imony4 ,?is te/imony x is necess>y to exhibit some:at 9 detail2 = :5 ,*ri/ian advocates m]ely tell u t we h ! same reason = believ+ ! ,gospels to be writt5 by ! evangeli/s ^: names !y be> z we h = believ+ ! ,comm5t>ies to be ,caes>'s1 ! ,a5eid ,virgil's1 or ! ,orations ,cic]o's1 !y cont5t !mselves ) an imp]fect repres5tation4 ,!y /ate no?+ m ?an :at is true1 b !y d n /ate ! tru? correctly4 ,9 ! numb]1 v>iety1 & e>ly date ( our te/imonies1 we f> exce$ all o!r anci5t books4 ,= "o :i* ! mo/ celebrat$ "w ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,greek or ,roman writ] c allege1 we produce _m4 ,b !n x is m requisite 9 our books ?an 9 !irs to sep>ate & di/+ui% !m f spuri\s competitors4 ,! result1 ,i am conv9c$1 w be satisfactory to e fair inquir]3 b ?is circum/ance r5d]s an inquiry necess>y4 ,9 a "w1 h[ev]1 l ! pres5t1 !re is a difficulty 9 f9d+ a place = evid5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,to pursue ! details ( pro( ?r\gh\t1 w\ld be to transcribe a great "p ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s elev5 octavo volumes3 to leave ! argum5t )\t pro(s is to leave x )\t effect2 = ! p]suasion produc$ by ?is species ( evid5ce dep5ds ^u a view & induction ( ! p>ticul>s :i* compose x4 ,! me?od :i* ,i propose to myself is1 fir/1 to place be=e ! read]1 9 "o view1 ! propositions :i* comprise ! sev]al heads ( our te/imony1 & aft]w>ds to repeat ! same propositions 9 s _m di/9ct sections1 ) ! necess>y au?orities subjo9$ to ea*499 99 ,! read]1 :5 he has ! propositions be=e him1 w obs]ve t ! argum5t1 if he %\ld omit ! sections1 proce$s connect$ly f ?is po9t4 ,! foll[+1 !n1 are ! allegations ^u ! subject :i* are capable ( be+ e/abli%$ by pro(3-- ,i4 ,t ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 mean+ !reby ! f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 are quot$1 or allud$ to1 by a s]ies ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 beg9n+ ) ^? :o 7 contempor>y ) ! apo/les1 or :o imm$iately foll[$ !m1 & proce$+ 9 close & regul> succession f _! "t to ! pres5t4 ,,ii4 ,t :5 !y are quot$1 or allud$ to1 !y are quot$ or allud$ to ) peculi> respect1 z books 'sui g5]is'2 z possess+ an au?ority :i* belong$ to no o!r books1 & z conclusive 9 all que/ions & controv]sies among/ ,*ri/ians4 ,,iii4 ,t !y 71 9 v e>ly times1 collect$ into a di/9ct volume4 ,,iv4 ,t !y 7 di/+ui%$ by appropriate names & titles ( respect4 ,v4 ,t !y 7 publicly read & exp\nd$ 9 ! religi\s assemblies ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,,vi4 ,t comm5t>ies 7 writt5 ^u !m1 h>monies =m$ out ( !m1 diff]5t copies c>efully collat$1 & v]sions ( !m made into diff]5t languages4 ,,vii4 ,t !y 7 receiv$ by ,*ri/ians ( diff]5t sects1 by _m h]etics z well z ,ca?olics1 & usually appeal$ to by bo? sides 9 ! controv]sies :i* arose 9 ^? days4 ,,viii4 ,t ! f\r ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,sa9t ,paul1 ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john1 & ! fir/ (-,pet]1 7 receiv$ )\t d\bt by ^? :o d\bt$ conc]n+ ! o!r books :i* are includ$ 9 our pres5t canon4 ,,ix4 ,t ! ,gospels 7 attack$ by ! e>ly adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 z books conta9+ ! acc\nts ^u :i* ! religion 0 f\nd$4 ,x4 ,t =mal catalogues ( au!ntic ,scriptures 7 publi%$2 9 all :i* our pres5t sacr$ hi/ories 7 includ$4 ,,xi4 ,t ^! propositions _c be affirm$ ( any o!r books claim+ to be books ( ,scripture2 by :i* are meant ^? books :i* are commonly call$ apocryphal books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,,section ,i4 ,! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 mean+ !reby ! f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 are quot$1 or allud$ to1 by a s]ies ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 beg9n+ ) ^? :o 7 contempor>y ) ! apo/les1 or :o imm$iately foll[$ !m1 & proce$+ 9 close & regul> succession f _! "t to ! pres5t4 ,! m$ium ( pro( /at$ 9 ?is proposition is1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ unque/ionable1 ! lea/ liable to any practices ( fraud1 & is n dim9i%$ by ! lapse ( ages4 ,bi%op ,burnet1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( 8 ,own ,times1 ins]ts v>i\s extracts f ,"l ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory4 ,"o su* ins]tion is a pro( t ,"l ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory 0 extant at ! "t :5 ,bi%op ,burnet wrote1 t x _h be5 read by ,bi%op ,burnet1 t x 0 receiv$ by ,bi%op ,burnet z a "w ( ,"l ,cl>5don1 & also reg>d$ by him z an au!ntic acc\nt ( ! transactions :i* x relates2 & x w be a pro( ( ^! po9ts a ?\s& ye>s h5ce1 or z long z ! books exi/4 ,qu9tilian hav+ quot$ z ,cic]o's1 7,qu9t1 lib4 xl4 c4 l47 t well kn[n trait ( dissembl$ vanity3--,si quid e/ 9 me +5ii1 ,judices1 quod s5tio quam sit exiguum2--! quotation w\ld be /rong evid5ce1 7 !re any d\bt1 t ! oration1 :i* op5s ) ?is address1 actually came f ,cic]o's p54 ,^! in/ances1 h[ev] simple1 may s]ve to po9t out to a read] :o is little accu/om$ to su* rese>*es ! nature & value ( ! argum5t4 ,! te/imonies :i* we h to br+ =w>d "u ?is proposition are ! foll[+3-- ,i4 ,!re is extant an epi/le ascrib$ to ,b>nabas199 ! companion ( ,paul4 ,x is quot$ z ! epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,a4,d4 ,,cxciv2 by ,orig51 ,a4,d4 ,,ccxxx4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,eusebius1 ,a4,d4 ,,cccxv1 & by ,j]ome1 ,a4,d4 ,,cccxcii1 z an anci5t "w 9 _! "t1 be>+ ! "n ( ,b>nabas1 & z well kn[n & read among/ ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh n acc\nt$ a "p ( ,scripture4 ,x purports to h be5 writt5 soon aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 dur+ ! calamities :i* foll[$ t disa/]2 & x be>s ! "* ( ! age to :i* x pr(esses to belong4 99 ,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 edit4 #agee1 vol4 i4 p4 #bc1 et seq4 ,! read] w obs]ve f ! ref]5ces1 t ! mat]ials ( ^! sections are almo/ entirely extract$ f ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s "w2 my (fice consi/$ 9 arrangem5t & selection4 ,9 ?is epi/le appe>s ! foll[+ rem>kable passage3--,let u1 !re=e1 bew>e le/ x come ^u u1 z x is writt52 ,!re are _m call$1 few *os54 ,f ! expression1 z x is writt51 we inf] ) c]ta9ty1 t at ! "t :5 ! au?or ( ?is epi/le liv$1 !re 0 a book extant1 well kn[n to ,*ri/ians1 & ( au?ority among/ !m1 conta9+ ^! words3--,_m are call$1 few *os54 ,su* a book is our pres5t ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,mat!w1 9 :i* ?is text is twice f\nd1 7,matt xx4 #af2 xxii4 #ad47 & is f\nd 9 no o!r book n[ kn[n4 ,!re is a fur!r obs]vation to be made ^u ! t]ms ( ! quotation4 ,! writ] ( ! epi/le 0 a ,jew4 ,! phrase x is writt5 0 ! v =m 9 :i* ! ,jews quot$ _! ,scriptures4 ,x is n probable1 !re=e1 t he w\ld h us$ ?is phrase1 & )\t qualification1 ( any book b :at _h acquir$ a k9d ( ,scriptural au?ority4 ,if ! passage rem>k$ 9 ?is anci5t writ+ _h be5 f\nd 9 "o ( ,sa9t ,paul's ,epi/les1 x w\ld h be5 e/eem$ by e "o a high te/imony to ,sa9t ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,x ought1 !re=e1 to be rememb]$1 t ! writ+ 9 :i* x is f\nd 0 probably by v few ye>s po/]ior to ^? ( ,sa9t ,paul4 ,beside ?is passage1 !re are also 9 ! epi/le be=e u sev]al o!rs1 9 :i* ! s5tim5t is ! same ) :at we meet ) 9 ,sa9t ,mat!w's ,gospel1 & two or ?ree 9 :i* we recognize ! same words4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! au?or ( ! epi/le repeats ! precept1 ,give to e "o t aske? !e2 7,matt4 v4 #db47 & sai? t ,*ri/ *ose z 8 apo/les1 :o 7 to prea* ! ,gospel1 m5 :o 7 great s9n]s1 t he might %[ t he came n to call ! righte\s1 b s9n]s to rep5tance4 7,matt4 ,ix4 #ac47 ,,ii4 ,we are 9 possession ( an epi/le writt5 by ,clem5t1 bi%op ( ,rome1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 p4 #fb1 et seq47 :om anci5t writ]s1 )\t any d\bt or scruple1 ass]t to h be5 ! ,clem5t :om ,sa9t ,paul m5tions1 ,phil4 iv4 #c2 ) ,clem5t also1 & o!r my fell[-lab\r]s1 ^: names are 9 ! book ( life4 ,?is epi/le is spok5 ( by ! anci5ts z an epi/le ackn[l$g$ by all2 &1 z ,ir5aeus well repres5ts its value1 writt5 by ,clem5t1 :o _h se5 ! bless$ apo/les1 & conv]s$ ) !m2 :o _h ! prea*+ ( ! apo/les /ill s\nd+ 9 8 e>s1 & _! traditions be=e 8 eyes4 ,x is address$ to ! *ur* ( ,cor9?2 & :at alone may seem almo/ decisive ( its au!nticity1 ,dionysius1 bi%op ( ,cor9?1 ab\t ! ye> #agj1 i4 e4 ab\t eighty or n9ety ye>s aft] ! epi/le 0 writt51 be>s witness1 t x _h be5 wont to be read 9 t *ur* f anci5t times4 ,?is epi/le af=ds1 among/ o!rs1 ! foll[+ valuable passages3--,especially rememb]+ ! words ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 :i* he spake tea*+ g5tl5ess & long-suff]+3 = ?us he said399 ,be ye m]ciful1 t ye may obta9 m]cy2 =give1 t x my be =giv5 unto y2 z y d1 s %all x be done unto y2 z y give1 s %all x be giv5 unto y2 z ye judge1 s %all ye be judg$2 z ye %[ k9dness1 s %all k9dness be %[n unto y2 ) :at measure ye mete1 ) ! same %all x be measur$ to y4 ,by ?is comm&1 & by ^! rules1 let u e/abli% ourselves1 t we may always walk ob$i5tly to 8 holy words4 99 ,bless$ are ! m]ciful1 = !y %all obta9 m]cy4 ,matt4 v4 #g4--;,=give1 & ye %all be =giv52 give1 & x %all be giv5 unto y4 ,luke vi4 #cg1 #ch4--;,judge n1 t ye be n judg$2 = ) :at judgm5t ye judge1 ye %all be judg$2 & ) :at measure ye mete1 x %all be measur$ to y aga94 ,matt4 vii4 #a1 #b4 ,aga92 ,rememb] ! words ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 = he said1 ,woe to t man by :om (f5ces come2 x 7 bett] = him t he _h n be5 born1 ?an t he %\ld (f5d "o ( my elect2 x 7 bett] = him t a mill/one %\ld be ti$ ab\t 8 neck1 & t he %\ld be dr[n$ 9 ! sea1 ?an t he %\ld (f5d "o ( my little ones499 99 ,matt4 xviii4 #f4 ,b :oso %all (f5d "o ( ^! little ones :i* believe 9 me1 x 7 bett] = him t a mill-/one 7 hang$ ab\t 8 neck1 & t he 7 ca/ into ! sea4 ,! latt] "p ( ! passage 9 ,clem5t agrees exactly ) ,luke xvii4 #b2 ,x 7 bett] = him t a mill-/one 7 hang$ ab\t 8 neck1 & he ca/ into ! sea1 ?an t he %\ld (f5d "o ( ^! little ones4 ,9 bo? ^! passages we p]ceive ! high respect paid to ! words ( ,*ri/ z record$ by ! evangeli/s2 ,rememb] ! words ( ! ,"l ,jesus2--by ?is comm&1 & by ^! rules1 let u e/abli% ourselves1 t we may always walk ob$i5tly to 8 holy words4 ,we p]ceive also 9 ,clem5t a total unconsci\sness ( d\bt :e!r ^! 7 ! real words ( ,*ri/1 :i* are read z su* 9 ! ,gospels4 ,?is obs]vation inde$ belongs to ! :ole s]ies ( te/imony1 & especially to ! mo/ anci5t "p ( x4 ,:5ev] any?+ n[ read 9 ! ,gospels is met ) 9 an e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+1 x is always obs]v$ to /& !re z ackn[l$g$ tru?1 i4 e4 to be introduc$ )\t hesitation1 d\bt1 or apology4 ,x is to be obs]v$ also1 t1 z ?is epi/le 0 writt5 9 ! "n ( ! *ur* ( ,rome1 & address$ to ! *ur* ( ,cor9?1 x ought to be tak5 z exhibit+ ! judgm5t n only ( ,clem5t1 :o drew up ! lett]1 b ( ^! *ur*es !mselves1 at lea/ z to ! au?ority ( ! books ref]r$ to4 ,x may be said t1 z ,clem5t has n us$ words ( quotation1 x is n c]ta9 t he ref]s to any book :atev]4 ,! words ( ,*ri/ :i* he has put d[n1 he might himself h he>d f ! apo/les1 or might h receiv$ ?r\gh ! ord9>y m$ium ( oral tradition4 ,?is has be5 said3 b t no su* inf]5ce c be drawn f ! abs5ce ( words ( quotation1 is prov$ by ! ?ree foll[+ consid]ations3--,fir/1 t ,clem5t1 9 ! v same mann]1 namely1 )\t any m>k ( ref]5ce1 uses a passage n[ f\nd 9 ! epi/le to ! ,romans2 7,rom4 i4 #bi47 :i* passage1 f ! peculi>ity ( ! words :i* compose x1 & f _! ord]1 x is manife/ t he mu/ h tak5 f ! book4 ,! same rem>k may be repeat$ ( "s v s+ul> s5tim5ts 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,secondly1 t !re are _m s5t5ces ( ,sa9t ,paul's ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians /&+ 9 ,clem5t's epi/le )\t any sign ( quotation1 :i* yet c]ta9ly are quotations2 because x appe>s t ,clem5t _h ,sa9t ,paul's epi/le be=e him1 inasmu* z 9 "o place he m5tions x 9 t]ms too express to leave u 9 any d\bt3--,take into y\r h&s ! epi/le ( ! bless$ apo/le ,paul4 ,?irdly1 t ?is me?od ( adopt+ words ( ,scripture )\t ref]5ce or ackn[l$gm5t 01 z w appe> 9 ! sequel1 a me?od 9 g5]al use among/ ! mo/ anci5t ,*ri/ian writ]s4--,^! analogies n only repel ! objection1 b ca/ ! presumption on ! o!r side1 & af=d a consid]able degree ( positive pro(1 t ! words 9 "q h be5 borr[$ f ! places ( ,scripture 9 :i* we n[ f9d !m4 ,b take x if y w ! o!r way1 t ,clem5t _h he>d ^! words f ! apo/les or fir/ tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity2 ) respect to ! precise po9t ( our argum5t1 viz4 t ! ,scriptures conta9 :at ! apo/les taught1 ?is supposition may s]ve almo/ z well4 ,,iii4 ,ne> ! conclusion ( ! epi/le to ! ,romans1 ,sa9t ,paul1 among/ o!rs1 s5ds ! foll[+ salutation3 ,salute ,asyncritus1 ,phlegon1 ,h]mas1 ,patrobas1 ,h]mes1 & ! bre?r5 :i* are ) !m4 ,( ,h]mas1 :o appe>s 9 ?is catalogue ( ,roman ,*ri/ians z contempor>y ) ,sa9t ,paul1 a book be>+ ! "n1 & x is mo/ probably rightly1 is /ill rema9+4 ,x is call$ ! ,%eph]d1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #aaa47 or pa/or ( ,h]mas4 ,its antiquity is inconte/able1 f ! quotations ( x 9 ,ir5aeus1 ,a4,d4 #agh2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,a4,d4 #aid2 ,t]tullian1 ,a4,d4 #bjj2 ,orig51 ,a4,d4 #bcj4 ,! notes ( "t extant 9 ! epi/le itself agree ) its title1 & ) ! te/imonies conc]n+ x1 = x purports to h be5 writt5 dur+ ! life-"t ( ,clem5t4 ,9 ?is place are tacit allusions to ,sa9t ,mat!w's1 ,sa9t ,luke's1 & ,sa9t ,john's ,gospels2 t is to say1 !re are applications ( ?\ghts & expressions f\nd 9 ^! ,gospels1 )\t cit+ ! place or writ] f :i* !y 7 tak54 ,9 ?is =m appe> 9 ,h]mas ! confess+ & d5y+ ( ,*ri/2 7,matt4 x4 3i#b1 #cc1 or1 ,luke xli4 #h1 #i47 ! p>able ( ! se$ s[n 7,matt4 xiii4 #c1 or1 ,luke viii4 #e72 ! comp>ison ( ,*ri/'s disciples to little *ildr52 ! say+ he t putte? away 8 wife1 & m>rie? ano!r1 committe? adult]y 7,luke xvi4 #ah472 ,! s+ul> expression1 hav+ receiv$ all p[] f 8 ,fa!r1 9 probable allusion to ,matt4 xxviii4 #ah2 & ,*ri/ be+ ! gate1 or only way ( com+ to ,god1 9 pla9 allusion to ,john xiv4 #f2 x4 #g1 #i4 ,!re is also a probable allusion to ,acts v4 #cb4 ,?is piece is ! repres5tation ( a vision1 & has by _m be5 acc\nt$ a weak & fanciful p]=mance4 ,i !re=e obs]ve1 t ! "* ( ! writ+ has little to d ) ! purpose = :i* we adduce x4 ,x is ! age 9 :i* x 0 compos$ t gives ! value to its te/imony4 ,,iv4 ,ignatius1 z x is te/ifi$ by anci5t ,*ri/ian writ]s1 became bi%op ( ,antio* ab\t ?irty-sev5 ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion2 &1 !re=e1 f 8 "t1 & place1 & /ation1 x is probable t he _h kn[n & conv]s$ ) _m ( ! apo/les4 ,epi/les ( ,ignatius are ref]r$ to by ,polyc>p1 8 contempor>y4 ,passages f\nd 9 ! epi/les n[ extant "u 8 "n are quot$ by ,ir5aeus1 ,a4,d4 #agh2 by ,orig51 ,a4,d4 #bcj2 & ! occasion ( writ+ ! epi/les is giv5 at l>ge by ,eusebius & ,j]ome4 ,:at are call$ ! small] epi/les ( ,ignatius are g5]ally deem$ to be ^? :i* 7 read by ,ir5aeus1 ,orig51 & ,eusebius 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #adg474 ,9 ^! epi/les are v>i\s und\bt$ allusions to ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,mat!w & ,sa9t ,john2 yet s f> ( ! same =m ) ^? 9 ! prec$+ articles1 t1 l !m1 !y are n accompani$ ) m>ks ( quotation4 ,( ^! allusions ! foll[+ are cle> specim5s3 ,matt4993 ,*ri/ 0 baptiz$ ( ,john1 t all righte\sness might be fulfill$ by him4 ,be ye wise z s]p5ts 9 all ?+s1 & h>mless z a dove4 ,john3 ,yet ! ,_s is n deceiv$1 be+ f ,god3 = x kn[s :5ce x comes & :i!r x goes4 ,he 7,*ri/7 is ! door ( ! ,fa!r1 by :i* ent] 9 ,abraham & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & ! apo/les1 & ! *ur*4 99 ,*ap4 iii4 #ae4 ,= ?us x become? u to fulfil all righte\sness4 ,*ap4 x4 #af4 ,be ye !re=e wise z s]p5ts1 & h>mless z doves4 ,*ap4 iii4 #h4 ,! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e? & ?\ he>e/ ! s\nd !re(1 b can/ n tell :5ce x come?1 & :i!r x goe?2 s is ev]yone t is born ( ! ,_s4 ,*ap4 x4 #i4 ,i am ! door2 by me if any man ent] 9 he %all be sav$4 ,z to ! mann] ( quotation1 ?is is obs]vable2--,ignatius1 9 "o place1 speaks ( ,/4 ,paul 9 t]ms ( high respect1 & quotes 8 ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians by "n2 yet1 9 sev]al o!r places1 he borr[s words & s5tim5ts f ! same epi/le )\t m5tion+ x2 :i* %[s t ?is 0 8 g5]al mann] ( us+ & apply+ writ+s !n extant1 & !n ( high au?ority4 ,v4 ,polyc>p 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 #aib47 _h be5 taught by ! apo/les2 _h conv]s$ ) _m :o _h se5 ,*ri/2 0 also by ! apo/les appo9t$ bi%op ( ,smyrna4 ,?is te/imony conc]n+ ,polyc>p is giv5 by ,ir5aeus1 :o 9 8 y\? _h se5 him3--,i c tell ! place1 sai? ,ir5aeus1 9 :i* ! bless$ ,polyc>p sat & taught1 & 8 go+ out & com+ 91 & ! mann] ( 8 life1 & ! =m ( 8 p]son1 & ! disc\rses he made to ! p1 & h[ he relat$ 8 conv]sation ) ,john1 & o!rs :o _h se5 ! ,"l1 & h[ he relat$ _! say+s1 & :at he _h he>d conc]n+ ! ,"l1 bo? conc]n+ 8 miracles & 8 doctr9e1 z he _h receiv$ !m f ! eyewitnesses ( ! ^w ( life3 all :i* ,polyc>p relat$ agreeable to ! ,scriptures4 ,( ,polyc>p1 ^: proximity to ! age & c\ntry & p]sons ( ! apo/les is ?us atte/$1 we h "o und\bt$ epi/le rema9+4 ,& ?is1 ?\gh a %ort lett]1 conta9s ne>ly =ty cle> allusions to books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 :i* is /rong evid5ce ( ! respect :i* ,*ri/ians ( t age bore = ^! books4 ,among/ ^!1 al?\gh ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul are m frequ5tly us$ by ,polyc>p ?an any o!r p>ts ( ,scripture1 !re are copi\s allusions to ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 "s to passages f\nd 9 ! ,gospels bo? ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 & "s :i* m ne>ly resemble ! words 9 ,luke4 ,i select ! foll[+ z fix+ ! au?ority ( ! ,"l's pray]1 & ! use ( x among/ ! primitive ,*ri/ians3 ,if !re=e we pray ! ,"l1 t he w =give u1 we ought also to =give4 ,) supplication besee*+ ! all-see+ ,god n to lead u into temptation4 ,& ! foll[+1 = ! sake ( repeat+ an obs]vation already made1 t words ( our ,"l f\nd 9 our ,gospels 7 at ?is e>ly day quot$ z spok5 by him2 & n only s1 b quot$ ) s little "q or consci\sness ( d\bt ab\t _! be+ really 8 words1 z n ev5 to m5tion1 mu* less to canvass1 ! au?ority f :i* !y 7 tak53 ,b rememb]+ :at ! ,"l said1 tea*+1 ,judge n1 t ye be n judg$2 =give1 & ye %all be =giv52 be ye m]ciful1 t ye may obta9 m]cy2 ) :at measure ye mete1 x %all be measur$ to y aga94 7,matt4 vii4 #a1 #b2 v4 #g2 ,luke vi4 #cg1 #ch47 ,suppos+ ,polyc>p to h _h ^! words f ! books 9 :i* we n[ f9d !m1 x is manife/ t ^! books 7 consid]$ by him1 &1 z he ?\ght1 consid]$ by 8 read]s1 u au!ntic acc\nts ( ,*ri/'s disc\rses2 & t t po9t 0 inconte/ible sic4 ,! foll[+ is a decisive1 ?\gh :at we call a tacit ref]5ce to ,/4 ,pet]'s spee* 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les3--:om ,god ha? rais$1 hav+ loos$ ! pa9s ( dea?4 7,acts ii4 #bd47 ,,vi4 ,papias1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bci47 a he>] ( ,john1 & companion ( ,polyc>p1 z ,ir5aeus atte/s1 & ( t age1 z all agree1 9 a passage quot$ by ,eusebius1 f a "w n[ lo/1 expressly ascribes ! respective ,gospels to ,mat!w & ,m>k2 & 9 a mann] :i* proves t ^! ,gospels mu/ h publicly borne ! names ( ^! au?ors at t "t1 & probably long be=e2 = ,papias does n say t "o ,gospel 0 writt5 by ,mat!w1 & ano!r by ,m>k2 b1 assum+ ?is z p]fectly well kn[n1 he tells u f :at mat]ials ,m>k collect$ 8 acc\nt1 viz4 f ,pet]'s prea*+1 & 9 :at language ,mat!w wrote1 viz4 9 ,hebrew4 ,:e!r ,papias 0 well in=m$ 9 ?is /atem5t1 or n2 to ! po9t = :i* ,i produce ?is te/imony1 namely1 t ^! books bore ^! names at ?is "t1 8 au?ority is complete4 ,! writ]s hi!rto alleg$ _h all liv$ & conv]s$ ) "s ( ! apo/les4 ,! works ( !irs :i* rema9 are 9 g5]al v %ort pieces1 yet r5d]$ extremely valuable by _! antiquity2 & none1 %ort z !y are1 b :at conta9 "s important te/imony to our hi/orical ,scriptures499 99 ,t ! quotations are m ?9ly /rewn 9 ^! ?an 9 ! writ+s ( ! next & ( succe$+ ages1 is 9 a good measure acc\nt$ = by ! obs]vation1 t ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h n yet1 nor by _! rec5cy h>dly c\ld h1 become a g5]al "p ( ,*ri/ian education2 read z ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 by ,jews & ,*ri/ians f _! *ildhood1 & !reby intimately mix+1 z t _h long done1 ) all _! religi\s ideas1 & ) _! language ^u religi\s subjects4 ,9 process ( "t1 & z soon p]haps z c\ld be expect$1 ?is came to be ! case4 ,& !n we p]ceive ! effect1 9 a proportionably great] frequ5cy1 z well z copi\sness ( allusion4--,mi*4 ,introd4 c4 ii4 sect4 vi4 ,,vii4 ,n long aft] ^!1 t is1 n mu* m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ! la/1 foll[s ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #beh474 ,8 rema9+ works are mu* l>g] ?an any t h yet be5 notic$4 ,al?\gh ! nature ( 8 two pr9cipal writ+s1 "o ( :i* 0 address$ to hea!ns1 & ! o!r 0 a conf]5ce ) a ,jew1 did n lead him to su* frequ5t appeals to ,*ri/ian books z w\ld h appe>$ 9 a disc\rse int5d$ = ,*ri/ian read]s2 we nev]!less reckon up 9 !m betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty quotations ( ! ,gospels & ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 c]ta91 di/9ct1 & copi\s3 if ea* v]se be c\nt$ sep>ately1 a mu* great] numb]2 if ea* expression1 a v great "o499 99 ,he cites our pres5t canon1 & p>ticul>ly our f\r ,gospels1 cont9ually1 ,i d>e say1 above two hundr$ times4 ,jones's ,new & ,full ,me?od4 ,app5d4 vol4 i4 p4 #ehi1 ed4 #agbf4 ,we meet ) quotations ( ?ree ( ! ,gospels )9 ! compass ( half a page3 ,& 9 o!r words he says1 ,dep>t f me into out] d>kness1 :i* ! ,fa!r ha? prep>$ = ,satan & 8 angels1 7:i* is f ,mat!w xxv4 #da47 ,& aga9 he said1 9 o!r words1 ,i give unto y p[] to tread ^u s]p5ts & scorpions1 & v5om\s bea/s1 & ^u all ! p[] ( ! enemy4 7,?is f ,luke x4 #ai47 ,& be=e he 0 crucifi$1 he said1 ,! ,son ( ,man mu/ suff] _m ?+s1 & be reject$ ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 & be crucifi$1 & rise aga9 ! ?ird day4 7,?is f ,m>k viii4 #ca47 ,9 ano!r place ,ju/9 quotes a passage 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 z deliv]$ by ,mat!w & ,john1 & =tifies 8 quotation by ?is rem>kable te/imony3 ,z !y h taught1 :o h writt5 ! hi/ory ( all ?+s conc]n+ our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/2 & we believe !m4 ,quotations are also f\nd f ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,john4 ,:at moreov] seems extremely mat]ial to be obs]v$ is1 t 9 all ,ju/9's works1 f :i* might be extract$ almo/ a complete life ( ,*ri/1 !re are b two in/ances 9 :i* he ref]s to any?+ z said or done by ,*ri/1 :i* is n relat$ conc]n+ him 9 our pres5t ,gospels3 :i* %[s1 t ^! ,gospels1 & ^!1 we may say1 alone1 7 ! au?orities f :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( t day drew ! in=mation ^u :i* !y dep5d$4 ,"o ( ^! in/ances is ( a say+ ( ,*ri/1 n met ) 9 any book n[ extant4 ,:]e=e also our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ has said1 ,9 :atsoev] ,i %all f9d y1 9 ! same ,i w also judge y4 ,possibly ,ju/9 design$ n to quote any text1 b to repres5t ! s5se ( _m ( our ,"l's say+s4 ,fabrieius has obs]v$1 t ?is say+ has be5 quot$ by _m writ]s1 & t ,ju/9 is ! only "o :o ascribes x to our ,"l1 & t p]haps by a slip ( 8 memory4 ,words resembl+ ^! are read repeat$ly 9 ,ezekiel2 ,i w judge !m accord+ to _! ways2 7*ap4 vii4 #c2 xxxiii4 #bj47 ,x is rem>kable t ,ju/9 _h j be=e expressly quot$ ,ezekiel4 ,mr4 ,jones ^u ?is circum/ance f\nd$ a conjecture1 t ,ju/9 wrote only ! ,"l ha? said1 int5d+ to quote ! words ( ,god1 or r ! s5se ( ^? words 9 ,ezekiel2 & t "s transcrib]1 imag9+ ^! to be ! words ( ,*ri/1 ins]t$ 9 8 copy ! addition ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,vol4 #a4 p4 #eci4 ,! o!r ( a circum/ance 9 ,*ri/'s baptism1 namely1 a fi]y or lum9\s appe>ance ^u ! wat]1 :i*1 accord+ to ,epiphanius1 is notic$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews3 & :i* might be true3 b :i*1 :e!r true or false1 is m5tion$ by ,ju/91 ) a pla9 m>k ( dim9ution :5 comp>$ ) :at he quotes z re/+ ^u ,scripture au?ority4 ,! read] w adv]t to ?is di/9ction3 & !n1 :5 ,jesus came to ! riv] ,jordan1 :]e ,john 0 baptiz+1 z ,jesus desc5d$ into ! wat]1 a fire also 0 k9dl$ 9 ,jordan3 & :5 he came up out ( ! wat]1 7! apo/les ( ?is our ,*ri/ h writt571 t ! ,holy ,gho/ light$ ^u him z a dove4 ,all ! ref]5ces 9 ,ju/9 are made )\t m5tion+ ! au?or2 :i* proves t ^! books 7 p]fectly notori\s1 & t !re 7 no o!r acc\nts ( ,*ri/ !n extant1 or1 at lea/1 no o!r s receiv$ & cr$it$ z to make x necess>y to di/+ui% ^! f ! re/4 ,b al?\gh ,ju/9 m5tions n ! au?or's "n1 he calls ! books1 ,memoirs compos$ by ! ,apo/les2 ,memoirs compos$ by ! ,apo/les & _! ,companions2 :i* descriptions1 ! latt] especially1 exactly suit ) ! titles :i* ! ,gospels & ,acts ( ! ,apo/les n[ be>4 ,,viii4 ,hegesippus 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #cad47 came ab\t ?irty ye>s aft] ,ju/94 ,8 te/imony is rem>kable only = ?is p>ticul>2 t he relates ( himself t1 travell+ f ,pale/9e to ,rome1 he visit$1 on 8 j\rney1 _m bi%ops2 & t1 9 e succession1 & 9 e city1 ! same doctr9e is taught1 :i* ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 & ! ,"l tea*e?4 ,?is is an important atte/ation1 f good au?ority1 & ( high antiquity4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t by ! ^w ,"l1 ,hegesippus int5d$ "s writ+ or writ+s1 conta9+ ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/2 9 :i* s5se alone ! t]m comb9es ) ! o!r t]m ,law & ,prophets1 :i* d5ote writ+s2 & toge!r ) !m admit ( ! v]b tea*e? 9 ! pres5t t5se4 ,!n1 t ^! writ+s 7 "s or all ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is r5d]$ probable f h5ce1 t 9 ! fragm5ts ( 8 works1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 ,eusebius1 & 9 a writ] ( ! n9? c5tury1 en\gh1 ?\gh x be little1 is left to %[1 t ,hegesippus express$ div]s ?+ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,gospels1 & ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 t he ref]r$ to ! hi/ory 9 ! second *apt] ( ,mat!w1 & recit$ a text ( t ,gospel z spok5 by our ,"l4 ,,ix4 ,at ?is "t1 viz4 ab\t ! ye> #agj1 ! *ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne1 9 ,france1 s5t a relation ( ! suff]+s ( _! m>tyrs to ! *ur*es ( ,asia & ,phrygia4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #ccb47 ,! epi/le is pres]v$ entire by ,eusebius4 ,& :at c>ries 9 "s measure ! te/imony ( ^! *ur*es to a high] age1 is1 t !y _h n[ = _! bi%op1 ,po?9us1 :o 0 n9ety ye>s old1 & ^: e>ly life consequ5tly mu/ h imm$iately jo9$ on ) ! times ( ! apo/les4 ,9 ?is epi/le are exact ref]5ces to ! ,gospels ( ,luke & ,john1 & to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 ! =m ( ref]5ce ! same z 9 all ! prec$+ articles4 ,t f ,sa9t ,john is 9 ^! words3 ,!n 0 fulfill$ t :i* 0 spok5 by ! ,"l1 t :osoev] kille? y1 w ?9k t he doe? ,god s]vice4 7,john xvi4 #b47 ,x4 ,! evid5ce n[ op5s ^u u full & cle>4 ,ir5aeus 7,l>dn]1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdd47 succe$$ ,po?9us z bi%op ( ,lyons4 ,9 8 y\? he _h be5 a disciple ( ,polyc>p1 :o 0 a disciple ( ,john4 ,9 ! "t 9 :i* he liv$1 he 0 di/ant n mu* m ?an a c5tury f ! publication ( ! ,gospels2 9 8 in/ruction only by "o /ep sep>at$ f ! p]sons ( ! apo/les4 ,he ass]ts ( himself & 8 contempor>ies1 t !y 7 able to reckon up1 9 all ! pr9cipal *ur*es1 ! succession ( bi%ops f ! fir/4 7,adv4 ,ha]es4 #a4 iii4 c4 #c47 ,i rem>k ^! p>ticul>s conc]n+ ,ir5aeus ) m =mality ?an usual1 because ! te/imony :i* ?is writ] af=ds to ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to _! au?ority1 & to ! titles :i* !y be>1 is express1 positive1 & exclusive4 ,"o pr9cipal passage1 9 :i* ?is te/imony is conta9$1 op5s ) a precise ass]tion ( ! po9t :i* we h laid d[n z ! f\ndation ( our argum5t1 viz41 t ! /ory :i* ! ,gospels exhibit is ! /ory :i* ! apo/les told4 ,we h n receiv$1 sai? ,ir5aeus1 ! k ( ! way ( our salvation by any o!rs ?an ^? by :om ! ,gospel has be5 br\ght to u4 ,:i* ,gospel !y fir/ prea*$1 & aft]w>ds1 by ! w ( ,god1 committ$ to writ+1 t x might be = "t to come ! f\ndation & pill> ( our fai?4--,= aft] t our ,"l arose f ! dead1 & !y 7! apo/les7 7 end[$ f above ) ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/ com+ d[n ^u !m1 !y receiv$ a p]fect k ( all ?+s4 ,!y !n w5t =? to all ! ends ( ! e>?1 decl>+ to m5 ! ,message ( heav5ly peace1 hav+ all ( !m1 & e "o1 alike ! ,gospel ( ,god4 ,mat!w !n1 among ! ,jews1 wrote a ,gospel 9 _! own language1 :ile ,pet] & ,paul 7 prea*+ ! ,gospel at ,rome1 & f\nd+ a *ur* !re3 & aft] _! exit1 ,m>k also1 ! disciple & int]pret] ( ,pet]1 deliv]$ to u 9 writ+ ! ?+s t _h be5 prea*$ by ,pet] & ,luke1 ! companion ( ,paul1 put d[n 9 a book ! ,gospel prea*$ by him 7,paul74 ,aft]w>ds ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 :o also lean$ ^u 8 brea/1 he likewise publi%$ a ,gospel :ile he dwelt at ,ephesus 9 ,asia4 ,if any mod]n div9e %\ld write a book ^u ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 he c\ld n ass]t x m expressly1 or /ate _! orig9al m di/9ctly1 ?an ,ir5aeus ha? done )9 little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] !y 7 publi%$4 ,! correspond5cy1 9 ! days ( ,ir5aeus1 ( ! oral & writt5 tradition1 & ! d$uction ( ! oral tradition ?r\gh v>i\s *annels f ! age ( ! apo/les1 :i* 0 !n lately pass$1 &1 by consequ5ce1 ! probability t ! books truly deliv]$ :at ! apo/les taught1 is inf]r$ also ) /rict regul>ity f ano!r passage ( 8 works4 ,! tradition ( ! apo/les1 ?is fa!r sai?1 ha? spread itself ov] ! :ole univ]se2 & all !y :o se>* aft] ! s\rces ( tru? w f9d ?is tradition to be held sacr$ 9 e *ur*1 ,we might enum]ate all ^? :o h be5 appo9t$ bi%ops to ^! *ur*es by ! apo/les1 & all _! successors1 up to our days4 ,x is by ?is un9t]rupt$ succession t we h receiv$ ! tradition :i* actually exi/s 9 ! *ur*1 z also ! doctr9es ( tru?1 z x 0 prea*$ by ! apo/les4 7,ir54 9 ,ha]4 ,i4 iii4 c4 #c47 ,! read] w obs]ve ^u ?is1 t ! same ,ir5aeus1 :o is n[ /at+ ! /r5g? & uni=mity ( ! tradition1 we h be=e se5 recogniz+1 9 ! fulle/ mann]1 ! au?ority ( ! writt5 records2 f :i* we are entitl$ to conclude1 t !y 7 !n con=mable to ea* o!r4 ,i h said t ! te/imony ( ,ir5aeus 9 fav\r ( our ,gospels is exclusive ( all o!rs4 ,i allude to a rem>kable passage 9 8 works1 9 :i*1 = "s reasons suffici5tly fanciful1 he endeav\rs to %[ t !re c\ld he nei!r m nor few] ,gospels ?an f\r4 ,) 8 argum5t we h no conc]n4 ,! position itself proves t f\r1 & only f\r1 ,gospels 7 at t "t publicly read & ackn[l$g$4 ,t ^! 7 our ,gospels1 & 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we n[ h !m1 is %[n f _m o!r places ( ?is writ] beside t :i* we h already alleg$4 ,he m5tions h[ ,mat!w beg9s 8 ,gospel1 b[ ,m>k beg9s & ends 81 & _! suppos$ reasons = s do+4 ,he enum]ates at l5g? ! sev]al passages ( ,*ri/'s hi/ory 9 ,luke1 :i* are n f\nd 9 any ( ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,he /ates ! p>ticul> design ) :i* ,sa9t ,john compos$ 8 ,gospel1 & acc\nts = ! doctr9al decl>ations :i* prec$e ! n>rative4 ,to ! book ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 its au?or1 & cr$it1 ! te/imony ( ,ir5aeus is no less explicit4 ,ref]r+ to ! acc\nt ( ,sa9t ,paul's conv]sion & vocation1 9 ! n9? *apt] ( t book1 ,nor c !y1 says he1 mean+ ! p>ties ) :om he argues1 %[ t he is n to be cr$it$1 :o has relat$ to u ! tru? ) ! greate/ exactness4 ,9 ano!r place1 he has actually collect$ ! sev]al texts1 9 :i* ! writ] ( ! hi/ory is repres5t$ z accompany+ ,sa9t ,paul2 :i* leads him to deliv] a summ>y ( almo/ ! :ole ( ! la/ twelve *apt]s ( ! book4 ,9 an au?or ?us ab\nd+ ) ref]5ces & allusions to ! ,scriptures1 !re is n "o to any apocryphal ,*ri/ian writ+ :atev]4 ,?is is a broad l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 our sacr$ books & ! pret5sions ( all o!rs4 ,! =ce ( ! te/imony ( ! p]iod :i* we h consid]$ is greatly /r5g!n$ by ! obs]vation1 t x is ! te/imony1 & ! concurr+ te/imony1 ( writ]s :o liv$ 9 c\ntries remote f "o ano!r4 ,clem5t fl\ri%$ at ,rome1 ,ignatius at ,antio*1 ,polyc>p at ,smyrna1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 9 ,syria1 & ,ir5aeus 9 ,france4 ,,xi4 ,omitt+ ,a!nagoras & ,!ophilus1 :o liv$ ab\t ?is "t2 7,l>dn]1 vol4 i4 p4 #djj #dbb47 9 ! rema9+ works ( ! =m] ( :om are cle> ref]5ces to ,m>k & ,luke2 & 9 ! works ( ! latt]1 :o 0 bi%op ( ,antio*1 ! six? 9 succession f ! apo/les1 evid5t allusions to ,mat!w & ,john1 & probable allusions to ,luke 7:i*1 consid]+ ! nature ( ! compositions1 t !y 7 address$ to hea!n read]s1 is z mu* z c\ld be expect$72 obs]v+ also1 t ! works ( two le>n$ ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! same age1 ,miltiades & ,panta5us1 7,l>dn]1 vol4 i4 p4#dac1 #dej47 are n[ lo/3 ( :i* ,miltiades ,eusebius records1 t 8 writ+s 7 monum5ts ( zeal = ! ,div9e ,oracles2 & :i* ,panta5us1 z ,j]ome te/ifies1 0 a man ( prud5ce & le>n+1 bo? 9 ! ,div9e ,scriptures & secul> lit]ature1 & _h left _m comm5t>ies ^u ! ,holy ,scriptures !n extant4 ,pass+ by ^! )\t fur!r rem>k1 we come to "o ( ! mo/ volum9\s ( anci5t ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfi474 ,clem5t foll[$ ,ir5aeus at ! di/ance ( only sixte5 ye>s1 & !re=e may be said to ma9ta9 ! s]ies ( te/imony 9 an un9t]rupt$ cont9uation4 ,9 c]ta9 ( ,clem5t's works1 n[ lo/1 b ( :i* v>i\s p>ts are recit$ by ,eusebius1 !re is giv5 a di/9ct acc\nt ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! f\r ,gospels 7 writt54 ,! ,gospels :i* conta9 ! g5ealogies 7 7he says7 writt5 fir/2 ,m>k's next1 at ! in/ance ( ,pet]'s foll[]s2 & ,john's ! la/2 & ?is acc\nt he tells u t he _h receiv$ f presbyt]s ( m anci5t times4 ,?is te/imony proves ! foll[+ po9ts2 t ^! ,gospels 7 ! hi/ories ( ,*ri/ !n publicly receiv$ & reli$ ^u2 & t ! dates1 occasions1 & circum/ances1 ( _! publication 7 at t "t subjects ( att5tion & inquiry among/ ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! works ( ,clem5t :i* rema91 ! f\r ,gospels are repeat$ly quot$ by ! names ( _! au?ors1 & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is expressly ascrib$ to ,luke4 ,9 "o place1 aft] m5tion+ a p>ticul> circum/ance1 he adds ^! rem>kable words3 ,we h n ?is passage 9 ! f\r ,gospels deliv]$ to u1 b 9 t accord+ to ! ,egyptians2 :i* puts a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! f\r ,gospels & all o!r hi/ories1 or pret5d$ hi/ories1 ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ano!r "p ( 8 works1 ! p]fect confid5ce ) :i* he receiv$ ! ,gospels is signifi$ by him 9 ^! words3 ,t ?is is true appe>s f h5ce1 t x is writt5 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,sa9t ,luke2 & aga91 ,i ne$ n use _m words1 b only to allege ! evangelic voice ( ! ,"l4 ,8 quotations are num]\s4 ,! say+s ( ,*ri/1 ( :i* he alleges _m1 are all tak5 f our ,gospels2 ! s+le exception to ?is obs]vation appe>+ to be a loose quotation ( a passage 9 ,sa9t ,mat!w's ,gospel499 99 ,ask great ?+s & ! small %all be add$ unto y4 ,clem5t r *ose to exp\nd ! words ( ,mat!w 7*ap4 vi4 #cc71 ?an lit]ally to cite !m2 & ?is is mo/ und5iably prov$ by ano!r place 9 ! same ,clem5t1 :]e he bo? produces ! text & ^! words am an exposition3--,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( heav5 & its righte\sness1 = ^! are ! great ?+s2 b ! small ?+s1 & ?+s relat+ to ?is life1 %all be add$ unto y4 ,jones's ,new & ,full ,me?od1 vol4 i4 p4 #eec4 ,,xii4 ,9 ! age 9 :i* !y liv$1 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #efa47 ,t]tullian jo9s on ) ,clem5t4 ,! numb] ( ! ,gospels !n receiv$1 ! names ( ! evangeli/s1 & _! prop] descriptions1 are exhibit$ by ?is writ] 9 "o %ort s5t5ce3--,among ! apo/les ,john & ,mat!w tea* u ! fai?2 among apo/olical m51 ,luke & ,m>k refre% x4 ,! next passage to be tak5 f ,t]tullian af=ds z complete an atte/ation to ! au!nticity ( our books z c be well imag9$4 ,aft] enum]at+ ! *ur*es :i* _h be5 f\nd$ by ,paul at ,cor9?1 9 ,galatia1 at ,philippi1 ,!ssalonica1 & ,ephesus2 ! *ur* ( ,rome e/abli%$ by ,pet] & ,paul1 & o!r *ur*es d]iv$ f ,john2 he proce$s ?us3--,i say1 !n1 t ) !m1 b n ) !m only :i* are apo/olical1 b ) all :o h fell[%ip ) !m 9 ! same fai?1 is t ,gospel ( ,luke receiv$ f its fir/ publication1 :i* we s zeal\sly ma9ta93 & pres5tly aft]w>ds adds1 ,! same au?ority ( ! apo/olical *ur*es w support ! o!r ,gospels :i* we h f !m & accord+ to !m1 ,i mean ,john's & ,mat!w's2 al?\gh t likewise :i* ,m>k publi%$ may be said to be ,pet]'s1 ^: int]pret] ,m>k 04 ,9 ano!r place ,t]tullian affirms1 t ! ?ree o!r ,gospels 7 9 ! h&s ( ! *ur*es f ! beg9n+1 z well z ,luke's4 ,?is noble te/imony fixes ! univ]sality ) :i* ! ,gospels 7 receiv$ & _! antiquity2 t !y 7 9 ! h&s ( all1 & _h be5 s f ! fir/4 ,& ?is evid5ce appe>s n m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! books4 ,! read] mu/ be giv5 to und]/& t1 :5 ,t]tullian speaks ( ma9ta9+ or def5d+ 7tu5di7 ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,luke1 he only means ma9ta9+ or def5d+ ! integrity ( ! copies ( ,luke receiv$ by ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 9 opposition to c]ta9 curtail$ copies us$ by ,m>cion1 aga9/ :om he writes4 ,?is au?or frequ5tly cites ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les "u t title1 once calls x ,luke's ,comm5t>y1 & obs]ves h[ ,sa9t ,paul's epi/les confirm x4 ,aft] ?is g5]al evid5ce1 x is unnecess>y to add p>ticul> quotations4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are s num]\s & ample z to h l$ ,dr4 ,l>dn] to obs]ve1 t !re are m & l>g] quotations ( ! small volume ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ?is "o ,*ri/ian au?or1 ?an !re are ( all ! works ( ,cic]o 9 writ]s ( all *>act]s = sev]al ages4 7,l>dn]1 vol ii4 p4 #fdg47 ,t]tullian quotes no ,*ri/ian writ+ z ( equal au?ority ) ! ,scriptures1 & no spuri\s books at all2 a broad l9e ( di/9ction1 we may once m obs]ve1 betwe5 our sacr$ books & all o!rs4 ,we may aga9 likewise rem>k ! wide ext5t ?r\gh :i* ! reputation ( ! ,gospels1 & ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les _h spread1 & ! p]fect cons5t1 9 ?is po9t1 ( di/ant & indep5d5t societies4 ,x is n[ only ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s s9ce ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$2 & )9 ?is p]iod1 to say no?+ ( ! apo/olical fa!rs :o h be5 notic$ already1 we h ,ju/9 ,m>tyr at ,neapolis1 ,!ophilus at ,antio*1 ,ir5aeus 9 ,france1 ,clem5t at ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian at ,c>?age1 quot+ ! same books ( hi/orical ,scriptures1 & ,i may say1 quot+ ^! alone4 ,,xiii4 ,an int]val ( only ?irty ye>s1 & t occupi$ by no small numb] ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 7,m9ucius ,felix1 ,apollonius1 ,caius1 ,a/]ius ,urbanus ,alex&] bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 ,hippolytus1 ,ammonius ,julius ,africanus7 ^: works only rema9 9 fragm5ts & quotations1 & 9 e "o ( :i* is "s ref]5ce or o!r to ! ,gospels 7& 9 "o ( !m1 ,hippolytus1 z pres]v$ 9 ,!odoret1 is an ab/ract ( ! :ole ,gospel hi/ory71 br+s u to a "n ( great celebrity 9 ,*ri/ian antiquity1 ,orig5 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcd47 ( ,alex&ria1 :o 9 ! quantity ( 8 writ+s exce$$ ! mo/ labori\s ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors4 ,no?+ c be m p]emptory ^u ! subject n[ "u consid]ation1 &1 f a writ] ( 8 le>n+ & in=mation1 m satisfactory1 ?an ! decl>ation ( ,orig51 pres]v$1 9 an extract f 8 works1 by ,eusebius2 ,t ! f\r ,gospels alone are receiv$ )\t dispute by ! :ole *ur* ( ,god "u heav53 to :i* decl>ation is imm$iately subjo9$ a brief hi/ory ( ! respective au?ors to :om !y 7 !n1 z !y are n[1 ascrib$4 ,! language hold5 conc]n+ ! ,gospels1 ?r\gh\t ! works ( ,orig5 :i* rema91 entirely corresponds ) ! te/imony "h cit$4 ,8 atte/ation to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is no less ,positive3 ,& ,luke also once m s\nds ! trumpet1 relat+ ! acts ( ! apo/les4 ,! univ]sality ) :i* ! ,scriptures 7 !n read is well signifi$ by ?is writ] 9 a passage 9 :i* he has occasion to obs]ve aga9/ ,celsus1 ,t x is n 9 any private books1 or su* z are read by a few only1 & ^? /udi\s p]sons1 b 9 books read by ev]ybody1 ,t x is writt51 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god f ! creation ( ! _w are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ?+s t are made4 ,x is to no purpose to s+le out quotations ( ,scripture f su* a writ] z ?is4 ,we might z well make a selection ( ! quotations ( ,scripture 9 ,dr4 ,cl>ke's ,s]mons4 ,!y are s ?ickly s[n 9 ! works ( ,orig51 t ,dr4 ,mill says1 ,if we _h all 8 works rema9+1 we %\ld h be=e u almo/ ! :ole text ( ! ,bible4 7,mill1 ,proleg4 esp4 vi4 p4 #ff47 ,orig5 notices1 9 ord] to c5sure1 c]ta9 apocryphal ,gospels4 ,he also uses f\r writ+s ( ?is sort2 t is1 ?r\gh\t 8 l>ge works he once or twice1 at ! mo/1 quotes ea* ( ! f\r2 b always ) "s m>k1 ei!r ( direct reprobation or ( caution to 8 read]s1 manife/ly e/eem+ !m ( little or no au?ority4 ,,xiv4 ,gregory1 bi%op ( ,neocaesaea1 & ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 7 s*ol>s ( ,orig54 ,_! te/imony1 !re=e1 ?\gh full & p>ticul>1 may be reckon$ a repetition only ( 84 ,! s]ies1 h[ev]1 ( evid5ce is cont9u$ by ,cyprian1 bi%op ( ,c>?age1 :o fl\ri%$ )9 tw5ty ye>s aft] ,orig54 ,! *ur*1 said ?is fa!r1 is wat]$1 l ,p>adise1 by f\r riv]s1 t is1 by f\r ,gospels4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is also frequ5tly quot$ by ,cyprian "u t "n1 & "u ! "n ( ! ,div9e ,scriptures4 ,9 8 v>i\s writ+s are su* con/ant & copi\s citations ( ,scripture1 z to place ?is "p ( ! te/imony beyond controv]sy4 ,nor is !re1 9 ! works ( ?is em95t ,african bi%op1 "o quotation ( a spuri\s or apocryphal ,*ri/ian writ+4 ,,xv4 ,pass+ ov] a cr[d99 ( writ]s foll[+ ,cyprian at diff]5t di/ances1 b all )9 =ty ye>s ( 8 "t2 & :o all1 9 ! p]fect rema9s ( _! works1 ei!r cite ! hi/orical ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or speak ( !m 9 t]ms ( pr(\nd respect3 ,i s+le out ,victor91 bi%op ( ,pettaw1 9 ,g]many1 m]ely on acc\nt ( ! remot5ess ( 8 situation f t ( ,orig5 & ,cyprian1 :o 7 ,africans2 by :i* circum/ance 8 te/imony1 tak5 9 conjunction ) !irs1 proves t ! ,scripture hi/ories1 & ! same hi/ories1 7 kn[n & receiv$ f "o side ( ! ,*ri/ian _w to ! o!r4 ,?is bi%op 7,l>dn]1 vol4 v4 p4 #bad47 liv$ ab\t ! ye> #bij3 & 9 a comm5t>y ^u ?is text ( ! ,revelation1 ,! fir/ 0 l a lion1 ! second 0 l a calf1 ! ?ird l a man1 & ! f\r? l a fly+ eagle1 he makes out t by ! f\r creatures are int5d$ ! f\r ,gospels2 &1 to %[ ! propriety ( ! symbols1 he recites ! subject ) :i* ea* evangeli/ op5s 8 hi/ory4 ,! explication is fanciful1 b ! te/imony positive4 ,he also expressly cites ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 99 ,novatus1 ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #bea2 ,dionysius1 ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #bei2 ,commodian1 ,a4,d4 #bgj2 ,anatolius1 ,laodicea1 ,a4,d4 #bgj2 ,!ogno/us ,a4,d4 #bhb2 ,me?odius ,lycia1 ,a4,d4 #bij2 ,phileas1 ,egypt1 ,a4,d4 #bif4 ,,xvi4 ,arnobius & ,lactantius 7,l>dn]1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dc1 #bja471 ab\t ! ye> #cjj1 compos$ =mal argum5ts ^u ! cr$ibility ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,z ^! argum5ts 7 address$ to ,g5tiles1 ! au?ors ab/a9 f quot+ ,*ri/ian books by "n1 "o ( !m giv+ ?is v reason = 8 res]ve2 b :5 !y came to /ate1 = ! in=mation ( _! read]s1 ! outl9es ( ,*ri/'s hi/ory1 x is app>5t t !y draw _! acc\nts f our ,gospels1 & f no o!r s\rces2 = ^! /atem5ts exhibit a summ>y ( almo/ ev]y?+ :i* is relat$ ( ,*ri/'s actions & miracles by ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,arnobius v9dicates1 )\t m5tion+ _! names1 ! cr$it ( ^! hi/orians2 obs]v+ t !y 7 eye-witnesses ( ! facts :i* !y relate1 & t _! ignorance ( ! arts ( composition 0 r a confirmation ( _! te/imony1 ?an an objection to x4 ,lactantius also argues 9 def5ce ( ! religion1 f ! consi/5cy1 simplicity1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & suff]+s ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/orians1 mean+ by t t]m our evangeli/s4 ,,xvii4 ,we close ! s]ies ( te/imonies ) t ( ,eusebius1 7,l>dn]1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cc47 bi%op ( ,caes>ea :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ye> #cae1 contempor>y )1 or po/]ior only by fifte5 ye>s to1 ! au?ors la/ cit$4 ,?is volum9\s writ]1 & mo/ dilig5t collector ( ! writ+s ( o!rs1 beside a v>iety ( l>ge works1 compos$ a hi/ory ( ! affairs ( ,*ri/ianity f its orig9 to 8 own "t4 ,8 te/imony to ! ,scriptures is ! te/imony ( a man mu* conv]sant 9 ! works ( ,*ri/ian au?ors1 writt5 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( its era1 & :o _h read _m :i* are n[ lo/4 ,9 a passage ( 8 ,evangelical ,demon/ration1 ,eusebius rem>ks1 ) great nicety1 ! delicacy ( two ( ! evangeli/s1 9 _! mann] ( notic+ any circum/ance :i* reg>d$ !mselves2 & ( ,m>k1 z writ+ "u ,pet]'s direction1 9 ! circum/ances :i* reg>d$ him4 ,! illu/ration ( ?is rem>k leads him to br+ toge!r long quotations f ea* ( ! evangeli/s3 & ! :ole passage is a pro( t ,eusebius1 & ! ,*ri/ians ( ^? days1 n only read ! ,gospels1 b /udi$ !m ) att5tion & exactness4 ,9 a passage ( 8 ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 he treats1 9 =m1 & at l>ge1 ( ! occasions ( writ+ ! f\r ,gospels1 & ( ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,! title ( ! *apt] is1 ,( ! ,ord] ( ! ,gospels2 & x beg9s ?us3 ,let u obs]ve ! writ+s ( ?is apo/le ,john1 :i* are n contradict$ by any3 &1 fir/ ( all1 mu/ be m5tion$1 z ackn[l$g$ by all1 ! ,gospel accord+ to him1 well-kn[n to all ! *ur*es "u heav52 & t x has be5 ju/ly plac$ by ! anci5ts ! f\r? 9 ord]1 & aft] ! o!r ?ree1 may be made evid5t 9 ?is mann]4--,eusebius !n proce$s to %[ t ,john wrote ! la/ ( ! f\r1 & t 8 ,gospel 0 int5d$ to supply ! omissions ( ! o!rs2 especially 9 ! "p ( our ,"l's m9i/ry :i* took place be=e ! imprisonm5t ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,he obs]ves1 t ! apo/les ( ,*ri/ 7 n /udi\s ( ! ornam5ts ( composition1 nor inde$ =w>d to write at all1 be+ :olly occupi$ ) _! m9i/ry4 ,?is le>n$ au?or makes no use at all ( ,*ri/ian writ+s1 =g$ ) ! names ( ,*ri/'s apo/le1 or _! companions4 ,we close ?is bran* ( our evid5ce "h1 because1 aft] ,eusebius1 !re is no room = any "q ^u ! subject2 ! works ( ,*ri/ian writ]s be+ z full ( texts ( ,scripture1 & ( ref]5ces to ,scripture1 z ! disc\rses ( mod]n div9es4 ,future te/imonies to ! books ( ,scripture c\ld only prove t !y nev] lo/ _! "* or au?ority4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,:5 ! ,scriptures are quot$1 or allud$ to1 !y are quot$ ) peculi> respect1 z books sui g5]is2 z possess+ an au?ority :i* belong$ to no o!r books1 & z conclusive 9 all que/ions & controv]sies among/ ,*ri/ians4 ,beside ! g5]al /ra9 ( ref]5ce & quotation1 :i* uni=mly & /rongly indicates ?is di/9ction1 ! foll[+ may be reg>d$ z specific te/imonies3 ,i4 ,!ophilus1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 "p ii4 vol4 i4 p4 #dbi47 bi%op ( ,antio*1 ! six? 9 succession f ! apo/les1 & :o fl\ri%$ little m ?an a c5tury aft] ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 writt51 hav+ occasion to quote "o ( our ,gospels1 writes ?us3 ,^! ?+s ! ,holy ,scriptures tea* u1 & all :o 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 among :om ,john says1 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god4 ,aga93 ,conc]n+ ! righte\sness :i* ! law tea*es1 ! l ?+s are to be f\nd 9 ! prophets & ! ,gospels1 because t all1 be+ inspir$1 spoke by "o & ! same ,_s ( ,god4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 "p ii4 vol4 i4 p4 #ddh47 ,no words c te/ify m /rongly ?an ^! d1 ! high & peculi> respect 9 :i* ^! books 7 hold54 ,,ii4 ,a writ] aga9/ ,artemon1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 "p ii4 vol4 iii4 p4 #dj47 :o may be suppos$ to come ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty-eight ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,scripture1 9 a passage quot$ by ,eusebius1 uses ^! expressions3 ,possibly :at !y 7our adv]s>ies7 say1 might h be5 cr$it$1 if fir/ ( all ! ,div9e ,scriptures did n contradict !m2 & !n ! writ+s ( c]ta9 bre?r5 m anci5t ?an ! times ( ,victor4 ,! bre?r5 m5tion$ by "n are ,ju/91 ,miltiades1 ,tatian1 ,clem5t1 ,ir5aeus1 ,melito1 ) a g5]al appeal to _m m n nam$4 ,?is passage proves1 fir/1 t !re 0 at t "t a collection call$ ,div9e ,scriptures2 secondly1 t ^! ,scriptures 7 e/eem$ ( high] au?ority ?an ! writ+s ( ! mo/ e>ly & celebrat$ ,*ri/ians4 ,,iii4 ,9 a piece ascrib$ to ,hippolytus1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aab47 :o liv$ ne> ! same "t1 ! au?or pr(esses1 9 giv+ 8 correspond5t in/ruction 9 ! ?+s ab\t :i* he inquires1 to draw out ( ! sacr$-f\nta91 & to set be=e him f ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures :at may af=d him satisfaction4 ,he !n quotes imm$iately ,paul's epi/les to ,timo?y1 & aft]w>ds _m books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is preface to ! quotations c>ries 9 x a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! ,scriptures & o!r books4 ,,iv4 ,our ass]tions & disc\rses1 sai? ,orig51 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bhg-bhi47 are unwor?y ( cr$it2 we mu/ receive ! ,scriptures z witnesses4 ,aft] treat+ ( ! duty ( pray]1 he proce$s ) 8 argum5t ?us3 ,:at we h said1 may be prov$ f ! ,div9e ,scriptures4 ,9 8 books aga9/ ,celsus we f9d ?is passage3 ,t our religion tea*es u to seek aft] wisdom1 %all be %[n1 bo? out ( ! anci5t ,jewi% ,scriptures :i* we also use1 & out ( ^? writt5 s9ce ,jesus1 :i* are believ$ 9 ! *ur*es to be div9e4 ,^! expressions af=d abundant evid5ce ( ! peculi> & exclusive au?ority :i* ! ,scriptures possess$4 ,v4 ,cyprian1 bi%op ( ,c>?age1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 vi4 p4 #hdj47 ^: age lies close to t ( ,orig51 e>ne/ly exhorts ,*ri/ian tea*]s1 9 all d\btful cases1 to g back to ! f\nta92 &1 if ! tru? has 9 any case be5 %ak51 to recur to ! ,gospels & apo/olic writ+s4--,! precepts ( ! ,gospel1 says he 9 ano!r place1 are no?+ less ?an au?oritative div9e lessons1 ! f\ndations ( our hope1 ! supports ( our fai?1 ! guides ( our way1 ! safegu>ds ( our c\rse to heav54 ,,vi4 ,novatus1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 v4 p4 #ajb47 a ,roman contempor>y ) ,cyprian1 appeals to ! ,scriptures1 z ! au?ority by :i* all errors 7 to be repell$1 & disputes decid$4 ,t ,*ri/ is n only man1 b ,god also1 is prov$ by ! sacr$ au?ority ( ! ,div9e ,writ+s4--,! ,div9e ,scripture easily detects & confutes ! frauds ( h]etics4--,x is n by ! fault ( ! heav5ly ,scriptures1 :i* nev] deceive4 ,/rong] ass]tions ?an ^! c\ld n be us$4 ,,vii4 ,at ! di/ance ( tw5ty ye>s f ! writ] la/ cit$1 ,anatolius 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 v4 p4 #adf471 a le>n$ ,alex&rian1 & bi%op ( ,la$icea1 speak+ ( ! rule = keep+ ,ea/]1 a "q at t day agitat$ ) mu* e>ne/ness1 says ( ^? :om he oppos$1 ,!y c by no means prove _! po9t by ! au?ority ( ! ,div9e ,scripture4 ,,viii4 ,! ,arians1 :o sprung up ab\t fifty ye>s aft] ?is1 argu$ /r5u\sly aga9/ ! use ( ! words consub/antial1 & ess5ce1 & l phrases2 because !y 7 n 9 ,scripture4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 vii4 pp4 #bhc-bhd47 ,& 9 ! same /ra9 "o ( _! advocates op5s a conf]5ce ) ,augu/9e1 aft] ! foll[+ mann]3 ,if y say :at is reasonable1 ,i mu/ submit4 ,if y allege any?+ f ! ,div9e ,scriptures :i* are common to bo?1 ,i mu/ he>4 ,b unscriptural expressions 7quae extra ,scripturam sunt7 des]ve no reg>d4 ,a?anasius1 ! great antagoni/ ( ,arianism1 aft] hav+ enum]at$ ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 adds1 ,^! are ! f\nta9 ( salvation1 t he :o ?ir/s may be satisfi$ ) ! oracles conta9$ 9 !m4 ,9 ^! alone ! doctr9e ( salvation is proclaim$4 ,let no man add to !m1 or take any?+ f !m4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 xii4 p4 #ahb47 ,,ix4 ,cyril1 bi%op ( ,j]usalem 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 viii4 p4 #bgf471 :o wrote ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,arianism1 uses ^! rem>kable words3 ,conc]n+ ! div9e & holy my/]ies ( fai?1 n ! lea/ article ought to be deliv]$ )\t ! ,div9e ,scriptures4 ,we are assur$ t ,cyril's ,scriptures 7 ! same z ours1 = he has left u a catalogue ( ! books includ$ "u t "n4 ,x4 ,epiphanius1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 viii4 p4 #cad47 tw5ty ye>s aft] ,cyril1 *all5ges ! ,arians1 & ! foll[]s ( ,orig51 to produce any passage ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t fav\r+ _! s5tim5ts4 ,,xi4 ,poebadius1 a ,gallic bi%op1 :o liv$ ab\t ?irty ye>s aft] ! c\ncil ( ,nice1 te/ifies1 t ! bi%ops ( t c\ncil fir/ consult$ ! sacr$ volumes1 & !n decl>$ _! fai?4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ix4 p4 #eb47 ,,xii4 ,basil1 bi%op ( ,caes>ea1 9 ,cappadocia1 contempor>y ) ,epiphanius1 says1 t he>]s in/ruct$ 9 ! ,scriptures ought to exam9e :at is said by _! tea*]s1 & to embrace :at is agreeable to ! ,scriptures1 & to reject :at is o!rwise4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ix4 p4 #abd47 ,,xiii4 ,ephraim1 ! ,syrian1 a celebrat$ writ] ( ! same times1 be>s ?is conclusive te/imony to ! proposition :i* =ms ! subject ( our pres5t *apt]3 ! tru? writt5 9 ! ,sacr$ ,volume ( ! ,gospel is a p]fect rule4 ,no?+ c be tak5 f x nor add$ to x1 )\t great guilt4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ix4 p4 #bjb47 ,,xiv4 ,if we add ,j]ome to ^!1 x is only = ! evid5ce :i* he af=ds ( ! judgm5t ( prec$+ ages4 ,j]ome obs]ves1 conc]n+ ! quotations ( anci5t ,*ri/ian writ]s1 t is1 ( writ]s :o 7 anci5t 9 ! ye> #djj1 t !y made a di/9ction betwe5 books2 "s !y quot$ z ( au?ority1 & o!rs n3 :i* obs]vation relates to ! books ( ,scripture1 comp>$ ) o!r writ+s1 apocryphal or hea!n4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 x4 pp4 #abc-abd47 ,,section ,,iii4 ,! ,scriptures 7 9 v e>ly times collect$ into a di/9ct volume4 ,ignatius1 :o 0 bi%op ( ,antio* )9 =ty ye>s aft] ! ,asc5sion1 & :o _h liv$ & conv]s$ ) ! apo/les1 speaks ( ! ,gospel & ( ! apo/les 9 t]ms :i* r5d] x v probable t he meant by ! ,gospel ! book or volume ( ! ,gospels1 & by ! apo/les ! book or volume ( _! ,epi/les4 ,8 words 9 "o place are1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 "p ii4 vol4 i4 p4 #ahj47 ,flee+ to ! ,gospel z ! fle% ( ,jesus1 & to ! apo/les z ! presbyt]y ( ! *ur*2 t is1 z ,le ,cl]e int]prets !m1 9 ord] to und]/& ! w ( ,god1 he fl$ to ! ,gospels1 :i* he believ$ no less ?an if ,*ri/ 9 ! fle% _h be5 speak+ to him2 & to ! writ+s ( ! apo/les1 :om he e/eem$ z ! presbyt]y ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ab\t eighty ye>s aft] ?is we h direct pro(1 9 ! writ+s ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 "p ii4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eaf47 t ^! two names1 ,gospel1 & ,apo/les1 7 ! names by :i* ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! division ( ^! writ+s1 7 usually express$4 ,ano!r passage f ,ignatius is ! foll[+3--,b ! ,gospel has some:at 9 x m excell5t1 ! appe>ance ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 8 passion & resurrection4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 "p ii4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahb47 ,& a ?ird3 ,ye ought to he>k5 to ! ,prophets1 b especially to ! gospel1 9 :i* ! passion has be5 manife/$ to u1 & ! resurrection p]fect$4 ,9 ?is la/ passage1 ! ,prophets & ! ,gospel are put 9 conjunction2 & z ,ignatius und\bt$ly meant by ! prophets a collection ( writ+s1 x is probable t he meant ! same by ! ,gospel1 ! two t]ms /&+ 9 evid5t p>allelism ) ea* o!r4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! ^w ,gospel1 9 ! passages above quot$ f ,ignatius1 is confirm$ by a piece ( ne>ly equal antiquity1 ! relation ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p by ! *ur* ( ,smyrna4 ,all ?+s1 say !y1 t w5t be=e1 7 done1 t ! ,"l might %[ u a m>tyrdom accord+ to ! ,gospel1 = he expect$ to be deliv]$ up z ! ,"l also did4 7,ignat4 ,ep4 c4i47 ,& 9 ano!r place1 ,we d n comm5d ^? :o (f] !mselves1 =asmu* z ! ,gospel1 tea*es u no su* ?+4 7,ignat4 ,ep4 c4 iv47 ,9 bo? ^! places1 :at is call$ ! ,gospel seems to be ! hi/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ( 8 doctr9e4 ,if ?is be ! true s5se ( ! passages1 !y are n only evid5ces ( our proposition1 by /rong & v anci5t pro(s ( ! high e/eem 9 :i* ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 hold54 ,,ii4 ,eusebius relates1 t ,quadratus & "s o!rs1 :o 7 ! imm$iate successors ( ! apo/les1 travell+ abroad to prea* ,*ri/1 c>ri$ ! ,gospels ) !m1 & deliv]$ !m to _! conv]ts4 ,! words ( ,eusebius are3 ,!n travell+ abroad1 !y p]=m$ ! "w ( evangeli/s1 be+ ambiti\s to prea* ,*ri/1 & deliv] ! ,scripture ( ! div9e ,gospels4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 "p ii4 vol4 i4 p4 #bcf47 ,eusebius _h be=e him ! writ+s bo? ( ,quadratus himself1 & ( _m o!rs ( t age1 :i* are n[ lo/4 ,x is reasonable1 !re=e to believe t he _h good gr\nds = 8 ass]tion4 ,:at is ?us record$ ( ! ,gospels took place )9 sixty1 or at ! mo/ sev5ty1 ye>s aft] !y 7 publi%$3 & x is evid5t t !y mu/1 be=e ?is "t 7&1 x is probable1 long be=e ?is "t71 h be5 9 g5]al use & 9 high e/eem 9 ! *ur*es plant$ by ! apo/les1 inasmu* z !y 7 n[1 we f9d1 collect$ into a volume3 & ! imm$iate successors ( ! apo/les1 !y :o prea*$ ! religion ( ,*ri/ to ^? :o _h n already he>d x1 c>ri$ ! volume ) !m1 & deliv]$ x to _! conv]ts4 ,,iii4 ,ir5aeus1 9 ! ye> #agh1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 "p ii4 vol4 i4 p4 #chc47 puts ! evangelic & apo/olic writ+s 9 connexion ) ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 manife/ly int5d+ by ! "o a code or collection ( ,*ri/ian sacr$ writ+s1 z ! o!r express$ ! code or collection ( ,jewi% sacr$ writ+s4 ,&1 ,,iv4 ,melito1 at ?is "t bi%op ( ,s>dis1 writ+ to "o ,onesimus1 tells 8 correspond5t1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #cca47 t he _h procur$ an accurate acc\nt ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! occurr5ce 9 ?is message ( ! t]m ,old ,te/am5t has be5 br\ght to prove1 & x c]ta9ly does prove1 t !re 0 !n a volume or collection ( writ+s call$ ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,v4 ,9 ! "t ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ab\t fifte5 ye>s aft] ! la/ quot$ te/imony1 x is app>5t t ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures 7 divid$ into two p>ts1 "u ! g5]al titles ( ! ,gospels & ,apo/les2 & t bo? ^! 7 reg>d$ z ( ! highe/ au?ority4 ,"o out ( _m expressions ( ,clem5t1 allud+ to ?is di/ribution1 is ! foll[+3 ,!re is a cons5t & h>mony betwe5 ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 ! ,apo/les & ! ,gospel4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eaf47 ,,vi4 ,! same division1 ,prophets1 ,gospels1 & ,apo/les1 appe>s 9 ,t]tullian1 ! contempor>y ( ,clem5t4 ,! collection ( ! ,gospels is likewise call$ by ?is writ] ! ,evangelic ,in/rum5t2 ! :ole volume ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & ! two p>ts1 ! ,gospels & ,apo/les4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fca1egd #fcb47 ,,vii4 ,f _m writ]s also ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & especially f ,cyprian1 :o liv$ 9 ! middle ( x1 x is collect$ t ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures 7 divid$ into two c$es or volumes1 "o call$ ! ,gospels or ,scriptures ( ! ,"l1 ! o!r ! ,apo/les1 or ,epi/les ( ! ,apo/les 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iv4 p4 #hdf47 ,,viii4 ,eusebius1 z we h already se51 takes "s pa9s to %[ t ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,john _h be5 ju/ly plac$ by ! anci5ts1 ! f\r? 9 ord]1 & aft] ! o!r ?ree4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 viii4 p4 #ij47 ,^! are ! t]ms ( 8 proposition3 & ! v introduction ( su* an argum5t proves inconte/ably1 t ! f\r ,gospels _h be5 collect$ into a volume1 to ! exclusion ( e o!r3 t _! ord] 9 ! volume _h be5 adju/$ ) mu* consid]ation2 & t ?is _h be5 done by ^? :o 7 call$ anci5ts 9 ! "t ( ,eusebius4 ,9 ! ,diocletian p]secution1 9 ! ye> #cjc1 ! ,scriptures 7 s\ght out & burnt37,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 vii4 pp4 #bad et seq47 _m suff]$ dea? r ?an deliv] !m up2 & ^? :o betray$ !m to ! p]secutors 7 acc\nt$ z laps$ & apo/ate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,con/ant9e1 aft] 8 conv]sion1 gave directions = multiply+ copies ( ! ,div9e ,oracles1 & = magnific5tly adorn+ !m at ! exp5se ( ! imp]ial treasury4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 vii4 p4 #dcb47 ,:at ! ,*ri/ians ( t age s ri*ly embelli%$ 9 _! prosp]ity1 &1 :i* is m1 s t5aci\sly pres]v$ "u p]secution1 0 ! v volume ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* we n[ read4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,our pres5t ,sacr$ ,writ+s 7 soon di/+ui%$ by appropriate names & titles ( respect4 ,polyc>p4 ,i tru/ t ye are well ex]cis$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures2--z 9 ^! ,scriptures x is said1 ,be ye angry & s9 n1 & let n ! sun g d[n ^u y\r wra?4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bjc47 ,?is passage is extremely important2 because x proves t1 9 ! "t ( ,polyc>p1 :o _h liv$ ) ! apo/les1 !re 7 ,*ri/ian writ+s di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,holy ,scriptures1 or ,sacr$ ,writ+s4 ,moreov]1 ! text quot$ by ,polyc>p is a text f\nd 9 ! collection at ?is day4 ,:at also ! same ,polyc>p ha? else:]e quot$ 9 ! same mann]1 may be consid]$ z prov$ to belong to ! collection2 & ?is compreh5ds ,sa9t ,mat!w's &1 probably1 ,sa9t ,luke's ,gospel1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 t5 epi/les ( ,paul1 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 & ! ,fir/ ( ,john4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc47 ,9 ano!r place1 ,polyc>p has ^! words3 ,:oev] p]v]ts ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l to 8 own lu/s1 & says !re is nei!r resurrection nor judgm5t1 he is ! fir/ born ( ,satan4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc47--;,x does n appe> :at else ,polyc>p c\ld mean by ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l1 b ^? same ,holy ,scriptures1 or ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 ( :i* he _h spok5 be=e4 ,,ii4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ^: apology 0 writt5 ab\t ?irty ye>s aft] ,polyc>p's epi/le1 expressly cites "s ( our pres5t hi/ories "u ! title ( ,gospel1 & t n z a "n by him fir/ ascrib$ to !m1 b z ! "n by :i* !y 7 g5]ally kn[n 9 8 "t4 ,8 words are ^!3--,= ! apo/les 9 ! memoirs compos$ by !m1 :i* are call$ ,gospels1 h ?us deliv]$ x1 t ,jesus comm&$ !m to take bread1 & give ?anks4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bga47 ,!re exi/s no d\bt1 b t1 by ! memoirs above-m5tion$1 ,ju/9 meant our pres5t hi/orical ,scriptures2 = ?r\gh\t 8 works he quotes ^! & no o!rs4 ,,iii4 ,dionysius1 bi%op ( ,cor9?1 :o came ?irty ye>s aft] ,ju/91 9 a passage pres]v$ 9 ,eusebius 7= 8 works are lo/71 speaks ( ! ,scriptures ( ! ,"l4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bih47 ,,iv4 ,& at ! same "t1 or v ne>ly s1 by ,ir5aeus1 bi%op ( ,lyons 9 ,france1 7,! read] w obs]ve ! remot5ess ( ^! two writ]s 9 c\ntry & situation7 !y are call$ ,div9e ,scriptures1--,div9e ,oracles1--,scriptures ( ! ,"l1--,evangelic & ,apo/olic writ+s4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #cdc1 et seq47 ,! quotations ( ,ir5aeus prove decid$ly1 t our pres5t ,gospels1 & ^! alone1 toge!r ) ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 7 ! hi/orical books compreh5d$ by him "u ^! appellations4 ,v4 ,sa9t ,mat!w's ,gospel is quot$ by ,!ophilus1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 contempor>y ) ,ir5aeus1 "u ! title ( ! ,evangelic voice2 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #dbg47 & ! copi\s works ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 publi%$ )9 fifte5 ye>s ( ! same "t1 ascribe to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! v>i\s titles ( ,sacr$ ,books1--,div9e ,scriptures1--,div9ely inspir$ ,scriptures1-- ,scriptures ( ! ,"l1--! true ,evangelical ,canon4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eae47 ,,vi4 ,t]tullian1 :o jo9s on ) ,clem5t1 beside adopt+ mo/ ( ! names & epi!ts above notic$1 calls ! ,gospels our ,dige/a1 9 allusion1 z x %\ld seem1 to "s collection ( ,roman laws !n extant4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fcj47 ,,vii4 ,by ,orig51 :o came ?irty ye>s aft] ,t]tullian1 ! same1 & o!r no less /rong titles1 are appli$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures3 &1 9 addition !reunto1 ?is writ] frequ5tly speaks ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1--! ,anci5t & ,new ,scriptures1--! ,anci5t & ,new ,oracles4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcj47 ,,viii4 ,9 ,cyprian1 :o 0 n tw5ty ye>s lat]1 !y are ,books ( ! ,_s1--,div9e ,f\nta9s1--,f\nta9s ( ! ,div9e ,fulness4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iv4 p4 #hdd47 ,! expressions we h ?us quot$ are evid5ces ( high & peculi> respect4 ,!y all occur )9 two c5turies f ! publication ( ! books4 ,"s ( !m comm5ce ) ! companions ( ! apo/les2 & !y increase 9 numb] & v>iety1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( writ]s t\*+ ^u "o ano!r1 & d$uc$ f ! fir/ age ( ! religion4 ,,section ,v4 ,our ,scriptures 7 publicly read & exp\nd$ 9 ! religi\s assemblies ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,ju/9 ,,m>tyr1 :o wrote 9 ! ye> #adj1 :i* 0 sev5ty or eighty ye>s aft] "s1 & less1 probably1 aft] o!rs ( ! ,gospels 7 publi%$1 giv+1 9 8 fir/ apology an acc\nt1 to ! ,emp]or1 ( ! ,*ri/ian wor%ip has ?is rem>kable passage3 ,! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 or ! ,writ+s ( ! ,prophets1 are read accord+ z ! "t all[s3 &1 :5 ! read] has end$1 ! presid5t makes a disc\rse1 exhort+ to ! imitation ( s excell5t ?+s4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bgc47 ,a few %ort obs]vations w %[ ! value ( ?is te/imony4 #a4 ,! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 ,ju/9 9 ano!r place expressly tells u1 are :at are call$ ,gospels3 & t !y 7 ! ,gospels :i* we n[ use1 is made c]ta9 by ,ju/9's num]\s quotations ( !m1 & 8 sil5ce ab\t any o!rs4 #b4 ,ju/9 describes ! g5]al usage ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 #c4 ,ju/9 does n speak ( x z rec5t or newly in/itut$1 b 9 ! t]ms 9 :i* m5 speak ( e/abli%$ cu/oms4 ,,ii4 ,t]tullian1 :o foll[$ ,ju/9 at ! di/ance ( ab\t fifty ye>s1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! religi\s assemblies ( ,*ri/ians z !y 7 conduct$ 9 8 "t1 says1 ,we come toge!r to recollect ! ,div9e ,scriptures2 we n\ri% our fai?1 raise our hope1 confirm our tru/1 by ! ,sacr$ ,^w4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fbh47 ,,iii4 ,eusebius records ( ,orig51 & cites = 8 au?ority ! lett]s ( bi%ops contempor>y ) ,orig51 t :5 he w5t into ,pale/9e ab\t ! ye> #baf1 :i* 0 only sixte5 ye>s aft] ! date ( ,t]tullian's te/imony1 he 0 desir$ by ! bi%ops ( t c\ntry to disc\rse & exp\nd ! ,scriptures publicly 9 ! *ur*1 ?\gh he 0 n yet orda9$ a presbyt]4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 p4 #fh47 ,?is anecdote recognises ! usage1 n only ( read+1 b ( exp\nd+ ! ,scriptures2 & bo? z subsi/+ 9 full =ce4 ,orig5 also himself be>s witness to ! same practice3 ,?is1 says he1 we d1 :5 ! ,scriptures are read 9 ! *ur*1 & :5 ! disc\rse = explication is deliv]$ to ! p4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjb47 ,& :at is a /ill m ample te/imony1 _m homilies ( 8 ^u ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 deliv]$ by him 9 ! assemblies ( ! *ur*1 are /ill extant4 ,,iv4 ,cyprian1 ^: age 0 n tw5ty ye>s l[] ?an t ( ,orig51 gives 8 p an acc\nt ( hav+ orda9$ two p]sons1 :o 7 be=e confessors1 to be read]s2 & :at !y 7 to read appe>s by ! reason :i* he gives = 8 *oice2 ,no?+1 says ,cyprian1 c be m fit ?an t he :o has made a glori\s confession ( ! ,"l %\ld read publicly 9 ! *ur*2 t he :o has %[n himself will+ to die a m>tyr %\ld read ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ by :i* m>tyrs are made4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iv4 p4 #hdb47 ,v4 ,intimations ( ! same cu/om may be trac$ 9 a great numb] ( writ]s 9 ! beg9n+ & ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,( ^! te/imonies ,i w only use "o1 z be+1 ( itself1 express & full4 ,augu/9e1 :o appe>$ ne> ! conclusion ( ! c5tury1 displays ! b5efit ( ! ,*ri/ian religion on ?is v acc\nt1 ! public read+ ( ! ,scriptures 9 ! *ur*es1 :]e1 says he1 is a consequ5ce ( all sorts ( p ( bo? sexes2 & :]e !y he> h[ !y ought to live well 9 ?is _w1 t !y may des]ve to live happily & et]nally 9 ano!r4 ,& ?is cu/om he decl>es to be univ]sal3 ,! canonical books ( ,scripture be+ read e :]e1 ! miracles !re9 record$ are well kn[n to all p4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 x4 p4 #bgf1 et seq47 ,x does n appe> t any books1 o!r ?an our pres5t ,scriptures 7 ?us publicly read1 except t ! epi/le ( ,clem5t 0 read 9 ! *ur* ( ,cor9?1 to :i* x _h be5 address$1 & 9 "s o!rs2 & t ! ,%eph]d ( ,h5nas 0 read 9 _m *ur*es4 ,nor does x subtract mu* f ! value ( ! argum5t1 t ^! two writ+s p>tly come )9 x1 because we all[ !m to be ! g5u9e writ+s ( apo/olical m54 ,!re is n ! lea/ evid5ce1 t any o!r ,gospel ?an ! f\r :i* we receive 0 ev] admitt$ to ?is di/9ction4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,comm5t>ies 7 anci5tly writt5 ^u ! ,scriptures2 h>monies =m$ out ( !m2 diff]5t copies c>efully collat$2 & v]sions made ( !m into diff]5t languages4 ,no great] pro( c be giv5 ( ! e/eem 9 :i* ^! books 7 hold5 by ! anci5t ,*ri/ians1 or ( ! s5se !n ent]ta9$ ( _! value & importance1 ?an ! indu/ry be/[$ ^u !m4 ,& x ought to be obs]v$ t ! value & importance ( ^! books consi/$ entirely 9 _! g5u95ess & tru?4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 !m1 z works ( ta/e or z compositions1 :i* c\ld h induc$ any "o to h writt5 a note ^u !m4 ,moreov]1 x %[s t !y 7 ev5 !n consid]$ z anci5t books4 ,m5 d n write comm5ts ^u publications ( _! own times3 !re=e ! te/imonies cit$ "u ?is head af=d an evid5ce :i* c>ries up ! evangelic writ+s mu* beyond ! age ( ! te/imonies !mselves1 & to t ( _! reput$ au?ors4 ,i4 ,tatian1 a foll[] ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #agj1 compos$ a h>mony1 or collation ( ! ,gospels1 :i* he call$ ,diatess>on1 ( ! f\r4 ,! title1 z well z ! "w1 is rem>kable2 because x %[s t !n1 z n[1 !re 7 f\r1 & only f\r1 ,gospels 9 g5]al use ) ,*ri/ians4 ,& ?is 0 little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! publication ( "s ( !m4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #cjg47 ,,ii4 ,panta5us1 ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 a man ( great reputation & le>n+1 :o came tw5ty ye>s aft] ,tatian1 wrote _m comm5t>ies ^u ! ,holy ,scriptures1 :i*1 z ,j]ome te/ifies1 7 extant 9 8 "t4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 i4 p4 #dee47 ,,iii4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria wrote %ort explications ( _m books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfb47 ,,iv4 ,t]tullian appeals f ! au?ority ( a lat] v]sion1 !n 9 use1 to ! au!ntic ,greek4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fch47 ,v4 ,an anonym\s au?or1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 & :o appe>s to h writt5 ab\t ! ye> #bab1 appeals to ! anci5t copies ( ! ,scriptures1 9 refutation ( "s corrupt read+s alleg$ by ! foll[]s ( ,artemon4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 p4 #df47 ,,vi4 ,! same ,eusebius1 m5tion+ by "n sev]al writ]s ( ! *ur* :o liv$ at ?is "t1 & conc]n+ :om he says1 ,!re /ill rema9 div]s monum5ts ( ! laudable indu/ry ( ^? anci5t & ecclesia/ical m51 7i4 e4 ( ,*ri/ian writ]s :o 7 consid]$ z anci5t 9 ! ye> #cjj17 adds1 ,!re are1 besides1 treatises ( _m o!rs1 ^: names we h n be5 able to le>n1 or?odox & ecclesia/ical m51 z ! int]pretations ( ! ,div9e ,scriptures giv5 by ea* ( !m %[4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eea47 ,,vii4 ,! la/ five te/imonies may be ref]r$ to ! ye> #bjj2 imm$iately aft] :i*1 a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s gives u ,julius ,africanus1 :o wrote an epi/le ^u ! app>5t diff]5ce 9 ! g5ealogies 9 ,mat!w & ,luke1 :i* he endeav\rs to reconcile by ! di/9ction ( natural & legal desc5t1 & conducts 8 hypo!sis ) great indu/ry ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( g5]ations4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 p4 #agj47 ,ammonius1 a le>n$ ,alex&rian1 :o compos$1 z ,tatian _h done1 a h>mony ( ! f\r ,gospels1 :i* proves1 z ,tatian's "w did1 t !re 7 f\r ,gospels1 & no m1 at ?is "t 9 use 9 ! *ur*4 ,x af=ds also on in/ance ( ! zeal ( ,*ri/ians = ^? writ+s1 & ( _! solicitude ab\t !m4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 p4 #abb47 ,&1 above bo? ^!1 ,orig51 :o wrote comm5t>ies1 or homilies1 ^u mo/ ( ! books includ$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ^u no o!r books b ^!4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he wrote ^u ,sa9t ,john's ,gospel1 v l>gely ^u ,sa9t ,mat!w's1 & comm5t>ies1 or homilies1 ^u ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ceb1 #aib1 #bjb #bde47 ,,viii4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! ?ird c5tury likewise conta9s--,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 a v le>n$ man1 :o comp>$1 ) great accuracy1 ! acc\nts 9 ! f\r ,gospels ( ! "t ( ,*ri/'s resurrection1 add+ a reflection :i* %[$ 8 op9ion ( _! au?ority3 ,let u n ?9k t ! evangeli/s disagree or contradict ea* o!r1 al?\gh !re be "s small diff]5ce2 b let u hone/ly & fai?fully endeav\r to reconcile :at we read4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iv4 p4 #aff47 ,victor91 bi%op ( ,pettaw1 9 ,g]many1 :o wrote comm5ts ^u ,sa9t ,mat!w's ,gospel4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iv4 p4 #aie47 ,lucian1 a presbyt] ( ,antio*2 & ,hesy*ius1 an ,egyptian bi%op1 :o put =? editions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,,ix4 ,! f\r? c5tury supplies a catalogue99 ( f\rte5 writ]s1 :o exp5d$ _! lab\rs ^u ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ^: works or names are come d[n to our times2 among/ :i* numb] x may be suffici5t1 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! s5tim5ts & /udies ( le>n$ ,*ri/ians ( t age1 to notice ! foll[+3 99 ,eusebius 444444 ,a4,d4 #cae ,juv5cus1 ,spa9 44444 #ccj ,!odore1 ,?race 4444 #ccd ,hil>y1 ,poleti]s 4444 #cdj ,=tunatus 44444 #ced ,apoll9>ius ( ,loadicea #cfb ,damasus1 ,rome 44444 #cff ,gregory1 ,nyss5 4444 #cga ,didimus ( ,alex1 4 4 4 4 #cgj ,ambrose ( ,milan 44444 #cgd ,diodore ( ,t>sus 44444 #cgh ,gaud5t ( ,brescia 4444 #chg ,!odore ( ,cilicia 4444 #cie ,j]ome 44444444 #cib ,*ryso/om 444444 #cih ,eusebius1 9 ! v beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 wrote expressly ^u ! discrepancies obs]vable 9 ! ,gospels1 & likewise a treatise1 9 :i* he po9t$ out :at ?+s are relat$ by f\r1 :at by ?ree1 :at by two1 & :at by "o evangeli/4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 viii4 p4 #df47 ,?is au?or also te/ifies :at is c]ta9ly a mat]ial piece ( evid5ce1 t ! writ+s ( ! apo/les _h obta9$ su* an e/eem z to be translat$ into e language bo? ( ,greeks & ,b>b>ians1 & to be dilig5tly /udi$ by all nations4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 viii4 p4 #bja47 ,?is te/imony 0 giv5 ab\t ! ye> #cjj2 h[ long be=e t date ^! translations 7 made does n appe>4 ,damasus1 bi%op ( ,rome1 correspond$ ) ,sa9t ,j]ome ^u ! exposition ( difficult texts ( ,scripture2 &1 9 a lett] /ill rema9+1 desires ,j]ome to give him a cle> explanation ( ! ^w ,hosanna1 f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ,he 7,damasus7 hav+ met ) v diff]5t int]pretations ( x 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 comm5t>ies ( ,ca?olic writ]s :i* he _h read4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ix4 ,p4 #ajh7 ,?is la/ clause %[s ! numb] & v>iety ( comm5t>ies !n extant4 ,gregory ( ,nyss51 at "o "t1 appeals to ! mo/ exact copies ( ,sa9t ,m>k's ,gospel2 at ano!r "t1 comp>es toge!r1 & proposes to reconcile1 ! sev]al acc\nts ( ! ,resurrection giv5 by ! f\r ,evangeli/s2 :i* limitation proves t !re 7 no o!r hi/ories ( ,*ri/ deem$ au!ntic beside ^!1 or includ$ 9 ! same "* ) ^!4 ,?is writ] obs]ves1 acutely en\gh1 t ! disposition ( ! clo!s 9 ! sepul*re1 ! napk9 t 0 ab\t our ,savi\r's head1 n ly+ ) ! l95 clo!s1 b wrapp$ toge!r 9 a place by itself1 did n bespeak ! t]ror & hurry ( ?ieves1 & !re=e refutes ! /ory ( ! body be+ /ol54 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ix4 p4 #afc47 ,ambrose1 bi%op ( ,milan1 rem>k$ v>i\s read+s 9 ! ,lat9 copies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & appeals to ! orig9al ,greek2 ,& ,j]ome1 t[>ds ! conclusion ( ?is c5tury1 put =? an edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,lat91 correct$1 at lea/ z to ! ,gospels1 by ,greek copies1 & ^? 7he says7 anci5t4 ,la/ly1 ,*ryso/om1 x is well kn[n1 deliv]$ & publi%$ a great _m homilies1 or s]mons1 ^u ! ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,x is ne$less to br+ d[n ?is article l[]1 b x is ( importance to add1 t !re is no example ( ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies compos+ comm5ts ^u any o!r books ?an ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except ! s+le "o ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria comm5t+ ^u a book call$ ! ,revelation ( ,pet]4 ,( ! anci5t v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable is ! ,syriac4 ,syriac 0 ! language ( ,pale/9e :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 !re fir/ e/abli%$4 ,& al?\gh ! books ( ,scripture 7 writt5 9 ,greek1 = ! purpose ( a m ext5d$ circulation ?an )9 ! prec9cts ( ,judea1 yet x is probable t !y w\ld soon be translat$ into ! vulg> language ( ! c\ntry :]e ! religion fir/ prevail$4 ,accord+ly1 a ,syriac translation is n[ extant1 all along1 s f> z x appe>s1 us$ by ! inhabitants ( ,syria1 be>+ _m int]nal m>ks ( high antiquity1 support$ 9 its pret5sions by ! uni=m tradition ( ! ,ea/1 & confirm$ by ! discov]y ( _m v anci5t manuscripts 9 ! libr>ies ( ,europe1 ,x is ab\t #bjj ye>s s9ce a bi%op ( ,antio* s5t a copy ( ?is translation into ,europe to be pr9t$2 & ?is seems to be ! fir/ "t t ! translation became g5]ally kn[n to ^! p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! bi%op ( ,antio*'s ,te/am5t 0 f\nd to conta9 all our books1 except ! second epi/le ( ,pet]1 ! second & ?ird ( ,john1 & ! ,revelation2 :i* books1 h[ev]1 h s9ce be5 discov]$ 9 t language 9 "s anci5t manuscripts ( ,europe4 ,b 9 ?is collection1 no o!r book1 besides :at is 9 ours1 appe>s ev] to h _h a place4 ,&1 :i* is v wor?y ( obs]vation1 ! text1 ?\gh pres]v$ 9 a remote c\ntry1 & )\t communication ) ours1 diff]s f ours v little1 & 9 no?+ t is important 7,jones on ! ,canon1 vol4 i4 e4 #ad474 ,,section ,,vii4 ,our ,scriptures 7 receiv$ by anci5t ,*ri/ians ( diff]5t sects & p]suasions1 b _m ,h]etics z well z ,ca?olics1 & 7 usually appeal$ to by bo? sides 9 ! controv]sies :i* arose 9 ^? days4 ,! ?ree mo/ anci5t topics ( controv]sy among/ ,*ri/ians 71 ! au?ority ( ! ,jewi% con/itution1 ! orig9 ( evil1 & ! nature ( ,*ri/4 ,^u ! fir/ ( ^! we f9d1 9 v e>ly times1 "o class ( h]etics reject+ ! ,old ,te/am5t entirely2 ano!r cont5d+ = ! obligation ( its law1 9 all its p>ts1 ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t1 & ov] e "o :o s\ght acceptance ) ,god4 ,^u ! two latt] subjects1 a natural1 p]haps1 & v5ial1 b a fruitless1 eag]1 & impati5t curiosity1 prompt$ by ! philosophy & by ! s*ola/ic habits ( ! age1 :i* c>ri$ m5 mu* into bold hypo!ses & conjectural solutions1 rais$1 among/ "s :o pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity1 v wild & unf\nd$ op9ions4 ,i ?9k !re is no reason to believe t ! numb] ( ^! bore any consid]able proportion to ! body ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 &1 amid/ ! disputes :i* su* op9ions necess>ily occasion$1 x is a great satisfaction to p]ceive :at1 9 a va/ plurality ( in/ances1 we d p]ceive1 all sides recurr+ to ! same ,scriptures4 99,i4 ,basilides liv$ ne> ! age ( ! apo/les1 ab\t ! ye> #abj1 or1 p]haps1 soon]4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 p4 #bga47 ,he reject$ ! ,jewi% in/itution1 n z spuri\s1 b z proce$+ f a be+ inf]ior to ! true ,god2 & 9 o!r respects advanc$ a s*eme ( !ology widely diff]5t f ! g5]al doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & :i*1 z x ga9$ ov] "s disciples1 0 w>mly oppos$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! second & ?ird c5tury4 ,9 ^! writ+s !re is positive evid5ce t ,basilides receiv$ ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w2 & !re is no suffici5t pro( t he reject$ any ( ! o!r ?ree3 on ! contr>y1 x appe>s t he wrote a comm5t>y ^u ! ,gospel1 s copi\s z to be divid$ into tw5ty-f\r books4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 ed4 #aghh1 p4 #cje1 #cjf47 99 ,! mat]ials ( ! =m] "p ( ?is section are tak5 f ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,h]etics ( ! fir/ two c5turies1 publi%$ s9ce 8 dea?1 ) additions1 by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hogg1 ( ,exet]1 & ins]t$ into ! n9? volume ( 8 works1 ( ! edition ( #aggh4 ,,ii4 ,! ,val5t9ians appe>$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,_! h]esy consi/$ 9 c]ta9 notions conc]n+ angelic natures1 :i* c h>dly be r5d]$ intelligible to a mod]n read]4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to h acquir$ z mu* importance z any ( ! sep>ati/s ( t e>ly age4 ,( ?is sect1 ,ir5aeus1 :o wrote ,a4,d4 #agb1 expressly records t !y endeav\r$ to fet* argum5ts = _! op9ions f ! evangelic & apo/olic writ+s4 ,h]acleon1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! sect1 & :o liv$ probably s e>ly z ! ye> #abe1 wrote comm5t>ies ^u ,luke & ,john4 ,"s obs]vations also ( 8 ^u ,mat!w are pres]v$ by ,orig54 ,nor is !re any reason to d\bt t he receiv$ ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 ed4 #aghh1 pp4 #cej-cea2 vol4 i4 p4 #chc2 vol4 ix4 ed4 #aghh1 p4 #ceb-cec47 ,,iii4 ,! ,c>pocratians 7 also an e>ly h]esy1 little1 if at all1 lat] ?an ! two prec$+4 ,"s ( _! op9ions resembl$ :at we at ?is day mean by ,soc9ianism4 ,) respect to ! ,scriptures1 !y are specifically *>g$1 by ,ir5aeus & by ,epiphanius1 ) endeav\r+ to p]v]t a passage 9 ,mat!w1 :i* am\nts to a positive pro( t !y receiv$ t ,gospel4 ,negatively1 !y are n accus$1 by _! adv]s>ies1 ( reject+ any "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 ed4 #aghh1 pp4 #cji #cah47 ,,iv4 ,! ,se?ians1 ,a4,d4 #aej2 ! ,montani/s1 ,a4,d4 #aef2 ! ,m>cosigns1 ,a4,d4 #afj2 ,h]mog5es1 ,a4,d4 #ahj2 ,praxias1 ,a4,d4 #aif2 ,artemon1 ,a4,d4 #bjj2 ,!odotus1 ,a4,d4 #bjj2 all includ$ "u ! d5om9ation ( h]etics1 & all engag$ 9 controv]sies ) ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians1 receiv$ ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 ed4 #aghh1 pp4 #dee1 #dhb1 #cdh1 #dgc1 #dcc1 #dff47 ,v4 ,tatian1 :o liv$ 9 ! ye> #agb1 w5t into _m extravagant op9ions1 0 ! f\nd] ( a sect call$ ,encratites1 & 0 deeply involv$ 9 disputes ) ! ,*ri/ians ( t age2 yet ,tatian s receiv$ ! f\r ,gospels z to compose a h>mony f !m4 ,,vi4 ,f a writ] quot$ by ,eusebius1 ( ab\t ! ye> #bjj1 x is app>5t t !y :o at t "t cont5d$ = ! m]e humanity ( ,*ri/1 argu$ f ! ,scriptures2 = !y are accus$ by ?is writ] ( mak+ alt]ations 9 _! copies 9 ord] to fav\r _! op9ions4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iii4 ,p4 #df47 ,,vii4 ,orig5's s5tim5ts excit$ great controv]sies1--! bi%ops ( ,rome & ,alex&ria1 & _m o!rs1 condemn+1 ! bi%ops ( ! ea/ esp\s+ !m2 yet !re is n ! smalle/ "q b t bo? ! advocates & adv]s>ies ( ^! op9ions ackn[l$g$ ! same au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,9 8 "t1 :i* ! read] w rememb] 0 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ! ,scriptures 7 publi%$1 _m diss5sions subsi/$ among/ ,*ri/ians1 ) :i* !y 7 reproa*$ by ,celsus2 yet ,orig51 :o has record$ ?is accusation )\t contradict+ x1 nev]!less te/ifies1 t ! f\r ,gospels 7 receiv$ )\t dispute1 by ! :ole *ur* ( ,god "u heav54 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iv4 ed4 #aghh1 p4 #fdb47 ,,viii4 ,paul ( ,samosata1 ab\t ?irty ye>s aft] ,orig51 s di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! controv]sy conc]n+ ! nature ( ,*ri/ z to be ! subject ( two c\ncils or synods1 assembl$ at ,antio*1 ^u 8 op9ions4 ,yet he is n *>g$ by 8 adv]s>ies ) reject+ any book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,epiphanius1 :o wrote a hi/ory ( h]etics a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 says1 t ,paul endeav\r$ to support 8 doctr9e by texts ( ,scripture4 ,& ,v9c5tius ,lir95sis1 ,a4,d4 #dcd1 speak+ ( ,paul & o!r h]etics ( ! same age1 has ^! words3 ,"h1 p]haps1 "s "o may ask :e!r h]etics also urge ! te/imony ( ,scripture4 ,!y urge x1 inde$1 explicitly & vehem5tly2 = y may see !m fly+ ?r\gh e book ( ! sacr$ law4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 p4 #aeh47 ,,ix4 ,a controv]sy at ! same "t exi/$ ) ! ,noetians or ,sabellians1 :o seem to h gone into ! opposite extreme f t ( ,paul ( ,samosata & 8 foll[]s4 ,yet accord+ to ! express te/imony ( ,epiphanius1 ,sabellius receiv$ all ! ,scriptures4 ,& ) bo? sects ,ca?olic writ]s con/antly allege ! ,scriptures1 & reply to ! argum5ts :i* _! oppon5ts drew f p>ticul> texts4 ,we h "h1 !re=e1 a pro(1 t p>ties :o 7 ! mo/ opposite & irreconcilable to "o ano!r ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( ,scripture ) equal def]5ce4 ,x4 ,& z a g5]al te/imony to ! same po9t1 may be produc$ :at 0 said by "o ( ! bi%ops ( ! c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 :i* 0 hold5 a little be=e ?is "t3--,i am ( op9ion t blasphem\s & wick$ h]etics1 :o p]v]t ! sacr$ & adorable words ( ! ,scripture1 %\ld be execrat$4 ,und\bt$ly1 :at !y p]v]t$ !y receiv$4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 p4 #hci47 ,,xi4 ,! ,mill5nium1 ,novatianism1 ! baptism ( h]etics1 ! keep+ ( ,ea/]1 engag$ also ! att5tion & divid$ ! op9ions ( ,*ri/ians1 at & be=e t "t 7&1 by ! way1 x may be obs]v$1 t su* disputes1 ?\gh on "s acc\nts to be blam$1 %[$ h[ mu* m5 7 9 e>ne/ ^u ! subject472 yet e "o appeal$ = ! gr\nds ( 8 op9ion to ,scripture au?ority4 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 :o fl\ri%$ ,a4,d4 #bdg1 describ+ a conf]5ce or public disputation1 ) ! ,mill5n>ians ( ,egypt1 confesses ( !m1 ?\gh _! adv]s>y1 t !y embrace :atev] c\ld be made out by good argum5ts1 f ! ,holy ,scriptures4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iv4 p4 #fff47 ,novatus1 ,a4,d4 #bea1 di/+ui%$ by "s rigid s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! reception ( ^? :o _h laps$1 & ! f\nd] ( a num]\s sect1 9 8 few rema9+ works quotes ! ,gospel ) ! same respect z o!r ,*ri/ians did2 & conc]n+ 8 foll[]s1 ! te/imony ( ,socrates1 :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #ddj1 is positive1 viz4 ,t 9 ! disputes betwe5 ! ,ca?olics & !m1 ea* side endeav\r$ to support itself by ! au?ority ( ! ,div9e ,scriptures 7,l>dn]1 vol4 v4 p4 #aje47 ,,xii4 ,! ,donati/s1 :o sprung up 9 ! ye> #cbh1 us$ ! same ,scriptures z we d4 ,produce1 sai? ,augu/9e1 "s pro( f ! ,scriptures1 ^: au?ority is common to u bo? 7,l>dn]1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bdc47 ,,xiii4 ,x is p]fectly notori\s1 t 9 ! ,arian controv]sy1 :i* arose soon aft] ! ye> #cjj1 bo? sides appeal$ to ! same ,scriptures1 & ) equal pr(essions ( def]5ce & reg>d4 ,! ,arians1 9 _! c\ncil ( ,antio*1 ,a4,d4 #cda1 pron\nce t if any "o1 contr>y to ! s\nd doctr9e ( ! ,scriptures1 say1 t ! ,son is a creature1 z "o ( ! creatures1 let him be an ana!ma4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bgg47 ,!y & ! ,a?anasians mutually accuse ea* o!r ( us+ unscriptural phrases2 :i* 0 a mutual ackn[l$gm5t ( ! conclusive au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,,xiv4 ,! ,priscilliani/s1 ,a4,d4 #cgh1 ! ,pelagians1 ,a4,d4 #dje receiv$ ! same ,scriptures z we d4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 p4 #cbe2 vol4 xi p4 #eb47 ,,xv4 ,! te/imony ( ,*ryso/om1 :o liv$ ne> ! ye> #djj1 is s positive 9 affirmation ( ! proposition :i* we ma9ta91 t x may =m a prop] conclusion ( ! argum5t4 ,! g5]al reception ( ! ,gospels is a pro( t _! hi/ory is true & consi/5t2 =1 s9ce ! writ+ ( ! ,gospels1 _m h]esies h aris51 hold+ op9ions contr>y to :at is conta9$ 9 !m1 :o yet receive ! ,gospels ei!r entire or 9 "p4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 x4 p4 #caf47 ,i am n mov$ by :at may seem a d$uction f ,*ryso/om's te/imony1 ! words1 entire or 9 "p2 = if all ! p>ts :i* 7 ev] que/ion$ 9 our ,gospels 7 giv5 up1 x w\ld n affect ! miracul\s orig9 ( ! religion 9 ! smalle/ degree3 e4g4 ,c]9?us is said by ,epiphanius to h receiv$ ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 b n entire4 ,:at ! omissions 7 does n appe>4 ,! common op9ion1 t he reject$ ! fir/ two *apt]s1 seems to h be5 a mi/ake4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 ed4 #aghh1 p4 #cbb47 ,x is agre$1 h[ev]1 by all :o h giv5 any acc\nt ( ,c]9?us1 t he taught t ! ,holy ,gho/ 7:e!r he meant by t "n a p]son or a p[]7 desc5d$ ^u ,jesus at 8 baptism2 t ,jesus f ?is "t p]=m$ _m miracles1 & t he appe>$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,he mu/ h reta9$ !re=e ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! hi/ory4 ,( all ! anci5t h]etics1 ! mo/ extraord9>y 0 ,m>cion4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ix4 sect4 ii4 c4 x4 ,also ,mi*ael vol4 i4 c4 i4 sect4 xviii47 ,"o ( 8 t5ets 0 ! rejection ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z proce$+ f an inf]ior & imp]fect ,deity2 & 9 pursuance ( ?is hypo!sis1 he eras$ f ! ,new1 & t1 z x %\ld seem1 )\t ent]+ into any critical reasons1 e passage :i* recognis$ ! ,jewi% ,scriptures4 ,he sp>$ n a text :i* contradict$ 8 op9ion4 ,x is reasonable to believe t ,m>cion treat$ books z he treat$ texts3 yet ?is ra% & wild controv]siali/ publi%$ a rec5sion1 or *a/is$ edition ( ,sa9t ,luke's ,gospel1 conta9+ ! lead+ facts1 & all :i* is necess>y to au!nticate ! religion4 ,?is example af=ds pro( t !re 7 always "s po9ts1 & ^? ! ma9 po9ts1 :i* nei!r wildness nor ra%ness1 nei!r ! fury ( opposition nor ! intemp]ance ( controv]sy1 w\ld v5ture to call 9 "q4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ,m>cion1 ?\gh full ( res5tm5t aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians1 ev] *>g$ !m ) =g+ _! books4 ,! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,mat!w1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ) ^? ( ,sa9t ,pet] & ,sa9t ,james1 z well z ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 g5]al he said1 7 writ+s n = ,*ri/ians b = ,jews4 ,?is decl>ation %[s ! gr\nd ^u :i* ,m>cion proce$$ 9 8 mutilation ( ! ,scriptures1 viz41 8 dislike ( ! passages or ! books4 ,m>cion fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #acj499 99 ,i h transcrib$ ?is s5t5ce f ,mi*aelis 7p4 #ch71 :o has n1 h[ev]1 ref]r$ to ! au?ority ^u :i* he attributes ^! words to ,m>cion4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 9 8 ,g5]al ,review1 sums up ?is head ( evid5ce 9 ! foll[+ words3--,noitus1 ,paul ( ,samosata1 ,sabellius1 ,m>cel9s1 ,phot9us1 ! ,novatiana1 ,donati/s1 ,mani*eans 7,?is mu/ be ) an exception1 h[ev]1 ( ,fau/us1 :o liv$ s late u ! ye> #ced71 ,priscilliani/s1 beside ,artemon1 ! ,audians1 ! ,arians1 & div]s o!rs1 all receiv$ mo/ ( all ! same books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* ! ,ca?olics receiv$2 & agre$ 9 a l respect = !m z writt5 by apo/les1 or _! disciples & companions4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ab4--;,dr4 ,l>dn]'s future inquiries suppli$ him ) _m o!r in/ances47 ,,section ,,viii4 ,! f\r ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,sa9t ,paul ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 & ! ,fir/ ( ,pet]1 7 receiv$ )\t d\bt by ^? :o d\bt$ conc]n+ ! o!r books :i* are includ$ 9 our pres5t ,canon4 ,i /ate ?is proposition1 because1 if made out1 x %[s t ! au!nticity ( _! books 0 a subject among/ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ( consid]ation & inquiry2 & t1 :]e !re 0 cause ( d\bt1 !y did d\bt2 a circum/ance :i* /r5g!ns v mu* _! te/imony to su* books z 7 receiv$ by !m ) full acquiesc5ce4 ,i4 ,j]ome1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,caius1 :o 0 probably a presbyt] ( ,rome1 & :o fl\ri%$ ne> ! ye> #bjj1 records ( him1 t1 reckon+ up only ?irte5 epi/les ( ,paul1 he says ! f\rte5?1 :i* is inscrib$ to ! ,hebrews1 is n 83 & !n ,j]ome adds1 ,) ! ,romans to ?is day x is n look$ ^u z ,paul's4 ,?is agrees 9 ! ma9 ) ! acc\nt giv5 by ,eusebius ( ! same anci5t au?or & 8 "w2 except t ,eusebius deliv]s 8 own rem>k 9 m gu>d$ t]ms3 ,& inde$ to ?is v "t1 by "s ( ! ,romans1 ?is epi/le is n ?\ght to be ! apo/le's4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdj47 ,,ii4 ,orig51 ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft] ,caius1 quot+ ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 obs]ves t "s might dispute ! au?ority ( t epi/le2 & !re=e proce$s to quote to ! same po9t1 z und\bt$ books ( ,scripture1 ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,mat!w1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & ,paul's ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdf47 & 9 ano!r place1 ?is au?or speaks ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ?us3 ,! acc\nt come d[n to u is v>i\s2 "s say+ t ,clem5t :o 0 bi%op ( ,rome1 wrote ?is epi/le2 o!rs1 t x 0 ,luke1 ! same :o wrote ! ,gospel & ! ,acts4 ,speak+ also1 9 ! same p>agraph1 ( ,pet]1 ,pet]1 says he1 has left "o epi/le1 ackn[l$g$2 let x be grant$ likewise t he wrote a second1 = x is d\bt$ (4 ,& ( ,john1 ,he has also left "o epi/le1 ( a v few l9es2 grant also a second & a ?ird1 = all d n all[ !m to be g5u9e4 ,n[ let x be not$1 t ,orig51 :o ?us discrim9ates1 & ?us confesses 8 own d\bts & ! d\bts :i* subsi/$ 9 8 "t1 expressly witnesses conc]n+ ! f\r ,gospels1 t !y alone are receiv$ )\t dispute by ! :ole *ur* ( ,god "u heav54 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcd47 ,,iii4 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 9 ! ye> #bdg1 d\bts conc]n+ ! ,book ( ,revelation1 :e!r x 0 writt5 by ,sa9t ,john2 /ates ! gr\nds ( 8 d\bt1 repres5ts ! div]sity ( op9ion conc]n+ x1 9 8 own "t1 & be=e 8 "t4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iv4 p4 #fgj47 ,yet ! same ,dionysius uses & collates ! f\r ,gospels 9 a mann] :i* %[s t he ent]ta9$ n ! smalle/ suspicion ( _! au?ority1 & 9 a mann] also :i* %[s t !y1 & !y alone1 7 receiv$ z au!ntic hi/ories ( ,*ri/4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ffa47 ,,iv4 ,b ?is section may be said to h be5 fram$ on purpose to introduce to ! read] two rem>kable passages extant 9 ,eusebius's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,! fir/ passage op5s ) ^! words3--,let u obs]ve ! writ+s ( ! apo/le ,john :i* are uncontradict$3 & fir/ ( all mu/ be m5tion$1 z ackn[l$g$ ( all1 ! ,gospel accord+ to him1 well kn[n to all ! *ur*es "u heav54 ,! au?or !n proce$s to relate ! occasions ( writ+ ! ,gospels1 & ! reasons = plac+ ,sa9t ,john's ! la/1 manife/ly speak+ ( all ! f\r z p>allel 9 _! au?ority1 & 9 ! c]ta9ty ( _! orig9al4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ij47 ,! second passage is tak5 f a *apt]1 ! title ( :i* is1 ,( ! ,scriptures univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 & ( ^? t are n su*4 ,eusebius beg9s 8 enum]ation 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,9 ! fir/ place are to be rank$ ! sacr$ f\r ,gospels2 !n ! book ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 aft] t are to be reckon$ ! ,epi/les ( ,paul4 ,9 ! next place1 t call$ ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 are to be e/eem$ au!ntic4 ,aft] ?is is to be plac$1 if x be ?\ght fit1 ! ,revelation ( ,john1 ab\t :i* we %all obs]ve ! diff]5t op9ions at prop] seasons4 ,( ! controv]t$1 b yet well kn[n or approv$ by ! mo/1 are1 t call$ ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 & t ( ,jude1 & ! ,second ( ,pet]1 & ! ,second & ,?ird ( ,john1 :e!r !y are writt5 by ! evangeli/1 or ano!r ( ! same "n4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ci47 ,he !n proce$s to reckon up five o!rs1 n 9 our canon1 :i* he calls 9 "o place spuri\s1 9 ano!r controv]t$1 mean+1 z appe>s to me1 ne>ly ! same ?+ by ^! two words499 99 ,t ,eusebius c\ld n int5d1 by ! ^w r5d]$ 'spuri\s' :at we at pres5t mean by x1 is evid5t f a clause 9 ?is v *apt] :]e1 speak+ ( ! ,gospels ( ,pet]1 & ,?omas & ,mat?ias1 & "s o!rs1 he says1 ,!y ! are n s mu* z to be reckon$ among ! spuri\s1 b are altoge!r absurd & impi\s4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ii47 ,x is manife/ f ?is passage1 t ! f\r ,gospels1 & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7! p>ts ( ,scripture ) :i* our conc]n pr9cipally lies71 7 ackn[l$g$ )\t dispute1 ev5 by ^? :o rais$ objections1 or ent]ta9$ d\bts1 ab\t "s o!r p>ts ( ! same collection4 ,b ! passage proves some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,! au?or 0 extremely conv]sant 9 ! writ+s ( ,*ri/ians :i* _h be5 publi%$ f ! comm5cem5t ( ! in/itution to 8 own "t3 & x 0 f ^! writ+s t he drew 8 k ( ! "* & reception ( ! books 9 "q4 ,t ,eusebius recurr$ to ?is m$ium ( in=mation1 & t he _h exam9$ ) att5tion ?is species ( pro(1 is %[n1 fir/1 by a passage 9 ! v *apt] we are quot+1 9 :i*1 speak+ ( ! books :i* he calls spuri\s1 ,none1 he says1 ( ! ecclesia/ical writ]s1 9 ! succession ( ! apo/les1 h v\*saf$ to make any m5tion ( !m 9 _! writ+s2 &1 secondly1 by ano!r passage ( ! same "w1 :]e91 speak+ ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 ,?is1 he says1 ! presbyt]s ( anci5t times h quot$ 9 _! writ+s z und\bt$ly g5u9e2 7,l>dn]1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ii47 & !n1 speak+ ( "s o!r writ+s be>+ ! "n ( ,pet]1 ,we "k1 he says1 t !y h n be5 deliv]$ d[n to u 9 ! numb] ( ,ca?olic writ+s1 =asmu* z no ecclesia/ical writ] ( ! anci5ts1 or ( our times1 has made use ( te/imonies out ( !m4 ,b 9 ! progress ( ?is hi/ory1 ! au?or proce$s1 we %all make x our bus9ess to %[1 toge!r ) ! successions f ! apo/les1 :at ecclesia/ical writ]s1 9 e age1 h us$ su* writ+s z ^! :i* are contradict$1 & :at !y h said ) reg>d to ! ,scriptures receiv$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ackn[l$g$ by all1 & ) reg>d to ^? :i* are n su*4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 viii4 p4 #aaa7 ,aft] ?is x is reasonable to believe t :5 ,eusebius /ates ! f\r ,gospels1 & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 z uncontradict$1 unconte/$1 & ackn[l$g$ by all2 & :5 he places !m 9 opposition1 n only to ^? :i* 7 spuri\s1 9 our s5se ( t t]m1 b to ^? :i* 7 controv]t$1 & ev5 to ^? :i* 7 well kn[n & approv$ by _m1 yet d\bt$ ( by "s2 he repres5ts n only ! s5se ( 8 own age1 b ! result ( ! evid5ce :i* ! writ+s ( prior ages1 f ! apo/les' "t to 8 own1 _h furni%$ to 8 inquiries4 ,! op9ion ( ,eusebius & 8 contempor>ies appe>s to h be5 f\nd$ ^u ! te/imony ( writ]s :om !y !n call$ anci5t3 & we may obs]ve1 t su* ( ! works ( ^! writ]s z h come d[n to our times entirely confirm ! judgm5t1 & support ! di/9ction :i* ,eusebius proposes4 ,! books :i* he calls books univ]sally ackn[l$g$ are 9 fact us$ & quot$ 9 "t rema9+ works ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 dur+ ! #bej ye>s betwe5 ! apo/les' "t & t ( ,eusebius1 mu* m frequ5tly ?an1 & 9 a diff]5t mann] f1 ^? ! au?ority ( :i*1 he tells u1 0 disput$4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,our hi/orical ,scriptures 7 attack$ by ! e>ly adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 z conta9+ ! acc\nts ^u :i* ! ,religion 0 f\nd$4 ,ne> ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 ,celsus1 a hea!n philosoph]1 wrote a pr(ess$ treatise aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,to ?is treatise ,orig51 :o came ab\t fifty ye>s aft] him1 publi%$ an answ]1 9 :i* he frequ5tly recites 8 adv]s>y's words & argum5ts4 ,! "w ( ,celsus is lo/2 b t ( ,orig5 rema9s4 ,orig5 appe>s to h giv5 u ! words ( ,celsus1 :]e he pr(esses to give !m1 v fai?fully2 & among/ o!r reasons = ?9k+ s1 ?is is "o1 t ! objection1 z /at$ by him f ,celsus1 is sometimes /rong] ?an 8 own answ]4 ,i ?9k x also probable t ,orig51 9 8 answ]1 has retail$ a l>ge portion ( ! "w ( ,celsus3 ,t x may n be suspect$1 he says1 t we pass by any *apt]s because we h no answ]s at h&1 ,i h ?\ght x be/1 accord+ to my ability1 to confute ev]y?+ propos$ by him1 n s mu* obs]v+ ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 z ! ord] :i* he has tak5 himself4 7,orig4 cont4 ,cels4 ,i4 i4 sect4 #da47 ,celsus wrote ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,gospels 7 publi%$2 & !re=e any notices ( ^! books f him are extremely important = _! antiquity4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 r5d]$ m s by ! "* ( ! au?or2 = ! reception1 cr$it1 & notoriety ( ^! books mu/ h be5 well e/abli%$ among/ ,*ri/ians1 to h made !m subjects ( animadv]sion & opposition by /rang]s & by enemies4 ,x ev9ces ! tru? ( :at ,*ryso/om1 two c5turies aft]w>ds1 obs]v$1 t ! ,gospels1 :5 writt51 7 n hidd5 9 a corn] or buri$ 9 obscurity1 b !y 7 made kn[n to all ! _w1 be=e enemies z well z o!rs1 ev5 z !y are n[4 7,9 ,matt4 ,hom4 ,i4 #g47 #a4 ,celsus1 or ! ,jew :om he p]sonates1 uses ^! words3--,i c\ld say _m ?+s conc]n+ ! affairs ( ,jesus1 & ^?1 too1 diff]5t f ^? writt5 by ! disciples ( ,jesus2 b ,i purposely omit !m4 7,l>dn]1 ,jewi% & ,hea!n ,te/4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgd47 ,^u ?is passage x has be5 rightly obs]v$1 t x is n easy to believe1 t if ,celsus c\ld h contradict$ ! disciples ^u good evid5ce 9 any mat]ial po9t1 he w\ld h omitt$ to d s1 & t ! ass]tion is1 :at ,orig5 calls x1 a m]e oratorical fl\ri%4 ,x is suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to prove t1 9 ! "t ( ,celsus1 !re 7 books well kn[n1 & all[$ to be writt5 by ! disciples ( ,jesus1 :i* books conta9$ a hi/ory ( him4 ,by ! t]m disciples1 ,celsus does n mean ! foll[]s ( ,jesus 9 g5]al2 = !m he calls ,*ri/ians1 or believ]s1 or ! l2 b ^? :o _h be5 taught by ,jesus himself1 i4e4 8 apo/les & companions4 #b4 ,9 ano!r passage1 ,celsus accuses ! ,*ri/ians ( alt]+ ! ,gospel4 7,l>dn]1 ,jewi% & ,hea!n ,te/4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bge47 ,! accusation ref]s to "s v>iations 9 ! read+s ( p>ticul> passages3 = ,celsus goes on to object1 t :5 !y are press$ h>d1 & "o read+ has be5 confut$1 !y dis[n t1 & fly to ano!r4 ,we _c p]ceive f ,orig51 t ,celsus specifi$ any p>ticul> in/ances1 & )\t su* specification ! *>ge is ( no value4 ,b ! true conclusion to be drawn f x is1 t !re 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ians hi/ories :i* 7 ev5 !n ( "s /&+3 = v>i\s read+s & corruptions d n take place 9 rec5t productions4 ,! =m] quotation1 ! read] w rememb]1 proves t ^! books 7 compos$ by ! disciples ( ,jesus1 /rictly s call$2 ! pres5t quotation %[s1 t ?\gh objections 7 tak5 by ! adv]s>ies ( ! religion to ! integrity ( ^! books1 none 7 made to _! g5u95ess4 #c4 ,9 a ?ird passage1 ! ,jew :om ,celsus introduces %uts up an argum5t 9 ?is mann]3--^! ?+s !n we h alleg$ to y out ( y\r own writ+s1 n ne$+ any o!r weapons4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgf47 ,x is manife/ t ?is boa/ proce$s ^u ! supposition t ! books ov] :i* ! writ] affects to triumph possess$ an au?ority by :i* ,*ri/ians confess$ !mselves to be b\nd4 #d4 ,t ! books to :i* ,celsus ref]s 7 no o!r ?an our pres5t ,gospels1 is made out by 8 allusions to v>i\s passages /ill f\nd 9 ^! ,gospels4 ,celsus takes notice ( ! g5ealogies1 :i* fixes two ( ^! ,gospels2 ( ! precepts1 ,resi/ n him t injures y1 & if a man /rike !e on ! "o *eek1 (f] to him ! o!r also2 ( ! woes d5\nc$ by ,*ri/2 ( 8 pr$ictions2 ( 8 say+1 ,t x is impossible to s]ve two ma/]s2 7 ,l>dn]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bgf-bgg47 ,( ! purple robe1 ! cr[n ( ?orns1 & ! re$ 9 8 h&2 ( ! blood t fl[$ f ! body ( ,jesus ^u ! cross1 :i* circum/ance is record$ by ,john alone2 & 7:at is in/> omnium = ! purpose = :i* we produce x7 ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! acc\nts giv5 ( ! resurrection by ! evangeli/s1 "s m5tion+ two angels at ! sepul*re1 e!rs only "o4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhc47 ,x is extremely mat]ial to rem>k1 t ,celsus n only p]petually ref]r$ to ! acc\nts ( ,*ri/ conta9$ 9 ! f\r ,gospels1 b t he ref]r$ to no o!r acc\nts2 t he f\nd$ none ( 8 objections to ,*ri/ianity ^u any ?+ deliv]$ 9 spuri\s ,gospels4 7,! p>ticul>s1 ( :i* ! above are only a few1 are well collect$ by ,mr4 ,bryant1 p4 #adj47 ,,ii4 ,:at ,celsus 0 9 ! second c5tury1 ,porphyry became 9 ! ?ird4 ,8 "w1 :i* 0 a l>ge & =mal treatise aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 is n extant4 ,we mu/ be cont5t1 !re=e1 to ga!r 8 objections f ,*ri/ian writ]s1 :o h notic$ 9 ord] to answ] !m2 & en\gh rema9s ( ?is species ( in=mation to prove completely1 t ,porphyry's animadv]sions 7 direct$ aga9/ ! cont5ts ( our pres5t ,gospels1 & ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 ,porphyry consid]+ t to ov]?r[ !m 0 to ov]?r[ ! religion4 ,?us he objects to ! repetition ( a g5]ation 9 ,sa9t ,mat!w's g5ealogy2 to ,mat!w's call2 to ! quotation ( a text f ,isaiah1 :i* is f\nd 9 a psalm ascrib$ to ,asaph2 to ! call+ ( ! lake ( ,tib]ius a sea2 to ! expression ( ,sa9t ,mat!w1 ! abom9ation ( desolation2 to ! v>iation 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k ^u ! text1 ! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ,mat!w cit+ x f ,isaias1 ,m>k f ! ,prophets2 to ,john's application ( ! t]m ,^w2 to ,*ri/'s *ange ( int5tion ab\t go+ up to ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7,john vii4 #h72 to ! judgm5t d5\nc$ by ,sa9t ,pet] ^u ,ananias & ,sapphira1 :i* he calls an imprecation ( dea?4 7,jewi% & ,hea!n ,te/4 ,vol4 iii4 p4 #aff1 et seq47 ,! in/ances "h alleg$ s]ve1 9 "s measure1 to %[ ! nature ( ,porphyry's objections1 & prove t ,porphyry _h read ! ,gospels ) t sort ( att5tion :i* a writ] w\ld employ :o reg>d$ !m z ! deposit>ies ( ! religion :i* he attack$4 ,besides ^! specifications1 !re exi/s1 9 ! writ+s ( anci5t ,*ri/ians1 g5]al evid5ce t ! places ( ,scripture ^u :i* ,porphyry _h rem>k$ 7 v num]\s4 ,9 "s ( ! above-cit$ examples1 ,porphyry1 speak+ ( ,sa9t ,mat!w1 calls him y\r ,evangeli/2 he also uses ! t]m evangeli/s 9 ! plural numb]4 ,:at 0 said ( ,celsus is true likewise ( ,porphyry1 t x does n appe> t he consid]$ any hi/ory ( ,*ri/ except ^! z hav+ au?ority ) ,*ri/ians4 ,,iii4 ,a ?ird great writ] aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 ! emp]or ,julian1 ^: "w 0 compos$ ab\t a c5tury aft] t ( ,porphyry4 ,9 v>i\s long extracts1 transcrib$ f ?is "w by ,cyril & ,j]ome1 x appe>s1 7,jewi% & ,hea!n ,te/4 vol4 iv4 p4 #gg1 et seq47 t ,julian notic$ by "n ,mat!w & ,luke1 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! g5ealogies ( ,*ri/ t he object$ to ,mat!w's application ( ! prophecy1 ,out ( ,egypt h ,i call$ my son 7ii4 #ae71 & to t ( ,a virg9 %all conceive 7i4 #bc72 t he recit$ say+s ( ,*ri/1 & v>i\s passages ( 8 hi/ory1 9 ! v words ( ! evangeli/s2 9 p>ticul>1 t ,jesus heal$ lame & bl9d p1 & exorcis$ demoniacs 9 ! villages ( ,be?saida & ,be?any2 t he alleg$ t none ( ,*ri/'s disciples ascrib$ to him ! creation ( ! _w1 except ,john2 t nei!r ,paul1 nor ,mat!w1 nor ,luke1 nor ,m>k1 h d>$ to call ,jesus ,god2 t ,john wrote lat] ?an ! o!r evangeli/s1 & at a "t :5 a great numb] ( m5 9 ! cities ( ,greece & ,italy 7 conv]t$2 t he alludes to ! conv]sion ( ,cornelius & ( ,s]gius ,paulus1 to ,pet]'s vision1 to ! circul> lett] s5t by ! apo/les & eld]s at ,j]usalem1 :i* are all record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les3 by :i* quot+ ( ! f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & by quot+ no o!r1 ,julian %[s t ^! 7 ! hi/orical books1 & ! only hi/orical books1 receiv$ by ,*ri/ians z ( au?ority1 & z ! au!ntic memoirs ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ( 8 apo/les1 & ( ! doctr9es taught by !m4 ,b ,julian's te/imony does some?+ m ?an repres5t ! judgm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 8 "t4 ,x discov]s also 8 own4 ,he himself expressly /ates ! e>ly date ( ^! records2 he calls !m by ! names :i* !y n[ be>4 ,he all along supposes1 he n[h]e attempts to "q1 _! g5u95ess4 ,! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 drawn f ! notice tak5 ( _! cont5ts by ! e>ly writ]s aga9/ ! religion1 is v consid]able4 ,x proves t ! acc\nts :i* ,*ri/ians _h !n 7 ! acc\nts :i* we h n[2 t our pres5t ,scriptures 7 !irs4 ,x proves1 moreov]1 t nei!r ,celsus 9 ! second1 ,porphyry 9 ! ?ird1 nor ,julian 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 suspect$ ! au!nticity ( ^! books1 or ev] ins9uat$ t ,*ri/ians 7 mi/ak5 9 ! au?ors to :om !y ascrib$ !m4 ,n "o ( !m express$ an op9ion ^u ?is subject diff]5t f t :i* 0 hold5 by ,*ri/ians4 ,& :5 we consid] h[ mu* x w\ld h avail$ !m to h ca/ a d\bt ^u ?is po9t1 if !y c\ld2 & h[ ready !y %[$ !mselves to be to take e advantage 9 _! p[]2 & t !y 7 all m5 ( le>n+ & inquiry3 _! concession1 or r _! suffrage1 ^u ! subject is extremely valuable4 ,9 ! case ( ,porphyry1 x is made /ill /rong]1 by ! consid]ation t he did 9 fact support himself by ?is species ( objection :5 he saw any room = x1 or :5 8 acut5ess c\ld supply any pret5ce = alleg+ x4 ,! prophecy ( ,daniel he attack$ ^u ?is v gr\nd ( spuri\sness1 insi/+ t x 0 writt5 aft] ! "t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 & ma9ta9s 8 *>ge ( =g]y by "s f>-fet*$ inde$1 b v subtle criticisms4 ,conc]n+ ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 no trace ( ?is suspicion is any:]e to be f\nd 9 him4 7,mi*aelis's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i4 p4 #dc4 ,m>%'s ,translation47 ,,section ,x4 ,=mal catalogues ( au!ntic ,scriptures 7 publi%$1 9 all :i* our pres5t sacr$ hi/ories 7 includ$4 ,?is species ( evid5ce comes lat] ?an ! re/2 z x 0 n natural t catalogues ( any p>ticul> class ( books %\ld be put =? until ,*ri/ian writ+s became num]\s2 or until "s writ+s %[$ !mselves1 claim+ titles :i* did n belong to !m1 & !reby r5d]+ x necess>y to sep>ate books ( au?ority f o!rs4 ,b1 :5 x does appe>1 x is extremely satisfactory2 ! catalogues1 ?\gh num]\s1 & made 9 c\ntries at a wide di/ance f "o ano!r1 diff]+ v little1 diff]+ 9 no?+ :i* is mat]ial1 & all conta9+ ! f\r ,gospels4 ,to ?is la/ article !re is no exception4 ,i4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,orig5 :i* rema91 & 9 "s extracts pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 f works ( 8 :i* are n[ lo/1 !re are enum]ations ( ! books ( ,scriptures1 9 :i* ! ,f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les are di/9ctly & hon\rably specifi$1 & 9 :i* no books appe> beside :at are n[ receiv$4 ,! read]1 by ?is "t1 w easily recollect t ! date ( ,orig5's works is ,a4,d4 #bcj4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcd1 et seq42 vol4 viii4 p4 #aif47 ,,ii4 ,a?anasias1 ab\t a c5tury aft]w>ds1 deliv]$ a catalogue ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 =m1 conta9+ our ,scriptures & no o!rs2 ( :i* he says1 ,9 ^! alone ! doctr9e ( ,religion is taught2 let no man add to !m1 or take any?+ f !m4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbc47 ,,iii4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft] ,a?anasius1 ,cyril1 bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 set =? a catalogue ( ! books ( ,scripture1 publicly read at t "t 9 ! *ur* ( ,j]usalem1 exactly ! same z ours1 except t ! ,revelation is omitt$4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgj47 ,,iv4 ,& fifte5 ye>s aft] ,cyril1 ! c\ncil ( ,laodicea deliv]$ an au?oritative catalogue ( canonical ,scripture1 l ,cyril's1 ! same z ours ) ! omission ( ! ,revelation4 ,v4 ,catalogues n[ became frequ5t4 ,)9 ?irty ye>s aft] ! la/ date1 t is1 f ! ye> #cfc to ne> ! conclusion ( ! f\r? c5tury1 we h catalogues by ,epiphanius1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfh47 by ,gregory ,nazianz51 by ,phila/]1 bi%op ( ,breseia 9 ,italy1 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ix4 p4 #acb #cgc47 by ,amphilo*ius1 bi%op ( ,iconium2 all1 z !y are sometimes call$1 clean catalogues 7t is1 !y admit no books into ! numb] beside :at we n[ receive72 & all1 = e purpose ( hi/oric evid5ce1 ! same z ours4 7,epiphanius omits ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,?is mu/ h be5 an accid5tal mi/ake1 ei!r 9 him or 9 "s copyi/ ( 8 "w2 = he else:]e expressly ref]s to ?is book1 & ascribes x to ,luke47 ,,vi4 ,)9 ! same p]iod ,j]ome1 ! mo/ le>n$ ,*ri/ian writ] ( 8 age1 deliv]$ a catalogue ( ! hooks ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 recognis+ e book n[ receiv$1 ) ! intimation ( a d\bt conc]n+ ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews alone1 & tak+ n ! lea/ notice ( any book :i* is n n[ receiv$4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 x4 p4 #gg47 ,,vii4 ,contempor>y ) ,j]ome1 :o liv$ 9 ,pale/9e1 0 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 ,africa1 :o publi%$ likewise a catalogue1 )\t jo9+ to ! ,scriptures1 z books ( au?ority1 any o!r ecclesia/ical writ+ :atev]1 & )\t omitt+ "o :i* we at ?is day ackn[l$ge4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 x4 p4 #bac47 ,,viii4 ,& ) ^! concurs ano!r contempor>y writ]1 ,ruf51 presbyt] ( ,aquileia1 ^: catalogue1 l !irs1 is p]fect & unmix$1 & concludes ) ^! rem>kable words3 ,^! are ! volumes :i* ! fa!rs h includ$ 9 ! canon1 & out ( :i* !y w\ld h u prove ! doctr9e ( our fai?4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 x4 p4 #ahg47 ,,section ,,xi4 ,^! propositions _c be pr$icat$ ( any ( ^? books :i* are commonly call$ ,apocryphal ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,i d n "k t ! objection tak5 f apocryphal writ+s is at pres5t mu* reli$ ^u by s*ol>s4 ,b !re are _m1 :o1 he>+ t v>i\s ,gospels exi/$ 9 anci5t times "u ! names ( ! apo/les1 may h tak5 up a notion1 t ! selection ( our pres5t ,gospels f ! re/ 0 r an arbitr>y or accid5tal *oice1 ?an f\nd$ 9 any cle> & c]ta9 cause ( pref]5ce4 ,to ^! x may be v useful to "k ! tru? ( ! case4 ,i obs]ve1 !re=e3-- ,i4 ,t1 beside our ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 no ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 claim+ to be writt5 by an apo/le or apo/olical man1 is quot$ )9 ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 by any writ] n[ extant or kn[n2 or1 if quot$1 is n quot$ b ) m>ks ( c5sure & rejection4 ,i h n advanc$ ?is ass]tion )\t inquiry2 & ,i d\bt n b t ! passages cit$ by ,mr4 ,jones & ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 "u ! sev]al titles :i* ! apocryphal books be>2 or a ref]5ce to ! places :]e !y are m5tion$ z collect$ 9 a v accurate table1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aggc1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,atk9son1 w make out ! tru? ( ! proposition to ! satisfaction ( e fair & compet5t judgm5t4 ,if !re be any book :i* may seem to =m an exception to ! obs]vation1 x is a ,hebrew ,gospel1 :i* 0 circulat$ "u ! v>i\s titles (1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 ! ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es1 ( ! ,ebionites1 sometimes call$ ( ! ,twelve1 by "s ascrib$ to ,/ ,mat!w4 ,?is ,gospel is once1 & only once1 cit$ by ,clemeus ,alex&r9us1 :o liv$1 ! read] w rememb]1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury1 & :i* same ,clem5t quotes "o or o!r ( our f\r ,gospels 9 almo/ e page ( 8 "w4 ,x is also twice m5tion$ by ,orig51 ,a4,d4 #bcj2 & bo? times ) m>ks ( dim9ution & discr$it4 ,& ?is is ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! exception /&s4 ,b :at is /ill m mat]ial to obs]ve is1 t ?is ,gospel1 9 ! ma91 agre$ ) our pres5t ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,mat!w4 7,9 apply+ to ?is ,gospel :at ,j]ome 9 ! latt] end ( ! f\r? c5tury has m5tion$ ( a ,hebrew ,gospel1 ,i ?9k x probable t we sometimes conf\nd x ) a ,hebrew copy ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel1 :e!r an orig9al or v]sion1 :i* 0 !n extant47 ,n[ if1 ) ?is acc\nt ( ! apocryphal ,gospels1 we comp>e :at we h read conc]n+ ! canonical ,scriptures 9 ! prec$+ sections2 or ev5 recollect t g5]al b well-f\nd$ ass]tion ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 ,t 9 ! rema9+ works ( ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,t]tullian1 :o all liv$ 9 ! fir/ two c5turies1 !re are m & l>g] quotations ( ! small volume ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an ( all ! works ( ,cic]o1 by writ]s ( all *>act]s1 = sev]al ages2 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 xii4 p4 #ec47 & if to ?is we add t1 not)/&+ ! loss ( _m works ( ! primitive times ( ,*ri/ianity1 we h1 )9 ! above-m5tion$ p]iod1 ! rema9s ( ,*ri/ian writ]s :o liv$ 9 ,pale/9e1 ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,egypt1 ! "p ( ,africa t us$ ! ,lat9 tongue1 9 ,crete1 ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,gaul1 9 all :i* rema9s ref]5ces are f\nd to our evangeli/s2 ,i appreh5d t we %all p]ceive a cle> & broad l9e ( division betwe5 ^? writ+s & all o!rs pret5d+ to simil> au?ority4 ,,ii4 ,b beside c]ta9 hi/ories :i* assum$ ! names ( apo/les1 & :i* 7 =g]ies prop]ly s call$1 !re 7 "s o!r ,*ri/ian writ+s1 9 ! :ole or 9 "p ( an hi/orical nature1 :i*1 ?\gh n =g]ies1 are d5om9at$ apocryphal1 z be+ ( unc]ta9 or ( no au?ority4 ,( ?is second class ( writ+s1 ,i h f\nd only two :i* are notic$ by any au?or ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies )\t express t]ms ( condemnation3 & ^! are1 ! "o a book entitl$ ! ,prea*+ ( ,pet]1 quot$ repeat$ly by ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 ,a4,d4 #aif2 ! o!r a book entitl$ ! ,revelation ( ,pet]1 ^u :i* ! above-m5tion$ ,clem5s ,alex&r9us is said by ,eusebius to h writt5 notes2 & :i* is twice cit$ 9 a "w /ill extant1 ascrib$ to ! same au?or4 ,i conceive1 !re=e1 t ! proposition we h be=e advanc$1 ev5 aft] x ha? be5 subject$ to e exception ( e k9d t c be alleg$1 sep>ates1 by a wide int]val1 our hi/orical ,scriptures f all o!r writ+s :i* pr(ess to give an acc\nt ( ! same subject4 ,we may be p]mitt$ h[ev] to add1-- #a4 ,t !re is no evid5ce t any spuri\s or apocryphal books :atev] exi/$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 9 :i* c5tury all our hi/orical books are prov$ to h be5 extant4 ,!re are no quotations ( any su* books 9 ! apo/olical fa!rs1 by :om ,i mean ,b>nabas1 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,h]mas1 ,ignatius1 & ,polyc>p1 ^: writ+s rea* f ab\t ! ye> ( our ,"l #gj to ! ye> #ajh 7& "s ( :om h quot$ ea* & e "o ( our hi/orical ,scriptures73 ,i say ?is1 adds ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 because ,i ?9k x has be5 prov$4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 xii4 p4 #aeh47 #b4 ,^! apocryphal writ+s 7 n read 9 ! *ur*es ( ,*ri/ians2 #c4 ,7 n admitt$ into _! volume2 #d4 ,d n appe> 9 _! catalogues2 #e4 ,7 n notic$ by _! adv]s>ies2 #f4 ,7 n alleg$ by diff]5t p>ties1 z ( au?ority 9 _! controv]sies2 #g4 ,7 n ! subjects1 among/ !m1 ( comm5t>ies1 v]sions1 collections1 expositions4 ,f9ally2 beside ! sil5ce ( ?ree c5turies1 or evid5ce )9 t "t ( _! rejection1 !y 71 ) a cons5t ne>ly univ]sal1 reprobat$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s ( succe$+ ages4 ,al?\gh x be made out by ^! obs]vations t ! books 9 "q nev] obta9$ any degree ( cr$it & notoriety :i* c place !m 9 competition ) our ,scriptures2 yet x appe>s f ! writ+s ( ! f\r? c5tury1 t _m su* exi/$ 9 t c5tury1 & 9 ! c5tury prec$+ x4 ,x may be difficult at ?is di/ance ( "t to acc\nt = _! orig94 ,p]haps ! mo/ probable explication is1 t !y 7 9 g5]al compos$ ) a design ( mak+ a pr(it by ! sale4 ,:atev] treat$ ( ! subject w\ld f9d pur*as]s4 ,x 0 an advantage tak5 ( ! pi\s curiosity ( unle>n$ ,*ri/ians4 ,) a view to ! same purpose1 !re 7 _m ( !m adapt$ to ! p>ticul> op9ions ( p>ticul> sects1 :i* w\ld naturally promote _! circulation among/ ! fav\r]s ( ^? op9ions4 ,aft] all1 !y 7 probably mu* m obscure ?an we imag9e4 ,except ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 !re is none ( :i* we he> m ?an ! ,gospel ( ! ,egyptians2 yet !re is good reason to believe t ,clem5t1 a presbyt] ( ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt1 ,a4,d4 #ahd1 & a man ( almo/ univ]sal read+1 _h nev] se5 x4 7,jones1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdc47 ,a ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] 0 ano!r ( ! mo/ anci5t books ( ?is k9d2 yet ,s]apion1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 ,a4,d4 #bjj1 _h n read x1 :5 he he>d ( su* a book be+ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,rhossus 9 ,cillcia2 & speaks ( obta9+ a sight ( ?is ,gospel f "s sect>ies :o us$ x4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eeg47 ,ev5 ( ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 :i* confess$ly /&s at ! head ( ! catalogue1 ,j]ome1 at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 0 glad to procure a copy by ! fav\r ( ! ,naz>5es ( ,b]ea4 ,no?+ ( ?is sort ev] happ5$1 or c\ld h happ5$1 conc]n+ our ,gospels4 ,"o ?+ is obs]vable ( all ! apocryphal ,*ri/ian writ+s1 viz4 t !y proce$ ^u ! same fundam5tal hi/ory ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les z t :i* is disclos$ 9 our ,scriptures4 ,! mission ( ,*ri/1 8 p[] ( work+ miracles1 8 communication ( t p[] to ! apo/les1 8 passion1 dea?1 & resurrection1 are assum$ or ass]t$ by e "o ( !m4 ,! names "u :i* "s ( !m came =? are ! names ( m5 ( em95ce 9 our hi/ories4 ,:at ^! books give are n contradictions1 b unau?oris$ additions4 ,! pr9cipal facts are suppos$1 ! pr9cipal ag5ts ! same2 :i* %[s t ^! po9ts 7 too mu* fix$ to be alt]$ or disput$4 ,if !re be any book ( ?is description :i* appe>s to h impos$ ^u "s consid]able numb] ( le>n$ ,*ri/ians1 x is ! ,sibyll9e oracles2 b :5 we reflect ^u ! circum/ances :i* facilitat$ t impo/ure1 we %all cease to wond] ei!r at ! attempt or its success4 ,x 0 at t "t univ]sally und]/ood t su* a prophetic writ+ exi/$4 ,its cont5ts 7 kept secret4 ,?is situation af=d$ to "s "o a h9t1 z well z an opportunity1 to give out a writ+ "u ?is "n1 fav\rable to ! already e/abli%$ p]suasion ( ,*ri/ians1 & :i* writ+1 by ! aid & recomm5dation ( ^! circum/ances1 w\ld 9 "s degree1 x is probable1 be receiv$4 ,( ! anci5t =g]y we "k b little2 :at is n[ produc$ c\ld n1 9 my op9ion1 h impos$ ^u any "o4 ,x is no?+ else ?an ! ,gospel hi/ory wov5 into v]se2 p]haps 0 at fir/ r a fiction ?an a =g]y2 an ex]cise ( +5uity1 m ?an an attempt to deceive4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,recapitulation4 ,! read] w n[ be pleas$ to recollect1 t ! two po9ts :i* =m ! subject ( our pres5t discussion are1 fir/1 t ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 8 associates1 & imm$iate foll[]s1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s2 secondly1 t !y did s 9 atte/ation ( ! miracul\s hi/ory record$ 9 our ,scriptures1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ! tru? ( t hi/ory4 ,! argum5t1 by :i* ^! two propositions h be5 ma9ta9$ by u1 /&s ?us3 ,no hi/orical fact1 ,i appreh5d1 is m c]ta91 ?an t ! orig9al propagators ( ,*ri/ianity volunt>ily subject$ !mselves to lives ( fatigue1 dang]1 & suff]+1 9 ! prosecution ( _! und]tak+4 ,! nature ( ! und]tak+2 ! "* ( ! p]sons employ$ 9 x2 ! opposition ( _! t5ets to ! fix$ op9ions & expectations ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y fir/ advanc$ !m2 _! undissembl$ condemnation ( ! religion ( all o!r c\ntries2 _! total want ( p[]1 au?ority1 or =ce--r5d] x 9 ! highe/ degree probable t ?is mu/ h be5 ! case4 ,! probability is increas$ by :at we "k ( ! fate ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! in/itution1 :o 0 put to dea? = 8 attempt2 & by :at we also "k ( ! cruel treatm5t ( ! conv]ts to ! in/itution1 )9 ?irty ye>s aft] its comm5cem5t3 bo? :i* po9ts are atte/$ by hea!n writ]s1 &1 be+ once admitt$1 leave x v incr$ible t ! primitive emiss>ies ( ! religion1 :o ex]cis$ _! m9i/ry1 fir/1 among/ ! p :o _h de/roy$ _! ,ma/]1 &1 aft]w>ds1 among/ ^? :o p]secut$ _! conv]ts1 %\ld !mselves escape ) impunity1 or pursue _! purpose 9 ease & safety4 ,?is probability1 ?us su/a9$ by =eign te/imony1 is advanc$1 ,i ?9k1 to hi/orical c]ta9ty1 by ! evid5ce ( our own books2 by ! acc\nts ( a writ] :o 0 ! companion ( ! p]sons ^: suff]+s he relates2 by ! lett]s ( ! p]sons !mselves by pr$ictions ( p]secutions ascrib$ to ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion1 :i* pr$ictions w\ld n h be5 ins]t$ 9 8 hi/ory1 mu* less h be5 /udi\sly dwelt ^u1 if !y _h n accord$ ) ! ev5t1 & :i*1 ev5 if falsely ascrib$ to him1 c\ld only h be5 s ascrib$1 because ! ev5t sugge/$ !m2 la/ly1 by incessant exhortations to =titude & pati5ce1 & by an e>ne/ness1 repetition1 & urg5cy ^u ! subject1 :i* 7 unlikely to h appe>$ if !re _h n be51 at ! "t1 "s extraord9>y call = ! ex]cise ( ^! virtues4 ,x is made out also1 ,i ?9k1 ) suffici5t evid5ce1 t bo? ! tea*]s & conv]ts ( ! religion1 9 consequ5ce ( _! new pr(ession1 took up a new c\rse ( life & behavi\r4 ,! next great "q is1 :at !y did ?is ,,=4 ,t x 0 = a miracul\s /ory ( "s k9d or o!r1 is to my appreh5sion extremely manife/2 because1 z to ! fundam5tal article1 ! designation ( ! p]son1 viz4 t ?is p>ticul> p]son1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ought to be receiv$ z ! ,messiah1 or z a mess5g] f ,god1 !y nei!r _h1 nor c\ld h1 any?+ b miracles to /& ^u4 ,t ! ex]tions & suff]+s ( ! apo/les 7 = ! /ory :i* we h n[1 is prov$ by ! consid]ation t ?is /ory is transmitt$ to u by two ( _! own numb]1 & by two o!rs p]sonally connect$ ) !m2 t ! p>ticul>ity ( ! n>rative proves t ! writ]s claim$ to possess circum/antial in=mation1 t f _! situation !y _h full opportunity ( acquir+ su* in=mation1 t !y c]ta9ly1 at lea/1 knew :at _! colleagues1 _! companions1 _! ma/]s taught2 t ea* ( ^! books conta9s en\gh to prove ! tru? ( ! religion2 t if any "o ( !m !re=e be g5u9e1 x is suffici5t2 t ! g5u95ess1 h[ev]1 ( all ( !m is made out1 z well by ! g5]al argum5ts :i* ev9ce ! g5u95ess ( ! mo/ undisput$ rema9s ( antiquity1 z also by peculi> & specific pro(s1 viz4 by citations f !m 9 writ+s belong+ to a p]iod imm$iately contigu\s to t 9 :i* !y 7 publi%$2 by ! di/+ui%$ reg>d paid by e>ly ,*ri/ians to ! au?ority ( ^! books2 7:i* reg>d 0 manife/$ by _! collect+ ( !m into a volume1 appropriat+ to t volume titles ( peculi> respect1 translat+ !m into v>i\s languages1 dige/+ !m into h>monies1 writ+ comm5t>ies ^u !m1 &1 /ill m conspicu\sly1 by ! read+ ( !m 9 _! public assemblies 9 all p>ts ( ! _w7 by an univ]sal agreem5t ) respect to ^! books1 :il/ d\bts 7 ent]ta9$ conc]n+ "s o!rs2 by cont5d+ sects appeal+ to !m2 by ! e>ly adv]s>ies ( ! religion n disput+ _! g5u95ess1 b1 on ! contr>y1 treat+ !m z ! deposit>ies ( ! hi/ory ^u :i* ! religion 0 f\nd$2 by _m =mal catalogues ( ^!1 z ( c]ta9 & au?oritative writ+s1 publi%$ 9 diff]5t & di/ant p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian _w2 la/ly1 by ! abs5ce or defect ( ! above-cit$ topics ( evid5ce1 :5 appli$ to any o!r hi/ories ( ! same subject4 ,^! are /rong argum5ts to prove t ! books actually proce$$ f ! au?ors ^: names !y be> 7& h always borne1 = !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce to %[ t !y ev] w5t "u any o!r72 b ! /rict g5u95ess ( ! books is p]haps m ?an is necess>y to ! support ( our proposition4 ,= ev5 suppos+ t1 by reason ( ! sil5ce ( antiquity1 or ! loss ( records1 we knew n :o 7 ! writ]s ( ! f\r ,gospels1 yet ! fact t !y 7 receiv$ z au!ntic acc\nts ( ! transaction ^u :i* ! religion re/$1 & 7 receiv$ z su* by ,*ri/ians at or ne> ! age ( ! apo/les1 by ^? :om ! apo/les _h taught1 & by societies :i* ! apo/les _h f\nd$2 ?is fact1 ,i say1 connect$ ) ! consid]ation t !y are corroborative ( ea* o!r's te/imony1 & t !y are fur!r corroborat$ by ano!r contempor>y hi/ory tak+ up ! /ory :]e !y _h left x1 &1 9 a n>rative built ^u t /ory1 acc\nt+ = ! rise & production ( *anges 9 ! _w1 ! effects ( :i* subsi/ at ?is day2 connect$1 moreov]1 ) ! confirmation :i* !y receive f lett]s writt5 by ! apo/les !mselves1 :i* bo? assume ! same g5]al /ory1 &1 z (t5 z occasions lead !m to d s1 allude to p>ticul> p>ts ( x2 & connect$ also ) ! reflection1 t if ! apo/les deliv]$ any diff]5t /ory x is lo/2 7! pres5t & no o!r be+ ref]r$ to by a s]ies ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 d[n f _! age to our own2 be+ l-wise recognis$ 9 a v>iety ( in/itutions1 :i* prevail$ e>ly & univ]sally1 among/ ! disciples ( ! religion27 & t s great a *ange z ! oblivion ( "o /ory & ! sub/itution ( ano!r1 "u su* circum/ances1 c\ld n h tak5 place3 ?is evid5ce w\ld be deem$1 ,i appreh5d1 suffici5t to prove conc]n+ ^! books1 t1 :oev] 7 ! au?ors ( !m1 !y exhibit ! /ory :i* ! apo/les told1 & = :i*1 consequ5tly1 !y act$ & !y suff]$4 ,if x be s1 ! religion mu/ be true4 ,^! m5 c\ld n be deceiv]s4 ,by only n be>+ te/imony1 !y might h avoid$ all ^! suff]+s1 & h liv$ quietly4 ,w\ld m5 9 su* circum/ances pret5d to h se5 :at !y nev] saw2 ass]t facts :i* !y _h no k (2 g ab\t ly+ to tea* virtue2 &1 ?\gh n only conv9c$ ( ,*ri/'s be+ an impo/or1 b hav+ se5 ! success ( 8 impo/ure 9 8 crucifixion1 yet p]si/ 9 c>ry+ x on2 & s p]si/1 z to br+ ^u !mselves = no?+1 & ) a full k ( ! consequ5ce1 enmity & hatr$1 dang] & dea?8 ,,( ,,! ,,direct ,,hi/orical ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,proposition ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,our fir/ proposition 01 ,t !re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m pret5d+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]tak5 & und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ! tru? ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,our second proposition1 & :i* n[ rema9s to be treat$ (1 is1 ,t !re is ,,n satisfactory evid5ce1 t p]sons pret5d+ to be orig9al witnesses ( any o!r simil> miracles h act$ 9 ! same mann]1 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ! tru? ( ^? acc\nts4 ,i ent] ^u ?is "p ( my argum5t1 by decl>+ h[ f> my belief 9 miracul\s acc\nts goes4 ,if ! re=m]s 9 ! "t ( ,wickliffe1 or ( ,lu!r2 or ^? ( ,engl& 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 or ( ,que5 ,m>y2 or ! f\nd]s ( our religi\s sects s9ce1 su* z 7 ,mr4 ,:itfield & ,mr4 ,wesley 9 our times--_h und]gone ! life ( toil & ex]tion1 ( dang] & suff]+s1 :i* we "k t _m ( !m did und]go1 = a miracul\s /ory2 t is to say1 if !y _h f\nd$ _! public m9i/ry ^u ! allegation ( miracles wr\ght )9 _! own k1 & ^u n>ratives :i* c\ld n be resolv$ into delusion or mi/ake2 & if x _h appe>$ t _! conduct really _h its orig9 9 ^! acc\nts1 ,i %\ld h believ$ !m4 ,or1 to borr[ an in/ance :i* w be famili> to e "o ( my read]s1 if ! late ,mr4 ,h[>d _h und]tak5 8 lab\rs & j\rneys 9 atte/ation1 & 9 consequ5ce ( a cle> & s5sible miracle1 ,i %\ld h believ$ him also4 ,or1 to repres5t ! same ?+ "u a ?ird supposition2 if ,socrates _h pr(ess$ to p]=m public miracles at ,a!ns2 if ! fri5ds ( ,socrates1 ,pha$o1 ,cebes1 ,crito1 & ,simmias1 toge!r ) ,plato1 & _m ( 8 foll[]s1 rely+ ^u ! atte/ations :i* ^! miracles af=d$ to 8 pret5sions1 _h1 at ! haz>d ( _! lives1 & ! c]ta9 exp5se ( _! ease & tranquillity1 gone ab\t ,greece1 aft] 8 dea?1 to publi% & propagate 8 doctr9es3 & if ^! ?+s _h come to our k1 9 ! same way z t 9 :i* ! life ( ,socrates is n[ transmitt$ to u ?r\gh ! h&s ( 8 companions & disciples1 t is1 by writ+s receiv$ )\t d\bt z !irs1 f ! age 9 :i* !y 7 publi%$ to ! pres5t1 ,i %\ld h believ$ ?is likewise4 ,& my belief w\ld1 9 ea* case1 be mu* /r5g!n$1 if ! subject ( ! mission 7 ( importance to ! conduct & happ9ess ( human life2 if x te/ifi$ any?+ :i* x behov$ mank9d to "k f su* au?ority2 if ! nature ( :at x deliv]$ requir$ ! sort ( pro( :i* x alleg$2 if ! occasion 0 adequate to ! int]position1 ! end wor?y ( ! means4 ,9 ! la/ ease1 my fai? w\ld be mu* confirm$ if ! effects ( ! transaction rema9$2 m especially if a *ange _h be5 wr\ght1 at ! "t1 9 ! op9ion & conduct ( su* numb]s z to lay ! f\ndation ( an in/itution1 & ( a sy/em ( doctr9es1 :i* _h s9ce ov]spread ! greate/ "p ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,i %\ld h believ$1 ,i say1 ! te/imony 9 ^! cases2 yet none ( !m d m ?an come up to ! apo/olic hi/ory4 ,if any "o *oose to call ass5t to its evid5ce cr$ulity1 x is at lea/ incumb5t ^u him to produce examples 9 :i* ! same evid5ce ha? turn$ out to be fallaci\s4 ,& ?is conta9s ! precise "q :i* we are n[ to agitate4 ,9 /at+ ! comp>ison betwe5 our evid5ce1 & :at our adv]s>ies may br+ into competition ) ours1 we w divide ! di/9ctions :i* we wi% to propose into two k9ds1--^? :i* relate to ! pro(1 & ^? :i* relate to ! miracles4 ,"u ! =m] head we may lay out ( ! case3-- ,i4 ,su* acc\nts ( sup]natural ev5ts z are f\nd only 9 hi/ories by "s ages po/]ior to ! transaction2 & ( :i* x is evid5t t ! hi/orian c\ld "k little m ?an 8 read]4 ,ours is contempor>y hi/ory4 ,?is diff]5ce alone removes out ( our way ! miracul\s hi/ory ( ,py?agoras1 :o liv$ five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 writt5 by ,porphyry & ,jamblicus1 :o liv$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] t era2 ! prodigies ( ,livy's hi/ory2 ! fables ( ! h]oic ages2 ! :ole ( ! ,greek & ,roman1 z well z ( ! ,go?ic my?ology2 a great "p ( ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ,popi% sa9ts1 ! v be/ atte/$ ( :i* is extract$ f ! c]tificates t are exhibit$ dur+ ! process ( _! canonization1 a c]emony :i* seldom takes place till a c5tury aft] _! dea?s4 ,x applies also ) consid]able =ce to ! miracles ( ,apollonius ,tyaneus1 :i* are conta9$ 9 a solit>y hi/ory ( 8 life1 publi%$ by ,philo/ratus above a hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?2 & 9 :i*1 :e!r ,philo/ratus _h any prior acc\nt to guide him1 dep5ds ^u 8 s+le unsupport$ ass]tion4 ,also to "s ( ! miracles ( ! ?ird c5tury1 especially to "o extraord9>y in/ance1 ! acc\nt ( ,gregory1 bi%op ( ,neoces>ea1 call$ ,?aumaturgus1 deliv]$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,gregory ( ,nyss51 :o liv$ "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft] ! subject ( 8 panegyric4 ,! value ( ?is circum/ance is %[n to h be5 accurately exemplifi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ignatius ,loyola1 f\nd] ( ! ord] ( ,jesuits4 7,d\glas's ,crit]ion ( ,miracles1 p4 #gd47 ,8 life1 writt5 by a companion ( 81 & by "o ( ! ord]1 0 publi%$ ab\t fifte5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 :i* life1 ! au?or1 s f> f ascrib+ any miracles to ,ignatius1 indu/ri\sly /ates ! reasons :y he 0 n inve/$ ) any su* p[]4 ,! life 0 republi%$ fifte5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 ) ! addition ( _m circum/ances :i* 7 ! fruit1 ! au?or says1 ( fur!r inquiry1 & ( dilig5t exam9ation2 b /ill ) a total sil5ce ab\t miracles4 ,:5 ,ignatius _h be5 dead ne>ly sixty ye>s1 ! ,jesuits1 conceiv+ a wi% to h ! f\nd] ( _! ord] plac$ 9 ! ,roman cal5d>1 began1 z x %\ld seem1 = ! fir/ "t1 to attribute to him a catalogue ( miracles :i* c\ld n !n be di/9ctly disprov$2 & :i* !re 01 9 ^? :o gov]n$ ! *ur*1 a /rong disposition to admit ^u ! sl5d]e/ pro(s4 ,,ii4 ,we may lay out ( ! case acc\nts publi%$ 9 "o c\ntry1 ( :at pass$ 9 a di/ant c\ntry1 )\t any pro( t su* acc\nts 7 kn[n or receiv$ at home4 ,9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,judea1 :i* 0 ! sc5e ( ! transaction1 0 ! c5tre ( ! mission4 ,! /ory 0 publi%$ 9 ! place 9 :i* x 0 act$4 ,! *ur* ( ,*ri/ 0 fir/ plant$ at ,j]usalem itself4 ,) t *ur* o!rs correspond$4 ,f !nce ! primitive tea*]s ( ! in/itution w5t =?2 ?i!r !y assembl$4 ,! *ur* ( ,j]usalem1 & ! sev]al *ur*es ( ,judea1 subsi/$ f ! beg9n+1 & = _m ages2 receiv$ also ! same books & ! same acc\nts z o!r *ur*es did4 7,! succession ( _m em95t bi%ops ( ,j]usalem 9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies is di/9ctly pres]v$2 z ,alex&]1 ,a4,d4 #bab1 :o succe$$ ,n>cissus1 !n #aaf ye>s old47 ,?is di/9ction disposes1 among/ o!rs1 ( ! above-m5tion$ miracles ( ,apollonius ,tyaneus1 mo/ ( :i* are relat$ to h be5 p]=m$ 9 ,india2 no evid5ce rema9+ t ei!r ! miracles ascrib$ to him1 or ! hi/ory ( ^? miracles1 7 ev] he>d ( 9 ,india4 ,^? ( ,francis ,xavi]1 ! ,indian mission>y1 ) _m o!rs ( ! ,romi% brevi>y1 are liable to ! same objection1 viz4 t ! acc\nts ( !m 7 publi%$ at a va/ di/ance f ! suppos$ sc5e ( ! wond]s4 7,d\glas's ,crit4 p4 #hd47 ,,iii4 ,we lay out ( ! case transi5t rum\rs4 ,^u ! fir/ publication ( an extraord9>y acc\nt1 or ev5 ( an article ( ord9>y intellig5ce1 no "o :o is n p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! transaction c "k :e!r x be true or false1 because any man may publi% any /ory4 ,x is 9 ! future confirmation1 or contradiction1 ( ! acc\nt2 9 its p]man5cy1 or its disappe>ance2 its dy+ away into sil5ce1 or its increas+ 9 notoriety2 its be+ foll[$ up by subsequ5t acc\nts1 & be+ repeat$ 9 diff]5t & indep5d5t acc\nts--t solid tru? is di/+ui%$ f fugitive lies4 ,?is di/9ction is altoge!r on ! side ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! /ory did n drop4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 succe$$ by a tra9 ( action & ev5ts dep5d5t ^u x4 ,! acc\nts :i* we h 9 our h&s 7 compos$ aft] ! fir/ reports mu/ h subsid$4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by a tra9 ( writ+s ^u ! subject4 ,! hi/orical te/imonies ( ! transaction 7 _m & v>i\s1 & connect$ ) lett]s1 disc\rses1 controv]sies1 apologies1 successively produc$ by ! same transaction4 ,,iv4 ,we may lay out ( ! case :at ,i call nak$ hi/ory4 ,x has be5 said1 t if ! prodigies ( ! ,jewi% hi/ory _h be5 f\nd only 9 fragm5ts ( ,mane?o1 or ,b]osus1 we %\ld h paid no reg>d to !m3 & ,i am will+ to admit ?is4 ,if we knew no?+ ( ! fact1 b f ! fragm5t2 if we possess$ no pro( t ^! acc\nts _h be5 cr$it$ & act$ ^u1 f times1 probably1 z anci5t z ! acc\nts !mselves2 if we _h no visible effects connect$ ) ! hi/ory1 no subsequ5t or collat]al te/imony to confirm x2 "u ^! circum/ances ,i ?9k t x w\ld be undes]v+ ( cr$it4 ,b ?is c]ta9ly is n our case4 ,9 appreciat+ ! evid5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! books are to be comb9$ ) ! in/itution2 ) ! preval5cy ( ! religion at ?is day2 ) ! "t & place ( its orig91 :i* are ackn[l$g$ po9ts2 ) ! circum/ances ( its rise & progress1 z collect$ f ext]nal hi/ory2 ) ! fact ( our pres5t books be+ receiv$ by ! vot>ies ( ! in/itution f ! beg9n+2 ) t ( o!r books com+ aft] ^!1 fill$ ) acc\nts ( effects & consequ5ces result+ f ! transaction1 or ref]r+ to ! transaction1 or built ^u x2 la/ly1 ) ! consid]ation ( ! numb] & v>iety ( ! books !mselves1 ! diff]5t writ]s f :i* !y proce$1 ! diff]5t views ) :i* !y 7 writt51 s disagree+ z to repel ! suspicion ( conf$]acy1 s agree+ z to %[ t !y 7 f\nd$ 9 a common orig9al1 i4 e4 9 a /ory sub/antially ! same4 ,:e!r ?is pro( be satisfactory or n1 x is prop]ly a cumulation ( evid5ce1 by no means a nak$ or solit>y record4 ,v4 ,a m>k ( hi/orical tru?1 al?\gh only a c]ta9 way1 & to a c]ta9 degree1 is p>ticul>ity 9 names1 dates1 places1 circum/ances1 & 9 ! ord] ( ev5ts prec$+ or foll[+ ! transaction3 ( :i* k9d1 = in/ance1 is ! p>ticul>ity 9 ! description ( ,/4 ,paul's voyage & %ipwreck1 9 ! #bg? *apt] ( ! ,acts1 :i* no man1 ,i ?9k1 c read )\t be+ conv9c$ t ! writ] 0 !re2 & also 9 ! acc\nt ( ! cure & exam9ation ( ! bl9d man 9 ! #i? *apt] ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 :i* be>s e m>k ( p]sonal k on ! "p ( ! hi/orian4 7,bo? ^! *apt]s ought to be read = ! sake ( ?is v obs]vation47 ,i d n d5y t fiction has (t5 ! p>ticul>ity ( tru?2 b !n x is ( /udi$ & elaborate fiction1 or ( a =mal attempt to deceive1 t we obs]ve ?is4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 exp]i5ce proves t p>ticul>ity is n conf9$ to tru?1 ,i h /at$ t x is a pro( ( tru? only to a c]ta9 ext5t1 i4 e4 x r$uces ! "q to ?is1 :e!r we c dep5d or n ^u ! probity ( ! relat]8 :i* is a consid]able advance 9 our pres5t argum5t2 = an express attempt to deceive1 9 :i* case alone p>ticul>ity c appe> )\t tru?1 is *>g$ ^u ! evangeli/s by few4 ,if ! hi/orian ackn[l$ge himself to h receiv$ 8 intellig5ce f o!rs1 ! p>ticul>ity ( ! n>rative %[s1 prima facie1 ! accuracy ( 8 inquiries1 & ! fulness ( 8 in=mation4 ,?is rem>k belongs to ,/4 ,luke's hi/ory4 ,( ! p>ticul>ity :i* we allege1 _m examples may be f\nd 9 all ! ,gospels4 ,& x is v difficult to conceive t su* num]\s p>ticul>ities z are almo/ ev]y:]e to be met ) 9 ! ,scriptures %\ld be rais$ out ( no?+1 or be spun out ( ! imag9ation )\t any fact to g ^u499 99 ,!re is always "s tru? :]e !re are consid]able p>ticul>ities relat$1 & !y always seem to be> "s proportion to "o ano!r4 ,?us1 !re is a great want ( ! p>ticul>s ( "t1 place1 & p]sons 9 ,mane?o's acc\nt ( ! ,egyptian ,dyna/ies1 ,etesias's ( ! ,assyrian ,k+s1 & ^? :i* ! te*nical *ronolog]s h giv5 ( ! anci5t k+doms ( ,greece2 &1 agreeably !reto1 ! acc\nts h mu* fiction & falsehood1 ) "s tru?3 :]eas ,?ucydides's ,hi/ory ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 & ,caes>'s ( ! ,w> 9 ,gaul1 9 bo? :i* ! p>ticul>s ( "t1 place1 & p]sons are m5tion$1 are univ]sally e/eem$ true to a great degree ( exactness4 ,h>tley1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aji4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ?is p>ticul>ity is only to be look$ = 9 direct hi/ory4 ,x is n natural 9 ref]5ces or allusions1 :i* yet1 9 o!r respects1 (t5 af=d1 z f> z !y g1 ! mo/ unsuspici\s evid5ce4 ,,vi4 ,we lay out ( ! case su* /ories ( sup]natural ev5ts z require1 on ! "p ( ! he>]1 no?+ m ?an an otiose ass5t2 /ories ^u :i* no?+ dep5ds1 9 :i* no int]e/ is involv$1 no?+ is to be done or *ang$ 9 consequ5ce ( believ+ !m4 ,su* /ories are cr$it$1 if ! c>eless ass5t t is giv5 to !m des]ve t "n1 m by ! indol5ce ( ! he>]1 ?an by 8 judgm5t3 or1 ?\gh n mu* cr$it$1 are pass$ f "o to ano!r )\t inquiry or resi/ance4 ,to ?is case1 & to ?is case alone1 belongs :at is call$ ! love ( ! m>vell\s4 ,i h nev] kn[n x c>ry m5 fur!r4 ,m5 d n suff] p]secution f ! love ( ! m>vell\s4 ,( ! indiff]5t nature we are speak+ ( are mo/ vulg> errors & popul> sup]/ition3 mo/1 = in/ance1 ( ! curr5t reports ( app>itions4 ,no?+ dep5ds ^u _! be+ true or false4 ,b n1 surely1 ( ?is k9d 7 ! alleg$ miracles ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les4 ,!y decid$1 if true1 ! mo/ important "q ^u :i* ! human m9d c fix its anxiety4 ,!y claim$ to regulate ! op9ions ( mank9d ^u subjects 9 :i* !y are n only deeply conc]n$1 b usually refractory & ob/9ate4 ,m5 c\ld n be utt]ly c>eless 9 su* a case z ?is4 ,if a ,jew took up ! /ory1 he f\nd 8 d>l+ p>tiality to 8 own nation & law w\nd$2 if a ,g5tile1 he f\nd 8 idolatry & poly!ism reprobat$ & condemn$4 ,:oev] ent]ta9$ ! acc\nt1 :e!r ,jew or ,g5tile1 c\ld n avoid ! foll[+ reflection3--,if ^! ?+s be true1 ,i mu/ give up ! op9ions & pr9ciples 9 :i* ,i h be5 br\ght up1 ! religion 9 :i* my fa!rs liv$ & di$4 ,x is n conceivable t a man %\ld d ?is ^u any idle report or frivol\s acc\nt1 or1 inde$1 )\t be+ fully satisfi$ & conv9c$ ( ! tru? & cr$ibility ( ! n>rative to :i* he tru/$4 ,b x did n /op at op9ions4 ,!y :o believ$ ,*ri/ianity act$ ^u x4 ,_m made x ! express bus9ess ( _! lives to publi% ! intellig5ce4 ,x 0 requir$ ( ^? :o admitt$ t intellig5ce to *ange =?) _! conduct & _! pr9ciples1 to take up a diff]5t c\rse ( life1 to "p ) _! habits & gratifications1 & beg9 a new set ( rules & sy/em ( behavi\r4 ,! apo/les1 at lea/1 7 int]e/$ n to sacrifice _! ease1 _! =tunes1 & _! lives = an idle tale2 multitudes beside !m 7 induc$1 by ! same tale1 to enc\nt] opposition1 dang]1 & suff]+s4 ,if x be said1 t ! m]e promise ( a future /ate w\ld d all ?is2 ,i answ]1 t ! m]e promise ( a future /ate1 )\t any evid5ce to give cr$it or assurance to x1 w\ld d no?+4 ,a few w&]+ fi%]m5 talk+ ( a resurrection ( ! dead c\ld produce no effect4 ,if x be fur!r said t m5 easily believe :at !y anxi\sly desire2 ,i aga9 answ] t 9 my op9ion1 ! v contr>y ( ?is is ne>] to ! tru?4 ,anxiety ( desire1 e>ne/ness ( expectation1 ! va/ness ( an ev5t1 r causes m5 to disbelieve1 to d\bt1 to dread a fallacy1 to di/ru/1 & to exam9e4 ,:5 our ,"l's resurrection 0 fir/ report$ to ! apo/les1 !y did n believe1 we are told1 = joy4 ,?is 0 natural1 & is agreeable to exp]i5ce4 ,,vii4 ,we h laid out ( ! case ^? acc\nts :i* require no m ?an a simple ass5t2 & we n[ also lay out ( ! case ^? :i* come m]ely 9 affirmance ( op9ions already =m$4 ,?is la/ circum/ance is ( ! utmo/ importance to notice well4 ,x has long be5 obs]v$1 t ,popi% miracles happ5 9 ,popi% c\ntries2 t !y make no conv]ts2 :i* proves t /ories are accept$ :5 !y fall 9 ) pr9ciples already fix$1 ) ! public s5tim5ts1 or ) ! s5tim5ts ( a p>ty already engag$ on ! side ! miracle supports1 :i* w\ld n be attempt$ to be produc$ 9 ! face ( enemies1 9 opposition to reign+ t5ets or fav\rite prejudices1 or :51 if !y be believ$1 ! belief mu/ draw m5 away f _! preconceiv$ & habitual op9ions1 f _! modes ( life & rules ( action4 ,9 ! =m] case1 m5 may n only receive a miracul\s acc\nt1 b may bo? act & suff] on ! side1 &1 9 ! cause1 :i* ! miracle supports1 yet n act or suff] = ! miracle1 b 9 pursuance ( a prior p]suasion4 ,! miracle1 l any o!r argum5t :i* only confirms :at 0 be=e believ$1 is admitt$ ) little exam9ation4 ,9 ! moral1 z 9 ! natural _w1 x is *ange :i* requires a cause4 ,m5 are easily =tifi$ 9 _! old op9ions1 driv5 f !m ) great difficulty4 ,n[ h[ does ?is apply to ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory8 ,! miracles !re record$ 7 wr\ght 9 ! mid/ ( enemies1 "u a gov]nm5t1 a prie/hood1 & a magi/racy decid$ly & vehem5tly adv]se to !m1 & to ! pret5sions :i* !y support$4 ,!y 7 ,prote/ant miracles 9 a ,popi% c\ntry2 !y 7 ,popi% miracles 9 ! mid/ ( ,prote/ants4 ,!y produc$ a *ange2 !y e/abli%$ a society ^u ! spot1 adh]+ to ! belief ( !m2 !y made conv]ts2 & ^? :o 7 conv]t$ gave up to ! te/imony _! mo/ fix$ op9ions & mo/ fav\rite prejudices4 ,!y :o act$ & suff]$ 9 ! cause act$ & suff]$ = ! miracles3 = !re 0 no ant]ior p]suasion to induce !m1 no prior rev]5ce1 prejudice1 or p>tiality to take hold ( ,jesus _h n "o foll[] :5 he set up 8 claim4 ,8 miracles gave bir? to 8 sect4 ,no "p ( ?is description belongs to ! ord9>y evid5ce ( ,hea!n or ,popi% miracles4 ,ev5 mo/ ( ! miracles alleg$ to h be5 p]=m$ by ,*ri/ians1 9 ! second & ?ird c5tury ( its era1 want ?is confirmation4 ,x con/itutes inde$ a l9e ( p>tition betwe5 ! orig9 & ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,frauds & fallacies might mix !mselves ) ! progress1 :i* c\ld n possibly take place 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! religion2 at lea/1 accord+ to any laws ( human conduct t we are acqua9t$ )4 ,:at %\ld sugge/ to ! fir/ propagators ( ,*ri/ianity1 especially to fi%]m51 tax-ga!r]s1 & husb&m51 su* a ?\ght z t ( *ang+ ! religion ( ! _w2 :at c\ld be> !m ?r\gh ! difficulties 9 :i* ! attempt engag$ !m2 :at c\ld procure any degree ( success to ! attempt8 are que/ions :i* apply1 ) great =ce1 to ! sett+ out ( ! in/itution--) less1 to e future /age ( x4 ,to he> "s m5 talk1 "o w\ld suppose ! sett+ up a religion by miracles to be a ?+ ( e day's exp]i5ce3 :]eas ! :ole curr5t ( hi/ory is aga9/ x4 ,ha? any f\nd] ( a new sect among/ ,*ri/ians pret5d$ to miracul\s p[]s1 & succe$$ by 8 pret5sions8 ,7 ^! p[]s claim$ or ex]cis$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! sects ( ! ,wald5ses & ,albig5ses8 ,did ,wickliffe 9 ,engl& pret5d to x8 ,did ,huss or ,j]ome 9 ,bohemia8 ,did ,lu!r 9 ,g]many1 ,zu+lius 9 ,switz]l&1 ,calv9 9 ,france1 or any ( ! re=m]s advance ?is plea8 7,campbell on ,miracles1 p4 #abj1 ed4 #agff47 ,! ,fr5* prophets1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 7! eighte5?7 v5tur$ to allege miracul\s evid5ce1 & imm$iately ru9$ _! cause by _! tem]ity4 ,conc]n+ ! religion ( anci5t ,rome1 ( ,turkey1 ( ,siam1 ( ,*9a1 a s+le miracle _c be nam$ t 0 ev] (f]$ z a te/ ( any ( ^? religions be=e _! e/abli%m5t4 7,adams on ,mir4 p4 #ge47 ,we may add to :at has be5 obs]v$ ( ! di/9ction :i* we are consid]+1 t1 :]e miracles are alleg$ m]ely 9 affirmance ( a prior op9ion1 !y :o believe ! doctr9e may sometimes propagate a belief ( ! miracles :i* !y d n !mselves ent]ta94 ,?is is ! case ( :at are call$ pi\s frauds2 b x is a case1 ,i appreh5d1 :i* takes place solely 9 support ( a p]suasion already e/abli%$4 ,at lea/ x does n hold ( ! apo/olical hi/ory4 ,if ! apo/les did n believe ! miracles1 !y did n believe ! religion2 & )\t ?is belief1 :]e 0 ! piety1 :at place 0 !re = any?+ :i* c\ld be> ! "n or col\r ( piety1 9 publi%+ & atte/+ miracles 9 its behalf8 ,if x be said t _m promote ! belief ( revelation1 & ( any acc\nts :i* fav\r t belief1 because !y ?9k !m1 :e!r well or ill f\nd$1 ( public & political utility2 ,i answ]1 t if a "* exi/ :i* c ) less ju/ice ?an ano!r be ascrib$ to ! f\nd]s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 x is t ( politicians1 or ( m5 capable ( ent]ta9+ political views4 ,! tru? is1 t !re is no assignable "* :i* w acc\nt = ! conduct ( ! apo/les1 suppos+ _! /ory to be false4 ,if bad m51 :at c\ld h induc$ !m to take su* pa9s to promote virtue8 ,if good m51 !y w\ld n h gone ab\t ! c\ntry ) a /r+ ( lies 9 _! m\?s4 ,9 appreciat+ ! cr$it ( any miracul\s /ory1 ^! are di/9ctions :i* relate to ! evid5ce4 ,!re are o!r di/9ctions1 ( great mom5t 9 ! "q1 :i* relate to ! miracles !mselves4 ,( :i* latt] k9d ! foll[+ ought c>efully to be reta9$4 ,i4 ,x is n necess>y to admit z a miracle :at c be resolv$ into a false p]ception4 ,( ?is nature 0 ! demon ( ,socrates2 ! visions ( ,sa9t ,an?ony1 & ( _m o!rs2 ! vision :i* ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury describes himself to h se52 ,colonel ,g>d9]'s vision1 z relat$ 9 8 life1 writt5 by ,dr4 ,doddridge4 ,all ^! may be acc\nt$ = by a mom5t>y insanity2 = ! *>act]i/ic symptom ( human madness is ! ris+ up 9 ! m9d ( images n di/+ui%able by ! pati5t f impressions ^u ! s5ses4 7,batty on ,lunacy47 ,! cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! possibility ( ?is delusion exi/s are divid$ f ! cases 9 :i* x does n exi/ by _m1 & ^? n obscure m>ks4 ,!y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 cases ( visions or voices4 ,! object is h>dly ev] t\*$4 ,! vision submits n to be h&l$4 ,"o s5se does n confirm ano!r4 ,!y are likewise almo/ always cases ( a solit>y witness4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 & ,i "k n1 inde$1 :e!r x ha? ev] be5 ! fact1 t ! same d]angem5t ( ! m5tal organs %\ld seize diff]5t p]sons at ! same "t2 a d]angem5t1 ,i mean1 s mu* ! same1 z to repres5t to _! imag9ation ! same objects4 ,la/ly1 ^! are always cases ( mom5t>y miracles2 by :i* t]m ,i mean to d5ote miracles ( :i* ! :ole exi/5ce is ( %ort duration1 9 contradi/9ction to miracles :i* are att5d$ ) p]man5t effects4 ,! appe>ance ( a spectre1 ! he>+ ( a sup]natural s\nd1 is a mom5t>y miracle4 ,! s5sible pro( is gone :5 ! app>ition or s\nd is ov]4 ,b if a p]son born bl9d be re/or$ to sight1 a notori\s cripple to ! use ( 8 limbs1 or a dead man to life1 "h is a p]man5t effect produc$ by sup]natural means4 ,! *ange inde$ 0 in/antane\s1 b ! pro( cont9ues4 ,! subject ( ! miracle rema9s4 ,! man cur$ or re/or$ is !re3 8 =m] condition 0 kn[n1 & 8 pres5t condition may be exam9$4 ,?is c by no possibility be resolv$ into false p]ception3 & ( ?is k9d are by f> ! great] "p ( ! miracles record$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,:5 ,laz>us 0 rais$ f ! dead1 he did n m]ely move1 & speak1 & die aga92 or come out ( ! grave1 & vani% away4 ,he return$ to 8 home & family1 & !re cont9u$2 = we f9d him "s "t aft]w>ds 9 ! same t[n1 sitt+ at table ) ,jesus & 8 si/]s2 visit$ by great multitudes ( ! ,jews z a subject ( curiosity2 giv+1 by 8 pres5ce1 s mu* uneas9ess to ! ,jewi% rul]s z to beget 9 !m a design ( de/roy+ him4 7,john xii4 #a1 #b1 #i1 #aj47 ,no delusion c acc\nt = ?is4 ,! ,fr5* prophets 9 ,engl&1 "s "t s9ce1 gave out t "o ( _! tea*]s w\ld come to life aga92 b _! en?usiasm nev] made !m believe t !y actually saw him alive4 ,! bl9d man ^: re/oration to sight at ,j]usalem is record$ 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ,sa9t ,john's ,gospel did n quit ! place or conceal himself f inquiry4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 =?com+1 to answ] ! call1 to satisfy ! scrut9y1 & to su/a9 ! br[beat+ ( ,*ri/'s angry & p[]ful enemies4 ,:5 ! cripple at ! gate ( ! temple 0 sudd5ly cur$ by ,pet]1 7,acts iii4 #b47 he did n imm$iately relapse into 8 =m] lam5ess1 or disappe> out ( ! city2 b boldly & hone/ly produc$ himself along ) ! apo/les1 :5 !y 7 br\ght ! next day be=e ! ,jewi% c\ncil4 7,acts iv4 #ad47 ,"h1 ?\gh ! miracle 0 sudd51 ! pro( 0 p]man5t4 ,! lam5ess _h be5 notori\s1 ! cure cont9u$4 ,?is1 !re=e1 c\ld n be ! effect ( any mom5t>y delirium1 ei!r 9 ! subject or 9 ! witnesses ( ! transaction4 ,x is ! same ) ! greate/ numb] ( ! ,scripture miracles4 ,!re are o!r cases ( a mix$ nature1 9 :i*1 al?\gh ! pr9cipal miracle be mom5t>y1 "s circum/ance comb9$ ) x is p]man5t4 ,( ?is k9d is ! hi/ory ( ,sa9t ,paul's conv]sion4 7,acts ix47 ,! sudd5 light & s\nd1 ! vision & ! voice ^u ! road to ,damascus1 7 mom5t>y3 b ,paul's bl9dness = ?ree days 9 consequ5ce ( :at _h happ5$2 ! communication made to ,ananias 9 ano!r place1 & by a vision indep5d5t ( ! =m]2 ,ananias f9d+ out ,paul 9 consequ5ce ( intellig5ce s receiv$1 & f9d+ him 9 ! condition describ$1 & ,paul's recov]y ( 8 sight ^u ,ananias lay+ 8 h&s ^u him2 are circum/ances :i* take ! transaction1 & ! pr9cipal miracle z includ$ 9 x1 entirely out ( ! case ( mom5t>y miracles1 or ( su* z may be acc\nt$ = by false p]ceptions4 ,exactly ! same ?+ may be obs]v$ ( ,pet]'s vision prep>atory to ! call ( ,cornelius1 & ( its connexion ) :at 0 imp>t$ 9 a di/ant place to ,cornelius himself1 & ) ! message despat*$ by ,cornelius to ,pet]4 ,! vision might be a dream2 ! message c\ld n4 ,ei!r communication tak5 sep>ately1 might be a delusion2 ! concurr5ce ( ! two 0 impossible to happ5 )\t a sup]natural cause4 ,beside ! risk ( delusion :i* atta*es ^u mom5t>y miracles1 !re is also mu* m room = impo/ure4 ,! acc\nt _c be exam9$ at ! mom5t3 & :5 t is also a mom5t ( hurry & confusion1 x may n be difficult = m5 ( influ5ce to ga9 cr$it to any /ory :i* !y may wi% to h believ$4 ,?is is precisely ! case ( "o ( ! be/ atte/$ ( ! miracles ( ,old ,rome1 ! appe>ance ( ,ca/or & ,pollux 9 ! battle f\ght by ,po/humius ) ! ,lat9s at ! lake ,regillus4 ,!re is no d\bt b t ,po/humius1 aft] ! battle1 spread ! report ( su* an appe>ance4 ,no p]son c\ld d5y x :il/ x 0 said to la/4 ,no p]son1 p]haps1 _h any incl9ation to dispute x aft]w>ds2 or1 if !y _h1 c\ld say ) positiv5ess :at 0 or :at 0 n se5 by "s or o!r ( ! army1 9 ! dismay & amid/ ! tumult ( a battle4 ,9 assign+ false p]ceptions z ! orig9 to :i* "s miracul\s acc\nts may be ref]r$1 ,i h n m5tion$ claims to inspiration1 illum9ations1 secret notices or directions1 int]nal s5sations1 or consci\snesses ( be+ act$ ^u by spiritual influ5ces1 good or bad1 because ^!1 appeal+ to no ext]nal pro(1 h[ev] conv9c+ !y may be to ! p]sons !mselves1 =m no "p ( :at c be acc\nt$ miracul\s evid5ce4 ,_! own cr$ibility /&s ^u _! alliance ) o!r miracles4 ,! discussion1 !re=e1 ( all su* pret5sions may be omitt$4 ,,ii4 ,x is n necess>y to br+ into ! comp>ison :at may be call$ t5tative miracles2 t is1 :]e1 out ( a great numb] ( trials1 "s succe$2 & 9 ! acc\nts ( :i*1 al?\gh ! n>rative ( ! successful cases be alone pres]v$1 & t ( ! unsuccessful cases sunk1 yet en\gh is /at$ to %[ t ! cases produc$ are only a few out ( _m 9 :i* ! same means h be5 employ$4 ,?is obs]vation be>s ) consid]able =ce ^u ! anci5t oracles & auguries1 9 :i* a s+le co9cid5ce ( ! ev5t ) ! pr$iction is talk$ ( & magnifi$1 :il/ failures are =gott51 or suppress$1 or acc\nt$ =4 ,x is also applicable to ! cures wr\ght by relics1 & at ! tombs ( sa9ts4 ,! boa/$ efficacy ( ! k+'s t\*1 ^u :i* ,mr4 ,hume lays "s /ress1 falls "u ! same description4 ,no?+ is alleg$ conc]n+ x :i* is n alleg$ ( v>i\s no/rums1 namely1 out ( _m ?\s&s :o h us$ !m1 c]tifi$ pro(s ( a few :o h recov]$ aft] !m4 ,no solution ( ?is sort is applicable to ! miracles ( ! ,gospel4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! n>rative :i* c induce1 or ev5 all[1 u to believe1 t ,*ri/ attempt$ cures 9 _m in/ances1 & succe$$ 9 a few2 or t he ev] made ! attempt 9 va94 ,he did n pr(ess to heal ev]y:]e all t 7 sick2 on ! contr>y1 he told ! ,jews1 evid5tly mean+ to repres5t 8 own case1 t1 al?\gh _m wid[s 7 9 ,israel 9 ! days ( ,elias1 :5 ! heav5 0 %ut up ?ree ye>s & six mon?s1 :5 great fam9e 0 ?r\gh\t all ! l&1 yet unto none ( !m 0 ,elias s5t1 save unto ,s>epta1 a city ( ,sidon1 unto a woman t 0 a wid[3 & t _m lep]s 7 9 ,israel 9 ! "t ( ,eliseus ! prophet1 & none ( !m 0 cleans$ sav+ ,naaman ! ,syrian4 7,luke iv4 #be47 ,by :i* examples he gave !m to und]/&1 t x 0 n ! nature ( a ,div9e int]position1 or necess>y to its purpose1 to be g5]al2 /ill less to answ] e *all5ge t might be made1 :i* w\ld tea* m5 to put _! fai? ^u ^! exp]im5ts4 ,*ri/ nev] pron\nc$ ! ^w1 b ! effect foll[$499 99,"o1 & only "o1 in/ance may be produc$ 9 :i* ! disciples ( ,*ri/ d seem to h attempt$ a cure1 & n to h be5 able to p]=m x4 ,! /ory is v +5u\sly relat$ by ?ree ( ! evangeli/s4 7,matt4 xvii4 #ad4 ,m>k ix4 #ad4 ,luke ix4 #cc47 ,! pati5t 0 aft]w>ds heal$ by ,*ri/ himself2 & ! :ole transaction seems to h be5 int5d$1 z x 0 well suit$1 to display ! sup]iority ( ,*ri/ above all :o p]=m$ miracles 9 8 "n1 a di/9ction :i*1 dur+ 8 pres5ce 9 ! _w1 x might be necess>y to inculcate by "s su* pro( z ?is4 ,x 0 n a ?\s& sick t receiv$ 8 b5$iction1 & a few t 7 b5efit$2 a s+le p>alytic is let d[n 9 8 b$ at ,jesus's feet1 9 ! mid/ ( a surr\nd+ multitude2 ,jesus bid him walk1 & he did s4 7,m>k ii4 #c47 ,a man ) a )]$ h& is 9 ! synagogue2 ,jesus bid him /ret* =? 8 h& 9 ! pres5ce ( ! assembly1 & x 0 re/or$ :ole l ! o!r4 7,matt4 xii4 #aj47 ,!re 0 no?+ t5tative 9 ^! cures2 no?+ t c be expla9$ by ! p[] ( accid5t4 ,we may obs]ve1 also1 t _m ( ! cures :i* ,*ri/ wr\ght1 su* z t ( a p]son bl9d f 8 bir?2 also _m miracles besides cures1 z rais+ ! dead1 walk+ ^u ! sea1 fe$+ a great multitude ) a few loaves & fi%es1 are ( a nature :i* does n 9 anywise admit ( ! supposition ( a =tunate exp]im5t4 ,,iii4 ,we may dismiss f ! "q all acc\nts 9 :i*1 all[+ ! ph5om5on to be real1 ! fact to be true1 x /ill rema9s d\btful :e!r a miracle 7 wr\ght4 ,?is is ! case ) ! anci5t hi/ory ( :at is call$ ! ?und]+ legion1 ( ! extraord9>y circum/ances :i* ob/ruct$ ! rebuild+ ( ! temple at ,j]usalem by ,julian2 ! circl+ ( ! flames & fragrant smell at ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p2 ! sudd5 %[] t ext+ui%$ ! fire into :i* ! ,scriptures 7 ?r[n 9 ! ,diocletian p]secution2 ,con/ant9e's dream2 8 inscrib+ 9 consequ5ce ( x ! cross ^u 8 /&>d & ! %ields ( 8 soldi]s2 8 victory1 & ! escape ( ! /&>d-be>]2 p]haps1 also1 ! imag9$ appe>ance ( ! cross 9 ! heav5s1 ?\gh ?is la/ circum/ance is v defici5t 9 hi/orical evid5ce4 ,x is also ! case ) ! mod]n annual exhibition ( ! liquefaction ( ! blood ( ,sa9t ,janu>ius at ,naples4 ,x is a d\bt1 likewise1 :i* ought to be exclud$ by v special circum/ances f ^? n>ratives :i* relate to ! sup]natural cure ( hypo*ondriacal & n]v\s compla9ts1 & ( all diseases :i* are mu* affect$ by ! imag9ation4 ,! miracles ( ! second & ?ird c5tury are1 usually1 heal+ ! sick & ca/+ out evil spirits1 miracles 9 :i* !re is room = "s error & deception4 ,we he> no?+ ( caus+ ! bl9d to see1 ! lame to walk1 ! deaf to he>1 ! lep]s to be cleans$4 7,jort9's ,rem>ks1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ea47 ,!re are also in/ances 9 ,*ri/ian writ]s ( reput$ miracles1 :i* 7 natural op]ations1 ?\gh n kn[n to be su* at ! "t2 z t ( articulate spee* aft] ! loss ( a great "p ( ! tongue4 ,,iv4 ,to ! same head ( objection1 ne>ly1 may also be ref]r$ acc\nts 9 :i* ! v>iation ( a small circum/ance may h trans=m$ "s extraord9>y appe>ance1 or "s critical co9cid5ce ( ev5ts1 into a miracle2 /ories1 9 a ^w1 :i* may be resolv$ into exagg]ation4 ,! miracles ( ! ,gospel c by no possibility be expla9$ away 9 ?is mann]4 ,total fiction w acc\nt = any?+2 b no /ret* ( exagg]ation t has any p>allel 9 o!r hi/ories1 no =ce ( fancy ^u real circum/ances1 c\ld produce ! n>ratives :i* we n[ h4 ,! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s& ) a few loaves & fi%es surpasses all b\nds ( exagg]ation4 ,! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 ( ! wid['s son at ,na91 z well z _m ( ! cures :i* ,*ri/ wr\ght1 come n )9 ! compass ( misrepres5tation4 ,i mean t x is impossible to assign any position ( circum/ances h[ev] peculi>1 any accid5tal effects h[ev] extraord9>y1 any natural s+ul>ity1 :i* c\ld supply an orig9 or f\ndation to ^! acc\nts4 ,hav+ ?us enum]at$ sev]al exceptions :i* may ju/ly be tak5 to relations ( miracles1 x is necess>y1 :5 we read ! ,scriptures1 to be> 9 our m9ds ?is g5]al rem>k2 t al?\gh !re be miracles record$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* fall )9 "s or o!r ( ! exceptions "h assign$1 yet t !y are unit$ ) o!rs1 to :i* none ( ! same exceptions ext5d1 & t _! cr$ibility /&s ^u ?is union4 ,?us ! visions & revelations :i* ,sa9t ,paul ass]ts to h be5 imp>t$ to him may n1 9 _! sep>ate evid5ce1 be di/+ui%able f ! visions & revelations :i* _m o!rs h alleg$4 ,b "h is ! diff]5ce4 ,sa9t ,paul's pret5sions 7 atte/$ by ext]nal miracles wr\ght by himself1 & by miracles wr\ght 9 ! cause to :i* ^! visions relate2 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 ! same hi/orical au?ority :i* in=ms u ( "o in=ms u ( ! o!r4 ,?is is n ord9>ily true ( ! visions ( en?usia/s1 or ev5 ( ! acc\nts 9 :i* !y are conta9$4 ,aga91 "s ( ,*ri/'s own miracles 7 mom5t>y2 z ! transfiguration1 ! appe>ance & voice f ,heav5 at 8 baptism1 a voice f ! cl\ds on "o occasion aft]w>ds 7,john xii4 #bh71 & "s o!rs4 ,x is n d5i$1 t ! di/9ction :i* we h propos$ conc]n+ miracles ( ?is species applies1 9 dim9ution ( ! =ce ( ! evid5ce1 z mu* to ^! in/ances z to o!rs4 ,b ?is is ! case n ) all ! miracles ascrib$ to ,*ri/1 nor ) ! greate/ "p1 nor ) _m4 ,:atev] =ce !re=e !re may be 9 ! objection1 we h num]\s miracles :i* are free f x2 & ev5 ^? to :i* x is applicable are little affect$ by x 9 _! cr$it1 because !re are few :o1 admitt+ ! re/1 w reject !m4 ,if !re be miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* come )9 any ( ! o!r heads into :i* we h di/ribut$ ! objections1 ! same rem>k mu/ be repeat$4 ,& ?is is "o way 9 :i* ! unexampl$ numb] & v>iety ( ! miracles ascrib$ to ,*ri/ /r5g!n ! cr$ibility ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,= x precludes any solution1 or conjecture ab\t a solution1 :i* imag9ation1 or ev5 :i* exp]i5ce might sugge/1 conc]n+ "s p>ticul> miracles1 if consid]$ indep5d5tly ( o!rs4 ,! miracles ( ,*ri/ 7 ( v>i\s k9ds199 & p]=m$ 9 great v>ieties ( situation1 =m1 & mann]2 at ,j]usalem1 ! metropolis ( ! ,jewi% nation & religion2 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,judea & ,galilee2 9 cities & villages2 9 synagogues1 9 private h\ses2 9 ! /reet1 9 highways2 ) prep>ation1 z 9 ! case ( ,laz>us2 by accid5t1 z 9 ! case ( ! wid['s son ( ,na92 :5 att5d$ by multitudes1 & :5 alone ) ! pati5t2 9 ! mid/ ( 8 disciples1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 enemies2 ) ! common p ar\nd him1 & be=e ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 & rul]s ( ! synagogues4 99 ,n only heal+ e species ( disease1 b turn+ wat] into w9e 7,john ii472 fe$+ multitudes ) a few loaves & fi%es 7,matt4 xiv4 #ae2 ,m>k vi4 #ce2 ,luke ix4 #ab2 ,john vi4 #e72 walk+ on ! sea 7,matt4 xiv4 #be72 calm+ a /orm 7,matt4 viii4 #bf2 ,luke viii4 #bd72 a cele/ial voice at 8 baptism1 & miracul\s appe>ance 7,matt4 iii4 #af2 aft]w>ds ,john xii4 #bh72 8 transfiguration 7,matt4 xvii4 #ah2 ,m>k ix4 #b2 ,luke ix4 #bh2 #b ,pet] i4 #af1 #ag72 rais+ ! dead 9 ?ree di/9ct in/ances 7,matt4 ix4 #ah2 ,m>k v4 #bb2 ,luke vii4 #ad2 viii4 #da2 ,john xi474 ,i appreh5d t1 :5 we remove f ! comp>ison ! cases :i* are fairly dispos$ ( by ! obs]vations t h be5 /at$1 _m cases w n rema94 ,to ^? :i* d rema91 we apply ?is f9al di/9ction2 t !re is n satisfactory evid5ce t p]sons pret5d+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! miracles pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily und]tak5 & und]gone 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & prop]ly 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ! tru? ( ^? acc\nts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,b !y ) :om we argue h und\bt$ly a "r to select _! own examples4 ,! in/ances ) :i* ,mr4 ,hume has *os5 to confront ! miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & :i*1 !re=e1 we are entitl$ to reg>d z ! /ronge/ :i* ! hi/ory ( ! _w c\ld supply to ! inquiries ( a v acute & le>n$ adv]s>y1 are ! ?ree foll[+3 ,i4 ,! cure ( a bl9d & ( a lame man ( ,alex&ria1 by ! emp]or ,vespasian1 z relat$ by ,tacitus2 ,,ii4 ,! re/oration ( ! limb ( an att5dant 9 a ,spani% *ur*1 z told by ,c>d9al de ,retz2 &1 ,,iii4 ,! cures said to be p]=m$ at ! tomb ( ! abbe ,p>is 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,i4 ,! n>rative ( ,tacitus is deliv]$ 9 ^! t]ms3 ,"o ( ! common p ( ,alex&ria1 kn[n to be diseas$ 9 8 eyes1 by ! admonition ( ! god ,s]apis1 :om t sup]/iti\s nation wor%ip above all o!r gods1 pro/rat$ himself be=e ! emp]or1 e>ne/ly implor+ f him a rem$y = 8 bl9dness1 & entreat+ t he w\ld deign to ano9t ) 8 spittle 8 *eeks & ! balls ( 8 eyes4 ,ano!r1 diseas$ 9 8 h&1 reque/$1 by ! admonition ( ! same god1 t he might be t\*$ by ! foot ( ! emp]or4 ,vespasian at fir/ d]id$ & despis$ _! application2 aft]w>ds1 :5 !y cont9u$ to urge _! petitions1 he sometimes appe>$ to dread ! imputation ( vanity2 at o!r times1 by ! e>ne/ supplication ( ! pati5ts1 & ! p]suasion ( 8 flatt]]s1 to be induc$ to hope = success4 ,at l5g? he comm&$ an inquiry to be made by ! physicians1 :e!r su* a bl9dness & debility 7 v9cible by human aid4 ,! report ( ! physicians conta9$ v>i\s po9ts3 t 9 ! "o1 ! p[] ( vision 0 n de/roy$1 b w\ld return if ! ob/acles 7 remov$2 t 9 ! o!r1 ! diseas$ jo9ts might be re/or$1 if a heal+ p[] 7 appli$2 t x 01 p]haps1 agreeable to ! gods to d ?is2 t ! emp]or 0 elect$ by div9e assi/ance2 la/ly1 t ! cr$it ( ! success w\ld be ! emp]or's1 ! ridicule ( ! disappo9tm5t w\ld fall ^u ! pati5ts4 ,vespasian believ+ t ev]y?+ 0 9 ! p[] ( 8 =tune1 & t no?+ 0 any long] incr$ible1 :il/ ! multitude :i* /ood by eag]ly expect$ ! ev5t1 ) a c\nt5ance expressive ( joy1 execut$ :at he 0 desir$ to d4 ,imm$iately ! h& 0 re/or$ to its use1 & light return$ to ! bl9d man4 ,!y :o 7 pres5t relate bo? ^! cures1 ev5 at ?is "t1 :5 !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by ly+4 7,tacit4 ,hi/4 lib4 iv47 ,n[1 ?\gh ,tacitus wrote ?is acc\nt tw5ty-sev5 ye>s aft] ! miracle is said to h be5 p]=m$1 & wrote at ,rome ( :at pass$ at ,alex&ria1 & wrote also f report2 & al?\gh x does n appe> t he _h exam9$ ! /ory or t he believ$ x1 7b r ! contr>y17 yet ,i ?9k 8 te/imony suffici5t to prove t su* a transaction took place3 by :i* ,i mean1 t ! two m5 9 "q did apply to ,vespasian2 t ,vespasian did t\* ! diseas$ 9 ! mann] relat$2 & t a cure 0 report$ to h foll[$ ! op]ation4 ,b ! affair lab\rs "u a /rong & j suspicion1 t ! :ole ( x 0 a conc]t$ impo/ure br\ght ab\t by collusion betwe5 ! pati5ts1 ! physician1 & ! emp]or4 ,?is solution is probable1 because !re 0 ev]y?+ to sugge/1 & ev]y?+ to facilitate su* a s*eme4 ,! miracle 0 calculat$ to conf] hon\r ^u ! emp]or1 & ^u ! god ,s]apis4 ,x 0 a*iev$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! emp]or's flatt]]s & foll[]s2 9 a city & among/ a populace be=e-h& devot$ to 8 int]e/1 & to ! wor%ip ( ! god3 :]e x w\ld h be5 treason & blasphemy toge!r to h contradict$ ! fame ( ! cure1 or ev5 to h que/ion$ x4 ,& :at is v obs]vable 9 ! acc\nt is1 t ! report ( ! physicians is j su* a report z w\ld h be5 made ( a case 9 :i* no ext]nal m>ks ( ! disease exi/$1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 0 capable ( be+ easily c\nt]feit$2 viz4 t 9 ! fir/ ( ! pati5ts ! organs ( vision 7 n de/roy$1 t ! weakness ( ! second 0 9 8 jo9ts4 ,! /ronge/ circum/ance 9 ,tacitus's n>ration is1 t ! fir/ pati5t 0 notus tabe oculorum1 rem>k$ or notori\s = ! disease 9 8 eyes4 ,b ?is 0 a circum/ance :i* might h f\nd its way into ! /ory 9 its progress f a di/ant c\ntry1 & dur+ an int]val ( ?irty ye>s2 or x might be true t ! malady ( ! eyes 0 notori\s1 yet t ! nature & degree ( ! disease _h nev] be5 asc]ta9$2 a case by no means uncommon4 ,! emp]or's res]ve 0 easily affect$3 or x is possible he might n be 9 ! secret4 ,!re does n seem to be mu* weight 9 ! obs]vation ( ,tacitus1 t !y :o 7 pres5t cont9u$ ev5 !n to relate ! /ory :5 !re 0 no?+ to be ga9$ by ! lie4 ,x only proves t ^? :o _h told ! /ory = _m ye>s p]si/$ 9 x4 ,! /ate ( m9d ( ! witnesses & spectators at ! "t is ! po9t to be att5d$ to4 ,/ill less is !re ( p]t95cy 9 ,mr4 ,hume's eulogium on ! cauti\s & p5etrat+ g5ius ( ! hi/orian2 = x does n appe> t ! hi/orian believ$ x4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* he speaks ( ,s]apis1 ! deity to ^: int]position ! miracle 0 attribut$1 sc>cely suff] u to suppose t ,tacitus ?\ght ! miracle to be real3 by ! admonition ( ! god ,s]apis1 :om t sup]/iti\s nation 7d$ita sup]/itionibus g5s7 wor%ip above all o!r gods4 ,to h br\ght ?is suppos$ miracle )9 ! limits ( comp>ison ) ! miracles ( ,*ri/1 x ought to h appe>$ t a p]son ( a l[ & private /ation1 9 ! mid/ ( enemies1 ) ! :ole p[] ( ! c\ntry oppos+ him1 ) e "o ar\nd him prejudic$ or int]e/$ aga9/ 8 claims & "*1 pret5d$ to p]=m ^! cures1 & requir$ ! spectators1 ^u ! /r5g? ( :at !y saw1 to give up _! firme/ hopes & op9ions1 & foll[ him ?r\gh a life ( trial & dang]2 t _m 7 s mov$ z to obey 8 call1 at ! exp5se bo? ( e notion 9 :i* !y _h be5 br\ght up1 & ( _! ease1 safety1 & reputation2 & t by ^! beg9n+s a *ange 0 produc$ 9 ! _w1 ! effects ( :i* rema9 to ?is day3 a case1 bo? 9 its circum/ances & consequ5ces1 v unlike any?+ we f9d 9 ,tacitus's relation4 ,,ii4 ,! /ory tak5 f ! ,memoirs ( ,c>d9al de ,retz1 :i* is ! second example alleg$ by ,mr4 ,hume1 is ?is3 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,s>agossa 9 ,spa91 ! canons %[$ me a man ^: bus9ess x 0 to light ! lamps2 tell+ me1 t he _h be5 sev]al ye>s at ! gate ) "o leg only4 ,i saw him ) two4 7,liv4 iv4 ,a4,d4 #afed47 ,x is /at$ by ,mr4 ,hume1 t ! c>d9al :o relates ?is /ory did n believe x2 & x n[h]e appe>s t he ei!r exam9$ ! limb1 or ask$ ! pati5t1 or inde$ any "o1 a s+le "q ab\t ! matt]4 ,an artificial leg1 wr\ght ) art1 w\ld be suffici5t1 9 a place :]e no su* contrivance _h ev] be=e be5 he>d (1 to give orig9 & curr5cy to ! report4 ,! ecclesia/ics ( ! place w\ld1 x is probable1 fav\r ! /ory1 inasmu* z x advanc$ ! hon\r ( _! image & *ur*4 ,& if !y patroniz$ x1 no o!r p]son at ,s>agossa1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 w\ld c>e to dispute x4 ,! /ory likewise co9cid$ n less ) ! wi%es & preconceptions ( ! p ?an ) ! int]e/s ( _! ecclesia/ical rul]s3 s t !re 0 prejudice back$ by au?ority1 & bo? op]at+ ^u extreme ignorance1 to acc\nt = ! success ( ! impo/ure4 ,if1 z ,i h sugge/$1 ! contrivance ( an artificial limb 0 !n new1 x w\ld n occur to ! c>d9al himself to suspect x2 especially "u ! c>elessness ( m9d ) :i* he he>d ! tale1 & ! little incl9ation he felt to scrut9ize or expose its fallacy4 ,,iii4 ,! miracles relat$ to h be5 wr\ght at ! tomb ( ! abbe ,p>is admit 9 g5]al ( ?is solution4 ,! pati5ts :o frequ5t$ ! tomb 7 s affect$ by _! devotion1 _! expectation1 ! place1 ! solemnity1 &1 above all1 by ! sympa?y ( ! surr\nd+ multitude1 t _m ( !m 7 ?r[n into viol5t convulsions1 :i* convulsions1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 produc$ a removal ( disord]1 dep5d+ ^u ob/ruction4 ,we %all1 at ?is day1 h ! less difficulty 9 admitt+ ! above acc\nt1 because x is ! v same ?+ z ha? lately be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! op]ations ( animal magnetism3 & ! report ( ! ,fr5* physicians ^u t my/]i\s rem$y is v applicable to ! pres5t consid]ation1 viz4 t ! pret5d]s to ! art1 by work+ ^u ! imag9ations ( _! pati5ts1 7 frequ5tly able to produce convulsions2 t convulsions s produc$ are among/ ! mo/ p[]ful1 b1 at ! same "t1 mo/ unc]ta9 & unmanageable applications to ! human frame :i* c be employ$4 ,circum/ances :i* indicate ?is explication1 9 ! case ( ! ,p>isian miracles1 are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,!y 7 t5tative4 ,out ( _m ?\s& sick1 infirm1 & diseas$ p]sons :o resort$ to ! tomb1 ! pr(ess$ hi/ory ( ! miracles conta9s only n9e cures4 #b4 ,! convulsions at ! tomb are admitt$4 #c4 ,! diseases 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ( t sort :i* dep5ds ^u inaction & ob/ruction1 z dropsies1 palsies1 & "s tum\rs4 #d4 ,! cures 7 gradual2 "s pati5ts att5d+ _m days1 "s sev]al weeks1 & "s sev]al mon?s4 #e4 ,! cures 7 _m ( !m incomplete4 #f4 ,o!rs 7 tempor>y4 7,! read] w f9d ^! p>ticul>s v]ifi$ 9 ! detail1 by ! accurate inquiries ( ! pres5t bi%op ( ,s>um1 9 8 ,crit]ion ( ,miracles1 p4 #acb1 et seq47 ,s t all ! wond] we are call$ ^u to acc\nt = is1 t out ( an almo/ innum]able multitude :i* resort$ to ! tomb = ! cure ( _! compla9ts1 & _m ( :om 7 !re agitat$ by /rong convulsions1 a v small proportion exp]i5c$ a b5eficial *ange 9 _! con/itution1 especially 9 ! action ( ! n]ves & gl&s4 ,"s ( ! cases alleg$ d n require t we %\ld h rec\rse to ?is solution4 ,! fir/ case 9 ! catalogue is sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! progress ( a natural recov]y4 ,x 0 t ( a "y man :o lab\r$ "u an inflammation ( "o eye1 & _h lo/ ! sight ( ! o!r4 ,! inflam$ eye 0 reliev$1 b ! bl9dness ( ! o!r rema9$4 ,! inflammation _h be=e be5 abat$ by m$ic9e2 & ! "y man1 at ! "t ( 8 att5dance at ! tomb1 0 us+ a lotion ( laudanum4 ,&1 :at is a /ill m mat]ial "p ( ! case1 ! inflammation1 aft] "s int]val1 return$4 ,ano!r case 0 t ( a "y man :o _h lo/ 8 sight by ! puncture ( an awl1 & ! dis*>ge ( ! aque\s hum\r ?r\gh ! w\nd4 ,! sight1 :i* _h be5 gradually return+1 0 mu* improv$ dur+ 8 visit to ! tomb1 t is1 probably 9 ! same degree 9 :i* ! dis*>g$ hum\r 0 replac$ by fre% secretions4 ,& x is obs]vable1 t ^! two are ! only cases :i*1 f _! nature1 %\ld seem unlikely to be affect$ by convulsions4 ,9 "o mat]ial respect ,i all[ t ! ,p>isian miracles 7 diff]5t f ^? relat$ by ,tacitus1 & f ! ,spani% miracle ( ! c>d9al de ,retz4 ,!y _h n1 l !m1 all ! p[] & all ! prejudice ( ! c\ntry on _! side to beg9 )4 ,!y 7 alleg$ by "o p>ty aga9/ ano!r1 by ! ,jans5i/s aga9/ ! ,jesuits4 ,^! 7 ( c\rse oppos$ & exam9$ by _! adv]s>ies4 ,! consequ5ce ( :i* exam9ation 0 t _m falsehoods 7 detect$1 t ) some?+ really extraord9>y mu* fraud appe>$ to be mix$4 ,& if "s ( ! cases ^u :i* design$ misrepres5tation c\ld n be *>g$ 7 n at ! "t satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 x 0 because ! efficacy ( /rong spasmodic affections 0 n !n suffici5tly kn[n4 ,f9ally1 ! cause ( ,jans5ism did n rise by ! miracles1 b sunk1 al?\gh ! miracles _h ! ant]ior p]suasion ( all ! num]\s adh]5ts ( t cause to set out )4 ,^!1 let u rememb]1 are ! /ronge/ examples :i* ! hi/ory ( ages supplies4 ,9 none ( !m 0 ! miracle unequivocal2 by none ( !m 7 e/abli%$ prejudices & p]suasions ov]?r[n2 ( none ( !m did ! cr$it make its way1 9 opposition to au?ority & p[]2 by none ( !m 7 _m induc$ to commit !mselves1 & t 9 contradiction to prior op9ions1 to a life ( mortification1 dang]1 & suff]+s2 none 7 call$ ^u to atte/ !m at ! exp5se ( _! =tunes & safety499 99 ,x may be ?\ght t ! hi/orian ( ! ,p>isian miracles1 ,m4 ,montg]on1 =ms an exception to ?is la/ ass]tion4 ,he pres5t$ 8 book 7) a suspicion1 z x %\ld seem1 ( ! dang] ( :at he 0 do+7 to ! k+2 & 0 %ortly aft]w>ds committ$ to prison2 f :i* he nev] came out4 ,_h ! miracles be5 unequivocal1 & _h ,m4 ,montg]on be5 orig9ally conv9c$ by !m1 ,i %\ld h all[$ ?is exception4 ,x w\ld h /ood1 ,i ?9k1 alone 9 ! argum5t ( our adv]s>ies4 ,b1 beside :at has be5 obs]v$ ( ! dubi\s nature ( ! miracles1 ! acc\nt :i* ,m4 ,montg]on has himself left ( 8 conv]sion %[s bo? ! /ate ( 8 m9d & t 8 p]suasion 0 n built ^u ext]nal miracles4--,sc>cely _h he ent]$ ! *ur*y>d :5 he 0 /ruck1 he tells u1 ) awe & rev]5ce1 hav+ nev] be=e he>d pray]s pron\nc$ ) s mu* ard\r & transport z he obs]v$ among/ ! supplicants at ! tomb4 ,^u ?is1 ?r[+ himself on 8 knees1 re/+ 8 elb[s on ! tomb/one & cov]+ 8 face ) 8 h&s1 he spake ! foll[+ pray]4 ,o ?\1 by ^: int]cession s _m miracles are said to be p]=m$1 if x be true t a "p ( !e survive? ! grave1 & t ?\ ha/ influ5ce ) ! ,almighty1 h pity on ! d>kness ( my und]/&+1 & ?r\gh 8 m]cy obta9 ! removal ( x4 ,hav+ pray$ ?us1 _m ?\ghts1 z he saye?1 began to op5 !mselves to 8 m9d2 & s pr(\nd 0 8 att5tion t he cont9u$ on 8 knees f\r h\rs1 n 9 ! lea/ di/urb$ by ! va/ cr[d ( surr\nd+ supplicants4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 all ! argum5ts :i* he ev] he>d or read 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity occurr$ to him ) s mu* =ce1 & seem$ s /rong & conv9c+1 t he w5t home fully satisfi$ ( ! tru? ( religion 9 g5]al1 & ( ! hol9ess & p[] ( t p]son :o1 z he suppos$1 _h engag$ ! ,div9e ,goodness to enlight5 8 und]/&+ s sudd5ly4 7,d\glas's ,crit ( ,mir4 p4 #bad47 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,auxili>y ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,prophecy4 ,isaiah iii4 #ac2 liii4 ,behold1 my s]vant %all deal prud5tly2 he %all be exalt$ & extoll$1 & be v high4 ,z _m 7 a/oni%$ at !e2 8 visage 0 s m>r$ m ?an any man1 & 8 =m m ?an ! sons ( m53 s %all he spr9kle _m nations2 ! k+s %all %ut _! m\?s at him3 = t :i* _h n be5 told !m %all !y see2 & t :i* !y _h n he>d %all !y consid]4 ,:o ha? believ$ our report8 & to :om is ! arm ( ! ,"l reveal$8 ,= he %all gr[ up be=e him z a t5d] plant1 & z a root out ( a dry gr\nd3 he ha? no =m nor comel9ess2 & :5 we %all see him1 !re is no beauty t we %\ld desire him4 ,he is despis$ & reject$ ( m51 a man ( sorr[s1 & acqua9t$ ) grief3 & we hid1 z x 71 our faces f him3 he 0 despis$1 & we e/eem$ him n4 ,surely he ha? borne our griefs1 & c>ri$ our sorr[s3 yet we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god1 & afflict$4 ,b he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities1 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him2 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$4 ,all we l %eep h gone a/ray2 we h turn$ e "o to 8 own way2 & ! ,"l ha? laid on him ! iniquity ( u all4 ,he 0 oppress$1 & he 0 afflict$1 yet he op5$ n 8 m\?3 he is br\ght z a lamb to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep be=e h] %e>]s is dumb1 s he op5$ n 8 m\?4 ,he 0 tak5 f prison & f judgm5t2 & :o %all decl>e 8 g5]ation8 = he 0 cut (f out ( ! l& ( ! liv+3 = ! transgression ( my p 0 he /rick54 ,& he made 8 grave ) ! wick$1 & ) ! ri* 9 8 dea?2 because he _h done no viol5ce1 nei!r 0 any deceit 9 8 m\?4 ,yet x pleas$ ! ,"l to bruise him2 he ha? put him to grief4 ,:5 ?\ %alt make 8 s\l an (f]+ = s91 he %all see 8 se$1 he %all prolong 8 days1 & ! pleasure ( ! ,"l %all prosp] 9 8 h&4 ,he %all see ( ! travail ( 8 s\l1 & %all be satisfi$3 by 8 k %all my righte\s s]vant ju/ify _m2 = he %all be> _! iniquities4 ,!re=e w ,i divide him a portion ) ! great1 & he %all divide ! spoil ) ! /rong2 because he ha? p\r$ out 8 s\l unto dea?2 & he 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors1 & he b>e ! s9 ( _m1 & made int]cession = ! transgressors4 ,^! words are extant 9 a book purport+ to conta9 ! pr$ictions ( a writ] :o liv$ sev5 c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,t mat]ial "p ( e argum5t f prophecy1 namely1 t ! words alleg$ 7 actually spok5 or writt5 be=e ! fact to :i* !y are appli$ took place1 or c\ld by any natural means be =ese51 is1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 inconte/able4 ,! record comes out ( ! cu/ody ( adv]s>ies4 ,! ,jews1 z an anci5t fa!r well obs]v$1 are our libr>ians4 ,! passage is 9 _! copies z well z 9 ours4 ,) _m attempts to expla9 x away1 none has ev] be5 made by !m to discr$it its au!nticity4 ,& :at adds to ! =ce ( ! quotation is1 t x is tak5 f a writ+ decl>$ly prophetic2 a writ+ pr(ess+ to describe su* future transactions & *anges 9 ! _w z 7 connect$ ) ! fate & int]e/s ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,x is n a passage 9 an hi/orical or devotional composition1 :i*1 because x turns out to be applicable to "s future ev5ts1 or to "s future situation ( affairs1 is presum$ to h be5 oracul>4 ,! words ( ,isaiah 7 deliv]$ by him 9 a prophetic "*1 ) ! solemnity belong+ to t "*3 & :at he s deliv]$ 0 all along und]/ood by ! ,jewi% read] to ref] to some?+ t 0 to take place aft] ! "t ( ! au?or4 ,! public s5tim5ts ( ! ,jews conc]n+ ! design ( ,isaiah's writ+s are set =? 9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/icus399 ,he saw by an excell5t _s :at %\ld come to pass at ! la/1 & he com=t$ !m t m\rn$ 9 ,sion4 ,he %[$ :at %\ld come to pass = ev]1 & secret ?+s or ev] !y came4 99 ,*ap4 xlviii4 v]4 #bd4 ,x is also an advantage :i* ?is prophecy possesses1 t x is int]mix$ ) no o!r subject4 ,x is entire1 sep>ate1 & un9t]rupt$ly direct$ to "o sc5e ( ?+s4 ,! application ( ! prophecy to ! evangelic hi/ory is pla9 & appropriate4 ,"h is no d\ble s5se2 no figurative language b :at is suffici5tly intelligible to e read] ( e c\ntry4 ,! obscurities 7by :i* ,i mean ! expressions t require a k ( local diction1 & ( local allusion7 are few1 & n ( great importance4 ,nor h ,i f\nd t v>ieties ( read+1 or a diff]5t con/ru+ ( ! orig9al1 produce any mat]ial alt]ation 9 ! s5se ( ! prophecy4 ,comp>e ! common translation ) t ( ,bi%op ,l[?1 & ! diff]5ce is n consid]able4 ,s f> z !y d diff]1 ,bi%op ,l[?'s corrections1 :i* are ! fai?ful result ( an accurate exam9ation1 br+ ! description ne>] to ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory ?an x 0 be=e4 ,9 ! f\r? v]se ( ! fifty-?ird *apt]1 :at our bible r5d]s /rick5 he translates judicially /rick53 & 9 ! eigh? v]se1 ! clause he 0 tak5 f prison & f judgm5t1 ! bi%op gives by an oppressive judgm5t he 0 tak5 (f4 ,! next words to ^!1 :o %all decl>e 8 g5]ation8 are mu* cle>$ up 9 _! mean+ by ! bi%op's v]sion2 8 mann] ( life :o w\ld decl>e8 i4 e4 :o w\ld /& =? 9 8 def5ce8 ,! =m] "p ( ! n9? v]se1 & he made 8 grave ) ! wick$1 & ) ! ri* 9 8 dea?1 :i* inv]ts ! circum/ances ( ,*ri/'s passion1 ! bi%op br+s out 9 an ord] p]fectly agreeable to ! ev5t2 & 8 grave 0 appo9t$ ) ! wick$1 b ) ! ri* man 0 8 tomb4 ,! words 9 ! elev5? v]se1 by 8 k %all my righte\s s]vant ju/ify _m1 are1 9 ! bi%op's v]sion1 by ! k ( him %all my righte\s s]vant ju/ify _m4 ,x is natural to inquire :at turn ! ,jews !mselves give to ?is prophecy499 ,!re is good pro( t ! anci5t ,rabb9s expla9$ x ( _! expect$ ,messiah3 b _! mod]n expositors concur1 ,i ?9k1 9 repres5t+ x z a description ( ! calamit\s /ate1 & int5d$ re/oration1 ( ! ,jewi% p1 :o are "h1 z !y say1 exhibit$ "u ! "* ( a s+le p]son4 ,i h n discov]$ t _! exposition re/s ^u any critical argum5ts1 or ^u ^! 9 any o!r ?an 9 a v m9ute degree4 99 ,vatic9ium hoc ,esaiae e/ c>nific9a ,rabb9orum1 de quo aliqui ,judaei mihi confessi sunt1 ,rabb9os suos ex propheticis scripturis facile se extric>e potuisse1 modo2 ,esaias tacuisset4 ,hulse1 ,!ol4 ,jud4 ,p4 #cah1 quot$ by ,poole1 9 loc4 ,hulse1 ,!ol4 ,jud4 p4 #dcj4 ,! clause 9 ! n9? v]se1 :i* we r5d] = ! transgression ( my p 0 he /rick51 & 9 ! m>g91 0 ! /roke ^u him1 ! ,jews read = ! transgression ( my p 0 ! /roke ^u !m4 ,& :at !y allege 9 support ( ! alt]ation am\nts only to ?is1 t ! ,hebrew pron\n is capable ( a plural z well z ( a s+ul> signification2 t is to say1 is capable ( _! con/ruction z well z ours499 ,& ?is is all ! v>iation cont5d$ =2 ! re/ ( ! prophecy !y read z we d4 ,! probability1 !re=e1 ( _! exposition is a subject ( :i* we are z capable ( judg+ z !mselves4 ,?is judgm5t is op5 inde$ to ! good s5se ( e att5tive read]4 ,! application :i* ! ,jews cont5d = appe>s to me to lab\r "u insup]able difficulties2 9 p>ticul>1 x may be dem&$ ( !m to expla9 9 ^: "n or p]son1 if ! ,jewi% p he ! suff]]1 does ! prophet speak1 :5 he says1 ,he ha? borne our griefs1 & c>ri$ our sorr[s1 yet we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god1 & afflict$2 b he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities1 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him1 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$4 ,aga91 ! description 9 ! sev5? v]se1 he 0 oppress$ & he 0 afflict$1 yet he op5$ n 8 m\?2 he is br\ght z a lamb to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep be=e h] %e>]s is dumb1 s he op5$ n 8 m\?1 quadrates ) no "p ( ! ,jewi% hi/ory ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,! m5tion ( ! grave & ! tomb1 9 ! n9? v]se1 is n v applicable to ! =tunes ( a nation2 & /ill less s is ! conclusion ( ! prophecy 9 ! twelf? v]se1 :i* expressly repres5ts ! suff]+s z volunt>y1 & ! suff]] z int]c$+ = ! (f5d]s2 because he ha? p\r$ out 8 s\l unto dea?1 & he 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors1 & he b>e ! s9 ( _m1 & made int]cession = ! transgressors4 99 ,bi%op ,l[? adopts 9 ?is place ! read+ ( ! sev5ty1 :i* gives smitt5 to dea?1 = ! transgression ( my p 0 he smitt5 to dea?4 ,! addition ( ! words to dea? makes an end ( ! ,jewi% int]pretation ( ! clause4 ,& ! au?ority ^u :i* ?is read+ 7?\gh n giv5 by ! pres5t ,hebrew text7 is adopt$1 ,dr4 ,k5nicot has set =? by an argum5t n only s cog5t1 b s cle> & popul>1 t ,i beg leave to transcribe ! sub/ance ( x into ?is note3--,orig51 aft] hav+ quot$ at l>ge ?is prophecy conc]n+ ! ,messiah1 tells u t1 hav+ once made use ( ?is passage1 9 a dispute aga9/ "s t 7 acc\nt$ wise among/ ! ,jews1 "o ( !m repli$ t ! words did n mean "o man1 b "o p1 ! ,jews1 :o 7 smitt5 ( ,god1 & disp]s$ among ! ,g5tiles = _! conv]sion2 t he !n urg$ _m p>ts ( ?is prophecy to %[ ! absurdity ( ?is int]pretation1 & t he seem$ to press !m ! h>de/ by ?is s5t5ce1--'= ! transgression ( my p 0 he smitt5 to dea?4' ,n[ z ,orig51 ! au?or ( ! ,hexapla1 mu/ h und]/ood ,hebrew1 we _c suppose t he w\ld h urg$ ?is la/ text z s decisive1 if ! ,greek v]sion _h n agre$ "h ) ! ,hebrew text2 nor t ^! wise ,jews w\ld h be5 at all di/ress$ by ?is quotation1 unless ! ,hebrew text _h read agreeably to ! words to dea?1 on :i* ! argum5t pr9cipally dep5d$2 = by quot+ x imm$iately1 !y w\ld h triumph$ ov] him1 & reprobat$ 8 ,greek v]sion4 ,?is1 :5ev] !y c\ld d x 0 _! con/ant practice 9 _! disputes ) ! ,*ri/ians4 ,orig5 himself1 :o labori\sly comp>$ ! ,hebrew text ) ! ,septuag9t1 has record$ ! necessity ( argu+ ) ! ,jews f su* passages only z 7 9 ! ,septuag9t agreeable to ! ,hebrew4 ,:]e=e1 z ,orig5 _h c>efully comp>$ ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,septuag9t ) ! ,hebrew text2 & z he puzzl$ & conf\nd$ ! le>n$ ,jews1 by urg+ ^u !m ! read+ to dea? 9 ?is place2 x seems almo/ impossible n to conclude1 bo? f ,orig5's argum5t & ! sil5ce ( 8 ,jewi% adv]s>ies1 t ! ,hebrew text at t "t actually _h ! ^w agreeably to ! v]sion ( ! sev5ty4 ,l[?'s ,isaiah1 p4 #bdb4 ,!re are o!r prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 int]pret$ by ,*ri/ians to relate to ! ,gospel hi/ory1 :i* are des]v+ bo? ( great reg>d & ( a v att5tive consid]ation3 b ,i cont5t myself ) /at+ ! above1 z well because ,i ?9k x ! cle>e/ & ! /ronge/ ( all1 z because mo/ ( ! re/1 9 ord] t _! value might be repres5t$ ) any tol]able degree ( fidelity1 require a discussion unsuitable to ! limits & nature ( ?is "w4 ,! read] w f9d !m dispos$ 9 ord]1 & di/9ctly expla9$1 9 ,bi%op ,*&l]'s treatise on ! subject2 & he w be> 9 m9d1 :at has be5 (t51 &1 ,i ?9k1 truly1 urg$ by ! advocates ( ,*ri/ianity1 t !re is no o!r em95t p]son to ! hi/ory ( ^: life s _m circum/ances c be made to apply4 ,!y :o object t mu* has be5 done by ! p[] ( *ance1 ! +5uity ( accommodation1 & ! indu/ry ( rese>*1 ought to try :e!r ! same1 or any?+ l x1 c\ld be done1 if ,mahomet1 or any o!r p]son1 7 propos$ z ! subject ( ,jewi% prophecy4 ,,ii4 ,a second head ( argum5t f prophecy is f\nd$ ^u our ,"l's pr$ictions conc]n+ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 record$ by ?ree out ( ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,luke xxi4 #e-be4 ,& z "s spake ( ! temple1 h[ x 0 adorn$ ) goodly /ones & gifts1 he said1 ,z = ^! ?+s :i* ye behold1 ! days w come 9 :i* !re %all n be left "o /one ^u ano!r1 t %all n be ?r[n d[n4 ,& !y ask$ him1 say+1 ,ma/]1 b :5 %all ^! ?+s be8 & :at sign w !re be :5 ^! ?+s %all come to pass8 ,& he said1 ,take he$ t ye be n deceiv$2 = _m %all come 9 my "n1 say+1 ,i am ,*ri/2 & ! "t drawe? ne>2 g ye n !re=e aft] !m4 ,b :5 ye %all he> ( w>s & commotions1 be n t]rifi$3 = ^! ?+s mu/ fir/ come to pass2 b ! end is n by-&-by4 ,!n said he unto !m1 ,nation %all rise aga9/ nation1 & k+dom aga9/ k+dom2 & great e>?-quakes %all be 9 div]s places1 & fam9es & pe/il5ces2 & fe>ful sights1 & great signs %all !re be f heav54 ,b be=e all ^!1 !y %all lay _! h&s on y1 & p]secute y1 deliv]+ y up to ! synagogues1 & into prisons1 be+ br\ght be=e k+s & rul]s = my "n's sake4 ,& x %all turn to y = a te/imony4 ,settle x !re=e 9 y\r he>ts n to m$itate be=e :at ye %all answ]3 = ,i w give y a m\? & wisdom1 :i* all y\r adv]s>ies %all n be able to ga9say nor resi/4 ,& ye %all be betray$ bo? by p>5ts1 & bre?r51 & k9sfolk1 & fri5ds2 & "s ( y %all !y cause to be put to dea?4 ,& ye %all be hat$ ( all m5 = my "n's sake4 ,b !re %all n an hair ( y\r head p]i%4 ,9 y\r pati5ce possess ye y\r s\ls4 ,& :5 ye %all see ,j]usalem compass$ ) armies1 !n "k t ! desolation !re( is nigh4 ,!n let !m :i* are 9 ,judea flee to ! m\nta9s2 & let !m :i* are 9 ! mid/ ( x dep>t out2 & let n !m t are 9 ! c\ntries ent] !re9to4 ,= ^! be ! days ( v5geance1 t all ?+s :i* are writt5 may be fulfill$4 ,b woe unto !m t are ) *ild & to !m t give suck 9 ^? days3 = !re %all be great di/ress 9 ! l&1 & wra? ^u ?is p4 ,& !y %all fall by ! edge ( ! sword1 & %all be l$ away captive into all nations3 & ,j]usalem %all be trodd5 d[n by ! ,g5tiles1 until ! times ( ! ,g5tiles be fulfill$4 ,9 t]ms ne>ly simil>1 ?is disc\rse is relat$ 9 ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] ( ,mat!w & ! ?irte5? ( ,m>k4 ,! prospect ( ! same evils drew f our ,savi\r1 on ano!r occasion1 ! foll[+ affect+ expressions ( conc]n1 :i* are pres]v$ by ,/4 ,luke 7xix4 #da--dd73 ,& :5 he 0 come ne>1 he beheld ! city & wept ov] x1 say+1 ,if ?\ had/ kn[n1 ev5 ?\1 at lea/ 9 ?is ?y day1 ! ?+s :i* belong unto ?y peace6 b n[ !y are hid f ?9e eyes4 ,= ! day %all come ^u !e1 t ?9e enemies %all ca/ a tr5* ab\t !e1 & compass !e r\nd & keep !e 9 on e side1 & %all lay !e ev5 ) ! gr\nd1 & ?y *ildr5 )9 !e2 & !y %all n leave 9 !e "o /one ^u ano!r2 because ?\ kn[e/ n ! "t ( ?y visitation--,^! passages are direct & explicit pr$ictions4 ,ref]5ces to ! same ev5t1 "s pla91 "s p>abolical1 or o!rwise figurative1 are f\nd 9 div]s o!r disc\rses ( our ,"l4 7,matt4 xxi4 #cc-df2 xxii4 #a-g4 ,m>k xii4 #a-ab4 ,luke xiii4 #a-i2 xx4 #i-bj2 xxi4 #e-ac47 ,! g5]al agreem5t ( ! description ) ! ev5t1 viz4 ) ! ru9 ( ! ,jewi% nation1 & ! capture ( ,j]usalem "u ,vespasian1 ?irty-six ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s dea?1 is mo/ evid5t2 & ! accordancy 9 v>i\s articles ( detail & circum/ances has be5 %[n by _m le>n$ writ]s4 ,x is also an advantage to ! inquiry1 & to ! argum5t built ^u x1 t we h receiv$ a copi\s acc\nt ( ! transaction f ,josephus1 a ,jewi% & contempor>y hi/orian4 ,?is "p ( ! case is p]fectly free f d\bt4 ,! only "q :i*1 9 my op9ion1 c be rais$ ^u ! subject is1 :e!r ! prophecy 0 really deliv]$ be=e ! ev5t8 ,i %all apply1 !re=e1 my obs]vations to ?is po9t solely4 #a4 ,! judgm5t ( antiquity1 ?\gh v>y+ 9 ! precise ye> ( ! publication ( ! ?ree ,gospels1 concurs 9 assign+ !m a date prior to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 xiii47 #b4 ,?is judgm5t is confirm$ by a /rong probability aris+ f ! c\rse ( human life4 ,! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem took place 9 ! sev5tie? ye> aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,! ?ree evangeli/s1 "o ( :om 0 8 imm$iate companion1 & ! o!r two associat$ ) 8 companions1 71 x is probable1 n mu* y\ng] ?an he 04 ,!y mu/1 consequ5tly1 h be5 f> advanc$ 9 life :5 ,j]usalem 0 tak52 & no reason has be5 giv5 :y !y %\ld def] writ+ _! hi/ories s long4 #c4 7,le ,cl]c1 ,diss4 ,,iii4 de ,quat4 ,evang4 num4 vii4 p4 #eda47 ,if ! evangeli/s1 at ! "t ( writ+ ! ,gospels1 _h kn[n ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 by :i* cata/rophe ! prophecies 7 pla9ly fulfill$1 x is mo/ probable t1 9 record+ ! pr$ictions1 !y w\ld h dropp$ "s ^w or o!r ab\t ! completion2 9 l mann] z ,luke1 aft] relat+ ! d5unciation ( a de>? by ,agabus1 adds1 :i* came to pass 9 ! days ( ,claudius ,caes>2 7,acts xi4 #bh47 :]eas ! prophecies are giv5 di/9ctly 9 "o *apt] ( ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 & ref]r$ to 9 sev]al diff]5t passages ( ea*1 & 9 none ( all ^! places does !re appe> ! smalle/ intimation t ! ?+s spok5 ( _h come to pass4 ,i d admit t x w\ld h be5 ! "p ( an impo/or1 :o wi%$ 8 read]s to believe t ?is book 0 writt5 be=e ! ev5t1 :5 9 tru? x 0 writt5 aft] x1 to h suppress$ any su* intimation c>efully4 ,b ?is 0 n ! "* ( ! au?ors ( ! ,gospel4 ,cunn+ 0 no quality ( !irs4 ,( all writ]s 9 ! _w1 !y ?\ght ! lea/ ( provid+ aga9/ objections4 ,moreov]1 !re is no clause 9 any "o ( !m t makes a pr(ession ( _! hav+ writt5 prior to ! ,jewi% w>s1 :i* a fraudul5t purpose w\ld h l$ !m to pret5d4 ,!y h done nei!r "o ?+ nor ! o!r2 !y h nei!r ins]t$ any words :i* might signify to ! read] t _! acc\nts 7 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 :i* a sophi/ w\ld h done2 nor h !y dropp$ a h9t ( ! completion ( ! prophecies record$ by !m1 :i* an undesign+ writ]1 writ+ aft] ! ev5t1 c\ld h>dly1 on "s or o!r ( ! _m occasions t pres5t$ !mselves1 h miss$ ( do+4 #d4 ,! admonitions99 :i* ,*ri/ is repres5t$ to h giv5 to 8 foll[]s to save !mselves by flight are n easily acc\nt$ = on ! supposition ( ! prophecy be+ fabricat$ aft] ! ev5t4 ,ei!r ! ,*ri/ians1 :5 ! siege approa*$1 did make _! escape f ,j]usalem1 or !y did n3 if !y did1 !y mu/ h _h ! prophecy among/ !m3 if !y did n "k ( any su* pr$iction at ! "t ( ! siege1 if !y did n take notice ( any su* w>n+1 x 0 an improbable fiction1 9 a writ] publi%+ 8 "w ne> to t "t 7:i*1 on any1 ev5 ! l[e/ & mo/ disadvantage\s supposition1 0 ! case ) ! gospels n[ 9 our h&s71 & address+ 8 "w to ,jews & to ,jewi% conv]ts 7:i* ,mat!w c]ta9ly did71 to /ate t ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ _h receiv$ admonition ( :i* !y made no use :5 ! occasion arriv$1 & ( :i* exp]i5ce !n rec5t prov$ t ^? :o 7 mo/ conc]n$ to "k & reg>d !m 7 ignorant or neglig5t4 ,ev5 if ! prophecies came to ! h&s ( ! evangeli/s ?r\gh no bett] vehicle ?an tradition1 x mu/ h be5 by a tradition :i* subsi/$ prior to ! ev5t4 ,& to suppose t )\t any au?ority :atev]1 )\t s mu* z ev5 any tradition to guide !m1 !y _h =g$ ^! passages1 is to impute to !m a degree ( fraud & impo/ure f e appe>ance ( :i* _! compositions are z f> remov$ z possible4 99 ,:5 ye %all see ,j]usalem compass$ ) armies1 !n "k t ! desolation !re( is nigh2 !n let !m :i* are 9 ,judea flee to ! m\nta9s2 !n let !m :i* are 9 ! mid/ ( x dep>t out1 & let n !m t are 9 ! c\ntries ent] !re9to4--,luke xxi4 #bj1 #ba4 ,:5 ye %all see ,j]usalem compass$ ) armies1 !n let !m :i* be 9 ,judea flee unto ! m\nta9s2 let him :i* is on ! h\se-top n come d[n to take any?+ out ( 8 h\se2 nei!r let him :i* is 9 ! field return back to take 8 clo!s4--,matt4 xiv4 #ah4 #e4 ,i ?9k t1 if ! prophecies _h be5 compos$ aft] ! ev5t1 !re w\ld h be5 m specification4 ,! names or descriptions ( ! enemy1 ! g5]al1 ! emp]or1 w\ld h be5 f\nd 9 !m4 ,! designation ( ! "t w\ld h be5 m det]m9ate4 ,& ,i am =tifi$ 9 ?is op9ion by obs]v+ t ! c\nt]feit$ prophecies ( ! ,sibyll9e oracles1 ( ! twelve patri>*s1 &1 ,i am incl9$ to believe1 mo/ o!rs ( ! k9d1 are m]e transcripts ( ! hi/ory1 m\ld$ into a prophetic =m4 ,x is object$ t ! prophecy ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem is mix$ or connect$ ) expressions :i* relate to ! f9al judgm5t ( ! _w2 & s connect$ z to lead an ord9>y read] to expect t ^! two ev5ts w\ld n be f> di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t ! objection does n conc]n our pres5t argum5t4 ,if our ,savi\r actually =etold ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 x is suffici5t2 ev5 al?\gh we %\ld all[ t ! n>ration ( ! prophecy _h comb9$ :at _h be5 said by him on k9dr$ subjects1 )\t accurately pres]v+ ! ord]1 or always notic+ ! transition ( ! disc\rse4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,morality ,,( ,,! ,,gospel4 ,is /at+ ! morality ( ! ,gospel z an argum5t ( its tru?1 ,i am will+ to admit two po9ts2 fir/1 t ! tea*+ ( morality 0 n ! prim>y design ( ! mission2 secondly1 t morality1 nei!r 9 ! ,gospel1 nor 9 any o!r book1 c be a subject1 prop]ly speak+1 ( discov]y4 ,if ,i 7 to describe 9 a v few words ! scope ( ,*ri/ianity z a revelation199 ,i %\ld say t x 0 to influ5ce ! conduct ( human life1 by e/abli%+ ! pro( ( a future /ate ( rew>d & puni%m5t1--to br+ life & immortality to light4 ,! direct object1 !re=e1 ( ! design is1 to supply motives1 & n rules2 sanctions1 & n precepts4 ,& ^! 7 :at mank9d /ood mo/ 9 ne$ (4 ,! memb]s ( civilis$ society c1 9 all ord9>y cases1 judge tol]ably well h[ !y ought to act3 b )\t a future /ate1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 )\t cr$it$ evid5ce ( t /ate1 !y want a motive to _! duty2 !y want at lea/ /r5g? ( motive suffici5t to be> up aga9/ ! =ce ( passion1 & ! temptation ( pres5t advantage4 ,_! rules want au?ority4 ,! mo/ important s]vice t c be r5d]$ to human life1 & t consequ5tly :i* "o might expect be=eh& w\ld be ! great end & (fice ( a revelation f ,god1 is to convey to ! _w au?oris$ assurances ( ! reality ( a future exi/5ce4 ,& al?\gh 9 do+ ?is1 or by ! m9i/ry ( ! same p]son by :om ?is is done1 moral precepts or examples1 or illu/rations ( moral precepts1 may be occasionally giv5 & be highly valuable1 yet /ill !y d n =m ! orig9al purpose ( ! mission4 99 ,great & ine/imably b5eficial effects may accrue f ! mission ( ,*ri/1 & especially f 8 dea?1 :i* d n belong to ,*ri/ianity z a revelation3 t is1 !y might h exi/$1 & !y might h be5 accompli%$1 ?\gh we _h nev]1 9 ?is life1 be5 made acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,^! effects may be v ext5sive2 !y may be int]e/+ ev5 to o!r ord]s ( intellig5t be+s4 ,i ?9k x is a g5]al op9ion1 & "o to :i* ,i h long come1 t ! b5eficial effects ( ,*ri/'s dea? ext5d to ! :ole human species4 ,x 0 ! r$emption ( ! _w4 ,he is ! propitiation = our s9s1 & n = ours only1 b = ! :ole _w2 #a ,john ii4 #b4 ,probably ! future happ9ess1 p]haps ! future exi/5ce ( ! species1 & m graci\s t]ms ( acceptance ext5d$ to all1 might dep5d ^u x or be procur$ by x4 ,n[ ^! effects1 :atev] !y be1 d n belong to ,*ri/ianity z a revelation2 because !y exi/ ) respect to ^? to :om x is n reveal$4 ,secondly2 morality1 nei!r 9 ! ,gospel nor 9 any o!r book1 c be a subject ( discov]y1 prop]ly s call$4 ,by :i* proposition ,i mean t !re _c1 9 morality1 be any?+ simil> to :at are call$ discov]ies 9 natural philosophy1 9 ! arts ( life1 & 9 "s sci5ces2 z ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 ! pol>ity ( ! magnet1 ! laws ( gravitation1 alphabetical writ+1 decimal ari?metic1 & "s o!r ?+s ( ! same sort2 facts1 or pro(s1 or contrivances1 be=e totally unkn[n & un?\ght (4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 expects 9 read+ ! ,new ,te/am5t to be /ruck ) discov]ies 9 morals 9 ! mann] 9 :i* 8 m9d 0 affect$ :5 he fir/ came to ! k ( ! discov]ies above m5tion$3 or r 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! _w 0 affect$ by !m1 :5 !y 7 fir/ publi%$2 expects :at1 z ,i appreh5d1 ! nature ( ! subject r5d]s x impossible t he %\ld meet )4 ,& ! f\ndation ( my op9ion is ?is1 t ! qualities ( actions dep5d entirely ^u _! effects1 :i* effects mu/ all along h be5 ! subject ( human exp]i5ce4 ,:5 x is once settl$1 no matt] ^u :at pr9ciple1 t to d good is virtue1 ! re/ is calculation4 ,b s9ce ! calculation _c be in/itut$ conc]n+ ea* p>ticul> action1 we e/abli% int]m$iate rules2 by :i* proce$+1 ! bus9ess ( morality is mu* facilitat$1 = !n x is conc]n+ our rules alone t we ne$ inquire1 :e!r 9 _! t5d5cy !y be b5eficial2 conc]n+ our actions1 we h only to ask :e!r !y be agreeable to ! rules4 ,we ref] actions to rules1 & rules to public happ9ess4 ,n[1 9 ! =mation ( ^! rules1 !re is no place = discov]y1 prop]ly s call$1 b !re is ample room = ! ex]cise ( wisdom1 judgm5t1 & prud5ce4 ,z ,i wi% to deliv] argum5t r ?an panegyric1 ,i %all treat ( ! morality ( ! ,gospel 9 subjection to ^! obs]vations4 ,& aft] all1 ,i ?9k x su* a morality z1 consid]+ f :om x came1 is mo/ extraord9>y2 & su* z1 )\t all[+ "s degree ( reality to ! "* & pret5sions ( ! religion1 x is difficult to acc\nt =3 or1 to place ! argum5t a little l[] 9 ! scale1 x is su* a morality z completely repels ! supposition ( its be+ ! tradition ( a b>b>\s age or ( a b>b>\s p1 ( ! religion be+ f\nd$ 9 folly1 or ( its be+ ! production ( craft2 & x repels also1 9 a great degree1 ! supposition ( its hav+ be5 ! effusion ( an en?usia/ic m9d4 ,! division "u :i* ! subject may be mo/ conv5i5tly treat$ is t ( ! ?+s taught1 & ! mann] ( tea*+4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 ,i %\ld will+ly1 if ! limits & nature ( my "w admitt$ ( x1 transcribe into ?is *apt] ! :ole ( :at has be5 said ^u ! morality ( ! ,gospel by ! au?or ( ,! ,int]nal ,evid5ce ( ,*ri/ianity2 because x p]fectly agrees ) my own op9ion1 & because x is impossible to say ! same ?+s s well4 ,?is acute obs]v] ( human nature1 &1 z ,i believe1 s9c]e conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 appe>s to me to h made out satisfactorily ! two foll[+ positions1 viz4-- ,i4 ,t ! ,gospel omits "s qualifies :i* h usually engag$ ! praises & admiration ( mank9d1 b :i*1 9 reality1 & 9 _! g5]al effects1 h be5 ,prejudicial to human happ9ess4 ,,ii4 ,t ! ,gospel has br\ght =w>d "s virtues :i* possess ! highe/ intr9sic value1 b :i* h commonly be5 ov]look$ & contemn$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! propositions he exemplifies 9 ! in/ances ( fri5d%ip1 patriotism1 active c\rage2 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^! qualities are usually und]/ood1 & 9 ! conduct :i* !y (t5 produce4 ,! second1 9 ! in/ances ( passive c\rage or endurance ( suff]+s1 pati5ce "u affronts & injuries1 humility1 irresi/ance1 placability4 ,! tru? is1 !re are two opposite descriptions ( "* "u :i* mank9d may g5]ally be class$4 ,! "o possesses rig\r1 firmness1 resolution2 is d>+ & active1 quick 9 its s5sibilities1 jeal\s ( its fame1 eag] 9 its atta*m5ts1 inflexible 9 its purpose1 viol5t 9 its res5tm5ts4 ,! o!r meek1 yield+1 comply+1 =giv+2 n prompt to act1 b will+ to suff]2 sil5t & g5tle "u rud5ess & insult1 su+ = reconciliation :]e o!rs w\ld dem& satisfaction1 giv+ way to ! pu%es ( impud5ce1 conc$+ & indulg5t to ! prejudices1 ! wrong-head$ness1 ! intractability ( ^? ) :om x has to deal4 ,! =m] ( ^! *>act]s is1 & ev] ha? be51 ! fav\rite ( ! _w4 ,x is ! "* ( great m54 ,!re is a dignity 9 x :i* univ]sally comm&s respect4 ,! latt] is poor-spirit$1 tame1 & abject4 ,yet s x ha? happ5$1 t ) ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity ?is latt] is ! subject ( 8 comm5dation1 8 precepts1 8 example2 & t ! =m] is s 9 no "p ( its composition4 ,?is1 & no?+ else1 is ! "* design$ 9 ! foll[+ rem>kable passages3 ,resi/ n evil3 b :osoev] %all smite !e on ! "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also2 & if any man w sue !e at ! law1 & take away ?y coat1 let him h ?y cloak also3 & :osoev] %all compel !e to g a mile1 g ) him twa93 love y\r enemies1 bless !m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate y1 & pray = !m :i* despitefully use y & p]secute y4 ,?is c]ta9ly is n commonplace morality4 ,x is v orig9al4 ,x %[s at lea/ 7& x is = ?is purpose we produce x7 t no two ?+s c be m diff]5t ?an ! ,h]oic & ! ,*ri/ian *>act]s4 ,n[ ! au?or to :om ,i ref] has n only m>k$ ?is diff]5ce m /rongly ?an any prec$+ writ]1 b has prov$1 9 contradiction to fir/ impressions1 to popul> op9ion1 to ! encomiums ( orators & poets1 & ev5 to ! suffrages ( hi/orians & morali/s1 t ! latt] "* possesses ! mo/ ( true wor?1 bo? z be+ mo/ difficult ei!r to be acquir$ or su/a9$1 & z contribut+ mo/ to ! happ9ess & tranquillity ( social life4 ,! /ate ( 8 argum5t is z foll[s3 ,i4 ,if ?is disposition 7 univ]sal1 ! case is cle>2 ! _w w\ld be a society ( fri5ds4 ,:]eas1 if ! o!r disposition 7 univ]sal1 x w\ld produce a sc5e ( univ]sal cont5tion4 ,! _w c\ld n hold a g5]ation ( su* m54 ,,ii4 ,if1 :at is ! fact1 ! disposition be p>tial2 if a few be actuat$ by x1 among/ a multitude :o are n2 9 :atev] degree x does prevail1 9 ! same proportion x prev5ts1 allays1 & t]m9ates qu>rels1 ! great di/urb]s ( human happ9ess1 & ! great s\rces ( human mis]y1 s f> z man's happ9ess & mis]y dep5d ^u man4 ,)\t ?is disposition enmities mu/ n only be frequ5t1 b1 once begun1 mu/ be et]nal3 =1 ea* retaliation be+ a fre% injury1 & consequ5tly requir+ a fre% satisfaction1 no p]iod c be assign$ to ! reciprocation ( affronts1 & to ! progress ( hatr$1 b t :i* closes ! lives1 or at lea/ ! int]c\rse1 ( ! p>ties4 ,i w\ld only add to ^! obs]vations1 t al?\gh ! =m] ( ! two *>act]s above describ$ may be occasionally useful2 al?\gh1 p]haps1 a great g5]al1 or a great /atesman1 may be =m$ by x1 & ^! may be in/rum5ts ( important b5efits to mank9d1 yet is ?is no?+ m ?an :at is true ( _m qualities :i* are ackn[l$g$ to be vici\s4 ,envy is a quality ( ?is sort3 ,i "k n a /rong] /imulus to ex]tion2 _m a s*ol>1 _m an arti/1 _m a soldi]1 has be5 produc$ by x2 nev]!less1 s9ce 9 its g5]al effects x is noxi\s1 x is prop]ly condemn$1 c]ta9ly is n prais$1 by sob] morali/s4 ,x 0 a portion ( ! same "* z t we are def5d+1 or r ( 8 love ( ! same "*1 :i* our ,savi\r display$ 9 8 repeat$ correction ( ! ambition ( 8 disciples2 8 frequ5t admonitions t greatness ) !m 0 to consi/ 9 humility2 8 c5sure ( t love ( di/9ction & gre$9ess ( sup]iority :i* ! *ief p]sons among/ 8 c\ntrym5 7 wont1 on all occasions1 great & little1 to betray4 ,!y 7! ,scribes & ,ph>isees7 love ! upp]mo/ rooms at fea/s1 & ! *ief seats 9 ! synagogues1 & greet+s 9 ! m>kets1 & to be call$ ( m5 ,rabbi1 ,rabbi4 ,b be n ye call$ ,rabbi1 = "o is y\r ,ma/]1 ev5 ,*ri/1 & all ye are bre?r53 & call no man y\r fa!r ^u ! e>?1 = "o is y\r fa!r1 :i* is 9 heav52 nei!r be ye call$ ma/]1 = "o is y\r ,ma/]1 ev5 ,*ri/2 b he t is greate/ among y %all be y\r s]vant2 & :osoev] %all exalt himself %all be abas$1 & he t %all humble himself %all be exalt$4 7,matt4 xxiii4 #f4 ,see also ,m>k xii4 #ci2 ,luke xx4 #df2 xiv4 #g47 ,i make no fur!r rem>k ^u ^! passages 7because !y are1 9 tru?1 only a repetition ( ! doctr9e1 diff]5t expressions ( ! pr9ciple1 :i* we h already /at$71 except t "s ( ! passages1 especially our ,"l's advice to ! gue/s at an ent]ta9m5t1 7,luke iv4 #g47 seem to ext5d ! rule to :at we call mann]s2 :i* 0 bo? regul> 9 po9t ( consi/5cy1 & n s mu* b5ea? ! dignity ( our ,"l's mission z may at fir/ sight be suppos$1 = bad mann]s are bad morals4 ,x is suffici5tly app>5t t ! precepts we h tir$1 or r ! disposition :i* ^! precepts inculcate1 relate to p]sonal conduct f p]sonal motives2 to cases 9 :i* m5 act f impulse1 = !mselves & f !mselves4 ,:5 x comes to be consid]$ :at is necess>y to be done = ! sake ( ! public1 & out ( a reg>d to ! g5]al welf>e 7:i* consid]ation1 = ! mo/ "p1 ought exclusively to gov]n ! duties ( m5 9 public /ations71 x comes to a case to :i* ! rules d n belong4 ,?is di/9ction is pla92 & if x 7 less s ! consequ5ce w\ld n be mu* felt3 = x is v seldom t 9 "t int]c\rse ( private life m5 act ) public views4 ,! p]sonal motives f :i* !y d act ! rule regulates4 ,! pref]5ce ( "t pati5t to ! h]oic *e]1 :i* we h "h notic$1 & :i* ! read] w f9d expla9$ at l>ge 9 ! "w to :i* we h ref]r$ him1 is a peculi>ity 9 ! ,*ri/ian in/itution1 :i* ,i propose z an argum5t ( wisdom1 v mu* beyond ! situation & natural "* ( ! p]son :o deliv]$ x4 ,,ii4 ,a second argum5t1 drawn f ! morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is ! /ress :i* is laid by our ,savi\r ^u ! regulation ( ! ?\ghts2 & ,i place ?is consid]ation next to ! o!r because !y are connect$4 ,! o!r relat$ to ! malici\s passions2 ?is to ! voluptu\s4 ,toge!r1 !y compreh5d ! :ole "*4 ,out ( ! he>t proce$ evil ?\ghts1 murd]s1 adult]ies1 =nications1 c4 ,^! are ! ?+s :i* defile a man4 7,matt4 xv4 #ai47 ,wo unto y1 ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye make clean ! outside ( ! cup & ( ! platt]1 b )9 !y are full ( extortion & excess4--,ye are l unto :it$ sepul*res1 :i* inde$ appe> beautiful outw>d1 b are )9 full ( dead m5's bones1 & ( all uncleanness2 ev5 s ye also outw>dly appe> righte\s unto m51 b )9 ye are full ( hypocrisy & iniquity 7,matt4 xxiii4 #be1 #bg7 ,& m p>ticul>ly t /rong expression1 7,matt4 v4 #bh47 ,:osoev] looke? on a woman to lu/ aft] h]1 ha? committ$ adult]y ) h] already 9 8 he>t4 ,!re c be no d\bt ) any reflect+ m9d b t ! prop5sities ( our nature mu/ be subject to regulation2 b ! "q is1 :]e ! *eck ought to be plac$1 ^u ! ?\ght1 or only ^u ! action8 ,9 ?is "q our ,savi\r1 9 ! texts "h quot$1 has pron\nc$ a decisive judgm5t4 ,he makes ! control ( ?\ght ess5tial4 ,int]nal purity ) him is ev]y?+4 ,n[ ,i cont5d t ?is is ! only discipl9e :i* c succe$2 9 o!r words1 t a moral sy/em :i* prohibits actions1 b leaves ! ?\ghts at lib]ty1 w be ineffectual1 & is !re=e unwise4 ,i "k n h[ to g ab\t ! pro( ( a po9t :i* dep5ds ^u exp]i5ce1 & ^u a k ( ! human con/itution1 bett] ?an by cit+ ! judgm5t ( p]sons :o appe> to h giv5 great att5tion to ! subject1 & to be well qualifi$ to =m a true op9ion ab\t x4 ,bo]haave1 speak+ ( ?is v decl>ation ( our ,savi\r1 ,:osoev] looke? on a woman to lu/ aft] h]1 ha? already committ$ adult]y ) h] 9 8 he>t1 & und]/&+ x1 z we d1 to conta9 an injunction to lay ! *eck ^u ! ?\ghts1 0 wont to say t our ,savi\r knew mank9d bett] ?an ,socrates4 ,hail]1 :o has record$ ?is say+ ( ,bo]haave1 adds to x ! foll[+ rem>ks ( 8 own3--7,lett]s to 8 ,daught]47 ,x did n escape ! obs]vation ( our ,savi\r t ! rejection ( any evil ?\ghts 0 ! be/ def5ce aga9/ vice3 = :5 a debau*$ p]son fills 8 imag9ation ) impure pictures1 ! lic5ti\s ideas :i* he recalls fail n to /imulate 8 desires ) a degree ( viol5ce :i* he _c resi/4 ,?is w be foll[$ by gratification1 unless "s ext]nal ob/acle %\ld prev5t him f ! commission ( a s9 :i* he _h int]nally resolv$ on4 ,e mom5t ( "t1 says our au?or1 t is sp5t 9 m$itations ^u s9 increases ! p[] ( ! dang]\s object :i* has possess$ our imag9ation4 ,i suppose ^! reflections w be g5]ally ass5t$ to4 ,,iii4 ,?irdly1 _h a tea*] ( morality be5 ask$ conc]n+ a g5]al pr9ciple ( conduct1 & = a %ort rule ( life2 & _h he in/ruct$ ! p]son :o consult$ him1 con/antly to ref] 8 actions to :at he believ$ to be ! w ( 8 ,creator1 & con/antly to h 9 view n 8 own int]e/ & gratification alone1 b ! happ9ess & com=t ( ^? ab\t him1 he w\ld h be5 ?\ght1 ,i d\bt n1 9 any age ( ! _w1 & 9 any1 ev5 ! mo/ improv$ /ate ( morals1 to h deliv]$ a judici\s answ]2 because1 by ! fir/ direction1 he sugge/$ ! only motive :i* acts /eadily & uni=mly1 9 sight & out ( sight1 9 famili> occurr5ces & "u press+ temptations2 & 9 ! second he correct$ :at ( all t5d5cies 9 ! human "* /&s mo/ 9 ne$ ( correction1 selfi%ness1 or a contempt ( o!r m5's conv5i5cy & satisfaction4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( a moral rule1 we are to h reg>d n only to ! p>ticul> duty1 b ! g5]al _s2 n only to :at x directs u to d1 b to ! "* :i* a compliance ) its direction is likely to =m 9 u4 ,s1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! rule "h recit$ w nev] fail to make him :o obeys x consid]ate n only ( ! rights1 b ( ! feel+s ( o!r m51 bodily & m5tal1 9 great matt]s & 9 small2 ( ! ease1 ! accommodation1 ! self-complac5cy ( all ) :om he has any conc]n1 especially ( all :o are 9 8 p[]1 or dep5d5t ^u 8 w4 ,n[ :at1 9 ! mo/ applaud$ philosoph] ( ! mo/ enlight5$ age ( ! _w1 w\ld h be5 deem$ wor?y ( 8 wisdom1 & ( 8 "*1 to say1 our ,savi\r ha? said1 & ^u j su* an occasion z t :i* we h feign$4 ,!n "o ( !m1 :i* 0 a lawy]1 ask$ him a "q1 tempt+ him1 & say+1 ,ma/]1 :i* is ! great comm&m5t 9 ! law8 ,jesus said unto him1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y m9d2 ?is is ! fir/ & great comm&m5t3 & ! second is l unto x1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself3 on ^! two comm&m5ts hang all ! law & ! prophets4 7,matt4 xxii4 #ce-dj47 ,! second precept occurs 9 ,/4 ,mat!w 7xix4 #af71 on ano!r occasion simil> to ?is2 & bo? ( !m1 on a ?ird simil> occasion1 9 ,luke 7x4 #bg74 ,9 ^! two latt] in/ances ! "q propos$ 01 ,:at %all ,i d to inh]it et]nal life8 ,^u all ^! occasions ,i consid] ! words ( our ,savi\r z express+ precisely ! same ?+ z :at ,i h put into ! m\? ( ! moral philosoph]4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t x detracts mu* f ! m]it ( ! answ]1 t ^! precepts are extant 9 ! ,mosaic code3 = 8 lay+ 8 f+]1 if ,i may s say1 ^u ^! precepts2 8 draw+ !m out f ! re/ ( t volum9\s in/itution2 8 /at+ ( !m1 n simply among/ ! numb]1 b z ! greate/ & ! sum ( all ! o!rs2 9 a ^w1 8 propos+ ( !m to 8 he>]s = _! rule & pr9ciple1 0 our ,savi\r's own4 ,& :at our ,savi\r _h said ^u ! subject appe>s to me to h fix$ ! s5tim5t among/ 8 foll[]s4 ,sa9t ,paul has x expressly1 ,if !re be any o!r comm&m5t1 x is briefly compreh5d$ 9 ?is say+1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself2 7,rom4 xiii4 #i47 & aga91 ,= all ! law is fulfill$ 9 "o ^w1 ev5 9 ?is1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 7,gal4 v4 #ad47 ,sa9t ,john1 9 l mann]1 ,?is comm&m5t h we f him1 t he :o love? ,god love 8 bro!r also4 7#a ,john iv4 #ba47 ,sa9t ,pet]1 n v diff]5tly3 ,see+ t ye h purifi$ y\r s\ls 9 obey+ ! tru? ?r\gh ! ,_s1 unto unfeign$ love ( ! bre?r51 see t ye love "o ano!r ) a pure he>t f]v5tly4 7,i ,pet] i1 #bb47 ,& x is s well kn[n z to require no citations to v]ify x1 t ?is love1 or *>ity1 or1 9 o!r words1 reg>d to ! welf>e ( o!rs1 runs 9 v>i\s =ms ?r\gh all ! preceptive p>ts ( ! apo/olic writ+s4 ,x is ! !me ( all _! exhortations1 t ) :i* _! morality beg9s & ends1 f :i* all _! details & enum]ations set out1 & into :i* !y return4 ,& t ?is temp]1 = "s "t at lea/1 desc5d$ 9 its purity to succe$+ ,*ri/ians1 is atte/$ by "o ( ! e>lie/ & be/ ( ! rema9+ writ+s ( ! apo/olical fa!rs1 ! epi/le ( ! ,roman ,clem5t4 ,! meekness ( ! ,*ri/ian "* reigns ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( t excell5t piece4 ,! occasion call$ = x4 ,x 0 to compose ! diss5sions ( ! *ur* ( ,cor9?4 ,& ! v5]able he>] ( ! apo/les does n fall %ort1 9 ! display ( ?is pr9ciple1 ( ! f9e/ passages ( _! writ+s4 ,he calls to ! remembrance ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur* its =m] "* 9 :i* ye 7 all ( y1 he tells !m1 humble-m9d$1 n boa/+ ( any?+1 desir+ r to be subject ?an to gov]n1 to give ?an to receive1 be+ cont5t ) ! portion ,god _h disp5s$ to y & he>k5+ dilig5tly to 8 ^w2 ye 7 enl>g$ 9 y\r b[els1 hav+ 8 suff]+s always be=e y\r eyes4 ,ye cont5d$ day & night = ! :ole bro!rhood1 t ) compassion & a good consci5ce ! numb] ( 8 elect might be sav$4 ,ye 7 s9c]e1 & )\t (f5ce t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,ye bewail$ e "o 8 neighb\r's s9s1 e/eem+ _! defects y\r own4 ,8 pray] = !m 0 = ! return ( peace1 long-suff]+1 & pati5ce4 7,ep4 ,clem4 ,rom4 c4 #b #ec2 ,abp4 ,wake's ,translation47 ,& 8 advice to ^? :o might h be5 ! occasion ( diff]5ce 9 ! society is conceiv$ 9 ! true _s1 & ) a p]fect k ( ! ,*ri/ian "*3 ,:o is !re among y t is g5]\s8 :o t is compassionate8 ,:o t has any *>ity8 ,let him say1 ,if ?is s$ition1 ?is cont5tion1 & ^! s*isms be ^u my acc\nt1 ,i am ready to dep>t1 to g away :i!rsoev] ye please1 & d :atsoev] ye %all comm& me2 only let ! flock ( ,*ri/ be 9 peace ) ! eld]s :o are set ov] x4 ,he t %all d ?is %all get to himself a v great hon\r 9 ! ,"l2 & !re is no place b :at w he ready to receive him2 = ! e>? is ! ,"l's & ! fullness !re(4 ,^! ?+s !y :o h _! conv]sation t[>ds ,god1 n to be rep5t$ (1 bo? h done1 & w always be ready to d4 7,ep4 ,clem4 ,rom4 c4 #ed2 ,abp4 ,wake's ,translation47 ,?is sacr$ pr9ciple1 ?is e>ne/ recomm5dation ( =be>ance1 l5ity1 & =giv5ess1 mixes ) all ! writ+s ( t age4 ,!re are m quotations 9 ! apo/olical fa!rs ( texts :i* relate to ^! po9ts ?an ( any o!r4 ,*ri/'s say+s _h /ruck !m4 ,n r5d]+1 said ,polyc>p1 ! disciple ( ,john1 evil = evil1 or rail+ = rail+1 or /rik+ = /rik+1 or curs+ = curs+4 ,aga91 speak+ ( "s ^: behavi\r _h giv5 great (f5ce1 ,be ye mod]ate1 says he1 on ?is occasion1 & look n ^u su* z enemies1 b call !m back z suff]+ & err+ memb]s1 t ye save y\r :ole body4 7,pol4 ,ep4 ad ,phil4 c4 #b #aa47 ,be ye mild at _! ang]1 sai? ,ignatius1 ! companion ( ,polyc>p1 humble at _! boa/+s1 to _! blasphemies return y\r pray]s1 to _! error y\r firmness 9 ! fai?2 :5 !y are cruel1 be ye g5tle2 n endeav\r+ to imitate _! ways1 let u be _! bre?r5 9 all k9dness & mod]ation3 b let u be foll[]s ( ! ,"l2 = :o 0 ev] m unju/ly us$1 m de/itute1 m despis$8 ,,iv4 ,a f\r? quality by :i* ! morality ( ! ,gospel is di/+ui%$ is ! exclusion ( reg>d to fame & reputation4 ,take he$ t ye d n y\r alms be=e m51 to be se5 ( !m1 o!rwise ye h no rew>d ( y\r fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,:5 ?\ praye/1 ent] into ?y closet1 & :5 ?\ ha/ %ut ! door1 pray to ?y fa!r :i* is 9 secret2 & ?y ,fa!r :i* see? 9 secret %all rew>d !e op5ly4 7,matt4 vi4 #a #f47 ,& ! rule1 by p>ity ( reason1 is ext5d$ to all o!r virtues4 ,i d n ?9k t ei!r 9 ^! or 9 any o!r passage ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! pursuit ( fame is /at$ z a vice2 x is only said t an action1 to be virtu\s1 mu/ be indep5d5t ( x4 ,i w\ld also obs]ve t x is n publicity1 b o/5tation1 :i* is prohibit$2 n ! mode1 b ! motive ( ! action1 :i* is regulat$4 ,a good man w pref] t mode1 z well z ^? objects ( 8 b5efic5ce1 by :i* he c produce ! greate/ effect2 & ! view ( ?is purpose may dictate sometimes publication1 & sometimes concealm5t4 ,ei!r ! "o or ! o!r may be ! mode ( ! action1 accord+ z ! end to be promot$ by x appe>s to require4 ,b f ! motive1 ! reputation ( ! de$1 & ! fruits & advantage ( t reputation to ourselves1 mu/ be %ut out1 or1 9 :atev] proportion !y are n s1 ! action 9 t proportion fails ( be+ virtu\s4 ,?is exclusion ( reg>d to human op9ion is a diff]5ce n s mu* 9 ! duties to :i* ! tea*]s ( virtue w\ld p]suade mank9d1 z 9 ! mann] & topics ( p]suasion4 ,& 9 ?is view ! diff]5ce is great4 ,:5 we set ab\t to give advice1 our lectures are full ( ! advantages ( "*1 ( ! reg>d t is due to appe>ances & to op9ion2 ( :at ! _w1 especially ( :at ! good or great1 w ?9k & say2 ( ! value ( public e/eem1 & ( ! qualities by :i* m5 acquire x4 ,widely diff]5t f ?is 0 our ,savi\r's in/ruction2 & ! diff]5ce 0 f\nd$ ^u ! be/ reasons4 ,=1 h[ev] ! c>e ( reputation1 ! au?ority ( public op9ion1 or ev5 ( ! op9ion ( good m51 ! satisfaction ( be+ well receiv$ & well ?\ght (1 ! b5efit ( be+ kn[n & di/+ui%$1 are topics to :i* we are fa9 to h rec\rse 9 our exhortations2 ! true virtue is t :i* disc>ds ^! consid]ations absolutely1 & :i* retires f !m all to ! s+le int]nal purpose ( pleas+ ,god4 ,?is at lea/ 0 ! virtue :i* our ,savi\r taught4 ,& 9 tea*+ ?is1 he n only conf9$ ! views ( 8 foll[]s to ! prop] measure & pr9ciple ( human duty1 b act$ 9 consi/5cy ) 8 (fice z a monitor f heav54 ,next to :at our ,savi\r taught1 may be consid]$ ! mann] ( 8 tea*+2 :i* 0 extremely peculi>1 yet1 ,i ?9k1 precisely adapt$ to ! peculi>ity ( 8 "* & situation4 ,8 lessons did n consi/ ( disquisitions2 ( any?+ l moral essays1 or l s]mons1 or l set treatises ^u ! sev]al po9ts :i* he m5tion$4 ,:5 he deliv]$ a precept1 x 0 seldom t he add$ any pro( or argum5t2 /ill m seldom t he accompani$ x ) :at all precepts require1 limitations & di/9ctions4 ,8 in/ructions 7 conceiv$ 9 %ort1 emphatic1 s5t5ti\s rules1 9 occasional reflections1 or 9 r\nd maxims4 ,i d n ?9k t ?is 0 a natural1 or w\ld h be5 a prop] me?od = a philosoph] or a morali/2 or t x is a me?od :i* c be successfully imitat$ by u4 ,b ,i cont5d t x 0 suitable to ! "* :i* ,*ri/ assum$1 & to ! situation 9 :i*1 z a tea*]1 he 0 plac$4 ,he produc$ himself z a mess5g] f ,god4 ,he put ! tru? ( :at he taught ^u au?ority4 7,i say unto y1 ,swe> n at all2 ,i say auto y1 ,resi/ n evil2 ,i say unto y1 ,love y\r enemies4--,matt4 v4 #cd1 #ci1 #dd47 ,9 ! *oice1 !re=e1 ( 8 mode ( tea*+1 ! purpose by him to be consult$ 0 impression3 because conviction1 :i* =ms ! pr9cipal end ( our disc\rses1 0 to arise 9 ! m9ds ( 8 foll[]s f a diff]5t s\rce1 f _! respect to 8 p]son & au?ority4 ,n[1 = ! purpose ( impression s+ly & exclusively1 7,i repeat aga91 t we are n "h to consid] ! conv9c+ ( ! und]/&+17 ,i "k no?+ :i* w\ld h s great =ce z /rong pond]\s maxims1 frequ5tly urg$ & frequ5tly br\ght back to ! ?\ghts ( ! he>]s4 ,i "k no?+ t c\ld 9 ?is view be said bett]1 ?an ,d unto o!rs z ye w\ld t o!rs %\ld d unto y3 ,! fir/ & great comm&m5t is1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god3 & ! second is l unto x1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$1 t our ,"l's m9i/ry1 ^u ! supposition ei!r ( "o ye> or ?ree1 comp>$ ) 8 "w1 0 ( %ort duration2 t1 )9 ?is "t1 he _h _m places to visit1 v>i\s audi5ces to address2 t 8 p]son 0 g5]ally besieg$ by cr[ds ( foll[]s2 t he 01 sometimes1 driv5 away f ! place :]e he 0 tea*+ by p]secution1 & at o!r times ?\ght fit to )draw himself f ! commotions ( ! populace4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 no?+ appe>s to h be5 s practicable1 or likely to be s efficaci\s1 z leav+1 :]ev] he came1 concise lessons ( duty4 ,^! circum/ances at lea/ %[ ! necessity he 0 "u ( compris+ :at he deliv]$ )9 a small compass4 ,9 p>ticul>1 8 s]mon ^u ! m\nt ought always to be consid]$ ) a view to ^! obs]vations4 ,! "q is n1 :e!r a full]1 a m accurate1 a m sy/ematic1 or a m argum5tative disc\rse ^u morals might n h be5 pron\nc$2 b :e!r m c\ld h be5 said 9 ! same room bett] adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( ! he>]s1 or bett] calculat$ = ! purpose ( impression8 ,se5 9 ?is light1 x has always appe>$ to me to be admirable4 ,dr4 ,l>dn] ?\ght t ?is disc\rse 0 made up ( :at ,*ri/ _h said at diff]5t times1 & on diff]5t occasions1 sev]al ( :i* occasions are notic$ 9 ,/ ,luke's n>rative4 ,i c p]ceive no reason = ?is op9ion4 ,i believe t our ,"l deliv]$ ?is disc\rse at "o "t & place1 9 ! mann] relat$ by ,sa9t ,mat!w1 & t he repeat$ ! same rules & maxims at diff]5t times1 z opportunity or occasion sugge/$2 t !y 7 (t5 9 8 m\?1 & 7 repeat$ to diff]5t audi5ces1 & 9 v>i\s conv]sations4 ,x is incid5tal to ?is mode ( moral in/ruction1 :i* proce$s n by pro( b ^u au?ority1 n by disquisition b by precept1 t ! rules w be conceiv$ 9 absolute t]ms1 leav+ ! application & ! di/9ctions t att5d x to ! reason ( ! he>]4 ,x is likewise to be expect$ t !y w be deliv]$ 9 t]ms by s mu* ! m =cible & en]getic1 z !y h to enc\nt] natural or g5]al prop5sities4 ,x is fur!r also to be rem>k$1 t _m ( ^? /rong in/ances :i* appe> 9 our ,"l's s]mon1 su* z1 ,if any man w smite !e on ! "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also3 ,if any man w sue !e at ! law1 & take away ?y coat1 let him h ?y cloak also3 ,:osoev] %all compel !e to g a mile1 g ) him twa93 ?\gh !y appe> 9 ! =m ( specific precepts1 are int5d$ z descriptive ( disposition & "*4 ,a specific compliance ) ! precepts w\ld be ( little value1 b ! disposition :i* !y inculcate is ( ! highe/4 ,he :o %\ld cont5t himself ) wait+ = ! occasion1 & ) lit]ally obs]v+ ! rule :5 ! occasion (f]$1 w\ld d no?+1 or worse ?an no?+3 b he :o consid]s ! "* & disposition :i* is h]eby inculcat$1 & places t disposition be=e him z ! model to :i* he %\ld br+ 8 own1 takes1 p]haps1 ! be/ possible me?od ( improv+ ! b5evol5ce1 & ( calm+ & rectify+ ! vices ( 8 temp]4 ,if x be said t ?is disposition is unatta9able1 ,i answ]1 s is all p]fection3 ought !re=e a morali/ to recomm5d imp]fections8 ,"o excell5cy1 h[ev]1 ( our ,savi\r's rules is1 t !y are ei!r nev] mi/ak51 or nev] s mi/ak5 z to d h>m4 ,i c\ld feign a hundr$ cases 9 :i* ! lit]al application ( ! rule1 ( do+ to o!rs z we w\ld t o!rs %\ld d unto u1 might mislead u2 b ,i nev] yet met ) ! man :o 0 actually misl$ by x4 ,not)/&+ t our ,"l bade 8 foll[]s1 n to resi/ evil1 & to =give ! enemy :o %\ld trespass aga9/ !m1 n till sev5 times1 b till sev5ty times sev51 ! ,*ri/ian _w has hi!rto suff]$ little by too mu* placability or =be>ance4 ,i w\ld repeat once m1 :at has already be5 twice rem>k$1 t ^! rules 7 design$ to regulate p]sonal conduct f p]sonal motives1 & = ?is purpose alone4 ,i ?9k t ^! obs]vations w assi/ u greatly 9 plac+ our ,savi\r's conduct z a moral tea*] 9 a prop] po9t ( view2 especially :5 x is consid]$1 t to deliv] moral disquisitions 0 no "p ( 8 design1--to tea* morality at all 0 only a subord9ate "p ( x2 8 great bus9ess be+ to supply :at 0 mu* m want+ ?an lessons ( morality1 /rong] moral sanctions1 & cle>] assurances ( a future judgm5t499 99 ,"s appe> to require 9 a religi\s sy/em1 or 9 ! books :i* pr(ess to deliv] t sy/em1 m9ute directions = e case & occurr5ce t may arise4 ,?is1 say !y1 is necess>y to r5d] a revelation p]fect1 especially "o :i* has = its object ! regulation ( human conduct4 ,n[1 h[ prolix1 & yet h[ incomplete & unavail+1 su* an attempt mu/ h be51 is prov$ by "o notable example3 ,! ,indoo & ,mussulman religions are in/itutes ( civil law1 regulat+ ! m9ute/ que/ions1 bo? ( prop]ty & ( all que/ions :i* come "u ! cognizance ( ! magi/rate4 ,& to :at l5g? details ( ?is k9d are necess>ily c>ri$ :5 once begun1 may be und]/ood f an anecdote ( ! ,mussulman code1 :i* we h receiv$ f ! mo/ respectable au?ority1 t n less ?an sev5ty-five ?\s& traditional precepts h be5 promulgat$4 7,hamilton's translation ( ,h$ays1 or ,guide47 ,! p>ables ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are1 _m ( !m1 su* z w\ld h done hon\r to any book 9 ! _w3 ,i d n mean 9 /yle & diction1 b 9 ! *oice ( ! subjects1 9 ! /ructure ( ! n>ratives1 9 ! aptness1 propriety1 & =ce ( ! circum/ances wov5 into !m2 & 9 "s1 z t ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 ! ,prodigal ,son1 ! ,ph>isee & ! ,publican1 9 an union ( pa?os & simplicity1 :i* 9 ! be/ productions ( human g5ius is ! fruit only ( a mu* ex]cis$ & well cultivat$ judgm5t4 ,! ,"l's ,pray]1 = a succession ( solemn ?\ghts1 = fix+ ! att5tion ^u a few great po9ts1 = suitabl5ess to e condition1 = suffici5cy1 = concis5ess )\t obscurity1 = ! weight & real importance ( its petitions1 is )\t an equal or a rival4 ,f :5ce did ^! come8 ,:5ce _h ?is man 8 wisdom8 ,0 our ,savi\r1 9 fact1 a well in/ruct$ philosoph]1 :il/ he is repres5t$ to u z an illit]ate peasant8 ,or %all we say t "s e>ly ,*ri/ians ( ta/e & education compos$ ^! pieces & ascrib$ !m to ,*ri/8 ,beside all o!r incr$ibilities 9 ?is acc\nt1 ,i answ]1 ) ,dr4 ,jort91 t !y c\ld n d x4 ,no specim5s ( composition :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5tury h left u au?orise u to believe t !y 7 equal to ! task4 ,& h[ little qualifi$ ! ,jews1 ! c\ntrym5 & companions ( ,*ri/1 7 to assi/ him 9 ! und]tak+1 may be judg$ ( f ! traditions & writ+s ( !irs :i* 7 ! ne>e/ to t age4 ,! :ole collection ( ! ,talmud is "o cont9u$ pro( into :at follies !y fell :5ev] !y left _! ,bible2 & h[ little capable !y 7 ( furni%+ out su* lessons z ,*ri/ deliv]$4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r view 9 :i* our ,"l's disc\rses des]ve to be consid]$2 & t is1 9 _! negative "*1--n 9 :at !y did1 b 9 :at !y did n1 conta94 ,"u ?is head ! foll[+ reflections appe> to me to possess "s weight4 ,i4 ,!y exhibit no p>ticul> description ( ! invisible _w4 ,! future happ9ess ( ! good1 & ! mis]y ( ! bad1 :i* is all we want to be assur$ (1 is directly & positively affirm$1 & is repres5t$ by metaphors & comp>isons1 :i* 7 pla9ly int5d$ z metaphors & comp>isons1 & z no?+ m4 ,z to ! re/1 a solemn res]ve is ma9ta9$4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! woman :o _h be5 m>ri$ to sev5 bro!rs1 ,^: %all %e be on ! resurrection8 0 ( a nature calculat$ to h drawn f ,*ri/ a m circum/antial acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ! human species 9 _! future exi/5ce4 ,he cuts %ort1 h[ev]1 ! inquiry by an answ]1 :i* at once rebuk$ intrud+ curiosity1 & 0 agreeable to ! be/ appreh5sions we are able to =m ^u ! subject1 viz4 ,t !y :o are acc\nt$ wor?y ( t resurrection1 %all be z ! angels ( ,god 9 heav54 ,i lay a /ress ^u ?is res]ve1 because x repels ! suspicion ( en?usiasm3 = en?usiasm is wont to expatiate ^u ! condition ( ! dep>t$1 above all o!r subjects1 & ) a wild p>ticul>ity4 ,x is moreov] a topic :i* is always li/5$ to ) gre$9ess4 ,! tea*]1 !re=e1 ^: pr9cipal purpose is to draw ^u himself att5tion1 is sure to be full ( x4 ,! ,koran ( ,mahomet is half made up ( x4 ,,ii4 ,our ,"l enjo9$ no au/]ities4 ,he n only enjo9$ none z absolute duties1 b he recomm5d$ none z c>ry+ m5 to a high] degree ( ,div9e fav\r4 ,place ,*ri/ianity1 9 ?is respect1 by ! side ( all in/itutions :i* h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! fanaticism ei!r ( _! au?or or ( 8 fir/ foll[]s3 or1 r1 comp>e 9 ?is respect ,*ri/ianity1 z x came f ,*ri/1 ) ! same religion aft] x fell into o!r h&s--) ! extravagant m]it v soon ascrib$ to celibacy1 solitude1 volunt>y pov]ty2 ) ! rig\rs ( an ascetic1 & ! v[s ( a mona/ic life2 ! hair-%irt1 ! wat*+s1 ! midnight pray]s1 ! obmutesc5ce1 ! gloom & mortification ( religi\s ord]s1 & ( ^? :o aspir$ to religi\s p]fection4 ,,iii4 ,our ,savi\r utt]$ no impassion$ devotion4 ,!re 0 no heat 9 8 piety1 or 9 ! language 9 :i* he express$ x2 no vehem5t or raptur\s ejaculations1 no viol5t urg5cy1 9 8 pray]s4 ,! ,"l's ,pray] is a model ( calm devotion4 ,8 words 9 ! g>d5 are unaffect$ expressions ( a deep1 inde$1 b sob] piety4 ,he nev] appe>s to h be5 work$ up into any?+ l t elation1 or t emotion ( spirits :i* is occasionally obs]v$ 9 mo/ ( ^? to :om ! "n ( en?usia/ c 9 any degree be appli$4 ,i feel a respect = ,me?odi/s1 because ,i believe t !re is to be f\nd among/ !m mu* s9c]e piety1 & avail+ ?\gh n always well-in=m$ ,*ri/ianity3 yet ,i nev] att5d$ a meet+ ( !irs b ,i came away ) ! reflection1 h[ diff]5t :at ,i he>d 0 f :at ,i read6 ,i d n mean 9 doctr9e1 ) :i* at pres5t ,i h no conc]n1 b 9 mann] h[ diff]5t f ! calmness1 ! sobriety1 ! good s5se1 & ,i may add1 ! /r5g? & au?ority ( our ,"l's disc\rses6 ,,iv4 ,x is v usual ) ! human m9d to sub/itute =w>dness & f]v5cy 9 a p>ticul> cause = ! m]it ( g5]al & regul> morality2 & x is natural1 & politic also1 9 ! lead] ( a sect or p>ty1 to enc\rage su* a disposition 9 8 foll[]s4 ,*ri/ did n ov]look ?is turn ( ?\ght2 yet1 ?\gh av[$ly plac+ himself at ! head ( a new in/itution1 he notices x only to condemn x4 ,n e "o t sai? unto me1 ,"l1 ,"l1 %all ent] into ! k+dom ( heav52 b he t doe? ! w ( my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,_m w say unto me 9 t day1 ,"l1 ,"l1 h we n prophesi$ 9 ?y "n8 & 9 ?y "n h ca/ out devils8 & 9 ?y "n done _m wond]ful works8 ,& !n w ,i pr(ess unto y1 ,i nev] knew y3 dep>t f me1 ye t "w iniquity4 7,matt4 vii4 #ba1 #bb47 ,s f> 0 ! ,au?or ( ,*ri/ianity f c\rt+ ! atta*m5t ( 8 foll[]s by any sacrifice ( pr9ciple1 or by a condesc5sion to ! errors :i* ev5 zeal 9 8 s]vice might h inspir$4 ,?is 0 a pro( bo? ( s9c]ity & judgm5t4 ,v4 ,nor1 fif?ly1 did he fall 9 ) any ( ! deprav$ fa%ions ( 8 c\ntry1 or ) ! natural bias ( 8 own education4 ,br$ up a ,jew1 "u a religion extremely te*nical1 9 an age & among/ a p m t5aci\s ( ! c]emonies ?an ( any o!r "p ( t religion1 he deliv]$ an in/itution conta9+ less ( ritual1 & t m simple1 ?an is to be f\nd 9 any religion :i* ev] prevail$ among/ mank9d4 ,we h kn[n1 ,i d all[1 examples ( an en?usiasm :i* has swept away all ext]nal ord9ances be=e x4 ,b ?is _s c]ta9ly did n dictate our ,savi\r's conduct1 ei!r 9 8 treatm5t ( ! religion ( 8 c\ntry1 or 9 ! =mation ( 8 own in/itution4 ,9 bo? he display$ ! s\ndness & mod]ation ( 8 judgm5t4 ,he c5sur$ an ov]/ra9$ scrupul\sness1 or p]haps an affectation ( scrupul\sness1 ab\t ! ,sabba?3 b h[ did he c5sure x8 n by contemn+ or decry+ ! in/itution itself1 b by decl>+ t ! ,sabba? 0 made = man1 n man = ! ,sabba?2 t is to say1 t ! ,sabba? 0 to be subord9ate to its purpose1 & t t purpose 0 ! real good ( ^? :o 7 ! subjects ( ! law4 ,! same conc]n+ ! nicety ( "s ( ! ,ph>isees1 9 pay+ ti!s ( ! mo/ trifl+ articles1 accompani$ ) a neglect ( ju/ice1 fidelity1 & m]cy4 ,he f9ds fault ) !m = misplac+ _! anxiety4 ,he does n speak disrespectfully ( ! law ( ti!s1 nor ( _! obs]vance ( x2 b he assigns to ea* class ( duties its prop] /ation 9 ! scale ( moral importance4 ,all ?is might be expect$ p]haps f a well-in/ruct$1 cool1 & judici\s philosoph]1 b 0 n to be look$ = f an illit]ate ,jew2 c]ta9ly n f an impetu\s en?usia/4 ,,vi4 ,no?+ c\ld be m quibbl+ ?an 7 ! comm5ts & expositions ( ! ,jewi% doctors at t "t2 no?+ s pu]ile z _! di/9ctions4 ,_! evasion ( ! fif? comm&m5t1 _! exposition ( ! law ( oa?s1 are specim5s ( ! bad ta/e 9 morals :i* !n prevail$4 ,:]eas1 9 a num]\s collection ( our ,savi\r's apoph!gms1 _m ( !m ref]r+ to sundry precepts ( ! ,jewi% law1 !re is n to be f\nd "o example ( sophi/ry1 or ( false subtlety1 or ( any?+ approa*+ !reunto4 ,,vii4 ,! national temp] ( ! ,jews 0 intol]ant1 n>r[-m9d$1 & exclud+4 ,9 ,jesus1 on ! contr>y1 :e!r we reg>d 8 lessons or 8 example1 we see n only b5evol5ce1 b b5evol5ce ! mo/ enl>g$ & compreh5sive4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 ! v po9t ( ! /ory is1 t ! p]son reliev$ by him 0 ! national & religi\s enemy ( 8 b5efactor4 ,our ,"l decl>$ ! equity ( ! ,div9e adm9i/ration1 :5 he told ! ,jews1 7:at1 probably1 !y 7 surpris$ to he>17 ,t _m %\ld come f ! ea/ & we/1 & %\ld sit d[n ) ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 9 ! k+dom ( heav52 b t ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom %\ld be ca/ into out] d>kness4 7,matt4 viii4 #aa47 ,8 repro( ( ! ha/y zeal ( 8 disciples1 :o w\ld ne$s call d[n fire f heav5 to rev5ge an affront put ^u _! ,ma/]1 %[s ! l5ity ( 8 "*1 & ( 8 religion3 & 8 op9ion ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! mo/ unreasonable oppon5ts ought to be treat$1 or at lea/ ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y ought n to be treat$4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* 8 rebuke 0 convey$ des]ve to be notic$3--,ye "k n :at mann] ( _s ye are (4 7,luke ix4 #ee47 ,,viii4 ,la/ly1 among/ ! negative qualities ( our religion1 z x came out ( ! h&s ( its ,f\nd] & 8 apo/les1 we may reckon its complete ab/raction f all views ei!r ( ecclesia/ical or civil policy2 or1 to meet a language mu* 9 fa%ion ) "s m51 f ! politics ei!r ( prie/s or /atesm54 ,*ri/'s decl>ation1 t 8 k+dom 0 n ( ?is _w1 record$ by ,sa9t ,john2 8 evasion ( ! "q1 :e!r x 0 lawful or n to give tribute unto ,caes>1 m5tion$ by ! ?ree o!r evangeli/s2 8 reply to an application t 0 made to him1 to int]pose 8 au?ority 9 a "q ( prop]ty2 ,man1 :o made me a rul] or a judge ov] y8 ascrib$ to him by ,/4 ,luke2 8 decl9+ to ex]cise ! (fice ( a crim9al judge 9 ! case ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 z relat$ by ,john1 are all intelligible significations ( our ,savi\r's s5tim5ts ^u ?is head4 ,& ) respect to politics1 9 ! usual s5se ( t ^w1 or discussions conc]n+ diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ,*ri/ianity decl9es e "q ^u ! subject4 ,:il/ politicians are disput+ ab\t mon>*ies1 ari/ocracies1 & republics1 ! ,gospel is alike applicable1 useful1 & fri5dly to !m all2 inasmu*1 z1 #a/ly1 x t5ds to make m5 virtu\s1 & z x is easi] to gov]n good m5 ?an bad m5 "u any con/itution2 z1 #bndly1 x /ates ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t1 9 ord9>y cases1 to be n m]ely a submission to =ce1 b a duty ( consci5ce2 z1 #crdly1 x induces dispositions fav\rable to public tranquillity1 a ,*ri/ian's *ief c>e be+ to pass quietly ?r\gh ?is _w to a bett]2 z1 #d?ly1 x prays = communities1 &1 = ! gov]nors ( communities1 ( :atev] description or d5om9ation !y be1 ) a solicitude & f]v5cy proportion$ to ! influ5ce :i* !y possess ^u human happ9ess4 ,all :i*1 9 my op9ion1 is j z x %\ld be4 ,_h !re be5 m to be f\nd 9 ,scripture ( a political nature1 or conv]tible to political purposes1 ! wor/ use w\ld h be5 made ( x1 on :i*ev] side x seem$ to lie4 ,:51 !re=e1 we consid] ,*ri/ z a moral tea*] 7rememb]+ t ?is 0 only a second>y "p ( 8 (fice2 & t morality1 by ! nature ( ! subject1 does n admit ( discov]y1 prop]ly s call$7--:5 we consid] ei!r :at he taught1 or :at he did n tea*1 ei!r ! sub/ance or ! mann] ( 8 in/ruction2 8 pref]5ce ( solid to popul> virtues1 ( a "* :i* is commonly despis$ to a "* :i* is univ]sally extoll$2 8 plac+1 9 our lic5ti\s vices1 ! *eck 9 ! "r place1 viz4 ^u ! ?\ghts2 8 collect+ ( human duty into two well-devis$ rules1 8 repetition ( ^! rules1 ! /ress he laid ^u !m1 especially 9 comp>ison ) positive duties1 & 8 fix+ !reby ! s5tim5ts ( 8 foll[]s2 8 exclusion ( all reg>d to reputation 9 our devotion & alms1 & by p>ity ( reason 9 our o!r virtues2--:5 we consid] t 8 in/ructions 7 deliv]$ 9 a =m calculat$ = impression1 ! precise purpose 9 8 situation to be consult$2 & t !y 7 illu/rat$ by p>ables1 ! *oice & /ructure ( :i* w\ld h be5 admir$ 9 any composition :atev]2--:5 we obs]ve him free f ! usual symptoms ( en?usiasm1 heat & vehem5ce 9 devotion1 au/]ity 9 in/itutions1 & a wild p>ticul>ity 9 ! description ( a future /ate2 free also f ! depravities ( 8 age & c\ntry2 )\t sup]/ition among/ ! mo/ sup]/iti\s ( m51 yet n decry+ positive di/9ctions or ext]nal obs]vances1 b sob]ly call+ !m to ! pr9ciple ( _! e/abli%m5t1 & to _! place 9 ! scale ( human duties2 )\t sophi/ry or trifl+1 amid/ tea*]s rem>kable = no?+ s mu* z frivol\s subtleties & quibbl+ expositions2 c&id & lib]al 9 8 judgm5t ( ! re/ ( mank9d1 al?\gh belong+ to a p :o affect$ a sep>ate claim to ,div9e fav\r1 & 9 consequ5ce ( t op9ion prone to un*>itabl5ess1 p>tiality1 & re/riction2--:5 we f9d 9 8 religion no s*eme ( build+ up a hi]>*y1 or ( m9i/]+ to ! views ( human gov]nm5ts2--9 a ^w1 :5 we comp>e ,*ri/ianity1 z x came f its ,au?or1 ei!r ) o!r religions1 or ) itself 9 o!r h&s1 ! mo/ reluctant und]/&+ w be induc$ to ackn[l$ge ! probity1 ,i ?9k also ! good s5se1 ( ^? to :om x owes its orig92 & t "s reg>d is due to ! te/imony ( su* m51 :5 !y decl>e _! k t ! religion proce$$ f ,god2 & :5 !y appeal = ! tru? ( _! ass]tion1 to miracles :i* !y wr\ght1 or :i* !y saw4 ,p]haps ! qualities :i* we obs]ve 9 ! religion may be ?\ght to prove some?+ m4 ,!y w\ld h be5 extraord9>y _h ! religion come f any p]son2 f ! p]son f :om x did come1 !y are exce$+ly s4 ,:at 0 ,jesus 9 ext]nal appe>ance8 ,a ,jewi% peasant1 ! son ( a c>p5t]1 liv+ ) 8 fa!r & "m 9 a remote prov9ce ( ,pale/9e1 until ! "t t he produc$ himself 9 8 public "*4 ,he _h no ma/] to in/ruct or prompt him2 he _h read no books b ! works ( ,moses & ! prophets2 he _h visit$ no poli%$ cities2 he _h receiv$ no lessons f ,socrates or ,plato1--no?+ to =m 9 him a ta/e or judgm5t diff]5t f t ( ! re/ ( 8 c\ntrym51 & ( p]sons ( ! same rank ( life ) himself4 ,suppos+ x to be true1 :i* x is n1 t all 8 po9ts ( morality might be pick$ out ( ,greek & ,roman writ+s1 !y 7 writ+s :i* he _h nev] se54 ,suppos+ !m to be no m ?an :at "s or o!r _h taught 9 v>i\s times & places1 he c\ld n collect !m toge!r4 ,:o 7 8 coadjutors 9 ! und]tak+1--! p]sons into ^: h&s ! religion came aft] 8 dea?8 ,a few fi%]m5 ^u ! lake ( ,tib]ias1 p]sons j z un$ucat$1 &1 = ! purpose ( fram+ rules ( morality1 z unpromis+ z himself4 ,suppose ! mission to be real1 all ?is is acc\nt$ =2 ! unsuitabl5ess ( ! au?ors to ! production1 ( ! *>act]s to ! und]tak+1 no long] surprises u3 b )\t reality1 x is v difficult to expla9 h[ su* a sy/em %\ld proce$ f su* p]sons4 ,*ri/ 0 n l any o!r c>p5t]2 ! apo/les 7 n l any o!r fi%]m54 ,b ! subject is n exhau/$ by ^! obs]vations4 ,t portion ( x :i* is mo/ r$ucible to po9ts ( argum5t has be5 /at$1 &1 ,i tru/1 truly4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s topics ( a m diffuse nature1 :i* yet des]ve to be propos$ to ! read]'s att5tion4 ,! "* ( ,*ri/ is a "p ( ! morality ( ! ,gospel3 "o /rong obs]vation ^u :i* is1 t1 nei!r z repres5t$ by 8 foll[]s1 nor z attack$ by 8 enemies1 is he *>g$ ) any p]sonal vice4 ,?is rem>k is z old z ,orig53 ,?\gh innum]able lies & calumnies _h be5 =g$ aga9/ ! v5]able ,jesus1 none _h d>$ to *>ge him ) an intemp]ance4 7,or4 ,ep4 ,cels4 #a4 #c1 num4 #cf1 ed4 ,b5$47 ,n a reflection ^u 8 moral "*1 n an imputation or suspicion ( any (f5ce aga9/ purity & *a/ity1 appe>s = five hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 bir?4 ,?is faultlessness is m peculi> ?an we are apt to imag9e4 ,"s /a9 pollutes ! morals or ! morality ( almo/ e o!r tea*]1 & ( e o!r lawgiv]499 ,z5o ! /oic1 & ,diog5es ! cynic1 fell into ! f\le/ impurities2 ( :i* also ,socrates himself 0 m ?an suspect$4 ,solon =bade unnatural crimes to slaves4 ,lycurgus tol]at$ !ft z a "p ( education4 ,plato recomm5d$ a community ( wom54 ,ari/otle ma9ta9$ ! g5]al "r ( mak+ w> ^u b>b>ians4 ,! eld] ,cato 0 rem>kable = ! ill usage ( 8 slaves2 ! y\ng] gave up ! p]son ( 8 wife4 ,"o loose pr9ciple is f\nd 9 almo/ all ! ,pagan morali/s2 is di/9ctly1 h[ev]1 p]ceiv$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato1 ,x5ophon1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,epictetus2 & t is1 ! all[+1 & ev5 ! recomm5d+ to _! disciples1 a compliance ) ! religion1 & ) ! religi\s rites1 ( e c\ntry into :i* !y came4 ,9 speak+ ( ! f\nd]s ( new in/itutions we _c =get ,mahomet4 ,8 lic5ti\s transgressions ( 8 own lic5ti\s rules2 8 abuse ( ! "* :i* he assum$1 & ( ! p[] :i* he _h acquir$1 = ! purposes ( p]sonal & privileg$ indulg5ce2 8 av[$ claim ( a special p]mission f heav5 ( unlimit$ s5suality1 is kn[n to e read]1 z x is confess$ by e writ] ( ! ,moslem /ory4 99 ,see _m in/ances collect$ by ,grotius1 de ,v]itate ,*ri/ianae ,religionis1 9 ! notes to 8 second book1 p4 #aaf4 ,pocock's edition4 ,secondly1 9 ! hi/ories :i* are left u ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 al?\gh v %ort1 & al?\gh deal+ 9 n>rative1 & n 9 obs]vation or panegyric1 we p]ceive1 beside ! abs5ce ( e appe>ance ( vice1 traces ( devotion1 humility1 b5ignity1 mildness1 pati5ce1 prud5ce4 ,i speak ( traces ( ^! qualities1 because ! qualities !mselves are to be collect$ f incid5ts2 inasmu* z ! t]ms are nev] us$ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,gospels1 nor is any =mal "* ( him drawn 9 any "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?us we see ! dev\tness ( 8 m9d 9 8 frequ5t retirem5t to solit>y pray]2 7,matt4 xiv4 #bc4 ,luke ix4 #bh4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #cf47 9 8 habitual giv+ ( ?anks2 7,matt4 xi4 #be4 ,m>k viii4 #f4 ,john vi4 #bc4 ,luke xxii4 #ag47 9 8 ref]5ce ( ! beauties & op]ations ( nature to ! b\nty ( ,provid5ce2 7,matt4 vi1 #bf--bh47 9 8 e>ne/ addresses to 8 ,fa!r1 m p>ticul>ly t %ort b solemn "o be=e ! rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead2 7,john xi4 #da47 & 9 ! deep piety ( 8 behavi\r 9 ! g>d5 on ! la/ ev5+ ( 8 life37,matt4 xxvi4 #hf--dg47 8 humility 9 8 con/ant repro( ( cont5tions = sup]iority37,m>k ix4 #cc47 ! b5ignity & affectionat5ess ( 8 temp] 9 8 k9dness to *ildr52 7,m>k x4 #af47 9 ! te>s :i* he %$ ov] 8 fall+ c\ntry1 7,luke xix4 #da47 & ^u ! dea? ( 8 fri5d2 7,john xi4 #ce47 9 8 notic+ ( ! wid['s mite2 7,m>k xii4 #db47 9 8 p>ables ( ! good ,sam>itan1 ( ! ungrateful s]vant1 & ( ! ,ph>isee & publican1 ( :i* p>ables no "o b a man ( humanity c\ld h be5 ! au?or3 ! mildness & l5ity ( 8 "* is discov]$ 9 8 rebuke ( ! =w>d zeal ( 8 disciples at ! ,sam>itan village2 7,luke ix4 #ee47 9 8 expo/ulation ) ,pilate2 7,john xix4 #aa47 9 8 pray] = 8 enemies at ! mom5t ( 8 suff]+1 7,luke xxiii4 #cd47 :i*1 ?\gh x has be5 s9ce v prop]ly & frequ5tly imitat$1 0 !n1 ,i appreh5d1 new4 ,8 prud5ce is disc]n$1 :]e prud5ce is mo/ want$1 9 8 conduct on try+ occasions1 & 9 answ]s to artful que/ions4 ,( ^! ! foll[+ are examples3--,8 )draw+ 9 v>i\s in/ances f ! fir/ symptoms ( tumult1 7,matt4 xiv4 #bb4 ,luke v4 #ae1 #af4 ,john v4 #ac2 vi4 #ae47 & ) ! express c>e1 z appe>s f ,sa9t ,mat!w1 7,*ap4 xii4 #ai47 ( c>ry+ on 8 m9i/ry 9 quietness2 8 decl9+ ( e species ( int]f]5ce ) ! civil affairs ( ! c\ntry1 :i* disposition is manife/$ by 8 behavi\r 9 ! case ( ! woman caught 9 adult]y1 7,john viii4 #a47 & 9 8 repulse ( ! application :i* 0 made to him to int]pose 8 decision ab\t a disput$ inh]itance37,luke xii4 #ad47 8 judici\s1 yet1 z x %\ld seem1 unprep>$ answ]s1 w be confess$ 9 ! case ( ! ,roman tribute 7,matt4 xxii4 #ai47 9 ! difficulty conc]n+ ! int]f]+ relations ( a future /ate1 z propos$ to him 9 ! in/ance ( a woman :o _h m>ri$ sev5 bre?r52 7,matt4 xxii4 #bh47 & m especially 9 8 reply to ^? :o dem&$ f him an explanation ( ! au?ority by :i* he act$1 :i* reply consi/$ 9 prop\nd+ a "q to !m1 situat$ betwe5 ! v difficulties into :i* !y 7 insidi\sly endeav\r+ to draw him4 7,matt4 xxi4 #bc1 et seq47 ,our ,savi\r's lessons1 beside :at has already be5 rem>k$ 9 !m1 t\*1 & t (t5times by v affect+ repres5tations1 ^u "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ topics ( human duty1 & ( human m$itation2 ^u ! pr9ciples by :i* ! decisions ( ! la/ day w be regulat$2 7,matt4 xxv4 #ca1 et seq47 ^u ! sup]ior1 or r ! supreme importance ( religion2 7 ,m>k viii4 #ce4 ,matt4 vi4 #ca--cc4 ,luke xii4 #d1 #e1 #af--ba47 ^u p5it5ce1 by ! mo/ press+ calls1 & ! mo/ enc\rag+ invitations2 7,luke xv47 ^u self-d5ial1 7,matt4 v4 #bi47 wat*fulhess1 7,m>k xiii4 #cg4 ,matt4 xxiv4 #db2 xxv4 #ac47 placability1 7,luke xvii4 #d4 ,matt4 xviii4 #cc1 et seq47 confid5ce 9 ,god1 7,matt4 vi4 #be--cj47 ! value ( spiritual1 t is1 ( m5tal wor%ip1 7,john iv4 #bc1 #bd47 ! necessity ( moral ob$i5ce1 & ! direct+ ( t ob$i5ce to ! _s & pr9ciple ( ! law1 in/ead ( seek+ = evasions 9 a te*nical con/ruction ( its t]ms4 7,matt4 v4 #ba47 ,if we ext5d our argum5t to o!r p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we may (f]1 z among/ ! be/ & %orte/ rules ( life1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 descriptions ( virtue1 t h ev] be5 deliv]$1 ! foll[+ passages3-- ,pure religion1 & undefil$1 be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r1 is ?is2 to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! affliction1 & to keep himself unspott$ f ! _w4 7,james i4 #bg47 ,n[ ! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity1 out ( a pure he>t & a good consci5ce1 & fai? unfeign$4 7,i ,tim4 i4 #e47 ,= ! grace ( ,god t br+e? salvation ha? appe>$ to all m51 tea*+ u t1 d5y+ ungodl9ess & worldly lu/s1 we %\ld live sob]ly1 righte\sly1 & godly1 9 ?is pres5t _w4 7,tit4 ii4 #aa1 #ab47 ,enum]ations ( virtues & vices1 & ^? suffici5tly accurate & unque/ionably j1 are giv5 by ,/4 ,paul to 8 conv]ts 9 ?ree sev]al epi/les4 7,gal4 v4 #ai4 ,col4 iii4 #ab4 #a ,cor4 xiii47 ,! relative duties ( husb&s & wives1 ( p>5ts & *ildr51 ( ma/]s & s]vants1 ( ,*ri/ian tea*]s & _! flocks1 ( gov]nors & _! subjects1 are set =? by ! same writ]1 7,eph4 v4 #cc2 vi4 #a--e4 #b ,cor4 vi4 #f1 #g4 ,rom4 xiii47 n inde$ ) ! copi\sness1 ! detail1 or ! di/9ctness ( a morali/ :o %\ld 9 ^! days sit d[n to write *apt]s ^u ! subject1 b ) ! lead+ rules & pr9ciples 9 ea*2 &1 above all1 ) tru? & ) au?ority4 ,la/ly1 ! :ole volume ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is replete ) piety2 ) :at 7 almo/ unkn[n to hea!n morali/s1 devotional virtues1 ! mo/ pr(\nd v5]ation ( ! ,deity1 an habitual s5se ( 8 b\nty & protection1 a firm confid5ce 9 ! f9al result ( 8 c\nsels & disp5sations1 a disposition to resort ^u all occasions to 8 m]cy = ! supply ( human wants1 = assi/ance 9 dang]1 = relief f pa91 = ! p>don ( s94 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c&\r ,,( ,,! ,,writ]s ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,i make ?is c&\r to consi/ 9 _! putt+ d[n _m passages1 & notic+ _m circum/ances1 :i* no writ] :atev] 0 likely to h =g$2 & :i* no writ] w\ld h *os5 to appe> 9 8 book :o _h be5 c>eful to pres5t ! /ory 9 ! mo/ unexceptionable =m1 or :o _h ?\ght himself at lib]ty to c>ve & m\ld ! p>ticul>s ( t /ory accord+ to 8 *oice1 or accord+ to 8 judgm5t ( ! effect4 ,a /rong & well-kn[n example ( ! fairness ( ! evangeli/s (f]s itself 9 _! acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s resurrection1 namely1 9 _! unanim\sly /at+ t aft] he 0 ris5 he appe>$ to 8 disciples alone4 ,i d n mean t !y h us$ ! exclusive ^w alone2 b t all ! in/ances :i* !y h record$ ( 8 appe>ance are in/ances ( appe>ance to 8 disciples2 t _! reason+s ^u x1 & allusions to x1 are conf9$ to ?is supposition2 & t by "o ( !m ,pet] is made to say1 ,him ,god rais$ up ! ?ird day1 & %[$ him op5ly1 n to all ! p1 b to witnesses *os5 be=e ( ,god1 ev5 to u :o did eat & dr9k ) him aft] he rose f ! dead4 7,acts x4 #dj1 #da47 ,! mo/ common und]/&+ mu/ h p]ceiv$ t ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection w\ld h come ) m advantage if !y _h relat$ t ,jesus appe>$1 aft] he 0 ris51 to 8 foes z well z 8 fri5ds1 to ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 ! ,jewi% c\ncil1 & ! ,roman gov]nor3 or ev5 if !y _h ass]t$ ! public appe>ance ( ,*ri/ 9 g5]al unqualifi$ t]ms1 )\t notic+1 z !y h done1 ! pres5ce ( 8 disciples on ea* occasion1 & notic+ x 9 su* a mann] z to lead _! read]s to suppose t none b disciples 7 pres5t4 ,!y c\ld h repres5t$ 9 "o way z well z ! o!r4 ,& if _! po9t _h be5 to h _! religion believ$1 :e!r true or false2 if !y _h fabricat$ ! /ory ab initio2 or if !y _h be5 dispos$ ei!r to h deliv]$ _! te/imony z witnesses1 or to h work$ up _! mat]ials & in=mation z hi/orians1 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] _! n>rative z speci\s & unobjectionable z !y c\ld2 9 a ^w1 if !y _h ?\ght ( any?+ b ( ! tru? ( ! case1 z !y und]/ood & believ$ x2 !y w\ld 9 _! acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s sev]al appe>ances aft] 8 resurrection1 at lea/ h omitt$ ?is re/riction4 ,at ?is di/ance ( "t1 ! acc\nt z we h x is p]haps m cr$ible ?an x w\ld h be5 ! o!r way2 because ?is manife/ation ( ! hi/orians' c&\r is ( m advantage to _! te/imony ?an ! diff]5ce 9 ! circum/ances ( ! acc\nt w\ld h be5 to ! nature ( ! evid5ce4 ,b ?is is an effect :i* ! evangeli/s w\ld n =esee3 & ,i ?9k t x 0 by no means ! case at ! "t :5 ! books 7 compos$4 ,mr4 ,gibbon has argu$ = ! g5u95ess ( ! ,koran1 f ! confessions :i* x conta9s1 to ! app>5t disadvantage ( ! ,mahometan cause4 7,vol4 ix4 c4 #ej1 note #if47 ,! same def5ce v9dicates ! g5u95ess ( our ,gospels1 & )\t prejudice to ! cause at all4 ,!re are "s o!r in/ances 9 :i* ! evangeli/s hone/ly relate :at !y mu/ h p]ceiv$ w\ld make aga9/ !m4 ,( ?is k9d is ,john ! ,bapti/'s message pres]v$ by ,sa9t ,mat!w 7xi4 #b7 & ,sa9t ,luke 7vii4 #ah73 ,n[ :5 ,john _h he>d 9 ! prison ! works ( ,*ri/1 he s5t two ( 8 disciples1 & said unto him1 ,art ?\ he t %\ld come1 or look we = ano!r8 ,to confess1 /ill m to /ate1 t ,john ! ,bapti/ _h 8 d\bts conc]n+ ! "* ( ,jesus1 c\ld n b af=d a h&le to cavil & objection4 ,b tru?1 l hone/y1 neglects appe>ances4 ,! same obs]vation1 p]haps1 holds conc]n+ ! apo/acy ( ,judas499 99 ,i _h once plac$ among/ ^! examples ( fair concession ! rem>kable words ( ,sa9t ,mat!w 9 8 acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s appe>ance ^u ! ,galilean m\nta93 ,& :5 !y saw him !y wor%ipp$ him2 b "s d\bt$4 7,*ap4 xxviii4 #ag47 ,i h s9ce1 h[ev]1 be5 conv9c$1 by :at is obs]v$ conc]n+ ?is passage 9 ,dr4 ,t[n%5d's ,disc\rse 7,page #agg47 ^u ! ,resurrection1 t ! transaction1 z relat$ by ,sa9t ,mat!w1 0 really ?is3 ,*ri/ appe>$ fir/ at a di/ance2 ! great] "p ( ! company1 ! mom5t !y saw him1 wor%ipp$1 b "s z yet1 i4e4 ^u ?is fir/ di/ant view ( 8 p]son1 d\bt$2 :]eupon ,*ri/ came up to !m1 & spake to !m1 c43 t ! d\bt1 !re=e1 0 a d\bt only at fir/ = a mom5t1 & ^u 8 be+ se5 at a di/ance1 & 0 aft]w>ds dispell$ by 8 ne>] approa*1 & by 8 ent]+ into conv]sation ) !m4 ,sa9t ,mat!w's words are3 kai prosel?on o ,ies\s elales5 autois & hav+ come t[>d !m1 ,jesus spoke4 ,?is intimates t :5 he fir/ appe>$ x 0 at a di/ance1 at lea/ f _m ( ! spectators4 ,ib4 p4 #aig4 ,john vi4 #ff4 ,f t "t1 _m ( 8 disciples w5t back1 & walk$ no m ) him4 ,0 x ! "p ( a writ] :o dealt 9 suppression & disguise to put d[n ?is anecdote8 ,or ?is1 :i* ,mat!w has pres]v$ 7xii4 #eh78 ,he did n _m mighty works !re1 because ( _! unbelief4 ,aga91 9 ! same evangeli/ 7v4 #ag1 #ah73 ,?9k n t ,i am come to de/roy ! law or ! prophets3 ,i am n come to de/roy1 b to fulfil2 =1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 till heav5 & e>? pass1 "o jot1 or "o tittle1 %all 9 no wise pass f ! law1 till all be fulfill$4 ,at ! "t ! ,gospels 7 writt51 ! app>5t t5d5cy ( ,*ri/'s mission 0 to dim9i% ! au?ority ( ! ,mosaic code1 & x 0 s consid]$ by ! ,jews !mselves4 ,x is v improbable1 !re=e1 t1 )\t ! con/ra9t ( tru?1 ,mat!w %\ld h ascrib$ a say+ to ,*ri/1 :i*1 primo intuitu1 militat$ ) ! judgm5t ( ! age 9 :i* 8 ,gospel 0 writt54 ,m>cion ?\ght ?is text s objectionable1 t he alt]$ ! words1 s z to inv]t ! s5se4 7,l>dn]1 ,cr$41 vol4 xv4 p4 #dbb47 ,once m 7,acts xxv4 #ah73 ,!y br\ght none accusation aga9/ him ( su* ?+s z ,i suppos$2 b _h c]ta9 que/ions aga9/ him ( _! own sup]/ition1 & ( "o ,jesus :i* 0 dead1 :om ,paul affirm$ to be alive4 ,no?+ c\ld be m 9 ! "* ( a ,roman gov]nor ?an ^! words4 ,b t is n precisely ! po9t ,i am conc]n$ )4 ,a m]e panegyri/1 or a di%one/ n>rator1 w\ld n h repres5t$ 8 cause1 or h made a great magi/rate repres5t x1 9 ?is mann]1 i4e4 9 t]ms n a little disp>ag+1 & bespeak+1 on 8 "p1 mu* unconc]n & indiff]5ce ab\t ! matt]4 ,! same obs]vation may be repeat$ ( ! spee* :i* is ascrib$ to ,gallio 7,acts xviii4 #ae73 ,if x be a "q ( words & names1 & ( y\r law1 look ye to x2 = ,i w be no judge ( su* matt]s4 ,la/ly1 :]e d we disc]n a /rong] m>k ( c&\r1 or less disposition to extol & magnify1 ?an 9 ! conclusion ( ! same hi/ory8 9 :i* ! evangeli/1 aft] relat+ t ,paul1 on 8 fir/ arrival at ,rome1 prea*$ to ! ,jews f morn+ until ev5+1 adds1 ,& "s believ$ ! ?+s :i* 7 spok51 & "s believ$ n4 ,! foll[+1 ,i ?9k1 are passages :i* 7 v unlikely to h pres5t$ !mselves to ! m9d ( a =g] or a fabuli/4 ,matt4 xxi4 #ba4 ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,if ye h fai?1 & d\bt n1 ye %all n only d ?is :i* is done unto ! fig-tree1 b also1 if ye %all say unto ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ remov$1 & be ?\ ea/ into ! sea1 x %all be done2 all ?+s :atsoev] ye %all ask 9 pray]1 believ+1 x %all be done4 7,see also *ap4 xvii4 #bj4 ,luke xvii4 #f47 ,x appe>s to me v improbable t ^! words %\ld h be5 put into ,*ri/'s m\?1 if he _h n actually spok5 !m4 ,! t]m fai?1 z "h us$1 is p]haps rightly int]pret$ ( confid5ce 9 t int]nal notice by :i* ! apo/les 7 admoni%$ ( _! p[] to p]=m any p>ticul> miracle4 ,& ?is exposition r5d]s ! s5se ( ! text m easy4 ,b ! words und\bt$ly1 9 _! obvi\s con/ruction1 c>ry ) !m a difficulty :i* no writ] w\ld h br\ght ^u himself (fici\sly4 ,luke ix4 #ei4 ,& he said unto ano!r1 ,foll[ me3 b he said1 ,"l1 suff] me fir/ to g & bury my fa!r4 ,jesus said unto him1 ,let ! dead bury _! dead1 b g ?\ & prea* ! k+dom ( ,god4 7,see also ,matt4 viii4 #ba47 ,?is answ]1 ?\gh v expressive ( ! transc5d5t importance ( religi\s conc]ns1 0 app>5tly h>% & repulsive2 & su* z w\ld n h be5 made = ,*ri/ if he _h n really us$ x4 ,at lea/ "s o!r in/ance w\ld b>e be5 *os54 ,! foll[+ passage1 ,i1 = ! same reason1 ?9k impossible to h be5 ! production ( artifice1 or ( a cold =g]y3--,b ,i say unto y1 t :osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r )\t a cause %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t2 & :osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r1 ,raca1 %all be 9 dang] ( ! c\ncil2 b :osoev] %all say1 ,?\ fool1 %all be 9 dang] ( hell-fire 7,geh5nae74 ,matt4 v4 #bb4 ,x is emphatic1 cog5t1 & well calculat$ = ! purpose ( impression2 b is inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( art or w>9ess on ! "p ( ! relator4 ,! %ort reply ( our ,"l to ,m>y ,magdal51 aft] 8 resurrection 7,john xx4 #af1 #ag71 ,t\* me n1 = ,i am n yet asc5d$ unto my ,fa!r1 9 my op9ion mu/ h be5 f\nd$ 9 a ref]5ce or allusion to "s prior conv]sation1 = ! want ( kn[+ :i* 8 mean+ is hidd5 f u4 ,?is v obscurity1 h[ev]1 is a pro( ( g5u95ess4 ,no "o w\ld h =g$ su* an answ]4 ,john vi4 ,! :ole ( ! conv]sation record$ 9 ?is *apt] is 9 ! highe/ degree unlikely to be fabricat$1 especially ! "p ( our ,savi\r's reply betwe5 ! fiftie? & ! fifty-eigh? v]se4 ,i ne$ only put d[n ! fir/ s5t5ce3 ,i am ! liv+ bread :i* came d[n f heav53 if any man eat ( ?is bread he %all live = ev]3 & ! bread t ,i w give him is my fle%1 :i* ,i w give = ! life ( ! _w4 ,)\t call+ 9 "q ! expositions t h be5 giv5 ( ?is passage1 we may be p]mitt$ to say1 t x lab\rs "u an obscurity1 9 :i* x is impossible to believe t any "o1 :o made spee*es = ! p]sons ( 8 n>rative1 w\ld h volunt>ily involv$ !m4 ,t ?is disc\rse 0 obscure1 ev5 at ! "t1 is confess$ by ! writ] :o _h pres]v$ x1 :5 he tells u1 at ! conclusion1 t _m ( our ,"l's disciples1 :5 !y _h he>d ?is1 said1 ,?is is a h>d say+2 :o c he> x8 ,*ri/'s tak+ ( a "y *ild1 & plac+ x 9 ! mid/ ( 8 cont5ti\s disciples 7,matt4 xviii4 #b71 ?\gh z decisive a pro( z any c\ld be ( ! b5ignity ( 8 temp]1 & v expressive ( ! "* ( ! religion :i* he wi%$ to inculcate1 0 n by any means an obvi\s ?\ght4 ,nor am ,i acqua9t$ ) any?+ 9 any anci5t writ+ :i* resembles x4 ,! acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! eu*>i/ be>s /rong int]nal m>ks ( g5u95ess4 ,if x _h be5 feign$1 x w\ld h be5 m full2 x w\ld h come ne>] to ! actual mode ( celebrat+ ! rite z t mode obta9$ v e>ly 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es2 & x w\ld h be5 m =mal ?an x is4 ,9 ! =g$ piece call$ ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 ! apo/les are made to enjo9 _m p>ts ( ! ritual :i* 0 9 use 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies1 ) z mu* p>ticul>ity z a mod]n rubric c\ld h done4 ,:]eas1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 z we read x 9 ,sa9t ,mat!w's ,gospel1 !re is n s mu* z ! comm& to repeat x4 ,?is1 surely1 looks l undesign$ness4 ,i ?9k also t ! difficulty aris+ f ! concis5ess ( ,*ri/'s expression1 ,?is is my body1 w\ld h be5 avoid$ 9 a made-up /ory4 ,i all[ t ! explication ( ^! words giv5 by ,prote/ants is satisfactory2 b x is d$uc$ f a dilig5t comp>ison ( ! words 9 "q ) =ms ( expression us$ 9 ,scripture1 & especially by ,*ri/ ^u o!r occasions4 ,no writ] w\ld arbitr>ily & unnecess>ily h ?us ca/ 9 8 read]'s way a difficulty :i*1 to say ! lea/1 x requir$ rese>* & erudition to cle> up4 ,n[ x ought to be obs]v$ t ! argum5t :i* is built ^u ^! examples ext5ds bo? to ! au!nticity ( ! books1 & to ! tru? ( ! n>rative2 = x is improbable t ! =g] ( a hi/ory 9 ! "n ( ano!r %\ld h ins]t$ su* passages into x3 & x is improbable1 also1 t ! p]sons ^: names ! books he> %\ld h fabricat$ su* passages2 or ev5 h all[$ !m a place 9 _! "w1 if !y _h n believ$ !m to express ! tru?4 ,! foll[+ obs]vation1 !re=e1 ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 ! mo/ c&id ( all advocates1 & ! mo/ cauti\s ( all inquir]s1 seems to be well f\nd$3--,*ri/ians are induc$ to believe ! writ]s ( ! ,gospel by obs]v+ ! evid5ces ( piety & probity t appe> 9 _! writ+s1 9 :i* !re is no deceit1 or artifice1 or cunn+1 or design4 ,no rem>ks1 z ,dr4 ,beattie ha? prop]ly said1 are ?r[n 9 to anticipate objections2 no?+ ( t caution :i* nev] fails to di/+ui% ! te/imony ( ^? :o are consci\s ( impo/ure2 no endeav\r to reconcile ! read]'s m9d to :at may be extraord9>y 9 ! n>rative4 ,i beg leave to cite also ano!r au?or1 7,du*al1 pp4 #ig1 #ih47 :o has well express$ ! reflection :i* ! examples n[ br\ght =w>d 7 int5d$ to sugge/4 ,x do? n appe> t ev] x came into ! m9d ( ^! writ]s to consid] h[ ?is or ! o!r action w\ld appe> to mank9d1 or :at objections might be rais$ ^u !m4 ,b )\t at all att5d+ to ?is1 !y lay ! facts be=e y1 at no pa9s to ?9k :e!r !y w\ld appe> cr$ible or n4 ,if ! read] w n believe _! te/imony1 !re is no help = x3 !y tell ! tru? & att5d to no?+ else4 ,surely ?is looks l s9c]ity1 & t !y publi%$ no?+ to ! _w b t !y believ$ !mselves4 ,z no improp] supplem5t to ?is *apt]1 ,i crave a place "h = obs]v+ ! extreme naturalness ( "s ( ! ?+s relat$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,m>k ix4 #bc4 ,jesus said unto him1 ,if ?\ can/ believe1 all ?+s are possible to him t believe?4 ,& /raightway ! fa!r ( ! *ild cri$ out1 & said ) te>s1 ,"l1 ,i believe2 help ?\ m9e unbelief4 ,?is /ruggle 9 ! fa!r's he>t1 betwe5 solicitude = ! pres]vation ( 8 *ild1 & a k9d ( involunt>y di/ru/ ( ,*ri/'s p[] to heal him1 is "h express$ ) an air ( reality :i* c\ld h>dly be c\nt]feit$4 ,aga9 7,matt4 xxi4 #i71 ! eag]ness ( ! p to introduce ,*ri/ into ,j]usalem1 & _! dem&1 a %ort "t aft]w>ds1 ( 8 crucifixion1 :5 he did n turn out :at !y expect$ him to be1 s f> f af=d+ matt] ( objection1 repres5ts popul> fav\r 9 exact agreem5t ) nature & ) exp]i5ce1 z ! flux & reflux ( a wave4 ,! rul]s & ,ph>isees reject+ ,*ri/1 :il/ _m ( ! common p receiv$ him1 0 ! effect :i*1 9 ! !n /ate ( ,jewi% prejudices1 ,i %\ld h expect$4 ,& ! reason ) :i* !y :o reject$ ,*ri/'s mission kept !mselves 9 c\nt5ance1 & ) :i* also !y answ]$ ! argum5ts ( ^? :o fav\r$ x1 is precisely ! reason :i* su* m5 usually give3--,h any ( ! ,scribes or ,ph>isees believ$ on him8 7,john vii4 #dh47 ,9 our ,"l's conv]sation at ! well 7,john iv4 #bi71 ,*ri/ _h surpris$ ! ,sam>itan woman ) an allusion to a s+le p>ticul> 9 h] dome/ic situation1 ,?\ ha/ _h five husb&s2 & he :om ?\ n[ ha/ is n ?y husb&4 ,! woman1 soon aft] ?is1 ran back to ! city1 & call$ out to h] neighb\rs1 ,come1 see a man :i* told me all ?+s t ev] ,i did4 ,?is exagg]ation appe>s to me v natural2 especially 9 ! hurri$ /ate ( spirits into :i* ! woman may be suppos$ to h be5 ?r[n4 ,! lawy]'s subtilty 9 runn+ a di/9ction ^u ! ^w neighb\r1 9 ! precept1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself1 0 no less natural ?an our ,savi\r's answ] 0 decisive & satisfactory4 7,luke x4 #bj47 ,! lawy] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 0 a ,jewi% div9e4 ,! behavi\r ( ,gallio 7,acts xviii4 #ab-ag71 & ( ,fe/us 7xxv4 #ah1 #ai71 h be5 obs]v$ ^u already4 ,! consi/5cy ( ,sa9t ,paul's "* ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 hi/ory 7viz4 ! w>m? & activity ( 8 zeal1 fir/ aga9/1 & !n =1 ,*ri/ianity7 c>ries ) x v mu* ( ! appe>ance ( tru?4 ,!re are also "s prop]ties1 z !y may be call$1 obs]vable 9 ! ,gospels2 t is1 circum/ances sep>ately suit+ ) ! situation1 "*1 & int5tion ( _! respective au?ors4 ,sa9t ,mat!w1 :o 0 an inhabitant ( ,galilee1 & did n jo9 ,*ri/'s society until "s "t aft] ,*ri/ _h come into ,galilee to prea*1 has giv5 u v little ( 8 hi/ory prior to t p]iod4 ,sa9t ,john1 :o _h be5 conv]t$ be=e1 & :o wrote to supply omissions 9 ! o!r ,gospels1 relates "s rem>kable p>ticul>s :i* _h tak5 place be=e ,*ri/ left ,judea1 to g into ,galilee4 7,h>tley's ,obs]vations1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajc47 ,sa9t ,mat!w 7xv4 #a7 has record$ ! cavil ( ! ,ph>isees aga9/ ! disciples ( ,jesus1 = eat+ ) unclean h&s4 ,sa9t ,m>k has also 7vii4 #a7 record$ ! same transaction 7tak5 probably f ,sa9t ,mat!w71 b ) ?is addition3 ,= ! ,ph>isees1 & all ! ,jews1 except !y wa% _! h&s (t51 eat n1 hold+ ! tradition ( ! eld]s3 & :5 !y come f ! m>ket1 except !y wa%1 !y eat n3 & _m o!r ?+s !re be :i* !y h receiv$ to hold1 z ! wa%+ ( cups & pots1 braz5 vessels1 & ( tables4 ,n[ ,sa9t ,mat!w 0 n only a ,jew himself1 b x is evid5t1 f ! :ole /ructure ( 8 ,gospel1 especially f 8 num]\s ref]5ces to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t he wrote = ,jewi% read]s4 ,! above explanation1 !re=e1 9 him1 w\ld h be5 unnatural1 z n be+ want$ by ! read]s :om he address$4 ,b 9 ,m>k1 :o1 :atev] use he might make ( ,mat!w's ,gospel1 int5d$ 8 own n>rative = a g5]al circulation1 & :o himself travell$ to di/ant c\ntries 9 ! s]vice ( ! religion1 x 0 prop]ly add$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,*ri/',s ,,"*4 ,,! argum5t express$ by ?is title ,i apply pr9cipally to ! comp>ison ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels ) t ( ,sa9t ,john4 ,x is kn[n to e read] ( ,scripture t ! passages ( ,*ri/'s hi/ory pres]v$ by ,sa9t ,john are1 except 8 passion & resurrection1 = ! mo/ "p diff]5t f ^? :i* are deliv]$ by ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,& ,i ?9k ! anci5t acc\nt ( ?is diff]5ce to be ! true "o1 viz41 t ,sa9t ,john wrote aft] ! re/1 & to supply :at he ?\ght omissions 9 _! n>ratives1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal 7 our ,savi\r's conf]5ces ) ! ,jews ( ,j]usalem1 & 8 disc\rses to 8 apo/les at 8 la/ supp]4 ,b :at ,i obs]ve 9 ! comp>ison ( ^! sev]al acc\nts is1 t1 al?\gh actions & disc\rses are ascrib$ to ,*ri/ by ,sa9t ,john 9 g5]al diff]5t f :at are giv5 to him by ! o!r evangeli/s1 yet1 "u ?is div]sity1 !re is a similitude ( mann]1 :i* indicates t ! actions & disc\rses proce$$ f ! same p]son4 ,i %\ld h laid little /ress ^u ! repetition ( actions sub/antially alike1 or ( disc\rses conta9+ _m ( ! same expressions1 because t is a species ( resemblance :i* w\ld ei!r belong to a true hi/ory1 or might easily be imitate 9 a false "o4 ,nor d ,i d5y t a dramatic writ] is able to su/a9 propriety & di/9ction ( "* ?r\gh a great v>iety ( sep>ate incid5ts & situations4 ,b ! evangeli/s 7 n dramatic writ]s2 nor possess$ ! tal5ts ( dramatic writ]s2 nor w x1 ,i believe1 be suspect$ t !y /udi$ uni=mity ( "*1 or ev] ?\ght ( any su* ?+ 9 ! p]son :o 0 ! subject ( _! hi/ories4 ,su* uni=mity1 if x exi/1 is on _! "p casual2 & if !re be1 z ,i cont5d !re is1 a p]ceptible resemblance ( mann]1 9 passages1 & betwe5 disc\rses1 :i* are 9 !mselves extremely di/9ct1 & are deliv]$ by hi/orians writ+ )\t any imitation (1 or ref]5ce to1 "o ano!r1 x af=ds a j presumption t ^! are :at !y pr(ess to be1 ! actions & ! disc\rses ( ! same real p]son2 t ! evangeli/s wrote f fact1 & n f imag9ation4 ,! article 9 :i* ,i f9d ?is agreem5t mo/ /rong is 9 our ,savi\r's mode ( tea*+1 & 9 t p>ticul> prop]ty ( x :i* consi/s 9 8 draw+ ( 8 doctr9e f ! occasion2 or1 :i* is ne>ly ! same ?+1 rais+ reflections f ! objects & incid5ts be=e him1 or turn+ a p>ticul> disc\rse !n pass+ into an opportunity ( g5]al in/ruction4 ,x w be my bus9ess to po9t out ?is mann] 9 ! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s2 & !n to inquire :e!r x d n appe> also 9 sev]al examples ( ,*ri/'s disc\rses pres]v$ by ,sa9t ,john4 ,! read] w obs]ve 9 ! foll[+ quotations t ! ,italic lett] conta9s ! reflection2 ! common lett] ! incid5t or occasion f :i* x spr+s4 ,matt4 xii4 #dg--ej4 ,!n !y said unto him1 ,behold1 ?y "m & ?y bre?r5 /& )\t1 desir+ to speak ) !e4 ,b he answ]$ & said unto him t told him1 ,:o is my "m2 & :o are my bre?r58 ,& he /ret*$ =? 8 h& t[>ds 8 disciples1 & said1 ,behold my "m & my bre?r53 = :osoev] %all d ! w ( my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav51 ! same is my bro!r1 & si/]1 & "m4 ,matt4 xvi4 #e4 ,& :5 8 disciples 7 come to ! o!r side1 !y _h =gott5 to take bread2 !n ,jesus said unto !m1 ,take he$1 & bew>e ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ( ! ,sadducees4 ,& !y reason$ among !mselves1 say+1 ,x is because we h tak5 no bread4--,h[ is x t ye d n und]/&1 t ,i speak x n to y conc]n+ bread1 t ye %all bew>e ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ( ! ,sadducees8 ,!n und]/ood !y h[ t he bade !m n bew>e ( ! leav5 ( bread1 b ( ! ,,doctr9e ( ! ,ph>isees & ( ! ,sadducees4 ,matt4 xv4 #a1 #b2 #aj1 #aa2 #ae--bj4 ,!n came to ,jesus scribes & ,ph>isees1 :i* 7 ( ,j]usalem1 say+1 ,:y d ?y disciples transgress ! traditions ( ! eld]s8 = !y wa% n _! h&s :5 !y eat bread4--,& he call$ ! multitude1 & said unto !m1 ,he> & und]/&3 ,n t :i* goe? into ! m\? defile? a man1 b t :i* come? out ( ! m\?1 ?is defile? ! man4--,!n answ]$ ,pet]1 & said unto him1 ,decl>e unto u ?is p>able4 ,& ,jesus said1 ,are ye also yet )\t und]/&+8 ,d ye n und]/& t :atsoev] ent]e? 9 at ! m\? goe? into ! belly1 & is ca/ out into ! draught8 b ^? ?+s :i* proce$ out ( ! m\? come =? f ! he>t1 & !y defile ! man3 = out ( ! he>t proce$ evil ?\ghts1 murd]s1 adult]ies1 =nications1 !fts1 false witness1 blasphemies2 ^! are ! ?+s :i* defile a man3 ,,b ,,to ,,eat ,,) ,,unwa%5 ,,h&s ,,defile? ,,n ,a ,,man4 ,our ,savi\r1 on ?is occasion1 expatiates r m at l>ge ?an usual1 & 8 disc\rse also is m divid$2 b ! conclud+ s5t5ce br+s back ! :ole tra9 ( ?\ght to ! incid5t 9 ! fir/ v]se1 viz4 ! objurgatory "q ( ! ,ph>isees1 & r5d]s x evid5t t ! :ole sprang f t circum/ance4 ,m>k x4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,& !y br\ght "y *ildr5 to him1 t he %\ld t\* !m2 & 8 disciples rebuk$ ^? t br\ght !m3 b :5 ,jesus saw x1 he 0 mu* displeas$1 & said unto !m1 ,suff] ! little *ildr5 to come unto me1 & =bid !m n2 = ( su* is ! k+dom ( ,god3 v]ily ,i say unto y1 :osoev] %all n receive ! k+dom ( ,god z a little *ild1 he %all n ent] !re94 ,m>k i4 #af1 #ag4 ,n[ z he walk$ by ! sea ( ,galilee1 he saw ,simon & ,&rew 8 bro!r ca/+ a net into ! sea1 = !y 7 fi%]s3 & ,jesus said unto !m1 ,come ye aft] me1 & ,i w make y fi%]s ( m54 ,luke xi4 #bg4 ,& x came to pass z he spake ^! ?+s1 a c]ta9 woman ( ! company lift$ up h] voice1 & said unto him1 ,bless$ is ! womb t b>e !e1 & ! paps :i* ?\ ha/ suck$3 b he said1 ,yea1 r1 bless$ are !y t he> ! ^w ( ,god & keep x4 ,luke xiii4 #a--c4 ,!re 7 pres5t at t season "s t told him ( ! ,galileans1 ^: blood ,pilate _h m+l$ ) _! sacrifices2 & ,jesus answ]+ said unto !m1 ,suppose ye1 t ^! ,galileans 7 s9n]s above all ! ,galileans1 because !y suff]$ su* ?+s8 ,i tell y1 ,nay3 b1 except ye rep5t1 ye %all all likewise p]i%4 ,luke xiv4 #ae4 ,& :5 "o ( !m t sat at meat ) him he>d ^! ?+s1 he said unto him1 ,bless$ is he t %all eat bread 9 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,!n said he unto him1 ,a c]ta9 man made a great supp]1 & bade _m1 c4 ,! p>able is r too long = ins]tion1 b af=ds a /rik+ in/ance ( ,*ri/'s mann] ( rais+ a disc\rse f ! occasion4 ,obs]ve also 9 ! same *apt] two o!r examples ( advice1 drawn f ! circum/ances ( ! ent]ta9m5t & ! behavi\r ( ! gue/s4 ,we w n[ see h[ ?is mann] discov]s itself 9 ,sa9t ,john's hi/ory ( ,*ri/4 ,john vi4 #be4 ,& :5 !y _h f\nd him on ! o!r side ( ! sea1 !y said unto him1 ,rabbi1 :5 came/ ?\ hi!r8 ,jesus answ]$ !m & said1 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ye seek me n because ye saw ! miracles1 b because ye did eat ( ! loaves & 7 fill$4 ,lab\r n = ! meat :i* p]i%e?1 b = t meat :i* endure? unto ev]la/+ life1 :i* ! ,son ( man %all give unto y4 ,john iv4 #ab4 ,art ?\ great] ?an our fa!r ,abraham1 :o gave u ! well1 & drank !re( himself1 & 8 *ildr51 & 8 cattle8 ,jesus answ]$1 & said unto h] 7! woman ( ,sam>ia71 ,:osoev] dr9ke? ( ?is wat] %all ?ir/ aga92 b :osoev] dr9ke? ( ! wat] t ,i %all give him1 %all nev] ?ir/2 b ! wat] t ,i %all give him %all be 9 him a well ( wat]1 spr++ up into ev]la/+ life4 ,john iv4 #ca4 ,9 ! mean :ile1 8 disciples pray$ him1 say+1 ,ma/]1 eat2 b he said unto !m1 ,i h meat to eat t ye "k n (4 ,!re=e said ! disciples "o to ano!r1 ,ha? any man br\ght him aught to eat8 ,jesus sai? unto !m1 ,my meat is to d ! w ( ,him t s5t me1 & to f9i% 8 "w4 ,john ix4 #a--e4 ,& z ,jesus pass$ by1 he saw a man :i* 0 bl9d f 8 bir?3 & 8 disciples ask$ him1 say+1 ,:o did s91 ?is man or 8 p>5ts1 t he 0 born bl9d8 ,jesus answ]$1 ,nei!r ha? ?is man s9n$1 nor 8 p>5ts1 b t ! works ( ,god %\ld be made manife/ 9 him4 ,i mu/ "w ! works ( ,him t s5t me :ile x is day2 ! night come? :5 no man c "w4 ,z long z ,i am 9 ! _w1 ,i am ! light ( ! _w4 ,john ix4 #ce--dj4 ,jesus he>d t !y _h ca/ him 7! bl9d man above m5tion$7 out3 & :5 he _h f\nd him1 he said unto him1 ,do/ ?\ believe on ! ,son ( ,god8 ,& he answ]$ & said1 ,:o is he1 ,"l1 t ,i might believe on him8 ,& ,jesus said unto him1 ,?\ ha/ bo? se5 him1 & x is he t talke? ) !e4 ,& he said1 ,"l1 ,i believe2 & he wor%ipp$ him4 ,& ,jesus said4 ,= judgm5t ,i am come into ?is _w1 t !y :i* see n might see2 & t !y :i* see might be made bl9d4 ,all t ! read] has n[ to d1 is to comp>e ! s]ies ( examples tak5 f ,sa9t ,john ) ! s]ies ( examples tak5 f ! o!r evangeli/s1 & to judge :e!r !re be n a visible agreem5t ( mann] betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! above-quot$ passages1 ! occasion is /at$1 z well z ! reflection4 ,!y seem1 !re=e1 ! mo/ prop] = ! purpose ( our argum5t4 ,a l>ge1 h[ev]1 & curi\s collection has be5 made by diff]5t writ]s1 7,newton on ,daniel1 p4 #adh1 note a4 ,jott91 ,dis41 p4 #bah4 ,bi%op ,law's ,life ( ,*ri/47 ( in/ances 9 :i* x is extremely probable t ,*ri/ spoke 9 allusion to "s object1 or "s occasion !n be=e him1 ?\gh ! m5tion ( ! occasion1 or ( ! object1 be omitt$ 9 ! hi/ory4 ,i only obs]ve t ^! in/ances are common to ,sa9t ,john's ,gospel ) ! o!r ?ree4 ,i conclude ?is article by rem>k+1 t no?+ ( ?is mann] is p]ceptible 9 ! spee*es record$ 9 ! ,acts1 or 9 any o!r b ^? :i* are attribut$ to ,*ri/1 & t1 9 tru?1 x 0 a v unlikely mann] = a =g] or fabuli/ to attempt2 & a mann] v difficult = any writ] to execute1 if he _h to supply all ! mat]ials1 bo? ! incid5ts & ! obs]vations ^u !m1 out ( 8 own head4 ,a =g] or a fabuli/ w\ld h made = ,*ri/1 disc\rses exhort+ to virtue & dissuad+ f vice 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,x w\ld nev] h ent]$ into ! ?\ghts ( ei!r1 to h cr[d$ toge!r su* a numb] ( allusions to "t1 place1 & o!r little circum/ances1 z occur1 = in/ance1 9 ! s]mon on ! m\nt1 & :i* no?+ b ! actual pres5ce ( ! objects c\ld h sugge/$ 7,see ,bi%op ,law's ,life ( ,*ri/74 ,,ii4 ,!re appe>s to me to exi/ an aff9ity betwe5 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s plac+ a little *ild 9 ! mid/ ( 8 disciples1 z relat$ by ! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s1 7,matt4 xviii4 #a4 ,m>k ix4 #cc4 ,luke ix4 #df47 & ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s wa%+ 8 disciples' feet1 z giv5 by ,sa9t ,john4 7,*ap4 xiii4 #c47 ,9 ! /ories !mselves !re is no resemblance4 ,b ! aff9ity :i* ,i w\ld po9t out consi/s 9 ^! two articles3 ,fir/1 t bo? /ories d5ote ! emulation :i* prevail$ among/ ,*ri/'s disciples1 & 8 own c>e & desire to correct x2 ! moral ( bo? is ! same4 ,secondly1 t bo? /ories are specim5s ( ! same mann] ( tea*+1 viz41 by action2 a mode ( emblematic in/ruction extremely peculi>1 &1 9 ^! passages1 ascrib$1 we see1 to our ,savi\r by ! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s1 & by ,sa9t ,john1 9 in/ances totally unlike1 & )\t ! smalle/ suspicion ( _! borr[+ f ea* o!r4 ,,iii4 ,a s+ul>ity 9 ,*ri/'s language :i* runs ?r\gh all ! evangeli/s1 & :i* is f\nd 9 ^? disc\rses ( ,sa9t ,john t h no?+ simil> to !m 9 ! o!r ,gospels1 is ! appellation ( ! ,son ( man2 & x is 9 all ! evangeli/s f\nd "u ! peculi> circum/ance ( be+ appli$ by ,*ri/ to himself1 b ( nev] be+ us$ ( him1 or t[>ds him1 by any o!r p]son4 ,x occurs sev5te5 times 9 ,mat!w's ,gospel1 tw5ty times 9 ,m>k's1 tw5ty-"o times 9 ,luke's & elev5 times 9 ,john's1 & always ) ?is re/riction4 ,,iv4 ,a po9t ( agreem5t 9 ! conduct ( ,*ri/1 z repres5t$ by 8 diff]5t hi/orians1 is t ( 8 )draw+ himself out ( ! way :5ev] ! behavi\r ( ! multitude indicat$ a disposition to tumult4 ,matt4 xiv4 #bb4 ,& /raightway ,jesus con/ra9$ 8 disciples to get into a %ip1 & to g be=e him unto ! o!r side1 :ile he s5t ! multitude away4 ,& :5 he _h s5t ! multitude away1 he w5t up into a m\nta9 ap>t to pray4 ,luke v4 #ae1 #af4 ,b s mu* ! m w5t !re a fame abroad ( him1 & great multitudes came toge!r to he>1 & to be heal$ by him ( _! infirmities2 & he )drew himself into ! wild]ness & pray$4 ,) ^! quotations comp>e ! foll[+ f ,sa9t ,john3 ,*ap4 v4 #ac4 ,& he t 0 heal$ wi/ n :o x 01 = ,jesus _h convey$ himself away1 a multitude be+ 9 t place4 ,*ap4 vi4 #ae4 ,:5 ,jesus !re=e p]ceiv$ t !y w\ld come & take him by =ce1 to make him a k+1 he dep>t$ aga9 into a m\nta9 himself alone4 ,9 ?is la/ in/ance1 ,sa9t ,john gives ! motive ( ,*ri/'s conduct1 :i* is left unexpla9$ by ! o!r evangeli/s1 :o h relat$ ! conduct itself4 ,v4 ,ano!r1 & a m s+ul> circum/ance 9 ,*ri/'s m9i/ry1 0 ! res]ve :i*1 = "s "t1 & ^u "s occasions at lea/1 he us$ 9 decl>+ 8 own "*1 & 8 leav+ x to be collect$ f 8 works r ?an 8 pr(essions4 ,j reasons = ?is res]ve h be5 assign$4 7,see ,locke's ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity47 ,b x is n :at "o w\ld h expect$4 ,we meet ) x 9 ,sa9t ,mat!w's ,gospel 7*ap4 xvi4 #bj73 ,!n *>g$ he 8 disciples t !y %\ld tell no man t he 0 ,jesus ! ,*ri/4 ,aga91 & ^u a diff]5t occasion1 9 ,sa9t ,m>k's 7*ap4 iii4 #aa73 ,& unclean spirits1 :5 !y saw him1 fell d[n be=e him1 & cri$1 say+1 ,?\ art ! ,son ( ,god3 & he /raitly *>g$ !m t !y %\ld n make him kn[n4 ,ano!r in/ance simil> to ?is la/ is record$ by ,sa9t ,luke 7*ap4 iv4 #da74 ,:at we ?us f9d 9 ! ?ree evangeli/s1 appe>s also 9 a passage ( ,sa9t ,john 7*ap4 x4 #bd1 #be73 ,!n came ! ,jews r\nd ab\t him1 & said unto him1 ,h[ long do/ ?\ make u to d\bt3 ,if ?\ be ! ,*ri/1 tell u pla9ly4 ,! occasion "h 0 diff]5t f any ( ! re/2 & x 0 indirect4 ,we only discov] ,*ri/'s conduct ?r\gh ! upbraid+s ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,b all ?is /r5g!ns ! argum5t4 ,i _h r at any "t surprise a co9cid5ce 9 "s oblique allusion ?an read x 9 broad ass]tions4 ,,vi4 ,9 our ,"l's comm]ce ) 8 disciples1 "o v obs]vable p>ticul> is ! difficulty :i* !y f\nd 9 und]/&+ him :5 he spoke to !m ( ! future "p ( 8 hi/ory1 especially ( :at relat$ to 8 passion or resurrection4 ,?is difficulty produc$1 z 0 natural1 a wi% 9 !m to ask = fur!r explanation3 f :i*1 h[ev]1 !y appe> to h be5 sometimes kept back by ! fe> ( giv+ (f5ce4 ,all ^! circum/ances are di/9ctly notic$ by ,m>k & ,luke1 ^u ! occasion ( 8 in=m+ !m 7probably = ! fir/ "t7 t ! ,son ( man %\ld be deliv]$ into ! h&s ( m54 ,!y und]/ood n1 ! evangeli/s tell u1 ?is say+1 & x 0 hid f !m1 t !y p]ceiv$ x n2 & !y fe>$ to ask him ( t say+4 ,luke ix4 #de2 ,m>k ix4 #cb4 ,9 ,sa9t ,john's ,gospel we h1 on a diff]5t occasion1 & 9 a diff]5t in/ance1 ! same difficulty ( appreh5sion1 ! same curiosity1 & ! same re/ra9t3--,a little :ile & ye %all n see me2 & aga91 a little :ile & ye %all see me1 because ,i g to ! ,fa!r4 ,!n said "s ( 8 disciples among !mselves1 ,:at is ?is t he sai? unto u8 ,a little :ile & ye %all n see me3 & aga91 a little :ile & ye %all see me3 &1 ,because ,i g to ! ,fa!r8 ,!y said1 !re=e1 ,:at is ?is t he sai?8 ,a little :ile8 ,we _c tell :at he sai?4 ,n[ ,jesus knew t !y 7 desir\s to ask him1 & said unto !m1-- c4 ,john xvi4 #af1 et seq4 ,,vii4 ,! meekness ( ,*ri/ dur+ 8 la/ suff]+s1 :i* is conspicu\s 9 ! n>ratives ( ! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s1 is pres]v$ 9 t ( ,sa9t ,john "u sep>ate examples4 ,! answ] giv5 by him1 9 ,sa9t ,john1 7,*ap4 xviii4 #bj1 #ba47 :5 ! high prie/ ask$ him ( 8 disciples & 8 doctr9e2 ,i spake op5ly to ! _w3 ,i ev] taught 9 ! synagogue1 & 9 ! temple1 :i!r ! ,jews always resort2 & 9 secret h ,i said no?+4 ,:y aske/ ?\ me8 ask !m :i* he>d me :at ,i h said unto !m1 is v mu* ( a piece ) 8 reply to ! arm$ p>ty :i* seiz$ him1 z we read x 9 ,sa9t ,m>k's ,gospel1 & 9 ,sa9t ,luke's37,m>k xiv4 #dh4 ,luke xxii4 #eb47 ,are y come out z aga9/ a ?ief1 ) swords & ) /aves to take me8 ,i 0 daily ) y 9 ! temple tea*+1 & ye took me n4 ,9 bo? answ]s we disc]n ! same tranquillity1 ! same ref]5ce to 8 public tea*+4 ,8 mild expo/ulation ) ,pilate1 on two sev]al occasions1 z relat$ by ,sa9t ,john1 7,*ap4 xviii4 #cd2 xix4 #aa47 is deliv]$ ) ! same unruffl$ temp] z t :i* conduct$ him ?r\gh ! la/ sc5e ( 8 life1 z describ$ by 8 o!r evangeli/s4 ,8 answ]1 9 ,sa9t ,john's ,gospel1 to ! (fic] :o /ruck him ) ! palm ( 8 h&1 ,if ,i h spok5 evil1 be> witness ( ! evil2 b if well1 :y smite/ ?\ me8 7,*ap4 xviii4 #bc47 0 su* an answ] z might h be5 look$ = f ! p]son :o1 z he proce$$ to ! place ( execution1 bid 8 companions 7z we are told by ,sa9t ,luke2 ,*ap4 xxiii4 #bh47 weep n = him1 b = !mselves1 _! po/]ity1 & _! c\ntry2 & :o1 :il/ he 0 susp5d$ ^u ! cross1 pray$ = 8 murd]]s1 = !y "k n1 said he1 :at !y d4 ,! urg5cy also ( 8 judges & 8 prosecutors to extort f him a def5ce to ! accusation1 & 8 unwill+ness to make any 7:i* 0 a peculi> circum/ance71 appe>s 9 ,sa9t ,john's acc\nt1 z well z 9 t ( ! o!r evangeli/s4 7,see ,john xix4 #i4 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ad4 ,luke xxiii4 #i47 ,!re are1 moreov]1 two o!r correspond5cies betwe5 ,sa9t ,john's hi/ory ( ! transaction & !irs1 ( a k9d some:at diff]5t f ^? :i* we h be5 n[ m5tion+4 ,! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s record :at is call$ our ,savi\r's agony1 i4e4 8 devotion 9 ! g>d5 imm$iately be=e he 0 appreh5d$2 9 :i* n>rative !y all make him pray t ! cup might pass f him4 ,?is is ! p>ticul> metaphor :i* !y all ascribe to him4 ,sa9t ,mat!w adds1 ,o1 my ,fa!r1 if ?is cup may n pass away f me1 except ,i dr9k x1 ?y w be done4 7,*ap1 xxvi4 #db47 ,n[ ,sa9t ,john does n give ! sc5e 9 ! g>d53 b :5 ,jesus 0 seiz$1 & "s resi/ance 0 attempt$ to be made by ,pet]1 ,jesus1 accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 *eck$ ! attempt1 ) ?is reply3 ,put up ?y sword into ! %ea?2 ! cup :i* my ,fa!r ha? giv5 me1 %all ,i n dr9k x8 7,*ap4 xviii4 #aa47 ,?is is some?+ m ?an consi/5cy---x is co9cid5ce2 because x is extremely natural t ,jesus1 :o1 be=e he 0 appreh5d$1 _h be5 pray+ 8 ,fa!r t t cup might pass f him1 yet ) su* a pi\s retraction ( 8 reque/ z to h add$1 ,if ?is cup may n pass f me1 ?y w be done2 x 0 natural1 ,i say1 = ! same p]son1 :5 he actually 0 appreh5d$1 to express ! resignation to :i* he _h already made up 8 ?\ghts1 & to express x 9 ! =m ( spee* :i* he _h be=e us$1 ,! cup :i* my ,fa!r ha? giv5 me1 %all ,i n dr9k x8 ,?is is a co9cid5ce betwe5 writ]s 9 ^: n>ratives !re is no imitation1 b great div]sity4 ,a second simil> correspond5cy is ! foll[+3 ,mat!w & ,m>k make ! *>ge ^u :i* our ,"l 0 condemn$ to be a ?reat ( de/roy+ ! temple2 ,we he>d him say1 ,i w de/roy ?is temple made ) h&s1 & )9 ?ree days ,i w build ano!r made )\t h&s3 7,m>k xiv4 #eh47 b !y nei!r ( !m in=m u ^u :at circum/ance ?is calumny 0 f\nd$4 ,sa9t ,john1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! hi/ory1 7,*ap4 ii4 #ai47 supplies u ) ?is in=mation2 = he relates1 t on our ,"l's fir/ j\rney to ,j]usalem1 :5 ! ,jews ask$ him ,:at sign %[e/ ?\ unto u1 see+ t ?\ doe/ ^! ?+s8 ,he answ]$1 ,de/roy ?is temple1 & 9 ?ree days ,i w raise x up4 ,?is agreem5t c\ld h>dly arise f any?+ b ! tru? ( ! case4 ,f any c>e or design 9 ,sa9t ,john to make 8 n>rative tally ) ! n>ratives ( o!r evangeli/s1 x c]ta9ly did n arise1 = no su* design appe>s1 b ! abs5ce ( x4 ,a /rong & m g5]al in/ance ( agreem5t is ! foll[+4--,! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s h relat$ ! appo9tm5t ( ! twelve apo/les2 7,matt4 x4 #a4 ,m>k iii4 #ad4 ,luke vi4 #ab47 & h giv5 a catalogue ( _! names 9 =m4 ,john1 )\t ev] m5tion+ ! appo9tm5t1 or giv+ ! catalogue1 supposes1 ?r\gh\t 8 :ole n>rative1 ,*ri/ to be accompani$ by a select p>ty ( disciples2 ! numb] ( ^! to be twelve2 7,*ap4 vi4 #gj47 & :5ev] he happ5s to notice any "o z ( t numb]1 7,*ap4 xx1 #bd2 vi4 #ga47 x is "o includ$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! o!r evangeli/s3 & ! names pr9cipally occurr+ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 hi/ory ( ,*ri/ are ! names extant 9 _! li/4 ,?is la/ agreem5t1 :i* is ( consid]able mom5t1 runs ?r\gh e ,gospel1 & ?r\gh e *apt] ( ea*4 ,all ?is bespeaks reality4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,orig9ality ,,( ,,our ,,savi\r',s ,,"*4 ,! ,jews1 :e!r "r or wrong1 _h und]/ood _! prophecies to =etell ! adv5t ( a p]son :o by "s sup]natural assi/ance %\ld advance _! nation to indep5d5ce1 & to a supreme degree ( spl5d\r & prosp]ity4 ,?is 0 ! reign+ op9ion & expectation ( ! times4 ,n[1 _h ,jesus be5 an en?usia/1 x is probable t 8 en?usiasm w\ld h fall5 9 ) ! popul> delusion1 & t1 :ile he gave himself out to be ! p]son int5d$ by ^! pr$ictions1 he w\ld h assum$ ! "* to :i* !y 7 univ]sally suppos$ to relate4 ,_h he be5 an impo/or1 x 0 8 bus9ess to h flatt]$ ! prevail+ hopes1 because ^! hopes 7 to be ! in/rum5ts ( 8 attraction & success4 ,b :at is bett] ?an conjectures is ! fact1 t all ! pret5d$ ,messiahs actually did s4 ,we le>n f ,josephus t !re 7 _m ( ^!4 ,"s ( !m1 x is probable1 might be impo/ors1 :o ?\ght t an advantage 0 to be tak5 ( ! /ate ( public op9ion4 ,o!rs1 p]haps1 7 en?usia/s1 ^: imag9ation _h be5 drawn to ?is p>ticul> object by ! language & s5tim5ts :i* prevail$ ar\nd !m4 ,b :e!r impo/ors or en?usia/s1 !y concurr$ 9 produc+ !mselves 9 ! "* :i* _! c\ntrym5 look$ =1 t is to say1 z ! re/or]s & deliv]]s ( ! nation1 9 t s5se 9 :i* re/oration & deliv]ance 7 expect$ by ! ,jews4 ,:y !re=e ,jesus1 if he 01 l !m1 ei!r an en?usia/ or impo/or1 did n pursue ! same conduct z !y did1 9 fram+ 8 "* & pret5sions1 x w be f\nd difficult to expla94 ,a mission1 ! op]ation & b5efit ( :i* 0 to take place 9 ano!r life1 0 a ?+ un?\ght ( z ! subject ( ^! prophecies4 ,t ,jesus1 com+ to !m z _! ,messiah1 %\ld come "u a "* totally diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y expect$ him2 %\ld deviate f ! g5]al p]suasion1 & deviate into pret5sions absolutely s+ul> & orig9al--appe>s to be inconsi/5t ) ! imputation ( en?usiasm or impo/ure1 bo? :i* by _! nature ,i %\ld expect w\ld1 & bo? :i*1 ?r\gh\t ! exp]i5ce :i* ?is v subject furni%es1 9 fact1 h foll[$ ! op9ions t obta9$ at ! "t4 ,if x be said t ,jesus1 hav+ tri$ ! o!r plan1 turn$ at l5g? to ?is2 ,i answ]1 t ! ?+ is said )\t evid5ce2 aga9/ evid5ce2 t x 0 compet5t to ! re/ to h done ! same1 yet t no?+ ( ?is sort 0 ?\ght ( by any4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,"o argum5t :i* has be5 mu* reli$ ^u 7b n m ?an its j weight des]ves7 is ! con=mity ( ! facts occasionally m5tion$ or ref]r$ to 9 ,scripture ) ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ^? times1 z repres5t$ by =eign & indep5d5t acc\nts2 :i* con=mity proves1 t ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t possess$ a species ( local k :i* c\ld belong only to an inhabitant ( t c\ntry & to "o liv+ 9 t age4 ,?is argum5t1 if well made out by examples1 is v little %ort ( prov+ ! absolute g5u95ess ( ! writ+s4 ,x c>ries !m up to ! age ( ! reput$ au?ors1 to an age 9 :i* x mu/ h be5 difficult to impose ^u ! ,*ri/ian public =g]ies 9 ! names ( ^? au?ors1 & 9 :i* !re is no evid5ce t any =g]ies 7 attempt$4 ,x proves1 at lea/1 t ! books1 :oev] 7 ! au?ors ( !m1 7 compos$ by p]sons liv+ 9 ! "t & c\ntry 9 :i* ^! ?+s 7 transact$2 & consequ5tly capable1 by _! situation1 ( be+ well in=m$ ( ! facts :i* !y relate4 ,& ! argum5t is /rong] :5 appli$ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?an x is 9 ! case ( almo/ any o!r writ+s1 by reason ( ! mix$ nature ( ! allusions :i* ?is book conta9s4 ,! sc5e ( action is n conf9$ to a s+le c\ntry1 b display$ 9 ! greate/ cities ( ! ,roman empire4 ,allusions are made to ! mann]s & pr9ciples ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,jews4 ,?is v>iety r5d]s a =g]y proportionably m difficult1 especially to writ]s ( a po/]ior age4 ,a ,greek or ,roman ,*ri/ian :o liv$ 9 ! second or ?ird c5tury w\ld h be5 want+ 9 ,jewi% lit]ature2 a ,jewi% conv]t 9 ^? ages w\ld h be5 equally defici5t 9 ! k ( ,greece & ,rome4 7,mi*aelis's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t ,m>%'s translation1 c4 ii4 sect4 xi47 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an argum5t :i* dep5ds entirely ^u an induction ( p>ticul>s2 & z1 consequ5tly1 x c>ries ) x little =ce )\t a view ( ! in/ances ^u :i* x is built1 ,i h to reque/ ! read]'s att5tion to a detail ( examples1 di/9ctly & articulately propos$4 ,9 collect+ ^! examples ,i h done no m ?an epitomise ! fir/ volume ( ! fir/ "p ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s ,cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory4 ,& ,i h br\ght ! argum5t )9 its pres5t compass1 fir/1 by pass+ ov] "s ( 8 sections 9 :i* ! accordancy appe>$ to me less c]ta91 or ^u subjects n suffici5tly appropriate or circum/antial2 secondly1 by contract+ e section into ! fewe/ words possible1 cont5t+ myself = ! mo/ "p ) a m]e apposition ( passages2 &1 ?irdly1 by omitt+ _m disquisitions1 :i*1 ?\gh le>n$ & accurate1 are n absolutely necess>y to ! und]/&+ or v]ification ( ! argum5t4 ,! writ] pr9cipally made use ( 9 ! inquiry is ,josephus4 ,josephus 0 born at ,j]usalem f\r ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion4 ,he wrote 8 hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% w> "s "t aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 :i* happ5$ 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l ,,lxx1 t is1 ?irty-sev5 ye>s aft] ! asc5sion2 & 8 hi/ory ( ! ,jews he f9i%$ 9 ! ye> xciii1 t is1 sixty ye>s aft] ! asc5sion4 ,at ! head ( ea* article ,i h ref]r$1 by figures includ$ 9 brackets1 to ! page ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s volume :]e ! section f :i* ! abridgm5t is made beg9s4 ,! edition us$ is t ( #agda4 ,i4 p4 #ad4 ,matt4 ii4 #bb4 ,:5 he 7,joseph7 he>d t ,ar*claus did reign 9 ,judea 9 ! room ( 8 fa!r ,h]od1 he 0 afraid to g ?i!r3 not)/&+1 be+ w>n$ ( ,god 9 a dream1 he turn$ aside into ! p>ts ( ,galilee4 ,,ii4 ,9 ?is passage x is ass]t$ t ,ar*claus succe$$ ,h]od 9 ,judea2 & x is impli$ t 8 p[] did n ext5d to ,galilee4 ,n[ we le>n f ,josephus t ,h]od ! ,great1 ^: dom9ion includ$ all ! l& ( ,israel1 appo9t$ ,ar*elaus 8 successor 9 ,judea1 & assign$ ! re/ ( 8 dom9ions to o!r sons2 & t ?is disposition 0 ratifi$1 z to ! ma9 p>ts ( x1 by ! ,roman emp]or 7,ant4 lib4 xvi4 c4 #h1 sect4 #a474 ,sa9t ,mat!w says t ,ar*claus reign$1 0 k+1 9 ,judea4 ,agreeably to ?is1 we are in=m$ by ,josephus1 n only t ,h]od appo9t$ ,ar*claus 8 successor 9 ,judea1 b t he also appo9t$ him ) ! title ( ,k+2 & ! ,greek v]b basileuei1 :i* ! evangeli/ uses to d5ote ! gov]nm5t & rank ( ,ar*claus1 is us$ likewise by ,josephus 7,de ,bell4 lib4 i4 c4 #c1c1 sect4 #g474 ,! cruelty ( ,ar*elaus's "*1 :i* is n obscurely intimat$ by ! evangeli/1 agrees ) div]s p>ticul>s 9 8 hi/ory pres]v$ by ,josephus3--,9 ! t5? ye> ( 8 gov]nm5t1 ! *ief ( ! ,jews & ,sam>itans1 n be+ able to endure 8 cruelty & tyranny1 pres5t$ compla9ts aga9/ him to ,caes>4 7,ant1 lib4 xii4 #ac1 sect4 #a47 ,,ii4 p4 #ai4 ,luke iii4 #a4 ,9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,caes>--,h]od be+ tetr>* ( ,galilee1 & 8 bro!r ,philip tetr>* ( ,iturea1 & ( ! region ( ,tra*onitis--! ^w ( ,god came unto ,john4 ,by ! w ( ,h]od ! ,great1 & ! decree ( ,augu/us !reupon1 8 two sons 7 appo9t$1 "o 7,h]od ,antipus7 tetr>* ( ,galilee & ,p]aea1 & ! o!r 7,philip7 tetr>* ( ,tra*onitis & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 7,ant4 lib4 xvii4 c4 #h1 sect4 #a47 ,we h1 !re=e1 ^! two p]sons 9 ! situations 9 :i* ,sa9t ,luke places !m2 & also1 t !y 7 9 ^! situations 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ,tib]ius2 9 o!r words1 t !y cont9u$ 9 possession ( _! t]ritories & titles until t "t1 & aft]w>ds1 appe>s f a passage ( ,josephus1 :i* relates ( ,h]od1 t he 0 remov$ by ,caligula1 ! successor ( ,tib]ius2 7,ant4 lib4 xviii4 c4 #h1 sect4 #b47 & ( ,philip1 t he di$ 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ,tib]ius1 :5 he _h gov]n$ ,tra*onitis & ,batanea & ,gaulanitis ?irty-sev5 ye>s4 7,ant4 lib4 xviii4 c4 #e1 sect4 #f47 ,,iii4 p4 #bj4 ,m>k vi4 #ag4 ,h]od _h s5t =?1 & laid hold ^u ,john1 & b\nd him 9 prison1 = ,h]$ias' sake1 8 bro!r ,philip's wife3 = he _h m>ri$ h]4 7,see also ,matt4 xiv4 #a--ac2 ,luke iii4 #ai47 ,) ?is comp>e ,joseph4 ,antiq4 #a4 xviii4 c4 #f1 sect4 #a3--;,he 7,h]od ! tetr>eh7 made a visit to ,h]od 8 bro!r4--,"h1 fail+ 9 love ) ,h]odias1 ! wife ( ! said ,h]od1 he v5tur$ to make h] proposals ( m>riage499 99 ,! aff9ity ( ! two acc\nts is unque/ionable2 b !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! "n ( ,h]odias's fir/ husb&1 :i* 9 ! evangeli/ is ,philip2 9 ,josephus1 ,h]od4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 w n appe> consid]able :5 we recollect h[ common x 0 9 ^? times = ! same p]sons to be> two names4 ,simon1 :i* is call$ ,pet]2 ,lebbeus1 ^: surname is ,?addeus2 ,?omas1 :i* is call$ ,didymus2 ,simeon1 :o 0 call$ ,nig]2 ,saul1 :o 0 also call$ ,paul4 ,! solution is r5d]$ likewise easi] 9 ! pres5t case by ! consid]ation t ,h]od ! ,great _h *ildr5 by sev5 or eight wives2 t ,josephus m5tions ?ree ( 8 sons "u ! "n ( ,h]od2 t x is nev]!less highly probable t ! bro!rs bore "s additional "n by :i* !y 7 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,l>dn]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hig4 ,aga91 ,m>k vi4 #bb4 ,& :5 ! daught] ( ! said ,h]odias came 9 & danc$4 ,) ?is also comp>e ,joseph4 ,antiq4 #a4 xviii4 c4 #f1 sect4 #d4 ,h]odias 0 m>ri$ to ,h]od1 son ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,!y _h a daught]1 ^: "n 0 ,salome2 aft] ^: bir? ,h]odias1 9 utt] violation ( ! laws ( h] c\ntry1 left h] husb&1 !n liv+1 & m>ri$ ,h]od ! tetr>* ( ,galilee1 h] husb&'s bro!r by ! fa!r's side4 ,,iv4 p4 #bi4 ,acts xii4 #a4 ,n[1 ab\t t "t1 ,h]od ! k+ /ret*$ =? 8 h&s1 to vex c]ta9 ( ! *ur*4 ,9 ! conclusion ( ! same *apt]1 ,h]od's dea? is repres5t$ to h tak5 place soon aft] ?is p]secution4 ,! accuracy ( our hi/orian1 or1 r1 ! unm$itat$ co9cid5ce :i* tru? ( its own accord produces1 is 9 ?is in/ance rem>kable4 ,!re 0 no portion ( "t = ?irty ye>s be=e1 nor ev] aft]w>ds1 9 :i* !re 0 a k+ at ,j]usalem1 a p]son ex]cis+ t au?ority 9 ,judea1 or to :om t title c\ld be appli$1 except ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( ?is ,h]od's life1 )9 :i* p]iod ! transaction record$ 9 ! ,acts is /at$ to h tak5 place4 ,?is pr9ce 0 ! gr&son ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,9 ! ,acts he appe>s "u 8 family-"n ( ,h]od2 by ,josephus he 0 call$ ,agrippa4 ,= pro( t he 0 a k+1 prop]ly s call$1 we h ! te/imony ( ,josephus1 9 full & direct t]ms3--,s5d+ = him to 8 palace1 ,caligula put a cr[n ^u 8 head1 & appo9t$ him k+ ( ! tetr>*ie ( ,philip1 int5d+ also to give him ! tetr>*ie ( ,lysanias4 7,antiq4 xviii4 c4 #g1 sect4 #aj47 ,& t ,judea 0 at la/1 b n until ! la/1 includ$ 9 8 dom9ions1 appe>s by a subsequ5t passage ( ! same ,josephus1 :]e9 he tells u t ,claudius1 by a decree1 confirm$ to ,agrippa ! dom9ion :i* ,caligula _h giv5 him2 add+ also ,judea & ,sam>ia1 9 ! utmo/ ext5t1 z possess$ by 8 gr&fa!r ,h]od 7,antiq4 xix4 c4 #e1 sect4 #a474 ,v4 p4 #cb4 ,acts xii4 #ai--bc4 ,& he 7,h]od7 w5t d[n f ,judea to ,ces>ea1 & !re abode4 ,& on a set day ,h]od1 array$ 9 royal app>el1 sat ^u 8 ?rone1 & made an oration unto !m3 & ! p gave a %\t1 say+1 ,x is ! voice ( a god1 & n ( a man2 & imm$iately ! angel ( ! ,"l smote him1 because he gave n ,god ! glory3 & he 0 eat5 ( worms1 & gave up ! gho/4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xix4 c4 #h1 sect4 #b4 ,he w5t to ! city ( ,ces>ea4 ,"h he celebrat$ %[s 9 hon\r ( ,caes>4 ,on ! second day ( ! %[s1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 he came into ! !atre1 dress$ 9 a robe ( silv]1 ( mo/ curi\s workman%ip4 ,! rays ( ! ris+ sun1 reflect$ f su* a spl5did g>b1 gave him a maje/ic & awful appe>ance4 ,!y call$ him a god2 & intreat$ him to be propiti\s to !m1 say+1 ,hi!rto we h respect$ y z a man2 b n[ we ackn[l$ge y to be m ?an mortal4 ,! k+ nei!r reprov$ ^! p]sons1 nor reject$ ! impi\s flatt]y4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is he 0 seiz$ ) pa9s 9 8 b[els1 extremely viol5t at ! v fir/4 ,he 0 c>ri$ !re=e ) all ha/e to 8 palace4 ,^! pa9s cont9ually torm5t+ him1 he expir$ 9 five days' "t4 ,! read] w p]ceive ! accordancy ( ^! acc\nts 9 v>i\s p>ticul>s4 ,! place 7,ces>ea71 ! set day1 ! gorge\s dress1 ! acclamations ( ! assembly1 ! peculi> turn ( ! flatt]y1 ! reception ( x1 ! sudd5 & critical incursion ( ! disease1 are circum/ances notic$ 9 bo? n>ratives4 ,! worms m5tion$ by ,sa9t ,luke are n rem>k$ by ,josephus2 b ! appe>ance ( ^! is a symptom n unusually1 ,i believe1 att5d+ ! disease :i* ,josephus describes1 viz41 viol5t affections ( ! b[els4 ,,vi4 p4 #da4 ,acts xxiv4 #bd4 ,& aft] c]ta9 days1 :5 ,felix came ) 8 wife ,drusilla1 :i* 0 a ,jewess1 he s5t = ,paul4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xx4 c4 #f1 sect4 #a1 #b4 ,agrippa gave 8 si/] ,drusilla 9 m>riage to ,azizus1 k+ ( ! ,emes5es1 :5 he _h cons5t$ to be circumcis$4--,b ?is m>riage ( ,drusilla ) ,azizus 0 dissolv$ 9 a %ort "t aft]1 9 ?is mann]3--,:5 ,felix 0 procurator ( ,judea1 hav+ _h a sight ( h]1 he 0 mightily tak5 ) h]4--,%e 0 induc$ to transgress ! laws ( h] c\ntry1 & m>ry ,felix4 ,"h ! public /ation ( ,felix1 ! "n ( 8 wife1 & ! s+ul> circum/ance ( h] religion1 all appe> 9 p]fect con=mity ) ! evangeli/4 ,,vii4 p4 #df4 ,acts xxv4 #ac4 ,& aft] c]ta9 days k+ ,agrippa & ,b]5ice came to ,ces>ea to salute ,fe/us4 ,by ?is passage we are 9 effect told t ,agrippa 0 a k+1 b n ( ,judea2 = he came to salute ,fe/us1 :o at ?is "t adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry at ,ces>ea4 ,n[1 h[ does ! hi/ory ( ! age correspond ) ?is acc\nt8 ,! ,agrippa "h spok5 ( 0 ! son ( ,h]od ,agrippa1 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ article2 b t he did n succe$ to 8 fa!r's k+dom1 nor ev] recov]$ ,judea1 :i* _h be5 a "p ( x1 we le>n by ! in=mation ( ,josephus1 :o relates ( him t :5 8 fa!r 0 dead ,claudius int5d$ at fir/ to h put him imm$iately 9 possession ( 8 fa!r's dom9ions2 b t1 ,agrippa be+ !n b sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 ! emp]or 0 p]suad$ to alt] 8 m9d1 & appo9t$ ,cuspius ,fadus prefect ( ,judea & ! :ole k+dom2 7,antiq4 xi4 c4 #i ad f947 :i* ,fadus 0 succe$$ by ,tib]ius ,alex&]1 ,cumanus1 ,felix1 ,fe/us4 7,antiq4 xx4 de ,bell4 lib4 ii47 ,b t1 ?\gh disappo9t$ ( 8 fa!r's k+dom1 9 :i* 0 includ$ ,judea1 he 01 nev]!less1 rightly /yl$ ,k+ ,agrippa1 & t he 0 9 possession ( consid]able t]ritories1 bord]+ ^u ,judea1 we ga!r f ! same au?ority3 =1 aft] sev]al successive donations ( c\ntry1 ,claudius1 at ! same "t t he s5t ,felix to be procurator ( ,judea1 promot$ ,agrippa f ,*alcis to a great] k+dom1 giv+ to him ! tetr>*ie :i* _h be5 ,philip's2 & he add$1 moreov]1 ! k+dom ( ,lysanias1 & ! prov9ce t _h belong$ to ,v>us4 7,de ,bell4 lib4 li4 c4 #ab ad f947 ,sa9t ,paul addresses ?is p]son z a ,jew3 ,k+ ,agrippa1 believe/ ?\ ! prophets8 ,i "k t ?\ believe/4 ,z ! son ( ,h]od ,agrippa1 :o is describ$ by ,josephus to h be5 a zeal\s ,jew1 x is reasonable to suppose t he ma9ta9$ ! same pr(ession4 ,b :at is m mat]ial to rem>k1 because x is m close & circum/antial1 is1 t ,sa9t ,luke1 speak+ ( ! fa!r 7,acts xii4 #a--c71 calls him ,h]od !1 k+1 & gives an example ( ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority at ,j]usalem3 speak+ ( ! son 7xxv4 #ac71 he calls him k+1 b n ( ,judea2 :i* di/9ction agrees correctly ) ! hi/ory4 ,,viii4 p4 #ea4 ,acts xiii4 #f4 ,& :5 !y _h gone ?r\gh ! isle 7,cyprus7 to ,paphos1 !y f\nd a c]ta9 sorc]]1 a false prophet1 a ,jew1 ^: "n 0 ,b>-jesus1 :i* 0 ) ! deputy ( ! c\ntry1 ,s]gius ,paulus1 a prud5t man4 ,! ^w :i* is "h translat$ deputy1 signifies & ^u ?is ^w our obs]vation is f\nd$4 ,! prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire 7 ( two k9ds2 ^? belong+ ! emp]or1 9 :i* ! gov]nor 0 call$ proprietor2 ^? belong+ to ! s5ate1 9 :i* ! gov]nor 0 proconsul4 ,& ?is 0 a regul> di/9ction4 ,n[ x appe>s f ,dio ,cassius1 7,lib4 liv4 ad ,a4 ,u4 #gcb47 t ! prov9ce ( ,cyprus1 :i*1 9 orig9al di/ribution1 0 assign$ to ! emp]or1 _h transf]r$ to ! s5ate1 9 ex*ange = "s o!rs2 & aft] ?is ex*ange1 ! appropriate title ( ! ,roman 0 proconsul4 ,ib4 xviii4 #ab4 p4 #ee4 ,& :5 ,gallio 0 deputy 7proconsul7 ( ,a*aia4 ,! propriety ( ! title proconsul is 9 ?is /ill m critical4 ,= ! prov9ce ( ,a*aia1 aft] pass+ f ! s5ate to ! emp]or1 _h be5 re/or$ aga9 by ! emp]or ,claudius to ! s5ate 7& consequ5tly its gov]nm5t _h become proconsul>7 only six or sev5 ye>s be=e ! "t 9 :i* ?is transaction is said to h tak5 place4 7,suet4 9 ,claud4 c4 xxv4 ,dio1 lib4 lxi47 ,& :at conf9es ) /rictness ! appellation to ! "t is1 t ,a*aia "u ! foll[+ reign ceas$ to be a ,roman prov9ce at all4 ,,ix4 p4 #aeb4 ,x appe>s1 z well f ! g5]al con/itution ( a ,roman prov9ce1 z f :at ,josephus deliv]s conc]n+ ! /ate ( ,judea 9 p>ticul>1 7,antiq4 lib4 xx4 c4 #h1 sect4 #e2 c4 #a1 sect4 #b47 t ! p[] ( life & dea? resid$ exclusively 9 ! ,roman gov]nor2 b t ! ,jews1 nev]!less1 _h magi/rates & a c\ncil1 inve/$ ) a subord9ate & municipal au?ority4 ,?is economy is disc]n$ 9 e "p ( ! ,gospel n>rative ( our ,savi\r's crucifixion4 ,x4 p4 #bjc4 ,acts ix4 #ca4 ,!n _h ! *ur*es re/ ?r\gh\t all ,judea & ,galilee & ,sam>ia4 ,?is re/ syn*ronises ) ! attempt ( ,caligula to place 8 /atue 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem2 ! ?reat ( :i* outrage produc$ among/ ! ,jews a con/]nation t1 = a season1 div]t$ _! att5tion f e o!r object4 7,joseph4 de ,bell lib4 ,xi4 c4 #ac1 sect4 #a1 #c1 #d47 ,,xi4 p4 #bah4 ,acts xxi4 #cj4 ,& !y took ,paul1 & drew him out ( ! temple2 & =?) ! doors 7 %ut4 ,& z !y w5t ab\t to kill him1 tid+s came to ! *ief capta9 ( ! b& t all ,j]usalem 0 9 an upro>4 ,!n ! *ief capta9 came ne>1 & took him & comm&$ him to be b\nd ) two *a9s1 & dem&$ :o he 01 & :at he _h done2 & "s cri$ "o ?+1 & "s ano!r1 among ! multitude3 &1 :5 he c\ld n "k ! c]ta9ty = ! tumult1 he comm&$ him to be c>ri$ into ! ca/le4 ,& :5 he came ^u ! /airs1 s x 01 t he 0 borne ( ! soldi]s = ! viol5ce ( ! p4 ,9 ?is quotation we h ! b& ( ,roman soldi]s at ,j]usalem1 _! (fice 7to suppress tumults71 ! ca/le1 ! /airs1 bo?1 z x %\ld seem1 adjo9+ to ! temple4 ,let u inquire :e!r we c f9d ^! p>ticul>s 9 any o!r record ( t age & place4 ,joseph4 de4 ,ball4 lib4 v4 e4 #e1 sect4 #h4 ,antonia 0 situat$ at ! angle ( ! we/]n & nor!rn porticoes ( ! out] temple4 ,x 0 built ^u a rock fifty cubits high1 /eep on all sides4--,on t side :]e x jo9$ to ! porticoes ( ! temple1 !re 7 /airs rea*+ to ea* portico1 by :i* ! gu>d desc5d$2 = !re 0 always lodg$ "h a ,roman legion2 & po/+ !mselves 9 _! arm\r 9 sev]al places 9 ! porticoes1 !y kept a wat* on ! p on ! fea/-days to prev5t all disord]s2 = z ! temple 0 a gu>d to ! city1 s 0 ,antonia to ! temple4 ,,xii4 p4 #bbd4 ,acts iv4 #a4 ,& z !y spake unto ! p1 ! prie/s1 & ! capta9 ( ! temple1 & ! ,sadducees1 came ^u !m4 ,"h we h a public (fic]1 "u ! title ( capta9 ( ! temple1 & he probably a ,jew1 z he accompani$ ! prie/s & ,sadducees 9 appreh5d+ ! apo/les4 ,joseph4 de ,bell4 lib4 ii4 c4 #ag1 sect4 #b4 ,& at ! temple1 ,eleaz]1 ! son ( ,ananias ! high prie/1 a "y man ( a bold & resolute disposition1 !n capta91 p]suad$ ^? :o p]=m$ ! sacr$ m9i/rations n to receive ! gift or sacrifice ( any /rang]4 ,,xiii4 p4 #bbe4 ,acts xxv4 #ab4 ,!n ,fe/us1 :5 he _h conf]r$ ) ! c\ncil1 answ]$1 ,ha/ ?\ appeal$ unto ,caes>8 unto ,caes> %alt ?\ g4 ,t x 0 usual = ! ,roman presid5ts to h a c\ncil consi/+ ( _! fri5ds1 & o!r *ief ,romans 9 ! prov9ce1 appe>s expressly 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ,cic]o's oration aga9/ ,v]res3--,illud neg>e posses1 aut nunc negabis1 te1 concilio tuo dimisso1 viris prim>iis1 qui 9 consilio ,c4 ,sac]dotis fu]ant1 tibique esse volebant1 remotis1 de re judicata judicasse8 ,,xiv4 p4 #bce4 ,acts xvi4 #ac4 ,& 7at ,philippi7 on ! ,sabba? we w5t out ( ! city by a riv]-side1 :]e pray] 0 wont to be made1 or :]e a proseu*e1 oratory1 or place ( pray] 0 all[$4 ,! p>ticul>ity to be rem>k$ is1 ! situation ( ! place :]e pray] 0 wont to be made1 viz4 by a riv]-side4 ,philo1 describ+ ! conduct ( ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria1 on a c]ta9 public occasion1 relates ( !m1 t1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 flock+ out ( ! gates ( ! city1 !y g to ! neighb\r+ %ores1 7= ! proseu*ai 7 de/roy$17 &1 /&+ 9 a mo/ pure place1 !y lift up _! voices ) "o accord4 7,philo 9 ,flacc4 p4 #chb47 ,josephus gives u a decree ( ! city ( ,halic>nassus1 p]mitt+ ! ,jews to build oratories2 a "p ( :i* decree runs ?us3--,we orda9 t ! ,jews1 :o are will+1 m5 & wom51 d obs]ve ! ,sabba?s1 & p]=m sacr$ rites1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% laws1 & build oratories by ! sea-side4 7,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xiv4 c4 #aj1 sect1 #bd47 ,t]tullian1 among o!r ,jewi% rites & cu/oms1 su* z fea/s1 sabba?s1 fa/s1 & unleav5$ bread1 m5tions orationes lit]ales1 t is1 pray]s by ! riv]-side4 7,t]tull4 ad ,nat1 lib4 i4 c4 #ac47 ,,xv4 p4 #bee4 ,acts xxvi4 #e4 ,aft] ! mo/ /raite/ sect ( our religion1 ,i liv$ a ,ph>isee4 ,joseph4 de ,bell4 lib4 i4 c4 #e1 sect4 #b4 ,! ,ph>isees 7 reckon$ ! mo/ religi\s ( any ( ! ,jews1 & to be ! mo/ exact & skilful 9 expla9+ ! laws4 ,9 ! orig9al1 !re is an agreem5t n only 9 ! s5se b 9 ! expression1 x be+ ! same ,greek adjective :i* is r5d]$ /rait 9 ! ,acts1 & exact 9 ,josephus4 ,,xvi4 p4 #bee4 ,m>k vii4 #c1d4 ,! ,ph>isees & all ! ,jews1 except !y wa%1 eat n1 hold+ ! tradition ( ! eld]s2 & _m o!r ?+s !re be :i* !y h receiv$ to hold4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xiii4 c4 #aj1 sect4 #f4 ,! ,ph>isees h deliv]$ up to ! p _m in/itutions1 z receiv$ f ! fa!rs1 :i* are n writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses4 ,,xvii4 p4 #bei4 ,acts xxiii4 #h4 ,= ! ,sadducees say1 t !re is no resurrection1 nei!r angel1 nor _s2 b ! ,ph>isees confess bo?4 ,joseph4 de ,bell4 lib4 ii4 c4 #h1 sect4 #ad4 ,!y 7! ,ph>isees7 believe e s\l to be immortal1 b t ! s\l ( ! good only passes into ano!r body1 & t ! s\l ( ! wick$ is puni%$ ) et]nal puni%m5t4 ,on ! o!r h& 7,antiq4 lib4 xviii4 e4 #a1 sect4 #d71 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! ,sadducees t s\ls p]i% ) ! bodies4 ,,xviii4 p4 #bfh4 ,acts v4 #ag4 ,!n ! high prie/ rose up1 & all !y t 7 ) him 7:i* is ! sect ( ! ,sadducees71 & 7 fill$ ) indignation4 ,sa9t ,luke "h intimates t ! high prie/ 0 a ,sadducee2 :i* is a "* "o w\ld n h expect$ to meet ) 9 t /ation4 ,?is circum/ance1 rem>kable z x is1 0 n h[ev] )\t examples4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xiii4 c4 #aj1 sect4 #f1 #g4 ,john ,hyreanus1 high prie/ ( ! ,jews1 =sook ! ,ph>isees ^u a disgu/1 & jo9$ himself to ! p>ty ( ! ,sadducees4 ,?is high prie/ di$ "o hundr$ & sev5 ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,aga9 7,antiq4 lib4 xx4 e4 #h1 sect4 #a71 ,?is ,ananus ! y\ng]1 :o1 z we h said j n[1 _h receiv$ ! high prie/hood1 0 fi]ce & haughty 9 8 behavi\r1 &1 above all m51 hold & d>+1 &1 moreov]1 0 ( ! sect ( ! ,sadducees4 ,?is high prie/ liv$ little m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ! transaction 9 ! ,acts4 ,,xix4 p4 #bhb4 ,luke ix4 #ea4 ,& x came to pass1 :5 ! "t 0 come t he %\ld be receiv$ up1 he /eadfa/ly set 8 face to g to ,j]usalem1 & s5t mess5g]s be=e 8 face4 ,& !y w5t1 & ent]$ into a village ( ! ,sam>itans1 to make ready = him4 ,& !y did n receive him1 because 8 face 0 z ?\gh he w\ld g to ,j]usalem4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xx4 c4 #e1 sect4 #a4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,galileans1 :o w5t up to ! holy city at ! fea/s1 to travel ?r\gh ! c\ntry ( ,sam>ia4 ,z !y 7 9 _! j\rney1 "s inhabitants ( ! village call$ ,g9aea1 :i* lies on ! bord]s ( ,sam>ia & ! great pla91 fall+ ^u !m1 kill$ a great _m ( !m4 ,,xx4 p4 #bgh4 ,john iv4 #bj4 ,our fa!rs1 said ! ,sam>itan woman1 wor%ipp$ 9 ?is m\nta92 & ye say1 t ,j]usalem is ! place :]e m5 ought to wor%ip4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xviii4 c4 #e1 sect4 #a4 ,comm&+ !m to meet him at m\nt ,g]izzim1 :i* is by !m 7! ,sam>itans7 e/eem$ ! mo/ sacr$ ( all m\nta9s4 ,,xxi4 p4 #cab4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #c4 ,!n assembl$ toge!r ! *ief prie/s1 & ! eld]s ( ! p1 unto ! palace ( ! high prie/1 :o 0 call$ ,caiaphas4 ,t ,caiaphas 0 high prie/1 & high prie/ ?r\gh\t ! presid5t%ip ( ,pontius ,pilate1 & consequ5tly at ?is "t1 appe>s f ! foll[+ acc\nt3--,he 0 made high prie/ by ,val]ius ,gratus1 pr$ecessor ( ,pontius ,pilate1 & 0 remov$ f 8 (fice by ,vitellius1 presid5t ( ,syria1 aft] ,pilate 0 s5t away out ( ! prov9ce ( ,judea4 ,josephus relates ! advancem5t ( ,caiaphas to ! high prie/hood 9 ?is mann]3 ,gratus gave ! high prie/hood to ,simon1 ! son ( ,cami?us4 ,he1 hav+ enjoy$ ?is hon\r n above a ye>1 0 succe$$ by ,joseph1 :o is also call$ ,caiaphas4 7,antiq4 lib4 xviii4 c4 #b1 sect4 #b47 ,aft] ?is1 ,gratus w5t away = ,rome1 hav+ be5 elev5 ye>s 9 ,judea2 & ,pontius ,pilate came ?i!r z 8 successor4 ,( ! removal ( ,caiaphas f 8 (fice1 ,josephus likewise aft]w>ds in=ms u3 & connects x ) a circum/ance :i* fixes ! "t to a date subsequ5t to ! det]m9ation ( ,pilate's gov]nm5t--,vitellius1 he tells u2 ord]$ ,pilate to repair to ,rome3 & aft] t1 w5t up himself to ,j]usalem1 & !n gave directions conc]n+ sev]al matt]s4 ,& hav+ done ^! ?+s he took away ! prie/hood f ! high prie/ ,joseph1 :o is call$ ,caiaphas4 7,antiq4 lib4 xvii4 c4 #e1 sect #c47 ,,xxii4 7,mi*aelis1 c4 xi4 sect4 #aa47 ,acts xxiii4 #d4 ,& !y t /ood by said1 ,revile/ ?\ ,god's high prie/8 ,!n said ,paul1 ,i wi/ n1 bre?r51 t he 0 ! high prie/8 ,n[1 ^u inquiry into ! hi/ory ( ! age1 x turns out t ,ananias1 ( :om ?is is spok51 01 9 tru?1 n ! high prie/1 ?\gh he 0 sitt+ 9 judgm5t 9 t assum$ capacity4 ,! case 01 t he _h =m]ly hold5 ! (fice1 & _h be5 depos$2 t ! p]son :o succe$$ him _h be5 murd]$2 t ano!r 0 n yet appo9t$ to ! /ation2 & t dur+ ! vacancy1 he _h1 ( 8 own au?ority1 tak5 ^u himself ! dis*>ge ( ! (fice4 7,joseph4 ,antiq4 #a4 xx4 c4 #e1 sect4 #b2 c4 #f1 sect4 #b2 c4 #i1 sect4 #b47 ,?is s+ul> situation ( ! high prie/hood took place dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! dea? ( ,jona?an1 :o 0 murd]$ by ord] ( ,felix1 & ! accession ( ,ismael1 :o 0 inve/$ ) ! high prie/hood by ,agrippa2 & precisely 9 ?is int]val x happ5$ t ,sa9t ,paul 0 appreh5d$1 & br\ght be=e ! ,jewi% c\ncil4 ,,xxiii4 p4 #cbc4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ei4 ,n[ ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 & all ! c\ncil1 s\ght false witness aga9/ him4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xviii4 e4 #ae1 sect4 #c1 #d4 ,!n might be se5 ! high prie/s !mselves ) a%es on _! heads & _! brea/s nak$4 ,! agreem5t "h consi/s 9 speak+ ( ! high prie/s or *ief prie/s 7= ! "n 9 ! orig9al is ! same7 9 ! plural numb]1 :5 9 /rictness !re 0 only "o high prie/3 :i* may be consid]$ z a pro( t ! evangeli/s 7 habituat$ to ! mann] ( speak+ !n 9 use1 because !y reta9 x :5 x is nei!r accurate nor j4 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 ,i h put d[n f ,josephus only a s+le example ( ! application ( ?is title 9 ! plural numb]2 b x is 8 usual /yle4 ,ib4 p4 #hga4 ,luke ill4 #a4 ,n[ 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,caes>1 ,pontius ,pilate be+ gov]nor ( ,juries1 & ,h]od be+ tetr>* ( ,galilee1 ,annas & ,caiaphas be+ ! high prie/s1 ! ^w ( ,god came unto ,john4 ,!re is a passage 9 ,josephus v ne>ly p>allel to ?is1 & :i* may at lea/ s]ve to v9dicate ! evangeli/ f objection1 ) respect to 8 giv+ ! title ( high prie/ specifically to two p]sons at ! same "t3 ,quadratus s5t two o!rs ( ! mo/ p[]ful m5 ( ! ,jews1 z also ! high prie/s ,jona?an & ,ananias4 7,de ,bell4 lib4 ix4 c4 #ab1 sect4 #f47 ,t ,annas 0 a p]son 9 an em95t /ation1 & possess$ an au?ority coord9ate )1 or next to1 t ( ! high pr9t prop]ly s call$1 may he inf]r$ f ,sa9t ,john's ,gospel1 :i* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s crucifixion relates t ! soldi]s l$ him away to ,annas fir/4 7xviii4#ac47 ,& ?is might be notic$ z an example ( undesign$ co9cid5ce 9 ! two evangeli/s4 ,aga91 p4 #hgj4 ,acts iv4 #f4 ,annas is call$ ! high prie/1 ?\gh ,caiaphas 0 9 ! (fice ( ! high prie/hood4 ,9 l mann] 9 ,josephus1 7,lib4 ii4 c4 #bj1 sect4 #c47 ,joseph ! son ( ,gorion1 & ! high prie/ ,ananus1 7 *os5 to be supreme gov]nors ( all ?+s 9 ! city4 ,yet ,ananus1 ?\gh "h call$ ! high prie/ ,ananus1 0 n !n 9 ! (fice ( ! high prie/hood4 ,! tru? is1 !re is an indet]m9at5ess 9 ! use ( ?is title 9 ! ,gospel37,m>k xiv4 #ec47 sometimes x is appli$ exclusively to ! p]son :o held ! (fice at ! "t2 sometimes to "o or two m1 :o probably %>$ ) him "s ( ! p[]s or functions ( ! (fice2 & sometimes to su* ( ! prie/s z 7 em95t by _! /ation or "*2 & !re is ! v same indet]m9at5ess 9 ,josephus4 ,,xxiv4 p4 #cdg4 ,john xix4 #ai1 #bj4 ,& ,pilate wrote a title1 & put x on ! cross4 ,t su* 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,romans on ^! occasions appe>s f passages ( ,suetonius & ,dio ,cassius3 ,pattrem familias--canibus objecit1 cure hoc titulo1 ,impie locutus p>mul>ius4 ,suet4 ,domit4 cap4 x4 ,& 9 ,dio ,cassius we h ! foll[+3 ,hav+ l$ him ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! c\rt or assembly1 ) a writ+ signify+ ! cause ( 8 dea?1 & aft]w>ds crucify+ him4 ,book liv4 ,ib4 ,& x 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat94 ,t x 0 also usual ab\t ?is "t 9 ,j]usalem to set up adv]tisem5ts 9 diff]5t languages1 is ga!r$ f ! acc\nt :i* ,josephus gives ( an expo/ulatory message f ,titus to ! ,jews :5 ! city 0 almo/ 9 8 h&s2 9 :i* he says1 ,did ye n erect pill>s ) inscriptions on !m1 9 ! ,greek & 9 our language1 ,let no "o pass beyond ^! b\nds8 ,,xxv4 p4 #ceb4 ,matt4 xxvii4 #bf4 ,:5 he _h sc\rg$ ,jesus1 he deliv]$ him to be crucifi$4 ,! foll[+ passages occur 9 ,josephus3 ,be+ beat51 !y 7 crucifi$ opposite to ! citadel4 7,p4 #abdg1 edit4 #bd ,huds47 ,:om1 hav+ fir/ sc\rg$ ) :ips1 he crucifi$4 7,p4 #ajhj1 edit4 #de47 ,he 0 burnt alive1 hav+ be5 fir/ beat54 7,p4 #acbg1 edit4 #dc47 ,to :i* may he add$ "o f ,livy1 lib4 xi4 c4 #e4 ,pro ductique omnes1 virgisqus caesi1 ac securi p]cussi4 ,a mod]n example may illu/rate ! use we make ( ?is in/ance4 ,! prec$+ ( a capital execution by ! corporal puni%m5t ( ! suff]] is a practice unkn[n 9 ,engl&1 b reta9$1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 z appe>s by ! late execution ( a regicide 9 ,sw$54 ,?is circum/ance1 !re=e1 9 ! acc\nt ( an ,engli% execution1 purport+ to come f an ,engli% writ]1 w\ld n only br+ a suspicion ^u ! tru? ( ! acc\nt1 b w\ld 9 a consid]able degree impea* its pret5sions ( hav+ be5 writt5 by ! au?or ^: "n x bore4 ,:]eas1 ! same circum/ance 9 ! acc\nt ( a ,sw$i% execution w\ld v]ify ! acc\nt1 & support ! au!nticity ( ! book 9 :i* x 0 f\nd1 or1 at lea/1 w\ld prove t ! au?or1 :oev] he 01 possess$ ! in=mation & ! k :i* he ought to possess4 ,,xxvi4 p4 #cec4 ,john xix4 #af4 ,& !y took ,jesus1 & l$ him away2 & he be>+ 8 cross w5t =?4 ,plut>*1 ,de iis qui s]o puniuntur1 p4 #eed2 a ,p>is1 #afbd4 ,e k9d ( wick$ness produces its own p>ticul> torm5t2 j z e malefactor1 :5 he is br\ght =? to execution1 c>ries 8 own cross4 ,,xxvii4 ,john xix4 #cb4 ,!n came ! soldi]s & brake ! legs ( ! fir/1 & ( ! o!r :i* 0 crucifi$ ) him4 ,con/ant9e aboli%$ ! puni%m5t ( ! cross3 9 comm5d+ :i* edict1 a hea!n writ] notices ?is v circum/ance ( break+ ! legs3 ,eo pius1 ut etiam vetus vet]rimumque supplicium1 patibulum1 et cruribus suffr+5dis1 primus remov]it4 ,aur4 ,vict ,ces4 cap4 xli4 ,,xxviii4 p4 #deg4 ,acts iii4 #a4 ,n[ ,pet] & ,john w5t up toge!r into ! temple1 at ! h\r ( pray]1 be+ ! n9? h\r4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib xv4 e4 #g1 sect4 #h4 ,twice e day1 9 ! morn+ & at ! n9? h\r1 ! prie/s p]=m _!1 duty at ! alt>4 ,,xxix4 p4 #dfb4 ,acts xv4 #ba4 ,= ,moses ( old "t ha?1 9 e city1 !m t prea* him1 be+ read 9 ! synagogues e ,sabba?-day4 ,joseph4 contra ,ap4 #a4 ii4 ,he 7,moses7 gave u ! law1 ! mo/ excell5t ( all in/itutions2 nor did he appo9t t x %\ld be he>d once only1 or twice1 or (t51 b t1 lay+ aside all o!r works1 we %\ld meet toge!r e week to he> x read1 & ga9 a p]fect und]/&+ ( x4 ,,xxx4 p4 #dfe4 ,acts xxi4 #bc4 ,we h f\r m5 :i* h a v[ on !m2 !m take1 & purify ?yself ) !m t !y may %ave _! heads4 ,joseph4 de ,bell4 #a4 xi4 c4 #ae4 ,x is cu/om>y = ^? :o h be5 afflict$ ) "s di/emp]1 or h lab\r$ "u any o!r difficulties1 to make a v[ ?irty days be=e !y (f] sacrifices1 to ab/a9 f w9e1 & %ave ! hair ( _! heads4 ,ib4 v4 #bd4 ,!m take1 & purify ?yself ) !m1 & be at *>ges ) !m1 t !y may %ave _! heads4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 #a4 xix4 c4 #f4 ,he 7,h]od ,agrippa7 com+ to ,j]usalem1 (f]$ up sacrifices ( ?anksgiv+1 & omitt$ no?+ t 0 prescrib$ by ! law4 ,= :i* reason he also ord]$ a good numb] ( ,naz>ites to be %av$4 ,we "h f9d t x 0 an act ( piety among/ ! ,jews to defray = ^? :o 7 "u ! ,naz>itic v[ ! exp5ses :i* att5d$ its completion2 & t ! phrase 01 t !y might be sav$4 ,! cu/om & ! expression are bo? rem>kable1 & bo? 9 close con=mity ) ! ,scripture acc\nt4 ,,xxxi4 p4 #dgd4 #b ,cor4 xi4 #bd4 ,( ! ,jews1 five times receiv$ ,i =ty /ripes save "o4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 iv4 c4 #h1 sect4 #ba4 ,he t acts contr>y h]eto let him receive =ty /ripes1 want+ "o1 f ! (fic]4 ,! co9cid5ce "h is s+ul>1 because ! law all[$ =ty /ripes3--,=ty /ripes he may give him & n exce$4 ,deut4 xxv4 #c4 ,x proves t ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 0 guid$ n by books1 b by facts2 because 8 /atem5t agrees ) ! actual cu/om1 ev5 :5 t cu/om deviat$ f ! writt5 law1 & f :at he mu/ h le>nt by consult+ ! ,jewi% code1 z set =? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,,xxxii4 p4 #dij4 ,luke iii4 #ab4 ,!n came also publicans to be baptiz$4 ,f ?is quotation1 z well z f ! hi/ory ( ,levi or ,mat!w 7,luke v4 #bi71 & ( ,zac*eus 7,luke xix4 #b71 x appe>s t ! publicans or tax-ga!r]s 71 frequ5tly at lea/1 if n always1 ,jews3 :i*1 z ! c\ntry 0 !n "u a ,roman gov]nm5t1 & ! taxes 7 paid to ! ,romans1 0 a circum/ance n to be expect$4 ,t x 0 ! tru?1 h[ev]1 ( ! case appe>s f a %ort passage ( ,josephus4 ,de ,bell4 lib4 ii4 c4 #ad1 sect4 #de4 ,b ,florus n re/ra9+ ^! practices by 8 au?ority1 ! *ief m5 ( ! ,jews1 among :om 0 ,john ! publican1 n kn[+ well :at c\rse to take1 wait ^u ,florus & give him eight tal5ts ( silv] to /op ! build+4 ,,xxxiii4 p4 #dif4 ,acts xxii4 #be4 ,& z !y b\nd him ) ?ongs1 ,paul said unto ! c5turion t /ood by1 ,is x lawful = y to sc\rge a man t is a ,roman & uncondemn$8 ,fac9us e/ v9ciri civem ,romanum2 scelus v]b]>i4 ,cic4 9 ,v]r4 ,ca$ebatur virgis1 9 m$io =o ,messanae1 civis ,romanus1 ,judices3 cum int]ea nullus gemitus1 nulla vox alia1 i/ius mis]i int] dolorem crepitumque plag>um audiebatur1 nisi haec1 ,civis ,romanus sum4 ,,xxxiv4 p4 #eac ,acts xxii4 #bg4 ,!n ! *ief capta9 came1 & said unto him 7,paul71 ,tell me1 ,art ?\ a ,roman8 ,he said ,yea4 ,! circum/ance to be "h notic$ is1 t a ,jew 0 a ,roman citiz54 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xiv4 c4 #aj1 sect4 #ac4 ,lucius ,l5tulna1 ! consul1 decl>$1 ,i h dismiss$ f ! s]vice ! ,jewi% ,roman citiz5s1 :o obs]ve ! rites ( ! ,jewi% religion at ,ephesus4 ,ib4 v]4 #bh4 ,& ! *ief capta9 answ]$1 ) a great sum obta9$ ,i ?is fre$om4 ,dio ,cassius1 lib4 lx4 ,?is privilege1 :i* _h be5 b\ght =m]ly at a great price1 became s *eap1 t x 0 commonly said a man might be made a ,roman citiz5 = a few pieces ( brok5 glass4 ,,xxxv4 p4 #eba4 ,acts xxviii4 #af4 ,& :5 we came to ,rome ! c5turion deliv]$ ! prison]s to ! capta9 ( ! gu>d2 b ,paul 0 suff]$ to dwell by himself1 ) a soldi] t kept him4 ,) :i* jo9 vet4 #bj4 ,= ! hope ( ,israel1 ,i am b\nd ) ?is *a94 ,quemadm$um cadem catean et cu/odiam et militem copulat2 sic i/a1 quae tam dissimilia sunt1 p>it] inc$unt4 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 v4 ,proconsul e/im>e solet1 utrum 9 c>c]]a recipi5da sit p]sona1 an militi trad5da4 ,ulpian4 l4 i4 sect4 ,de ,cu/od4 et ,exhib4 ,reor4 ,9 ! conf9em5t ( ,agrippa by ! ord] ( ,tib]ius1 ,antonia manag$ t ! c5turion :o presid$ ov] ! gu>ds1 & ! soldi] to :om ,agrippa 0 to be b\nd1 might be m5 ( mild "*4 7,joseph4 ,antiq4 lib4 xviii4 c4 #g1 sect4 #e47 ,aft] ! accession ( ,caligula1 ,agrippa also1 l ,paul1 0 suff]$ to dwell1 yet z a prison]1 9 8 own h\se4 ,,xxxvi4 p4 #eca4 ,acts xxvii4 #a4 ,& :5 x 0 det]m9$ t we %\ld sail into ,italy1 !y deliv]$ ,paul1 & c]ta9 o!r prison]s1 unto "o nam$ ,julius4 ,s9ce n only ,paul1 b c]ta9 o!r prison]s 7 s5t by ! same %ip into ,italy1 ! text mu/ be consid]$ z c>ry+ ) x an intimation t ! s5d+ ( p]sons f ,judea to be tri$ at ,rome 0 an ord9>y practice4 ,t 9 tru? x 0 s1 is made out by a v>iety ( examples :i* ! writ+s ( ,josephus furni%3 &1 among/ o!rs1 by ! foll[+1 :i* comes ne> bo? to ! "t & ! subject ( ! in/ance 9 ! ,acts4 ,felix1 = "s slight (f5ce1 b\nd & s5t to ,rome sev]al prie/s ( 8 acqua9tance1 & v good & hone/ m51 to answ] = !mselves to ,caes>4 ,joseph4 9 ,vit4 sect4 #c4 ,,xxxvii4 p4 #eci4 ,acts xi4 #bg4 ,& 9 ^! days came prophets f ,j]usalem unto ,antio*2 & !re /ood up "o ( !m1 nam$ ,agabus1 & signifi$ by ! ,_s t !re %\ld be a great de>? ?r\gh\t all ! _w 7or all ! c\ntry72 :i* came to pass 9 ! days ( ,claudius ,caes>4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 #a4 xx4 c4 #d1 sect4 #b4 ,9 _! "t 7i4 e4 ab\t ! fif? or six? ye> ( ,claudius7 a great de>? happ5$ 9 ,judea4 ,,xxxviii4 p4 #eee4 ,acts xviii4 #a1 #b4 ,because t ,claudius _h comm&$ all ,jews to dep>t f ,rome4 ,suet4 ,gl&4 c4 xxv4 ,judeos1 impuls]o ,*re/o assidue tumultuantes1 ,roma expulit4 ,,xxxix4 p4 #ffd4 ,acts v4 #cg4 ,aft] ?is man1 rose up ,judas ( ,galilee1 9 ! days ( ! tax+1 & drew away mu* p aft] him4 ,joseph4 de ,bell4 #a4 vii4 ,he 7viz4 ! p]son :o 9 ano!r place is call$1 by ,josephus1 ,judas ! ,galilean1 or ,judas ( ,galilee7 p]suad$ n a few to enrol !mselves :5 ,cyr5ius ! c5sor 0 s5t into ,judea4 ,,xl4 p4 #idb4 ,acts xxi4 #ch4 ,art n ?\ t ,egyptian :i*1 be=e ^! days1 made/ an upro>1 & l$de/ out into ! wild]ness f\r ?\s& m5 t 7 murd]]s8 ,joseph4 de ,bell4 #a4 ii4 c4 #ac1 sect4 #e4 ,b ! ,egyptian false prophet br\ght a yet heavi] disa/] ^u ! ,jews2 = ?is impo/or1 com+ into ! c\ntry1 & ga9+ ! reputation ( a prophet1 ga!r$ toge!r ?irty ?\s& m51 :o 7 deceiv$ by him4 ,hav+ br\ght !m r\nd out ( ! wild]ness1 up to ! m\nt ( ,olives1 he int5d$ f !nce to make 8 attack ^u ,j]usalem2 b ,felix1 com+ sudd5ly ^u him ) ! ,roman soldi]s1 prev5t$ ! attack4--,a great numb]1 or 7z x %\ld r be r5d]$7 ! greate/ "p1 ( ^? t 7 ) him 7 ei!r sla9 or tak5 prison]s4 ,9 ^! two passages1 ! designation ( ?is impo/or1 an ,egyptian1 )\t ! prop] "n1 ! wild]ness 2 8 escape1 ?\gh 8 foll[]s 7 de/roy$2 ! "t ( ! transaction1 9 ! presid5t%ip ( ,felix1 :i* c\ld n be any long "t be=e ! words 9 ,luke are suppos$ to h be5 spok52 are circum/ances ( close correspond5cy4 ,!re is "o1 & only "o1 po9t ( disagreem5t1 & t is1 9 ! numb] ( 8 foll[]s1 :i* 9 ! ,acts are call$ f\r ?\s&1 & by ,josephus ?irty ?\s&3 b1 beside t ! names ( numb]s1 m ?an any o!r words1 are liable to ! errors ( transcrib]s1 we are 9 ! pres5t in/ance "u ! less conc]n to reconcile ! evangeli/ ) ,josephus1 z ,josephus is n1 9 ?is po9t1 consi/5t ) himself4 ,= :]eas1 9 ! passage "h quot$1 he calls ! numb] ?irty ?\s&1 & tells u t ! greate/ "p1 or a great numb] 7accord+ z 8 words are r5d]$7 ( ^? t 7 ) him 7 de/roy$2 9 8 ,antiquities he repres5ts f\r hundr$ to h be5 kill$ ^u ?is occasion1 & two hundr$ tak5 prison]s37,lib4 xx4 c4 #g1 sect4 #f47 :i* c]ta9ly 0 n ! greate/ "p1 nor a great "p1 nor a great numb]1 out ( ?irty ?\s&4 ,x is probable1 also1 t ,lysias & ,josephus spoke ( ! exp$ition 9 its diff]5t /ages3 ,lysias1 ( ^? :o foll[$ ! ,egyptian out ( ,j]usalem2 ,josephus1 ( all :o 7 collect$ ab\t him aft]w>ds1 f diff]5t qu>t]s4 ,,xli4 7,l>dn]'s ,jewi% & ,hea!n ,te/imonies1 vol4 iii p4 #ba47 ,acts xvii4 #bb4 ,!n ,paul /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ,m>%ill1 & said1 ,ye m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,i p]ceive t 9 all ?+s ye are too sup]/iti\s2 =1 z ,i pass$ by & beheld y\r devotions1 ,i f\nd an alt> ) ?is inscription1 ,,to ,,! ,,unkn[n ,,god4 ,:om !re=e ye ignorantly wor%ip1 him decl>e ,i unto y4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #baj1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,epim5ides1 :o is suppos$ to h fl\ri%$ ne>ly six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 relates ( him ! foll[+ /ory3 t1 be+ invit$ to ,a!ns = ! purpose1 he deliv]$ ! city f a pe/il5ce 9 ?is mann]2--,tak+ sev]al %eep1 "s black1 o!rs :ite1 he _h !m up to ! ,areopagus1 & !n let !m g :]e !y w\ld1 & gave ord]s to ^? :o foll[$ !m1 :]ev] any ( !m %\ld lie d[n1 to sacrifice x to ! god to :om x belong$2 & s ! plague ceas$4--,h5ce1 says ! hi/orian1 x has come to pass1 t to ?is pres5t "t may be f\nd 9 ! bor\ghs ( ! ,a!nians ,,anonym\s alt>s3 a memorial ( ! expiation !n made4 7,9 ,epim5ide1 l4 i4 segm4 #aaj47 ,^! alt>s1 x may be presum$1 7 call$ anonym\s because !re 0 n ! "n ( any p>ticul> deity inscrib$ ^u !m4 ,pausanias1 :o wrote be=e ! end ( ! second c5tury1 9 8 description ( ,a!ns1 hav+ m5tion$ an alt> ( ,jupit] ,olympius1 adds1 ,& nigh unto x is an alt> ( unkn[n gods4 7,paus4 l4 v4 p4 #dab47 ,& 9 ano!r place1 he speaks ( alt>s ( gods call$ unkn[n4 7,paus4 l4 i4 p4 #d47 ,philo/ratus1 :o wrote 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury2 records x z an obs]vation ( ,apollonius ,tyanseus1 ,t x 0 wise to speak well ( all ! gods1 especially at ,a!ns1 :]e alt>s ( unkn[n demons 7 erect$4 7,philos4 ,apoll4 ,tyan4 l4 vi4 c4 #c47 ,! au?or ( ! dialogue ,philop>is by _m suppos$ to h be5 ,lucian1 :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #agj1 by o!rs "s anonym\s ,hea!n writ] ( ! f\r? c5tury1 makes ,critias swe> by ! unkn[n god ( ,a!ns2 &1 ne> "t end ( ! dialogue1 has ^! words1 ,b let u f9d out ! unkn[n god at ,a!ns1 &1 /ret*+ our h&s to heav51 (f] to him our praises & ?anksgiv+s4 7,lucian4 9 ,philop4 tom4 ii4 ,graev4 pp4 #gfg1 #ghj47 ,?is is a v curi\s & a v important co9cid5ce4 ,x appe>s beyond controv]sy1 t alt>s ) ?is inscription 7 exi/+ at ,a!ns at ! "t :5 ,sa9t ,paul is alleg$ to h be5 !re4 ,x seems also 7:i* is v wor?y ( obs]vation7 t ?is inscription 0 peculi> to ! ,a!nians4 ,!re is no evid5ce t !re 7 alt>s inscrib$ to ! unkn[n god 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,suppos+ ! hi/ory ( ,sa9t ,paul to h be5 a fable1 h[ is x possible t su* a writ] z ! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 0 %\ld hit ^u a circum/ance s extraord9>y1 & introduce x by an allusion s suitable to ,sa9t ,paul's (fice & "*8 ,! examples "h collect$ w be suffici5t1 ,i hope1 to satisfy u t ! writ]s ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory knew some?+ ( :at !y 7 writ+ ab\t4 ,! argum5t is also /r5g!n$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,i4 ,t ^! agreem5ts appe> n only 9 articles ( public hi/ory1 b sometimes 9 m9ute1 recondite1 & v peculi> circum/ances1 9 :i*1 ( all o!rs1 a =g] is mo/ likely to h be5 f\nd tripp+4 ,,ii4 ,t ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 :i* took place =ty ye>s aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian in/itution1 produc$ su* a *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! c\ntry1 & ! condition ( ! ,jews1 t a writ] :o 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances ( ! nation be=e t ev5t w\ld f9d x difficult to avoid mi/akes1 9 endeav\r+ to give detail$ acc\nts ( transactions connect$ ) ^? circum/ances1 =asmu* z he c\ld no long] h a liv+ exempl> to copy f4 ,,iii4 ,t !re appe>s1 9 ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a k ( ! affairs ( ^? times :i* we d n f9d 9 au?ors ( lat] ages4 ,9 p>ticul>1 _m ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! second & ?ird c5turies1 & ( ! foll[+ ages1 _h false notions conc]n+ ! /ate ( ,judea betwe5 ! nativity ( ,jesus & ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 7,l>dn]1 "p i4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ifj47 ,!re=e !y c\ld n h compos$ our hi/ories4 ,amid/ s _m con=mities we are n to wond] t we meet ) "s difficulties4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! ,i w put d[n1 toge!r ) ! solutions :i* !y h receiv$4 ,b 9 do+ ?is ,i mu/ be cont5t$ ) a brevity bett] suit$ to ! limits ( my volume ?an to ! nature ( a controv]sial argum5t4 ,= ! hi/orical pro(s ( my ass]tions1 & = ! ,greek criticisms ^u :i* "s ( !m are f\nd$1 ,i ref] ! read] to ! second volume ( ! fir/ "p ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s l>ge "w4 ,i4 ,! tax+ dur+ :i* ,jesus 0 born 0 fir/ made1 z we read1 accord+ to our translation1 9 ,sa9t ,luke1 :il/ ,cyr5ius 0 gov]nor ( ,syria4 7,*ap4 ii4 v]4 #b47 ,n[ x turns out t ,cyr5ius 0 n gov]nor ( ,syria until twelve1 or at ! soone/1 t5 ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/2 & t a tax+ c5sus1 or assessm5t1 0 made 9 ,judea1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 gov]nm5t1 ,! *>ge1 !re=e1 br\ght aga9/ ! evangeli/ is1 t1 int5d+ to ref] to ?is tax+1 he has misplac$ ! date ( x by an error ( t5 or twelve ye>s4 ,! answ] to ! accusation is f\nd$ 9 8 us+ ! ^w fir/3--,& ?is tax+ 0 fir/ made3 =1 accord+ to ! mi/ake imput$ to ! evangeli/1 ?is ^w c\ld h no signification :atev]2 x c\ld h _h no place 9 8 n>rative2 because1 let x relate to :at x w1 tax+1 c5sus1 enrolm5t1 or assessm5t1 x imports t ! writ] _h m ?an "o ( ^? 9 contemplation4 ,x acquits him !re=e ( ! *>ge3 x is inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( 8 kn[+ only ( ! tax+ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,cyr5ius's gov]nm5t4 ,& if ! evangeli/ knew 7:i* ?is ^w proves t he did7 ( "s o!r tax+ beside t1 x is too mu*1 = ! sake ( convict+ him ( a mi/ake1 to lay x d[n z c]ta9 t he int5d$ to ref] to t4 ,! s5t5ce 9 ,sa9t ,luke may be con/ru$ ?us3 ,?is 0 ! fir/ assessm5t 7or enrolm5t7 ( ,cyr5ius1 gov]nor ( ,syria299 ! words gov]nor ( ,syria be+ us$ aft] ! "n ( ,cyr5ius z 8 addition or title4 ,& ?is title1 belong+ to him at ! "t ( writ+ ! acc\nt1 0 naturally en\gh subjo9$ to 8 "n1 ?\gh acquir$ aft] ! transaction :i* ! acc\nt describes4 ,a mod]n writ] :o 0 n v exact 9 ! *oice ( 8 expressions1 9 relat+ ! affairs ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 might easily say t su* a ?+ 0 done by ,gov]nor ,ha/+s2 ?\gh1 9 tru?1 ! ?+ _h be5 done by him be=e 8 advancem5t to ! /ation f :i* he receiv$ ! "n ( gov]nor4 ,& ?is1 z we cont5d1 is precisely ! inaccuracy :i* has produc$ ! difficulty 9 ,sa9t ,luke4 99 ,if ! ^w :i* we r5d] fir/ be r5d]$ be=e1 :i* x has be5 /rongly cont5d$ t ! ,greek idiom %[s (1 ! :ole difficulty vani%es3 = !n ! passage w\ld be1--,n[ ?is tax+ 0 made be=e ,cyreulus 0 gov]nor ( ,syria2 :i* corresponds ) ! *ronology4 ,b ,i r *oose to argue1 t h[ev] ! ^w fir/ be r5d]$1 to give x a mean+ at all1 x militates ) ! objection4 ,9 ?is ,i ?9k !re c be no mi/ake4 ,at any rate x appe>s f ! =m ( ! expression t he _h two tax+s or enrolm5ts 9 contemplation4 ,& if ,cyr5ius _h be5 s5t ^u ?is bus9ess into ,judea be=e he became gov]nor ( ,syria 7aga9/ :i* supposition !re is no pro(1 b r ext]nal evid5ce ( an enrolm5t go+ on ab\t ?is "t "u "s p]son or o!r 71 !n ! c5sus on all h&s ackn[l$g$ to h be5 made by him 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 gov]nm5t w\ld =m a second1 s z to occasion ! o!r to be call$ ! fir/4 ,josephus 7,antiq4 xvii4 c4 #b1 sect4 #f47 has ?is rem>kable message3 ,:5 !re=e ! :ole ,jewi% nation took an oa? to be fai?ful to ,caes>1 & ! int]e/s ( ! k+4 ,?is transaction corresponds 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ) ! "t ( ,*ri/'s bir?4 ,:at is call$ a c5sus1 & :i* we r5d] tax+1 0 deliv]+ ^u oa? an acc\nt ( _! prop]ty4 ,?is might be accompani$ ) an oa? ( fidelity1 or might be mi/ak5 by ,josephus = x4 ,,ii4 ,ano!r *ronological objection arises ^u a date assign$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird *apt] ( ,sa9t ,luke4 7,l>dn]1 "p i4 vol4 ii4 p4 #gfh47 ,n[ 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,caes>1--,jesus began to be ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age3 =1 suppos+ ,jesus to h be5 born z ,sa9t ,mat!w & ,sa9t ,luke also himself relate1 9 ! "t ( ,h]od1 he mu/1 accord+ to ! dates giv5 9 ,josephus & by ! ,roman hi/orians1 h be5 at lea/ ?irty-"o ye>s ( age 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ,tib]ius4 ,if he 0 born1 z ,sa9t ,mat!w's n>rative intimates1 "o or two ye>s be=e ,h]od's dea?1 he w\ld h be5 ?irty-two or ?irty-?ree ye>s old at t "t4 ,?is is ! difficulty3 ! solution turns ^u an alt]ation 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,greek4 ,sa9t ,luke's words 9 ! orig9al are all[$1 by ! g5]al op9ion ( le>n$ m51 to signify1 n t ,jesus began to be ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age1 b t he 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age :5 he began 8 m9i/ry4 ,?is con/ruction be+ admitt$1 ! adv]b ab\t gives u all ! latitude we want1 & m especially :5 appli$1 z x is 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 to a decimal numb]2 = su* numb]s1 ev5 )\t ?is qualify+ addition1 are (t5 us$ 9 a lax] s5se ?an is "h cont5d$ =499 99 ,livy1 speak+ ( ! peace :i* ! conduct ( ,romulus _h procur$ to ! /ate1 dur+ ! :ole reign ( 8 successor 7,numa71 has ^! words3 ,ab illo enim pr(ectis viribus datis tautum valuit1 ut1 9 qua>ag9ta deiade annos1 tutam proem hab]et3 yet aft]w>ds 9 ! same *apt]1 ,romulus1 he says1 sept]a et trig9ta regnavit annos4 ,numa tres et quadrag9ta4 7,liv4 ,hi/4 c4 i4 sect4 #af47 ,,iii4 ,acts v4 #cf4 ,= be=e ^! days rose up ,!udas1 boa/+ himself to be somebody2 to :om a numb] ( m51 ab\t f\r hundr$1 jo9$ !mselves3 :o 7 sla92 & all1 z _m z obey$ him1 7 scatt]$ & br\ght to n\ght4 ,josephus has pres]v$ ! acc\nt ( an impo/or ( ! "n ( ,!udas1 :o creat$ "s di/urbances1 & 0 sla92 b accord+ to ! date assign$ to ?is man's appe>ance 79 :i*1 h[ev]1 x is v possible t ,josephus may h be5 mi/ak571 7,mi*aelis's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t ,m>%'s translation1 vol4 i4 p4 #fa47 x mu/ h be51 at ! lea/1 sev5 ye>s aft] ,gamaliel's spee*1 ( :i* ?is text is a "p1 0 deliv]$4 ,x has be5 repli$ to ! objection1 7,l>dn]1 "p i4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ib47 t !re might be two impo/ors ( ?is "n3 & x has be5 obs]v$1 9 ord] to give a g5]al probability to ! solution1 t ! same ?+ appe>s to h happ5$ 9 o!r in/ances ( ! same k9d4 ,x is prov$ f ,josephus1 t !re 7 n few] ?an f\r p]sons ( ! "n ( ,simon )9 =ty ye>s1 & n few] ?an ?ree ( ! "n ( ,judas )9 t5 ye>s1 :o 7 all lead]s ( insurrections3 & x is likewise record$ by ?is hi/orian1 t ^u ! dea? ( ,h]od ! ,great 7:i* agrees v well ) ! "t ( ! commotion ref]r$ to by ,gamaliel1 & ) 8 mann] ( /at+ t "t1 be=e ^! days7 !re 7 innum]able di/urbances 9 ,judea4 7,antiq4 #a4 #ag1 c4 #ab4 sect4 #d47 ,ar*bi%op ,u%] 0 ( op9ion1 t "o ( ! ?ree ,judases above m5tion$ 0 ,gamaliel's ,!udas2 7,annals1 p4 #gig47 & t ) a less v>iation ( ! "n ?an we actually f9d 9 ! ,gospel1 :]e "o ( ! twelve apo/les is call$1 by ,luke1 ,judas2 & by ,m>k1 ,?addeus4 7,luke vi4 #af4 ,m>k iii4 #ah47 ,orig51 h[ev] he came at 8 in=mation1 appe>s to h believ$ t !re 0 an impo/or ( ! "n ( ,!udas be=e ! nativity ( ,*ri/4 7,orig4 cont ,cels4 p4 #dd47 ,,iv4 ,matt4 xxiii4 #cd4 ,:]e=e1 behold ,i s5d unto y prophets1 & wise m51 & scribes1 & "s ( !m ye %all kill & crucify2 & "s ( !m %all ye sc\rge 9 y\r synagogues1 & p]secute !m f city to city2 t ^u y may come all ! righte\s blood %$ ^u ! e>?1 f ! blood ( righte\s ,abel unto ! blood ( ,za*>ias1 son ( ,b>a*ias1 :om ye slew betwe5 ! temple & ! alt>4 ,!re is a ,za*>ias ^: dea? is relat$ 9 ! second book ( ,*ronicles199 9 a mann] :i* p]fectly supports our ,savi\r's allusion4 ,b ?is ,za*>ias 0 ! son ( ,jehoiada4 99 ,& ! ,_s ( ,god came ^u ,za*>ias1 ! son ( ,jehoiada ! prie/1 :i* /ood above ! p1 & mid unto !m1 ,?us sai? ,god1 ,:y transgress ye ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l t ye _c prosp]8 ,because ye hive =sak5 ! ,"l1 he ha? also =sak5 y4 ,& !y conspir$ aga9/ him1 & /on$ him ) /ones1 at ! comm&m5t ( ! k+1 9 ! c\rt ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l4 #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #bj1 #ba4 ,!re is also ,za*>ias ! prophet2 :o 0 ! son ( ,b>a*iah1 & is s describ$ 9 ! sup]scription ( 8 prophecy1 b ( ^: dea? we h no acc\nt4 ,i h little d\bt b t ! fir/ ,za*>ias 0 ! p]son spok5 ( by our ,savi\r2 & t ! "n ( ! fa!r has be5 s9ce add$ or *ang$1 by "s "o :o took x f ! title ( ! prophecy1 :i* happ5$ to be bett] kn[n to him ?an ! hi/ory 9 ! ,*ronicles4 ,!re is likewise a ,za*>ias1 ! son ( ,b>u*1 relat$ by ,josephus to h be5 sla9 9 ! temple a few ye>s be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,x has be5 ins9uat$ t ! words put into our ,savi\r's m\? conta9 a ref]5ce to ?is transaction1 & 7 compos$ by "s writ] :o ei!r conf\nd$ ! "t ( ! transaction ) our ,savi\r's age1 or inadv]t5tly ov]look$ ! ana*ronism4 ,n[1 suppose x to h be5 s2 suppose ^! words to h be5 sugge/$ by ! transaction relat$ 9 ,josephus1 & to h be5 falsely ascrib$ to ,*ri/2 & obs]ve :at extraord9>y co9cid5ces 7accid5tally z x mu/ 9 t case h be57 att5d ! =g]'s mi/ake4 ,fir/1 t we h a ,za*>ias 9 ! book ( ,*ronicles1 ^: dea?1 & ! mann] ( x1 corresponds ) ! allusion4 ,secondly1 t al?\gh ! "n ( ?is p]son's fa!r be errone\sly put d[n 9 ! ,gospel1 yet we h a way ( acc\nt+ = ! error by %[+ ano!r ,za*>ias 9 ! ,jewi% ,scriptures mu* bett] kn[n ?an ! =m]1 ^: patronymic 0 actually t :i* appe>s 9 ! text4 ,e "o :o ?9ks ^u ! subject w f9d ^! to be circum/ances :i* c\ld n h met toge!r 9 a mi/ake :i* did n proce$ f ! circum/ances !mselves4 ,i h notic$1 ,i ?9k1 all ! difficulties ( ?is k9d4 ,!y are few3 "s ( !m admit ( a cle>1 o!rs ( a probable solution4 ,! read] w comp>e !m ) ! numb]1 ! v>iety1 ! clos5ess1 & ! satisfactor9ess1 ( ! in/ances :i* are to be set aga9/ !m2 & he w rememb] ! scant9ess1 9 _m cases1 ( our intellig5ce1 & t difficulties always att5d imp]fect in=mation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,undesign$ ,,co9cid5ces4 ,betwe5 ! lett]s :i* be> ! "n ( ,sa9t ,paul 9 our collection & 8 hi/ory 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les !re exi/ _m notes ( correspond5cy4 ,! simple p]usal ( ! writ+s is suffici5t to prove t nei!r ! hi/ory 0 tak5 f ! lett]s1 nor ! lett]s f ! hi/ory4 ,& ! undesign$ness ( ! agreem5ts 7:i* undesign$ness is ga!r$ f _! lat5cy1 _! m9ut5ess1 _! obliquity1 ! suitabl5ess ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y consi/ to ! places 9 :i* ^? circum/ances occur1 & ! circuit\s ref]5ces by :i* !y are trac$ out7 demon/rates t !y h n be5 produc$ by m$itation1 or by any fraudul5t contrivance4 ,b co9cid5ces1 f :i* ^! causes are exclud$1 & :i* are too close & num]\s to be acc\nt$ = by accid5tal concurr5ces ( fiction1 mu/ necess>ily h tru? = _! f\ndation4 ,?is argum5t appe>$ to my m9d ( s mu* value 7especially = its assum+ no?+ beside ! exi/5ce ( ! books71 t ,i h pursu$ x ?r\gh ,sa9t ,paul's ?irte5 epi/les1 9 a "w publi%$ by me f\r ye>s ago1 "u ! title ( ,horae ,paul9ae4 ,i am s5sible h[ feebly any argum5t :i* dep5ds ^u an induction ( p>ticul>s is repres5t$ )\t examples4 ,on :i* acc\nt ,i wi%$ to h abridg$ my own volume1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,i h treat$ ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,b1 ^u mak+ ! attempt1 ,i did n f9d x 9 my p[] to r5d] ! articles intelligible by few] words ?an ,i h !re us$4 ,i mu/ be cont5t1 !re=e1 to ref] ! read] to ! "w itself4 ,& ,i w\ld p>ticul>ly invite 8 att5tion to ! obs]vations :i* are made 9 x ^u ! fir/ ?ree epi/les4 ,i p]suade myself t he w f9d ! pro(s1 bo? ( agreem5t1 & undesign$ness1 suppli$ by ^! epi/les1 suffici5t to support ! conclusion :i* is !re ma9ta9$1 9 fav\r bo? ( ! g5u95ess ( ! writ+s & ! tru? ( ! n>rative4 ,x rema9s only1 9 ?is place1 to po9t out h[ ! argum5t be>s ^u ! g5]al "q ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,fir/1 ,sa9t ,paul 9 ^! lett]s affirms1 9 unequivocal t]ms1 8 own p]=mance ( miracles1 &1 :at ought p>ticul>ly to be rememb]$1 ,t miracles 7 ! signs ( an ,apo/le4 7,rom4 xv4 #ah1 #ai4 #b ,cor4 xii4 #ab47 ,if ?is te/imony come f ,sa9t ,paul's own h&1 x is invaluable4 ,& t x does s1 ! argum5t be=e u fixes 9 my m9d a firm assurance4 ,secondly1 x %[s t ! s]ies ( action repres5t$ 9 ! epi/les ( ,sa9t ,paul 0 real2 :i* alone lays a f\ndation = ! proposition :i* =ms ! subject ( ! fir/ "p ( our pres5t "w1 viz4 t ! orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory devot$ !mselves to lives ( toil1 suff]+1 & dang]1 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ! tru? ( t hi/ory1 & = ! sake ( communicat+ ! k ( x to o!rs4 ,?irdly1 x proves t ,luke1 or :oev] 0 ! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7= ! argum5t does n dep5d ^u ! "n ( ! au?or1 ?\gh ,i "k no reason = que/ion+ x71 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,sa9t ,paul's hi/ory2 & t he probably 01 :at he pr(esses himself to be1 a companion ( ,sa9t ,paul's travels2 :i*1 if true1 e/abli%es1 9 a consid]able degree1 ! cr$it ev5 ( 8 ,gospel1 because x %[s t ! writ]1 f 8 "t1 situation1 & connexions1 possess$ opportunities ( in=m+ himself truly conc]n+ ! transactions :i* he relates4 ,i h little difficulty 9 apply+ to ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,luke :at is prov$ conc]n+ ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 consid]+ !m z two p>ts ( ! same hi/ory2 = ?\gh !re are in/ances ( second p>ts be+ =g]ies1 ,i "k none :]e ! second "p is g5u9e1 & ! fir/ n s4 ,i w only obs]ve1 z a sequel ( ! argum5t1 ?\gh n notic$ 9 my "w1 ! rem>kable similitude betwe5 ! /yle ( ,sa9t ,john's ,gospel & ( ,sa9t ,john's ,epi/le4 ,! /yle ( ,sa9t ,john's is n at all ! /yle ( ,sa9t ,paul's ,epi/les1 ?\gh bo? are v s+ul>2 nor is x ! /yle ( ,sa9t ,james's or ( ,sa9t ,pet]'s ,epi/les3 b x be>s a resemblance to ! /yle ( ! ,gospel inscrib$ ) ,sa9t ,john's "n1 s f> z t resemblance c be expect$ to appe>1 :i* is n 9 simple n>rative1 s mu* z 9 reflections1 & 9 ! repres5tation ( disc\rses4 ,writ+s s circum/anc$ prove !mselves1 & "o ano!r1 to be g5u9e4 ,?is correspond5cy is ! m valuable1 z ! epi/le itself ass]ts1 9 ,sa9t ,john's mann]1 inde$1 b 9 t]ms suffici5tly explicit1 ! writ]'s p]sonal k ( ,*ri/'s hi/ory3 ,t :i* 0 f ! beg9n+1 :i* we h he>d1 :i* we h se5 ) our eyes1 :i* we h look$ ^u1 & our h&s h h&l$1 ( ! ^w ( life2 t :i* we h se5 & he>d1 decl>e we unto y4 7,*4 i4 v]4 #a--c47,:o w\ld n desire1 :o p]ceives n ! value ( an acc\nt deliv]$ by a writ] s well in=m$ z ?is8 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,resurrection4 ,! hi/ory ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ is a "p ( ! evid5ce ( ,*ri/ianity3 b ,i d n "k :e!r ! prop] /r5g? ( ?is passage ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 or :]e9 its peculi> value1 z a head ( evid5ce1 consi/s1 be g5]ally und]/ood4 ,x is n t1 z a miracle1 ! resurrection ought to be acc\nt$ a m decisive pro( ( sup]natural ag5cy ?an o!r miracles are2 x is n t1 z x /&s 9 ! ,gospels1 x is bett] atte/$ ?an "s o!rs2 x is n1 = ei!r ( ^! reasons1 t m weight belongs to x ?an to o!r miracles1 b = ! foll[+1 viz41 ,t x is completely c]ta9 t ! apo/les ( ,*ri/1 & ! fir/ tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ass]t$ ! fact4 ,& ?is w\ld h be5 c]ta91 if ! f\r ,gospels _h be5 lo/1 or nev] writt54 ,e piece ( ,scripture recognizes ! resurrection4 ,e epi/le ( e apo/le1 e au?or contempor>y ) ! apo/les1 ( ! age imm$iately succe$+ ! apo/les1 e writ+ f t age to ! pres5t g5u9e or spuri\s1 on ! side ( ,*ri/ianity or aga9/ x1 concur 9 repres5t+ ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ z an article ( 8 hi/ory1 receiv$ )\t d\bt or disagreem5t by all :o call$ !mselves ,*ri/ians1 z alleg$ f ! beg9n+ by ! propagators ( ! in/itution1 & alleg$ z ! c5tre ( _! te/imony4 ,no?+1 ,i appreh5d1 :i* a man does n himself see or he> c be m c]ta9 to him ?an ?is po9t4 ,i d n mean t no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t ,*ri/ rose f ! dead2 b t no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t 8 apo/les1 & ! fir/ tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 gave out t he did s4 ,9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,gospel n>rative1 a "q may be made1 :e!r ! ?+s relat$ ( ,*ri/ be ! v ?+s :i* ! apo/les & fir/ tea*]s ( ! religion deliv]$ conc]n+ him8 ,& ?is "q dep5ds a good deal ^u ! evid5ce we possess ( ! g5u95ess1 or r p]haps ( ! antiquity1 cr$it1 & reception ( ! books4 ,on ! subject ( ! resurrection1 no su* discussion is necess>y1 because no su* d\bt c be ent]ta9$4 ,! only po9ts :i* c ent] into our consid]ation are1 :e!r ! apo/les kn[+ly publi%$ a falsehood1 or :e!r !y 7 !mselves deceiv$2 :e!r ei!r ( ^! suppositions be possible4 ,! fir/1 ,i ?9k1 is pretty g5]ally giv5 up4 ,! nature ( ! und]tak+1 & ( ! m52 ! extreme unlikelihood t su* m5 %\ld engage 9 su* a measure z a s*eme2 _! p]sonal toils1 & dang]s & suff]+s 9 ! cause2 _! appropriation ( _! :ole "t to ! object2 ! w>m & seem+ly unaffect$ zeal & e>ne/ness ) :i* !y pr(ess _! s9c]ity exempt _! memory f ! suspicion ( impo/ure4 ,! solution m des]v+ ( notice is t :i* w\ld resolve ! conduct ( ! apo/les into en?usiasm2 :i* w\ld class ! evid5ce ( ,*ri/'s resurrection ) ! num]\s /ories t are extant ( ! app>itions ( dead m54 ,!re are circum/ances 9 ! n>rative1 z x is pres]v$ 9 our hi/ories1 :i* de/roy ?is comp>ison entirely4 ,x 0 n "o p]son b _m1 :o saw him2 !y saw him n only sep>ately b toge!r1 n only by night b by day1 n at a di/ance b ne>1 n once b sev]al times2 !y n only saw him1 b t\*$ him1 conv]s$ ) him1 ate ) him1 exam9$ 8 p]son to satisfy _! d\bts4 ,^! p>ticul>s are decisive3 b !y /&1 ,i d admit1 ^u ! cr$it ( our records4 ,i w\ld answ]1 !re=e1 ! ins9uation ( en?usiasm1 by a circum/ance :i* arises out ( ! nature ( ! ?+2 & ! reality ( :i* mu/ be confess$ by all :o all[1 :at ,i believe is n d5i$1 t ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 :e!r true or false1 0 ass]t$ by 8 disciples f ! beg9n+2 & t circum/ance is1 ! non-production ( ! dead body4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! hi/ory1 :at inde$ ! /ory ( ! resurrection necess>ily implies1 t ! corpse 0 miss+ out ( ! sepul*re3 x is relat$ also 9 ! hi/ory1 t ! ,jews report$ t ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ _h /ol5 x away499 ,& ?is acc\nt1 ?\gh load$ ) great improbabilities1 su* z ! situation ( ! disciples1 _! fe>s = _! own safety at ! "t1 ! unlikelihood ( _! expect+ to succe$1 ! difficulty ( actual success1 & ! inevitable consequ5ce ( detection & failure1 01 nev]!less1 ! mo/ cr$ible acc\nt t c\ld be giv5 ( ! matt]4 ,b x proce$s entirely ^u ! supposition ( fraud1 z all ! old objections did4 ,:at acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! body1 ^u ! supposition ( en?usiasm8 ,x is impossible our ,"l's foll[]s c\ld believe t he 0 ris5 f ! dead1 if 8 corpse 0 ly+ be=e !m4 ,no en?usiasm ev] rea*$ to su* a pit* ( extravagancy z t3 a _s may be an illusion2 a body is a real ?+1 an object ( s5se1 9 :i* !re c be no mi/ake4 ,all acc\nts ( spectres leave ! body 9 ! grave4 ,& al?\gh ! body ( ,*ri/ might be remov$ by fraud1 & = ! purposes ( fraud1 yet )\t any su* int5tion1 & by s9c]e b delud$ m5 7:i* is ! repres5tation ( ! apo/olic "* we are n[ exam9+71 no su* attempt c\ld be made4 ,! pres5ce & ! abs5ce ( ! dead body are alike inconsi/5t ) ! hypo!sis ( en?usiasm3 = if pres5t1 x mu/ h cur$ _! en?usiasm at once2 if abs5t1 fraud1 n en?usiasm1 mu/ h c>ri$ x away4 99 ,& ?is say+1 ,sa9t ,mat!w writes1 is commonly report$ among/ ! ,jews until ?is day 7*ap4 xxviii4 #ae74 ,! evangeli/ may be ?\ght good au?ority z to ?is po9t1 ev5 by ^? :o d n admit 8 evid5ce 9 e o!r po9t3 & ?is po9t is suffici5t to prove t ! body 0 miss+4 ,x has be5 rightly1 ,i ?9k1 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,t[n%5d 7,dis4 ^u ! ,res4 p4 #abf71 t ! /ory ( ! gu>ds c>ri$ collusion ^u ! face ( x3--,8 disciples came by night1 & /ole him away :ile we slept4 ,m5 9 _! circum/ances w\ld n h made su* an ackn[l$gm5t ( _! neglig5ce )\t previ\s assurances ( protection & impunity4 ,especially at ! full moon1 ! city full ( p1 _m probably pass+ ! :ole night1 z ,jesus & 8 disciples _h done1 9 ! op5 air1 ! sepul*re s ne> ! city z to be n[ enclos$ )9 ! walls4 ,prie/ley on ! ,resurr4 p4 #bd4 ,b fur!r1 if we admit1 ^u ! concurr5t te/imony ( all ! hi/ories1 s mu* ( ! acc\nt z /ates t ! religion ( ,jesus 0 set up at ,j]usalem1 & set up ) ass]t+1 9 ! v place 9 :i* he _h be5 buri$1 & a few days aft] he _h be5 buri$1 8 resurrection out ( ! grave1 x is evid5t t1 if 8 body c\ld h be5 f\nd1 ! ,jews w\ld h produc$ x1 z ! %orte/ & complete/ answ] possible to ! :ole /ory4 ,! attempt ( ! apo/les c\ld n h surviv$ ?is refutation a mom5t4 ,if we also admit1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,sa9t ,mat!w1 t ! ,jews 7 adv]tis$ ( ! expectation ( ,*ri/'s foll[]s1 & t !y _h tak5 due precaution 9 consequ5ce ( ?is notice1 & t ! body 0 9 m>k$ & public cu/ody1 ! obs]vation receives m =ce /ill4 ,= not)/&+ _! precaution & al?\gh ?us prep>$ & =ew>n$2 :5 ! /ory ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ came =?1 z x imm$iately did2 :5 x 0 publicly ass]t$ by 8 disciples1 & made ! gr\nd & basis ( _! prea*+ 9 8 "n1 & collect+ foll[]s to 8 religion1 ! ,jews _h n ! body to produce2 b 7 oblig$ to meet ! te/imony ( ! apo/les by an answ] n conta9+ inde$ any impossibility 9 itself1 b absolutely inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( _! integrity2 t is1 9 o!r words1 inconsi/5t ) ! supposition :i* w\ld resolve _! conduct into en?usiasm4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,propagation ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ?is argum5t1 ! fir/ consid]ation is ! fact--9 :at degree1 )9 :at "t1 & to :at ext5t1 ,*ri/ianity actually 0 propagat$4 ,! acc\nts ( ! matt] :i* c be collect$ f our books are z foll[3 ,a few days aft] ,*ri/'s disappe>ance out ( ! _w1 we f9d an assembly ( disciples at ,j]usalem1 to ! numb] ( ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty2 7,acts i4 #ae47 :i* hundr$ & tw5ty 7 probably a little association ( believ]s1 met toge!r n m]ely z believ]s 9 ,*ri/1 b z p]sonally connect$ ) ! apo/les1 & ) "o ano!r4 ,:atev] 0 ! numb] ( believ]s !n 9 ,j]usalem1 we h no reason to be surpris$ t s small a company %\ld assemble3 = !re is no pro( t ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ 7 yet =m$ into a society2 t ! society 0 r$uc$ into any ord]2 t x 0 at ?is "t ev5 und]/ood t a new religion 79 ! s5se :i* t t]m conveys to u7 0 to be set up 9 ! _w1 or h[ ! pr(essors ( t religion 7 to be di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/ _h left1 we may suppose1 ! g5]ality ( 8 disciples 9 great d\bt1 bo? z to :at !y 7 to d1 & conc]n+ :at 0 to foll[4 ,?is meet+ 0 hold51 z we h already said1 a few days aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion3 = t5 days aft] t ev5t 0 ! day ( ,p5teco/1 :51 z our hi/ory relates1 7,acts ii4 #a47 ^u a signal display ( div9e ag5cy att5d+ ! p]sons ( ! apo/les1 !re 7 add$ to ! society ab\t ?ree ?\s& s\ls4 7,acts ii4 #da47 ,b "h1 x is n1 ,i ?9k1 to be tak51 t ^! ?ree ?\s& 7 all conv]t$ by ?is s+le miracle2 b r t _m :o be=e 7 believ]s 9 ,*ri/ became n[ pr(essors ( ,*ri/ianity2 t is to say1 :5 !y f\nd t a religion 0 to be e/abli%$1 a society =m$ & set up 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 gov]n$ by 8 laws1 av[+ _! belief 9 8 mission1 unit$ among/ !mselves1 & sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! _w by visible di/9ctions2 9 pursuance ( _! =m] conviction1 & by virtue ( :at !y _h he>d & se51 & kn[n ( ,*ri/'s hi/ory1 !y publicly became memb]s ( x4 ,we read 9 ! f\r? *apt] 7v]se #d7 ( ! ,acts1 t soon aft] ?is1 ! numb] ( ! m51 i4 e4 ! society op5ly pr(ess+ _! belief 9 ,*ri/1 0 ab\t five ?\s&4 ,s t "h is an increase ( two ?\s& )9 a v %ort "t4 ,& x is probable t !re 7 _m1 bo? n[ & aft]w>ds1 :o1 al?\gh !y believ$ 9 ,*ri/1 did n ?9k x necess>y to jo9 !mselves to ?is society2 or :o wait$ to see :at 0 likely to become ( x4 ,gamaliel1 ^: advice to ! ,jewi% c\ncil is record$ ,acts v4 #cd1 appe>s to h be5 ( ?is description2 p]haps ,nicodemus1 & p]haps also ,joseph ( ,arima!a4 ,?is class ( m51 _! "* & _! rank1 are likewise po9t$ out by ,sa9t ,john1 9 ! twelf? *apt] ( 8 ,gospel3 ,nev]!less1 among ! *ief rul]s also _m believ$ on him1 b because ( ! ,ph>isees !y did n confess him1 le/ !y %\ld be put out ( ! synagogue1 = !y lov$ ! praise ( m5 m ?an ! praise ( ,god4 ,p]sons su* z ^! might admit ! miracles ( ,*ri/1 )\t be+ imm$iately conv9c$ t !y 7 "u obligation to make a public pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity at ! risk ( all t 0 de> to !m 9 life1 & ev5 ( life itself499 99 ,beside ^? :o pr(ess$1 & ^? :o reject$ & oppos$1 ,*ri/ianity1 !re 7 9 all probability multitudes betwe5 bo?1 nei!r p]fect ,*ri/ians nor yet unbeliev]s4 ,!y _h a fav\rable op9ion ( ! ,gospel1 b worldly consid]ations made !m unwill+ to own x4 ,!re 7 _m circum/ances :i* incl9$ !m to ?9k t ,*ri/ianity 0 a div9e revelation1 b !re 7 _m inconv5i5ces :i* att5d$ ! op5 pr(ession ( x2 & !y c\ld n f9d 9 !mselves c\rage en\gh to be> !m to disoblige _! fri5ds & family1 to ru9 _! =tunes1 to lose _! reputation1 _! lib]ty1 & _! life1 = ! sake ( ! new religion4 ,!re=e !y 7 will+ to hope1 t if !y endeav\r$ to obs]ve ! great pr9ciples ( morality :i* ,*ri/ _h repres5t$ z ! pr9cipal "p1 ! sum & sub/ance ( religion2 if !y ?\ght hon\rably ( ! ,gospel2 if !y (f]$ no injury to ! ,*ri/ians2 if !y did !m all ! s]vices t !y c\ld safely p]=m1 !y 7 will+ to hope t ,god w\ld accept ?is1 & t ,he w\ld excuse & =give ! re/4 ,jort9's ,dis4 on ! ,*ri/4 ,rel4 p4 #ia1 ed4 #d4 ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 proce$$ to increase 9 ,j]usalem by a progress equally rapid ) its fir/ success2 = 9 ! next *apt] ( our hi/ory1 we read t believ]s 7 ! m add$ to ! ,"l1 multitudes bo? ( m5 & wom54 ,& ?is enl>gem5t ( ! new society appe>s 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! succe$+ *apt]1 :]e9 we are told1 t :5 ! numb] ( ! disciples 0 multipli$1 !re arose a murmur+ ( ! ,grecians aga9/ ! ,hebrews because _! wid[s 7 neglect$2 7,acts v4 #ad2 vi4 #a7 & aft]w>ds1 9 ! same *apt]1 x is decl>$ expressly1 t ! numb] ( ! disciples multipli$ 9 ,j]usalem greatly1 & t a great company ( ! prie/s 7 ob$i5t to ! fai?4 ,?is ,i call ! fir/ p]iod 9 ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x comm5ces ) ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 & ext5ds1 z may be collect$ f incid5tal notes ( "t1 7,vide ,pe>son's ,antiq4 #a4 xviii4 c4 #g4 ,b5son's ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 b4 i4 p4 #adh47 to some?+ m ?an "o ye> aft] t ev5t4 ,dur+ :i* t]m1 ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 s f> z our docum5ts in=m u1 0 conf9$ to ! s+le city ( ,j]usalem4 ,& h[ did x succe$ !re8 ,! fir/ assembly :i* we meet ) ( ,*ri/'s disciples1 & t a few days aft] 8 removal f ! _w1 consi/$ ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,ab\t a week aft] ?is1 ?ree ?\s& 7 add$ 9 "o day2 & ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians publicly baptiz$1 & publicly associat+ toge!r1 0 v soon increas$ to five ?\s&4 ,multitudes bo? ( m5 & wom5 cont9u$ to be add$2 disciples multipli$ greatly1 & _m ( ! ,jewi% prie/hood z well z o!rs1 became ob$i5t to ! fai?2 & ?is )9 a space ( less ?an two ye>s f ! comm5cem5t ( ! in/itution4 ,by reason ( a p]secution rais$ aga9/ ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 ! conv]ts 7 driv5 f t city1 & disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! regions ( ,judea & ,sam>ia4 7,acts viii4 l47 ,:]ev] !y came1 !y br\ght _! religion ) !m3 = our hi/orian in=ms u1 7,acts viii4 #d47 t !y t 7 scatt]$ abroad w5t ev]y:]e prea*+ ! ^w4 ,! effect ( ?is prea*+ comes aft]w>ds to be notic$1 :]e ! hi/orian is l$1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 n>rative1 to obs]ve t !n 7i4 e4 ab\t ?ree ye>s po/]ior to ?is1 ,b5son1 b4 i4 p4 #bjg47 ! *ur*es _h re/ ?r\gh\t all ,judea & ,galilee & ,sam>ia1 & 7 edifi$1 & walk+ 9 ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 & 9 ! com=t ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 7 multipli$4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( ! second p]iod1 :i* comprises ab\t f\r ye>s4 ,hi!rto ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel _h be5 conf9$ to ,jews1 to ,jewi% proselytes1 & to ,sam>itans4 ,& ,i _c =be> f sett+ d[n 9 ?is place an obs]vation ( ,mr4 ,bryant1 :i* appe>s to me to be p]fectly well f\nd$2--,! ,jews /ill rema93 b h[ seldom is x t we c make a s+le proselyte6 ,!re is reason to ?9k1 t !re 7 m conv]t$ by ! apo/les 9 "o day ?an h s9ce be5 won ov] 9 ! la/ ?\s& ye>s4 7,bryant on ! ,tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 p4 #aab47 ,x 0 n yet kn[n to ! apo/les t !y 7 at lib]ty to propose ! religion to mank9d at l>ge4 ,t my/]y1 z ,sa9t ,paul calls x1 7,eph4 iii4 #c--f47 & z x !n 01 0 reveal$ to ,pet] by an especial miracle4 ,x appe>s to h be5 7,b5son1 book ii4 p4 #bcf47 ab\t sev5 ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion t ! ,gospel 0 prea*$ to ! ,g5tiles ( ,ces>ea4 ,a ye> aft] ?is a great multitude ( ,g5tiles 7 conv]t$ at ,antio* 9 ,syria4 ,! expressions employ$ by ! hi/orian are ^!3--,a great numb] believ$1 & turn$ to ! ,"l2 mu* p 0 add$ unto ! ,"l2 ! apo/les ,b>nabas & ,paul taught mu* p4 7,acts xi4 #ba1 #bd1 #bf47 ,^u ,h]od's dea?1 :i* happ5$ 9 ! next ye>1 7,b5son1 book ii1 p4 #bhi47 x is obs]v$1 t ! ^w ( ,god grew & multipli$4 7,acts xii4 #bd47 ,?ree ye>s f ?is "t1 ^u ! prea*+ ( ,paul at ,iconium1 ! metropolis ( ,lycaonia1 a great multitude bo? ( ,jews & ,greeks believ$3 7,acts xiv4 #a47 & aft]w>ds1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is v progress1 he is repres5t$ z mak+ _m disciples at ,d]be1 a pr9cipal city 9 ! same di/rict4 ,?ree ye>s 7,b5son's ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 book iii4 p4 #ej47 aft] ?is1 :i* br+s u to sixte5 aft] ! asc5sion1 ! apo/les wrote a public lett] f ,j]usalem to ! ,g5tile conv]ts 9 ,antio*1 ,syria1 & ,cilicia1 ) :i* lett] ,paul travell$ ?r\gh ^! c\ntries1 & f\nd ! *ur*es e/abli%$ 9 ! fai?1 & increas+ 9 numb] daily4 7,acts xvi4 #e47 ,f ,asia ! apo/le proce$$ into ,greece1 :]e1 soon aft] 8 arrival 9 ,mac$onia1 we f9d him at ,!ssalonica3 9 :i* city1 "s ( ! ,jews believ$1 & ( ! dev\t ,greeks a great multitude4 7,acts xvii4 #d47 ,we meet also "h ) an accid5tal h9t ( ! g5]al progress ( ! ,*ri/ian mission1 9 ! exclamation ( ! tumultu\s ,jews ( ,!ssalonica1 t !y :o _h turn$ ! _w upside d[n 7 come ?i!r also4 7,acts xvii4 #f47 ,at ,b]ea1 ! next city at :i* ,sa9t ,paul arrives1 ! hi/orian1 :o 0 pres5t1 in=m u t _m ( ! ,jews believ$4 7,acts xvii4 #ab47 ,! next ye> & a half ( ,sa9t ,paul's m9i/ry 0 sp5t at ,cor9?4 ,( 8 success 9 t city we receive ! foll[+ intimations2 t _m ( ! ,cor9?ians believ$ & 7 baptiz$2 & t x 0 reveal$ to ! ,apo/le by ,*ri/1 t be _h mu* p 9 t city4 7,acts xviii1 #h--aj47 ,)9 less ?an a ye> aft] 8 dep>ture f ,cor9?1 & tw5ty-five 7,b5son1 book iii4 p1 #afj47 ye>s aft] ! asc5sion1 ,sa9t ,paul fix$ 8 /ation at ,ephesus = ! space ( two ye>s 7,acts xix4 #aj47 & some?+ m4 ,! effect ( 8 m9i/ry 9 t city & neighb\rhood drew f ! hi/orian a reflection h[ mightily grew ! ^w ( ,god & prevail$4 7,acts xix4 #bj47 ,& at ! conclusion ( ?is p]iod we f9d ,demetrius at ! head ( a p>ty1 :o 7 al>m$ by ! progress ( ! religion1 compla9+1 t n only at ,ephesus1 b also ?r\gh\t all ,asia 7i4 e4 ! prov9ce ( ,lydia1 & ! c\ntry adjo9+ to ,ephesus71 ?is ,paul ha? p]suad$ & turn$ away mu* p4 7,acts xix4 #bf47 ,beside ^! acc\nts1 !re occurs1 incid5tally1 m5tion ( conv]ts at ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 ,a!ns1 ,cyprus1 ,cyr5e1 ,mac$onia1 ,philippi4 ,?is is ! ?ird p]iod 9 ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity1 sett+ (f 9 ! sev5? ye> aft] ! asc5sion1 & end+ at ! tw5ty-eigh?4 ,n[1 lay ^! ?ree p]iods toge!r1 & obs]ve h[ ! progress ( ! religion by ^! acc\nts is repres5t$4 ,! in/itution1 :i* prop]ly began only aft] its ,au?or's removal f ! _w1 be=e ! end ( ?irty ye>s1 _h spread itself ?r\gh ,judea1 ,galilee1 & ,sam>ia1 almo/ all ! num]\s di/ricts ( ! ,less] ,asia1 ?r\gh ,greece1 & ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,sea1 ! seacoa/ ( ,africa1 & _h ext5d$ itself to ,rome1 & into ,italy4 ,at ,antio*1 9 ,syria1 at ,joppa1 ,ephesus1 ,cor9?1 ,!ssalonica1 ,b]ea1 ,iconium1 ,d]be1 ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 at ,lydda1 ,s>on1 ! numb] ( conv]ts is intimat$ by ! expressions1 a great numb]1 great multitudes1 mu* p4 ,conv]ts are m5tion$1 )\t any designation ( _! numb]199 at ,tyre1 ,ces>ea1 ,troas1 ,a!ns1 ,philippi1 ,ly/ra1 ,damascus4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ,j]usalem cont9u$ n only ! c5tre ( ! mission1 b a pr9cipal seat ( ! religion2 = :5 ,sa9t ,paul return$ ?i!r at ! conclusion ( ! p]iod ( :i* we are n[ consid]+ ! acc\nts1 ! o!r apo/les po9t$ out to him1 z a reason = 8 compliance ) _! advice1 h[ _m ?\s&s 7myriads1 t5 ?\s&s7 !re 7 9 t city :o believ$4 99 ,consid]+ ! extreme concis5ess ( _m p>ts ( ! hi/ory1 ! sil5ce ab\t ! numb] ( conv]ts is no pro( ( _! paucity2 = at ,philippi1 no m5tion :atev] is made ( ! numb]1 yet ,sa9t ,paul address$ an epi/le to t *ur*4 ,! *ur*es ( ,galatia1 & ! affairs ( ^? *ur*es1 7 consid]able en\gh to be ! subject ( ano!r lett]1 & ( mu* ( ,sa9t ,paul's solicitude2 yet no acc\nt is pres]v$ 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 success1 or ev5 ( 8 prea*+ 9 t c\ntry1 except ! slight notice :i* ^! words convey3--,:5 !y _h gone ?r\gh\t ,phrygia1 & ! region ( ,galatia1 !y assay$ to g into ,bi?ynia4 ,acts xvi4 #f4 ,acts xxi4 #bj4 ,^u ?is ab/ract1 & ! writ+ f :i* x is drawn1 ! foll[+ obs]vations seem mat]ial to be made3 ,i4 ,t ! acc\nt comes f a p]son :o 0 himself conc]n$ 9 a portion ( :at he relates1 & 0 contempor>y ) ! :ole ( x2 :o visit$ ,j]usalem1 & frequ5t$ ! society ( ^? :o _h act$1 & 7 act+ ! *ief p>ts 9 ! transaction4 ,i lay d[n ?is po9t positively2 = _h ! anci5t atte/ations to ?is valuable record be5 less satisfactory ?an !y are1 ! unaffect$ness & simplicity ) :i* ! au?or notes 8 pres5ce ^u c]ta9 occasions1 & ! entire abs5ce ( art & design f ^! notices1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t to p]suade my m9d t1 :oev] he 01 he actually liv$ 9 ! times1 & occupi$ ! situation1 9 :i* he repres5ts himself to be4 ,:5 ,i say1 :oev] he 01 ,i d n mean to ca/ a d\bt ^u ! "n to :i* antiquity ha? ascrib$ ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7= !re is no cause1 t ,i am acqua9t$ )1 = que/ion+ x71 b to obs]ve t1 9 su* a case z ?is1 ! "t & situation ( ! au?or are ( m importance ?an 8 "n2 & t ^! appe> f ! "w itself1 & 9 ! mo/ unsuspici\s =m4 ,,ii4 ,t ?is acc\nt is a v incomplete acc\nt ( ! prea*+ & propagation ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,i mean1 t if :at we read 9 ! hi/ory be true1 mu* m ?an :at ! hi/ory conta9s mu/ be true also4 ,=1 al?\gh ! n>rative f :i* our in=mation is d]iv$ has be5 entitl$ ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 x is1 9 fact1 a hi/ory ( ! twelve apo/les only dur+ a %ort "t ( _! cont9u+ toge!r at ,j]usalem2 & ev5 ( ?is p]iod ! acc\nt is v concise4 ,! "w aft]w>ds consi/s ( a few important passages ( ,pet]'s m9i/ry1 ( ! spee* & dea? ( ,/eph51 ( ! prea*+ ( ,philip ! deacon2 & ! sequel ( ! volume1 t is1 two ?irds ( ! :ole1 is tak5 up ) ! conv]sion1 ! travels1 ! disc\rses1 & hi/ory ( ! new apo/le1 ,paul2 9 :i* hi/ory1 also1 l>ge portions ( "t are (t5 pass$ ov] ) v scanty notice4 ,,iii4 ,t ! acc\nt1 s f> z x goes1 is = ?is v reason m cr$ible4 ,_h x be5 ! au?or's design to h display$ ! e>ly progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h collect$1 or at lea/ h set =?1 acc\nts ( ! prea*+ ( ! re/ ( ! apo/les1 :o _c )\t extreme improbability be suppos$ to h rema9$ sil5t & inactive1 or n to h met ) a %>e ( t success :i* att5d$ _! colleagues4 ,to :i* may be add$1 z an obs]vation ( ! same k9d1 ,,iv4 ,t ! intimations ( ! numb] ( conv]ts1 & ( ! success ( ! prea*+ ( ! apo/les1 come out = ! mo/ "p incid5tally3 are drawn f ! hi/orian by ! occasion1 su* z ! murmur+ ( ! ,grecian conv]ts2 ! re/ f p]secution2 ,h]od's dea?2 ! s5d+ ( ,b>nabas to ,antio*1 & ,b>nabas call+ ,paul to 8 assi/ance2 ,paul com+ to a place & f9d+ !re disciples2 ! clam\r ( ! ,jews2 ! compla9t ( artific]s int]e/$ 9 ! support ( ! popul> religion2 ! reason assign$ to induce ,paul to give satisfaction to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,j]usalem4 ,_h x n be5 = ^! occasions x is probable t no notice :atev] w\ld h be5 tak5 ( ! numb] ( conv]ts 9 sev]al ( ! passages 9 :i* t notice n[ appe>s4 ,all ?is t5ds to remove ! suspicion ( a design to exagg]ate or deceive4 ,,p>allel ,,te/imonies ) ! hi/ory are ! lett]s ( ,sa9t ,paul1 & ( ! o!r apo/les1 :i* h come d[n to u4 ,^? ( ,sa9t ,paul are address$ to ! *ur*es ( ,cor9?1 ,philippi1 ,!ssalonica1 ! *ur* ( ,galatia1 &1 if ! inscription be "r1 ( ,ephesus2 8 m9i/ry at all :i* places is record$ 9 ! hi/ory3 to ! *ur* ( ,colosse1 or r to ! *ur*es ( ,colosse & ,laodicea jo9tly1 :i* he _h n !n visit$4 ,!y recognise by ref]5ce ! *ur*es ( ,judea1 ! *ur*es ( ,asia1 & all ! *ur*es ( ! ,g5tiles4 7,!ss ii4 #ad47 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7,rom4 xv4 #ah1 #ai47 ! au?or is l$ to deliv] a rem>kable decl>ation conc]n+ ! ext5t ( 8 prea*+1 its efficacy1 & ! cause to :i* he ascribes x1--to make ! ,g5tiles ob$i5t by ^w & de$1 ?r\gh mighty signs & wond]s1 by ! p[] ( ! ,_s ( ,god2 s t f ,j]usalem1 & r\nd ab\t unto ,illyricum1 ,i h fully prea*$ ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! epi/le to ! ,colossians1 7,col4 i4 #bc47 we f9d an oblique b v /rong signification ( ! !n g5]al /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian mission1 at lea/ z x appe>$ to ,sa9t ,paul3--,if ye cont9ue 9 ! fai?1 gr\nd$ & settl$1 & be n mov$ away f ! hope ( ! ,gospel1 :i* ye h he>d1 & :i* 0 prea*$ to e creature :i* is "u heav52 :i* ,gospel1 he _h rem9d$ !m ne> ! beg9n+ ( 8 lett] 7,col4 i4 #f471 0 pres5t ) !m1 z x 0 9 all ! _w4 ,! expressions are hyp]bolical2 b !y are hyp]boles :i* c\ld only be us$ by a writ] :o ent]ta9$ a /rong s5se ( ! subject4 ,! fir/ epi/le ( ,pet] acco/s ! ,*ri/ians disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ,pontus1 ,galatia1 ,cappadocia1 ,asia1 & ,bi?ynia4 ,x comes next to be consid]$ h[ f> ^! acc\nts are confirm$ or foll[$ up by o!r evid5ce4 ,tacitus1 9 deliv]+ a relation1 :i* has already be5 laid be=e ! read]1 ( ! fire :i* happ5$ at ,rome 9 ! t5? ye> ( ,n]o 7:i* co9cides ) ! ?irtie? ye> aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion71 ass]ts t ! emp]or1 9 ord] to suppress ! rum\rs ( hav+ be5 himself ! au?or ( ! mis*ief1 procur$ ! ,*ri/ians to be accus$4 ,( :i* ,*ri/ians1 ?us br\ght into 8 n>rative1 ! foll[+ is s mu* ( ! hi/orian's acc\nt z belongs to our pres5t purpose3 ,!y _h _! d5om9ation f ,*ri/us1 :o1 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 0 put to dea? z a crim9al by ! procurator ,pontius ,pilate4 ,?is p]nici\s sup]/ition1 ?\gh *eck$ = a :ile1 broke out aga91 & spread n only ov] ,judea1 b rea*$ ! city also4 ,at fir/ !y only 7 appreh5d$ :o confess$ !mselves ( t sect2 aft]w>ds va/ multitude 7 discov]$ by !m4 ,?is te/imony to ! e>ly propagation ( ,*ri/ianity is extremely mat]ial4 ,x is f an hi/orian ( great reputation1 liv+ ne> ! "t2 f a /rang] & an enemy to ! religion2 & x jo9s imm$iately ) ! p]iod ?r\gh :i* ! ,scripture acc\nts ext5d4 ,x e/abli%es ^! po9ts3 t ! religion began at ,j]usalem2 t x spread ?r\gh\t ,judea2 t x _h rea*$ ,rome1 & n only s1 b t x _h !re obta9$ a great numb] ( conv]ts4 ,?is 0 ab\t six ye>s aft] ! "t t ,sa9t ,paul wrote 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 & some?+ m ?an two ye>s aft] he arriv$ !re himself4 ,! conv]ts to ! religion 7 !n s num]\s at ,rome1 t ( ^? :o 7 betray$ by ! in=mation ( ! p]sons fir/ p]secut$1 a great multitude 7multitudo +5s7 7 discov]$ & seiz$4 ,x seems probable1 t ! tempor>y *eck :i* ,tacitus repres5ts ,*ri/ianity to h receiv$ 7repressa 9 praes5s7 ref]r$ to ! p]secution ( ,j]usalem :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,/eph5 7,acts viii472 & :i*1 by disp]s+ ! conv]ts1 caus$ ! in/itution1 9 "s measure1 to disappe>4 ,its second eruption at ! same place1 & )9 a %ort "t1 has mu* 9 x ( ! "* ( tru?4 ,x 0 ! firmness & p]sev]ance ( m5 :o knew :at !y reli$ ^u4 ,next 9 ord] ( "t1 & p]haps sup]ior 9 importance is ! te/imony ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]4 ,pl9y 0 ! ,roman gov]nor ( ,pontus & ,bi?ynia1 two consid]able di/ricts 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! situation 9 :i* he f\nd 8 prov9ce l$ him to apply to ! emp]or 7,trajan7 = 8 direction z to ! conduct he 0 to hold t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! lett] 9 :i* ?is application is conta9$ 0 writt5 n q eighty ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion4 ,! presid5t1 9 ?is lett]1 /ates ! measures he _h already pursu$1 & !n adds1 z 8 reason = resort+ to ! emp]or's c\nsel & au?ority1 ! foll[+ words3--,susp5d+ all judicial proce$+s1 ,i h rec\rse to y = advice2 = x has appe>$ to me a matt] highly des]v+ consid]ation1 especially on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( p]sons :o are 9 dang] ( suff]+3 = _m ( all ages1 & ( e rank1 ( bo? sexes likewise1 are accus$1 & w be accus$4 ,nor has ! contagion ( ?is sup]/ition seiz$ cities only1 b ! less] t[ns also1 & ! op5 c\ntry4 ,nev]!less x seem$ to me t x may be re/ra9$ & correct$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! temples1 :i* 7 almo/ =sak51 beg9 to be m frequ5t$2 & ! sacr$ solemnities1 aft] a long int]mission1 are reviv$4 ,victims1 likewise1 are ev]y:]e 7passim7 b\ght up2 :]eas1 = "s "t1 !re 7 few to pur*ase !m4 ,:5ce x is easy to imag9e t numb]s ( m5 might be reclaim$ if p>don 7 grant$ to ^? t %all rep5t4 7,c4 ,pl94 ,trajano ,imp4 lib4 x4 ep4 xcvii47 ,x is obvi\s to obs]ve1 t ! passage ( ,pl9y's lett] "h quot$1 proves1 n only t ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,pontus & ,bi?ynia 7 n[ num]\s1 b t !y _h subsi/$ !re = "s consid]able "t4 ,x is c]ta91 he says1 t ! temples1 :i* 7 almo/ =sak5 7pla9ly ascrib+ ?is des]tion ( ! popul> wor%ip to ! preval5cy ( ,*ri/ianity71 beg9 to be m frequ5t$2 & ! sacr$ solemnities1 aft] a long int]mission1 are reviv$4 ,!re are also two clauses 9 ! =m] "p ( ! lett] :i* indicate ! same ?+2 "o1 9 :i* he decl>es t he _h nev] be5 pres5t at any trials ( ,*ri/ians1 & !re=e knew n :at 0 ! usual subject ( inquiry & puni%m5t1 or h[ f> ei!r 0 wont to be urg$4 ,! second clause is ! foll[+3 ,o!rs 7 nam$ by an in=m]1 :o1 at fir/1 confess$ !mselves ,*ri/ians1 & aft]w>ds d5i$ x2 ! re/ said !y _h be5 ,*ri/ians "s ?ree ye>s ago1 "s long]1 & "s ab\t tw5ty ye>s4 ,x is also app>5t1 t ,pl9y speaks ( ! ,*ri/ians z a description ( m5 well kn[n to ! p]son to :om he writes4 ,8 fir/ s5t5ce conc]n+ !m is1 ,i h nev] be5 pres5t at ! trials ( ,*ri/ians4 ,?is m5tion ( ! "n ( ,*ri/ians1 )\t any prep>atory explanation1 %[s t x 0 a t]m famili> bo? to ! writ] ( ! lett] & ! p]son to :om x 0 address$4 ,_h x n be5 s1 ,pl9y w\ld naturally h begun 8 lett] by in=m+ ! emp]or t he _h met ) a c]ta9 set ( m5 9 ! prov9ce call$ ,*ri/ians4 ,"h !n is a v s+ul> evid5ce ( ! progress ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 a %ort space4 ,x 0 n f\rscore ye>s aft] ! crucifixion ( ,jesus :5 ,pl9y wrote ?is lett]2 nor sev5ty ye>s s9ce ! apo/les ( ,jesus began to m5tion 8 "n to ! ,g5tile _w4 ,bi?ynia & ,pontus 7 at a great di/ance f ,judea1 ! c5tre f :i* ! religion spread2 yet 9 ^! prov9ces ,*ri/ianity _h long subsi/$1 & ,*ri/ians 7 n[ 9 su* numb]s z to lead ! ,roman gov]nor to report to ! emp]or t !y 7 f\nd n only 9 cities1 b 9 villages & 9 op5 c\ntries2 ( all ages1 ( e rank & condition2 t !y ab\nd$ s mu* z to h produc$ a visible des]tion ( ! temples2 t bea/s br\ght to m>ket = victims _h few pur*as]s2 t ! sacr$ solemnities 7 mu* neglect$3--circum/ances not$ by ,pl9y = ! express purpose ( %[+ to ! emp]or ! effect & preval5cy ( ! new in/itution4 ,no evid5ce rema9s by :i* x c be prov$ t ! ,*ri/ians 7 m num]\s 9 ,pontus & ,bi?ynia ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,roman empire2 nor has any reason be5 (f]$ to %[ :y !y %\ld be s4 ,*ri/ianity did n beg9 9 ^! c\ntries1 nor ne> !m4 ,i d n "k1 !re=e1 t we ought to conf9e ! description 9 ,pl9y's lett] to ! /ate ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ^! prov9ces1 ev5 if no o!r acc\nt ( ! same subject _h come d[n to u2 b1 c]ta9ly1 ?is lett] may fairly be appli$ 9 aid & confirmation ( ! repres5tations giv5 ( ! g5]al /ate ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! _w1 by ,*ri/ian writ]s ( t & ! next succe$+ age4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o wrote ab\t ?irty ye>s aft] ,pl9y1 & "o hundr$ & six aft] ! asc5sion1 has ^! rem>kable words3 ,!re is n a nation1 ei!r ( ,greek or b>b>ian1 or ( any o!r "n1 ev5 ( ^? :o w&] 9 tribes1 & live 9 t5ts1 among/ :om pray]s & ?anksgiv+s are n (f]$ to ! ,fa!r & ,creator ( ! univ]se by ! "n ( ! crucifi$ ,jesus4 7,dial cum ,tryph47 ,t]tullian1 :o comes ab\t fifty ye>s aft] ,ju/91 appeals to ! gov]nors ( ! ,roman empire 9 ^! t]ms3 ,we 7 b ( ye/]day1 & we h fill$ y\r cities1 isl&s1 t[ns1 & bor\ghs1 ! camp1 ! s5ate1 & ! =um4 ,!y 7! hea!n adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity7 lam5t t e sex1 age1 & condition1 & p]sons ( e rank also1 are conv]ts to t "n4 7,t]tull4 ,apol4 c4 #cg47 ,i d all[ t ^! expressions are loose1 & may be call$ declamatory4 ,b ev5 declamation ha? its b\nds2 ?is public boa/+ ^u a subject :i* mu/ be kn[n to e read] 0 n only useless b unnatural1 unless ! tru? ( ! case1 9 a consid]able degree1 correspond$ ) ! description2 at lea/1 unless x _h be5 bo? true & notori\s1 t great multitudes ( ,*ri/ians1 ( all ranks & ord]s1 7 to be f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! same ,t]tullian1 9 ano!r passage1 by way ( sett+ =? ! ext5sive diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity1 enum]ates z belong+ to ,*ri/1 beside _m o!r c\ntries1 ! ,moors & ,gaetulians ( ,africa1 ! bord]s ( ,spa91 sev]al nations ( ,france1 & p>ts ( ,brita9 inaccessible to ! ,romans1 ! ,s>matians1 ,daci1 ,g]mans1 & ,scy?ians2 7,ad ,jud4 c4 #g47 &1 :i* is m mat]ial ?an ! ext5t ( ! in/itution1 ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! sev]al c\ntries 9 :i* x prevail$ is ?us express$ by him3 ,al?\gh s great a multitude1 t 9 almo/ e city we =m ! great] "p1 we pass our "t mode/ly & 9 sil5ce4 7,ad ,scap4 c4 iii47 ,a ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 :o prec$$ ,t]tullian by a few ye>s1 introduc$ a comp>ison betwe5 ! success ( ,*ri/ianity & t ( ! mo/ celebrat$ philosophical in/itutions3 ,! philosoph]s 7 conf9$ to ,greece1 & to _! p>ticul> reta9]s2 b ! doctr9e ( ! ,ma/] ( ,*ri/ianity n rema9 9 ,judea1 z philosophy did 9 ,greece1 b is ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 9 e nation1 & village1 & city1 bo? ( ,greeks & b>b>ians1 conv]t+ bo? :ole h\ses & sep>ate individuals1 hav+ already br\ght ov] to ! tru? n a few ( ! philosoph]s !mselves4 ,if ! ,greek philosophy he prohibit$1 x imm$iately vani%es2 :]eas1 f ! fir/ prea*+ ( our doctr9e1 k+s & tyrants1 gov]nors & presid5ts1 ) _! :ole tra91 & ) ! populace on _! side1 h endeav\r$ ) _! :ole might to ext]m9ate x1 yet do? x fl\ri% m & m4 7,clem4 ,,ai4 ,/rora4 lib4 vi4 ad f947 ,orig51 :o foll[s ,t]tullian at ! di/ance ( only ?irty ye>s1 deliv]s ne>ly ! same acc\nt3 ,9 e "p ( ! _w1 says he1 ?r\gh\t all ,greece1 & 9 all o!r nations1 !re are innum]able & imm5se multitudes1 :o1 hav+ left ! laws ( _! c\ntry1 & ^? :om !y e/eem$ gods1 h giv5 !mselves up to ! law ( ,moses1 & ! religion ( ,*ri/3 & ?is n )\t ! bitt]e/ res5tm5t f ! idolat]s1 by :om !y 7 frequ5tly put to torture1 & sometimes to dea?3 & x is wond]ful to obs]ve h[1 9 s %ort a "t1 ! religion has increas$1 amid/ puni%m5t & dea?1 & e k9d ( torture4 7,orig4 9 ,cels4 lib4 i47 ,9 ano!r passage1 ,orig5 draws ! foll[+ c&id comp>ison betwe5 ! /ate ( ,*ri/ianity 9 8 "t & ! condition ( its m primitive ages3 ,by ! good provid5ce ( ,god1 ! ,*ri/ian religion has s fl\ri%$ & increas$ cont9ually t x is n[ prea*$ freely )\t mole/ation1 al?\gh !re 7 a ?\s& ob/acles to ! spread+ ( ! doctr9e ( ,jesus 9 ! _w4 ,b z x 0 ! w ( ,god t ! ,g5tiles %\ld h ! b5efit ( x1 all ! c\nsels ( m5 aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 7 defeat$3 & by h[ mu* ! m emp]ors & gov]nors ( prov9ces1 & ! p ev]y:]e /rove to depress !m1 s mu* ! m h !y increas$ & prevail$ exce$+ly4 7,orig4 cont4 ,cels4 lib vii47 ,x is well kn[n t1 )9 less ?an eighty ye>s aft] ?is1 ! ,roman empire became ,*ri/ian "u ,con/ant9e3 & x is probable t ,con/ant9e decl>$ himself on ! side ( ! ,*ri/ians because !y 7 ! p[]ful p>ty3 = ,arnobius1 :o wrote imm$iately be=e ,con/ant9e's accession1 speaks ( ! :ole _w z fill$ ) ,*ri/'s doctr9e1 ( its diffusion ?r\gh\t all c\ntries1 ( an innum]able body ( ,*ri/ians 9 di/ant prov9ces1 ( ! /range revolution ( op9ion ( m5 ( ! greate/ g5ius1--orators1 gramm>ians1 rhetoricians1 lawy]s1 physicians hav+ come ov] to ! in/itution1 & t also 9 ! face ( ?reats1 executions & tortures4 7,arnob4 9 ,g5res1 #a4 i4 pp4 #bg1 #i1 #bd1 #db1 #da4 edit4 ,lug4 ,bat4 #afej47 ,& n m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ,con/ant9e's entire possession ( ! empire1 ,julius ,firmi5s ,mat]nus calls ^u ! emp]ors ,con/antius & ,con/ans to extirpate ! relics ( ! anci5t religion2 ! r$uc$ & fall5 condition ( :i* is describ$ by our au?or 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,licet adhue 9 quibusdam regionibus idololatriae mori5tia palpitont membra2 tam5 9 eo res e/1 ut a ,*ri/ianis omnibus t]ris pe/if]um hoc malum funditus amputetur3 & 9 ano!r place1 ,modicum tautum sup]e/1 ut legibus ve/ris--ext9cta idololatriae p]eat fune/a contagio4 7,de ,error4 ,pr(an4 ,relig4 c4 xxi4 p4 #agb1 quot$ by ,l>dn]1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bfb47 ,x w n be ?\ght t we quote ?is writ] 9 ord] to recomm5d 8 temp] or 8 judgm5t1 b to %[ ! comp>ative /ate ( ,*ri/ianity & ( ,hea!nism at ?is p]iod4 ,fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,j]ome repres5ts ! decl9e ( ,paganism1 9 language :i* conveys ! same idea ( its approa*+ ext9ction3 ,solitud9em patitur et 9 urbe g5tilitas4 ,dii quondam nationum1 cum bubonibus et noctuis1 9 solis culm9ibus remans]unt4 7,j]4 ad ,lect4 ep4 #e1 #g47 ,j]ome "h indulges a triumph1 natural & all[able 9 a zeal\s fri5d ( ! cause1 b :i* c\ld only be sugge/$ to 8 m9d by ! cons5t & univ]sality ) :i* he saw2 ! religion receiv$4 ,b n[1 says he1 ! passion & resurrection ( ,*ri/ are celebrat$ 9 ! disc\rses & writ+s ( all nations4 ,i ne$ n m5tion ,jews1 ,greeks1 & ,lat9s4 ,! ,indians1 ,p]sians1 ,go?s1 & ,egyptians philosophise1 & firmly believe ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & future recomp5ses1 :i*1 be=e1 ! greate/ philosoph]s _h d5i$1 or d\bt$ (1 or p]plex$ ) _! disputes4 ,! fi]c5ess ( ,?racians & ,scy?ians is n[ s(t5$ by ! g5tle s\nd ( ! ,gospel2 & ev]y:]e ,*ri/ is all 9 all4 7,j]4 ad ,lect4 ep4 #h1 ad ,heliod47 ,71 !re=e1 ! motives ( ,con/ant9e's conv]sion ev] s problematical1 ! easy e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! ru9 ( ,hea!nism1 "u him & 8 imm$iate successors1 is ( itself a pro( ( ! progress :i* _h made 9 ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,x may be add$ also1 t ,max5tius1 ! rival ( ,con/ant9e1 _h %[n himself fri5dly to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,!re=e ( ^? :o 7 cont5d+ = worldly p[] & empire1 "o actually fav\r$ & flatt]$ !m1 & ano!r may be suspect$ to h jo9$ himself to !m p>tly f consid]ation ( int]e/3 s consid]able 7 !y become1 "u ext]nal disadvantages ( all sorts4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 vii4 p4 #chj47 ,?is at lea/ is c]ta91 t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole transaction hi!rto1 ! great seem$ to foll[1 n to lead1 ! public op9ion4 ,x may help to convey to u "s notion ( ! ext5t & progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 or r ( ! "* & quality ( _m e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ( _! le>n+ & _! lab\rs1 to notice ! numb] ( ,*ri/ian writ]s :o fl\ri%$ 9 ^! ages4 ,sa9t ,j]ome's catalogue conta9s sixty-six writ]s )9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 & ! fir/ six ye>s ( ! f\r?2 & fifty-f\r betwe5 t "t & 8 own1 viz4 ,a4 ,d4 #cib4 ,j]ome introduces 8 catalogue ) ! foll[+ j remon/rance3--,let ^? :o say ! *ur* has _h no philosoph]s1 nor eloqu5t & le>n$ m51 obs]ve :o & :at !y 7 :o f\nd$1 e/abli%$1 & adorn$ x2 let !m cease to accuse our fai? ( ru/icity1 & confess _! mi/ake4 7,j]4 ,prol4 9 ,lib4 de ,s]4 ,eccl47 ,( ^! writ]s1 sev]al1 z ,ju/91 ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 ,b>desanes1 ,hippolitus1 ,eusebius1 7 volum9\s writ]s4 ,*ri/ian writ]s ab\nd$ p>ticul>ly ab\t ! ye> #agh4 ,alex&]1 bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 f\nd$ a libr>y 9 t city1 ,a4,d4 #bab4 ,pamphilus1 ! fri5d ( ,orig51 f\nd$ a libr>y at ,ces>ea1 ,a4,d4 #bid4 ,public def5ces 7 also set =?1 by v>i\s advocates ( ! religion1 9 ! c\rse ( its fir/ ?ree c5turies4 ,)9 "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion1 ,quadratus & ,ari/ides1 ^: works1 except "s few fragm5ts ( ! fir/1 are lo/2 &1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ^: works rema91 pres5t$ apologies = ! ,*ri/ian religion to ! ,roman emp]ors2 ,quadratus & ,ari/ides to ,adrian1 ,ju/9 to ,anton9us ,p9s1 & a second to ,m>cus ,anton9us4 ,melito1 bi%op ( ,s>dis1 & ,apoll9>is1 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 & ,miltiades1 m5 ( great reputation1 did ! same to ,m>cus ,anton9us1 tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds2 7,euseb4 ,hi/4 lib4 iv4 c4 #bf4 ,see also ,l>dn]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fff47 & t5 ye>s aft] ?is1 ,apollonius1 :o suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ! emp]or ,commodus1 compos$ an apology = 8 fai? :i* he read 9 ! s5ate1 & :i* 0 aft]w>ds publi%$4 7,l>dn]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fhg47 ,f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! apology ( ,apollonius1 ,t]tullian address$ ! "w :i* n[ rema9s "u t "n to ! gov]nors ( prov9ces 9 ! ,roman empire2 &1 ab\t ! same "t1 ,m9ucius ,felix compos$ a def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* is /ill extant2 &1 %ortly aft] ! conclusion ( ?is c5tury1 copi\s def5ces ( ,*ri/ianity 7 publi%$ by ,arnobius & ,lactantius4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,reflections ,,^u ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,acc\nt4 ,9 view+ ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 our fir/ att5tion is due to ! numb] ( conv]ts at ,j]usalem1 imm$iately aft] its ,f\nd]'s dea?2 because ?is success 0 a success at ! "t1 & ^u ! spot1 :5 & :]e ! *ief "p ( ! hi/ory _h be5 transact$4 ,we are1 9 ! next place1 call$ ^u to att5d to ! e>ly e/abli%m5t ( num]\s ,*ri/ian societies 9 ,judea & ,galilee2 :i* c\ntries _h be5 ! sc5e ( ,*ri/'s miracles & m9i/ry1 & :]e ! memory ( :at _h pass$1 & ! k ( :at 0 alleg$1 mu/ h yet be5 fre% & c]ta94 ,we are1 ?irdly1 invit$ to recollect ! success ( ! apo/les & ( _! companions1 at ! sev]al places to :i* !y came1 bo? )9 & )\t ,judea2 because x 0 ! cr$it giv5 to orig9al witnesses1 appeal+ = ! tru? ( _! acc\nts to :at !mselves _h se5 & he>d4 ,! effect also ( _! prea*+ /rongly confirms ! tru? ( :at our hi/ory positively & circum/antially relates1 t !y 7 able to exhibit to _! he>]s sup]natural atte/ations ( _! mission4 ,we are1 la/ly1 to consid] ! subsequ5t gr[? & spread ( ! religion1 ( :i* we receive successive intimations1 & satisfactory1 ?\gh g5]al & occasional1 acc\nts1 until its full & f9al e/abli%m5t4 ,9 all ^! sev]al /ages1 ! hi/ory is )\t a p>allel = x mu/ be obs]v$1 t we h n n[ be5 trac+ ! progress1 & describ+ ! preval5cy1 ( an op9ion f\nd$ ^u philosophical or critical argum5ts1 ^u m]e ( reason1 or ! con/ruction ( anci5t writ+2 7( :i* are ! sev]al !ories :i* h1 at diff]5t times1 possession ( ! public m9d 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce & lit]ature2 & ( "o or o!r ( :i* k9d are ! t5ets also :i* divide ! v>i\s sects ( ,*ri/ianity27 b t we speak ( a sy/em1 ! v basis & po/ulatum ( :i* 0 a sup]natural "* ascrib$ to a p>ticul> p]son2 ( a doctr9e1 ! tru? :]e( dep5ds entirely ^u ! tru? ( a matt] ( fact !n rec5t4 ,to e/abli% a new religion1 ev5 among/ a few p1 or 9 "o s+le nation1 is a ?+ 9 itself exce$+ly difficult4 ,to re=m "s corruptions :i* may h spread 9 a religion1 or to make new regulations 9 x1 is n p]haps s h>d1 :5 ! ma9 & pr9cipal "p ( t religion is pres]v$ entire & un%ak52 & yet ?is v (t5 _c be accompli%$ )\t an extraord9>y concurr5ce ( circum/ances1 & may be attempt$ a ?\s& times )\t success4 ,b to introduce a new fai?1 a new way ( ?9k+ & act+1 & to p]suade _m nations to quit ! religion 9 :i* _! ance/ors h liv$ & di$1 :i* _h be5 deliv]$ d[n to !m f "t immemorial2 to make !m =sake & despise ! deities :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ to rev]5ce & wor%ip2 ?is is a "w ( /ill great] difficulty4 7,jort9's ,dis4 on ! ,*ri/4 ,rel4 p4 #ajg1 #d? edit47 ,! resi/ance ( education1 worldly policy1 & sup]/ition1 is almo/ inv9cible4 ,if m51 9 ^! days1 be ,*ri/ians 9 consequ5ce ( _! education1 9 submission to au?ority1 or 9 compliance ) fa%ion1 let u recollect t ! v contr>y ( ?is1 at ! beg9n+1 0 ! case4 ,! fir/ race ( ,*ri/ians1 z wall z millions :o succe$$ !m1 became su* 9 =mal opposition to all ^! motives1 to ! :ole p[] & /r5g? ( ?is influ5ce4 ,e argum5t1 !re=e1 & e in/ance1 :i* sets =? ! prejudice ( education1 & ! almo/ irresi/ible effects ( t prejudice 7& no p]sons are m fond ( expatiat+ ^u ?is subject ?an dei/ical writ]s71 9 fact confirms ! evid5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b1 9 ord] to judge ( ! argum5t :i* is drawn f ! e>ly propagation ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i "k no fair] way ( proce$+ ?an to comp>e :at we h se5 on ! subject ) ! success ( ,*ri/ian missions 9 mod]n ages4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,india mission1 support$ by ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k1 we he> sometimes ( ?irty1 sometimes ( =ty1 be+ baptiz$ 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 & ^! pr9cipally *ildr54 ,( conv]ts prop]ly s call$1 t is1 ( adults volunt>ily embrac+ ,*ri/ianity1 ! numb] is extremely small4 ,not)/&+ ! lab\r ( mission>ies = upw>ds ( two hundr$ ye>s1 & ! e/abli%m5ts ( diff]5t ,*ri/ian nations :o support !m1 !re are n twelve ?\s& ,indian ,*ri/ians1 & ^? almo/ entirely outca/s4 7,sket*es relat+ to ! hi/ory1 le>n+1 & mann]s ( ! ,h9doos1 p4 #dh2 quot$ by ,dr4 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/4 ,dis4 conc]n+ ,anci5t ,india1 p4 #bcf47 ,i lam5t z mu* z any man ! little progress :i* ,*ri/ianity has made 9 ^! c\ntries1 & ! inconsid]able effect t has foll[$ ! lab\rs ( its mission>ies2 b ,i see 9 x a /rong pro( ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! religion4 ,:at _h ! apo/les to assi/ !m 9 propagat+ ,*ri/ianity :i* ! mission>ies h n8 ,if piety & zeal _h be5 suffici5t1 ,i d\bt n b t our mission>ies possess ^! qualities 9 a high degree3 = no?+ except piety & zeal c\ld engage !m 9 ! und]tak+4 ,if sanctity ( life & mann]s 0 ! allurem5t1 ! conduct ( ^! m5 is unblameable4 ,if ! advantage ( education & le>n+ be look$ to1 !re is n "o ( ! mod]n mission>ies :o is n1 9 ?is respect1 sup]ior to all ! apo/les2 & t n only absolutely1 b1 :at is ( m importance1 relatively1 9 comp>ison1 t is1 ) ^? among/ :om !y ex]cise _! (fice4 ,if ! intr9sic excell5cy ( ! religion1 ! p]fection ( its morality1 ! purity ( its precepts1 ! eloqu5ce1 or t5d]ness1 or sublimity1 ( v>i\s p>ts ( its writ+s1 7 ! recomm5dations by :i* x made its way1 ^! rema9 ! same4 ,if ! "* & circum/ances "u :i* ! prea*]s 7 introduc$ to ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y taught be acc\nt$ ( importance1 ?is advantage is all on ! side ( ! mod]n mission>ies4 ,!y come f a c\ntry & a p to :i* ! ,indian _w look up ) s5tim5ts ( def]5ce4 ,! apo/les came =? among/ ! ,g5tiles "u no o!r "n ?an t ( ,jews1 :i* 0 precisely ! "* !y despis$ & d]id$4 ,if x be disgraceful 9 ,india to become a ,*ri/ian1 x c\ld n be mu* less s to be enroll$ among/ ^? quos1 p] flagitia invisos1 vulgus ,*ri/ianos appellabat4 ,if ! religion :i* !y _h to enc\nt] be consid]$1 ! diff]5ce1 ,i appreh5d1 w n be great4 ,! !ology ( bo? 0 ne>ly ! same3 :at is suppos$ to be p]=m$ by ! p[] ( ,jupit]1 ,neptune1 ( ,aeolus1 ( ,m>s1 ( ,v5us1 accord+ to ! my?ology ( ! ,we/1 is ascrib$1 9 ! ,ea/1 to ! ag5cy ,agrio ! god ( fire1 ,v>oon ! god ( oceans1 ,vayoo god ( w9d1 ,cama ! god ( love4 7,baghvat ,gets1 p4 #id1 quot$ by ,dr4 ,rob]tson1 ,ind4 ,dis4 p4 #cjf47 ,! sacr$ rites ( ! ,we/]n ,poly!ism 7 gay1 fe/ive1 & lic5ti\s2 ! rites ( ! public religion 9 ! ,ea/ p>take ( ! same "*1 ) a m av[$ indec5cy4 ,9 e function p]=m$ 9 ! pagodas1 z well z 9 e public procession1 x is ! (fice ( ^! wom5 7i4 e4 ( wom5 prep>$ by ! ,brahm9s = ! purpose7 to dance be=e ! idol1 & to s+ hymns 9 8 praise2 & x is difficult to say :e!r !y trespass mo/ aga9/ dec5cy by ! ge/ures !y exhibit1 or by ! v]ses :i* !y recite4 ,! walls ( ! pagodas 7 cov]$ ) pa9t+s 9 a /yle no less indelicate4 7,o!rs ( ! deities ( ! ,ea/ are ( an au/]e & gloomy "*1 to be propitiat$ by victims1 sometimes by human sacrifices1 & by volunt>y torm5ts ( ! mo/ excruciat+ k9d4 ,voyage de ,g5til4 vol4 i4 p4 #bdd--bfj4 ,preface to ! ,code ( ,g5too ,laws1 p4 #eg2 quot$ by ,dr4 ,rob]tson1 p4 #cbj47 ,on bo? sides ( ! comp>ison1 ! popul> religion _h a /rong e/abli%m5t4 ,9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome x 0 /rictly incorporat$ ) ! /ate4 ,! magi/rate 0 ! prie/4 ,! highe/ (fic]s ( gov]nm5t bore ! mo/ di/+ui%$ "p 9 ! celebration ( ! public rites4 ,9 ,india1 a p[]ful & num]\s ca/e possesses exclusively ! adm9i/ration ( ! e/abli%$ wor%ip2 & are1 ( consequ5ce1 devot$ to its s]vice1 & atta*$ to its int]e/4 ,9 bo?1 ! prevail+ my?ology 0 de/itute ( any prop] evid5ce3 or r1 9 bo?1 ! orig9 ( ! tradition is run up into ages long ant]ior to ! exi/5ce ( cr$ible hi/ory1 or ( writt5 language4 ,! ,indian *ronology computes eras by millions ( ye>s1 & ! life ( man by ?\s&s ,! ,suffec ,jogue1 or age ( purity1 is said to h la/$ ?ree million two hundr$ ?\s& ye>s2 & !y hold t ! life ( man 0 ext5d$ 9 t age to "o hundr$ ?\s& ye>s2 b !re is a diff]5ce among/ ! ,indian writ]s ( six millions ( ye>s 9 ! computation ( ?is era4 7,voyage de ,g5til4 vol4 i4 p4 #bdd--bfj4 ,preface to ! ,code ( ,g5too ,laws1 p4 #eg2 quot$ by ,dr4 ,rob]tson1 p4 #cbj47 & 9 ^!1 or prior to ^!1 is plac$ ! hi/ory ( _! div9ities4 ,9 bo?1 ! e/abli%$ sup]/ition held ! same place 9 ! public op9ion2 t is to say1 9 bo? x 0 cr$it$ by ! bulk ( ! p1 b by ! le>n$ & philosophical "p ( ! community ei!r d]id$1 or reg>d$ by !m z only fit to be uphold5 = ! sake ( its political uses499 99 ,h[ absurd soev] ! articles ( fai? may be :i* sup]/ition has adopt$1 or h[ unhall[$ ! rites :i* x prescribes1 ! =m] are receiv$1 9 e age & c\ntry ) unhesitat+ ass5t1 by ! great body ( ! p1 & ! latt] obs]v$ ) scrupul\s exactness4 ,9 our reason+s conc]n+ op9ions & practices :i* diff] widely f our own1 we are extremely apt to err4 ,hav+ be5 in/ruct$ ourselves 9 ! pr9ciples ( a religion wor?y 9 e respect ( t ,div9e wisdom by :i* !y 7 dictat$1 we frequ5tly express wond] at ! cr$ulity ( nations1 9 embrac+ sy/ems ( belief :i* appe> to u s directly repugnant to "r reason2 & sometimes suspect t t5ets s wild & extravagant d n really ga9 cr$it ) !m4 ,b exp]i5ce may satisfy u1 t nei!r our wond] nor suspicions are well f\nd$4 ,no article ( ! public religion 0 call$ 9 "q by ^? p ( anci5t ,europe ) ^: hi/ory we are be/ acqua9t$2 & no practice :i* x enjo9$ appe>$ improp] to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e op9ion t t5d$ to dim9i% ! rev]5ce ( m5 = ! gods ( _! c\ntry1 or to ali5ate !m f _! wor%ip1 excit$1 among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 t indignant zeal :i* is natural to e p atta*$ to _! religion by a firm p]suasion ( its tru?4 ,ind4 ,dis4 p4 #cba4 ,t ! le>n$ ,brahm9s ( ! ,ea/ are rational ,!i/s1 & secretly reject ! e/abli%$ !ory1 & contemn ! rites t 7 f\nd$ ^u !m1 or r consid] !m z contrivances to be support$ = _! political uses1 see ,dr4 ,rob]tson's ,ind4 ,dis4 p4 #cbd-ccd4 ,or if x %\ld be all[$1 t ! anci5t hea!ns believ$ 9 _! religion less g5]ally ?an ! pres5t ,indians d1 ,i am f> f ?9k+ t ?is circum/ance w\ld af=d any facility to ! "w ( ! apo/les1 above t ( ! mod]n mission>ies4 ,to me x appe>s1 & ,i ?9k x mat]ial to be rem>k$1 t a disbelief ( ! e/abli%$ religion ( _! c\ntry has no t5d5cy to dispose m5 = ! reception ( ano!r2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x g5]ates a settl$ contempt ( all religi\s pret5sions :atev]4 ,g5]al infidelity is ! h>de/ soil :i* ! propagators ( a new religion c h to "w ^u4 ,c\ld a ,me?odi/ or ,moravian promise himself a bett] *ance ( success ) a ,fr5* esprit =t1 :o _h be5 accu/om$ to laugh at ! pop]y ( 8 c\ntry1 ?an ) a believ+ ,mahometan or ,h9doo8 ,or are our mod]n unbeliev]s 9 ,*ri/ianity1 = t reason1 9 dang] ( becom+ ,mahometans or ,h9doos8 ,x does n appe> t ! ,jews1 :o _h a body ( hi/orical evid5ce to (f] = _! religion1 & :o at t "t und\bt$ly ent]ta9$ & held =? ! expectation ( a future /ate1 d]iv$ any great advantage1 z to ! ext5sion ( _! sy/em1 f ! discr$it into :i* ! popul> religion _h fall5 ) _m ( _! hea!n neighb\rs4 ,we h p>ticul>ly direct$ our obs]vations to ! /ate & progress ( ,*ri/ianity among/ ! inhabitants ( ,india3 b ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian mission 9 o!r c\ntries1 :]e ! efficacy ( ! mission is left solely to ! conviction wr\ght by ! prea*+ ( /rang]s1 pres5ts ! same idea z ! ,indian mission does ( ! feebl5ess & inadequacy ( human means4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago 0 publi%$1 9 ,engl&1 a translation f ! ,dut* ( a ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l& & a relation ( ! mission = above ?irty ye>s c>ri$ on 9 t c\ntry by ! ,unitas ,fratrum1 or ,moravians4 ,e "p ( t relation confirms ! op9ion we h /at$4 ,no?+ c\ld surpass1 or h>dly equal1 ! zeal & pati5ce ( ! mission>ies4 ,yet _! hi/orian1 9 ! conclusion ( 8 n>rative1 c\ld f9d place = no reflections m enc\rag+ ?an ! foll[+3--,a p]son t _h kn[n ! hea!n1 t _h se5 ! little b5efit f ! great pa9s hi!rto tak5 ) !m1 & consid]$ t "o aft] ano!r _h ab&on$ all hopes ( ! conv]sion ( ^! infidels 7& "s ?\ght !y w\ld nev] be conv]t$1 till !y saw miracles wr\ght z 9 ! apo/les' days1 & ?is ! ,gre5l&]s expect$ & dem&$ ( _! in/ructors72 "o t consid]$ ?is1 ,i say1 w\ld n s mu* wond] at ! pa/ unfruitfulness ( ^! "y beg9n]s1 z at _! /eadfa/ p]sev]ance 9 ! mid/ ( no?+ b di/ress1 difficulties1 & imp$im5ts1 int]nally & ext]nally3 & t !y nev] despond$ ( ! conv]sion ( ^? poor creatures amid/ all seem+ impossibilities4 7,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgf47 ,f ! widely disproportionate effects :i* att5d ! prea*+ ( mod]n mission>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 comp>$ ) :at foll[$ ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les "u circum/ances ei!r alike1 or n s unlike z to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce1 a conclusion is fairly drawn 9 support ( :at our hi/ories deliv] conc]n+ !m1 viz4 t !y possess$ means ( conviction :i* we h n2 t !y _h pro(s to appeal to :i* we want4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,mahomet4 ,! only ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human species :i* admits ( comp>ison ) ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity is ! success ( ,mahometanism4 ,! ,mahometan in/itution 0 rapid 9 its progress1 0 rec5t 9 its hi/ory1 & 0 f\nd$ ^u a sup]natural or prophetic "* assum$ by its au?or4 ,9 ^! articles1 ! resemblance ) ,*ri/ianity is confess$4 ,b !re are po9ts ( diff]5ce :i* sep>ate1 we appreh5d1 ! two cases entirely4 ,i4 ,mahomet did n f\nd 8 pret5sions ^u miracles1 prop]ly s call$2 t is1 ^u pro(s ( sup]natural ag5cy capable ( be+ kn[n & atte/$ by o!rs4 ,*ri/ians are w>rant$ 9 ?is4 ass]tion by ! evid5ce ( ! ,koran1 9 :i* ,mahomet n only does n affect ! p[] ( work+ miracles1 b expressly disclaims x4 ,! foll[+ passages ( t book furni% direct pro(s ( ! tru? ( :at we allege3--,! infidels say1 ,unless a sign be s5t d[n unto him f 8 "l1 we w n believe2 ?\ art a prea*] only4 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 xiii4 p4 #bja1 ed4 qu>to47 ,aga92 ,no?+ h9d]$ u f s5d+ !e ) miracles1 except t ! =m] nations h *>g$ !m ) impo/ure4 7,c4 xvii4 p4 #bcb47 ,& la/ly2 ,!y say1 ,unless a sign be s5t d[n unto him f 8 "l1 we w n believe3 ,answ]2 ,signs are 9 ! p[] ( ,god alone1 & ,i am no m ?an a public prea*]4 ,is x n suffici5t = !m1 t we h s5t d[n unto !m ! book ( ! ,koran to be read unto !m8 7,c4 xxix4 p4 #cbh47 ,beside ^! ackn[l$gm5ts1 ,i h obs]v$ ?irte5 di/9ct places 9 :i* ,mahomet puts ! objection 7unless a sign1 c47 into ! m\? ( ! unbeliev]1 9 n "o ( :i* does he allege a miracle 9 reply4 ,8 answ] is1 t ,god give? ! p[] ( work+ miracles :5 & to :om he please?2 7,c4 v4 x4 xiii4 twice47 t if he %\ld "w miracles1 !y w\ld n believe2 7,c4 vi47 t !y _h be=e reject$ ,moses1 & ,jesus & ! ,prophets1 :o wr\ght miracles2 7,c4 iii4 xxi4 xxviii47 t ! ,koran itself 0 a miracle4 7,c4 xvi47 ,! only place 9 ! ,koran 9 :i* x c be pret5d$ t a s5sible miracle is ref]r$ to 7= ,i d n all[ ! secret visitations ( ,gabriel1 ! night-j\rney ( ,mahomet to heav51 or ! pres5ce 9 battle ( invisible ho/s ( angels1 to des]ve ! "n ( s5sible miracles7 is ! beg9n+ ( ! fifty-f\r? *apt]4 ,! words are ^!3--,! h\r ( judgm5t approa*e?1 & ! moon ha? be5 split 9 sund]3 b if ! unbeliev]s see a sign1 !y turn aside1 say+1 ,?is is a p[]ful *>m4 ,! ,mahometan expositors disagree 9 _! int]pretation ( ?is passage2 "s expla9+ x to be m5tion ( ! splitt+ ( ! moon z "o ( ! future signs ( ! approa* ( ! day ( judgm5t3 o!rs ref]r+ x to a miracul\s appe>ance :i* _h !n tak5 place4 7,vide ,sale1 9 loc47 ,x seems to me n improbable1 t ,mahomet might h tak5 advantage ( "s extraord9>y halo1 or o!r unusual appe>ance ( ! moon1 :i* _h happ5$ ab\t ?is "t2 & :i* suppli$ a f\ndation bo? = ?is passage1 & = ! /ory :i* 9 aft] times _h be5 rais$ out ( x4 ,aft] ?is m ?an sil5ce1 aft] ^! au!ntic confessions ( ! ,koran1 we are n to be mov$ ) miracul\s /ories relat$ ( ,mahomet by ,abulf$a1 :o wrote 8 life ab\t six hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?2 or :i* are f\nd 9 ! leg5d ( ,al-,jannabi1 :o came two hundr$ ye>s lat]499 ,on ! contr>y1 f comp>+ :at ,mahomet himself wrote & said ) :at 0 aft]w>ds report$ ( him by 8 foll[]s1 ! pla9 & fair conclusion is1 t :5 ! religion 0 e/abli%$ by conque/1 !n1 & n till !n1 came out ! /ories ( 8 miracles4 99 ,x does n1 ,i ?9k1 appe>1 t ^! hi/orians _h any writt5 acc\nts to appeal to m anci5t ?an ! ,sonnah2 :i* 0 a collection ( traditions made by ord] ( ! ,caliphs two hundr$ ye>s aft] ,mahomet's dea?4 ,mahomet di$ ,a4,d4 #fcb2 ,al-,bo*>i1 "o ( ! six doctors :o compil$ ! ,sonnah1 0 born ,a4,d4 #hji2 di$ #hfi4 ,prideaux's ,life ( ,mahomet1 p4 #aib1 ed4 #g?4 ,n[ ?is diff]5ce alone con/itutes1 9 my op9ion1 a b> to all reason+ f "o case to ! o!r4 ,! success ( a religion f\nd$ ^u a miracul\s hi/ory %[s ! cr$it :i* 0 giv5 to ! hi/ory2 & ?is cr$it1 "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 giv51 i4 e4 by p]sons capable ( kn[+ ! tru?1 & int]e/$ to inquire aft] x1 is evid5ce ( ! reality ( ! hi/ory1 &1 by consequ5ce1 ( ! tru? ( ! religion4 ,:]e a miracul\s hi/ory is n alleg$1 no "p ( ?is argum5t c be appli$4 ,we admit t multitudes ackn[l$g$ ! pret5sions ( ,mahomet3 b1 ^! pret5sions be+ de/itute ( miracul\s evid5ce1 we "k t ! gr\nds ^u :i* !y 7 ackn[l$g$ c\ld n be secure gr\nds ( p]suasion to 8 foll[]s1 nor _! example any au?ority to u4 ,admit ! :ole ( ,mahomet's au!ntic hi/ory1 s f> z x 0 ( a nature capable ( be+ kn[n or witness$ by o!rs1 to be true 7:i* is c]ta9ly to admit all t ! reception ( ! religion c be br\ght to prove71 & ,mahomet might /ill be an impo/or1 or en?usia/1 or a union ( bo?4 ,admit to be true almo/ any "p ( ,*ri/'s hi/ory1 ( t1 ,i mean1 :i* 0 public1 & )9 ! cognizance ( 8 foll[]s1 & he mu/ h come f ,god4 ,:]e matt] ( fact is n 9 "q1 :]e miracles are n alleg$1 ,i d n see t ! progress ( a religion is a bett] argum5t ( its tru? ?an ! preval5cy ( any sy/em ( op9ions 9 natural religion1 morality1 or physics1 is a pro( ( ! tru? ( ^? op9ions4 ,& we "k t ?is sort ( argum5t is inadmissible 9 any bran* ( philosophy :at ev]4 ,b x w be said1 if "o religion c\ld make its way )\t miracles1 :y might n ano!r8 ,to :i* ,i reply1 fir/1 t ?is is n ! "q2 ! prop] "q is n1 :e!r a religi\s in/itution c\ld be set up )\t miracles1 b :e!r a religion1 or a *ange ( religion1 f\nd+ itself 9 miracles1 c\ld succe$ )\t any reality to re/ ^u8 ,i appreh5d ^! two cases to be v diff]5t3 & ,i appreh5d ,mahomet's n tak+ ?is c\rse1 to be "o pro(1 among/ o!rs1 t ! ?+ is difficult1 if n impossible1 to be accompli%$3 c]ta9ly x 0 n f an unconsci\sness ( ! value & importance ( miracul\s evid5ce2 = x is v obs]vable1 t 9 ! same volume1 & sometimes 9 ! same *apt]s1 9 :i* ,mahomet s repeat$ly disclaims ! p[] ( work+ miracles himself1 he is incessantly ref]r+ to ! miracles ( prec$+ prophets4 ,"o w\ld imag9e1 to he> "s m5 talk1 or to read "s books1 t ! sett+ up ( a religion by d9t ( miracul\s pret5ces 0 a ?+ ( e day's exp]i5ce3 :]eas1 ,i believe t1 except ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian religion1 !re is no tol]ably well au!nticat$ acc\nt ( any su* ?+ hav+ be5 accompli%$4 ,,ii4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,mahomet's religion 0 affect$ by causes :i* 9 no degree app]ta9$ to ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,dur+ ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( 8 mission1 ,mahomet _h rec\rse only to p]suasion4 ,?is is all[$4 ,& !re is suffici5t reason f ! effect to believe t1 if he _h conf9$ himself to ?is mode ( propagat+ 8 religion1 we ( ! pres5t day %\ld nev] h he>d ei!r ( him or x4 ,?ree ye>s 7 sil5tly employ$ 9 ! conv]sion ( f\rte5 proselytes4 ,= t5 ye>s1 ! religion advanc$ ) a sl[ & pa9ful progress1 )9 ! walls ( ,mecca4 ,! numb] ( proselytes 9 ! sev5? ye> ( 8 mission may be e/imat$ by ! abs5ce ( eighty-?ree m5 & eighte5 wom51 :o retir$ to ,ae?iopia4 7,gibbon's ,hi/4 vol4 ix4 p4 #bdd1 et seq4 ed4 ,dub47 ,yet ?is progress1 su* z x 01 appe>s to h be5 aid$ by "s v important advantages :i* ,mahomet f\nd 9 8 situation1 9 8 mode ( conduct+ 8 design1 & 9 8 doctr9e4 #a4 ,mahomet 0 ! gr&son ( ! mo/ p[]ful & hon\rable family 9 ,mecca2 & al?\gh ! e>ly dea? ( 8 fa!r _h n left him a patrimony suitable to 8 bir?1 he _h1 long be=e ! comm5cem5t ( 8 mission1 repair$ ?is defici5cy by an opul5t m>riage4 ,a p]son consid]able by 8 weal?1 ( high desc5t1 & ne>ly alli$ to ! *iefs ( 8 c\ntry1 tak+ ^u himself ! "* ( a religi\s tea*]1 w\ld n fail ( attract+ att5tion & foll[]s4 #b4 ,mahomet conduct$ 8 design1 9 ! outset especially1 ) great art & prud5ce4 ,he conduct$ x z a politician w\ld conduct a plot4 ,8 fir/ application 0 to 8 own family4 ,?is ga9$ him 8 wife's uncle1 a consid]able p]son 9 ,mecca1 toge!r ) 8 c\s9 ,ali1 aft]w>ds ! celebrat$ ,caliph1 !n a y\? ( great expectation1 & ev5 already di/+ui%$ by 8 atta*m5t1 impetuosity1 & c\rage499 ,he next express$ himself to ,abu ,be]1 a man among/ ! fir/ ( ! ,korei% 9 weal? & influ5ce4 ,! int]e/ & example ( ,abu ,be] drew 9 five o!r pr9cipal p]sons 9 ,mecca1 ^: solicitations prevail$ ^u five m ( ! same rank4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( ?ree ye>s2 dur+ :i* "t ev]y?+ 0 transact$ 9 secret4 ,^u ! /r5g? ( ^! allies1 & "u ! p[]ful protection ( 8 family1 :o1 h[ev] "s ( !m might disapprove 8 ent]prise1 or d]ide 8 pret5sions1 w\ld n suff] ! orphan ( _! h\se1 ! relict ( _! fav\rite bro!r1 to be insult$1 ,mahomet n[ comm5c$ 8 public prea*+4 ,& ! advance :i* he made dur+ ! n9e or t5 rema9+ ye>s ( 8 peaceable m9i/ry 0 by no means great] ?an :at1 ) ^! advantages1 & ) ! additional & s+ul> circum/ance ( !re be+ no e/abli%$ religion at ,mecca at t "t to cont5d )1 might reasonably h be5 expect$4 ,h[ soon 8 primitive adh]5ts 7 let into ! secret ( 8 views ( empire1 or 9 :at /age ( 8 und]tak+ ^! views fir/ op5$ !mselves to 8 own m9d1 x is n n[ easy to det]m9e4 ,! ev5t h[ev] 01 t ^!1 8 fir/ proselytes1 all ultimately atta9$ to ri*es & hon\rs1 to ! comm& ( armies1 & ! gov]nm5t ( k+doms4 7,gibbon1 vol4 ix4 p #bdd47 99 ,( :i* ,mr4 ,gibbon has pres]v$ ! foll[+ specim53 ,:5 ,mahomet call$ out 9 an assembly ( 8 family1 ,:o among y w be my companion1 & my vizir8 ,ali1 !n only 9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( 8 age1 sudd5ly repli$1 ,o prophet ,i am ! man2--:osoev] rises aga9/ !e1 ,i w da% out 8 tee?1 te> out 8 eyes1 break 8 legs1 rip up 8 belly4 ,o prophet6 ,i w be ?y vizir ov] !m4 ,vol4 ix4 p4 #bae4 #c4 ,! ,arabs d$uc$ _! desc5t f ,abraham ?r\gh ! l9e ( ,i%mael4 ,! inhabitants ( ,mecca1 9 common probably ) ! o!r ,arabian tribes1 ackn[l$g$1 z ,i ?9k may cle>ly be collect$ f ! ,koran1 "o supreme ,deity1 b _h associat$ ) him _m objects ( idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,! great doctr9e ) :i* ,mahomet set out 0 ! /rict & exclusive unity ( ,god4 ,abraham1 he told !m1 _! illu/r\s ance/or2 ,i%mael1 ! fa!r ( _! nation2 ,moses1 ! lawgiv] ( ! ,jews2 & ,jesus1 ! au?or ( ,*ri/ianity--_h all ass]t$ ! same ?+2 t _! foll[]s _h univ]sally corrupt$ ! tru?1 & t he 0 n[ commission$ to re/ore x to ! _w4 ,0 x to be wond]$ at1 t a doctr9e s speci\s1 & au?oriz$ by names1 "s or o!r ( :i* 7 hold5 9 ! highe/ v5]ation by e description ( 8 he>]s1 %\ld1 9 ! h&s ( a popul> mission>y1 prevail to ! ext5t 9 :i* ,mahomet succe$$ by 8 pacific m9i/ry8 #d4 ,( ! in/itution :i* ,mahomet jo9$ ) ?is fundam5tal doctr9e1 & ( ! ,koran 9 :i* t in/itution is deliv]$1 we discov]1 ,i ?9k1 two purposes t p]vade ! :ole1 viz41 to make conv]ts1 & to make 8 conv]ts soldi]s4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 among/ o!rs1 may be consid]$ z pretty evid5t indications ( ^! designs3 #a4 ,:5 ,mahomet began to prea*1 8 address to ! ,jews1 to ! ,*ri/ians1 & to ! ,pagan ,arabs1 01 t ! religion :i* he taught 0 no o!r ?an :at _h be5 orig9ally _! own4--,we believe 9 ,god1 & t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n unto u1 & t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n unto ,abraham1 & ,i%mael1 & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & ! ,tribes1 & t :i* 0 deliv]$ unto ,moses & ,jesus1 & t :i* 0 deliv]$ unto ! prophets f _! ,"l3 we make no di/9ction betwe5 any ( !m4 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 ii4 p4 #ag47 ,he ha? orda9$ y ! religion :i* he comm&$ ,noah1 & :i* we h reveal$ unto !e1 ,o ,mohamm$1 & :i* we comm&$ ,abraham1 & ,moses1 & ,jesus1 say+1 ,obs]ve ?is religion1 & be n divid$ !re94 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 xlii4 p4 #cic47 ,he ha? *os5 y1 & ha? n impos$ on y any difficulty 9 ! religion :i* he ha? giv5 y1 ! religion ( y\r fa!r ,abraham4 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 xxii4 p4 #bha47 #b4 ,! au?or ( ! ,koran nev] ceases f describ+ ! future angui% ( unbeliev]s1 _! despair1 regret1 p5it5ce1 & torm5t4 ,x is ! po9t :i* he lab\rs above all o!rs4 ,& ^! descriptions are conceiv$ 9 t]ms :i* w appe> 9 no small degree impressive1 ev5 to ! mod]n read] ( an ,engli% translation4 ,d\btless !y w\ld op]ate ) mu* great] =ce ^u ! m9ds ( ^? to :om !y 7 imm$iately direct$4 ,! t]ror :i* !y seem well calculat$ to inspire w\ld be to _m temp]s a p[]ful application4 #c4 ,on ! o!r h&3 8 voluptu\s p>adise2 8 robes ( silk1 8 palaces ( m>ble1 8 riv51 & %ades1 8 groves & c\*es1 8 w9es1 8 da9ties2 &1 above all1 8 sev5ty-two virg9s assign$ to ea* ( ! fai?ful1 ( respl5d5t beauty & et]nal y\?--intoxicat$ ! imag9ations1 & seiz$ ! passions ( 8 ,ea/]n foll[]s4 #d4 ,b ,mahomet's highe/ heav5 0 res]v$ = ^? :o f\ght 8 battles or exp5d$ _! =tunes 9 8 cause3 ,^? believ]s :o sit /ill at home1 n hav+ any hurt1 & ^? :o employ _! =tunes & _! p]sons = ! religion ( ,god1 %all n be held equal4 ,god ha? pref]r$ ^? :o employ _! =tunes & _! p]sons 9 t cause to a degree above ^? :o sit at home4 ,god _h inde$ promis$ e "o ,p>adise2 b ,god _h pref]r$ ^? :o fight = ! fai? be=e ^? :o sit /ill1 by add+ unto !m a great rew>d2 by degrees ( hon\r conf]r$ ^u !m f him1 & by grant+ !m =giv5ess & m]cy4 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 iv4 p4 #gc47 ,aga92 ,d ye reckon ! giv+ dr9k to ! pilgrims1 & ! visit+ ( ! holy temple1 to be actions z m]itori\s z ^? p]=m$ by him :o believe? 9 ,god & ! la/ day1 & fighte? = ! religion ( ,god8 ,!y %all n be held equal ) ,god4--,!y :o h believ$ & fl$ _! c\ntry1 & employ$ _! sub/ance & _! p]sons 9 ! def5ce ( ,god's true religion1 %all be 9 ! highe/ degree ( hon\r ) ,god2 & ^! are !y :o %all be happy4 ,! ,"l s5de? !m good tid+s ( m]cy f him1 & good w1 & ( g>d5s :]e9 !y %all enjoy la/+ pleasures4 ,!y %all cont9ue !re9 = ev]2 = ) ,god is a great rew>d4 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 ix4 p4 #aea47 ,&1 once m2 ,v]ily ,god ha? pur*as$ ( ! true believ]s _! s\ls & _! sub/ance1 promis+ !m ! enjoym5t ( ,p>adise on condition t !y fight = ! cause ( ,god3 :e!r !y slay or be sla91 ! promise = ! same is assur$ly due by ! ,law & ! ,gospel & ! ,koran4 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 ix4 p4 #afd4799 99 ,! sword1 sai? ,mahomet1 is ! key ( heav5 & ( hell2 a drop ( blood %$ 9 ! cause ( ,god1 a night sp5t 9 arms1 is ( m avail ?an two mon?s' fa/+ or pray]4 ,:osoev] falls 9 battle1 8 s9s are =giv5 at ! day ( judgm5t2 8 w\nds %all be respl5d5t z v]milion1 & odorif]\s z musk2 & ! loss ( 8 limbs %all be suppli$ by ! w+s ( angels & *]ubim4 ,gibbon1 vol4 ix4 p4 #bef4 #e4 ,8 doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation 0 applicable1 & 0 appli$ by him1 to ! same purpose ( =tify+ & ( exalt+ ! c\rage ( 8 adh]5ts4--,if any?+ ( ! matt] _h happ5$ unto u1 we _h n be5 sla9 "h4 ,answ]2 ,if ye _h be5 9 y\r h\ses1 v]ily !y w\ld h gone =? to fight1 ^: slaught] 0 decre$1 to ! places :]e !y di$4 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 iii4 p4 #ed47 #f4 ,9 w>m regions1 ! appetite ( ! sexes is ard5t1 ! passion = inebriat+ liquors mod]ate4 ,9 compliance ) ?is di/9ction1 al?\gh ,mahomet laid a re/ra9t ^u ! dr9k+ ( w9e1 9 ! use ( wom5 he all[$ an almo/ unb\nd$ indulg5ce4 ,f\r wives1 ) ! lib]ty ( *ang+ !m at pleasure1 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 iv4 p4 #fc47 toge!r ) ! p]sons ( all 8 captives1 7,gibbon1 vol4 ix4 p4 #bbe47 0 an irresi/ible bribe to an ,arabian w>rior4 ,god is m9d$1 says he1 speak+ ( ?is v subject1 to make 8 religion light unto y2 = man 0 creat$ weak4 ,h[ diff]5t ?is f ! unaccommodat+ purity ( ! ,gospel6 ,h[ w\ld ,mahomet h succe$$ ) ! ,*ri/ian lesson 9 8 m\?4--,:osoev] looke? ^u a woman to lu/ aft] h]1 ha? committ$ adult]y ) h] already 9 8 he>t8 ,x mu/ be add$1 t ,mahomet did n v5ture ^u ! prohibition ( w9e till ! f\r? ye> ( ! ,hegira1 or ! sev5te5? ( 8 mission1 :5 8 milit>y successes _h completely e/abli%$ 8 au?ority4 ,! same obs]vation holds ( ! fa/ ( ! ,ramadan1 7,mod4 ,univ4 ,hi/4 ,vol4 i4 pp4 #abf #aab47 & ( ! mo/ labori\s "p ( 8 in/itution1 ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 7,?is latt]1 h[ev]1 already prevail$ among/ ! ,arabs1 & _h gr[n out ( _! excessive v5]ation = ! ,caaba4 ,mahomot's law1 9 ?is respect1 0 r a compliance ?an an innovation4 ,sale's ,prelim4 ,disc4 p4 #abb47 ,:at has hi!rto be5 collect$ f ! records ( ! ,musselman hi/ory relates to ! twelve or ?irte5 ye>s ( ,mahomet's peaceable prea*+1 :i* "p alone ( 8 life & ent]prise admits ( ! smalle/ comp>ison ) ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a new sc5e is n[ unfold$4 ,! city ( ,m$9a1 di/ant ab\t t5 days' j\rney f ,mecca1 0 at t "t di/ract$ by ! h]$it>y cont5tions ( two ho/ile tribes4 ,^! feuds 7 exasp]at$ by ! mutual p]secutions ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & ( ! diff]5t ,*ri/ian sects by :i* ! city 0 inhabit$4 7,mod4 ,univ4 ,hi/4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #ajj47 ,! religion ( ,mahomet pres5t$1 9 "s measure1 a po9t ( union or compromise to ^! divid$ op9ions4 ,x embrac$ ! pr9ciples :i* 7 common to !m all4 ,ea* p>ty saw 9 x an hon\rable ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fundam5tal tru? ( _! own sy/em4 ,to ! ,pagan ,arab1 some:at imbu$ ) ! s5tim5ts & k ( 8 ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian fell[-citiz51 x (f]$ no def5sive or v improbable !ology4 ,?is recomm5dation procur$ to ,mahometanism a m fav\rable reception at ,m$9a ?an its au?or _h be5 able1 by twelve ye>s' pa9ful endeav\rs1 to obta9 = x at ,mecca4 ,yet1 aft] all1 ! progress ( ! religion 0 inconsid]able4 ,8 mission>y c\ld only collect a congregation ( =ty p]sons4 ,x 0 n a religi\s1 b a political association1 :i* ultimately introduc$ ,mahomet into ,m$9a4 ,h>ass$1 z x %\ld seem1 & disgu/$ by ! long cont9uance ( factions & disputes1 ! inhabitants ( t city saw 9 ! admission ( ! prophet's au?ority a re/ f ! mis]ies :i* !y _h suff]$1 & a suppression ( ! viol5ce & fury :i* !y _h le>n$ to condemn4 ,aft] an embassy1 !re=e1 compos$ ( believ]s & unbeliev]s1 7,mod4 ,univ4 ,hi/4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #he47 & ( p]sons ( bo? tribes1 ) :om a treaty 0 conclud$ ( /rict alliance & support1 ,mahomet made 8 public entry1 & 0 receiv$ z ! sov]eign ( ,m$9a4 ,f ?is "t1 or soon aft] ?is "t1 ! impo/or *ang$ 8 language & 8 conduct4 ,hav+ n[ a t[n at 8 comm&1 :]e to arm 8 p>ty1 & to head !m ) security1 he ent]s ^u new c\nsels4 ,he n[ pret5ds t a div9e commission is giv5 him to attack ! infidels1 to de/roy idolatry1 & to set up ! true fai? by ! sword4 7,mod4 ,univ4 ,hi/4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #hh47 ,an e>ly victory ov] a v sup]ior =ce1 a*iev$ by conduct & brav]y1 e/abli%$ ! r5[n ( 8 arms1 & ( 8 p]sonal "*4 7,victory ( ,b$r1 ,mod4 ,univ4 ,hi/4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #ajf47 ,e ye> aft] ?is 0 m>k$ by battles or assass9ations4 ,! nature & activity ( ,mahomet's future ex]tions may be e/imat$ f ! computation1 t 9 ! n9e foll[+ ye>s ( 8 life he comm&$ 8 army 9 p]son 9 eight g5]al engagem5ts1 7,mod4 ,univ4 ,hi/4 vol4 i4 p4 #bee47 & und]took1 by himself or 8 lieut5ants1 fifty milit>y ent]prises4 ,f ?is "t we h no?+ left to acc\nt =1 b t ,mahomet %\ld collect an army1 t 8 army %\ld conqu]1 & t 8 religion %\ld proce$ toge!r ) 8 conque/s4 ,! ord9>y exp]i5ce ( human affairs leaves u little to wond] at 9 any ( ^! effects3 & !y 7 likewise ea* assi/$ by peculi> facilities4 ,f all sides1 ! rov+ ,arabs cr[d$ r\nd ! /&>d ( religion & plund]1 ( fre$om & victory1 ( arms & rap9e4 ,beside ! highly pa9t$ joys ( a c>nal p>adise1 ,mahomet rew>d$ 8 foll[]s 9 ?is _w ) a lib]al division ( ! spoils1 & ) ! p]sons ( _! female captives4 7,gibbon1 vol4 ix4 p4 #bee47 ,! condition ( ,arabia1 occupi$ by small indep5d5t tribes1 expos$ x to ! impression1 & yield$ to ! progress ( a firm & resolute army4 ,aft] ! r$uction ( 8 native p59sula1 ! weakness also ( ! ,roman prov9ces on ! nor? & ! we/1 z well z ! di/ract$ /ate ( ! ,p]sian empire on ! ea/1 facilitat$ ! successful invasion ( neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,t ,mahomet's conque/s %\ld c>ry 8 religion along ) !m w excite little surprise1 :5 we "k ! conditions :i* he propos$ to ! vanqui%$4 ,dea? or conv]sion 0 ! only *oice (f]$ to idolat]s4 ,/rike (f _! heads6 /rike (f all ! ends ( _! f+]s67,sale's ,koran1 c4 viii4 p4 #adj47 kill ! idolat]s1 :]esoev] ye %all f9d !m6 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 ix4 p4 #adi47 ,to ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians 0 left ! some:at mild] alt]native ( subjection & tribute1 if !y p]si/$ 9 _! own religion1 or ( an equal p>ticipation 9 ! rights & lib]ties1 ! hon\rs & privileges1 ( ! fai?ful1 if !y embrac$ ! religion ( _! conqu]ors4 ,ye ,*ri/ian dogs1 y "k y\r option2 ! ,koran1 ! tribute1 or ! sword4 7,gibbon1 vol4 ix4 p4 #ccg47 ,! corrupt$ /ate ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & ! cont5tions ( its sects1 unhappily s fell 9 ) m5's c>e ( _! safety or _! =tunes1 z to induce _m to =sake its pr(ession4 ,add to all :i*1 t ,mahomet's victories n only op]at$ by ! natural effect ( conque/1 b t !y 7 con/antly repres5t$1 bo? to 8 fri5ds & enemies1 z div9e decl>ations 9 8 fav\r4 ,success 0 evid5ce4 ,prosp]ity c>ri$ ) x1 n only influ5ce1 b pro(4 ,ye h already1 says he1 aft] ! battle ( ,b$r1 _h a miracle %[n y1 9 two armies :i* attack$ ea* o!r2 "o army f\ght = ,god's true religion1 b ! o!r 7 infidels4 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 iii4 p4 #cf47 ,aga92 ,ye slew n ^? :o 7 sla9 at ,b$r1 b ,god slew !m4--,if ye desire a decision ( ! matt] betwe5 u1 n[ ha? a decision come unto y4 7,sale's ,koran1 c4 viii4 p4 #ada47 ,_m m passages might be collect$ out ( ! ,koran to ! same effect2 b !y are unnecess>y4 ,! success ( ,mahometanism dur+ ?is1 & inde$ e future p]iod ( its hi/ory1 be>s s little resemblance to ! e>ly propagation ( ,*ri/ianity1 t no inf]5ce :atev] c ju/ly be drawn f x to ! prejudice ( ! ,*ri/ian argum5t4 ,= :at are we comp>+8 ,a ,galilean peasant accompani$ by a few fi%]m5 ) a conqu]or at ! head ( 8 army4 ,we comp>e ,jesus1 )\t =ce1 )\t p[]1 )\t support1 )\t ,"o ext]nal circum/ance ( attraction or influ5ce1 prevail+ aga9/ ! prejudices1 ! le>n+1 ! hi]>*y1 ( 8 c\ntry2 aga9/ ! anci5t religi\s op9ions1 ! pomp\s religi\s rites1 ! philosophy1 ! wisdom1 ! au?ority1 ( ! ,roman empire1 9 ! mo/ poli%$ & enlight5$ p]iod ( its exi/5ce1--) ,mahomet mak+ 8 way among/ ,arabs2 collect+ foll[]s 9 ! mid/ ( conque/s & triumphs1 9 ! d>ke/ ages & c\ntries ( ! _w1 & :5 success 9 arms n only op]at$ by t comm& ( m5's wills & p]sons :i* att5d prosp]\s und]tak+s1 b 0 consid]$ z a sure te/imony ( ,div9e approbation4 ,t multitudes1 p]suad$ by ?is argum5t1 %\ld jo9 ! tra9 ( a victori\s *ief2 t /ill great] multitudes %\ld1 )\t any argum5t1 b[ d[n be=e irresi/ible p[]--is a conduct 9 :i* we _c see mu* to surprise u2 9 :i* we c see no?+ t resembles ! causes by :i* ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 0 effect$4 ,! success1 !re=e1 ( ,mahometanism /&s n 9 ! way ( ?is important conclusion2 t ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! mann] & "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 propagat$1 is an unique 9 ! hi/ory ( ! species4 ,a ,jewi% peasant ov]?rew ! religion ( ! _w4 ,i h1 nev]!less1 plac$ ! preval5cy ( ! religion among/ ! auxili>y argum5ts ( its tru?2 because1 :e!r x _h prevail$ or n1 or :e!r its preval5cy c or _c be acc\nt$ =1 ! direct argum5t rema9s /ill4 ,x is /ill true t a great numb] ( m5 ^u ! spot1 p]sonally connect$ ) ! hi/ory & ) ! ,au?or ( ! religion1 7 induc$ by :at !y he>d & saw1 & knew1 n only to *ange _! =m] op9ions1 b to give up _! "t1 & sacrifice _! ease1 to trav]se seas & k+doms )\t re/ & )\t we>9ess1 to commit !mselves to extreme dang]s1 to und]take incessant toils1 to und]go griev\s suff]+s1 & all ?is solely 9 consequ5ce1 & 9 support1 ( _! belief ( facts1 :i*1 if true1 e/abli% ! tru? ( ! religion1 :i*1 if false1 !y mu/ h kn[n to be s4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,a ,,brief ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,"s ,,popul> ,,objections4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,discrepancies ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,gospels4 ,i "k n a m ra% or unphilosophical conduct ( ! und]/&+1 ?an to reject ! sub/ance ( a /ory by reason ( "s div]sity 9 ! circum/ances ) :i* x is relat$4 ,! usual "* ( human te/imony is sub/antial tru? "u circum/antial v>iety4 ,?is is :at ! daily exp]i5ce ( c\rts ( ju/ice tea*es4 ,:5 acc\nts ( a transaction come f ! m\?s ( diff]5t witnesses1 x is seldom t x is n possible to pick out app>5t or real inconsi/5cies betwe5 !m4 ,^! inconsi/5cies are /udi\sly display$ by an adv]se plead]1 b (t5times ) little impression ^u ! m9ds ( ! judges4 ,on ! contr>y1 a close & m9ute agreem5t induces ! suspicion ( conf$]acy & fraud4 ,:5 writt5 hi/ories t\* ^u ! same sc5es ( action2 ! comp>ison almo/ always af=ds gr\nd = a l reflection4 ,num]\s1 & sometimes important1 v>iations pres5t !mselves2 n seldom1 also1 absolute & f9al contradictions2 yet nei!r "o nor ! o!r are deem$ suffici5t to %ake ! cr$ibility ( ! ma9 fact4 ,! embassy ( ! ,jews to deprecate ! execution ( ,claudian's ord] to place 8 /atute1 9 _! temple1 ,philo places 9 h>ve/1 ,josephus 9 se$ "t2 bo? contempor>y writ]s4 ,no read] is l$ by ?is inconsi/5cy to d\bt :e!r su* an embassy 0 s5t1 or :e!r su* an ord] 0 giv54 ,our own hi/ory supplies examples ( ! same k9d4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,m>quis ( ,argyle's dea?1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,second1 we h a v rem>kable contradiction4 ,"l ,cl>5don relates t he 0 condemn$ to be hang$1 :i* 0 p]=m$ ! same day2 on ! contr>y1 ,burnet1 ,woodrew1 ,hea?1 ,e*>d1 concur 9 /at+ t he 0 behead$2 & t he 0 condemn$ ^u ! ,saturday1 & execut$ ^u ! ,monday4 7,see ,biog4 ,britann47 ,0 any read] ( ,engli% hi/ory ev] sceptic en\gh to raise f h5ce a "q :e!r ! ,m>quis ( ,argyle 0 execut$ or n8 ,yet ?is ought to be left 9 unc]ta9ty1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory has sometimes be5 attack$4 ,dr4 ,middleton cont5d$1 t ! diff]5t h\rs ( ! day assign$ to ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 by ,john & by ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 did n admit ( ! reconcilem5t :i* le>n$ m5 _h propos$3 & !n concludes ! discussion ) ?is h>d rem>k2 ,we mu/ be =c$1 ) sev]al ( ! critics1 to leave ! difficulty j z we f\nd x1 *>geable ) all ! consequ5ces ( manife/ inconsi/5cy4 7,middleton's ,reflections answ]$ by ,b5son1 ,hi/4 ,*ri/4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ej47 ,b :at are ^! consequ5ces8 ,by no means ! discr$it+ ( ! hi/ory z to ! pr9cipal fact1 by a repugnancy 7ev5 suppos+ t repugnancy n to be resolvable into diff]5t modes ( computation7 9 ! "t ( ! day 9 :i* x is said to h tak5 place4 ,a great deal ( ! discrepancy obs]vable 9 ! ,gospels arises f omission2 f a fact or a passage ( ,*ri/'s life be+ notic$ by "o writ] :i* is unnotic$ by ano!r4 ,n[1 omission is at all times a v unc]ta9 gr\nd ( objection4 ,we p]ceive x1 n only 9 ! comp>ison ( diff]5t writ]s1 b ev5 9 ! same writ] :5 comp>$ ) himself4 ,!re are a great _m p>ticul>s1 & "s ( !m ( importance1 m5tion$ by ,josephus 9 8 ,antiquities1 :i*1 z we %\ld h suppos$1 ought to h be5 put d[n by him 9 _! place 9 ! ,jewi% ,w>s4 7,l>dn]1 "p i4 vol4 ii4 p4 #gce1 et seq47 ,suetonius1 ,tacitus1 ,dio ,cassius1 h1 all ?ree1 writt5 ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius4 ,ea* has m5tion$ _m ?+s omitt$ by ! re/1 7,l>dn]1 "p i4 vol4 ii4 p4 #gdc47 yet no objection is f !nce tak5 to ! respective cr$it ( _! hi/ories4 ,we h 9 our own times1 if !re 7 n some?+ indecor\s 9 ! comp>ison1 ! life ( an em95t p]son writt5 by ?ree ( 8 fri5ds1 9 :i* !re is v great v>iety 9 ! incid5ts select$ by !m2 "s app>5t1 & p]haps "s real contradictions2 yet )\t any impea*m5t ( ! sub/antial tru? ( _! acc\nts1 ( ! au!nticity ( ! books1 ( ! compet5t in=mation or g5]al fidelity ( ! writ]s4 ,b ^! discrepancies w be /ill m num]\s1 :5 m5 d n write hi/ories1 b memoirs3 :i* is1 p]haps1 ! true "n & prop] description ( our ,gospels3 t is1 :5 !y d n und]take1 nor ev] meant to deliv]1 9 ord] ( "t1 a regul> & complete acc\nt ( all ! ?+s ( importance :i* ! p]son :o is ! subject ( _! hi/ory did or said2 b only1 out ( _m simil> ones1 to give su* passages1 or su* actions & disc\rses1 z (f]$ !mselves m imm$iately to _! att5tion1 came 9 ! way ( _! inquiries1 occurr$ to _! recollection1 or 7 sugge/$ by _! p>ticul> design at ! "t ( writ+4 ,?is p>ticul> design may appe> sometimes1 b n always1 nor (t54 ,?us ,i ?9k t ! p>ticul> design :i* ,sa9t ,mat!w _h 9 view :il/ he 0 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection 0 to atte/ ! fai?ful p]=mance ( ,*ri/'s promise to 8 disciples to g be=e !m into ,galilee2 because he alone1 except ,m>k1 :o seems to h tak5 x f him1 has record$ ?is promise1 & he alone has conf9$ 8 n>rative to t s+le appe>ance to ! disciples :i* fulfill$ x4 ,x 0 ! preconc]t$1 ! great & mo/ public manife/ation ( our ,"l's p]son4 ,x 0 ! ?+ :i* dwelt ^u ,sa9t ,mat!w's m9d1 & he adapt$ 8 n>rative to x4 ,b1 t !re is no?+ 9 ,sa9t ,mat!w's language :i* negatives o!r appe>ances1 or :i* imports t ?is 8 appe>ance to 8 disciples 9 ,galilee1 9 pursuance ( 8 promise1 0 8 fir/ or only appe>ance1 is made pretty evid5t by ,sa9t ,m>k's ,gospel1 :i* uses ! same t]ms conc]n+ ! appe>ance 9 ,galilee z ,sa9t ,mat!w uses1 yet itself records two o!r appe>ances prior to ?is3 ,g y\r way1 tell 8 disciples & ,pet]1 t he goe? be=e y into ,galilee3 !re %all ye see him z he said unto y 7xvi4 #g74 ,we might be apt to inf] f ^! words1 t ?is 0 ! fir/ "t !y 7 to see him2 at lea/1 we might inf] x1 ) z mu* reason z we draw ! inf]5ce f ! same words 9 ,mat!w3 ! hi/orian himself did n p]ceive t he 0 lead+ 8 read]s to any su* conclusion2 =1 9 ! twelf? & foll[+ v]ses ( ?is *apt]1 he in=ms u ( two appe>ances1 :i*1 by comp>+ ! ord] ( ev5ts1 are %[n to h be5 prior to ! appe>ance 9 ,galilee4 ,he appe>$ 9 ano!r =m unto two ( !m1 z !y walk$1 & w5t into ! c\ntry2 & !y w5t & told x unto ! residue1 nei!r believ$ !y !m3 aft]w>ds he appe>$ unto ! elev51 z !y sat at meat1 & upbraid$ !m ) _! unbelief1 because !y believ$ n !m t _h se5 him aft] he 0 ris54 ,probably ! same obs]vation1 conc]n+ ! p>ticul> design :i* guid$ ! hi/orian1 may be ( use 9 comp>+ _m o!r passages ( ! ,gospels4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,errone\s ,,op9ions ,,imput$ ,,to ,,! ,,apo/les4 ,a species ( c&\r :i* is %[n t[>ds e o!r book is sometimes refus$ to ! ,scriptures3 & t is1 ! plac+ ( a di/9ction betwe5 judgm5t & te/imony4 ,we d n usually "q ! cr$it ( a writ]1 by reason ( an op9ion he may h deliv]$ ^u subjects unconnect$ ) 8 evid5ce3 & ev5 ^u subjects connect$ ) 8 acc\nt1 or mix$ ) x 9 ! same disc\rse or writ+1 we naturally sep>ate facts f op9ions1 te/imony f obs]vation1 n>rative f argum5t4 ,to apply ?is equitable consid]ation to ! ,*ri/ian records1 mu* controv]sy & mu* objection has be5 rais$ conc]n+ ! quotations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t f\nd 9 ! ,new2 "s ( :i* quotations1 x is said1 are appli$ 9 a s5se & to ev5ts app>5tly diff]5t f t :i* !y be>1 & f ^? to :i* !y belong 9 ! orig9al4 ,x is probable1 to my appreh5sion1 t _m ( ^? quotations 7 int5d$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z no?+ m ?an accommodations4 ,!y quot$ passages ( _! ,scripture :i* suit$1 & fell 9 )1 ! occasion be=e !m1 )\t always und]tak+ to ass]t t ! occasion 0 9 ! view ( ! au?or ( ! words4 ,su* accommodations ( passages f old au?ors1 f books especially :i* are 9 e "o's h&s1 are common ) writ]s ( all c\ntries2 b 9 none1 p]haps1 7 m to be expect$ ?an 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,jews1 ^: lit]ature 0 almo/ entirely conf9$ to _! ,scriptures4 ,^? prophecies :i* are alleg$ ) m solemnity1 & :i* are accompani$ ) a precise decl>ation t !y orig9ally respect$ ! ev5t !n relat$1 are1 ,i ?9k1 truly alleg$4 ,b 7 x o!rwise2 is ! judgm5t ( ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 int]pret+ passages ( ! ,old1 or sometimes1 p]haps1 9 receiv+ e/abli%$ int]pretations1 s connect$ ei!r ) _! v]acity1 or ) _! means ( in=mation conc]n+ :at 0 pass+ 9 _! own times1 z t a critical mi/ake1 ev5 7 x cle>ly made out1 %\ld ov]?r[ _! hi/orical cr$it8--,does x dim9i% x8 ,has x any?+ to d ) x8 ,ano!r error imput$ to ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 0 ! expect$ approa* ( ! day ( judgm5t4 ,i w\ld introduce ?is objection by a rem>k ^u :at appe>s to me a some:at simil> example4 ,our ,savi\r1 speak+ to ,pet] ( ,john1 said1 ,if ,i w t he t>ry till ,i come1 :at is t to !e8' 7,john xxi4 #bb47 ,^! words we f9d _h be5 s miscon/ru$1 z t a report f !nce w5t abroad among ! bre?r51 t t disciple %\ld n die4 ,suppose t ?is _h come d[n to u among/ ! prevail+ op9ions ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & t ! p>ticul> circum/ance f :i* ! mi/ake sprang _h be5 lo/ 7:i*1 humanly speak+1 0 mo/ likely to h be5 ! case71 "s1 at ?is day1 w\ld h be5 ready to reg>d & quote ! error z an impea*m5t ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,yet ) h[ little ju/ice su* a conclusion w\ld h be5 drawn1 or r su* a presumption tak5 up1 ! in=mation :i* we happ5 to possess enables u n[ to p]ceive4 ,to ^? :o ?9k t ! ,scriptures lead u to believe t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & ev5 ! apo/les1 expect$ ! approa* ( ! day ( judgm5t 9 _! own times1 ! same reflection w occur z t :i* we h made ) respect to ! m p>tial1 p]haps1 & tempor>y1 b /ill no less anci5t1 error conc]n+ ! duration ( ,sa9t ,john's life4 ,x 0 an error1 x may be likewise said1 :i* w\ld effectually h9d] ^? :o ent]ta9$ x f act+ ! "p ( impo/ors4 ,! difficulty :i* att5ds ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt] is conta9$ 9 ?is "q2 ,if we once admit ! fallibility ( ! apo/olic judgm5t1 :]e are we to /op1 or 9 :at c we rely ^u x8 ,to :i* "q1 z argu+ ) unbeliev]s1 & z argu+ = ! sub/antial tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 & = t alone1 x is compet5t to ! advocate ( ,*ri/ianity to reply1 ,give me ! apo/les' te/imony1 & ,i d n /& 9 ne$ ( _! judgm5t2 give me ! facts1 & ,i h complete security = e conclusion ,i want4 ,b1 al?\gh ,i ?9k t x is compet5t to ! ,*ri/ian apologi/ to return ?is answ]1 ,i d n ?9k t x is ! only answ] :i* ! objection is capable ( receiv+4 ,! two foll[+ cautions1 f\nd$1 ,i appreh5d1 9 ! mo/ reasonable di/9ctions1 w exclude all unc]ta9ty ^u ?is head :i* c be att5d$ ) dang]4 ,fir/1 to sep>ate :at 0 ! object ( ! apo/olic mission1 & decl>$ by !m to be s1 f :at 0 extrane\s to x1 or only incid5tally connect$ ) x4 ,( po9ts cle>ly extrane\s to ! religion no?+ ne$ be said4 ,( po9ts incid5tally connect$ ) x some?+ may be add$4 ,demoniacal possession is "o ( ^! po9ts3 conc]n+ ! reality ( :i*1 z ?is place w n admit ! exam9ation1 nor ev5 ! production ( ! argum5t on ei!r side ( ! "q1 x w\ld be arrogance 9 me to deliv] any judgm5t4 ,& x is unnecess>y4 ,= :at ,i am conc]n$ to obs]ve is1 t ev5 !y :o ?9k x 0 a g5]al1 b errone\s op9ion ( ^? times2 & t ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 common ) o!r ,jewi% writ]s ( t age1 fell into ! mann] ( speak+ & ( ?9k+ ^u ! subject :i* !n univ]sally prevail$1 ne$ n be al>m$ by ! concession1 z ?\gh !y _h any?+ to fe> f x = ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! doctr9e 0 n :at ,*ri/ br\ght into ! _w4 ,x appe>s 9 ! ,*ri/ian records1 incid5tally & accid5tally1 z be+ ! subsi/+ op9ion ( ! age & c\ntry 9 :i* 8 m9i/ry 0 ex]cis$4 ,x 0 no "p ( ! object ( 8 revelation1 to regulate m5's op9ions conc]n+ ! action ( spiritual sub/ances ^u animal bodies4 ,at any rate x is unconnect$ ) te/imony4 ,if a dumb p]son 0 by a ^w re/or$ to ! use ( 8 spee*1 x signifies little to :at cause ! dumbness 0 ascrib$2 & ! l ( e o!r cure wr\ght ^u ^! :o are said to h be5 possess$4 ,! malady 0 real1 ! cure 0 real1 :e!r ! popul> explication ( ! cause 0 well f\nd$ or n4 ,! matt] ( fact1 ! *ange1 s f> z x 0 an object ( s5se1 or ( te/imony1 0 9 ei!r case ! same4 ,secondly1 t1 9 read+ ! apo/olic writ+s1 we di/+ui% betwe5 _! doctr9es & _! argum5ts4 ,_! doctr9es came to !m by revelation prop]ly s call$2 yet 9 prop\nd+ ^! doctr9es 9 _! writ+s or disc\rses !y 7 wont to illu/rate1 support1 & en=ce !m by su* analogies1 argum5ts1 & consid]ations z _! own ?\ghts sugge/$4 ,?us ! call ( ! g5tiles1 t is1 ! admission ( ! ,g5tiles to ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession )\t a previ\s subjection to ! law ( ,moses1 0 import$ to ! apo/les by revelation1 & 0 atte/$ by ! miracles :i* att5d$ ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry among !m4 ,! apo/les' own assurance ( ! matt] re/$ ^u ?is f\ndation4 ,nev]!less1 ,sa9t ,paul1 :5 treat+ ( ! subject1 (t5 a great v>iety ( topics 9 its pro( & v9dication4 ,! doctr9e itself mu/ be receiv$3 b x is n necess>y1 9 ord] to def5d ,*ri/ianity1 to def5d ! propriety ( e comp>ison1 or ! validity ( e argum5t1 :i* ! apo/le has br\ght into ! discussion4 ,! same obs]vation applies to "s o!r in/ances1 & is1 9 my op9ion1 v well f\nd$2 ,:5 div9e writ]s argue ^u any po9t1 we are always b\nd to believe ! conclusions t _! reason+s end 91 z p>ts ( div9e revelation3 b we are n b\nd to be able to make out1 or ev5 to ass5t to all ! premises made use ( by !m1 9 _! :ole ext5t1 unless x appe> pla9ly1 t !y affirm ! premises z expressly z !y d ! conclusions prov$ by !m4 7,burnets ,expos4 art4 #f47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,connexion ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,) ,,! ,,jewi% ,,hi/ory4 ,und\bt$ly our ,savi\r assumes ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,mosaic in/itution3 &1 indep5d5tly ( 8 au?ority1 ,i conceive x to be v difficult to assign any o!r cause = ! comm5cem5t or exi/5ce ( t in/itution2 especially = ! s+ul> circum/ance ( ! ,jews adh]+ to ! unity :5 e o!r p slid into poly!ism2 = _! be+ m5 9 religion1 *ildr5 9 ev]y?+ else2 beh9d o!r nations 9 ! arts ( peace & w>1 sup]ior to ! mo/ improv$ 9 _! s5tim5ts & doctr9es relat+ to ! ,deity499 99 ,9 ! doctr9e1 = example1 ( ! unity1 ! et]nity1 ! omnipot5ce1 ! omnisci5ce1 ! omnipres5ce1 ! wisdom1 & ! goodness ( ,god2 9 _! op9ions conc]n+ provid5ce1 & ! creation1 pres]vation1 & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,campbell on ,mir4 p4 #bjg4 ,to :i* we may add1 9 ! acts ( _! religion n be+ accompani$ ei!r ) cruelties or impurities3 9 ! religion itself be+ free f a species ( sup]/ition :i* prevail$ univ]sally 9 ! popul> religions ( ! anci5t _w1 & :i* is to be f\nd p]haps 9 all religions t h _! orig9 9 human artifice & cr$ulity1 viz4 fanciful connexions betwe5 c]ta9 appe>ances & actions1 & ! de/9y ( nations or individuals4 ,^u ^! conceits re/$ ! :ole tra9 ( auguries & auspices1 :i* =m$ s mu* ev5 ( ! s]i\s "p ( ! religions ( ,greece & ,rome1 & ( ! *>ms & incantations :i* 7 practis$ 9 ^? c\ntries by ! common p4 ,f ev]y?+ ( ?is sort ! religion ( ! ,jews1 & ( ! ,jews alone1 0 free4 ,vide4 ,prie/ley's ,lectures on ! ,tru? ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,revelation2 #agid4 ,und\bt$ly1 also1 our ,savi\r recognises ! prophetic "* ( _m ( _! anci5t writ]s4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 we are b\nd z ,*ri/ians to g4 ,b to make ,*ri/ianity answ]able1 ) its life1 = ! circum/antial tru? ( ea* sep>ate passage ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! g5u95ess ( e book1 ! in=mation1 fidelity1 & judgm5t ( e writ] 9 x1 is to br+1 ,i w n say great1 b unnecess>y difficulties into ! :ole sy/em4 ,^! books 7 univ]sally read & receiv$ by ! ,jews ( our ,savi\r's "t4 ,he & 8 apo/les1 9 common ) all o!r ,jews1 ref]r$ to !m1 allud$ to !m1 us$ !m4 ,yet1 except :]e he expressly ascribes a div9e au?ority to p>ticul> pr$ictions1 ,i d n "k t we c /rictly draw any conclusion f ! books be+ s us$ & appli$1 beside ! pro(1 :i* x unque/ionably is1 ( _! notoriety & reception at t "t4 ,9 ?is view1 our ,scriptures af=d a valuable te/imony to ^? ( ! ,jews4 ,b ! nature ( ?is te/imony ought to be und]/ood4 ,x is surely v diff]5t f :at x is sometimes repres5t$ to be1 a specific ratification ( ea* p>ticul> fact & op9ion2 & n only ( ea* p>ticul> fact1 b ( ! motives assign$ = e action1 toge!r ) ! judgm5t ( praise or dispraise be/[$ ^u !m4 ,sa9t ,james1 9 8 ,epi/le1 says1 ,ye h he>d ( ! pati5ce ( ,job1 & h se5 ! end ( ! ,"l4 ,not)/&+ ?is text1 ! reality ( ,job's hi/ory1 & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( su* a p]son1 h be5 always deem$ a fair subject ( inquiry & discussion among/ ,*ri/ian div9es4 ,sa9t ,james's au?ority is consid]$ z good evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! book ( ,job at t "t1 & ( its reception by ! ,jews2 & ( no?+ m4 ,sa9t ,paul1 9 8 ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 has ?is similitude3 ,n[1 z ,jannes & ,jambres )/ood ,moses1 s d ^! also resi/ ! tru?4 ,^! names are n f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,& x is unc]ta9 :e!r ,sa9t ,paul took !m f "s apocryphal writ+ !n extant1 or f tradition4 ,b no "o ev] imag9$ t ,sa9t ,paul is "h ass]t+ ! au?ority ( ! writ+1 if x 0 a writt5 acc\nt :i* he quot$1 or mak+ himself answ]able = ! au!nticity ( ! tradition2 mu* less t he s involves himself ) ei!r ( ^! que/ions z t ! cr$it ( 8 own hi/ory & mission %\ld dep5d ^u ! fact :e!r ,jannes & ,jambres )/ood ,moses or n4 ,= :at reason a m rigor\s int]pretation %\ld be put ^u o!r ref]5ces x is difficult to "k4 ,i d n mean1 t o!r passages ( ! ,jewi% hi/ory /& ^u no bett] evid5ce ?an ! hi/ory ( ,job1 or ( ,jannes & ,jambres 7,i ?9k mu* o!rwise72 b ,i mean1 t a ref]5ce 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to a passage 9 ! ,old does n s fix its au?ority z to exclude all inquiry into its cr$ibility1 or into ! sep>ate reasons ^u :i* t cr$ibility is f\nd$2 & t x is an unw>rantable z well z unsafe rule to lay d[n conc]n+ ! ,jewi% hi/ory1 :at 0 nev] laid d[n conc]n+ any o!r1 t ei!r e p>ticul> ( x mu/ be true1 or ! :ole false4 ,i h ?\ght x necess>y to /ate ?is po9t explicitly1 because a fa%ion1 reviv$ by ,voltaire1 & pursu$ by ! disciples ( 8 s*ool1 seems to h mu* prevail$ ( late1 ( attack+ ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh ! sides ( ,judaism4 ,"s objections ( ?is class are f\nd$ 9 miscon/ruction1 "s 9 exagg]ation2 b all proce$ ^u a supposition1 :i* has n be5 made out by argum5t1 viz4 t ! atte/ation :i* ! ,au?or & fir/ tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity gave to ! div9e mission ( ,moses & ! prophets ext5ds to e po9t & portion ( ! ,jewi% hi/ory2 & s ext5ds z to make ,*ri/ianity responsible1 9 its own cr$ibility1 = ! circum/antial tru? 7,i _h almo/ said = ! critical exactness7 ( e n>rative conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,rejection ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,we ackn[l$ge t ! ,*ri/ian religion1 al?\gh x conv]t$ great numb]s1 did n produce an univ]sal1 or ev5 a g5]al conviction 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ( ! age & c\ntries 9 :i* x appe>$4 ,& ?is want ( a m complete & ext5sive success is call$ ! rejection ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory & miracles2 & has be5 ?\ght by "s to =m a /rong objection to ! reality ( ! facts :i* ! hi/ory conta9s4 ,! matt] ( ! objection divides itself into two p>ts2 z x relates to ! ,jews1 & z x relates to ,hea!n nations3 because ! m9ds ( ^! two descriptions ( m5 may h be51 ) respect to ,*ri/ianity1 "u ! influ5ce ( v diff]5t causes4 ,! case ( ! ,jews1 inasmu* z our ,savi\r's m9i/ry 0 orig9ally address$ to !m1 (f]s itself fir/ to our consid]ation4 ,n[ ^u ! subject ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 ) u !re is b "o "q1 viz41 :e!r ! miracles 7 actually wr\ght8 ,f ackn[l$g+ ! miracles1 we pass in/antane\sly to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! :ole4 ,no d\bt lies betwe5 ! premises & ! conclusion4 ,if we believe ! works ( any "o ( !m1 we believe 9 ,jesus4 ,& ?is ord] ( reason+ has become s univ]sal & famili> t we d n readily appreh5d h[ x c\ld ev] h be5 o!rwise4 ,yet x appe>s to me p]fectly c]ta91 t ! /ate ( ?\ght 9 ! m9d ( a ,jew ( our ,savi\r's age 0 totally diff]5t f ?is4 ,aft] all[+ ! reality ( ! miracle1 he _h a great deal to d to p]suade himself t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah4 ,?is is cle>ly intimat$ by v>i\s passages ( ! ,gospel hi/ory4 ,x appe>s t1 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! miracles did n irresi/ibly c>ry ev5 ^? :o saw !m to ! conclusion int5d$ to be drawn f !m2 or s compel ass5t1 z to leave no room = susp5se1 = ! ex]cise ( c&\r1 or ! effects ( prejudice4 ,& to ?is po9t1 at lea/1 ! evangeli/s may he all[$ to be good witnesses2 because x is a po9t 9 :i* exagg]ation or disguise w\ld h be5 ! o!r way4 ,_! acc\nts1 if !y c\ld he suspect$ ( falsehood1 w\ld r h magnifi$ ?an dim9i%$ ! effects ( ! miracles4 ,john vii4 #ba--ca4 ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,i h done "o "w1 & ye all m>vel4--,if a man on ! ,sabba?-day receive circumcision1 t ! law ( ,moses %\ld n be brok52 are ye angry at me1 because ,i h made a man e :it :ole on ! ,sabba?-day8 ,judge n accord+ to ! appe>ance1 b judge righte\s judgm5t4 ,!n said "s ( !m ( ,j]usalem1 ,is n ?is he :om !y seek to kill8 ,b lo1 he speake? boldly1 & !y say no?+ to him3 d ! rul]s "k inde$ t ?is is ! v ,*ri/8 ,h[beit we "k ?is man1 :5ce he is3 b :5 ,*ri/ come?1 no man kn[e? :5ce he is4 ,!n cri$ ,jesus 9 ! temple z he taught1 say+1 ,ye bo? "k me1 & ye "k :5ce ,i am3 & ,i am n come ( myself1 b ,he t s5t me is true1 :om ye "k n4 ,b ,i "k ,him1 = ,i am f ,him1 & ,he ha? s5t me4 ,!n !y s\ght to take him3 b no man laid h&s on him1 because 8 h\r 0 n yet come4 ,& _m ( ! p believ$ on him & said1 ,:5 ,*ri/ come?1 w he d m miracles ?an ^? :i* ?is man ha? done8 ,?is passage is v obs]vable4 ,x exhibits ! reason+ ( diff]5t sorts ( p]sons ^u ! occasion ( a miracle :i* p]sons ( all sorts are repres5t$ to h ackn[l$g$ z real4 ,"o sort ( m5 ?\ght t !re 0 some?+ v extraord9>y 9 all ?is2 b t /ill ,jesus c\ld n be ! ,*ri/1 because !re 0 a circum/ance 9 8 appe>ance :i* militat$ ) an op9ion conc]n+ ,*ri/ 9 :i* !y _h be5 br\ght up1 & ( ! tru? ( :i*1 x is probable1 !y _h nev] ent]ta9$ a p>ticle ( d\bt1 viz4 ,t :5 ,*ri/ come?1 no man kn[e? :5ce he is4 ,ano!r sort 7 incl9$ to believe him to be ! ,messiah4 ,b ev5 ^! did n argue z we %\ld2 did n consid] ! miracle z ( itself decisive ( ! "q2 z :at1 if once all[$1 exclud$ all fur!r debate ^u ! subject2 b f\nd$ _! op9ion ^u a k9d ( comp>ative reason+1 ,:5 ,*ri/ come?1 w he d m miracles ?an ^? :i* ?is man ha? done8 ,ano!r passage 9 ! same evangeli/1 & obs]vable = ! same purpose1 is t 9 :i* he relates ! resurrection ( ,laz>us2 ,jesus1 he tells u 7xi4 #dc1 #dd71 :5 he _h ?us spok51 cri$ ) a l\d voice1 ,laz>us1 come =?3 & he t 0 dead came =?1 b\nd h& & foot ) graveclo!s1 & 8 face 0 b\nd ab\t ) a napk94 ,jesus sai? unto !m1 ,loose him1 & let him g4 ,"o might h suspect$1 t at lea/ all ^? :o /ood by ! sepul*re1 :5 ,laz>us 0 rais$1 w\ld h believ$ 9 ,jesus4 ,yet ! evangeli/ does n s repres5t x3--,!n _m ( ! ,jews :i* came to ,m>y1 & _h se5 ! ?+s :i* ,jesus did1 believ$ on him2 b "s ( !m w5t _! ways to ! ,ph>isees1 & told !m :at ?+s ,jesus _h done4 ,we _c suppose t ! evangeli/ meant by ?is acc\nt to leave 8 read]s to imag9e1 t any ( ! spectators d\bt$ ab\t ! tru? ( ! miracle4 ,f> f x4 ,unque/ionably1 he /ates ! miracle to h be5 fully all[$2 yet ! p]sons :o all[$ x 71 accord+ to 8 repres5tation1 capable ( reta9+ ho/ile s5tim5ts t[>ds ,jesus4 ,believ+ 9 ,jesus 0 n only to believe t he wr\ght miracles1 b t he 0 ! ,messiah4 ,) u !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two ?+s2 ) !m !re 0 ! greate/2 & ! diff]5ce is app>5t 9 ?is transaction4 ,if ,sa9t ,john has repres5t$ ! conduct ( ! ,jews ^u ?is occasion truly 7& :y he %\ld n ,i _c tell1 = x r makes aga9/ him ?an = him71 x %[s cle>ly ! pr9ciples ^u :i* _! judgm5t proce$$4 ,:e!r he has relat$ ! matt] truly or n1 ! relation itself discov]s ! writ]'s own op9ion ( ^? pr9ciples3 & t alone possesses consid]able au?ority4 ,9 ! next *apt]1 we h a reflection ( ! evangeli/ entirely suit$ to ?is /ate ( ! case3 ,b ?\gh he _h done s _m miracles be=e !m1 yet believ$ !y n on him4 7,*ap4 xii4 #cg47 ,! evangeli/ does n mean to impute ! defect ( _! belief to any d\bt ab\t ! miracles1 b to _! n p]ceiv+1 :at all n[ suffici5tly p]ceive1 & :at !y w\ld h p]ceiv$ _h n _! und]/&+s be5 gov]n$ by /rong prejudices1 ! infallible atte/ation :i* ! works ( ,jesus bore to ! tru? ( 8 pret5sions4 ,! n9? *apt] ( ,sa9t ,john's ,gospel conta9s a v circum/antial acc\nt ( ! cure ( a bl9d man2 a miracle submitt$ to all ! scrut9y & exam9ation :i* a sceptic c\ld propose4 ,if a mod]n unbeliev] _h drawn up ! int]rogatories1 !y c\ld h>dly h be5 m critical or se>*+4 ,! acc\nt conta9s also a v curi\s conf]5ce betwe5 ! ,jewi% rul]s & ! pati5t1 9 :i* ! po9t = our pres5t notice is1 _! resi/ance ( ! =ce ( ! miracle1 & ( ! conclusion to :i* x l$1 aft] !y _h fail$ 9 discr$it+ its evid5ce4 ,we "k t ,god spake unto ,moses1 b z = ?is fell[1 we "k n :5ce he is4 ,t 0 ! answ] :i* set _! m9ds at re/4 ,& by ! help ( mu* prejudice1 & great unwill+ness to yield1 x might d s4 ,9 ! m9d ( ! poor man re/or$ to sight1 :i* 0 "u no su* bias1 & felt no su* reluctance1 ! miracle _h its natural op]ation4 ,h]e91 says he1 is a m>vell\s ?+1 t ye "k n f :5ce he is1 yet he ha? op5$ m9e eyes4 ,n[ we "k t ,god he>e? n s9n]s3 b if any man be a wor%ipp] ( ,god1 & doe? 8 w1 him he he>e?4 ,s9ce ! _w began1 0 x n he>d1 t any man op5$ ! eyes ( "o t 0 born bl9d4 ,if ?is man 7 n ( ,god1 he c\ld d no?+4 ,we d n f9d t ! ,jewi% rul]s _h any o!r reply to make to ?is def5ce1 ?an t :i* au?ority is sometimes apt to make to argum5t1 ,do/ ?\ tea* u8 ,if x %all be inquir$ h[ a turn ( ?\ght1 s diff]5t f :at prevails at pres5t1 %\ld obta9 curr5cy ) ! anci5t ,jews2 ! answ] is f\nd 9 two op9ions :i* are prov$ to h subsi/$ 9 t age & c\ntry4 ,! "o 0 _! expectation ( a ,messiah ( a k9d totally contr>y to :at ! appe>ance ( ,jesus bespoke him to be2 ! o!r1 _! p]suasion ( ! ag5cy ( demons 9 ! production ( sup]natural effects4 ,^! op9ions are n suppos$ by u = ! purpose ( argum5t1 b are evid5tly recognis$ 9 ! ,jewi% writ+s z well z 9 ours4 ,& x ought moreov] to be consid]$1 t 9 ^! op9ions ! ,jews ( t age _h be5 f _! infancy br\ght up2 t !y 7 op9ions1 ! gr\nds ( :i* !y _h probably few ( !m inquir$ into1 & ( ! tru? ( :i* !y ent]ta9$ no d\bt4 ,& ,i ?9k t ^! two op9ions conjo9tly af=d an explanation ( _! conduct4 ,! fir/ put !m ^u seek+ out "s excuse to !mselves = n receiv+ ,jesus 9 ! "* 9 :i* he claim$ to be receiv$2 & ! second suppli$ !m ) j su* an excuse z !y want$4 ,let ,jesus "w :at miracles he w\ld1 /ill ! answ] 0 9 read9ess1 t he wr\ght !m by ! assi/ance ( ,beelzebub4 ,& to ?is answ] no reply c\ld be made1 b t :i* our ,savi\r did make1 by %[+ t ! t5d5cy ( 8 mission 0 s adv]se to ! views ) :i* ?is be+ 01 by ! objectors !mselves1 suppos$ to act1 t x c\ld n reasonably be suppos$ t he w\ld assi/ 9 c>ry+ x on4 ,! p[] display$ 9 ! miracles did n alone refute ! ,jewi% solution1 because ! int]position ( invisible ag5ts be+ once admitt$1 x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! limits by :i* _! effici5cy is circumscrib$4 ,we ( ?is day may be dispos$ possibly to ?9k su* op9ions too absurd to h be5 ev] s]i\sly ent]ta9$4 ,i am n b\nd to cont5d = ! cr$ibility ( ! op9ions4 ,!y 7 at lea/ z reasonable z ! belief 9 wit*craft4 ,!y 7 op9ions 9 :i* ! ,jews ( t age _h f _! infancy be5 in/ruct$2 & ^? :o _c see en\gh 9 ! =ce ( ?is reason to acc\nt = _! conduct t[>ds our ,savi\r1 d n suffici5tly consid] h[ su* op9ions may sometimes become v g5]al 9 a c\ntry1 & ) :at p]t9acity1 :5 once become s1 !y are = t reason alone adh]$ to4 ,9 ! susp5se :i* ^! notions & ! prejudices result+ f !m might occasion1 ! c&id & docile & humble-m9d$ w\ld probably decide 9 ,*ri/'s fav\r2 ! pr\d & ob/9ate1 toge!r ) ! giddy & ! ?\ghtless1 almo/ univ]sally aga9/ him4 ,?is /ate ( op9ion discov]s to u also ! reason ( :at "s *oose to wond] at1 :y ! ,jews %\ld reject miracles :5 !y saw !m1 yet rely s mu* ^u ! tradition ( !m 9 _! own hi/ory4 ,x does n appe> t x _h ev] ent]$ into ! m9ds ( ^? :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,moses & ! prophets to ascribe _! miracles to ! sup]natural ag5cy ( evil be+4 ,! solution 0 n !n inv5t$4 ,! au?ority ( ,moses & ! prophets be+ e/abli%$1 & become ! f\ndation ( ! national polity & religion1 x 0 n probable t ! lat] ,jews1 br\ght up 9 a rev]5ce = t religion1 & ! subjects ( t polity1 %\ld apply to _! hi/ory a reason+ :i* t5d$ to ov]?r[ ! f\ndation ( bo?4 ,,ii4 ,! infidelity ( ! ,g5tile _w1 & t m especially ( m5 ( rank & le>n+ 9 x1 is resolvable into a pr9ciple :i*1 9 my judgm5t1 w acc\nt = ! inefficacy ( any argum5t or any evid5ce :atev]1 viz4 contempt prior to exam9ation4 ,! /ate ( religion among/ ! ,greeks & ,romans _h a natural t5d5cy to induce ?is disposition4 ,dionysius ,halic>nass5sis rem>ks1 t !re 7 six hundr$ diff]5t k9ds ( religions or sacr$ rites ex]cis$ at ,rome4 7,jort9's ,rem>ks on ,eccl4 ,hi/4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #cga47 ,! sup]ior classes ( ! community treat$ !m all z fables4 ,c we wond]1 !n1 t ,*ri/ianity 0 includ$ 9 ! numb]1 )\t inquiry into its sep>ate m]its1 or ! p>ticul> gr\nds ( its pret5sions8 ,x might be ei!r true or false = any?+ !y knew ab\t x4 ,! religion _h no?+ 9 its "* :i* imm$iately engag$ _! notice4 ,x mix$ ) no politics4 ,x produc$ no f9e writ]s4 ,x conta9$ no curi\s speculations4 ,:5 x did rea* _! k1 ,i d\bt n b t x appe>$ to !m a v /range sy/em1--s unphilosophical1--deal+ s little 9 argum5t & discussion1 9 su* argum5ts h[ev] & discussions z !y 7 accu/om$ to ent]ta94 ,:at is said ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ( 8 nature1 (fice1 & m9i/ry1 w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree ali5 f ! conceptions ( _! !ology4 ,! ,r$eem] & ! de/9$ ,judge ( ! human race a poor "y man1 execut$ at ,j]usalem ) two ?ieves ^u a cross6 ,/ill m w\ld ! language 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e 0 deliv]$ be dissonant & b>b>\s to _! e>s4 ,:at knew !y ( grace1 ( r$emption1 ( ju/ification1 ( ! blood ( ,*ri/ %$ = ! s9s ( m51 ( reconcilem5t1 ( m$iation8 ,*ri/ianity 0 made up ( po9ts !y _h nev] ?\ght (2 ( t]ms :i* !y _h nev] he>d4 ,x 0 pres5t$ also to ! imag9ation ( ! le>n$ ,hea!n "u additional disadvantage1 by reason ( its real1 & /ill m ( its nom9al1 connexion ) ,judaism4 ,x %>$ 9 ! obloquy & ridicule ) :i* t p & _! religion 7 treat$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,!y reg>d$ ,jehovah himself only z ! idol ( ! ,jewi% nation1 & :at 0 relat$ ( him z ( a piece ) :at 0 told ( ! tutel> deities ( o!r c\ntries2 nay1 ! ,jews 7 9 a p>ticul> mann] ridicul$ = be+ a cr$ul\s race2 s t :atev] reports ( a miracul\s nature came out ( t c\ntry 7 look$ ^u by ! ,hea!n _w z false & frivol\s4 ,:5 !y he>d ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y he>d ( x z a qu>rel among/ ?is p ab\t "s articles ( _! own sup]/ition4 ,despis+1 !re=e1 z !y did1 ! :ole sy/em1 x 0 n probable t !y w\ld ent]1 ) any degree ( s]i\sness or att5tion1 into ! detail ( its disputes or ! m]its ( ei!r side4 ,h[ little !y knew1 & ) :at c>elessness !y judg$ ( ^! matt]s1 appe>s1 ,i ?9k1 pretty pla9ly f an example ( no less weight ?an t ( ,tacitus1 :o1 9 a grave & pr(ess$ disc\rse ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 /ates t !y wor%ipp$ ! effigy ( an ass4 7,tacit4 ,hi/4 lib4 v4 c4 #b47 ,! passage is a pro( h[ prone ! le>n$ m5 ( ^? times 71 & ^u h[ little evid5ce1 to heap toge!r /ories :i* might increase ! contempt & odium 9 :i* t p 0 hold54 ,! same fooli% *>ge is also confid5tly repeat$ by ,plut>*4 7,sympos4 lib4 iv4 quae/4 #e47 ,x is obs]vable t all ^! consid]ations are ( a nature to op]ate ) ! greate/ =ce ^u ! highe/ ranks2 ^u m5 ( education1 & t ord] ( ! public f :i* writ]s are pr9cipally tak53 ,i may add also ^u ! philosophical z well z ! lib]t9e "*2 ^u ! ,anton9es or ,julian1 n less ?an ^u ,n]o or ,domitian2 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ^u t l>ge & poli%$ class ( m5 :o acquiesc$ 9 ! g5]al p]suasion1 t all !y _h to d 0 to practise ! duties ( morality1 & to wor%ip ! ,deity m patrio2 a habit ( ?9k+1 lib]al z x may appe>1 :i* %uts ! door aga9/ e argum5t = a new religion4 ,! consid]ations above m5tion$ w\ld acquire also /r5g? f ! prejudices :i* m5 ( rank & le>n+ univ]sally ent]ta9 aga9/ any?+ t orig9ates ) ! vulg> & illit]ate2 :i* prejudice is kn[n to be z ob/9ate z any prejudice :atev]4 ,yet ,*ri/ianity 0 /ill mak+ its way3 &1 amid/ s _m imp$im5ts to its progress1 s mu* difficulty 9 procur+ audi5ce & att5tion1 its actual success is m to be wond]$ at1 ?an t x %\ld n h univ]sally conqu]$ scorn & indiff]5ce1 fix$ ! levity ( a voluptu\s age1 or1 ?r\gh a cl\d ( adv]se prejudications1 op5$ = itself a passage to ! he>ts & und]/&+s ( ! s*ol>s ( ! age4 ,& ! cause :i* is "h assign$ = ! rejection ( ,*ri/ianity by m5 ( rank & le>n+ among ! ,hea!ns1 namely1 a /rong antec$5t contempt1 acc\nts also = _! sil5ce conc]n+ x4 ,if !y _h reject$ x ^u exam9ation1 !y w\ld h writt5 ab\t x2 !y w\ld h giv5 _! reasons4 ,:]eas1 :at m5 repudiate ^u ! /r5g? ( "s prefix$ p]suasion1 or f a settl$ contempt ( ! subject1 ( ! p]sons :o propose x1 or ( ! mann] 9 :i* x is propos$1 !y d n naturally write books ab\t1 or notice mu* 9 :at !y write ^u o!r subjects4 ,! lett]s ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y furni% an example ( ?is sil5ce1 & let u1 9 "s measure1 into ! cause ( x4 ,f 8 celebrat$ correspond5ce ) ,trajan1 we "k t ! ,*ri/ian religion prevail$ 9 a v consid]able degree 9 ! prov9ce ov] :i* he presid$2 t x _h excit$ 8 att5tion2 t he _h inquir$ into ! matt] j s mu* z a ,roman magi/rate might be expect$ to inquire1 viz41 :e!r ! religion conta9$ any op9ions dang]\s to gov]nm5t2 b t ( its doctr9es1 its evid5ces1 or its books1 he _h n tak5 ! tr\ble to in=m himself ) any degree ( c>e or correctness4 ,b al?\gh ,pl9y _h view$ ,*ri/ianity 9 a ne>] position ?an mo/ ( 8 le>n$ c\ntrym5 saw x 91 yet he _h reg>d$ ! :ole ) su* neglig5ce & disda9 7fur!r ?an z x seem$ to conc]n 8 adm9i/ration71 t1 9 m ?an two hundr$ & =ty lett]s ( 8 :i* h come d[n to u1 ! subject is nev] once aga9 m5tion$4 ,if1 out ( ?is numb]1 ! two lett]s betwe5 him & ,trajan _h be5 lo/1 ) :at confid5ce w\ld ! obscurity ( ! ,*ri/ian religion h be5 argu$ f ,pl9y's sil5ce ab\t x1 & ) h[ little tru?6 ,! "n & "* :i* ,tacitus has giv5 to ,*ri/ianity1 exitiabilis sup]/itio 7a p]nici\s sup]/ition71 & by :i* two words he disposes ( ! :ole "q ( ! m]its or dem]its ( ! religion1 af=d a /rong pro( h[ little he knew1 or conc]n$ himself to "k1 ab\t ! matt]4 ,i appreh5d t ,i %all n be contradict$1 :5 ,i take ^u me to ass]t1 t no unbeliev] ( ! pres5t age w\ld apply ?is epi!t to ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or n all[ t x 0 entirely unm]it$4 ,read ! in/ructions giv5 by a great tea*] ( ! religion to ^? v ,roman conv]ts ( :om ,tacitus speaks2 & giv5 also a v few ye>s be=e ! "t ( :i* he is speak+2 & :i* are n1 let x be obs]v$1 a collection ( f9e say+s br\ght toge!r f diff]5t p>ts ( a l>ge "w1 b /& 9 "o entire passage ( a public lett]1 )\t ! int]mixture ( a s+le ?\ght :i* is frivol\s or exceptionable3--,abhor t :i* is evil1 cleave to t :i* is good4 ,be k9dly affection$ "o to ano!r1 ) bro!rly love2 9 hon\r pref]r+ "o ano!r2 n slo?ful 9 bus9ess2 f]v5t 9 _s2 s]v+ ! ,"l2 rejoic+ 9 hope2 pati5t 9 tribulation2 cont9u+ in/ant 9 pray]2 di/ribut+ to ! necessity ( sa9ts2 giv5 to hospitality4 ,bless !m :i* p]secute y2 bless1 & curse n4 ,rejoice ) !m t d rejoice1 & weep ) !m t weep4 ,be ( ! same m9d "o t[>ds ano!r4 ,m9d n high ?+s1 b condesc5d to m5 ( l[ e/ate4 ,be n wise 9 y\r own conceits4 ,recomp5se to no man evil = evil4 ,provide ?+s hone/ 9 ! sight ( all m54 ,if x be possible1 z mu* z lie? 9 y1 live peaceably ) all m54 ,av5ge n y\rselves1 b r give place unto wra?3 = x is writt51 ,v5geance is m9e2 ,i w repay1 sai? ! ,"l3 !re=e1 if ?9e enemy hung]1 fe$ him2 if he ?ir/1 give him dr9k3 =1 9 s do+1 ?\ %alt heap coals ( fire on 8 head4 ,be n ov]come ( evil1 b ov]come evil ) good4 ,let e s\l be subject unto ! high] p[]s4 ,= !re is no p[] b ( ,god3 ! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god4 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 resi/e? ! p[]1 resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god3 & !y t resi/ %all receive to !mselves damnation4 ,= rul]s are n a t]ror to good works1 b to ! evil4 ,wilt ?\ !n n be afraid ( ! p[]8 ,d t :i* is good1 & ?\ %alt h praise ( ! same3 = he is ! m9i/] ( ,god to !e = good4 ,b if ?\ d t :i* is evil1 be afraid2 = he be>e? n ! sword 9 va93 = he is ! m9i/] ( ,god1 a rev5g] to execute wra? ^u him t doe? evil4 ,:]e=e ye mu/ ne$s be subject1 n only = wra?1 b also = consci5ce' sake4 ,=1 = ?is cause pay ye tribute also3 = !y are ,god's m9i/]s1 att5d+ cont9ually ^u ?is v ?+4 ,r5d] !re=e to all _! dues2 tribute to :om tribute is due2 cu/om to :om cu/om2 fe> to :om fe>2 hon\r to :om hon\r4 ,owe no man any?+1 b to love "o ano!r2 = he t love? ano!r1 ha? fulfill$ ! law4 ,= ?is1 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 ,?\ %alt n /eal1 ,?\ %alt n be> false witness1 ,?\ %alt n covet2 & if !re be any o!r comm&m5t1 x is briefly compreh5d$ 9 ?is say+1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,love worke? no ill to 8 neighb\r2 !re=e love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 ,& t1 kn[+ ! "t1 t n[ x is high "t to awake out ( sleep2 = n[ is our salvation ne>] ?an :5 we believ$4 ,! night is f> sp5t1 ! day is at h&2 let u !re=e ca/ (f ! works ( d>kness1 & let u put on ! arm\r ( light4 ,let u walk hone/ly z 9 ! day2 n 9 riot+ & drunk5ness1 n 9 *amb]+ & wantonness1 n 9 /rife & envy+4 7,romans1 xii4 #i--xiii4 #ac47 ,read ?is1 & !n ?9k ( exitiabilis sup]/itio6 ,or1 if we be n all[$1 9 cont5d+ ) ,hea!n au?orities1 to produce our books aga9/ !irs1 we may at lea/ be p]mitt$ to confront !irs ) "o ano!r4 ,( ?is p]nici\s sup]/ition :at c\ld ,pl9y f9d to blame1 :5 he 0 l$1 by 8 (fice1 to in/itute some?+ l an exam9ation into ! conduct & pr9ciples ( ! sect8 ,he discov]$ no?+ b t !y 7 w5t to meet toge!r on a /at$ day be=e x 0 light1 & s+ among !mselves a hymn to ,*ri/ z a ,god1 & to b9d !mselves by an oa?1 n to ! commission ( any wick$ness1 b1 n to be guilty ( !ft1 robb]y1 or adult]y2 nev] to falsify _! ^w1 nor to d5y a pl$ge committ$ to !m1 :5 call$ ^u to return x4 ,^u ! words ( ,tacitus we may build ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,fir/2 ,t we are well w>rant$ 9 call+ ! view "u :i* ! le>n$ m5 ( t age beheld ,*ri/ianity an obscure & di/ant view4 ,_h ,tacitus kn[n m ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( its precepts1 duties1 con/itution1 or design1 h[ev] he _h discr$it$ ! /ory1 he w\ld h respect$ ! pr9ciple4 ,he w\ld h describ$ ! religion diff]5tly1 ?\gh he _h reject$ x4 ,x has be5 v satisfactorily %[n1 t ! sup]/ition ( ! ,*ri/ians consi/$ 9 wor%ipp+ a p]son unkn[n to ! ,roman cal5d>2 & t ! p]nici\sness ) :i* !y 7 reproa*$ 0 no?+ else b _! opposition to ! e/abli%$ poly!ism2 & ?is view ( ! matt] 0 j su* an "o z might be expect$ to occur to a m9d :i* held ! sect 9 too mu* contempt to conc]n itself ab\t ! gr\nds & reasons ( _! conduct4 ,secondly2 ,we may f h5ce rem>k h[ little reliance c be plac$ ^u ! mo/ acute judgm5ts 9 subjects :i* !y are pleas$ to despise2 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 !y f ! fir/ consid] z unwor?y to be inquir$ into4 ,_h n ,*ri/ianity surviv$ to tell its own /ory1 x mu/ h gone d[n to po/]ity z a p]nici\s sup]/ition2 & t ^u ! cr$it ( ,tacitus's acc\nt1 mu*1 ,i d\bt n1 /r5g!n$ by ! "n ( ! writ]1 & ! reputation ( 8 sagacity4 ,?irdly2 ,t ?is contempt1 prior to exam9ation1 is an intellectual vice1 f :i* ! greate/ faculties ( m9d are n free4 ,i "k n1 inde$1 :e!r m5 ( ! greate/ faculties ( m9d are n ! mo/ subject to x4 ,su* m5 feel !mselves seat$ ^u an em95ce4 ,look+ d[n f _! height ^u ! follies ( mank9d1 !y behold cont5d+ t5ets wa/+ _! idle /r5g? ^u "o ano!r ) ! common disda9 ( ! absurdity ( !m all4 ,?is habit ( ?\ght1 h[ev] com=table to ! m9d :i* ent]ta9 x1 or h[ev] natural to great p>ts1 is extremely dang]\s2 & m apt ?an almo/ any o!r disposition to produce ha/y & contemptu\s1 &1 by consequ5ce1 errone\s judgm5ts1 bo? ( p]sons & op9ions4 ,f\r?ly2 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ at _m writ]s ( t age n m5tion+ ,*ri/ianity at all1 :5 !y :o did m5tion x appe> to h entirely misconceiv$ its nature & "*2 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is misconception1 to h reg>d$ x ) neglig5ce & contempt4 ,to ! k ( ! greate/ "p ( ! le>n$ hea!ns1 ! facts ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory c\ld only come by report4 ,! books1 probably1 !y _h nev] look$ into4 ,! settl$ habit ( _! m9ds 01 & long _h be51 an indiscrim9ate rejection ( all reports ( ! k9d4 ,) ^! sweep+ conclusions tru? ha? no *ance4 ,x dep5ds ^u di/9ction4 ,if !y w\ld n inquire1 h[ %\ld !y be conv9c$8 ,x might be f\nd$ 9 tru?1 ?\gh !y1 :o made no se>*1 might n discov] x4 ,m5 ( rank & =tune1 ( wit & abilities1 are (t5 f\nd1 ev5 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 to be surpris+ly ignorant ( religion1 & ( ev]y?+ t relates to x4 ,su* 7 _m ( ! hea!ns4 ,_! ?\ghts 7 all fix$ ^u o!r ?+s2 ^u reputation & glory1 ^u weal? & p[]1 ^u luxury & pleasure1 ^u bus9ess or le>n+4 ,!y ?\ght1 & !y _h reason to ?9k1 t ! religion ( _! c\ntry 0 fable & =g]y1 a heap ( inconsi/5t lies2 :i* incl9$ !m to suppose t o!r religions 7 no bett]4 ,h5ce x came to pass1 t :5 ! apo/les prea*$ ! ,gospel1 & wr\ght miracles 9 confirmation ( a doctr9e e way wor?y ( ,god1 _m ,g5tiles knew little or no?+ ( x1 & w\ld n take ! lea/ pa9s to in=m !mselves ab\t x4 ,?is appe>s pla9ly f anci5t hi/ory4 7,jort9's ,disc4 on ! ,*ri/4 ,rel4 p4 #ff1 ed4 #d?47 ,i ?9k x by no means unreasonable to suppose t ! hea!n public1 especially t "p :i* is made up ( m5 ( rank & education1 7 divid$ into two classes2 ^! :o despis$ ,*ri/ianity be=eh&1 & ^? :o receiv$ x4 ,9 correspond5cy ) :i* division ( "* ! writ]s ( t age w\ld also be ( two classes2 ^? :o 7 sil5t ab\t ,*ri/ianity1 & ^? :o 7 ,*ri/ians4 ,a good man1 :o att5d$ suffici5tly to ! ,*ri/ian affairs1 w\ld become a ,*ri/ian2 aft] :i* 8 te/imony ceas$ to be pagan & became ,*ri/ian4 7,h>tley1 ,obs4 p4 #aai47 ,i mu/ also add1 t ,i ?9k x suffici5tly prov$1 t ! notion ( magic 0 resort$ to by ! hea!n adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 l mann] z t ( diabolical ag5cy _h be=e be5 by ! ,jews4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr alleges ?is z 8 reason = argu+ f prophecy r ?an f miracles4 ,orig5 imputes ?is evasion to ,celsus2 ,j]ome to ,porphyry2 & ,lactantius to ! hea!n 9 g5]al4 ,! sev]al passages :i* conta9 ^! te/imonies w be produc$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x be+ difficult1 h[ev]1 to asc]ta9 9 :at degree ?is notion prevail$1 especially ! sup]ior ranks ( ! hea!n communities1 ano!r1 & ?9k an adequate1 cause has be5 assign$ = _! infidelity4 ,x is probable t 9 _m cases ! two causes w\ld toge!r4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,t ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,miracles ,,are ,,n ,,recit$1 ,,or ,,appeal$ ,,to1 ,,by ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,writ]s ,,!mselves ,,s ,,fully ,,or ,,frequ5tly ,,z ,,might ,,h ,,be5 ,,expect$4 ,i %all consid] ?is objection1 fir/1 z x applies to ! lett]s ( ! apo/les pres]v$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & secondly1 z x applies to ! rema9+ writ+s ( o!r e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,! epi/les ( ! apo/les are ei!r hortatory or argum5tative4 ,s f> z !y 7 occupi$ 9 deliv]+ lessons ( duty1 rules ( public ord]1 admonitions aga9/ c]ta9 prevail+ corruptions1 aga9/ vice1 or any p>ticul> species ( x1 or 9 =tify+ & enc\rag+ ! con/ancy ( ! disciples "u ! trials to :i* !y 7 expos$1 !re appe>s to be no place or occasion = m ( ^! ref]5ces ?an we actually f9d4 ,s f> z ^! epi/les are argum5tative1 ! nature ( ! argum5t :i* !y h&le acc\nts = ! infrequ5cy ( ^! allusions4 ,^! epi/les 7 n writt5 to prove ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! subject "u consid]ation 0 n t :i* ! miracles decid$1 ! reality ( our ,"l's mission2 b x 0 t :i* ! miracles did n decide1 ! nature ( 8 p]son or p[]1 ! design ( 8 adv5t1 its effects1 & ( ^? effects ! value1 k9d1 & ext5t4 ,/ill ,i ma9ta9 t miracul\s evid5ce lies at ! bottom ( ! argum5t4 ,= no?+ c\ld be s prepo/]\s z = ! disciples ( ,jesus to dispute among/ !mselves1 or ) o!rs1 conc]n+ 8 (fice or "*2 unless !y believ$ t he _h %[n1 by sup]natural pro(s1 t !re 0 some?+ extraord9>y 9 bo?4 ,miracul\s evid5ce1 !re=e1 =m+ n ! texture ( ^! argum5ts1 b ! gr\nd & sub/ratum1 if x be occasionally disc]n$1 if x be incid5tally appeal$ to1 x is exactly s mu* z ought take place1 suppos+ ! hi/ory to be true4 ,z a fur!r answ] to ! objection1 t ! apo/olic epi/les d n conta9 s frequ5t1 or su* direct & circum/antial recitals ( miracles z might be expect$1 ,i w\ld add1 t ! apo/olic epi/les resemble 9 ?is respect ! apo/olic spee*es1 :i* spee*es are giv5 by a writ] :o di/9ctly records num]\s miracles wr\ght by ^! apo/les !mselves1 & by ! ,f\nd] ( ! in/itution 9 _! pres5ce2 t x is unw>rantable to cont5d t ! omission1 or infrequ5cy1 ( su* recitals 9 ! spee*es ( ! apo/les negatives ! exi/5ce ( ! miracles1 :5 ! spee*es are giv5 9 imm$iate conjunction ) ! hi/ory ( ^? miracles3 & t a conclusion :i* _c be inf]r$ f ! spee*es )\t contradict+ ! :ole t5\r ( ! book :i* conta9s !m _c be inf]r$ f lett]s1 :i* 9 ?is respect are simil> only to ! spee*es4 ,to prove ! similitude :i* we allege1 x may be rem>k$1 t al?\gh 9 ,sa9t ,luke's ,gospel ! apo/le ,pet] is repres5t$ to h be5 pres5t at _m decisive miracles wr\ght by ,*ri/2 & al?\gh ! second "p ( ! same hi/ory ascribes o!r decisive miracles to ,pet] himself1 p>ticul>ly ! cure ( ! lame man at ! gate ( ! temple 7,acts iii4 #a71 ! dea? ( ,ananias & ,sapphira 7,acts v4 #a71 ! cure ( ,a5eas 7,acts ix4 #cd71 ! resurrection ( ,dorcas 7,acts ix4 #dj72 yet out ( six spee*es ( ,pet]1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,acts1 ,i "k b two 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to ! miracles wr\ght by ,*ri/1 & only "o 9 :i* he ref]s to miracul\s p[]s possess$ by himself4 ,9 8 spee* ^u ! day ( ,p5teco/1 ,pet] addresses 8 audi5ce ) great solemnity ?us3 ,ye m5 ( ,israel1 he> ^! words3 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 a man approv$ ( ,god among y1 by miracles1 & wond]s1 & signs1 :i* ,god did by him 9 ! mid/ ( y1 z ye y\rselves also "k3 7,acts ii4 #bb47 c4 ,9 8 spee* ^u ! conv]sion ( ,cornelius1 he deliv]s 8 te/imony to ! miracles p]=m$ by ,*ri/ 9 ^! words3 ,we are witnesses ( all ?+s :i* he did1 bo? 9 ! l& ( ! ,jews & 9 ,j]usalem4 7,acts x4 #ci47 ,b 9 ?is latt] spee* no allusion appe>s to ! miracles wr\ght by himself not)/&+ t ! miracles above enum]at$ all prec$$ ! "t 9 :i* x 0 deliv]$4 ,9 8 spee* ^u ! election ( ,mat?ias1 7,acts i4 #ae47 no di/9ct ref]5ce is made to any ( ! miracles ( ,*ri/'s hi/ory except 8 resurrection4 ,! same also may be obs]v$ ( 8 spee* ^u ! cure ( ! lame man at ! ( ! temple2 7,acts iii4 #ab47 ! same 9 8 spee* be=e ! ,sanh$rim2 7,acts iv4 #h47 ! same 9 8 second apology 9 ! pres5ce ( t assembly ,/eph5's long spee* conta9s no ref]5ce :atev] to miracles1 ?\gh x be expressly relat$ ( him1 9 ! book :i* pres]ves ! spee*1 & almo/ imm$iately be=e ! spee*1 t he did great wond]s & miracles among ! p4 7,acts vi4 #h47 ,aga91 al?\gh miracles be expressly attribut$ to ,sa9t ,paul 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 fir/ g5]ally1 z at ,iconium 7,acts xiv4 #c71 dur+ ! :ole t\r ?r\gh ! ,upp] ,asia 7xiv4 #bg2 xv4 #ab71 at ,ephesus 7xix4 #aa1 #ab72 secondly1 9 specific in/ances1 z ! bl9dness ( ,elymas at ,paphos1 7,acts xiii4 #aa47 ! cure ( ! cripple at ,ly/ra1 7,acts xiv4 #h47 ( ! py?oness at ,philippi1 7,acts xvi4 #af47 ! miracul\s lib]ation f prison 9 ! same city1 7,acts xvi4 #bf47 ! re/oration ( ,euty*us1 7,acts xx4 #aj47 ! pr$ictions ( 8 %ipwreck1 7,acts xxvii4 #a47 ! vip] at ,melita1 ! cure ( ,publius's fa!r2 7,acts xxvii4 #h47 at all :i* miracles1 except ! fir/ two1 ! hi/orian himself 0 pres5t3 not)/&+1 ,i say1 ?is positive ascription ( miracles to ,/4 ,paul1 yet 9 ! spee*es deliv]$ by him1 & giv5 z deliv]$ by him1 9 ! same book 9 :i* ! miracles are relat$1 & ! miracul\s p[]s ass]t$1 ! appeals to 8 own miracles1 or inde$ to any miracles at all1 are r>e & incid5tal4 ,9 8 spee* at ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 7,acts xiii4 #af47 !re is no allusion b to ! resurrection4 ,9 8 disc\rse at ,miletus1 7,acts xx4 #ag47 none to any miracle3 none 9 8 spee* be=e ,felix2 7,acts xxiv4 #aj47 none 9 8 spee* be=e ,fe/us2 7,acts xxv4 #h47 except to ,*ri/'s resurrection & 8 own conv]sion4 ,agreeably h]eunto1 9 ?irte5 lett]s ascrib$ to ,sa9t ,paul1 we h incessant ref]5ces to ,*ri/'s resurrection1 frequ5t ref]5ces to 8 own conv]sion1 ?ree indubitable ref]5ces to ! miracles :i* he wr\ght2 7,gal4 iii4 #e2 ,rom4 xv4 #ah1 #ai2 #b ,cor4 xii4 #ab47 f\r o!r ref]5ces to ! same1 less direct1 yet highly probable2 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #d1e2 ,eph4 iii4 #g2 ,gal4 ii4 #h2 #a ,!ss4 i4 #h47 b m copi\s or circum/antial recitals we h n4 ,! cons5t1 !re=e1 betwe5 ,sa9t ,paul's spee*es & lett]s is 9 ?is respect suffici5tly exact2 & ! reason 9 bo? is ! same1 namely1 t ! miracul\s hi/ory 0 all along presuppos$1 & t ! "q :i* occupi$ ! speak]'s & ! writ]'s ?\ghts 0 ?is3 :e!r1 all[+ ! hi/ory ( ,jesus to be true1 he 01 ^u ! /r5g? ( x1 to be receiv$ z ! promis$ ,messiah2 &1 if he 01 :at 7 ! consequ5ces1 :at 0 ! object & b5efit ( 8 mission8 ,! g5]al obs]vation :i* has be5 made ^u ! apo/olic writ+s1 namely1 t ! subject ( :i* !y treat$ did n lead !m to any direct recital ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 belongs to ! writ+s ( ! apo/olic fa!rs4 ,! epi/le ( ,b>nabas is1 9 its subject & g5]al composition1 mu* l ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews2 an allegorical application ( div]s passages ( ! ,jewi% hi/ory1 ( _! law & ritual1 to ^? p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation 9 :i* ! au?or p]ceiv$ a resemblance4 ,! epi/le ( ,clem5t 0 writt5 = ! sole purpose ( quiet+ c]ta9 diss5sions t _h aris5 among/ ! memb]s ( ! *ur* ( ,cor9?1 & ( reviv+ 9 _! m9ds t temp] & _s ( :i* _! pr$ecessors 9 ! ,gospel _h left !m an example4 ,! "w ( ,h]mas is a vision2 quotes nei!r ! ,old ,te/am5t nor ! ,new1 & m]ely falls n[ & !n into ! language & ! mode ( spee* :i* ! au?or _h read 9 our ,gospels4 ,! epi/les ( ,polyc>p & ,ignatius _h = _! pr9cipal object ! ord] & discipl9e ( ! *ur*es :i* !y address$4 ,yet1 "u all ^! circum/ances ( disadvantage1 ! great po9ts ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory are fully recognis$4 ,?is ha? be5 %[n 9 its prop] place4 7,vide supra1 pp4 #dh-ea4 ,"p #a1 ,*apt] #h7 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r class ( writ]s to :om ! answ] above giv51 viz4 ! unsuitabl5ess ( any su* appeals or ref]5ces z ! objection dem&s to ! subjects ( :i* ! writ+s treat$1 does n apply2 & t is ! class ( anci5t apologi/s1 ^: decl>$ design x 0 to def5d ,*ri/ianity1 & to give ! reasons ( _! adh]5ce to x4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to inquire h[ ! matt] ( ! objection /&s 9 ^!4 ,! mo/ anci5t apologi/ ( ^: works we h ! smalle/ k is ,quadratus4 ,quadratus liv$ ab\t sev5ty ye>s aft] ! asc5sion1 & pres5t$ 8 apology to ! ,emp]or ,adrian4 ,f a passage ( ?is "w1 pres]v$ 9 ,eusebius1 x appe>s t ! au?or did directly & =mally appeal to ! miracles ( ,*ri/1 & 9 t]ms z express & confid5t z we c\ld desire4 ,! passage 7:i* has be5 once already /at$7 is z foll[s3 ,! works ( our ,savi\r 7 always conspicu\s1 = !y 7 real3 bo? !y t 7 heal$1 & !y t 7 rais$ f ! dead1 7 se51 n only :5 !y 7 heal$ or rais$1 b = a long "t aft]w>ds2 n only :il/ he dwell$ on ?is e>?1 b also aft] 8 dep>ture1 & = a good :ile aft] x2 insomu* z t "s ( !m h rea*$ to our times1 7,euseb4 ,hi/4 ,i4 iv4 c4 #c47 ,no?+ c be m rational or satisfactory ?an ?is4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ! next ( ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s1 ^: "w is n lo/1 & :o foll[$ ,quadratus at ! di/ance ( ab\t ?irty ye>s1 has t\*$ ^u passages ( ,*ri/'s hi/ory 9 s _m places1 t a tol]ably complete acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s life might be collect$ out ( 8 works4 ,9 ! foll[+ quotation he ass]ts ! p]=mance ( miracles by ,*ri/1 9 words z /rong & positive z ! language possesses3 ,*ri/ heal$ ^? :o f _! bir? 7 bl9d1 & deaf1 & lame2 caus+1 by 8 ^w1 "o to leap1 ano!r to he>1 & a ?ird to see2 & hav+ rais$ ! dead1 & caus$ !m to live1 he1 by 8 works1 excit$ att5tion1 & induc$ ! m5 ( t age to "k him3 :o1 h[ev]1 see+ ^! ?+s done1 said t x 0 a magical appe>ance1 & d>$ to call him a magician1 & a deceiv] ( ! p4 7,j4 ,dial4 p4 #beh1 ed4 ,?irlby47 ,9 8 fir/ apology1 7,apolog4 prim4 p4 #dh1 ib47 ,ju/9 expressly assigns ! reason = 8 hav+ rec\rse to ! argum5t f prophecy1 r ?an alleg+ ! miracles ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory2 :i* reason 01 t ! p]sons ) :om he cont5d$ w\ld ascribe ^! miracles to magic2 le/ any ( our oppon5ts %\ld say1 ,:at h9d]s1 b t he :o is call$ ,*ri/ by u1 be+ a man sprung f m51 p]=m$ ! miracles :i* we attribute to him by magical art8 ,! sugge/ion ( ?is reason meets1 z ,i appreh5d1 ! v po9t ( ! pres5t objection2 m especially :5 we f9d ,ju/9 foll[$ 9 x by o!r writ]s ( t age4 ,ir5aeus1 :o came ab\t =ty ye>s aft] him1 notices ! same evasion 9 ! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 & replies to x by ! same argum5t3 ,b if !y %all say1 t ! ,"l p]=m$ ^! ?+s by an illusory appe>ance 7phantasiodos71 lead+ ^! objectors to ! prophecies1 we w %[ f !m1 t all ?+s 7 ?us pr$ict$ conc]n+ him1 & ,/rictly came to pass4 7,ir54 ,i4 ii4 c4 #eg47 ,lactantius1 :o liv$ a c5tury l[]1 deliv]s ! same s5tim5t ^u ! same occasion3 ,he p]=m$ miracles2--we might h suppos$ him to h be5 a magician1 z ye say1 & z ! ,jews !n suppos$1 if all ! prophets _h n ) "o _s =etold t ,*ri/ %\ld p]=m ^! v ?+s4 7,lactant4 v4 #c47 ,b to return to ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s 9 _! ord]4 ,t]tullian3--,t p]son :om ! ,jews _h va9ly imag9$1 f ! meanness ( 8 appe>ance1 to be a m]e man1 !y aft]w>ds1 9 consequ5ce ( ! p[] he ex]t$1 consid]$ z a magician1 :5 he1 ) "o ^w1 eject$ devils out ( ! bodies ( m51 gave sight to ! bl9d1 cleans$ ! lepr\s1 /r5g!n$ ! n]ves ( ^? t _h ! palsy1 & la/ly1 ) "o comm&1 re/or$ ! dead to life2 :5 he1 ,i say1 made ! v elem5ts obey him1 assuag$ ! /orms1 walk$ ^u ! seas1 demon/rat+ himself to be ! ,^w ( ,god4 7,t]tul4 ,apolos4 p4 #bj2 ed4 ,priorii1 ,p>4 #afge47 ,next 9 ! catalogue ( pr(ess$ apologi/s we may place ,orig51 :o1 x is well kn[n1 publi%$ a =mal def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 answ] to ,celsus1 a hea!n1 :o _h writt5 a disc\rse aga9/ x4 ,i "k no expressions by :i* a pla9] or m positive appeal to ! ,*ri/ian miracles c be made1 ?an ! expressions us$ by ,orig52 ,und\bt$ly we d ?9k him to be ! ,*ri/1 & ! ,son ( ,god1 because he heal$ ! lame & ! bl9d2 & we are ! m confirm$ 9 ?is p]suasion by :at is writt5 9 ! prophecies3 ',!n %all ! eyes ( ! bl9d be op5$1 & ! e>s ( ! deaf %all he>1 & ! lame man %all leap z a h>t4' ,b t he also rais$ ! dead1 & t x is n a fiction ( ^? :o wrote ! ,gospels1 is evid5t f h5ce1 t if x _h be5 a fiction1 !re w\ld h be5 _m record$ to be rais$ up1 & su* z _h be5 a long "t 9 _! graves4 ,b1 x n be+ a fiction1 few h be5 record$3 = in/ance1 ! daught] ( ! rul] ( a synagogue1 ( :om ,i d n "k :y he said1 ,%e is n dead1 b sleepe?1 express+ some?+ peculi> to h]1 n common to all dead p]sons3 & ! only son ( a wid[1 on :om he _h compassion1 & rais$ him to life1 aft] he _h bid ! be>]s ( ! corpse to /op2 & ! ?ird1 ,laz>us1 :o _h be5 buri$ f\r days4 ,?is is positively to ass]t ! miracles ( ,*ri/1 & x is also to comm5t ^u !m1 & t ) a consid]able degree ( accuracy & c&\r4 ,9 ano!r passage ( ! same au?or1 we meet ) ! old solution ( magic appli$ to ! miracles ( ,*ri/ by ! adv]s>ies ( ! religion4 ,celsus1 sai? ,orig51 well kn[+ :at great works may be alleg$ to h be5 done by ,jesus1 pret5ds to grant t ! ?+s relat$ ( him are true2 su* z heal+ diseases1 rais+ ! dead1 fe$+ multitudes ) a few leaves1 ( :i* l>ge fragm5ts 7 left4 7,orig4 cont4 ,cels4 lib4 ii4 sect4 #dh47 ,& !n ,celsus gives1 x seems1 an answ] to ^! pro(s ( our ,"l's mission1 :i*1 z ,orig5 und]/ood x1 resolv$ ! ph5om5a into magic2 = ,orig5 beg9s 8 reply by obs]v+1 ,y see t ,celsus 9 a mann] all[s t !re is su* a ?+ z magic4 7,l>dn]'s ,jewi% & ,hea?4 ,te/1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bid1 ed4 #dto47 ,x appe>s also f ! te/imony ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 t ,porphyry1 ! mo/ le>n$ & able ( ! hea!n writ]s aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 resort$ to ! same solution3 ,unless1 says he1 speak+ to ,vigilantius1 accord+ to ! mann] ( ! ,g5tiles & ! pr(ane1 ( ,porphyry & ,eunomius1 y pret5d t ^! are ! tricks ( demons4 7,j]ome cont4 ,vigil47 ,?is magic1 ^! demons1 ?is illusory appe>ance1 ?is comp>ison ) ! tricks ( juggl]s1 by :i* _m ( t age acc\nt$ s easily = ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 & :i* answ]s ! advocates ( ,*ri/ianity (t5 ?\ght x necess>y to refute by argum5ts drawn f o!r topics1 & p>ticul>ly f prophecy 7to :i*1 x seems1 ^! solutions did n apply71 we n[ p]ceive to be gross subt]fuges4 ,t su* reasons 7 ev] s]i\sly urg$ & s]i\sly receiv$1 is only a pro( :at a gloss & v>ni% fa%ion c give to any op9ion4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! miracles ( ,*ri/1 und]/ood z we und]/& !m 9 _! lit]al & hi/orical s5se1 7 positively & precisely ass]t$ & appeal$ to by ! apologi/s = ,*ri/ianity2 :i* answ]s ! allegation ( ! objection4 ,i am ready1 h[ev]1 to admit1 t ! anci5t ,*ri/ian advocates did n insi/ ^u ! miracles 9 argum5t s frequ5tly z ,i %\ld h done4 ,x 0 _! lot to cont5d ) notions ( magical ag5cy1 aga9/ :i* ! m]e production ( ! facts 0 n suffici5t = ! conv9c+ ( _! adv]s>ies3 ,i d n "k :e!r !y !mselves ?\ght x q decisive ( ! controv]sy4 ,b s9ce x is prov$1 ,i conceive ) c]ta9ty1 t ! sp>+ness ) :i* !y appeal$ to miracles 0 ow+ nei!r to _! ignorance nor _! d\bt ( ! facts1 x is1 at any rate1 an objection n to ! tru? ( ! hi/ory1 b to ! judgm5t ( its def5d]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,want ,,( ,,univ]sality ,,9 ,,! ,,k ,,& ,,reception ,,( ,,*ri/ianity1 ,,& ,,( ,,great] ,,cle>ness ,,9 ,,! ,,evid5ce4 ,or1 a ,revelation :i* really came f ,god1 ! pro(1 x has be5 said1 w\ld 9 all ages be s public & manife/1 t no "p ( ! human species w\ld rema9 ignorant ( x1 no und]/&+ c\ld fail ( be+ conv9c$ by x4 ,! advocates ( ,*ri/ianity d n pret5d t ! evid5ce ( _! religion possesses ^! qualities4 ,!y d n d5y t we c conceive x to be )9 ! compass ( div9e p[] to h communicat$ to ! _w a high] degree ( assurance1 & to h giv5 to 8 communication a /rong] & m ext5sive influ5ce4 ,= any?+ we are able to disc]n1 ,god c\ld h s =m$ m51 z to h p]ceiv$ ! tru?s ( religion intuitively2 or to h c>ri$ on a communication ) ! o!r _w :il/ !y liv$ 9 ?is2 or to h se5 ! individuals ( ! species1 in/ead ( dy+1 pass to heav5 by a s5sible translation4 ,he c\ld h pres5t$ a sep>ate miracle to ea* man's s5ses4 ,he c\ld h e/abli%$ a /&+ miracle4 ,he c\ld h caus$ miracles to be wr\ght 9 e diff]5t age & c\ntry4 ,^! & _m m me?ods1 :i* we may imag9e if we once give loose to our imag9ations1 are1 s f> z we c judge1 all practicable4 ,! "q !re=e is1 n :e!r ,*ri/ianity possesses ! highe/ possible degree ( evid5ce1 b :e!r ! n hav+ m evid5ce be a suffici5t reason = reject+ t :i* we h4 ,n[ !re appe>s to be no fair] me?od ( judg+ conc]n+ any disp5sation :i* is alleg$ to come f ,god1 :5 "q is made :e!r su* a disp5sation c\ld come f ,god or n1 ?an by comp>+ x ) o!r ?+s :i* are ackn[l$g$ to proce$ f ! same c\nsel1 & to be produc$ by ! same ag5cy4 ,if ! disp5sation 9 "q lab\r "u no defects b :at app>5tly belong to o!r disp5sations1 ^! seem+ defects d n ju/ify u 9 sett+ aside ! pro(s :i* are (f]$ ( its au!nticity1 if !y be o!rwise entitl$ to cr$it4 ,?r\gh\t t ord] !n ( nature1 ( :i* ,god is ! au?or1 :at we f9d is a sy/em ( b5efic5ce3 we are seldom or nev] able to make out a sy/em ( optimism4 ,i mean1 t !re are few cases 9 :i*1 if we p]mit ourselves to range 9 possibilities1 we _c suppose some?+ m p]fect1 &1 m unobjectionable1 ?an :at we see4 ,! ra9 :i* desc5ds f heav5 is confess$ly among/ ! contrivances ( ! ,creator = ! su/5tation ( ! animals & vegetables :i* subsi/ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,yet h[ p>tially3 & irregul>ly is x suppli$6 ,h[ mu* ( x falls ^u sea1 :]e x c be ( no use6 h[ (t5 is x want$ :]e x w\ld be ( ! greate/6 ,:at tracts ( cont95t are r5d]$ des]ts by ! sc>city ( x6 ,or1 n to speak ( extreme cases1 h[ mu* sometimes d inhabit$ c\ntries suff] by its defici5cy or delay6--,we c\ld imag9e1 if to imag9e 7 our bus9ess1 ! matt] to be o!rwise regulat$4 ,we c\ld imag9e %[]s to fall j :]e & :5 !y w\ld d good2 always seasonable1 ev]y:]e suffici5t2 s di/ribut$ z n to leave a field ^u ! face ( ! globe scor*$ by dr\ght or ev5 a plant )]+ = ! lack ( moi/ure4 ,yet1 does ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! real case & ! imag9$ case1 or ! seem+ inf]iority ( ! "o to ! o!r1 au?orise u to say1 t ! pres5t disposition ( ! atmosph]e is n among/ ! productions or ! designs ( ! ,deity8 ,does x *eck ! inf]5ce :i* we draw f ! confess$ b5efic5ce ( ! provision8 or does x make u cease to admire ! contrivance8 ,! obs]vation :i* we h exemplifi$ 9 ! s+le in/ance ( ! ra9 ( heav5 may be repeat$ conc]n+ mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( nature2 & ! true conclusion to :i* x leads is ?is--t to inquire :at ! ,deity might h done1 c\ld h done1 or1 z we ev5 sometimes presume to speak1 ought to h done1 or1 9 hypo!tical cases1 w\ld h done2 & to build any propositions ^u su* inquiries aga9/ evid5ce ( facts1 is :olly unw>rantable4 ,x is a mode ( reason+ :i* w n d 9 natural hi/ory1 :i* w n d 9 natural religion1 :i* _c !re=e be appli$ ) safety to revelation4 ,x may h same f\ndation 9 c]ta9 speculative a priori ideas ( ! div9e attributes1 b x has none 9 exp]i5ce or 9 analogy4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! works ( nature is1 on ! "o h&1 goodness bo? 9 design & effect2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a liability to difficulty & to objections1 if su* objections be all[$1 by reason ( seem+ incomplet5ess or unc]ta9ty 9 atta9+ _! end4 ,*ri/ianity p>ticipates ( ?is "*4 ,! true similitude betwe5 nature & revelation consi/s 9 ?is--t !y ea* be> /rong m>ks ( _! orig9al1 t !y ea* also be> appe>ances ( irregul>ity & defect4 ,a sy/em ( /rict optimism may1 nev]!less1 be ! real sy/em 9 bo? cases4 ,b :at ,i cont5d is1 t ! pro( is hidd5 f u2 t we ought n to expect to p]ceive t 9 revelation :i* we h>dly p]ceive 9 any?+2 t b5efic5ce1 ( :i*1 we c judge1 ought to satisfy u t optimism1 ( :i* we _c judge1 ought n to be s\ght aft]4 ,we c judge ( b5efic5ce1 because x dep5ds ^u effects :i* we exp]i5ce1 & ^u ! relation betwe5 ! means :i* we see act+ & ! ends :i* we see produc$4 ,we _c judge ( optimism because x necess>ily implies a comp>ison ( t :i* is tri$ ) t :i* is n tri$2 ( consequ5ces :i* we see ) o!rs :i* we imag9e1 & conc]n+ _m ( :i*1 x is m ?an probable1 we "k no?+2 conc]n+ "s t we h no notion4 ,if ,*ri/ianity be comp>$ ) ! /ate & progress ( natural religion1 ! argum5t ( ! objector w ga9 no?+ by ! comp>ison4 ,i rememb] he>+ an unbeliev] say t1 if ,god _h giv5 a revelation1 he w\ld h writt5 x 9 ! skies4 ,are ! tru?s ( natural religion writt5 9 ! skies1 or 9 a language :i* e "o reads8 or is ?is ! case ) ! mo/ useful arts1 or ! mo/ necess>y sci5ces ( human life8 ,an ,otaheitean or an ,esquimaux kn[s no?+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 does he "k m ( ! pr9ciples ( deism or morality8 :i*1 not)/&+ 8 ignorance1 are nei!r untrue1 nor unimportant1 nor unc]ta94 ,! exi/5ce ( ,deity is left to be collect$ f obs]vations1 :i* e man does n make1 :i* e man1 p]haps1 is n capable ( mak+4 ,c x be argu$ t ,god does n exi/ because if he did1 he w\ld let u see him1 or discov] himself to man k9d by pro(s 7su* z1 we may ?9k1 ! nature ( ! subject m]it$7 :i* no inadv]t5cy c\ld miss1 no prejudice )/&8 ,if ,*ri/ianity be reg>d$ z a provid5tial in/rum5t ! melioration ( mank9d1 its progress & diffusion t ( o!r causes by :i* human life is improv$ div]sity is n great]1 nor ! advance m sl[1 9 ?an we f9d x to be 9 le>n+1 lib]ty1 gov]nm5t1 laws4 ,! ,deity ha? n t\*$ ! ord] ( nature 9 va94 ,! ,jewi% religion produc$ great & p]man5t effects2 ! ,*ri/ian religion ha? done ! same4 ,x ha? dispos$ ! _w to am5dm5t3 x ha? put ?+s 9 a tra94 ,x is by no means improbable t x may become univ]sal2 & t ! _w may cont9ue 9 t /age s long z t ! duration ( its reign may be> a va/ proportion to ! "t ( its p>tial influ5ce4 ,:5 we argue conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity1 t x mu/ necess>ily be true because x is b5eficial1 we g1 p]haps1 too f> on "o side2 & we c]ta9ly g too f> on ! o!r :5 we conclude t x mu/ be false because x is n s efficaci\s z we c\ld h suppos$4 ,! "q ( its tru? is to be tri$ ^u its prop] evid5ce1 )\t def]r+ mu* to ?is sort ( argum5t on ei!r side4 ,! evid5ce1 z ,bi%op ,butl] ha? rightly obs]v$1 dep5ds ^u ! judgm5t we =m ( human conduct1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 ( :i* x may be presum$ t we "k some?+2 ! objection /&s ^u ! suppos$ conduct ( ! ,deity1 "u relations ) :i* we are n acqua9t$4 ,:at w\ld be ! real effect ( t ov]p[]+ evid5ce :i* our adv]s>ies require 9 a revelation x is difficult =etell2 at lea/ we mu/ speak ( x z ( a disp5sation :i* we h no exp]i5ce4 ,"s consequ5ces1 h[ev]1 w\ld1 x is probable1 att5d ?is economy1 :i* d n seem to befit a revelation t proce$$ f ,god4 ,"o is1 t irresi/ible pro( w\ld re/ra9 ! volunt>y p[]s too mu*2 w\ld n answ] ! purpose ( trial & probation2 w\ld call = no ex]cise ( c&\r1 s]i\sness1 humility1 inquiry1 no submission ( passion1 int]e/s1 & prejudices1 to moral evid5ce & to probable tru?2 no habits ( reflection2 none ( t previ\s desire to le>n & to obey ! w ( ,god1 :i* =ms p]haps ! te/ ( ! virtu\s pr9ciple1 & :i* induces m5 to att5d1 ) c>e & rev]5ce1 to e cr$ible intimation ( t w1 & to resign pres5t advantages & pres5t pleasures to e reasonable expectation ( propitiat+ 8 fav\r4 ,m5's moral probation may be1 :e!r !y w take due c>e to in=m !mselves by imp>tial consid]ation2 &1 aft]w>ds1 :e!r !y w act1 z ! case requires1 ^u ! evid5ce :i* !y h4 ,& ?is we f9d by exp]i5ce is (t5 our probation 9 our temporal capacity4 7,butl]'s ,analogy1 "p ii4 c4 #f47 ,,ii4 ,^! modes ( communication w\ld leave no place = ! admission ( int]nal evid5ce2 :i* ought1 p]haps1 to be> a consid]able "p 9 ! pro( ( e revelation1 because x is a species ( evid5ce :i* applies itself to ! k1 love1 & practice1 ( virtue1 & :i* op]ates 9 proportion to ! degree ( ^? qualities :i* x f9ds 9 ! p]son :om x addresses4 ,m5 ( good dispositions1 among/ ,*ri/ians1 are greatly affect$ by ! impression :i* ! ,scriptures !mselves make ^u _! m9ds4 ,_! conviction is mu* /r5g!n$ by ^! impressions4 ,& ?is p]haps 0 int5d$ to be "o effect to be produc$ by ! religion4 ,x is likewise true1 to :atev] cause we ascribe x 7= ,i am n 9 ?is "w at lib]ty to introduce ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( grace or assi/ance1 or ! ,*ri/ian promise t1 if any man w d 8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e1 :e!r x be ( ,god ,john vii4 #ag471--;x is true1 ,i say1 t !y :o s9c]ely act1 or s9c]ely endeav\r to act1 accord+ to :at !y believe1 t is1 accord+ to ! j result ( ! probabilities1 or1 if y please1 ! possibilities 9 natural & reveal$ religion1 :i* !y !mselves p]ceive1 & accord+ to a rational e/imate ( consequ5ces1 &1 above all1 accord+ to ! j effect ( ^? pr9ciples ( gratitude & devotion :i* ev5 ! view ( nature g5]ates 9 a well-ord]$ m9d1 seldom fail ( proce$+ f>!r4 ,?is also may h be5 exactly :at 0 design$4 ,:]eas1 may x n be said t irresi/ible evid5ce w\ld conf\nd all *>act]s & all dispositions8 w\ld subv]t r ?an promote ! true purpose ( ! ,div9e c\nsels2 :i* is1 n to produce ob$i5ce by a =ce little %ort ( me*anical con/ra9t1 7:i* ob$i5ce w\ld be regul>ity1 n virtue1 & w\ld h>dly p]haps diff] f t :i* inanimate bodies pay to ! laws impress$ ^u _! nature71 b to treat moral ag5ts agreeably to :at !y are2 :i* is done1 :5 light & motives are ( su* k9ds1 & are imp>t$ 9 su* measures1 t ! influ5ce ( !m dep5ds ^u ! recipi5ts !mselves8 ,x is n meet to gov]n rational free ag5ts 9 via by sight & s5se4 ,x w\ld be no trial or ?anks to ! mo/ s5sual wret* to =be> s9n+1 if heav5 & hell 7 op5 to 8 sight4 ,t spiritual vision & fruition is our /ate 9 patria4 7,baxt]'s ,reasons1 p4 #ceg47 ,!re may be tru? 9 ?is ?\ght1 ?\gh r\ghly express$4 ,few ?+s are m improbable ?an t we 7! human species7 %\ld be ! highe/ ord] ( be+s 9 ! univ]se3 t animat$ nature %\ld asc5d f ! l[e/ reptile to u1 & all at once /op !re4 ,if !re be classes above u ( rational intellig5ces1 cle>] manife/ations may belong to !m4 ,?is may be "o ( ! di/9ctions4 ,& x may be "o to :i* we ourselves h]eaft] %all atta94 ,,iii4 ,b may x n also be ask$1 :e!r ! p]fect display ( a future /ate ( exi/5ce w\ld be compatible ) ! activity ( civil life1 & ) ! success ( human affairs8 ,i c easily conceive t ?is impression may be ov]done2 t x may s seize & fill ! ?\ghts z to leave no place = ! c>es & (fices ( m5's sev]al /ations1 no anxiety = worldly prosp]ity1 or ev5 = a worldly provision1 &1 by consequ5ce1 no suffici5t /imulus to secul> indu/ry4 ,( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians we read1 t all t believ$ 7 toge!r1 & _h all ?+s common2 & sold _! possessions & goods1 & p>t$ !m to all m51 z e man _h ne$2 & cont9u+ daily ) "o accord 9 ! temple1 & break+ bread f h\se to h\se1 did eat _! meat ) gladness & s+l5ess ( he>t 7,acts ii4 #dd-df47 ,?is 0 extremely natural1 & j :at might be expect$ f miracul\s evid5ce com+ ) full =ce ^u ! s5ses ( mank9d3 b ,i mu* d\bt :e!r1 if ?is /ate ( m9d _h be5 univ]sal1 or long-cont9u$1 ! bus9ess ( ! _w c\ld h gone on4 ,! necess>y art ( social life w\ld h be5 little cultivat$4 ,! pl\gh & ! loom w\ld h /ood /ill4 ,agriculture1 manufactures1 trade1 & navigation1 w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 h fl\ri%$1 if !y c\ld h be5 ex]cis$ at all4 ,m5 w\ld h addict$ !mselves to contemplative & ascetic lives1 in/ead ( lives ( bus9ess & ( useful indu/ry4 ,we obs]ve t ,/4 ,paul f\nd x necess>y frequ5tly to recall 8 conv]ts to ! ord9>y lab\rs & dome/ic duties ( _! condition2 & to give !m1 9 8 own example1 a lesson ( cont5t$ application to _! worldly employm5ts4 ,by ! mann] 9 :i* ! religion is n[ propos$1 a great portion ( ! human species is enabl$ & ( ^! multitudes ( e g5]ation are induc$1 to seek & effectuate _! salvation ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,*ri/ianity1 )\t int]ruption ( ! prosp]ity or ( ! regul> c\rse ( human affairs4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,effects ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,t a religion :i* "u e =m 9 :i* x is taught holds =? ! f9al rew>d ( virtue & puni%m5t ( vice1 & proposes ^? di/9ctions ( virtue & vice :i* ! wise/ & mo/ cultivat$ "p ( mank9d confess to be j1 %\ld n be believ$1 is v possible2 b t1 s f> z x is believ$1 x %\ld n produce any good1 b r a bad effect ^u public happ9ess1 is a proposition :i* x requires v /rong evid5ce to r5d] cr$ible4 ,yet _m h be5 f\nd to cont5d = ?is p>adox1 & v confid5t appeals h be5 made to hi/ory & to obs]vation = ! tru? ( x4 ,9 ! conclusions1 h[ev]1 :i* ^! writ]s draw f :at !y call exp]i5ce1 two s\rces1 ,i ?9k1 ( mi/ake may be p]ceiv$4 ,"o is1 t !y look = ! influ5ce ( religion 9 ! wrong place4 ,! o!r1 t !y *>ge ,*ri/ianity ) _m consequ5ces = :i* x is n responsible4 ,i4 ,! influ5ce ( religion is n to be s\ght = 9 ! c\ncils ( pr9ces1 9 ! debates or resolutions ( popul> assemblies1 9 ! conduct ( gov]nm5ts t[>ds _! subjects1 ( /ates & sov]eigns t[>ds "o ano!r2 ( conqu]ors at ! head ( _! armies1 or ( p>ties intrigu+ = p[] at home 7topics :i* alone almo/ occupy ! att5tion1 & fill ! pages ( hi/ory72 b mu/ be p]ceiv$1 if p]ceiv$ at all1 9 ! sil5t c\rse ( private & dome/ic life4 ,nay1 ev5 !re its influ5ce may n be v obvi\s to obs]vation4 ,if x *eck1 9 "s degree1 p]sonal dissolut5ess1 if x beget g5]al probity 9 ! transaction ( bus9ess1 if x produce s(t & humane mann]s 9 ! mass ( ! community1 & occasional ex]tions ( labori\s or exp5sive b5evol5ce 9 a individuals1 x is all ! effect :i* c (f] itself to ext]nal notice4 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is )9 u4 ,t :i* ! sub/ance ( ! religion1 its hopes & consolation1 its int]mixture ) ! ?\ghts by day & by night1 ! devotion ( ! he>t1 ! control ( appetite1 ! /eady direction ( w to ! comm&s ( ,god1 is necess>ily invisible4 ,yet ^! dep5d ! virtue & ! happ9ess ( millions4 ,?is cause r5d]s ! repres5tations ( hi/ory1 ) respect to religion1 defect & fallaci\s 9 a great] degree ?an !y are ^u any o!r subject4 ,religion op]ates mo/ ^u ^? ( :om hi/ory kn[s ! lea/2 ^u fa!rs & mo!rs _! families1 ^u m5-s]vants & maid-s]vants1 ^u ord]ly tradesman1 ! quiet villag]1 ! manufactur] at 8 loom1 ! husb&man 9 8 fields4 ,among/ su*1 its collectively may be ( ine/imable value1 yet its effects1 9 mean "t1 little ^u ^? :o figure ^u ! /age ( _w4 ,!y may "k no?+ ( x2 !y may believe no?+ ( x2 !y may be actuat$ by motives m impetu\s ?an ^? :i* religion is able to excite4 ,x _c1 be ?\ght /range t ?is influ5ce %\ld elude ! grasp & t\* ( public hi/ory2 = :at is public hi/ory b regi/] ( ! successes & disappo9tm5ts1 ! vices1 ! follies1 & ! qu>rels1 ( ^? :o engage 9 cont5tions p[]8 ,i w add1 t mu* ( ?is influ5ce may be felt 9 times ( public di/ress1 & little ( x 9 times ( public weal? & security4 ,?is also increases ! unc]ta9ty ( any op9ions t we draw f hi/orical repres5tations4 ,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity is comm5surate ) no effects :i* hi/ory /ates4 ,we d n pret5d t x has any su* necess>y & irresi/ible p[] ov] ! affairs ( nations z to surm\nt ! =ce ( o!r causes4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion also acts ^u public usages & in/itutions1 by an op]ation :i* is only second>y & indirect4 ,*ri/ianity is n a code ( civil law4 ,x c only rea* public in/itutions ?r\gh private "*4 ,n[ its influ5ce ^u private "* may be consid]able1 yet _m public usages & in/itutions repugnant to its pr9ciples may rema94 ,to get rid ( ^!1 ! reign+ "p ( ! community mu/ act1 & act toge!r4 ,b x may be long be=e ! p]sons :o compose ?is body be suffici5tly t\*$ ) ! ,*ri/ian "* to jo9 9 ! suppression ( practices to :i* !y & ! public h be5 reconcil$ by causes :i* w reconcile ! human m9d to any?+1 by habit & int]e/4 ,nev]!less1 ! effects ( ,*ri/ianity1 ev5 9 ?is view1 h be5 important4 ,x has mitigat$ ! conduct ( w>1 & ! treatm5t ( captives4 ,x has s(t5$ ! adm9i/ration ( despotic1 or ( nom9ally despotic gov]nm5ts4 ,x has aboli%$ polygamy4 ,x has re/ra9$ ! lic5ti\sness ( divorces4 ,x has put an end to ! exposure ( *ildr5 & ! immolation ( slaves4 ,x has suppress$ ! combats ( gladiators199 & ! impurities ( religions rites4 ,x has bani%$1 if n unnatural vices1 at lea/ ! tol]ation ( !m4 ,x has greatly meliorat$ ! condition ( ! labori\s "p1 t is to say1 ( ! mass ( e community1 by procur+ = !m a day ( weekly re/4 ,9 all c\ntries 9 :i* x is pr(ess$ x has produc$ num]\s e/abli%m5ts = ! relief ( sickness & pov]ty2 & 9 "s1 a regul> & g5]al provision by law4 ,x has triumph$ ov] ! slav]y e/abli%$ 9 ! ,roman empire3 x is cont5d+1 & ,i tru/ w "o day prevail1 aga9/ ! worse slav]y ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 99 ,lipsius affirms 7,sat4 b4 i4 c4 #ab7 t ! gladiatorial %[s sometimes co/ ,europe tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& lives 9 a mon?2 & t n only ! m51 b ev5 ! wom5 ( all ranks 7 passionately fond ( ^! %[s4 ,see ,bi%op ,porteus1 ,s]mon ,,xiii4 ,a ,*ri/ian writ]1 7,b>desanes1 ap4 ,euseb4 ,praep4 ,evang4 vi4 #aj47 s e>ly z 9 ! second c5tury1 has te/ifi$ ! resi/ance :i* ,*ri/ianity made to wick$ & lic5ti\s practices ?\gh e/abli%$ by law & by public usage3--,nei!r 9 ,p>?ia d ! ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh ,p>?ians1 use polygamy2 nor 9 ,p]sia1 ?\gh ,p]sians1 d !y m>ry _! own daught]s2 nor among ! ,bactri1 or ,galli1 d !y violate ! sanctity ( m>riage2 nor :]ev] !y are1 d !y suff] !mselves to be ov]come by ill-con/itut$ laws & mann]s4 ,socrates did n de/roy ! idolatry ( ,a!ns1 or produce ! slight] revolution 9 ! mann]s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,b ! argum5t to :i* ,i recur is1 t ! b5efit ( religion1 be+ felt *iefly 9 ! obscurity ( private /ations1 necess>ily escapes ! obs]vation ( hi/ory4 ,f ! fir/ g5]al notification ( ,*ri/ianity to ! pres5t day1 !re h be5 9 e age _m millions1 ^: names 7 nev] he>d (1 made bett] by x1 n only 9 _! conduct1 b 9 _! disposition2 & happi]1 n s mu* 9 _! ext]nal circum/ances1 z 9 t :i* is int] praecordia1 9 t :i* alone des]ves ! "n ( happ9ess1 ! tranquillity & consolation ( _! ?\ghts4 ,x has be5 s9ce its comm5cem5t ! au?or ( happ9ess & virtue to millions & millions ( ! human race4 ,:o is !re t w\ld n wi% 8 son to be a ,*ri/ian8 ,*ri/ianity also1 9 e c\ntry 9 :i* x is pr(ess$1 ha? obta9$ a s5sible1 al?\gh n a complete influ5ce ^u ! public judgm5t ( morals4 ,& ?is is v important4 ,= )\t ! occasional correction :i* public op9ion receives1 by ref]r+ to "s fix$ /&>d ( morality1 no man c =etel into :at extravagances x might w&]4 ,assass9ation might become z hon\rable z duell+3 unnatural crimes be acc\nt$ z v5al z =nication is wont to be acc\nt$4 ,9 ?is way x is possible t _m may be kept 9 ord] by ,*ri/ianity :o are n !mselves ,*ri/ians4 ,!y may be guid$ by ! rectitude :i* x communicates to public op9ion4 ,_! consci5ces may sugge/ _! duty truly1 & !y may ascribe ^! sugge/ions to a moral s5se1 or to ! native capacity ( ! human intellect1 :5 9 fact !y are no?+ m ?an ! public op9ion1 reflect$ f _! own m9ds2 & op9ion1 9 a consid]able degree1 modifi$ by ! lessons ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,c]ta9 x is1 & ?is is a great deal to say1 t ! g5]ality1 ev5 ( ! meane/ & mo/ vulg> & ignorant p1 h tru] & wor?i] notions ( ,god m j & "r appreh5sions conc]n+ 8 attributes & p]fections1 a deep] s5se ( ! diff]5ce ( good & evil1 a great] reg>d to moral obligations1 & to ! pla9 & mo/ necess>y duties ( life1 & a m firm & univ]sal expectation ( a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 ?an 9 any hea!n c\ntry any consid]able numb] ( m5 7 f\nd to h _h4 7,cl>ke1 ,ev4 ,nat4 ,rel4 p4 #bjh4 ed4 v47 ,aft] all1 ! value ( ,*ri/ianity is n to be appreciat$ by its temporal effects4 ,! object ( revelation is to influ5ce human conduct 9 ?is life2 b :at is ga9$ to happ9ess by t influ5ce c only be e/imat$ by tak+ 9 ! :ole ( human exi/5ce4 ,!n1 z ha? already be5 obs]v$1 !re may be also great consequ5ces ( ,*ri/ianity :i* d n belong to x z a revelation4 ,! effects ^u human salvation ( ! mission1 ( ! dea?1 ( ! pres5t1 ( ! future ag5cy ( ,*ri/1 may be univ]sal1 ?\gh ! religion be n univ]sally kn[n4 ,secondly1 ,i ass]t t ,*ri/ianity is *>g$ ) _m consequ5ces = :i* x is n responsible4 ,i believe t religi\s motives h _h no m to d 9 ! =mation ( n9e t5?s ( ! intol]ant & p]secut+ laws :i* 9 diff]5t c\ntries h be5 e/abli%$ ^u ! subject ( religion1 ?an !y h _h to d 9 ,engl& ) ! mak+ ( ! game-laws4 ,^! measures1 al?\gh !y h ! ,*ri/ian religion = _! subject1 are resolvable into a pr9ciple :i* ,*ri/ianity c]ta9ly did n plant 7& :i* ,*ri/ianity c\ld n univ]sally condemn1 because x is n univ]sally wrong71 :i* pr9ciple is no o!r ?an ?is1 t !y :o are 9 possession ( p[] d :at !y c to keep x4 ,*ri/ianity is answ]able = no "p ( ! mis*ief :i* has be5 br\ght ^u ! _w by p]secution1 except t :i* has aris5 f consci5ti\s p]secutors4 ,n[ ^! p]haps h nev] be5 ei!r num]\s or p[]ful4 ,nor is x to ,*ri/ianity t ev5 _! mi/ake c fairly be imput$4 ,!y h be5 misl$ by an error n prop]ly ,*ri/ian or religi\s1 b by an error 9 _! moral philosophy4 ,!y pursu$ ! p>ticul>1 )\t adv]t+ to ! g5]al consequ5ce4 ,believ+ c]ta9 articles ( fai?1 or a c]ta9 mode ( wor%ip1 to be highly conducive1 or p]haps ess5tial1 to salvation1 !y ?\ght !mselves b\nd to br+ all !y c\ld1 by e means1 into !m1 & ?is !y ?\ght1 )\t consid]+ :at w\ld be ! effect ( su* a conclusion :5 adopt$ among/ mank9d z a g5]al rule ( conduct4 ,_h !re be5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :at !re are 9 ! ,koran1 precepts au?oris+ co]cion 9 ! propagation ( ! religion1 & ! use ( viol5ce t[>ds unbeliev]s1 ! case w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,?is di/9ction c\ld n h be5 tak51 nor ?is def5ce made4 ,i apologise = no species nor degree ( p]secution1 b ,i ?9k t ev5 ! fact has be5 exagg]at$4 ,! slave-trade de/roys m 9 a ye> ?an ! ,inquisition does 9 a hundr$ or p]haps ha? done s9ce its f\ndation4 ,if x be object$1 z ,i appreh5d x w be1 t ,*ri/ianity is *>geable ) e mis*ief ( :i* x has be5 ! occasion1 ?\gh n ! motive2 ,i answ] t1 if ! malevol5t passions be !re1 ! _w w nev] want occasions4 ,! noxi\s elem5t w always f9d a conductor4 ,any po9t w produce an explosion4 ,did ! applaud$ int]community ( ! pagan !ology pres]ve ! peace ( ! ,roman _w8 did x prev5t oppressions1 proscriptions1 massacres1 deva/ation8 ,0 x bigotry t c>ri$ ,alex&] into ! ,ea/1 or br\ght ,caes> into ,gaul8 ,are ! nations ( ! _w into :i* ,*ri/ianity ha? n f\nd its way1 or f :i* x ha? be5 bani%$1 free f cont5tions8 ,are _! cont5tions less ru9\s & sangu9>y8 ,is x ow+ to ,*ri/ianity1 or to ! want ( x1 t ! regions ( ! ,ea/1 ! c\ntries int] quatuor m>ia1 p59sula ( ,greece1 toge!r ) a great "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 are at ?is day a des]t8 or t ! banks ( ! ,nile1 ^: con/antly r5ew$ f]tility is n to be impair$ by neglect1 or de/roy$ by ! ravages ( w>1 s]ve only = ! sc5e ( a f]oci\s an>*y1 or ! supply ( unceas+ ho/ilities8 ,europe itself has kn[n no religi\s w>s = "s c5turies1 yet has h>dly ev] be5 )\t w>4 ,are ! calamities :i* at ?is day afflict x to be imput$ to ,*ri/ianity8 ,ha? ,pol& fall5 by a ,*ri/ian crusade8 ,ha? ! ov]?r[ 9 ,france ( civil ord] & security be5 effect$ by ! vot>ies ( our religion1 or by ! foes8 ,among/ ! awful lessons :i* ! crimes & ! mis]ies ( t c\ntry af=d to mank9d ?is is "o2 t 9 ord] to be a p]secutor x is n necess>y to be a bigot3 t 9 rage & cruelty1 9 mis*ief & de/ruction1 fanaticism itself c be outdone by infidelity4 ,f9ally1 if w>1 z x is n[ c>ri$ on betwe5 nations produce less mis]y & ru9 ?an =m]ly1 we are indebt$ p]haps to ,*ri/ianity = ! *ange m ?an to any o!r cause4 ,view$ !re=e ev5 9 its relation to ?is subject1 x appe>s to h be5 ( advantage to ! _w4 ,x ha? humanis$ ! conduct ( w>s2 x ha? ceas$ to excite !m4 ,! diff]5ces ( op9ion t h 9 all ages prevail$ among/ ,*ri/ians fall v mu* )9 ! alt]native :i* has be5 /at$4 ,if we possess$ ! disposition :i* ,*ri/ianity lab\rs1 above all o!r qualities1 to inculcate1 ^! diff]5ces w\ld d little h>m4 ,if t disposition be want+1 o!r causes1 ev5 7 ^! abs5t1 w\ld cont9ually rise up to call =? ! malevol5t passions into action4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion1 :5 accompani$ ) mutual *>ity1 :i* ,*ri/ianity =bids !m to violate1 are = ! mo/ "p innoc5t1 & = "s purposes useful4 ,!y promote inquiry1 discussion1 & k4 ,!y help to keep up an att5tion to religi\s subjects1 & a conc]n ab\t !m1 :i* might be apt to die away 9 ! calm & sil5ce ( univ]sal agreem5t4 ,i d n "k t x is 9 any degree true t ! influ5ce ( religion is ! greate/ :]e !re are ! fewe/ diss5t]s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,conclusion1 ,9 religion1 z 9 e o!r subject ( human reason+1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! ord] 9 :i* we dispose our inquiries4 ,a man :o takes up a sy/em ( div9ity ) a previ\s op9ion t ei!r e "p mu/ be true or ! :ole false1 approa*es ! discussion ) great disadvantage4 ,no o!r sy/em1 :i* is f\nd$ ^u moral evid5ce1 w\ld be> to be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,nev]!less1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 we are all introduc$ to our religi\s /udies "u ?is prejudication4 ,& x _c be avoid$4 ,! weakness ( ! human judgm5t 9 ! e>ly "p ( y\?1 yet its extreme susceptibility ( impression1 r5d]s x necess>y to furni% x ) "s op9ions1 & ) "s pr9ciples or o!r4 ,or inde$1 )\t mu* express c>e1 or mu* endeav\r = ?is purpose1 ! t5d5cy ( ! m9d ( man to assimilate itself to ! habits ( ?9k+ & speak+ :i* prevail ar\nd him1 produces ! same effect4 ,t indiff]5cy & susp5se1 t wait+ & equilibrium ( ! judgm5t1 :i* "s require 9 religi\s matt]s1 & :i* "s w\ld wi% to be aim$ at 9 ! conduct ( education1 are impossible to be pres]v$4 ,!y are n giv5 to ! condition ( human life4 ,x is a consequ5ce ( ?is in/itution t ! doctr9es ( religion come to u be=e ! pro(s2 & come to u ) t mixture ( explications & inf]5ces f :i* no public cre$ is1 or c be1 free4 ,& ! effect :i* too frequ5tly foll[s1 f ,*ri/ianity be+ pres5t$ to ! und]/&+ 9 ?is =m1 is1 t :5 any articles1 :i* appe> z p>ts ( x1 contradict ! appreh5sion ( ! p]sons to :om x is propos$1 m5 ( ra% & confid5t temp]s ha/ily & indiscrim9ately reject ! :ole4 ,b is ?is to d ju/ice1 ei!r to !mselves or to ! religion8 ,! rational way ( treat+ a subject ( su* ackn[l$g$ importance is1 to att5d1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ! g5]al & sub/antial tru? ( its pr9ciples1 & to t alone4 ,:5 we once feel a f\ndation2 :5 we once p]ceive a gr\nd ( cr$ibility 9 its hi/ory2 we %all proce$ ) safety to inquire into ! int]pretation ( its records1 & into ! doctr9es :i* h be5 d$uc$ f !m4 ,nor w x ei!r endang] our fai?1 or dim9i% or alt] our motives = ob$i5ce1 if we %\ld discov] t ^! conclusions are =m$ ) v diff]5t degrees ( probability1 & possess v diff]5t degrees ( importance4 ,?is conduct ( ! und]/&+1 dictat$ by e rule ( "r reason+1 w uphold p]sonal ,*ri/ianity1 ev5 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* x is e/abli%$ "u =ms ! mo/ liable to difficulty & objection4 ,x w also h ! fur!r effect ( gu>d+ u aga9/ ! prejudices :i* are wont to arise 9 our m9ds to ! disadvantage ( religion1 f obs]v+ ! num]\s controv]sies :i* are c>ri$ on among/ its pr(essors2 & likewise ( induc+ a _s ( l5ity & mod]ation 9 our judgm5t1 z well z 9 our treatm5t ( ^? :o /&1 9 su* controv]sies1 ^u sides opposite to ours4 ,:at is cle> 9 ,*ri/ianity we %all f9d to be suffici5t1 & to be inf9itely valuable2 :at is dubi\s1 unnecess>y to be decid$1 or ( v subord9ate importance1 & :at is mo/ obscure1 w tea* u to be> ) ! op9ions :i* o!rs may h =m$ ^u ! same subject4 ,we %all say to ^? :o ! mo/ widely diss5t f u1 :at ,augu/9e said to ! wor/ h]etics ( 8 age2 ,illi 9 vos saeviant1 qui nasciunt1 cum quo labore v]um inv5iatur1 et quam difficile caveantur errores2---qui nesciunt1 cure quanta difficultate sanetur oculus int]ioris hom9is2--qui nesciunt1 quibus suspiriis et gemitibus fiat ut ex quantulacumque p>te possit intelligi ,deus44 7,aug4 contra4 ,ep4 ,fund4 ,cap4 ii4 n4 #b1c47 ,a judgm5t1 moreov]1 :i* is once pretty well satisfi$ ( ! g5]al tru? ( ! religion w n only ?us discrim9ate 9 its doctr9es1 b w possess suffici5t /r5g? to ov]come ! reluctance ( ! imag9ation to admit articles ( fai? :i* are att5d$ ) difficulty ( appreh5sion1 if su* articles ( fai? appe> to be truly p>ts ( ! revelation4 ,x 0 to be expect$ be=eh&1 t :at relat$ to ! economy & to ! p]sons ( ! invisible _w1 :i* revelation pr(ess to d1 & :i*1 if true1 x actually does1 %\ld conta9 "s po9ts remote f our analogies1 & f ! compreh5sion ( a m9d :i* ha? acquir$ all its ideas f s5se & f exp]i5ce4 ,x ha? be5 my c>e 9 ! prec$+ "w to pres]ve ! sep>ation betwe5 evid5ces & doctr9es z inviolable z ,i c\ld2 to remove f ! prim>y "q all consid]ations :i* h be5 unnecess>ily jo9$ ) x2 & to (f] a def5ce to ,*ri/ianity :i* e ,*ri/ian might read )\t see+ ! t5ets 9 :i* he _h be5 br\ght up attack$ or decri$3 & x always af=d$ a satisfaction to my m9d to obs]ve t ?is 0 practicable2 t few or none ( our _m controv]sies ) "o ano!r affect or relate to ! pro(s ( our religion2 t ! r5t nev] desc5ds to ! f\ndation4 ,! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity dep5ds ^u its lead+ facts1 & ^u !m alone4 ,n[ ( ^! we h evid5ce :i* ought to satisfy u1 at lea/ until x appe> t mank9d h ev] be5 deceiv$ by ! same4 ,we h "s unconte/$ & inconte/able po9ts1 to :i* ! hi/ory ( ! human species ha? no?+ simil> to (f]4 ,a ,jewi% peasant *ang$ ! religion ( ! _w1 & t )\t =ce1 )\t p[]1 )\t support2 )\t "o natural s\rce or circum/ance ( attraction1 influ5ce1 or success4 ,su* a ?+ ha? n happ5$ 9 any o!r in/ance4 ,! companions ( ?is ,p]son1 aft] he himself _h be5 put to dea? = 8 attempt1 ass]t$ 8 sup]natural "*1 f\nd$ ^u 8 sup]natural op]ations3 &1 9 te/imony ( ! tru? ( _! ass]tions1 i4e4 9 consequ5ce ( _! own belief ( t tru?1 & 9 ord] to communicate ! k ( x to o!rs1 volunt>ily ent]$ ^u lives ( toil & h>d%ip1 &1 ) a full exp]i5ce ( _! dang]1 committ$ !mselves to ! la/ extremities ( p]secution4 ,?is ha? n a p>allel4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 a v few days aft] ?is ,p]son _h be5 publicly execut$1 & 9 ! v city 9 :i* he 0 buri$1 ^! 8 companions decl>$ ) "o voice t 8 body 0 re/or$ to life3 t !y _h se5 him1 h&l$ him1 ate ) him1 conv]s$ ) him2 &1 9 pursuance ( _! p]suasion ( ! tru? ( :at !y told1 prea*$ 8 religion1 ) ?is /range fact z ! f\ndation ( x1 9 ! face ( ^? :o _h kill$ him1 :o 7 arm$ ) ! p[] ( ! c\ntry1 & necess>ily & naturally dispos$ to treat 8 foll[]s z !y _h treat$ himself2 & hav+ done ?is ^u ! spot :]e ! ev5t took place1 c>ri$ ! intellig5ce ( x abroad1 9 despite ( difficulties & opposition1 & :]e ! nature ( _! err& gave !m no?+ to expect b d]ision1 insult1 & outrage4--,?is is )\t example4 ,^! ?ree facts1 ,i ?9k1 are c]ta91 & w\ld h be5 ne>ly s1 if ! ,gospels _h nev] be5 writt54 ,! ,*ri/ian /ory1 z to ^! po9ts1 ha? nev] v>i$4 ,no o!r ha? be5 set up aga9/ x4 ,e lett]1 e disc\rse1 e controv]sy1 among/ ! foll[]s ( ! religion2 e book writt5 by !m f ! age ( its comm5cem5t to ! pres5t "t1 9 e "p ( ! _w 9 :i* x ha? be5 pr(ess$1 & ) e sect into :i* x ha? be5 divid$ 7& we h lett]s & disc\rses writt5 by contempor>ies1 by witnesses ( ! transaction1 by p]sons !mselves be>+ a %>e 9 x1 & o!r writ+s foll[+ t aga9 regul> succession71 concur 9 repres5t+ ^! facts 9 ?is mann]4 ,a religion :i* n[ possesses ! greate/ "p ( ! civilis$ _w unque/ionably sprang up at ,j]usalem at ?is "t4 ,"s acc\nt mu/ be giv5 ( its orig92 "s cause assign$ = its rise4 ,all ! acc\nts ( ?is orig91 all ! explications ( ?is cause1 :e!r tak5 f ! writ+s ( ! e>ly foll[]s ( ! religion 79 :i*1 & 9 :i* p]haps alone1 x c\ld he expect$ t !y %\ld he di/9ctly unfold$71 or f occasional notices 9 o!r writ+s ( t or ! adjo9+ age1 ei!r expressly allege ! facts above /at$ z ! means by :i* ! religion 0 set up1 or adv]t to its comm5cem5t 9 a mann] :i* agrees ) ! supposition ( ^! facts be+ true1 & :i* te/ifies _! op]ation & effects4 ,^! prepositions alone lay a f\ndation = our fai?2 = !y prove ! exi/5ce ( a transaction :i* _c ev51 9 its mo/ g5]al p>ts1 be acc\nt$ = ^u any reasonable supposition1 except t ( ! tru? ( ! mission4 ,b ! p>ticul>s1 ! detail ( ! miracles or miracul\s pret5ces 7= su* !re necess>ily mu/ h be57 ^u :i* ?is unexampl$ transaction re/$1 & = :i* ^! m5 act$ & suff]$ z !y did act & suff]1 x is und\bt$ly ( great importance to u to "k4 ,we h ?is detail f ! f\nta9-head1 f ! p]sons !mselves2 9 acc\nts writt5 by eye-witnesses ( ! sc5e1 by contempor>ies & companions ( ^? :o 7 s2 n 9 "o book b f\r1 ea* conta9+ en\gh = ! v]ification ( ! religion1 all agree+ 9 ! fundam5tal p>ts ( ! hi/ory4 ,we h ! au!nticity ( ^! books e/abli%$ by m & /rong] pro(s ?an belong to almo/ any o!r anci5t book :atev]1 & by pro(s :i* widely di/+ui% !m f any o!rs claim+ a simil> au?ority to !irs4 ,if !re 7 any good reason = d\bt conc]n+ ! names to :i* ^! books are ascrib$ 7:i* !re is n1 = !y 7 nev] ascrib$ to any o!r1 & we h evid5ce n long aft] _! publication ( _! be>+ ! names :i* !y n[ be>72 _! antiquity1 ( :i* !re is no "q1 _! reputation & au?ority among/ ! e>ly disciples ( ! religion1 ( :i* !re is z little1 =m a valid pro( t !y mu/1 9 ! ma9 at lea/1 h agre$ ) :at ! fir/ tea*]s ( ! religion deliv]$4 ,:5 we op5 ^! anci5t volumes1 we discov] 9 !m m>ks ( tru?1 :e!r we consid] ea* 9 itself1 or collate !m ) "o ano!r4 ,! writ]s c]ta9ly knew some?+ ( :at !y 7 writ+ ab\t1 = !y manife/ an acqua9tance ) local circum/ances1 ) ! hi/ory & usages ( ! times1 :i* c\ld belong only to an inhabitant ( t c\ntry1 liv+ 9 t age4 ,9 e n>rative we p]ceive simplicity & undesign$ness2 ! air & ! language ( reality4 ,:5 we comp>e ! diff]5t n>ratives toge!r1 we f9d !m s v>y+ z to repel all suspicion ( conf$]acy2 s agree+ "u ?is v>iety z to %[ t ! acc\nts _h "o real transaction = _! common f\ndation2 (t5 attribut+ diff]5t actions & disc\rses to ! ,p]son ^: hi/ory1 or r memoirs ( ^: hi/ory1 !y pr(ess to relate1 yet actions & disc\rses s simil> z v mu* to bespeak ! same "*3 :i* is a co9cid5ce t1 9 su* writ]s z !y 71 c\ld only be ! consequ5ce ( _! writ+ f fact1 & n f imag9ation4 ,^! f\r n>ratives are conf9$ to ! hi/ory ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion1 & end ) 8 m9i/ry4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t ! affair w5t on1 we _c help be+ anxi\s to "k h[ x proce$$4 ,?is intellig5ce ha? come d[n to u 9 a "w purport+ to be writt5 by a p]son1 himself connect$ ) ! bus9ess dur+ ! fir/ /ages ( its progress1 tak+ up ! /ory :]e ! =m] hi/ories _h left x1 c>ry+ on ! n>rative1 (t5times ) great p>ticul>ity1 & ?r\gh\t ) ! appe>ance ( good s5se199 in=mation & c&\r2 /at+ all along ! orig91 & ! only probable orig91 ( effects :i* unque/ionably 7 produc$1 toge!r ) ! natural consequ5ces ( situations :i* unque/ionably did exi/2 & confirm$1 9 ! sub/ance at lea/ ( ! acc\nt1 by ! /ronge/ possible accession ( te/imony :i* a hi/ory c receive1 orig9al lett]s1 writt5 by ! p]son :o is ! pr9cipal subject ( ! hi/ory1 writt5 ^u ! bus9ess to :i* ! hi/ory relates1 & dur+ ! p]iod1 or soon aft] ! p]iod1 :i* ! hi/ory comprises4 ,no man c say t ?is all toge!r is n a body ( /rong hi/orical evid5ce4 99 ,see ,pet]'s spee* ^u cur+ ! cripple 7,acts iii4 #ah71 ! c\ncil ( ! apo/les 7xv471 ,paul's disc\rse at ,a!ns 7xvii4 #bb71 be=e ,agrippa 7xxvi474 ,i notice ^! passages1 bo? z fraught ) good s5se & z free f ! smalle/ t9cture ( en?usiasm4 ,:5 we reflect t "s ( ^? f :om ! books proce$$ are relat$ to h !mselves wr\ght miracles1 to h be5 ! subject ( miracles1 or ( sup]natural assi/ance 9 propagat+ ! religion1 we may p]haps be l$ to ?9k t m cr$it1 or a diff]5t k9d ( cr$it1 is due to ^! acc\nts1 ?an :at c be claim$ by m]ely human te/imony4 ,b ?is is an argum5t :i* _c be address$ to sceptics or unbeliev]s4 ,a man mu/ be a ,*ri/ian be=e he c receive x4 ,! inspiration ( ! hi/orical ,scriptures1 ! nature1 degree1 & ext5t ( t inspiration1 are que/ions und\bt$ly ( s]i\s discussion2 b !y are que/ions among/ ,*ri/ians !mselves1 & n betwe5 !m & o!rs4 ,! doctr9e itself is by no means necess>y to ! belief ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* mu/1 9 ! fir/ in/ance at lea/1 dep5d ^u ! ord9>y maxim ( hi/orical cr$ibility4 7,see ,p[ell's ,disc\rse1 disc4 xv4 ,p4 #bde47 ,9 view+ ! detail ( miracles record$ 9 ^! books1 we f9d e supposition negativ$ by :i* !y c be resolv$ into fraud or delusion4 ,!y 7 n secret1 nor mom5t>y1 nor t5tative1 nor ambigu\s2 nor p]=m$ "u ! sanction ( au?ority1 ) ! spectators on _! side1 or 9 affirmance ( t5ets & practices already e/abli%$4 ,we f9d also ! evid5ce alleg$ = !m1 & :i* evid5ce 0 by great numb]s receiv$1 diff]5t f t ^u :i* o!r miracul\s acc\nts re/4 ,x 0 contempor>y1 x 0 publi%$ ^u ! spot1 x cont9u$2 x involv$ int]e/s & que/ions ( ! greate/ magnitude2 x contradict$ ! mo/ fix$ p]suasions & prejudices ( ! p]sons to :om x 0 address$2 x requir$ f ^? :o accept$ x1 n a simple1 indol5t ass5t1 b a *ange1 f !nce=w>d1 ( pr9ciples & conduct1 a submission to consequ5ces ! mo/ s]i\s & ! mo/ det]r+1 to loss & dang]1 to insult1 outrage1 & p]secution4 ,h[ su* a /ory %\ld be false1 or1 if false1 h[ "u su* circum/ances x %\ld make its way1 ,i ?9k impossible to be expla9$2 yet su* ! ,*ri/ian /ory 01 su* 7 ! circum/ances "u :i* x came =?1 & 9 opposition to su* difficulties did x prevail4 ,an ev5t s connect$ ) ! religion1 & ) ! =tunes1 ( ! ,jewi% p1 z "o ( _! race1 "o born among/ !m1 e/abli%+ 8 au?ority & 8 law ?r\gh\t a great portion ( ! civilis$ _w1 x 0 p]haps to be expect$ %\ld be notic$ 9 ! prophetic writ+s ( t nation2 especially :5 ?is ,p]son1 toge!r ) 8 own mission1 caus$ also to be ackn[l$g$ ! ,div9e orig9al ( _! in/itution1 & by ^? :o be=e _h altoge!r reject$ x4 ,accord+ly1 we p]ceive 9 ^! writ+s v>i\s intimations concurr+ 9 ! p]son & hi/ory ( ,jesus1 9 a mann] & 9 a degree 9 :i* passages tak5 f ^! books c\ld n be made to concur 9 any p]son arbitr>ily assum$1 or 9 any p]son except him :o has be5 ! au?or ( great *anges 9 ! affairs & op9ions ( mank9d4 ,( "s ( ^! pr$ictions ! weight dep5ds a good deal ^u ! concurr5ce4 ,o!rs possess great sep>ate /r5g?3 "o 9 p>ticul> does ?is 9 an em95t degree4 ,x is an entire description1 manife/ly direct$ to "o "* & to "o sc5e ( ?+s2 x is extant 9 a writ+1 or collection ( writ+s1 decl>$ly prophetic2 & x applies to ,*ri/'s "*1 & to ! circum/ances ( 8 life & dea?1 ) consid]able precision1 & 9 a way :i* no div]sity ( int]pretation ha?1 9 my op9ion1 be5 able to conf\nd4 ,t ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 & ! consequ5ces ( x1 %\ld n h be5 m di/9ctly reveal$ 9 ! ,jewi% sacr$ books1 is ,i ?9k 9 "s measure acc\nt$ = by ! consid]ation1 t = ! ,jews to h =ese5 ! fall ( _! in/itution1 & t x 0 to m]ge at l5g? into a m p]fect & compreh5sive disp5sation1 w\ld h cool$ too mu*1 & relax$1 _! zeal = x1 & _! adh]5ce to x1 ^u :i* zeal & adh]5ce ! pres]vation 9 ! _w ( any rema9s1 = _m ages1 ( religi\s tru? might 9 a great measure dep5d4 ,( :at a revelation discloses to mank9d1 "o1 & only "o1 "q c prop]ly be ask$--,0 x ( importance to mank9d to "k1 or to be bett] assur$ (8 ,9 ?is "q1 :5 we turn our ?\ghts to ! great ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! dead1 & ( a future judgm5t1 no d\bt c possibly be ent]ta9$4 ,he :o gives me ri*es or hon\rs1 does no?+2 he :o ev5 gives me heal?1 does little1 9 comp>ison ) t :i* lays be=e me j gr\nds = expect+ a re/oration to life1 & a day ( acc\nt & retribution2 :i* ?+ ,*ri/ianity ha? done = millions4 ,o!r articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 al?\gh ( inf9ite importance :5 plac$ beside any o!r topic ( human inquiry1 are only ! adjuncts & circum/ances ( ?is4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 su* z appe> wor?y ( ! orig9al to :i* we ascribe !m4 ,! morality ( ! religion1 :e!r tak5 f ! precepts or ! example ( its ,f\nd]1 or f ! lessons ( its primitive tea*]s1 d]iv$1 z x %\ld seem1 f :at _h be5 inculcat$ by _! ,ma/]1 is1 9 all its p>ts1 wise & pure2 nei!r adapt$ to vulg> prejudices1 nor flatt]+ popul> notions1 nor excus+ e/abli%$ practices1 b calculat$1 9 ! matt] ( its in/ruction1 truly to promote human happ9ess2 & 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 convey$1 to produce impression & effect3 a morality :i*1 let x h proce$$ f any p]son :atev]1 w\ld h be5 satisfactory evid5ce ( 8 good s5se & integrity1 ( ! s\ndness ( 8 und]/&+ & ! probity ( 8 designs3 a morality1 9 e view ( x1 mu* m p]fect ?an c\ld h be5 expect$ f ! natural circum/ances & "* ( ! p]son :o deliv]$ x2 a morality1 9 a ^w1 :i* is1 & ha? be51 mo/ b5eficial to mank9d4 ,^u ! greate/1 !re=e1 ( all possible occasions1 & = a purpose ( ine/imable value1 x pleas$ ! ,deity to v\*safe a miracul\s atte/ation4 ,hav+ done ?is = ! in/itution1 :5 ?is alone c\ld fix its au?ority1 or give to x a beg9n+1 he committ$ its future progress to ! natural means ( human communication1 & to ! influ5ce ( ^? causes by :i* human conduct & human affairs are gov]n$4 ,! se$1 be+ s[n1 0 left to vegetate2 ! leav51 be+ ins]t$1 0 left to f]m5t2 & bo? accord+ to ! laws ( nature3 laws1 nev]!less1 dispos$ & controll$ by t ,provid5ce :i* conducts ! affairs ( ! univ]se1 ?\gh by an influ5ce inscrutable1 & g5]ally undi/+ui%able by u4 ,& 9 ?is1 ,*ri/ianity is analog\s to mo/ o!r provisions = happ9ess4 ,! provision is made2 &2 be+ made1 is left to act accord+ to laws :i*1 =m+ a "p ( a m g5]al sy/em1 regulate ?is p>ticul> subject 9 common ) _m o!rs4 ,let ! con/ant recurr5ce to our obs]vation ( contrivance1 design1 & wisdom1 9 ! works ( nature1 once fix ^u our m9ds ! belief ( a ,god1 & aft] t all is easy4 ,9 ! c\nsels ( a be+ possess$ ( ! p[] & disposition :i* ! ,creator ( ! univ]se mu/ possess1 x is n improbable t !re %\ld be a future /ate2 x is n improbable t we %\ld be acqua9t$ ) x4 ,a future /ate rectifies ev]y?+2 because1 if moral ag5ts be made1 9 ! la/ ev5t1 happy or mis]able1 accord+ to _! conduct 9 ! /ation & "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$1 x seems n v mat]ial by ! op]ation ( :at causes1 accord+ to :at rules1 or ev51 if y please to call x s1 by :at *ance or caprice ^! /ations are assign$1 or ^! circum/ances det]m9$4 ,?is hypo!sis1 !re=e1 solves all t objection to ! div9e c>e & goodness :i* ! promiscu\s di/ribution ( good & evil 7,i d n mean 9 ! d\btful advantages ( ri*es & gr&eur1 b 9 ! unque/ionably important di/9ctions ( heal? & sickness1 /r5g? & infirmity1 bodily ease & pa91 m5tal alacrity & depression7 is apt on s _m occasions to create4 ,?is "o tru? *anges ! nature ( ?+s2 gives ord] to confusion2 makes ! moral _w ( a piece ) ! natural4 ,nev]!less1 a high] degree ( assurance ?an t to :i* x is possible to advance ?is1 or any argum5t drawn f ! light ( nature1 0 necess>y1 especially to ov]come ! %ock :i* ! imag9ation & ! s5ses receiv$ f ! effects & ! appe>ances ( dea?1 & ! ob/ruction :i* !nce arises to ! expectation ( ei!r a cont9u$ or a future exi/5ce4 ,?is difficulty1 al?\gh ( a nature no d\bt to act v =cibly1 w be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 ^u reflection to reside m 9 our habits ( appreh5sion ?an 9 ! subject3 & t ! giv+ way to x1 :5 we h any reasonable gr\nds or ! contr>y1 is r an indulg+ ( ! imag9ation ?an any?+ else4 ,ab/ract$ly consid]$1 t is1 consid]$ )\t relation to ! diff]5ce :i* habit1 & m]ely habit1 produces 9 our faculties & modes ( appreh5sion1 ,i d n see any?+ m 9 ! resurrection ( a dead man ?an 9 ! conception ( a *ild2 except x be ?is1 t ! "o comes into 8 _w ) a sy/em ( prior consci\sness ab\t him1 :i* ! o!r does n3 & no p]son w say t he kn[s en\gh ( ei!r subject to p]ceive t ?is circum/ance makes su* a diff]5ce 9 ! two cases t ! "o %\ld be easy1 & ! o!r impossible2 ! "o natural1 ! o!r n s4 ,to ! fir/ man ! succession ( ! species w\ld be z incompreh5sible z ! resurrection ( ! dead is to u4 ,?\ght is diff]5t f motion1 p]ception f impact3 ! individuality ( a m9d is h>dly consi/5t ) ! divisibility ( an ext5d$ sub/ance2 or its volition1 t is1 its p[] ( orig9at+ motion1 ) ! in]tness :i* cleaves to e portion ( matt] :i* our obs]vation or our exp]im5ts c rea*4 ,^! di/9ctions lead u to an immat]ial pr9ciple3 at lea/1 !y d ?is3 !y s negative ! me*anical prop]ties ( matt]1 9 ! con/itution ( a s5ti5t1 /ill m ( a rational1 be+1 t no argum5t drawn f ! prop]ties c be ( any great weight 9 opposition to o!r reasons1 :5 ! "q respects ! *anges ( :i* su*3 a nature is capable1 or ! mann] 9 :i* ^! *anges am effect$4 ,:atev] ?\ght be1 or :atev] x dep5d ^u ! regul> exp]i5ce ( sleep makes "o ?+ conc]n+ x c]ta91 t x c be completely susp5d$1 & completely re/or$4 ,if any "o f9d x too great a /ra9 ^u 8 ?\ghts to admit ! notion ( a sub/ance /rictly immat]ial1 t is1 f :i* ext5sion & solidity are exclud$1 he c f9d no difficulty 9 all[+1 t a p>ticle z small z a p>ticle ( light1 m9ut] ?an all conceivable dim5sions1 may j z easily be ! deposit>y1 ! organ1 & ! vehicle ( consci\sness z ! cong]ies ( animal sub/ance :i* =ms a human body1 or ! human bra92 t1 be+ s1 x may transf] a prop] id5tity to :atev] %all h]eaft] be unit$ to x2 may be safe amid/ ! de/ruction ( its integum5ts2 may connect ! natural ) ! spiritual1 ! corruptible ) ! glorifi$ body4 ,if x be said t ! mode & means ( all ?is is imp]ceptible by our s5ses1 x is only :at is true ( ! mo/ important ag5cies & op]ations4 ,! great p[]s ( nature are all invisible4 ,gravitation1 electricity1 magnetism1 ?\gh con/antly pres5t1 & con/antly ex]t+ _! influ5ce2 ?\gh )9 u1 ne> u1 & ab\t u2 ?\gh diffus$ ?r\gh\t all space1 ov]spread+ ! surface1 or p5etrat+ ! contexture1 ( all bodies ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 dep5d ^u sub/ances & actions :i* are totally conceal$ f our s5ses4 ,! ,supreme ,intellig5ce is s himself4 ,b :e!r ^! or any o!r attempts to satisfy ! imag9ation be> any resemblance to ! tru?2 or :e!r ! imag9ation1 :i*1 z ,i h said be=e1 is ! m]e slave ( habit1 c be satisfi$ or n2 :5 a future /ate1 & ! revelation ( a future /ate is n only p]fectly consi/5t ) ! attributes ( ! ,be+ :o gov]ns ! univ]se2 b :5 x is m2 :5 x alone removes ! appe>ance ( contr>iety :i* att5ds ! op]ations ( 8 w t[>ds creatures capable ( comp>ative m]it & dem]it1 ( rew>d & puni%m5t2 :5 a /rong body ( hi/orical evid5ce1 confirm$ by _m int]nal tok5s ( tru? & au!nticity1 gives u j reason to believe t su* a revelation ha? actually be5 made2 we ought to set our m9ds at re/ ) ! assurance1 t 9 ! res\rces ( ,creative ,wisdom exp$i5ts _c be want$ to c>ry into effect :at ! ,deity ha? purpos$3 t ei!r a new & mighty influ5ce w desc5d ^u ! human _w to resuscitate ext+ui%$ consci\sness2 or t1 amid/ ! o!r wond]ful contrivances ) :i* ! univ]se ab\nds1 & by "s ( :i* we see animal life1 9 _m in/ances1 assum+ improv$ =ms ( exi/5ce1 acquir+ new organs1 new p]ceptions1 & new s\rces ( enjoym5t1 provision is also made1 ?\gh by me?ods secret to u 7z all ! great processes ( nature are71 = conduct+ ! objects ( ,god's moral gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh ! necess>y *anges ( _! frame1 to ^? f9al di/9ctions ( happ9ess & mis]y :i* he ha? decl>$ to be res]v$ = ob$i5ce & transgression1 = virtue & vice1 = ! use & ! neglect1 ! "r & ! wrong employm5t ( ! faculties & opportunities ) :i* he ha? be5 pleas$1 sev]ally1 to intru/ & to try u4