,transcriber's ,notes4 ,this book shows a world where character and morality are prized4 ,the goal of camp is not just to get the boys out the parents' hair1 but to encourage good character and citizenship4 ,camp leaders are enticed by the contribution they can make to the boys' futures and are selected 7or rejected7 based on their own moral virtues4 ,there are many practical suggestions for safety and comfort aside from the absence of modern materials and conveniences1 like nylon and gas stoves4 ,medical advice given in the book is from #aiac and may be unhelpful1 often contradicts current practice and involves unsafe or now illegal substances4 ,the approximate conversion for prices is #bj to #a1 #a in #aiac is about #bj in #bjjd4 ,illustration3 ,photograph by ,joseph ,legg ,the ,heart of the ,camp ,have you smelled wood smoke at twilight8 ,have you heard the birch log burning8 ,are you quick to read the noises of the night8 ,you must follow with the others for the young men's feet are turning ,to the camps of proved desire and known delight4 ,from ,kipling's ,feet of the ,young ,men4 ,,camping ,,for ,,boys ,h4 ,w4 ,,gibson ,,association ,,press ,,new ,,york #aiac ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by the ,,international ,,committee ,,of ,,young ,,men',s ,,christian ,,associations ,,to ,,the ,,thousand ,,and ,,more ,,boys ,,who ,,have ,,been ,,my ,,camp ,,mates ,,in ,,camps ,,shand1 ,,durrell ,,and ,,becket ,,contents ,foreword ,general ,bibliography ,i4 ,the ,purpose of ,camping ,,ii4 ,leadership2 ,bibliography 7,see ,general ,bibliography7 ,,iii4 ,location and ,sanitation2 ,bibliography ,,iv4 ,camp ,equipment ,v4 ,personal ,check ,list or ,inventory ,,vi4 ,organization1 ,administration and ,discipline ,,vii4 ,the ,day's ,program2 ,bibliography ,,viii4 ,moral and ,religious ,life2 ,bibliography ,,ix4 ,food ,x4 ,the ,camp ,fire2 ,bibliography ,,xi4 ,tramps1 ,hikes and ,overnight ,trips ,,xii4 ,cooking on ,hikes2 ,bibliography ,,xiii4 ,health and ,hygiene2 ,bibliography ,,xiv4 ,simple ,remedies ,,xv4 ,first ,aid ,,xvi4 ,personal ,hygiene ,,xvii4 ,athletics1 ,campus ,games1 ,aquatics1 ,water ,sports2 ,bibliography ,,xviii4 ,nature ,study2 ,bibliography ,,xix4 ,forecasting the ,weather2 ,bibliography ,,xx4 ,rainy ,day ,games2 ,bibliography ,,xxi4 ,educational ,activities2 ,bibliography ,,xxii4 ,honor1 ,emblems and ,awards ,,xxiii4 ,packing ,up ,index4 ,,foreword ,the author has conducted boys' camps for twenty-three years1 so that he is not without experience in the subject4 ,to share with others this experience has been his aim in writing the book4 ,the various chapters have been worked out from a practical viewpoint1 the desire being to make a handbook of suggestions for those in charge of camps for boys and for boys who go camping1 rather than a theoretical treatise upon the general subject4 ,thanks are due to ,e4 ,m4 ,robinson1 ,dr4 ,elias ,g4 ,brown1 ,charles ,r4 ,scott1 ,irving ,g4 ,mac,coll1 ,j4 ,a4 ,van ,dis1 ,taylor ,statten1 ,w4 ,h4 ,wones1 ,h4 ,c4 ,beckman1 ,w4 ,h4 ,burger1 ,h4 ,m4 ,burr1 ,a4 ,b4 ,wegener1 ,a4 ,d4 ,murray1 and ,h4 ,m4 ,allen1 for valuable suggestions and ideas incorporated in many chapters4 ,grateful acknowledgment is made to the following publishers for permission to quote from the books mentioned in the bibliography--,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,harper ,brothers1 ,outing ,publishing ,company1 ,baker ,taylor ,company1 ,lothrop1 ,lee ,shepard ,company1 ,penn ,publishing ,company1 ,doubleday1 ,page ,company1 ,hinds1 ,noble ,eldredge1 ,ginn ,company1 ,sunday ,school ,times ,company1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,little1 ,brown ,company1 ,moffat1 ,yard ,company1 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,company1 ,sturgis ,walton1 ,funk ,wagnall's ,company1 ,the ,manual ,arts ,press1 ,frederick ,warne ,company1 ,review and ,herald ,publishing ,company1 ,health-,education ,league1 ,pacific ,press ,publishing ,company4 ,every leader1 before going to camp1 should read some book upon boy life1 in order1 not only that he may refresh his memory regarding his own boyhood days1 but that he may also the more intelligently fit himself for the responsibility of leadership4 ,the following books1 or similar ones1 may be found in any well-equipped library4 ,if this book will help some man to be of greater service to boys1 as well as to inspire boys to live the noble life which ,god's great out-of-doors teaches1 the author will feel amply repaid for his labor4 ,boston1 ,mass41 ,april1 #aiaa4 ,,bibliography4 ,boy-,life and ,self ,government--,fiske4 ,association ,press1 #a4jj4 ,boy-,training--,symposium4 ,association ,press1 #a4jj4 ,youth--,hall4 ,appleton and ,company1 #a4ej4 ,winning the ,boy--,merrill4 ,revell and ,company1 #j4ge4 ,the ,boy ,problem--,forbush4 ,pilgrim ,press1 #a4jj4 ,up ,though ,childhood--,hubbell4 ,putnam and ,company1 #a4be4 ,growth and ,education--,tyler4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,company1 #a4ej4 ,,suggestive ,,articles ,,on ,,camping ,,in ,,association ,,boys2 ,a ,course in ,camping--,edgar ,m4 ,robinson4 ,feb41 #aijb4 ,the ,sanitary ,care of a ,boys' ,camp--,elias ,g4 ,brown1 ,m4,d4 ,april and ,june1 #aijb4 ,seventeen ,seasons in ,one ,boys' ,camp--,g4 ,g4 ,peck4 ,april4 #aijb4 ,association ,boys' ,camps--,edgar ,m4 ,robinson4 ,june1 #aijb4 ,following ,up ,camp--,editorial4 ,october1 #aijb4 ,what ,men ,think of ,camp--,edgar ,m4 ,robinson4 ,june1 #aijc4 ,fun ,making at ,camp--,c4,b4 ,harton4 ,june4 #aijc4 ,educational ,possibilities at ,camp--,f4 ,p4 ,speare4 ,june1 #aijc4 ,bible ,study at ,camp--,raymond ,p4 ,kaighn4 ,june1 #aijc4 ,simple ,remedies at ,camp--,elias ,g4 ,brown1 ,m4,d4 ,june1 #aijc4 ,tuxis ,system--,h4,l4 ,smith4 ,april1 #aijd4 ,life at ,camp ,dudley--,raymond ,p4 ,kaighn4 ,june1 #aije4 ,life-,saving ,crew--,f4,h4,t4 ,ritchie4 ,june4 #aije4 ,summer ,camps--,frank ,streightoff4 ,june1 #aije4 ,wawayanda ,camp--,chas4 ,r4 ,scott4 ,june4 #aijg4 ,objectives in ,camps for ,boys--,walter ,m4 ,wood4 ,june1 #aijg4 ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,purpose ,,of ,,camping ,,vacation ,,time ,,need ,,of ,,outdoor ,,life ,,purpose ,,of ,,camping ,,too ,,much ,,house ,a ,,query ,,apostles ,,of ,,outdoor ,,life ,,heeding ,,nature',s ,,call ,,character ,,building ,,camp ,,mottoes ,,rough-,,house ,,camps ,,boy ,,scouts ,,influence ,,of ,,camp ,,life ,it is great fun to live in the glorious open air1 fragrant with the smell of the woods and flowers2 it is fun to swim and fish and hike it over the hills2 it is fun to sit about the open fire and spin yarns1 or watch in silence the glowing embers2 but the greatest fun of all is to win the love and confidence of some boy who has been a trouble to himself and everybody else1 and help him to become a man4--,h4 ,m4 ,burr4 ,the summer time is a period of moral deterioration with most boys4 ,free from restraint of school and many times of home1 boys wander during the vacation time into paths of wrongdoing largely because of a lack of directed play life and a natural outlet for the expenditure of their surplus energy4 ,the vacation problem therefore becomes a serious one for both the boy and his parent4 ,camping offers a solution4 ,the ,need ,a boy in the process of growing needs the outdoors4 ,he needs room and range4 ,he needs the tonic of the hills1 the woods and streams4 ,he needs to walk under the great sky1 and commune with the stars4 ,he needs to place himself where nature can speak to him4 ,he ought to get close to the soil4 ,he ought to be toughened by sun and wind1 rain and cold4 ,nothing can take the place1 for the boy1 of stout physique1 robust health1 good blood1 firm muscles1 sound nerves1 for these are the conditions of character and efficiency4 ,the early teens are the most important years for the boy physically444 ,through the ages of thirteen and fifteen the more he can be in the open1 free from social engagements and from continuous labor or study1 the better4 ,he should fish1 swim1 row and sail1 roam the woods and the waters1 get plenty of vigorous action1 have interesting1 healthful things to think about4--,prof4 ,c4 ,w4 ,votaw4 ,the ,purpose ,this is the real purpose of camping--something to do1 something to think about1 something to enjoy in the woods1 with a view always to character-building--this is the way ,ernest ,thompson-,seton1 that master wood-craftsman1 puts it4 ,character building6 ,what a great objective6 ,it challenges the best that is in a man or boy4 ,camping is an experience1 not an institution4 ,it is an experience which every live1 full-blooded1 growing boy longs for1 and happy the day of his realization4 ,at the first sign of spring1 back yards blossom forth with tents of endless variety4 ,to sleep out1 to cook food1 to search for nature's fascinating secrets1 to make things--all are but the expression of that instinct for freedom of living in the great out-of-doors which ,god created within him4 ,too ,much ,house ,too much house1 says ,jacob ,riis2 ,civilization has been making of the world a hothouse4 ,man's instinct of self-preservation rebels2 hence the appeal for the return to the simple life that is growing loud4 ,boys need to get away from the schoolroom and books1 and may ,i say the martyrdom of examinations1 high marks1 promotions and exhibitions6 ,medical examinations of school children reveal some startling facts4 ,why should boys suffer from nerves8 ,are we sacrificing bodily vigor for abnormal intellectual growth8 ,have we been fighting against instead of cooperating with nature8 ,the tide is turning1 however1 and the people are living more and more in the open4 ,apostles of outdoor life like ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau1 ,john ,burroughs1 ,william ,hamilton ,gibson1 ,howard ,henderson1 ,ernest ,thompson-,seton1 ,frank ,beard1 ,horace ,kephart1 ,edward ,breck1 ,charles ,stedman ,hanks1 ,stewart ,edward ,white1 ,nessmuck1 ,w4 ,c4 ,gray1 and a host of others1 have1 through their writings1 arrested the thought of busy people long enough to have them see the error of their ways and are bringing them to repentance4 ,camps for boys are springing up like mushrooms4 ,literally thousands of boys who have heretofore wasted the glorious summer time loafing on the city streets1 or as disastrously at summer hotels or amusement places1 are now living during the vacation time under nature's canopy of blue with only enough covering for protection from rain and wind1 and absorbing through the pores of their body that vitality which only pure air1 sunshine1 long hours of sleep1 wholesome food1 and reasonable discipline can supply4 ,character ,building ,in reading over scores of booklets and prospectuses of camps for boys1 one is impressed with their unanimity of purpose--that of character building4 ,these are a few quotations taken from a variety of camp booklets3 ,the object of the camp is healthful recreation without temptation4 ,a camp where boys live close to nature1 give themselves up to play1 acquire skill in sports1 eat plenty of wholesome food1 and sleep long hours 444 and are taught high ideals for their own lives4 ,to give boys a delightful summer outing under favorable conditions1 and to give them every opportunity to become familiar with camp life in all its phases4 ,we believe this contributes much to the upbuilding of a boy's character and enables him to get out of life much enjoyment that would not otherwise be possible4 ,a place where older boys1 boys of the restless age1 may live a happy1 carefree1 outdoor life1 free from the artificialities and pernicious influences of the larger cities2 a place where all the cravings of a real boy are satisfied2 a place where constant association with agreeable companions and the influence of well-bred college men in a clean and healthy moral atmosphere make for noble manhood2 a place where athletic sports harden the muscles1 tan the skin1 broaden the shoulders1 brighten the eye1 and send each lad back to his school work in the fall as brown as a berry and as hard as nails4 ,a camp of ideals1 not a summer hotel nor a supplanter of the home4 ,the principal reason for its existence is the providing of a safe place for parents to send their boys during the summer vacation1 where1 under the leadership of ,christian men1 they may be developed physically1 mentally1 socially1 and morally4 ,whether the camp is conducted under church1 settlement1 ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 or private auspices1 the prime purpose of its existence should be that of character building4 ,because of natural1 physical1 social1 educational1 moral1 and religious conditions1 the boy is taught those underlying principles which determine character4 ,the harder things a boy does or endures1 the stronger man he will become2 the more unselfish and noble things he does1 the better man he will become4 ,no ,rough-house ,the day of the extreme rough-house camp has passed4 ,boys have discovered that real fun does not mean hurting or discomforting others1 but consists in making others happy4 ,the boy who gets the most out of camp is the boy who puts the most into camp4 ,mottoes ,many camps build their program of camp activities around a motto such as ,each for ,all1 and ,all for ,each1 ,help the ,other ,fellow1 ,do ,your ,best1 ,nothing ,without ,labor1 ,a ,gentleman ,always1 and ,i ,can and ,i ,will4 ,scout ,law ,endurance1 self-control1 self-reliance1 and unselfishness are taught the ,boy ,scouts through what is called the ,scout ,law4 7#a7 ,a ,scout's honor is to be trusted2 7#b7 ,be loyal2 7#c7 ,do a good turn to somebody every day2 7#d7 ,be a friend to all2 7#e7 ,be courteous2 7#f7 ,be a friend to animals2 7#g7 ,be obedient2 7#h7 ,be cheerful2 7#i7 ,be thrifty4 ,all these are valuable1 because they contribute to the making of character4 ,in the conduct of a boys' camp there must be a definite clear-cut purpose if satisfactory results are to be obtained4 ,a go-as-you-please or do-as-you please camp will soon become a place of harm and moral deterioration4 ,results ,camping should give to the boy that self-reliance which is so essential in the making of a life1 that faith in others which is the foundation of society1 that spirit of altruism which will make him want to be of service in helping other fellows1 that consciousness of ,god as evidenced in ,his handiwork which will give him a basis of morality1 enduring and reasonable1 and a spirit of reverence for things sacred and eternal4 ,he ought to have a better appreciation of his home after a season away from what should be to him the sweetest place on earth4 ,,chapter ,,ii--,,leadership ,,the ,,director ,,assistant ,,leaders ,,the ,,term ,,leader ,,how ,,to ,,get ,,leaders ,,variety ,,of ,,talent ,,suggestions ,,to ,,leaders ,,opportunity ,,of ,,leadership ,the success or failure of a boys' camp depends upon leadership rather than upon equipment4 ,boys are influenced by example rather than by precept4 ,a boys' camp is largely built around a strong personality4 ,solve the problem of leadership1 and you solve the greatest problem of camping4 ,the ,director ,no matter how large or how small the camp1 there must be one who is in absolute control4 ,he may be known as the director1 superintendent1 or leader4 ,his word is final4 ,he should be a man of executive ability and good common sense4 ,he should have a keen appreciation of justice4 ,a desire to be the friend and counsellor of every boy must always govern his action4 ,he will always have the interest and welfare of every individual boy at heart1 realizing that parents have literally turned over to his care and keeping1 for the time being1 the bodies and souls of their boys4 ,to be respected should be his aim4 ,too often the desire to be popular leads to failure4 ,leaders ,aim to secure as assistant leaders or counsellors young men of unquestioned character and moral leadership1 college men if possible1 men of culture and refinement1 who are good athletes1 and who understand boy life4 ,they should be strong and sympathetic1 companionable men4 ,too much care cannot be exercised in choosing assistants4 ,beware of effeminate men1 men who are morbid in sex matters4 ,an alert leader can spot a 'crooked' man by his actions1 his glances1 and by his choice of favorites4 ,deal with a man of this type firmly1 promptly1 and quietly4 ,let him suddenly be 'called home by circumstances which he could not control4' ,the leader must have the loyalty of his assistants4 ,they should receive their rank from the leader1 and this rank should be recognized by the entire camp4 ,the highest ranking leader present at any time should have authority over the party4 ,in a boys' camp ,i prefer the term leader to that of counsellor4 ,it is more natural for a boy to follow a leader than to listen to wise counsellors4 ,come on1 fellows1 let's-- meets with hearty response4 ,boys1 do this1 is an entirely different thing4 ,leaders should hold frequent councils regarding the life of the camp and share in determining its policy4 ,the most fruitful source of supply of leaders should be the colleges and preparatory schools4 ,no vacation can be so profitably spent as that given over to the leadership of boy life4 ,here is a form of altruistic service which should appeal to purposeful college men4 ,older high school boys who have been campers make excellent leaders of younger boys4 ,a leader should always receive some remuneration for his services1 either carfare and board or a fixed sum of money definitely agreed upon beforehand4 ,the pay should never be so large that he will look upon his position as a job4 ,never cover service with the blinding attractiveness of money4 ,the chief purpose of pay should be to help deepen the sense of responsibility1 and prevent laxness and indifference1 as well as to gain the services of those who must earn something4 ,do not take a man as leader simply because he has certificates of recommendation4 ,know him personally4 ,find out what he is capable of doing4 ,the following blank ,i use in securing information3 ,leader's ,information ,blank1 ,camps ,durrell and ,becket ,name ,address ,college or school ,class of ,do you sing8 ,what part 7tenor or bass78 ,do you swim8 ,do you play baseball8 ,what position8 ,do you play an instrument8 ,what8 ,will you bring it 7unless piano7 and music to camp8 ,have you won any athletic or aquatic events8 ,what8 ,will you bring your school or college pennant with you8 ,have you ever taken part in minstrel show1 dramatics1 or any kind of entertainment2 if so1 what8 ,what is your hobby8 7,if tennis1 baseball1 swimming1 nature study1 hiking1 photography1 athletics1 etc41 whatever it is1 kindly tell about it in order to help in planning the camp activities47 ,illustration3 ,a ,leader's ,pulpit--,sunday ,morning in the ,chapel-by-the-,lake--,camp ,becket4 ,leaders should not be chosen in order to secure a baseball team1 or an athletic team4 ,select men of diverse gifts4 ,one should know something about nature study1 another about manual training1 another a good story-teller1 another a good athlete or baseball player1 another a good swimmer1 another a musician1 etc4 ,always remember1 however1 that the chief qualification should be moral worth4 ,before camp opens it is a wise plan to send each leader a letter explaining in detail the purpose and program of the camp4 ,a letter like the following is sent to the leaders of ,camps ,durrell and ,becket4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,camp ,,leaders4 ,,read ,,and ,,re-,,read4 ,the success of a boys' camp depends upon the hearty cooperation of each leader with the superintendent4 ,the boys will imitate you4 ,a smile is always better than a frown4 ,kicking in the presence of boys breeds discontent4 ,loyalty to the camp and its management is absolutely necessary if there is to be harmony in the camp life4 ,personal ,your personal life will either be a blessing or a hindrance to the boys in your tent4 ,study each boy in your tent4 ,win his confidence4 ,determine to do your best in being a genuine friend of each boy4 ,remember in prayer daily each boy and your fellow leaders4 ,emphasize the camp motto1 ,each for all1 and all for each4 ,study the tests on pages #h and #i of the booklets1 and be helpful to the boys in your tent who are ambitious to improve and win the honor emblems4 ,tents ,neatness and cleanliness must be the watchword of each tent4 ,sweets draw ants4 ,decayed material breeds disease4 ,insist upon the observance of sanitary rules4 ,it is unwise to have all the boys from one town or city in one tent4 ,the tendency is to form clans1 which destroy camp spirit4 ,get the fellows together the first thing and choose a tent name and tent yells4 ,appoint a boy who will be responsible for the boys and the tent when you are not present4 ,too much attention cannot be given to the matter of ventilation4 ,when it rains1 use a forked stick to hold the flaps open in the form of a diamond4 ,in clear weather1 tie one flap back at each end 7flap toward the feet71 allowing a free draft of air at all times4 ,on rainy days encourage the boys to spend their time in the pavillion4 ,whenever possible1 insist upon tent and blankets being thoroughly aired each morning4 ,three inspectors will be appointed for each day2 fifteen minutes' notice will be given and boys will not be allowed in or around their tents during the period of inspection4 ,leaders may suggest but not participate in arranging the tent4 ,the ,honor ,banner is to be given to the tent showing the best condition and held as long as marks are highest4 ,swimming ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,v4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4#a crews' in boats will patrol whenever the boys are in swimming1 and the leader of swimming must give the signal before boys go into the water4 ,boys who cannot swim should be encouraged to learn4 ,the morning dip must be a dip and not a swim4 ,transcriber's ,note #a3 ,united ,states ,volunteer ,life ,saving ,corps4 ,boats ,no boats are to be taken unless an order has been issued by the tent leader 7or by the superintendent74 ,the man at the wharf always has power to veto orders at his discretion4 ,order of ,day ,it is the leader's part to see that the order of the day is carried out and on time1 including the setting up drill4 7,see ,camp ,booklet47 ,follow the leader is an old game which is still influencing boys4 ,work ,three tents and their leaders are responsible for the work at camp1 and will be expected to report to the assistant superintendent after breakfast for assignment of work4 ,these tents are changed each day1 so that the boys and leaders come on duty only one day in seven4 ,each tent is under its respective leader in doing the following work3 ,tent #a4 ,sanitary work1 such as policing the campus1 emptying garbage cans1 sweeping the pavillion1 disinfecting1 etc4 ,tent #b4 ,preparing vegetables for the cook1 drying dishes1 pots1 pans1 cleaning up the kitchen1 piazza1 etc4 ,tent #c4 ,cleaning the boats1 supplying wood for the kitchen1 putting ice in the refrigerator1 etc4 ,the next day tents #d1 #e and #f will come on duty1 and so on until each tent has been on duty during the week4 ,leaders for the day will call the squad together after breakfast and explain the day's plans4 ,encourage the boys to do this work cheerfully4 ,lead1 do not drive the boys when working4 ,not more than three hours should be consumed in camp work4 ,sports and ,pastimes ,bring rule books on athletics4 ,study up group games4 ,bring any old clothes for costumes2 tambourines and bones for minstrel show1 grease paint1 and burnt cork--in fact1 anything that you think will add to the fun of the camp4 ,good stories and jokes are always in demand4 ,bring something interesting to read to your boys on rainy days4 ,think out some stunt to do at the social gatherings4 ,if you play an instrument1 be sure to bring it along with you4 ,bank ,encourage the boys to turn their money and railroad tickets over to the camp banker instead of depositing them with you4 ,camp ,council ,meetings of the leaders will be held at the call of the superintendent4 ,matters talked over at the council meeting should not be talked over with the boys4 ,all matters of discipline or anything that deals with the welfare of the camp should be brought up at this meeting4 ,printed report blanks will be given to each leader to be filled out and handed to the assistant superintendent each ,thursday morning4 ,do not show these reports to the boys4 ,bible ,study ,each leader will be expected to read to the boys in his tent a chapter from the ,bible and have prayers before taps each night1 also to take his turn in leading the morning devotions at breakfast table4 ,groups of boys will meet for occasional ,bible study at sunset under various leaders4 ,each session will continue twenty minutes--no longer4 ,sunday morning service will be somewhat formal in character1 with an address4 ,the sunset vesper service will be informal4 ,praying that the camp may prove a place where leaders and boys may grow in the best things of life and anticipating an outing of pleasure and profit to you1 ,i am ,your friend1 7signature7 ,opportunities ,in securing men for leadership1 impress upon them the many opportunities for the investment of their lives in the kind of work that builds character4 ,in reading over a small folder1 written by ,george ,h4 ,hogeman of ,orange1 ,n 4,j41 ,i was so impressed with his excellent presentation of this theme of opportunities of leadership that the following is quoted in preference to anything ,i could write upon the subject3 ,the opportunity of the boys' camp leader is1 first1 to engage in the service that counts most largely in securing the future welfare of those who will soon be called upon to carry on the work that we are now engaged in4 ,most people are so busy with their own present enjoyment and future success that they pay little heed to the future of others4 ,they may give some thought to the present need of those around them because it more or less directly affects themselves1 but the work of character building in boys' camps is one that shows its best results in the years to come rather than in the immediate present4 ,in the second place1 the opportunity comes to the camp leader to know boys as few other people know them1 sometimes even better than their own parents know them4 ,when you live1 eat1 sleep with a boy in the open1 free life of camp for a month or so1 you come in contact with him at vastly more points than you do in the more restrained home life1 and you see sides of his nature that are seldom seen at other times4 ,finally1 the opportunity is given to the man who spends his vacation in camp to make the time really count for something in his own life and in the lives of others4 ,to how many does vacation really mean a relaxation1 a letting down of effort along one line1 without the substitution of anything definite in its place6 ,but he must be a dull soul1 indeed1 who can come to the right kind of boys' camp and not go away with his muscles harder1 his eye brighter1 his digestion better1 and his spirit more awake to the things that pertain to the ,kingdom of ,god4 ,then again the camp leader must have the ability to forget himself in others4 ,nowhere can the real play spirit be entered into more completely than in camp life4 ,a watchman is the last thing he must be4 ,that spirit of unselfishness which forgets its own personal pleasure in doing the most for the general good1 is the ideal camp spirit4 ,as ,lowell puts it in the ,vision of ,sir ,launfal1 it is3 ,not what we give1 but what we share1 ,for the gift without the giver is bare4 ,the results of all these points which ,i have mentioned are some very positive things4 ,one is the very best kind of a vacation that it is possible to have4 ,how frequently we hear in response to the question about enjoying a vacation1 ',oh1 yes1 ,i had a good enough time1 but ,i'll never go back there again4' ,to my mind that indicates either that the person does not know what a really good time is1 or that his surroundings made a good time impossible4 ,another result of camp is the real friendships that last long after camping days are over4 ,of these ,i need not speak4 ,you and ,i know of many such and what they mean in the development of ,christian character in the lives of our men and boys4 ,and1 after all1 there is the greatest result of all1 the sense of confidence in the ultimate outcome that comes with having a share in the work of bringing others to the measure of the stature of the fullness of ,christ4 ,the ideal life for a boy is not in the city4 ,he should know of animals1 rivers1 plants1 and that great out-of-door life that lays for him the foundation of his later years4 --,g4 ,stanley4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,becket ,,chapter ,,iii--,,location ,,and ,,sanitation ,,dirty ,,dirt ,,vs4 ,,clean ,,dirt ,,avoid ,,swamps ,,selecting ,a ,,site ,,laying ,,out ,,the ,,camp ,,ground ,,the ,,latrines ,,garbage ,,dish ,,water ,,waste ,,barrels ,,water ,,supply ,,an ,,indian ,,method ,,individual ,,drinking ,,cupboard ,,of ,,health ,,maxims ,dirt ,clean camps are most easily kept by not allowing them to become dirty4 ,cleanliness is next to ,godliness4 ,godliness means a right relation to things spiritual1 cleanliness a right relation to things material4 ,an old definition says that ',dirt is merely misplaced matter4' ,of all the vehicles of disease1 the most important perhaps is dirt4 ,the word dirt in its strict sense comes from the ,anglo-,saxon 'drit1' or excrement4 ',dirt1' then1 is not earth or clean sand--not clean dirt1 but dirty dirt1 that is1 matter soiled by some of the excreta of the human or animal body4 ,cleanliness must be insisted upon in a boys' ,camp--not the cleanliness that makes a boy squeamish about working with his hands upon some necessary job1 but cleanliness that makes him afraid of sharing his tooth brush or table utensils or his clothes4 ,cleanliness is not the shunning of good1 clean dirt1 but a recognition of the fact that to pass anything from one mouth to another is a possible source of death and destruction4 #a ,death to dirt should be the watchword of the camp4 ,the camp should be a model of cleanliness4 ,every boy should be taught the value of good sanitation and encouraged to cooperate in making proper sanitation effective4 ,footnote #a3 ,dr4 ,chas4 ,e4 ,a4 ,winslow--,camp ,conference1 p4 #eh4 ,avoid ,swamps ,the location chosen for a camp should be away from swamps4 ,avoid swampy and low places as you would a plague4 ,damp places where there are mosquitoes1 should be well drained1 and open to an abundance of sunshine4 ,mosquitoes breed only in water1 but a very little water is sufficient if it is dirty and stagnant4 ,two inches of water standing in an old tin can will breed an innumerable horde4 ,these diminutive musicians are not only a nuisance1 but dangerous1 as malaria and typhoid spreaders by their poisonous stings4 ,the ,site ,in selecting a camp site bear in mind these things3 7#a7 ,a sandy sub-soil1 with good drainage4 ,avoid very sandy soil2 sand provides but little hold for tent pegs1 and there is grave risk of damage should there come a gale4 7#b7 ,an open campus surrounded by hills or sheltering trees1 and facing the water4 7#c7 ,plenty of good drinking water and water for swimming4 7#d7 ,base from which supplies and provisions are to be drawn should be within convenient distance1 not more than four miles away4 7#e7 ,camp should be away from civilization1 far enough to be free from visitors and the temptation to go to town on the part of the boys4 ,nothing demoralizes a boys' camp so quickly as proximity to a summer resort4 ,arrangement ,before opening the camp much thought and care should be given to its sanitary arrangement4 ,first of all1 the dryest section of the camp ground should be selected for the erection of the sleeping tents4 ,locate them where they will have the full benefit of the sunshine4 ,tents erected under trees are liable to mildew1 for the want of sunshine1 and the contents of the tent will soon get musty4 ,next in importance to the location of quarters is the location of the kitchen4 ,this should be near the dining tent1 so that the serving of food may be quick1 and yet far enough away to insure that disagreeable odors will not destroy the pleasure of eating4 ,if it is very near the sleeping tents the campers will be awakened too early by the chopping of wood and the necessary noises made in preparation of the morning meal4 ,it should be near water4 ,this is very essential for cooking and cleaning4 ,in some of the large camps water is carried to the kitchen in pipes from near-by springs or pumped from wells of pure water4 ,the dining quarters naturally should be located near the kitchen so that food may be served warm4 ,provision should be made for the protection of the boys from cold1 wind1 rain1 and dampness while eating4 ,the toilet should be located rather far away from the camp1 and not in the direction from which the prevailing wind comes toward the camp4 ,make sure that it is on the line of opposite drainage from the water used by the camp4 ,the details of laying out a camp1 erection of tents1 etc41 are given in another chapter4 ,latrines ,particular precaution should be exercised in location and care of the toilets or latrines1 even in a one-night camp4 ,neglect of this will mean disease4 ,when on a one-night camp1 dig a small pit which can be filled in again after use4 ,if the camp is to be continued for a week or longer1 dig a pit or trench about two or three feet deep and about eighteen inches wide1 plant posts on each side of the trench1 and eighteen inches above the ground level4 ,nail shaped seating on these posts4 ,the number of seats will be determined by the size of the camping party4 ,it is desirable to erect a six-foot canvas screen with an opening around the toilet4 ,dry earth should be sprinkled freely in the trench each time it is used4 ,also each morning sprinkle plenty of chloride of lime or some good1 reliable disinfectant in the trench4 ,do not permit the throwing of paper about the toilet4 ,have a box in which paper is to be kept4 ,flies should be excluded by boxing up the sides of the seats and fastening a hinged lid upon the seats 7see illustration74 ,it is an advantage to admit the direct sunlight about the middle of the day because of its bactericidal action on disease germs4 ,in a permanent camp regular wooden closets should be built1 with covered roof for protection from rain and wind4 ,the back of the closet should be arranged either by a hinged door or some other method so that the contents may be removed as often as once a week4 ,a wooden box on rollers placed beneath the seats will facilitate removal4 ,the seats should be scrubbed with hot water1 sulpho-naphthol1 or soap1 daily4 ,springfield ,oval type of toilet paper prevents unnecessary waste4 ,in one camp the water from a near-by brook is dammed and thus by gravity made to flow by a system of modern plumbing through the urinals and flush closets4 ,this is ideal4 ,insist upon cleanliness4 ,the cutting of initials and names upon the seats and woodwork should be considered a disgrace as well as a misdemeanor4 ,illustration3 ,pit ,toilet2 seat1 hinged cover1 hinged door at back4 ,taboo the taking of books and papers to the toilet to read4 ,it should be an imperative rule that no other place be used4 ,a little carelessness will cause disagreeable as well as dangerous results4 ,by way of reiteration3 ,first1 rigid prohibition of the pollution of the surface of the ground by the strictest rules1 diligently enforced4 ,second1 the provision of toilets or latrines of adequate size with proper precaution to prevent the dispersal of excreta by wind1 flies1 or other agencies4 ,the latrines should be located a distance from camp but not so far as to offer temptation to pollution of the ground4 ,third1 boys should be educated when on hikes or tramps in the old ,mosaic ,rule laid down in ,deuteronomy #bc3 #ab-ad4 #a ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,thou shalt have a place also without the camp1 whither thou shalt go forth abroad3 ,and thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon2 and it shall be1 when thou wilt ease thyself abroad1 thou shalt dig therewith1 and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee3 ,for the ,,lord thy ,god walketh in the midst of thy camp1 to deliver thee1 and to give up thine enemies before thee2 therefore shall thy camp be holy3 that he see no unclean thing in thee1 and turn away from thee4 ,garbage ,garbage1 consisting chiefly of trimmings of meat and vegetables and the waste from the table1 if stored in open buckets soon becomes offensive and is an ideal breeding place in warm weather for flies that drink of cesspools1 dine at privy vaults1 eat sputum and are likely to be the most familiar guests at the dinner table1 sampling every article of food upon which they walk1 leaving in their tracks disease-producing germs which have adhered to their sticky feet where they have previously dined4 ,declare war upon the fly who won't wipe his feet by keeping the garbage in a covered galvanized-iron pail and dispose of it before decomposition takes place4 ,wash and dry the pail after emptying4 ,if the camp is located near a farm1 give the garbage to the farmer4 ,it is the natural food of swine or poultry4 ,where this is not possible1 the garbage should be buried every day in the earth and covered with three or four inches of dirt4 ,another and better plan1 especially in a large camp1 is the burning of the garbage and human excreta in an incinerator1 such as the ,mc,call4 ,this is the method of the ,united ,states ,army4 ,exercise caution in throwing aside tin cans4 ,the vegetable matter remaining in the cans soon decays and attracts flies4 ,have a place where these cans may be buried or burned with other refuse each day4 ,keep the ground surrounding the kitchen free from all kinds of garbage or refuse4 ,do not throw dirty dish water promiscuously upon the ground4 ,dig a trench and put the water in this trench4 ,sprinkle chloride of lime or a disinfectant upon it each day4 ,in a permanent camp a waste water well should be dug and lined with stone4 ,the drain pipe should be laid from the kitchen to the well4 ,this water soon disappears in the soil and does not become a nuisance4 ,make sure that the well is not in line with the water supply of the camp4 ,a little potash or some washing soda dissolved in the sink will help to keep the drain clean4 ,place barrels in different parts of the camp for refuse and scraps4 ,a coat of whitewash or white paint will make them conspicuous4 ,in one camp the following suggestive bit of verse was painted on the waste barrels3 ,ravenous ,barrel ,i am all mouth and vacuum ,i never get enough1 ,so cram me full of fruit peels1 ,old papers1 trash and stuff4 ,epicurean ,barrel ,o1 how sorry ,i feel for a boy ,who litters clean places with trash1 ,who throws away papers and fruit peels ,which form my favorite hash4 ,waste ,barrels ,these barrels should be set upon two strips of wood placed parallel4 ,this permits the air to pass beneath the barrel and keeps its bottom from decaying by contact with the ground4 ,the barrels should be emptied daily and the trash burned4 ,a dirty1 carelessly kept1 untidy camp will make discipline and order very difficult to attain and the influence will soon be noticed in the careless personal habits of the boys4 ,there is an educational and moral value in cleanliness which is second only to that of good health4 ,water ,supply ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,a4 ,winslow1 the noted biologist1 is authority for the following statement2 ,camp ,conference1 p4#fa ,the source of danger in water is always human or animal pollution4 ,occasionally we find water which is bad to drink on account of minerals dissolved on its way through the ground or on account of passage through lead pipes1 but the danger is never from ordinary decomposing vegetable matter4 ,if you have to choose between a bright1 clear stream which may be polluted at some point above1 and a pond full of dead leaves and peaty matter1 but which you can inspect all around and find free from contamination1 choose the pond4 ,even in the woods it is not easy to find surface waters that are surely protected1 and streams particularly are dangerous sources of water supply4 ,we have now got rid of the idea that running water purifies itself4 ,it is standing water which purifies itself1 if anything1 for in stagnation there is much more chance for the disease germs to die out4 ,better than either a pond or stream1 unless you can carry out a rather careful exploration of their surroundings1 is ground water from a well or spring2 though that again is not necessarily safe4 ,if the well is in good sandy soil with no cracks or fissures1 even water that has been polluted may be well purified and made safe to drink4 ,in a clayey or rocky region1 on the other hand1 contaminating material may travel for considerable distance under ground4 ,even if your well is protected below1 a very important point to look after is the pollution from the surface4 ,i believe more cases of typhoid fever from wells are due to surface pollution than to the character of the water itself4 ,this is a danger which can1 of course1 be done away with by protection of the well from surface drainage1 by seeing that the surface wash is not allowed to drain toward it and that it is protected by a tight covering from the entrance of its own waste water4 ,if good water cannot be secured in any of these ways1 the water must be purified4 ,it has been said that what we desire in water supply is innocence and not repentance2 but if you cannot get pristine innocence1 you can1 at least1 secure works meet for repentance and make the water safe1 by filtering through either a ,pasteur or a ,berkefeld filter--either of those filters will take out bacteria1 while no other filters that ,i know of will or by various chemical disinfectants1 not any of them very satisfactory--or1 best of all1 by boiling1 which will surely destroy all disease germs4 ,indians had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by digging a hole about one foot across and down about six inches below the water level1 a few feet from the pond4 ,after it had filled with water1 they bailed it out quickly1 repeating the bailing process about three times4 ,after the third bailing the hole would fill with filtered water4 ,try it4 ,drinking ,cups ,insist upon the boys bringing to camp a supply of inexpensive paper cups or collapsible pocket drinking cups4 ,filthy and dangerous diseases are not infrequently transmitted by the use of a common drinking cup4 ,paper ,drinking ,cup4 ,take a piece of clean paper about #f inches square and fold it on the dotted lines1 as shown in ,figure #a1 so as to make a triangle4 ,do not use paper having anything printed on it1 as there is danger of poison from the ink4 ,the other folds are made in the dotted lines1 as shown in ,figure #b4 ,each pointed end of the triangle is turned over on one side1 as shown in ,figure #c1 then the sheets of the remaining points are separated and each one folded down on its respective side4 ,this practical idea is furnished by ,r4 ,h4 ,lufkin in ,popular ,mechanics for ,february1 #aiaa4 ,board of ,health ,boys should be encouraged to cooperate in keeping the camp clean4 ,a ,board of ,health may be organized1 to be composed of an equal number of boys and camp leaders with the camp physician1 or director of the camp as chairman4 ,illustration3 ,a ,paper ,drinking ,cup ,the duties of the board will be to inspect daily the toilets1 sinks1 and drains1 the water supply1 the garbage disposal and waste barrels2 condemn everything that is unsanitary1 and correct all sanitary disorders4 ,the board will also arrange for a series of talks upon ,sanitation and ,health1 such as3 ,sunshine and ,health ,johnnie and the ,microbes ,dirt and ,cleanliness ,fresh ,air ,flies and ,filth ,health--,its ,value and ,its ,cost4 ,have the boys write essays upon these subjects and give credits or points for original interpretation1 accuracy of report of talk given1 and observance and correction of sanitary disorders4 ,maxims ,clean up as you go4 ,sunshine and dryness are great microbe killers4 ,it is better to keep clean1 than to get clean4 ,dirt1 dampness and disease can often be avoided by decency1 dryness and determination4 ,uncleanness is at the root of many of the evils which cause suffering and ill health4 ,fire is the best disinfectant4 ,typhoid fever and cholera are carried by dirty habits1 by dirty water and dirty milk4 ,,bibliography4 ,camp ,sanitation-,review and ,herald ,pub4 ,assn41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #f cents4 ,a twelve-page folder of useful hints on what to do and what not to do4 ,wastes and ,their ,disposal--,henry ,j4 ,barnes1 ,m4,d4 ,health-,education ,league1 ,boston1 ,mass41 #d cents4 ,an authoritative booklet written by the ,professor of ,hygiene1 ,tufts ,medical ,school4 ,this ,league publishes a number of very valuable and comprehensive booklets on health subjects4 ,good ,health--,francis ,gulick ,jewett4 ,ginn and ,co41 #dj cents4 ,gives detail instruction in matters of health and hygiene4 ,prepared especially for younger people4 ,health--,b4 ,franklin ,richards4 ,pacific ,press ,pub4 ,co41 #a4jj4 ,written in language easily understood and filled with sensible suggestions4 ,illustration3 ,the ,sardines--,eight ,boys in a #ab,x#ad ,tent--,camp ,becket ,,chapter ,,iv--,,camp ,,equipment ,,advance ,,party ,,plan ,,of ,,camp ,,grounds ,a ,,measuring ,,device ,,setting ,,up ,a ,,wall ,,tent ,,guying ,,the ,,tent ,,trenching ,,peg ,,wisdom ,,interior ,,tent ,,conveniences ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,tepee ,,tent ,,wisdom ,,sleeping ,,on ,,the ,,ground ,a ,,hip ,,hole ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,warm ,,making ,a ,,bed ,,double-,,deck ,,bunks ,,blankets ,,pillows ,,kitchen ,,ware ,,table ,,ware ,,table ,,tops ,a ,,horse ,,idea ,,permanent ,,buildings ,,surveying ,,home-,,made ,,instruments ,,camp ,,survey ,the greatest help after all is to take the children back to the garden that the ,lord ,god planted4 ,a boy must learn to sleep under the open sky and to tramp ten miles through the rain if he wants to be strong4 ,he must learn what sort of men it was who made ,america1 and he must not get into this fuss and flurry of our ,american civilization and think that patent leather shoes and white kid gloves are necessary for the salvation of his life4--,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,selecting a camp site and general directions for the laying out of the camp grounds is treated very fully in the chapter on ,camp ,sanitation1 so that this chapter will be devoted to methods that to the experienced camper may seem trite1 but which the novice will appreciate4 ,illustration3 ,laying ,out a ,camp ,advance ,party ,if the camp is a large one it is usually customary to send an advance party several days ahead to erect the tents and get the camp in readiness for the larger party4 ,the successful management of a camp depends very much upon placing the tents in such a position as to give plenty of room and yet be compact4 ,when tents are scattered the difficulty of control is increased4 ,the above diagram is a suggestion for the laying out of a camp which provides for room and control4 ,plan of ,grounds ,the following hints will help the advance party to layout the camp in a systematic and scientific manner4 ,to find the right angle of the camp square1 drive a peg at ,a1 another #c feet distant at ,b2 attach a #e-;foot cord from the peg at ,b1 and a #d foot cord from the peg at ,a4 ,the point at which the two cords meet at ,c1 where another peg may be driven in1 will be the line at right angles to ,b-,a4 ,illustration3 ,right ,angle of ,camp ,square ,measuring ,device ,the illustrations opposite show a device by which a camp1 baseball grounds1 running track1 tennis court or any distance may be quickly and accurately measured4 ,the first thing to do is to get an inch board and cut a round disc 7a7 about #ab inches in diameter4 ,cut two of them and tack them together4 ,the diagram b is easier to cut out and will serve the purpose just as well4 ,when the two are temporarily tacked together1 bore a hole through the centre for the axle4 ,the eight spokes should be of light material and not too pointed or they will sink in the ground and prevent accuracy4 ,the spokes are tacked on one disc as shown in c and then the other disc is nailed on the outside4 ,illustration3 ,a ,measuring ,device ,paint the end of one spoke red1 so that you can count it every time it comes around4 ,by having the points that touch the ground exactly #i inches apart1 one revolution of the wheel will measure six feet4 ,for an axle use a small piece of broom handle1 and for a handle use a long light pole4 ,by varying the length of the spokes you can make the wheel measure any desired distance4 ,wall ,tent ,the line of the camp having been laid out1 the next thing is the erection of the tents4 ,the best way of setting up a wall tent 7either the #ab x #ad or #ad x #af size71 the type used in most of the boys' camps1 is the method used by the army and described in ,kephart's ,book of ,camping and ,woodcraft4 ,four boys or men proceed as follows3 ,nos4 #a and #b procure canvas1 and ,nos4 #c and #d the poles4 ,nos4 #c and #d lay the ridge pole on the ground1 in the direction that the tent is to stand2 then lay the uprights at each end of ridge-pole and at right angles to it1 on the side opposite that from which the wind blows4 ,then drop the tent pins and hammers at their respective ends of the tent2 then drive a pin at each end of the ridge to mark front and rear4 ,meanwhile ,nos4 #a and #b unroll the tent and spread it out over the ridge-pole and on both sides of it4 ,nos4 #a and #c now go to the rear1 and ,nos4 #b and #d to the front1 and slip the pins of the uprights through the ridge-pole and tent4 ,if a fly is used1 it is placed in position over the tent1 and the loops of the long guys over the front and rear pole pins4 ,no4 #d secures center 7door7 loops over center pin in front1 and ,no4 #a in rear4 ,each goes to his corner1 ,no4 #a right rear1 ,no4 #b right front1 ,no4 #c left rear1 ,no4 #d left front4 ,all draw bottom of tent taut and square1 the front and rear at right angles to the ridge1 and fasten it with pins through the corner loops1 then stepping outward two paces from the corner1 and a pace to the front 7,nos4 #b and #d7 or rear 7,nos4 #a and #c7 each securely sets a long pin1 over which is passed the extended corner guy rope4 ,care must be taken that the tent is properly squared and pinned to the ground at the door and four corners before raising it4 ,illustration3 ,shelter ,tents1 ,seton ,tepee1 ,tent ,made ,of ,a ,fly1 ,wall ,tent ,nos4 #a and #c now go to the rear1 and ,nos4 #b and #d to the front pole1 and raise the tent to a convenient height from the ground1 when ,nos4 #b and #c enter and seize their respective poles1 and all together raise the tent until the upright poles are vertical4 ,while ,nos4 #b and #c support the poles1 ,nos4 #a and #d tighten the corner guys1 beginning on the windward side4 ,the tent being thus temporarily secured1 all set the guy pins and fasten the guy ropes1 ,nos4 #a and #b to the right1 ,nos4 #c and #d left1 and then set the wall pins4 ,to prevent the upright poles from sinking in the ground under the pressure of the canvas1 place a flat stone or piece of wood under the pole4 ,guying the ,tent ,one of the troubles with tents is their remarkable proclivity for tightening and slackening with the varying conditions of the weather4 ,this means a constant loosening or tightening of the guy ropes1 and the longer the guy ropes the more they will shrink or stretch according as they are wet or dry4 ,this may be overcome to some extent by using very heavy corner posts securely driven into the ground and spiking a pole across them1 and very short guy ropes fastening to this pole4 7,see page #dg47 ,a shower1 or even ordinary dew1 will cause the canvas to shrink1 therefore be sure to slacken the guys1 or you may have a torn tent or broken ridge pole4 ,trenching ,dig a trench around the tent and do it before you have to4 ,if you have ever gotten out in the middle of the night when the rain was coming down in torrents1 to dig a ditch or trench1 you will appreciate this bit of advice4 ,warn the boys not to touch the roof of the tent on the inside when it is raining1 for it will surely leak wherever it is touched4 ,there is a right and a wrong way of driving stakes into the ground4 ,study illustrations1 p4 #dg4 ,peg ,wisdom ,in taking down the tent1 don't pound loose the tent pins or pegs1 but with a looped rope and a pull in the direction from which they are driven they can easily be removed4 ,conveniences ,after pitching your tent1 put everything in order4 ,run a stout line1 either of rope or rustless wire1 between the two upright poles1 about a foot below the ridge pole4 ,a very convenient thing to throw clothes over4 ,in some camps they have a shelf suspended from the ridge pole1 divided into compartments1 one for each boy in the tent4 ,nails driven in the upright poles afford convenient pegs to hang things on4 ,be sure the nails are removed before taking down the tent or a rip in the canvas will be the result4 ,a bundle of elder leaves in a tent will keep away flies4 ,if ants show a desire to creep into your tent1 dust cayenne pepper into their holes and they will no longer trouble you4 ,when there is no wooden floor in the tent1 strew small hemlock twigs4 ,they make a fine carpet and the odor is both pleasant and healthful4 ,in addition to the different styles of tents shown in the illustrations on page #dc1 the following description of how to make a ten-foot teepee is given by ,charles ,r4 ,scott in his ,vacation ,diary3 ,making a ,teepee ,sew canvas together making oblong ,,abcd #bj by #aj feet2 with ,e as centre and ,,ea as a radius1 draw half-circle ,,afd4 ,from remaining canvas cut smoke flaps ,,lkcm and ,,onbp4 ,sew piece of canvas at ,c and ,b making pocket for ends of smoke poles4 ,sew ,,ml to ,,hi and ,,po to ,,gj on one large piece of canvas4 ,sew lash to ,e to tie teepee to pole4 ,sew #f or #g-;foot lash to ,k and ,n to set smoke flaps with4 ,make holes in pairs from ,l to ,d and ,o to ,a for lacing pins4 ,ten poles #ab feet long are needed4 ,make tripod of nine of these and tie teepee at ,e to pole two feet from top and place over tripod4 ,in ,recreation1 ,april1 #aiaa1 in an article on ,tent ,making ,made ,easy1 ,h4 ,j4 ,holden tells how to make ten different tents with but one piece of canvas4 ,illustration3 ,the ,ten ,foot ,teepee ,tent ,wisdom ,the best type of tent to use in a permanent camp is a wall tent1 either #ab x #ad or #ad x #af1 which will accommodate from four to six fellows4 ,an eight ounce1 mildew-proofed duck1 with a ten or twelve ounce duck fly will give excellent wear4 ,have a door at each end of the tent and the door ties made of cotton cord instead of tape4 ,double pieces of canvas should be sewed in all the corners and places where there is unusual strain4 ,manilla rope is best for guys1 and metal slides are preferable to wood4 ,if the tents are made to order1 have a cotton cord about two feet long sewed in each seam just under the eaves1 so that one end shall hang down inside the tent and the other outside4 ,the walls of the tent can then be rolled up and tied so that the tent will be thoroughly aired4 ,make sure that the end of the ridge pole and of the upright poles have iron bands to prevent splitting of the poles4 ,bed on ,ground ,for a short-term camp1 pine boughs make the best kind of a bed 7see chapter on ,tramps and ,hikes for description of bed74 ,sometimes a rubber blanket is spread upon the ground and the boys roll themselves up in their blankets4 ,an old camper gives the following suggestion to those who desire to sleep in this fashion3 ,the bed should be made in the afternoon while the sun is shining4 ,to make the bed1 clear the ground of twigs and stones4 ,the space should be about #f x #c feet4 ,a ,hip ,hole ,a shovelful of dirt is removed1 making a shallow1 transverse trench1 about midway of the bed4 ,this trench is the hip hole and the making of it properly is what renders the bed comfortable4 ,in making the bed the following order should be observed3 7#a7 spread the rubber blanket2 7#b7 the blanket spread so that one-half only covers the prepared couch2 7#c7 then spread the woolen blankets so that the hip hole is in the right place2 7#d7 add the pillow2 7#e7 fold the blankets over you and pin them with big safety pins across the bottom and along the side4 ,to ,keep ,warm ,stewart ,edward ,white in ,camp and ,trail tells how to keep warm when sleeping on the ground3 ,lie flat on your back4 ,spread the blanket over you4 ,now raise your legs rigid from the hip1 the blanket1 of course1 draping over them4 ,in two swift motions tuck first one edge under your legs from right to left1 then the second edge under from left to right1 and over the first edge4 ,lower your legs1 wrap up your shoulders and go to sleep4 ,if you roll over1 one edge will unwind but the other will tighten4 ,a bed tick#a #f-a_/b feet long and #b-a_/b feet wide1 to be filled with grass1 leaves1 straw or any available stuff makes a comfortable bed4 ,transcribers ,footnote #a3 ,cloth case for a mattress or pillow or a light mattress without springs4 ,to ,make a ,bed ,a comfortable bed used at ,camp ,durrell1 is made by driving four posts in the ground and nailing a frame work of saplings on these posts4 ,rope is then interwoven from side to side in somewhat the fashion of the old-time cord bed4 ,pine boughs are then placed shingle fashion in the cording1 making a very comfortable bed4 ,double-,deck ,bunks ,many of the long-term camps1 however1 have cots or bunks with canvas bottoms4 ,this is the best way to sleep for boys who are going to be in camp the entire summer4 ,the following type of double-deck bunk is in use at ,camps ,adirondack1 ,becket1 ,wawayanda and ,dudley4 ,the illustrations give a clear idea of its construction4 ,use wood as free from knots as possible4 ,spruce seems to be the best kind as it is both light in weight and very durable4 ,the top section upon which the canvas beds are tacked is bolted to the uprights which makes a bunk easily taken apart4 ,three of these uprights1 one at each end and one in the middle1 will make a bed section accommodating four boys1 two on the first floor and two on the second floor4 ,in this manner eight boys may be comfortably housed in a #ab x #ad or #ad x #af foot tent1 with room for baggage in the center1 as shown in the illustration on page #cg4 ,blankets ,always remember that to keep warm while sleeping in a cot or bunk1 you must have as much thickness of blanket under you as above you4 ,usually boys will pile blankets on top of them and have only one blanket under them and then wonder why they are cold4 ,pillows ,a pillow may be made out of a bag of muslin or dark denim and stuffed with a sweater or extra clothing4 ,much better--take a small pillow with you with removable and washable case made of dark green or brown denim4 ,illustration3 ,bunk ,diagram ,kitchen ,ware ,in purchasing kitchen ware1 a mistake is frequently made by getting a cheap kind of ware unfitted for the hard usage of camp life4 ,the kind manufactured for hotels and restaurants and of sufficient capacity1 is more expensive1 but will outwear two outfits of the cheaper type and is really more economical in the long run4 ,in the buying do not omit that most adaptable and convenient of all cooking utensils for camp--a wash boiler4 ,get one that is copper-lined and made of the heaviest tin4 ,table ,ware ,campers prefer the white enamel ware on account of its appearance and wear4 ,if the imported kind is purchased it will last for at least three long-term seasons4 ,avoid tin and the cheap gray enamel ware4 ,each boy should be provided with a large plate of the deep soup pattern1 cereal bowl not too large1 a saucer for sauce and dessert1 a cup1 knife1 fork1 table spoon and tea spoon4 ,in a small camp the boy usually brings his own eating utensils4 ,when the table is set with white oil cloth1 white enamelled dishes1 both serving and individual1 with decorations of ferns1 wild flowers or blossoms1 the food always seems to taste better and the meal proceeds with that keen enjoyment1 which is not only conducive to good digestion but promotive of good fellowship4 ,a dirty table and dishes and rough-house table manners are a disgrace to a camp even as small as six boys4 ,cleanliness1 courtesy and cheerful conversation contribute to the making of character while at meals4 ,table ,tops ,table tops should be made of matched boards and battened4 ,screw the battens#a to the boards4 ,the tables should be thirty-six inches in width4 ,the length must be determined by the number of persons to be seated4 ,the seating of boys in tent groups is considered the best plan4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,narrow strip of wood for flooring4 ,a ,horse ,idea ,a wooden horse made after the following sketch will support the table top and seats4 ,the seat may be a plank about twelve inches wide and one and one-eighth inches thick4 ,illustration3 ,wooden ,horse ,table and ,seat ,support ,buildings ,permanent buildings are largely planned according to the ideas of the director or organization operating the camp and this1 therefore1 is a matter which cannot be fully treated in a book of this character4 ,convenience1 harmony with natural surroundings1 and adaptability are the three things which govern the planning and erection of permanent camp buildings4 ,wilderness ,homes1 by ,oliver ,kemp1 contains many suggestions for camps of this character4 ,in ,recreation for ,april1 #aiaa1 is an excellent article by ,william ,d4 ,brinckle on ,log ,cabins4 ,surveying ,the following practical suggestions on surveying in a boys' camp have been especially prepared by ,h4 ,m4 ,allen4 ,surveying is an important subject for study and practice1 as it is both interesting and useful and may serve as a stepping-stone in the later education of the boy4 ,the surveying may be roughly divided into two parts1 simple and advanced4 ,the simple work includes that which can be carried on with a few cheap instruments easily secured or made by the boys4 ,the advanced work requires better instruments and is adapted to high school boys4 ,only the simple work will be described4 ,home-made ,the instruments needed in simple surveying are1 compass1 measuring tape1 draughtsman's scale1 protractor1 drawing materials and a small home-made transit4 ,the leader should1 if possible1 become familiar with some good textbook on surveying1 such as ,wentworth's ,plane ,trigonometry and ,surveying4 ,he should also get some civil engineer to give him a little instruction in the rudiments4 ,it is well also to get some practice before going to camp4 ,any vacant lot or gymnasium floor will be suitable4 ,if the leader is near a small lake that will be especially desirable4 ,the transit is easily made4 ,a flat board should be selected1 about twelve inches in diameter1 which will not warp4 ,upon this a circle is marked about ten inches in diameter4 ,for this purpose use a pair of drawing compasses4 ,then with a protractor lay off the degrees of the circle4 ,a small brass protractor can be bought for #ae cents1 a good one1 large size1 costs #hj cents4 ,a good plan is to mark the circle on bristol board #a which can be tacked in the board4 ,then a pointed piece of wood ten inches long should be fastened with a nail in the center of the circle4 ,at the ends of the pointer pins should be placed vertically so that they are in line with the pivot nail4 ,this will form a sight for measuring the angles4 ,the board is then mounted upon a pointed stick or tripod4 ,you will need a hatchet and a half dozen sharpened sticks for markers and a boy for rod man4 ,you are now ready for the survey4 ,transcribers ,footnote #a3 ,smooth1 heavy pasteboard4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,top ,view of ,transit1 ,protractor1 ,sighting ,pins1 ,board for ,circle1 ,support ,camp ,survey ,to make a map of the location of the camp1 the first thing is to locate a base line on a level piece of ground4 ,at the two ends ,a and ,b stakes are placed and the length carefully measured with the tape4 ,then from one end of the line stretch a string about ten feet long1 toward the other stake4 ,under this string place the compass4 ,in this way the direction of the line may be learned4 ,in figure #a1 the base line runs about #aj degrees west of north4 ,drive a stake where the tent is to be located4 ,this place will be called ,c4 ,then place the transit at ,a and measure the angle formed by the imaginary lines ,,ac and ,,ab4 ,in the example the angle is about #de degrees4 ,then place the transit at ,b and measure the angle there1 formed by the lines ,,ab and ,,bc4 ,then the angle at ,c should be measured and the sum of the angles thus measured will be #ahj degrees1 if the work is correct4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b1 ,fig4 #c1 ,fig4 #d ,now make a drawing of the survey4 ,draw on paper a line corresponding to the line ,,ab1 making a certain scale1 say #ajj feet to the inch4 ,if the real line is #bjj feet long1 the line on the paper will be #b inches4 ,with the protractor the angles at ,b and ,a may be drawn or plotted4 ,this will give the location of the point ,c4 ,with the scale determine on the plan the length of the other sides of the triangle ,,abc4 ,the actual distances should next be measured with the tape to test the accuracy of the survey4 ,next place a stake along the side of the lake at a point ,d4 ,then in a similar manner measure the triangle with the transit4 ,with the protractor the lines ,,ad and ,,bd can be plotted on the plan4 ,with the scale the length of the lines ,,ad and ,,bd can be estimated from the map4 ,the rest of the lake is surveyed in the same manner4 ,it is only necessary to take other points on the lake and survey the resulting triangles4 ,it is a good idea to use four-foot stakes with flags placed so as to be easy to sight to them4 ,finally a tracing may be made with carbon paper giving only the shore line and leaving out the lines of the triangles and the map is finished4 ,the boys in one camp surveyed a lake a mile long with home-made instruments with excellent results4 ,boys should be taught how to use the compass and a map in tracing their way through an unknown country4 ,also to travel by the stars or by the moss on the trees4 ,,chapter ,v--,,personal ,,check ,,list ,,or ,,inventory ,,check ,,list ,,marking ,,lost ,,and ,,found ,,memory ,,how ,,to ,,pack ,,shipping ,,labels ,,neatness ,,general ,,hints ,experience only can determine what should be taken to camp4 ,usually the first camping trip decides what to take on the second trip1 and also reveals how few things1 providing they are right things1 one really needs to be comfortable in camp4 ,a boy's mother1 who is generally the official trunk packer of the family1 makes a mistake in stowing away in the trunk a lot of things not serviceable or suitable for camping4 ,cotton goods1 except towels1 handkerchiefs1 and hose1 are of no use4 ,gray woolen shirts1 gray1 brown1 or green sweaters 7a boon to campers--avoid white1 red1 or striped colors71 khaki suit1 outing flannel pajamas 7tan color preferred7 are in the class of real camp necessities so far as clothing is concerned4 ,the hat should be drab or khaki color1 of campaign style1 something that will shed water and sun4 ,the hat used by the ,boy ,scouts of ,america is admirably adapted for campers4 ,the outfit may be divided into four classes3 things necessary1 things desirable1 things convenient1 and luxuries4 ,boys who go camping for two weeks or less should take articles in the following list marked 7#a72 those who go for four weeks or less should take articles marked 7#b7 in addition to those marked 7#a72 and those who go for what may be called the season1 six or more weeks1 should take those marked 7#c71 in addition to all of 7#a7 and 7#b74 ,necessary ,woolen sweater 7coat style7 7#a7 ,note book or diary 7#a7 ,twine and rope 7#b7 ,two flannel shirts 7gray7 7#a7 ,lead pencil 7#a7 ,change of underwear 7#a7 ,pens and ink 7#b7 ,two pairs stockings 7#a7 ,stamps1 stamped envelopes 7#a7 ,jersey 7#b7 ,outing flannel pajamas 7#a7 ,paper1 postals and envelopes7#b7 ,running pants 7#a7 ,handkerchiefs 7#a7 ,needles and thread 7#a7 ,two pairs woolen blankets 7#a7 ,matches in metal box 7#a7 ,poncho 7#a7 ,folding drinking cup 7#a7 ,turkish towels 7#a7 ,strong pocket knife on chain7#a7 ,extra pair heavy shoes 7#b7 ,toilet soap 7in aluminum or celluloid box7 7#a7 ,echo whistle 7#b7 ,fishing tackle 7#b7 ,comb and brush 7#a7 ,camera 7#b7 ,tooth brush and tooth paste7#a7 ,small-sized ,bible 7#a7 ,money 7#a7 ,pins and safety pins 7safeties one-inch and four-inch7 7#a7 ,good disposition 7#a7 ,leggings-tan1 army style 7#a7 ,desirable ,extra suit of clothes 7#b7 ,rubber-soled shoes 7sneakers7 7#a7 ,soft laundered shirt 7#b7 ,bathing suit or tights 7#b7 ,small compass 7#b7 ,small mirror 7#a7 ,baseball1 bats1 gloves 7#b7 ,whisk broom 7#b7 ,tennis racquets and balls 7#c7 ,dish towels 7#b7 ,ping ,pong racquets1 balls 7#c7 ,cheap watch 7#a7 ,rubber boots or overshoes 7#b7 ,map of vicinity 7#b7 ,clothes pins 7#b7 ,musical instruments 7#b7 ,flash lamp 7#b7 ,scissors 7#b7 ,repair outfit 7#b7 ,convenient ,games 7#c7 ,can opener 7#b7 ,books 7#c7 ,small hand washboard 7#c7 ,small pillow 7#b7 ,thick strong gloves 7#c7 ,mosquito netting 7#b7 ,heavy woolen stockings 7#c7 ,candles 7#c7 ,elk hide moccasins 7#c7 ,luxuries ,bath robe 7#c7 ,blacking and brush 7#c7 ,shaving outfit 7#c7 ,laundry bag 7#b7 ,face rag 7#c7 ,it is understood that cooking utensils2 tools1 tents1 cots and the general camp equipment is supplied by the camp management4 ,the above list is for the individual campers4 ,mark ,everything ,mark everything with your initials1 or1 if in a large camp1 your camp number4 ,this may be done with indelible ink upon white tape1 and the tape sewed upon the garments1 or you may order through the large department stores your full name embroidered on tape in sufficient quantity to sew upon your belongings4 ,marking your goods and chattels helps identify ownership1 for things somehow get fearfully mixed up in a boys' camp4 ,a clever scheme for locating lost articles was adopted by one large camp4 ,a ,lost and ,found shop was opened4 ,articles found were brought to the shop4 ,hours for identification and reclaiming were announced1 the owner paying two cents for each article claimed4 ,this method had the effect of making the boys more systematic and less careless in throwing things around1 or leaving them upon the ground after a ball game or play4 ,after a certain length of time1 an auction was held of all unclaimed articles4 ,the money received was put into books for the camp library4 ,write it ,down ,make your check list during the winter4 ,have an old box handy in which to put things you think you will want to take to camp4 ,boys usually talk over the experiences of the last camp until about ,january #ast1 then they begin to talk and plan about the next camp4 ,as you think of things jot them down in a little memorandum book marked ,camp ,ideas4 ,leaders will find this plan especially helpful4 ,in making up the list1 put down each article on a separate line4 ,don't jumble things together4 ,leave nothing to memory which1 alas1 too frequently is a splendid forgetter4 ,write it down on paper4 ,examine your list very carefully1 and strike out everything you can do without4 ,simplicity coupled with comfort should be the guide in making up the list or inventory4 ,tack the list on the inside of your trunk or camp box4 ,often the little trifles prove the most valuable things on a camping trip4 ,for instance1 a supply of giant safety pins is invaluable for pinning blankets together in sleeping-bag fashion4 ,ever roll out of your blankets or toss them off on a cool night8 ,if so1 you know the value of a giant safety pin4 ,what to pack the outfit in and how to pack it is a problem which each must solve for himself4 ,a cracker box1 with hinged cover1 padlock1 and rope handles1 is good for a short-time camping trip4 ,it should be of the following dimensions3 #cj x #ah x #ae inches4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,box ,a good strong steamer trunk is about the best thing4 ,it is convenient1 easy to handle1 and takes up very little space4 ,the boys who are mechanically inclined1 will want to have the fun of making a camp box4 ,the illustration is a suggestion successfully worked out by a number of boys4 ,the dimensions may be determined by the maker4 ,don't make it too big1 or it will be a burden and also occupy too much room in the tent4 ,it stands upright and serves as a dresser4 ,boys who spend a summer in camp should have either a steamer trunk or this dresser4 ,if the trunk or box is too small to carry blankets1 a good plan is to roll blankets1 bedding and such articles in a roll or canvas1 the ends and sides of which are doubled inward1 so as to prevent articles from dropping out or getting wet4 ,strap with a good shawl or strong rope4 7,see illustration47 ,illustration3 ,blanket ,roll4 ,a dunnage#a1 duffle1 or carry-all bag is sometimes used for packing1 but there is a possibility of a mess as well as a loss of your good disposition and patience in trying to locate some desired article4 ,carry your poncho to be used in case of rain en route4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,personal baggage4 ,shipping ,have your expressman deliver your baggage at the station at least one hour before the train starts4 ,if the baggage is delayed1 much annoyance and loss of temper is the result4 ,if the camp is a large one1 some one should be designated to look after the baggage arrangements4 ,after checking the baggage1 this person should receive checks and attend to claiming baggage at destination4 ,many of the large camps provide mucilaged labels or stickers to paste on the end of the trunk or box making identification easy at railroad baggage room4 ,initials and camp number should be painted on outside of trunk or box4 ,neatness ,a place for everything and everything in place should be the real key to find things in your trunk4 ,neatness is good discipline for the mind1 and should characterize every real camper4 ,the trunks of some boys in camp look as if a cyclone had struck them4 ,full1 pressed down1 and running over4 ,every old thing in any old way is both slovenly and unhygienic4 ,about once a week everything should be taken from the trunk or box1 and exposed to the sun4 ,let the sun also get into the trunk or box4 ,then repack neatly4 ,this will prevent mould and dampness1 and be the means of discovering lost articles4 ,finally be sure to go over with care your check list or inventory the day before camp breaks4 ,this will prevent rushing around excitedly at the eleventh hour1 hunting lost articles4 ,,general ,,hints ,gray and khaki are the most inconspicuous colors for camping4 ,shirts should be provided with breast pockets4 ,each lock should have a duplicate key to be given to the tent leader1 or in a large camp1 to the camp banker4 ,have an old laundry bag in which to put soiled clothes4 ,wash day is a popular day in many camps4 ,no camper need be dirty when there is abundance of water4 ,there is a luxuriance in a piece of soap and a clean towel that only experienced campers can understand and appreciate4 ,wet towels1 swimming suits or tights should not be placed in the trunk or box1 but hung upon a rope1 or non-rust wire outside of the tent4 ,the poncho is the camper's friend4 ,it makes a good rubber blanket1 a wrap1 a cushion1 a bag1 a sail or a tent4 ,be sure to take enough bed clothes4 ,you will need them on cold nights4 ,stamps wiped over the hair of your head will not stick together--the oil of the hair does the trick4 ,take a self-filler fountain pen--no glass filler to break4 ,a small ,williams or ,colgate shaving stick box1 with screw or hinged cover1 makes a good match box4 ,a better one is a water-tight hard rubber box1 with screw top4 ,if dropped into a lake or stream it will float1 whereas a metal box will sink4 ,some one has said that ,good temper is as necessary for camping as water is for swimming4 ,be sure it is on your check list4 ,illustration3 ,personal ,labels ,,chapter ,,vi--,,organization1 ,,administration ,,and ,,discipline ,a ,,recognized ,,law ,,cooperative ,,self-,,government ,,council ,,meetings ,,department ,,administration ,,rules ,,discipline ,,by ,,whistle ,,discipline ,,by ,,conscience ,,self ,,imposed ,,discipline ,,seven ,,things ,,which ,,god ,,hates ,,liars ,,and ,,sneaks ,a ,,meditation ,,log ,,and ,,other ,,methods ,,private ,,talks ,,perfect ,,freedom ,the heavens themselves1 the planets and this centre ,observe degree1 priority and place1 ,insisture1 course1 proportion1 season1 form1 ,office and custom1 in all lines of order4 -,troilus and ,cressida4 ,act #a1 ,scene #c4 ,order ,it matters very little if the camp be a large or small one1 all will agree that system and organization must prevail if the camp is to be a place of known delight and proved desire4 ,order is said to be ,heaven's first law1 and a boys' camp should not be operated contrary to this recognized law4 ,what is everybody's business usually becomes nobody's business4 ,much soup has been spoiled by the stirring of too many cooks4 ,a boys' camp becomes a place of discord when everybody takes a hand in running it4 ,there must be one whose word is absolute and final1 and who is recognized as the leader or director of the camp2 at the same time the campers should have a voice in the government and share in planning and participating in its activities4 7,see chapter on ,leadership47 ,the following charting of organization will explain the degree1 priority and place of those who are to be responsible for the administration and welfare of the camp4 ,cooperative ,self-,government ,this form of organization recognizes maturity1 experience1 ability1 cooperation1 justice and altruistic service4 ,self-government wholly by the boys is unwise4 ,there must always be a paternal guidance of hot1 impulsive and indiscriminate youth4 ,boys desire adult leadership and where a wise combination is formed of man and boy working together1 there will be found the highest type of efficient1 wholesome1 happy and purposeful camp life4 ,council ,meetings ,frequent council meetings should be held4 ,when the senior council1 composed of the leaders and director1 meet for planning and to discuss the work1 it should be understood that whatever is said or discussed at the meeting1 must not be talked over in the presence of the boys1 particularly matters of discipline1 awarding of honors and camp policy4 ,joint meetings of the junior and senior councils should be held weekly4 ,each tent is represented on the junior council by electing one of their tent-mates1 who shall present the views of his constituents at council meetings4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,organization ,chart ,departments ,the director should have the power of appointing the chairmen or heads of departments1 and the chairmen the privilege of selecting associates from the two councils4 ,the policy of each department must be ratified by a joint meeting of the councils before it becomes operative4 ,prevent bickering over minor parliamentary details4 ,keep in mind first1 last and always1 the highest welfare of the camp4 ,let the voice of the people be heard1 yet see that the legislation introduced is in the interest of the highest good of the campers4 ,the chart suggests the work of the various departments4 ,,rules ,in all well-organized and purposeful camps for boys1 three rules are considered absolutely essential for the safety and welfare of the campers4 ,these rules are3 #a4 ,no fire-arms1 air-rifles or explosives of any kind allowed4 #b4 ,no one of the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing1 except during the designated period4 #c4 ,no tobacco used in any form4 ,every boy going to camp agrees1 in signing his application1 to observe whatever rules are decided upon as best for the welfare of all4 ,boys should be trusted and expected to do as the majority think best4 ,there should be a happy understanding and mutual confidence existing which should make a long list of rules unnecessary4 ,when the boys arrive in camp1 the director should outline and explain the purpose and policy of the camp in kind1 but unmistakable terms4 ,a camp of a dozen boys and their school teacher1 in the ,white ,mountains1 was operated for three delightful weeks1 upon the following agreement1 which all the boys and their leader signed4 ,we1 the members of ,camp ,bejoyful1 do hereby subscribe cheerfully to the following rules and regulations and will be governed by them while we are members of this camp4 ,we further agree to pay any penalty the other members of the camp may think fit to impose upon us for breaking these rules or resolutions4 ,we will not lose our tempers4 ,we will not use any language we would not use in the presence of ladies4 ,we will not tell stories we would not tell or want told to our sisters4 ,we will perform cheerfully any duties our ,camp ,master asks us to perform4 ,we will at all times respect the rights and feelings of others4 ,we will remember that the command to ,remember the ,sabbath day and keep it holy1 is obligatory at all times and in all places4 ,the motto of this camp shall be ,noblesse oblige4 ,the ,whistle ,unless the camp is conducted under the auspices of the ,boys' ,brigade or some military organization1 where boys prefer the military discipline1 it is unwise to introduce it in a camp for boys4 ,the type of discipline to be used will depend upon the type of leader4 ,some camps are controlled by the use of a whistle4 ,when the attention of the boys is desired1 the leader blows a shrill blast of the whistle and the boys immediately respond by absolute silence and await the announcement or whatever the leader or director desires to say to them4 ,never blow the whistle unless necessary4 ,secure first the attention of the boys if you want their interest4 ,camp boys become accustomed to continuous blowing of the whistle in the same manner that city boys become used to the noise of the street-car gong4 ,blow your whistle and wait4 ,cause for a second blast should be considered serious4 ,conscience ,in a camp where through the thoughtlessness of a boy a misdemeanor had been committed1 the leader explained at the camp fire how mean the action was and said that he did not believe there was a boy in camp who1 if he had realized its contemptible nature1 would for one moment have thought of doing such a thing4 ,he concluded his remarks by saying1 ',if there is any boy here who knows who did this thing1 ,i earnestly request that he will keep it to himself and not breathe the name of the offender to anyone in camp4' ,especially did he request that on no account should the offender's name be told to him4 ,there were a few rather red faces about the camp fire1 but the name of the offender was never known and no similar misdemeanor occurred while the camp was open4 ,self-,imposed ,discipline ,in another camp two boys had thoughtlessly violated the understanding regarding swimming and they spent an hour on the hillside with the leader discussing the situation4 ,after the leader had explained to them his responsibility to the parents of each boy in camp and how insecure parents would feel if they thought their boys were not being properly taken care of1 he asked them3 ',now1 if you were in my place1 what would you do with two such fellows8' ,and they both replied that they thought the two boys should be sent home as an example to the rest of the camp4 ,the leader agreed with them and the two boys1 who had pronounced their own sentence1 left the next morning for home4 ,that leader has today no better friends among boys than those two particular fellows4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,e4 ,m4 ,robinson1 ,association ,boys1 ,june1 #aijb4 ,seven ,things ,which ,god ,hates ,solomon in his book of ,proverbs says1 ,these six things does the ,lord hate3 yea1 seven are an abomination unto him4 ,a proud look1 a lying tongue1 and hands that shed innocent blood1 a heart that deviseth wicked imaginations1 feet that be swift in running to mischief1 a false witness that speaketh lies1 and he that soweth discord among brethren4 7,proverbs2 #af3ai47 ,liars and ,sneaks ,punish the liar heavily4 ,help the boy to see that to make a mistake and own up to it1 is regarded in a much more favorable light than to sneak and lie out of it4 ,have him understand that the lie is the worst part of the offence4 ,it is awful to have the reputation of being a liar1 for even when a boy does tell the truth nobody believes him because of his past reputation4 ,never indulge suspicion4 ,above all discountenance sneaking2 nothing is more harmful than to maintain a feeble discipline through the medium of tale-bearing4 ,never keep a boy in camp who is out of tune with the camp life or its standards1 and whose presence only serves to militate against the real purpose of the camp4 ,grouchitis is a catching disease4 ,meditation ,log ,the methods of punishment are as varied as the colors of the rainbow4 ,in one camp1 a ,meditation ,log1 upon which the boy sits and thinks1 and thinks1 and thinks1 and--4 ,no doubt he is a sadder and wiser boy for his period of meditation4 ,a wood pile where boys saw from one to five or more sticks of cord wood into stove lengths1 is an economic mode of punishment1 for it not only provides wood for the kitchen stove1 but hardens the boys' muscle as well as helps him to remember his mistakes and to avoid repetition4 ,walking around the campus for a certain length of time carrying an oar over the shoulder1 is another method4 ,curtailing a boy's privileges1 such as swimming1 boating1 taking away his dessert1 are other methods in vogue in boys' camps4 ,when a boy swears1 if he is a scout1 the other scouts pour a cup of cold water down the offender's sleeve or back1 for each offence4 ,some boys have been cured of swearing by having their mouths washed out with ,welcome ,soap1 publicly1 along the shore of the lake or stream1 with camp-mates as silent spectators4 ,make the punishment fit the crime1 but always the kind of punishment which the boy will acknowledge is deserved and just4 ,never punish in anger4 ,private ,talks ,a heart-to-heart talk with the boy during a walk in the woods1 or in some quiet place of the camp1 will do more good to get him to see and realize his need of adjustment to camp life and enlist his willingness to try again and to do his best than any form of physical punishment4 ,when it becomes necessary to send a boy home1 always telegraph or write his parents1 telling them on what train or boat they may expect him and the reason for sending him home4 ,illustration3 ,raising the ,flag--,camp ,kineo4 ,,chapter ,,vii--,,the ,,day',s ,,program ,a ,,morning ,,prayer ,,requisites ,,of ,a ,,camper #g4jj1 ,,reveille #g4ae1 ,,the ,,dip #g4cj1 ,,breakfast #h4cj1 ,,camp ,,duties #i4cj ,,to #aa1 ,,educational ,,recreation #aa1 ,,blankets ,,in #aa4cj1 ,,swimming ,,time #ab1 ,,noon ,,inspection #ab4cj1 ,,dinner #ab4de ,,to #b1 ,,siesta #b ,,to #d4cj1 ,,sports #d4cj1 ,,preparation ,,for ,,the ,,night #e1 ,,general ,,inspection #e4de1 ,,colors #f1 ,,supper #f4de1 ,,meditation ,,and ,,study #g4ae1 ,,campus ,,games #h1 ,,camp ,,fire ,,and ,,entertainment #h4de1 ,,tattoo ,,and ,,hymn #i1 ,,taps ,,and ,,good ,,night ,a ,morning ,prayer ,the day returns and brings in the petty round of irritating concerns and duties4 ,help us to play the man1 help us to perform them with laughter and kind faces4 ,let cheerfulness abound with industry4 ,give us to go blithely on our business all the day4 ,bring us to our resting beds weary and content and undishonored1 and grant us in the end the gift of sleep4 --,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,requisites ,all the major habits of life are formed during the teen period of life4 ,if camping teaches a boy anything it teaches him the habit of being systematic4 ,the day's program should be built upon a platform calculated not only to keep the camp running smoothly1 but to develop within the boy and man those qualities requisite for a good camper1 viz41 truth1 sincerity1 self-control1 courage1 energy1 skill1 mental capacity1 justice1 patriotism1 stamina1 efficiency1 executive power1 consideration1 kindliness1 cheerfulness1 self-reliance1 good temper1 good manners1 tact1 promptness1 obedience1 helpfulness1 and cooperation4 ,camping has as good an effect on a boy's character as it has upon his health4 ,it teaches him to be self-reliant1 to look after his own wants1 and not to be abnormally self-centered4 ,it is marvellous how much more tidy and considerate a boy becomes after he has had a season in camp1 looking after himself and his own belongings1 as well as sharing in keeping his tent neat and clean1 and having his part in the day's work4 ,from reveille at #g ,a4,m4 to taps at #i ,p4,m4 the day's program should be definitely planned4 ,in order to make this chapter of practical value the different periods of the day and its activities will be described very fully and enough suggestions given to make the day purposeful1 educational1 recreational and attractive in either a large or small camp4 ,seven o'clock is usually the hour of beginning the day1 although some camps make the rising hour six-thirty o'clock4 ,the first morning in camp boys want to get up around four o'clock1 thinking it about three hours later1 on account of the sun streaming into their tent4 ,after the first morning boys who wake early should be expected to keep silent and remain in their tent until reveille sounds4 ,consideration should be shown toward those who desire to sleep4 #g4jj ,when the bugle sounds reveille everybody turns out in pajamas or swimming tights and indulges in a brisk ten-minute setting-up exercise4 ,this should be made snappy1 giving particular attention to correcting stooping shoulders and breathing4 ,boys should not be excused from this exercise unless ill4 ,at the end of the exercise the flag is raised and the campers salute the stars and stripes as they are flung to the morning breeze4 ,a small cannon is fired in some camps when the flag is raised4 ,the honor of raising the flag may be given to the boys of the tent having won the honor tent pennant of the preceding day or to boys specially assigned4 ,the spirit of patriotism is fostered by respect to the flag4 #g4ae ,flag-raising is followed by a dip in the lake4 ,it should be understood that this is to be a dip or plunge and not a swim4 ,five minutes is sufficient time to be in the water4 ,place some responsible person in charge of the dip4 ,a safe rule is never to permit boys in the water unless supervised4 ,the boys should take soap1 towels and tooth brushes with them when they go for the dip4 ,a good morning scrub of the teeth with a brush saves many hours of pain4 ,boys are woefully negligent 7because ignorant7 of the care of their teeth4 ,saturday is scrub day in many of the large camps when all are required to take a soap scrub4 ,marvellous how the tan disappears after this scrubbing period6 #g4cj ,by this time every fellow is hungry enough to devour whatever food is set before him1 whether he is fond of it or not1 and there is an alacrity of response to the ,mess ,call of the bugle which only a camper understands and appreciates4 ,when the campers are seated there is either silent or audible grace before the meal is eaten4 ,take plenty of time for the eating of the meal4 ,forty-five minutes is not too long4 ,encourage wholesome conversation and good natural pleasantry1 but discountenance rough house and ungentlemanliness4 ,the announcements for the day are usually given at the breakfast table followed by the reading of a chapter from the ,bible and a short prayer4 #h4cj ,a boy should be taught that all labor is noble1 that no one can rise that slights his work and the grand business in life is not to see what lies dimly at a distance1 but to do what lies clearly at hand4 ,with this kind of a spirit1 blankets are taken out of the tent to be aired and the sides of the tent tied up1 the camp is cleaned and put in a sanitary condition1 the tents are put in order1 and kitchen work1 if part of the boys' duties1 is attended to4 ,all work should be finished by #i4cj4 ,no matter whether the boy pays twenty dollars a week or three dollars a week for the outing1 labor of some sort should be a part of his daily life while at camp1 for when one gets to love work1 his life becomes a happy one4 ,the world despises a shirker but honors a worker4 ,the work of the day is sometimes done by tent groups or by boys grouped in alphabetical order1 each group being under a leader whose part is assigned daily by the ,camp ,director 7see chapter on ,organization74 ,in the writer's camp1 work is considered a great privilege4 ,for instance1 if three bushels of peas must be picked from the camp garden for dinner1 a call is made for volunteers4 ,from forty to fifty hands will go up and after careful choosing1 six boys are selected to do this coveted work1 much to the disappointment of the others4 ,it is all in the way work is presented to the boys1 whether they will look upon it as a privilege or an irksome task4 #i4cj to #aa4jj ,if tutoring is a part of the camp's plan1 the morning will be found a desirable time for tutor and boy to spend an hour together4 ,manual training1 instruction in woodcraft1 field and track athletics1 boating1 life-saving drills1 rehearsal for minstrel shows or entertainments1 photography1 tennis1 baseball1 are some of the many activities to be engaged in during this period4 ,one day a week1 each box or trunk should be aired1 and its contents gone over carefully4 ,a sort of clean up day4 #aa4jj ,about this time the ,life ,saving ,crew will be getting ready for their drill and patrolling of the swim4 ,the other campers will be taking in their blankets and after shaking them well and folding1 will place them on their beds for the inspection1 which usually comes at noon4 ,at #aa4bj boys who cannot swim should be given instruction by those who can swim4 ,if this is done before the regular swim there is less danger and greater progress is made4 #aa4cj ,this seems to be the popular hour for swimming in nearly all the camps4 ,it follows the ball game1 the tennis match1 the camp work1 and usually the temperature of air and water is just right for a swim4 ,allow no swimmer to go beyond the line of patrol boats4 ,have some one on shore who is keen to observe any boy who may be in need of assistance4 ,twenty minutes is sufficient length of time to be in fresh water4 ,when the boys come out of the water1 have a towel drill1 teaching the boy how to use the towel so that his back may be dried as well as every other part of his body4 ,this rubbing down induces circulation of the blood and gives that finish to a swim which makes the boy feel like a new being4 ,it is unwise to permit boys to lie around undressed after a swim1 for physiological as well as moral reasons4 ,swimming tights should be wrung out dry1 either by hand or by a wringer kept near the swimming place1 and hung out on a rope or rustless wire1 stretched back of the tent4 ,do not permit wet clothes to be hung in the tent1 on the canvas or tent ropes4 #ab4jj ,beds or bunks should be made up for inspection4 ,three men or boys may be appointed as inspectors4 ,considerable interest and pride is taken by the boys in having their canvas home look neat4 ,this training in neatness1 order and cleanliness is invaluable4 7,see chapter on ,awards47 ,the inspection should not take over twenty minutes4 ,while this is going on those who have kitchen or table duty will be busily engaged getting tables in readiness for dinner4 #ab4cj ,mess call for dinner4 ,this meal should be the heartiest meal of the day1 and plenty of time given to the eating of the food4 ,mail is usually given out at this meal in camps where there is but one delivery a day4 #a4ae1 ,siesta4 ,siesta1 or rest hour1 follows dinner4 ,in the early days of boys' camps this suggestion would have been laughed at1 but today it is looked upon as highly hygienic and considered one of the best things of camp and strongly to be commended4 ,the boy is advised to lie down flat on his back1 in his tent or under the shade of a friendly tree1 and be quiet4 ,he may talk if he wishes1 but usually some one reads aloud to his fellows4 ,this gives the food a chance to digest1 and the whole body a nerve and muscle rest before the active work of the afternoon4 #b4jj to #d4cj ,these hours will be spent in various ways4 ,usually it is the time for athletic sports1 baseball games1 quoit#a tournaments1 tennis tournaments1 excursions afield1 boat regatta1 archery1 water sports1 scouting games and other activities in which most of the campers can engage4 ,the big outdoor events should occupy this time of the day4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,flat rings of iron or rope are pitched at a stake with points for encircling it4 ,a ring used in this game4 #d4cj ,where daily inspection is a part of the camp plan the boys will begin getting everything in readiness for that important event4 ,a general bustle of activity will be in evidence and every boy on the qui vive#b to have his tent win the coveted honor pennant1 usually given for the neatest tent1 ,transcriber's ,footnote #b3 ,sentinel's challenge4 ,on the alert2 vigilant4 #e4jj ,inspection is conducted during the absence of the boys4 ,while the inspectors are making the round of tents1 the boys should assemble either in the permanent building of the camp or under some big tree1 to listen to a practical talk by the camp physician1 a demonstration in first aid work1 the reading of a story1 or to something equally educational in character4 ,this is a valuable hour when occupied in this manner4 7,see chapter on inspection1 awards1 etc47 #e4de ,rather than depend upon sunset as the time to lower the flag1 it is much better to set an hour for colors4 ,promptly at this hour the bugler blows colors4 ,no matter where a camper may be he should stand erect1 uncover and remain attentive until after the playing of the ,star ,spangled ,banner and firing of the cannon4 ,the flag is lowered very slowly during the playing of the ,star ,spangled ,banner and camp should be a place of silent patriotism4 ,those who have witnessed this ceremony in a boys' camp will never forget its impressiveness4 ,the flag should never be permitted to touch the ground1 and should be carefully folded and in readiness for hoisting the next morning4 #f4jj ,supper hour cannot come too promptly for active boys4 ,the announcement of the day's inspection should be made at the meal and the honor pennant or flag presented to the successful tent1 and accepted by one of the boys4 ,this occasion is usually a time of rejoicing1 also a time of resolve-making on the part of tent groups to do better tomorrow4 ,the record of each tent is read by one of the inspectors1 and at the end of the week the tent having the best record gets a special supper or seconds on ice cream day4 #f4de ,about this time1 with the going down of the sun1 nature seems to quiet down1 and it is the psychological time for serious thought4 ,many camps devote twenty minutes to ,bible study 7for suggested lessons1 see chapter on ,religion and ,moral ,life74 ,tent groups under their leader study thoughtfully the meaning of life and the great lessons taught by ,god through nature4 ,night after night the boys consciously or unconsciously acquire through this study the requisites of a good camper mentioned in the first part of this chapter4 #g4ae ,campus games1 boating1 preparation for the bonfire1 etc41 will occupy the time until dark4 ,every boy should be engaged in some recreative play1 working off whatever surplus energy he may have at hand so that when the time for turning in comes1 he will be physically tired and ready for bed4 #h4jj ,the evening program varies4 ,some nights there will be a minstrel show1 other nights a camp fire1 or mock trial1 an illustrated talk1 or village school entertainment1 or a play1 or a musical evening or vo-de-ville4 ,leave about two nights a week open4 ,the boys prefer to have occasional open evenings when they are free to loaf around1 and go to bed early4 ,plan the evening stunts very carefully4 #h4de ,the bugler blows tattoo#a which means all in tents4 ,after the boys have undressed and are ready for bed1 the leader reads a chapter from the ,bible1 and in many camps the boys lead in volunteer prayer1 remembering especially the folks at home4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,signal on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers to their quarters at night4 ,continuous1 even drumming or rapping4 ,from a hill near camp1 or from a boat on the lake come the notes of a familiar hymn such as ,abide ,with ,me1 ,lead1 ,kindly ,light1 ,the ,day is ,past and ,over1 ,sun of ,my ,soul1 or ,nearer1 ,my ,god to ,thee1 played by the bugler4 ,every boy listens and the ear records a suggestion which helps to make the night's sleep pure and restful4 ,try it4 ,taps played slowly1 follows the hymn4 ,as the last notes are being echoed upon the still night air the lights are being extinguished in the tents1 so that when the final prolonged note ends the camp is in darkness and quiet1 and all have entered into a nine-hour period of restoration of body and mind4 ,who knows1 but ,god himself1 how many of the boys1 and even leaders1 while wrapped warmly in their blankets have silently breathed out that old1 old prayer so full of faith1 which has been handed down from generation to generation3 ,now ,i lay me down to sleep ,i pray ,thee ,lord my soul to keep4 ,a prayer echoed by the camp director1 for now is the only time of the day's program when he begins to breathe freely1 and is partially able to lay aside his mantle of responsibility4 ,a cough1 a sigh1 and even the moaning of the wind disturbs this ever vigilant leader and he thinks of his charges1 until finally1 weariness conquers and sleep comes4 ,,the ,,well-,,ordered ,,day ,how shall the day be ordered8 ,to the sage ,the young man spoke4 ,and this was his reply3 ,a morning prayer4 ,a moment with thy ,god who sends thee dawn ,up from the east2 to thank heaven for the care ,that kept thee through the night2 to give thy soul1 ,with faith serene1 to his complete control2 ,to ask his guidance still along the way4 ,so starts the day4 ,a busy day4 ,do with a will the task that lies before4 ,so much there is for every man to do1 ,and soon the night when man can work no more4 ,and none but he to life's behest is true ,who works with zeal and pauses only when ,he stretches forth his hand to help the men ,who fail or fall beside him on the way4 ,so runs the day4 ,a merry evening4 ,when toil is done1 then banished be the care ,that frets the soul4 ,with loved ones by the hearth ,the evening hour belongs to joy and mirth2 ,to lighter things that make life fresh and fair4 ,for honest work has earned its hour of play4 ,so ends the day4 --,john ,clair ,minot in the ,independent ,,bibliography ,association ,boys' ,camps--,edgar ,m4 ,robinson4 ,association ,boys1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,no4#c1 #aijb4 ,the ,day's ,program--,c4 ,hanford ,henderson4 ,how to ,help ,boys1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,no4#c1 #aijc4 ,the ,camp ,conference--,secretary's ,report1 #aije-jf 7out of print74 ,the ,camp ,conference--,how to ,help ,boys1 ,july1 #aijc4 ,illustration2 ,the ,story ,hour--,sunday ,afternoon--,camp ,wawayanda ,,chapter ,,viii--,,moral ,,and ,,religious ,,life ,,the ,,religious ,,instinct ,,nature',s ,,teachings ,,sunday ,,in ,,camp ,,bible ,,study ,,how ,,and ,,when ,,to ,,teach ,,the ,,bible ,,course ,,of ,,camp ,,bible ,,study ,,bible ,,study ,,course ,,for ,,boy ,,scouts ,,devotions ,,in ,,tent ,,daily ,,bible ,,readings ,a ,,novel ,,bon-,,fire ,,reading ,,of ,,stories ,,on ,,sunday ,,purposeful ,,reading ,,chapel ,,services ,,bibliography ,the aspect of nature is devout4 ,like the figure of ,jesus1 she stands with bended head and hands folded upon her breast4--,emerson4 ,camp life should help boys to grow not only physically and mentally1 but morally4 ,religion is the basis of morality4 ,the highest instinct in man is the religious4 ,man made the city with all its artificiality1 but1 as some one has said1 ,god made the country4 ,everything that the city boy comes in contact with is man-made4 ,even the ground is covered with buildings and paving blocks2 the trees are set in rows like telegraph poles2 the sunlight is diluted with smoke from the factory chimneys1 the moon and stars are blotted out by the glare of the electric light2 and even the so-called lake in the park is a scooped-out basin filled by pumps4 ,little wonder that a boy who grows up under these conditions has little reverence for a ,god whose handiwork he has not seen4#a ,footnote #a3 ,walter ,m4 ,wood in ,association ,boys1 ,june4 #aijg4 ,nature's ,teachings ,when a boy's soul is open to the influence of nature he feels the presence of the divine in the forest4 ,there is an uplift1 an inspiration1 a joy that he never experiences in the city4 ,he does not know how to express himself1 but somehow he feels the spiritual atmosphere pervading the woods which his soul breathes in as really as his nostrils do the pure air1 and he is ready to ,go forth1 under the open sky and list to ,nature's teachings4 -,bryant4 ,for as ,martin ,luther said1 ,god writes the ,gospel not in the ,bible alone1 but in trees and flowers and clouds and stars4 ,sunday ,sunday in a boys' camp should be observed by the holding of a service in the morning1 with song1 scripture reading1 prayer and a short talk4 ,the afternoon is usually occupied by letter writing1 ,bible study1 or reading1 the day closing with a vesper service in the evening just as the sun is setting4 ,boisterousness should not be encouraged4 ,unnatural restraint1 however1 is contrary to the spirit of the day4 ,the day should be different from other days4 ,many camp boys date their first real awakening to the best and highest things in life from a ,sunday spent in camp4 ,every real camper has experienced a ,sunday similar to this one described by ,howard ,henderson4 ,a quiet ,sunday in the deep woods is a golden day to be remembered for many a year4 ,all nature combines to assist the camper in directing his thoughts to the great ,author of all the beauty that he beholds4 ',the heavens declare the glory of ,god2 and the firmament sheweth his handiwork4' ,the trees under which one reclines rear their heads heavenward1 pointing their spire-like minarets far up toward the blue-vaulted roof4 ,it inspires the very soul to worship in these unbuilt cathedrals with wilderness of aisle and pillars1 which for elegance and beauty have never been equalled by the architects of any age4 ,and the music of the trees combined with the notes of the bird songsters1 give a joy which is unknown in listening to a city choir4 ,bible ,study ,the ,bible becomes a new book to boys when studied under such an environment4 ,as one boy wrote home to his father after a ,sunday spent in a camp where ,sunday was observed in this manner1 ,dad1 it is so different here1 from a ,sunday at home2 ,i understood the talk and the ,bible study was great2 it was a bully day6 ,the following ,bible course was worked out by the author and has been used in scores of boys' camps4 ,these lessons were taught to groups of boys at eventide when nature seemed to quiet down and the boys were most responsive to good1 sensible suggestion4 ,the camp was divided into tent groups1 each group being taught by their leader or an exchange leader1 one group occupying a big rock1 another the ,crow's ,nest1 or ,tree ,house1 another getting together under a big tree1 another in their tent4 ,no leader was permitted to take more than twenty minutes for the lesson4 ,it is unwise to take twenty minutes for what could be said in ten minutes4 ,the boys all had a chance to take part in the discussion4 ,each lesson was opened and closed with prayer1 many of the boys participating in volunteer prayer4 ,in teaching a lesson don't spend too much time in description unless you have the rare gift of being able to make your scene live before your hearers4 ,talk plainly and to the point4 ,naturalness should characterize each lesson4 ,boys hate cant#a and apologies and lack of definiteness4 ,your best illustrations will be drawn from the life of the camp and from nature4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,monotonous talk filled with platitudes4 ,hypocritically pious language4 ,in some camps these lessons were taught in the morning directly after breakfast1 while the boys were seated at the tables4 ,there are ,sermons in stones1 and good in every thing1 therefore the purpose of these lessons should be to help boys hear these sermons and learn nature's lessons of purity1 strength and character4 ,a ,,course ,,in ,,bible ,,study ,,lesson #a4 ,,the ,,hills-,,prayer ,psalm #aba4 ,christ going into the mountains to pray4 ,matt4 #ad3bc2 ,mark #f3df2 ,luke #f3ab2 ,mark #a3ce2 ,matt4 #f3f-ae4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,unnatural not to pray4 ,even ,pagans pray1 but they pray through fear4 ,more things are wrought through prayer than this world dreams of4 --,tennyson4 ,pray to ,christ as friend to friend4 ,the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,he prayeth well who loveth well ,both man and bird and beast4 ,he prayeth best who loveth best ,all things both great and small1 ,for the dear ,god who loveth us ,he made and loveth all4 --,coleridge's ,ancient ,mariner4 ,strength received through prayer4 ,a time and place for prayer4 ,,lesson #b4 ,,the ,,birds--,,dependence ,,upon ,,god ,matt4 #f3bf2 ,psa4#adg3i2 ,luke #ab3bd2 ,matt4 #aj3bi-ca4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,god feeding the birds4 ,how much more does ,god care for you4 ,not one forgotten1 the most worthless1 the most restless4 ,god loves the birds4 ,he loves you4 ,show your love to ,him by caring for the birds4 ,isa4 #dj3 #bh-ca4 ,abraham ,lincoln and the bird fallen from the nest4--,gentlemen1 ,i could not have slept tonight if ,i had not helped that little bird in its trouble1 and put it back safe in the nest with its mother4 ,,lesson #c4 ,,flowers-,,purity ,matt4 #f3bh-cj4 ,beauty of flowers4 ,isa4 #ee3aj-ac4 ,provision for summer growth and beauty4 ,,practical ,,thoughts 7,bring wild flowers to the class47 ,flowers come up out of the dirt yet unsoiled4 ,possible for boys to keep clean and pure1 surrounded by evil4 ,evil thoughts determine evil deeds4 ,my strength is as the strength of ten ,because my heart is pure4-,sir ,galahad4 ,purity of character1 the lily4 ,know thyself4 ,keep thyself pure4 #a ,cor4 #c3af1ag4 ,white ,cross ,pledge4 ,virtue never dwelt long with filth and nastiness4--,count ,rumford4 ,,lesson #d4 ,,trees--,,growth ,psalm #a4 7,hold the session under the biggest and best proportioned tree47 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,cedars of ,lebanon--,strong in the ,lord4 ,the oaks--,from acorns grew4 ,the fruit tree--,living for others4 ,by their fruits ye shall know them4 ,stunted trees4 ,crooked trees4 ,scarred trees4 ,grafted trees4 ,matt4 #a3af-bj2 ,jer4 #aa3g1 #h4 ,things that interfere with a boy's growth4 ,,lesson #e4 ,,water-,,life 7,hold the session along the shore47 ,psa4 #fe3i-ac4 ,god's liberality4 ,isa4 #ee3 #a4 ,freeness of the gospel4 ,john #d3ad4 ,woman at the well4 ,rev4 #bb3aa4 ,the last invitation in the ,bible4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,the joy of living4 ,the fun at camp4 ,friendship4 ,temporal life vs4 eternal life4 ,water will only satisfy thirst temporarily4 ,water revives--,christ satisfies4 ,eternal life for the asking4 ,,lesson #f4 ,,rocks--,,character 7,hold the session on or near some big boulder or rock47 ,matt4 #g3bd-bg4 ,a good foundation4 #a ,cor4 #c3i-ad4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,all boys are building character day by day4 ,all builders have a choice of foundation4 ,all foundations will be tried4 ,only one foundation will stand4 ,jesus ,christ is the ,rock of ,ages4 ,every thought that we've ever had ,its own little place has filled4 ,every deed we have done1 good or bad ,is a stone in the temple we build4-,sargant4 ,character1 not reputation1 will alone stand the final test4 ,,lesson #g4 ,,storms--,,trouble ,matt4 #h3bc-bg4 ,need of help4 ,phil4 #d3f4 ,a strong deliverer4 ,psa4 #ajg3bh-cj4 ,a safe place4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,boys have real troubles1 real temptations1 real shipwrecks4 ,difficulties in school life1 at home1 in camp4 ,almost ready to give up4 ,have faith in ,christ as a ,saviour4 ,the inner side of every cloud ,is bright and shining1 ,i therefore turn my clouds about1 ,and always wear them inside out ,to show the lining4 ,look ever to ,jesus4 ,he'll carry you through4 ,,lesson #h4 ,,sports--,,mastery 7,teach this lesson after a field day47 #a ,cor4 #i3bd-bg4 ,the race of life4 ,mastery of self4 ,heb4 #ab3a1 #b4 ,run with patience4 #a ,tim4 #f3ab4 ,a good fight4 ,rev4 #b3aj4 ,faithfulness4 ,ecele4 #i3aa4 ,not always to the swift4 ,eccle4 #i3aj4 ,wholeheartedness4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,each victory of self will help you some other to win4 ,self-control4 ,value of training4 ,you are either master or slave4 ,the ,bible1 the book of instruction4 ,solomon's rule of self-defence4 ,prov4 #ae3 #a4 ,,lesson #i4 ,,night--,,sin ,psa4 #ai4 ,night unto night4 ,john #c3ai-bj4 ,evil deeds4 ,rom4 #ac3aa-ad4 ,awake out of sin4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,bad thoughts come to us in the dark4 ,dark places productive of crime4 ,mischief at camp during the night4 ,darkness cannot hide us from ,god4 ,thou ,god seest me4 ,north star a guide for sailors--,jesus ,christ a safe guide4 ,character is what a man is in the dark4 -,d4 ,l4 ,moody4 ,,lesson #aj4 ,,chums--,,friendship #a ,sam4 #ah3a-d4 ,true friendship4 #a ,john #d3aa4 ,love one another4 #a ,cor4 #ac3d-g4 ,to the end4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,chum means to abide with1 to share the same tent4 ,camp chums4 ,david and ,jonathan4 ,the genuine article4 ,helping each other4 ,the ,friend--,jesus ,christ4 ,,lesson #aa4 ,,camp ,,fires ,build a camp fire along the shore4 ,read alternately the twenty-first chapter of the gospel of ,st4 ,john4 ,the fire on the beach4 ,john #ba3i4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,jesus was there--,jesus is here4 ,peter confessed ,him there4 ,john #ba3ae-ag4 ,who will confess ,him here8 ,peter denied ,him by another fire4 ,luke #bb3ed-fb4 ,will you deny ,him here8 ,p4 ,s4 ,make this a decision meeting4 ,,lesson #ab4 ,,fishing--,,personal ,,work ,luke #e3a-aa4 ,fishers of men4 ,,practical ,,thoughts ,sometimes fish are caught and used as bait to catch others4 ,when a boy becomes a ,christian he should bring to others the same blessing4 ,patience is essential in fishing--same in winning boys to ,christ4 ,every fisherman expects to catch fish4 ,to lead others to ,christ is the noblest work in the world4 ,dan4 #ab3 #c4 ,tent ,devotions ,in some camps a bit of ,scripture is read each night in the tent just before retiring4 ,the following readings having been prepared by ,w4 ,h4 ,wones1 ,c4 ,c4 ,robinson1 ,arthur ,wilson and ,charles ,r4 ,scott for use at ,camp ,wawayanda4 ,just before taps1 if you have a good cornetist1 have him go a short distance from the camp and play a well known hymn1 like ,abide ,with ,me1 ,nearer1 ,my ,god1 to ,thee1 ,lead1 ,kindly ,light1 then play taps4 ,the effect is wonderful1 and prevents all inclination toward noise or rough house4 ,,july ,,topic3 ,,vacation #a4 ,personal ,work on a ,journey4 ,john #d3e-ae4 #b4 ,its ,results4 ,john #d3bg-cj1 #ci1 #db4 #c4 ,the ,disciples' ,trip for ,service4 ,mark #f3g-ac4 #d4 ,their ,interrupted ,vacation4 ,mark #f3 #cj-db4 #e4 ,a ,night on the ,lake4 ,mark #f3de-ef4 #f4 ,a ,foolish ,journey4 ,luke #ae3aa-ag4 #g4 ,a ,wise ,return4 ,luke #ae3ah-bd4 #h4 ,the ,welcome ,guest4 ,john #ab3a-i4 #i4 ,a ,fishing ,experience4 ,john #ba3a-ad4 #aj4 ,spending a ,night on a ,mountain4 ,luke #i3bh-cf4 #aa4 ,vacation ,suggestion3 ,keep ,sweet4 ,psalm #cd3h-ae4 #ab4 ,vacation ,suggestion3 ,stick to ,principle4 ,psalm #aai3be-cb4 #ac4 ,vacation ,suggestion3 ,confess ,christ4 2 ,matthew #aj3bd-cc4 #ad4 ,vacation ,suggestion3 ,keep up ,bible ,study42 ,psalm #aai3a-h4 #ae4 ,vacation ,suggestion3 ,write ,good ,letters4 #a ,corinthians #af3c-ac4 #af4 ,speaking for ,christ ,while ,traveling2 ,acts #h3bf-ci4 #ag4 ,a ,queen's ,visit4 #a ,kings #aj3a-aj4 #ah4 ,an ,adventurous ,voyage4 ,acts #bg3a-ac4 #ai4 ,shipwreck4 ,acts #bg3ad-bf4 #bj4 ,all ,saved4 ,acts #bg3bg-dd4 #ba4 ,praying for a ,prosperous ,journey4 ,romans #a3h-af4 #bb4 ,a ,traveler's ,adventures4 #b ,corinthians #aa3bc-cc4 #bc4 ,a ,merry ,heart ,desirable4 ,proverbs #ae3ac-ag4 #bd4 ,keeping from ,sin4 ,romans #f3af-bc4 #be4 ,meeting a ,stranger4 ,luke #bd3ac-bg4 #bf4 ,a ,delightful ,surprise4 ,luke #bd3bh-ce4 #bg4 ,jacob's ,bivouac4 ,genesis #bh3aj-bb4 #bh4 ,david's ,prayer in the ,cave4 ,psalm #adb3a-g4 #bi4 ,avoiding ,sinful ,pleasure4 ,hebrews #aa3bc-bg4 #cj4 ,peter's ,counsel4 #a ,peter #d3a-aj4 #ca4 ,the ,greatest ,pleasure4 ,psalm #af3 #a-aa4 ,,august ,,topic3 ,,nature #a4 ,the ,story of ,nature's ,creation4 ,genesis #a3aa-bb4 #b4 ,the ,first ,garden4 ,genesis #b3h-ag4 #c4 ,god's ,care for ,his ,creation4 ,matthew #f3be-cd4 #d4 ,the ,symbol of ,peace4 ,genesis #h3a-aa4 #e4 ,the ,sign of ,god's ,promise4 ,genesis #i3h-ag4 #f4 ,the ,burning ,bush4 ,exodus #c3a-f4 #g4 ,the ,accompaniment of ,god's ,presence4 ,exodus #ai3af-be4 #h4 ,nature ,halts to ,accomplish ,god's ,purpose4 ,joshua #aj3e-ad4 #i4 ,nature's ,tribute to ,god's ,glory4 ,psalm #ig3a-ab4 #aj4 ,the ,midnight ,hymn4 ,psalm #h3a-i4 #aa4 ,the ,sunrise ,hymn4 ,psalm #ai3a-ad4 #ab4 ,the ,thunder-storm ,hymn4 ,psalm #bi3a-aa4 #ac4 ,the ,god of ,storm4 ,matthew #h3bc-cc4 #ad4 ,nature has no perils for the ,god-fearing ,man4 ,job #e3h-bg4 #ae4 ,the ,full ,ear4 ,matthew #ac3a-i1ah1bc4 #af4 ,harmful ,weeds4 ,matthew #ac3 #bd-cj1 #cf-dc4 #ag4 ,the ,god of ,nature ,protects ,us4 ,psalm #aba3a-h4 #ah4 ,he ,cares for ,us4 ,psalm #adg3a-bj4 #ai4 ,god's ,voice ,after the ,storm4 #a ,kings #ai3e-ac4 #bj4 ,the ,tree of ,life4 ,proverbs #c3ac-ba4 #ba4 ,the ,trees ,desire a ,king4 ,judges #i3h-ae2 ,joshua #bd3ae4 #bb4 ,the ,root ,out of ,dry ,ground4 ,isaiah #ec3a-ab4 #bc4 ,water ,without ,price4 ,isaiah #ee3a-ac4 #bd4 ,the ,perfect ,vine4 ,john #ae3a-ad4 #be4 ,the ,light ,brighter than the ,sun4 ,acts #i3a-bj4 #bf4 ,a ,wonderful ,star4 ,matthew #b3a-aa4 #bg4 ,sand or ,rock8 ,matthew #g3bd-bg4 #bh4 ,broken ,branches4 ,matthew #ba3a-aa4 #bi4 ,the ,unprofitable ,tree4 ,matthew #g3ae-ba4 #cj4 ,the ,profitable ,tree4 ,psalm #a3a-f4 #ca4 ,do ,good in all ,seasons4 ,ecclesiastes #c3a-ab4 ,,boy ,,scout ,,course ,for a ,boy ,scout ,camp1 the following course1 ,boy's ,scout ,guide ,book ,study1 was prepared by ,w4 ,s4 ,dillon3 ,,the ,,scout',s ,,oath ,lesson #a4 ,to ,do ,my ,duty to ,god and ,my ,country4 ,daniel #a3h2 #f3d-aj4 ,lesson #b4 ,to ,help ,other ,people at ,all ,times4 ,exodus #c3a-aa4 ,lesson #c4 ,to ,obey the ,scout ,law4 ,exodus #bj3c-ag2 ,luke #aj3bf1 #bg2 ,matthew #g3ab4 ,,the ,,scout ,,salute ,,and ,,sign ,lesson #d4 ,judges #ab3f2 ,acts #d3ab2 ,galatians #f3ad4 ,,three ,,classes ,,of ,,scouts ,,the ,,tenderfoot ,lesson #e4 ,luke #e3a-aa4 ,,the ,,second ,,class ,,scout ,lesson #f4 ,have at ,least ,one ,month's ,service as a ,tenderfoot4 #b ,samuel #ae3a-f4 ,lesson #g4 ,signalling4 #a ,samuel #bj3bj-bb2 #ce-ci4 ,lesson #h4 ,lay and ,light a ,fire4 ,fire ,lighting ,contest4 #a ,kings #ah3 #bb-bd4 ,,first ,,class ,,scout ,lesson #h4 ,signalling4 ,daniel #e3 #a-ca4 ,lesson #i4 ,go on ,foot to a ,given ,point and ,return and ,give a ,report of the ,trip4 ,numbers #ac3a-c2 #ag-ba2 #bc-cc4 ,lesson #aj4 ,produce an ,article of ,carpentry1 ,joinery or ,metal ,work4 #b ,chronicles #b3aa-af4 ,lesson #aa4 ,bring a ,tenderfoot ,trained in the ,points ,required for a ,tenderfoot4 ,john #a3 #dj-db4 ,,the ,,scout ,,law ,lesson #ab4 ,a ,scout's ,honor is to be ,trusted4 ,genesis #ci3g-aj4 ,lesson #ac4 ,loyalty4 ,esther #d3h-af4 ,lesson #ad4 ,a ,scout is a ,friend to ,all1 and ,must ,,never ,,be ,a ,,snob4 ,luke #i3df-dh4 ,lesson #ae4 ,a ,friend to ,animals4 #a ,samuel #ag3ab-af4 ,lesson #af4 ,obey ,orders4 ,jonah #a3a-c4 ,lesson #ag4 ,cheerfulness and ,willingness4 ,acts #af 3#be2 ,phillippians #d3aa-ac4 ,lesson #ah4 ,thrift4 ,matthew #f3ai-ba4 ,,the ,,great ,,scout ,,master ,lesson #ai4 ,matthew #bc3aj4 ,novel ,bonfire ,the author experienced something very unusual one ,sunday afternoon in a camp where he was invited to speak4 ,the talk was on ,trees or ,growth1 one of the studies of the course described4 ,during the talk a number of things were referred to that enter into the growth of a tree which either mar or hinder it from becoming a symmetrical1 beautiful tree and a similar comparison was made regarding a boy's growth4 ,the question was asked of the boys1 ,what are some of the things which interfere with a boy's growth physically1 mentally and morally8 ,a number of things1 such as smoking1 swearing1 impurity1 etc41 were given1 and finally one of the small boys piped up reading dime novels4 ,his answer was received with howls of derision1 especially from the older boys4 ,hold on1 ,i said1 let's discuss the matter2 if dime novels are good for a boy's growth mentally1 we want to know about it1 but if they are detrimental to this particular kind of desired growth1 of course1 we want to cut it out4 ,the discussion brought out the fact that a number of the boys had smuggled a lot of this kind of literature into camp and were just loafing through their time in the woods1 gloating over the wonderful and daring escapades of ,wild ,west heroes4 ,the boys finally decided that their mental growth was retarded by such reading4 ,then came the question1 ,what are you going to do about it8 ,we don't usually have a bonfire on ,sunday1 ,i said4 ,i am inclined1 however1 to ask your leader for a special dispensation and we will have one4 ,you are to furnish the fuel1 your leader the kerosene oil and ,i will provide the match4 ,the fuel is to consist of all the dime novels in the camp4 ,whew6 ,i know it will take grit to do this1 but it is a test of your sincerity and determination to progress along right lines4 ,we're game8 yelled the boys1 and we mean business4 ,the start was made for the place where the bonfires were usually held4 ,by the time ,i reached the spot1 the boys were coming from their tents with bundles of novels4 ,every boy was requested to tear each novel in half and throw it upon the heap4 ,when everything was ready1 the boys uncovered and in the silence that came upon the group1 the match was struck and the flames began to leap upward1 until finally1 all that remained was the small piles of ashes4 ,for the majority of the boys it meant the burning up of the dross and the beginning of better and nobler thinking4 ,i shall always remember this novel bonfire4 ,this is what ,i mean by making ,bible study and camp talks effective4 ,reading ,sunday afternoon is the time for reading good1 wholesome stories4 ,take the boys out into the woods where they can squat under a big tree1 or if the day is warm seek the cool shelter of the tent and while the boys are lying down read a short story or several chapters of a story like ,dr4 ,grenfell's ,parish1 by ,norman ,duncan1 ,just ,boys1 by ,mary ,buell ,wood1 ,some ,boys ,i ,know1 ,chapel ,talks1 or ,the ,story of ,good ,will ,farm1 by ,george ,w4 ,hinckley4 ,if the group is made up of older boys who like to discuss life problems1 read a chapter or two from ,robert ,speer's excellent books1 ,a ,young ,man's ,questions and ,young ,men ,who ,overcame4 ,make sure that whatever you read has the uplift note4 ,the real purpose of the afternoon's reading should be that of instilling in the boys' minds some of the cardinal virtues of ,christian character4 ,don't moralize2 let the story do its own moralizing4 ,boys are hero worshippers4 ,if the hero or the heroic appeal of the story is of a sane type and not abnormal there will be created naturally within the boy a desire to emulate the good deeds of the hero in the everyday life of the camp1 which is much better than the parrot-like vocalization unfortunately many times encouraged by well-meaning men4 ,chapel ,a pile of stones made to serve as an altar or pulpit1 a chapel having the branches of a friendly pine as its roof and under which are built a reading desk and seats of white birch1 a cathedral with towering columns of pine and cushions of pine needles1 a rocky shore along the ocean--all are places where boys have heard the appeal for right living and responded with an earnest decision that marked an advance step in their moral and religious growth4 ,make much of the music at these outdoor services on ,sunday4 ,a choir of men and boys responding in the distance to the hymns of the camp boys1 in antiphonal manner1 a cornetist playing a hymn in the distance1 make an impression never to be forgotten4 ,the great test of camp life is not the fun the boy had1 or his gain in weight1 height or lung capacity1 or the friendships formed1 or his increased knowledge in woodcraft1 but his advancement in character-making and gain in spiritual vigor4 ,,bibliography ,,books ,,helpful ,,in ,,the ,,preparation ,,of ,,bible ,,study ,,lessons3 ,lessons from ,life 7,animal and ,human7--,thomas ,whittaker4 ,macmillan1 #b4ej4 ,sermons in ,stones--,amos ,r4 ,wells4 ,doubleday1 ,page ,company1 #a4jj4 ,parables from ,nature--,mrs4 ,gatty4 ,colportage ,library1 #ae cents4 ,a ,good ,bible ,dictionary and ,concordance4 ,,books ,,upon ,,the ,,religious ,,life ,,of ,boys3 ,the ,boy and the ,church--,eugene ,c4 ,foster4 ,the ,sunday ,school ,times ,co41 #ge cents net4 ,starting to ,teach--,eugene ,c4 ,foster4 ,association ,pres41 #dj cents4 ,the ,child and ,his ,religion--,george ,e4 ,dawson4 ,university of ,chicago1 #ge cents net4 ,religion in ,boyhood--,ernest ,b4 ,layard4 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton and ,company1 #ge cents net4 ,,chapter ,,ix--,,food--,,its ,,function1 ,,purchase1 ,,preparation1 ,,cooking1 ,,serving ,,good ,,cooking ,,food ,,charts ,,digestion ,,charts ,,table ,,of ,,weights ,,and ,,measures ,,purchase ,,of ,,food ,,grocery ,,list ,,the ,,steward ,,commissary ,,department ,,the ,,cook ,,list ,,of ,,foods ,,week ,,of ,,menus ,a ,,few ,,hints ,,table ,,etiquette ,,grace ,,at ,,meals ,,serving ,,dish ,,washing ,we may live without friends1 we may live without books1 ,but civilized man cannot live without cooks4 ,good ,cooking ,the normal boy sums up life in two words of three letters each3 ,f-u-n and ,e-a-t4 ,as long as there is plenty of fun and plenty to eat1 he thinks life is worth living1 and he is not so far from the truth1 for it is only when the fun of living dies within us1 and our digestive apparatus refuses to do its function that we become of all men most miserable4 ,a boy will put up with all sorts of inconvenience but rebels at once at poor food and bad cooking4 ,the good nature1 congenial atmosphere1 and contentedness of camp life is largely due to good cooking4 ,economize in every other way1 but think twice before cheap cooks are employed or a cheap grade of food purchased4 ,illustration3 ,where ,they ,eat to ,live ,a good cook will economize1 he knows what to do with left-overs and how to prepare menus of variety4 ,the quantity of swill soon reveals the worth of the cook4 ,in a large camp a hundred dollars may easily find its way into the garbage can because of cheap cooks and poor food4 ,a growing boy demands relatively more of the tissue-building kind of food than a grown person1 because the body is being built up4 ,when the full stature is reached the tissue-building part of the food is only required to take the place of that worn out each day4 ,professor ,atwater has told us that the boy of fifteen or sixteen requires ninety per cent of the food ration of the adult man engaged in moderate muscular work4 ,boys at twelve require seventy per cent4 ,vegetables1 fruits1 cereals1 bread1 nuts and meats furnish the essentials4 ,sugar and fat have only part of them4 ,coffee and tea have no food values except for the milk and sugar added4 ,they tend to check certain normal secretion in the body and should not be used during growth4 ,food ,charts ,the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture publishes a series of fifteen food charts of exceptional value4 ,leaders and cooks will find them helpful in providing and planning the food for the boys4 ,boys will be interested in the information given and the attractive form of presentation4 ,the set costs #a4jj4 ,send to ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the following table is a condensation of the facts given on the charts1 and will help in planning menus3 ,prepared by ,c4 ,f4 ,,langworthy4 ,expert in charge of ,nutrition ,investigation4 ,carbohy- ,calories ,chart #a ,protein ,fat drates ,ash ,water per ,whole milk #c4c #d4j #e4j #j4g #hg4j #caj ,skim milk #c4d #j4c #e4a #j4g #ij4e #afe ,buttermilk #c4j #j4e #d4h #j4g #ia4j #afj ,cream #b4e #ah4e #d4e #b4e #gd4j #hfe ,chart #b ,whole egg #ad4h #aj4e --- #a4j #gc4g #gjj ,egg white #ac4j #j4b --- #j4f #hf4b #bfe ,egg yolk #af4a #cc4c --- #a4a #di4e #afjh ,cream cheese #be4i #cc4g #b4d #c4h #cd4b #aiej ,cottage cheese #bj4i #a4j #d4c #a4h #gb4j #eaj ,chart #c 7edible portion of7 ,lamb chop #ag4f #bh4c --- #a4j #ec4a #aedj ,pork #af4i #cj4a --- #a4j #eb4j #aehj ,smoked ham #af4a #ch4h --- #d4h #dj4c #aidj ,beefsteak #ah4f #ah4e --- #a4j #fa4i #aacj ,dried beef #cj4j #f4f --- #i4a #ed4c #hdj ,chart #d ,cod1 lean fish #ae4h #j4d --- #a4b #hb4f #cbe ,cod1 ,salt #ba4e #j4c --- #bd4g #ec4e #daj ,oyster #f4b #a4b #c4g #b4j #hf4i #bce ,smoked herring #cf4d #ae4h --- #ac4b #cd4f #acee ,mackerel1 fat #ah4c #g4a --- #a4b #gc4d #fde ,chart #e ,olive ,oil --- #ajj4j --- --- ---- #djhj ,bacon #i4d #fg4d --- #d4d #ah4h #cjcj ,beef suet #d4g #ha4h --- #j4c #ac4b #ceaj ,butter #a4j #he4j --- #c4j #aa4j #cdaj ,lard --- #ajj4j --- --- ---- #djhj ,chart #f ,corn #aj4j #d4c #gc4d #a4e #aj4h #ahjj ,wheat #ab4b #a4g #gc4g #a4h #aj4f #agej ,buckwheat #aj4j #b4b #gc4b #b4j #ab4f #afjj ,oat #aa4h #e4j #fi4b #c4j #aa4j #agbj ,rice #h4j #b4j #gg4j #a4j #ab4j #agbj ,rye #ab4b #a4e #gc4i #a4i #aj4e #agej ,chart #g ,white bread #i4b #a4c #ec4a #a4a #ce4c #abae ,whole wh bread #i4g #j4i #di4g #a4c #ch4d #aadj ,oat breakfast food 7cooked7 #b4h #j4e #aa4e #j4g #hd4e #bhe ,toasted bread #aa4e #a4f #fa4b #a4g #bd4j #adbj ,cornbread #g4i #d4g #df4c #b4b #ch4i #abje ,macaroni #c4j #a4e #ae4h #a4c #gh4d #dae ,chart #h ,sugar1 granulated --- #ajj4j --- ---- #ahfj ,molasses #b4d --- #fi4c #c4b #be4a #abij ,stick candy --- --- #if4e #j4e #c4j #aghe ,maple sugar --- --- #hb4h #j4i #af4c #aedj ,honey #j4d --- #ha4b #j4b #ah4b #aebj ,chart #i ,parsnip #a4f #j4e #ac4e #a4d #hc4j #bcj ,onion #a4f #j4c #i4i #j4f #hg4f #bbe ,potato #b4b #j4a #ah4d #a4j #gh4c #che ,celery #a4a --- #c4d #a4j #id4e #h ,carbohy- ,fuel ,value ,chart #aj ,protein ,fat drates ,ash ,water ,calories per ,shelled beans4 fresh #i4d #j4f #bi4a #b4j #eh4i #gdj ,navy beans1 dry #bb4e #a4h #ei4f #c4e #ab4f #afjj ,string beans1 green #b4c #j4c #g4d #j4h #hi4b #aie ,corn1 green #c4a #a4a #ai4g #j4g #ge4d #ejj ,chart #aa ,apple7edible portion7 #j4d #j4e #ad4b #j4c #hd4f #bij ,fried fig #d4c #j4c #gd4b #b4d #ah4h #adge ,strawberry #a4j #j4f #g4d #j4f #ij4d #ahj ,banana #a4c #j4f #bb4j #j4h #ge4c #dfj ,chart #ab ,grapes7edible portion7#a4c #a4f #ai4b #j4e #gg4d #dej ,raisins #b4f #c4c #gf4a #c4d #ad4f #afje ,canned fruit #a4a #j4a #ba4a #j4e #gg4b #dae ,fruit jelly --- --- #gh4c #j4g #ba4j #adee ,grape juice #j4b --- #g4d #j4b #ib4b #aej ,chart #ac ,walnut #af4f #fc4d #af4a #a4d #b4e #cbhe ,chestnut #aj4g #g4j #gd4b #b4b #e4i #ahge ,peanut #be4h #ch4f #bb4d #b4j #i4b #bejj ,peanut butter #bi4c #df4e #ag4a #e4j #b4a #bhbe ,coconut1 desiccated #f4c #eg4d #ca4e #a4c #c4e #caba ,illustration3 ,chart #ad ,functions and ,uses of ,food2 ,constituent of ,food ,chart #ae ,,dietary ,,standard ,,for ,,man ,,in ,,full ,,vigor ,,at ,,moderate ,,muscular ,,work ,protein ,energy ,condition ,considered ,grams ,calories ,food as purchased #aae #c1hjj ,food eaten #ajj #c1ejj ,food digested #ie #c1bjj ,,estimated ,,amount ,,of ,,mineral ,,matter ,,required ,,per ,,man ,,per ,,day ,grams ,phosphoric acid 7,p#b,o#e7 #c to #d ,calcium oxid #j4g to #a4j ,sulphuric acid 7,,so#c7 #b to #c4e ,magnesium oxid #j4c to #j4e ,potassium oxid #b to #c ,iron #j4jjf to #j4jab ,sodium oxid #d to #f ,clorin #f to #h ,time required for ,digestion of various ,foods3 ,hrs4 ,min4 ,apples1 sweet #a #cj ,apples1 sour #b ,beans1 pod1 boiled #b #cj ,beef1 fresh1 rare roasted #c ,beef1 dried #c #cj ,beets1 boiled #c #de ,bread1 wheat1 fresh #c #dj ,bread corn #c #ae ,butter 7melted7 #c #cj ,cabbage1 raw1 with vinegar #b ,cabbage1 boiled #d #cj ,cheese #c #cj ,codfish #b ,custard1 baked #b #de ,ducks1 wild1 roasted #d #cj ,eggs1 fresh1 soft boiled #c ,eggs1 fresh1 hard boiled #c #cj ,eggs1 fresh1 fried #c #cj ,lamb1 fresh1 boiled #b #cj ,milk1 raw #b #ae ,milk1 boiled #b ,parsnips1 boiled #b #cj ,mutton1 roast #c #ae ,mutton1 boiled #c ,mutton1 broiled #c ,pork1 roast #e #ae ,potato1 boiled #c #cj ,potato1 baked #b #cj ,rice1 boiled #a ,sago1 boiled #a #de ,salmon1 boiled #d ,soup1 beef1 vegetable #d ,soup1 chicken #c ,tapioca1 boiled #b ,trout1 boiled or fried #a #cj ,turnips1 boiled #c #cj ,veal1 fresh1 boiled #d ,food naturally falls into four classes4 ,potatoes and grains furnish starches4 ,the starchy foods are heat and force producers4 ,eggs1 meats1 nuts1 milk1 dried beans1 peas and lentils furnish nitrogen1 and are flesh and muscle producers4 ,butter1 oil1 lard1 and fatty meats supply fats4 ,sugar1 molasses1 honey1 fruit1 etc41 furnish sugar4 ,starchy foods should be cooked at a high temperature and either boiled or baked2 nitrogenous and fatty foods at lower temperature1 prolonging the time4 ,meats are much better broiled1 roasted1 or stewed than fried4 ,vegetables should be steamed or baked so that the juices may not be wasted4 ,veal and pork 7except ham and bacon7 should have no place in the menu of a boys' summer camp4 ,both require from four to five hours and fifteen minutes to digest4 ,study carefully the above tables and then plan your meals intelligently4 ,table of ,approximate ,weights and ,measures ,three teaspoonfuls one tablespoon4 ,four tablespoonfuls one wine glass4 ,two wine glasses one gill4 ,two gills one tumbler or cup4 ,two cupfuls one pint4 ,one quart sifted flour one pound4 ,one quart granulated sugar one pound1 nine ounces4 ,one pint closely packed butter one pound4 ,three cupfuls sugar one pound4 ,five cupfuls sifted flour one pound4 ,one tablespoonful salt one ounce4 ,seven tablespoonfuls granulated sugar one half pint4 ,twelve tablespoonfuls flour one pint4 ,three coffee cupfuls one quart4 ,ten eggs one pound4 ,buying ,food ,the purchase of food is an important item of expense in operating a boys' camp1 large or small4 ,if the camp is a large one1 one hundred or more boys1 and you have a good-sized refrigerator and storehouse1 always purchase in bulk form from a wholesale firm4 ,canned goods1 such as peas1 tomatoes1 corn1 and apples1 buy in gallon cans in case lots and save cost of extra tin and labels4 ,cocoa may be purchased in five-pound cans4 ,condensed milk 7unsweetened7 in #bj-ounce cans4 ,flour and sugar by the barrel4 ,beans by the bushel4 ,butter by the firkin#a4 ,for instance1 a good heavy #bjj-pound hind quarter of beef will furnish a roast beef dinner1 a steak breakfast1 a meat stew supper1 a meat hash breakfast1 and a good thick soup full of nourishment from the bones4 ,the suet may be rendered into lard4 ,there will be no waste1 and you get the very best of meat4 ,buy lamb whole and fowl cleaned1 and eggs by the crate4 ,keep an accurate inventory1 also the cost of foods4 ,it will be found interesting to make a resume of food at the end of each season1 listing quantities1 costs1 and amounts used each day and ascertain the actual cost per day for each boy4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,about #a_/d of a barrel or #i gallons 7#cd liters74 ,the following ,grocery ,list is for a large camp1 but it will serve also to form the basis of providing for small camps3 ,cocoa ,coffee ,sugar 7granulated7 ,beans1 yellow ,beans1 red kidney ,tapioca ,rice ,oatmeal 7in bulk7 ,cornmeal ,toasted ,corn ,flakes ,cream of ,wheat ,shredded ,wheat ,salt 7table7 ,salt 7rock7 ,pepper1 black ,ginger ,cloves ,soda ,cinnamon ,baking ,powder ,cream of ,tartar ,magic yeast ,raisins 7seeded7 ,currants ,flour ,graham flour ,corn starch ,gelatin ,figs ,prunes ,evaporated fruits ,codfish cakes ,macaroni ,crackers ,ginger ,snaps ,pilot ,biscuits ,extracts3 ,vanilla1 ,lemon ,kitchen ,boquet 7for gravy7 ,chocolate cake ,lemons ,olive ,oil ,vinegar ,lard ,butter ,eggs ,onions ,potatoes ,sapolio soap ,gold ,dust ,laundry soap ,mustard 7dry7 ,mustard 7prepared in mugs72 ,chow ,chow ,pickles ,piccalilli2 ,chili ,sauce ,bacon ,ham ,dried beef ,salt pork ,cheese ,matches ,candles ,kerosene oil ,lantern wicks ,chloride of ,lime4 ,,canned ,,goods ,corn2 ,sliced peaches2 ,tomatoes2 ,shredded pineapple2 ,peas2 ,strawberries2 ,lima beans2 ,clams 7for chowder72 ,beets2 ,condensed milk 7unsweetened72 ,apples2 ,salmon2 ,plums2 ,the ,steward ,a reliable person should be in charge of the food supplies4 ,in some camps he is called the ,steward4 ,he will see that the supply is sufficient1 arrange the menus in consultation with the ,chef1 keep his storeroom neat and scrupulously clean4 ,as a matter of record and for the purpose of ascertaining cost of feeding the boys1 a number of camps keep a daily record like the illustrated form4 ,the ,cook ,the cook is the keynote of happiness or unhappiness4 ,get a good cook1 professionally and morally1 one who understands that he is not in camp for a vacation4 ,a capable cook will take care of fifty boys without any assistance1 except what help the boys may render in the preparation of vegetables4 ,for years two cooks have looked after the meals of #age to #bjj boys in the camps conducted each season by the writer4 ,the wages of the head cook or chef range from two to three dollars and fifty cents a day4 ,some camps secure cooks from the hotels and restaurants1 others from the lumber camps4 ,no matter where he is secured1 be sure that he is clean1 in person1 in habits1 and in speech4 ,do not permit boys to loaf about the kitchen4 ,in the planning of menus1 food value and variety must be considered4 ,the following represents the staple articles of food for a boys' camp4 ,illustration3 ,,commissary ,,department ,,camp ,,becket ,,suggested ,,list ,,of ,,dishes ,,for ,,boys' ,,camps ,breakfast ,fruit3 ,bananas1 raspberries1 blueberries1 cantaloupes1 apples1 stewed prunes1 applesauce1 baked apples1 stewed apples1 stewed apricots1 stewed figs4 ,cereals3 ,oatmeal1 ,shredded ,wheat1 ,cream of ,wheat1 ,toasted ,corn ,flakes2 corn meal mush and milk1 ,hominy ,grits1 ,puffed ,rice1 ,wheatlets4 ,eggs3 ,fried1 boiled1 scrambled1 omelette1 poached on toast4 ,meats and ,fish3 ,bacon1 meat hash1 meat stew1 chopped meat on toast1 codfish cakes1 creamed codfish1 fried fresh fish1 creamed dried beef1 fresh sausage4 ,vegetables3 ,potatoes-,baked1 creamed1 mashed1 browned1 ,german fried2 baked beans4 ,drinks3 ,cocoa1 milk1 coffee 7only occasionally71 pure water4 ,bread3 ,toasted bread1 corn bread1 muffins1 biscuits1 hot cakes4 ,dinner ,soups3 ,old-fashioned vegetable soup1 bean soup1 clam or fish chowder1 corn chowder4 ,thick soups are preferable for camps4 ,meats3 ,roasts--beef1 lamb1 chicken4 ,stews---beef1 lamb1 ,steak1 ,fricassee of chicken1 fricassee of lamb1 haricot of lamb1 pot roast of beef1 ,hamburg steak1 corned beef1 boiled ham1 meat pie4 ,fish3 ,baked1 fried1 boiled2 escalloped salmon1 salmon croquettes4 ,vegetables3 ,potatoes--mashed1 boiled1 ,french fried1 browned4 ,cabbage4 ,corn--stewed1 escalloped1 corn pie1 corn on cob4 ,peas-- creamed with carrots4 ,lima beans4 ,summer squash4 ,tomatoes-- stewed1 escalloped1 au gratin with tomatoes4 ,apple sauce1 creamed onions2 cabbage slaw4 ,greens-spinach1 beet tops4 ,desserts3 ,ice ,cream-vanilla1 chocolate1 strawberry 7preserved71 raspberry1 lemon1 coffee1 caramel1 peach1 pineapple 7shredded71 orange1 lemon4 ,sherbet--lemon1 orange1 pineapple1 raspberry4 ,rice pudding1 plain with fruit sauce1 rice with raisins4 ,tapioca pudding with apples or fruit4 ,bread pudding4 ,cottage pudding1 lemon sauce or fruit sauce4 ,banana pudding4 ,sliced peaches with cream4 ,pie-apple1 blueberry1 blackberry4 ,cornstarch pudding4 ,supper ,cereals3 ,cream of ,wheat1 mush and milk1 ,shredded ,wheat4 ,cold ,dishes3 ,sliced beef1 ham1 corned beef1 potato salad1 ,cabbage slaw1 pressed meats4 ,hot ,dishes3 ,irish stew1 meat croquettes1 frankfurters1 potato cakes1 baked beans1 thick soups1 stewed kidney beans4 ,potatoes--baked1 fried1 creamed4 ,creamed salmon with peas2 codfish2 macaroni and cheese2 potato hash4 ,desserts3 ,prunes1 stewed apples1 stewed apricots1 fresh fruits1 stewed pears1 stewed figs4 ,cakes3 ,gingerbread1 sweetbread1 cookies4 ,relishes3 ,pickles beets1 chow chow1 piccalilli1 watermelon spiced4 ,drinks3 ,lemonade1 iced tea1 cocoa1 hot milk4 ,local geographical conditions will suggest a variety of dishes4 ,there should be plenty of milk to drink1 and good bread and butter4 ,cake and fancy dishes are not necessary4 ,the bill of fare should be an elastic one4 ,when the day is cold and dreary1 hot chowders1 soups1 cocoa1 etc41 should be served4 ,on a warm day1 lemonade and cold dishes are desirable4 ,every camp should1 if possible1 have its own ice-cream freezer1 as ice-creams1 sherbets1 and water ices are not only healthy but inexpensive4 ,an occasional delicacy is desirable4 ,canned shredded pineapple1 strawberries and sliced peaches make excellent sherbets and ice cream4 ,in one camp chicken and ice cream are served every ,sunday dinner4 ,a ,sample ,week of ,menus ,,monday ,,breakfast ,oatmeal ,fried potatoes ,cocoa ,cream of tartar biscuits4 ,,dinner ,irish stew ,boiled potatoes ,green corn on cob ,apple tapioca ,bread and butter4 ,,supper ,fried eggs ,prunes ,sweet cake ,bread and butter ,cocoa4 ,,tuesday ,,breakfast ,toasted ,cornflakes ,fish cakes ,corn bread ,cocoa4 ,,dinner ,beef steak ,mashed potatoes ,peas ,corn starch pudding ,bread and butter4 ,,supper ,vegetable soup ,stewed figs ,gingerbread ,bread and butter4 ,,wednesday ,,breakfast ,cream of ,wheat ,meat hash ,cocoa ,bread and butter4 ,,dinner ,roast lamb ,tomato sauce ,boiled potatoes ,lemon sherbet ,bread and butter4 ,,supper ,creamed fish ,apple sauce ,sweet cake ,bread and butter4 ,,thursday ,,breakfast ,shredded ,wheat ,baked potatoes ,creamed codfish ,bread and butter ,cocoa4 ,,dinner ,boiled beef ,mashed potatoes ,corn starch ,pudding with ,strawberry sauce4 ,,supper ,creamed dried beef ,apple sauce ,gingerbread ,bread and ,butter4 ,,friday ,,breakfast ,oatmeal ,codfish cakes ,bread and butter ,cocoa4 ,,dinner ,fried weak fish ,stewed tomatoes ,boiled potatoes ,vanilla ice cream4 ,,supper ,vegetable soup ,bread and butter ,sweet cake4 ,,saturday ,,breakfast ,puffed ,rice ,fried eggs ,bread and butter ,cocoa4 ,,dinner ,escalloped salmon ,rice ,boiled ,tomatoes ,cucumbers ,bread and butter4 ,,supper ,boston baked beans ,tomato catsup ,sweetbread4 ,,sunday ,,breakfast ,cream of ,wheat ,bananas ,fried mush and maple syrup ,coffee4 ,,dinner ,roast chicken ,creamed onions ,mashed potatoes ,pineapple sherbet ,bread and butter4 ,,supper ,cold beef ,apple sauce ,sweet cake ,bread and butter4 ,serving ,each table is provided with meat platter1 vegetable dishes1 bread plate1 butter dish1 sugar bowl1 milk pitcher1 water pitcher1 salt and pepper shakers1 etc4 ,the only need of a waiter is to bring the food to the tables and replenish the dishes4 ,each boy takes his turn at waiting4 ,if there are seven boys in a tent1 a boy serves one day in seven4 ,he usually sits at the right side of the leader and eats his meal with the others4 ,this does away with a second or waiter table4 ,by this system you avoid the tendency to smartness and roughness4 ,each leader is careful to see that food is not wasted at his table1 that decency and order is preserved1 and wholesome conversation and pleasantries indulged in during the meal1 as an aid to good digestion4 ,dishwashing ,some camps pay for all work done and give boys more freedom1 but experience has clearly proven that the successful camp is the one where boys all have responsibility and definite duties to perform4 ,dishwashing is never attractive4 ,it may be made less irksome by carefully systematizing the work4 ,there are several ways4 ,one way is that of having each boy wash his own dishes1 working a tent at a time4 ,a number of tubs of hot1 soapy water are provided for washing1 and several extra tubs filled with very hot water for rinsing4 ,at a signal from the ,camp ,director or person in charge1 each table of boys by rotation passes from the dining room with the dishes to these tubs and each boy proceeds to do his own dishwashing and rinsing and drying4 ,another way is to provide two good-sized dish-pans for each table1 and assign two boys to do the dish-washing for the day4 ,the dishes are washed at the tables and stowed away in a closet1 each table having its own closet4 ,another way is to purchase a good dish-washing machine1 like that made by the ,fearless ,dishwashing ,co41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 7,cost1 #ajj71 and install it in the kitchen4 ,this plan is in operation at ,camp ,dudley and ,camp ,hayo-,went-,ha4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,hayo-,went-,ha dishwashing ,cleanliness must be insisted upon4 ,never leave anything unwashed until it is used again4 ,the eating from dirty and greasy plates1 forks1 knives1 and spoons will result in disease4 ,no matter what system you use1 do not let down on dirty dishes4 ,a ,,few ,,hints ,soup ,soup makes the soldier1 said ,napoleon ,i4 ,bones should never be thrown away1 but cracked and placed in stock pot1 covered with water and let simmer4 ,this makes stock which is the foundation of all soup4 ,all green vegetables should be washed well in cold water and put in boiling salted water1 and boiled slowly until tender4 ,all white and underground vegetables should be cooked in boiling unsalted water1 the salt being added at the last moment4 ,potatoes take from twenty to thirty minutes to boil4 ,in boiling and roasting allow about a quarter of an hour for every pound of meat4 ,the fire should be medium hot4 ,boiled fish should be cooked ten minutes to each pound4 ,water ,water is the only true beverage4 ,forming as it does three-quarters of the weight of the human body1 it is of next importance to the air we breathe4 ,milk is a food and not a beverage4 ,onions ,peel or slice onions in water and you will not shed tears4 ,egg ,test ,to test the freshness of an egg1 drop into cold water4 ,if the egg sinks quickly it is fresh1 if it stands on end it is doubtful1 and quite bad if it floats4 ,the shell of a fresh egg looks dull2 a stale one is glossy4 ,mending ,pots ,a pot may be mended by making a paste of flour1 salt and fine wood ashes4 ,plaster it on where the leak is and let it dry before using4 ,table ,etiquette ,a mother complained that her boy1 after being in camp for two weeks1 returned home speaking a new language1 particularly at the dining table4 ,if he wanted milk1 he called for cow1 butter was goat1 biscuits were sinkers1 meat was corpse1 and there were several other terms and phrases peculiar to camp life4 ,he had to learn all over the ways of decency and reasonable table refinement4 ,there is no plausible reason why this should be so in a boys' camp4 ,grabbing of food1 yelling for food1 upsetting of liquids1 and table rough-house will be largely prevented by the system of seating and of serving4 ,the most satisfactory way is to seat by tent groups4 ,have as many tables as you have tents4 ,let each tent leader preside at the head of his table1 and serve the food in family style4 ,the leader serves the food1 and sees that the boys observe the same delightful table life in camp as at home4 ,grace at ,meals ,grace should be said before each meal1 either silently or audibly4 ,in the morning the hymn on the following page is sung by the boys at ,camp ,becket1 followed with bowed heads in silent prayer3 ,,morning ,,prayer ,,hymn ,,for ,,boys' ,,camps ,to be sung at morning meal ,words and ,music by ,h4 ,w4 ,gibbon4 ,illustration3 ,music ,morning ,gracious ,giver of all good1 ,thee we thank for rest and food4 ,grant that all we do or say ,in ,thy service be this day4 ,noon ,father for this noonday meal ,we would speak the praise we feel1 ,health and strength we have from ,thee1 ,help us1 ,lord1 to faithful be4 ,night ,tireless guardian of our way1 ,thou hast kept us well this day4 ,while we thank ,thee1 we request ,care continued1 pardon1 rest4 -,camp ,wawayanda4 ,illustration3 ,forest scene ,go abroad upon the paths of ,nature1 ,and when all its voices whisper1 and its silent things ,are breathing the deep beauty of the world-- ,kneel at its ample altar4-,bryant4 ,,chapter ,x--,,the ,,camp ,,fire ,,how ,,to ,,build ,a ,,camp ,,fire ,,prevent ,,spread ,,of ,,fire ,,forest ,,fire ,,laws ,,how ,,to ,,light ,a ,,fire ,,story ,,telling ,,marshmallow ,,toasts ,,and ,,corn ,,roasts ,a ,,story1 ,,how ,,men ,,found ,,the ,,great ,,spirit ,there is an impalpable1 invisible1 softly stepping delight in the camp fire which escapes analysis4 ,enumerate all its charms1 and still there is something missing in your catalogue4 --,w4 ,c4 ,gray in ,camp ,fire ,musings4 ,i cannot conceive of a camp that does not have a big fire6 ,our city houses do not have it1 not even a fireplace4 ,the fireplace is one of the greatest schools the imagination has ever had or ever can have4 ,it is moral1 and it always gives a tremendous stimulus to the imagination1 and that is why stories and fire go together4 ,you cannot tell a good story unless you tell it before a fire4 ,you cannot have a complete fire unless you have a good story-teller along4 #a ,anyone who has witnessed a real camp fire and participated in its fun1 as well as seriousness1 will never forget it4 ,the huge fire shooting up its tongue of flame into the darkness of the night1 the perfect shower of golden rain1 the company of happy boys1 and great1 dark background of piney woods1 the weird light over all1 the singing1 the yells1 the stories1 the fun1 then the serious word at the close1 is a happy experience long to be remembered4 ,footnote #a3 ,dr4 ,g4 ,stanley ,hall1 ,camp ,conference ,report1 p4 #dj4 ,to ,build a ,fire ,there are ways and ways of building camp fires4 ,an old ,indian saying runs1 ,white man heap fool1 make um big fire--can't git near6 ,injun make um little fire--git close6 ,uh6 good6 ,make it a service privilege for a tent of boys to gather wood and build the fire4 ,this should be done during the afternoon4 ,two things are essential in the building of a fire--kindling and air4 ,a fire must be built systematically4 ,first1 get dry1 small dead branches1 twigs1 fir branches and other inflammable material4 ,place these upon the ground4 ,be sure that air can draw under the pile and up through it4 ,next place some heavier branches in tripod form over the kindling1 then good-sized sticks1 and so on until you have built the camp fire the required size4 ,in many camps it is considered an honor to light the fire4 ,kerosene oil may be poured upon the kindling1 or old newspapers used in lighting the fire4 ,caution ,an interesting account of ,how to ,build a ,fire by ,rubbing ,sticks1 by ,ernest ,thompson-,seton1 will be found in ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 page #hd4 ,be sure to use every precaution to prevent the spreading of fire4 ,this may be done by building a circle of stone around the fire1 or by digging up the earth1 or by wetting a space around the fire4 ,always have buckets of water near at hand4 ,things to remember3 ,first1 ,it is criminal to leave a burning fire2 ,second1 ,always put out the fire with water or earth4 ,state ,laws ,be sure to get a copy of the law of your ,state regarding ,forest ,fires1 and if a permit is necessary1 secure it before building a fire4 ,to ,light a ,match ,kephart1 in his book on ,camping and ,woodcraft 7page #hh71 says1 ,when there is nothing dry to strike it on1 jerk the head of the match forward through the teeth4 ,face the wind4 ,cup your hands1 backs toward wind4 ,remove right hand just long enough to strike match on something very close by1 then instantly resume former position4 ,flame of match will run up the stick instead of blowing away from it4 ,story-,telling ,the camp fire is a golden opportunity for the telling of stories--good stories told well4 ,indian legends1 war stories1 ghost stories1 detective stories1 stories of heroism1 the history of fire1 a talk about the stars4 ,don't drag out the telling of a story4 ,talk it in boy language4 ,avoid technical terms4 ,make the story live4 ,college songs always appeal to boys4 ,let some leader start up a song in a natural way1 and soon you will have a chorus of unexpected melody and harmony4 ,as the fire dies down1 let the songs be of a more quiet type1 like ,my ,old ,kentucky ,home1 and ballads of similar nature4 ,roast ,delight ,when the embers are glowing is the time for toasting marshmallows4 ,get a long stick sharpened to a point1 fasten a marshmallow on the end1 hold it over the embers1 not in the blaze1 until the marshmallow expands4 ,oh1 the deliciousness of it6 ,ever tasted one8 ,before roasting corn on the cob1 tie the end of each husk firmly with string4 ,soak in water for about an hour4 ,then put into the hot embers4 ,the water prevents the corn from burning and the firmly tied husks enable the corn to be steamed and the real corn flavor is retained4 ,in about twenty minutes the corn may be taken from the fire and eaten4 ,have a bowl of melted butter and salt on hand4 ,also a pastry brush to spread the melted butter upon the corn4 ,try it4 ,a ,good ,story ,for an example of a good story to be told around the camp fire1 this ,indian tale by ,professor ,h4 ,m4 ,burr1 of the ,springfield ,training ,school1 is given3 ,,how ,,men ,,found ,,the ,,great ,,spirit ,in the olden time1 when woods covered all the earth except the deserts and the river bottoms1 and men lived on the fruits and berries they found and the wild animals which they could shoot or snare2 when they dressed in skins and lived in caves1 there was little time for thought4 ,but as men grew stronger and more cunning and learned how to live together1 they had more time to think and more mind to think with4 ,men had learned many things4 ,they had learned that cold weather followed hot1 and spring followed winter1 and that the sun got up in the morning and went to bed at night4 ,they saw that the great water was kindly when the sun shone1 but when the sun hid its face and the wind blew upon it1 it grew black and angry and upset their canoes4 ,they found that knocking flints together or rubbing dry sticks would light the dry moss and that the flames1 which would bring back summer in the midst of winter and day in the midst of night1 were hungry and must be fed1 and when they escaped devoured the woods and only the water could stop them4 ,these and many other things men learned1 but no one knew why it all was or how it came to be4 ,men began to wonder--and that was the beginning of the path which led to the ,great ,spirit4 ,in the ages when men began to wonder there was born a boy whose name was ',wo1' which meant in the language of his time ',whence4' ,as he lay in his mother's arms1 she loved him and wondered1 ',his body is of my body1 but from whence comes the life--the spirit which is like mine and yet not like it8' ,and his father1 seeing the wonder in the mother's eyes1 said3 ',whence came he from8' ,and there was no one to answer1 and so they called him ',wo1' to remind them that they knew not from whence he came4 ,as ,wo grew up1 he was stronger and swifter of foot than any of his tribe4 ,he became a mighty hunter4 ,he knew the ways of all the wild things1 and could read the signs of the season4 ,as he grew older they made him a chief and listened while he spoke at the council board1 but ,wo was not satisfied4 ,his name was a question1 and questioning filled his mind4 ,from whence did he come8 ,whither was he going8 ,why did the sun rise and set8 ,why did life burst into leaf and flower with the coming of the spring8 ,why did the child become a man and the man grow old and die8 ,the mystery grew upon him as he pondered4 ,in the morning he stood on a mountain top and1 stretching out his hands1 cried3 ',whence8' ,at night he cried to the moon3 ',whither8' ,he listened to the soughing of the trees and the song of the brook and tried to learn their language4 ,he peered eagerly into the eyes of little children1 and tried to read the mystery of life4 ,he listened at the still lips of the dead1 waiting for them to tell him whither they had gone4 ,he went about among his fellows silent and absorbed1 always looking for the unseen and listening for the unspoken4 ,he sat so long silent at the council board that the elders questioned him4 ,to their questioning he replied1 like one awakening from a dream3 ',our fathers since the beginning have trailed the beasts of the woods4 ,there is none so cunning as the fox1 but we can trail him to his lair4 ,though we are weaker than the great bear and buffalo1 yet by our wisdom we overcome them4 ,the deer is more swift of foot1 but by craft we overtake him4 ,we cannot fly like a bird1 but we snare the winged one with a hair4 ,we have made ourselves many cunning inventions by which the beasts1 the trees1 the wind1 the water1 and the fire become our servants4 ',then we speak great swelling words3 ,how great and wise we are6 ,there is none like us in the air1 in the wood1 or in the water6 ',but the words are false4 ,our pride is like that of a partridge drumming on his log in the wood before the fox leaps upon him4 ,our sight is like that of the mole burrowing under the ground4 ,our wisdom is like a drop of dew upon the grass4 ,our ignorance is like the great water which no eye can measure4 ',our life is like a bird coming out of the dark1 fluttering for a heart-beat in the tepee and then going forth into the dark again4 ,no one can tell us whence it comes or whither it goes4 ,i have asked the wise men1 and they cannot answer2 ,i have listened to the voice of the trees and wind and water1 but ,i do not know their tongue2 ,i have questioned the sun and the moon and the stars1 but they are silent4 ',but to-day1 in the silence before the darkness gives place to light1 ,i seemed to hear a still small voice within my breast1 saying to me3 ,wo1 the questioner1 rise up like the stag from his lair2 away1 alone1 to the mountain of the sun4 ,there thou shalt find that which thou seekest4 ',i go1 but if ,i fall by the trail another will take it up4 ,if ,i find the answer ,i will return4' ,waiting for none1 ,wo left the council of his tribe and went his way toward the mountain of the sun4 ,for six days he made his way through the trackless woods1 guided by the sun by day and the stars by night4 ,on the seventh he came to the great mountain--the mountain of the sun--on whose top1 according to the tradition of his tribe1 the sun rested each night4 ,all day long he climbed1 saying to himself3 ',i will sleep to-night in the tepee of the sun and he will tell me whence ,i come and whither ,i go4' ,but as he climbed the sun seemed to climb higher and higher4 ,as he neared the top a cold cloud settled like a night bird on the mountain4 ,chilled and faint with hunger and fatigue1 ,wo struggled on4 ,just at sunset he reached the top of the mountain1 but it was not the mountain of the sun1 for many days' journey to the west the sun was sinking in the ,great ,water4 ,a bitter cry broke from ,wo's parched lips4 ,his long trail was useless4 ,there was no answer to his questions4 ,the sun journeyed farther and faster than men dreamed1 and of wood and waste and water there was no end4 ,overcome with misery and weakness1 he fell upon a bed of moss with his back toward the sunset and the unknown4 ,and ,wo slept1 although it was unlike any sleep he had ever known before1 and as he slept he dreamed4 ,he was alone upon the mountain waiting for the answer4 ,a cloud covered the mountain1 but all was silent4 ,a mighty wind rent the cloud and rushed roaring through the crags1 but there was no voice in the wind4 ,thunder pealed1 lightning flashed1 but he whom ,wo sought was not there4 ,in the hush that followed the storm ,wo heard a voice low and quiet1 but in it all the sounds of earth and sky seemed to mingle--the song of the bird1 the whispering of the trees1 and the murmuring of the brook4 ',wo1 ,i am ,he whom thou seekest2 ,i am the ,great ,spirit2 ,i am the ,all-,father4 ,ever since ,i made man of the dust of the earth and so child of the earth and brother to all living1 and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life1 thus making him ,my son1 ,i have waited for a seeker who should find ,me4 ,in the fullness of time thou hast come1 ,wo1 the questioner1 to the ,answerer4 ',thy body is of the earth and to earth returns2 thy spirit is ,mine2 it is given thee for a space to make according to thy will2 then it returns to ,me better or worse for thy making4 ',thou hast found ,me because thy heart was pure and thy search for ,me tireless4 ,go back to thy tribe and be to them the voice of the ,great ,spirit4 ,from henceforth ,i will speak to thee and the seekers that come after thee1 in a thousand voices and appear in a thousand shapes4 ,i will speak in the voices of the wood and streams and of those you love4 ,i will appear to you in the sun by day and the stars by night4 ,when thy people and ,mine are in need and wish for the will of the ,great ,spirit1 then shall ,my spirit brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be ,my words4' ,and ,wo awoke1 facing the east and the rising sun4 ,his body was warmed by its rays4 ,a great gladness filled his soul4 ,he had sought and found1 and prayer came to him like the song to the bird3 ',o ,great ,spirit1 ,father of my spirit1 the sun is ,thy messenger1 but ,thou art brighter than the sun4 ,drive ,thou the darkness before me4 ,be ,thou the light of my spirit4' ,as ,wo went down the mountain and took the journey back to the home of his people his face shone1 and the light never seemed to leave it1 so that men called him ',he of the shining face4' ,when ,wo came back to his tribe1 all who saw his face knew that he had found the answer1 and they gathered again about the council fire to hear4 ,as ,wo stood up and looked into the eager faces in the circle of the fire1 he remembered that the ,great ,spirit had given him no message1 and for a moment he was dumb4 ,then the words of the ,great ,spirit came to him again3 ',when thy people and ,mine shall need to know ,my will1 ,my spirit shall brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be ,my words4' ,looking into the eager faces of longing and questioning1 his spirit moved within him and he spoke3 ',i went1 ,i sought1 ,i found the ,great ,spirit1 who dwells in the earth as your spirits dwell in your bodies4 ,it is from ,him the spirit comes4 ,we are ,his children4 ,he cares for us more than a mother for the child at her breast1 or the father for the son that is his pride4 ,his love is like the air we breathe3 it is about us2 it is within us4 ',the sun is the sign of ,his brightness1 the sky of ,his greatness1 and mother-love and father-love1 and the love of man and woman are the signs of ,his love4 ,we are but children2 we cannot enter into the council of the ,great ,chief until we have been proved1 but this is ,his will1 that we love one another as ,he loves us2 that we bury forever the hatchet of hate2 that no man shall take what is not his own and the strong shall help the weak4' ,the chiefs did not wholly understand the words of ,wo1 but they took a hatchet and buried it by the fire1 saying3 ',thus bury we hate between man and his brother1' and they took an acorn and put it in the earth1 saying3 ',thus plant we the love of the strong for the weak4' ,and it became the custom of the tribe that the great council in the spring should bury the hatchet and plant the acorn4 ,every morning the tribe gathered to greet the rising sun1 and1 with right hands raised and left hands upon their hearts1 prayed3 ',great ,spirit1 hear us2 guide us today2 make our wills ,thy will1 our ways ,thy way4' ,and the tribe grew stronger and greater and wiser than all the other tribes--but that is another story4 --,association ,seminar1 ,december1 #aiaj4 ,,bibliography ,camp-,fire ,musings-,william ,c4 ,gray4 ,fleming ,h4 ,revell ,company1 #a4jj net4 ,a book full of the spirit of the woods and of camp life4 ,,camp-,,fire ,,stories4 ,in ,camp with ,boys--,g4 ,w4 ,hinckley4 ,central ,maine ,pub4 ,co41 #a4jj4 ,the ,shadowless ,man--,adelbert ,von ,chamisso4 ,frederick ,warne ,co41 #a4jj net4 ,mystery and ,detective ,stories1 six volumes4 ,review of ,reviews ,co4 ,illustration3 ,pathfinders 7hikers7 ,,chapter ,,xi--,,tramps1 ,,hikes1 ,,and ,,over-,,night ,,trips ,,an ,,old ,,tramper',s ,,advice ,,map ,,reading ,,shoe ,,wisdom ,,the ,,pack ,,the ,,lean-,,to ,,or ,,shack ,,bed ,,making ,a ,,hot ,,stone ,,wrinkle ,,night ,,watchers ,,observation ,,practice ,,camera ,,snap ,,shots ,,camp ,,lamp ,,handy ,,things ,,to ,,make4 ,afoot and light-hearted ,i take to the open road ,healthy1 free1 the world before me1 ,the long brown path before me leading wherever ,i choose4 -,whitman4 ,an ,old ,tramper's ,advice ,it is an excellent thing for the boys to get away from the camp routine for a few days1 and walk the long brown path1 stopping overnight1 doing their own cooking1 building their lean-to or shelter1 and roughing it4 ,walking is probably one of the best all-round cures for the ills of civilization4 ,several things should be remembered when one goes on a hike4 ,first1 avoid long distances4 ,a foot-weary1 muscle-tired1 and temper-tried1 hungry group of boys surely is not desirable4 ,there are a lot of false notions about courage1 and bravery1 and grit1 that read well in print but fail miserably in practice1 and long hikes for boys is one of the most glaring of these notions4 ,second1 have a leader who will set a good1 easy pace1 say about three miles an hour1 prevent the boys from excessive water drinking1 and assign the duties of pitching camp1 etc4 ,third1 observe these two rules given by an old woodsman3 7#a7 ,never walk over anything you can walk around2 7#b7 ,never step on anything that you can step over4 ,every time you step on anything you lift the weight of your body4 ,why lift extra weight when tramping8 ,fourth1 carry with you only the things absolutely needed1 and roll in blanket and poncho1 army style4 ,map ,reading ,before starting on a hike1 study carefully the road maps4 ,the best maps are those of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 made on a scale of two inches to the mile1 and costing five cents each4 ,the map is published in atlas sheets1 each sheet representing a small quadrangular district4 ,send to the ,superintendent of ,documents1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for a list4 ,illustration3 ,universal ,map ,measure ,a mountaineer in ,tennessee said3 ,we measure miles with a coonskin1 and throw in the tail for good measure4 ,a better way is to purchase the ,universal ,map ,measure1 costing #a4ej 7imported and sold by ,dame1 ,stoddard ,co41 #cgd ,washington ,street1 ,boston1 ,mass471 which accurately measures the distance upon the ,government ,survey ,maps4 ,shoe ,wisdom ,for tramping the boy needs the right kind of a shoe1 or the trip will be a miserable failure4 ,a light-soled or light-built shoe is not suited for mountain work1 or even for an ordinary hike4 ,the feet will blister and become road-weary4 ,they must be neither too big nor too small nor too heavy1 and be amply broad to give the toes plenty of room4 ,the shoe should be water-tight4 ,a medium weight1 high-topped lace shoe is about right4 ,bathing the feet at the springs and streams along the road will be refreshing1 if not indulged in too frequently4 7,see chapter on ,health and ,hygiene for care of the feet and proper way of walking47 ,it is well to carry a spare shirt hanging down the back with the sleeves tied round the neck4 ,change when the shirt you are wearing becomes too wet with perspiration4 ,the ,pack ,the most practical and inexpensive pack is the one manufactured for the ,boy ,scouts of ,america4 ,price1 sixty cents4 ,it is about #ad by #bj inches square1 and #f inches thick1 made of water-proof canvas1 with shoulder straps1 and will easily hold everything needed for a tramping trip4 ,a few simple remedies for bruises1 cuts1 etc41 should be taken along by the leader 7see chapter on ,simple ,remedies74 ,you may not need them1 and some may poke fun at them1 but as the old lady said3 ,you can't always sometimes tell4 ,amount and kind of provisions must be determined by the locality and habitation4 ,illustration3 ,hiking ,pack ,the ,lean-to ,reach the place where you are going to spend the night in plenty of time to build your lean-to1 and make your bed for the night4 ,select your camping spot1 with reference to water1 wood1 drainage1 and material for your lean-to4 ,choose a dry1 level place1 the ground just sloping enough to insure the water running away from your lean-to in case of rain4 ,in building your lean-to1 look for a couple of good trees standing from eight to ten feet apart with branches from six to eight feet above the ground4 ,by studying the illustration below1 you will be able to build a very serviceable shack1 affording protection from the dews and rain4 ,while two or more boys are building the shack1 another should be gathering firewood1 and preparing the meal1 while another should be cutting and bringing in as many soft1 thick tips of hemlock or balsam boughs as possible1 for the roof of the shack and the beds4 ,how to thatch the lean-to is shown in this illustration4 ,if the camp site is to be used for several days1 two lean-tos may be built facing each other1 about six feet apart4 ,this will make a very comfortable camp1 as a small fire can be built between the two1 thus giving warmth and light4 ,illustration3 ,frame of ,lean ,to ,illustration3 ,method of ,thatching4 ,the ,bed ,on the floor of your lean-to lay a thick layer of the fans or branches of balsam fir or hemlock1 with the convex side up1 and the butts of the stems toward the foot of the bed4 ,now thatch this over with more fans by thrusting the butt ends through the first layer at a slight angle toward the head of the bed1 so that the soft tips will curve toward the foot of the bed1 and be sure to make the head of your bed away from the opening of the lean-to and the foot toward the opening4 ,over this bed spread your rubber blanket with rubber side down1 your sleeping blanket on top1 and you will be surprised how soft1 springy1 and fragrant a bed you have1 upon which to rest your weary frame1 and sing with the poet3 ,then the pine boughs croon me a lullaby1 ,and trickle the white moonbeams ,to my face on the balsam where ,i lie ,while the owl hoots at my dreams4 -,j4 ,george ,frederick4 ,what ,god puts in the blood is eliminated slowly and we are all impregnated with a love for the natural life which is irresistible4 ,that was a great saying of the boy who was taken from the city for the first time on an all-night outing4 ,snugly tucked up in his blankets he heard the wind singing in the pines overhead4 ,as the boy looked up1 he asked1 ,wasn't ,god blowing ,his breath down at us8--,dr4 ,lilburn4 ,hot ,stones ,if the night bids fair to be cold1 place a number of stones about six or eight inches in diameter next the fire1 so they will get hot4 ,these can then be placed at the feet1 back1 etc41 as needed1 and will be found good bed warmers4 ,when a stone loses its heat it is replaced near the fire and a hot one is taken4 ,if too hot1 wrap the stone in a shirt or sweater or wait for it to cool off4 ,night ,watchers ,boys desire adventure4 ,this desire may be gratified by the establishment of night watchers1 in relays of two boys every two hours4 ,their imaginations will be stirred by the resistless attraction of the camp-fire and the sound of the creatures that creep at night4 ,observation ,many boys have excellent eyes but see not1 and good ears but hear not1 all because they have not been trained to observe or to be quick to hear4 ,a good method of teaching observation while on a hike or tramp is to have each boy jot down in a small notebook or diary of the trip the different kinds of trees1 birds1 animals1 tracks2 nature of roads1 fences2 peculiar rock formation1 smells of plants1 etc41 and thus be able to tell what he saw or heard to the boys upon his return to the permanent camp or to his home4 ,cameras ,one of the party should take a ,brownie ,no4 #b or small folding kodak4 ,photos of the trip are always a great pleasure and a memory reviver4 ,a practical and convenient method of carrying small folding cameras is described in ,forest and ,stream4 ,a strap with a buckle having been attached to an ordinary leather belt is run through the loops at the back of the camera-case4 ,the camera may be pushed around the belt to the point where it will be least in the way4 ,lamps ,a very convenient lamp to use on a hike is the ,baldwin ,camp ,lamp1 made by ,john ,simmons ,co41 #ac ,franklin ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 7,price1 #a4jj47 ,it weighs only five ounces when fully charged with carbide1 and is but #d-c_/d inches high4 ,it projects a strong light #aej feet through the woods4 ,a stiff wind will not blow it out4 ,it can be worn comfortably in your hat or belt4 ,the ,rocky ,mountain ,searchlight1 made of a discarded tomato can1 a candle1 and a bit of wire for a handle1 is a camp product that will be found to be very useful in an emergency4 ,illustration3 ,rocky ,mountain ,lantern ,the can is carried lengthwise1 with the wire handle run through a hole in the closed end on through the entire length of the can and out the open end4 ,do not wrap the handle wire around the can4 ,it will slip off4 ,two cuts1 crossing each other1 make the candle opening1 with the cut edges bent inward4 ,the candle is pushed upward as it burns down1 the flame being kept in the middle of the can4 ,the cut edges prevent it from falling out until the last hold is melted away4 ,the ,searchlight gives good service when hung in the tent or on a nearby tree1 but is especially valuable in lighting up a rough path on a rainy1 windy night4 ,camp ,hanger ,the camp hanger shown in the illustration can be hung from the ridgepole of the tent1 and is particularly useful when from two to four persons occupy the tent4 ,it can be raised and lowered at will by attaching the hanger to a pulley arrangement4 ,the hanger may be made of wood in any length4 ,ordinary coat hooks are fastened to the side with screws4 ,a common screw-eye is used for the line at the top4 ,a snap hook attached to the rope facilitates its removal at will4 ,a boy of ingenuity can make a number of convenient things4 ,a good drinking cup may be made from a piece of birch bark cut in parallelogram shape1 and twisted into pyramid form1 and fastened with a split stick4 7,see illustrations on opposite page47 ,a flat piece of bark may serve as a plate4 ,a pot lifter may be made from a green stick about #ah inches long1 allowing a few inches of a stout branch to remain4 ,by reversing the same kind of stick and driving a small nail near the other end or cutting a notch1 it may be used to suspend kettles over a fire4 ,a novel candlestick is made by opening the blade of a knife and jabbing it into a tree1 and upon the other upturned blade putting a candle4 ,a green stick having a split end which will hold a piece of bread or meat makes an excellent broiler4 ,don't pierce the bread or meat4 ,driving a good-sized green stake into the ground at an angle of #de degrees and cutting a notch in which may be suspended a kettle over the fire1 will provide a way of boiling water quickly4 ,for suggestions in building a camp-fire and cooking on hikes1 see chapter on ,cooking on ,hikes4 ,the bibliography for the whole subject of ,hikes1 including cooking1 is on page #aec4 ,illustration3 ,birch bark cup1 ,camp fire tongs1 ,camp ,broiler1 ,bark ,plate1 ,a ,novel ,candlestick1 ,pot ,lifter1 ,pot ,hook1 ,to ,boil ,water ,quickly4 ,illustration3 ,extemporaneous ,dining ,,chapter ,,xii--,,cooking ,,on ,,hikes ,,building ,a ,,cooking ,,fire ,,fire ,,by ,,sun ,,glass ,,griddle ,,cakes ,,broiled ,,bacon ,,creamed ,,salmon ,,salmon ,,on ,,toast ,,baked ,,potatoes ,,baked ,,fish ,,frogs' ,,legs ,,eggs ,,coffee ,,cocoa ,,sample ,,menu ,,ration ,,list ,,dish ,,washing ,the ,fireplace ,take two or three stones to build a fireplace2 a stick first shaved and then whittled into shavings2 a lighted match1 a little blaze1 some bark1 dry twigs and a few small sticks added2 then with the griddle placed over the fire1 you are ready to cook the most appetizing griddle cakes4 ,after the cakes are cooked1 fry strips of bacon upon the griddle2 in the surplus fat fry slices of bread1 then some thinly sliced raw potatoes done to a delicious brown and you have a breakfast capable of making the mouth of a camper water4 ,another way of building a fire3 ,place two green logs side by side1 closer together at one end than the other4 ,build fire between4 ,on the logs over the fire you can rest frying pan1 kettle1 etc4 ,to start fire have some light1 dry wood split up fine4 ,when sticks begin to blaze add a few more of larger size and continue until you have a good fire4 ,sun ,glass ,when the sun shines a fire may be started by means of a small pocket sun or magnifying glass4 ,fine scrapings from dry wood or punk tinder will easily ignite by the focusing of the sun dial upon it1 and by fanning the fire and by adding additional fuel1 the fire-builder will soon have a great blaze4 ,,cooking ,,receipts ,griddle ,cakes ,beat together one egg1 tablespoonful of sugar1 cup of new milk1 or condensed milk diluted one-half4 ,mix in enough self-raising flour to make a thick cream batter4 ,grease the griddle with rind or slices of bacon for each batch of cakes4 ,broiled ,bacon ,slice bacon thin4 ,remove the rind which makes the slices curl up4 ,or1 gash the rind with a sharp knife if the boys like cracklings4 ,fry on griddle or put on the sharp end of a stick and hold over the hot coals1 or1 better yet1 remove the griddle and put a clean flat rock in its place4 ,when the rock is hot lay the slices of bacon on it and broil4 ,keep turning the bacon so as to brown it on both sides4 ,cut into dice4 ,creamed ,salmon ,heat about a pint of salmon in one-half pint milk1 season with salt and pepper and a half teaspoonful of butter4 ,salmon on ,toast ,drop slices of stale bread into smoking-hot lard4 ,they will brown at once4 ,drain them4 ,heat a pint of salmon1 picked into flakes1 season with salt and pepper and put into it a tablespoonful of butter4 ,stir in one egg1 beaten light1 with three tablespoonfuls evaporated milk not thinned4 ,pour mixture on the fried bread4 ,potatoes ,wash potatoes and dry well2 bury them deep in a good bed of live coals1 cover them with hot coals until well done4 ,they will take about forty minutes to bake4 ,when you can pass a sharpened hardwood sliver through them1 they are done1 and should be raked out at once4 ,run the sliver through them from end to end1 and let the steam escape and use immediately1 as a roast potato quickly becomes soggy and bitter4 ,baked ,fish ,dig a hole one foot and a half deep4 ,build a fire in it1 heaping up dry sticks until there is an abundance of fuel4 ,after an hour1 take out the coals1 clear the hole of ashes1 lay green corn husks on the hot bottom of the hole4 ,soak brown paper in water and wrap around the fish4 ,lay it in the hole1 cover with green corn husks1 covered in turn with half an inch of earth4 ,build a fire over it and keep burning for an hour4 ,then remove and you have something delicious and worth the time taken to prepare4 ,fried ,fish ,clean fish well4 ,small fish should be fried whole1 with the backbone severed to prevent curling up2 large fish should be cut into pieces1 and ribs cut loose from backbone so as to lie flat in pan4 ,rub the pieces in corn meal or powdered bread crumbs1 thinly and evenly 7that browns them74 ,fry in plenty of very hot fat to a golden brown1 sprinkling lightly with pepper and salt just as the color turns4 ,if fish has not been wiped dry1 it will absorb too much grease4 ,if the frying fat is not very hot when fish are put in they will be soggy with it4 ,frogs' ,legs ,after skinning frogs1 soak them an hour in cold water1 to which vinegar has been added1 or put them for two minutes into scalding water that has vinegar in it4 ,drain1 wipe dry1 and cook4 ,to fry3 ,roll in flour seasoned with salt and pepper1 and fry1 not too rapidly1 preferably in butter or oil4 ,water cress is a good relish with them4 ,to grill3 ,prepare three tablespoonfuls melted butter1 one-half teaspoonful salt1 and a pinch or two of pepper1 into which dip the frog legs1 then roll in fresh bread crumbs and broil for three minutes on each side4 ,,eggs ,boiled ,raise water to boiling point4 ,place eggs in carefully4 ,boil steadily for three minutes if you prefer them soft4 ,if you want them hard-boiled1 put them in cold water1 bring to a boil1 and keep it up for twenty minutes4 ,the yolk will then be mealy and wholesome4 ,fried ,melt some butter or fat in frying pan1 when it hisses drop in eggs carefully4 ,fry them three minutes4 ,scrambled ,first stir the eggs up with a little condensed cream and a pinch of salt and after putting some butter in the frying pan1 stir the eggs in it1 being careful not to cook them too long4 ,poached ,first put in the frying pan sufficient diluted condensed milk which has been thinned with enough water to float the eggs when the milk is hot2 drop in the carefully opened eggs and let them simmer three or four minutes4 ,serve the eggs on slices of buttered toast1 pouring on enough of the milk to moisten the toast4 ,coffee ,for every cup of water allow a tablespoonful of ground coffee1 and one extra for the pot4 ,heat water to boiling point first1 add coffee1 boil five minutes1 settle with one-fourth cup cold water and serve4 ,some prefer to put the coffee in a small muslin bag1 tied loose1 and boil for five minutes longer4 ,cocoa ,allow a teaspoonful of cocoa for every cup of boiling water4 ,mix the powdered cocoa with hot water or hot milk to a creamy paste4 ,add equal parts of boiling water and boiled milk1 and sugar to taste4 ,boil two or three minutes4 ,,sample ,,menu ,,for ,,an ,,over-,,night ,,and ,a ,,day ,,hike ,,or ,,tramp ,breakfast ,griddle cakes with ,karo ,syrup or brown sugar and butter2 ,fried bacon and potatoes2 ,bread1 coffee1 preserves4 ,dinner ,creamed salmon on toast2 ,baked potatoes2 ,bread2 ,pickles2 ,fruit4 ,supper ,fried eggs2 ,creamed or chipped beef2 ,cheese2 ,bread2 ,cocoa ,these recipes have been tried out4 ,biscuit and bread-making have been purposely omitted4 ,take bread and crackers with you from the camp4 ,amateur biscuits are not conducive to good digestion or happiness4 ,pack butter in small jar4 ,cocoa1 sugar and coffee in small cans or heavy paper1 also salt and pepper4 ,wrap bread in a moist cloth to prevent drying up4 ,bacon and dried or chipped beef in wax paper4 ,pickles can be purchased put up in small bottles4 ,use the empty bottle as a candlestick4 ,ration ,list for six boys1 three meals #b lbs4 bacon 7sliced thin71 #a lb4 butter1 #a doz4 eggs1 #a_/b lb4 cocoa1 #a_/b lb4 coffee1 #a lb4 sugar1 #c cans salmon1 #bd potatoes1 #b cans condensed milk1 #a small package self-raising flour1 ,salt and pepper4 ,utensils ,small griddle or tin pie plate 7#e cents each71 ,small stew pan1 ,small coffee pot1 ,small cake turner1 ,large spoon1 ,teaspoons1 ,knives and forks1 ,plates and cups1 ,matches and candles4 ,dish ,washing ,first fill the frying pan with water1 place over fire and let it boil4 ,pour out water and you will find that it has practically cleaned itself4 ,clean the griddle with sand and water4 ,greasy knives and forks may be cleaned by jabbing a couple of times into the ground4 ,after all grease is gotten rid of1 wash in hot water and dry with cloth4 ,don't use the cloth first and get it greasy4 ,be sure to purchase ,horace ,kephart's excellent book on ,camp ,cookery1 #a4jj1 ,outing ,publishing ,co41 or ,association ,press4 ,it is filled with practical suggestions4 ,,bibliography ,camp and ,trail--,stewart ,edward ,white4 ,doubleday1 ,page ,company1 #a4be net4 ,full of common sense and of special value to those contemplating long tramps and wilderness travel4 ,several chapters on ,horseback ,travel ,out-of-,doors--,m4 ,ellsworth ,olsen1 ,ph4,d4 ,pacific ,press ,publishing ,co41 #fj cents4 ,a book permeated with a wholesome outdoor spirit4 ,the ,field and ,forest ,book--,dan ,beard4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 #b4jj4 ,written in ,beardesque style1 filled with his inimitable illustrations and crammed with ideas4 ,the ,way of the ,woods-,edward ,breck4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #a4ge net4 ,simple1 terse1 free from technical terms1 and calculated to give the novice a mass of information4 ,written for ,northeastern ,united ,states and ,canada1 but of interest for every camper4 ,illustration3 ,the ,morning ,dip ,,chapter ,,xiii--,,health ,,and ,,hygiene ,,physical ,,examination ,,hospital ,,tent ,,and ,,equipment ,,physiological ,,facts ,,pulse ,,rate ,,the ,,tongue ,,temperature ,,pain ,,surgical ,,supplies ,,medical ,,stores ,,simple ,,remedies ,,first ,,aid ,,to ,,the ,,injured ,,drills ,,health ,,talks ,,red ,,cross ,,society ,,prevention ,,from ,,drowning ,,personal ,,hygiene ,,bibliography ,better to hunt on fields for health unbought ,than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught4 ,the wise1 for cure1 on exercise depend2 ,god never made his work for man to mend4 --,dryden ,examination ,a boy should be examined by his family physician before going to camp in order that he may receive the greatest good from the camp life and be safeguarded from physical excess4 ,an examination blank like that shown on the next page is used in many of the large camps4 ,when the boy arrives in camp the physician or physical director examines the boy4 ,take his height1 weight1 lung capacity1 condition of heart1 lungs1 condition of muscles1 whether hard1 medium or soft1 and state of digestion4 ,for this purpose you will need a wet spirometer1 measuring rod1 stethoscope and platform scales4 ,a second blank with carbon duplicate1 is kept of every boy4 ,illustration3 ,wisconsin ,boys' ,camp ,physical ,examination ,record ,give dates of first examination on arrival and final examination before departure from camp4 ,the original is given to the boy to take home and the carbon copy is retained by the camp1 filed in alphabetical order4 ,most remarkable gains have been made by boys1 particularly in lung capacity1 height1 and hardening of muscles4 ,the active life of the camp is not conducive as a rule to great gain in weight4 ,each tent leader should be given the important facts of the examinations of the boys in his tent1 so that there may be intelligent cooperation between the physician1 or physical director1 the tent leader1 and the boy in securing health efficiency4 ,,average ,,physical ,,types ,,for ,,boys ,,of #e ,,to #af ,,years 7,compiled from the measurements of #e1dgf school children47 ---,lengths 7,inches7--- ,age ,weight ,height ,height ,span of ,breadth ,breadth ,breadth ,sitting ,arms ,head ,chest ,waist #af #aaf4ch #fd4de #cc4ee #ff4be #e4ie #i4he #i4ae #ae #ajc4bi #fb4be #cb4ae #fc4ae #e4ij #i4cj #h4fe #ad #hg4da #ei4de #cj4gj #fj4jj #e4he #h4ie #h4be #ac #gh4cb #eg4aj #bi4fj #eg4ej #e4hj #h4gj #g4ie #ab #gb4ee #ee4be #bh4ie #ee4cj #e4hj #h4ej #g4gj #aa #fd4hi #ec4aj #bh4bj #ec4dj #e4ge #h4be #g4de #aj #fa4bh #ea4ee #bg4fj #ea4bj #e4ge #h4jj #g4bj #i #ee4ae #di4ee #bf4hj #di4aj #e4gj #g4hj #g4aj #h #ej4ij #dg4ge #bf4jj #dg4jj #e4fe #g4fe #f4ie #g #df4he #de4ee #be4bj #de4jj #e4fe #g4de #f4ge #f #db4fb #dc4ee #bd4bj #db4fj #e4fj #g4be #f4ee #e #ci4bi #da4fj #bc4cj #dj4ce #e4fj #g4ae #f4ej ,girth ,strength ,age ,chest ,girth of ,chest ,lung ,right ,left ,vitality ,depth ,head ,expansion ,capacity ,forearm ,forearm ,coefficient 7cu in7 ,strength ,strength #af #f4fj #ba4ee #c4de #aia4dj #gc4bh #fe4bb #ce4eh #ae #f4cj #ba4de #c4cj #afa4jj #fc4dg #ed4cj #bf4ji #ad #e4ie #ba4cj #c4ce #adj4ab #ee4ha #ej4gj #ba4ig #ac #e4fe #ba4aj #c4be #abc4eh #di4fi #de4jg #ah4bh #ab #e4fj #ba4jj #c4je #aaa4cc #dc4bi #dj4ef #ae4ee #aa #e4de #bj4he #b4ij #ajj4gd #ci4ji #cf4cj #ac4cc #aj #e4be #bj4fj #b4ge #ij4jb #cb4db #cj4id #aj4hd #i #e4bj #bj4fe #b4ee #ha4jc #bh4ia #be4ij #i4cd #h #e4aj #bj4ee #b4ce #gj4dc #bc4ch #bj4if #g4cd #g #e4aj #bj4de #a4hj #fj4dh #bj4ai #ah4gh #e4je #f #e4je #bj4be #a4fe #ej4hi #ae4cf #ab4ec #d4jb #e #d4ij #bj4ae #a4ce #dj4fj #aj4gf #aj4ch #b4fa ,copyright by ,wm4 ,w4 ,hastings1 ,ph4,d4 ,hospital ,tent ,if a boy is ill 7minor aches and pains which are frequently only growing pains1 excepted71 isolate him from the camp1 so that he may have quiet and receive careful attention4 ,illustration3 ,hospital ,tent at ,camp ,couchiching ,a tent1 with fly and board floor1 known as the ,hospital ,tent or ,red ,cross ,tent1 should be a part of the camp equipment4 ,there may be no occasion for its use1 but it should be ready for any emergency4 ,the physician may have his office in this tent4 ,boys should not be coddled2 at the same time it must not be forgotten that good1 sympathetic attention and nursing are two-thirds responsible for speedy recovery from most ills4 ,equipment ,a spring cot1 mattress1 pillow1 blankets1 a good medicine cabinet1 alcohol stove for boiling water1 cooking food1 and sterilizing instruments2 pans1 white enameled slop jar1 pitcher1 cup1 pail2 a table1 a folding camp reclining chair 7,gold ,medal ,camp ,furniture ,company71 and a combination camp cot and litter 7,gold ,medal ,brand7 will make up the equipment of the tent4 ,the information and suggestions given in this chapter are the accumulation of many years' experience in boys' camps4 ,the technical information is vouched for by competent physicians who have examined the manuscript4#a ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,this chapter was written in #aiaa4 ,many observations and suggestions are obsolete1 if not dangerous or illegal4 ,pulse ,rate ,every man in charge of a boys' camp should have a knowledge of certain physiological facts1 so as to be able to make a fair diagnosis of pain and disease4 ,the pulse1 taken at the wrist1 is a fair index of the condition of the body4 ,in taking the pulse-beat1 do so with the fingers1 and not with the thumb1 as the beating of the artery in the thumb may confuse4 ,pulse rate is modified with age1 rest1 exercise1 position1 excitements1 and elevation4 ,high elevation produces a more rapid pulse4 ,the normal rate of boys in their teens is about #hj to #hd beats per minute4 ,an increase not accounted for by one of the above reasons usually means fever1 a rise of #f beats in pulse usually being equivalent to a rise of #a degree4 ,often more important than the rate1 however1 is the quality of the pulse4 ,roughly1 the feebler the pulse1 the more serious the condition of the individual4 ,irregularity in the rate may be a serious sign1 and when it is noticed a doctor should be immediately called4 ,failure to find the artery should not necessarily cause uneasiness1 as by trying on himself1 the director may see that the taking of the pulse is often a difficult undertaking4 ,the ,tongue ,the tongue is a very misleading guide to the patient's condition1 and no definite rule about its appearance can be laid down4 ,other signs1 such as temperature1 general conditions1 localization of pain1 etc41 are more accurate1 and to the total result of such observations the appearance of the tongue adds little4 ,thermometer ,the normal temperature of the human body by mouth is about #ih4d degrees4 ,variations between #ih degrees and #ii degrees are not necessarily significant of disease4 ,a reliable clinical thermometer should be used4 ,temperature is generally taken in the mouth4 ,insert the bulb of the thermometer well under the boy's tongue4 ,tell him to close his lips1 not his teeth1 and to breathe through his nose4 ,leave it in the mouth about three or four minutes4 ,remove1 and1 after noting temperature1 rinse it in cold water1 dry it with a clean1 towel1 and shake the mercury down to #ie degrees4 ,it will then be ready for use next time4 ,never return a thermometer to its case unwashed4 ,pain ,pain is an indication that there is something wrong with the body that should receive attention4 ,some boys are more sensitive to pain than others1 particularly boys of a highly strung1 delicate1 nervous nature4 ,most people1 however1 think too much of their pains4 ,most pains to which boys fall heir are due to trouble in the stomach or intestines1 or to fevers4 ,many pains that boys feel mean very little4 ,they are often due to a sore or strained muscle or nerve4 ,a hot application or massage will often bring relief4 ,sharply localized pain1 except as the result of external injury1 is not common among healthy boys1 and1 if found1 particularly in the well-known appendix area1 and if accompanied by other disquieting signs 7temperature1 pulse1 etc471 should receive medical attention4 ,in a general way1 any abdominal pain that does not yield in #bd hours to rest in bed with application of external heat1 should call for the advice of a physician4 ,any severe attack of vomiting or diarrhea1 accompanied by temperature1 and not immediately traceable to some indiscretion in diet1 is cause for study1 and if improvement does not soon show itself1 a physician should be called4 ,pains in the extremities1 particularly joints1 if not clearly showing signs of improvement in two or three days1 should also be the object of a physician's visit1 as a fracture near a joint1 if not correctly treated early1 may result in permanent deformity4 ,the camp physician1 or director1 if he himself assumes the medical responsibilities1 should enforce the rule that all boys who do not have a daily movement of the bowels see him1 and he should always be ready to receive such cases and give them the necessary treatment4 ,the drawings by ,albert ,g4 ,wegener illustrate in a general way what the trouble is when one feels a distinct1 persistent pain4 ,among healthy boys1 in camp1 thoracic pains1 other than those due to muscular strain1 are uncommon1 but when severe1 especially if accompanied by a rise of temperature 7over #ii4e degrees7 and not readily succumbing to rest in bed1 should be investigated by a physician4 ,illustration3 ,sites of ,pain4 ,,pain ,the accompanying diagrams indicate what ailment may be looked for if there is a persistent pain4 7,adapted from ,butler2 ,diagnosis47 #a4 ,disease of bone4 ,tumor or abscess in chest4 ,weakening of the aorta4 ,stomach trouble4 #b4 ,catarrh #a1 or cancer or ulcer of stomach4 ,disease of spinal column4 ,inflammation of pancreas4 #c4 ,lack of blood4 ,neuralgia of rib nerves4 ,pneumonia4 ,enlarged glands4 ,disease of chest wall4 ,disease of back-bone4 ,shingles4 #d4 ,liver disease4 ,weakness of abdominal aorta4 ,heart disease4 #e4 ,disease of diaphragm or large intestines4 #f4 ,heart disease4 ,large intestines4 ,locomotor ataxia #b4 #g4 ,pleurisy4 ,violent vomiting4 ,coughing4 #h4 ,colic4 ,gravel4 ,movable kidney4 ,enlarged spleen4 ,dyspepsia4 ,lack of blood4 ,debility4 #i4 ,sharp abdominal pains indicate the following3 ,ulcer or cancer of stomach ,disease of intestines4 ,lead colic4 ,arsenic or mercury poisoning4 ,floating kidney4 ,gas in intestines4 ,clogged intestines4 ,appendicitis4 ,inflammation of bowels4 ,rheumatism of bowels4 ,hernia4 ,locomotor ataxia #b4 ,pneumonia4 ,diabetes4 #aj4 ,neuralgia4 ,clogged intestines4 ,abdominal tumor4 ,kidney colic4 ,tumor or abscess of thigh bone4 ,appendicitis if pain is in right leg4 #aa4 ,lack of blood4 ,hysteria4 ,epilepsy4 ,disease of bladder4 ,nervous breakdown4 #ab4 ,foreign substance in ear4 ,bad teeth4 ,eye strain4 ,disease of ,jaw bone4 ,ulcer of tongue4 #ac4 ,nervous breakdown4 ,epilepsy4 ,tumor or break in brain4 ,cranial neuralgia4 ,disease of neck bones4 ,adenoids4 ,ear disease4 ,eye strain4 ,bad teeth4 #ad4 ,spinal trouble4 #ae4 ,disease of stomach4 ,weakening of aorta4 #af4 ,hand and arm pains indicate3 ,heart disease4 ,enlarged spleen4 ,clogged large intestines4 #ag4 ,nervous breakdown4 #ah4 ,eye strain4 ,disease of nasal cavity4 ,lack of blood4 ,dyspepsia4 ,constipation4 ,rheumatism of scalp4 ,nervous breakdown4 #ai4 ,bad teeth4 ,ear inflammation4 ,cancer of upper ,jaw4 ,neuralgia of ,jaw nerve4 #bj4 ,bad teeth4 ,neuralgia of ,jaw nerve4 #ba4 ,clogged large intestines4 ,ulcer of stomach4 #bb4 ,lumbago4 ,neuralgia4 ,debility4 ,fatigue4 ,weakness of abdominal aorta4 #bc4 ,girdle sensation indicates disease or injury of spinal cord4 #bd4 ,disease of testicles4 ,excessive sex abuse4 ,ulcer or cancer rectum4 ,piles4 ,disease of hip-joint4 ,neuralgia4 ,sciatica4 #be4 ,kidney disease4 ,neuralgia4 #bf4 ,intestines clogged4 ,cancer or ulcer of rectum4 ,locomotor ataxia4 ,abscess in back4 ,sciatica 7if in one leg only74 #bg4 ,cramps due to over exercise4 ,diabetes4 ,hysteria4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,catarrh3 ,inflammation of mucous membranes in nose and throat4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #b3 ,ataxia3 ,loss of coordinated muscular movement4 ,typhoid ,fever ,the epidemic chiefly to be feared in summer camps is typhoid fever1 and boys coming from cities where that disease is prevalent should be carefully watched4 ,care in sanitation minimizes the likelihood of such a disease springing up in the camp4 ,other infections1 such as mumps1 conjunctivitis1 etc41 should be carefully isolated1 and all precautions taken to prevent their spread4 ,a fairly common event may be toward evening to find a boy with a headache and a temperature perhaps of #ajb degrees4 ,this will probably be all right in the morning after a night's rest and perhaps the administration also of a cathartic4 ,the ,dentist ,the importance of a visit to the dentist before coming to camp cannot be over-estimated4 ,every one knows the torture of a toothache1 and realizes how unbearable it must be for a boy away from home and among other boys1 sympathetic1 of course1 but busy having a good time1 and with only a few patent gums to relieve the misery1 and the dentist perhaps not available for two days4 ,parents cannot have this point too forcibly thrust upon them1 as by even a single visit to a competent dentist all the sufferings of toothache may usually be prevented4 ,surgical ,supplies ,the following list of surgical supplies will be found necessary4 ,the quantity must be determined by the size of the camp1 and the price by the firm from whom purchased4 ,surgical ,supplies ,one-half dozen assorted gauze bandages1 sizes one to three inches1 #aj cents each4 ,two yards sterilized plain gauze in carton1 #bj cents a yard4 ,one roll three-inch adhesive plaster1 #a4jj4 ,one paper medium size safety pins1 #aj cents4 ,one paper medium size common pins1 #e cents4 ,four ounces sterilized absorbent cotton in cartons1 #bj cents4 ,one-half dozen assorted egg-eyed surgeon's needles1 straight to full curve1 #ej cents4 ,one card braided silk ligature1 assorted in one card 7white71 about #cj cents4 ,one hundred ordinary corrosive sublimate tablets1 #be cents4 ,small surgical instrument set1 comprising 7,f4 ,h4 ,thomas ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass41 #c4ej74 #b scalpels ,forceps ,director ,probe ,curette ,scissors ,one ,hypodermic ,syringe1 all metal1 in metal case1 #a4ej4 ,one ,fountain ,syringe 7for enemata and ears74 ,one one-minute clinical thermometer in rubber case1 #a4be4 ,get best registered instrument4 ,one number nine soft rubber catheter1 #be cents4 ,small bottle collodion#a with brush4 ,one-quarter pound ,boric acid powder1 #be cents4 ,four ounces ,boric acid ointment1 #ej cents4 ,one-quarter pound ,boric acid crystals1 #be cents4 ,carbolic ,acid1 #ie cents4 ,hypodermic tablets1 cocaine hydro-chlorate1 #a-a_/h grain1 making in two drachms sterile water or one per cent solution4 7,to be used by ,physician only47 ,alcohol1 #hj per cent4 ,sulpho ,napthol4 ,iodoform gauze4 ,chloroform liniment4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 collodion3 ,flammable1 colorless or yellowish syrupy solution of pyroxylin1 ether1 and alcohol1 used as an adhesive to close small wounds and hold surgical dressings1 in topical medications1 and for making photographic plates4 ,with the above list the ingenious man can perform practically every surgical operation that he would care to undertake4 ,for ,first ,aid demonstration work you will need a number of ,red ,cross ,outfits4 #be cents each4 7#ca cents postpaid47 ,medical ,store 7,tablets to be used hypodermically should be used only by a physician47 ,quinine ,sulphate1 gr4 #e4 ,useful in malarial regions4 ,give #ae-bj gr4 at time of expected chill4 ,better stay away from malarial country4 ,no place for a camp4 ,calomel1 gr4 #a_/d1 #bjj at #aj cents per ,c4 ,take one tablet every #cj minutes or every hour1 for eight doses in all cases where bowels need thorough cleaning out4 ,phenacetine and ,salol1 of each gr4 #b-a_/b1 #ajj at #ej cents per ,c4 ,one tablet every four hours4 ,for headache and intestinal antisepsis4 ,dangerous as a depressant to heart4 ,dover's ,powders1 gr4 #e1 #ajj at #ej cents per ,c4 ,two tablets at bedtime1 in hot water or lemonade1 in acute colds4 ,one after each meal may be added4 ,dobell's ,solution ,tablets1 #bjj at #be cents per ,c4 ,one as a gargle in one-half glass hot water every two to four hours in tonsilitis and pharyngitis4 ,potassium ,bromide1 gr4 #aj1 #ajj at #be cents per ,c4 ,for headache4 ,best given in solution after meals4 ,may irritate an empty stomach4 ,aspirin1 gr4 #e1 #ajj at #a4be per ,c4 ,one or two every four hours for rheumatism1 headache1 or general pains and aches4 ,compound cathartic pills1 #ajj at #ba cents per ,c4 ,two at night for constipation4 ,epsom ,salts1 four ounces1 #e cents4 ,two to four teaspoonfuls in hot water before breakfast4 ,compound tincture of opium 7,squibb71 #d ounces1 #ej cents4 ,teaspoonful after meals for summer diarrhea4 ,baking soda4 ,teaspoonful after meals for distress4 ,morphine ,sulphate1 gr1 #a_/d2 ,strychnine ,sulphate1 gr4 #a-cj2 for hypodermics1 used by physicians only4 ,in addition to the above everyone has a stock of old-fashioned home remedies4 ,some of these are described under ,simple ,remedies4 ,,bibliography ,backwoods ,surgery and ,medicine--,charles ,stuart ,moody1 ,m4 ,d4 ,outing ,publishing ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ge cents net4 ,a commonsense book written from experience4 ,it is invaluable to campers4 ,home ,treatment and ,care of the ,sick -,a4 ,temple ,lovering1 ,m4,d4 ,otis ,clapp ,son1 ,boston1 #a4ej4 ,full of helpful suggestions4 ,american ,red ,cross ,abridged ,text ,book on ,first ,aid 7,general ,edition74 ,american ,red ,cross ,society1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #cj cents net4 ,reliable and comprehensive4 ,annual ,report of the ,united ,states ,volunteer ,life ,saving ,corps 7,free74 ,office1 ,world ,building1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,contains many hints and suggestions4 ,boys' ,drill ,regulations4 ,national ,first1 ,aid ,association1 #f ,beacon ,street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #be cents4 ,a mass of information concerning setting-up drills1 litter drills1 swimming drill on land1 rescue and resuscitation drills1 etc4 ,,chapter ,,xiv--,,simple ,,remedies ,,bites ,,bleeding ,,burns ,,ears ,,eyes ,,feet ,,headache ,,sunstroke ,,stomach ,,ache ,,toothache ,in a small camp a physician is unnecessary1 though one should be within call4 ,the camp leader should have a knowledge of the ordinary ailments of growing boys and simple remedies for relief4 ,no camp of fifty or more boys should be without a physician or some upper class medical student of high moral character4 ,don't run risks4 ,when in doubt1 call in a physician4 ,the treatment of local disorders described is largely from nature's medicine chest1 and simple in application4 ,bites and ,stings ,put on salt and water1 or make a paste of soda and water1 or rub the wound with aromatic ammonia1 camphor1 or tar soap4 ,common salt is excellent4 ,bleeding ,nose ,do not blow the nose4 ,hold a wet handkerchief at the back of the neck and wash the face in hot water1 or place a wad of paper under the upper lip1 or crowd some fine gauze or cotton into the nostrils and make a plug4 ,to ,check ,bleeding ,raise the injured part as high as you can above the heart1 press very firmly with sterile pad under thumb or fingers on or into the wound4 ,blood from a vein will be dark red or purplish and will flow in a steady stream4 ,press upon the vein below the wound4 ,put on a clean pad and bind it upon the wound firmly enough to stop bleeding4 ,blood from an artery will be bright red and will probably spurt in jets4 ,press very hard above the wound4 ,tie a strong bandage 7handkerchief1 belt1 suspenders1 rope1 strip of clothing7 around the wounded member1 and between the wound and the heart4 ,under it and directly over the artery place a smooth pebble1 piece of stick1 or other hard lump4 ,then thrust a stout stick under the bandage and twist until the wound stops bleeding4 ,a tourniquet should not remain over twenty-four hours4 ,blisters ,wash blistered feet in hot water and then in alcohol or in cold water with a little baking powder or soda added4 ,wipe them dry and then rub them with a tallow candle or some fat4 ,bruises ,apply compresses of hot or cold water to keep down swelling and discoloration4 ,also apply witch hazel4 ,burns ,use vaseline1 baking soda1 bread1 the white of an egg1 flour and water1 butter1 grease1 or fat2 or mix flour and soda with fat1 or soap with sugar and make into a paste1 or put a teaspoonful of baking powder into a pint of warm water and pour it on a piece of gauze and put this on the burn or scald1 covering it with cotton and a bandage4 ,never let a burn be exposed to the air1 but cover it at once if the pain is intense4 ,chills ,mix a good dash of pepper with a little ginger in sweetened hot water and drink it4 ,get into bed at once4 ,cover with blankets and put hot water bottle at feet4 ,choking ,force yourself to swallow pieces of dry bread or drink some water4 ,let some one slap the back4 ,colds ,pour boiling water over two heads of elder blossoms1 brew for twenty minutes1 and drink a small cup hot on going to bed4 ,or drink hot lemonade or hot ginger tea4 ,in any case1 keep warm and out of a draft4 ,constipation ,use cathartic pills1 or castor oil4 ,eat plenty of prunes or fruit4 ,drink plenty of water4 ,cuts ,always clean thoroughly all open wounds to prevent infection1 and accelerate healing4 ,carbolic1 left on a wound for any time at all may result in carbolic poisoning or in gangrene4 ,use pure alcohol 7not wood or denatured1 as both are poisonous71 or a teaspoonful of sulphur-naphthol to a basin of water1 or #a3ajjj corrosive sublimate solution 7wad with flexible collodion74 ,do not use vaseline or any other substance on a freshly abrased surface4 ,after a scab has formed1 vaseline may be applied to keep this scab soft4 ,never close a wound with court plaster#a4 ,the only legitimate uses for sticking or adhesive plaster are to hold dressings in place where bandaging is difficult1 or in case of a cut to keep edges closed without sewing the skin4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,cloth coated with adhesive substance to cover cuts or scratches on the skin4 ,earache ,take the heart of an onion1 heat it in an oven1 and put it in the ear when hot1 but not so hot as to burn the ear4 ,this not only relieves the earache1 but helps to send the sufferer to sleep4 ,hold hot water bag to ear4 ,inflamed ,eye ,wring a towel in water hot as the hands will bear2 lay on the eyes and change frequently4 ,bathe with saturated solution of boric acid crystals4 ,great relief is felt by opening the eyes in tepid or very warm boracic solution4 ,even if it is strong enough to smart1 no harm will result4 ,if inflammation is caused by a foreign substance1 rub the other eye1 in order to make both eyes water4 ,if the speck can be seen1 it can generally be taken out by twisting a small piece of gauze or cloth around a toothpick and drawing it over the speck1 or by twisting up a piece of paper like a lamp lighter and1 after wetting the tip of it1 wiping it against the speck4 ,if it is under the upper lid1 pull the lid away from the eyeball1 and push the under lid up underneath the upper one4 ,in this way the eyelashes of the lower lid will generally clean the inside of the upper one4 ,an eye-tweezers for removing a piece of grit from the eye is made by folding a piece of paper in two4 ,with a sharp knife cut it to a point at an angle of #cj degrees and slightly moisten the point in clean water4 ,feet ,it is a good thing to dry-soap your feet and the inside of your socks before putting them on for a hike or tramp4 ,this is an old army trick4 ,if your feet perspire freely1 powder them with boric acid powder1 starch1 and oxide of zinc in equal parts4 ,wash the feet every day1 best on turning in at night4 ,to prevent the nail growing into the toe1 take a bit of broken glass and scrape down the top of the nail until it is quite thin1 and in time the corners begin to grow out1 and no longer hurt the toe4 ,toenails should be cut square and not encouraged to grow in by side trimming4 ,a good plan is to make a ,v shape notch on the middle of the top of each toenail1 which will close up naturally1 and1 in so doing1 draw the sides up and inward4 ,headache ,headache comes from indigestion or from the sun4 ,a boy will overeat and then play under the hot sun--result1 headache4 ,have the boy lie down and sleep1 if possible1 using cloths dipped in cold water to drive the blood away from the head4 ,a remedy recommended by the great ,john ,wesley is to lay very thin slices of lemon rind on either temple4 ,hiccough ,take a deep breath and hold it as long as possible1 or make yourself sneeze4 ,ivy ,poisoning ,mix some baking powder with water1 or rub on wood ashes4 ,wash with alcohol4 ,be careful not to spread by scratching4 ,rusty ,nail ,better call a physician4 ,puncture with nails and such things1 especially if rusty1 should be squeezed and washed with sulphur-naphthol or hot water poured into the hole4 ,if too small1 this may be slightly enlarged4 ,cauterize with carbolic acid1 then with pure alcohol4 ,keep the wound open for a few days4 ,run no risk with a rusty nail wound4 ,attend to it immediately4 ,sprains ,bathe a sprain in as hot water as you can bear1 to which has been added a small quantity of vinegar and salt4 ,slight sprains 7as of finger7 may be painted with iodine4 ,sunstroke ,the first symptom is a headache followed by a heavy feeling in the pit of the stomach1 dimmed eyesight1 difficulty in breathing1 and a fever4 ,if insensibility follows1 lay the person on his back in a cool1 shady place1 with his head slightly raised4 ,loosen his clothing1 keep his head cold with wet cloths1 and pour cold water on his face and chest1 until the temperature of his body is lowered and the face becomes pale4 ,sunburn ,get used to sun gradually4 ,use powdered boric acid or ointment4 ,cocoa butter is also a good preventive4 ,sore ,throat ,gargle the throat with warm water and some salt added1 and then bind a woolen sock around it4 ,keep the sock on until the soreness is gone4 ,put teaspoonful of chlorate of potash in a cup of water and gargle4 ,diluted alkalol sic is also good for a gargle1 or tincture of iron diluted4 ,fat bacon or pork may be tied around the neck with a dry sock4 ,swab the throat4 ,stomachache ,caused by undigested food in the intestines4 ,put the boy on a diet1 also give him plenty of warm water to drink1 or a cup of hot ginger tea4 ,toothache ,heat will always help to soothe the sufferer4 ,a seeded raisin1 toasted before the fire1 makes a useful poultice for an aching tooth1 pressed into the hollow4 ,a bag of hot salt1 pressed on the face1 relieves pain4 ,illustration3 ,drill in ,first ,aid ,,chapter ,,xv--,,first ,,aid ,,to ,,the ,,injured ,first aid should teach every boy how to render temporary assistance by improvised means for the relief of the injured one1 and the methods by which he can be removed to a place of safety4 ,with this in view1 the information given in this chapter incorporates what every camper should know4 ,before going to camp1 boys should be taught the use of the ,triangular ,bandage4 ,this bandage is used by the ,united ,states ,government1 and is well suited for an emergency bandage4 ,it can be easily made from a handkerchief or a piece of linen4 ,the ,american ,red ,cross ,first ,aid ,outfit contains a triangular bandage1 with methods of application printed thereon4 ,the gauze or roller bandage is more difficult to handle4 ,this1 however1 is the bandage to control bleeding1 etc4 ,any reliable book on ,first ,aid gives information as to its manipulation4 ,dislocation ,a dislocation of the finger or toe can generally be reduced by pulling strongly and at the same time pressing where the dislocation is4 ,if the hip1 shoulder1 or elbow is dislocated1 do not meddle with the joint1 but make the boy as comfortable as possible by surrounding the joint with flannel cloths wrung out in hot water2 support with soft pads1 and send for a doctor at once4 ,if the spine is dislocated1 lay the boy on his back4 ,never put him on his side or face1 it may be fatal4 ,if he is cold1 apply hot blankets to his body1 hot water bottle or hot salt bag to the seat of pain4 ,illustration3 ,triangular ,bandage2 ,method of ,folding ,triangular ,bandage for ,use2 ,bandage should always be secured by means of a reef knot4 ,broken ,bones ,do not try to reduce the fracture if a physician can be secured1 for unskilled handling will do more harm than good4 ,the thing to do is to make the boy comfortable by placing him in a comfortable position with the injured part resting on a pad1 keeping him perfectly quiet4 ,if there is an open wound1 cover it with cheesecloth or gauze which has been dipped in boiling water1 to which baking soda has been added4 ,then wrap absorbent cotton around it4 ,if the boy has a fever1 put wet cloths on his head1 swinging them in the air to cool for changing4 ,,the ,,following ,,practical ,,suggestions ,,are ,,given ,,in ,,camp ,,kits ,,and ,,camp ,,life1 ,,by ,,charles ,,stedman ,,hanks4 ,nose ,if the nose is broken1 plug with gauze to stop bleeding4 ,jaw ,if the jaw is broken1 push the bone gently into place1 and if there is an open wound1 cover it with gauze or cotton1 made antiseptically1 and then put a bandage around the jaw4 ,collar ,bone ,if the collar bone is broken1 it will be known by the pain in the shoulder and the shoulder dropping4 ,holding the elbow up will relieve the weight from the collar bone4 ,lay the boy on his back4 ,put a cotton wad in his armpit and bandage the arm to the side of the body and put the arm in a sling4 ,shoulder ,blade ,if the shoulder blade is broken1 put the forearm across the chest with the fingers on the shoulder and then bandage the arm to the body4 ,rib ,if a rib is broken it will pain the patient when he takes a long breath4 ,put him on his back1 resting a little on the uninjured side1 so that he will breathe easily4 ,if it is necessary to move him1 bandage strips of adhesive plaster around the body1 beginning at the lowest rib and working upward1 having each strip lap over the one below it4 ,if you have no adhesive plaster1 use a wide strip of cotton cloth4 ,after you have put his coat on1 pin it as tightly as you can in the back4 ,leg ,above ,knee ,if the leg is broken above the knee1 lay shoulders slightly back1 with the head and shoulders slightly raised4 ,draw the leg out straight1 and1 after padding it with cotton or towels1 cut a small sapling long enough to reach from the foot to the armpit1 and fasten it at the ankle1 knee1 and waist4 ,if it is necessary to move the boy1 bind both legs firmly together4 ,leg ,below ,knee ,if the leg is broken below the knee1 lay the boy on his back and put a pillow or a bag stuffed with grass lengthwise under it4 ,then put a board or a hewed sapling on the under side of the pillow to stiffen it1 and bandage the pillow and the board or sapling firmly to the leg4 ,if the boy has to be moved1 bind both legs together4 ,knee ,pan ,if the knee pan is broken1 put the boy on his back and straighten out the leg on a padded splint which reaches from the heel to the hip1 putting some cotton or a folded towel under the knee and the heel4 ,then bandage the splint on at the ankle1 at the upper part of the leg1 and above and below the knee pan4 ,foot ,if the foot is broken1 make a splint of two pieces of wood held together at right angles1 and1 after padding the foot with cotton1 bind the splint to the side of the foot and the leg4 ,illustration3 ,large arm sling as a support for the forearm4 ,illustration3 ,large arm sling as a support for the elbow4 ,upper ,arm ,if the upper arm is broken1 make three splints1 one long enough to reach from the shoulder to the elbow to go on the outside of the arm1 one to go on the inner side of the arm1 and one on the back of the arm4 ,pad the arm from the armpit to the elbow with cotton1 towels1 or newspapers wrapped in cloth1 and1 after bandaging on the splints1 put the forearm in a sling and bind the arm to the body4 ,forearm ,if the forearm is broken1 make a cotton pad long enough to reach from the fingers well up to the forearm1 and rest the palm of the hand on it4 ,put a similar pad on the back of the hand1 and1 after bandaging in a splint1 put the arm in a sling4 ,hand ,if the hand is broken1 put a cotton pad on the palm and over it a thin splint long enough to reach from the tips of the fingers to the forearm4 ,after binding the splint in place1 put the arm in a sling with the hand higher than the elbow4 ,finger ,if a finger is broken1 make a splint of cardboard or a thin piece of wood long enough to reach from the tip of the finger to the wrist4 ,cover the finger with gauze or cotton1 and1 after binding on the splint1 support the hand in a sling4 ,fainting ,fainting comes from too little blood in the head4 ,lay the boy on his back with feet higher than his head4 ,loosen tight clothing and let him have plenty of fresh air4 ,sprinkle his face with cold water and rub his arms with it4 ,for an attack of dizziness1 bend the head down firmly between the knees4 ,if his face is flushed1 raise the head4 ,stunned ,lay the boy on his back with head somewhat raised4 ,apply heat1 such as bottles of hot water1 hot plates or stones wrapped in towels to the extremities and over the stomach1 but keep the head cool with wet cloths4 ,do not give any stimulant2 it would drive blood to the brain4 ,stretcher ,a stretcher may be improvised in one of the following ways3 7a7 ,a shutter1 door1 or gate covered well with straw1 hay1 clothing1 or burlap bagging4 7b7 ,a piece of carpet1 blanket1 sacking1 tarlatan1 spread out1 and two stout poles rolled up in the sides4 ,put clothes for a pillow4 7c7 ,a coat with the two sleeves turned inside out2 pass two poles through the sleeves1 button the coat over them4 7,see illustration47 ,patient sits on coat and rests against the back of the first bearer4 7d7 ,two poles passed through a couple of bags1 through holes at bottom corners of each4 ,illustration3 ,coat ,stretcher ,carry a patient by walking out of step1 and take short paces1 about #ah inches apart4 ,usually carry the patient feet first1 but in going up hill the position is reversed1 and the patient is carried head first4 ,illustration3 ,life ,saving ,patrol ,the following illustrations explain the process of carrying a patient without a stretcher3 ,illustration3 ,three and four handed carry4 ,,prevention ,,from ,,drowning ,learn to ,swim ,every summer records its hundreds of drowning accidents1 many of which might have been prevented if methods of rescue had been generally taught4 ,no boy should be permitted to enter a boat1 particularly a canoe1 until he has learned to swim4 ,the movement to teach swimming to every boy and young man in ,north ,america who does not know how to swim is both commendable and practical4 ,the text-book used largely is ,at ,home in the ,water1 by ,george ,h4 ,corsan1 issued by the publishers of this book4 ,button ,awards ,summer camps provide a special opportunity for giving such instruction4 ,to each individual who is actually taught to swim in camp a silver-oxidized button is given by the ,association's ,international ,committee1 #abd ,east #bhth ,st41 ,new ,york1 provided the test is made under the supervision of a committee of three men4 ,those who teach others to swim receive a gold oxidized leader's button4 ,write to the ,physical ,department at the above address for information4 ,illustration3 ,award ,button ,u4 ,s4 ,v4 ,life ,saving ,corps ,an ,auxiliary ,division of the ,u4 ,s4 ,volunteer ,life ,saving ,corps should be established to patrol the water during swimming periods4 ,any camper may qualify for membership by taking the following examinations3 the boy to receive not less than #f points in #aj point subjects1 and not less than #c points on #e point subjects1 with a total of #ge points4 ,those receiving less than #ge points may become members of auxiliary crews4 ,illustration3 ,award ,button ,,how ,,to ,,qualify4 #a ,swimming not less than #ajj yards and #be yards on back4 #aj points #b ,diving1 plunging1 floating1 fetching4 #aj points #c ,rescue drill on land and water4 #aj points #d ,release drill on land and in water4 #aj points #e ,resuscitation4 #aj points #f ,names of parts of a row boat4 #e points #g ,rowing and boat handling4 #aj points #h ,use of life saving appliances4 #aj points #i ,first aid work and remedies4 #aj points #aj ,written examination on work in water4 #e points #aa ,written examination on work in boats4 #e points #ab ,written examination on work on land4 #e points ,organization ,to organize at camps1 officials will proceed by conducting the above-mentioned examinations4 ,should there be five or more successful competitors1 crews can be organized as follows1 the regular form of enrollment being employed and no enlistments required3 ,five men constitute a crew entitling one of the five to the rank of acting third lieutenant4 ,ten men constitute two crews with acting second and third lieutenants4 ,fifteen men constitute three crews with acting first1 second1 and third lieutenants4 ,twenty men constitute four crews 7or a division7 with acting captain1 first1 second1 and third lieutenants1 lieutenant surgeon1 quartermaster1 boatswain1 and one coxswain for each crew or three coxswains4 ,auxiliary members over eighteen years of age may become active members after leaving camps and receive active membership commissions1 provided they affiliate with some active permanent crew in their home district4 ,auxiliary members holding our certificates shall be entitled to auxiliary membership buttons1 but active members only are entitled to wear the official badge of membership of the corps4 ,summer camps will be equipped1 at the discretion of headquarters1 on the following conditions3 ,that they shall pay all express on supplies to and from camps4 ,that they shall report at the end of each season the exact condition of the supplies and make provision for the safekeeping of same for future seasons1 or return same4 ,medicine chests must be returned4 ,instructors will be sent to the various camps1 at the discretion of headquarters1 whenever possible4 ,all expenses1 traveling1 board1 etc41 but not services1 must be covered by the camps4 ,examination questions will be found in our book1 ,instruction on ,subjects for ,examination for ,membership4 ,if desired1 camp officials can make examinations more rigid than outlined by us4 ,examination papers furnished on request4 ,the above information was furnished by ,k4 ,f4 ,mehrtens1 ,assistant ,secretary1 ,united ,states ,volunteer ,life ,saving ,corps1 #fc-fe ,park ,row1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,training ,course ,efficient life saving comes from thorough experience and training1 not from a theory4 ,these subjects for instruction may be taught preparatory to the summer camp1 as well as during the camping season4 ,swimming to include straight-away1 swimming with clothes on1 floating1 diving1 fetching3 strokes--perfect breast stroke1 side stroke1 overhead stroke1 crawl stroke4 ,rescue ,methods to include rescuing a supposedly drowning person4 ,use of life saving apparatus4 ,methods of ,release to include grasping by the wrist1 clutch around the neck and grasp around the body4 ,resuscitation of the apparently drowned1 including the ,sylvester method described on page #aid1 and the simple first aid rules4 ,boat ,handling to include rowing a boat1 taking a person into a boat from the water1 clinging to a boat without capsizing it1 etc4 ,knot ,tying to include all kinds of knots and their value in connection with life-saving work1 and the use of them on life-saving appliances4 ,wig-wagging to include the committing to memory of the ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,wig-,wag ,signal ,code4 ,the following is used at ,camp ,wawayanda1 ,new ,jersey ,boys4 ,,wig-,,wag ,,code ,signalling by wig-wag is carried on by waving a flag in certain ways1 represented by the figures #a1 #b and #c1 and thus letters are made and words spelled4 ,two wig-wag flags are used1 one a square white flag with a red square in the center1 and the other a square red flag with white square in the center4 ,only one flag is used in signalling1 and that one is selected which can best be seen against the boy's background4 ,illustration3 ,interval2 ,signal #a2 ,signal #b2 ,signal #c ,u4 ,s4 ,,naval ,,wig-,,wag ,,signal ,,code4 ,,alphabet4 ,a #bb ,b #baab ,c #aba ,d #bbb ,f #bbba ,g #bbaa ,h #abb ,i #a ,j #aabb ,k #baba ,l #bba ,m #abba ,n #aa ,o #ba ,p #aba ,q #abaa ,r #baa ,s #bab ,t #b ,u #aab ,v #abbb ,w #aaba ,x #babb ,y #aaa ,z #bbbb ,tion #aaab ,,alphabet ,,classified4 ,i #a ,n #aa ,y #aaa ,e #ab ,h #abb ,v #abbb ,u #aab ,j #aabb ,c #aba ,q #abaa ,m #abba ,p #abab ,w #aaba ,t #b ,a #bb ,d #bbb ,z #bbbb ,o #ba ,r #baa ,l #bba ,g #bbaa ,f #bbba ,s #bab ,x #babb ,b #baab ,k #baba ,numerals #a #aaaa #b #bbbb #c #aaab #d #bbba #e #aabb #f #bbaa #g #abbb #h #baaa #i #abba #j #baab ,conventional signals ,end of word1 #c ,end of sentence1 #cc ,end of message1 #ccc ,i understand1 ,a4,a4 #c ,cease signalling1 ,a4,a4,a4 #ccc ,repeat last word1 ,c4,c4 #c ,repeat last message1 ,c4,c4,c4 #c ,i have made an error1 ,e4,e4 #c ,,wig-,,wag ,,rules #a4 ,the boy should face the person to whom he is signalling1 and should hold the flag-staff vertically in front of the centre of his body1 with the butt at the height of his waist4 #b4 ,the motion represented by the ,figure #a is made by waving the flag down to the right2 #b1 by waving it down to the left2 and #c1 by waving it down in front of the sender4 7,page #ahh7 #c4 ,each motion should embrace an arc of ninety degrees1 starting from and returning to the vertical without a pause4 #d4 ,when two or more motions are required to make a letter1 there should be no pause between the motions4 #e4 ,at the end of each letter there should be a slight pause at the vertical4 #f4 ,at the end of each word1 one front motion 7#c7 should be made2 at the end of a sentence1 two fronts 7#cc72 and at the end of a message1 three fronts 7#ccc74 #g4 ,to call a boat1 signal the initial letter of her name until answered4 ,to answer a call1 signal ,a4,a4 #c 7,i understand74 #h4 ,if the sender makes an error he should immediately signal ,e4,e4 #c 7,i have made an error71 and resume the message1 beginning with the last word sent correctly4 #i4 ,if the receiver does not understand a signal he should signal ,c4,c4 #c 7,repeat last word72 the sender should then repeat the last word and proceed with the message4 ,,examinations ,,used ,,by ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,v4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,,camp ,,becket ,y4 ,y4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,auxiliary ,,corps1 ,,august #bd1 #aiaj ,a-,boat ,work--#aj ,points #a4 ,with what knot should you tie a boat8 #b4 ,define amidships1 thole-pin#a1 painter#b4 #c4 ,define port1 starboard1 aft4 #d4 ,explain briefly a rescue from the bow4 #e4 ,explain briefly a rescue from the stern4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 thole-pin3 ,pairs of wooden pegs set in the gunwales as an oarlock4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #b3 painter3 ,rope attached to the bow for tying up when docking or towing4 ,b-,water ,work--#aj ,points #a4 ,describe breakaway ,number #c4 #b4 ,before jumping into water for rescue1 be sure to do- what8 #c4 ,give two ways to locate a body4 #d4 ,if you are seized and cannot break away1 what should you do8 #e4 ,if in a strong outsetting tide1 it is advisable when rescuing to- do what8 ,c--,general ,first ,aid--#aj ,points #a4 ,how and where do you apply a tourniquet8 #b4 ,give the treatment for fainting4 #c4 ,give the treatment for sun-stroke4 #d4 ,give the treatment for wounds4 #e4 ,give the treatment for and symptoms of shock4 ,d-,wig-,wag--#aj points ,translate into code ,go send them help quick4 ,translate into ,english #aaba-ab-c-aaba-bb-aa-b-c-bb-c-baab-ba-b b-b-ccc4 ,e-,write an essay on general methods1 precautions1 etc41 for rescuing4 -- #bj ,points ,f-,write an essay on how you would restore an apparently drowned man to consciousness4--#bj ,points ,g-,practical ,first ,aid 7,make appointment with the doctor47 ,,general ,,hints ,kick6 ,if you work your hands like paddles and kick your feet1 you can stay above water for several hours1 even with your clothes on4 ,it requires a little courage and enough strength of mind not to lose your head4 ,cramps ,many boy swimmers make the mistake of going into the water too soon after eating4 ,the stomach and digestive organs are busy preparing the food for the blood and body4 ,suddenly they are called upon to care for the work of the swimmer4 ,the change is too quick for the organs1 the process of digestion stops4 ,congestion is apt to follow1 and then the paralyzing cramps4 ,indian ,method ,the ,indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps4 ,coming to a bathing pool1 an ,indian swimmer1 after stripping off and before entering the water1 vigorously rubs the pit of his stomach with the dry palms of his hands4 ,this rubbing probably takes a minute2 then he dashes cold water all over his stomach and continues the rubbing for another minute1 and after that he is ready for his plunge4 ,if the water in which you are going to swim is cold1 try this ,indian method of getting ready before plunging into the water4 ,rule ,the rule for entering the water1 in most camps1 is as follows3 ,no one of the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing except at time and place designated4 ,laxity in the observance of this rule will result disastrously4 ,,rescue ,,from ,,drowning ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a ,rescue ,to rescue a drowning person from the water1 always try to pull him out with an oar1 a rope1 a coat 7holding the end of one sleeve and throwing him the other71 or some other convenient object4 ,if you are obliged to jump in after him1 approach him with great caution1 throw your left arm around his neck with his back to your side 7,figure #a71 in which position he can't grapple you1 and swim with your legs and right arm4 ,if he should succeed in grasping you1 take a long breath1 sink with him1 place your feet or knees against his body1 and push yourself free4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,although life may seem extinct1 make every effort at resuscitation4 ,various procedures are advocated4 ,the ,sylvester method is one of the best4 ,hold the boy for it few seconds as in ,figure #b1 to get rid of water which may have been taken in4 ,do this several times4 ,tear off clothing4 ,rub briskly the legs and arms toward the body4 ,draw the tongue forward every three seconds for a minute4 ,if these methods fail to restore breathing1 then perform artificial respiration1 first sending for a physician4 ,illustration3 ,respiration ,lay the boy on his back with a folded coat or sweater under his shoulders1 and grasp his wrists or his arms straight up over his head as in ,figure #c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,respiration ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,expiration ,pull steadily and firmly in that position while you count #a1 #b1 #c4 ,this causes air to enter the lungs4 ,then quickly bring his arms down on his chest and press them firmly on his ribs 7,figure #d7 while you again count #a1 #b1 #c4 ,this forces the air out of the lungs4 ,then quickly carry his arms over his head and down again1 and repeat the same routine fast enough to make him breathe from twelve to sixteen times a minute4 ,the tendency is to work too fast4 ,if the work is done properly the air can be heard distinctly as it passes in and out of the air passages4 ,sometimes the tongue drops back in the throat1 stopping it up so no air can enter4 ,if you suspect this1 have an assistant grasp the tongue with a handkerchief and keep it pulled forward4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,expiration4 ,cuts used by courtesy of ,health-,education ,league4 ,don't ,give ,up ,it will make it much easier if you have another person push on the ribs for you when you relax the arms1 as shown in ,figure #e4 ,have him place the hands as shown in the figure with the thumbs toward the medium line in front1 the fingers farther away1 the palms just below the breasts2 this will make the boy's nipples come just midway between the ends of the thumbs and the middle joint of the forefinger4 ,press firmly downward and inward toward the backbone4 ,continue these motions about fifteen times per minute4 ,keep this up until the boy begins to breathe1 himself4 ,when done properly1 the work is hard for the operator1 and he should be relieved by some one else as soon as he gets tired4 ,warmth and ,quiet ,as soon as the boy begins to breathe himself--but not before--his limbs should be well rubbed toward the heart4 ,this will help to restore the circulation4 ,he should afterward be put to bed1 well covered with warm blankets1 hot stones being placed at his feet1 and warm drinks administered4 ,fresh air and quiet will do the rest4 ,books ,boys' ,drill ,regulation1 published by the ,national ,first ,aid ,association of ,america1 and ,boys' ,life ,brigade ,manual of ,drill1 published by the ,boys' ,life ,brigade1 ,london1 ,england1 are two small books containing a number of practical drills which may be used in training the boys in camp for emergency work4 ,instruction ,every camp for boys1 no matter how small or how large1 should plan for instruction in ,first ,aid4 ,this may be done by the camp physician1 the director1 the physical director1 or some physician invited to spend several days in the camp4 ,drills ,the illustration on page #agd shows how one hundred boys were trained in ,camp ,couchiching4 ,the litter drill was especially attractive to the boys of ,camp ,becket4 ,the boys were sent out in the woods in brigades of five each1 one of whom was the leader4 ,only a small hatchet was taken by each squad4 ,one of the boys was supposed to have broken his leg4 ,an improvised litter1 or1 stretcher1 was made of saplings or boughs1 strapped together with handkerchiefs and belts1 so that in ten minutes after they left the camp the first squad returned with the boy on the litter and in a fairly comfortable condition4 ,illustration3 ,litter ,drill ,health ,talks ,a course of health talks given in popular form by those who are well versed upon the subject1 cannot help but be instructive and productive of a greater ambition on the part of the boy to take good care of his body4 ,the following list of subjects is suggestive3 ,the ,human ,body and ,how to ,keep ,it in ,health #a ,the ,skeleton4 #b ,the ,muscular ,system4 #c ,the ,vascular ,system4 #d ,the ,nervous ,system4 #e ,the ,digestive ,system4 #f ,the ,lungs1 ,skin and ,kidneys4 ,personal ,hygiene #a ,the ,eye1 its use and abuse4 #b ,how to care for the ,teeth4 #c ,breathing and pure air4 #d ,microbes and keeping clean4 #g ,the health of the ,skin4 #h ,some facts about the ,nose4 #i ,our ,lungs4 #aj ,eating4 #aa ,alcohol4 #ab ,tobacco and the ,human ,body4 #ac ,the ,use and ,care of ,finger ,nails4 #ad ,cause of ,colds4 ,the ,american ,red ,cross ,society1 #gae ,union ,trust ,bldg41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 issues a series of five handsomely lithographed wall charts mounted on linen and heavy rollers4 ,these charts are numbered as follows and may be purchased for #b4ej for the set4 ,chart ,i4 ,the ,skeleton2 ,chart ,,ii4 ,the ,muscles2 ,chart ,,iii4 ,scheme of ,systematic ,circulation2 ,chart ,,iv4 ,fracture and ,dislocation2 ,chart ,v4 ,arteries and ,points' of ,pressure for ,controlling ,hemorrhage4 ,these charts will make the talks doubly attractive4 ,honor points are given boys for essays written upon the ,health ,talks4 ,some camps found that boys were desirous of taking examinations in ,first ,aid4 ,in one camp twenty-three boys won the ,certificates of the ,american ,red ,cross ,society4 ,for information write to the ,educational ,department of the ,international ,committee1 ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 #abd ,east #bhth ,street1 ,new ,york1 or the ,american ,red ,cross ,society4 7,see address above7 ,,chapter ,,xvi--,,personal ,,hygiene ,,eating ,,teeth ,,hands ,,eyes ,,ears ,,nose ,,hair ,,feet ,,internal ,,organs ,,bathing ,,sleep ,,clothing ,eating ,very little thought is given by the boy to what he eats1 as long as it suits his taste1 and there is an ample supply4 ,the causes of most skin diseases are largely traceable to diet4 ,chew the food slowly4 ,don't bolt food4 ,your stomach is not like that of a dog4 ,food must be thoroughly masticated and moistened with saliva4 ,hasty chewing and swallowing of food makes masses which tend to sour and become poison4 ,this often accounts for the belching of gas1 sense of burning and pain1 and other forms of distress after eating4 ,drink before or after meals4 ,don't overeat4 ,conversation aids digestion4 ,eating between meals is detrimental to good digestion4 ,regular meal hours should prevail4 ,after dinner is the best time to eat candy or sweets4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,tooth ,brush ,the ,teeth ,if the tooth brush gets lost make one out of a dry stick1 about six inches long1 which can be frayed out at the ends like the illustration4 ,a clean mouth is as important as a clean body4 ,the teeth should be cleaned twice a day1 morning and evening4 ,insist upon the bringing of a tooth brush to camp4 ,impress upon the boys that time spent upon teeth cleansing will prevent hours of agony upon a dentist chair4 ,cleansing the teeth of sticky deposits by running fine threads between them1 in addition to the use of a brush and a simple powder1 prevents deposits from becoming the starting point of decay4 ,the ,hands ,care of hands and nails is much neglected in camp1 ,nails should be properly trimmed and the mourning removed from underneath the nails4 ,the habit of biting the finger nails is dangerous4 ,finger nails should be cut once a week with sharp scissors or clip4 ,if the nails be neglected and a scratch received from the infected fingers the system may be inoculated with disease4 ,the cleansing of the hands after using the lavatory needs special emphasis1 for in no place do more germs collect and spread4 ,boys should not be permitted to use each other's towels1 combs1 brushes1 or soap4 ,a towel may carry germs from one boy to another4 ,the ,eyes ,never strain the eyes4 ,when reading1 always let the light come over the shoulder and upon the page1 the eyes being in the shadow4 ,do not read with the sunlight streaming across the page4 ,when writing have the light come from the left side4 ,do not rub the eyes with the hands4 ,headaches and nervousness are due largely to defective vision4 ,work1 play1 rest and sleep1 muscular exercise1 wise feeding1 and regular removal of the waste--these and all other hygienic habits help to keep the eyes sound and strong4--,sedgewick4 ,the ,ear ,it is dangerous to put a pointed pencil or anything sharpened into the ear4 ,boxing the ear1 shouting in the ear1 exploding a paper bag1 may split the drum and cause deafness4 ,the best way to remove excess wax from the ear is to use a soft1 damp cloth over the end of the finger4 ,ear-wax is a protection against insects getting in from the outside4 ,the ,nose ,keep the nose free from obstructions1 and avoid the use of dirty handkerchiefs4 ,always breathe through the nose and not through the mouth4 ,boys who observe this rule will not get thirsty while on a hike or get out of breath so easily4 ,they don't breathe in all sorts of microbes or seeds of disease1 and they don't snore at night4 ,the ,hair ,in washing the hair avoid using soap more than once a week1 as it removes the natural oil of the hair4 ,frequent combing and brushing adds to the lustre1 and the head gets a beneficial form of massage4 ,wear no hat at camp1 except to protect from sun rays or rain4 ,the ,feet ,footwear is a matter of importance4 ,shoes should never be worn too tight4 ,they not only hinder free movements1 but also hinder the blood circulation1 and cause coldness and numbness of the extremities4 ,sore feet1 because of ill-fitting shoes1 are a detriment to happy camp life4 ,have good1 well-fitting1 roomy shoes1 and fairly stout ones4 ,keep the feet dry4 ,if they are allowed to get wet1 the skin is softened and very soon gets blistered and rubbed raw4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a4 ,figure #b4 ,figure #a shows a perfectly shaped foot4 ,this is the natural shape1 and if the boy is allowed to go barefooted or wear sandals1 his foot will assume this shape4 ,figure #b shows the distorted shape brought about by cramped shoes4 ,the best thing to wear is thick moccasins of moose hide4 ,internal ,organs ,constipation is a frequent camp complaint1 and is usually the result of change in diet and drinking water4 ,the habit of having a daily movement of the bowels is of great importance to a boy's health4 ,the retention of these waste products within the body for a longer period tends to produce poisonous impurities of the blood1 a muddy-looking skin1 headaches1 piles1 and many other evils4 ,eat plenty of fruit1 prunes1 and graham bread4 ,drink plenty of water4 ,take plenty of exercise4 ,bathing ,one bath a day in fresh water is all that is necessary4 ,boys go into the water too often and remain too long4 ,this accounts for the rundown appearance of some boys4 ,the body gives off heat every minute it is in cool water1 and also when exposed wet to the breezes1 and heat is life4 ,all boys should be encouraged to take a dip before breakfast with a rapid rubdown4 ,then a good swim in the warm part of the day4 ,usually about #aa3cj ,a4,m4 is a good time for the swim4 ,if a swim is taken after supper1 be careful to dress warm afterward4 ,sleep ,normal boys need nine or ten hours sleep4 ,sleep is a time for physical growth4 ,have the tent open back and front at night to insure plenty of fresh air4 ,there must be a complete change of clothing on retiring4 ,flannel clothing should be worn at night4 ,sleep alone4 ,nine o'clock or nine-thirty1 at latest1 should find every boy in bed4 ,clothing ,wear clean clothing1 particularly underwear4 ,frequently a rash appearing on the body is a result of wearing dirty-shirts4 ,the wearing of belts tends to constrict the abdomen1 thus hindering the natural action of the intestines1 which is essential to good digestion4 ,hernia 7ruptures7 may result from wearing tightly drawn belts4 ,to dress the body too warm lessens the power to resist cold when there happens to be a change in the atmosphere4 ,put on extra clothing at sundown1 without waiting to begin to feel cold4 ,during eating of meals it is well to have the legs and arms covered when it is at all cool4 ,the cooling of large surfaces of the body while eating1 even if it is not noticed1 retards digestion1 and taxes the vitality4 ,many a boy gets a cold by neglecting to take this precaution4 ,,general ,,hints ,two flannel shirts are better than two overcoats4 ,don't wring out flannels or woolens4 ,wash in cold water1 very soapy1 and then hang them up dripping wet1 and they will not shrink4 ,if you keep your head from getting hot1 and keep your feet dry1 there will be little danger of sickness4 ,if your head gets too hot1 put green leaves inside your hat4 ,if your throat is parched and you can get no water1 put a pebble in your mouth4 ,this will start the saliva and quench the thirst4 ,,health ,,maxims ,,and ,,quotations ,keep thyself pure4 ,health is wealth4 ,a sound mind in a sound body4 ,fresh air and sunshine are necessary to good health4 ,cleanliness is the best guard against disease4 ,a clean mouth is as important as a clean body4 ,virtue never dwelt long with filth4 ,temperance1 exercise1 and repose ,slam the door on the doctor's nose4 --,longfellow4 ,cleanliness is next to ,godliness4 ,health and cheerfulness naturally beget each other4 --,addison4 ,nor love1 nor honor1 wealth nor power1 ,can give the heart a cheerful hour1 ,when health is lost4 ,be truly wise4 ,with health1 all taste of pleasure flies4 --,gay4 ,health is a second blessing that we mortals are capable of3 a blessing that money cannot buy4 --,walton4 ,there are three wicks1 you know1 to the lamp of a man's life3 brain1 blood1 and breath4 ,press the brain a little1 its light goes out1 followed by both the others4 ,stop the heart a minute1 and out go all three of the wicks4 ,choke the air out of the lungs1 and presently the fluid ceases to supply the other centres of flame1 and all is soon stagnation1 cold1 and darkness4 --,o4 ,w4 ,holmes4 ,illustration3 ,bending the ,bow--,camp ,kineo ,,chapter ,,xvii--,,athletics1 ,,campus ,,games1 ,,aquatics ,,and ,,water ,,sports ,,purpose ,,of ,,games ,,baseball ,,league ,,group ,,classification ,,what ,,to ,,avoid ,,athletic ,,events ,,awards ,,making ,,athletic ,,apparatus ,,campus ,,games ,,circle ,,jumping ,,wolf ,,rover ,,all ,,come ,,over ,,indian ,,and ,,white ,,man ,,german ,,bowling ,,tether ,,ball ,,volley ,,ball ,,aquatic ,,sports ,,water ,,games ,,water ,,basket ,,ball ,,water ,,baseball ,,old ,,clothes ,,race ,,tilting ,,canoe ,,tag ,,whale ,,hunt ,,making ,a ,,shoot-,,the-,,chute ,,archery ,,the ,,target ,,the ,,bow ,,making ,a ,,bow ,,making ,,arrows ,,essential ,,points ,,in ,,archery ,,bibliography ,if ,i can teach these boys to study and play together1 freely and with fairness to one another1 ,i shall make them fit to live and work together in society4--,henry van ,dyke4 ,purpose of ,games ,the spirit of camping is too frequently destroyed by over-emphasis upon competitive games4 ,play is necessary for the growing boy and play that engages many participants has the most value4 ,america today is suffering from highly specialized1 semi-professional athletics and games4 ,when athletics degenerate into a mere spectacle1 then is the stability of the nation weakened4 ,greece led the world1 while the youth of that great country deemed it an honor to struggle for the laurel leaf1 and gymnasiums were everywhere and universally used and the people saw little good in an education that neglected the body4 ,it is a significant fact that the degeneracy of ,greece was synchronous with the degrading of athletics into mere professional contests4 ,what had been the athletics of the people became a spectacle for the people4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,emmett ,d4 ,angell in ,play1 p4 #ai4 ,baseball ,league ,do not allow the athletics and games of the camp to become a mere spectacle for the campers4 ,something should be planned for every boy and every boy encouraged to participate in the program4 ,nothing has yet taken the place of the good old ,american game of baseball4 ,divide the camp boys into teams4 ,have a league playing a series of games4 ,the teams may be named after the different colleges or prominent cities or as one camp named the league1 the ,food ,league after popular camp dishes1 such as3 ,prunes1 ,beans1 ,soup1 ,hash1 ,mush1 ,chipped ,beef4 ,it is needless to state that the boys in the league not only had a lot of fun1 but the camp paper contained very amusing accounts of the games played4 ,arrange a schedule of games and keep accurate records of all games played either in the ,camp ,log or camp paper4 ,a dinner given to the winning team adds to the excitement of the league's existence4 ,do not neglect the younger boys2 have two ,midget teams engage in a series for best two out of three games4 ,occasionally a game between the leaders and older boys is the exciting game of the season1 especially if the leaders are defeated4 ,the same rule of participation should govern the athletics of the camp4 ,inter-tent games help to develop group loyalty1 cooperation1 fair play1 and courtesy to opponents so desirable4 ,groups ,in some camps the boys are divided into two groups1 those under five feet in height and those over five feet4 ,events are planned for these two groups4 ,the system of grouping suggested by the ,school ,athletic ,league1 is that of grouping the boys according to physiological rather than chronological age1 as follows3 ,pre-pubescent boys under #ij pounds4 ,pubescent boys or juniors1 #ij to #aaj pounds4 ,post-pubescent or intermediates1 #aaj to #acj pounds4 ,seniors1 above #acj pounds4 ,the boys are weighed in competing costume4 ,this system is looked upon as being fair and practical4 ,what to ,avoid ,the following should be avoided--,marathon runs1 sustained effort in and under water and competitive long-distance running4 ,the longest sprint race should be1 for boys1 #ej yards1 for juniors1 #ge yards4 ,no adolescent who is not past the pubescent stage should run sprint races longer than #ajj yards4 ,cross-country running is beneficial when taken at a slow pace and without competition4 ,every boy should be examined for heart weakness before entering the strenuous games4 ,the above is the opinion of physical directors from twenty-one different ,states and may be considered authoritative4 ,this same opinion prevails among most of the experienced camp leaders and workers among boys4 ,events ,the athletics usually planned for camp are3 #ej yard dash for boys2 #ge-yard dash for juniors2 #ajj yard dash for seniors2 running high jump2 running broad jump2 pole vault2 #h and #ab-pound shot-put2 baseball throw and relay race4 ,awards ,ribbon awards presented to the winners at a special meeting of the campers aid considerably in fostering the true spirit of clean athletics and wholesome sport and are appreciated by the winners as souvenirs of the good-natured contest4 ,camps possessing a stereopticon#a should secure the set of slides and lecture accompanying from the ,moral ,education ,league of ,baltimore1 ,md41 entitled ,the ,true ,sportsman4 ,rental terms are five dollars a week and expressage4 ,transcribers ,footnote #a3 stereopticon3 ,a magic lantern1 with two projectors arranged to produce dissolving views4 ,a perpetual cup for all-round proficiency1 upon which is engraved the name of each year's winner1 is a good way of recording the annual athletic meet4 ,a shield with the names of the winners of the season's events painted or burned upon it and hung up in the camp lodge helps to retain the interest of the winner in the camp after he has become a grown-up or alumnus4 ,illustration3 ,take-off2 ,cross-section of ,take-off2 ,jumping ,standards2 ,apparatus ,boys who like to make things may be put to work making various pieces of athletic apparatus4 ,a ,take-,off may be made of a plank or board1 #h inches wide and #cf inches long1 sunk flush with the earth4 ,the outer edge of this plank is considered the scratch line4 ,remove the earth to a depth of three inches and width of twelve inches4 ,to make a pair of jumping standards1 first saw out the bottom blocks1 each being #aj x #aj inches and #b inches thick4 ,in the center of each block chisel out a hole #b x #b inches and about #a inch in depth4 ,into these holes fit the ends of the upright pieces1 which should be #e feet long and #b inches square4 ,before securing the upright pieces1 bore holes an inch apart1 into which may be inserted a piece of heavy wire or large wire nail to hold up the cross piece or jumping stick4 ,be sure to space the holes alike on both uprights1 so the crosspiece will set level when the standard is in use4 ,four #e-;inch braces are fastened in at the lower part of the upright4 ,study the diagram and you will succeed in making a pretty good pair of standards4 ,campus ,games ,after supper is usually a period in the camp life rather difficult of occupation4 ,campus ,games appeal to most boys4 ,these games are designed especially for the after-supper hour1 although they may be played at any time4 ,circle ,jumping ,stand the boys in a circle with all hands clasped4 ,one of the crowd lies down in the center with a rope as long as one-half the diameter of the circle4 ,to the end of the rope is tied a small weight like a sand bag4 ,he whirls the weight around with the full length of rope revolving with increasing rapidity4 ,as it approaches the players1 they hop up and let it pass under their feet4 ,the one whose foot is touched is out of the game and the boy who keeps out of the way of the rope the longest is the winner4 ,wolf ,here is a ,japanese game full of fun and action4 ,place a dozen or more boys in line1 and have each fellow place his hands firmly on the shoulders of the boy in front of him4 ,choose one of the fellows for the ,wolf4 ,the first boy at the head of the line is called the ,head of the ,serpent1 and the last fellow is the ,tail4 ,the ,wolf stands near the head of the ,serpent until a signal is given4 ,then he tries to catch the ,tail without touching any other part of the snake4 ,the boys who form the body of the ,serpent protect the ,tail by wreathing about in all sorts of twists to prevent the ,wolf from catching the ,tail4 ,this must be done without breaking the line4 ,when the ,tail is caught1 the ,wolf becomes the ,head1 and the ,tail becomes the ,wolf4 ,the last boy in line is the ,tail4 ,the game can be continued until every boy has been the ,wolf4 ,rover1 ,all ,come ,over ,a line is marked dividing the campus4 ,all the boys gather on one side4 ,one boy in the center endeavors to have them step over the line by calling out1 ,rover1 ,rover1 all come over6 ,at the word over everybody is expected to run and cross the line1 while the center man endeavors to catch one4 ,the one caught must help him catch the others4 ,if any one runs over before the center man calls over1 he has to go to the aid of the catcher4 ,when all are caught the game begins again4 ,illustration3 ,german ,nine ,pins--,camp ,becket ,indian and ,white ,man ,the game of ,indian and ,white ,man is interesting4 ,a circle is drawn on the campus4 ,it is supposed that the white people are travelling over the prairie1 and at night time they prepare to camp4 ,the circle represents their camp4 ,the ,whites lie down to sleep and sentries are posted4 ,the ,indians discover the camp and endeavor to capture the ,whites4 ,then comes the battle royal4 ,every ,indian captured in the white man's circle counts one1 and every white man captured by the ,indians outside the circle counts one for their side4 ,the game continues until all of either side are captured4 ,the players are divided into two groups4 ,the ,indians are concealed in the bushes or some place unseen by the ,whites and they make the attack4 ,such games as ,three ,deep1 ,bull in the ,ring1 ,tag ,game1 ,leap ,frog1 will be found to interest the boys during the after-supper period4 ,the following are campus games requiring apparatus3 ,german ,bowling ,plant in the ground two posts1 leaving at least #ae feet above ground4 ,spike a #aj-;foot piece across the top 7see page #bah74 ,an ordinary ball used in bowling is used by plugging shut the holes and inserting a screw eye in one of the plugged holes4 ,tie tightly to this screw eye a strong piece of rope4 ,a good-sized screw eye is fastened in the cross piece of the frame1 and to this tie the ball4 ,nine bowling pins are used4 ,the score is the same as bowling4 ,the pins are knocked off by the return of the ball1 as shown in the diagram4 ,illustration3 ,german ,bowling ,tether ,ball ,the upright pole should be standing ten feet out of the ground and firmly imbedded in the earth so as not to vibrate4 ,illustration3 ,tether ,ball ,the pole should be #g-a_/b inches in circumference at the ground and tapering toward the upper end4 ,paint a black or white #b-;inch band around the pole #f feet above the ground4 ,draw a circle about the pole on the ground having a #c-;foot radius4 ,a #bj-;foot line must bisect the circle4 ,use a tennis ball having a netted or tightly fitting linen cover4 ,the ball is fastened to a string with a ring and suspended from the top of the pole by a piece of heavy braided fish line4 ,the cord should allow the ball to hang #g-a_/b feet4 ,tennis racquets are used4 ,the two players stand at point marked with an ,x in the diagram4 ,in the toss-up for courts the loser is the server4 ,the ball may be struck in any manner with the racquet1 the endeavor being to wind the string upon the pole above the painted band4 ,volley ,ball ,stretch a tennis net across the campus and mark a court fifty feet long1 to be divided equally by the net4 ,the play consists in keeping in motion the ball over the net from one side to the other1 until one fails to return it1 which counts as an out4 ,the ball used is similar to a football1 only smaller4 ,the game consists of twenty-one points4 ,many of the camps have tennis courts and hold tournaments4 ,this game is so universal and familiar that no description will be made4 ,,aquatic ,,sports ,,and ,,water ,,games ,aquatic sports may be arranged so that active interest will be taken by all the boys1 or they may be simply an exhibition of the swimming abilities of several boys4 ,the former is decidedly preferable4 ,events should be arranged for the small as well as the large boys4 ,illustration3 ,the ,human ,frog at ,camp ,kineo ,,athletics ,,and ,,water ,,sports #bba ,the program of events should include a short dash1 swimming under water1 diving for form1 fancy swimming and special stunts1 ribbon awards or inexpensive cups to be given the winners4 ,the ,life ,saving ,corps will have an opportunity to give an exhibition of their skill and alertness1 as well as patrol the swimming beach4 ,good reliable fellows should be appointed to watch each swimmer when in the water4 ,run no chances at any time that boys are in the water4 ,the following water games have been suggested by ,a4 ,b4 ,wegener4 #a4 ,three-legged swimming4 #b4 ,tug of ,war4 #c4 ,bobbing for ,corks4 #d4 ,plunging through hoops for height or distance4 #e4 ,diving for objects4 #f4 ,egg ,race2 holding the egg in a spoon either in the mouth or hand4 #g4 ,tag games4 #h4 ,potato race2 using corks instead of potatoes4 #i4 ,candle race2 candles are lighted and must be kept lighted4 #aj4 ,various land games may be adapted for water use1 such as ball passing 7using a water polo ball71 relay race1 etc4 ,water ,basket ,ball ,two peach baskets1 or rope baskets1 or two iron rings are hung upon poles five feet above the water and forty feet apart4 ,the game is played similarly to basket ball1 except that the players are allowed to advance with the ball4 ,tackling and ducking are fouls and penalized by allowing a free throw for goal from a point fifteen feet away4 ,there is no out of bounds1 and a basket may be thrown from any place in the water4 ,a field goal counts two points1 and a goal from a foul one point4 ,water ,baseball ,the outfit required is a tennis ball1 a broom stick and four rafts-- one large and three small4 ,the batsman and catcher stand on the big raft4 ,on a small raft1 ten yards away1 stands the pitcher and the other two rafts are placed at easy swimming distance for bases4 ,in striking1 everything counts--bunt1 swat or foul tip4 ,the moment bat and ball come in contact the batsman starts for first base4 ,there are five men on a side4 ,lots of fun4 ,avoid remaining in fresh water too long as it has a tendency to weaken vitality4 ,old ,clothes ,race ,the contestants are dressed in a full suit of old clothes4 ,at the word go they dive into the water and swim to a float placed at a certain distance away1 undress and return4 ,this is a very funny race4 ,tilting ,two boats manned by four boys each4 ,one boy is the spearman and is armed with a light pole about eight or ten feet long1 having a soft pad of rags1 or better yet1 of water-proof canvas duck to keep it from getting wet and soggy4 ,if a flat-bottom boat is used1 the spearman stands on one of the end seats4 ,a quarter-deck or raised platform should be built on an ordinary boat or canoe4 ,the battle is fought in rounds and by points4 ,if you put your opponent back into the boat with one foot it counts you #e2 two feet1 #aj4 ,if he loses his spear you count #e 7except when he is put overboard74 ,if you put him down on one knee on the fighting deck1 you count #e2 two knees1 #aj4 ,if you put him overboard it counts #be4 ,one hundred points is a round4 ,a battle is for one or more rounds as agreed upon4 ,it is forbidden to strike below the belt4 ,the umpire may dock for fouls4 ,canoe ,tag ,any number of canoes or boats may engage in this water game4 ,a rubber football is used4 ,the game is to tag the other canoe or boat by throwing this into it4 ,the rules are as in ordinary cross tag4 ,whale ,hunt ,the whale is made of a big log of wood with a rough-shaped head and tail to represent a whale4 ,two boats are used1 each manned by the boys of one tent--the leader acting as captain1 a boy as bowman or harpooner1 the others as oarsmen4 ,each boat belongs to a different harbor1 the two harbors being some distance apart4 ,the umpire takes the whale and lets it loose about half-way between the two harbors and on a signal the two boats race out to see who can get to the whale first4 ,the harpooner who first arrives within range of the whale drives his harpoon into it and the boat promptly turns around and tows the whale to its harbor4 ,the second boat pursues and when it overtakes the other1 also harpoons the whale1 turns around and endeavors to tow the whale to its harbor4 ,in this way the two boats have a tug-of-war and eventually the better boat tows the whale and possibly the opposing boat into its harbor4 ,shoot-the-,chute ,illustration3 ,diagram ,for ,chute ,a ,shoot-the-,chute is great fun and one should be built in every permanent camp and ,swimming ,hole4 ,the one described is by ,a4 ,d4 ,murray and has stood the test of several years in a number of camps4 ,the plan drawn is for a chute #dj feet long1 #c feet wide and #ah feet high4 ,these dimensions can be changed in length and height1 but not in width4 ,the chute is built of #g_/h-;inch matched pine boards1 to the same width as sheet zinc1 usually #c feet2 the boards being firmly cleated together on the under side by #b x #f-;inch cleats #e feet apart1 throughout the length of the chute4 ,boards should be screwed to the cleats from the face of the chute with #a-a_/b-;inch screws1 the heads being counter sunk4 ,the several lengths of zinc are soldered into one piece1 the joints being on the under side 7as shingles on a roof7 fastened to the boards with #h-oz4 tacks2 set in from the edge about #a inch and about #f inches apart4 ,the side strips of maple 7soft wood will not do on account of the danger of splintering7 #b inches wide and #c inches high1 rounded slightly on upper edge1 are placed directly over the edge of the zinc and covering the tacks4 ,screw the strips firmly to the chute with #b-;inch screws from the under side4 ,these ought to be placed not more than #b feet apart4 ,probably each will have two or more strips in making a piece of sufficient length4 ,if so1 care should be taken to have the pieces joined on a bevel with a slant from outer edge toward bottom of chute so as to leave no edge4 ,the utmost care should be used to have a perfectly smooth surface on the inside of the chute4 ,a pump or bucket is needed at the top of the chute to wet the surface before the swimmer starts his slide4 ,the supports ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 should be firmly braced with #b x #d-;inch timber1 ,d1 and lower end of chute should extend over the pier at least #a foot and not nearer the surface of the water than #c feet perpendicularly1 allowing the swimmer to enter the water as in a dive4 ,the chute can be fastened to the supporting braces through timbers ,e1 ,f1 into maple side strips with a good heavy log screw4 ,a platform #c feet wide and #d feet long near the top of chute1 and set just waist deep from the top of chute will make starting easy4 ,archery ,richard the ,lion-hearted1 of ,england1 said the five essential points of archery--standing1 nocking#a1 drawing1 holding1 and loosing--honestly represented all the principles of life4 ,archery develops the muscles in all-round fashion1 particularly those of the shoulder1 arm and wrist4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,a nock is the groove at either end of a bow for holding the bowstring or the notch in the end of an arrow that fits on the bowstring4 ,the ,target ,a target can be made of a burlap sack1 or oil cloth1 about five feet square4 ,stuff this with hay or straw4 ,it may be flattened by a few quilting stitches put right through with a long packing needle4 ,on this the target is painted4 ,in scoring1 the centre is #i1 the next circle #g1 the next #e1 the next #c and the last circle #a4 ,the shortest match range for the target is forty yards4 ,the ,bow ,the bow may be made from any of the following woods--mulberry1 sassafras1 southern cedar1 black locust1 black walnut1 apple1 slippery elm or hickory4 ,in making a bow1 select wood with straight grain4 ,the length of the bow should be about the height of the boy using it1 or if the boy is between ten and fifteen years of age1 his bow should not be less than four feet in length and not more than five feet4 ,when buying a bow get one of lancewood backed with hickory4 ,making ,a ,bow ,the making of the bow and arrow is described by ,a4 ,neeley ,hall1 as follows3 ,cut your piece of wood five feet long1 and1 after placing it in a bench vise to hold it in position1 shape it down with a drawknife or plane until it is one inch wide by one-half inch thick at the handle1 and three quarters inch wide by one-quarter inch thick at the ends4 ,the bow can be made round or flat on the face toward the archer4 ,cut a notch in the bow two inches from each end1 as shown in the illustration1 from which to attach the bow-string4 ,a cord with as little elasticity as possible should be used for this4 ,a good string can be purchased for twenty-five cents4 ,illustration3 ,notch for ,bowstrings2 ,length of ,bow #e feet4 ,wire nail with head cut off 7arrow head7 ,old ,canvas ,stuffed 7target72 ,loop 7in bowstring72 slip knot4 ,with a home-made bow-string1 a loop should be made in one end and bound with thread1 as shown in illustration1 p4 #bbg4 ,slip the loop over the upper notch1 bend the bow until the center of the string is about five inches away from the handle1 and attach the loose end to the lower notch by means of a slip-knot similar to that shown in the drawing4 ,the bow should then be sandpapered until smooth1 and thoroughly oiled with linseed oil4 ,glue a piece of velvet about three inches wide around the center for a handle4 ,making ,arrows ,arrows are divided into three parts3 the head1 sometimes called the pile1 the shaft and the feathers4 ,the shaft is generally made of hickory1 ash1 elm or pine1 and its length is dependent upon that of the bow4 ,for a five-foot bow1 make the length two feet and the width and thickness about one-half inch4 ,for target practice a wire nail driven into the end of the pile1 as shown on page #bbg1 with the head of the nail filed off and pointed1 makes an excellent head4 ,feathering is the next operation4 ,turkey and goose feathers are generally used4 ,strip off the broader side of the vane of three feathers and glue them to the shaft one inch and a quarter from the notch1 spacing them equally from each other4 ,one feather should be placed at right angles to the notch4 ,this is known as the cock feather and should always point away from the bow when the arrow is shot4 ,archery ,the rules for the five essential points are these3 ,standing3 ,in taking position to draw the bow1 the heels must be seven to eight inches apart1 feet firm on the ground1 yet easy and springy1 not rigid4 ,nocking3 ,this is manipulating the bow string4 ,hold the string with two fingers and the arrow between the first and second fingers4 ,grip firmly1 but not so as to give awkwardness to any finger4 ,drawing3 ,in drawing stand with the left shoulder toward the target1 turning the head only from the neck and looking over the left shoulder4 ,then raise the bow with the left hand1 keeping the upper end inclined one or two degrees from the body4 ,with the right hand draw the arrow to chin-level and below the ear4 ,holding3 ,steady the aim a moment and keep the point of aim directly in view1 looking along the whole length of the arrow4 ,loosing3 ,in letting the arrow go1 do not jerk1 but loose smoothly1 and be certain your bow arm does not move when loosing4 ,to get a clean1 sharp loose is more than half way to hitting the target4 ,,bibliography ,indoor and ,outdoor ,game47#ahh7--;,a4 ,m4 ,chesley4 ,american ,sports ,publishing ,co4 ,an ,athletic ,primer1 ,group ,,xii41 ,no4 #hg--;,j4 ,e4 ,sullivan4 ,american ,sports ,publishing ,co4 ,official ,handbook ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,athletic ,league1 ,group ,,xii41 ,no4 #cjb4--;,american ,sports ,publishing ,co4 ,tether ,tennis1 ,volley ,ball1 ,etc41 ,no4 #ahh4--;,american ,sports ,publishing ,co4 ,the above booklets are published at #aj cents each1 and should be in the hands of every camp leader1 also the latest guides in ,baseball and ,tennis4 ,at ,home in the ,water--,george ,h4 ,corsan4 ,association ,press1 #ge cents4 ,twenty pages of this excellent book are devoted to water sports1 and it also contains complete rules for ,water ,polo1 a splendid game for adults1 but unwise to play in a boys' camp4 ,the ,birch ,bark ,roll--,ernest ,thompson-,seton4 ,doubleday1 ,page ,co41 #be cents4 ,two ,little ,savages--,ernest ,thompson-,seton4 ,doubleday1 ,page ,co41 #a4ge4 ,these books give valuable hints on ,archery1 which is peculiarly adapted for camp life and sport4 ,the ,witchery of ,archery--,maurice ,thompson4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 #a4ej4 ,fascinating and entertaining4 ,illustration3 ,a ,lesson in ,nature's ,classroom ,,chapter ,,xviii--,,nature ,,study ,,the ,,out-,,door ,,instinct ,,antiquity ,,of ,,nature ,,study ,,the ,,modern ,,idea ,,boy ,,collectors ,,arousing ,,interest ,,herbariums ,,homemade ,,press ,,equipment ,,new ,,kind ,,of ,,hunting ,,walks ,,afield ,,night ,,sounds ,,fishology ,,purposeful ,,trips ,,outdoor ,,talks ,,on ,,nature ,,bibliography ,if nature is to be a resource in a man's life1 one's relation to her must not be too exact and formal1 but more that of a lover and friend4--,john ,burroughs4 ,outdoor ,instinct ,the boy is always nearer to the heart of nature than the grown man4 ,he has a passionate love of the open air and of the fields and woods2 he is never really happy indoors4 ,nature has planted this outdoor instinct in the boy's heart for the good of the race4 ,day and night teach him their lessons4 ,the boy will absorb much that is interesting and also much that will be of real value in giving him a broader outlook upon life4 ,camping gives abundant opportunity for the study of nature4 ,nature study is not a fad of modern times4 ,nearly three hundred and fifty years before ,christ1 ,alexander the ,great placed at the disposal of his tutor1 ,aristotle1 the services of one thousand men throughout ,asia and ,greece with instructions to collect and report details concerning the life1 conditions and habits of fishes1 birds1 beasts and insects4 ,to this magnificent equipment of assistants1 ,alexander added fifteen thousand dollars in gold for books and laboratory supplies4 ,prof4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey says1 ,the modern idea of ,nature ,study is1 to put the boy in a sympathetic attitude toward nature for the purpose of increasing the joy of living4 ,nature study is not science4 ,it is not knowledge4 ,it is spirit4 ,it is concerned with the boy's outlook on the world4444 ,this ,nature spirit is growing1 and there are many ways of knowing the fields and woods4 ,a new literature has been born4 ,it is the literature of the out-of-doors4 ,collectors ,boys are natural born collectors4 ,they are interrogation points1 full of curiosity1 like the man from ,missouri1 they want to know4 ,the wise leader will say1 ,let us find out some thing about this tree1 or plant1 or bird1 or whatever it may be1 and together we will be learners4 ,the textbook method will not work in a boys' camp4 ,go find me a flower is the true method1 and let us see what it is4 ,nature study books and leaflets should be used merely as guides1 not as texts4 ,arousing ,interest ,arouse interest by encouraging the boys to make collections of leaves1 flowers1 etc41 found in the vicinity of the camp4 ,leaves and flowers may be pressed in a home-made press and mounted upon heavy paper or cardboard4 ,the following suggestions are given by ,dan ,beard and quoted by permission of ,charles ,scribner's ,sons from his ,book1 ,the ,field and ,forest ,handy ,book4 ,illustration3 ,the ,vreeland ,press ,herbarium ,the illustration shows how the press is made4 ,in using the press1 first place the plants or leaves1 enclosed in their wrappers and dryers of newspapers1 on the bottom board1 put the top board over them1 bring the hinged lever down and bind the whole together with a stout strap put around the end of the lever and the handle of the bottom board4 ,as this strap is drawn tight the lever bends1 and so keeps a constant pressure on the plants and leaves even when they shrink in drying4 ,dryers should be changed at least every day4 ,mount specimens on separate herbarium sheets of standard size 7#a-a_/b ,x #af-a_/b74 ,each specimen should be mounted with name 7common and botanical71 where found1 date and any other facts of interest4 ,this label is usually pasted in the lower right hand corner of the herbarium sheet4 ,equipment ,if the camp has a permanent building1 these specimens make a most attractive decoration as well as help to recall the happy days of the hunt4 ,the material equipment for nature study should consist of a good loose leaf note-book1 something that will stand the out-door wear4 ,get quadrille ruled sheets4 ,they will simplify sketching in the matter of proportion and scale4 ,a pocket magnifying glass will serve for identification of the specimens4 ,an inexpensive combination tweezer and magnifying glass is made by ,asher ,kleinman1 #bej ,eighth ,avenue1 ,new ,york 7#ej cents74 ,best of all is a high-power microscope1 especially where the camp has a permanent building with suitable room1 having a good light and table facilities4 ,a camera will help in securing permanent records of trees1 ferns1 flowers1 birds1 freaks of nature and scenes other than the usual camp groups4 ,a few reliable books on nature study are needed to complete the outfit4 ,hunting ,a bird hunt was a popular sport in one of my camps4 ,we started off early one morning1 a group of boys1 each loaded with a big lunchbox crammed with good things1 a note-book1 a book on bird-life1 and a gun4 ,the gun we used was a powerful pair of field glasses4 ,on the way we counted the number of bird-homes we saw4 ,just as we were thinking about stopping and having breakfast we heard a most ecstatic song4 ,creeping close to the place where the sound came from1 we discovered the songster to be a song-sparrow4 ,focussing our gun upon the bird we made note of its coloring and marking1 making sure that if we heard or saw another we would recognize it at once4 ,while we were eating our breakfast1 there was a dash of white1 yellow1 and grayish-brown1 a whirring sound and1 as the bird lighted upon the low bushes nearby1 a clear1 piercing whistle came from its throat4 ,our gun revealed to us a meadow lark4 ,by this time the boys were as much excited over the bird hunt as over a game of ball4 ,walks ,afield ,a flower walk1 observing the wild flowers2 a fern walk1 discerning the delicate tracery of the fern in its cool haunts2 a tree walk1 noting the different trees--all are natural ways of interesting boys in nature study4 ,night ,sounds ,g4 ,b4 ,affleck in the ,april1 #aiaj1 number of ,physical ,training tells his experience in studying nature with several groups of boys4 ,the night sounds surrounding a camp in northern ,minnesota were a puzzle to boys and to the counsellor of the tent at the end of the row4 ,this problem continued unsolved for more than a week1 despite all attempts both by day and night4 ,finally1 one moist1 warm night1 ,ned1 after stealthily approaching the sound1 satisfied himself of its location in a certain tree and in the morning was rewarded by the discovery of the 'toad' camped on a branch near the source whence the sound had issued4 ,replacing the frog so that the coarse tubercles of its back corresponded to the bark1 ,ned enjoyed a merited reward at the expense of his tent mates who1 though often 'hot1' required some minutes to find the hidden treasure4 ,then came the wonder of the stick toes and fingers1 the feeding with flies1 and the result was--a new pet for the tent4 ,in the next letters written to the folks this find was the central theme4 ,how much better this discovery and the examination of the peculiar colors and structures1 also the conclusions1 based upon observed structure1 as to the life and habits of the tree frog than would have been a scientifically learned discussion of the family ,hylidae6 ,in a camp of fifty boys the writer remembers three who had special delight in collecting pebbles1 and they made several all-day trips to distant brooks and beaches in the search for new specimens4 ,another group became so fascinated with the study of the food of fish that they begged the 'privilege' of cleaning the catch of each returning party4 ,proud was that lad who incidentally located the heart of a pickerel1 and because of his school knowledge of physiology he could not be convinced that the fish breathed without lungs till he had spent many hours in the vain endeavor to locate said organs4 ,then he knew that his former idea had been inadequate4 ,fishology ,fortunately1 nature is so interrelated in her various phases that an attempt at exploration in one direction soon opens other fields1 until with the growth of experience there comes a corresponding expansion of interest4 ,thus the lads1 searching for pebbles1 were perforce attracted by the plant and insect life of the brook1 and the one delving into the mystery of breathing oxygen without lungs developed a new interest in the physics of fluids1 while those who located the tree frog enlarged their sphere by the knowledge that their pet rejected some of the 'bugs' offered it4 ,the leader1 commencing thus with the limited or special interest of each group1 may evolve in his own mind the plan which most naturally will lead the boys not only into a wider field of concrete facts1 but also into the habit of seeing relationships1 of drawing conclusions and of raising questions for further investigation4 ,a group of boys interested in a study of fish may well be organized for an all-day trip to the root of the rapids or the bay of springs2 others with geological preferences may spend a night on the top of the distant hill which offers outcroppings of interest2 the embryo botanists cannot do better than to take a bog trot for the rare orchid1 anomalous pitcher plant1 or glistening sun dew2 lovers of the deep shade may paddle to the inlet of the creek and there enjoy a side trip on the fragrant carpet of hemlock and pine needles2 thus it will be found that by anticipating the probable findings in which the particular group is interested the leader gives a point and purpose1 adding not only to the enjoyment of the outing1 but imparting1 in addition1 some satisfactory knowledge of the vicinity4 ,longfellow said that a strong evidence of goodly character was the thoughtfulness one displayed in caring for a tree4 ,one of the best things at ,camp ,becket was a series of out-door talks on nature given by ,silas ,h4 ,berry4 ,seated on a huge rock1 he told the boys about the shaping and clothing of the earth1 foundation stones1 mountains and hills1 lakes1 ponds1 and rivers1 the beginning of vegetable life1 the variation and place of the freak1 the forest and its place in the world's progress1 the alternation of the forest crop1 man and his neighbors4 ,another afternoon the boys went into the woods and while they squatted on ,nature's mattress of fragrant pine needles 7see illustration1 page #bcj71 he told about leaves and their work1 cells and their place1 roots and their arrangement1 tendrils and their mechanism1 flowers and their devices1 seeds and their travels4 ,the third talk was upon the evolution of plant life1 law and logic of creation1 perpetuation of life in the lower forms1 edible and poisonous mushrooms1 and the perpetuation of life in the higher forms4 ,the boys had a different conception of life thereafter and they possessed that nature-love which always tends toward naturalness and simplicity of living4 ,they could sing with feeling4 ,i love thy rocks and rills1 ,thy woods and templed hills4 ,,bibliography ,how ,nature ,study ,should be ,taught--,edward ,f4 ,bigelow1 ,ph4,d4 ,hinds1 ,noble and ,eldridge1 #a4jj4 ,a book of inspiration4 ,many practical suggestions are given for arousing interest among boys in ,nature ,study4 ,the ,nature ,study ,idea--,liberty ,h4 ,bailey4 ,macmillan ,co41 #a4be net4 ,an interpretation of the new movement to put the boy in sympathy with ,nature4 ,field and ,forest ,handy ,book--,dan ,beard4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 #b4jj4 ,nothing better published for the benefit of those having permanent camps4 ,it should be placed in the hands of every boy4 ,outdoors1 ,indoors1 and ,up the ,chimney--,charles ,mc,ilvaine4 ,sunday ,school ,times ,co41 #ge cents net4 ,a series of interesting stories about commonplace things4 ,just the kind of information to give a boy on rainy days4 ,dan ,beard's ,animal ,book4 ,moffat1 ,yard ,company1 #a4ge net4 ,filled with the kind of incidents about animals that boys delight to hear1 including the famous bear stories4 ,also tells about the ,campfire ,club of ,animals4 ,how to ,study ,birds--,herbert ,k4 ,job4 ,outing ,publishing ,co41 #a4ej net4 ,takes up the practical side of bird study4 ,describes the outfit necessary for studying the birds in the open4 ,a valuable book4 ,manual of ,common ,american ,insects--,william ,beautenmuller4 #be cents4 ,manual of ,common ,butterflies and ,moths--,william ,beautenmuller4 ,funk ,wagnalls ,co41 #be cents4 ,two pocket manuals in which the insects1 butterflies and moths are reproduced in natural colors with their common and scientific names4 ,wilderness ,pets at ,camp ,buckshaw--,edward ,breck4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,company1 #a4ej net4 ,true tales of wilderness pets written by an experienced woodsman4 ,intensely interesting4 ,young ,folks' ,nature ,field ,book--,j4 ,alden ,loring4 ,dana1 ,estes ,co41 #a4jj4 ,contains a seasonable hint for every day in the year4 ,the alternate pages are left blank for notes or record of things seen4 ,how to ,know the ,wild ,flowers--,f4 ,t4 ,parsons4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 #b4jj net4 ,how to ,know the ,ferns --,f4 ,t4 ,parsons4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 #a4ej net4 ,familiar ,trees and ,their ,leaves--,f4 ,d4 ,matthews4 ,appleton and ,company1 #a4ge net4 ,three reliable handbooks written in popular style4 ,an ,out-of-,door ,diary--,marion ,miller4 ,sturgis and ,walton ,co41 #a4be net4 ,suitable for very young boys4 ,illustration3 ,making a ,walk to the ,beach-,camp ,wawayanda ,,chapter ,,xix--,,forecasting ,,the ,,weather ,,weather ,,table ,,clouds ,,rain ,,clear ,,weather ,,winds ,,how ,,to ,,tell ,,direction ,,of ,,wind ,,signals ,,lost ,,on ,a ,,cloudy ,,day ,,points ,,of ,,compass ,,home-,,made ,,weather ,,prophet ,,plant ,,barometer ,,bibliography ,sunshine is delicious4 ,rain is refreshing4 ,wind braces up4 ,snow is exhilarating4 ,there is really no such thing as bad weather1 only different kinds of good weather4 --,ruskin4 ,it is said that this weather table by ,buzzacott is so near the truth as seldom or never to be found to fail4 ,,forecasting ,,the ,,weather ,if the ,new ,moon1 ,first ,quarter1 ,full ,moon1 or ,last ,quarter1 comes between ,in ,summer ,in ,winter #ab and #b ,,am ,fair ,frost1 unless wind ,s4,w4 #b and #d ,,am ,cold and showers ,snow and stormy #d and #f ,,am ,rain ,rain #f and #h ,,am ,wind and rain ,stormy #h and #aj ,,am ,changeable ,cold rain if wind ,w4 ,snow if ,e4 #aj and #ab ,,pm ,frequent showers ,cold and high wind #ab and #b ,,pm ,very rainy ,snow or rain #b and #d ,,pm ,changeable ,fair and mild #d and #f ,,pm ,fair ,fair #f and #h ,,pm ,fair if wind ,n4,w4 ,fair and frosty if wind ,n4 or ,n4,e4 #h and #aj ,,pm ,rainy if ,s4 or ,s4,w4 ,rain or snow if ,s4 or ,s4,w4 #aj and #ab ,,am ,fair ,fair and frosty ,clouds ,every cloud is a weather sign4 ,low clouds swiftly moving indicate coolness and rain4 ,soft clouds1 moderate winds1 fine weather4 ,hard-edged clouds1 wind4 ,rolled or ragged clouds1 strong wind4 ,mackerel sky1 twelve hours dry4 ,rain ,look out for rain when ,the tree frog cries4 ,fish swim near the surface4 ,walls are unusually damp4 ,flies are troublesome and sting sharply4 ,a slack rope tightens4 ,smoke beats downward4 ,sun is red in the morning4 ,there is a pale yellow sunset4 ,rain with ,east wind is lengthy4 ,a sudden shower is soon over4 ,a slow rain lasts long4 ,rain before seven1 clear before eleven4 ,sun drawing water1 sure sign of rain4 ,a circle round the moon means storm4 ,when the grass is dry at night ,look for rain before the light2 ,when the grass is dry at morning light ,look for rain before the night4 ,when the dew is on the grass ,rain will never come to pass4 ,fog in the morning1 bright sunny day4 ,swallow flying high means clearing weather4 ,if the sun goes down cloudy ,friday1 sure of a clear ,sunday4 ,busy spiders mean fine weather4 ,,the ,,winds ,east wind brings rain4 ,west wind brings clear1 bright1 cool weather4 ,north wind brings cold4 ,south wind brings heat4 ,birds fly high when the barometer is high1 and low when the barometer is low4 ,direction of ,wind ,the way to find which way the wind is blowing1 if there is only very light breeze1 is to throw up little bits of dry grass2 or to hold up a handful of light dust and let it fall1 or to suck your thumb and wet it all round and let the wind blow over it1 and the cold side of it will then tell you which way the wind is blowing4 ,weather ,bureau ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,weather ,bureau publishes a ,classification of clouds1 in colors which may be had for the asking4 ,if you are near one of the weather signal stations daily bulletins will be sent to camp upon request1 also the weather map4 ,a set of flag signals run up each day will create interest4 ,the flags are easily made1 or may be purchased4 ,keep a daily record of temperature4 ,a boy in charge of the ,weather ,bureau will find it to be full of interest1 as well as to offer an opportunity to render the camp a real service4 ,he will make a weather vane1 post a daily bulletin board1 keep a record of temperature1 measure velocity of wind and rainfall4 ,if you have lost your bearings and it is a cloudy day1 put the point of your knife blade on your thumb nail1 and turn the blade around until the full shadow of the blade is on the nail4 ,this will tell you where the sun is1 and decide in which direction the camp is4 ,points of ,compass ,face the sun in the morning1 spread out your arms straight from body4 ,before you is the east2 behind you is the west2 to your right hand is the south2 to the left hand is the north4 ,a ,home-made ,weather ,prophet ,for a home-made barometer you need a clean1 clear glass bottle4 ,take one drachm#a each of camphor gum1 saltpetre and ammonia salts1 and dissolve them in thirteen drachms of pure alcohol4 ,shake till dissolved4 ,then pour in bottle and cork tightly4 ,hang the bottle of mixture against the wall facing north1 and it will prove a perfect weather prophet4 ,when the liquid is clear it promises fair weather4 ,when it is muddy or cloudy it is a sign of rain4 ,when little white flakes settle in the bottom it means that the weather is growing colder1 and the thicker the deposit the colder it becomes4 ,fine1 starry flakes foretell a storm1 and large flakes are signs of snow4 ,when the liquid seems full of little1 threadlike forms that gradually rise to the top1 it means wind and sudden storm4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,dram1 drachma2 drachm2 ,u4,s4 ,customary ,system equal to #a_/af of an ounce or #bg4cd grains 7#a4gg grams74 ,apothecary weight equal to #a_/h of an ounce or #fj grains 7#c4hi grams74 ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,,weather ,,bureau4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,flag ,,signals1 ,illustration3 ,flags ,no4 #a1 alone1 indicates fair weather1 stationary temperature4 ,no4 #b1 alone4 ,indicates rain or snow1 stationary temperature4 ,no4 #c1 alone1 indicates local rain1 stationary temperature4 ,no4 #a1 with ,no4 #d above it1 indicates fair weather1 warmer ,no4 #a1 with ,no4 #d below it1 indicates fair weather1 colder4 ,no4 #b1 with ,no4 #d above it1 indicates warmer weather1 rain or snow4 ,no4 #b1 with ,no4 #d below it1 indicates colder weather1 rain or snow4 ,no4 #h1 with ,no4 #d above it1 indicates warmer weather with local rains4 ,no4 #c1 with ,no4 #d below it1 indicates colder weather with local rains4 ,no4 #a1 with ,no4 #e above it1 indicates fair weather1 cold wave4 ,no4 #b1 with ,no4 #e above it1 indicates wet weather1 cold wave4 ,forecasts made at #aj ,a4,m41 and displayed between #ab and #a ,p4,m41 forecast the weather for the following day until #h ,p4,m4 ,,forecasting ,,the ,,weather #bde ,plant ,barometers ,the dandelion is an excellent barometer1 one of the commonest and most reliable4 ,it is when the blooms have seeded and are in the fluffy1 feathery condition that its weather prophet facilities come to the fore4 ,in fine weather the ball extends to the full1 but when rain approaches1 it shuts like an umbrella4 ,if the weather is inclined to be showery it keeps shut all the time1 only opening when the danger from the wet is past4 ,the ordinary clover and all its varieties1 including the trefoil and the shamrock1 are barometers4 ,when rain is coming1 the leaves shut together like the shells of an oyster and do not open again until fine weather is assured4 ,for a day or two before rain comes their stems swell to an appreciable extent and stiffen so that the leaves are borne more upright than usual4 ,this stem swelling when rain is expected is a feature of many towering grasses4 ,the fingers of which the leaves of the horse chestnut are made up keep flat and fanlike so long as fine weather is likely to continue4 ,with the coming of rain1 however1 they droop1 as if to offer less resistance to the weather4 ,the scarlet pimpernel1 nicknamed the poor man's weather glass1 or wind cope1 opens its flowers only to fine weather4 ,as soon as rain is in the air it shuts up and remains closed until the shower or storm is over4 ,,bibliography4 ,talk ,about the ,weather--,charles ,barnard4 ,funk ,wagnalls ,co41 #ge cents4 ,a little book of valuable hints and suggestions about the weather and the philosophy of temperature and rainfall in their relation to living things4 ,woodcraft--,jones and ,woodward4 ,c4 ,arthur ,pearson1 ,ltd41 #ce cents4 ,contains an excellent chapter on weather lore in addition to a mass of valuable information on woodcraft4 ,bulletin of the ,u4 ,s4 ,weather ,bureau1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c1 ,illustration3 ,the ,library1 #a1bjj ,volumes ,given by the ,boys4--,camp ,becket ,,chapter ,,xx--,,rainy ,,day ,,games ,,and ,,suggestions ,,delights ,,of ,a ,,rainy ,,day ,,accumulated ,,energy ,,handkerchief ,,tussle ,,potato ,,joust ,,terrier ,,fight ,,circle ,,ball ,,leg ,,wrestle ,,hand ,,wrestling ,,rooster ,,fight ,,shoe ,,and ,,sweater ,,race ,,peanut ,,relay ,,race ,,interesting ,,tests ,,bibliography ,we knew it would rain for the poplars showed ,the white of their leaves1 and amber grain ,shrunk in the wind and the lightning now ,is tangled in tremulous skeins of rain4 --,aldrich4 ,rainy days break the monotony of continuous sunshiny days4 ,there is nothing that is so fascinating to a boy in camp as listening to the patter of the rain drops upon the roof of his canvas house1 especially at night1 if he is snug and warm in his blankets and the tent is waterproof4 ,a rainy day is the kind of a day when the chess and checker enthusiasts get together4 ,games are rescued from the bottom of the trunk or box4 ,ponchos and rubber boots are now in popular favor4 ,thunder and lightning but add to the boys' enjoyment4 ,what indescribable excitement there is in the shivers and shudders caused by an extra flash of lightning or a double fortissimo roll of thunder6 ,there is also the delight1 of playing in the puddles of water and wearing a bathing suit and enjoying a real shower bath4 ,to some boys it is repair day1 rips are sewed up1 buttons sewed on clothing1 and for the initiated1 the darning of socks4 ,in camps with permanent buildings a big log fire roars in the fireplace1 the boys sprawl on the floor with their faces toward the fire1 and while the rain plays a tattoo#a upon the roof some one reads aloud an interesting story1 such as ,treasure ,island1 ,the ,shadowless ,man1 ,the ,bishop's ,shadow1 or the chapters on ,the ,beneficent ,rain and ,when the ,dew ,falls1 from ,jean ,m4 ,thompson's book1 ,water ,wonders4 ,it all depends upon one's viewpoint whether rainy days are delightful or disagreeable4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,signal on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers to their quarters at night4 ,continuous1 even drumming or rapping4 ,surplus ,energy ,boys are barometers4 ,restlessness is usually a sign of an approaching storm4 ,the wise leader senses the situation and begins preparing his plans4 ,if the rain is from the east and comes drizzling down1 better plan a several day program1 for after the excitement of the first few hours' rain1 the boys begin to loll around1 lie on the cots1 or hang around the kitchen and develop a disease known as ,grouchitis4 ,during the first stages of the disease the boys are inactive and accumulate an over-supply of energy1 which must find an outlet4 ,here is where the leader plays an important part in handling the case2 he provides an outlet for the expenditure of this surplus energy by planning games demanding use of muscle and the expenditure of energy and noise4 ,the big mess tent1 or dining hall1 is cleared and romping games are organized4 ,the games suggested are adapted for rainy days and selected from a catalogue of several hundred games4 ,,rainy ,,day ,,games ,few sports are better calculated than a potato joust to amuse boys on rainy days4 ,it has all the joys of a combat1 and yet1 try as he will1 there is no possibility for any boy to become rough4 ,potato ,joust ,in the potato joust each warrior is armed with a fork1 on the end of which is a potato4 ,the combatants take their position in the center of the playroom1 facing each other4 ,they should be separated by not less than three feet4 ,each must lift a leg from the floor 7see illustration1 next page74 ,the fighters may use their own discretion as to which leg shall be lifted from the floor and may hold it up with either hand they prefer4 ,a small cushion placed under the knee will add materially to the comfort of the contestants4 ,the battle is decided by one of the warriors knocking the potato from his opponent's fork4 ,toppling over three times is also counted as defeat4 ,if one of the knights is obliged to let go of his foot in order to keep his balance it is counted as a fall4 ,every time the battle is interrupted in this way1 either of the contestants is at liberty to change the foot he is resting upon4 ,if one of the warriors falls against the other and upsets him1 it is counted against the one who is responsible for the tumble4 ,you are not likely to realize on your first introduction to a potato joust the amount of skill and practice required to really become expert in handling the fork4 ,a slight turn of the wrist1 a quick push and the practised knight will defeat the novice so deftly1 so easily that you are amazed4 ,move your fork as little as possible2 long sweeping strokes are more likely to throw off your own potato than to interfere with that of your opponent4 ,the most dangerous stroke is one from underneath2 always maneuver to keep your potato below that of your antagonist4 ,illustration3 ,handkerchief ,tussle2 ,potato ,joust ,handkerchief ,tussle ,study the illustration and see if you can discover a way for the boys to get apart4 ,to make it really exciting1 a number of couples should be set going at once1 and a second on ice cream offered to the pair who get apart first4 ,to separate1 the boys have only to push the center of one of the handkerchiefs under the loop made by the other handkerchief when it was tied about the wrist1 and then carry the loop over the hand4 ,rough-house is the expression used by the boy of today when he is describing a general scuffle1 and he always smacks his lips over the word4 ,but rough-house has its disadvantages1 as many sprains and bruises can testify1 and if the same amount of fun may be had from less trying amusement1 an amusement1 say1 which is quite as energetic and quite as exciting1 the boy of today will certainly adopt it in preference to rough-house4 ,illustration3 ,a ,terrier ,fight ,terrier ,figh ,a terrier fight is exciting1 and it is funny--it is also energetic--and victory depends quite as much upon the skill of the fighter as upon his strength4 ,furthermore a terrier fight is not brutal4 ,no boy will hurt himself while engaged in this sport4 ,two boys are placed facing each other in the center of the room1 hands clasped beneath the knees and a stick just under the elbows1 as shown4 ,each contestant endeavors to push the other over2 but as it requires considerable attention to keep the balance at all when in this position1 the attack is no easy matter4 ,to give way suddenly is a maneuver almost sure to upset your adversary1 but unfortunately it is very apt to upset you at the same time and only after considerable practice will you be able to overcome a man in this way4 ,the pivot1 a sudden swing to the right or left is safer1 though not quite as effective4 ,always remember that the best terrier fighter invariably makes his opponent throw himself4 ,give way at some unexpected point1 and unless he is a skilful man1 he is sure to go over4 ,never try a hard push except in the last extremity when everything else has failed4 ,a terrier fight consists of three one-minute rounds1 with thirty seconds' rest between each round4 ,the one scoring the largest number of falls during the time set is accounted the winner4 ,circle ,ball ,a large circle of players throw a lawn tennis ball at one in the center4 ,the object of the player in the center is to remain in as long as possible without being hit4 ,if he catches the ball in his hands it does not count as a hit4 ,whoever hits him with the ball takes his place4 ,the player who remains in longest wins4 ,leg ,wrestle ,lie down on the back1 side by side1 by twos1 the feet of each boy of a two being beside the other boy's head4 ,at the word ,go6 each brings the leg nearest his opponent at right angles with his body and then lowers it4 ,this may be done twice or three times1 but the last time the leg is raised he should catch his opponent's and endeavor to roll him over1 which is a defeat4 ,hand ,wrestling ,take hold of each other's right or left hand and spread the feet so as to get a good base4 ,at the word ,go6 each one endeavors to force his opponent to lose his balance1 so as to move one of his feet4 ,this constitutes a throw4 ,the opponent's arm is forced quickly down or backward and then drawn out to the side directly away from him1 thus making him lose his balance4 ,the one moving his foot or touching his hand or any part of his body to the floor1 so as to get a better base1 is thrown4 ,the throw must be made with the hand4 ,it is thus not rulable to push with the head1 shoulder or elbow4 ,rooster ,fight ,the combatants are arranged facing each other in two front1 open ranks4 ,the first two opposites at either or both ends1 or if the floor is large enough all the opposites1 may combat at the same time4 ,the boys should fold their arms forward1 and hop toward each other on one leg4 ,the butting is done with the shoulder and upper arm1 and never with the elbow1 and the arm must remain folded throughout the combat4 ,when the two adversaries meet1 each attempts to push the other over1 or make him touch to the floor the foot that is raised4 ,when all have fought1 the winners arrange themselves in two opposing ranks and renew the combat4 ,this is done1 until but one remains1 and he is declared the victor4 ,shoe and ,sweater ,race ,the sweaters are placed at the opposite ends of the room4 ,the boys start with their shoes 7or sneakers7 on 7laces out74 ,a line is drawn in the middle of the room2 here the contestants sit down and pull off their shoes 7or sneakers71 run to the sweaters and put them on4 ,on the return trip they put their shoes on and finish with both shoes and sweaters on4 ,peanut ,relay ,race ,boys are lined up in two columns1 as in ordinary relay races4 ,for each column two chairs are placed a convenient distance apart1 facing one another1 with a knife and a bowl half full of peanuts on one1 and an empty bowl on the other4 ,at the proper word of command the first boy on each side takes the knife1 picks up a peanut with it1 and carries the peanut on the knife to the farther bowl2 upon his return the second boy does the same and so on4 ,the second boy cannot leave until the first has deposited his peanut in the empty bowl1 and has returned with the knife4 ,peanuts dropped must be picked up with the knife4 ,fingers must not be used either in putting the peanut on the knife or holding it there4 ,the side1 every member of which first makes the round1 wins4 ,a ,,few ,,interesting ,,tests ,you can't stand for five minutes without moving1 if you are blindfolded4 ,you can't stand at the side of a room with both of your feet touching the wainscoting lengthwise4 ,you can't get out of a chair without bending your body forward or putting your feet under it1 that is1 if you are sitting squarely on the chair and not on the edge of it4 ,you can't crush an egg when placed lengthwise between your hands1 that is1 if the egg is sound and has the ordinary shell of a hen's egg4 ,you can't break a match if the match is laid across the nail of the middle finger of either hand and pressed upon by the first and third fingers of that hand1 despite its seeming so easy at first sight4 ,,bibliography ,social ,activities for ,men and ,boys--,a4 ,m4 ,chesley4 ,association ,press1 #a4jj4 #bie ideas1 games1 socials and helpful suggestions4 ,a gold mine for one dollar4 ,games for ,everybody--,may ,c4 ,hofman4 ,dodge ,publishing ,co41 #ej cents4 #bjj pages of rare fun4 ,education by ,play and ,games--,g4 ,e4 ,johnson4 ,ginn and ,company1 #ij cents4 ,a discussion of the meaning of play4 ,contains also a number of good games1 graded according to ages or periods of child life4 ,play--,emmett ,d4 ,angell4 ,little1 ,brown and ,company1 #a4ej net4 ,a very practical book1 containing instruction for planning more than one hundred games1 including eight games in the water4 ,illustration3 ,hiawatha1 ,presented by the ,boys--,camp ,becket ,,chapter ,,xxi--,,educational ,,activities ,,recreative ,,and ,,constructive ,,education ,,whittlers' ,,club ,,pyrography ,,boat ,,building ,,plays ,,lantern ,,talks ,,library ,,tutoring ,,photography ,,agriculture ,,forestry ,,scoutcraft ,,camp ,,paper ,,record ,,of ,,personal ,,achievement ,,kite ,,making ,,and ,,flying ,,model ,,aeroplane ,,parachute ,,idea ,,box ,,furniture ,,camp ,,clock ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,moccasin ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,rough ,,and ,,ready ,,hammock ,a ,,home-,,made ,,toboggan ,,handy ,,funnel ,,ink ,,for ,,scouting ,,games ,,bibliography4 ',tis education forms the common mind2 ,just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined4 --,pope4 ,a boy is better unborn than untaught4--,gascoigne ,camping should not be merely a time of loafing or having fun4 ,the boy who has returned from a camp1 having learned some definite thing1 whether it be different from the school curriculum or supplementary to his school work1 has accomplished something and his outing has been of use to him4 ,all play and no work makes ,jack a dull boy1 as well as all work and no play4 ,recreative and constructive education forms a combination which appeals strongly to a boy4 ,he would call it1 doing things1 and in the doing would have fun galore4 ,in addition to nature study1 woodcraft1 first-aid instruction and similar types of educational activities in vogue in boy's camps1 there are many other forms of educational activities which boys can engage in during the camping season4 ,whittlers' ,club ,a ,whittlers' ,club1 organized to meet one hour several mornings a week1 proved attractive to a group of boys in one camp4 ,under the leadership of a man who understood ,sloyd #a work the boys were taught how to handle a knife1 and it is surprising how few boys really know how to handle this useful article found in every boy's pocket4 ,they were also taught to know the different kinds of wood1 bark1 grain1 and method of cutting and sawing wood for building and furniture purposes1 etc4 ,a popular model was a paper knife made of wild cherry4 ,the bark was permitted to remain on the handle1 while the other end was whittled evenly and smoothly for cutting leaves of books or magazines4 ,with the aid of a pyrography set the name of the camp and that of the owner of the knife was burned on the handle4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,manual training developed in ,sweden1 using woodworking tools4 ,pyrography ,carved paddles1 war clubs1 hiking sticks1 etc41 were used to display the artistic ability of the boys who brought to camp pyrography sets4 ,the camp name1 date of hikes1 miles travelled1 and other interesting information was burned on these souvenirs4 ,shields containing the athletic records and names of honor boys were made and hung upon the walls of the permanent building4 ,boat ,building ,illustration3 ,boat ,building at ,camp ,durrell ,in one large camp an experienced boatman was engaged1 and under his direction three large dories were built by the boys4 ,plans were carefully worked out1 lumber purchased1 and details of boat construction explicitly explained4 ,it took three weeks to build the boats1 but no boats of the fleet were used and appreciated as much by the boys as these which represented so much of their own labor and time4 7,see illustration47 ,working plans and knocked down material for building boats may be purchased from a number of firms4 ,building a boat during the winter by boys who are contemplating going camping1 aids to the anticipation of the delightful summer time4 ,illustration3 ,pyramus and ,thisbe1 ,players ,scene from ,midsummer ,night's ,dream2 ,camp ,becket ,plays ,the ,player's ,scene1 from ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 has been given several times outdoors with great success in the camps conducted by the writer4 ,the boys were coached by a graduate of a ,school of ,oratory1 costumes were made by the boys out of all sorts of material1 make-up was bought from a theatrical supply house and the scenery supplied by nature4 ,footlights were lanterns set in front of reflectors made from old tomato cans4 ,the path leading to the natural amphitheatre was lighted by ,japanese lanterns and the guests were seated on the ground4 ,in the words of ,hamlet1 ,the ,play's the ,thing1 and boys and visitors are always enthusiastic over the presentation1 while the players get a new conception of ,shakespeare's plays and writings4 ,hiawatha was given with equal enthusiasm and success4 ,lantern ,talks ,since the invention of the inexpensive ,reflectoscope1 illustrated talks in camp are now possible4 ,travel talks1 using postal cards from different parts of the world1 postals telling the ,story of the ,flag1 ,state ,seals and their ,mottoes1 etc41 are now published in series1 and will be found to be very interesting and instructive4 ,a number of the large camps have stereopticons4 ,lantern slides with accompanying lecture may be rented at reasonable rates1 such as ,the ,true ,sportsman1 and ,personal and ,national ,thrift1 sent out by the ,moral ,education ,league1 ,baltimore1 ,md41 for the ,east4 ,any first-class firm dealing in lantern slides can furnish a number of valuable lectures with slides4 ,a sheet hung between two trees on a dark night makes an excellent screen on which to show pictures4 ,library ,every camp should have a library or at least a small collection of good books4 ,in most cases arrangements can be made with a near-by library or with the ,state ,library for the loan of books for a certain period of time4 ,camps having permanent buildings should grow a library4 ,the excellent library of #a1bjj books in the camp of the writer was given by the boys 7see illustration74 ,illustration3 ,book ,identification ,gummed book labels were sent to each boy with the suggestion that he paste them in books which he could bring to camp to present to the library4 ,some boys would bring as many as ten books from the home library1 all good1 readable books4 ,the books are catalogued and a loan system established1 under the ,department of ,education1 and the following rules govern the library and use of books3 #a4 ,library open for one-half hour after dinner daily except on ,sunday1 when it will be open for one-half hour after breakfast4 #b4 ,books can be kept out three days4 ,if kept overtime a charge of two 7#b7 cents per day is made4 ,books may be renewed if returned on day due1 otherwise the usual charge will be made4 #c4 ,from #i o'clock ,a4 ,m4 to #ab o'clock ,m41 and from #b o'clock ,p4 ,m41 books may be taken away to read in the room1 but must not be taken outside the building under any condition4 ,violation of this rule will deprive the violator of the use of the books for three days4 #d4 ,please bring small change to pay fines4 ,tutoring ,the following announcement is sent by the writer to parents and boys concerning tutoring in camp3 ,,special ,,announcement ,,of ,,tutoring4 ,provides ,opportunity ,for 7#a7 ,those who1 on account of illness or other unavoidable circumstances1 have fallen behind their grade and wish to catch up by summer study4 7#b7 ,those who1 on account of poor work or failure in examination1 cannot be promoted unless they do special work during the vacation time4 7#c7 ,those who have not fully mastered a given subject and desire to review and strengthen themselves in the subject4 7#d7 ,those who wish to use their summer in order to earn an extra promotion4 ,instruction ,many of our camp leaders are college men and have the requisite scholarship to conduct the academic feature of the camp4 ,the instruction is very largely individual and is given in the morning and does not interfere with the recreation life4 ,the combination of study and recreation makes tutoring attractive and stimulating4 ,subjects ,any subject in the grammar or high school curriculum4 ,time ,two or three periods per week will be given to each subject4 ,cost ,one dollar per week will be charged for each subject4 ,an accurate record is kept of every boy being tutored1 on a card 7see illustration71 and a duplicate sent to his parent at the close of the season4 ,illustration3 ,report ,cards ,photography ,to stimulate interest in photography1 a contest is held during the latter part of the camping season for a cup1 to be awarded to the boy securing the best collection of photographs of camp life4 ,the award is determined upon3 first1 selection of subjects1 and1 second1 execution of detail4 ,ribbon awards are given for the best individual photograph in these three classes3 7a7 portraits1 7b7 groups1 7c7 landscapes4 ,the regulations governing the contest are3 #a4 ,exposure1 developing1 and printing must be the work of the exhibitor4 #b4 ,mounted or unmounted photographs may be submitted4 #c4 ,all photographs must be handed in before #ab o'clock noon 7date inserted74 ,for camps having good dark rooms1 the following rules may be suggestive3 #a4 ,key to the dark room must be returned to the office immediately after using room and locking same4 #b4 ,if films are drying1 inform the office of same1 so that the next user may be notified and care taken not to disturb the films4 #c4 ,room must be kept clean3 7a7 ,do not wipe shelves with the hand towels4 7b7 ,hang hand towels on nail provided4 7c7 ,leave buckets and trays in clean condition4 7d7 ,put paper1 empty tubes1 etc41 in box provided for same and not upon the floor4 #d4 ,use only the buckets provided1 and not those used for kitchen or camp purposes4 #e4 ,use only your own property and that provided by the camp1 and never touch the property or films or plates of others4 ,camp ,paper ,every large camp has its official organ or camp paper4 ,an editorial board is appointed1 and the doings of the camp recorded in a permanent manner through the weekly issue or reading of the paper4 ,various names are given the paper1 such as ,the ,camp ,log1 ,dudley ,doings1 ,seen and ,heard1 ,wawayanda ,whirlwind1 ,the ,maskwa1 ,the ,wyanoka ,log1 ,kinoe ,kamper4 ,some of these papers are printed and others are mimeographed and sold to the campers at five cents a copy4 ,most of them1 however1 are written in a book and read at the camp fire4 ,agriculture ,where a camp is located so as to be near a farm1 opportunity should be given city boys to study soil1 rotation of crops1 gardening1 etc4 ,in cooperation with the ,department of ,agriculture and under the leadership of a student of an ,agricultural ,college1 an experiment in raising vegetables may be tried in long-term camps4 ,a plot of ground may be plowed and harrowed1 and sub-divided into as many plots as there are tents1 each tent to be given a plot and each boy in the tent his own row to hoe1 the boy to make his own choice of seed1 keep a diary of temperature1 sunshine1 rainfall1 when the first blade appeared2 make an elementary analysis of soil1 use of fertilizer and other interesting data4 ,prepare for an exhibit of vegetables4 ,whatever the boys raise may be cooked and eaten at their table4 ,free agricultural bulletins will be sent upon application to the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #che tells about ,boys' ,agricultural ,clubs4 ,forestry ,the subject of forestry is akin to camping4 ,much valuable instruction may be given boys regarding the forests of the locality in which the camp is located1 kind of land1 character and use of woods1 how utilized--conservatively or destructively--for saw timber1 or other purposes1 protection of forests1 forest fires1 etc4 ,send to ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for ,forest ,service ,circular #acj1 ,forestry in the ,public ,schools2 ,farmers' ,bulletin #agc1 ,a ,primer of ,forestry1 ,part ,i2 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ceh1 ,a ,primer of ,forestry1 ,part ,,ii4 ,scoutcraft ,the ,handbook of the ,boy ,scouts of ,america is full of information regarding knot tying1 signalling1 tracking1 use of compass1 direction and time calculator1 etc41 which every boy should know4 ,scoutcraft would furnish recreational education for scores of boys4 ,record ,books ,boys like to carry home some permanent record of personal achievements while at camp1 autographs of fellow campers1 etc4 ,a rather unique record is used by the boys at ,camp ,wawayanda4 ,the illustration shows the card which was used4 ,a ,vacation ,diary1 in the form of vest pocket memorandum book1 bound in linen1 is published by ,charles ,r4 ,scott1 ,state ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,committee1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,price1 #aj cents4 ,kites ,scientific kite flying is one of the best things a boy can indulge in4 ,hiye-,sho-,to1 a ,japanese1 gives this interesting information about kites4 ,to all ,japanese the kite is symbolic of worthy1 soaring ambitions1 such as the work upward to success in school1 or in trade1 and so on4 ,when a child is born1 little kites are sent up by modest households to announce the arrival4 ,kites are also flown to celebrate birthdays4 ,to lose a kite is considered an omen of ill-luck4 ,for the control of a box kite1 ,i prefer the lightest steel wire to a cord4 ,this wire is about the thickness of an ordinary pin1 with a tensile strength at the point of breaking of quite three hundred pounds4 ,in handling a kite with such a wire-ground connection1 a boy should always have rough gloves on his hands1 that the wire may not cut them4 ,having a kite of this kind1 or even two and three1 so that on a single wire he can keep sending them higher and higher into the atmosphere1 a boy can begin what we were wont to call in ,yeddo our 'kite education4' ,first1 he can make himself his own weather prophet4 ,self-registering thermometers are no longer very expensive4 ,he can wire one of these to his kite1 and1 by knowing the length of wire he has in hand and the amount he pays out while the kite is up1 ascertain just what the air temperature is #bjj feet1 #ejj feet1 #a1jjj feet1 #c1jjj feet above him4 ,illustration3 ,box ,kites ,there are wind gauges of cheap construction1 moisture gauges which will note the coming of rain1 small cameras that will automatically take pictures while the kite is in the air1 that may be attached to these kites1 and from the work of which valuable information may be obtained4 ,the following instruction for making a box kite was given in ,the ,american ,boy1 ,april1 #aiji4 ,any boy can make a box kite4 ,the material used may be any tough1 light wood1 such as spruce1 cypress1 bass-wood1 or cedar4 ,cut four pieces #db inches in length1 and sixteen pieces #ah inches in length4 ,the cuts show clearly how they are to be put together4 ,use glue and small brads at every point4 ,the bridle cord is fastened #f inches from each end of the box4 ,this is best done before the cloth is put on the kite4 ,light cheese cloth may be used1 and should be secured with glue and small brads at the last lap4 ,when the cloth is in place paint it with thin varnish or glue to fill up the meshes and stretch it4 ,the reason why box kites made by boys have a tendency to lie down flat on the ground is that they are not proportioned correctly4 ,the proportions given here are correct4 ,the painting1 decorating1 and tinting are matters of personal taste and skill4 ,the principle of kite flying is simple4 ,air is a fluid like water1 but on account of the many changes of temperature1 to which it is subjected1 it constantly changes its density and is found to consist of layers or strata4 ,these layers are not all flat and parallel1 but take every variety of shape as the clouds do4 ,in flying a kite you simply pull it up one of those layers just as you would pull a sled or wagon up a hill4 ,always run facing the wind4 ,aeroplanes ,aeroplane season is now a calendar event in the boy's life4 ,many boys are engaged in building these fascinating little ships of the air4 ,the ,boy's ,book of ,model ,aeroplanes1 by ,francis ,a4 ,collins1 ,century ,co4 7#a4bj net71 gives complete directions how to build these marvellous new toys4 ,form a club and conduct an ,aviation meet during the season4 ,spon and ,chamberlain1 #abc ,north ,liberty ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 sell a complete full-sized set of drawings for building three model aeroplanes4 ,price1 #ej cents4 ,parachutes ,illustration3 ,a ,parachute ,idea ,the parachute1 in its various forms1 has always been a favorite with boys4 ,the idea is to make an umbrella-shaped contraption out of tissue paper and a stick1 so that when it descends from any considerable height it will open out and float slowly to the ground4 ,this part is easy enough4 ,the trouble has always been to get it up in the air high enough to repay one for his efforts in making it4 ,the idea that a common sling shot had propelling power sufficient for this purpose led to experiments which proved that the idea was a happy one4 ,the combination of sling shot and parachute makes a very fascinating outdoor amusement device4 ,every time you shoot it into the air you try to make it go higher than last time4 ,to make the parachute1 get a tough stick about two feet long and whittle it to a shape similar to ,fig4 #b4 ,the bottom must be heavy enough to fall first so that the parachute will fall in the right direction to be opened out4 ,you can weight the end by tying a piece of lead or a spool on it4 ,cut your tissue paper to a shape shown in ,fig4 #b and place a thread through every scallop4 ,if the paper tears right through1 a good plan is to reinforce the edges of the circle by pasting a strip of tough paper or muslin all around4 ,a parachute made of silk or any fine mesh cloth will be much more lasting1 but not quite so buoyant4 ,the sling shot is made with a rubber band1 some string1 and a forked stick4 ,the greater its propelling power1 the more successful will the toy be4 ,box ,furniture ,instead of using for firewood the boxes in which groceries1 etc41 are shipped to camp1 have the boys make useful camp furniture from them4 ,get the book1 ,box ,furniture1 by ,louise ,brigham3 ,the ,century ,co42 price1 #a4ej4 ,it tells what to do with boxes1 and how to make all sorts of convenient furniture4 ,camp ,clock ,mark the ground around the camp flag pole with white stones or stones whitewashed1 like a sun dial4 ,the sun's rays will cast the shadow of the pole so that the time of day may be accurately ascertained4 7,see illustration47 ,in the handbook of the ,boy ,scouts of ,america is the following description for making a ,sun dial or ,hunter's ,clock3 ,to make a sun dial prepare a smooth board about #ae inches across1 with a circle divided into #bd equal parts1 and a temporarily hinged pointer1 whose upper edge is in the middle of the dial4 ,place on some dead level solid post or stump in the open4 ,at night fix the dial so that the #ab-o'clock line points exactly to ,north1 as determined by the ,north or ,pole ,star4 ,then1 using two temporary sighting sticks of exactly the same height 7so as to permit sighting clear above the edge of the board71 set the pointer exactly pointing to the ,pole ,star1 that is1 the same angle as the latitude of the place1 and fix it there immovably4 ,then remove the two sighting sticks4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,clock ,,sun ,,dial ,,or ,,hunter',s ,,clock ,some ,quotations to ,burn or ,paint on the ,sun ,dial4 ,my face marks the sunny hours1 ,what can you say of yours4 ,grow old along with me1 ,the best is yet to be4 ,translation of motto on ,cathedral ,sun dial1 ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the hours pass and we are held accountable4 ,the illustration shows how to locate the ,north or ,pole ,star4 ,f4 ,o4 ,van ,ness gives the following directions for making a pair of moccasins3 ,illustration3 ,sioux ,moccasin ,fig4 #a4 ,place foot on leather or canvas and draw outline of foot4 ,turn same and make pattern for other foot4 ,fig4 #b4 ,distance ,,gb equals length of foot plus one inch2 distance ,,ac equals width across instep plus one-half inch2 cut ,,df halfway between ,b and ,g2 cut ,,eg halfway between ,a and ,c4 ,cut piece reverse of this for other moccasin4 ,place ,b of ,fig4 #b to ,b of ,fig4 #a1 and sew overhand with wax cord the edges from ,b to ,a and ,b to ,c1 bringing ,a and ,c of ,fig4 #b together at ,a of ,fig4 #a4 ,sew ,,ag to ,,cg4 ,fig4 #c is the tongue and ,,df of ,fig4 #c is sewed to ,,df of ,fig4 #b4 ,cut pairs of half-inch slits a1 b1 c1 d in ,fig4 #b1 and run lace through4 ,hammock-,making ,for the afternoon siesta make a rough-and-ready hammock1 by taking apart a flour barrel or sugar barrel1 and in the end of each stave bore a three-quarter inch hole with a heated poker1 or bit and auger4 ,then lace thin rope 7clothes line is good7 through the holes4 ,this can be accomplished easily by noting method of lacing in figure ,a4 ,the stay-blocks ,b should be #ab inches long4 ,figure ,c shows hammock ready for use4 ,illustration3 ,rough and ,ready ,hammock ,a ,toboggan ,get a cheese box4 ,knock in the end very carefully1 so as not to split it1 pull out all the nails and lay it flat1 and you have a piece of very thin board about #d-a_/b feet long and #aa inches wide4 ,next take a piece of inch plank of same width as the cheese box1 and three feet in length1 and to this fasten the unrolled cheese box by using small lath nails1 letting one end curl up over the plank4 ,to the edge of this protruding piece of cheese box tack a narrow strip of wood4 ,tie a heavy cord to its ends1 run the cord through the two hooks screwed into the planks and draw down the end until it is curved just right4 ,the illustration shows how it is made4 ,illustration3 ,home ,made ,toboggan4 ,handy ,funnel ,illustration3 ,a ,handy ,funnel ,a funnel may be made by taking an ordinary envelope and cutting off the part shown in dotted lines as in the illustration4 ,then clip a little off the point1 open out1 and you have an excellent funnel4 ,onion ,ink ,dip a pen in an onion and press until the juice comes2 then1 with plenty of juice on the pen1 write your message4 ,to read it warm it over the fire1 when the writing will stand out clearly4 ,,bibliography ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,on ,,handcraft ,,and ,,construction3 ,field and ,forest ,handy ,book--,d4 ,c4 ,beard4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 #b4jj4 ,jack of ,all ,trades--,d4 ,c4 ,beard4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 #b4jj4 ,the ,boy ,pioneers--,d4 ,c4 ,beard4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 #b4jj net4 ,the ,boy ,craftsman--,a4 ,neely ,hall4 ,lothrop1 ,lee ,shepard ,co41 #b4jj4 ,woodworking for ,beginners--,c4 ,g4 ,wheeler4 ,putnam and ,company1 #b4ej4 ,amateur ,mechanics1 ,nos4 #a and #b4 ,popular ,mechanics4 #be cents each4 ,how to ,build a ,biplane ,glider--,a4 ,p4 ,morgan4 ,spon ,chamberlain1 #ej cents net4 ,problems in ,furniture ,making--,fred ,d4 ,crawshaw4 ,manual ,arts ,press1 #a4bj4 ,box ,furniture--,louise ,brigham4 ,century ,co41 #a4fj net4 ,the ,boys' ,book of ,model ,aeroplanes--,francis ,a4 ,collins4 ,century ,co41 #a4bj net4 ,postage extra4 ,,chapter ,,xxii--,,honor ,,emblems ,,and ,,awards ,,non-,,competitive ,,awards ,,dudley ,,plan ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,adirondack ,,camp ,,eagle ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,phantom ,,square ,,flag ,,of ,,honor ,,green ,,rag ,,society ,,durrell ,,and ,,becket ,,plan ,,proficiency ,,cup ,,hall ,,of ,,fame ,honour is purchased by the deeds we do2 99 99 99 honour is not won1 ,until some honourable deed be done4 --,marlowe4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,dudley ,arard ,non-,competitive ,awards ,achievement and cooperation based upon altruism1 should be the underlying principles in determining the giving of emblems and awards4 ,to give every boy an opportunity to do his best to measure up to the camp standard1 is the thing desired in the awarding of emblems4 ,non-competitive tests are being recognized as the best lever of uplift and the most effective spur in arousing the latent ability of boys4 ,the desire to down the other fellow is the reason for much of the prevailing demoralization of athletics and competitive games4 ,prizes should not be confused with honors4 ,an honor emblem should be representative of the best gift the camp can bestow and the recipient should be made to feel its worth4 ,the emblem cannot be bought1 it must be won4 ,dudley ,plan ,camp ,dudley has the distinction of introducing the honor system in boys' camps4 ,boys pass tests which include rowing1 swimming1 athletics1 mountain climbing1 nature study1 carpenter work1 manual labor1 participation in entertainments1 unknown point 7unknown to the camp1 given secretly to the boy7 and securing the approval of the leaders1 in order to win the ,c ,d4 ,after winning this emblem1 the boys try to win the camp pennant1 the tests for which are graded higher4 ,camp ,eagle ,the ,order of the ,adirondack ,camp ,eagle is established at ,camp ,adirondack for boys who qualify in the following tests3 ,obedience is required to the few camp rules2 promptness is required at the regular bugle calls--reveille1 assembly for exercise1 mess call1 and tattoo and taps--and erect posture is required at meals4 ,in addition to this there is a 'general personal' standard 7embracing neatness at meals and courtesy1 etc474 ,boys coming up to the standard are initiated into the order and receive the emblem--the bronze eagle button4 ,boys who reach an especially high standard receive the silver eagle4 ,boys reaching this higher degree may compete for the golden eagle1 the highest camp honor4 ,to obtain this it is necessary for a boy to swim a hundred yards1 do the high dive 7about #ab feet71 be able to row well and paddle a canoe skillfully1 recognize and name twenty-five trees1 and pass a practical examination in other nature work and in practical camping and woodcraft1 and answer questions in physical training and care of the body along lines covered in camp-fire talks4 ,,honor ,,emblems ,,and ,,awards #bha ,the ,order of the ,phantom ,square was organized at the ,wisconsin ,state ,boys' ,camp for boys who succeed in qualifying in the tests named below3 ,illustration3 ,order of the ,phantom ,square4 ,illustration3 ,phantom ,square2 ,honor ,emblem ,bronze1 ,silver and ,gold ,pins are awarded as follows3 ,bronze--#fj points1 #ae in each division4 ,silver--#hj points1 #bj in each division4 ,gold 4--#ajj points1 #be in each division4 ,,physical4 #cj ,,points ,,possible ,event ,a 7#af-ag7 ,b 7#ad-ae7 ,c 7#ab-ac7 ,points 99#a4 ,run #ajj yd #ab sec4 #ac sec4 #g4b sec4 7#ej yd47 #a 99#b4 ,run #ddj yd #a3ac #a3be #a3cd #a 99#c4 ,running ,broad ,jump #ad ft4 #ac ft4 #aa ft4 #a 99#d4 ,running ,high ,jump #d ft4 #c ft4 #aj in4 #c ft #f in4 #a 99#e4 ,shot put #h lb4 #cj ft4 #be ft4 #bj ft4 #a 99#f4 ,swim #be yd #ai sec4 #bb sec4 #be sec #a 99#g4 ,swim on back #be yd --- --- --- #a 99#h4 ,swim #ajj yd --- --- --- #a 99#i4 ,dive in acceptable form --- --- --- #a 99#aj4 ,row one mile #d3bj #d3be #e3aj #a 99#aa4 ,life ,saving ,test #gj-gi2 #hj-hi2 #ij-ajj #c-e #ab4 ,calisthenic ,drill #h1 #aa1 #ad times #a-c #ac4 ,early ,plunge in ,lake #h1 #aa1 #ad times #a-c 99#ad4 ,walk #aj miles #b #ae4 ,cleanliness #a-e ,social ,activity ,points 99#af4 ,teach other boys in aquatics1 athletics1 or mental tests #a-e 99#ag4 ,perform other good turns to individuals #a-e #ah4 ,congeniality with camp mates #a-d #ai4 ,neatness in care of personal property1 tent and table #a-e #bj4 ,promptness in responding to bugle calls1 signals and camp duties #a-c 99#ba4 ,participating acceptably in evening entertainments #a-e 99#bb4 ,participating acceptably in camp orchestra or glee club #c ,mental ,test ,points 99#bc4 ,pass written test in life-saving examination with grade of #gj-gi1 #hj-hi1 or #ij-ajj #c-e 99#bd4 ,name and describe different kinds of trees and birds #a-e 99#be4 ,name and point out star groups #a-c 99#bf4 ,answer questions on camp-fire talks #a-d 99#bg4 ,read and orally answer questions on ,youth to ,manhood #a-e 99#bh4 ,read and tell story of other acceptable books #a-c 99#bi4 ,compose an acceptable song or yell for camp #e ,moral ,activity ,points 99#cj4 ,daily ,bible reading with written answers to questions #a-e #ca4 ,reverence at ,religious exercises #a-c #cb4 ,attendance at ,church on ,sundays during camp #c #cc4 ,cheerful and faithful performance of camp duties #a-e #cd4 ,extra volunteer service at camp #a-e #ce4 ,self-control #a-d #cf4 ,general conduct and disposition #a-e ,tests marked thus 7997 are judged by certain leaders delegated for the purpose4 ,tests marked thus 77 are judged by all tent leaders for boys in their tents4 ,after a candidate has won the requisite number of points for the first degree1 a unanimous vote of all leaders in council assembled1 is necessary1 after which1 a solemn ceremony of initiation is conducted4 ,the ,honor ,emblem is given to all who win a total of at least thirty points covering all the tests4 ,flag of ,honor ,camp ,couchiching spirit is developed through the ,flag of ,honor1 which is awarded each day to the tent scoring the highest number of points1 as follows3 ,every boy up and in line at #c minutes after #g1 scores #e points for his tent2 the morning dip1 #e points2 tent inspection1 #ajj points for perfect2 winning in athletic and aquatic meet1 #be points2 second1 #bj2 third1 #ae2 fourth1 #aj2 and fifth1 #e4 ,on a winning baseball team1 #e points and amateur stunt1 #aj points4 ,green ,rag ,society ,camp ,eberhart has the following elaborate plan3 ,the camp emblem itself represents the first degree and the camper must be in camp for one full week before he can wear it4 ,the emblem is a brown triangle with a large ,e placed upon it with a green background4 ,a green bar is added for each year spent in camp4 ,the second1 third and fourth degrees are indicated by a small green star1 to be placed at the points of the triangle1 beginning at the lowest point1 then the upper left1 then the upper right4 ,the second degree will be awarded by the first star1 the third degree by the second star1 also entitling the winner to membership in the ,brown ,rag ,society4 ,the fourth degree will be awarded by the third star and the winner be entitled to membership in the ,green ,rag ,society4 ,membership in the ,green ,rag ,society is the highest honor the camp can bestow4 ,the following are the requirements for the higher degrees4 ,,requirements ,,for ,,the ,,second ,,degree4 #a4 ,to catch a one-pound fish from ,corey ,lake4 #b4 ,to catch a one-pound fish from any other lake while at camp4 #c4 ,to row a boat 7passing the rowing test74 #d4 ,to be able to swim #ej yards4 #e4 ,to be able to walk one mile in #aa minutes4 #f4 ,to be able to run #ajj yards in #ad seconds4 #g4 ,to be able to start three consecutive fires with three consecutive matches in the woods1 with fuel found in the woods2 one of the fires to be built in a damp place4 ,if one fire fails1 the entire test must be repeated4 #h4 ,to bring in mounted five different butterflies4 #i4 ,to bring in mounted five different moths4 #aj4 ,to bring in mounted five different beetles4 #aa4 ,to collect and press #be different wild flowers4 #ab4 ,to jump #f feet in standing broad jump4 ,,requirements ,,for ,,the ,,third ,,degree4 #a4 ,to be able to start a fire with a fire drill1 the fuel and material used to be found in the woods4 #b4 ,to be able to tell the correct time by the sun at least twice a day4 #c4 ,to be able to swim #bjj yards4 #d4 ,to be able to row a boat one mile in ten minutes4 #e4 ,to measure the correct height of a tree without climbing it4 #f4 ,to be able to tie and untie eight different standard knots4 #g4 ,to catch a two-pound fish4 #h4 ,to be able to know and name fifteen different trees in the woods4 #i4 ,to be able to perform on a stunt night acceptably4 #aj4 ,to be able to know and name #be different birds as seen around the camp4 #aa4 ,to lead in the ,evening ,devotions at least twice4 #ab4 ,to run #ajj yards in #ac seconds4 ,,requirements ,,for ,,the ,,fourth ,,degree1 #a4 ,to catch a three-pound fish4 #b4 ,to be able to run #ajj yards in #aa seconds4 #c4 ,to be able to run #ajj yards in #ab seconds4 #d4 ,to conduct ,evening ,devotions4 #e4 ,to teach one boy how to swim 7test one hundred feet74 #f4 ,to influence one boy into the ,christian life4 #g4 ,to know and to name #be different trees as found in the woods4 #h4 ,to be able to make twelve standard knots in a rope4 #i4 ,to conquer one bad habits while at camp4 #aj4 ,to accomplish at least one definite piece of service as prescribed by the camp4 #aa4 ,to become a member of the camp council4 #ab4 ,to be able to jump #af feet in the running broad ,jump4 ,the tests in ,camps ,durrell and ,becket are based upon ,baden-,powell's book1 ,scouting for ,boys1 and have proven very successful4 ,they are as follows3 ,,honor ,,emblems ,,and ,a ,,wards #bhe ,,honor ,,plan ,,discipline4 #a4 ,doing camp duty promptly1 efficiently and cheerfully4 7#e points7 #b4 ,participating promptly in preparing tents1 baggage and beds for ,inspection4 7#d points47 #c4 ,loyalty to captain in all games4 7#e points47 ,,observation4 #a4 ,observe the ways of birds1 animals and people and jot down a sketch of them in a notebook4 7#c points47 #b4 ,take a walk and upon return to the camp write upon the following six subjects4 7a7 ,nature of by-ways of paths4 7b7 ,different kinds of trees you noticed4 7c7 ,people you met4 7d7 ,peculiar smells of plants4 7e7 ,kind of fences you saw4 7f7 ,sounds you heard4 7#c points47 #c4 ,observe sanitary and hygienic disorder and correct the same4 7#e points47 #d4 ,after the reading aloud of a story write an account of it4 7#c points47 ,,woodcraft4 #a4 ,observe the tracks of birds and animals and distinguish them4 7#b points47 #b4 ,identify fifteen birds1 or fifteen trees1 or fifteen flowers1 or fifteen minerals4 7#b points47 #c4 ,tie a square knot1 a weaver's knot1 a slip knot1 a flemish coop1 a bowline1 a half1 timber clove1 boom hitches1 stevedore and wall end knots1 blackwall and catspaw turn and hitch hook hitches4 7#b points47 #d4 ,make a star fire and cook a meal upon it for the boys of your tent4 7#c points47 #e4 ,find the south at any time of day by the sun with the aid of a watch4 7#a point47 #f4 ,estimate the distance across water4 7#a point47 #g4 ,judge the time of day by the sun4 7#a point47 #h4 ,read the signs of the weather by the sun1 wind and clouds4 7#b points47 #i4 ,make something useful for the camp4 7#e points47 ,,health4 #a4 ,promptness1 erect carriage and earnestness in setting up drill4 7#c points47 #b4 ,gain made in physical development during the time in camp4 7#b points47 #c4 ,essay upon the camp-fire talks on ,personal ,hygiene4 7#c points47 #d4 ,care of tent1 clothing and baggage1 in dry and wet weather4 7#c points47 #e4 ,cleanliness of person4 7#c points74 #f4 ,proper eating at meals4 7#e points47 #g4 ,win first place in the athletic or aquatic events4 7#b points47 ,,chivalry4 7,among the laws of the ,knights was this3 ,chivalry requireth that youth should be trained to perform the most laborious and humble offices with cheerfulness and grace3 and to do good unto others47 #a4 ,do a good turn to somebody every day4 7#c points47 #b4 ,control tongue and temper4 7#e points47 #c4 ,participate in some entertainment4 7#b points47 #d4 ,secure the approval of the leaders4 7#b points47 #e4 ,promptness in attending ,chapel services4 7#b points47 ,,saving ,,life4 #a4 ,be able to swim fifty yards and return without stopping4 7#a point47 #b4 ,pass the examinations in ,life ,saving and ,first ,aid ,work by written and demonstration work4 7#e points47 #c4 ,row from wharf to a given point and back in a given time4 7#a point47 ,,patriotism4 #a4 ,respect for the ,united ,states flag at raising and colors4 7#e points47 #b4 ,memorize ,america and ,star ,spangled ,banner1 7#a point47 #c4 ,write an essay explaining the plan of governing your own town and city4 7#b points47 #d4 ,write in your own words what you think citizenship means4 7#b points47 #e4 ,describe upon paper some historic spot or building near your home and its connection with the making of ,america4 7#a point47 ,,note4--,each boy must win #ij points out of a possible #ajj to secure the honor emblem4 ,leaders will be appointed to take charge of the different tests1 to whom the boys will report when they qualify in the tests and receive their points4 ,the final decision in the giving of the honor emblem is made at a full meeting of the ,camp ,council4 ,the honor emblem consists of a white swastika #a cross with garnet felt ,d for ,durrell and ,b for ,becket4 ,boys who fail to secure the emblem in one season are credited with points which hold good the next season4 ,the ,honor ,pennant is awarded only to those who render special service to the camp4 ,illustration3 ,honor ,camp ,leader ,the camp emblem is a garnet solid triangle with the initial of the camp in white felt upon it4 ,a white bar placed above the triangle represents the attendance1 one bar is given for each year4 ,the ,senior leader's emblem is a white felt disc with a garnet felt triangle1 and the ,junior leader's emblem1 a garnet felt disc with a white felt triangle4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 ,the swastika is an ancient religious symbol1 a ,greek cross with the ends of the arms bent at right angles4 ,it was adopted by the ,nazi party under ,adolf ,hitler in #aice4 ,this book was written #bb years earlier4 ,campers will find enough suggestions in these outlines to develop systems of their own which will help in the all-round development of the boy4 ,camp ,kineo ,cup ,some camps prefer the awarding of what may be called proficiency cups4 ,at ,camp ,kineo a silver cup is awarded to the boy in each division who is the best all-round fellow1 considering manly qualities1 loyalty to camp1 deportment1 behavior under all conditions1 skill in athletics1 aquatics1 tennis1 baseball1 and all other sports1 self-control1 temperament1 popularity with boys and good standing with councilors4 ,the judges are the ,director and ,camp ,council1 whose decision counts for #fj per cent toward the final award1 the boys not competing deciding the other #dj per cent toward the final award4 ,hall of ,fame ,at ,camp ,wildmere there is a ,hall of ,fame4 ,votes are taken for the most respected leader and the most respected boy1 the most popular leader and boy2 the boy who has done the most for the camp and the boys2 the most courteous boy1 neatest boy1 best-built boy1 brightest boy1 favorite in games2 neatest in tent2 best all-round camper2 boy who talks least about himself2 the one with the best table manners2 the quietest boy1 most generous boy1 handsomest boy1 best-natured boy and the camp humorist4 ,illustration3 ,striking the ,colors ,,chapter ,,xxiii--,,packing ,,up ,,the ,,last ,,night ,,packing ,,up ,,instructions ,,to ,,leaders ,,the ,,last ,,word ,farewell1 wild hearth where many logs have burned2 ,among your stones the fireweed may grow4 ,the brant#a are flown1 the maple-leaves have turned1 ,the goldenrod is brown--and we must go4 -,arthur ,guiterman4 ,transcriber's ,footnote #a3 brant3 ,dark wild goose of the ,arctic having a black neck and head4 ,the ,last ,night ,the last night in a boys' camp should be the best of all the nights4 ,it is usually a night of reminiscence4 ,around the camp fire or log fire in the ,lodge1 all the campers gather and rehearse the good times of the days that have passed all too quickly--those days of close intimacy of tent life1 where boys of different tastes1 temperaments and dispositions were thrown together1 where life's great lessons of give and take were learned and where character was put to the test6 ,friendships have been formed which will last through life4 ,the same group of fellows will never come together again4 ,the director1 perhaps as no other person1 realizes the importance of making this night one of permanent impression1 and his good-by talk to the fellows will reiterate the why of camping and emphasize the taking home of the spirit of good which has prevailed and the making it count for the best things in home1 school1 factory and church life of those boys who enjoyed the benefits of the camp4 ,all the favorite songs of the camp are sung1 the leaders make speeches1 and the boys have an opportunity of telling what camp life has done for them4 ,as the fire dies down the bugler off in the distance plays ,god ,be ,with ,you ,till ,we ,meet ,again2 silence--and then taps4 ,packing ,up ,there is just as much need of system and care in breaking camp and packing up1 as in opening camp4 ,chas4 ,r4 ,scott at ,camp ,wawayanda issues to each leader the following letter of instructions1 which may be of help to those in charge of large camps4 ,,letter ,,of ,,instruction ,,to ,,leaders ,,dear ,,friend--,will you kindly help me break camp by carrying out the following instructions3 #a4 ,have all your boys return all books to the librarian not later than ,thursday morning1 and tools to the shop by the same time4 #b4 ,encourage your helpers to loosen the side walls of tent early ,friday morning1 if clear1 and fasten guy ropes so that canvas will dry if damp4 #c4 ,take out all the pegs which fasten the side walls1 clean off dirt and place in boxes at boat house4 #d4 ,take down the board in your tent1 take out all nails2 straighten them and place in proper boxes in shop4 ,then take board to the boat house4 ,leave the rope over the ridge pole untied4 #e4 ,take out all nails and screws in the upright poles of your tent and bunks1 and place in boxes in shop4 #f4 ,empty the oil and clean lantern and return to the boat house4 ,take bunks to the lodge and let us know the condition of each4 #g4 ,see that all paper and old things in and around the tent are picked up and placed on the fire for that purpose4 #h4 ,after ,bible study we will take down all tents4 ,we should like you to delegate one fellow to each upright pole1 one to each of the four corner guy ropes1 and then follow instructions as the bugle blows4 #i4 ,take all rope on the trees to headquarters4 #aj4 ,kindly answer the following questions regarding your tent3 a4 ,are all the poles properly marked with tent number8 b4 ,does tent leak8 ,if so1 where8 c4 ,is the ridge pole in good condition8 d4 ,does front and rear of tent close securely8 e4 ,does it need new fasteners for tying up8 ,anything else you have noticed during the time you have been in the tent2 please make a memorandum of same on back of this sheet4 #aa4 ,return camp keys1 if you have them1 to headquarters before leaving4 ,we would be pleased to have you write on the back of this sheet any suggestions you have for the improvement of camp for next season4 ,thanking you personally for your help and trusting to have your cooperation and that of your boys until the close of camp1 ,i remain1 ,sincerely yours1 ,last ,words ,the day before camp breaks1 each boy should pack his trunk or box neatly1 leaving at the top the things needed to make the homeward journey1 with room for his blankets4 ,if the packing is left until the last day1 confusion will result and temper be sorely tried4 ,permanent buildings should be securely safeguarded against the severity of the winter and the breaking in of thieves4 ,all kitchen utensils should be thoroughly cleaned and dried4 ,if they are put away moist rust will eat holes4 ,give the stove a good coat of old grease and cover with burlap or old canvas4 ,hang the tents in bags where the squirrels and rats cannot get at them4 ,when camp is closed it should be in such condition that it would require but a few hours to reopen and make ready for the next outing4 ,index4 ,advance ,party4 ,aeroplanes4 ,agriculture4 ,aquatic ,sports4 ,archery4 ,athletic ,events and ,awards4 ,athletic ,grouping4 ,bacon4 ,bandages4 ,bank4 ,barometer1 ,homemade4 ,barometers1 ,plant4 ,baseball ,league4 ,baseball1 ,water4 ,basket ,ball1 ,water4 ,beds4 ,bible ,study4 ,bites and ,stings4 ,blanket ,roll4 ,bleeding4 ,boats and ,boat ,building4 ,books1 ,rainy ,day4 ,bow and ,arrows4 ,box ,furniture4 ,box ,trunk4 ,broken ,bone4 ,bruises and ,burns4 ,buildings4 ,camp1 ,plan of4 ,cleaning4 ,location of4 ,camp ,fire4 ,camping1 ,arguments for4 ,canoe ,tag4 ,chapel4 ,character ,building4 ,check ,list4 ,chills4 ,choking4 ,circle ,jumping4 ,clothing4 ,clouds4 ,cocoa4 ,coffee4 ,colds4 ,commissary ,blank4 ,cooks4 ,council4 ,cramps4 ,cups1 ,drinking4 ,cuts4 ,departments4 ,digestion1 ,time of4 ,director4 ,dirt4 ,discipline4 ,dish ,washing4 ,dislocation4 ,drains4 ,dramas1 ,outdoor4 ,drowning1 ,rescue from4 ,eggs4 ,egg ,test4 ,earache4 ,evening ,program4 ,eyes4 ,fainting4 ,fee4 ,field ,glasses4 ,fireplace4 ,first ,aid4 ,fish 7,receipts74 ,fish1 ,study of4 ,flag ,raising and ,striking4 ,food ,charts4 ,food1 ,how to ,buy4 ,forestry4 ,frog's ,legs4 ,funnel4 ,games and ,stunts1 ,indoor4 ,games1 ,outdoor4 ,games1 ,their ,purpose4 ,garbage4 ,german ,bowling4 ,grace at ,meals4 ,green ,rag ,society4 ,griddle ,cakes4 ,grocery ,list4 ,hall of ,fame4 ,hammocks4 ,hands4 ,hand ,wrestling4 ,handy ,devices4 ,hanger4 ,headache4 ,health ,board4 ,health ,charts4 ,health ,maxims4 ,health ,talks4 ,herbarium4 ,hiccough4 ,honor ,awards4 ,honor ,cup4 ,honor ,flag4 ,honor ,plan4 ,hospital ,tent4 ,how ,men ,found the ,great ,spirit4 ,indian and ,white ,man4 ,ink1 ,onion4 ,inspection4 ,internal ,organs4 ,jumping ,standards4 ,kites4 ,lamps4 ,lantern ,talks4 ,leaders or ,counsellor4 ,blanks for4 ,letter to4 ,opportunities of4 ,pay of4 ,suggestions to4 ,lean-to4 ,library4 ,life ,saving4 ,map ,reading4 ,matches1 ,lighting4 ,measuring ,device4 ,medical ,stores4 ,mending ,pots4 ,menu 7for hike74 ,menus4 ,moccasins4 ,moral4 ,morning ,hymn4 ,mottoes4 ,music4 ,nature ,study4 ,nature ,study ,equipment4 ,nature ,study ,walks4 ,nature ,talks4 ,nose4 ,novel ,bonfire4 ,old ,clothes ,race4 ,order of ,day4 ,organization ,chart4 ,packing ,up4 ,packs4 ,pain and ,pain ,chart4 ,paper 7,camp ,journal74 ,parachute4 ,peanut ,relay ,race4 ,phantom ,square4 ,photography4 ,physical ,record ,blanks4 ,physical ,types1 ,average4 ,poison ,ivy4 ,potatoes4 ,pulse4 ,pyrography4 ,ration ,list4 ,records4 ,religious ,life4 ,resuscitation4 ,roast ,corn4 ,rooster ,fight4 ,rough-house4 ,rover1 ,all ,come over4 ,rusty ,nail4 ,scoutcraft4 ,scout ,law4 ,self ,government4 ,serving4 ,shipping4 ,shoes4 ,shoot the ,chutes4 ,sleep4 ,sore ,throat4 ,soup4 ,stories4 ,story1 ,a ,good ,example of4 ,stretcher4 ,stunned4 ,steward4 ,stomachache4 ,sun ,dial and ,camp ,clock4 ,sun ,glass4 ,sunday4 ,sunday ,talks4 ,sunstroke4 ,surgical ,supplies4 ,surveying4 ,swamps4 ,swimming and ,bathing4 ,table and ,kitchen ,ware4 ,table ,etiquette4 ,tables and ,seats4 ,take-off4 ,talks1 to ,individuals4 ,to groups1 evening4 ,to groups1 ,sunday4 ,taps4 ,tattoo4 ,teeth4 ,tents1 ,arrangement of4 ,tents and ,teepees4 ,tether ,ball4 ,thatching4 ,thermometer1 ,clinical4 ,tilting4 ,toboggans4 ,toilets4 ,tongue4 ,tutoring4 ,tramper's ,advice4 ,typhoid4 ,volley ,ball4 ,vreeland ,press4 ,waste ,barrels4 ,water ,supply4 ,weather ,bureau4 ,weather ,forecast4 ,weather ,signals1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau4 ,weights and ,measures1 ,table4 ,whale ,hunt4 ,whistle ,signal4 ,whittier's ,club4 ,wigwag ,code and ,rules4 ,winds4 ,wolf4 ,work1 ,assignment of4