,,home ,,univ]sity ,,libr>y ,,( ,,mod]n 
,,k    ,no4 #ajc    ,editors3    ,,h]b]t
 ,,fi%]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,b4,a4  ,,pr(4      
,,gilb]t ,,murray1 ,,litt4,d4 ,,ll4,d41 
,f4,b4,a4  ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson1 
,m4,a4  ,,pr(4 ,,william ,t4 ,,brew/]1  
,m4,a4          ,,political ,,?\ght ,,9 
,,engl&    ,,f ,,locke ,,to ,,b5?am     
,,by    ,,h>old ,j4 ,,laski             
,,sometime ,,exhibition] ,,( ,,new      
,,college1 ,,ox=d1 ,,( ,,! ,,dep>tm5t   
,,(  ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1  
,,au?or ,,( ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,problem  
,,(  ,,sov]eignty ,,& ,,au?ority ,,9 ,,!
 ,,mod]n ,,/ate        ,,new ,,york     
,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company  ,,london   
,,williams ,,& ,,norgate          #aibj 
,,note    ,x is impossible = me to      
publi% ?is book )\t "s expression (  !  
debt x owes to ,leslie ,/eph5's ,hi/ory 
( ! ,engli% ,?\ght 9  ! ,eighte5?       
,c5tury4 ,x is almo/ insol5t to praise  
su* "w2 b  ,i may be p]mitt$ to say t no
 "o c fully appreciate ei!r its  wisdom 
or its k :o has n _h to dig among !     

orig9al texts4    ,7 s small a volume   
wor?y to be> a d$ication1 ,i %\ld       
associate  x ) ! "n ( my fri5d ,walt]   
,lippmann4 ,he & ,i h s (t5  discuss$ ! 
sub/ance ( its problems t ,i am c]ta9 a 
good deal (  :at ,i feel to be my own   
is1 :]e x has m]it1 really 84 ,?is      
volume  is ?us 9 great "p a tribute to  
him2 ?\gh !re is little t c  repay su*  
fri5d%ip z he gives4    ,h4,j4,l4       
,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity  ,sept4 #ae1 #aiai  
,,cont5ts    ,,*apt]                    
,,page      ,i4 ,,introduction          
#g     ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,!    
,,revolution           #bd    ,,iii4    
,,*ur* ,,& ,,/ate                       
#gg     ,,iv4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,/agnation 
#abg      ,v4 ,,signs ,,( ,,*ange       
#aei     ,,vi4 ,,burke                  
#bac    ,,vii4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,(     
,,economic ,,lib]alism    #bha          
,,bibliography                          
#cag    ,,index                         
#cba          ,,*apt] ,i                
,,introduction      ,! eighte5? c5tury  

may be said to beg9 ) ! ,revolution (   
#afhh2  =1 ) its completion1 ! dogma (  
,div9e ,"r disappe>$ = ev]  f ,engli%   
politics4 ,its place 0 b p>tially fill$ 
until ,hume &  ,burke suppli$ ! outl9es 
( a new philosophy4 ,= ! obs]v] (  ?is  
age c h>dly fail1 z he notes its        
relative b>r5ness (  ab/ract ideas1 to  
be impress$ by ! l>ge "p ,div9e ,"r mu/ 
h  play$ 9 ! politics ( ! succe$+       
c5tury4 ,its v absolut5ess  made = ke5  
p>tisan%ip on ! "o side & ! o!r4 ,x c\ld
  produce at once ! longw9d$ rhapsodies 
( ,film] &1 by repulsion1  ! we>isome   
reit]ations ( ,alg]non ,sidney4 ,once ! 
f\ndations (  ,div9e ,"r _h be5 de/roy$ 
by ,locke1 ! basis ( passionate         
controv]sy 0 abs5t4 ,! !ory ( a social  
contract nev] produc$  9 ,engl& !       
en?usiasm x evok$ 9 ,france1 = ! simple 
reason  t ! ma9 objective ( ,r\sseau & 8
 disciples _h already be5  secur$ !re by
 o!r weapons4 ,& ?is has p]haps giv5 to 
!  eighte5? c5tury an urban5ess f :i*   
its pr$ecessor 0 l>gely  free4 ,s]mons  

are p]haps ! be/ te/ ( su* a *ange2 & x 
is a  relief to move f ! addresses      
bri/l+ ) ,su>ez & ,bell>m9e  to ! noble 
exhortations ( ,bi%op ,butl]4 ,n until !
 ,fr5*  ,revolution 7 ultimate dogmas   
aga9 call$ into "q2 & x is  ab\t !m only
 t political speculation provokes deep  
feel+4 ,!  urbanity1 inde$1 is n        
entirely new4 ,! ,re/oration _h h]ald$  
its  com+1 & ! tone ( ,halifax has m 9  
common ) ,bol+broke &  ,hume ?an )      
,hobbes & ,film]4 ,nor has ! eighte5?   
c5tury an  hi/orical pr(undity to comp>e
 ) t ( ! zeal\s pamphlete]s  9 !        
sev5te5?4 ,h]oic ar*ivi/s l ,prynne f9d 
v diff]5t  sub/itutes 9 brilliant       
j\rnali/s l ,defoe1 & if ,dalrymple &   
,black/one are respectable1 !y be> no   
comp>ison ) ma/]s l  ,seld5 & ,sir ,h5ry
 ,spelman4    ,yet urbanity mu/ n       
deceive u4 ,! eighte5? c5tury has an    
importance 9 ,engli% politics :i* !     
comp>ative abs5ce (  sy/ematic          
speculation c n conceal4 ,if its l>ge   
con/itutional  outl9es _h be5 trac$ by a

 prec$+ age1 its adm9i/rative detail  _h
 /ill to be secur$4 ,! process 0 v      
gradual2 & ! attempt  ( ,george ,,iii to
 arre/ x produc$ ! spl5did ef=t (       
,edmund ,burke4  ,locke's "w may h be5 n
 seldom confus$ & /umbl+2 b x  gave to !
 pr9ciple ( cons5t a p]man5t place 9    
,engli% politics4  ,x is ! age :i* saw !
 cry/allization ( ! p>ty-sy/em1 &  !re9 
x may p]haps lay claim to h recogniz$   
:at ,bagehot call$  ! vital pr9ciple (  
repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,few discussions
 ( !  sph]e ( gov]nm5t h be5 s          
productive z t 9 :i* ,adam ,smi?  gave a
 new basis to economic sci5ce4 ,few     
controv]sies h1 despite  its dullness1 s
 c>efully inve/igat$ ! et]nal problem ( 
,*ur*  & ,/ate z t to :i* ,hoadly's     
bi%opric contribut$ its "n4 ,de  ,lolme 
is ! real p>5t ( t int]pretative        
analysis :i* has1 9  ,bagehot's h&s1    
become n ! lea/ fruitful type (         
political me?od4  ,black/one1 9 a real  
s5se1 may be call$ ! ance/or ( ,pr(essor
  ,dicey4 ,! v calmness ( ! atmosph]e   

only ! m surely pav$  ! way = ! surpris+
 novelties ( ,godw9 & ! revolutioni/s4  
,nor mu/ we neglect ! relation betwe5   
its e?ics & its politics4  ,! eighte5?  
c5tury s*ool ( ,briti% morali/s has     
suff]$ some:at  beside ! great] glories 
( ,b]keley & ,hume4 ,yet x 0 a great "w 
to :i* !y b5t _! ef=t1 & !y knew its    
greatness4 ,!  dei/ic controv]sy involv$
 a fre% inve/igation ( ! basis (        
morals2 & x is to ! cr$it ( !           
inve/igators t !y attempt$  to provide x
 9 social t]ms4 ,x is1 inde$1 "o ( !    
prim>y  *>act]i/ics ( ! ,briti% m9d to  
be int]e/$ 9 problems (  conduct r ?an (
 ?\ght4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury _h1 = !  mo/ 
"p1 be5 int]e/$ 9 !ology & gov]nm5t2 &  
its  preoccupation1 9 bo? doma9s1 )     
sup]natural sanctions1 made its         
conclusions unfitt$ = a p]iod dom9at$ by
 rationalism4 ,locke  reg>d$ 8 ,human   
,und]/&+ z ! prelim9>y to an e?ical     
enquiry2 & ,hume seems to h consid]$ 8  
,pr9ciples ( ,morals  ! mo/ vital ( 8   
works4 ,x may be true1 z ! mordant      

insight (  ,m>k ,pattison sugge/$1 t ^? 
p]iods 9 :i* morals h be5  repres5t$ z !
 prop] /udy ( man1 & 8 only bus9ess1 h  
be5  p]iods ( spiritual abasem5t &      
pov]ty4 ,c]ta9ly no "o w be  incl9$ to  
claim = ! eighte5? c5tury ! spiritual   
idealism (  ! sev5te5?1 ?\gh ,law &     
,bi%op ,wilson & ! ,wesleyan revival  w 
make u g5]alize ) caution4 ,b ! tru? 0 t
 !ological  e?ics _h become empty &     
inadequate1 & ! problem 0 !re=e  urg5t4 
,t is :y ,%aftesbury1 ,hut*eson1 ,hume &
 ,adam ,smi?--to take  only m5 ( ! fir/ 
em95ce--7 ?9k+ n less = politics ?an  = 
e?ics :5 !y s\ght to ju/ify ! ways ( man
 to man4 ,= all  ( !m saw t a !ory (    
society is impossible )\t ! provision  (
 psy*ological f\ndations2 & ^? mu/1     
above all1 result 9 a  !ory ( conduct if
 ! social bond is to be ma9ta9$4 ,t sure
  insight is1 ( c\rse1 "o curr5t only 9 
a great] ,engli% /ream  :i* rea*es back 
to ,hobbes at its s\rce & =w>d to ,t4,h4
 ,gre5 at  p]haps its fulle/4 ,its value
 is its d5ial ( politics z a sci5ce     

di/9ct f o!r human relations2 & t is :y 
,adam ,smi? c  write ( moral s5tim5ts no
 less ?an ( ! weal? ( nations4 ,!       
eighte5? c5tury saw cle>ly t ea* aspect 
( social life mu/ f9d  its place 9 !    
political equation4    ,yet x is        
und\bt$ly an age ( me?ods r ?an (       
pr9ciples2 &1  z su* its peaceful       
prosp]ity 0 well suit$ to its que/ions4 
,problems ( te*nique1 su* z ! cab9et & !
 ,bank ( ,engl&  requir$ ! abs5ce (     
passionate debate if !y 7 9 any fruitful
  fa%ion to be solv$4 ,nor mu/ !        
a*ievem5t ( ! age 9 politics be         
m9imiz$4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 a complac5t "t2 
b we ought to note  t =eign]s (         
di/9ction did n wond] at its complac5cy4
  ,voltaire & ,montesquieu look back to 
,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury  = ! sub/ance
 ( political tru?s4 ,! ,am]ican colonies
 took alike  _! me?ods & _! argum5ts f  
,engli% ance/ors2 & ,burke  provid$ !m )
 ! ma9 elem5ts ( ju/ification4 ,! v     
quietness1 inde$1 ( ! "t 0 ! natural    
outcome ( a c5tury (  /orm2 & ,engl&    

surely _h "s "r to be cont5t$ :5 h]     
political sy/em 0 comp>$ ) ! gov]nm5ts (
 ,france &  ,g]many4 ,n1 inde$1 t ! full
 fruit ( ! ,revolution 0  ga!r$4 ,!     
pr9ciple ( cons5t came1 9 practice &    
till #agfj1 to  mean ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,:ig
 ,olig>*y2 & ! ,extraord9>y ,black      
,book rema9s to tell u :at happ5$ :5    
,george ,,iii gave ! ,tory  p>ty a new  
lease ( p[]4 ,!re is ?r\gh\t ! "t an    
ov]-emphasis ^u ! value ( ord]1 & a n   
unnatural t5d5cy to  conf\nd ! private  
good ( ! gov]n+ class ) ! g5]al  welf>e 
( ! /ate4 ,x became ! fix$ policy (     
,walpole to make  prosp]ity ! mask =    
political /agnation4 ,he turn$ political
 debate  f pr9ciples to p]sonalities1 & 
a /]ile g5]ation 0 !  outcome ( 8 cunn+4
    ,n t ?is b>r5ness is )\t its        
comp5sations4 ,! !ories (  ! ,revolution
 _h exhau/$ _! fruitfulness )9 a        
g5]ation4 ,!  con/itutional ideas ( !   
sev5te5? c5tury _h no sub/ance = an     
,engl& :]e ,anglicanism & agriculture 7 
beg9n+ to lose !  rigid outl9es (       

ov]:elm+ pr$om9ance4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 !    
assurance ( safety = ! ,*ur* t h] virtue
 might be te/$ 9  ! light ( noncon=mi/  
practice on ! "o h&1 & ! new            
rationalism on ! o!r4 ,:at 0 ne$$ also 0
 ! expansion (  ,engli% comm]ce into !  
new *annels op5$ = x by ! victories (   
,*a?am4 ,mr4 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,holt _h giv5
 x ! legal categories x  w\ld require2 &
 ,hume & ,adam ,smi? 7 to expla9 t      
comm]ce  might gr[ ) small dang] to     
agricultural prosp]ity4 ,b5ea? !  app>5t
 calm ( ,walpole's rule new =ces 7 fa/  
/irr+4 ,t c  be se5 on e side4 ,! /urdy 
morality ( ,johnson1 ! new lit]>y  =ms (
 ,ri*>dson & ,field+1 ! !atre :i*       
,g>rick f\nd$ ^u  ! ru9s produc$ by     
,colli]'s indignation1 ! revival ( :i*  
,law  & ,wesley are ! great symbols1 %[ 
t ! /agnation 0 sleep  r ?an dea?4 ,!   
ne$$ ev5ts ( %ock 7 close at h&4 ,!  p (
 ,engl& w\ld nev] h discov]$ ! real     
mean+ ( #afhh  if ,george ,,iii _h n    
d5i$ its pr9ciples4 ,:5 he en=c$ !      
resignation ( ! eld] ,pitt ! !ories at  

once ( ,edmund ,burke &  ,engli%        
radicalism 7 born2 = ! ,pres5t          
,discont5ts & !  ,society = ! ,support (
 ! ,bill ( ,rights are ! dawn ( a       
spl5did recov]y4 ,& !y made possible !  
speculative f]m5t :i*  %[$ t ,engl& 0 at
 la/ awake to ! mean+ ( ,montesquieu &  
,r\sseau4 ,j z ! %ock ( ! ,lanca/rian   
w>s produc$ ! ,tudor  despotism1 s did !
 turmoil ( civil /rife produce !        
complac5cy (  ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b !   
peace ( ! ,tudors 0 ! dea?-b$ (  !      
,/u>ts2 & x 0 ! /agnant optimism ( !    
e>ly eighte5?  c5tury :i* made possible 
! bir? ( democratic ,engl&4    ,!       
atmosph]e ( ! "t1 9 fact1 is deep-root$ 
9 ! conditions (  ! pa/4 ,locke c\ld n h
 writt5 _h n ,hobbes & ,film]  def5d$ 9 
set t]ms ! ideal ( despotic gov]nm5t4   
,he ann\nc$ !  adv5t ( ! mod]n sy/em (  
p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t2 & f 8  "t ! debate 
has be5 r ( ! conditions "u :i* x is to 
"w1 ?an ( ! f\ndations ^u :i* x is bas$4
 ,burke1 =  example1 wrote :at          
con/itutes ! supreme analysis ( !       

/atesman's  art4 ,adam ,smi? discuss$ 9 
:at fa%ion ! prosp]ity ( peoples  c\ld  
be be/ advanc$4 ,f ,locke1 t is to say1 
! subject (  discussion is r politik ?an
 /aatslehre4 ,! great debate  inaugurat$
 by ! ,re=mation ceas$ :5 ,locke _h     
outl9$ an  intelligible basis =         
p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t4 ,hume1 ,bol+broke1 
,burke1 are all ( !m conc]n$ ) ! detail 
( political  arrangem5t 9 a fa%ion :i*  
presupposes ! acceptance ( a basis      
previ\sly kn[n4 ,burke1 inde$1 t[>d !   
latt] "p ( 8 life1  awoke to !          
realization t m5 7 dissatisfi$ ) !      
traditional  sub/ance ( ! ,/ate4 ,b he  
met ! new desires ) hate in/ead (       
und]/&+1 & ! ,napoleonic w>s drove !    
curr5t ( democratic  op9ion und]gr\nd4  
,hall & ,ow5 & ,hodgsk9 inh]it$ ! ?\ghts
  ( ,ogilvie & ,sp5ce & ,pa9e2 & if !y  
did n give !m  sub/ance1 at lea/ !y gave
 !m =m = a lat] "t4    ,nor is ! reason 
= ?is preoccupation f> to seek4 ,!      
advance (  ,engli% politics 9 ! prec$+  
two c5turies 0 ma9ly an advance (       

/ructure2 yet relative at lea/ to       
cont95tal fact1 x appe>$  lib]al en\gh  
to hide ! di%>monies ( its inn] cont5t4 
,! ,k+  0 /ill a mighty influ5ce4 ,! p[]
 ( ! ari/ocracy 0 h>dly  brok5 until !  
,re=m ,bill ( #ahfg4 ,! ,*ur* cont9u$ to
 dom9ate  ! political aspect ( ,engli%  
religi\s life until1 aft] #ahcb1 new    
elem5ts ali5 f h] ideals 7 introduc$    
into ! ,h\se (  ,commons4 ,! conditions 
( *ange lay implicit 9 ! ,indu/rial     
,revolution1 :5 a new class ( m5 atta9$ 
control ( ! nation's  economic p[]4     
,only !n 0 a realignm5t ( political =ces
  ess5tial4 ,only !n1 t is to say1 _h ! 
"t arriv$ = a new  !ory ( ! ,/ate4    ,!
 political ideas ( ! eighte5? c5tury are
 ?us 9 "s sort a  comm5t ^u ! sy/em     
e/abli%$ by ! ,revolution2 & t is1 9    
its turn1 ! product ( ! /ruggle betwe5  
,p>liam5t & ,cr[n 9  ! prec$+ age4 ,b we
 _c und]/& ! eighte5? c5tury1 or  its   
!ories1 unless we realize t its temp] 0 
/ill dom9antly  ari/ocratic4 ,f no      
accusation 7 its /atesm5 m anxi\s to be 

free ?an f t ( a belief 9 democratic    
gov]nm5t4 ,:e!r ,:igs  or ,tories 7 9   
p[]1 x 0 always ! great families :o     
rul$4 ,=  !m ! ,*ur*1 at lea/ 9 its     
high] bran*es1 exi/$2 & !  diff]5ce     
betwe5 nobleman & common] at ,ox=d is z 
/rik+ z x  is hide\s to ?is g5]ation4 ,=
 !m also lit]ature & ! !atre  made _!   
display2 & if ,dr4 ,johnson c\ld heap an
 immortal contumely  ^u ! "n ( patron1  
we all "k ( ! rev]5ce he felt 9 !       
pres5ce ( ! k+4 ,div9e ,"r &            
non-resi/ance 7 dead1 b  !y _h n di$ )\t
 a /ruggle4 ,fre$om ( ! press & legal   
equality may h be5 obta9$2 b x 0 n until
 ! passage (  ,fox's ,libel ,act t !    
fir/ became secure1 & ,mr4 & ,mrs4      
,hammond  h rec5tly illum9$ = u ! inw>d 
mean+ ( ! second4 ,!  populace might1 on
 occasion1 be /rong en\gh to =ce ! eld] 
,pitt  ^u an unwill+ k+1 or to %\t =    
,wilkes & lib]ty aga9/ !                
uncon/itutional usurpation ( !          
mon>*-ridd5 ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,su*      
outbur/s are yet ! exception to !       

prevail+ temp]4 ,!  delib]ations (      
,p>liam5t 7 /ill1 at lea/ te*nically1 a 
secret2  & memb]%ip !re91 save = "o or  
two anomalies l ,we/m9/]  & ,bri/ol1 0  
/ill ! private possession ( a privileg$ 
class4 ,!  ,revolution1 9 fact1 meant   
less an ab/ract & g5]al fre$om1 ?an a   
special release f ! arbitr>y w ( a /upid
 mon>* :o ar\s$  aga9/ himself e        
deep-seat$ prejudice ( 8 g5]ation4 ,!   
,engl& :i* s5t ,james ,,ii ^u 8 travels 
may be1 z ,hume po9t$  out1 r$uc$ to a  
pa!tic fragm5t ev5 ( its electorate4 ,! 
masses  7 unkn[n & undiscov]$1 or1 :]e  
!y em]g$1 x 0 ei!r to  prote/ aga9/ "s  
wise re=m l ,walpole's ,excise ,s*eme1  
or to  become1 z 9 ,goldsmi? & ,c[p] &  
,crabbe1 ! object (  half-pity+ poetic  
s5tim5t4 ,h[ deep-root$ 0 ! notion (    
ari/ocratic control 0 to be %[n :5      
,france turn$ into sub/antial  fact     
,r\sseau's dem& = fre$om4 ,! prote/ (   
,burke aga9/ its  suppos$ an>*y swept   
,engl& l a flame2 & only a c\rage\s     
h&ful c\ld be f\nd to prote/ aga9/      

,pitt's pro/itution ( h]  fre$om4       
,su* an age c\ld make b little pret5ce  
to discov]y2 &1 inde$1 x  is mo/ l>gely 
abs5t f its speculation4 ,9 its         
political ideas ?is  is necess>ily &    
especially ! case4 ,= ! ,/ate is at no  
"t an  un*ang+ organization2 x reflects 
) s+ul> exactness !  dom9at+ ideas ( its
 environm5t4 ,t division into gov]nm5t &
  subjects :i* is its ma9 *>act]i/ic is 
"h notewor?y = !  n>r[ness ( ! class f  
:i* ! gov]nm5t is d]iv$1 & !  consi/5t  
in]tia ( ^? ov] :om x rules4 ,!re is    
curi\sly  little controv]sy ov] ! seat (
 sov]eign p[]4 ,t is ) mo/  m5 ackn[l$g$
 to reside 9 ! k+ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,:at     
balance (  =ces is necess>y to its mo/  
p]fect equilibrium may ar\se  diss5sion 
:5 ,george ,,iii =gets ! result ( half a
 c5tury's  evolution4 ,junius may h to  
expla9 9 invective :at ,burke           
magi/rally demon/rat$ 9 t]ms ( political
 philosophy4 ,b !  deep] problems ( !   
/ate lay hidd5 until ,b5?am & !         
revolutioni/s came to insi/ ^u _!       

pres5ce4 ,t did n mean  t ! eighte5?    
c5tury 0 a s\lless failure4 ,r did x    
mean  t a p]iod ( transition _h be5     
successfully bridg$4 ,! /age 0  set = a 
new ef=t simply because ! !ories ( !    
old] philosophy  no long] repres5t$ !   
facts at issue4    ,x 0 ?us ,locke only 
9 ?is p]iod :o confront$ ! g5]al        
problems ( ! mod]n ,/ate4 ,o!r ?9k]s    
assum$ 8 /ructure &  dealt ) ! details  
he left undet]m9$4 ,! ma9 problems1 !   
,*ur* ap>t1 arose :5 a =eign] occupi$ ! 
,engli% ?rone &  left ! me?ods (        
gov]nm5t to ^? :o 7 acqua9t$ ) !m4  ,t  
mo/ happy ( all ! happy accid5ts 9      
,engli% hi/ory made  ,walpole !         
fundam5tal /atesman ( ! "t4 ,he us$ 8   
opportunity  to ! full4 ,inh]it+ !      
possibilities ( ! cab9et sy/em he gave  
x its mod]n expression by creat+ ! (fice
 ( ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,!  p>ty-sy/em 0      
already inevitable2 & ) 8 adv5t to full 
p[]  9 #agbg we h ! *>act]i/ic outl9es (
 ,engli% repres5tative  gov]nm5t4       
,!nce=w>d1 !re are1 on ! :ole1 b ?ree   

l>ge  que/ions ) :i* ! age conc]n$      
itself4 ,tol]ation _h already  be5 won  
by ! p]si/5t necessities ( two          
g5]ations1 & ! noble  det]m9ation (     
,william ,,iii2 b ! place ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! 
,revolution ,/ate & ! nature ( t ,/ate 7
 /ill undet]m9$4  ,hoadly _h "o         
solution1 ,law ano!r2 & ! g5ial         
rationalism ( !  "t1 c\pl$ ) ! political
 affiliations ( ! ,high ,*ur* p>ty1     
comb9$ to give ,hoadly ! victory2 b 8   
oppon5ts1 & ,law  especially1 rema9$ to 
be ! p>5ts ( a movem5t = ecclesia/ical  
fre$om ( :i* x has be5 ! good =tune (   
,ox=d to supply 9  ea* succe$+ c5tury ! 
lead]s4 ,am]ica pres5t$ aga9 ! problem  
( cons5t 9 ! special p]spective ( !     
imp]ial relation2 & !  decision :i* grew
 out ( ! blund]+ obscurantism ( ! ,k+   
enabl$ ,burke nobly to re/ate & amply to
 revivify ! pr9ciples (  #afhh4 ,*a?am  
mean:ile _h /umbl$ ^u a va/] empire2 & !
  indu/rial sy/em :i* 8 ef=t quick5$    
c\ld n live "u an  economic rgime :i*   
/ill bore traces ( ! n>r[ nationalism ( 

!  ,tudors4 ,no man 0 s emphatically    
repres5tative ( 8 epo* z ,adam  ,smi?2 &
 no ?9k] has ev] /at$ 9 su* g5]\s t]ms !
 answ]  ( 8 "t to ! mo/ vital ( its     
que/ions4 ,! answ]1 inde$1 l  all good  
answ]s1 reveal$ r ! difficulty ( !      
problem ?an !  prospect ( its solution2 
?\gh no?+ s cle>ly h]ald$ ! new age  t 0
 com+ ?an 8 repudiation ( ! pa/ 9 t]ms (
 a real  appreciation ( x4 ,! ,am]ican  
,w> & ! two great revolutions  br\ght a 
new race ( ?9k]s into be+4 ,! ,fr5* se$ 
at la/  produc$ its h>ve/4 ,b5?am       
absorb$ ! purpose ( ,r\sseau ev5  :ile  
he reject$ 8 me?ods4 ,= a "t1 inde$1 !  
heat & du/ (  w> obscur$ ! issue t      
,b5?am rais$4 ,b ! c]ta9ties ( !  future
 lay on 8 side4          ,,*apt] ,,ii   
,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,revolution    
,i      ,! ,engli% ,revolution 0 9 ! ma9
 a prote/ aga9/ ! attempt (  ,james ,,ii
 to e/abli% a despotism 9 alliance )    
,france & ,rome4 ,x  0 almo/ entirely a 
movem5t ( ! ari/ocracy1 &1 = ! mo/  "p1 
x 0 ari/ocratic opposition t x enc\nt]$4

 ,:at x did  0 to make = ev] impossible 
! ?\ght ( reunion ) ,rome & !  !ory t ! 
?rone c\ld be e/abli%$ on any o!r basis 
?an !  cons5t ( ,p>liam5t4 ,= no "o c\ld
 pret5d t ,william ( ,orange  rul$ by   
,div9e ,"r4 ,! scrupul\s %rank f        
proclaim+ !  deposition ( ,james2 & !   
fiction t he _h abdicat$ 0 n  calculat$ 
to deceive ev5 ! w>me/ ( ,william's     
adh]5ts4 ,an  uncon/itutional ,p>liam5t 
!reupon decl>$ ! ?rone vacant2 &  aft]  
mu* negotiation ,william & ,m>y 7 invit$
 to occupy x4 ,to  ,william ! invitation
 0 irresi/ible4 ,x gave him ! assi/ance 
(  ! fir/ m>itime p[] 9 ,europe aga9/ ! 
imp]ialism ( ,l\is ,,xiv4  ,x ensur$ !  
survival ( ,prote/antism aga9/ !        
encroa*m5ts ( an  enemy :o nev] slumb]$4
 ,nor did ,engl& f9d ! new rgime        
unwelcome4 ,e widespread conviction ( h]
 p _h be5 wantonly  outrag$ by ! blund]+
 /upidity ( ,james4 ,if a l>ge fraction 
(  ! ,engli% ,*ur* held alo( f ! new    
ord] on te*nical gr\nds1  ! comm]cial   
classes gave x _! w>m support2 & _m :o  

d\bt$  9 !ory submitt$ 9 practice4 ,all 
at lea/ 7 consci\s t a new  era _h      
dawn$4    ,= ,william _h come ov] ) a   
def9ite purpose 9 view4 ,james _h       
wr\ght havoc ) :at ! ,civil ,w>s _h made
 ! ess5ce ( !  ,engli% con/itution2 & x 
_h become important to def9e 9 set t]ms 
! conditions ^u :i* ! life ( k+s mu/ 9 !
 future be  regulat$4 ,! reign (        
,william is no?+ s mu* z ! p]iod ( t    
def9ition2 & ! =tunate discov]y 0 made (
 ! me*anisms  :]eby its translation into
 practice might be secur$4 ,! ,bill (   
,rights 7#afhi7 & ! ,act ( ,settlem5t   
7#agja7 are ! f\ndation-/ones  ( ! mod]n
 con/itutional sy/em4    ,:at1 broadly1 
0 e/abli%$ 0 ! dep5d5ce ( ! cr[n ^u     
,p>liam5t4 ,f9ance & ! army 7 br\ght "u 
,p>liam5t>y  control by ! simple exp$i5t
 ( mak+ its annual summons ess5tial4  ,!
 "r ( petition 0 re-affirm$2 & !        
indep5d5ce ( !  judges & m9i/]ial       
responsibility 7 secur$ by ! same act   
:i*  =ev] exclud$ ! legitimate heirs f  
_! royal inh]itance4 ,x  is difficult n 

to be amaz$ at ! almo/ casual fa%ion 9  
:i* s  /rik+ a revolution 0 effect$4 ,n1
 inde$1 t ! solution  work$ easily at ! 
outset4 ,william rema9$ to ! end a      
=eign]1  :o c\ld n und]/& ! inw>dness ( 
,engli% politics4 ,x 0 !  necessities ( 
=eign policy :i* drove him to admit !   
imm5se  possibilities ( ! p>ty-sy/em z  
also to accept 8 own be/  safegu>d 9 !  
f\ndation ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&4 ,!        
,cab9et1  t[>ds ! close ( 8 reign1 _h   
already become ! fundam5tal             
adm9i/rative in/rum5t4 ,orig9ally a     
committee ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1  x _h no  
p>ty basis until ! +5i\s ,sund]l& aton$ 
= a score  ( di%one/ies by insi/+ t !   
root ( its effici5cy w\ld be  f\nd 9 its
 selection f a s+le p>ty4 ,william      
acquiesc$ b  d\btfully2 =1 until ! end (
 8 life1 he nev] und]/ood :y 8  m9i/]s  
%\ld n be a gr\p ( able c\nsellors *os5 
)\t  ref]5ce to _! political            
affiliations4 ,sund]l& knew bett] =  !  
simple reason t he belong$ to t p]iod :5
 ! ,:igs &  ,tories _h gambl$ aga9/ ea* 

o!r = _! heads4 ,he knew t no           
c\ncil-bo>d c\ld ) com=t conta9 bo?     
himself & ,halifax2 j  z ,william       
himself 0 to le>n q e>ly t nei!r honor  
nor  confid5ce c\ld w9 unsw]v+ support f
 ,john ,*ur*ill4 ,!re is a  c]ta9       
fev]i%ness 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! reign :i*  
%[s h[ _m  kept an anxi\s eye on ,/4    
,g]ma9 ev5 :ile !y att5d$ ! morn+  levee
 at ,:itehall4    ,:at secur$ ! p]man5ce
 ( ! settlem5t 0 less ! policy (        
,william ?an ! blund] ( ! ,fr5* mon>*4  
,pati5ce1 =esight &  g5]osity _h n      
avail$ to w9 = ,william m ?an a grudg+  
recognition ( 8 k+%ip4 ,he _h receiv$   
only a half-he>t$ support  = 8 =eign    
policy4 ,! army1 despite 8 prote/s1 _h  
be5  r$uc$2 & ! en=c$ return ( 8 own    
,dut* ,gu>ds to ,holl& 0  delib]ately   
conceiv$ to cause him pa94 ,b at ! v    
mom5t :5  8 /r5g? seem$ weake/ ,james   
,,ii di$2 & ,l\is ,,xiv1 despite  writt5
 obligation1 s\ght to com=t ! la/ mom5ts
 ( 8 tragic  exile by ! falsely *ivalr\s
 recognition ( ! ,old ,pret5d] z !      

rightful ,engli% k+4 ,x 0 a t]rible     
mi/ake4 ,x did = ,william  :at no action
 ( 8 own c\ld ev] h a*iev$4 ,x sugge/$ t
  ,engl& mu/ receive its rul] at ! h&s (
 a =eign sov]eign4 ,!  national pride ( 
! p ralli$ to ! cause = :i* ,william    
/ood4 ,he 0 k+--s1 at lea/ 9 contra/ to 
,l\is' decision1 x  appe>$--by _!       
delib]ate *oice & ! settlem5t ( :i* he 0
  ! symbol w\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,p>liam5t   
grant$ to ,william all t  8 =eign policy
 c\ld h dem&$4 ,8 own dea? 0 only !     
prelude to ! victories ( ,m>lbor\gh4 ,^?
 victories seem$ to seal  ! solution (  
#afhh4 ,a mom5t came :5 s5tim5t &       
intrigue comb9$  to ?r[ 9 jeop>dy ! ,act
 ( ,settlem5t4 ,b ,dea? held ! /akes    
aga9/ ! gambl]'s ?r[ ( ,bol+broke2 & !  
accession ( ,george  ,i assur$ !        
p]man5ce ( ,revolution pr9ciples4       
,,ii      ,! !ori/ ( ! ,revolution is   
,locke2 & x 0 8 consci\s ef=t  to ju/ify
 ! innovations ( #afhh4 ,he s\ght1 z he 
said1 to e/abli%  ! ?rone ( our great   
,re/or]1 our pres5t ,k+ ,william1 & make

  good 8 title 9 ! cons5t ( ! p4 ,9 !   
debate :i*  foll[$ 8 argum5t rema9$     
unansw]$1 = ! suffici5t reason  t x _h !
 common s5se ( ! g5]ation on 8 side4    
,yet ,locke  has suff]$ n a little at ! 
h&s ( succe$+ ?9k]s4 ,?\gh  8 influ5ce  
^u 8 own "t 0 imm5se2 ?\gh ,montesquieu 
ow$ to  him ! acute/ ( 8 insights2 ?\gh 
! pr9ciples ( ! ,am]ican  ,revolution   
are 9 l>ge "p an ackn[l$g$ adoption ( 8 
own2 he has  become "o ( ! political    
classics :o are tak5 = grant$ r  ?an    
read4 ,x is a pr(\nd & regrettable      
error4 ,locke may n possess  ! cl>ity & 
ru?less logic ( ,hobbes1 or ! g5ius =   
compress+  into a phrase ! exp]i5ce ( a 
lifetime :i* makes ,burke ! fir/  (     
,engli% political ?9k]s4 ,he yet /at$ m 
cle>ly ?an ei!r  ! g5]al problem ( !    
mod]n ,/ate4 ,hobbes1 aft] all1 work$ ) 
an impossible psy*ology & s\ght no m ?an
 ! prescription  aga9/ disord]4 ,burke  
wrote r a text-book = ! cauti\s         
adm9i/rator ?an a guide = ! lib]al      
/atesman4 ,b ,locke saw t  ! ma9 problem

 ( ! ,/ate is ! conque/ ( fre$om & x 0 =
  its def9ition 9 t]ms ( individual good
 t he above all /rove4    ,mu*1         
d\btless1 ( 8 neglect is due to ! m$ium 
9 :i* he work$4  ,he wrote at a "t :5 ! 
social contract seem$ ! only possible   
retort to ! !ory ( ,div9e ,"r4 ,he s    
emphasiz$ ! pr9ciple (  cons5t t :5     
contractualism came 9 its turn to be    
disc>d$1 x  0 discov]$ t ,locke suff]$  
f> m ?an ,hobbes by ! *ange s  made4 ,= 
,hobbes c>$ no?+ = ! contract s long z  
/rong  gov]nm5t c\ld be %[n to be       
implicit 9 ! natural badness ( m51  :ile
 ,locke assum$ _! goodness & made 8     
contract ess5tial to  _! opportunity =  
moral expression4 ,nor did he1 l        
,r\sseau1 seize  ^u ! organic nature ( !
 ,/ate4 ,to him ! ,/ate 0 always a m]e  
aggregate1 & ! conv5i5t simplicity (    
majority-rule solv$1 =  him1 ! vital    
political problems4 ,b ,r\sseau 0       
translat$ into !  complex dialectic (   
,hegel & liv$ to become ! p>5t ( !ories 
he  w\ld h d\btless be5 ! fir/ to dis[n4

 ,nor 0 ,locke aid$ by  8 philosophic   
outlook4 ,few great ?9k]s h s little    
p]ceiv$ !  psy*ological f\ndations (    
politics4 ,:at he did 0 r to fa/5  ^u ! 
great in/itutional necessity ( 8 "t--!  
provision (  *annels ( ass5t--&         
emphasize its importance to ! exclusion 
( all  o!r factors4 ,! problem is 9 fact
 m complex2 & ! solution he  indicat$   
became s natural a "p ( ! political     
fabric t !  value ( 8 emphasis ^u its   
import 0 l>gely =gott5 :5 m5  aga9 took 
up ! /udy ( f\ndations4    ,john ,locke 
0 born at ,wr+ton 9 ,som]set on ! #bi? (
 ,augu/1 #afcb4  ,8 fa!r 0 cl]k to !    
c\nty ju/ices & act$ z a capta9 9 a     
cavalry regim5t dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,?\gh
 he suff]$ heavy losses1  he 0 able to  
give 8 son z good an education z ! "t   
af=d$4  ,we/m9/] "u ,dr4 ,busby may n h 
be5 ! g5tle/ ( academies1  b at lea/ x  
provid$ ,locke ) an admirable tra9+ 9 ! 
classics4 ,he himself1 inde$1 9 !       
,?\ghts on ,education d\bt$ !  value (  
su* ex]cises2 nor does he seem to h     

conceiv$ any  affection = ,ox=d :i!r he 
proce$$ 9 #afeb z a junior /ud5t (      
,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,! univ]sity 0 !n "u !     
,puritan control ( ,dr4  ,john ,ow52 b n
 ev5 8 ef=t to r$eem ! univ]sity f its  
reputation = intellectual laxity rescu$ 
x f ! wrangl+ &  o/5tation ( !          
p]ipatetic philosophy4 ,yet x 0 at ,ox=d
 t  he enc\nt]$ ! "w ( ,desc>tes :i*    
fir/ attract$ him to  metaphysics4 ,!re1
 too1 he met ,pocock1 ! ,arabic s*ol>1 &
 ,wallis  ! ma!matician1 :o mu/ at lea/ 
h comm&$ 8 respect4 ,9 #afei  he accept$
 a ,s5ior ,/ud5t%ip ( 8 college1 :i* he 
reta9$ until  he 0 deem$ politically    
undesirable 9 #afhd4 ,aft] toy+ ) 8     
fa!r's desire t he %\ld ent] ! ,*ur*1 he
 began ! /udy (  m$ic9e4 ,sci5tific     
int]e/ won = him ! fri5d%ip ( ,boyle2 & 
:ile he 0 adm9i/]+ physic to ! pati5ts (
 ,dr4 ,?omas1 he 0  mak+ ! obs]vations  
record$ 9 ,boyle's ,hi/ory ( ! ,air :i* 
,locke himself edit$ aft] ! dea? ( 8    
fri5d4    ,mean:ile accid5t _h turn$ 8  
life into f> diff]5t pa?s4 ,an          

appo9tm5t z secret>y to a special       
ambassador op5$ up to him a  diplomatic 
c>e]2 b 8 /urdy commons5se %[$ him 8    
unfitness  = su* labors4 ,aft] 8 visit  
to ,prussia he return$ to ,ox=d1 &  !re1
 9 #affg1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 m$ical "w1 he   
met ,an?ony  ,a%ley1 ! lat] ,"l         
,%aftesbury & ! ,ahitophel ( ,dryd5's   
great  satire4 ,! two m5 7 w>mly        
attract$ to ea* o!r1 & ,locke  accept$  
an appo9tm5t z physician to ,"l ,a%ley's
 h\sehold4 ,b he  0 also mu* m ?an ?is4 
,! tutor ( ,a%ley's philosophic  gr&son1
 he became also 8 patron's confid5tial  
c\nsellor4 ,9 #affc  he became "p au?or 
( a con/itutional s*eme = ,c>ol9a :i* is
  notewor?y = its emphasis1 ?us e>ly1 ^u
 ! importance (  religi\s tol]ation4 ,9 
#afgb1 :5 ,a%ley became ,"l ,*ancellor1 
he  became ,secret>y ( ,pres5tations &1 
until #afge1 ,secret>y to !  ,c\ncil (  
,trade & ,=eign ,plantations4 ,mean:ile 
he c>ri$ on 8  m$ical "w & mu/ h obta9$ 
"s reputation 9 x2 = he is  honorably   
m5tion$ by ,syd5ham1 9 8 ,me?od ( ,cur+ 

,fev]s  7#afgf71 & _h be5 elect$ to !   
,royal ,society 9 #affh4 ,b 8 real      
g5ius lay 9 o!r directions4    ,locke   
himself has told u h[ a few fri5ds began
 to meet at 8 *amb]  = ! discussions (  
que/ions :i* soon pass$ into            
metaphysical  enquiry2 & a page f a     
commonplace book ( #afga is ! fir/      
beg9n+ ( 8 sy/ematic "w4 ,reliev$ ( 8   
adm9i/rative duties  9 #afge1 he sp5t ! 
next f\r ye>s 9 ,france1 ma9ly occupi$ )
  m$ical obs]vation4 ,he return$ to     
,engl& 9 #afgi to assi/ ,"l  ,%aftesbury
 9 ! passionate debates ^u ! ,exclusion 
,bill4 ,locke  foll[$ 8 patron into     
exile1 rema9+ abroad f #afhc until !    
,revolution4 ,depriv$ ( 8 fell[%ip 9    
#afhd ?r\gh ! malice (  ,*>les ,,ii1 he 
w\ld h be5 )\t means ( support _h n     
,%aftesbury bequea!d him a p5sion4 ,z x 
01 he _h no easy "t4  ,8 extradition 0  
dem&$ by ,james ,,ii aft] ! ,monm\?     
rebellion2  & ?\gh he 0 lat] p>don$ he  
refus$ to return to ,engl& until        
,william ( ,orange _h procur$ 8 fre$om4 

,a ye> aft] 8 return he  made 8         
appe>ance z a writ]4 ,! ,essay ,conc]n+ 
,human  ,und]/&+ & ! ,two ,treatises (  
,gov]nm5t 7 bo? publi%$  9 #afij4 ,five 
ye>s e>li] ! ,lett] ,conc]n+ ,tol]ation 
0  publi%$ 9 its ,lat9 dress2 & f\r ye>s
 aft]w>ds an ,engli%  translation       
appe>$4 ,?is la/1 h[ev]1 p]haps on      
gr\nds (  exp$i5cy1 ,locke nev]         
ackn[l$g$ until 8 w 0 publi%$2 =  ! "t 0
 n yet suit$ to su* g5]\s speculations4 
,locke 0  ?us 9 8 fifty-eigh? ye> :5 8  
fir/ admitt$ "w appe>$4 ,b  ! r\gh      
attempts at ! essay date f #afga1 & h9ts
 t[>ds !  ,lett] on ,tol]ation c be f\nd
 9 fragm5ts ( v>i\s dates  betwe5 !     
tw5ty-eigh? & ?irty-fif? ye>s ( 8 life4 
,( !  ,two ,treatises ! fir/ seems to h 
be5 writt5 betwe5 #afhj &  #afhe1 !     
second 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 ,dut* exile4#a   
,footnote #a3 ,on ! evid5ce = ^! dates  
see ! conv9c+ argum5t  ( ,mr4           
,fox-,b\rne 9 8 ,life ( ,locke1 ,vol4   
,,ii1 pp4 #afe-g4    ,! rema9+ f\rte5   
ye>s ( ,locke's life 7 pass$ 9          

semi-retirem5t 9 ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,?\gh he 
held public (fice1 fir/ z  ,commission] 
( ,appeals1 & lat] ( ,trade1 = twelve   
ye>s1 he c\ld  n /& ! pressure ( ,london
 writ]s1 & 8 public "w 0 only           
int]mitt5t4 ,8 c\nsel1 nev]!less1 0     
highly valu$2 & he seems  to h won no   
small confid5ce f ,william 9 diplomatic 
matt]s4  ,som]s & ,*>les ,montagu held  
him 9 high respect1 & he _h !  w>m      
fri5d%ip ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,he     
publi%$ "s %ort discussions  on economic
 matt]s1 & 9 #afie gave valuable        
assi/ance 9 !  de/ruction ( ! c5sor%ip (
 ! press4 ,two ye>s e>li] he _h  publi%$
 8 ,?\ghts on ,education1 9 :i* !       
obs]vant read] may  f9d ! g]m ( mo/ (   
,emile's ideas4 ,he did n fail to revise
 !  ,essay f "t to "t2 & 8              
,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity1  :i*1     
?r\gh ,tol&1 provok$ a reply f          
,/ill+fleet & %[$  ,locke 9 retort a    
ma/] ( ! controv]sial art1 0 9 "s sort !
  f\ndation ( ! dei/ic debate 9 ! next  
epo*4 ,b 8 *ief "w  _h already be5 done1

 & he sp5t 8 en]gies 9 rew>d+ !         
affection ( 8 fri5ds4 ,locke di$ on     
,octob] #bh1 #agjd1 amid  circum/ances (
 s+ul> maje/y4 ,he _h liv$ a full life1 
& few  h s completely realiz$ ! m$ieval 
ideal ( specializ+ 9  omnisci5ce4 ,he   
left w>m fri5ds beh9d him2 & ,lady      
,ma%am has said  ( him t beyond :i* no  
man may d>e to aspire4#b    ,footnote   
#b3 ,fox-,b\rne1 op4 cit4 ,lett] f ,lady
 ,ma%am to ,jean le  ,cl]c4        ,,iii
      ,locke's ,two ,treatises (        
,gov]nm5t are diff]5t bo? 9 object &  9 
value4 ,! fir/ is a detail$ & tiresome  
response to ! hi/oric  imag9ation ( ,sir
 ,rob]t ,film]4 ,9 8 ,patri>*a1 :i* fir/
 saw  ! light 9 #afhj1 ?\gh x _h be5    
writt5 long be=e1 ! latt]  _h s\ght to  
rea* ! ultimate conclusion ( ,hobbes )\t
 !  elem5t ( contract ^u :i* ! great    
?9k] dep5d$4 ,i cons5t  ) him1 said     
,film] ( ,hobbes1 ab\t ! ,rights (      
ex]cis+  ,gov]nm5t1 b ,i _c agree to 8  
means ( acquir+ x4 ,t p[]  mu/ be       
absolute1 ,film]1 l ,hobbes1 has no     

mann] ( d\bt2 b 8  me?od ( pro( is to   
d]ive ! title ( ,*>les ,i f ,adam4      
,little  difficulties l ! orig9 (       
primog5iture1 or :5ce1 z ,locke  po9ts  
out1 ! univ]sal mon>*y ( ,%em c be      
d]iv$1 ! good ,sir  ,rob]t does n       
satisfactorily det]m9e4 ,locke takes him
 up po9t by  po9t1 & !re is little en\gh
 left1 save a s5se t hi/ory is !  root (
 in/itutions1 :5 he has done4 ,:at      
tr\bles u is r :y  ,locke %\ld h wa/$ ! 
res\rces ( 8 intellig5ce ^u s  feeble an
 oppon5t4 ,! book ( ,hobbes lay ready to
 8 h&2 yet he  almo/ o/5tati\sly refus$ 
to grapple ) x4 ,! answ] d\btless  lies 
9 ,hobbes' unsavory fame4 ,! man :o made
 ! ,*ur* a m]e  dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate &    
ju/ifi$ n less ! title ( ,cromwell  ?an 
( ! ,/u>ts 0 n ! oppon5t = "o :o _h a v 
practical problem 9 h&4 ,& ,locke c\ld  
answ] t he 0 answ]+  ,hobbes implicitly 
9 ! second ,treatise4 ,& ?\gh ,film]    
might  nev] h be5 kn[n _h n ,locke ?us  
honor$ him by retort1 he  d\btless      
symboliz$ :at _m a nobleman's *apla9    

prea*$ to 8  ma/]'s dep5d5ts at family  
pray]s4    ,! ,second ,treatise goes to 
! root ( ! matt]4 ,:y does political    
p[]1 a ,"r ( mak+ ,laws & ,p5alties (   
,dea? & consequ5tly  all less ,p5alties1
 exi/8 ,x c only be = ! public b5efit1 &
  our enquiry is ?us a /udy ( ! gr\nds (
 political ob$i5ce4 ,locke  ?us trav]ses
 ! gr\nd ,hobbes _h cov]$ 9 8 ,levia?an 
?\gh  he rejects e premise ( ! e>li]    
?9k]4 ,to ,hobbes ! /ate (  nature :i*  
prec$es political organization _h be5 a 
/ate ( w>4  ,nei!r peace nor reason c\ld
 prevail :]e e man 0 8  neighbor's      
enemy2 & ! e/abli%m5t ( absolute p[]1 ) 
!  consequ5t surr5d] by m5 ( all _!     
natural lib]ties1 0 ! only  means (     
escape f s brutal a rgime4 ,t ! /ate (  
nature 0 s  di/+ui%$ ,locke at ! outset 
d5ies4 ,! /ate ( nature is  gov]n$ by ! 
law ( nature4 ,! law ( nature is n1 z   
,hobbes _h  made x1 ! anti!sis ( real   
law1 b r its condition  antec$5t4 ,x is 
a body ( rules :i* gov]ns1 at all times 
& all  places1 ! conduct ( m54 ,its     

arbit] is reason &1 9 ! natural  /ate1  
reason %[s u t m5 are equal4 ,f ?is     
equality are born  m5's natural rights  
:i* ,locke1 l ! ,indep5d5ts 9 ! ,puritan
  ,revolution1 id5tifies ) life1 lib]ty 
& prop]ty4 ,obvi\sly  en\gh1 z ,hobbes  
_h also grant$1 ! in/9ct to             
self-pres]vation is  ! deepe/ ( human   
impulses4 ,by lib]ty ,locke means ! "r (
 !  individual to foll[ 8 own b5t grant$
 only 8 obs]vance ( !  law ( nature4    
,law1 9 su* an aspect1 is cle>ly a means
 to !  realization ( fre$om 9 ! same way
 t ! rule ( ! road w1  by its common    
acceptance1 save its obs]v]s f accid5t4 
,x promotes  ! initiative ( m5 by def9+ 
9 t]ms :i* by _! v /atem5t  obta9       
ackn[l$gm5t ! conditions ^u :i*         
individual caprice may  h its play4     
,prop]ty ,locke d]ives f a primitive    
communism :i*  becomes transmut$ into   
individual own]%ip :5ev] a man has m+l$ 
8 labor ) "s object4 ,?is labor !ory (  
own]%ip liv$1 x may  be rem>k$1 to      
become1 9 ! h&s ( ,hodgsk9 & ,?ompson1 !

  p>5t ( mod]n socialism4    ,! /ate (  
nature is ?us1 9 contra/ to ! argum5t ( 
,hobbes1  pre-em95tly social 9 "*4 ,!re 
may be w> or viol5ce2 b  t is only :5 m5
 h ab&on$ ! rule ( reason :i* is        
integral to _! "*4 ,b ! /ate ( nature is
 n a civil  ,/ate4 ,!re is no common    
sup]ior to en=ce ! law ( nature4 ,ea*   
man1 z be/ he may1 works out 8 own      
int]pretation ( x4 ,b  because !        
intellig5ces ( m5 are diff]5t !re is an 
inconv5i5t  v>iety 9 ! conceptions (    
ju/ice4 ,! result is unc]ta9ty &  *aos2 
& means ( escape mu/ be f\nd f a        
condition :i* !  weakness ( m5 mu/      
ultimately make intol]able4 ,x is "h t !
  social contract em]ges4 ,b j z        
,locke's natural /ate implies a  natural
 man utt]ly di/9ct f ,hobbes' gloomy    
picture1 s does  ,locke's social        
contract repres5t r ! triumph ( reason  
?an (  h>d necessity4 ,x is a contract (
 ea* ) all1 a surr5d] by !  individual (
 8 p]sonal "r to fulfil ! comm&s ( ! law
 (  nature 9 return = ! gu>antee t 8    

rights z nature orda9s  !m--life &      
lib]ty & prop]ty--w be pres]v$4 ,!      
contract is  ?us n g5]al z ) ,hobbes b  
limit$ & specific 9 "*4  ,nor is x1 z   
,hobbes made x1 ! resignation ( p[] into
 ! h&s (  "s s+le man or gr\p4 ,on !    
contr>y1 x is a contract ) !  community 
z a :ole :i* ?us becomes t common       
political  sup]ior--! ,/ate--:i* is to  
en=ce ! law ( nature & puni%            
infractions ( x4 ,nor is ,locke's /ate a
 sov]eign ,/ate3 ! v  ^w sov]eignty does
 n occur1 significantly en\gh1 ?r\gh\t !
  treatise4 ,! ,/ate has p[] only = !   
protection ( natural law4  ,its prov9ce 
ends :5 x passes beyond ^? b\nd>ies4    
,su* a contract1 9 ,locke's view1       
involves ! pre-em95t necessity (        
majority-rule4 ,unless ! m9ority is     
cont5t to be b\nd by ! w (  sup]ior     
numb]s ! law ( nature has no m          
protection ?an x _h  be=e ! in/itution (
 political society4 ,& x is fur!r to be 
assum$ t ! individual has surr5d]$ to ! 
community 8  individual "r ( c>ry+ out !

 judgm5t involv$ 9 natural law4  ,:e!r  
,locke conceiv$ ! contract s =mulat$ to 
be hi/orical1 x  is no easy matt] to    
det]m9e4 ,t no evid5ce ( its e>ly       
exi/5ce  c be adduc$ he ascribes to its 
orig9 9 ! infancy ( ! race2 &  !        
hi/ories ( ,rome & ,sp>ta & ,v5ice seem 
to him pro( t !  !ory is someh[         
demon/rable by facts4 ,m important ?an  
orig9s1 he  seems to deem its           
implications4 ,he has plac$ cons5t 9 !  
=egr\nd  ( ! argum5t2 & he 0 anxi\s to  
e/abli% ! gr\nds = its  cont9uance4 ,c !
 mak]s ( ! orig9al contract1 t is to    
say1  b9d _! successors8 ,if legitimate 
gov]nm5t is bas$ ^u !  cons5t ( its     
subjects1 may !y )draw _! cons5t8 ,& :at
 ( a  *ild born into ! community8 ,locke
 is at lea/ logical 9 8 cons5t4  ,!     
contract ( ob$i5ce mu/ be free or else1 
z ,hook] _h previ\sly  insi/$1 x is n a 
contract4 ,yet ,locke urg$ t ! primitive
  memb]s ( a ,/ate are b\nd to its      
p]petuation simply because unless  !    
majority _h p[] to en=ce ob$i5ce        

gov]nm5t1 9 any  satisfactory s5se1 w\ld
 be impossible4 ,) *ildr5 ! case is     
diff]5t4 ,!y are born subjects ( no     
gov]nm5t or c\ntry2 & _!  cons5t to its 
laws mu/ ei!r be d]iv$ f express        
ackn[l$gm5t1  or by ! tacit implication 
( ! fact t ! protection ( ! ,/ate  has  
be5 accept$4 ,b no "o is b\nd until he  
has %[n by ! rule (  8 mature conduct t 
he consid]s himself a common subject ) 8
  fell[s4 ,cons5t implies an act ( w &  
we mu/ h evid5ce to  inf] its pres5ce   
be=e ! rule ( subjection c be appli$4   
,we h ?us ! ,/ate1 ?\gh ! me?od ( its   
organization is n  yet outl9$4 ,= ,locke
 !re is a diff]5ce1 ?\gh he did n       
explicitly describe its nature1 betwe5  
,/ate & ,gov]nm5t4 ,inde$ he  sometimes 
approximates1 )\t ev] =mally adopt+1 !  
attitude (  ,puf5dorf1 8 great ,g]man   
contempor>y1 :]e gov]nm5t is d]iv$  f a 
second>y contract dep5d5t ^u ! orig9al  
in/itution (  civil society4 ,!         
di/9ction is made 9 ! light ( :at is to 
foll[4 ,= ,locke 0 above all anxi\s to  

leave supreme p[] 9 a  community ^: s+le
 w1 z manife/$ by majority-v]dict1 c\ld 
n be *all5g$ by any less] organ ?an     
itself4 ,gov]nm5t !re mu/  be if        
political society is to endure2 b its =m
 & sub/ance are  dep5d5t ^u popul>      
in/itution4    ,locke foll[s 9 ! great  
,ari/otelian tradition ( divid+ ! types 
( gov]nm5t into ?ree4 ,:]e ! p[] ( mak+ 
laws is 9 a s+le  h& we h a mon>*y2 :]e 
x is ex]cis$ by a few or all we h       
alt]natively olig>*y & democracy4 ,!    
disposition ( !  legislative p[] is !   
fundam5tal te/ ( type2 = executive &    
judici>y are cle>ly dep5d5t on x4 ,nor1 
z ,hobbes argu$1 is !  =m ( gov]nm5t    
p]man5t 9 "*2 ! supreme community is z  
capable ( mak+ tempor>y z ( regi/]+     
irrevocable decisions4 ,&  ?\gh ,locke  
admits t mon>*y1 f its lik5ess to !     
family1 is  ! mo/ primitive type (      
gov]nm5t1 he d5ies ,hobbes' ass]tion t  
x is ! be/4 ,x seems1 9 8 view1 always  
to deg5]ate into !  h&s ( less] m5 :o   
betray ! contract !y 7 appo9t$ to       

obs]ve4 ,nor is olig>*y mu* bett] (f    
s9ce x emphasizes !  int]e/ ( a gr\p    
aga9/ ! sup]ior int]e/ ( ! community z a
  :ole4 ,democracy alone pr(f]s adequate
 safegu>ds ( an endur+ good  rule2 a    
democracy1 t is to say1 :i* is 9 ! h&s (
 delegates  controll$ by popul>         
election4 ,n t ,locke is anxi\s = !     
abolition ( k+%ip4 ,8 lett]s %[ t he    
dislik$ ! ,cromwellian  sy/em & !       
republicanism :i* ,h>r+ton & ,milton _h 
bas$ ^u  x4 ,he 0 cont5t to h a k+%ip   
dive/$ ( legislative p[] s  long z      
h]$it>y succession 0 ackn[l$g$ to be    
dep5d5t ^u  popul> cons5t4 ,! ma9 ?+ 0  
to be rid ( ! ,div9e ,"r (  k+s4    ,we 
h ?us an organ = ! int]pretation (      
natural law free f  ! %ift+ v>iety (    
individual judgm5t4 ,we h a means =     
secur+ imp>tial ju/ice betwe5 memb]s (  
civil society1 & to t  means ! =ce ( m5 
has be5 surr5d]$4 ,! =mulation ( !      
rules by :i* life1 lib]ty & prop]ty are 
to be secur$ is  legislation & ?is1 f ! 
t]ms ( ! orig9al contract1 is !  supreme

 function ( ! ,/ate4 ,b1 9 ,locke's     
view1 two o!r functions  /ill rema94    
,law has n only to be decl>$4 ,x mu/ be 
en=c$2 &  ! bus9ess ( ! executive is to 
secure ob$i5ce to ! comm& (  law4 ,b    
,locke "h makes a ?ird di/9ction4 ,!    
,/ate mu/ live )  o!r ,/ates1 bo? z     
reg>ds its individual memb]s1 & z a     
collective body2 & ! p[] :i* deals ) ?is
 aspect ( its  relation%ips1 ,locke t]m$
 f$]ative4 ,?is la/ di/9ction1 inde$1   
has no special value2 & its au?or's own 
def5ce ( x is f> f  cle>4 ,m important1 
especially1 = future hi/ory1 0 8        
emphasis  ( ! di/9ction betwe5          
legislature & executive4 ,! mak+ ( laws 
is = ,locke a relatively simple & rapid 
task2 ! legislature may d  its "w & be  
gone4 ,b ^? :o att5d to _! execution mu/
 be  ceaseless 9 _! vigilance4 ,x is    
bett]1 !re=e1 to sep>ate !  two bo? z to
 p[]s & p]sons4 ,o!rwise legislators may
 exempt  !mselves f ob$i5ce to ! laws !y
 make1 & suit ! law1 bo?  9 its mak+ &  
its execution1 to _! own private wi%1 & 

!reby  come to h a di/9ct int]e/ f ! re/
 ( ! community1  contr>y to ! end (     
society & gov]nm5t4 ,! legislator mu/   
!re=e be b\nd by 8 own laws2 & he mu/ be
 *os5 9 su*  fa%ion t ! repres5tative   
assembly may fairly repres5t its        
con/itu5cies4 ,x 0 ! pat5t anomalies ( !
 exi/5t s*eme (  di/ribution :i* made   
,locke "h pr(f] 8 fam\s sugge/ion t  !  
rott5 bor\ghs %\ld be aboli%$ by        
executive act4 ,"o hundr$  & =ty ye>s 7 
/ill to pass be=e ?is wise sugge/ion 0  
translat$ into /atute4    ,?\gh ,locke  
?us insi/$ ^u ! sep>ation ( p[]s1 he    
realiz$  t em]g5cies are ! p>5t (       
special ne$2 & he recogniz$ t  n only   
may ! executive1 z 9 ,engl&1 %>e 9 !    
task (  legislation1 b also may issue   
ord9ances :5 ! legislature is n  9      
session1 or act contr>y to law 9 case ( 
grave dang]4 ,nor c !  executive be =c$ 
to summon ! legislature4 ,"h1 cle>ly    
en\gh1  ,locke is g5]aliz+ f ! ,engli%  
con/itution2 & its s5se (  compromise is
 implicit 9 8 rem>ks4 ,nor is 8 surr5d] 

"h (  cons5t suffici5t to be inconsi/5t 
) 8 g5]al outlook4 ,= at  ! back ( ea*  
gov]nm5tal act1 !re is1 9 8 own m9d1 an 
active  citiz5 body occupi$ 9 judg+ x ) 
s+le-m9d$ ref]5ce to !  law ( nature &  
_! own natural rights4 ,!re is ?us a    
/&>d (  "r & wrong sup]ior to all p[]s  
)9 ! ,/ate4 ,a gov]nm5t1  z he says1 is 
n free to d z x pleases 444 ! law (     
nature  /&s z an et]nal rule to all m51 
legislators z well z o!rs4  ,! social   
contract is secret$ 9 ! int]/ices (     
public /atutes4    ,its coroll>y is ! "r
 ( revolution4 ,x is int]e/+ t he  %\ld 
h adopt$ ?is position2 = 9 #afgf he _h  
utt]$ !  ?\ght t n ev5 ! dem&s (        
consci5ce#c c ju/ify  rebellion4 ,t 01  
h[ev]1 be=e ! tyranny ( ,*>les _h driv5 
him into exile ) 8 patron1 & be=e ,james
 _h attempt$ !  subv]sion ( all         
con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,to d5y ! "r (  
revolution 0 to ju/ify ! wor/ dem&s (   
,james1 & x is 9 its  favor t he ex]ts 8
 able/ controv]sial p[]4 ,! true rem$y1 
he says1 ( =ce )\t au?ority is to oppose

 =ce to x4 ,let !  sov]eign b /ep       
outside ! p[]s d]iv$ f ! social contract
  & resi/ance becomes a natural "r4 ,b  
h[ def9e su* invasion (  p[]s8 ,!       
in/ances ,locke *ose %[ h[ closely1 "h  
at lea/1 he  0 foll[+ ! ev5ts ( #afhh4  
,! sub/itution ( arbitr>y w =  law1 !   
corruption ( ,p>liam5t by pack+ x ) !   
pr9ce's  in/rum5ts1 betrayal to a =eign 
pr9ce1 prev5tion ( ! due  assemblage (  
,p>liam5t--all ^! are a p]v]sion ( !    
tru/  impos$ & op]ate to effect !       
dissolution ( ! contract4 ,!  /ate (    
nature aga9 sup]v5es1 & a new contract  
may be made )  "o m fitt$ to obs]ve x4  
,"h1 also1 ,locke takes occasion to d5y 
! c5tral position ( ,hobbes' !sis4 ,p[]1
 ! latt] _h argu$1  mu/ be absolute &   
!re _c1 !re=e1 be usurpation4 ,b ,locke 
retorts t an absolute gov]nm5t is no    
gov]nm5t at all s9ce x  proce$s by      
caprice in/ead ( reason2 & x is         
comp>able only to a  /ate ( w> s9ce x   
implies ! abs5ce ( judgm5t ^u ! "*  (   
p[]4 ,x lacks ! ess5tial elem5t ( cons5t

 )\t :i* !  b9d+ =ce ( law is abs5t4    
,all gov]nm5t is a moral tru/1 & !  idea
 ( limitation is !re9 impli$4 ,b a      
limitation )\t !  means ( en=cem5t w\ld 
be wor?less1 & revolution rema9s z !    
res]ve p[] 9 society4 ,! only h9drance  
to its ex]tion t ,locke  sugge/s is t ( 
numb]4 ,revolution %\ld n1 he urges1 be 
! act  ( a m9ority2 = ! contract is !   
action ( ! major portion (  ! p & its   
cons5t %\ld likewise obta9 to !         
dissolution (  ! cov5ant4    ,footnote  
#c3 ,k+1 ,life ( ,locke1 pp4 #fb1 #fc4  
,! problem ( ,*ur* & ,/ate dem&$ a      
sep>ate discussion2 & x  is difficult n 
to feel t ! great ,lett] on ,tol]ation  
is !  noble/ ( all 8 utt]ances4 ,x came 
z ! climax to a long evolution  (       
op9ion2 &1 9 ! light ( ,william's own   
conviction1 x may be  said to h m>k$ a  
decisive epo* ( ?\ght4 ,already 9 !     
sixte5? c5tury ,rob]t ,br[n & ,william !
 ,sil5t _h d5\nc$ !  p]secution ( s9c]e 
belief4 ,e>ly ,bapti/s l ,bu%] &        
,ri*>dson  _h f9ely d5i$ its validity4  

,rog] ,williams 9 ,am]ica1 ,milton 9    
,engl& _h attack$ its moral rightness & 
political adequacy2 :ile  *ur*m5 l      
,hales & ,taylor & ! noble ,*ill+wor? _h
 %[n  ! incompatibility betwe5 a        
religion ( love & a _s ( hate4 ,nor  _h 
example be5 want+4 ,! religi\s fre$om ( 
,holl& 0 n>r[1  z ,sp9oza _h f\nd1 b x 0
 /ill fre$om4 ,rhode ,isl&1             
,p5nsylvania1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a &            
,massa*usetts _h all emb>k$ ^u          
admirable exp]im5t2 & ,p5n himself _h   
aptly said t a man may g  to *apel      
in/ead ( *ur*1 ev5 :ile he rema9s a good
 con/able4  ,& 9 #afhg1 9 ! preface to 8
 translation ( ,lactantius1 ,burnet _h  
n m]ely attack$ ! moral vici\sness (    
p]secution1 b _h drawn  a di/9ction     
betwe5 ! sph]es ( ,*ur* & ,/ate :i* is a
  rem>kable anticipation ( ,locke's own 
!ory4    ,locke himself cov]s ! :ole    
gr\nd2 & s9ce 8 op9ions on !  problem 7 
at lea/ tw5ty ye>s old1 x is cle> t he 0
  consi/5t 9 a wor?y outlook4 ,he       
proce$s by a d5ial t any elem5t  (      

!ocratic gov]nm5t c claim political     
validity4 ,! magi/rate is  conc]n$ only 
) ! pres]vation ( social peace & does n 
deal  ) ! problem ( m5's s\ls4 ,:]e1    
inde$1 op9ions de/ructive (  ! ,/ate are
 ent]ta9$ or a p>ty subv]sive ( peace   
makes its  appe>ance1 ! magi/rate has ! 
"r ( suppression2 ?\gh 9 !  latt] case  
=ce is ! wor/ & la/ ( rem$ies4 ,9 !     
,engli%  situation1 x foll[s t all m5   
are to be tol]at$ save ,ca?olics1       
,mahom$ans & a!i/s4 ,! fir/ are !mselves
 d5i]s ( ! rights  !y w\ld seek1 & !y   
f9d ! c5tre ( _! political allegiance  9
 a =eign p[]4 ,mahom$an morals are      
incompatible ) ,european  civil sy/ems2 
& ! c5tral factor 9 a!ism is ! abs5ce ( 
!  only ultimately satisfactory sanction
 ( good conduct4 ,?\gh ,*ur* &  ,/ate   
are ?us di/9ct1 !y act = a reciprocal   
b5efit2 & x is  ?us important to see :y 
,locke insi/s on ! invalidity (         
p]secution4 ,= su* an end z ! cure (    
s\ls1 he argues1 !  magi/rate has no    
div9e legation4 ,he _c1 on o!r gr\nds1  

use  =ce = ! simple reason t x does n   
produce int]nal  conviction4 ,b ev5 if t
 7 possible1 =ce w\ld /ill be  mi/ak52 =
 ! majority ( ! _w is n ,*ri/ian1 yet x 
w\ld  h ! "r to p]secute 9 ! belief t x 
0 possess$ (  tru?4 ,nor c ! implication
 t ! magi/rate has ! keys (  heav5 be   
accept$4 ,no religion1 says ,locke      
f9ely1 :i* ,i believe  n to be true c be
 ei!r true or pr(itable to me4 ,he ?us  
makes (  ! ,*ur* an in/itution radically
 diff]5t f ! rul+  conceptions ( 8 "t4  
,x becomes m]ely a volunt>y society1 :i*
  c ex]t no p[] save ov] its memb]s4 ,x 
may use its own c]emonies1  b x _c      
impose !m on ! unwill+2 & s9ce          
p]secution is  ali5 f ! _s ( ,*ri/1     
exclusion f memb]%ip mu/ be !  limit (  
ecclesia/ical discipl9>y p[]4 ,nor mu/  
we =get !  advantages ( tol]ation4 ,its 
elde/ *ild is *>ity1 & )\t x  !re c be  
no hone/y ( op9ion4 ,lat] controv]sy did
 n make him  modify ^! pr9ciples2 & !y  
liv$1 9 ,macaulay's h&s1 to be a  vital 
weapon 9 ! political me?od ( ! n9ete5?  

c5tury4        ,,iv      ,any survey (  
e>li] political !ory w\ld %[ h[ little (
 novelty  !re is 9 ! specific elem5ts ( 
,locke's g5]al doctr9e4 ,he is at  all  
po9ts ! (fspr+ ( a great & unbrok5      
tradition2 & t n  ! lea/ :5 he seems    
unconsci\s ( x4 ,def9ite tea*]s1 inde$1 
he  c h>dly be said to h _h2 no "o c    
read 8 book )\t  p]ceiv+ h[ mu* ( x is  
root$ 9 ! problems ( 8 own day4 ,he     
himself has express$ 8 s5se ( ,hook]'s  
greatness1 & he else:]e  _h recomm5d$ ! 
works ( ,grotius & ,puf5dorf z an       
ess5tial  elem5t 9 education4 ,b 8 0 a  
nature :i* le>n$ m f m5  ?an books2 & he
 m ?an once insi/$ t 8 philosophy 0 wov5
  ( 8 own co>se ?\ghts4 ,:at1 d\btless1 
he !re9 meant 0 to  emphasize ! fre%ness
 ( 8 contact ) contempor>y fact 9       
contra/ ) ! te*nical j>gon ( ! e>li]    
?9k]s4 ,at lea/ 8  "w is free f !       
m\nta9s ( allusion :i* ,prynne roll$    
into !  bottom ( 8 pages2 & if ! fir/   
,:ig 0 ! devil1 he is  s+ul>ly free f ! 
irritat+ p$antry ( biblical citation4   

,yet  ev5 ) ^! novelties1 no e/imate ( 8
 "w w\ld be complete  :i* fail$ to take 
acc\nt ( ! f\ndations ^u :i* he build$4 
,h]e91 p]haps1 ! dang] is le/ we        
exagg]ate ,locke's dep5d5ce  ^u ! e>li] 
curr5t ( ?\ght4 ,! social contract is at
 lea/ z  old z :5 ,glaucon debat$ )     
,socrates 9 ! m>ket-place at ,a!ns4  ,! 
!ory ( a /ate ( nature1 ) ! rights !re9 
impli$1 is !  contribution1 ?r\gh       
,/oicism1 ( ! ,roman lawy]s1 & ! great  
m$ieval contra/ to ,ari/otle's          
exp]im5talism4 ,to ! latt]1 also1  may  
be trac$ ! sep>ation ( p[]s2 & x 0 !n b 
little m  ?an a hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,bod9  
_h be5 tak5 to make ! doctr9e an        
integral "p ( sci5tific politics4 ,nor  
is ! !ory ( a "r to  revolution 9 any   
s5se 8 specific creation4 ,s soon z !   
,re=mation _h giv5 a new p]spective to !
 problem ( ,*ur* &  ,/ate e elem5t (    
,locke's doctr9e _h become a commonplace
 (  debate4 ,goodman & ,knox among      
,presbyt]ians1 ,su>ez & ,m>iana among   
,ca?olics1 ! au?or ( ! ,v9dici &        

,francis ,hotman among !  ,hugu5ots1 _h 
all ( !m emphasiz$ ! concept ( public   
p[] z a  tru/2 )1 ( c\rse1 ! necess>y   
coroll>y t its abuse entails  resi/ance4
 ,alg]non ,sydney 0 at lea/ 8           
acqua9tance2 & he mu/  h be5 acqua9t$ ) 
! tradition1 ev5 if trag$y sp>$ him !   
details1 ( ! ,disc\rses on ,gov]nm5t4   
,ev5 8 !ory (  tol]ation _h 9 e detail  
be5 anticipat$ by "o or o!r ( a  hundr$ 
controv]siali/s2 & 8 argum5t c h>dly    
claim ei!r !  l(ty eloqu5ce ( ,j]emy    
,taylor or ! cog5t simplicity ( ,william
  ,p5n4    ,:at diff]5tiates ,locke f   
all 8 pr$ecessors is ! mann] ( 8  writ+ 
on ! "o h&1 & ! fact ( ! ,revolution on 
! o!r4  ,e previ\s ?9k] save ,sydney--! 
latt]'s "w 0 n publi%$  until #afhi--0  
writ+ ) ! ,*ur* h>dly less 9 m9d ?an !  
purely political problems ( ! ,/ate2 ev5
 ! secul> ,hobbes _h  devot$ mu* ?\ght &
 space to t k+dom ( d>kness :i* is      
,rome4 ,&1 ,sydney ap>t1 ! resi/ance !y 
_h ju/ifi$ 0 always  resi/ance to a     
religi\s tyrant2 & ,c>twright 0 z c>eful

 to  exclude political oppression f !   
gr\nds ( revolution z ,locke 0  to insi/
 ^u x z ! fundam5tal excuse4 ,locke is1 
9 fact1 !  fir/ ( ,engli% ?9k]s ! basis 
( ^: argum5t is ma9ly secul>4  ,n1      
inde$1 t he c :olly escape ! trammels ( 
ecclesia/icism2  n until ! sceptical    
intellig5ce ( ,hume 0 su* fre$om        
possible4  ,b x is cle> en\gh t ,locke 0
 %ift+ to v diff]5t gr\nd  f t :i*      
arre/$ ! att5tion ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he  
is  attempt+1 t is to say1 a sep>ation  
betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate n  m]ely 9 t       
,scoto-,jesuit s5se :i* aim$ at         
ecclesia/ical  indep5d5ce1 b 9 ord] to  
ass]t ! pre-em95ce ( ! ,/ate z  su*4 ,! 
c5tral problem is ) him political1 & all
 o!r que/ions  are subsidi>y to x4 ,!re9
 we h a s5se1 less cle> 9 any  previ\s  
writ] save ,ma*iavelli1 ( ! real result 
( ! decay (  m$ieval ideals4 ,*ur* &    
,/ate h become transpos$ 9 _!           
significance4 ,! way1 z a consequ5ce1   
lies op5 to new dogmas4    ,! hi/orical 
rese>* ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has long s9ce 

made an  end ( ! social contract z an   
explanation ( /ate-orig9s2 & )  x1 (    
necessity1 has gone ! conception (      
natural rights z ant]ior  to organiz$   
society4 ,! problem1 z we n[ "k1 is f> m
 complex  ?an ! old] ?9k]s imag9$4 ,yet 
,locke's insi/5ce on cons5t &  natural  
rights has receiv$ new mean+ f ea*      
critical p]iod (  hi/ory s9ce he wrote4 
,! !ory ( cons5t is vital because )\t  !
 provision ( *annels = its adm9i/rative 
expression1 m5 t5d to  become !         
creatures ( a p[] ignorant at once &    
c>eless ( _!  w4 ,active cons5t on ! "p 
( ! mass ( m5 emphasizes !  cont+5t     
nature ( all p[] & is ess5tial to ! full
 realization  ( fre$om2 & ! purpose ( ! 
,/ate1 9 any s5se save ! m]e            
satisfaction ( mat]ial appetite1 rema9s1
 )\t x1 unfulfill$4 ,!  concept (       
natural "r is mo/ closely relat$ to ?is 
position4 ,=  s long z we reg>d rights z
 no m ?an ! creatures ( law1 !re  is at 
no po9t adequate safegu>d aga9/ _!      
usurpation4 ,a m]ely  legal !ory ( !    

,/ate c nev]1 !re=e1 exhau/ ! problems (
  political philosophy4    ,no ?9k] has 
se5 ?is fact m cle>ly ?an ,locke2 & if 8
 ef=t  to make rights some?+ m ?an      
int]e/s "u juridical protection  c n be 
accept$ 9 ! =m he made x1 ! und]ly+     
purpose  rema9s4 ,a ,/ate1 t is to say1 
:i* aims at giv+ to m5 ! full  capacity 
_! tra9$ initiative w\ld p]mit is       
compell$ to reg>d  c]ta9 ?+s z beyond ! 
action ( an ord9>y legislature4 ,:at    
,/amml] calls a natural law ) *ang+     
cont5t#d--;a cont5t  :i* *anges ) our   
increas+ p[] to satisfy dem&--is        
ess5tial  if ! /ate is to live ! life ( 
law4 ,= "h 0 ! head &  c5tre ( ,locke's 
enquiry4 ,:at he 0 really conc]n$ ab\t1 
said  ,t4,h4 ,gre51 0 to dispute '! "r  
div9e ( k+s to gov]n  wrong4' ,! me?od1 
z he conceiv$1 by :i* ?is c\ld be       
accompli%$ 0 ! limitation ( p[]4 ,?is he
 effect$ by two  di/9ct me?ods1 ! "o    
ext]nal1 ! o!r int]nal1 9 "*4           
,footnote #d3 ,cf4 my ,au?ority 9 !     
,mod]n ,/ate1 p4 #fd41 &  ! ref]5ces !re

 cit$4    ,! ext]nal me?od has1 at      
bottom1 two sides4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/      
place1 a*iev$ by a n>r[ def9ition ( !   
purpose ( ! /ate4 ,to  ,locke ! ,/ate is
 little m ?an a negative in/itution1 a  
k9d (  gigantic limit$ liability        
company2 & if we are incl9$ to cavil at 
su* re/ra9t1 we may p]haps rememb] t ev5
 to neo-,hegelians l  ,gre5 & ,bosanquet
 ?is negative s5se is r>ely abs5t1 9 !  
int]e/ ( individual ex]tion4 ,b = ,locke
 ! real gu>antee (  "r lies 9 ano!r     
direction4 ,:at 8 :ole "w am\nts to 9   
sub/ance--x is a significant            
anticipation ( ,r\sseau--is a d5ial  t  
sov]eignty c exi/ any:]e save 9 !       
community z a :ole4 ,a  common political
 sup]ior !re d\btless mu/ be2 b gov]nm5t
 is an  organ to :i* omnipot5ce is      
want+4 ,s f> z !re is a sov]eign at  all
 9 ,locke's book1 x is ! w ( t majority 
:i* ,r\sseau  tri$ to disguise "u ! "n (
 ! g5]al w2 b obvi\sly !  conception    
lacks precision en\gh to give ! notion (
 sov]eignty !  means ( op]ation4 ,!     

d5ial is natural en\gh to a man :o _h   
se51  "u ?ree sov]eigns1 ! evils (      
unlimit$ p[]2 & if !re is  lack+ to 8   
doctr9e ! well-r\nd$ logic ( ,hobbes'   
pro( t an  unlimit$ sov]eign is         
unavoidable1 x is well to rememb] t !   
%ift ( op9ion is1 9 our own "t1 m & m 9 
! direction (  ,locke's attitude4 ,t    
omnicompet5ce ( ,p>liam5t :i* ,b5?am &  
,au/9 cry/alliz$ into ! retort to ,locke
 admits1 9 lat] h&s1 (  exactly !       
amelioration he _h 9 m9d2 & its e?ical  
inadequacy  becomes ! m obvi\s ! m      
closely x is /udi$4#e    ,footnote #e3  
,cf4 my ,problem ( ,sov]eignty1 ,*ap4   
,i4    ,! int]nal limitation ,locke     
sugge/$ is ( m d\btful value4           
,gov]nm5t1 he says1 9 sub/ance1 is a    
tru/ee & tru/ees abuse _!  p[]2 let u   
!re=e divide x z to p>ts & p]sons t !   
temptation to usurp may be dim9i%$4 ,!re
 is a long hi/ory to ?is  doctr9e 9 its 
m obvi\s =m1 & x is a lam5table hi/ory4 
,x  ti$ m5 d[n to a tyrann\s            
classification :i* _h no root 9 !       

mat]ial x 0 suppos$ to di/+ui%4         
,montesquieu took x = !  root ( lib]ty2 
,black/one1 :o %\ld h kn[n bett]1       
repeat$ !  pi\s phrases ( ! ,fr5*man2 & 
!y w5t 9 company to ,am]ica to  p]suade 
,madison & ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates t only  ! sep>ation ( p[]s c     
prev5t ! approa* ( tyranny4 ,! facts  d 
n be> out su* assumption4 ,! division ( 
p[]s means 9 !  ev5t n less ?an _!      
confusion4 ,none c diff]5tiate betwe5 ! 
judge's decl>ation ( law & 8 mak+ ( x4#f
 ,e gov]nm5t  dep>tm5t is compell$ to   
legislate1 &1 (t5 en\gh1 to und]take    
judicial functions4 ,! ,am]ican hi/ory (
 ! sep>ation ( p[]s  has mo/ l>gely be5 
an attempt to bridge !m2 & all t has be5
  ga9$ is to drive ! be/ tal5t1 save on 
r>e occasion1 f its  public life4 ,9    
,france ! sep>ation ( p[]s meant1 until 
rec5t  times1 ! excessive subord9ation (
 ! judici>y to ! cab9et4 ,nor  mu/ we   
=get1 z ,locke %\ld h rememb]$1 ! pla9  
lesson ( !  ,cromwellian con/itutional  
exp]im5ts4 ,t ! disp]sion ( p[] is  "o (

 ! great ne$s ( ! mod]n ,/ate at no po9t
 ju/ifies !  rigid categories into :i*  
,locke s\ght its division4#g            
,footnote #f3 ,cf4 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,holmes'
 rem>ks 9 ,j5s5 v4  ,s\!rn ,pacific1    
#bdd ,u4,s4 #bba4    ,footnote #g3 ,cf4 
my ,au?ority 9 ! ,mod]n ,/ate1 pp4 #gj  
f4    ,nor mu/ we belittle ! criticism1 
9 its cle>e/ =m ! "w (  ,fitz ,james    
,/eph51#h t has be5 levell$ at ,locke's 
!ory (  tol]ation4 ,= ! l>g] "p ( !     
mod]n _w1 8 argum5t is  acceptable      
en\gh2 & its +5i\s compromises h made x 
especially  repres5tative ( ! ,engli%   
temp]4 ,yet mu* ( x h>dly meets !       
argum5t t "s ( 8 oppon5ts1 z ,proa/ =   
example1 _h made4  ,8 conception ( !    
visible *ur* z no "p ( ! ess5ce (       
religion c\ld w9 no ass5t f ev5 a       
mod]ate ,anglican2 &1 once  ! visible   
*ur* is admitt$1 ,locke's facile        
di/9ction betwe5  ,*ur* & ,/ate falls to
 ! gr\nd4 ,nor c x be d\bt$ t he        
und]e/imat$ ! p[] ( co]cion to produce  
ass5t2 ! policy (  ,l\is ,,xiv to !     

,hugu5ots may h be5 brutal1 b its       
efficacy mu/  be unque/ionable4 ,& x is 
at lea/ d\btful :e!r 8 !ory has  any    
validity = a man :o held1 z ,roman      
,ca?olics ( 8 g5]ation  7 b\nd to hold1 
t ! communication ( 8 p>ticul> br& (    
tru? outweigh$ 9 value all o!r que/ions4
 ,e ,*ur*1 he wrote1  is or?odox to     
itself2 to o!rs1 errone\s or h]etical2 b
 to any  e>ne/ believ] ?is w\ld         
approximate to blasphemy4 ,nor c\ld any 
s]i\s ,*ri/ian accept ! view t "u !     
gospel '444!re is no  su* ?+ z a        
,*ri/ian commonweal?'2 to ,ca?olics &   
,presbyt]ians  ?is mu/ h appe>$ ! m]e/  
trave/y ( _! fai?4    ,footnote #h3 ,cf4
 also ,col]idge's apt rem>k4 ,table     
,talk1 ,jan4 #c1  #ahcd4    ,"h1 inde$1 
z else:]e ,locke is ! true prog5itor (  
,b5?amism1  & 8 "w c h>dly be und]/ood  
save 9 ?is context4 ,j z 9  8 e?ical    
enquiries x 0 always ! happ9ess ( !     
individual t  he s\ght1 s 9 8 politics x
 0 ! happ9ess ( ! subject he _h  9 view4
 ,9 ea* case x 0 to imm$iate exp]i5ce t 

he made 8  appeal2 & ?is p]haps expla9s 
! cle> s5se ( a contempt = pa/          
tradition :i* p]vades all 8 "w4 ,t :i*  
is = ! public  welf>e1 he said1 is      
,god's w2 & !re9 we h ! root ( t        
utilit>ianism :i*1 z ,ma9e po9t$ out1 is
 ! real p>5t ( all  n9ete5? c5tury      
*ange4 ,& ) ,locke1 z ) ! ,b5?amites1 8 
cle> s5se ( :at utilit>ianism dem&$ l$  
to an ov]-emphasis (  human rationalism4
 ,no "o c read ! ,second ,treatise )\t  
p]ceiv+ t ,locke look$ ^u ! ,/ate z a   
ma*9e :i* c be  built & tak5 to pieces 9
 v simple fa%ion4 ,h]e91 und\bt$ly1  he 
ov]-simplifi$ ! problem2 & t made him   
miss "s ( !  c>d9al po9ts a true        
psy*ology ( ! ,/ate mu/ seize4 ,8 v     
contractualism1 inde$1 is "p ( ?is      
affection = ! rational4 ,x  result$ 9 8 
failure to p]ceive h[ complex is ! mass 
( motives  imb$d$ 9 ! political act4 ,! 
significance ( h]d in/9ct & !  va/      
primitive deeps ( ! unconsci\s 7 alike  
hidd5 f him4 ,all  ?is is ( defect2 &   
yet excusably4 ,= x ne$$ ! demon/ration 

by  ,d>w9 ( ! k9%ip ( man & bea/ = u to 
see ! real sub/ance  ( ,ari/otle's      
vision t man is emb$d$ 9 political      
society4        ,v      ,once ,locke's  
"w _h become kn[n1 its reputation 0     
secure4 ,n1  inde$1 t x 0 entirely      
welcome to 8 g5]ation4 ,m5 7 n  want+ :o
 %rank f 8 ?or\ghgo+ rationalism & felt 
t  any?+ b reason mu/ be ! te/ ( tru?4  
,^? :o /ood by !  anci5t ways f\nd x    
easy to discov] republicanism & ! roots 
(  a!i/ic doctr9e 9 8 "w2 & ev5 ! !ories
 ( ,film] c\ld  f9d def5d]s aga9/ him 9 
! ,indian summ] ( pr]ogative "u  ,que5  
,anne4 ,john ,hutton in=m$ a fri5d t he 
0 n less dang]\s  ?an ,sp9oza2 & !      
op9ion f\nd an e*o f ! nonjur+ sect4  ,b
 ^!1 aft] all1 7 b ! eddies ( a /ream   
fa/ bury+  itself 9 ! s&s4 ,= mo/1 !    
,revolution 0 a f9al settlem5t1  &      
,locke 0 welcome z a writ] :o _h        
discov]$ ! true s\rce (  political      
com=t4 ,s x 0 t ,william ,molyneux c\ld 
embody !  ideas ( ! incomp>able treatise
 9 8 dem& = ,iri% fre$om2 a  book :i*1  

ev5 9 ^? days1 occasion$ "s controv]sy4 
,nor is x  un9t]e/+ to discov] t !      
translation ( ,hotman's  ,franco-,gallia
 %\ld h be5 embelli%$ ) a preface f "o  
:o1 z ,molyneux wrote to ,locke1#i nev] 
met ! ,iri% writ] )\t  conv]s+ ( _!     
common ma/]4 ,h[ rapidly ! doctr9e      
spread we  le>n f a lett] ( ,bayle's 9  
:i*1 z e>ly z #afic1 ,locke has  already
 became ! gospel ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,nor 0
 8 imm$iate  influ5ce conf9$ to ,engl&4 
,fr5* ,hugu5ots & ! ,dut* drew          
naturally ^u s happy a def5d]2 &        
,b>beyrac1 9 ! translation (  ,puf5dorf 
:i* he publi%$ 9 #agjf1 cites no writ] s
 (t5 z  ,locke4 ,! spee*es = !          
prosecution 9 ! trial ( ,sa*ev]ell 7    
almo/ :olesale adaptations ( 8 tea*+2 & 
ev5 ! accus$  c\nsel admitt$ ! legality 
( ,james' deposition 9 8 spee* = !      
def5ce4    ,footnote #i3 ,locke1 ,works 
7ed4 ( #ahab71 ,,ix4 #dce4    ,m        
valuable te/imony is n want+4 ,9 !      
,spectator1 on six  sep>ate occasions1  
,addison speaks ( him z "o ^: possession

 is a  national glory4 ,defoe 9 8       
,orig9al ,p[] ( ! ,p ( ,engl&  made     
,locke ! common possession ( ! av]age   
man1 & (f]$ 8  ackn[l$gm5ts to 8 ma/]4  
,ev5 ! malignant g5ius ( ,swift  s(t5$ 8
 hate to f9d ! epi!t judici\s = "o 9 ^: 
doctr9es he c h f\nd no com=t4 ,pope    
summ>iz$ 8 tea*+ 9  ! =m t ,bol+broke   
*ose to give x4 ,hoadly1 9 8 ,orig9al & 
,in/itution ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 n only  
dismisses ,film] 9 a fir/  "p ea* page (
 :i* is modell$ ^u ,locke1 b adds a     
second  section 9 :i* a def5ce ( ,hook] 
s]ves r clumsily to conceal  ! c>e ) :i*
 ! ,second ,treatise _h also be5        
pillag$4 ,ev5  ,w>burton ceas$ = a mom5t
 8 habit ( belittl+ all rivals 9 !      
field he consid]$ 8 own to call him1 9 t
 ,div9e ,legation :i*  he consid]$ 8    
ma/]piece1 ! honor ( ?is age & !        
in/ructor  ( ! future2 b s9ce           
,w>burton's attack on ! ,high ,*ur* !ory
  is at e po9t ,locke's argum5t1 he may 
h consid]$ ?is  self-eulogy in/ead (    
tribute4 ,sir ,?omas ,hollis1 on ! eve (

 ,engli%  ,radicalism1 publi%$ a noble  
edition ( 8 book4 ,& !re is p]haps  a   
c]ta9 humor 9 ! remembrance t x 0 to    
,locke's economic  tracts t ,bol+broke  
w5t = ! argum5ts ) :i*1 9 !  ,craftsman1
 he attack$ ! excise s*eme ( ,walpole4  
,t is  irrefutable evid5ce ( ! position 
he _h atta9$4    ,yet ! tide 0 already  
on ! ebb1 & = cog5t reasons4 ,!re /ill  
rema9$ ! tribute to be paid by          
,montesquieu :5 he made ,locke's        
sep>ation ( p[]s ! key/one ( 8 own m    
spl5did ar*4 ,!  mo/ spl5did ( all      
scioli/s 0 /ill to use 8 book = ! outl9e
  ( a social contract m d>+ ev5 ?an 8   
own4 ,! au?ors ( !  ,decl>ation (       
,indep5d5ce _h /ill1 9 words tak5 f     
,locke1 to  reass]t ! /ate ( nature & 8 
rights2 & ,mr4 ,m>t9 ( ,nor?  ,c>ol9a 0 
to f9d him quotable 9 ! debates ( !     
,philadelphia  ,conv5tion4 ,yet ,locke's
 own weapons 7 be+ turn$ aga9/ him &    
:at 0 p]man5t 9 8 "w 0 be+ ca/ into !   
new =m requir$  by ! "t4 ,a few s5t5ces 
( ,hume 7 suffici5t to make ! social    

contract z wor?less z ! ,div9e ,"r (    
k+s1 & :5 ,black/one  came to sum up !  
result ( ! ,revolution1 if he wrote 9   
contractual  t]ms x 0 ) a full admission
 t he 0 mak+ use ( fiction s  f> z he   
w5t beh9d ! settlem5t ( #afhh4 ,nor is !
 "w ( ,dean  ,tuck] )\t significance4 ,!
 failure ( ,engl& 9 ! ,am]ican w>  0    
already evid5t2 & x 0 n )\t ju/ice t he 
look$ to  ,locke z ! au?or ( _!         
pr9ciples4 ,! ,am]icans1 he wrote1  h   
made ! maxims ( ,locke ! gr\nd ( !      
pres5t w>2 & 9  8 ,treatise ,conc]n+    
,civil ,gov]nm5t & 8 ,f\r ,lett]s he    
decl>es himself unable to und]/& on :at 
,locke's reputation 0  bas$4 ,mean:ile !
 ,engli% disciples ( ,r\sseau 9 ! p]sons
 (  ,price & ,prie/ley sugge/$ to him t 
,locke1 ! idol ( !  levell]s ( ,engl&1 0
 ! p>5t also ( ,fr5* de/ructiv5ess4     
,burke took up ! "w ?us begun2 & aft] he
 _h dealt ) !  contract !ory x ceas$ to 
influ5ce political speculation 9 ,engl&4
  ,its place 0 tak5 by ! utilit>ian     
doctr9e :i* ,hume _h outl9$2  & once    

,b5?am's ,fragm5t _h begun to make its  
way1 a new epo*  op5$ 9 ! hi/ory (      
political ideas4    ,locke might1 inde$1
 claim t he _h a "p 9 ?is r5aissance2 b1
  once ! influ5ce ( ,burke _h pass$1 x 0
 to o!r gods m5 turn$4  ,= ,b5?am made  
an end ( natural rights2 & 8 contempt = 
! pa/  0 ev5 m unsp>+ ?an ,locke's own4 
,x is m in/ructive to  comp>e 8 "w )    
,hobbes & ,r\sseau ?an ) lat] ?9k]s2 =  
aft] ,hume ,engli% speculation works 9 a
 m$ium ,locke w\ld n h  und]/ood4       
,cle>ly en\gh1 he has no?+ ( ! rel5tless
 logic :i*  made ,hobbes' m9d ! cle>e/  
in/rum5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli%           
philosophy4 ,nor has he ,hobbes' s5se ( 
/yle or pung5t grasp ( !  grimness (    
facts ab\t him4 ,yet he ne$ n fe> !     
comp>ison )  ! e>li] ?9k]4 ,if ,hobbes' 
!ory ( sov]eignty is today "o (  !      
commonplaces ( jurisprud5ce1 e?ically & 
politically we occupy  ourselves )      
erect+ ab\t x a sy/em ( limitations ea* 
"o (  :i* is 9 "s sort due to ,locke's  
p]ception4 ,if we reject ,locke's  view 

( ! natural goodness ( m51 ,hobbes' s5se
 ( _! evil  "* is n less remote f our   
speculations4 ,nor c we accept  ,hobbes'
 ,era/ianism4 ,locke's view ( ,*ur* &   
,/ate became1 inde$1 a  k9d ( /ep*ild to
 x 9 ! /agnant days ( ! lat] ,georges2 b
  ,wesleyanism1 on ! "o h&1 & ! ,ox=d   
movem5t on ! o!r1  po9t$ ! inevitable   
moral ( ev5 an approximation to !       
,hobbesian  view4 ,& anyone :o surveys !
 hi/ory ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ,am]ica  w be 
tempt$ to ass]t t 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ! 
sep>at5ess = :i* ,locke cont5d$ is n )\t
 its ju/ification4  ,locke's !ory is a  
means ( pres]v+ ! humanity ( m52 ,hobbes
  makes _! reason & consci5ce ! subjects
 ( a p[] he =bids  !m to judge4 ,locke  
saw t vigilance is ! si/] ( lib]ty1 :]e 
,hobbes dismiss$ ! "o z faction & ! o!r 
z disord]4 ,at e  po9t1 t is to say1 :]e
 ,hobbes & ,locke are at v>iance1 !     
future has be5 on ,locke's side4 ,he may
 h def5d$ 8 cause less  spl5didly ?an 8 
rival2 b x w at lea/ be admitt$ by mo/ t
  he _h a m spl5did cause to def5d4     

,) ,r\sseau !re is no contra/1 = !      
simple reason t 8  tea*+ is only a      
broad5+ ( ! *annel dug by ,locke4 ,no   
elem5t  integral to ! ,two ,treatises is
 abs5t f ! ,social ,contract4  ,r\sseau1
 inde$1 9 _m aspects saw deep] ?an 8    
pr$ecessor4 ,!  =m into :i* he ?rew 8   
que/ions gave !m an et]nal significance 
,locke c p]haps h>dly claim4 ,he        
und]/ood ! organic "* (  ! ,/ate1 :]e   
,locke 0 /ill trammell$ by ! bonds ( 8  
n>r[  individualism4 ,x is yet difficult
 to see t ! contribution ^u  :i*        
,r\sseau's fame has ma9ly re/$ is at any
 po9t a real advance  ^u ,locke4 ,!     
g5]al w1 9 practical in/ead ( semi-my/ic
 t]ms1  really means ! welf>e ( !       
community z a :ole2 & :5 we  enquire h[ 
t g5]al w is to be kn[n1 we come1 aft]  
mu*  %uffl+1 ^u ! w ( t majority 9 :i*  
,locke also put 8  tru/4 ,r\sseau's     
g5]al w1 inde$1 is at bottom no m ?an an
  ass]tion t "r & tru? %\ld prevail2 & =
 ?is also ,locke  0 anxi\s4 ,b he did n 
?9k an infallible crit]ion exi/$ =  its 

detection2 & he 0 satisfi$ ) ! conv5i5ce
 ( a simple  num]ical te/4 ,nor w\ld x  
be difficult to %[ t ,locke's /ate has  
m real room = individuality ?an         
,r\sseau's4 ,! latt] made mu*  %[ ( an  
imp>tible & inali5able sov]eignty       
et]nally ve/$ 9  ! p2 b 9 practice its  
ex]cise is impossible outside !  conf9es
 ( a city-/ate4 ,once1 t is to say1 we  
deal ) mod]n  problems our real enquiry 
is /ill ! "q ( ,locke--:at limits  %all 
we place ^u ! p[] ( gov]nm5t8 ,r\sseau  
has only  emphasiz$ ! urg5cy ( ! debate4
    ,:]e91 p]haps1 ! mo/ pr(\nd         
di/9ction betwe5 ,locke's tea*+  & our  
own "t may be discov]$ is 9 our s5se ( !
 impossibility  t a f9al answ] c be f\nd
 to political que/ions4 ,ea* age has    
new mat]ials at its comm&2 &1 today1 a  
/atic philosophy w\ld  condemn itself   
be=e completion4 ,we d n build ,utopias2
 & !  attempt to discov] ! et]nal       
pr9ciples ( political "r invites  disa/]
 at ! outset4 ,yet t does n r5d]        
useless1 ev5 = our  own day1 ! k9d ( "w 

,locke did4 ,9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 8 que/ions 
are /ill our own4 ,9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 also1
 we are ne> en\gh to 8  "t to pr(it at  
ea* /ep ( our own ef=ts by ! h9ts he    
pr(f]s4  ,! po9t at :i* he /ood 9       
,engli% hi/ory be>s n a little          
resemblance to our own4 ,! emphasis1 n[ 
z !n1 is ^u ! problem  ( fre$om4 ,!     
problem1 n[ z !n1 0 its translation into
  in/itutional t]ms4 ,x is ! glory (    
,locke t he br\ght a g5]\s  pati5ce & a 
se>*+ wisdom to ! solution he pr(f]$ to 
8  g5]ation4          ,,*apt] ,,iii     
,,*ur* ,,& ,,/ate ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5?    
,,c5tury        ,i      ,! ,revolution (
 #afhh drew its ma9 s\rce ( /r5g? f !   
traditional dislike ( ,rome1 & ! eag]   
desire to place ! ,*ur* (  ,engl& beyond
 ! rea* ( ,james' aggression4 ,yet x 0 n
 until a  g5]ation _h pass$ t ! l9es (  
ecclesia/ical settlem5t 71  9 any full  
s5se cle>4 ,! difficulties involv$ 7    
mo/ly  gov]nm5tal1 & x c h>dly ev5 yet  
be said t !y h be5  solv$4 ,! nature ( !
 relation betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 !       

affiliation betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ,noncon=mi/
 bodies1 ! "*  ( its int]nal            
gov]nm5t--all ^! _h /ill to be def9$4   
,nor 0  ?is all4 ,! problem ( def9ition 
0 made m complex by s*ism &  disloyalty4
 ,an important fraction ( ! ,*ur* c\ld n
 accept at all  ! fact ( ,william's     
k+%ip2 & if ! l>g] "p submitt$1 x  _c be
 said to h be5 en?usia/ic4    ,nor did !
 ,*ur* make easy ! situation ( !        
,noncon=mi/s4  ,tol]ation ( "s k9d 0    
rapidly becom+ inevitable2 & ) a        
,calv9i/ ^u ! ?rone p]secution (1 at any
 rate1 ! ,presbyt]ians  became f9ally   
impossible4 ,yet ! def9ition ( :at      
limits 7 to be  set to tol]ation 0 f> f 
easy4 ,! ,*ur* seem$ l a =tress         
beleagu]$ :5 ,nonjurors1 ,dei/s1        
,noncon=mi/s1 all alike assault$  h]    
f\ndations4 ,to loos5 h] hold ^u        
political privilege seem$ to  be ak9 to 
self-de/ruction4 ,&1 aft] all1 if ,*ur* 
& ,/ate 7 to  /& 9 "s connection1 ! =m] 
mu/ h "s b5efit f !  alliance4 ,did su* 
p>tn]%ip imply exclusion f its privilege

 =  all :o c\ld n accept ! special br& (
 religi\s doctr9e8 ,locke1  at lea/1    
d5i$ ! assumption1 & argu$ t s9ce       
,*ur*es are  volunt>y societies1 !y _c &
 ought n to h reciprocal  relation ) !  
,/ate4 ,b ,locke's !ory 0 meat too /rong
 = !  dige/ion ( 8 "t2 & no /atesman    
w\ld !n h argu$ t a  gov]nm5t c\ld =ego 
! advantage ( religi\s support4 ,&      
,william1  aft] all1 _h come to free !  
*ur* f h] oppressor4 ,fre$om  impli$    
protection1 & protection 9 t age involv$
 e/abli%m5t4  ,x 0 ?us tak5 = grant$ by 
mo/ memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&  t h]     
adoption by ! ,/ate meant h] sup]iority 
to e o!r =m  ( religi\s organization4   
,sup]iority is1 by its nature exclusive1
 !  m especially :5 x is unit$ to a     
c]ta9ty ( tru? & a k9%ip  ) ! dom9ant   
political int]e/ ( ! "t4 ,long ye>s 7   
?us  to pass be=e ! real mean+ ( !      
,tol]ation ,act secur$  translation into
 m g5]\s /atutes4    ,! problem ( !     
,*ur*'s gov]nm5t 0 h>dly less complex4  
,! v  ac]bity ) :i* x 0 discuss$        

proclaims t we are 9 an age (           
settlem5t4 ,mu* ( ! dispute1 inde$1 is  
d\btless due to ! dislike  ( all ,high  
,*ur*m5 = ,william2 ) _! consequ5t      
unwill+ness  to admit ! full mean+ ( 8  
ecclesia/ical supremacy4 ,mu* also is   
due to ! fact t ! b5* ( bi%ops1 despite 
great figures l  ,tillotson & ,wake1 0  
necess>ily *os5 = political aptitude r  
?an = religi\s value4 ,nor did m5 l     
,burnet & ,hoadly1 = all  _! le>n+1 make
 easy ! pa? = bre?r5 ( m t5d]           
consci5ces4 ,! ,*ur*1 moreov]1 mu/ h    
felt its p[]s ! m  valuable f ! v /r5g? 
( ! assault to :i* %e 0  subject$4 ,& ! 
direct int]f]5ce ) h] gov]nance impli$  
by  ! ,oa?s ( ,allegiance & (           
,abjuration rais$ que/ions we h n  yet  
solv$4 ,x sugge/$ ! subord9ation ( ,*ur*
 to ,/ate2 & m5  l ,hickes & ,leslie 7  
quick to po9t out ! ,era/ianism ( !     
age4 ,x is a fact inevitable 9 !        
situation ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* t  ! *>ge ( 
subjection to ! ,/ate %\ld r\se a deep &
 quick  res5tm5t4 ,%e _c be a *ur*      

unless %e is a societas p]fecta2  %e _c 
h )9 h]self ! elem5ts ( p]fect fell[%ip 
if  :at seem ! pla9 comm&s ( ,*ri/ are  
to be at ! m]cy ( !  k+ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,t 
is ! difficulty :i* lies at ! bottom (  
! debate ) ,wake 9 "o age & ) ,hoadly 9 
! next4 ,9 "s  sort1 x is ! problem (   
sov]eignty t is "h at issue2 & x is  9  
?is s5se t ! problems ( ! ,revolution   
are l9k$ ) !  ,ox=d ,movem5t4 ,b ,newman
 & 8 foll[]s are ! unconsci\s  sponsors 
( a debate :i* gr[s 9 volume2 & to      
discuss ! ?\ghts  ( ,wake & ,hoadly &   
,law is ?us1 9 a vital aspect1 ! /udy ( 
contempor>y ideas4    ,we are n "h      
conc]n$ ) ! wisdom ( ^? ( ,william's    
advis]s  :o exact$ an oa? ( allegiance f
 ! cl]gy4 ,x rais$ 9 acute  =m !        
validity ( a doctr9e :i* _h1 = m ?an a  
c5tury1 be5  ! ma9 f\ndation ( !        
alliance betwe5 ?rone & alt> 9 ,engl&4  
,! dem& precipitat$ a s*ism :i* l+]$ on1
 ?\gh fitfully1  until ! ?re%old ( !    
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! m5 :o c\ld n  take ! 
oa? 71 _m ( !m1 among ! mo/ di/+ui%$    

*ur*m5  ( ! "t4 ,great ecclesia/ics l   
,sancr(t1 ! ar*bi%op (  ,cant]bury & "o 
( ! sev5 :o _h ga9$ immortality by 8    
resi/ance to ,james1 sa9ts l ,k51 !     
bi%op ( ,ba? & ,wells1  s*ol>s l ,george
 ,hickes & ,h5ry ,dodwell1 m5 l ,*>les  
,leslie1  born ) a g5ius = recrim9ation2
 mu*1 x is cle>1 ( :at 0  be/ 9 ! ,*ur* 
( ,engl& 0 to be f\nd among/ !m4 ,!re is
 n  a little ( beauty1 & mu* ( pa?os 9  
_! hi/ory4 ,mo/1 aft]  _! deprivation1 7
 condemn$ to pov]ty2 few ( !m recant$4  
,!  lives ( m5 l ,sancr(t & ,k5 & !     
y\ng] ,ambrose ,bonwicke are  "p ( !    
great ,anglican tradition ( e>ne/       
simplicity :i* lat]  ,john ,keble 0 to  
illu/rate = ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!        
,nonjurors1  z !y 7 call$1 7 n free f   
bitt]ness2 & ! hi/ory (  _! ef=t1 aft] !
 consecration ( ,hilkiah ,b$=d & ,ralph 
,taylor1 to p]petuate ! s*ism is a      
lam5table "o4 ,n1 inde$1 t  ! hi/ory ev5
 ( _! decl9e is )\t its int]e/2 & !     
/udy1 alike ( _! liturgy & _! attempt at
 reunion ) !  ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 mu/ always  

possess a s+ul> int]e/ = /ud5ts (       
ecclesia/ical hi/ory4    ,yet ! real    
int]e/ ( ! ,nonjur+ s*ism 0 political r 
?an  religi\s2 & its roots g out to     
vital ev5ts ( ! pa/4 ,at !  bottom x is 
! obv]se side ( ! ,div9e ,"r ( k+s t !y 
repres5t4 ,t !ory1 :i* 0 ! ma9 weapon ( 
! e>ly secul>  /ate aga9/ ! pret5sions (
 ,rome1 mu/ naturally h comm&$ !        
allegiance ( memb]s ( a *ur* :i* ,james 
,i1 its ma9 expon5t1 _h  decl>$ ( vital 
import to 8 v exi/5ce4 ,its ma9         
oppon5ts1  moreov]1 7 ,ca?olics &       
,diss5t]s2 s t m5 l ,&rewes mu/  h felt 
t :5 !y answ]$ ,bell>m9e !y 7 9 sub/ance
 also  def5d]s ( _! ,*ur*4 ,aft] ! great
 controv]sy ( ,james ,i's  reign        
resi/ance z a duty _h come to be reg>d$ 
z a ma9 elem5t 9  ,jesuit & ,noncon=mi/ 
tea*+2 ) ! result t its anti!sis        
became1 z a consequ5ce ( ! political    
situation1 no less integral a  "p (     
,*ur* ( ,engl& doctr9e4 ,= x 0 ^u !     
mon>*y t  ! ,*ur* _h come to dep5d = its
 exi/5ce2 & if resi/ance to  ! k+ 7     

made1 z ,knox & ,bell>m9e _h 9 sub/ance 
made x1 !  ma9 weapon ( ! diss5t+ *ur*es
 !re 0 little hope t x  w\ld cont9ue to 
exi/ once ! mon>*y 0 ov]?r[n4 ,& x is   
?is1 unque/ionably1 :i* expla9s :y /\t  
ecclesia/ics l ,b>r[  & ,jackson c write
 9 :at seems s ,era/ian a temp]4 ,:5 !y 
urge  ! sov]eignty ( ! ,/ate1 _! !sis is
 9 tru? ! sov]eignty  ( ! ,*ur*2 & t    
means ! triumph ( m5 :o look$ )         
contemptu\s hatr$ ^u ,noncon=mi/s ( e   
sect4 ,! ,*ur* (  ,engl& taught         
non-resi/ance z ! condition ( its own   
survival4    ,h[ deep-root$ ?is doctr9e 
_h become 9 ! c\rse ( !  sev5te5? c5tury
 ! writ+s ( m5 l ,ma9w>+ & ,s&]son      
suffici5tly %[2 yet no?+ s completely   
demon/rates its widespread  acceptance z
 ! result ( ! ,revolution4 ,f\r hundr$  
cl]gy  ab&on$ _! pref]m5t because ,james
 rul$ by ,div9e ,"r2 & !y  c\ld n 9     
consci5ce resi/ ev5 8 iniquities4 ,an   
able tract (  #afhiaj _h collect$ mu*   
mat]ial to %[ h[ integral ! doctr9e  0  
to ! beliefs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,_h ,william's  

gov]nm5t1 inde$1  refra9$ f ! imposition
 ( ! oa?1 x is possible t !re  might h  
be5 no s*ism at all2 = ! e>ly ,nonjurors
 at  lea/--p]haps ,hickes & ,turn] are  
exceptions--w\ld probably h  welcom$    
any?+ :i* enabl$ ! avoidance ( s*ism4   
,once1 h[ev]1  ! oa? 0 impos$ ?ree vital
 que/ions 7 rais$4 ,deprivation         
obvi\sly involv$ ! problem ( ! p[] ( !  
,/ate ov] !  ,*ur*4 ,if ! act ( a       
conv5tion ^: own legality 0 at be/      
d\btful c\ld deprive ! consecrat$ ( _!  
position1 0 ! ,*ur*  a ,*ur* at all1 or 
0 x ! m]e creature ( ! secul> p[]8 ,&   
:at1 moreov]1 ( consci5ce8 ,x c\ld n be 
an inh]5t "p ( !  ,*ur*'s belief t m5   
%\ld betray _! fai? = ! sake (  peace4  
,lat] ?9k]s add$ ! purely secul> argum5t
 t resi/ance  9 "o case made = resi/ance
 9 all4 ,admit1 x 0 argu$ by ,leslie1  !
 "r to disobey1 & ! fabric ( society is 
at a /roke  dissolv$4 ,! attitude is    
*>act]i/ic ( t able controv]siali/2  & x
 %[s h[ h>dly ! e>li] notions ( ,div9e  
,"r 7 to  die4    ,footnote #aj3 ,!     

,hi/ory ( ,passive ,ob$i5ce4 ,its au?or 
0  ,j]emy ,colli]4    ,^! !ories m]it a 
fur!r exam9ation4 ,williams1 lat] !     
,bi%op  ( ,*i*e/]1 _h argu$ t sep>ation 
on ! basis ( ! oa? 0  unreasonable4 ,all
 t ! civil p[] "h pret5ds to1 he wrote  
is  to secure itself aga9/ ! practices (
 dissatisfi$ p]sons4 ,!  ,nonjurors1 9  
?is view1 7 mak+ an ecclesia/ical matt] 
( a  purely secul> issue4 ,he 0 answ]$1 
among o!rs1 by ,samuel ,grascom1  9 an  
argum5t :i* f\nd high favor among !     
/rict] ( 8 sect4  ,! matt] & sub/ance ( 
^! ,oa?s1 he said1 is put into !  pray]s
 ( ! ,*ur*1 & s f> x becomes a matt] (  
communion4 ,:at  p are enjo9$ 9 ! solemn
 wor%ip to pray =1 is made a matt]  (   
communion2 & if x be simple1 w n only   
ju/ify1 b require a  sep>ation4 ,"h is !
 pi? ( ! matt]4 ,= if ! =m &  sub/ance (
 ,*ur* affairs is ?us to be left to     
gov]nm5tal w1  !n ^? :o obey h left !   
,*ur* & x is ! fai?ful remnant  only :o 
con/itute ! true fell[%ip4 ,! s*ism1 9  
?is view1 0  ! fault ( ^? :o rema9$     

subject to ,william's dom9ion4 ,!       
,nonjurors _h n *ang$2 & !y 7 pres]v+ ! 
,*ur* 9 its  integrity f m5 :o /rove to 
betray x to ! civil p[]4    ,?is matt] (
 integrity is important4 ,! glam\r (    
,macaulay has  some:at s(t5$ ! situation
 ( ^? :o took ! oa?s2 & 9 8  pages !    
,nonjurors appe> z /upid m5 unwor?ily   
def5d+ a dead  cause4 ,x is wor? :ile to
 note t ?is is ! m]e/ trave/y4          
,tillotson1 :o succe$$ ,sancr(t on !    
latt]'s deprivation1 &  ,burnet himself 
_h urg$ passive resi/ance ^u ,"l        
,william ,russell z  ess5tial to        
salvation2 ,t5ison _h done likewise at !
 execution (  ,monm\?4 ,/ill+fleet1     
,patrick1 ,:ite ,k5nett1 _h all writt5 9
 its  favor2 & to ,william ,%]lock      
belongs ! privilege ( hav+ def5d$  &    
attack$ x 9 two pamphlets ea* ( :i*     
*all5ges ! pi?y  brilliance ( ! o!r4    
,cle>ly1 s f> z consi/5cy is 9 "q1  !   
,nonjurors might ) ju/ice cont5d t !y _h
 "r on _!  side4 ,& ev5 if x is said t !
 policy ( ,james introduc$ a new        

situation ! answ] surely is t ,div9e ,"r
 & non-resi/ance c1  by _! v nature1    
make no all[ance = novelty4    ,! root1 
!n1 ( ?is ecclesia/ical cont5tion is !  
argum5t lat]  advanc$ by ,leslie 9 8    
,case ( ! ,regale & ! ,pontificate 9    
:i* he summ>iz$ ! ,convocation dispute4 
,! ,/ate1 he argues1 has  no p[] ov]    
bi%ops ^: relation%ip to _! flock is    
purely  spiritual & d]iv$ f ,*ri/4 ,!   
,*ur* is indep5d5t ( all  civil         
in/itution1 & mu/ h !re=e )9 h]self !   
p[]s  necess>y to h] life z a society4  
,leslie repudiates ,era/ianism 9 !      
/ronge/ t]ms4 ,n only is x1 = him1 an   
encroa*m5t ^u !  rights ( ,*ri/1 b x    
leads to deism 9 ! g5try & to diss5t    
among ! common p4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl&     
comes to be reg>d$ z  no m ?an !        
creature ( ,p>liam5t>y enactm5t2 & ?us  
to leave  x z ! creature ( human votes1 
is to de/roy its div9ity4    ,x is easy 
en\gh to see t m5 :o felt 9 ?is fa%ion  
c\ld h>dly  h decid$ o!rwise ?an z !y   
did4 ,! matt] ( consci5ce1  inde$1 0    

fundam5tal to _! position4 ,i ?9k1 said 
! ,bi%op (  ,worce/] on 8 dea?-b$1 ,i   
c\ld suff] at a /ake r ?an take  ?is    
oa?4 ,t1 inde$1 repres5ts ! g5]al temp]4
 ,_m ( !m  did n d\bt t ,james _h done  
griev\s wrong2 b !y _h tak5 !  oa? (    
allegiance to him1 & !y saw 9 _!        
consci5ce no means (  escape f _! v[4   
,_! ,maje/ies1 writes ! au?or ( !       
acc\nt ( ,bi%op ,lake's dea?1 are ! two 
p]sons 9 ! _w ^:  reign ov] !m1 _!      
int]e/ & incl9ation oblige !m mo/ to    
desire1 & no?+ b consci5ce c\ld re/ra9  
!m f be+ z  =w>d z any 9 all expressions
 ( loyalty4 ,9 su* an aspect1 ev5  ^? :o
 believe _! attitude to h be5 wrong1 c  
h>dly d\bt  t !y act$ rightly 9 _!      
expression ( x4 ,=1 aft] all1  exp]i5ce 
has %[n t ! ,/ate is built ^u !         
consci5ces (  m54 ,& ! prote/ !y made   
/&s out 9 ! next g5]ation 9  vivid      
contra/ to a worldly-m9d$ &             
politically-corrupt ,*ur* :i*  only     
int]nal revolution c\ld awak5 f its     
slumb]s4    ,no "o repres5ts s admirably

 z ,*>les ,leslie ! political argum5t  (
 ! case4 ,at bottom x is an argum5t     
aga9/ an>*y t he  con/ructs1 & mu* ( :at
 he said is m$ieval en\gh 9 tone to     
sugge/ de ,mai/re's great def5ce (      
papalism z ! secret (  _w-ord]4 ,he /&s 
f\r squ>e ^u div9e "r & passive         
ob$i5ce4 ,:at man is he :o c by 8 own   
natural au?ority b5d !  consci5ce (     
ano!r8 ,t w\ld be f> m ?an ! p[] ( life1
  lib]ty or prosp]ity4 ,!re=e !y saw !  
necessity ( a div9e  orig9al4 ,su* a    
f\ndation1 he argu$ else:]e1 is necess>y
 to  ord]1 = if ! la/ resort be 9 ! p1  
!re is no end (  controv]sy at all1 b   
endless & unrem$iable confusion4 ,nor _h
 he  sympa?y = ! ,:ig attack on mon>*y4 
,! reasons aga9/ ,k+s1  he wrote1 are z 
/rong aga9/ all p[]s1 = m5 ( any titles 
are  subject to err1 & numb]s m ?an     
few]4 ,& no?+ c unloose  ! *a94         
,ob$i5ce1 he said 9 ! ,be/ ( ,all1 is   
due to  commonweal?s by _! subjects ev5 
= consci5ce' sake1 :]e !  pr9ces f :om  
!y h revolt$ h giv5 up _! claim4    ,!  

argum5t has a wid] hi/ory ?an its       
controv]sial /atem5t might  seem to     
w>rant4 ,at bottom1 cle>ly en\gh1 x is  
an attack ^u ! new  tradition :i* ,locke
 _h br\ght into be+4 ,:at seems to      
impress x  mo/ is ! impossibility (     
f\nd+ society ^u o!r ?an a div9e  orig94
 ,any?+ less w n comm& ! ass5t ( m5     
suffici5tly to  be immune f _! evil     
passions4 ,let _! m9ds b once turn to   
resi/ance1 & ! bonds ( social ord] w be 
brok54 ,complete  submission is ! only  
safegu>d aga9/ an>*y4 ,s1 a c5tury lat]1
  de ,mai/re c\ld argue t unless ! :ole 
_w became ! subject (  ,rome1 ! complete
 dissolution ( ,*ri/ian society mu/     
foll[4 ,s1  too1 fifty ye>s be=e1       
,hobbes _h argu$ = an absolute dom9ion  
le/  ! ambitions & desires ( m5 break   
?r\gh ! fragile b\nd>ies (  ! social    
e/ate4    ,! answ] is cle> en\gh2 &1    
inde$1 ! case aga9/ ! ,nonjurors  is    
n[h]e s /rong z on its political side4  
,m5 _c be conf9$  )9 ! limits ( s n>r[ a
 logic4 ,!y w n1 ) ,bi%op ,k51  rejoice 

9 suff]+ z a doctr9e ( ! ,cross4 ,r w   
oppression  9 its turn ar\se a s5se (   
wrong & t be p>5t ( a consci5ce  :i*    
provokes to action4 ,"h 0 ! root (      
,locke's doctr9e (  cons5t2 = unless !  
gov]nm5t1 z ,hume 0 lat] to po9t out1   
has  on its side ! op9ion ( m51 x _c    
hope to endure4 ,! fall (  ,james 0     
caus$1 n z ! ,nonjurors 7 tempt$ to ?9k1
 by popul>  disreg>d ( ,div9e           
p]sonality1 b by 8 own misund]/&+ ( !   
limits to :i* misgov]nm5t may g4 ,"h _! 
oppon5ts _h a  /rong case to pres5t2 =1 
z ,/ill+fleet rem>k$1 if ,william _h  n 
come ov] !re might h be5 no ,*ur* (     
,engl& = !  ,nonjurors to pres]ve4 ,&   
o!r +5i\s compromises 7 sugge/$4        
,non-resi/ance1 x 0 argu$ by ,%]lock1   
appli$ to gov]nm5t 9  g5]al2 & ! oa?1 z 
a passage 9 ! ,convocation ,book (      
,ov]all  seem$ to sugge/1 might be tak5 
n less to a de facto mon>* ?an  to "o de
 jure4 ,few1 inde$ w\ld h tak5 ! gr\nd (
 ,bi%op  ,burnet1 & allott$ ! ?rone to  
,william & ,m>y z conqu]ors (  ! ,k+dom2

 at lea/ ! pamphlet 9 :i* ?is           
uncom=table doctr9e  0 put =w>d ! ,h\se 
( ,commons _h burn$ by ! common hangman4
    ,:at really defeat$ ! ,nonjurors'   
claims 0 commons5se4 ,mu* !  able/      
attack ^u _! position 0 ,/ill+fleet's   
def5ce ( !  policy employ$ 9 fill+ up ! 
sees vacat$ by deprivation2 & x is      
rem>kable t ! !ory he employs is to     
insi/ t unless !  lawfulness ( :at _h   
be5 done is admitt$1 ! ,nonjuror's      
position is  inevitable4 ,if x be       
unlawful to succe$ a depriv$ bi%op1 he  
wrote1#aa !n he is ! bi%op ( ! diocese  
/ill3 & !n ! law  t deprives him is no  
law1 & consequ5tly ! k+ & ,p>liam5t  t  
made t law no k+ & ,p>liam5t3 & h[ c ?is
 be  reconcil$ ) ! ,oa? ( ,allegiance1  
unless ! ,doctor c swe>  allegiance to  
him :o is no ,k+ & ha? no au?ority to   
gov]n4 ,all  ?is ! ,nonjurors w\ld h    
admitt$1 & ! m]e fact t x c\ld  be us$ z
 argum5t aga9/ !m is pro( t !y 7 out (  
t\*  ) ! national temp]4 ,:at !y want$ 0
 a legal revolution :i*  is 9 ! nature (

 ?+s impossible4 ,we may regret t ! oa? 
0  deem$ ess5tial1 & feel t x might n h 
be5 s /\tly  press$4 ,b ! lead]s ( a    
revolution tread a pa? ( fire2 & !      
fault lay less at ! door ( ! civil      
gov]nm5t ?an 9 ! fact t  ?is 0 an age :5
 m5 act$ on _! pr9ciples4 ,william & 8  
advis]s1 ) ! condition ( ,irel& &       
,scotl& a cause =  agitation1 ) ,france 
ho/ile1 ) treason & plot n abs5t f  !   
episcopate itself1 _h no easy task2 :at1
 9 ! temp] ( !  "t1 gives mo/ cause =   
consid]ation1 is ! mod]ate _s 9  :i* !y 
accompli%$ x4    ,footnote #aa3 ,a      
,v9dication ( _! ,maje/ies' ,au?ority to
 fill  ! ,sees ( ! ,depriv$ ,bi%ops     
7#afia74        ,,iii      ,! ,nonjur+  
s*ism 0 by no means ! only difficulty   
:i* !  ,*ur* ( ,engl& _h to confront 9  
^! tr\bl$ ye>s4 ,!  def9ition ( h]      
relation%ip ) ,/ate & nation1 if at !   
mom5t  x ar\s$ less bitt]ness1 0 9 !    
long run m intricate 9 its  nature4 ,t  
"s sort ( tol]ation 0 inevitable few1   
save a gr\p (  prejudic$                

irreconcilables1 w\ld h d5i$4 ,b great] 
?+s 7  9 ! air1 & !re 7 /ill _m :o      
dream$ ( a gr& s*eme (  ,compreh5sion1  
by :i* all save ! m extreme ,diss5t]s   
w\ld h  be5 admitt$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,x is   
?is :i* expla9s ! acrimoni\s  debates ( 
! next two ye>s4 ,! hatr$ ( ! ,*ur* =   
diss5t c  only be und]/ood by ^? :o /udy
 ) c>e ! insults heap$ ^u  h] by !      
sect>ies dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s4 ,t m5 :o _h
 /riv5 =  h] dissolution %\ld be admitt$
 to h] privileges seem$ to ,*ur*m5  z   
tragic z ironical4 ,nor mu/ we miss !   
political aspect ( !  matt]4 ,william _h
 receiv$ an eag]1 if natural1 support f 
,noncon=mi/s2 & s9ce ! va/ majority ( !m
 0 ,:ig 9 temp]1  ! great] ! degree (   
tol]ation1 ! great] likelihood !re 0  ( 
an attack ^u ! ,*ur*4 ,exclusion ?us    
became a fundam5tal  article ( ! ,tory  
cre$2 & x 0 ! m valu$ because x  enabl$ 
!m to /rike at _! oppon5ts ?r\gh an     
in/itution :i*  at ! trial ( ,sa*ev]ell1
 9 #agaj1 /ill %[$ an ov]:elm+ hold  ^u 
! mass ( ! p4    ,! attitude ( m9d h]e9 

impli$ is 9 l>ge "p ! reaction f  !     
,era/ian temp] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,"u        
,william1 t temp] is  intelligible      
en\gh2 = unless he held ! ,*ur* 9 /rict 
control1 he  mu/ h felt t he 0 giv+ a   
l>ge h&le to 8 enemies4 ,"u  ,anne1 !   
ess5ce ( ! situation rema9$ un*ang$1 ev5
 ?\gh h]  eag] sympa?y ) ! ,*ur* 0      
beyond all "q4 ,william _h  reliev$     
,noncon=mi/s f ! burd5 ( p5al /atute2 ! 
,occasional  ,con=mity ,act ( #agac     
broadly cont9u$ ! exclusion ( all save !
  m yield+ ( !m f political (fice4 ,:5 !
 ,hanov]ians  succe$$ !y 7 will+ to     
repeal its m rigid intol]ance2 b  ! ,te/
 ,act rema9$ z evid5ce t ! ,diss5t]s 7 n
 yet  reg>d$ z 9 a full s5se "p ( !     
national life4    ,! reasons = ! hatr$ (
 diss5t g back 9 "p to ! ,civil ,w>  & 9
 "p also to ! feel+ ( common gr\nd      
betwe5 ! diss5t+  int]e/ & ,rome :i* 0  
born ( ! /ruggle "u ,elizabe? &  ,james4
 ,! pamphlets are innum]able2 & mo/ ( !m
 des]ve !  complete obliquity into :i*  
!y h fall54 ,we are told1 9 !  eighte5? 

z 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t ! ,presbyt]ian 
!ory  ( gov]nm5t is inconsi/5t ) !      
exi/5ce ( ! civil p[]4  ,!y claim1 said 
,leslie1 p[] to abrogate ! laws ( ! l&  
t\*+ ecclesia/ical matt]s1 if !y judge  
!m hurtful or  unpr(itable444 ,!y       
require ! civil magi/rate to be subject 
to _!  p[]4 ,( ,knox or ,c>twright ?is  
is no unfair acc\nt2 b ( !  lat]        
,presbyt]ians x is ! m]e/ trave/y4 ,x   
supposes t !y  w\ld be will+ to pu% to !
 utmo/ limit ! implications ( !  !ory ( 
! two k+doms--a supposition :i* _!      
passive submission  to ! ,act ( #agab   
re/or+ lay patronage decisively refutes4
 ,bramhall  _h no d\bt t _! discipl9e 0 
! v qu9tess5ce ( ref9$  pop]y1 & !      
argum5t is repeat$ by a hundr$ less     
le>n$  pamphlete]s4 ,nei!r ! grim irony 
( ,defoe nor ! prov5 facts (  ! case    
c\ld wean ei!r ! majority ( ,*ur*m5 or !
 masses (  ! p f ! belief t !           
,revolution endang]$ ! v  exi/5ce ( !   
,*ur* & t concession w\ld be fatal4 ,s  
/\tly  did ! ,*ur* resi/ x t ! accession

 ( ,george ,i alone1 9  ,lecky's view1  
prev5t$ ! repeal ( ! ,tol]ation ,act & !
  de/ruction ( ! political b5efits ( !  
,revolution4    ,b n[h]e 0 ! temp] ( !  
"t m cle>ly display$ ?an 9  ! disputes  
ov] ,convocation4 ,to ,william's        
advis]s1 p]haps1 m ?an  to ! ,*ur*      
itself _! precipitation is due2 = _h !y 
n1 at  ! outset ( ! reign1 sugge/$ l>ge 
*anges 9 ! liturgy  suspicions !n ar\s$ 
might well h slumb]$4 ,z x 01 !  "q ( ! 
royal supremacy imm$iately came into    
view & !  cl]gy sp>$ no ef=t to meet !  
issue s rais$4 ,& ?is !y felt  ! m      
bitt]ly because ! upp] h\se (           
,convocation1 two-?irds (  :i* 7        
,william's nom9ees1 naturally incl9$ to 
8 side4 ,bo?  "u ,william & ,anne !     
dispute cont9u$1 & ! l[] cl]gy  %rank f 
no opportunity ( conflict4 ,!y f\ght !  
k+1 !  ar*bi%op1 ! upp] h\se4 ,!y       
attack$ ! writ+s ( ,tol& &  ,burnet1 !  
latt]'s book s9ce recogniz$ z "o ( !    
great treasures  ( ,anglican lit]ature4 
,9 ! ma91 ( c\rse1 ! /ruggle 0 "p (  !  

p]5nial conflict betwe5 ,high ,*ur*     
doctr9e &  latitud9>ianism4 ,b t 0 only 
a fragm5t ( ! issue4 ,:at  really 0 9 "q
 0 ! nature ( ! ,/ate's p[] ov] !       
,*ur*4 ,t c\ld be left unansw]$ s long1 
z ) ,james ,i &  ,*>les1 ! two p[]s _h b
 a s+le ?\ght4 ,! situation *ang$  only 
:5 ,/ate & ,*ur* _h diff]5t policies to 
fulfil &  diff]5t means = _! atta9m5t4  
,! controv]sy _h begun on ! ?re%old (   
,william's accession2 b  its real       
comm5cem5t dates f #afig4 ,9 t ye> 0    
publi%$ !  ,lett] to a ,convocation     
,man1 probably writt5 by ,sir ,b>?olomew
  ,%[]1 an able if unscrupul\s ,jacobite
 lawy]1 :i* malici\sly1  ?\gh ) ab\nd+  
skill1 rais$ e "q t peaceful  *ur*m5 mu/
 h be5 anxi\s to avoid4 ,! ,lett] po9t$ 
out !  gr[? ( infidelity & ! increas+   
suspicion t ! ,*ur* 0  becom+ ta9t$ )   
,soc9ian doctr9e4 ,only ! assembly (    
,convocation c\ld arre/ ^! evils4 ,!    
au?or did n d5y t !  k+'s ass5t 0       
necess>y to its summons4 ,b he argu$ t  
once !  ,convocation _h met1 x c\ld1 l  

,p>liam5t1 debate all que/ions  relevant
 to its purpose4 ,! "o ( ^! c\rts1 said 
,%[]1 is (  ! same p[] & use ) reg>d to 
! ,*ur* z ! o!r is 9  respect to !      
,/ate1 & he insi/$ t ! writ ( summons   
c\ld  n at any po9t conf9e debate4 ,&   
s9ce ! ,convocation 0 an  ecclesia/ical 
,p>liam5t1 x foll[$ t x c\ld legislate &
 ?us  make any canons provid$ !y d n    
impugn common law1 /atutes1  cu/oms or  
pr]ogative4 ,to conf]1 debate & resolve1
 said ,%[]1  )\t ! k+'s lic5se1 is at   
common law ! und\bt$ "r (  convocation4 
,"h 0 a cle> *all5ge :i* 0 at once      
answ]$1 9 ,! ,au?ority  ( ,*ri/ian      
,pr9ces1 by ,william ,wake1 :o 0 by f> !
 mo/ le>n$  ( ! latitud9>ian cl]gy1 & ! 
successor ( ,t5ison 9 ! see (           
,cant]bury4 ,8 argum5t 0 purely         
hi/orical4 ,he endeavor$ to %[  t ! "r  
to summon ecclesia/ical synods 0 always 
!  pr]ogative ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian pr9ces  
until ! aggression ( !  popes _h won    
*ur* indep5d5ce4 ,! ,re=mation resum$ ! 
primitive  practice2 & ! ,act (         

,submission ( #aecb _h made x legally   
impossible = ! cl]gy to discuss         
ecclesia/ical matt]s )\t  royal         
p]mission4 ,hi/orically1 ! argum5t (    
,wake 0 irrefutable2  b :at mo/ly       
impress$ ! ,*ur* 0 ! uncompromis+       
,era/ianism  ( 8 tone4 ,pr9ces1 he said1
 may make :at laws or con/itutions !y   
?9k fit = ! ,*ur*4444 a canon is b z    
matt] prep>$ = !  royal /amp4 ,9 ?is    
view1 obvi\sly1 ! ,*ur* is m ?an a      
dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ,wake w5t ev5    
f>!r1 ,i _c see :y  ! ,supreme          
,magi/rate1 he wrote1 :o confess$ly has 
a p[] to  confirm or reject _!          
7,convocation's7 decrees1 may n also    
make su*  o!r use ( !m z he pleases1 &  
correct1 improve1 or o!rwise  alt] _!   
resolutions1 accord+ to 8 own lik+1 be=e
 he gives  8 au?ority to !m4    ,s def9$
 no ,*ur* c\ld claim 9 any true s5se !  
head%ip (  ,*ri/2 = x 0 cle>ly left at !
 m]cy ( ! gov]nm5tal view (  exp$i5t    
conduct4 ,wake's answ] ar\s$ a s5sation 
almo/ z acute z  ! orig9al ,lett] (     

,%[]4 ,b by f> ! able/ criticism x      
provok$ 0 t ( ,francis ,att]bury1 !n a  
"y /ud5t ( ,*ri/  ,*ur* & on ! ?re%old (
 8 turbul5t c>e]4 ,8 ,rights1 ,p[]s  &  
,privileges ( an ,engli% ,convocation   
,/at$ & ,v9dicat$ n only  %[$ a ma/]ly  
hi/oric s5se 9 its ef=t to trav]se !    
unansw]able induction ( ,wake1 b *all5g$
 8 position m  securely on ! gr\nd ( "r4
 ,! hi/orical argum5t1 inde$1 0  n a    
safe position = ! ,*ur*1 & ,wake's      
rejo9d] 9 8 ,/ate  ( ! ,*ur* 7#agjc7 is 
g5]ally conc$$ to h prov$ 8 po9t1 s  f> 
z ! claim ( prescription is conc]n$4 ,b 
:5 ,att]bury moves  to ! deep] problem (
 :at is involv$ 9 ! nature ( a *ur*1 he 
has a p[]ful plea to make4 ,x is        
unnecess>y n[ to deal ) 8  cont5tion t  
,wake's def5ce ( ! ,royal ,supremacy    
und]m9es !  rights ( ,p>liam5t2 = ,wake 
c\ld cle>ly reply t ! seat ( t  p[] _h  
*ang$ ) ! adv5t ( ! ,revolution4 ,:]e ! 
avoidance  ( sympa?y is difficult is 9 8
 insi/5ce t no ,*ur* c live  )\t an     
assembly to debate its problems1 & t no 

assembly c be  real :i* is subject to   
ext]nal control4 ,_! body1 z he rem>ks1 
w be useless to ! ,/ate & by consequ5ce 
contemptible2 = its  op9ions w n be born
 ( t free delib]ation :i* c alone       
ensure respect4 ,l all ,high ,*ur*m51   
,att]bury has a cle> s5se  t ,*ur* &    
,/ate c no long] be equat$1 & he is     
anxi\s to  pres]ve ! p]sonality ( !     
,*ur* f ! invasions ( an ali5  body4 ,to
 be real1 x mu/ be indep5d5t1 & to be   
indep5d5t1 x mu/  h organs (            
self-expression4 ,b nei!r ,william nor  
,anne c\ld  af=d to =ego ! political    
capital involv$ 9 ecclesia/ical  control
 & ,era/ian pr9ciples proce$$ to _!     
triumph4    ,"h1 z else:]e1 x 0 ,*>les  
,leslie :o be/ summ$ up !  feel+ ( ,high
 ,*ur*m54 ,8 ,case ( ! ,regale 7#agja7  
is by f> !  able/ ( 8 _m able p]=mances4
 ,he saw at ! outset t ! real  issue 0  
def9$ by ! ,*ur*'s claim to be a div9e  
society1 )  rights ?us consecrat$ by !  
conditions ( its orig94 ,if x 0  div9e1 
invasion did n t\* its de jure rights4  

,h[1 he ask$1  c rights t are div9e be  
giv5 up8 ,if !y are div9e1 no human     
au?ority c ei!r sup]s$e or limit !m4444 
,h[ c rights t are  inh]5t be giv5 up8  
,if !y are inh]5t1 !y are insep>able4 ,!
  "r to meet1 to consult1 to make rules 
or canons = ! regulation (  ! society1  
is ess5tial to e society z su* 444 c %e 
!n "p  ) :at is ess5tial to h]8 ,nor    
c\ld x be d5i$ t :]e !  *oice ( !       
gov]nors ( "o society is 9 ! h&s ( ano!r
  society1 t society mu/ be dep5d5t &   
subject to ! o!r4 ,!  ,*ur*1 9 !        
,latitud9>ian view 0 ?us ei!r ! creature
 ( !  /ate or an imp]ium 9 imp]io2 b    
,leslie w\ld n admit t  fruitful /umbl+ 
block to ! debate4 ,! sacr$ & civil p[]s
  7 l two p>allel l9es :i* c\ld nev]    
meet or int]f]e 444 !  confusion arises 
444 :5 ! civil p[] w take ^u !m to      
control  or give laws to ! ,*ur*1 9 !   
ex]cise ( h] spiritual au?ority4  ,he   
did n d\bt t ! ,*ur* %\ld give          
securities = its loyalty  to ! k+1 &    
r5\nce any ef=t at ! co]cion ( ! civil  

magi/rate4 ,b ! ,*ur* 0 entitl$ to a    
simil> privilege1 &  k+s %\ld n h _!    
b5efic5ce & protection to ! ,*ur* (     
,*ri/ und]/ood z a bribe to h]1 to      
betray & deliv] up into _!  h&s ! p[]s  
committ$ into h] *>ge by ,*ri/4 ,nor did
 he fail  to po9t out ! suicidal nature 
( ,era/ianism4 ,= ! *ur*'s hold  ^u m5  
is dep5d5t ^u _! fai? 9 ! indep5d5ce (  
h]  pr9ciples4 ,:5 !y see bi%ops1 he    
wrote wisely1 made by !  ,c\rt1 !y are  
apt to imag9e t !y speak to !m ! c\rt   
language2 & lay no fur!r /ress ^u x ?an 
! *>ge ( a judge  at an assizes1 :o has 
receiv$ 8 in/ructions be=eh& f !  ,c\rt2
 & by ?is means ! /ate has lo/ ! greate/
 security ( h]  gov]nm5t4    ,! argum5t 
is p[]ful en\gh2 ?\gh x %\ld be not$ t  
"s (  its implications rema9 undet]m9$4 
,leslie does n say h[ !  sph]es ( ,*ur* 
& ,/ate are to be diff]5tiat$4 ,he does 
n  expla9 ! me?ods :]eby an e/abli%m5t  
is to be made compatible  ) fre$om4 ,= x
 is obvi\s t ! p>tn]%ip ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 
mu/ be ^u conditions2 & once ! ,/ate _h 

p]mitt$ ! exi/5ce  ( cre$s o!r ?an t (  
its (ficial adoption1 x c\ld n  ma9ta9 !
 exclusive p[] = :i* ! ,*ur* cont5d$4 ,&
 :5  ! ,*ur* n only compla9$ (          
,/ate-betrayal1 b attempt$ ! use  (     
political means to en=ce rem$ial        
measures x 0 inevitable t  /atesm5 w\ld 
use ! weapons ready to _! h& to co]ce x 
to  _! w4 ,! real rem$y = ! ,high       
,*ur*m5 0 n exclusiv5ess  b             
dise/abli%m5t4    ,t ?is is ! mean+ ( ! 
/ruggle did n appe> until ! reign  (    
,george ,i4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ,bangorian 
controv]sy 0 due to !  po/hum\s         
publication1 9 #agaf1 ( ! pap]s (       
,george ,hickes1 !  mo/ celebrat$ ( !   
,nonjurors 9 8 g5]ation4 ,! pap]s are ( 
no special import2 b tak5 9 connection )
 ! ,jacobite ris+ (  #agae !y seem$ to  
imply a new attack ^u ! ,revolution     
settlem5t4  ,s1 at lea/1 !y 7 int]pret$ 
by ,b5jam9 ,hoadly1 !n ,bi%op (         
,bangor1 & a /\t uphold] ( !            
,latitud9>ian s*ool4 ,! conflict  today 
has turn$ to du/ & a%es2 & few :o read !

 multitude (  pamphlets x evok$1 or /&  
amaz$ at _! p]sonal bitt]ness1 c  und]/&
 :y m ?an a hundr$ writ]s %\ld h ?\ght x
  necess>y to in=m ! _w ( _! op9ions1 or
 :y ! ,london ,/ock  ,ex*ange %\ld h    
felt s passionate an int]e/ 9 ! debate z
 to  cease = a day ! hubbub ( its       
transactions4 ,nor c any "o make  h]oes 
f ! p]sonalities ( its protagoni/s4     
,hoadly himself 0 a  typical bi%op ( !  
political s*ool1 :o rose f humble       
circum/ances to ! weal?y bi%opric (     
,w9*e/] ?r\gh a  rem>kable s]ies (      
translations4 ,be=e ! debate ( #agaf1 he
 0  *iefly kn[n by two political tracts 
9 :i* he _h rewritt51 9 less  cog5t =m1 
& )\t adequate ackn[l$gm5t1 ! two       
treatises (  ,locke4 ,he cle>ly realiz$ 
h[ wor?less ! dogma ( ,div9e ,"r _h     
become1 )\t be+ c]ta9 ( ! pr9ciples by  
:i* x 0 to be  replac$4 ,probably1 z    
,leslie ,/eph5 has po9t$ out1 8 !oriz+  
is  ! result ( a cl\dy s5se ( ! be>+ ( !
 ,dei/ controv]sy4 ,if  ,god is to be   
bani%$ f direct connection ) e>?ly      

affairs1 we  mu/ seek a human           
explanation ( political facts4 ,& he    
became  conv9c$ t ?is attitude applies n
 less completely to  ecclesia/ical ?an  
to secul> politics4 ,( 8 oppon5ts1 by f>
 !  able/ 0 ,william ,law1 ! only       
!ologian :om ,gibbon may be said to  h  
respect$1 & ! p>5t1 ?r\gh 8 my/ical     
writ+s1 ( !  ,wesleyan movem5t4 ,snape1 
!n ,provo/ ( ,eton1 0 always incisive2 &
  8 pamphlet w5t ?r\gh sev5te5 editions 
9 a s+le ye> &  provok$ sev5 replies )9 
?ree mon?s4 ,?omas ,%]lock w\ld n be    
ei!r himself or 8 fa!r's son1 7 he n    
cau/ic1 logical &  direct4 ,b ,hoadly & 
,law betwe5 !m exhau/ ! controv]sy1 s f>
  z x has mean+ = our own day4 ,! less  
ess5tial que/ions l  ,hoadly's *oice (  
fri5ds1 8 attitude to pray]1 ! accuracy 
( !  details 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,te/ ,act1 !
 cause ( 8 refusal to  answ] ,law       
directly1 are h>dly n[ g]mane to !      
sub/ance ( !  debate4 ,hoadly's position
 is mo/ fully /at$ 9 8 ,pres]vative     
aga9/ ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice (        

,nonjurors :i* he publi%$ 9  #agaf z a  
c\nt]bla/ to ! pap]s ( ,hickes2 & !y are
 briefly  summ>iz$ 9 ! s]mon prea*$ be=e
 ! ,k+ on ,m>* #ca1 #agag1 on  ! text   
,my ,k+dom is n ( ?is _w1 & publi%$ by  
royal  comm&4 ,amid a va/ wild]ness (   
quibbles & qualifications1 "s  simple   
po9ts em]ge4 ,:at he 0 do+ 0 to deprive 
! prie/hood (  claims to sup]natural    
au?ority t he might v9dicate = civil    
gov]nm5t ! "r to pres]ve itself n less  
aga9/ p]sons 9  ecclesia/ical (fice ?an 
aga9/ civil assailants4 ,to d s he is   
=c$ to d5y t ! miracul\s p[]s ( ,*ri/ & 
! ,apo/les  desc5d$ to _! successors4 ,=
 if t assumption is made we grant  to   
fallible m5 privileges :i* confess$ly   
belong to p]sons outside  ! category (  
fallibility4 ,&1 exactly 9 ! fa%ion (   
,leslie 9  ! ,regale he goes on to %[ t 
if a ,*ur* is a sup]natural  in/itution1
 x _c surr5d] "o jot or tittle ( its    
pr]ogative4  ,x is1 9 fact1 an imp]ium 9
 imp]io & its conflict ) ! /ate  is     
inevitable4 ,b if ! ,*ur* is n a        

sup]natural in/itution1 :at  is its     
nature8 ,hoadly "h attacks ! doctr9e :i*
 lies at ! basis  ( all ecclesia/ical   
debate4 ,! ,*ur*1 he claims1 is n a     
visible  society1 presid$ ov] by m5 :o h
 au?ority directly transmitt$ by  ,*ri/4
 ,!re are n )9 x vic]eg5ts :o c be said 
prop]ly to  supply 8 place2 no          
int]pret]s ^u :om 8 subjects are        
absolutely  to dep5d2 no judges ov] !   
consci5ce or religion ( 8 p4 ,=  if ?is 
7 s t any su* absolute vic]eg5t         
au?ority1 ei!r =  ! mak+ ( new laws1 or 
int]pret+ old ones1 or judg+ 8          
subjects1 9 religi\s matt]s1 7 lodg$ 9  
any m5 ^u e>?1 !  consequ5ce w\ld be t  
:at /ill reta9s ! "n ( ! ,*ur* (  ,*ri/ 
w\ld n be ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 b ! k+dom (  
^? m5  inve/$ ) su* au?ority4 ,= :oev]  
ha? su* an au?ority (  mak+ laws is s f>
 a k+1 & :oev] c add new laws to ^? (   
,*ri/1 equally obligatory1 is z truly a 
k+ z ,*ri/ himself4 ,nay1  :osoev] ha?  
an absolute au?ority to int]pret any    
writt5 or spok5  laws1 x is he :o is    

truly ! lawgiv] to all int5ts &         
purposes1  & n ! p]son :o fir/ wrote &  
spoke !m4    ,! mean+ is cle> en\gh4    
,:at ,hoadly is attack+ is ! !ory ( a   
visible ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ on e>?1 ) ! imm5se
 sup]/ructure (  miracle & infallibility
 erect$ !reon4 ,! true ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is 
9 heav52 & ! memb]s ( ! e>?ly society c 
b try 9 a  human1 blund]+ way1 to act ) 
dec5cy & ju/ice4 ,apo/olic  succession1 
! p[] ( excommunication1 ! deal+ out (  
=giv5ess  = m5's s9s1 ! det]m9ation (   
true doctr9e1 ins(> z !  ,*ur* claims ^!
 p[]s1 x is usurp+ an au?ority t is n   
its  own4 ,! relation ( man to ,god is 8
 private affair1 & ,god w ask  f him    
s9c]ity & hone/y1 r ?an judge him = 8   
possession ( "s special set ( dogmas4   
,cle>ly1 !re=e1 if !  ,*ur* is no m ?an 
?is1 x has no sup]natural pret5sions to 
oppose to ! human claims ( ! ,/ate4 ,&  
s9ce ! ,/ate mu/ h  )9 itself all !     
means ( suffici5t life1 x has ! "r to   
resi/ ! ecclesia/ical onslaught z bas$  
^u ! usurpation (  p[] assum$ )\t "r4 ,&

 9 lat] treatises ,hoadly did =         
c]emonial exactly :at he _h done = *ur* 
gov]nm5t4 ,! eu*>i/  became a piece (   
symbolism & excommunication no?+ m ?an  
an  ann\ncem5t--a m]e ext]nal ?+--t !   
rules ( ! fell[%ip  h be5 brok54 ,x at  
no po9t is relat$ to ! s9n]'s           
opportunity  ( salvation4    ,9 su* an  
aspect1 x w\ld cle>ly foll[ t ! ,*ur*   
has no  monopoly ( tru?4 ,x c1 inde$1   
judge its own beliefs2 b reason  alone c
 demon/rate ! inadequacy ( o!r          
attitudes4 ,nor does its  judgm5t       
preclude ! individual duty to exam9e    
into ! tru? (  ?+s4 ,! real root ( fai? 
is n ! possession ( an infallible       
dogma1 b ! arriv+ hone/ly at ! dogma 9  
:i* y happ5 to  believe4 ,= ! magi/rate1
 he urges1 :at is important is n !      
table ( y\r spr+s ( action1 b ! conduct 
itself :i* is bas$  ^u t table2 f :i* x 
foll[s t ?+s l ! ,te/ &  ,corporation   
,acts h no real political validity4 ,!y 
h be5 impos$  ^u ! ,/ate by ! n>r[      
int]pretations ( an usurp+ p[]2 &  !    

,noncon=mi/ claim to citiz5%ip w\ld ?us 
seem z valid z t  ( a memb] ( ! ,*ur* ( 
,engl&4    ,all ?is s\nds s5sible en\gh2
 ?\gh x is curi\s doctr9e 9 !  m\? ( a  
bi%op ( t *ur*4 ,& ?is1 9 fact1 is !    
/>t+-po9t ( ,law's analysis ( ,hoadly4  
,no "o :o reads !  unsp>+ vigor ( 8     
criticism c d\bt t ,law mu/ h be5       
?or\ghly happy 9 ! composition ( 8      
def5ce2 &1 inde$1 8 is  ! only          
contribution to ! debate :i* may claim a
 p]man5t place 9  political lit]ature4  
,9 "o s5se1 inde$1 ! :ole ( ,law's answ]
 is  an ignoratio el5*i1 = he assumes ! 
tru? ( t :i* ,hoadly  sets out to       
exam9e1 ) ! inevitable result t ea*     
writ] is1 =  ! mo/ "p1 argu+ f diff]5t  
premises4 ,b on ! assumption  t ,hoadly 
is a ,*ri/ian1 ,law's argum5t is an     
attack ( great p[]4  ,he %[s            
conclusively t if ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is no
 m ?an  ,hoadly imag9es x to be1 x _c1 9
 any prop] hi/oric s5se1 be  call$ !    
,*ur* ( ,engl& at all4 ,= e "o ( !      
in/itutions  :i* ,hoadly calls an       

usurpation1 is believ$ by ,*ur*m5 to be 
integral to its nature4 ,& if s9c]ity   
alone is to c\nt z ! te/1  !n !re _c1 = 
! exi/+ _w1 be any su* ?+ z  objective  
religi\s tru?4 ,x subv]t$ n m]ely       
absolute  au?ority--:i* ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&
 did n claim--b any au?ority  9 ! ,*ur*4
 ,x impugn$ ! au?ority ( ! ,cr[n to     
en=ce  religi\s belief by civil         
p5alties4 ,hoadly's rejection (         
au?ority1  moreov]1 is 9 ,law's view    
fatal to gov]nm5t ( any k9d4 ,= all     
lawful au?ority mu/ affect et]nal       
salvation ins(> z to disobey x  is to   
s94 ,! au?ority ! ,*ur* possesses is    
inh]5t 9 ! v  nature ( ! ,*ur*2 = !     
obligation to a belief 9 ,*ri/ianity is 
! same ?+ z to a belief 9 t ,*ur* :i* c 
be %[n to  repres5t ,*ri/'s tea*+4    ,f
 ,law's own po9t ( view1 ! logic ( 8    
position is und5iable2  & 9 8 ?ird lett]
 to ,hoadly1 ! real he>t ( 8 attack1 he 
t\*es ! c5tre ( ! latt]'s argum5t4 ,= if
 x is s9c]ity  :i* is alone important x 
w\ld foll[ t ?+s false & wrong are  z   

acceptable to ,god z ?+s true & "r1 :i* 
is pat5tly absurd4  ,nor has ,hoadly    
giv5 u means = ! detection ( s9c]ity4   
,he seem$  to ?9k t anyone 0 s9c]e :o s 
?\ght himself2 b1 says ,law1  x is also 
possible & z likely = a man to be mi/ak5
 9 ^?  ?+s :i* con/itute true s9c]ity z 
9 ^? ?+s :i*  con/itute true religion4  
,cle>ly1 s9c]ity _c be ! pi? ( !  matt]2
 = x may be mi/ak5 & direct$ to wrong   
ends4 ,! ,/ate1 9  fact1 may respect    
consci5ce1 b ,hoadly is no m entitl$ to 
assume  ! infallibility ( private belief
 ?an he is to d5y ! infallibility  ( !  
,*ur*'s tea*+4 ,t way lies an>*y4       
,"h1 inde$1 ! antagoni/s 7 on common    
gr\nd4 ,bo? _h d5i$ !  absolute "* ( any
 au?ority2 b :ile ,hoadly virtually     
po/ulates a ,*ur* :i* logically is no m 
?an ^? :o accept  ! moral law z ,*ri/   
describ$ x1 ,law re/ricts ! ,*ur* to t  
society :i* be>s ! traditional m>ks ( ! 
hi/oric in/itution4  ,on ,hoadly's      
pr9ciples1 !re 0 no reason :y anyone n  
ho/ile to  ! civil p[] %\ld n enjoy     

political privilege2 on ,law's !re 0  e 
reason simply because ^? :o d5i$ !      
doctr9es ( ! ,high  ,*ur* refus$ a tru? 
op5 = _! acceptance4 ,law1 inde$1 goes s
  f> z to argue t 9 ! light ( 8         
pr9ciples ,hoadly %\ld be a  ,dei/2 &   
!re is gr\nd = :at1 9 t age1 0 a        
valuable po9t  to make4 ,! sum total ( x
 all is t = ! bi%op ! outw>d  actions ( 
m5 alone conc]n ! ,/ate2 :ile ,law      
insi/s t ! root  ( action & ! te/ (     
fitness is :e!r m5 h se5 a c]ta9  aspect
 ( ! tru? & grasp$ x4    ,! result1 to  
say ! lea/1 0 calamit\s4 ,9 ,may (      
#agag1  convocation met & ! ,l[] ,h\se  
imm$iately adopt$ an unanim\s  report   
condemn+ ! ,pres]vative & ! s]mon4 ,b   
,hoadly _h !  gov]nm5t beh9d him & !    
convocation 0 prorogu$ be=e fur!r       
action c\ld be tak54 ,snape1 ,h>e1      
,mosse & ,%]lock1 all ( :om 7  *apla9s  
royal1 & _h be5 drawn into ! conflict1 7
 dismiss$  f _! (fice2 & = m ?an "o     
hundr$ & ?irty-five ye>s  convocation 0 
n aga9 summon$4 ,x 0 a /rik+ triumph =  

,era/ianism1 ?\gh ! m lib]al pr9ciples (
 ,hoadly 7 less  successful4 ,rob]t     
,walpole 0 on ! ?re%old ( 8 p[]1 &1 z a 
manag] ( ,sa*ev]ell's impea*m5t1 he _h  
se5 ! hold ( ! ,*ur*  ^u ! common p1 may
 ev51 inde$1 h rememb]$ t ,hoadly's  own
 dwell+ _h be5 ?reat5$ ) de/ruction 9 ! 
popul>  excitem5t4 ,quieta non mov]e 0 8
 motto2 & he 0 n int]e/$  9 ! niceties (
 ecclesia/ic metaphysic4 ,s ! ,te/ ,act 
rema9$  immovable until #ahbh2 :ile !   
annual ,act ( ,indemnity = its          
infractions repres5t$ t ,engli% g5ius = 
illogical mitigation  :i* solves ! deep]
 problems ( pr9ciple :ile avoid+ !      
consid]ation ( _! sub/ance4    ,9 !     
hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s :i* pass$ betwe5 !  
,bangorian  ,controv]sy & ! ,ox=d       
,movem5t1 !re is only "o volume ^u !    
problem ( ,*ur* & ,/ate :i* des]ves m   
?an pass+ notice4  ,bi%op ,w>burton 0 ! 
,"l ,br\gham ( 8 age2 & z its           
self-con/itut$ univ]sal provid] (       
intellectual f>e1 he deem$ x  8 duty to 
settle ?is1 among/ o!rs ( ! et]nal      

que/ions4 ,!  ef=t excit$ only !        
contempt ( ,leslie ,/eph5--! peculi>    
,w>burton mixture1 he says ( %am logic &
 blu/]4 ,yet t is  h>dly fair to ! total
 result ( ,w>burton's rem>ks4 ,he tri$  
to  /e] a middle pa? betwe5 ! logical   
result ( su* ,era/ianism z  t ( !       
,indep5d5t ,:ig1 on ! "o h&1 & !        
excessive claim  ( ,high ,*ur*man%ip on 
! o!r4 ,naturally en\gh1 or ! writ]     
w\ld n be ,w>burton1 ! book is full (   
tawdry rhetoric & /upid  quibbles4 ,b ! 
,alliance betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate 7#agcf7  
set !  temp] ( speculation until ! adv5t
 ( ,newman1 & is !re=e  mat]ial = some?+
 m ?an contempt4 ,x acutely po9ts out t 
societies g5]ate a p]sonality di/9ct f t
 ( _! memb]s 9  words rem9isc5t ( an    
hi/oric legal pron\ncem5t4#ab ,:5 any   
numb] ( m51 he says1 =m !mselves into a 
society1 :e!r civil  or religi\s1 ?is   
society becomes a body diff]5t f t      
aggregate  :i* ! numb] ( individuals    
compos$ be=e ! society 0  =m$4444 ,b a  
body mu/ h its prop] p]sonality & w1 :i*

  )\t ^! is no m ?an a %ad[ or a "n4    
,footnote #ab3 ,dicey1 ,law & ,op9ion 9 
,engl& 7#bnd edition71  p4 #afe4    ,& t
 is ! root ( ,w>burton's pron\ncem5t4 ,!
 ,*ur* is a  society di/9ct f ! ,/ate1 b
 l5d+ to t body its assi/ance  because  
)\t ! sanction ( religion ! full        
a*ievem5t ( !  social purpose is        
impossible4 ,!re is ?us an alliance     
betwe5 !m1  ea* l5d+ its support to !   
o!r = _! common b5efit4 ,! two  rema9   
di/9ct2 ! union betwe5 !m is ( a f$]al  
k9d4 ,b !y  int]*ange _! p[]s1 & ?is x  
is :i* expla9s at once !  royal         
supremacy & ! "r ( ,*ur*m5 to a %>e 9 ! 
legislature4 ,?is also x is :i* expla9s 
! exi/5ce ( a ,te/  ,act1 :]eby ^? :o   
might injure t :i* ! ,/ate has und]tak5 
to protect are depriv$ ( _! p[] to evil4
 ,&1 9 return1 !  ,*ur* engages to apply
 its utmo/ endeavors 9 ! s]vice ( !     
,/ate4 ,x becomes atta*$ to its         
b5efactor f ! privilege x  receives2 & !
 dang]s :i* might arise f its natural   
indep5d5ce are ?us obviat$4 ,= a f$]al  

union precludes ! grave  problem ( an   
imp]ium 9 imp]io1 & ! mis*iefs :i* s    
t]rifi$ ,hobbes are met by ! t]ms ^u :i*
 x is f\nd$4    ,x is easy en\gh to     
discov] ! loopholes 9 ! !ory4 ,!        
contract  does n exi/1 or1 at lea/1 x is
 plac$ by ,w>burton 9 ! same  ar*ive ) !
 fam\s orig9al compact betwe5 mon>* & p 
:i* has be5 ! object ( va/ b fruitless  
se>*es4 ,nor does !  ,act ( ,submission 
be> ^u its face ! m>ks ( t t5d] c>e (  !
 protection ( an indep5d5t society :i*  
,w>burton decl>$ a  vital t5et ( !      
,union4 ,yet su* criticisms miss ! real 
significance  ( ! !ory4 ,x is really !  
introduction into ,engli% politics (  t 
notion ( ! two societies :i*1 a c5tury  
be=e1 ,melville &  ,bell>m9e _h made s  
fruitful4 ,) nei!r ,presbyt]ian nor     
,jesuit  0 ! sep>ation complete1 = !    
simple reason t ea* _h a  secret        
conviction t ! ecclesia/ical society 0  
at bottom !  sup]ior4 ,yet ! !ory 0 !   
p>5t ( lib]ty1 if only because x  po9t$ 
! way to a balance ( p[] betwe5 claims  

:i*1 be=e1 _h  seem$ mutually exclusive4
    ,until ! ,tol]ation ,act1 ! !ory 0  
wor?less to ! ,engli% ,*ur*  because its
 temp]1 "u ! gis ( ,laudian views1 _h   
be5 9  sub/ance !ocratic4 ,b aft] #afib 
x aptly express$ ! compromise  ! dom9ant
 p>ty ( ! ,*ur* _h !n 9 m9d4 ,!y did1   
inde$1  mi/ake ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 or1 r1  
!y submitt$ to ! ,/ate  s fully t :at !y
 _h int5d$ = a p>tn]%ip became an       
absorption4 ,s t ! ,era/ianism ( !      
eighte5? c5tury goes deep  en\gh to make
 ! ,*ur* no m ?an a moral police        
dep>tm5t ( !  ,/ate4 ,sa9ts l ,k5 &     
prea*]s l ,s\? are replac$ by           
fa%ionable prelates l ,cornwallis1 :o   
made ,lambe? ,palace an adjunct  to     
,ranelagh ,g>d5s1 & self-seek+ plurali/s
 l ,bi%op ,watson4 ,!  ,*ur* c\ld n ev5 
p]ceive ! mean+ ( ! ,wesleyan revolt2 & 
its *>ity 0 ! irritat+ & complac5t      
patronage ( !  ob/rusive ,hannah ,m4    
,its le>n+ decay$1 its intellig5ce      
slumb]$2 & ! ma9 function x fulfill$    
until ,newman's adv5t 0  ! provision (  

ri* pref]m5t to ! y\ng] sons ( !        
nobility4 ,x  is a f> cry f ,lake (     
,*i*e/] & ,bi%op ,k5 to a *ur* :i*  0   
m]ely an annex to ! iniquities ( ! civil
 li/4        ,,iv      ,no "o c mi/ake !
 significance ( ?is conflict4 ,!        
oppon5ts (  ,era/ianism _h a deep s5se (
 _! corporate ,*ur*1 & x 0 a  plea =    
ecclesia/ical fre$om t !y 7 mak+4 ,!y   
saw t a  ,*ur* ^: patronage & discipl9e 
& debates 7 "u ! control  ( an ali5 body
 c\ld n ) hone/y claim t ,*ri/ 0 9 tru? 
_! head4 ,if ! ,*ur* 0 to be at ! m]cy (
 private judgm5t  & political exp$i5cy1 
! notion ( a dogmatic basis w\ld h to   
be ab&on$4 ,"h1 inde$1 is ! root ( !    
condemnation ( ,t9dal  & ( ,hoadly2 = !y
 made x1 by _! tea*+1 impossible = !    
,*ur* to possess an e?os ( h] own4 ,x 0 
?us aga9/ !  sov]eignty ( ! ,/ate t !y  
prote/$4 ,some:]e1 a l9e mu/ be  drawn  
ab\t its functions t ! indep5d5ce ( !   
,*ur* might be  safegu>d$4 ,= its       
support]s c\ld n be true to _! div9e    
mission if ! accid5tal vote ( a secul>  

au?ority 0 by "r to  impose its w ^u !  
,*ur*4 ,! view ( x z simply a religi\s  
body to :i* ! ,/ate _h conc$$ c]ta9     
rights & dignities1 !y  repudiat$ )     
passion4 ,! life ( ! ,*ur* 0 n d]iv$ f !
  ,/ate2 & = ! latt] to attempt its     
circumscription 0 to usurp an  au?ority 
n rightly its own4    ,! real difficulty
 ( ?is attitude lay 9 ! e/abli%m5t4 ,=  
"h  ! ,*ur* 01 at bottom1 decl>+ t !    
,/ate life mu/ be liv$  ^u t]ms ( h] own
 def9ition4 ,t 0 possible be=e !        
,re=mation2 b ) ! adv5t ( ,noncon=mity &
 ! gr[? (  rationalism ! exclusive "* ( 
! ,*ur*'s solution _h become            
unacceptable4 ,if ! ,*ur* 0 to become s 
intimately involv$ )  ! ,/ate z an      
e/abli%m5t impli$1 x _h no "r to        
compla91 if  /atesm5 ) a g5ius =        
exp$i5cy 7 will+ to sacrifice x to  !   
atta9m5t ( t ideal4 ,= ! real secret (  
indep5d5ce is1  aft] all1 no m ?an      
indep5d5ce4 ,! ,*ur* s\ght x )\t be+    
will+ to pay ! price4 ,& ?is x is :i*   
enabl$ ,hoadly to em]ge  triumphant f an

 ordeal :]e logically he %\ld h fail$4  
,!  ,/ate1 by def9ition is an absorptive
 animal2 & ! ,*ur* _h no  "r to compla9 
if ! price ( its privileges 0 royal     
supremacy4 ,a  c5tury s self-satisfi$ z 
! eighte5? w\ld n h fac$ !  difficulties
 involv$ 9 giv+ political expression to 
! ,high ,*ur*  !ory4    ,yet ! prote/   
rema9$1 & x bore a noble fruit 9 ! next 
c5tury4  ,! ,ox=d movem5t is usually    
reg>d$ z a return to ! sev5te5?  c5tury1
 to ! ideals1 t is to say1 ( ,laud &    
,&rewes4#ac ,9  fact1 its real k9%ip is 
) ,att]bury & ,law4 ,l !m1 x 0  se>*+ ! 
secret ( ecclesia/ical indep5d5ce1 & l  
!m x  discov]$ t connection ) ! ,/ate   
means1 9 ! end1 !  sacrifice ( ! *ur* to
 ! ne$s ( ea* political situation4 ,!   
,/ate has des]t$ u1 wrote ,newman2 & !  
words might h be5  writt5 ( ! e>li] "t4 
,! ,ox=d movem5t1 inde$1 l its          
pr$ecessor1 built ^u f\ndations ( s&2 & 
:5 ,"l ,br\gham told  ! ,h\se ( ,lords t
 ! idea ( ! ,*ur* possess+ absolute &   
unali5able rights 0 a gross & mon/r\s   

anomaly because x w\ld  make impossible 
! supremacy ( ,p>liam5t1 he simply      
ann\nc$ !  result ( a doctr9e :i*1      
implicit 9 ! ,act ( ,submission1 0 fir/ 
completely def9$ by ,wake & ,hoadly4    
,nor has ! hi/ory ( ?is  controv]sy     
end$4 ,?\ghtful m51 ! ,ar*bi%op (       
,cant]bury has  told ! ,h\se (          
,lords1#ad 444 see ! absolute ne$1 if a 
,*ur* is  to be /rong & vigor\s1 = !    
,*ur*1 qua *ur*1 to be able to  say :at 
x c d z a *ur*4 ,! rule ( ! sov]eign1 ! 
rule (  ,p>liam5t1 repli$ ,"l           
,haldane1#ae ext5d z f> z ! rule ( !    
,*ur*4 ,!y are n to be di/+ui%$ or      
diff]5tiat$1 & t 0  ! condition "u :i*  
ecclesia/ical p[] 0 transmitt$ to !     
,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,today1 t is to say1 z 9
 ! pa/1 anti!tic  !ories ( ! nature ( ! 
,/ate h+e1 9 ess5ce1 ^u ! problem  ( its
 sov]eignty4 ,a free *ur* 9 a free /ate1
 n[1 z !n1 may  be our ideal2 b we /ill 
seek ! means :]e) to build x4           
,footnote #ac3 ,cf4 my ,problem (       
,sov]eignty1 ,*apt] ,,iii4    ,footnote 

#ad3 ,p>liam5t>y ,debates4 ,fif? ,s]ies1
 ,vol4 #cd1  p4 #iib 7,june #c1 #aiai74 
,footnote #ae3 ,p>liam5t>y ,debates4    
,fif? ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #cd1 p #ajjb4  ,!   
quotation does n fully repres5t ,"l     
,haldane's views4          ,,*apt] ,,iv 
,,! ,,era ,,( ,,/agnation        ,i     
,) ! accession ( ,george ,i1 !re ensu$  
an era ( unexampl$ calm  9 ,engli%      
politics1 :i* la/$ until ! expulsion (  
,walpole f  p[] 9 #agdb4 ,no vital      
que/ions 7 debat$1 nor did problems (   
pr9ciple =ce !mselves into view2 & if ! 
,jacobites rema9$ 9  ! backgr\nd z an   
elem5t inv9cibly ho/ile to absorption1 !
  failure ( _! ef=t 9 #agae %[$ h[      
feeble 0 _! hold on  ,engli% op9ion4 ,n1
 inde$1 t ! new dyna/y 0 popul>4 ,x _h  
no?+ ( t romantic glam\r ( a lo/ cause s
 imp]i%ably  record$ 9 ,scott's pages4  
,! fir/ ,georges 7 heavy & =eign &      
meagre-s\l$2 b at lea/ !y 7 ,prote/ant1 
&1 until ! reign  ( ,george ,,iii1 !y 7 
am5able to managem5t4 ,9 ! result1 an   
opposition 9 ! classic s5se 0 h>dly     

ne$$2 = ! only "q  to be consid]$ 0 !   
p]sonalities :o 7 to %>e 9 p[]4 ,!      
dom9at+ temp] ( ,walpole decid$ t issue2
 & he gave !reby to  ! political /ruggle
 ! outl9es 9 :i* x 0 encas$ = a         
g5]ation4    ,x is a dull p]iod1 b      
complac5t2 = x 0 n an unprosp]\s  "t4   
,agriculture & comm]ce bo? 7 abundant2 &
 ! increas+  developm5t ( t[ns %[s u t !
 ,indu/rial ,revolution loom$ 9  ! ne>  
di/ance4 ,! eag] cont9uance ( ! dei/ic  
controv]sy  sugge/s t !re 0 some?+ (    
novelty b5ea? ! calm2 =  ,t9dal &       
,wool/on & ,*ubb /ruck at ! root (      
religi\s belief1  & ,%aftesbury's       
exaltation ( ,hell5ism n only contribut$
 to !  ,aufkl>ung 9 ,scotl&1 b sugge/$ t
 ,*ri/ian ideals 7 n  to g un*all5g$4 ,b
 ! lit]ature ( ! "t is summ>iz$ 9       
,pope2 & ! easy neatness ( 8 v]ses is   
qua9tly repres5tative (  ! ,georgian    
peace4 ,defoe & ,swift _h bo? done _!   
"w2 & !  latt] _h )drawn to ,irel& to   
die l a rat 9 a hole4 ,bi%op  ,b]keley1 
inde$1 0 conv9c$ ( ! decad5ce ( ,engl&2 

b 8  ,essay t[>ds ,prev5t+ ! ,ru9 (     
,great ,brita9 7#agba7 %[s r  ! effect (
 ! speculative mania :i* culm9at$ 9 !   
,s\? ,sea  ,bubble ^u a noble moral     
nature ?an a g5ius = political ?\ght4   
,c]ta9ly no "o 9 t g5]ation 0 likely to 
reg>d )  s]i\sness proposals = ! end[m5t
 ( mo!rhood & a tax ^u !  e/ate (       
ba*elors4 ,! cynical sophi/ries (       
,m&eville 71 despite  ! indignation !y  
ar\s$1 m suit$ to ! age t ,walpole      
gov]n$4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! "* ( ! m9i/]   
:i* sets !  keynote ( ! "t4 ,an able    
speak]1 )\t be+ a great orator1 a  sup]b
 adm9i/rator1 eag] r = p[] ?an = good1  
rat+ m5  l[ by in/9ct & corrupt+ !m by  
intellig5ce1 ,walpole 0 n !  man1 ei!r 9
 type ( m9d or ( temp]am5t1 to br+ great
 que/ions  to ! =egr\nd ( debate4 ,he 0 
cont5t to ma9ta9 8 hold ov]  ! respect (
 ! ,cr[n1 & to puni% able rivals by     
exclusion f  (fice4 ,"o by "o1 ! y\ng]  
m5 ( tal5t1 ,c>t]et1 ,pult5ey1          
,*e/]field1 ,pitt1 7 driv5 into         
ho/ility4 ,he ma9ta9$ himself 9  (fice  

by a corruption z effici5tly adm9i/]$ z 
x 0 cynically  conceiv$4 ,an opposition 
develop$ less on pr9ciple ?an on !      
belief  t spoils are matt] r =          
di/ribution ?an = conc5tration4  ,! p>ty
 s =m$ _h1 inde$1 little gr\nd save     
p]sonal animosity  ^u :i* to fight2 &   
its able/ ex]tions c\ld only seize ^u a 
d\btful insult to a bragg>t sea-capta9 z
 ! pretext ( ! w> x  0 ,walpole's       
ambition no less ?an policy to avoid4 ,f
 #agbf until  #agce ! guid+ _s ( ! p>ty 
0 ,bol+broke2 b 9 ! latt]  ye> he       
qu>rell$ ) ,pult5ey1 nom9ally its lead]1
 & retir$ 9  high dudgeon to ,france4 ,b
 9 ! ye>s ( 8 lead]%ip he _h  evolv$ a  
!ory ( politics ?an :i* no?+ s cle>ly   
displays !  intellectual bankruptcy ( ! 
"t4    ,to und]/& ! argum5t ( ,bol+broke
 x is necess>y to rememb]  ! peculi> "* 
( 8 c>e]4 ,he _h atta9$ to ! highe/     
(fice "u ,anne at an exceptionally e>ly 
age2 & 8 p]iod (  p[] _h be5 di/+ui%$ by
 ! vehem5ce ) :i* he pursu$ !  ideal ( a
 /rict division ( p>ties & ! expulsion (

 all ali5  elem5ts f ! gov]nm5t4 ,b he  
_h /ak$ all 8 =tunes ^u a  s*eme he _h  
nei!r ! resolution to plan nor ! c\rage 
to execute2  & 8 flight to ,france1 on !
 ,hanov]ian accession1 _h be5 foll[$  by
 8 proscription4 ,walpole soon succe$$  
alike to 8 reputation &  place2 & ?r\gh 
an enorm\s bribe to ! bottomless pocket 
( !  ,k+'s mi/ress ,/4 ,john 0 enabl$ to
 return f exile1 ?\gh n to  political   
place4 ,8 re/less m9d 0 dissatisfi$ )   
exclusion f  p[]1 & he occupi$ himself )
 creat+ an alliance betwe5 !  ,tories & 
malcont5t ,:igs = ,walpole's ov]?r[4 ,! 
alliance  succe$$1 ?\gh too late =      
,bol+broke to enjoy ! fruits (  success2
 b 9 effect+ ! purgation ( ! ,tory p>ty 
f its ta9t  ( ,jacobitism he r5d]$ no   
inconsid]able s]vice4 ,8 f\ndation1     
moreov]1 ( ! ,craftsman--! fir/ (ficial 
j\rnal ( a political  p>ty 9 ,engl&--%[$
 8 appreciation ( ! te*nique ( political
  controv]sy4 ,mo/ ( x is dead n[1 &1   
inde$1 no small "p ( its  contempor>y   
success is due to ! mak+ ( comm5t 9 t]ms

 ( !  imm$iate situation1 z also by its 
consi/5t use ( a p]sonal  ref]5ce :i*   
has1 save 9 ! mass1 no mean+ = today4   
,?\gh1  d\btless1 ! idea ( its inception
 0 d]iv$ f j\rnals l  ,defoe's ,review &
 ,leslie's ,rehe>sal1 :i* _h won        
success1 its  intimate connection ) !   
p>ty lead]%ip 0 a novel elem5t2 &  x may
 !re9 claim a special relation to !     
(ficial p]iodicals ( a  lat] g5]ation4  
,! reputation ( ,bol+broke z a political
 philosoph] is some?+  t our age c h>dly
 und]/&4 ,a solemn trifl]1 ,"l ,morley  
has  call$ him2 & x is difficult to "k  
:y 8 easy declamation 0 s  long mi/ak5 =
 pr(\nd ?\ght4 ,mu*1 d\btless1 is due to
 t  p]sonal fasc9ation :i* made him !   
inspiration ( m5 s diff]5t  z ,pope &   
,voltaire2 & ! man :o c\ld supply ideas 
to ,*a?am &  ,disraeli _c be :olly      
devoid ( m]it4 ,c]ta9ly he wrote well1 9
  t easy elegance ( /yle :i* 0 ! delight
 ( ! eighte5?  c5tury2 & he is          
consi/5tly happy 9 8 *oice ( adjectives4
 ,b  8 "w is at e po9t embelli%$ ) t    

affectation (  classical le>n+ :i* 0 !  
curse ( 8 age4 ,he s\ght no g5]al       
tru?s1 & he is free f ! accusation (    
s9c]ity4 ,nor has he any  en?usiasm save
 t ( bitt] p>tisan%ip4 ,he hat$         
,walpole1 & 8  political writ+s are1 at 
bottom1 no m ?an an attempt to g5]alize 
8 animosity4 ,! ,diss]tation on ,p>ties 
7#agcd7 & ! ,idea ( a  ,patriot ,k+     
7#agch7 might h betray$ u1 tak5 alone1  
into reg>d+  _! au?or z a dis9t]e/$     
obs]v] wat*+ ) regret !  developm5t ( a 
fatal sy/em2 b tak5 9 conjunction ) !   
,lett]  to ,sir ,w4 ,w9dham 7#agag71 :i*
 0 n publi%$ until aft] 8  dea?1 & is   
writt5 ) an acrid cynicism fatal to 8   
claim to  hone/y1 !y reveal ! op9ions z 
no m ?an a mask = ambition  born ( hate4
    ,! :ole1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h "s sort (   
backgr\nd2 & !  ,lett]s on ! ,/udy (    
,hi/ory 7#agce7 0 d\btless int5d$ to    
supply x4 ,exp]i5ce is to be ! te/ (    
tru?1 s9ce hi/ory is  philosophy tea*+  
by example4 ,b ,bol+broke's own argum5t 
supplies  its refutation4 ,8 hi/ory is  

an arbitr>y selection ( in/ances  int5d$
 to illu/rate ! p>ticul> ideas :i*      
happ5$ to be  upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d4 ,! ,roman
 consuls 7 *os5 by annual election2     
:5ce x is cle> t ,engl& %\ld h1 if n an 
annual1 at lea/  a tri5nial p>liam5t4   
,he ackn[l$ges t ! pa/ 9 "s degree      
unkn[n det]m9es ! pres5t4 ,he has "s n  
unhappy rem>ks ^u !  evils ( an attitude
 :i* fails to look ^u ev5ts f a l>g]    
aspect ?an _! imm$iate environm5t4 ,b 8 
hi/ory is int5d$  less to illu/rate !   
work+ ( pr9ciple ?an to collect cases   
wor?y  ( citation4 ,"t & space d n exi/ 
z categories2 he is z cont5t  ) a ,roman
 anecdote z ) a ,/u>t illu/ration4 ,he  
is will+1  inde$1 to look = ! causes ( !
 ,revolution z f> back z !  reign (     
,james ,i2 ?\gh he %[s 8 lack ( true    
p]ception :5 he  ascribes ! true        
inw>dness ( ! ,re=mation to ! gre$ ( !  
mon>* = ! spoils ( ! cl]gy4 ,at bottom  
:at ma9ly impresses  him is ! imm5se    
influ5ce ( p]sonal accid5t ^u ev5ts4    
,intrigue1 a sudd5 dislike1 "s back/airs

 piece ( gossip1 "h is !  real root (   
great *anges4 ,& :5 he expresses a      
?or\gh contempt  = ! k9d ( "w s*ol>s su*
 z ,scalig] & ,petavius _h  a*iev$1 he  
%[s 8 entire ignorance ( ! me?od :]eby  
alone a  k ( g5]al pr9ciple c be atta9$4
    ,a cle> vision1 ( c\rse1 he has1 &  
he 0 n beguil$ by high  notions (       
pr]ogative or ! l4 ,! div9e "r ( k+s is 
too  /upid to be wor? ! tr\ble (        
refutation2 all t makes a k+  important 
is ! au?ority he ex]ts4 ,s1 too1 ) !    
,*ur*2 =  ,bol+broke1 z a pr(ess$ dei/1 
has no tr\ble ) su* matt]s z  ! apo/olic
 succession4 ,he makes great %[ ( 8 love
 ( lib]ty1  :i* is ! true end (         
gov]nm5t2 & we are in=m$ ) a va/        
solemnity ( ! p]petual dang] 9 :i* x    
always /&s4 ,s t  ! *ief end (          
patriotism is its ma9t5ance2 ?\gh we are
 nev] told  :at lib]ty is1 nor h[ x is  
to be ma9ta9$4 ,! social compact  seems 
to w9 8 approbation & we le>n t ! secret
 ( !  ,briti% con/itution is ! balance (
 p[]s & _! mutual  indep5d5cy4 ,b :at ! 

p[]s are1 & h[ _! indep5d5ce is  pres]v$
 we d n le>n1 save by an insi/5ce t !   
safety (  ,europe is to be f\nd 9 play+ 
(f ! ambitions ( ,france & ,au/ria      
aga9/ ea* o!r2 an analogy ! rejection ( 
:i* has be5 !  secret ( ,engli%         
con/itutional success4 ,we le>n ( ! evil
 (  /&+ armies & ! dang] ( ,sept5nial   
,p>liam5ts4 ,we are told  t p>ties are  
ma9ly mov$ by ! prospect ( enjoy+ (fice 
&  va/ patronage2 & a great en\gh %[ is 
made ( 8 hatr$ =  corruption z to       
conv9ce at lea/ "s critics ( di/9ction (
 8  s9c]ity4 ,! p>ties ( ! "t _h1 z he  
sees1 become divid$ by no  diff]5ce save
 t ( int]e/2 & h]e91 at lea/1 he %[s u  
h[  completely ! pr9ciples ( !          
,revolution _h become exhau/$4 ,he      
wants sev]e p5alties ^u electoral       
corruption4 ,he w\ld h  disfran*is$ !   
rott5 bor\ghs & exclud$ placem5 f       
,p>liam5t4  ,! press 0 to be free2 & !re
 is at lea/ a degree ( g5]\s  insight 9 
8 plea = a wid] comm]cial fre$om 9      
colonial matt]s4  ,yet :at1 aft] all1   

does ?is mean save t he is fight+ a man 
)  ! patronage at 8 disposal & a        
majority ^u ! committee = !  settlem5t (
 disput$ elections8 ,& :at else c we see
 9 8 desire  = lib]ty ( ! press save a  
desire to fight ,walpole 9 ! op51  )\t  
fe> ( ! p5alties 8 =m] treason _h       
incurr$8    ,8 value c be te/$ 9 ano!r  
way4 ,8 ,idea ( a ,patriot ,k+ is  !    
rem$y = ! ills he has depict$4 ,he 0    
sixty ye>s old :5 x  appe>$1 & he _h !n 
be5 9 active politics = ?irty-five ye>s1
  s t we are entitl$ to reg>d x z !     
fruit ( 8 mature  exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 too   
conv9c$ t ! con/itution 0 9 !  /ricte/  
s5se a b>ga91 a conditional contract    
betwe5 ! pr9ce &  ! p to attempt aga9 ! 
erection ( a sy/em ( pr]ogative4  ,yet x
 is ab\t ! p]son ( ! mon>* t ! !ory     
h+es4 ,he is  to h no p[]s inconsi/5t ) 
! lib]ties ( ! p2 =  su* re/ra9ts w n   
%ackle 8 virtues :ile !y limit ! evil   
prop5sities ( a bad k+4 ,:at is ne$$ is 
a patriot k+ :o w  de/roy corruption &  
awak5 ! _s ( lib]ty4 ,8 effective       

gov]nm5t w syn*ronize ) ! comm5cem5t ( 8
 reign2 & he  w at once dismiss ! old & 
cunn+ m9i/]s1 to replace !m by  s]vants 
:o are wise4 ,he w n /& ^u p>ty1 b ^u ! 
,/ate4  ,he w unite ! =ces ( good c\nsel
 into a s+le s*eme4  ,compla9ts w be    
answ]$1 ! evildo]s puni%$4 ,comm]ce w   
fl[  on ) un9t]rupt$ prosp]ity1 & ! navy
 ( ,engl& receive its  due me$ (        
att5tion4 ,8 conduct mu/ be dignifi$1 & 
he mu/  acquire 8 influ5ce n ap>t f1 b  
on acc\nt (1 ! affection  ( 8 p4        
,concord1 says ,bol+broke 9 rhapsodical 
prospection1  w appe> bre$+ peace &     
prosp]ity on e h&2 ?\gh he  prud5tly    
hopes also t m5 w look back ) affection 
^u "o  :o desir$ life = no?+ s mu* z to 
see a ,k+ ( ,great ,brita9  ! mo/ p[]ful
 man 9 ! c\ntry1 & a patriot ,k+ at !   
head (  a unit$ p4    ,bol+broke himself
 has admitt$ t su* a mon>* w\ld be a    
sort (  /&+ miracle1 & p]haps no o!r    
comm5t ^u 8 sy/em is  requir$4 ,a smile 
9 ,plato at ! sight ( 8 philosoph]-,k+ 9
 su*  /range company might well be      

p>don$4 ,x is only necess>y to po9t  out
 t ! p]son :om ,bol+broke designates =  
?is high function  0 ,fr$]ick1 ,pr9ce ( 
,wales1 to u ! mo/ meagre ( a meagre    
g5]ation1 b to ,bol+broke1 by ^: grace  
he 0 captivat$1 !  greate/ & mo/ glori\s
 ( human be+s4 ,?is exaltation ( !      
mon>* came at a "t :5 a v>iety (        
circum/ances _h comb9$ to  %[ ! decrease
 ( mon>*ical s5tim5t4 ,x be>s ^u its e  
page  ! m>ks ( a p]sonal antagonism4 ,x 
is too obvi\sly ! programme (  a p>ty to
 be capable ( s]i\s int]pretation z a   
sy/em4 ,!  m9i/] :o is to be impea*$1 ! 
wise s]vants :o are to ga9  (fice1 !    
attack on corruption1 ! spirit$ =eign   
policy--all ^!  h ! e>m>ks ( a plat=m r 
?an ( a philosophy4 ,attacks on         
corruption h>dly read well 9 ! m\? ( a  
dissolute gambl]2 & !  "o solid evid5ce 
( deep feel+ is ! rem>k on ! dang] (    
f9ance 9 politics4 ,= none ( ! ,tories  
save ,b>n>d1 :o ow$ 8  p>ty influ5ce    
!reto1 und]/ood ! f9ancial s*emes (     
,walpole2  & s9ce !y 7 8 s*emes obvi\sly

 !y repres5t$ ! triumph  ( devili%      
+5uity4 ,! return ( l&$ m5 to p[] w\ld  
mean !  return ( simplicity to politics2
 & "o c imag9e ! c\ntry  squires1 ! la/ 
resort ( en?usiasm = ,*ur* & ,k+1 feel+ 
t  ,bol+broke _h "h emphasiz$ ! dang]s (
 a rgime :i* already  fa9tly =e%ad[$ _! 
exclusion f p[]4 ,! pamphlet 0 !        
corn]/one 9 ! education ( ,fr$]ick's    
son2 & :5 ,george ,,iii  came to ! ?rone
 he proce$$ to give su* he$ to 8 ma/] z 
!  circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,x is p]haps1 z
 ,mr4 ,a4,l4 ,smi? has argu$1  unfair to
 visit ,bol+broke ) ,george's v]sion ( 8
 ideal2 yet !y  are suffici5tly connect$
 = ! "o to give ! mean+ to ! o!r4       
,*a?am1 inde$1 0 lat] intrigu$ by ?is   
ideal ( a national p>ty2  & be=e        
,disraeli discov]$ t ,engl& does n love 
coalitions he  exp5d$ mu* rhetoric ^u ! 
beauties ( a patriotic k+4 ,b  ,*a?am 0 
a wayw>d g5ius :o _h no?+ ( t in/9ct =  
common  c\nsel :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( p>ty 
gov]nm5t2 :ile x is  necess>y to draw a 
firm l9e betwe5 ,disraeli's g5ial       

declamation &  8 practice :5 9 (fice4 ,x
 is suffici5t to say t ! "o ef=t  f\nd$ 
^u ! pr9ciples ( ,bol+broke end$ 9      
disa/]2 & t  8 own la/ reflections      
express a bitt] disillusion at ! result 
(  ! ev5t :i* he look$ to z !           
inauguration ( ! gold5 age4        ,,ii 
,! fall ( ,walpole1 inde$1 releas$ no   
en]gies = political ?\ght2  ! sy/em     
cont9u$1 ?\gh ! m5 7 diff]5t4 ,:at alone
 c be  detect$ is ! gr[? ( a democratic 
op9ion :i* f\nd its  su/5ance outside ! 
,h\se ( ,commons1 ! op9ion ! /r5g? (    
:i* 0 lat] to =ce ! eld] ,pitt ^u an    
unwill+ k+4 ,an able  pamphlet ( ! "t   
%[s u ! arrival ( ?is unlook$-= port5t4 
,faction detect$ by ! ,evid5ce ( ,facts 
7#agdb7 01 ?\gh x is  anonym\s1#af      
obvi\sly writt5 by "o 9 t\* ) ! inn]    
curr5t  ( affairs4 ,! au?or _h hop$ = ! 
fall ( ,walpole1 ?\gh he sees  ! *aos 9 
its result4 ,a republican _s1 he says1  
has /rangely  aris52 & he goes on to    
tell h[ ! electors ( ,london &  ,we/m9/]
 7 n[ reg>d+ _! memb]s z delegates to   

:om  in/ructions might be issu$4 ,a new 
p>ty ( malcont5ts _h aris51  assum+ to  
!mselves1 ?\gh v falsely1 ! title ( !   
,p4  ,!y affect1 he tells u1 sup]iority 
to ! :ole legislature 444 &  endeavor 9 
effect to animate ! p to resume into _! 
own h&s  t vague & loose au?ority :i*   
exi/s 7unless 9 !ory7 9 !  p ( no c\ntry
 ^u e>?1 & ! inconv5i5ce ( :i* is s     
obvi\s t x is ! fir/ /ep ( mank9d1 :5   
=m$ into society1  to dive/ !mselves (  
x1 & to delegate x =ev] f !mselves4  ,! 
writ] cle>ly =e%ad[s1 ev5 9 8 dislike1 t
 temp] :i*  produc$ ! ,wilkes affair1 & 
made x possible = ,c>twright &  ,horne  
,tooke & ,sir ,?omas ,hollis to become !
 f\nd]s ( ,engli%  radicalism4          
,footnote #af3 ,x 0 probably writt5 by  
,"l ,egmont4    ,yet ! influ5ce ( t     
temp] /ill lay a g5]ation ahead2 & !    
next piece ( import comes f a m9d :i*1  
?\gh p]haps ! mo/  p[]ful ( all :i* h   
appli$ !mselves to political philosophy 
9  ,engl&1 01 f its v scepticism1       
incapable ( con/ructive  ef=t4 ,david   

,hume 0 ?irty-"o ye>s ( age :5 he       
publi%$ 7#agdb7  ! fir/ s]ies ( 8       
essays2 & 8 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature  
:i*  _h fall5 dead-born f ! press 0 9 "s
 sort comp5sat$ by  ! success ( ! new   
"w4 ,! second "p1 entitl$ ,political    
,disc\rses1 0 publi%$ 9 #ageb1 almo/    
simultane\sly ) !  ,inquiry conc]n+ !   
,pr9ciples ( ,morals4 ,z 9 ! case (     
,hume's metaphysical /udies1 !y         
con/itute ! mo/ p[]ful  dissolv5t !     
c5tury 0 to see4 ,yet n[h]e 0 s cle>ly  
to be  demon/rat$ ! eu?anasia into :i*  
,engli% politics _h fall54    ,hume1 (  
c\rse1 is always critical & sugge/ive1 &
 ev5 if he _h  no di/9ctive contribution
 to make1 he gave a new turn to         
speculation4  ,!re is some?+ almo/ (    
magic 9 ! ease ) :i* he demoli%es  div9e
 "r & ! social contract4 ,! "o is an    
inevitable d$uction  f !ism1 b x        
protects an usurp] n less ?an an h]$it>y
  k+1 & gives a div9e commission z well 
to a con/able z to !  mo/ maje/ic pr9ce4
 ,! propon5ts ( ! social contract are 9 

no  bett] case4 ,7 y to prea*1 he       
rem>ks1 9 mo/ p>ts ( !  _w t political  
connections are f\nd$ altoge!r on       
volunt>y  cons5t1 or on a mutual        
promise1 ! magi/rate w\ld soon imprison 
y  z s$iti\s = loos5+ ! ties ( ob$i5ce2 
if y\r fri5ds did  n be=e %ut y up z    
deliri\s = advanc+ su* absurdities4 ,!  
orig9al contract c\ld n be produc$1 &1  
ev5 if x 71 x w\ld  suppose ! cons5t ( !
 fa!rs to b9d ! *ildr5 ev5 to !  mo/    
remote g5]ations4 ,! real tru?1 z he    
rem>ks1 is t almo/  all ! gov]nm5ts :i* 
exi/ at pres5t1 or ( :i* !re rema9s  any
 record 9 /ory1 h be5 f\nd$ orig9ally on
 usurpation1 or on  conque/1 or bo?1 )\t
 any pret5ce ( a fair cons5t or volunt>y
  subjection ( ! p4 ,if we !n ask :y    
ob$i5ce is possible1 !  suffici5t answ] 
is t x becomes s famili> t mo/ m5 nev]  
make any inquiry ab\t its orig9 or      
cause1 any m ?an ab\t !  pr9ciple (     
gravity1 resi/ance1 or ! mo/ univ]sal   
laws ( nature4    ,gov]nm5t1 9 %ort1 is 
dep5d5t ^u ! inescapable facts (        

psy*ology4 ,x might be unnecess>y if all
 desires c\ld be individually  fulfill$ 
by mak+ !m1 or if man %[$ to 8 fell[-m5 
! same  t5d] reg>d he has = himself4 ,s 
happy a condition does n exi/2  &       
gov]nm5t is ! mo/ useful way ( rem$y+ ! 
defects ( our  situation4 ,a !ologian   
might say t ,hume d]ives gov]nm5t f     
orig9al s92 to :i* he w\ld h repli$ by  
d5y+ ! fall4 ,8  :ole attitude is simply
 an insi/5ce t utility is ! t\*/one (   
in/itutions1 & he may claim to be ! fir/
 ?9k] :o attempt$ its  application to ! 
:ole field ( political sci5ce4 ,he kn[s 
t  op9ion is ! sov]eign rul] ( mank9d1 &
 t ideas ( utility lie  at ! base ( !   
?\ghts :i* get accept$4 ,he does n1     
inde$1  d5y t fe> & cons5t ent] into !  
attitude ( m52 he simply  ass]ts t ^!   
also are f\nd$ ^u a judgm5t ( utility 9 
!  ?+ judg$4 ,we obey because o!rwise   
society c\ld n subsi/1 &  society       
subsi/s = its utility4 ,m51 he says c\ld
 n live at all  9 society1 at lea/ 9 a  
civiliz$ society1 )\t laws &  magi/rates

 & judges1 to prev5t ! encroa*m5ts ( !  
/rong ^u  ! weak1 ( ! viol5t ^u ! j &   
equitable4    ,utilit>ianism is1 (      
c\rse1 above all a me?od2 & x is n      
unfair  to say ( ,hume t he did n get v 
f> beyond insi/5ce on t  po9t4 ,he sees 
t ! subjection ( ! _m to ! few is root$ 
9  human impulse2 b he has no p5etrat+  
inquiry1 su* z t ( ,locke  or ,hobbes1  
into ! purpose ( su* subjection4 ,s1    
too1 x is ! s5se  ( public int]e/ :i*   
det]m9es m5's ?\ghts on gov]nm5t1 on :o 
%\ld rule1 & :at %\ld be ! sy/em (      
prop]ty2 b ! e?ical  sub/ance ( ^!      
que/ions he leaves undet]m9$4 ,politics1
 he  ?9ks1 may "o day be a sci5ce2 ?\gh 
he consid]s ! _w /ill  too "y = g5]al   
tru?s !re94 ,! maxims he sugge/s z (    
p]man5t value1 t a h]$it>y pr9ce1 a     
nobility )\t vassals1  & a p vot+ by _! 
repres5tatives =m ! be/ mon>*y1         
autocracy & democracy2 t free gov]nm5ts 
444 are ! mo/  ru9\s & oppressive to _! 
prov9ces2 t republics are m  favorable  
to sci5ce1 mon>*ies to art2 t ! dea? ( a

 political  body is inevitable2 w\ld    
none ( !m1 probably1 be accept$ by mo/  
?9k]s at ! pres5t "t4 ,& :5 he con/ructs
 an ideal  con/itution1 irrespective (  
"t & place1 :i* is to be reg>d$ z       
practical because x resembles t (       
,holl&1 x is obvi\s t !  hi/orical me?od
 _h n yet come fully into be+4    ,yet  
,hume is full ( fla%es ( deep wisdom1 & 
x w\ld be an avoidance  ( ju/ice n to   
note ! ext5t ( ! spasmodic insight t he 
_h4  ,he has a ke5 eye = ! absurdity (  
,pope's maxim t adm9i/ration  is all 9  
all2 no?+ c ev] make ! =ms ( gov]nm5t   
immat]ial4  ,he accepts ,h>r+ton's      
dictum t ! sub/ance ( gov]nm5t          
corresponds to ! di/ribution ( prop]ty1 
)\t mak+ x1 z lat]  ?9k]s h done1 !     
f\ndation ( all political =ces4 ,he sees
 t  ! ,cr[n _c influ5ce ! mass ( m51 or 
)/& ! new balance  ( prop]ty 9 ! ,/ate2 
a prophecy ( :i* ! accuracy 0           
demon/rat$ by ! failure ( ,george ,,iii4
 ,9 all gov]nm5ts1 z he  says1 !re is a 
p]petual inte/9al /ruggle1 op5 or       

secret1  betwe5 ,au?ority & ,lib]ty2    
?\gh 8 judgm5t t nei!r c  ev] absolutely
 prevail1 %[s u r t we are on ! ?re%old 
( laissez-faire ?an t ,hume really      
und]/ood ! problem (  fre$om4 ,he       
realiz$ t ! ,h\se ( ,commons _h become !
 pivot (  ! ,/ate2 ?\gh he look$ ) dread
 ^u ! onset ( popul>  gov]nm5t4 ,he saw 
! inevitability ( p>ties1 z also _!     
t5d5cy  to p]si/ 9 t]ms ( m5 in/ead (   
pr9ciples4 ,he 0 conv9c$ (  ! necessity 
( lib]ty to ! progress ( ! arts &       
sci5ces2 &  no "o1 save ,adam ,smi?1 has
 m acutely insi/$ ^u ! evil effect  on  
comm]ce ( an absolute gov]nm5t4 ,he     
emphasiz$ ! value (  fre$om ( ! press1 9
 :i* he saw ! secret :]eby ! mix$       
gov]nm5t ( ,engl& 0 ma9ta9$4 ,x has also
 be5 f\nd1 he said  9 a happy phrase1   
444 t ! p are no su* dang]\s mon/]s  z  
!y h be5 repres5t$1 & t x is 9 e respect
 bett] to  guide !m l rational creatures
 ?an to lead or drive !m l brute  bea/s4
 ,!re is1 9 fact1 h>dly a page ( 8 "w 9 
:i* "s su*  acut5ess may n be f\nd4     

,n1 inde$1 t a curi\s bl9dness is abs5t4
 ,hume 0 a typical  *ild ( "o aspect ( !
 eighte5? c5tury 9 8 hatr$ (  en?usiasm1
 & ! =m 9 :i* he mo/ abom9ates x is     
religi\s4  ,:y p's religi\s op9ions %\ld
 lead to antagonism he c\ld no  m und]/&
 ?an :y p %\ld refuse to pass "o ano!r  
on a  road4 ,w>s ( religion ?us seem$ to
 him bas$ ^u a m]ely frivol\s  pr9ciple2
 & 9 8 ideal commonweal? he made ! ,*ur*
 a dep>tm5t  ( ! ,/ate le/ x %\ld get   
out ( h&4 ,he 01 moreov]1 a /atic       
philosoph]1 di/urb$ by signs ( political
 re/lessness2 & ?is l$  to ! purgation (
 ,:ig doctr9es f 8 writ+s1 & _!         
consi/5t replacem5t by a cynical        
cons]vatism4 ,he 0 always afraid  t     
popul> gov]nm5t w\ld mean mob-rule2 &   
absolute gov]nm5t is  accord+ly         
recomm5d$ z ! eu?anasia ( ! ,briti%     
con/itution4  ,n ev5 ! example ( ,sw$5  
conv9c$ him t a /&+ army might  exi/ )\t
 civil lib]ty be+ endang]$2 & he has all
 ! noxi\s  fallacies ( 8 "t ^u ! balance
 ( p[]4 ,above all1 x is  /rik+ to see 8

 helplessness be=e ! problem ( national 
"*4 ,ma9ly he ascribes x to ! =m (      
gov]nm5t1 & t 9  turn to *ance4 ,ev5 !  
fri5d ( ,montesquieu c see no           
significance  9 race or climate4 ,!     
idea1 9 fact1 ( evolution is entirely   
abs5t  f 8 political speculation4       
,political life1 l human life1 ends 9   
dea?2 & ! problem is to make our egress 
z com=table z we c1  = ! prime evil is  
di/urbance4 ,x is difficult n to feel t 
!re is almo/ a physical basis 9 8 own   
disease = ?is love (  quiet4 ,! man :o  
put indol5ce among ! prim>y motives (   
human  happ9ess 0 n likely to view novel
 !ories ) unruffl$ temp]4    ,hume has  
an em95t place among economi/s1 & = "o  
to :om !  /udy ( su* ph5om5a 0 b a      
casual inquiry1 x is m>vel\s h[  mu* he 
saw4 ,he is free f ! crude errors (     
m]cantilism2 &  tw5ty ye>s be=e ,adam   
,smi? hopes1 z a ,briti% subject1 = !   
prosp]ity ( o!r c\ntries4 ,free         
communication & ex*ange seems  to him an
 ord9ance ( nature2 & he heaps contempt 

^u ^?  numb]less b>s1 ob/ructions &     
impo/s :i* all nations ( ,europe1  &    
none m ?an ,engl&1 h put ^u trade4      
,specie he places 9  its true light z   
m]ely a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,! suppos$     
antagonism  betwe5 comm]ce & agriculture
 he disposes ( 9 a half-doz5  effective 
s5t5ces4 ,he sees ! place ( "t & di/ance
 9 !  discussion ( economic want4 ,he   
sees ! value ( a g5]al level (  economic
 equality1 ev5 :ile he is sceptical (   
its atta9m5t4 ,he  insi/s ^u ! economic 
value ( high wages1 ?\gh he some:at     
belittles ! importance ( weal? 9 !      
a*ievem5t ( happ9ess4  ,be=e ,b5?am1 :o 
on ?is po9t conv]t$ ,adam ,smi?1 he knew
 t !  rate ( int]e/ dep5ds ^u ! supply (
 & dem& = loans4 ,he  insi/s t comm]ce  
dem&s a free gov]nm5t = its progress1   
po9t+ out1 d\btless f 8 abundant ,fr5*  
exp]i5ce1 t an  absolute gov]nm5t gives 
to ! comm]cial class an insuffici5t     
/atus  ( honor4 ,he po9t$ out1 d\btless 
) ,france aga9 9 8 m9d1 !  evils ( an   
arbitr>y sy/em ( taxation4 ,!y are      

commonly conv]t$1  he says ) unwont$    
sev]ity1 into puni%m5ts on indu/ry2 &   
also1  by _! unavoidable inequality1 are
 m griev\s1 ?an by ! real  burd5 :i* !y 
impose4 ,& he emphasizes 8 belief t !   
be/  taxes are ^? :i*1 l taxes ^u       
luxury1 press lea/ ^u !  poor4    ,su*  
insight is extraord9>y en\gh 9 !        
pre-,adamite epo*2 b ev5  m rem>kable   
are 8 psy*ological f\ndations4 ,! weal? 
( !  ,/ate1 he says1 is ! labor ( its   
subjects1 & !y "w because !  wants ( man
 are n a /at$ sum1 b multiply e mom5t ^u
  him4 ,! desire = weal? comes f ! idea 
( pleasure2 & 9 !  ,treatise on ,human  
,nature he discusses ) sup]b cl>ity !   
way 9  :i* ! idea ( pleasure is relat$  
at once to individual satisfaction  & to
 t sympa?y = o!rs :i* is "o ( ! roots ( 
social  exi/5ce4 ,he po9ts out ! ne$ =  
happ9ess 9 "w4 ,! m9d1 he  writes1      
acquires new vigor1 enl>ges its p[]s &  
faculties1 & by  an assiduity 9 hone/   
indu/ry bo? satisfies its own appetites 
&  prev5ts gr[? ( unnatural ones2 ?\gh1 

l 8 pr$ecessor1  ,francis ,hut*eson1 he 
ov]emphasizes ! delights op5$ by        
civilization  to ! humbl] class ( m54   
,he gives l>ge space 9 8 discussion to  
! p[] ( w2 &1 inde$1 "o ( ! ma9         
advantages he ascrib$  to gov]nm5t 0 !  
compulsion x puts ^u u to all[ !        
categories  ( "t & space a "p 9 our     
calculations4 ,he does n1 be+ 9 8  own  
life entirely free f av>ice1 reg>d !    
appetite = ri*es z  man's ma9 motive to 
exi/5ce2 ?\gh no "o 0 m urg5t 9 8       
insi/5ce t ! avidity ( acquir+ goods &  
possessions =  ourselves & our ne>e/    
fri5ds is 444 de/ructive ( society      
unless  balanc$ by consid]ations (      
ju/ice4 ,& :at he !re9 int5d$ may  be   
ga!r$ f ! lib]al notions ( equality he  
manife/$4 ,e  p]son1 he wrote 9 a fam\s 
passage1 if possible ought to enjoy !   
fruits ( 8 labor 9 a full possession (  
all ! necess>ies1 &  _m ( ! conv5i5ces (
 life4 ,no "o c d\bt b su* an equality  
is mo/ suitable to human nature1 &      
dim9i%es mu* less ! happ9ess  ( ! ri*   

?an x adds to t ( ! poor4 ,x is cle> t  
we h  mov$ f> f ! n>r[ conf9es ( ! old  
political ari?metic4 ,!  !ory ( utility 
enables ,hume to see ! scope (          
economics--! ^w  itself he did n "k--9 a
 m g5]\s p]spective ?an at any  previ\s 
"t4 ,x w\ld be too mu* to say t 8 grasp 
( its  psy*ological f\ndation enabl$ him
 entirely to move f !  limitations ( !  
old] concept ( a national prosp]ity     
express$ only  9 t]ms ( bullion to !    
view ( economics z a social sci5ce4 ,b  
at  lea/ he saw t economics is root$ 9 !
 nature ( m5 & !re9  he _h ! secret (   
its true und]/&+4 ,! ,weal? ( ,nations  
w\ld less easily h made its way _h n !  
insight ( ,hume prep>$  ! road = its    
reception4    ,:at1 !n1 & 9 g5]al1 is 8 
place 9 ! hi/ory ( political  ?\ght8    
,cle>ly en\gh1 he is n ! f\nd] ( a      
sy/em2 8 "w is  r a s]ies ( pregnant    
h9ts ?an a consecutive acc\nt (         
political facts4 ,nor mu/ we belittle ! 
debt he owes to 8  pr$ecessors4 ,mu*1   
c]ta9ly1 he ow$ to ,locke1 & ! full     

radiance  ( ! ,scotti% enlight5m5t      
em]ges into ! day ) 8 tea*+4  ,francis  
,hut*eson gave him no small inspiration2
 & ,hut*eson means  t he 0 indebt$ to   
,%aftesbury4 ,inde$1 !re is mu* ( !     
/urdy  commons5se ( ! ,scotti% s*ool    
ab\t him1 p>ticul>ly p]haps 9  t        
int]weav+ ( e?ics1 politics & economics1
 :i* is  *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ool f         
,hut*eson 9 ! middle sev5te5?  c5tury1  
to ! able1 if neglect$1 ,lorim] 9 !     
n9ete5?4#ag ,he is  entitl$ to be       
consid]$ ! real f\nd] ( utilit>ianism4  
,he fir/  %[$ h[ difficult x is 9       
politics to draw a di/9ction betwe5     
e?ical "r & m5's op9ion ( :at ought to  
be4 ,he br+s to an end  :at ,col]idge   
happily call$ ! metapolitical s*ool4    
,aft] him we  are done ) ! abuse (      
hi/ory to bol/] up ,div9e ,"r & social  
contract2 = !re is cle>ly pres5t 9 8 use
 ( facts a true s5se  ( hi/orical me?od4
 ,he put an end also to ! confusion :i* 
result$  f ! ef=t ( ?9k]s to erect /&>ds
 ( "r & wrong  indep5d5t ( all positive 

law4 ,he took ! facts z ph5om5a to be   
expla9$ r ?an z illu/rations ( "s       
favorite !sis to be  ma9ta9$ 9 "p       
defiance ( !m4 ,conv5tional ,:iggism has
 no  foo?old aft] he has done ) its     
analysis4 ,8 utilit>ianism 0 !  fir/    
effici5t sub/itute = ! labor$           
metaphysics ( ! contract  s*ool2 & ev5  
if he 0 n ! fir/ to see ?r\gh its       
pret5sions--t is p]haps ! claim (       
,%aftesbury--he 0 ! fir/  to %[ ! gr\nds
 ( _! uselessness4 ,he saw t hi/ory &   
psy*ology toge!r provide ! mat]ials = a 
political philosophy4  ,s t ev5 if he   
c\ld n himself con/ruct x ! h9ts at lea/
  7 !re4    ,footnote #ag3 ,!re are few 
books :i* %[ s cle>ly z ,lorim]'s       
,in/itutes ( ,nations 7#ahgb7 h[ fully !
 ,scotti% s*ool 0 9 !  mid/ream (       
,european ?\ght4    ,8 sugge/iv5ess1    
inde$1 may be measur$ 9 ano!r fa%ion4 ,!
  metaphysics ( ,burke1 s f> z "o may   
use a t]m he w\ld himself h  repudiat$1 
are l>gely ^? ( ,hume4 ,! place ( habit 
& ( social  in/9ct alongside ( cons5t1 !

 p]ception t reason alone w n  expla9   
political facts1 ! emphasis ^u resi/ance
 z ( la/ resort1  ! d5ial t allegiance  
is a m]e contract to be pres5tly        
expla9$1  ! deep respect = ord]--all ^! 
are1 aft] all1 ! fabric f  :i* ! ?\ght (
 ,burke 0 wov54 ,nor is !re 9 ,b5?am's  
def5ce  ( ,utilit>ianism argum5t 9 :i*  
he w\ld h recogniz$ novelty4  ,h]e91 at 
lea/1 8 pro( t morality is no m ?an     
g5]al  op9ion ( utility con/ructs1 9    
brief] =m1 ! lat] argum5ts (  ,b5?am1   
,paley & ! ,mills1 nor c _! mode (      
/atem5t claim  sup]iority to ,hume's4 ,s
 t on ei!r side ( 8 "w he =e%ad[s  !    
adv5t ( ! two great s*ools ( mod]n      
political ?\ght4 ,8  utilit>ianism is ! 
real pa? by :i* radical op9ion at la/   
f\nd  means ( acceptance4 ,8 use (      
hi/ory is1 ?r\gh ,burke1 ! ance/or  ( t 
specializ$ cons]vatism begott5 ( !      
hi/orical me?od4 ,if  !re is ?us s mu*1 
x is1 ( c\rse1 tempt+ to ask :y !re is  
n m4 ,if ,hume has ! mat]ials :y did he 
fail to build up a sy/em  f !m8 ,! answ]

 seems tw(old4 ,9 "p x is ! man himself4
 ,8  g5ius1 z 8 metaphysics %[1 lay     
ess5tially 9 8 p[] (  de/ruction2 & !   
man :o gave solipsism to philosophy 0 n 
likely  to effect a new creation 9      
politics4 ,9 "p1 also1 ! condition (  ! 
"t gave little /imulus to novelty4 ,h]e9
 ,hume 0 born a  g5]ation too e>ly4 ,_h 
he writt5 :5 ,george ,,iii attempt$ !   
de/ruction ( ! sy/em ( ! ,revolution1 & 
:5 ,am]ica & ,france  comb9$ to raise   
aga9 ! basic que/ions ( politics1 he    
might h  done !re9 :at ,adam ,smi?      
effect$ 9 8 own field4 ,b ! "t _h  n yet
 come2 & x 0 left to ,burke & ,b5?am to 
reap :]e he _h  s[n4          ,,*apt] ,v
    ,,signs ,,( ,,*ange        ,i       
,f ,hume until ! publication ( ,burke's 
,pres5t ,discont5ts 7#aggj7  !re is no  
"w on ,engli% politics ( ! fir/         
importance4 ,walpole  _h fall5 9 #agdb2 
b = ! next fifte5 ye>s 8 me?ods dom9at$ 
! p>liam5t>y sc5e4 ,x 0 only ) ! adv5t (
 ! eld] ,pitt  to p[] t a new temp] may 
be obs]v$1 a temp] quick5$ by :at       

foll[$ on ! accession ( ,george ,,iii4  
,h5ce=w>d1 x is n untrue  to say t !    
e>ly complac5cy ( ! "t 0 lo/2 or1 at    
lea/1 x  0 no long] 9 ! asc5dant aga9   
until ! excesses ( ! ,fr5*  ,revolution 
enabl$ ,burke to p]suade 8 c\ntrym5 into
 t grim  satisfaction ) _! own a*ievem5t
 ( :i* ,"l ,eldon is !  /&+ model4 ,!   
signs ( *ange are 9 ea* in/ance slight1 
?\gh  collectively !y acquire           
significance4 ,x 0 difficult = m5 to    
grumble :]e1 z "u ,walpole1 ea* h>ve/   
br\ght !m great]  prosp]ity1 or :]e1 z  
"u ,*a?am1 !y leap$ f victory to        
victory4 ,some?+ ( ! exhil>ation ( ^!   
ye>s we c /ill cat*  9 ! lett]s :i* %[ !
 ef=t made by ! jad$ ,horace ,walpole to
  turn (f ) easy laught] 8 deep s5se (  
pride4 ,9 ! ,h\se (  ,commons1 inde$1   
!re is no?+1 until ! ,wilkes case1 to %[
 t a  new age has come4 ,x is 9 ! novels
 ( ,ri*>dson & ,field+1 !  fir/ %y h9ts 
( ! romantic temp] 9 ,gray & ,coll9s1   
above all 9  ! awak5+ ( political       
sci5ce1 t novelty is app>5t4    ,s f> z 

a new curr5t ( ?\ght c ev] be ref]r$ to 
a s+le  s\rce1 ! ,fr5* influ5ce is !    
effective cause ( *ange4 ,voltaire  &   
,montesquieu _h bo? visit$ ,engl& 9 !   
p]iod ( ,walpole's  adm9i/ration1 & bo? 
_h be5 greatly influ5c$ by :at !y saw4  
,r\sseau1 inde$1 came lat] on t amaz+   
voyage :i* !  good-natur$ ,hume insi/$  
w\ld save him f 8 dread ( p]secution1  &
 !re is evid5ce en\gh t he did n reli% 8
 exp]i5ce4 ,yet  :5 he came1 9 #agfb1 to
 publi% ! ,contrat ,social x 0 obvi\s  t
 he _h drunk deeply ( ,engli% ?\ght4 ,! 
real mean+ ( _!  "w to ,engli%m5 lay 9 !
 p]spective !y gave to ,engli%          
in/itutions4 ,naturally en\gh1 !re 0 a  
va/ diff]5ce betwe5 !  simplicity ( a   
gov]nm5t :]e sov]eignty 0 ! mon>*'s w & 
"o 9 :i* a complex di/ribution ( p[]s 0 
f\nd to secure a  g5]al fre$om4 ,!      
,fr5*m5 7 amaz$ at ! g5]\s equality (   
,engli% judicial proc$ure4 ,! lib]ty (  
unlic5s$ pr9t+--less  admirable ?an !y  
acc\nt$ x--! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,habeas  
,corpus & a lettre de ca*et1 ! regul>   

succession ( ,p>liam5ts1  all ^!        
impress$ !m1 :o knew ! mean+ ( _!       
abs5ce1 z a  magnific5t a*ievem5t4 ,!   
,engli% con/itution reveal$ to ,france  
an  imm5se & unus$ res]voir (           
philosophic illu/ration4 ,ev5 to        
,engli%m5 itself t mean+ 0 b p>tly kn[n4
 ,locke's sy/em 0  a g5]alization f its 
significance at a special crisis4 ,hume 
_h  p>tial glimpses ( its inn] sub/ance4
 ,b = mo/ x _h become a  discreet s]ies 
( rem$ies = p>ticul> wrongs4 ,its       
analysis z a  connect$ :ole invigorat$  
?\ght z no?+ _h done s9ce ! ,civil  ,w>s
 _h elaborat$ ! !ory ( p>liam5t>y       
sov]eignty4 ,:at 0  m significant 0 !   
realization ( ,montesquieu's import     
simultane\sly ) ! ef=t ( ,george ,,iii  
to revive cr[n influ5ce4  ,montesquieu  
?us became ! prophet ( a new race (     
?9k]s4  ,r\sseau's "t 0 n yet2 ?\gh )9 a
 score ( ye>s x 0  possible to see him z
 ! rival to ,burke's cons]vatism4    ,x 
is wor? :ile to l+] = a mom5t ^u ! !sis 
:i* und]lies  ! ,esprit des ,lois       

7#agdh74 ,x is a commonplace n[ t       
,montesquieu  is to be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] 
( ! hi/orical me?od4 ,! pres5t  is to be
 expla9$ by its ance/ry4 ,laws1         
gov]nm5ts1 cu/oms are n  tru?s absolute 
& univ]sal1 b relative to ! "t ( _!     
orig9  & ! c\ntry f :i* !y d]ive4 ,x    
w\ld be inaccurate1 )  ,r\sseau on !    
?re%old1 to say t 8 influ5ce demoli%$ ! 
sy/ems ( political ab/raction :i*1 at _!
 logical be/1 & 9  ! mo/ complete       
unreality1 are to be f\nd 9 ,godw9's    
,political  ,ju/ice2 b x is n beyond !  
m>k to affirm t aft] 8 "t  su* ab/ract  
sy/ems 7 on ! def5sive4 ,!re91 ) all 8  
faults1 he _h giv5 ,burke ! clue to ^?  
tru?s he s pr(\ndly  saw--! s5se ( !    
,/ate z m ?an a me*anical contrivance1 !
  high reg>d = prescription1 ! s5se (   
law z ! voice ( pa/  wisdom4 ,he 01 said
 ,burke1 ! greate/ g5ius :i* has        
enlight5$  ?is age2 & ,burke _h e reason
 to utt] t noble panegyric4 ,b          
,montesquieu 0 m ?an ?is4 ,he emphasiz$ 
legislation z ! ma9  me*anism ( social  

*ange2 & !re9 he is ! p>5t ( t  decisive
 rev]sal ( pa/ me?ods ( :i* ,b5?am fir/ 
reveal$ !  true significance4 ,nor _h   
any ?9k] be=e 8 "t s emphasiz$ !        
importance ( lib]ty z ! true end (      
gov]nm5t2 ev5 ! placid  ,black/one      
adopt$ ! utt]ance f him 9 8 inaugural   
lecture z  ,v9]ian pr(essor4 ,he insi/$1
 too1 on ! dang] ( p]v]sion to  :i*     
political pr9ciple lies op52 a feel+ :i*
 f\nd consi/5t  utt]ance bo? 9 ! debates
 ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 & 9  !   
writ+s ( ,b5?am & ,james ,mill4 ,:at1   
p]haps1 is mo/  imm$iately significant  
is 8 fam\s praise ( ! ,briti%           
,con/itution--! secret ( :i* he entirely
 misappreh5d$--& 8  discov]y ( its      
ess5ce 9 ! sep>ation ( p[]s4 ,! %ort    
six?  *apt] ( 8 elev5? book is ! real   
keynote ( ,black/one & ,de  ,lolme4 ,x  
l$ !m to inve/igate1 on pr9ciples ( at  
lea/ d\btful  validity1 an edifice nev] 
be=e describ$ 9 detail4 ,x is1 :5 !  la/
 criticism has be5 made1 an imm5se /ep  
=w>d f ! unc\?  antiqu>ianism ( ,coke's 

,second ,in/itute to ! neatly reticulat$
  /ructure erect$ ^u ! f\ndations (     
,montesquieu's h9t4 ,t x  0 wrong 0 less
 important ?an t ! attempt %\ld h be5   
made4 ,! evil t m5 d lives aft] !m2 &   
few doctr9es h be5  m noxi\s 9 _!       
consequ5ce ?an ?is !ory ( *ecks &       
balances4 ,b ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies   
7#agfe-i7 produc$ ,b5?am's  ,fragm5t on 
,gov]nm5t 7#aggf71 & ) t book we ent] ^u
 !  reali/ic /udy ( ! ,briti%           
,con/itution4    ,r\sseau is 9 an       
anti!tic tradition2 b j z he drew f     
,engli% ?9k]s s did he ex]cise ^u ! next
 g5]ation an  influ5ce ! m logical      
because ! inf]5ces he drew 7 ^?  t 8    
ma/]s1 ) ! ,engli% love ( compromise1 _h
 s\ght to  avoid4 ,r\sseau is ! disciple
 ( ,locke2 & ! real diff]5ce  betwe5 !m 
is no m ?an a removal ( ! limitations ^u
 ! p[]  ( gov]nm5t :i* ,locke _h        
propos$4 ,x is a removal at e po9t      
condition$ by ! int]e/ ( ! p4 ,=        
,r\sseau decl>$ t  ! exi/+ di/ribution (
 p[] 9 ,europe 0 a mon/r\s ?+1 &  he    

made ! p sov]eign t !re might be no     
h9drance to _!  a*ievem5t 9 ! %ape (    
s9i/] int]e/4 ,! p[]s ( ! p  ?us became 
_! rights & h]e9 0 an unlimit$ sanction 
=  innovation4 ,x is easy en\gh !n to   
und]/& :y su* a philosophy  %\ld h be5  
ana!ma to ,burke4 ,r\sseau's eag]       
sympa?y = humble  m51 8 optimi/ic fai? 9
 ! imm$iate prospect ( popul> p[]  7 to 
,burke ! symptoms ( insane delusion & _!
 au?or !  great pr(essor & f\nd] ( !    
philosophy ( vanity 9 ,engl&4  ,b ,burke
 =got t ! real secret ( ,r\sseau's      
influ5ce 0 !  success ( ! ,am]ican      
,revolution2 & no "o _h done m ?an      
,burke  himself to promote its cause &  
ju/ify its pr9ciples4 ,t revolution     
e/abli%$ :at ,europe might well consid] 
a democracy2 & its  /atesm5 7 a/oni%$ n 
less at ! vigilance ) :i* ,am]ica  gu>d$
 aga9/ ! gr[? ( autocratic gov]nm5t1 ?an
 at !  sob]ness ) :i* x *eck$ ! suppos$ 
weakness ( ! sov]eign  p4 ,am]ica made  
h]self indep5d5t :ile :at 0 be/ 9       
,europe  comb9$ 9 en?usia/ic applause2 &

 x seem$ z ?\gh ! maxims (  ,r\sseau _h 
be5 tak5 to he>t & t a s+le1 vigor\s    
ex]tion (  p[] c\ld remove :at          
delib]ation 0 impot5t to secure4 ,"h    
,r\sseau _h a message = ,great ,brita9  
:i* ,burke at e /age  d5i$4 ,nor1 at !  
mom5t1 0 x influ5tial except 9 ! g5]al  
impetus x gave to ?\ght4 ,b f ! mom5t ( 
its appe>ance x is  an und]curr5t (     
decisive importance2 & :ile 9 its       
metaphysical  =m x fail$ to comm&       
acceptance1 9 ! h&s ( ,b5?am its        
results 7 victori\s4 ,b5?am diff]s f    
,r\sseau n 9 !  conclusions he recomm5ds
 s mu* z 9 ! language 9 :i* he clo!s    
!m4 ,ei!r make a f9al end ( ! optimism (
 m5 l ,hume &  ,black/one1 or ! v5]ation
 = ! pa/ :i* is at ! root (  ,burke's   
own tea*+4    ,x is easy to see :y ?\ght
 su* z ?is %\ld h giv5 !  /imulus x did4
 ,montesquieu came to praise ! ,briti%  
con/itution at  a "t :5 good m5 7 agha/ 
at its p]v]sion4 ,!re 0 no room 9  _m   
ye>s = revolution1 b at lea/ !re 0 place
 = he>ty  discont5t & a seek+ aft] new  

me?ods4 ,( t temp] two m5 s  diff]5t z !
 eld] ,pitt & ,wilkes are ! political   
symbols4 ,!  =m]'s rise to p[] ^u !     
floodtide ( popul> en?usiasm meant  no?+
 s mu* z a prote/ aga9/ ! cynical       
corruption ( !  previ\s g5]ation4       
,wilkes 0 a sign t ! populace 0 sl[ly   
awak+ to a s5se ( its own p[]4 ,! ,fr5* 
cre$ 0 too purely  logical1 too obvi\sly
 ! outcome ( ali5 conditions1 to fit 9  
its  entirety ! ,engli% facts2 &1 x mu/ 
be admitt$1 memories ( wood5  %oes play$
 n a little "p 9 its rejection4 ,!      
rights ( man made  only a p>tial appeal 
until ! mis]ies ( ,pitt's w>s %[$ :at 0 
involv$ 9 t rejection2 & !n x 0 too     
late4 ,b no "o c\ld  feel )\t be+ /irr$ 
! illum9ation ( ,montesquieu2 &         
,r\sseau's que/ions1 ev5 if !y prov$    
unansw]able1 7 /uff =  ?\ght4 ,! "w ( ! 
=ty ye>s be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution is    
no?+ s mu* z a prep>ation = ,b5?am4 ,!  
torpor sl[ly passes4  ,! !ori/s build an
 edifice ea* "p ( :i* a man ^: passion  
is  attun$ to ! ,engli% nature c %[ to  

be obsolete & ugly4 ,if !  ,fr5* ?9k]s  
_h conf]r$ no o!r b5efit1 t1 at lea/1   
w\ld  h be5 a supreme a*ievem5t4        
,,ii      ,! fir/ book to %[ ! signs (  
*ange came 9 #ageg4 ,john ,br[n's       
,e/imate ( ! ,mann]s & ,pr9ciples ( !   
,times is l>gely  =gott5 n[2 ?\gh x w5t 
?r\gh sev5 editions 9 a ye> & 0  at once
 translat$ into ,fr5*4 ,br[n 0 a        
cl]gyman1 a m9or planet 9  ! va/        
,w>burtonian sy/em1 :o _h already       
publi%$ a volume (  comm5t ^u !         
,*>act]i/ics ( ,%aftesbury4 ,8 book is  
too  evid5tly modell$ ^u ,montesquieu1  
:om he m5tions ) rev]5ce1 to  make u    
d\bt its d]ivation4 ,!re is ! same      
reliance ^u ,livy &  ,ma*iavelli1 ! same
 attempt at /rik+ g5]alization2 ?\gh !  
argum5t ^u :i* ,br[n's conclusions are  
bas$ is seldom giv51  p]haps because 8  
geometric cl>ity ( /atem5t impress$ him 
z  self-demon/rative4 ,br[n's volumes   
are an essay ^u ! depravity (  ! times4 
,he does n d5y x humanit>ianism1 & a    
/ill l+]+  s5se ( fre$om1 b x is /eep$ 9

 corruption & displays no?+  s mu* z a  
luxuri\s & selfi% effem9acy4 ,he        
condemns !  univ]sities out ( h&1 9     
phrases :i* ,gibbon & ,adam ,smi? w\ld  
n h reject$4 ,he deplores ! decay ( ta/e
 & le>n+4 ,m5  trifle ) ,hume's gay     
impieties1 & c\ld n1 if !y w\ld1        
appreciate ! great works ( ,bi%op       
,w>burton4 ,politics has become  no?+   
save a means ( promot+ selfi% int]e/s4  
,! *ur*1 !  !atre1 & ! arts h all ( !m  
lo/ _! =m] virtues4 ,!  neurotic temp] (
 ! times is kn[n to all4 ,! nation1 z 0 
%[n  9 #agde1 :5 a h&ful ( ,highl&]s    
p5etrat$ )\t opposition to  ! he>t ( !  
k+dom1 has gr[n slack & c[>dly4 ,gambl+ 
p5etrates e nook & cranny ( ! upp]      
class2 ! (fic]s ( !  army devote        
!mselves to fa%ion2 ! navy's ma9 desire 
is = prize  money4 ,ev5 ! dome/ic       
affections are at a l[ ebb2 & ! gr& t\r 
br+s back a new species ( ,italianate   
,engli%man4 ,! poor1 inde$1  ! middle   
class1 & ! legal & m$ical pr(essions1   
,br[n  specifically exempts f ?is       

indictm5t4 ,b he emphasizes 8 belief  t 
?is is unimportant4 ,! mann]s &         
pr9ciples ( ^? :o  lead1 he says1 444 n 
( ^? :o are gov]n$ 444 w ev]  det]m9e ! 
/r5g? or weakness1 & !re=e ! cont9uance 
or  dissolution ( a /ate4    ,?is       
pr(ligacy ,br[n comp>es to ! languid    
vice :i* prec$$ !  fall ( ,c>?age & (   
,rome2 & he sees ! approa*+ ru9 ( ,great
  ,brita9 at ! h&s ( ,france1 unless x c
 be cur$4 ,s f> z he has  an explanation
 to (f]1 x seems to be ! fault (        
,walpole1 & !  decay ( religi\s s5tim5t4
 ,8 rem$y is only ,bol+broke's ,patriot 
,k+1 dress$ up 9 ! habit ( ! eld] ,pitt1
 n[ ris5 to ! height  ( p[]4 ,:at ma9ly 
/irr$ ,engli%m5 0 ! prophecy ( defeat on
  ! morr[ ( ! disa/r\s conv5tion (      
,klo/] ,sev52 b :5 ,wolfe  & ,clive     
repair$ t royal humiliation ,br[n seems 
to h di$ a  natural dea?4 ,:at is m     
int]e/+ ?an 8 prophecies 0 !  evid5ce ( 
a close read+ ( ,montesquieu4 ,engli%   
lib]ty1 he says1 is  ! product ( !      
climate2 a k9d ( mixture1 x appe>s1 (   

fog &  sull5 temp]4 ,nations inevitably 
decay1 & ! comm]cial gr&eur (  ,engl& is
 ! symptom ( old age2 x means a f9al    
dep>ture f !  simplicity ( nature &     
bre$s ! luxury :i* kills by en]vation4  
,br[n has no passion1 & 8 book reads r l
 ,mr4 ,galswor?y's  ,isl& ,ph>isees     
suffici5tly expurgat$ to be declaim$ by 
a  well-br$ cl]gyman 9 se>* ( pref]m5t  
on ! gr\nd ( att5tion  to ! evils ( 8   
"t4 ,x describes und\bt$ facts1 & x %[s 
t ! era ( cont5t has gone4 ,b its c>eful
 p]iods & /rangely  f>-(f air lack !    
eag]ness = tru? :i* ,r\sseau put into 8 
que/ions4 ,br[n c nei!r expla9 nor c he 
pr(f] rem$y4 ,he sees  t ,pitt is someh[
 significant2 b :5 he rules out ! popul>
  voice z devoid ( all importance1 he   
deprives himself ( ! means  :]eby to    
grasp ! mean+ ( ! p[] t ,pitt ex]t$4    
,no?+  c\ld prove m /rongly ! exactitude
 ( ,burke's ,pres5t  ,discont5ts4 ,no?+ 
c\ld bett] ju/ify ! savage indignation (
  ,junius4    ,hume 0 ! fri5d (         
,montesquieu1 ?\gh tw5ty ye>s 8 junior2 

&  ! ,esprit des ,lois travell$ rapidly 
to ,scotl&4 ,!re x caught !  eye ( ,adam
 ,f]guson1 ! au?or ( a treatise on      
ref9em5t1 & by !  influ5ce ( ,hume &    
,adam ,smi?1 ,pr(essor ( ,moral         
,philosophy 9 !  ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4
 ,f]guson seems to h be5 imm5sely popul>
  9 8 "t1 & c]ta9ly he has a skill =    
poli%$ phrase1 & a  g5ial p>aphrase (   
o!r m5's ideas4 ,8 ,essay on ! ,hi/ory (
  ,civil ,society 7#agfg71 :i* 9 a qu>t]
 ( a c5tury w5t ?r\gh six  editions1 0  
?\ght by ,helvtius sup]ior to           
,montesquieu1 ?\gh ,hume  himself1 z    
always ! inc>nation ( k9dness1 recomm5d$
 its  suppression4 ,at lea/ ,f]guson    
read en\gh ( ,montesquieu to make "s    
flu5t g5]alities s\nd plausible4 ,he    
kn[s t ! inve/igation (  savage life w  
?r[ "s light ^u ! orig9s ( gov]nm5t4 ,he
  sees ! folly ( g5]aliz+ easily ^u !   
/ate ( nature4 ,he  insi/s1 probably    
aft] conv]sation ) ,adam ,smi?1 ^u !    
social  value ( ! division ( functions4 
,he does n d\bt ! orig9al  equality (   

m54 ,he ?9ks ! luxury ( 8 age has rea*$ 
! limit  ( its useful gr[?4 ,prop]ty he 
traces back to a p>5tal desire to  make 
a bett] provision = *ildr5 ?an is f\nd  
"u !  promiscu\s managem5t ( _m         
cop>tn]s4 ,climate has ! new  importance
 ^u :i* ,montesquieu has insi/$2 or1 at 
lea/1 z x  rip5s ! p9eapple & ! tam>9a1 
s x inspires a degree (  mildness t c   
ev5 assuage ! rig\rs ( despotical       
gov]nm5t4  ,! prie/hood--?is is         
,hume--becomes a sep>ate influ5ce "u !  
sway ( sup]/ition4 ,lib]ty1 he says1 is 
ma9ta9$ by ! cont9u$  diff]5ces &       
oppositions ( numb]s1 n by _! concurr+  
zeal 9  behalf ( equitable gov]nm5t4 ,! 
h& t c b5d ,ulysses' b[ is  c]ta9ly n   
"h2 & ?is p9*beck ,montesquieu c be/ be 
left 9  ! obscurity into :i* he has     
fall54 ,! ,esprit des ,lois took  tw5ty 
ye>s 9 writ+2 & x ne$$ ! imm5se rese>*es
 ( m5  l ,savigny be=e its significance 
c\ld fully be grasp$4 ,facile           
popul>is]s ( ?is sort may h mollifi$ !  
draw+-room2 b !y  did n add to political

 ideas4        ,,iii      ,a m f]tile   
s\rce ( inquiry 0 to be f\nd among !    
/ud5ts (  con/itutional law4            
,black/one's ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws (   
,engl&  7#agfe-i7 has _h ev] s9ce its   
fir/ publication an au?ority su* z      
,coke only be=e possess$4 ,he x is1 said
 ,b5?am1 :o1 fir/ (  all in/itutional   
writ]s1 has taught jurisprud5ce to speak
 !  language ( ! ,s*ol> & ! ,g5tleman4  
,c]ta9ly1 z ,pr(essor  ,dicey has       
rem>k$1 ! book conta9s mu* real le>n+   
ab\t our  sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,we are less
 conc]n$ "h ) ,black/one z an           
antiqu>ian lawy] ?an z a /ud5t (        
political philosophy4 ,"h 8  purpose    
seems obvi\s en\gh4 ,! ,engli%          
con/itution rais$ him f  humble means   
?r\gh a ,pr(essor%ip at ,ox=d to a      
judge%ip 9 !  ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas4   
,he _h be5 a memb] ( ,p>liam5t & refus$ 
! (fice ( ,solicitor-,g5]al4 ,he _h ?us 
no reason to be  dissatisfi$ ) !        
conditions ( 8 "t2 & ! fir/ book ( !    
,comm5t>ies is no?+ s mu* z an attempt  

to expla9 :y ,engli%  con/itutional law 
is a miracle ( wisdom4    ,con/itutional
 law1 z su*1 inde$1 f\nd no place 9     
,black/one's  book4 ,x creeps 9 "u !    
rights ( p]sons1 :]e he deals ) !  p[] (
 k+ & ,p>liam5t4 ,8 treatm5t implies a  
:ole philosophy4  ,laws are ( ?ree      
k9ds--( nature1 ( ,god1 & ( ! civil     
/ate4  ,civil law1 ) :i* alone he is    
conc]n$1 is a rule ( civil conduct      
prescrib$ by ! supreme p[] 9 a /ate1    
comm&+ :at is "r &  prohibit+ :at is    
wrong4 ,x is1 he tells u1 call$ a rule  
to  di/+ui% x f a compact or agreem5t4  
,x d]ives f !  sov]eign p[]1 ( :i* !    
*ief "* is ! mak+ ( laws4  ,society is  
bas$ ^u ! wants & fe>s ( m52 & x is     
coeval  ) _! orig94 ,! idea ( a /ate (  
nature is too wild to be  s]i\sly       
admitt$1 besides be+ contr>y to         
hi/orical k4  ,society implies gov]nm5t1
 & :atev] its orig9s or its =ms !re  mu/
 be 9 all ( !m a supreme1 irresi/ible1  
absolute1 uncontroll$  au?ority1 9 :i* !
 jura summa imp]ii1 or rights (         

sov]eignty  reside4 ,! =ms ( gov]nm5t   
are classifi$ 9 ! usual way2 &  !       
,briti% con/itution is not$ z a happy   
mixture ( !m all4 ,!  legislature ( !   
,k+dom1 ,black/one writes1 is entru/$ to
 ?ree  p[]s entirely indep5d5t ( ea*    
o!r2 fir/ ! ,k+1 secondly !  lords      
spiritual & temporal1 :i* is an         
ari/ocratical assembly (  p]sons1 *os5 =
 _! piety1 _! bir?1 _! wisdom1 _! val\r 
or _! prop]ty2 &1 ?irdly1 ! ,h\se (     
,commons1 freely *os5 by  ! p f among   
!mselves1 :i* makes x a k9d ( democracy2
  & z ?is aggregate body1 actuat$ by    
diff]5t spr+s & att5tive  to diff]5t    
int]e/s1 composes ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t & 
has !  supreme disposal ( ev]y?+2 !re c 
be no inconv5i5ce attempt$  by ei!r ( ! 
?ree bran*es1 b w be )/ood by "o ( !    
o!r two2 ea* bran* be+ arm$ ) a negative
 p[]1 suffici5t to  repel any innovation
 :i* x %all ?9k inexp$i5t or dang]\s4 ,x
  is 9 ! k+ 9 ,p>liam5t t ,briti%       
sov]eignty resides4 ,es*ew+  ! notion ( 
an orig9al contract1 ,black/one yet ?9ks

 t all !  implications ( x are secur$4  
,! con/itutional gov]nm5t ( ?is  isl&1  
he says1 is s admirably temp]$ &        
comp\nd$1 t no?+  c endang] or hurt x1 b
 de/roy+ ! equilibrium ( p[] betwe5  "o 
bran* ( ! legislature & ! re/4    ,all  
?is is n en\gh2 ?\gh1 z ,b5?am 0 to %[ 9
 8 ,fragm5t  on ,gov]nm5t1 x is already 
f> too mu*4 ,a body ( nobility1 su*  is 
! philosophic int]pretation ( ! ,h\se ( 
,lords1 is also m  peculi>ly necess>y 9 
our mix$ & comp\nd$ con/itution1 9 ord] 
to support ! rights ( bo? ! ,cr[n & p1  
by =m+ a b>ri]  to )/& ! encroa*m5ts (  
bo? 444 if !y 7 conf\nd$ )  ! mass ( !  
p1 & l !m _h only a vote 9 elect+       
repres5tatives1 _! privileges w\ld soon 
be borne d[n &  ov]:elm$ by ! popul>    
torr5t1 :i* w\ld effectually level all  
di/9ctions4 ,! ,commons1 he says fur!r1 
consi/ ( all su* m5  ( prop]ty 9 ! k+dom
 z h n seats 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,!     
legal irresponsibility ( ! ,k+ is       
emphasiz$4 ,he is n only  incapable (   
do+ wrong1 says ,black/one1 b ev5 ( ?9k+

 wrong2  he c nev] mean to d an improp] 
?+2 9 him is no folly or  weakness1 ?\gh
 he po9ts out t ! con/itution has all[$ 
a  latitude ( suppos+ ! contr>y4 ,! p[]s
 ( ! ,k+ are  describ$ 9 t]ms m suitable
 to ! iron despotism ( ,william !       
,norman ?an to ! back/airs corruption ( 
,george ,,iii4 ,! "r (  revolution is   
not$1 ) ju/ice1 z belong+ to ! sph]e (  
morals  r ?an ( law4    ,its true       
defect1 says ,pr(essor ,dicey ( !       
,comm5t>ies1 is !  hopeless confusion   
bo? ( language & ( ?\ght introduc$ into 
!  :ole subject ( con/itutional law by  
,black/one's habit--common to all  !    
lawy]s ( 8 "t--( apply+ old &           
inapplicable t]ms to new  in/itutions4  
,?is is sev]e en\gh2 yet ,black/one's   
s9s are deep]  ?an ! criticism w\ld     
sugge/4 ,he introduc$ into ,engli%      
political  philosophy t sy/ematic       
att5tion to =ms in/ead ( sub/ance ^u    
:i* ! :ole vici\s !ory ( *ecks &        
balances 0 erect$4 ,he  made no         
di/9ction betwe5 ! unlimit$ sov]eignty (

 law & !  v obvi\sly limit$ sov]eignty (
 reality4 ,he mu/ h kn[n t  to talk ( ! 
indep5d5ce ( ! bran*es ( ! legislature 0
  simple nons5se at a "t :5 ,k+ & pe]s  
compet$ = ! control  ( elections to !   
,h\se ( ,commons4 ,8 idealization ( a   
pe]age  ^: typical spiritual memb] 0    
,ar*bi%op ,cornwallis & ^:  temporal    
embodim5t 0 ! ,duke ( ,b$=d w\ld n h    
deceiv$ a  s*oolboy _h x n provid$ a    
bulw>k aga9/ improvem5t4 ,x 0  ridicul\s
 to describe ! ,commons z repres5tative 
( prop]ty s long  z places l ,man*e/] & 
,%effield 7 virtually disfran*is$4  ,8  
picture ( ! royal pr]ogative 0 a        
portrait aga9/ e detail  ( :i* :at 0 be/
 9 ,engl& _h /ruggl$ 9 ! prec$+ c5tury  
& a half4 ,he has no?+ to say ( !       
cab9et1 no?+ ( m9i/]ial  responsibility1
 no?+ ( ! p>ty sy/em4 ,:at he did 0 to  
produce  ! def5ce ( a non-exi/5t sy/em  
:i* act$ z a b>ri] to all  legal1 & mu* 
political1 progress 9 ! next            
half-c5tury4 ,he gave  m5 mat]ial )\t   
cause = satisfaction4    ,z a           

description ( ! exi/+ gov]nm5t !re is   
?us h>dly an  elem5t ( ,black/one's "w  
:i* c\ld /& ! te/ ( critical  inquiry4  
,b ev5 worse 0 its philosophy4 ,z ,b5?am
 po9t$ out1 he  0 unaw>e ( ! di/9ction  
betwe5 society & gov]nm5t4 ,! /ate  (   
nature exi/s1 or fails to exi/1 ) />tl+ 
inconsi/5cy4  ,black/one1 9 fact1 0 a   
,lockian :o kn[s t ,hume & ,montesquieu 
h cut ! gr\nd f "u 8 ma/]'s feet1 & yet 
_c  und]/& h[1 )\t him1 a f\ndation is  
to be suppli$4 ,locke1  inde$1 seems to 
him1 z a natural cons]vative1 to g too  
f>1 & he  rejects ! orig9al contract z  
)\t basis 9 hi/ory2 yet  contractual    
notions are pres5t at e fundam5tal /age 
( 8  argum5t4 ,! sov]eign p[]1 s we are 
told1 is irresi/ible2 & !n  because     
,black/one is unc]ta9 :at "r is to mean1
 we he> ( moral  limitations ^u its     
ex]cise4 ,he speaks cont9ually (        
repres5tation  )\t any ef=t to exam9e   
into ! notions x conveys4 ,! memb]s  (  
society are held to be equal2 & great   
pa9s are tak5 to ju/ify  exi/5t         

inequalities4 ,! natural f\ndations (   
sov]eignty1 he  writes1 are ! ?ree great
 requisites444 ( wisdom1 goodness &     
p[]4 ,yet !re is n[h]e any pro( 9 8 book
 t /eps h be5  tak5 9 ! ,briti%         
,con/itution to associate ^! ) ! actual 
ex]tion ( au?ority4 ,nor has he cle>    
notions ( ! way 9 :i*  prop]ty is to be 
f\nd$4 ,communism1 he writes 9 sev5te5? 
c5tury  fa%ion1 is ! in/itution ( !     
all-b5efic5t ,creator :o gave !  e>? to 
m52 prop]ty comes :5 m5 occupy "s       
special portion ( !  soil cont9u\sly or 
mix _! labor ) movable possessions4 ,?is
 is  pure ,locke2 ?\gh ! conclusions    
drawn by ,black/one are utt]ly  remote f
 ! logical result ( 8 own premises4     
,! tru? surely is t ,black/one _h1 ^u   
all ^! que/ions1 only  ! mo/ confus$    
sort ( notions4 ,he _h to preface 8 "w )
 "s  sort ( philosophic !ory because !  
conditions ( ! age dem&$  x4 ,! "o s\rce
 ( enlight5m5t :5 he wrote 0 ,hume2 b = 
"s  unc]ta9 reason1 p]haps 8 piety1     
,black/one makes no ref]5ce to  ! great 

sceptic's speculations4 ,s t he 0 driv5 
back ^u  notions he felt to be false1   
)\t a prop] realization ( _!  falsity4  
,8 use ( ,montesquieu %[s r h[ dang]\s a
 weapon a  great idea c be 9 ! h&s ( "o 
incompet5t to und]/& x1 ?an  ! f]tility 
x conta9$4 ,! m]it ( ,black/one is 8    
le>n+1  :i* 0 sub/antial1 8 realization 
t ! p[]s ( law dem&  "s classification1 
8 dim yet con/ant s5se t ,montesquieu is
  "r alike 9 se>*+ = ! roots ( law 9    
cu/om & 9 apply+  ! hi/orical me?od to 8
 explanations4 ,b z a ?9k] he 0  little 
m ?an an optimi/ic trifl]1 too cont5t ) 
! conditions  ( 8 "t to "q its          
assumptions4    ,de ,lolme is a m       
int]e/+ figure2 & ?\gh1 z ) ,black/one1 
:at he fail$ to see 0 ev5 m rem>kable   
?an :at he did  p]ceive1 8 book has real
 ability & m]it4 ,de ,lolme 0 a citiz5 (
  ,g5eva1 :o publi%$ 8 ,con/itution (   
,engl& 9 #agge1 aft] a  twelve mon?s'   
visit to %ores suffici5tly inhospitable 
to leave him to  die 9 obscurity & want4
 ,8 book1 z he tells u 9 8 preface1 0   

no mean success1 ?\gh he d]iv$ no pr(it 
f x4 ,l ,black/one1  he 0 impress$ by ! 
necessity ( obta9+ a con/itutional      
equilibrium1 :]e9 he f9ds ! secret (    
lib]ty4 ,! attitude 0  n unnatural 9 "o 
:o1 ) 8 head full ( ,montesquieu1 0 a   
witness ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,junius & !  
,k+4 ,he has1 ( c\rse1  ! limitation    
common to all writ]s be=e ,burke ( ?9k+ 
(  gov]nm5t 9 purely me*anical t]ms4 ,x 
is ^u ! passions (  mank9d1 he says1 t  
is1 ^u causes :i* are unalt]able1 t !   
action ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( a /ate dep5ds4  
,! ma*9e may v>y z  to its dim5sions2 b 
its movem5t & act+ spr+s /ill rema9     
intr9sically ! same4 ,else:]e he speaks 
( gov]nm5t z a great  ballet or dance 9 
:i* 444 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! disposition (
  ! figures4 ,he does n deal1 t is to   
say1 ) m5 z m51 b  only z in]t adjuncts 
( a ma*9e by :i* !y are controll$4 ,su* 
an attitude is b\nd to suff] f ! pat5t  
vices ( all ab/raction4  ,x reg>ds      
hi/oric =ces z di/9ct f ! m5 relat$ to  
!m4  ,e mob1 he says1 mu/ h its         

,sp>tacus2 e republic w t5d to          
un/ability4 ,! ,engli% avoid ^! dang]s  
by play+ (f ! royal  p[] aga9/ ! popul>4
 ,! ,k+'s int]e/ is safegu>d$ by !      
division ( ,p>liam5t into two ,h\ses1   
ea* ( :i* rejects !  encroa*m5t ( ! o!r 
^u ! executive4 ,8 p[] is limit$ by     
p>liam5t>y privilege1 fre$om ( ! press1 
! "r ( taxation &  s =?4 ,! !ory 0 n    
true2 ?\gh x repres5t$ ) "s  accuracy ! 
ideals ( ! "t4    ,nor mu/ we belittle  
:at insight ,de ,lolme possess$4 ,he saw
 t !  e>ly conc5tration ( p[] 9 ! royal 
h&s prev5t$ !  cont95tal type (         
feudalism f develop+ 9 ,engl&2 ) !      
result t :ile ,fr5* nobles 7 massacr+   
ea* o!r1 ! ,engli%  p c\ld unite to wre/
 privileges f ! sup]ior p[]4 ,he        
und]/ood t "o ( ! ma9spr+s ( ! sy/em 0 !
  indep5d5ce ( ! judges4 ,he realiz$ t !
 p>ty-sy/em--he nev]  us$ ! actual      
t]m--:ile x provides room = m5's        
ambitions at !  same "t prev5ts !       
equation ( ambition ) indisp5sability4  
,woe  to him1 says ,de ,lolme1 444 :o   

%\ld endeavor to make ! p  believe t _! 
fate dep5ds on ! p]sev]+ virtue ( a s+le
  citiz54 ,he sees ! p>am\nt value (    
fre$om ( ! press4 ,?is1 z  he says1 ) ! 
necessity t memb]s %\ld be re-elect$1   
has  deliv]$ into ! h&s ( ! p at l>ge ! 
ex]cise ( !  c5sorial p[]4 ,he has no   
d\bt b t resi/ance is ! rem$y  :]eby    
gov]nm5tal encroa*m5t c be prev5t$2     
resi/ance1 he  says1 is ! ultimate &    
lawful res\rce aga9/ ! viol5ces (  p[]4 
,he po9ts out h[ real is ! gu>antee (   
lib]ty :]e !  onus ( pro( 9 crim9al     
cases is ?r[n ^u ! gov]nm5t4 ,he  reg>ds
 ) admiration ! supremacy ( ! civil ov] 
! milit>y  arm1 & ! skillful way 9 :i*1 
contr>y to ,fr5* exp]i5ce1 x  has be5   
f\nd possible to ma9ta9 a /&+ army )\t  
add+ to  ! royal p[]4 ,nor c he fail to 
admire ! insight :i* organizes  !       
agitation ( ! popul> m9d1 n z ! =]unn] (
 viol5t  commotions b to animate all    
p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,!re9 ,de ,lolme  _h     
grasp$ ! real ess5ce ( p>ty gov]nm5t4   
,x 01 ( c\rse1 no m ?an symptomatic ( 8 

"t t cab9et &  prime m9i/] %\ld h escap$
 8 notice4 ,a m s]i\s defect 0  8       
inability1 ) ! ,wilkes conte/ prom95tly 
9 8 notice1 to  see t ! p _h assum$ a   
new importance4 ,= ! masses1  inde$1 ,de
 ,lolme _h no en?usiasm4 ,a passive %>e1
 he ?\ght1 0  ! only "o t c\ld1 ) safety
 to ! /ate1 be tru/$ to !  humble man4  
,! great] "p1 he wrote1 ( ^? :o compose 
?is  multitude1 tak5 up ) ! c>e (       
provid+ = _! subsi/5ce1  h nei!r        
suffici5t leisure1 nor ev51 9 consequ5ce
 ( _!  imp]fect education1 ! degree (   
in=mation1 requisite = functions  ( ?is 
k9d4 ,su* an attitude bl9d$ him to !    
significance ( !  ,am]ican conflict1 :i*
 he saw unatt5d$ by its moral           
implications4 ,he  tru/$ too            
emphatically to ! p[] ( me*anisms to    
realize t  in/itutions :i* all[$ ( su*  
manipulation z t ( ,george ,,iii  c\ld n
 be satisfactory once ! p _h awak5$ to a
 s5se ( its  own p[]4 ,! real social    
=ces ( ! "t f\nd !re no *annels (       
activity2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,de ,lolme

 & ,bagehot is !  latt]'s p[] to g beh9d
 ! scre5 ( /atute to ! inn] s\rces  (   
p[]4        ,,iv      ,! basis (        
revolution>y doctr9e 0 already pres5t 9 
,engl& :51  9 #agfb1 ,r\sseau publi%$ 8 
,contrat ,social4 ,) its fundam5tal     
doctr9es ,locke _h already made 8       
c\ntrym5 famili>2 & :at 0  ne$$ = !     
appreciation ( its tea*+ 0 less a       
r5aissance ?an  discont5t4 ,s soon z m5 
are dissatisfi$ ) ! traditional         
f\ndations ( ! ,/ate1 a gospel ( natural
 rights is c]ta9 to make  its appe>ance4
 ,&1 once ! design ( ,george ,,iii _h   
be5 made  famili> by 8 treatm5t ( ,*a?am
 & ,wilkes1 ! discont5t did n  fail to  
%[ itself4 ,inde$1 9 ! ye> be=e !       
publication (  ,r\sseau's book1 ,rob]t  
,wallace1 a ,scotti% *apla9 royal1 _h   
writt5  9 8 ,v>i\s ,prospects 7#agfa7 a 
s]ies ( essays :i* are at once  an      
anticipation ( ! ma9 !sis ( ,mal?us & a 
plea = !  integration ( social =ces by  
:i* alone ! mass ( m5 c\ld be  rais$ f  
mis]y4 ,9 ! light ( lat] exp]i5ce x is  

difficult n  to be impress$ by ! mod]ni/
 flav\r ( ,wallace's attack4 ,he  insi/s
 ^u ! capacity ( m5 & ! disproportion   
betwe5 _!  pot5tial a*ievem5t & t :i* is
 secur$ by actual society4 ,m5  are 9 ! 
mass condemn$ to ignorance & toil2 & !  
lu/ ( p[]  sets man aga9/ 8 neighbor to 
! pr(it ( ! ri*4 ,wallace traces  ^!    
evils to private prop]ty & !            
individuali/ic organization (  "w1 & he 
sees no rem$y save community (          
possessions & a  r5ovat$ educational    
sy/em4 ,yet he does n conceal f himself 
t  x is to ! int]e/ ( ! gov]n+ class to 
prev5t a revolution  :i*1 b5efic5t to ! 
masses1 w\ld be fatal to !mselves2 nor  
does  he conceive x possible until !    
f]tility ( m5 has be5 r$uc$ to  !       
capacity ( ! soil4 ,he speculates ^u !  
*ances ( a new _s  among m51 ( an       
all-wise legislator1 & ( ! b5efic5t     
example (  colonies ^u ! lat] ,ow5ite   
model4 ,b 8 book is contemporane\s  )   
our own ideas r ?an ) ! ?\ghts ( 8      
g5]ation4 ,nor  does x seem to h excit$ 

any g5]al att5tion4    ,x is five ye>s  
aft] ,r\sseau t we see ! fir/ cle> signs
 ( 8  influ5ce4 ,naturally en\gh ! m5   
among/ :om ! new _s spread  abroad 7 !  
,noncon=mi/s4 ,= m ?an sev5ty ye>s !y _h
  be5 all[$ exi/5ce )\t recognition4    
,none _h m fai?fully  support$ ! new    
dyna/y ?an !y2 none _h be5 paid less =  
_!  allegiance4 ,_! utmo/ ef=t c\ld     
secure only a sp>+ mitigation  ( ! ,te/ 
,act4 ,all ( !m 7 ,:igs1 & ! doctr9es ( 
,locke  suit$ exactly _! temp] & _!     
wants4 ,!re 7 among/ !m  able m5 9 e    
walk ( life1 & !y 7 apt to publication4 
,joseph  ,prie/ley1 9 p>ticul>1 gave up 
) will+ness to mank9d :at 0  obvi\sly   
meant = *emical sci5ce4 ,a few ye>s     
previ\sly ,br[n (  ! ,e/imate _h        
submitt$ a s*eme = national education1 9
 :i*  ! ess5tial pr9ciple 0 ,*ur*       
control4 ,prie/ley _h answ]$ him1  & 0  
enc\rag$ by fri5ds to exp& 8 argum5t    
into a g5]al  treatise4 ,8 ,essay on !  
,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t appe>$ 9   
#agfh2 &1 if = no?+ else1 x w\ld be     

notewor?y because x 0  !re9 t !         
significance ( ! greate/ happ9ess       
pr9ciple  fir/ fla%$ across ,b5?am's    
m9d4 ,b ! book %[s m ?an ?is4  ,i _h    
plac$1 says ,prie/ley ) due mode/y1 !   
f\ndation ( "s  ( ! mo/ valuable int]e/s
 ( mank9d on a broad] & firm] basis  ?an
 ,mr4 ,locke2 & ! bread? & firmness are 
,r\sseau's  contribution4    ,c]ta9ly we
 h]e9 meet new elem5ts4 ,on ! v ?re%old 
( ! book  we meet ! dogma ( !           
p]fectibility ( man4 ,:atev]1 ,prie/ley 
rhapsodizes1 0 ! beg9n+ ( ?is _w1 ! end 
w be glori\s  & p>adisaical1 beyond :at 
our imag9ations c n[ conceive4 ,!       
in/rum5t ( ?is progress 444 t[>ds ?is   
glori\s /ate is  gov]nm5t2 ?\gh a little
 lat] we are to f9d t ! ma9 bus9ess  (  
gov]nm5t is non9t]f]5ce4 ,m5 are all    
equal1 & _! natural  rights are         
indefeasible4 ,gov]nm5t mu/ be re/ra9$ 9
 ! int]e/s  ( lib]ty4 ,no man c be      
gov]n$ )\t 8 cons5t2 = gov]nm5t  is     
f\nd$ ^u a contract by :i* civil lib]ty 
is surr5d]$ 9  ex*ange = a p[] to %>e 9 

public decisions4 ,x ?us foll[s t  ! p  
mu/ be sov]eign1 & int]f]5ce ) _!       
natural  rights w ju/ify resi/ance4 ,e  
gov]nm5t1 he says1 is 9 its  orig9al    
pr9ciples1 & antec$5t to its pres5t =m  
an equal  republic2 :]e=e1 ( c\rse1 x   
foll[s t we mu/ re/ore to m5  ! equality
 !y h lo/4 ,&1 equally1 ( c\rse1 ?is    
w\ld be/[  ^u ! ,noncon=mi/s _! full    
citiz5%ip2 = ,w>burton's  ,alliance1 to 
attack :i* ,prie/ley exhau/s all !      
res\rces ( 8  +5uity1 has be5 "o ( ! ma9
 in/rum5ts 9 _! degradation4  ,unb\nd$  
lib]ty 9 matt]s ( religion1 :i* means ! 
abolition (  ! ,e/abli%m5t1 promises to 
be v favorable to ! be/ int]e/s  (      
mank9d4    ,s f> ! book might well be   
call$ an edition ( ,r\sseau = ,engli%   
,noncon=mi/s2 b !re are div]g5ces (     
import4 ,x c nev] be  =gott5 9 ! hi/ory 
( political ideas t ! alliance ( ,*ur*  
& ,/ate made ,noncon=mi/s suspici\s (   
gov]nm5t int]f]5ce4  ,_! orig9al desire 
to be left unimp$$ 0 soon exalt$ into a 
def9ite !ory2 & s9ce political          

conditions _h conf9$ !m s  l>gely to    
trade none felt z !y did ! hamp]+       
influ5ce (  ,/ate-re/rictions4 ,! result
 has be5 a great difficulty 9 mak+      
lib]al doctr9es 9 ,engl& realize1 until 
aft] #ahgj1 ! organic  nature ( ! ,/ate4
 ,x rema9s = !m almo/ entirely a police 
in/itution :i*1 once x aims at !        
realization ( "r1 usurps a  function f> 
bett] p]=m$ by individuals4 ,!re is no  
s5se ( !  community2 all t exi/s is a   
sum ( private s5tim5ts4 ,civil  lib]ty1 
says ,prie/ley1 has be5 greatly impair$ 
by an abuse ( !  maxim t ! jo9t und]/&+ 
( all ! memb]s ( a ,/ate1  prop]ly      
collect$1 mu/ be pref]able to t (       
individuals2 &  consequ5tly t ! m !     
cases are 9 :i* mank9d are gov]n$  by   
?is unit$ reason ( ! :ole community1 s  
mu* ! bett]2  :]eas1 9 tru?1 ! great] "p
 ( human actions are ( su* a  nature1 t 
m inconv5i5ce w\ld foll[ f _! be+ fix$  
by  laws ?an f _! be+ left to e man's   
arbitr>y w4 ,if my  neighbor assaults   
me1 he sugge/s1 ,i may usefully call 9 !

 police2  b :]e ! object is ! discov]y (
 tru?1 ! means ( education1  ! me?od (  
religi\s belief1 individual initiative  
is sup]ior to  ,/ate action4 ,! latt]   
produces an uni=m result incompatible ) 
! _s ( discov]y4 ,nor is su* attempt at 
uni=m conditions j  to po/]ity2 m5 h no 
natural "r to judge = ! future4 ,m5 are 
too ignorant to fix _! own ideas z !    
basis ( all action4    ,prie/ley c\ld n 
escape entirely ! bondage ( pa/         
tradition2 &  ! metaphysics :i* ,b5?am  
abhorr$ are scatt]$ broadca/ ov] 8      
pages4 ,nev]!less ! basis ^u :i* he     
def5d$ 8 ideas 0 a  utilit>ianism h>dly 
less complete ?an t :i* ,b5?am made !   
in/rum5t ( revolution4 ,reg>d to ! g5]al
 good1 he says1 is !  ma9 me?od by :i*  
natural rights are to be def5d$4 ,! good
 &  happ9ess ( ! memb]s1 t is1 !        
majority ( ! memb]s ( any  ,/ate1 is !  
great /&>d by :i* ev]y?+ relat+ to t    
/ate  mu/ f9ally be det]m9$4 ,9         
sub/ance1 t is to say1 if n  completely 
9 !ory1 we pass ) ,prie/ley f argum5ts (

 "r to  ^? ( exp$i5cy4 ,8 *ief attack ^u
 religi\s legislation is  simil>ly bas$ 
^u consid]ations ( policy4 ,8 view ( !  
individual z a nev]-end+ s\rce (        
fruitful innovation anticipates  all !  
lat] ,b5?amite argum5ts ab\t ! well-spr+
 ( individual  en]gy4 ,int]f]5ce &      
/agnation are equat$ 9 exactly simil>   
fa%ion to ,adam ,smi? & 8 foll[]s4      
,prie/ley1 ( c\rse1 0  inconsi/5t 9 urg+
 at ! outset t gov]nm5t is ! *ief       
in/rum5t ( progress2 b :at he seems to  
mean is less t  gov]nm5t has ! future 9 
its h&s ?an t gov]nm5t action may  well 
be decisive = good or evil4 ,typical1   
too1 ( ! lat] ,b5?amism  is 8           
glorification ( reason z ! great key :i*
 is to unlock all  doors4 ,t is1 (      
c\rse1 natural 9 a sci5ti/ :o _h himself
 made  discov]ies ( vital import2 b x 0 
*>act]i/ic also ( a s*ool  :i* scann$ a 
limitless horizon ) s]5e confid5ce 9 a  
future (  unb\nd$ good4 ,ev5 if x be    
said t ,prie/ley has all ! vices (  t   
rationalism :i*1 z ) ,b5?am1            

ov]simplifies e problem x  enc\nt]s1 x  
is yet adequate to retort t a confid5ce 
9 !  en]gies ( m5 0 bett] ?an !         
complac5t /agnation ( !  previ\s age4   
,x is difficult to measure ! precise    
influ5ce t ,prie/ley ex]t$2  c]ta9ly    
among ,noncon=mi/s x _c h be5 small4    
,dr4 ,ri*>d  ,price is a less] figure2 &
 mu* ( ! /&+ he might h _h has  be5     
oblit]at$ by two un=tunate incid5ts4 ,8 
s9k+-fund s*eme  0 tak5 up by ! y\ng]   
,pitt1 & prov$1 ?\gh ! latt] believ$  9 
x to ! la/1 to be f\nd$ ^u an           
ari?metical fallacy :i* did  n sit well 
^u a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,8 s]mon
 on !  ,fr5* ,revolution provok$ !      
,reflections ( ,burke2 &1 ?\gh mu*  ( ! 
"r 0 on ! side ( ,price1 x c h>dly be   
said t he  surviv$ ,burke's onslaught4  
,yet he 0 a consid]able figure 9 8 day1 
& he %[s1 l ,prie/ley1 h[ deep-root$ 0 !
 ,engli%  revolution>y temp]4 ,he has n1
 inde$1 ,prie/ley's sup]b optimism2  = !
 rigid a priori morality ( :i* he 0 !   
some:at muddl$  def5d] 0 less favorable 

to a confid5ce 9 reason4 ,he _h a good  
deal ( ,john ,br[n's fe> t luxury 0 !   
se$ ( ,engli%  deg5]ation2 ! pro( ( :i* 
he saw 9 ! decl9e ( !  population4 ,8   
figures1 9 fact1 7 false2 b !y 7        
uness5tial  to ! g5]al !sis he _h to    
make4    ,price1 l ,prie/ley a lead+    
,noncon=mi/1 0 /irr$ to pr9t by  !      
,am]ican ,revolution2 & if 8 views 7 n  
widely popul>1 8  ,obs]vations on !     
,nature ( ,civil ,lib]ty 7#aggf7 atta9$ 
its eigh?  edition )9 a decade4 ,?is1 ) 
its supplem5t ,additional  ,obs]vations 
7#aggg71 pres5ts a p]fectly coh]5t !ory4
 ,nor is _!  ance/ry conceal$4 ,!y      
repres5t ! tradition ( ,locke1 modifi$  
by  ! importations ( ,r\sseau4 ,price   
owes mu* to ,prie/ley & to ,hume1  & he 
takes s5t5ces f ,montesquieu :]e !y aid 
him4 ,b he has  little or no?+ (        
,prie/ley's utilit>ianism & ! :ole      
argum5t  is ^u ! ab/ract basis ( "r4    
,lib]ty means self-gov]nm5t1 &          
self-gov]nm5t means ! "r ( e man to be 8
 own legislator4  ,price1 ) /rict logic1

 foll[s out ?is doctr9e to its la/      
consequ5ce4 ,taxes become free gifts =  
public s]vices2 laws are  p>ticul>      
provisions or regulations e/abli%$ by   
,common ,cons5t =  ga9+ protection &    
safety2 magi/rates are tru/ees or       
deputies  = c>ry+ ^! regulations into   
execution4 ,& almo/ 9 ! words  (        
,r\sseau1 ,price goes on to admit t     
lib]ty1 9 its mo/ p]fect  degree1 c be  
enjoy$ only 9 small /ates :]e e         
indep5d5t  ag5t is capable ( giv+ 8     
suffrage 9 p]son & ( be+ *os5  into     
public (fices4 ,he kn[s t l>ge ,/ates   
are inevitable1 ?\gh  he ?9ks t         
repres5tation may be made s adequate z  
to m9imize !  sacrifice ( lib]ty        
involv$4    ,b ! limitation ^u gov]nm5t 
is ev]y:]e emphasiz$4  ,gov]nm5t1 he    
says1 444 is 9 ! v nature ( x a tru/2 & 
all its p[]s a ,delegation = p>ticul>   
ends4 ,he rejects ! !ory  ( p>liam5t>y  
sov]eignty z incompatible )             
self-gov]nm5t2 if  ! ,p>liam5t1 =       
in/ance1 prolong$ its life1 x w\ld      

betray its  con/itu5ts & dissolve       
itself4 ,if omnipot5ce1 he writes1 c )  
any s5se be ascrib$ to a legislature1 x 
mu/ be lodg$ :]e all  legislative       
au?ority orig9ates2 t is1 9 ! ,p4 ,su* a
  sy/em is alone compatible ) ! ends (  
gov]nm5t1 s9ce x _c  be suppos$ t m5    
comb9e into communities & in/itute      
gov]nm5t  = self-enslavem5t4 ,nor is any
 o!r political sy/em consi/5t )  !      
natural equality ( mank9d2 by :i* ,price
 means t no man is  con/itut$ by ! au?or
 ( nature ! vassal or subject ( ano!r1  
or  has any "r to give law to him1 or1  
)\t 8 cons5t1 to take away  any "p ( 8  
prop]ty or to abridge him ( 8 lib]ty4 ,f
 all (  :i* x is conclud$ t lib]ty is   
inali5able2 & a p :i*  has lo/ x mu/ h a
 "r to emancipate !mselves z soon z !y  
c4 ,! aptness ( ! argum5t to ! ,am]ican 
situation is obvi\s  en\gh2 & n[h]e is  
,price m happy or m =midable ?an :5 he  
applies 8 precepts to phrases l ! unity 
( ! empire & !  honor ( ! k+dom :i* 7 s 
freely us$ to cov] up !  inevitable     

results ( ,george's ob/9acy4    ,!      
,essay on ! ,"r ( ,prop]ty 9 ,l& 7#agha7
 ( ,william ,ogilvie  des]ves at lea/ a 
pass+ notice4 ,! au?or1 :o publi%$ 8    
book  anonym\sly1 0 a ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 
9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de5 &  an          
agriculturi/ ( "s success4 ,8 own c>e] 0
 di/9ctly  honorable4 ,! tea*] ( ,sir   
,james ,mack9to%1 he _h a high          
reputation  z a classical s*ol> &       
des]ves to be rememb]$ = 8 ef=t to  re=m
 a college :i* _h practically ceas$ to  
p]=m its prop]  academic functions4 ,8  
book is virtually an essay ^u ! natural 
"r ( m5 to ! soil4 ,he does n d\bt t !  
di/ress ( !  times is due to ! l&       
monopoly4 ,! e>? be+ giv5 to m5 9       
common1 its invasion by private own]%ip 
is a dang]\s p]v]sion4 ,m5  h ! "r to ! 
full product ( _! labor2 b ! privileges 
(  ! l&[n] prev5t ! enjoym5t ( t "r4 ,! 
prim>y duty (  e ,/ate is ! increase (  
public happ9ess2 & ! happie/ nation  is 
t :i* has ! greate/ numb] ( free &      
indep5d5t  cultivators4 ,b gov]nm5ts    

att5d r to ! int]e/ ( ! high]  classes1 
ev5 :ile !y hold out ! protection ( !   
common p z  ! ma9 pretext ( _! au?ority4
 ,! result is _! ma9t5ance (            
l&-monopoly ev5 ?\gh x affects ! prime  
mat]ial ( all ess5tial  indu/ries1      
prev5ts ! gr[? ( population1 & makes !  
ri*  weal?i] at ! exp5se ( ! poor4 ,x   
bre$s oppression &  ignorance1 & poisons
 improvem5t by prev5t+ individual       
initiative4  ,he po9ts out h[ a nation  
is dom9at$ by its l&lords1 & h[ !y  h   
consi/5tly evad$ ! fiscal burd5s !y %\ld
 be>4 ,only 9 a  return to a nation (   
freehold]s c ,ogilvie see ! real s\rce (
 an  increase 9 happ9ess4    ,su*       
criticism is revolution>y en\gh1 ?\gh :5
 he comes to speak (  actual *anges1 he 
_h little m to propose ?an a sy/em (    
peasant  proprietor%ip4 ,:at is /rik+ 9 
! book is its s5se ( great1  imp5d+     
*anges1 its ?or\gh grasp ( ! pr9ciple ( 
utility1 its  realization ( ! imm5se    
agricultural improvem5t t is possible if
  ! l&$ sy/em c be s *ang$ z to br+ into

 play ! impulses  ( humble m54 ,he sees 
cle>ly en\gh t weal? dom9ates ! ,/ate2  
& 8 int]pretation ( hi/ory is ?r\gh\t   
economic4 ,ogilvie is  "o ( ! fir/ ( ^? 
agr>ian ,sociali/s :o1 *iefly ?r\gh     
,sp5ce & ,pa9e1 are responsible = a     
special curr5t ( _! own 9  ! great tide 
( prote/ aga9/ ! unju/ situation (      
labor4 ,l  !m1 he builds 8 sy/em ^u     
natural rights2 ?\gh1 unlike !m1 8      
natural rights are def5d$ by exp$i5cy & 
9 a /yle t is always  cle> & logical4 ,!
 book itself has r a curi\s hi/ory4 ,at 
its  appe>ance1 x seems to h excit$ no  
notice ( any k9d4 ,mack9to%  knew ( its 
au?or%ip2 = he w>n$ its au?or aga9/ !   
amiable  delusion t its excell5ce w\ld  
p]suade ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to  =ce a    
sy/em ( peasant proprietor%ip ^u ! ,ea/ 
,india ,company4  ,repr9t$ 9 #ahch z !  
"w ( ,john ,ogilby1 x 0 int5d$ to       
in/ruct ! ,*>ti/s 9 ! secret ( _!       
oppression2 & !re9 x  may well h        
contribut$ to ! tragicomic l&-s*eme (   
,fe>gus  ,o',connor4 ,9 #ahia ! problem 

( ! l& 0 aga9 eag]ly debat$  "u !       
/imulus ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,george2 & a       
patriotic ,scot*man  publi%$ ! book )   
biographical notes t con/itute "o ( !   
mo/ amaz+ curiosities 9 ,engli%         
political lit]ature4        ,v          
,aga9/ ! s*ool ( ,r\sseau's ,engli%     
disciples x is comp>atively  easy to    
multiply criticisms4 ,!y lack$ any      
hi/oric s5se4 ,gov]nm5t1  = !m1 0 simply
 an in/rum5t :i* 0 made & unmade at !   
volition ( m54 ,h[ complex 7 its        
psy*ological f\ndations !y _h  no       
conception2 ) ! s+le factor ( cons5t !y 
c\ld expla9 !  mo/ m>vell\s edifice (   
any "t4 ,!y 7 buri$ b5ea? a m\nta9  (   
metaphysical "r :i* !y nev] relat$ to   
legal facts or to  political            
possibility4 ,!y pursu$ rel5tlessly !   
logical conclusions  ( ! doctr9es !y    
abhorr$ )\t be+ will+ c>efully to       
inve/igate ! results to :i* _! own      
doctr9es 9 logic l$4 ,!y  ov]e/imat$ !  
ext5t to :i* m5 are will+ to occupy     
!mselves  ) political affairs4 ,!y made 

no prop] all[ance = ! protective  arm\r 
ea* social sy/em mu/ acquire by ! m]e   
=ce (  prescription4 ,nor is !re        
suffici5t all[ance 9 _! attitude =  ^?  
limit+ conditions ( circum/ance ( :i* e 
/atesman mu/  ( necessity take acc\nt4  
,!y occupy !mselves1 t is to say1 s     
completely ) /aatslehre t !y d n admit !
 mollify+  influ5ce ( politik4 ,!y se>* 
= pr9ciples ( univ]sal "r1  )\t !       
p]ception t a "r :i* is to be univ]sal  
mu/  necess>ily be s g5]al 9 "* z to be 
useless 9 its  application4    ,yet su* 
defects mu/ n bl9d u to ! g5]al         
rightness ( _!  insight4 ,!y 7 prote/+  
aga9/ a sy/em /rongly upheld on  gr\nds 
:i* n[ appe> to h be5 simply            
indef5sible4 ,! bus9ess  ( gov]nm5t _h  
be5 made ! private possession ( a       
privileg$  class2 & eag]ness = desirable
 *ange 01 9 ! mass1 abs5t f  ! m9ds (   
mo/ m5 engag$ 9 its direction4 ,! loss (
 ,am]ica1 !  he>tless treatm5t ( ,irel&1
 ! uncon/itutional practices 9 !        
,wilkes affair1 ! height5+ ( corruption 

und]tak5 by ,h5ry ,fox &  ,nor? at !    
direct in/ance ( ! k+1 _h bl9d$ ! eyes (
 mo/  to ! fact t pr9ciple is a vital "p
 ( policy4 ,! revolutioni/s  recall$ m5 
to ! ne$ ( expla9+1 no less ?an c>ry+   
on1 !  gov]nm5t ( ! ,cr[n4 ,!y repres5t$
 ! new s5se ( p[] felt by  elem5ts ( :i*
 ! importance _h be5 =gott5 9 ! sordid  
intrigues ( ! previ\s half-c5tury4 ,_!  
emphasis ^u gov]nm5t  z 9 its nature a  
public tru/ 0 at lea/ accompani$ by a   
useful  rem9d] t1 aft] all1 ultimate p[]
 mu/ re/ ^u ! side ( !  gov]n$4 ,= tw5ty
 ye>s ,:igs & ,tories alike c>ri$ on    
political  controv]sy z ?\gh no public  
op9ion exi/$ outside ! small circle  ( !
 ari/ocracy4 ,! mob :i* made ,wilkes its
 idol 01 9 a bl9d  & unconsci\s way1    
en=c+ ! lesson t ,price & ,prie/ley _h  
9 m9d4 ,= ! mom5t1 !y 7 unsuccessful4   
,c>twright1 ) 8  ,con/itutional         
,societies1 might capture ! support ( an
 ecc5tric pe]  l ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond2 b !
 va/ majority rema9$1 if irritat$1      
unconv9c$4 ,x ne$$ ! realization t ! new

 doctr9es 7 "p  ( a va/] syn!sis :i*    
swept )9 its purview ! =tunes (  ,europe
 & ,am]ica be=e !y w\ld give s]i\s he$2 
& ev5 !n  !y met antagonism ) no?+ save 
oppression & hate4 ,yet !  doctr9es     
rema9$2 = ?\ght1 aft] all1 is kill$ by  
reason$ answ]  alone4 ,& :5 ! fir/ gu/s 
( w> & revolution _h pass$1 !  cause =  
:i* !y /ood 0 f\nd to h p]meat$ all     
classes save  t :i* _h all to lose by   
le>n+4    ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 commit !    
error ( ?9k+ ( ,price &  ,prie/ley z    
repres5t+ m ?an an important segm5t (   
op9ion4 ,!  opposition to _! !ories 0 n 
less articulate ?an _! own  def5ce ( !m4
 ,"s1 l ,burke1 desir$ a purification ( 
!  exi/+ sy/em2 o!rs1 l ,dr4 ,johnson1  
_h no sort ( sympa?y )  new-fangl$      
ideas4 ,"o ?9k]1 at lea/1 des]ves "s    
m5tion less =  ! inh]5t value ( :at he  
_h to say1 ?an = ! nature ( !  op9ions  
he exp\nd$4 ,josiah ,tuck]1 ! ,dean (   
,gl\ce/]1 has a  reputation alike 9     
political & economic enquiry4 ,he       
repres5ts !  /urdy nationalism (        

,arbu?not's ,john ,bull1 ! unreason$    
prejudice  aga9/ all =eign]s1 ! hatr$ ( 
all metaphysics z inconsi/5t  ) common  
s5se1 ! desire to let ?+s be on ! gr\nd 
t !  ef=t aft] *ange is worse ?an ! evil
 ( :i* m5 compla94 ,8  ,treatise on     
,civil ,gov]nm5t 7#agha7 is 9 _m ways a 
delightful book1  bluff1 h>dy1 full (   
common s5se1 )1 at times1 a qua9t humor 
t  is all its own4 ,he _h really two    
objects 9 view2 to deal1 9 ! fir/       
place1 fai?fully ) ! ,am]ican problem1  
&1 9 ! second1 to  explode ! new bubble 
( ,r\sseau's foll[]s4 ,! second po9t    
takes  ! =m ( an exam9ation ( ,locke1 to
 :om1 z ,tuck] %rewdly saw1  ! !ories ( 
! s*ool may trace _! ance/ry4 ,he       
analyses !  !ory ( cons5t 9 su* fa%ion z
 to %[ t if its adh]5ts c\ld  be p]suad$
 to be logical1 !y w\ld h to admit      
!mselves  an>*i/s4 ,he has no sympa?y ) 
! /ate ( nature2 ! noble  savage1 on    
inve/igation1 turns out to be a b>b>ic  
creature ) a  club & scalp+ knife4      
,gov]nm5t1 he does n d\bt1 is a tru/1   

or1  z he pref]s1 some:at oddly1 to call
 x1 a quasi-contract2 b t  does n mean t
 ! actual gov]nors c be dismiss$ :5 any 
ecc5tric happ5s to take exception to _! 
views4 ,he has no sympa?y  ) p>liam5t>y 
re=m4 ,give ! mob an increase ( p[]1 he 
says1  & no?+ is to be expect$ b outrage
 & viol5ce4 ,he ?9ks !  con/itution v   
well z x is1 & ^? :o prea* ! evils (    
corruption ought to prove _! *>ges      
in/ead ( blasphem\sly  ass]t+ t ! voice 
( ! p is ! voice ( ,god4    ,^u ,am]ica 
,tuck] has doctr9es all 8 own4 ,he does 
n d\bt t  ! ,am]icans des]ve ! wor/     
epi!ts t c be %[]$ ^u !m4  ,_! "r to    
self-gov]nm5t he d5i$ z /\tly z ev]     
,george ,,iii  himself c\ld h desir$4 ,b
 n = "o mom5t w\ld he fight !m  to      
compel _! return to ,briti% allegiance4 
,if ! ,am]ican colonies  want to g1 let 
!m by all means cut adrift4 ,!y are only
 a useless  s\rce ( exp5diture4 ,! trade
 !y repres5t does n dep5d ^u  allegiance
 b ^u wants t ,engl& c supply if %e     
keeps %op 9  ! prop] way1 if1 t is1 %e  

makes x to _! int]e/ to buy 9  h] m>ket4
 ,inde$1 colonies ( all k9ds seem to him
 q useless4  ,!y ev] are1 he says1 & ev]
 71 a dra9 to & an incumbrance on  !    
,"m-c\ntry1 requir+ p]petual & exp5sive 
nurs+ 9 _!  infancy1 & becom+ head/rong 
& ungov]nable 9 proportion z !y  gr[ up4
 ,all wise relations dep5d ^u           
self-int]e/1 & t ne$s  no compulsion4   
,if ,gibralt> & ,port ,mahon & ! re/ 7  
giv5 up1  ! result w\ld be multitudes ( 
places 444 aboli%$1 jobs &  contracts   
effectually prev5t$1 millions ( money   
sav$1 univ]sal  indu/ry enc\rag$1 & !   
influ5ce ( ! ,cr[n r$uc$ to t  m$iocrity
 x ought to h4 ,"h is pure ,man*e/]ism  
half-a-c5tury  be=e its "t2 & "o c      
imag9e ! good ,dean cru/ily expla9+  8  
notions to ! m]*ants ( ,bri/ol :o _h j  
reject$ ,edmund  ,burke = advocat+ free 
trade ) ,irel&4    ,no ^w on ,toryism   
w\ld be complete )\t m5tion ( ,dr4      
,johnson4  ,"h1 inde$1 we meet less )   
op9ion ?an ) a set ( gloomy  prejudices1
 acceptable only because ( ! /\t hone/y 

( ! s\rce  f :i* !y come4 ,he ?\ght life
 a poor ?+ at ! be/ & took  a l[ view ( 
human nature4 ,! notion ( lib]ty1 he    
told !  fai?ful ,boswell1 amuses ! p (  
,engl& & helps to keep (f  ! t$ium      
vitae4 ,! idea ( a society prop]ly      
organiz$ into ranks  & societies he     
always e/eem$ highly4 ,i am a fri5d to  
subord9ation1 he said1 z mo/ conducive  
to ! happ9ess (  society4 ,he 0 a       
,jacobite & ,tory to ! end4 ,:iggism 0 !
  (fspr+ ( ! devil1 ! negation ( all    
pr9ciple2 & he seems to  h impli$ t x l$
 to a!ism1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! wor/ (     
s9s4 ,he did n believe 9 ! hone/y (     
republicans2 !y levell$  d[n1 b 7 nev]  
incl9$ to level up4 ,m51 he felt1 _h a  
"p to  act 9 society1 & _! bus9ess 0 to 
fulfil _! allott$ /ation4  ,r\sseau 0 a 
v bad man3 ,i w\ld soon] sign a s5t5ce =
 8  transportation ?an t ( any fell[ :o 
has gone f ! ,old ,bailey  ^! _m ye>s4  
,political lib]ty 0 wor?less2 ! only ?+ 
wor?  :ile 0 fre$om 9 private conc]ns4  
,he bless$ ! gov]nm5t 9 !  case ( g5]al 

w>rants & ?\ght ! p[] ( ! ,cr[n too     
small4  ,tol]ation he consid]$ due to an
 inapt di/9ction betwe5 fre$om to  ?9k &
 fre$om to talk1 & any magi/rate :ile he
 ?9ks himself  "r 444 ought to en=ce :at
 he ?9ks4 ,! ,am]ican revolt he  ascrib$
 to selfi% faction2 & 9 8 ,taxation no  
,tyranny 7#agge7 he  def5d$ ! ,briti%   
gov]nm5t root & bran* ^u 8 favorite     
gr\nd  ( ! necessity ( subord9ation4 ,he
 0 will+1 he said1 to love all  mank9d  
except an ,am]ican4    ,yet ,dr4        
,johnson 0 ! fri5d ( ,burke1 & he f\nd  
pleasure 9 an  acqua9tance ) ,wilkes4   
,nor1 9 all 8 admiration = rank &       
=tune1 is !re a s+le elem5t ( meanness4 
,! man :o wrote !  lett] to ,"l         
,*e/]field ne$ nev] fe> ! *>ge (        
abasem5t4 ,he  knew t !re 0 a rem$y 9   
human nature t w keep u safe  "u e =m ( 
gov]nm5t4 ,he def9$ a c\rti] 9 ! ,idl] z
  "o ^: bus9ess x is to wat* ! looks ( a
 be+ weak & fooli%  z himself4 ,mu* (   
:at he felt 0 9 "p a revolt aga9/ !     
s5tim5tal aspect ( contempor>y          

lib]alism1 9 "p a /urdy contempt  = !   
talk ( deg5]acy t m5 su* z ,br[n _h made
 popul>4  ,!re is1 inde$1 9 all 8       
political obs]vations a /rong s5se (  ! 
virtue ( ord]1 & a p]ception t !        
radicalism ( ! "t  0 too ab/ract to     
provide an adequate basis = gov]nm5t4   
,"h1 z  else:]e1 ,johnson hat$ all      
speculation :i* rais$ ! fundam5tal      
que/ions4 ,:at he did n see 0 !         
important tru? t 9 no age  are          
fundam5tal que/ions rais$ save :]e !    
body politic is  diseas$4 ,r\sseau &    
,voltaire1 ev5 ,prie/ley & ,price1      
require  some?+ m = answ] ?an unreason$ 
prejudice4 ,johnson's attitude  w\ld h  
be5 admirable :]e !re 7 no que/ions to  
debate2 b  :]e ,pelham rul$1 or         
,gr5ville1 or ,nor?1 x _h no?+ to       
contribute4 ,?\ght1 aft] all1 is ! "o   
c]ta9 weapon ( utility 9  a diff]5t &   
complex _w2 & x 0 because ! age refus$  
to  look x 9 ! face t x invit$ ! approa*
 ( revolution4          ,,*apt] ,,vi    
,,burke        ,i      ,x is ! special  

m]it ( ! ,engli% con/itutional sy/em t !
  k+ /&s outside ! categories (         
political conflict4 ,he is !  dignifi$  
emolli5t ( an organiz$ qu>rel :i*1 at   
lea/ 9 !ory1  is due to ! cla% (        
antagoni/ic pr9ciple4 ,! m]it1 inde$1 is
  l>gely accid5tal2 & we %all miss !    
real fa%ion 9 :i* x came  to be e/abli%$
 unless we rem>k ! vicissitudes ?r\gh   
:i* x has  pass$4 ,! =eign bir? ( ! fir/
 two ,hanov]ians1 ! insi/5t  wid[hood ( 
,que5 ,victoria1 ^! r ?an delib]ate     
=esight h  secur$ ! elevat$             
nullification ( ! ,cr[n4 ,yet ! fir/    
tw5ty-five ye>s ( ,george ,,iii's reign 
repres5t ! delib]ate ef=t  ( an ob/9ate 
man to /em ! progress ( fifty ye>s &    
secure once  m ! balance ( p[]4 ,nor 0 !
 ef=t defeat$ )\t a  /ruggle :i* w5t to 
! root ( con/itutional pr9ciple4    ,&  
,george ,,iii attempt$ ! realization ( 8
 ambition at a "t  highly favorable to  
its success4 ,p>ty gov]nm5t _h lo/ mu*  
cr$it  dur+ ,walpole's adm9i/ration4 ,m5
 l ,bol+broke1 ,c>t]et & !  eld] ,pitt 7

 all ( !m dissatisfi$ ) a sy/em :i*     
dep5d$  = its exi/5ce ^u ! exclusion (  
able m5 f p[]4 ,a  g5]ation ( corrupt   
practice & ! f9al defeat ( ,/u>t hopes  
_h  already depriv$ ! ,:igs ( any       
special hold on _! pa/ ideals4  ,!y 7   
divid$ already into factions ! purpose (
 :i* 0 no m  ?an ! avid pursuit ( place 
& p5sion4 ,gov]nm5t by connection  prov$
 itself irreconcilable ) good gov]nm5t4 
,b x %[$ also  t once corruption 0      
c5traliz$ !re 0 no limit to its         
influ5ce1 grant$ only ! abs5ce ( great  
que/ions4 ,:5 ,george ,,iii  transf]r$ t
 organization f ! (fice ( ! m9i/] to 8  
own  c\rt1 !re 0 already a tol]able     
c]ta9ty ( 8 success4 ,= m  ?an =ty ye>s 
! ,tories _h be5 exclud$ f (fice2 & !y  
7 m ?an eag] to sell _! support4 ,!     
,*ur* _h become !  creature ( ! ,/ate4  
,! drift ( op9ion 9 cont95tal ,europe 0 
t[>ds b5evol5t despotism4 ,! n>r[1      
ob/9ate & ung5]\s m9d  ( ,george _h be5 
f$ on high notions ( ! p[] he might     
ex]t4 ,he  _h be5 taught ! k+%ip (      

,bol+broke's gl[+ picture2 & a  read+ 9 
manuscript ( ! sev5? *apt] (            
,black/one's fir/ book  c only h        
confirm$ ! ideals he f\nd !re4 ,nor 0 x 
obvi\s  t a g5u9e k+%ip w\ld h be5 worse
 ?an ! olig>*y ( !  great ,:ig families4
    ,:at made x worse1 & f9ally         
impossible1 0 ! "* ( !  k+4 ,! pa!tic   
circum/ances ( 8 old age h comb9$       
some:at  to obscure ! vici\sness ( 8    
maturity4 ,he 0 excessively ignorant  & 
z ob/9ate z arbitr>y4 ,he tru/$ no "o b 
himself1 & he  totally misund]/ood !    
true nature ( 8 (fice4 ,!re is no  "q   
:i* arose 9 ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( 8 reign 9 
:i* he  0 n ^u ! wrong side & pr\d ( 8  
error4 ,he 0 wrong ab\t  ,wilkes1 wrong 
ab\t ,am]ica1 wrong ab\t ,irel&1 wrong  
ab\t ,france4 ,he  dem&$ s]vants in/ead 
( m9i/]s4 ,he attack$ e measure =  !    
purification ( ! political sy/em4 ,he   
support$ ! ,slave trade  & he oppos$ !  
repeal ( ! ,te/ ,act4 ,he prev5t$ !     
grant (  ,ca?olic emancipation at ! "o  
mom5t :5 x might h g5u9ely  heal$ !     

w\nds ( ,irel&4 ,he de/roy$ by 8 p]v]se 
creations !  value ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords z 
a legislative assembly4 ,he 0 cle>ly    
det]m9$ to make 8 w ! crit]ion ( policy2
 & 8 design  might h succe$$ _h 8       
ability & temp] be5 proportionate to    
its greatness4 ,x 0 n likely t ! mass ( 
m5 w\ld h se5  ) regret ! de/ruction ( !
 ari/ocratic monopoly 9 politics4  ,!   
eld] ,pitt might well h bas$ a m9i/ry ( 
! c\rt ^u a  broad bottom ( popul>ity4  
,! ,h\se ( ,commons1 z ! ev5t prov$1    
c\ld be z subs]vi5t to ! k+ z to 8      
m9i/]4    ,yet ! design fail$2 & x fail$
 because1 ) *>act]i/ic  /upidity1 ! k+  
did n "k ! prop] in/rum5ts = 8  purpose4
 ,:atev] he t\*$ he mismanag$4 ,he ar\s$
 ! suspicion (  ! p by en=c+ !          
resignation ( ! eld] ,pitt4 ,9 ! ,wilkes
  affair he ?rew ! cle>e/ light ( !     
c5tury ^u ! true nature  ( ! ,h\se (    
,commons4 ,8 own sy/em ( proscription   
re/or$ to !  ,:ig p>ty n a little ( !   
idealism x _h lo/2 & ,burke came to     
supply !m ) a philosophy4 ,*a?am rema9$ 

! idol ( ! p  despite 8 hatr$4 ,he rais$
 ,wilkes to be ! *ampion (              
repres5tative gov]nm5t & ( p]sonal      
lib]ty4 ,he lo/ ,am]ica &  x 0 n 8 fault
 t ,irel& 0 reta9$4 ,! e>ly popul>ity he
  receiv$ he nev] recov]$ until increas+
 ye>s & madness _h made  him too pa!tic 
= dislike4 ,! real result ( 8 attempt 0 
to  compel att5tion once aga9 to !      
f\ndations ( politics2 & ,george's      
ef=t1 9 ! light ( 8 imm5se failures1    
c\ld n1 9 ! nature  ( ?+s1 survive t    
analysis4    ,n1 ( c\rse1 t ,george ev] 
lack$ def5d]s4 ,z e>ly z #agfa1 !  old  
rival ( ,walpole1 ,pult5ey1 :om a pe]age
 _h condemn$ to  obsolesc5ce1 publi%$ 8 
,seasonable ,h9ts f an ,hone/ ,man on ! 
new ,reign4 ,pult5ey urg$ ! sov]eign no 
long] to be cont5t )  ! %ad[ ( royalty4 
,he %\ld use 8 legal pr]ogatives to *eck
  ! illegal claims ( facti\s olig>*y4   
,gov]nm5t _h become !  private          
possession ( a few p[]ful m54 ,! k+ 0 b 
a puppet 9  lead+ /r+s4 ,! basis (      
gov]nm5t %\ld be wid5$1 = e  hone/ man 0

 aw>e t di/9ctions ( p>ty 7 n[ m]ely    
nom9al4  ,! ,tories %\ld be admitt$ to  
place4 ,!y 7 n[ fri5dly to !  accession 
& !y no long] boa/$ _! ho/ility to      
diss5t4 ,!y  knew t ,tol]ation & !      
,e/abli%m5t 7 ( ! ess5ce ( !            
,con/itution4 ,7 once ! ,:ig olig>*y    
ov]?r[n1 corruption w\ld  cease &       
,p>liam5t c\ld no long] hope to dom9ate 
! k+dom4 ,!  m9i/]s1 he said1 w dep5d on
 ! ,cr[n n ! ,cr[n on  m9i/]s if ,george
 b %[$ 8 resolution to break all        
factiti\s  connections & conf$]acies4 ,!
 tone is ,bol+broke's1 & x 0  ! lesson  
,george _h insi/5tly he>d f e>ly y\?4   
,h[ s9i/]  0 ! advice1 m5 did n see     
until ! eld] ,pitt 0 9 political  exile1
 ) ,wilkes an outlaw1 & g5]al w>rants   
?reat5+ ! :ole  basis ( pa/ lib]ties4   
,! fir/ writ] :o po9t$ out 9 unmi/akable
 t]ms ! mean+ (  ! new syn!sis 0        
,junius4 ,t 8 anonymity conceal$ !      
malignant  tal5t ( ,sir ,philip ,francis
 seems n[ beyond d5ial4 ,junius1 inde$1 
c h>dly claim a place 9 ! hi/ory (      

political ideas4 ,8 g5ius  lay n 9 !    
discussion ( pr9ciple b ! dissection (  
p]sonality4 ,8 p[] lay 9 8 /yle & ! k t 
enabl$  him to in=m ! g5]al public (    
facts :i* 7 ! private  possession ( !   
inn] political circle4 ,8 m9d 0 n>r[ &  
p$antic4 ,he /ood ) ,gr5ville on        
,am]ican taxation2 & he  ma9ta9$ )\t    
p]ceiv+ :at x meant t a nom9ation bor\gh
  0 a freehold beyond ! compet5ce ( !   
legislature to aboli%4 ,he  0 nev]      
g5]\s1 always abusive1 & tru? did n ent]
 into 8  calculations4 ,b he saw )      
unsurpass$ cle>ness ! nature ( !  issue 
& he 0 a p[]ful in/rum5t 9 !            
discomfiture ( ! k+4  ,he won a new     
audi5ce = political conflict & t audi5ce
 0 !  un5fran*is$ populace ( ,engl&4 ,8 
lett]s1 moreov]1 appe>+ z  !y did 9 !   
daily j\rnals gave ! press a            
significance 9 politics  :i* x has nev] 
lo/4 ,he made ! significance ( ,george's
 ef=t  kn[n to ! mass ( m5 at a "t :5 no
 o!r means ( in=mation  0 at h&4 ,!     
opposition 0 divid$2 ! k+'s fri5ds 7 9 a

  va/ majority2 ! publication ( debates 
0 all b impossible4  ,engli% gov]nm5t 0 
a secret conflict 9 :i* ! entrance (    
spectators 0 =bidd5 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 !     
subjects ( debate4  ,x 0 ! glory (      
,junius t he de/roy$ t sy/em4 ,n ev5 !  
comb9$ influ5ce ( ! ,cr[n & ,commons1 n 
ev5 ,"l ,mansfield's  doctr9e ( ! law ( 
libel1 c\ld break ! p[] ( 8 vitup]ation 
& ,wilkes' c\rage4 ,bad m5 h sometimes  
be5 ! in/rum5ts (  noble de/9y2 & !re   
are few m curi\s episodes 9 ,engli%     
hi/ory ?an ! result ( ?is alliance      
betwe5 rev5geful hate &  insol5t        
ambition4        ,,ii      ,yet1 9 !    
long run1 ! real weapon :i* defeat$     
,george 0 !  ideas ( ,edmund ,burke2 =  
he gave to ! political conflict its real
  place 9 philosophy4 ,!re is no        
immortality save 9 ideas2 & x 0  ,burke 
:o gave a p]man5t =m to ! debate 9 :i*  
he 0 !  lib]al protagoni/4 ,8 c>e] is   
illu/rative at once ( ! m]its  & defects
 ( ,engli% politics 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4
 ,! son ( an  ,iri% ,prote/ant lawy] & a

 ,ca?olic "m1 he s]v$1 aft] le>n+  :at  
,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 c\ld (f] him1 
a long appr5tice%ip to  politics 9 !    
upp] "p ( ,grub ,/reet4 ,! /ory t he    
appli$1  along ) ,hume1 = ,adam ,smi?'s 
*air at ,glasg[ seems apocryphal2  ?\gh 
! ,diss]tation on ! ,sublime & !        
,beautiful 7#agef7 %[s  8 s+ul> fitness 
= ! /udies t ,hut*eson _h made ! special
  possession ( ! ,scotti% s*ool4 ,x 0 9 
,grub ,/reet t he appe>s  to h atta9$ t 
amaz+ am\nt ( v>i$ yet pr(\nd k  :i*    
made him )\t equal 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4
 ,8 e>lie/  production 0 a ,v9dication (
 ,natural ,society 7#agef71 writt5 9 !  
mann] ( ,"l ,bol+broke1 & successful    
en\gh 9 its imitative  satire n only to 
deceive its imm$iate public1 b also to  
become !  basis ( ,godw9's ,political   
,ju/ice4 ,aft] a va9 attempt to s]ve 9  
,irel& ) ,s+le-,spee* ,hamilton1 he     
became ! private secret>y  to ,"l       
,rock+ham1 ! lead] ( ! "o section ( !   
,:ig p>ty to  :i* an honorable record   
/ill rema9$4 ,t connection secur$ =  him

 a seat 9 ,p>liam5t at ! comp>atively   
late age ( ?irty-six2  & h5ce=w>d1 until
 8 dea? 9 #agig1 he 0 among its lead+   
memb]s4 ,8 intellectual pre-em95ce1     
inde$1 seems f ! v  outset to h be5     
recogniz$ on all h&s2 ?\gh he 0 /ill1 9 
!  eyes ( ! sy/em1 en\gh ( an outsid] to
 be giv51 9 ! %ort  mon?s dur+ :i* he   
held (fice1 ! m9or (fice (              
,payma/]-,g5]al1 )\t a seat 9 ! ,cab9et4
 ,! man ( :om all  ,engl& 0 ! political 
pupil 0 d5i$ )\t discussion a place at  
! c\ncil bo>d4 ,yet :5 ,fox is little m 
?an a memory ( great  lovabl5ess & ,pitt
 a m>vell\s y\? ( apt quotations1 ,burke
 has  endur$ z ! p]man5t manual (       
political wisdom )\t :i*  /atesm5 are z 
sailors on an un*>t$ sea4    ,= x has   
be5 ! s+ul> good =tune ( ,burke n m]ely 
to obta9  acceptance z ! apo/le (       
philosophic cons]vatism1 b to give deep 
com=t to m5 ( lib]al temp]4 ,he is1     
inde$1 a s+ul>ly lovable  figure4 ,8    
/ream ( m9d is p]petual1 said ,johnson2 
& ,goldsmi?  has told u h[ he w\nd 8 way

 into a subject l a s]p5t4 ,macaulay    
?\ght him ! greate/ man s9ce ,milton1   
,"l ,morley ! greate/  ma/] ( civil     
wisdom 9 our tongue4 ,no ,engli% writ]1 
says ,sir  ,leslie ,/eph51 has receiv$  
or has des]v$ m spl5did panegyrics4     
,ev5 :5 ! la/ criticism has be5 made1   
detraction f ^!  e/imates is impossible4
 ,x is easy to %[ h[ irritable & viol5t 
0 8 temp]am5t4 ,!re is evid5ce & to sp>e
 ( ! way 9 :i*  he all[$ ! _s ( p>ty to 
cl\d 8 judgm5t4 ,8 relations )  ,"l     
,*a?am give lam5table pro( ( ! viol5ce (
 8 p]sonal  antipa?ies4 ,z an orator1 8 
spee*es are (t5 turgid1 want+ 9         
self-control1 & full ( ^? ample         
digressions 9 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one        
delight$ to obscure 8 pr9ciples4 ,yet ! 
irritation did n conceal  a magnific5t  
loyalty to 8 fri5ds1 & x 0 9 8 days (   
comp>ative pov]ty t he %>$ 8 means )    
,b>ry & ) ,crabbe4  ,8 alliance ) ,fox  
is ! classic p>tn]%ip 9 ,engli%         
politics1  unm>ri$1 ev5 enri*$1 by !    
trag$y ( its close4 ,he 0 nev]  guilty (

 mean ambition4 ,he ?\ght ( no?+ save ! 
public welf>e4  ,no man has ev] m       
consi/5tly devot$ 8 en]gies to ! s]vice 
(  ! nation ) less reg>d = p]sonal      
advancem5t4 ,no ,engli%  /atesman has   
ev] m firmly mov$ amid a mass ( details 
to !  pr9ciple !y involve4    ,he 0 a   
memb] ( no s*ool ( ?\ght1 & !re is no   
influ5ce to  :om 8 outlook c be directly
 trac$4 ,8 politics1 inde$1 be> ^u  _!  
face ! preoccupation ) ! imm$iate       
problems ( ! ,h\se (  ,commons4 ,yet    
?r\gh !m all ! pr9ciples t em]ge =m a   
consi/5t :ole4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,he hat$
 oppression ) all !  passion ( a g5]\s  
moral nature4 ,he c>$ = ! good z he saw 
x  ) a /eadfa/ness :i* ,bright & ,cobd5 
only c claim to  *all5ge4 ,:at he _h to 
say he said 9 s5t5ces :i* =m ! maxims  (
 adm9i/rative wisdom4 ,8 horizon rea*$ f
 ,london out to ,india  & ,am]ica2 & he 
c>$ z deeply = ! ,indian ryot's wrongs z
 =  ! iniquities ( ,engli% policy to    
,irel&4 ,) less wid? ( m9d  ?an ,hume & 
less int5sity ( gaze ?an ,adam ,smi?1 he

 yet _h a wid?  & int5sity :i*1 fus$ ) 8
 own imag9ative sympa?y1 gave him  m    
insight ?an ei!r4 ,he _h an un]r+ eye = 
! et]nal  pr9ciples ( politics4 ,he knew
 t ideals mu/ be h>ness$ to an ,act  (  
,p>liam5t if !y are n to cease _!       
influ5ce4 ,admitt+ :ile  he did t       
politics mu/ re/ ^u exp$i5cy1 he nev]   
fail$ to f9d  good reason :y exp$i5cy   
%\ld be id5tifi$ ) :at he saw z  "r4 ,x 
is a /a9less & a spl5did record4 ,!re   
are m5 9 ,engli%  politics to :om a     
great] imm$iate influ5ce may be ascrib$1
 j z  9 political philosophy he _c claim
 ! p]si/5t inspiration (  ,hobbes &     
,locke4 ,b 9 t middle gr\nd betwe5 !    
facts &  speculation 8 supremacy is     
unapproa*$4 ,!re _h be5 no?+ l  him be=e
 9 ,engli% politics2 & 9 cont95tal      
politics ,roy]  ,coll>d alone has some?+
 ( 8 moral fibre1 ?\gh 8 practical      
insight 0 f> less pr(\nd4 ,hamilton _h  
,burke's full grasp (  political wisdom1
 b he lack$ 8 moral elevation4 ,s t he  
rema9s  a figure ( uniqu5ess4 ,he may1 z

 ,goldsmi? said1 h exp5d$ ^u  8 p>ty    
tal5ts t %\ld h illum9at$ ! univ]sal    
aspect (  ! ,/ate4 ,yet !re is no "q )  
:i* he dealt t he did n  leave ! ri*] = 
8 enquiry4        ,,iii      ,!         
lib]alism ( ,burke is mo/ app>5t 9 8    
h&l+ ( !  imm$iate issues ( ! age4 ,^u  
,irel&1 ,am]ica & ,india1 he 0 at  e    
po9t ^u ! side ( ! future4 ,:]e         
con/itutional re=m 0  9 debate no man   
saw m cle>ly ?an he ! evils t ne$$      
rem$y2  ?\gh1 to a lat] g5]ation1 8 own 
s*emes be> ! m>k ( timid  cons]vatism4  
,9 ! la/ decade ( 8 life he enc\nt]$ !  
greate/  cataclysm unloos$ ^u ,europe   
s9ce ! ,re=mation1 & x is n too  mu* to 
say t at e po9t he miss$ ! ess5ce ( its 
mean+4  ,yet ev5 ^u ,france & ! ,engli% 
,con/itution he 0 full (  practical     
sagacity4 ,_h 8 w>n+ be5 utt]$ )\t !    
fury (  hate t accompani$ x1 he might   
well h guid$ ! =ces ( !  ,revolution    
into *annels t w\ld h left no space = ! 
milit>y  dictator%ip he s m>vell\sly    
=esaw4 ,_h he p]ceiv$ ! real evils  ( ! 

ari/ocratic monopoly aga9/ :i* he s     
eloqu5tly inveigh$1  =ty b>r5 ye>s might
 well h be5 a fruitful epo* ( wise &    
cont9u\s re=m4 ,b ,burke 0 n a democrat1
 &1 at bottom1 he _h  little reg>d = t  
popul> s5se ( "r :i*1 ^u occasion1 he  0
 ready to praise4 ,:at impress$ him 0   
less ! evils ( !  con/itution ?an its   
possibilities1 c\ld ! defects q ali5 f  
its nature b be prun$ away4 ,mom5ts1    
inde$1 !re are ( a deep]  vision1 & x is
 n untrue to say t ! be/ answ] to       
,burke's  cons]vatism is to be f\nd 9 8 
own pages4 ,b he 0 too mu* !  apo/le (  
ord] to wat* ) calm ! /ruggles involv$ 9
 !  ov]?r[ ( privilege4 ,he _h too mu* !
 s5se ( a ,div9e ,provid5ce  tak+ ?\ght 
= ! welf>e ( m5 to int]f]e ) viol5ce 9 8
  h&iwork4 ,! t+e ( caution is nev]     
abs5t1 ev5 f 8 mo/  lib]al mom5ts2 & he 
0 will+ to endure great evil if x seem$ 
dang]\s to e/imate ! co/ ( *ange4    ,8 
,am]ican spee*es are ! true text-book = 
colonial  adm9i/ration4 ,he put aside ! 
empty plea ( "r :i* satisfi$  legal     

p$ants l ,george ,gr5ville4 ,:at mov$   
him 0 ! tragic  fa%ion 9 :i* m5 clung to
 ! %ad[ ( a p[] !y c\ld n  ma9ta9 in/ead
 ( se>*+ = ! roots ( fre$om4 ,he nev]   
conceal$ f himself t ! success ( ,am]ica
 0 b\nd up ) !  ma9t5ance ( ,engli%     
lib]ties4 ,armies1 he said _m ye>s lat]1
  fir/ victori\s ov] ,engli%m51 9 a     
conflict = ,engli%  con/itutional rights
 & privileges1 & aft]w>ds habituat$     
7?\gh  9 ,am]ica7 to keep an ,engli% p 9
 a /ate ( abject subjection1  w\ld prove
 fatal 9 ! end to ! lib]ties ( ,engl&   
itself4 ,he _h  firm hold ( t insidi\s  
dang] :i* belittles fre$om itself 9 !   
int]e/ ( curtail+ "s special desire4 ,9 
ord] to prove t !  ,am]icans h no "r to 
_! lib]ties1 he said 9 ! fam\s  ,spee*  
on ,conciliation ) ,am]ica 7#agge71 we  
are e day  endeavor+ to subv]t ! maxims 
:i* pres]ve ! :ole _s ( our  own4 ,! way
 = ! lat] despotism ( ! y\ng] ,pitt1 01 
z ,burke  saw1 prep>$ by ^? :o p]suad$  
,engli%m5 ( ! paltry "*  ( ! ,am]ican   
conte/4 ,8 own receipt 0 s\nd]4 ,9 !    

,spee* on  ,am]ican ,taxation 7#aggd7 he
 _h riddl$ ! view t ! fiscal  me?ods (  
,"l ,nor? 7 likely to succe$4 ,! true   
me?od 0 to  f9d a way ( peace4 ,nobody  
%all p]suade me1 he told a ho/ile ,h\se 
( ,commons1 :5 a :ole p are conc]n$ t   
acts ( l5ity are  n means (             
conciliation4 ,magnanimity 9 politics1  
he said 9 !  next ye>1 is n seldom !    
true/ wisdom2 & a great empire &  little
 m9ds g ill toge!r4 ,he did n "k1 9 !   
mo/ sup]b (  all 8 maxims1 h[ to draw up
 an indictm5t aga9/ a :ole p4 ,he  w\ld 
w9 ! colonies by b9d+ !m to ,engl& ) !  
ties (  fre$om4 ,! "q ) me1 he said1 is 
n :e!r y h a  "r to r5d] y\r p mis]able1
 b :e!r x is n y\r  int]e/ to make !m   
happy4 ,! problem1 9 fact1 0 "o n (     
ab/ract "r b ( exp$i5cy2 & no?+ c\ld be 
lo/ by  satisfy+ ,am]ican desire4 ,save 
= ,johnson & ,gibbon1 t 0  app>5t to e  
fir/-class m9d 9 ,engl&4 ,b ! ob/9ate k+
  prevail$2 & ,burke's great prote/     
rema9$ no m ?an mat]ial =  ! legislation
 ( ! future4 ,yet x 0 some?+ t n9ety    

ye>s  aft] 8 spee* ! ,briti% ,nor?      
,am]ica ,act %\ld h giv5 8  dreams full 
sub/ance4    ,irel& _h always a place   
ap>t 9 ,burke's affections1 & :5 he     
fir/ ent]$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons he admitt$
 t upp]mo/ 9 8  ?\ghts 0 ! desire to    
assi/ its fre$om4 ,he saw t "h1 z 9     
,am]ica1 no man w be argu$ into slav]y4 
,a gov]nm5t :i* defi$  ! fundam5tal     
impulses ( m5 0 b\nd to c\rt disa/]4 ,h[
 c\ld  x seek security :]e x defi$ !    
desires ( ! va/ majority ( its          
subjects8 ,:y is ! ,iri% ,ca?olic to h  
less ju/ice ?an !  ,ca?olic ( ,quebec or
 ! ,indian ,mohamm$an8 ,! sy/em (       
,prote/ant  control1 he said 9 ! ,lett] 
to ,sir ,h]cules ,langri%e 7#agib71 0   
well fitt$ = ! oppression1 impov]i%m5t &
 degradation ( a  p1 & ! debasem5t 9 !m 
( human nature itself4 ,!  ,ca?olics    
paid _! taxes2 !y s]v$ ) glory 9 ! army 
& navy4  ,yet !y 7 d5i$ a %>e 9 !       
commonweal?4 ,common s5se1 he  said1 &  
common ju/ice dictate 444 "s sort (     
comp5sation to a  p = _! slav]y4 ,!     

,briti% ,con/itution 0 n made =  great1 
g5]al & proscriptive exclusions2 soon]  
or lat] x w  de/roy !m1 or !y w de/roy !
 con/itution4 ,! argum5t t  ! body (    
,ca?olics 0 prone to s$ition 0 no reason
 to oppress  !m4 ,no man w ass]t        
s]i\sly1 he said1 t :5 p are (  a       
turbul5t _s ! be/ way to keep !m 9 ord] 
is to furni% !m  ) some?+ to compla9 (4 
,! advantages ( subjects 71 z he  urg$1 
_! "r2 & a wise gov]nm5t w\ld reg>d all 
_!  reasonable wi%es z s _m claims4 ,to 
neglect !m 0 to h a  nation full (      
uneas9ess2 & ! end 0 b\nd to be disa/]4 
,!re is no?+ m noble 9 ,burke's c>e] ?an
 8 long attempt to  mitigate ! evils (  
,company rule 9 ,india4 ,rese>* may well
 h  %[n t 9 "s details he press$ ! case 
too f>2 yet no?+ has  s f> come to light
 to ca/ d\bt ^u ! pr9ciples he !re      
ma9ta9$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,engli% /atesman  
fully to und]/& !  moral import ( !     
problem ( subject races2 & if he did n  
make  impossible ! ,joseph ,s$leys ( !  
future1 at lea/ he flung an  et]nal     

*all5ge to _! malignant complac5cy4 ,he 
did n ask !  ab&onm5t ( ,briti% dom9ion 
9 ,india1 ?\gh he may h d\bt$ !  wisdom 
( its conque/4 ,all t he insi/$ ^u 0    
?is1 t 9  imp]ial adv5ture ! conqu]+    
race mu/ abide by a moral code4 ,a  lie 
0 a lie :e!r its victim be black or     
:ite4 ,! ,european mu/  respect ! p[]s &
 rights ( ! ,h9du z he w\ld be compell$ 
by  law to respect !m 9 8 own ,/ate4 ,if
 we are n able1 he said1 to  contrive "s
 me?od ( gov]n+ ,india well :i* w n (   
necessity  become ! means ( gov]n+      
,great ,brita9 ill1 a gr\nd is laid =   
_! et]nal sep>ation1 b none = sacrific+ 
! p ( t  c\ntry to our con/itution4     
,engl& mu/ be 9 ,india = ,india's       
b5efit or n at all2 political p[] &     
comm]cial monopoly su* z  ! ,ea/ ,india 
,company enjoy$ c\ld be _h only ins(> z 
!y are  in/rum5ts ( "r & n ( viol5ce4 ,!
 ,company's sy/em 0 !  anti!sis ( ?is4  
,!re is no?+1 he said 9 a magnific5t    
passage1 be=e ! eyes ( ! natives b an   
endless1 hopeless  prospect ( new       

flights ( birds ( prey & passage1 )     
appetites  cont9ually r5ew+ = a food t  
is cont9ually wa/+4 ,sympa?y  ) !       
native1 reg>d = 8 habits & wants1 !     
,company's s]vants  fail$ to display4 ,!
 ,engli% y\? 9 ,india dr9k ! intoxicat+ 
draught ( au?ority & dom9ion be=e _!    
heads are able to be>  x1 & z !y are    
full gr[n 9 =tune long be=e !y are ripe 
9  pr9ciple1 nei!r nature nor reason h  
any opportunity to ex]t  !mselves = !   
excesses ( _! premature p[]4 ,!         
consequ5ces  ( _! conduct1 :i* 9 good   
m9ds 7& _m ( !irs are probably  su*7    
might produce p5it5ce or am5dm5t1 are   
unable to pursue !  rapidity ( _!       
flight4 ,_! prey is lodg$ 9 ,engl&2 & ! 
cries  ( ,india are giv5 to seas & w9ds 
to be bl[n ab\t 9 e break+  up ( !      
monsoon ov] a remote & unhe>+ ocean4 ,m 
?an a  c5tury 0 to pass be=e ! wise/ (  
,burke's int]pret]s attempt$  !         
translation ( 8 maxims into /atute4 ,b  
!re has nev]1 9 any  language1 be5 drawn
 a cle>] picture ( ! dang] implicit 9   

imp]ial adv5ture4 ,! situation ( man1   
said ,burke1 is !  preceptor ( 8 duty4  
,he saw h[ a nation might become        
corrupt$ by  ! spoils ( o!r l&s4 ,he    
knew t cruelty abroad is ! p>5t (  a    
lat] cruelty at home4 ,m5 w compla9 ( _!
 wrongdo+ 9 !  remot] empire2 &         
imp]ialism w employ ! means ,burke pa9t$
 9  un=gettable t]ms 9 8 picture ( ,paul
 ,b5field4 ,he d5i$ t !  gov]nm5t (     
subject races c be reg>d$ z a comm]cial 
transaction4  ,its problem 0 n to secure
 divid5ds b to accompli% moral b5efit4  
,he abhorr$ ! politics ( pre/ige4 ,he   
knew ! difficulties involv$  9 adm9i/]+ 
di/ant t]ritories1 ! ignorance & apa?y (
 !  public1 ! consequ5t erosion (       
responsibility1 ! *ance t wrong  w fail 
( discov]y4 ,b he did n %r9k f 8        
conclusion4 ,let  u d :at we please1 he 
said1 to put ,india f our ?\ghts1 we c  
d no?+ to sep>ate x f our public int]e/ 
& our national  reputation4 ,t is a     
g5]al tru? n less 9 ,africa & ,*9a ?an  
9 ,india itself4 ,! ma9 ?\ght 9 ,burke's

 m9d 0 ! dang] le/  colonial dom9ion    
become ! bre$+-gr\nd ( arbitr>y ideas4  
,t  8 own safegu>ds 7 inadequate is cle>
 en\gh at ! pres5t "t4  ,he knew t ! ne$
 0 good gov]nm5t4 ,he did n nor c\ld he 
realize h[ intimately t ideal 0 connect$
 ) self-gov]nm5t4  ,yet ! late/ lesson  
is no m ?an ! f9al outcome ( 8 tea*+4   
,,iv      ,a backgr\nd s consi/5t z ?is 
9 ! inflexible det]m9ation to  moralize 
political action result$ 9 a noble      
edifice4 ,yet1 ?r\gh x  all1 ! pr9ciples
 ( policy are r impli$ ?an admitt$4 ,x 0
  :5 he came to deal ) dome/ic problems 
& ! ,fr5* ,revolution  t ,burke mo/     
cle>ly %[$ ! real tr5d ( 8 ?\ght4 ,t    
tr5d  is unmi/akable4 ,burke 0 a        
utilit>ian :o 0 conv9c$ t :at 0  old 0  
valuable by ! m]e fact ( its arrival at 
maturity4 ,! ,/ate  appe>$ to him an    
organic comp\nd t came b sl[ly to its   
full  spl5d\r4 ,x 0 easy to de/roy2     
creation 0 impossible4 ,political       
philosophy 0 no?+ = him b accurate      
g5]alization f  exp]i5ce2 & he held !   

presumption to be aga9/ novelty4 ,:ile  
he  did n belittle ! value ( reason1 he 
0 always impress$ by !  imm5se "p play$ 
by prejudice 9 ! det]m9ation ( policy4  
,he _h  no d\bt t prop]ty 0 a rightful  
index to p[]2 & to di/urb  prescription 
seem$ to him ! op5+ ( ! flood gates4    
,nor mu/ we  miss ! religi\s aspect ( 8 
philosophy4 ,he nev] d\bt$ t  religion 0
 ! f\ndation ( ! ,engli% ,/ate4         
,engli%m51 he said  9 ! ,reflections on 
! ,fr5* ,revolution 7#agij71 "k1 & :at  
is  bett]1 we feel inw>dly1 t religion  
is ! basis ( civil society  & ! s\rce ( 
all good & ( all com=t4 ,! utt]ance is  
*>act]i/ic1 n m]ely 9 its depreciation (
 reason1 b 9 its  ultimate reliance ^u a
 my/ic explanation ( social facts4 ,no?+
 0  m ali5 f ,burke's temp] ?an d$uctive
 ?9k+ 9 politics4 ,!  only safegu>d he  
c\ld f9d 0 9 empiricism4    ,?is hatr$ (
 ab/raction is1 ( c\rse1 ! basis ( 8    
e>lie/  publication2 b x rema9$ ) him to
 ! end4 ,he w\ld n discuss  ,am]ica 9   
t]ms ( "r4 ,i d n ent] into ^!          

metaphysical  di/9ctions1 he said 9 !   
,spee* on ,am]ican ,taxation1 ,i hate ! 
v s\nd ( !m4 ,"o sure symptom ( an      
ill-conduct$ /ate1 he  wrote 9 !        
,reflections1 is ! prop5sity ( ! p to   
resort  to !ories4 ,x is always to be   
lam5t$1 he said 9 a ,spee* on !         
,duration ( ,p>liam5t1 :5 m5 are driv5  
to se>* into !  f\ndations ( !          
commonweal?4 ,! !ory ( a social contract
 he  decl>$ at be/ a confusion (        
judicial ) civil pr9ciples1 & he  f\nd  
no s5se 9 ! doctr9e ( popul> sov]eignty4
 ,! l9es (  morality1 he said 9 !       
,appeal f ! ,new to ! ,old ,:igs        
7#agia71  are n l ideal l9es (          
ma!matics4 ,!y are broad & deep z  well 
z long4 ,!y admit ( exceptions2 !y dem& 
modifications4 ,^!  exceptions &        
modifications are made1 n by ! process (
 logic b  by ! rules ( prud5ce4 ,prud5ce
 is n only fir/ 9 rank ( !  virtues     
political & moral1 b %e is ! director1 !
 regulator1 !  /&>d ( !m all4 ,nor did  
he hesitate to draw ! obvi\s            

conclusion4 ,?is1 he said1 is ! true    
t\*/one ( all !ories  :i* reg>d man & ! 
affairs ( m5--does x suit 8 nature 9    
g5]al1 does x suit 8 nature z modifi$ by
 8 habits8    ,( ! tru? ( ?is g5]al     
attitude x is difficult to make d5ial4  
,b :5 ,burke came to apply x to !       
,briti% ,con/itution ! rules  ( prud5ce 
he 0 will+ to admit are n>r[ en\gh to   
cause  surpris$ enquiry4 ,he did n d\bt 
t ! true end ( a legislature  0 to give 
a direction1 a =m1 a te*nical dress 444 
to ! g5]al  s5se ( ! community2 he      
admitt$ t popul> revolt is s mu* !      
outcome ( suff]+ t 9 any dispute betwe5 
gov]nm5t & p1  ! presumption is at lea/ 
equal 9 ! latt]'s favor4 ,he urg$ !     
acceptance ( ,gr5ville's bill = improv+ 
! me?od ( decision ^u  disput$          
elections4 ,he made a magnific5t def5ce 
( ! popul> cause  9 ! ,middlesex        
election4 ,he 0 9 favor ( ! publication 
(  p>liam5t>y debates & ( ! vot+ li/s 9 
divisions4 ,he support$  almo/ ) passion
 ! end+ ( t iniquit\s sy/em by :i* !    

enfran*isem5t ( rev5ue (fic]s gave      
gov]nm5t a corrupt res]voir  ( electoral
 support4 ,8 ,spee* on ,economical ,re=m
 7#aghj7 0 !  prelude to a nobly-plann$ 
& successful attack ^u ! wa/e ( !       
,civil li/4    ,yet beyond ^! measures  
,burke c\ld nev] be p]suad$ to g4 ,he 0 
aga9/ ! dem& = %ort] ,p>liam5ts on !    
excell5t gr\nd t  ! elections w\ld be m 
corrupt & ! ,commons less responsible4  
,he  oppos$ ! rem$y ( a ,place ,bill = !
 good & suffici5t reason  t x gave !    
executive an int]e/ aga9/ ! legislature4
 ,he w\ld  n1 z 9 ! great spee* at      
,bri/ol 7#aggd71 accept ! doctr9e t  a  
memb] ( ,p>liam5t 0 a m]e delegate ( 8  
con/itu5ts r  ?an a repres5tative ( 8   
own convictions4 ,gov]nm5t &            
legislation1 he said1 are matt]s (      
reason & ( judgm5t2 & once  ! private   
memb] _h honorably arriv$ at a decision 
:i* he ?\ght  0 = ! int]e/ ( ! :ole     
community1 8 duty 0 done4 ,all  ?is1 9  
itself1 is unexceptionable2 & x %[s     
,burke's admirable  grasp ( ! practical 

application ( attractive !ories to !    
ev5t4  ,b x is to be read 9 conjunction 
) a g5]al ho/ility to basic             
con/itutional *ange :i* is m dubi\s4 ,he
 _h no sympa?y ) !  ,radicals4 ,! bane (
 ! ,:igs1 he said1 has be5 ! admission  
among !m ( ! corps ( s*em]s 444 :o d u  
inf9ite mis*ief by  p]suad+ _m sob] &   
well-mean+ p t we h designs  inconsi/5t 
) ! ,con/itution left u by our =efa!rs4 
,if !  nation at l>ge1 he wrote 9 ano!r 
lett]1 has disposition en\gh to  oppose 
all bad pr9ciples & all bad m51 its =m (
 gov]nm5t is1 9  my op9ion1 fully       
suffici5t = x2 b if ! g5]al disposition 
be  aga9/ a virtu\s & manly l9e ( public
 conduct1 !re is no =m  into :i* x c be 
?r[n t w improve its nature or add to   
its  en]gy2 & 9 ! same lett] he =e%ad[s 
a possible retirem5t  f ! ,h\se (       
,commons z a prote/ aga9/ ! gr[? (      
radical  op9ion 9 8 p>ty4 ,he resi/$ e  
ef=t to r$uce ! suffrage  qualification4
 ,he _h no sympa?y ) ! ef=t ei!r to add 
to !  c\nty repres5tation or to aboli% !

 rott5 bor\ghs4 ,! framework  ( !       
p>liam5t>y sy/em seem$ to him excell5t4 
,he deplor$ all  criticism ( ,p>liam5t1 
& ev5 ! discussion ( its ess5tials4 ,our
  repres5tation1 he said1 is z ne>ly    
p]fect z ! necess>y  imp]fections (     
human affairs & ( human creatures w     
suff] x to  be4 ,x 0 9 ! same temp] t he
 resi/$ all ef=t at !  political relief 
( ! ,prote/ant diss5t]s4 ,! ma*9e       
itself1 he  _h said1 is well en\gh to   
answ] any good purpose1 provid$ !       
mat]ials 7 s\nd2 & he nev] mov$ f t     
op9ion4    ,burke's attitude 0 obsolete 
ev5 :ile he wrote2 yet !  sugge/iv5ess (
 8 v errors makes exam9ation ( _! gr\nd 
important4 ,broadly1 he 0 prote/+ aga9/ 
natural "r 9 ! "n  ( exp$i5cy4 ,8       
oppon5ts argu$ t1 s9ce m5 are by nature 
equal1  x mu/ foll[ t !y h an equal "r  
to self-gov]nm5t4 ,to  ,burke1 !        
admission ( ?is pr9ciple w\ld h meant ! 
ov]?r[ (  ! ,briti% con/itution4 ,its   
implication 0 t e in/itution n  (       
imm$iate popul> orig9 %\ld be de/roy$4  

,to secure _! ends1  he ?\ght1 !        
radicals 7 compell$ to prea* ! inju/ice 
( ^?  in/itutions & ?us to injure t     
affection = gov]nm5t ^u :i*  peace &    
security dep5d4 ,"h 0 an ef=t to br+ all
 in/itutions  to ! te/ ( logic :i* he   
?\ght highly dang]\s4 ,no rational man  
ev] did gov]n himself1 he said1 by      
ab/ractions & univ]sals4 ,!  "q = him 0 
n ! ab/ract rightness ( ! sy/em ^u "s   
set ( a priori pr9ciples b :e!r1 on !   
:ole1 t sy/em  work$ = ! happ9ess ( !   
community4 ,he did n d\bt t x did2  & to
 ov]?r[ a /ructure s nobly te/$ by !    
pressure ( ev5ts  9 favor ( "s !ories   
outside hi/oric exp]i5ce seem$ to him   
ru9\s to society4 ,gov]nm5t1 = him1 0 ! 
g5]al h>mony (  div]se int]e/s2 & !     
cont9ual adju/m5ts & exquisite          
modifications ( :i* x /ood 9 ne$ 7      
admirably discov]$ 9 !  exi/+ sy/em4    
,pr9ciples 7 ?us unimportant comp>$ to !
  problem ( _! application4 ,! major1 he
 said ( all political  premises1 makes a
 pomp\s figure 9 ! battle1 b ! victory  

dep5ds  ^u ! little m9or ( circum/ances4
    ,to ab/ract natural "r he !re=e     
oppos$ prescription4 ,!  presumption (  
wisdom is on ! side ( ! pa/1 & :5 we    
*ange1  we act at our p]il4             
,prescription1 he said 9 #aghb1 is ! mo/
 solid  ( all titles1 n only to prop]ty1
 b to :at is to secure t  prop]ty1 to   
gov]nm5t4 ,because he saw ! ,/ate       
organically he 0  impress$ by !         
smallness bo? ( ! pres5t mom5t & !      
individual's ?\ght4 ,x is built ^u !    
wisdom ( ! pa/ = !  species is wise1 &  
:5 "t is giv5 to x1 z a species x almo/ 
always acts "r4 ,& s9ce x is ! pa/ alone
 :i* has _h !  opportunity to accumulate
 ?is rightness our disposition %\ld be  
to  pres]ve all anci5t ?+s4 ,!y c\ld n  
be )\t a reason2 &  t reason is gr\nd$  
^u ance/ral exp]i5ce4 ,s ! prescriptive 
title becomes n ! creature1 b ! ma/]1 ( 
positive law 444 !  s\nde/1 ! mo/ g5]al 
& ! mo/ recogniz$ title betwe5 man &    
man t is kn[n 9 municipal or public     
jurisprud5ce4 ,x is by  prescription t  

he def5ds ! exi/5ce ( ,ca?olicism 9     
,irel& n  less ?an ! suppos$ de=mities (
 ! ,briti% ,con/itution4 ,s1 too1  8 ma9
 attack on a!ism is its implication t   
ev]y?+ is to be  discuss$4 ,he does n   
say t all :i* is has rightness 9 x2 b   
at lea/ he urges t to d\bt x is to d\bt 
! con/ruction ( a  pa/ exp]i5ce :i*     
built accord+ to ! g5]al ne$4 ,nor does 
he  d\bt ! *ance t :at he urges may be  
wrong4 ,r does he insi/  t at lea/ x    
gives u security1 = him ! highe/ good4  
,tru?1  he said1 may be f> bett] 444 b z
 we h sc>cely ev] t  c]ta9ty 9 ! "o t we
 h 9 ! o!r1 ,i w\ld1 unless !  tru? 7   
evid5t inde$1 hold fa/ to peace1 :i* has
 9 h] company  *>ity1 ! highe/ ( !      
virtues4    ,su* a philosophy1 inde$1 s 
b>ely /at$1 w\ld seem a def5ce (        
political immobility2 b ,burke attempt$ 
safegu>ds aga9/ t  dang]4 ,8 insi/5ce ^u
 ! sup]ior value ( pa/ exp]i5ce 0       
balanc$ by a g5]al admission t p>ticul> 
circum/ances mu/  always gov]n !        
imm$iate decision4 ,:5 ! reason ( old   

e/abli%m5ts is gone1 he said 9 8 ,spee* 
on ,economical ,re=m1  x is absurd to   
pres]ve no?+ b ! burd5 ( !m4 ,a         
disposition to pres]ve & an ability to  
improve1 he wrote 9 !  ,reflections on !
 ,fr5* ,revolution1 tak5 toge!r w\ld be 
my  /&>d ( a /atesman4 ,b t ability to  
improve conceals two  pr9ciples ( :i*   
,burke nev] relax$ 8 hold4 ,all !       
re=mations  we h hi!rto made1 he said1 h
 proce$$ ^u ! pr9ciple (  ref]5ce to    
antiquity2 & ! ,appeal f ! ,new to !    
,old ,:igs1  :i* is ! mo/ elaborate     
exposition ( 8 g5]al attitude1 proce$s  
^u ! g5]al basis t #afhh is a p]petual  
model = ! future4  ,nor is ?is all4 ,if 
,i _c re=m ) equity1 said ,burke1 ,i w  
n re=m at all2 & equity seems "h to mean
 a sacrifice ( !  pres5t & its          
passionate dem&s to ! selfi% errors (   
pa/ policy4    ,burke1 inde$1 0 nev] a  
democrat1 & t is ! real root ( 8        
philosophy4 ,he saw ! value ( !         
p>ty-sy/em1 & he admitt$ !  necessity ( 
"s degree ( popul> repres5tation4 ,b he 

0 entirely  satisfi$ ) curr5t ,:ig      
pr9ciples1 c\ld !y b be purg$ (  _!     
gross] de=mities4 ,he knew too well h[  
little reason is wont to  ent] into !   
=mation ( political op9ion to make !    
sacrifice (  innovation to its p[]4 ,he 
saw s mu* ( virtue 9 ! old ord]1 t  he  
insi/$ ^u ! equation ( virtue )         
qu9tess5ce4 ,m5 ( great  prop]ty &      
position us+ _! influ5ce z a public     
tru/1 delicate  9 _! s5se ( honor1 &    
act+ only f motives ( "r--^!  seem$ to  
him ! m5 :o %\ld ) ju/ice ex]cise       
political p[]4  ,he did n d\bt t !re is 
no qualification = gov]nm5t b  virtue & 
wisdom 444 :]ev] !y are actually f\nd1  
!y h1 9  :atev] /ate1 condition1        
pr(ession or trade1 ! passport to heav52
  b he is c>eful to dissociate !        
possibility t !y c be f\nd  9 ^? :o     
practice ! me*anical arts4 ,he did n    
mean t 8  ari/ocracy %\ld gov]n )\t     
response to popul> dem&4 ,he _h no      
objection to criticism1 nor to ! public 
ex]cise ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re  0 no reason   

ev5 = agreem5t1 s long z ea* p>ty 0     
guid$ by an  honorable s5se ( ! public  
good4 ,?is1 s he urg$1 0 ! sy/em  :i*   
und]lay ! tempor>y evils ( ! ,briti%    
,con/itution4 ,an  ari/ocracy delegat$  
to d its "w by ! mass ( m5 0 ! be/  =m (
 gov]nm5t 8 imag9ation c\ld conceive4 ,x
 meant t  prop]ty mu/ be dom9ant 9 !    
sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 t1 :ile  (fice %\ld be
 op5 to all1 x %\ld be out ( ! rea* (   
mo/4  ,! *>act]i/ic ess5ce ( prop]ty1 he
 wrote 9 ! ,reflections1  444 is to be  
unequal2 & he ?\ght ! p]petuation ( t   
inequality by inh]itance t :i* t5ds mo/ 
to ! p]petuation (  society itself4 ,!  
sy/em 0 difficult to ma9ta91 & x mu/ be 
put out ( ! rea* ( popul> temptation4   
,our con/itution1 he said  9 ! ,pres5t  
,discont5ts1 /&s on a nice equipoise1 ) 
%>p  precipices & deep wat]s on all     
sides ( x4 ,9 remov+ x f a  dang]\s     
lean+ t[>ds "o side1 !re may be a dang] 
t[>ds  ov]se?+ x on ! o!r4 ,9 /ra9+1 t  
is to say1 aft] too  l>ge a             
purification1 we may end ) de/ruction4  

,& ,burke1 ( c\rse1  0 emphatic ^u ! ne$
 t prop]ty %\ld be undi/urb$4 ,x 0      
always1 he ?\ght1 at a great            
disadvantage 9 any /ruggle )  ability2 &
 !re are _m passages 9 :i* he urges !   
consequ5t  special repres5tation :i* !  
adequate def5ce ( prop]ty requires4     
,! argum5t1 at bottom1 is common to all 
?9k]s ov]-impress$ by !  sanctity ( pa/ 
exp]i5ce4 ,hegel & ,savigny 9 ,g]many1  
,ta9e &  ,r5an 9 ,france1 ,sir ,h5ry    
,ma9e & ,lecky 9 ,engl&1 h all urg$  :at
 is 9 effect a simil> plea4 ,we mu/ n   
break :at ,bagehot call$  ! cake (      
cu/om1 = m5 h be5 tra9$ to its dige/ion1
 & new  food bre$s tr\ble4 ,laws are !  
(fspr+ ( ! orig9al g5ius ( a  p1 & :ile 
we may r5ovate1 we mu/ n unduly re=m4 ,!
 true  idea ( national developm5t is    
always lat5t 9 ! pa/ exp]i5ce (  ! race 
& x is f t p]petual spr+ alone t wisdom 
c be  drawn4 ,we r5d] ob$i5ce to :at is 
) ef=tless unconsci\sness2  & )\t ?is   
loyalty to inh]it$ in/itutions ! fabric 
( society  w\ld be dissolv$4            

,civilization1 9 fact1 dep5ds ^u !      
p]=mance  ( actions def9$ 9 preconceiv$ 
*annels2 & if we obey$ ^? novel         
impulses ( "r :i* seem1 at times1 to    
contradict our inh]itance1  we %\ld     
di/urb beyond repair ! intricate        
equilibrium ( c\ntless  ages4 ,!        
exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ r ?an ! desires ( !    
pres5t  is ?us ! true guide to our      
policy4 ,we ought1 he said 9 a fam\s    
s5t5ce1 to v5]ate :]e we are unable     
pres5tly to compreh5d4    ,x is easy to 
see :y a m9d s attun$ recoil$ f horror  
at !  ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,!re is some?+ 
almo/ s9i/] 9 ! de/9y  :i* confront$    
,burke ) ! "o great spectacle ( !       
eighte5?  c5tury :i* he 0 c]ta9 n m]ely 
to misund]/& b also to  hate4 ,he c\ld n
 endure ! mo/ fragm5t>y *ange 9 te/s (  
religi\s belief2 & ! ,revolution swept  
ov]bo>d ! :ole religi\s  edifice4 ,he   
w\ld n support ! abolition ev5 ( ! mo/  
flagrant  abuses 9 ! sy/em (            
repres5tation2 & he 0 to see 9 ,france  
an  ov]?r[ ( a mon>*y ev5 m augu/ 9 its 

prescriptive rights ?an  ! ,engli%      
,p>liam5t4 ,privileges 7 scatt]$ to !   
w9ds 9 a  s+le night4 ,peace 0 sacrific$
 to exactly ^? metaphysical  !ories (   
equality & ju/ice :i* he mo/ deeply     
abhorr$4 ,!  doctr9e ( progress f\nd an 
eloqu5t def5d] 9 t la/ &  noble/        
utt]ance ( ,condorcet :i* is /ill p]haps
 its mo/ p]fect  ju/ification4 ,on all  
h&s !re 0 ! s5se ( a new _w built by  ! 
imm$iate ?\ght ( man ^u ! :olehe>t$     
rejection ( pa/  hi/ory4 ,politics 0    
emphatically decl>$ to be a sy/em ( :i* 
!  tru?s c\ld be /at$ 9 t]ms (          
ma!matical c]ta9ty4 ,! religi\s  _s :i* 
,burke 0 conv9c$ lay at ! root ( good   
gave way be=e  a g5]al scepticism :i*1 f
 ! outset ( 8 life1 he _h decl>$        
incompatible ) social ord]4 ,ju/ice 0   
ass]t$ to be ! c5tre (  social "r2 & x 0
 def9$ z ! ov]?r[ ( ^? prescriptive     
privileges :i* ,burke reg>d$ z !        
protective arm\r ( ! body  politic4     
,above all1 ! m5 :o seiz$ ! re9s ( p[]  
became  conv9c$ t !irs 0 a specific (   

univ]sal application4 ,_!  disciples 9  
,engl& seem$ 9 ! same diabolic fr5zy )  
!mselves4  ,9 a mom5t ( "t1 ! ,engl& :i*
 _h be5 ! example to ,europe (  ord]$   
popul> lib]ty became1 = ^! en?usia/s1   
only less  b>b>ic ?an ! despotic pr9ces 
( ! cont95t4 ,t ,price &  ,prie/ley %\ld
 suff] ! infection 01 ev5 = ,burke1 a n 
unnatural ?+4 ,b :5 ,*>les ,fox ca/     
aside ! tea*+ ( tw5ty  ye>s = its       
anti!sis1 ,burke mu/ h felt t no price 0
 too  great to pay = ! ov]?r[ ( !       
,revolution4    ,c]ta9ly 8 pamphlets on 
ev5ts 9 ,france are at e po9t  consi/5t 
) 8 e>li] doctr9e4 ,! *>ge t he support$
 !  ,revolution 9 ,am]ica & des]t$ x 9  
,france is )\t mean+2 =  9 ! "o !re is  
no ^w t c honorably be twi/$ to support 
!  o!r4 ,& :5 we make all[ances = !     
grave errors ( p]sonal  ta/e1 ! gross   
exagg]ation1 ! inability to see !       
,revolution z  some?+ m ?an a s+le po9t 
9 "t1 x becomes obvi\s en\gh  t 8       
criticism1 de ,mai/re's ap>t1 is by f> !
 s\nde/ we  possess f ! g5]ation :i*    

knew ! movem5t z a liv+ ?+4  ,! attempt 
to produce an artificial equality ^u :i*
 he seiz$ z  ! ess5ce ( ! ,revolution 01
 z ,mirabeau 0 urg+ 9 private to  ! k+1 
! inevitable precursor ( dictator%ip4   
,he realiz$ t  fre$om is born ( a c]ta9 
spontaneity = :i* ! rigid l9es (        
doctr9aire ?9k]s left no room4 ,t wor%ip
 ( symmetrical =m  :i* und]lies !       
con/itutional exp]im5ts ( ! next few    
ye>s he  expos$ 9 a s5t5ce :i* has 9 x !
 ess5ce ( political wisdom4  ,! nature (
 man is intricate2 he wrote 9 !         
,reflections1 !  objects ( society are (
 ! greate/ possible complexity2 &  !re=e
 no simple disposition or direction (   
p[] c be suitable  ei!r to man's nature 
or to ! quality ( 8 affairs4 ,! note    
recurs 9 sub/ance ?r\gh\t 8 criticism4  
,mu* ( its application1  inde$1 w n /& =
 "o mom5t ! te/ ( inquiry2 z :51 =      
in/ance1 he correlates ! mon>*ical      
gov]nm5t ( ,france ) !  ,engli%         
con/itutional sy/em & extols ! p]petual 
virtues ( #afhh4  ,! ,fr5* made e ef=t  

to f9d ! secret ( ,engli% pr9ciples1  b 
! roots 7 abs5t f _! national exp]i5ce4 
,a ye> aft] ! publication ( !           
,reflections he himself p]ceiv$  !      
n>r[ness ( t judgm5t4 ,9 ! ,?\ghts on   
,fr5* ,affairs  7#agia7 he saw t !      
ess5ce ( ! ,revolution 0 its f\ndation 9
  !oretic dogma4 ,x 0 l no?+ else 9 !   
hi/ory ( ! _w  except ! ,re=mation2 :i* 
la/ ev5t x especially resembles 9 its   
g5ius = self-propagation4 ,h]e9 he has  
already envisag$ !  importance ( t      
patrie intellectuelle :i* ,tocqueville  
emphasiz$ z born ( ! ,revolution4 ,t l$ 
,burke once aga9 to  insi/ ^u ! peculi> 
g5ius ( ea* sep>ate /ate1 ! difficulties
  ( a *ange1 ! dang] ( graft+ novelties 
^u an anci5t fabric4 ,he  saw ! c]ta9ty 
t 9 adh]+ to an ab/ract metaphysical    
s*eme  ! ,fr5* 7 9 tru? omitt+ human    
nature f _! political  equation2 = g5]al
 ideas c f9d embodim5t 9 in/itutional   
=ms  only aft] !y h be5 m\ld$ by a ?\s& 
v>ieties (  circum/ance4 ,! ,fr5* creat$
 an univ]sal man n less de/ructive  ( _!

 practical sagacity ?an ! ,frank5/e9 ( !
 economi/s4  ,!y omitt$1 z ,burke saw1 !
 elem5ts :i* objective exp]i5ce mu/     
dem&2 ) ! result t1 despite !mselves1 !y
 came r to  de/roy ?an to fulfil4       
,napoleon1 z ,burke prophesi$1 reap$ !  
h>ve/ ( _! failure4    ,nor 0 he less "r
 9 8 d5unciation ( t di/ru/ ( ! pa/  :i*
 play$ s l>ge a "p 9 ! revolution>y     
consci\sness4 ,we are  afraid1 he wrote 
9 ! ,reflections1 to put m5 to live &   
trade  ea* on 8 own private /ock (      
reason1 because we suspect t ?is  /ock 9
 ea* man is small1 & t ! individuals    
w\ld d bett] to  avail !mselves ( !     
g5]al bank & capital ( nations & (      
ages4 ,( ,siys' build+ con/itutions     
ov]night1 ?is is no unfair  picture2 b x
 po9ts a m g5]al tru? nev] long abs5t f 
,burke's m9d4 ,man is = him s mu* !     
creature ( prejudice1 s mu*  a mosaic ( 
ance/ral tradition1 t ! *ance ( novel   
?\ght  f9d+ a peaceful place among 8    
in/itutions is always small4 ,=  ,burke1
 ?\ght is always at ! s]vice ( !        

in/9cts1 & ^! lie  buri$ 9 ! remote     
exp]i5ce ( ! /ate4 ,s t m5 l            
,robespi]re 7 ask+ f _! subjects an     
impossible task4 ,t  :i* !y _h conceiv$ 
9 ! gray ab/ractness ( _! speculations  
0 too little relat$ to :at ! av]age     
,fr5*man knew & desir$ to  be endur+4   
,burke looks ) sob] admiration at ! way 
9 :i* !  ,engli% revolution relat$      
itself at e po9t to ideas & !ories  )   
:i* ! av]age man 0 z famili> z ) !      
physical  l&m>ks ( 8 own neighborhood4  
,= ! motives :i* und]lie all  human ef=t
 are1 he ?\ght1 suffici5tly con/ant to  
compel reg>d4  ,t ^u :i* !y fe$ submits 
to *ange2 b ! ef=t is sl[ &  !          
disappo9tm5ts _m4 ,! ,revolution taught 
! populace ! ?ir/  = p[]4 ,b x fail$ to 
rememb] t s5se ( cont9uity 9 human  ef=t
 )\t :i* new con/ructions are built on  
s&4 ,! p[] x  ex]cis$ lack$ t horizon ( 
! pa/ ?r\gh :i* alone x suff]s          
limitation to "r ends4    ,! lat] "p (  
,burke's attack ^u ! ,revolution does n 
belong to  political philosophy4 ,no man

 is m responsible ?an he = ! temp]  :i* 
drew ,engl& into w>4 ,he came to write r
 ) ! zeal ( a  fanatic wag+ a holy w>   
?an 9 ! temp] ( a /atesman confront$  ) 
new ideas4 ,yet ev5 ! ,lett]s on a      
,regicide ,peace 7#agif7 h  fla%es ( !  
old1 incomp>able insight2 & !y %[ t ev5 
9 !  mid/ ( 8 excesses he did n w> =    
love ( x4 ,s t x is  p]missible to ?9k  
he did n lightly p5 ^? s5t5ces on peace 
:i* /& z oases ( wisdom 9 a des]t (     
extravagant rhetoric4 ,w>  nev] leaves  
:]e x f\nd a nation1 he wrote1 x is nev]
 to be  ent]$ ^u )\t mature delib]ation4
 ,t 0 a lesson 8  g5]ation _h /ill to   
le>n2 nor did x take to he>t ! ev5 nobl]
  passage t foll[s4 ,! blood ( man1 he  
said1 %\ld nev] be %$  b to r$eem !     
blood ( man4 ,x is well %$ = our family1
 = our  fri5ds1 = our ,god1 = our       
c\ntry1 = mank9d4 ,! re/ is vanity2  !  
re/ is crime4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ tragic 
wrong 9 t  c5tury's hi/ory t ^! words 7 
writt5 to ju/ify an ef=t (  :i* !y      
supply an irrefutable condemnation4     

,v      ,criticism ( ,burke's !ories c  
be made f at lea/ two angles4 ,x  is    
easy to %[ t 8 picture ( ! ,briti%      
,con/itution 0 remote  f ! facts ev5 :5 
he wrote4 ,e *ange t he oppos$ 0        
ess5tial to ! security ( ! next         
g5]ation2 & !re foll[$  none ( !        
disa/r\s consequ5ces he _h =e%ad[$4 ,su*
 criticism  w\ld be at almo/ e po9t j2 &
 yet x w\ld fail to t\* !  he>t (       
,burke's position4 ,:at is ma9ly ne$$ is
 analysis at once (  8 omissions & ( !  
und]ly+ assumptions ( :at he wrote4     
,burke  came to 8 maturity ^u ! eve ( ! 
,indu/rial ,revolution2 & we  h x ^u !  
au?ority ( ,adam ,smi? himself t no "o  
_h s  cle>ly appreh5d$ 8 own economic   
pr9ciples4 ,yet !re is no ^w 9  :at     
,burke _h to say ( _! significance4 ,!  
va/ agr>ian *anges  ( ! "t conta9$1 z x 
appe>s1 no special mom5t ev5 = him :o   
burd5$ himself unduly to re/ore !       
,beaconsfield e/ate4 ,no man 0  m eag]  
?an he t ! public %\ld be admitt$ to !  
my/]ies  ( political debate2 yet he     

/eadfa/ly refus$ to draw ! obvi\s       
inf]5ce t once ! means ( gov]nm5t 7 made
 kn[n ^? :o  possess$ ! k w\ld dem& _!  
%>e 9 its application4 ,he  did n see t 
! metaphysics he s pr(\ndly di/ru/$ 0   
itself  ! (fspr+ ( t contemptible wor%ip
 ( exp$i5cy :i*  ,black/one g5]aliz$    
into a legali/ic j>gon4 ,m5 nev] move to
 !  adumbration ( g5]al "r until !      
conque/ ( political rights has  be5     
prov$ inadequate4 ,t ,burke himself may 
be said 9 a s5se to  h se5 :5 he insi/$ 
^u ! dang] ( exam9+ ! f\ndations  ( !   
,/ate4 ,yet a man :o refuses to admit t 
! con/ant  dissatisfaction ) ^?         
f\ndations 8 age express$ is !          
expression ( s]i\s ill 9 ! body politic 
is wilfully bl9d to !  facts at issue4  
,no "o _h m fai?fully ?an ,burke himself
 expla9$  :y ! ,:ig olig>*y 0 obsolete2 
yet no?+ w\ld induce him ev]  to realize
 t ! alt]native to ari/ocratic gov]nm5t 
is democracy  & t its abs5ce 0 ! cause (
 t disquiet ( :i* he realiz$  t ,wilkes 
0 b ! symptom4    ,broadly1 t is to say1

 ,burke w\ld n realize t ! reign (      
political privilege 0 draw+ to its      
close4 ,t is ! real mean+  ( ! ,fr5*    
,revolution & !re9 x repres5ts a /ream (
 t5d5cy  n less active 9 ,engl& ?an     
abroad4 ,9 ,france1 inde$1 ! l9es  7 m  
%>ply drawn ?an else:]e4 ,! rights m5   
crav$ 7 n1  z ,burke insi/$1 ! imm$iate 
(fspr+ ( metaphysic fancy1 b !  result (
 a det]m9ation to end ! malignant wrong 
( c5turies4 ,a  p[] t knew no           
responsibility1 w> & intol]ance t d]iv$ 
only  f ! accid5tal caprice ( ! c\rt1   
arre/ t bore no relation  to (f5ce1     
taxation inv]sely proportionate to !    
ability to pay1  ^! 7 ! prescriptive    
privileges t ,burke invit$ 8 g5]ation   
to accept z "p ( ! accumulat$ wisdom ( !
 pa/4 ,x is n  difficult to see :y ^? :o
 swore _! oa? 9 ! t5nis-c\rt at         
,v]sailles %\ld h felt su* wisdom wor?y 
to be condemn$4 ,burke's  caution 0 = !m
 ! timidity ( "o :o embraces exi/5t     
evils  r ?an fly to ! refuge ( an       
accessible good4 ,9 a less degree1  !   

same is true ( ,engl&4 ,! con/itution t 
,burke call$ ^u  m5 to wor%ip 0 !       
con/itution :i* made ! ,duke ( ,b$=d    
p[]ful1 t gave no repres5tation to      
,man*e/] & a memb] to ,old  ,s>um1 :i*  
enact$ ! game laws & left ^u !          
/atute-book a  p5al code :i* h>dly      
yield$ to ! noble attack ( ,romilly4    
,^!1  :i* 7 = ,burke m]ely ! accid5tal  
excresc5ces ( a noble  ideal1 7 = !m its
 inn] ess5ce2 & :]e !y c\ld n re=m  !y 7
 will+ to de/roy4    ,! revolution>y _s1
 9 fact1 0 z mu* ! product ( ! pa/  z ! 
v in/itutions x came to condemn4 ,!     
innovations 7 !  inevitable outcome (   
pa/ oppression4 ,burke refus$ to see t  
aspect  ( ! picture4 ,he ascrib$ to !   
crime ( ! pres5t :at 0 due to  !        
half-wilful errors ( ! pa/4 ,! man :o   
gr\nd$ 8 fai? 9  hi/oric exp]i5ce refus$
 to admit z hi/ory ! elem5ts ali5 f  8  
special outlook4 ,he took t lib]ty n to 
v5]ate :]e he 0  unable to compreh5d :i*
 he d5i$ to 8 oppon5ts4 ,nor did he     
admit  ! uses to :i* 8 doctr9e (        

prescription 0 b\nd to be put 9  ! h&s (
 selfi% & unscrupul\s m54 ,no "o w      
object to  privilege = a ,*a?am2 b      
privilege = ! ,duke ( ,grafton is a     
diff]5t ?+1 & ,burke's doctr9e safegu>ds
 ! innum]able m5 (  :om ,grafton is !   
type 9 ! hope t by happy accid5t "s     
,*a?am  w "o day em]ge4 ,he ju/ifies !  
privileges ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*  9 ! "n (  
religi\s well-be+2 b x is difficult to  
see :at m5  l ,watson or ,ar*bi%op      
,cornwallis h got to d ) religion4 ,!   
doctr9e ( prescription might be         
admirable if all /atesm5 7 s  wise z    
,burke2 b 9 ! h&s ( less] m5 x becomes  
no m ?an  ! protective arm\r ( ve/$     
int]e/s into ! e?ics ( :i* x  refuses u 
leave to exam9e4    ,t suspicion ( ?\ght
 is integral to ,burke's philosophy1 & x
  des]ves m exam9ation ?an x has        
receiv$4 ,9 "p x is a  rejection ( !    
,b5?amite position t man is a reason+   
animal4 ,x  puts its tru/ 9 habit z !   
*ief s\rce ( human action2 & x  ?us is  
di/ru/ful ( ?\ght z lead+ into *annels  

to :i* !  nature ( man is n adapt$4     
,novelty1 :i* is assum$ to be !  outcome
 ( ?\ght1 x reg>ds z subv]sive ( ! r\t9e
 ^u :i*  civilization dep5ds4 ,?\ght is 
de/ructive ( peace2 & x is argu$  t we  
"k too little ( political ph5om5a to    
make u v5ture into  ! untri$ places to  
:i* ?\ght invites u4 ,yet ! fir/ ( _m   
answ]s is surely ! mo/ obvi\s fact t if 
man is s mu* !  creature ( 8 cu/om no   
reason w\ld prevail save :]e !y prov$   
inadequate4 ,if ?\ght is simply a res]ve
 p[] 9 society1 its  /r5g? mu/ obvi\sly 
dep5d ^u common acceptance2 & t c only  
come :5 "s r\t9e has fail$ to satisfy ! 
impulses ( m54 ,b we  may urge a        
difficulty t is ev5 m decisive4 ,no     
sy/em ( habits  c ev] hope to endure    
long 9 a _w :]e ! cumulative p[] (      
memory enables *ange to be s swift2 & no
 sy/em ( habits c endure  at all unless 
its und]ly+ idea repres5ts !            
satisfaction ( a  g5]al desire4 ,x mu/1 
t is to say1 make rational appeal2 &1   
inde$1 z ,ari/otle said1 x c h virtue   

only to ! po9t :]e x  is consci\s (     
itself4 ,! uncritical r\t9e ( :i* ,burke
 is !  sponsor w\ld "h deprive ! mass ( 
m5 ( virtue4 ,yet 9 mod]n  civilization 
! :ole /r5g? ( any cu/om dep5ds ^u      
exactly t  consci\sness ( "r :i* ,burke 
re/rict$ to 8 ari/ocracy4 ,our  real ne$
 is less ! automatic response to anci5t 
/imulus ?an p[]  to "k :at /imulus has  
social value4 ,we ne$1 t is to say1 !   
gift ( criticism r ?an ! gift ( in]t    
acceptance4 ,n1 (  c\rse1 t ! habits :i*
 ,burke s e>ne/ly admir$ are at all "p  
( our n]v\s end[m5t 9 any integral s5se4
 ,! %ort space ( !  ,fr5* ,revolution   
made ! habit ( ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( progress an
  ess5tial "p ( our intellectual        
inh]itance2 & :]e ! ,burkian  s*ool     
proclaims h[ exceptional progress has   
be5 9 hi/ory1 we take  t z pro( ( ! ease
 ) :i* ess5tial habit may be acquir$4   
,habit1 9 fact1 )\t philosophy de/roys !
 f9] side ( civiliz$  life4 ,x may leave
 a /ratum to :om its ri*es h be5        
discov]$2  b x leaves ! mass ( m5       

s\lless automata )\t spontane\s         
response to ! *ords /ruck by ano!r h&4  
,burke's answ] w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 t he
 0 n a democrat4  ,he did n tru/ ! p &  
he rat$ _! capacity z l[4 ,he  ?\ght ( !
 p--x 0 obvi\sly a g5]alization f 8     
"t--z consi/5tly prone to disord] &     
*eck$ only by ! =ce (  anci5t habit4    
,yet he has himself suppli$ ! answ] to t
 attitude4  ,my obs]vation1 he said 9 8 
,spee* on ! ,ea/ ,india ,bill1 has      
furni%$ me ) no?+ t is to be f\nd 9 any 
habits ( life or  education :i* t5ds    
:olly to disqualify m5 = ! functions (  
gov]nm5t4 ,we c g fur!r ?an t sob]      
caution4 ,we "k t  !re is "o te*nique   
only capable ( secur+ good gov]nm5t & t 
is ! tra9+ ( ! mass ( m5 to int]e/ 9 x4 
,we "k t no  ,/ate c hope = peace 9 :i* 
l>ge types ( exp]i5ce are )\t           
repres5tation4 ,inde$1 if pro( 7 "h     
want+1 an exam9ation (  ! eighte5?      
c5tury w\ld supply x4 ,few w\ld d5y t   
/atesm5  are capable ( dis9t]e/$        
sacrifice = classes ( ^: inn] life  !y  

are ignorant2 yet ! relation betwe5 law 
& ! int]e/ ( !  dom9ant class is too    
intimate to p]mit ) safety ! exclusion (
 a  "p ( ! ,/ate f %>+ 9 its guidance4  
,nor did ,burke rememb]  8 own wise say+
 t 9 all disputes betwe5 ! p & _!  rul]s
 ! presumption is at lea/ ^u a p> 9     
favor ( ! p2  & he quotes ) agreem5t t  
great s5t5ce ( ,sully's :i* traces      
popul> viol5ce to popul> suff]+4 ,no "o 
c wat* ! economic  /ruggles ( ! eighte5?
 & n9ete5? c5turies or calculate !  pa9 
!y h involv$ to humble m51 )\t admitt+ t
 !y  repres5t ! f9al prote/ ( an outrag$
 m9d aga9/ oppression too  intol]able to
 be borne4 ,burke himself1 z 8 own      
spee*es %[1 knew  little or no?+ ( ! pa9
 involv$ 9 ! agr>ian *anges ( 8  age4 ,!
 "o way to avoid viol5t outbreak is n   
exclusion ( !  p f p[] b _! p>ticipation
 9 x4 ,! popul> s5se (  "r may (t51 z   
,ari/otle saw1 be wis] ?an ! op9ion (   
/atesm54 ,x is n necess>y to equate !   
wor? ( untra9$  commons5se ) exp]i5c$   
wisdom to sugge/ t1 9 ! long run1       

neglect ( common s5se w make ! ef=t ( t 
wisdom fruitless4    ,?is1 inde$1 is to 
take ! l[e/ gr\nd4 ,= ! case aga9/      
,burke's  ari/ocracy has a moral aspect 
) :i* he did n deal4 ,he did n  inquire 
by :at "r a h&ful ( m5 7 to be h]$it>y  
gov]nors  ( a :ole p4 ,exp$i5cy is no   
answ] to ! "q1 = ,b5?am  0 pres5tly to  
%[ h[ %all[ 0 t basis ( cons5t4 ,once x 
is  admitt$ t ! p]sonality ( m5 is      
entitl$ to respect  in/itutional room   
mu/ be f\nd = its expression4 ,! ,/ate  
is  morally /unt$ :]e _! p[]s g         
undevelop$4 ,!re is some?+  curi\s "h 9 
,burke's inability to suspect de=mity 9 
a sy/em :i*  gave 8 tal5ts b p>tial     
place4 ,he mu/ h kn[n t no "o 9  ! ,h\se
 ( ,commons 0 8 equal4 ,he mu/ h kn[n h[
 few ( ^?  he call$ ^u to recognize !   
spl5dor ( _! function 7 capable  ( play+
 ! "p he pictur$ = !m4 ,! answ] to a    
morally  bankrupt ari/ocracy is surely n
 ! ov]:elm+ ef=t requir$ 9  its         
purification :5 ! pla9tiff is ! p2 = !  
m]e fact  t ! p is ! pla9tiff is already

 evid5ce ( its fitness =  p[]4 ,burke   
gave no h9t ( h[ ! level ( 8 gov]n+     
class c\ld  be ma9ta9$4 ,he said no?+ ( 
:at education might accompli% =  ! p4   
,he did n exam9e ! obvi\s consequ5ces ( 
_!  economic /atus4 ,_h 8 eyes n be5    
obscur$ by passion ! "w (  t            
,/ates-,g5]al ! names 9 :i* appe>$ to   
him s a/oni%+ 9  _! inexp]i5ce1 might h 
giv5 him pause4 ,! obscure prov9cial    
advocates 444 /ew>ds ( petty local      
jurisdictions 444 ! fom5t]s  &          
conductors ( ! petty w> ( village       
vexation legislat$1 out (  _!           
inexp]i5ce1 = ! _w4 ,_! resolution1 _!  
con/ancy1  _! high s5se ( ! national    
ne$1 7 precisely ! qualities  ,burke    
dem&$ 9 8 gov]n+ class2 & !             
,/ates-,g5]al did n  move f ! /raight   
pa? he laid d[n until !y met ) intrigue 
f ^? ( :om ,burke became ! lic5s$       
*ampion4    ,nor is x 9 ! lea/ cle> t 8 
emphasis ^u exp$i5cy is1 9  any real    
way1 a release f metaphysical inquiry4  
,r may x be  urg$ t :at 0 ne$$ 9        

,burke's philosophy 0 ! cle> av[al  ( ! 
metaphysic x impli$4 ,no?+ is m greatly 
want$ 9  political inquiry ?an discov]y 
( t intuition m subtle ?an any          
articulate major premise :i*1 z ,mr4    
,ju/ice ,holmes has said1 is !  true    
f\ndation ( s _m ( our political        
judgm5ts4 ,! !ory (  natural rights ^u  
:i* ,burke heap$ su* contempt 0 wrong r 
9  its =m ?an 9 its sub/ance4 ,x cle>ly 
suff]$ f its mi/ak5  ef=t to trace to an
 imag9>y /ate ( nature :at 0 due to a   
complex exp]i5ce4 ,x suff]$ also f its  
desire to lay d[n  univ]sal =mul4 ,x    
ne$$ to /ate ! rights dem&$ 9 t]ms (  ! 
social int]e/s !y involv$ r ?an 9 !     
ab/ract e?ic  !y impli$4 ,b ! dem&s :i* 
und]lay ! ?\ght ( m5 l  ,price &        
,prie/ley 0 z mu* ! (fspr+ ( exp]i5ce z 
,burke's  own doctr9e4 ,!y made1 inde$1 
! tactical mi/ake ( seek+ to give  an   
unripe philosophic =m to a political    
/rategy :]e91 cle>ly  en\gh1 ,burke 0 _!
 ma/]4 ,b no "o c read ! answ]s ( ,pa9e 
& ,mack9to%1 :o bo? 7 c>eful to avoid ! 

panoply (  metaphysics1 to !            
,reflections1 )\t feel+ t ,burke fail$  
to move !m f _! ma9 position4 ,exp$i5cy 
may be admirable 9  tell+ ! /atesm5 :at 
to d2 b x does n expla9 ! s\rces (  8   
ultimate act1 nor ju/ify ! ?+ f9ally    
done4 ,! unconsci\s  deeps :i* lie b5ea?
 ! surface ( ! m9d are r>ely less urg5t 
?an ! motives t are av[$4 ,action is    
less _! elim9ation ?an  _! index2 & we  
mu/ p5etrate )9 _! recesses be=e we h  !
 full mat]ials = judgm5t4    ,consid]$ 9
 ?is fa%ion1 ! case = natural rights is 
surely  unansw]able4 ,! ?+s t m5 desire 
correspond1 9 "s r\gh  fa%ion1 to ! ?+s 
!y ne$4 ,natural rights are no?+ m ?an  
! arm\r evolv$ to protect _! vital      
int]e/s4 ,^u ! n>r[  basis ( legal      
hi/ory x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to     
protect !m4  ,hi/ory is r ! record ( !  
?w>t+ ( human desire ?an (  its         
a*ievem5t4 ,b ^u ! value ( c]ta9 ?+s !re
 is a  suffici5t & con/ant op9ion to    
give u assurance t repression  w        
ultimately involve disord]4 ,nor is !re 

any diff]5ce betwe5  ! classes ( m5 9   
?is reg>d4 ,=ms1 inde$1 w v>y2 & !  p[] 
we h ( answ]+ dem& w always wait ^u !   
discov]ies  ( sci5ce4 ,our natural      
rights1 t is to say1 w h a *ang+  cont5t
 simply because ?is is n a /atic _w4 ,b 
t does n  mean1 z ,burke insi/$1 t !y   
are empty ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y come1  (      
c\rse1 ma9ly f m5 :o h be5 exclud$ f    
intimate contact  ) ! fruits ( p[]4     
,noncon=mi/s 9 religion1 work]s )\t  l& 
or capital save ! p[] ( _! own h&s1 x is
 f !  dis9h]it$ t !y draw1 z dem&s1 _!  
/r5g?4 ,yet x is  difficult to see1 z   
,burke w\ld und\bt$ly h insi/$1 t !y    
are ! worse f ! s\rce :5ce !y d]ive4 ,r 
d !y po9t  to grave inadequacy 9 !      
sub/ance ( ! /ate1 inadequacy neglect ( 
:i* has l$ to ! cataclysms ( hi/oric    
exp]i5ce4 ,!  unwill+ness ( ,burke to   
exam9e into _! f\ndation reveals 8 lack 
( moral insight into ! problem he       
confront$4    ,t lack ( insight mu/1 (  
c\rse1 be giv5 "s explanation2 & its    
cause seems root$ 9 ,burke's metaphysic 

outlook4 ,he 0 pr(\ndly  religi\s2 & he 
did n d\bt t ! ord] ( ! univ]se 0 !     
comm& ( ,god4 ,x 01 z a consequ5ce1     
b5efic5t2 & to d5y its  validity 01 =   
him1 to d\bt ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,hav+     
dispos$1 he  wrote1 & m>%all$ u by a    
div9e tactic1 n accord+ to our w1  b to 
,81 ,he _h1 9 & by t disposition1       
vitally subject$ u to  act ! "p :i*     
belongs to ! place assign$ u4 ,! ,/ate1 
9  fact1 x is to be built ^u ! sacrifice
 ( m52 & ?is !y mu/  accept z ( ! w (   
,god4 ,we are to d our duty 9 our       
allott$  /ation )\t rep9+1 9            
anticipation1 d\btless1 ( a lat] rew>d4 
,:at we are is ?us ! expression ( 8     
goodness2 & !re is a real  s5se 9 :i*   
,burke may be said to h ma9ta9$ ! inh]5t
  rightness ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,c]ta9ly he 
?r[s a cloak (  religi\s v5]ation ab\t !
 purely metaphysical concept ( prop]ty2 
& 8 insi/5ce ^u ! value ( peace z oppos$
 to tru? is surely  "p ( ! same         
attitude4 ,nor is x errone\s to connect 
?is  backgr\nd ) 8 antagonism to ! ,fr5*

 ,revolution4 ,:at !re 0  mo/ di/ress+  
to him 0 ! ov]?r[al ( ! ,*ur*1 & he did 
n hesitate1 9 v /rik+ fa%ion1 to connect
 revolution>y op9ion  ) infidelity4     
,inde$ ,burke1 l ,locke1 seems to h be5 
conv9c$  t a social s5se 0 impossible 9 
an a!i/2 & 8 ,lett]s on a  ,regicide    
,peace h a good deal ( t rel5tless      
illogic :i* made  de ,mai/re connect !  
fir/ sign ( diss5t f ultramontanism )  !
 road to a d5ial ( all fai?4 ,no?+ is m 
difficult ?an to  deal ) a ?9k] :o has  
_h a revelation2 & ?is s5se t !  univ]se
 0 a div9e my/]y n to be too ne>ly      
scrut9iz$ by man  grew greatly ^u ,burke
 9 8 lat] ye>s4 ,x 0 n an attitude :i*  
reason c\ld ov]?r[2 = its fir/ pr9ciple 
0 an awe 9 !  pres5ce ( facts to :i*    
reason is a /rang]4    ,!re is1 moreov]1
 9 ,burke a ,platonic idealism :i* made 
him1 l  lat] ?9k]s ( ! s*ool1 reg>d     
exi/+ difficulties )  some?+ ak9 to     
complac5t b5evol5ce4 ,:at int]e/$ him 0 
!  idea ( ! ,engli% ,/ate2 & :atev]1 z  
he ?\ght1 de=m$ x1  0 n ( ! ess5ce ( its

 nature4 ,he d5i$1 t is to say1 t  !    
degree to :i* a purpose is fulfill$ is z
 important z !  purpose itself4 ,a ?+   
becomes good by ! end x has 9 view2 & ! 
de=mities ( "t & place ought n to lead u
 to d5y ! beauty (  ! end4 ,x is ! great
 defect ( all ideali/ic philosophy t x  
%\ld come to ! exam9ation ( facts 9 s   
optimi/ic a temp]4 ,x  nev] suffici5tly 
realizes t 9 ! transition f !oretic     
purpose to practical realization a      
significant trans=mation may occur4  ,we
 d n come to grips ) ! facts4 ,:at we   
are bidd5 to rememb]  is ! spl5dor ( :at
 ! facts are try+ to be4 ,! exi/+ ord]  
is beatifi$ z a necess>y /age 9 a       
b5efic5t process4 ,we are n to  sep>ate 
out ! con/itu5t elem5ts !re91 & judge !m
 z facts  9 "t & space4 ,society is "o &
 indivisible2 & ! defects d  n at any   
po9t impair ! ultimate integrity ( !    
social bond4    ,yet x is surely evid5t 
t 9 ! heat & /ress ( social life1 we  _c
 af=d s long a p]iod z ! basis = our    
judgm5t4 ,we may  well en\gh reg>d !    

corruption ( ! mon>*y "u ! lat]         
,hanov]ians z ! necess>y prelude to its 
purification "u ,victoria2  b t does n  
make x any ! less corrupt4 ,we may ev5  
see h[ a  moni/ic view ( society is     
possible to "o :o1 l ,burke1 is uniquely
  occupi$ ) ! public good4 ,b ! m5 :o1 l
 ,muir & ,h>dy 9  ! treason trials ( !  
,revolution1 ?9k r 9 t]ms ( !  exi/+    
di%>monies ?an ! beauty ( ! purpose ^u  
:i* !y  re/1 are only human if !y ?9k ^?
 di%>monies m real ?an !  purpose !y d n
 meet4 ,!y 7 surely to be p>don$ if1    
read+  ! ,reflections ( ,burke1 !y      
reg>d$ class di/9ctions z m  vital ?an  
_! h>mony ( int]e/1 :5 !y saw ! t5acity 
)  :i* privileges !y did n %>e 7 def5d$4
 ,x is ev5 possible  to und]/& :y "s    
insi/$ t if ^? privileges 71 z ,burke   
_h argu$1 ess5tial to ! con/ruction ( ! 
:ole1 x 0 aga9/  t :ole1 alike 9 purpose
 & 9 realization1 t !y 7 9  revolt4 ,=  
!m ! fact ( discont9uity 0 vital4 ,!y   
c\ld n b  ask = happ9ess 9 _! own       
individual lives no less ?an 9 !  ,/ate 

( :i* !y 7 "p4 ,!y came to see t )\t    
self-gov]nm5t 9 ! s5se ( _! own active  
p>ticipation 9 p[]1  su* happ9ess mu/ g 
unfulfill$4 ,! ,/ate1 9 fact1 may h !   
noble/ purpose2 b its object is attempt$
 by ag5ts :o are also  mortal m54 ,!    
basis ( _! scrut9y became at once       
pragmatic4 ,!  te/ ( allegiance to      
e/abli%$ in/itutions became imm$iately !
  a*ievem5t = :i* !y 7 responsible4 ,!  
a*ievem5t1 z !y  urg$1 0 h>dly writt5 ) 
adequacy 9 t]ms ( ! lives ( humble  m54 
,t 0 :y !y judg$ no attitude ( wor? :i* 
s\ght !  equation ( ! real & ! ideal4 ,!
 fir/ lesson ( _! own  exp]i5ce ( p[] 0 
! ne$ = its limitation by ! in/ruct$    
judgm5t ( free m9ds4#ah    ,footnote    
#ah3 ,cf4 my ,au?ority 9 ! ,mod]n ,/ate1
 pp4 #fe-i4        ,,vi      ,no man 0 m
 deeply ho/ile to ! e>ly politics ( !   
romantic  movem5t1 to ! ,contrat ,social
 ( ,r\sseau & ! ,political  ,ju/ice (   
,godw91 ?an 0 ,burke2 yet1 on ! :ole1 x 
is ) !  romantics t ,burke's fundam5tal 
influ5ce rema9s4 ,8 attitude to  reason1

 8 exaltation ( passion & imag9ation ov]
 ! consci\s  logic ( m51 7 ( ! inmo/    
/uff ( :i* !y 7 made4 ,9 t  s5se1 at    
lea/1 8 k9%ip is ) ! great cons]vative  
revolution  ( ! g5]ation :i* foll[$ him4
 ,hegel & ,savigny 9 ,g]many1 de        
,mai/re & ,bonald 9 ,france1 ,col]idge &
 ! lat] ,wordswor? 9  ,engl&1 are 9 a   
true s5se 8 disciples4 ,t does n mean t 
any  ( !m 7 directly consci\s ( 8 "w b t
 ! movem5t he  direct$ _h its necess>y  
outcome 9 _! def5ce ( 8 ideals4 ,!  pa? 
( hi/ory is /rewn ) undi/ribut$ middles2
 & x is possible  t 9 ! cla% betwe5 8   
attitude & t ( ,b5?am !re 7  ! mat]ials 
= a full] syn!sis 9 a lat] "t4 ,c]ta9ly 
!re is  no m admirable corrective 9     
hi/orical politics t ! contra/  !y af=d4
    ,x is easy to praise ,burke & easi] 
/ill to miss ! greatness ( 8  ef=t4     
,p]spective ap>t1 he is de/9$ d\btless  
to live r z  ! au?or ( "s maxims t few  
/atesm5 w d>e to =get ?an  z ! creator (
 a sy/em :i*1 ev5 9 its unf9i%$         
implications1  is h>dly less gigantic   

?an t ( ,hobbes or ,b5?am4 ,8 v defects 
are lessons 9 !mselves4 ,8 unhesitat+   
inability to see h[  dang]\s is !       
conc5tration ( prop]ty is /&+ pro( t m5 
are ov]-prone to judge ! rightness ( a  
,/ate by _! own wi%es4  ,8 own contempt 
= ! results ( reasonable inquiry is a   
ceaseless  lesson 9 ! virtue ( consi/5t 
scrut9y ( our inh]itance4 ,8  disreg>d (
 popul> desire sugge/s ! fatal ease )   
:i* we  neglect ! op9ion ( ^? :o /&     
outside ! active c5tre (  political     
conflict4 ,above all1 8 ho/ility to !   
,revolution %\ld at  lea/ make lat]     
g5]ations bew>e le/ novelty ( outlook be
 unduly  conf\nd$ ) errone\s doctr9e4   
,yet ev5 :5 su* d$uction has be5 made1  
!re is h>dly a great]  figure 9 ! hi/ory
 ( political ?\ght 9 ,engl&4 ,)\t !     
rel5tless logic ( ,hobbes1 ! acut5ess ( 
,hume1 ! moral insight (  ,t4,h4 ,gre51 
he has a l>ge "p ( ! faculties ( ea*4   
,he br\ght to  ! political philosophy ( 
8 g5]ation a s5se ( its direction1 a    
l(ty vig\r ( purpose1 & a full k ( its  

complexity1 su* z  no o!r /atesman has  
ev] possess$4 ,8 fla%es ( insight are   
?+s  t g1 z few m5 h ev] gone1 into !   
hidd5 deeps ( political  complexity4    
,unque/ionably1 8 speculation is r t ( !
 orator  9 ! tribune ?an ( ! ?9k] 9 8   
/udy4 ,he nev] =got 8  p>ty1 & he wrote 
always 9 t ,h\se ( ,commons atmosph]e   
:i*  makes a man unju/ to ! argum5t &   
motives ( 8 oppon5t4 ,yet1  :5 ! la/ ^w 
( criticism has be5 made1 ! balance (   
illum9ation is imm5se4 ,he illu/rates at
 its be/ ! value ( t  p>ty-sy/em ! wor? 
( :i* made s deep an impression on all  
he  wrote4 ,he %[$ t gov]nm5t by        
discussion c be made to illum9ate  great
 pr9ciples4 ,he %[$ also t allegiance to
 p>ty is nev]  inconsi/5t ) ! deep]     
allegiance to ! dem& ( consci5ce4  ,:5  
he came to ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 !        
prospects ( repres5tative  gov]nm5t 7 v 
d>k2 & x is ma9ly to 8 emphasis ^u its  
virtues t its victory mu/ be attribut$4 
,in/itutional *ange is  likely to be m  
rapid ?an 9 8 g5]ation2 = we seem to h  

rea*$ t mom5t :51 z he =esaw1 !y :o     
p]si/ 9 oppos+  t mighty curr5t w appe> 
r to resi/ ! decrees (  ,provid5ce      
itself ?an ! m]e designs ( m54 ,!       
pr9ciples ^u  :i* we proce$ are d\btless
 diff]5t f ^? t he comm5d$2  yet 8 v    
*all5ge to _! wisdom only gives to 8    
w>n+ a  deep] inspiration = our ef=t4   
,,*apt] ,,vii    ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,(   
,,economic ,,lib]alism        ,i      ,!
 ,indu/rial ,revolution is h>dly less a 
fundam5tal *ange 9 !  habits ( ,engli%  
?\ght ?an 9 ! te*nique ( comm]cial      
production4 ,alongside ! discov]ies (   
,h>greaves & ,crompton1 !  ideas ( ,hume
 & ,adam ,smi? %ift$ ! :ole p]spective (
 m5's  m9ds4 ,! ,revolution1 inde$1 l   
all great movem5ts1 did n  orig9ate at  
any giv5 mom5t4 ,!re 0 no sudd5 inv5tion
 :i* made  ! hamp]+ sy/em (             
gov]nm5t-control seem incompatible )    
indu/rial advance4 ,! m]cantilism aga9/ 
:i* ! "w ( ,adam  ,smi? 0 s magi/ral a  
prote/ 0 already r a matt] ( ext]nal    
?an int]nal comm]ce :5 he wrote4 ,he    

triumph$ less because he  sudd5ly op5$  
m5's eyes to a tru? hi!rto conceal$ ?an 
because he  repres5t$ ! culm9ation (    
c]ta9 pr9ciples :i*1 "u v>i\s  aspects1 
7 common to 8 "t4 ,! movem5t = religi\s 
tol]ation  is n only p>allel$ 9 ! next  
c5tury by ! movem5t = economic  fre$om1 
b is itself 9 a real s5se ! p>5t ( !    
latt]4 ,= x  is n )\t significance t !  
pre-,adamite economi/s 7 almo/  )\t     
exception ! urg5t def5d]s ( religi\s    
tol]ation4 ,!  l&[n]s 7 *ur*m51 ! m5 (  
comm]ce l>gely ,noncon=mi/2  & religi\s 
proscription int]f]$ ) ! balance (      
trade4 ,:5  ! roots ( religi\s fre$om _h
 be5 secur$1 x 0 easy = !m to  transf]  
_! argum5t to ! secul> sph]e4    ,no?+1 
inde$1 is m important 9 ! hi/ory (      
,engli% political  philosophy ?an to    
realize t f ,/u>t times ! ,noncon=mi/s  
7 deeply bitt5 ) di/ru/ ( gov]nm5t4 ,its
 c\rts ( special  in/ance hamp]$        
indu/rial life at e turn 9 ! int]e/ (   
religi\s con=mity4 ,_! heavy f9es &     
irritat+ re/rictions ^u  =eign workm5 7 

no?+ s mu* z a tax ^u indu/rial         
progress4  ,:at ! ,noncon=mi/s want$ 0  
to be left alone2 & ,dav5ant  expla9$ ! 
root ( _! desire :5 he tells ( ! gaols  
cr[d$  ) sub/antial tradesm5 ^:         
imprisonm5t spelt unemploym5t =  ?\s&s (
 workm54 ,sir ,william ,temple1 9 8     
description ( ,holl&1  repres5ts        
economic prosp]ity z ! *ild ( tol]ation4
 ,! movem5t  = ecclesia/ical fre$om 9   
,engl&1 moreov]1 became causally l9k$  )
 t prote/ aga9/ ! sy/em ( monopolies )  
:i* x 0 !  habit ( ! c\rt to rew>d its  
favorites4 ,fre$om 9 economic matt]s1  l
 fre$om 9 religion1 came rapidly to mean
 p]mission t div]sity  %all exi/2 &     
economic div]sity soon came to mean free
 competition4  ,! latt] easily became   
imbu$ ) religi\s significance4 ,engli%  
puritanism1 z ,troelts* has %[n u1      
insi/$ t "w 0 ! w  ( ,god & its p]=mance
 ! te/ ( grace4 ,! great] ! en]gy (  its
 p]=mance1 ! great] ! likelihood (      
prosp]ity2 & !nce x  is b a /ep to argue
 t ! free developm5t ( a man's indu/rial

  wor? is ! law ( ,god4 ,success 9      
bus9ess1 inde$1 became = _m a  te/ (    
religi\s grace1 & pov]ty ! pro( ( ,god's
 disfavor4 ,books  l ,/eele's ,religi\s 
,tradesman 7#afhd7 %[ cle>ly h[ close is
 !  connection4 ,! ho/ility ( ! ,engli% 
l&[n]s to ! comm]cial  classes 9 !      
eighte5? c5tury is at bottom !          
inh]itance (  religi\s antagonism4 ,!   
typical qualities ( diss5t became a     
c]ta9  pu%ful ex]tion by :i* ! ext]nal  
crit]ia ( salvation c\ld be  secur$4    
,mu* ( ! contempor>y philosophy1        
moreov]1 fits 9 ) ?is  attitude4 ,f ! "t
 ( ,bacon1 ! ma9 object ( speculation 0 
to  disrupt ! s*ola/ic teleology4 ,9 !  
result ! ,/ate becomes  dissolv$ into a 
discrete mass ( individuals1 & !        
self-int]e/ (  ea* is ! />t+-po9t ( all 
inquiry4 ,hobbes built 8 /ate ^u  !     
selfi%ness ( m52 ev5 ,locke makes !     
individual ent] political  life = !     
b5efits t accrue !refrom4 ,! cynicism ( 
,m&eville1  ! utilit>ianism ( ,hume1 are
 only bypa?s ( ! same tradition4 ,!     

organic society ( ! middle ages gives   
place to an individual :o  builds !     
,/ate out ( 8 own desires4 ,lib]ty      
becomes _!  realization2 & ! object ( ! 
,/ate is to enable m5 9 !  fulle/ s5se  
to secure ! satisfaction ( _! private   
wants4 ,h[ f>  is t conception f !      
,anglican outlook ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1  
a s]mon ( ,laud's makes cle>4 ,if any   
man1 he said1#ai be s  addict$ to 8     
private int]e/ t he neglects ! common   
,/ate1 he  is void ( ! s5se ( piety1 &  
wi%es peace & happ9ess =  himself 9 va94
 ,=1 :oev] he be1 he mu/ live 9 ! body (
 !  commonweal? & 9 ! body ( ! ,*ur*4 ,s
 ,platonic an outlook 0  utt]ly ali5 f !
 temp] ( puritanism4 ,!y _h no ?\ght (  
sacrific+ !mselves to an in/itution :i* 
!y _h mu* gr\nd =  ?9k+ exi/$ only = _! 
torm5t4 ,! developm5t ( !  religi\s     
in/9ct to ! level ( salvation f\nd its  
philosophic  analogue 9 ! developm5t ( !
 economic s5se ( fitness4 ,! ,/ate      
became ! s]vant ( ! individual f be+ 8  
ma/]2 & s]vice  became equat$ ) an      

int]nal policy ( laissez-faire4         
,footnote #ai3 ,s]mon ( ,june #ai1      
#afba4 ,works 7ed4 ( #ahdg71 p4 #bh4    
,su* summ>y1 inde$1 abridges ! long     
process ( release f :i*  ! eighte5?     
c5tury _h /ill to suff]2 nor does x     
suffici5tly  insi/ ^u ! degree to :i* ! 
old idea ( /ate control /ill held  sway 
9 ext]nal policies ( trade4 ,m]cantilism
 0 /ill 9 !  asc5dant :5 ,adam ,smi?    
came to write4 ,few /atesm5 ( importance
  be=e ! y\ng] ,pitt _h le>n$ ! secret (
 its fallacies2 &1  inde$1 ! *ief gr\nd 
= diff]5ce betwe5 ,*a?am & ,burke 0  !  
=m]'s suspicion t ,burke _h embrac$ !   
noxi\s doctr9e (  free trade4           
,m]cantilism1 by ! "t ( ,locke1 is n !  
simple error  t weal? consi/s 9 bullion 
b ! insi/5ce t ! balance (  trade mu/ be
 pres]v$4 ,p>tly x 0 d\btless d]iv$ f ! 
me?ods ( ! old political ari?metic ( m5 
l ,petty & ,dav5ant2  ! individual seeks
 a balance at ! end ( 8 ye>'s acc\nt+ & 
s1 too1 ! ,/ate mu/ h a balance4 ,a     
,k+dom1 said ,locke1 gr[s  ri* or poor j

 z a f>m] does1 & no o!r way2 & :ile !re
  is a s5se 9 :i* ?is is :olly true1 !  
mean+ atta*$ to x by  ! m]cantili/s 0 t 
=eign competition meant national        
weakness4  ,!y c\ld n conceive a        
comm]cial b>ga9 :i* 0 pr(itable to  bo? 
sides4 ,nations gr[ prosp]\s at ea*     
o!r's exp5se2 :]e=e a  wool5 trade 9    
,irel& necess>ily spells ,engli%        
unemploym5t4 ,ev5  ,dav5ant1 :o 0 9 _m  
respects on ! high road to free trade1 0
  9 ?is problem adamant4 ,protection 0  
ess5tial 9 ! colonial  m>ket2 = unless !
 trade ( ! colonies 0 direct$ ?r\gh     
,engl& !y might be dang]\s rivals4 ,s   
,irel& & ,am]ica 7  sacrific$ to ! fe> (
 ,briti% m]*ants1 ) ! inevitable result 
t repression br\ght f bo? ! obvi\s se>* 
= rem$y4    ,h]e9 x might appe> t ,adam 
,smi? _h novelty to contribute2 yet     
no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t 8 full s5se ( ! _w
 z !  only true unit ( m>ket+ 0 fully   
grasp$ be=e him4 ,9 #afia ,sir  ,dudley 
,nor? publi%$ 8 ,disc\rses ^u ,trade4   
,!re9 he cle>ly  sees t comm]cial b>ri]s

 betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,france are    
basically z s5seless z w\ld be comm]cial
 b>ri]s betwe5 ,york%ire  & ,middlesex4 
,inde$1 9 "o s5se1 ,nor? goes ev5 fur!r 
?an ,adam  ,smi?1 = he argues aga9/ !   
usury laws 9 t]ms ,b5?am w\ld  h>dly h  
dis[n$4 ,t5 ye>s lat] an anonym\s writ] 
9 a tract  entitl$ ,consid]ations on !  
,ea/ ,india ,trade 7#agja7 has no       
illusions ab\t ! evil ( monopoly4 ,he   
sees ) /rik+ cl>ity t  ! real problem is
 n at any co/ to ma9ta9 ! indu/ries a   
nation  actually possesses1 b to h !    
national capital appli$ 9 ! mo/         
effici5t *annels4 ,s1 too1 ,hume        
dismiss$ ! ,m]cantile !ory )  !         
contemptu\s rem>k t x 0 try+ to keep    
wat] beyond its  prop] level4 ,tuck]1 z 
has be5 po9t$ out1 0 a free trad]1 &  8 
op9ion ( ! ,am]ican w> 0 t x 0 z mad z  
^? :o  f\ght "u ! peaceful ,cross to    
recov] ! ,holy ,l&2 & he  urg$1 inde$1  
prophesi$1 ! union ) ,irel& 9 ! int]e/ (
  comm]cial amity4 ,nor mu/ ! emphasis (
 ! ,physiocrats ^u free  trade be       

=gott54 ,!re is no evid5ce n[ t ,adam   
,smi? ow$ ?is  p]ception to 8           
acqua9tance ) ,quesnay & ,turgot2 b !y  
may  well h confirm$ him 9 x1 & !y %[ t 
! old] philosophy  0 attack$ on e side4 
,nor mu/ we miss ! g5]al atmosph]e ( !  
"t4 ,on ! :ole 8  age 0 a cons]vative   
"o1 conv9c$1 )\t due reason1 t  happ9ess
 0 indep5d5t ( bir? or weal? & t natural
 law  someh[ c\ld be made to ju/ify     
exi/+ in/itutions4 ,! poets1 l  ,pope1 7
 s++ ( ! small "p ( life :i* k+s & laws 
may  hope to cure2 & t attitude is      
writt5 9 ! g5]al abs5ce (  economic     
legislation dur+ ! p]iod4 ,religi\sly1 !
 ,*ur* exalt$  ! /atus quo2 & :]e1 z )  
,wesley1 !re 0 revolt1 its  impetus     
direct$ ! m9d to ! s\rce ( salvation 9 !
 individual  act4 ,x may1 inde$1 be     
g5]ally argu$ t ! religi\s tea*]s  act$ 
z a social soporific4 ,:]e ri*es        
accumulat$1 !y c\ld be  reg>d$ z !      
bless+ ( ,god2 :]e !y 7 abs5t _!        
unimportance = et]nal happ9ess c\ld be  
emphasiz$4 ,burke's e>ly  attack on a   

sy/em :i* condemn$ two hundr$ ?\s&      
innoc5t  p]sons 444 to s intol]able     
slav]y 01 9 tru?1 a ju/ification (  !   
exi/+ ord]4 ,! social "q :i*1 9 !       
previ\s c5tury1  m5 l ,bell]s &         
,w9/anley _h br\ght into view1 dropp$   
out (  notice until ! la/ qu>t] ( !     
c5tury4 ,!re 01 t is to say1  no        
organiz$ resi/ance possible to ! p[] (  
individualism2 &  resi/ance 0 unlikely  
to make itself he>d once ! res\rces ( ! 
,indu/rial ,revolution 7 br\ght into    
play4 ,m5 discov]$ )  some?+ ak9 to     
ec/asy ! possibilities ( ! new          
inv5tions2 &  :5 ! prote/ came aga9/ !  
mis]y !y effect$1 x 0 answ]$  t !y      
repres5t$ ! work+ ( t natural law by :i*
 !  en]gies ( m5 may raise !m to        
success4 ,& discont5t c\ld easily1  z ) 
! sa9tly ,wilb]=ce1 be c\nt]$ by !      
ass]tion t x  0 revolt aga9/ ! w ( ,god4
        ,,ii      ,few lives repres5t m 
spl5didly ?an t ( ,adam ,smi? !         
speculative ideal ( a dispassionate /udy
 ( philosophy4 ,he 0  =tunate 9 8 tea*]s

 & 8 fri5ds4 ,at ,glasg[ he 0 ! pupil  (
 ,francis ,hut*eson2 & ev5 if he 0      
taught no?+ at ,ox=d1 at  lea/ six ye>s 
( leisure gave him ample opportunity to 
le>n4 ,8  pr(essor%ip at ,glasg[ n only 
br\ght him into contact ) m5 l  ,hume1 b
 also admitt$ him to int]c\rse ) a gr\p 
( bus9ess m5  ^: lib]al s5tim5ts on     
comm]ce und\bt$ly /r5g!n$1 if !y  did n 
orig9ate1 8 own lib]al views4 ,at       
,glasg[1 too1 9 #agei1 he  publi%$ 8    
,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 writt5 )      
suffici5t  p[] ( /yle to obscure its    
inn] pov]ty ( ?\ght4 ,! book br\ght  him
 imm$iately a di/+ui%$ reputation f a   
public :i* exalt$  elegance ( diction   
beyond all lit]>y virtues4 ,! volatile  
,*>les  ,t[n%5d made him tutor to !     
,duke ( ,buccleu*1 ?r\gh :om ,smi?  n   
only secur$ comp>ative afflu5ce = ! re/ 
( 8 days1 b  also a ,fr5* t\r 9 :i* he  
met at its be/ ! mo/ brilliant  society 
9 ,europe4 ,! g]m ( 8 ,weal? ( ,nations 
already lay  hidd5 9 ^? ,glasg[ lectures
 :i* ,mr4 ,cannan has s happily  recov]$

 = u2 & x 0 9 a mom5t ( leisure 9       
,france t he  set to "w to put !m toge!r
 9 sy/ematic fa%ion4 ,n1 inde$1  t !    
,fr5*m5 :om he met1 ,turgot1 ,quesnay & 
,dupont de ,nem\rs1  c be said to h done
 m ?an confirm ! tru?s he _h already    
be5 tea*+4 ,:5 he return$ to ,scotl& & a
 compet5ce t5 ye>s  ( con/ant labor 7   
necess>y be=e ! ,weal? ( ,nations 0     
complete4 ,aft] its publication1 9      
#aggf1 ,adam ,smi? did little save      
att5d to ! adm9i/rative duties ( a m9or1
 b lucrative (fice 9  ! ,cu/oms4 ,until 
! end1 inde$1 he nev] q gave up ! hope1 
=e%ad[$ fir/ 9 ! ,moral ,s5tim5ts (     
complet+ a gigantic  survey ( civiliz$  
in/itutions4 ,b he 0 a sl[ work]1 & 8   
heal? 0 nev] robu/4 ,x 0 en\gh t he %\ld
 h writt5 8  book & *]i%$ fri5d%ips su* 
z x is giv5 to few m5 to  possess4 ,hume
 & ,burke1 ,mill> ! juri/1 ,james ,watt1
 ,f\lis !  pr9t]1 ,black ! *emi/ &      
,hutton ( geological fame--x is an      
enviable circle4 ,he _h kn[n ,turgot on 
intimate t]ms & visit$  ,voltaire on    

,lake ,g5eva4 ,hume _h told him t 8 book
 _h dep? &  solidity & acut5ess2 ! y\ng]
 ,pitt _h consult$ him on public        
affairs4 ,few m5 h mov$ amid su* happy  
peace )9 ! v c5tre  ( :at 0 mo/         
illu/ri\s 9 _! age4    ,we are less     
conc]n$ "h ) ! specific economic details
 ( !  ,weal? ( ,nations ?an ) its g5]al 
attitude to ! ,/ate4 ,b  "h a limitation
 ^u criticism mu/ be not$4 ,! man ( :om 
,smi?  writes is man 9 se>* ( weal?2 by 
def9ition ! economic motive  dom9ates 8 
actions4 ,su* abuse1 !re=e1 z ,rusk9    
p\r$ ^u him  is really beside ! po9t :5 
8 objective is borne 9 m9d4 ,:at        
virtually he does is to assume ! exi/5ce
 ( a natural economic ord]  :i* t5ds1 :5
 unre/ra9$ by c\nt]-t5d5cies1 to secure 
!  happ9ess ( m54 ,t ord] ( ?+s :i*     
necessity imposes 9  g5]al1 he writes1  
444 is1 9 e p>ticul> c\ntry promot$ by  
! natural incl9ations ( man2 & he goes  
on to expla9 :at w\ld  h result$ if     
human in/itutions _h nev] ?w>t$ ^?      
natural  incl9ations4 ,all sy/ems ei!r (

 pref]5ce or ( re/ra9t1  !re=e1 be+ ?us 
completely tak5 away1 he writes aga91 ! 
obvi\s & simple sy/em ( natural lib]ty  
e/abli%es itself ( its  own accord4 ,e  
man1 z long z he does n violate ! laws (
  ju/ice1 is left p]fectly free to      
pursue 8 own int]e/ 9 8 own  way4444 ,! 
sov]eign is completely dis*>g$ f a duty 
9 !  attempt+ to p]=m :i* he mu/ always 
be expos$ to innum]able  delusions1 & = 
! prop] p]=mance ( :i* no human wisdom  
or  k w\ld ev] be suffici5t2 ! duty (   
sup]9t5d+ !  indu/ry ( private p & (    
direct+ x t[>ds ! employm5ts  mo/       
suitable to ! int]e/s ( ! society4    ,!
 ,/ate1 9 ?is conception has b ?ree     
functions--def5ce1 ju/ice  & ! duty (   
erect+ & ma9ta9+ c]ta9 public works &   
c]ta9 public in/itutions :i* x c nev] be
 = ! int]e/ (  any individual1 or small 
numb] ( individuals1 to erect & ma9ta94 
,! ,/ate1 9 fact1 is simply to provide !
 atmosph]e 9 :i*  production is         
possible4 ,nor does ,smi? conceal 8     
?\ght t ! ma9  function ( ju/ice is !   

protection ( prop]ty4 ,! afflu5ce (  !  
ri*1 he wrote1 excites ! indignation ( !
 poor1 :o are (t5  bo? driv5 by want &  
prompt$ by envy to invade _!            
possessions4 ,x  is only "u ! %elt] ( ! 
civil magi/rate t ! own] ( t  valuable  
prop]ty1 acquir$ by ! labor ( _m ye>s1  
or p]haps _m  successive g5]ations1 c   
sleep a s+le night 9 security4 ,!       
attitude1 inde$1 is int5sifi$ by 8      
con/ant s5se t ! capital  :i* makes     
possible new productivity is ! outcome (
 m5's sacrifice2  to protect x is ?us to
 safegu>d ! s\rces ( weal? itself4 ,&   
ev5 if ! ,/ate is entru/$ ) education & 
! prev5tion (  disease1 ?is is r = !    
g5]al b5efit !y conf] & !  d\bt t       
private ent]prise w\ld f9d !m pr(itable 
?an z !  expression ( a g5]al rule4     
,collective ef=t ( e k9d awak5$  9 him a
 deep di/ru/4 ,trade regulations su* z !
 limitation (  appr5tice%ip he condemn$ 
z manife/ encroa*m5t ^u ! j  lib]ty ( ! 
workman & ( ^? :o may be dispos$ to     
employ him4  ,ev5 educational           

e/abli%m5ts are suspect on ! gr\nd--n   
unnatural aft] 8 own exp]i5ce ( ,ox=d--t
 _! possibilities  ( com=t may en]vate !
 natural en]gies ( m54    ,! key to ?is 
attitude is cle> en\gh4 ,! improvem5t ( 
society is  due1 he ?9ks n to !         
calculations ( gov]nm5t b to ! natural  
in/9cts ( economic man4 ,we _c avoid !  
impulse to bett] our  condition2 & !    
less its ef=t is re/ra9$ ! m c]ta9 x is 
t happ9ess w result4 ,we ga91 9 fact1 "s
 s5se ( its inh]5t  p[] :5 we be> 9 m9d 
! magnitude ( its accompli%m5t despite  
! folly & extravagance ( pr9ces4 ,!re9  
we h "s index (  :at x w\ld a*ieve if   
left unh9d]$ to "w out its own de/9ies4 
,human in/itutions cont9ually ?w>t its  
p[]2 = ^? :o build  ^? in/itutions are  
mov$ r by ! mom5t>y fluctuations (      
affairs ?an _! true nature4 ,t insidi\s 
& crafty animal1  vulg>ly call$ a       
politician or /atesman meets little m]cy
 = 8  ef=t comp>$ to ! magic p[] ( !    
natural ord]4 ,9 all  c\ntries :]e !re  
is a tol]able security1 he writes1 e man

  ( common und]/&+ w endeavor to employ 
:atev] /ock he c  comm& 9 procur+ ei!r  
pres5t enjoym5t or future pr(it4        
,individual spontaneity is ?us ! root ( 
economic good2 & ! real  ju/ification ( 
! /ate is ! protection x af=ds to ?is   
impulse4  ,man1 9 fact1 is by nature a  
trad] & he is b\nd by nature to  discov]
 ! means mo/ apt to progress4    ,nor 0 
he greatly tr\bl$ by diff]5ces ( =tune4 
,l mo/ ( !  ,scotti% s*ool1 especially  
,hut*eson & ,hume1 he ?\ght t m5 are    
mu* alike 9 happ9ess1 :atev] _! /ation  
or end[m5ts4 ,= !re  is a nev]-fail+    
c]ta9ty t all m5 soon] or lat]          
accommodate  !mselves to :atev] becomes 
_! p]man5t situation2 ?\gh he  admits t 
!re is a c]ta9 level bel[ :i* pov]ty &  
mis]y g  h& 9 h&4 ,b1 = ! mo/ "p1       
happ9ess is simply a /ate (  m9d2 & he  
seems to h _h b little suspicion t      
diff]5ces (  weal? might issue 9 dang]\s
 social consequ5ce4 ,m51 moreov]1 he    
reg>d$ z l>gely equal 9 _! orig9al p[]s2
 & diff]5ces (  "* he ascribes to !     

v>i\s occupations impli$ 9 !  division (
 labor4 ,ea* man1 !re=e1 z he foll[s 8  
self-int]e/  promotes ! g5]al happ9ess (
 society4 ,t pr9ciple is inh]5t 9  !    
social ord]4 ,e man1 he wrote 9 ! ,moral
 ,s5tim5ts1 is  by nature fir/ &        
pr9cipally recomm5d$ to 8 own c>e & !re9
  he is l$ by an invisible h& to promote
 an end :i* 0 no "p (  8 int5tion4 ,!   
,/ate1 t is to say1 is ! sum (          
individual  goods2 :]eby to bett]       
ourselves is cle>ly to its b5efit4 ,& t 
desire :i* comes ) u f ! womb & nev]    
leaves u till we g  to ! grave is ! m   
efficaci\s ! less x is re/ra9$ by       
gov]nm5tal artifice4 ,= we "k s well :at
 makes u happy t none  c hope to help u 
s mu* z we help ourselves4    ,enlight5$
 selfi%ness is ?us ! root ( prosp]ity2 b
 we mu/ n  fall into ! easy fallacy :i* 
makes ,smi? deaf to ! pla9t ( !  poor4  
,he urg$ ! employ] to h reg>d to ! heal?
 & welf>e (  ! work]1 a reg>d :i* 0 !   
voice ( reason & humanity4 ,:]e  !re 0  
conflict betwe5 love ( ! /atus quo & a  

social good  :i* ,revolution alone c\ld 
a*ieve1 he did n1 at lea/ 9 ! ,moral    
,s5tim5ts1 hesitate to *oose ! latt]4   
,ord] 01 = ! mo/  "p1 indisp5sable2 b ! 
greate/ & noble/ ( all *>act]s he  made 
! re=m] ( ! ,/ate4 ,yet he is too       
impress$ by ! work+  ( natural economic 
laws to belittle _! influ5ce4 ,employ]s1
 9 8  picture1 are little capable (     
b5evol5ce or *>ity4 ,_! rule is !  law (
 supply & dem& & n ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 
,!y comb9e  )\t hesitation to depress   
wages to ! l[e/ po9t ( subsi/5ce4  ,!y  
seize e occasion ( comm]cial mis=tune to
 make bett] t]ms  = !mselves2 & ! great]
 ! pov]ty ! m submissive d  s]vants     
become s t sc>city is naturally reg>d$ z
 m favorable  to indu/ry4    ,obvi\sly  
en\gh1 ! inn] h+e ( all ?is argum5t is  
,smi?'s  conception ( nature4 ,nor c !re
 be mu* d\bt ( :at he ?\ght its  inn]   
sub/ance4 ,facile di/9ctions su* z !    
ef=t ( ,buckle to  %[ t :ile 9 ! ,moral 
,s5tim5ts ,adam ,smi? 0 deal+ )  !      
unselfi% side ( man's nature1 9 ! ,weal?

 ( ,nations he 0  deal+ ) a gr\p ( facts
 :i* requir$ ! ab/raction ( su*         
altrui/ic elem5ts1 are really beside !  
po9t4 ,nature = ,smi? is  simply !      
spontane\s action ( human "* un*eck$ by 
h9drances  ( ,/ate4 ,x is1 z ,bon> has  
aptly said1 a v9dication ( !  unconsci\s
 law pres5t 9 ! sep>ate actions ( m5 :5 
^!  actions are direct$ by a c]ta9 /rong
 p]sonal motive4 ,adam ,smi?'s  argum5t 
is an assumption t ! facts c be made to 
%[ !  relative p[]lessness ( in/itutions
 9 ! face ( economic laws  gr\nd$ 9     
human psy*ology4 ,! psy*ology itself is 
relatively  simple1 &1 at lea/ 9 !      
,weal? ( ,nations n greatly diff]5t  f !
 av[$ assumptions ( utilit>ianism4 ,he  
emphasizes !  /r5g? ( reason 9 !        
economic field1 & 8 s5se t x enables  m5
 to judge mu* bett] ( _! be/ int]e/s ?an
 an ext]nal  au?ority c hope to d4 ,&   
!re=e ! practices accompli%$ by  ?is    
reason are ^? 9 :i* ! impulses ( m5 are 
to be f\nd4 ,!  ord] !y repres5t is !   
natural ord]2 & :atev] h9d]s its full   

op]ation is an unwise *eck ^u ! ?+s =   
:i* m5 /rive4    ,obvi\sly en\gh1 ?is   
attitude runs ! grave risk ( seem+ to   
ab/ract a s+le motive--! desire =       
weal?--f ! confus$  welt] ( human       
impulses & to make x dom9ant at ! exp5se
 ( human  nature itself4 ,a ha/y read+ (
 ,adam ,smi? w\ld1 inde$1 confirm t     
impression2 & t is p]haps :y he seem$ to
 ,rusk9 to blaspheme  human nature4 ,b a
 m c>eful survey1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! ,moral
  ,s5tim5ts is borne 9 m9d sugge/s a    
diff]5t conclusion4 ,8  attitude is     
implicit 9 ! g5]al m$ium 9 :i* he work$4
 ,:at he  0 try+ to d 0 less to         
emphasize t m5 c>e above all ?+s  = !   
pursuit ( weal? ?an t no in/itutional   
modifications are  able to de/roy ! p[] 
( t motive to labor4 ,!re is too mu*    
hi/ory 9 ! ,weal? ( ,nations to make    
t5able ! hypo!sis (  complete           
ab/raction4 ,& !re is ev5 cle> a s5se ( 
a nature beh9d  8 cu/om :5 he speaks ( a
 sacr$ reg>d = life1 & urges t  e man   
has prop]ty 9 8 own labor4 ,! tru? "h   

surely is t  ,smi? 0 liv+ 9 a "t (      
comm]cial expansion4 ,:at 0 evid5t to   
him 0 ! pot5tial weal? to be made       
available if ! obsolete sy/em  ( re/ra9t
 c\ld be de/roy$4 ,lib]ty to him meant  
abs5ce (  re/ra9t n because its m       
positive aspect 0 conceal$ f him  b r   
because ! k9d ( fre$om want$ 9 !        
environm5t 9  :i* he mov$ 0 exactly t = 
:i* he made 8 plea4 ,!re is a  h9t t    
fre$om z a positive ?+ 0 kn[n to him f !
 fact  t he reli$ ^u education to       
relieve ! evils ( ! division (  labor4  
,b ! g5]al context ( 8 book requir$ less
 emphasis ^u  ! virtues ( /ate-int]f]5ce
 ?an ^u its defects4 ,8 cue 0 to  %[ t  
all ! b5efits ( regulation _h be5 a*iev$
 despite its  int]f]5ce2 f :i*1 ( c\rse1
 x foll[$ t re/ra9t 0 a  matt] (        
sup]]ogation4        ,,iii      ,x w\ld 
be t$i\s to praise ! ,weal? ( ,nations4 
,x may be  d\btful :e!r ,buckle's       
ec/atic judgm5t t x has _h m  influ5ce  
?an any o!r book 9 ! _w 0 ju/ifi$ ev5 :5
 he  wrote2 b c]ta9ly x is "o ( ! sem9al

 books ( ! mod]n "t4  ,:at is m         
important is to note ! p]spective 9 :i* 
its ma9  tea*+ 0 set4 ,he wrote 9 ! mid/
 ( ! fir/ significant  beg9n+s ( !      
,indu/rial ,revolution2 & 8 emphatic    
approval (  ,watt's exp]im5ts sugge/s t 
he 0 n unalive to its importance4  ,yet 
x _c 9 any full s5se be said t !        
,indu/rial ,revolution  has a l>ge "p 9 
8 book4 ,! picture ( indu/rial          
organization &  its possibilities is too
 simple to sugge/ t he _h caught any f> 
rea*+ glimpse into ! future4 ,indu/ry1 =
 him1 is /ill 9 !  la/ /age ( h&icraft2 
x is a matt] ( skillful workman%ip & n  
( me*anical appliance4 ,capital is /ill 
! labori\s result (  p>simony4 ,cr$it is
 spok5 ( r 9 ! tones ( "o :o sees x     
less z a new in/rum5t ( f9ance ?an a    
dang]\s attempt by !  aspir+ ne$y to    
scale ! heights ( weal?4 ,pr(its are    
always a  ju/ifi$ return = productive   
labor2 int]e/ ! paym5t = ! use  ( !     
own]'s pa/ p>simony4 ,bus9ess is /ill ! 
middleman  di/ribut+ to ! consum] on a  

small scale4 ,he did n1 or c\ld n1      
conceive ( an indu/ry ei!r s va/ or s   
dep]sonaliz$ z at  pres5t4 ,he 0 r writ+
 ( a sy/em :i*1 l ! politics (  !       
eighte5? c5tury1 _h rea*$ an equilibrium
 ( passable com=t4  ,8 natural ord] 01  
at bottom1 ! beatification ( t to :i*   
?is equilibrium t5d$4 ,its b5efits might
 be improv$ by free trade  & free       
workman%ip2 b1 ^u ! :ole1 he saw no     
reason to call 9  "q its fundam5tal     
dogmas4    ,!re91 ( c\rse1 may be f\nd !
 ma9 secret ( 8 omissions4 ,!  problem (
 labor f9ds no place 9 8 book4 ,! ?+s t 
! poor  h abs5t f _! lives1 t concept ( 
a national m9imum bel[  :i* no ,/ate c  
hope to fulfil ev5 ! meane/ ( its aims1 
( ^!  he has no conception4 ,r ! note ( 
! book is a quiet optimism1  impress$ by
 ! possibilities ( con/ant improvem5t   
:i* lie  imb$d$ 9 ! human impulse to    
bett] itself4 ,:at he did n see is  !   
way 9 :i* ! logical outcome ( ! sy/em he
 describes may  well be ! atta9m5t (    
great weal? at a price 9 human co/ t is 

beyond its wor?4 ,!re91 x is cle>1 all  
individuali/ic !ories (  ! /ate miss !  
true ess5ce ( ! social bond4 ,^? :o came
 aft]  ,adam ,smi? saw only half 8      
problem4 ,he wrote a consum]'s !ory (   
value4 ,b :]eas he _h 9 m9d a happy &   
cont5t$ p1 !  economics ( ,ric>do &     
,mal?us seiz$ ^u a s+le elem5t 9 human  
nature z t :i* alone ! ,/ate mu/ s]ve4  
,fre$om f re/ra9t  came ultimately to   
mean a judgm5t ^u national well-be+ 9   
t]ms (  ! volume ( trade4 ,x is n )     
happ9ess1 said ,nassau ,s5ior1  b )     
weal? t ,i am conc]n$ z a political     
economi/2 & ,i am  n only ju/ifi$ 9     
omitt+1 b am p]haps b\nd to omit1 all   
consid]ations :i* h no influ5ce ^u      
weal?4    ,9 su* an aspect1 x 0 natural 
= ! balance ( inve/igation to  sw+ t[>ds
 ! /udy ( ! te*nique ( production2 & ) !
  gr[+ importance ( capital1 z ma*9]y 0 
introduc$1 ! work]1  )\t difficulty1    
became an adjunct1 easily replac$1 to ! 
ma*9e4  ,:at 0 rememb]$ !n 0 ! side (   
,adam ,smi? :i* look$ ^u  enlight5$     

selfi%ness z ! key to social good4      
,regulation became  ana!ma ev5 :5 !     
evils x attempt$ to re/ra9 7 ^? :i*     
made ! mass ( ! p incapable ( citiz5%ip4
 ,ev5 national  education 0 reg>d$ z    
likely to de/roy initiative2 or1 z a    
paup]'s dole :i* m5 ( self-respect w\ld 
reg>d ) due  abhorr5ce4 ,! ,/ate1 9     
%ort1 ceas$ to conc]n itself ) ju/ice   
save ins(> z ! adm9i/ration ( a judicial
 code spell$ !  protection ( ! new      
indu/rial sy/em4 ,no?+ is m /rik+ 9 !   
half-c5tury aft] ,adam ,smi? ?an !      
optimism ( ! economi/ & !  bus9ess man 9
 contra/ to ! hopeless despair ( labor4 
,t m5 c  organize to improve _! lot 0   
d5i$ ) emphasis1 s t until  ,francis    
,place ev5 ! work]s !mselves 7          
half-conv9c$4 ,!  manufactur]s 7 !      
,/ate2 & ! :ole intellectual /r5g? (    
economics 0 mass$ to prove ! rightness (
 ! equation4 ,!  lit]ature ( prote/1 m5 
l ,hall & ,?ompson1 ,hodgsk9 & ,bray1   
ex]t$ no influ5ce ^u ! legislation ( !  
"t2 & ,rob]t ,ow5  0 deem$ an amiable   

ecc5tric r ?an ! prophet ( a new hope4  
,! m5 :o succe$$1 z ,wilb]=ce1 c>ri$ out
 to ! lett] !  un/at$ assumptions (     
,puritan economics4 ,! poor 7 consign$  
to a  ,god ^: dictates 7 by def9ition   
b5efic5t2 & if !y fail$ to  und]/& !    
curi\s incid5ce ( 8 rew>ds t 0 because 8
  ways 7 inscrutable4 ,no "o :o reads ! 
tracts ( writ]s l  ,h>riet ,m>t9eau c   
fail to see h[ pitiless 0 ! op]ation (  
?is  attitude4 ,life is made a /ruggle  
b5efic5t1 inde$1 b d]iv+ its  ultimate  
mean+ f ! mis]y incid5t to x4 ,! trag$y 
is excus$  because ! export-trade       
increases 9 its volume4 ,! iron law (   
wages1  ! assum$ transition ( e en]getic
 work] to ! ranks ( weal?1  ! dang] le/ 
! natural ability ( ! work] to bett] 8  
condition be sapp$ by giv+ to him t :i* 
8 self-respect c  bett] w9--^! became ! 
unconsci\s assumptions ( all economic   
discussion4    ,9 all ?is1 z 9 !        
f\ndation ) :i* ,adam ,smi? provid$ x1  
we  mu/ n miss ! elem5t ( tru? t x      
conta9s4 ,no poison is m  subtly        

de/ructive ( ! democratic ,/ate ?an     
pat]nalism2 & !  release ( ! creative   
impulses ( m5 mu/ always be ! cop+-/one 
( public policy4 ,adam ,smi? is !       
supreme repres5tative ( a  tradition :i*
 saw t release effect$ by individual    
ef=t4 ,:]e  ea* man cauti\sly pursu$ !  
good z he saw x1 ! realization 0  b\nd1 
9 8 view1 to be spl5did4 ,a population  
ea* elem5t ( :i*  0 active & al]t to its
 economic problems c\ld n escape !      
a*ievem5t ( greatness4 ,all t is true2 b
 x evades ! obvi\s  conditions we h     
inh]it$4 ,= ev5 :5 ! psy*ological       
inadequacies ( ,smi?'s attitude are put 
aside1 we c judge 8 !ory  9 ! light ( ! 
exp]i5ce x summ>izes4 ,once x is admitt$
 t  ! object ( ! ,/ate is ! a*ievem5t ( 
! good life1 ! f9al  canon ( politics is
 b\nd to be a moral "o4 ,we h to inquire
 into  ! dom9ant conception ( ! good    
life1 ! numb] ( ^? ^u :om  x is int5d$ t
 good %all be conf]r$4    ,9 ! light (  
?is conception x is obvi\s en\gh t      
,smi?'s view  is impossible4 ,no m]e    

conflict ( private int]e/s1 h[ev] pure 9
  motive1 seems able to a*ieve a h>mony 
( int]e/ betwe5 ! memb]s  ( ! ,/ate4    
,lib]ty1 9 ! s5se ( a positive & equal  
opportunity  = self-realization1 is     
impossible save ^u ! basis ( !          
acceptance ( c]ta9 m9imal /&>ds :i* c   
get accept$ only  ?r\gh collective ef=t4
 ,smi? did n see t 9 ! processes (      
politics :at gets accept$ is n ! w t is 
at e mom5t a  "p ( ! /ate-purpose1 b ! w
 ( ^? :o 9 fact op]ate !  ma*9]y (      
gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! half-c5tury aft] he wrote
 ! m5 :o  dom9at$ political life 71 ) ! 
be/ int5tions1 mov$ by  motives at mo/  
po9ts unrelat$ to ! national well-be+4  
,!  fell[-s]vant doctr9e w\ld nev] h    
obta9$ acceptance 9 a /ate  :]e1 z he   
?\ght1 employ] & workman /ood ^u an     
equal foot+4  ,opposition to ! ,factory 
,acts w\ld nev] h develop$ 9 a community
  :]e x 0 realiz$ t bel[ c]ta9 /&>ds (  
subsi/5ce !  v concept ( humanity is    
impossible4 ,mod]n a*ievem5t implies a  
tra9+ 9 ! tools ( life2 & t1 = mo/1 is  

d5i$ ev5 9 our  own day to ! va/        
majority ( m54 ,9 ! abs5ce (            
legislation1 x  is c]ta9 t ^? :o employ 
! s]vices ( m5 w be _!  political ma/]s2
 & x w foll[ t _! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t w   
be adapt$ to ! ne$s ( prop]ty4 ,t       
%r9kage ( ! purpose (  ! ,/ate w mean = 
mo/ n m]ely h>d%ip b degradation ( all  
t makes life wor?y4 ,^u ^? /unt$        
exi/5ces1 inde$1 a weal?y  civilization 
may easily be build$4 ,yet x w be a     
civilization (  slaves r ?an ( m54    ,!
 individualism1 t is to say1 = :i* ,adam
 ,smi? 0 zeal\s  dem&s a diff]5t        
in/itutional expression f t :i* he gave 
x4  ,we mu/ n assume an a priori        
ju/ification = ! =ces ( !  pa/4 ,!      
cu/oms ( m5 may repres5t ! ?w>t+ ( !    
impulses (  ! _m at ! exp5se ( ! few n  
less easily ?an !y may embody  a g5]al  
desire2 & x is surely a mi/ak5 usage to 
dignify z  natural :atev] may happ5 to h
 occurr$4 ,a man may f9d                
self-realization n less 9 work+ = !     
common good ?an 9 !  limit$ satisfaction

 ( 8 n>r[ desire = mat]ial advancem5t4  
,&  t1 inde$1 is ! />t+-po9t ( mod]n    
ef=t4 ,our lib]ty means  ! consi/5t     
expression ( our p]sonality 9 m$ia :]e  
we f9d  p l-m9d$ ) ourselves 9 _!       
conception ( social life4  ,! v scale ( 
civilization implies collective plans & 
common  ef=t4 ,! con/ant revision ( our 
basic notions 0 inevitable  imm$iately  
sci5ce 0 appli$ to indu/ry4 ,!re 0 ?us  
no reason to  believe t ! sy/em (       
individual int]e/s = :i* ,smi? /ood     
sponsor 0 m likely to fit requirem5ts ( 
a new "t ?an "o :i*  impli$ ! national  
regulation ( bus9ess ent]prise4 ,! dang]
 9  e p]iod ( hi/ory is le/ we take our 
own age z ! t]m 9  in/itutional         
evolution4 ,private ent]prise has !     
sanction (  prescription2 b s9ce !      
,indu/rial ,revolution ! *ief lesson we 
h _h to le>n is ! unsatisfactory "* ( t 
title4 ,hi/ory  is an un5viable record (
 bad metaphysics us$ to def5d obsolete  
sy/ems4 ,x took almo/ a c5tury aft] !   
publication ( ! ,weal?  ( ,nations = m5 

to realize t its axioms repres5t$ !     
exp]i5ce ( a def9ite "t4 ,smi? ?\ght (  
fre$om 9 ! t]ms  mo/ suitable to 8      
g5]ation & /at$ !m ) a l>g5ess ( view   
:i* rema9s impressive ev5 at a c5tury's 
di/ance4    ,b no?+ is m c]ta9 9 !      
hi/ory ( political philosophy ?an  t !  
problem ( fre$om *anges ) ea* age4 ,!   
n9ete5?  c5tury s\ght release f         
political privilege2 & x built its      
success ^u ! sy/em prep>$ by its        
pr$ecessor4 ,x c nev] be too  greatly   
emphasiz$ t 9 ea* age ! sub/ance (      
lib]ty w be  f\nd 9 :at ! dom9at+ =ces (
 t age mo/ greatly want4 ,)  ,locke1 )  
,smi?1 ) ,hegel & ) ,m>x1 ! ultimate    
hypo!sis is  always ! summ>y ( "s       
special exp]i5ce univ]saliz$4 ,t does  n
 mean t ! pa/ is wor?less4 ,politics1 z 
,seeley said1 are  vulg> unless !y are  
lib]aliz$ by hi/ory2 & a /ate :i* fail$ 
to see itself z a mosaic ( ance/ral     
in/itutions w\ld build its  novelties ^u
 f\ndations ( s&4 ,suspicions (         
collective ef=t 9  ! eighte5? c5tury    

ought n to mean suspicion 9 ! tw5tie?2  
to  ?9k 9 su* fa%ion is to fall into !  
error = :i* ,lassalle s  f9ely criticiz$
 ,hegel4 ,x is z ?\gh "o 7 to conf\nd ! 
accid5tal phases ( ! hi/ory ( prop]ty ) 
! philosophic basis  ( prop]ty itself4  
,f su* an error x is ! task ( hi/ory    
above  all to free u4 ,= x records !    
ideals & d\bts ( e>li] ages z  a p]5nial
 *all5ge to ! com+ "t4    ,! rightness (
 ?is attitude admits ( pro( 9 t]ms ( !  
d\ble  tradition to :i* ,adam ,smi? gave
 bir?4 ,on ! "o h& he is !  f\nd] ( !   
classic political economy4 ,) ,ric>do1 !
 eld] ,mill  & ,nassau ,s5ior1 ! ma9    
preoccupation is ! production ( weal?   
)\t reg>d to its moral environm5t2 & !  
/ate = !m is  m]ely an eng9e to protect 
! atmosph]e 9 :i* bus9ess m5 a*ieve  _! 
labors4 ,!re is no?+ 9 !m ( t f9e       
despair :i* made  ,/u>t ,mill welcome   
socialism itself r ?an all[ ! cont9uance
  ( ! new capitali/ sy/em4 ,h]e9 ! ,/ate
 is purg$ ( moral  purpose2 & !         
utilit>ian me?od a*ieves ! greate/      

happ9ess by  insi/+ t ! te*nique (      
production mu/ dom9ate all o!r          
circum/ances4 ,until ! ,re=m ,act (     
#ahfg1 ! or?odox economi/s  rema9$      
un*all5g$4 ,! use ( ! fran*ise 0 only   
beg9n+ to be  und]/ood4 ,! new model (  
trade unionism _h n yet be5 te/$ 9  !   
political field4 ,b x 0 discov]$        
impossible to act any long]  ^u !       
assumptions ( ! ab/ract economic man4 ,!
 infallible s5se  ( 8 own int]e/ 0      
discov]$ to be )\t basis 9 ! facts =  ! 
simple reason t ! in/rum5ts ( 8         
p]ception obvi\sly  requir$ tra9+ if !y 
7 to be appli$ to a complex _w4         
,individualism1 9 ! old1 utilit>ian     
s5se1 pass$ away because x  fail$ to    
build a ,/ate :]e9 a *annel ( expression
 might be f\nd  = ! creative en]gies (  
humble m54    ,x is only )9 ! la/ two   
decades t we h begun to und]/&  ! inn]  
significance ( ! prote/ aga9/ ?is       
economic lib]alism4  ,adam ,smi? _h     
decl>$ ! s\rce ( value to lie 9 labor2  
&1 at  ! mom5t ( its deepe/ agony1 !re 7

 m5 will+ to po9t !  moral ( 8 tale4 ,t 
x repres5t$ an incauti\s analysis 01 =  
!m1 unimportant beside ! fact t x op5$  
once m a pa?  :]eby economics c\ld be   
reclaim$ = moral sci5ce4 ,= if labor 0  
! s\rce ( value1 z ,bray & ,?ompson     
po9t$ out1 x seem$ z  ?\gh degradation 0
 ! sole paym5t = its s]vices4 ,!y did n 
ask :e!r ! organization !y envisag$ 0   
economically pr(itable1  b :e!r x 0     
e?ically "r4 ,no "o c read ! hi/ory ( ^!
  ye>s & fail to und]/& _! uncompromis+ 
d5ial ( its  rightness4 ,_! negation    
fell ^u unhe$+ e>s2 b tw5ty ye>s  lat]1 
! tradition = :i* !y /ood came into     
,m>x's h&s & 0  fa%ion$ by him into an  
int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,) all its      
faults  ( /atem5t & ( emphasis1 !       
doctr9e ( ! ,engli% sociali/s has  be51 
9 lat] h&s1 ! mo/ fruitful hypo!sis (   
mod]n politics4  ,x 0 a delib]ate ef=t1 
^u ! basis ( ,adam ,smi?'s ideas1 to    
create a commonweal? 9 ! int]e/s ( !    
masses4 ,weal?1 9 its  view1 0 less !   
m]e production ( goods ?an ! accumulat$ 

happ9ess ( humble m54 ,! impulses x     
prais$ & s\ght ?r\gh  /ate-action to    
express 71 inde$1 diff]5t f ^? ^u :i*   
,smi? laid emphasis2 & he w\ld d\btless 
h /ood agha/ at ! way  9 :i* 8 ?\ght 0  
turn$ to ends ( :i* he did n dream4 ,yet
  he c h>dly h desir$ a great] glory4   
,he ?us made possible n  only k ( a     
,/ate untrammell$ 9 its economic life by
 moral  consid]ations2 b also ! road to 
^? categories :]e9 ! old  conception (  
co-op]ative ef=t might f9d a new        
expression4 ,^? :o  trod 9 8 foot/eps   
may h repudiat$ ! ideal = :i* he /ood1  
b !y made possible a l>g] hope 9 :i* he 
w\ld h be5 pr\d  & glad to %>e4         
,,bibliography      ,?is bibliography   
makes no pret5ce to complet5ess4 ,x     
attempts only to  enum]ate ! m obvi\s   
s\rces t an int]e/$ read] w\ld c>e  to  
exam9e4        ,,g5]al      ,,leslie    
,,/eph54 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,?\ght 9 !   
,eighte5? ,c5tury4  #ahgf4 ,vol4 ,,ii1  
,*apt]s ,,ix & ,x4    ,w4,e4,h4 ,,lecky4
 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4

    ,a4,l4 ,,smi?4 ,political           
,philosophy 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,sev5te5? &    
,eighte5? ,c5turies 9 ! ,cambridge      
,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,vol4 ,,vi1  ,*apt]     
,,xxiii4    ,j4 ,,bon>4 ,philosophy &   
,political ,economy4 ,*apt]s ,v-,,ix4   
,f4,w4 ,,maitl&4 ,an ,hi/orical ,sket* (
 ,lib]ty & ,equality 9  ,collect$       
,pap]s4 ,vol4 ,i4        ,,*apt] ,,ii   
,,john ,,locke4 ,works 7,elev5?         
,edition71 #aj volumes4 ,london1 #ahab4 
,h4,r4 ,,fox-,,b\rne4 ,life ( ,john     
,locke4 ,london1 #ahgf4    ,t4,h4       
,,gre54 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,political      
,obligation 9 ,collect$  ,works4 ,vol4  
,,ii4 ,london1 #aijh4    ,,pet]4 ,,"l   
,,k+4 ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,john ,locke4
 ,london1 #aheh4    ,,sir ,f4 ,,pollock4
 ,locke's ,!ory ( ! ,/ate 9 ,proc4      
,brit4 ,acad44  ,vol4 ,i4 ,london1      
#aijd4    ,s4,p4 ,,lampre*t4 ,! ,moral &
 ,political ,philosophy ( ,locke4 ,new  
,york1  #aiah4    ,a4,a4 ,,seaton4 ,!   
,!ory ( ,tol]ation "u ! ,lat] ,/u>ts4   
,cambridge1 #aiaa4    ,j4,n4 ,,figgis4  

,! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s4 ,cambridge1 #aiad4
        ,,*apt] ,,iii      ,,j]emy      
,,colli]4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,passive         
,ob$i5ce4 ,london1 #afhi4    ,,william  
,,%]lock4 ,! ,case ( ,resi/ance4        
,london1 #afhd4    ,,*>les ,,leslie4 ,! 
,case ( ! ,regale 7,collect$ ,works74   
,vol4 ,,iii1                     p4     
#bia4                  ,! ,rehe>sal4    
,! ,new ,association4                   
,cass&ra4                  ,! ,f9i%+    
,/roke4                  ,ob$i5ce to    
,civil ,gov]nm5t ,cle>ly ,/at$4         
,! ,be/ ,answ]4                  ,! ,be/
 ( ,all4    ,,samuel ,,grascom4 ,a      
,brief ,answ]4    ,e4 ,,%ell+fleet4 ,a  
,v9dication ( _! ,maje/ies ,au?oritie4  
,b4 ,,%[]4 ,a ,lett] to a ,convocation  
,man4    ,w4 ,,wake4 ,! ,au?ority (     
,*ri/ian ,pr9ces4 ,! ,/ate ( ! ,*ur*    
7#agjc74    ,,francis ,,att]bury4       
,rights1 ,p[]s & ,privileges ( an       
,engli%  ,convocation 7#agja74          
,,b5jam9 ,,hoadly4 ,orig9s ( ,civil     
,gov]nm5t 7#agaj74                      

,pres]vative ,aga9/ ,nonjurors 7#agaf74 
,works1 #c vols4 ,london 7#aggc74       
,,william ,,law4 ,a ,def5ce ( ,*ur*     
,pr9ciples 7ed4 ,gore74 ,ed9burgh1      
#aijd4    ,w4 ,,w>burton4 ,alliance     
betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate 7#agcf74    ,j4,h4 
,,ov]ton4 ,! ,nonjurors4 ,new ,york1    
#aijc4    ,t4 ,,la!bury4 ,hi/ory (      
,convocation4 ,london1 #ahdb4           
,,*apt] ,,iv      ,,b]keley4 ,essay     
,t[>ds ,prev5t+ ! ,ru9 ( ,great ,brita9 
7#agba74    ,h4 ,,/4 ,,john 7,visc\nt   
,bol+broke74 ,works4 #e vols4 ,london1  
#aged4    ,,"l ,,egmont4 ,faction       
detect$ by ! ,evid5ce ( ,facts 7#agdb74 
,,david ,,hume4 ,inquiry ,conc]n+ !     
,pr9ciples ( ,morals 7#ageb74           
,essays4 7#agdb-ageb7 ed4 ,gre5  ,grose4
 ,london1 #ahgf4    ,w4 ,,si*el4 ,life (
 ,bol+broke4 #b vols4 #aijj-d4    ,j4   
,,*urton ,,coll9s4 ,bol+broke &         
,voltaire 9 ,engl&4    ,j4 ,,hill       
,,burton4 ,life ( ,hume4        ,,*apt] 
,v      ,,montesquieu4 ,l',esprit des   
,lois 7#agdh74    ,j4,j4 ,,r\sseau4 ,du 

,contrat ,social 7#agfb74 ,see ed4 by   
,vaughan1 #aiah4    ,,john ,,br[n4      
,e/imate ( ! ,mann]s & ,pr9ciples ( !   
,times  7#ageg74    ,,adam ,,f]guson4   
,essay on ! ,hi/ory ( ,civil ,society   
7#agfg74    ,,william ,,black/one4      
,comm5t>ies 7#agfe-i74    ,,j]emy       
,,b5?am4 ,a ,fragm5t on ,gov]nm5t       
7#aggf74 ,ed4 ,f4,c4 ,montague1  #ahia4 
,j4 ,,de ,,lolme4 ,! ,con/itution (     
,engl& 7#agge74    ,,rob]t ,,wallace4   
,v>i\s ,prospects 7#agfa74    ,,joseph  
,,prie/ley4 ,essay on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples
 ( ,gov]nm5t 7#agfh74    ,,ri*>d        
,,price4 ,obs]vations on ,civil ,lib]ty 
7#aggf74 ,additional  ,obs]vations      
7#aggg74    ,,william ,,ogilvie4 ,! ,"r 
( ,prop]ty 9 ,l& 7#agha74 ,ed4          
,macdonald1  #ahia4    ,,josiah ,,tuck]4
 ,treatise on ,civil ,gov]nm5t 7#agha74 
,,samuel ,,johnson4 ,taxation ,no       
,tyranny 7#agge74    ,m4 ,,be]4 ,hi/ory 
( ,briti% ,socialism 7#aiai74    ,,james
 ,,boswell4 ,life ( ,samuel ,johnson    
7#agia74        ,,*apt] ,,vi            

,,edmund ,,burke4 ,collect$ ,works4     
,london1 #ahjh4    ,,john ,,morley4     
,edmund ,burke 7#ahfg74 ,life ( ,burke  
7#ahhg74    ,j4 ,,maccunn4 ,! ,political
 ,philosophy ( ,burke 7#aijh74          
,,junius4 ,lett]s 7#agfi-gb74 ,london1  
#ahab4    ,,?omas ,,pa9e4 ,! ,rights (  
,man 7#agia-b74    ,,james ,,mack9to%4  
,v5dici ,gallic 7#agia74        ,,*apt] 
,,vii      ,,*>les ,,dav5ant4 ,works4   
,london1 #agga4    ,,sir ,,dudley       
,,nor?4 ,a ,disc\rse ^u ,trade 7#afia74 
,,adam ,,smi?4 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts 
7#agei74              ,weal? ( ,nations 
7#aggf74              ,lectures on      
,ju/ice & ,police4 7,ed4 ,cannan1       
#ahif74    ,w4,r4 ,,scott4 ,life (      
,francis ,hut*eson 7#aijj74    ,,john   
,,rae4 ,life ( ,adam ,smi? 7#ahie74     
,w4 ,,bagehot4 ,adam ,smi? z a ,p]son 9 
,coll4 ,works4 ,vol4 ,,vii4    ,f4,w4   
,,hir/4 ,adam ,smi? 7#aijd74    ,w4     
,,hasba*4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,adam ,smi?   
7#ahia74    ,j4 ,,bon>4 ,a ,catalogue ( 
,adam ,smi?'s ,libr>y 7#ahid74    ,t4   

,,cliffe ,,leslie4 ,adam ,smi? 9 ,essays
 9 ,moral & ,political  ,philosophy     
7#ahgi74    ,e4 ,,troelts*4 ,die        
,sociallehr5 d] ,*ri/li*5 ,kir*5        
7#aiab74          ,,index    ,addison1  
#fi  ,&rewes1 #hc  ,a%ley1 #cc-d        
,att]bury1 #ajb  ,au/91 #fb    ,bagehot1
 #i1 #bdi  ,b>beyrac1 #fh  ,b>r[1 #hd   
,bell>m9e1 #hc1 #aba  ,b5?am1 #bc1 #fb1 
#gb1 #aea1 #aeg1 #age1 #aid  ,b]keley1  
#aj1 #abi  ,black/one1 #afc-d1 #agd;f   
,bol+broke1 #fi1 #aca;f  ,bonald1 #bgg  
,bon>1 #cjj  ,bonwicke1 #hb  ,boswell1  
#bji  ,bray1 #cjg1 #cae  ,br[n 7,j471   
#afh  ,br[n 7,r471 #eb  ,burke1 #g1 #h1 
#af1 #cj1 #aeg1 #aei1 #aff1 #bba;f1 #bhf
  ,burnet1 #hj1 #hg1 #ic  ,bu%]1 #eb    
,c>twright1 #ig  ,*a?am1 #acb1 #afg1    
#ahh1 #bfb  ,*ill+wor?1 #eb  ,*ubb1 #abh
  ,col]idge1 #bgg  ,colli]1 #hdn  ,c[p]1
 #bj  ,crabbe1 #bj    ,dalrymple1 #h    
,d>w91 #fg  ,dav5ant1 #bhc1 #bhg        
,defoe1 #h1 #abh1 #acb  ,dicey1 #age1   
#agi  ,disraeli1 #acb  ,div9e ,"r1 #g1  
#cj  ,dodwell1 #hb  ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 

#bib    ,egmont1 #adb  ,eldon1 #aei     
,f]guson1 #agb-d  ,field+1 #afj  ,film]1
 #g1 #ch    ,galswor?y1 #aga-b  ,george 
,,iii1 #ac1 #ae1 #aeh1 #ahh1 #bac;f     
,godw91 #aj1 #afc1 #bbb1 #bgf           
,goldsmi?1 #ai1 #bbc  ,goodman1 #eg     
,grascom1 #hf  ,gray1 #afj  ,gre5       
7,t4,h471 #fa1 #bgi    ,haldane1 #abf   
,hales1 #eb  ,halifax1 #h1 #bg  ,hall1  
#ag1 #cjg  ,hamilton 7,j4,l4  ,b471 #ai 
,h>r+ton1 #adg  ,hegel1 #bdi1 #bgg1     
#bab-c  ,hickes1 #hc  ,hoadly1 #i1 #bb1 
#fi1 #ajg;f  ,hobbes1 #h1 #af1 #cj1     
#dj;f1 #gb1 #ia1 #bgh1 #bhd  ,hodgsk91  
#ag1 #cjg  ,holmes 7,o4,w471 #fcn1 #bfi 
,holt1 #ad1  ,hook]1 #dd  ,hotman1 #eg1 
#fh  ,hume1 #h1 #aa1 #ga1 #ib1 #adc;f1  
#bgh1 #bhd1 #big  ,hut*eson1 #aa1 #aec1 
#aee1 #bia1 #big    ,indep5d5ts1 #dj    
,jackson1 #hd  ,james ,,ii1 #bd;f1 #ce  
,johnson 7,dr471 #ah1 #baj;f1 #bbc1 #bcj
  ,junius1 #ba1 #bai    ,keble1 #hb     
,k]r1 #hb  ,knox1 #eg1 #hc1 #ig         
,lassalle1 #cac  ,laud1 #bhe  ,law1 #bb1
 #ajh;f  ,leslie1 #hj1 #he1 #hh1 #ij1   

#ig1 #ajd1 #acb  ,locke1 #g1 #aa1 #ba1  
#bi-gf1 #gi1 #aig1 #bjg1 #bgc1 #bhg  de 
,lolme1 #aj1 #ahc;f    ,mack9to%1 #bfi  
,madison1 #fc  ,ma9e1 #ff1 #bdi         
,mai/re1 #ia1 #beb1 #bgc  ,mal?us1 #cje 
,m&eville1 #abi1 #bhd  ,m>iana1 #eg     
,m>t91 #fi  ,m>x1 #cab1 #cae  ,melville1
 #aba  ,mill1 #aeg  ,milton1 #eb        
,molyneux1 #fh  ,montesquieu1 #ab1 #fc1 
#afj;f1 #agc1 #ahc  ,morley1 #acb1 #bbc 
,newton1 #cg  ,newman1 #ha1 #abb1 #abe  
,nor?1 #bhg    ,ogilvie1 #aii;f  ,ow51  
#ag1 #cjg  ,ox=d ,movem5t1 #ha    ,pa9e1
 #bjb1 #bfi  ,paley1 #aeg  ,pattison1   
#aj  ,p5n1 #eh  ,place1 #cjf  ,pope1    
#fi1 #abh1 #acb  ,price1 #aif;f         
,prie/ley1 #gb1 #aij;f  ,proa/1 #fd     
,prynne1 #h1 #ee  ,puf5dorf1 #fh        
,pult5ey1 #bag    ,quesnay1 #bhh1 #bib  
,r5an1 #bdi  ,ric>do1 #cje  ,ri*>dson1  
#afj  ,ri*>dson 7,s471 #eb  ,r\sseau1   
#h1 #gd1 #afb;f1 #ahh1 #aig1 #bgf       
,roy]-,coll>d1 #bbf  ,rusk91 #bic1 #cja 
,s&]son1 #hd  ,savigny1 #bdi1 #bgg      
,seeley1 #cab  ,seld51 #i  ,s5ior1 #cjd 

,sep>ation ( ,p[]s1 #fc;f  ,%aftesbury1 
#aa1 #abh1 #aee  ,%]lock 7,t471 #ajh    
,%]lock 7,w471 #hg  ,%[]1 #ii  ,sidney1 
#g1 #eg  ,smi? 7,adam71 #i1 #af1 #aeb1  
#aie1 #beh1 #bha;f  ,smi? 7,a4,l471 #adj
  ,snape1 #ajh  ,social ,contract1 #eg  
,spelman1 #i  ,sp5ce1 #bjb  ,/amml]1 #fj
  ,/eele1 #bhd  ,/eph5 7,f471 #fe       
,/eph5 7,l471 #ajh1 #bbc  ,/ill+fleet1  
#cg1 #hg1 #ic  ,su>ez1 #eg    ,taylor1  
#eb1 #eg  ,temple1 #bhc  ,?ompson1 #cjg1
 #bae  ,t9dal1 #abc  ,tocqueville1 #bed 
,tol]ation1 #eb1 #fd  ,tuck]1 #ga1      
#bjf;f1 #bhh  ,turgot1 #bhh1 #bib       
,voltaire1 #ab1 #acb1 #afj    ,wake1    
#hj1 #ajj;f  ,wallace1 #ahh  ,walpole1  
#ac1 #ba1 #abh-cj  ,w>burton1 #fi1      
#aah;f1 #aib  ,wilb]=ce1 #bij  ,wilkes1 
#afg1 #ahh1 #bbj  ,william ,,iii1 #be;f 
,williams 7,rog]71 #eb  ,wool/on1 #abh  
,wordswor?1 #bgg