,francis ,galton ,! ,art ( ,travel 7#ahgb7 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,john ,murray1 ,london 9 #ahgb4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,travel or ,%ifts & ,contrivances ,available 9 ,wild ,c\ntries ,francis ,galton ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,travel ,prep>atory ,enquiries ,organis+ an ,exp$ition ,outfit ,m$ic9e ,survey+ ,in/rum5ts ,memor&a & ,log-,books ,measurem5ts ,climb+ & ,m\nta9e]+ ,cattle ,h>ness ,c>riages ,swimm+ ,rafts & ,boats ,=ds & ,bridges ,clo?+ ,b$d+ ,biv\ac ,huts ,sleep+-,bags ,t5ts ,furniture ,fire ,food ,wat] = ,dr9k+ ,guns & ,rifles ,gun-fitt+s & ,ammunition ,%oot+1 h9ts on ,game1 o!r means ( captur+ ,fi%+ ,signals ,be>+s by ,compass1 ,sun1 etc4 ,m>ks by ! wayside ,way1 to f9d ,ca*es & ,depts ,savages1 ,managem5t ( ,ho/ilities ,me*anical ,appliances ,knots ,writ+ ,mat]ials ,timb] ,metals ,lea!r ,cords1 ,/r+1 & ,?read ,membrane1 ,s9ew1 & ,horn ,pott]y ,c&les & ,lamps ,conclusion ( ! ,j\rney ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fif? ,,edition4 ,?is ,edition does n diff] mat]ially f ! f\r?4 ,i h incorporat$ "s new mat]ial1 includ+ ,colomb & ,bolton's fla%+ signals1 b 9 o!r respects ! ,"w is little alt]$4 ,i !re=e repr9t ! ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,9 publi%+ a f\r? ,edition ( ! ',art ( ,travel1' x is well t ,i %\ld preface x ) a few words ( explanation on ! orig9 & int5tion ( ! ,book & on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & =m] ,editions4 ,! idea ( ! "w occurr$ to me :5 explor+ ,s\?-we/]n ,africa 9 #ahej-ea4 ,i felt acutely at t "t ! impossibility ( obta9+ suffici5t in=mation on ! subjects ( :i* x treats2 = ?\gh ! natives ( t c\ntry taught me a great deal1 x 0 obvi\s t _! acqua9tance ) bu% lore 0 exce$+ly p>tial & limit$4 ,!n rememb]+ h[ ! traditional maxims & me?ods ( travell+ 9 ea* c\ntry diff] f ^? ( o!rs1 & h[ e travell] discov]s "s useful contrivances = himself1 x appe>$ to me1 t ,i %\ld d welcome s]vice to all :o h to r\gh x--:e!r explor]s1 emigrants1 mission>ies or soldi]s199--by collect+ ! scatt]$ exp]i5ces ( _m su* p]sons 9 v>i\s circum/ances1 collat+ !m1 exam9+ into _! pr9ciples1 & d$uc+ f !m :at might fairly be call$ an ,art ( ,travel4 ,to ?is end1 on my return home1 ,i se>*$ ?r\gh a va/ numb] ( geographical works1 ,i s\ght in=mation f num]\s travell]s ( di/9ction & ,i made a po9t ( re-te/+1 9 e ne$ful case1 :at ,i _h read or le>n$ by he>say4 ,footnote 99 4 4 4 ! soldi] %\ld be taught all su* practical exp$i5ts & _! philosophy1 z are laid d[n 9 ,mr4 ,galton's useful little book 4 4 4 --',m9ute by ! late ,sir ,james ,outram on ,army ,managem5t4' ,p>liam5t>y ,return1 ( ,may #bdj1 p4 #aei4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ,i d n pr(ess to give exhau/ive treatises on ea* ( ! num]\s subjects compris$ 9 ?is volume1 b only su* in=mation z is n g5]ally kn[n among travell]s4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ! limit$ geographical area ov] :i* ! k ( _m useful contrivances ext5ds1 is t describ$ z a ',dat]am1' p4 #afd1 by :i* t5t ropes may be secur$ 9 s& ( ! loose/ description4 ,?\gh t5ts are us$ ov] an enorm\s ext5t ( s&y c\ntry1 9 all ( :i* ?is simple contrivance w\ld be ( ! utmo/ value on e /ormy night1 & ?\gh ! art ( pit*+ t5ts is /udi$ by ! troops ( all civilis$ & p>tly civilis$ nations1 yet ,i believe t ! use ( ! dat]am nev] ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( a comp>atively small di/rict 9 ! s\? ( ! ,sah>a1 until ,i _h describ$ x 9 a =m] ,edition2 & fur!r1 my k ( t contrivance 0 :olly due to a s+le travell]1 ! late ,dr4 ,b>?4 ,! fir/ ,edition ( ! ',art ( ,travel' 0 publi%$ 9 #ahed3 x 0 f> less compreh5sive ?an ! lat] ones2 = my mat]ials /eadily accumulate1 & ea* successive ,edition has %[n a m>k$ improvem5t on its pr$ecessor4 ,hi!rto ,i h adh]$ to ! orig9al arrangem5t ( ! "w1 b am n[ oblig$ to deviate f x1 = ! cont5ts h outgr[n ! sy/em ( classification ,i fir/ adopt$4 ,be=e ,i c\ld int]polate ! new matt] prep>$ = ?is ,edition1 ,i f\nd x necess>y to reca/ ! la/ "o1 by cutt+ x into pieces1 sort+ x into fre% p>agraphs & ?or\ghly revis+ ! writ+--dis5tangl+ "h & consolidat+ !re4 ,! pres5t ,edition w consequ5tly be f\nd m conv5i5tly arrang$ ?an ^? t prec$$ x1 &1 at ! same "t1 ,i tru/ ! copi\sness ( its ,index w enable p]sons to f9d ) read9ess any passage !y _h rem>k$ 9 a =m] ,edition1 & to :i* !y may desire aga9 to ref]4 ,i am /ill mo/ ?ankful to /rang]s z well z to fri5ds = contributions ( h9ts or corrections1 hav+ be5 indebt$ to _m a previ\sly unkn[n correspond5t = valuable in=mation4 ,i beg t su* communications may be address$ to me1 c>e ( my publi%]1 ,mr4 ,murray1 #ej1 ,alb]m>le ,/reet1 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4,s4--,a review] ( my ,?ird ,edition accus$ me ( copy+ l>gely f an ,am]ican book1 call$ ',! ,prairie ,travell]1' by1 ! !n1 ,capt4 ,r&olph ,b4 ,m>cy4 ,i !re=e ?9k x well to rem>k t ! fir/ ,edition ( t "w 0 publi%$ 9 #ahei 7,h>p] & ,bro!rs1 ,new ,york2--by au?ority ( ! ,am]ican ,w> ,dep>tm5t71 & t ! passages 9 "q are all tak5 f my second ,edition publi%$ 9 #ahef2 "p ( !m are copies ( :at ,i _h myself writt51 ! re/ are repr9ts ( my quotations1 z ?\gh ! ,au?or ( ! ',prairie ,travell]' _h himself orig9ally select$ !m4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( rem>k+ t ?\gh ,i h be5 indebt$ = in=mation to a v l>ge numb] ( au?ors & correspond5ts1 yet ,i am sorry to be unable to make my ackn[l$gem5ts except 9 comp>atively few in/ances4 ,! fact is t ! passages 9 ?is book are seldom traceable to di/9ctly def9ite s\rces3 commonly m ?an "o p]son giv+ me in=mation t p>tially cov]s ! same subject1 & n unfrequ5tly my own subsequ5t enquiries modify+ or enl>g+ ! h9ts ,i _h receiv$4 ,consequ5tly ,i h giv5 ! names ( au?orities only :5 my in=mation has be5 :olly due to !m1 or :5 _! descriptions are s graphic t ,i h transf]r$ !m )\t alt]ation into my pages1 or else :5 _! /atem5ts require confirmation4 ,x w be easy to see by ! context to :i* ( ^! categories ea* quotation belongs4 ,francis ,galton ,,art ,,( ,,travel4 ,,prep>atory ,,inquiries4 ,to ^? :o m$itate ,travel4--,qualifications = a ,travell]4--,if y h heal?1 a great crav+ = adv5ture1 at lea/ a mod]ate =tune1 & c set y\r he>t on a def9ite object1 :i* old travell]s d n ?9k impracticable1 !n--travel by all means4 ,if1 9 addition to ^! qualifications1 y h sci5tific ta/e & k1 ,i believe t no c>e]1 9 "t ( peace1 c (f] to y m advantages ?an t ( a travell]4 ,if y h n indep5d5t means1 y may /ill turn travell+ to excell5t acc\nt2 = exp]i5ce %[s x (t5 leads to promotion1 nay1 "s m5 support !mselves by travel4 ,!y explore pa/ure l& 9 ,au/ralia1 !y hunt = ivory 9 ,africa1 !y collect specim5s ( natural hi/ory = sale1 or !y w&] z arti/s4 ,reput$ ,dang]s ( ,travel4--,a "y man ( good con/itution1 :o is b\nd on an ent]prise sanction$ by exp]i5c$ travell]s1 does n run v great risks4 ,let ^? :o d\bt1 ref] to ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s exp$itions enc\rag$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 & !y w see h[ few dea?s h occurr$2 & ( ^? dea?s h[ small a proportion among "y travell]s4 ,savages r>ely murd] new-com]s2 !y fe> _! guns1 & h a sup]/iti\s awe ( ! :ite man's p[]3 !y require "t to discov] t he is n v diff]5t to !mselves1 & easily to be made away )4 ,ord9>y fev] are seldom fatal to ! s\nd & ela/ic con/itution ( y\?1 :i* usually has p[] to resi/ ! adv]se influ5ces ( two or ?ree ye>s ( wild life4 ,advantages ( ,travel4--,x is no slight advantage to a "y man1 to h ! opportunity = di/9ction :i* travel af=ds4 ,if he plans 8 j\rney among sc5es & places likely to int]e/ ! /ay-at-home public1 he w probably a*ieve a reputation t might well be envi$ by wis] m5 :o h n _h 8 opportunities4 ,! sci5tific advantages ( travel are enorm\s to a man prep>$ to pr(it by !m4 ,he sees ,nature work+ by h]self1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( human intellig5ce2 & he sees h] f new po9ts ( view2 he has also undi/urb$ leisure = ! problems :i* p]petually attract 8 att5tion by _! novelty4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ?\gh sci5tific travell]s are comp>atively few1 yet out ( _! ranks a l>ge proportion ( ! lead]s 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce has be5 suppli$4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ grateful results ( a j\rney to ! "y travell] to f9d himself admitt$1 on ! gr\nd ( 8 hav+ s mu* ( special int]e/ to relate1 into ! society ( m5 ) ^: names he _h long be5 famili>1 & :om he _h rev]5c$ z 8 h]oes4 ,to obta9 ,in=mation4--,! c5tres ( in=mation respect+ rude & savage c\ntries are ! ,geographical1 ,e?nological1 & ,an?ropological societies at home & abroad4 ,any "o int5d+ to travel %\ld put himself into communication ) ! ,secret>y1 & become a memb] ( "o or m ( ^! ,societies2 he w n only h access to books & maps1 b w be sure to meet ) sympa?y1 enc\ragem5t1 & intellig5t appreciation4 ,if he is ab\t to attempt a really bold exploration "u fair conditions ( success1 he w no d\bt be introduc$ to ! be/ liv+ au?orities on ! c\ntry to :i* he is b\nd1 & w be provid$ ) lett]s ( introduction to ! (ficials at ! port :]e he is to disemb>k1 t w smoo? away _m small difficulties & give him a recognis$ position dur+ 8 travels4 ,in=mation on ,sci5tific ,matt]s4--,ow+ to ! unhappy sy/em ( education t has hi!rto prevail$1 by :i* boys acquire a v imp]fect k ( ! /ructure ( two dead languages1 & none at all ( ! /ructure ( ! liv+ _w1 mo/ p]sons prep>+ to travel are ov]:elm$ ) ! consci\sness ( _! incapacity to obs]ve1 ) intellig5ce1 ! c\ntry !y are ab\t to visit4 ,i h be5 v frequ5tly begg$ by su* p]sons to put !m 9 ! way ( obta9+ a rudim5t>y k ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce1 & h con/antly made inquiries2 b ,i regret to say t ,i h be5 unable to discov] any e/abli%m5t :]e suitable in/ruction 9 natural sci5ce is to be obta9$ by p]sons ( ! age & /ation ( mo/ travell]s4 ,nor d ,i "k ( any p]sons :o adv]tise private tuition 9 any ( its bran*es ^: names ,i might !re=e be at lib]ty to publi%1 except ,pr(essor ,t5nant1 :o gives private lessons 9 m9]alogy at 8 %op 9 ! ,/r&1 :]e ! le>n] might easily famili>ise himself ) ! ord9>y m9]als & fossils1 & :]e collections might be pur*as$ = aft] ref]5ce4 ,an int5d+ travell] c\ld readily f9d naturali/s :o w\ld give lessons1 9 museums & botanical g>d5s1 adapt+ _! in/ruction to 8 probable wants1 & he w\ld ?us obta9 "s famili>ity ) ! "* ( ! pr9cipal plants & animals among/ :i* he w\ld aft]w>ds be ?r[n4 ,if he has no private means ( le>n+ ! names ( su* p]sons1 ,i %\ld recomm5d him to write to "s public ,pr(essor1 /at+ all p>ticul>s1 & begg+ ! fav\r ( 8 advice4 ,! use ( ! sextant may be le>nt at v>i\s e/abli%m5ts 9 ! ,city & ,ea/ ,end ( ,london1 :]e ! junior (fic]s ( m]*ant vessels receive in/ruction at small co/4 ,a travell] c\ld le>n _! addresses f ! mak] ( 8 sextant4 ,he might also apply at ! rooms ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 #a1 ,savile ,r[1 ,london1 :]e he w\ld probably receive advice suitable to 8 p>ticul> ne$s1 & possibly "s assi/ance ( a sup]ior ord] to t :i* ! in/ructors ( :om ,i spoke pr(ess to af=d4 ,t well-kn[n volume1 ',! ,admiralty ,manual ( ,sci5tific ,inquiry1' has be5 writt5 to meet ! wants ( un9=m$ travell]s2 & a small pamphlet1 ',h9ts to ,travell]s1' has be5 publi%$ ) ! same object1 by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,x is procurable at _! rooms4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no bran* ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 :i* a travell] c\ld d s mu*1 )\t m in=mation ?an is to be obta9$ f a few books1 ?an t ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,man4 ,he %\ld see ! l>ge collection ( skulls 9 ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 & ! fl9t & bone implem5ts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,*ri/ie ,museum1 & else:]e1 & he %\ld buy ! pr9cipal mod]n works on an?ropology1 to be c>efully re-/udi$ on 8 outw>d voyage4 ,conditions ( ,success & ,failure 9 ,travel4--,an explor+ exp$ition is daily expos$ to a succession ( accid5ts1 any "o ( :i* might be fatal to its fur!r progress4 ,! cattle may at any "t /ray1 die1 or be /ol52 wat] may n be rea*$1 & !y may p]i%2 "o or m ( ! m5 may become s]i\sly ill1 or ! p>ty may be attack$ by natives4 ,h5ce ! success ( ! exp$ition dep5ds on a *a9 ( ev5tualities1 ea* l9k ( :i* mu/ be a success2 = if "o l9k fails at t po9t1 !re mu/ be an end ( fur!r advance4 ,x is !re=e well1 especially at ! outset ( a long j\rney1 n to g hurri$ly to "w1 nor to pu% =w>d too ?\ghtlessly4 ,give ! m5 & cattle "t to become acclimatis$1 make ! bu% y\r home1 & avoid unnecess>y h>d%ips4 ,int]e/ y\rself *iefly 9 ! progress ( y\r j\rney1 & d n look =w>d to its end ) eag]ness4 ,x is bett] to ?9k ( a return to civilisation1 n z an end to h>d%ip & a hav5 f ill1 b z a close to an adv5tur\s & pleasant life4 ,9 ?is way1 risk+ little1 & ins5sibly creep+ on1 y w make connections1 & le>n ! capabilities ( ! c\ntry1 z y advance2 all :i* w be f\nd invaluable 9 ! case ( a hurri$ or disa/r\s return4 ,& ?us1 :5 "s mon?s h pass$ by1 y w look back ) surprise on ! great di/ance travell$ ov]2 =1 if y av]age only ?ree miles a day1 at ! end ( ! ye> y w h advanc$ #abjj1 :i* is a v consid]able exploration4 ,! fable ( ! ,tortoise & ! ,h>e is peculi>ly applicable to travell]s ov] wide & unkn[n tracts4 ,x is a v high m]it to accompli% a long exploration )\t loss ( heal?1 ( pap]s1 or ev5 ( com=t4 ,physical ,/r5g? ( ,lead]4--,p[]ful m5 d n necess>ily make ! mo/ em95t travell]s2 x is r ^? :o take ! mo/ int]e/ 9 _! "w t succe$ ! be/2 z a huntsman says1 x is ! nose t gives spe$ to ! h\nd4 ,dr4 ,kane1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ adv5tur\s ( travell]s1 0 by no means a /rong man1 ei!r 9 heal? or muscle4 ,good ,temp]4--,t$i\s j\rneys are apt to make companions irritable "o to ano!r2 b "u h>d circum/ances1 a travell] does 8 duty be/ :o d\bles 8 k9dl9ess ( mann] to ^? ab\t him1 & takes h>% words g5tly1 & )\t retort4 ,he %\ld make x a po9t ( duty to d s4 ,x is at ^? times v sup]flu\s to %[ too mu* punctili\sness ab\t keep+ up "o's dignity1 & s =?2 s9ce ! difficulty lies n 9 tak+ up qu>rels1 b 9 avoid+ !m4 ,reluctant ,s]vants4--,great all[ance %\ld be made = ! reluctant co-op]ation ( s]vants2 !y h inf9itely less int]e/ 9 ! success ( ! exp$ition ?an _! lead]s1 = !y d]ive b little cr$it f x4 ,!y argue ?us3--,:y %\ld we d m ?an we kn[+ly und]took1 & /ra9 our con/itutions & p]il our lives 9 ent]prises ab\t :i* we are indiff]5t8 ,x w1 p]haps1 surprise a lead] :o1 hav+ asc]ta9$ to :at frugal habits a bu% s]vant is inur$1 le>ns on trial1 h[ desp]ately he cl+s to ^? few luxuries :i* he has always _h4 ,?us1 speak+ g5]ally1 a ,cape s]vant is happy on meat1 c(fee1 & biscuit2 b1 if ! c(fee or biscuit has to be /opp$ = a few days1 he is ready = mut9y4 ,,organis+ ,,an ,,exp$ition4 ,size ( ,p>ty4--,! be/ size = a p>ty dep5ds on _m consid]ations4 ,x %\ld admit ( be+ divid$ into two p>ts1 ea* /rong en\gh to take c>e ( itself1 & 9 ea* ( :i* is "o p]son at lea/ able to write a lett]1--:i* bus s]vants1 excell5t 9 e o!r p>ticul>1 are too (t5 unable to d4 ,9 travel ?r\gh a disorganis$ c\ntry1 :]e !re are small *iefs & b&s ( m>aud]s1 a l>ge p>ty is necess>y2 ?us ! great success ( ,liv+/one's e>li] exp$itions 0 l>gely due to 8 be+ provid$ ) an unusually /rong escort ( well-arm$ & w>like1 b n too aggressive1 ,caffres4 ,9 o!r cases small p>ties succe$ bett] ?an l>ge ones2 !y excite less fe>1 d n eat up ! c\ntry1 & are less delay$ by illness4 ,! la/ fatal exp$ition ( ,mungo ,p>k is full ( w>n+ to travell]s :o propose explor+ ) a l>ge body ( ,europeans4 ,solit>y ,travell]s4--,nei!r sleepy nor deaf m5 are fit to travel q alone4 ,x is rem>kable h[ (t5 ! qualities ( wakefulness & wat*fulness /& e p>ty 9 good /ead4 ,s]vants4--,nature ( ,engagem5ts4--,! g5]al duties t a s]vant %\ld be b\nd to1 indep5d5tly ( ^? = :i* he is specially engag$1 are--"u p5alty ( 8 pay be+ /opp$1 &1 x may be1 ( dismissal--to ma9ta9 discipl9e1 take %>e ( camp-duties & night-wat*1 & d all 9 8 p[] to promote ! success ( ! exp$ition4 ,8 wages %\ld n be payable to him 9 full1 till ! return ( ! p>ty to ! t[n f :i* x />t$1 or to "s o!r civilis$ place4 ,x is be/ t all clo?+1 b$d+1 etc41 t ! m5 may require1 %\ld be issu$ out & giv5 to !m z a pres5t1 & t none ( _! own old clo!s %\ld be all[$ to be tak54 ,!y are m c>eful ( :at is _! own2 &1 by supply+ ! ?+s y\rself1 y c be sure t !y are good 9 quality1 uni=m 9 appe>ance1 & equal 9 weight1 :ile ?is la/ is asc]ta9able4 ,! foll[+ ,=m ( ,agreem5t is abridg$ f "o t 0 us$ 9 ,mr4 ,au/9's exp$ition 9 ,au/ralia4 ,x seems %ort1 explicit1 & reasonable3-- ,we ! und]sign$1 =m+ an exp$ition ab\t to explore ! int]ior ( ----1 "u ,mr4 ,a41 cons5t to place ourselves 7horses & equipm5ts7 entirely & unres]v$ly "u 8 ord]s = ! above purpose1 f ! date h]e( until our return to----1 or1 on failure 9 ?is respect1 to abide all consequ5ces t may result4 ,we fully recognise ,mr4 ,b4 z ! second1 & ,mr4 ,c4 z ! ?ird 9 comm&2 & ! "r ( succession to ! comm& & entire *>ge ( ! p>ty 9 ! ord] ?us /at$4 ,we sev]ally und]take to use our be/ endeav\rs to promote ! h>mony ( ! p>ty1 & ! success ( ! exp$ition4 ,9 witness :]e( we sign our names4 7,"h foll[ ! signatures47 ,read ov] & sign$ by ! respective p>ties1 9 my pres5ce4 7,"h foll[s ! signature ( "s p]son ( importance 9 ! place :]e ! exp$ition is organis$47 ,by ! words1 abide all consequ5ces1 ! lead] w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 leav+ a man to %ift = himself1 & refus+ 8 pay1 if ! case 7 a s]i\s "o4 ,good ,int]pret]s are v important3 m5 :o h be5 us$ by _! *iefs1 mission>ies1 etc41 z int]pret]s1 are mu* to be pref]r$2 = s great is ! pov]ty ( ?\ght & language among common p1 t y w seldom f9d a man1 tak5 at haz>d1 able to r5d] y\r words ) correctness4 ,recollect to take ) y vocabul>ies ( all ! tribes :om y are at all likely to visit4 ,engag+ ,natives4--,on engag+ natives1 ! p ) :om !y h liv$1 & to :om !y h become atta*$ & le>nt to fe>1 %\ld impress on !m t1 unless !y br+ y back 9 safety1 !y mu/ nev] %[ _! faces aga91 nor expect ! balance ( _! pay1 :i* w only be deliv]$ to !m on y\r return4 ,wom54--,natives' ,wives4--,if "s ( ! natives take _! wives1 x gives great life to ! p>ty4 ,!y are ( v great s]vice1 & cause no delay2 = ! body ( a c>avan mu/ always travel at a foot's pace1 & a woman w endure a long j\rney ne>ly z well z a man1 & c]ta9ly bett] ?an a horse or a bullock4 ,!y are invaluable 9 pick+ up & retail+ in=mation & he>say gossip1 :i* w give clues to mu* ( importance1 t1 unassi/$1 y might miss4 ,mr4 ,he>ne ! ,am]ican travell] ( ! la/ c5tury1 9 8 *>m+ book1 writes z foll[s1 & ,i c fully corroborate ! fai?fulness ) :i* he gives u a savage's view ( ! matt]4 ,aft] ! acc\nt ( 8 fir/ attempt1 :i* 0 unsuccessful1 he goes on to say1--,! v plan :i*1 by ! desire ( ! ,gov]nor1 we pursu$1 ( n tak+ any wom5 ) u on ! j\rney1 01 z ! *ief said1 ! pr9cipal ?+ t occasion$ all our want3 '=1' said he1 ':5 all ! m5 are heavy lad51 !y c nei!r hunt nor travel to any consid]able di/ance2 & if !y meet ) any success 9 hunt+1 :o is to c>ry ! produce ( ! lab\r8' ',wom51' said he1 '7 made = lab\r3 "o ( !m c c>ry or haul z mu* z two m5 c d4 ,!y also pit* our t5ts1 make & m5d our clo?+1 keep u w>m at night2 & 9 fact !re is no su* ?+ z travell+ any consid]able di/ance1 or = any l5g? ( "t1 9 ?is c\ntry )\t _! assi/ance4' ',wom51' said he aga91 '?\gh !y d ev]y?+ are ma9ta9$ at a trifl+ exp5se3 =1 z !y always /& cook1 ! v lick+ ( _! f+]s1 9 sc>ce times1 is suffici5t = _! subsi/5ce4' ,/r5g? ( ,wom54--,i believe !re are few great] popul> errors ?an ! idea we h ma9ly d]iv$ f *ivalr\s times1 t woman is a weakly creature4 ,julius ,c aes>1 :o judg$ = himself1 took a v diff]5t view ( ! p[]s ( c]ta9 wom5 ( ! nor!rn races1 ab\t :om he wrote4 ,i suppose1 t 9 ! days ( b>onial ca/les1 :5 cr[ds ( p h]d$ toge!r l pigs )9 ! n>r[ enclosures ( a =tification & ! ladies did no?+ b ne$lework 9 _! b\doirs1 ! mode ( life wasv]y prejudicial to _! n]v\s sy/em & muscul> p[]s4 ,! wom5 suff]$ f ! effects ( ill v5tilation & bad dra9age1 & _h none ( ! c\nt]act+ advantages ( ! milit>y life t 0 l$ by ! males4 ,consequ5tly wom5 really became ! helpless dolls t !y 7 consid]$ to be1 & :i* x is /ill ! fa%ion to consid] !m4 ,x always seems to me t a h>d-work$ woman is bett] & happi] = h] "w4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( wom5 to be fond ( c>ry+ weights2 y may see !m 9 omnibuses & c>riages1 always pref]r+ to hold _! baskets or _! babies on _! knees1 to sett+ !m d[n on ! seats by _! sides4 ,a woman1 ^: mod]n dress includes ,i "k n h[ _m cubic feet ( space1 has h>dly ev] pockets ( a suffici5t size to c>ry small articles2 = %e pref]s to load h] h&s ) a bag or o!r weighty object4 ,a nurs]y-maid1 :o is on ! move all day1 seems ! happie/ specim5 ( h] sex2 &1 aft] h]1 a maid-(-all "w :o is treat$ fairly by h] mi/ress4 ,,outfit4 ,x is impossible to include li/s ( outfit1 9 any reasonable space1 t %all suit ! v>i\s requirem5ts ( m5 engag$ 9 exp$itions ( diff]5t magnitudes1 :o adopt diff]5t modes ( locomotion1 & :o visit diff]5t c\ntries & climates4 ,i h !re=e ?\ght x be/ to describe only "o outfit z a specim51 select+ = my example ! desid]ata = ,s\? ,africa4 ,9 t c\ntry ! travell] has1 or _h a few ye>s ago1 to take ev]y?+ ) him1 = !re 7 no civilis$ settl]s1 & ! natural products ( ! c\ntry are ( z little value 9 supply+ 8 wants z ^? ( any c\ntry c be4 ,aga91 ,s\? ,african wants are typical ( ^? likely to be felt 9 e "p ( a l>ge proportion ( ! region :]e rude travel is likely to be exp]i5c$1 z 9 ,nor? ,africa1 9 ,au/ralia1 9 ,s\!rn ,sib]ia1 & ev5 9 ! prairies & pampas ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,to make su* an exp$ition effective all ! articles includ$ 9 ! foll[+ li/s may be consid]$ z ess5tial2 ,i tru/1 on ! o!r h&1 t no article ( real importance is omitt$4 ,/ores = g5]al use4--,^! are to a great degree indep5d5t ( ! duration ( ! j\rney4 ,small ,/ores1 v>i\s3 -- lbs4 ,"o or two v small s(t-/eel axes2 a small file to %>p5 !m2 a few additional tools 7see *apt] on ,timb]72 sp>e but*]'s knives444444444444444444444444444444#h ,a doz5 awls = wood & = lea!r1 two ( !m 9 h&les2 two gimlets2 a doz5 sail-ne$les2 ?ree palms2 a ball ( sew+-tw9e2 bit ( beeswax2 sew+-ne$les1 assort$2 a ball ( black & :ite ?read2 buttons2 two tailors' ?imbles 7see *apt] on ,cord1 ,/r+1 & ,?read7444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444#c ,two p5knives2 small metal saw2 bit ( ,turkey gone2 l>ge scissors2 corkscrew4444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444#a #a_/b ,spr+ balances1 f #a_/d lb4 to #e lbs4 & f #a lb4 to #ej lbs4 7or else a h& /eely>d4444444444444444444444444444#a #a_/b ,fi%-hooks ( _m sorts2 cobbl]'s 02 black silk2 gut2 two or m fi%+-l9es & floats2 a l>ge ball ( l9e2 ?9 brass wire1 = spr+es 7see *apt]s on ,fi%+ & ,trapp+744444444444444444444444444444444 44444444#b ,ball ( wicks1 = lamps2 c&le-m\ld 7see *apt] on ,c&les72 a few corks2 lump ( sulphur2 amad\ 7see *apt] on ,fire74444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444#a #a_/b ,m$ic9es 7see *apt] on ,m$ic9e72 a scalpel2 a blunt- po9t$ bi/\ry2 & good =ceps = ?orns4444444444444444#a ,a small iron1 & an iron+-flannel2 clo!s-bru%2 bottle ( ,b5z9e or o!r sc\r+ drops44444444444444444444#c ,c>ri$ =w>d444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444#ba #a_/b ,br\ght =w>d444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444#ba #a_/b ,bullet-m\ld1 n a heavy "o2 bit ( iron place = a ladle2 gun-clean+ app>atus2 turnscrews2 nipple- wr5*2 bottle ( f9e oil2 sp>e nipples2 sp>e screw = cock 7see *apt] on ,gun-,fitt+s744444444444444444444444#b #a_/b ,two mac9to% wat]-bags1 %ap$ = ! pack saddle1 ( "o gallon ea*1 ) funnel-%ap$ necks1 & hav+ wide m\? 7empty7 7see *apt] on ,wat] = ,dr9k+74444444#b #a_/b ,composition = m5d+ !m1 9 two small bottles2 & a sp>e piece ( mac9to%444444444444444444444444444444444 4444#b #a_/b ,sp>e lea!r1 canvas1 & webb+1 = gir?s2 r+s & buckles444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444#bj ,two small patrol-t5ts1 poles1 & pegs 7see ,*apt] on ,t5ts74444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444#cj ,small inflatable pontoon to hold "o1 or ev5 two m5 7see *apt] on ,rafts & ,boats7444444444444444444444444444444444 #aj ,small bags = pack+ ! v>i\s articles1 indep5d5tly ( ! saddle bags444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #d ,mac9to% %eet+ ov]all1 to keep ! pack dry44444444444444444#d ,total weight ( v>i\s small /ores4444444444444444444#ie ,heavy ,/ores1 v>i\s3 -- ,pack saddles1 sp>e saddl]y 7see *apt] on ,h>ness72 bags = pack+44444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,wat]-vessels 7see *apt] on ,wat] = ,dr9k+744444444444 ,heavy ammunition = sport+ purposes4 7#a lb4 weight gives #aj %ots4 ,o!rwise ea* arm$ man is suppos$ to c>ry a long d\ble-b>rell$ rifle ( a v small bore1 say ( #gj1 & ammunition = ^! is all[$ = bel[744444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,total weight ( v>i\s heavy /ores444444444444444 ,/ation]y3 -- ,two l$g]s2 a doz5 note-books 7see *apt] on ,memor&a & ,log-,books72 pap]444444444444444444444444444444#i ,ink2 p5s2 p5cils2 seal+-wax2 gum44444444444444444444444444444#b #a_/b ,bo>d to write ^u44444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444#b ,books to read1 say equal to six vols4 ! ord9>y size ( novels2 & maps444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444#g #a_/b ,bags & cases44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444#c ,sket*+-books1 col\rs1 & p5cils4444444444444444444444444444#f ,total weight ( /ation]y4444444444444444444444444444#cj ,mapp+3 -- ,two sextants2 horizon & ro(2 lant]n2 two p9ts ( oil2 azimu? compass2 small an]oid2 !rmomet]s2 t9-pot = boil+ !rmomet]s2 wat*es 7see *apt] on ,survey+ ,in/rum5ts7444444444444444444444444444#a h ,protractors2 rul]2 compasses2 measur+-tape1 etc44444444444444 #c ,rap]'s ,navigation2 ,nautical ,almanac2 ,c>r's ,synopsis1 publi%$ by ,weale2 small tables1 & small almanacs2 /> maps444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444#d ,bags & baskets1 well wadd$44444444444444444444444444444444444 4#f ,total weight ( mapp+ mat]ials444444444444444444444#ca ,natural ,hi/ory 7= an occasional collector73 -- ,ars5ical soap1 #b lbs42 camphor1 #a_/b lb42 pepp]1 #a_/b lb42 bag ( "s p[d] to absorb blood1 #b lbs42 t[ & cotton1 ab\t #aj lbs42 scalpel1 =ceps scissors1 etc41 #a_/b lb42 %eet brass1 /amp$ = labels1 #a_/b lb44444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444#af ,pill-boxes2 cork2 insect-boxes2 p9s2 t91 = cat*+ & keep+ & kill+ animals2 nets = butt]flies 7say bags & all744444444444444444444444444#aj ,geological hamm]s1 l5s1 cl9omet]1 etc44444444444444444444444 #d ,specim5s4 7,i make no all[ance = ! weight ( ^!1 = !y accumulate z /ores are us$ up2 & ! total weight is seldom increas$4744444444444444 ,total weight ( ,natural ,hi/ory mat]ials 7= an occasional collector44444444444444444444444#cj ,/ores = ,individual ,use4 ,= ea* :ite man 7indep5d5tly ( duration ( j\rney73 -- ,clo!s2 mac9to% rug2 ditto %eet2 blanket-bag2 sp>e blanket444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444#cj ,%>e ( plates1 knives1 =ks1 spoons1 pannik9s1 or b[ls444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 #b ,%>e ( cook+-?+s1 f pots1 c(fee-mill kettles1 etc4444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 #c ,sp>e knife1 fl9ts1 /eel1 t9d]-box1 t9d]1 f\r pipes44444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444 #b ,bags1 #f lbs4444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444#f ,provisions = em]g5cy -- ,five days ( j]k$ meat1 at #c lbs4 a day 7on av]age7444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444#ae ,two qu>ts ( wat] 7on av]age71 #d lbs42 %>e ( kegs1 #a #a_/b lb44444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444#h ,total = ea* :ite man44444444444444444444444444444#ff ,= ea* :ite man1 & = ea* six mon?s3 -- ,tea & c(fee1 #i lbs42 tobacco1 #f lbs2 salt1 #f lbs42 pepp]1 #a lb44444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444#bb ,br&y or rum1 occasionally s]v$ out444444444444444444444444444#f ,:ite sug>1 #b lbs42 arr[root1 #a lb42 dri$ onions1 etc41 #c lbs4444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444#f ,ammunition = small-bor$ rifles1 ) res]ve p[d] & caps444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444#i ,total = six mon?s 7or at ! rate ( #g lbs4 p] mon?744444444444444#dc ,= ea* black man 7indep5d5tly ( duration ( j\rney73 -- ,b$d+1 etc4444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444 #i ,meat & wat] = em]g5cies1 z above 7ab\t74444444444444444#ai ,%>e ( cook+-?+s4444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444 #b ,total = ea* black man44444444444444444444444444444#cj ,= ea* black man1 & = ea* six mon?s3 -- ,tobacco1 #f lbs42 salt1 pepp]1 etc41 #e lbs4444444444444444444444#aa ,pres5ts :i* w h to be made him f "t to "t444 4444#f ,total = six mon?s 7or at ! rate ( #c lbs4 p] mon?74444444444444#ag ,pres5ts & ,articles = ,paym5t4--,x is ( ! utmo/ importance to a travell] to be well & judici\sly suppli$ ) ^!3 !y are 8 money1 & )\t money a p]son c no m travel 9 ,savag$om ?an 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t savages w give _! lab\r or cattle 9 return = any?+ t is bright or new3 !y h _! real wants & _! fa%ions z mu* z we h2 &1 unless :at a travell] br+s1 meets ei!r ! "o or ! o!r1 he c get no?+ f !m1 except ?r\gh fe> or compulsion4 ,! necessities ( a savage are soon satisfi$2 &1 unless he belongs to a nation civilis$ en\gh to live 9 p]man5t habitations1 & secure f plund]1 he _c accumulate1 b is only able to keep :at he actually is able to c>ry ab\t 8 own p]son4 ,?us1 ! *ief at ,lake ,ngami told ,mr4 ,&]sson t 8 beads w\ld be ( little use1 = ! wom5 ab\t ! place already grunt$ l pigs "u ! burd5s ( ^? t !y wore1 & :i* !y _h receiv$ f previ\s travell]s4 ,^! are matt]s ( s]i\s consid]ation to p]sons :o propose to travel ) a l>ge p>ty1 & :o mu/ h proportionably l>ge wants4 ,speak+ ( pres5ts & articles = paym5t1 z ( money1 x is ess5tial to h a great quantity & v>iety ( small *ange1 :]e) ! travell] c pay = small s]vices1 = c>ry+ messages1 = draughts ( milk1 pieces ( meat1 etc4 ,beads1 %ells1 tobacco1 ne$les1 awls1 cotton caps1 h&k]*iefs1 clasp-knives1 small axes1 spe> & arr[ heads1 g5]ally answ] ?is purpose4 ,!re is inf9ite fa/idi\sness %[n by savages 9 select+ beads1 :i*1 inde$1 are _! jewell]y2 s t valuable beads1 tak5 at hap-haz>d1 are mu* m likely to prove failures ?an n4 ,x w\ld always be well to take abundance 7#dj or #ej lbs4 weight goes b a little way7 ( ! foll[+ *eap beads1 z !y are v g5]ally accept$1--dull :ite1 d>k blue1 & v]milion r$1 all ( a small size4 ,x is ! ignorance ( :at are ! receiv$ articles ( paym5t 9 a di/ant c\ntry1 & ! us+ up ( ^? t are tak51 :i*1 m ?an any o!r cause1 limits ! j\rney+s ( an explor]3 ! dem&s ( ea* fre% *ief are an imm5se dra9 ^u 8 /ore4 ,summ>y4--,to "k ! m9imum weight = :i* a propos$ exp$ition mu/ f9d means ( transport1 ! omitt$ figures mu/ be suppli$ 9 ! foll[+ s*$ule1 ! o!rs mu/ be correct$ :]e requir$1 & ! :ole mu/ be add$ toge!r4 ,/ores = g5]al use3-- ,v>i\s small /ores #ie lbs4 ,v>i\s heavy /ores ,/ation]y #cj ,mapp+ #ca ,natural ,hi/ory 7occasional7 #cj ,/ores = ,individual use3-- ,= ea* :ite man 7at rate ( #g lbs4 p] mon?7 #ff ,= ea* black man 7at rate ( #c lbs4 p] mon? #cj ,pres5ts & articles ( paym5t are usually ( f> great] weight ?an all ! above ?+s put toge!r4 ,,total ,,weight ,,to ,,be ,,c>ri$ ,,by ,,exp$ition #bhb ,mem4--,if meat & bread1 & ! l1 h to be c>ri$1 a v l>ge addition ( weight mu/ be made to ?is li/1 = ! weight ( a daily ration v>ies f #c lbs41 or ev5 #d lbs41 to #b lbs41 accord+ to ! conc5tration ( nutrim5t 9 ! food t is us$4 ,slaught] animals c>ry !mselves2 b ! cattle-wat*]s swell ! li/ ( ^? :o h to be f$4 ,means ( ,transport4--,9 ord] to transport ! articles belong+ to an exp$ition across a wild & unkn[n c\ntry1 we may e/imate z foll[s3-- ,bea/s ( bur!n3-- ,an ass w n usually c>e m ?an ab\t 7net weight7 #fe lbs4 ,a small mule #ij ,a horse #ajj ,an ox ( an av]age gre$ #abj ,a camel 7:i* r>ely c be us$ by an explor]7 #cjj ,x is v inconv5i5t to take m ?an six pack-animals 9 a c>avan t has to pass ov] brok5 c\ntry1 = s mu* "t is lo/ by ! :ole p>ty 9 re-adju/+ ! packs ( ea* memb] ( x1 :5ev] "o gets loose1 t its progress is s]i\sly ret>d$4 ,c>riages4--,an animal--camels always except$--draws ^u :eels 9 a wild c\ntry ab\t two & a half times ! weight he c c>ry4 lbs4 ,a light c>t1 exclusive ( ! driv]1 %\ld n c>ry m ?an4444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444#hjj ,a light waggon1 su* z "o or two horses w\ld trot away )1 along a turnpike road1 n m ?an44444444444#aejj ,a waggon ( ! /ronge/ con/ruction1 n m ?an444444444#cjjj ,weight ( ,rations4--,a fair e/imate 9 commiss>iat matt]s is z foll[s3-- ,a /rong waggon full ( food c>ries #ajjj full-day rations ,! pack ( an ox #dj ,! pack ( a horse #cj ,a slaught] ox yields1 z fre% meat #hj ,a fat %eep yields #aj 7,n4,b4 ,meat :5 j]k$ loses ab\t "o-half ( its n\ri%+ p[]s47 ,,m$ic9e4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,travell]s are apt to expect too mu* f _! m$ic9es1 & to ?9k t savages w hail !m z demigods :]ev] !y g4 ,b _! pati5ts are g5]ally cripples :o want to be made :ole 9 a mom5t1 & o!r su*like impracticable cases4 ,p[]ful emetics1 purgatives1 & eyewa%es are ! mo/ popul> physick+s4 ,! travell] :o is sick away f help1 may console himself ) ! prov]b1 t ?\gh !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a good physician & a bad "o1 !re is v little betwe5 a good "o & none at all4 ,drugs & ,in/rum5ts4--,outfit ( ,m$ic9es1--,a travell]1 unless he be a pr(ess$ physician1 has no object 9 tak+ a l>ge assortm5t ( drugs4 ,he wants a few p[d]s1 ready prep>$2 :i* a physician1 :o kn[s ! diseases ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he is ab\t to travel1 w prescribe = him4 ,^? 9 g5]al use are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,emetic1 mild2 #b4 ditto1 v p[]ful1 = poison 7sulphate ( z9c1 also us$ z an eye-wa% 9 ,oph?almia74 e4 ,ap]i5t1 mild2 #d4 ditto1 p[]ful4 #e4 ,cordial = di>rhoea4 #f4 ,qu99e = ague4 #g4 ,sudorific 7,dov]'s p[d]74 #h4 ,*lorodyne4 #i4 ,camphor4 #aj4 ,c>bolic acid4 ,9 addition to ^! p[d]s1 ! travell] w want ,w>burg's fev]-drops2 glyc]9e or cold cream2 mu/>d-pap] = bli/]+2 he>tburn loz5ges2 l9t2 a small roll ( dia*ylon2 lun>-cau/ic1 9 a prop] hold]1 to t\* old sores )1 & = snake-bites2 a scalpel & a blunt-po9t$ bi/\ry1 ) :i* to op5 abcesses 7! blades ( ^! %\ld be wax$1 to keep !m f ru/72 a good pair ( =ceps1 to pull out ?orns2 a c\ple ( ne$les1 to sew up ga%es2 wax$ ?read1 or bett]1 silv] wire4 ,a mild eff]vesc+ ap]i5t1 l ,moxon's is v conv5i5t4 ,seidlitz-p[d]s are p]haps a little too /rong = frequ5t use 9 a tropical climate4 ,h[ to c>ry ,m$ic9es4--,! m$ic9es %\ld be kept 9 z9c pill-boxes ) a few lett]s pun*$ bo? on _! tops & bottoms1 to indicate :at !y conta91 z ,emet41 ,a/r4 etc4 ,x is m important t ! bottoms ( ! boxes %\ld be labell$ ?an _! tops2 because :5 two ( !m h be5 op5$ at ! same "t1 x (t5 happ5s t ! tops run a risk ( be+ *ang$4 ,x w save cont9ual tr\ble ) weights & scales1 if ! p[d]s be s dilut$ ) fl\r1 t "o ,measureful ( ea* %all be a full av]age dose = an adult2 & if ! measure to :i* !y are adopt$ be cyl9drical1 & ( su* a size z j to admit a common lead-p5cil1 & ( a det]m9$ l5g?1 x c at any "t be replac$ by twi/+ up a pap] c>tridge4 ,i w\ld fur!r sugge/ t ! p[d]s be diff]5tly col\r$1 "o col\r be+ us$ = emetics & ano!r = ap]i5ts4 ,l9t1 to make4--,scrape a piece ( l95 ) a knife4 ,o9tm5t4--,simple c]ate1 :i* is spread on l9t z a soo?+ plai/] = sores1 consi/s ( equal p>ts ( oil & wax2 b l>d may be us$ z a sub/itute = ! wax4 ,seidlitz-p[d]s are n (t5 to be procur$ 9 ! =m we are accu/om$ to take !m 91 9 ,engl&2 s a recipe = mak+ #ab sets ( !m1 is annex$3--#a #a_/b oz4 ( ,c>bonate ( ,soda & #c oz4 ( ,t>t>is$ ,soda1 = ! blue pap]s2 #g dra*ms ( ,t>t>ic ,acid1 = ! :ite pap]s4 ,bu% ,rem$ies4--,emetics4--,= want ( prop] physic1 dr9k a *>ge ( gunp[d] 9 a tumbl]ful ( w>m wat] ( soap-suds1 & tickle ! ?roat4 ,vap\r-ba?s are us$ 9 _m c\ntries1 & ! foll[+ plan1 us$ 9 ,russia1 is (t5 ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,heat /ones 9 ! fire1 & put !m on ! gr\nd 9 ! middle ( ! cab9 or t5t2 on ^! p\r a little wat]1 & cl\ds ( vap\r are giv5 (f4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w bran*es are spread on hot wood-emb]s1 & ! pati5t is plac$ ^u ^!1 wrapp$ 9 a l>ge clo?2 wat] is !n spr9kl$ on ! emb]s1 & ! pati5t is soon cov]$ ) a cl\d ( vap\r4 ,! travell] :o is *ill$ or ov]-work$1 & has a day ( re/ be=e him1 w\ld d well to practise ?is simple & pleasant rem$y4 ,ble$+ & ,cupp+'4--,physicians say1 n[-a-days t ble$+ is r>ely1 if ev]1 requir$2 & t frequ5tly x does mu* h>m2 b !y us$ to ble$ = ev]y?+4 ,_m savages "k h[ to cup3 !y commonly use a piece (a horn z ! cup1 & !y ei!r suck at a hole 9 ! top ( ! horn1 to produce ! necess>y vacuum1 or !y make a blaze z we d1 b ) a wisp ( grass4 ,illnesses4--,fev]s ( all k9ds1 di>rhoea1 & rheumatism1 are ! plagues t mo/ afflict travell]s2 oph?almia (t5 ?reat5s !m4 ,*ange ( air1 f ! flat c\ntry up into ! hills1 z soon z ! fir/ viol5ce ( ! illness is pa/1 works wond]s 9 ha/5+ & p]fect+ a cure4 ,fev]4--,! numb] ( travell]s t h fall5 victims to fev] 9 c]ta9 l&s is t]rible3 x is a matt] ( s]i\s consid]ation :e!r any motives1 %ort ( imp]i\s duty1 ju/ify a p]son 9 brav+ a fev]-/rick5 c\ntry4 ,9 ! ill-fat$ ,nig] exp$ition1 ?ree vessels 7 employ$1 ( :i* ! ',alb]t' /ay$ ! longe/ "t 9 ! riv]1 namely two mon?s & two days4 ,h] ,engli% crew consi/$ ( #fb m52 ( ^!1 #ee caught fev] 9 ! riv]1 & #bc di$4 ,( ! rema9+ sev51 only two ultimately escap$ scot-free2 ! o!rs suff]+1 m or less sev]ely1 on _! return to ,engl&4 ,9 ,dr4 ,mc,williams's ,m$ical ,hi/ory ( ?is exp$ition1 x is laid d[n t ! ,nig] fev]1 :i* may be consid]$ z a type ( pe/il5tial fev] g5]ally1 usually sets 9 sixte5 days aft] exposure to ! mal>ia2 & t "o attack1 in/ead ( acclimatis+ ! pati5t1 seems to r5d] him all ! m liable to a second4 ,e conceivable precaution kn[n 9 ^? days1 _h be5 tak5 to ensure ! heal? ( ! crew ( ! ',alb]t4' ,a great discov]y ( mod]n days is ! p[] ( qu99e to keep (f _m types ( fev]4 ,a p]son w\ld1 n[1 h little to fe> 9 tak+ a passage 9 a ,nig] /eam]2 suppos+ t vessels ran regul>ly up t riv]4 ,! qu99e he w\ld take1 beg9n+ at ! coa/1 w\ld r5d] him pro( aga9/ fev]1 until he _h pass$ ! delta2 b no?+ w\ld remove ! risk ( a long soj\rn 9 ! delta itself4 ,h[ev]1 ,i %\ld add t ,dr4 ,liv+/one's exp]i5ce on ! zambesi ?r[s d\bt on ! p[] ( qu99e to keep (f ! type ( fev] t prevails ^u t riv]4 ,precautions 9 unheal?y ,places4--,!re are c]ta9 precautions :i* %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 unheal?y places1 besides t :i* ,i h j m5tion$ ( regul>ly tak+ small doses ( qu99e1 su* z nev] to encamp to ! leew>d ( a m>%2 to sleep close 9 betwe5 l>ge fires1 ) a h&k]*ief ga!r$ r\nd y\r face 7natural in/9ct w tea* ?is72 to avoid />t+ too e>ly 9 ! morn+2 & to bew>e ( unnecess>y hung]1 h>d%ip1 & exposure4 ,x is a widely-corroborat$ fact t ! banks ( a riv] & adjac5t pla9s are (t5 less affect$ by mal>ia ?an ! l[ hills t ov]look !m4 ,di>rhoea4--,) a bad di>rhoea1 take no?+ b bro?1 rice wat]1 & x may be rice1 9 v small quantities at a meal1 until y are q re/or$4 ,! lea/ piece ( bread or meat causes an imm$iate relapse4 ,oph?almia'4--,sulphate ( z9c is invaluable z an eyewa%3 = oph?almia is a sc\rge 9 p>ts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,africa1 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,! ta/e ( ! solution :i* %\ld be /rongly a/r+5t1 is ! be/ guide to its /r5g?4 ,too?-a*e4--,t\gh diet tries ! tee? s sev]ely1 t a man ab\t to und]go x1 %\ld pay a visit to a d5ti/ be=e he leaves ,engl&4 ,an unskill$ travell] is v likely to make a bad job ( a fir/ attempt at too?-draw+4 ,by con/antly pu%+ & pull+ an a*+ too?1 x w 9 "t loos51 & p]haps1 aft] "s weeks1 come out4 ,?ir/4--,p\r wat] ov] ! clo!s ( ! pati5t1 & keep !m con/antly wet2 re/ra9 8 dr9k+1 aft] ! fir/ few m9utes1 z /rictly z y c summon he>t to d x4 7,see ,?ir/ 9 ! *apt] on ,wat]47 ,9 less sev]e cases1 dr9k wat] ) a tea-spoon2 x w satisfy a p>*$ palate z mu* z if y gulp$ x d[n 9 tumbl]fuls1 & w disord] ! dige/ion v consid]ably less4 ,hung]4--,give two or ?ree m\?fuls1 e qu>t] ( an h\r1 to a man r$uc$ to ! la/ extremity by hung]2 /rong bro? is ! be/ food = him4 ,poison+4--,! fir/ ?+ is to give a p[]ful emetic1 t :atev] poison /ill rema9s unabsorb$ 9 ! /oma*1 may be ?r[n up4 ,use soap-suds or gunp[d] 7see ,emetics7 if prop] emetics are n at h&4 ,if !re be viol5t pa9s & grip+s1 or ret*+s1 give pl5ty ( wat] to make ! vomit+s m easy4 ,next1 d y\r be/ to combat ! symptoms t are caus$ by ! poison :i* 0 absorb$ be=e ! emetic act$4 ,?us1 if ! man's feet are cold & numb$1 put hot /ones aga9/ !m1 & wrap !m up w>mly4 ,if he be dr[sy1 heavy1 & /upid1 give br&y & /rong c(fee1 & try to r\se him4 ,!re is no?+ m to be done1 save to avoid do+ mis*ief4 ,fleas4--,italian flea-p[d]1 sold 9 ! ,ea/1 is really efficaci\s4 ,x is ! p[d]$ ,pire oti 7or flea-bane71 m5tion$ 9 ,curzon's ',arm5ia' z gr[+ 9 t c\ntry2 x has s9ce become an important article ( export4 ,a correspond5t writes to me1 ,i h (t5 f\nd a light cotton or l95 bag a great safegu>d aga9/ ! attacks ( fleas4 ,i us$ to creep into x1 draw ! loop tight r\nd my neck1 & 0 ?us able to set legions ( !m at defiance4 ,v]m9 on ! ,p]son4--,i quote ! foll[+ extract f ,huc's ',travels 9 ,t>t>y'3--,we _h n[ be5 travell+ = ne>ly six weeks1 & /ill wore ! same clo?+ we _h assum$ on our dep>ture4 ,! incessant prickl+s ) :i* we 7 h>ass$1 suffici5tly indicat$ t our attire 0 peopl$ ) ! fil?y v]m9 to :i* ! ,*9ese & ,t>t>s are famili>ly accu/om$2 b :i*1 ) ,europeans1 are objects ( horror & disgu/4 ,be=e quitt+ ,t*agan-,k\r51 we _h b\ght 9 a *emi/'s %op a few sapeks'-wor? ( m]cury4 ,we n[ made ) x a prompt & specific rem$y aga9/ ! lice4 ,we _h =m]ly got ! receipt f "s ,*9ese2 &1 z x may be useful to o!rs1 we ?9k x "r to describe x "h4 ,y take half an ounce ( m]cury1 :i* y mix ) old tea-leaves previ\sly r$uc$ to pa/e by ma/ication4 to r5d] ?is s(t]1 y g5]ally add saliva2 wat] c\ld n h ! same effect4 ,y mu/ aft]w>ds bruise & /ir x a :ile1 s t ! m]cury may be divid$ into little balls z f9e z du/4 7,i presume ! blue pill is a pretty exact equival5t to ?is prep>ation47 ,y infuse ?is composition into a /r+ ( cotton1 loosely twi/$1 :i* y hang r\nd ! neck2 ! lice are sure to bite at ! bait1 & !y !reupon z surely swell1 become r$1 & die =?)4 ,9 ,*9a & 9 ,t>t>y y h to r5ew ?is salut>y necklace once a mon?4 ,bli/]$ ,feet4--,to prev5t ! feet f bli/]+1 x is a good plan to soap ! inside ( ! /ock+ be=e sett+ out1 mak+ a ?ick la!r all ov] x4 ,a raw egg brok5 into a boot1 be=e putt+ x on1 greatly s(t5s ! lea!r3 ( c\rse ! boots %\ld be well greas$ :5 h>d walk+ is anticipat$4 ,aft] "s h\rs on ! road1 :5 ! feet are beg9n+ to be *af$1 take (f ! %oes1 & *ange ! /ock+s2 ,putt+ :at 0 ! "r /ock+ on ! left foot1 & ! left /ock+ on ! "r foot4 ,or1 if "o foot only hurts1 take (f ! boot & turn ! /ock+ inside out4 ,^! 7 ! plans adopt$ by ,capta9 ,b>clay4 :5 a bli/] is =m$1 rub ! feet1 on go+ to b$1 ) spirits mix$ ) tall[ dropp$ f a c&le into ! palm ( ! h&2 on ! foll[+ morn+ no bli/] w exi/4 ,! spirits seem to possess ! heal+ p[]1 ! tall[ s]v+ only to keep ! sk9 s(t & pliant4 ,?is is ,capta9 ,co*rane's advice1 & ! rem$y 0 us$ by him 9 8 p$e/rian t\r4 7,murray's ,h&book ( ,switz]l&4'7 ,! recipe is an excell5t "o2 p$e/rians & tea*]s ( gymna/ics all endorse x4 ,r>efi$ ,air1 effects (4--,on high plateaux or m\nta9s new-com]s mu/ expect to suff]4 ,! symptoms are describ$ by _m ,s\? ,am]ican travell]s2 ! attack ( !m is !re1 among o!r names1 call$ ! puna4 ,! disord] is sometimes fatal to /\t ple?oric p2 oddly en\gh1 cats are unable to endure x3 at villages #ac1jjj feet above ! sea1 ,dr4 ,ts*udi says t !y _c live4 ,num]\s trials h be5 made ) ^! unhappy fel9e b>omet]s1 & ! creatures h be5 f\nd to die 9 frightful convulsions4 ,! symptoms ( ! puna are gidd9ess1 dimness ( sight & he>+1 heada*e1 fa9t+-fits1 blood f m\?1 eyes1 nose1 lips1 & a feel+ l sea-sickness4 ,no?+ b "t cures x4 ,x beg9s to be felt sev]ely at f #ab1jjj to #ac1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,m4 ,h]mann ,s*lag9tweit1 :o has _h a great deal ( m\nta9 exp]i5ce 9 ! ,alps & 9 ! ,himalayas1 up to ! height ( #bj1jjj feet or m1 tells me t he f\nd ! heada*e1 etc41 come on :5 !re 0 a breeze1 f> m ?an at any o!r "t4 ,8 :ole p>ty w\ld awake at ! same mom5t1 & beg9 to compla9 ( ! symptoms1 imm$iately on ! comm5cem5t ( a breeze4 ,! symptoms ( ov]work are n :olly unlike ^? ( ! puna1 & _m "y travell]s :o h felt ! fir/1 h ascrib$ !m to ! second4 ,scurvy has attack$ travell]s ev5 9 ,au/ralia2 & ,i h myself felt symptoms ( x 9 ,africa1 :5 liv+ :olly on meat4 ,any vegetable diet cures x3 lime-juice1 treacle1 raw potatoes1 & acid fruits are especially efficaci\s4 ,dr4 ,kane insi/s on ! value ( entirely raw meat z a c]ta9 anti-scorbutic3 ?is is g5]ally us$ by ! ,esquimaux4 ,haemorrhage f a ,w\nd4--,:5 ! blood does n p\r or trickle 9 a /eady /ream f a deep w\nd1 b jets =? 9 pulses1 & is ( a bright r$ col\r1 all ! b&ages 9 ! _w w n /op x4 ,x is an art]y t is w\nd$2 &1 unless !re be "s "o accessible1 :o kn[s h[ to take x up & tie x1 ,i suppose t ! me?od ( our =e-fa!rs is ! only "o t c be us$ z y w\ld = a snake-bite 7see next p>agraph72 or else to p\r boil+ grease into ! w\nd4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a b>b>\s treatm5t1 & its success is unc]ta91 z ! caut]is$ art]y may break out afre%2 /ill1 life is 9 "q1 & x is ! only hope ( sav+ x4 ,aft] ! caut]y1 ! w\nd$ limb %\ld be kept p]fectly /ill1 well rais$1 & cool1 until ! w\nd is ne>ly heal$4 ,a t\rniquet1 :i* w /op ! blood = a "t1 is made by ty+ a /rong ?ong1 /r+1 or h&k]*ief firmly above ! "p1 putt+ a /ick ?r\gh1 & screw+ x tight4 ,if y "k :]eab\ts ! art]y lies1 :i* is ! object to compress1 put a /one ov] ! place "u ! h&k]*ief4 ,! ma9 art]ies foll[ pretty mu* ! direction ( ! inn] seams ( ! sleeves & tr\s]s4 ,snake-bites4--,tie a /r+ tight above ! "p1 suck ! w\nd1 & cau/ic x z soon z y c4 ,or1 = want ( cau/ic1 explode gunp[d] 9 ! w\nd2 ( else d :at ,mr4 ,mansfield ,p>kyns well sugge/s1 i4e41 cut away ) a knife1 & aft]w>ds burn out ) ! end ( y\r iron ramrod1 heat$ z ne> a :ite heat z y c readily get x4 ,! art]ies lie deep1 & z mu* fle% may1 )\t mu* dang]1 be cut or burnt into1 z ! f+]s c p9* up4 ,! next /ep is to use ! utmo/ en]gy1 & ev5 cruelty1 to prev5t ! pati5t's giv+ way to t le?>gy & dr[s9ess :i* is ! usual effect ( snake-poison1 & too (t5 ends 9 dea?4 ,wasp & ,scorpion-/+s4--! ,oil scrap$ out ( a tobacco-pipe is a good application2 %\ld ! scorpion be l>ge1 8 /+ mu/ be treat$ l a snake-bite4 ,brok5 ,bones4--,x is extremely improbable t a man %\ld die1 9 consequ5ce ( a brok5 leg or arm1 if ! sk9 be un9jur$' b1 if ! brok5 end =ces its way ?r\gh ! fle%1 ! injury is a v s]i\s "o4 ,abscesses =m1 ! p>ts mortify1 & ! sev]e/ consequ5ces (t5 foll[4 ,h5ce1 :5 a man breaks a bone1 d n conv]t a simple injury into a sev]e "o1 by c>ry+ him c>elessly4 ,if possible1 move ! encampm5t to ! injur$ man1 & n vice v]sa4 ,mr4 ,druitt says3--,:5 a man has brok5 8 leg1 lay him on ! o!r side1 put ! brok5 limb exactly on ! s\nd "o1 ) a little /raw betwe51 & tie ! two legs toge!r ) h&k]*iefs4 ,?us ! two legs w move z "o1 & ! brok5 bone w n hurt ! fle% s mu*1 nor yet come ?r\gh ! sk94 ,dr[n+4--,a half-dr[n$ man mu/ be put to b$ 9 dry1 heat$ clo!s1 hot /ones1 etc41 plac$ aga9/ 8 feet1 & 8 head mu/ be rais$ mod]ately4 ,human w>m? is excell5t1 su* z t ( two big m5 made to lie close up aga9/ him1 "o on ea* side4 ,all r\gh treatm5t is n only ridicul\s b full ( h>m2 su* z ! fa%ion--:i* /ill exi/s 9 "s places--( hang+ up ! body by ! feet1 t ! swall[$ wat] may dra9 out ( ! m\?4 ,i repr9t "h ! in/ructions circulat$ by ,dr4 ,m>%all ,hall3-- #a4 ,treat ! pati5t in/antly1 on ! spot1 9 ! op5 air1 expos+ ! face & *e/ to ! breeze 7except 9 sev]e wea!r74 ,to ,cle> ! ,?roat--#b4 ,place ! pati5t g5tly on ! face1 ) "o wri/ "u ! =ehead2 all fluids & ! tongue itself !n fall =w>ds1 leav+ ! entrance into ! w9dpipe free4 ,if !re be brea?+--wait & wat*2 if n1 or if x fail1-- ,to ,excite ,respiration--#c4 ,turn ! pati5t well & in/antly on 8 side1 &--#d4 ,excite ! no/rils ) snuff1 ! ?roat ) a fea!r1 etc41 da% cold wat] on ! face previ\sly rubb$ w>m4 ,if !re be no success1 lose n a mom5t b in/antly-- ,to ,imitate ,respiration--#e4 ,replace ! pati5t on 8 face1 rais+ & support+ ! *e/ well on a fold$ coat or o!r article ( dress2--#f4 ,turn ! body v g5tly on ! side & a little beyond1 & !n briskly on ! face1 alt]nately2 repeat+ ^! measures delib]ately1 effici5tly1 & p]sev]+ly fifte5 times 9 ! m9ute1 occasionally v>y+ ! side2 :5 ! pati5t reposes on ! *e/1 ?is cavity is compress$ by ! weight ( ! body1 & expiration takes place2 :5 he is turn$ on ! side1 ?is pressure is remov$1 & inspiration occurs4 #g4 :5 ! prone position is resum$1 make equable b effici5t pressure1 ) brisk movem5t1 along ! back ( ! *e/2 remov+ x imm$iately be=e rotation on ! side3 ! fir/ measure augm5ts ! expiration1 ! second comm5ces inspiration4 ,! result is--,respiration2--&1 if n too late1--,life4 ,to induce ,circulation & ,w>m?--#h4 ,rub ! limbs upw>ds1 ) firm grasp+ pressure & ) en]gy1 us+ h&k]*iefs1 etc4 by ?is measure ! blood is propell$ along ! ve9s t[>ds ! he>t4 #i4 ,let ! limbs be ?us dri$ & w>m$1 & !n clo!d1 ! by/&]s supply+ coats1 wai/coats1 etc4 #aj44 ,avoid ! cont9u\s w>m-ba?1 & ! position on or incl9$ to ! back4 ,litt] = ! ,w\nd$4--,if a man be w\nd$ or sick1 & has to be c>ri$ ^u ! %\ld]s ( o!rs1 make a little = him 9 ! ,indian fa%ion2 t is to say1 cut two /\t poles1 ea* #h feet long1 to make its two sides1 & ?ree o!r cross-b>s ( #b #a_/b feet ea*1 to be la%$ to !m4 ,!n support+ ?is ladd]-%ap$ framework ov] ! sick man z he lies 9 8 blanket1 knot ! blanket up well to x1 & s c>ry him (f palanqu9-fa%ion4 ,"o cross-b> w be j beh9d 8 head1 ano!r 9 front ( 8 feet2 ! middle "o w cross 8 /oma*1 & keep him f fall+ out2 & !re w rema9 two %ort h&les = ! c>ri]s to lay hold (4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians c>ry _! w\nd$ companions by ?is contrivance aft] a fight1 & dur+ a hurri$ retreat1 = wond]ful di/ances4 ,a k+ ( waggon-ro( top c easily be made to x1 ) b5t b\ghs & "o sp>e blanket4 7,see ,palanqu947 ,black & :ite sket* ( two ',indians' c>ry+ litt]4 ,,survey+ ,,in/rum5ts4 ,9 previ\s editions ,i repr9t$ "h1 ) a few trifl+ alt]ations1 "p ( a pap] t ,i orig9ally communicat$ to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 & :i* w be f\nd at ! end ( _! volume = #ahed4 ,9 addition to x1 communications are publi%$ !re f ,lieut5ant ,rap]1 ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 ,admiral ,smy?1 ,admiral ,bee*ey1 & ,colonel ,sykes2 ! :ole ( :i* 0 collect$ "u ! title ( ',h9ts to ,travell]s2' !y 7 pr9t$ 9 a sep>ate =m & widely circulat$4 ,:5 ! edition 0 exhau/$1 a fre% ,committee 0 appo9t$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,geographical society1 consi/+ ( ,admiral sir ,george ,back1 ,admiral ,r4 ,coll9son1 & myself1 to revise ! pamphlet ?or\ghly4 ,?is process 0 aga9 gone ?r\gh 9 #ahga1 & n[ ! pamphlet is s mu* am5d$ & enl>g$ t ,i %\ld d no good by mak+ extracts4 ,x is mu* bett] t int5d+ travell]s %\ld apply = ?is ?ird edition ( ! ',h9ts to ,travell]s' at ! society's rooms1 #a1 ,savile ,r[3 = x gives a great deal ( in=mation ^u in/rum5ts t !y w\ld f9d ( real value4 ,its price is #as4 ,port]s = delicate ,in/rum5ts4--,entru/ survey+ in/rum5ts & fragile articles to come respectable old savage1 ^: infirmities compel him to walk /eadily4 ,he w be delight$ at ! prospect ( pick+ up a liv+ by su* easy s]vice4 ,measur+ l[ angles by reflexion4--an ord9>y artificial horizon is useless = v l[ angles4 ,!y c be measur$ to )9 two or ?ree m9utes1 by means ( a v]tical po9t ( ref]5ce obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,tie two pieces ( ?read1 cross+ ea* o!r at two feet above ! gr\nd1 put ! vessel ( m]cury und]nea? x1 & look d[n ^u ! m]cury4 ,:5 ! eye is s plac$1 t ! cross$ ?reads exactly cov] _! reflexion1 ! l9e ( sight is truly v]tical2 &1 if ! di/ant object be br\ght d[n to !m by ! sextant1 ! angle read (f w be #ij degrees altitude4 ,capta9 ,george's arrangem5t ( glass float+ on m]cury 7made by ,c>y1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,london71 all[s ( v l[ angles be+ obs]v$1 b ! use ( ?is in/rum5t requires consid]able caution z to ! purity ( ! m]cury & ! cleanl9ess ( ! glass4 ,sub/itute = glass ro( to ,horizon4--,= want ( a glass ro( to place ov] ! m]cury a piece ( gauze /ret*$ ov] ! vessel w answ] v tol]ably = ! purpose ( keep+ (f ! w9d4 ,! diamet] ( ! pupil ( ! eye is s l>ge1 comp>$ to ! ?ickness ( ! ?reads ( ! gauze1 t ! latt] (f] little imp$im5t to a cle> view ( ! image4 ,silv]+ ,glasses = ,sextants4--,be=e tak+ leave ( ?is subject x may n be unimportant to describe ! op]ation ( silv]+ ! glasses ( sextants1 z ^? employ$ on survey+ duties v frequ5tly h to p]=m ! op]ation4 ,! requisites are clean t9foil & m]cury 7a h>e's foot is h&y7--lay ! t9foil1 :i* %\ld exce$ ! surface ( ! glass by a qu>t] ( an in* on ea* side1 on a smoo? surface 7! back ( a book71 rub x out smoo? ) ! f+]1 add a bubble ( m]cury1 ab\t ! size ( a small %ot1 :i* rub g5tly ov] ! t9foil until x spreads itself & %[s a silv]$ surface1 g5tly add suffici5t m]cury to cov] ! leaf s t its surface is fluid4 ,prep>e a slip ( pap] ! size ( ! t9foil4 ,take ! glass 9 ! left h&1 previ\sly well clean$1 & ! pap] 9 ! "r4 ,bru% ! surface ( ! m]cury g5tly to free x f dross4 ,lay ! pap] on ! m]cury1 & ! glass on x4 ,press+ g5tly on ! glass1 )draw ! pap]4 turn ! glass on its face1 & leave x on an incl9$ plane to all[ ! m]cury to fl[ (f1 :i* is accel]at$ by lay+ a /rip ( t9foil z a conductor to its l[] edge4 ,! edges may1 aft] twelve h\rs' re/1 be remov$4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs give x a coat ( v>ni%1 made f spirits ( w9e & r$ seal+-wax4 ,x may be z well to practise on small bits ( common glass1 :i* w soon prove ! degree ( p]fection :i* ! op]ator has atta9$4 7,admiral ,sir ,e4 ,bel*]47 ,,memor&a ,,& ,,log-,,books4 ,be/ =m = ,memor&a4--,i h rem>k$ t almo/ e travell] :o is di/+ui%$ = ! copi\sness & accuracy ( 8 j\rnals1 has writt5 !m 9 a rem>kably small b di/9ct h&writ+4 ,h>d p5cil-m>ks 7,,hhh p5cils7 on common pap]1 or on metallic pap] are v durable4 ,dr4 ,b>? wrote 8 num]\s obs]vations entirely 9 ,indian-ink4 ,he kept a t9y sauc] 9 8 pocket1 rubb$ ) ! ink2 :5 he want$ to use x1 he rubb$ x up ) 8 wett$ f+]-tip1 or resuppli$ x ) fre% ink1 & fill$ 8 p5 & wrote4 ,capta9 ,burton wrote v mu* 9 ! d>k1 :5 ly+ awake at night2 he us$ a bo>d ) prom95t l9es ( wood1 su* z is adopt$ by ! bl9d4 ,x is v important t :at is writt5 %\ld be intelligible to a /rang] aft] a long lapse ( "t4 ,a travell] may die1 & 8 uncomplet$ "w p]i% ) him2 or he may return1 & ye>s w pass by1 & sudd5ly "s obs]vations he _h made w be call$ 9 "q4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,=bes says3--,! practice :i* ,i h long adopt$ is ?is3--to c>ry a memor&um-book ) ,h>wood's prep>$ pap] 79 ?is po9t ( detail ,i d n concur2 see next p>agraph7 & metallic p5cil1 9 :i* notes & obs]vations & slight sket*es ( e description1 are made on ! spot1 & 9 ! exact ord] 9 :i* !y occur4 ,^! notes are almo/ ineffaceable1 & are pres]v$ = ref]5ce4 ,!y are !n ext5d$1 z f> z possible1 e ev5+ ) p5 & ink1 9 a suitable book1 9 ! =m ( a j\rnal2 f :i*1 f9ally1 !y may be extract$ & modifi$ = any ultimate purpose4 ,! spe$y ext5sion ( memor&a has sev]al great advantages3 x secures a delib]ate revision ( obs]vations1 :e!r ( in/rum5ts or ( nature1 :il/ fur!r explanation may be s\ght1 & v (t5 :il/ ambiguities or contradictions admit ( removal by a fre% appeal to facts4 ,by ?is precaution1 too1 ! risk ( los+ all ! fruits ( "s weeks ( lab\r1 by ! loss ( a pocket-book1 may be avoid$4 ,x has occurr$ to me1 frequ5tly1 to be consult$ ab\t ! be/ 0 ( keep+ ,,mss4 ,capta9 ,blaki/on1 :o survey$ ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & subsequ5tly receiv$ ! m$al ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 = 8 exploration & admirable map ( ! ,yang-tse-,kiang1 9 ,*9a1 paid great att5tion to ! subject3 he 0 fully 9 possession ( all ,i _h to say on ! matt]2 & ,i gladly quote ! me?od he adopt$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) slight modifications1 accord+ to ! results ( 8 exp]i5ce1 & ) a few trivial additions ( my own4 ,= ! purposes ( memor&a & mapp+ data1 he uses ?ree sets ( books1 :i* c be ord]$ at any li?ograph]'s3-- ,no4 #a4 pocket ,memor&um ,book1 measur+ ?ree in*es & a half by five1 made ( /rong pap]4 7,capta9 ,blak/on did n use1 & ,i %\ld n advise travell]s to use1 prep>$ pap]1 = x soon becomes rott51 & ! leaves fall out2 besides t1 wet makes ! pap] soppy47 ,! books are pag$ ) bold numb]s pr9t$ 9 ! corn]s2 two fa9t r$ l9es are rul$ d[n ! middle ( ea* page1 half an in* ap>t1 to enable ! book to be us$ z a field-surveyor's book :5 requir$4 ,9 ?is pocketbook1 e s+le ?+ t is record$ at all1 is orig9ally record$ ) a h>d ,,hhh p5cil4 ,ev]y?+ is writt5 consecutively1 )\t confusion or attempt to save space4 ,!re may easily be #aej pages 9 ea* ( ^! books2 & a suffici5t numb] %\ld be procur$ to admit ( hav+ at lea/ "o p] mon?4 ,d n /9t y\rself 9 ^!4 ,no4 #b4 ,log-,book4--,?is is an ord]ly way ( collect+ su* p>ts ( ! survey+ mat]ial z has be5 scatt]$ ov] ea* day 9 y\r note-book4 ,x is to be neatly writt5 out1 & w become ! /&>d ( future ref]5ce4 ,by us+ a pr9t$ =m1 ! lab\r ( draw+ up ! log on ! "o h&1 & t ( consult+ x on ! o!r1 w be va/ly dim9i%$4 ,i give ,capta9 ,blaki/on's =m1 9 pages #bh1 #bi1 & ,i w\ld urge int5d+ travell]s n to dep>t f x )\t v valid reasons1 = x is ! result ( consid]able c>e & exp]i5ce4 ,! size 9 :i* ! =m is pr9t$ "h is n q accurate1 because ! pages ( ?is book are n l>ge en\gh to admit ( x1 b ! proportion is kept4 ,! actual size is int5d$ to be five & a half in*es high & n9e in*es wide1 s t x %\ld op5 freely along "o ( ! n>r[ sides ( ! page1 9 ! way t all memor&a books ought to op54 ,f\r pages g to a day2 ( ^! ! pages #a & #b are alone repres5t$ 9 ?is book1 pages #c & #d be+ int5d$ to be left blank4 ,p #bh & p #bi %[ samples ( ! log book pages be+ describ$4 ,! bold figures #ag & #ah 9 ! "r-h& corn]s ( ! =m ,i give1 %[ h[ ! pages %\ld be numb]$4 ,! l9es 9 p4 #ah %\ld be fa9t blue4 ,no4 #c4 ,calculation ,book4--,?is %\ld be ( ! same size & %ape z ! ,log ,book1 & %\ld conta9 outl9e =ms = calculations4 ,! lab\r & confusion sav$ by us+ ^!1 & ! accuracy ( "w t !y ensure1 are truly rem>kable4 ,! in/rum5ts us$1 ! obs]vations made1 & especially ! tables employ$1 are s exce$+ly div]se1 t ,i fe> x w\ld be to little purpose if ,i 7 to give special examples3 ea* travell] mu/ suit himself4 ,i w1 !re=e1 simply make a few g5]al rem>ks on ?is subject1 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph4 ,numb] ( ,obs]vations requir+ record4--,a travell] does excell5tly1 :o takes latitudes by m]idian altitudes1 once 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 a c>eful s]ies ( lun>s once a =tnight1 on an av]age2 compass v>iations z (t52 & an occulation n[ & !n4 ,he w want1 occasionally1 a "t obs]vation by :i* to set 8 wat* 7,i am suppos+ he uses no *ronomet]74 ,he ought !re=e to provide himself ) outl9e =ms = calculat+ ^! obs]vations1 ev5 if he f9ds himself oblig$ to h !m pr9t$ or li?ograph$ on purpose2 & 9 prep>+ !m1 he %\ld be> ! foll[+ well-kn[n maxims 9 m9d3-- ,let all c>eful obs]vations be 9 d\bles4 ,if !y be = latitudes1 obs]ve a /> ,n4 & a /> ,s42 ! errors ( y\r in/rum5ts w !n affect ! results 9 opposite directions1 & ! mean ( ! results w de/roy ! error4 ,s1 if = "t1 obs]ve 9 d\bles1 viz41 a /> ,e4 & a /> ,w4 ,also1 if = lun>s1 let y\r sets be 9 d\bles--"o set ( di/ances to a /> ,e4 ( moon1 & "o to a /> ,w4 ( moon4 ,:5ev] y beg9 on lun>s1 give ?ree h\rs at lea/ to !m1 & br+ away a reliable s]ies2 y w be ?us possess$ ( a c]ta9ty to "w ^u1 in/ead ( ! mis]ably unsatisfactory results obta9$ f a s+le set ( lun>s tak5 "h & ano!r set !re1 scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 & impossible to correlate4 ,a s]ies %\ld consi/ ( six sets1 ea* set includ+ ?ree simple di/ances4 ,?ree ( ^! sets %\ld be to a /> or />s ,e4 ( moon1 & ?ree to a /> or />s ,w4 ( moon4 ,lun>s n tak5 on ! ,e4 & ,w4 plan are almo/ wor?less1 no matt] h[ num]\s !y may be1 = ! sextant1 etc41 might be inaccurate to any am\nt1 & yet no error be manife/ 9 _! results4 ,b ! ,e4 & ,w4 plan exposes errors m]cilessly1 & also elim9ates !m4 ,"o ( ! be/ au?orities on ! requirem5ts ( sextant obs]vations 9 rude l& travel1 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal ( ,cape ,t[n1 says to ?is effect3--,d n obs]ve ! altitude ( ! /> 9 tak+ lun>s1 b compute x4 ,! lab\r requisite = t obs]vation is bett] be/[$ 9 tak+ a l>ge numb] ( di/ances4 ,s mu* delicacy ( h& & ( eyesight is requisite 9 tak+ lun>s t %all give results reliable to sev5 or eight miles1 & s small an ex]tion or flurry spoils t delicacy1 t economy ( lab\r & fidget is a matt] to be c>efully /udi$4 ,^! ?+s be+ premis$1 x w be readily und]/ood t outl9e =ms suffici5t = an entire s]ies ( lun>s w ext5d ov] _m pages--!y w1 9 fact1 require eighte5 pages4 ,!re are f\r sets ( obs]vations = "t3--"o ,e4 & "o ,w41 bo? at beg9n+ & close ( ! :ole2 "o = latitudes ,n4 & ,s42 six = six sets ( lun>s1 z describ$ above2 six = ! correspond+ altitudes ( ! />s1 :i* h to be comput$2 &1 f9ally1 "o page = tak+ means1 & record+ ! obs]vations = adju/m5t1 etc4 ,ea* d\ble obs]vation = latitude w\ld take "o page2 ea* s+le "t obs]vation "o page2 & ea* s+le compass v>iation "o page4 ,an occulation w\ld require ?ree pages 9 all2 "o ( :i* w\ld be = "t4 ,at ?is rate1 & tak+ ! obs]vations m5tion$ above1 a book ( #ejj pages w\ld la/ half a ye>4 ,( c\rse :]e ! means ( transport is limit$1 travell]s mu/ cont5t !mselves ) less4 ,?us ,capta9 ,speke1 :o />t$ on 8 great j\rney amply equipp$ ) log-books & calculation-books1 su* z ,i h describ$1 f\nd !m too great an incumbrance1 & 0 compell$ to ab&on !m4 ,! result 01 t ?\gh he br\ght back a v l>ge numb] ( labori\s obs]vations1 !re 0 a want ( me?od 9 !m1 :i* made a consid]able "p ( 8 "w ( little or no use1 :ile ! re/ requir$ v c>eful treatm5t1 9 ord] to give results comm5surate ) _! high intr9sic value4 ,,measurem5ts4 ,di/ance4--,to measure ! ,l5g? ( a ,j\rney by ,"t4--,! pace ( a c>avan across av]age c\ntry is #b #a_/b /atute1 or #b geographical1 miles p] h\r1 z measur$ ) compasses f po9t to po9t1 & n foll[+ ! s9uosities ( ea* day's c\rse2 b 9 mak+ ?is e/imate1 e m9ute lo/ 9 /oppages by ! way is suppos$ to be subtract$ f ! :ole "t sp5t on ! road4 ,a c>eful travell] w be surpris$ at ! accuracy ( ! geographical results1 obta9able by not+ ! "t he has employ$ 9 actual travel4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t #aj ,engli% miles p] day1 measur$ along ! road--or1 :at is mu* ! same ?+1 #g geographical miles1 measur$ ) a pair ( compasses f po9t to po9t--is1 tak+ "o day ) ano!r1 & includ+ all /oppages ( e k9d1 :atev] be _! cause1--v fa/ travell+ = a c>avan4 ,9 e/imat+ ! probable duration ( a j\rney 9 an unkn[n c\ntry1 or 9 arrang+ an outfit = an explor+ exp$ition1 n m ?an half t spe$ %\ld be reckon$ ^u4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be cr$itable to an explor] to h conduct$ ! same c>avan = a di/ance ( #ajjj geographical miles1 across a rude c\ntry1 9 six mon?s4 ,^! data h1 ( c\rse1 no ref]5ce to a j\rney :i* may be accompli%$ by a s+le great ef=t1 nor to "o :]e ! wat]+-places & pa/urages are well kn[n2 b apply to an exploration ( consid]able l5g?1 9 :i* a travell] mu/ feel 8 way1 & :]e he mu/ use great caution n to exhau/ 8 cattle1 le/ "s unexpect$ call = ex]tion %\ld arise1 :i* !y might prove unequal to meet4 ,p]sons :o h nev] travell$--& v _m ( ^? :o h1 f neglect+ to analyse _! own p]=mances--ent]ta9 v errone\s views on ^! matt]s4 ,rate ( ,movem5t to measure4--a4 ,:5 ! l5g? ( pace etc41 is kn[n be=e beg9n+1 to obs]ve4--,a man or a horse walk+ at ! rate ( "o mile p] h\r1 takes #aj paces 9 "s asc]ta9able numb] ( seconds1 dep5d5t ^u ! l5g? ( 8 /ep4 ,if ! l5g? ( 8 /ep be #cj in*es1 he w occupy #ag seconds 9 mak+ #aj paces4 ,conv]sely1 if ! same p]son c\nts 8 paces = #ag seconds1 & f9ds t he has tak5 #aj 9 t "t1 he w "k t he is walk+ at ! rate ( exactly #a mile p] h\r4 ,if he _h tak5 #dj paces 9 ! same p]iod1 he w\ld "k t 8 rate _h be5 #d miles p] h\r2 if #ce paces1 t x _h be5 #c4e1 or #c #a_/b miles p] h\r4 ,?us x w be easily intelligible1 t if a man kn[s ! numb] ( seconds appropriate to ! l5g? ( 8 pace1 he c le>n ! rate at :i* he is walk+1 by c\nt+ 8 paces dur+ t numb] ( seconds & by divid+ ! numb] ( 8 paces s obta9$1 by #aj4 ,9 %ort ! numb] ( 8 paces dur+ ! p]iod 9 "q1 gives 8 rate p] h\r1 9 miles & decimals ( a mile1 to "o place ( decimals4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,ar*ibald ,smi? = ?is v +5i\s notion1 :i* ,i h work$ into ! foll[+ ,tables4 ,9 ,table ,i41 ,i give ! appropriate numb] ( seconds correspond+ to paces ( v>i\s l5g?s4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! pace ( nei!r man nor horse is con/ant 9 l5g? dur+ all rates ( walk+2 consequ5tly1 :]e precision is s\ght1 x is bett] to use ?is ,table on a me?od ( approximation4 ,t is to say1 ! travell] %\ld f9d 8 approximate rate by us+ ! numb] ( seconds appropriate to 8 e/imat$ spe$4 ,!n1 kn[+ ! l5g? ( pace due to t approximate rate1 he w proce$ afre% by adopt+ a revis$ numb] ( seconds1 & w obta9 a result mu* ne>] to ! tru? ?an ! fir/4 ,table ,i4 c\ld ( c\rse be employ$ = f9d+ ! rate ( a c>riage1 :5 ! circumf]5ce ( "o ( its :eels 0 kn[n2 b x is tr\blesome to make su* a measurem5t4 ,i !re=e h calculat$ ,table ,,ii41 9 t]ms ( ! radius ( ! :eel4 ,! =mulae by :i* ! two ,tables h be5 calculat$ are1 ml x #j4efhb = ,table ,i41 & mr x #c4egj = ,table ,,ii41 :]e m is ! appropriate numb] ( seconds2 l is ! l5g? ( ! pace1 or circumf]5ce ( ! :eel2 & r is ! radius ( ! :eel4 ,! ,tables w be f\nd on ! next page4 ,tables ,i & ,,ii appe> on p #cd4 b4 ,:5 ! l5g? ( ,pace is unkn[n till aft] obs]vation4--,9 ?is case1 ! foll[+ plan gives ! rate ( travel p] h\r1 ) ! smalle/ am\nt ( ari?metic4 ,= /atute miles p] h\r--,obs]ve ! numb] ( paces 7n7 tak5 9 #e4g seconds3 let i be ! numb] ( in*es 7to be subsequ5tly det]m9$ at leisure7 9 a s+le pace2 !n ni_/#ajj is ! rate p] h\r4 ,= geographical miles p] h\r--,! numb] ( seconds to be employ$ is #e4 ,?is =mula is !re=e v simple1 & x is a useful "o4 7,a /atute mile is #agfj y>ds1 & a geographical mile is #bjbe y>ds47 ,= f9d+ ! rate 9 /atute miles p] h\r 9 a c>riage--,obs]ve ! numb] ( revolutions 7n7 made by ! :eel 9 #ah seconds3 let d be ! numb] ( in*es 9 ! diamet] ( ! :eel2 !n n d_/#bjj is ! rate p] h\r4 ,! above me?od is conv5i5t = measur+ ! rate at :i* an animal gallops4 ,aft] c\nt+ its paces x may be ?r\gh a telescope1 dur+ ! prescrib$ numb] ( seconds1 y walk to ! track1 & measure ! l5g? ( its pace4 ,if y h no measur+ tape1 /ride 9 y>ds alongside its track1 to f9d ! numb] ( y>ds t are cov]$ by #cf ( its paces4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 id5tical ) ! numb] ( in*es 9 "o ( its paces4 ,conv5i5t ,equival5ts4--,! rate ( #a mile p] h\r1 is ! equival5t to ea* ( ! rates 9 ! foll[+ li/3-- ,y>ds4 ,feet4 ,in*es4 #bi4ccc1 or #hh4jjj1 or #ajef4jjj1 9 "o m9ute or #j4dhh1 or #a4dff1 or #ag4fjj1 9 "o second ,measurem5t ( ,l5g?4--,actual measurem5t ) ! rude/ make%ift1 is f> pref]able to an unassi/$ guess1 especially to an unpractis$ eye4 ,natural ,units ( ,l5g?4--,a man %\ld asc]ta9 8 height2 height ( 8 eye above gr\nd2 ditto1 :5 kneel+3 8 fa?om2 8 cubit2 8 av]age pace2 ! span1 f ball ( ?umb to tip ( "o ( 8 f+]s2 ! l5g? ( ! foot2 ! wid? ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r f+]s2 & ! di/ance betwe5 8 eyes4 ,9 all probability1 "s "o ( ^! is an ev5 & a useful numb] ( feet or in*es1 :i* he w always be able to recollect1 & ref] to z a unit ( measurem5t4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! eyes is in/antly det]m9$1 &1 ,i believe1 nev] v>ies1 :ile measurem5ts ( /ature1 & c]ta9ly ^? ( gir? ( limb1 become v diff]5t :5 a man is exhau/$ by long travel & bad diet4 ,x is !re=e p>ticul>ly useful = measur+ small objects4 ,to f9d x1 hold a /ick at arm's-l5g?1 at "r angles to ! l9e ( sight2 !n1 look+ pa/ its end to a di/ant object1 %ut fir/ "o eye & !n ! o!r1 until y h satisfi$ y\rself ( ! exact po9t on ! /ick t cov]s ! di/ant object z se5 by ! "o eye1 :5 ! end ( ! /ick exactly cov]s ! same object1 z se5 by ! o!r eye4 ,a /one's ?r[ is a good /&>d ( ref]5ce = great] di/ances4 ,cricket]s e/imate di/ance by ! l5g? betwe5 wickets4 ,pac+ y>ds %\ld be practis$4 ,x is well to dot or burn ) ! l5s ( y\r op]a-glass a scale ( in*es on ! gun-/ock & pocket-knife4 ,velocity ( ,s\nd4--,s\nd flies at #chj y>ds or ab\t #ajjj feet 9 a second1 speak+ 9 r\nd numb]s3 x is easy to measure r\gh di/ances by ! fla% ( a gun & its report2 = ev5 a /orm ( w9d only makes #d p] c5t4 diff]5ce1 "o way or ! o!r1 9 ! velocity ( s\nd4 ,measurem5t ( ,angles4--,rude ,measurem5ts4--,i f9d t a capital sub/itute = a v rude sextant is af=d$ by ! out/ret*$ h& & arm4 ,! span betwe5 ! middle f+] & ! ?umb subt5ds an angle ( ab\t #ae degrees1 & t betwe5 ! =ef+] & ! ?umb an angle ( #aa #a_/d degrees1 or "o po9t ( ! compass4 ,j z a p]son may le>n to walk y>ds accurately1 s may he le>n to span out ^! angul> di/ances accurately2 & ! horizon1 h[ev] brok5 x may be1 is always be=e 8 eyes to *eck him4 ,?us1 if he beg9s f a tree1 or ev5 f a book on 8 %elves & spans all r\nd until he comes to ! tree or book aga91 he %\ld make tw5ty-f\r ( ! l>g] spans & ?irty-two ( ! less] ones4 ,^! two angles ( #ae degrees & #aa #a_/d degrees are p>ticul>ly important4 ,! sun travels ?r\gh #ae degrees 9 ea* h\r2 & !re=e1 by spann+ along its c\rse1 z e/imat$1 f ! place :]e x w\ld /& at noon 7aid$ 9 ?is by ! compass71 ! h\r be=e or aft] noon1 &1 simil>ly aft] sunrise or be=e sunset1 c be in/antly reckon$4 ,aga91 ! angles #cj degrees1 #de degrees1 #fj degrees1 & #ij degrees1 all ( !m simple multiples ( #ae degrees1 are by f> ! mo/ useful ones 9 tak+ r\gh measurem5ts ( heights & di/ances1 because ( ! simple relations betwe5 ! sides ( "r-angl$ triangles1 "o ( ^: o!r angles are #cj degrees1 #de degrees1 or #fj degrees2 & also because #fj degrees is ! value ( an angle ( an equilat]al triangle4 ,z reg>ds #aa #a_/d degrees1 or "o po9t ( ! compass1 x is p]fectly out ( ! "q to tru/ to be>+s tak5 by ! unaid$ eye1 or to /e] a /eady c\rse by simply wat*+ a /> or l&m>k1 :5 ?is happ5s to be mu* to ! "r or ! left ( x4 ,n[1 no?+ is easi] ?an to span out ! be>+ f "t to "t4 ,"r-angles to lay out4--,a triangle ^: sides are z #c1 #d1 & #e1 mu/ be a "r-angl$ "o1 s9ce #e x #e #c x #c #d x #d2 !re=e we c f9d a "r-angle v simply by means ( a measur+-tape4 ,we take a l5g? ( twelve feet1 y>ds1 fa?oms1 or :atev] x may be1 & peg its two ends1 side by side1 to ! gr\nd4 ,peg ,no4 #b is driv5 9 at ! ?ird division1 & peg ,no4 #c is held at ! sev5? division ( ! cord1 :i* is /ret*$ out till x becomes taut2 !n ! peg is driv5 94 ,^! ?ree pegs w =m ! corn]s ( a "r-angl$ triangle2 peg ,no4 #b be+ situat$ at ! "r-angle4 ,proximate ,arcs4-- #a degree subt5ds1 at a di/ance ( #a /atute mile1 #ij feet4 #a' subt5ds1 at a di/ance ( #a /atute mile1 #ah in*es4 #a' subt5ds at a di/ance ( #ajj y>ds1 #a in*4 #a ( latitude on ! e>?'s surface is #ajj feet4 #cj' is subt5d$ by ! diamet] ( ei!r ! sun or ! moon4 ,angles measur$ by _! ,*ords4--,! numb] ( degrees conta9$ by any giv5 angle1 may be asc]ta9$ )\t a protractor or o!r angul> in/rum5t1 by means ( a ,table ( ,*ords4 ,s1 also1 may any requir$ angle be protract$ on pap]1 ?r\gh ! same simple means4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 draw a circle on pap] ) its c5tre at ! apex ( ! angle & ) a radius ( #ajjj1 next measure ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts :]e ! circle is cut by ! two l9es t enclose ! angle4 ,la/ly look = t di/ance 7:i* is ! *ord ( ! angle7 9 ! annex$ table1 :]e ! correspond+ numb] ( degrees w be f\nd1 :]e ! correspond+ numb] ( degrees w be f\nd4 ,if x be desir$ to protract a giv5 angle1 ! same op]ation is to be p]=m$ 9 a conv]se s5se4 ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion t ! *ord ( an angle is ! same ?+ z twice ! s9e ( half t angle2 b z tables ( natural s9es are n n[-a-days commonly to be met )1 ,i h ?\ght x well wor? :ile to give a ,table ( ,*ords4 ,:5 a travell]1 :o is unprovid$ ) regul> in/rum5ts1 wi%es to triangulate1 or :5 hav+ tak5 "s be>+s b hav+ no protractor1 he wi%es to lay !m d[n ^u 8 map1 ?is little table w prove ( v great s]vice to him4 7,see ,measurem5t ( di/ances to inaccessible places47 ,table ( ,*ords to ,radius ( #ajjj4 ,triangulation4--,measurem5t ( di/ance to an inaccessible place4--,by simil> triangles4--,to %[ h[ ! bread? ( a riv] may be measur$ )\t in/rum5ts1 )\t any table1 & )\t cross+ x1 ,i h tak5 ! foll[+ useful problem f ! ,fr5* ',manuel du ,g5ie4' ,^? usually giv5 by ,engli% writ]s = ! same purpose are1 /rangely en\gh1 unsatisfactory1 = !y require ! measurem5t ( an angle4 ,?is plan requires pac+ only4 ,to measure ,a ,g1 produce x = any di/ance1 z to ,d2 f ,d1 9 any conv5i5t direction1 take any equal di/ances1 ,d ,c1 c d2 produce ,b ,c to b1 mak+ c ,b--,c ,b2 jo9 d b1 & produce x to a1 t is to say1 to ! po9t :]e ,a ,c produc$ int]sects x2 !n ! triangles to ! left ( ,c1 are simil> to ^? on ! "r ( ,c1 & !re=e a b is equal to ,a ,b4 ,! po9ts ,d ,c1 etc41 may be m>k$ by bu%es plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 or by m5 /&+4 ,! disadvantages ( ?is plan are its complexity1 & ! usual difficulty ( f9d+ a suffici5t space ( level gr\nd1 = its execution4 ,! me?od giv5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph is incomp>ably m facile & g5]ally applicable4 ,triangulation by measurem5t ( ,*ords4--,colonel ,ev]e/1 ! late ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ,india1 po9t$ out 7,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,geograph4 ,soc4 #ahfj1 p4 #abb7 ! advantage to travell]s1 unprovid$ ) angul> in/rum5ts1 ( measure ! *ords ( ! angles !y wi% to det]m9e4 ,he %[$ t a p]son :o desir$ to make a rude measurem5t ( ! angle ,c ,a ,b1 9 ! figure 7p4 #dj71 has simply to pace = any conv5i5t l5g? f ,a t[>ds ,c1 rea*+1 we w say1 ! po9t a' & !n to pace an equal di/ance f ,a t[>ds ,b1 rea*+ ! po9t a ae4 ,!n x rema9s = him to pace ! di/ance a' a :i* is ! *ord ( ! angle ,a to ! radius ,a a'4 ,kn[+ ?is1 he c asc]ta9 ! value ( ! angle ,c ,a ,b by ref]5ce to a prop] table4 ,9 ! same way ! angle ,c ,b ,a c be asc]ta9$4 ,la/ly1 by pac+ ! di/ance ,a ,b1 to s]ve z a base1 all ! necess>y data w h be5 obta9$ = det]m9+ ! l9es ,a ,c & ,b ,c4 ,! problem c be work$ out1 ei!r by calculation or by protraction4 ,i h made num]\s measurem5ts 9 ?is way1 & f9d ! practical error to be )9 five p] c5t4 ,table = rude triangulation by ,*ords4--,x occurr$ to me t ! plan describ$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph might be exce$+ly simplifi$ by a table1 su* z t :i* ,i annex 9 :i* diff]5t values ( a' a are giv5 = a radius ( #aj1 & 9 :i* ! calculations are made = a base #ajj4 ,! units 9 :i* ,a a'1 ,a a1 & ,b b'1 ,bb1 are to be measur$ are int5d$ to be paces1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 any o!r units w\ld d4 ,! units 9 :i* ! base is measur$ may be feet1 y>ds1 m9utes1 or h\rs' j\rney1 or :atev] else is conv5i5t4 ,any multiple or divisor ( #ajj may be us$ = ! base1 if ! tabul> numb] be simil>ly multipli$4 ,!re=e a travell] may asc]ta9 ! bread? ( a riv]1 or t ( a valley1 or ! di/ance ( any object on ei!r side ( 8 l9e ( m>*1 by tak+ n m ?an "s sixty additional paces1 & by mak+ a s+le ref]5ce to my table4 ,p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to walk 9 a /raight l9e f ,a to ,b1 by sight+ "s m di/ant object 9 a l9e ) ,b4 ,x w o!rwise surprise mo/ p1 on look+ back at _! track1 to see h[ curv$ x has be5 & h[ f> _! b' ,b is f be+ 9 ! "r direction4 ,conta9s ,table = ,r\gh ,triangulation )\t ! usual in/rum5ts1 & )\t ,calculation4 ,measurem5t ( ,"t4--,sun ,dial4--,plant a /ake firmly 9 ! gr\nd 9 a level op5 space1 & get ready a piece ( /r+1 a t5t-peg1 & a bit ( /ick a foot long4 ,:5 ! />s beg9 to appe>1 & be=e x is d>k1 g to ! /ake1 lie d[n on ! gr\nd1 & plant ! /ick1 s adju/+ x t its top & ! po9t :]e ! /r+ is ti$ to ! /ake %all be 9 a l9e ) ! ,pol> ,/>1 or r ) ! ,pole 7see bel[72 !n get up1 /ret* ! /r+ s z j to t\* ! top ( ! /ick1 & /ake x d[n ) ! t5t-peg4 ,kneel d[n aga91 to see t all is "r1 & 9 ! morn+ draw out ! dial-l9es2 ! /r+ be+ ! gnomon4 ,! true ,nor? ,pole is di/ant ab\t #a #a_/b degree1 or ?ree suns' 7or moons'7 diamet]s f ! ,pol> ,/>1 & x lies betwe5 ! ,pol> ,/> & ! po9t]s ( ! ,great ,be>1 or1 m truly1 betwe5 x & ,greek lett] ,urs ae ,majoris4 ,small draw+ illu/rat+ ^! directions 9 above text4 ,! "o ess5tial po9t ( dial-mak+ is to set ! gnomon truly1 because x ensures t ! %ad[s %all fall 9 ! same direction at ! same h\rs all ! ye> r\nd4 ,to asc]ta9 :]e to m>k ! h\r-l9es on ! gr\nd1 or wall1 on :i* ! %ad[ ( ! gnomon falls1 ! simple/ plan is to use a wat*1 or :atev] make%ift means ( reckon+ "t be at h&4 ,calculations are tr\blesome1 unless ! plate is q level1 or v]tical1 & exactly fac+ s\? or nor?1 or else 9 ! plane ( ! ,equ9ox4 ,! figure repres5ts ! well-kn[n equ9octial sun-dial4 ,x c easily be ca/ 9 lead4 ,! spike po9ts t[>ds ! elevat$ pole1 & ! rim ( ! disc is divid$ into #bd equal p>ts = ! h\rs4 ,p5dulum4--,a ,travell]1 :5 ! la/ ( 8 wat*es breaks d[n1 has no ne$ to be di%e>t5$ f go+ on ) 8 longitud9al obs]vations1 especially if he obs]ves occulations & eclipses4 ,! object ( a wat* is to tell ! numb] ( seconds t elapse betwe5 ! in/ant ( occulation1 eclipse1 etc41 & ! in/ant1 a m9ute or two lat]1 :5 ! sextant obs]vation = "t is made4 ,all t a wat* actually does is to beat seconds1 & to record ! numb] ( beats4 ,n[1 a /r+ & /one1 swung z a p5dulum1 w beat "t2 & a native :o is taught to ?r[ a pebble into a bag at ea* beat1 w record x2 &1 = op]ations t d n occupy mu* "t1 he w be z good z a wat*4 ,! rate ( ! p5dulum may be det]m9$ by tak+ two sets ( obs]vations1 ) ?ree or f\r m9utes' int]val betwe5 !m2 &1 if ! di/ance f ! po9t ( susp5sion to ! c5tre ( ! /one be ?irty-n9e in*es1 & if ! /r+ be ?9 & ! /one v heavy1 x w beat seconds v ne>ly inde$4 ,! obs]vations ^u :i* ! longitude ( ! ,ea/ ,african lakes dep5d$1 aft] ,capta9 ,speke's fir/ j\rney to !m1 7 lun>s1 tim$ ) a /r+ & a /one1 9 default ( a wat*4 ,h\r-glass4--,ei!r dry s& or wat] may be us$ 9 an h\r-glass2 if wat] be us$1 ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* x runs mu/1 ( c\rse1 be small]4 ,,climb+ ,,& ,,m\nta9e]+4 ,climb+4--,climb+ trees4--,colonel ,jackson1 9 8 book1 ',h[ to ,obs]ve1' gives ! foll[+ directions = climb+ palms & o!r trees t h v r\gh b>ks3--,take a /rip ( l951 or two t[els or /rong h&k]*iefs ti$ toge!r1 & =m a loop at ea* end1 = ! feet to pass tightly into )\t go+ ?r\gh2 or1 = want ( su* mat]ial1 make a rope ( grass or /raw 9 ! same way4 ,! l5g? %\ld embrace a little m ?an half ( ! diamet] ( ! trunk to be climb$4 ,n[1 be+ at ! foot ( ! tree1 fix ! feet well into ! loops1 & op5+ ! legs a little1 embrace ! tree z high up z y c4 ,raise y\r legs1 & press+ ! cord aga9/ ! tree ) y\r feet1 /&1 z x 71 9 y\r /irrups1 & raise y\r body & arms high]2 hold fa/ aga9 by ! arms1 op5 ! legs1 & raise !m a /age high]1 & s on to ! top4 ,! desc5t is effect$ 9 ! same way1 rev]s+1 ( c\rse1 ! ord] ( ! movem5ts4 ,! rugg$ness ( ! b>k1 & ! weight ( ! body press+ diagonally across ! trunk ( ! tree1 prev5t ! rope f slipp+4 ,any?+1 provid$ x be /rong en\gh1 is bett] ?an a r\nd rope1 :i* does n hold s fa/4 ,a loop or hoop embrac+ ! body ( ! climb] & ! tree1 is a helpful addition4 ,l>ge nails c>ri$ 9 a bag slung r\nd ! wai/1 to be driv5 into ! b>e trunk ( ! tree1 w facilitate its asc5t4 ,gimlets may be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,high walls c be climb$ by help ( ?is description2 a weight atta*$ to "o end ( a rope1 be+ fir/ ?r[n ov] ! wall1 & ! climb] assi/+ himself by hold+ on to ! o!r end4 ,trees ( s(t wood are climb$ by cutt+ not*es two feet ap>t on alt]nate sides4 ,also by driv+ 9 bamboo pegs1 slop+ alt]nately to left or to "r2 ^! pegs correspond to ! rungs ( a ladd]4 ,ladd]s4--,a not*$ pole or a knott$ rope makes a ladd]4 ,we he> ( p :o h ti$ %eets toge!r to let !mselves d[n high walls1 :5 mak+ an escape4 ,! be/ way ( mak+ a long rope f %eets1 is to cut !m into /rips ( ab\t six in*es broad1 & ) ^! to twi/ a two-/r&$ rope1 or else to plait a ?ree-/r&$ "o4 ,desc5d+ cliffs ) ropes is an art :i* naturali/s & o!rs h occasion to practise4 ,x has be5 r$uc$ to a sy/em by ! inhabitants ( "s rocky coa/s 9 ! ,nor!rn seas1 :]e innum]able sea-birds g = ! bre$+ season1 & ^: l$ges & crevices are cramm$ ) ne/s full ( l>ge eggs1 ab\t ! end ( ,may & ! beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,!y are no despicable prize to a hungry native4 ,i am indebt$ to a mo/ devot$ rock-climb]1 ! late ,mr4 ,woolley1 = ! foll[+ facts4 ,x appe>s t ! :ole population are rock-climb]s1 9 ! foll[+ places3--,/4 ,kilda1 9 ! ,hebrides2 ,f\la ,isl&1 9 ,%etl&2 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s g5]ally2 & 9 ! ,we/m>v] ,isl&s (f ,icel&4 ,flambor\gh ,head us$ to be a fam\s place = ?is accompli%m5t1 b ! birds h become f> less num]\s2 !y h be5 de/roy$ v wantonly ) %ot4 ,9 desc5d+ a cliff1 two ropes are us$2 "o a supply well-made1 _m-/r&$1 in* rope 7see ,ropes71 to :i* ! climb] is atta*$1 & by :i* he is let d[n2 ! o!r is a mu* ?9n] cord1 left to dangle ov] ! cliff1 & made fa/ to "s /one or /ake above4 ,! use ( ! second rope is = ! climb] to haul ^u1 :5 he wi%es to be pull$ up4 ,by re/+ a l>ge "p ( 8 weight ^u x1 he makes ! task ( pull+ him up mu* m easy4 ,he c also convey signals by j]k+ x4 ,a usual rock-climb+ arrangem5t is %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,"o man ) a po/ beh9d him1 z 9 fig4 #a1 or two m51 z 9 fig4 #b are entru/$ ) ! lett+ d[n ( a comrade to ! dep? ( #ajj or ev5 #aej feet4 ,!y pass ! rope ei!r "u _! ?ighs or along _! sides1 z %[n 9 ! figures4 ,! climb] is atta*$ to ! rope1 z %[n 9 fig4 #b4 ,! b& on :i* he sits is ( wor/$4 ,a beg9n] ought to be atta*$ f> m securely to ! rope4 ,fig #a & ,fig #b appe> on p #de4 7,i h tri$ sev]al plans1 & f9d t :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a to be ?or\ghly com=table & secure4 ,a /ick =ms ! seat' at ei!r end ( x is a %ort /irrup2 g>t]s secure ! /irrup lea!rs to ! knees2 !re is a belt "u ! arms47 ,x is conv5i5t1 b n necess>y1 to h a well-greas$ lea!r %ea?1 a tube ( eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ?r\gh :i* ! rope runs1 z %[n 9 bo? figures4 ,x lies ov] ! edges ( ! cliff1 & ! friction ( ! rock keeps x /eadily 9 its place4 ,x is n]v\s "w go+ ov] ! edge ( a cliff = ! fir/ "t2 h[ev]1 ! s5sation does n include gidd9ess4 ,once 9 ! air1 & :5 confid5ce is acquir$1 ! occupation is v exhil>at+4 ,! p[] ( locomotion is m>vell\s3 a slight pu% ) ! foot1 or a ?ru/ ) a /ick1 w sw+ ! climb] tw5ty feet to a side4 ,few rocks are s precipit\s b t a climb] c g5]ally make "s use ( 8 h&s & feet2 en\gh to cl+ to ! rock :5 he wi%es1 & to clamb] ab\t its face4 ,! w9d is seldom a gale above1 b ! air w be comp>atively quiet ^u ! face2 & !re=e !re is no dang] ( a *ance gu% da%+ ! climb] aga9/ ! rocks4 ,a %ort /ick is useful1 b n necess>y4 ,!re are ?ree cautions to be borne 9 m9d4 #a4 ,z y g d[n1 te/ e /one c>efully4 ,if ! movem5t ( ! rope displaces any "o ( !m1 aft] y h be5 let d[n bel[ x1 x is ne>ly sure to fall ^u y\r head1 because y w be v]tically b5ea? x4 ,"s climb]s use a k9d ( helmet z a %ield aga9/ ^! v dang]\s accid5ts4 #b4 ,take c>e t ! rope does n become jamm$ 9 a cleft1 or y w be helplessly susp5d$ 9 mid-air4 ,keep ! rope pretty tight :5 y are clamb]+ ab\t ! l$ges3 else1 if y slip1 ! j]k may break ! rope1 or cause an ov]p[]+ /ra9 ^u ! m5 :o are hold+ x above4 ,turf & solid rock are mu* ! be/ sub/ances = ! rope to run ov]4 ,9 ! ,f>oes1 !y t> ! ropes excessively2 !y are absolutely poli%$ ) t>4 ,good ropes are highly valu$4 ,9 ,/4 ,kilda1 lea!r ropes are us$3 !y la/ a lifetime1 & are a d[ry = a daught]4 ,a new rope sp9s t]ribly4 ,leap+ ,poles4--,9 ,france !y practise a way ( cross+ a deep brook by ! help ( a rope pass$ r\nd an ov]hang+ bran* ( a tree gr[+ by its side4 ,!y take a run & sw+ !mselves across1 p5dulum fa%ion4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( ! leap+-pole1 rev]s$4 ,! art ( climb+ difficult places4--,always face difficult places2 if y slip1 let y\r fir/ ef=t be to turn ^u y\r /oma*1 = 9 e o!r position y are helpless4 ,a m\nta9e]1 :5 he meets ) a =midable ob/acle1 does n hold on ! rock by means ( 8 feet & 8 h&s only1 b he cl+s to x l a cat]pill>1 ) e "p ( 8 body t c come simultane\sly into contact ) its r\gh5$ surface4 ,sn[ ,m\nta9s4--,precautions4--,! real dang]s ( ! high ,alps may be r$uc$ to ?ree3--#a4 ,yield+ ( sn[-bridges ov] crevices4 #b4 ,slipp+ on slopes ( ice4 #c4 ,! fall ( ice1 or rocks1 f above4 ,absolute security f ! fir/ is obta9able by ty+ ! p>ty toge!r at int]vals to a rope4 ,if !re be only two 9 company1 !y %\ld be ti$ toge!r at eight or t5 paces ap>t4 ,aga9/ ! second dang]1 ! rope is usually effective1 ?\gh frightful accid5ts h occurr$ by ! fall ( "o man1 dragg+ along ) him ! :ole *a9 ( 8 companions4 ,aga9/ ! ?ird dang] !re is no res\rce b circumspection4 ,ice falls *iefly 9 ! heat ( ! day2 x is f lime/one cliffs t ! fall+ rocks are ne>ly always deta*$4 ,:5 climb+ ice ( ! mo/ mod]ate slope1 nail$ boots are an absolute necessity2 & = /eep slopes ( ice1 ! ice-axe 7describ$ bel[7 is equally ess5tial4 ,alp9e ,outfit consi/s ( ropes1 ice-axe or alp5/ock 7!re mu/ be at lea/ "o ice-axe 9 ! p>ty71 nail$ boots1 col\r$ spectacles1 veil or else a l95 mask1 muffettees1 & gait]s4 ,i give ! foll[+ extracts f ! ,report ( a ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,alp9e ,club 9 #ahfd1 on ,ropes1 ,axes1 & ,alp5/ocks3-- ,ropes4--,we h endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :at ropes w be/ /& ! %>p j]k :i* w\ld be caus$ by a man fall+ sudd5ly into a crevasse1 or d[n an ice-slope3 & on ?is subject we lay be=e ! ,club ! result ( ne>ly a hundr$ exp]im5ts1 made ) v>i\s k9ds ( rope pur*as$ ( ! be/ ,london mak]s4 ,we consid]$ t ! lea/ weight ) :i* x 0 practically useful to te/ ropes1 0 twelve /one1 z repres5t+ ! av]age weight ( a light man ) 8 :ole ,alp9e equipm5t4 ,9 ! prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 !re=e1 all ropes 7 reject$ :i* did n support ! /ra9 produc$ by twelve /one fall+ five feet4 ,"u ?is trial1 all ^? plait$ ropes :i* are g5]ally suppos$ to be s /rong1 & _m mo/ c>efully-made twi/$ ropes1 gave way 9 su* a mann] z 0 v />tl+ to "s ( our numb]1 :o _h be5 9 ! habit ( us+ ^! trea*]\s cords ) p]fect & mo/ unf\nd$ confid5ce4 ,only f\r ropes pass$ successfully ?r\gh ?is trial2 ^! 7 all made by ,messrs4 ,buck+ham & ,sons1 ( #cc1 ,broad-/reet1 ,bloomsbury1 & c be procur$ only ( !m4 ,we conf9$ our fur!r exp]im5ts to ^! ropes1 "o ( :i* fail$ "u sev]] te/s1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ree1 made respectively ( ,manilla hemp1 ,italian hemp1 & flax1 prov$ s ne>ly equal 9 /r5g? t x may fairly be d\bt$ :i* is on ! :ole to be pref]r$4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree ropes w be> twelve /one fall+ t5 feet1 & f\rte5 /one fall+ eight feet2 & x may be useful to say t ! /ra9 ^u a rope load$ ) a weight ( f\rte5 /one1 & sudd5ly *eck$ aft] a fall ( eight feet1 is ne>ly equal to t :i* is caus$ by a dead weight ( two tons4 ,none ( ^! ropes1 h[ev]1 w be> a weight ( f\rte5 /one fall+ t5 feet2 & ! result ( our exp]im5ts is1 t no rope c be made1 :e!r ( hemp1 flax1 or silk1 :i* is /rong en\gh to be> t /ra91 & yet light en\gh to be portable4 ,we believe t ^! ropes1 :i* weigh ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an ounce to ! foot1 are ! heavie/ :i* c be conv5i5tly c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! ,alps4 ,we app5d a /atem5t ( ! respective m]its ( ! ?ree k9ds1 all ( :i* are n[ made by ,messrs4 ,buck+ham1 expressly = ! ,club1 & m>k$ by a r$ wor/$ ?read twi/$ 9 ! /r&s3-- ,no4 #a4 ,,manilla ,,hemp4 ,weight ( #bj y>ds1 #dh oz4 ,advantages--,is s(t] & m pliable ?an #b4 ,is m ela/ic ?an #b & #c4 ,:5 wet1 is f> m pleasant to h&le ?an #b & #c4 ,disadvantages--,has a t5d5cy to we> & fray at a knot4 ,no4 #b4 ,,italian ,,hemp4 ,weight ( #bj y>ds1 #dc oz4 ,advantages--,is less bulky ?an #a & #c4 ,is h>d]1 & w probably we> be/1 be+ lea/ likely to cut aga9/ rocks4 ,disadvantages--,is mu* m /ill & difficult to untie ?an #a & #c4 ,:5 wet1 is v disagreeable to h&le1 & is apt to k9k4 ,no4 #c4 ,,flax4 ,weight ( #bj y>ds1 #dd oz4 ,advantages--,:5 dry1 is s(t]1 m pliable1 & easi] to h&le ?an #a & #b1 & w probably we> bett] ?an #a4 ,disadvantages--,:5 wet1 becomes decid$ly some:at weak]1 & is ne>ly z disagreeable to h&le z #b4 ,knots4--,!re c be no d\bt t e knot 9 a rope weak5s its p[] ( resi/+ a sudd5 j]k+ /ra94 ,h[ great a loss ( /r5g? results f a knot we _c und]take to e/imate1 b t ! loss is a v s]i\s "o ! foll[+ /atem5t w %[3 ^! ropes :i* we report w resi/ ! /ra9 ( f\rte5 /one fall+ eight feet1 w n resi/ x if !re is a knot 9 any "o ( !m2 or ev5 if ! knots us$ 9 atta*+ !m to ! po9t ( support1 or to ! weights1 be r\ghly or c>elessly made4 ,! rope 9 ^! cases breaks at ! knot1 = two reasons2 p>tly because ( ! folds1 z !y cross 9 ! knot1 are /ra9$ sudd5ly across ea* o!r1 & "o ( !m is cut ?r\gh2 & p>tly because ! rope is s %>ply b5t t ! out] side ( ea* fold 9 ! knot is mu* m /ret*$ ?an ! inn] side1 s t ! /ra9 comes almo/ entirely ^u "o side only ( ea* fold4 ,= ! fir/ reason1 we f\nd x necess>y to put a pad ( "s k9d inside ! knot--lea!r1 l951 or a little t[ or wa/e rope w d4 ,= ! second reason we pref]r$ knots 9 :i* ! folds are lea/ %>ply b5t r\nd ea* o!r2 t is1 9 :i* ! curves are l>ge4 ,we !re=e conclude t--#a/4 ,no knot1 :i* is n absolutely necess>y1 ought to be all[$ to rema9 on ! rope3 #bnd4 ,! tight] & h>d] a knot becomes1 ! worse x is3 #crd4 ,! m loose & op5 a knot is made1 ! bett] x is3--& we app5d diagrams ( ^? knots :i* we f\nd by exp]im5t weak5 ! rope lea/4 ,= ,alp9e ropes1 only ?ree sorts ( knots are ev] requir$1 & we sugge/ "o ( ea* k9d3--,no4 #a is = ! purpose ( jo9+ two ends4 ,no4 #b is = ! purpose ( mak+ a loop at "o end4 ,no4 #c is = ! purpose ( mak+ a loop 9 ! middle :5 ! ends are fa/5$4 ,no4 #d is a knot1 ( :i* we give a diagram 9 ord] t no "o may imitate x4 ,x is "o ( ^? :i* mo/ weak5 ! rope4 ,! only "o :i* seem$ to be equally injuri\s is ! common s+le knot1 ( :i* no diagram is necess>y4 ,z ! topes :i* we h recomm5d$ are v liable to become untwi/$1 unless ! loose ends are secur$1 we advise travell]s1 9 ord] to avoid knots1 to h ! ends ( e piece ( rope b\nd ) wax$ tw9e4 ,x %\ld also be kn[n t x is v unsafe to jo9 two pieces ( rope by loop+ "o end ?r\gh ! o!r1 s t :5 ! j]k comes1 !y w be /ra9$ across ea* o!r z two l9ks ( a *a9 are /ra9$ across ea* o!r4 ,unless a pad ( "s k9d divides ! loops1 "o w cut ! o!r ?r\gh4 ,f\r diagrams ( knots on ?is page4 ,axes4--,! axes made 9 ,engl& = ! purpose ( be+ tak5 out to ,switz]l&1 may be divid$ into two classes1 namely3 travell]s' axes1 int5d$ to be us$ = *ipp+ a few occasional /eps1 = enl>g+ & cle>+ out ^? imp]fectly made1 & = hold+ on to a sn[-slope1--& guides' axes1 :i* are ! heavi] implem5ts requir$ = mak+ long /aircases 9 h>d blue ice4 ,we h _h ?ree models prep>$1 ( :i* diagrams are app5d$2 ! fir/ two repres5t ! light] axe1 or :at we h t]m$ ! travell]s' axe2 & ! ?ird1 ! heavi] in/rum5t requir$ = guides' "w4 ,diagram ,no4 #a repres5ts a light axe or pick1 ( a k9d some:at simil> to t recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,/eph51 9 a pap] publi%$ a %ort "t ago 9 ! ',j\rnal4' ,x has1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! great advantage ( lightness & h&9ess1 :ile its s+le blade1 to "s ext5t1 comb9es ! /ep-cutt+ qualities possess$ by ! two cutt]s ( ! ord9>y d\ble-head$ axe1 ?\gh ! latt] in/rum5t is on ! :ole decid$ly sup]ior4 ,! small hamm]-head$ axe1 ?\gh ! latt] in/rum5t is on ! :ole decid$ly sup]ior4 ,! small hamm]-head at ! back is add$ 9 ord] to balance ! pick1 & 9 "s degree to improve ! hold :5 ! axe-head comes to be us$ z a crut* h&le4 ,?is =m1 x %\ld be und]/ood1 we recomm5d on acc\nt ( its lightness & ( its conv5i5t %ape4 ,diagram ,no4 #b repres5ts a travell]s' axe1 slightly heavi] ?an ! fir/2 & z ?is is ! %ape :i* appe>s to u ! be/ adapt$ = m\nta9 "w ( all k9ds1 we desire %ortly to /ate our reasons = recomm5d+ x to memb]s ( ! ,club4 ,fig #a & ,fig #b1 %apes ( axes1 are on ?is page44 ,9 ! fir/ place x is absolutely necess>y t "o ( ! cutt]s %\ld be made 9 ! =m ( a pick1 z ?is is by f> ! be/ in/rum5t = hack+ into h>d ice1 & is also extremely conv5i5t = hold+ on to a sn[-slope1 or hook+ into crannies1 or on to l$ges ( rock4 ,= ! o!r cutt] we recomm5d an adze-%ap$ blade1 & we are conv9c$ t ?is is ! =m :i* w be f\nd mo/ g5]ally useful1 z be+ be/ suit$ = all ! v>ieties ( /ep-cutt+4 ,! hat*et-%ap$ blade us$ by ! ,*am\ni guides is no d\bt a bett] implem5t = mak+ a /aircase diagonally up a slope1 b on ! o!r h& x is exce$+ly difficult to cut /eps d[nw>ds ) a blade set on 9 ?is mann]2 & z m\nta9e]s r>ely come d[n ! way by :i* !y w5t up1 if !y c help x1 x is obvi\s t ?is objection to ! ,*am\ni =m ( axe is conclusive4 ,we recomm5d t ! edge ( ! blade %\ld be angul> in/ead ( circul>1 al?\gh ! latt] %ape is m common1 because x is cle> t ! angul> edge cuts into froz5 sn[ m quickly & easily4 ,! curve1 :i* is ! same 9 all ! axes1 approa*es to co9cid5ce ) ! curve describ$ by ! axe 9 mak+ ! /roke4 ,a curve is1 9 our op9ion1 desirable1 9 ord] to br+ ! po9t m ne>ly opposite ! c5tre ( p]cussion1 & to make ! head m useful = hold+ on to rocks or a slope4 ,! axe %[n 9 diagram ,no4 #b1 ?\gh slightly heavi] ?an ,no4 #a1 is n ( suffici5t weight or /r5g? = cutt+ a s]ies ( /eps 9 h>d ice4 ,to ^? g5tlem51 !re=e1 :o d n object to c>ry+ weight1 b :o desire to h an axe fit = any k9d ( "w1 we recomm5d ,no4 #c4 ,z ?is is exactly simil> 9 %ape to ,no4 #b1 diff]+ f x only 9 size1 we h n ?\ght x necess>y to give a sep>ate diagram ( ,no4 #c4 ,z to ! mode ( fa/5+1 :i* is ! same 9 all ?ree axes1 we %\ld h felt "s diffid5ce 9 giv+ an op9ion _h we n be5 =tunate en\gh to obta9 ! advice ( an exp]i5c$ metal-work]1 by :om we 7 /rongly recomm5d$ to adopt ! fa/5+ %[n 9 ! diagrams1 z be+ ! me?od g5]ally consid]$ be/ 9 ! trade = atta*+ ! heads ( hat*ets1 or l>ge hamm]s likely to be subject$ to v viol5t /ra9s4 ,x w be se5 t ! axe-head & fa/5+ are =g$ 9 "o solid piece1 ! fa/5+ consi/+ ( two /rong braces or /raps ( /eel1 :i* are press$ into ! wood ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in*1 & are secur$ by two rivets1 pass$ ?r\gh ! wood & cl5*$ on ea* side4 ,! braces are put at ! side1 in/ead ( 9 front ( & beh9d ! axe1 because by ?is means1 ! /ra9 :i* falls on ! axe acts aga9/ ! :ole bread? ( ! /eel fa/5+s1 & n aga9/ _! ?ickness m]ely4 ,we believe t ?is is ! firme/ me?od ( fa/5+ :i* c be adopt$1 & t s long z ! wood is s\nd1 x is sc>cely possible = ! head ( ! axe to get loose or to come (f2 & x has ! fur!r advantage ( /r5g!n+ ! wood in/ead ( weak5+ x1 & ( di/ribut+ ! /ra9 produc$ by /ep-cutt+ ov] a l>ge be>+4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ^! axe-heads & fa/5+s ought to be made entirely ( /eel4 ,! dim5sions ( ! axe-heads are z foll[3 -- ,no4 #a4 -- ,l5g? ( blade measur$ f ! wood44 #d #a_/b in*es4 ,bread? ( blade at wide/ "p4444444444#a #a_/b ,weight1 includ+ ! braces444444444444#ac #a_/b oz4 ,no4 #b4 -- ,l5g? ( blade measur$ f ! wood44 #c #a_/b in*es4 ,l5g? ( pick44444444444444444444444444 #d #a_/b ,bread? ( blade at wide/ "p444444444 #a #c_/d ,bread? ( pick4444444444444444444444444 #j #a_/b ,weight1 includ+ ! braces444444444444#ae #a_/b oz4 ,no4 #c4 -- ,l5g? ( blade measur$ f ! wood44 #d in*es4 ,l5g? ( pick44444444444444444444444444 #e ,bread? ( blade at wide/ "p444444444 #b #a_/d ,bread? ( pick4444444444444444444444444 #j #e_/h ,weight1 includ+ ! brades444444444444#ba #a_/d oz4 ,we mu* desir$ to recomm5d to ! ,club "s means by :i* ! axe-head might be made moveable1 s z to be capable ( be+ put on & tak5 (f ! h&le quickly & easily4 ,we regret to say1 h[ev]1 t we 7 unable to discov] any plan by :i* ?is c be effectually done4 ,we exam9$ v c>efully ! num]\s & =midable weapons :i* h be5 s5t 9 by memb]s = exhibition1 mo/ ( :i* _h elaborate contrivances = fa/5+ on ! axe-head4 ,^! 7 all1 h[ev]1 liable to v s]i\s objections4 ,"s 7 evid5tly insecure2 ) o!rs x 0 necess>y t ! axe-head %\ld be surm\nt$ by a huge knob1 :i* w\ld prove a mo/ s]i\s imp$im5t 9 /ep-cutt+2 :ile 9 ! be/ & firme/ :i* we f\nd1 ! axe-head 0 atta*$ to ! pole by means ( nuts & screws project+ at ! side or ov] ! top ( ! axe4 ,?is latt] me?od ( fa/5+ seems to u awkw>d & possibly dang]\s1 z ! nuts1 f _! position1 are v likely to become loose or to get brok5 (f1 & _c1 except :5 dang]\sly loose1 be fa/5$ or unfa/5$ )\t a key or wr5*--a tr\blesome article1 c]ta9 to be lo/ on ! fir/ exp$ition4 ,! ,h&le ( ! ,axe %\ld1 we ?9k1 be made ( a%4 ,we recomm5d ?is wood 9 pref]5ce to deal1 :i* is light] & ne>ly z /rong1 because 9 *oos+ a piece ( a% x is easi] to select ) c]ta9ty ?or\ghly s\nd & well-season$ wood2 & 9 pref]5ce to hickory & lance-wood1 :i* are /rong]1 because ^! woods are extremely heavy4 ,! h&le %\ld1 we believe1 be ( a v slightly oval =m1 z x is !n m conv5i5t to ! grasp ?an if r\nd4 ,z to ! ?ickness ( ! wood1 we are satisfi$ x ought n[h]e to be less ?an #a #c_/h in*1 s9ce a pole ( t diamet]1 made ( ord9>ily good a%1 is ! smalle/ :i* _c be p]man5tly b5t by a heavy man's mo/ viol5t ef=t2 al?\gh we h se5 "s pieces ( unusually /rong a% ( a less ?ickness1 :i* prov$ inflexible4 ,we recomm5d1 !n1 t ! oval section ( ! h&le %\ld h a %ort] diamet] ( #a #c_/h in*1 & a long] diamet] ( #a #a_/b in*1 & t ! ?ickness %\ld be ! same f "o end to ! o!r4 ,! l5g? ( ! h&les = ,nos4 #a & #b %\ld be su* t !y w rea* to j "u ! arm at ! %\ld]4 ,! h&le = ,no4 #c1 :i* is int5d$ to be us$ exclusively z an axe1 %\ld be betwe5 #c #a_/b & #d feet long4 ,! l[] end ( ! h&le %\ld be /r5g!n$ 9 ! usual way by a f]rule1 & arm$ ) a spike4 ,! spike %\ld be f #c #a_/b to #d in*es long1 cle> ( ! end ( ! h&le1 & %\ld be prev5t$ f mov+ by a slight rivet pass$ ?r\gh x ne> ! upp] end aft] x is fa/5$ 94 ,! exact =m ( ! spike & f]rule are repres5t$ 9 ! diagram4 ,we h fur!r to recomm5d = axe-h&les an addition :i* is liable to suspicion z an entire innovation1 b :i*1 we are confid5t1 w be f\nd valuable at ^? critical mom5ts :5 ! axe is requir$ to hold up two or ?ree m54 ,x has happ5$ t :5 ! axe has be5 /ruck into ! sn[ a man has be5 unable to keep 8 hold ( ! h&le1 :i* slips out ( 8 h&1 & leaves him p]fectly helpless4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is mis*ance1 we propose to fa/5 a b& ( lea!r r\nd ! h&le1 at a di/ance ( a foot f ! f]rule at ! l[] end4 ,?is lea!r %\ld be ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 & w be q suffici5t to *eck ! h& :5 x is slid+ d[n ! h&le4 ,x %\ld be la%$ r\nd ! wood & /ra9$ tight :5 wet4 ,alp5/ocks4--,:at we h said ab\t ! h&le ( ! axe applies 9 all respects to ! ,alp5/ock1 except t ! l5g? ( ! latt] %\ld be diff]5t1 & t ! lea!rn r+ w\ld ( c\rse n be requir$4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght mo/ conv5i5t t ! ,alp5/ock %\ld be high en\gh to t\* ! *9 ( its own]1 z he /&s upright2 b ?is is a matt] on :i* x is sc>cely possible1 &1 7 x possible1 sc>cely necess>y to lay d[n an absolute rule4 ,boots4--,sev]al nails are sure to be knock$ out aft] ea* h>d day's "w1 !re=e a res]ve supply is necess>y 9 l&s :]e none o!r are to be f\nd4 ,no make%ift contrivance1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 w replace ! iron la/ us$ by %oemak]s :5 !y hamm] nails into ! boot4 ,!re is a well-kn[n contrivance ( screws ) jagg$ heads1 = screw+ into boots :5 a little ice has to be cross$4 ,!y d excell5tly = occasional purposes1 b n = regul> ice-"w1 z !y are easily torn out4 ,crampons are soles ( lea!r ) spikes2 !y are ti$ ov] ! %oes1 b nei!r ,engli% m\nta9e]s nor mod]n guides ev] employ !m3 nail$ boots are bett]4 ,sn[ ,spectacles4--,! ,esquimaux1 :o h no col\r$ glass1 or any equival5t = x1 cut a piece ( s(t wood to ! curvature ( ! face2 x is ab\t two in*es ?ick1 & ext5ds horizontally q across bo? eyes1 re/+ on ! nose1 a not* be+ cut 9 ! wood to answ] ! purpose ( ! bridge ( a pair ( spectacles4 ,x is ti$ beh9d ! e>s2 &1 s f> z ,i h n[ describ$ x w\ld exclude e ray ( light f ! eyes4 ,next1 a long n>r[ slit1 ( ! ?ickness ( a ?9 saw-cut1 is made along ! middle almo/ f end to end4 ,?r\gh ?is slit ! we>] c see v fairly4 ,z x is n>r[] ?an ! diamet] ( ! pupil ( 8 eye1 ! light t rea*es 8 ret9a is mu* dim9i%$ 9 quantity4 ,crape or gauze is a sub/itute = col\r$ glass4 ,mask4--,is m]ely a pocket-h&k]*ief1 ) /r+s to tie x ov] ! face2 eye-holes are cut 9 x1 also a hole = ! nose1 ov] :i* a protect+ triangul> piece ( l95 is ?r[n1 & ano!r hole opposite ! m\?1 to brea! ?r\gh x is drawn bel[ ! *9 s z to tie firmly 9 place4 ,! mask prev5ts ! face f be+ cut to pieces by ! cold dry w9ds1 & bli/]$ by ! p[]ful rays ( ! sun rev]b]at$ f ! sn[4 ,,cattle4 ,happy is ! travell] :o has ! opportunity ( hir+ 8 cattle ) _! att5dants3 = 8 delay & c>es are !n r$uc$ to ^? ( mak+ a b>ga91 & ( rid+ :at he has hir$2 & :5 "o set ( animals is tir$ or worn out1 he c leave !m beh9d & ride on ) o!rs4 ,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 explor]s mu/ drive _! own bea/s ) !m3 !y mu/ see to _! be+ wat]$1 t5d$1 & run aft] :5 a/ray2 help to pack & h>ness !m2 fatigue !mselves = _! b5efit2 & drudge at ! "w ( a c[h]d = "s h\rs a day4 ,9 fitt+ out a c>avan1 z few diff]5t k9ds ( animals %\ld be tak5 z possible1 or !y w split into sep>ate h]ds1 & require _m m5 to look aft] !m4 ,! dispositions ( ! animals t compose a c>avan affect1 9 no small degree1 ! pleasure ( travell+ ) x4 ,n[1 x is to be notic$ t m5 atta* !mselves to horses & asses1 & 9 a less] degree to mules & ox51 b !y r>ely make fri5ds ( camels4 ,weights c>ri$ by ,cattle4--,! net weights t ^! diff]5t animals c>ry 9 try+1 long-cont9u$ j\rneys--?r\gh /ages unc]ta9 9 l5g?1 sometimes lead+ to good pa/ure1 sometimes to bad--mu/ n be reckon$ high] ?an ! foll[+2 & an animal draws ab\t #b #a_/b times z mu* net weight z he c>ries3--,an ass1 #fe lbs42 a small mule1 #ij lbs42 a horse lbs42 an ox lbs42 a camel lbs4 to #bjj lbs42 elephant lbs4 ,9 level c\ntries--:]e !re is gra91 & :]e ! road is kn[n & a regul>ity 9 ! day's "w c be ensur$--! weights t may be c>ri$ are fully d\ble ^? ( ! above li/4 ,capta9 ,burton's donkeys1 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 c>ri$ imm5se weights4 ,dogs w draw a travail 7:i* see7 ( #fj lbs4 = a di/ance ( #ae miles a day1 ^u h>d level c\ntry4 ,!ory ( ,loads & ,di/ances4--,h[ %\ld we load m5 or animals ( transport1 & h[ %\ld we urge !m1 9 ord] to obta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( effective lab\r8 ,if !y c>ry a m]e fea!r-weight1 !y may make long days' j\rneys2 b _! value1 z animals ( transport1 is almo/ no?+4 ,aga91 on ! o!r h&1 if we load !m ) an excessive weight1 !y w soon come to a /&/ill2 & 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! fir/1 _! value z bea/s ( transport is almo/ nil4 ,:at !n1 is t mod]ate load by :i* we %all obta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( useful effect8 ?is is a problem :i* _m ( ! able/ eng9e]s & philosoph]s h endeav\r$ to solve2 & ! =mulae--p>tly bas$ on !ory & p>tly on exp]im5t--:i* 7 us$ by ,eul]1 are g5]ally accept$ z a fair approximation4 ,!y are v simple1 & peculi>ly int]e/+ on acc\nt ( _! wide applicability4 ,!y are equally true = m51 animals1 or ma*9es2 & are :olly indep5d5t ( ! way 9 :i* ! p[] is appli$3 :e!r1 = in/ance1 a man c>ries 8 burd51 or draws x1 or r[s or punts x 9 a boat1 or w9ds x up ) a crank or tread-mill4 ,travell]s might well turn ! !ory to acc\nt on _! own behalf2 !y are well situat$ = te/+ its tru?fulness1 by obs]v+ ! practices ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are travell+4 ,reliable facts ^u ! extreme di/ances t c be travell$ ov]1 day aft] day1 by p c>ry+ diff]5t loads1 b equally circum/anc$ 9 e o!r respect1 w\ld be v acceptable to me4 ,! =mulae are z foll[3--,let b be ! burd5 :i* w\ld j suffice to prev5t an animal f mov+ a /ep2 d ! di/ance he c\ld travel daily if unload$4 ,also1 let b#a be "s burd5 less ?an b2 & let d#a be ! di/ance to :i* he c\ld travel daily :5 c>ry+ b#a4 ,!n b#a d#b b7d-d#a7b4 7#a7 ,aga91 ! useful effect is a maximum1 if b#a;d#a is a maximum4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 !n b#a #d_/i b4 7#b7 ,& #c d#a d4 7#c7 ,9 o!r words1 an animal gets ?r\gh mo/ "w 9 ! day if he c>ries #d_/i ( ! greate/ load he c\ld j /agg] "u2 9 :i* case he w be able to travel #a_/c ( ! di/ance he c\ld walk if he c>ri$ no load at all4 7,ma*9]y requires no repose2 & !re=e d1 ! di/ance p] day1 is conv]tible into v1 ! velocity ( movem5t47 ,z an example3--,suppose a man is able to walk #aj miles a day1 ) a load ( #acj lbs41 & #cc miles a day :5 he c>ries no?+4 ,!n1 f equation 7#a71 ! value ( b 7! burd5 "u :i* he w\ld be br\ght to a /&/ill7 w\ld be ab\t #bfg #a_/b2 & ! be/ load = him1 f equation 7#b71 w\ld be #aai lbs41 :i* he w\ld be able to c>ry1 accord+ to equation 7#c71 #aa miles a day4 ,horses4--,! mode ( tak+ wild horses is by ?r[+ ! lasso1 :il/ pursu+ !m at full spe$1 & dropp+ a noose ov] _! necks1 by :i* _! spe$ is soon *eck$1 & !y are *ok$ d[n4 ,mr4 ,r>ey's sixp5ny book tells all t c be told on ! subject ( horse-break+2 b f> m lies 9 ! skill & horse-k ( ! op]ator1 ?an 9 ! m]e !ory4 ,8 way ( ma/]+ a vici\s horse is by tak+ up "o =e-foot1 b5d+ ! knee1 slipp+ a loop ov] ! knee until x comes to ! pa/]n-jo9t1 & !n fix+ x tight4 ,! loop mu/ be caus$ to embrace ! "p betwe5 ! ho( & ! pa/]n-jo9t firmly1 by ! help ( a /rap ( "s k9d1 le/ x %\ld slip4 ,! horse is n[ on ?ree legs1 & he feels conqu]$4 ,if he gets v mad1 wait leisurely till he becomes quiet1 !n c>ess him1 & let ! leg d[n & all[ him to re/2 !n repeat ! process4 ,if ! horse kicks 9 h>ness1 drive him sl[ly on ?ree legs4 ,9 break+-9 a /ubborn bea/1 x is conv5i5t to physic him until he is sick & out ( spirits1 or to />ve him into submission4 ,salt keeps horses f /ray+1 if !y are accu/om$ to come up to ! camp & get x4 ,b x is a bad plan z !y are apt to hang ab\t1 in/ead ( go+ (f to fe$4 ,!y are s fond ( salt1 t !y h be5 kn[n to /ray back to a di/ant h\se :]e !y _h be5 all[$ to lick x4 ,%oot+ ,horse4--,spur him z mu* z y w1 b nev] use a :ip2 else1 :5ev] y raise y\r gun to fire1 he w feel a dread t x may be ! :ip1 & w be un/eady4 ,horse neigh+4--,mungo ,p>k tells h[ he clut*$ 8 horse's muzzle ) bo? h&s to prev5t 8 neigh+1 :5 he 0 9 concealm5t & horsem5 7 pass+ ne>4 ,add5da4--,9 climb+ a /eep hill hang on to ! tail ( y\r horse z y walk beh9d him4 ,horses are easily driv5 9 file by secur+ ! halt] ( ea* horse to ! tail ( ! "o be=e him4 ,to swim horses across a riv]1 to sleep by _! side :5 !re is dang]1 to te!r !m1 & to wat] !m f wells1 are all describ$ else:]e4 7,see ,horses 9 index47 ,mules4--,mules require m5 :o "k _! habits2 !y are p[]ful beats1 & c only be ma/]$ ) skill & address4 ,a savage w n assi/ 9 pack+ !m1 = he fe>s _! heels3 ! ,swiss say mules h always an arri]e-p5see4 ,!y h odd secret ways1 /range fancies1 & lurk+ vice4 ,:5 !y /ray1 !y g imm5se di/ances2 & x is almo/ beyond ! p[] ( a man on foot to t5d !m 9 a wild c\ntry3 he c nei!r ov]take !m easily1 nor1 :5 ov]tak51 cat* !m4 ,! female is1 9 mo/ bre$s1 mu* ! m docile4 ,!y suff] f ,african di/emp]1 b 9 a less degree ?an horses4 ,! foll[+ descriptions ( mule c>avans are exce$+ly graphic & in/ructive3--,! madr9a 7or godmo!r7 is a mo/ important p]sonage4 ,%e is an old /eady m>e1 ) a little bell r\nd h] neck1 & :]esoev] %e goes ! mules1 l good *ildr51 foll[ h]4 ,if sev]al l>ge troops are turn$ into "o field to graze 9 ! morn+1 ! mulete] has only to lead ! madr9as a little ap>t & t9kle _! bells1 &1 al?\gh !re may be #bjj or #cjj mules toge!r1 ea* imm$iately kn[s its own bell1 & sep>ates itself f ! re/4 ,! affection ( ^! animals = _! madr9a saves inf9ite tr\ble4 ,x is ne>ly impossible to lose an old mule3 =1 if deta9$ sev]al h\rs by =ce1 %e w1 by ! p[] ( smell1 l a dog1 track out h] companions1 or r ! madr9a2 =1 accord+ to ! mulete]1 %e is ! *ief object ( affection4 ,! feel+1 h[ev]1 is n ( an individual nature2 = ,i believe ,i am "r 9 say+ t any animal ) a bell w s]ve z a madr9a4 7,*>les ,d>w947 ,aft] travell+ ab\t #ad miles1 we 7 jo9$ by ?ree m9]s2 & our mules1 tak+ a sudd5 lik+ = _! horses1 jogg$ on at a m brisk rate4 ,! in/9cts ( ! muli% he>t =m an int]e/+ /udy to ! travell] 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,i w\ld 77 ! comp>ison n too ungallant7 lik5 x to a woman's2 = x is q z unc]ta9 9 its sympa?ies1 be/[+ its affections :5 lea/ expect$1 &1 :5 be/[$1 q z con/ant1 s long z ! object is n tak5 away4 ,sometimes a horse1 sometimes an ass1 captivates ! fancy ( a :ole drove ( mules1 b (t5 an animal n[ise ak94 ,lieut5ant ,beale told me t 8 :ole tra9 ( mules once gallop$ (f sudd5ly1 on ! pla9s ( ! ,cim>one1 & ran half a mile1 :5 !y halt$ 9 app>5t satisfaction4 ,! cause ( _! freak 0 f\nd to be a buffalo-calf1 :i* _h /ray$ f ! h]d4 ,!y 7 frisk+ ar\nd x 9 ! greate/ delight1 rubb+ _! noses aga9/ x1 ?r[+ up _! heels1 & mak+ !mselves ridicul\s by abortive attempts to neigh & bray2 :ile ! poor calf1 unconsci\s ( its attractive qualities1 /ood trembl+ 9 _! mid/4 ,x is cu/om>y to h a horse 9 ! mule-tra9s ( ! trad]s ( ,nor? ,mexico1 z a sort ( magnet to keep toge!r ! sep>ate atoms ( ! tra91 =1 :atev] ! temptation1 !y w nev] /ray f him4 7,taylor's ',eldorado4'7 ,asses4--,not)/&+ 8 invet]ate ob/9acy1 ! ass is an excell5t & sob] little bea/1 f> too mu* despis$ by u4 ,he is n only ! mo/ endur+1 b also "o ( ! quicke/ walk]s among cattle1 be+ usually promot$ to ! lead]%ip ( a c>avan4 ,he is ne>ly equal to ! camel 9 endur+ ?ir/1 & ?rives on ! poore/ pa/ure1 suff]s f few diseases1 & is unsca!d by ,african di/emp]4 ,! long des]t-roads & pilgrim-tracts ( ,nor? ,africa are l>gely travell$ ov] by means ( asses4 ,asses taught n to kick4--,mungo ,p>k says t ! negroes1 :]e he travell$1 taught _! asses z foll[s3--,!y cut a =k$ /ick1 & put ! =k$ "p into ! ass's m\?1 l ! bit ( a bridle2 !y !n ti$ ! two small] p>ts toge!r above 8 head1 leav+ ! l[] "p ( suffici5t l5g? to /rike aga9/ ! gr\nd if ! ass %\ld attempt to put 8 head d[n4 ,x always prov$ effectual4 ,n to bray4--,messrs4 ,huc & ,gabet1 :o 7 di/ract$ by ! cont9ual bray+ ( "o ( _! asses ?r\gh\t ! night1 appeal$ to _! mulete]3 he put a spe$y close to ! nuisance by :at appe>s to be a cu/om>y contrivance 9 ,*9a1 viz41 by la%+ a heavy /one to ! bea/'s tail4 ,x appe>s t :5 an ass wants to bray he elevates 8 tail1 &1 if 8 tail be weight$ d[n1 he has n ! he>t to bray4 ,9 ho/ile neighb\rhoods1 :]e sil5ce & concealm5t are s\ght1 x might be well to adopt ?is r absurd treatm5t4 ,an ass :o 0 be+ s*ool$ accord+ to ! me?od ( ?is & ! prec$+ p>agraph1 bo? at ! same "t1 w\ld be wor?y ( an arti/'s sket*4 ,ox54--,?\gh ox5 are co>se1 gross1 & phlegmatic bea/s1 !y h ^! m]its3 !y are em95tly greg>i\s1 & !y rum9ate _! food4 ,! consequ5ce is1 fir/1 t "o1 two1 or m1 are v seldom miss+ out ( a drove2 &1 secondly1 t !y pick up :at !y require1 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an horses1 mules1 etc41 :o h to *ew z !y eat4 ,ox5 require less t5d+ ?an any o!r bea/s ( burd54 ,to tra9 a ,pack-ox4--,an ox ( any age1 h[ev] wild he may be1 c be brok5 91 9 ?ree or f\r days1 s z to c>ry a pack ( ab\t #gj lbs42 ?\gh x is true t he w frequ5tly kick x (f dur+ ! j\rney1 & give excessive tr\ble4 ,x w\ld be sc>cely possible to drive m ?an ?ree ( ^! newly-taught ox5 at a "t1 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t delays caus$ by ! unrul9ess ( "o or o!r ( !m4 ,mui* dep5ds on ! natural aptitude ( ! animal 9 e/imat+ ! "t requir$ = mak+ a /eady pack-ox1 "s w c>ry a good weight & g /eadily aft] only a =tnight's travel2 "s w nev] le>n4 ,b 9 all cases !y prove unruly at ! beg9n+ ( a j\rney4 ,to break-9 an ox1 take a long ?ong or cord1 make a noose at "o end ( x1 & let two or ?ree m5 lay hold ( ! o!r2 !n1 driv+ all ! h]d toge!r 9 a clump1 g 9 among !m &1 aid$ by a long /ick1 pu% or slip ! noose r\nd ! h9d leg ( ! ox t y want1 & draw tight4 ,he w pull & /ruggle ) all 8 might1 & ! o!r ox5 w disp]se1 leav+ him alone dragg+ ! m5 ab\t aft] him4 ,next1 let ano!r man ?r[ a noose r\nd 8 horns1 & ! bea/ is1 comp>atively speak+1 secur$4 ,x is n[ conv5i5t to ?r[ ! animal d[n on 8 side1 :i* is easily done by ! judici\s tugg+ at 8 tail & at ! ?ongs4 ,to keep him on ! gr\nd1 let "o man take ! tail1 &1 pass+ x r\nd "o ?igh1 hold him d[n by t1 :ile "o or two m5 =ce ! horns d[n aga9/ ! gr\nd4 ,8 nose has next to be pi]c$4 ,a /ick1 %ap$ l a ,y1 eight in*es long1 is cut ( "s t\gh wood2 & ! foot ( x1 be+ fir/ %>p5$1 is =cibly pok$ ?r\gh ! wall t divides ! no/rils1 & a ?9 ?ong is ti$ firmly to ei!r end ( ?is nose-/ick4 ,! ?ong is ga!r$ toge!r1 & w\nd 9 a figure ( #h r\nd ! two horns1 :]e x h5ce=w>d rema9s :ile ! animal fe$s1 & by clut*+ at :i*1 he is at any "t caught4 ,next = ! pack+3 z ! ox lies on ! gr\nd1 scrape a hole 9 ! s& "u 8 belly1 & !n1 hav+ laid a few sk9s on 8 back1 pass a ?ong r\nd him & !m1 sev]al times2 tie ! ends fa/1 &1 tak+ a /ick1 pass x ?r\gh & twi/ x r\nd1 until ! la%+s are extremely tight1 !n let x be secur$4 ,n[ let ! ox g1 & get quickly out ( 8 way1 9 case he %\ld be savage4 ,:5 ! ox gets up1 he is sulky & f]oci\s by turns2 & kicks1 jumps1 & bell[s1 b at la/ jo9s 8 companions4 ,if he has be5 well pack$1 ! sk9s w keep 9 place & n fall (f2 b :e!r !y d or n1 he mu/ be re-caught & re-pack$ e day4 ,a "y ox is g5]ally m difficult to break-9 ?an an old "o3 ,i d n "k :y4 ,an ox requires no pack-saddle2 8 back is too r\nd to c>ry "o ) advantage4 ,x is !re=e usual to lay sp>e sk9s1 etc41 ^u him1 & ov] ^! ! bags t h to be pack$4 ,a great l5g? ( ?ong is requir$ to la% !m4 ,x is conv5i5t to make a pair ( v l>ge saddle-bags out ( sk9 or canvas1 :i* require simply to be plac$ on ! ox's back & !re gir!d4 ,to tra9 an ,ox to c>ry a ,rid]4--,x takes a v long "t to tra9 an ox to c>ry a rid+-saddle well & /eadily3 inde$1 v few ox5 c be taught to g :]ev] !y may be guid$ by ! rid]2 !y are ( s greg>i\s a nature1 t1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y w n move a /ep )\t companions4 ,h5ce1 ^? ox5 only are ?\ght wor? break+-9 :i* are obs]v$ to take ! "p ( lead]s ( ! drove :5 pa/ur+1 & :i* are !re=e suppos$ to h "s indep5d5ce ( disposition4 ,! fir/ "t ( m\nt+ an ox to break him 91 is a "w ( almo/ c]ta9 mis*ance3 = ! long horns ( ! ox w (t5 rea* ! rid]1 h[ev] f> back he may sit1 & ! animal kicks & bucks 9 a way t sev]ely tries ! be/ ( seats4 ,all rid+-ox5's horns %\ld h ! tips sawn (f4 ,aft] be+ m\nt$ a v few times1 ! ox goes pretty /eadily2 b x is long be=e he le>ns to c>ry a rid] ) ease to himself4 ,i %\ld l to he> if ,r>ey's plan ( ty+ up ! =eleg w\ld influ5ce !m4 ,_! "* is s :olly unlike t ( a horse1 t ,i d\bt if x w\ld4 ,9 rid+1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ! temp] ( an ox is f> less quick1 ?\gh 8 s5sations may be z acute z ^? ( a horse3 ?us1 he does n />t =w>ds on receiv+ a cut ) ! :ip1 ev5 ?\gh he %r9k ) ! pa92 b he ?9ks ab\t x1 %akes 8 head1 waits a :ile1 & !n breaks gradually into a fa/] pace4 ,an ox w trot well en\gh ) a light weight2 &1 ?\gh rid+ myself upw>ds ( #ac /one1 ,i once took an ox #fj miles 9 a day & a half3 ?is is1 p]haps z mu* z an ox c\ld1 9 fairness1 be made to d4 ,a ride-ox c be ti$ up by 8 nose-bridle2 b1 if wild or fright5$1 he w assur$ly /ruggle till ! nose-/ick be torn out ( 8 nose1 & he becomes free4 ,x is1 !re=e1 bett] to tie ! bridle to a tuft ( grass1 or a sl5d] twig1 r ?an to a tree or to ! saddle-bags4 ,m\nt+ an ox is usually a tr\blesome bus9ess1 on acc\nt ( 8 horns4 ,to make ride-ox5 quiet & tame1 scrat* _! backs & tails--!y de>ly love x--& hold salt 9 y\r h&s = !m to lick4 ,!y soon le>n _! names1 & come to be c>ess$ :5 call$4 ,c[s4--,mo/ bre$s ( c[s1 out ( ,europe1 cease to give milk aft] _! calf dies2 & ! only way ( mak+ !m cont9ue _! yield1 is to spread out ! calf's hide = !m to lick1 "s "t be=e milk+ !m2 x reta9s its effect = a week or m4 ,messrs4 ,huc & ,gabet give ! foll[+ graphic acc\nt ( ?is contrivance1 z appli$ to re/ive c[s3--,^! long-tail$ c[s are s re/ive & difficult to milk1 t1 to keep !m at all quiet1 ! h]dsman has to give !m a calf to lick mean:ile4 ,b = ?is device1 n a s+le drop ( milk c\ld be obta9$ f !m4 ,"o day a ,lama h]dsman1 :o liv$ 9 ! same h\se ) ourselves1 came1 ) a long dismal face1 to ann\nce t 8 c[ _h calv$ dur+ ! night1 & t un=tunately ! calf 0 dy+4 ,x di$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! day4 ,! ,lama =?) sk9n$ ! poor bea/1 & /uff$ x ) hay4 ,?is proce$+ surpris$ u at fir/1 = ! ,lama _h by no means ! air ( a man likely to give himself ! luxury ( a cab9et ( natural hi/ory4 ,:5 ! op]ation 0 complet$1 we obs]v$ t ! hay-calf _h nei!r feet nor head2 :]eupon x occurr$ to u t1 aft] all1 x 0 p]haps a pill[ t ! ,lama contemplat$4 ,we 7 9 error2 b ! error 0 n dissipat$ till ! next morn+1 :5 our h]dsman w5t to milk 8 c[4 ,see+ him issue =?--! pail 9 "o h&1 ! hay-calf "u ! o!r arm--! fancy occurr$ to u to foll[ him4 ,8 fir/ proce$+ 0 to put ! hay-calf d[n be=e ! c[4 ,he !n turn$ to milk ! c[ h]self4 ,! mamma at fir/ op5$ enorm\s eyes at h] belov$ infant2 by degrees %e /oop$ h] head t[>ds x1 !n smelt at x1 sneez$ ?ree or f\r times1 & at la/ proce$$ to lick x ) ! mo/ delightful t5d]ness4 ,?is spectacle grat$ aga9/ our s5sibilities3 x seem$ to u t he :o fir/ inv5t$ ?is p>ody ^u "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ incid5ts 9 nature mu/ h be5 a man )\t a he>t4 ,a some:at burlesque circum/ance occurr$ "o day1 to modify ! indignation ) :i* ?is trea*]y inspir$ u4 ,by d9t ( c>ess+ & lick+ h] little calf1 ! t5d] p>5t "o f9e morn+ unripp$ x3 ! hay issu$ f )92 & ! c[1 manife/+ n ! slighte/ surprise nor agitation1 proce$$ tranquilly to dev\r ! unexpect$ prov5d]4 ,! ,highl&]s us$ ?is contrivance1 & call$ x a ,tul*an3 h5ce ,k+ ,james's bi%ops 7 nicknam$ ,tul*an bi%ops1 to imply t !y 7 (ficials ( /raw1 m]ely set up z a means ( milk+ ! ,scot* p ( _! money1 9 ! =m ( *ur*-dues4 ,camels4--,camels are only fit = a few c\ntries1 & require practis$ att5dants2 ?orns & rocks lame !m1 hills sadly imp$e !m1 & a wet slipp]y soil entirely /ops !m4 ,elephants4--,!y are exp5sive & delicate1 b excell5t bea/s ( burd51 9 ra9y tropical c\ntries4 ,! travell] %\ld make fri5ds ) ! "o he regul>ly rides1 by giv+ x a piece ( sug>-cane or banana be=e m\nt+4 ,a sore back is a c]ta9 ob/acle to a cont9uance ( travel2 !re is no rem$y = x b re/4 ,! av]age burd51 furniture includ$1 b exclud+ ! driv]1 is #ejj lbs41 & ! full av]age day's j\rney #ae miles4 ,dogs4--,dogs w draw a travail 7:i* see7 ( #fj lbs4 = #ae miles a day1 ov] h>d1 level c\ntry1 = days toge!r2 frequ5tly !y w accompli% mu* m ?an t4 ,= ,arctic travel1 !y are us$ 9 j\rneys aft] !y are ?ree ye>s old2 ea* dog requires eight or t5 h]r+s p] day1 or an equival5t to !m4 ,a sl$ge ( #ab dogs c>ries #ijj lbs42 x travels on smoo? ice sev5 or eight miles an h\r2 & 9 #cf days1 #bb sl$ges & #bdj dogs travell$ #hjj miles--#abaj v]/s4 7,admiral ,wrangel47 ,dogs are us$ by ! ,patagonian fi%]m5 to drive fi% into _! nets1 & to prev5t !m f break+ ?r\gh ! nets :5 !y are inside !m4 7,see next p>agraph = ,%eep-dogs47 ,goats & ,%eep4--,goats are mu* m tr\blesome to drive ?an %eep1 nei!r are !y su* endur+ walk]s1 nor d !y give z mu* meat2 b _! sk9s are ( su* great use to furni% /rong lea!r1 t x is seldom conv5i5t to make up a c>avan )\t !m4 ,%e-goats give "s milk1 ev5 :5 travell+ fa/1 & 9 dry c\ntries2 b a ewe-%eep is n wor? milk+ "u ^? circum/ances1 z h] yield is a m]e no?+4 ,goats are v mis*iev\s--!y make _! way out ( all enclosures1 & trespass ev]y:]e4 ,!y butt at :atev] is bright or new1 or /range to !m2 & w\ld drive an obs]v]1 :o employ$ a/ronomical in/rum5ts on /&s1 to di/raction4 ,9 an op5 c\ntry1 :]e !re are no bu%es = a kraal1 nets mu/ be tak51 & /akes cut1 to make enclosures = ! %eep4 ,if !y /ray at all1 ! lea/ ?+ sc>es !m1 & !y w w&] v f>1 & scatt]4 ,goats are f> m social & intellig5t4 ,if "o1 two1 or ?ree %eep only be driv51 long ?ongs mu/ be ti$ to _! legs1 & all[$ to trail along ! gr\nd1 by :i* !y may be re-caught if !y gallop (f4 ,:5 ! ,messrs4 ,s*lag9tweit 7 encamp$ at va/ heights1 among ! sn[s ( ! ,himalaya1 !y always f\nd x practicable to drive %eep to _! /ations4 ,:5 %eep1 etc41 are long hurdl$ at night1 ne> ! same encampm5t1 ! nuisance ( flies & ticks becomes intol]able4 ,%eep-dogs seem to prove ( less use to travell]s ?an might h be5 expect$2 p]haps ! o!r dogs corrupt !m4 ,managem5t ( ,cattle g5]ally4--,to make an animal rise :5 he ?r[s himself on ! gr\nd ) 8 pack1 & w n get up1 x is n ( mu* use to flog him2 twi/+ or bit+ 8 tail is ! usual way1 or mak+ a blaze ) grass & a few /icks "u 8 no/rils4 ,! /ubborness ( a half-brok5 ox is sometimes beyond conception4 ,cattle ,bells1 9 c\ntries :]e !y c be us$ )\t dang]1 %\ld always be tak52 x adds greatly to ! *e]fulness & greg>i\sness ( ! animals--mules positively require !m4 ,h>d wood is sonor\s en\gh = bells4 ,br&s & ,cattle-m>ks4--,9 buy+ ox5 out ( ! h]ds ( pa/oral p1 x is v difficult to rememb] ea* animal s z to recognise x aga9 if x /rays back to its =m] home2 x requires q a peculi> tal5t to d s4 ,!re=e x is advisable t ! travell]'s cattle %\ld be m>k$ or br&$4 ,a trad] 9 ,namaqua ,l&1 took r$ pa9t1 & ti$ a bru% on to a long /ick2 ) ?is he made a daub on ! h9d qu>t]s ( ! fre%ly-b\ght & half-wild cattle1 z !y pu%$ ?r\gh ! door ( 8 kraal4 ,x naturally excites great ridicule among natives1 to pa9t an ox t he may be kn[n aga92 b1 = all t1 ,i ?9k ! trad]'s plan well wor? adopt+4 ,! same might be done to %eep1 z a slit e> is n half conspicu\s en\gh4 ,a good way ( m>k+ a %eep's e> is to cut a wad out ( ! middle ( x1 ) a gun-pun*2 b x w sometimes te> ?is hole into a slit1 by scrat*+ ) its foot4 ,*aff1 to cut4--,tie a sickle aga9/ a tree1 ) its blade project+2 !n1 /&+ 9 front ( ! blade1 hold a h&ful ( re$s across x ) bo? h&s1 "o h& on ei!r side ( ! blade2 pull x t[>ds y1 & ! re$s w be cut ?r\gh2 drop ! cut end1 seize ! bundle afre%1 & repeat ! process4 ,9 ?is way1 aft] a little practice1 *aff is cut ) great ease & quickness4 ,a brok5 sickle does z well z a :ole "o1 & a knife may be us$1 b ! curve ( its edge is ill adapt$ = ! "w4 ,cattle w eat _m sorts ( h]bage1 z re$s & gorse1 if cut small2 b w n t\* !m1 if uncut4 ,occasional ,food = ,cattle4--,!y w also eat seawe$ & leaves especially bir* & popl> leaves1 & ev5 ?rive ^u !m4 ,illu/ration ( man cutt+ *aff z describ$ on p #fd4 ,pull+ ,cattle out ( ,holes4--,! bight ( a cord1 or ( "s sub/itute = "o1 may be ?r[n ov] a horse's head1 & he c be dragg$ out by a team ( cattle ) b v little dang] to 8 neck4 ,a crupp] "u 8 tail1 or a ?ong z a bree*+ may be us$4 ,9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a noose ( rope is (t5 run r\nd ! horse's neck1 & haul$ tight--?us tempor>ily *ok+ ! animal & mak+ him /ill2 he is !n pull$ z quickly z possible out ( ! hole1 & no "t is lo/ 9 slack5+ ! rope4 ,,h>ness4 ,saddles = rid+4--,good saddles = rid+1 &1 ,i may add1 especially = pack+1 are ( ne>ly z great importance z ! goodness ( ! animal :o c>ries !m4 ,engli% saddl]s nev]1 ,i believe1 c be induc$ to /uff a saddle suffici5tly2 because !y h no opportunity ( see+ ! mis]able1 scraggy condition ( a travell$ horse's back1 to :i* x is de/9$ to fit4 ,b an ,engli% saddle1 re/uff$ at a bu% fronti] t[n1 is excell5t4 ,?ree r+s1 & n9e ( :at saddl]s call ,d's1 %\ld be fix$ to ! saddle1 n simply into ! lea!r-"w1 b firmly rivet$ or secur$ into ! tree itself4 ,?is mu/ be especially insi/$ on1 or frequ5t disa/]s w occur4 ,! ?ree r+s are to be fix$ to ! pommel--"o on ! top1 & "o on ea* side ( x2 ! n9e ,d's are plac$ z foll[s3--?ree along ! back ( ! saddle1 two m on ea* side ( ! seat1 & two 9 front1 = ! brea/plate4 ,fitt+s4--,to ^! may be ti$ a light valise 9 front2 a gun-hol/] on ! "r ( ! pommel2 & a small bag--conta9+ odds & ends1 gunp[d]1 sp>e bullets1 a few pres5ts1 etc4--on its left4 ,on ! "r ( ! seat1 a sabre-tas*1 or ?9 lea!r portfolio-%ap$ pocket1 = pap] & writ+ mat]ials2 on ! left1 ! wat]-cante5 & hobbles2 beh9d1 ! crupp] & small saddle-bags4 ,a brea/plate is n wor? hav+1 except 9 a v hilly c\ntry4 ,?is description ( a saddle1 ( c\rse1 applies to t ( ! travell+-horse4 ,= ! saddle ( ! %oot+-horse ! arrangem5t is diff]5t2 only ! gun-hol/]1 & p]haps ! wat]-cante5 c !n be tak54 ,an ox c>ries a saddle precisely l a horse4 ,i rode m9e ne>ly #afjj miles1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ) a common hunt+-saddle & its ord9>y gir?s4 ,9 default ( rid+-saddles1 a pack-saddle mu/ be cu%ion$ to =m a com=table seat 7see ,pack-saddles74 ,saddle-bags are s tr\blesome to op51 & require s _m /raps1 t ,i believe x is be/ to use a bag ( mac9to% or canvas1 roll$ up & ti$ beh9d ! saddle1 :]e x %\ld re/ on a pad4 ,! pad is made ( two cu%ions1 ea* #i in*es long & #d broad1 sewn on a piece ( lea!r1 ly+ p>allel to "o ano!r1 & #d in*es ap>t4 ,! space betwe5 ! cu%ions corresponds to ! backbone ( ! horse4 ,to keep ! :ole 9 %ape1 x is usual to /it* f\r or five la?s ( wood l5g?ways to ! upp] surface ( ! pad2 ^u ^! la?s ! bag w re/4 ,if !re be occasion to c>ry a bag on horseback = a %ort di/ance1 pass "o ( ! /irrup-lea!rs ?r\gh its /r+2 !n ?r[ ! bag ov] to ! o!r side ( ! saddle3 x w lie beh9d ! rid]'s leg1 & be out ( 8 way & he w sit ^u "p ( its /r+4 ,au/ralians1 z is well kn[n1 insi/ on ! m]its ( a swag1 or a long package =m$ by roll+ all _! possessions into _! blanket4 ,!y c>ry x ov] ! saddle-b[s4 ,sore backs4--,sore backs are ! plague ( bea/s ( burd52 =1 if ! sk9 be once brok51 x w nev] heal ?or\ghly aga9 dur+ ! :ole j\rney4 ,e precaution %\ld1 !re=e1 be tak5 at fir/ />t+3 ! saddles %\ld be well-/uff$2 ! saddle-clo?s ample1 & )\t hem or edg+ 7blankets are z good z any72 ! j\rneys %\ld be %ort2 ! packs light & c>efully balanc$2 re/s ( a day or two %\ld frequ5tly be giv51 & salt-wat] %\ld be rubb$ on ! back4 ,travell+ 9 ! v e>ly morn+ is f\nd to be bad = animals' backs2 b travell+ late at night is n s4 ,an ,au/ralian correspond5t rem>ks1 t a p>ty ( travell]s or explor]s 9 ,au/ralia1 on leav+ _! camp1 inv>iably saddle _! horses ) ample saddle-clo?s bel[ ! saddle1 & assi/ ea* o!r by turns1 to fold ! clo?s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,= in/ance1 if ! ridge ( ! back1 or )]1 %\ld be f\nd gall$1 ! clo? w\ld be fold$ up1 s t ! saddle %\ld re/ entirely on ! two fold$ pads1 z 9 ! figure4--,o!r modes ( fold+ w sugge/ !mselves1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* ! back may be rubb$4 ,draw+ ( fold$ saddle-clo?4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( a sore back is a small h>di% swell+ or w>ble ?is mu/ at once be att5d$ to1 ei!r by fold+ ! saddle-clo? 9 "s appropriate way1 or by pick+ out ! saddle-/uff+1 s z to ease all pressure f (f x2 o!rwise1 x w get l>g] & l>g]1 & a s+le day w conv]t :at might h be5 easily cur$1 into a s]i\s & irrem$iable gall4 ,gir?-galls1 on _! fir/ appe>ance1 may be reliev$ if n cur$1 by sew+ two rolls ( s(t wooll5 mat]ial on to ! gir?4 ,! hair f ! animal's mane or tail has be5 us$ on an em]g5cy to /uff a saddle4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c %[ diff]5t pack saddles4 ,pack-,saddles4--,to make :5 ,travell+4--,cut f\r b5t pieces ( t\* wood1 & two small planks2 season !m z well z y c 7see ,wood1 to season71 & jo9 !m toge!r1 z 9 figs4 #a & #b1 us+ raw hide 9 addition to nails or pegs4 ,/uff$ cu%ions mu/ be secur$ inside ! planks by ty+ or o!rwise4 ,) a saw & a mortise-*isel1 a saddle ( ! patt]n %[n 9 fig4 #c w\ld be easy to make4 ,x is /rong] ?an ! "o j describ$1 & ! not*$ cross-b> is v conv5i5t = ! pack-ropes4 ,pack-,saddles made by ,saddl]s4--,!re has be51 p]haps1 no j\rney 9 :i* pack-horses work$ s effectively z dur+ ! exploration ( ,nor? ,au/ralia "u ,mr4 ,gregory4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,mr4 ,ba9es1 ! arti/ ( ! exp$ition1 :o has subsequ5tly travell$ ext5sively1 = ! foll[+ v int]e/+ acc\nt3-- ,! pack-saddles 7 made aft] a model by ,mr4 ,gregory1 & are ! be/ ,i h yet se54 ,two bo>ds ( light wood are connect$ by b[s ( iron1 #a #a_/b in* wide & #a_/d in* ?ick1 ) hooks ins]t$ 9 ei!r side1 = ! pack-bags to hook on to4 ,! /raps = ! brea/+s1 bree*+s1 & gir?s1 7 screw$ to ! bo>ds2 ! crupp] pass$ ?r\gh a r+ on ! aft] b[2 & a light pad1 :i* c\ld easily be tak5 out to be re-/uff$1 0 secur$ by small ?ongs1 pass$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! ends ( ! bo>ds4 ,we _h two gir?s1 :i* cross$ ea* o!r "u ! horse4 7,9 unload+1 ! neck-/rap is unbuckl$ on ! ne> side1 also ! brea/+ & gir?s2 & ! :ole is drawn (f beh9d47 ,fig #a & #b & an un-labell$ figure on ?is page fur!r illu/rate pack+4 ,! pack-bags 7 made ( "o wid? ( canvas1 turn$ up s z to h no seam 9 ! bottom4 ,pe>-%ap$ pieces 7 sewn 9 to =m ! ends1 & rope 0 /it*$ along ! seams1 hav+ eyes above1 by :i* ! bag 0 hung ^u ! hooks 7fig4 #b74 ,! fl\r-bags 7 made ( canvas1 ( ! usual wid?1 ) a r\nd bottom /it*$ into !m4 ,! m\? 0 sewn up :5 full1 & an oil$ bag ( ! same size drawn ov] x4 ,:5 all our horses 7 saddl$ up1 ! ^w 'on packs' 0 giv54 ,dr4 ,muell] & ,i us$ to "w toge!r1 & _h our packs laid out 9 pairs2 s t :5 ea* horse 0 l$ betwe5 8 bags1 we hook$ !m on at ! same mom5t4 ,:5 we halt$1 we laid our bags on a c\ple ( poles1 to keep !m f ! gr\nd1 z 9 ! draw+4 ,! bags sometimes came (f :5 we 7 travell+2 b x 0 g5]ally easy to cat* ! horse & reload him4 ,:5 a horse roll$ ov]1 or fell 9 a riv]1 x 0 r an advantage ?an o!rwise to get cle> ( !m4 ,our wat]pro( bags 7 ( lea!r1 l9$ ) wat]pro( clo?1 j l>ge en\gh to fill "o ( ! canvas pack-bags4 ,!y _h a brass neck ) a worm inside1 9 :i* we screw$ a plug ( s(t wood4 7,!re 0 r>ely1 if ev]1 occasion to use !m47 ,ea* pair ( bags 0 c>efully balanc$1 "o aga9/ ! o!r1 t ! horses might n be unequally load$4 ,! av]age weight ( /ores c>ri$ 9 ea* bag 0 #ge lbs41 mak+ a load 7at />t+7 or #aej lbs41 exclusive ( bags1 packages1 or saddl]y4 ,bells 7 atta*$ to ! necks ( ! horses mo/ apt to /ray2 b ! clapp]s 7 ti$ up ) a piece ( ?ong1 to keep !m quiet on ! m>*2 & 7 loos5$ at night1 s t ! s\nd might guide u 9 se>*+ = !m next morn+4 ,sket* ( saddle bags on tree4 ,we wat*$ two h\rs ea* dur+ night2 ! morn+ wat* boil$ ! wat]1 & woke ! re/ at f\r4 ,we made our breakfa/ ( tea or c(fee1 damp]1 & pork1 :i* we ate raw1 & w5t out = ! horses2 :i* 7 g5]ally saddl$ up1 & on ! move1 be=e sunrise4 ,we travell$ till "o or two1 :5 we l$ ! horses to wat]1 look$ to any sores t might be caus$ by ! pressure ( _! saddles1 dress$ !m & alt]$ ! /uff+ ( ! saddle to give !m relief1 &1 aft] d9n]1 :i* 0 r a brief c]emony1 _h ! re/ ( ! day = sci5tific or arti/ic pursuits1--t is1 if some?+ else did n require imm$iate att5tion4 ,we c\ld nev] tru/ to our guns = provision1 z game 0 v sc>ce1 & we _h no opportunity ( seek+ x4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak] gave consid]able att5tion to ! subject ( pack-saddles4 ,! foll[+ is 8 acc\nt ( ! me?od he adopt$ 9 ,africa3--,i _h arrang$ _! 7! donkeys'7 packs s well1 t !y c>ri$ _! loads ) ! greate/ com=t4 ,ea* animal _h an imm5se pad1 well /uff$ ) goats' hair2 ?is re/$ f ! %\ld] to ! hip bones2 ^u ?is re/$ a simple =m ( saddle made ( two =ks ( b\ghs inv]t$1 & fa/5$ toge!r ) rails2 !re 7 no nails 9 ^! saddles1 all ! fa/5+s be+ secur$ ) ?ongs ( raw hide4 ! great pad project+ be=e & beh9d1 & also bel[ ! side ( ! saddle1 prev5t$ ! loads f *af+ ! animal4 ,e donkey c>ri$ two l>ge bags made f ! hides ( antelopes t ,i _h =m]ly %ot on ! fronti] ( ,abyss9ia1 & ^! 7 arrang$ ) toggles on ! "o to fit into loops on ! o!r1 s t ! load+ & unload+ 0 exce$+ly simple4 ,! success ( an exp$ition dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! p]fection ( ! details1 &1 :]e animals are employ$ = transport1 ! fir/ consid]ation %\ld be be/[$ ^u saddle-packs4 ,! facility ( load+ is all-important1 & ,i n[ _h an exemplification ( its effect ^u bo? animals & m52 ! latt] began to abuse ! camels & to curse ! fa!r ( ?is1 & ! "m ( t1 because !y _h ! tr\ble ( unload+ !m = ! desc5t into ! riv]'s b$1 :ile ! donkeys 7 bless$ ) ! ende>+ "n ( 'my bro!r1' & alt]nately :ack$ ) ! /ick4 ,! art ( pack+4--,! art ( good pack+ is to balance ! packs accurately1 & to la% tightly to ! saddle1 s t !y w nev] slip4 ,! entire load is !n secur$ to ! animal's back1 by mod]ate gir?+4 ,x is go+ on a false pr9ciple1 to w9d "o long cord r\nd ! horse1 saddle1 & packs2 mak+1 z x 71 a great faggot ( !m4 ,to tight5 ! la%+s ( a pack1 ?ru/ a /ick ?r\gh !m1 twi/ x =cibly r\nd & r\nd1 till ! la%+s are screw$ tight en\gh1 & !n secure ! /ick4 ,half-fill$ sacks require to h la?s ( wood1 or a h&ful ( twigs1 put betwe5 !m & ! pack+-cord1 to equalise its pressure2 o!rwise1 !y are /rangl$ out ( %ape & nev] lie firmly aga9/ ! saddle4 ,o!r ,h>ness4--,crupp]s4--,a crupp] rope %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a lea!r tube1 fitt+ x loosely4 ,crupp]s = pack-saddles1 adapt$ to v m\nta9\s c\ntries1 l ^? us$ 9 ,norway1 c readily be made by travell]s4 ,in/ead ( employ+ a r+ to enclose ! tail ( ! bea/ 7:i* is sure to fret its sides71 he %\ld pass a curv$ b> ( wood1 a foot long1 und]nea? ! tail1 & tie a cord to ! pack-saddle1 f ei!r end ( ! b>4 ,gir?s4--,a roll ( sp>e webb+ %\ld be tak5 to pat* up torn gir?s2 b a good sub/itute = a gir? is made by cutt+ a b& ( tann$1 or ev5 ( dress$1 lea!r1 to )9 f\r in*es ( its end1 into sev5 or n9e b&s1 & plait+ ^! toge!r4 ,b x takes a beg9n] j t5 times z long to plait a gir? z to weave x1 &1 !re=e1 = mak+ m ?an "o gir?1 x is well wor? :ile to set up a rude loom4 ,d ?is z ?\gh y 7 mak+ a mat4 7,see ,mat47 ,gir?s ne$ n be buckl$2 !y may be lac$4 ,/irrups mu/ be v roomy1 en\gh to admit clumsily-%ap$ %oes1 su* z are made 9 ! bu%2 !y mu/ be broad "u ! sole ( ! foot1 & also at ! place :i* rubs aga9/ ! little toe4 ,unless !y are heavy1 x is n easy to f9d !m ) ! foot2 travell]s 9 ,s\? ,africa cut !m out f any ?ick raw hide--t ( giraffe1 rh9oc]os1 or sea-c[ does admirably4 ,a wood5 /irrup may be cut or burnt out ( a block4 ,x %\ld h lead melt$ into x to give x suffici5t weight4 ,a /ick & a ?ong1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 is a poor make%ift4 ,will[1 or any o!r li! wood1 is easily b5t into ! requir$ %ape1 especially if its out] edge be nick$ ) a knife2 o!rwise x w\ld be a m]e loop ( wood1 su* z x repres5t$ 9 ! next figure b two1 9 ! p>agraph on ,r+s4 ,sket* ( foot & /irrup4 ,bridles & ,bits4--,leave beh9d all ,engli% notions ( snaffles & d\ble re9s1 & ride ) no?+ b an easy curb4 ,! horse mu/ also c>ry a head/all & a halt]2 ,i l "o ) pl5ty ( tassels1 to keep (f ! flies4 ,a tempor>y sub/itute = a curb is made by noos+ a /r+1 & putt+ ! noose r\nd ! horse's l[] jaw4 ,if ! /r+ be long en\gh1 x c be d\bl$ back aga91 & ti$ to ! o!r side ( ! noose1 s z to make a complete bridle4 ,! groom's fa%ion ( giv+ ! halt] a hit*1 & putt+ x r\nd ! jaw1 is well kn[n4 ,buckles4--,a contrivance l ?is w (t5 be f\nd useful to replace a buckle & /rap2 by twi/+ ! l[] ?ong m tightly1 its l5g? c be %ort5$ z mu* z may be requir$4 ,if ! tongue ( a buckle breaks1 a nail or a peg1 pu%$ ?r\gh ! buckle-hole1 z 9 ! figure bel[ w replace x4 ,?ree sket*es to illu/rate items describ$ on ?is page4 ,to ,padlock a ,bag4--,a padlock1 pass$ ?r\gh ! next buckle-hole1 z is also %[n 9 ! same figure1 prev5ts pilf]]s f unbuckl+ & op5+ ! package4 ,x is well to le>n "s artful sailor's-knot = ty+ up bags1 ) :i* o!r p _c m$dle )\t y\r f9d+ x out4 ,r+s4--,9 pack+-ge> & o!r h>ness1 use is frequ5tly made ( r+s4 ,iron ones may be replac$ by a loop ( t\gh wood1 su* z ! peasants ( ! ,campagna commonly employ3 a piece ( ! ?ickness ( a small walk+-/ick1 & eight in*es long1 is b5t 7see ,wood1 to b5d72 its arms are not*$ :5 !y cross1 & are firmly nail$ or la%$4 ,te!rs1 ,hobbles1 & ,knee-halt]s4--,cattle may be secur$ at night by be+ te!r$1 hobbl$1 knee-halt]$1 or driv5 into an enclosure made ( bu%es4 ,! nature ( ! c\ntry1 & :at dang]s are appreh5d$1 det]m9e :i* plan is mo/ advisable4 ,a knee-halt]$ horse has a good *ange ( escape if he sc5ts a wild bea/ t is creep+ up to him2 = he c gallop1 ?\gh ) lab\r1 to a %ort di/ance4 ,a hobbl$ horse has no *ance at all2 ?\gh1 inde$1 !y h be5 kn[n to fight desp]ately ) _! tee? & feet1 & le>n to be cunn+ & wat*ful4 ,if ! hobbles are ( iron1 & made l h&cuffs1 x is h>dly possible = robb]s--at all ev5ts = savages--to unlock or cut !m4 ,a horse t is hobbl$ or knee-halt]$1 c graze dur+ ! night2 b if ti$ up or p\nd$1 8 grass mu/ be cut = him4 ,a horse may be successfully hobbl$ ) a /irrup-lea!r1 by putt+ its middle r\nd "o fetlock1 !n twi/+ x half-a-doz5 times1 &1 la/ly1 buckl+ x r\nd ! o!r fetlock4 ,! hobble us$ by ,mr4 ,gregory takes into five sep>ate pieces1 viz41 two fetlock /raps1 a#a1 a#b2 a *a91 b1 hav+ a swivel po9t1 c1 9 ! middle2 & two d\ble pot-hooks1 d#a1 d#b1 :i* pass ?r\gh eyes 9 ! fetlock /raps1 & also ?r\gh ! end l9ks 9 ! *a94 ,! two ends ( bo?1 d#a & d#b1 are ?ick5$ & pi]c$1 s z to admit ( ty+ a ?ong across _! m\?s1 z %[n on "o side ( d#b4 ,! fetlock /rap is made ( a /rip ( ?ick lea!r1 fold$ l5g?ways d[n its middle1 & hav+ its edges sewn toge!r4 ,! sewn edge %\ld always be ! upp]mo/1 :5 on ! horse's legs4 ,two sket*es on ?is page illu/rat+ equipm5t4 ,ox5 are (t5 picket$ to _! yokes2 ,i h already m5tion$ t x is haz>d\s to secure ride & pack ox5 by _! nose reams1 z !y w te> !mselves loose )\t he$+ ! pa91 if really fright5$4 ,horses are (t5 ti$ to ! :eels1 etc41 ( ! wagon4 ,:5 y wi% to picket horses 9 ! middle ( a s&y pla91 dig a hole two or ?ree feet deep1 & ty+ y\r rope to a faggot ( /icks or bru%-wood1 or ev5 to a bag fill$ ) s&1 bury ?is 9 x4 7,see ,dat]am47 ,swivel4--,! woodcut %[s h[ a make%ift swivel c be fitt$ to a te!r rope4 ,)\t "o1 ! rope w be twi/$ almo/ up to a knot by ! horse walk+ r\nd & r\nd 8 picket peg2 ) "o1 ! rope w turn freely 9 ! hole1 ?r\gh :i* its l>ge knott$ head prev5ts x f be+ drawn4 ,?is page has two sket*es %[+ mat]ial describ$ bel[4 ,! figure bel[ is a bett] sort ( swivel4 ,x mu/ be made ( h>d t\gh wood1 l oak3 x is six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x has1 ,i presume1 "s advantages ov] ^? ( iron1 because 9 c\ntries :]e iron ab\nds1 z 9 ,pi$mont1 x holds its gr\nd aga9/ !m4 ,! ropes h be5 drawn ?9n] ?an _! j proportion1 = ! sake ( di/9ctness4 ,i give a draw+ ( yet ano!r description ( swivel2 x is a trifle m complicat$ ?an ! fir/1 b ,i am assur$ t x acts s mu* bett] z to be greatly pref]able4 ,horse-coll>4--,?is1 9 its simple/ =m1 consi/s ( two /\t b>s t are a little b5t or %ap$ ) a knife2 !y g "o on ei!r side ( ! animal's neck1 & are ti$ toge!r bo? above & bel[ x4 ,to ^! b>s1 :i* are v ?ickly padd$1 ! traces are fa/5$4 ,traces & ,trekt[s c be made ( raw hide1 cut into a long ?ong1 !n b5t into ?ree p>ts1 & twi/$ & laid toge!r1 z is done 9 rope-mak+2 ! :ole is !n /ret*$ tight betwe5 two trees to dry4 ,an ox-hide w make a trekt[ = f\r pairs ( ox54 ,poles ( wood are v g5]ally us$ z traces2 a ?ong1 or a few l9ks ( *a91 be+ fa/5$ at ei!r end1 by :i* to atta* !m4 ,greas+ ,h>ness4--,9 dry climates take frequ5t opportunities ( greas+ e "p ( ! h>ness4 7,see ,hides2 ,lea!r1 to grease47 ,,c>riages4 ,wagons4--,a travell]'s wagon %\ld be ( ! simple/ possible con/ruction1 & n too heavy4 ,! ,cape wagons1 or1 at all ev5ts1 ^? ( a few ye>s back1 und\bt$ly %>$ ! pond]\sness ( all ,dut* workman%ip4 ,weight is requir$ only :5 cra%+ ?r\gh a bu%y c\ntry1 :]e a wagon mu/ break d[n all be=e x3 9 e o!r case x is objectionable4 ,x is a sav+ ( lab\r to h "o l>ge wagon1 r ?an two small ones1 because a driv] & a lead] are !reby sp>$4 ,b if a v light wagon has to be tak51 ,i %\ld greatly pref] its be+ made on ! ,swiss & ,g]man fa%ion1 ) a %ift+ p]* z 9 ! figure ,draw+ ( fa/5+4 ,^! are ! simple/ ( affairs1 & w split up into two c>ts--! pole & ! =e-:eels =m+ "o1 & ! p]* & ! h9d-:eels ano!r3 n[1 %\ld a great loss occur among ! travell]'s cattle1 or %\ld he break a :eel1 or ev5 /ra9 an axle-tree1 9 a timb]less c\ntry1 x may be v conv5i5t to him to ab&on "p ( 8 /ores1 & to build up a c>t = c>ry+ on ! rema9d]4 ,lady ,vavas\r describes "o ( ^! wagons 9 ! foll[+ graphic mann]3--,! p]* is moveable1 & !y c make x any l5g? !y please2 x is ( s simple a con/ruction t e f>m] c repair 8 own1 & make any?+ ( x4 ,if he has a p]*1 a pole1 & f\r :eels1 t is en\gh2 ) a little +5uity1 he makes x c>ry /ones1 hay1 e>?1 or any?+ he wants1 by putt+ a plank at ea* side4 ,:5 he wants a c>riage = pleasure1 he fits x up = t purpose2 8 moveable p]* all[s him to make x any?+4 ,i c\nt$ sev5te5 gr[n p]sons sitt+ side by side1 look+ mo/ happy1 9 "o ( !m1 drawn only by a pair ( small horses1 & 9 ?is hilly c\ntry4 ,drays4--,two-:eel$ drays1 & n wagons1 are us$ v g5]ally 9 ,au/ralia4 ,a long b> is cross$ by a %ort "o ne> "o ( its ends1--?is latt] =ms ! axletree2 ! body ( ! dray is built :]e ! two cross2 & ! cattle are yok$ or h>ness$ to ! long end ( ! b>1 :i* acts z a pole4 ,t>r+ ,:eels4--,t> is absolutely ess5tial 9 a hot c\ntry1 to mix ) ! grease t is us$ = ! wagon-:eels4 ,grease1 alone1 melts & runs away l wat]3 ! object ( ! t> is to give consi/5cy to ! grease2 a v small proportion ( t> suffices1 b )\t any at all1 a wagon is soon br\ght to a /&/ill4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mo/ ess5tial to explor]s to h a suffici5t quantity 9 res]ve4 ,t> is also ( v great use 9 hot dry c\ntries = daub+ ov] ! :eels1 & ! woodwork g5]ally1 ( wagons4 ,dur+ extreme heat1 :5 ! wood is ready to crack1 all ! pa9t %\ld be scrap$ (f x1 & ! t> appli$ pl5tifully4 ,x w soak 9 deeply1 & pres]ve ! wood 9 excell5t condition1 bo? dur+ ! dr\ght & ! ensu+ wet season4 7,see ,t>1 to make47 ,x is n necess>y to take (f ! :eels 9 ord] to grease ! axles4 ,x is suffici5t to bore an aug]-hole "r ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! nave1 betwe5 ! feet ( two ( ! spokes1 & to keep a plug 9 ! hole4 ,!n1 :5 y want to t> a :eel1 turn x till ! hole is upp]mo/1 take ! plug out1 & p\r 9 ! t>4 ,breaks & ,drags4--,breaks4--,e c>t & wagon 9 ,switz]l&1 &1 inde$1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 has a break atta*$ to x3 ! simple/ k9d ( break is %[n 9 fig4 #b1 :i* repres5ts a c>t tilt$ upw>ds4 ,fig #a %[s ! break itself2 fig4 #b expla9s h[ x is fitt$ on to ! c>t4 ,fig #a4 ,x w easily be und]/ood h[1 by tight5+ ! free end ( ! cord1 ! break is press$ aga9/ ! :eels4 ,! b5t piece ( iron %[n 9 fig4 #b1 by :i* ! b> ( ! break is kept 9 its place1 may be replac$ by a piece ( wood1 or ev5 by a ?ong ( lea!r4 ,e explor]'s wagon %\ld be furni%$ ) a break4 ,fig #b4 ,a simple break1 us$ 9 ,italy1 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& & probably else:]e1 is %[n 9 fig4 #c4 ,a rail is la%$ to ! body ( ! c>t1 bo? be=e & beh9d ! :eel1 & is made to press aga9/ ! :eel4 ,ei!r bo? la%+s c be tight5$ at ! same "t1 z at ,a1 ,a2 or only "o ( !m1 z at ,b4 ,:5 ! la%+s are loose1 ! rail re/s p>tly on ! nave ( ! :eel & does n s5sibly int]f]e ) its movem5t4 ,fig4 #c4 ,o!r ,means ( ,*eck+ a ,wagon on a ,hill-side4--,9 go+ d[n a /eep hill a middl+-siz$ tree may be fell$1 & its root ti$ to ! h9d axletree1 :ile its bran*y top sweeps along ! gr\nd1 z is se5 9 ! l[]mo/ wagon 9 ! sket*4 ,sket* ( horses & wagons on hill ,9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,france ! lead]s ( ! team are unh>ness$ & tak5 to ! back ( ! wagon1 to :i* ! coll> ( ! front horse is made fa/2 9 ?is way !y c aid ! horses 9 ! %afts4 ,! same plan may be se5 practis$ h\rly 9 ! ,/r& 9 ,london1 :5ce heavy wagons are tak5 d[n a v /eep & n>r[ lane to ! ,adelphi4 ,9 desc5d+ %ort /eep pit*es1 unh>ness ! cattle1 & fa/5 a rope r\nd ! axle ( ! wagon2 !n pass+ ! o!r end r\nd a tree or rock z a *eck1 y may let h] slide1 :i* %e w d )\t any fur!r tr\ble on y\r "p4 7,f4 ,m>ryat47 ,9 "s places ! h9d :eels are tak5 (f1 & sl$ge runn]s are fitt$ to ! h9d axletree4 ,?is is an excell5t plan2 x has ! fur!r advantage t ! wagon settles d[n into a m horizontal position ?an be=e4 ,i h se5 timb] c>ri$ on a wagon d[n a /eep hill by sep>at+ ! front :eels f ! h9d ones1 la%+ a trail 7see ,travail bel[7 or two %ort poles to ! =e axletree1 & re/+ "o end ( ! timb] on ! h9d axletree1 & ! o!r end on ! trail4 ,%oe ! :eel on ! side fur!/ f ! precipice4 ,if y h to leave a c>t or wagon unt5d$ = a :ile1 lock ! :eel4 ,sket* ( load$ sl$ge4 ,sl$ges4--,:5 c>ry+ wood or /ones1 & do+ o!r heavy "w1 a travell] %\ld sp>e 8 wagon & use a sl$ge4 ,?is is made by cutt+ d[n a =k$ tree1 lopp+ (f its bran*es1 & %ap+ x a little ) an axe4 ,if necess>y1 a few b>s may be fix$ across ! =k s z to make a /age4 ,great di/ances may be trav]s$ by "o ( ^! rude affairs1 if ! c\ntry is n v /ony4 ,%\ld x capsize1 no great h>m is done2 & if x breaks d[n1 or is f\nd to h be5 badly made1 an h\r's lab\r w suffice to con/ruct ano!r4 ,sl$ges are v useful :]e !re is an abundance ( horse or ox p[]1 b no wagon or pack+-ge>4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,travail4--,9 a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian horse travail1 ! cross+ ( ! poles 7!y are ! poles ( ! wigwams7 usually re/s on a r\gh pack-saddle or pad1 :i* a brea/-/rap keeps f slipp+ backw>ds4 ,9 a dog travail ! cross ( ! poles re/s on ! back ( ! neck1 & is kept 9 place by a brea/ or r a neck /rap2 ! poles are wrapp$ ) pieces ( buffalo robe :]e !y press aga9/ ! dog4 ,capta9 ,blaki/on--a v accurate au?ority--consid]s t a horse w travel #cj miles 9 ! day1 dragg+ on ! travail a weight ( ab\t #bjj lbs41 includ+ a *ild1 ^: "m sits on ! horse's back2 & t a dog1 ! size ( an av]age retriev]1 w draw ab\t #hj lbs4 = ! same di/ance4 7,n4,b4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican pla9s are p]fectly level47 ,sket* ( horse ) travail4 ,palanqu9s1 c>ri$ l s$an-*airs1 betwe5 two animals--"o go+ be=e ! o!r 9 %afts--are 9 use 9 v>i\s c\ntries2 b ,i am n aw>e t explor]s h ev] prop]ly tri$ !m4 ,_! advantage w\ld lie 9 comb9+ ! conv5i5ce ( a c>t ) mu* ( ! indep5d5ce ( pack-horses4 ,= :atev] is la%$ on a pack-saddle mu/ be securely ti$ up2 x is !re=e sev]ely compress$1 & _c be tak5 out en r\te4 ,b ) a c>t or a palanqu9 !re is no su* inconv5i5ce3 ?+s may be quickly ?r[n into !m or tak5 out2 pockets & draw]s may be fitt$ up2 & ! palanqu9 w\ld af=d "s %elt] 9 ra94 ,i %\ld ?9k x w\ld be well wor? :ile to try "o ( ^! contrivances4 ,x might be made en r\te2 fir/ accu/om+ ! animals1 :5 c>ry+ _! packs1 to walk betwe5 long %afts1 !n1 aft] "s days1 tak+ ! load (f _! saddles1 & la%+ !m on to ! %afts4 ,if all w5t well1 a regul> palanqu9 might be con/ruct$ ) legs1 to be let d[n :5 ! animals are (f-pack$1 & on :i* x might /& until ready to be aga9 c>ri$ onw>ds4 ,half-a-doz5 palanqu9s 9 file w\ld make a pretty1 &1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 a manageable & effective c>avan4 ,asses ought to be able to c>ry !m well2 a c\ple ( asses w\ld probably c>ry a great] weight ?an a s+le pack-horse1 & w\ld give no great] tr\ble2 if s1 _! h>d9ess w\ld be invaluable4 ,,swimm+4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,rate ( ,swimm+4 ,p swim mu* m sl[ly ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,9 races betwe5 fir/-rate swimm]s1 = di/ances ( #cjj y>ds & upw>ds1 ! av]age pace ( two miles an h\r is b>ely1 if at all1 exce$$4 ,le>n+ to ,swim4--,a good way ( tea*+ a p]son to swim1 is a modification ( t adopt$ at ,eton4 ,! tea*] may sit 9 a punt or on a rock1 ) a /\t /ick ( #f or #aj feet 9 l5g?1 at ! end ( :i* is a cord ( #d feet or s1 ) loops4 ,! le>n] puts himself into ! loops2 & ! tea*] plays him1 z a fi%]man w\ld play a fi%1 9 wat] t is well out ( 8 dep?3 he gives him j en\gh support to keep him f dr[n+4 ,aft] six or a doz5 lessons1 _m boys require no support at all1 b swim ab\t ) ! rope dangl+ slack ab\t !m4 ,:5 a boy does ?is1 he c be left to %ift = himself4 ,! art ( swimm+ f> is acquir$1 l ! art ( runn+ f>1 by a det]m9ation to g on1 )\t re/+ a mom5t1 until utt]ly unable to make a /roke fur!r1 & !n to /op altoge!r4 ,ea* succe$+ day1 ! di/ance travell$ is m>vell\sly increas$1 until ! natural limit ( ! man's p[]s is atta9$4 ,! *ill9ess consequ5t on /ay+ long 9 wat] is ret>d$ by rubb+ all ov] ! body1 be=e ent]+ x1 ab\t twice z mu* oil or be>'s-grease z a p]son uses = 8 hair4 ,to support ^? :o _c ,swim4--,if a p]son _c swim a /roke1 he %\ld be buoy$ up ) floats "u 8 arms1 & la%$ q securely1 to 8 own satisfaction2 !n he c be t[$ across ! riv] ) a /r+4 ,if he lose c\rage halfway1 x _c be help$3 x w d him no h>m1 & 8 swimm+ fri5d is 9 no dang] ( be+ grappl$ ) & dr[n$4 ,= v %ort di/ances1 a usual way is = ! man :o _c swim to hold 8 fri5d by ! hips4 ,a v little float+ p[] is en\gh to buoy a man's head1 above /ill wat]4 7,see ,african ,swimm+ ,f]ry1 bel[47 ,l&+ ?r\gh ,break]s4--,9 l&+ ?r\gh a heavy surf1 wait = a l>ge wave1 & come 9 on ! cre/ ( x2 !n make e possible ex]tion to scramble up to "s firm hold+-place1 :5ce its indraught1 :5 x returns1 c be resi/$4 ,if drawn back1 y w be heavily batt]$1 p]haps maim$1 c]ta9ly f> m exhau/$ ?an be=e1 & n a :it ne>] to safety4 ,avoid receiv+ a break] 9 ! attitude ( scrambl+ away f x on h&s & knees3 f su* a position1 ! wave projects a man head=emo/ ) fe>ful =ce1 & rolls him ov] & ov] 9 its surge4 ,he ought to turn on 8 back ! in/ant be=e ! break] is ^u him2 & !n all w g well1 & he w be help$ on1 & n half-kill$ by x4 ,m5 on %ore c rescue a man :o is be+ wa%$ to & fro 9 ! surf1 by hold+ toge!r1 v firmly1 h&-9-h&1 & =m+ a l9e d[n to ! sea3 ! =emo/ man clut*es ! swimm] z soon z he is wa%$ up to him1 & holds him firmly :ile ! wave is retir+4 ,! =ce ( ! indraught is enorm\s1 & none b /rong m5 c )/& x4 ,floats4--,if a travell] c swim pretty well1 x is a good plan to make a float :5 he wi%es to cross a riv]1 & to lay 8 brea/ ^u x1 :ile 8 clo!s & valuables are enclos$ 9 a huge turban on 8 head4 ,9 ?is way1 he may cross ! broade/ /reams & float great di/ances d[n a riv]4 ,he may tie paddles to 8 h&s4 ,8 float may consi/ ( a faggot ( ru%es1 a log ( wood1 or any "o ( 8 empty wat]-vessels1 :e!r b>rels or bags2 = :atev] w keep wat] 91 w also keep x out4 ,! small quantity ( air1 :i* might escape ?r\gh ! sides ( a bag1 %\ld be re/or$ by bl[+ afre% into x1 dur+ ! voyage4 ,a few y>ds ( inte/9e bl[n out & ti$ "h & !re1 s z to =m s _m wat]tight comp>tm5ts1 makes a capital swimm+ belt3 x may be w\nd 9 a figure ( #h r\nd ! neck & "u ! armpits4 ,:5 employ+ empty bottles1 !y %\ld be well cork$ & made fa/ "u ! armpits1 or be /uff$ )9 ! %irt or j]sey1 & a belt ti$ r\nd ! wai/ bel[ !m1 to keep !m 9 place4 ,african ,swimm+ ,f]ry4--,! p ( ,y>iba h a s+ul> mode ( transport+ pass5g]s across riv]s & /reams1 :5 ! viol5ce & rapidity ( _! curr5ts prev5t !m f us+ canoes ) safety4 ,! pass5g] grasps ! float 7see fig471 on ! top ( :i* 8 luggage is la%$2 & a p]fect equilibrium is pres]v$1 by ! f]ry-man plac+ himself opposite ! pass5g]1 & lay+ hold ( bo? 8 arms4 ,!y be+ ?us face to face1 ! own] ( ! float propels x by /rik+ ) 8 legs4 ,! natives use z _! float two ( _! l>ge/ calaba%es1 cutt+ (f _! small ends1 & jo9+ ! op5+s face to face1 s z to =m a l>ge1 holl[1 wat]tight vessel4 ,sket* ( ,african swimm+ f]ry4 ,make%ift ,life-belt4--,a mod]ately effective life-belt may be made ( holl&1 tick+1 canvas1 or simil> mat]ials1 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 & might be us$ ) advantage by ! crew ( a vessel agr\nd "s way f ! ma9l&1 :o are ab\t to swim = _! lives3--,cut out two complete r+s1 ( #af in*es out] diamet] & #h in*es inn] diamet]2 sew ^! toge!r along bo? edges1 ) z f9e a ne$le z possible & ) d\ble ?read3 add /rong %\ld]-/raps1 s t x %all n1 by any possibility1 slip d[n ov] ! hips2 &1 la/ly1 sew into x a long n>r[ tube1 made out ( a /rip1 a foot long & two in*es wide1 ( ! same mat]ial z ! belt4 ,at ! m\? ( ?is1 a bit ( wood1 an in* long1 ) a hole bor$ d[n its middle1 %\ld be ins]t$ z a m\?piece4 ,?r\gh ?is tube ! belt c be re-inflat$ by ! swimm] :ile 9 ! wat]1 z (t5 z may be necess>y2 &1 by simply twi/+ ! tube & tuck+ its end 9 ! belt1 its v5t c always be clos$4 ,aft] a canvas belt is ?or\ghly dr5*$1 x w hold ! air v fairly3 ! seams are its weake/ p>ts4 ,= support+ a swimm] 9 calm wat]1 a coll> is z good z a belt4 ,transport on ,wat]4--,p>cels4--,! swimm]'s valuables may z well be put inside ! empty vessel t acts z 8 float1 z 9 ! turban on 8 head 7see ,floats74 ,a goat-sk9 is (t5 fill$ half full ( ! ?+s he wants to c>ry1 & is !n bl[n out & its m\? secur$4 ,a v good life-belt may be b\ght1 :i* admits ( ?is arrangem5t3 x has a l>ge op5+ at "o end1 :i* is clos$ by a brass door t %uts l ! top ( an ink/&1 & is !n q air-tight4 ,a small p>cel1 if tightly wrapp$ up 9 _m folds1 w keep dry = a long "t1 ?\gh p>tly imm]s$ 9 wat]3 ! outside ( x may be greas$1 oil$1 or wax$1 = additional security4 ,if deeply imm]s$1 ! wat] is sure to get 94 ,swimm+ ) ,horses4--,9 cross+ a deep riv]1 ) a horse or o!r l>ge animal1 drive him 93 or ev5 lead him along a /eep bank1 & pu% him sideways1 sudd5ly into ! wat]3 hav+ fairly />t$ him1 jump 9 y\rself1 seize 8 tail1 & let him t[ y across4 ,if he turns 8 head ) ! int5tion ( *ang+ 8 c\rse1 spla% wat] 9 8 face ) y\r "r or left h&1 z ! case may be1 hold+ ! tail ) "o h& & spla%+ ) ! o!r2 & y w1 9 ?is way1 direct him j z y l4 ,?is is by f> ! be/ way ( swimm+ a horse3 all o!rs are objectionable & ev5 dang]\s ) animals new to ! "w1--su* z to swim alongside ! horse1 ) "o h& on 8 %\ld]2 or1 wor/ ( all1 to reta9 y\r seat on 8 back4 ,if ?is la/ me?od be p]si/$ 91 at lea/ let ! rid] take 8 feet out ( ! /irrups1 be=e ent]+ ! wat]4 ,sket* ( horse & man cross+ riv]4 ,to float a ,wagon across a ,riv]4--,x mu/ be well balla/$1 or x w assur$ly capsize3 ! heavy cont5ts %\ld be /[$ at ! bottom2 ! plank+ la%$ to ! axletrees1 or x w float away f !m2 great bundles ( re$s & ! empty wat]-vessels %\ld be made fa/ high above all1 & !n ! wagon w cross )\t dang]4 ,:5 x is fairly "u weigh1 ! ox5 w swim x across1 pull+ 9 _! yokes4 ,wat] ,spectacles4--,:5 a man op5s 8 eyes "u wat]1 he c see no?+ di/9ctly2 b ev]y?+ is z mu* out ( focus1 z if he look$1 9 air1 ?r\gh a pair ( p[]ful spectacles t 7 utt]ly unsuit$ to him4 ,he _c di/+ui% ! lett]s ( ! l>ge/ pr9t 9 a newspap] adv]tisem5t2 he _c see ! spaces betwe5 ! out/ret*$ f+]s1 at arm's l5g?1 9 cle> wat]2 nor at a few in*es' di/ance 9 wat] t is some:at opaque4 ,i read a %ort pap] on ?is subject1 at ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfe1 9 :i* ,i %[$ ! precise cause ( ?is imp]fection ( vision & h[ x might be rem$i$4 ,if ! front ( our eyeballs _h be5 flat1 we %\ld h _h ! p[] ( see+ "u wat] z cle>ly z 9 air2 b in/ead ( be+ flat1 !y are v convex1 consequ5tly our eye /amps a concave l5s ( high p[] into ! wat]1 & x is ! see+ ?r\gh ?is concave eyeglass :i* our eyeball makes = itself1 t causes ! indi/9ctness ( our vision4 ,kn[+ ! curvature ( ! eyeball1 x is easy to calculate 7z ,i did 9 ! memoir m5tion$ above7 ! curvature ( a convex l5s ( fl9t-glass t %\ld1 :5 plung$ into wat]1 produce effects ( an exactly equal & contr>y value1 exactly neutraliz+ ! effects ( ! concave eyeglass ( wat]1 if x 7 held imm$iately 9 front ( ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,i h made sev]al exp]im5ts ) a view to obta9+ s]viceable spectacles1 = see+ "u wat]4 ,! result is z foll[s3--exp]i5ce has %[n ! di/ance f ! eyeball at :i* spectacle-glasses c be mo/ conv5i5tly plac$2 n[ at t di/ance1 ! jo9t effect ( ! concave wat]-l5s & ! convex glass spectacle-l5s1 is to produce an op]a-glass ( exce$+ly l[ magnify+ p[]1 t requires a small adju/m5t = accurate def9ition at diff]5t di/ances4 ,if ! spectacle-l5s be ( fl9t-glass & d\bly convex1 ea* ( its faces %\ld h a curvature ( n great] ?an #f #a_/b t5?s ( an in*1 nor m ?an #h #a_/b t5?s ( an in* 9 radius3 )9 ^! limits1 x is practicable to obta9 p]fectly di/9ct vision "u wat] by press+ ! spectacles =w>ds or backw>ds to a mod]ate degree4 ,l5ses ( ^! high magnify+ p[]s are sometimes sold by spectacle-mak]s1 = p]sons :o h und]gone an op]ation = cat>act4 ,i h tri$1 b hi!rto )\t mu* success1 to arrange ! fitt+s by :i* ! l5ses are secur$ s t by a movem5t ( ! jaw or by an elevation ( ! eyebr[s1 ,i c\ld give ! necess>y adju/m5t ( ! glasses1 leav+ my h&s free = ! purpose ( swimm+4 7,see also1 "u ,fi%+2' ',to see ,?+s deep "u ,wat]4'7 ,,rafts ,,& ,,boats4 ,rafts4--,rafts ( ,wood4--,rafts are made ( logs ( wood1 held toge!r by pairs ( cross-b>s1 "o ( ea* pair ly+ above ! raft & ! o!r bel[2 !n1 ! :ole may be made q firm by a little judici\s not*+ :]e! logs cross1 & a few pegs & la%+s4 ,bri]s1 woodb9es1 etc41 w d = ^!4 ,if ! logs are l>ge1 !y %\ld be sep>ately laun*$ into ! riv]1 & t[$ into _! prop] places4 ,outrigg]s va/ly increase ! /ability ( a raft4 ,! raft-fa/5+ 9 common use is %[n 9 f4 #a3 x is a /\t1 little w&1 b5t ov] ! cross piece1 & w$g$ into holes 9 ! framework4 ,sket* ( raft4 ,fig #a & ,fig #b %[ fa/5+ arrangem5ts4 ,! rafts ( ,european riv]s are usually built on %ore1 & laun*$ into ! wat]3 ?ree slides are laid = ! purpose1 on ! slop+ bank ( ! riv]2 ^u ^! are laid ! f\r poles1 secur$ toge!r by _! ends1 :i* are to =m ! framework ( ! raft 7fig4 #b74 ,o!r poles are put 9 betwe51 until ! :ole is complete4 ,bamboo rafts4--,:]e bamboo is pl5tiful1 x is pref]able to any o!r mat]ial = rafts4 ,a few bamboos la%$ into ! %ape ( an ord9>y field gate1 b ) two diagonals1 & ) h&fuls ( grass ?r[n on to make a plat=m1 is v buoyant & s]viceable4 ,float+ p[] ( v>i\s ,woods4--,! float+ p[] ( a raft dep5ds on ! buoyancy ( ! wood ( :i* x is made4 ,i give1 9 a ,table 7p4 #ij71 a li/ ( ! specific gravities ( a few well-kn[n woods2 & h annex$ to !m a column ( :at may be call$ _! specific float+ p[]s499 ,footnote 99,specific float+ p[] 7#a_/,spec4 ,gr47--#a4 7,mem41 ! ,table ( ^!1 9 previ\s editions is incorrect47 ,burd5 weight ( raft x specific float+ p[]4 ,weight ( wood requir$ to support a giv5 burd5 ,burd5 x 7,spec4 ,gr4_/#a-,spec4 ,gr472 ! la/ column gives ! latt] factor4 ,h5ce1 to f9d ! actual float+ p[] ( a raft1 x is simply necess>y to multiply its weight into ! specific float+ p[] ( ! wood ( :i* x is made4 ,?us1 a raft ( #ab logs ( l>*1 av]ag+ #cj lbs4 ea*1 weighs #cfj lbs42 ?is multipli$ by 4#dg1 is equal to #afi lbs4 v ne>ly1 :i* is ! weight ! raft w support )\t s9k+4 ,popl> is ! lighte/ on ! li/4 ,specific ,specific ,factors to be multipli$ ,gravities4 ,float+ ,p[]s4 into burd5 to f9d weight ( raft j able to support x4 ,ald]44444444 4#hj 4#be #d4j ,a%44444444444 4#he 4#ah #e4g ,bee*444444444 4#he 4#ah #e4g ,elm4444444 4#ei to 4#hj 4#gj to 4#be #a4d to #d4j ,fir444444 4#dg to 4#fj #a4ac to 4#ff #j4i to #a4e ,l>*44444 444 4#ec 4#hi #a4a ,oak44444444444 4#ge 4#cc #c4j he>t (44 #a4ag s9ks _c be us$ ,p9e44444 4#dj to 4#fc #a4ej to 4#fj #j4g to #a4g ,popl>44444444 4#ch #a4fc #j4f ,will[44444444 4#ei 4#gj #a4d ,examples3 -- a raft ( ald]1 weigh+ #bjj lbs41 w\ld j support #bjj x 4#be or #ej lbs4 ,a burd5 ( #ajj lbs4 w\ld require a raft ( ald]1 weigh+ n les ?an #ajj x #d4j1 or #djj lbs4 to support x4 ,burn+ d[n ,trees4--,:]e !re are no means at h& to fell trees1 !y %\ld be burnt d[n2 two m5 may att5d to ! burn+ ( tw5ty trees at "o & ! same "t4 ,:5 fell$1 _! tops & bran*es1 also1 are to be trimm$ by fire4 7,see ,hutt+ ,palisades47 ,re$ ,rafts4--,mr4 ,&]sson1 9 explor+ ! ,ti\ghe ,riv]1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 met ) two v simple =ms ( rafts3 ! "o 0 a va/ quantity ( re$s cut d[n1 heap$ into a /ack ( f #cj to #ej feet 9 diamet]1 pu%$ out into ! wat]1 & all[$ to float d[n /ream3 ea* day1 z ! re$s became wat]-logg$1 m 7 cut & ?r[n on ! /ack3 its great bulk made x sure ( pass+ ov] %all[ places2 & :5 x /ruck aga9/ snags1 ! =ce ( ! wat] soon slew$ x r\nd & />t$ x afre%4 ,on an affair ( ?is description1 ,mr4 ,&]sson1 ) sev5 att5dants1 & two canoes haul$ up ^u x1 desc5d$ ! riv] = five days4 ,! second re$ raft 0 a small & neat "o1 & us$ = f]ries2 x 0 a mattress ( re$s1 #e feet long1 #c broad1 & "s #h in*es ?ick1 ti$ toge!r ) /rips ( ! re$s !mselves2 to ea* ( its f\r corn]s 0 fix$ a po/1 made ( an upright faggot ( re$s1 #ah in*es high2 o!r faggots connect$ ! tops ( ! po/s horizontally1 9 ! place ( rails3 ?is 0 all2 x held "o or two m51 & no?+ b re$s or ru%es 7 us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,rafts ( di/5d$ ,hides4--,a s+le ox-hide may be made into a float capable ( su/a9+ ab\t #cjj lbs42 ! sk9 is to be cut to ! l>ge/ possible circle1 !n ga!r$ toge!r r\nd a %ort tube1 to ! inn] end ( :i* a valve1 l t ( a common pair ( bell[s1 has be5 appli$2 x is inflat$ ) bell[s1 &1 z ! air escapes by degrees1 x may be refill$ e t5 or twelve h\rs4 7',h&book = ,field ,s]vice4'7 ,we read ( ! sk9s ( animals1 /uff$ ) hay to keep !m di/5d$1 hav+ be5 us$ by ,alex&] ! ,great1 & by o!rs4 ,goatsk9 rafts are ext5sively us$ on ! ,tigris & else:]e4 ,^! are inflat$ ?r\gh "o ( ! legs3 !y are g5]ally la%$ to a framework ( wood1 bran*es1 & re$s1 9 su* a way t ! leg is accessible to a p]son sitt+ on ! raft3 :5 ! air has 9 "p escap$1 he creeps r\nd to ! sk9s1 "o aft] ! o!r1 unty+ & re-inflat+ !m 9 succession4 ,sket* fig4 #a & fig4 #b %[+ g\rd rafts4 ,african ,g\rd ,raft4--,ov] a l>ge "p ( ,bornu1 especially on its ,komadugu--! s-call$ ,riv] ,ye\ ( ,c5tral ,africa--no boat is us$1 except ! foll[+ +5i\s contrivance4 ,x is call$ a mak>a1 or boat p>em95ce4 ,two l>ge op5 g\rds are nicely balanc$1 & fix$1 bottom d[nw>ds1 on a b> or yoke ( light wood1 #d feet long1 #d #a_/b in*es wide1 & #c_/d or #a in* ?ick4 ,! fi%]man1 or travell]1 packs 8 ge> into ! g\rds2 laun*es ! mak>a into ! riv]1 & seats himself a/ride ! b>4 ,he !n paddles (f1 ) help ( 8 h&s 7fig4 #a74 ,:5 he leaves ! riv]1 he c>ries ! mak>a on 8 back 7fig4 #b74 ,! late ,dr4 ,b>? wrote to me1 ,a p]son accu/om$ to su* sort ( voyage1 sits v com=tably2 a /rang] holds on to "o ( ! calaba%es4 ,!re is no fe> ( capsiz+1 z ! calaba%es g "u wat]1 accord+ to ! weight put ^u !m1 f t5 to sixte5 in*es4 ,! yoke is firmly fa/5$ to ! two calaba%es1 = x is nev] tak5 (f4 ,i am sc>cely able1 at pres5t1 to say h[ x is fa/5$4 ,z f> z ,i rememb]1 x is fix$ by a v firm la%+1 :i* =ms a sort ( network ov] ! calaba%1 & at ! same "t s]ves to /r5g!n ! latt] & gu>d x aga9/ an accid5t4 ,x is obvi\s t ! g\rds might be replac$ by inflat$ bags or baskets1 cov]$ ) lea!r1 or by copp] or t9 vessels1 or by any o!r equival5t4 ,i q agree ) ,dr4 ,b>?1 t a mak>a w\ld be p>ticul>ly suitable = a travell]4 ,9 ,bornu1 !y make l>ge rafts1 by putt+ a frame ov] sev]al ( ^! mak>a1 plac$ side by side4 ,sket* ( sail+ boat4 ,rude ,boats4--,brazilian ,sail+-boat4--,a simpl] sail+-boat or raft c\ld h>dly be imag9$ ?an t %[n 9 ! figure2 x is us$ by fi%]m5 9 ,brazil4 ,log ,canoes are made by holl[+ out a long tree by axe & by fire1 & fa/5+ an outrigg] to "o side ( x1 to give /ead9ess 9 ! wat]4 ,recollect ,rob9son ,crusoe's difficulty 9 laun*+ 8 canoe aft] he _h made x4 7,see ,rafts ( ,wood47 ,x is n a difficult1 ?\gh a t$i\s op]ation1 to burn out holl[s 9 wood2 ! fire is conf9$ by wet e>?1 t x may n ext5d too f> to ei!r side1 & ! *>r$ matt] is f "t to "t scrap$ away1 & fre% fire rak$ back on ! newly-expos$ surface4 ,a lazy savage sill be mon?s 9 mak+ a s+le canoe 9 ?is way4 ,fig #a & fig #b sket* ( boat & patt]n4 ,canoe ( ,?ree ,planks4--,a swift1 safe1 & graceful little boat1 ) a %>p /em & /]n1 & ) a bottom t curves upw>ds at bo? ends1 c be made out ( ?ree planks4 ,! sket*1 fig4 #a1 is a =e%ort5$ view ( ! boat1 & ! diagram1 fig4 #b1 %[s ! %ape ( ! planks f :i* x is made4 ,! ?w>t or seat %[n 9 fig4 #a is important 9 giv+ ! prop] incl9ation to ! sides ( ! boat1 =1 )\t x1 !y w\ld t5d to collapse2 & ! bottom w\ld be less curv$ at ei!r end4 ,if ! read] w take ! tr\ble to trace fig4 #b on a /\t c>d1 to cut x out 9 a s+le piece 7cutt+ only half ?r\gh ! c>dbo>d :]e ! planks t\*71 & to fa/5 x into %ape ) pieces ( gumm$ pap]1 he w und]/& ! ar*itecture ( ! boat m easily ?an f any description4 ,if he wi%es to build a boat he _h be/ proce$ to make z l>ge a model 9 pa/ebo>d z 8 mat]ials admit1 & to cut ! planks to scale1 accord+ to ! patt]n ( 8 model4 ,! grace ( ! boat dep5ds on ! cut ( its planks1 j z mu* z ! elegance ( a dress does on t ( its clo?4 ,^! ?ree-plank canoes are 9 frequ5t use 9 ,norway4 ,b>k may be us$ in/ead ( planks4 ,if ! canoe be built ( five planks in/ead ( ?ree1 a second n>r[ side-plank be+ add$ above ea* gunwale1 ! section ( ! canoe is decid$ly improv$4 ,inflatable ,india-rubb] ,boats are an inv5tion t has prov$ invaluable to travell]s3 !y h be5 us$ 9 all qu>t]s ( ! globe1 & are f\nd to /& e climate4 ,a full-siz$ "o weighs only #dj lbs4 ,!y h done especial s]vice 9 ,arctic exploration2 ! wat]s ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 9 ! ,mormon c\ntry1 7 fir/ explor$ & navigat$ ) "o by ,fremont2 !y 7 also employ$ by ,dr4 ,liv+/one on ! riv]s ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,!y /& a wond]ful am\nt ( we> & te>2 b1 z boats1 !y are inf]ior to native canoes1 z !y are v sl[ 9 ! wat]3 x is1 inde$1 impossible to paddle !m aga9/ a mod]ate head-w9d4 ,= ! g5]al purposes ( travell]s1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to recomm5d z small a mac9to%-boat z c be con/ruct$2 j suffici5t = "o1 or at ! mo/ = two1 p]sons2 su* z ! cloaks t are made inflatable1 & conv]tible into boats4 ,a travell] wants a portable boat1 *iefly z means to cross ov] to a village = help1 or to c>ry 8 valuables across a riv]1 :ile ! heavy ?+s are risk$ at a =d2 or = %oot+1 fi%+1 or survey+4 ,n[ a v small boat1 weigh+ ab\t t5 p\nds1 w\ld d z well = all ^! purposes z a l>ge "o1 & w\ld be f> m portable4 ,x is p]fectly easy to get into a mac9to%-boat1 aft] hav+ be5 capsiz$ out ( x into deep wat]4 ,basket-boat ) ,canvas ,sides4--,fitz,roy gives an acc\nt ( a p>ty ( 8 sailors1 ^: boat _h be5 /ol5 :ile !y 7 encamp$1 putt+ out to sea 9 a l>ge basket1 wov5 ) su* b\ghs z 7 at h&1 & cov]$ ) _! canvas t5t--! inside ( :i* !y _h puddl$ ) clay1 to keep ! wat] f ooz+ ?r\gh too fa/4 ,!y 7 eighte5 h\rs afloat 9 ?is crazy craft4 ,i m5tion ?is in/ance1 to %[ h[ almo/ any?+ w make a boat4 ,canvas saturat$ ) grease or oil is wat]pro(1 & pa9t$ canvas is at fir/ an excell5t cov]+ = a boat1 b x soon becomes rott54 ,canoe ( ,re$s or ,vegetable ,fibre4--,a canoe may be made ( re$s1 ru%es1 or ! light inn] b>k ( trees4 ,ei!r ( ^! mat]ials is b\nd into ?ree long faggots1 po9t$ at "o end3 ^! are plac$ side by side & la%$ toge!r1 & ! result is a s]viceable vessel1 ( ! appe>ance fig4 #a1 & section z fig4 #b4 ,! ,lake ,titicaca1 :i* lies f> above ! limit ( trees1 is navigat$ by boats made ( ru%es1 & c>ry+ sails wov5 ( ru%es also4 ,little boats are sometimes made ( twigs1 & are !n pla/]$ bo? inside & outside ) clay1 b !y are v leaky4 ,fig #a & fig #b--sket*es ( re$ canoe4 ,hide ,tray4--,?is is a good contrivance2 & if ! hide be smok$ 7see ,hides7 aft] x is set1 x is va/ly improv$4 ,9 its simple/ =m1 ,p]uvian travell]s describe x z a di% or tray1 consi/+ ( a dry hide p9*$ up at ! f\r corn]s1 & ea* corn] secur$ ) a ?orn4 ,! pref]able plan is to make eyelet-holes r\nd its rim1 & pass a ?ong ?r\gh1 draw+ x pretty close3 ! tray is kept 9 %ape1 by /icks put inside & a?w>t its bottom4 ,coracle & ,sk9 ,punt4--,if a travell] has "o hide only at 8 disposal he %\ld make a coracle1 if he has two1 a punt4 ,?is la/ is a really useful boat2 "o 9 :i* v great di/ances ( riv] may be desc5d$ ) safety1 & mu* luggage tak54 ,hide boats are v light1 s9ce ! weight ( a bullock's sk9 only av]ages #de lbs42 b1 unless well greas$1 !y soon rot4 ,:5 tak5 out ( ! wat]1 !y %\ld be laid bottom upw>ds to dry4 ,to make a prop] & sub/antial coracle1 a doz5 or m oxi] or o!r w&s mu/ be cut2 ^! are to be b5t1 & h bo? ends /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 9 su* a way z to =m ! framework ( ! requir$ boat1 bottom upw>ds1 mu* l half a walnut-%ell 9 %ape1 b flatt]4 ,:]e ^! w&s cross1 !y %\ld be la%$2 & /icks %\ld be wattl$ 91 to fill up gaps4 ,a raw hide is !n ?r[n ov] ! framework1 sewn 9 place1 & left to dry4 ,f9ally1 ! project+ ends ( ! osi]s h to be cut (f4 ,%\ld ?is boat1 by any *ance1 prove a failure1 ! hide is n wa/$1 b c be remov$1 soak$ till s(t1 & us$ aga94 ,a sk9 punt requires two bullocks' or o!r hides1 & also ab\t t5 small will[-trees1 or o!r t\gh flexible wood1 #ad feet long4 ,capta9 ,pallis] says t a c\ple ( days is suffici5t = two p to complete an entire punt ( ?is description4 ,he has be5 s good z to furni% me ) ! foll[+ m9ute description ( ! way ( mak+ ?is v useful boat4 #a4 ,! keel1 /em & /]n might be 9 "o2 b because ! /em & /]n ought to be /rong1 ?is :ole l9e is made ( two small trees la%$ toge!r ) ! ?ick ends outw>ds1 z 9 fig4 #a1 :]e ,,ab is a li! clean little will[-tree1 & ab ano!r simil> "o4 ,!y are la%$ toge!r at _! tap] ends4 #b4 ,cut not*es half-way ?r\gh ,,kk1 at ab\t #bj to #be in*es f ea* end2 !n turn up ! not*$ portions1 & y h /em1 keel & /]n1 all 9 "o piece1 z 9 fig4 #b4 ,fig #a & ,fig #b sket*es4 #c4 ,/ake out ! gr\nd1 accord+ to ! size y\r boat w cov]1 by driv+ eight /rong po9t$ /akes ( wood into ! gr\nd2 to ^! la% f\r cross 7will[-tree7 /icks1 not*$ 9 two places1 s t ea* ( ^! f\r will[s %all =m two knees1 z well z run across ! bottom ( ! boat4 #d4 ,b5t two m ma9 will[s = gunwales = ! boat1 & two m = bottom rails4 ,ea* sep>ate /ick1 z w be p]ceiv$ by fig4 #c1 is la%$ 9 five diff]5t places1 & ! keep 9 eight places4 ,fig #c & ,fig #d--sket*es z describ$4 ,! ma9 framework be+ n[ complet$1 loos5 x f ! /akes driv5 into ! gr\nd4 #e4 ,fa/5 a l>ge numb] ( little sl5d] will[-twigs betwe5 ea* ( ! ma9 cross-knees1 z %[n by ! ?9 l9es 9 fig4 #c4 ,x is !n fit = cov]+4 ,lift x up l a basket1 & turn x topsy-turvy4 #f4 ,kill two bulls1 sk9 !m1 & 9 sk9n+ be c>eful to make y\r cuts 9 ! sk9 d[n ! rump to ! hock ( ! animal1 & d[n ! brisket 9 front ( ! =e-leg to ! knee1 s z to h y\r sk9s z squ>e z possible 7fig4 #d74 ,cut (f ! heads1 & sew ! sk9s toge!r at ! nape ( ! necks2 &1 :ile reek+1 cov] ! wick]-"w1 turn+ !m ov] x1 ! hairy side inw>ds1 & fa/5 x all r\nd by means ( sk9-cords4 ,cut holes ) a knife r\nd ! edges1 to pass ! cords ?r\gh1 z y la% up to ! top-rails ( ! boat4 #g4 ,leave x #bd h\rs 9 ! sun2 cov] ! seam :]e ! sk9s are sewn toge!r1 ) melt$ fat1 & ! boat is fit = use4 ,b>k ,boats4--,f a p9e1 or o!r tree1 take (f ) c>e ! longe/ possible entire portion ( ! b>k2 :ile fre% & flexible1 spread x flat z a long rectangul> %eet2 !n turn x c>efully up at ! sides1 ! smoo? side outw>ds2 sew ! ends toge!r1 & caulk !m well4 ,a few cross-/icks = ?w>ts complete ?is contrivance1 :i* is made by an ,am]ican ,indian 9 a few h\rs1 & 9 :i* ! rapid wat]s ( ! ,mack5zie are navigat$ = hundr$s ( miles4 ,ways ( /r5g!n+ ! /ructure w readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,! native mat]ial = sew+ is ! fibr\s root ( ! p9e4 7,h&book = ,field ,s]vice1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,lefroy47 ,figs ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv--sket*es z describ$4 ,bir*-b>k canoes4--,bir* b>k1 z is well kn[n1 is us$ = build+ canoes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! b>k ( _m o!r trees w\ld d = cov]+ ! framework ( a boat1 9 default ( lea!r4 ,b x is useless to give a detail$ acc\nt ( bir* canoes1 z great skill & neat execution are requir$ bo? 9 mak+ & 9 us+ !m4 ,boats ( ,%eet-t91 cov]$ ) ,pit*$ ,canvas4--,^! might be made at any ( ! outpo/s ( civilization4 ,i am indebt$ to a correspond5t1 ^: "n ,i regret exce$+ly to be unable to ins]t1 hav+ un=tunately mislaid x1 = ! foll[+ full description ( 8 %oot+-punt4 ,x w be obvi\s t 8 me?ods are applicable n only to _! pr(ess$ object1 b also to t9 boats ( any %ape :atev]4 ,=m ! bottom1 fig4 ,i41 z foll[s3--,select ! ?icke/ %eets ( t9 & sold] !m toge!r by _! n>r[e/ sides1 until z _m l5g?s are made z1 :5 laid side by side1 w be suffici5t = ! :ole l5g? & bread? ( ! figure4 ,! sold]+ %\ld be by a jo9t ( ?is k9d4 ,sket* ( jo94 ,^! l5g?s mu/ !n be sold]$ side by side by a simil> jo9t1 & ! :ole %eet ?us made1 trimm$ to ! %ape ( fig4 ,i41 c>e be+ tak5 t no two jo9ts 9 ! l5g?s %\ld be exactly opposite ea* o!r4 ,=m two o!r %eets 9 a simil> mann] = ! two sides1 & ( ! %ape ( fig4 ,,ii4 ,! dott$ l9es a b c d e f1 fig4 ,i41 %[ ! portions ( ! t9 r\nd ! edges1 #a in* wide1 :i* mu/ be turn$ up at "r angles ) ! bottom1 & to :i* ! sides are to be sold]$ on ! inside2 !y %\ld h triangul> pieces clipp$ out ( !m1 z %[n 9 ! fig41 :]e ! b5ds ( ! boat beg91 to make !m take ! curve requir$4 ,! two extra pieces at ! ends a d1 e f1 #b in*es wide1 are = turn+ d[n ov] an iron rod1 :i* is to pass r\nd ! gunwale1 to give /iffness to ! boat2 g h1 fig4 ,,ii41 is a bread? ( #b in*es ( extra t91 = ! same purpose ( turn+ d[n ov] ! iron rod4 ,ea* side is n[ to be sold]$ to ! bottom piece1 beg9n+ ) ! c5tre1 & work+ 9 to ea* end4 ,! sold]+ ( ! turn$-up edges to ! bottom1 on ! outside1 may !n be done4 ,sep>ate slips ( t9 #b in*es wide %\ld !n be b5t up longitud9ally 9 halves1 l angle-iron1 & fitt$ along ! jo9+ ( ! bottom & sides1 on ! inside1 & sold]$2 ^! slips may also be clipp$ on ei!r side1 :5 necess>y1 to make !m take ! curves4 ,! measure r\nd ! gunwale may n[ be tak5 )9 ! edge ( ! t91 & an iron rod #c_/h ( an in* ?ick1 to g r\nd ?is gunwale1 b5t to ! =m ( ! outl9e ( fig4 ,,iii41 i b k c1 :i* w n[ be t ( ! boat1 & ! ends weld$ at _! meet+4 ,suffici5t iron rod mu/ be tak5 to =m eyes at i & k to receive r+s ( #c or #d in*es diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* a pole is to be pass$1 = c>ry+ ! boat1 & = _! weld+ at ! meet+ ( ! ends4 ,! iron-rod gunwale may n[ be put 91 & ! #b in*es wid? ( t91 all[$ 9 excess on ! sides & ends ( ! bottom1 turn$ d[n closely ov] ! rod1 all r\nd & sold]$ on ! inside4 ,! side elevation ( ! boat w n[ be z w x y1 fig4 ,,iv4 ,! boat %\ld be prov$ z to be+ wat]-tight by fill+ x ) wat]1 any leak be+ /opp$ by m sold]4 ,! outside mu/ n[ be cov]$ ) pit*$ canvas1 ?us3-- ,turn x upside d[n1 9 a %elt]$ spot expos$ to ! sun1 or w>m x by o!r means1 & h a caldron ( boil+ pit* on a fire at h&1 also h suffici5t canvas sewn toge!r 9 bread?s z w q cov] ! boat1 bottom & sides2 !n1 beg9n+ across ! middle ( ! bottom1 bru% on a lay] #c or #d in*es wide ( ! boil+ pit*1 & quickly press d[n ! correspond+ c5tral portion ( ! canvas ^u x2 "w on ?us1 f ! c5tre ( ! bottom to ! ends1 lay+ on a bread? ( pit*1 & !n press+ d[n & /ret*+ a portion ( canvas ov] x2 !n turn d[n ! canvas ov] ea* side1 & pit* 9 ! same way1 butt+ out ! p>ts ( ! canvas t w\ld ov]lap too mu* at ! b5ds1 b leav+ no t9 uncov]$2 ! boat may !n be right$1 ! excess ( canvas cut (f1 & ! edge laid d[n ) pit*1 a little %ort ( ! gunwale4 ,! bottom may !n be pit*$ ov] ! canvas = #f in*es up1 & ! re/ ( ! outside1 ) ! inside1 be pa9t$ ) two or ?ree coats4 ,a floor+ ( ?9 plank+ = #c #a_/b feet ( ! c5tral portion ( ! boat mu/ n[ be made z foll[s3--,make five planks1 betwe5 #h & #i in*es wide1 to fit across ! beam ( ! boat1 & 9 ea* ( ! out] planks1 o o1 p p1 fig4 ,,iii41 fix uprights m n1 #f in*es high1 to support a seat1 mortis$ on ! pair ( uprights 9 ea* bo>d2 ! ends ( ea* seat %\ld be %ort ( ! bread? ( ! boat by an in* or s1 s z n to be> aga9/ ! sides2 !n lay d[n two ribs ( t\gh wood1 fitt$ to be> equally across ! plank+1 on ea* side1 z rs1 r#a s#a1 & screw ea* end ( !m d[n to ! out] planks only4 ,wood5 cleats c be fix$ on ea* bo>d at t t1 ea* to receive ! butts ( two guns1 :ile _! b>rels lie 9 holl[s =m$ 9 ! cu%ions ( ! seat opposite !m1 s t ! r[] c put d[n 8 paddles & take up 8 gun in/antly2 /eps = a ma/ c be also contriv$ at ! same po9ts4 ,! woodwork is to be also well pa9t$2 x c be tak5 out ) ease1 z x is n[h]e connect$ ) ! t9 ( ! boat4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t no projections 9 ?is woodwork1 su* z screw-heads1 etc41 %\ld *afe ! t91 & t x %\ld be always kept well pa9t$4 ,! boat1 ( :i* ?is is a description1 drew #b #a_/b in*es wat] ) "o p]son 91 ) two guns & ammunition1 etc42 x 0 furni%$ ) two %ort paddles1 :i* 7 ti$ by a %ort l5g? ( /r+ to ! sides1 s z to be dropp$ )\t loss ( "t on tak+ up ! gun to fire2 ! boat turn$ ) ! greate/ ease1 by "o back+ & pull+ /roke ( ! two paddles1 & 0 v /iff 9 ! wat]4 ,iron r[locks 7 fitt$ to x1 on ! outside at b1 e1 fig4 ,i4 7,i d n give ! diagram by :i* ! au?or illu/rat$ 8 description2 ! r[locks 7 appli$ to ! sides ( ! boat1 & ea* r[lock 0 secur$ to ! side by ?ree bolts47 ,! two upp] bolts _h claw-heads to seize ! iron-rod gunwale on ! inside1 & a piece ( wood 0 fitt$ on ! inside1 ?r\gh :i* ! ?ree bolts pass$1 to give sub/ance = _! hold1 _! nuts 7 on ! outside4 ,) ^! r[locks two o>s ( #g feet long 7 us$4 ,! bread? betwe5 ! horns %\ld be only j en\gh to admit ! o>s4 ,?is boat c\ld be c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( two p]sons1 :5 susp5d$ on a pole pass$ ?r\gh ! end r+s1 = a di/ance ( twelve or fifte5 miles daily1 ) guns & ammunition /[$ 9 x4 ,x c\ld be fir$ f1 /&+1 )\t risk1 & be pol$ ov] m>%y gr\nd b>ely cov]$ ) wat]1 or dragg$ ) ease by ! p]son seat$ 9 x1 ?r\gh high re$s1 by grasp+ a h&ful on ea* side & haul+ on !m4 ,a rudd] 0 unnecess>y4 ,x 0 9 use = m ?an ?ree ye>s1 & ) due c>e 9 gett+ 9 & out1 on a r\gh %ore1 & by keep+ x well pa9t$ & pit*$1 x nev] leak$ or became impair$ 9 any way4 ,boats4--,( ,wood4--,engli%-made boats h be5 c>ri$ by explor]s = great di/ances on :eels1 b seldom seem to h done mu* useful s]vice4 ,!y w\ld travel easie/ if slung & made fa/ 9 a /rong wood5 crate or framework1 to be fix$ on ! body ( ! c>riage4 ,a :ite cov]+ is necess>y = a wood5 boat1 on acc\nt ( ! sun3 bo? boat & cov]+ %\ld be frequ5tly exam9$4 ,mr4 ,ri*>dson & 8 p>ty took a boat1 divid$ 9 f\r qu>t]s1 on camel-back across ! ,sah>a1 all ! way f ! ,m$it]ranean to ,lake ,t*ad4 ,a portable framework ( metal tubes1 to be cov]$ ) india-rubb] %eet+ on arrival1 0 sugge/$ to me by a v compet5t au?ority1 ! late ,mr4 ,m',gregor ,laird4 ,copp] boats h be5 mu* recomm5d$1 because an accid5tal d5t1 h[ev] sev]e x may be1 c be beat5 back aga9 )\t do+ injury to ! metal4 ,"o ( ! boats 9 ,mr4 ,lyn*'s exp$ition d[n ! ,jordan 0 made ( copp]4 ,corrugat$ ,iron makes excell5t boats = travell]s2 !y are /amp$ by ma*9]y3 ,burton took "o ( !m to ,zanzib>4 ,!y 7 widely adv]tis$ "s t5 ye>s ago1 b !y nev] came into g5]al use1 & ,i d n "k :]e !y c n[ be procur$4 ,canoes4--,! e>li] exploits ( ! ',rob ,roy' canoe ju/ly attract$ mu* att5tion1 & num]\s canoe voyages h subsequ5tly be5 made4 ,! ,canoe ,club is n[ a consid]able in/itution1 _m ( ^: memb]s make ye>ly improvem5ts 9 ! designs ( _! crafts4 ,al?\gh canoes are delicately built & app>5tly fragile1 exp]i5ce has amply prov$ t !y c /& an extraord9>y am\nt ( h>d usage 9 ! h&s ( c>eful travell]s4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x is by no means ! heavie/ & mo/ solid ?+s t endure ! be/4 ,if a lightly-made app>atus c be secur$ f ! risk ( heavy ?+s fall+ ^u x1 x w outla/ a heavy app>atus t %akes to pieces "u ! j> ( its own weight4 ,a hole cut 9 ! squ>e sail enables ! voyag] to see ahead4 ,to c>ry on ,horseback4--,mr4 ,macgregor1 :5 9 ,syria1 took two /rong poles1 ea* #af feet long1 & ab\t #c in*es ?ick at ! l>g] end4 ,^! 7 plac$ on ! gr\nd #b feet ap>t1 & across !m1 at #c feet f ea* end1 he la%$ two /\t /aves1 ab\t #d feet long4 ,!n a lead+ horse 0 select$1 t is1 "o us$ to lead c>avans1 & on 8 back a l>ge bag ( /raw 0 well gir!d & flatt5$ d[n4 ,! frame 0 firmly ti$ on ?is1 & ! canoe1 wrapp$ 9 c>pets1 0 plac$ on ! frame4 ,?is simple me?od 0 us$ = ?ree mon?s ov] s& & sn[1 rock & jungle1 mud & m>%--any:]e inde$ t a horse c\ld g4 ,! frame 0 elevat$ 9 front1 s z to all[ ! horse's head "s room "u ! boat's keel4 ,two gir?-/raps kept ! canoe firmly 9 position above1 & c>pets 7 us$ z cu%ions "u its bilge4 ,a boy l$ ! horse1 & a /rong man 0 told (f to hold fa/ to ! canoe 9 e difficulty4 ,x w be se51 t 9 ! ev5t ( a fall1 ! corn]s ( ! framework w\ld receive ! %ock1 n ! canoe4 ,boat+ ,ge>4--,an*ors may be made ( wood weight$ ) /ones4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! an*or us$ by ,brazilian fi%]m5 ) _! rude boat or sail+-raft already describ$4 ,fig4 #b %[s ano!r sort ( an*or t is 9 common use 9 ,norway4 ,ma/4--,:]e !re is difficulty 9 /epp+ a ma/1 use a b> across ! ?w>ts & two poles1 "o la%$ at ei!r end ( x1 & com+ toge!r to a po9t above4 ,?is triangle takes ! place ( %r\ds =e & aft4 ,x is a v conv5i5t rig = a boat ) an outrigg]3 ! ,sooloo pirates use x4 ,fig4 #b--sket* ( an*or4 ,outrigg] ,irons4--,mr4 ,gilby in=ms me t he has travell$ ) a pair ( light sculls & outrigg] irons1 :i* he 0 able to adapt to _m k9ds ( rude boats4 ,he f\nd !m ( mu* s]vice 9 ,egypt4 ,keels are tr\blesome to make3 lee-bo>ds are effective sub/itutes1 & are easily add$ to a rude boat or punt :5 x is desir$ to rig h] z a sail+-craft4 ,rudd]4--,a rude o> makes ! mo/ p[]ful1 ?\gh n ! mo/ conv5i5t rudd]4 ,9 ! lakes ( ,nor? ,italy1 :]e ! w9ds are /eady1 ! heavy boats h a b> ^u :i* ! till] ( ! rudd] re/s3 ?is b> is full ( small not*es2 & ! bottom ( ! till]1 at ! place :]e x re/s on ! b>1 is furni%$ ) a blunt knife-edge2 ! till] is n /iffly jo9$ to ! rudd]1 b admits ( a little play up & d[n4 ,:5 ! boatman f9ds t ! boat /e]s /eadily1 he simply drops ! till]1 :i* =?) falls into ! not* bel[ x1 :]e x is held tight until ! /e]sman c>es to take ! till] into 8 h& aga94 ,buoys4--,an excell5t buoy to m>k out a passage is simply a small pole an*or$ by a rope at ! end4 ,x is v readily se51 & exposes s little surface to ! w9d & wat]1 t x is n easily wa%$ away4 ,a pole ( ! ?ickness ( a walk+-/ick is mu* us$ 9 ,sw$54 ,su* a buoy co/s only a rope1 a /ick1 & a /one4 ,a tuft ( ! small-bran*es may be left on ! top ( ! pole4 ,log4--,= a log use a conical canvas bag ?us-- ,sket* ( bag 9 two positions4 ,:5 ! peg is drawn out by ! usual j]k1 ! bag no long] pres5ts its m\? to ! wat]1 b is easily drawn 9 by ! l9e atta*$ to its po9t4 ,boat ,build+4--,caulk+4--,almo/ any?+ t is fibr\s does = caulk+ ! seams ( a boat4 ,! inn] b>k ( trees is "o ( ! readie/ mat]ials4 ,secur+ ,planks4--,9 default ( nails1 x is possible to drill or to burn holes 9 ! planks & to sew !m toge!r ) /rips ( hide1 woodb9e1 or /r+ made f ! inn] b>k ( fibr\s trees4 ,holes may be drill$ on precisely ! same pr9ciple z t :i* ,i h describ$ 9 mak+ fire by friction4 ,l5g!n+ ,boats4--,if y h an ord9>y boat1 & wi% to make x ( great] burd51 saw x 9 half & l5g!n x4 ,comp>atively co>se c>p5t]+ is good en\gh = ?is purpose4 ,boat ,managem5t4--,haul+ boats on ,%ore4--,to haul up a boat on a b>r5 %ore1 ) b a few h&s1 lay out ! an*or ahead ( h] to make fa/ y\r pur*ase to2 or back ! body ( a wagon und]nea? ! boat z %e floats1 & s draw h] out ^u :eels4 ,a make-%ift framework1 on small solid :eels1 has be5 us$ & recomm5d$4 ,t[+4--,a good way ( fa/5+ a t[-rope to a boat t has no ma/ is %[n 9 ! diagram1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is v co>sely drawn4 ,a curv$ pole is la%$ alongside "o ( ! knees ( ! boat1 & ! t[-rope1 pass+ ) a turn or two r\nd its end1 is c>ri$ on to ! /]n ( ! boat4 ,by tak+ a few turns1 m or less1 ) ! rope r\nd ! /ick1 ! l9e ( action ( ! t[-rope on ! boat's axis may be prop]ly adju/$4 ,:5 all is "r ! boat ought to /e] h]self4 ,sket* ( boat be+ t[$4 ,:5 ,caught by a ,gale recollect t a boat w lie-to & live ?r\gh almo/ any wea!r1 if y c make a bundle ( a few sp>e sp>s1 o>s1 etc41 & secure !m to ! boat's head1 s z to float 9 front ( & across ! b[4 ,!y w act v s5sibly z a breakwat]1 & w always keep ! boat's head t[>ds ! w9d4 ,kroom5 rig out ?ree o>s 9 a triangle1 la% ! boat's sail to x1 ?r[ ov]bo>d1 aft] mak+ fa/1 & pay out z mu* l9e z !y c mu/]4 ,by mak+ a canvas half-deck to an op5 boat1 y mu* increase its safety 9 brok5 wat]2 & if x be made to lace d[n ! c5tre1 x c be roll$ up on ! gunwale1 & be out ( ! way 9 f9e wea!r4 ,9 ,float+ d[n a ,/ream :5 ! w9d bl[s "r aga9/ y 7& on riv]s ! w9d ne>ly always bl[s "r up or "r d[n71 a plan g5]ally employ$ is to cut l>ge bran*es1 to make !m fa/ to ! front ( ! boat1 weight !m t !y may s9k l[ 9 ! wat]1 & ?r[ !m ov]bo>d4 ,! =ce ( ! /ream act+ on ^! bran*es w m ?an c\nt]balance t ( ! w9d ^u ! boat4 ,= want ( bran*es1 a k9d ( wat]-sail is sometimes made ( canvas4 ,/e]+ 9 ! ,d>k4--,9 d>k nights1 :5 on a riv] runn+ ?r\gh p9e =e/s1 ! mid /ream canbe kept by occasionally /rik+ ! wat] %>ply ) ! blade ( ! o>1 & li/5+ to ! e*oes4 ,!y %\ld rea* ! e> simultane\sly1 or ne>ly s1 f ei!r bank4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 vessels h be5 /e]$ out ( dang] :5 caught by a d5se fog close to a rocky coa/4 ,awn+4--,! be/ is a wagon-ro( awn+1 made simply ( a c\ple ( p>allel poles1 into :i* ! ends ( ! b5t ribs ( ! ro( are set1 )\t any o!r cross-pieces4 ,?is ro( %\ld be ( two feet l>g] span ?an ! wid? ( ! boat1 & %\ld re/ ^u prolongations ( ! ?w>ts1 or else ^u crook$ knees ( wood4 ,"o arm ( ea* ( ! knees is upright1 & is made fa/ to ! inside ( ! boat1 :ile ! o!r is horizontal & projects outside x3 x is on ^! horizontal & project+ arms t ! ro( re/s1 & to :i* x is la%$4 ,su* an awn+ is airy1 roomy1 & does n int]f]e ) r[+ if ! r[locks are fix$ to ! poles4 ,x also makes an excell5t cab9 = sleep+ 9 at night4 ,sail ,t5t4--,a boat's sail is turn$ into a t5t by erect+ a gable-%ap$ framework3 ! ma/ or o!r sp> be+ ! ridge-pole1 & a pair ( cross$ o>s la%$ toge!r support+ x at ei!r end2 & ! :ole is made /able by a c\ple ( ropes & pegs4 ,!n ! sail is ?r[n across ! ridge-pole 7n ov] ! cross$ loops ( ! o>s1 = !y w\ld fret x71 & is pegg$ out bel[4 ,! natural fall ( ! canvas b5ds to close ! two ends1 z ) curta9s4 ,sket* ( t5t4 ,tree-snakes4--,:]e ^! ab\nd1 travell]s on riv]s ) ov]hang+ bran*es %\ld bew>e ( keep+ too ne> in%ore1 le/ ! rigg+ ( ! boat %\ld bru% d[n ! snakes4 ,,=ds ,,& ,,bridges4 ,=ds4--,9 =d+ a swift /ream1 c>ry heavy /ones 9 y\r h&1 = y require weight to resi/ ! =ce ( ! curr5t3 inde$1 ! deep] y wade1 ! m weight y require2 ?\gh y h s mu* ! less at comm&1 on acc\nt ( ! wat] buoy+ y up4 ,riv]s _c be =d$ if _! dep? exce$s #c feet = m5 or #d feet = horses4 ,=ds are easily discov]$ by typ+ a s\nd+-pole to ! /]n ( a boat r[+ d[n ! middle ( ! /ream1 & se>*+ ^? places :]e ! pole t\*es ! bottom4 ,:5 no boat is to be _h1 =ds %\ld be tri$ = :]e ! riv] is broad r ?an :]e x is n>r[1 & especially at ^? places :]e !re are b5ds 9 its c\rse4 ,9 ^! ! l9e ( %all[ wat] does n run /raight across1 b foll[s ! direction ( a l9e connect+ a promontory on "o side to ! ne>e/ promontory on ! o!r1 z 9 ! draw+2 t is to say1 f ,a to ,b1 or f ,b to ,c1 & n "r across f ,b to b1 f ,a to a1 or f ,c to c4 ,along holl[ curves1 asa1 b1 c1 ! /ream runs deep1 & usually b5ea? ov]hang+ banks2 :il/ 9 front ( promontories1 z at ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 ! wat] is inv>iably %oal1 unless x be a jutt+ rock t makes ! promontory4 ,!re=e1 by ent]+ ! /ream at "o promontory1 ) ! int5tion ( leav+ x at ano!r1 y ensure t at all ev5ts ! beg9n+ & end ( y\r c\rse %all be 9 %all[ wat]1 :i* y _c d by attempt+ any o!r l9e ( passage4 ,sket* ( riv] z describ$4 ,to ,cross ,boggy & ,unc]ta9 ,gr\nd4--,swamps4--,:5 y wi% to take a wagon across a deep1 miry1 & re$y swamp1 outspan & leg ! cattle fe$4 ,!n cut faggots ( re$s & /rew !m ?ickly ov] ! l9e ( int5d$ passage4 ,:5 pl5ty are laid d[n1 drive ! cattle backw>ds & =w>ds1 & !y w trample !m 94 ,repeat ! process two or ?ree times1 till ! causeway is firm en\gh to be> ! weight ( ! wagon4 ,or1 9 default ( re$s1 cut long poles & sev]al %ort cross-b>s1 say ( two fee long2 jo9 ^! z be/ y c1 s z to make a c\ple ( ladd]-%ap$ frames4 ,place ^! across ! mud1 "o "u ! int5d$ track ( ea* :eel4 ,faggots /rewn betwe5 ea* r\nd ( ! ladd] w make ! causeway m s\nd4 ,a succession ( logs1 laid crosswise ) faggots betwe5 !m1 w also d1 b n s well4 ,pass+ f ,h& to ,h&4--,:5 _m ?+s h to be convey$ across a piece ( abom9ably bad road--z ov] s&-dunes1 heavy %+le1 mud ( two feet deep1 a morass1 a jagg$ m\nta9 tract1 or ov] /epp+-/ones 9 ! b$ ( a ru%+ torr5t--x is a great wa/e ( lab\r to make lad5 m5 travel to & fro ) loads on _! backs4 ,x is a sev]e ex]tion to walk at all "u ^! circum/ances1 lett+ along ! lab\r ( also c>ry+ a burd54 ,! m5 %\ld be /ation$ 9 a l9e1 ea* at a di/ance ( six or sev5 feet f 8 neighb\r1 & %\ld pass ! ?+s f h& to h&1 z !y /&4 ,plank ,roads4--,miry1 boggy l9es ( road1 along :i* p _h be5 se5 = mon?s crawl+ l flies across a plate ( treacle1 are sudd5ly1 & ,i may almo/ say magically1 conv]t$ into a road z h>d & good z ,reg5t ,/reet by ! foll[+ simple process1 :i* is usually adopt$ z soon z ! feeble funds ( ! "y colony c pur*ase ! bless+4 ,a small gang ( m51 ) spades & ramm]s1 quickly level "o end ( ! e>? road4 ,z fa/ z !y proce$1 f\r or five r[s ( /rong beams or sleep]s1 :i* h be5 br\ght 9 ! light wagons ( ! c\ntry1 are laid d[n longitud9ally1 f\r or five feet asund]2 & no soon] are !y 9 position ?an f o!r wagons /\t planks1 t\*+ ea* o!r1 are transv]sely laid ^u !m4 ,f a ?ird s]ies ( wagons1 a ?9 lay] ( s& or grit is ?r[n ^u ! planks1 :i* in/antly assume ! appe>ance ( a m level ,mc,adam road ?an 9 practice c ev] be obta9$4 ,^u ?is new-born road ! wagons c>ry+ ! sleep]s1 planks1 & s&1 convey1 ) p]fect ease1 ^! ?ree descriptions ( mat]ials = its cont9uance4 ,! "w advances lit]ally ab\t z fa/ z an old g\ty g5tleman c walk2 & z soon z x is complet$1 !re c sc>cely exi/ a m /rik+ contra/ ?an betwe5 ! two t5ses ( :at x 0 & :at x is4 ,?is 'plank road1' z x is t]m$ 9 ,am]ica1 usually la/s f eight to twelve ye>s2 & z x is f\nd q unnecess>y to spike ! planks to ! sleep]s1 ! arrangem5t admits ( easy repair1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is b seldom requir$4 7,sir ,francis ,head1 9 ,times1 ,jan4 #be47 ,sn[4--,sir ,r4 ,dalyell tells me t x is ! practice ( mulete]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,erz]\m1 :5 _! animals lose _! way & fl\nd] 9 ! deep sn[1 to spread a horse-clo? or o!r ?ick rug f (f _! packs ^u ! sn[ 9 front ( !m4 ,! animals /ep ^u x & extricate !mselves easily4 ,i h practis$ walk+ across deep sn[-drifts on ?is pr9ciple1 ) p]fect success4 ,weak ,ice4--,wat] t is slightly froz5 is made to be> a heavy wagon1 by cutt+ re$s1 /rew+ !m ?ickly on ! ice1 & p\r+ wat] ^u !m2 :5 ! :ole is froz5 into a firm mass ! process mu/ be repeat$4 ,bridges4--,fly+ ,bridges are well kn[n3 a long cord or *a9 ( poles is made fa/ to a rock or an an*or 9 ! middle ( a riv]4 ,! o!r end is atta*$ to ! f]ry-boat :i* be+ s slew$ z to receive ! =ce ( ! curr5t obliquely1 trav]ses ! riv] f side to side4 ,bridges ( ,fell$ ,trees4--,if y are at ! side ( a n>r[ b deep & rapid riv]1 on ! banks ( :i* trees gr[ long en\gh to rea* across1 "o or m may be fell$1 conf9+ ! trunk to its own bank1 & lett+ ! curr5t =ce ! head r\nd to ! opposite side2 b if ! riv] be too wide to be spann$ by "o tree--& if two or ?ree m5 c 9 any mann] be got across--let a l>ge tree be fell$ into ! wat] on ea* side1 & plac$ close to ! banks opposite to ea* o!r1 ) _! heads ly+ up-/reamw>ds4 ,fa/5 a rope to ! head ( ea* tree1 conf9e ! trunks1 %ove ! head (f to receive ! =ce ( ! curr5t1 & ease (f ! ropes1 s t ! bran*es may meet 9 ! middle ( ! riv] at an angle po9t+ upw>ds4 ,! bran*es ( ! trees w be jamm$ toge!r by ! =ce ( ! curr5t1 & s be suffici5tly unit$ z to =m a tol]able communication1 especially :5 a few ( ! upp] bran*es h be5 cle>$ away4 ,if insuffici5t1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! riv]1 to be> ! weight ( m5 cross+1 a few /akes ) ! =ks left ne> _! heads1 may be ?ru/ d[n ?r\gh ! bran*es ( ! trees to support !m4 7,sir ,h4 ,d\glas47 ,,clo?+4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,!re are su* inf9ite v>ieties ( dress1 t ,i %all only attempt a few g5]al rem>ks & give a s+le co/ume1 t a travell] ( great exp]i5ce _h us$ to 8 complete satisfaction4 ,! milit>y au?orities ( diff]5t nations h long made x _! /udy to comb9e 9 ! be/ mann] ! requirem5ts ( h&some effect1 ( *eapness1 & ( s]viceability 9 all climates1 b ,i fe> _! results w n greatly help ! travell]1 :o looks m to s]viceability ?an to any?+ else4 ,( late ye>s1 ev5 ,g>ibaldi ) 8 r$-%irt$ volunte]s1 & ,alp9e m5 ) _! simple outfit1 h approa*$ m ne>ly to a travell]'s ideal4 ,mat]ials = ,clo!s4--,flannel4--,! importance ( flannel next ! sk9 c h>dly be ov]rat$3 x is n[ a matt] ( /ati/ics2 =1 dur+ ! progress ( exp$itions1 notes h be5 made ( ! numb] ( names ( ^? 9 !m :o _h provid$ !mselves ) flannel1 & ( ^? :o _h n4 ,! li/ ( sick & dead always includ$ names f ! latt] li/ 9 a v great proportion4 ,cotton is pref]able to flannel = a s$5t>y life1 9 hot damp c\ntries1 or :]e flannel irritates ! sk94 ,p]sons :o are resid5t 9 ! tropics1 & dress 9 civilis$ co/ume1 mo/ly we> cotton %irts4 ,l95 by univ]sal cons5t is a dang]\s dress :]ev] !re is a *ance ( mu* p]spiration1 = x /rikes cold ^u ! sk9 :5 x is wet4 ,! t]ror ( ,swiss guides ( ! old s*ool at a c\p d'air on ! m\nta9 top1 & ( ,italians at ! *ill ( sund[n1 is l>gely due to _! we>+ l95 %irts4 ,^? :o are dress$ 9 flannel are f> less s5sitive to ^! influ5ces4 ,lea!r is ! only safegu>d aga9/ ! /rong] k9ds ( ?orns4 ,9 pa/oral & 9 hunt+ c\ntries x is always easy to procure sk9s ( a t\gh quality t h be5 neatly dress$ by h&4 ,also x w be easy to f9d p]sons capable ( sew+ !m toge!r v neatly1 aft] y h cut !m out to ! patt]n ( y\r old clo!s4 ,b>k ,clo? is us$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! "w4 ,x is simply a piece ( "s k9d ( peculi>ly fibr\s b>k2 9 ,unyoro1 ,sir ,s4 ,bak] says1 ! natives use ! b>k ( a species ( fig-tree4 ,!y soak x 9 wat] & !n beat x ) a mallet1 to get rid ( all ! h>d] p>ts2--mu* z hemp is prep>$4 ,9 appe>ance x mu* resembles corduroy1 & is ! col\r ( tann$ lea!r3 ! f9] qualities are peculi>ly s(t to ! t\*1 z ?\gh ( wov5 cotton4 ,effect ( col\r on w>m? ( clo?+4--,d>k col\rs become hott] ?an light col\rs 9 ! sun%9e1 b !y are n hott] "u any o!r circum/ances4 ,consequ5tly a p]son :o aims at equable temp]ature1 %\ld we> light col\rs4 ,light col\rs are f> ! be/ = sport+ purposes1 z !y are usually mu* less conspicu\s ?an black or rifle-gre54 ,almo/ all wild bea/s are tawny or fawn-col\r$1 or tabby1 or ( "s nondescript hue & patt]n3 if an animal 7 born ) a m decid$ col\r1 he w\ld soon p]i% = want ( ability to conceal himself4 ,w>m? ( diff]5t ,mat]ials4--,! indefatigable ,rum=d made an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! conductivity ( ! sub/ances us$ 9 clo?+4 ,8 me?od 0 ?is3--,a m]curial !rmomet] 0 susp5d$ 9 ! axis ( a cyl9drical glass tube end+ ) a globe1 9 su* a mann] t ! c5tre ( ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] occupi$ ! c5tre ( ! globe2 ! space betwe5 ! int]nal surface ( ! globe & ! bulb 0 fill$ ) ! sub/ance ^: conductive p[] 0 to be det]m9$2 ! in/rum5t 0 !n heat$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & aft]w>ds1 be+ plung$ into a freez+ mixture ( p\nd$ ice & salt1 ! times ( cool+ d[n #acf degrees ,fahr4 7 not$4 ,!y are record$ 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,surr\nd$ ) -- ,seconds4 ,twi/$ silk4444444444444444444444444444444444 #iag ,f9e l9t4444444444444444444444444444444444444 #ajcb ,cotton wool4444444444444444444444444444444444 #ajdf ,%eep's wool4444444444444444444444444444444444 #aaah ,taffety44444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #aafi ,raw silk444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 #abfd ,beav]'s fur4444444444444444444444444444444444 #abif ,eid] d[n444444444444444444444444444444444444 #acje ,h>e's fur444444444444444444444444444444444444 #acab ,wood a%es444444444444444444444444444444444444 #ibg ,*>coal444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 #icg ,lamp-black44444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #aaag ,among ! sub/ances "h exam9$1 h>e's fur (f]$ ! greate/ imp$im5t to ! transmission ( ! heat4 ,! transmission ( heat is p[]fully influ5c$ by ! me*anical /ate ( ! body ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,! raw & twi/$ silk ( ,rum=d's table illu/rate ?is 7,pr(4 ,tyndall on ,heat47 ,wat]pro( ,clo?4--,clo? is made p>tly wat]pro( by rubb+ soap-suds into x 7on ! wrong side71 & work+ !m well 93 & :5 dry1 do+ ! same ) a solution ( alum2 ! soap is by ?is means decompos$1 & ! oily "p ( x di/ribut$ among ! fibres ( ! clo?4 7,see ,t>paul9s47 ,incombu/ible ,/uffs4--,i extract ! foll[+ p>agraph f a newspap]4 ,p]sons :o make mu* use ( musquito curta9s1 w be glad to read x4 ',! ,rp]toire de ,*imie ,pure et ,appliquee' publi%es ! foll[+ rem>ks by ! celebrat$ *emi/s1 ,,mm4 ,db]e9] & ,oesn]1 on ! v>i\s me?ods = r5d]+ /uffs incombu/ible1 or at lea/ less inflammable ?an !y naturally are4 ,! sub/ances employ$ = ?is purpose are borax1 alum1 soluble glass1 & phosphate ( ammonia4 ,= wood & common /uffs1 any "o ( ^! salts w d2 b f9e & light tissues1 :i* are j ^? mo/ liable to cat*+ fire1 _c be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,borax r5d]s f9e textile fabrics /iff2 x causes du/1 & w swell out "u ! smoo?+-iron2 s does alum1 beside weak5+ ! fibres ( ! /uff1 s z to make x te> easily4 ,soluble glass bo? /iff5s & weak5s ! /uff1 depriv+ x bo? ( ela/icity & t5acity4 ,phosphate ( ammonia alone has none ( ^! inconv5i5ces4 ,x may be mix$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( sal-ammoniac1 & !n introduc$ into ! />* prep>$ = /iff5+ ! l952 or else x may be dissolv$ 9 #bj p>ts ( wat]1 9 weight1 to "o ( phosphate1 & ! /uff /eep$ into ! solution1 !n all[$ to dry1 & iron$ z usual4 ,phosphate ( ammonia is *eap en\gh to all[ ( its introduction into common use1 s t x may be employ$ at ea* wa%4 ,phosphate ( ammonia is obta9$ by saturat+ ! biphosphate ( lime ) liquid ammonia4 ,sew+ ,mat]ials4--,an outfit ( sew+ mat]ials consi/s ( ne$les & ?read2 scissors2 tailor's ?imble2 wax2 canvas ne$les1 includ+ ! small] sizes :i* are id5tical ) glove ne$les & are us$ = sew+ lea!r2 tw9e2 a palm2 awls = cobbl+1 bo? /raight & curv$2 cobbl]'s wax2 &1 possibly1 bri/les4 ,! ne$les & awls 9 use are conv5i5tly c>ri$ 9 "s k9d ( metal tube1 ) wads ( cork at ei!r end1 to pres]ve _! po9ts4 7,see also ! *apt] on ,?read1 = /it*es1 etc47 ,articles ( ,dress4--,hats & ,caps4--,!re is no p]fect head-dress2 b ,i notice t old travell]s 9 bo? hot & temp]ate c\ntries h g5]ally adopt$ a scanty wide-awake4 ,mr4 ,oswell1 ! ,s\? ,african sportsman & travell]1 us$ = ye>s1 & /rongly recomm5d$ to me1 a brimless hat ( f9e ,panama grass1 :i* he _h sewn z a l9+ to an ord9>y wide-awake4 ,i regret ,i h _h no opportunity ( try+ ?is comb9ation1 b c easily believe t ! t\* ( ! cool1 smoo? grass1 to ! wet br[1 w\ld be m agreeable ?an t ( any o!r mat]ial4 ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion ,pi? hats 7to be b\ght "u ! ,op]a ,colonnade1 ,pall ,mall71 ,indian topees1 & ,engli% hunt+-caps1 z hav+ sev]ally _m m]its4 ,a musl9 turban twi/$ into a rope & roll$ r\nd ! hat is a common plan to keep ! sun f ! head & sp9e3 x c also be us$ z a rope on an em]g5cy4 ,coat4--,9 n9e cases out ( t51 a /rong b n too ?ick twe$ coat is ! be/ = r\gh "w4 ,9 a v ?orny c\ntry1 a lea!r coat is almo/ ess5tial4 ,a bl\se1 cut %ort s z to cle> ! saddle1 is neat1 cool1 & easy1 :e!r z a rid+ or walk+ co/ume4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! travell] w *iefly sp5d 8 life 9 8 %irt-sleeves1 & w only use 8 coat :5 he wants extra w>m?4 ,to c>ry a ,coat4--,!re are two ways4 ,! fir/ is to fold x small & /rap x to ! belt4 ,if ! coat be a light "o x c be c>ri$ v neatly & com=tably 9 ?is way1 ly+ 9 ! small ( ! back4 ,! second is ! contrivance ( a fri5d ( m9e1 an em95t s*ol> & div9e1 :o always employs x 9 8 vacation rambles4 ,x is to pass an ord9>y /rap1 once r\nd ! middle ( ! coat & a second "t r\nd bo? ! coat & ! left arm j above ! elb[1 & !n to buckle x4 ,! coat hangs v com=tably 9 its place & does n hamp] ! movem5ts ( ! left arm4 ,x requires no fur!r c>e1 except t aft] a few m9utes x w g5]ally be f\nd advisable to buckle ! /rap "o hole tight]4 ,a coat c>ri$ 9 ?is way w be f\nd to attract no att5tion f pass]s by4 ,wai/coats are m conv5i5t = _! pockets ?an = _! w>m?4 ,:5 travell+ 9 c\ntries :]e pap]s h to be c>ri$1 an inside pocket betwe5 ! l9+ & ! wai/coat1 ) a button to close x1 is extremely useful4 ,lett]s ( cr$it & pap] money c be c>ri$ 9 x m safely ?an 9 any o!r pocket4 ,tr\s]s4--,if y are likely to h mu* rid+1 take extra lea!r or molesk9 tr\s]s1 or twe$ cov]$ d[n ! inside ( ! legs ) lea!r1 su* z cavalry soldi]s g5]ally we>4 ,lea!r is a bett] protection ?an molesk9 aga9/ ?orns2 b n s s]viceable aga9/ wet3 x w f> outla/ molesk94 ,!re %\ld be no hem to ! legs ( tr\s]s1 z x reta9s ! wet4 ,wat*-pocket4--,h x made ( mac9to%1 to save ! wat* f p]spiration4 ,! a/ronom]-royal ( ,cape ,t[n1 ,sir ,t4 ,macle>1 :o _h consid]able exp]i5ce ( ! bu% :5 measur+ an arc ( ! m]idian1 ju/ly rem>k$ to me on ! advantage ( frequ5tly turn+ ! wat*-pocket inside out1 to get rid ( ! fluff & du/ t collects 9 x & is o!rwise sure to ent] ! wat*-case4 ,socks4--,! hott] ! gr\nd on :i* y h to walk1 ! ?ick] %\ld be y\r socks4 ,^! %\ld be ( wooll51 :]ev] y expect to h mu* walk+2 & pl5ty ( !m w be requir$4 ,sub/itute = ,socks4--,= want ( socks1 pieces ( l95 may be us$1 &1 :5 ^! are prop]ly put on !y are said to be ev5 bett] ?an socks4 ,!y %\ld be a foot squ>e1 be made ( s(t worn l951 be wa%$ once a-day1 & be sme>$ ) tall[4 ,!y c be put on s dext]\sly z to /& sev]al h\rs' m>*+ )\t mak+ a s+le wr9kle1 & are mu* us$ by soldi]s 9 ,g]many4 ,to put !m on1 ! nak$ foot is plac$ crosswise2 ! corn]s on ! "r & on ! left are !n fold$ ov]1 !n ! corn] :i* lies 9 front ( ! toes4 ,n[ ! art consi/s 9 s draw+ up ^! ends1 t ! foot c be plac$ 9 ! %oe or boot )\t any wr9kles appe>+ 9 ! b&age4 ,"o wr9kle is sure to make a bli/]1 & !re=e p]sons :o h to use !m %\ld practise frequ5tly h[ to put !m on4 ,socks simil> to ^!1 b made ( ?ick blanket1 & call$ ,blanket ,wrapp]s1 are 9 use at ,hudson's ,bay in/ead ( %oes4 ,%irt-sleeves4--,:5 y h occasion to tuck up y\r %irt-sleeves1 recollect t ! way ( do+ s is1 n to beg9 by turn+ ! cuffs inside out1 b outside 9--! sleeves mu/ be roll$ up inw>ds1 t[>ds ! arm1 & n ! rev]se way4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! sleeves w rema9 tuck$ up = h\rs )\t be+ t\*$2 9 ! o!r1 !y become loose e five m9utes4 ,gloves1 ,mits1 & ,muffs4--,9 cold dry wea!r a pair ( old s(t kid gloves1 ) l>ge wooll5 gloves drawn ov] !m1 is ! w>me/ comb9ation4 ,mits & muffetees m]ely require m5tion4 ,to keep ! h&s w>m 9 v sev]e wea!r1 a small fur muff may be slung f ! neck1 9 :i* ! h&s may re/ till want$4 ,braces4--,d n =get to take !m1 unless y h _h abundant exp]i5ce ( belts2 = belts d n suit e %ape1 nei!r are ,engli% tr\s]s cut ) ! int5tion ( be+ worn ) !m4 ,b tr\s]s made abroad1 are %ap$ at ! wai/1 especially = ! purpose ( be+ worn )\t braces2 if desir$4 ,if y use braces1 take two pairs1 = :5 !y are dr5*$ ) p]spiration1 !y dry sl[ly4 ,"s p d n c>e to use a belt1 ev5 ) tr\s]s ( an ord9>y cut1 b f9d t a tape run ?r\gh a hem along ! upp] edge ( ! tr\s]s acts suffici5tly well4 ,capt4 ,speke told me he always us$ ?is plan4 ,boots4--,boots ( tann$ lea!r su* z civilis$ p we>1 are incomp>ably bett] = h>d usage1 especially 9 wet c\ntries1 ?an ^? ( h&-dress$ sk9s4 ,if travell+ 9 a hot1 dry c\ntry1 grease pl5tifully bo? y\r %oes & all o!r lea!r4 ,la graisse e/ la cons]vation du cuir1 z ,i recollect a ,*am\ni guide enunciat+ ) pr(\nd emphasis4 ,! soles ( plait$ cord us$ 9 p>ts ( ! ,pyr5ees1 are durable & excell5t = clamb]+ ov] smoo? rock4 ,!y h a f> bett] hold ^u x ?an any o!r sole ( :i* ,i h k4 ,s&als are bett] ?an no?+ at all4 ,s are clo?s w\nd r\nd ! feet & ankles & ti$ !re3 ! peasants ( ! rem>kable hilly place :]e ,i am writ+ ^! l9es1 namely ,amalfi1 use !m mu*4 ,!y are an untidy *aussure1 b nev] seem to require to be ti$ afre%4 ,9 ! old days ( ,rome ?is sort ( foot-ge> 0 common4 ,hayb&s w\nd r\nd ! feet are a common make%ift by soldi]s :o are cut (f f _! supplies4 ,x takes "s mon?s to h>d5 ! feet suffici5tly to be able to walk )\t %oes at all4 ,slipp]s are great luxuries to foot-sore m54 ,!y %\ld ( c\rse be ( s(t mat]ial1 b ! soles %\ld n be too ?9 or !y w be too cold = com=t 9 camp life4 ,legg+s4--,mac9to% legg+s to g ov] ! tr\s]s are a great com=t 9 heavy %[]s1 especially :5 rid+4 ,gait]s4--,if ! c\ntry be full ( bri>s & ?orns1 ! in/eps suff] cruelly :5 rid+ ?r\gh bu%es4 ,x is easy to make gait]s ei!r ) buttons or buckles4 ,a /rip ( wood is want$1 ei!r beh9d or else on ea* side ( !m1 to keep !m f slipp+ d[n to ! ankle4 ,dress+ ,g[n4--,p]sons :o travel1 ev5 ) ! smalle/ quantity ( luggage1 w\ld d wisely to take a ?ick dress+-g[n4 ,x is a relief to put x on 9 ! ev5+1 & is a w>m extra dress = sleep+ 94 ,x is em95tly useful1 com=table & durable4 ,pon*o4--,a pon*o is useful1 = x is a %eet z well z a cloak2 be+ simply a blanket ) a slit 9 ! middle to admit ! we>]'s head4 ,a %eet ( /rong calico1 saturat$ ) oil1 makes a wat]pro( pon*o4 ,complete ,bu%-co/ume4--,mr4 ,gordon ,cumm+ describes 8 bu%-co/ume z foll[s3--,my own p]sonal appo9tm5ts consi/$ ( a wide-awake hat1 secur$ "u my *9 by 'rheimpys' or /rips ( dress$ sk91 a co>se l95 %irt1 sometimes a kilt1 & sometimes a pair ( bucksk9 knee-bree*es1 & a pair ( 'velts*o5s1' or home-made %oes4 ,i entirely disc>d$ coat1 wai/coat1 & neckclo?2 & ,i always hunt$ ) my arms b>e2 my heels 7 arm$ ) a pair ( p[]ful p]suad]s1 & f my left wri/ dep5d$1 by a d\ble rheimpy 7?ong71 an equally p]suasive sea-c[ jambok 7:ip ( solid lea!r74 ,ar\nd my wai/ ,i wore two lea!rn belts or girdles4 ,! small] did ! duty ( susp5d]1 & f x on my left side dep5d$ a plait$ rheimpy1 eight in*es 9 l5g?1 =m+ a loop1 9 :i* dangl$ my p[]ful load+-rod1 =m$ ( a solid piece ( horn ( ! rh9oc]os4 ,! l>g] girdle 0 my %oot+-belt2 ?is 0 a broad lea!r belt1 on :i* 7 fa/5$ f\r sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 made ( ott]sk91 ) flaps to button ov]1 ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! fir/ ( ^! held my p]cussion-caps2 ! second1 a l>ge p[d]-flask2 ! ?ird & f\r?1 :i* _h divisions 9 !m1 conta9$ balls & pat*es1 two %>p clasp-knives1 a compass1 fl9t & /eel4 ,9 ?is belt ,i also c>ri$ a load+-mallet1 =m$ f ! horn ( ! rh9oc]os2 ?is & ! p[d]-flask 7 ea* secur$ to ! belt by long rheimpys1 to prev5t my los+ !m4 ,la/1 b n lea/1 9 my "r h& ,i usually c>ri$ my d\ble-b>rell$ two-groov$ rifle1 :i* 0 my fav\rite weapon4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i subsequ5tly made up my m9d 0 n ! tool = a m\nt$ man1 especially :5 quick load+ is requir$4 ,wet ,clo!s1 to dry4--,fire = dry+ ,clo!s4--,to dry clo!s x is a v conv5i5t plan to make a dome-%ap$ framework ( twigs ov] a sm\ld]+ fire2 by b5d+ ea* twig or w& into a half-circle1 & plant+ bo? ends ( x 9 ! gr\nd1 "o on ea* side ( ! fire4 ,! wet clo!s are laid on ?is framework1 & receive ! full b5efit ( ! heat4 ,_! /eam passes readily upw>ds4 ,two sket*es ( dry+ frame4 ,to keep ,clo!s f ! wet4--,mr4 ,p>kyns says1 ,i may z well tell1 also1 h[ we manag$ to keep our clo!s dry :5 travell+ 9 ! ra93 ?is 0 r an important consid]ation1 see+ t ea* man's w>drobe consi/$ ( :at he c>ri$ on 8 back4 ,our me?od 0 at once effective & simple3 if halt+1 we took (f our clo!s & sat on !m2 if rid+1 !y 7 plac$ "u ! lea!rn %abraque ( ! mule's saddle1 or "u any article ( simil> mat]ial1 b$ or bag1 t lay on ! camel's pack4 ,a good %[]-ba? did none ( u any h>m2 & z soon z ! ra9 0 ov]1 & ! moi/ure on our sk9s _h evaporat$1 we _h our g>m5ts z w>m1 dry1 & com=table z if !y _h be5 be=e a fire4 ,9 popul\s di/ricts1 we kept on our draw]s1 or suppli$ _! place ) a piece ( rag1 or a sk92 & !n1 :5 ! ra9 0 ov]1 we wrapp$ ourselves up 9 our 'qu>ry1' & tak+ (f ! wett$ articles1 hung !m ov] ! animal's crupp]s to dry4 ,ano!r travell] writes3-- ,! only means we _h ( pres]v+ our sole suit ( clo!s dry f ! dr5*+ %[]s ( ra91 0 by tak+ !m (f & /uff+ !m into ! holl[ ( a tree1 :i* 9 ! d>kness ( ! night we c\ld d ) propriety4 ,mr4 ,pallis]'s boatm5 at ,*agre took ea* a small piece ( clo?1 "u :i* !y laid _! clo!s e "t t !y /ripp$ 9 expectation ( a com+ /orm4 ,dipp+ clo!s wett$ ) ra91 9 ,sea-wat]4--,capta9 ,bligh1 :o 0 turn$ adrift 9 an op5 boat aft] ! mut9y ( ! ',b\nty1' writes ?us ab\t 8 exp]i5ce3--,) respect to ! pres]vation ( our heal?1 dur+ a c\rse ( #af days ( heavy & almo/ cont9ual ra91 ,i w\ld recomm5d to e "o 9 a simil> situation ! me?od we practis$1 :i* is to dip _! clo!s 9 ! salt wat] & wr+ !m out z (t5 z !y become fill$ ) ra93 x 0 ! only res\rce we _h1 & ,i believe 0 ( ! greate/ s]vice to u1 = x felt m l a *ange ( dry clo!s ?an c\ld well be imag9$4 ,we _h occasion to d ?is s (t51 t at l5g? our clo!s 7 wrung to pieces2 = except ! few days we pass$ on ! coa/ ( ,new ,holl&1 we 7 cont9ually wet1 ei!r ) ra9 or sea4 ,wa%+ ,clo!s4--,sub/itute = ,soap4--,! lye ( a%es & ! gall ( animals are ! readie/ sub/itutes = soap4 ,! sailor's recipe = wa%+ clo!s is well kn[n1 b x is too dirty to describe4 ,bran1 & ! meal ( _m se$s1 is good = sc\r+3 also "s e>?s1 l full]'s-e>?4 ,_m c\ntries possess plants t w make a la!r ) wat]4 ,dr4 ,rae says t 9 a v cold climate1 :5 fire1 wat]1 & ! means ( dry+ are sc>ce1 x w be f\nd t rubb+ &beat+ 9 sn[ cleanses all clo?+ rem>kably well1 p>ticul>ly wooll5s4 ,:5 prep>+ = a regul> day's wa%+1 x is a good plan to boil an abundance ( a%es 9 wat]1 /ra9 (f ! lye1 add+ ! gall ( any animal y may h kill$1 & let ! clo!s soak 9 x4 ,next morn+1 take !m to ! wat]-side1 & wa% & beat !m ) a flat piece ( wood1 or lay !m on a broad /one & knead & wr+ !m ) ! h&s4 ,lye ( ,a%es4--,9 *oos+ plants to burn = a%es 7:5ce ! lye is to be made by p\r+ hot wat] on !m71 x mu/ be recollect$ t all plants are n equally efficaci\s3 ^? t conta9 ! mo/ alkali 7ei!r pota% or soda7 are ! be/4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! /alks ( succul5t plants1 z re$s1 maize1 broom1 hea?1 & furze1 are v mu* bett] ?an ! wood ( any trees2 & twigs are bett] ?an timb]4 ,p9e & fir-trees are ! wor/ ( woods4 ,! a%es ( mo/ k9ds ( seawe$ yield abundance ( alkali4 ,pota% is ! alkali t is obta9$ f ! a%es ( l& plants1 & soda f ^? ( m>9e plants4 #aj1jjj p>ts ( p9e or fur4444444conta94444 #d p>ts ( alkali4 popl> #g bee*-wood #ad oak #ae will[ #bh elm1 maple1 & :eat /raw4 #ci ?i/les1 flax-/ems1 & small ru%es #ej l>ge ru%es #gb /alk ( maize #age bean-/alks #bjj ,soap is made by keep+ fat con/antly simm]+ 9 lye ( a%es 7see prec$+ p>agraphs7 = "s days2 add+ fre% lye z fa/ z ! wat] boils away1 or is suck$ up by ! fat4 ,aft] "o or two trials1 ! knack ( soap-mak+ is easily caught4 ,! pres5ce ( salt makes ! soap h>d2 its abs5ce1 s(t2 n[ _m a%es conta9 a good deal ( salt1 & ^! may make ! soap too h>d1 & w h to be mix$ ) o!r sorts ( a%es be=e be+ us$3 exp]i5ce mu/ guide ! travell] 9 ?is4 ,a native woman w be probably be f\nd )\t difficulty1 :o w att5d night & day to ! pot-boil+ = a small paym5t4 ,inf]ior soap may be made by simply putt+ "s grease into a tub ( v /rong lye1 & lett+ x rema9 = two or ?ree weeks1 )\t any boil+1 b /irr+ x e day4 ,m>9e ,soap is made ( soda lye 7! lye ( seawe$s7 & cocoa-nut oil2 x makes a la!r ) salt wat]1 b x has ! defect ( be+ v bulky4 ,to wa% ,flannels4--,make a la!r ( soap on a small piece ( flannel1 & rub ) x ^? p>ts t require ! mo/ cleans+1 su* z ! neck & wri/b&s ( a %irt2 !n plunge ! %irt 9 wat] z hot z y c be> x1 r9s+ x & wr++ x out v ?or\ghly1 & hang x up to dry z quickly z possible4 ,soda %\ld n be us$ ) col\r$ flannels4 ,wa%+ ,oneself4--,w>m? ( ,dirt4--,!re is no d5y+ ! fact1 ?\gh x be n agreeable to confess x1 t dirt & grease are great protectors ( ! sk9 aga9/ inclem5t wea!r1 & t !re=e ! lead] ( a p>ty %\ld n be too exact+ ab\t ! appe>ance ( 8 less w>mly-clad foll[]s4 ,daily wa%+1 if n foll[$ by oil+1 mu/ be comp5sat$ by we>+ clo!s4 ,take ! in/ance ( a dog4 ,he w sleep out "u any bu%1 & ?rive !re1 s long z he is n wa%$1 groom$1 & kept clean2 b if he be1 he mu/ h a k5nel to lie 91 ! same is ! case ) a horse2 he cat*es cold if he is groom$ 9 ! day1 & turn$ out at nights2 b he nev] cat*es cold :5 left :olly to himself4 ,a savage w nev] wa% unless he c grease himself aft]w>ds--grease takes ! place ( clo?+ to him4 ,!re mu/ be a balance betwe5 ! activity ( ! sk9 & ! calls ^u x2 & :]e ! exposure is great]1 !re mu/ ! pores be m def5d$4 ,9 ,europe1 we pass our lives 9 a /rangely artificial /ate2 our :ole body swa!d 9 _m folds ( dress1 except+ ! h&s & face--! fir/ ( :i* are frequ5tly glov$4 ,we c af=d to wa%1 b nak$ m5 _c4 ,be/ ,times = ,wa%+4--,! mo/ conv5i5t "t = a travell] to make 8 toilet1 9 r\gh travel1 is aft] ! e>ly morn+'s ride1 a ba? be+ n[ & !n tak5 9 ! aft]noon4 ,x is try+ "w to wa% 9 ice-cold wat]1 9 ! d>k & bl[+ morn+2 besides :i*1 :5 ! sun rises up1 its scor*+ heat tells sev]ely on a face t has be5 wa%$4 ,toilet made ov]night4--,dur+ ! h>ass+ duties ( active w>f>e1 (fic]s :o aim at appe>+ 9 a decor\s dress1 9 :atev] em]g5cy _! pres5ce may be requir$1 make _! toilet ov]night be=e go+ to sleep4 ,economis+ ,wat] 9 ,wa%+4--,:]e wat] has to be economis$1 by f> ! be/ way ( us+ x is aft] ! ,mahom$an fa%ion4 ,an att5dant p\rs a sl5d] /ream f a jug1 :i* ! man :o wa%es himself receives 9 8 h&s & di/ributes ov] 8 p]son4 ,ba?-glove4--,fold a piece ( v co>se t[el 9 two p>ts3 lay y\r h& ^u x1 & m>k its outl9e rudely2 !n guid$ by ! outl9e1 cut x out3 sew ! two pieces toge!r1 along _! edges1 & ! glove is made4 ,x is inexp5sive1 & portable1 & z good a det]g5t z horsehair gloves or fle%-bru%es4 ,bru%es4--,x is well to "k h[ to make a bru%1 :e!r = clo!s1 boots1 or hair1 & ! accompany+ section ( "o w expla9 itself4 ,bri/les are usually employ$1 b fibres ( v>i\s k9ds may be us$4 ,sket* ( bru%4 ,,b$d+4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,! mo/ bulky1 & (t5 ! heavie/1 p>ts ( a travell]'s equipm5t are 8 clo!s1 sleep+-mat1 & blankets3 nor is x at all desirable t ^! %\ld be /9t$ 9 quantity2 = ! h>d%ip t mo/ tries a man's con/itution & lays ! se$s ( rheumatism1 dys5t]y1 & fev]1 is t ( endur+ ! bitt] cold ( a /ormy night1 :i* may happ5 to foll[ an exhau/+ day ( extreme heat or dr5*+ wet4 ,aft] _m mon?s' travel & camp+1 ! con/itution becomes f> less susceptible ( injury f cold & damp1 b 9 no case is x ev] pro( aga9/ _! influ5ce4 ,inde$1 ! olde/ travell]s are ev] ^? :o g ! mo/ sy/ematically to "w1 9 mak+ _! sleep+-places dry & w>m4 ,unless a travell] makes himself at home & com=table 9 ! bu%1 he w nev] be q cont5t$ ) 8 lot2 b w fall into ! bad habit ( look+ =w>ds to ! end ( 8 j\rney1 & to 8 return to civilisation1 in/ead ( complac5tly int]e/+ himself 9 its cont9uance4 ,?is is a frame ( m9d 9 :i* few great j\rneys h be5 successfully accompli%$2 & an explor] :o _c dive/ himself ( x1 may suspect t he has mi/ak5 8 vocation4 ,x is a common idea among m5 :o are prep>+ to travel = ! fir/ "t1 t all ! b$-clo?+ ab\t :i* !y ne$ conc]n !mselves1 is a suffici5cy to cov] !m1 =gett+ t a man has an "u z well z an upp] side to keep w>m1 & mu/ !re=e h clo?+ betwe5 him & ! e>?1 z well z betwe5 him & ! air4 ,inde$1 on try+ ! exp]im5t1 & roll+ oneself up 9 a s+le blanket1 ! und]mo/ side 9 a cold night is f\nd to be by f> ! cold] ( ! two4 ,! sub/ance ( ! blanket is compress$ by ! weight ( ! sleep]2 ! int]/ices betwe5 its fibres cease to exi/2 & ! air :i* !y conta9$ & :i* is a p[]ful non-conductor ( heat1 is squeez$ out4 ,consequ5tly :]ev] ! blanket is compress$1 its p[] ( reta9+ ! heat ( ! sleep] is dim9i%$4 ,s(t fleecy sub/ances1 l eid]-d[n quilts1 :i* are extremely w>m z cov]lets1 are well-nigh useless z mattresses4 ,!re is ano!r cause :y a sleep] requires m protection f bel[1 ?an f above3 x is t if ! gr\nd be at all wet1 its damp w p5etrate ?r\gh v ?ick sub/ances laid ^u x4 ,x w !re=e be cle>ly und]/ood t ! object ( a mattress is n alone to give s(tness to ! b$1 b also to give w>m?2 & t if a man lies 9 a hammock1 ) only ! hammock bel[1 & blankets above1 he w be fully z mu* *ill$ z if ! arrangem5t _h be5 rev]s$1 & he _h la9 ^u blankets1 ) only ! hammock z a %eet to cov] him4 ,vital ,heat4--,! vital heat ( a man1 ei!r 9 an active or a lat5t =m1 is equal to t :i* is giv5 out by two ord9>y c&les3 ,i judge s f ! foll[+ reasons4 ,all our vital heat is produc$ by ! combu/ion--= x is simple combu/ion--( ! c>bon 9 our food4 ,n[ ! quantity ( c>bon consum$ by a man 9 full diet1 9 #bd h\rs1 is ab\t #bb oz4 9 weight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i f9d t ord9>y c&les1 :i* ma9ly consi/ ( c>bon1 burn at ! rate ( #aa oz4 9 #bd h\rs4 ,!re=e ! heat giv5 out by two c&les is j ab\t ! same z t giv5 out by "o man1 ei!r 9 a s5sible =m1 or else "u a lat5t =m by ! vap\r ( ! brea?4 ,secondly1 ,i h frequ5tly he>d x e/imat$1 z ! result ( ! ord9>y exp]i5ce ( social life1 t a saloon is w>m$ by ea* c\ple ( c&les some:at m ?an x is by ! pres5ce ( a s+le gue/4 ,:]e ,i write ^! l9es1 ,i h n an opportunity ( v]ify+ my r\gh e/imate1 by ref]5ce to physiological works1 b accuracy is ( little consequ5ce to my pres5t purpose1 :i* is to give a g5]al idea ( ! magnitude ( ! problem to be solv$ by clo!s & t5t+4 ,_! jo9t (fice is to reta9 ! heat ( a mass ( fle% & blood1 ! size & %ape ( a man1 w>m$ by two c&les burn+ )9 x1 at a temp]ature ( n less ?an #if degrees 9 its inw>d p>ts4 ,mattresses & _! ,sub/itutes4--,a ,/rip ( ,mac9to%4--,if a travell] c d s1 he %\ld make a po9t ( hav+ a /rip ( mac9to% %eet+ #g feet by #d1 c]ta9ly n less ?an #f feet by #c1 to lay on ! gr\nd bel[ 8 b$d+4 ,e :ite s]vant 9 ! exp$ition ought to be furni%$ ) a /rip ( mac9to% %eet+1 or1 fail+ t1 ) a /rip ( pa9t$ canvas4 ,h[ev]1 pa9t$ clo? is mu* inf]ior to mac9to%1 z x w n fold up )\t crack+3 x also te>s easily1 & is heavy4 ,mac9to%1 ( ! sort t suits all climates1 & made ( l951 n ( silk1 is invaluable to an explor]1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( %eet+1 coats1 wat]-bags4 swimm+ belts1 or inflatable boats4 ,a little box full ( ! composition = m5d+ x1 & a sp>e bit ( mac9to%1 %\ld always be tak54 ,mattress4--,mak+ a mattress is inde$ a v simple affair4 ,a bag ( canvas1 or o!r clo?1 is made ( ! size want$4 ,x is !n /uff$ full ( hair1 wool1 dry leaves1 or cotton1 & a /rong /it* is put ?r\gh x e few in*es4 ,! use ( ! /it*+ is to prev5t ! /uff+ f be+ displac$1 & =m+ lumps 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! bag4 ,palliasse4--,/raw1 well knitt$ or plait$ toge!r1 =ms a good mattress1 commonly call$ a palliasse4 ,%av+s ( ,wood4--,eight p\nds' weight ( %av+s make an excell5t b$1 & ,i f9d ,i c cut !m ) a common spoke%ave1 9 #c #a_/b h\rs1 out ( a log ( deal4 ,x is practicable to make an effici5t spoke%ave1 by ty+ a l>ge clasp-knife on a common /ick :i* has be5 cut into a prop] %ape to receive x4 ,oakum4--,old cord1 pick$ into oakum1 w also make a b$4 ,v>i\s ,make%ifts4--,if a travell]1 z is v commonly ! case1 %\ld h no mattress1 he %\ld /rew 8 sleep+-place ) dry grass1 pluck$ up f ! gr\nd1 or ) o!r ?+s w>m to ! t\*1 imitat+ ! /ructure ( a bird's-ne/ z f> z he has skill & mat]ials to d s4 ,leaves1 f]n1 fea!rs1 hea!r1 ru%es1 flags ( re$s & ( maize1 wood-%av+s1 bundles ( faggots1 & su* l mat]ials z *ance may af=d1 %\ld be look$ = & appropriat$2 a pile ( /ones1 or ev5 two trunks ( trees roll$ close toge!r1 may make a dry b$/ead 9 a m>%y l&4 ,ov] ^!1 let him lay :atev] empty bags1 sk9s1 saddle-clo?s1 or sp>e clo!s he may h1 :i* f _! %ape or smallness _c be turn$ to acc\nt z cov]+s1 & ! l[] "p ( 8 b$ is complete4 ,if a night ( unusual cold be expect$1 ! be/ use to make ( sp>e we>+-app>el1 is to put x on ov] t :i* is already on ! p]son4 ,) two or ?ree %irts1 /ock+s1 & tr\s]s1 ?\gh sev]ally ( ?9 mat]ials1 a man may get ?r\gh a night ( v try+ wea!r4 ,prep>+ ! ,gr\nd = a ,b$4--,travell]s %\ld always root up ! /ones & /icks t might int]f]e ) ! smoo?ness ( ! place :]e !y int5d to sleep4 ,?is is a matt] wor? tak+ a great deal ( pa9s ab\t2 ! olde/ campaign]s are ! mo/ p>ticul> 9 mak+ !mselves com=table at night4 ,!y %\ld also scrape a holl[ 9 ! gr\nd1 ( ! %ape %[n 9 fig4 #b 7next page71 be=e spread+ _! sleep+-rugs4 ,x is disagreeable en\gh to lie on a p]fectly level surface1 l t ( a floor1 b ! acme ( discom=t is to lie ^u a convexity4 ,p]sons :o h omitt$ to make a %apely lair = !mselves1 %\ld at lea/ scrape a holl[ 9 ! gr\nd1 j :]e ! hip-bone w\ld o!rwise press4 ,sket* ( p]son sleep+ & b$2 ,fig4 #a & #b4 ,! annex$ sket* 7fig4 #a7 repres5ts a man sleep+ 9 a natural attitude4 ,x w be obs]v$ t he fits into a concavity ( ab\t #f in*es 9 greate/ dep?4 7,! scale on :i* he is drawn is #f feet long & #a foot high47 ,hammocks4--,see section on furniture4 ,cov]lets4--,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,= an upp] cov]1 x is ( importance to an o!rwise un%elt]$ p]son1 t its texture %\ld be su* z to prev5t ! w9d bl[+ ?r\gh4 ,if x does s1 no ?ickness is ( any avail 9 keep+ out ! cold2 h5ce ! advantage ( sk9 c>osses1 buffalo robes1 lea!r %eets1 & mac9to% rugs4 ,all clo!s lose mu* ( _! clos5ess ( texture 9 a hot1 dry climate2 ! fibres %r9k extremely1 & ! w9d bl[s ?r\gh ! tissue z ?r\gh network4 ,x is 9 ord] to make _! cov]+s w9d-pro(1 t %eph]d-lads on ! hills 9 ,scotl&1 :5 ! nights are cold1 dip _! plaids 9 wat]1 be=e sitt+ or ly+ d[n 9 !m4 ,! wet swells up ! fibres ( ! plaid1 & makes ! texture ( x p]fectly d5se & close4 ,x is also ( importance t ! out] cov]+ %\ld h a c]ta9 weight1 s z n to be too easily displac$1 ei!r by ! p]son fidget+ 9 8 sleep or by ! bl[+ ( ! w9d4 ,9 dry wea!r !re is no?+ l furs2 b 9 a ra9y c\ntry ,i pref] a ?ick blanket bag 7see ,sleep+ ,bags71 a l>ge sp>e blanket1 & a mac9to% %eet & c\nt]pane4 ,x may be object$ t ! bag & mac9to% w\ld be close & /uffy1 b be assur$ t ! difficulty :5 sleep+ on "m e>?1 on a bitt] night1 is to keep ! fre% air out1 n to let x 94 ,on f9e nights ,i %\ld sleep on ! bag & "u ! sp>e blanket4 ,/uffy ,b$d+4--,x mu/ be und]/ood t :ile recomm5d+ cov]lets t resi/ ! w9d1 ,i am v f> f advocat+ extreme /uff9ess1 & = ! foll[+ reason4 ,?\gh a free passage ( ! w9d ab/racts an excessive am\nt ( animal heat f ! sleep]1 yet ! fre%ness ( pure air /imulates 8 body to give x out 9 an increas$ proportion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sleep+-clo!s t are absolutely imp]vi\s to ! passage ( ! w9d1 necess>ily reta9 ! cutane\s excretions3 ^! poison ! sleep]1 act+ ^u 8 blood ?r\gh 8 sk91 & mat]ially weak5 8 p[] ( emitt+ vital heat3 ! fire ( 8 life burns m languidly4 ,i !re=e suspect x w\ld be m dang]\s to pass a v cold night enclos$ tightly 9 ?9 mac9to% button$ up to ! *91 ?an )\t x4 ,mu* less heat w\ld be robb$ f ! sleep] 9 ! fir/ case1 b he w\ld h v mu* less heat to sp>e4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 an int]m$iate arrangem5t ( sleep+-ge>1 nei!r too /uffy on ! "o h& nor too op5 on ! o!r1 by :i* ! maximum p[] ( resi/+ ! *ill ( ! night is obta9able4 ,sleep+ ,clo!s4--,"s travell]s pref] to h _! blanket at once made up into a loose coat1 tr\s]s1 & cap1 pockets ad libitum1 & a tape 9 ! tr\s] b&4 ,an extra suit is ?us always at h&1 ! sleep] loses little ( ! advantages ( com=table b$d+1 & is always1 9 "s s5se1 dress$ = any em]g5cy4 ,fea!rs4--,:5 y collect b$ fea!rs = cov]lets1 recollect t if !y are cleanly pluck$1 !y w require no dress+ ( any k9d1 save dry+ & beat+4 ,br[n ,pap]4--,br[n pap] is an excell5t non-conductor ( heat & exclud] ( draughts3 ,engli% cottag]s (t5 enclose %eets ( x )9 _! quilt$ c\nt]panes4 ,if ?or\ghly soak$ & !n dri$1 x w n crackle4 ,extra ,clo!s4--,if a man be de/itute ( prop] wraps1 he _c d bett] ?an put on all ! sp>e clo!s he possesses4 ,! additional w>m? ( a s+le extra %irt is rem>kable4 ,dry ,clo!s4--,h[ev] wet ! wea!r may be dur+ ! day1 ! travell] %\ld nev] relax 8 endeav\rs to keep a dry & w>m *ange ( clo!s = 8 biv\ac at night4 ,h>d%ips 9 rude wea!r matt] little to a heal?y man1 :5 he is awake & mov+1 & :ile ! sun is above ! horizon2 b let him nev] =get ! deplorable results t may foll[ a s+le night's exposure to cold1 mal>ia1 & damp4 ,pill[s4--,a m\nd ( s& or e>?1 scrap$ toge!r = a pill[1 is gr\nd d[n into flatness1 aft] a few m9utes4 ,a bag fill$ ) e>?1 or x may be ) grass1 keeps its %ape4 ,_m p use _! saddles z pill[s2 !y roll up ! flaps & /irrups1 & place ! saddle on ! gr\nd ) a /one und]nea?1 at its h9dmo/ end1 to keep x level & /eady1 & !n lay _! heads on ! seat4 ,i pref] us+ any?+ else2 z1 = in/ance1 ! /one )\t ! saddle3 b ,i g5]ally secure "s bag or o!r = ! purpose1 z1 )\t a pill[1 x is difficult to sleep 9 com=t4 ,a bag %ap$ l a pill[-case1 & /uff$ ) sp>e clo!s1 is v conv5i5t4 ,"s p advocate air-cu%ions4 ,mr4 ,mansfield ,p>kyns' excell5t plan1 ( sleep+ on ! side1 ) ! /ock ( ! gun betwe5 ! head & ! arm1 & ! b>rel betwe5 ! legs1 w be describ$ :5 ,i speak ( ,guns4 ,,biv\ac4 ,!re are f\r ways 9 :i* travell]s :o are ?r[n ^u _! own res\rces may h\se !mselves4 ,!y may biv\ac1 t is to say1 !y may erect a tempor>y %elt] ( a make%ift "*1 p>tly f mat]ials f\nd on ! spot1 & p>tly f ! clo?s !y may happ5 to possess2 !y may build a sub/antial hut1 :i* ( c\rse takes a good deal ( lab\r to complete2 !y may use sleep+-bags2 or !y may pit* a regul> t5t4 ,i w speak ( ^! f\r me?ods ( encamp+1 --! biv\ac1 ! hut1 ! sleep+-bag1 & ! t5t1 9 t ord]4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,biv\ack+ is mis]able "w 9 a wet or unheal?y climate2 b 9 a dry & heal?y "o1 !re is no "q ( its sup]iority ov] t5t+4 ,m5 :o sleep habitually 9 ! op51 brea! fre%] air & are f> m imbu$ ) ! _s ( wild life1 ?an ^? :o pass ! night )9 ! /uffy enclosure ( a t5t4 ,x is an endless pleasure to lie half awake wat*+ ! />s above1 & ! picturesque gr\p+s ( ! encampm5t r\nd ab\t1 & to he> on all sides ! /irr+s ( animal life4 ,& lat] 9 ! night1 :5 ! fire is l[1 & s]vants & cattle are asleep1 & !re is no s\nd b ( ! w9d & an occasional pla9tive cry ( wild animals1 ! travell] f9ds himself 9 t close communion ) nature :i* is ! true *>m ( wild travel4 ,n[ all ?is pleasure is lo/ by sleep+ 9 a t5t4 ,t5t life is semi-civilization1 & p]petuates its habits4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by a simple trait2 a man :o has liv$ mu* 9 biv\acs1 if !re be a night al>m1 runs naturally into ! d>k = safety1 j z a wild animal w\ld2 b a man :o travels ) t5ts becomes fright5$ :5 away f its lights1 or f ! fanci$ security ( its walls4 ,9 a dang]\s c\ntry !re c be no comp>ison betwe5 ! haz>d ( a t5t & t ( a biv\ac4 ,9 ! =m] a man's sleep is heavy2 he _c he> ne>ly s well2 he c see no?+2 8 cattle may all decamp2 :ile m>aud]s "k exactly :]e he is ly+1 & may make _! plans accord+ly4 ,!y may creep up unobs]v$ & spe> him ?r\gh ! canvas4 ,! fir/ ,napoleon _h a great op9ion ( ! advantages ( biv\ack+ ov] ^? ( t5t+4 ,he said x 0 ! heal?i] ( ! two = soldi]s4 7,see p4 #aec47 ,%elt] f ! ,w9d4--,/udy ! =m ( a h>e6 ,9 ! flatte/ & mo/ unpromis+ ( fields1 ! creature w h avail$ h]self ( "s little holl[ to ! lee ( an insignificant tuft ( grass1 & !re %e w h ne/l$ & fidget$ ab\t till %e has made a smoo?1 r\nd1 grassy b$1 compact & fitt$ to h] %ape1 :]e %e may curl h]self snugly up1 & c[] d[n bel[ ! level ( ! cutt+ night w9d4 ,foll[ h] example4 ,a man1 z he lies ^u 8 "m e>?1 is an object s small & l[ t a scre5 ( eighte5 in*es high w gu>d him securely f ! /r5g? ( a /orm4 ,a common mi/ake ( a novice lies 9 select+ a tree = 8 camp+-place1 :i* spreads out nobly above1 b af=ds no o!r %elt] f ! w9d ?an t ( its b>e /em bel[4 ,sket* ( sleep+ man beh9d wall4 ,x may be1 t z he walks ab\t 9 se>* ( %elt]1 a mass ( foliage at ! level ( 8 eye1 ) its broad %ad[1 attracts him1 & z he /&s to ! leew>d ( x x seems snug1 &1 !re=e1 )\t fur!r reflection1 he ord]s 8 b$ to be spread at ! foot ( "s tree4 ,b z soon z he lies d[n on ! gr\nd ! tree proves wor?less z a scre5 aga9/ ! w9d2 x is a ro(1 b x is n a wall4 ,! real want 9 bl[y wea!r is a d5se l[ scre51 p]fectly w9d-tight1 z high z ! knee above ! gr\nd4 ,?us1 if a travell] has to encamp on a b>e turf pla91 he ne$ only turn up a sod sev5 feet long by two feet wide1 & if he succe$s 9 propp+ x on its edge1 x w =m a suffici5t %ield aga9/ ! w9d4 ,9 heavy gales1 ! neighb\rhood ( a solit>y tree is a positive nuisance4 ,x creates a viol5t eddy ( w9d1 t leaves palpable evid5ce ( its exi/5ce4 ,?us1 9 corn-fields1 x is a common result ( a /orm to batt] ! corn q flat 9 circles r\nd ea* tree t /&s 9 ! field1 :ile else:]e no injury takes place4 ,?is v morn+ t ,i am writ+ ^! rem>ks1 ,novemb] #aeh1 ,i 0 =cibly /ruck by ! appe>ance ( ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 aft] la/ night's gale1 :i* _h cov]$ ! gr\nd ) an extraord9>y am\nt ( dead leaves4 ,!y lay 9 a rem>kably uni=m lay]1 ( f ?ree to five in*es 9 dep?1 except t r\nd ea* & e tree ! gr\nd 0 absolutely b>e ( leaves = a radius ( ab\t a y>d4 ,! effect 0 z ?\gh circul> discs _h be5 cut out1 leav+ ! edges ( ! lay] ( leaves p]fectly %>p & v]tical4 ,x w\ld h be5 a dang]\s mi/ake to h slept t night at ! foot ( any "o ( ^? trees4 ,aga91 9 select+ a place = biv\ac1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t a gale nev] bl[s 9 level curr5ts1 b 9 all k9ds ( curls & eddies1 z ! driv+ ( a du/-/orm1 or ! vag>ies ( bits ( /raw caught up by ! w9d1 unmi/akably %[ u4 ,little hillocks or undulations1 comb9$ ) ! g5]al lay ( ! gr\nd1 are a *ief cause ( ^! eddies2 !y entirely div]t ! curr5t ( ! w9d f p>ticul> spots4 ,su* spots %\ld be look$ =2 !y are discov]$ by wat*+ ! grass or ! s& t lies on ! gr\nd4 ,if ! surface be quiet 9 "o place1 :ile all ar\nd x is agitat$ by ! w9d1 we %all n be f> wrong 9 select+ t place = our b$1 h[ev] unprotect$ x may seem 9 o!r respects4 ,x is con/antly rem>k$1 t a v slight m\nd or ridge w %elt] ! gr\nd = _m feet beh9d x2 & an old campaign] w accept su* %elt] gladly1 not)/&+ ! app>5t insignificances ( its cause4 ,%elt] f ! ,sky4--,! %elt] ( a wall is only suffici5t aga9/ w9d or driv+ ra92 we require a ro( to %ield u aga9/ v]tical ra91 & aga9/ dew1 or :at is mu* ! same ?+1 aga9/ ! cold ( a cle> blue sky on a /ill night4 ,! temp]ature ( ! heav5s is kn[n pretty accurately1 by m ?an "o me?od ( calculation3 x is -#bci degrees ,fahr42 ! greate/ cold felt 9 ! ,arctic regions be+ ab\t -#dj degrees ,fahr4 ,if ! night be cl\dy1 ea* cl\d is a ro( to keep (f ! cold2 if x be cle>1 we are expos$ to ! full *ill ( ! blue sky1 ) only su* alleviation z ! w>m+ & ! non-conduct+ p[]s ( ! atmosph]e may af=d4 ,! effect is great] ?an mo/ p w\ld cr$it4 ,! upp]mo/ lay] ( ! e>?1 or :atev] may be ly+ expos$ ^u x1 is call$ ^u to "p ) a great quantity ( heat4 ,if x s happ5 t ! upp]mo/ lay] is ( a non-conduct+ nature1 ! heat ab/ract$ f x w be poorly resuppli$ by communication f ! l[] ones4 ,aga91 if ! night be a v calm "o1 !re w be no supply ( w>m? f fre% curr5ts ( air fall+ d[n ^u x4 ,h5ce1 9 ! treble ev5t ( a cle> blue sky1 a non-conduct+ soil1 & a p]fectly /ill night1 we are liable to h great cold on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is is %>$ by a ?9 lay] ( air t imm$iately re/s ^u x2 :ile at ea* successive in* 9 height1 ! air becomes m ne>ly ( its prop] temp]ature4 ,a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 made by ,mr4 ,glai%] on ?is subject 7',phil4 ,trans4' #ahdg71 ! up%ot ( :i* is t a !rmomet] laid on grass1 "u a blue sky on a calm night1 m>ks on an av]age #h degrees ,fahr4 cold] ?an "o #d feet above x2 #a in* above grass1 #e #a_/b degrees2 #a foot1 #a degrees2 #d feet1 #a_/b degrees2 on gravel & s& ! diff]5ces are only ab\t "o-?ird z mu*4 ,%eep h a practical k ( ^! diff]5ces4 ,(t51 9 an e>ly walk on dewy morn+s1 ,i see all ! %eep 9 ,hyde ,p>k biv\ack$ on ! gravel walks ( ,rott5 ,r[4 ,! above figures are ! results ( exp]im5ts made 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! air is always moi/1 & ! =mation ( dew1 :ile x te/ifies to ! cold ( ! night1 assi/s l>gely to mod]ate x4 ,9 arid climates ! *ill w\ld be f> great]2 su* w\ld also be ! case at high elevations4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,glai%]'s exp]im5ts %[$ a diff]5ce ( no less ?an #bh degrees betwe5 ! cold on ! gr\nd & t at #h feet high4 ,?is might (t5 be rivall$ 9 an elevat$ des]t1 z 9 t ( ,mongolia4 ,h5ce ! value ( ! protection ( a ro( & ( a rais$ sleep+-place1 to a man sleep+ "u a blue sky 9 /ill wea!r1 admits ( easy int]pretation4 ,v>i\s ,me?ods ( ,biv\ack+4--,unprotect$4--,mr4 ,%aw1 ! travell] 9 ,?ibet1 says3--,my companion & ,i walk$ on to keep ourselves w>m1 b halt+ at sunset1 _h to sit & freeze sev]al h\rs be=e ! ?+s came up4 ,! be/ way ( keep+ w>m on su* an occasion1 is to squat d[n1 kneel+ aga9/ a bank1 re/+ y\r head on ! bank1 & ne>ly betwe5 y\r knees4 ,!n tuck y\r ov]coat 91 all r\nd y1 ov] head & all2 & if y are lucky1 & !re is n too mu* w9d1 y w make a little atmosph]e ( y\r own inside ! cov]+1 :i* w be snug 9 comp>ison ) ! outside air4 ,y\r feet suff] *iefly1 b y le>n to tie y\rself into a k9d ( knot1 br++ z _m surfaces ( y\r body toge!r z possible4 ,i h pass$ :ole nights 9 ?is kneel+ position1 & slept well2 :]eas ,i %\ld n h got a w9k _h ,i be5 /ret*$ at full l5g? ) su* a scanty cov]+ z a great-coat4 ,bu%es4--,i h %[n t ! ma9 object be=e sleep+ out at night is to secure a long w9d-tight wall1 & t ! next is to obta9 a ro(4 ,bo? ^! objects may be atta9$ by plea*+two or ?ree small neighb\r+ bu%es into "o2 or bran*es may be torn (f else:]e & int]wov5 betwe5 ! bu%es4 ,a few leafy b\ghs1 cut & /uck into ! gr\nd1 ) _! tops lean+ ov] ! b$1 & secur$ 9 t position by o!r b\ghs1 wattl$-9 horizontally1 give great protection4 ,long grass1 etc41 %\ld be pluck$ & /rewn aga9/ !m to make !m z w9d-tight z possible4 ,walls4--,a pile ( saddle-bags & o!r travell+ ge> may be made into a good scre5 aga9/ ! w9d2 & travell]s usually arrange !m ) t int5tion4 ,walls ( /one may be built z a support to clo?s1 ^: (fice x is to r5d] ! walls w9d-tight1 & also by lapp+ ov] _! top1 to =m a p>tial ro(4 ,we h already spok5 ( a broad sod ( turf propp$ up on edge4 ,! ,?ibetan travell] c>es = no ro( ov]head if he c %elt] himself f ! w9d beh9d a ?ree-foot wall4 ,h5ce ! num]\s little enclosures clu/]$ toge!r l cells ( a honeycomb at e halt+-place1 ) "o side always rais$ aga9/ ! prevail+ w9d4 7,%aw47 ,^! walls are built r\nd %all[ pits1 ea* ) its r\gh fireplace 9 ! middle4 ,clo?s4--,any clo? may be made to give %elt] by an arrangem5t l t 9 ! sket*4 ,sket* ( clo? %elt]4 ,! corn]s ( ! clo? %\ld be secur$ by simple hit*es 9 ! rope1 & nev] by knots4 ,! =m] are suffici5t = all purposes ( security1 b ! latt] w jam1 & y may h to injure bo? clo? & /r+ to get !m loose aga94 ,x is conv5i5t to p9 ! sides ( ! clo? ) a skew] r\nd ! ropes4 ,any /rip ( wood makes a skew]4 ,e>? %\ld be bank$ aga9/ ! l[e/ edge ( ! clo?1 to keep out ! w9d1 & to prev5t its flapp+4 ,! /icks may1 on an em]g5cy1 be replac$ by faggots ( bru%wood1 by guns1 or by ropes c>ri$ d[n f ! ov]hang+ bran*es ( a l>ge tree4 7,= a sail support$ by o>s1 see ,sail ,t5t p4 #ajh47 ,fremont1 ! ,am]ican travell] biv\ack$ z foll[s3--,8 rifles 7 ti$ toge!r ne> ! muzzles1 ! butts re/+ on ! gr\nd widely ap>t2 a knife 0 laid on ! rope t ti$ !m toge!r1 to cut x 9 case ( an al>m2 ov] ?is extempore framework 0 ?r[n a l>ge india-rubb] clo?1 ) :i* he cov]$ 8 packs :5 on ! road2 x made a cov] suffici5tly l>ge to receive ab\t half ( 8 b$1 & 0 a place ( %elt] = 8 in/rum5ts4 ,gordon ,cumm+4--,! foll[+ extract is f ,mr4 ,gordon ,cumm+'s book on ,africa3 x describes ! prep>ations ( a practis$ travell] = a %ort excursion f 8 wagons away into ! bu%4 ,i _h at l5g? got into ! way ( mak+ myself tol]ably com=table 9 ! field1 & f ?is date ,i seldom w5t 9 que/ ( elephants )\t ! foll[+ imp$im5ta1 i4e4 a l>ge blanket1 :i* ,i fold$ & secur$ be=e my saddle z a dragoon does 8 cloak1 & two lea!r sacks1 conta9+ a flannel %irt1 w>m tr\s]s1 & a wooll5 night-cap1 sp>e ammunition1 wa%+-rod1 c(fee1 bread1 sug>1 pepp] & salt1 dri$ meat1 a wood5 b[l1 & a tea-spoon4 ,^! sacks 7 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( ! natives1 = :i* s]vice ,i remun]at$ !m ) beads4 ,!y also c>ri$ my c(fee-kettle1 two calaba%es ( wat]1 two ,am]ican axes1 & two sickles1 :i* ,i us$ e ev5+ to cut grass = my b$1 & likewise = my horses to eat ?r\gh\t ! night2 & my aft]-rid] c>ri$ extra ammunition & a sp>e rifle4 ,importance ( ,com=t4--,to conclude ^! g5]al h9ts1 let ! travell]1 :5 out 9 try+ wea!r1 "w h>d at mak+ 8 sleep+-place p]fectly dry & com=table2 he %\ld n cease until he is conv9c$ t x w )/& ! *ill ( ! e>ly morn+1 :5 ! heat ( ! ye/]day's sun is exhau/$1 & t ( ! com+ sun has n begun to be felt4 ,x is wret*$ beyond expression = a man to lie %iv]+ b5ea? a scanty cov]+ & to feel ! night air become h\rly m raw1 :ile 8 life-blood has less p[] to )/& x2 & to ?9k1 self-reproa*fully1 h[ diff]5t w\ld h be5 8 situation if he _h simply _h =e?\ght & en]gy en\gh to cut & draw twice ! quantity ( firewood1 & to sp5d an extra half-h\r 9 lab\r+ to make himself a snugg] b]?4 ,! omission once made becomes irrep>able2 = 9 ! cold ( a pitiless night he has h>dly suffici5t /am9a to rise & face ! wea!r1 & ! d>kness makes him unable to cope ) 8 difficulties4 ,biv\ac 9 ,special ,localities4--,encampm5t 9 ,=e/s4--,a clump ( trees yields wond]ful %elt]4 ,! ,sw$es h a prov]b t ! =e/ is ! poor man's jacket4 ,9 fir-woods !re is great facility 9 mak+ w>m encampm5ts2 = a "y tree1 :5 x is fell$1 yields bo? poles to support bran*es = %ields aga9/ wea!r1 & f9] cutt+s = floor+ above ! sn[ or damp4 ,a common plan is to support a cross-b> by two uprights1 z %[n 9 ! figure2 aga9/ ?is cross-b> a numb] ( poles are made to lean2 on ! back ( ! poles abundance ( fir bran*es are laid horizontally2 & la/ly1 on ! back ( ^! are ano!r set ( lean+ poles1 9 ord] to secure !m by _! weight4 ,sket* ( pole %elt]4 ,on ,b>e ,pla9s4--,avoid sleep+ 9 slight holl[s dur+ cle> /ill wea!r4 ,! cold /ratum ( air1 ( :i* ,i spoke 9 ! section ( ,%elt] f ! ,sky1 p\rs d[n into !m1 l wat] f ! surr\nd+ pla91 & /agnates4 ,spr+ fro/s are always m sev]ely felt 9 holl[s4 ,!re=e1 9 a broad level pla91 especially if ! night be cle> & calm1 look out = "s slightly ris+ gr\nd = an encampm5t4 ,! *ill$ /ratum ( air dra9s f (f x1 & is replac$ by w>m] air4 ,horses & cattle1 z ! night sets 91 always draw up to ^! high] gr\nds1 :i* rise l isl&s ?r\gh ! sea ( mi/ t cov]s ! pla94 ,walls h be5 built = %elt] aga9/ ! w9d1 on a b>e s&y pla91 by tak+ empty bags1 fill+ !m ) s&1 & !n build+ !m up z if !y _h be5 /ones4 ,buri$1 or 9 ,holes4--,a ,european c live ?r\gh a bitt] night1 on a p]fectly dry s&y pla91 )\t any clo!s besides :at he has on1 if he buries 8 body pretty deeply 9 ! s&1 keep+ only 8 head above gr\nd4 ,x is a usual habit ( ! nak$ natives 9 ,au/ralia to d s1 & n an unfrequ5t "o ( ! ,hott5tots ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,mr4 ,m(fat records ) grateful surprise h[ he pass$ a night1 ( :i* he _h gloomy =ebod+s1 9 real com=t1 ev5 luxury1 by adopt+ ?is me?od4 ,a man may be z com=table 9 a burr[ z 9 a d54 ,i %all speak ( und]gr\nd h\ses "u ,hutt+2 & = ! pres5t w only m5tion t1 9 arid c\ntries1 dry wells1 dug by natives & p>tially *ok$ by drift$ s&1 are (t5 to be met )4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd ne> exi/+ wat]+-places1 :]e !y h be5 sup]s$$ by o!rs1 bett] plac$ & deep]4 ,n[1 !re are few w>m] sleep+-places ?an "o ( ^! dry wells2 a small fire is easily kept burn+ at ! bottom1 & ! top may be p>tially ro($ ov]4 ,9 ,a%es ( ,camp ,fire4--,a few *ill h\rs may be got ov]1 9 a pla9 t af=ds no o!r %elt]1 by ne/l+ among ! a%es ( a rec5tly burnt-out camp fire4 ,w>m ,c>cases4--,9 ,napoleon's retreat1 aft] 8 campaign 9 ,russia1 _m a soldi] sav$ or prolong$ 8 life by creep+ )9 ! w>m & reek+ c>case ( a horse t _h di$ by ! way4 ,by ! wat]-side4--,a /ony bea* makes a f9e dry encamp+-place1 & has ?is advantage1 t x makes x impossible = m>aud]s to creep up unhe>d4 ,b ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( fre% wat] is objectionable1 =1 besides be+ expos$ to mal>ia & mosquitoes1 ! night air is m cold & p5etrat+ by its side1 ?an at "o or two hundr$ y>ds' di/ance f x4 7,i w speak ( walls ( ru%es & re$s1 "u ,huts47 ,by ,rocks4--,9 ! cruel climate ( ,?ibet1 ,dr4 ,hook] tells u t x is ! habit to encamp close to "s l>ge rock1 because a rock absorbs heat all day1 & p>ts ) x b sl[ly dur+ ! night-"t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a res]voir ( w>m? :5 ! sun is d[n1 & its neighb\rhood is covet$ 9 ! night-"t4 ,ow+ to ! same cause1 act+ 9 ! opposite direction1 ! %ad[ ( a broad rock is peculi>ly cool & grateful1 dur+ ! heat ( ! day1 9 a ?ir/y l&4 ,on ,hea!r4--,mr4 ,/4 ,john tells u ( an excell5t way 9 :i* ,highl& poa*]s1 :5 9 a p>ty usually pass fro/y nights on ! moor-side4 ,!y cut quantities ( hea!r1 & /rew "p ( x z a b$ on ! gr\nd2 !n all ! p>ty lie d[n1 side by side1 except+ "o man ^: place among ! re/ is kept vacant = him4 ,8 bus9ess is to spread plaids ^u !m z !y lie1 & to heap up ! rema9d] ( ! hea!r ^u ! plaids4 ,?is be+ accompli%$1 ! man wriggles & works himself into ! gap t has be5 left = him 9 ! mid/ ( 8 comrades4 ,sket* ( sleep+ arrangem5t4 ,on ,sn[4--,i %all h to describe sn[-h\ses & sn[-walls cov]$ ) sail-clo?1 "u ,huts4 ,"h ,i w speak ( m simple arrangem5ts4 ,dr4 ,kane says3--,we aft]w>ds le>nt to modify & r$uce our travell+-ge>1 & f\nd t 9 direct proportion to its simplicity & to our app>5t privation ( articles ( suppos$ necessity1 7 our actual com=t & practical effici5cy4 ,/ep by /ep1 z long z our ,arctic s]vice cont9u$1 we w5t on r$uc+ our sl$g+ outfit1 until we at la/ came to ! ,esquimaux ultimatum ( simplicity--raw meat & a fur bag4 ,lieut4 ,cresswell1 ,r4,n41 :o1 hav+ be5 deta*$ f ,capta9 ,mc,clure's %ip 9 #ahec1 0 ! fir/ (fic] :o ev] accompli%$ ! fam\s ,nor?-,we/ passage1 gave ! foll[+ graphic acc\nt ( ! r\t9e ( 8 j\rney+1 9 a spee* at ,lynn3--,y mu/ be aw>e t 9 ,arctic travell+ y mu/ dep5d entirely on y\r own res\rces4 ,y h n a s+le ?+ else to dep5d on except sn[-wat]3 no produce ( ! c\ntry1 nor firewood1 or coals1 or any?+ (f ! sort2 & :atev] y h to take1 to su/a9 y = ! j\rney1 y mu/ c>ry or drag4 ,x is f\nd by exp]i5ce m easy to drag x on sl$ges ?an to c>ry x4 ,! plan we adopt is ?is3--we h a sl$ge g5]ally mann$ by ab\t six or t5 m51 :i* we load ) provisions1 ) t5ts1 & all requisites = travell+1 simple cook+ ut5sils1 spirits-(-w9e = cook+1 etc41 & />t (f4 ,! quantity ( p c g5]ally drag ov] ! ice is =ty days' provisions2 t gives ab\t #bjj lbs4 weight to ea*4 ,aft] />t+ f ! %ip1 & hav+ travell$ a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs--g5]ally t5 or elev5--we encamp = ! night1 or r = ! day1 because x is consid]$ bett] to travel at night & sleep at day1 on acc\nt ( ! gl>e ( ! sun on ! sn[4 ,we us$ to travel j\rneys ( ab\t t5 h\rs1 & !n encamp1 light our spirits-(-w9e1 put our kettle on x to ?aw our sn[-wat]1 & aft] we _h _h our supp]--j a piece ( pemmican & a glass ( wat]--we 7 glad to smoke our pipes & turn into b$4 ,! fir/ ?+ we did1 aft] pit*+ ! t5t1 0 to lay a sort ( mac9to% cov]+ ov] ! sn[2 on ?is a piece ( buffalo robe 0 /ret*$4 ,ea* man & (fic] _h a blanket sewn up 9 ! =m ( a bag2 & into ^! we us$ to jump1 mu* 9 ! same way z y may see a boy d 9 a sack4 ,we lay d[n head & feet1 ! next p]son to me hav+ 8 head to my feet1 & 8 feet to my head1 s t we lay l h]r+s 9 a b>rel4 ,aft] ?is1 we cov]$ ourselves ) sk91 spread+ !m ov] ! :ole ( u2 & ! clos] we got1 ! bett]1 z !re 0 m w>m?4 ,we lay till ! morn+1 & !n ! process 0 ! same aga94 ,x appe>s t p may bury !mselves 9 sn[1 & want nei!r air nor w>m?4 ,i h nev] made ! exp]im5t2 b h read ( num]\s in/ances ( p fall+ into sn[-drifts1 & n be+ extricat$ = _m days1 & :5 at l5g? !y 7 tak5 out1 !y nev] seem to h compla9$ ( cold1 or any o!r suff]+s ?an ^? ( hung] & ( anxiety4 ,,huts4 ,huts & ,sn[-,h\ses4--,9 mak+ a dept1 x is usual to build a h\se2 (t5 ! m5 mu/ pass weeks 9 inactivity1 & !y _h bett] sp5d _! "t 9 mak+ _! qu>t]s com=table ?an 9 idl5ess4 ,:atev] huts are us$ by ! natives are sure1 if made ) extra c>e1 to be good en\gh = ,european travell]s4 ,log-huts4--,9 build+ log-huts1 f\r poles are plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 to correspond to ! f\r corn]s2 aga9/ ^!1 logs are pil$ "o above ano!r z 9 ! draw+ bel[2 !y are s deeply not*$ :]e _! ends are cross$1 t ! adjac5t sides are firmly dovetail$4 ,:5 ! walls are entirely complet$1 ! door & w9d[s are *opp$ out4 ,sket* ( cab94 ,! spaces betwe5 ! logs mu/ be caulk$ ) moss1 etc41 or ! log-cab9 w be little bett] ?an a log-cage4 ,x requires a great _m logs to make a hut2 =1 suppos+ ! walls to be #h feet high1 & ! trees to av]age #h in*es 9 diamet]1 twelve trees w\ld be requir$ to build up "o side1 or =ty-eight = all f\r walls4 ,o!r timb] w\ld also be want$ = ! ro(4 ,und]gr\nd ,huts are us$ 9 all qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,! exp]i5ce ( our troops :5 encamp$ be=e ,seba/opol dur+ an inclem5t season told /rongly 9 _! fav\r4 ,_! timely adoption 0 ! salvation ( ! ,briti% army4 ,!y are ess5tially1 no?+ else ?an holes 9 ! gr\nd1 ro($ ov]1 fig4 #a4 ,sket* ( ro( & geometrical measure4 ,! %ape & size ( ! hole corresponds to t ( ! ro( x may be possible to procure = x2 its dep? is no great] ?an requisite = sitt+ or /&+4 ,if ! ro( has a pit* ( #b feet 9 ! middle1 ! dep? ( ! hole ne$ n exce$ #d #a_/b feet4 ,9 ! ,crimea1 ! holes 7 rectangul>1 & 7 ro($ l huts4 ,:]e !re is a /eep hillside1 a a'1 fig4 #b1 an und]gr\nd hut1 b1 is easily contriv$2 because bran*es laid ov] its top1 along ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 h suffici5t pit* to ?r[ (f ! ra94 ,( c\rse ! e>? mu/ be remov$ f a'1 at ! place int5d$ = ! doorway4 ,re$ ,huts4--,! re$ huts ( ! ,affej ,arabs1 & o!r inhabitants ( ! ,*aldean m>%es1 are %ap$ l wagon-ro(s1 & are con/ruct$ ( semicircul> ribs ( re$s1 plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 at equal di/ances ap>t2 ea* rib be+ a faggot ( re$s ( #b feet 9 diamet]4 ,= /r5g?1 !y are b\nd r\nd e y>d ) twi/$ b&s ( re$s4 ,:5 ?is framework has be5 erect$1 x is cov]$ ) two or ?ree %eets ( f9e re$ matt+ 7see ,matt+71 :i* =ms a dwell+ imp]vi\s to ra94 ,"s ( ! *iefs' huts are z mu* z #dj feet long1 & #ab high2 ! o!r huts are consid]ably small]4 ,_m ( ^! re$ dwell+s are conta9$ 9 comp\nds enclos$ by l(ty re$ f5ces2 ! re$s be+ plant$ upright1 & simply /rung toge!r by a ?read run ?r\gh !m1 z !y /& side by side4 7,see ,/raw & ,re$ ,walls47 ,sn[-h\ses4--,few travell]s h habitually made sn[-h\ses1 except ,sir ,j4 ,frankl9's p>ty & t ( ,dr4 ,rae4 ,great praises are be/[$ on _! com=t by all travell]s1 b skill & practice are requir$ 9 build+ !m4 ,! mode ( erection ( ^! dome-%ap$ build+s is z foll[s3--,x is to be und]/ood t compact1 und]ly+ sn[ is necess>y = ! floor ( ! hut2 & t ! loos] textur$1 upp] lay] ( sn[1 is us$ to build ! h\se4 ,fir/1 select & m>k out ! circul> plot on :i* ! hut is to be rais$4 ,!n1 cut out ( t plot1 ) knives1 deep slices ( sn[1 #f in*es wide1 #c feet long1 & ( a dep? equal to t ( ! lay] ( loose sn[1 say "o or two feet4 ,^! slices are to be ( a curv$ %ape1 s z to =m a circul> r+ :5 plac$ on _! edges1 & ( a suitable radius = ! fir/ r[ ( sn[-bricks4 ,o!r slices are cut on ! same pr9ciple = ! succe$+ r[s2 b :5 ! dom$ ro( has to be made1 ! sn[-bricks mu/ be cut ) ! necess>y d\ble curvature4 ,a conical plug fills up ! c5tre ( ! dome4 ,loose sn[ is next heap$ ov] ! h\se1 to fill up crevices4 ,la/ly a doorway is cut out ) knives2 also a w9d[1 :i* is glaz$ ) a %eet ( ! pure/ ice at h&4 ,= inside accommodation !re %\ld be a pill> or two ( sn[ to support ! lamps4 ,sn[ ,walls ) ,t5t+ = _! ,ro(s4--,sir ,l4 ,mc,clintock says3--,we travell$ ea* day until dusk1 & !n 7 occupi$ = a c\ple ( h\rs 9 build+ our sn[-hut4 ,! f\r walls 7 run up until #e #a_/b feet high1 incl9+ inw>ds z mu* z possible1 ov] ^! our t5t 0 laid to =m a ro(4 ,we c\ld n af=d ! "t necess>y to con/ruct a dome ( sn[4 ,our equipm5t consi/$ ( a v small br[n-holl& t5t1 mac9to% floor-clo? & felt robes2 besides ?is1 ea* man _h a bag ( d\ble blanket+1 & a pair ( fur boots1 to sleep 94 ,we wore mocass9s ov] ! pieces ( blanket+ 9 :i* our feet 7 wrapp$ up1 &1 ) ! exception ( a *ange ( ?is foot-ge>1 c>ri$ no sp>e clo!s4 ,:5 we halt$ = ! night1 ,?ompson & ,i usually saw$ out ! blocks ( compact sn[1 & c>ri$ !m to ,pet]s51 :o act$ z ! ma/]-mason 9 build+ ! hut4 ,! h\r-&-a-half or two h\rs usually employ$ 9 erect+ ! edifice 0 ! mo/ disagreeable "p ( ! day's lab\r2 =1 9 addition to be+ already well tir$ & desir+ repose1 we became ?or\ghly *ill$ :ile /&+ ab\t4 ,! dogs 7 !n f$1 !n ! sl$ge unpack$1 & ev]y?+ c>ri$ into x4 ,! door 0 n[ block$ up ) sn[1 ! cook+-lamp light$1 foot-ge> *ang$1 di>y writ+ up1 wat*es w\nd1 sleep+-bags wriggl$ into1 pipes light$1 & ! m]its ( ! v>i\s dogs discuss$1 until supp] 0 ready2 ! supp] swall[$1 ! upp] robe or cov]let pull$ ov]1 & !n to sleep4 ,next morn+ came breakfa/1 a /ruggle to get into froz5 mocass9s1 aft] :i* ! sl$ges 7 pack$1 & ano!r day's m>* comm5c$4 ,9 ^! little huts we usually slept w>m en\gh1 al?\gh latt]ly1 :5 our blankets & clo!s became load$ ) ice1 we felt ! cold sev]ely4 ,:5 our l[ doorway 0 c>efully block$ up ) sn[1 & ! cook+-lamp alight1 ! temp]ature quickly rose1 s t ! walls became glaz$ & our b$d+ ?aw$2 b ! cook+ ov]1 or ! doorway p>tially op5$1 x z quickly fell aga91 s t x 0 impossible to sleep1 or ev5 to hold "o's pannik9 ( tea )\t putt+ mits on1 s int5se 0 ! cold4--,sir ,l4 ,mc,clintock is "h speak+ ( a temp]ature ( -#ci degrees ,fahr4 ,mat]ials = build+ ,huts4--,! mat]ials :5ce ! walls & ro(s ( huts may be con/ruct$ are v num]\s3 !re is h>dly any place :i* does n furni% "o or o!r ( !m4 ,^? pr9cipally 9 use are z foll[s3-- ,wattle-&-daub1 to be execut$ neatly1 requir$ well-%ap$ & flexible /icks2 b a hut may be con/ruct$ mu* l ! sket* 7see p4 #abj7 ( ! way ( ,dry+ ,clo!s4 ,x is made by plant+ 9 ! gr\nd a numb] ( b>e /icks1 #d feet long1 & #a foot ap>t1 b5d+ _! tops toge!r1 la%+ !m fa/ ) /r+ or /rips ( b>k1 & wattl+ !m judici\sly "h & !re1 by means ( o!r b\ghs1 laid horizontally4 ,!n1 by heap+ leaves--& especially broad pieces ( b>k1 if y c get !m--ov] all1 & bank+ up ! e>? on ei!r side1 pretty high1 an excell5t k5nel is made4 ,if daub$ ov] ) mud1 clay1 or cattle-dung1 ! hut becomes m secure aga9/ ! wea!r4 ,to proce$ a /ep fur!r3--z _m poles may be plant$ 9 ! gr\nd z /icks h be5 employ$ 9 mak+ ! ro(2 & !n ! ro( may be lift$ bodily 9 ! air1 & la%$ to ! top ( ! poles1 ea* /ick to its correspond+ pole4 ,?is sort ( /ructure is v common among savages4 ,= me?ods ( digg+ holes 9 :i* to plant ! hut-poles1 see ! *apt] on ,wells4 ,! holes made 9 ! way ,i h !re expla9$ are f> bett] ?an ^? dug ) spades2 = !y di/urb no m ( ! h>d5$ gr\nd ?an is necess>y = ! ins]tion ( ! palisades4 ,to jam a pole tightly 9 its place1 w$ges ( wood %\ld be driv5 9 at its side1 & e>? ramm$ d[n betwe5 ! w$ges4 ,palisades are excell5t z walls or z enclosures4 ,!y are erect$ ( va/ l5g?s1 by savages :olly de/itute ( tools1 bo? = ! purposes ( =tification & also = complet+ l9es ( pitfalls across wide valleys4 ! pitfalls occupy gaps left 9 ! palisad+4 ,! savages burn d[n ! trees 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--a p>ty ( m5 g to ! =e/1 & light small fires r\nd ! roots ( ! trees !y propose to fell4 ! fires are prev5t$ f flam+ upw>ds by ! judici\s application ( leaves1 etc4 ,:5 ! fire has eat5 a little way into ! tree1 ! man :o wat*es x scrapes ! fire aside & knocks away ! *>r$ wood1 expos+ a fre% surface = fire to act ^u1 & !n replaces ! burn+ emb]s4 ,a s+le man may easily att5d to a doz5 trees1 &1 inde$1 to _m m1 if ! night be calm4 ,"s h\rs elapse be=e ! trees actually fall4 ,_! tops & bran*es are burnt (f z !y lie on ! gr\nd4 ,! poles be+ ?us procur$ = ! palisad+1 !y are c>ri$ to ! requir$ place1 :]e holes are dug = _! reception1 on ! pr9ciple describ$ 9 ,wells1 to :i* ,i h j allud$4 ,/raw or ,re$ ,walls ( ! foll[+ k9d are v effective1 & !y h ! advantage ( requir+ a m9imum ( /r+ 7or sub/itute = /r+7 9 _! manufacture4 ,! /raw1 re$s1 or h]bage1 ( almo/ any description1 is simply nipp$ betwe5 two pairs ( long /icks1 :i* are respectively ti$ toge!r at _! ends1 & at a suffici5t numb] ( int]m$iate places4 ,! :ole is neatly squ>$ & trimm$4 ,sket* ( /raw walls4 ,a few ( ^! w\ld give good help 9 f9i%+ ! ro( or walls ( a h\se4 ,!y c be made moveable1 s z to suit ! w9d1 %ade1 & aspect4 ,ev5 ! hut door c be made on ?is pr9ciple4 ,9 re$y c\ntries :]e !re are no /icks1 ?9 faggots ( re$s are us$ 9 _! place4 ,b>k4--,b>k is univ]sally us$ 9 ,au/ralia = ro(s ( huts & tempor>y build+s2 ! coloni/s le>nt ! use ( x f ! natives1 & "s trees1 at lea/1 9 e =e/-c\ntry might v probably be f\nd z well fitt$ = t purpose z ^? 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! b>k may be easily remov$1 only :5 ! sap is well up 9 ! tree1 b a skilful p]son w manage to procure b>k at all seasons ( ! ye>1 except 9 ! colde/ w9t] mon?s2 & ev5 !n he w light on "s tree1 f ! sunny side ( :i* he c /rip broad pieces4 ,! process ( b>k-/ripp+ is simply to cut two r+s "r r\nd ! tree 7usually f #f to #i feet ap>t71 & "o v]tical slit to jo9 !m2 />t+ f ! slit1 & *ipp+ away /ep by /ep on ei!r side1 ! :ole cyl9d] ( b>k is remov$4 ,! l>g] ! tree1 ! bett]2 = if ! tree is less ?an #ah in*es1 or s1 9 diamet]1 ! b>k is apt to break :5 flatt5$ out4 ,:5 /ripp$ = huts1 x is laid on ! gr\nd = "s days to dry1 be+ flatt5$ out on its face1 & a few /ones or logs put on x4 ! ord9>y b>k ( gum-trees is ab\t half an in* to ?ree-eigh?s ?ick1 s t a l>ge %eet is v heavy4 ,mo/ explor+ exp$itions are accompani$ by a black1 ^: dext]ity 9 /ripp+ b>k = a wet night is invaluable1 z if ! b>k w come (f well1 he c procure en\gh ( x 9 an h\r's "t to make a %elt] = a l>ge p>ty4 ,mats c be wov5 ) ease :5 !re is abundance ( /r+1 or "s equival5t = x 7see ,/r+71 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,sket* ( loom4 ,a1 ,b1 are two pegs driv5 into ! gr\nd & /&+ ab\t a foot out ( x4 ,a /ake1 ,a ,b1 is la%$ across !m2 a r[ ( pegs1 ,e1 are driv5 into ! gr\nd1 p>allel to ,a1 ,b1 & ab\t #f in*es ap>t4 ,two sets ( /r+s are !n ti$ to ,a ,b2 "o set are fa/5$ by _! loose ends into clefts1 9 ! pegs ,e1 & ! o!r set are fa/5$ to ! /ick1 ,c ,d4 ,if !re be t5 /r+s 9 all1 !n #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 are ti$ to ,c ,d1 & #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 to ,a ,b4 ,by alt]nately rais+ & depress+ ,c ,d1 & by pu%+ 9 a h&ful ( ru%es betwe5 ! two sets ( /r+s aft] ea* ( its movem5ts1 &1 f9ally1 by patt+ !m home ) a flat /ick1 ?is r\gh sort ( weav+ is c>ri$ on v successfully4 ,mats are also plait$ 9 bread?s1 & ! bread?s are /it*$ toge!r1 side by side4 ,or a ?ick] k9d ( mat may be made by tak+ a wisp ( /raw & work+ x 9 ! same way 9 :i* /raw beehives are con/ruct$4 ,/raw is work$ m easily aft] be+ damp$ & beat5 ) a mallet4 ,malay hit*4--,i "k no bett] "n = ! wond]fully simple way 7%[n 9 ! figure7 ( atta*+ toge!r wisps ( /raw1 rods1 la?s1 re$s1 planks1 poles1 or any?+ ( ! k9d1 into a secure & flexible mat2 ! sails us$ 9 ! f> ,ea/ are made 9 ?is way1 & ! moveable decks ( vessels are made ( bamboos1 jo9$ toge!r ) a simil> b r m complicat$ /it*4 ,sket* ( fa/5+4 ,i may rem>k t soldi]s might be tra9$ to a great deal ( hutt+ practice 9 a v inexp5sive way1 if !y 7 drill$ at putt+ toge!r huts1 ^: ro(s & walls 7 made ( planks la%$ toge!r by ?is simple hit*1 & ^: supports 7 %ort scaffold+ poles plant$ 9 deep holes1 dug1 z expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,wells1 ) ! h& & a small /ick4 ,! poles1 planks1 & cords might be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = an indef9ite "t4 ,fur!r1 b$/eads c\ld be made 9 a simil> way1 by %ort cross-planks la%$ toge!r1 & re/+ on a framework ( horizontal poles1 la%$ to uprights plant$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! soldi]'s b$d+ w\ld n be injur$ by be+ us$ on ^! b$/eads1 z mu* z if x 7 laid on ! b>e gr\nd4 ,k9ds ( designs & exp]im5ts 9 hutt+ c\ld be practis$ )\t exp5se 9 ?is simple way4 ,t>paul+s are v suitable = ro(s4 ,^? made aft] ! me?od us$ by sailors are mu* sup]ior to o!rs 9 s(tness & durability4 ,! plan is z foll[s3--,z soon z ! canvas has be5 sewn toge!r1 x is ?or\ghly wett$ ) sea-wat]2 &1 :ile /ill wet1 x is sme>$ ov] on "o ( its sides ) t> & grease1 boil$ toge!r--ab\t two p>ts t> & "o ( grease4 ,aft] be+ hung up till x is dry1 x is turn$2 & ! o!r side1 be+ a second "t well wett$1 is at once pa9t$ ov] ) ! t> & grease1 j z ! fir/ side _h be5 be=e4 ,! sailors say t ! t> dries 91 z ! wat] dries out2 a say+ :i* ,i confess ,i _c und]/&4 ,o!r ,mat]ials4--,i w m]ely m5tion ^! by "n1 = !y require no explanation4 ,!y are fasc9es or faggots2 bricks1 sun-dri$ or bak$ 9 ! ov52 turf2 /ones2 & bags or mats1 fill$ ) s& or %+le4 ,:itewa% is lime & wat]4 ,lime is made by burn+ lime/one1 *alk1 %ells1 or coral 9 a simple furnace4 ,ro(s4--,?at*+4--,aft] ! framework ( ! ro( has be5 made1 ! ?at*] beg9s at ! bottom1 & ties a r[ ( bundles ( /raw1 side by side1 on to ! framework4 ,!n he beg9s a second r[1 all[+ ! ends ( ! bundles compos+ x to ov]lap ! heads ( ^? 9 ! fir/ r[4 ,wood-%+les are tile-%ap$ slices ( wood1 easily cut f fir-trees4 ,!y are us$ = ro(+1 on ! same pr9ciple z tiles or slates4 ,floors4--,concrete = floors1 is made ( eight p>ts l>ge pebbles1 f\r p>ts riv]-s&1 & "o "p lime 7to make lime1 see ,:itewa%74 ,c[-dung & a%es make a h>d1 dry1 & clean floor2 su* z is us$ = a ?re%+-floor4 ,ox blood & f9e clay knead$ toge!r are excell5t4 ,bo? ^! latt] compositions are 9 use 9 all hot dry c\ntries4 ,w9d[s4--,a w9d[1 or r a hole 9 ! wall1 may be rudely %utt]$ by a /ick run ?r\gh loops made out ( wisps ( grass4 ,9 hot wea!r1 ! w9d[s ( ! hutmay be loosely /uff$ ) grass1 :i*1 :5 wat]$1 makes ! hut cool]4 ,glass1 to cut4--,glass _c be cut ) any c]ta9ty1 )\t a diamond2 b x may be %ap$ & r$uc$ to any size by gradually *ipp+1 or r bit+1 away at its edges ) a key1 if ! slit betwe5 ! w>ds ( ! key be j l>ge en\gh to admit ! pane ( glass easily4 ,sket*4 ,sub/itutes = glass4--,^! are wax$ or oil$ pap] or clo?1 bladd]1 fi%-membranes1 talc1 & horn4 7,see ,horn47 ,,sleep+-,,bags4 ,sleep+-bags4--,knapsack ,bags4--,^! h be5 us$ = ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s by ! ,fr5* 'd\ani]s'1 :o wat* ! m\nta9-passes ( ! ,pyr5ean fronti]4 ,! bags are made ( %eepsk91 ) ! wool inside4 ,:5 n 9 use !y are fold$ up & buckl$ ) five buckles into ! %ape ( a some:at bulky knapsack 7p4 #aeb71 :i* ! rec5t occupant may %\ld] & walk away )4 ,! accompany+ sket*es are drawn to scale4 ,!y 7 made f ! sleep+-bag belong+ to a man #e feet #f in*es 9 height2 ! scale %\ld !re=e be l5g!n$ = a tall] p]son1 b ! bread? seems ample4 ,its weight 0 exactly sev5 p\nds4 ,! d\ani]s po/ !mselves on wat* m or less imm]s$ 9 ^! bags4 ,!y lie out 9 wet & sn[1 & f9d !m imp]vi\s to bo?4 ,:5 !y sleep1 !y get q inside !m1 /uff _! cloaks betwe5 _! ?roats & ! bag1 & let its flap cov] _! faces4 ,x is easy en\gh = !m to extricate !mselves2 !y c d s almo/ ) a b\nd4 ,! ,spani% ,cu/om-h\se (fic]s :o wat* ! same fronti]1 use _! cloaks & o!r wraps1 :i* are f> m weighty1 & f> inf]ior 9 w>m? & protection to ! bags4 ,i describ$ ^! knapsack bags 9 ',vacation ,t\ri/s = #ahfj1' p4 #ddi1 & ,i subsequ5tly _h a mac9to% bag l9$ ) drugget1 made on ! same pr9ciple4 ,i _h a hood to x1 & also ! means ( button+ x loosely "u my *91 to make myself wat]tight dur+ heavy ra94 ,9 t bag ,i pass$ _m nights ( v try+ wea!r4 ,on "o in/ance1 ,i select$ a hilltop 9 ,switz]l&1 on ! way f ,*amb]y to ! ,d5t du ,midi1 dur+ a viol5t & long-cont9u$ ?und]/orm4 ,! /orm began above my head1 !n sl[ly sank to my level1 & f9ally subsid$ bel[ me4 ,_m ,alp9e travell]s1 notably ,mr4 ,packe & ,mr4 ,tuckett1 h adopt$ ^! bags1 & us$ !m cont9ually4 ,mac9to% is c]ta9ly oppressive to sleep 91 ?\gh less s ?an might h be5 expect$1 z ! half-unconsci\s fidget+ ( ! sleep] *anges ! air4 ,a man 9 travell+ condition w\ld probably f9d a drugget-bag m heal?y ?an mac9to%1 ev5 ?\gh he became some:at wet inside x4 ,b$s us$ to be almo/ unkn[n 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,%eepsk9 sleep+-bags 7 employ$ in/ead4 ,?us1 ,i am assur$ t at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 !re 0 h>dly a b$ 9 ! :ole ( ! little republic ( ,&orre4 ,! way ( arrang+ !m z knapsacks is1 z ,i h said1 a rec5t inv5tion4 ,9 fig4 #a ! wide op5+ to ! m\? ( ! bag is %[n2 also ! ends ( ! buckles & /raps t are sewn 7on pat*es ( lea!r1 = additional /r5g?7 to ! l[] side ( ! bag1 z se5 9 fig4 #b4 ,fig #a & #b4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! woolly sides ( ! sk9s are inw>ds4 ,! /raps t hold ! knapsack to ! %\ld]s are secur$ by a simple fa/5+1 %[n 9 figs4 #b & #c4 ,b ! ord9>y knapsack hooks & r+s1 if procurable1 w\ld answ] ! purpose bett]4 ,! /raight l9es 9 fig4 #a %[ ! way 9 :i* ! bag is to be fold$ into ! %ape ( fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! sleep] inside 8 bag1 9 :i* he fits v l a grub 9 its cocoon4 ,!re is no wa/e ( space4 ,= ! sake ( w>m?1 ! bag is made d\ble f ! knees d[nw>ds1 & also opposite to ! small ( ! back4 ,figs #c & #d4 ,dur+ ! daytime1 :5 ! wea!r is wet or cold1 ! bags are ( mu* use1 = ! d\ani]s sit ) !m pull$ up to _! wai/4 ,:5 c>ri$ 9 ! mann] ( a knapsack ! bag sits p]fectly well aga9/ ! %\ld]s2 b1 ow+ to ! yield+ nature ( its sub/ance1 x lies too close to ! back1 & is decid$ly oppressive4 ,a wick] frame might well be int]pos$4 ,arctic ,sleep+-bags4--,arctic travell]s use co>se drugget bags1 cov]$ ) br[n holl& to make !m less p]vi\s to ! w9d1 & hav+ a long flap at ! upp] end to fold d[n ov] ! face4 ,i h already extract$ passages f travell]s' acc\nts relat+ to !m1 9 speak+ ( ,encamp+ on ,sn[1 p4 #adj1 & ano!r1 :5 speak+ ( ,sn[-walls ) ,t5t+ = _! ,ro(s1 p4 #adc4 ,mac9to% ,sack4--,mr4 ,falcon] writes to me z foll[s3--,i travell$ 9 #ahda f ,au/9 9 ,texas to ,mexico ?r\gh ,new ,mexico4 ,i left ,au/9 9 ,june1 & rea*$ ,zacat]as on ,*ri/mas ,day4 ,dur+ ne>ly ! :ole p]iod we travell$ f ,au/9 to ,new ,mexico1 ,i camp$ )\t any cov]+ at night = myself1 except a l>ge mac9to%1 made up z a sack1 ) a piece s laid z a cont9uation ( "o side1 z to be us$ z a cov]let1 suffici5t 9 l5g? to be br\ght f ! back1 ov] ! head1 & d[n on ! brea/4 ,inside ,i plac$ my blankets4 ,i slept "u ?is cov]+ dur+ _m a heavy /orm at night1 & got out ( my s(t-coat$ %ell dry 9 ! morn+4 ,my op9ion is1 t e travell] :o works 8 way ) a horse %\ld fix on 8 own saddle ! said mac9to% sack1 two blankets1 a t9 cup1 & a fry+-pan4 ,x is amaz+1 :5 y get into real work+ ord]1 h[ few ?+s are suffici5t4 ,peasants' ,sack4--,! peasants 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,g]many use a /rong l95 sack1 made to draw at "o end4 ,?is !y /uff ) /raw1 hay1 dry leaves1 etc42 &1 putt+ _! feet into x1 pull its m\? up to _! armpits4 ,!y use !m :5 driv+ _! wagons 9 w9t]1 & :5 lodg+ at _! wret*$ roadside inns4 7,see a lett] 9 ! ,times1 ,febru>y #abe47 ,bag1 comb9$ ) ,t5t4--,i %\ld ?9k t a comb9ation ( a sleep+ bag ) a v small t5t1 j l>ge en\gh to enclose ! man's head & %\ld]s1 s z to p]mit him to eat or write :5 ly+ 9 8 bag )\t fe> ( ! wet w\ld be ! smalle/ & lighte/ arrangem5t1 compatible ) effici5cy1 9 a /ormy climate4 ,,t5ts4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,al?\gh t5ts are n wor? ! tr\ble ( pit*+1 on dry nights1 9 a heal?y climate1 !y are invaluable protectors to a well-equipp$ travell] aga9/ ra91 dew1 & mal>ia4 ,b a man :o is n s equipp$1 :o has no *ange ( clo!s1 & no b$/ead to sleep on1 w d bett] to sleep 9 ! op5 air1 9 front ( a good camp fire4 ,napoleon ,i41 speak+ ( soldi]s1 says 7',maximes de ,gu]re'73--,t5ts are n heal?y2 x is bett] = ! soldi] to biv\ac1 because he sleeps ) 8 feet to ! fire1 ^: neighb\rhood quickly dries ! gr\nd on :i* he lies2 "s planks or a little /raw %elt] him f ! w9d4 ,nev]!less a t5t is necess>y = sup]ior (fic]s1 :o h ne$ to write & to consult a map4 ,to a p>ty encamp$ = a few days1 t5ts are ( great use z /oreh\ses = prop]ty1 :i* o!rwise becomes scatt]$ ab\t1 at ! risk ( be+ lo/ or pilf]$4 ,mat]ials = ,t5t+4--,light canvas is usually employ$1 & is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 wat]pro(4 ,silk1 ( equal /r5g? ) ! canvas1 is v f> light]3 its only disadvantage is its exp5se4 ,calico1 or cotton canvas1 is v g5]ally us$ = small t5ts4 ,lea!r & felt are w>m1 b exce$+ly heavy2 & w\ld only be us$ 9 v inclem5t climates1 or :]e canvas c\ld n be met )4 ,light matt+ is n to be despis$3 x is w>m & pretty durable1 & makes excell5t awn+ or cov]+ to a frame-"w4 ,diagonal ,brac+4--,a worn-out t5t may be /r5g!n$ by sew+ b&s ( canvas1 :i* cross ea* o!r1 & make a k9d ( net-"w3 old sails are /r5g!n$ 9 ?is way4 ,t5t ,pegs %\ld be ( galvaniz$ iron2 !y are well wor? ! weight ( c>riage1 = n only d wood5 ones (t5 fail on an em]g5cy1 b cooks habitually purlo9 !m :5 firewood is sc>ce4 ,t5ts4--,l>ge ,t5ts4--,! art ( t5t-mak+ has greatly advanc$ s9ce ! days ( ! old-fa%ion$ bell-t5t1 :i* is s peculi>ly objectionable1 z to make x a matt] ( surprise t x 0 ev] inv5t$ & us$4 ,x is difficult to pit*2 x requires _m t5t-pegs2 x has ropes radiat+ all r\nd x1 ov] :i* m5 & horses /umble2 & x is incommodi\s & ugly4 ,9 *oos+ a t5t1 select "o t w /& 9 "s sort ( %ape ) only f\r pegs1 or ) six at ! v utmo/2 x %\ld admit ( be+ pegg$ close to ! gr\nd )\t any int]v5+ 'fly2' x is no objection t x %\ld require m ?an "o pole2 &1 :5 consid]+ h[ mu* weight x w be possible to c>ry1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! t5t w become f> heavi] ?an x is f\nd to be 9 ! peculi>ly dry atmosph]e ( a t5t-mak]'s %[-room4 ,x is v conv5i5t t a t5t %\ld admit ( be+ pit*$ 9 m ?an "o =m3 = in/ance1 t "o side %\ld op5 & =m an awn+ 9 hot wea!r2 also1 t x %\ld be easy to atta* flys or awn+ to ! t5t to increase its available size dur+ ! daytime4 ,all t5ts %\ld be provid$ ) /rong cov]s1 = pack-ropes are sure to fray :atev] !y press aga9/2 & x is bett] t ! cov] %\ld suff] ?an ! t5t itself4 ,comp>ative ,size ( ,t5ts4--,! annex$ diagram w %[ ! po9ts on :i* ! room9ess ( a t5t ma9ly dep5ds4 ,sket* ( t5t & occupants4 ,a man wants space to sit at a table1 & also to get at 8 luggage 9 ord] ei!r to pack x or to unpack x2 la/ly1 he wants a reasonable am\nt ( /&+ room4 ,a fair-siz$ t5t ought to include ! figures drawn 9 ! diagram2 & ,i h indicat$1 by l9es & %ad$ spaces1 ! section ( v>i\s descriptions ( t5ts t w\ld be j suffici5t to embrace !m4 ,"o side ( ! ord9>y conical t5ts 7fig4 #a71 ( a front view ( fig4 #e1 & ( pyramidal t5ts 7fig4 #f71 are repres5t$ by ! l9e ,,abc4 ,^? t h a fall 7fig4 #b71 by ! l9es ,,cdlf4 ,gipsy-t5ts1 z describ$ p4 #afa1 umbrella-t5ts 7fig4 #d71 & ,j\rts1 p4 #aeg1 by ! l9es ,,ghbk4 ,m>quees 7fig4 #c71 & a side view ( fig4 #e1 by ,,glbm4 ,fig #a-d--sket*es ( t5ts4 ,not)/&+ ! great height & wid? ( conical t5ts1 comp>$ to ! o!rs1 we see by ! diagram t !y af=d scanty space at ! level ( ! head ( a seat$ p]son4 ,!re is a rec5t contrivance by ,major ,rhodes1 to be se5 at ,silv] & ,co4's1 t is a modification ( ! gipsy-t5t4 ,among ord9>y1 well-kn[n t5ts1 ,i believe none w satisfy ! v>i$ wants ( a travell] s well z ,ed+ton's ?ree-pol$ t5ts 7fig4 #e74 ,aft] ^! ,i %\ld *oose a small m>quee 7fig4 #c72 b x is less secure 9 w9d1 & ! pit* ( its ro( is bad = ra91 & ! num]\s /raggl+ t5t-ropes are objectionable4 ,fig #e-g--sket*es ( t5ts4 ,a pyramidal t5t 7fig4 #f71 ( sev5 or n9e feet 9 ! side1 is rem>kable = its /urd9ess3 x w /& any wea!r1 w hold two p & a fair quantity ( luggage besides2 x weighs f #be to #dj lbs4 ,x is n a good t5t = hot wea!r1 = x is f> too /uffy1 ?\gh by tak+ an additional jo9t to ! t5t-pole1 & us+ t5t-ropes 7z may also be done ) any o!r k9d ( t5t71 x may be made m airy by be+ rais$ up1 & by hav+ walls add$ to x 7fig4 #g74 ,9 default ( canvas1 ! walls may be con/ruct$ ( o!r mat]ials4 7,see ,mat]ials = ,huts47 ,t5t ,pit*$ ov] an ,excavation4--,a hole may be dug deeply b5ea? ! t5t floor1 p>tly = ! purpose ( a /ore-room1 & p>tly = t ( a liv+-room :5 ! wea!r is v inclem5t4 ,?is 0 practis$ be=e ,seba/opol 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! fig4 p4 #aeh4 ,! not*$ pole acts z a ladd] = asc5d+ f bel[4 ,j\rts4--,! ,kirghis-j\rt is a capaci\s1 solid1 w>m1 & firepro( /ructure1 t admits ( be+ pit*$ or tak5 to pieces 9 an h\r1 & )/&s ! cold & viol5t w9ds ( ! /eppes ( ,c5tral ,asia1 9 a way t no t5t or comb9ation ( t5ts c\ld pret5d to effect4 ,a j\rt ( f #bj to #be1 or ev5 #cj feet 9 diamet]1 =ms two camel-loads1 or ab\t half a ton 9 weight4 ,fig4 #h4 ,"o camel c>ries ! felt1 ! o!r ! wood-"w4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! j\rt half-cov]$2 & fig4 #aj gives an enl>g$ view ( a portion ( ! side4 ,!re are f\r sep>ate p>ts 9 its /ructure3--#a4 ,! door-way1 a solid piece ( ornam5tal c>p5t]+1 t takes to pieces in/antly4 #b4 ,! sides1 :i* consi/ ( l5g?s ( wood-"w1 t %ut up on ! pr9ciple ( ! contrivance kn[n sometimes z lazy-tongs1 & sometimes z easy-back scissors3 !y tie toge!r & make a circle1 beg9n+ & end+ ) ! doorway2 a tape is w\nd r\nd !m1 z %[n 9 fig4 #i1 ab\t "o-?ird f _! tops4 #c4 ,! ro(-ribs4 ,! bottom ( ea* ( ^! is ti$ to ! sides ( ! j\rt 7,a1 fig4 #aj71 & its top fits into a socket 9--#d1 ! ro(-r+1 :i* is a hoop ( wood /r5g!n$ by transv]se b>s4 ,ov] ?is framework broad %eets ( felt are ?r[n3 _! own weight makes !m lie /eadily1 = !y are q an in* 9 ?ickness2 h[ev]1 9 v /ormy wea!r1 if ,i recollect aright1 !y are weight$ ) /ones1 or !y are /it*$ toge!r4 ,!re is no metal 9 ! /ructure3 ! la?s ( will[-wood t =m ! sides are unit$1 :]e !y cross1 by pieces ( s9ew knott$ at ei!r end2 ^! act z pivots :5 ! sides are %ut up4 ,i am indebt$ to ! late ,mr4 ,atk9son = my in=mation on ^! int]e/+ /ructures4 ,fur!r p>ticul>s ab\t !m1 ! native way ( mak+ ! felt1 by cont9ually roll+ %eepsk9s ) ! wool betwe5 !m1 & num]\s pictures1 9 :i* j\rts =m a /rik+ feature1 w be f\nd 9 8 beautifully illu/rat$ "w on ,sib]ia4 ,fig #i & #aj z ref]r$ to above & ,fig4 #a = foll[+ section4 ,small ,t5ts4--,= t5ts ( ! smalle/ size & lea/ pret5sions1 no?+ c be bett] ?an ! "o repres5t$ 9 fig4 #a3 ! ends are slit d[n _! middles1 & are lac$ or button$ toge!r1 s t1 by unfa/5+ ^!1 ! t5t spreads out to a flat %eet ( ! =m ( fig4 #b1 well adapt$ = an awn+1 or else x c be simply unroll$ & us$ ) ! b$d+4 ,x is necess>y t a t5t %\ld be roomy en\gh to admit ( a man undress+ himself1 :5 wet ?r\gh1 )\t tread+ ^u 8 b$ & dr5*+ x ) mud & wat]2 & !re=e a t5t ( ! above description is f\nd to be uns]viceable1 if less ?an ab\t #g feet long1 or end+ 9 a triangle ( less ?an #e #a_/b feet 9 ! side4 ,peat1 ! saddl] 9 ,bond ,/reet1 once made !m2 !y co/ #b l4 #ajs41 & weigh$ #i lbs4 :5 dry4 ,!y are liable to bag 9 ! side :5 ! w9d is high3 a cross-pole or two /icks1 foll[+ ! seams ( ! canvas 9 ! above sket*1 w\ld make !m taut]4 ,fig4 #b4 ,alp9e ,t5t4--,mr4 ,:ymp] contriv$ a t5t = 8 alp9e explorations1 :i* he f\nd em95tly successful4 ,x has a wat]pro( floor1 cont9u\s ) ! sides3 x is support$ by poles1 t slip into hems ( ! clo?--two poles at ei!r end4 ,^! t5ts h be5 us$ on v>i\s occasions by ,mr4 ,:ymp]'s bro!r 9 ,alaska1 & by ,mr4 ,fre%field 9 ! ,caucasus1 & 7 highly approv$ (1 b ,i d n "k :e!r ^! t5ts w\ld be altoge!r suitable = m com=table travel4 ,i myself _h a t5t made on ?is pr9ciple "s ye>s ago1 b dislik$ x1 = ,i f\nd ! cont9uity ( ! floor ) ! sides to act unsatisfactorily2 ! t5t reta9$ ! damp1 & ! weight ( ! body1 act+ on ! floor ( ! t5t1 0 apt to di/urb its walls4 ,mr4 ,:ymp]'s t5t is procurable at ,c>t]'s1 ,alp9e ,outfitt]1 #bie1 ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london4 ,boat+ ,t5t4--,fur!r on1 9 ! *apt] on ,boats1 ! way is %[n by :i* sailors make a t5t out ( _! lug-sail1 ?r[+ x ov] a framework ( o>s4 ,gipsy ,t5t4--,a travell] :o has only a blanket1 a plaid1 or broad piece ( mat]ial ( any k9d1 ) :i* he wi%es to improvise a t5t1 may make a framework ( long w&s1 plant+ _! ends 9 ! gr\nd1 b5d+ _! tops toge!r1 & la%+ or wattl+ !m securely2 ov] ?is ! blanket is ?r[n 7fig4 #c74 ,if ! /icks are suffici5tly long & pliant1 _! ends %\ld be b5t ov] ! ro( half-way d[n ! opposite side1 z 9 fig4 #a4 ,?is adds consid]ably to ! /r5g? ( ! arrangem5t4 ,fig #a-c z describ$ 9 text4 ,! gipsies 9 ,engl& use ! foll[+ excell5t contrivance to save ! tr\ble ( ty+ ! /icks toge!r4 ,!y c>ry a light b> ( wood1 #b #a_/b feet long1 b\nd ) /r+ "h & !re to keep x f splitt+2 ?r\gh ?is1 six holes1 ea* big en\gh to admit ! tip ( ! little f+]1 are bor$ or burnt2 !y also c>ry eight hazel rods ) !m1 ea* six feet long1 & arrange _! framework z 9 fig4 #b4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! two rods :i* are plant$ beh9d give additional room9ess & /ability to ! affair4 ,! rug & pill[ %[ ! position 9 :i* ! occupants sleep4 ,blankets1 n %eet+1 p9n$ toge!r ) wood5 pegs1 are ?r[n ov] ! :ole1 z 9 fig4 #c4 ,fig #a & #b z describ$ 9 ! text4 ,t5te d'abri4--,! ,fr5*1 t5te d'abri has n1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 adopt$ by travell]s3 x seems h>dly suitable1 except = soldi]s4 ,ea* man c>ri$ a squ>e ( canvas 7fig4 #a71 ) buttons & button-holes all r\nd x1 by :i* x c be d\bly atta*$ to o!r simil> squ>es ( canvas1 & ?us1 f sev]al sep>ate pieces1 "o l>ge clo? c be made4 ,! squ>e c>ri$ by ! ,fr5* soldi] measures #e feet #d #a_/b in*es 9 ! side1 reckon+ along ! buttons2 ( ^! !re are n9e along ea* edge1 includ+ ! corn] ones4 ,ea* soldi] has also to c>ry a t5t-/aff1 or else a proportion ( ! pegs & cord4 ,:5 six m5 club toge!r !y proce$ z foll[s3--,?ree t5t-/icks are fix$ into ! gr\nd1 ^: tops are not*$2 a light cord is !n pass$ r\nd _! tops1 & fa/5$ into ! gr\nd ) a peg at ea* eng 7fig4 #b74 ,two %eets1 ,a & ,b1 are button$ toge!r & ?r[n ov] ! cord1 & !n two o!r %eets1 ,c & ,d2 & ,c is button$ to ,a1 & ,d to ,b 7fig4 #c74 ,la/ly ano!r %eet is ?r[n ov] ea* ( ! slant+ cords1 ! "o button$ to ,a & ,b1 & ! o!r to ,c & ,d2 & ?us a sort ( dog-k5nel is =m$1 9 :i* six m5--! be>]s ( ! six pieces ( canvas--sleep4 ,! sides ( ! t5t are ( c\rse pegg$ to ! gr\nd4 ,!re are _m modifications 9 ! way ( pit*+ ^! t5ts4 ,%\ld ! /icks be want+1 faggots or muskets c be us$ 9 _! place4 ,t5t ( ,mosquito-nett+4--,i h be5 in=m$ ( a sportsman 9 ,ceylon1 :o took ) him into ! woods a cot ) mosquito-curta9s1 z a protection n only aga9/ insects1 b aga9/ mal>ia4 ,he also _h a blanket roll$ at 8 feet3 at #c 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! *ill arose 9 ! woods1 he pull$ 8 blanket ov] him4 ,pit*+ a ,t5t4--,x is q an art1 s to pit* a t5t z to let 9 or exclude ! air1 to take advantage ( sun & %ade1 etc4 etc4 ,e available clo? or %eet may be press$ into s]vice1 to make awn+s & scre5s1 z we see among ! gipsies4 ,!re is a great deal ( "* %[n 9 ea* diff]5t p]son's encampm5t4 ,a t5t %\ld nev] be pit*$ 9 a slov5ly way3 x is s f> m roomy1 secure & pretty1 :5 tightly /ret*$ out1 t no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ 9 drill+ ! m5 to d x well4 ,i l to use a piece ( /r+1 m>k$ ) knots1 by :i* ,i c measure ! exact places 9 :i* ! t5t-pegs %\ld be /ruck1 = ! eye is a deceitful guide 9 e/imat+ squ>5ess4 7,see ,squ>+47 ,x is wond]ful h[ m5 w bungle ) a t5t1 :5 !y are n prop]ly drill$ to pit* x4 ,to secure ,t5t-ropes4--,:5 ! soil is loose1 scrape away ! surface s&1 be=e driv+ ! t5t-pegs4 ,loose m\ld is made m t5aci\s by p\r+ wat] ^u x4 ,:5 "o peg is insuffici5t1 x may be back$ by ano!r4 7,see fig47 ,! out]mo/ peg mu/ be altoge!r buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,heavy saddle-bags are (t5 ( use to secure ! t5t-ropes2 &1 9 rocky gr\nd1 heavy piles ( /ones may be made to answ] ! same purpose4 ,! t5t-ropes may also be knott$ to a clo?1 on :i* /ones are aft]w>ds pil$4 ,dat]am is1 z ! late ,dr4 ,b>?1 in=m$ me1 ! ,bornu "n = a mo/ excell5t ,african contrivance1 us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,sah>a des]t1 by means ( :i* t5t-ropes may be secur$1 or horses picket$ 9 s& ( ! drie/ description1 z 9 t ( a s& dune1 :5ce a t5t-peg w\ld be drawn out by a /ra9 s slight z to be almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,i h made _m exp]im5ts ^u x1 & f9d its effici5cy to be truly wond]ful4 ,! plan is to tie to ! end ( ! t5t-rope1 a small object ( any description1 by its middle1 z a %ort /ick1 a /one1 a bundle ( twigs1 or a bag ( s&2 & to bury x f #a to #b feet 9 ! loose s&4 ,x w be f\nd1 if x has be5 buri$ #a foot deep1 t a /ra9 equal to ab\t #ej lbs4 weight1 is necess>y to draw x up2 if #a #a_/b feet deep1 t a mu* m consid]able /ra9 is necess>y2 & t1 if #b feet deep1 x is q impossible = a s+le man to pull x up4 ,9 ! foll[+ !oretical case1 ! resi/ance w\ld be z ! cube ( ! dep?2 b 9 s& or %+le1 ! increase is less rapid4 ,x v>ies "u diff]5t circum/ances2 b x is no exagg]ation to e/imate its increase z seldom less ?an z ! squ>e ( ! dep?4 ,! !oretical case ( :i* ,i spoke1 is ?is3--,let x be "p ( a lay] ( %+le ( wide ext5t3 ! %+le is suppos$ to consi/ ( smoo? h>d sph]ical balls1 all ( ! same size4 ,let s be a dt]m buri$ 9 x2 & ,t ! /r+ to :i* x is ti$4 ,n[1 on consid]+ fig4 #b1 :]e a s]ies ( balls are drawn on a l>g] scale & on a plane surface1 x is cle> t ! ball ,a _c move 9 any degree to ! "r or ! left )\t di/urb+ ! entire lay] ( balls on ! same plane z itself3 its only possible movem5t is v]tically upw>ds4 ,9 ?is case1 x di/urbs ,b#a & ,b#b4 ,^!1 = ! same reason z ,a1 c only move v]tically upw>ds1 &1 9 do+ s1 !y mu/ di/urb ! ?ree balls above !m1 & s on4 ,consequ5tly1 ! uplift+ ( a s+le ball 9 fig4 #b1 necessitates ! uplift+ ( ! triangle ( balls ( :i* x =ms ! apex2 & x obvi\sly foll[s f ! same pr9ciple1 t ! uplift+ ( ,s1 9 ! dep? ( ,x1 9 fig4 #a1 necessitates ! uplift+ ( a cone ( balls ^: apex is at ,s4 ,b ! weight ( a cone is z ! cube ( its height &1 !re=e1 ! resi/ance to ! uplift+ ( ! dt]m1 is z ! cube ( ! dep? at :i* x has be5 buri$4 ,9 practice1 ! gra9s ( s& are capable ( a small b v>iable am\nt ( lat]al displacem5t1 :i* gives relief to ! movem5t ( s& caus$ by ! dat]am1 = we may obs]ve ! surface ( ! gr\nd to "w v irregul>ly1 al?\gh ext5sively1 :5 ! dt]m beg9s to /ir4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! friction ( ! gra9s ( s& t5ds to increase ! difficulty ( movem5t4 ,! arrangem5t %[n 9 ! diagram1 ( a spr+ weigh+-ma*9e ti$ to ! end ( a lev]1 is t :i* ,i h us$ 9 te/+ ! /ra9 ! dat]am w resi/1 "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! size ( ! dat]am is n ( mu* importance1 x w\ld be ( /ill less importance 9 ! !oretical case4 ,any?+ t is m ?an #d in*es long seems to answ]4 ,! plan succe$s 9 a dry soil ( any description1 :e!r x be %+ly bea* or s&4 ,bu%+ a ,t5t means ! bury+ ( bu%es 9 ! soil s f> z to leave only _! cut ends above ! gr\nd1 to :i* a correspond+ numb] ( t5t-ropes are ti$4 ,t5t-poles4--,:5 a t5t is pit*$ = an encampm5t ( "s duration1 x is well to lay aside ! jo9t$ t5t-pole1 & to cut a /\t "y tree to replace x3 ?is w be f\nd f> m tru/wor?y 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,if ! %ape ( ! t5t admits ( ! *ange1 x is /ill bett] to d away ) ! c5tre pole altoge!r2 &1 9 ! place ( x1 to erect a sub/antial framework ( poles1 :i* are to be plant$ j )9 ! rim ( ! t5t1 & to conv]ge to a po9t1 "u its peak4 ,a t5t-pole c be l5g!n$ tempor>ily1 by la%+ x to a log1 ) ! help ( a ,toggle & /rop 7:i* see74 ,a brok5 t5t-pole c be m5d$ p]man5tly by plac+ a spl9t ( wood on ei!r side ( ! fracture1 & by :ipp+ ! :ole toge!r1 ) s(t cord or ) ! untwi/$ /r& ( a piece ( rope4 ,to prev5t ,t5t-poles f slipp+4--,:5 ! t5t is pit*$ 9 ! ord9>y way on a smoo? rocky surface1 !re is consid]able dang] t ! foot ( ! pole may slip :5ev] a gu/ ( w9d or o!r sudd5 impulse sways ! t5t4 ,?is dang] is to be obviat$ on precisely ! same pr9ciple z t by :i* build]s secure _! scaffold+-poles ^u ! smoo? footways ( a /reet3 !y put ! foot ( ea* pole into a bucket1 fill$ ) s&4 ,z ! base ( ! bucket is broad1 ! scaffold+ is mu* less liable to slip1 ?an if ! n>r[ bases ( ! poles _h re/$ directly ^u ! pavem5t4 ,to tie ,?+s to ,t5t-poles4--,to hang clo!s1 or any?+ else1 ^u a smoo? t5t-pole1 see ,clove-hit*4 ,a /rap ) hooks atta*$ to x1 buckl$ r\nd ! pole1 is v conv5i5t4 ,! me?od %[n 9 ! sket* suffices1 if ! pole be not*$1 or jo9t$1 or 9 any way slightly unev54 ,bags1 etc41 are suppos$ to be hung ^u ! bit ( wood t is secur$ to ! free end4 ,conv5i5t pegs1 made ( bits ( wood r\ghly %>p5$1 may be driv5 into ! tree1 if any1 :5 ! encampm5t is made4 ,prep>ations = a ,/orm4--,be=e a /orm1 dig a dit* z deep z y c r\nd ! outside ( ! t5t1 to div]t ! com+ %eet ( surface-wat]1 & see t ! dit* has a good out-fall4 ,! dit* w also dra9 ! floor ( ! t5t1 if ! ra9 %\ld soak 94 ,ev5 a furr[ scrat*$ ) a t5t-peg1 is bett] ?an no dit* at all4 ,fa/5 guy-ropes to ! spike ( ! t5t-pole2 & be c>eful t ! t5t is n too mu* on ! /ra91 else ! fur!r %r9k+ ( ! mat]ials1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! wet1 w c]ta9ly te> up ! pegs4 ,e>?1 bank$ up r\nd ! bottom ( ! t5t1 w prev5t gu/s ( w9d f f9d+ _! way b5ea?4 ,x is also a good plan to prep>e a small hole ne> ! foot ( ! t5t-pole1 ) a /one firmly ramm$ into ! bottom1 into :i* ! t5t-pole may be %ift$1 z soon z ! /ra9 ( ! t5t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! wet1 becomes dang]\s to its safety4 ,to w>m ,t5ts4--,:5 liv+ 9 a t5t 9 ,otago 7,new ,zeal&7 dur+ a sev]e w9t]1 we 7 p]fectly numb ) cold at nights1 until we adopt$ ! ,maori plan1 :i* is to dig a hole ab\t a foot squ>e 9 ! cle>1 to cov] ! bottom ) a /one or /ones1 & to fill x at night ) r$-hot c9d]s f ! camp fire1 & la/ly1 to close ! t5t except+ a small op5+ ne> ! top4 ,! c9d]s are n ne>ly burnt out by morn+4 ,!y diffus$ a pleasant w>m? ?r\gh ! t5t1 & r5d]$ u com=table all night4 ,!re is no dang] ( suffocation1 unless ! t5t be clos$ up v tight inde$4--7,w4 ,m4 ,coop]47 ,p]man5t ,camp4--,! accompany+ sket* %[s a t5t pit*$ = a l5g!n$ habitation4 ,x has a deep dra91 a seat & table dug out1 & a fireplace4 7,see ! foll[+ p>agraphs47 ,lo/ ,articles4--,small articles are con/antly mislaid & trampl$ 9 ! s& ( ! floor ( ! t5t4 ,9 se>*+ = !m1 ! gr\nd %\ld be di/urb$ z little z possible3 x is a usual plan to score its surface 9 p>allel l9es1 ) a ?9 w&4 ,x w\ld be well wor? :ile to make a small light rake to use = ?is purpose4 ,precautions aga9/ ,?ieves4--,natives are apt to creep up to t5ts1 &1 putt+ _! h&s "u ! bottom ( !m1 to /eal :atev] !y c3 a h$ge ( ?orn-bu%es is a protection aga9/ ?is k9d ( ?iev+4 ,9 "s c\ntries a net1 ) ?ree or f\r bells atta*$ to x1 is ?r[n ov] ! packages inside a t5t4 ,/r+s ti$ horizontally1 a foot above ! gr\nd1 f package to package1 are f\nd effective 9 tripp+ intrud]s1 ,see also ,guns set z ,spr+-guns4 ,,furniture4 ,furniture4--,! luxuries & elegances practicable 9 t5t-life1 are only limit$ by ! means ( transport4 ,julius ,cs>1 :o 0 a great campaign]1 c>ri$ p>quets ( wood5 mosaic = 8 floors6 ,! articles t make ! mo/ %[ = _! weight1 are h&some rugs1 & sk9s1 & pill[s2 cante5s ( d9n] & c(fee s]vices2 & c&les1 ) scre5s ( glass1 or o!r arrangem5ts to prev5t !m f flick]+4 ,! art ( luxuri\s t5t+ is bett] und]/ood 9 ,p]sia ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 ev5 ?an 9 ,india4 ,b$/eads4--,a portable b$/ead1 ) mosquito-curta9s1 is a v great luxury1 rais+ ! sleep] above ! damp soil1 & ! attacks ( mo/ creatures t creep on x2 9 t\rs :]e a few luxuries c be c>ri$1 x is a v prop] article ( baggage4 ,x is ess5tial :]e :ite ants are num]\s4 ,a v luxuri\s b$ is made on ! pr9ciple ( a t5nis-play]'s raquet2 be+ a framework ( wood1 ) /rips ( raw hide la%$ across x f side to side & f end to end4 ,x is ! ang>eb ( ,upp] ,egypt4 ,hammocks & ,cots4--,i /at$ 9 previ\s editions ( ?is book1 t hammocks & cots _h few advocates1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( susp5d+ !m2 b ,capta9 ,m',gwire's rec5t +5i\s inv5tion q alt]s ! case4 ,8 me?od w be easily und]/ood by ! annex$ sket*4 ,! app>atus is adapt$ = use on ! wood5 floors ( h\ses1 or %ips1 by ! employm5t ( eyelet-bolts or screw r+s in/ead ( pegs1 & by putt+ wood5 %oes bel[ ! /aves to prev5t _! slipp+ inw>ds3 ! %oes are ti$ to ! eyelet-bolts by a cord4 ,! complete app>atus1 9 a v portable =m1 c be b\ght at ,messrs4 ,br[n's1 ,piccadilly4 ,mosquito ,nets & _! ,sub/itutes4--,a mosquito-curta9 may be tak5 = susp5sion ov] ! b$1 or place :]e y sit2 b x is dang]\s to read 9 !m by c&le-light1 = !y cat* fire v easily4 7,see ,incombu/ible ,/uffs47 ,x is v pleasant1 9 hot1 mosquito-plagu$ c\ntries1 to take ! glass sa% entirely out ( ! w9d[-frame1 & replace x ) "o ( gauze4 ,broad network1 if ( fluffy ?read1 keeps wasps out4 ,! d>k] a h\se is kept1 ! less will+ are flies1 etc41 to flock 94 ,if %eep & o!r cattle be hurdl$-9 ne> ! h\se1 ! nuisance ( flies1 etc41 becomes almo/ intol]able4 ,*airs4--,x is advisable to take v l[ /rong & roomy camp-/ools1 ) tables to correspond 9 height1 z a *amb] is mu* less *ok$ up :5 ! seats are l[1 or :5 p sit1 z 9 ! ,ea/1 on ! gr\nd4 ,! seats %\ld n be m ?an #a foot high1 ?\gh z wide & deep z an ord9>y foot/ool4 ,habit v soon reconciles travell]s to ?is2 b )\t a seat at all1 a man c nev] write1 draw1 nor calculate z well z if he _h "o4 ,! /ool repres5t$ 9 ! figure 7above71 is a good patt]n3 x has a full-siz$ seat made ( canvas or lea!r1 or ( /rips ( dress$ hide4 ,a milk-man's /ool1 support$ by only "o peg1 is quickly made 9 ! bu%1 & is n v inconv5i5t4 ,! common ru%-bottom$ *air c be easily made1 if prop] mat]ials are accessible4 ,! annex$ diagram expla9s cle>ly ! me?od ( _! con/ruction4 ,table4--,! table may consi/ ( a c\ple ( bo>ds1 n less ?an #b feet long1 by #i in*es broad1 h+$ l5g?wise1 = ! conv5i5ce ( c>riage1 & re/+ on a /&1 :i* %\ld be made on ! same pr9ciple z ! framework ( ! *air describ$ above4 ,x is well to h ! table made ( mahogany1 = deal w>ps & cracks excessively4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 c>ry+ furniture l ! above1 on a pack-horse4 ,make%ift ,*air & ,table4--,= want ( a *air1 x is conv5i5t to dig a hole or a tr5* 9 ! gr\nd1 & to sit on "o side ( x1 ) ! feet re/+ on its bottom3 ! opposite side ( ! tr5* s]ves z a table1 on :i* ?+s may be put1 )9 easy rea*4 ,9 a box #b feet long & #a foot squ>e at ! ends1 ! lid & its bottom1 ( c\rse1 bo? measure #b feet by #a foot4 ,n[1 if ! bottom op5s on h+es1 j l ! lid1 & if ! h+es ( bo? lid & bottom are fix$ to ! h9dmo/ side ( ! box1 !n :5 ! box is laid face d[nw>ds1 & bo? ! lid & ! bottom are op5$ out & secur$ 9 ! same horizontal plane ) ! side to :i* !y are h+$1 a table ( #c feet by #b feet is made4 ,! lid & bottom =m ! two leaves ( ! table1 & :at 0 ! h9dmo/ side1 :5 ! box /ood on its bottom1 is n[ upp]mo/1 & =ms ! middle ( ! table4 ,su* a box w\ld hold1 dur+ travel1 ! ?+s want$ :5 encamp+4 --7,peal47 ,hooks4--,i h spok5 ( ! way ( hang+ articles 9 t5ts1 "u ,t5t ,poles4 ,9 a p]man5t biv\ac or 9 a hut1 x is conv5i5t to fix hook$ /icks or ! horns ( animals1 aga9/ ! walls1 z pegs4 ,,fire4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,al?\gh1 9 ! tee? ( e precaution1 fires con/antly break out1 yet :5 a travell] wants a light & does n happ5 to h any ( 8 +5i\s fire-mak+ contrivances at h&1 x is v difficult = him to obta9 x4 ,& fur!r1 ?\gh sp>ks1 ( _! own accord & 9 ! mo/ unlikely places1 too (t5 give rise to conflagrations1 yet x requires mu* skill & practice to succe$ )\t fail1 9 coax+ a small sp>k into a s]viceable camp fire4 ,!re=e e travell] %\ld c>ry on 8 p]son ! means ( procur+ a light1 "u ord9>y circum/ances ( w9d & wea!r2 t is to say1 he %\ld h 9 8 pocket a light h&y /eel1 a fl9t or an agate1 & amad\ or o!r t9d]4 ,i also /rongly recomm5d t he %\ld c>ry a bundle ( half-a-doz5 f9e spl9t]s ( wood1 l m9iature too?-picks1 ?9n] & %ort] ?an lucif]-mat*es1 ^: po9ts he has _h dipp$ 9 melt$ sulphur2 also a small sp>e lump ( sulphur ( ! size ( a pea or bean1 9 res]ve4 ,! cook %\ld h a regul> t9d]-box1 su* z he happ5s to h be5 us$ to1 & an abundance ( wax lucif]s4 ,pap] fusees are n wor? tak+ 9 travel1 z wet entirely spoils !m4 ,!re are usually ?ree sep>ate ag5ts 9 mak+ a fire1 ea* ( :i* may be v>i$ 9 _m ways & requires sep>ate description4 #a4 ,! ,sp>k or o!r light to />t )4 #b4 ,! ,t9d]2 t is1 "s easily ignit$ & sm\ld]+ sub/ance4 #c4 ,fuel1 judici\sly appli$ to ! burn+ t9d]1 or o!r feeble light1 s z to develop x into a s]viceable fire4 ,to obta9 ,fire f ! ,sun4--,burn+-glasses4--,! object-glass1 & e o!r convex glass ( a telescope is a burn+-glass1 & has only to be unscrew$ to be fit = use4 ,! object l5ses ( an op]a-glass are v effici5t4 ,! l>g] ! glass & ! %ort] its focus1 ! great] is its heat+ p[]4 ,convex spectacle glasses & eye glasses are too small & ( too long a focus to be us$ ) effect1 except :5 ! sun is v hot4 ,an old-fa%ion$ wat*-glass1 fill$ ) wat]1 & hav+ ! rays ( a p[]ful sun glitt]$ d[n ^u x v]tically by help ( a mirror1 w give a light4 ,dr4 ,kane & o!r arctic travell]s h made burn+-glasses ( ice4 ,reflectors4--,! inside ( ! poli%$ metal cov] ( a hunt+-wat* w sometimes conv]ge a suffici5cy ( rays1 to burn4 ,! ve/al fire ( ,rome & ! sacr$ fire ( ! ,mexicans 7 obta9$ by means ( reflectors4 ,if ,i und]/& aright1 !y consi/$ ( a /one ) a conical holl[1 c>efully poli%$1 ! apex ( ! holl[ cone 0 a "r angle3 ! t9d] 0 held 9 ! axis ( ! cone4 ,see ,tylor's ',e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4' ,black ,t9d]4--,t9d] t is black by previ\s *>r+1 or f any o!r cause1 ignites 9 ! sun f> soon] ?an light-col\r$ t9d]4 ,fire by conv]sion ( motion into heat4--,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,:5 a mov+ body is arre/$1 heat is giv5 out2 ! quantity ( heat be+ 9 exact proportion to ! mass1 multipli$ into ! squ>e ( its velocity4 ,?us if a cannon ball be fir$ at an iron t>get1 bo? x & ! ball become exce$+ly hot4 ,!re is ev5 a fla% ( light :5 ! velocity ( ! ball is v high4 ,:5 bullets are fir$ ) heavy *>ges at a t>get1 ! lead is j melt$ by ! heat ( impact1 & x spla%es1 to use a common phrase4 ,x is obvi\s f ^! two examples1 t no velocity :i* ! h& ( man is able to give to a /eel1 :5 /rik+ a fl9t1 or to "o /ick rubb+ aga9/ ano!r /ick1 w be compet5t to af=d a r$-hot temp]ature unless ! surface aga9/ :i* impact or friction is made be v small1 or unless great c>e be tak5 to avoid ! wa/eful dissipation ( heat4 ,! sp>k made by a fl9t & /eel1 consi/s ( a ?9 %av+ ( /eel1 scrap$ (f by ! fl9t & heat$ by ! arre/$ motion4 ,:5 well /ruck1 ! sp>k is :ite-hot & at t temp]ature x burns ) bright sc9tillations 9 ! air1 j z iron t is m]ely r$-hot burns 9 pure oxyg54 ,?is is ! !ory3 n[ = ! practice4 ,fl9ts4--,if we may rely on a well-kn[n passage 9 ,virgil1 conc]n+ neas & 8 comrades1 fire 0 sometimes made 9 anci5t days by /rik+ toge!r two fl9ts1 b ,i confess myself :olly unable to light t9d] ) fl9ts alone1 & ,i am equally at a loss to und]/& :at 7 ! dry leaves t !y are said 9 ! same passage to h us$ = t9d]4 ,nei!r c ,i obta9 fire except ) a fl9t & /eel1 or1 at lea/1 h>d5$ iron2 a fl9t & ord9>y iron w n give an available sp>k4 ,fl9ts may be replac$ by any silice\s /one1 z agate1 rock-cry/al1 or qu>tz4 ,agate is pref]r$ to fl9t1 = x gives a hott] sp>k3 x is sold by tobacconi/s4 ,a p>tly silice\s /one1 su* z granite1 w answ] 9 default ( "o t is :olly silice\s4 ,i h be5 surpris$ at f9d+ t crock]y & porcela9 ( all k9ds w make a sp>k1 & sometimes a v good "o4 ,!re are cases :]e a brok5 teacup might be ! salvation ( _m lives 9 a %ipwreck$ p>ty4 ,on coral-reefs1 & o!r coa/s de/itute ( fl9ty /ones1 se>* %\ld be made = drift-wood & drift$ sea-we$4 ,9 ! roots ( ^!1 ! pebbles ( o!r %ores are n unfrequ5tly entangl$1 & fl9t may be f\nd among !m4 ,! jo9ts ( bamboos occasionally conta9 en\gh silex to give a sp>k4 ,/eels4--,! possession ( a really good /eel is a matt] ( great com=t 9 r\gh travel1 =1 z ,i h j said1 common iron is incompet5t to af=d a useful sp>k1 & h>d5$ iron or s(t /eel is b>ely suffici5t to d s4 ,any blacksmi? w make a good /eel out ( an old file1 if he has no?+ m appropriate at h&4 ,a sub/itute = a /eel c be made1 ev5 by an ord9>y travell]1 out ( common iron1 by means ( caseh>d5+ 7:i* see74 ,! l9k ( a *a91 or ! heel ( a boot1 or a brok5 horse-%oe1 is ( a conv5i5t %ape = ! purpose4 ,pyrites are1 & h be51 widely us$ = /rik+ sp>ks4 ,two pieces /ruck toge!r1 or "o piece /ruck ) a /eel1 gives a good sp>k2 b x is a v friable m9]al1 & !re=e n ne>ly s conv5i5t z fl9t4 ,guns4--,if y wi% to get a light by means ( a fl9t-&-/eel gun1 ! t\*-hole may be /uff$ up1 & a piece ( t9d] put among ! prim+ p[d]3 a light c be obta9$ 9 t way )\t fir+ ! gun4 ,) a p]cussion-cap gun1 a light may be obta9$ by putt+ p[d] & t9d] outside ! nipple & r\nd ! cap2 x w1 ?\gh n ) c]ta9ty cat* fire on explod+ ! cap4 ,b ! common way ) a gun is to p\r 9 a qu>t] ( a *>ge ( p[d]1 & above x1 q loosely1 a quantity ( rag or t9d]4 ,on fir+ ! gun /raight up 9 ! air1 ! rag w be %ot out light$2 y mu/ !n run aft] x z x falls1 & pick x quickly up4 ,) p]cussion-caps1 gunp[d]1 & t9d]1 & )\t a gun1 a light may sometimes be _h on an em]g5cy1 by scrat*+ & bor+ ) a knife1 awl1 or nail1 at ! fulm9at+ composition 9 ! cap1 till x explodes2 b a cap is a some:at dang]\s ?+ to m$dle )1 z x (t5 flies ) viol5ce1 & w\nds4 ,cru%+ gunp[d] ) h>d /ones may possibly make x explode4 ,lucif]s4--,an inexp]i5c$ h& w wa/e an entire boxful ( !m1 & yet w fail 9 light+ a fire 9 ! op5 air1 on a w9dy day4 ,! conv5i5ce ( lucif]s 9 obta9+ a light is v great1 b !y h two disadvantages3 !y require t ! air %\ld be p]fectly /ill1 :ile ! burn+ sulphur is /ruggl+ to ignite ! /ick2 &1 aga91 :5 ! mat* is ?ru/ among ! wood1 ! /icks ^u :i* is has to act1 h n be5 previ\sly w>m$ & consequ5tly1 ?\gh "o or two ( !m may become light$1 ! fur!r progress ( ! fire is liable to cease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 me?ods :]e ! travell] beg9s ) t9d]1 & bl[s its sp>k into a flame1 ! adjac5t wood becomes ?or\ghly heat$ by ! process1 & ! flame1 once />t$1 is almo/ c]ta9 to ma9ta9 itself4 ,consequ5tly1 9 light+ a fire ) lucif]s1 be c>eful to %ield ! mat* f ! w9d1 by ?r[+ a cloak or saddle-clo?1 or some?+ else ov] ! head1 :il/ y op]ate2 & secondly1 to h abundance ( twigs ( ! small] sizes1 t !re may be no unc]ta9ty ( ! lucif]-mat* be+ able to light !m1 & set ! fire a-go+4 ,9 a /eady d[nfall ( ra91 y may light a mat* = a pipe "u y\r horse's belly4 ,if y h pap] to sp>e1 x is a good plan to twi/ x into a holl[ cone2 to turn ! cone ) its apex to ! w9d2 & imm$iately aft] rubb+ ! mat*1 to hold x inside ! cone4 ,! pap] w become quickly heat$ by ! /ruggl+ flame & w bur/ into a m9iature conflagration1 too /rong to be puff$ out by a s+le bla/ ( air4 ,wax lucif]s are und\bt$ly bett] ?an wood5 ones1 = 9 damp wea!r1 wood5 ones w h>dly burn2 b wax is wat]pro(1 & indep5d5t ( wet or dry4 ,:5 !re is no?+ dry1 at h&1 to rub ! lucif]-mat* aga9/1 scrat* ! composition on its head ) ! edge ( a knife or ) ! f+]-nail4 ,x is a sure way ( light+ x2 & ) c>e1 !re is no ne$ ( burn+ ! f+]s4 ,fire-/icks4--,9 e c\ntry )\t exception1 :]e inquiry has be5 made1 ! me?od ( obta9+ fire by rubb+ "o /ick aga9/ ano!r1 has be5 employ$4 ,9 savage c\ntries ! me?od /ill rema9s 9 pres5t use2 9 ne>ly all ! m civilis$ ones1 x has be5 sup]s$$ )9 hi/oric p]iods by fl9ts & /eels & ! l1 & )9 ?is pres5t g5]ation by lucif]-mat*es4 ,! only in/ance ,i "k 9 :i* fl9ts are said to h prec$$ fire-/icks1 is 9 ! quotation bel[ f ,pl9y4 ,a light has also be5 obta9$ 9 pre-hi/oric times1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 by reflect+ ! sun f a holl[ surface2 b ?is me?od requir$ co/ly app>atus1 & c\ld nev] h be5 9 common use4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! ,bible1 & ,hom]1 & o!r records ( great antiquity1 are absolutely sil5t on ! contempor>y me?ods ( procur+ fire2 & al?\gh ,pl9y says ! rev]se--,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ! plan ( rubb+ /icks toge!r 0 absolutely univ]sal 9 ! b>b>ic infancy ( ! human race4 ,9 lat] ,greek ,hi/ory1 ,prome!us is accr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( fire-/icks4 ,among ! ,romans bo? ,s5eca & ,pl9y write ab\t !m4 ,pl9y says 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #gf1 #gg71 ,!re is heat 9 ! mulb]ry1 9 ! bay-laurel1 9 ivy1 & 9 all plants :5ce fire-/icks are made4 ,! exp]i5ce ( soldi]s reconnoitr+ = encamp+-gr\nds1 & t ( %eph]ds1 made ?is discov]y2 = a /one is n always at h& :5ce a sp>k might be /ruck4 ,"o piece ( wood !re=e1 is rubb$ by ano!r1 & x cat*es fire ?r\gh ! friction1 :ile a dry t9d]y sub/ance--fungus & leaves are ! mo/ easilyatta9able--is us$ to p]petuate ! fire4 ,no?+ is bett] ?an ivy us$ z ! /ick to be rubb$1 & bay-laurel z ! /ick to rub )4 ,wild v9e--n ! 'labrusca'--is also f\nd good4 ,i h made a great _m exp]im5ts ) diff]5t k9ds ( wood1 hav+ procur$ an assortm5t ( ^? us$ by ! fancy toy-mak]s ( ,tunbridge ,wells1 & ! *ipp+s f botanical g>d5s4 ,i f9d :at ,i h he>d f savages to be q true2 viz41 t x is mu* m difficult to procure good wood = ! fire-block ?an = ! drill-/ick2 any ?\gh h>d1 & dry /ick w d = ! latt]1 b ! fire-block mu/ be ( wood ) little gra92 ( a middle degree ( s(tness2 readily inflammable2 &1 ,i presume1 a good on-conductor ( heat2 b ,i d n "k if !re be mu* diff]5ce1 9 ?is latt] respect1 betwe5 woods ( ! same quality4 ,if x be too h>d1 ! action ( ! drill-/ick w m]ely d5t & poli% x2 if v s(t1 x w be worn away be=e ! friction has "t to heat x suffici5tly3 ivy is excell5t4 ,i f9d x n at all difficult to produce smoke 7x is mu* m difficult to produce fire7 ) a brok5 fi%+-rod1 or ramrod1 z a drill-/ick1 & a common wood5 pill-box1 or too?-p[d] box1 z a fire-block4 ,walnut1 also1 does z a fire-block1 & ! /ock ( a gun is ( walnut4 ,deal & mahogany are bo? wor?less = fire-/icks4 ,x is well s to not* ! fire-block1 t ! wood-du/1 z x is =m$ by ! rubb+1 %\ld all run into "o place3 x w !n gl[ ) a sm\ld]+ heat1 ready to bur/ out into an available flame ) a v little fann+1 z soon z a degree ( heat suffici5t to ignite t9d] has be5 atta9$4 ,t9d] is a great conv5i5ce1 9 ensur+ t ! fire1 once obta9$1 %all n be lo/ aga92 b x is n ess5tial to h x4 ,!re are _m ways ( rubb+ ! /icks toge!r1 9 use among diff]5t nations4 ,^? curi\s 9 ! matt] %\ld consult ,tylor's ',e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4' ,b ! travell] w n obta9 mu* assi/ance f ^! descriptions1 z x w be out ( 8 p[] to obta9 fire by any b ! simple/ ( !m1 on a fir/ trial4 ,he is only likely to succe$ at fir/ by work+ at leisure1 ) p]fectly dry wood4 ,ev5 savages1 :o practise ! art all _! lives1 fail to procure fire 9 v wet wea!r1 :5 ! %elt] is bad4 ,( ! plans employ$ by savages1 ! simple/ is t 9 use bo? 9 ,s\? ,africa & 9 ,au/ralia4 ,fig #a z describ$4 ,! ,au/ralian blacks use ! fl[]-/em ( ! grass-tree1 :i* is ( a t\gh pi?y nature1 & ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,! op]ation ( mak+ ! fire is assi/$ by ! use ( a little *>coal-p[d]1 :i*1 9 ,au/ralia1 is f\nd on ! b>k ( almo/ e tree1 f ! con/ant passage ( grass-fires ov] ! gr\nd4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,"o piece ( ! /ick is not*$ 9 ! middle1 fig4 #a1 & ! not* slightly holl[$ out2 ano!r is r\ndly po9t$ at "o end4 ,! black fell[1 be+ seat$ on ! gr\nd1 holds d[n "o end ( ! not*$ /ick ) ea* foot1 fig4 #b1 & plac+ ! po9t ( ! o!r /ick into ! not*1 twirls x rapidly & =cibly betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s4 ,9 do+ ?is 8 h&s gradually slip d[n ! /ick1 & he has to %ift !m rapidly up aga91 :i* loses "t3 b two p1 seat$ opposite1 c alt]nately take up ! rubb+1 & m easily produce fire4 ,a little ( ! above-m5tion$ p[d]$ *>coal is dropp$ into ! not* dur+ ! op]ation4 ,9 a v few m9utes r$-hot p[d]y a%es comm5ce to "w up out ( ! not*1 :i* fall+ on a small heap ( t[1 or ( dry t[-l b>k1 or l9t1 or cotton /uff1 is quickly bl[n into a flame4 ,! ,africans c>ry ! drill-/ick1 :i* 9 %ape & size is l an arr[1 9 a quiv] ) _! arr[s1 & ! fire-block--a /ick ?ree in*es long & "o 9 diamet]1 ( a diff]5t wood--z a p5dant to _! necklace4 ,a plan m practicable to an unpractis$ h& is t 9 use among "s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,i copy ! illu/ration ( x f ,s*oolcraft's "w ^u ^? p4 ,"o p]son works ! drill-/ick ) a rude b[1 & ) 8 o!r h& holds a piece ( /one or ( wood above x1 bo? to /eady x & to give ! requisite pressure--g5tle at fir/1 & increas+ judici\sly up to ! critical mom5t :5 ! fire is on ! po9t ( bur/+ out4 ,ano!r man puts 8 h&s on ! l[] piece ( wood1 ! fire-block1 to /eady x1 & holds a piece ( t9d] ready to light x z soon z fire is produc$4 ,if a s]i\s em]g5cy %\ld occur1 x is by no means hopeless to obta9 fire aft] ?is me?od4 ,a l>ge p>ty h consid]able advantages ov] only "o or two m51 because z ! "w is fatigu+1 ! m5 c und]take x 9 turns2 &1 aga91 z consid]able knack is requir$ = success1 x is mu* m probable t "o man out ( _m %\ld succe$1 ?an t only "o man1 tak5 at haz>d1 %\ld d s4 ,b ! be/ plan ( all = a p>ty ( ?ree or m m5 is = "o ( !m to hold ! upp] block1 ano!r to hold ! l[] block & ! t9d]1 %\ld !re be any1 & ! ?ird man to cause ! drill-/ick to rotate4 ,he w effect ?is be/ by disp5s+ ) ! b[1 & by simply us+ a /r+ or ?ong ( a y>d or f\r feet long4 ,he makes "o or two turns ) ! /r+ r\nd ! drill-/ick1 & !n hold+ "o end ( ! /r+ 9 ei!r h&1 he saws away ) all 8 =ce4 ,i believe t a p>ty ( ?ree m51 furni%$ ) dry wood ( an appropriate quality & pl5ty ( /r+1 w\ld surely produce smoke on ! fir/ few trials1 b t !y w\ld fail 9 produc+ fire4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y _h a c\ple ( h\rs' leisure to ma/] ! knack ( work+ ^! /icks1 ,i ?9k !y w\ld succe$ 9 produc+ fire be=e ! end ( t "t4 ,! p]iod ( "t necess>y = a successful op]ation is f "o to ?ree m9utes4 ,x is ( little use fatigu+ y\rself ) su/a9+ ! ex]tion = a long] p]iod at a "t1 unless ! wood becomes cont9u\sly hott]4 ,z soon z ! temp]ature rema9s uni=m x %[s t y h let ! opportunity slip2 x is !n ! be/ economy ( ef=t to desi/ at once1 to re/1 to take brea?1 & recomm5ce ) fre% vig\r4 ,sket* unlabell$4 ,fire by ,*emical ,means4--,x is n 9 ! prov9ce ( ?is book to describe ! v>i\s mat*es t take fire by dipp+ !m into compositions2 & ,i h already spok5 ( lucif]-mat*es 9 ! la/ section4 ,only "o s\rce ( fire rema9s to be notic$1 x is-- ,spontane\s ,combu/ion4--,x is conceivable t ! prop]ty :i* masses ( greasy rags1 & su*-l matt]1 possess ( ignit+ :5 left to !mselves1 might "u "s circum/ances1 be ! only means available to procure fire4 ,x is at all ev5ts well t ?is prop]ty %\ld be borne 9 m9d :5 w>eh\s+ /ores1 9 ord] to avoid ! risk ( _! tak+ fire4 ,any oil mix$ ) a hatful ( %av+s1 t[1 cotton1 wool1 or rags1 heap$ toge!r1 w become v hot 9 "o1 two1 or m days1 & w ultimately bur/ into flame4 ,! rapidity ( ! process is increas$ by w>m?4 ,t9d]4--,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,!re are two divisions ( t9d]3 ^? t are ( a suffici5tly /rong texture to admit ( be+ grasp$ 9 ! h&1 & ^? t are s friable z to require a box to hold !m4 ,9 ! fir/ division 7a7 are ! foll[+3--amadon1 a roll ( rag1 a cotton lamp-wick1 a roll ( t\*-pap]1 a mass ( hair ( c]ta9 plants1 & a long /r+ ( pi? sew$ up 9 a %ea?4 ,to ignite ^!1 we mu/ hold !m z 9 fig4 #a1 & use ! /eel to /rike d[nw>ds ^u ! fl9t4 ,9 ! second division 7b7 are3--t9d] ( burnt rags1 t9d] ( any k9d ) gra9s ( gunp[d] /rew$ ov] x1 & t\*-wood4 ,all ^! require t9d]-boxes1 z expla9$ bel[4 ,!re are also _m o!r sub/ances belong+ to bo? divisions ( t9d]1 9 use4 ,a travell] %\ld in=m himself ab\t ^? peculi> to ! c\ntry t he visits4 a ,amac\1 punk1 or ,g]man t9d]1 is made f a k9d ( fungus or mu%room t gr[s on ! trunks ( old oaks1 a%es1 bee*es1 etc42 _m o!r k9ds ( fungus1 &1 ,i believe1 all k9ds ( puff-balls1 w also make t9d]4 ,x %\ld be ga!r$ 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 & is prep>$ by remov+ ! out] b>k ) a knife1 & sep>at+ c>efully ! spongy yell[i% mass t lies )9 x4 ,?is is cut into ?9 slices1 & beat5 ) a mallet to s(t5 x1 till x c easily be pull$ asund] betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,x is !n boil$ 9 a /rong solution ( saltpetre4 ,a ,roll ( ,rag4--,cotton rag w easily take fire f ! sp>k f a fl9t1 9 a v dry climate1 if well /ruck4 ,x mu/ be roll$ up mod]ately tight1 s z to h ! end ( ! roll fluffy2 ! rag hav+ be5 torn1 n cut4 ,a rag roll$ 9 ?is way is n bad t9d]1 if ! sp>ks are /rong1 & "o comm5ces to bl[ x ! in/ant "o ( ! fibres is se5 to be alight4 ,if its fluffy end be rubb$ into a little dry gunp[d]1 its prop]ty z t9d] is greatly improv$4 ,cotton ,lamp-wick4--,a piece ( x drawn ?r\gh a t9 tube1 to %ield ! previ\sly *>r$ "p f be+ rubb$ (f1 is excell5t 9 dry climates4 7,see fig4 #a1 p4 #ahj47 ,t\*-pap] is m]ely pap] dipp$ 9 a solution ( saltpetre1 or :at comes to ne>ly ! same ?+ & is some:at bett]1 pap] sme>$ ) damp gunp[d] until x is black5$4 ,"s gra9s ( uncru%$ gunp[d] %\ld be left adh]+ to ! pap]1 & a few m %\ld be all[$ to lie loosely ^u x4 ,unsiz$ pap]1 l t out ( a blott+-book1 is ! be/ suit$ = mak+ into t\*-pap]2 pap] is r5d]$ unsiz$ by be+ well soak$ & wa%$ 9 wat]4 7,see next p>agraph47 ,saltpetre = ,t9d]4--,9 all cases ! pres5ce ( saltpetre makes t9d] burn m hotly & m fi]cely2 & saltpetre exi/s 9 su* great quantities 9 ! a%es ( _m plants 7z tobacco1 dill1 maize1 sunfl[]71 t ^! c be us$1 j z !y are1 9 ! place ( x4 ,?us1 if ! a%es ( a cig> be well rubb$ into a bit ( pap]1 !y conv]t x into t\*-pap]4 ,s w gunp[d]1 = out ( f\r p>ts ( x1 ?ree are saltpetre2 damag$ gunp[d] may be us$ = mak+ t\*-pap]4 ,if x be an object to prep>e a /ore ( t9d]1 a /rong solution ( saltpetre 9 wat] %\ld be obta9$1 & ! pap]1 or rags1 or fungus1 dipp$ into x & hung to dry4 ,?is solution may be made by p\r+ a little wat] on a *>ge ( gunp[d]1 or on ! a%es above-m5tion$1 :i* w dissolve ! saltpetre out ( !m4 ,boil+ wat] makes a solution =ty-fold /rong] ?an ice-cold wat]1 & ab\t eight times /rong] ?an wat] at #fj degrees ,fahr4 ,hair ( ,plants4--,! silky d[n ( a p>ticul> will[ 7,s4 lanata7 0 us$ by ! ,esquimaux1 ) :om ,dr4 ,kane _h int]c\rse2 & ! botani/ ,dr4 ,l9dley once in=m$ me t he _h happ5$ to receive a piece ( peculi>ly excell5t t9d] t 0 simply ! hair ( a tree-f]n4 ,! ,gomuti t9d] ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago is ! hair ( a palm4 ,pi?4--,_m k9ds ( pi? are rem>kable z t9d]s2 t :5ce ! well-kn[n pi? hats are made1 is us$ z t9d] 9 ,india4 ,pieces ( pi? are (t5 sewn r\nd ) ?9 cotton or silk1 s z to =m a long cord1 l ! cotton lamp-wick ,i h describ$ above1 & !y are c>ri$ 9 tubes = ! same reason4 b4 ,we n[ come to ! diff]5t k9ds ( t9d] t fall into our second division1 namely1 ^? t are too friable to be> h&l+4 ,rags4--,*>r$ l95 rags make ! t9d] t cat*es fire mo/ easily1 t burns mo/ hotly :5 bl[n ^u1 & sm\ld]s mo/ sl[ly :5 left to itself1 ( any k9d ( t9d] t is g5]ally to be obta9$4 ,9 mak+ x ! rags are light$1 & :5 9 a blaze & be=e !y are burnt to :ite a%es1 ! flame is /ifl$ out4 ,x is usual to make ?is k9d ( t9d] 9 ! box int5d$ to hold x2 b x c easily be made on ! gr\nd 9 ! op5 air1 by sett+ light to ! rag1 & dropp+ p9*es ( s& ^u ! flam+ p>ts z soon z x is desir$ to qu5* !m4 ,! s& is aft]w>ds bru%$ away1 & ! t9d] g5tly extricat$4 ,t\*-wood is an inf]ior sort ( t9d]1 b is always to be met ) 9 woody c\ntries4 ,dry ,dung4--,dry & p[d]$ cattle dung--especially horse-dung--w take a sp>k1 b ) tr\ble4 ,aft] x is light$ x c be kept burn+ ) little difficulty4 ,t9d]-boxes4--,!re are ?ree ways ( /rik+ a fl9t1 :i* are be/ expla9$ by sket*es4 ,fig4 #a1 p4 #ahj1 %[s h[ t9d] t is t\gh en\gh to be> h&l+1 is grasp$ toge!r ) ! fl9t4 ,:5 no t9d]-box is at h& ! m friable k9ds ( t9d]1 z t\*-wood1 may be envelop$ 9 a roll ( rag & be us$ ei!r z 9 fig4 #a or 9 fig #c4 ,fig4 #b %[s h[ t9d] may be laid on ! gr\nd1 & h[ sp>ks may be /ruck ^u x4 ,! h\sehold t9d]-boxes ( ?irty ye>s ago1 be=e lucif]s 7 inv5t$1 7 = use 9 ?is way4 ,fig4 #c %[s h[ sp>ks may be /ruck into a small t9d]-box4 ,x is ! me?od mo/ commonly adopt$ by travell]s3 = in/ance1 x is univ]sally us$ 9 ,s\? ,africa & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a holl[ cyl9d] ( wood or metal1 ab\t ?ree in*es long1 & cork$ up at "o end1 is all t is ess5tial4 ,if x be b>rel-%ap$ ! fl9t lies aga9/ its sides1 at ! mo/ conv5i5t angle = /rik+ sp>ks into ! box1 z is %[n by ! bottom draw+ ( fig4 #c4 ,fig #b & #c z describ$4 ,wet ,wea!r4--,9 long-cont9u$ soak+ wea!r1 ! be/ way ( keep+ a t9d]-box dry is to put x into a small pocket hung close "u ! armpit4 ,fuel4--,firewood4--,!re is a knack 9 f9d+ firewood4 ,x %\ld be look$ = "u bu%es2 ! /ump ( a tree t is rott$ ne>ly to ! gr\nd has (t5 a magnific5t root1 fit to blaze ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,dry ,cattle-dung4--,! dry dung ( cattle & o!r animals1 z f\nd on ! gr\nd1 is v g5]ally us$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 9 default ( bett] fuel1 & !re is no?+ :atev] objectionable 9 employ+ x4 ,! ,canadians call x by ! apt "n ( ,bois de ,va*e4 ,9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,africa x is frequ5tly us$2 ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ,arm5ia & ( ,?ibet ! natives rely entirely ^u x4 ,!re is a great conv5i5ce 9 ?is sort ( fuel2 because1 z x is only 9 camps t fuel is want$1 s x is precisely at old encamp+-places t cattle-dung is abundantly f\nd4 ,bones4--,ano!r rem>kable sub/itute = firewood is bones2 a fact :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ to m5tion4 ,! bones ( an animal1 :5 fre%ly kill$1 make good fuel2 & ev5 ^? ( cook$ meat1 & su* z h be5 expos$ to ! air = "s days1 w greatly increase ! heat ( a scanty fire4 ,_! smell is n disagreeable3 x is simply t ( roa/ or burnt meat4 ,9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :]e firewood is sc>ce1 x is n unusual to cook "p ( ! meat ( a slaught]$ bull ) its own bones4 ,:5 ! fire is once />t$ ) a few /icks1 x burns well & hotly4 ,! flame ( c\rse dep5ds on ! fat )9 ! bones1 & !re=e ! fatt] ! animal ! bett] ! fire4 ,dur+ ! ,russian campaign 9 #ahbi1 ! troops suff]$ s sev]ely f cold at ,adrianople1 t ! cemet]ies 7 ransack$ = bones = fuel4 7,moltke1 9 ! ,app5dix47 ,sea-we$ makes a hot ?\gh n a *e]ful fire4 ,x is l>gely us$4 ,! vraic or sea-we$ ga!r]s ( ! ,*annel ,isl&s are repres5t$ 9 _m picturesque sket*es4 ,! we$ is c>t$ home1 spread out1 & dri$4 ,peat4--,travell]s mu/ be> 9 m9d t peat w burn1 especially z ! c\ntries 9 :i* x is f\nd are commonly de/itute ( firewood2 &1 besides t1 are m>%y1 cold1 & agui%4 ,*>coal is frequ5tly c>ri$ by travell]s 9 sacks2 !y use a prep>$ *>coal 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* is made 9 ! =m ( v l>ge buttons1 t are c>ri$ /rung toge!r on a /r+4 ,an ,indian correspond5t in=ms me t !y are made by mix+ p[d]$ *>coal ) molasses1 9 ! proportion ( t5 to "o1 or !reab\ts1 roll+ ! mass into balls1 & dry+ !m 9 ! sun4 ,a s+le ball is call$ a gul4 ,!y are us$ = ignit+ hookhas3 !y are also burnt inside ! smoo?+-iron us$ by wa%]m5 9 ord] to heat x4 ,! juice or sap ( _m plants w\ld probably answ] ! purpose ( molasses 9 _! prep>ation4 ,small ,fuel = light+ ! ,fire4--,%r$s & ,fibres4--,! live sp>k has to be receiv$ & p>tly enclos$1 9 a loose heap or ne/ ( f9ely-%r$d$ fuel4 ,! sub/ances = mak+ su* a ne/1 are "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ li/3-- ,dry grass ( ! f9e/ k9ds3 leaves3 moss3 li*51 & wild cotton2 /alks or b>k1 brok5 up & rubb$ small betwe5 ! f+]s2 peat or cattle-dung pulv]is$2 pap] t has be5 d\bl$ up 9 _m folds & !n cut ) a %>p knife into ! f9e/ possible %av+s2 t[1 or :at is ! same ?+1 oakum1 made by unravell+ rope or /r+2 & scrap+s & f9e %av+s f a log ( wood4 ,! %r$s t are int5d$ to t\* ! live sp>k %\ld be r$uc$ to ! f9e/ fibre2 ! outside ( ! ne/ may be ( co>s]1 b /ill ( some:at delicate mat]ial4 ,cook %\ld collect !m4--,x is ! duty ( a cook1 :5 ! "t ( encamp+ draws ne>1 to get d[n f 8 horse1 & to pick up1 z he walks along1 a suffici5cy ( dry grass1 little bits ( wood1 & ! l1 to />t a fire2 :i* he %\ld beg9 to make z soon z ev] ! c>avan /ops4 ,! fire ought to be burn+1 & ! kettle /&+ by its side1 by ! "t t ! animals are caught & are ready to be (f-pack$4 ,small ,/icks4--,!re %\ld be abundance ( small /icks1 & if nei!r ^! nor any equival5t = !m are to be pick$ up1 ! travell] %\ld split up 8 l>g] firewood ) 8 knife1 9 ord] to make !m4 ,x is a wise economy ( "t & pati5ce to prep>e pl5ty ( ^!2 o!rwise x w occasionally happ5 t ! :ole /ock w be consum$ & no fire made4 ,!n ! travell] mu/ recomm5ce ! "w f ! v beg9n+1 "u ! disadvantage ( increas+ d>kness4 ,i h made _m exp]im5ts myself1 & h se5 _m novices z well z old campaign]s try to make fires2 & h conclud$ t1 to ensure success1 ! travell] %\ld be provid$ ) small bundles ( /icks ( ea* ( ! foll[+ sizes3--#a/1 size ( lucif]-mat*2 #bnd1 ( lead p5cil2 #crd1 small] ?an little f+]2 #d?1 size ( =e-f+]2 #e?1 /\t /akes4 ,9 wet ,wea!r1 ! mo/ likely places to f9d :]e)al to light a fire1 are "u l>ge /ones & o!r %elt]2 b 9 soak+ wet wea!r1 little *ips ( dry wood c h>dly be procur$ except by cutt+ !m ) an axe out ( ! middle ( a log4 ,! fire may !n be begun1 z ! late ,admiral ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,murray well recomm5d$ 9 8 travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! fry+-pan itself1 = want ( a dry piece ( gr\nd4 ,to k9dle a ,sp>k into a ,flame4--,by :irl+4--#a/4 ,arrange ! fuel into logs2 into small fuel1 assort$ z describ$ above1 & into %r$s & fibres4 #bnd4 ,make a loose ne/ ( ! fibre1 j l a sp>r['s ne/ 9 %ape & size1 & let ! f9] "p ( ! fibres be inw>ds4 #crd4 ,drop ! light$ t9d] 9 ! next4 #d?4 ,hold+ ! ne/ q loosely 9 ! half-clos$ h&1 :irl ! out/ret*$ arm 9 v]tical circles r\nd ! %\ld]-jo9t1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e 9 ! diagram4 ,9 #cj seconds1 or ab\t #dj revolutions1 x w beg9 to gl[1 & w %ortly aft] bur/ out 9 a gr& flame4 #e? ,drop x1 & pile small twigs r\nd x1 & nurse ! "y fire c>efully1 be>+ 9 m9d ! prov]b t small /icks k9dle a flame1 b l>ge ones put x out4 ,by bl[+4--,savages usually k9dle ! flame by bl[+ at ! live sp>k & fe$+ x ) little bits ( /ick1 j s mu* z is necess>y4 ,b x is difficult to acquire ! art ( do+ ?is well1 & ,i decid$ly recomm5d ! plan ,i h describ$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph1 9 pref]5ce to x4 ,:5 ! w9d bl[s/eadily & fre%ly1 x suffices to hold up ! ne/ aga9/ ! w9d4 ,sulphur mat*es are s v useful to conv]t a sp>k into a flame1 & !y are s easily made1 9 any quantity1 out ( split wood1 /raw1 etc41 if ! travell] w only take ! tr\ble ( c>ry+ a small lump ( sulphur 9 8 baggage1 t !y always ought to be at h&4 ,! sulphur is melt$ on a heat$ /one1 or 9 an old spoon1 bit ( crock]y1 bit ( t9 ) a d5t made 9 x1 or ev5 a piece ( pap]1 & ! po9ts ( ! pieces ( wood dipp$ 9 ! molt5 mass4 ,a small *ip ( sulphur pu%$ into ! cleft end ( a spl9t] ( wood makes a fair sub/itute = a mat*4 7,see ,lucif]-mat*es47 ,camp ,fires4--,l>ge ,logs4--,! pr9ciple ( mak+ l>ge logs to burn brightly1 is to all[ air to rea* !m on all sides1 & yet to place !m s closely toge!r1 t ea* supports ! combu/ion ( ! re/4 ,a common plan is to make ! fire ) ?ree logs1 ^: ends cross ea* o!r1 z 9 ! diagram4 ,! dots repres5t ! ext5t ( ! fire4 ,z ! ends burn away1 ! logs are pu%$ clos] toge!r4 ,ano!r plan is to lay ! logs p>allel ) ! burn+ ends to ! w9dw>d1 !n !y cont9ue burn+ toge!r4 ,9 ! p9e-=e/s ( ! ,nor?1 at w9t] "t1 x is usual to fell a l>ge tree1 &1 cutt+ a piece six or eight feet long (f ! l>ge end1 to lay ! ?ick %ort piece ^u ! long "o1 :i* is left ly+ on ! gr\nd2 hav+ previ\sly cut flat ) ! axe ! sides t come 9 contact1 & not*$ !m s z to make ! upp] log lie /eady4 ,! *ips are !n heap$ 9 betwe5 ! logs1 & are set fire to2 ! flame runs 9 betwe5 !m1 & ! heat ( ea* log helps ! o!r to burn4 ,x is ! "w ( ne>ly an h\r to prep>e su* a fire2 b :5 made1 x la/s ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,9 all cases1 "o or two great logs are f> bett] ?an _m small ones1 z ^! burn fa/ away & require con/ant look+ aft]4 ,_m s]i\s accid5ts occur f a l>ge log burn+ away & toppl+ ov] ) a cra%1 s5d+ a volley ( blaz+ c9d]s among ! sleep+ p>ty4 ,savages are always gett+ burnt1 & we %\ld take w>n+ f _! c>elessness3 sometimes !y f9d a s+le sca!d tree )\t bran*es1 :i* !y h no means ( fell+2 ?is !y set fire to z x /&s1 & :5 all h fall5 (f to sleep1 ! tree tumbles d[n ^u !m4 ,inde$1 savages are seldom free f sc>s or sev]e burns2 !y are s cold dur+ ! night t !y _c endure to be an in* fur!r f ! fire ?an necess>y1 & consequ5tly1 z !y turn ab\t 9 _! sleep1 (t5 roll into x4 ,diagram z describ$ foll[+4 ,logs to cut up1 ) a small axe or knife4 ,let ,a ,o be ! log4 ,cut two not*es 7#a71 7#b71 on opposite sides4 ,hold ! log by ! end ,a1 & /rike ! end viol5tly aga9/ ! gr\nd2 ! piece ,o1 #a1 #b1 w fly (f4 ,!n make ! cut 7#c7 on ! side opposite to 7#b71 & aga9 /rike1 & ! piece #a1 #b1 #c1 w fly (f4 ,s aga9 ) cut 7#d71 etc4 7,peal47 ,bru%wood4--,if 9 a c\ntry :]e any a numb] ( small /icks & no l>ge logs c be collect$ z firewood1 ! be/ plan is to encamp aft] ! mann] ( ! ,ovampos4 ,^!1 z !y travel1 collect /icks1 ea* man 8 own faggot1 & :5 !y /op1 ea* takes eight or n9e /ones z l>ge z bricks1 or l>g]1 & sets !m 9 a circle2 & )9 ^! he lights up 8 little fire4 ,n[ ! p>ty make _! fireplaces close toge!r1 9 two or m p>allel l9es1 & sleep 9 betwe5 !m2 ! /ones prev5t ! emb]s f fly+ ab\t & do+ mis*ief1 & also1 aft] ! fires h q burnt out1 !y cont9ue to radiate heat4 ,*>coal4--,if *>coal be c>ri$1 a small *af+-di%1 or o!r sub/itute = a fireplace1 ought also be tak51 toge!r ) a set ( t9 cook+-ut5sils4 ,fireplaces 9 ,boats4--,9 boat+ excursions1 daub a lump ( clay on ! bottom ( ! boat1 b5ea? ! fireplace--x w secure ! timb]s f fire4 ,our primitive kit*5 0 a squ>e wood5 box1 l9$ ) clay & fill$ ) s&1 ^u :i* ?ree or f\r l>ge /ones 7 plac$ to =m a he>?4 7,burton's ',m$9ah4'7 ,fireplaces on ,sn[4--,on v deep sn[1 a he>? has to be made ( a numb] ( gre5 logs1 ^u :i* ! fire may be made4 7,see ,esquimaux ,cook+ ,lamp47 ,cook+-fires4--,see *apt] on ,cook+4 ,fires 9 ! e>ly ,morn+4--,%\ld y\r /ock ( fuel consi/ ( l>ge logs & b little bru%wood1 keep all y c sp>e ( ! latt] to make a blaze1 :5 y get up to cat* & pack ! cattle 9 ! d>k & e>ly morn+4 ,z y travel on1 if x be bitt] cold1 c>ry a firebr& 9 y\r h&1 ne> y\r m\?1 z a respirator--x is v com=t+2 !n1 :5 ! fire ( x burns dull1 ?ru/ ! br& = a few mom5ts 9 any tuft ( dry grass y may happ5 to pass by1 :i* w blaze up & give a new life to ! br&4 ,,food4 ,! nutritive ,elem5ts ( ,food4--,_m *emi/s h appli$ !mselves 9 rec5t ye>s1 to discov] ! exact p]c5tage ( nutrim5t conta9$ 9 diff]5t sub/ances1 & to det]m9e ! m9imum nutrim5t on :i* human life c be support$4 ,! results are n v accordant1 b nev]!less a consid]able approximation to tru? has be5 arriv$ at4 ,x is n[ possible to tell :e!r a propos$ diet has any great faults ( excess or defici5cy1 & h[ to rem$y ^? faults4 ,b x also mu/ be recollect$ t ! /oma* is an assimilat+ ma*9e ( limit$ p]=mance1 & mu/ be f$ ) food t x c dige/2 x is n en\gh t ! food %\ld conta9 nutriti\s matt]1 if t matt] %\ld be 9 an indige/ible =m4 ,burke & ,wills p]i%$ f %e] inability to dige/ ! se$s ^u :i* ! ,au/ralian savages liv$2 & ,g>d9]'s p>ty di$ ( />vation 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 because !y c\ld n dige/ ! %ell-fi% :i* =m a common article ( diet ( ! natives ( t c\ntry4 ,! "q ( diet mu/ !n be limit$ to food t is p]fectly dige/ible by ! travell]4 ,x rema9s to le>n h[ mu* n\ri%m5t is conta9$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( dige/ible food4 ,dr4 ,smi? has rec5tly writt5 an elaborate essay on ?is subject1 apply+ 8 inquiries *iefly to ! food ( ! poor 9 ,engl&2 b = my m g5]al purpose1 z x is impossible to d ju/ice to a l>ge & imp]fectly und]/ood subject1 9 ! small space ,i c give to x1 x w be bett] t ,i %\ld repr9t ! results giv5 9 my previ\s edition4 ,^! are pr9cipally extract$ f a rem>kable pap] by ,dr4 ,*ri/ison1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,bluebook ,report ( ! ,commission ( ,inquiry on ,crimean matt]s1 9 :i* ! !n faulty diet>y ( our soldi]s 0 discuss$4 ,x appe>s #a/1 t a man ( s$5t>y life c exi/ 9 heal? on sev5te5 ounces p] day ( real nutrim5t2 t a man engag$ 9 active life requires fully tw5ty-eight ounces p] day2 &1 dur+ sev]e lab\r1 he requires ?irty ounces1 or ev5 m4 #bndly1 t ?is nutrim5t mu/ consi/ ( ?ree-qu>t]s1 by weight1 ( "o class ( nutritive pr9ciples1 7,c71 & "o qu>t] ( ano!r class ( nutritive pr9ciples1 7,n72 #crdly1 t all ! articles ( common food admit ( be+ plac$1 z bel[1 9 a ,table1 by :i* we see at a glance h[ mu* nutrim5t ( class ,c1 & h[ mu* ( class ,n1 is f\nd 9 #ajj p>ts1 gross weight ( any ( !m4 ,?us1 by a simple computation1 ! effective value ( a diet>y may be asc]ta9$4 ,class ,c1 are ! c>bonif]\s pr9ciples1 t ma9ta9 respiration2 ,class ,n1 are ! nitrog5\s pr9ciples1 t repair wa/e ( tissue4 ,n w p>tly replace ,c1 b at a great wa/e3 ,c w n replace ,n4 ,a l>ge numb] ( diets su* z ^? ( v>i\s armies & navies1 ( prisons & infirm>ies1 & ( ! ord9>y diets ( diff]5t classes ( p1 h be5 exam9$ by aid ( ?is ,table1 ) surpris+ly uni=m results4 ,b ^! diets *iefly ref] to temp]ate climates2 x w\ld !re=e be a matt] ( great int]e/ if travell]s 9 di/ant l&s w\ld accurately obs]ve & note d[n ! weight ( _! own rations & ^? ( ! natives4 ,x is a great desid]atum to "k ! lighte/ portable food suitable to diff]5t c\ntries4 ,any su* reports1 if c>efully made & ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( n less ?an two mon?s1 w\ld be v acceptable to me4 ,to make !m ( any use1 x is necess>y t e article consum$ %\ld be not$ d[n2 & t ! weight & /ate ( heal?1 at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( ! p]iod1 %\ld be comp>$4 ,table %[+ ! quantity ( ,nutrim5t conta9$ 9 diff]5t articles ( ,diet4 ,articles ( ,diet 44 ,c4 ,n4 ,total real 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444,nutri- 7,c>bonif]\s47 7,nitrog5\s7 m5t p] c5t4 ( gross weight4 ,:eat ,fl\r4444444444444 #ga4be 4444444444 #af4be 4444444 #hg4e ,bread4444444444444444444 #ea4e 4444444444 #aj4e 4444444 #fb4j ,oatmeal44444444444444444 #fe4ge 4444444444 #af4be 44444444#hb4j ,pe>l ,b>ley444444444444 #fg4j 44444444444 #ae4j 44444444 #hb4j ,peas44444444444444444444 #ee4e 44444444444 #bd4e 44444444 #hj4j ,potatoes 7pres]v$ potatoes are ?or- oughly dry744444444 44 #bd4e 44444444444 #b4e 4444444444#bg4j ,c>rots4444444444444444 #h4e 44444444444 #a4e 444444444 #aj4j ,turnips444444444444444444 #e4g 44444444444 #j4c 444444444 #f4j ,cabbage444444444444444444 #f4g 44444444444 #j4c 4444444444 #g4j ,lean ( ,beef & ,mutton 4 - 4444444444 #bg4j 444444444 #bg4j ,fat ( meat4444444444444#ajj4j 4444444444 - 4444444 #ajj4j ,av]age ,beef & ,mutton #ae4j 44444444444#bj4be 44444444 #ce4be ,bacon44444444444444444444#fb4e 4444444444 #h4cf 44444444 #gj4hf ,skimm$-milk ,*eese 44444 #j4d 4444444444 #fd4f 444444444 #fe4j ,:ite ,fi% 4444444444444 - 44444444444 #ba4j 444444444 #ba4j ,new ,milk 444444444444444 #h4j 4444444444 #d4e 444444444 #ab4e ,skimm$ ,milk 44444444444 #h4j 4444444444 #d4e 444444444 #aj4j ,butt]-milk4444444444444 #a4j 4444444444 #f4j 444444444 #g4j ,beef ,tea1 /rong 44444444 - 4444444444 #a4dd 444444444 #a4dd ,beef ,tea & ,meat de- coction ( ,bro? 444444 - 4444444444 #j4gb 444444444 #j4gb ,sug>4444444444444444444#ajj4j 44444444444 - 4444444 #ajj4j ,butt]44444444444444444 #ajj4j 444444444444 - 44444444 #ajj4j ,total 79 ,s$5- 7t>y life444 #ab4eg 4444444444 #d4be 44444444 #ag ounces4 ,nutrim5t 79 ,active 7life444444444 #ba4jj 444444444 #g4jj 44444444 #bh ,requir$4 7,9 ,sev]e 7lab\r44444444#bb4ej 444444444 #g4ej 4444444 #cj ,z examples ( ! way 9 :i* ! above ,tables %\ld be appli$1 ,i w n[ give ?ree diet>ies1 9 :i* ! quantity ( real nutrim5t has be5 calculat$4 ,i4 -- ,briti% ,navy ,all[ances4 7,admiralty ,ord]1 #ahbd47 ,gross weight ,real ,nutrim5t4 9 ounces4 ,c4 ,n4 ,total4 ,bread 444444444444#bj4j - #aj4c 444#b4a 4444444 #ab4d or ,biscuit - #af4j 44 #aa4d 44 #b4f 4444444 #ad4j ,oatmeal 44444444 #a4e 44 #a4e 44 #a4if 4 #j4dh 444444 #b4dd ,cocoa 444444444444 #a4j - 444 #j4e 444 - 4444444 #j4ee or ,*eese 44444444- 444 #b4j 444 - 444#a4cc 444444 #a4cc ,sug> 444444444444 #a4e 44 - 4444#a4e 444 - 444444444 #a4e or ,butt] 444444 - 44 #a4e 444#a4e 4444 - 444444444 #a4e ,meat 44444444444 #af4j 44 - 444 #b4d 444 #c4bd 444444 #e4fd or ,salt ,meat 44 - 444#ab4j 44 #b4d 444 #c4bd 444444 #e4fd ,vegetables 444444 #h4j 44 - 444 #j4i 444 #j4ae 4444444 #a4je or ,fl\r 444444 - 44 #ab4j 44 #h4ie 44 #a4ie 444444 #aj4i ,tea 44444444444444 #j4be 44 - 444 - 444 - 4444444 - or ,c(fee 444444 - 444#a4j 444 - 4444 - 444444444 - ,total 44444444 - 4444 - 44 #da4ha 4 #ae4ji 44444 #eg4j ,n4,b4--,besides ?is1 is be] 79 h>b\r only7 sixte5 ounces1 or spirits f\r ounces4 ,table ,,ii4 %[s ! daily food actually consum$ by probably ! mo/ en]getic travell+ & explor+ p>ty on record4 ,x 0 dur+ ,dr4 ,rae's spr+ j\rney to ! ,arctic %ores ( ,am]ica4 ,he issu$1 9 addition1 f\r ounces ( grease or alcohol a day1 z fuel = cook+4 ,he f\nd t x requir$ ne>ly z mu* fuel to melt ! sn[1 z x did to boil x aft]w>ds4 ,?is all[ance 0 f\nd q suffici5t1 b !re 0 no?+ to sp>e4 ,,ii4 -- ,dr4 ,rae's ,all[ances 9 ,arctic ,am]ica4 ,gross weight ,real ,nutrim5t4 9 ounces4 ,c4 ,n4 ,total4 ,pemmican 7#a_/c dry meat1 #b_/c fat7 4 #bj4j 444444#ac4c 444 #f4f 444444 #ai4i ,biscuit 444444444444 #d4j 44444 #b4i 444 #j4f 444444 #c4e ,edw>ds's pres]v$ potatoes 4444444444 #a4f 44444 #a4d 444 #j4a 444444 #a4e ,fl\r 444444444444444 #e4c 444444 #c4h 444 #j4h 4444444 #d4f ,tea 44444444444444444 #j4f 444444 8 444 8 44444444 8 ,sug> 4444444444444444 #b4c 444444 #b4c 44 - 444444444 #b4c 44444444 4444 #cc4h 44444 #bc4g 444 #h4a 4444444 #ca4h ,,iii4 -- ,d,mr4 ,au/9's ,all[ances 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,gross weight ,real ,nutrim5t4 9 ounces4 ,c4 ,n4 ,total4 ,fl\r 444444444444444 #ah4j 444444 #ab4h 444 #b4i 4444444 #ae4g ,bon$ salt pork 7say a little m lean ?an fat7 444444444 #h4j 444444 #a4i 444 #b4a 444444 #ae4g ,tea 44444444444444444 #j4ge 444444 - 444 - 44444444 - ,sug> 4444444444444444 #c4j 4444 44 #c4j 44 - 44444444 #c4j 44444444 4444 #bi4ge 44444 #ag4g 444 #e4j 4444444 #bb4g ,,iv4 -- ,a ,sepoy's ,full ,rations are3 --4 ,gross weight ,real ,nutrim5t4 9 ounces4 ,c4 ,n4 ,total4 ,:eat5 ,fl\r 4444444 #cb 444444 #bb4h 444 #e4b 444444 #bi4j ,pulse 4444444444444444 #d 444444 #b4b 44#a4j 4444444 #c4b ,butt] 4444444444444444#a 444444 #a4j 44 #j4j 44444444#a4j 44444444 4444 #cg 44444 #bf4j444 #f4b 4444444#cc4c ,game 0 occasionally %ot1 by :i* ! s]i\s defici5cy 9 ,class ,n mu/ h be5 suppli$4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i mu/ say t ,au/ralian explor]s seem to travel exce$+ly well on unusually scanty diets4 ,food ,suitable = ! ,/ores ( ,travell]s4--,! mo/ portable k9d ( food is1 unque/ionably1 ! fle% ( cattle2 = ! bea/s c>ry !mselves4 ,! draught ox5 us$ 9 ,african & ,au/ralian explorations s]ve z a la/ res\rce1 :5 all o!r food is want+4 ,x has be5 truly rem>k$ ) ref]5ce to ,au/ralian explor+ exp$itions1 t if an explor+ p>ty w\ld make up _! m9ds to eat horsefle%1 /ores ( provisions might be l>gely disp5s$ )4 ,a few extra horses c\ld be tak52 & "o %ot occasionally1 & its fle% dri$ & slightly salt$1 suffici5tly to pres]ve x f becom+ ta9t$ be=e ! m5 c\ld consume x4 ,portable ,food4--,! k9ds ( food t are ! mo/ portable 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m are3--,pemmican2 meat-biscuit2 fri$ meat2 dri$ fi%2 :eat fl\r2 biscuit2 oatmeal2 b>ley2 peas2 *eese2 sug>2 pres]v$ potatoes2 & ,*ollet's compress$ vegetables4 ,extract ( meat1 z ,i am assur$ by ! highe/ physiological au?ors1 is n a portable food b a portable sav\r4 ,x is q impossible t life %\ld be ma9ta9$ on any m9ute am\nt ( mat]ial1 because s _m gra9s ( c>bon & s _m ( nitrog5 are daily consum$1 & an equival5t weight ( ^? elem5ts mu/1 ( c\rse1 be replac$4 ,salt meat is n to be dep5d$ ^u1 = x is liable to become h>d & wor?less1 by long keep+4 ,pemmican2 g5]al rem>ks4--,( all food usually c>ri$ on exp$itions1 none is s complete 9 itself1 nor conta9s s l>ge a proportion ( nutrim5t z pemmican4 ,x is especially useful to ^? :o und]go sev]e "w1 9 cold & ra9y climates4 ,x is ! ma9/ay ( ,arctic exp$itions1 :e!r on wat]1 by sl$ge1 or on foot4 ,b1 ?\gh excell5t to m5 :o are work+ labori\sly1 x is di/a/eful to o!rs4 ,pemmican is a mixture ( ab\t five-n9?s ( p\nd$ dry meat to f\r-n9?s ( melt$ or boil$ grease2 x is put into a sk9 bag or t9 c :il/ w>m & s(t4 ,! grease ought n to be v w>m1 :5 p\r$ on ! dry meat4 ,wild b]ries are sometimes add$4 ,! sk9 bags = ! pemmican %\ld be %ap$ l pill[ 7n bol/]7 cases1 = ! conv5i5ce ( pack+ on horseback4 ,! pemmican is *opp$ out ) an axe1 :5 requir$4 ,i d n "k if x c be b\ght any:]e 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 usually prep>$ 9 ! gov]nm5t y>ds at ,dept=d1 :5 made = ! ,arctic ,exp$itions4 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 ! ,hudson's ,bay t]ritory4 ,a travell] :o desir$ to furni% himself ) pemmican might procure 8 supplies f !nce4 ,pemmican1 z made 9 ,engl&4--,sir ,john ,ri*>dson describes1 9 8 ,n>rative1 ! prep>ation ( ! pemmican t he took ) him 9 8 la/ j\rney4 ,! foll[+ is a rsum ( :at he says3--,! meat us$ 0 r\nd ( beef2 ! fat & membran\s p>ts 7 p>$ away2 x 0 !n cut into ?9 slices1 :i* 7 dri$ 9 a malt-kiln1 ov] an oak-wood fire1 till !y 7 q dry & friable4 ,!n !y 7 gr\nd 9 a malt mill2 aft] ?is process ! p[d] resembl$ f9ely-grat$ meal4 ,x 0 next mix$ ) ne>ly an equal weight ( melt$ beef1 suet1 or l>d2 & ! pla9 pemmican 0 made4 ,"p ( ! pemmican 0 mix$ ) ,zante currants1 & ano!r "p ) sug>4 ,bo? ( ^! mixtures 7 mu* lik$1 especially ! latt]4 ,! pemmican1 :5 complete1 co/ at ! rate ( #ax4 u #a_/b d4 p] p\nd1 b !n ! meat 0 only #f #c_/d d4 p] p\nd2 x is de>] n[4 ,! meat lo/ m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( its weight 9 dry+4 ,he _h #ag1dbd lbs4 ( pemmican 9 all2 x 0 made f--fre% beef1 #ce1fda lbs2 l>d#i lbs42 currants#c lbs42 & sug> lbs4 ,pemmican1 z made 9 ! ,prairie4--,mr4 ,ballantyne1 :o 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3--,hav+ %ot a buffalo1 ! hunt]s cut lumps ( 8 fle%1 & slitt+ x up into flakes or lay]s1 hang x up 9 ! sun1 or be=e a sl[ fire1 to dry2 & ! fat c be dri$ z well z ! lean4 ,9 ?is /ate1 x is (t5 made into packs1 & s5t ab\t ! c\ntry1 to be consum$ z dri$ meat 7x is (t5 be/ reli%$ raw1 =1 :5 grill$ )\t fat1 x burns & becomes a%y72 b :5 pemmican is want$1 x has to g ?r\gh ano!r process4 ,:5 dry1 ! meat is p\nd$ betwe5 two /ones till x is brok5 into small pieces3 ^! are put into a bag made ( ! animal's hide1 ) ! hair on ! outside1 & well mix$ ) melt$ grease2 ! top ( ! bag is !n sewn up1 & ! pemmican all[$ to cool4 ,9 ?is /ate x may be eat5 uncook$2 b ! m5 :o subsi/ on x :5 travell+1 mix x ) a little fl\r & wat]1 & !n boil x--9 :i* /ate x is "k ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry by ! elegant "n ( robbiboo4 ,pemmican is good :olesome food2 w keep fre% = a great l5g? ( "t2 &1 7 x n = its unprepossess+ appe>ance1 & a good _m buffalo hairs mix$ ) x1 ?r\gh ! c>elessness ( ! hunt]s1 w\ld be v palatable4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 "o becomes accu/om$ to ^! little peculi>ities4 ,meat-biscuit4--,meat-biscuit1 :i* is us$ 9 ,am]ican %ips1 is /at$ to be a ?ick s\p1 evaporat$ d[n to a syrup1 knead$ ) fl\r1 & made into biscuits3 ^! are prick$ ) holes1 dri$ & bak$4 ,!y c be eat5 j z !y are1 or made into a porridge1 ) f tw5ty to ?irty times _! weight ( wat]4 ,!y 7 to be b\ght at ,gamble's1 ,lead5hall ,/reet4 ,dri$ ,meat4--,:5 m game is %ot ?an c be eat5 be=e ! p>ty travel onw>ds1 x is usual to j]k a "p ( x4 ,x is cut 9 long /rips1 & fe/oon$ ab\t ! bu%es1 "u ! full sun1 9 ord] to dry x4 ,aft] x has be5 sun-dri$ x w keep = long1 be=e x becomes :olly putrid4 ,dri$ meat is a poor sub/itute = fre% meat2 x requires long /eep+ 9 wat]1 to make x t5d]1 & !n x is ta/eless1 & comp>atively innutriti\s4 ,f\r exp]t m5 slice up a full-gr[n buffalo 9 f\r h\rs & a-half4 7,lei*h>dt47 ,! ,am]ican buccane]s acquir$ _! "n f b\can--:i* means j]k$ meat1 9 an ,indian dialect2 = !y provision$ _! %ips ) ! dri$ fle% ( ! wild cattle t !y hunt$ d[n & kill$4 ,dri$ ,fi%4--,fi% may be p\nd$ entire1 j z !y come f ! riv]1 dri$ 9 ! sun 9 l>ge lumps1 & kept3 ! negroes ab\t ! ,nig] d ?is4 ,fl\r travels conv5i5tly 9 /rong canvas bags1 ea* hold+ #ej lbs41 & long en\gh to be la%$ on to a pack-saddle4 7,see ,pack-gabs1 p4 #ga47 ,*ollet's pres]v$ ,vegetables relieve agreeably ! monotony ( a bu% diet4 ,a s+le ration weighs less ?an an ounce1 & a cubic y>d conta9s #af1jjj ( ^! rations4 ,!y are n[ to be b\ght at all provision m]*ants'--z at ,=tnum & ,mason's1 etc4 ,salt$ ,meat4--,i h already said 7see ,portable ,food7 t salt meat _c be dep5d$ ^u to reta9 its nutriti\s qualities = a l5g? ( "t4 ,:5 fre%ly made1 x is sure to be good4 ,x is well to recollect t1 = want ( a salt+-tub1 animals c be salt$ 9 _! own hide4 ,a holl[ is scrap$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ! hide is laid ov] x & pegg$ d[n1 & ! meat1 salt1 & wat] put into x4 ,i "k ( an in/ance :]e ?is 0 "o on a v l>ge scale4 ,condim5ts4--,! mo/ portable & useful condim5ts = a travell] are--salt1 r$ pepp]1 ,h>vey's sauce1 lime-juice1 dri$ onions1 & curry-p[d]4 ,!y %\ld be b\ght at a fir/-rate %op2 = r$ pepp]1 lime-juice1 & curry-p[d] are (t5 atroci\sly adult]at$4 ,salt44--,! crav+ = salt 7*loride ( sodium7 is some:at satisfi$ by ! pota% salts1 &1 p]haps1 by o!r m9]als3 ?us we (t5 he> ( p r$uc$ to ! mix+ ( gun-p[d] ) _! food1 on acc\nt ( ! saltpetre t x conta9s4 ,an impure salt is made widely 9 ,nor? ,africa1 f wood-a%es4 ,!y are put into a pot1 hot wat] is p\r$ ov] !m & all[$ to /& & dissolve out ! salts !y conta92 ! ley is !n decant$ into ano!r pot1 :]e x is evaporat$4 ,! plants 9 use1 are ^? ( :i* ! wett$ a%es h a sal9e & n an alkal9e ta/e1 nor a soapy feel4 ,z a g5]al rule1 trees t make good soap 7p4 #abb71 yield little saltpetre or o!r good equival5t = salt4 ,salt c>avans are ! *ief su/a9]s ( ! l9es ( comm]ce 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,9 c\ntries :]e salt is nev] us$1 z ,i myself h witness$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & among ! ,m&an ,nor?-,am]ican ,indian tribes 7,catl91 vol4 i1 p4 #abd71 ! soil & spr+s are brack4 ,f\r ,russian sailors :o 7 wreck$ on ,spitzb]g51 & ^: well-kn[n adv5tures are to be f\nd 9 ,p9k]ton's ',voyages & ,travels1' _h no?+ :atev] = six ye>s to subsi/ on--save only ! animals !y kill$1 a little moss1 & melt$ sn[-wat]4 ,"o ( !m di$2 ! o!rs enjoy$ robu/ heal?4 ,p :o eat no?+ b meat1 feel ! crav+ = salt f> less /rongly ?an ^? :o live :olly on vegetables4 ,but*]4--,"o man 9 e p>ty %\ld h le>nt f a pr(ess$ but*]1 h[ to cut up a c>case to ! be/ advantage4 ,/ore-keep+4--,all /ores %\ld be pack$ & securely la%$1 t x may be impossible to pilf] f !m4 ,! packages ( ^? t are 9 use1 %\ld be c>ri$ 9 "o pair ( saddle-gabs1 to be devot$ to t purpose4 ,^! %\ld /& at ! /orekeep]'s biv\ac1 & nobody else %\ld be all[$ to t\* !m1 :5 !re4 ,he %\ld h e facility = weigh+ & measur+4 ,la/ly1 x %\ld be 8 duty to furni% a weekly acc\nt1 specify+ :at /ores rema9 9 h&4 ,:olesome ,food1 procurable 9 ! ,bu%4--,game & ,fi%4--,see sections ^u ,h9ts on ,%oot+2 ,o!r means ( captur+ ,game2 & ^u ,fi%+2 & note ! p>agraph on ,nocturnal ,animals4 ,milk1 to keep4--,put x 9 a bottle1 & place x 9 a pot ( wat]1 ov] a sl[ fire1 till ! wat] boils2 let ! bottle rema9 half an h\r 9 ! boil+ wat]1 & !n cork x tightly4 ,milk ) "o's tea is a great luxury2 x is wor? tak+ "s pa9s to keep x fre%4 ,a travell] is g5]ally glutt$ ) milk :5 ne> native encampm5ts1 & at o!r times has none at all4 ,milk dri$ into cakes1 int5d$ to be grat$ into boil+ wat] = use1 0 =m]ly procurable3 x 0 v good2 b ,i _c he> ( x n[ 9 ! %ops4 ,milk pres]v$ 9 t9s is excell5t1 b x is too bulky = ! conv5i5ce ( mo/ travell]s4 ,dri$ bread-crumb1 mix$ ) fre% cream1 issaid to make a cake t w keep = "s days4 ,i h n succe$$1 to my satisfaction ) ?is recipe4 ,butt]1 to pres]ve4--,boil x 9 a l>ge vessel till ! scum rises4 ,skim ?is (f z fa/ z x appe>s on ! surface1 until ! butt] rema9s q cle>1 l oil4 ,x %\ld !n be c>efully p\r$ (f1 t ! impurities :i* settle at ! bottom ( ! vessel may be sep>at$4 ,! cl>ifi$ butt] is to be put aside to be kept1 ! settl+s mu/ be us$ = common & imm$iate purposes4 ,butt] is *urn$1 9 _m c\ntries1 by twirl+ a =k$ /ick1 held betwe5 ! two h&s1 9 a vessel full ( cream2 or ev5 by %ak+ ! cream 9 a bottle4 ,x is said t ! temp]ature ( ! milk1 :ile x is be+ *urn$1 %\ld be betwe5 #ej degrees & #fj degrees ,fahr41 & t ?is is all-important to success4 ,*eese4--,! sep>ation ( ! :ey f ! *eese may be effect$ by r5net1 or by bit>trate ( pota%1 or tam>9ds1 or alum1 or v>i\s acids & acid w9es & fruit juices4 7,dr4 ,web]47 ,eggs may be dri$ at a g5tle heat2 !n p\nd$ & pres]v$4 ,?is is a conv5i5t plan ( mak+ a /ore ( portable food out ( ! eggs ( sea-birds1 or ^? ( o/ri*es4 ,fi%-roe is ano!r k9d ( portable food4 ,! *emi/s decl>e its composition to be ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ord9>y eggs4 7,p]eira47 ,cavi>e is made out ( any k9d ( fi%-roe2 b ! re*]* sort1 only f t ( ! /urgeon4 ,long n>r[ bags ( /rong l951 & a /rong br9e1 are prep>$4 ,! bags are half-fill$ ) ! roe1 & are !n q fill$ ) ! br9e1 :i* is all[$ to ooze ?r\gh sl[ly4 ,?is be+ done1 ! m5 wr+ ! bags /rongly ) _! h&s1 & ! roe is all[$ to dry4 ,roe-bro? is a good di%4 ,honey1 to f9d1 :5 ,bees are se54--,dr$ge z _m bees z y c1 ) fl\r f a pepp]-box2 or else cat* "o ( !m1 tie a fea!r or a /raw to 8 leg1 :i* c easily be done 7natives ?ru/ x up into 8 body71 ?r[ him into ! air1 & foll[ him z he flies sl[ly to 8 hive2 or cat* two bees1 & turn+ !m loose at "s di/ance ap>t1 se>* ! place t[>ds :i* _! flights conv]ge4 ,b if bees are too sc>ce = ei!r ( ^! me?ods1 *oose an op5 place1 & lay 9 x a plate ( syrup z a bait = ! bees2 aft] "o has f$ & fl[n away aga91 remove ! plate #bjj y>ds 9 ! direction 9 :i* he flew2 & proce$ 9 ! same sort ( way1 until ! ne/ is f\nd4 ,honey-bird4--,! in/9ct ( ! honey-bird is well-kn[n1 :i* induces him to lead m5 to hives1 t he may %>e 9 ! plund]4 ,! /ories t are told ( ! app>5t malice ( ! bird1 9 sometimes trick+ a man1 & lead+ him to ! lair ( wild animals1 in/ead ( to ! bees' ne/1 are well au!nticat$4 ,revolt+ ,food1 t may save ! ,lives ( ,/>v+ ,m54--,suspicion ( ,poison4--,if any meat t y may f9d1 or if ! wat] ( any pool at :i* y encamp1 is "u suspicion ( be+ poison$1 let "o ( y\r dogs eat or dr9k be=e y d1 & wait an h\r to wat* ! effect ( x ^u him4 ,c>rion is n noxi\s to ,/>v+ ,m54--,9 read+ ! acc\nts ( travell]s :o h suff]$ sev]ely f want ( food1 a /rik+ fact is common to all1 namely1 t1 "u ^? circum/ances1 c>rion & g>bage ( e k9d c be eat5 )\t ! /oma* reject+ x4 ,life c c]ta9ly be ma9ta9$ on a revolt+ diet1 t w\ld cause a dang]\s illness to a man :o 0 n compell$ to adopt x by ! pangs ( hung]4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a great diff]5ce 9 ! p[] t diff]5t p possess ( eat+ rank food )\t be+ made ill by x4 ,x appe>s t no fle%1 & v few fi%1 are poison\s to man2 b vegetables are frequ5tly poison\s4 ,dead ,animals1 to f9d4--,! conv]g+ flight ( cr[s1 & gorg$ vultures sitt+ on trees1 %[ :]e dead game is ly+2 b x is (t5 v difficult to f9d ! c>case2 = animals usually crawl "u "s bu% or o!r hid+-place1 to die4 ,jackal-tracks1 etc41 are (t5 ! only guide4 ,x may be advisable1 aft] an unsuccessful se>*1 to remove to "s di/ance1 & wat* pati5tly ?r\gh\t ! day1 until ! birds return to _! food1 & m>k !m d[n4 ,rank ,birds4--,:5 rank birds are %ot1 !y %\ld be sk9n$1 n pluck$2 = mu* ( ! rankness lies 9 _! sk92 or1 if unsk9n$1 !y %\ld be buri$ = "s h\rs1 because e>? absorbs ! oil t makes !m rank4 ,_! brea/ & w+s are ! lea/ objectionable p>ts1 &1 if !re be abundance ( food1 %\ld alone be cook$4 ,rank sea-birds1 :5 caught1 put 9 a coop1 & f$ ) corn1 7 f\nd by ,capta9 ,bligh to become fat & well-ta/$4 ,sk9s4--,all old hides or sk9s ( any k9d t are n tann$ are fit & good = food2 !y improve s\p by be+ mix$ ) x2 or !y may be toa/$ & hamm]$4 ,long boil+ w\ld make glue or gelat9e ( !m4 ,_m a hungry p]son has cook$ & eat5 8 s&als or sk9 clo?+4 ,bones conta9 a great deal ( n\ri%m5t1 :i* is got at by boil+ !m1 p\nd+ _! ends betwe5 two /ones1 & suck+ !m4 ,!re is a revolt+ acc\nt 9 ,fr5* hi/ory1 ( a beseig$ g>rison ( ,sanc]re1 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ix41 & aga9 subsequ5tly at ,p>is1 & x may be else:]e1 digg+ up ! gravey>ds = bones z su/5ance4 ,blood f ,live ,animals4--,! ,aliab tribe1 :o h great h]ds ( cattle on ! ,:ite ,nile1 n only milk _! c[s1 b !y ble$ _! cattle p]iodically1 & boil ! blood = food4 ,driv+ a lance into a ve9 9 ! neck1 !y ble$ ! animal copi\sly1 :i* op]ation is repeat$ ab\t once a mon?4 7,sir ,s4 ,bak]47 ,fle% f ,live ,animals4--,! tru? ( ,bruce's well-kn[n tale ( ! ,abyss9ians & o!rs occasionally slic+ out a piece ( a live ox = food is suffici5tly confirm$4 ,?us ,dr4 ,beke obs]ves1 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt ( ! fact4 ,he _h que/ion$ hundr$s ( natives on ! subject1 & ?\gh at fir/ !y positively decl>$ ! /atem5t to be a lie1 _m1 on be+ m closely que/ion$1 admitt$ ! possibility ( its tru?1 = !y c\ld n d5y t cattle are frequ5tly attack$ by hya5as1 ^: practice is to leap on ! animals f beh9d & at once beg9 dev\r+ ! h9d qu>t]s2 & yet1 if driv5 (f 9 "t1 ! cattle h /ill liv$4--,times1 ,jan4 #afg4 ,x is reasonable en\gh t a small worn-out p>ty %\ld adopt ?is plan1 :5 !y are travell+ 9 a des]t :]e ! abs5ce ( wat] makes x impossible to delay1 & :5 !y are s9k+ = want ( food4 ,if ! ox 7 kill$ outright !re w\ld be mat]ial = "o meal only1 because a worn-out p>ty w\ld be incapable ( c>ry+ a load ( fle%4 ,by ! ,abyss9ian plan ! w\nd$ bea/ cont9ues to travel ) ! p>ty1 c>ry+ 8 c>case t is de/9$ to be turn$ into but*]'s meat = _! use at a fur!r /age4 ,( c\rse ! idea is v revolt+1 = ! animal mu/ suff] z mu* z ! av]age ( ! t5s or hundr$s ( w\nd$ h>es & pheasants t are always left among ! bu%es aft] an ord9>y ,engli% battue4 ,to be sure1 ! ,abyss9ian plan %\ld only be adopt$ to save human life4 ,:5 ,i travell$ 9 ,s\?-,we/ ,africa1 at "o "p ( my j\rney a plague ( bu%-ticks attack$ ! roots ( my ox5's tails4 ,_! bites made fe/]+ sores1 :i* end$ 9 "s ( ! tails dropp+ bodily (f4 ,i he>d su* accid5ts 7 n at all uncommon4 ,! animals did n travel ! worse = x4 ,n[ ox-tail s\p is prov]bially nutriti\s4 ,insects4--,mo/ k9ds ( creep+ ?+s are eatable1 & are us$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,locu/s & gras%opp]s are n at all bad4 ,to prep>e !m1 pull (f ! legs & w+s & roa/ !m ) a little grease 9 an iron di%1 l c(fee4 ,ev5 ! gnats t sw>m on ! ,%ir ,riv] are collect$ by ! natives & press$ into cakes4 ,:olesome & poison\s ,plants4--,no c]ta9 rule c be giv5 to di/+ui% :olesome plants f poison\s ones2 b x has be5 obs]v$ t mu* ! same ?+ suits ! dige/ion ( a bird t suits t ( a man2 &1 !re=e1 t a travell]1 :o o!rwise w\ld make trials at haphaz>d1 ought to exam9e ! cont5ts ( ^? birds' crops t he may cat* or %oot1 to give a clue to 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! rule has notable exceptions1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r guide x is a v useful "o4 ,! only g5]al rules t botany c give are vague & full ( exceptions3 !y are1 t a great _m :olesome plants are f\nd among ! ,crucif]ae1 or ^? ^: petals are arrang$ l a ,maltese cross1 & t _m poison\s ones are f\nd among/ ! ,umbellif]ae4 ,nettle & ,f]n4--,!re are two mod]ately nutriti\s plants--nettle & f]n--t are f\nd wild 9 v _m c\ntries3 &1 !re=e1 ! foll[+ extract f ,messrs4 ,hue & ,gabet's ',travels 9 ,?ibet' may be ( s]vice3--,:5 ! "y /ems ( f]ns are ga!r$1 q t5d]1 be=e !y are cov]$ ) d[n1 & :ile ! fir/ leaves are b5t & roll$ up 9 !mselves1 y h only to boil !m 9 pure wat] to realise a di% ( delici\s asp>agus4 ,we w\ld also recomm5d ! nettle1 :i*1 9 our op9ion1 might be made an advantage\s sub/itute = sp9a*2 inde$ m ?an once we prov$ ?is by our own exp]i5ce4 ,! nettle %\ld be ga!r$ q "y1 :5 ! leaves are p]fectly t5d]4 ,! plant %\ld be pull$ up :ole1 ) a portion ( ! root4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve y\r h&s f ! %>p bit+ liquid :i* issues f ! po9ts1 y %\ld wrap !m 9 l95 ( close texture4 ,:5 once ! nettle is boil$1 x is p]fectly innocu\s2 & ?is vegetable1 s r\gh 9 its ext]ior1 becomes a v delicate di%4 ,we 7 able to enjoy ?is delightful v>iety ( escul5ts = m ?an a mon?4 ,!n ! little tub]cles ( ! f]n became holl[ & horny1 & ! /ems !mselves grew z h>d z wood :ile ! nettle1 arm$ ) a long :ite be>d1 p #bjc pres5t$ only a m5ac+ & awful aspect4 ,! roots ( _m k9ds ( f]ns1 p]haps ( all ( !m1 are edible4 ,our poor 9 ,engl& w eat nei!r f]n nor nettle3 !y say ! fir/ is innutriti\s1 & ! second acrid4 ,i l !m bo?4 ,seawe$4--,sev]al k9ds ( seawe$1 su* z ,lav] & ,iri% moss1 are eatable4 ,cook+ ,ut5sils4--,cook]y books4--,a book on cook+ is ( no use at all 9 ! r\gh] k9ds ( travel1 = all its recipes consi/ ( phrases su* z ,take a p\nd ( s-&-s1 half a p\nd ( some?+ else1 a p9* ( ?is1 & a h&ful ( t4 ,n[ 9 ! bu% a man has probably none ( ^! ?+s--he c]ta9ly has n all ( !m--&1 !re=e1 ! recipe is wor?less4 ,pots & ,kettles4--,cook+ app>atus ( any degree ( complexity1 & ( v portable %apes1 c be b\ght at all milit>y outfitt]s'2 b = ! bu%1 & travell+ r\ghly1 no?+ is bett] ?an a light roomy iron pot & a l>ge /rong t9 kettle4 ,x is disagreeable to make tea 9 ! same pot t meat is boil$ 92 besides1 if y h only "o vessel1 x takes a long] "t to prep>e meals4 ,if possible1 take a second small t9 kettle1 bo? z a res]ve aga9/ accid5ts & = ! conv5i5ce ( ! ?+4 ,an iron pot1 ^: lid is ! size ( ! cr[n ( a hat1 cooks amply en\gh = ?ree p]sons at a "t1 & c1 )\t mu* inconv5i5ce1 be made to d d\ble duty2 &1 !re=e1 ! above articles w\ld d = six m54 ,an iron pot %\ld h v %ort legs1 or "s bl[ w break "o ( !m (f & leave a hole4 ,iron kettles f> outwe> t9 ones1 b ! comp>ative difficulty ( mak+ !m boil1 & _! great weight1 are v objectionable4 ,a good t9 kettle1 c>efully *]i%$ 7& x is ! int]e/ ( ! :ole p>ty to wat* ov] its safety71 la/s _m mon?s 9 ! bu%4 ,copp] is dang]\s2 b ! recipe is giv51 fur!r on1 = t9n+ copp] vessels :5 !y require x4 ,h ! h&le ( ! kettle not*$ or bor$ ne> ! place :]e x jo9s ! body ( ! kettle1 s z to give a hold+ by :i* ! lid may be ti$ tightly d[n2 !n1 if y /uff a wisp ( grass into ! sp\t1 ! kettle w c>ry wat] = a j\rney4 ,damag$ ,pots4--,a pot or kettle ) a l>ge hole 9 its bottom1 fill$ up ) a piece ( wood1 has be5 made to boil wat] by bury+ x a little way 9 ! e>? & mak+ ! fire r\nd x4 ,a hole 9 ! side ( a pot c be bot*$ up ) clay or wood1 s z n to leave x altoge!r useless4 ,sub/itutes = ,pots & ,kettles4--,x is possible to boil wat] ov] a sl[ fire 9 _m k9ds ( vessels t w\ld be de/roy$ by a great] degree ( heat4 ,9 b>k1 wood51 sk91 & ev5 pap] vessels1 x is q possible to boil wat]4 ,! rud] tribes ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago use a bamboo to boil _! rice3 ,! gre5 cane resi/+ ! fire suffici5tly long = ! cook+ ( "o mass ( rice4 7,crawfurd47 ,if1 h[ev]1 y h no vessel t y *oose to expose to ! risk ( burn+1 y mu/ heat /ones & drop !m into ! wat] x conta9s2 b s&/ones1 especially are apt to %iv] & make grit4 ,! ,dacota ,indians1 & v probably o!r tribes also1 us$ to boil animals 9 _! own hide4 ,! description runs ?us3 ,!y /uck f\r /akes 9 ! gr\nd1 & ti$ ! f\r corn]s ( ! hide up to !m1 leav+ a holl[ 9 ! middle2 ?ree or f\r gallons ( wat]1 & ! meat cut up v f9e1 7 !n put 92 ?ree or f\r hot /ones1 ea* ! size ( a #f-lb4 cannon-%ot1 cook$ ! :ole into a good s\p4 ,to a fa/idi\s palate1 ! soot1 dirt1 & a%es t are usually mix$ up ) ! s\p1 are objectionable2 b ^! may be avoid$ by a c>eful cook1 :o du/s & wipes ! /ones be=e dropp+ !m 94 ,! specific heat ( /one is mu* less ?an t ( wat]1 s t ! heat+ p[] ( a measure ( /one is only ab\t "o-half ( t ( an equal measure ( equally hot wat]4 ,grat]s are want$ to grate j]k$ meat4 ,a piece ( t91 pun*$ ?r\gh ) holes1 !n b5t a little1 & nail$ to a piece ( wood1 makes a good "o4 ,sieves4--,/ret* p>*m5t 7:i* see7 on a wood5 hoop1 exactly z on a drum-head2 let x dry1 & prick x ) a r$-hot iron1 else pun* x full ( small holes4 ,plates1 to c>ry4--,i h travell$ mu* ) plates1 knives1 =ks1 etc41 = ?ree p]sons1 c>ri$ 9 a flat lea!r case l a portfolio1 :i* hung f ! side ( ! cook's saddle1 & ,i f\nd x v conv5i5t4 ,x 0 simply a squ>e piece ( lea!r1 ) a l>ge pocket = ! metal plates1 & o!r small] ones = ! re/ ( ! ?+s2 x _h a flap to tie ov] x1 :i* 0 kept d[n ) a button4 ,cups4--,ea* ( ! m51 on a rid+ exp$ition1 %\ld c>ry 8 own t9 mug1 ei!r ti$ to 8 wai/ or to 8 saddle4 ,a wood5 b[l is ! be/ vessel = tea1 & ev5 = s\p1 if y h means ( frequ5tly wa%+ x3 t9 mugs burn ! lips too mu*4 ,wood5 b[ls are always us$ 9 ,?ibet2 !y are cut out ( ! knots t are f\nd 9 timb]4 ,spoons4--,x is easy to replace a lo/ spoon by cutt+ a new "o out ( h>d wood1 or by mak+ "o ( horn4 7,see ,horn47 ,fireplaces = ,cook+4--,! mo/ elem5t>y fireplace consi/s ( ?ree /ones 9 a triangle1 to support ! pot4 ,if /ones are n procurable1 ?ree piles ( mud1 or ?ree /akes or gre5-wood driv5 into ! e>?1 are an equival5t4 ,small recesses neatly cut 9 a bank1 "o = ea* fireplace1 are mu* us$1 :5 ! fuel is dry & well prep>$4 ,a m elaborate plan is to excavate a %all[ sauc]-l hole 9 ! gr\nd1 a foot or eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & knead+ ! soil s excavat$ into a circul> wall1 ) a doorway 9 ! w9dw>d side3 ! upp] surface is curv$1 s z to leave ?ree po9t$ turrets1 ^u :i* ! cook+-vessel re/s1 z 9 ! sket*4 ,?us ! w9d ent]s at ! doorway1 & ! flames issue ?r\gh ! curv$ depressions at ! top1 & lick r\nd ! cook+-vessel plac$ above4 ,! wall is sometimes built ( /ones4 ,tr5*es & ,holes4--,9 cook+ = a l>ge p>ty ) a small supply ( fuel1 ei!r dig a n>r[ tr5*1 above :i* all ! pots & kettles may /& 9 a r[1 & 9 :i* ! fire is made--! m\? be+ op5 to ! w9d1 & a small *imney built at ! o!r end2--or else dig a r\nd hole1 "o foot deep1 & place ! pots 9 a r+ on its edge1 half re/+ on ! e>?1 & half ov]lapp+ ! hole4 ,a space w rema9 9 ! middle ( !m1 & ?r\gh ?is ! fire mu/ be f$4 ,esquimaux ,lamp4--,! cook+ ( ! ,esquimaux is :olly effect$ by /one lamps1 ) wicks made ( moss1 :i* are s c>efully arrang$ t ! flame gives little or no smoke4 ,_! lamps v>y 9 size f "o foot & a half long to six in*es4 ,ea* ( ! bits ( moss gives a small b v bright flame4 ,! lamp is all 9 all to ! ,esquimaux2 x dries _! clo!s1 & melts ! sn[ = _! dr9k+-wat]2 its con/ruction is v +5i\s2 )\t x !y c\ld n h inhabit$ ! arctic regions4 ,ov5s4--,b$\9 ,ov54--,dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd2 wall & ro( x ) /ones1 leav+ small ap]tures 9 ! top4 ,!y make a ro>+ fire 9 & ab\t ! ov5 7! ro( hav+ be5 tempor>ily remov$ = ! purpose71 & :5 ! /ones 7includ+ ^? ( ! ro(7 h become v hot1 sweep away ! a%es & /rew ! inside ( ! ov5 ) grass1 or leaves1 tak+ c>e t :atev] is us$1 has no disagreeable ta/e1 else x w\ld be communicat$ to ! fle%4 ,!n put 9 ! meat3 x is a common plan to sew x up 9 its own sk91 :i* %ields x f du/ & at ! same "t reta9s its juices f evaporat+4 ,n[ replace ! ro(1 a matt] ( "s difficulty1 on acc\nt ( ! /ones be+ hot1 & !re=e requir+ previ\s rehe>sal4 ,la/ly1 make ! fire aga9 ov] ! ov5 & let ! bak+ cont9ue = "s h\rs4 ,an entire %eep c be bak$ easily 9 ?is way4 ,! same process is us$ = bak+ vegetables1 except ) ! addition ( p\r+ occasionally boil+ wat] ^u !m1 ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,gold-digg]'s ,ov54--,! figure repres5ts a section ( ! ov54 ,a hole or deep not* is dug into ! side ( a bank1 & two flat /ones are slid horizontally1 l %elves1 into grooves made 9 ! sides ( ! hole1 z %[n 9 ! figure2 :]e x w be obs]v$ t ! upp]mo/ /one does n q rea* to ! face ( ! bank1 & t ! l[]-mo/ /one does n q rea* to ! back ( ! hole4 ,a fire ( r$-hot emb]s is plac$ on ! floor ( ! hole2 & ! bread ab\t to be bak$ is laid ^u ! l[]mo/ /one4 ,la/ly1 ano!r flat /one is us$ to close ! m\? ( ! ov53 x is set ) its edge on ! floor ( ! hole3 x leans =w>d ) ! middle ( its face re/+ aga9/ ! front edge ( ! l[]mo/ /one1 a n>r[ int]val be+ left betwe5 its top & ! edge ( ! upp]mo/ /one4 ,?is int]val s]ves z a v5t to ! hot air f ! emb]s1 :i* takes ! c\rse %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! ov5 %\ld be ?or\ghly heat$ be=e ! bread is put 94 ,bak+ betwe5 two /ones4--,= bak+ slices ( meat or ?9 cakes1 x is suffici5t to lay "o l>ge /one above ano!r ) a few pebbles betwe51 to prev5t !m f t\*+4 ,next make a l>ge fire ab\t ! /ones until !y are ?or\ghly hot2 !n sweep away ! emb]s1 & ins]t ! slices4 ,ant hills z ,ov5s4--,:]e !re are no /ones ( :i* ov5s may be built1 & :]e !re are old :ite-ant hills1 ! natives commonly dig holes 9 ! sides ( ! ant hills & use !m = t purpose4 ,clay ,ov5s4--,i h he>d ( a v neat con/ruction1 built ) clay1 9 :i* grass _h be5 knead$4 ,a fire 0 lit inside1 to dry ! "w z x progress$2 :ile ! build] plac$ r+s ( clay1 9 ti]s1 "o above ! o!r1 until a complete dome 0 made )\t m\ld or framework4 ,"t 0 all[$ = ea* r+ to dry suffici5tly1 be=e ! next "o 0 add$4 ,bak+ b5ea? a camp fire4--,a small piece ( meat1 en\gh = f\r or five p1 c be bak$ by simply scrap+ a tol]ably deep hole "u ! biv\ac fire2 putt+ 9 ! meat roll$ 9 ! sk9 to :i* x is atta*$1 & cov]+ x ) e>? & fire4 ,x is a sl[ process ( cook+1 = x requires _m h\rs2 b ! meat1 :5 done1 is s(t & juicy1 & ! sk9 gelat9\s & excell5t4 ,meat1 previ\sly wrapp$ up 9 pap] or clo?1 may be bak$ 9 a clay case1 9 any sort ( pit or ov51 well cov]$ ov]1 & ) good economy4 7',h&book ( ,field ,s]vice4'7 ,bak+ 9 ,pots4--,a capital ov5 is improvis$ by means ( two e>!n or metal cook+-pots1 ( :i* "o is plac$ on ! fire1 & 9 x ! article to be bak$2 ! o!r pot is put ^u its top1 z a cov]1 & 9 x a %ovelful ( r$-hot emb]s4 ,bu% ,cook]y4--,t\gh ,meat4--,hamm] x well betwe5 two /ones be=e putt+ x on ! fire1 & aga9 :5 x is half cook$1 to sep>ate ! fibres4 ,i h (t5 se5 p save !mselves mu* pa9ful ma/ication1 by hamm]+ at ea* sep>ate piece ( meat1 be=e putt+ x 9 _! m\?s4 ,rank ,meat4--,i h spok5 ( ?is1 9 ano!r section1 p4 #bjj4 ,kabobs4--,broil ! rib-bones1 or skew] y\r iron ramrod ?r\gh a doz5 small lumps ( meat & roa/ !m4 ,?is is ! prompte/ way ( cook+ meat2 b m5 on h>d "w are n satisfi$ ) a diet ( no?+ else b t\gh roa/$ fle%1 !y crave = succul5t food1 su* z boil$ or bak$ meat4 ,salt ,meat1 to prep>e hurri$ly4--,w>m x slightly on bo? sides--?is makes ! salt draw to ! outside--!n r9se x well 9 a pannik9 ( wat]4 ,?is process extracts a l>ge "p ( ! salt1 & leaves ! meat m fit = cook+4 ,haggis4--,he>ne1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican travell]1 recomm5ds a haggis made ) blood1 a good quantity ( fat %r$ small1 "s ( ! t5d]e/ ( ! fle%1 toge!r ) ! he>t & lungs1 cut or t[n into small skiv]s2 all ( :i* is put into ! /oma*1 & roa/$ by be+ susp5d$ be=e ! fire ) a /r+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t x does n get too mu* heat at fir/1 or x w bur/4 ,x is a mo/ delici\s morsel1 ev5 )\t pepp]1 salt1 or any season+4 ,!ory ( ,tea-mak+4--,i h made a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! art ( mak+ good tea4 ,we con/antly he> t "s p are good & o!rs bad tea-mak]s2 t x takes a long "t to und]/& ! behavi\r ( a new teapot1 & s =?2 & la/ly1 t good tea _c be made except ) boil+ wat]4 ,n[1 ?is latt] ass]tion is assur$ly untrue1 because1 if tea be actually boil$ 9 wat]1 an emetic & p>tly poison\s dr9k is ! c]ta9 result4 ,i _h a t9 lid made to my teapot1 a %ort tube pass$ ?r\gh ! lid1 & 9 ! tube 0 a cork1 ?r\gh a hole 9 :i* a !rmomet] 0 fitt$1 t enabl$ me to le>n ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! teapot1 at ea* mom5t4 ,?us provid$1 ,i cont9u$ to make my tea z usual1 & to note d[n :at ,i obs]v$4 ,9 ! fir/ place aft] w>m+ ! teapot 9 ! ord9>y way1 ! fre% boil+ wat] t 0 p\r$ into x1 sank inv>iably to "u #bjj degrees ,fahr4 ,x 0 usually #ahj degrees1 s great 0 ! am\nt ( heat ab/ract$ by ! teapot4 ,i also f\nd t my teapot--x 0 a crock]y "o--all[$ ! wat] )9 x to cool d[n at ! rate ( ab\t #b degrees p] m9ute4 ,:5 ! pot 0 fill$ afre%1 ( c\rse ! temp]ature ( its cont5ts rose afre%1 & by ! addition ( wat] two or ?ree times repeat$1 ,i obta9$ a p]fect ma/]y ov] ! temp]ature ( ! pot1 )9 reasonable limits4 ,n[1 aft] num]\s days 9 :i* ,i made tea accord+ to my usual me?od1 b measur+ /rictly ! quantity ( leaves1 & record+ ! times & ! temp]ature1 & not+ ! "* ( tea produc$2 !n1 tak+ z my type ( excell5ce1 tea t 0 full bodi$1 full ta/$1 & 9 no way bitt] or flat1 ,i f\nd t ?is 0 only produc$ :5 ! wat] 9 ! teapot _h rema9$ betwe5 #ahj & #aij degrees ,fahr41 & _h /ood eight m9utes on ! leaves4 ,x 0 only necess>y = me to add wat] once to ! tea1 to ensure ?is temp]ature4 ,bitt]ness 0 ! c]ta9 result ( great] heat or ( long] /&+1 & flatness 0 ! result ( cold] wat]4 ,if ! tea did n /& = s long a "t z eight m9utes1 x 0 n ripe2 x 0 n full bodi$ en\gh4 ,! palate becomes f> less fa/idi\s ab\t ! quality ( ! second cup4 ,o!r p may l tea ( a diff]5t "* f t :i* ,i d myself2 b1 be t z x may1 all p c1 ,i ma9ta91 ensure uni=mity ( good tea1 su* z !y be/ l1 by att5d+ to ! pr9ciple ( mak+ x--t is to say1 to "t1 & quantities1 & temp]ature4 ,!re is no o!r my/]y 9 ! teapot4 ,tea made 9 ! kettle4--,:]e !re are no cups or teapot put ! leaves 9 ! pot or kettle1 & dr9k ?r\gh a re$ ) a wisp ( grass 9 x1 z !y d 9 ,p>aguay4 ,if !re are cups & no teapot1 ! leaves may be put into ! pot1 previ\sly enclos$ 9 a loose gauze or musl9 bag to prev5t _! float+ ab\t4 ,a contrivance is sold 9 ! %ops = ?is purpose2 x is made ( metal gauze1 & %ap$ l an egg4 ,a purse made ( metal r+s w\ld be bett]1 = x w\ld pack flat2 b ! advantage ( musl9 ov] metal app>atus is t y may ?r[ away bag & all1 & avoid ! tr\ble ( clean+4 ,tea made 9 t9 mugs4--,a correspond5t assures me t he consid]s ! ,au/ralian plan ( mak+ tea to be pref]able to any o!r1 = travell]s & explor]s2 z x secures t ! tea %all be made bo? well & quickly1 & )\t ! necessity ( c>ry+ kettles on horseback4 ,ea* p]son has a common t9 qu>t pot & a p9t pot1 slung to 8 saddle2 ! tea & sug> are c>ri$ 9 small bags4 ,! qu>t pot requires v little fire to make x boil4 ,:5 x beg9s to boil1 x is tak5 f ! fire1 ! tea is dropp$ 91 & ! p9t pot is plac$ on its top z a cov]4 ,:5 ! tea is ready1 ! sug> is dropp$ into ! p9t1 & ! tea is p\r$ f "o pot to ! o!r till x is mix$4 ,! p9t is always kept clean = dr9k+ out (1 b n ! qu>t1 = ! black] x is1 ! soon] w ! wat] boil4 ,tea made ov] night4--,to prep>e tea = a v e>ly breakfa/1 make x ov] night1 & p\r x away f ! tea-leaves1 into ano!r vessel4 ,x w keep p]fectly well1 = x is by long /&+ ) ! tea-leaves t x becomes bitt]4 ,9 ! morn+ simply w>m x up4 ,tea is drunk at a temp]ature ( #adj degrees ,fahr41 or #ij degrees above an av]age night temp]ature ( #ej degrees4 ,x is m ?an twice z easy to raise ! temp]ature up to #adj ?an to #bab degrees1 lett+ alone ! tr\ble ( tea-mak+4 ,extract ( ,tea & ,c(fee4--,dr4 ,rae speaks v highly ( ! conv5i5ce ( extract ( tea4 ,any sci5tific *emi/ c\ld make x1 b he %\ld be begg$ to use fir/-rate tea4 ,! extract f fir/-rate tea makes a v dr9kable infusion1 b t f second-rate tea is n good1 ! dr9k made f ! extract always a grade inf]ior to t made directly f ! leaves4 ,by p\r+ a small quantity ( ! extract into w>m wat]1 ! tea is made2 &1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 ta/e to prop]ly made tea1 x has an equally good effect on ! dige/ion4 ,extract ( c(fee is well kn[n4 ,i believe x c be made ( v good quality1 b :at is usually sold seems to me to be v mu* ! contr>y & n to be :olesome4 ,tea & ,c(fee1 )\t hot wat]4--,9 ,unyoro1 ,sir ,s4 ,bak] says1 !y h no idea ( us+ c(fee z a dr9k1 b simply *ew x raw z a /imulant4 ,9 ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 travell]s :o h no means ( mak+ a cup ( tea1 w *ew ! leaves z a sub/itute4 ,mr4 ,atk9son told me h[ v grateful he _h f\nd ?is make%ift4 ,,wat] ,,= ,,dr9k+4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,9 mo/ ( ^? c\ntries :]e travell+ is ardu\s1 x is ! daily c>e ( an explor] to obta9 wat]1 = 8 own use & = t ( 8 c>avan4 ,%\ld he be travell+ 9 regions t are = ! mo/ "p arid & r>ely visit$ by %[]s1 he mu/ look = 8 supplies 9 ponds made by ! dra9age ( a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry1 or 9 ^? left "h & !re along ! b$s ( p>tly dri$-up wat]-c\rses1 or 9 f\nta9s4 ,if he be unsuccessful 9 8 se>*1 or :5 ! dry season ( ! ye> has advanc$1 & all wat] has disappe>$ f ! surface ( ! l&1 !re rema9s no alt]native = him b to dig wells :]e !re are m>ks to %[ t pools =m]ly lay1 or :]e !re are o!r signs t well-wat] may be obta9$4 ,%ort ,/ages4--,i may "h rem>k t x is a good g5]al rule = an explor] ( an arid c\ntry1 :5 he happ5s to come to wat]1 aft] n less ?an ?ree h\rs' travell+1 to /op & encamp by x2 x is bett] = him to avail himself ( 8 good =tune & be cont5t ) 8 day's "w1 ?an to risk ! unc]ta9ty ( ano!r supply4 ,purity ( ,wat]+-places4--,make no litt] by ! side ( wat]+-places2 & enc\rage among y\r p>ty ! ,mahom$an feel+ ( respect = pres]v+ ! purity ( dr9k+-wat]4 ,old travell]s commonly encamp at a di/ance f ! wat]+-place1 & fet* ! wat] to _! camp4 ,signs ( ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,wat]4--,! quick intellig5ce ) :i* exp]i5c$ travell]s discov] wat]+-places1 is s great t x might almo/ be mi/ak5 = an in/9ct4 ,intellig5ce ( ,dogs & ,cattle4--,dogs are p>ticul>ly clev] 9 f9d+ wat]1 & ! fact ( a dog look+ refre%$1 & x may be wet1 has (t5 & (t5 drawn att5tion to a pond t w\ld o!rwise h be5 ov]look$ & pass$ by4 ,cattle are v unc]ta9 9 _! intellig5ce4 ,sometimes ox5 g = miles & miles across a c\ntry unkn[n to !m1 /raight to a pond ( wat]2 at o!r times !y are mo/ obtuse3 ,dr4 ,lei*h>dt1 ! ,au/ralian travell]1 0 q a/oni%$ at _! /upidity 9 ?is respect4 ,trees & ord9>y vegetation are n ( mu* help 9 direct+ a travell] to wat]1 = !y ?rive on dew or on occasional ra92 b x is o!rwise :5 ! vegetation is unusually gre5 or luxuriant1 or :5 ! vegetation is unusually gre5 or luxuriant1 or :5 ^? trees are rem>k$1 t are seldom se5 to gr[ except ne> wat] 9 ! p>ticul> c\ntry visit$1 z ! black?orn-tree 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,birds4--,"s species ( birds 7z wat]-f[l1 p>rots1 & ! diamond bird7 or animals 7z baboons7 af=d sur] promise2 b ! conv]g+ flight ( birds1 or ! conv]g+ fre% tracks ( animals1 is ! mo/ satisfactory sign ( all4 ,x is ab\t nightfall t des]t birds usually dr9k1 & h5ce x (t5 happ5s t ! exhau/$ travell]1 ab&on+ all hope z ! %ades ( ev5+ close 91 has 8 att5tion arre/$ by flights ( birds1 t give him new life & tell him :]e to g4 ,tracks4--,9 tropical c\ntries t h ra9y & dry ,seasons1 x mu/ be recollect$ t old pa?s ( m5 or wild animals only mislead2 !y g to dry ponds t 7 full at ! "t !y 7 trodd51 b h s9ce be5 ab&on$ on becom+ exhau/$4 ,o!r ,signs4--,well-wat] may be s\ght :]e ! e>? is /ill moi/1 ?\gh arid all ar\nd1 or1 fail+ t1 :]e birds & wild animals h lately be5 scrat*+1 or :]e gnats hov] 9 sw>ms4 ,to f9d ! ,spr+--,f ! numb] ( birds1 tracks1 & o!r signs1 travell]s are (t5 pretty sure t !y are ne> wat]1 b _c f9d ! spr+ itself4 ,9 ?is case ! p>ty %\ld at once be spread out z skirmi%]s1 & ! dogs *e]$ on4 ,to probe = ,well-wat]4--,x is unusual1 :5 no damp e>? c be se51 b :]e ! place appe>s likely to yield well-wat]1 to =ce an iron ramrod deep into ! soil2 &1 if x br+ up any gra9s t are moi/1 to dig4 ,pools ( ,wat]4--,= _m days aft] !re has be5 ra91 wat] is sure to be f\nd among m\nta9s1 h[ev] des]t may be _! appe>ance2 = n only does m wet fall ^u !m1 b ! dra9age is m p]fect2 long aft] ! rav9es & /ream-b$s are q dry1 puddles & cupfuls ( wat] w be f\nd "h & !re1 along _! c\rses1 9 holes & *9ks & "u great /ones1 :i* toge!r =m a suffici5cy4 ,a sponge ti$ to ! end ( a /ick w d good s]vice 9 lapp+ ^! up4 ,! s&y ,b$s ( ,wat]c\rses 9 arid c\ntries frequ5tly conta9 pools ( /agnant wat]2 b ! places :]e ^! pools are to be f\nd are n necess>ily ^? :]e !y h be5 f\nd 9 prec$+ ye>s4 ,! conditions necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( a pool are n alone ^? ( ! rocky sub/ratum ( ! riv]-b$1 b m especially1 ! /ratifications ( mud & clay left aft] ea* flood+4 ,= in/ance1 an ext5sive b$ ( s&1 enclos$ betwe5 two lay]s ( clay1 w\ld rema9 moi/1 & supply well-wat] dur+ ! dry season2 b a trivial v>iation 9 ! =ce & ,am\nt ( ! curr5t1 9 diff]5t ye>s1 might mat]ially affect ! place & ! "* ( ! deposition ( ^! clay /rata4 ,9 se>*+ ! b$s ( p>tly dri$-up wat]c\rses1 ! fact mu/ nev] be =gott51 t x is especially 9 little tribut>ies at ! po9t :]e !y fall into ! ma9 "o1 t mo/ wat] is to be f\nd2 & ! mo/ insignificant ( ^! %\ld nev] be ov]look$4 ,i presume t ! b>1 :i* always accumulates 9 front ( tribut>ies1 & is =m$ ( num]\s lay]s ( alluvial deposit1 p>allel to ! b$ ( ! great /ream1 is v likely to h "o1 at lea/1 ( its lay]s ( an imp]vi\s "*4 ,if s1 ! b> w\ld %ut 9 ! wet s& ( ! tribut>y1 l a wall1 & prev5t x f dra9+ itself dry4 ,:5 a riv]-b$ has be5 long foll[$ by a travell]1 & a frequ5t supply ( wat] f\nd along x1 9 pools or ev5 9 wells1 say at e #e or #aj miles--!n1 %\ld ?is riv]-b$ appe> to lose itself 9 a pla9 t is arid1 !re is no reason :y ! travell] %\ld be di%e>t5$2 =1 on travell+ fur!r1 ! wat] w be sure to be f\nd aga91 ^? pla9s be+ always gre5 & grassy :]e ! wat] 9 su* riv]-b$s entirely disappe>s4 ,by ,sea-%ore4--,fre% wat] is frequ5tly to be f\nd "u ! v s&s ( ! sea-%ore1 :i!r x has ooz$ und]gr\nd f ! upp] c\ntry1 & :]e x ov]lies ! d5s] salt wat]2 or else abuts aga9/ x1 if ! compactness ( ! s& resi/s free p]colation4 ,9 v _m places along ! skirt ( ! great ,african des]t1 fre% wat] is to be f\nd by digg+ two or ?ree feet4 ,f\nta9s4--,f\nta9s 9 arid l&s are z gods5ds4 ,!y are f> m num]\s & abundant 9 lime/one di/ricts ?an 9 any o!rs1 ow+ to ! frequ5t fissures ( ^? rocks3 !re=e1 :5ev] lime/one crops out 9 ! mid/ ( s& des]ts1 a c>eful se>* %\ld be made = wat]4 ,9 granite1 & o!r prim>y rocks1 _m1 b small spr+s1 are usually se54 ,! !ory ( ord9>y f\nta9s is simple en\gh1 & af=ds help 9 discov]+ !m4 ,9 a few words1 x is z foll[s3--,all ! wat] t runs f !m has orig9ally ,be5 suppli$ by ra91 dew1 or fog-damp1 fall+ on ! face ( ! l& & s9k+ into x4 ,b ! subsoil & rocks bel[1 are f> f be+ ( a uni=m "*3 !y are full ( lay]s ( e imag9able degree ( spong9ess4 ,/rata ( clay :olly imp5etrable by wat]1 (t5 divide b$s ( gravel t imbibe x freely4 ,!re are also cracks t make cont9u\s *annels & dislocations t cause !m to end abruptly2 & !re are r5ts1 fill$ ) v>i\s mat]ials1 t may ei!r give a free passage or entirely b> ! und]gr\nd c\rse ( wat]4 ,h5ce1 :5 wat] has sunk into ! e>?1 x does n by any means soak ?r\gh x 9 an equable degree4 ,x is an easi] matt] = x to ooze _m miles1 along a lay] ( gravel1 ?an to p5etrate six in*es into a lay] ( clay t may b\nd ! gravel4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] a por\s e>? or a fissur$ rock crops out to ! light ( day1 !re is1 9 ignorance ( all o!r facts1 "s *ance ( a spr+ be+ discov]$ 9 ! l[e/ "p ( ! outcrop4 ,a fav\rable condition = ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge & p]man5t f\nta91 is :]e a por\s /ratum spreads ov] a broad area at a high level1 & is prolong$1 by a gradually n>r[+ c\rse1 to an outlet at a l[] "o4 ,! broad upp] "p ( ! /ratum cat*es pl5ty ( wat] dur+ ! wet season1 :i* s9ks into ! dep?s z into a res]voir1 & oozes out 9 a regul> /ream at its l[] outlet4 ,a fissur$ rock makes a /ill easi] *annel = ! wat]4 ,fig #a & ,fig4 #b4 ,z examples ( ord9>y cases ( f\nta9s1 we w take ^? repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ figures4 ,fig4 ,i is a m\nta94 ,fig4 #b is a model1 made to expla9 m cle>ly ! conditions repres5t$ 9 fig4 ,i4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is a rav9e1 ,r1 9 front2 a l9e ( fault1 ,l1 ,m4 ,n1 on its left side1 ,suppos$ to be fill$ ) wat]-tight rock2 & a valley1 ,v 7fig4 #a71 on ! extreme "r4 ,! upp] "p ( ! m\nta9 is suppos$ to be mu* m por\s ?an its base1 & ! plane :i* divides ! por\s f ! non-por\s rock1 to cut ! surface ( ! m\nta9 along ! l9e1 ,a1 ,n1 ,m1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! plane is ,f1 & ! l[e/ po9t ,a4 ,! effect ( ra9 ^u ! model fig4 #b w\ld be1 to wet its upp] half3 wat] w\ld ooze out along ! :ole ( ! l9es ,a1 ,n1 & ,m1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f2 & !re w\ld be a small f\nta9 at ,a1 & a l>ge "o at ,m4 ,b 9 ! actual m\nta91 fig4 #a1 we %\ld n expect to f9d ! same regul>ity z 9 ! model4 ,! r9d ( ! e>?1 ) its vegetation & wea!r-impact$ surface1 =ms a comp>atively imp]meable envelope to ! m\nta91 n likely to be brok5 ?r\gh1 except at a few places4 ,b rav9es1 su* z r1 w\ld be probably d5ud$ ( _! r9d1 & !re we %\ld f9d a l9e ( m9ute f\nta9s at ! base ( ! por\s rock4 ,if !re be no actual f\nta9s1 !re w\ld at lea/ be "s vegetation t indicat$ dripp+ wat]3 ?us ! appe>ance is well kn[n & (t5 describ$1 ( a rav9e utt]ly b>e ( v]dure above1 b clo!d ) vegetation bel[ a %>ply def9$ l9e1 :5ce ! moi/ure proce$s t irrigates all b5ea?4 ,we %\ld also be almo/ c]ta9 ( f9d+ a spr+ break+ =? ne> m or ev5 ne> a4 ,b 9 ! valley ,v we %\ld only see a few signs ( =m] moi/ure1 along e1 f2 su* z bun*es ( vegetation ^u ! arid cliff1 or an effloresc5ce ( salts4 ,:5ev] a travell] rem>ks ^! signs1 he %\ld obs]ve ! incl9ation ( ! /rata1 by :i* he w\ld le>n ! position ( m1 :]e ! probability ( f9d+ wat] is ! greate/4 ,9 a v arid c\ntry1 ! anatomy ( ! l& is s manife/1 f ! abs5ce ( m\ld1 t geological indications are peculi>ly easy to foll[4 ,wells4--,digg+ ,wells4--,9 default ( spades1 wat] is to be dug = ) a %>p-po9t$ /ick4 ,take x 9 bo? h&s1 &1 hold+ x upright l a dagg]1 /ab & dig x 9 ! gr\nd1 z 9 fig4 #a2 !n cle> out ! loose e>? ) ! h&1 z 9 fig4 #b4 ,cont9ue ?us work+ ) ! /ick & h& alt]nately1 & a hole z deep z ! arm is easily made4 ,9 digg+ a l>ge hole or well1 ! e>? ,mu/ be loos5$ 9 precisely ! same mann]1 h&$ up to ! surface & c>ri$ (f by means ( a bucket or bag1 9 default ( a %ovel & :eelb>r[4 ,fig4 #a4 ,& ,fig4 #b4--sket*es ( digg+ z describ$ above4 ,aft] digg+ deeply1 ! s& w (t5 be f\nd j moi/1 no wat] actually ly+ 9 ! well2 b d n1 !re=e1 be di%e>t5$2 wait a :ile1 & ! wat] w collect4 ,aft] x has once begun to ooze ?r\gh ! sides ( ! well1 x w cont9ue to d s mu* m freely4 ,!re=e1 on arriv+ at night1 ) ?ir/y cattle1 at a well ( d\btful "*1 deep5 x at once1 by tor*-light1 t ! wat] may h "t to collect2 !n ! cattle may be wat]$ 9 ! e>ly morn+1 & s5t to fe$ be=e ! sun is hot4 ,x (t5 happ5s :5 digg+ wells 9 s&y wat]c\rses1 t a little wat] is f\nd1 & t bel[ x is a /ratum ( clay4 ,n[ if ! digg+ be cont9u$ deep]1 9 hopes ( m wat]1 ! result is (t5 mo/ un=tunate2 = ! clay /ratum may prove extremely ?91 9 :i* case ! digg+ w pi]ce x3 !n ! wat] t _h be5 se5 w dra9 rapidly & :olly away1 to ! utt] discomfiture ( ! travell]4 ,k]k>i4--,i am indebt$ to correspond5ts = an acc\nt ( a me?od employ$ 9 ! pla9s ( ! ,sikhim ,himalaya1 & 9 ,assam1 :]e x is call$ a ,k]k>i1 also 9 l[] ,b5gal1 = digg+ deep holes4 ,! natives take a fre%ly cut bamboo1 say ?ree in*es 9 diamet]3 !y cut x j above "o ( ! knots1 & !n split ! wood z f> z to ! next jo9t1 9 ab\t a doz5 places1 & po9t ! pieces some:at4 ,! o!r end ( ! in/rum5t %\ld be cut slant+ly1 to ?ru/ into ! e>?1 & its o!r end is aft]w>ds work$ v]tically ) bo? h&s4 ,unlabell$ figure ( k]k>i4 ,! s(t soil is ?us =c$ into ! holl[ ( ! bamboo1 & spreads out its blades1 z is int5d$ to be %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! bamboo is next )drawn & ! plug ( e>? is %ak5 out3 x is !n re9troduc$ & work$ up & d[n z be=e4 ,x is usual to drive a /ake 9 ! gr\nd to act z a too!d comb1 to comb out ! plug ( e>?4 ,mr4 ,peal writes f ,assam3--,i h j _h #d holes dug 9 ! c\rse ( ord9>y "w1 9 h>d e>?4 ,two m5 dug ! holes 9 #a #a_/b h\r2 !y 7 #c feet #f in*es deep & #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,i weigh$ ! clay rais$ at ea* /roke4 ,9 #d consecutive /rokes ! weights 7 #a #a_/d lbs41 #a #c_/d lbs41 #a #c_/d lbs41 #b lbs4 ,ano!r trial gave #g lbs4 lift$1 aft] #e or #f /rokes4 ,accord+ to ! above data1 an ,assamese workman makes a hole1 #a foot deep & #f in*es 9 diamet] 9 #f m9utes4 ,holes #aj feet deep & #f in*es wide c be made1 z ,i am in=m$1 by ?is contrivance4 ,protect+ ,wells4--,! foll[+ extract f ,bi%op ,heb]1 ?\gh h>dly )9 ! scope ( ! ',art ( ,travel1' is v sugge/ive4 ,! wells ( ?is c\ntry 7,bhurtpoor1 ,india71 "s ( :i* are v deep1 are made 9 a s+ul> mann]4 ,!y build a t[] ( masonry ( ! diamet] requir$1 & #bj or #cj feet high f ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is !y all[ to /& a ye> or m1 till its masonry is r5d]$ firm & compact by "t2 !n !y gradually und]m9e x1 & promote its s9k+ into ! s&y soil1 :i* x does )\t difficulty1 & altoge!r4 ,:5 level ) ! surface1 !y raise its walls high]2 & s g on1 ?r[+ out ! s& & rais+ ! wall1 till !y h rea*$ ! wat]4 ,if !y adopt$ our me?od1 ! soil is s light t x w\ld fall on !m be=e !y c\ld possibly raise ! wall f ! bottom2 nor1 )\t ! wall1 c\ld !y s9k to any consid]able dep?4 ,a /\t squ>e frame ( wood scantl+1 bo>d$ l a s5try-box1 & ( ab\t ! same size & %ape1 b )\t top or bottom1 is us$ 9 mak+ wells 9 ,am]ica4 ,! sides ( a well 9 s&y soil are s liable to fall 91 t travell]s (t5 s9k a cask or "s equival5t into ! wat]1 :5 !y are encamp$ = any l5g? ( "t 9 its vic9ity4 ,scanty wells 9 hot climates %\ld be bru%$ ov]1 :5 n 9 actual use1 to *eck _! evaporation4 ,sn[-wat]4--,x is impossible = m5 to su/a9 life by eat+ sn[ or ice1 in/ead ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,!y only aggravate ! rag+ torm5ts ( ?ir/1 in/ead ( assuag+ !m1 & ha/5 dea?4 ,among dogs1 ! ,esquimaux is ! only bre$ t c subsi/ on sn[1 z an equival5t = wat]4 ,! ,arctic animals1 g5]ally1 h ! same p[]4 ,b1 z reg>ds mank9d1 "s means ( melt+ sn[ into wat]1 = ! purposes ( dr9k+1 is an ess5tial condition ( life 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,)\t ! +5i\s ,esquimaux lamp 7p4 #bje71 :i* consi/s ( a circle ( moss wicks1 f$ by tra9-oil1 & *iefly us$ = melt+ sn[1 ! ,esquimaux c\ld n exi/ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 9 ! c\ntries :i* !y n[ inhabit4 ,t eat+ l>ge quantities ( sn[ %\ld s]i\sly di/urb ! animal sy/em is cr$ible en\gh1 :5 we consid] ! v l>ge am\nt ( heat t mu/ be ab/ract$ f ! /oma*1 9 ord] to melt x4 ,a m\?ful ( sn[ at #cb degrees ,fahr41 t is to say1 no cold] ?an is necess>y = x to be sn[ at all1 robs z mu* heat f ! /oma*1 z if ! m\?ful _h be5 ( wat] #adc degrees cold] ?an ice-cold wat]1 if su* a fluid may1 = ! mom5t1 be imag9$ to exi/4 ,= ! lat5t heat ( wat] is #adc degrees ,fahr4 ,9 o!r words1 x takes ! same quantity ( heat to conv]t a mass ( sn[ ( #cb degrees into wat] ( #cb1 z x does to raise ! same mass ( wat] f #cb degrees to #ada #cb degrees #age degrees ,fahr4 ,x takes 9 practice ab\t z long to melt sn[ ( a l[ temp]ature into wat]1 z x does to cause t same wat] to boil4 ,?us to raise sn[ ( #e degrees bel[ z]o ,fahr4 ,to #cb degrees1 takes #cg degrees ( heat1 & x requires #adc degrees m1 or #ahj degrees altoge!r1 to melt x into wat]4 ,also x requires #ahj degrees to conv]t wat] ( #cb degrees into wat] ( #bab degrees1 9 o!r words1 into boil+ wat]4 ,di/ill$ ,wat]4--,x w take six or sev5 times z long to conv]t a kettle full ( boil+-wat] into /eam1 z x did to make t kettle boil4 ,= ! lat5t heat ( /eam is #ifg degrees ,fahr42 !re=e1 if ! wat] t 0 put into ! kettle 0 #fj degrees1 x w\ld require to be rais$ ?r\gh 7#bab degrees--#fj degrees 7 #aeb degrees ( temp]ature 9 ord] to make x beg9 to boil2 & x w\ld require a fur!r quantity ( heat1 to ! ext5t ( #ifg degrees 7 ab\t #f #a_/b times #aeb degrees71 to boil x all away4 ,h5ce1 x is ( no use to attempt to di/il1 until y h provid$ abundance ( good firewood ( a fit size to burn quickly1 & h built an effici5t fireplace on :i* to set ! kettle4 ,un=tunately1 fuel is commonly defici5t 9 ^? places :]e !re is a lack ( fre% wat]4 ,rate ( ,di/illation4--,a drop p] second is fully equival5t ,to an imp]ial p9t ( wat] 9 ?ree h\rs1 or be an imp]ial gallon 9 an entire day & night4 ,! simple/ way to di/il1 b a v imp]fect "o1 is to light a fire among /ones1 ne> a holl[ 9 a rock1 t is fill$1 or c be fill$ ) salt-wat]4 ,:5 ! /ones are r$-hot1 drop !m "o by "o into x3 ! wat] w hiss & give out cl\ds ( vap\r1 "s ( :i* may be collect$ 9 a clo?1 & wrung or suck$ out ( x4 ,9 ! same way a pot on ! fire may h a clo? /ret*$ ov] x to cat* ! /eam4 ,sket* ( /ill z describ$ bel[4 ,/ill made ) a ,kettle & ,gun-b>rel4--,!re is an acc\nt ( ! crew ( ! ',levant' packet1 :i* 0 wreck$ ne> ! cosmol$o ,isl&s1 :o suppli$ !mselves ) fre% wat] by means ( di/illation alone1 & ^: ,/ill 0 contriv$ ) an iron pot & a gun-b>rel1 f\nd on ! spot :]e !y 7 wreck$4 ,!y procur$1 ,on ! av]age1 sixty bottles1 or t5 gallons1 ( di/ill$ wat] 9 ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! iron pot 0 conv]t$ into a boil] to conta9 salt wat]2 a lid 0 fitt$ to x out ( ! root ( a tree1 leav+ a hole ( suffici5t size to receive ! muzzle ( ! gun-b>rel1 :i* 0 to set z a /eampipe2 ! b>rel 0 run ?r\gh ! /ump ( a tree1 holl[$ out 9 ! middle1 & kept full ( cold wat] = ! purpose ( cond5sation2 & ! wat] s di/ill$ escap$ at ! nipple ( ! gun-b>rel1 & 0 conduct$ into a bottle plac$ to receive x4 ,! accompany+ sket* is tak5 f a model :i* ,i made1 ) a soldi]'s mess-t9 = a boil]1 & a t9 tube 9 ! place ( a gun b>rel4 ,! knob repres5ts ! bree*2 & ! projection1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is dropp+1 ! nipple4 ,i may rem>k t !re is no?+ 9 ! arrangem5t :i* w\ld hurt ! mo/ highly-f9i%$ gun b>rel2 & t ! tr\gh :i* holds ! cond5s+ wat] may be made ) canvas1 or ev5 disp5s$ ) altoge!r4 ,cond5s+ ,pipe4--,9 default ( o!r tubes1 a re$ may be us$3 "o ( ! long bones ( an animal1 or ( a wad+ bird1 w be an indiff]5t sub/itute = a cond5s+ pipe4 ,/ill1 made ) ,e>!n ,pots & a ,metal ,bas94--,a v simple di/ill+ app>atus is us$ 9 ,bhootan2 ! sket* w %[ ! pr9ciple on :i* x is con/ruct$4 ,sket* ( app>atus4 ,salt wat] is plac$ 9 a pot1 set ov] ! fire4 ,ano!r vessel1 b )\t top or bottom1 :i*1 = ! conv5i5ce ( illu/ration1 ,i h indicat$ 9 ! sket* by no?+ m ?an a dott$ l9e1 is made to /& ^u ! pot4 ,x s]ves z a support = a metal bas91 ,s1 :i* is fill$ ) salt wat]1 & acts z a cond5s]4 ,:5 ! pot boils1 ! /eam asc5ds & cond5ses itself on ! "u surface ( ! bas9 ,s1 :5ce x drops d[n & is ,collect$ 9 a cup1 ,c1 t is support$ by a rude tripod ( /icks1 ,t1 /&+ 9 ! inside ( ! iron pot4 ,occasional ,means ( ,qu5*+ ,?ir/4--,a ,%[] ( ,ra9 w yield a good supply4 ,! clo!s may be /ripp$ (f & spread out1 & ! ra9-wat] suck$ f !m4 ,or1 :5 a /orm is approa*+ a clo? or blanket may be made fa/ by its f\r corn]s1 & a quantity ( bullets ?r[n 9 ! middle ( x2 !y w cause ! wat] t x receives1 to dra9 to "o po9t & trickle ?r\gh ! clo?1 into a cup or bucket set bel[4 ,a rev]s$ umbrella w cat* wat]2 b ! fir/ dripp+s f x1 or f clo!s t h be5 long unwa%$1 z f a mac9to% cloak1 are intol]ably nause\s & v un:olesome4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ?ir/ is greatly reliev$ by ! sk9 be+ wett$1 & !re=e x is well = a man suff]+ f ?ir/1 to /rip to ! ra94 ,ra9-wat] is lodg$ = "s days 9 ! huge pit*]-l corollas ( _m tropical fl[]s4 ,sea-wat]4--,lives ( sailors h m ?an once be5 sav$ :5 turn$ adrift 9 a boat1 by ba?+ frequ5tly & keep+ _! clo!s damp ) salt-wat]4 ,h[ev]1 aft] "s days1 ! nause\s ta/e ( ! salt-wat] is v p]ceptible 9 ! saliva1 & at la/ becomes unbe>able2 su*1 at lea/ 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ! surgeon ( ! wreck$ ',p&ora4' ,dew-wat] is abundant ne> ! sea-%ore1 & may be collect$ 9 ! same way z ra9-wat]4 ,! /oreh\se at ,angra ,pequea1 9 ,s4 ,w4 ,africa1 9 #ahej1 0 entirely suppli$ by ! dew-wat] deposit$ on its ro(4 ,! ,au/ralians :o live ne> ! sea1 g among ! wet bu%es ) a great piece ( b>k1 & bru% into x ! dew-drops f ! leaves ) a wisp ( grass2 collect+ 9 ?is way l>ge quantities ( wat]4 ,eyre us$ a sponge = ! same purpose1 & appe>s to h sav$ 8 life by its use4 ,animal ,fluids are resort$ to 9 em]g5cies2 su* z ! cont5ts ( ! paun* ( an animal t has be5 %ot2 its ta/e is l sweet-wort4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes ( p :o1 cat*+ turtles1 drank ! wat] t 0 f\nd 9 _! ,p]ic>dia2 x 0 pure & sweet4 ,blood w /& 9 ! /ead ( solid food1 b x is ( no avail 9 ! /ead ( wat]1 on acc\nt ( its sal9e qualities4 ,vegetable ,fluids4--,_m roots exi/1 f :i* bo? natives & animals obta9 a suffici5cy ( sap & pulp1 to take ! place ( wat]4 ,! travell] %\ld inquire ( ! natives1 & o!rwise acqua9t himself ) ^? peculi> to ! c\ntry t he visits2 su* z ! roots :i* ! el& eats1 ! bitt] wat]-melon1 etc4 ,to purify wat] t is muddy or putrid4--,) muddy wat]1 ! rem$y is to filt]1 & to use alum1 if y h x4 ,) putrid1 to boil1 to mix ) *>coal1 or expose to ! sun & air2 or :at is be/1 to use all ?ree me?ods at ! same "t4 ,:5 ! wat] is salt or bracki%1 no?+ avails b di/illation4 7,see ,di/ill$ ,wat]1 p4 #bah47 ,to filt] ,muddy ,wat]4--,:51 at ! wat]+-place1 !re is little else b a mess ( mud & fil?1 take a good h&ful ( grass or ru%es1 & tie x r\ghly toge!r 9 ! =m ( a cone1 #f or #h in*es long2 !n dipp+ ! broad end into ! puddle1 & turn+ x up1 a /reamlet ( fluid w trickle d[n ?r\gh ! small end4 ,?is excell5t plan is us$ by ! ,nor!rn ,bu%m5--at _! wells quantities ( ^! bundles are f\nd ly+ ab\t4 7,&]son47 ,o!rwise suck wat] ?r\gh y\r h&k]*ief by putt+ x ov] ! m\? ( y\r mug1 or by ?r[+ x on ! gritty mess z x lies 9 ! puddle4 ,= obta9+ a copi\s supply1 ! mo/ p]fect plan1 if y h means1 is to bore a cask full ( aug] holes1 & put ano!r small "o1 t has _h ! bottom knock$ out1 inside x2 & !n to fill ! space betwe5 ! two1 ) grass1 moss1 etc4 ,s9k ! :ole 9 ! mid/ ( ! pond2 ! wat] w run ?r\gh ! aug]-holes1 filt] ?r\gh ! moss1 & rise 9 ! inn] cask cle> ( we$s & s&4 ,if y h only a s+le cask1 holes may be bor$ 9 ! l[] "p ( its sides1 & alt]nate lay]s ( s& & grass ?r[n 91 till !y cov] ! holes2 ?r\gh ^! lay]s1 ! wat] w /ra94 ,or any co>se bag1 kept op5 ) hoops made on ! spot1 may be moor$ 9 ! mud1 by plac+ a heavy /one inside2 x w act on ,! same pr9ciple1 b less effici5tly ?an ! casks4 ,s&1 *>coal1 sponge1 & wood1 are ! sub/ances mo/ commonly us$ 9 prop]ly con/ruct$ filt]s3 peat *>coal is excell5t4 ,*>coal acts n only z a me*anical filt] = solid impurities1 b x has ! fur!r advantage ( absorb+ putrid gases4 7,see bel[1 ,putrid ,wat]47 ,sn[ is also us$ z a filt] 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,dr4 ,rae us$ to lay x on ! wat]1 until x 0 consid]ably high] ?an its level1 & !n to suck ! wat] ?r\gh ! sn[4 ,alum4--,turbid wat] is also1 9 "s way z yet insuffici5tly expla9$1 made cle> by ! ,indian plan ( putt+ a piece ( alum into x4 ,! alum appe>s to unite ) ! mud1 & to =m a clayey deposit4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! action1 x has an a/r+5t effect ^u organic matt]s3 x h>d5s !m1 & !y subside to ! bottom ( ! vessel in/ead ( be+ diffus$ 9 a glairy1 visc\s /ate1 ?r\gh\t ! wat]4 ,no ta/e ( alum rema9s 9 ! wat]1 unless x has be5 us$ 9 great excess4 ,?ree ?imblefuls ( alum w cl>ify a bucketful ( turbid wat]4 ,putrid ,wat] %\ld always be purifi$ by boil+ x toge!r ) *>coal or *>r$ /icks1 z l[ fev]s & dys5t]ies too (t5 are ! consequ5ces ( dr9k+ x4 ,! m]e addition ( *>coal l>gely dis9fects x4 ,bitt] h]bs1 if /eep$ 9 putrid wat]1 or ev5 rubb$ well ab\t ! cup1 are said to r5d] x less un:olesome4 ,! ,indians plunge hot iron into putrid wat]4 ,?ir/1 to relieve4--,?ir/ is a fev] ( ! palate1 :i* may be some:at reliev$ by o!r means ?an dr9k+ fluids4 ,by excit+ ,saliva4--,! m\? is kept moi/1 & ?ir/ is mitigat$1 by excit+ ! saliva to fl[4 ,?is c be done by *ew+ some?+1 z a leaf2 or by keep+ 9 ! m\? a bullet1 or a smoo?1 non-absorb5t /one1 su* z a qu>tz pebble4 ,by ,fat or ,butt]4--,9 ,au/ralia1 ,africa1 & ,n4 ,am]ica1 x is a frequ5t cu/om to c>ry a small quantity ( fat or butt]1 & to eat a spoonful at a "t1 :5 ! ?ir/ is sev]e4 ,^! act on ! irritat$ membranes ( ! m\? & ?roat1 j z cold cream ^u *app$ h&s4 ,by ,salt ,wat]4--,p may live long )\t dr9k+1 if !y h means ( keep+ _! sk9 con/antly wet ) wat]1 ev5 ?\gh x be salt or o!rwise undr9kable4 ,a travell] may tie a h&k]*ief wett$ ) salt wat] r\nd 8 neck4 ,see p4 #bbc4 ,by *eck+ ,evaporation4--,! ,arabs keep _! m\?s cov]$ ) a clo?1 9 ord] to prev5t ! s5se ( ?ir/ caus$ by ! lips be+ p>*$4 ,by ,diet4--,dr9k well be=e />t+1 & make a habit ( dr9k+ only at long int]vals1 & !n1 pl5ty at a "t4 ,on giv+ ,wat] to ,p]sons ne>ly dead f ,?ir/4--,give a little at a "t1 let !m take x 9 spoonfuls2 = ! l>ge draughts t _! disord]$ in/9cts sugge/1 dis>range ! weak5$ /oma*3 !y d s]i\s h>m1 & no correspond+ good4 ,keep ! :ole body wet4 ,small ,wat] ,vessels4--,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,c>ry+ ,wat]4--,p dr9k excessively 9 hot dry climates1 z ! evaporation f ! sk9 is enorm\s1 & mu/ be c\nt]balanc$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! daily ration ( a ,european is at lea/ two qu>ts4 ,to make an explor+ exp$ition 9 su* c\ntries effici5t1 !re %\ld be means ( c>ry+ at lea/ "o gallon ( wat] = ea* :ite man2 & 9 unkn[n l&s ?is quantity %\ld be c>ri$ on f e wat]+-place1 s long z means c possibly be obta9$ = c>ry+ x1 & %\ld be s]v$ out ?us3--two qu>ts on ! fir/ day1 9 addition to :atev] private /ore ! m5 may h *os5 to c>ry = !mselves2 a qu>t & a half dur+ ! second day2 & half a qu>t on ! morn+ ( ! ?ird1 :i* w c>ry !m ?r\gh t day )\t di/ress4 ,besides wat]-vessels suffici5t = c>ry+ :at ,i h m5tion$1 !re ought to be o!rs = ! purpose ( leav+ wat] buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 z a /ore = ! return ( a reconnoitr+ exp$ition2 also ea* man %\ld be furni%$ ) a small wat]-vessel ( "s k9d or o!r = 8 own use1 & %\ld be made to take c>e ( x4 ,fill ! ,wat]-vessels4--,nev] m9d :at ! natives may tell y conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( wat] on ! road1 believe no?+1 b resolutely det]m9e to fill ! girbas 7wat]-vessels74 7,bak]47 ,small ,wat]-vessels4--,no exp$ition %\ld />t )\t be+ fully suppli$ ) ^!2 = no bu%man h[ev] +5i\s1 c make any?+ s effici5t z casks1 t9 vessels or mac9to% bags4 ,sket* ( wat]-vessel4 ,a t9 vessel ( ! %ape %[n 9 ! sket*1 & l>ge en\gh to hold a qu>t1 is1 ,i believe1 ! easie/ to c>ry1 ! cleane/1 & ! mo/ durable ( small wat]-vessels4 ,! curve 9 its %ape is to all[ ( its accommodat+ itself to ! back ( ! man :o c>ries x4 ,! t9 loops at its sides are to admit ! /rap by :i* x is to be slung1 & :i* passes ?r\gh ! loops und]nea? ! bottom ( ! vessel1 s t ! weight may re/ directly ^u ! /rap4 ,la/ly1 ! vessel has a pipette = dr9k+ ?r\gh1 & a l>g] hole by :i* x is to be fill$1 & :i* at o!r times is /opp$ ) a cork or wood5 plug4 ,:5 dr9k+ out ( ! pipette1 ! cork mu/ be loos5$ 9 ord] to admit air1 l a v5t hole4 ,mac9to% bags1 = w9e or wat]1 are v conv5i5t to c>ry & !y w rema9 wat]-tight = a long p]iod :5 fairly us$4 7,mem4--,oil & grease are z fatal to mac9to% z !y are to iron ru/47 ,b ! ta/e t ^! vessels imp>t to _! cont5ts is abom9able1 n only at fir/ b = a v long "t2 9 two-?irds ( !m x is nev] to be got rid (4 ,nev] believe %opkeep]s 9 an india-rubb] %op1 9 _! assurances to ! contr>y2 !y are incompet5t to judge aright1 = _! s5ses seem vitiat$ by ! air !y live 94 ,! be/ %ape = a small mac9to% wat]-vessel has yet to be det]m9$4 ,sev]al alp9e m5 use !m2 & _! mo/ rec5t patt]ns may probably be/ be se5 at ,c>t]'s1 ,alp9e ,outfitt]1 ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,a flask ( dress$ hide 7pig1 goat1 or dog7 ) a wood5 nozzle1 & a wood5 plug to fit into x1 is v good4 ,canvas bags1 sme>$ ) grease on ! outside1 w become ne>ly wat]pro( aft] a %ort soak+4 ,a /rong glass flask may be made out ( a soda-wat] bottle2 x %\ld h raw hide %runk ^u x to pres]ve x f %>p taps ,likely to make a crack4 ,calaba%es & o!r g\rds1 cocoa-nuts & o/ri* eggs1 are all ( !m excell5t = flasks4 ,! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa make great use ( o/ri* %ells z wat]-vessels4 ,!y h /ations at _m places 9 ! des]t1 :]e !y bury ^! %ells fill$ ) wat]1 cork$ ) grass1 & occasionally wax$ ov]4 ,!y ?us g )\t hesitation ov] wide tracts1 = _! s5se ( locality is s /rong t !y nev] fe> to =get ! spot 9 :i* !y h dug _! hid+-place4 ,:5 a ,dut*man or a ,namaqua wants to c>ry a load ( o/ri* eggs to or f ! wat]+-place1 or :5 he robs a ne/1 he takes (f 8 tr\s]s1 ties up ! ankles1 puts ! eggs 9 ! legs1 & c>ries (f 8 load slung r\nd 8 neck4 ,nay1 ,i h se5 a half-civilis$ ,hott5tot c>ry wat] 9 8 lea!r bree*es1 ties up & slung 9 ! way ,i h j describ$1 b )\t ! int]v5tion ( o/ri* eggs2 ! wat] squir$ ?r\gh ! seams1 b pl5ty rema9$ aft] he _h c>ri$ x to its de/9ation1 :i* 0 a c\ple ( miles f ! wat]+-place4 ,9 an em]g5cy1 wat]-flasks c be improvis$ f ! raw or dry sk9s ( animals1 :i* %\ld be greas$ d[n ! back2 or f ! paun*1 ! he>t-bag 7p]ic>dium71 ! inte/9es1 or ! bladd]4 ,^! %\ld h a wood5 skew] run+ & out along "o side ( _! m\?s1 by :i* !y c be c>ri$1 & a la%+ "u ! skew] to make all tight 7fig4 bel[74 ,sket* ( bag ) skew] & bag be+ c>ri$4 ,! ,bu%m5 d ?is4 ,! wat] oozes ?r\gh ! membrane1 & by its evaporation ! cont5ts are kept v cool4 ,ano!r plan is1 aft] hav+ ti$ a l5g? ( inte/9e at bo? ends1 to roll x up 9 a h&k]*ief & we> x z a belt r\nd ! wai/4 ,! fault ( ^! membran\s bags1 besides _! disgu/+ "* & want ( /r5g? is1 t !y become putrid aft] a few days' use4 ,vessels = ,cool+ ,wat] may be made t %all also act effici5tly z flasks4 ,por\s e>!n j>s are too brittle = long use1 & _! pores *oke up if slimy wat] be put inside !m4 ,b ! ,arabs use a por\s lea!r flask1 call$ a ,zemsemiya1 :i* is hung on ! %ady side ( ! camel1 & by evaporation keeps ! wat] delici\sly cool3 x is a r wa/eful way ( c>ry+ wat]4 ,canvas bags are equally effective4 ,op5 ,buckets1 = c>ry+ wat] = %ort di/ances1 or = /or+ x 9 camp1 may be made ( ! b>k ( a tree1 ei!r tak5 (f 9 an entire cyl9d]1 & hav+ a bottom fitt$ on1 or else ( a knot or excresc5ce t has be5 cut (f ! outside ( a tree1 & its woody int]ior scoop$ out2 or ( bir? b>k sew$ or pegg$ at ! corn]s1 & hav+ its seams coat$ ) ! gum or res9 ( ! p9e-tree4 ,baskets ) oil$ clo? inside1 make effici5t wat]-vessels2 !y are 9 use 9 ,france z firem5's buckets4 ,wat]-tight pots are made on ! ,snake riv] by w9d+ long t\* roots 9 a spiral mann]1 & la%+ ! coils to "o ano!r1 j z is done 9 mak+ a beehive4 ,e>!nw>e j>s are excell5t1 :5 !y c be obta9$4 ,to prev5t ,spla%+4--,:5 c>ry+ wat] 9 buckets1 put a wrea? ( grass1 or some?+ else t w float1 on ! wat]1 to prev5t x f spla%+2 & also make a hoop1 inside :i* ! port] may walk1 :ile 8 lad5 h&s re/ on its rim3 ! hoop keeps 8 h&s wide f 8 body1 & prev5ts ! buckets f knock+ aga9/ 8 legs4 ,m5d+ ,lea!r ,wat]-vessels4--,if a wat]-vessel becomes leaky1 ! hole %\ld be caulk$ by /uff+ a rag1 a w$ge ( wood1 a tuft ( grass1 or any?+ else into x1 z %[n 9 ! upp] figure & also 9 ! left side ( ! l[] "o 7p4 #bcj71 & !n greas+ or wax+ x ov]4 ,a l>g] r5t mu/ be ,seiz$ ^u1 ! lips ( ! w\nd p9*$ up1 a ?orn or o!r spike run ?r\gh ! lips1 & la/ly a piece ( tw9e la%$ firmly r\nd1 und]nea? ! ?orn2 ! ?orn keeps ! /r+ f slipp+ (f 7,see ! "r-h& corn] ( ! l[] figure47 ,:5 !re is an opportunity1 ! bag mu/ be pat*$1 z is also %[n 9 ! l[] figure4 ,sket* ( p>ts ( two bags z ref]r$ to 9 text4 ,repair+ a batt]$ ,metal ,flask4--,fill x ) dry se$1 su* z peas or mu/>d-se$2 !n p\r 9 wat] & put ! /opp] into x4 ,aft] a p]iod v>y+ f #a to #c or #d h\rs1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! se$s1 !y w beg9 to swell & to =ce ! sides ( ! flask outw>ds into _! orig9al %ape4 ,! swell+ proce$s r rapidly aft] x has once comm5c$1 s ! op]ation requires wat*+1 le/ x %\ld be ov]done & ! flask %\ld bur/4 ,corks & ,/opp]s4--,?ru/ a cork tightly into ! m\? ( ! flask1 cut a hole ?r\gh ! cork & plug ! hole1 :i* w h5ce=? =m ! outlet ( ! flask--) a /opp] ( wood1 bone1 or o!r h>d sub/ance4 ,?read1 w\nd r\nd a slightly conical plug t has be5 suffici5tly not*$ to reta9 x 9 its place1 makes x ne>ly wat]-tight z a /opp]4 ,x is ( less importance t ! /opp] %\ld fit closely1 if ! flask be s slung t its m\? %all be always upp]mo/3 a v imp]fect cork w !n be suffici5t to *eck evaporation & spla%+1 & to prev5t ! loss ( m ?an a few drops f occasional upsets4 ,dr9k+1 :5 rid+ or walk+4--,x is an awkw>d matt] to dr9k :5 jolt+ on :eels1 on horseback1 or on foot4 ,i adopt$ ! plan ( c>ry+ a piece ( small india-rubb] tub+ #f or #h in*es long1 & :5 ,i wi%$ to dr9k1 ,i remov$ ! /opp] & ins]t$ ! tube1 j z an insect might let d[n its proboscis1 & suck$ ! cont5ts4 ,sir ,s4 ,bak] says ( ! p ( ,unyoro1 ,dur+ a j\rney1 a pretty1 bottle-%ap$1 long-neck$ g\rd is c>ri$ ) a /ore ( planta9-cid]2 ! m\? ( ! bottle is /opp$ ) a bundle ( ! :ite ru% %r$s1 ?r\gh :i* a re$ is ins]t$ t rea*es to ! bottom3 ?us ! dr9k c be suck$ up dur+ ! m>*1 )\t ! necessity ( halt+2 nor is x possible to spill x by ! movem5t ( walk+4 ,kegs & ,tanks4--,keys = ,pack-saddles4--,small b>rels1 flatt5$ equally on bo? sides1 s t _! tops & bottoms %all be ( an oval & n a circul> %ape1 are ! mo/ conv5i5t vessels1 not)/&+ _! weight1 = c>ry+ wat] on pack-saddles across a brok5 c\ntry4 ,!y are exce$+ly /rong1 & require no p>ticul> att5tion1 :ile bags ( lea!r or mac9to% suff] f ?orns1 & natives secretly prick !m dur+ ! m>*1 t !y may suck a draught ( wat]4 ,^! kegs %\ld n exce$ #bb in*es 9 l5g?1 #aj 9 extreme bread?1 & #g 9 extreme wid?2 a cask ( ^! measurem5ts w\ld hold ab\t #dj lbs4 weight ( wat]1 & its own weight might be #ae lbs4 ,z ! wat] is exp5d$1 x is easy to replace ! dim9i%$ weight by putt+ on a bag f "o ( ! o!r packs4 ,be=e />t+ away into ! bu%1 ^! kegs %\ld be satisfactorily fitt$ & adju/$ to ! pack-saddle t is int5d$ to c>ry !m1 9 su* a way t !y may be pack$ on to x ) ! lea/ possible tr\ble4 ,a c\ple ( lea!r or iron loops ,fix$ to ea* keg1 & made to cat* on to ! hooks :i* are let flu% into ! sides ( ! pack-saddle1 w effect ?is4 ,sket* z describ$ bel[4 ,! sket* repres5ts a section ( ! pack-saddle1 at ! place :]e "o ( ! hooks is situat$ on ei!r side1 b ! front ( ! kegs !mselves1 & n _! section1 is giv54 ,above & betwe5 ! kegs lies a bag1 & a /rap pass+ f ! ne> side ( ! saddle goes ov] ! :ole burd51 & is buckl$ to a simil> %ort /rap on ! o!r side4 ,x is ( importance t ! bung-hole %\ld be plac$ ev5 ne>] to ! rim ?an :]e x is drawn1 = x is necess>y t x %\ld be conv5i5t to p\r out ( & to p\r into1 & t x %\ld be plac$ on ! highe/ "p ( ! keg1 bo? :5 on ! bea/'s back & also :5 x /&s on ! gr\nd1 le/ wat] %\ld leak & be lo/4 ,accord+ to ! above plan1 :5 wat] is ladl$ into x1 ! rim keeps x f spill+2 & 9 p\r+ out wat]1 ! run acts z a sp\t4 ,9 mak+ ! bung-hole1 a metal plate1 ) a screw-hole 9 x1 is firmly fix$ 9 ! face ( ! cask2 into ?is a wood5 /opp]1 b\nd ) iron1 is made to screw 7natives w\ld probably /eal a metal "o74 ,! /opp] has a small head & a deeply-cut neck1 by :i* x is ti$ to ! cask1 & its body has a l>ge hole bor$ 9 x1 :i* admits ( a /ick be+ put ?r\gh1 to prize x r\nd1 if x %\ld become jamm$4 ,a spigot1 to screw into ! bung-hole on arriv+ at camp1 might be really useful2 b if us$1 a gimlet-hole mu/ be bor$ 9 ! cask to act z an air-v5t4 ,a l>ge tundi% is v conv5i5t1 & a sp>e plug might be tak52 b a travell]1 ) a little pa9/ak+1 c\ld soon cut a plug ) 8 own knife1 suffici5tly well made to all[ ( its be+ ,firmly screw$ 91 & ( reta9+ ! wat]1 if x _h a bit ( rag wrapp$ r\nd x4 ,a piece ( rag roll$ tightly1 w suffice to plug a hole4 ,siphons4--,a flexible tube ( "s k9d1 :e!r ( india-rubb]1 gutta-p]*a1 or1 /ill bett]1 ( mac9to%1 /ra9$ ov] r+s1 w\ld be v valuable z a siphon3 bo? = fill+ l>ge kegs out ( buckets & = empty+ !m aga94 ,vulcanis$ india-rubb] becomes rott5 aft] %ort use1 & gutta-p]*a w /& no extremes ( temp]ature4 ,tanks = ,wagons4--,!re /ill rema9 _m l>ge di/ricts 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia :i* may be explor$ 9 wagons1 b1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no p>ticul> patt]n ( a wat]-tank1 suitable = c>riage on :eels1 has yet be5 adopt$ by travell]s4 ,i believe kegs are g5]ally us$1 b !y are f> too heavy = ! requirem5ts ( a wagon4 ,probably ! t9s us$ = s5d+ milk by c>t & railway to t[ns1 w\ld be v s]viceable = c>ry+ wat] on exp$itions4 ,!y are inv>iably made ( ! same %ape1 & only ( few diff]5t sizes4 ,!re=e exp]i5ce mu/ h %[n t _! patt]n is bett] ?an any o!r yet devis$4 ,_! m\?s c be padlock$1 :i* is an important matt]4 ,mac9to% ,bags4--,i w\ld also recomm5d a trial ( squ>e bags ( /rong mac9to%--say #ah in*es deep & #aj in*es squ>e1 9 :i* case !y w\ld hold #fj lbs4 ( wat]--fitt+ into squ>e comp>tm5ts1 9 l>ge panni]s1 l ^? 9 a bottle-basket4 ,i h made "s exp]im5ts ^u ?is arrangem5t4 ,! basket-"w gives protection aga9/ bl[s & ! jolt+ toge!r ( packages1 & x yields )\t h>m to a /ra91 & ! bags yield also4 ,moreov]1 wat] is less *urn$ 9 half-empty bags ?an 9 half-empty b>rels4 ,no unusual /r5g? ( mat]ials w\ld be requir$ 9 mak+ ^! bags3 _! m\?s %\ld be funnel-%ap$1 & cork$ at ! neck ( ! funnel4 ,! funnels %\ld be wide at _! m\?s1 = conv5i5ce 9 fill+ !m2 & a /r+ to secure ! cork %\ld be ti$ r\nd ! neck ( ! funnel4 ,! bags %\ld h loops on _! sides1 ?r\gh :i* a /rap1 pass+ und]nea?1 might run1 9 ord] to ,give a good hold = lift+ !m up4 ,!y c\ld easily be fill$ z !y lay 9 _! comp>tm5ts1 & w\ld only require to be lift$ out 9 ord] to empty !m2 !re is1 !re=e1 no objection to _! hold+ z mu* z #fj lbs4 weight ( wat]4 ,an india-rubb] tube z a siphon1 & ) a common spigot at ! end ( x1 w\ld be p>ticul>ly useful4 ,a panni] n mu* exce$+ #cj in*es long1 by #bj broad1 & #ah deep1 w\ld hold six ( ^! bags1 or #cfj lbs4 weight ( wat] 9 all2 & two su* panni]s w\ld be ample = explor+ purposes4 ,i _h a panni] & two bags made = a trial1 :i* 7 q satisfactory1 & ,i f\nd t ! weight ( ! panni]s & bags toge!r 0 at ! rate ( #f lbs4 = ea* comp>tm5t2 !re=e ! weight ( ^! wat]-vessels is n m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ,( t ( ! wat] :i* !y c>ry4 ,x might be well to v>y ! cont5ts ( "s ( ! comp>tm5ts2 putt+1 = in/ance1 two or ev5 ?ree small bags into "o1 & t9 cases into a few ( ! o!rs1 in/ead ( ! l>ge bags4 ,^! panni]s1 ) ! bags inflat$1 & connect$ toge!r by a /age1 w\ld =m an excell5t & p[]ful raft4 ,if secur$ )9 a wagon ab\t to cross a deep riv]1 !y w\ld h en\gh p[]1 9 all ord9>y cases1 to cause x to float & n to s9k to ! bottom4 ,i tru/ "s explor] w try ?is plan4 ,i may add t ! mac9to% wat]-bags co/ me ab\t #a p\nd ea*4 ,raw ,hide ,bags_/--,capta9 ,/urt1 :5 he explor$ 9 ,au/ralia1 took a tank 9 8 c>t1 :i* bur/1 & besides t1 he c>ri$ casks ( wat]4 ,by ^! he 0 enabl$ to face a des]t c\ntry ) a degree ( success to :i* no travell] be=e _h ev] atta9$4 ,= in/ance1 :5 return+ homew>ds1 ! wat] 0 f\nd to be dry+ up on all sides ( him4 ,he 0 encamp$ by a pool :]e he 0 safe1 :5ce ! next /age 0 #aah miles1 or #d days' j\rney1 b x 0 a matt] ( consid]able d\bt :e!r !re rema9$ any wat] at ! end ( ! /age4 ,x 0 absolutely necess>y to reconnoitre1 & 9 ord] to d s1 he _h fir/ to provide ! mess5g] ) ! means ( return+1 %\ld ! wat]+-place be f\nd dry4 ,he kill$ a bullock1 sk9n$ x1 & fill+ ! sk9 ) wat] 7:i* held #aej gallons71 ,s5t x by an ex-dray #cj miles1 ) ord]s to bury x & to return4 ,%ortly aft] he despat*$ a light "o-horse c>t1 c>ry+ #cf gallons ( wat]2 ! horse & man 7 to dr9k at ! hide1 & !n to g on4 ,?us !y _h #cf gallons to supply !m = a j\rney ( #agf miles1 or #f days1 at #cj miles a day at ! close ( :i* !y w\ld return to ! ox-hide--sleep+1 9 fact1 #e nights on #cf gallons ( wat]4 ,?is a h>dy1 well-driv5 horse c\ld d1 ev5 9 ! hotte/ climate4 ,to raise ,wat] f ,wells = ,cattle4--,by h&4--,let "o man /& 9 ! wat]1 or j above x2 ano!r #e feet high]2 & aga9 ano!r high] /ill1 if ! dep? ( ! well requires x4 ,!n let ! l[]mo/ man dip a bucket 9 ! wat]1 & pass x f h& to h& upw>ds2 ! top man p\rs ! wat] into a tr\gh1 out ( :i* ! cattle dr9k4 ,?is tr\gh may be simply a dit* scrat*$ 9 ! gr\nd2 a piece ( canvas %\ld be ?r[n ov] x1 if ! soil be s&y1 to keep ! wat] f be+ lo/ be=e ! cattle h "t to dr9k x4 ,?us ,eyre speaks ( wat]+ 8 horse1 out ( 8 black s]vant's duck frock4 ,light gutta-p]*a buckets are v useful 9 temp]ate climates2 & s are baskets1 ) oilclo? inside !m4 ,! drove ( cattle %\ld be br\ght up to #fj y>ds f ! wat]+-place2 !n ?ree or f\r %\ld be driv5 out--!y w run at once to ! wat]4 ,aft] !y h drunk1 drive !m to "o side1 & let ano!r ?ree or f\r take _! place1 & s on2 keep+ ! two droves q di/9ct--^? t h drunk1 & ^? t are wait+ to dr9k4 ,!y w dr9k at ! rate ( "o p] m9ute2 %eep & goats dr9k v mu* fa/]4 ,nev] let ! cattle g 9 a ru% to ! well1 else !y w /amp x 91 mo/ ( !m get no wat]1 & !y w all d a great deal ( damage4 ,by horse p[]4--,x does n fall )9 ! scope ( ?is book to describe wat]-:eels work$ by cattle1 or elaborate me*anism ( any k9d2 ,i !re=e only m5tion "u ?is head1 t ! ,t>t>s sometimes draw wat] f _! wells1 ( #aej feet deep & upw>ds1 by a rid] h>ness+ ! bucket-rope to 8 horse1 & gallop+ him (f to a m>k t tells ! prop] di/ance4 ,_! ropes are ( twi/$ hair1 & are made to run ov] a smoo!d /one1 or a log ( wood4 ,sket*es ( pole & bucket & pump z describ$ bel[4 ,a pole & bucket is a v conv5i5t way ( rais+ wat] f #d to #ab feet4 ,! bucket may be made ( canvas1 basket-"w1 lea!r1 wood1 or almo/ any o!r mat]ial2 leakage1 ?\gh consid]able1 is ( little consequ5ce1 because ! action ( ! app>atus is s quick1 t !re is n "t = mu* wat] to be lo/4 ,?is contrivance is us$ ov] almo/ ! :ole globe--less 9 ,engl& ?an else:]e2 x is v common :]e long poles c easily be obta9$1 z 9 fir =e/s4 ,pump4--,an excell5t & v simple pump is us$ by ! ,arabs 9 ,alg]ia4 ,a piece ( lea!r or wax$ canvas1 is /ret*$ r\nd "o or m hoops2 x =ms a holl[ cyl9d]1 t admits ( be+ %ut flat l an accordion4 ,! top & bottom ( ! cyl9d] are secur$ r\nd ! edges ( two discs ( wood4 ,holes are bor$ 9 ^! discs & lea!r valves are fitt$ to !m4 ,! l[] disc is nail$ to ! bottom ( a tub2 ! hole 9 x corresponds ) ! fe$-pipe1 & ! valve t cov]s ! hole op5s upw>ds4 ,! upp] disc ,is atta*$ to ! pump h&le2 ! valves t cov] ! holes 9 ?is disc1 op5 upw>ds also4 ,:5 ! lea!r-pump b>rel is press$ flat1 wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! upp] valves into ! b>rel ar\nd x2 :5 x is pull$ out1 wat] is suck$ up ?r\gh ! fe$-pipe1 & an equal quantity is displac$ f ! b>rel4 ,?is fl[s out into ! tr\gh4 ,a bag w\ld d z well z a tub1 to hold ! wat] :i* surr\nds ! pump-b>rel2 b1 )\t ! wat] :i* x is ! object ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r to conta91 ! pump-b>rel mu/ be air-pro( z well z wat]-pro(4 ,! action ( ?is pump is m>vell\sly p]fect4 ,x attract$ mu* att5tion 9 ! ,fr5* ,exhibition ( #ahee4 ,,guns ,,& ,,rifles4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,bree*-load]s4--,at ! pres5t "t :5 ! m]its ( diff]5t k9ds ( bree*-load] are s hotly discuss$1 :5 all t h yet be5 inv5t$ h "s faults1 & e mon? br+s to light "s new inv5tion1 x w\ld be fooli% 9 me to write any?+ ab\t !m2 x w\ld be obsolete be=e ! great majority ( my read]s %\ld h se5 ?is book4 ,!re=e omitt+ bree*-load]s altoge!r f ! pres5t edition1 ,i w conf9e myself to repeat+ :at ,i h said be=e ^u muzzle-load]s1 ) additions & alt]ations4 ,size ( ,gun4--,am]ican bu%rang]s advocate a long heavy pea-rifle1 on ! plea ( its accurate %oot+1 & ! enorm\s sav+ 9 weight ( ammunition :5 bullets ( a small size are us$4 ,! objections to small-bor$ rifles are1 insuffici5cy aga9/ l>ge game 7ev5 ) conical bullets71 & a t5d5cy to become f\l aft] a few %ots4 ,a %ort light rifle1 :e!r ) a l>ge or a small bore1 is1 ,i believe1 utt]ly wor?less4 ,9 ! h&s ( a man trembl+ ) runn+ & ) exhau/ion1 x %akes l a w&3 ! %ort] ! rifle1 ! m quickly does x oscillate1 & ( c\rse1 9 ! same proportion1 is x difficult to cat* ! exact mom5t :5 ! sights cov] ! object4 ,= ! l>g] k9ds ( game1 su* z elephants & buffaloes1 exp]i5c$ sportsm5 mo/ly pref] guns ( imm5se ,bore1 c>ry+ r\nd bullets t weigh a qu>t] ( a p\nd4 ,! recoil is trem5d\s1 & w\ld injure ! %\ld] if ! sportsman did n use a pad aga9/ :i* he re/s ! gun4 ,! guns mu/ be /rong1 because v l>ge *>ges ( p[d] are inv>iably us$ :]e great p[] ( p5etration is requir$4 ,african sportsm5 f\nd ?is out exp]im5tally long be=e ! idea occurr$ to artill]i/s4 ,sights4--,! h9d sight %\ld be f> f ! eye1 ev5 ?\gh x be plac$ half-way d[n ! b>rel3 else x becomes out ( focus & indi/9ct1 :5 ! eye is firmly set on ! object aim$ at2 ?is drawback is nev] comp5sat$ by ! advantage ( hav+ ! front & h9d sights f> asund]4 ,ramrod4--,! guns ( s]vants & inde$ ^? ( _! ma/]s1 %\ld h ?9 s(t-iron ramrods2 ! ela/icity ( ^! :5 slightly b5t1 w reta9 !m 9 ! ramrod-tubes2 bo? ends ( ! ramrod mu/ be =g$ broad4 ,screw to secure ! ,cock4--,9 common guns1 ?is screw is v liable to get loose1 fall out & be lo/2 x is !re=e desirable to h "o or m sp>e screws4 ,wat]-pro( ,cov] %\ld n be =gott54 ,ru/1 to prev5t4--,p>aff9e & m]curial o9tm5t are p]haps ! two be/ ?+s to keep ru/ (f iron1 9 sea voyages or 9 boat-%oot+4 ,be=e emb>k+ = a voyage1 x is conv5i5t to enclose ! guns 9 a lead5 case1 :i*1 on arrival1 c be melt$ up into bullets4 ,x is rem>kable h[ mu* bett] dirty guns )/& ru/ ?an clean ones4 ,olive oil1 to purify4--,put a piece ( lead 9 ! glass bottle t conta9s ! oil1 & expose to ! sun2 a quantity ( cl\dy matt] w sep>ate aft] a few days1 !n ! ref9$ oil may be decant$4 ,! small ( ! /ock is ! weake/ "p ( a gun3 x is con/antly brok5 by falls 9 travel4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak] ju/ly recomm5ds t all guns made = sport 9 wild c\ntries & r\gh rid+1 %\ld h /eel in/ead ( iron f ! ,bree*-socket1 ext5d+ f> back to )9 six in*es ( ! %\ld] plate2 ! trigg]-gu>d %\ld likewise be /eel1 & %\ld be c>ri$ back to an equal di/ance ) ! above rib2 ! /eel %\ld be ( extra ?ickness1 & screw$ ?r\gh to ! upp] piece2 ?us ! two be+ connect$ by screws above & bel[1 no fall c\ld break ! /ock4 ,injuries to ,guns1 to repair4--,ramrod tubes (t5 break (f1 & x is a v tr\blesome accid5t :5 !y d s4 ,i "k ( no contrivance to fa/5 !m on aga91 except by us+ s(t sold]1 ! application ( :i* w n 9 ! lea/ hurt ! gun3 a%es1 at a dull r$ heat1 mu/ be heap$ ov] ! b>rel to w>m x suffici5tly1 be=e apply+ ! sold]4 ,if ! ramrod tubes h be5 lo/1 o!rs made ( t9 may replace !m4 ,! ,sight ( a ,gun1 if x falls out & is lo/1 c easily be replac$ by a sub/itute4 ,a groove mu/ be cut ) a file across ! sub/ance ( ! b>rel1 if ! gun be a s+le "o1 or across ! midrib1 if d\ble-b>rell$2 into ?is a piece ( iron1 ivory1 bone1 horn1 or h>d wood1 ) a projection c>v$ 9 ! middle = ! sight1 mu/ be pu%$1 !n ! metal on ei!r side mu/ be batt]$ d[n ov] x1 ) a hamm] or /one1 to keep x firm4 ,a brok5 ,/ock1 h[ev] mu* x may be sma%$1 c be well m5d$ by raw hide 7see ,hides74 ,blacksmi?'s "w & c>p5t]+ are seldom suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,x is )9 ! p[] ( a r\gh workman to make a gun-/ock1 b x is a "w ( great lab\r4 ,a ,ramrod may be replac$ by cutt+ a /ick f a tree1 /raight5+ x 9 ! fire1 & !n season+ x4 7,see ,gre5 ,wood47 ,guns to hang up1 to c>ry1 & to clean4--,hang+ ,guns to a ,wall4--,fix a loop ( lea!r = ! muzzle1 & a /rap & buckle = ! /ock1 ) a piece ( %eepsk9 or canvas nail$ s z to hang ov] x1 z 9 fig4 #a4 ,a m complete way is to sew a long pocket ) a flap to x1 :i* is ti$ up on to a /ick or b>1 z 9 fig4 #b3 ! gun has simply to be ,lift$ out & 94 ,! pocket mu/ be made baggy at ! "p :i* corresponds to ! cocks ( ! gun4 ,fig4 #a & ,fig4 #b ,z describ$ 9 text4 ,c>ry+ ,guns on a ,j\rney4--,look at ! gun1 b nev] let ! gun look at y1 or at y\r companions1 is a gold5 rule2 = among ! *ances ( dea? to :i* a travell] is expos$1 t ( be+ %ot by an att5dant's gun go+ (f accid5tally1 ranks high4 ,s]vants %\ld c>ry _! guns ) ! cock d[n on a piece ( rag1 t cov]s ! cap3 take x all 9 all1 x is ! be/ plan = !m4 ,a sportsman w f9d great conv5i5ce 9 hav+ a ?ird nick cut 9 ! tumbl] ( 8 lock1 s z to give an additional l[ half-cock1 at :i* ! cock j cle>s ! nipple2 x w prev5t ! cap f fall+ (f or receiv+ a bl[4 ,i h long us$ ?is plan1 & f9d no objections to x3 _m pi/ols are furni%$ ) ?is contrivance4 ,c>eless gun-mak]s sometimes make ?is cat* s l[1 t :5 ! cock is lift$ a little back f x1 & let g1 x /rikes ! cap by reason ( ! ela/icity ( its metal1 & lets (f ! gun3 ! travell] %\ld bew>e ( ?is fault ( workman%ip4 ,sket* ( gun z describ$4 ,z ?is book may fall into ! h&s ( p]sons ignorant ( ! dang] ( c>ry+ a gun ) ! cock d[n on ! nipple 7to :i* cause ,i f9d t ?ree-f\r?s ( gun accid5ts are ow+1 hav+ once kept a li/ ( ^? t 7 report$ 9 ! newspap]s71 ,i w rem>k t :5 ! cock is d[n1 a heavy bl[ on its back1 nay1 ev5 ! j> caus$ by ! gun fall+ on ! gr\nd1 w cause ! cap to explode4 ,aga9 if ! cock cat* aga9/ ! dress1 or aga9/ ,a twig1 x is liable to be lift$1 :51 on be+ releas$1 x w snap d[n ^u ! cap4 ,:5 a gun is at half-cock1 ! fir/ ( ^! accid5ts obvi\sly _c occur2 &1 z to ! second1 if ! cock be pull$ back & let drop1 x falls1 n d[n ^u ! cap1 b to half-cock aga91 except only 9 ! case :]e ! trigg] is also press$ back4 ,! objections to c>ry+ a gun at half-cock are1 t c>eless p occasionally leave x on full-cock )\t p]ceiv+ ! diff]5ce1 & t !re is a probability ( weak5+ ! ma9-spr+1 if day aft] day x be kept on ! /ra94 ,c>ry+ ,guns :5 ,/alk+ ,game4--,9 creep+ aft] game1 ! gun is always tr\blesome2 !re is no bett] plan ?an pu%+ x z f> z ! arm c rea*1 !n creep+ up to x1 & aga9 pu%+ x =w>ds4 ,c>ry+ ,guns on ,horseback4--,all[ me v /rongly to recomm5d a trial ( ! foll[+ plan1 ev5 = a %oot+-pony 9 ,scotl&4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ! ,namaquas4 ,i & all my p>ty 9 ,s\? ,africa us$ x = a ye> & a half1 & _m p]sons h adopt$ ! plan 9 ,engl& s9ce ,i fir/ publi%$ a description ( x4 ,sew a bag ( canvas1 lea!r1 or hide1 ( su* a size z to admit ! butt ( ! gun pretty freely4 ,! /raps t support ! bag1 buckle ?r\gh a r+ 9 ! pommel2 ! ?ongs by :i* ! slope ( ! bag is adju/$1 are fa/5$ r\nd ! gir?1 bel[4 ,! exact adju/m5ts may n be hit ^u1 by an unpractis$ p]son1 = "s "t2 b1 :5 !y are once asc]ta9$1 ! ?ongs ne$ nev] be %ift$4 ,! gun is p]fectly safe3 x nev] comes bel[ ! armpit1 ev5 9 tak+ a crop leap3 x is pull$ out 9 an in/ant by br++ ! elb[ =w>ds 9 front ( ! gun & !n backw>ds1 press+ x aga9/ ! side2 by ?is mann]1 ! gun is ?r[n to ! outside ( ! arm3 !n1 l[]+ ! h&1 cat* ! gun z ne> ! trigg]-gu>d z y c1 & lift x out ( ! bag3 7x is a bungl+ way to take out ! gun :il/ its b>rel lies betwe5 ! arm & ! body74 ,any siz$ gun c be c>ri$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 & x (f]s no ob/acle to m\nt+ or dism\nt+4 ,i he> t "s sportsm51 :o 7 probably unacqua9t$ ) ?is me?od1 h us$ a bag or pocket ( /iff ,lea!r atta*$ to ! side ( ! saddle1 j beh9d ! "r leg2 into ?is1 :5 tir$ ( c>ry+ ! gun1 !y pu% ! butt4 ,x is said to lie !re securely & to give no tr\ble1 ! b>rel passes =w>ds "u ! "r arm1 & ! muzzle is 9 front ( ! rid]4 ,draw+ ( horse1 rid] & gun z describ$ above4 ,! ,fr5* dragoons c>ry a gun 9 a way t is conv5i5t = milit>y purposes1 because x does n int]f]e ) ! imm5se h\s+s t cavalry soldi]s require2 b x is n s h&y1 x does n lie s freely z ! above1 nor is x z well suit$ to a travell] or a sportsman4 ,! gun is plac$ butt d[nw>ds1 z 9 ! ,namaqua me?od1 & leans backw>ds 9 ! same way2 b ! "u side ( ! gun1 in/ead ( be+ backw>ds1 or t[>ds ! horse's tail1 ,is t[>ds 8 head4 ,! butt lies 9 a %all[ bucket1 secur$ by two /raps fix$ to ! front ( ! saddle2 ano!r /rap1 lead+ f ! pommel1 & pass+ ov] ! "r ?igh ( ! rid]1 is hit*$ r\nd ! b>rel ( ! gun1 & has to be unbuckl$ & ca/ (f :5 ! gun is tak5 out4 ,all ways ( c>ry+ ! gun ) its muzzle d[nw>ds1 are v objectionable2 s9ce ! jolt+ t5ds to dislodge ! *>ge2 if x be consid]ably dislodg$1 ! gun w probably bur/1 on be+ fir$4 ,also1 a v little %ak+1 :5 ! muzzle is d[nw>ds1 w %ake ! p[d] out ( ! nipple1 & !re=e1 a gun1 s c>ri$1 w con/antly miss fire4 ,at ,night1 to dispose ( ,guns4--,a gun is a v awkw>d ?+ to dispose ( at night4 ,x has occurr$ m ?an once t a native s]vant has crept up1 drawn away ! gun ( 8 sleep+ ma/]1 & %ot him dead4 ,! foll[+ appe>s to me an excell5t plan3--,:5 gett+ sleepy1 y return y\r rifle betwe5 y\r legs1 roll ov]1 & g to sleep4 ,"s p may ?9k ?is is a que] place = a rifle2 b1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! position ( all o!rs :]e utility & com=t are mo/ comb9$4 ,sket* ( man & gun z describ$4 ,! butt re/s on ! arm1 & s]ves z a pill[ = ! head2 ! muzzle po9ts betwe5 ! knees1 & ! arms encircle ! lock & bree*1 s t y h a smoo? pill[1 & are always prep>$ to />t ,up arm$ at a mom5t's notice4 7,p>kyns' ',abyss9ia4'7 ,! long] ! gun1 ! m secure is ! sleep] f accid5t4 ,! sket* is n q accurate1 =1 9 practice1 ! weight ( ! gun is nev] all[$ to re/ s entirely on ! arm1 z x is "h repres5t$3 if x did s1 ! arm w\ld soon be numb$4 ,! gun-/ock may be a little bol/]$ up if desir$1 to avoid any tr\blesome pressure on ! arm4 ,clean+ ,guns4--,a bit ( rag does z well z t[1 & c be us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,a top furni%$ ) a sponge1 to screw to ! clean+ rod1 is conv5i5t4 ,a lead$ b>rel mu/ be clean$ ) f9e s&4 7,hawk]47 ,quicksilv]1 if x be at h&1 w dissolve out ! lead at once4 ,,gun-,,fitt+s ,,& ,,ammunition4 ,p[d]-flask4--,! flask t is c>ri$ 9 ! pocket may be small1 if roomy2 a l>ge "o1 9 res]ve1 be+ kept 9 a bag1 at ! front ( ! saddle4 ,to r$uce bulges 9 a metal p[d]-flask1 fill x up ) ,indian corn1 or dry peas1 ( any o!r sort ( h>d gra92 !n p\r wat] into x1 & screw d[n ! lid tightly4 ,! gra9 w swell1 at fir/ sl[ly & !n v rapidly1 & ! flask w resume its =m] dim5sions1 or bur/ if x is n wat*$4 ,peas d n beg9 to swell = a c\ple ( h\rs or m4 ,p[d]-horn1 to make4--,saw (f ! requir$ l5g? f an ox's horn1 flatt5 x some:at by heat 7see ,horn71 fit a wood5 bottom into x1 caulk x well1 & sew raw hide r\nd ! edge to keep all tight4 ,! m\? mu/ be secur$ by a plug1 :i* may be holl[$ to make a *>g]4 ,pieces ( cane ( l>ge diamet]1 & old gunp[d] cani/]s1 sewn up 9 hide1 make useful p[d]-flasks4 ,p]cussion ,caps4--,caps may be c>ri$ v conv5i5tly by means ( a r+1 ) two doz5 nipple-%ap$ beads1 made ( "s metal1 /rung ^u x2 ea* bead be+ int5d$ to be cov]$ by a p]cussion-cap4 ,! beads are cleft d[n ! middle1 :i* gives !m a slight spr+9ess1 t m effectually secures ! caps t are plac$ ^u !m3 ! r+ is ti$ by a ?ong to ! belt or button-hole4 ,x is v ,difficult1 )\t ?is contrivance1 to keep caps free f s&1 crumbs1 & dirt1 yet always at h& :5 requir$4 ,i c confid5tly recomm5d x1 ?\gh z x is old-fa%ion$ & n well suit$ = sportsm5 9 ,engl&1 x is r>ely to be met )4 ,spr+ cap hold]s are1 ,i am sure1 too delicate = r\gh travel4 ,to protect ,caps f ! ,ra94--,be=e /alk+1 or wat*+ at night 9 ra9y wea!r1 wax or grease ! edge ( ! cap z x re/s on ! nipple3 x w ?us become pro( aga9/ wat] & damp air4 ,"s p]sons c>ry a piece ( grease ) !m1 :5 %oot+ 9 wet wea!r1 & ) x !y sme> ! top ( ! nipple aft] ea* load+1 be=e putt+ on ! fre% cap4 ,x is said t ! grease does n prev5t ! full action ( ! cap ^u ! p[d]4 ,a sportsman has recomm5d$ to me a c\ple ( well-m>k$ caps1 into ! heads ( :i* small wads ( cork h be5 fitt$2 he uses !m = load$ guns t are to be laid by = "s h\rs or days4 ,a broad leaf wrapp$ loosely r\nd ! lock ( a gun1 w protect x dur+ a heavy %[]4 ,sub/itute = ,caps4--,:5 ! revolution 9 ,spa9 9 #ahed began1 !re 0 a great want ( p]cussion caps2 ?is ! insurg5ts suppli$ by cutt+ (f ! heads ( lucif]-mat*es & /ick+ !m into ! nipples4 ,! plan 0 f\nd to answ] p]fectly4 7,times1 ,july #ca47 ,gun-prick]4--,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ plan1 bo? = cle>+ ! t\*hole1 & also = ! r awkw>d op]ation ( prick+ d[n fre% gunp[d] into x1 to an old sportsman 9 ! ,orkney ,isl& ( ,s&ay4 ,he takes a quill1 & cuts (f a broad r+ f ! l>ge end ( x2 ?is is pu%$ ov] ! small end ( ! quill1 & lies securely !re4 ,next1 he cuts a wood5 plug to fit ! quill2 into ! plug1 ! prick] is fix$4 ,sket* ( gun-prick] z describ$4 ,! :ole affair goes safely 9 ! pocket2 ! quill act+ z a %ea? to ! %>p prick]4 ,n[1 :5 p[d] has to be prick$ d[n ! nipple1 ! broad r+ is slipp$ (f ! quill & put on ! nipple1 :i* x fits2 p[d] is p\r$ into x1 & ! requir$ op]ation is easily complet$4 ,?is little contrivance1 :i* is s simple & ,light1 la/s = mon?s1 & is p]fectly effective4 ,i h tri$ metal hold]s1 b ,i mu* pref] ! simple quill1 on acc\nt ( its ela/icity & lightness4 ,a little b9d+ ) wax$ ?read1 may be put on1 z %[n 9 ! sket*1 to prev5t ! quill f splitt+4 ,wadd+4--,! bu% af=ds few mat]ials f :i* wadd+ c be made2 "s birds' ne/s are excell5t = ! purpose4 ,i am told t a dry hide w n s]ve z mat]ials = wads4 ,fl9ts4--,accord+ to ,ure's ,diction>y1 ! be/ /ones to *oose = mak+ gun-fl9ts are ^? t are n irregul> 9 %ape2 !y %\ld h1 :5 brok51 a greasy lu/re1 & be p>ticul>ly smoo? & f9e-gra9$2 ! col\r is ( no importance1 b x %\ld be uni=m 9 ! same lump2 & ! m transp>5t ! /ones ! bett]4 ,gun-fl9ts are made ) a hamm]1 & a *isel ( /eel t is n h>d5$4 ,! /one is *ipp$ by ! hamm] alone into pieces ( ! requir$ ?ickness1 :i* are fa%ion$ by be+ laid ^u ! fix$ *isel1 & hamm]$ aga9/ x4 ,x takes ne>ly a m9ute = a practis$ workman to make "o gun-fl9t4 ,gunp[d]4--,to c>ry ,gunp[d]4--,wrap x up 9 flannel or lea!r1 n 9 pap]1 cotton1 or l952 because ^! w cat* fire1 or sm\ld] l t9d]1 :il/ ! =m] w d nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,gunp[d] c>ri$ 9 a goat-sk9 bag1 travels v safely4 ,mr4 ,gregory c>ri$ 8 9 ! middle ( 8 fl\r2 ea* fl\r-bag 7see p4 #fi71 dur+ 8 ,nor? ,au/ralian exp$ition1 _h a t9 ( gunp[d] 9 ! middle ( x4 ,to make ,gunp[d]4--,x is difficult to make good gunp[d]1 b !re is no skill requir$ 9 mak+ p[d] t w %oot & kill4 ,_m ( ! negroes ( ,africa1 make x = !mselves--burn+ ! *>coal1 ga!r+ saltpetre f salt-pans1 & buy+ ! sulphur f trad+ c>avans3 !y gr9d ! mat]ials on a /one4 ,9 ,*9ese ,t>t>y & ,?ibet1 e peasant manufactures x = himself4 ,to make #h lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 take #a lb4 ( *>coal1 #a lb4 ( sulphur1 & #f lbs4 ( saltpetre4 ,^! proportions %\ld be foll[$ z accurately z possible4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree mat]ials mu/ be p\nd$ into p[d] sep>ately1 & !n all mix$ toge!r mo/ ?or\ghly4 ,! mixture mu/ h a little wat] add$ to x1 ,en\gh to make x b9d into a /iff pa/e 7ab\t "o-t5? "p1 by measure1 ( wat] is suffici5t2 t is to say1 "o cupful ( wat] to t5 cupfuls ( ! mix$ p[d]74 ,! pa/e mu/ be well knead$ toge!r1 ) "o /one on ano!r1 j z travell]s usually make meal or gr9d c(fee4 ,x %\ld !n be wrapp$ up to a piece ( canvas1 or a sk91 & press$1 ) z heavy a pressure z c be obta9$1 to cond5se x4 ,next1 ! cake is squeez$ & work$ aga9/ a sieve made ( p>*m5t1 9 :i* ! holes h be5 burnt ) a r$-hot wire1 & ?r\gh :i* ! cake is squeez$ 9 gra9s4 ,^! gra9s are n[ put into a box1 :i* is well %ak5 ab\t1 & 9 ?is way ! gra9s run ea* o!r smoo?4 ,! f9e du/ t is !n f\nd mix$ ) ! gra9s1 mu/ be w9n[$ away2 la/ly ! gra9s are dri$4 ,recapitulation4--#a4 ,p\nd ! +r$i5ts sep>ately4 4 ,mix !m4 #c4 ,add a little wat]1 & knead ! mass4 #d4 ,press x4 #e4 ,rub ! mass ?r\gh a sieve4 #f4 ,%ake up ! gra9s 9 a box4 #g4 ,get rid ( ! du/4 #h4 ,dry ! gra9s4 ,! +r$i5ts %\ld be us$ z pure z !y c be obta9$4 ,= mak+ a few *>ges ( co>se p[d]1 ! sieve may be disp5s$ )3 9 ?is case1 roll ! d\gh into long pieces ( ! ?ickness ( a p92 lay sev]al ( ^! side by side1 & m9ce ! :ole into small gra9s2 du/ ) p[d]1 to prev5t _! /ick+ toge!r3 & !n proce$ z already describ$4 ,to procure good ,*>coal4--,light woods t give a por\s *>coal1 are ! be/2--z popl>1 ald]1 lime1 horse-*e/nut1 will[1 hazel-nut1 & eld]4 ,x %\ld be made ) ! greate/ c>e1 & us$ z soon z possible aft]w>ds3 x is ! mo/ important +r$i5t 9 gunp[d]4 ,sulphur4--,! lumps mu/ be melt$ ov] a g5tle fire2 ! pot %\ld !n be put 9 a heap ( hot s&1 to give ! impurities "t to settle1 be=e x cools into a mass4 ,:5 ?is has tak5 place1 ! bottom "p mu/ be brok5 (f & put aside z unfit = mak+ gunp[d]1 & ! top "p alone us$4 ,fl[] ( sulphur is q pure4 ,saltpetre4--,dissolve ! saltpetre t y wi% to purify1 9 an equal measure ( boil+ wat]2 a cupful ( "o to a cupful ( ! o!r4 ,/ra9 ?is solution1 &1 lett+ x cool gradually1 some:at less ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! nitre w sep>ate 9 regul> cry/als4 ,saltpetre exi/s 9 ! a%es ( _m plants1 ( :i* tobacco is "o2 x is also f\nd copi\sly on ! gr\nd 9 _m places1 9 saltpans1 or simply z an efflores5ce4 ,rubbi%1 su* z old mud huts1 & mort>1 g5]ally ab\nds ) x4 7,x is made by ! action ( ! air on ! pota% conta9$ 9 ! e>?s47 ,! ta/e1 :i* is t ( gunp[d]1 is ! be/ te/ ( its pres5ce4 ,to extract x1 p\r hot wat] on ! mass1 !n evaporate & purify1 z m5tion$ above4 ,rocket ,composition consi/s ( gunp[d] #af p>ts1 by ,weight2 *>coal1 #c p>ts4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ( nitre1 #af p>ts2 *>coal #g p>ts2 sulphur1 #d p>ts4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t :5 rockets are *>g$ ) ! composition1 a holl[ tube mu/ be left d[n _! middle4 ,blue ,fire4--#d p>ts gunp[d] meal2 #b p>ts nitre1 #c p>ts sulphur2 #c p>ts z9c4 ,b5gal ,fire4--#g p>ts nitre2 #b p>ts sulphur2 #a "p antimony4 ,bullets--,sportsm51 fre% f ,engl&1 & ackn[l$g$ z good %ots at home1 beg9 by %oot+ vilely ) balls at l>ge game4 ,!y mu/ n be disc\rag$ at :at is a g5]al rule1 b be satisfi$ t !y w soon d !mselves ju/ice4 ,alloy4--,common bullets ( lead1 :e!r r\nd or conical1 are f> inf]ior to ^? ( h>d alloy2 = ! latt] p5etrate mu* m deeply1 & break bones1 in/ead ( flatt5+ aga9/ !m4 ,a mixture ( v little t91 or pewt] 7:i* is lead & t971 ) lead1 h>d5s x3 we read ( sportsm5 melt+ up _! spoons & di%es = ?is purpose4 ,a little quicksilv] has ! same effect4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak]1 :o is "o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ sportsm5 bo? 9 ,ceylon & 9 ,africa1 latt]ly us$ a mixture ( n9e-t5?s lead & "o-t5? quicksilv] = 8 bullets4 ,he says1 ,?is is sup]ior to all o!r mixtures = t purpose1 z x comb9es h>dness ) extra weight2 ! lead mu/ be melt$ 9 a pot by itself to a r$ heat1 & ! proportion ( quicksilv] mu/ be add$ a ladleful at a "t1 & /irr$ quickly ) a piece ( iron j 9 suffici5t quantity to make ?ree or f\r bullets4 ,if ! quicksilv] is subject$ to r$ heat 9 ! l>ge leadpot1 x w evaporate4 ,prop] alloy1 or spelt]1 _h be/ be ord]$ at a gun-mak]'s %op1 & tak5 f ,engl& in/ead ( lead3 diff]5t alloys ( spelt] v>y consid]ably 9 _! degree ( h>dness1 & !re=e m ?an "o specim5 %\ld be tri$4 ,%ape ( ,bullets4--,r\nd iron bullets are wor?less1 except at v close qu>t]s1 on acc\nt ( ! lightness ( ! metal3 = ! resi/ance ( ! air *ecks _! =ce extremely4 ,:e!r elongat$ iron bullets w\ld succe$1 rema9s to be ,tri$4 ,"s savages--z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( ,timor--:5 9 want ( bullets1 use /ones two or ?ree in*es long4 ,"s good sportsm5 insi/ on ! advantage1 = %oot+ at v close qu>t]s1 ( cleav+ a conical bullet ne>ly d[n to its base1 into f\r p>ts2 ^! p>tly sep>ate1 & make a fe>ful w\nd4 ,i suppose t ! bullet leaves ! gun ) ! same =ce z if x 7 entire2 & t x trav]ses too %ort a di/ance = ! alt]$ =m to tell s]i\sly ^u ! spe$3 :5 x /rikes1 x acts l *a9-%ot4 ,bullets1 to c>ry4--,bullets %\ld be c>ri$ sewn up 9 _! pat*es1 = ! conv5i5ce ( load+1 & !y %\ld n fit too tight3 a few may be c>ri$ b>e1 = ! sake ( rapid load+4 ,recov]+ ,bullets4--,:5 ammunition is sc>ce1 make a practice ( recov]+ ! bullets t may h be5 %ot into a bea/2 if !y are ( spelt]1 !y w be f\nd to h be5 v little knock$ out ( %ape1 & may (t5 be us$ aga9 )\t reca/+4 ,%ot & ,slugs4--,travell]s frequ5tly omit to take en\gh %ot1 :i* is a great mi/ake1 z birds are always to be f\nd1 :ile l>ge game is unc]ta93 besides ?is1 %ot gives amusem5t2 & ducks1 quails1 & p>tridges are mu* bett] eat+ ?an antelopes & buffaloes4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t a rifle w c>ry %ot q well en\gh1 on an em]g5cy4 ,probably ,no4 #g is ! mo/ conv5i5t size = %ot1 z ! birds are likely to be tame2 & also because a travell] c (t5 fire into a covey or d5se flight ( birds--& ! m pellets1 ! m execution4 ,if birds are to be kill$ = /uff+1 du/-%ot w also be want$2 o!rwise1 x is und\bt$ly bett] to take only "o size ( %ot4 ,%ot is made 9 manufactories1 z foll[s3--,ars5ic is add$ to ! lead1 9 ! proportion ( f #c lbs4 to #h lbs4 ( ars5ic to #ajjj lbs4 ( lead4 ,! melt$ lead is p\r$ ?r\gh cull5d]s drill$ ) v f9e holes1 & drops _m feet d[n1 into a tub ( wat]2 #ajj feet fall is necess>y = manufactories 9 :i* ,no4 #d %ot is made2 #aej1 = l>g] sorts4 ,if ! %ot turns out to be l5s-%ap$1 !re has be5 too mu* ars5ic2 if holl[1 flatt5$1 or tail$1 !re has be5 too little4 ,pewt] or t9 is bad1 z x makes tail$ %ot4 ,! ,%ot are sort$ by sieves2 bad %ot are we$$ out1 by lett+ ! %ot roll ov] a slightly-incl9$ bo>d1 !n ! %o t are n q r\nd roll (f to ! side4 ,la/ly1 ! %ot is smoo!d by be+ %ak5 up 9 a b>rel ) a little black-lead4 ,slugs are want$ bo? = night-%oot+ & also 9 case ( a ho/ile attack4 ,!y c be made by runn+ melt$ lead into re$s1 & *opp+ ! re$s into %ort l5g?2 or by ca/+ ! lead 9 tubes made by roll+ pap] r\nd a smoo? /ick3 :e!r re$s or pap] be us$1 !y %\ld be plant$ 9 ! gr\nd be=e ! lead is p\r$ 94 ,! temp]ature ( ! lead is regulat$ by tak+ c>e t a small quantity ( x rema9s unmelt$ 9 ! ladle1 at ! mom5t ( p\r+ out3 if x be too hot x w burn ! pap]4 7,see ,lead47 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,%oot+4 ,:5 ly+ d[n4--,load+4--,put 9 ! p[d] z y be/ c1 & ram ! bullet home1 ly+ flat on y\r back1 ) ! b>rel ( ! gun a?w>t y\r brea/4 ,x is easy to load 9 ?is way ) c>tridges4 ,on ,horseback4--,load+4--,empty ! *>ge ( p[d] f ! flask into ! left h&1 & p\r x d[n ! gun2 !n take a bullet1 wet out ( y\r m\?1 & drop x into ! b>rel1 us+ no ramrod2 ! wet w cake ! bullet pretty firmly 9 its "r place4 ,fir+4--,9 fir+1 d n br+ ! gun to y\r %\ld]2 b pres5t x across ! pommel ( ! saddle1 calculat+ ! angle ) y\r eye1 & /eady+ y\rself mom5t>ily by /&+ 9 ! /irrups1 z y take aim4 7,pallis]47 ,9 ea* b\nd ( ! horse1 ! mom5t :5 8 =e legs /rike ! gr\nd is "o ( comp>ative /ead9ess1 & is !re=e ! prop] in/ant = pull+ ! trigg]4 ,on ,wat]4--,boat-%oot+4--,a l&+-net %\ld be tak5 9 ! boat1 z ,colonel ,hawk] well advises1 to pick up ! dead birds z !y float on ! wat]1 :ile ! boat passes quickly by !m4 ,%oot+ ov] ,wat]4--,:5 %oot+ f a riv]-bank )\t boat or dog1 take a long light /r+ ) a /ick ti$ to "o end ( x1 ! o!r be+ held 9 ! h&3 by ?r[+ ,! /ick beyond ! float+ bird1 x c gradually be drawn 94 ,! /ick %\ld be #a #a_/b or #b feet long1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & not*$ at ei!r end1 & atta*$ to ! h&-l9e by a c\ple ( /r+s1 ea* #f feet long1 ti$ r\nd ei!r not*4 ,?us1 ! h&-l9e t]m9ates 9 a triangle 7see ! figure ,i h giv51 ( a rude ,/irrup71 ! two sides ( :i* are ( /r+1 ) ! /ick = a base4 ,a /\t /ick ( ?is k9d c be ?r[n to a great di/ance2 ei!r x may be heav$1 z a sailor's ,deep-sea ,lead1 or x may be :irl$ r\nd ! head1 & !n let fly4 ,night-%oot+4--,tie a b& ( :ite pap] r\nd ! muzzle ( ! gun1 beh9d ! sight4 ,mr4 ,&]sson1 :o has _h v great exp]i5ce1 ties ! pap]1 n r\nd ! smoo? b>rel1 b ov] ! sight & all2 &1 if ! sight does n happ5 to be a l>ge "o1 he ties a piece ( ?ick /r+ r\nd ! b>rel1 or uses o!r simil> contrivance1 to tilt up ! =e end ( ! pap]4 ,by ?is means1 ! pap] is n entirely lo/ sight ( at ! mom5t :5 ! aim is be+ tak54 ,mr4 ,&]sson also p9*es ! pap] into a ridge along ! middle ( ! gun1 to ensure a m def9$ =esight4 ,nocturnal ,animals4--,!re are a l>ge numb] ( night-fe$+ animals1 ^u ^: fle% a travell] might easily support himself1 b ( ^: exi/5ce he w\ld h few indications by daylight obs]vation only4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 respect to ,au/ralia are v sugge/ive3--,all ! m>supial animals--& x is "o ( _! curi\s peculi>ities--are nocturnal4 ,ev5 ! kang>oo1 :i* is ! lea/ s1 is sc>cely ev] se5 fe$+ out on ! pla9s 9 broad daylight3 x pref]s ! e>ly morn+ dawn1 or ! %ort twilight2 &1 above all1 ! bright moonlight nights4 ,) reg>d to mo/ ( ! o!r ,au/ralian =ms ( m>supial animals1 !y are mo/ /rictly nocturnal2 s t1 if a travell] 7 n aw>e ( t peculi>ity1 he might fancy himself trav]s+ a c\ntry de/itute ( ! mammalian grade ( animal life4 ,if1 h[ev]1 aft] a we>y day's j\rney1 he c\ld be awak5$1 & 7 to look out ab\t ! moonlight glade or scrub1 or if he 7 to set traps by night1 he w\ld probably be surpris$ to f9d h[ great a numb] ( int]e/+ =ms ( mammalian animals 7 to ,be met )1 9 places :]e !re 0 n ! slighte/ appe>ance ( !m 9 ! daytime4 ,battues4--,9 ,sw$51 :]e hundr$s ( p are m>%all$1 ea* man has a numb]1 & ! numb] is *alk$ ^u 8 hat4 ,sc>ecr[s4--,a /r+ ) fea!rs ti$ to x at int]vals1 l ! tail ( a boy's kite1 w sc>e mo/ animals ( ! de] tribe1 by _! flutt]+2 &1 9 want ( a suffici5t =ce ( m51 passes may be clos$ by ?is contrivance4 ,! ,sw$es use lapp>1 viz4 ,pieces ( canvas1 ( half ! height ( a man1 pa9t$ 9 gl>+ col\rs & left to flutt] f a l9e4 ,mr4 ,lloyd tells u ( a peasant :o1 :5 walk+ )\t a gun1 saw a glutton up 9 a tree4 ,he at once took (f 8 hat & coat & rigg$ out a sc>ecr[1 ! c\nt]p>t ( himself1 :i* he fix$ close by1 = ! purpose ( fright5+ ! bea/ f com+ d[n2 he !n w5t leisurely home1 to fet* 8 gun3 ?is notable exp$i5t succe$$ p]fectly4 ,/alk+-horses4--,artificial4--,a /alk+-horse1 or c[1 is made by cutt+ out a piece ( /rong canvas into ! %ape ( ! animal1 & pa9t+ x prop]ly4 ,loops are sewn 9 diff]5t places1 ?r\gh :i* /icks are pass$1 to /ret* ! curves into %ape3 a /ake1 plant$ 9 ! gr\nd s]ves z a buttress to support ! app>atus3 at a prop] height1 !re is a loophole to fire ?r\gh4 ,x packs up into a roll ( canvas & a bundle ( five or six /icks4 ,sket* ( /alk+-horse z describ$ bel[4 ,bu%es are us$ mu* 9 ! same way4 ,colonel ,hawk] made a contrivance ^u :eels :i* he pu%$ be=e him4 ,! ,esquimaux %oot seals by pu%+ a :ite scre5 be=e !m ov] ! ice1 on a sl$ge4 ,see figure4 - 7,kane47 ,real4--,bo? horses & ox5 c be tra9$ to %ield a sportsman3 !y are said to ent] into ! _s ( ! ,?+2 & to %[ wond]ful craft1 walk+ r\nd & r\nd ! object 9 n>r[+ circles1 & /opp+ to graze unconc]n$ly1 on witness+ ! lea/ sign ( al>m4 ,ox5 are taught to obey a t\* on ! horn3 ! common b cruel way ( tra9+ !m is to hamm] & batt] ! horns = h\rs toge!r1 & on _m days successively3 !y !n become inflam$ at ! root & are highly s5sitive4 ,pan-hunt+ 7us$ at salt-licks74--,pan-hunt+ is a me?od ( hunt+ de] at night4 ,an iron pan atta*$ to a long /ick1 s]v+ z a h&le1 is c>ri$ 9 ! left h& ov] ! left %\ld]2 ne> :]e ! h& grasps ! h&le1 9 a small project+ /ick1 =m+ a =k on :i* to re/ ! rifle1 :5 fir+4 ,! pan is fill$ ) burn+ p9e-knots1 :i*1 be+ saturat$ ) turp5t9e1 %$ a brilliant & con/ant light all ar\nd2 %9+ into ! eyes ( any de] t may come 9 t direction1 & mak+ !m look l two balls ( fire4 ,! effect is mo/ curi\s to ^? unaccum/om$ to x4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! eyes ( ! de] z he approa*es1 appe>s gradually to increase1 rem9d+ "o ( ! lamps ( a travell+ c>riage4 7,pallis]47 ,! ru% ( an enrag$ ,animal is f> m easily avoid$ ?an is usually suppos$4 ,! way ! ,spani% bull-fight]s play ) ! bull1 is well kn[n3 any man c avoid a m]e headlong *>ge4 ,ev5 ! spe$ ( a rac]1 :i* is und5iably f> great] ?an any wild quadrup$1 does n exce$ #cj miles an h\r or f\r times ! spe$ ( a man4 ,! spe$ ( an ord9>y horse is n m ?an #bd miles an h\r3 n[ ev5 ! fa/e/ wild bea/ is unable to cat* an ord9>y horse1 except by crawl+ unobs]v$ close to 8 side1 & spr++ ^u him2 !re=e ,i am conv9c$ t ! ru% ( no wild animal exce$s #bd miles an h\r1 or ?ree times ! spe$ ( a man4 7,see ,measurem5ts ( ! rate ( an animal's gallop1 p4 #cg47 ,x is p]fectly easy = a p]son :o is cool1 to avoid an animal1 by dodg+ to "o side or o!r ( a bu%4 ,few animals turn1 if ! ru% be unsuccessful4 ,! buffalo is an exception2 he regul>ly hunts a man1 & is !re=e peculi>ly dang]\s4 ,un?9k+ p]sons talk ( ! fe>ful rapidity ( a lion or tig]'s spr+4 ,x is n rapid at all3 x is a sl[ movem5t1 z mu/ be evid5t f ,! foll[+ consid]ation4 ,no wild animal c leap t5 y>ds1 & !y all make a high trajectory 9 _! leaps4 ,n[1 ?9k ( ! spe$ ( a ball ?r[n1 or r pit*$1 ) j suffici5t =ce to be caught by a p]son t5 y>ds (f3 x is a m]e no?+4 ,! cat*] c play ) x z he likes2 he has ev5 "t to turn aft] x1 if ?r[n wide4 ,b ! spe$ ( a spr++ animal is und5iably ! same z t ( a ball1 ?r[n s z to make a flight ( equal l5g? & height 9 ! air4 ,! coroll>y to all ?is is1 t1 if *>g$1 y mu/ keep cool & wat*ful1 & y\r *ance ( escape is f> great] ?an non-sportsm5 w\ld imag9e4 ,! bl[ ( ! free paw is f> swift] ?an ! b\nd4 ,dogs kept at bay4--,a correspond5t assures me t a dog fly+ at a man may be successfully repell$ by means ( a /\t /ick held horizontally1 a h& at ea* end1 & us$ to ?ru/ ! dog backw>ds ov]1 by meet+ him across ! ?roat or brea/4 ,if foll[$ by a bl[ on ! nose1 z ! brute is fall+1 ! result w be soon] atta9$4 ,a wat*-dog usually desi/s f fly+ at a /rang] :5 he seats himself quietly on ! gr\nd1 l ,ulysses4 ,! dog !n cont5ts himself ) b>k+ & keep+ gu>d until 8 ma/] arrives4 ,hid+ ,game4--,9 hid+ game f birds ( prey1 bru% x ov]1 & !y w seldom f9d x out2 birds _c smell well1 b !y h ke5 eyes4 ,! meat %\ld be hung f an ov]hang+ b\gh2 !n1 if ! birds f9d x out1 !re w be no place = !m to /& on & te> x4 ,leav+ a h&k]*ief or a %ort to flutt] f a tree1 w sc>e animals ( prey = a %ort "t4 7,see ,sc>ecr[s4 ,ty+ up y\r ,horse4--,y may tie y\r horse1 on a b>e pla91 to ! horns ( an animal t y h %ot1 :ile y are sk9n+ him1 b x is bett] to hobble ! horse ) a /irrup-lea!r4 7,see ,%oot+-horse47 ,division ( ,game4--,"s rules are necess>y 9 ^! matt]s1 to avoid disputes1 especially betwe5 :ites & natives2 & !re=e ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry mu/ be att5d$ to4 ,b x is a v g5]al & conv5i5t rule 7?\gh1 l all fix$ rules1 (t5 unfair7 t ! animal %\ld belong to ! ,man :o fir/ w\nd$ him1 h[ev] slight ! w\nd might h be52 b t he or !y :o actually kill$ ! animal1 %\ld h a "r to a slice ( ! meat3 x mu/ h[ev]1 be und]/ood1 t ! man :o gave ! fir/ w\nd %\ld n !nce=w>d )draw f ! *ase2 if he does s1 8 claim is lo/4 ,9 ,am]ica ! sk9 belongs to ! fir/ %ot1 ! c>case is divid$ equally among ! :ole p>ty4 ,:al+ crews are b\nd by simil> cu/oms1 9 :i* nice di/9ctions are made1 & :i* h all ! =ce ( laws4 ,duck-%oot+4--,wood5 ducks1 balla/$ ) lead1 & pa9t$1 may be us$ at night z decoy-ducks2 or ! sk9s ( birds already %ot1 may be /uff$ & employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,!y %\ld be an*or$ 9 ! wat]1 or made fa/ to a frame atta*$ to ! %oot+-punt1 & dress$ ) s$ge4 ,x is conv5i5t to s9k a l>ge b>rel into ! flat m>% or mud1 z a dry place to /& or sit 91 :5 wait+ = ! birds to come4 ,a lady sugge/s to me1 t if ! sportsman took a bottle ( hot wat] to put "u 8 feet1 x w\ld be a great com=t to him1 & 9 ?is ,i q agree2 ,i w\ld take a keg ( hot wat]1 :5 ab\t x4 ,if real ducks be us$ z decoy-birds1 ! males %\ld be ti$ 9 "o place & ! females 9 ano!r1 to induce !m to quack4 ,an artificial isl& may be made to attract ducks1 :5 !re is no real "o4 ,crocodile-%oot+4--,mr4 ,gilby says1 speak+ ( ,egypt1 ,i kill$ sev]al crocodiles by digg+ pits on ! s&-isl&s & sleep+ a "p ( ! night 9 !m2 a dry %r$ ( palm-bran*1 ! col\r ( ! s&1 r\nd ! hole1 =m$ a scre5 to put ! gun ?r\gh4 ,_! fle% 0 mo/ excell5t eat+--half-way betwe5 meat & fi%3 ,i _h x sev]al times4 ,! difficulty ( %oot+ !m 01 t ! falcons & spurw+-plov]s w\ld hov] r\nd ! pit1 :5 ! crocodiles inv>iably took to ! wat]4 ,_! sight & he>+ 7 good1 b _! sc5t indiff]5t4 ,i g5]ally got a %ot or two at daybreak aft] sleep+ 9 ! pit4 ,tracks4--,:5 ! neighb\rhood ( a dr9k+-place is trodd5 d[n ) tracks1 describe a circle a little di/ance ,f x1 to asc]ta9 if x be mu* frequ5t$4 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* spoor %\ld at all times be s\ght =4 7,cumm+'s ',life 9 ,s\? ,africa4'7 ,to "k if a burr[ be t5ant$1 g to "w on ! same pr9ciple2 b1 if ! gr\nd be h>d1 spr9kle s& ov] x1 9 ord] to %[ ! tracks m cle>ly4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! ,apocrypha1 t ! prophet ,daniel did ?is1 :5 he wi%$ to le>n :o x really 0 :o e night consum$ ! meat :i* 0 plac$ be=e ! idol ( ,bel1 & :i* ! idol itself 0 suppos$ to eat3 he ?us discov]$ t ! prie/s & _! families _h a secret door by :i* !y ent]$ ! temple2 & conv9c$ ! k+ ( ! matt]1 by %[+ him _! footpr9ts4 ,c>ry+ ,game4--,to c>ry small ,game1 z ,fall[ ,de]4--,make a long slit ) y\r knife betwe5 ! back s9ew & ! bone ( bo? ( ! h9d-legs4 ,cut a ?ick pole ( wood & a /\t wood5 skew] #h in*es long4 ,n[ ?ru/ ! "r =e-leg ?r\gh ! slit 9 ! left h9d "o1 & !n ! left =e-leg ?r\gh ! slit 9 ! "r h9d "o1 & hold+ ^! firmly 9 _! places1 pu% ! skew] "r ?r\gh ! left =e-leg1 s z to peg x f draw+ back4 ,la/ly run ! pole betwe5 ! animal's legs & its body1 & let two m5 c>ry x on _! %\ld]s1 "o at ea* end ( ! pole2 or1 if a bea/ ( burd5 be at h&1 ! c>case is 9 a v conv5i5t %ape = be+ pack$4 ,9 animals ^: back s9ew is n v prom95t1 x is be/ to cross ! legs z above1 & to la% !m toge!r4 ,always take ! b[els out ( game1 be=e c>ry+ x2 x is s mu* weight sav$4 ,i rode out accompani$ by an aft]-rid]1 & %ot two spr+boks1 :i* we bore to camp secur$ on our horses beh9d our saddles1 by pass+ ! buckles ( ! gir?s on ea* side ?r\gh ! =e & h9d legs ( ! antelopes1 hav+ fir/ p]=m$ an incision betwe5 ! bone & ! s9ews ) ! c\teau de *asse1 accord+ to colonial usage4 7,cumm+'s ',life 9 ,s\? ,africa4'7 ,aft] he _h sk9n$ & gutt$ ! animal1 he cut away ! fle% f ! bones1 9 "o piece1 )\t sep>at+ ! limbs1 s z to leave susp5d$ f ! tree m]ely ! skeleton ( ! de]4 ,?is1 x appe>$1 0 ! ,turki% fa%ion 9 use ^u long ,j\rneys1 9 ord] to relieve travell]s f ! useless burd5 ( bones4 7,huc's ',t>t>y4'7 ,see also ! section on ,heavy weights1 to raise & c>ry1 especially ,mr4 ,wyndham's plan4 ,to float c>cases ( ,game across a riv]4--,sir ,s4 ,bak] recomm5ds /ripp+ (f ! sk9 ( ! animal1 z ?\gh x 7 int5d$ to make a wat]-sk9 ( x3 putt+ a /one up ! neck end ( ! sk92 ?us =m+ a wat]-tight sack1 op5 at "o end only4 ,all ! fle% is n[ to be cut (f ! bones1 & pack$ into ! sack2 :i* is !n to be inflat$1 & secur$ by ty+ up ! op5 end4 ,! sk9 ( a l>ge antelope ?us inflat$1 w n only float ! :ole ( ! fle%1 b w also support sev]al swimm]s4 ,to c>ry ,ivory on pack-animals1 ! ,nor? ,african trad]s use nets1 sl++ two l>ge tee? on ea* side ( an ass4 ,small tee? are wrapp$ up 9 sk9s & secur$ ) rope4 7,mungo ,p>k47 ,sett+ a gun z a spr+-gun4--,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,! /r+ t goes across ! pa?way %\ld be d>k col\r$1 & s f9e t1 if ! bea/ /ruggles aga9/ x1 x %\ld break r ?an cause injury to ! gun4 ,i mu/ h[ev]1 add1 t 9 ! num]\s cases 9 :i* ,i h witness$ or he>d ( guns be+ set ) success1 = l>ge bea/s ( prey1 ,i h nev] kn[n ( injury occurr+ to ! gun4 ,! height ( ! muzzle %\ld be prop]ly arrang$ ) reg>d to ! height ( ! expect$ animal2 ?us1 ! he>t ( a hy5a is ! height ( a man's knee above ! gr\nd2 t ( a lion1 is a span high]4 ,! /r+ %\ld n be tight1 b hang 9 a b[1 or ! animal w cause ! gun to g (f on fir/ t\*+ ! /r+1 & w only receive a fle%-w\nd across ! front ( 8 *e/4 #a/ ,me?od4--,! annex$ sket* 7p4 #beh7 expla9s ! me?od ,i h describ$ 9 previ\s editions ( ?is book4 ,! /ock is firmly la%$ to a tree1 & ! muzzle to a /ake plant$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a lev]-/ick1 #h in*es long1 is b\nd across ! grip ( ! gun s z to /& upright2 b x is n b\nd s tightly z to prev5t a slight degree ( movem5t4 ,! bottom ( ! lev]-/ick is ti$ to ! trigg]1 & ! top ( x to a long1 f9e1 d>k-col\r$ /r+1 :i* is pass$ ?r\gh ! empty ramrod tubes1 & is fix$ to a tree on ! o!r side ( ! pa?way4 ,x is evid5t t :5 a bea/ brea/s ?is /r+1 ! trigg] ( ! gun w be pull$4 ,sket* ( man sett+ up gun to be fir$ z above4 #and ,me?od4--,i h1 h[ev]1 be5 subsequ5tly in=m$ ( a bett] plan ( adapt+ ! lev]-/ick4 ,x is %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7bel[74 ,! fault ( ! previ\s plan1 is ! tr\ble ( ty+ ! /r+ to ! trigg]2 s9ce ! curvature is usually su* z to make x a matt] ( "s pa9/ak+ to fix x securely4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 is ! lev]-/ick4 ,not* x deeply at ,a1 :]e x is to receive ! trigg]2 not* x also at ,b1 half an in* f ,a2 & at ,c1 #e in*es or s f ,b4 ,9 la%+ ,b to ! grip ( ! /ock at ,d1 ! firm] y make ! la%+1 ! bett]4 ,if ,d admit ( any yield+ movem5t1 on ,c be+ pull$1 ! gun w n g (f1 ei!r readily or surely2 z w easily be se51 on mak+ exp]im5t4 ,sket* ( rifle ) /ick rigg$ z above4 #crd ,me?od4--,i am indebt$ to ,capta9 ,j4 ,mead5 = ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! plan us$ 9 ,ceylon = sett+ a spr+ gun = leop>ds3-- ,remove ! se>1 or tie up ! trigg]4 ,load ! gun1 & secure x at ! prop] height f ! gr\nd4 ,opposite ! muzzle ( ! gun1 or at su* di/ance to ! "r1 or left1 z may be requir$1 fa/$ ! end ( a black /r+1 or l9e made ( horsehair or fibre1 & pass x across ! pa? to ! gun4 ,fa/5 ! o!r end to a /ake1 long en\gh to /& high] ?an ! hamm]4 ,/ick ! end ( ! /ake slightly 9 ! gr\nd1 & let x re/ upright aga9/ ! lock projection1 ! black l9e be+ fa/5$ ne>ly at t height4 ,pass r\nd ! small ( ! /ock a loop ( s+le or d\ble /r+4 ,take a piece ( /ick #f or #h in*es long1 pass ?r\gh ! loop1 & twi/ t\rniquet fa%ion until ! loop is r$uc$ to ! requir$ l5g?4 ,raise ! hamm] c>efully1 & pass ! %ort end ( ! lev]-/ick1 f ! inn] to ! out] side1 ov] ! comb1 & let ! long end ( ! lev] re/ aga9/ ! /ake3 ! pressure ( ! hamm] w keep ! lev] /eady aga9/ ! /ake4 ,to prev5t ! l[] end ( ! /ake fly+ out1 f ! pressure ( ! lev] on ! upp] "p1 place a log or /one aga9/ ! foot4 ,an animal pu%+ aga9/ ! black /r+1 draws ! upp] end ( ! /ake t[>ds ! muzzle1 until ! lev] is dis5gag$ & releases ! hamm]4 ,9 lay+ ! long arm ( ! lev] aga9/ ! /ake suffici5t play mu/ be all[$ = ! contraction ( ! black /r+1 :5 wet by dew or ra94 ,if a d\ble gun is set1 two /akes & two lev]s w be requir$4 ,! /akes to be connect$ above & bel[ ! gun1 by cross /icks4 ,! lev]s mu/ be pass$ r\nd ! combs ! opposite way1 to all[ ( ! long arms press+ outw>ds f ! gun1 & enable ! lev]s to dis5gage )\t entangl+4 ,! c>case or live bait mu/ be h$g$ r\nd1 & means adopt$ to guide ! leop>d across ! /r+1 by runn+ out a %ort h$ge on "o side4 ,9 ?is case ! black l9e to be set taut1 & "s #d in*es f ! l9e ( fire4 ,! brea/ ?an cat*es ! /r+1 & ! pu% releases ! hamm] :5 ! muzzle is 9 l9e ) ! *e/4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 two or m guns c be set1 slightly v>y+ 9 elevation1 to all[ ( "o b>rel at lea/ be+ effective4 ,b[ & ,arr[ set = ,bea/s4--,! ,*9ese h "s equival5t contrivance ) b[s & arr[s4 ,m4 ,huc tells u t a simply con/ruct$ ma*9e is sold 9 ! %ops1 by :i*1 :5 sprung1 a numb] ( poison$ arr[s are fir$ (f 9 succession4 ,^! ma*9es are plant$ 9 caves ( sepulture1 to gu>d !m f pillage4 ,!y use spr+-guns1 & us$ to h spr+-b[s 9 ,sw$51 & 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,knives4--,hunt+-knife4--,a great hunt+-knife is a useless encumbrance3 no old sportsman or travell] c>es to encumb] himself ) "o2 b a but*]'s knife1 c>ri$ 9 a %ea?1 is excell5t1 bo? f its effici5t %ape1 ! s(t quality ( ,! /eel1 its lightness1 & ! /rong way 9 :i* ! blade is set 9 ! haft4 ,pocket-knife4--,if a travell] wants a pocket-knife full ( all k9ds ( tools1 he _h be/ ord] a v light "o ( #b #c_/d in*es long1 9 a tortoise-%ell h&le1 )\t ! usual turnscrew at ! end4 ,x %\ld h a light pick] to %ut ov] its back2 ?is w act z a /rike-light1 & a file also1 if its "u surface be prop]ly r\gh5$4 ,und]nea? ! pick]1 !re %\ld be a small triangul> bor]1 = mak+ holes 9 lea!r1 & a gimlet4 ,! front ( ! knife %\ld conta9 a long1 n>r[ p5-blade ( s(t /eel2 a cobbl]'s awl1 slightly b5t2 & a pack+-ne$le ) a l>ge eye1 to pu% ?ongs & tw9e ?r\gh holes 9 lea!r4 ,betwe5 ! tortoise-%ell "p ( ! h&le & ! metal frame ( ! knife1 %\ld be a space to conta9 ?ree flat ?9 pieces ( /eel1 turn+ on ! same pivot4 ,! ends ( ^! are to be gr\nd to =m turnscrews ( brass in/rum5ts3 :5 ?is excell5t contrivance is us$1 x mu/ be op5$ out l ! lett] ,t1 ! foot ( :i* repres5ts ! turnscrew 9 use & ! horizontal "p repres5ts ! o!r two turnscrews1 :i* s]ve z ! h&le4 ,x may be ?\ght advisable to add a button-hook1 a corkscrew1 & a l>ge blade2 b t is n my recomm5dation1 because x increases ! size ( ! knife & makes x heavy2 n[ a heavy knife is apt to be laid by1 & n to be at h& :5 want$1 :ile a light knife is a con/ant pocket companion4 ,%ea? ,knives1 to c>ry4--,!y are easily c>ri$ by half-nak$1 pocketless savages1 by atta*+ ! %ea?s to a lea!r-loop1 ?r\gh :i* ! left =e>m & elb[ are to be pass$4 ,a swimm] c easily c>ry a knife 9 ?is way2 o!rwise he holds x betwe5 8 tee?4 ,sub/itutes = ,knives4--,/eel is no d\bt va/ly bett] ?an iron1 b x is n ess5tial = ! ord9>y purposes ( life2 inde$1 mo/ anci5t civiliz$ nations _h no?+ bett] ?an iron4 ,any bit ( good iron may be heat$ z hot z ! camp-fire admits2 hamm]$ flat1 la%$ into a h&le1 & %>p5$ on a /one4 ,a fragm5t ( fl9t or obsidian may be made fa/ to a h&le1 to be us$ z a c>p5t] cuts pap] ,) a *isel2 namely1 by hold+ x dagg]-fa%ion1 & draw+ x ov] ! sk9 or fle% :i* he wi%es to cut4 ,%ells are sometimes employ$ z sub/itutes = knives1 also ?9 /rips ( bamboo1 ! %>p edges ( :i* cut meat easily4 7,see ,%>p5+ ,tools47 ,night-glass4--,op]a-glasses are invaluable z night-glasses1 =1 by _! aid1 ! sight ( man is rais$ ne>ly to a p> ) t ( night-rov+ animals2 !re=e1 a sportsman w\ld f9d !m ( great s]vice :5 wat*+ = game at night4 ,a small & inexp5sive glass is z useful = ?is purpose z a l>ge "o2 b !re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! cle>ness ( diff]5t op]a-glasses4 ,,o!r ,,means ,,( ,,captur+ ,,game4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,a trapp] w nev] succe$1 unless he ?or\ghly ent]s into ! habits ( life & m9d ( wild animals4 ,he mu/ ev] be> 9 m9d h[ suspici\s !y are2 h[ quickly _! eye is caught by unusual traces2 &1 la/ly1 h[ /rong & endur+ a ta9t is left by ! human t\*4 ,our own s5ses d n make u aw>e ( :at x is disagreeable en\gh to ackn[l$ge1 t ! :ole species ( man yields a p[]ful & wide-spread+ emanation1 t is utt]ly disgu/+ & repulsive to e animal 9 its wild /ate4 ,x requires "s exp]i5ce to realise ?is fact3 a man mu/ frequ5tly h wat*$ ! heads ( a h]d ( f> di/ant animals1 toss$ up 9 al>m ! mom5t t !y cat* 8 w9d2 he mu/ h obs]v$ ! tracks ( animals--h[1 :5 !y cross$ 8 pa? ( ! prec$+ day1 ! bea/ t made ! tracks has /opp$1 scrut9is$1 & %unn$ x--be=e he c believe :at a ,yahoo he is among ! brute creation4 ,no cleanl9ess ( ! individual seems to dim9i% ?is rem>kable od\r3 inde$1 ! m civilis$ ! man1 ! m subtle does x appe> to be2 ! t\* ( a game-keep] sc>es less ?an t ( ! ma/]1 & ! t\* ( a negro or bu%man less ?an t ( a travell] f ,europe4 ,if a novice ?9ks he w trap successfully by su* artless endeav\rs z putt+ a bait on ! plate ( a trap t is cov]$ ov] ) moss1 or by digg+ a pitfall 9 ! middle ( a wild bea/'s track1 he is utt]ly mi/ak54 ,! bait ,%\ld be ?r[n on ! gr\nd1 & ! trap plac$ on ! way to x2 !n ! animal's m9d1 be+ fix$ on ! meat1 takes less he$ ( ! footpa?4 ,or a pitfall %\ld be made ne> ! ma9 pa?2 ?is be+ subsequ5tly /opp$ by b\ghs1 causes ! animal to walk 9 ! bu%es1 & to tumble into ! cov]$ hole4 ,! slighte/ ?+ div]ts an animal's /ep3 wat* a wild bea/'s pa? across a =e/ --little twigs & tufts ( grass w be se5 to h *ang$ its c\rse1 & caus$ x to curve4 ,x is 9 trifles ( ?is sort t ! trapp] %\ld look = auxili>ies4 ,aft] sett+ traps1 ,mr4 ,/4 ,john recomm5ds ! use ( a small bran* ( a tree2 fir/1 to smoo? ! gr\nd1 & !n1 hav+ dipp$ x 9 wat]1 to spr9kle ! place3 ?is entirely oblit]ates all foot-m>ks4 ,spr+es4--,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,h>d5 ! wood ( :i* ! me*anism has to be made1 by means ( fire2 ei!r bak+ x 9 hot s& or a%es1 or o!rwise apply+ heat to a degree j %ort ( *>r+ its surface4 ,! me*anism w !n reta9 ! %>pness ( its edges "u a cont9uance ( pressure1 & dur+ _m h\rs ( wet wea!r4 ,! slight] ! /ra9 on ! spr+e1 ! m delicately c its me*anism be set4 ,nooses4--,catgut 7:i* see7 makes bett] nooses ?an /r+1 because x is /iff en\gh to keep 9 %ape :5 set3 brass wife t has be5 heat$ r$-hot1 is excell5t2 = x has no t5d5cy :atev] to twi/1 & yet is p]fectly pliable4 ,fi%-hooks are sometimes atta*$ to spr+es2 sometimes a tree is b5t d[n & a /rong cord is us$ = ! noose1 by :i* l>ge animals are /rangl$ up 9 ! air1 z leop>ds are 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,a noose may be set 9 any place :]e !re is a run2 x c be kept spread out1 by ?9 ru%es or twigs set crosswise 9 x4 ,if ! animal x is set = c gnaw1 a heavy /one %\ld be loosely propp$ up1 :i* ! animal 9 its /ruggles may set free1 & by ! weight ( :i* x may be hung up & /rangl$4 ,x is a v conv5i5t plan = a travell] :o has n "t to look = runs1 to make little h$ges across a creek1 or at "r angles to a clump ( trees1 & to set 8 sn>es 9 gaps left 9 ^! artificial h$ges4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 artificial isl&s ( piles & faggots ,are commonly made 9 lakes t are de/itute ( any real ones1 9 ord] t !y may become a resort ( wild-f[l4 ,javel9s4--,heavy poison$ javel9s1 hung ov] elephant & hippopotamus pa?s1 & dropp$ on a cat* be+ t\*$1 aft] ! mann] ( a spr+e1 are us$ g5]ally 9 ,africa4 ,!y sometimes consi/ ( a %>p little assegai1 or spike1 mo/ ?or\ghly poison$1 & /uck firmly into ! end ( a heavy block ( ?ornwood1 ab\t f\r feet long & five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is =midable affair is susp5d$ ov] ! c5tre ( a sea-c[ pa?1 at ab\t ?irty feet f ! gr\nd1 by a b>k cord1 :i* passes ov] a high bran* ( a tree1 & !nce1 by a peg1 on "o side ( a pa? b5ea?4 7,gordon ,cumm+47 ,trigg]4--,:]e a trigg] has to release a /rong spr+1 an arrangem5t on ! pr9ciple ( a figure ( #d trap is1 ,i believe1 ! mo/ delicate2 ! /&>d may be a bran* or ! /ock ( a tree2 & ! o!r pieces %\ld be h>d5$ by fire4 ,pitfalls4--,v small pitfalls1 ) %>p5$ /akes1 plant$ inside !m1 t h be5 bak$ h>d by ! fire & well poison$1 are easily to be set1 b !y are v dang]\s to man & bea/4 ,9 prep>+ a pitfall = animals ( prey1 x is usual to asc]ta9 :e!r !y are deep en\gh1 by putt+ 9 a l>ge dog2 if he _c get out1 x is v unlikely t any wild bea/ c4 7,see ,tr\s de l\p1 p4 #cab47 ,pitfalls are (t5 dug 9 great numb]s1 ne> frequ5t$ wat]+-places1 to :i* num]\s int]sect+ pa?s lead3 by /opp+ up p>ticul> pa?s1 ! pitfalls c be br\ght sep>ately into use2 !re=e1 ^? pitfalls ne$ nev] be employ$ 9 :i* animals h be5 fre%ly kill$1 & :]e ! smell ( blood w\ld sc>e ! game4 ,x is difficult to prev5t ! cov]s ( pitfalls becom+ holl[3 ! only way is to build ! ro(s 9 some:at ( an ar*1 s z to all[ = subsid5ce4 ,if a h]d ( animals be driv5 ov] pitfalls1 "s are sure to be pu%$ 91 z ! cru% makes x impossible = ! bea/s1 h[ev] w>y1 to pick _! way4 ,ug&a ,?orn-wrea?4--,capta9 ,grant f\nd a v +5i\s contrivance 9 use 9 ,ug&a1 9 ,africa4 ,two small ,/\t hoops ( equal diamet]1 made ( wood fully an in* 9 ?ickness1 7 la%$ "o above ! o!r2 long acacia ?orns 7 int]pos$1 =m+ ! spokes ( a :eel ( :i* ! hoops =m$ ! rim4 ,! bases ( ! ?orns 7 nipp$ betwe5 ! hoops2 & _! po9ts radiat$ t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,a great _m ?orns 7 us$1 s t ! appe>ance 0 t ( a :eel )\t a nave1 ^: spokes 7 s close toge!r t !y t\*$ ea* o!r1 &1 z ?orns tap] f base to po9t1 ! spokes t\*$ "o ano!r along _! :ole l5g?1 f circumf]5ce to c5tre4 ,?is app>atus is always made ) great neatness4 ,x is laid ov] a hole #ah in*es deep1 dug 9 ! bea/'s pa?1 & ! noose ( a cord1 ( :i* ! o!r end is secur$ to a log1 is laid closely )9 ! upp] hoop4 ,:5 ! bea/ treads on ! app>atus1 he cra%es ?r\gh ! ?orns1 b1 on )draw+ 8 foot f ! hole1 ! wrea? cl+s to 8 fetlock l a ruff1 & prev5ts ! noose f slipp+ (f4 ,?us !re is "t = ! noose to become firmly jamm$ dur+ ! /ruggles ( ! bea/4 ,( c\rse1 ! trapp] artfully bu%es ! pa?1 s z to induce him to /ep full ^u ! trap4 ,he sets a great _m ( !m1 & !y require no look+ aft]4 ,! diamet] ( ! hoops is made proportionate to ! size ( ! bea/ = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,six in*es int]ior diamet] 0 ! size us$ = buffalo & h>tebee/4 ,traps4--,/eel traps %\ld nev] be ti$ fa/1 or ! captur$ animal may /ruggle loose1 or ev5 gnaw (f 8 leg4 ,x is be/ to cut small bu%es1 & m]ely to secure ! traps to _! cut ends4 ,/eel traps are ( b little use to a travell]4 ,hawks are trapp$ by select+ a b>e tree1 t /&s 9 an op5 space3 its top is sawn (f level1 & a trap is put ^u x3 ! bait is laid some:]e ne>1 on ! gr\nd3 ! bird is sure to visit ! pole1 ei!r be=e or aft] he has f$4 ,poison4--,savages frequ5tly poison ! wat] ( dr9k+-places1 & foll[1 capture1 & eat ! poison$ animals4 ,nux vomica or /ry*n9e is a v dang]\s poison to use1 b x af=ds ! be/ means ( ridd+ a neighb\rhood ( noxi\s bea/s & birds3 if employ$ to kill bea/s1 put x 9 ! belly2 if1 birds1 9 ! eye1 ( ! bait4 ,meat = kill+ ,bea/s %\ld be set aft] nightfall2 else ! cr[s & o!r birds w be sure to f9d x out1 & eat x up be=e ! bea/s h "t to discov] x4 ,x w\ld be unsafe to eat an animal kill$ ) /ry*n9e1 on acc\nt ( ! deadl9ess ( ! poison4 ,! ,sw$es put fulm9at+-p[d] 9 a raw %ankbone1 & ?r[ x d[n to ! wolves2 :5 "o ( ^! gnaws & crun*es x1 x bl[s 8 head to atoms4 ,poison$ ,bullets4--,i take ! foll[+ extract f ',galignani's ,mess5g]3'--,a new me?od ( cat*+ :ales is n[ be+ tri$ ) consid]able success1 sci5ce hav+ contribut$ to its discov]y4 ,our read]s are well aw>e ( ! deadly effects ( ! ,indian poison call$ wur>e1 or woorali1 conc]n+ :i* we h (t5 _h occasion to record ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 especially 9 m5tion+ ! attempts made to use x z a specific = lockjaw1 its peculi> action consi/+ 9 relax+ ! muscul> sy/em4 ,/ry*n9e is a poison produc+ ! contr>y effect1 ! excessive contraction ( t sy/em1 or1 9 o!r words1 tetanus1 or lockjaw4 ,x is a curi\s fact t by ! conjunction ( ^! two ag5ts1 s diametrically opposite 9 _! effects1 a poison is obta9$ t w kill almo/ in/antly if only adm9i/]$ 9 ! dose ( half a milligramme p] kilogramme ( ! animal to be subject$ to its action1 provid$ its weight d n exce$ t5 kilogrammes4 ,if l>g]1 ! dose mu/ be proportionally increas$4 ,m4 ,?i]cel91 ! inv5tor ( ?is poison1 composes x by mix+ a salt ( /ry*n9e ) "o-tw5tie? ( woorali4 ,to apply x to :ale fi%+1 he makes ! comp\nd up into c>tridges ( ?irty grammes 7an ounce7 ea*1 :i* is en\gh to kill an animal ( #fj1jjj kilogrammes weight4 ,ea* c>tridge is imb$d$ 9 ! gunp[d] conta9$ 9 an explosive %ell :i* is fir$ (f on ! :ale4 ,9 a late :al+ voyage t5 :ales receiv$ su* missiles1 & all di$ )9 f f\r to eighte5 m9utes aft] ! infliction ( ! w\nd4 ,out ( ^! t5 :ales1 six 7 cut up = _! blubb] & :alebone4 ,_! rema9s 7 h&l$ by c>eless m51 :o frequ5tly _h scrat*es & sores on _! sk91 & yet n "o ( !m suff]$ ! slighte/ injury1 a circum/ance :i* ,%[s t ! poison _c be transmitt$ f ! fi% to ! m54 ,its poison\s action on ! :ale is1 h[ev]1 s great t practically ! dose w h to be dim9i%$1 s t ! dea? ( ! creature may n be s sudd54 ,we %\ld n =get to /ate t two out ( ! t5 :ales above m5tion$ 7 lo/ by "o ( ! _m accid5ts incid5t to :al+1 & t two o!rs 7 ( a k9d t is n wor? fi%+ =4 ,poison$ ,arr[s4--,arr[s are mo/ readily poison$ by /eep+ a ?read 9 ! juice1 & wrapp+ x r\nd ! b>bs4 ,s]p5ts' v5om may always be us$ ) effect4 ,bird-lime c be made f ! middle b>k ( mo/ p>asitic plants1 t is to say1 ^? t gr[ l mi/letoe1 out ( ! b\ghs ( o!r trees4 ,holly & "y eld] %oots also af=d x4 ,! b>k is boil$ = sev5 or eight h\rs1 till q s(t1 & is !n dra9$ ( its wat] & laid 9 heaps1 9 pits dug 9 ! gr\nd1 :]e x is cov]$ ) /ones & left = two or ?ree weeks to f]m5t2 b less "t is requir$1 if ! wea!r be hot4 ,x is wat]$ f "t to "t1 if necess>y4 ,9 ?is way1 x passes into a mucilag9\s /ate2 & is !n p\nd$ into a pa/e1 wa%$ 9 runn+ wat]1 & knead$ till x is free f dirt & *ips4 ,la/ly1 x is left = f\r or five days 9 e>!n vessels1 to f]m5t & purify itself1 :5 x becomes fit = use4 ,x ought to be gre5i%1 s\r1 gluey1 /r+y1 & /icky4 ,x becomes brittle :5 dry1 & may be p[d]$2 b1 on be+ wett$1 x becomes /icky aga94 7,ure's ,diction>y47 ,va/ flocks ( birds frequ5t ! scatt]$ wat]+-places ( dry c\ntries at nightfall & at daybreak3 by lim+ ! s$ges & bu%es t gr[ ab\t !m1 numb]s ( birds c\ld be caught4 ,cr[s may be kill$ by twi/+ up a piece ( pap] l an ext+ui%]1 dropp+ a piece ( meat 9 x1 & sme>+ its sides ) bird-lime4 ,:5 ! bird pokes 8 head 91 8 eyes are gumm$ up & bl9d$2 & he t[]s upw>ds 9 ! air1 :5ce he soon falls d[n exhau/$1 &1 x may be1 dead ) fright4 7,lloyd47 ,fi%-hooks1 bait$ ) meat1 are good to cat* ^! sorts ( birds4 ,cat*+ ) ! ,h&4--,ducks4--,we he> ( ,h9doos :o1 tak+ advantage ( ! _m g\rds float+ on _! wat]s1 put "o ( !m on _! heads1 & wade 9 among wild ducks2 !y pull !m d[n1 "o aft] ano!r1 by _! legs1 "u wat]2 wr+ _! necks1 & tie !m to _! girdle4 ,b 9 ,au/ralia1 a swimm] b9ds grass & ru%es1 or we$s1 r\nd 8 head2 & takes a long fi%+-rod1 ) a slip noose work+ ov] ! pliant twig t =ms ! la/ jo9t ( ! rod4 ,:5 he comes ne>1 he g5tly raises ! end1 &1 putt+ ! noose ov] ! head ( ! bird1 draws x "u wat] to him4 ,he ?us cat*es "o aft] ano!r1 & tucks ! caught ones 9 8 belt4 ,a w9dy day is g5]ally *os51 because ! wat] is ruffl$4 7,eyre47 ,condors & ,vultures are caught by spread+ a raw ox-hide1 "u :i* a man creeps1 ) a piece ( /r+ 9 8 h&1 :ile "o or two o!r m5 are po/$ 9 ambu% close by1 to give assi/ance at ! prop] mom5t4 ,:5 ! bird flies d[n ^u ! bait1 8 legs are seiz$ by ! man und]nea? ! sk91 & are ti$ )9 x1 z 9 a bag4 ,all 8 flapp+ is !n useless2 he _c d mis*ief ) 8 claws1 & he is easily ov]p[]$4 ,bolas4--,! bolas consi/s ( ?ree balls1 compos$ ei!r ( lead or /one2 two ( !m are heavy1 b ! ?ird is r light]3 !y are fa/5$ to long ela/ic /r+s1 made ( twi/$ s9ews1 & ! ends ( ! /r+s are all ti$ toge!r4 ,! ,indian holds ! lighte/ ( ! ?ree balls 9 8 h&1 & sw+s ! two o!rs 9 a wide circle above 8 head2 !n tak+ 8 aim1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t fifte5 or tw5ty paces1 he lets g ! h&-ball2 all ! ?ree balls :irl 9 a circle1 & tw9e r\nd ! object aim$ at4 ,! aim is usually tak5 at ! h9d-legs ( ! animals1 &1 ! cords twi/$ r\nd !m1 !y become firmly b\nd4 ,x requires great skill & long practice to ?r[ ! boas dext]\sly1 especially :5 on horseback4 ,a novice 9 ! art incurs ! risk ( dang]\sly hurt+ ei!r himself or 8 horse1 by n giv+ ! balls ! prop] sw+1 or by lett+ g ! h&-ball too soon4 7,ts*udi's ',p]u4'7 ,lasso4--,x is useless t ,i %\ld ent] into details ab\t mak+ & wield+ ! lasso1 = x is impossible to become ,mod]ately adept 9 its use1 )\t mon?s ( in/ruction & practice4 ,am/r++4--,animals are ham/rung by rid+ at !m1 arm$ ) a sort ( spe>2 ! blade ( :i* is fix$ at "r angles to ! %aft1 & has a cutt+ edge4 ,hawk+ is a disappo9t+ pursuit1 ow+ to ! frequ5t loss ( hawks2 & c h>dly be c>ri$ on except 9 a hawk+ c\ntry1 :]e ! sportsman has a bett] *ance ?an else:]e1 bo? ( recov]+ & replac+ !m2 x is impracticable except :]e ! l& is op5 & b>e2 & x is q a sci5ce4 ,!re are "s amateurs :o w n he> a ^w ( disp>agem5t ab\t _! hawks1 b ! decid$ impression t ,i be> away ) me f all ,i h le>nt1 is1 t ! birds are r>ely affectionate or intellig5t4 ,,fi%+4 ,fi%+-tackle4--,fi%-hooks are made ( iron1 n /eel1 wire4 ,:ile ! piece ( wire is /raight1 x is laid along a little groove 9 a block ( wood1 & !re b>b$ by ! /roke ( a *isel1 slantwise across x4 ,! o!r end is flatt5$ by a tap ( ! hamm]1 or r\gh5$1 t x may be held by ! :ipp+2 !n ! po9t is %>p5$ by a file1 & f9i%$ on a /one4 ,! prop] curvature is next giv51 & !n ! hook is case-h>d5$ 7see ,case-h>d5+72 la/ly1 ! prop] temp] is giv51 by heat+ ! hook r$-hot1 & qu5*+ x 9 grease4 ,a travell] %\ld always take a few hooks ) him3 !y %\ld be ( ! v small & also ( ! middl+-siz$ sorts2 he might h a doz5 ( ea* sort :ipp$ on to gut2 & at lea/ a c\ple ( ca/+-l9es1 ) :i* to use !m3 also sev]al doz5s ( t9n$ iron fi%-hooks1 ( v>i\s sizes1 su* z are us$ at sea2 & pl5ty ( l9e4 ,fi%+-l9es4--,twi/$ s9ews w make a fi%+-l9e4 ,to make a /rong f9e l9e1 unravel a good silk h&k]*ief1 & twi/ ! ?reads into a :ipcord4 7,see also ,sub/itutes = ,/r+47 ,gut is made f silkworms2 b ! scrap+s ( ! membrane 9 ! manufacture ( catgut 7see ,s9ew-?read7 ,make a f9e1 /rong1 & some:at transp>5t ?read3 twi/$ horsehair c almo/ always be obta9$3 & boil+ ?is 9 soap-lees1 takes away its oil9ess4 ,%oemak]s' ,wax is made by boil+ toge!r common res9 & any k9d ( s(t grease1 :i* does n conta9 salt1 su* z oil or butt]4 ,a six? or sev5? "p ( pit* makes x m t\gh1 b x is n absolutely necess>y = mak+ ! wax4 ,try if ! quantity ( grease is suffici5t by dipp+ ! /ick ) :i* ! wax is /irr$1 into wat] to cool x4 ,:5 ! wax is suppos$ to be successfully made1 p\r x into wat]1 !n tak+ x out :ile yet s(t1 pull x & /ret* x ) y\r wet h&s z mu* z x w be>2 d ?is ov] & ov] aga91 aft] dipp+ x 9 lukew>m wat]1 till x is q t\gh4 ,wax is us$ ( diff]5t degrees ( h>dness1 accord+ z ! wea!r is w>m or cold4 ,reel4 ,if y h no reel1 make a c\ple ( gimlet-holes1 six in*es ap>t1 9 ! butt ( y\r rod1 at ! place :]e ! reel is usually clamp$2 drive wood5 pegs into ^!1 & w9d y\r sp>e l9e r\nd !m1 z 9 fig4 #a4 ,fig #a3 illu/ration z describ$ above4 ,! pegs %\ld n be q squ>e ) ! butt1 b %\ld slope a little1 ea* away f ! o!r1 t ! l9e may be bett] reta9$ on !m4 ,fig4 #b & ,fig #c--l9e z describ$ bel[4 ,a long l9e is conv5i5tly w\nd on a squ>e frame1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ sket* 7fig4 #b72 & a %ort] l9e1 z 9 fig4 #c4 ,if y h no equival5t = a reel1 & if y\r tackle is slight1 & ! fi% likely to be l>ge1 provide y\rself ) ,a bladd] or o!r float2 tie x to ! l9e1 & ca/ ! :ole adrift4 ,trimm]s are well kn[n1 & are a conv5i5t way ( fi%+ ! middle ( a pool1 ) only a %ort l9e4 ,any?+ w d = ! float--a bladd] or a bottle is v good4 ,to recov] a lo/ ,l9e1 make a drag ( a small bu%y tree ) pl5ty ( bran*es1 t are s lopp$ (f z to leave spikes on ! trunk4 ,?is is to be weight$ ) a /one1 & dragg$ along ! bottom4 ,ott]s4--,:at is call$ an ott] is useful to a p]son on ! %ore ( a wide riv] or lake :i* he has no o!r means ( fi%+3 x is a v successful at fir/1 b soon sc>es ! fi%2 !re=e x is bett] suit$ to a travell] ?an to an ord9>y sportsman4 ,x is made z foll[s3--,a bo>d ( light wood1 f\rte5 in*es long & eight in*es high1 or !reab\ts1 is heavily weight$ along its l[] edge1 s z to float upright 9 ! wat]2 a /r+ l ! bellyb& ( a kite1 & = ! same purpose1 is fa/5$ to x2 & to ?is belly-b& ! end ( a l9e1 furni%$ ) a doz5 hooks at int]vals1 is ti$4 ,z ! fi%]man walks along ! bank1 ! ott] runs away f him1 & c>ries 8 l9e & hooks f> out into ! /ream4 ,x is v conv5i5t to h a l>ge h&-reel to w9d & unw9d ! l9e ^u2 b a =k$ /ick w d v well4 ,boat fi%+4--,9 fi%+ ) a long gr\nd-l9e & _m hooks1 x is ( importance to avoid entanglem5ts2 make a box 9 :i* to coil ! l9e1 & a great _m deep saw-cuts across ! sides1 into :i* ! ?9 %ort l9es1 to :i* ! hooks are :ipp$1 may be jamm$4 ,fi%]m5 :o d n use o>s1 b paddles1 tie a loop to _! l9e3 !y put _! ?umb ?r\gh ! loop1 & fi% :ile !y paddle4 ,to see ,?+s deep "u ,wat]1 su* z dead seals1 use a long box or tube ) a piece ( glass at ! l[] end2 ?is removes entirely ! gl>e ( ! wat] & ! effects ( a rippl$ surface4 ,mr4 ,campbell1 ( ,islay1 sugge/s t a small glass w9d[ might be let into ! bottom ( ! boat3 ,plate-glass w\ld be amply /rong en\gh4 7,see ,wat]-spectacles47 ,nets4--,a small squ>e net may be be/ turn$ to acc\nt by s9k+ x 9 holes & o!r p>ts ( a riv] :i* fi% frequ5t2 ?r[+ 9 bait to attract !m ov] x2 & !n haul+ up sudd5ly4 ,! arrangem5t %[n 9 ! figure is v common4 ,a se9e net may be furni%$ ) bladd] = floats1 or else ) pieces ( light wood *>r$ to make !m m buoyant4 ,! haul+-ropes may be made ( b>k /eep$ = ?ree weeks1 till ! inn] b>k sep>ates f ! out]1 :5 ! latt] is twi/$ into a rope4 7,lloyd47 ,:]ev] small fi% are swimm+ 9 %oals ne> ! surface1 !re ! wat] is sure to be rippl$4 ,sket* ( net arrangem5t z describ$4 ,spe>+ ,fi%4--,! weapon us$ 7sometimes call$ ! gra9s7 is id5tical ) ,neptune's or ,britannia's trid5t1 only ! prongs %\ld be m num]\s & be plac$ ne>] toge!r1 9 ord] to cat* small fi%3 ! l5g? ( ! h&le gives /ead9ess to ! bl[4 ,9 spe>+ by tor*light1 a broad oval piece ( b>k is coat$ ) wet mud1 & 9 x a blaz+ fire is light$4 ,x is fix$ on a /age1 or x is held 9 ! b[ ( ! boat1 s high z to be above ! spe>man's eyes4 ,he c see ev]y?+ by its light1 especially if ! wat] be n above f\r feet deep1 & ! bottom s&y4 ,b !re are n _m k9ds ( wood t w burn ) a suffici5tly bright flame2 ! dry b>k ( "s res9\s tree is (t5 us$4 ,if t>r$ rope c be obta9$1 x may simply be w\nd r\nd a pole fix$ 9 ! b[ ( ! boat1 & light$4 ,fi% c also be %ot ) a b[ & a b>b$ arr[1 to :i* a /r+ is atta*$4 ,intoxicat+ ,fi%4--,lime ?r[n into a pond w kill ! fi%2 & ! simil> b f> m en]getic prop]ties ( ,cocculus ,indicus are well kn[n4 ,?r\gh\t tropical ,africa & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! natives cat* fi% by poison+ !m4 ,dams are made1 :i*1 :5 ! riv] is v l[1 ,enclose deep pools ( wat] ) no curr5t2 into ^! ! poison is ?r[n3 x intoxicates ! fi%1 :i* float & are tak5 by ! h&4 ,ott]s1 ,cormorants1 & ,dogs4--,bo? ott]s & cormorants are tra9$ to cat* fi% = _! ma/]s2 & dogs are tra9$ by ! ,patagonians to drive fi% into ! nets1 & to fright5 !m f break+ loose :5 ! net is be+ haul$ 94 ,cormorants1 9 ,*9a1 fi% dur+ ! w9t] f ,octob] to ,may1 work+ f #aj ,a4,m4 to #e ,p4,m41 at :i* h\r _! d9n] is giv5 to !m4 ,:5 !y fi%1 a /raw tie is put r\nd _! necks1 to keep !m f swall[+ ! fi%1 b n s tight z to slip d[n & *oke !m4 ,a boat takes out t5 or twelve ( ^! birds4 ,!y obey ! voice3 if !y are disob$i5t1 ! wat] ne> !m is /ruck ) ! back ( ! o>2 z soon z "o ( !m has caught a fi%1 he is call$ to ! boat1 & ! o> is held out = him to /ep ^u4 ,x requires caution to tra9 a cormorant1 because ! bird has a habit1 :5 angry1 ( /rik+ ) its beak at its in/ructor's eye ) an exce$+ly rapid & sure /roke4 ,,signals4 ,colomb & ,bolton's fla%+ signals1 adopt$ 9 our ,army & ,navy1 & us$ 9 _m o!r c\ntries z well1 are em95tly suit$ to ! wants ( an exp$ition4 ,any?+ may be us$ = signall+1 t appe>s & disappe>s1 l a lant]n1 or an op5$ & clos$ umbrella1 or t moves1 z a wav$ flag or a p]son walk+ to & fro on ! cre/ ( a hill aga9/ ! sky4 ,s\nd also c be employ$1 z long & %ort :i/les4 ,_! use c be ?or\ghly taught 9 two h\rs1 & h[ev] small ! practice ( ! op]ators1 communication1 ?\gh sl[1 is fairly accurate1 :ile 9 practis$ h&s its rapidity is a/oni%+4 ,! proportion ( "t occupi$ by ! fla%es & int]vals is z foll[s4 7,i extract all ! re/ ( ! article f ! pamphlet publi%$ by ! inv5tors ( ! sy/em47 ,fla%+ ,signals1 ) ,flags4--,suppos+ ! %ort fla% to be half a second 9 duration1 ! long fla% %\ld be fully a second & a half4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! fla%es =m+ a figure %\ld be equal to a %ort fla%1 & ! int]val betwe5 two figures %\ld be equal to a long fla%4 ,aft] ! la/ figure ( ! signal is f9i%$1 !re %\ld be a pause equal to at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! "t tak5 up by ! figures4 ,aft] ?is pause1 ! signal %\ld be aga9 repeat$ ) ! same measur$ fla%es & int]vals1 & s cont9u$ until answ]$ by all to :om x is address$4 ,example ( ,morse code4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 nev] to comm5ce a fre% signal be=e ! answ]s to ! la/ h ceas$2 & signals are nev] to be answ]$ until _! repetitions h be5 obs]v$ a suffici5t numb] ( times to make an error impossible4 ,fig4 #a & ,fig #b--sket* ( signall+ ) flags z describ$ bel[4 ,! signalman may "w f left to "r1 or f "r to left1 z %[n 9 figs4 #a & #b1 accord+ to conv5i5ce & ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,to make a %ort fla%1 ! flag is wav$ f a to b1 & back to ! normal position a4 ,to make a long fla%1 ! flag is wav$ f a to c1 & back to ! normal position a4 ,! num]als #a to #e are1 !re=e1 d5ot$ by "o to five waves ( ! flag f a to b1 recov]+ to a4 ,! num]al #f by a wave f a to c1 recov]+ to a4 ,! num]al #g by a wave f a to b1 back to a1 & !n to c1 recov]+ to ! normal position a4 ,! num]al #h is d5ot$ by a wave f a to c1 back to a1 & !n to b1 recov]+ to ! normal position a4 ,! num]al #i is d5ot$ by two waves f a to b1 & "o f a to c4 ,! num]al #j by "o wave f a to c1 recov]+ aga9 to a1 & !n two waves f a to b4 ,! o!r signs are made 9 ! same mann]1 s t a %ort motion %all always repres5t a %ort fla%1 & a long motion a long fla%4 ,on ! completion ( ! motions requir$ = ea* sign1 ! flag mu/ always be br\ght to ! position a4 ,:5 ! ^w1 or gr\p ( figures1 is complet$1 ! flag may be l[]$ 9 front ( ! body4 ,9 receiv+ a message1 ! flag %\ld always be kept 9 ! position a1 except :5 answ]+4 ,9 wav+ ! flag1 ! po9t ( ! /aff %\ld be made to describe a figure ( #h 9 ! air to keep ! flag cle>4 ,ea* signal p>ty mu/ consi/ ( n less ?an two m51 ^: duties w be z foll[s3-- ,9 receiv+ messages3 ,no4 #a works ! flag = answ]+1 etc41 & ref]s to ! code = ! int]pretation ( ! numb]s receiv$1 & calls out ! words to ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #b fixes ! telescope & reads f ! di/ant /ation1 call+ out ! numb]s z !y are made = ! in=mation ( ,no4 #a1 & writes d[n ! numb]s & mean+ !re(4 ,suppose /ation ,a 9 communication ) /ation ,b3--,no4 #a at ,a on be+ told by ,no4 #b t ,b is ab\t to s5d a message1 takes up 8 position at att5tion1 hold+ ! flag ov] ! left arm & "u ! "r1 or vice v]sa across 8 body1 accord+ to ! w9d1 ) ! code book 9 8 h&4 ,no4 #b fixes 8 eyes on ! glass1 & on receiv+ ! numb]s f ,b calls !m out to ,no4 #a1 :o asc]ta9s _! mean+ f ! code1 & gives ! words to ,no4 #b1 :o writes !m d[n 9 8 book1 & !n plac+ 8 eye to ! glass1 tells ,no4 #a to make ! answ]4 ,no4 #b does n1 h[ev]1 direct ! answ] to be made until he is sure ( ! correctness ( ! signal receiv$4 ,fla%+ ,alphabet1 = ,use )\t a ,code4--,! foll[+ alphabet1 etc41 c be us$ "u circum/ances :5 x is n conv5i5t or possible to h rec\rse to ! ,signal ,book1 & =ms 9 itself a p]fect telegraphic sy/em1 necess>ily some:at sl[ 9 its application1 b hav+ ! great advantage ( requir+ v little previ\s k & practice to "w ) correctness4 ,! symbols & numb]s express+ ! alphabet are id5tical ) ^? =m+ ! alphabet 9 ! ,signal ,book4 ,*>t ) code signals4 ,all p>ticul>s z to ! ma*9es & lant]ns us$ 9 ! ,s]vice1 = mak+ ^! fla%+ signals1 & ! code1 c be procur$ at ,w4 ,nunn & ,co4's ,army & ,navy ,lamp & ,signal ,works1 #fe1 ,george ,/reet ,ea/1 ,london1 ,e4 ,reflect+ ! ,sun ) a ,mirror4--,to attract ! notice ( a division ( y\r p>ty1 five or ev5 t5 miles (f1 glitt] a bit ( look+-glass 9 ! sun1 ?r[+ its fla% t[>ds :]e y expect !m to be4 ,x is q a/oni%+ at h[ great a di/ance ! gleam ( ! glass w cat* ! %>p eyes ( a bu%man :o has le>nt to "k :at x is4 ,x is n[ a common signal 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican prairies4 7,sullivan47 ,x %\ld be recollect$ t a pass+ fla% has f> less briliancy ?an "o t dwells = an appreciable "t on ! ret9a ( ! obs]v]2 !re=e ! signall] %\ld d all he c to /eady 8 aim4 ,i f9d ! /eadie/ way ( hold+ ! mirror is to re/ ! h& firmly aga9/ ! =ehead1 & to keep ! eyes cont9ually fix$ ^u ! same di/ant object4 ,! gl>e ( ! sun t is reflect$ f ea* po9t ( ! surface ( a mirror =ms a cone ( light ^: v]tical angle is con/ant1 & equal to t subt5d$ by ! sun4 ,h5ce :5 a fla% is s5t to a di/ant place1 ! size ( ! mirror is ( no appreciable importance 9 affect+ ! size ( ! area ov] :i* ! fla% is visible4 ,t area is ! section ( ! fasciculus ( cones t proce$ f ea* po9t ( ! mirror1 :i*1 9 ! case we h suppos$1 diff]s immat]ially f ! cone reflect$ f a s+le po9t4 ,h5ce1 if a man wat*es ! play ( ! fla% f 8 mirror ^u a v ne> object1 x w appe> to him ( ! %ape & size ( ! mirror2 b z he retreats f ! object1 ! edges ( ! fla% become r\nd$1 & v soon ! fla% appe>s a p]fect circle1 ( precisely ! same app>5t diamet] z ! disc ( ! sun3 x w1 9 %ort1 look j l a v fa9t sun4 ,! signall] has to cause ?is disc ( light to cov] ! p]son ^: notice he wi%es to attract4 ,i w proce$ to %[ h[ he c d s2 b 9 ! mean "t x w be evid5t t a pretty c>eful aim is requisite1 or he w fail 9 8 object4 ,! /ead9ess ( 8 aim mu/ be j twice z accurate1 nei!r m nor less1 z w\ld suffice to po9t a rifle at ! sun :5 x 0 suffici5tly obscur$ by a cl\d to be> be+ look$ at3 = ! object ( ! aim is ( ! same app>5t size1 b a movem5t ( a mirror causes ! ray reflect$ f x to move ?r\gh a d\ble angle4 ,! p[] ( ^! sun-signals is extraord9>ily great4 ,! result ( sev]al exp]im5ts t ,i made 9 ,engl& %[$ t ! smalle/ mirror visible "u atmosph]ic conditions su* t ! signall]'s /ation 0 disc]nible1 b dim1 subt5d$ an angle ( only "o-t5? ( a second ( a degree4 ,x is v important t ! mirror %\ld be ( truly plane & p>allel glass1 su* z in/rum5t-mak]s procure2 ! index glass ( a full-siz$ sextant is v suitable = ?is purpose3 !re is a loss ( p[] :5 !re is any imp]fection 9 ! glass4 ,a plane mirror only ?ree in*es across1 reflects z mu* ( ! sun z a globe ( #abj feet diamet]2 x looks l a dazzl+ /> at t5 miles' di/ance4 ,to direct ! fla% ( ! ,mirror4--,!re are make%ift ways ( direct+ ! fla% ( ! mirror2 z1 by obs]v+ its play on an object "s paces (f1 ne>ly 9 l9e ) ! /ation x is wi%$ to communicate )4 ,9 do+ ?is1 two cautions are requisite3 fir/1 ! di/ance ( ! object mu/ be s l>ge comp>$ to ! diamet] ( ! mirror t ! play ( ! fla% %all appe> truly circul> & exactly l a fa9t sun 7see prec$+ p>agraph73 secondly1 be c>eful to br+ ! eye to ! v edge ( ! mirror2 !re %\ld be z little disp>t z possible1 z artill]ym5 w\ld say4 ,unless ^! cautions be att5d$ to v /rictly1 ! fla% w nev] be se5 at ! di/ant /ation4 ,sket* ( arrangem5t z describ$ bel[4 ,an object1 9 reality ( a :ite col\r b app>5tly d>k1 ow+ to its be+ %ad$1 %[s ! play ( a mirror's fla% bett] ?an any o!r4 ,! play ( a fla%1 s5t ?r\gh an op5 w9d[1 on ! walls ( a room1 c be se5 at upw>ds ( #ajj y>ds4 ,x is a good object by :i* to adju/ my h& helio/at1 :i* ,i describe bel[4 ,two bits ( pap] & a c\ple ( /icks1 arrang$ z 9 ! draw+1 s]ve pretty well to direct a fla%4 ,sight ! di/ant object ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! two bits ( pap]1 ,a & ,b1 at ! ends ( ! horizontal /ick2 & :5 y are satisfi$ t ! /ick is prop]ly adju/$ & q /eady1 take y\r mirror & ?r[ ! %ad[ ( ,a ^u ,b1 & fur!r endeav\r to ?r[ ! :ite speck 9 ! %ad[ ( ,a1 correspond+ to its p9-hole 9 x1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! hole 9 ,b4 ,e n[ & !n lay ! mirror aside1 & b5d d[n to see t ,a ,b cont9ues to be prop]ly adju/$4 ,h& ,helio/at4--,"s ye>s ago1 ,i took great pa9s to contrive a conv5i5t pocket in/rum5t1 by :i* a travell] %\ld be able to signal ) ! sun1 & direct 8 fla% ) c]ta9ty1 9 :atev] direction he desir$4 ,i did s 9 ! belief t a signall+ p[] ( extraord9>y int5sity c\ld ?us be made use (2 &1 ,i am glad to say1 ,i succe$$ 9 my attempt4 ,i at la/ obta9$ a pretty pocket in/rum5t1 ! design ( :i* ,i plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,messrs4 ,tr\ghton & ,simms2 & ^u ! e>li] models ( :i* ,i read a pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #aheh4 ,i call$ x a h& helio/at4 ,i always c>ry "o :5 ,i travel1 = x is a cont9ual s\rce ( amusem5t4 ,! in/rum5t is %[n 9 fig4 #a 7p4 #bhj71 & its pr9ciple is illu/rat$ by fig4 #b4 ,! scale is ab\t #b_/c4 ,e is ! eye ( ! signall]2 ,m ! mirror2 & ,l1 ,s1 fig4 #b1 a tube conta9+ at "o end1 ,l1 a l5s1 & at ! o!r1 ,s1 a scre5 ( :ite porcela9 or unpoli%$ ivory1 plac$ at ! exact sol> focus ( ,l3 a %ade1 ,k1 ) two holes 9 x1 is plac$ be=e ,l4 ,let ,r1 r1 be portions ( a l>ge p5cil ( p>allel rays1 proce$+ f any "o po9t on ! sun's surface1 & reflect$ f ! mirror1 z ,r' r' 7fig4 #b74 ,r' imp+es ^u ! l5s1 ,l1 ?r\gh "o ( ! holes 9 ,k1 & ,r' goes free t[>d "s di/ant po9t1 ,o4 ,^? t imp+e on ! l5s w be br\ght to a focus on ,s1 :]e a bright speck ( light might be se54 ,?is speck radiates light 9 all direction2 "s ( ! rays1 proce$+ f x1 imp+e on ! l5s at ! o!r hole 9 ! %ade ,k1 z %[n 9 fig4 #b1 & are r$uc$ by its ag5cy to p>allelism ) r' & ,r'1 t is1 ) ! rays t orig9ally left ! mirror3 consequ5tly ,e1 look+ p>tly at ! edge ( ! l5s1 & p>tly into space1 sees a bright speck ( light 9 ! =m]1 co9cid5t ) ! po9t ,o 9 ! latt]4 ,fig #a & ,fig #b1 z describ$ 9 ! text4 ,:at is true = "o po9t 9 ! sun's disc1 is true = e po9t 9 x4 ,accord+ly1 ! signall] sees an image ( ! sun1 & n a m]e speck ( light1 9 ! l5s2 & ! "p ( ! l&scape :i* t image appe>s to ov]lay1 is precisely t "p ( x ov] :i* ! fla% f 8 mirror ext5ds2 or1 9 o!r words1 x is t f any po9t ( :i* a di/ant spectator may see "s "p or o!r ( ! sun's disc reflect$ 9 ! mirror4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 signall+ :5 ! sun is f> beh9d ! back1 if ! eye-tubes are made to pull out to a total l5g? ( five in*es1 o!rwise ! %ad[ ( ! head int]f]es4 ,= want ( space1 ! draw+ repres5ts ! tubes z only p>tly drawn out4 ,! in/rum5t is p]fectly easy to manage1 & lett]s c be signall$ by fla%es4 ,its p[] is p]fectly m>vell\s4 ,on a day s hazy t col\rs on ! l>ge/ scale--su* z gre5 fields & :ite h\ses--are b>ely di/+ui%able at sev5 miles' di/ance1 a look+-glass no l>g] ?an ! f+]-nail transmits its signals cle>ly visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,i h made a make%ift arrangem5t on ! pr9ciple ( my helio/at1 us+ ! object glass ( an op]a-glass = ! l5s1 & an ord9>y look+-glass3 ! great size & %ort focus ( ! object glass is a great conv5i5ce :5 us+ a mirror ) a wide frame4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,mill]1 ! ,=eign ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 has s9ce inv5t$ a yet m compact me?od ( direct+ ! fla%1 :i* he has describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society = #ahfe4 ,x consi/s ( a plate ( silv]$ glass1 "o ( ^: rectangul> corn]s is accurately gr\nd & poli%$4 ,on look+ into ! corn] :5 ! glass is prop]ly held an image ( ! sun is se51 :i* ov]lays ! actual fla%4 ,beautifully simple z ?is in/rum5t is1 ,i d n l x s mu* z my own1 = ! v fact ( its requir+ no sett+ is its drawback4 ,) m9e1 :5 ! image ( ! sun is lo/ x is imm$iately f\nd aga9 by simply rotat+ ! in/rum5t on its axis2 b ) ,pr(essor ,mill]'s ! image mu/ be felt = :olly anew4 ,fire ,signals4--,fire-beacons1 hang+ up a lant]n1 or sett+ fire to an old ne/ high up 9 a tree1 s]ve z night-signals2 b !y are nev] to be dep5d$ on )\t previ\s conc]t1 z bu%es & undulations ( ! gr\nd w (t5 hide !m entirely4 ,! sp>ks f a well-/ruck fl9t & /eel c be se5 = mu* m ?an a mile4 ,smoke ,signals4--,! smoke ( fires is se5 v f> by day2 & gre5 wood & rott5 wood make ! mo/ smoke4 ,x is be/ to make two fires #ajj y>ds ap>t1 le/ y\r signall+ %\ld be mi/ak5 = an ord9>y fire 9 ! bu%4 ,^! d\ble fires are a v common signal to vessels 9 ! (f+1 on ! ,african coa/4 ,o!r ,signals4--,by ,sight4--,a common signal = a di/ant sc\t is1 t he %\ld ride or walk r\nd & r\nd 9 a circle f "r to left1 or else 9 "o f left to "r4 ,mr4 ,p>kyns1 speak+ ( ,abyss9ia1 describes ! habits ( a ca/e ( robb]s 9 ! foll[+ words3--,at o!r times !y w lie conceal$ ne> a road1 ) sc\ts 9 e direction on ! look-out2 yet no "o v5tur+ to speak1 b only mak+ kn[n by signs :at he may h to communicate to 8 companions or lead]4 ,?us he w po9t to 8 e> & foot on he>+ foot/eps1 to 8 eyes on see+ p]sons approa*1 or to 8 tongue if voices be audible2 & w also indicate on 8 f+]s ! numb]s ( ^? com+1 describ+ also _m p>ticul>s z to h[ _m port]s1 bea/s ( burd5 or = rid+1 !re may be ) ! p>ty4 ,a kite has be5 sugge/$ z a day signal2 & also a kite ) "s k9d ( squib1 let (f by a sl[-light & atta*$ to its tail1 z "o by night4 7,colonel ,jackson47 ,s\nd4--,:i/l+ ?r\gh ! f+]s c be he>d at consid]able di/ances3 ! accompli%m5t %\ld be le>nt4 ,coo+ 9 ! ,au/ralian fa%ion1 or jvdl+ 9 t ( ! ,swiss1 are bo? ( !m he>d a long way4 ,! unit$ holloa ( _m voices1 is he>d mu* fur!r ?an sep>ate cries4 ,! crack+ ( a :ip has a v p5etrat+ s\nd4 ,smells4--,an abom9able smell arre/s ! att5tion at night4 ,lett]s c>ri$ by ,animals4--,9 %ort reconnoitr+ exp$itions made by a small deta*m5t f a p>ty1 ! cattle or dogs are (t5 wild1 & run home to _! comrades on ! fir/ opportunity2 9 ! ev5t ( n be+ able to wat* !m1 ow+ to accid5t or o!r cause1 advantage may be tak5 ( _! re/lessness1 by ty+ a note to "o ( _! necks1 & lett+ !m g & s]ve z po/m51 or r z c>ri]-pigeons4 ,,be>+s ,,by ,,compass1 ,,sun1 ,,etc4 ,pocket ,compass4--,a pocket compass %\ld n be too small2 if "o ( ! little toy compasses be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 x %\ld be z a res]ve1 & n = regul> use4 ,a toy compass w ( c\rse tell ,n4 f ,n4,n4,e41 & ! l2 & t may be v useful in=mation1 b ! travell] w f9d t he con/antly ne$s m precise directions4 ,he d\bts ! id5tity ( "s hill or ! de/9ation ( "s pa?1 & f9ds on ref]r+ to 8 map1 t ! diff]5ce ( be>+ ^u :i* he mu/ base 8 conclusion1 is small3 he !re=e requires a good siz$ compass1 to det]m9e ! be>+ ) c]ta9ty4 ,"o f #a #a_/b to #b in*es 9 diamet] is practically ! be/4 ,x %\ld h pl5ty ( dep?1 s t ! c>d may trav]se freely1 ev5 :5 ! in/rum5t is incl9$3 x %\ld be light 9 weight1 t x may n be easily j>r$ by a bl[2 ! cat* t relieves ! c>d1 :5 ! in/rum5t is clos$1 %\ld be self-act+ & %\ld act well3 la/ly ! movem5ts ( ! ne$le %\ld be quick2 "o t makes sl[ oscillations %\ld be p]emptorily refus$1 :atev] its o!r m]its may be3 ! graduation ( ! degrees on ! c>d %\ld be f #j degrees to #cfj degrees1 ,nor? be+ #j degrees & ,ea/ #ij degrees4 ,i wi% "s optician w\ld make alum9um c>ds4 ,! mat]ial c be procur$ z foil1 l t9foil4 ,x c !n be /amp$ & emboss$1 9 :i* case x reta9s its %ape p]fectly1 b ,i _c satisfy myself z to a good patt]n1 nor d ,i see h[ to make ! ,nor? & ,s\? halves ( ! disc suffici5tly diff]5t 9 appe>ance4 ,compass = use at night4--,! great majority ( compasses are well-nigh useless 9 ! d>k1 t is1 :5 x is mo/ important to be able to consult !m4 ,!y are r>ely s con/ruct$1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! nor? & s\? sides is visible by moonlight or by ! light ( a cig> or piece ( t9d]4 ,! m mod]n contrivances are v effective2 9 ^! ! s\!rn half ( ! compass c>d is pa9t$ black1 ! nor!rn be+ left :ite4 ,) a v fa9t light1 ?is diff]5ce c be appreciat$4 ,9 compasses consi/+ simply ( a ne$le1 ! nor? end ( ! ne$le %\ld h a conspicu\s arr[-head4 ,x is extraord9>y h[ mu* ! p[] ( see+ a compass or a wat* at night is increas$ by look+ ne>ly at x ?r\gh a magnify+-glass4 ,?us1 "y p :o c focus _! vision ?r\gh a wide range may be obs]v$ por+ ) _! eyes close to _! books :5 ! light wanes4 ,s aga91 at night-"t1 a plac>d1 ev5 9 l>ge type1 is illegible at a %ort di/ance1 b easily read on approa*+ x4 ,x seems1 9 ord] t a fa9t image on ! ret9a %\ld be appreciat$ by ! n]ves ( sight1 t image mu/ h consid]able ext5t4 ,moonlight or ! light ( a cig> may be cond5s$ on ! compass by a burn+ glass1 or o!r sub/itute = x4 7,see ,burn+ ,glass47 ,true & ,magnetic ,be>+s4--,! confusion betwe5 true & magnetic be>+s is a cont9ual tr\ble1 ev5 to ! mo/ exp]i5c$ travell]s4 ,sir ,?omas ,mit*ell's explor+ p>ty v ne>ly su/a9$ a loss by mi/ak+ ! "o = ! o!r4 ,i recomm5d t ! po9ts ( ! compass1 viz4 ,nor?1 ,n4,n4,e41 etc41 %\ld be solely us$ = ! travell] = 8 true be>+s2 & ! degrees1 z #be degrees 7or ,n4 #be degrees ,e471 = 8 magnetic4 ,!re w\ld !n be no reason :y ! two nom5clatures %\ld int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 = a travell]'s recollection ( ! lay ( a c\ntry dep5ds entirely ^u true be>+s--or sunrise1 sunset1 & ! />s--& is express$ by ,nor?1 ,n4,n4,e41 etc42 b 8 survey+ data :i* f9d no place 9 8 memory1 b are simply consign$ to 8 note-book1 are necess>ily regi/]$ 9 degrees4 ,to give e facility = c>ry+ out ?is pr9ciple1 a r\nd ( pap] %\ld be pa/$ 9 ! middle ( ! travell]'s pocket-compass c>d1 j l>ge en\gh to hide ! ord9>y rhumbs1 b leav+ uncov]$ ! degrees r\nd its rim4 ,on ?is disk ( pap] ! po9ts ( ! compass 7true be>+s7 %\ld be m>k$ s z to be z exact z possible = ! c\ntry ab\t to be visit$4 ,errors 9 ,magnetic ,be>+s4--,! compass-ne$le is (t5 f\nd to be di/urb$1 & sometimes app>5tly bewit*$1 :5 laid ^u hill-tops2 ev5 :5 !y consi/ ( b>e masses ( granite4 ,! di/urbance is easily acc\nt$ = by ! hornbl5de 9 ! granite1 or by o!r iron-be>+ rocks4 ,explor]s naturally select hills z _! po9ts ( triangulation2 b compass obs]vations on hill-tops1 if un*eck$ by a sextant obs]vation ( ! sun's be>+s1 are nev] s reliable z ^? tak5 on a pla94 ,sket* ( c>d z describ$ on foll[+ pages4 ,be>+s by ,sun & ,/>s4--,x requires v great practice to /e] well by />s1 =1 on an av]age1 !y *ange _! be>+s ev5 fa/] ?an !y *ange _! altitudes4 ,9 tropical c\ntries1 ! zodiacal />s - z ,orion & ,ant>es--give excell5t ea/ & we/ po9ts4 ,! ,great ,be> is useful :5 ! ,nor? ,pole _c be se51 = y may calculate by ! eye :]eab\t x w\ld be 9 ! heav5s :5 ! po9t]s 7 v]tical1 or due nor?2 & ! ,s\!rn ,cross is available 9 precisely ! same way4 ,! true ,nor? ,pole is ab\t #a #a_/b degree or #c diamet]s ( ! full moon1 ap>t f ! ,pole />2 & its place is on a l9e betwe5 ! ,pole ,/> & ! ,great ,be>4 ,an almanac1 calculat$ to %[ ! be>+1 & ! times ( moonrise & moonset1 = ! c\ntry to be travell$ ov]1 z well z ^? ( sunrise & sunset1 w\ld be a v great conv5i5ce2 x w\ld be wor? :ile = a travell] accu/om$ to su* calculations to make "o = himself4 ,diagram4--,! diagram 7prec$+ page7 is int5d$ to be trac$ 9 l9es ( diff]5t col\rs1 :5 x w be f\nd to be f> less confus$ ?an at pres5t4 ,its object is to enable a travell] to use ! sun1 bo? z a rude wat* & z a compass4 ,! diagram is calculat$ = ! latitude ( ,london1 b w d ) m or less accuracy = ! :ole ( ,engl&4 ,a travell] go+ to o!r c\ntries may easily draw up "o = himself1 & on a l>g] scale if he pref]s x1 by us+ ! ,azimu? tables & ! ,hor>y tables ( ,lynn4 ,! diagram repres5ts1 #a/1 circles ( equal altitudes2 #bndly1 ! pa? ( sun1 />s1 etc41 = ea* #aj? degree ( decl9ation2 #crdly1 ! h\r angles1 all project$ d[n ^u--#d?ly--! level compass c>d4 ,?us1 six circles are drawn r\nd ! c5tre ( ! compass c>d at equal di/ances ap>t1 ea* r+ betwe5 !m repres5t+ a space ( #ae degrees 9 altitude4 ,! foll[+ angles 7 !n calculat$ = ea* #aj? degree ( decl9ation 9 turns1 viz43--,! height ( ! sun1 etc41 :5 above ! horizon at ea* po9t ( ! compass4 #bndly1 ! be>+ ( ! sun at ea* consecutive h\r4 ,^! po9ts 7 dott$ out2 &1 by jo9+ ! sev]al sets ( !m1 ! draw+ 0 made4 ,! brok5 l9es :i* div]ge 9 curves f ,p are h\r l9es2 ^? :i* surr\nd ,p 9 m or less complete ovals1 are ! pa?s ( ! sun & />s1 = ea* #aj? degree ( decl9ation2 ! prom95t l9e runn+ f ,e4 r\nd to ,w4 be+ its pa? :5 on ! ,equator4 ,! diagram1 :5 x is trac$ out = use1 %\ld h ! names ( ! mon?s writt5 9 col\r$ ink on ei!r side ( ! s\? l9e at places correspond+ to ! decl9ation ( ! sun dur+ ^? mon?s3 viz43-- ,janu>y ,s4 #bc degrees to ,s4 #ag degrees ,febru>y ,s4 #ag ,s4 #h ,m>* ,s4 #g ,n4 #d ,april ,n4 #e ,n4 #ae ,may ,n4 #ae ,n4 #bb ,june ,n4 #bb ,n4 #bc ,july ,n4 #bc ,n4 #ah ,augu/ ,n4 #ah ,n4 #h ,septemb] ,n4 #h ,s4 #c ,octob] ,s4 #c ,s4 #ad ,novemb] ,s4 #ae ,s4 #bb ,decemb] ,s4 #bb ,s4 #bc ,to use ! c>d4--,draw a broad p5cil l9e1 :i* may aft]w>ds be rubb$ out1 correspond+ to ! date ( travel1 & !re w be no fur!r confusion4 ,!n1 to "k :at o'clock x is1 span out 7see ,spann+7 r\ghly ! altitude ( ! sun4 ,! po9t 9 ! diagram :]e ! altitude s obta9$ crosses ! p5cil m>k1 corresponds to ! position ( ! sun4 ,! h\r is !n read (f2 & ! compass be>+s on ! diagram are adju/$ by hold+ x level1 & turn+ x r\nd until a l9e1 drawn f its c5tre ?r\gh ! po9t 9 "q1 po9ts t[>ds ! sun4 ,z to ! moon or a />1 if its decl9ation be unkn[n1 b its be>+ & altitude be+ giv51 its decl9ation & pa? may be f\nd1 & !re=e ! "t s9ce its ris+ or be=e its sett+2 a mo/ useful piece ( in=mation to a travell]4 ,wat*es break1 & compasses _c be us$ on horseback )\t /opp+1 & !re=e a diagram ( ?is description1 ( :i* any numb] ( copies c be trac$ out1 may be ( use = r\gh purposes4 ,o!r ,signs ( ,direction4--,be>+s by ! ,gr[? ( ,trees4--,9 expos$ situations & ne> ! sea1 ! gr[? ( trees is r>ely symmetrical2 !y betray by _! b5t heads & /unt$ bran*es ! direction ( ! preval5t influ5ces mo/ adv]se to _! gr[?4 ,?is direction is con/ant ov] wide di/ricts 9 a flat c\ntry1 b _c be equally reli$ ^u 9 a hilly "o1 :]e ! m\nta9s & valleys affect ! conditions ( %ade & %elt]1 & deflect ! c\rse ( ! w9d4 ,moss gr[s be/ :]e !re is cont9u\s damp1 !re=e x pref]s t side ( a tree :i* af=ds ! mo/ suitable comb9ation ( exposure to damp w9ds & %elt] f ! sun4 ,:5 ! w9ds d n diff] mat]ially 9 dampness1 ! nor? side ( ! =e/ trees are ! mo/ ?ickly cov]$ ) moss4 ,be>+s by ! %ape ( ,ant-hills4--,t mo/ accurate obs]v]1 ,pi]re ,hub]1 writes z foll[s conc]n+ ! ne/s ( ! yell[ ants1 :i* are abundantly to be f\nd 9 ! ,swiss ,alps & 9 "s o!r m\nta9\s c\ntries4 ,x mu/ be recollect$1 9 read+ 8 /atem5t1 t ! *ief occupation ( ants is to move _! eggs & l>vae f "o "p ( ! ne/ to ano!r1 to ensure !m a w>m & equable temp]ature2 !re=e1 x is reasonable to expect t ! ne/s ( ants %\ld be built on a uni=m pr9ciple z reg>ds _! %ape & aspect4 ,hub] says !y s]ve z a compass to m\nta9e]s :5 !y are surr\nd$ by ?ick mi/s1 or h lo/ _! way dur+ ! night2 !y d s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! ant-hills 7( ! yell[ ants71 :i* are by f> m num]\s & m high 9 ! m\nta9s ?an any:]e else1 are long] ?an !y are broad1 & are ( a simil> patt]n 9 o!r respects4 ,_! direction is inv>iably f ea/ to we/4 ,_! highe/ po9t & _! /eepe/ side are turn$ t[>ds ! po9t ( sunrise 9 ! w9t]-"t 7au levant d'hiv]71 & !y desc5d ) a gradual slope 9 ! opposite direction4 ,i h v]ifi$ ^! exp]i5ces ( ! %eph]ds ^u ?\s&s ( ant-hills1 & h f\nd a v small numb] ( exceptions2 ^! occurr$ only 9 ! case :]e ! ant-hills _h be5 di/urb$ by m5 or animals4 ,! ant-hills d n ma9ta9 ! con/ancy ( _! =m 9 ! l[l&s1 :]e !y are m expos$ to su* accid5ts4 ,ripple-m>ks on ,sn[ or ,s&4--,! ,sib]ians travel guid$ by ! ripples 9 ! sn[1 :i* run 9 a pretty fix$ direction1 ow+ to ! preval5ce ( a p>ticul> w9d4 ,! ripples 9 a des]t ( s& are equally good z guides2 or ! w9d itself1 if x happ5s to be bl[+1 especially to a p]son pu%+ ?r\gh a tangl$ belt ( =e/4 ,be=e leav+ a well-kn[n track1 & /rik+ out at night into ! broad op5 pla91 notice well :i* way ! w9d bl[s z reg>ds ! c\rse y are ab\t to pursue4 ,flight ( ,birds4--,i h read some:]e t 9 ! old days coa/+ sailors occasionally took pigeons ) !m1 & :5 !y _h lo/ _! be>+s !y let "o fly1 :i* x did at once to ! l&4 ,to foll[ a ,track at ,night4--,:]e ! track is well m>k$1 %[]s ( sp>ks1 ably /ruck ) a fl9t & /eel1 are suffici5t to %[ x1 )\t tak+ ! pa9s ( mak+ a flame4 ,smell ( an ,old ,track4--,! e>? ( an old & well-trodd5 road has a p]ceptible smell1 f ! dung & trampl+ ( animals pass+ ov] x1 especially ne> to encampm5ts4 ,x is usual at night1 :5 a guide d\bts :e!r or no he is 9 ! track1 to take up h&fuls ( dirt & smell x4 ,x is notori\s t cattle c smell out a road4 ,,m>ks ,,= ,,! ,,way-,,side4 ,m>ks on ,trees--,cutt+ ,m>ks4--,a v excell5t tree-l9e is made by cutt+ deep not*es 9 a l9e ( trees1 />t+ f "s conspicu\s object1 s t ! not*es w face ! m5 t are to be guid$ by x3 ! trees mu/ be s select$ t ?ree1 or at lea/ two ( !m1 are 9 sight at once4 ,! not* or slic$ b>k ( a tree is call$ a blaze 9 bu% language4 ,^! blaz$ trees are ( mu* use z f+]-po/s on a d>k night4 ,!y are be/ made by two p]sons2 "o *ipp+ ! trees on 8 "r1 & ! o!r ^? on 8 left4 ,if ! axes are q %>p1 !y only ne$ to be dropp$ aga9/ ! tree 9 ord] to make ! *ip4 ,do+ s1 h>dly ret>ds a p]son 9 8 walk+4 ,ano!r way m suitable to "s k9ds ( =e/s1 is to /rike ! knife into ! left side ( ! tree1 to te> d[n a foot ( b>k1 & to leave ! b>k hang+1 = a d\ble ext5t ( :ite surface is %[n 9 ?is way4 ,also1 to break d[n tops ( sapl+s & leave !m hang+3 ! und]sides ( ! leaves be+ pal] ?an ! upp]1 & ! diff]5t l9es ( ! rev]s$ foliage make a brok5 bu% to look unnatural among heal? trees1 & x quickly arre/s ! att5tion4 ,if y want a tree to be well-scor$ or sla%$1 s z to draw att5tion to x )\t fail1 fire bullets into x1 z into a m>k1 & let ! natives cut !m out 9 _! own way1 = ! sake ( ! lead4 ,!y w effect y\r purpose admirably1 )\t suspect+ x4 ,/amp+ ,m>ks on ,trees4--,! keep]s ( "s ( ! communal =e/s 9 ,switz]l& are provid$ ) small axes1 hav+ ! back ( ! axe-head work$ into a l>ge & %>p die1 ! impression ( ! die be+ "s lett] or ciph] indicat+ ! commune4 ,:5 ^! =e/]s wi% to m>k a tree1 !y give x fir/ a slice ) ! edge ( ! axe1 & !n 7turn+ ! axe7 !y deal x a heavy bl[ ) ! back ( ! axe-head4 ,by ! fir/ op]ation !y prep>e a clean surface = _! m>k2 &1 by ! second1 !y /amp _! ciph] deeply into ! wood4 ,br&+ ,trees4--,"s explor]s take br&+ irons1 & use !m to m>k ea* ( _! camp+-places ) its numb]4 ,?is is especially useful 9 ,au/ralian travel1 :]e ! c\ntry is monoton\s1 & !re are few natives to tell ! names ( places4 ,faggot hung to a ,tree4--,a bundle ( grass or twigs ab\t #b feet long1 slung by its middle a?w>t a small tree1 at ! level ( ! eye1 by ! side ( a pa?1 is well calculat$ to cat* ! att5tion4 ,its l9es are s diff]5t to ^? se5 else:]e 9 ! =e/1 t x w\ld be sc>cely possible to ov]look x4 ,boat or ,canoe ,r\tes ?r\gh lakes well /udd$ ) isl&s1 c be well m>k$ by trimm+ conspicu\s trees until only a tuft ( bran*es is left at ! top4 ,?is is call$1 9 ! p>lance ( ! ,f> ,we/1 a lop/ick4 ,wood5 ,crosses4--,a simple /ructure l fig4 #a is put toge!r ) a s+le nail or any k9d ( la%+4 ,x cat*es ! att5tion imm$iately4 ,fig4 #a4 ,sket* ( cross z describ$4 ,m>ks ) ,/ones4--,m>ks cut on ,/one4--,i h obs]v$ a v simple & conspicu\s p]man5t m>k us$ 9 =e/-roads1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #b4 ,! /one is #h in*es above gr\nd1 #c #a_/b wide1 #h in*es long3 ! m>k is black & deeply cut4 ,an arr[-head may be *isell$ 9 ! face ( a rock & fill$ ) melt$ lead4 ,) a small cold *isel1 #c in*es long & #a_/d in* wide1 a great deal ( /one c>v+ may be readily effect$4 ,sket* ( /one ) incis$ cross4 ,piles ( ,/ones4--,piles ( /ones are us$ by ! ,arabs 9 _! des]ts1 & 9 mo/ m\nta9-tracts4 ,an imm5se l5g? ( ! road1 bo? 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,don ,cossacks & 9 t ( ,tambov1 is m>k$ out on a gigantic scale by heaps ( /ones1 v>y+ f #d to #f feet high4 ,^! are visible f a great di/ance2 & x is v /rik+ to see ! d\ble r[ ( !m indicat+ ! l9e ( r\te ov] ! ,great ,/eppe - undulations :i* (t5 pres5t no o!r trace ( ! h& ( man4 7,spottiswoode47 ,sket* ( pil$ /ones4 ,gipsy ,m>ks4--,:5 gipsies travel1 ! p>ty t goes 9 advance leaves m>ks at cross-roads1 9 ord] to guide ^? :o foll[4 ,^! m>ks are call$ patt]ans2 !re are ?ree patt]ans 9 common use4 ,"o is to pluck ?ree l>ge h&fuls ( grass & to ?r[ !m on ! gr\nd1 at a %ort di/ance f "o ano!r1 9 ! direction tak52 ano!r is1 to draw a cross on ! gr\nd1 ) "o arm mu* long] ?an ! re/1 z a po9t]--a cross is bett] ?an any o!r simple m>k1 = x cat*es _m diff]5t lights4 7,9 m>k+ a road1 d n be cont5t ) m>k+ ! du/--an h\r's breeze or a %[] w efface x2 b take a t5t-peg1 or %>p5$ /ick1 & fairly break into ! surface1 & y\r m>k w be surpris+ly durable47 ,! ?ird ( ! gipsy patt]ans is ( especial use 9 ! d>k3 a cleft /ick is plant$ by ! road-side1 close to ! h$ge1 & 9 ! cleft1 is an arm l a signpo/4 ,! gipsies feel = ?is at cross-roads1 se>*+ = x on ! left-h& side4 7,borr['s ',z9cali4'7 ,a twig1 /ripp$ b>e1 ) ! exception ( two or ?ree leaves at its end1 is sometimes laid on ! road1 ) its b>$ end po9t+ =w>ds4 ,o!r simil> m>ks ( direction & locality1 9 use 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w are z foll[s3--,knott+ twigs2 break+ b\ghs1 & lett+ !m dangle d[n2 a bit ( :ite pap] 9 a cleft /ick2 spill+ wat]1 or liquid ( any k9d1 on ! pa?way2 a litt] made ( pap] torn into small %r$s1 or ( a /ick cut into *ips1 or ( fea!rs ( a bird2 a /r+1 ) pap]s knott$ to x1 l ! tail ( a boy's kite--tie a /one to ! end ( x1 & ?r[ x high among ! bran*es ( a tree4 ,pa9t4--,:itewa% 7:i* see71 :5 mix$ ) salt1 or grease1 or glue size1 w /& ! wea!r = a ye> or m4 ,x c be pa9t$ on a tree or rock3 ! r\gh] ! surface on :i* x is pa9t$1 ! long] w "s sign ( x rema94 ,black = ,inscriptions is made by mix+ lamp-black 7:i* see7 ) "s k9d ( size1 grease1 wax1 or t>4 ,dr4 ,kane1 hav+ no o!r mat]ial at h&1 once burnt a l>ge ,k ) gunp[d] on ! side ( a rock4 ,x prov$ to be a durable & effici5t m>k4 ,:5 lett]s are *isell$ 9 a rock1 !y %\ld be fill$ ) black to make !m m conspicu\s4 ,blood leaves a m>k ( a d+y hue1 t rema9s long ^u a light-col\r$1 absorb5t surface1 z ^u ! face ( s&y rocks4 ,,on ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,way4 ,recollection ( a ,pa?4--,x is difficult to e/imate1 by recollection only1 ! true di/ances betwe5 diff]5t po9ts 9 a road t has be5 once travell$ ov]4 ,!re are _m circum/ances :i* may mislead1 su* z ! accid5tal t$ium ( "o "p1 or ! pleasure ( ano!r2 b besides ^!1 !re is always ! fact1 t1 9 a long day's j\rney1 a man's faculties ( obs]vation are m fre% & active on />t+ ?an lat] 9 ! day1 :5 f ! effect ( we>9ess1 ev5 peculi> objects w fail to arre/ 8 att5tion4 ,n[1 z a man's recollection ( an int]val ( "t is1 z we all "k1 ma9ly d]iv$ f ! numb] ( impressions t 8 memory has receiv$ :ile x 0 pass+1 x foll[s t1 s f> z ?is cause alone is conc]n$1 ! e>li] "p ( 8 day's j\rney w always seem to h be5 disproportionately long comp>$ to ! latt]4 ,x is rem>kable1 on tak+ a long half-day's walk1 & subsequ5tly return+1 aft] re/+ "s h\rs1 h[ long a "t ! e>li] "p ( ! return j\rney seems to occupy1 & h[ rapidly diff]5t well-rememb]$ po9ts seem to succe$ ea* o!r1 z ! travell] draws homew>ds4 ,9 ?is case1 ! same cause acts 9 opposite directions 9 ! two j\rneys4 ,to ,walk 9 a ,/raight ,l9e ?r\gh ,=e/s4--,e man :o has _h frequ5t occasion to f9d 8 way f "o place to ano!r 9 a =e/1 c d s )\t /ra9+ 8 att5tion4 ,?us1 9 ! acc\nt ( ,"l ,milton's travels1 we read ( "s ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians :o 7 incapable ( und]/&+ ! :ite man's difficulty 9 keep+ a /raight l9e2 b no man :o has n _h practice c walk ?r\gh trees 9 a /raight l9e1 ev5 ) ! utmo/ circumspection4 ,aft] mak+ sev]al exp]im5ts1 ,i ?9k ! explanation ( ! difficulty & ! way ( ov]com+ x are z foll[s3--,if a man walks on a level surface1 guid$ by a s+le conspicu\s m>k1 he is almo/ sure n to travel t[>ds x 9 a /raight l9e2 8 muscul> s5se is n delicate en\gh to gu>d him f mak+ small deviations4 ,if1 !re=e1 aft] walk+ "s hundr$ y>ds t[>ds a s+le m>k1 on gr\nd t pres]ves 8 track1 ! travell] %\ld turn r\nd1 he w probably be a/oni%$ to see h[ s9u\s 8 c\rse has be54 ,h[ev]1 if he take note ( a second m>k & endeav\r to keep x /rictly 9 a l9e ) ! fir/1 he w easily keep a p]fectly /raight c\rse4 ,b if he _c f9d a second m>k1 x w n be difficult = him to use ! tufts ( grass1 ! /ones1 or ! o!r accid5ts ( ! soil1 9 its place2 !y ne$ n be precisely 9 ! same l9e ) ! m>k1 b "s may be on ! "r & "s on ! left ( x1 9 :i* case1 z he walks on ! p]spective ( _! *ange ( position w be symmetrical4 ,la/ly1 if he has n ev5 "o def9ite m>k1 b is walk+ among a ?rong ( =e/ trees1 he may le>n to dep5d :olly on ! symmetry ( ! *anges ( p]spective ( ! trees z a guide to 8 pa?4 ,he w keep 8 po9t ( sight un*ang$ & w walk 9 its direction1 & if he deviates f t direction1 ! want ( symmetry 9 ! *ange ( p]spective on ei!r side ( ! po9t on :i* he wi%es to walk1 w w>n him ( 8 error4 ,! appreciation ( ?is optical effect gr[s easily into a habit4 ,:5 ! m di/ant view happ5s to be %ut out1 ! travell] mu/ rega9 8 l9e "u guidance simil> to t by :i* a sailor /e]s :o only looks at 8 compass at int]vals--,i mean by ! aspect ( ! sky1 ! direction ( ! w9d1 & ! appe>ance ( ! =e/1 :5 x has any peculi>ity ( gr[? dep5d5t on direction4 ,! *ance ( 8 judgm5t be+ errone\s to a small ext5t is ! same on ! "r h& z on ! left1 consequ5tly 8 errors t5d to comp5sate ea* o!r4 ,i wi% "s sci5tific travell] w\ld rigidly te/ ! p[]s ( good bu%m5 & f9d _! probable angul> deviation f ! true c\rse "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,_! l9e %\ld be giv5 to !m1 & !y %\ld be told to make smokes at int]vals4 ,! position ( ^! smokes c\ld be easily mapp$ out by ! travell]4 ,! art ( walk+ 9 a /raight l9e is possess$ 9 an em95t degree by good pl\ghm54 ,!y always look ahead1 & let ! pl\gh take c>e ( itself4 ,to f9d ! way d[n a ,hill-side4--,if on arriv+ at ! /eep edge ( a ridge1 y h to take ! c>avan d[n into ! pla91 & x appe>s t a difficulty may arise 9 f9d+ a good way = x2 desc5d fir/ y\rself1 z well z y c1 & seek = a road z y climb back aga94 ,x is f> m easy to succe$ 9 do+ ?is z y asc5d1 ?an z y desc5d3 because :5 at ! bottom ( a hill1 its bold bluffs & precipices face y1 & y c at once see & avoid !m3 :]eas at ! top1 ^! are precisely ! p>ts t y ov]look & _c see4 ,bl9d ,pa?s4--,fa9tly-m>k$ pa?s ov] grass 7bl9d pa?s7 are be/ se5 f a di/ance4 ,lo/ 9 a ,fog4--,napoleon1 :5 rid+ ) 8 /aff across a %all[ arm ( ! ,gulf ( ,suez1 0 caught 9 a fog3 he utt]ly lo/ 8 way1 & f\nd himself 9 dang]4 ,he !re-^u ord]$ 8 /aff to ride f him1 9 radiat+ l9es1 9 all directions1 & t su* ( !m z %\ld f9d ! wat] to become m %all[1 %\ld %\t out4 ,mirage4--,:5 x is excessive1 x is mo/ bewild]+3 a man w (t5 mi/ake a tuft ( grass1 or a tree1 or o!r mo/ dissimil> object1 = 8 companion1 or 8 horse1 or game4 ,an old travell] is r>ely deceiv$ by mirage4 ,if he d\bts1 he c 9 _m cases adopt ! foll[+ h9t giv5 by ,dr4 ,kane3 ,refraction w baffle a novice1 on ! ice2 b we h le>n$ to baffle refraction4 ,by sight+ ! suspect$ object ) y\r rifle at re/1 y soon detect motion4 ,lo/ ,pa?4--,if y fairly lose y\r way 9 ! d>k1 d n g on blund]+ hi!r & ?i!r till y are exhau/$2 b make z com=table biv\ac z y c1 & />t at daybreak fre% on y\r se>*4 ,! bank ( a wat]c\rse1 :i* is ! be/ ( clues1 af=ds ! wor/ ( pa?s1 & is q unfit to be foll[$ at night4 ,! gr\nd is always m brok5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a riv] ?an f> away f x2 & ! vegatation is m tangl$4 ,explor]s travel mo/ easily by keep+ f> away f ! banks ( /reams2 because !n !y h few] broad tribut>ies & deep rav9es to cross4 ,if 9 ! daytime y f9d t y h q lo/ y\r way1 set sy/ematically to "w to f9d x4 ,at all ev5t1 d n make ! matt] d\bly p]plex+ by w&]+ fur!r4 ,m>k ! place v di/9ctly :]e y discov] y\rself at fault1 t x may be ! c5tre ( y\r se>*4 ,be c>eful to ride 9 su* places z w pres]ve y\r tracks4 ,break twigs if y are lo/ 9 a woodl&3 if 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 drag a /ick to make a cle> trail4 ,m>ks scrat*$ on ! gr\nd to tell ! h\r & day t y pass$ by1 w guide a reliev+ p>ty4 ,a great smoke is useful = ! same purpose & is visible = a long di/ance4 7,see ,signals47 ,a man :o loses himself1 especially 9 a des]t1 is sadly apt to f9d 8 pres5ce ( m9d =sake him1 ! s5se ( desolation is s /range & ov]p[]+2 b he may console himself ) ! /ati/ics ( 8 *ance ( safety--viz41 t travell]s1 ?\gh con/antly los+ _! p>ty1 h h>dly ev] be5 kn[n to p]i% unreliev$4 ,:5 ! lo/ travell] is dead beat ) fatigue1 let him ex]t a /rong control ov] himself1 = if he gives way to t]ror1 & w&]s wildly ab\t hi!r & ?i!r1 he w d no good & exhau/ 8 vital p[]s mu* soon]4 ,he %\ld erect "s signal--z conspicu\s a "o z he c--) some?+ flutt]+ ^u x1 sit d[n 9 ! %ade1 &1 li/5+ ke5ly = any s\nd ( succ\r1 be> 8 fate l a man4 ,8 ultimate safety is m]ely a "q ( "t1 = he is sure to be se>*$ =2 &1 if he c keep alive = two or ?ree days1 he w1 9 all probability1 be f\nd & sav$4 7,to relieve ?ir/1 p4 #bbc2 hung]1 p4 #aig7 ,!ory4--,:5 y discov] y are lo/1 ask y\rself ! foll[+ ?ree que/ions3 !y comprise ! ,,abc ( ! art ( pa?f9d+1 & ,i w !re=e di/+ui% !m by ! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 & ,c respectively3--,a4 ,:at is ! lea/ di/ance t ,i c ) c]ta9ty specify1 )9 :i* ! c>avan-pa?1 ! riv]1 or ! sea-%ore1 t ,i wi% to rega91 lies8 ,b4 ,:at is ! direction1 9 a vague g5]al way1 t[>ds :i* ! pa? or riv] runs1 or ! sea-coa/ t5ds8 ,c4 ,:5 ,i la/ left ! pa?1 did ,i turn to ! left or to ! "r4 ,z reg>ds ,a1 calculate coolly h[ long y h be5 rid+ or walk+1 & at :at pace1 s9ce y left y\r p>ty2 subtract = /oppages & well-recollect$ zigzags2 all[ a mile & a half p] h\r = ! pace :5 y h be5 loit]+ on foot1 & ?ree & a half :5 y h be5 walk+ fa/4 ,be> 9 m9d t occasional runn+ makes an almo/ inappreciable diff]5ce2 & t a man is always mu* ne>] to ! lo/ pa?1 ?an he is incl9$ to fe>4 ,z reg>ds ,b1 if ! man kn[s ! c\rse ( ! pa? to )9 eight po9ts ( ! compass 7or "o-f\r? ( ! :ole horizon71 x is a great ga92 or ev5 if he kn[s ,b to )9 twelve po9ts1 say #abj degrees1 or "o-?ird ( ! :ole horizon1 8 k is available4 ,= in/ance1 let u suppose a man's g5]al idea ( ! run ( ! pa? to be1 t x goes 9 a nor!rly & s\!rly direction3 !n if he is also positive t ! pa? does n deviate m ?an to ! ,n4,e4 on ! "o side ( t direction1 or to ! ,n4,w4 on ! o!r1 he kn[s ! direction to )9 eight po9ts4 ,simil>ly he is sure to twelve po9ts1 if 8 limits1 on ei!r h&1 are ,e4,n4,e4 & ,w4,n4,w4 respectively4 ,c requires no fur!r explanation4 ,n[1 if a man c answ] all ?ree que/ions1 ,a1 ,b1 to )9 eight po9ts ( ! compass1 & ,c1 he is f\r & a half times z well (f z if he c\ld only answ] ,a2 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,a k ( ,b 9 addition to ,a1 is ( only "o-?ird ! use t x w\ld be if ,c also 7 kn[n4 #a4 ,let ,p 7fig4 #a7 be ! po9t :]e ! travell] f9ds himself at fault1 & let ,p ,d to be a di/ance )9 :i* ! pa? c]ta9ly lies2 !n ! circle1 ,e ,d ,f1 some:]e cuts ! pa?1 & ! travell] />t+ f ,p mu/ fir/ g to ,d1 & !n make ! entire circuit1 ,d ,e ,h ,f ,d1 be=e he has exhau/$ 8 se>*4 ,?is di/ance ( ,p ,d ,d ,e ,h ,f ,d ,p ,d #f ,p ,d ne>ly1 #g ,p ,d altoge!r1 :i* gives ! l5g? ( road t ! man mu/ be prep>$ to travel ov] :o c answ] no o!r ?an ! "q ,a4 ,( c\rse1 ,p ,d may cut ! pa?1 b ,i am speak+ ( ! extreme di/ance :i* ! lo/ man may h to travel4 ,sket* z describ$ above4 ,suppos+ t "q ,b c be answ]$ z well z "q ,a1 an t ! direction ( ! l9e ( road lies c]ta9ly )9 ! po9ts ( ! compass1 ,p ,s & ,p ,r4 ,draw ! circumscrib+ p>allelogram1 ,g ,l ,h ,e ,m1 ^: sides are respectively p>allel to ,p ,s & ,p ,r4 ,jo9 ,l ,m4 ,by ! conditions ( ?is problem1 ! pa? mu/ some:]e cut ! circle ,e ,d ,f2 & s9ce ,l ,m cuts ,l ,h1 :i* is a tang5t to x1 x is cle> x mu/ cut e pa?--su* z a a1 p>allel to ,l ,h1 or to ,p ,r--t cuts ! circle4 ,simil>ly1 ! same l9e1 ,l ,m1 mu/ cut e pa? p>allel to ,p ,s1 su* z b b4 ,n[ if ,l ,m cuts e pa? t is p>allel to ei!r ( ! extreme directions1 ,p ,r or ,p ,s1 x is obvi\s t x mu/ also cut e pa? t is p>allel to an int]m$iate direction1 su* z c c1 b ,,pl ,,ph_/cos ,,hpl ,,pd_/cos #a_/b ,,rps2 ,! consequ5ce ( :i* is t ,p ,l exce$s ,p ,d by "o-six?1 "o-half z mu* aga91 or twice z mu* aga91 accord+ z ,r ,p ,s #fj degrees1 #ij degrees degrees1 or #adj degrees4 ,! travell] :o c only answ] ! que/ions ,a & ,b1 b n ,c1 mu/ be prep>$ to travel f ,p to ,l1 & back aga9 ?r\gh ,p to ,m1 a di/ance equal to #c ,p ,l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he c answ] ! "q ,c1 he kn[s at once :e!r to travel t[>ds ,l or t[>ds ,m1 & he has no return j\rney to fe>4 ,at ! wor/1 he has simply to travel ! di/ance ,p ,l4 ,! probable di/ance1 z di/+ui%$ f ! utmo/ possible di/ance t a man may h to travel 9 ! ?ree cases1 c be calculat$ ma!matically4 ,x w\ld be out ( place "h to give ! work+ ( ! little problem1 b ,i app5d ! r\gh num]ical results 9 a table4 ,table z ref]r$ to above4 ,! epitome ( ! :ole is ?is3--#a4 ,if y c only answ] ! "q ,a1 y mu/ seek = ! lo/ pa? by ! t$i\s circle plan2 or1 :at is ! same1 & a m manageable way ( sett+ to "w1 by travell+ 9 an octagon1 ea* side ( :i* mu/ be equal to f\r-fif?s ( ,p ,d4 7,see fig4 #b47 ,fig4 #b4 ,t is to say1 look at y\r compass & />t 9 any direction y please2 we w say to ! s\?1 z repres5t$ 9 ! draw+4 ,travel = a di/ance1 ,p ,d2 !n suppos+ y h n cross$ ! pa?1 turn at "r angles1 & />t afre%--we w suppose y\r pres5t direction to be we/--travel = a di/ance #d_/aj ( ,p ,d1 :i* w take y to #a2 !n turn to ! ,n4,w4 & travel = a di/ance #h_/aj ( ,p ,d1 :i* w take y to #b2 !n to ! ,n4 = a simil> di/ance1 :i* w take y to #c2 & s on1 till ! octagon has be5 complet$4 ,if y "k ,b to eight po9ts1 & n ,c1 adopt ! ,l ,m sy/em2 also1 if y "k ,a & ,c1 & ,b to )9 ?irte5 po9ts 7out ( ! sixte5 t =m ! semicircle71 y may /ill adopt ! ,l ,m sy/em2 b n o!rwise4 ,a r\gh diagram scrat*$ on ! gr\nd ) a /ick w\ld suffice to recall ! above rem>ks to a travell]'s recollection4 ,,ca*es ,,& ,,depots4 ,ca*es4--,x is easy en\gh to *oose a spot1 :i* y y\rself %all aga9 recognise1 = digg+ a hole1 :]e /ores ( all k9ds may be buri$ aga9/ y\r return3 nei!r is x difficult to *oose "o1 s t y may indicate its position to o!rs1 or else leave x to a p>ty :o are travell+ 9 conc]t1 to f9d x out = !mselves4 ,b excessive caution 9 ! mode ( deposit+ ! /ores is1 9 e case1 requir$1 z hungry & ?iev+ natives keep wat* on all ! movem5ts ( a p>ty2 !y foll[ _! tracks & hunt ov] _! old camp+-places1 9 se>* ( any?+ !re may be to pick up4 ,& hy5as1 wolves1 wild dogs1 & all k9ds ( pr[l+ animals1 guid$ by _! %>p sc5t1 w soon scrat* up any provisions t are buri$ c>elessly1 or 9 su* a way z to ta9t ! e>?4 ,! natives 9 ,ceylon1 :5 !y wi% to make a depot ( game1 j]k x1 put ! dry meat into ! holl[ ( a tree1 fill up ! res]voir ) honey1 & pla/] x ov] ) clay4 ,"s dri$ plants ( ,m4 ,b\rgeau1 ! botani/ atta*$ to ,capta9 ,pallis]'s exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 rema9$ und]gr\nd = t5 mon?s )\t injury4 ,newly di/urb$ ,gr\nd s9ks :5 ,wett$4--,if a ca*e be made 9 dry wea!r1 & ! gr\nd be simply levell$ ov] x1 ! fir/ heavy ra9 w cause ! e>? to s9k1 & w proclaim ! hidd5 /ore to an obs]vant eye4 ,soldi]s1 9 sack+ a t[n1 f9d out ha/ily-buri$ treasures by ?r[+ a pailful ( wat] ov] any suspect$ spot3 if ! gr\nd s9ks1 x has surely be5 rec5tly di/urb$4 ,be/ place = a ,ca*e4--,! be/ position to *oose = a ca*e is 9 a s&y or gravelly soil1 on acc\nt ( its dryness & ! facility ( digg+4 ,old burr[s1 or ! gigantic b ab&on$ hills ( :ite ants1 may be ?\ght (1 if ! /ores are enclos$ 9 cases ( pa9t$ t93 also clefts 9 rocks3 "s ?+s c be conv5i5tly buri$ "u wat]4 ,! place mu/ be *os5 "u circum/ances t admit ( y\r effac+ all signs ( ! gr\nd hav+ be5 di/urb$4 ,a good plan is to set up y\r t5t & to dig a deep hole 9 ! floor1 deposit+ :at y h to bury wrapp$ 9 an oil-clo?1 9 an e>!n j>1 or 9 a wood5 vessel1 accord+ to :at y are able to get4 ,x mu/ be secure aga9/ ! attacks ( ! insects ( ! place3 avoid ! use ( sk9s1 = animals w smell & dig !m out4 ,cont9ue to inhabit ! t5t = at lea/ a day1 well /amp+ & smoo?+ d[n ! soil at leisure4 ,aft] ?is1 *ange ! position ( ! t5t1 %ift+ ! te!r+-place or kraal ( y\r cattle to :]e x /ood4 ,!y w spe$ily efface any m>ks t may be left4 ,travell]s (t5 make _! fires ov] ! holes :]e _! /ores are buri$2 b natives are s accu/om$ to suspect fireplaces1 t ?is plan does n prove to be safe4 ,dur+ summ] travel1 9 c\ntries pe/]$ ) gnats1 a smoke fire = ! horses 7t is1 a fire = keep+ (f flies71 made ne> ! place1 w attract ! horses & cause !m to trample all ab\t4 ,?is is an excell5t way ( oblit]at+ m>ks left ab\t ! ca*e4 ,hid+ ,small ,?+s4--,x is easy to make a small ca*e by b5d+ d[n a "y tree1 ty+ y\r bundle to ! top1 & lett+ x spr+ up aga94 ,a spruce-tree gives excell5t %elt] to any?+ plac$ 9 its bran*es4 7,see also :at is said on ,bury+ ,lett]s1 p4 #cjc47 ,hid+ ,l>ge ,?+s4--,l>ge ?+s1 z a wagon or boat1 mu/ ei!r be pu%$ into ?ick bu%es or re$s & left to *ance1 or !y may be buri$ 9 a s& drift or 9 a s&y deposit by a riv] side4 ,a small re$y isl& is a conv5i5t place = su* ca*es4 ,d\ble ,ca*es4--,"s p]sons1 :5 !y "k t _! int5tions are suspect$1 make two ca*es3 ! "o ) a few ?+s buri$ 9 x1 & conceal$ ) little c>e2 ! o!r1 conta9+ ^? t are really valuable1 & v artfully made4 ,?ieves are sure to discov] ! fir/1 & are likely en\gh to omit a fur!r se>*4 ,to f9d y\r ,/ore aga91 y %\ld h asc]ta9$ ! di/ance & be>+1 by compass1 ( ! hole f "s m>k$ place--z a tree--ab\t :i* y are sure n to be mi/ak52 or f ! c5tre ( ! place :]e y\r fire 0 made1 :i* is a m>k t ye>s w n entirely efface4 ,if !re be any?+ 9 ! gr\nd itself to indicate ! position ( ! hole1 y h made a clumsy ca*e4 ,x is n a bad plan1 aft] ! ?+s are buri$1 & be=e ! t5t is remov$1 to scrat* a furr[ a c\ple ( in*es deep1 & ?ree or f\r feet long1 & pick+ up any bits ( /ick1 re$s1 or /raw1 t may be f\nd at h& ly+ ^u ! gr\nd1 to place !m end to end 9 x4 ,^! w be easy en\gh to f9d aga9 by mak+ a cross furr[1 & :5 f\nd w lead y /raight above ! depot4 ,!y w\ld nev] excite suspicion1 ev5 if a native got hold ( !m2 = !y w\ld appe> to h be5 dropp$ or bl[n on ! gr\nd by *ance1 n se5 & trampl$ 94 ,mr4 ,atk9son m5tions an +5i\s way by :i* ! b\nd>ies ( valuable m9+ prop]ty are m>k$ 9 ! ,ural1 a modification ( :i* might s]ve = indicat+ ca*es4 ,a tr5* is dug & fill$ ) *>coal beat small1 & !n cov]$ ov]4 ,! *>coal la/s = ev]1 & _c be tamp]$ ) )\t leav+ an unmi/akable m>k4 ,secret+ ,jewels4--,be=e go+ to a ri* b imp]fectly civilis$ c\ntry1 travell]s sometimes buy jewels & bury !m 9 _! fle%4 ,!y make a ga%1 put ! jewels 91 & all[ ! fle% to gr[ ov] !m z x w\ld ov] a bullet4 ,! op]ation is m sure to succe$ if ! jewels are put into a silv] tube ) r\nd$ ends1 = silv] does n irritate4 ,if ! jewels are buri$ )\t ! tube1 !y mu/ h no %>p edges4 ,! be/ place = bury+ !m is 9 ! left arm1 at ! spot *os5 = vacc9ation4 ,a travell] :o 0 ?us provid$ w\ld always h a small capital to fall back ^u1 ?\gh robb$ ( ev]y?+ he wore4 ,a ,*a9 ( gold is sometimes c>ri$ by ,arabs1 :o sew x 9 dirty lea!r "u _! belt4 ,!y cut (f & sell a l9k at a "t4 7,burton7 ,! gun-/ock is a good receptacle = small valuables4 ,unscrew ! heel-plate & bore recesses2 ins]t :at y desire1 aft] wrapp+ x tightly 9 clo? & plugg+ x 92 !n replace ! heel-plate4 7,peal47 ,deposit+ ,lett]s4--,to direct ,att5tion to ! ,place ( ,deposit4--,:5 y make a ca*e 9 an inhabit$ l&1 = ! use ( a travell+ p>ty :o are ignorant ( y\r purpose1 !re is ( c\rse "s difficulty 9 ensur+ t _! att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! place1 b t ! natives %\ld h no clue to x4 ,if y h means ( ga%+1 pa9t+ or burn+ *>act]s1 some?+ ( ?is sort 7see fig471 !y w expla9 !mselves4 ,sket* ( direction plate4 ,savages1 h[ev]1 take su* pa9s to efface any m>k !y may f9d left by :ite m51 ent]ta9+ ?\ghts l ^? ( ,morgiana 9 ! ',arabian ,nights' tale ( ! ,=ty ,?ieves1 t x w\ld be mo/ imprud5t to tru/ to a s+le m>k4 ,a relief p>ty %\ld !re=e be provid$ ) a br&+-iron & moveable lett]s1 & ) pa9ts1 & !y %\ld m>k ! tree 9 _m places4 ,a c\ple ( h\rs sp5t 9 do+ ?is w\ld leave m m>ks ?an ! desultory ef=ts ( rov+ savages w\ld be likely to efface4 ,a good sign to %[ t ,europeans h visit$ a spot is a saw m>k 7no savages use saws73 x cat*es ! eye directly4 ,a sy/em occasionally employ$ by ,arctic exp$itions1 ( mak+ a ca*e #aj feet true nor? 7& n magnetic nor?7 f ! cairn or m>k1 des]ves to be g5]ally employ$1 at lea/ ) modifications4 ,let me !re=e sugge/1 t p]sons :o f9d a cairn built ( a tree m>k$1 s z to attract notice1 & :o are se>*+ bl9dly 9 all directions = fur!r clue1 %\ld inv>iably dig out & exam9e t p>ticul> spot4 ,! notice deposit$ !re may consi/ ( no m ?an a s+le s5t5ce1 to indicate "s di/ant po9t z ! place :]e ! long] lett] is buri$4 ,i hope x w be und]/ood1 t ! precaution ( always bury+ a notice #aj feet true nor? ( ! cairn m>k is propos$ z additional to & n 9 ! place ( o!r contrivances = giv+ in=mation4 ,!re w (t5 arise "s d\bt z to ! exact po9t 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! cairn or m>k :5ce ! #aj feet measurem5t %\ld be made4 ,?is is due to ! irregul>ity ( ! bases ( all su* m>ks4 ,!re=e1 :5 se>*+ = lett]s1 a %ort tr5*1 runn+ to ! nor?1 w frequ5tly h to be dug1 & n a m]e hole4 ,i %\ld propose t ! %ort notice be pun*$ or prick$ on a ?9 %eet ( lead1 made by p\r+ two or ?ree melt$ bullets on a flat /one1 & t ! plate s made & inscrib$ %\ld be roll$ up & pu%$ into a hole bor$ or burnt ?r\gh ! head ( a l>ge t5t peg4 ,! peg c\ld be driv5 deeply 9 ! gr\nd1 q out ( sight1 )\t di/urb+ ! surr\nd+ e>?4 ,x might ev5 suffice to pick up a common /one & to scrat* or pa9t ^u x :at y _h to say1 & to leave x on ! gr\nd1 ) its writt5 face d[nw>ds1 at ! place 9 "q4 ,to secure ,buri$ ,lett]s f ,damp4--,!y may be wrapp$ 9 wax$ clo? or pap]1 if !re be no fe> ( ! ravages ( insects4 ,lead plate is f> m safe3 x c be made easily en\gh by a travell] out ( 8 bullets4 7,see ,lead47 ,a glass bottle 7) some?+ t insects _c eat1 su* z lead-plate1 seal+-wax or clay1 put c>efully ov] ! cork7 or an e>!n j> may be us$4 ,! quill ( a l>ge fea!r w hold a long lett]1 if x is writt5 9 v small h&writ+ & on ?9 pap]1 & x w pres]ve x f ! wet4 ,aft] ! lett] has be5 roll$ up & ins]t$ 9 ! quill1 ! op5 end ( ! latt] may be squeez$ flat betwe5 two /ones1 heat$ suffici5tly to s(t5 ! quill 7see ,horn7 b n s hot z to burn x1 & !n1 = great] security aga9/ wet1 ! end ( ! quill %\ld be twi/$ tight4 ,wax af=ds ano!r easy means ( clos+ ! quill4 ,picture-writ+4--,a v _m excell5t bu%rang]s are unable to read1 rude picture-writ+ is (t5 us$ by !m1 especialy 9 ,am]ica4 ,! figure ( a man ) a spe> or b[1 drawn z a *ild w\ld draw1 /&s = a savage2 "o ) a hat or gun = a ,european2 horses1 ox51 & %eep are equally to be drawn2 l9es repres5t numb]s1 & arr[-heads direction4 ,ev5 )\t m conv5tional symbols1 a va/ deal may be express$ by rude picture-writ+4 ,reconnoitr+ ,b>r5 ,c\ntries by help ( ,port]s & ,ca*es4--,! di/ance to :i* an explor] c atta9 9 b>r5 c\ntries dep5ds on ! numb] ( days' provisions t he c c>ry ) him4 ,half ( 8 load supports him on 8 way out1 ! o!r half on 8 way home4 ,b if he />t 9 company ) a lad5 port]1 he may res]ve 8 own /ore & supply bo? himself & ! port] f ! pack c>ri$ by ! latt]4 ,:5 half ( ?is is consum$1 ! o!r half may be divid$ into two equal portions4 ,! "o is reta9$ by ! port] :o makes 8 way back to camp1 consum+ x z he goes1 & ! o!r is ca*$ 7see ,ca*es7 = ! su/5ance ( ! travell] on 8 return j\rney4 ,?is be+ arrang$1 ! travell] c />t f ! ca*e ) 8 own load ( provisions unt\*$1 j z he w\ld h />t$ f ! camp if he _h _h no port] to assi/ him4 ,x is evid5t a process ( ?is description might be frequ5tly repeat$2 t a l>ge p>ty ( port]s might />t1 & by a sy/em ( successive subdivisions1 !y c\ld enable ! travell] to rea* a position _m days' j\rney di/ant f 8 camp1 ) 8 own load ( provisions & ) o!r food plac$ 9 a succession ( ca*es1 = ! supply ( 8 wants all ! way home aga94 ,! pr9ciple by :i* ?is may be effect$ )\t wa/e1 is to s5d back at ea* successive /ep ! smalle/ deta*m5t compet5t to travel alone1 & to d ?is z soon z "o half ( _! load ( food has be5 consum$ by ! :ole p>ty4 ,!n1 ! o!r half is to be divid$ into two portions2 "o consi/+ ( rations to supply ! deta*m5t back to ! previ\s ca*e1 :5ce _! j\rney home has be5 provid$ =1 ! o!r portion to be buri$1 to supply rations = ! rema9d] ( ! p>ty1 :5 !y %all h return$ 7ei!r all toge!r or else 9 sep>ate & successive deta*m5ts7 back to ! previ\s ca*e1 :5ce _! j\rney home has also be5 provid$ =4 ,an inspection ( ! ,table :i* ,i annex 7p4 #cjg7 makes details unnecess>y4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ h[ ! port]s :o fir/ return may be dispat*$ afre% z relief p>ties4 ,i give1 9 ! table1 a s*$ule ( ! ?ree mo/ important cases4 ,9 ^! ! regul> supply ( two meals p] diem1 & a morn+ & an aft]noon j\rney1 are suppos$4 ,i wrote a pap] on ?is subject1 :i* is publi%$ 9 ! ',royal ,geographical ,society's ,proce$+s1' vol4 ii41 to :i* ,i ref] ^? :o c>e to inquire fur!r into ! matt]4 ,cases :]e ea* man or horse c>ries a numb] ( rations int]m$iate to ^? specifi$ 9 ! ,table1 are1 p]haps1 too complicat$ = use )\t mu* previ\s practice4 ,x w\ld be easy = a lead] to satisfy himself t he 0 mak+ no mi/ake1 & to drill 8 m5 to any "o ( ! tabulat$ cases1 by pa9t+ a r[ ( /icks1 #ej y>ds ap>t1 to repres5t ! successive halt+-places ( 8 int5d$ j\rney1 & by mak+ 8 m5 g ?r\gh a %am rehe>sal ( :at !y w\ld sev]ally h to d4 ,!n ea* man's duties c\ld be writt5 d[n 9 a s*$ule & all possibility ( mi/ake be avoid$4 ,! ,table repres5ts ! proce$+s ( f\r m5 7or horses & m571 :o leave camp4 ,two turn back at ,p#a1 "o m turns back at ,p#b1 & ! rema9+ man pu%es on to ,p#c4 ,food has be5 ca*$ = him bo? at ,p#b & ,p#a2 b to make matt]s d\bly sure1 a relief p>ty1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 c be s5t to meet him at ,p#b4 ,9 ,case ,a1 ea* man c>ries #a #a_/b day's rations4 ,b4 7or horse7 #c #a_/b days' rations = himself 7& driv]s74 ,c4 ea* man 7or horse7 c>ries #e #a_/b days' rations = himself 7& driv]s74 ,we w take ! case ,c z an example4 ,! figures t ref] to x are 9 ! l9es adjac5t to ! lett] ,c 9 ! ,table4 ,!y are ^? 9 ! upp]mo/ l9e1 & also ^? 9 ! l9e up ! left-h& side ( ! diagram1 & !y /& = days' j\rney & = days respectively4 ,p#a is rea*$ aft] #a #a_/b day's travel1 ,p#b aft] #c days1 ,p#c aft] #f days f camp4 ,! entire p>ty might consi/ ( #e m51 #b c>ts 7"o a v light "o71 & f\r horses1 toge!r ) "o saddle & bridle4 ,! heavi] c>t & #b m5 & #b horses w\ld turn back at ,p#a4 ,"o ( ! two horses ( ! second c>t w\ld be saddl$ & ridd5 back by a ?ird man f ,p#b2 &1 f9ally1 ! rema9+ c>t1 s+le horse1 & #b m51 w\ld turn back1 aft] #f days1 f ,p#c4--,! relief p>ty w\ld orig9allyconsi/ ( ! fir/ c>t & #c horses4 ,on arriv+ at ,p#a1 a horse & man w\ld be s5t back4 ,at ,p#b x w\ld h m ?an en\gh sp>e rations to admit ( its wait+ two :ole days = ! explor+ c>t1 if x 7 necess>y to d s4 ,full page diagram z describ$ above4 ,x w be se5 f ! ,table t z #f days' j\rney is ! limit to :i* ,c c explore1 s #d days' j\rney is ! limit = ,b1 & #b days = ,a4 ,b :]e abundance ( provision is secur$ at ,p#b by means ( a relief p>ty1 ! explor]s might well make an ef=t & travel on half rations to a great] di/ance ?an ! limits "h assign$4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,savages4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,a frank1 jok+1 b det]m9$ mann]1 jo9$ ) an air ( %[+ m confid5ce 9 ! good fai? ( ! natives ?an y really feel1 is ! be/4 ,x is obs]v$1 t a sea-capta9 g5]ally succe$s 9 mak+ an excell5t impression on savages3 !y ?or\ghly appreciate common s5se1 tru?1 & uprightness2 & are n half su* fools z /rang]s usually acc\nt !m4 ,if a savage does mis*ief1 look on him z y w\ld on a kick+ mule1 or a wild animal1 ^: nature is to be unruly & vici\s1 & keep y\r temp] q unruffl$4 ,evade ! mis*ief1 if y c3 if y _c1 endure x2 & d n tr\ble y\rself ov]mu* ab\t y\r dignity1 or ab\t retaliat+ on ! man1 except x be on ! gr\nds ( exp$i5cy4 ,!re are ev5 times :5 any assumption ( dignity becomes ludicr\s1 & ! travell] mu/1 z ,mungo ,p>k _h once to d1 lay x d[n z a rule to make himself z useless & z insignificant z possible1 z ! only means ( recov]+ 8 lib]ty4 ,bu% ,law4--,x is impossible b t a travell] mu/ (t5 take ! law into 8 own h&s4 ,"s c\ntries1 no d\bt1 are gov]n$ ) a /rong arm by a savage despot2 to :om or to ^: subord9ates appeals mu/ ( c\rse be made2 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! sy/em ( life among savages is-- ,! simple rule1 ! good old plan-- ,t !y %\ld take1 :o h ! p[]2 ,& !y %\ld keep1 :o c4 ,:]e !re is no civil law1 or any k9d ( sub/itute = x1 ea* man is1 z x 71 a nation 9 himself2 & !n ! travell] ought to be guid$ 9 8 actions by ! motives t influ5ce nations1 :e!r to make w> or to ab/a9 f x1 r ?an by ! crim9al code ( civilis$ c\ntries4 ,! travell] mu/ settle 9 8 own m9d :at 8 scale ( puni%m5ts %\ld be2 & x w be f\nd a conv5i5t pr9ciple t a culprit %\ld be puni%$ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( h>m t he has done1 r ?an accord+ to ! presum$ wick$ness ( ! (f5ce4 ,?us1 if two m5 7 caught1 "o ( :om _h /ol5 an ox1 & ! o!r a %eep1 x w\ld be be/ to flog ! fir/ mu* m heavily ?an ! second2 x is a measure ( puni%m5t m intelligible to savages ?an ours4 ,! pr9ciple ( d\ble or treble re/itution1 to :i* !y are well us$1 is ( ! same nature4 ,if all !ft be puni%$1 y\r adm9i/ration w be a reign ( t]ror2 = e savage1 ev5 y\r be/ fri5ds1 w pilf] little ?+s f y1 :5ev] !y h a good opportunity4 ,be v sev]e if any ( y\r own p>ty /eal trifles f natives3 ord] d\ble or treble re/itution1 if ! man does n "k bett]2 &1 if he does1 a flogg+ besides1 & n 9 place ( x4 ,seiz+ ,food4--,on arriv+ at an encampm5t1 ! natives commonly run away 9 fright4 ,if y are hungry1 or 9 s]i\s ne$ ( any?+ t !y h1 g boldly into _! huts1 take j :at y want1 & leave fully adequate paym5t4 ,x is absurd to be ov]-scrupul\s 9 ^! cases4 ,fea/-,days4--,int]rupt ! monotony ( travel1 by m>k$ days1 on :i* y give extra tobacco & sug> to ! s]vants4 ,avoid con/ant good fe$+1 b r h frequ5t slight fa/s to ensure occasional good fea/s2 & let ^? occasions :5 m>k$ /ages ( y\r j\rney h be5 rea*$1 be great gala-days4 ,recollect t a savage _c endure ! /eady lab\r t we ,anglo-,saxons h be5 br$ to support4 ,8 nature is adapt$ to alt]nations ( laz9ess & ( sev]e ex]tion4 ,promote m]rim5t1 s++1 fiddl+1 & s =?1 ) all y\r p[]4 ,autolycus says1 9 ',a ,w9t]'s ,tale'-- ,jog on1 jog on1 ! foot-pa? way1 ,m]rily b5t ! /ils-a3 ,a m]ry he>t goes all ! day1 ,y\r sad tires 9 a mile-a4 ,flogg+4--,diff]5t tribes h v diff]5t cu/oms 9 ! matt] ( corporal puni%m5t3 !re are "s :o fancy x a disgrace & a s]i\s insult4 ,a "y travell] mu/ !re=e be discrim9at+ & cauti\s 9 ! lic5ce he all[s to 8 /ick1 or he may fall into sad tr\ble4 ,k9dl9ess ( ,wom5--,:]ev] y g1 y w f9d k9dhe>t$ness among/ wom54 ,mungo ,p>k is fond ( record+ 8 exp]i5ces ( ?is2 b ,i mu/ add t he seems to h be5 an especial fav\rite ) ! sex4 ,! g5tl] ( ! two sexes is a tet]rima causa belli4 ,:5 y wi% a ,savage to keep c\nt1 give him a /r+ ( beads4 ,! boxes & p>cels t are s5t by ! ov]l& r\te are1 or 71 c\nt$ 9 ?is way by an ,arab ov]se]4 ,he 0 describ$ z hav+ a cord ) great beads /rung on x1 & ! end ( ! cord 0 ?r[n ov] 8 %\ld]4 ,z ea* box pass$ him1 he j]k$ a bead f ! =e "p ( ! cord to ! back "p ( x1 ov] 8 %\ld]4 ,draw+ ,lots4--,x is (t5 necess>y to di/ribute ?+s by lot4 ,d x by :at *ildr5 call soldi]+3 ,"o /&s ) 8 back to ! re/' ano!r1 po9t+ to ! portions 9 succession1 calls out ,:o is to h ?is8 ,to :i* ! fir/ "o replies by nam+ somebody1 :o at once takes possession4 ,,ho/ilities4 ,to ,=tify a ,camp4--,=ts at opposite ,corn]s4--,explor]s h frequ5t occasion to =m a depot3 ei!r a few m5 are left 9 *>ge ( ! heavy luggage1 :ile ! re/ ( ! p>ty ride on a di/ant reconnoitr+ exp$ition2 or else ! :ole p>ty may encamp = weeks1 until ! /ate ( ! season1 or o!r cause1 p]mits fur!r travel4 ,9 ei!r case1 a little =e?\ght & lab\r w va/ly increase ! security ( ! depot aga9/ ho/ile attempts4 ,= in/ance1 x %\ld be plac$ at lea/ #bjj y>ds f any cov]1 or comm&+ heights2 if ! gr\nd on :i* x /&s h any features ( /r5g? ab\t x1 z be+ ne> ! side ( a /ream1 or be+ on a hill1 s mu* ! bett]2 ! neighb\rhood ( %+le prev5ts p]sons f /eal+ across unhe>d2 &1 f9ally1 ! camp %\ld be =tifi$4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( =tification be/ suit$ to a small p>ty1 is to =m ! camp into a squ>e1 & to h two project+ enclosures at opposite corn]s1 :]e all ! m5 :o h guns may place !mselves to fire on ! assailants4 ,x w be se5 by ! sket*1 h[ completely ! guns 9 ea* enclosure c sweep ! edges z well z ! :ole ( ! environs ( ! camp4 ,sket* ( camp ) =tifications4 ,a squ>e is bett] ?an a r\nd = ! project+ enclosures1 z x all[s m m5 to use _! guns at ! same "t on ! same po9t2 b x is s conv5i5t to make ! walls ( ! enclosure s]ve z sid+s = ! t5ts1 t x is p]haps be/ to all[ ! size & %ape ( ! t5t to det]m9e ^? ( ! enclosures4 ,a squ>e ( n9e or t5 feet1 inside measurem5t1 is amply suffici5t = ?ree guns or ar*]s4 ,! p>apets c be built ( l>ge /ones4 ,a travell+ p>ty r>ely c>ries spades1 b :5 !y h !m1 ! p>apet may be =m$ ( ! e>? ?r[n up by digg+ a tr5* outside x2 ! common calculation is1 t1 ) good tools1 a lab\r] c dig "o cubic y>d ( e>? an h\r1 & c cont9ue work+ = eight h\rs 9 ! day4 ,! p>apet %\ld be rais$ f\r feet above ! gr\nd1 z t is ! mo/ conv5i5t height to fire f :5 /&+2 & x is high en\gh to %ield a p]son kneel+ d[n to load4 ,^u ?is p>apet1 l>ge /ones %\ld be laid1 hav+ loop-holes betwe5 !m1 & above ! /ones ! t5t may be pit*$2 its pole be+ l5g!n$ by la%+ apiece ( wood to x1 or by cutt+ a fre% pole altoge!r4 ,x w make a high ro( to ! enclosure1 & w complete a com=table abode4 ,we h ?us a squ>e enclos$ camp = ! cattle1 ! wagons1 & ! natives ( ! p>ty2 &1 at opposite corn]s ( x1 two =tifi$ h\ses3 "o ( :i* w\ld naturally be inhabit$ by ! lead]s ( ! p>ty2 & ! o!r1 ei!r by ! /orekeep]1 or by ! :ite s]vants g5]ally ,tr\s de ,l\p are holes1 ) %>p /ake driv5 9 ! bottom ( ea* ( !m 7see ,pitfalls1 p4 #bfd7 ) ! po9t$ end upw>ds4 ,! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s use !m 9 multitudes to prev5t ! possibility ( an enemy's approa* at night1 o!rwise ?an along ! n>r[ pa?s t lead to _! villages3 if a man deviates f a pa?1 he is sure to /umble into "o ( ^! contrivances1 & to be lam$4 ,! holes ne$ n exce$ "o foot 9 diamet]2 & ! /ake may be a /ick no ?ick] ?an ! little f+]1 & yet x w suffice to maim an ill-%od man1 if its po9t be bak$ h>d4 ,a travell] c\ld only use ^! pitfalls :]e1 f ! circum/ances ( ! case1 !re 0 no risk ( 8 own m51 cattle1 or dogs fall+ into !m4 ,weapons1 to resi/ an ,attack4--,unless y\r ammunition is s kept z to be accessible 9 ! confusion ( an attack1 ! =tifications ,i h j describ$ w\ld be ( little s]vice4 ,if ! guns are all1 or ne>ly all1 ( ! same bore1 x is simple en\gh to h small bags fill$ ) c>tridges1 & also pap]s ) a doz5 caps 9 ea*4 ,buck-%ot & slugs are bett] ?an bullets1 = ! purposes ( :i* we are speak+4 ,b[s & arr[s might r5d] good s]vice4 ,! ,*9ese1 9 _! junks1 :5 !y expect a piratical attack1 br+ up baskets fill$ ) /ones f ! balla/ ( ! %ip1 & put !m on deck ready at h&4 ,!y ?r[ !m ) great =ce & precision3 ! idea is n a bad "o4 ,boil+ wat] & hot s&1 if circum/ances happ5$ to p]mit _! use1 are wor? be>+ 9 m9d1 z !y tell well on ! bodies ( nak$ assailants4 ,9 close qu>t]s1 ?ru/1 d n /rike2 & recollect t x is n ! slighte/ use to hit a negro on ! head ) a /ick1 z x is a fact t 8 skull endures a bl[ bett] ?an any o!r "p ( 8 p]son4 ,9 pick+ out ! *iefs1 d n select ! m5 t are ! mo/ %[ily ornam5t$1 = !y are n ! *iefs2 b ! bigge/ & ! busie/4 ,a good horseman w f9d a p[]ful weapon at h& by unhit*+ 8 /irrup lea!r & atta*$ /irrup f ! saddle4 ,i "k ( a case :]e ?is idea sav$ ! rid]4 ,rockets4--,( all ,european inv5tions1 no?+ s impresses & t]rifies savages z fireworks1 especially rockets4 ,i _c acc\nt = ! rem>kable effect !y produce1 b 9 e l&1 x appe>s to be ! same4 ,a rocket1 judici\sly s5t up1 is v likely to fright5 (f an int5d$ attack & save blood%$4 ,if a travell] is suppli$ ) any ( ^!1 he %\ld nev] make play?+s ( !m1 b keep !m = great em]g5cies4 ,natives =bidd5 to ?rong ! ,camp4--,h a /&+ rule t _m natives %\ld nev] be all[$ to g inside y\r camp at ! same "t3 = x is ev]y:]e a common practice among !m1 to collect quietly 9 a fri5dly way1 & at a signal to rise en masse & ov]p[] _! ho/s4 ,ev5 :5 !y pr(ess to h left _! arms beh9d1 d n be too confid5t3 !y are (t5 deposit$ close at h&4 ,capta9 ,/urt says1 t he has kn[n ,au/ralian savages to trail _! spe>s betwe5 _! toes1 z !y l\ng$ t[>ds him ?r\gh ! grass1 pr(ess$ly un>m$4 ,keep+ ,wat*4--,head ne> ! gr\nd4--,:5 y ?9k y he> any?+ a/ir1 lie d[n & lay y\r e> on ! gr\nd4 ,to see to ! be/ advantage1 take ! same position2 y ?us br+ l[ objects 9 bold relief aga9/ ! sky4 ,besides ?is1 9 a wood$ c\ntry1 x is (t5 easy to see f> betwe5 ! b>e /ems ( ! trees1 :ile _! spread+ tops %ut out all objects m ?an a few y>ds (f4 ,?us1 a dog or o!r small animal usually sees a man's legs long be=e he sees 8 face4 ,op]a-glass4--,an op]a-glass is an excell5t night glass1 & at lea/ d\bles ! cle>ness ( vision 9 ! d>k 7#jp4 #bhd74 ,e>-trunpet4--,i %\ld be glad to he> t a fair trial _h be5 also giv5 by a travell] to an e>-trumpet4 ,wat*fulness ( ,cattle4--,cattle keep gu>d v well3 a /rang] c h>dly approa* a h]d ( ox51 )\t _! f9d+ him out2 = sev]al ( !m are always sure to be awake & wat*ful4 ,! habits ( bu% life make a travell]1 ?\gh o!rwise s\nd asleep1 />t up directly at a v slight ru/le ( al>m among 8 cattle4 ,( ,wild ,birds & ,bea/s4--,sc>$ birds & bea/s (t5 give useful w>n+4 ,smell ( ,negro4--,a skulk+ negro may sometimes be smelt out l a fox4 ,dahoman ,night-wat*4--,! ,dahomans1 ! fam\s milit>y nation ( ,n4,w4 ,africa1 h an odd me?od ( divid+ _! wat*es by night1 b :i* is g5]ally manag$ v correctly4 ,at ea* gate ( a /ockad$ t[n1 is po/$ a s5try1 :o is provid$ ) a pile ( /ones1 ! exact numb] ( :i* has be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$4 ,! night is divid$ into f\r wat*es2 dur+ ea* wat* ! s5try removes ! pile ( /ones1 "o by "o1 at a measur$ pace1 f "o gate to ano!r1 call+ out at ea* t5? removal3 :5 all are remov$1 ! wat* is reliev$4--,=bes4 ,sett+ a common ,gun z an ,al>m-gun4--,! gun may be load$ ) bullet1 or simply ) p[d]1 or only ) a cap3 ev5 ! click ( ! hamm] may suffice to awak5 att5tion4 ,= ! ways ( sett+ x1 see p4 #beg4 ,prairie set on ,fire4--,?is is (t5 done z a means ( (f5ce4 ,b :5 ! grass is %ort 7l[] ?an ! knee71 ! /rip ( x on fire1 at ! same mom5t1 does n exce$ #ab feet 9 wid?2 !re=e if a belt ( grass ( #ab feet 9 wid? be de/roy$ 9 advance ( ! l9e ( fire1 ! conflagration w be arre/$ z soon z x rea*es t belt4 ,! fire w be incapable ( trav]s+ ! int]val n>r[ ?\gh x be1 :]e !re is a total abs5ce ( fuel to fe$ x4 ,travell]s avail !mselves ( ?is fact 9 a v happy mann]1 :5 a fire 9 ! prairie is advanc+ t[>ds !m1 by burn+ a /rip ( grass1 to ! w9dw>d ( _! camp1 ( #ab feet 9 bread?2 beat+ d[n ! blaze ) _! blankets :]ev] x w\ld o!rwise ext5d too widely4 ,beh9d ?is easily con/ruct$ l9e ( def5ce1 ! camp re/s 9 security1 & ! adjac5t grass rema9s un9jur$ = ! use ( ! cattle4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! w9d is high & sp>ks are drift$ = "s di/ance beyond ! belt ( fire1 ?is me?od is insuffici5t3 two l9es ( def5ce %\ld !n be con/ruct$4 ,tricks ^u ,robb]s4--,x is p]haps j wor? :ile to m5tion a trick t has be5 practis$ 9 mo/ c\ntries1 f ,engl& to ,p]u4 ,a travell] is ?reat5$ by a robb] ) a gun1 & ord]$ to ?r[ himself on ! gr\nd1 or he w be fir$ at4 ,! travell] tak+ a pi/ol f 8 belt1 %\ts out1 ,if ?is 7 load$ y %\ld n treat me ?us6 & ?r[s himself on ! gr\nd z ! robb] bids him4 ,!re he lies till ! robb]1 9 8 triumph1 comes up = 8 booty2 :5 ! int5d$ victim takes a quick aim & %oots him dead--! pi/ol be+ really load$ all ! "t4 ,i h also he>d ( an incid5t 9 ! days ( ,%oot]'s ,hill1 9 ,engl&1 :]e a ruffian waylaid & sprang ^u a travell]1 & hold+ a pi/ol to 8 brea/1 summon$ him = ! cont5ts ( 8 pocket4 ,! travell] div$ 8 h& into "o ( !m1 &1 sil5tly cock+ a small pi/ol t lay 9 x1 %ot ! robb] dead1 fir+ out ?r\gh ! side ( ! pocket4 ,pass+ ?r\gh a ,ho/ile ,c\ntry4--,h[ to encamp4--,a small p>ty has (t5 occasion to try to /eal ?r\gh a belt ( ho/ile c\ntry )\t be+ obs]v$4 ,at su* times1 x is a rule nev] to encamp until long aft] sun-d[n1 9 ord] t p on y\r track may be unable to pursue x ) ease4 ,if y are pursu+ a beat5 pa?1 turn %>p out ( x1 :5 y int5d to encamp1 select+ a place = do+ s :]e ! gr\nd is too h>d to %[ footpr9ts2 !n travel away = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 at lea/4 ,la/ly1 look out = a holl[ place1 9 ! mid/ ( an op5 flat4 ,nev] all[ hamm]+ ( any k9d 9 y\r camp1 nor l\d talk+2 b !re is no dang] 9 light+ a small fire1 if reasonable precautions be tak51 z a flame _c be se5 f> ?r\gh bu%es4 ,keep a /rict wat* all night3 ! wat*]s %\ld be #ajj y>ds out f camp1 & %\ld relieve "o ano!r1 e two h\rs at lea/4 ,en\gh animals = rid+1 "o = ea* man1 %\ld always be ti$ up1 9 read9ess = in/ant use4 ,:5 rid+ alone4--,a p]son :o is rid+ a j\rney = 8 life1 sleeps mo/ safely ) 8 horse's head ti$ %ort up to 8 wri/4 ,! horse1 if he he>s any?+1 tosses 8 head & j]ks ! rid]'s arm4 ,! horse is a c>eful animal1 & !re appe>s to be little dang] ( 8 tread+ on 8 sleep+ ma/]4 ,sket* ( horse te!r$ z above4 ,! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica habitually adopt ?is plan1 :5 circum/ances require extreme caution 7see fig47 ,to prev5t y\r ,horse f neigh+4--,if a troop ( horsem5 pass ne> y\r hid+-place1 x may be necess>y to clut* y\r /e$'s muzzle ) bo? h&s1 to prev5t 8 neigh+4 ,hurri$ retreat ( a ,p>ty4--,:5 a p>ty1 p>tly ( horsem5 & p>tly ( footm51 are runn+ away f dang] z h>d z !y c1 ! footm5 lay hold ( ! /irrup-lea!rs ( ! rid]s1 to assi/ !m4 7,see ,litt]s = ! ,w\nd$1 p4 #bc47 ,secur+ ,prison]s4--,to take a /rong man ,prison] s+leh&$1 ?reat5 him ) y\r gun1 & compel him to ?r[ all 8 arms away2 !n1 m>*+ him be=e y "s little di/ance1 make him lie flat on 8 face & put 8 h&s beh9d him4 ,( c\rse he w be 9 a dreadful fright1 & require reassur+4 ,next take y\r knife1 put x betwe5 y\r tee?1 &1 /&+ ov] him1 take ! caps (f y\r gun1 & lay x d[n by y\r side4 ,!n h&cuff him1 9 :atev] way y be/ c4 ,! reason ( sett+ to "w 9 ?is way is1 t a quick supple savage1 :ile y are fumbl+ ) y\r /r+s1 & bo!r$ ) a load$ gun1 might easily spr+ r\nd1 seize hold ( x1 & q turn ! tables aga9/ y4 ,b if ! gun _h no caps on1 x w\ld be ( little use 9 8 h&s1 except z a club2 & also1 if y _h a knife betwe5 y\r tee?1 x w\ld be impossible = him to free himself by /ruggl+1 )\t expos+ himself to a ?ru/ f x4 ,cord to be well /ret*$4--,x is an imp]fect security to tie an +5i\s active man1 ^: h&s & feet are small1 unless ! cord or :atev] else y may use1 _h be5 ?or\ghly well /ret*$4 ,_m p h exhibit$ !mselves = money1 :o all[$ !mselves to be ti$ h& & foot & !n to be put into a sack1 :5ce !y em]g$ aft] a few m9utes1 ) ! cords 9 a neat coil 9 _! h&s4 ,! bro!rs ,dav5port 7 notori\s = possess+ ?is skill4 ,!y did n %[ !mselves = half-p5ce at c\ntry fairs2 b1 by imply+ t !y 7 set free by supranatural ag5cies1 !y held fa%ionable seances 9 ,london & creat$ an imm5se s5sation a few ye>s ago4 ,two ( ^! exhibitors 7 ti$1 face to face 9 a cupbo>d1 respectively by two p]sons select$ by ! audi5ce4 ,! latt] inspect$ "o ano!r's knots z well z !y c\ld1 & on _! express+ !mselves satisfi$1 ! doors ( ! cupbo>d 7 clos$1 ! lights ( ! room 7 kept l[ = #e or #aj m9utes1 until a signal 0 made by ! exhibitors f )9 ! cupbo>d2 !n 9 a blaze ( gas light ! doors 7 op5$ f )9 & out walk$ ! two m51 leav+ ! ropes beh9d !m4 ,aft] ?is1 !y ti$ !mselves 9 _! own knots2 & "u ^? easy conditions a numb] ( s-call$ spiritual manife/ations took place1 :i* ,i ne$ n "h describe2 ! real curiosity ( ! exhibition be+ t :i* ,i h j expla9$4 ,^! exhibitions cont9u$ = mon?s2 b at l5g? two nautical g5tlem5 insi/$ on us+ _! own cord1 :i* !y _h previ\sly well /ret*$1 & ?is proce$+ utt]ly baffl$ ! ,dav5ports4 ,!nce=w>d :]ev] ! ,dav5ports %[$ !mselves1 ! nautical g5tlem5 appe>$ also1 appeal+ to ! audi5ce to elect !m to tie ! h&s ( ! exhibitors4 ,9 ?is way1 !y fairly expos$ ! pret5sions ( ! ,dav5ports1 & drove !m f ,engl&4 ,once ,i 0 propos$ by an audi5ce to tie ! h&s4 ,i did my be/1 & ,i also scrut9is$ my colleague's knot1 z well z ! conf9$ place 9 :i* ! exhibitors 7 ti$1 p]mitt$4 ,! cord we _h to use 0 p]haps a little too ?ick1 b x 0 supple & /rong1 & ,i 0 greatly surpris$ at ! ease ) :i* ! ,dav5ports disemb>rass$ !mselves4 ,!y 7 n m ?an #aj m9utes 9 gett+ free4 ,( c\rse if ei!r ( ! exhibitors c\ld /ruggle loose1 he w\ld assi/ 8 colleague4 ,x !re=e /ruck me z an exce$+ly +5i\s idea ( ! ,dav5ports1 to h two p]sons1 & n "o p]son1 to tie !m4 ,i consid]$ x 0 v improbable t a p]son tak5 at hap-haz>d %\ld be capable ( ty+ 8 man securely2 & x 0 evid5t t ! improbability w\ld be increas$ 9 a duplicate ratio1 t bo? p]sons %\ld be capable4 ,?us if x be #bj to #a aga9/ any "o p]son's hav+ suffici5t skill1 x is 7#bj by #bj or7 #djj to #a aga9/ bo? ! p]sons1 :o might be select$ to tie ! ,dav5ports1 be+ able to d s effectively4 ,z ,i h already said1 ! opportunity t 0 af=d$ to ea* ( scrut9is+ ! "w ( ! o!r1 0 wor? v little1 because ( ! d>k & conf9$ space 9 :i* ! exhibitors sat4 ,ty+ ! ,h&s4--,to tie a man's h&s beh9d 8 back1 take a h&k]*ief1 x is ! be/ ?+2 fail+ t1 a ?9 cord4 ,x is necess>y t its l5g? %\ld n be less ?an #b feet1 b #b feet #f in*es is ! "r l5g?2 = a d\ble tie1 x %\ld be #c feet #f in*es4 ,compel him to lay 8 h&s z 9 ! sket*1 &1 wrapp+ ! cord once 7or twice if x be long en\gh7 r\nd ! arms1 pretty tightly1 pass ! longe/ end 9 betwe5 ! arms z %[n 9 ! figure1 & tie q tightly4 ,if y are quick 9 ty+ ! common tom-fool's knot1 well kn[n to e sailor1 x is /ill bett] = ! purpose4 ,put ! prison]'s h&s "o )9 ea* loop1 !n draw tightly ! runn+ ends1 & knot !m toge!r4 ,sket* ( h&s ti$ z above4 ,ty+ ! ,?umbs4--,to secure a prison] ) ! lea/ am\nt ( /r+1 place 8 h&s back to back1 beh9d him1 !n tie ! ?umbs toge!r1 & also ! little f+]s4 ,two bits ( ?9 /r+1 ea* a foot long1 w ?or\ghly d ?is4 ,b if y h n any /r+ at h&1 cut a ?ong f 8 lea!rn apron1 or te> a /rip f y own l954 ,sket* ( p]son ) b\nd h&s4 ,/rait-,wai/coats4--,a /rait-wai/coat is ! lea/ inconv5i5t mode ( conf9em5t1 z ! jo9ts ( ! prison] are n cut by cords4 ,a make%ift = "o is soon /it*$ toge!r1 by /it*+ a piece ( canvas into ! %ape ( a sleeve1 & sew+ "o end ( ?is to "o cuff ( a /rong jacket1 & ! o!r end to ! o!r cuff2 s t1 in/ead ( ! jacket hav+ two sleeves1 x has b "o long "o4 ,! jacket is !n put on 9 ! usual way1 & button$ & sewn 9 front4 ,9 a prop] /rait-wai/coat1 ! op5+ is beh9d & ! sleeves 9 front2 x laces up beh9d4 ,sket* ( man 9 wai/coat4 ,ty+ up a ,prison] = ! night4--,if a man has to be kept prison] all night1 x is n suffici5t to tie 8 h&s1 z he w be sure to wat* 8 "t & run away4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to tie !m r\nd a /&+ tree1 or a heavy log ( wood4 ,a conv5i5t plan is to fell a l>ge =k$ b\gh1 & to make ! man's arms fa/ r\nd "o ( ! bran*es4 ,x is ?us impossible = him to slip away1 z ! =k on "o side1 & ! bu%y top ( ! bran* on ! o!r1 prev5t 8 do+ s2 &1 not)/&+ 8 cramp$ position1 x is q possible = him to get sleep4 ,files ( ,prison]s4--,:5 sev]al m5 h to be made fa/ & m>*$ away1 ! usual me?od ( secur+ !m is to tie !m1 "o beh9d ano!r1 to a long pole or rope4 ,9 m>*+ (f a ,culprit1 make him walk betwe5 two ( y\r m51 :ile a ?ird c>ry+ a gun1 walks beh9d him4 ,if rid+ alone1 tie ! prison]'s h&s toge!r1 &1 tak+ y\r (f-/irrup lea!r 7= want ( a cord71 pass x r\nd 8 left arm1 & r\nd y\r horse's gir?1 & buckle x4 ,! (f-/irrup lea!r is ! lea/ inconv5i5t "o to "p )1 on acc\nt ( m\nt+1 & ! prison] is "u y\r "r h&4 ,ty+ on ,horseback4--,9 cases :]e a prison] has to be secur$ & gallop$ (f1 !re are b two ways3 ei!r putt+ him 9 ! saddle & /rapp+ 8 ankles toge!r "u ! horse's belly--9 :i* case1 if he be mad ) rage1 & attempts to ?r[ himself (f1 ! saddle mu/ turn ) him2 or else secur+ him ,mazeppa-fa%ion--:5 f\r loops are pass$1 "o r\nd ea* leg ( ! horse1 & to ea* ( ^! is ti$ "o limb ( ! prison]1 z he lies ) 8 back aga9/ t ( ! horse2 a surc+le is also pass$ r\nd bo? horse & man4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a b>b>\s me?od1 b circum/ances might arise :5 x w\ld be ( use4 ,proce$+s 9 case ( ,dea?4--,if a man ( ! p>ty dies1 write d[n a detail$ acc\nt ( ! matt]1 & h x atte/$ by ! o!rs1 especially if accid5t be ! cause ( 8 dea?4 ,if a man be lo/1 be=e y turn away & ab&on him to 8 fate1 call ! p>ty =mally toge!r1 & ask !m if !y are satisfi$ t y h done all t 0 possible to save him1 & record _! answ]s4 ,aft] dea?1 x is well to foll[ ! cu/om at sea--i4e4 to sell by auction all ! dead man's effects among 8 comrades1 d$uct+ ! money !y fet* f ! pay ( ! buy]s1 to be h&$ ov] to 8 relatives on ! return ( ! exp$ition4 ,! ?+s w probably be sold at a mu* high] price ?an !y w\ld else:]e fet*1 & ! c>riage ( useless lumb] is sav$4 ,any tr9kets he may h _h1 %\ld ( c\rse be seal$ up & put aside1 & n includ$ 9 ! sale3 !y %\ld be collect$ 9 pres5ce ( ! :ole p>ty1 a li/ made ( !m1 & ! articles at once pack$ up4 ,9 committ+ ! body to ! e>?1 *oose a well-m>k$ situation1 dig a deep grave1 bu% x ) ?orns1 & weight x well ov] ) heavy /ones1 z a def5ce aga9/ animals ( prey4 ,,me*anical ,,appliances4 ,to ,raise & ,move a ,heavy ,body4--,on ,l&4--,lev] up its ends alt]nately1 & build und]nea? !m :5 !y are lift$ up4 ,aft] a suffici5t height has be5 ga9$1 build a slop+ causeway d[n to ! place to :i* ! mass has to be mov$1 & along :i* x may be dragg$1 ) ! assi/ance ( roll]s & grease4 ,if ! mass be too awkw>dly %ap$ to admit ( ?is1 burr[ bel[ x2 pass poles und]nea? x1 & raise ! ends ( ! poles alt]nately4 ,mr4 ,williams1 ! well-kn[n mission>y ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 relates h[ 8 s*oon] ( f sev5ty to eighty tons _h be5 driv5 by a viol5t hurricane & ris+ ( ! sea1 on "o ( ! isl&s ne> :i* %e 0 an*or$1 & 0 lodg$ sev]al hundr$ y>ds inl&2 & ?us describes h[ he got h] back3--,! me?od by :i* we contriv$ to raise ! vessel 0 exce$+ly simple1 & by x we 7 enabl$ to accompli% ! task ) great ease4 ,long lev]s 7 pass$ "u h] keel1 ) ! fulcrum s fix$ z to give !m an elevation ( ab\t =ty-five degrees4 ,! ends ( ^! 7 !n fa/5$ toge!r ) sev]al cross-beams1 ^u :i* a quantity ( /ones 7 plac$2 ! weight ( :i* gradually elevat$ "o end ( ! vessel1 until ! lev]s rea*$ ! gr\nd4 ,propp+ up ! b[ ?us rais$1 we %ift$ our lev]s to ! /]n1 :i* 0 9 l mann] elevat$2 &1 by repeat+ ?is process ?ree or f\r times1 we lift$ h] 9 "o day entirely out ( ! hole 7:i* %e _h work$ = h]self1 & :i* 0 ab\t f\r feet deep74 ,! bog t lay betwe5 h] & ! sea 0 !n fill$ up ) /ones1 logs ( wood 7 laid across x1 roll]s 7 plac$ "u ! vessel1 ! *a9 cable pass$ r\nd h]2 &1 by ! unit$ /r5g? ( ab\t #bjjj p1 %e 0 compell$ to take a %ort voyage ^u ! l&1 be=e %e float$ 9 h] pride on ! sea4 ,9 "s cases1 ! body ( a c>t may be tak5 d[n1 & deep ruts hav+ be5 dug on ea* side ( ! mass1 ! vehicle c be back$1 till ! axletree comes across x2 !n1 aft] la%+ & mak+ fa/1 ! s& c be %ovell$ f bel[ ! mass1 :i* w hang susp5d$ f ! axletree1 & may be c>t$ away4 ,or a sl$ge may be built b5ea? ! mass by burr[+ bel[ x & ?ru/+ ! poles b5ea? x4 ,!n ! rema9d] ( ! int]v5+ s& c be %ovell$ away1 & ! mass1 n[ re/+ directly ^u ! sl$ge1 c be dragg$ away by a team ( cattle4 ,a s>cophagus ( imm5se weight 0 rais$ f out ( a deep recess into :i* x _h be5 fitt$ pretty closely1 at ! end ( a long n>r[ gall]y 9 an ,egyptian tomb1 :]e !re 0 no room = ! application ( tackle or o!r ma*9]y1 by ! simple exp$i5t ( slightly di/urb+ x 9 its place & sift+ s& into ! n>r[ int]val betwe5 its sides & ! recess4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ cont9ually3 ! s& settl$ bel[ ! bottom ( ! s>cophagus1 :i* gradually rose out ( ! hole 9 :i* x _h la94 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is piece ( eng9e]+ 0 borr[$1 ,i suppose1 f obs]v+ t :5ev] a mass ( s& & /ones is %ak5 toge!r1 ! /ones inv>iably rise out ( ! s&1 ! bigge/ ( !m always =m+ ! highe/ lay]4 ,expansive ,p[] ( ,wett$ ,se$s4--,admiral ,sir ,e4 ,bel*] read a curi\s pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahff1 %[+ ! rem>kable p[] to be obta9$ by fill+ tubes ) peas or o!r se$1 all[+ ! weight to re/ ^u ! surface ( ! peas ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a rude pi/on4 ,:5 ! peas 7 wett$ !y swell$ upw>ds ) consid]able =ce4 ,a p9t ( peas plac$ 9 a tube ( a diamet] t 0 n express$ 9 ! newspap] report1 f :i* ,i take ?is acc\nt1 lift$ #fj lbs4 ?r\gh a height ( "o in* 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! ,admiral propos$ to fix a numb] ( tubes side by side 9 a frame bel[ ! mass to be lift$1 pref]r+ to use z9c tubes ( f two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & ( ab\t "o foot high4 ,?us1 9 ! small space ( a cubic foot1 a l>ge numb] ( tubes 7?irty-six 9 ! "o case1 sixte5 9 ! o!r7 c\ld be made to act simultane\sly2 ! =ce ( ! /roke c\ld be increas$ by arrang+ a numb] ( frames side by side1 or ! l5g? ( ! /roke c\ld be increas$ by build+ ! frames 9 a s]ies "o above ! o!r4 ,i h else:]e describ$ h[ wett$ se$s may be us$ to re/ore ! %ape ( a batt]$ flask ei!r = hold+ wat] or gunp[d] 7pp4 #bcj74 ,p>buckl+4--,a r\nd log or a b>rel %\ld be roll$1 n dragg$2 & _m irregul>ly-%ap$ objects may h bundles ( faggots la%$ r\nd !m1 by :i* !y become b>rel-%ap$ & fit to be roll$4 ,9 ^! cases1 p>buckl+ d\bles ! ease ( roll+ !m2 "o or m ropes h "o ( ea* ( _! ends made fa/ 9 ! direction to :i* ! log has to be roll$1 :ile ! o!r is c>ri$ und]nea? ! log1 r\nd x1 & back aga94 ,by pull+ at ^! free ends1 ! log w be roll$ on4 ,an equival5t plan1 & 9 "s cases a m practicable "o1 is to make fa/ "o end ( ! rope to ! log itself2 !n1 w9d+ ! rope two or ?ree times r\nd x1 l cotton on a reel1 to haul at ! free end z be=e4 ,horses c be us$1 z well z m51 = ?is "w4 ,sket* ( man pull+ log4 ,accumulation ( ,ef=ts4--,s\? ,am]ican ,indians are said to avail !mselves ( _! =e/ trees1 & ( ! creep]s :i* /ret* f bran* to bran*1 9 mov+ v heavy weights1 z 9 lift+ a log ( timb] up on a /age to be sawn1 9 ! foll[+ +5i\s mann]4 ,! lab\r] gets hold ( "o ( ^! creep]s t runs f ! top b\ghs ( a tree 9 ! direction 9 :i* he wants to move 8 log1 & pull+ ?is creep] home ) all 8 =ce1 b5d+ d[n ! b\gh1 he atta*es x to ! log2 !n he goes to ano!r creep] & does ! same ) t2 & s on until he has accumulat$ /ra9 ( _m b5t b\ghs1 urg+ ! log =w>d & ( suffici5t p[] to move x4 ,%ort cords ( india-rubb] ) a hook at ei!r end1 are sold "u ! "n ( accumulators4 ,x is propos$ t ea* ( ^! %\ld be /ret*$ & hook$ by "o ( its ends to a fix$ r+1 & by ! o!r1 to ! body to be mov$2 by apply+ a numb] ( ^!1 9 succession1 an imm5se accumulation ( =ce c be obta9$4 ,lev]s4--,a piece ( gre5 wood has insuffici5t /r5g? to be us$ z a cr[b>2 x mu/ fir/ be season$4 7,see ,gre5 ,wood1 to season47 ,o!r ,means ( ,rais+ ,weights4--,i d n propose to take space by describ+ jacks1 ord9>y pulleys1 diff]5tial pulleys1 ,*9ese w9dlasses1 & ! l4 ,x is suffici5t t ,i %\ld recall !m by "n to ! travell]'s recollection2 = if he has access to any ( ^! ?+s he is probably ei!r a sailor or eng9e] & kn[s all ab\t !m1 or he is 9 a l& :]e me*anical appliances are und]/ood4 ,to raise ,weights out ( ,wat]4--,if ! mass %\ld lie bel[ wat]1 a boat may be br\ght ov] x & sunk to its gunwales2 !n1 aft] mak+ fa/ to x1 ! boat c be bal$ & ! ?+ float$ away4 ,a raft weight$ ) /ones w s]ve ! same purpose4 ,9 "s cases a raft may be built r\nd ! mass dur+ l[ wat]2 !n ! return+ tide or ! next flu% ( ! /ream w float x away4 ,al?\gh f its bulk sev]al m5 might be puzzl$ to lift a c[-fi% f ! wat] :5 dead1 yet "o s+le ,indian w /[ ! l>ge/ 9 8 mont>ia )\t assi/ance4 ,! boat is sunk "u ! body1 & ris+1 ! difficult feat is accompli%$4 7,edw>ds' ',amazon4'7 ,! huge blocks ( m>ble qu>ri$ at ,c>r>a are %ipp$ 9 ! small vessels ( ! c\ntry1 z foll[s3--at l[ wat] ! vessel is buri$ bodily 9 ! s&1 & a tempor>y railway laid d[n f ! qu>ry to )9side ( x4 ,along ?is ! blocks are convey$1 &1 :5 deposit$ 9 ! vessel1 ! s& is dug away f "u !m1 & !y settle d[n 9 its hold1 & ! %ip floats away at ! return+ tide4 ,,knots4 ,elem5t>y ,knots4--,! ?ree elem5t>y knots :i* e "o %\ld "k are "h repres5t$--viz41 ! ,timb]-hit*1 ! ,b[l9e1 & ! ,clove-hit*4 7,see also ,knots1 p4 #di2 ,malay hit*1 p4 #adg47 ,timb]-hit*4--,! virtues ( ! timb]-hit* 7fig4 #a1 p4 #cbf7 are1 t1 s long z ! /ra9 ^u x is kept up1 x w hold fa/2 :5 ! /ra9 is tak5 (f1 x c be ca/ loose imm$iately4 ,a timb]-hit* _h bett] h ! loose end twi/$ m ?an once1 if ! rope be /iff4 ,b[l9e4--,! b[l9e 7fig4 #b7 makes a knot difficult to undo2 ) x ! ends ( two /r+s are ti$ toge!r1 or a loop made at ! end ( a s+le piece ( /r+1 z 9 ! draw+4 ,= slip nooses1 use ! b[l9e to make ! draw-loop4 ,:5 ty+ a b[l9e1 or any o!r knot = tempor>y purposes1 ins]t a /ick into ! knot be=e pull+ tight4 ,! /ick w enable y1 at w1 to untie ! knot--to break its back1 z ! sailors say--) little difficulty4 ,a b[l9e is firm]1 if d\bl$2 t is1 if ! free end ( ! cord be made to wrap r\nd a second "t4 #c fig ( knots ti$ z describ$4 ,clove-hit*4--,! clove-hit* 7fig4 #c7 b9ds ) excessive =ce1 & by x1 & x alone1 c a weight be hung to a p]fectly smoo? pole1 z to a t5t-pole4 ,a k9d ( d\ble clove-hit* is g5]ally us$1 b ! simple "o suffices1 & is m easily recollect$4 ,a d\ble clove-hit* is firm] ?an a s+le "o2 t is1 ! rope %\ld make two turns1 in/ead ( "o turn1 r\nd ! pole b5ea? ! l[e/ end ( ! cord 9 ! figure4 7,see,t5t-poles1 to tie ?+s to47 ,knots at ,end ( ,rope4--,to make a l>ge knot at ! end ( a piece ( /r+1 to prev5t x f pull+ ?r\gh a hole1 turn ! end ( ! /r+ back ^u itself1 s z to make x d\ble1 & !n tie a common knot4 ,! /r+ may be quadrupl$ in/ead ( d\bl$1 if requir$4 ,toggle & ,/rop4--,?is is a t\rniquet4 ,a s+le or a d\ble b& is made to enclose ! two pieces ( wood x is desir$ to la% toge!r2 !n a /ick is pu%$ into ! b& & =cibly twi/$ r\nd4 ,! b& %\ld be ( s(t mat]ial1 su* z ! /r&s ( a rope t has be5 pick$ to pieces = t purpose3 ! /r&s mu/ ea* ( !m1 be untwi/$ & well rubb$ ) a /ick to take ! k9k out ( !m1 & f9ally twi/$ 9 a direction opposite to _! orig9al "o4 ,sket* ( knot z describ$4 ,to sl+ a ,j>4--,put x 9 a h&k]*ief or a net4 ,to tie a ,p>cel on ! back1 l a ,knapsack4--,take a cord #aj feet long1 d\ble x1 & lay ! loop end ^u a rock or o!r conv5i5t elevation2 !n place ! object to be c>ri$ ^u ! cord1 tak+ c>e t ! loop is s spread out z to admit ( its ultimately enclos+ ! object ) a good hold & balance4 ,next pass ! free ends ( ! cord ov] ! object & ?r\gh ! loop2 !n1 br++ y\r %\ld] to a level ) ! package1 draw ! free ends ( ! cords ov] y\r "r %\ld]3 ! cords w by ?is "t h assum$ ! appe>ance %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,sket* ( cords z describ$4 ,n[ pass ! left arm betwe5 ! left-h& cord & ! package at ,b1 & ! "r arm betwe5 ! "r-h& cord & ! package at ,c4 ,la/ly1 draw ! cords tight1 & ! object w be f\nd to be fa/5$ on to y\r back l a knapsack4 ,a gun may be pass$ betwe5 ! cords & ! top ( ! object4 ,?is is a capital me?od ( c>ry+ a load ( game ov] a brok5 c\ntry1 :]e at lea/ "o h& is requir$ to be free4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,wyndham = a k ( x3 he f\nd x frequ5tly 9 use 9 ,norway4 ,9 hot c\ntries ! plan w\ld n be s conv5i5t1 z ! heat ( a s(t package /rapp$ closely to ! back is v oppressive4 ,,writ+ ,,mat]ials4 ,pap]4--,its ,num]\s ,applications4--,capta9 ,%]>d ,osborn1 9 writ+ ( ! ,japanese1 says3--,x 0 wond]ful to see ! ?\s& useful z well z ornam5tal purposes to :i* pap] 0 applicable 9 ! h&s ( ^! indu/ri\s & ta/eful p4 ,our papi]-ma*e manufactur]s1 z well z ! ,cont95tal ones1 %\ld g to ,y$do to le>n :at c be done ) pap]4 ,) ! aid ( lack] v>ni% & skilful pa9t+1 pap] made excell5t trunks1 tobacco bags1 cig> cases1 saddles1 telescope cases1 ! frames ( microscopes2 & we ev5 saw & us$ excell5t wat]-pro( coats made ( simple pap]1 :i* did keep out ! ra91 & 7 z supple z ! be/ mac9to% 4 4 4 4 4 ,! inn] walls ( _m a ,japanese ap>tm5t are =m$ ( pap]1 be+ no?+ m ?an pa9t$ scre5s2 _! w9d[s are cov]$ ) a f9e transluc5t description ( ! same mat]ial2 x ent]s l>gely into ! manufacture ( ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 a ,japanese h\sehold1 & we saw :at seem$ balls ( tw9e1 :i* 7 no?+ b long %r$s ( t\gh pap] roll$ up4 4 4 4 ,9 %ort1 )\t pap]1 all ,japan w\ld come to a dead lock4 ,siz+ ,pap]4--,! co>se/ =eign pap] c be siz$1 s z to prev5t its blott+ :5 writt5 on1 by simply dipp+ x 91 or bru%+ x well ov] )1 milk & wat]1 & lett+ x dry4 ,a t5? "p ( milk is amply suffici5t4 ,messrs4 ,huc & ,gabet in=m u t ?is is ! regul> process ( siz+1 z us$ by pap]-mak]s 9 ,?ibet4 ,sub/itutes = ,pap] are *ips ( wood1 inn] b>k ( trees1 calico & o!r tissues1 lead plates1 & slaty /one4 ,i knew an em95t eng9e] :o habitually jott$ 8 p5cil memor&a on ! well-/>*$ wri/b& ( 8 left %irt-sleeve1 pu%+ back ! cuff ( 8 coat 9 ord] to expose x4 ,! natives 9 "s p>ts ( ,b5gal1 :5 9 ! jungle1 write on any l>ge smoo? leaf ) ! brok5-(f moi/ end ( a leaf-/alk or twig ( any milky sap-produc+ tree4 ,!y !n ?r[ du/ ^u x1 :i* makes ! writ+ legible4 ,if ! leaf be s writt5 ^u1 ! writ+ is imp]ceptible until ! du/ is spr9kl$4 ,?is plan might1 !re=e1 be ( use = conceal$ writ+4 ,a p]son c\ld write on ! leaf )\t deta*+ x f ! tree4 7,see ,sympa!tic ,ink47 ,prep>$ ,pap]1 = use ) p5cils ( metallic lead 7see ,p5cils71 is made by rubb+ a pa/e ( weak glue & bones burnt to :it5ess & p\nd$1 on ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,wax$ ,pap] is an excell5t sub/itute = t9-foil1 = exclud+ ! air & damp f p>cels4 ,x is made by spread+ a %eet ( writ+ pap] on a hot plate or /one & sme>+ x ) wax4 ,a hot flat-iron is conv5i5t = mak+ x4 ,c>bonis$ ,pap]1 = trac+ or = manifold writ+1 is made by rubb+ a mixture ( soap1 lampblack1 & a little wat] on ! pap]1 &1 :5 dry1 wip+ (f z mu* z possible ) a clo?4 ,trac+ ,designs4--,transp>5t trac+-pap] c h>dly be made by a travell]1 unless he cont5ts himself ) ! use ( wax$ pap]2 b he may prick out ! lead+ po9ts ( 8 map or o!r design1 & lay+ ! map on a %eet ( clean pap]1 *>coal or o!r p[d] t w leave a /a91 x c be rubb$ ?r\gh4 ,book-b9d+4--,travell]s' unb\nd books become s t]ribly dilapidat$1 t ,i ?9k x well to give a detail$ description ( a me?od ( book-b9d+ :i* a relative ( m9e has adopt$ = _m ye>s ) rem>kable success1 & to a great ext5t4 ,! books are n tidy-look+1 b !y op5 flat & nev] fall to pieces4 ,take a cup ( pa/e2 a piece ( calico or o!r clo?1 l>ge en\gh to cov] ! back & sides ( ! book2 a /rip ( /rong l95--if y c get x1 if n1 ( calico--to cov] ! back2 & abundance ( /\t cotton or ?read4 #a/4 ,pa/e ! /rip ( l95 d[n ! back1 & leave ! book 9 ! sun or ne> a fire--b n too ne> x--to dry1 :i* x w d 9 half a day4 #bndly4 ,op5 ! book & look = ! place :]e ! /i*+ is to be se5 d[n ! middle ( ! pages1 or1 9 o!r words1 = ! middle ( ! %eets2 if x be an #hvo4 book x w be at e #af? page1 if a #abmo4 at e #bd? page1 & s on3 x is a m]e matt] ( semi-me*anical reckon+ to "k :]e ea* succe$+ /it*+ is to be f\nd2 9 ?is volume ! /it*+ is at pages #baf1 etc41 ! int]val be+ #af pages4 ,next take ! cotton & w9d x 9 betwe5 ! pages :]e ! /it*+ is1 & ov] ! back r\nd & r\nd1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ %eet1 & go+ on %eet aft] %eet until y h rea*$ ! la/ "o4 #crdly4 ,lay ! book on ! table back upw>ds1 daub x ?or\ghly ) pa/e1 put on ! calico cov] z neatly z y c1 & set x to dry z be=e2 :5 dry x is complete4 ,o!r ,mat]ials = ,writ+4--,quills & o!r ,p5s4--,any fea!r t is l>ge en\gh1 c be at once made into a good writ+-quill4 ,x has only to be dipp$ 9 hot s&1 :i* causes ! membrane inside ! quill to %rivel up1 & ! outside membrane to split & peel (f3 a few in/ants are suffici5t to d ?is4 ,! prop] temp]ature ( ! s& is ab\t #cdj degrees4 ,! op]ation may be repeat$ ) advantage two or ?ree times4 ,re$s are 9 univ]sal use ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ = writ+ ) ink4 ,flat fi%-bones make dec5t p5s4 ,p5cil4--,lead p5cils 7 lit]ally made ( ! metal lead 9 =m] days2 & !re are "s p>ts ( ! _w1 z 9 ,arabia1 :]e !y are /ill to be met )4 ,a piece ( lead may be ca/ into a s]viceable %ape 9 ! me?od describ$ "u ,lead1 & w make a legible m>k ^u ord9>y pap]4 ,lead is ! be/ mat]ial = writ+ 9 note-books ( ,prep>$ ,pap]7 7:i* see74 ,a bett] sort ( p5cil = g5]al use is made by saw+ *>coal into n>r[ /rips1 & lay+ !m 9 melt$ wax to dr5* = a c\ple ( days1 !y are !n ready = use4 ,pa9t bru%es4--,wa% ! bit ( tail or sk91 :5ce ! hair is to be tak51 9 ox-gall1 till x is q free f grease4 ,!n snip (f ! hairs close to ! sk91 put !m po9ts d[nw>ds re/+ 9 a box1 & pick out ! long hairs4 ,aft] a suffici5t quantity h be5 obta9$ ( ab\t ! same l5g?1 a piece ( /r+ is knott$ tightly r\nd !m1 & pull$ firm ) ! aid ( two /icks4 ,!n a quill1 t has be5 soak$ 9 wat] = a day 9 ord] to s(t5 x1 is tak51 & ! p9* ( hair is put into ! l>ge end ( ! quill1 po9ts =w>d1 & pu%$ "r ?r\gh to ! o!r end ) a bit ( /ick1 & s ! bru% is made4 ,! *9ese pa9t-bru% is a fea!r--a woodcock's fea!r is (t5 us$4 ,fea!r1 l hairs1 mu/ be wa%$ 9 ox-gall4 ,ink4--,excell5t writ+-ink may be made 9 ! bu%4 ,! readie/ way ( mak+ x is to black5 /icks 9 ! fire & to rub !m well 9 a spoonful ( milk till ! milk becomes q black4 ,gunp[d] or lamp-soot w d z well z ! burnt /ick2 & wat]1 ) ! addition ( a v little gum1 glue1 or fi%-glue 7is+lass7 is bett] ?an ! milk1 z x w n s soon turn s\r4 ,indian ink is simply lamp-soot & "s k9d ( glue3 x is "o ( ! be/ ( inks4 ,if pure wat] be us$1 in/ead ( gum or glue & wat]1 ! writ+ w rub out v easily :5 dry1 ! use ( ! milk1 gum1 or glue be+ to fix x3 any?+ else t is glut9\s w s]ve z well z ^!4 ,/rong c(fee1 & _m o!r vegetable products1 su* z ! b>k ( trees boil$ 9 wat]1 make a m>k :i* is v legible & w n rub4 ,blood is an indiff]5t sub/itute = ink4 ,to make #ab gallons ( good common writ+-ink1 use #ab lbs4 ( nut-galls1 #e lbs4 ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 #e lbs4 ( gum1 & #ab gallons ( wat]4 7,ure47 ,lampblack4--,hold a piece ( metal1 or ev5 a /one1 ov] a fl>+ wick 9 a cup ( oil1 & pl5ty ( soot w collect4 ,sympa!tic ,ink4--,no?+ is bett] or h&i] ?an milk4 ,! writ+ is invisible until ! pap] is almo/ toa/$ 9 ! fire1 :5 x turns a ri* br[n4 ,! juice ( lemons & _m o!r fruits may also be us$4 7,see ,sub/itutes = ,pap]47 ,gall ( ,animals1 or ,ox-gall to purify4--,to make ink or pa9t take ^u greasy pap]1 a v little ox-gall %\ld be mix$ ) x4 ,x is v important to "k ?is simple rem$y1 & ,i !re=e extract ! foll[+ in=mation f ,ure's ',diction>y4' ,i h (t5 practis$ x4 ,take x f ! newly-kill$ animal1 let x settle = #ab or #ae h\rs 9 a bas91 p\r ! liquid (f ! s$im5t into an e>!nw>e pot1 & set ! pot into a pan ( wat] kept boil+ until ! gall-liquid becomes some:at ?ick4 ,!n spread x on a di% & place x be=e ! fire till ne>ly dry4 ,9 ?is /ate x may be kept1 )\t any look+ aft]1 = ye>s4 ,:5 want$1 a piece ! size ( a pea %\ld be dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,ox-gall removes all grease-spots f clo!s1 etc4 ,waf]s1 ,pa/e1 & ,gum4--,waf]s4--,! common waf]s are pun*$ out ( a %eet made ( a pa/e ( fl\r & wat] t has sudd5ly be5 bak$ h>d4 ,gum waf]s are pun*$ out ( a %eet made ( ?ick gum & wat] p\r$ on a slightly-greas$ surface 7a look+-glass = example71 ano!r greas$ glass hav+ be5 put on ! top ( ! gum to make x dry ev54 ,pa/e %\ld be made l arr[root1 by mix+ ! fl\r 9 a m9imum ( cold wat]1 & !n p\r+ a flu% ( absolutely boil+ wat] ^u x4 ,x is made a trifle ?ick] & m secure f insects by ! addition ( alum4 ,corrosive sublimate is a m p[]ful protection aga9/ insects1 b is by no means an absolute safegu>d1 & x is dang]\s to use4 ,gum4--,! :ite ( eggs =ms a sub/itute = gum4 ,"s sea-we$s yield gum4 7,see also ,glue1 ,is+lass1 & ,seal+-wax ,v>ni%47 ,signets4--,_m excell5t & wor?y bu%m5 h ! mis=tune ( n kn[+ h[ to write3 %\ld any su* be plac$ 9 a po/ ( confid5ce by an explor]1 x might be well t he %\ld cut = himself a signet out ( s(t /one--su* z ! europeans ( bygone g5]ations1 & ! ,turks ( ! la/ "o1 v g5]ally employ$4 ,a device is cut on ! seal2 be=e us+ x1 ! pap] is moi/5$ ) a wet f+]1 & ! ink is dabb$ ov] ! r+ ) ano!r2 ! impression is !n made1 us+ ! ball ( ! ?umb = a pad4 ,seal+-wax ,v>ni%4--,black or r$ seal+-wax1 dissolv$ 9 spirits ( w9e1 makes a v effective /iff & wat]pro( v>ni%1 especially = boxes ( pap] or c>dbo>d4 ,x might be useful 9 keep+ "s iron ?+s f ru/3 x is ! same mat]ial t is us$ to cov] toy magnets4 ,:5 made /iff x is an excell5t cem5t = small articles4 ,opticians employ x = _m ( ^! purposes4 ,i h also us$ x z a pa9t = m>k+ initials on luggage1 cutt+ out ! lett]s 9 pap] & dabb+ ! r$ /uff ?r\gh4 ,small ,boxes = ,specim5s4--,cut ! side ( a cig>-box1 or a /rip ( pa/ebo>d1 half ?r\gh 9 ?ree places1 add two small] pieces l w+s1 "o on ea* side1 by means ( a piece ( gumm$ pap] ov]lapp+ !m1 z 9 ! picture4 ,sket* ( box unfold$ & fold$4 ,any numb] ( ^! may be c>ri$ l ! leaves ( a book1 & :5 a box is want$ !y may be b5t into %ape1 & by ! adh]5ce ( ! moi/5$ gum-pap]1 c be made into a box at a mom5t's notice4 ,! %ad$ bord] ( ! figure repres5ts ! gumm$ pap]4 ,quills make conv5i5t receptacles = m9ute specim5s4 ,!y %\ld be dress$ 7see ,quills71 & may be cork$ ) a plug ( wood or wax1 or1 = great] security1 a small quill may be pu%$1 m\? =w>d1 into a l>g] "o1 z into a %ea?4 ,,timb]4 ,gre5 ,wood4--,to season ,wood4--,gre5 wood _c be employ$ 9 c>p5try1 z x is v weak2 x also w>ps1 cracks1 & becomes rott53 wood dri$ ) too great a heat loses its t\ghness z well z its pliability3 x becomes h>d & brittle4 ,gre5 wood is season$ by wa%+ out ! sap1 & !n dry+ x ?or\ghly4 ,! travell]'s way ( do+ ?is by "o rapid op]ation1 is to dig a long tr5* & make a ro>+ fire 9 x2 :5 ! gr\nd is burn+ hot1 sweep ! a%es away1 deluge ! tr5* ) boil+ wat]2 & 9 ! middle ( ! cl\ds ( /eam t arise1 ?r[ 9 ! log ( wood1 %ovel hot e>? ov] x1 & leave x to /eam & bake4 ,a log ?ick en\gh to make an axletree may ?us be some:at season$ 9 a s+le night4 ,! log w\ld be season$ m ?or\ghly if x 7 saturat$ ) boil+ wat] be=e putt+ x into ! tr5*2 t c be done by lay+ x 9 a deep n>r[ puddle1 & %ovell+ hot /ones into ! wat]4 ,all cr[b>s1 wagon-lift]s1 etc41 %\ld be r\ghly season$ z gre5 wood is f> too weak = su* uses4 ,! regul> way ( season+ is to leave ! timb] to soak = a long "t 9 wat]1 t ! juices may be wa%$ out4 ,fre% wat] is bett] = ?is purpose ?an salt2 b a m9]al spr+1 if x is w>m is bett] ?an cold fre% wat]4 ,p>ties travell+ ) a wagon ought to fell a little timb] on _! outw>d j\rney1 & leave x to season aga9/ _! return1 9 read9ess to replace /ra9$ axletrees1 brok5 poles1 & ! l4 ,!y might1 at all ev5ts1 cut a r+ r\nd ?r\gh ! b>k & sap-wood ( ! tree1 & leave x to dis*>ge its juices1 die1 & become half-season$ z x /&s4 ,to b5d ,wood4--,if x is wi%$ to b5d a rod ( wood1 or to /raight5 x if orig9ally crook$1 x mu/ be /eam$1 or at lea/ be submitt$ to hot wat]4 ,?us a rod ( gre5 wood may be pass$ ?r\gh ! a%es ( a sm\ld]+ fire &1 :5 hot1 b5t & %ap$ ) ! h&2 b if ! wood be dry x mu/ fir/ be ?or\ghly soak$ 9 a pond or puddle4 ,if ! puddle is made to boil by %ovell+ 9 hot /ones1 z describ$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 ! /ick w b5d m easily4 ! long /raight spe>s ( savages are (t5 made ( exce$+ly crook$ /icks1 /raight5$ 9 ! a%es ( _! camp fires4 ,a ?ick piece ( wood may be well swabb$ ) hot wat]1 =cibly b5t1 z f> z c be safely done1 ti$ 9 position & /eam$1 z if = ! purpose ( season+ 7see la/ p>agraph71 9 a tr5*2 aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r x mu/ be tak5 out1 damp$ afre% if necess>y1 b5t fur!r1 & aga9 return$ to /eam--! process be+ repeat$ till ! wood has atta9$ ! %ape requir$2 x %\ld !n be left 9 ! tr5* to season ?or\ghly4 ,! heads ( dog-sl$ges1 & ! pieces ( wood us$ = ! outsides ( sn[-%oes1 are all b5t by ?is process4 ,c>p5t]s' ,tools4--,tools ( too h>d /eel %\ld n be tak5 on a j\rney2 !y spl9t] aga9/ ! d5se wood ( tropical c\ntries1 & !y are v tr\blesome to %>p54 ,! rem$y = ov]-h>dness is to heat !m r$-hot2 retemp]+ !m by qu5*+ 9 grease4 ,a small iron axe1 ) a file to %>p5 x1 & a few awls1 are 7if no?+ else c be tak57 a v useful outfit4 ,z mu* c>p5try z a travell] is likely to want c be effect$ by means ( a small axe ) a hamm]-head1 a v small s+le-h&$ adze1 a mortise-*isel1 a /rong g\ge1 a c\ple ( m$ium-siz$ gimlets1 a few awls1 a small ,turkey-hone1 & a :et/one4 ,if a saw be tak51 x %\ld be ( a sort int5d$ = gre5 wood4 ,9 addition to ^!1 a small t9 box full ( tools1 all ( :i* fit into a s+le h&le1 is v valuable2 _m travell]s h f\nd !m extremely conv5i5t4 ,!re is a tool-%op ne> ! bottom ( ! ,haym>ket & ano!r 9 ! ,/r& ne> ! ,l[?i] ,arcade1 :]e !y c be b\ght2 probably also at ,holtzapfel's 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e4 ,! box t conta9s !m is ab\t six in*es long by f\r broad & "o deep2 ! co/ is f #bjs4 to #cjs4 ,la/ly1 a saw = metals1 a few drills1 & small files1 may be add$ ) advantage4 ,x is advisable to see t ! tools are gr\nd & set be=e />t+4 ,a small h>d *isel ( ! be/ /eel1 ?ree in*es long1 a qu>t] ( an in* wide1 & ?ree-eigh?s ?ick--:i* any blacksmi? c make--w cut iron1 w *isel m>ks on rocks1 & be useful 9 num]\s em]g5cies4 ,%>p5+ ,tools4--,a man w get ?r\gh mo/ "w ) 8 tools1 if he /ops f "t to "t to %>p5 !m up4 ,! son ( ,sira* says1 speak+ ( a c>p5t]--,if ! iron be blunt1 & he d n :et ! edge1 !n mu/ he put to m /r5g?2 b wisdom is pr(itable to direct4--,ecclesia/icus4 ,a small f9e file is v effectual 9 giv+ an edge to tools ( s(t /eel4 ,x is a common error to suppose t ! be/ edge is giv5 by gr9d+ ! sides ( ! tool until !y meet at an exce$+ly acute angle4 ,su* an edge w\ld h no /r5g?1 & w\ld *ip or b5d directly4 ,! prop] way ( %>p5+ a tool1 is to gr9d x until x is suffici5tly ?91 & !n to give x an edge ^: sides are incl9$ to "o ano!r1 ab\t z mu* z ^? ( ! lett] ,v4 ,! edge ( a *isel is an obvi\s case 9 po9t2 s also is ! edge ( a but*]'s knife1 :i* is giv5 by apply+ x to ! /eel at a consid]able incl9ation4 ,a razor has only to cut hairs1 & w spl9t] if us$ to m5d a p51 yet ev5 a razor is %ap$ l a w$ge1 t x may n receive too f9e an edge :5 /ropp$ ) its face flat ^u ! hone4 ,nails1 ,sub/itutes =4--,la%+s ( raw hide sup]s$e nails = almo/ e purpose4 ,x is p]fectly m>vell\s h[ a gun/ock1 t has be5 %att]$ into spl9t]s1 c be made z /rong aga9 z ev]1 by means ( raw hide sewn r\nd x & left to dry2 or by draw+ ! sk9 ( an ox's leg l a /ock+ ov] x4 ,x is well to treat y\r bit ( sk9 z ?\gh p>*m5t 7:i* see7 7 to be made ( x1 bury+ ! sk9 & scrap+ (f ! hair1 be=e sew+ x on1 t x may make no eyesore4 ,t5dons1 or /\t fi%-sk9 su* z %agre51 may also be us$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,an axle-tree1 crack$ l5g?wise1 c easily be m5d$ ) raw hide2 ev5 a brok5 :eel-tire may be replac$ ) rh9oc]os or o!r ?ick hide2 if ! c\ntry to be travell$ ov] be dry4 ,sket* ( la! z describ$ bel[4 ,la!s may be want$ by a travell]1 because ! pulleys necess>y = a l>ge sail+-boat1 & ! screw ( a c>p5t]'s b5*1 _c be made )\t "o4 ,! sket* w recall to m9d ! orig9al ma*9e1 n[ almo/ =gott5 9 ,engl&1 b /ill 9 common use on ! ,cont95t4 ,x is obvi\s t make%ift contrivances c be set up on ?is pr9ciple1 two /eady po9ts be+ ! ma9 ?+s want$4 ,a =k$ b\gh suffices = a treadle4 ,a v common ,indian la! consi/s ( two t5t-pegs1 two nails = ! po9ts2 a lea!r ?ong1 & "s make%ift h&-re/2 nei!r pole nor treadle is us$1 b an assi/ant takes "o end ( ! ?ong 9 "o h&1 & ! o!r end 9 ! o!r h&1 & hauls away 9 a see-saw fa%ion4 ,= turn+ holl[s1 a long spike is us$ in/ead ( a %ort po9t3 !n1 a hole is bor$ into ! wood to ! dep? ( ! int5d$ holl[1 & ! spike is pu%$ =w>d until x abuts aga9/ ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,"o =m ( la! is simplicity itself3 two ?ick /akes are driv5 9 ! gr\nd1 s f> ap>t z to include ! object to be turn$2 a cross piece is la%$ to !m 7by a creep] cut out ( ! jungle71 = ! d\ble purpose ( hold+ !m toge!r1 & ( s]v+ z a re/ = ! g\ge4 ,! object is turn$ ) a ?ong1 z already describ$4 ,*>coal1 ,t>1 & ,pit*4--,*>coal4--,dig a hole 9 ! e>?1 or *oose "s gigantic burr[1 or old well1 & fill x ) piles ( wood1 arrang+ !m s z to leave a k9d ( *imney d[n ! c5tre3 ! top ( ! hole is n[ to be cov]$ ov] ) sods except+ ! *imney1 d[n :i* a br& is dropp$ to set fire to ! wood4 ,! burn+ %\ld be gov]n$ by op5+ or %utt+ ! *imney-top ) a flat /one2 x %\ld proce$ v gradually1 = ! wood ought to sm\ld]1 & nev] atta9 to a bright r$ heat3 ! op]ation w require f two days to a week4 ,! t>ry products ( ! wood dra9 to ! bottom ( ! well4 ,t> is made by burn+ l>*1 fir1 or p9e1 z ?\gh *>coal _h to be made2 dead or )]$ trees1 & especially _! roots1 yield t> mo/ copi\sly4 ,a va/ deal is easily obta9$4 ,x collects at ! bottom ( ! pit1 & a hole ) smoo? sides %\ld be dug !re1 into :i* x may dra94 ,= mak+ t> on a small] scale3--ram an iron pot full ( p9e wood2 rev]se x & lay x ^u a bo>d pi]c$ ) a hole "o in* 9 diamet]2 !n prop ! bo>d ov] ano!r pot buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,make all air-tight ) wet clay r\nd ! upp] pot & bo>d1 cov]+ ! bo>d1 b expos+ ! bottom ( ! rev]s$ pot4 ,make a gr& fire above & r\nd ! latt]1 & ! t> w freely drop4 ,x w be ?9 & n v pure t>1 b clean1 & x w ?ick5 on exposure to ! air4 ,pit* is t> boil$ d[n4 ,turp5t9e & ,res94--,turp5t9e is ! juice secret$ by ! p9e1 fir1 or l>* tree1 9 bli/]s "u ! b>k2 ! trees are tapp$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ x4 ,res9 is turp5t9e boil$ d[n4 ,,metals4 ,fuel = ,=ge4--,dry fuel gives out f> m heat ?an t :i* is damp4 ,z a comp>ison ( ! heat+ p[]s ( diff]5t sorts ( fuel1 x may be reckon$ t #a lb4 ( dry *>coal w raise #gc lbs4 ( wat] f freez+ to boil+2 #a lb4 ( pit coal1 ab\t #fj lbs42 & #a lb4 ( peat1 ab\t #cj lbs4 ,"s k9ds ( manure-fuel give int5se heat1 & are excell5t = blacksmi?'s purposes3 t ( goats & %eep is ! be/2 camels' dung is next be/1 b is n ne>ly s good2 !n t ( ox53 ! dung ( horses is ( little use1 except z t9d] 9 light+ a fire4 ,bell[s4--,x is ( no use attempt+ to d blacksmi?'s "w1 if y h n a pair ( bell[s4 ,^! c be made ( a s+le goat-sk91 ( suffici5t p[]1 9 skilful h&s1 to raise small b>s ( iron to a weld+ heat4 ,! boat's head is cut (f close "u ! *91 8 legs at ! knee-jo9t1 & a slit is made betwe5 ! h9d legs1 ?r\gh :i* ! c>case is entirely extract$4,aft] dress+ ! hide1 two /rongi% pieces ( wood are sewn along ! slit1 "o at ea* side1 j l ! ironwork on ea* side ( ! m\? ( a c>pet-bag1 & = ! same purpose1 i4e4 to /r5g!n x3 a nozzle is ins]t$ at ! neck4 ,to use ?is app>atus1 its m\? is op5$1 & pull$ out2 !n x is sudd5ly %ut1 by :i* means ! bell[s are made to enclose a bagful ( air2 ?is1 by pu%+ ! m\? flat home1 is eject$ ?r\gh ! nozzle4 ,^! bell[s require no valve1 & are ! simple/ t c be made3 !y are 9 use ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,! nozzle or tube to convey ! bla/ may be made ( a pla/] ( clay or loam1 mix$ ) grass1 & m\ld$ r\nd a smoo? pole4 ,metals1 to "w4--,iron ,ore is m easily r$uc$ ?an ! ore ( any o!r metal3 x is usually suffici5t to ?r[ ! ore into a *>coal-fire & keep x !re = a day or m1 :5 ! pure metal w beg9 to appe>4 ,weld+ ,composition = iron or /eel1 is made ( borax #aj p>ts1 sal ammoniac #a "p2 to be melt$1 run out on an iron plate1 &1 :5 cold1 p\nd$ = use4 ,ca/ ,/eel4--,a mixture ( #ajj p>ts ( s(t iron1 & two ( lamp-soot1 melts z easily z ord9>y /eel--m easily ?an iron4 ,?is is a ready way ( mak+ ca/-/eel :]e great heat _c be obta9$4 ,case-h>d5+ is ! "n giv5 to a simple process1 by :i* ! outside ( iron may be turn$ into /eel4 ,small tools1 fi%-hooks1 & keys1 etc41 are usually made ( iron2 !y are fa%ion$ fir/1 & case-h>d5$ aft]w>ds4 ,!re are good reasons = ?is3 fir/1 because x is ! *eape/ way ( mak+ !m2 & secondly1 because :ile /eel is h>d1 iron is t\gh2 & any?+ made ( iron & coat$ ) /eel1 comb9es "s ( ! advantages ( bo? metals4 ,! civilis$ me?od ( case-h>d5+1 is to bright5 up ! iron & to cov] x ) prussiate ( pota%1 ei!r p[d]$ or made into a pa/e4 ,! iron is !n heat$1 until ! prussiate ( pota% has burn$ away3 ?is op]ation is repeat$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,f9ally1 ! iron1 n[ cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( /eel1 is h>d5$ by qu5*+ x 9 wat]4 ,9 default ( prussiate ( pota%1 animal or ev5 vegetable *>coal may be us$1 b ! latt] is a v imp]fect sub/itute4 ,to make animal *>coal1 take a scrap ( lea!r1 hide1 ho(1 horn1 fle%1 blood--any?+1 9 fact1 t has animal matt] 9 x2 dry x into h>d *ips l *>coal1 be=e a fire1 & p[d] x4 ,put ! iron t is to be case-h>d5$1 ) "s ( ?is *>coal r\nd x1 into ! mid/ ( a lump ( loam4 ,?is is fir/ plac$ ne> ! fire to h>d51 & !n q into x1 :]e x %\ld be all[$ to sl[ly atta9 a blood-r$ heat1 b no high]4 ,!n1 break op5 ! lump1 take out ! iron1 & drop x into wat] to h>d54 ,lead is v useful to a travell]1 = he always has bullets1 :i* furni% ! supply ( ! metal1 & x is s fusible t he c readily melt & ca/ x into any requir$ %ape2 us+ wood1 or pap]1 p>tly buri$ 9 ! e>?1 = 8 m\ld4 ,if a small portion ( ! lead rema9 unmelt$ 9 ! ladle1 ! fluid is sure n to burn ! m\ld4 ,by att5d+ to ?is a wood5 m\ld may be us$ scores ( times4 ,sket*es z describ$ bel[4 ,fig4 #a %[s h[ to ca/ a lead5 plate1 :i* w\ld be useful = inscriptions1 = notices to o!r p>ties4 ,if m9c$ into squ>es1 x w\ld make a sub/itute = slugs4 ,! figure repres5ts two flat pieces ( wood1 enclos+ a fold$ piece ( pap]1 & p>tly buri$ 9 ! e>? ! lead is to be p\r$ into ! pap]4 ,to make a m\ld = a p5cil1 or a rod :i* may be cut into %ort l5g?s = slugs1 roll up a piece ( pap] z %[n 9 fig4 #b1 & bury x 9 ! e>?3 re$s1 :5 !y are to be obta9$1 make a /rong] m\ld ?an pap]4 ,to ca/ a lamp1 a bottle1 or o!r holl[ article1 use a cyl9d] ( pap]1 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 z 9 fig4 #c1 & hold a /ick fa/ 9 ! middle1 :ile ! lead is p\r$ r\nd4 ,loose1 %aky articles (t5 admit ( be+ set to rights1 by w>m+ ! jo9ts & p\r+ a little melt$ lead into ! cracks4 ,t94--,sold] = t9 plates1 is made ( "o or two p>ts ( t91 & "o ( lead4 ,be=e sold]+1 ! surfaces mu/ be q bright & close toge!r2 & ! contact ( air mu/ be exclud$ dur+ ! op]ation1 else ! heat w t>ni% ! surface & prev5t ! adhesion ( ! sold]3 ! borax & res9 commonly 9 use1 effect ?is4 ,! be/ plan is to clean ! surfaces ) muriatic acid saturat$ ) t93 ?is me?od is inv>iably adopt$ by wat*mak]s & opticians1 :o nev] use borax & res94 ,! po9t ( ! sold]+-tool mu/ be fil$ bright4 ,copp]1 to t94--,clean ! copp] well ) s&/one2 heat x1 & rub x ) sal-ammoniac till x is q clean & bright2 ! t91 ) "s p[d]$ res91 is n[ plac$ on ! copp]1 :i* is made s hot z to melt ! t91 & all[ x to be spread ov] ! surface ) a bit ( rag4 ,a v little t9 is us$ 9 ?is way3 x is said t a piece z big z a pea1 w\ld t9 a l>ge saucepan2 :i* is at ! rate ( tw5ty gra9s ( t9 to a squ>e foot ( copp]4 ,,lea!r4 ,raw ,hides4--,dress+ ,hides4--,sk9s t h be5 dress$ are ess5tial to a travell] 9 an uncivilis$ c\ntry1 = !y make 8 pack+-/raps1 8 bags1 8 clo!s1 %oes1 nails1 & /r+1 !re=e no hide %\ld be wa/$4 ,!re is no clev] secret 9 dress+ sk9s3 x is h>d "w t !y want1 ei!r cont9ual crumpl+ & /ret*+ ) ! h&s1 or work+ & trampl+ ) ! feet4 ,to dress a goat-sk9 w occupy "o p]son = a :ole day1 to dress an ox-hide w give h>d lab\r to two p]sons = a day & a half1 or ev5 = two days4 ,x is be/ to beg9 to op]ate ^u ! sk9 half an h\r aft] x has be5 flay$4 ,if x has be5 all[$ to dry dur+ ! process1 x mu/ be re-s(t5$ by damp+1 n ) wat]--= x w nev] end by be+ supple1 if wat] be us$--b ) :atev] ! natives g5]ally employ3 clott$ milk & l9se$-meal are us$ 9 ,abyss9ia2 c[-dung by ! ,caffres & ,bu%m54 ,:5 a sk9 is put aside = ! night1 x mu/ be roll$ up1 to prev5t x f becom+ dry by ! morn+4 ,x is g5]ally necess>y to slightly grease ! sk91 :5 x is half-dress$1 to make x ?or\ghly supple4 ,smok+ ,hides4--,mr4 ,catl91 speak+ ( ! sk9s us$ by ! ,n4 ,am]ican ,indians1 says t ! great] "p ( !m g ?r\gh /ill ano!r op]ation aft]w>ds 7besides dress+71 :i* gives !m a great] value1 & r5d]s !m mu* m s]viceable--t is1 ! process ( smok+4 ,= ?is1 a small hole is dug 9 ! gr\nd1 & a fire is built 9 x ) rott5 wood1 :i* w produce a great quantity ( smoke )\t mu* blaze1 & sev]al small poles ( ! prop] l5g? /uck 9 ! gr\nd ar\nd x1 & drawn & fa/5$ toge!r at ! top 7mak+ a cone71 ar\nd :i* a sk9 is wrapp$ 9 =m ( a t5t1 & g5]ally sew$ toge!r at ! edges to secure ! smoke )9 x3 )9 ?is ! sk9s to be smok$ are plac$1 & 9 ?is condition ! t5t w /& a day or two1 enclos+ ! heat$ smoke2 & by "s *emical process ( o!r1 :i* ,i d n und]/&1 ! sk9s ?us acquire a quality :i* enables !m1 aft] be+ ev] s _m times wet1 to dry s(t & pliant z !y 7 be=e1 :i* secret ,i h nev] se5 practis$ 9 my own c\ntry1 & = ! lack ( :i* all our dress$ sk9s1 :5 once wet1 are1 ,i ?9k1 *iefly ru9$4 ,a s+le sk9 may conv5i5tly be smok$ by sew+ ! edges toge!r1 s z to make a tube ( x3 ! l[] end is ti$ r\nd an iron pot ) rott5 wood burn+ inside1 ! upp] end is kept op5 ) a hoop1 & slung to a triangle1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,sket* ( hide smok+ app>atus z describ$4 ,tann+ ,hides4--,/eep !m 9 a /rong solution ( alum & a little salt1 = a p]iod dep5d5t on ! ?ickness ( ! hide4 ,! gradual *ange ( ! hide into tann$ lea!r is visible1 & %\ld be wat*$4 ,if desir$1 !hair may be remov$ be=e ! op]ation1 z describ$ 9 ,p>*m5t2 kid gloves are made ( lea!r t has be5 prep>$ 9 ?is way4 ,greas+ ,lea!r4--,all lea!r articles %\ld be occasionally well rubb$ ) fat1 :5 us$ 9 hot1 dry climates1 or :5 !y are (t5 wett$ & dri$ aga93 x makes a diff]5ce ( _m hundr$ p] c5t4 9 _! we>4 ,x is a great desid]atum to be possess$ ( a supply ( fat1 b x is n easy to obta9 x f antelopes & o!r s9ewy game4 ,! ,fr5* troops adopt ! foll[+ me?od1 :i* ,"l ,lucan copi$ f !m1 :5 9 ! ,crimea3--! m>r[bones ( ! slaught]$ animals are brok5 betwe5 /ones2 !y are !n well boil$1 & ! bro? is skimm$ :5 cold4 ,to pres]ve ,hides 9 a dri$ ,/ate4--,aft] ! hide has be5 flay$ f a bea/1 if x is n int5d$ to dress x1 x %\ld be pegg$ out 9 ! sun4 ,if x be also rubb$ ov] ) wood-a%es1 or bett] /ill ) salt1 x w keep long]4 ,mo/ small furs t rea* ! h&s ( ,engli% furri]s h be5 m]ely sun-dri$2 b l>ge hides are usually salt$1 be=e be+ %ipp$ = ,europe to be tann$4 ,a hide t has be5 salt$ is injur$ = dress+ by ! h&1 b x is n entirely spoil$3 & !re=e ! foll[+ extract f ,mr4 ,dana's ',two ,ye>s be=e ! ,ma/' may be ( s]vice to travell]s :o h %ot _m head ( game 9 "o place1 or to ^? :o h lo/ a h]d ( goats by di/emp]4 ,salt+ ,hides4--,! fir/ ?+ is to put ! hides to soak4 ,?is is done by c>ry+ !m d[n at l[ tide1 & mak+ !m fa/ 9 small piles by ropes1 & lett+ ! tide come up & cov] !m4 ,e day we put #be 9 soak = ea* man1 :i* ) u make #aej4 ,!re !y lie #dh h\rs1 :5 !y are tak5 out & roll$ up 9 :eelb>r[s1 & ?r[n into vats4 ,^! vats conta9 br9e made v /rong1 be+ sea-wat] ) great quantities ( salt ?r[n 94 ,?is pickles ! hides1 & 9 ?is !y lie #dh h\rs3 ! use ( ! sea-wat] into :i* !y are fir/ put be+ m]ely to s(t5 & clean !m4 ,f ^! vats !y are tak5 to lie on a plat=m #bd h\rs1 & are !n spread ^u ! gr\nd & c>efully /ret*$ & /ak$ out1 s t !y may dry smoo?4 ,aft] !y 7 /ak$1 & :ile yet wet & s(t1 we us$ to g ^u !m ) our knives1 & c>efully cut ( all ! bad p>ts3 ! pieces ( meat & fat1 :i* w\ld o!rwise corrupt & affect ! :ole if /[$ away 9 a vessel = mon?s1 ! l>ge flipp]s1 ! e>s1 & all o!r p>ts t prev5t close /[age4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ difficult "p ( our duty1 z x requir$ mu* skill to take (f ev]y?+ necess>y1 & n to cut or injure ! hides4 ,x 0 also a long process1 z six ( u _h to clean #aej2 mo/ ( :i* requir$ a great deal to be done to !m1 z ! ,spani>ds are v c>eless 9 sk9n+ _! cattle4 ,!n1 too1 z we clean$ !m :ile !y 7 /ak$ out1 we 7 oblig$ to kneel d[n ^u !m1 :i* always gives beg9n]s ! back-a*e4 ,! fir/ day ,i 0 s sl[ & awkw>d t ,i only clean$ eight2 at ! end ( a few days ,i d\bl$ my numb]1 & 9 a =tnight or ?ree weeks c\ld keep up ) ! o!rs1 & clean my proportion--tw5ty-five4 ,,cord1 ,,/r+1 ,,?read4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,i h spok5 ( ! /r5g? ( diff]5t cords 9 ,alp9e outfit1 p4 #dh4 ,all k9ds ( cord become exce$+ly rott5 9 hot1 dry c\ntries3 ! fi%]m5 ( ! ,cape pres]ve _! nets by /eep+ !m occasionally 9 blood4 ,?read & tw9e %\ld be wax$ be=e us+ !m = sew+1 :5ev] !re is reason to d\bt _! durability4 ,sub/itutes4--,! sub/itutes = ?read1 /r+1 & cord1 are z foll[s3--,?ongs cut spirally1 l a wat*-spr+1 out ( a piece ( lea!r or hide1 & made pliant by work+ !m r\nd a /ick2 s9ew & catgut 7pp4 #cdf72 inn] b>k ( trees--?is is easily sep>at$ by long /eep+ 9 wat]1 b *ew+ x is bett]2 roots ( trees1 z ! spruce-fir1 split to ! prop] size2 woodb9es1 runn]s1 or pliant twigs1 twi/$ toge!r4 ,"s seawe$s--! only ,engli% "o ( :i* ,i h he>d is ! common olive-gre5 we$ call$ ,*orda ,filum2 x looks l a :ip-?ong1 & sometimes gr[s to a l5g? ( ?irty or =ty feet2 :5 half-dri$1 ! sk9 is tak5 (f & twi/$ into fi%+-l9es1 etc4 ,hay-b&s2 horsehair ropes1 or ev5 a few twi/$ hairs f ! tail ( a horse2 ! /ems ( num]\s plants af=d fibres t are m or less effective sub/itutes = hemp1 ^? t are us$ by ! natives ( ! c\ntry visit$ %\ld be notices2 ,indian grass is an animal sub/ance atta*$ to ! ov>ies ( small %>ks & "s o!r fi% ( ! same class4 ,9 la%+ ?+s toge!r ) twigs1 hay-b&s1 & ! l1 ! way ( secur+ ! loose ends is n by means ( a knot1 :i* usually causes !m to break1 b by twi/+ ! ends toge!r until !y k9k4 ,all faggots & trusses are secur$ 9 ?is way4 ,sew+4--,sew+ ,mat]ials4--,^! are be/ c>ri$ 9 a l95 bag2 !y consi/ ( sail ne$les1 pack$ 9 a long box ) cork wads at ! ends1 to pres]ve _! po9ts2 a sailor's palm2 beeswax2 tw9e2 awls2 bri/les2 cobbl]'s wax2 l>ge bodk92 pack+-ne$le2 ord9>y sew+-ne$les2 tailor's ?imble2 ?reads2 cottons2 silks2 buttons2 scissors2 & p9s4 ,/it*es4--,! en?usia/ic travell] %\ld be ?or\ghly gr\nd$ by a tailor 9 ! rudim5ts ( sew+ & ! mo/ useful /it*es4 ,!y are z foll[s3--,to make a knot at ! end ( ! ?read2 to run2 to /it*2 to sew'2 to fell1 or o!rwise to make a d\ble seam2 to h]r+-bone 7ess5tial = flannels72 to hem2 to sew ov]2 to b9d2 to sew on a button2 to make a button-hole2 to d>n2 & to f9e-draw4 ,he %\ld also practise tak+ patt]ns ( "s articles ( clo?+ 9 pap]1 cutt+ !m out 9 common mat]ials & putt+ !m toge!r4 ,he %\ld take a lesson or two f a saddl]1 & sev]al1 :5 on bo>d %ip1 f a sail-mak]4 ,ne$les1 to make4--,! natives ( ,unyoro sew _! beautifully prep>$ goat-sk9s 9 a wond]fully neat mann]1 ) ne$les manufactur$ by !mselves4 ,!y make !m n by bor+ ! eye1 b by %>p5+ ! end into a f9e po9t & turn+ x ov]1 ! extremity be+ hamm]$ into a small cut 9 ! body ( ! ne$le1 to prev5t x f cat*+4--,sir ,s4 ,bak]4 ,,membrane1 ,,s9ew1 ,,horn4 ,p>*m5t--,! sub/ance :i* is call$ p>*m5t :5 made f %eep or goat sk9s1 & vellum :5 f ^? ( calves1 kids1 or dead-born lambs1 c also be made f any o!r sk94 ,! raw hide is buri$ = "o or two days1 till ! hair comes (f easily2 !n x is tak5 out & well scrap$4 ,next a skew] is run 9 & out along ea* ( its f\r sides1 & /r+s be+ made fa/ to ^! skew]s1 ! sk9 is v tightly /ret*$2 x is c>efully scrap$ ov] z x lies on ! /ret*1 by :i* means ! wat] is squeez$ out2 !n x is rubb$ ) r\gh /ones1 z pumice or s&/one1 aft] :i* x is all[$ to dry1 ! /r+s by :i* ! skew]s are secur$ be+ tight5$ f "t to "t4 ,if ?is p>*m5t be us$ = writ+1 x w be f\nd r greasy1 b wa%+ x w oxgall w probably rem$y ?is fault4 7,see ,ox-gall1 p4 #cca47 ,9 ! regul> prep>ation ( p>*m5t1 ! sk9 is soak$ = a %ort "t 9 a lime-pit be=e tak+ (f ! hairs1 to get rid ( ! grease4 ,catgut4--,/eep ! inte/9es ( any animal 9 wat] = a day1 peel (f ! out] membrane1 !n burn ! gut inside out1 :i* is easily to be done by turn+ a v %ort piece ( x inside out1 j z y w\ld turn up ! cuff ( y\r sleeve2 !n1 cat*+ hold ( ! turn$-up cuff1 dip ! :ole into a bucket1 & scoop up a little wat] betwe5 ! cuff & ! re/ ( ! gut4 ,sket* ( mak+ catgut z describ$4 ,! weight ( ?is wat] w d :at is want$3 x w be> d[n an additional l5g? ( previ\sly unturn$ gut2 & ?us1 by a few successive dipp+s1 ! entire l5g? ( any am\nt ( inte/9e1 h[ev] n>r[ x may be1 c be turn$ inside out 9 a m9ute or two4 ,hav+ turn$ ! inte/9e inside out1 scrape (f ! :ole ( its inn] s(t p>ts2 :at rema9s is a f9e transp>5t tube1 :i*1 be+ twi/$ up tightly & /ret*$ to dry1 =ms catgut4 ,membrane ,?read4--,/eep ! inte/9es ( any animal 9 wat] = a day2 !n peel (f ! out] membrane1 :i* w come (f 9 long /rips2 ^! %\ld be twi/$ up betwe5 ! h&s1 & hung out to dry2 !y =m excell5t ?reads = sew+ sk9s toge!r1 or inde$ = any o!r purpose4 ,s9ews = ,?read4--,any s9ews w d = mak+ ?read if ! fibres admit ( be+ twi/$ or plait$ toge!r into pieces ( suffici5t l5g?4 ,! s9ews ly+ alongside ! backbone are ! mo/ conv5i5t1 on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( _! fibres4 ,aft] ! s9ew is dri$ /raight /rips are torn (f x ( ! prop] size2 !y are wett$1 & scrap$ into ev5ness by be+ drawn ?r\gh ! m\? & tee?2 !n1 by "o or two rubs betwe5 ! h& & ! ?igh1 !y become twi/$ & _! fibres are reta9$ toge!r4 ,a piece ( dri$ s9ew is usually kept 9 res]ve = mak+ ?read or /r+4 ,glue is made by boil+ d[n hides1 or ev5 t5dons1 ho(s1 & horns1 = a long "t1 tak+ c>e t !y are n *>r$2 !n draw+ (f ! fluid & lett+ x set4 ,is+lass is made readily by /eep+ ! /oma* & inte/9es ( fi% 9 cold wat]1 & !n g5tly boil+ !m into a jelly3 ?is is spread into %eets & all[$ to dry4 ,! air-bladd] ( ! /urgeon makes ! true is+lass4 7,see ,pa/e & ,gum1 p4 #ccb47 ,horn1 ,tortoise%ell1 & ,:alebone4--,horn is s easily work$ into %ape t travell]s1 especially 9 pa/oral c\ntries1 %\ld be acqua9t$ ) its prop]ties4 ,by boil+1 or expos+ x to heat 9 hot s&1 x is made q s(t1 & c be m\ld$ into :atev] %ape y w4 ,n only ?is1 b x c also be weld$ by heat+ & press+ two edges toge!r1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be q clean & free f grease1 ev5 ! t\* ( ! h& ta9ts !m4 ,%eets ( horn are a well-kn[n sub/itute = glass1 & are made z foll[s3--,! horn is left to soak = a =tnight 9 a pond2 !n x is well wa%$1 to sep>ate ! pi?2 next x is sawn l5g?wise1 & boil$ till x c be easily split into %eets ) a *isel2 :i* %eets are aga9 boil$1 !n scrap$ to a uni=m ?ickness1 & set into %ape to dry4 ,tortoise%ell & :alebone c be s(t5$ & work$ 9 ! same way4 ,,pott]y4 ,,to ,,glaze ,,pott]y4--,mo/ savages h pott]y1 b few "k h[ to glaze x4 ,"o way1 & t :i* 0 ! e>lie/ kn[n ( do+ ?is1 is to ?r[ h&fuls ( salt ^u ! j> :5 r$-hot 9 ! kiln4 ,! read] w d\btless call to m9d ! difficulties ( ,rob9son ,crusoe 9 mak+ 8 e>!nw>e wat]-tight4 ,sub/itute = ,clay4--,9 ,dam>a l&1 :]e !re is no natural mat]ial fitt$ = pott]y1 ! savages procur$ mud f ! int]ior ( ! :ite-ant hills1 ) :i* !y made _! pots4 ,!y 7 exce$+ly brittle1 b nev]!less 7 l>ge & s]viceable = /or+ provisions & ev5 = hold+ wat] ov] ! fire4 ,i h se5 !m two feet high4 ,:at x 0 t caus$ ! clay tak5 f ! ant-hills to possess ?is prop]ty1 ,i d n "k4 ,pots = ,/ores & ,ca*es4--,an e>!n pot is excell5t = a /ore ( provisions or = a ca*e1 because x keeps out moi/ure & insects1 & animals _c smell & !re=e d n attack its cont5ts4 ,,c&les ,,& ,,lamps4 ,c&les4--,m\lds = ,c&les4--,x is usual1 on an exp$ition1 to take t9 m\lds & a ball ( wick = ! purpose ( mak+ c&les1 f "t to "t1 :5 fat happ5s to be abundant4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t m\ld is ( ! %ape %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! tall[ %\ld be p\r$ 91 :5 its heat is s r$uc$ t x h>dly feels w>m to ! f+]2 t is1 j be=e sett+4 ,if ?is be done ov]-night1 ! c&les w come out 9 ! morn+ )\t difficulty4 ,b1 if y are oblig$ to make _m at a "t1 !n1 aft] ! tall[ has be5 p\r$ 91 ! m\ld %\ld be dipp$ 9 cold wat] to cool x3 & !n :5 ! tall[ has set1 ! m\ld %\ld be dipp$ = a mom5t 9 hot wat] to melt ! outside ( ! newly-made c&le & enable x to be easily extract$4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! c&les are n made s neatly z by ! o!r1 ?\gh !y are made m quickly4 ,sket* ( c&le m\ld4 ,x is well to take1 if n to make1 a prop] ne$le = putt+ ! wicks into ! m\lds4 ,x %\ld be a hook$ piece ( wire1 l a cro*et ne$le1 :i* cat*es ! wick by its middle & pulls x d\bl$ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,a /ick across ! m\? ( ! m\ld secures ! o!r end4 ,:5 ! tall[ is sett+1 give an additional pull d[nw>ds4 ,a gun-b>rel1 ) a cork or wad put ! requir$ di/ance d[n ! b>rel1 has be5 us$ = a m\ld4 ,pull ! c&le out by ! wick aft] heat+ ! b>rel4 ,two wads might be us$2 ! "o /rongly ramm$ 91 to prev5t ! tall[ f runn+ too f>1 ! o!r m]ely z a support = ! wick4 ,p]haps1 ev5 pap] m\lds might be us$2 !y c\ld be made by gumm+ or pa/+ pap] 9 a roll4 ,dip ,c&les4--,c&les t are made by dipp+1 gutt] & run mu* m ?an m\ld c&les1 if !y h to be us$ z soon z made4 ,! way ( dipp+ !m is to tie a numb] ( wicks to ! end ( a wood5 h&le1 s %ap$ t ! :ole affair looks mu* l a g>d5-rake--! wicks be+ repres5t$ by ! tee? ( ! rake2 !n ! wicks are dipp$ 9 ! tall[1 & ea* is rubb$ & mess$ by ! h& till x /&s /iff & /raight2 aft] ?is !y are dipp$ all toge!r1 sev]al times 9 succession1 all[+ ea* fre% coat ( tall[ to dry be=e ano!r dipp+4 ,wax c&les are always made by ?is process4 ,sub/itute = ,c&les4--,a /rip ( cotton1 #a #a_/b foot long1 dr5*$ 9 grease1 & w\nd spirally r\nd a w&1 w burn = half an h\r4 ,a lump ( beeswax1 ) a tatt] ( an old h&k]*ief run ?r\gh x1 makes a c&le on an em]g5cy4 ,mat]ials = ,c&les4--,tall[4--,mutton-suet mix$ ) ox-tall[ is ! be/ mat]ial = c&les4 ,tall[ %\ld nev] be melt$ ov] a hot fire3 x is be/ to melt x by putt+ ! pot 9 hot s&4 ,to procure fat1 see ,greas+ ,lea!r1 p4 #cdc4 ,wax4--,boil ! comb = h\rs1 toge!r ) a little wat] to keep x f burn+1 !n press ! melt$ mass ?r\gh a clo? into a deep puddle ( cold wat]4 ,?is makes beeswax4 7,see ,honey1 to f9d1 p4 #aii47 ,c&le/ick4--,a hole cut ) ! knife 9 a sod ( turf or a potato2 #c1 #d1 or #e nails hamm]$ 9 a circle into a piece ( wood1 to act z a socket2 a holl[ bone2 an empty bottle2 a /rap ) ! end pass$ ! wrong way ?r\gh ! buckle & coil$ inside2 & a bayonet /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 are all us$ z make%ift c&le/icks4 ,9 bygone days ! broad feet1 or r legs1 ( ! swan1 aft] be+ /ret*$ & dri$1 7 conv]t$ into c&le/icks4--,lloyd4 ,lamps4--,lamps may be made ( h>d wood1 holl[$ out to receive ! oil2 also ( lead4 7,see ,lead1 p4 #cdj47 ,! %$ ho( ( an ox or o!r bea/ is sometimes us$4 ,slu% ,lamp is simply a pannik9 full ( fat1 ) a rag wrapp$ r\nd a small /ick plant$ z a wick 9 ! middle ( x4 ,lant]n4--,a wood5 box1 a native bucket1 or a calaba%1 w make ! frame1 & a piece ( greas$ calico /ret*$ across a hole 9 its side1 w take ! place ( glass4 ,a small t91 su* z a pres]v$-meat case1 makes a good lant]n1 if a hole is brok5 into ! bottom1 & an op5+ 9 ! side or front4 ,horn 7see p4 #cdg7 is easily to be work$ by a travell] into any requir$ %ape4 ,a good & (t5 a ready make%ift = a lant]n1 is a bottle ) its end crack$ (f4 ,?is is be/ effect$ by putt+ wat] into ! bottle to ! dep? ( an in*1 & !n sett+ x ^u hot emb]s4 ,! bottle w crack all r\nd at ! level ( ! top ( ! wat]4 ,x takes a /rong w9d to bl[ out a c&le /uck into ! neck inside ! brok5 bottle4 ,alp9e t\ri/s (t5 employ ?is contrivance :5 !y />t f _! biv\ac 9 ! c>k morn+4 ,sket* ( c&le 9 bottle4 ,,on ,,conclud+ ,,! ,,j\rney4 ,complete y\r ,collections4--,:5 y\r j\rney draws ne> its close1 resi/ re/less feel+s2 make e ef=t be=e x is too late to supplem5t defici5cies 9 y\r v>i\s collections2 take /ock ( :at y h ga!r$ toge!r1 & ?9k h[ ! ?+s w s]ve 9 ,engl& to illu/rate y\r j\rney or y\r book4 ,keep :atev] is pretty 9 itself1 or is illu/rative ( y\r e-day life1 or t ( ! savages1 9 ! way ( arms1 ut5sils1 & dresses4 ,make c>eful draw+s ( y\r encampm5t1 y\r ret9ue1 & :atev] else y may 9 indol5ce h omitt$ to sket*1 t w possess an aft]-int]e/4 ,look ov] y\r vocabul>ies = ! la/ "t1 & complete !m z f> z possible4 ,make pres5ts ( all y\r travell+ ge> & old guns to y\r native att5dants1 = !y w be m]e litt] 9 ,engl&1 co/ly to h\se & attractive to mo? & ru/2 :ile 9 ! c\ntry :]e y h be5 travell+1 !y are ( ackn[l$g$ value1 & w\ld be additionally acceptable z keepsakes4 ,memor&a1 to arrange4--,pa/e all loose slips ( ,,mss4 into ! pages ( a blank book2 & /it* y\r memor&a books :]e !y are torn2 give !m to a bookb9d]1 at ! fir/ opportunity1 to re-b9d & page !m1 add+ an abundance ( blank leaves4 ,write an index to ! :ole ( y\r ,,mss42 put pl5ty ( cross-ref]5ces1 ins]t necess>y explanations1 & supplem5t imp]fect descriptions1 :ile y\r memory ( ! ev5ts rema9s fre%4 ,x appe>s impossible to a travell]1 at ! close ( 8 j\rney1 to believe he w ev] =get its ev5ts1 h[ev] trivial2 = aft] long brood+ on few facts1 !y w seem to be fairly br&$ into 8 memory4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 = ! cr[ds ( new impressions1 dur+ a few mon?s or ye>s ( civilis$ life1 w efface ! %>pness ( ! old ones4 ,i h conv]s$ ) m5 ( l[ m5tal p[]1 s]vants & o!rs1 ! great] "p ( ^: exp]i5ces 9 savag$om _h pass$ out ( _! memories l ! ev5ts ( a dream4 ,alphabetical ,li/s4--,e explor] has frequ5t occasion to draw up long catalogues 9 alphabetical ord]1 :e!r ( words = vocabul>ies1 or ( ?+s t he has 9 /ore3 n[1 !re is a "r & a wrong way ( sett+ to "w to make !m4 ,! wrong way is to divide ! pap] into equal p>ts1 & to assign "o ( !m to ea* lett] 9 ord]4 ,! "r way is to divide ! pap] into p>ts ( a size proportionate to ! numb] ( words 9 ! ,engli% language :i* beg9 ) ea* p>ticul> lett]4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! pap] w be ov]cr[d$ 9 "s p>ts & utt]ly blank 9 o!rs1 9 ! second x w be equally ov]spread ) writ+2 & an ord9>y-siz$ %eet ( pap]1 if closely & cle>ly writt51 w be suffici5t = ! draw+ up ( a v ext5d$ catalogue4 ,a conv5i5t way ( c>ry+ out ! pr9ciple ,i h indicat$ is to take an ,engli% diction>y1 & aft] hav+ divid$ ! pap] into z _m equal p>ts z !re are leaves 9 ! diction>y1 to adopt ! fir/ ^w ( ea* leaf z head+s to !m4 ,x may save tr\ble to my read] if ,i give a li/ ( head+s appropriate to a small catalogue4 ,we w suppose ! pap] to be divid$ into fifty-two spaces--t is to say1 into f\r columns & ?irte5 spaces 9 ea* column--!n ! head+s ( ^! spaces1 9 ord]1 w be z foll[s3-- ,a dul pal son adv eve p] /a app f9 ple sir bal g9 pre sur bil hee pro tem bre imp que tos cap int rec tur *i k reg umb col lan ria une com mac sab v5 cra mil sca wea dec nap %a wor dis (f siz x y a ,v]ification ( ,in/rum5ts4--,on arriv+ at ! sea-level1 make daily obs]vations ) y\r boil+-po9t !rmomet]1 b>omet]1 & an]oid1 z !y are all subject to *anges 9 _! index-errors4 ,z soon z y h an opportunity1 comp>e !m ) a /&>d b>omet]1 comp>e also y\r ord9>y !rmomet] & azimu?-compass ) /&>d in/rum5ts1 & f9ally1 h !m c>efully re-v]ifi$ at ! ,kew obs]vatory on y\r return to ,engl&4 ,a va/ deal ( lab\r has be5 :olly ?r[n away by travell]s ow+ to _! neglect+ to asc]ta9 ! index-errors ( ^! in/rum5ts at ! close ( _! j\rney4 ,a c>eful obs]v] ought to h elim9at$ ! effects ( in/rum5tal errors f 8 sextant obs]vations2 nev]!less x w be satisfactory to him1 & x may cle> up "s app>5t anomalies1 to h 8 entire in/rum5tal outfit re-v]ifi$ at ,kew4 ,obs]vations1 to recalculate4--,s5d by po/ to ,engl& a complete copy 7always pres]ve ! orig9als7 ( all y\r a/ronomical obs]vations1 t !y may be c>efully recalculat$ be=e y\r return1 o!rwise a long p]iod may elapse be=e ! longitudes are f9ally settl$1 & y\r book may be delay$ ?r\gh ! consequ5t impossibility ( prep>+ a correct map4 ,! ,royal ,geographical ,society has frequ5tly procur$ ! re-calculation ( obs]vations made on important j\rneys1 at ! ,royal ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory & else:]e4 ,i presume t a well-kn[n travell] w\ld nev] f9d a difficulty 9 obta9+ ! calculations he might desire1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( t ,society1 if x 0 di/9ctly und]/ood t !y 7 to be made at 8 own co/4 ,li?ograph ,maps4--,x may add greatly to ! int]e/ :i* a travell] w take 9 draw+ up a l>ge & graphic r\te-map ( 8 j\rney1 if he kn[s ! extreme ease & *eapness ) :i* copies ( su* a map may be multipli$ to any ext5t by a well-kn[n process 9 li?ography3 = ^! be+ di/ribut$ among p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! c\ntry :]e he has travell$1 w prev5t 8 pa9/ak+ f be+ lo/ to ! _w4 ,sket*es & bird',s-eye views may be multipli$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! me?od to :i* ,i ref] is ! s-call$ ,ana/atic process2 ! mat]ials c be obta9$1 ) full in/ructions1 at any li?ograph]'s %op1 & consi/ ( autographic ink & pap]4 ,! pap] has be5 prep>$ by be+ glaz$ ov] ) a composition1 & ! ink is 9 appe>ance some?+ l ,indian ink1 & us$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,) an ord9>y p51 ) ?is ink1 & ^u ?is pap]1 ! travell] draws 8 map2 !y are nei!r m nor less difficult to employ ?an common /ation]y1 & he may avail himself ( trac+-pap] )\t dang]4 ,he has "o s+le precaution to gu>d aga9/1 :i* is1 n to t\* ! pap] ov]mu* ) 8 b>e &1 b to keep a bit ( loose pap] betwe5 x & ! map z he draws4 ,z soon z x is f9i%$1 ! map is tak5 to a li?ograph]1 :o puts x face d[nw>ds on a /one1 & passes x "u 8 press1 :5 e p>ticle ( ink leaves ! surface ( ! pap] & atta*es itself to ! surface ( ! /one1 precisely z ?\gh x _h orig9ally be5 writt5 !re2 ! glaze on ! pap]1 :i* prev5ts ! ink f soak+ into x1 makes ?is transf]5ce m easy & complete4 ,! /one c n[ be work$ )1 j z a /one t has be5 regul>ly li?ograph$ 9 ! usual mann]2 t is to say1 pr9t+ ink may be rubb$ ov] x & impressions may be tak5 (f 9 any numb]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! writ+ on ! pap] is rev]s$ ^u ! /one1 & is re-rev]s$1 or set "r aga91 9 ! impressions t are tak5 f x4 ,! li?ograph]'s *>ges = furni%+ autographic ink & pap]1 work+ ! /one1 /rik+ (f fifty copies ( a folio size1 & supply+ ! pap] 7common :ite pap]7 = ! copies--9 fact e exp5se includ$--ne$ n exce$ t5 %ill+s1 & may be mu* less4 ,if be=e draw+ 8 map ! travell] 7 to g to "s work+ li?ograph] & witness ! process1 & make two or ?ree exp]im5ts 9 a small way1 he w\ld naturally succe$ all ! bett]4 ,a map drawn on a l>ge scale1 ?\gh )\t any pret5sion to arti/ic skill1 ) abundance ( pr(ile views ( prom95t l&m>ks1 & copi\s in=mation ^u ! r\tes t 7 explor$1 writt5 along _! sides1 w\ld be ( ! utmo/ value to future travell]s1 & to geograph]s at home4 ,,index4 ,accumulators4 ,advantages ( ,travel4 ,agates = /rik+ sp>ks4 ,agreem5t ) ,s]vants4 ,al>m gun4 ,alloy = bullets4 ,alkail4 ,almanack1 7see ,diagram74 ,alp5/ock4 ,alphabet1 signal4 ,alp9e t5t4 ,amad\4 ,ammunition 7,see ,,gun ,,fitt+s & ,,ammunition74 ,ana/atic process4 ,an*ors4 ,&]sson1 ,mr4 ,ang>eb 7b$/ead74 ,angles1 to measure2 by means ( *ords4 ,animal heat4 ,an?ills ( :ite ants1 z ov5s2 yell[ ants1 z signs ( direction4 ,arctic see ,sn[1 ,esquimaux1 & ,climb+ & ,m\nta9e]+44 ,arms1 weapons4 ,arr[s2 set by a spr+e2 to poison2 to %oot fi%4 ,artificial horizon4 ,a%es1 = soap2 = salt2 = saltpetre & t\*pap]2 biv\ac 92 9 floor+2 dress+ sk9s4 ,ass2 kick+1 to *eck2 bray+4 ,atk9son1 ,mr4 ,au/91 ,mr4 ,autographic ink4 ,awn+s1 to boat2 to litt]2 to t5ts4 ,axe1 = m>k+ trees2 = ice2 to re-temp]4 ,axletree1 to m5d2 to prep>e wood =4 ,backs1 sore4 ,bags = sleep+ 92 saddle-bags2 bags c>ri$ ov] saddle2 on packsaddle2 to tie ! m\? (4 ,ba9es1 ,mr4 ,bak]1 ,sir ,s4 ,bak+ ,ball 7bullet72 poison$ 7see ,lead74 ,ballantyne1 ,mr4 ,bamboo rafts2 to dig )2 to cut meat2 to /rike sp>ks2 to boil wat] 92 to hit* toge!r4 ,b>clay1 ,capta91 ( ,ury4 ,b>k1 to /rip2 = boats2 = wat] vessels2 = /r+ & cord2 = clo?4 ,b>rels1 z wat] vessels2 9 digg+ wells2 to make filt]s2 z floats 7see also ,g\rd-floats174 ,b>?1 ,dr4 ,basket-"w boats2 bucket2 to protect wat]-bags4 ,ba?1 vap\r2 ba?-glove4 ,battues1 m>k+ beat]s at4 ,bea*1 biv\ac on 7see ,dat]am174 ,beacons1 fire & smoke4 ,beads1 = pres5ts & paym5ts2 z means ( c\nt+4 ,beale1 ,lieut5ant4 ,be>+s by ,compass1 ,sun1 etc4--,pocket compass2 be>+s by sun & />s2 o!r signs ( direction2 to foll[ a track at night4 ,b$d+--,g5]al rem>ks2 vital heat2 mattresses & _! sub/itutes2 prep>+ ! gr\nd = b$2 cov]lets2 pill[s4 ,b$/ead4 ,bees1 to f9d hive4 ,beke1 ,dr4 ,bel*]1 ,admiral ,sir ,e4 ,bell[s4 ,bells = cattle2 to /r+s 7?ieves74 ,belt1 life2 = tr\s]s2 bundle ti$ to4 ,b5gal fire4 ,birds1 flight (1 %[s wat]2 dead game2 direction ( unse5 coa/2 ,food ( birds :olesome to man2 rank birds1 to prep>e1 = eat+2 wat*fulness (2 7see ,fea!rs1 ,quills1 ,%oot+ & ,game74 ,birdlime4 ,biscuit1 meat4 ,biv\ac--,g5]al rem>ks on %elt]2 v>i\s me?ods ( biv\ack+2 biv\ac 9 special localities2 9 ho/ile c\ntry2 9 unheal?y c\ntries2 flies at night4 ,blacksmi?'s "w 7see ,metals74 ,black pa9t2 lampblack4 ,bladd] = c>ry+ wat] 7see ,floats12 ,membrane74 ,blaki/on1 ,capta91 ,r4 ,a4 ,blanket /ock+4 ,blaze 7m>k$ trees72 ( fire 9 e>ly morn+4 ,ble$+1 haemorrhage2 blood-lett+4 ,bligh1 ,capta94 ,bli/]s4 ,blood1 9 mak+ floors2 z food2 z pa9t2 z ink4 ,blue fire4 ,boats 7see ,rafts & ,boats74 ,boat fire-place2 r\tes1 to m>k2 %ipp+ great weights2 mov+ !m on l&2 %oot+ f2 fi%+ fron4 ,bogs1 to cross4 ,bois de ,va*e 7cattle-dung74 ,bolas4 ,bones1 z fuel2 food2 to extract fat f2 brok5 bones4 ,books1 = ,,ms42 to b9d2 on conclusion ( j\rney4 ,boots4 ,borr[1 ,mr4 ,b\geau1 ,mr4 ,b[s set by a spr+ 7see ,arr[s74 ,box ( c>d1 to pack flat4 ,braces1 = tr\s]s2 = saddl]y2 to weave4 ,br&s1 = trees2 = cattle4 ,break to c>riage :eels4 ,breakwat] ( float+ sp>s4 ,bridges ( fell$ trees2 fly+ bridges4 ,bridles4 ,brok5 limbs4 ,bru%1 to make2 pa9t-bru%4 ,buccane]4 ,bucket2 pole & bucket at wells4 ,buckle4 ,bullet2 poison$ 7see ,lead74 ,buoys4 ,burn+ d[n trees2 holl[s 9 wood4 ,burn+-glasses4 ,bu%-co/ume4 ,bu%-laws4 ,bu%+ a t5t4 ,but*] ,but*]'s knife4 ,butt]2 relieves ?ir/4 ,ca*es & ,depots--,ca*es2 hid+ jewels2 deposit+ lett]s2 reconnoitr+ by help ( port]s4 ,caes>4 ,calaba% floats2 wat] vessels4 ,calculations1 to procure2 blank =ms4 ,calf /uff$ ) hay 7,tul*an74 ,campbell1 ,mr4 ,j41 ( ,islay4 ,camel4 ,camp 7see ,biv\ac1 ,hut1 ,t5t7m to =tify2 camp fire2 bak+ b5ea?4 ,c&les & ,lamps--,c&les2 mat]ials = c&les2 c&le/icks2 lamps ,to obta9 a blaze 9 e>ly morn+4 ,canoe1 ( a log2 ( ?ree planks2 ( re$s & fibre2 ( b>k2 ( ! ,rob ,roy patt]n2 to c>ry on horseback4 ,canvas1 life-belt2 wat] vessels2 boat2 pa9t$1 = sleep+ rug4 ,cap 7hat72 7p]cussion72 to obta9 fire f4 ,c>bon pap] = trac+4 ,c>cass 7c>rion71 to f9d2 newly dead animal1 w>m? (4 ,c>d-boxes1 to pack flat4 ,c>p5t]s' tools 7see ,burn+ d[n ,trees14 ,c>r>a1 %ipp+ heavy blocks4 ,c>riages--,wagons2 drays2 t>r+ :eels2 breaks & drags2 sl$ges2 ,nor? ,am]ican travel 7trail72 palanqu9s4 ,c>rion4 ,c>ross 7fur7 7see74 ,c>tel 7b$/ead74 ,c>t]1 ,alp9e ,outfitt]4 ,case-h>d5+4 ,cask 7see ,b>rel74 ,ca/+s1 ( lead2 ca/-/eel4 ,cats _c endure high altitudes4 ,catgut2 = nooses4 ,cattle--,weights c>ri$ by cattle2 !ory ( loads & di/ances2 horses2 mules2 asses2 ox52 c[s2 camels2 dogs2 goats & %eep2 managem5t ( horses & o!r cattle2 intellig5ce (1 9 f9d+ wat]2 smell road2 keep gu>d2 w efface ca*e m>ks2 to wat] cattle2 to swim )2 to use z mess5g]s 7see ',horse' 9 ,index74 ,cattle-dung1 z fuel2 z t9d]2 9 pla/]+ huts2 9 mak+ floors2 9 dress+ sk9s4 ,catl91 ,mr4 ,caulk+ boats2 leaky wat] vessels4 ,cavi>e4 ,c]ate o9tm5t4 ,*aff1 to cut1 ) a sickle4 ,*airs4 ,*alk to m>k hats ( beat]s2 :itwa%4 ,*>coal1 to make2 = gun-p[d]2 9 balls 7gulo72 fire-place =2 us$ 9 filt]s2 p5cils made (2 p[d]$ & buri$ z a m>k ,animal *>coal4 ,*eese1 to make4 ,*ill1 radiation 7see ,vital ,heat12 ,wet ,clo!s1' & ,com=t 9 ,travel74 ,*isel1 cold = metals or /one4 ,*ollet's dri$ vegetables4 ,*ords1 table (2 table = triangulation by4 ,*ri/ison1 ,dr41 tables on diet4 ,*ronomet] 7see ,wat*-pocket174 ,clay = pott]y4 ,cleanl9ess 7see ,wa%+ ,clo!s12 ,wa%+ ,oneself12 ,w>m? ( ,dirt174 ,cliffs1 to desc5d ) ropes4 ,climb+ & ,m\nta9e]+--,climb+2 desc5d+ cliffs ) ropes2 leap+ poles & ropes2 ! art ( climb+ difficult places2 sn[ m\nta9s2 ropes2 ice-axe2 alp5/ock2 boots1 spectacles1 & masks1--,climb+ ) a horse2 desc5d+ ) wagons2 r>efi$ air1 effect (2 m\nta9s1 c\p e'air on2 magnetism (4 ,clo?+--,mat]ials2 w>m? ( diff]5t k9ds2 wat]pro(+ & mak+ incombu/ible1 sew+ mat]ials2 articles ( dress 7caps1 coats1 socks1 etc472 wet clo!s1 to dry2 to keep dry2 wa%+ clo!s2 soap2 wa%+ flannels2 wa%+ oneself2 w>m? ( dirt2 ba? glove & bru%2 ,d\ble clo?+ = sleep+ 94 ,clove-hit*4 ,coat2 to c>ry4 ,cold 7see ,*ill74 ,coll>1 horse2 swimm+-coll>4 ,colomb & ,bolton's signals4 ,com=t 9 travel2 dry clo!s4 ,compass4 ,conclusion ( ! ,j\rney--,complet+ collections2 alphabetical li/s2 obs]vations re-calculat$2 li?ographical map4 ,concrete = floors4 ,condim5ts4 ,condors1 to trap4 ,conv]g5ce ( tracks aflight1 to wat]2 to dead game2 ( bees to hive4 ,cook+2 ut5sils2 fire-places2 ov5s2 cook to be quick 9 mak+ ! fire4 ,coop]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,copp]1 to cov] ) t92 copp] boats4 ,cormorants4 ,corracles4 ,cord1 ,/r+1 ,?read--,suib/itutes2 sew+2 ne$les1 to make 7see ,ropes74 ,corks & /opp]s4 ,cot4 ,cotton1 = clo?+2 = t9d]4 ,c\nt+1 z done by savages4 ,cov]lets4 ,c[s4 ,crawfurd1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,cresswell1 ,lieut41 ,r4,n4 ,crocodiles1 to %oot4 ,cross1 z a m>k = roads4 ,cr[b>4 ,cr[s1 to de/roy4 ,crupp]4 ,culprits1 to secure2 puni%m5t4 ,cumm+1 ,mr4 ,gordon4 ,cups2 to make tea 94 ,cur+ meat2 hides4 ,d's = saddle4 ,dahoman night-wat*4 ,dalyell1 ,sir ,r4 ,dana1 ,mr4 ,dang]s ( travel1 ,i4 ,d>w91 ,mr4 ,dat]am 7= t5t & picket ropes74 ,dav5port bro!rs4 ,dea? ( "o ( ! p>ty4 ,decoy-ducks4 ,def5ce4 ,depot 7see ,ca*es & ,depots74 ,dew1 to collect = dr9k+4 ,diagram ( altitudes & be>+s4 ,dial1 sun4 ,di>rhoea4 ,diet1 !ory (4 ,digg+4 ,dirt1 w>m? (4 ,discipl9e4 ,diseases4 ,di/ances1 to measure2 travell$ ov] by day2 loads & di/ances1 !ory (4 ,di/ill+4 ,division ( game2 by draw+ lots4 ,doeb]e9] & ,oelsn]4 ,dogs1 9 h>ness2 9 fi%ng2 9 f9d+ wat]2 z mess5g]s2 to keep at bay2 eat+ sn[2 %eep-dogs4 ,donkey 7see ,ass74 ,d\glas1 ,sir ,h4 ,d[n ( plants z t9d]4 ,drags & breaks4 ,dra9 to t5ts4 ,dray 7wagon74 ,dress 7see ,clo?+72 dress+-g[n4 ,dr9k+1 :5 rid+2 f muddy puddles4 ,dr[n+4 ,drugs4 ,druitt1 ,mr4 ,dry1 to keep1 importance (2 to dry clo!s2 to keep clo!s dry2 small packets1 :5 swimm+2 t9d] 9 wet wea!r2 buri$ lett]s2 dry fuel1 to f9d2 to dry meat12 fi%2 eggs4 ,duck %oot+4 ,dung1 cattle 7see ,cattle-dung74 ,e>-trumpet4 ,ecclesia/icus4 ,e*o1 z a guide 9 /e]+4 ,edge ( tools4 ,edg+ton1 t5ts4 ,edw>ds1 ,mr4 ,eggs1 to dry2 :ite (1 z gum4 ,elephants4 ,emetics4 ,encampm5ts 7see ,biv\ac1 ,hut1 ,t5t74 ,enquiries1 ,i 7see ,prep>atory ,enquiries74 ,esquimaux1 lamp = cook+2 spectacles = sn[2 faw meat = scurvy2 raw meat & fur bag 7see ,sn[74 ,e/imates 7see ,outfit74 ,ev]e/1 ,colonel ,sir ,g4 ,exp$ition 7see ,organiz+ an ,exp$ition74 ,extract1 ( meat2 ( tea & c(fee4 ,eyre1 ,g5]al4 ,faggot hung to gree1 z a m>k4 ,falcon]1 ,mr4 ,fat 7see ,grease74 ,fea/-days4 ,fea!rs1 = b$2 = m>k by road-side2 on /r+1 to sc>e game4 ,felt1 to make4 ,f]ns z food4 ,f]ry1 ,african1 ( calaba%es2 ( re$s2 fly+ bridges4 ,fev]1 ,i4 ,filt]s4 ,fire--,g5]al rem>ks2 to obta9 fire f ! sun 7burn+-glasses1 reflectors72 by conv]sion ( motion into heat 7fl9t & /eel1 guns1 lucif]s1 fire-/icks72 by *emical means 7spontane\s combu/ion72 t9d]2 t9d]-boxes2 fuel2 small fuel = light+ ! fire2 to k9dle a sp>k into a flame2 camp fires ,burn+ d[n trees2 holl[s 9 wood2 fire-beacons2 prairie on fire2 fir/ oblit]ate ca*e m>ks2 leave an endur+ m>k2 heat+ p[] ( fuels2 blacksmi!ry2 wet clo!s1 to dry2 t5t1 to w>m2 incombu/ible /uffs 7 see ,br&s74 ,fi%+--,fi%+-tackle2 to recov] a lo/ l9e2 ott]s2 boat-fi%+2 to see ?+s "u wat]2 nets2 spe>+ fi%2 intoxicat+ fi%2 ott]s1 cormorants1 & dogs2 ,fi% roe z food2 fi%1 dri$ & p\nd$2 fi% sk9 7see ,sk972 fi%-hook = spr+es4 ,fitzroy1 ,admiral4 ,flags1 = signals4 ,flannel2 to wa%4 ,fla% ( sun f mirror4 ,fla%+ signals4 ,fla%+ alphabet4 ,flask1 batt]$1 to m5d 7see74 ,fleas4 ,flies1 ne> cattle-kraals4 ,fl9ts2 = gun2 sp>ks us$ z a signal2 z a light to %[ ! road2 fl9t knives4 ,floats2 float+ p[]s ( wood4 ,flogg+4 ,floors1 to make4 ,fl\r1 nutritive value2 to c>ry4 ,fly+ bridges4 ,food--,nutritive elem5ts ( food2 food suitable = /ores2 condim5ts2 but*]2 /ore-keep+2 :olesome food procurable 9 bu%2 revolt+ food1 to save lives ( />v+ m52 cook+ ut5sils2 fire-places = cook+2 ov5s2 bu%-cook]y4 ,=bes1 ,capta91 ,r4,n4 ,=bes1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,=ds & ,bridges--,=ds2 swamps2 pass+ ?+s f h& to h&2 plank roads2 sn[-drifts & weak ice2 bridges2 fly+ bridges4 ,=ge4 ,=e/ z %elt]2 log huts2 to travel 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh =e/s4 ,=m1 = log-book2 calculations2 = agreem5t ) s]vants4 ,=tification ( camp4 ,f\nta9s4 ,fuel2 heat+ p[]s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,fulm9at+ p[d] 9 de/roy+ wolves2 p]cussion caps4 ,furnioture--,b$42 hammocks & cots2 mosquito-nets2 *airs2 table--7,see also74 ,fusees1 9 mak+ a fire4 ,gall 7ox-gall72 gir?-galls2 bli/]s4 ,game1 o!r means ( ,captur+ 7besides %oot+7--,g5]al rem>ks2 spr+es2 pitfalls2 traps2 poison2 bird-l9e2 cat*+ ) ! h&2 bolas2 lasso2 ham-/r++2 hawk+ ,to hide f animals ( prey2 division ( spoils2 to float across a riv]2 to c>ry ,dead animals1 to f9d2 wat]1 9 paun* (4 ,g>ibaldi4 ,gauze1 = mosquito-curta9s2 to make incombu/ible2 /ret*$ ov] m]curial horizon4 ,geographical ,society4 ,gilby1 ,mr4 ,gipsy t5t2 m>ks 7patt]ans74 ,gir?s2 gir?-galls4 ,glass1 to %ape2 sub/itute =1 9 m]curial horizon2 to silv]2 sub/itute = glass4 ,glai%]1 ,mr4 ,glaze = pott]y4 ,glove 7ba?-glove74 ,glue4 ,goats4 ,gold1 to c>ry4 ,g\rd float2 boat 7mak>a74 ,gra9s 7= spe>+ fi%74 ,grant1 ,capta94 ,grass %utt]s4 ,grat]s4 ,grease = lea!r2 9 dress+ sk9s2 = :eels2 to procure f bones2 = reliev+ ?ir/2 oil+ ! p]son2 butt]2 olive oil1 to purify4 ,gregory1 ,mr4 ,gul 7ball ( *>coal74 ,gum4 ,gun-fitt+s & ,ammunition--,p[d]-flask2 p]cussion-caps2 wadd+2 fl9ts2 gunp[d]2 bullets2 %ot & slug4 ,guns & ,rifles--,bree*-load+2 be/ size ( gun2 sights1 ramrod1 etc42 ru/2 olive-oil1 to purify2 injuries to gun1 to repair2 guns to hang up2 to c>ry on a j\rney2 on horse-back2 to dispose ( at night2 to clean--,to procure fire2 to set an al>m-gun2 to support t5t+4 ,gunp[d]1 to make2 to c>ry2 m>k on /one left by fla%2 9 light+ a fire2 9 mak+ t\*-pap]2 sub/itute = salt2 fulm9at+ p[d] to kill bea/s2 p[d]-flask2 batt]$1 to m5d 7see74 ,gut2 catgut4 ,gutta p]*a 7see ,mac9to%74 ,guy-rope 9 t5t+4 ,haemorrhage4 ,haggis4 ,hall1 ,dr4 ,m>%all4 ,hamm]+1 s\nd (4 ,hammock4 ,ham/r++4 ,h&+ ?+s across a swamp4 ,h&book = ,field ,s]vice4 ,h&k]*ief1 to sl+ a j>2 to tie ! wri/s4 ,h&s ( prison]1 to secure4 ,h>ness--,saddles = rid+2 bags2 sore backs2 pack-saddles2 pack-bags2 art ( pack+2 gir?s1 /irrups1 bridles1 etc42 te!rs1 hobbles & knee-halt]s2 horse-coll>1 traces & trek-t[s4 ,hats ,hawk]1 ,colonel4 ,hawks = hawk+2 to trap4 ,head1 ,sir ,f4 ,he>ne1 ,mr4 ,heat1 vital2 heat+ p[] ( diff]5t fuels 7see ,fire74 ,hea!r 9 biv\ac4 ,heavy bodies1 to move4 ,heb]1 ,bi%op4 ,helio/at4 ,helm4 ,hides 7see ,sk9s2 also ,lea!r74 ,hid+-places 7see ,ca*es & ,depots74 ,hills 7see ,climb+1 etc474 ,hit*1 ,malay 7see ,knots74 ,hobbies4 ,holes1 to dig4 ,honey1 to f9d2 honey-bird4 ,hook]1 ,dr4 ,hooks1 = walls ( hut2 fi%-hooks2 = spr+es4 ,horizon1 artificial4 ,horn2 sub/itute = glass2 p[d]-horn4 ,horse2 to *eck desc5t ( wagon2 ti$ to sleep+ ma/]2 to horn ( dead game2 pickett$ to a dat]am2 runn+ by side (2 climb+ )2 desc5d+ )2 9 deep sn[2 swimm+ )2 c>ry+ a gun on2 load+ on2 ty+ a prisoon] on2 rais+ wat] f wells2 horsefle%2 hair = /r+2 coll>4 ,ho/ilities--,to =tify a camp2 weapons to resi/ an attack2 natives =bidd5 to ?rong ! camp2 keep+ wat*2 prairie set on fire2 tricks ^u robb]s2 pass+ ?r\gh a ho/ile c\ntry2 secur+ prison]s2 proce$+s 9 case ( dea?4 ,h\rs' j\rney4 ,hub]1 ,m4 ,hue & ,gabet1 ,,mm4 ,hung]4 ,huts--,log huts2 und]gr\nd huts2 sn[-h\ses2 wattle & daub2 palisades2 /raw or re$ walls2 b>k2 mats2 ,malay hit*2 t>paul92 :itewa%2 ro(s1 floors1 w9d[s4 ,ice1 weak1 to cross2 axe2 burn+ l5s1 made (4 ,incombu/ible /uffs4 ,index1 to make4 ,india-rubb] 7see ,mac,intosh74 ,in=mation1 prep>atory1 to obta92 ?r\gh native wom54 ,ink2 autographic2 sympa!tic4 ,insects z food2 mosquitos2 flies2 fleas2 lice4 ,in/rum5ts = survey+2 v]ification (2 port]s =2 surgical in/rum5ts4 ,int]pret]s4 ,inte/+ to c>ry wat]2 z swimm+-belt2 to make catgut f2 membrane ?read4 ,iron1 ore to r$uce2 =ge2 boats4 ,is+lass4 ,ivory1 to sl+ on pack-saddle4 ,j>1 to sl+4 ,jackson1 ,colonel4 ,javel9s1 set ov] bea/ pa?s4 ,j]k$ meat4 ,jewels1 to secrete4 ,j\rt1 ,kirghis4 ,kabobs4 ,kane1 ,dr4 ,kegs = pack-saddles4 ,keels4 ,k]k>i4 ,kettle2 us$ = di/ill+4 ,kite1 z a signal4 ,knapsack sleep+-bag2 to c>ry heavy weights knapsack fa%ion4 ,knee-halt]4 ,knife4 ,knots--,see also ,knots 9 ,alp9e ,ropes12 ty+ to t5t-pole2 t5t-pole1 to m5d2 knott+ neck ( a bag2 ,malay hit*2 matt+ & weav+2 raft fa/5+2 lea!r vessels1 to m5d2 hide la%+s2 ru% *airs ,= a place to make fa/ to1 see ,burn+ d[n ,trees12 ,digg+ ,holes to plant !m12 ,dat]am14 ,kraals4 ,ladd]4 ,laird1 ,m',gregor1 ,mr4 ,lamp2 ( lead1 to ca/2 ,esquimaux2 lamp-black4 ,lant]n4 ,lapp> 7to sc>e game74 ,la%+s ( raw hide4 ,lasso4 ,la!4 ,laws ( ! bu%4 ,lead2 to ca/4 ,leaks1 to caulk1 9 boats2 9 wat] vessels4 ,leap+-ropes & poles4 ,lea!r--,to dress hides2 to pres]ve !m )\t dress+2 greas+ lea!r ,lea!r clo?+2 t5ts2 la%+s ( raw hide2 lea!r vessels1 to repair2 ropes 7,see ,sk9s474 ,legg+s4 ,lei*h>dt1 ,dr4 ,l5g?1 measurem5t (4 ,lett]s1 to deposit2 c>ri$ by animals2 ( alphabet1 to /amp & to br&4 ,lev]4 ,lice4 ,lime1 to make2 to poison fi%2 bird-lime4 ,l95 clo?+4 ,l9es1 = fi%+4 ,li/s ( /ores2 ( in/rum5ts2 alphabetical1 to make4 ,li?ographic map1 to make4 ,litt] = ! w\nd$2 horse-litt]4 ,liv+/one1 ,dr4 ,lloyd1 ,mr4 ,load+ guns4 ,loads & di/ances1 !ory (4 ,locu/s1 to cook4 ,log-book2 log = a boat's spe$2 log-hut4 ,lop/ick 7to m>k a road74 ,lo/ road2 articles 9 s&2 fi%+-l9e1 9 wat]2 to see ?+s lo/ "u wat]4 ,lots h[ to draw4 ,lucan1 ,"l4 ,lucif] mat*es2 = p]cussion caps4 ,lun>s4 ,luxuries ( t5t-life4 ,lye 7= soap74 ,lun*1 ,lieut5ant4 ,mc,clintock1 ,capta9 ,sir ,l4 ,macgregor1 ,mr4 ,mac9to% = "u b$d+2 sleep+-bag2 inflatable boats2 wat] vessels2 gun-cov]2 is spoilt by grease4 ,macle>1 ,sir ,?os4 ,mc,williams1 ,dr4 ,madr9a 7( mules74 ,magnetic be>+s2 magntism ( rocks4 ,mak>a 7g\rd-raft74 ,mal>ia fev]4 ,malay hit*4 ,m>ks = ! way-side--,m>ks 9 ! =e/2 = canoe r\tes2 m>ks ) /ones2 gipsy & o!r m>ks2 pa9t ,to m>k cattle 7see also ,ca*es174 ,mask = sn[ m\nta9s4 ,ma/1 sub/itute =4 ,mat*1 lucif]2 sulphur4 ,mats2 = t5ts 7see ,re$ huts174 ,mattresses2 fea!rs =4 ,mead51 ,capta9 ,j4 ,measurem5ts--,di/ance travell$2 ( rate ( movem5t2 tables = ditto2 natural units2 measurem5t ( anagles2 *ords & table (2 triangulation2 table =1 on pr9ciple ( *ords2 "t1 measurem5t (4 ,meat biscuit4 ,me*anical appliances--,on l&2 by wett$ se$s2 accumulation ( ef=ts2 to raise weights out ( wat]4 ,m$ic9e--,g5]al rem>ks2 drugs & in/rum5ts2 bu% rem$ies2 illnesses & accid5ts2 little = ! w\nd$ 7see also ,palanqu9174 ,membrane1 ,s9ew1 ,horn--,p>*m5t2 cat-gut2 membrane ?read2 s9ews = ?read2 glue22 is+lass2 horn1 tortoise-%ell & :alebone4 ,memor&a & ,log-books--,g5]al rem>ks2 pocket ,,ms4-book2 log-book2 calculation books2 numb] ( obs]vations requir+ record ,memor&a1 to arrange4 ,metals--,fuel = =ge2 bell[s2 iron & /eel2 case-h>d5+2 lead1 to ca/2 t9-plates2 copp]4 ,m]cury to h>d5 lead )4 ,metallic 7prep>$7 pap]4 ,mill]1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,milk1 to pres]ve2 siz+ pap] )2 us$ z sympa!tic ink2 to milk wild c[s4 ,milton1 ,"l4 ,mirage4 ,mirror1 signall+ ) ! sun4 ,mit*ell1 ,sir ,?omas4 ,moltke4 ,mosquito curta9s2 t5t (4 ,moss on trees1 a sign ( direction4 ,m\ld = c&les4 ,m\nta9 7see ,climb+ & ,m\nta9e]+74 ,muddy wat]1 to filt]4 ,muff4 ,mule4 ,murray1 ,admiral ,hon4 ,c4 ,nails1 sub/itutes =4 ,napoleon ,i41 on biv\ac4 ,natives 7see ,savages74 ,navy 7,briti%7 diet4 ,ne$les4 ,neigh+4 ,nets4 ,nettle z food4 ,nig]1 exp$ition to4 ,night1 to foll[ a track by2 %oot+2 night-glass2 compass4 ,nocturnal animals4 ,nooses4 ,notes1 to keep4 ,notices to ano!r p>ty4 ,numb] ( a p>ty2 to camps4 ,nunn1 ,w4 & ,co4 ,nutritive elem5ts ( food4 ,oakum1 = b$d+4 ,obs]vations1 numb] requir$2 to procure calculation (4 ,occultations1 telescopes =4 ,oil 7olive7 to ref9e 7see ,grease74 ,o9tm5t4 ,op]a glass z a night glass2 supplies a burn+ l5s2 & a l5s to cond5se light4 ,oph?almia4 ,organis+ an ,exp$ition--,be/ size = p>ty2 s]vants' engagem5t2 wom54 ,osborn1 ,capta9 ,%]>d1 ,r4,n4 ,o/ri* eggs1 to c>ry4 ,oswell1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,ott]2 fi%]m5's bo>d4 ,outfit--,/ores = g5]al use2 = individual use2 pres5ts & articles = paym5t2 summ>y2 means ( transport2 ,outfit ( m$ic9e2 ,alp9e ge>2 sew+ mat]ials4 ,outl9e =ms = calculations2 = ! log-book4 ,outrigg]1 to balance canoes2 irons = o>s4 ,ovampo camp-fires4 ,ov5s4 ,ow51 ,pr(essor4 ,ox2 = /alk+2 ox-gall4 ,paces1 l5g? (2 to measure rate ( travel by4 ,pack saddles2 kegs =2 art ( pack+4 ,padlock to a buckl$ /rap4 ,palliasse4 ,pa9t2 to pa9t cattle2 pa9t-bru%4 ,palanqu9 7see ,litt]174 ,palisades4 ,pallis]1 ,capta9 ,j4 ,pan-hunt+4 ,pap]2 w>m? (1 9 cov]let4 ,p>buckl+4 ,p>*m5t4 ,p>k1 ,mungo4 ,p>kyns1 ,mansfield1 ,mr4 ,p>ty1 to organise 7see ,organis+ an ,exp$ition74 ,pa/e4 ,pat* to a wat]-bag4 ,pa?1 lo/4 ,patt]ans 7gipsy m>ks by road74 ,paun* ( dead animal1 wat] 94 ,paym5t1 articles (4 ,peal1 ,mr4 ,peat4 ,pegs1 t5t2 to secure t5t ropes2 = hooks4 ,pemmican4 ,p5cils4 ,p5dulum4 ,p5s4 ,p]cussion caps4 ,p]eira1 ,dr4 ,pickett+ horses 9 s&4 ,picture writ+4 ,pill[4 ,pit*4 ,pit*+ a t5t4 ,pitfall4 ,pi? = t9d]2 = hats4 ,plaids 9 biv\ac 9 hea!r2 wett$1 9 w9d4 ,planks1 to sew toge!r 7see ,timb]72 plank-roads4 ,poa*+ devices 7see ,game1 ,o!r ,means1 etc474 ,poison = bea/s2 = fi%2 = /akes 9 pitfalls2 = arr[s2 = bullets2 snake bites2 suspicion ( poison2 poison\s plants2 ant$otes to poison4 ,pole = t5t2 pole & bucket2 pole />4 ,pon*o4 ,portable food4 ,port]s = in/rum5ts2 ( provisions = depots4 ,pott]y--,glaze =2 clay2 pots = /ores & ca*es2 ,pot = cook+2 to m5d2 sub/itute =2 bak+ 92 di/ill+ f4 ,p[d] 7see ,gunp[d]74 ,prairie on fire4 ,precautions aga9/ poison2 mal>ia2 un:olesome wat]2 ?ieves4 ,prep>atory ,inquiries--,qualifications = a travell]2 dang]s ( travel2 advantages2 to obta9 in=mation2 conditions ( failure & success2 ! lead]2 s]vants4 ,pres5ts = savages4 ,pres]v+ food4 ,prick] = gun-nipples4 ,prison]s1 to secure2 puni%m5t4 ,pulley4 ,pump4 ,puna 7effect ( high m\nta9 air74 ,puni%m5t4 ,punt ( hide2 ( t94 ,putrid wat]4 ,pyrites4 ,qualifications = a travell]4 ,quicksilv]1 to h>d5 lead4 ,quills1 to prep>e2 to c>ry lett]s2 to hold m9ute specim5s4 ,qu99e4 ,radiation *ill4 ,rae1 ,dr4 ,rafts & boats--,rafts ( wood2 ( bamboo2 ,boat+ p[] ( woods2 burn+ d[n trees2 rafts ( re$s2 ( hide2 ( g\rds 7,mak>a72 rude boats2 sail+2 log canoe2 ( ?ree planks2 inflatable indi-rubb]2 ( basket2 ( re$ ( fibre2 ( hide2 corracle & fibre2 ( hide2 corracle & sk9 punt2 b>k boat & canoe2 t9 boat2 boats1 well built1 ( v>i\s mat]ials2 boat+ ge>2 boat build+2 boat managem5t2 awn+--7,see also ,boats474 ,ra91 to cat*4 ,ramrod2 to replace2 prob+ )1 = wat]2 brok5 ramrod tubes4 ,rank birds1 to prep>e = eat+4 ,r>efi$ air4 ,r>ey1 ,mr4 ,rate ( movem5t1 to measure2 ( swimm+2 !ory ( load1 & rate ( travel4 ,rations2 ( wat]4 ,raw meat2 z an antiscorbutic4 ,reconnoitr+ arid l&s4 ,re$s1 = rafts2 mats2 huts & f5ces2 to weave2 = p5s2 z a ca*e 7see ,bamboo74 ,reel1 sub/itute =4 ,reflectors1 to light t9d]2 ( sun = a signal4 ,rem$ies4 ,res94 ,retreat1 hurri$4 ,ri*>dson1 ,sir ,j42 ,mr4 ,rifle 7see ,guns & ,rifles74 ,"r angle1 to lay out4 ,r+s = saddle4 ,riv]s1 to cross 7see ,=ds & ,bridges72 _! banks are bad roads4 ,road1 to m>k2 plank-road2 lo/ road4 ,rob ,roy canoe4 ,robb]s 7see ,?ieves74 ,robbiboo4 ,rock1 a res]voir ( heat at night2 magnetism (4 ,rockets4 ,roe ( fi%1 z food4 ,ro(s4 ,ropes1 = desc5d+ cliffs2 ,alp9e2 ( %eet+2 ( b>k1 7see ,cord1 ,/r+1 ,?read72 ty+ a prisoon]4 ,rudd]4 ,rum=d1 ,c\nt4 ,runn+1 ) horses4 ,ru%es 7see ,re$s71 = *airs4 ,ru/4 ,sack 7see ,rag74 ,saddle2 packsaddle2 saddle z pill[2 saddle bags2 z scre5s aga9/ w9d4 ,sails to raft2 sail-t5t4 ,salt2 giv5 to cattle2 salt-lick2 salt meat2 to make2 to salt hides2 to prep>e salt meat = cook+ 7see ,sea-wat]74 ,saltpetre2 = gunp[d]4 ,s&1 sleep+ 92 to pit* t5ts or picket horses 92 ripple m>ks on1 give sign ( direction2 us$ 9 rais+ a s>cophagus4 ,s>cophagus1 rais$ by s&4 ,savages1 managem5t (--,g5]al rem>ks2 bu% laws2 to enable a savage to keep c\nt2 draw+ lots4 ,saw m>k4 ,sc>ecvr[4 ,sc5t ( human t\*4 ,s*lag9tweit1 ,h4 ,sci5ce1 prep>atory in=mation 94 ,scorpion /+4 ,scurvy4 ,sea-birds1 z food--,sea-wat]1 wett+ )1 a rem$y = ?ir/2 a rem$y = damp ?r\gh ra92 to di/ill4 ,seawe$ z fuel2 z food2 z fodd]2 z /r+2 to make gum2 its a%es4 ,se$s wett$1 expansive =ce (4 ,seal+-wax v>ni%4 ,seaman%ip4 ,season+ wood4 ,s$litz p[d]s4 ,s]vants4 ,sew+4 ,sextant1 to le>n ! use (2 glasses to re-silv]4 ,%av+s = b$d+4 ,%eep2 %eep dogs4 ,%eets us$ z ropes4 ,%elt] f w9d2 f sky4 ,%+le1 biv\ac on4 ,%+les 7wood tiles74 ,%irt sleeves1 h[ to tuck up2 writ+ notes ^u4 ,%oes2 ( untann$ lea!r1 eatable2 %oemak]s' wax4 ,%oot+1 h9ts on--,h[ to load2 %oot+ 9 wat]2 night %oot+2 battues to m>k ! beat]s2 sc>ecr[s2 /alk+ horses2 pan-hunt+2 ! ru% ( an enrag$ animal2 hid+ game2 ty+ up ! %oot+ horse2 division ( game2 duck %oot+2 crocodile%oot+2 tracks2 c>ry+ game2 sett+ a gun z a spr+-gun2 b[ & arr[s2 knives2 night-glass4 ,%ot2 = def5ce4 ,%utt]s ( grass4 ,sickness 7see ,m$ic9e74 ,sickle1 9 cutt+ *aff4 ,sights ( a gun2 to replace4 ,signals--,fla%+ ) flags2 reflect+ ! sun ) a mirror2 fire & smoke2 o!r signals2 lett]s c>ri$ by animals4 ,signets4 ,s9ew-?read4 ,size1 = pap]4 ,sk9s 7see ,lea!r71 eatable :5 untann$2 salt+ animals 9 _! own sk9s2 bak+ !m1 ditto2 boil+1 ditto2 sk9 rafts2 boats2 wat] bags2 la%+s ( raw hide2 to make glue4 ,sky1 %elt] f4 ,sl$ge4 ,sleep+-bags--,knapsack bags2 ,arctic bags2 peasants' sack 7see also74 ,slipp]s4 ,slugs 7%ot72 to ca/4 ,smell ( road2 ( wat]2 ( human t\*2 ( a negro2 z an indication to /op4 ,smi?1 ,ar*ibald1 ,mr4 ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,smi?'s "w4 ,smoke signals2 smok+ sk9s24 ,snake bites2 tree snakes 9 boat+2 poison = arr[s4 ,sn>ds4 ,sn[1 biv\ac on2 huts (2 he>? on2 filt] = muddy wat]2 sn[ does n satisfy ?ir/2 bl9dness & spectacles2 drifts to cross2 ripple m>ks to /e] by2 sn[y m\nta9s1 to climb4 ,soap4 ,socks4 ,sold] = t94 ,sold]+ 7lots74 ,sore backs to horses4 ,s\nd1 velocity (2 signals by4 ,span1 measure ( l5g?2 ( angles4 ,sp>ks2 to /rike2 to make a fire f2 /ruck z a signal2 to %[ ! road by night4 ,spe>s1 = fi%2 set ov] bea/ pa?s2 trail$ ?r\gh grass by savages2 to /raight5 wood =4 ,specific gravities ( wood4 ,spectacles = sn[2 = see+ "u wat]4 ,speke1 ,capta94 ,spoke%ave4 ,sponge1 lapp+ up wat] f puddles2 dew f leaves4 ,spontane\s combu/ion4 ,spoons4 ,spr+ gun2 b[4 ,spr+es4 ,squ>+ 7"r angles to lay out74 ,/alk+-horses & scre5s2 /alk+ game4 ,/>s = be>+s4 ,/>v+ m54 ,/eels = fl9ts2 /eel tools2 ca/ /eel2 case-h>d5+4 ,/icks1 small1 = light+ fires2 = fire by rubb+2 = t5t+ purposes & sub/itutes2 to b5d or /raight54 ,/ill 7di/ill+74 ,/+ ( scorpions & wasps4 ,/irrups4 ,/it*es4 ,/ock+s4 ,/ones1 heat$1 to make wat] boil2 z weapons ( def5ce2 z m>ks by roadside2 to *isel m>ks ^u4 ,/ool4 ,/opp]s4 ,/ores1 li/s (2 /ore-keep+4 ,/rait-wai/coat4 ,/raw1 to "w2 /raw walls4 ,/ret*]s4 ,/r+4 ,/ry*n9e4 ,/uffy b$d+4 ,/urt1 ,capta94 ,sulphur mat*es2 = gun-p[d]4 ,sunrise & sunset1 diagram4 ,sun signals2 sol> be>+s4 ,survey+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,swag4 ,swamps4 ,swimm+--,rate ( swimm+2 le>n+ to swim2 to support ^? :o _c swim2 l&+ ?r\gh break]s2 floats2 ,african swimm+ f]ry2 swimm+ ) p>cels2 ) horses2 tak+ a wagon across a riv]2 wat] spectaacles2--,swimm+ ) c>cass ( game2 ) %ea? knife4 ,swivels = te!r ropes4 ,sympa!tic ink4 ,syphons1 to empty wat] vessels4 ,tables & *airs4 ,tables1 ( diet2 ( outfit2 = rate ( movem5t2 ( *ords2 = triangulation by *ords4 ,tall[ = c&les 7see ,grease74 ,tanks = wagons4 ,t>2 t>paul92 t>r+ :eels4 ,taw+ hides4 ,taylor1 ,mr4 ,tea1 !ory ( mak+4 ,temp]1 good4 ,temp] ( /eel1 to r$uce4 ,t5ts--,g5]al rem>ks2 mat]ials = mak+ !m2 l>ge t5ts2 smallt5ts2 pit*+ t5ts2 t5t poles2 ty+ ?+s to !m2 to w>m t5ts2 p]man5t camp2 to se>* = ?+s lo/ 9 ! s&2 precautions aga9/ ?ieves--,awn+1 to litt]2 to boat2 sail t5t2 t5t & sleep+ bag2 gipsy t5t4 ,te!rs4 ,?at*4 ,!ory ( f9d+ a lo/ pa?2 ( =ds2 ( f\nta9s2 ( loads & di/ances2 ( nutrim5t2 ( reconnoitr+ by help ( depots2 ( tea mak+4 ,?i]cel91 ,m4 ,?ieves1 h$ge r\nd t5t2 tricks ^u 7see ,ho/ilities74 ,?ir/ 7see ,wat] = ,dr9k+74 ,?orn-wrea? 9 noos+ animals4 ,?read4 ,?umbs1 to tie4 ,till]4 ,timb]--,gre5 wood1 to season2 to b5d wood2 c>p5t]s' tools2 %>p5+ tools2 nails1 sub/itutes =2 la!2 *>coal1 t>1 & pit*2 turp5t9e & res9--,see also ,trees474 ,tiimb]-hit* 7knot74 ,"t1 to measure2 j\rney measur$ by4 ,t92 t9 boat4 ,t9d]2 t9d]-boxes4 ,toggle & /rop4 ,toilet 9 travel4 ,tools4 ,too?a*e4 ,tortoise%ell4 ,t\*wood2 t\*-pap]4 ,t\rniquet4 ,t[ rope1 to fix4 ,traces 7h>ness74 ,trac+ designs4 ,tracks1 conv]g5ce (1 t[>ds wat]2 t[>ds dead game2 to prep>e gr\nd to receive tracks2 to oblit]ate tracks4 ,transport1 means (4 ,trapp+4 ,travail 7,nor? ,am]ica74 ,travel1 rate (4 ,trees 7see ,timb]71 z %elt]2 to m>k2 to fell ) fire2 to holl[ ) fire2 z signs ( neighb\r+ wat]2 to climb2 to /e] by2 to make ca*es 92 b\ghs b5t z accumulators2 b>k to /rip2 tree-bridges4 ,trekt[s 7traces74 ,triangulation2 table =1 by *ords4 ,tr5*es1 = cook+4 ,trimm]s4 ,tr\s de l\p4 ,tr[s]s4 ,ts*udi1 ,dr4 ,tul*an bi%ops4 ,turf scre5 aga9/ w9d4 ,turnscrew 9 pocket-knife4 ,turp5t9e4 ,turtle1 wat] 9 its p]ic>dium4 ,tylor1 ,mr4 ,tyndall1 ,pr(essor4 ,ug&a ?orn-wrea?4 ,ulysses4 ,und]gr\nd huts4 ,units ( l5g?4 ,ure's ,diction>y4 ,vap\r ba?s4 ,v>ni% ( seal+-wax4 ,vavas\r1 ,lady4 ,vegetables1 ,*ollet's4 ,vegetation indicates wat]4 ,v]ification ( in/rum5ts4 ,v]m9 on ! p]son4 ,vessels to c>ry wat]1 small2 l>ge4 ,vice 9 horses2 9 ox54 ,virgil4 ,vital heat4 ,vraic 7see ,seawe$74 ,vulture trapp+4 ,wadd+4 ,waf]s14 ,wagons2 to take across a riv]2 axle-tree1 to repair4 ,wai/coat2 /rait-wai/coat4 ,wakefulness4 ,walls2 ( sn[2 ( /raw or re$s4 ,wa%+ clo!s2 oneself4 ,wat*1 pocket =2 wat*-glass z a burn+ l5s2 cov] z a reflector4 ,wat*+4 ,wat] = ,dr9k+--,g5]al rem>ks2 signs ( ! neighb\rhood ( wat]2 pools ( wat]2 f\nta9s2 wells2 sn[-wat]2 di/ill$ wat]2 occasional means ( qu5*+ ?ir/2 to purify wat] t is muddy or putrid2 ?ir/1 to relieve2 small wat]-vessels2 kegs & tanks2 to raise wat] f wells = cattle--,to see ?+s "u wat]2 %oot+ by wat]side2 float+ game across wat]2 rais+ heavy bodies out ( wat]2 banks ( wat]c\rse a bad pa?way2 biv\ac by wat]2 wat] causes e>? ov] ca*es to s9k2 wat]pro(+4 ,wattle & daub4 ,wax1 bee-hives1 to f9d2 wax$ pap]2 wax c&les2 %oemak]s' wax4 ,way1 to f9d--,recollection ( a pa?2 to walk 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh =e/2 to f9d ! be/ way d[n a hill-side2 bl9d pa?s2 lo/ 9 a fog2 mirage2 lo/ pa?2 !ory4 ,weapons ( def5ce4 ,weav+ mats2 gir?s4 ,webb+4 ,web]1 ,dr4 ,weights drawn & c>ri$ by cattle2 !ory (1 & di/ances2 heavy weights1 to move2 to c>ry4 ,weld+ iron4 ,wells2 dry1 us$ z sleep+ places4 ,wet clo!s1 to dry 7see ,dry74 ,:alebone4 ,:eels1 to t> & grease2 tire made ( hide4 ,:i/le4 ,:itewa%4 ,:ymp]1 ,mr4 ,williams1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,w9d1 %elt] f2 z a guide4 ,wom51 /r5g? (2 k9dl9ess (4 ,wood 7see ,timb] & ,trees7 %av+s = b$2 fire-wood ,wood5 cups = tea2 %+les = ro(4 ,woolley1 ,mr4 ,w\nd$ p]sons1 to c>ry4 ,wrangel1 ,admiral4 ,writ+ ,mat]ials--,pap]2 bookb9d+2 p5s & pa9t-bru%es2 ink2 ox-gall2 waf]s1 pa/e1 & gum2 signets2 seal+-wax v>ni%2 small boxes = specim5s2 ,lett]s1 to deposit en ca*e2 writ+ 9 ! d>k2 on horseback4 ,wyndham1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,zemsemiyah