,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece ,t5 ,great ,religions ,an ,essay 9 ,comp>ative ,!ology by ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke ,prophets :o h be5 s9ce ! _w began4--,luke i4 #gj4 ,g5tiles 444 :o %[ ! "w 7or influ5ce7 ( ! 7t7 law :i* is writt5 9 _! he>ts4--,romans ii4 #ae4 ,god 444 ha? made ( "o blood all nations ( m5 = to dwell on all ! face ( ! e>? 444 t !y %\ld seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y may feel aft] him & f9d him4--,acts1 xviii4 #bd-bg4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahga1 by ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke1 9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,copyright1 #ahii1 ,by ,eliot ,c4 ,cl>ke4 ,to ,william ,h5ey ,*ann+1 ,my ,fri5d & ,fell[-,/ud5t ,dur+ ,_m ,ye>s1 ,?is ,"w ,is ,affectionately ,inscrib$4 ,preface4 ,! fir/ six *apt]s ( ! pres5t volume are compos$ f six articles prep>$ = ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 & publi%$ 9 t magaz9e 9 #ahfh4 ,!y attract$ q z mu* att5tion z ! writ] anticipat$1 & ?is has induc$ him to enl>ge !m1 & add o!r *apt]s4 ,8 aim is to enable ! read] to become acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9es & cu/oms ( ! pr9cipal religions ( ! _w1 )\t hav+ to consult num]\s volumes4 ,he has n come to ! task )\t "s prep>ation1 = x is m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s s9ce he fir/ made ( ?is /udy a speciality4 ,9 ?is volume x is attempt$ to give ! late/ results ( mod]n inve/igations1 s f> z any def9ite & tru/wor?y facts h be5 atta9$4 ,b ! writ] is well aw>e ( ! difficulty ( be+ always accurate 9 a task :i* involves su* int]m9able /udy & su* an am\nt ( details4 ,he c only say1 9 ! words ( a ,hebrew writ]3 ,if ,i h done well1 & z is fitt+ ! /ory1 x is t :i* ,i desir$2 b if sl5d]ly & meanly1 x is t :i* ,i c\ld atta9 unto4 ,cont5ts4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction4--,e?nic & ,ca?olic ,religions4 #a4 ,object ( ! pres5t ,"w #b4 ,comp>ative ,!ology2 its ,nature1 ,value1 & pres5t ,position #c4 ,e?nic ,religions4 ,inju/ice (t5 done to !m by ,*ri/ian ,apologi/s #d4 ,h[ ,e?nic ,religions 7 reg>d$ by ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les #e4 ,comp>ative ,!ology w furni% a new ,class ( ,evid5ces 9 ,support ( ,*ri/ianity #f4 ,x w %[ t1 :ile mo/ ( ! ,religions ( ! ,_w are ,e?nic1 or ! ,religions ( ,races1 ,*ri/ianity is ,ca?olic1 or adapt$ to become ! ,religion ( all ,races #g4 ,x w %[ t ,e?nic ,religions are p>tial1 ,*ri/ianity univ]sal #h4 ,x w %[ t ,e?nic ,religions are arre/$1 b t ,*ri/ianity is /eadily progressive ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,confucius & ! ,*9ese1 or ! ,prose ( ,asia4 #a4 ,peculi>ities ( ,*9ese ,civilization #b4 ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t bas$ on ,education4 ,civil-,s]vice ,exam9ations #c4 ,life & ,"* ( ,confucius #d4 ,philosophy & subsequ5t ,developm5t ( ,confucianism #e4 ,lao-tse & ,tao-ism #f4 ,religi\s ,"* ( ! ,k+s4 #g4 ,confucius & ,*ri/ianity4 ,"* ( ! ,*9ese #h4 ,! ,tae-p+ ,insurrection ,note4 ,! ,ne/orian ,inscription 9 ,*9a ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,brahmanism4 #a4 ,our ,k ( ,brahmanism4 ,sir ,william ,jones #b4 ,difficulty ( ?is ,/udy4 ,! ,complexity ( ! ,sy/em4 ,! ,h9doos h no ,hi/ory4 ,_! ,ultra-,spiritualism #c4 ,helps f ,comp>ative ,philology4 ,! ,aryans 9 ,c5tral ,asia #d4 ,! ,aryans 9 ,india4 ,! ,native ,races4 ,! ,v$ic ,age4 ,!ology ( ! ,v$as #e4 ,second ,p]iod4 ,laws ( ,manu4 ,! ,brahmanic ,age #f4 ,! ,?ree ,h9doo ,sy/ems ( ,philosophy1--,! ,sankhya1 ,v$anta1 & ,nyasa #g4 ,orig9 ( ! ,h9doo ,triad #h4 ,! ,epics1 ! ,puranas1 & ,mod]n ,h9doo ,wor%ip #i4 ,relation ( ,brahmanism to ,*ri/ianity ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,buddhism1 or ! ,prote/antism ( ! ,ea/4 #a4 ,buddhism1 9 its ,=ms1 resembles ,romanism2 9 its ,_s1 ,prote/antism #b4 ,ext5t ( ,buddhism4 ,its ,scriptures #c4 ,sakya-muni1 ! ,f\nd] ( ,buddhism #d4 ,lead+ ,doctr9es ( ,buddhism #e4 ,! ,_s ( ,buddhism ,rational & ,humane #f4 ,buddhism z a ,religion #g4 ,k>ma & ,nirvana #h4 ,good & ,evil ( ,buddhism #i4 ,relation ( ,buddhism to ,*ri/ianity ,*apt] ,v4 ,zoroa/] & ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 #a4 ,ru9s ( ! ,palace ( ,x]xes at ,p]sepolis #b4 ,greek ,acc\nts ( ,zoroa/]4 ,plut>*'s ,description ( 8 ,religion #c4 ,anquetil du ,p]ron & 8 ,discov]y ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a #d4 ,epo* ( ,zoroa/]4 ,:at d we "k ( him8 #e4 ,_s ( ,zoroa/] & ( 8 ,religion #f4 ,"* ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a #g4 ,lat] ,developm5t ( ! ,sy/em 9 ! ,bundehes* #h4 ,relation ( ! ,religion ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a to t ( ! ,v$as #i4 ,is ,mono!ism or pure ,dualism ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a #aj4 ,relation ( ?is ,sy/em to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,gods ( ,egypt4 #a4 ,antiquity & ,ext5t ( ,egyptian ,civilization #b4 ,religi\s ,"* ( ! ,egyptians4 ,_! ,ritual #c4 ,!ology ( ,egypt4 ,s\rces ( our ,k conc]n+ x #d4 ,c5tral ,idea ( ,egyptian ,!ology & ,religion4 ,animal ,wor%ip #e4 ,s\rces ( ,egyptian ,!ology4 ,age ( ! ,empire & ,aff9ities ( ! ,race #f4 ,! ,?ree ,ord]s ( ,gods #g4 ,influ5ce ^u ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,gods ,( ,greece4 #a4 ,! ,l& & ! ,race #b4 ,idea & g5]al ,"* ( ,greek ,religion #c4 ,! ,gods ( ,greece be=e ,hom] #d4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,poets #e4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,arti/s #f4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,philosoph]s #g4 ,wor%ip ( ,greece #h4 ,! ,my/]ies4 ,orphism #i4 ,relation ( ,greek ,religion to ,*ri/ianity ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,religion ( ,rome4 #a4 ,orig9 & ess5tial ,"* ( ! ,religion ( ,rome #b4 ,! ,gods ( ,rome #c4 ,wor%ip & ,ritual #d4 ,! ,decay ( ! ,roman ,religion #e4 ,relation ( ! ,roman ,religion to ,*ri/ianity ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,teutonic & ,sc&9avian ,religion4 #a4 ,! ,l& & ! ,race #b4 ,idea ( ! ,sc&9avian ,religion #c4 ,! ,eddas & _! ,cont5ts #d4 ,! ,gods ( ,sc&9avia #e4 ,resemblance ( ! ,sc&9avian ,my?ology to t ( ,zoroa/] #f4 ,sc&9avian ,wor%ip #g4 ,social ,"*1 ,m>itime ,discov]ies1 & ,political ,in/itutions ( ! ,sc&9avians #h4 ,relation ( ?is ,sy/em to ,*ri/ianity ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,jewi% ,religion4 #a4 ,pale/9e1 & ! ,semitic ,races #b4 ,abraham2 or1 ,judaism z ! ,family ,wor%ip ( a ,supreme ,be+ #c4 ,moses2 or1 ,judaism z ! national ,wor%ip ( a j & holy ,k+ #d4 ,david2 or1 ,judaism z ! p]sonal ,wor%ip ( a ,fa!r & ,fri5d #e4 ,solomon2 or1 ! ,religi\s ,relapse #f4 ,! ,prophets2 or1 ,judaism z a ,hope ( a spiritual & univ]sal ,k+dom ( ,god #g4 ,judaism z a ,prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,mohamm$ & ,islam4 #a4 ,rec5t ,works on ! ,life ( ,mohamm$ #b4 ,! ,arabs & ,arabia #c4 ,e>ly ,life ( ,mohamm$1 to ! ,hegira #d4 ,*ange 9 ! ,"* ( ,mohamm$ aft] ! ,hegira #e4 ,religi\s ,doctr9es & ,practices among ! ,mohamm$ans #f4 ,! ,criticism ( ,mr4 ,palgrave on ,mohamm$an ,!ology #g4 ,mohamm$anism a ,relapse2 ! wor/ ,=m ( ,mono!ism1 & a ret>d+ ,elem5t 9 ,civilization ,note ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,t5 ,religions & ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,g5]al ,results ( ?is ,survey #b4 ,*ri/ianity a ,pl]oma1 or ,fulness ( ,life #c4 ,*ri/ianity1 z a ,pl]oma1 comp>$ ) ,brahmanism1 ,confucianism1 & ,buddhism #d4 ,*ri/ianity comp>$ ) ! ,ave/a & ! ,eddas4 ,! ,duad 9 all ,religions #e4 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,religions ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome #f4 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,relation to ,judaism & ,mohamm$anism4 ,! ,monad 9 all ,religions #g4 ,! ,fulness ( ,*ri/ianity is d]iv$ f ! ,life ( ,jesus #h4 ,*ri/ianity z a ,religion ( ,progress & ( univ]sal ,unity ,t5 ,great ,religions4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction4--,e?nic & ,ca?olic ,religions4 #a4 ,object ( ! pres5t ,"w4 #b4 ,comp>ative ,!ology2 its ,nature1 ,value1 & pres5t ,position4 #c4 ,e?nic ,religions4 ,inju/ice (t5 done to !m by ,*ri/ian ,apologi/s4 #d4 ,h[ ,e?nic ,religions 7 reg>d$ by ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les4 #e4 ,comp>ative ,!ology w furni% a new ,class ( ,evid5ces 9 ,support ( ,*ri/ianity4 #f4 ,x w %[ t1 :ile mo/ ( ! ,religions ( ! ,_w are ,e?nic1 or ! ,religions ( ,races1 ,*ri/ianity is ,ca?olic1 or adapt$ to become ! ,religion ( all ,races4 #g4 ,x w %[ t ,e?nic ,religions are ,p>tial1 ,*ri/ianity ,univ]sal4 #h4 ,x w %[ t ,e?nic ,religions are arre/$1 b t ,*ri/ianity is /eadily progressive4 #a4 ,object ( ! pres5t ,"w4 ,! pres5t "w is :at ! ,g]mans call a ,v]su*1 & ! ,engli% an ,essay1 or attempt4 ,x is an attempt to comp>e ! great religions ( ! _w ) ea* o!r4 ,:5 complet$1 ?is comp>ison ought to %[ :at ea* is1 :at x conta9s1 :]e9 x resembles ! o!rs1 :]e9 x diff]s f ! o!rs2 its orig9 & developm5t1 its place 9 univ]sal hi/ory2 its positive & negative qualities1 its tru?s & errors1 & its influ5ce1 pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 on ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,= ev]y?+ becomes m cle> by comp>ison ,we c nev] und]/& ! nature ( a ph5om5on :5 we contemplate x by itself1 z well z :5 we look at x 9 its relations to o!r ph5om5a ( ! same k9d4 ,! qualities ( ea* become m cle> 9 contra/ ) ^? ( ! o!rs4 ,by comp>+ toge!r1 !re=e1 ! religions ( mank9d1 to see :]e9 !y agree & :]e9 !y diff]1 we are able to p]ceive ) great] accuracy :at ea* is4 ,! fir/ problem 9 ,comp>ative ,!ology is !re=e analytical1 be+ to di/+ui% ea* religion f ! re/4 ,we comp>e !m to see :]e9 !y agree & :]e9 !y diff]4 ,b ! next problem 9 ,comp>ative ,!ology is syn!tical1 & consid]s ! adaptation ( ea* sy/em to e o!r1 to det]m9e its place1 use1 & value1 9 ref]5ce to univ]sal or absolute religion4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 exam9e ! diff]5t religions to f9d :]e9 ea* is complete or defective1 true or false2 h[ ea* may supply ! defects ( ! o!r or prep>e ! way = a bett]2 h[ ea* religion acts on ! race :i* receives x1 is adapt$ to t race1 & to ! region ( ! e>? :i* x inhabits4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t1 !re=e1 x connects itself ) ,comp>ative ,geography1 ) univ]sal hi/ory1 & ) e?ics4 ,f9ally1 ?is dep>tm5t ( ,comp>ative ,!ology %[s ! relation ( ea* p>tial religion to human civilization1 & obs]ves h[ ea* religion ( ! _w is a /ep 9 ! progress ( humanity4 ,x %[s t bo? ! positive & negative side ( a religion make x a prep>ation = a high] religion1 & t ! univ]sal religion mu/ root itself 9 ! decay+ soil ( p>tial religions4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ,comp>ative ,!ology becomes ! sci5ce ( missions4 ,su* a "w z ?is is evid5tly too great = a s+le m9d4 ,_m /ud5ts mu/ co-op]ate1 & t ?r\gh _m ye>s1 be=e x c be complet$4 ,?is volume is int5d$ z a contribution t[>d t end4 ,x w conta9 an acc\nt ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal religions1 & its developm5t4 ,x w be1 !re=e1 devot$ to ! natural hi/ory ( e?nic & ca?olic religions1 & its me?od w be t ( analysis4 ,! second "p1 :i* may be publi%$ h]eaft]1 w comp>e ^! diff]5t sy/ems to %[ :at ea* tea*es conc]n+ ! great subjects ( religi\s ?\ght1--,god1 ,duty1 & ,immortality4 ,f9ally1 x w comp>e !m ) ,*ri/ianity1 & w inquire :e!r or n t is capable ( becom+ ! religion ( ! human race4 #b4 ,comp>ative ,!ology2 its ,nature1 ,value1 & pres5t ,position4 ,! "w ( ,comp>ative ,!ology is to d equal ju/ice to all ! religi\s t5d5cies ( mank9d4 ,its position is t ( a judge1 n t ( an advocate4 ,assum+1 ) ! ,apo/le ,paul1 t ea* religion has come provid5tially1 z a me?od by :i* diff]5t races %\ld seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y might feel aft] him & f9d him1 x attempts to %[ h[ ea* may be a /ep 9 ! religi\s progress ( ! races1 & a s*oolma/] to br+ m5 to ,*ri/4 ,x is b\nd1 h[ev]1 to ab/a9 f su* inf]5ces until x has accurately asc]ta9$ all ! facts4 ,its fir/ problem is to le>n :at ea* sy/em conta9s2 x may !n g on1 & endeavor to g5]alize f its facts4 ,comp>ative ,!ology is1 !re=e1 z yet 9 its infancy4 ,! same t5d5cy 9 ?is c5tury1 :i* has produc$ ! sci5ces ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ,comp>ative ,geography1 & ,comp>ative ,philology1 is n[ creat+ ?is new sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,!ology4#a ,x w be to any special !ology z ,comp>ative ,anatomy is to any special anatomy1 ,comp>ative ,geography to any special geography1 or ,comp>ative ,philology to ! /udy ( any p>ticul> language4 ,x may be call$ a sci5ce1 s9ce x consi/s 9 ! /udy ( ! facts ( human hi/ory1 & _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,x does n dogmatize3 x obs]ves4 ,x deals only ) ph5om5a1--s+le ph5om5a1 or facts2 gr\p$ ph5om5a1 or laws4 ,sev]al valuable works1 be>+ m or less directly on ,comp>ative ,!ology1 h rec5tly appe>$ 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ^? ( ,max ,mll]1 ,buns51 ,burn\f1 ,dll+]1 ,h>dwicke1 ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,dnck]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 ,rnan1 ,creuz]1 ,maurice1 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 & o!rs4 ,9 ,am]ica1 except ,mr4 ,alg]'s admirable monograph on ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life1 we h sc>cely any?+ wor?y ( notice4 ,mrs4 ,lydia ,m>ia ,*ild's "w on ! ,progress ( ,religi\s ,ideas des]ves ! greate/ cr$it1 :5 we consid] ! "t :5 x 0 writt5 & ! few s\rces ( in=mation !n accessible4#b ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago x 0 h>dly possible to procure any adequate in=mation conc]n+ ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 or ! religions ( ,confucius1 ,zoroa/]1 & ,mohamm$4 ,h>dly any "p ( ! ,v$as _h be5 translat$ into a ,european language4 ,! works ( ,anquetil du ,p]ron & ,kleuk] 7 /ill ! highe/ au?ority ^u ! ,z5dave/a4 ,ab\t ! ,buddhi/s sc>cely any?+ 0 kn[n4 ,b n[1 ?\gh _m important lacun rema9 to be fill$1 we h ample means ( asc]ta9+ ! ess5tial facts conc]n+ mo/ ( ^! movem5ts ( ! human s\l4 ,! "t seems to h come to accompli% some?+ :i* may h a la/+ value4 #c4 ,e?nic ,religions4 ,inju/ice (t5 done to !m by ,*ri/ian ,apologi/s4 ,comp>ative ,!ology1 pursu+ its imp>tial c\rse z a positive sci5ce1 w avoid ! error into :i* mo/ ( ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s ( ! la/ c5tury fell1 9 speak+ ( e?nic or hea!n religions4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! ne$ ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y ?\ght x necess>y to disp>age all o!r religions4 ,accord+ly !y h insi/$ t1 :ile ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian religions 7 reveal$1 all o!r religions 7 inv5t$2 t1 :ile ^! 7 f ,god1 ^? 7 ! "w ( man2 t1 :ile 9 ! true religions !re 0 no?+ false1 9 ! false religions !re 0 no?+ true4 ,if any trace ( tru? 0 to be f\nd 9 ,poly!ism1 x 0 s mix$ ) error z to be practically only evil4 ,z ! doctr9es ( hea!n religions 7 corrupt1 s _! wor%ip 0 only a debas+ sup]/ition4 ,_! influ5ce 0 to make m5 worse1 n bett]2 _! t5d5cy 0 to produce s5suality1 cruelty1 & univ]sal degradation4 ,!y did n proce$1 9 any s5se1 f ,god2 !y 7 n ev5 ! "w ( good m51 b r ( delib]ate imposition & prie/craft4 ,a sup]natural religion _h become necess>y 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! fatal consequ5ces ( ^! debas$ & debas+ sup]/itions4 ,?is is ! view ( ! great natural religions ( ! _w :i* 0 tak5 by su* writ]s z ,lel&1 ,:itby1 & ,w>burton 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,ev5 lib]al ?9k]s1 l ,james ,fo/]#c & ,john ,locke1#d decl>e t1 at ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 mank9d _h fall5 into utt] d>kness1 & t vice & sup]/ition fill$ ! _w4 ,infidel no less ?an ,*ri/ian writ]s took ! same disp>ag+ view ( natural religions4 ,!y consid]$ !m1 9 _! s\rce1 ! "w ( fraud2 9 _! ess5ce1 corrupt sup]/itions2 9 _! doctr9es1 :olly false2 9 _! moral t5d5cy1 absolutely injuri\s2 & 9 _! result1 deg5]at+ m & m into great] evil4 ,a few writ]s1 l ,cudwor? & ! ,platoni/s1 endeavor$ to put 9 a good ^w = ! ,greek philosoph]s1 b ! religions ( ! _w 7 ab&on$ to unmitigat$ reprobation4 ,! acc\nt :i* s c&id a writ] z ,mo%eim gives ( !m is wor? notic+1 on acc\nt ( its sweep+ "*4 ,all ! nations ( ! _w1 he says1 except ! ,jews1 7 plung$ 9 ! grosse/ sup]/ition4 ,"s nations1 inde$1 w5t beyond o!rs 9 impiety & absurdity1 b all /ood *>g$ ) irrationality & gross /upidity 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,! great] "p ( ! gods ( all nations 7 anci5t h]oes1 fam\s = _! a*ievem5ts & _! wor?y de$s1 su* z k+s1 g5]als1 & f\nd]s ( cities4 ,to ^! "s add$ ! m spl5did & useful objects 9 ! natural _w1 z ! sun1 moon1 & />s2 & "s 7 n a%am$ to pay div9e honors to m\nta9s1 riv]s1 trees1 etc4 ,! wor%ip ( ^! deities consi/$ 9 c]emonies1 sacrifices1 & pray]s4 ,! c]emonies 71 = ! mo/ "p1 absurd & ridicul\s1 & ?r\gh\t debas+1 obsc5e1 & cruel4 ,! pray]s 7 truly insipid & void ( piety1 bo? 9 _! =m & matt]4 ,! prie/s :o presid$ ov] ?is wor%ip basely abus$ _! au?ority to impose on ! p4 ,! :ole pagan sy/em _h n ! lea/ efficacy to produce & *]i% virtu\s emotions 9 ! s\l2 because ! gods & goddesses 7 patt]ns ( vice1 ! prie/s bad m51 & ! doctr9es false4#e ,?is view ( hea!n religions is probably mu* exagg]at$4 ,!y mu/ conta9 m tru? ?an error1 & mu/ h be51 on ! :ole1 useful to mank9d4 ,we d n believe t !y orig9at$ 9 human fraud1 t _! ess5ce is sup]/ition1 t !re is m falsehood ?an tru? 9 _! doctr9es1 t _! moral t5d5cy is ma9ly injuri\s1 or t !y cont9ually deg5]ate into great] evil4 ,no d\bt x may be ju/ly pr$icat$ ( all ^! sy/ems t !y conta9 mu* :i* is false & injuri\s to human virtue4 ,b ! foll[+ consid]ations may t5d to %[ t all ! religions ( ! e>? are provid5tial1 & t all t5d to b5efit mank9d4 ,to ascribe ! va/ ph5om5a ( religion1 9 _! v>iety & complexity1 to man z _! au?or1 & to suppose ! :ole a m]e "w ( human fraud1 is n a satisfactory solution ( ! facts be=e u4 ,t prie/s1 work+ on human ignorance or fe>1 %\ld be able to build up su* a great mass ( belief1 s5tim5t1 & action1 is l ! ,h9doo cosmogony1 :i* supposes ! globe to re/ on an elephant1 ! elephant on a turtle1 & ! turtle on no?+ at all4 ,if ! p 7 s ignorant1 h[ happ5$ ! prie/s to be s wise8 ,if ! p 7 s cr$ul\s1 :y 7 n ! prie/s cr$ul\s too8 ,l p1 l prie/s1 is a prov]b approv$ by exp]i5ce4 ,among s _m nations & ?r\gh s _m c5turies1 :y has n "s "o prie/ betray$ ! secret ( ! fam\s imposition8 ,apply a simil> !ory to any o!r human in/itution1 & h[ pat5t is its absurdity6 ,let a republican cont5d t all o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t--! patri>*al sy/em1 gov]nm5t by ca/es1 ! feudal sy/em1 absolute & limit$ mon>*ies1 olig>*ies1 & ari/ocracies--are :olly useless & evil1 & 7 ! result ( /atecraft alone1 ) no root 9 human nature or ! ne$s ( man4 ,let "o ma9ta9 t e sy/em ( law 7except our own7 0 an inv5tion ( lawy]s = private ends4 ,let "o argue 9 ! same way ab\t m$ic9e1 & say t ?is is a pure sy/em ( quack]y1 devis$ by physicians1 9 ord] to get a support out ( ! p = do+ no?+4 ,we %\ld at once reply t1 ?\gh error & ignorance may play a "p 9 all ^! in/itutions1 !y _c be bas$ on error & ignorance only4 ,no?+ :i* has n 9 x "s elem5ts ( use c hold its position 9 ! _w dur+ s long a "t & ov] s wide a range4 ,x is only reasonable to say ! same ( hea!n or e?nic religions4 ,!y conta91 no d\bt1 error & evil4 ,no d\bt prie/craft has be5 c>ri$ v f> 9 !m1 ?\gh n fur!r p]haps ?an x has sometimes be5 c>ri$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,b unless !y conta9$ m ( good ?an evil1 !y c\ld n h kept _! place4 ,!y p>tially satisfi$ a great hung] ( ! human he>t4 ,!y ex]cis$ "s re/ra9t on human wilfulness & passion4 ,!y h direct$1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 ! human consci5ce t[>d ! "r4 ,to assume t !y are :olly evil is disrespectful to human nature4 ,x supposes man to be ! easy & univ]sal dupe ( fraud4 ,b ^! religions d n re/ on su* a s&y f\ndation1 b on ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 ! s5se ( acc\ntability1 ! recognition ( spiritual realities v ne> to ?is _w ( matt]1 & ! ne$ ( look+ up & wor%ipp+ "s unse5 p[] high] & bett] ?an ourselves4 ,a dec5t respect = ! op9ions ( mank9d =bids u to ascribe pagan religions to prie/craft z _! *ief s\rce4 ,& a rev]5ce = ,div9e ,provid5ce br+s u to ! same conclusion4 ,c x be t ,god has left himself )\t a witness 9 ! _w1 except among ! ,hebrews 9 anci5t times & ! ,*ri/ians 9 mod]n times8 ,?is n>r[ cre$ excludes ,god f any communion ) ! great majority ( human be+s4 ,! ,fa!r ( ! human race is repres5t$ z select+ a few ( 8 *ildr5 to keep ne> himself1 & z leav+ all ! re/ to p]i% 9 _! ignorance & error4 ,& ?is is n because !y are prodigal *ildr5 :o h gone a/ray into a f> c\ntry ( _! own accord2 = !y are j :]e !y 7 plac$ by _! ,creator4 ,,he has det]m9$ ! times be=e appo9t$ & ! b\nds ( _! habitation4 ,,he has caus$ "s to be born 9 ,india1 :]e !y c only he> ( him ?r\gh ,brahmanism2 & "s 9 ,*9a1 :]e !y c "k him only ?r\gh ,buddha & ,confucius4 ,! doctr9e :i* we are oppos+ is2 t1 be+ put !re by ,god1 !y are born into hopeless error1 & are !n puni%$ = _! error by ev]la/+ de/ruction4 ,! doctr9e = :i* we cont5d is t ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 t ,god has det]m9$ be=eh& ! b\nds ( _! habitation1 t !y %\ld seek ! ,"l1 ,,if ,,haply ,,!y ,,may ,,feel ,,aft] ,,him ,,& ,,f9d ,,him4 ,paul tea*es t all nations dwell+ on all ! face ( ! e>? may n only seek & feel aft] ,god1 b also ,,f9d him4 ,b z all liv+ 9 hea!n l&s are hea!n1 if !y f9d ,god at all1 !y mu/ f9d him ?r\gh hea!nism4 ,! pagan religions are ! ef=t ( man to feel aft] ,god4 ,o!rwise we mu/ conclude t ! ,be+ )\t :om n a sp>r[ falls to ! gr\nd1 ! ,be+ :o nev] puts an insect into ! air or a polyp into ! wat] )\t provid+ x ) "s appropriate food1 s t x may live & gr[1 has left ! va/ majority ( 8 human *ildr51 made ) religi\s appet5ces ( consci5ce1 rev]5ce1 hope1 )\t a correspond+ nutrim5t ( tru?4 ,?is view t5ds to a!ism2 = if ! pres5ce ( adaptation ev]y:]e is ! legitimate pro( ( creative design1 ! abs5ce ( adaptation 9 s important a sph]e t5ds1 s f>1 to set aside t pro(4 ,! view :i* we are oppos+ contradicts t law ( progress :i* alone gives mean+ & unity to hi/ory4 ,in/ead ( progress1 x tea*es deg5]acy & failure4 ,b else:]e we see progress1 n recession4 ,geology %[s u high] =ms ( life succe$+ to ! l[]4 ,botany exhibits ! li*5s & mosses prep>+ a soil = m complex =ms ( vegetation4 ,civil hi/ory %[s ! savage /ate giv+ way to ! semi-civiliz$1 & t to ! civiliz$4 ,if hea!n religions are a /ep1 a prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity1 !n ?is law ( degrees appe>s also 9 religion2 !n we see an ord] 9 ! progress ( ! human s\l1--fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 aft]w>d ! full corn 9 ! e>4 ,!n we c und]/& :y ,*ri/'s com+ 0 delay$ till ! fulness ( ! "t _h come4 ,b o!rwise all1 9 ?is mo/ important sph]e ( human life1 is 9 disord]1 )\t unity1 progress1 mean+1 or provid5ce4 ,^! views1 we tru/1 w be amply confirm$ :5 we come to exam9e ea* great religion sep>ately & c>efully4 ,we %all f9d !m always feel+ aft] ,god1 (t5 f9d+ him4 ,we %all see t 9 _! orig9 !y are n ! "w ( prie/craft1 b ( human nature2 9 _! ess5ce n sup]/itions1 b religions2 9 _! doctr9es true m frequ5tly ?an false2 9 _! moral t5d5cy good r ?an evil4 ,& in/ead ( deg5]at+ t[>d some?+ worse1 !y come to prep>e ! way = some?+ bett]4 #d4 ,h[ ,e?nic ,religions 7 reg>d$ by ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 ,*ri/ianity 0 to gr[ out ( ,judaism1 & be develop$ into a univ]sal religion4 ,accord+ly1 ! me?od ( ,jesus 0 to g fir/ to ! ,jews2 & :5 he left ! limits ( ,pale/9e on a s+le occasion1 he decl>$ himself z only go+ into ,pho5icia to seek aft] ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,b he /at$ t he _h o!r %eep1 n ( ?is fold1 :om he mu/ br+1 recogniz+ t !re 71 among ! hea!n1 good & hone/ he>ts prep>$ = ,*ri/ianity1 & already belong+ to him2 %eep :o knew 8 voice & 7 ready to foll[ him4 ,he also decl>$ t ! ,roman c5turion & ! ,pho5ician woman already possess$ great fai?1 ! c5turion m ?an he _h yet f\nd 9 ,israel4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ decl>ation ( ,jesus1 & "o s+ul>ly ov]look$1 conc]n+ ! "* ( ! hea!n1 is to be f\nd 9 8 description ( ! day ( judgm5t1 9 ,mat!w 7*ap4 ,,xxv474 ,x is v curi\s t m5 %\ld speculate z to ! fate ( ! hea!n1 :5 ,jesus has "h di/9ctly taught t all good m5 among !m are 8 %eep1 ?\gh !y nev] he>d ( him4 ,! acc\nt beg9s1 ,be=e him %all be ga!r$ all ! ,g5tiles 7or hea!n74 ,x is n a description ( ! judgm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 b ( ! hea!n _w4 ,! ^w "h us$ 7 7 occurs ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty-f\r times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is translat$ g5tiles (t5] ?an by any o!r ^w1 t is1 ab\t n9ety-?ree times2 by hea!n f\r or five times2 & 9 ! rema9+ passages x is mo/ly translat$ nations4 ,t x means ! ,g5tiles or hea!n "h appe>s f ! fact t !y are repres5t$ z ignorant ( ,*ri/1 & are judg$1 n by ! /&>d ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 b by _! humanity & *>ity t[>d ^? 9 suff]+4 ,jesus recognizes1 !re=e1 among ^! e?nic or hea!n p1 "s z belong+ to himself1--! o!r %eep1 n ( ! ,jewi% fold4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul1 :o 0 especially commission$ to ! ,g5tiles1 mu/ be consid]$ z ! be/ au?ority ^u ?is "q4 ,did he reg>d _! religions z :olly false8 ,on ! contr>y1 he tells ! ,a!nians t !y are already wor%ipp+ ! true ,god1 ?\gh ignorantly4 ,:om ye ignorantly wor%ip1 ,him decl>e ,i unto y4 ,:5 he said ?is he 0 /&+ face to face ) all t 0 mo/ impos+ 9 ! religion ( ,greece4 ,he saw ! city fill$ ) idols1 maje/ic =ms1 ! p]fection ( arti/ic grace & beauty4 ,0 8 _s !n mov$ only ) indignation aga9/ ?is wor%ip1 & _h he no sympa?y ) ! spiritual ne$s :i* x express$8 ,x does n seem s4 ,he recogniz$ piety 9 _! s\ls4 ,i see t ye are1 9 all ways1 exce$+ly pi\s4 ,he recogniz$ _! wor%ip z pass+ beyond ! idols1 to ! true ,god4 ,he did n pr(ess t he came to revolutionize _! religion1 b to re=m x4 ,he does n proce$ l ! backwoodsman1 :o fells ! =e/ & takes out ! /umps 9 ord] to plant a :olly diff]5t crop2 b l ! nurs]yman1 :o grafts a native /ock ) a bett] fruit4 ,!y 7 already ignorantly wor%ipp+ ! true ,god4 ,:at ! apo/le propos$ to d 0 to enlight5 t ignorance by %[+ !m :o t true ,god 01 & :at 0 8 "*4 ,9 8 subsequ5t rem>ks1 !re=e1 he does n tea* !m t !re is "o ,supreme ,be+1 b he assumes x1 z some?+ already believ$4 ,he assumes him to be ! creator ( all ?+s2 to be omnipot5t1--! ,"l ( heav5 & e>?2 spiritual1--dwelle? n 9 temples made ) h&s2 absolute1--n ne$+ any?+1 b ! s\rce ( all ?+s4 ,he says ?is1 z n expect+ any opposition or contradiction2 he res]ves 8 criticisms on _! idolatry = ! end ( 8 disc\rse4 ,he !n /ates1 q cle>ly1 t ! diff]5t nations ( ! _w h a common orig91 belong to "o family1 & h be5 provid5tially plac$ 9 space & "t1 t ea* might seek ! ,"l 9 its own way4 ,he recogniz$ 9 !m a p[] ( seek+ & f9d+ ,god1 ! ,god close at h&1 & 9 :om we live2 & he quotes "o ( _! own poets1 accept+ 8 /atem5t ( ,god's fa!rly "*4 ,n[1 x is q common = ^? :o d5y t !re is any tru? 9 hea!nism1 to admire ?is spee* ( ,paul z a ma/]piece ( +5uity & eloqu5ce4 ,b he w\ld h>dly h made x1 unless he ?\ght x to be true4 ,^? :o praise 8 eloqu5ce at ! exp5se ( 8 v]acity pay him a poor complim5t4 ,did ,paul tell ! ,a!nians t !y 7 wor%ipp+ ! true ,god :5 !y 7 n1 & t = ! sake ( rhetorical effect8 ,if we believe ?is conc]n+ him1 & yet admire him1 let u cease h5ce=? to f9d fault ) ! ,jesuits4 ,no6 ,paul believ$ :at he said1 t ! ,a!nians 7 wor%ipp+ ! true ,god1 ?\gh ignorantly4 ,! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce1 ( wor%ip1 0 lift+ !m to its true object4 ,all !y ne$$ 0 to h _! und]/&+ enlight5$4 ,tru? he plac$ 9 ! he>t r ?an ! und]/&+1 b he also connect$ ,*ri/ianity ) ,poly!ism :]e ! two religions t\*$1 t is1 on _! pan!i/ic side4 ,:ile plac+ ,god above ! _w z its rul]1 see+ he is ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 he plac$ him 9 ! _w z an imman5t pres5ce1--9 him we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,& aft]w>d1 9 writ+ to ! ,romans1 he takes ! same gr\nd4 ,he tea*es t ! ,g5tiles _h a k ( ! et]nal attributes ( ,god 7,rom4 i4 #ai7 & saw him 9 8 works 7v4 #bj71 & t !y also _h 9 _! nature a law ( duty1 enabl+ !m to d ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! law4 ,?is he calls ! law writt5 9 ! he>t 7,rom4 ii4 #ad1ae74 ,he blames !m1 n = ignorance1 b = disob$i5ce4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul1 !re=e1 agrees ) u 9 f9d+ 9 hea!n religions ess5tial tru? 9 connection ) _! errors4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian apologi/s (t5 took ! same view4 ,?us ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria believ$ t ,god _h "o great plan = educat+ ! _w1 ( :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 ! f9al /ep4 ,he refus$ to consid] ! ,jewi% religion z ! only div9e prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity1 b reg>d$ ! ,greek philosophy z also a prep>ation = ,*ri/4 ,ne&] gives 8 views at l5g?1 & says t ,clem5t 0 ! f\nd] ( ! true view ( hi/ory4#f ,t]tullian decl>$ ! s\l to be naturally ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,sibyll9e books 7 quot$ z good prophetic works along ) ! ,jewi% prophets4 ,socrates 0 call$ by ! ,fa!rs a ,*ri/ian be=e ,*ri/4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! extravagant condemnation ( ! hea!n religions has produc$ a reaction 9 _! favor4 ,x has be5 felt to be disp>ag+ to human nature to suppose t almo/ ! :ole human race %\ld cons5t to be f$ on error4 ,su* a belief has be5 se5 to be a d5ial ( ,god's provid5ce1 z reg>ds n9e t5?s ( mank9d4 ,accord+ly x has become m usual ( late to rehabilitate hea!nism1 & to place x on ! same level ) ,*ri/ianity1 if n above x4 ,! ,v$as are talk$ ab\t z ?\gh !y 7 some:at sup]ior to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ,confucius is quot$ z an au?ority q equal to ,paul or ,john4 ,an ignorant admiration ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,buddhi/s & ,brahm9s has succe$$ to ! =m] ignorant & sweep+ condemnation ( !m4 ,:at is n[ ne$$ is a fair & c&id exam9ation & comp>ison ( ^! sy/ems f reliable s\rces4 #e4 ,comp>ative ,!ology w furni% a new ,class ( ,evid5ces 9 ,support ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,su* an exam9ation1 do+ full ju/ice to all o!r religions1 ackn[l$g+ _! p>tial tru? & use1 w n depreciate1 b exalt ! value ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x w furni% a new k9d ( evid5ce 9 its favor4 ,b ! usual =m ( argum5t may p]haps be *ang$4 ,is ,*ri/ianity a sup]natural or a natural religion8 ,is x a religion atte/$ to be f ,god by miracles8 ,?is has be5 ! great "q 9 evid5ces = ! la/ c5tury4 ,! tru? & div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity h be5 made to dep5d on its sup]natural "*1 & to /& or fall ) a c]ta9 view ( miracles4 ,& !n1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! reality ( miracles1 x became necess>y to prove ! infallibility ( ! record2 & s we 7 taught t1 to believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 we mu/ fir/ believe 9 ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t4 ,all ! !ology ( ,engl&1 says ,mr4 ,pattison1#g 0 devot$ to prov+ ! ,*ri/ian religion cr$ible1 9 ?is mann]4 ,! apo/les1 said ,dr4 ,johnson1 7 be+ tri$ "o a week = ! capital crime ( =g]y4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( ! s*ool ( ,l>dn]1 ,paley1 & ,:ately4 ,b ! real "q betwe5 ,*ri/ians & unbeliev]s 9 ,*ri/ianity is1 n :e!r our religion is or is n sup]natural2 n :e!r ,*ri/'s miracles 7 or n violations ( law2 nor :e!r ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z x /&s1 is ! "w ( inspir$ m54 ,! ma9 "q1 back ( all ^!1 is diff]5t1 & n dep5d5t on ! views we may happ5 to take ( ! univ]sality ( law4 ,x is ?is3 ,is ,*ri/ianity1 z taught by ,jesus1 int5d$ by ,god to be ! religion ( ! human race8 ,is x only "o among natural religions8 is x to be sup]s$$ 9 its turn by o!rs1 or is x ! "o religion :i* is to unite all mank9d8 ,art ?\ he t %\ld come1 or look we = ano!r8 ,?is is ! "q :i* we ask ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 & ! answ] to :i* makes ! real problem ( apologetic !ology4 ,n[ ! def5d]s ( ,*ri/ianity h be5 s occupi$ ) _! special disputes ab\t miracles1 ab\t naturalism & sup]naturalism1 & ab\t ! inspiration & infallibility ( ! apo/les1 t !y h left uncultivat$ ! wide field ( inquiry belong+ to ,comp>ative ,!ology4 ,b x belongs to ?is sci5ce to e/abli% ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity by %[+ t x possesses all ! aptitudes :i* fit x to be ! religion ( ! human race4 ,?is me?od ( e/abli%+ ,*ri/ianity diff]s f ! traditional argum5t 9 ?is3 t1 :ile ! la/ und]takes to prove ,*ri/ianity to be true1 ?is %[s x to be true4 ,= if we c make x appe>1 by a fair survey ( ! pr9cipal religions ( ! _w1 t1 :ile !y are e?nic or local1 ,*ri/ianity is ca?olic or univ]sal2 t1 :ile !y are defective1 possess+ "s tru?s & want+ o!rs1 ,*ri/ianity possesses all2 & t1 :ile !y are /ation>y1 ,*ri/ianity is progressive2 x w n !n be necess>y to discuss 9 :at s5se x is a sup]natural religion4 ,su* a survey w %[ t x is adapt$ to ! nature ( man4 ,:5 we see adaptation we naturally inf] design4 ,if ,*ri/ianity appe>s1 aft] a full comp>ison ) o!r religions1 to be ! "o & only religion :i* is p]fectly adapt$ to man1 x w be impossible to d\bt t x 0 design$ by ,god to be ! religion ( our race2 t x is ! provid5tial religion s5t by ,god to man1 its tru? ,god's tru? its way ! way to ,god & to heav54 #f4 ,x w %[ t1 :ile mo/ ( ! ,religions ( ! ,_w are ,e?nic1 or ! ,religions ( ,races1 ,*ri/ianity is ,ca?olic1 or adapt$ to become ! ,religion ( all ,races4 ,by e?nic religions we mean ^? religions1 ea* ( :i* has always be5 conf9$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( a p>ticul> race or family ( mank9d1 & has nev] made proselytes or conv]ts1 except accid5tally1 outside ( x4 ,by ca?olic religions we mean ^? :i* h %[n ! desire & p[] ( pass+ ov] ^! limits1 & becom+ ! religion ( a consid]able numb] ( p]sons belong+ to diff]5t races4 ,n[ we are met at once ) ! /rik+ & obvi\s fact1 t mo/ ( ! religions ( ! _w are evid5tly religions limit$ 9 "s way to p>ticul> races or nations4 ,!y are1 z we h said1 e?nic4 ,we use ?is ,greek ^w r ?an its ,lat9 equival5t1 g5tile1 because g5tile1 ?\gh mean+ lit]ally (1 or belong+ to1 a race1 has acquir$ a special s5se f its ,new ,te/am5t use z mean+ all :o are n ,jews4 ,! ^w e?nic rema9s pure f any su* second>y or acquir$ mean+1 & signifies simply t :i* belongs to a race4 ,! sci5ce ( e?nology is a mod]n "o1 & is /ill 9 ! process ( =mation4 ,"s ( its conclusions1 h[ev]1 may be consid]$ z e/abli%$4 ,x has =ev] set aside ,blum5ba*'s old classification ( mank9d into ! ,caucasian & f\r o!r v>ieties1 & has giv5 u1 in/ead1 a division ( ! l>ge/ "p ( mank9d into ,indo-,european1 ,semitic1 & ,turanian families1 leav+ a consid]able p5umbra outside z yet unclassifi$4 ,t mank9d is s divid$ into races ( m5 x w\ld seem h>dly possible to d5y4 ,x is prov$ by physiology1 by psy*ology1 by glossology1 & by civil hi/ory4 ,physiology %[s u anatomical diff]5ces betwe5 races4 ,!re are z m>k$ & real diff]5ces betwe5 ! skull ( a ,h9doo & t ( a ,*9aman z betwe5 ! skulls ( an ,engli%man & a negro4 ,!re is n z great a diff]5ce1 p]haps1 b x is z real & z con/ant4 ,!n ! *>act]s ( races rema9 di/9ct1 ! same traits reappe>+ aft] _m c5turies exactly z at fir/4 ,we f9d ! same diff]5ce ( "* betwe5 ! ,jews & ,arabs1 :o are m]ely diff]5t families ( ! same ,semitic race1 z exi/$ betwe5 _! ance/ors1 ,jacob & ,esau1 z describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,jacob & ! ,jews are prud5t1 lov+ trade1 money-mak+1 t5aci\s ( _! ideas1 liv+ 9 cities2 ,esau & ! ,arabs1 c>eless1 wild1 hat+ cities1 lov+ ! des]t4 ,a simil> example ( ! ma9ta9+ ( a moral type is f\nd 9 ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,g]man & ,kelts1 two families ( ! same ,indo-,european race4 ,take an ,iri%man & a ,g]man1 work+ side by side on ! ,mississippi1 & !y pres5t ! same *>act]i/ic diff]5ces z ! ,g]mans & ,kelts describ$ by ,tacitus & ,cs>4 ,! ,g]man loves lib]ty1 ! ,kelt equality2 ! "o hates ! tyrant1 ! o!r ! ari/ocrat2 ! "o is a s]i\s ?9k]1 ! o!r a quick & vivid ?9k]2 ! "o is a ,prote/ant 9 religion1 ! o!r a ,ca?olic4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 liv+ 9 ,gaul 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 describes ! ,kelts ?us 7see :e!r x does n apply to ! race n[74 ,! ,gauls1 says he1 are mo/ly tall ( /ature1#h fair & r$-hair$1 & horrible f ! fi]c5ess ( _! eyes1 fond ( /rife1 & haughtily insol5t4 ,a :ole b& ( /rang]s w\ld n endure "o ( !m1 aid$ 9 8 brawl by 8 p[]ful & blue-ey$ wife1 especially :5 ) swoll5 neck & gna%+ tee?1 pois+ h] huge :ite arms1 %e beg9s1 jo9+ kicks to bl[s1 to put =? h] fi/s l /ones f a catapult4 ,mo/ ( _! voices are t]rific & ?reat5+1 z well :5 !y are quiet z :5 !y are angry4 ,all ages are ?\ght fit = w>4 ,!y are a nation v fond ( w9e1 & inv5t _m dr9ks resembl+ x1 & "s ( ! poor] sort w&] ab\t ) _! s5ses q blunt$ by cont9ual intoxication4 ,n[ we f9d t ea* race1 beside its special moral qualities1 seems also to h special religi\s qualities1 :i* cause x to t5d t[>d "s "o k9d ( religion m ?an to ano!r k9d4 ,^! religions are ! fl[] ( ! race2 !y come =? f x z its be/ aroma4 ,?us we see t ,brahmanism is conf9$ to t section or race ( ! great ,aryan family :i* has occupi$ ,india = m ?an ?irty c5turies4 ,x belongs to ! ,h9doos1 to ! p tak+ its "n f ! ,indus1 by ! tribut>ies ( :i* /ream x ent]$ ,india f ! nor?we/4 ,x has nev] attempt$ to ext5d itself beyond t p>ticul> v>iety ( mank9d4 ,p]haps "o hundr$ & fifty millions ( m5 accept x z _! fai?4 ,x has be5 held by ?is race z _! religion dur+ a p]iod imm5se 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,its sacr$ books are c]ta9ly m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s old4 ,b dur+ all ?is "t x has nev] communicat$ itself to any race ( m5 outside ( ! p59sula ( ,india4 ,x is ?us se5 to be a /rictly e?nic religion1 %[+ nei!r ! t5d5cy nor ! desire to become ! religion ( mank9d4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! religion ( ,confucius4 ,x belongs to ,*9a & ! ,*9ese4 ,x suits _! ta/e & g5ius4 ,!y h _h x z _! /ate religion = "s tw5ty-?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & x rules ! op9ions ( ! rul]s ( op9ion among ?ree hundr$ millions ( m54 ,b out ( ,*9a ,confucius is only a "n4 ,s1 too1 ( ! sy/em ( ,zoroa/]4 ,x 0 = a long p]iod ! religion ( an ,aryan tribe :o became ! rul+ p among mank9d4 ,! ,p]sians ext5d$ !mselves ?r\gh ,we/]n ,asia1 & conqu]$ _m nations1 b !y nev] communicat$ _! religion4 ,x 0 /rictly a national or e?nic religion1 belong+ only to ! ,iranians & _! desc5dants1 ! ,p>sees4 ,9 l mann] x may be said t ! religion ( ,egypt1 ( ,greece1 ( ,sc&9avia1 ( ! ,jews1 ( ,islam1 & ( ,buddhism are e?nic religions4 ,^? ( ,egypt & ,sc&9avia are /rictly s4 ,x is said1 to be sure1 t ! ,greeks borr[$ ! names ( _! gods f ,egypt1 b ! gods !mselves 7 entirely diff]5t ones4 ,x is also true t "s ( ! gods ( ! ,romans 7 borr[$ f ! ,greeks1 b _! life 0 left beh9d4 ,!y m]ely repeat$ by rote ! ,greek my?ology1 hav+ no p[] to inv5t "o = !mselves4 ,b ! ,greek religion !y nev] receiv$4 ,= in/ead ( its fair humanities1 ! ,roman gods 7 only s]vants ( ! /ate1--a high] k9d ( consuls1 tribunes1 & lictors4 ,! real ,olympus ( ,rome 0 ! ,s5ate ,*amb] on ! ,capitol9e ,hill4 ,judaism also 0 9 reality an e?nic religion1 ?\gh x aim$ at ca?olicity & expect$ x1 & made proselytes4 ,b x c\ld n tol]ate uness5tials1 & s fail$ ( becom+ ca?olic4 ,! ,jewi% religion1 until x _h ,*ri/ianity to help x1 0 nev] able to d m ?an make proselytes "h & !re4 ,*ri/ianity1 :ile prea*+ ! doctr9es ( ,jesus & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 has be5 able to c>ry also ! weight ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & to give a c]ta9 ca?olicity to ,judaism4 ,! religion ( ,mohamm$ has be5 ca?olic1 9 t x has become ! religion ( v diff]5t races1--! ,arabs1 ,turks1 & ,p]sians1 belong+ to ! ?ree great v>ieties ( ! human family4 ,b !n ,mohamm$anism has nev] s\ght to make conv]ts1 b only subjects2 x has n ask$ = belief1 b m]ely = submission4 ,consequ5tly ,mr4 ,palgrave1 ,mr4 ,lane1 & ,mr4 ,vamb]y tell u1 t1 9 ,arabia1 ,egypt1 & ,turki/an1 !re are multitudes :o are outw>dly ,mohamm$an1 b :o 9 _! private belief reject ,mohamm$1 & are really ,pagans4 ,b1 no d\bt1 !re is a ca?olic t5d5cy bo? 9 ,judaism & ,mohamm$anism2 & ?is comes f ! great doctr9e :i* !y hold 9 common ) ,*ri/ianity1--! unity ( ,god4 ,fai? 9 t is ! basis ( all expectation ( a univ]sal religion1 & ! wi% & ! p[] to conv]t o!rs come f t doctr9e ( ! ,div9e unity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ,*ri/ianity tea*es ! unity ( ,god n m]ely z a supremacy ( p[] & w1 b z a supremacy ( love & wisdom2 x tea*es ,god z ,fa!r1 & n m]ely z ,k+2 s x seeks n m]ely to make proselytes & subjects1 b to make conv]ts4 ,h5ce ,*ri/ianity1 beg9n+ z a ,semitic religion1 among ! ,jews1 w5t across ! ,greek ,ar*ipelago & conv]t$ ! ,hell5ic & ! ,lat9 races2 aft]w>d ! ,go?s1 ,lomb>ds1 ,franks1 ,v&als2 lat] /ill1 ! ,saxons1 ,danes1 & ,normans4 ,meantime1 its ,ne/orian mission>ies1 pu%+ ea/1 made conv]ts 9 ,arm5ia1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,*9a4 ,9 lat] days x has conv]t$ negroes1 ,indians1 & ! p ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,some?+1 inde$1 /opp$ its progress aft] its fir/ triumphant successes dur+ sev5 or eight c5turies4 ,at ! t5? c5tury x rea*$ its t]m4 ,mod]n missions1 :e!r ^? ( ,jesuits or ,prote/ants1 h n conv]t$ :ole nations & races1 b only individuals "h & !re4 ,! reason ( ?is *eck1 probably1 is1 t ,*ri/ians h repeat$ ! mi/akes ( ! ,jews & ,mohamm$ans4 ,!y h s\ght to make proselytes to an outw>d sy/em ( wor%ip & ritual1 or to make subjects to a dogma2 b n to make conv]ts to an idea & a life4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies %all g & say to ! ,h9doos or ! ,buddhi/s3 ,y are already on y\r way t[>d ,god1--y\r religion came f him1 & 0 inspir$ by 8 ,_s2 n[ he s5ds y some?+ m & high] by 8 ,son1 :o does n come to de/roy b to fulfil1 n to take away any good ?+ y h1 b to add to x some?+ bett]1 !n we %all see ! process ( conv]sion1 *eck$ 9 ! n9? & t5?1 c5turies1 re9augurat$4 ,judaism1 ,islam1 & ,*ri/ianity1 all tea*+ ! /rict unity ( ,god1 h all aim$ at becom+ univ]sal4 ,judaism fail$ because x s\ght proselytes in/ead ( mak+ conv]ts4 ,islam1 ! religion ( ,mohamm$ 79 reality a ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ian sect7 fail$ because x s\ght to make subjects r ?an conv]ts4 ,its conque/s ov] a v>iety ( races 7 ext5sive1 b n deep4 ,to-day x holds 9 its embrace at lea/ f\r v di/9ct races1--! ,arabs1 a ,semitic race1 ! ,p]sians1 an ,indo-,european race1 ! ,negroes1 & ! ,turks or ,turanians4 ,b1 correctly view$1 ,islam is only a h]etical ,*ri/ian sect1 & s all ?is mu/ be cr$it$ to ! int]e/ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,islam is a ,john ! ,bapti/ cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ,prep>e ! way ( ! ,"l2 ,mohamm$ is a s*oolma/] to br+ m5 to ,*ri/4 ,x does = ! nations j :at ,judaism did1 t is1 x tea*es ! ,div9e unity4 ,esau has tak5 ! place ( ,jacob 9 ! economy ( ,provid5ce4 ,:5 ! ,jews reject$ ,*ri/ !y ceas$ f _! provid5tial "w1 & _! c\s9s1 ! ,arabs1 took _! place4 ,! conque/s ( ,islam1 !re=e1 ought to be reg>d$ z ! prelim9>y conque/s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is /ill ano!r sy/em :i* has %[n "s t5d5cies t[>d ca?olicity4 ,?is is ,buddhism1 :i* has ext5d$ itself ov] ! :ole ( ! ea/]n half ( ,asia4 ,b ?\gh x includes a v>iety ( nationalities1 x is d\btful if x includes any v>iety ( races4 ,all ! ,buddhi/s appe> to belong to ! great ,mongol family4 ,& al?\gh ?is sy/em orig9at$ among ! ,aryan race 9 ,india1 x has let g its hold ( t family & transf]r$ itself :olly to ! ,mongols4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 f ! fir/1 %[$ itself capable ( tak+ possession ( ! convictions ( ! mo/ diff]5t races ( mank9d4 ,n[1 z on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 _m races he> ! apo/les speak 9 _! own tongues1 9 :i* !y 7 born1--,p>?ians1 ,m$es1 ,elamites1 dwell]s 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,juda1 & ,cappadocia1 ,pontus & ,asia1 ,phrygia & ,pamphylia1 ,egypt & ! p>ts ( ,lybia ab\t ,cyr5e1 /rang]s ( ,rome1 ,cretes & ,arabians4 ,! miracle ( tongues 0 a type ( ! effect ( ! tru? 9 p5etrat+ ! m9d & he>t ( diff]5t nationalities4 ,! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 inde$1 tri$ to repeat 9 ,*ri/ianity _! old mi/ake :i* _h prev5t$ ,judaism f becom+ univ]sal4 ,!y wi%$ to insi/ t no "o %\ld become a ,*ri/ian unless he became a ,jew at ! same "t4 ,if !y _h succe$$ 9 ?is1 !y w\ld h effectually kept ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ f becom+ a ca?olic religion4 ,b ! ,apo/le ,paul 0 rais$ up = ! em]g5cy1 & he prev5t$ ?is suicidal c\rse4 ,consequ5tly ,*ri/ianity pass$ at once into ,europe1 & became ! religion ( ,greeks & ,romans z well z ,jews4 ,paul /ruck (f f x its ,jewi% %ell1 told !m t z ,*ri/ians !y _h no?+ to d ) ! ,jewi% law1 or ) ,jewi% ,passov]s1 ,sabba?s1 or c]emonies4 ,z ,*ri/ians !y 7 only to "k ,*ri/1 & !y 7 n to "k him accord+ to ! fle%1 t is1 n z a ,jew4 ,s ,*ri/ianity became at once a ca?olic religion1 consi/+ 9 ! diffusion ( great tru?s & a div9e life4 ,x ov]fl[$ ! nationalities ( ,greece & ,rome1 ( ,nor? ,africa1 ( ,p]sia & ,we/]n ,asia1 at ! v beg9n+4 ,x conqu]$ ! ,go?ic & ,g]man conqu]ors ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,"u ,arian mission>ies1 x conv]t$ ,go?s1 ,v&als1 ,lomb>ds4 ,"u ,ne/orian mission>ies1 x p5etrat$ z f> ea/ z ,*9a1 & made conv]ts !re4 ,9 l mann] ! ,gospel spread ov] ! :ole ( ,nor? ,africa1 :5ce x 0 aft]w>ds expell$ by ! p[] ( ,islam4 ,x has %[n itself1 !re=e1 capable ( adapt+ itself to e v>iety ( ! human race4 #g4 ,comp>ative ,!ology w probably %[ t ! ,e?nic ,religions are "o-sid$1 ea* conta9+ a ,tru? ( its own1 b be+ defective1 want+ "s correspond+ ,tru?4 ,*ri/ianity1 or ! ,ca?olic ,religion1 is complete on e ,side4 ,brahmanism1 = example1 is complete on ! side ( _s1 defective on ! side ( matt]2 full z reg>ds ! inf9ite1 empty ( ! f9ite2 recogniz+ et]nity b n "t1 ,god b n nature4 ,x is a va/ sy/em ( spiritual pan!ism1 9 :i* !re is no reality b ,god1 all else be+ ,maya1 or illusion4 ,! ,h9doo m9d is s+ul>ly pi\s1 b also s+ul>ly immoral4 ,x has no hi/ory1 = hi/ory belongs to "t4 ,no "o kn[s :5 its sacr$ books 7 writt51 :5 its civilization began1 :at caus$ its progress1 :at its decl9e4 ,g5tle1 dev\t1 ab/ract1 x is capable at once ( ! l(tie/ ?\ghts & ! base/ actions4 ,x comb9es ! mo/ ascetic self-d5ials & ab/raction f life ) ! mo/ voluptu\s self-indulg5ce4 ,! key to ! :ole sy/em ( ,h9doo ?\ght & life is 9 ?is orig9al t5d5cy to see ,god1 n man2 et]nity1 n "t2 ! inf9ite1 n ! f9ite4 ,buddhism1 :i* 0 a revolt f ,brahmanism1 has exactly ! opposite tru?s & ! opposite defects4 ,:]e ,brahmanism is /rong1 x is weak2 :]e ,brahmanism is weak1 x is /rong4 ,x recognizes man1 n ,god2 ! s\l1 n ! all2 ! f9ite1 n ! inf9ite2 morality1 n piety4 ,its only ,god1 ,buddha1 is a man :o has pass$ on ?r\gh innum]able transmigrations1 till1 by means ( exempl>y virtues1 he has rea*$ ! lord%ip ( ! univ]se4 ,its heav51 ,nirvana1 is inde$ ! _w ( inf9ite bliss2 b1 incapable ( cogniz+ ! inf9ite1 x calls x no?+4 ,heav51 be+ ! inconceivable inf9ite1 is equival5t to pure negation4 ,nature1 to ! ,buddhi/1 in/ead ( be+ ! delusive %ad[ ( ,god1 z ! ,brahman views x1 is envisag$ z a nexus ( laws1 :i* rew>d & puni% imp>tially bo? ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce4 ,! sy/em ( ,confucius has _m m]its1 especially 9 its influ5ce on society4 ,! mo/ cons]vative ( all sy/ems1 & also ! mo/ prosaic1 its ess5tial virtue is rev]5ce = all t is4 ,x is n p]plex$ by any fe> or hope ( *ange2 ! ?+ :i* has be5 is t :i* %all be2 & ! v idea ( progress is elim9at$ f ! ?\ght ( ,*9a4 ,safety1 repose1 peace1 ^! are its bless+s4 ,probably m]ely physical com=t1 e>?ly bi5-tre1 0 nev] c>ri$ fur!r ?an 9 ! ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,t virtue s mu* explod$ 9 ,we/]n civilization1 ( respect = p>5ts1 rema9s 9 full =ce 9 ,*9a4 ,! emp]or is honor$ z ! fa!r ( 8 p2 ance/ors are wor%ipp$ 9 e family2 & ! be/ rew>d (f]$ = a good action is a pat5t ( nobility1 :i* does n rea* =w>d to "o's *ildr51 b backw>d to "o's p>5ts4 ,?is is ! bright side ( ,*9ese life2 ! d>k side is ! fe>ful ennui1 ! moral dea?1 :i* falls on a p among :om !re are no su* ?+s z hope1 expectation1 or ! s5se ( progress4 ,h5ce ! habit ( suicide among ?is p1 indicat+ _! small hold on life4 ,9 e ,*9ese drama !re are two or ?ree suicides4 ,a soldi] w commit suicide r ?an g into battle4 ,if y displease a ,*9aman1 he w res5t ! (f5ce by kill+ himself on y\r door/ep1 hop+ ?us to give y "s inconv5i5ce4 ,su* are ! m]its & su* ! defects ( ! sy/em ( ,confucius4 ,! doctr9e ( ,zoroa/] & ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a is f> nobl]4 ,its c5tral ?\ght is t ea* man is a soldi]1 b\nd to battle = good aga9/ evil4 ,! _w1 at ! pres5t "t1 is ! sc5e ( a great w>f>e betwe5 ! ho/s ( light & ^? ( d>kness4 ,e man :o ?9ks purely1 speaks purely1 & acts purely is a s]vant ( ,ormazd1 ! k+ ( light1 & !reby helps on 8 cause4 ,! result ( ?is doctr9e 0 t wond]ful ,p]sian empire1 :i* a/oni%$ ! _w = c5turies by its brilliant successes2 & ! virtue & intellig5ce ( ! ,p>sees ( ! pres5t "t1 ! only repres5tatives 9 ! _w ( t v5]able religion4 ,! "o ?+ lack+ to ! sy/em is unity4 ,x lives 9 p]petual conflict4 ,its virtues are all ! virtues ( a soldi]4 ,its defects & m]its are1 bo?1 ! pol> opposites ( ^? ( ,*9a4 ,if ! ev]la/+ peace ( ,*9a t5ds to moral /agnation & dea?1 ! p]petual /ruggle & conflict ( ,p]sia t5ds to exhau/ion4 ,! ,p]sian empire ru%$ ?r\gh a %ort c>e] ( flame to its tomb2 ! ,*9ese empire vegetates1 un*ang$1 ?r\gh a myriad ( ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ,brahmanism & ,buddhism occupy ! opposite poles ( ! same axis ( ?\ght1--if ! sy/em ( ,confucius /&s oppos$1 on ano!r axis1 to t ( ,zoroa/]1--we f9d a ?ird developm5t ( l pol> antagonisms 9 ! sy/ems ( anci5t ,egypt & ,greece4 ,egypt /&s = ,nature2 ,greece = ,man4 ,inscrutable z is ! my/]y ( t ,sph9x ( ! ,nile1 ! old religion ( ,egypt1 we c yet trace "s phases ( its secret4 ,its rev]5ce = organization appe>s 9 ! practice ( embalm+4 ,! bodies ( m5 & ( animals seem$ to x to be div9e4 ,ev5 vegetable organization _h some?+ sacr$ 9 x3 ,o holy nation1 said ! ,roman satiri/1 ^: gods gr[ 9 g>d5s6 ,t pla/ic =ce ( nature :i* appe>s 9 organic life & gr[? made up1 9 v>i\s =ms1 z we %all see 9 ! prop] place1 ! ,egyptian ,pan!on4 ,! life-=ce ( nature became divid$ into ! ?ree gr\ps ( gods1 ! highe/ ( :i* repres5t$ its l>ge/ g5]alizations4 ,kneph1 ,nei?1 ,seve*1 ,pas*t1 are symbols1 accord+ to ,lepsius1 ( ! ,_w-,_s1 ! ,_w-,matt]1 ,space & ,"t4 ,ea* circle ( ! gods %[s u "s work+ ( ! my/]i\s p[]s ( nature1 & ( its occult laws4 ,b :5 we come to ,greece1 ^! p]sonifi$ laws turn into m54 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! ,greek ,pan!on is human4 ,all human t5d5cies appe> transfigur$ into gl[+ =ms ( light on ,m\nt ,olympus4 ,! gods ( ,egypt are p[]s & laws2 ^? ( ,greece are p]sons4 ,! opposite t5d5cies ( ^! antagoni/ =ms ( piety appe> 9 ! developm5t ( ,egyptian & ,hell5ic life4 ,! gods ( ,egypt 7 my/]ies too f> remov$ f ! popul> appreh5sion to be objects ( wor%ip2 & s religion 9 ,egypt became prie/craft4 ,9 ,greece1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gods 7 too famili>1 too ne> to ! p1 to be wor%ipp$ ) any real rev]5ce4 ,p>tak+ 9 all human faults & vices1 x mu/ soon] or lat] come to pass t famili>ity w\ld bre$ contempt4 ,& z ! religion ( ,egypt p]i%$ f be+ kept away f ! p1 z an esot]ic sy/em 9 ! h&s ( prie/s1 t ( ,greece1 9 :i* !re 0 no prie/hood z an ord]1 came to an end because ! gods ceas$ to be objects ( respect at all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we see1 f ^! examples1 h[ ea* ( ! great e?nic religions t5ds to a disproportionate & excessive1 because "o-sid$1 /atem5t ( "s div9e tru? or law4 ,! "q !n em]ges at ?is po9t3 ,is ,*ri/ianity also "o-sid$1 or does x conta9 9 itself all ^! tru?s8 ,is x t]es atque rotundus1 s z to be able to meet e natural religion ) a k9dr$ tru?1 & ?us to supply ! defects ( ea* f its own fulness8 ,if x c be %[n to possess ?is amplitude1 x at once is plac$ by itself 9 an ord] ( its own4 ,x is n to be classifi$ ) ! o!r religions1 s9ce x does n %>e _! "o family fault4 ,9 e o!r in/ance we c t\* ) our f+] ! weak place1 ! empty side4 ,is !re any su* weak side 9 ,*ri/ianity8 ,x is ! (fice ( ,comp>ative ,!ology to answ]4 ,! positive side ( ,brahmanism we saw to be its s5se ( spiritual realities4 ,t is also fully pres5t 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,n m]ely does ?is appe> 9 su* ,new ,te/am5t texts z ^!3 ,god is _s1 ,! lett] kille?1 ! _s give? life3 n only does ! ,new ,te/am5t j graze & escape ,pan!ism 9 su* passages z ,f :om1 & ?r\gh :om1 & to :om are all ?+s1 ,:o is above all1 & ?r\gh all1 & 9 u all1 ,9 him we live & move & h our be+1 b ! :ole hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity is ! record ( a spiritualism almo/ too excessive4 ,x has appe>$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,*ur*1 ! hymns ( ! ,*ur*1 ! t5d5cies to asceticism1 ! depreciation ( e>? & man4 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 fully meets ,brahmanism on its positive side1 :ile x fulfils its negations1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 by add+ z full a recognition ( man & nature4 ,! positive side ( ,buddhism is its cognition ( ! human s\l & ! natural laws ( ! univ]se4 ,n[1 if we look into ! ,new ,te/am5t & into ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 we f9d ?is elem5t also fully express$4 ,x appe>s 9 all ! p>ables & tea*+s ( ,jesus1 9 :i* man is repres5t$ z a responsible ag5t1 rew>d$ or puni%$ accord+ to ! exact measure ( 8 works2 receiv+ ! gov]nm5t ( t5 or five cities accord+ to 8 /ew>d%ip4 ,& :5 we look into ! practical work+ ( ,*ri/ianity we f9d almo/ an exagg]at$ /ress laid on ! duty ( sav+ "o's s\l4 ,?is excessive e/imate is *iefly se5 9 ! mona/ic sy/em ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & 9 ! ,calv9i/ic sects ( ,prote/antism4 ,x also comes to light aga91 curi\sly en\gh1 9 su* books z ,combe's ,con/itution ( ,man1 ! !ory ( :i* is exactly ! same z t ( ! ,buddhi/s2 namely1 t ! aim ( life is a prud5tial virtue1 consi/+ 9 wise ob$i5ce to ! natural laws ( ! univ]se4 ,bo? sy/ems sub/itute prud5ce = ,provid5ce z ! arbit] ( human de/9y4 ,b1 ap>t f ^! special t5d5cies 9 ,*ri/ianity1 x _c be d\bt$ t all ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce recognizes ! positive tru? ( ,buddhism 9 reg>d+ ! human s\l z a sub/antial1 f9ite1 b progressive monad1 n to be absorb$1 z 9 ,brahmanism1 9 ! abyss ( absolute be+4 ,! positive side ( ! sy/em ( ,confucius is ! organization ( ! /ate on ! basis ( ! family4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! emp]or is pat]nal gov]nm5t1 ! ob$i5ce ( ! subject is filial ob$i5ce4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,jesus did n = ! fir/ "t call ,god ! ,fa!r1 he fir/ br\ght m5 into a truly filial relation to ,god4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* is organiz$ on ! family idea4 ,! ^w ,pope means ! ,fa!r2 he is ! fa!r ( ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,e bi%op & e prie/ is also ! fa!r ( a small] family1 & all ^? born into ! ,*ur* are its *ildr51 z all born into a family are born sons & daught]s ( ! family4 ,9 ,prote/antism1 also1 society is compos$ ( families z ! body is made up ( cells4 ,only 9 ,*9a1 & 9 ,*ri/5dom1 is family life ?us sacr$ & wor%ipful4 ,9 "s patri>*al sy/ems1 polygamy annuls ! wife & ! "m2 9 o!rs ! fa!r is a despot1 & ! *ildr5 slaves2 9 o!r sy/ems1 ! cru%+ au?ority ( ! /ate de/roys ! indep5d5ce ( ! h\sehold4 ,*ri/ianity alone accepts ) ,*9a ! religion ( family life ) all its cons]vative elem5ts1 :ile x fulfils x ) ! l>g] hope ( ! k+dom ( heav5 & bro!rhood ( mank9d4 ,?is idea ( ! k+dom ( heav51 s c5tral 9 ,*ri/ianity1 is also ! ess5tial motive 9 ! religion ( ,zoroa/]4 ,z1 9 ! ,z5d ,ave/a1 e man is a soldi]1 fight+ = light or = d>kness1 & neutrality is impossible2 s1 9 ! ,gospel1 light & good /& oppos$ to d>kness & evil z p]petual foes4 ,a c]ta9 curr5t ( dualism runs ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures & ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,god & ,satan1 heav5 & hell1 are ! only alt]natives4 ,e "o mu/ *oose betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! curr5t !ology1 ?is dualism has be5 s emphasiz$ z ev5 to exce$ t ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 ,! doctr9e ( ev]la/+ puni%m5t & an ev]la/+ hell has always be5 ! or?odox doctr9e 9 ,*ri/ianity1 :ile ! ,z5d ,ave/a probably1 & ! religion 9 its subsequ5t developm5t c]ta9ly1 tea*es univ]sal re/oration1 & ! ultimate triumph ( good ov] evil4 ,nev]!less1 practically1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] ri*ness & fulness ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?is t5d5cy to dualism has be5 neutraliz$ by its mono!ism1 & evil kept subord9ate2 :ile1 9 ! ,z5d religion1 ! evil pr9ciple assum$ su* proportions z to make x ! =midable rival ( good 9 ! m9d ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,"h1 z be=e1 we may say t ,*ri/ianity is able to d ju/ice to all ! tru? involv$ 9 ! doctr9e ( evil1 avoid+ any sup]ficial optimism1 & recogniz+ ! fact t all true life mu/ p>take ( ! nature ( a battle4 ,! positive side ( ,egyptian religion we saw to be a recognition ( ! div9e elem5t 9 nature1 ( t pla/ic1 my/]i\s life :i* embodies itself 9 all organisms4 ,( ?is view we f9d little /at$ explicitly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b t ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity conta9 x1 implicitly1 9 an undevelop$ =m1 appe>s1 7#a47 ,because ,*ri/ian mono!ism diff]s f ,jewi% & ,mohamm$an mono!ism1 9 recogniz+ ,god 9 all ?+s z well z ,god above all ?+s4 7#b47 ,because ,*ri/ian art & lit]ature diff] f classic art & lit]ature 9 ! romantic elem5t1 :i* is exactly ! s5se ( ?is my/]i\s life 9 nature4 ,! classic arti/ is a 1 a mak]2 ! romantic arti/ is a tr\bad\r1 a f9d]4 ,! "o does 8 "w 9 giv+ =m to a dead mat]ial2 ! o!r1 by seek+ = its hidd5 life4 7#c47 ,because mod]n sci5ce is inv5tion1 i4e4 f9d+4 ,x recognizes my/]ies 9 nature :i* are to be se>*$ into1 & ?is se>* becomes a s]i\s religi\s int]e/ ) all truly sci5tific m54 ,x appe>s to su* m5 a pr(anity to d\bt or "q ! revelations ( nature1 & !y believe 9 its infallible inspiration q z mu* z ! dogmati/ believes 9 ! infallible inspiration ( ,scripture1 or ! *ur*man 9 ! infallible inspiration ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we may1 !re=e1 say1 t ! ess5tial tru? 9 ! ,egyptian sy/em has be5 tak5 up into our mod]n ,*ri/ian life4 ,& h[ is x1 la/ly1 ) t opposite pole ( religi\s ?\ght :i* blossom$ out 9 ! fair humanities ( old religion 9 ! wond]ful ,hell5ic m9d8 ,! gods ( ,greece 7 m54 ,!y 7 n ab/ract ideas1 conceal+ natural p[]s & laws4 ,!y 7 op5 z sun%9e1 bright z noon1 a fair company ( m5 & wom5 idealiz$ & graci\s1 j a little way (f1 a little way up4 ,x 0 humanity project$ ^u ! skies1 div9e creatures ( m ?an mortal beauty1 b ?rill+ ) human life & human sympa?ies4 ,has ,*ri/ianity any?+ to (f] 9 ! place ( ?is *>m+ sy/em ( human gods & goddesses8 ,we answ] t ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity is ! inc>nation1 ! ^w made fle%4 ,x is ,god reveal$ 9 man4 ,"u "s doctr9al type ?is has always be5 believ$4 ,! common ,tr9it>ian doctr9e /ates x 9 a some:at crude & illogical =m4 ,yet someh[ ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus has always be5 se5 to be ! be/ revelation ( ,god4 ,b unless !re 7 "s human elem5t 9 ! ,deity1 he c\ld n reveal himself s 9 a human life4 ,! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation1 !re=e1 repeats ! ,mosaic /atem5t t man 0 made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,jewi% & ,mohamm$an mono!ism sep>ate ,god entirely f ! _w4 ,philosophic mono!ism1 9 our day1 sep>ates ,god f man1 by tea*+ t !re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 ! two by :i* ,god c be m$iat$1 & s makes him :olly incompreh5sible4 ,*ri/ianity gives u ,emmanuel1 ,god ) u1 equally remov$ f ! /]n despotic omnipot5ce ( ! ,semitic mono!ism & ! f9ite & imp]fect humanities ( ,olympus4 ,we see ,god 9 ,*ri/1 z full ( sympa?y ) man1 ,god 9 u all2 & yet we see him 9 nature1 provid5ce1 hi/ory1 z above all & ?r\gh all4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* has1 p]haps1 humaniz$ religion too f>4 ,= e god & goddess ( ,greece %e has giv5 u1 on "s immortal canvas1 an ar*angel or a sa9t to be ador$ & lov$4 ,in/ead ( ,apollo & ! ,py?on we h ,guido's ,/4 ,mi*ael & ! ,dragon2 9 place ( ! light1 airy ,m]cury %e provides a ,/4 ,seba/ian2 in/ead ( ! unt\*$ ,diana1 "s heav5ly ,agnes or ,cecilia4 ,! ,ca?olic heav5 is peopl$1 all ! way up1 ) beautiful human =ms2 & on ! upp] ?rone we h hol9ess & t5d]ness inc>nate 9 ! que5 ( heav5 & h] div9e ,son4 ,all ! ,greek humanities are ?us fulfill$ 9 ! ample fai? ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,by su* a critical survey z we h ?us sket*$ 9 m]e outl9e x w be se5 t ea* ( ! great e?nic religions is full on "o side1 b empty on ! o!r1 :ile ,*ri/ianity is full all r\nd4 ,*ri/ianity is adapt$ to take _! place1 n because !y are false1 b because !y are true z f> z !y g4 ,!y "k 9 "p & prophesy 9 "p2 b :5 t :i* is p]fect is come1 !n t :i* is 9 "p %all be done away4 #h4 ,comp>ative ,!ology w probably %[ t ,e?nic ,religions are arre/$1 or deg5]ate1 & w come to an ,end1 :ile ! ,ca?olic ,religion is capable ( a progressive ,developm5t4 ,! religions ( ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 h come to an end2 hav+ %>$ ! fate ( ! national civilization ( :i* ea* 0 a "p4 ,! religions ( ,*9a1 ,islam1 ,buddha1 & ,juda h all be5 arre/$1 & rema9 un*ang$ & seem+ly un*angeable4 ,l great vessels an*or$ 9 a /ream1 ! curr5t ( "t fl[s pa/ !m1 & ea* ye> !y are fur!r beh9d ! _s ( ! age1 & less 9 h>mony ) its dem&s4 ,*ri/ianity alone1 ( all human religions1 seems to possess ! p[] ( keep+ abrea/ ) ! advanc+ civilization ( ! _w4 ,z ! *ild's s\l gr[s ) 8 body1 s t :5 he becomes a man x is a man's s\l & n a *ild's1 s ! ,gospel ( ,jesus cont9ues ! s\l ( all human culture4 ,x cont9ually drops its old =ms & takes new ones4 ,x pass$ out ( its ,jewi% body "u ! guidance ( ,paul4 ,9 a speculative age x unfold$ into cre$s & sy/ems4 ,9 a wor%ipp+ age x develop$ c]emonies & a ritual4 ,:5 ! fall ( ,rome left ,europe )\t unity or c5tre1 x gave x an organization & ord] ?r\gh ! ,papacy4 ,:5 ! ,papacy became a tyranny1 & ! ,r5aissance call$ = free ?\ght1 x sudd5ly put =? ,prote/antism1 z ! tree by ! wat]-side s5ds =? its %oots 9 due season4 ,prote/antism1 free z air1 op5s out into ! v>i\s sects1 ea* tak+ hold ( "s human ne$2 ,lu!ranism1 ,calv9ism1 ,me?odism1 ,sw$5borgianism1 or ,rationalism4 ,*ri/ianity blossoms out into mod]n sci5ce1 lit]ature1 art1--*ildr5 :o inde$ (t5 =get _! "m1 & are ignorant ( _! s\rce1 b :i* are /ill f$ f h] brea/s & p>take ( h] life4 ,*ri/ianity1 ! _s ( fai?1 hope1 & love1 is ! deep f\nta9 ( mod]n civilization4 ,its inv5tions are = ! _m1 n = ! few4 ,its sci5ce is n ho>d$1 b diffus$4 ,x elevates ! masses1 :o ev]y:]e else h be5 trampl$ d[n4 ,! fri5d ( ! p1 x t5ds to free s*ools1 a free press1 a free gov]nm5t1 ! abolition ( slav]y1 w>1 vice1 & ! melioration ( society4 ,we _c1 inde$1 "h prove t ,*ri/ianity is ! cause ( ^! features peculi> to mod]n life2 b we f9d x ev]y:]e associat$ ) !m1 & s we c say t x only1 ( all ! religions ( mank9d1 has be5 capable ( accompany+ man 9 8 progress f evil to good1 f good to bett]4 ,we h m]ely sugge/$ "s ( ! results to :i* ! /udy ( ,comp>ative ,!ology may lead u4 ,!y w appe> m fully z we proce$ 9 our exam9ation ( ! religions1 & subsequ5tly 9 _! comp>ison4 ,?is introductory *apt] has be5 design$ z a sket* ( ! c\rse :i* ! "w w take4 ,:5 we h complet$ our survey1 ! results to :i* we hope to arrive w be ^!1 if we succe$ 9 :at we h und]tak53-- #a4 ,all ! great religions ( ! _w1 except ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism1 are e?nic religions1 or religions limit$ to a s+le nation or race4 ,*ri/ianity alone 7includ+ ,mohamm$anism & ,judaism1 :i* are its tempor>y & local =ms7 is ! religion ( all races4 #b4 ,e e?nic religion has its positive & negative side4 ,its positive side is t :i* holds "s vital tru?2 its negative side is ! abs5ce ( "s o!r ess5tial tru?4 ,e su* religion is true & provid5tial1 b ea* limit$ & imp]fect4 #c4 ,*ri/ianity alone is a 1 or a fulness ( tru?1 n com+ to de/roy b to fulfil ! previ\s religions2 b be+ capable ( replac+ !m by tea*+ all ! tru? !y h taught1 & supply+ t :i* !y h omitt$4 #d4 ,*ri/ianity1 be+ n a sy/em b a life1 n a cre$ or a =m1 b a _s1 is able to meet all ! *ang+ wants ( an advanc+ civilization by new developm5ts & adaptations1 con/antly fe$+ ! life ( man at its roots by fre% supplies ( fai? 9 ,god & fai? 9 man4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,confucius & ! ,*9ese1 or ! ,prose ( ,asia4 #a4 ,peculi>ities ( ,*9ese ,civilization4 #b4 ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t bas$ on ,education4 ,civil-,s]vice ,exam9ations4 #c4 ,life & ,"* ( ,confucius4 #d4 ,philosophy & subsequ5t ,developm5t ( ,confucianism4 #e4 ,lao-tse & ,tao-ism4 #f4 ,religi\s ,"* ( ! ,k+s4 #g4 ,confucius & ,*ri/ianity4 ,"* ( ! ,*9ese4 #h4 ,! ,tae-p+ ,insurrection4 ,,note4 ,! ,ne/orian ,inscription 9 ,*9a ( ! ,eigh? ,c5tury4 #a4 ,peculi>ities ( ,*9ese ,civilization4 ,9 qualify+ ! ,*9ese m9d z prosaic1 & 9 call+ ! writ+s ( ,confucius & 8 successors prose1 we int5d no disrespect to ei!r4 ,prose is z good z poetry4 ,b we mean to indicate ! po9t ( view f :i* ! /udy ( ! ,*9ese tea*]s %\ld be approa*$4 ,accu/om$ to reg>d ! ,ea/ z ! l& ( imag9ation2 read+ 9 our *ildhood ! wild romances ( ,arabia2 pass+1 9 ! poetry ( ,p]sia1 into an atmosph]e ( t5d] & entranc+ song2 !n1 z we g f>!r ,ea/ into ,india1 enc\nt]+ ! va/ epics ( ! ,mah-,bhrata & ! ,rmyana2--we might naturally expect to f9d 9 f> ,ca?ay a /ill wild] flight ( ! ,asiatic ,muse4 ,n at all4 ,we drop at once f unbridl$ romance into ! mo/ colorless prose4 ,ano!r race comes to u1 :i* seems to h no aff9ity ) ,asia1 z we h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k ( ,asia4 ,no m aspiration1 no flights ( fancy1 b ! wor%ip ( ord]1 dec5cy1 propriety1 & peaceful commonplaces4 ,z ! p1 s ! prie/s4 ,! works ( ,confucius & 8 comm5tators are z level z ! valley ( _! great riv]1 ! ,yang-tse-kiang1 :i* ! tide asc5ds = f\r hundr$ miles4 ,all 9 ^! writ+s is calm1 s]i\s1 & moral ,!y assume t all m5 desire to be made bett]1 & w take ! tr\ble to f9d out h[ !y c be made s4 ,x is n ?\ght necess>y to entice !m into goodness by ! attractions ( eloqu5ce1 ! *>m ( imag]y1 or ! fasc9ations ( a brilliant wit4 ,^! philosoph]s h a ,quak] /yle1 a dress ( pla9 drab1 us$ only = clo?+ ! ?\ght1 n at all = its ornam5t4 ,& surely we ought n to ask = any o!r attraction ?an ! subject itself1 9 ord] to f9d int]e/ 9 ,*9a & its tea*]s4 ,! ,*9ese ,empire1 :i* conta9s m ?an five millions ( squ>e miles1 or twice ! area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has a population ( five hundr$ millions1 or half ! numb] ( ! human be+s inhabit+ ! globe4 ,*9a prop]1 inhabit$ by ! ,*9ese1 is half z l>ge z ,europe1 & conta9s ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sixty millions ( inhabitants4 ,!re are eighte5 prov9ces 9 ,*9a1 _m ( :i* conta91 s+ly1 m inhabitants ?an "s ( ! great /ates ( ,europe4 ,b on _m o!r acc\nts ?is nation is deeply int]e/+4 ,*9a is ! type ( p]man5ce 9 ! _w4 ,to say t x is old] ?an any o!r exi/+ nation is say+ v little4 ,h]odotus1 :o has be5 call$ ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory1 travell$ 9 ,egypt ab\t #dej ,b4,c4 ,he /udi$ its monum5ts1 be>+ ! names ( k+s :o 7 z di/ant f 8 "t z he is f ours1--monum5ts :i* ev5 !n belong$ to a gray antiquity4 ,b ! k+s :o erect$ ^? monum5ts 7 possibly po/]ior to ! f\nd]s ( ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,porcela9 vessels1 ) ,*9ese mottoes on !m1 h be5 f\nd 9 ^? anci5t tombs1 9 %ape1 mat]ial1 & appe>ance precisely l ^? :i* are made 9 ,*9a to-day2 & ,rosell9i believes !m to h be5 import$ f ,*9a by k+s contempor>y ) ,moses1 or be=e him4 ,?is nation & its in/itutions h outla/$ ev]y?+4 ,! anci5t ,bactrian & ,assyrian k+doms1 ! ,p]sian mon>*y1 ,greece & ,rome1 h all ris51 fl\ri%$1 & fall51--& ,*9a cont9ues /ill ! same4 ,! dyna/y has be5 occasionally *ang$2 b ! laws1 cu/oms1 in/itutions1 all t makes national life1 h cont9u$4 ,! au!ntic hi/ory ( ,*9a comm5ces "s two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & a ?\s& ye>s 9 ?is hi/ory is l a c5tury 9 t ( any o!r p4 ,! oral language ( ,*9a has cont9u$ ! same t x is n[ = ?irty c5turies4 ,! great wall b\nd+ ! empire on ! nor?1 :i* is twelve hundr$ & =ty miles long & tw5ty feet high1 ) t[]s e few hundr$ y>ds1--:i* crosses m\nta9 ridges1 desc5ds into valleys1 & is c>ri$ ov] riv]s on ar*es1--0 built two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 probably to repel ^? fi]ce tribes :o1 aft] ineffectual attempts to conqu] ,*9a1 travell$ we/w>d till !y appe>$ on ! bord]s ( ,europe five hundr$ ye>s lat]1 &1 "u ! "n ( ,huns1 assi/$ 9 ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,all ,*9a 0 int]sect$ ) canals at a p]iod :5 none exi/$ 9 ,europe4 ,! great canal1 l ! great wall1 is unrivall$ by any simil> exi/+ "w4 ,x is twice ! l5g? ( ! ,erie ,canal1 is f two hundr$ to a ?\s& feet wide1 & has enorm\s banks built ( solid granite along a great "p ( its c\rse4 ,"o ( ! important me*anical inv5tions ( mod]n ,europe is ! ,artesian well4 ,t sunk at ,gr5elle1 9 ,france1 0 long suppos$ to be ! deepe/ 9 ! _w1 go+ d[n eighte5 hundr$ feet4 ,"o at ,/4 ,l\is1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has s9ce be5 drill$ to a dep?1 z has rec5tly be5 /at$1 ( ab\t f\r ?\s&4#i ,b 9 ,*9a ^! wells are f\nd by t5s ( ?\s&s1 sunk at v remote p]iods to obta9 salt wat]4 ,! me?od us$ by ! ,*9ese f immemorial "t has rec5tly be5 adopt$ in/ead ( our own z be+ ! mo/ simple & economical4 ,! ,*9ese h be5 long acqua9t$ ) ! circulation ( ! blood2 !y inoculat$ = ! small-pox 9 ! n9? c5tury2 & ab\t ! same "t !y inv5t$ pr9t+4 ,_! bronze money 0 made z e>ly z #aajj ,b4,c41 & its =m has n be5 *ang$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! m>9]'s compass1 gunp[d]1 & ! art ( pr9t+ 7 made kn[n to ,europe ?r\gh /ories told by mission>ies return+ f ,asia4 ,^! mission>ies1 coa/+ ! %ores ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire 9 ,*9ese junks1 saw a little box conta9+ a magnetiz$ ne$le1 call$ ,t+-nan-,t*51 or ne$le :i* po9ts to ! s\?4 ,!y also notic$ t]rible ma*9es us$ by ! armies 9 ,*9a call$ ,ho-pao or fire-guns1 into :i* 0 put an inflammable p[d]1 :i* produc$ a noise l ?und] & project$ /ones & pieces ( iron ) irresi/ible =ce4 ,fa!r ,hue1 9 8 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,*9a1 says t ! ,europeans :o p5etrat$ into ,*9a 7 no less /ruck ) ! libr>ies ( ! ,*9ese ?an ) _! artill]y4 ,!y 7 a/oni%$ at ! sight ( ! elegant books pr9t$ rapidly ^u a pliant1 silky pap] by means ( wood5 blocks4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! classical works pr9t$ 9 ,*9a appe>$ 9 #ieh1 five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! inv5tion ( ,gut5b]g4 ,! mission>ies _h1 d\btless1 (t5 be5 busi$ 9 _! conv5ts ) ! labori\s "w ( copy+ manuscript books1 & ! simple ,*9ese me?od ( pr9t+ mu/ h p>ticul>ly attract$ _! att5tion4 ,_m o!r m>vell\s productions 7 notic$1 su* z silk1 porcela91 play+-c>ds1 spectacles1 & o!r products ( art & indu/ry unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,!y br\ght back ^! new ideas to ,europe2 '& f t "t1' says ,abel ,remusat1 '! ,we/ began to hold 9 due e/eem ! mo/ beautiful1 ! mo/ popul\s1 & ! mo/ anci5tly civiliz$ ( all ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,! arts1 ! religi\s fai?1 & ! languages ( its p 7 /udi$1 & x 0 ev5 propos$ to e/abli% a pr(essor%ip = ! ,t>t> language 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,! _w seem$ to op5 t[>ds ! ,ea/2 geography made imm5se /rides1 & ardor = discov]y op5$ a new v5t = ! adv5tur\s _s ( ! ,europeans4 ,z our own hemisph]e became bett] kn[n1 ! idea ( ano!r ceas$ to appe> a :olly improbable p>adox2 & 9 seek+ ! ,zipangon ( ,m>co ,polo1 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus discov]$ ! ,new ,_w4' ,! fir/ aspect ( ,*9a produces t impression on ! m9d :i* we call ! grotesque4 ,?is is m]ely because ! cu/oms ( ?is s+ul> nation are s opposite to our own4 ,!y seem morally1 no less ?an physically1 our antipodes4 ,_! habits are z opposite to ours z ! direction ( _! bodies4 ,we /& feet to feet 9 ev]y?+4 ,9 box+ ! compass !y say we/nor? in/ead ( nor?we/1 ea/s\? in/ead ( s\!a/1 & _! compass-ne$le po9ts s\? in/ead ( nor?4 ,_! soldi]s we> quilt$ petticoats1 sat9 boots1 & bead necklaces1 c>ry umbrellas & fans1 & g to a night attack ) lant]ns 9 _! h&s1 be+ m afraid ( ! d>k ?an ( expos+ !mselves to ! enemy4 ,! p are v fond ( fireworks1 b pref] to h !m 9 ! daytime4 ,ladies' ride 9 :eelb>r[s1 & c[s are driv5 9 c>riages4 ,:ile 9 ,europe ! feet are put 9 ! /ocks1 9 ,*9a ! /ocks are hung r\nd ! neck4 ,9 ,*9a ! family "n comes fir/1 & ! p]sonal "n aft]w>d4 ,in/ead ( say+ ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 or ,walt] ,scott !y w\ld say ,frankl9 ,b5jam91 ,scott ,walt]4 ,?us ! ,*9ese "n ( ,confucius1 ,kung-fu-tsee1 means ! ,holy ,ma/] ,kung2--,kung is ! family "n4 ,9 ! rec5t w>s ) ! ,engli% ! m&>9s or soldi]s w\ld sometimes run away1 & !n commit suicide to avoid puni%m5t4 ,9 gett+ on a horse1 ! ,*9ese m\nt on ! "r side4 ,_! old m5 fly kites1 :ile ! little boys look on4 ,! left h& is ! seat ( honor1 & to keep on y\r hat is a sign ( respect4 ,visit+ c>ds are pa9t$ r$1 & are f\r feet long4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,*9ese1 ! seat ( ! und]/&+ is ! /oma*4 ,!y h villages :i* conta9 a million ( inhabitants4 ,_! boats are drawn by m51 b _! c>riages are mov$ by sails4 ,a m>ri$ woman :ile "y & pretty is a slave1 b :5 %e becomes old & )]$ is ! mo/ p[]ful1 respect$1 & belov$ p]son 9 ! family4 ,! emp]or is reg>d$ ) ! mo/ pr(\nd rev]5ce1 b ! empress "m is a great] p]son ?an he4 ,:5 a man furni%es 8 h\se1 in/ead ( lay+ /ress1 z we d1 on rosewood pianos & c>v$ mahogany1 8 fir/ ambition is = a h&some camphor-wood c(f91 :i* he keeps 9 ! be/ place 9 8 room4 ,! int]e/ ( money is ?irty-six p] c5t1 :i*1 to be sure1 we also give 9 h>d times to /ave (f a /oppage1 :ile ) !m x is ! legal rate4 ,we once he>d a bad d9n] describ$ ?us3 ,! meat 0 cold1 ! w9e 0 hot1 & ev]y?+ 0 s\r b ! v9eg>4 ,?is w\ld n s mu* displease ! ,*9ese1 :o c>efully w>m _! w9e1 :ile we ice ours4 ,!y und]/& good liv+1 h[ev]1 v well1 are great epicures1 & some:at g\rm&s1 =1 aft] d9+ on ?irty di%es1 !y w sometimes eat a duck by way ( a f9i%4 ,!y toss _! meat into _! m\?s to a tune1 e man keep+ "t ) 8 *op-/icks1 :ile we1 on ! contr>y1 make any?+ b h>mony ) ! clatt] ( our knives & =ks4 ,a ,*9aman w n dr9k a drop ( milk1 b he w dev\r birds'-ne/s1 snails1 & ! f9s ( %>ks ) a great reli%4 ,our m\rn+ color is black & !irs is :ite2 !y m\rn = _! p>5ts ?ree ye>s1 we a mu* %ort] "t4 ,! pr9cipal room 9 _! h\ses is call$ ! hall ( ance/ors1 ! pictures or tablets ( :om1 set up aga9/ ! wall1 are wor%ipp$ by !m2 we1 on ! o!r h&1 are only too apt to s5d our gr&fa!r's portrait to ! g>ret4#aj #b4 ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t bas$ on ,education4 ,civil-,s]vice ,exam9ations4 ,su* are a few ( ! ext]nal diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,*9ese cu/oms & ours4 ,b ! mo/ ess5tial peculi>ity ( ?is nation is ! high value :i* !y attribute to k1 & ! di/9ctions & rew>ds :i* !y be/[ on s*ol>%ip4 ,all ! civil (fices 9 ! ,empire are giv5 z rew>ds ( lit]>y m]it4 ,! gov]nm5t1 inde$1 is call$ a complete despotism1 & ! emp]or is said to h absolute au?ority4 ,he is n b\nd by any writt5 con/itution1 inde$2 b ! public op9ion ( ! l& holds him1 nev]!less1 to a /rict responsibility4 ,he1 no less ?an 8 p1 is b\nd by a law high] ?an t ( any private w1--! au?ority ( cu/om4 ,=1 9 ,*9a1 m ?an any:]e else1 :at is gray ) age becomes religion4 ,! au?ority ( ! emp]or is simply au?ority to gov]n accord+ to ! anci5t usages ( ! c\ntry1 & :5ev] ^! are p]si/5tly violat$1 a revolution takes place & ! dyna/y is *ang$4 ,b a revolution 9 ,*9a *anges no?+ b ! p]son ( ! mon>*2 ! unwritt5 con/itution ( old usages rema9s 9 full =ce4 ,a pr9ciple z old z ! mon>*y1 says ,du ,halde1 is ?is1 t ! /ate is a l>ge family1 & ! emp]or is 9 ! place ( bo? fa!r & "m4 ,he mu/ gov]n 8 p ) affection & goodness2 he mu/ att5d to ! smalle/ matt]s :i* conc]n _! happ9ess4 ,:5 he is n suppos$ to h ?is s5tim5t1 he soon loses 8 hold on ! rev]5ce ( ! p1 & 8 ?rone becomes insecure4 ,! emp]or1 !re=e1 is always /udy+ h[ to pres]ve ?is reputation4 ,:5 a prov9ce is afflict$ by fam9e1 inundation1 or any o!r calamity1 he %uts himself 9 8 palace1 fa/s1 & publi%es decrees to relieve x ( taxes & af=d x aid4 ,! true p[] ( ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! lit]>y class4 ,! gov]nm5t1 ?\gh nom9ally a mon>*y1 is really an ari/ocracy4 ,b x is n an ari/ocracy ( bir?1 l t ( ,engl&1 = ! humble/ man's son c obta9 a place 9 x2 nei!r is x an ari/ocracy ( weal?1 l ours 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor a milit>y ari/ocracy1 l t ( ,russia1 nor an ari/ocracy ( prie/s1 l t ( anci5t ,egypt1 & ( "s mod]n c\ntries1--z1 = in/ance1 t ( ,p>aguay "u ! ,jesuits1 or t ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s "u ! ,prote/ant mission>ies2 b x is a lit]>y ari/ocracy4 ,! civil (fic]s 9 ,*9a are call$ m&>9s4 ,!y are *os5 f ! ?ree degrees ( le>n$ m51 :o may be call$ ! ba*elors1 lic5tiates1 & doctors4 ,all p]sons may be c&idates = ! fir/ degree1 except ?ree exclud$ classes1--boatm51 b>b]s1 & actors4 ,! c&idates are exam9$ by ! gov]nors ( _! own t[ns4 ,( ^? approv$1 a few are select$ aft] ano!r exam9ation4 ,^! aga9 are exam9$ by an (fic] :o makes a circuit once 9 ?ree ye>s = t purpose4 ,!y are plac$ alone 9 little rooms or closets1 ) p5cils1 ink1 & pap]1 & a subject is giv5 !m to write ^u4 ,out ( "s f\r hundr$ c&idates fifte5 may be select$1 :o receive ! l[e/ degree4 ,!re is ano!r tri5nial exam9ation = ! second degree1 at :i* a small numb] ( ! ba*elors are promot$4 ,! exam9ation = ! highe/ degree1 t ( doctor1 is held at ,pek9 only1 :5 "s ?ree hundr$ are tak5 out ( five ?\s&4 ,^! are capable ( receiv+ ! highe/ (fices4 ,:5ev] a vacancy occurs1 "o ( ^? :o h receiv$ a degree is tak5 by lot f ! few s5ior names4 ,b a few ye>s s9ce1 !re 7 five ?\s& ( ! highe/ rank1 & tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& ( ! second rank1 :o _h n receiv$ employm5t4 ,! subjects ^u :i* ! c&idates are exam9$1 & ! me?ods ( ^! exam9ations1 are ?us describ$ 9 ! ,%anghae ,almanac 7#aheb74aa ,! exam9ations = ! degree ( ,keuj9 7or lic5tiate7 takes place at ! pr9cipal city ( ea* prov9ce once 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,! av]age numb] ( ba*elors 9 ! l>ge prov9ce ( ,keang-,nan 7:i* conta9s sev5ty millions ( inhabitants7 is tw5ty ?\s&1 out ( :om only ab\t two hundr$ succe$4 ,sixty-five m&>9s are deput$ = ?is exam9ation1 besides subord9ate (ficials4 ,! two *ief exam9]s are s5t f ,pek94 ,:5 ! c&idates ent] ! exam9ation hall !y are se>*$ = books or manuscripts1 :i* might assi/ !m 9 writ+ _! essays4 ,?is precaution is n sup]flu\s1 = _m plans h be5 inv5t$ to enable m$iocre p to pass4 ,sometimes a ?9 book1 pr9t$ on v small type f copp]plates1 is slipp$ into a hole 9 ! sole ( ! %oe4 ,b p]sons detect$ 9 su* practices are ru9$ = life4 ,9 a li/ ( "o hundr$ & =ty-f\r successful c&idates1 9 #ahea1 ?irte5 7 ov] =ty ye>s ( age1 & "o "u f\rte5 ye>s2 sev5 7 "u tw5ty2 & all1 to succe$1 mu/ h kn[n by he>t ! :ole ( ! ,sacr$ ,books1 besides be+ well read 9 hi/ory4 ,?ree sets ( !mes are giv51 ea* occupy+ two days & a night1 & until t "t is expir$ no "o is all[$ to leave 8 ap>tm5t1 :i* is sc>cely l>ge en\gh to sleep 94 ,! essays mu/ n conta9 m ?an sev5 hundr$ *>act]s1 & no erasure or correction is all[$4 ,on ! fir/ days ! !mes are tak5 f ! ,f\r ,books2 on ! next1 f ! old] classics2 on ! la/1 miscellane\s que/ions are giv54 ,! !mes are su* z ^!3 ,*oo-tsze1 9 comm5t+ on ! ,%oo-,k+1 made use ( f\r au?ors1 :o sometimes say too mu*1 at o!r times too little2 sometimes _! explanations are =c$1 at o!r times too ornam5tal4 ,:at h y to obs]ve on !m8 ,*9%[ _h great abilities = hi/oric writ+4 ,9 8 ,?ree ,k+doms he has depreciat$ ,*oo-ko-leang1 & made v light ( ,e & ,e1 two o!r celebrat$ *>act]s4 ,:at is x t he says ( !m8 ,^! public-s]vice exam9ations are conduct$ ) ! greate/ imp>tiality4 ,!y 7 e/abli%$ ab\t a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & h be5 gradually improv$ dur+ ! int]v5+ "t4 ,!y =m ! basis ( ! :ole sy/em ( ,*9ese gov]nm5t4 ,!y make a good education univ]sally desirable1 z ! poore/ man may see 8 son ?us advanc$ to ! highe/ position4 ,all ( ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s :o prep>e to compete are oblig$ to "k ! :ole sy/em ( ,confucius1 to commit to memory all 8 moral doctr9es1 & to become famili> ) all ! traditional wisdom ( ! l&4 ,?us a public op9ion 9 favor ( exi/+ in/itutions & ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,*9ese gov]nm5t is cont9ually creat$ anew4 ,:at an imm5se advantage x w\ld be to our own c\ntry if we %\ld adopt ?is in/itution ( ,*9a6 ,in/ead ( mak+ (fices ! prize ( impud5ce1 political managem5t1 & p>ty s]vices1 let !m be compet$ = by all :o consid] !mselves qualifi$4 ,let all (fices n[ giv5 by appo9tm5t be h]eaft] be/[$ on ^? :o %[ !mselves be/ qualifi$ to p]=m ! duties4 ,ea* class ( (fices w\ld ( c\rse require a diff]5t k9d ( exam9ation4 ,= "s1 physical culture z well z m5tal might be requir$4 ,p]sons :o wi%$ diplomatic situations %\ld be prep>$ 9 a k ( =eign languages z well z ( int]national law4 ,all %\ld be exam9$ on ! ,con/itution & hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c&idates = ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t %\ld be good copyi/s1 quick at ari?metic1 & acqua9t$ ) book-keep+4 ,x is true t we _c by an exam9ation obta9 a c]ta9 k ( moral qualities2 b indu/ry1 accuracy1 fidelity 9 "w w\ld c]ta9ly %[ !mselves4 ,a *ange f ! pres5t corrupt & corrupt+ sy/em ( appo9tm5ts to t ( competitive exam9ations w\ld d m j n[ = our c\ntry ?an any o!r measure ( recon/ruction :i* c be propos$4 ,! p]man5ce ( ,*9ese in/itutions is believ$1 by ^? :o "k be/1 to result f ! influ5ce ( ! lit]>y class4 ,lit]ature is naturally cons]vative2 ! tone ( ! lit]ature /udi$ is em95tly cons]vative2 & ! mo/ intellig5t m5 9 ! empire are p]sonally int]e/$ 9 ! cont9uance ( ! in/itutions "u :i* !y hope to atta9 position & =tune4 ,! highe/ civil (fices are seats at ! great tribunals or bo>ds1 & ! positions ( vic]oys1 or gov]nors1 ( ! eighte5 prov9ces4 ,! bo>ds are3-- ,ly ,p\1 ,bo>d ( ,appo9tm5t ( ,m&>9s4 ,h\ ,p\1 ,bo>d ( ,f9ance4 ,lee ,p\1 ,bo>d ( ,c]emonies4 ,p+ ,p\1 ,bo>d ( ,w>4 ,h+ ,p\1 ,bo>d ( ,crim9al ,ju/ice4 ,kong ,p\1 ,bo>d ( ,works1--canals1 bridges1 c4 ,! memb]s ( ^! bo>ds1 ) _! c\ncillors & subord9ates1 am\nt to twelve hundr$ (fic]s4 ,!n !re is ! ,bo>d ( ,doctors ( ! ,han ,l9 ,college1 :o h *>ge ( ! ar*ives1 hi/ory ( ! empire1 c42 & ! ,bo>d ( ,c5sors1 :o are ! highe/ m&>9s1 & h a peculi> (fice4 ,_! duty is to /& betwe5 ! p & ! m&>9s1 & betwe5 ! p & ! emp]or1 & ev5 rebuke ! latt] if !y f9d him do+ wrong4 ,?is is r a p]il\s duty1 b x is (t5 fai?fully p]=m$4 ,a c5sor1 :o w5t to tell ! emp]or ( "s faults1 took 8 c(f9 ) him1 & left x at ! door ( ! palace4 ,two c5sors remon/rat$ ) a late emp]or on ! exp5ses ( 8 palace1 specify+ ! sums uselessly lavi%$ = p]fumes & fl[]s = 8 concub9es1 & /at+ t a million ( taels ( silv] might be sav$ = ! poor by r$uc+ ^! exp5ses4 ,sung1 ! commission] :o att5d$ ,"l ,mac>tney1 remon/rat$ ) ! ,emp]or ,kiak+ on 8 atta*m5t to play-actors & /rong dr9k1 :i* degrad$ him 9 ! eyes ( ! p4 ,! emp]or1 highly irritat$1 ask$ him :at puni%m5t he des]v$ = 8 insol5ce4 ,qu>t]+1 said ,sung4 ,*oose ano!r1 said ! emp]or4 ,let me be behead$4 ,*oose aga91 said ! emp]or2 & ,sung ask$ to be /rangl$4 ,! next day ! emp]or appo9t$ him gov]nor ( a di/ant prov9ce1--afraid to puni% him = ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( 8 duty1 b glad to h him at a di/ance4 ,_m su* anecdotes are relat$1 %[+ t !re is "s moral c\rage 9 ,*9a4 ,! gov]nor ( a prov9ce1 or vic]oy1 has great p[]4 ,he also is *os5 f among ! m&>9s 9 ! way describ$4 ,! only limitations ( 8 p[] are ^!3 he is b\nd to make a full report e ?ree ye>s ( ! affairs ( ! prov9ce1 & give 9 x an acc\nt ( 8 own faults1 & if he omits any1 & !y are discov]$ 9 o!r ways1 he is puni%$ by degradation1 bamboo+1 or dea?4 ,x is ! "r ( any subject1 h[ev] humble1 to compla9 to ! emp]or himself aga9/ any (fic]1 h[ev] high2 & = ?is purpose a l>ge drum is plac$ at "o ( ! palace gates4 ,:oev] /rikes x has 8 case exam9$ "u ! emp]or's eye1 & if he has be5 wrong$1 8 wrongs are r$ress$1 b if he has compla9$ unnecess>ily1 he is sev]ely puni%$4 ,imp]ial visitors1 s5t by ! ,bo>d ( ,c5sors1 may sudd5ly arrive at any "t to exam9e ! conc]ns ( a prov9ce2 & a gov]nor or o!r public (fic] :o is caught tripp+ is imm$iately report$ & puni%$4 ,?us ! political in/itutions ( ,*9a are built on lit]ature4 ,k is ! road to p[] & weal?4 ,all ! tal5t & k ( ! nation are int]e/$ 9 ! support ( in/itutions :i* give to !m ei!r p[] or ! hope ( x4 ,& ^! in/itutions "w well4 ,! ma*9]y is simple1 b x produces a va/ am\nt ( happ9ess & dome/ic virtue4 ,:ile 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,asia ! p are oppress$ by petty tyrants1 & gr\nd d[n by taxes1--:ile !y h no motive to improve _! condition1 s9ce e advance w only expose !m to great] extortion1--! p ( ,*9a are indu/ri\s & happy4 ,9 no "p ( ! _w has agriculture be5 c>ri$ to su* p]fection4 ,e piece ( gr\nd 9 ! cultivat$ p>ts ( ! empire1 except ^? portions devot$ to ance/ral monum5ts1 is made to yield two or ?ree crops annually1 by ! c>eful tillage be/[$ on x4 ,! c]emony ( op5+ ! soil at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 at :i* ! emp]or (ficiates1 orig9at$ two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,f>ms are small1--( "o or two acres1--& ea* family raises on its f>m all t x consumes4 ,silk & cotton are cultivat$ & manufactur$ 9 families1 ea* man sp9n+1 weav+1 & dye+ 8 own web4 ,9 ! manufacture ( porcela91 on ! contr>y1 ! division ( labor is c>ri$ v f>4 ,! be/ is made at ! village ( ,kiangsee1 :i* conta9s a million ( inhabitants4 ,sev5ty h&s are sometimes employ$ on a s+le cup4 ,! ,*9ese are v skilful 9 work+ horn & ivory4 ,l>ge lant]ns are made ( horn1 transp>5t & )\t a flaw4 ,at ,birm+ham m5 h tri$ ) ma*9es to cut ivory 9 ! same mann] z ! ,*9ese1 & h fail$4 #c4 ,life & ,"* ( ,confucius4 ,( ?is nation ! great tea*] = tw5ty-?ree c5turies has be5 ,confucius4 ,he 0 born #eea ,b4,c41 & 0 contempor>y ) ! ,t>qu9s1 ,py?agoras1 & ,cyrus4 ,ab\t 8 "t occurr$ ! return ( ! ,jews f ,babylon & ! invasion ( ,greece by ,x]xes4 ,8 desc5dants h always enjoy$ high privileges1 & !re are n[ "s =ty ?\s& ( !m 9 ,*9a1 sev5ty g5]ations & m remov$ f _! great ance/or4 ,8 is ! olde/ family 9 ! _w1 unless we consid] ! ,jews z a s+le family desc5d$ f ,abraham4 ,8 influ5ce1 ?r\gh 8 writ+s1 on ! m9ds ( s _m millions ( human be+s is great] ?an t ( any man :o ev] liv$1 except+ ! writ]s ( ! ,bible2 & 9 say+ ?is we d n =get ! names ( ,mohamm$1 ,ari/otle1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ,lu!r4 ,s f> z we c see1 x is ! influ5ce ( ,confucius :i* has ma9ta9$1 ?\gh probably n orig9at$1 9 ,*9a1 t pr(\nd rev]5ce = p>5ts1 t /rong family affection1 t love ( ord]1 t reg>d = k & def]5ce = lit]>y m51 :i* are fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ all ! ,*9ese in/itutions4 ,8 m9ute & practical sy/em ( morals1 /udi$ z x is by all ! le>n$1 & con/itut+ ! sum ( k & ! pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t 9 ,*9a1 has ex]t$ & ex]ts an influ5ce on t innum]able p :i* x is impossible to e/imate1 b :i* makes u admire ! p[] :i* c emanate f a s+le s\l4 ,to ex]t su* an influ5ce requires greatness4 ,if ! tree is to be kn[n by its fruits1 ,confucius mu/ h be5 "o ( ! ma/] m9ds ( our race4 ,! supposition t a man ( l[ morals or small intellect1 an impo/or or an en?usia/1 c\ld influ5ce ! _w1 is a !ory :i* is an insult to human nature4 ,! "t = su* !ories has happily gone by4 ,we n[ "k t no?+ c come ( no?+1--t a fire ( /raw may make a bright blaze1 b mu/ necess>ily soon g out4 ,a light :i* illum9ates c5turies mu/ be m ?an an ignis fatuus4 ,accord+ly we %\ld approa* ,confucius ) respect1 & expect to f9d some?+ good & wise 9 8 writ+s4 ,x is only a lov+ _s :i* w enable u to p5etrate ! difficulties :i* surr\nd ! /udy1 & to appreh5d some?+ ( ! true g5ius ( ! man & 8 tea*+s4 ,z !re is no imm$iate dang] ( becom+ 8 foll[]s1 we c see no objections to su* a c\rse1 :i* also appe>s to be a species ( m5tal hospitality1 em95tly 9 accordance ) ! _s ( our own ,ma/]4 ,confucius belongs to t small company ( select ones ^: lives h be5 devot$ to ! moral elevation ( _! fell[-m54 ,among !m he /&s high1 = he s\ght to implant ! pure/ pr9ciples ( religion & morals 9 ! "* ( ! :ole p1 & succe$$ 9 do+ x4 ,to %[ t ?is 0 8 purpose x w be necess>y to give a brief sket* ( 8 life4 ,8 ance/ors 7 em95t /atesm5 & soldi]s 9 ! small c\ntry ( ,loo1 !n an indep5d5t k+dom1 n[ a ,*9ese prov9ce4 ,! ye> ( 8 bir? 0 t 9 :i* ,cyrus became k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,8 fa!r1 "o ( ! highe/ (fic]s ( ! k+dom1 & a brave soldi]1 di$ :5 ,confucius 0 ?ree ye>s old4 ,he 0 a /udi\s boy1 & :5 fifte5 ye>s old _h /udi$ ! five sacr$ books call$ ,k+s4 ,he 0 m>ri$ at ! age ( n9ete51 & _h only "o son by 8 only wife4 ,?is son di$ be=e ,confucius1 leav+ z 8 po/]ity a s+le gr&*ild1 f :om ! great multitudes ( 8 desc5dants n[ 9 ,*9a 7 d]iv$4 ,?is gr&son 0 second only to ,confucius 9 wisdom1 & 0 ! tea*] ( ! illu/ri\s ,m5cius4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! life ( ,confucius 0 sp5t 9 attempt+ to re=m ! abuses ( society by means ( ! (ficial /ations :i* he held1 by 8 influ5ce ) pr9ces1 & by travell+ & int]c\rse ) m54 ,! second p]iod 0 t 9 :i* he 0 recall$ f 8 travels to become a m9i/] 9 8 native c\ntry1 ! k+dom ( ,loo4 ,"h he appli$ 8 !ories ( gov]nm5t1 & te/$ _! practicability4 ,he 0 !n fifty ye>s old4 ,8 success 0 soon app>5t 9 ! gr[+ prosp]ity ( ! :ole p4 ,in/ead ( ! tyranny :i* be=e prevail$1 !y 7 n[ rul$ accord+ to 8 idea ( good gov]nm5t1--t ( ! fa!r ( a family4 ,confid5ce 0 re/or$ to ! public m9d1 & all good influ5ces foll[$4 ,b ! tree 0 n yet deeply en\gh root$ to resi/ accid5ts1 & all 8 wise arrangem5ts 7 sudd5ly ov]?r[n by ! caprice ( ! mon>*1 :o1 tir$ ( ! au/]e virtue ( ,confucius1 sudd5ly plung$ into a c>e] ( dissipation4 ,confucius resign$ 8 (fice1 & aga9 became a w&]]1 b n[ ) a new motive4 ,he _h be=e travell$ to le>n1 n[ he travell$ to tea*4 ,he collect$ disciples ar\nd him1 &1 no long] seek+ to ga9 ! e> ( pr9ces1 he diffus$ 8 ideas among ! common p by means ( 8 disciples1 :om he s5t out ev]y:]e to communicate 8 doctr9es4 ,s1 amid _m vicissitudes ( outw>d =tune1 he liv$ till he 0 sev5ty-?ree ye>s old4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life he occupi$ himself 9 publi%+ 8 works1 & 9 edit+ ! ,sacr$ ,books4 ,8 disciples _h become v num]\s1 hi/orians e/imat+ !m at ?ree ?\s&1 ( :om five hundr$ _h atta9$ to (ficial /ation1 sev5ty-two _h p5etrat$ deeply into 8 sy/em1 & t51 ( ! highe/ class ( m9d & "*1 7 cont9ually ne> 8 p]son4 ,( ^! ,hwuy 0 especially valu$ by him1 z hav+ e>ly atta9$ sup]ior virtue4 ,he frequ5tly ref]r$ to him 9 8 conv]sations4 ,i saw him cont9ually advance1 said he1 b ,i nev] saw him /op 9 ! pa? ( k4 ,aga9 he says3 ,! wise/ ( my disciples1 hav+ "o idea1 und]/&s two4 ,hwuy1 hav+ "o und]/&s t54 ,"o ( ! select t5 disciples1 ,tszee-loo1 0 ra% & impetu\s l ! ,apo/le ,pet]4 ,ano!r1 ,tszee-,kung1 0 lov+ & t5d] l ! ,apo/le ,john2 he built a h\se ne> ! grave ( ,confucius1 :]e9 to m\rn = him aft] 8 dea?4 ,! la/ ye>s ( ! life ( ,confucius 7 devot$ to edit+ ! ,sacr$ ,books1 or ,k+s4 ,z we n[ h !m !y come f him4 ,au!ntic records ( ,*9ese hi/ory ext5d back to #bceg ,b4,c41 :ile ! ,*9ese philosophy orig9at$ ) ,fuh-he1 :o liv$ ab\t #ccbg ,b4,c4 ,he x 0 :o sub/itut$ writ+ = ! knott$ /r+s :i* be=e =m$ ! only means ( record4 ,he 0 also ! au?or ( ! ,eight ,diagrams1--ea* consi/+ ( ?ree l9es1 half ( :i* are :ole & half brok5 9 two1--:i* by _! v>i\s comb9ations are suppos$ to repres5t ! active & passive pr9ciples ( ! univ]se 9 all _! ess5tial =ms4 ,confucius edit$ ! ,yih-,k+1 ! ,%oo-,k+1 ! ,%e-,k+1 & ! ,le-,ke1 :i* con/itute ! :ole ( ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,*9a :i* has come d[n to po/]ity4#a ,! ,f\r ,books1 :i* conta9 ! doctr9es ( ,confucius1 & ( 8 s*ool1 7 n writt5 by himself1 b compos$ by o!rs aft] 8 dea?4 ,"o ( ^! is call$ ! ,immutable ,mean1 & its object is to %[ t virtue consi/s 9 avoid+ extremes4 ,ano!r--! ,lun-,yu1 or ,analects--conta9s ! conv]sation or table-talk ( ,confucius1 & some:at resembles ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon & ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson4#ab ,! life ( ,confucius 0 ?us devot$ to communicat+ to ! ,*9ese nation a few great moral & religi\s pr9ciples1 :i* he believ$ w\ld insure ! happ9ess ( ! p4 ,8 devotion to ?is aim appe>s 9 8 writ+s4 ,?us he says3-- ,at fifte5 ye>s ,i long$ = wisdom4 ,at ?irty my m9d 0 fix$ 9 ! pursuit ( x4 ,at =ty ,i saw cle>ly c]ta9 pr9ciples4 ,at fifty ,i und]/ood ! rule giv5 by heav54 ,at sixty ev]y?+ ,i he>d ,i easily und]/ood4 ,at sev5ty ! desires ( my he>t no long] transgress$ ! law4 ,if 9 ! morn+ ,i he> ab\t ! "r way1 & 9 ! ev5+ ,i die1 ,i c be happy4 ,he says ( himself3 ,he is a man :o ?r\gh 8 e>ne/ness 9 seek+ k =gets 8 food1 & 9 8 joy = hav+ f\nd x loses all s5se ( 8 toil1 & ?us occupi$ is unconsci\s t he has almo/ rea*$ old age4 ,aga93 ,co>se rice = food1 wat] to dr9k1 ! b5d$ arm = a pill[1--happ9ess may be enjoy$ ev5 ) ^!2 b )\t virtue bo? ri*es & honor seem to me l ! pass+ cl\d4 ,grieve n t m5 "k n y2 grieve t y "k n m54 ,to rule ) equity is l ! ,nor? ,/>1 :i* is fix$1 & all ! re/ g r\nd x4 ,! ess5ce ( k is1 hav+ x1 to apply x2 n hav+ x1 to confess y\r ignorance4 ,wor%ip z ?\gh ! ,deity 7 pres5t4 ,if my m9d is n engag$ 9 my wor%ip1 x is z ?\gh ,i wor%ipp$ n4 ,=m]ly1 9 he>+ m51 ,i he>d _! words1 & gave !m cr$it = _! conduct2 n[ ,i he> _! words1 & obs]ve _! conduct4 ,a man's life dep5ds on virtue2 if a bad man lives1 x is only by good =tune4 ,"s proce$ bl9dly to action1 )\t k2 ,i he> mu*1 & select ! be/ c\rse4 ,he 0 once f\nd fault )1 :5 9 (fice1 = n oppos+ ! m>riage ( a rul] ) a di/ant relation1 :i* 0 an (f5ce aga9/ ,*9ese propriety4 ,he said3 ,i am a happy man2 if ,i h a fault1 m5 obs]ve x4 ,confucius 0 humble4 ,he said3 ,i _c be> to he> myself call$ equal to ! sages & ! good4 ,all t c be said ( me is1 t ,i /udy ) delight ! conduct ( ! sages1 & in/ruct m5 )\t we>9ess !re94 ,! good man is s]5e1 said he1 ! bad always 9 fe>4 ,a good man reg>ds ! ,,root2 he fixes ! root1 & all else fl[s out ( x4 ,! root is filial piety2 ! fruit bro!rly love4 ,!re may be fair words & an humble c\nt5ance :5 !re is little real virtue4 ,i daily exam9e myself 9 a ?reefold mann]3 9 my transactions ) m51 if ,i am upright2 9 my int]c\rse ) fri5ds1 if ,i am fai?ful2 & :e!r ,i illu/rate ! tea*+s ( my ma/] 9 my conduct4 ,fai?fulness & s9c]ity are ! highe/ ?+s4 ,:5 y transgress1 d n fe> to return4 ,le>n ! pa/ & y w "k ! future4 ,! great pr9ciples :i* he taught 7 *iefly bas$ on family affection & duty4 ,he taught k+s t !y 7 to treat _! subjects z *ildr51 subjects to respect ! k+s z p>5ts2 & ^! ideas s p5etrat$ ! national m9d1 t emp]ors are oblig$ to seem to gov]n ?us1 ev5 if !y d n desire x4 ,confucius 0 a tea*] ( rev]5ce1--rev]5ce = ,god1 respect = p>5ts1 respect & rev]5ce = ! pa/ & its legacies1 = ! great m5 & great ideas ( =m] times4 ,he taught m5 also to reg>d ea* o!r z bre?r51 & ev5 ! gold5 rule1 9 its negative if n its positive =m1 is to be f\nd 9 8 writ+s4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?is tea*] ( rev]5ce 0 di/+ui%$ by a rem>kable lump on ! top ( 8 head1 :]e ! phr5ologi/s h plac$ ! organ ( v5]ation4#ac ,root$ 9 8 organization1 & /r5g!n$ by all 8 convictions1 ?is elem5t ( adoration seem$ to him ! cr[n ( ! :ole moral nature ( man4 ,b1 :ile full ( v5]ation1 he seems to h be5 defici5t 9 ! s5se ( spiritual ?+s4 ,a p]sonal ,god 0 unkn[n to him2 s t 8 wor%ip 0 direct$1 n to ,god1 b to antiquity1 to ance/ors1 to propriety & usage1 to ! /ate z fa!r & "m ( its subjects1 to ! rul] z 9 ! place ( au?ority4 ,p]fectly s9c]e1 deeply & absolutely assur$ ( all t he knew1 he said no?+ he did n believe4 ,8 p[] came n only f ! dep? & cle>ness ( 8 convictions1 b f ! absolute hone/y ( 8 s\l4 ,lao-tse1 = tw5ty-eight ye>s 8 contempor>y1 f\nd] ( "o ( ! ?ree exi/+ religions ( ,*9a1--,tao-ism1--0 a man ( p]haps equal intellig5ce4 ,b he 0 *iefly a ?9k]2 he made no attempt to elevate ! p2 8 purpose 0 to repress ! passions1 & to pres]ve ! s\l 9 a p]fect equanimity4 ,he 0 ! ,z5o ( ! ,ea/1 f\nd] ( a ,*9ese /oicism4 ,) him virtue is sure ( its rew>d2 ev]y?+ is arrang$ by a fix$ law4 ,8 disciples aft]w>ds add$ to 8 sy/em a ?aumaturgic elem5t & an invocation ( dep>t$ spirits1 s t n[ x resembles our mod]n ,spiritism2 b ! orig9al doctr9e ( ,lao-tse 0 rationalism 9 philosophy & /oicism 9 morals4 ,confucius is said1 9 a ,*9ese "w1 to h visit$ him1 & to h frankly confess$ 8 inability to und]/& him4 ,i "k h[ birds fly1 h[ fi%es swim1 h[ animals run4 ,! bird may be %ot1 ! fi% hook$1 & ! bea/ sn>$4 ,b !re is ! dragon4 ,i _c tell h[ he m\nts 9 ! air1 & so>s to heav54 ,to-day ,i h se5 ! dragon4 ,b ! mode/ man1 :o liv$ = o!rs1 has f> surpass$ 9 8 influ5ce ?is dragon ( intellig5ce4 ,x c]ta9ly increases our hope = man1 :5 we see h[ ^! qualities ( p]fect hone/y1 good s5se1 g5]\s devotion to ! public good1 & fidelity to ! la/ 9 adh]5ce to 8 "w1 h made ,confucius dur+ tw5ty-?ree c5turies ! daily tea*] & guide ( a ?ird ( ! human race4 ,confucius 0 em95tly di/+ui%$ by en]gy & p]si/5cy4 ,he did n /op work+ till he di$4 ,8 life 0 ( "o piece1 beautiful1 noble4 ,! g5]al ( a l>ge army1 said he1 may be defeat$1 b y _c defeat ! det]m9$ m9d ( a peasant4 ,he act$ con=mably to ?is ?\ght1 & to ano!r ( 8 say+s4 ,if ,i am build+ a m\nta91 & /op be=e ! la/ basketful ( e>? is plac$ on ! summit1 ,i h fail$ ( my "w4 ,b if ,i h plac$ b "o basketful on ! pla91 & g on1 ,i am really build+ a m\nta94 ,_m beautiful & noble ?+s are relat$ conc]n+ ! "* ( ,confucius1--( 8 c\rage 9 ! mid/ ( dang]1 ( 8 humility 9 ! highe/ position ( honor4 ,8 writ+s & life h giv5 ! law to ,*9ese ?\ght4 ,he is ! patron sa9t ( t great empire4 ,8 doctr9e is ! /ate religion ( ! nation1 su/a9$ by ! :ole p[] ( ! emp]or & ! lit]>y body4 ,8 books are publi%$ e ye> by societies =m$ = t purpose1 :o di/ribute !m gratuit\sly4 ,8 desc5dants enjoy ! highe/ consid]ation4 ,! numb] ( temples erect$ to 8 memory is sixte5 hundr$ & sixty4 ,"o ( !m occupies t5 acres ( l&4 ,on ! two fe/ivals 9 ! ye> sacr$ to 8 memory !re are sacrific$ "s sev5ty ?\s& animals ( diff]5t k9ds1 & tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& pieces ( silk are burn$ on 8 alt>s4 ,yet 8 is a religion )\t prie/s1 liturgy1 or public wor%ip1 except on ^! two occasions4 #d4 ,philosophy & subsequ5t ,developm5t ( ,confucianism4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mead[s1 ! philosophy ( ,*9a1 9 its orig9 & pres5t aspect1 may be ?us briefly describ$4#ad ,sett+ aside ! ,buddhi/ sy/em & t ( ,tao-ism1 :i* supply to ! ,*9ese ! elem5t ( religi\s wor%ip & ! doctr9e ( a sup]natural _w1 want+ 9 ! sy/em ( ,confucius1 we f9d ! latt] z ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! /ate1 m]ely tol]at+ ! o!rs z suit$ to p]sons ( weak m9ds4 ,! ,confucian sy/em1 con/antly taught by ! competitive exam9ations1 rules ! ?\ght ( ,*9a4 ,its fir/ developm5t 0 f ! bir? ( ,confucius to ! dea? ( ,m5cias 7or f #eea ,b4,c4 to #cac ,b4,c474 ,its second p]iod 0 f ! "t ( ,*[-tsze 7,a4,d4 #ajcd7 to t ( ,*oo-tsze 7,a4,d4 #abjj74 ,! la/ ( ^! is ! real fa%ion] ( ,*9ese philosophy1 & "o ( ! truly great m5 ( ! human race4 ,8 works are *iefly ,comm5t>ies on ! ,k+s & ! ,f\r ,books4 ,!y are committ$ to memory by millions ( ,*9ese :o aspire to pass ! public-s]vice exam9ations4 ,! ,*9ese philosophy1 ?us e/abli%$ by ,*oo-tsze1 is z foll[s4#ae ,!re is "o highe/1 ultimate pr9ciple ( all exi/5ce1--! ,tae-keih1 or ,gr& ,extreme4 ,?is is absolutely immat]ial1 & ! basis ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,f ?is ultimate pr9ciple1 op]at+ f all et]nity1 come all animate & inanimate nature4 ,x op]ates 9 a tw(old way1 by expansion & contraction1 or by ceaseless active & passive pulsations4 ,! active expansive pulsation is call$ ,yang1 ! passive int5sive pulsation is ,y91 & ! two may be call$ ! ,positive & ,negative ,ess5ces ( all ?+s4 ,:5 ! active expansive phase ( ! process has rea*$ its extreme limit1 ! op]ation becomes passive & int5sive2 & f ^! vibrations orig9ate all mat]ial & mortal exi/5ces4 ,creation is !re=e a p]petual process1--matt] & _s are opposite results ( ! same =ce4 ,! "o t5ds to v>iety1 ! o!r to unity2 & v>iety 9 unity is a p]man5t & univ]sal law ( be+4 ,man results f ! utmo/ developm5t ( ?is pulsatory action & passion2 & man's nature1 z ! highe/ result1 is p]fectly good1 consi/+ ( five elem5ts1 namely1 *>ity1 righte\sness1 propriety1 wisdom1 & s9c]ity4 ,^! con/itute ! inmo/1 ess5tial nature ( man2 b z man comes 9 contact ) ! outw>d _w evil arises by ! conflict4 ,:5 man foll[s ! dictates ( 8 nature 8 actions are good1 & h>mony results4 ,:5 he is unduly influ5c$ by ! outw>d _w 8 actions are evil1 & discord int]v5es4 ,! holy man is "o :o has an in/9ctive1 inw>d sight ( ! ultimate pr9ciple 9 its tw(old op]ation 7or :at we %\ld call ! sight ( ,god1 ! beatific vision71 & :o !re=e spontane\sly & easily obeys 8 nature4 ,h5ce all 8 ?\ghts are p]fectly wise1 8 actions p]fectly good1 & 8 words p]fectly true4 ,confucius 0 ! la/ ( ^! holy m54 ,! infallible au?ority ( ! ,sacr$ ,books results f ! fact t _! writ]s1 be+ holy m51 _h an in/9ctive p]ception ( ! work+ ( ! ultimate pr9ciple4 ,all ,confucian philosophy is p]vad$ by ^! pr9ciples3 fir/1 t example is omnipot5t2 secondly1 t to secure ! safety ( ! empire1 y mu/ secure ! happ9ess ( ! p2 ?irdly1 t by solit>y p]si/5t ?\ght "o may p5etrate at la/ to a k ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s2 f\r?ly1 t ! object ( all gov]nm5t is to make ! p virtu\s & cont5t$4 #e4 ,lao-tse & ,tao-ism4 ,"o ( ! ?ree religi\s sy/ems ( ,*9a is t ( ! ,tao1 ! o!r two be+ t ( ,confucius1 & t ( ,buddhism 9 its ,*9ese =m4 ,! difficulty 9 und]/&+ ,tao-ism comes f its appe>+ "u ?ree entirely di/9ct =ms3 7#a7 z a philosophy ( ! absolute or uncondition$1 9 ! great "w ( ! ,tse-,lao1 or old tea*]2#af 7#b7 z a sy/em ( morality ( ! utilit>ian s*ool1#ag :i* resolves duty into prud5ce2 & 7#c7 z a sy/em ( magic1 connect$ ) ! belief 9 spirits4 ,9 ! ,tao-te-k+ we h ! ideas ( ,lao himself1 :i* we w endeavor to /ate2 premis+ t !y are consid]$ v obscure & difficult ev5 by ! ,*9ese comm5tators4 ,! ,,tao 7 #a7 is ! unnamable1 & is ! orig9 ( heav5 & e>?4 ,z t :i* c be nam$1 x is ! "m ( all ?+s4 ,^! two are ess5tially "o4 ,be+ & n-be+ are born f ea* o!r 7 #b74 ,! ,tao is empty b inexhau/ible 7 #d71 is pure1 is pr(\nd1 & 0 be=e ! ,gods4 ,x is invisible1 n ! object ( p]ception1 x returns into n-be+ 7 #ad1 #dj74 ,x is vague1 confus$1 & obscure 7 #be1 #ba74 ,x is little & /rong1 univ]sally pres5t1 & all be+s return into x 7 #cb74 ,x is )\t desires1 great 7 #cd74 ,all ?+s are born ( be+1 be+ is born ( n-be+ 7 #dj74 ,f ^! & simil> /atem5ts x w\ld appe> t ! philosophy ( ! ,tao-te-k+ is t ( absolute be+1 or ! id5tity ( be+ & n-be+4 ,9 ?is po9t x anticipat$ ,hegel by tw5ty-?ree c5turies4#ah ,x tea*es t ! absolute is ! s\rce ( be+ & ( n-be+4 ,be+ is ess5ce1 n-be+ is exi/5ce4 ,! fir/ is ! n\m5al1 ! la/ ! ph5om5al4' ,z be+ is ! s\rce ( n-be+ 7 #dj71 by id5tify+ "o's self ) be+ "o atta9s to all t is n-be+1 i4e4 to all t exi/s4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( aim+ at acquir+ k1 ! wise man avoids x3 in/ead ( act+1 he refuses to act4 ,he fe$s 8 m9d ) a wise passiv5ess4 7 #af47 ,n to act is ! s\rce ( all p[]1 is a !sis cont9ually pres5t to ! m9d ( ,lao 7 #c1 #bc1 #ch1dc1dh1 #fc74 ,! wise man is l wat] 7 #h1 #gh71 :i* seems weak & is /rong2 :i* yields1 seeks ! l[e/ place1 :i* seems ! s(te/ ?+ & breaks ! h>de/ ?+4 ,to be wise "o mu/ r5\nce wisdom1 to be good "o mu/ r5\nce ju/ice & humanity1 to be le>n$ "o mu/ r5\nce k 7 #ai1 #bj1 #de71 & mu/ h no desires 7 #h1 #bb71 mu/ deta* "o's self f all ?+s 7 #bj7 & be l a new-born babe4 ,f ev]y?+ proce$s its opposite1 ! easy f ! difficult1 ! difficult f ! easy1 ! long f ! %ort1 ! high f ! l[1 ignorance f k1 k f ignorance1 ! fir/ f ! la/1 ! la/ f ! fir/4 ,^! antagonisms are mutually relat$ by ! hidd5 pr9ciple ( ! ,tao 7 #b1 #bg74 ,no?+ is indep5d5t or capable ( exi/+ save ?r\gh its opposite4 ,! good man & bad man are equally necess>y to ea* o!r 7 #bg74 ,to desire aright is n to desire 7 #fd74 ,! sa9t c d great ?+s because he does n attempt to d !m 7 #fc74 ,! unw>like man conqu]s4#ai ,he :o submits to o!rs controls !m4 ,by ?is negation ( all ?+s we come into possession ( all ?+s 7 #fh74 ,n to act is1 !re=e1 ! secret ( all p[] 7 #c1 #bc1 #ch1 #dc1 #dh1 #fc74 ,we f9d "h ! same doctr9e ( opposites :i* appe>s 9 ! ,phd1 & :i* has come up aga9 & aga9 9 philosophy4 ,we %all f9d some?+ l x 9 ! ,snkhya-k>ika ( ! ,h9doos4 ,! ,duad1 ) ! ,monad brood+ beh9d x1 is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,ave/a4 ,! result1 ?us f>1 is to an active passivity4 ,lao tea*es t n to act involves ! highe/ en]gy ( be+1 & leads to ! greate/ results4 ,by n act+ "o id5tifies himself ) ! ,tao1 & receives all its p[]4 ,& "h we _c d\bt t ! ,*9ese philosoph] 0 pursu+ ! same c\rse ) ,sakya-,muni4 ,! ,tao ( ! "o is ! ,nirvana ( ! o!r4 ,! diff]5t motive 9 ea* m9d con/itutes ! diff]5ce ( _! c>e]4 ,sakya-,muni s\ght ,nirvana1 or ! absolute1 ! pure k1 9 ord] to escape f evil & to conqu] x4 ,lao s\ght x1 z 8 book %[s1 to atta9 p[]4 ,at ?is po9t ! two sy/ems div]ge4 ,buddhism is g5]\s1 b5evol5t1 humane2 x seeks to help o!rs4 ,tao-ism seeks its own4 ,h5ce ! selfi% morality :i* p]vades ! ,book ( ,rew>ds & ,puni%m5ts4 ,e good action has its rew>d atta*$ to x4 ,h5ce also ! degradation ( ! sy/em into pure magic & spiritism4 ,buddhism1 ?\gh its c\rse runs s ne>ly p>allel1 always reta9s 9 its s*eme ( m]its a t\* ( g5]osity4 ,we f9d ?us1 9 ! ,tao-te-k+1 ! elem5t aft]w>ds exp&$ into ! sy/em ( utilit>ian & eudmonic e?ics 9 ! ,book ( ,rew>ds & ,puni%m5ts4 ,we also c trace 9 x ! s\rce ( ! magical t5d5cy 9 ,tao-ism4 ,! pr9ciple1 t by putt+ "o's self into an entirely passive condition "o c ent] into communion ) ! unnam$ ,tao1 & s acquire p[] ov] nature1 naturally t5ds to magic4 ,precisely ! same c\rse ( ?\ght l$ to simil> results 9 ! case ( ,neo-,platonism4 ,! ec/atic union ) ! div9e elem5t 9 all nature1 :i* ,plot9us atta9$ f\r times 9 8 life1 result$ f an imm$iate sight ( ,god4 ,9 ?is sight is all tru? giv5 to ! s\l4 ,! unity1 says ,plot9us1 :i* produces all ?+s1 is an ess5ce beh9d bo? sub/ance & =m4 ,?r\gh ?is ess5tial be+ all s\ls commune & int]act1 & magic is ?is int]action ( s\l ^u s\l ?r\gh ! s\l ( s\ls1 ) :i* "o becomes id5tifi$ 9 ! ec/atic union4 ,a man !re=e c act on demons & control spirits by !urgic rites4 ,julian1 t ard5t ,neo-,platonician1 0 surr\nd$ by div9]s1 hi]ophants1 & aruspices4#bj ,9 ! ,tao-te-k+ 7 #ej1 #ee1 #ef1 etc47 x is said t he :o kn[s ! ,tao ne$ n fe> ! bite ( s]p5ts nor ! jaws ( wild bea/s1 nor ! claws ( birds ( prey4 ,he is inaccessible to good & to evil4 ,he ne$ fe> nei!r rh9oc]os nor tig]4 ,9 battle he ne$s nei!r cuirass nor sword4 ,! tig] _c te> him1 ! soldi] _c w\nd him4 ,he is invuln]able & safe f dea?4#ba ,if ,neo-,platonism _h n _h = its antagoni/ ! vital =ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 x might h e/abli%$ itself z a p]man5t =m ( religion 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 z ,tao-ism has 9 ,*9a4 ,i h tri$ to %[ h[ ! lat] =m ( ?is ,*9ese sy/em has come naturally f its pr9ciples1 & h[ a philosophy ( ! absolute may h deg5]at$ into a sy/em ( necromancy4 #f4 ,religi\s ,"* ( ! ,k+s4 ,we h se5 t1 9 ! philosophy ( ! ,confucians1 ! ultimate pr9ciple is n necess>ily id5tical ) a liv+1 intellig5t1 & p]sonal ,god4 ,nor did ,confucius1 :5 he speaks ( ,te51 or ,heav51 express any fai? 9 su* a be+4 ,he nei!r ass]t$ nor d5i$ a ,supreme ,god4 ,8 wor%ip & pray] did n necess>ily imply su* a fai?4 ,x 0 ! pray] ( rev]5ce address$ to "s sacr$1 my/]i\s1 unkn[n p[]1 above & beh9d all visible ?+s4 ,:at t p[] 01 he1 ) 8 supreme c&or1 did n v5ture to intimate4 ,b 9 ! ,%e-,k+ a p]sonal ,god is address$4 ,! olde/ books recognize a ,div9e p]son4 ,!y tea* t !re is "o ,supreme ,be+1 :o is omnipres5t1 :o sees all ?+s1 & has an intellig5ce :i* no?+ c escape1--t he wi%es m5 to live toge!r 9 peace & bro!rhood4 ,he comm&s n only "r actions1 b pure desires & ?\ghts1 t we %\ld wat* all our behavior1 & ma9ta9 a grave & maje/ic demeanor1 :i* is l a palace 9 :i* virtue resides2 b especially t we %\ld gu>d ! tongue4 ,= a blemi% may be tak5 out ( a diamond by c>efully poli%+ x2 b1 if y\r words h ! lea/ blemi%1 !re is no way to efface t4 ,humility is ! solid f\ndation ( all ! virtues4 ,to ackn[l$ge "o's incapacity is ! way to be soon prep>$ to tea* o!rs2 = f ! mom5t t a man is no long] full ( himself1 nor puff$ up ) empty pride1 :atev] good he le>ns 9 ! morn+ he practices be=e night4 ,heav5 p5etrates to ! bottom ( our he>ts1 l light into a d>k *amb]4 ,we mu/ con=m ourselves to x1 till we are l two in/rum5ts ( music tam$ to ! same pit*4 ,we mu/ jo9 ourselves ) x1 l two tablets :i* appe> b "o4 ,we mu/ receive its gifts ! v mom5t its h& is op5 to be/[4 ,our irregul> passions %ut up ! door ( our s\ls aga9/ ,god4 ,su* are ! tea*+s ( ^! ,k+s1 :i* are unque/ionably among ! olde/ exi/+ productions ( ! human m9d4 ,9 ! days ( ,confucius !y seem to h be5 ne>ly =gott51 & _! precepts :olly neglect$4 ,confucius revis$ !m1 add$ 8 own explanations & comm5ts1 &1 z "o ( ! la/ acts ( 8 life1 call$ 8 disciples ar\nd him & made a solemn d$ication ( ^! books to ,heav54 ,he erect$ an alt> on :i* he plac$ !m1 ador$ ,god1 & return$ ?anks ^u 8 knees 9 a humble mann] = hav+ _h life & heal? grant$ him to f9i% ?is und]tak+4 #g4 ,confucius & ,*ri/ianity4 ,"* ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x 7 easy to f9d defects 9 ! doctr9e ( ,confucius4 ,x has little to tea* ( ,god or immortality4 ,b if ! law ( ,moses1 :i* taught no?+ ( a future life1 0 a prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity2 if1 z ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs ass]t$1 ,greek philosophy 0 also s*oolma/] to br+ m5 to ,*ri/2 :o c d\bt t ! tru? & purity 9 ! tea*+s ( ,confucius 7 provid5tially int5d$ to lead ?is great nation 9 ! "r direction8 ,confucius is a ,/> 9 ! ,ea/1 to lead 8 p to ,*ri/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ au!ntic ( 8 say+s is ?is1 t 9 ! ,we/ ! true ,sa9t mu/ be look$ = & f\nd4 ,he has a p]ception1 su* z truly great m5 h (t5 _h1 ( "s "o high] ?an himself1 :o 0 to come aft] him4 ,we _c d\bt1 !re=e1 t ,god1 :o =gets none ( 8 *ildr51 has giv5 ?is tea*] to ! sw>m+ millions ( ,*9a to lead !m on till !y are ready = a high] light4 ,& c]ta9ly ! temporal prosp]ity & ext]nal virtues ( ?is nation1 & _! long-cont9u$ /ability amid ! univ]sal *anges ( ! _w1 are ow+ 9 no small decree to ! lessons ( rev]5ce = ! pa/1 ( respect = k1 ( peace & ord]1 & especially ( filial piety1 :i* he inculcat$4 ,9 _! case1 if 9 no o!r1 has be5 fulfill$ ! promise ( ! div9e comm&m5t1 ,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m1 t ?y days may be long 9 ! l& :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god give? !e4 ,9 comp>+ ! sy/em ( ,confucius ) ,*ri/ianity1 x appe>s at once t ,*ri/ianity diff]s f ?is sy/em1 z f mo/ o!rs1 9 its great] complet5ess4 ,jesus says to ! ,*9ese philosoph]1 z he said to ! ,jewi% law1 ,i h n come to de/roy1 b to fulfil4 ,he fulfils ! ,confucian rev]5ce = ! pa/ by add+ hope = ! future2 he fulfils its /ability by progress1 its fai? 9 man ) fai? 9 ,god1 its int]e/ 9 ?is _w ) ! expectation ( ano!r1 its s5se ( "t ) t ( et]nity4 ,confucius aims at peace1 ord]1 outw>d prosp]ity1 virtue1 & good morals4 ,all ?is belongs also to ,*ri/ianity1 b ,*ri/ianity adds a moral en?usiasm1 a fai? 9 ! spiritual _w1 a hope ( immortal life1 a s5se ( ! ,fa!rly pres5ce ( ,god4 ,s t "h1 z be=e1 we f9d t ,*ri/ianity does n exclude o!r religions1 b includes !m1 & is di/+ui%$ by be+ deep]1 high]1 broad]1 & m f>-rea*+ ?an !y4 ,a p ) su* in/itutions & su* a social life z we h describ$ _c be despis$1 & to call !m unciviliz$ is z absurd 9 u z x is 9 !m to call ,europeans b>b>ians4 ,!y are a good1 intellig5t1 & happy p4 ,lieut5ant ,=bes1 :o sp5t five ye>s 9 ,*9a1--f #ahdb to #ahdg1--says3 ,i f\nd myself 9 ! mid/ ( z amiable1 k9d1 & hospitable a population z any on ! face ( ! e>?1 z f> ahead ( u 9 "s ?+s z beh9d u 9 o!rs4 ,z to ! *>ge ( di%one/y br\ght aga9/ !m by ^? :o judge ! :ole nation by ! degrad$ population ( ! suburbs ( ,canton1 ,=bes says1 ,my own prop]ty suff]$ m 9 l&+ 9 ,engl& & pass+ ! ,briti% fronti] ?an 9 my :ole soj\rn 9 ,*9a4 ,!re is no nation1 says ! ,jesuit ,du ,halde1 m labori\s & temp]ate ?an ?is4 ,!y are inur$ to h>d%ips f _! infancy1 :i* greatly contributes to pres]ve ! innoc5ce ( _! mann]s4444 ,!y are ( a mild1 tractable1 & humane disposition4 ,he ?9ks !m exce$+ly mode/1 & reg>ds ! love ( ga9 z _! *ief vice4 ,int]e/1 says he1 is ! spr+ ( all _! actions2 =1 :5 ! lea/ pr(it (f]s1 !y despise all difficulties & und]take ! mo/ pa9ful j\rneys to procure x ,?is may be true2 b if a ,*9ese travell] 9 ,am]ica %\ld give ! same acc\nt ( u1 w\ld x n be q z true8 ,"o ( ! late/ writ]s--! au?or ( ,! ,middle ,k+dom--accuses ! ,*9ese ( gross s5suality1 m5dacity1 & di%one/y4 ,no d\bt ^! are besett+ s9s ) !m1 z ) all nations :o are educat$ "u a sy/em :i* makes submission to au?ority ! *ief virtue4 ,b !n ?is writ] liv$ only at ,canton & ,macao1 & saw p]sonally only ! refuse ( ! p4 ,he admits t !y h atta9$1 by ! obs]vance ( peace & good ord]1 to a high security ( life & prop]ty2 t ! v>i\s classes are l9k$ toge!r 9 a rem>kably homog5e\s mann] by ! diffusion ( education2 & t prop]ty & indu/ry receive _! j rew>d ( food1 raim5t1 & %elt]4 ,he also rem9ds u t ! religion ( ,*9a diff]s f all ,pagan religions 9 ?is1 t x enc\rages nei!r cruelty nor s5suality4 ,no human victims h ev] be5 (f]$ on its alt>s1 & ^? lic5ti\s rites :i* h appe>$ 9 s _m religions h nev] disgrac$ its pure wor%ip4 ,! ,*9ese citiz5 enjoys a degree ( ord]1 peace1 & com=t unkn[n else:]e 9 ,asia4 ,he c hold & sell l&$ prop]ty ) a facility1 c]ta9ty1 & security :i* is absolute p]fection comp>$ ) ! nature ( ,engli% deal+s ( ! same k9d4#bb ,he c trav]se ! c\ntry = two ?\s& miles unque/ion$ by any (ficial4 ,he c foll[ :at occupation he pleases4 ,he c quit 8 c\ntry & re-ent] x )\t a passport4 ,! law ( primog5iture does n exi/4 ,! emp]or appo9ts 8 heir1 b a y\ng] son q z (t5 z an eld] "o4 ,! pr9ciple t no man is entitl$ by bir? to rule ov] !m is bett] kn[n to ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty millions ( ,*9a ?an to ! tw5ty-sev5 millions ( ,great ,brita9 t !y h a "r to a trial by _! pe]s4#bc ,! pr9ciple ( ,*9ese gov]nm5t is to p]suade r ?an to compel1 to use moral means r ?an physical4 ,?is re/s on ! fundam5tal belief 9 human goodness4 ,=1 z ,mr4 ,mead[s ju/ly obs]ves3 ,! !ory t man's nature is radically vici\s is ! true psy*ical basis ( despotic or physical-=ce gov]nm5t2 :ile ! !ory t man's nature is radically good is ! basis ( free or moral-=ce gov]nm5t4 ,! ,*9ese gov]nm5t endeavors to be pat]nal4 ,x has refus$ to lay a tax on opium1 because t w\ld c\nt5ance ! sale ( x1 ?\gh x might d]ive a l>ge income f su* a tax4 ,! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,*9ese is p]fectly free f ev]y?+ impure or (f5sive4 ,!re is n a l9e b might be read al\d 9 any family circle 9 ,engl&4 ,all immoral c]emonies 9 idol wor%ip are =bidd54 ,m4 ,hue says t ! bir? ( a daught] is c\nt$ a disa/] 9 ,*9a2 b well-in=m$ travell]s tell u t fa!rs g ab\t ) little daught]s on _! arms1 z pr\d & pleas$ z a ,european fa!r c\ld be4 ,slav]y & concub9age exi/ 9 ,*9a1 & ! husb& has absolute p[] ov] 8 wife1 ev5 ( life & dea?4 ,^! cu/oms t5d to demoralize ! ,*9ese1 & are a s\rce ( great evil4 ,woman is ! slave ( man4 ,! exception to ?is is 9 ! case ( a "m4 ,%e is absolute 9 h] h\sehold1 & mo!rs1 9 ,*9a1 comm& univ]sal rev]5ce4 ,if an (fic] asks leave ( abs5ce to visit 8 "m x mu/ be grant$ him4 ,a "m may ord] an (ficial to take h] son to prison1 & %e mu/ be obey$4 ,z a wife )\t *ildr5 woman is a slave1 b z a "m ) gr[nup sons %e is a mon>*4 #h4 ,! ,tae-p+ ,insurrection4 ,two extraord9>y ev5ts h occurr$ 9 our day 9 ,*9a1 ! results ( :i* may be ( ! utmo/ importance to ! nation & to mank9d4 ,! "o is ! ,tae-p+ insurrection1 ! o!r ! diplomatic mission ( ,mr4 ,burl+ame to ! ,we/]n _w4 ,:atev] may be ! imm$iate issue ( ! great insurrection ( our day aga9/ ! ,t>t> dyna/y1 x w rema9 a ph5om5on ( ! utmo/ significance4 ,!re is no d\bt1 not)/&+ ! g5]al op9ion to ! contr>y1 t x has be5 a religi\s movem5t1 proce$+ f a s+le m9d deeply mov$ by ! read+ ( ! ,bible4 ,! ho/ility ( ! ,*9ese to ! pres5t ,mant*oo ,t>t> mon>*s no d\bt aid$ x2 b !re has be5 9 x an elem5t ( p[] f ! beg9n+1 d]iv$1 l t ( ! ,puritans1 f its religi\s en?usiasm4 ,its lead]1 ! ,heav5ly ,pr9ce1 ,hung-sew-tseu51 son ( a poor peasant liv+ ?irty miles nor!a/ ( ,canton1 receiv$ a tract1 conta9+ extracts f ! ,*9ese ,bible ( ,dr4 ,morison1 f a ,*9ese tract di/ributor 9 ! /reets ( ,canton4 ,?is 0 9 #ahcc1 :5 he 0 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,he took ! book home1 look$ ov] x c>elessly1 & ?rew x aside4 ,disappo9t$ ( 8 degree at two competitive exam9ations1 he fell sick1 & saw a vision ( an old man1 say+3 ,i am ! ,creator ( all ?+s4 ,g & d my "w4 ,aft] ?is vision six ye>s pass$ by1 :5 ! ,engli% w> broke out1 & ! ,engli% fleet took ! ,*9ese =ts 9 ! riv] ( ,canton4 ,su* a great national calamity indicat$1 accord+ to ,*9ese ideas1 some?+ rott5 9 ! gov]nm5t2 & su* success on ! "p ( ! ,engli% %[$ t1 9 "s way1 !y 7 fulfill+ ! w ( ,heav54 ,?is l$ ,hung-sew-tseu5 to p]use aga9 8 ,*ri/ian books2 & alone1 ) no guide1 he became a s9c]e believ] 9 ,*ri/1 aft] a fa%ion ( 8 own4 ,god 0 ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 & ! ,supreme ,fa!r4 ,jesus 0 ! ,eld] ,bro!r & heav5ly ,tea*] ( mank9d4 ,idolatry 0 to be ov]?r[n1 virtue to be practis$4 ,hung-sew-tseu5 believ$ t ! ,bible confirm$ 8 =m] visions4 ,he accept$ 8 mission & began to make conv]ts ,all 8 conv]ts r5\nc$ idolatry1 & gave up ! wor%ip ( ,confucius4 ,!y travell$ to & fro tea*+1 & =m$ a society ( ,god-wor%ipp]s4 ,! fir/ conv]t1 ,fung-yun-san1 became its mo/ ard5t mission>y & its dis9t]e/$ prea*]4 ,hung-sew-tseu5 return$ home1 w5t to ,canton1 & !re met ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 an ,am]ican mission>y1 :o 0 induc$ by false *>ges to refuse him ,*ri/ian baptism4 ,b he1 )\t be+ (f5d$ ) ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 w5t home & taught 8 conv]ts h[ to baptize !mselves4 ,! society ( ,god-wor%ipp]s increas$ 9 numb]4 ,"s ( !m 7 arre/$ = de/roy+ idols1 & among !m ,fung-yun-san1 :o1 h[ev]1 on 8 way to prison1 conv]t$ ! policem5 by 8 side4 ,^! new conv]ts set him at lib]ty & w5t away ) him z 8 disciples4 ,v>i\s /rik+ ph5om5a occurr$ 9 ?is society4 ,m5 fell into a /ate ( ec/asy & deliv]$ exhortations4 ,sick p]sons 7 cur$ by ! p[] ( pray]4 ,! tea*+s ( ^! ec/atics 7 te/$ by ,scripture2 if f\nd to agree !re)1 !y 7 accept$2 if n1 reject$4 ,x 0 9 ,octob]1 #ahej1 t ?is religi\s movem5t assum$ a political =m4 ,a l>ge body ( p]sons1 9 a /ate ( *ronic rebellion aga9/ ! ,*9ese au?orities1 _h fl$ into ! di/rict1 & jo9$ ! ,god-wor%ipp]s4 ,pursu$ by ! imp]ial soldi]s1 !y 7 protect$ aga9/ !m4 ,h5ce w> began4 ,! lead]s ( ! religi\s movem5t f\nd !mselves compell$ to *oose betwe5 submission & resi/ance4 ,!y resi/$1 & ! great insurrection began4 ,b 9 ,*9a an insurrection aga9/ ! dyna/y is 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,inde$1 x may be said to be a "p ( ! con/itution4 ,by ! ,sacr$ ,books1 taught 9 all ! s*ools & made a "p ( ! exam9ation pap]s1 x is ! duty ( ! p to ov]?r[ any bad gov]nm5t4 ,! ,*9ese h no p[] to legislate1 d n tax !mselves1 & ! gov]nm5t is a pure autocracy4 ,b x is n a despotism2 = old usages make a con/itution1 :i* ! gov]nm5t mu/ respect or be ov]?r[n4 ,! "r to rebel1 says ,mr4 ,mead[s1 is 9 ,*9a a *ief elem5t ( national /ability4 ,! ,tae-p+ 7or ,univ]sal-,peace7 ,insurrection has %[n its religi\s "* ?r\gh\t4 ,x has n be5 cruel1 except 9 retaliation4 ,at ! tak+ ( ,nan-k+ ord]s 7 giv5 to put all ! wom5 toge!r & protect !m1 & any "o do+ !m an injury 0 puni%$ ) dea?4 ,be=e ! attack on ,nan-k+ a l>ge body ( ! insurg5ts knelt d[n & pray$1 & !n rose & f\ght1 l ! soldi]s ( ,cromwell4 ,! aid ( a l>ge body ( rebels 0 refus$1 because !y did n r5\nce idolatry1 & cont9u$ to all[ ! use ( opium4 ,hymns ( praise to ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r & ,eld] ,bro!r 7 *ant$ 9 ! camp4 ,& ! head ( ! insurrection di/9ctly ann\nc$ t1 9 case x succe$$1 ! ,bible w\ld be sub/itut$ 9 all public exam9ations = (fice 9 ! place ( ,confucius4 ,?is w\ld cause ! ,bible to be at once /udi$ by all c&idates = (fice among ?ree hundr$ & sixty millions ( p4 ,x w\ld con/itute ! greate/ ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity s9ce ! days ( ,con/ant9o1 or at lea/ s9ce ! conv]sion ( ! ,teutonic races4 ,! rebellion has probably fail$2 b great results mu/ foll[ ?is imm5se int]e/ 9 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! he>t ( ,*9a1--an int]e/ awak5$ by no ,*ri/ian mission1 :e!r ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 b com+ d[n into ?is great nation l ! ra9 f heav54 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,ti-,p+ ,revolution 7publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahff71 writt5 by an ,engli%man :o held a comm& among ! ,ti-,piugs1 !re is giv5 a full1 int]e/+1 & app>5tly c&id acc\nt ( ! religi\s & moral "* ( ?is great movem5t1 f :i* ,i take ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3-- ,i h probably1 says ?is writ]1#bd _h a mu* great] exp]i5ce ( ! ,ti-,p+ religi\s practices ?an any o!r ,european1 & z a ,prote/ant ,*ri/ian ,i h nev] yet f\nd occasion to condemn _! =m ( wor%ip4 ,! mo/ important "p ( _! fai? is ! ,holy ,bible1--,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 entire4 ,^! h be5 pr9t$ & circulat$ gratuit\sly by ! gov]nm5t ?r\gh ! :ole population ( ! ,ti-,p+ jurisdiction4 ,ab/racts ( ! ,bible1 put into v]se1 7 circulat$ & committ$ to memory4 ,_! =m ( wor%ip 0 assimilat$ to ,prote/antism4 ,! ,sabba? 0 kept religi\sly on ! sev5? day4 ,?ree cups ( tea 7 put on ! alt> on t day z an (f]+ to ! ,tr9ity4 ,!y celebrat$ ! communion once a mon? by p>tak+ ( a cup ( grape w9e4 ,e "o admitt$ to _! fell[%ip 0 baptiz$1 aft] an exam9ation & confession ( s9s4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! =m prescrib$ 9 ! ,book ( ,religi\s ,precepts ( ! ,ti-,p+ ,dyna/y3--#be ,=ms to be obs]v$ :5 ,m5 wi% to =sake _! ,s9s--,!y mu/ kneel d[n 9 ,god's pres5ce1 & ask him to =give _! s9s4 ,!y may !n take ei!r a bas9 ( wat] & wa% !mselves1 or g to ! riv] & ba! !mselves2 aft] :i* !y mu/ cont9ue daily to supplicate ,div9e favor1 & ! ,holy ,_s's assi/ance to r5ew _! he>ts1 say+ grace at e meal1 keep+ holy ! ,sabba? day1 & obey+ all ,god's comm&m5ts1 especially avoid+ idolatry4 ,!y may !n be acc\nt$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 & _! s\ls w g to ,heav5 :5 !y die4 ,! pray] (f]$ by ! recipi5t ( ,baptism 0 z foll[s3-- ,i 7,a4 ,b471 kneel+ d[n ) a true he>t1 rep5t ( my s9s1 & pray ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 ! great ,god1 ( 8 abundant m]cy1 to =give my =m] s9s ( ignorance 9 repeat$ly break+ ! ,div9e comm&s1 e>ne/ly besee*+ him also to grant me rep5tance & newness ( life1 t my s\l may g to ,heav51 :ile ,i h5ce=? truly =sake my =m] ways1 ab&on+ idolatry & all corrupt practices1 9 ob$i5ce to ,god's comm&s4 ,i also pray t ,god w\ld give me 8 ,holy ,_s to *ange my wick$ he>t1 deliv] me f all temptation1 & grant me 8 favor & protection1 be/[+ on me food & raim5t1 & exemption f calamity1 peace 9 ?is _w & glory 9 ! next1 ?r\gh ! m]cies ( our ,savi\r & ,eld] ,bro!r1 ,jesus1 :o r$eem$ u f s94 ,9 e h\sehold ?r\gh\t ! ,ti-,p+ t]ritory ! foll[+ translation ( ! ,"l's ,pray] 0 hung up = ! use ( ! *ildr51 pr9t$ 9 l>ge black *>act]s on a :ite bo>d3-- ,supreme ,"l1 our ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 =give all our s9s t we h committ$ 9 ignorance1 rebell+ aga9/ !e4 ,bless u1 bre?r5 & si/]s1 ?y little *ildr54 ,give u our daily food & raim5t2 keep f u all calamities & afflictions2 t 9 ?is _w we may h peace & f9ally asc5d to heav5 to enjoy ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,we pray !e to bless our bre?r5 & si/]s ( all nations4 ,we ask ^! ?+s = ! r$eem+ m]its ( our ,"l & ,savi\r1 our heav5ly bro!r1 ,jesus4 ,we also pray1 ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 t ?y w may be done on e>? z 9 heav53 = ?9e are all ! k+doms1 glory1 & p[]4 ,am54 ,! writ] says he has frequ5tly wat*$ ! ,ti-,p+ wom5 tea*+ ! *ildr5 ?is pray]2 & (t51 on ent]+ a h\se1 ! *ildr5 ran up to me1 & pull+ me t[>d ! bo>d1 began to read ! pray]4 ,! sev5? day 0 kept v /rictly4 ,z soon z midnight s\nd$ on ,friday1 all ! p ?r\gh\t2 ,ti-,p+dom 7 summon$ to wor%ip4 ,two o!r s]vices 7 held dur+ ! day4 ,ea* op5$ ) a doxology to ,god1 ,jesus1 & ! ,holy ,_s4 ,!n 0 sung ?is hymn3-- ,! true doctr9e is diff]5t f ! doctr9e ( ?is _w2 ,x saves m5's s\ls & gives et]nal bliss4 ,! wise receive x in/antly ) joy2 ,! fooli%1 wak5$ by x1 f9d ! way to ,heav54 ,our ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 ( 8 great m]cy1 ,did n sp>e 8 own ,son1 b s5t him d[n ,to give 8 life to r$eem s9n]s4 ,:5 m5 "k ?is1 & rep5t1 !y may g to ,heav54 ,! re/ ( ! s]vices consi/$ 9 a *apt] ( ! ,bible read by ! m9i/]2 a cre$1 repeat$ by ! congregation /&+2 a pray]1 read by ! m9i/] & repeat$ by ! :ole congregation kneel+4 ,!n ! pray] 0 burn$1 ! m9i/] read a s]mon1 an an!m 0 *ant$ to ! long life ( ! k+2 !n foll[$ ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 music1 & ! burn+ ( inc5se & fire-crack]s4 ,no bus9ess 0 all[$ on ! ,sabba?1 & ! %ops 7 clos$4 ,!re 0 a cl]gy1 *os5 by competitive exam9ation1 subject to ! approval ( ! ,ti5-,wong1 or supreme religi\s head ( ! movem5t4 ,!re 0 a m9i/] plac$ ov] e tw5ty-five families1 & a *ur*1 or ,heav5ly ,hall1 assign$ to him 9 "s public build+4 ,ov] e tw5ty1 five p>i%es !re 0 a sup]ior1 :o visit$ !m 9 turn e ,sabba?4 ,once e mon? ! :ole p 7 address$ by ! *ief ,wong4 ,! writ] ( ?is "w describes 8 att5dance on morn+ pray]s at ,nan-k+1 9 ! ,heav5ly ,hall ( ! ,*ung-,wang's h\sehold4 ,?is took place at sunrise e morn+1 ! m5 & wom5 sitt+ on opposite sides ( ! hall4 ,(t5times1 says he1 :ile kneel+ 9 ! mid/ ( an app>5tly dev\t congregation1 & gaz+ on ! upturn$ c\nt5ances light5$ by ! e>ly morn+ sun1 h ,i wond]$ :y no ,briti% mission>y occupi$ my place1 & :y ,europeans g5]ally pref]r$ slaught]+ ! ,ti-,p+s to accept+ !m z bro!rs 9 ,*ri/4 ,:5 ,i look back1 he adds1 on ! un*angeable & univ]sal k9dness ,i always met ) among ! ,ti-,p+s1 ev5 :5 _! de>e/ relatives 7 be+ slaught]$ by my c\ntrym51 or deliv]$ ov] to ! ,man*oos to be tortur$ to dea?1 _! magnanim\s =be>ance seems l a dream4 ,_! k9d & fri5dly feel+s 7 (t5 annoy+4 ,to ^? :o h exp]i5c$ ! ord9>y dislike ( =eign]s by ! ,*9ese1 ! surpris+ fri5dl9ess ( ! ,ti-,p+s 0 mo/ rem>kable4 ,!y welcom$ ,europeans z bre?r5 f across ! sea1 & claim$ !m z fell[-wor%ipp]s ( ,yesu4 ,?\gh ! ,ti-,p+s did n at once lay aside all hea!n cu/oms1 & c\ld n be expect$ to d s1 !y took "s rem>kable /eps 9 ! "r direction4 ,_! wom5 7 9 a mu* high] position ?an among ! o!r ,*9ese2 !y aboli%$ ! cu/om ( cramp+ _! feet2 a m>ri$ woman _h rights1 & c\ld n be divorc$ at w1 or sold1 z "u ! ,man*oos4 ,l>ge in/itutions 7 e/abli%$ = unm>ri$ wom54 ,slav]y 0 totally aboli%$1 & to sell a human be+ 0 made a capital (f5ce4 ,!y utt]ly prohibit$ ! use ( opium2 & ?is 0 probably _! *ief (f5ce 9 ! eyes ( ! ,engli%4 ,pro/itution 0 puni%$ by dea?1 & 0 unkn[n 9 _! cities4 ,idolatry 0 also utt]ly aboli%$4 ,_! treatm5t ( ! p "u !m 0 m]ciful2 !y protect$ _! prison]s1 :om ! ,imp]iali/s always massacr$4 ,! ,briti% troops1 in/ead ( pres]v+ neutrality1 aid$ ! ,imp]iali/s 9 putt+ d[n ! insurrection 9 su* ways z ?is4 ,! ,briti% cruis]s assum$ t ! ,ti-,p+ junks 7 pirates1 because !y captur$ ,*9ese vessels4 ,! ,briti% %ip ,bitt]n & ano!r /eam] sank e vessel b two 9 a rebel fleet1 & gave up ! crew ( "o :i* !y captur$ to be put to dea?4 ,?is is ! description ( ano!r transaction ( ! same k9d1 9 ! h>bor ( ,%i-poo3 ,! junks 7 de/roy$1 & _! crews %ot1 dr[n$1 & hunt$ d[n1 until ab\t a ?\s& 7 kill$2 ! ,bitt]n's m5 aid+ ! ,*9ese on %ore to complete ! :olesale massacre4#bf ,x is ! delib]ate op9ion ( ?is well-in=m$ ,engli% writ] t ! ,ti-,p+ insurrection w\ld h succe$$ b = ,briti% int]v5tion2 t ! ,t>t> dyna/y w\ld h be5 expell$1 ! ,*9ese rega9$ _! autonomy1 & ,*ri/ianity h be5 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,at ! end ( 8 book he gives a table ( =ty-?ree battles & massacres 9 :i* ! ,briti% soldi]s & navy took "p1 9 :i* ab\t f\r hundr$ ?\s& ( ! ,ti-,p+s 7 kill$1 & he e/imates t m ?an two millions m di$ ( />vation 9 #ahfc & #ahfd1 9 ! fam9e occasion$ by ! op]ations ( ! alli$ ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,*9ese troop's1 :5 ! ,ti-,p+s 7 driv5 f _! t]ritories4 ,9 view ( su* facts1 well may an ,engli% writ] say3 ,x is n once or twice t ! policy ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t has be5 ru9\s to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! _w4 ,disreg>d ( int]national law & ( treaty law 9 ,europe1 de$s ( piracy & spoliation 9 ,asia1 "o va/ sy/em ( wrong & viol5ce1 h ev]y:]e = ye>s m>k$ ! deal+s ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ) ! weak] races ( ! globe4#bg ,o!r ,engli%m51 beside ,l9-,le & ,mr4 ,mead[s1 give ! same te/imony to ! ,*ri/ian "* ( ?is great movem5t 9 ,*9a4 ,capta9 ,fi%b\rne1 describ+ 8 visit 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]mes to ,nan-k+1 says3 ,x 0 obvi\s to ! commone/ obs]v] t !y 7 practically a diff]5t race4 ,!y _h ! ,scriptures1 _m seem$ to him to be practical ,*ri/ians1 s]i\s & religi\s1 believ+ 9 a special ,provid5ce1 ?9k+ t _! trials 7 s5t to purify !m4 ,!y accuse u ( magic1 said "o4 ,! only magic we employ is pray] to ,god4 ,! man :o said ?is1 says ,capta9 ,fi%b\rne1 0 a little %rivell$-up p]son1 b he utt]$ words ( c\rage\s confid5ce 9 ,god1 & c\ld utt] ! words ( a h]o4 ,he & o!rs l him h impress$ ! m9ds ( _! foll[]s ) _! own c\rage & morality4 ,! ,engli% ,bi%op ( ,victoria has con/antly giv5 ! same te/imony4 ,( "o ( ! ,ti-,p+ books ,dr4 ,m$hur/ says3 ,!re is n a ^w 9 x :i* a ,*ri/ian mission>y might n adopt & circulate z a tract = ! b5efit ( ! ,*9ese4 ,dr4 ,m$hur/ also describes a sc5e :i* took place 9 ,%anghae1 :]e he 0 prea*+ 9 ! *apel ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society1 on ! folly ( idolatry & ! duty ( wor%ipp+ ! "o true ,god4 ,a man arose 9 ! middle ( ! congregation & said3 ,t is true6 t is true6 ! idols mu/ p]i%4 ,i am a ,ti-,p+2 we all wor%ip "o ,god & believe 9 ,jesus1 & we ev]y:]e de/roy ! idols4 ,two ye>s ago :5 we began we 7 only ?ree ?\s&2 n[ we h m>*$ across ! ,empire1 because ,god 0 on our side4 ,he !n exhort$ ! p to ab&on idolatry & to believe 9 ,jesus1 & said3 ,we are happy 9 our religion1 & look on ! day ( our dea? z ! happie/ mom5t ( life4 ,:5 any ( our numb] dies1 we d n weep1 b congratulate ea* o!r because he has gone to ! joy ( ! heav5ly _w4 ,! mission ( ,mr4 ,burl+ame indicat$ a s9c]e desire on ! "p ( ! sagaci\s m5 :o !n gov]n$ ,*9a1 especially ( ,pr9ce ,kung1 to ent] into relations ) mod]n civilization & mod]n ?\ght4 ,f ! (ficial pap]s ( ?is mission1#bh x appe>s t ,mr4 ,burl+ame 0 au?oriz$ to transact all bus9ess ) ! ,treaty ,p[]s 9 :i* ^? c\ntries & ,*9a _h a common int]e/1 7communication ( ,pr9ce ,kung1 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahfg74 ,! ,*9ese gov]nm5t expressly /ates t ?is /ep is int5d$ z adopt+ ! cu/oms ( diplomatic int]c\rse peculi> to ! ,we/1 & t 9 s do+ ! ,*9ese ,empire means to con=m to ! law ( nations1 z und]/ood among ! ,european /ates4 ,x !re=e adopt$ ,:eaton's ,int]national ,law z ! text-book & au?ority to be us$ 9 its ,=eign ,(fice1 & _h x c>efully translat$ into ,*9ese = ! use ( its m&>9s4 ,?is movem5t 0 ! result1 says ,mr4 ,burl+ame1 ( ! co-op]ative policy adopt$ by ! repres5tatives 9 ,*9a ( ! ,treaty ,p[]s1 9 :i* !y agre$ to act toge!r on all important que/ions1 to take no cession ( t]ritory1 & nev] to m5ace ! autonomy ( ! ,empire4 ,!y agre$ to leave h] p]fectly free to develop h]self accord+ to h] own =m ( civilization1 n to int]f]e ) h] int]ior affairs1 to make h] wat]s neutral1 & h] l& safe 7,burl+ame's spee* at ,san ,francisco74 ,!re is no d\bt t if ! /ates kn[n z ! ,treaty ,p[]s1 namely1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 ,france1 ,great ,brita91 ,holl&1 ,italy1 ,nor? ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,spa91 & ,sw$51 w loyally ab/a9 f aggression & int]f]5ce 9 ,*9a & respect h] indep5d5ce1 t ?is great ,empire w /ep =? f h] seclusion ( fifty c5turies1 & ent] ! commonweal? ( nations4 ,! treaty betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,*9a ( ,july #bh1 #ahfh1 includes provisions = ! neutrality ( ! ,*9ese wat]s2 = fre$om ( wor%ip = ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5s 9 ,*9a1 & = ! ,*9ese 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 = all[+ volunt>y emigration1 & prohibit+ ! compulsory coolie trade2 = fre$om to travel 9 ,*9a & ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! citiz5s ( ei!r c\ntry2 & = fre$om to e/abli% & att5d s*ools 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,we add to ?is *apt] a ,note1 conta9+ an int]e/+ acc\nt1 f ,hue's ,*ri/ianity 9 ,*9a1 ( an inscrib$ /one1 prov+ t ,*ri/ian *ur*es exi/$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,^! *ur*es 7 ! result ( ! ef=ts ( ,ne/orian mission>ies1 :o 7 ! ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians ( _! age4 ,_! success 9 ,*9a is ano!r pro( t ! ,*ri/ianity :i* is to be welcom$ !re mu/ be pres5t$ 9 an intelligible & rational =m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4 ,! ,ne/orian ,inscription 9 ,*9a4#bi ,9 #afbe "s ,*9ese workm51 engag$ 9 digg+ a f\ndation = a h\se1 outside ! walls ( ! city ( ,si-ngau-,f\1 ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,*5-si1 f\nd buri$ 9 ! e>? a l>ge monum5tal /one resembl+ ^? :i* ! ,*9ese are 9 ! habit ( rais+ to pres]ve to po/]ity ! remembrance ( rem>kable ev5ts & illu/ri\s m54 ,x 0 a d>k-color$ m>ble tablet1 t5 feet high & five broad1 & be>+ on "o side an inscription 9 anci5t ,*9ese1 & also "s o!r *>act]s q unkn[n 9 ,*9a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sev]al exact trac+s f ! /one 7 s5t to ,europe by ! ,jesuits :o saw x4 ,! libr>y ( _! h\se at ,rome _h "o ( ! fir/1 & x attract$ num]\s visitors2 subsequ5tly1 ano!r au!ntic copy ( ! dim5sions ( ! tablet 0 s5t to ,p>is1 & deposit$ at ! libr>y 9 ! ,rue ,ri*elieu1 :]e x may /ill be se5 9 ! gall]y ( manuscripts4 ,?is monum5t1 discov]$ by *ance amid/ rubbi% 9 ! environs ( an anci5t capital ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 excit$ a great s5sation2 = on exam9+ ! /one1 & endeavor+ to int]pret ! inscription1 x 0 ) surprise discov]$ t ! ,*ri/ian religion _h _h num]\s apo/les 9 ,*9a at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & t x _h = a long "t fl\ri%$ !re4 ,! /range *>act]s prov$ to be ^? call$ e/ranglhos1 :i* 7 9 use among ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,syria1 & w be f\nd 9 "s ,syriac manuscripts ( e>li] date ?an ! eigh? c5tury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monum5t ( ! great ,propagation ( ! ,lum9\s ,doctr9e 9 ! ,c5tral ,empire1 compos$ by ,kh+-,ts+1 a dev\t ,man ( ! ,temple ( ,ta-,?s94 #a4 ,!re has always be5 only "o true ,cause1 ess5tially ! fir/1 & )\t beg9n+1 supremely intellig5t & immat]ial2 ess5tially ! la/1 & unit+ all p]fections4 ,he plac$ ! poles ( ! heav5s & creat$ all be+s2 m>vell\sly holy1 he is ! s\rce ( all p]fection4 ,?is admirable be+1 is he n ! ,triune1 ! true ,"l )\t beg9n+1 ,oloho8 ,he divid$ ! _w by a cross into f\r p>ts4 ,aft] hav+ decompos$ ! primordial air1 he gave bir? to ! two elem5ts4 ,*aos 0 trans=m$1 & !n ! sun & ! moon appe>$4 ,he made ! sun & ! moon move to produce day & night4 ,he elaborat$ & p]fect$ ! t5 ?\s& ?+s2 b 9 creat+ ! fir/ man1 he end[$ him ) p]fect int]ior h>mony4 ,he enjo9$ him to wat* ov] ! sea ( 8 desires4 ,8 nature 0 )\t vice & )\t error2 8 he>t1 pure & simple1 0 orig9ally )\t disord]ly appetites4 #b4 ,b ,sa-,?ang propagat$ lies1 & /a9$ by 8 malice t :i* _h be5 pure & holy4 ,he proclaim$1 z a tru?1 ! equality ( greatness1 & upset all ideas4 ,?is is :y ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five sects1 l5d+ ea* o!r a mutual support1 =m$ a long *a91 & wove1 s to speak1 a net ( law4 ,"s put ! creature 9 ! place ( ! ,et]nal1 o!rs d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( be+s1 & de/roy$ ! two pr9ciples4 ,o!rs in/itut$ pray]s & sacrifices to obta9 good =tune2 o!rs proclaim$ _! own sanctity to deceive mank9d4 ,! m9ds ( m5 labor$1 & 7 fill$ ) anxiety2 aspirations aft] ! supreme good 7 trampl$ d[n2 ?us p]petually float+ ab\t !y atta9$ to no?+1 & all w5t f bad to worse4 ,! d>kness ?ick5$1 m5 lo/ _! sight1 & = a long "t !y w&]$ )\t be+ able to f9d x aga94 #c4 ,!n our ,triune ,god communicat$ 8 sub/ance to ! v v5]able ,mi-*i-ho 7,messiah71 :o1 veil+ 8 true maje/y1 appe>$ 9 ! _w 9 ! lik5ess ( a man4 ,! cele/ial spirits manife/$ _! joy1 & a virg9 br\ght =? ! sa9t 9 ,ta-,?s94 ,! mo/ spl5did con/ellations ann\nc$ ?is happy ev5t2 ! ,p]sians saw ! spl5dor1 & ran to pay tribute4 ,he fulfill$ :at 0 said ( old by ! tw5ty-f\r sa9ts2 he organiz$1 by 8 precepts1 bo? families & k+doms2 he in/itut$ ! new religion accord+ to ! true notion ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity2 he regulat$ consci5ce by ! true fai?2 he signifi$ to ! _w ! eight comm&m5ts1 & purg$ humanity f its pollutions by op5+ ! door to ! ?ree virtues4 ,he diffus$ life & ext+ui%$ dea?2 he susp5d$ ! lum9\s sun to de/roy ! dwell+ ( d>kness1 & !n ! lies ( demons pass$ away4 ,he direct$ ! b>k ( m]cy t[>ds ! palace ( light1 & all creatures end[$ ) intellig5ce h be5 succor$4 ,aft] hav+ consummat$ ?is act ( p[]1 he rose at midday t[>ds ! ,tru?4 ,tw5ty-sev5 books h be5 left4 ,he has enl>g$ ! spr+s ( m]cy1 t m5 might be conv]t$4 ,! baptism by wat] & by ! ,_s is a law t purifies ! s\l & beautifies ! ext]ior4 ,! sign ( ! cross unites ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & re/ores ! h>mony t _h be5 de/roy$4 ,by /rik+ ^u a piece ( wood1 we make ! voice ( *>ity & m]cy res\nd2 by sacrific+ t[>ds ! ea/ we indicate ! way ( life & glory4 ,our m9i/]s all[ _! be>ds to gr[1 to %[ t !y are devot$ to _! neighbors4 ,! tonsure t !y we> at ! top ( _! heads indicates t !y h r5\nc$ worldly desires4 ,9 giv+ lib]ty to slaves we become a l9k betwe5 ! p[]ful & weak4 ,we d n accumulate ri*es1 & we %>e ) ! poor t :i* we possess4 ,fa/+ /r5g!ns ! intellectual p[]s1 ab/95ce & mod]ation pres]ve heal?4 ,we wor%ip sev5 times a day1 & by our pray]s we aid ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,on ! sev5? day we (f] sacrifice1 aft] hav+ purifi$ our he>ts & receiv$ absolution = our s9s4 ,?is religion1 s p]fect & s excell5t1 is difficult to "n1 b x enlight5s d>kness by its brilliant precepts4 ,x is call$ ! ,lum9\s ,religion4 #e4 ,le>n+ alone )\t sanctity has no gr&eur1 sanctity )\t le>n+ makes no progress4 ,:5 le>n+ & sanctity proce$ h>moni\sly1 ! univ]se is adorn$ & respl5d5t4 ,! ,emp]or ,tai-,ts\ng illu/rat$ ! ,empire4 ,he op5$ ! revolution1 & gov]n$ m5 9 hol9ess4 ,9 8 "t !re 0 a man ( high virtue nam$ ,olop51 :o came f ! k+dom ( ,ta-,?s94 ,direct$ by ! blue cl\ds1 he bore ! ,scriptures ( ! true doctr9e2 he obs]v$ ! rules ( ! w9ds1 & trav]s$ difficult & p]il\s c\ntries ,9 ! n9? ye> ( ,t*+-,k\an 7#fcf7 he arriv$ at ,tehang-ngan4 ,! ,emp]or ord]$ ,fang-hi-w5-,l+1 fir/ m9i/] ( ! ,empire1 to g ) a great tra9 ( att5dants to ! we/]n suburb1 to meet ! /rang] & br+ him to ! palace4 ,he _h ! ,holy ,scriptures translat$ 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y4 ,! c\rt li/5$ to ! doctr9e1 m$itat$ on x pr(\ndly1 & und]/ood ! great unity ( tru?4 ,a special edict 0 promulgat$ = its publication & diffusion4 ,9 ! twelf? ye> ( ,t*+-,k\an1 9 ! sev5? moon1 dur+ ! autumn1 ! new edict 0 promulgat$ 9 ^! t]ms3-- ,! doctr9e has no fix$ "n1 ! holy has no det]m9ate sub/ance2 x in/itutes religions suitable to v>i\s c\ntries1 & c>ries m5 9 cr[ds 9 its tracks4 ,olop51 a man ( ,ta-,?s91 & ( a l(ty virtue1 be>+ ,scriptures & images1 has come to (f] !m 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,aft] a m9ute exam9ation ( ! _s ( ?is religion1 x has be5 f\nd to be excell5t1 my/]i\s1 & pacific4 ,! contemplation ( its radical pr9ciple gives bir? to p]fection & fixes ! w4 ,x is exempt f v]bosity2 x consid]s only good results4 ,x is useful to m51 & consequ5tly ought to be publi%$ "u ! :ole ext5t ( ! heav5s4 ,i1 !re=e1 comm& ! magi/rates to h a ,ta-,?s9 temple con/ruct$ 9 ! qu>t] nam$ ,t-n+ ( ! ,imp]ial city1 & tw5ty-"o religi\s m5 %all be in/all$ !re94 99 99 99 99 99 #aj4 ,s\-,ts\ng1 ! illu/ri\s & brilliant emp]or1 erect$ at ,l+-on & o!r t[ns1 five 9 all1 lum9\s temples4 ,! primitive good 0 ?us /r5g!n$1 & felicity fl\ri%$4 ,joy\s solemnities 7 inaugurat$1 & ! ,empire ent]$ on a wide c\rse ( prosp]ity4 #aa4 ,tai-,ts\ng 7#gfd71 a lett]$ & a w>like emp]or1 propagat$ ! holy revolution4 ,he s\ght = peace & tranquillity4 ,e ye>1 at ! h\r ( ! ,nativity 7,*ri/mas71 he burnt cele/ial p]fumes 9 remembrance ( ! div9e b5efit2 he prep>$ imp]ial fea/s1 to honor ! lum9\s 7,*ri/ian7 multitude4 99 99 99 99 99 #ba4 ,?is /one 0 rais$ 9 ! second ye> ( ,ki5-,t*\ng ( ! great dyna/y ( ,?ang 7,a4,d4 #gha71 on ! sev5? day ( ! moon ( ! great increase4 ,at ?is "t ! dev\t ,n+-,*\1 "l ( ! doctr9e1 gov]n$ ! lum9\s multitude 9 ! ,ea/]n c\ntry4 ,su* is ! translation ( ! fam\s inscription f\nd at ,si-ngau-,f\1 9 #afbe4 ,on ! left ( ! monum5t are to be read ! foll[+ words 9 ! ,syriac language3 ,9 ! days ( ! ,fa!r ( ,fa!rs1 ,anan-,yes*\ah1 ,patri>* ,ca?olicos4 ,to ! "r c be trac$1 ,adam1 ,prie/1 & ,*or-,episcopus2 & at ! base ( ! inscription3 ,9 ! ye> ( ! ,greeks "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & two 7,a4,d4 #gha71 ,m> ,yezd-b\zid1 ,prie/ & ,*or-,episcopus ( ! ,imp]ial city ( ,komdam1 son ( ,milles9s1 prie/ ( happy memory1 ( ,balkh1 a t[n ( ,tokh>i/an 7,turki/an71 rais$ ?is tablet ( /one1 on :i* are describ$ ! b5efits ( our ,savi\r1 & ! prea*+ ( our fa!rs 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,*9ese4 ,adam1 ,deacon1 son ( ,yezd-b\zid1 ,*or-,episcopus2 ,sab>-,jesu1 ,prie/2 ,gabriel1 ,prie/1 ,ar*deacon1 & ,ecclesi>* ( ,komdam & ,s>age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! abridgm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e giv5 9 ! ,syro-,*9ese inscription ( ,si-ngau-,f\ %[s u1 also1 t ! propagators ( ! fai? 9 ,upp] ,asia 9 ! sev5? c5tury pr(ess$ ! ,ne/orian errors4 ,?r\gh ! vague & obscure v]biage :i* *>act]izes ! ,*9ese /yle1 we recognize ! mode 9 :i* t h]esi>* admitt$ ! union ( ! ,^w ) man1 by indwell+ pl5itude ( grace sup]ior to t ( all ! sa9ts4 ,"o ( ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity communicat$ himself to ! v illu/ri\s & v5]able ,messiah1 veil+ 8 maje/y4 ,t is c]ta9ly ! doctr9e ( ,ne/orius2 ^u t po9t ! au?ority ( ! critics is unanim\s4 ,hi/ory1 z we h else:]e rem>k$1 records ! rapid progress ( ! ,ne/orian sects 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia1 & _! be+ able to hold _! gr\nd1 ev5 "u ! sway ( ! ,mussulmans1 by means ( compromises & concessions ( e k9d4 ,sett+ out f ! banks ( ! ,tigris or ! ,euphrates1 ^! ard5t & c\rage\s propagators ( ! ,gospel probably proce$$ to ,khorassan1 & !n cross+ ! ,oxus1 direct$ _! c\rse t[>d ! ,lake ( ,lop1 & ent]$ ! ,*9ese ,empire by ! prov9ce ( ,*5-si4 ,olop51 & 8 successors 9 ! ,*ri/ian mission1 :e!r ,syrians or ,p]sians by bir?1 c]ta9ly belong$ to ! ,ne/orian *ur*4 ,voltaire1 :o did n l to tr\ble himself ) sci5tific argum5ts1 & :o 0 mu* /rong] 9 s>casm ?an 9 erudition1 r\ndly accuses ! mission>ies ( hav+ fabricat$ ! inscription on ! monum5t ( ,si-ngau-,f\1 f motives ( pi\s fraud4 ,z if1 says ,remusat1 su* a fabrication c\ld h be5 practicable 9 ! mid/ ( a di/ru/ful & suspici\s nation1 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* magi/rates & private p are equally ill-dispos$ t[>ds =eign]s1 & especially mission>ies1 :]e all eyes are op5 to _! mo/ trivial proce$+s1 & :]e ! au?orities wat* ) ! mo/ jeal\s c>e ov] ev]y?+ relat+ to ! hi/orical traditions & monum5ts ( antiquity4 ,x w\ld be v difficult to expla9 h[ ! mission>ies c\ld h be5 bold en\gh to h pr9t$ & publi%$ 9 ,*9a1 & 9 ,*9ese1 an inscription t _h nev] exi/$1 & h[ !y c\ld h imitat$ ! ,*9ese /yle1 c\nt]feit$ ! mann] ( ! writ]s ( ! dyna/y ( ,?ang1 allud$ to cu/oms little kn[n1 to local circum/ances1 to dates calculat$ f ! my/]i\s figures ( ,*9ese a/rology1 & ! :ole )\t betray+ !mselves = a mom5t2 & ) su* p]fection z to impose on ! mo/ skilful m5 ( lett]s1 induc$1 ( c\rse1 by ! s+ul>ity ( ! discov]y to dispute its au!nticity4 ,x c\ld only h be5 done by "o ( ! mo/ erudite ( ,*9ese s*ol>s1 jo9+ ) ! mission>ies to impose on 8 own c\ntrym54 ,ev5 t w\ld n be all1 = ! bord]s ( ! inscription are cov]$ ) ,syrian names 9 f9e e/ranghlo *>act]s4 ,! =g]s mu/1 !n1 h be5 n only acqua9t$ ) ^! *>act]s1 b h be5 able to get engrav$ ) p]fect exactness n9ety l9es ( !m1 & 9 ! anci5t writ+1 kn[n at pres5t to v few4 ,?is argum5t ( ,remusat's1 says ano!r le>n$ ,ori5tali/1 ,m4 ,felix ,neve1 is ( irresi/ible =ce1 & we h =m]ly he>d a simil> "o ma9ta9$ ) ! greate/ confid5ce by ,m4 ,quatremre1 ( ! ,academy ( ,inscriptions & ,belles-,lettres1 & we all[ ourselves to quote ! op9ion ( s highly qualifi$ a judge ^u ?is po9t4 ,be=e ! la/ c5tury x w\ld h be5 absolutely impossible to =ge 9 ,europe a s]ies ( names & titles belong+ to a ,*ri/ian nation ( ,we/]n ,asia2 x is only s9ce ! fruits ( ,assemam's labors h be5 made public by 8 family at ,rome1 t !re exi/$ a suffici5t k ( ! ,syriac = su* a purpose2 & x is only by ! publication ( ! manuscripts ( ! ,vatican1 t ! ext5t to :i* ,ne/orianism spread 9 ! c5tre ( ,asia1 & ! influ5ce ( its hi]>*y 9 ! ,p]sian prov9ces c\ld h be5 e/imat$4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t mission>ies :o left ,europe 9 ! v beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury c\ld h acquir$ a k :i* c\ld only be obta9$ f read+ ! orig9als & n vague acc\nts ( !m4 ,! sagacity ( ,m4 ,sa9t ,m>t91 :o 0 = a long "t ! colleague ( ,m4 ,quatremre1 has po9t$ out 9 a note wor?y ( 8 erudition1 ano!r special pro(1 :i* is by no means to be neglect$4 ,among/ ! v>i\s argum5ts1 he says1 t might be urg$ 9 favor ( ! legitimacy ( ! monum5t1 b ( :i*1 z yet1 no use has be5 made1 mu/ n be =gott5 ! "n ( ! prie/ by :om x is said to h be5 erect$4 ,! "n ,yezd-b\zid is ,p]sian1 & at ! epo* :5 ! monum5t 0 discov]$ x w\ld h be5 impossible to inv5t x1 z !re exi/$ no "w :]e x c\ld h be5 f\nd4 ,inde$1 ,i d n ?9k t1 ev5 s9ce !n1 !re has ev] be5 any "o publi%$ 9 :i* x c\ld h be5 met )4 ,x is a v celebrat$ "n among ! ,arm5ians1 & comes to !m f a m>tyr1 a ,p]sian by bir?1 & ( ! royal race1 :o p]i%$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & r5d]$ 8 "n illu/ri\s among/ ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ! ,ea/4 ,sa9t ,m>t9 adds 9 ! same place1 t ! fam\s monum5t ( ,si-ngau-,f\1 ^: au!nticity has = a long "t be5 call$ 9 "q f ! hatr$ ent]ta9$ aga9/ ! ,jesuit mission>ies :o discov]$ x1 r ?an f a c&id exam9ation ( its cont5ts1 is n[ reg>d$ z above all suspicion4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,brahmanism4 #a4 ,our ,k ( ,brahmanism4 ,sir ,william ,jones4 #b4 ,difficulty ( ?is ,/udy4 ,! ,complexity ( ! ,sy/em4 ,! ,h9doos h no ,hi/ory4 ,_! ,ultra-,spiritualism4 #c4 ,helps f ,comp>ative ,philology4 ,! ,aryans 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 #d4 ,! ,aryans 9 ,india4 ,! ,native ,races4 ,! ,v$ic ,age4 ,!ology ( ! ,v$as4 #e4 ,second ,p]iod4 ,laws ( ,manu4 ,! ,brahmanic ,age4 #f4 ,! ,?ree ,h9doo ,sy/ems ( ,philosophy1--! ,snkhya1 ,v$anta1 & ,nyasa4 #g4 ,orig9 ( ! ,h9doo ,triad4 #h4 ,! ,epics1 ! ,puranas1 & ,mod]n ,h9doo ,wor%ip4 #i4 ,relation ( ,brahmanism to ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,our ,k ( ,brahmanism4 ,sir ,william ,jones4 ,x is m ?an =ty ye>s s9ce ! writ]1 !n a boy1 0 "o day se>*+ among ! heavy works ( a le>n$ libr>y 9 ! c\ntry to f9d "s ent]ta9+ read+ = a summ] aft]noon4 ,x 0 a libr>y ri* 9 !ology1 9 ,greek & ,lat9 classics1 9 ,fr5* & ,spani% lit]ature1 b conta9$ little to amuse a *ild4 ,l$ by "s happy =tune1 9 turn+ ov] a pile ( ! ,mon?ly ,an?ology 8 eye 0 attract$ by ! title ( a play1 ,scontala1#cj or ! ,fatal ,r+2 an ,indian ,drama1 translat$ f ! orig9al ,sanskrit & ,pracrit4 ,calcutta1 #aghi1 & repr9t$ 9 ! ,an?ology 9 successive numb]s4 ,ga!r+ !m toge!r1 ! boy took !m into a great *e/nut-tree1 amid ! limbs ( :i* he _h con/ruct$ a /udy1 & !re1 9 ! w>m1 fragrant %ade1 read h\r aft] h\r ?is bewit*+ /ory4 ,! tale 0 suit$ to ! day & ! sc5e1--fill$ ) images ( t5d] girls & religi\s sages1 :o liv$ amid a tropical abundance ( fl[]s & fruits2 s bl5d+ ! beauty ( nature ) ! *>m ( love4 ,nature becomes 9 x alive1 & is int]p5etrat$ ) human s5tim5ts4 ,skuntal loves ! fl[]s z si/]s2 ! ,ks>a-tree beckons to h] ) its wav+ blossoms1 & cl+s to h] 9 affection z %e b5ds ov] x4 ,! jasm9e1 ! wife ( ! mango-tree1 embraces h] "l1 :o leans d[n to protect 8 bloom+ bride1 ! moonlight ( ! grove4 ,! holy h]mits def5d ! timid fawn f ! hunt]s1 & ! birds1 gr[n tame 9 _! peaceful solitudes1 look tranquilly on ! intrud]4 ,! demons occasionally di/urb ! sacrificial rites1 b1 l well-educat$ demons1 retire at once1 z soon z ! protect+ ,raja ent]s ! sacr$ grove4 ,all brea!s ( love1 g5tle & g5]\s s5tim5t1 & quiet joys 9 ! bosom ( a luxuriant & beautiful summ] l&4 ,?us1 9 ?is poem1 writt5 a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 we f9d t romantic view ( nature1 unkn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & fir/ appe>+ 9 our own "t 9 su* writ]s z ,r\sseau1 ,goe!1 & ,byron4 ,he :o translat$ ?is poem into a ,european language1 & communicat$ x to mod]n read]s1 0 ,sir ,william ,jones1 "o ( ! few fir/-class s*ol>s :om ! _w has produc$4 ,9 him 0 jo9$ a m>vell\s gift ( language ) a love = tru? & beauty1 :i* detect$ by an infallible in/9ct :at 0 wor? kn[+1 9 ! mighty maze ( ,ori5tal lit]ature4 ,he _h also ! r>e good =tune ( be+ ! fir/ to discov] ?is doma9 ( lit]ature 9 ,asia1 unkn[n to ! ,we/ till he came to reveal x4 ,! va/ realm ( ,h9doo1 ,*9ese1 & ,p]sian g5ius 0 z mu* a new cont95t to ,europe1 :5 discov]$ by ,sir ,william ,jones1 z ,am]ica 0 :5 made kn[n by ,columbus4 ,its ri*es _h be5 accumulat+ dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 wait+ till ! =tunate man %\ld arrive1 de/9$ to reveal to our age ! b>b>ic pe>l & gold ( ! gorge\s ,ea/1--! true weal? ( ,ormus & ( ,ind4 ,sir ,william ,jones came well equipp$ = 8 task4 ,"s m5 are born philologians1 lov+ words = _! own sake1--m5 to :om ! devi\s pa?s ( language are op5 highways2 :o1 z ,"l ,bacon says1 h come =? f ! second g5]al curse1 :i* 0 ! confusion ( tongues1 by ! art ( gramm>4 ,sir ,william ,jones 0 "o ( ^!1 p]haps ! greate/ ( !m4 ,a pap] 9 8 own h&writ+ tells u t he knew critically eight languages1--,engli%1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,greek1 ,arabic1 ,p]sian1 & ,sanskrit2 less p]fectly eight o!rs1--,spani%1 ,portuguese1 ,g]man1 ,runic1 ,hebrew1 ,b5gali1 ,h9di1 ,turki%2 & 0 mod]ately famili> ) twelve m1--,tibetian1 ,pli1 ,phalavi1 ,d]i1 ,russian1 ,syriac1 ,e?iopic1 ,coptic1 ,wel%1 ,sw$i%1 ,dut*1 & ,*9ese4 ,!re h be51 p]haps1 o!r s*ol>s :o h kn[n z _m tongues z ?is4 ,b usually !y are cru%$ by _! own accumulations1 & we nev] he> ( _! accompli%+ any?+4 ,sir ,william ,jones 0 n "o ( ^!1 deep v]s$ 9 books1 & %all[ 9 himself4 ,language 0 8 in/rum5t1 b k 8 aim4 ,s1 :5 he _h ma/]$ ,sanskrit & o!r ,ori5tal languages1 he r5d]$ into ,engli% n only ,skuntal1 b a f> m important "w1 ,! ,laws ( ,manu2 almo/ ! only "w 9 ,sanskrit1 says ,max ,mll]1 ! e>ly date ( :i*1 assign$ to x by ,sir ,william ,jones f ! fir/1 has n be5 assail$4 ,he also translat$ f ! ,sanskrit ! fables ( ,hitopadesa1 extracts f ! ,v$as1 & %ort] pieces4 ,he =m$ a society 9 ,calcutta = ! /udy ( ,ori5tal lit]ature1 0 its fir/ presid5t1 & contribut$ num]\s essays1 all valuable1 to its p]iodical1 ! ,asiatic ,rese>*es4 ,he wrote a gramm> ( ! ,p]sian language1 & translat$ f ,p]sian into ,fr5* ! hi/ory ( ,nadir ,%ah4 ,f ! ,arabic he also translat$ _m pieces1 & among !m ! ,sev5 ,poems susp5d$ 9 ! temple at ,mecca1 :i*1 9 _! subjects & /yle1 seem an ,arabic anticipation ( ,walt ,:itman4 ,he wrote 9 ,lat9 a ,book ( ,comm5t>ies on ,asiatic ,poetry1 9 ,engli% sev]al works on ! ,mohamm$an & ,civil ,law1 ) a translation ( ! ,greek ,orations ( ,isu4 ,z a lawy]1 a judge1 a /ud5t ( natural hi/ory1 8 ardor ( /udy 0 equally app>5t4 ,he pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 ,london a l>ge collection ( valuable ,ori5tal manuscripts1 & left a long li/ ( /udies 9 ,sanskrit to be pursu$ by ^? :o %\ld come aft] him4 ,8 g5]\s nature %[$ itself 9 8 opposition to slav]y & ! slave-trade1 & 8 op5 sympa?y ) ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,8 correspond5ce 0 l>ge1 includ+ su* names z ^? ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,"l ,monboddo1 ,gibbon1 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 ,dr4 ,price1 ,edmund ,burke1 & ,dr4 ,p>r4 ,su* a man ought to be rememb]$1 especially by all :o take an int]e/ 9 ! /udies to :i* he has op5$ ! way1 = he 0 "o :o _h a "r to speak ( himself1 z he has spok5 9 ^! l9es3-- ,be=e ?y my/ic alt>1 heav5ly tru?1 ,i kneel 9 manhood1 z ,i knelt 9 y\?4 ,?us let me kneel1 till ?is dull =m decay1 ,& life's la/ %ade be bright5$ by ?y ray1 ,!n %all my s\l1 n[ lo/ 9 cl\ds bel[1 ,so> )\t b\nd1 )\t consum+ gl[4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,sir ,william ,jones imm5se progress has be5 made 9 ! /udy ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 especially )9 ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 f ! "t :5 ! ,s*legels l$ ! way 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,n[1 pr(essors ( ,sanskrit are to be f\nd 9 all ! great ,european univ]sities1 & 9 ?is c\ntry we h at lea/ "o ,sanskrit s*ol> ( ! v highe/ ord]1 ,pr(essor ,william ,d4 ,:itney1 ( ,yale4 ,! sy/em ( ,brahmanism1 :i* a %ort "t s9ce c\ld only be kn[n to ,we/]n read]s by means ( ! writ+s ( ,colebrooke1 ,wilk9s1 ,wilson1 & a few o!rs1 has n[ be5 made accessible by ! works ( ,lass51 ,max ,mll]1 ,burn\f1 ,muir1 ,pictet1 ,bopp1 ,web]1 ,w9dis*mann1 ,vivi5 de ,sa9t-,m>t91 & a multitude ( em95t writ]s 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many4#ca #b4 ,difficulty ( ?is ,/udy4 ,! ,complexity ( ! ,sy/em4 ,! ,h9doos h no ,hi/ory4 ,_! ,ultra-,spiritualism4 ,b1 not)/&+ ^! _m helps1 ,brahmanism rema9s a difficult /udy4 ,its s\rce is n 9 a man1 b 9 a ca/e4 ,x is n ! religion ( a ,confucius1 a ,zoroa/]1 a ,mohamm$1 b ! religion ( ! ,brahmans4 ,we call x ,brahmanism1 & x c be trac$ to no individual z its f\nd] or re/or]4 ,!re is no p]sonality ab\t x4#cb ,x is a va/ _w ( ideas1 b want+ ! unity :i* is giv5 by ! life ( a man1 its embodim5t & repres5tative4 ,b :at a sy/em8 ,h[ l>ge1 h[ difficult to und]/&6 ,s va/1 s complicat$1 s full ( contradictions1 s v>i\s & *angeable1 t its v imm5sity is our refuge6 ,we say1 ,x is impossible to d ju/ice to su* a sy/em2 !re=e d n dem& x ( u4 ,india has be5 a l& ( my/]y f ! e>lie/ times4 ,f ! mo/ anci5t days we he> ( ,india z ! mo/ popul\s nation ( ! _w1 full ( b>b>ic weal? & a /range wisdom4 ,x has attract$ conqu]ors1 & has be5 ov]run by ! armies ( ,semiramis1 ,d>ius1 ,alex&]2 by ,mahmud1 & ,tam]lane1 & ,nadir ,%ah2 by ,"l ,clive & ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,^! conqu]ors1 f ! ,assyrian ,que5 to ! ,briti% ,m]cantile ,company1 h ov]run & plund]$ ,india1 b h left x ! same un9telligible1 un*angeable1 & m>vell\s c\ntry z be=e4 ,x is ! same l& n[ :i* ! soldi]s ( ,alex&] describ$1--! l& ( grotto temples dug out ( solid porphyry2 ( "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ,pagan religions ( ! _w2 ( social di/9ctions fix$ & p]man5t z ! e>? itself2 ( ! sacr$ ,ganges2 ( ! idols ( ,jugg]naut1 ) its bloody wor%ip2 ! l& ( elephants & tig]s2 ( fields ( rice & groves ( palm2 ( treasuries fill$ ) *e/s ( gold1 heaps ( pe>ls1 diamonds1 & inc5se4 ,b1 above all1 x is ! l& ( un9telligible sy/ems ( belief1 ( puzzl+ incongruities1 & irreconcilable contradictions4 ,! ,h9doos h sacr$ books ( great antiquity1 & a ri* lit]ature ext5d+ back tw5ty or ?irty c5turies2 yet no hi/ory1 no *ronology1 no annals4 ,!y h a philosophy z acute1 pr(\nd &1 spiritual z any 9 ! _w1 :i* is yet h>moni\sly associat$ ) ! co>se/ sup]/itions4 ,) a belief s ab/ract t x almo/ escapes ! grasp ( ! mo/ speculative intellect1 is jo9$ ! notion t s9 c be aton$ = by ba?+ 9 ! ,ganges or repeat+ a text ( ! ,v$a4 ,) an ideal pan!ism resembl+ t ( ,hegel1 is unit$ ! op9ion t ,brahma & ,siva c be driv5 f ! ?rone ( ! univ]se by any "o :o w sacrifice a suffici5t numb] ( wild horses4 ,to ab/ract "o's self f matt]1 to r5\nce all ! gratification ( ! s5ses1 to mac]ate ! body1 is ?\ght ! true road to felicity2 & n[h]e 9 ! _w are luxury1 lic5ti\sness & ! gratification ( ! appetites c>ri$ s f>4 ,e civil "r & privilege ( rul] & subject is fix$ 9 a code ( laws1 & a body ( jurisprud5ce old] f> ?an ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! object ( univ]sal rev]5ce2 b ! application ( ^! laws re/s 7says ,rhode7 on ! arbitr>y decisions ( ! prie/s1 & _! execution on ! w ( ! sov]eign4 ,! con/itution ( ,india is !re=e l a h\se )\t a f\ndation & )\t a ro(4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( ,h9doo religion n to kill a worm1 n ev5 to tread on a blade ( grass1 = fe> ( injur+ life2 b ! torm5ts1 cruelties1 & blood%$ inflict$ by ,indian tyrants w\ld %ock a ,n]o or a ,borgia4 ,half ! be/ in=m$ writ]s on ,india w tell y t ! ,brahmanical religion is pure mono!ism2 ! o!r half z confid5tly ass]t t !y wor%ip a million gods4 ,"s tea* u t ! ,h9doos are spirituali/s & pan!i/s2 o!rs t _! idolatry is m gross ?an t ( any liv+ p4 ,is !re any way ( reconcil+ ^! inconsi/5cies8 ,if we _c f9d su* an explanation1 !re is at lea/ "o c5tral po9t :]e we may place ourselves2 "o elevat$ position1 f :i* ?is mighty maze w n seem :olly )\t a plan4 ,9 ,india ! :ole t5d5cy ( ?\ght is ideal1 ! :ole religion a pure spiritualism4 ,an ultra1 "o-sid$ idealism is ! c5tral t5d5cy ( ! ,h9doo m9d4 ,! ,god ( ,brahmanism is an intellig5ce1 absorb$ 9 ! re/ ( pr(\nd contemplation4 ,! good man ( ?is religion is he :o )draws f an evil _w into ab/ract ?\ght4 ,no?+ else expla9s ! ,h9doo "* z ?is does4 ,an em95tly religi\s p1 x is _! "o-sid$ spiritualism1 _! extreme idealism1 :i* gives rise to all _! incongruities4 ,!y h no hi/ory & no au!ntic *ronology1 = hi/ory belongs to ?is _w1 & *ronology belongs to "t4 ,b ?is _w & "t are to !m :olly un9t]e/+2 ,god & et]nity are all 9 all4 ,!y torture !mselves ) self-inflict$ torm5ts2 = ! body is ! great enemy ( ! s\l's salvation1 & !y mu/ beat x d[n by ascetic mortifications4 ,b asceticism1 "h z ev]y:]e else1 t5ds to self-indulg5ce1 s9ce "o extreme produces ano!r4 ,9 "o "p ( ,india1 !re=e1 devotees are sw++ on hooks 9 honor ( ,siva1 hang+ !mselves by ! feet1 head d[nw>ds1 ov] a fire1 roll+ on a b$ ( prickly ?orns1 jump+ on a c\* fill$ ) %>p knives1 bor+ holes 9 _! tongues1 & /ick+ _! bodies full ( p9s & ne$les1 or p]haps hold+ ! arms ov] ! head till !y /iff5 9 t position4 ,meantime 9 o!r places :ole regions are giv5 ov] to s5sual indulg5ces1 & companies ( ab&on$ wom5 are connect$ ) diff]5t temples & consecrate _! ga9s to ! support ( _! wor%ip4 ,z "o-sid$ spiritualism w manife/ itself 9 morals 9 ! two =ms ( au/]ity & s5suality1 s 9 religion x %[s itself 9 ! opposite direction ( an ideal pan!ism & a gross idolatry4 ,spiritualism fir/ fills ! _w full ( ,god1 & ?is is a true & ,*ri/ian view ( ?+s4 ,b x takes ano!r /ep1 :i* is to d5y all real exi/5ce to ! _w1 & s runs into a false pan!ism4 ,x fir/ says1 truly1 ,!re is no?+ )\t ,god4 ,x next says1 falsely1 ,!re is no?+ b ,god4 ,?is second /ep 0 tak5 9 ,india by means ( ! doctr9e ( ,maya1 or ,illusion4 ,maya means ! delusive %[s :i* _s assumes4 ,= !re is no?+ b _s2 :i* nei!r creates nor is creat$1 nei!r acts nor suff]s1 :i* _c *ange1 & into :i* all s\ls are absorb$ :5 !y free !mselves by m$itation f ! belief t !y suff] or are happy1 t !y c exp]i5ce ei!r pleasure or pa94 ,! next /ep is to poly!ism4 ,= if ,god nei!r creates nor de/roys1 b only seems to create & de/roy1 ^! appe>ances are n unit$ toge!r z be+ ! acts ( "o ,be+1 b are sep>ate1 indep5d5t ph5om5a4 ,:5 y remove p]sonality f ! conception ( ,god1 z y d 9 remov+ w1 y remove unity4 ,n[ if creation be an illusion1 & !re be no creation1 /ill ! appe>ance ( creation is a fact4 ,b z !re is no sub/ance b _s1 ?is appe>ance mu/ h its cause 9 _s1 t is1 is a div9e appe>ance1 is ,god4 ,s de/ruction1 9 ! same way1 is an appe>ance ( ,god1 & reproduction is an appe>ance ( ,god1 & e o!r appe>ance 9 nature is a manife/ation ( ,god4 ,b ! unity ( w & p]son be+ tak5 away1 we h n "o ,god1 b a multitude ( gods1--or poly!ism4 ,hav+ begun ?is c>e] ( ?\ght1 no c\rse 0 possible = ! human m9d to pursue b ?is4 ,an ultra spiritualism mu/ become pan!ism1 & pan!ism mu/ g on to poly!ism4 ,9 ,india ?is is n a !ory1 b a hi/ory4 ,we f9d1 side by side1 a spiritualism :i* d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any?+ b motionless _s or ,brahm1 & a poly!ism :i* believes & wor%ips ,brahma ! ,creator1 ,siva ! ,de/roy]1 ,vis*nu ! ,pres]v]1 ,indra ! ,god ( ! ,heav5s1 ! ,sactis or en]gies ( ! gods1 ,kri%na ! ,h9doo ,apollo1 ,doorga1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 innum]able z ! *anges & appe>ances ( ?+s4 ,b su* a sy/em z ?is mu/ necess>ily lead also to idolatry4 ,!re is 9 ! human m9d a t5d5cy to wor%ip1 & m5 mu/ wor%ip some?+4 ,b !y believe 9 "o ,be+1 ! absolute ,_s1 ! supreme & only ,god1--,p>a ,brahm2 him !y _c wor%ip1 = he is lit]ally an unkn[n ,god4 ,he has no qualities2 no attributes1 no activity4 ,he is nei!r ! object ( hope1 fe>1 love1 nor av]sion4 ,s9ce !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se b _s & illusive appe>ances1 & !y _c wor%ip _s because x is absolutely unkn[n1 !y mu/ wor%ip ^! appe>ances1 :i* are at any rate div9e appe>ances1 & :i* d possess "s traits1 qualities1 "*2 are objects ( hope & fe>4 ,b !y _c wor%ip !m z appe>ances1 !y mu/ wor%ip !m z p]sons4 ,b if !y h an inw>d p]sonality or s\l1 !y become real be+s1 & also be+s indep5d5t ( ,brahm1 ^: appe>ances !y are4 ,!y mu/ !re=e h an outw>d p]sonality2 9 o!r words1 a body1 a %ape1 emblematical & *>act]i/ic2 t is to say1 !y become idols4 ,accord+ly idol-wor%ip is univ]sal 9 ,india4 ,! mo/ horrible & grotesque images are c>v$ 9 ! /one ( ! grottos1 /& 9 rude1 block-l /atues 9 ! temple1 or are co>sely pa9t$ on ! walls4 ,figures ( m5 ) heads ( elephants or ( o!r animals1 or ) six or sev5 human heads1--sometimes gr[+ 9 a pyramid1 "o out ( ! o!r1 sometimes ) six h&s com+ f "o %\ld]1--grisly & unc\? mon/]s1 l no?+ 9 nature1 yet too grotesque = symbols1--su* are ! objects ( ! ,h9doo wor%ip4 #c4 ,helps f ,comp>ative ,philology4 ,! ,aryans 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,we h se5 h[ hopeless ! task has appe>$ ( gett+ any def9ite light on ,h9doo *ronology or hi/ory4 ,to ! anci5t ,egyptians ev5ts 7 s important t ! mo/ trivial incid5ts ( daily life 7 writt5 on /one & ! imp]i%able records ( ! l&1 cov]+ ! tombs & obelisks1 h pati5tly wait$ dur+ long c5turies1 till _! deciph]] %\ld come to read !m4 ,to ! ,h9doos1 on ! o!r h&1 all ev5ts 7 equally unimportant4 ,! mo/ unhi/oric p on e>?1 !y c>$ m = ! m9uti ( gramm>1 or ! subtilties ( metaphysics1 ?an = ! :ole ( _! pa/4 ,! only date :i* has em]g$ f ?is vague antiquity is t ( ,*&ragupta1 a contempor>y ( ,alex&]1 & call$ by ! ,greek hi/orians ,s&racottus4 ,he became k+ ,b4,c4 #cae1 & z1 at 8 accession1 ,buddha _h be5 dead 7by ,h9doo /atem5t7 "o hundr$ & sixty-two ye>s1 ,buddha may h di$ ,b4,c4 #dgg4 ,we c ?us import a s+le date f ,greek hi/ory into t ( ,india4 ,?is is ! :ole4 ,b all at once light dawns on u f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,:ile we c le>n no?+ conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ,india f its lit]ature1 & no?+ f its inscriptions or c>v$ temples1 language1 comes to our aid4 ,! fugitive & airy s\nds1 :i* seem s fleet+ & s *angeable1 prove to be m durable monum5ts ?an brass or granite4 ,! /udy ( ! ,sanskrit language has told u a long /ory conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! ,h9doos4 ,x has rectifi$ ! e?nology ( ,blum5ba*1 has taught u :o 7 ! ance/ors ( ! nations ( ,europe1 & has giv5 u ! in=mation t "o great family1 ! ,indo-,european1 has done mo/ ( ! "w ( ! _w4 ,x %[s u t ?is family consi/s ( sev5 races1--! ,h9doos1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 :o all emigrat$ to ! s\? f ! orig9al ance/ral home2 & ! ,kelts1 ! ,teutons1 & ,slavi1 :o ent]$ ,europe on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,caucasus & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,?is has be5 accompli%$ by ! new sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,philology4 ,a comp>ison ( languages has made x too pla9 to be que/ion$1 t ^! sev5 races 7 orig9ally "o2 t !y mu/ h emigrat$ f a region ( ,c5tral ,asia1 at ! ea/ ( ! ,caspian1 & nor?we/ ( ,india2 t !y 7 orig9ally a pa/oral race1 & gradually *ang$ _! habits z !y desc5d$ f ^? great pla9s into ! valleys ( ! ,indus & ! ,euphrates4 ,9 ^! sev5 l+ui/ic families ! roots ( ! mo/ common names are ! same2 ! grammatical con/ructions are also ! same2 s t no s*ol>1 :o has att5d$ to ! subject1 c d\bt t ! sev5 languages are all daught]s ( "o common "m-tongue4 ,pursu+ ! subject /ill fur!r1 x has be5 f\nd possible to conjecture ) no little confid5ce :at 0 ! condition ( family life 9 ?is great race ( ,c5tral ,asia1 be=e its disp]sion4 ,! orig9al /ock has receiv$ ! "n ,aryan4 ,?is designation occurs 9 ,manu 7,,ii4 #bb71 :o says3 ,z f> z ! ea/]n & we/]n oceans1 betwe5 ! two m\nta9s1 lies ! l& :i* ! wise h nam$ ,ar-ya-ve/a1 or inhabit$ by honorable m54 ,! p ( ,iran receive ?is same appellation 9 ! ,z5d ,ave/a1 ) ! same mean+ ( honorable4 ,h]odotus te/ifies t ! ,m$es 7 =m]ly call$ 7,h]od4 ,,vii4 #fa74 ,/rabo m5tions t1 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 ! :ole region ab\t ! ,indus 0 call$ ,ariana4 ,9 mod]n times1 ! ^w ,iran = ,p]sia & ,er9 = ,irel& are possible rem9isc5ces ( ! orig9al family appellation4 ,! ,ayrans1 long be=e ! age ( ! ,v$as or ! ,z5d ,ave/a1 7 liv+ z a pa/oral p on ! great pla9s ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,:at _! condition 0 at t epo* is d$uc$ by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,if x is f\nd t ! "n ( any fact is ! same 9 two or m ( ! sev5 tribal languages ( ?is /ock1 x is evid5t t ! "n 0 giv5 to x be=e !y sep>at$4 ,= !re is no reason to suppose t two nations liv+ wide ap>t w\ld h indep5d5tly select$ ! same ^w = ! same object4 ,= example1 s9ce we f9d t h\se is 9 ,sanskrit ,damn & ,dam2 9 ,z5d1 ,demana2 9 ,greek1 2 9 ,lat91 ,domus2 9 ,iri%1 ,dahm2 9 ,slavonic1 ,domu1--f :i* root comes also our ,engli% ^w ,dome/ic1--we may be pretty sure t ! orig9al ,aryans liv$ 9 h\ses4 ,:5 we le>n t boat 0 9 ,sanskrit ,nau or nauka2 9 ,p]sian1 ,naw1 nawah2 9 ,greek1 2 9 ,lat91 ,navis2 9 old ,iri%1 ,noi or nai2 9 old ,g]man1 ,nawa or nawi2 & 9 ,poli% ,nawa1 we _c d\bt t !y knew some?+ ( :at we call 9 ,engli% ,nautical affairs1 or ,navigation4 ,b z ! words designat+ ma/s1 sails1 y>ds1 c4 diff] :olly f ea* o!r 9 all ^! l+ui/ic families1 x is reasonable to inf] t ! ,aryans1 be=e _! disp]sion1 w5t only 9 boats1 ) o>s1 on ! riv]s ( _! l&1 ! ,oxus & ,jax>tes1 & did n sail any:]e on ! sea4 ,pursu+ ?is me?od1 we see t we c ask almo/ any "q conc]n+ ! condition ( ! ,aryans1 & obta9 an answ] by means ( ,comp>ative ,philology4 ,7 !y a pa/oral p8 ,! v ^w pa/oral gives u ! answ]4 ,= ,pa 9 ,sanskrit means to wat*1 to gu>d1 z m5 gu>d cattle1--f :i* a :ole company ( words has come 9 all ! ,aryan languages4 ,! results ( ?is me?od ( inquiry1 s f> z giv5 by ,pictet1 are ^!4 ,"s #cjjj ye>s ,b4,c41#cc ! ,aryans1 z yet undivid$ into ,h9doos1 ,p]sians1 ,kelts1 ,lat9s1 ,greeks1 ,teutons1 & ,slavi1 7 liv+ 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 9 a region ( :i* ,bactriana 0 ! c5tre4 ,"h !y mu/ h rema9$ long en\gh to h develop$ _! admirable language1 ! "m-tongue ( ^? :i* we "k4 ,!y 7 ess5tially a pa/oral1 b n a nomad p1 hav+ fix$ homes4 ,!y _h ox51 horses1 %eep1 goats1 hogs1 & dome/ic f[ls4 ,h]ds ( c[s f$ 9 pa/ures1 ea* ! prop]ty ( a community1 & ea* ) a clu/] ( /ables 9 ! c5tre4 ,! daught]s#cd ( ! h\se 7 ! dairy-maids2 ! food 0 *iefly ! products ( ! dairy & ! fle% ( ! cattle4 ,! c[ 01 h[ev]1 ! mo/ important animal1 & gave its "n to _m plants1 & ev5 to ! cl\ds & />s1 9 :i* m5 saw heav5ly h]ds pass+ ov] ! firmam5t above !m4 ,b ! ,aryans 7 n an exclusively pa/oral p2 !y c]ta9ly _h b>ley1 & p]haps o!r c]eals1 be=e _! disp]sion4 ,!y possess$ ! pl\gh1 ! mill = gr9d+ gra92 !y _h hat*et1#ce hamm]1 aug]4 ,! ,aryans 7 acqua9t$ ) sev]al metals1 among :i* 7 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 t94 ,!y knew h[ to sp9 & weave to "s ext5t2 !y 7 acqua9t$ ) pott]y4 ,h[ _! h\ses 7 built we d n "k1 b !y conta9$ doors1 w9d[s1 & fireplaces4 ,!y _h cloaks or mantles1 !y boil$ & roa/$ meat1 & c]ta9ly us$ s\p4 ,!y _h lances1 swords1 ! b[ & arr[1 %ields1 b n armor4 ,!y _h family life1 "s simple laws1 games1 ! dance1 & w9d in/rum5ts4 ,!y _h ! decimal num]ation1 & _! ye> 0 ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty days4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ! heav51 e>?1 sun1 fire1 wat]1 w9d2 b !re are also pla9 traces ( an e>li] mono!ism1 f :i* ?is nature-wor%ip proce$$4 #d4 ,! ,aryans 9 ,india4 ,! ,native ,races4 ,! ,v$ic ,age4 ,!ology ( ! ,v$as4 ,s f> ,comp>ative ,philology takes u1 & ! next /ep =w>d br+s u to ! ,v$as1 ! olde/ works 9 ! ,h9doo lit]ature1 b at lea/ "o ?\s& or fifte5 hundr$ ye>s m rec5t ?an ! times we h be5 describ+4 ,! ,aryans h sep>at$1 & ! ,h9doos are n[ 9 ,india4 ,x is elev5 c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,!y occupy ! region betwe5 ! ,punjaub & ! ,ganges1 & "h 0 accompli%$ ! transition ( ! ,aryans f w>like %eph]ds into agriculturi/s & build]s ( cities4#cf ,! la/ hymns ( ! ,v$as 7 writt5 7says ,/4 ,m>t97 :5 !y arriv$ f ! ,indus at ! ,ganges1 & 7 build+ _! olde/ city1 at ! conflu5ce ( t riv] ) ! ,jumna4 ,_! complexion 0 !n :ite1 & !y call ! race :om !y conqu]$1 & :o aft]w>d 7 made ,s\dras1 or l[e/ ca/e1 blacks4#cg ,! *ief gods ( ! ,v$ic age 7 ,indra1 ,v>una1 ,agni1 ,savitri1 ,soma4 ,! fir/ 0 ! god ( ! atmosph]e2 ! second1 ( ! ,ocean ( light1 or ,heav52 ! ?ird1 ( ,fire2#ch ! f\r?1 ( ! ,sun2 & ! fif?1 ( ! ,moon4 ,yama 0 ! god ( dea?4 ,all ! p[]s ( nature 7 p]sonifi$ 9 turn1--z e>?1 food1 w9e1 mon?s1 seasons1 day1 night1 & dawn4 ,among all ^! div9ities1 ,indra & ,agni 7 ! *ief4#ci ,b beh9d ?is incipi5t poly!ism lurks ! orig9al mono!ism1--= ea* ( ^! gods1 9 turn1 becomes ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,! univ]sal ,deity seems to become app>5t1 fir/ 9 "o =m ( nature & !n 9 ano!r4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,colebrooke1 :o says t ! anci5t ,h9doo religion recognizes b "o ,god1 n yet suffici5tly discrim9at+ ! creature f ! ,creator4 ,& ,max ,mll] says3 ,! hymns celebrate ,v>una1 ,indra1 ,agni1 c41 & ea* 9 turn is call$ supreme4 ,! :ole my?ology is flu5t4 ,! p[]s ( nature become moral be+s4 ,max ,mll] adds3 ,x w\ld be easy to f9d1 9 ! num]\s hymns ( ! ,v$a1 passages 9 :i* almo/ e s+le god is repres5t$ z supreme & absolute4 ,agni is call$ ',rul] ( ! ,univ]se'2 ,indra is celebrat$ z ! ,/ronge/ god1 & 9 "o hymn x is said1 ',indra is /rong] ?an all4' ,x is said ( ,soma t 'he conqu]s e "o4' ,b cle>] traces ( mono!ism are to be f\nd 9 ! ,v$as4 ,9 "o hymn ( ! ,rig-,v$a x is said3 ,!y call him ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,agni2 !n he is ! well-w+$ heav5ly ,g>utmat2 t :i* is ,"o1 ! wise call x _m ways2 !y call x ,agni1 ,yama1 ,mat>isvan4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 w give u s good an idea ( ! "* ( ^! ,v$ic hymns z ! hymns !mselves4 ,i !re=e select a few ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^? :i* h be5 translat$ by ,colebrooke1 ,wilson1 ,m4 ,mll]1 ,e4 ,bumont1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! foll[+1 f "o ( ! olde/ ,v$as1 ! unity ( ,god seems v cle>ly express$4 ,,rig-,,v$a1 ,x4 #aba4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re arose ! ,s\rce ( gold5 light4 ,he 0 ! only born ,"l ( all t is4 ,he e/abli%$ ! e>?1 & ?is sky4 ,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,he :o gives life4 ,he :o gives /r5g?2 ^: bless+ all ! bright gods desire2 ^: %ad[ is immortality1 ^: %ad[ is dea?4 ,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,he :o ?r\gh 8 p[] is ! only k+ ( ! brea?+ & awak5+ _w4 ,he :o gov]ns all1 man & bea/4 ,:o is ! god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,he ^: p[] ^! sn[y m\nta9s1 ^: p[] ! sea proclaims1 ) ! di/ant riv]4 ,he ^: ^! regions are1 z x 7 8 two arms4 ,:o is ! god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,he ?r\gh :om ! sky is bright & ! e>? firm4 ,he ?r\gh :om heav5 0 /abli%$2 nay1 ! highe/ heav54 ,he :o measur$ out ! light 9 ! air4 ,:o is ! god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,he to :om heav5 & e>?1 /&+ firm by 8 w1 look up1 trembl+ inw>dly4 ,he ov] :om ! ris+ sun %9es =?4 ,:o is ! god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,:]ev] ! mighty wat]-cl\ds w5t1 :]e !y plac$ ! se$ & lit ! fire1 !nce arose he :o is ! only life ( ! bright gods4 ,:o is ! god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,he :o by 8 might look$ ev5 ov] ! wat]-cl\ds1 ! cl\ds :i* gave /r5g? & lit ! sacrifice2 he :o is ,god above all gods4 ,:o is ! god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,may he n de/roy u1--he ! creator ( ! e>?1--or he1 ! righte\s1 :o creat$ heav52 he :o also creat$ ! bright & mighty wat]s4 ,:o is ! god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifices8#dj ,! olde/ & mo/ /rik+ acc\nt ( creation is 9 ! elev5? *apt] ( ! t5? ,book ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,colebrooke1 ,max ,mll]1 ,muir1 & ,gold/uck]1 all give a translation ( ?is rem>kable hymn & speak ( x ) admiration4 ,we take t ( ,colehrooke1 modifi$ by t ( ,muir3-- ,!n !re 0 no entity nor non-entity2 no _w1 no sky1 nor aught above x2 no?+ any:]e1 involv+ or involv$2 nor wat] deep & dang]\s4 ,dea? 0 n1 & !re=e no immortality1 nor di/9ction ( day or night4 ,b ,,t ,,"o brea!d calmly#da alone ) ,nature1 h] :o is su/a9$ )9 him4 ,o!r ?an ,him1 no?+ exi/$ :i* s9ce has be54 ,d>kness !re 02 = ?is univ]se 0 envelop$ ) d>kness1 & 0 indi/+ui%able wat]s2 b t mass1 :i* 0 cov]$ by ! husk1 0 at l5g? produc$ by ! p[] ( contemplation4 ,fir/ desire#db 0 =m$ 9 8 m9d2 & t became ! orig9al productive se$2 :i* ! wise1 recogniz+ x by ! intellect 9 _! he>ts1 di/+ui% z ! bond ( non-entity ) entity4 ,did ! lum9\s ray ( ^! creative acts exp& 9 ! middle1 or above1 or bel[8 ,t productive en]gy became provid5ce or s5ti5t s\ls1 & matt] or ! elem5ts2 ,nature1 :o is su/a9$ )91 0 inf]ior2 & he :o su/a9s 0 above4 ,:o kn[s exactly1 & :o %all 9 ?is _w decl>e1 :5ce & :y ?is creation took place8 ,! gods are subsequ5t to ! production ( ?is _w3 !n :o c "k :5ce x proce$$1 or :5ce ?is v>i$ _w arose1 or :e!r x upholds itself or n8 ,he :o 9 ! highe/ heav5 is ! rul] ( ?is univ]se1--he kn[s1 or does n "k4 ,if ! foll[+ hymn1 says ,mll]1 7 address$ only to ! ,almighty1 omitt+ ! ^w ,v>una1 x w\ld n di/urb u 9 a ,*ri/ian ,liturgy3-- #a4 ,let me n yet1 ,o ,v>una1 ent] into ! h\se ( clay2 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy4 #b4 ,if ,i g along trembl+1 l a cl\d driv5 by ! w9d1 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy6 #c4 ,?r\gh want ( /r5g?1 ?\ /rong & bright god1 h ,i gone to ! wrong %ore2 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy6 #d4 ,?ir/ came ^u ! wor%ipp]1 ?\gh he /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s2 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy6 #e4 ,:5ev] we m51 ,o ,v>una1 commit an (f5ce be=e ! heav5ly ho/2 :5ev] we break ?y law ?r\gh ?\ghtlessness2 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy6 ,out ( a l>ge numb] ( hymns address$ to ,indra1 ,mll] selects "o t is ascrib$ to ,vasi%?a4 #a4 ,let no "o1 n ev5 ^? :o wor%ip !e1 delay !e f> f u6 ,ev5 f af> come to our fea/6 ,or1 if ?\ art "h1 li/5 to u6 #b4 ,= ^! :o "h make pray]s = !e1 sit toge!r ne> ! libation1 l flies r\nd ! honey4 ,! wor%ipp]s1 anxi\s = weal?1 h plac$ _! desire ^u ,indra1 z we put our foot ^u a *>iot4 #c4 ,desir\s ( ri*es1 ,i call him :o holds ! ?und]bolt ) 8 arm1 & :o is a good giv]1 l z a son calls 8 fa!r4 #d4 ,^! libations ( ,soma1 mix$ ) milk1 h be5 prep>$ = ,indra3 ?\1 arm$ ) ! ?und]bolt1 come ) ! /e$s to dr9k ( !m = ?y delight2 come to ! h\se6 #e4 ,may he he> u1 = he has e>s to he>4 ,he is ask$ = ri*es2 w he despise our pray]s8 ,he c\ld soon give hundr$s & ?\s&s2--no "o c\ld *eck him if he wi%es to give4 #ac4 ,make = ! sacr$ gods a hymn t is n small1 t is well set & beautiful6 ,_m sn>es pass by him :o abides ) ,indra ?r\gh 8 sacrifice4 #ad4 ,:at mortal d>es to attack him :o is ri* 9 !e8 ,?r\gh fai? 9 !e1 ,o mighty1 ! /rong acquires spod 9 ! day ( battle4 #ag4 ,?\ art well kn[n z ! b5efactor ( e "o1 :atev] battles !re be4 ,e "o ( ^! k+s ( ! e>? implores ?y "n1 :5 wi%+ = help4 #ah4 ,if ,i 7 "l ( z mu* z ?\1 ,i %\ld support ! sacr$ b>d1 ?\ scatt]] ( weal?1 ,i %\ld n ab&on him to mis]y4 #ai4 ,i %\ld aw>d weal? day by day to him :o magnifies2 ,i %\ld aw>d x to :osoev] x be4 ,we h no o!r fri5d b !e1 no o!r happ9ess1 no o!r fa!r1 ,o mighty6 #bb4 ,we call = !e1 ,o h]o1 l c[s t h n be5 milk$2 we praise !e z rul] ( all t moves1 ,o ,indra1 z rul] ( all t is immovable4 #bc4 ,!re is no "o l !e 9 heav5 & e>?2 he is n born1 & w n be born4 ,o mighty ,indra1 we call ^u !e z we g fight+ = c[s & horses4 ,9 ?is hymn1 says ,mll]1 ,indra is cle>ly conceiv$ z ! ,supreme ,god1 & we c h>dly und]/& h[ a p :o _h =m$ s exalt$ a notion ( ! ,deity & embodi$ x 9 ! p]son ( ,indra1 c\ld1 at ! same sacrifice1 invoke o!r gods ) equal praise4 ,:5 ,agni1 ! "l ( fire1 is address$ by ! poet1 he is spok5 ( z ! fir/ god1 n inf]ior ev5 to ,indra4 ,:ile ,agni is invok$ ,indra is =gott52 !re is no competition betwe5 ! two1 nor any rivalry betwe5 !m & o!r gods4 ,?is is a mo/ important feature 9 ! religion ( ! ,v$a1 & has nev] be5 tak5 into consid]ation by ^? :o h writt5 on ! hi/ory ( anci5t poly!ism4#dc ,x is curi\s1 says ,mll]1 to wat* ! almo/ imp]ceptible transition by :i* ! ph5om5a ( nature1 if reflect$ 9 ! m9d ( ! poet1 assume ! "* ( div9e be+s4 ,! dawn is frequ5tly describ$ 9 ! ,v$a z x might be describ$ by a mod]n poet4 ,%e is ! fri5d ( m51 %e smiles l a "y wife1 %e is ! daught] ( ! sky4 ,b ! transition f dev1 ! bright1 to dev1 ! goddess1 is s easy2 ! daught] ( ! sky assumes s readily ! same p]sonality :i* is giv5 to ! sky1 ,dyaus1 h] fa!r1 t we c only guess :e!r 9 e passage ! poet is speak+ ( a bright app>ition1 or ( a bright goddess2 ( a natural vision1 or ( a visible deity4 ,! foll[+ hymn ( ,va%i%?a w s]ve z an in/ance3-- ,%e %9es ^u u1 l a "y wife1 r\s+ e liv+ be+ to g to 8 "w4 ,! fire _h to be k9dl$ by m52 %e br\ght light by /rik+ d[n d>kness4 ,%e rose up1 spread+ f> & wide1 & mov+ t[>ds e "o4 ,%e grew 9 brightness1 we>+ h] brilliant g>m5t4 ,! "m ( ! c[s 7( ! morn+ cl\ds71 ! lead] ( ! days1 %e %one gold-color$1 lovely to behold4 ,%e1 ! =tunate1 :o br+s ! eye ( ! god1 :o leads ! :ite & lovely /e$ 7( ! sun71 ! ,dawn 0 se51 reveal$ by h] rays2 ) brilliant treasures %e foll[s e "o4 ,?\1 :o art a bless+ :]e ?\ art ne>1 drive f> away ! unfri5dly2 make ! pa/ures wide1 give u safety6 ,remove ! hat]s1 br+ treasures6 ,raise weal? to ! wor%ipp]1 ?\ mighty ,dawn4 ,%9e = u ) ?y be/ rays1 ?\ bright ,dawn1 ?\ :o l5g!ne/ our life1 ?\ ! love ( all1 :o give/ u food1 :o give/ u weal? 9 c[s1 horses1 & *>iots4 ,?\1 daught] ( ! sky1 ?\ high-born ,dawn1 :om ! ,vasi%?as magnify ) songs1 give u ri*es high & wide3 all ye gods1 protect u always ) y\r bless+s6 ,?is hymn1 address$ to ! ,dawn1 is a fair specim5 ( ! orig9al simple poetry ( ! ,v$a4 ,x has no ref]5ce to any special sacrifice1 x conta9s no te*nical expressions1 x c h>dly be call$ a hymn1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is simply a poem express+1 )\t any ef=t1 )\t any display ( f>-fet*$ ?\ght or brilliant imag]y1 ! feel+s ( a man :o has wat*$ ! approa* ( ! ,dawn ) m+l$ delight & awe1 & :o 0 mov$ to give utt]ance to :at he felt 9 measur$ language4#dd ,b !re is a *>m 9 ^! primitive /ra9s discov]able 9 no o!r class ( poetry4 ,e ^w reta9s some?+ ( its radical mean+1 e epi!t tells1 e ?\ght1 9 spite ( ! mo/ intricate & abrupt expressions1 is1 if we once dis5tangle x1 true1 correct1 & complete4#de ,! ,v$ic lit]ature is divid$ by ,mll] into f\r p]iods1 namely1 ^? ( ! ,*h&as1 ,mantra1 ,brhmana1 & ,stras4 ,! ,*h&as p]iod conta9s ! olde/ hymns ( ! olde/1 or ,rig-,v$a4 ,to t ( ! ,mantras belong ! lat] hymns ( ! same ,v$a4 ,b ! mo/ mod]n ( ^! are old] ?an ! ,brhmanas4 ,! ,brhmanas conta9 !ology2 ! old] ,mantras are liturgic4 ,mll] says t ! ,brhmanas1 ?\gh s v anci5t1 are full ( p$antry1 %all[ & insipid gr&iloqu5ce & prie/ly conceit4 ,next to ^!1 9 ! ord] ( "t1 are ! ,upani%ads4 ,^! are philosophical1 & almo/ ! only "p ( ! ,v$as :i* are read at ! pres5t "t4 ,!y are believ$ to conta9 ! highe/ au?ority = ! diff]5t philosophical sy/ems1 ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,_! au?ors are unkn[n4 ,m mod]n ?an ^! are ! ,stras4 ,! ^w ,stra means /r+1 & !y consi/ ( a /r+ ( %ort s5t5ces4 ,concis5ess is ! aim 9 ?is /yle1 & e doctr9e is r$uc$ to a skeleton4 ,! num]\s ,stras n[ extant conta9 ! di/ill$ ess5ce ( all ! k :i* ! ,brhmans h collect$ dur+ c5turies ( m$itation4 ,!y belong to ! non-reveal$ lit]ature1 z di/+ui%$ f ! reveal$ lit]ature1--a di/9ction made by ! ,brhmans be=e ! "t ( ,buddha4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,buddhi/ controv]sy ! ,stras 7 admitt$ to be ( human orig9 & 7 consequ5tly rec5t works4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,stras & ,brhmanas is v m>k$1 ! second be+ reveal$4 ,! ,brhmanas 7 compos$ by & = ,brahmans & are 9 ?ree collections4 ,! ,v$ngas are int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,v$ic & non-,v$ic lit]ature4 ,pn9i1 ! gramm>ian ( ,india1 0 said to be contempor>y ) ,k+ ,n&a1 :o 0 ! successor ( ,*&ragupta1 ! contempor>y ( ,alex&]1 & !re=e 9 ! second half ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,dates are s prec>i\s 9 ,indian lit]ature1 says ,max ,mll]1 t a confirmation )9 a c5tury or two is n to be despis$4 ,n[ ! gramm>ian ,ktyyana complet$ & correct$ ! gramm> ( ,pn9i1 & ,patanjeli wrote an imm5se comm5t>y on ! two :i* became s fam\s z to be import$ by royal au?ority into ,ca%m]e1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,mll] consid]s ! limits ( ! ,stra p]iod to ext5d f #fjj ,b4,c4 to #bjj ,b4,c4 ,buddhism be=e ,asoka 0 b modifi$ ,brahmanism4 ,! basis ( ,indian *ronology is ! date ( ,*&ragupta4 ,all dates be=e 8 "t are m]ely hypo!tical4 ,sev]al classical writ]s speak ( him z f\nd+ an empire on ! ,ganges soon aft] ! invasion ( ,alex&]4 ,he 0 gr&fa!r ( ,asoka4 ,indian traditions ref] to ?is k+4 ,return+ to ! ,brhmana p]iod1 we notice t betwe5 ! ,stras & ,brahmanas come ! ,aranyakas1 :i* are books writt5 = ! recluse4 ,( ^! ! ,upani%ads1 be=e m5tion$1 =m "p4 ,!y presuppose ! exi/5ce ( ! ,brhmanas4 ,rammohun ,roy 0 surpris$ t ,dr4 ,ros5 %\ld h ?\ght x wor? :ile to publi% ! hymns ( ! ,v$a1 & consid]$ ! ,upani%ads ! only ,v$ic books wor? read+4 ,!y speak ( ! div9e ,,self1 ( ! ,et]nal ,^w 9 ! heav5s f :i* ! hymns came4 ,! div9e ,,self !y say is n to be grasp$ by tradition1 reason1 or revelation1 b only by him :om he himself grasps4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ,self alone4 ,atman is ! ,,self 9 all our selves1--! ,div9e ,self conceal$ by 8 own qualities4 ,?is ,self !y sometimes call ! ,undevelop$ & sometimes ! ,n-,be+4 ,!re are t5 ( ! old ,upani%ads1 all ( :i* h be5 publi%$4 ,anquetil ,du ,p]ron translat$ fifty into ,lat9 out ( ,p]sian4 ,! ,brhmanas are v num]\s4 ,mll] gives /ories f !m & leg5ds4 ,!y relate to sacrifices1 to ! /ory ( ! deluge1 & o!r leg5ds4 ,!y sub/itut$ ^! leg5ds = ! simple poetry ( ! anci5t ,v$as4 ,!y mu/ h ext5d$ ov] at lea/ two hundr$ ye>s1 & conta9$ long li/s ( tea*]s4 ,mll] supposes t writ+ 0 unkn[n :5 ! ,rig-,v$a 0 compos$4 ,! ?\s& & t5 hymns ( ! ,v$as conta9 no m5tion ( writ+ or books1 any m ?an ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,!re is no allusion to writ+ dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,brhmana p]iod1 nor ev5 ?r\gh ! ,stra p]iod4 ,?is seems incr$ible to u1 says ,mll]1 only because our memory has be5 sy/ematically debilitat$ by newspap]s & ! l dur+ _m g5]ations4 ,x 0 ! bus9ess ( e ,brahman to le>n by he>t ! ,v$as dur+ ! twelve ye>s ( 8 /ud5t life4 ,! ,guru1 or tea*]1 pron\nces a gr\p ( words1 & ! pupils repeat aft] him4 ,aft] writ+ 0 introduc$1 ! ,brahmans 7 /rictly =bidd5 to read ! ,v$as1 or to write !m4 ,cs> says ! same ( ! ,druids4 ,ev5 ,pn9i nev] alludes to writt5 words or lett]s4 ,none ( ! ord9>y mod]n words = book1 pap]1 ink1 or writ+ h be5 f\nd 9 any anci5t ,sanskrit "w4 ,no su* words z volum51 volume2 lib]1 or inn] b>k ( a tree2 byblos1 inn] b>k ( papyrus2 or book1 t is bee* wood4 ,b ,buddha _h le>nt to write1 z we f9d by a book translat$ into ,*9ese ,a4,d4 #gf4 ,9 ?is book ,buddha in/ructs 8 tea*]2 z 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,infancy ,jesus expla9s to 8 tea*] ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew alphabet4 ,s ,buddha tells 8 tea*] ! names ( sixty-f\r alphabets4 ,! fir/ au!ntic inscription 9 ,india is ( ,buddhi/ orig91 belong+ to ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t ,v$ic p]iod ! language _h become complete4 ,!re is no gr[+ language 9 ! ,v$as4 ,9 reg>d to ! age ( ^! ,v$ic writ+s1 we w quote ! words ( ,max ,mll]1 at ! conclusion ( 8 admirable "w on ! ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 f :i* mo/ ( ?is section has be5 tak53-- ,ori5tal s*ol>s are frequ5tly suspect$ ( a desire to make ! lit]ature ( ! ,ea/]n nations appe> m anci5t ?an x is4 ,z to myself1 ,i c truly say t no?+ w\ld be to me a m welcome discov]y1 no?+ w\ld remove s _m d\bts & difficulties1 z "s sugge/ions z to ! mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 ( ! ,v$ic hymns c\ld h be5 add$ to ! orig9al collection dur+ ! ,brhmana or ,stra p]iods1 or1 if possible1 by ! writ]s ( our ,,mss41 ( :i* mo/ are n old] ?an ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b ^! ,,mss41 ?\gh s mod]n1 are *eck$ by ! ,anukramanis4 ,e hymn :i* /&s 9 our ,,mss4 is c\nt$ 9 ! ,index ( ,saunaka1 :o is ant]ior to ! invasion ( ,alex&]4 ,! ,stras1 belong+ to ! same p]iod z ,saunaka1 prove ! previ\s exi/5ce ( e *apt] ( ! ,brhmanas2 & ,i d\bt :e!r !re is a s+le hymn 9 ! ,sanhit ( ! ,rig-,v$a :i* c\ld n be *eck$ by "s passage ( ! ,brhmanas & ,stras4 ,! *ronological limits assign$ to ! ,stra & ,brhmana p]iods w seem to mo/ ,sanskrit s*ol>s too n>r[ r ?an too wide1 & if we assign b two hundr$ ye>s to ! ,mantra p]iod1 f #hjj to #ajjj ,b4,c41 & an equal numb] to ! ,*h&as p]iod1 f #ajjj to #abjj ,b4,c41 we c d s only "u ! supposition t dur+ ! e>ly p]iods ( hi/ory ! gr[? ( ! human m9d 0 m luxuriant ?an 9 lat] times1 & t ! lay]s ( ?\ght 7 =m$ less sl[ly 9 ! prim>y ?an 9 ! t]ti>y ages ( ! _w4 ,! ,v$ic age1 accord+ to ,mll]1 w !n be z foll[s3-- ,stra p]iod1 f ,b4,c4 #bjj to ,b4,c4 #fjj4 ,brhmana p]iod1 #fjj #hjj4 ,mantra p]iod1 #hjj #ajjj4 ,*h&as p]iod1 #ajjj #abjj4 ,dr4 ,haug1 a high au?ority1 consid]s ! ,v$ic p]iod to ext5d f ,b4,c4 #abjj to ,b4,c4 #bjjj1 & ! v olde/ hymns to h be5 compos$ ,b4,c4 #bdjj4 ,! pr9cipal deity 9 ! olde/ ,v$as is ,indra1 ,god ( ! air4 ,9 ,greek he becomes ,zeus2 9 ,lat91 ,jupit]4 ,! hymns to ,indra are n unlike "s ( ! ,psalms ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,indra is call$ ^u z ! mo/ anci5t god :om ! ,fa!rs wor%ipp$4 ,next to ,india comes ,agni1 fire1 d]iv$ f ! root ,ag1 :i* means to move4#df ,fire is wor%ipp$ z ! pr9ciple ( motion on e>?1 z ,indra 0 ! mov+ p[] above4 ,n only fire1 b ! =ms ( flame1 are wor%ipp$ & all t belongs to x4 ,entire nature is call$ ,aditi1 ^: *ildr5 are nam$ ,adityas4 ,m4 ,maury quotes ^! words f ,gotama3 ,aditi is heav52 ,aditi is air2 ,aditi is "m1 fa!r1 & son2 ,aditi is all ! gods & ! five races2 ,aditi is :atev] is born & w be born2 9 %ort1 ! heav5s & ! e>?1 ! heav5s be+ ! fa!r & ! e>? ! "m ( all ?+s4 ,?is rem9ds "o ( ! ,greek ,zeus-pate] & ,gee-mte]4 ,v>una is ! vault ( heav54 ,mitra is (t5 associat$ ) ,v>una 9 ! ,v$ic hymns4 ,mitra is ! sun1 illum9at+ ! day1 :ile ,v>una 0 ! sun ) an obscure face go+ back 9 ! d>kness f we/ to ea/ to take 8 lum9\s disk aga94 ,f ,mitra seems to be d]iv$ ! ,p]sian ,mi?ra4 ,!re are no invocations to ! />s 9 ! ,v$a4 ,b ! ,aurora1 or ,dawn1 is ! object ( great admiration2 also1 ! ,asw9s1 or tw9 gods1 :o 9 ,greece become ! ,dioscuri4 ,! god ( /orms is ,rudra1 suppos$ by "s writ]s to be ! same z ,siva4 ,! two ho/ile wor%ips ( ,vi%nu & ,siva d n appe>1 h[ev]1 till long aft] ?is "t4 ,vi%nu appe>s frequ5tly 9 ! ,v$a1 & 8 ?ree /eps are (t5 spok5 (4 ,^! /eps measure ! heav5s4 ,b 8 real wor%ip came mu* lat]4 ,! religion ( ! ,v$as 0 ( odes & hymns1 a religion ( wor%ip by simple adoration4 ,sometimes !re 7 pray]s = temporal bless+s1 sometimes simple sacrifices & libations4 ,human sacrifices h sc>cely left any trace ( !mselves if !y ev] exi/$1 unless x be 9 a typical c]emony report$ 9 "o ( ! ,v$as4 #e4 ,second ,p]iod4 ,laws ( ,manu4 ,! ,brahmanic ,age4 ,long aft] ! age ( ! eld] ,v$as ,brahmanism beg9s4 ,its text-book is ! ,laws ( ,manu4#dg ,z yet ,vi%nu & ,siva are n kn[n4 ,! =m] is nam$ once1 ! latt] n at all4 ,! writ] only kn[s ?ree ,v$as4 ,! ,a?>va-,v$a is lat]4 ,b z ,siva is m5tion$ 9 ! olde/ ,buddhi/ writ+s1 x foll[s t ! laws ( ,manu are old] ?an ^!4 ,9 ! "t ( ,manu ! ,aryans are /ill liv+ 9 ! valley ( ! ,ganges4 ,! ca/e sy/em is n[ 9 full op]ation1 & ! au?ority ( ! ,brahman is rais$ to its highe/ po9t4 ,! ,indus & ,punjaub are n m5tion$2 all ?is is =gott54 ,?is "w c\ld n be lat] ?an ,b4,c4 #gjj1 or e>li] ?an ,b4,c4 #abjj4 ,x 0 probably writt5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ijj or ,b4,c4 #ajjj4 ,9 ?is view agree ,wilson1 ,lass51 ,max ,mll]1 & ,sa9t-,m>t94 ,! ,supreme ,deity is n[ ,brahma1 & sacrifice is /ill ! act by :i* "o comes into relation ) heav54 ,wid[-burn+ is n m5tion$ 9 ,manu2 b x appe>s 9 ! ,mahabh>ata1 "o ( ! great epics1 :i* is !re=e lat]4 ,9 ! region ( ! ,s>asvati1 a holy riv]1 :i* =m]ly empti$ into ! ,indus1 b is n[ lo/ 9 a des]t1 ! ,aryan race ( ,india 0 trans=m$ f nomads into a /able community4#dh ,!re !y receiv$ _! laws1 & !re _! fir/ cities 7 erect$4 ,!re 7 f\nd$ ! ,sol> & ,lun> mon>*ies4 ,! ,manu ( ! ,v$as & he ( ! ,brahmans are v diff]5t p]sons4 ,! fir/ is call$ 9 ! ,v$as ! fa!r ( mank9d4 ,he also escapes f a deluge by build+ a %ip1 :i* he is advis$ to d by a fi%4 ,he pres]ves ! fi%1 :i* gr[s to a great size1 & :5 ! flood comes acts z a t[-boat to drag ! %ip ( ,manu to a m\nta94#di ,?is acc\nt is conta9$ 9 a ,brahmana4 ,! "n ( ,manu seems aft]w>d to h be5 giv5 by ! ,brahmans to ! au?or ( _! code4 ,"s extracts f ?is v int]e/+ volume we w n[ give1 slightly abridg$1 f ,sir ,william ,jones's translation4#ej ,f ! fir/ book1 on ,creation3-- ,! univ]se exi/$ 9 d>kness1 imp]ceptible1 undef9able1 undiscov]able1 & undiscov]$2 z if imm]s$ 9 sleep4 ,!n ! self-exi/+ p[]1 undiscov]$ himself1 b mak+ ! _w disc]nible1 ) ! five elem5ts & o!r pr9ciples1 appe>$ 9 undim9i%$ glory1 dispell+ ! gloom4 ,he1 :om ! m9d alone c p]ceive1 ^: ess5ce eludes ! ext]nal organs1 :o has no visible p>ts1 :o exi/s f et]nity1 ev5 he1 ! s\l ( all be+s1 %one =? 9 p]son4 ,he hav+ will$ to produce v>i\s be+s f 8 own div9e sub/ance1 fir/ ) a ?\ght creat$ ! wat]s1 & plac$ 9 !m a productive se$4 ,! se$ became an egg bright z gold1 blaz+ l ! lum9>y ) a ?\s& beams1 & 9 t egg he 0 born himself1 9 ! =m ( ,brahma1 ! great =efa!r ( all spirits4 ,! wat]s are call$ ,nr1 because !y 7 ! production ( ,n>a1 or ! _s ( ,god2 & h5ce !y 7 8 fir/ ayana1 or place ( motion2 he h5ce is nam$ ,n>a yana1 or mov+ on ! wat]s4 ,9 t egg ! great p[] sat inactive a :ole ye> ( ! creator1 at ! close ( :i*1 by 8 ?\ght alone1 he caus$ ! egg to divide itself4 ,& f its two divisions he fram$ ! heav5 above & ! e>? b5ea?2 9 ! mid/ he plac$ ! subtile e!r1 ! eight regions1 & ! p]man5t receptacle ( wat]s4 ,f ! supreme s\l he drew =? m9d1 exi/+ sub/antially ?\gh unp]ceiv$ by s5se1 immat]ial2 & be=e m9d1 or ! reason+ p[]1 he produc$ consci\sness1 ! int]nal monitor1 ! rul]4 ,& be=e !m bo? he produc$ ! great pr9ciple ( ! s\l1 or fir/ expansion ( ! div9e idea2 & all vital =ms endu$ ) ! ?ree qualities ( goodness1 passion1 & d>kness1 & ! five p]ceptions ( s5se1 & ! five organs ( s5sation4 ,?us1 hav+ at once p]vad$ ) emanations f ! ,supreme ,_s ! m9ute/ portions ( fix$ pr9ciples imm5sely op]ative1 consci\sness & ! five p]ceptions1 he fram$ all creatures4 ,!nce proce$ ! great elem5ts1 endu$ ) peculi> p[]s1 & m9d ) op]ations inf9itely subtile1 ! unp]i%able cause ( all app>5t =ms4 ,?is univ]se1 !re=e1 is compact$ f ! m9ute portions ( ^? sev5 div9e & active pr9ciples1 ! great s\l1 or fir/ emanation1 consci\sness1 & five p]ceptions2 a mutable univ]se f immutable ideas4 ,( creat$ ?+s1 ! mo/ excell5t are ^? :i* are animat$2 ( ! animat$1 ^? :i* subsi/ by intellig5ce2 ( ! intellig5t1 mank9d2 & ( m51 ! sac]dotal class4 ,( prie/s1 ^? em95t 9 le>n+2 ( ! le>n$1 ^? :o "k _! duty2 ( ^? :o "k x1 su* z p]=m x virtu\sly2 & ( ! virtu\s1 ^? :o seek beatitude f a p]fect acqua9tance ) scriptural doctr9e4 ,! v bir? ( ,brahmans is a con/ant inc>nation ( ,dh>ma1 ,god ( ju/ice2 = ! ,brahman is born to promote ju/ice1 & to procure ultimate happ9ess4 ,:5 a ,brahman spr+s to light1 he is born above ! _w1 ! *ief ( all creatures1 assign$ to gu>d ! treasury ( duties1 religi\s & civil4 ,! ,brahman :o /udies ?is book1 hav+ p]=m$ sacr$ rites1 is p]petually free f (f5ce 9 ?\ght1 9 ^w & 9 de$4 ,he conf]s purity on 8 liv+ family1 on 8 ance/ors1 & on 8 desc5dants z f> z ! sev5? p]son1 & he alone des]ves to possess ?is :ole e>?4 ,! foll[+ passages are f ,book ,,ii41 ,on ,education & ! ,prie/hood3-- ,self-love is no laudable motive1 yet an exemption f self-love is n to be f\nd 9 ?is _w3 on self-love is gr\nd$ ! /udy ( ,scripture1 & ! practice ( actions recomm5d$ 9 x4 ,eag] desire to act has its root 9 expectation ( "s advantage2 & ) su* expectation are sacrifices p]=m$2 ! rules ( religi\s au/]ity & ab/95ce f s9s are all kn[n to arise f hope ( remun]ation4 ,n a s+le act "h bel[ appe>s ev] to be done by a man free f self-love2 :atev] he p]=m1 x is wr\ght f 8 desire ( a rew>d4 ,he1 inde$1 :o %\ld p]si/ 9 dis*>g+ ^! duties )\t any view to _! fruit1 w\ld atta9 h]eaft] ! /ate ( ! immortals1 & ev5 9 ?is life w\ld enjoy all ! virtu\s gratifications t 8 fancy c\ld sugge/4 ,! mo/ excell5t ( ! ?ree classes1 be+ girt ) ! sacrificial ?read1 mu/ ask food ) ! respectful ^w ,dhavati at ! beg9n+ ( ! phrase2 ^? ( ! second class ) t ^w 9 ! middle2 & ^? ( ! ?ird ) t ^w at ! end4 ,let him fir/ beg food ( 8 "m1 or ( 8 si/]1 or ( 8 "m's :ole si/]2 !n ( "s o!r female :o w n disgrace him4 ,hav+ collect$ z mu* ( ! desir$ food z he has occasion =1 & hav+ pres5t$ x )\t guile to 8 preceptor1 let him eat "s ( x1 be+ duly purifi$1 ) 8 face to ! ea/4 ,if he seek long life1 he %\ld eat ) 8 face to ! ea/2 if prosp]ity1 to ! we/2 if tru? & its rew>d1 to ! nor?4 ,:5 ! /ud5t is go+ to read ! ,v$a he mu/ p]=m an ablution1 z ! law orda9s1 ) 8 face to ! nor?2 & hav+ paid scriptural homage1 he mu/ receive in/ruction1 we>+ a clean ve/1 8 memb]s be+ duly compos$4 ,a ,brahman beg9n+ & end+ a lecture on ! ,v$a mu/ always pron\nce to himself ! syllable m2 = unless ! syllable m prec$e1 8 le>n+ w slip away f him2 & unless x foll[1 no?+ w be long reta9$4 ,a prie/ :o %all "k ! ,v$a1 & %all pron\nce to himself1 bo? morn+ & ev5+1 t syllable1 & t holy text prec$$ by ! ?ree words1 %all atta9 ! sanctity :i* ! ,v$a conf]s4 ,& a twice-born man1 :o %all a ?\s& times repeat ^? ?ree 7or m1 ! vyhrtis1 & ! gyatri7 ap>t f ! multitude1 %all be releas$ 9 a mon? ev5 f a great (f5ce1 z a snake f 8 sl\gh4 ,! ?ree great immutable words1 prec$$ by ! trilit]al syllable1 & foll[$ by ! gyatri1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree measures1 mu/ be consid]$ z ! m\?1 or pr9cipal "p ( ! ,v$a4 ,! trilit]al monosyllable is an emblem ( ! ,supreme2 ! suppressions ( brea?1 ) a m9d fix$ on ,god1 are ! highe/ devotion2 b no?+ is m exalt$ ?an ! gyatri2 a decl>ation ( tru? is m excell5t ?an sil5ce4 ,all rites orda9$ 9 ! ,v$a1 oblations to fire1 & solemn sacrifices pass away2 b t :i* passes n away is decl>$ to be ! syllable m1 !nce call$ ac%>a2 s9ce x is a symbol ( ,god1 ! ,"l ( creat$ be+s4 ,! act ( repeat+ 8 ,holy ,"n is t5 times bett] ?an ! appo9t$ sacrifice2 an hundr$ times bett] :5 x is he>d by no man2 & a ?\s& times bett] :5 x is purely m5tal4 ,to a man contam9at$ by s5suality1 nei!r ! ,v$as1 nor lib]ality1 nor sacrifices1 nor /rict obs]vances1 nor pi\s au/]ities1 ev] procure felicity4 ,z he :o digs deep ) a spade comes to a spr+ ( wat]1 s ! /ud5t1 :o humbly s]ves 8 tea*]1 atta9s ! k :i* lies deep 9 8 tea*]'s m9d4 ,if ! sun %\ld rise & set1 :ile he sleeps ?r\gh s5sual indulg5ce1 & kn[s x n1 he mu/ fa/ a :ole day repeat+ ! gyatri4 ,let him adore ,god bo? at sunrise & at sunset1 z ! law orda9s1 hav+ made 8 ablution1 & keep+ 8 organs controll$2 & ) fix$ att5tion let him repeat ! text1 :i* he ought to repeat 9 a place free f impurity4 ,! twice-born man :o %all ?us )\t int]mission h pass$ ! "t ( 8 /ud5t%ip %all asc5d aft] dea? to ! mo/ exalt$ ( regions1 & no m aga9 spr+ to bir? 9 ?is l[] _w4 ,! foll[+ passages are f ,book ,,iv41 ,on ,private ,morals3-- ,let a ,brahman1 hav+ dwelt ) a preceptor dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( a man's life1 pass ! second qu>t] ( human life 9 8 own h\se1 :5 he has contract$ a legal m>riage4 ,he mu/ live ) no injury1 or ) ! lea/ possible injury1 to animat$ be+s1 by pursu+ ^? means ( ga9+ subsi/5ce1 :i* are /rictly prescrib$ by law1 except 9 times ( di/ress4 ,let him say :at is true1 b let him say :at is pleas+2 let him speak no disagreeable tru?1 nor let him speak agreeable falsehood2 ?is is a primeval rule4 ,let him say 'well & good1' or let him say 'well' only2 b let him n ma9ta9 fruitless enmity & alt]cation ) any man4 ,all t dep5ds on ano!r gives pa92 & all t dep5ds on himself gives pleasure2 let him "k ?is to be 9 few words ! def9ition ( pleasure & pa94 ,& = :atev] purpose a man be/[s a gift1 = a simil> purpose he %all receive1 ) due honor1 a simil> rew>d4 ,bo? he :o respectfully be/[s a pres5t1 & he :o respectfully accepts x1 %all g to a seat ( bliss2 b1 if !y act o!rwise1 to a region ( horror4 ,let n a man be pr\d ( 8 rigor\s devotion2 let him n1 hav+ sacrific$1 utt] a falsehood2 let him n1 ?\gh injur$1 insult a prie/2 hav+ made a donation1 let him nev] proclaim x4 ,by falsehood ! sacrifice becomes va92 by pride ! m]it ( devotion is lo/2 by insult+ prie/s life is dim9i%$2 & by proclaim+ a l>gess its fruit is de/roy$4 ,= 9 8 passage to ! next _w1 nei!r 8 fa!r1 nor 8 "m1 nor 8 wife1 nor 8 son1 nor 8 k9sm5 w rema9 8 company2 8 virtue alone w adh]e to him4 ,s+le is ea* man born2 s+le he dies2 s+le he receives ! rew>d ( 8 good1 & s+le ! puni%m5t ( 8 evil de$s4 ,f ,book ,v41 ,on ,diet3-- ,! twice-born man :o has int5tionally eat5 a mu%room1 ! fle% ( a tame hog1 or a t[n cock1 a leek1 or an onion1 or g>lic1 is degrad$ imm$iately4 ,b hav+ undesign$ly ta/$ ei!r ( ^? six ?+s1 he mu/ p]=m ! p5ance sntapana1 or ! *ndryana1 :i* an*orites practise2 = o!r ?+s he mu/ fa/ a :ole day4 ,"o ( ^? h>% p5ances call$ prjpatya ! twice-born man mu/ p]=m annually1 to purify him f ! unkn[n ta9t ( illicit food2 b he mu/ d p>ticul> p5ance = su* food int5tionally eat54 ,he :o injures no animat$ creature %all atta9 )\t h>d%ip :atev] he ?9ks (1 :atev] he /rives =1 :atev] he fixes 8 m9d on4 ,fle% meat _c be procur$ )\t injury to animals1 & ! slaught] ( animals ob/ructs ! pa? to beatitude2 f fle% meat1 !re=e1 let man ab/a94 ,att5tively consid]+ ! =mation ( bodies1 & ! dea? or conf9em5t ( embodi$ spirits1 let him ab/a9 f eat+ fle% meat ( any k9d4 ,n a mortal exi/s m s9ful ?an he :o1 )\t an oblation to ! manes or ! gods1 desires to enl>ge 8 own fle% ) ! fle% ( ano!r creature4 ,by subsi/+ on pure fruit & on roots1 & by eat+ su* gra9s z are eat5 by h]mits1 a man reaps n s high a rew>d z by c>efully ab/a9+ f animal food4 ,9 lawfully ta/+ meat1 9 dr9k+ f]m5t$ liquor1 9 c>ess+ wom51 !re is no turpitude2 = to su* enjoym5ts m5 are naturally prone1 b a virtu\s ab/95ce f !m produces a signal comp5sation4 ,sacr$ le>n+1 au/]e devotion1 fire1 holy alim5t1 e>?1 ! m9d1 wat]1 sme>+ ) c[-dung1 air1 prescrib$ acts ( religion1 ! sun1 & "t are purifi]s ( embodi$ spirits4 ,b ( all pure ?+s purity 9 acquir+ weal? is pron\nc$ ! mo/ excell5t2 s9ce he :o ga9s weal? ) clean h&s is truly pure2 n he :o is purifi$ m]ely ) e>? & wat]4 ,by =giv5ess ( injuries1 ! le>n$ are purifi$2 by lib]ality1 ^? :o h neglect$ _! duty2 by pi\s m$itation1 ^? :o h secret faults2 by dev\t au/]ity1 ^? :o be/ "k ! ,v$a4 ,bodies are cleans$ by wat]2 ! m9d is purifi$ by tru?2 ! vital _s1 by !ology & devotion2 ! und]/&+1 by cle> k4 ,no sacrifice is all[$ to wom5 ap>t f _! husb&s1 no religi\s rite1 no fa/+2 z f> only z a wife honors h] "l1 s f> %e is exalt$ 9 heav54 ,a fai?ful wife1 :o wi%es to atta9 9 heav5 ! mansion ( h] husb&1 mu/ d no?+ unk9d to him1 be he liv+ or dead4 ,let h] emaciate h] body by liv+ volunt>ily on pure fl[]s1 roots1 & fruit2 b let h] n1 :5 h] "l is deceas$1 ev5 pron\nce ! "n ( ano!r man4 ,let h] cont9ue till dea? =giv+ all injuries1 p]=m+ h>% duties1 avoid+ e s5sual pleasure1 & *e]fully practis+ ! incomp>able rules ( virtue1 :i* h be5 foll[$ by su* wom5 z 7 devot$ to "o only husb&4 ,! ,six? ,book ( ! ,laws ( ,manu relates to devotion4 ,x seems t ! ,brahmans 7 9 ! habit ( becom+ ascetics1 or1 z ! ,roman ,ca?olics w\ld say1 ent]+ ,religion4 ,a ,brahman1 or twice-born man1 :o wi%es to become an ascetic1 mu/ ab&on 8 home & family1 & g to live 9 ! =e/4 ,8 food mu/ be roots & fruit1 8 clo?+ a b>k g>m5t or a sk91 he mu/ ba! morn+ & ev5+1 & suff] 8 hair to gr[4 ,he mu/ sp5d 8 "t 9 read+ ! ,v$a1 ) a m9d int5t on ! ,supreme ,be+1 a p]petual giv] b no receiv] ( gifts2 ) t5d] affection = all animat$ bodies4 ,he is to p]=m v>i\s sacrifices ) (f]+s ( fruits & fl[]s1 practise au/]ities by expos+ himself to heat & cold1 & = ! purpose ( unit+ 8 s\l ) ! ,div9e ,_s he mu/ /udy ! ,upani%ads4 ,a ,brahman1 hav+ %uffl$ (f 8 body by ^! modes1 :i* great sages practise1 & becom+ void ( sorr[ & fe>1 x exalt$ into ! div9e ess5ce4 ,let him n wi% = dea?4 ,let him n wi% = life4 ,let him expect 8 appo9t$ "t1 z ! hir$ s]vant expects 8 wages4 ,m$itat+ on ! ,supreme ,_s1 )\t any e>?ly desire1 ) no companion b 8 own s\l1 let him live 9 ?is _w seek+ ! bliss ( ! next4 ,! an*orite is to beg food1 b only once a day2 if x is n giv5 to him1 he mu/ n be sorr[ful1 & if he receives x he mu/ n be glad2 he is to m$itate on ! subtle indivisible ess5ce ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 he is to be c>eful n to de/roy ! life ( ! smalle/ insect1 & he mu/ make atonem5t = ! dea? ( ^? :i* he has ignorantly de/roy$ by mak+ six suppressions ( 8 brea?1 repeat+ at ! same "t ! trilit]al syllable ,a ,u ,m4 ,he w ?us at la/ become unit$ ) ! ,et]nal ,_s1 & 8 good de$s w be inh]it$ by ^? :o love him1 & 8 evil de$s by ^? :o hate him4 ,! ,sev5? ,book relates to ! duties ( rul]s4 ,"o ( ^! is to rew>d ! good & puni% ! wick$4 ,! g5ius ( puni%m5t is a son ( ,brahma1 & has a body ( pure light4 ,puni%m5t is an active rul]1 gov]ns all mank9d1 disp5ses laws1 pres]ves ! race1 & is ! p]fection ( ju/ice4 ,)\t x all classes w\ld become corrupt1 all b>ri]s w\ld fall1 & !re w\ld be total confusion4 ,k+s are to respect ! ,brahmans1 mu/ %un vices1 mu/ select good c\nsellors & brave soldi]s4 ,a ,k+ mu/ be a fa!r to 8 p4 ,:5 he goes to w> he mu/ obs]ve ! rules ( honorable w>f>e1 mu/ n use poison$ arr[s1 /rike a fall5 enemy1 nor "o :o sues = life1 nor "o )\t arms1 nor "o :o surr5d]s4 ,he is n to take too little rev5ue1 & s cut up 8 own root2 nor too mu*1 & s cut up ! root ( o!rs2 he is to be sev]e :5 x is necess>y1 & mild :5 x is necess>y4 ,! ,eigh? ,book relates to civil & crim9al law4 ,! ,raja is to hold 8 c\rt e day1 assi/$ by 8 ,brahmans1 & decide causes conc]n+ debts & loans1 sales1 wages1 contracts1 b\nd>ies1 sl&]1 assaults1 l>c5y1 robb]y1 & o!r crimes4 ,! ,raja1 und]/&+ :at is exp$i5t or inexp$i5t1 b consid]+ only :at is law or n law1 %\ld exam9e all disputes4 ,he mu/ protect unprotect$ wom51 re/ore prop]ty to its rightful own]1 n enc\rage litigation1 & decide accord+ to ! rules ( law4 ,^! rules correspond v ne>ly to our law ( evid5ce4 ,witnesses are w>n$ to speak ! tru? 9 all cases by ! consid]ation t1 ?\gh !y may ?9k t none see !m1 ! gods di/9ctly see !m & also ! _s 9 _! own brea/s4 ,! s\l itself is its own witness1 ! s\l itself is its own refuge2 (f5d n ?y consci\s s\l1 ! supreme int]nal witness ( m54 ,! fruit ( e virtu\s act :i* ?\ ha/ done1 ,o good man1 s9ce ?y bir?1 %all dep>t f !e to ! dogs1 if ?\ deviate f ! tru?4 ,o fri5d to virtue1 ! ,supreme ,_s1 :i* is ! same ) ?yself1 resides 9 ?y bosom p]petually1 & is an all-kn[+ inspector ( ?y goodness or wick$ness4 ,! law !n proce$s to describe ! puni%m5ts :i* ! gods w\ld inflict ^u false witnesses2 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 all[s false witness to be giv51 f a b5evol5t motive1 9 ord] to save an innoc5t man f a tyrant4 ,?is is call$ ! v5ial s9 ( b5evol5t falsehood4 ,! book !n proce$s to describe weights & measures1 & ! rate ( usury1 :i* is put d[n z five p]c5t4 ,x =bids comp\nd int]e/4 ,! law ( deposits occupies a l>ge space1 z 9 all ,ea/]n c\ntries1 :]e inve/m5ts are difficult4 ,a good deal is said ab\t ! wages ( s]vants1 especially ( ^? hir$ to keep cattle1 & _! responsibilities4 ,! law ( sl&] is c>efully laid d[n4 ,crimes ( viol5ce are also m9utely describ$1 & "h ! ,lex ,talionis comes 94 ,if a man /rikes a human be+ or an animal s z to inflict mu* pa91 he %all be /ruck himself 9 ! same way4 ,a man is all[$ to correct ) a small /ick 8 wife1 son1 or s]vant1 b n on ! head or any noble "p ( ! body4 ,! ,brahmans1 h[ev]1 are protect$ by special laws4 ,nev] %all ! k+ flay a ,brahman1 ?\gh convict$ ( all possible crimes3 let him bani% ! (f5d] f 8 realm1 b ) all 8 prop]ty secure & 8 body unhurt4 ,no great] crime is kn[n on e>? ?an flay+ a ,brahman2 & ! k+1 !re=e1 mu/ n ev5 =m 9 8 m9d ! idea ( kill+ a prie/4 ,! ,n9? ,book relates to wom51 to families1 & to ! law ( ca/es4 ,x /ates t wom5 mu/ be kept 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce4 ,_! fa!rs protect !m 9 *ildhood2 _! husb&s protect !m 9 y\?2 _! sons protect !m 9 age4 ,a woman is nev] fit = indep5d5ce4 ,x is ! duty ( m5 to wat* & gu>d wom51 & v unfavorable op9ions are express$ conc]n+ ! female "*4 ,wom5 h no bus9ess ) ! text ( ! ,v$a2 ?is is fully settl$2 !re=e hav+ no k ( expiatory texts1 s9ful wom5 mu/ be z f\l z falsehood itself4 ,?is is a fix$ law4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /at$ t good wom5 become l goddesses1 & %all be jo9$ ) _! husb&s 9 heav52 & t a man is only p]fect :5 he consi/s ( ?ree p]sons unit$1--8 wife1 himself1 & 8 son4 ,manu also attributes to anci5t ,brahmans a maxim almo/ v]bally ! same z t ( ! ,bible1 namely1 ,! husb& is ev5 "o p]son ) 8 wife4 ,no?+ is said by ,manu conc]n+ ! cremation ( wid[s1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 m9ute directions are giv5 = ! behavior ( wid[s dur+ _! life4 ,directions are also giv5 conc]n+ ! m>riage ( daught]s & sons & _! inh]itance ( prop]ty4 ,! re/ ( ! book is devot$ to a fur!r description ( crimes & puni%m5ts4 ,! ,t5? ,book relates to ! mix$ classes & times ( di/ress4 ,! ,elev5? ,book relates to p5ance & expiation4 ,9 ?is book is m5tion$ ! rem>kable rite :i* consi/s 9 dr9k+ ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! moon-plant 7or acid asclepias7 ) religi\s c]emonies4 ,?is ,h9du sacram5t began 9 ! ,v$ic age1 & ! ,sanhita ( ! ,sama-,v$a consi/s ( hymns to be sung at ! moon-plant sacrifice4#ea ,?is c]emony is /ill practis$ occasionally 9 ,india1 & ,dr4 ,hang has ta/$ ?is sacr$ bev]age1 :i* he describes z a/r+5t1 bitt]1 intoxicat+1 & v disagreeable4#eb ,x is /at$ by ,manu t no "o has a "r to dr9k ?is sacr$ juice :o does n prop]ly provide = 8 own h\sehold4 ,he enc\rages sacrifices by decl>+ t !y are highly m]itori\s & w expiate s94 ,involunt>y s9s require a mu* light] p5ance ?an ^? committ$ ) k4 ,crimes committ$ by ,brahmans require a less sev]e p5ance ?an ^? p]=m$ by o!rs2 :ile ^? committ$ aga9/ ,brahmans involve a mu* deep] guilt & require sev]] p5ance4 ,! law decl>es3-- ,f 8 high bir? alone a ,brahman is an object ( v5]ation1 ev5 to deities1 & 8 decl>ations are decisive evid5ce4 ,a ,brahman1 :o has p]=m$ an expiation ) 8 :ole m9d fix$ on ,god1 purifies 8 s\l4 ,dr9k+ intoxicat+ liquor 7except 9 ! ,soma sacrifice7 is /rictly prohibit$1 & x is ev5 decl>$ t a ,brahman :o ta/es intoxicat+ liquor s9ks to ! l[ ca/e ( a ,sudra4 ,if a ,brahman :o has ta/$ ! ,soma juice ev5 smells ! brea? ( a man :o has be5 dr9k+ spirits1 he mu/ d p5ance by repeat+ ! ,gayatri1 suppress+ 8 brea?1 & eat+ cl>ifi$ butt]4 ,next to ,brahmans1 c[s 7 ! objects ( rev]5ce1 probably because1 9 ! e>lie/ times1 ! ,aryan race1 z nomads1 dep5d$ on ?is animal = food4 ,he :o kills a c[ mu/ p]=m v sev]e p5ances1 among :i* are ^!3-- ,all day he mu/ wait on a h]d ( c[s & /& quaff+ ! du/ rais$ by _! ho(s2 at night1 hav+ s]vilely att5d$ !m1 he mu/ sit ne> & gu>d !m4 ,free f passion1 he mu/ /& :ile !y /&1 foll[ :5 !y move1 & lie d[n ne> !m :5 !y lie d[n4 ,by ?us wait+ on a h]d = ?ree mon?s1 he :o has kill$ a c[ atones = 8 guilt4 ,= su* (f5ces z cutt+ d[n fruit-trees or grasses1 or kill+ insects1 or injur+ s5ti5t creatures1 ! p5ance is to repeat s _m texts ( ! ,v$a1 to eat cl>ifi$ butt]1 or to /op ! brea?4 ,a l[-born man :o treats a ,brahman disrespectfully1 or :o ev5 ov]comes him 9 argum5t1 mu/ fa/ all day & fall pro/rate be=e him4 ,he :o /rikes a ,brahman %all rema9 9 hell a ?\s& ye>s4 ,great1 h[ev]1 is ! p[] ( s9c]e devotion4 ,by rep5tance1 op5 confession1 read+ ! ,scripture1 almsgiv+1 & re=mation1 "o is releas$ f guilt4 ,devotion1 x is said1 is equal to ! p]=mance ( all duties2 & ev5 ! s\ls ( worms & insects & vegetables atta9 heav5 by ! p[] ( devotion4 ,b especially great is ! sanctify+ influ5ce ( ! ,v$as4 ,he :o c repeat ! :ole ( ! ,rig-,v$a w\ld be free f guilt1 ev5 if he _h kill$ ! inhabitants ( ! ?ree worlds4 ,! la/ book ( ,manu is on transmigration & f9al beatitude4 ,! pr9ciple is "h laid d[n t e human action1 ^w1 & ?\ght be>s its appropriate fruit1 good or evil4 ,out ( ! he>t proce$ ?ree s9s ( ?\ght1 f\r s9s ( ! tongue1 & ?ree ( ! body1 namely1 covet\s1 disob$i5t1 & a!i/ic ?\ghts2 scurril\s1 false1 frivol\s1 & unk9d words2 & actions ( !ft1 bodily injury1 & lic5ti\sness4 ,he :o controls 8 ?\ghts1 words1 & actions is call$ a triple comm&]4 ,!re are ?ree qualities ( ! s\l1 giv+ x a t5d5cy to goodness1 to passion1 & to d>kness4 ,! fir/ leads to k1 ! second to desire1 ! ?ird to s5suality4 ,to ! fir/ belong /udy ( ,scripture1 devotion1 purity1 self-comm&1 & ob$i5ce4 ,f ! second proce$ hypocritical actions1 anxiety1 disob$i5ce1 & self-indulg5ce4 ,! ?ird produces av>ice1 a!ism1 indol5ce1 & e act :i* a man is a%am$ ( do+4 ,! object ( ! fir/ quality is virtue2 ( ! second1 worldly success2 ( ! ?ird1 pleasure4 ,! s\ls 9 :i* ! fir/ quality is supreme rise aft] dea? to ! condition ( deities2 ^? 9 :om ! second rules pass into ! bodies ( o!r m52 :ile ^? "u ! dom9ion ( ! ?ird become bea/s & vegetables4 ,manu proce$s to exp\nd1 9 great detail1 ?is law ( transmigration4 ,= great s9s "o is condemn$ to pass a great _m times into ! bodies ( dogs1 insects1 spid]s1 snakes1 or grasses4 ,! *ange has relation to ! crime3 ?us1 he :o /eals gra9 %all be born a rat2 he :o /eals meat1 a vulture2 ^? :o indulge 9 =bidd5 pleasures ( ! s5ses %all h _! s5ses made acute to endure int5se pa94 ,! highe/ ( all virtues is dis9t]e/$ goodness1 p]=m$ f ! love ( ,god1 & bas$ on ! k ( ! ,v$a4 ,a religi\s action1 p]=m$ f hope ( rew>d 9 ?is _w or ! next1 w give "o a place 9 ! l[e/ heav54 ,b he :o p]=ms good actions )\t hope ( rew>d1 p]ceiv+ ! supreme s\l 9 all be+s1 & all be+s 9 ! supreme s\l1 fix+ 8 m9d on ,god1 approa*es ! div9e nature4 ,let e ,brahman1 ) fix$ att5tion1 consid] all nature z exi/+ 9 ! ,div9e ,_s2 all worlds z seat$ 9 him2 he alone z ! :ole assemblage ( gods2 & he ! au?or ( all human actions4 ,let him consid] ! supreme omnipres5t intellig5ce z ! sov]eign "l ( ! univ]se1 by :om alone x exi/s1 an incompreh5sible _s2 p]vad+ all be+s 9 five elem5tal =ms1 & caus+ !m to pass ?r\gh bir?1 gr[?1 & decay1 & s to revolve l ! :eels ( a c>4 ,?us ! man :o p]ceives 9 8 own s\l ! supreme s\l pres5t 9 all creatures1 acquires equanimity t[>d !m all1 & %all be absolv$ at la/ 9 ! highe/ ess5ce1 ev5 t ( ! ,almighty himself4 ,we h giv5 ^! copi\s extracts f ! ,brahmanic law1 because ?is code is s anci5t & au!ntic1 & conta9s ! bright consummate fl[] ( ! sy/em1 be=e decay began to come4 #f4 ,! ,?ree ,h9doo ,sy/ems ( ,philosophy1--,snkhya1 ,v$anta1 & ,nyasa4 ,dunck] says#ec t ! ,indian sy/ems ( philosophy 7 produc$ 9 ! six? or sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,z ! sy/em ( ,buddha implies ! exi/5ce ( ! ,snkhya philosophy1 ! latt] mu/ h prec$$ ,buddhism4#ed ,moreov]1 ,kapila & 8 two pr9ciples are di/9ctly m5tion$ 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu1#ee & 9 ! lat] ,upani%ads4#ef ,?is br+s x to ! ,brahmana p]iod ( ,max ,mll]1 ,b4,c4 #fjj to ,b4,c4 #hjj1 & probably /ill e>li]4 ,dr4 ,web] at "o "t 0 ( ! op9ion t ,kapila & ,buddha 7 ! same p]son1 b aft]w>d retract$ ?is op9ion4#eg ,colebrooke says t ,kapila is m5tion$ 9 ! ,v$a itself1 b intimates t ?is is probably ano!r sage ( ! same "n4#eh ,! sage 0 ev5 consid]$ to be an inc>nation ( ,vis*nu1 or ( ,agni4 ,! ,v$anta philosophy is also said by ,lass5 to be m5tion$ 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu4#ei ,?is sy/em is f\nd$ on ! ,upani%ads1 & w\ld seem to be lat] ?an t ( ,kapila1 s9ce x criticises 8 sy/em1 & devotes mu* space to its confutation4#fj ,b ,dunck] reg>ds x z ! olde/1 & already beg9n+ 9 ! ,upani%ads ( ! ,v$as4#fa ,z ! olde/ works n[ extant 9 bo? sy/ems are lat] ?an _! orig91 ?is "q ( date c only be det]m9$ f _! cont5ts4 ,t :i* logically prec$es ! o!r mu/ be *ronologically ! olde/4 ,! ,snkhya sy/em ( ,kapila is conta9$ 9 _m works1 b notably 9 ! ,krik1 or ,snkhya-,krik1 by ,isw>a ,kri%na4 ,?is consi/s 9 eighty-two memorial v]ses1 ) a comm5t>y4#fb ,! ,v$anta is conta9$ 9 ! ,sutras1 ! ,upani%ads1 & especially ! ,brahma-,sutra attribut$ to ,vyasa4#fc ,! ,nyaya is to be f\nd 9 ! ,sutras ( ,gotama & ,canade4#fd ,^! ?ree sy/ems ( ,h9doo philosophy1 ! ,snkhya1 ! ,nyaya1 & ! ,v$anta1 rea* f> back into a mi/y twilight1 :i* leaves x d\btful :5 !y began or :o 7 _! real au?ors4 ,9 "s po9ts !y agree1 9 o!rs !y are widely oppos$4 ,!y all agree 9 hav+ = _! object deliv]ance f ! evils ( "t1 *ange1 sorr[1 into an et]nal re/ & peace4 ,_! aim is1 !re=e1 n m]ely speculative1 b practical4 ,all agree 9 consid]+ exi/5ce to be an evil1 und]/&+ by exi/5ce a life 9 "t & space4 ,all are ideali/s1 to :om ! _w ( s5se & "t is a delusion & sn>e1 & :o reg>d ! ,idea z ! only sub/ance4 ,all agree 9 accept+ ! fact ( transmigration1 ! cessation ( :i* br+s f9al deliv]ance4 ,all consid] t ! means ( ?is deliv]ance is to be f\nd 9 k1 9 a p]fect k ( reality z oppos$ to appe>ance4 ,& all are held by ,brahmans1 :o consid] !mselves or?odox1 :o honor ! ,v$as above all o!r books1 pay complete respect to ! ,h9duism ( ! day1 p]=m ! daily c]emonies1 & obs]ve ! usual ca/e rules4#fe ,! sy/ems ( philosophy supplem5t ! religi\s wor%ip1 b are n int5d$ to de/roy x4 ,! ,v$anti/s hold t :ile 9 tru? !re is b "o ,god1 ! v>i\s =ms ( wor%ip 9 ! ,v$as1 ( ,indra1 ,agni1 ! ,m>uts1 etc41 7 all int5d$ = ^? :o c\ld n rise to ?is sublime mono!ism4 ,^? :o believe 9 ! ,snkhya ma9ta9 t ?\gh x :olly omits ,god1 & is call$ ! sy/em )\t a ,god1 x m]ely omits1 b does n d5y1 ! ,div9e exi/5ce4#ff ,ea* ( ^! philosophies has a speculative & a practical side4 ,! speculative problem is1 ,h[ did ! univ]se come8 ,! practical problem is1 ,h[ %all man be deliv]$ f evil8 ,9 answ]+ ! fir/ "q1 ! ,v$anta1 or ,mimansa doctr9e1 proce$s f a s+le et]nal & uncreat$ ,pr9ciple2 decl>+ t !re is only ,,"o be+ 9 ! univ]se1 ,god or ,brahm1 & t all else is ,maya1 or illusion4 ,! ,sankhya accepts ,,two et]nal & uncreat$ sub/ances1 ,s\l & ,nature4 ,! ,nyaya assumes ,,?ree et]nal & uncreat$ sub/ances1--,atoms1 ,s\ls1 & ,god4 ,! solution ( ! second problem is ! same 9 all ?ree sy/ems4 ,x is by k t ! s\l is emancipat$ f body or matt] or nature4 ,wor%ip is inadequate1 ?\gh n to be despis$4 ,action is injuri\s r ?an b5eficial1 = x implies desire4 ,only k c lead to entire re/ & peace4 ,accord+ to all ?ree sy/ems1 ! transmigration ( ! s\l ?r\gh diff]5t bodies is an evil result+ f desire4 ,z long z ! s\l wi%es any?+1 x w cont9ue to migrate & to suff]4 ,:5 x ga!rs itself up into calm insight1 x ceases to w&] & f9ds repose4 ,! ,v$anta or ,mimansa is suppos$ to be ref]r$ to 9 ,manu4#fg ,mimansa means se>*+4 ,9 its logical =ms x adopts ! me?od s common among ! s*ola/ics1 9 fir/ /at+ ! "q1 !n giv+ ! objection1 aft] t ! reply to ! objection1 & la/ly ! conclusion4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,mimansa relates to wor%ip & ! c]emonies & ritual ( ! ,v$a4 ,! second "p tea*es ! doctr9e ( ,brahma4 ,brahma is ! "o1 et]nal1 absolute1 un*angeable ,be+4 ,he unfolds into ! univ]se z ,creator & ,creat$4 ,he becomes fir/ e!r1 !n air1 !n fire1 !n wat]1 !n e>?4 ,f ^! five elem5ts all bodily exi/5ce proce$s4 ,s\ls are sp>ks f ! c5tral fire ( ,brahma1 sep>at$ = a "t1 to be absorb$ aga9 at la/4 ,brahma1 9 8 highe/ =m z ,p>a-,brahm1 /&s = ! ,absolute ,be+4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,sma-,v$a 7aft] ,haug's translation7 expresses ?is3 ,! g5]ation ( ,brahma 0 be=e all ages1 unfold+ himself ev]more 9 a beautiful glory2 ev]y?+ :i* is highe/ & ev]y?+ :i* is deepe/ belongs to him4 ,be+ & ,n-,be+ are unveil$ ?r\gh ,brahma4 ,! foll[+ passage is f a ,upani%ad1 translat$ by ,w9dis*mann3-- ,h[ c any "o tea* conc]n+ ,brahma8 he is nei!r ! kn[n nor ! unkn[n4 ,t :i* _c be express$ by words1 b ?r\gh :i* all expression comes1 ?is ,i "k to be ,brahma4 ,t :i* _c be ?\ght by ! m9d1 b by :i* all ?9k+ comes1 ?is ,i "k is ,brahma4 ,t :i* _c be se5 by ! eye1 b by :i* ! eye sees1 is ,brahma4 ,if ?\ ?9ke/ t ?\ can/ "k x1 !n 9 tru? ?\ kn[e/ x v little4 ,to :om x is unkn[n1 he kn[s x2 b to :om x is kn[n1 he kn[s x n4 ,?is also is f ,w9dis*mann1 f ! ,ka?aka ,upani%ad3 ,"o _c atta9 to x ?r\gh ! ^w1 ?r\gh ! m9d1 or ?r\gh ! eye4 ,x is only rea*$ by him :o says1 ',x is6 ,x is6' ,he p]ceives x 9 its ess5ce4 ,its ess5ce appe>s :5 "o p]ceives x z x is4 ,! old ,g]man expression ,i/igkeit1 accord+ to ,buns51 corresponds to ?is4 ,?is also is ! "n ( ,jehovah z giv5 to ,moses f ! burn+ bu%3 ,& ,god said unto ,moses1 ,i ,,am ,,! ,i ,,am4 ,?us %alt ?\ say unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,i ,,am ha? s5t me unto y4 ,! idea is t ,god alone really exi/s1 & t ! root ( all be+ is 9 him4 ,?is is express$ 9 ano!r ,upani%ad3 ,,he ,,:o ,,exi/s is ! root ( all creatures2 he ,,:o ,,exi/s is _! f\ndation1 & 9 him !y re/4 ,9 ! ,v$anta philosophy ?is speculative pan!ism is c>ri$ fur!r4 ,?us speaks ,sank>a1 ! *ief tea*] ( ! ,v$anta philosophy 7,colebrooke's ,essays73 ,i am ! great ,brahma1 et]nal1 pure1 free1 "o1 con/ant1 happy1 exi/+ )\t end4 ,he :o ceases to contemplate o!r ?+s1 :o retires into solitude1 annihilates 8 desires1 & subjects 8 passions1 he und]/&s t ,_s is ! ,"o & ! ,et]nal4 ,! wise man annihilates all s5sible ?+s 9 spiritual ?+s1 & contemplates t "o ,_s :o resembles pure space4 ,brahma is )\t size1 quality1 "*1 or division4 ,accord+ to ?is philosophy 7says ,buns57 ! _w is ! ,n-,be+4 ,x is1 says ,sank>a1 appe>ance )\t ,be+2 x is l ! deception ( a dream4 ,! s\l itself1 he adds1 has no actual be+4 ,!re is an essay on ,v$antism 9 a book publi%$ 9 ,calcutta1 #ahed1 by a "y ,h9doo1 ,%o%ee ,*und] ,dutt1 :i* describes ! creation z proce$+ f ,maya1 9 ?is way3 ,dissatisfi$ ) 8 own solitude1 ,brahma feels a desire to create worlds1 & !n ! volition ceases s f> z he is conc]n$1 & he s9ks aga9 into 8 apa!tic happ9ess1 :ile ! desire1 ?us will$ into exi/5ce1 assumes an active "*4 ,x becomes ,maya1 & by ?is 0 ! univ]se creat$1 )\t ex]tion on ! "p ( ,brahma4 ,?is pass+ wi% ( ,brahma c>ri$1 h[ev]1 no reality ) x4 ,& ! creation proce$+ f x is only an illusion4 ,!re is only "o absolute ,unity really exi/+1 & exi/+ )\t plurality4 ,b he is l "o asleep4 ,kri%na1 9 ! ,gita1 says3 ',^! works 7! univ]se7 conf9e n me1 = ,i am l "o :o sitte? alo( un9t]e/$ 9 !m all4' ,! univ]se is !re=e all illusion1 hold+ a position betwe5 some?+ & no?+4 ,x is real z an illusion1 b unreal z be+4 ,x is n true1 because x has no ess5ce2 b n false1 because its exi/5ce1 ev5 z illusion1 is f ,god4 ,! ,v$anta decl>es3 ',f ! highe/ /ate ( ,brahma to ! l[e/ condition ( a /raw1 all ?+s are delusion4' ,*und] ,dutt1 h[ev]1 contradicts ,buns5's ass]tion t ! s\l also is an illusion accord+ to ! ,v$anta4 ,! s\l1 he says1 is n subject to bir? or dea?1 b is 9 its sub/ance1 f ,brahma himself4 ,! tru? seems to be t ! ,v$anta reg>ds ! individuation ( ! s\l z f ,maya & illusive1 b ! sub/ance ( ! s\l is f ,brahma1 & de/9$ to be absorb$ into him4 ,z ! body ( man is to be resolv$ into its mat]ial elem5ts1 s ! s\l ( man is to be resolv$ into ,brahma4 ,?is sub/ance ( ! s\l is nei!r born nor dies1 nor is x a ?+ ( :i* x c be said1 ,x 01 is1 or %all be4 ,9 ! ,gita1 ,kri%na tells ,arjun t he & ! o!r pr9ces ( ! _w nev] 7 n4#fh ,! ,v$anti/ philosoph]1 h[ev]1 ?\gh he consid]s all s\ls z emanations f ,god1 does n believe t all ( !m w return into ,god at dea?4 ,^? only :o h obta9$ a k ( ,god are rew>d$ by absorption1 b ! re/ cont9ue to migrate f body to body s long z !y rema9 unqualifi$ = ! same4 ,! kn[] ( ,god becomes ,god4 ,?is union ) ! ,deity is ! total loss ( p]sonal id5tity1 & is ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ bliss1 9 :i* are no grades & f :i* is no return4 ,?is absorption comes n f good works or p5ances1 = ^! conf9e ! s\l & d n lib]ate x4 ,! conf9em5t ( fett]s is ! same :e!r ! *a9 be ( gold or iron4 ,! k :i* realizes t ev]y?+ is ,brahm alone lib]ates ! s\l4 ,x annuls ! effect bo? ( our virtues & vices4 ,we trav]se !reby bo? m]it & dem]it1 ! he>t's knot is brok51 all d\bts are split1 & all our works p]i%4 ,only by p]fect ab/raction1 n m]ely f ! s5ses1 b also f ! ?9k+ intellect & by rema9+ 9 ! kn[+ intellect1 does ! devotee become id5tifi$ ) ,brahm4 ,he !n rema9s z pure glass :5 ! %ad[ has left x4 ,he lives de/itute ( passions & affections4 ,he lives s9less2 = z wat] wets n ! leaf ( ! lotus1 s s9 t\*es n him :o kn[s ,god4 ,he /&s 9 no fur!r ne$ ( virtue1 = ( :at use c be a w9n[+ fan :5 ! sweet s\!rn w9d is bl[+4 ,8 m$itations are ( ?is sort3 ,i am ,brahm1 ,i am life4 ,i am ev]la/+1 p]fect1 self-exi/5t1 undivid$1 joyful4 ,if !re=e1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 k alone unites ! s\l to ,god1 ! "q comes1 ,( :at use are acts ( virtue1 p5ances1 sacrifices1 wor%ip8 ,! answ] is1 t !y effect a happy transmigration f ! l[] =ms ( bodily life to high] ones4 ,!y d n accompli% ! great end1 :i* is absorption & escape f ,maya1 b !y prep>e ! way = x by caus+ "o to be born 9 a high] condition4 ,! second sy/em ( philosophy1 ! ,snkhya ( ,kapila1 is f\nd$ n on "o pr9ciple1 l ! ,v$anta1 b on two4 ,accord+ to ! sev5ty aphorisms1 ,nature is "o ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,x is uncreat$ & et]nal4 ,x is "o1 active1 creat+1 non-intellig5t4 ,! o!r ( ! two pr9ciples1 also uncreat$ & et]nal1 is ,s\l1 or r ,s\ls4 ,s\ls are _m1 passive1 n creative1 intellig5t1 & 9 all ?+s ! opposite to ,nature4 ,b f ! union ( ! two all ! visible univ]se proce$s1 accord+ to ! law ( cause & effect4 ,god n be+ recogniz$ 9 ?is sy/em1 x is (t5 call$ a!ism4 ,its argum5t1 to %[ t no "o p]fect be+ c\ld create ! univ]se1 is ?is4 ,desire implies want1 or imp]fection4 ,accord+ly1 if ,god desir$ to create1 he w\ld be unable to d s2 if he 0 able1 he w\ld n desire to d x4 ,9 nei!r case1 !re=e1 c\ld ,god h creat$ ! univ]se4 ,! gods are spok5 ( by ! usual names1 ,brahma1 ,indra1 etc41 b are all f9ite be+s1 belong+ to ! ord] ( human s\ls1 ?\gh sup]ior4 ,e s\l is clo!d 9 two bodies1--! int]ior orig9al body1 ! individualiz+ =ce1 :i* is et]nal z itself & accompanies x ?r\gh all its migrations2 & ! mat]ial1 second>y body1 made ( ! five elem5ts1 e!r1 air1 fire1 wat]1 & e>?4 ,! orig9al body is subtile & spiritual4 ,x is ! (fice ( ,nature to lib]ate ! ,s\l4 ,nature is n :at we p]ceive by ! s5ses1 b an invisible pla/ic pr9ciple beh9d1 :i* mu/ be kn[n by ! intellect4 ,z ! ,s\l asc5ds by goodness1 x is fre$ by k4 ,! f9al result ( ?is emancipation is ! c]ta9ty ( non-exi/5ce1--nei!r ,i am1 nor is aught m9e1 nor d ,i exi/1--:i* seems to be ! same result z t ( ,hegel1 ,be+ ,n-,be+4 ,two or ?ree ( ! aphorisms ( ! ,k>ika are z foll[s3-- ,,lix4 ,z a danc]1 hav+ exhibit$ h]self to ! spectator1 desi/s f ! dance1 s does ,nature desi/1 hav+ manife/$ h]self to ! ,s\l4 ,,lx4 ,g5]\s ,nature1 endu$ ) qualities1 does by manifold means accompli%1 )\t b5efit 7to h]self71 ! wi% ( ungrateful ,s\l1 devoid ( qualities4 ,,lxi4 ,no?+1 9 my op9ion1 is m g5tle ?an ,nature2 once aw>e ( hav+ be5 se51 %e does n aga9 expose h]self to ! gaze ( ,s\l4 ,,lxvi4 ,s\l desi/s1 because x has se5 ,nature4 ,nature desi/s1 because %e has be5 se54 ,9 _! 7m]e7 union !re is no motive = creation4 ,accord+ly1 ! result ( k is to put an end to creation1 & to leave ! ,s\l emancipat$ f desire1 f *ange1 f ! mat]ial body1 9 a /ate :i* is ,be+1 b n ,exi/5ce 7esse1 n exi/]e2 ,seyn1 n ,da-seyn74 ,?is ,snkhya philosophy becomes ( great importance1 :5 we consid] t x 0 ! und\bt$ s\rce ( ,buddhism4 ,?is doctr9e :i* we h be5 describ+ 0 ! basis ( ,buddhism4#fi ,m4 ,c\s9 has call$ x ! s5sualism ( ,india1#gj b c]ta9ly )\t propriety4 ,x is z purely ideal a doctr9e z t ( ! ,v$as4 ,its two et]nal pr9ciples are bo? ideal4 ,! pla/ic =ce :i* is "o ( !m1 ,kapila di/9ctly decl>es _c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4#ga ,s\l1 ! o!r et]nal & uncreat$ pr9ciple1 :o is witness1 solit>y1 by/&]1 spectator1 & passive1#gb is n only spiritual itself1 b is clo!d ) a spiritual body1 )9 ! mat]ial body4 ,9 fact1 ! ,k>ika decl>es ! mat]ial univ]se to be ! result ( ! contact ( ! ,s\l ) ,nature1 & consi/s 9 *a9s ) :i* ,nature b9ds h]self1 = ! purpose 7unconsci\s7 ( deliv]+ ! ,s\l4 ,:5 by a process ( k ! ,s\l looks ?r\gh ^!1 & p]ceives ! ultimate pr9ciple beyond1 ! mat]ial univ]se ceases1 & bo? ,s\l & ,nature are emancipat$4#gc ,"o ( ! def9itions ( ! ,k>ika w call to m9d ! f\rfold division ( ! univ]se by ! great ?9k] ( ! n9? c5tury1 ,erig5a4 ,9 8 "w1 he ass]ts t !re is1 7#a47 ,a ,nature :i* creates & is n creat$4 7#b47 ,a ,nature :i* is creat$ & creates4 7#c47 ,a ,nature :i* is creat$ & does n create4 7#d47 ,a ,nature :i* nei!r creates nor is creat$4 ,s ,kapila 7,k>ika1 #c7 says1 ,nature1 ! root ( all ?+s1 is productive b n a production4 ,sev5 pr9ciples are productions & productive4 ,sixte5 are productions b n productive4 ,s\l is nei!r a production nor productive4 ,mr4 ,muir 7,sanskrit ,texts1 ,"p ,,iii4 p4 #if7 quotes ! foll[+ passages 9 pro( ( ! antiquity ( ,kapila1 & ! respect paid to 8 doctr9e 9 v e>ly times3-- ,svet4 ,upani%ad4 ,! ,god :o sup]9t5ds e mode ( production & all =ms1 :o =m]ly n\ri%$ ) v>i\s k 8 son ,kapila ! ri%i1 & beheld him at 8 bir?4 ,bhagavat ,purana 7,i4 #c1 #aj7 makes ,kapila an inc>nation ( ,vis*nu4 ,9 8 fif? inc>nation1 9 ! =m ( ,kapila1 he decl>$ to ,asuri ! ,sankhya :i* def9es ! collection ( pr9ciples4 ,bhagavat ,purana 7,,ix4 #h1 #ab7 relates t ,kapila1 be+ attack$ by ! sons ( ,k+ ,sang>a1 de/roy$ !m ) fire :i* issu$ f 8 body4 ,b ! au?or ( ! ,purana d5ies t ?is 0 done 9 ang]4 ',h[ c\ld ! sage1 by :om ! /rong %ip ( ! ,sankhya 0 laun*$1 on :i* ! man seek+ emancipation crosses ! ocean ( exi/5ce1 ent]ta9 ! di/9ction ( fri5d & foe'8 ,! ,snkhya sy/em is also frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,mahab>ata4 ,! ,nyaya sy/em diff]s f t ( ,kapila1 by assum+ a ?ird et]nal & inde/ructible pr9ciple z ! basis ( matt]1 namely1 ,atoms4 ,x also assumes ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,s\l1 ,brahma1 :o is almighty & allwise4 ,x agrees ) ,kapila 9 mak+ all s\ls et]nal1 & di/9ct f body4 ,its evil to be ov]come is ! same1 namely1 transmigration2 & its me?od ( release is ! same1 namely ,buddh1 or k4 ,x is a m dialectic sy/em ?an ! o!rs1 & is r ( ! nature ( a logic ?an a philosophy4 ,mr4 ,ban]jea1 9 8 ,dialogues on ! ,h9du philosophy1 consid]s ! ,buddhi/s' sy/em z closely resembl+ ! ,nyaya sy/em4 ,he reg>ds ! ,buddhi/ ,nirvana z equival5t to ! emancipation ( ! ,nyaya sy/em4 ,apav>ga1 or emancipation1 is decl>$ 9 ?is philosophy to be f9al deliv]ance f pa91 bir?1 activity1 fault1 & false notions4 ,ev5 s ! ,pali doctr9al books speak ( ,nirvana z an exemption f old age1 disease1 & dea?4 ,9 x desire1 ang]1 & ignorance are consum$ by ! fire ( k4 ,"h all selfi% di/9ctions ( m9e & ?9e1 all evil ?\ghts1 all sl&] & jeal\sy1 are cut d[n by ! weapon ( k4 ,"h we h an exp]i5ce ( immortality :i* is cessation ( all tr\ble & p]fect felicity4#gd #g4 ,orig9 ( ! ,h9doo ,triad4 ,!re _h gradually gr[n up among ! p a wor%ip f\nd$ on t ( ! anci5t ,v$as4 ,9 ! ,we/ ( ,india1 ! god ,,rudra1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,v$ic hymns1 _h be5 trans=m$ into ,siva4 ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a ,rudra is sometimes ! "n = ,agni4#ge ,he is describ$ z fa!r ( ! w9ds4 ,he is ! same z ,maha-deva4 ,he is fi]ce & b5efic5t at once4 ,he presides ov] m$ic9al plants4 ,accord+ to ,web] 7,indis*e ,/ud41 ,,ii4 #ai7 he is ! ,/orm-,god4 ,! same view is tak5 by ,pr(essor ,:itney4#gf ,b 8 wor%ip gradually ext5d$1 until1 "u ! "n ( ,siva1 ! ,de/roy]1 he became "o ( ! pr9cipal deities ( ,india4 ,meantime1 9 ! valley ( ! ,ganges1 a simil> devotion _h gr[n up = ! ,v$ic god ,,vis*nu1 :o 9 l mann] _h be5 promot$ to ! *ief rank 9 ! ,h9doo ,pan!on4 ,he _h be5 elevat$ to ! "* ( a ,fri5d & ,protector1 gift$ ) mild attributes1 & wor%ipp$ z ! life ( ,nature4 ,by accept+ ! popul> wor%ip1 ! ,brahmans 7 able to oppose ,buddhism ) success4 ,we h no d\bt t ! ,h9doo ,triad came f ! ef=t ( ! ,brahmans to unite all ,india 9 "o wor%ip1 & x may = a "t h succe$$4 ,images ( ! ,trimurtti1 or ?ree-fac$ ,god1 are frequ5t 9 ,india1 & ?is is /ill ! object ( ,brahmanical wor%ip4 ,b beside ?is practical motive1 ! t5d5cy ( ?\ght is always t[>d a triad ( law1 =ce1 or elem5tal sub/ance1 z ! be/ explanation ( ! univ]se4 ,h5ce !re h be5 ,triads 9 s _m religions3 9 ,egypt1 ( ,osiris ! ,creator1 ,typhon ! ,de/roy]1 & ,horus ! ,pres]v]2 9 ,p]sia1 ( ,ormazd ! ,creator1 ,ahriman ! ,de/roy]1 & ,mi?ra ! ,re/or]2 9 ,buddhism1 ( ,buddha ! ,div9e ,man1 ,dh>mma ! ,^w1 & ,sangha ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts4 ,simple mono!ism does n long satisfy ! speculative intellect1 because1 ?\gh x acc\nts = ! h>monies ( creation1 x leaves its discords unexpla9$4 ,b a dualism ( oppos+ =ces is f\nd /ill m unsatisfactory1 = ! _w does n appe> to be su* a sc5e ( utt] w>f>e & discord z ?is4 ,s ! m9d comes to accept a ,triad1 9 :i* ! unities ( life & gr[? proce$ f "o elem5t1 ! antagonisms f a second1 & ! high] h>monies ( reconcil$ oppositions f a ?ird4 ,! ,brahmanical ,triad arose 9 ! same way4#gg ,?us grew up1 f amid ! spiritual pan!ism into :i* all ,h9doo religion seem$ to h settl$1 ano!r sy/em1 t ( ! ,trimurtti1 or ,div9e ,triad2 ! ,indian ,tr9ity ( ,brahma1 ,vis*nu1 & ,siva4 ,?is ,triad expresses ! unity ( ,creation1 ,de/ruction1 & ,re/oration4 ,a f\ndation = ?is already exi/$ 9 a ,v$ic say+1 t ! highe/ be+ exi/s 9 ?ree /ates1 t ( creation1 cont9uance1 & de/ruction4 ,nei!r ( ^! ?ree supreme deities ( ,brahmanism held any high rank 9 ! ,v$as4 ,siva 7iva7 does n appe> !re9 at all1 nor1 accord+ to ,lass51 is ,brahma m5tion$ 9 ! ,v$ic hymns1 b fir/ 9 a ,upani%ad4 ,vis*nu is spok5 ( 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 b always z "o ( ! names = ! sun4 ,he is ! ,sun-,god4 ,8 ?ree /eps are sunrise1 noon1 & sunset4 ,he is m5tion$ z "o ( ! sons ( ,aditi2 he is call$ ! wide-/epp+1 measur] ( ! _w1 ! /rong1 ! deliv]]1 r5ew] ( life1 :o sets 9 motion ! revolutions ( "t1 a protector1 pres]v+ ! highe/ heav54 ,evid5tly he beg9s 8 c>e] 9 ?is my?ology z ! sun4 ,,brahma1 at fir/ a ^w mean+ pray] & devotion1 becomes 9 ! laws ( ,manu ! primal ,god1 fir/-born ( ! creation1 f ! self-exi/5t be+1 9 ! =m ( a gold5 egg4 ,he became ! creator ( all ?+s by ! p[] ( pray]4 ,9 ! /ruggle = asc5d5cy :i* took place betwe5 ! prie/s & ! w>riors1 ,brahma naturally became ! deity ( ! =m]4 ,b1 meantime1 z we h se51 ! wor%ip ( ,vis*nu _h be5 ext5d+ itself 9 "o region & t ( ,siva 9 ano!r4 ,!n took place ^? my/]i\s w>s betwe5 ! k+s ( ! ,sol> & ,lun> races1 ( :i* ! great epics conta9 all t we "k4 ,& at ! close ( ^! w>s a compromise 0 app>5tly accept$1 by :i* ,brahma1 ,vis*nu1 & ,siva 7 unit$ 9 "o supreme ,god1 z creator1 pres]v]1 & de/roy]1 all 9 "o4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ?is ,h9doo ,triad 0 ! result ( an +5i\s & successful attempt1 on ! "p ( ! ,brahmans1 to unite all classes ( wor%ipp]s 9 ,india aga9/ ! ,buddhi/s4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,brahmans edit$ anew ! ,mahabh>ata1 ins]t+ 9 t epic passages extoll+ ,vis*nu 9 ! =m ( ,kri%na4 ,! ,greek acc\nts ( ,india :i* foll[$ ! invasion ( ,alex&] speak ( ! wor%ip ( ,h]cules z preval5t 9 ! ,ea/1 & by ,h]cules !y app>5tly mean ! god ,kri%na4#gh ,! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,brahmans & ,buddhi/s la/$ dur+ n9e c5turies 7f ,a4,d4 #ejj to ,a4,d4 #adjj71 end+ ) ! total expulsion ( ,buddhism1 & ! triumphant e/abli%m5t ( ! ,triad1 z ! wor%ip ( ,india4#gi ,be=e ?is ,triad or ,trimurtti 7( ,brahma1 ,vis*nu1 & ,siva7 !re seems to h be5 ano!r1 consi/+ ( ,agni1 ,indra1 & ,surya4#hj ,?is may h giv5 ! h9t ( ! second ,triad1 :i* di/ribut$ among ! ?ree gods ! attributes ( ,creation1 ,de/ruction1 & ,r5ovation4 ,( ^! ,brahma1 ! ,creator1 ceas$ soon to be popul>1 & ! wor%ip ( ,siva & ,vis*nu z ,kri%na rema9 z ! popul> religion ( ,india4 ,"o "p1 & a v curi\s "o1 ( ! wor%ip ( ,vis*nu is ! doctr9e ( ! ,avat>s1 or inc>nations ( t deity4 ,!re are t5 ( ^! ,avat>s1--n9e h pass$ & "o is to come4 ,! object ( ,vis*nu is1 ea* "t1 to save ! gods f de/ruction imp5d+ ov] !m 9 consequ5ce ( ! imm5se p[] acquir$ by "s k+1 giant1 or demon1 by sup]ior acts ( au/]ity & piety4 ,= "h1 z else:]e1 extreme spiritualism is (t5 divorc$ f morality2 & s ^! extremely pi\s1 spiritual1 & self-d5y+ giants are ! mo/ cruel & tyrannical mon/]s1 :o mu/ be de/roy$ at all haz>ds4 ,vis*nu1 by =ce or fraud1 ov]comes !m all4 ,8 fir/ ,avat> is ( ! ,fi%1 z relat$ 9 ! ,mahabh>ata4 ,! object 0 to recov] ! ,v$as1 :i* _h be5 /ol5 by a demon f ,brahma :5 asleep4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is loss ! human race became corrupt1 & 7 de/roy$ by a deluge1 except a pi\s pr9ce & sev5 holy m5 :o 7 sav$ 9 a %ip4 ,vis*nu1 z a l>ge fi%1 drew ! %ip safely ov] ! wat]1 kill$ ! demon1 & recov]$ ! ,v$as4 ,! second ,avat> 0 9 a ,turtle1 to make ! dr9k ( immortality4 ,! ?ird 0 9 a ,bo>1 ! f\r? 9 a ,man-,lion1 ! fif? 9 ! ,dw>f :o deceiv$ ,bali1 :o _h become s p[]ful by au/]ities z to conqu] ! gods & take possession ( ,heav54 ,9 ! eigh? ,avat> he appe>s z ,kri%na & 9 ! n9? z ,buddha4 ,?is sy/em ( ,avat>s is s peculi> & s deeply root$ 9 ! sy/em1 t x w\ld seem to indicate "s law ( ,h9doo ?\ght4 ,p]haps "s explanation may be rea*$ ?us3-- ,we obs]ve t1-- ,vis*nu does n m$iate betwe5 ,brahma & ,siva1 b betwe5 ! deities & ! l[] races ( m5 or demons4 ,! dang] arises f a c]ta9 fate or necessity :i* is sup]ior bo? to gods & m54 ,!re are laws :i* enable a man to get away f ! p[] ( ,brahma & ,siva4 ,b :at is ?is necessity b nature1 or ! nature ( ?+s1 ! laws ( ! outw>d _w ( active exi/5ces8 ,x is n till ess5ce becomes exi/5ce1 till _s passes into action1 t x becomes subject to law4 ,! dang] !n is f ! _w ( nature4 ,! gods are pure _s1 & _s is ev]y?+4 ,b1 n[ & !n1 nature seems to be some?+1 x w n be ignor$ or lo/ 9 ,god4 ,p]sonality1 activity1 or human nature rebel aga9/ ! pan!i/ic idealism1 ! ab/ract spiritualism ( ?is sy/em4 ,to conqu] body1 ,vis*nu or _s ent]s into body1 aga9 & aga94 ,_s mu/ appe> z body to de/roy ,nature4 ,= ?us is %[n t _s _c be exclud$ f any?+1--t x c desc5d into ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 & "w 9 law z well z above law4 ,b all ! ef=ts ( ,brahmanism c\ld n arre/ ! natural developm5t ( ! sy/em4 ,x pass$ on into poly!ism & idolatry4 ,! wor%ip ( ,india = _m c5turies has be5 divid$ into a multitude ( sects4 ,:ile ! majority ( ! ,brahmans /ill pr(ess to recognize ! equal div9ity ( ,brahma1 ,vis*nu1 & ,siva1 ! mass ( ! p wor%ip ,kri%na1 ,rama1 ! ,l+am1 & _m o!r gods & idols4 ,!re are ,h9doo a!i/s :o revile ! ,v$as2 !re are ! ,kabirs1 :o are a sort ( ,h9doo ,quak]s1 & oppose all wor%ip2 ! ,ramanujas1 an anci5t sect ( ,vis*nu wor%ipp]s2 ! ,ramavats1 liv+ 9 mona/]ies2 ! ,pan?is1 :o oppose all au/]ities2 ! ,mah>ajas1 ^: religion consi/s ) great lic5ti\sness4 ,mo/ ( ^! are wor%ipp]s ( ,vis*nu or ( ,siva1 = ,brahma-wor%ip has :olly disappe>$4 #h4 ,! ,epics1 ! ,puranas1 & mod]n ,h9doo ,wor%ip4 ,! ,h9doos h two great epics1 ! ,ramayana & ! ,mahabh>ata1 ea* ( imm5se l5g?1 & v popul> ) ! p4 ,mr4 ,talboys ,:eel] has rec5tly incorporat$ bo? epics 7( c\rse mu* abridg$7 into 8 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 & we mu/ ref] our read]s to 8 "w = a k ( ^! rem>kable poems4 ,! :ole life ( anci5t ,india appe>s 9 !m1 & c]ta9ly !y are n unwor?y products ( ! g5ius ( t great nation4 ,accord+ to ,lass51#ha ! p]iod to :i* ! great ,indian epics ref] foll[s directly on ! ,v$ic age4 ,yet !y conta9 passages ins]t$ at a mu* lat] epo*1 probably1 inde$1 z long aft] z ! w> :i* end$ 9 ! expulsion ( ! ,buddhi/s f ,india4#hb ,mr4 ,talboys ,:eel] consid]s ! w> ( ,rama & ! ,monkeys aga9/ ,ravana to ref] to ?is conflict1 & s makes ! ,ramayana lat] ?an ! ,mahabh>ata4 ,! majority ( writ]s1 h[ev]1 diff] f him on ?is po9t4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,mahabh>ata 7 evid5tly ,brahmans1 educat$ "u ! laws ( ,manu4#hc ,b x is v difficult to fix ! date ( ei!r poem ) any approa* to accuracy4 ,lass5 has prov$ t ! great] "p ( ! ,mahabh>ata 0 writt5 be=e ! political e/abli%m5t ( ,buddhism4#hd ,^! epics 7 orig9ally transmitt$ by oral tradition4 ,!y mu/ h be5 br\ght to _! pres5t =ms by ,brahmans1 = _! doctr9e is t ( ?is prie/hood4 ,n[ if su* poems _h be5 compos$ aft] ! "t ( ,asoka1 :5 ,buddhism became a /ate religion 9 ,india1 x mu/ h be5 (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,no su* ref]5ces appe> 9 ^! epics1 except 9 "s solit>y passages1 :i* are evid5tly mod]n additions4#he ,h5ce ! epics mu/ h be5 compos$ be=e ! "t ( ,buddhism4 ,?is argum5t ( ,lass5's is ?\ght by ,max ,mll] to be conclusive1 & if s x disproves ,mr4 ,talboys ,:eel]'s view ( ! purpose ( ! ,ramayana4 ,few ,h9doos n[ read ! ,v$as4 ,! ,puranas & ! two great epics con/itute _! sacr$ books4 ,! ,ramayana conta9s ab\t fifty ?\s& l9es1 & is held 9 great v5]ation by ! ,h9doos4 ,x describes ! y\? ( ,rama1 :o is an inc>nation ( ,vis*nu1 8 bani%m5t & resid5ce 9 ,c5tral ,india1 & 8 w> ) ! giants & demons ( ! ,s\?1 to recov] 8 wife1 ,sita4 ,x probably is f\nd$ on "s real w> betwe5 ! e>ly ,aryan invad]s ( ,h9do/an & ! indig5\s inhabitants4 ,! ,mahabh>ata1 :i* is probably ( lat] date1 conta9s ab\t two hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& l9es1 & is divid$ into eighte5 books1 ea* ( :i* w\ld make a l>ge volume4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 collect$ by ,vyasa1 :o also collect$ ! ,v$as & ,puranas4 ,^! leg5ds are v old1 & seem to ref] to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,india4 ,!re appe> to h be5 two ,aryan dyna/ies 9 anci5t ,india1--! ,sol> & ,lun>4 ,rama belong$ to ! fir/ & ,bh>ata to ! second4 ,p&u1 a desc5dant ( ! la/1 has five brave sons1 :o are ! h]oes ( ?is book4 ,"o ( !m1 ,arjuna1 is especially di/+ui%$4 ,"o ( ! episodes is ! fam\s ,bhagavat-gita4 ,ano!r is call$ ! ,brahman's ,lam5t4 ,ano!r describes ! deluge1 %[+ ! tradition ( a flood exi/+ 9 ,india _m c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,ano!r gives ! /ory ( ,savitri & ,satyavan4 ,^! episodes occupy ?ree f\r?s ( ! poem1 & f !m are d]iv$ mo/ ( ! leg5ds ( ! ,puranas4 ,a supplem5t1 :i* is itself a long] poem ?an ! ,iliad & ,odyssey comb9$ 7:i* toge!r conta9 ab\t ?irty ?\s& l9es71 is ! s\rce ( ! mod]n wor%ip ( ,kri%na4 ,! :ole poem repres5ts ! multilat]al "* ( ,h9duism4 ,x indicates a high] degree ( civilization ?an t ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 & describes a va/ v>iety ( fruits & fl[]s exi/+ "u culture4 ,! *>act]s are nobl] & pur] ?an ^? ( ,hom]4 ,! pictures ( dome/ic & social life are v t\*+2 *ildr5 are dutiful to _! p>5ts1 p>5ts c>eful ( _! *ildr52 wives are loyal & ob$i5t1 yet indep5d5t 9 _! op9ions2 & peace reigns 9 ! dome/ic circle4 ,! diff]5t works kn[n z ! ,puranas are d]iv$ f ! same religi\s sy/em z ! two epics4 ,!y repeat ! cosmogony ( ! poems1 & !y relate m fully _! my?ological leg5ds4 ,siva & ,vis*nu are almo/ ! sole objects ( wor%ip 9 ! ,puranas4 ,!re is a sect>ian elem5t 9 _! devotion to ^! deities :i* %[s _! p>tiality1 & prev5ts !m f be+ au?orities = ,h9doo belief z a :ole4#hf ,! ,puranas1 9 _! orig9al =m1 belong to a p]iod1 says ,mr4 ,wilson1 a c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!y grew out ( ! conflict betwe5 ,buddhism & ,brahmanism4 ,! latt] sy/em _h (f]$ no p]sonal gods to ! p & giv5 !m no outw>d wor%ip1 & ! masses _h be5 un9t]e/$ 9 ! ab/ract view ( ,deity held by ! ,brahmans4#hg ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,wilson1#hh !re are eighte5 ,puranas :i* are n[ read by ! common p4 ,!y are read a great deal by wom54 ,"s are v anci5t1 or at lea/ conta9 fragm5ts ( m anci5t ,puranas4 ,! v ^w signifies antiquity4 ,mo/ ( !m are devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ,vis*nu4 ,accord+ to ! ,bhagavat ,purana1#hi ! only reasonable object ( life is to m$itate on ,vis*nu4 ,brahma1 :o is call$ 9 "o place ! cause ( causes1 proclaims ,vis*nu to be ! only pure absolute ess5ce1 ( :i* ! univ]se is ! manife/ation4 ,9 ! ,vis*nu ,purana1 ,brahma1 at ! head ( ! gods1 adores ,vis*nu z ! ,supreme ,be+ :om he himself _c und]/&4 ,! p[] ( ascetic p5ances is highly extoll$ 9 ! ,puranas1 z also 9 ! epics4 ,9 ! ,bhagavat x is said t ,brahma1 by a p5it5ce ( sixte5 ?\s& ye>s1 creat$ ! univ]se4 ,x is ev5 told 9 ! ,ramayana1 t a sage ( a l[] ca/e became a ,brahman by d9t ( au/]ities1 9 spite ( ! gods :o consid]$ su* a confusion ( ca/es a brea* ( ,h9doo etiquette4#ij ,to prev5t him f cont9u+ 8 devotions1 !y s5t a beautiful nymph to tempt him1 & _! daught] 0 ! fam\s ,sakuntala4 ,b 9 ! end1 ! ob/9ate old ascetic conqu]$ ! gods1 & :5 !y /ill refus$ to ,brahmanize him1 he began to create new heav5s & new gods1 & _h already made a few />s1 :5 ! deities ?\ght x prud5t to yield1 & all[$ him to become a ,brahman4 ,x is also m5tion$ t ! ,ganges1 ! sacr$ riv]1 9 ! c\rse ( h] w&]+s1 ov]fl[$ ! sacrificial gr\nd ( ano!r p[]ful ascetic1 :o incont95tly drank up1 9 8 ang]1 all its wat]s1 b 0 f9ally induc$ by ! p]suasions ( ! gods to set ! riv] free aga9 by dis*>g+ x f 8 e>s4 ,su* 7 ! freaks ( sages 9 ! times ( ! ,puranas4 ,nev] 0 !re a m complete example ( piety divorc$ f morality ?an 9 ^! !ories4 ,! mo/ wick$ demons acquire p[] ov] gods & m51 by dev\t asceticism4 ,?is pr9ciple is already fully develop$ 9 ! epic poems4 ,! plot ( ! ,ramayana turns ar\nd ?is idea4 ,a ,rajah1 ,ravana1 _h become s p[]ful by sacrifice & devotion1 t he oppress$ ! gods2 compell$ ,yama 7or ,dea?7 to retire f 8 dom9ions2 compell$ ! sun to %9e !re all ! ye>1 & ! moon to be always full above 8 ,raj4 ,agni 7,fire7 mu/ n burn 9 8 pres5ce2 ! ,m>uts 7,w9ds7 mu/ bl[ only z he wi%es4 ,he _c be hurt by gods or demons4 ,s ,vis*nu becomes inc>nate z ,rama & ! gods become inc>nate z ,monkeys1 9 ord] to de/roy him4 ,su* va/ p[] 0 suppos$ to be atta9$ by piety )\t morality4 ,! ,puranas are d]iv$ f ! same sy/em z ! epic poems1 & c>ry out fur!r ! same ideas4 ,siva & ,vis*nu are almo/ ! only gods :o are wor%ipp$1 & !y are wor%ipp$ ) a sect>ian zeal unkn[n to ! epics4 ,mo/ ( ! ,puranas conta9 ^! five topics1--,creation1 ,de/ruction & ,r5ovation1 ! ,g5ealogy ( ! gods1 ,reigns ( ! ,manus1 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,sol> & ,lun> races4 ,_! philosophy ( creation is d]iv$ f ! ,snknya philosophy4 ,pan!ism is "o ( _! inv>iable *>act]i/ics1 z !y always id5tify ,god & ,nature2 & h]e9 !y diff] f ! sy/em ( ,kapila4 ,! =m ( ! ,puranas is always t ( a dialogue4 ,! ,puranas are eighte5 9 numb]1 & ! cont5ts ( ! :ole are /at$ to be "o million six hundr$ ?\s& l9es4#ia ,! religion ( ! ,h9doos at ! pres5t "t is v diff]5t f t ( ! ,v$as or ,manu4 ,idolatry is univ]sal1 & e mon? has its special wor%ip1--,april1 ,octob]1 & ,janu>y be+ mo/ sacr$4 ,april beg9s ! ,h9doo ye>4 ,dur+ ?is sacr$ mon? b&s ( s+]s g f h\se to h\se1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 s++ hymns to ! gods4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,april ,h9doos ( all ca/es d$icate pit*]s to ! %ades ( _! ance/ors4 ,! girls br+ fl[]s ) :i* to wor%ip little ponds ( wat] d$icat$ to ,siva4 ,wom5 adore ! riv] ,ganges1 ba?+ 9 x & (f]+ x fl[]s4 ,!y also walk 9 procession r\nd ! banyan or sacr$ tree4 ,!n !y wor%ip ! c[1 p\r+ wat] on h] feet & putt+ oil on h] =ehead4 ,sometimes !y take a v[ to fe$ "s p>ticul> ,brahman luxuri\sly dur+ ! :ole mon?4 ,!y ba! _! idols ) religi\s c>e e day & (f] !m food4 ,?is la/s dur+ ,april & !n /ops4 ,9 ,may ! wom5 ( ,india wor%ip a goddess fri5dly to little babies1 nam$ ,%us-ty4 ,!y br+ ! infants to be bless$ by "s v5]able woman be=e ! image ( ! goddess1 ^: mess5g] is a cat4 ,social p>ties are also giv5 on ^! occasions1 al?\gh ! l[] ca/es are kept di/9ct at f\r sep>ate tables4 ,! wom5 also1 n be+ all[$ to meet ) ! m5 at su* times1 h a sep>ate ent]ta9m5t by !mselves4 ,! mon? ( ,june is devot$ to ! ba? ( ,jugg]-naut1 :o 0 "o ( ! inc>nations ( ,vis*nu4 ,! "n1 ,jugg]-naut1 means ,"l ( ! ,univ]se4 ,8 wor%ip is comp>atively rec5t4 ,8 idols are extremely ugly4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ p]haps ab\t ?is wor%ip is t x de/roys1 = ! "t1 ! di/9ction ( ca/es4 ,:ile )9 ! walls :i* surr\nd ! temple ,h9doos ( e ca/e eat toge!r f ! same di%4 ,b z soon z !y leave ! temple ?is equality disappe>s4 ,! c]emony ( ! ba? orig9at$ 9 ?is leg5d4 ,! idol ,jugg]-naut1 desir+ to ba! 9 ! ,ganges1 came 9 ! =m ( a boy to ! riv]1 & !n gave "o ( 8 gold5 ornam5ts to a confection] = some?+ to eat4 ,next day ! ornam5t 0 miss+1 & ! prie/s c\ld f9d x n[h]e4 ,b t night 9 a dream ! god reveal$ to a prie/ t he _h giv5 x to a c]ta9 confection] to pay = 8 lun*2 & x be+ f\nd s1 a fe/ival 0 e/abli%$ on ! spot1 at :i* ! idol is annually ba!d4 ,! o!r fe/ival ( ?is mon? is ! wor%ip ( ! ,ganges1 ! sacr$ riv] ( ,india4 ,"h ! p come to ba! & to (f] sacrifices1 :i* consi/ ( fl[]s1 inc5se1 & clo!s4 ,! mo/ sacr$ spot is :]e ! riv] ent]s ! sea4 ,be=e plung+ into ! wat] ea* "o confesses 8 s9s to ! goddess4 ,on ! surface ( ?is riv] ca/es are also aboli%$1 ! hol9ess ( ! riv] mak+ ! l[-ca/e man also holy4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,july is celebrat$ ! fam\s c]emony ( ! c> ( ,jugg]-naut1 in/itut$ to commemorate ! dep>ture ( ,kri%na f 8 native l&4 ,^! c>s are 9 ! =m ( a pyramid1 built sev]al /ories high1 & "s are ev5 fifty feet 9 height4 ,!y are f\nd 9 e "p ( ,india1 ! (f]+s ( weal?y p1 & "s conta9 co/ly /atues4 ,!y are drawn by hundr$s ( m51 x be+ _! fai? t ea* "o :o pulls ! rope w c]ta9ly g to ! heav5 ( ,kri%na :5 he dies4 ,multitudes1 !re=e1 cr[d ar\nd ! rope 9 ord] to pull1 & 9 ! excitem5t !y sometimes fall "u ! :eels & are cru%$4 ,b ?is is accid5tal1 = ,kri%na does n desire ! suff]+ ( 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,he is a mild div9ity1 & n l ! fi]ce ,siva1 :o loves self-torture4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ is celebrat$ ! nativity ( ,kri%na1 ! /ory ( ^: bir? resembles t 9 ! ,gospel 9 ?is1 t ! tyrant :om he came to de/roy s\ght to kill him1 b a heav5ly voice told ! fa!r to fly ) ! *ild across ! ,jumna1 & ! tyrant1 l ,h]od1 kill$ ! infants 9 ! village4 ,9 ?is mon? also is a fea/ ^u :i* no fire mu/ be k9dl$ or food cook$1 & on :i* ! cactus-tree & s]p5ts are wor%ipp$44 ,9 ,septemb] is ! great fe/ival ( ! wor%ip ( ,doorga1 wife ( ,siva4 ,x comm5ces on ! sev5? day ( ! full moon & la/s ?ree days4 ,x commemorates a visit made by ! goddess to h] p>5ts4 ,! idol has ?ree eyes & t5 h&s4 ,! c]emony1 :i* is co/ly1 c only be celebrat$ by ! ri* p1 :o also give pres5ts on ?is occasion to ! poor4 ,! image is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! hall ( ! ri* man's h\se4 ,"o ,brahman sits be=e ! image ) fl[]s1 holy wat]1 inc5se4 ,trays lad5 ) rice1 fruit1 & o!r k9ds ( food are plac$ ne> ! image1 & giv5 to ! ,brahmans4 ,goats & %eep are !n sacrific$ to ! idol on an alt> 9 ! y>d ( ! h\se4 ,:5 ! head ( ! victim falls ! p %\t1 ,victory to !e1 ,o "m6 ,!n ! bells r+1 ! trumpets s\nd1 & ! p %\t = joy4 ,! lamps are wav$ be=e ! idol1 & a ,brahman reads al\d f ! ,scripture4 ,!n comes a d9n] on ea* ( ! ?ree days1 to :i* ! poor & ! l[-ca/e p are also invit$ & are s]v$ by ! ,brahmans4 ,! p visit f h\se to h\se1 & 9 ! ev5+ !re is music1 danc+1 & public %[s4 ,s t ! wor%ip ( ! ,h9doos is by no means all ( x ascetic1 b mu* is social & joyful1 especially 9 ,b5gal4 ,9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb] !re are few] c]emonies4 ,janu>y is a mon? devot$ to religi\s ba?+4 ,also1 9 ,janu>y1 ! religi\s ,h9doos invite ,brahmans to read & exp\nd ! sacr$ books 9 _! h\ses1 :i* are op5 to all he>]s4 ,9 ,febru>y !re are fe/ivals to ,kri%na4 ,! mon? ( ,m>* is devot$ to ascetic ex]cises1 especially to ! fam\s "o ( sw++ susp5d$ by hooks4 ,x is a fe/ival 9 honor ( ,siva4 ,a procession goes ?r\gh ! /reets & enli/s foll[]s by putt+ a ?read r\nd _! necks4 ,e man ?us enli/$ mu/ jo9 ! p>ty & g ab\t ) x till ! end ( ! c]emony "u pa9 ( los+ ca/e4 ,on ! day be=e ! sw++1 m5 ?ru/ iron or bamboo /icks ?r\gh _! arms or tongues4 ,on ! next day !y m>* 9 procession to ! sw++ tree1 :]e ! m5 are susp5d$ by hooks & :irl$ r\nd ! tree f\r or five times4 ,x is consid]$ a pi\s act 9 ,india to build temples1 dig tanks1 or plant trees by ! roadside4 ,ri* p h idols 9 _! h\ses = daily wor%ip1 & pay a prie/ :o comes e morn+ to wake up ! idols1 wa% & dress !m1 & (f] !m _! food4 ,9 ! ev5+ he comes aga91 gives !m _! supp] & puts !m to b$4 ,mr4 ,gangooly1 9 8 book1 f :i* mo/ ( ! above facts are drawn1 d5ies emphatically ! /atem5t s commonly made t ,h9doo mo!rs ?r[ _! infants into ! ,ganges4 ,he ju/ly says t ! mat]nal in/9ct is z /rong ) !m z ) o!rs2 & 9 addition to t1 _! religion tea*es !m to (f] sacrifices = ! life & heal? ( _! *ildr54 #i4 ,relation ( ,brahmanism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,hav+ ?us attempt$1 9 ! space we c "h use1 to give an acc\nt ( ,brahmanism1 we close by %[+ its special relation z a sy/em ( ?\ght to ,*ri/ianity4 ,brahmanism tea*es ! tru? ( ! reality ( _s1 & t _s is inf9ite1 absolute1 p]fect1 "o2 t x is ! sub/ance und]ly+ all exi/5ce4 ,brahmanism gl[s ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ?is spirituality4 ,its lit]ature1 no less ?an its !ology1 tea*es x4 ,x is 9 ! dramas ( ,calidasa1 z well z 9 ! sublime /ra9s ( ! ,bhagavat-gita4 ,some?+ div9e is pres5t 9 all nature & all life1-- ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean & ! liv+ air4 ,n[1 ) ?is ,*ri/ianity is 9 fulle/ agreem5t4 ,we h su* passages 9 ! ,scripture z ^!3 ,god is a ,_s2 ,god is love2 :oso dwelle? 9 love dwelle? 9 ,god1 & ,god 9 him2 ,9 him we live1 & move1 & h our be+2 ,he is above all1 & ?r\gh all1 & 9 u all4 ,b beside ^! texts1 :i* /rike ! key-note ( ! music :i* 0 to come aft]1 !re are div9e /ra9s ( spiritualism1 ( ,god all 9 all1 :i* come ?r\gh a long *a9 ( tea*]s ( ! ,*ur*1 s\nd+ on 9 ! ,confessions ( ,augu/9e1 ! pray]s ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,anselm1 ,bonav5tura1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ?r\gh ! ,lat9 hymns ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & develop !mselves at la/ 9 :at is call$ romantic art & romantic song4 ,a ,go?ic ca!dral l ,antw]p or ,/rasburg1--:at is x b a /riv+ upw>d ( ! s\l to lose itself 9 ,god8 ,a symphony ( ,bee?ov51--:at is x b ! same unb\nd$ long+ & /riv+ t[>d ! ,inf9ite & ,et]nal8 ,! poetry ( ,wordswor?1 ( ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,dante1 ,byron1 ,victor ,hugo1 ,manzoni1 all p>take ( ! same elem5t4 ,x is oppos$ to classic art & classic poetry 9 ?is1 t in/ead ( limits1 x seeks ! unlimit$2 t is1 x believes 9 _s1 :i* alone is ! unlimit$2 ! 9f9ite1 t :i* is1 n t :i* appe>s2 ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 n _! exi/5ce or outw>dness4 ,?us ,*ri/ianity meets & accepts ! tru? ( ,brahmanism4 ,b h[ does x fulfil ,brahmanism8 ,! defici5cies ( ,brahmanism are ^!1--t hold+ to et]nity1 x omits "t1 & s loses hi/ory4 ,x !re=e is incapable ( progress1 = progress takes place 9 "t4 ,believ+ 9 _s1 or inf9ite unlimit$ sub/ance1 x loses p]son1 or def9ite sub/ance1 :e!r inf9ite or f9ite4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,god is ! inf9ite1 def9ite sub/ance1 self-limit$ or def9$ by 8 ess5tial nature4 ,he is good & n bad1 righte\s & n ! opposite1 p]fect love1 n p]fect self-love4 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 gives u ,god z a p]son1 & man also z a p]son1 & s makes x possible to consid] ! univ]se z ord]1 kosmos1 me?od1 beauty1 & provid5ce4 ,=1 unless we c conceive ! ,inf9ite ,sub/ance z def9ite1 & n undef9$2 t is1 z a p]son ) positive *>act]s2 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad1 "r & wrong1 to-day & to-morr[1 ?is & t1 b all is "o imm5se *aos ( indef9ite _s4 ,! mom5t t creation beg9s1 t ! _s ( ! ,"l moves on ! face ( ! wat]s1 & says1 ,let !re be light1 & s divides light f d>kness1 ,god becomes a p]son1 & man c also be a p]son4 ,?+s !n become sep>ate & divisible :i* be=e 7 huddl$ & lump$4 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 fulfils ,brahmanism by add+ to et]nity "t1 to ! inf9ite ! f9ite1 to ,god z _s ,god z nature & provid5ce4 ,god 9 himself is ! unlimit$1 unkn[n1 dwell+ 9 ! light :i* no man c approa* unto2 hidd51 n by d>kness1 b by light4 ,b ,god1 z turn$ t[>d u 9 nature & provid5ce1 is ! inf9ite def9ite sub/ance1 t is1 hav+ c]ta9 def9$ *>act]s1 ?\gh ^! h no b\nds z reg>ds ext5t4 ,?is la/ view ( ,god ,*ri/ianity %>es ) o!r religions1 :i* diff] f ,brahmanism 9 ! opposite direction4 ,= example1 ! religion ( ,greece & ( ! ,greek philosoph]s nev] loses ! def9ite ,god1 h[ev] high x may so>4 ,:ile ,brahmanism1 see+ et]nity & inf9ity1 loses "t & ! f9ite1 ! ,greek religion1 dwell+ 9 "t1 (t5 loses ! et]nal & ! spiritual4 ,*ri/ianity is ! m$iator1 able to m$iate1 n by /&+ betwe5 bo?1 b by /&+ beside bo?4 ,x c lead ! ,h9doos to an ,inf9ite ,fri5d1 a p]fect ,fa!r1 a ,div9e ,provid5ce1 & s make ! possibility = !m ( a new progress1 & give to t anci5t & highly end[$ race ano!r *ance 9 hi/ory4 ,:at !y want is evid5tly moral p[]1 = !y h all intellectual ability4 ,! effem9ate quality :i* has made !m slaves ( tyrants dur+ two ?\s& ye>s w be tak5 out ( !m1 & a virile /r5g? sub/itut$1 :5 !y come to see ,god z law & love1--p]fect law & p]fect love1--& to see t communion ) him comes1 n f absorption1 contemplation1 & inaction1 b f active ob$i5ce1 moral gr[?1 & p]sonal developm5t4 ,= ,*ri/ianity c]ta9ly tea*es t we unite ourselves ) ,god1 n by s9k+ into & los+ our p]sonality1 9 him1 b by develop+ x1 s t we may be able to s]ve & love him4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,buddhism1 or ! ,prote/antism ( ! ,ea/4 #a4 ,buddhism1 9 its ,=ms1 resembles ,romanism2 9 its ,_s1 ,prote/antism4 #b4 ,ext5t ( ,buddhism4 ,its ,scriptures4 #c4 ,sakyamuni1 ! ,f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 #d4 ,lead+ ,doctr9es ( ,buddhism4 #e4 ,! ,_s ( ,buddhism ,rational & ,humane4 #f4 ,buddhism z a ,religion4 #g4 ,k>ma & ,nirvana4 #h4 ,good & ,evil ( ,buddhism4 #i4 ,relation ( ,buddhism to ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,buddhism1 9 its ,=ms1 resembles ,romanism2 9 its ,_s1 ,prote/antism4 ,on fir/ becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! mighty & anci5t religion ( ,buddha1 "o may be tempt$ to d5y ! correctness ( ?is title1 ,! ,prote/antism ( ! ,ea/4 ,"o might say1 ,:y n r ! ,romanism ( ! ,ea/8 ,= s num]\s are ! resemblances betwe5 ! cu/oms ( ?is sy/em & ^? ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 t ! fir/ ,ca?olic mission>ies :o enc\nt]$ ! prie/s ( ,buddha 7 conf\nd$1 & ?\ght t ,satan _h be5 mock+ _! sacr$ rites4 ,fa!r ,bury1 a ,portuguese mission>y1#ib :5 he beheld ! ,*9ese bonzes tonsur$1 us+ ros>ies1 pray+ 9 an unkn[n tongue1 & kneel+ be=e images1 exclaim$ 9 a/oni%m5t3 ,!re is n a piece ( dress1 n a sac]dotal function1 n a c]emony ( ! c\rt ( ,rome1 :i* ! ,devil has n copi$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,davis 7,transactions ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,,ii4 #dia7 speaks ( ! celibacy ( ! ,buddhi/ cl]gy1 & ! mona/ic life ( ! societies ( bo? sexes2 to :i* might be add$ _! /r+s ( beads1 _! mann] ( *ant+ pray]s1 _! inc5se1 & _! c&les4 ,mr4 ,m$hur/ 7,*9a1 ,london1 #aheg7 m5tions ! image ( a virg91 call$ ! que5 ( heav51 hav+ an infant 9 h] arms1 & hold+ a cross4 ,confession ( s9s is regul>ly practis$4 ,fa!r ,huc1 9 8 ,recollections ( a ,j\rney 9 ,t>t>y1 ,?ibet1 & ,*9a1 7,hazlitt's translation71 says3 ,! cross1 ! mitre1 ! dalmatica1 ! cope1 :i* ! gr& lamas we> on _! j\rneys1 or :5 !y are p]=m+ "s c]emony out ( ! temple1--! s]vice ) d\ble *oirs1 ! psalmody1 ! exorcisms1 ! c5s] susp5d$ f five *a9s1 & :i* y c op5 or close at pleasure1--! b5$ictions giv5 by ! lamas by ext5d+ ! "r h& ov] ! heads ( ! fai?ful1--! *aplet1 ecclesia/ical celibacy1 religi\s retirem5t1 ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts1 ! fa/s1 ! processions1 ! litanies1 ! holy wat]1--all ^! are analogies betwe5 ! ,buddhi/s & ourselves4 ,& 9 ,?ibet !re is also a ,dalai ,lama1 :o is a sort ( ,buddhi/ pope4 ,su* num]\s & /rik+ analogies are difficult to expla94 ,aft] ! simple !ory que le diable y tait p\r beauc\p 0 ab&on$1 ! next op9ion held by ! ,jesuit mission>ies 0 t ! ,buddhi/s _h copi$ ^! cu/oms f ,ne/orian mission>ies1 :o are kn[n to h p5etrat$ e>ly ev5 z f> z ,*9a4#ic ,b a s]i\s objection to ?is !ory is t ,buddhism is at lea/ five hundr$ ye>s old] ?an ,*ri/ianity1 & t _m ( ^! /rik+ resemblances belong to its e>lie/ p]iod4 ,?us ,wilson 7,h9du ,drama7 has translat$ plays writt5 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 9 :i* ,buddhi/ monks appe> z m5dicants4 ,! wor%ip ( relics is q z anci5t4 ,f]gusson#id describes topes1 or %r9es = relics1 ( v great antiquity1 exi/+ 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 ,birmah1 & ,java4 ,_m ( !m belong to ! age ( ,asoka1 ! great ,buddhi/ emp]or1 :o rul$ all ,india ,b4,c4 #bej1 & 9 ^: reign ,buddhism became ! religion ( ! /ate1 & held its ?ird cum5ical ,c\ncil4 ,! anci5t ,buddhi/ ar*itecture is v s+ul>1 & (t5 v beautiful4 ,x consi/s ( topes1 rock-cut temples1 & mona/]ies4 ,"s ( ! topes are monoli?ic columns1 m ?an =ty feet high1 ) ornam5t$ capitals4 ,"s are imm5se domes ( brick & /one1 conta9+ sacr$ relics4 ,! too? ( ,buddha 0 once pres]v$ 9 a magnific5t %r9e 9 ,india1 b 0 convey$ to ,ceyion ,a4,d4 #caa1 :]e x /ill rema9s an object ( univ]sal rev]5ce4 ,x is a piece ( ivory or bone two in*es long1 & is kept 9 six cases1 ! l>ge/ ( :i*1 ( solid silv]1 is five feet high4 ,! o!r cases are inlaid ) rubies & preci\s /ones4#ie ,besides ?is1 ,ceylon possesses ! left coll>-bone relic1 conta9$ 9 a bell-%ap$ tope1 fifty feet high1 & ! ?orax bone1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 a tope built by a ,h9doo ,raja1 ,b4,c4 #bej1 beside :i* two o!rs 7 subsequ5tly erect$1 ! la/ be+ eighty cubits high4 ,! ,san*i tope1 ! f9e/ 9 ,india1#if is a solid dome ( /one1 "o hundr$ & six feet 9 diamet] & =ty-two feet high1 ) a basem5t & t]race1 hav+ a colonnade1 n[ fall51 ( sixty pill>s1 ) ri*ly c>v$ /one rail+ & gateway4 ,! rock-cut temples ( ! ,buddhi/s are v anci5t1 & are num]\s 9 ,india4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 :o has made a special p]sonal /udy ( ^! monum5ts1 believes t m ?an n9e hundr$ /ill rema91 mo/ ( !m )9 ! ,bombay presid5cy4 ,( ^!1 _m date back two c5turies be=e our era4 ,9 =m !y s+ul>ly resemble ! e>lie/ ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es4 ,excavat$ out ( ! solid rock1 !y h a nave & side aisles1 t]m9at+ 9 an apse or semi-dome1 r\nd :i* ! aisle is c>ri$4 ,"o at ,k>li1 built 9 ?is mann]1 is "o hundr$ & tw5ty-six feet long & =ty-five wide1 ) fifte5 ri*ly c>v$ columns on ea* side1 sep>at+ ! nave f ! aisles4 ,! facade ( ?is temple is also ri*ly ornam5t$1 & has a great op5 w9d[ = light+ ! int]ior1 b5ea? an elegant gall]y or rood-l(t4 ,! ,buddhi/ rock-cut mona/]ies 9 ,india are also num]\s1 ?\gh long s9ce des]t$4 ,betwe5 sev5 & eight hundr$ are kn[n to exi/1 mo/ ( !m hav+ be5 excavat$ betwe5 ,b4,c4 #bjj & ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,buddhi/ monks1 !n z n[1 took ! same ?ree v[s ( celibacy1 pov]ty1 & ob$i5ce1 :i* are tak5 by ! memb]s ( all ! ,ca?olic ord]s4 ,9 addition to ?is1 all ! ,buddhi/ prie/s are m5dicants4 ,!y %ave _! heads1 we> a fri>'s robe ti$ r\nd ! wai/ ) a rope1 & beg f h\se to h\se1 c>ry+ _! wood5 b[l 9 :i* to receive boil$ rice4 ,! old mona/]ies ( ,india conta9 *apels & cells = ! monks4 ,! l>ge/1 h[ev]1 _h accommodation = only ?irty or =ty2 :ile at ! pres5t "t a s+le mona/]y 9 ,?ibet1 visit$ by ,,mm4 ,huc & ,gabet 7! lamas]y ( ,k\nb\m71 is occupi$ by f\r ?\s& lamas4 ,! /ructure ( ^! mona/]ies %[s cle>ly t ! monki% sy/em ( ! ,buddhi/s is f> too anci5t to h be5 copi$ f ! ,*ri/ians4 ,is1 !n1 ! rev]se true8 ,did ! ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians d]ive _! mona/ic in/itutions1 _! bells1 _! ros>y1 _! tonsure1 _! inc5se1 _! mitre & cope1 _! wor%ip ( relics1 _! cu/om ( confession1 etc41 f ! ,buddhi/s8 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,pr9sep 7,?ibet1 ,t>t>y1 & ,mongolia1 #aheb7 & ( ,lass5 7,indis*e ,alt]?umskunde74 ,b1 9 reply to ?is view1 ,mr4 ,h>dwicke objects t we d n f9d 9 hi/ory any trace ( su* an influ5ce4 ,possibly1 !re=e1 ! resemblances may be ! result ( common human t5d5cies work+ out1 indep5d5tly1 ! same results4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to assume t ei!r religion copi$ f ! o!r1 ! ,buddhi/s may claim orig9ality1 on ! gr\nd ( antiquity4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may he1 ! "q returns1 ,:y call ,buddhism ! ,prote/antism ( ! ,ea/1 :5 all its ext]nal features s mu* resemble ^? ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*8 ,we answ]3 ,because deep] & m ess5tial relations connect ,brahmanism ) ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 & ! ,buddhi/ sy/em ) ,prote/antism4 ,! human m9d 9 ,asia w5t ?r\gh ! same c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 aft]w>d repeat$ 9 ,europe4 ,x prote/$1 9 ! int]e/ ( humanity1 aga9/ ! oppression ( a prie/ly ca/e4 ,brahmanism1 l ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 e/abli%$ a sy/em ( sacram5tal salvation 9 ! h&s ( a sacr$ ord]4 ,buddhism1 l ,prote/antism1 revolt$1 & e/abli%$ a doctr9e ( individual salvation bas$ on p]sonal "*4 ,brahmanism1 l ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 tea*es an exclusive spiritualism1 glorify+ p5ances & m>tyrdom1 & consid]s ! body ! enemy ( ! s\l4 ,b ,buddhism & ,prote/antism accept nature & its laws1 & make a religion ( humanity z well z ( devotion4 ,to su* broad /atem5ts num]\s exceptions may d\btless be always f\nd1 b ^! are ! l>ge l9es ( di/9ction4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ,brahmanism place ! ess5ce ( religion 9 sacrifices4 ,ea* is em95tly a sacrificial sy/em4 ,! daily sacrifice ( ! mass is ! c5tral feature ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*4 ,s ,brahmanism is a sy/em ( sacrifices4 ,b ,prote/antism & ,buddhism save ! s\l by tea*+4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome ! s]mon is subord9ate to ! mass2 9 ,prote/antism & 9 ,buddhism s]mons are ! ma9 in/rum5ts by :i* s\ls are sav$4 ,brahmanism is a sy/em ( inflexible ca/es2 ! prie/ly ca/e is made di/9ct & supreme2 & 9 ,romanism ! prie/hood almo/ con/itutes ! *ur*4 ,9 ,buddhism & ,prote/antism ! laity rega9 _! rights4 ,!re=e1 not)/&+ ! ext]nal resemblance ( ,buddhi/ rites & c]emonies to ^? ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! int]nal resemblance is to ,prote/antism4 ,buddhism 9 ,asia1 l ,prote/antism 9 ,europe1 is a revolt ( nature aga9/ _s1 ( humanity aga9/ ca/e1 ( individual fre$om aga9/ ! despotism ( an ord]1 ( salvation by fai? aga9/ salvation by sacram5ts4 ,& z all revolts are apt to g too f>1 s x has be5 ) ,buddhism4 ,9 ass]t+ ! rights ( nature aga9/ ! tyranny ( _s1 ,buddhism has lo/ ,god4 ,!re is 9 ,buddhism nei!r creation nor ,creator4 ,its tracts say3 ,! ris+ ( ! _w is a natural case4 ,its ris+ & p]i%+ are by nature itself4 ,x is natural t ! _w %\ld rise & p]i%4#ig ,:ile 9 ,brahmanism absolute _s is ! only reality1 & ?is _w is an illusion1 ! ,buddhi/s "k only ?is _w1 & ! et]nal _w is s entirely unkn[n z to be equival5t to nullity4 ,b yet1 z no revolt1 h[ev] radical1 gives up all its antec$5ts1 s ,buddhism has ! same aim z ,brahmanism1 namely1 to escape f ! vicissitudes ( "t into ! absolute re/ ( et]nity4 ,!y agree z to ! object ( exi/5ce2 !y diff] z to ! me?od ( rea*+ x4 ,! ,brahman & ! ,roman ,ca?olic ?9k t et]nal re/ is to be obta9$ by intellectual submission1 by passive reception ( :at is taught u & done = u by o!rs3 ! ,buddhi/ & ,prote/ant believe x mu/ be accompli%$ by an intellig5t & free ob$i5ce to ,div9e laws4 ,mr4 ,hodgson1 :o has long /udi$ ! features ( ?is religion 9 ,nepaul1 says3 ,! "o infallible diagno/ic ( ,buddhism is a belief 9 ! inf9ite capacity ( ! human intellect4 ,! "n ( ,buddha means ! ,intellig5t ,"o1 or ! "o :o is wide awake4 ,& h]e9 also is ano!r resemblance to ,prote/antism1 :i* emphasizes s /rongly ! value ( free ?\ght & ! seek+ aft] tru?4 ,9 ,judaism we f9d two spiritual p[]s1--! prophet & ! prie/4 ,! prie/ is ! organ ( ! p>don+ & sav+ love ( ,god2 ! prophet1 ( 8 inspir+ tru?4 ,9 ! ,european ,re=mation1 ! prophet revolt+ aga9/ ! prie/ f\nd$ ,prote/antism2 9 ! ,asiatic ,re=mation he f\nd$ ,buddhism4 ,f9ally1 ,brahmanism & ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* are m religi\s2 ,buddhism & ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity1 m moral4 ,su*1 sket*$ 9 broad outl9e1 is ! ju/ification = ! title ( ?is *apt]2 b we %all be m conv9c$ ( its accuracy aft] look+ m closely into ! resemblances above indicat$ betwe5 ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,^! resemblances are *iefly betwe5 ! ,buddhi/s & ! mona/ic ord]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,n[ x is a fact1 b "o :i* has nev] be5 suffici5tly notic$1 t ! :ole mona/ic sy/em ( ,rome is bas$ on a pr9ciple =eign to ! ess5tial ideas ( t *ur*4 ,! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,rome is t ( salvation by sacram5ts4 ,?is alone ju/ifies its maxim1 t out ( communion ) ! ,*ur* !re is no salvation4 ,! sacram5t ( ,baptism reg5]ates ! s\l2 ! sacram5t ( ,p5ance purifies x f mortal s92 ! sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/ r5ews its life2 & t ( ,holy ,ord]s qualifies ! prie/ = adm9i/]+ ^! & ! o!r sacram5ts4 ,b if ! s\l is sav$ by sacram5ts1 duly adm9i/]$ & receiv$1 :y g into a religi\s ord] to save ! s\l8 ,:y seek by special acts ( piety1 self-d5ial1 & sep>ation f ! _w t :i* comes suffici5tly ?r\gh ! usual sacram5ts ( ! *ur*8 ,! m we exam9e ?is subject1 ! m we %all see t ! :ole mona/ic sy/em ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome is an includ$ ,prote/antism1 or a ,prote/antism )9 ! *ur*4 ,_m ( ! re=m]s be=e ! ,re=mation 7 monks4 ,savon>ola1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,lu!r himself1 7 monks4 ,f ! mona/]ies came _m ( ! lead]s ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,prote/ant elem5t 9 ! ,romi% ,*ur* 0 %ut up 9 mona/]ies dur+ _m c5turies1 & rema9$ !re z a =eign sub/ance1 an ali5 elem5t includ$ 9 ! va/ body4 ,:5 a bullet1 or o!r =eign sub/ance1 is lodg$ 9 ! fle%1 ! vital p[]s g to "w & build up a little wall ar\nd x1 & %ut x 94 ,s :5 ,ca?olics came :o 7 n satisfi$ ) a m]ely sacram5tal salvation1 & long$ = a high] life1 ! sagacity ( ! ,*ur* put !m toge!r 9 conv5ts1 & kept !m by !mselves1 :]e !y c\ld d no h>m4 ,"o ( ! curi\s homologons ( hi/ory is ?is repetition 9 ,europe ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,asia4 ,buddhism 01 = _m c5turies1 tol]at$ 9 ,india 9 ! same way4 ,x took ! =m ( a mona/icism includ$ 9 ,brahmanism1 & rema9$ a "p ( ! ,h9doo religion4 ,& s1 :5 ! crisis came & ! conflict began1 ?is ,h9doo ,prote/antism ma9ta9$ itself = a long "t 9 ,india1 z ,lu!ranism cont9u$ = a c5tury 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,au/ria4 ,b x 0 at la/ driv5 out ( its bir?place1 z ,prote/antism 0 driv5 f ,italy & ,spa92 & n[ only ! ru9s ( its topes1 its temples1 & its mona/]ies rema9 to %[ h[ ext5sive 0 its =m] influ5ce 9 ! mid/ ( ,brahmanism4 #b4 ,ext5t ( ,buddhism4 ,its ,scriptures4 ,yet1 ?\gh expell$ f ,india1 & unable to ma9ta9 its control ov] any ,aryan race1 x has exhibit$ a p[]ful propag&i/ elem5t1 & s has conv]t$ to its cre$ ! majority ( ! ,mongol nations4 ,x embraces ne>ly or q 7= /ati/ics "h are only guesswork7#ih ?ree hundr$ millions ( human be+s4 ,x is ! popul> religion ( ,*9a2 ! /ate religion ( ,?ibet1 & ( ! ,birman ,empire2 x is ! religion ( ,japan1 ,siam1 ,anam1 ,assam1 ,nepaul1 ,ceylon1 9 %ort1 ( ne>ly ! :ole ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,conc]n+ ?is va/ religion we h _h1 until rec5tly1 v few means ( in=mation4 ,b1 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 s _m s\rces h be5 op5$1 t at pres5t we c easily /udy x 9 its orig9al features & its subsequ5t developm5t4 ,! sacr$ books ( ?is religion h be5 pres]v$ indep5d5tly1 9 ,ceylon1 ,nepaul1 ,*9a1 & ,?ibet4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,turn\r1 ,mr4 ,georgely1 & ,mr4 ,r4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy are our *ief au?orities 9 reg>d to ! ,pitikas1 or ! ,scriptures 9 ! ,pali language1 pres]v$ 9 ,ceylon4 ,mr4 ,hodgson has collect$ & /udi$ ! ,sanskrit ,scriptures1 f\nd 9 ,nepaul4 ,9 #ahbe he transmitt$ to ! ,asiatic ,society 9 ,b5gal sixty works 9 ,sanskrit1 & two hundr$ & fifty 9 ! language ( ,?ibet4 ,m4 ,csoma1 an ,hung>ian physician1 discov]$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ mona/]ies ( ,?ibet an imm5se collection ( sacr$ books1 :i* _h be5 translat$ f ! ,sanskrit works previ\sly /udi$ by ,mr4 ,hodgson4 ,9 #ahbi ,m4 ,s*midt f\nd ! same works 9 ! ,mongolian4 ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 an em95t /ud5t ( ! ,*9ese1 has also translat$ works on ,buddhism f t language1 :i* asc5d to ! ye> #gf ( our era4#ii ,m rec5tly inscriptions cut ^u rocks1 columns1 & o!r monum5ts 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 h be5 transcrib$ & translat$4 ,mr4 ,james ,pr9sep deciph]$ ^! inscriptions1 & f\nd !m to be 9 ! anci5t language ( ! prov9ce ( ,magadha :]e ,buddhism fir/ appe>$4 ,!y conta9 ! decrees ( a k+1 or raja1 nam$ ,pyadasi1 :om ,mr4 ,turn\r has %[n to be ! same z ! fam\s ,asoka1 be=e allud$ to4 ,?is k+ appe>s to h come to ! ?rone some:]e betwe5 ,b4,c4 #cai & ,b4,c4 #bfj4 ,simil> inscriptions h be5 discov]$ ?r\gh\t ,india1 prov+ to ! satisfaction ( su* s*ol>s z ,burn\f1 ,pr9sep1 ,turn\r1 ,lass51 ,web]1 ,max ,mll]1 & ,sa9t-,hilaire1 t ,buddhism _h become almo/ ! /ate religion ( ,india1 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4#ajj #c4 ,sakya-muni1 ! ,f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 ,nor? ( ,c5tral ,india & ( ! k+dom ( ,oude1 ne> ! bord]s ( ,nepaul1 !re reign$1 at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 a wise & good k+1 9 8 capital city1 ,kapilava/u#aja4 ,he 0 "o ( ! la/ ( ! great ,sol> race1 celebrat$ 9 ! anci5t epics ( ,india4 ,8 wife1 nam$ ,maya because ( h] great beauty1 became ! "m ( a pr9ce1 :o 0 nam$ ,siddr?a1 & aft]w>d kn[n z ! ,buddha#ajb4 ,%e di$ sev5 days aft] 8 bir?1 & ! *ild 0 br\ght up by 8 mat]nal aunt4 ,! "y pr9ce di/+ui%$ himself by 8 p]sonal & intellectual qualities1 b /ill m by 8 e>ly piety4 ,x appe>s f ! laws ( ,manu t x 0 n unusual1 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ,brahmanism1 = ^? seek+ a sup]ior piety to turn h]mits1 & to live alone 9 ! =e/1 engag$ 9 acts ( pray]1 m$itation1 ab/95ce1 & ! /udy ( ! ,v$as4 ,?is practice1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 conf9$ to ! ,brahmans4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a grief to ! k+1 :5 8 son1 9 ! fl[] ( 8 y\? & highly accompli%$ 9 e k+ly faculty ( body & m9d1 began to turn 8 ?\ghts t[>d ! life ( an an*orite4 ,9 fact1 ! "y ,siddr?a seems to h gone ?r\gh t deep exp]i5ce out ( :i* ! great prophets ( mank9d h always be5 born4 ,! evils ( ! _w press$ on 8 he>t & bra92 ! v air seem$ full ( mortality2 all ?+s 7 pass+ away4 ,0 any?+ p]man5t8 any?+ /able8 ,no?+ b tru?2 only ! absolute1 et]nal law ( ?+s4 ,let me see t1 said he1 & ,i c give la/+ peace to mank9d4 ,!n %all ,i become _! deliv]]4 ,s1 9 opposition to ! /rong entreaties ( 8 fa!r1 wife1 & fri5ds1 he left ! palace "o night1 & ex*ang$ ! position ( a pr9ce = t ( a m5dicant4 ,i w nev] return to ! palace1 said he1 till ,i h atta9$ to ! sight ( ! div9e law1 & s become ,buddha4#ajc ,he fir/ visit$ ! ,brahmans1 & li/5$ to _! doctr9es1 b f\nd no satisfaction !re94 ,! wise/ among !m c\ld n tea* him true peace1--t pr(\nd inw>d re/1 :i* 0 already call$ ,nirvana4 ,he 0 tw5ty-n9e ye>s old4 ,al?\gh disapprov+ ( ! ,brahmanic au/]ities z an end1 he practis$ !m dur+ six ye>s1 9 ord] to subdue ! s5ses4 ,he !n became satisfi$ t ! pa? to p]fection did n lie t way4 ,he !re=e resum$ 8 =m] diet & a m com=table mode ( life1 & s lo/ _m disciples :o _h be5 attract$ by 8 amaz+ au/]ity4 ,alone 9 8 h]mitage1 he came at la/ to t solid conviction1 t ,,k nev] to be %ak51 ( ! laws ( ?+s1 :i* _h seem$ to him ! only f\ndation ( a truly free life4 ,! spot :]e1 aft] a week ( con/ant m$itation1 he at la/ arriv$ at ?is beatific vision1 became "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ places 9 ,india4 ,he 0 seat$ "u a tree1 8 face to ! ea/1 n hav+ mov$ = a day & night1 :5 he atta9$ ! triple sci5ce1 :i* 0 to rescue mank9d f its woes4 ,twelve hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! ,buddha1 a ,*9ese pilgrim 0 %[n :at !n pass$ = ! sacr$ tree4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ by high brick walls1 ) an op5+ to ! ea/1 & ne> x /ood _m topes & mona/]ies4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ^! ru9s1 & ! locality ( ! tree1 may yet be r$iscov]$4 ,! spot des]ves to be s\ght =1 s9ce !re began a movem5t :i* has1 on ! :ole1 be5 a s\rce ( happ9ess & improvem5t to imm5se multitudes ( human be+s1 dur+ tw5ty-f\r c5turies4 ,hav+ atta9$ ?is inw>d c]ta9ty ( vision1 he decid$ to tea* ! _w 8 tru?4 ,he knew well :at x w\ld br+ him1--:at opposition1 insult1 neglect1 scorn4 ,b he ?\ght ( ?ree classes ( m53 ^? :o 7 already on ! way to ! tru?1 & did n ne$ him2 ^? :o 7 fix$ 9 error1 & :om he c\ld n help2 & ! poor d\bt]s1 unc]ta9 ( _! way4 ,x 0 to help ^! la/1 ! d\bt]s1 t ! ,buddha w5t =? to prea*4 ,on 8 way to ! holy city ( ,india1 ,b5>es1 a s]i\s difficulty arre/$ him at ! ,ganges1 namely1 8 hav+ no money to pay ! boatman = 8 passage4 ,at ,b5>es he made 8 fir/ conv]ts1 turn+ ! :eel ( ! law = ! fir/ "t4 ,8 disc\rses are conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,he conv]t$ great numb]s1 8 fa!r among ! re/1 b met ) fi]ce opposition f ! ,h9doo ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 ! lead+ ,brahmans4 ,s he liv$ & taught1 & di$ at ! age ( eighty ye>s4 ,naturally1 z soon z ! prophet 0 dead he became v preci\s 9 all eyes4 ,8 body 0 burn$ ) mu* pomp1 & great cont5tion arose = ! unconsum$ fragm5ts ( bone4 ,at la/ !y 7 divid$ into eight p>ts1 & a tope 0 erect$1 by ea* ( ! eight =tunate possessors1 ov] su* relics z _h fall5 to him4 ,! anci5t books ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? agree z to ! places :]e ! topes 7 built1 & no ,roman ,ca?olic relics are s well au!nticat$4 ,! ,buddha1 :o believ$ ) ,jesus t ! fle% pr(ite? no?+1 & t ! ^w is _s & life1 w\ld probably h be5 ! fir/ to condemn ?is idolatry4 ,b feti*-wor%ip l+]s 9 ! pure/ religions4 ,! "t ( ! dea? ( ,sakya-muni1 l mo/ ,ori5tal dates1 is unc]ta94 ,! ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s1 9 ,?ibet1 ,nepaul1 etc41 v>y greatly among !mselves4 ,! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s are n m c]ta94 ,lass51 !re=e1 ) mo/ ( ! s*ol>s1 accepts z au!ntic ! p]iod ^u :i* all ! au?orities ( ! ,s\?1 especially ( ,ceylon1 agree1 :i* is ,b4,c4 #edc4 ,lately ,we/]ga>d has writt5 a monograph on ! subject1 9 :i*1 by a labor$ argum5t1 he places ! date ab\t two hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,:e!r he w conv9ce 8 bro!r savans rema9s to be se54 ,imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ,sakya-muni a g5]al c\ncil ( 8 mo/ em95t disciples 0 call$1 to fix ! doctr9e & discipl9e ( ! *ur*4 ,! leg5d runs t ?ree ( ! disciples 7 select$ to recite f memory :at ! sage _h taught4 ,! fir/ 0 appo9t$ to repeat 8 tea*+ ^u discipl9e2 = discipl9e1 said !y1 is ! s\l ( ! law4 ,:]eupon ,upali1 m\nt+ ! pulpit1 repeat$ all ( ! precepts conc]n+ morals & ! ritual4 ,!n ,an&a 0 *os5 to give 8 ma/]'s disc\rses conc]n+ fai? or doctr9e4 ,f9ally1 ,kasyapa ann\nc$ ! philosophy & metaphysics ( ! sy/em4 ,! c\ncil sat dur+ sev5 mon?s1 & ! ?reefold division ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures ( ,buddhism 0 ! result ( _! "w2 = ,sakya-muni wrote no?+ himself4 ,he taught by conv]sation only4 ,! second g5]al c\ncil 0 call$ to correct c]ta9 abuses :i* _h begun to creep 94 ,x 0 held ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! tea*]'s dea?4 ,a great frat]nity ( monks propos$ to relax ! conv5tual discipl9e1 by all[+ great] lib]ty 9 tak+ food1 9 dr9k+ intoxicat+ liquor1 & tak+ gold & silv] if (f]$ 9 alms4 ,! s*ismatic monks 7 degrad$1 to ! numb] ( t5 ?\s&1 b =m$ a new sect4 ,! ?ird c\ncil1 held dur+ ! reign ( ! great ,buddhi/ ,emp]or ,asoka1 0 call$ on acc\nt ( h]etics1 :o1 to ! numb] ( sixty ?\s&1 7 degrad$ & expell$4 ,aft] ?is1 mission>ies 7 despat*$ to prea* ! ^w 9 diff]5t l&s4 ,! names & success ( ^! mission>ies are record$ 9 ! ,mahawanso1 or ,sacr$ ,hi/ory1 translat$ by ,mr4 ,george ,turn\r f ! ,s+halese4 ,b :at is rem>kable is1 t ! relics ( "s ( !m h be5 rec5tly f\nd 9 ! ,san*i topes1 & 9 o!r sacr$ build+s1 conta9$ 9 caskets1 ) _! names inscrib$ on !m4 ,^! inscrib$ names correspond ) ^? giv5 to ! same mission>ies 9 ! hi/orical books ( ,ceylon4 ,= example1 accord+ to ! ,mahawanso1 two mission>ies1 "o nam$ ,kassapo 7or ,kasyapa71 & ! o!r call$ ,majjhima 7or ,madhyama71 w5t to prea* 9 ! region ( ! ,himalayan ,m\nta9s4 ,!y j\rney$1 prea*$1 suff]$1 & toil$1 side by side1 s ! anci5t hi/ory in=ms u1--a hi/ory compos$ 9 ,ceylon 9 ! fif? c5tury ( our era1 ) ! aid ( works /ill m anci5t2#ajd & n[1 :5 ! second ,san*i tope 0 op5$ 9 #ahea1 by ,major ,cunn+ham1 ! relics ( ^! v mission>ies 7 discov]$4#aje ,! tope 0 p]fect 9 #ahai1 :5 visit$ by ,capta9 ,fell1--n a /one fall54 ,& ?\gh aft]w>d injur$1 9 #ahbb1 by "s amateur relic-hunt]s1 its cont5ts rema9$ intact4 ,x is a solid hemisph]e1 built ( r\gh /ones )\t mort>1 ?irty-n9e feet 9 diamet]2 x has a basem5t six feet high1 project+ all ar\nd five feet1 & s mak+ a t]race4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a /one rail+1 ) c>v$ figures4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is tope 0 f\nd a small *amb]1 made ( six /ones1 conta9+ ! relic-box ( :ite s&/one1 ab\t t5 in*es squ>e4 ,inside ?is 7 f\r caskets ( /eatite 7a sacr$ /one among ! ,buddhi/s71 ea* conta9+ small portions ( burnt human bone4 ,on ! outside lid ( "o ( ^! boxes 0 ?is inscription3 ,relics ( ! emancipat$ ,kasyapa ,gotra1 mission>y to ! :ole ,hemawanta4 ,& on ! inside ( ! lid 0 c>v$3 ,relics ( ! emancipat$ ,madhyama4 ,^! relics1 ) ^? ( eight o!r lead+ m5 ( ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur*1 _h re/$ 9 ?is monum5t s9ce ! age ( ,asoka1 & _c h be5 plac$ !re lat] ?an ,b4,c4 #bbj4 ,! mission>y _s display$ by ,buddhism di/+ui%es x f all o!r religions :i* prec$$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! religion ( ,confucius nev] attempt$ to make conv]ts outside ( ,*9a4 ,brahmanism nev] w5t beyond ,india4 ,! sy/em ( ,zoroa/] 0 a ,p]sian religion2 t ( ,egypt 0 conf9$ to ! ,valley ( ! ,nile2 t ( ,greece to ! ,hell5ic race4 ,b ,buddhism 0 inflam$ ) ! desire ( br++ all mank9d to a k ( its tru?s4 ,its ard5t & successful mission>ies conv]t$ multitudes 9 ,nepaul1 ,?ibet1 ,birmah1 ,ceylon1 ,*9a1 ,siam1 ,japan2 & 9 all ^! /ates its mona/]ies are to-day ! *ief s\rces ( k & c5tres ( in/ruction to ! p4 ,x is idle to class su* a religion z ?is ) ! sup]/itions :i* debase mank9d4 ,its p[] lay 9 ! /r5g? ( conviction :i* inspir$ its tea*]s2 & t1 aga91 mu/ h come f ! sight ( tru?1 n ! belief 9 error4 #d4 ,lead+ ,doctr9es ( ,buddhism4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! doctr9es ( ,buddhism8 ,:at are ! ess5tial tea*+s ( ! ,buddha & 8 disciples8 ,is x a sy/em1 z we are s (t5 told1 :i* d5ies ,god & immortality8 ,has a!ism su* a p[] ov] human he>ts 9 ! ,ea/8 ,is ! ,asiatic m9d ?us 9 love ) et]nal dea?8 ,let u try to discov]4 ,! h]mit ( ,sakya1 z we h se51 took 8 dep>ture f two pr(\nd convictions1--! evil ( p]petual *ange1 & ! possibility ( some?+ p]man5t4 ,he might h us$ ! language ( ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es1 & cri$1 ,vanity ( vanities6 all is vanity6 ,! pr(\nd gloom ( t wond]ful book is bas$ on ! same c\rse ( ?\ght z t ( ! ,buddha1 namely1 t ev]y?+ goes r\nd & r\nd 9 a circle2 t no?+ moves =w>d2 t !re is no new ?+ "u ! sun2 t ! sun rises & sets1 & rises aga92 t ! w9d bl[s nor? & s\?1 & ea/ & we/1 & !n returns accord+ to its circuits4 ,:]e c re/ be f\nd8 :]e peace8 :]e any c]ta9ty8 ,siddr?a 0 "y2 b he saw age approa*+4 ,he 0 9 heal?2 b he knew t sickness & dea? 7 ly+ 9 wait = him4 ,he c\ld n escape f ! sight ( ?is p]petual r\nd ( gr[? & decay1 life & dea?1 joy & woe4 ,he cri$ out1 f ! dep?s ( 8 s\l1 = some?+ /able1 p]man5t1 real4 ,aga91 he 0 assur$ t ?is emancipation f *ange & decay 0 to be f\nd 9 k4 ,b by k he did n int5d ! p]ception & recollection ( outw>d facts1--n le>n+4 ,nor did he mean speculative k1 or ! p[] ( reason+4 ,he meant intuitive k1 ! sight ( et]nal tru?1 ! p]ception ( ! un*ang+ laws ( ! univ]se4 ,?is 0 a k :i* 0 n to be atta9$ by any m]ely intellectual process1 b by moral tra9+1 by purity ( he>t & lite4 ,!re=e he r5\nc$ ! _w1 & w5t into ! =e/1 & became an an*orite4 ,b j at ?is po9t he sep>at$ himself f ! ,brahmans4 ,!y also 71 & are1 believ]s 9 ! value ( mortification1 abnegation1 p5ance4 ,!y _h _! h]mits 9 8 day4 ,b !y believ$ 9 ! value ( p5ance z accumulat+ m]it4 ,!y practis$ self-d5ial = its own sake4 ,! ,buddha practis$ x z a means to a high] end1--emancipation1 purification1 intuition4 ,& ?is end he believ$ t he _h at la/ atta9$4 ,at la/ he saw ! tru?4 ,he became wide awake4 ,illusions disappe>$2 ! reality 0 be=e him4 ,he 0 ! ,buddha1--! ,,man ,,:o ,,knew4 ,/ill he 0 a man1 n a ,god4 ,& "h aga9 is ano!r po9t ( dep>ture f ,brahmanism4 ,9 t sy/em1 ! f9al result ( devotion 0 to become absorb$ 9 ,god4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,brahmans is div9e absorption2 t ( ! ,buddhi/s1 human developm5t4 ,9 ! ,brahmanical sy/em1 ,god is ev]y?+ & man no?+4 ,9 ! ,buddhi/1 man is ev]y?+ & ,god no?+4 ,"h is its a!ism1 t x makes s mu* ( man z to =get ,god4 ,x is p]haps )\t ,god 9 ! _w1 b x does n d5y him4 ,x accepts ! doctr9e ( ! ?ree worlds1--! et]nal _w ( absolute be+2 ! cele/ial _w ( ! gods1 ,brahma1 ,indra1 ,vis*nu1 ,siva2 & ! f9ite _w1 consi/+ ( individual s\ls & ! laws ( nature4 ,only x says1 ( ! _w ( absolute be+1 ,nirvana1 we "k no?+4 ,t is our aim & end2 b x is ! direct opposite to all we "k4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to u z no?+4 ,! cele/ial _w1 t ( ! gods1 is ev5 ( less mom5t to u4 ,:at we "k are ! ev]la/+ laws ( nature1 by ob$i5ce to :i* we rise1 disobey+ :i* we fall1 by p]fect ob$i5ce to :i* we %all at la/ obta9 ,nirvana1 & re/ =ev]4 ,to ! m9d ( ! ,buddha1 !re=e1 ! _w consi/$ ( two ord]s ( exi/5ce1--s\ls & laws4 ,he saw an inf9ite multitude ( s\ls1--9 insects1 animals1 m51--& saw t !y 7 surr\nd$ by inflexible laws1--! laws ( nature4 ,to "k ^! & to obey !m1--?is 0 emancipation4 ,! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,buddhism1 taught by its f\nd] & receiv$ by all ,buddhi/s )\t exception1 9 ! ,nor? & 9 ! ,s\?1 9 ,birmah & ,?ibet1 9 ,ceylon & ,*9a1 is ! doctr9e ( ! f\r sublime tru?s1 namely3-- #a4 ,all exi/5ce is evil1 because all exi/5ce is subject to *ange & decay4 #b4 ,! s\rce ( ?is evil is ! desire = ?+s :i* are to *ange & pass away4 #c4 ,?is desire1 & ! evil :i* foll[s x1 are n inevitable2 = if we *oose we c arrive at ,nirvana1 :5 bo? %all :olly cease4 #d4 ,!re is a fix$ & c]ta9 me?od to adopt1 by pursu+ :i* we atta9 ?is end1 )\t possibility ( failure4 ,^! f\r tru?s are ! basis ( ! sy/em4 ,!y are3 #a/1 ! evil2 #b;d1 its cause2 #c;d1 its end2 #d?1 ! way ( rea*+ ! end4 ,!n foll[ ! eight /eps ( ?is way1 namely3-- #a4 ,"r belief1 or ! correct fai?4 #b4 ,"r judgm5t1 or wise application ( t fai? to life4 #c4 ,"r utt]ance1 or p]fect tru? 9 all t we say & d4 #d4 ,"r motives1 or propos+ always a prop] end & aim4 #e4 ,"r occupation1 or an outw>d life n involv+ s94 #f4 ,"r ob$i5ce1 or fai?ful obs]vance ( duty4 #g4 ,"r memory1 or a prop] recollection ( pa/ conduct4 #h4 ,"r m$itation1 or keep+ ! m9d fix$ on p]man5t tru?4 ,aft] ?is sy/em ( doctr9e foll[ c]ta9 moral comm&s & prohibitions1 namely1 five1 :i* apply to all m51 & five o!rs :i* apply only to ! novices or ! monks4 ,! five fir/ comm&m5ts are3 #a/1 d n kill2 #b;d1 d n /eal2 #c;d1 d n commit adult]y2 #d?1 d n lie2 #e?1 d n become intoxicat$4 ,! o!r five are3 #a/1 take no solid food aft] noon2 #b;d1 d n visit dances1 s++1 or !atrical repres5tations2 #c;d1 use no ornam5ts or p]fum]y 9 dress2 #d?1 use no luxuri\s b$s2 #e?1 accept nei!r gold nor silv]4 ,all ^! doctr9es & precepts h be5 ! subject ( innum]able comm5t>ies & expositions4 ,ev]y?+ has be5 comm5t$1 expla9$1 & elucidat$4 ,sy/ems ( casui/ry z volum9\s z ^? ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,company ( ,jesus1 sy/ems ( !ology z full ( m9ute analysis z ! great ,summa ,totius ,!ologi ( ,/4 ,?omas1 are to be f\nd 9 ! libr>ies ( ! mona/]ies ( ,?ibet & ,ceylon4 ,! monks h _! ,gold5 ,leg5ds1 _! ,lives ( ,sa9ts1 full ( miracles & m>vels4 ,on ?is simple basis ( a few rules & convictions has aris5 a va/ fabric ( metaphysics4 ,mu* ( ?is lit]ature is in/ructive & ent]ta9+4 ,"s ( x is pr(\nd4 ,baur1 :o _h made a special /udy ( ! intricate speculations ( ! ,gno/ics1 comp>es !m ) ! va/ ab/ractions ( ,buddhism4 #e4 ,! ,_s ( ,buddhism ,rational & ,humane4 ,ultimately1 two facts appe>1 z we contemplate ?is sy/em1--fir/1 its rationalism2 second1 its humanity4 ,x is a sy/em ( rationalism4 ,x appeals ?r\gh\t to human reason4 ,x proposes to save man1 n f a future b a pres5t hell1 & to save him by tea*+4 ,its great means ( influ5ce is ! s]mon4 ,! ,buddha prea*$ innum]able s]mons2 8 mission>ies w5t abroad prea*+4 ,buddhism has made all its conque/s honorably1 by a process ( rational appeal to ! human m9d4 ,x 0 nev] propagat$ by =ce1 ev5 :5 x _h ! p[] ( imp]ial rajas to support x4 ,c]ta9ly1 x is a v enc\rag+ fact 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 t ! two religions :i* h made m conv]ts ?an any o!r1 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity1 h n dep5d$ = _! success on ! sword ( ! conqu]or or ! frauds ( prie/craft1 b h ga9$ _! victories 9 ! fair conflict ( reason ) reason4 ,we grant t ,buddhism has n be5 )\t its sup]/itions & its errors2 b x has n deceiv$1 & x has n p]secut$4 ,9 ?is respect x c tea* ,*ri/ians a lesson4 ,buddhism has no prejudices aga9/ ^? :o confess ano!r fai?4 ,! ,buddhi/s h f\nd$ no ,inquisition2 !y h comb9$ ! zeal :i* conv]t$ k+doms ) a tol]ation almo/ inexplicable to our ,we/]n exp]i5ce4 ,only "o religi\s w> has d>k5$ _! peaceful hi/ory dur+ tw5ty-?ree c5turies1--t :i* took place 9 ,?ibet1 b ( :i* we "k little4 ,a ,siamese told ,craw=d t he believ$ all ! religions ( ! _w to be bran*es ( ! true religion4 ,a ,buddhi/ 9 ,ceylon s5t 8 son to a ,*ri/ian s*ool1 & told ! a/oni%$ mission>y1 ,i respect ,*ri/ianity z mu* z ,buddhism1 = ,i reg>d x z a help to ,buddhism4 ,,mm4 ,hue & ,gabet conv]t$ no ,buddhi/ 9 ,t>t>y & ,?ibet1 b !y p>tially conv]t$ "o1 br++ him s f> z to say t he consid]$ himself at ! same "t a good ,*ri/ian & a good ,buddhi/4 ,buddhism is also a religion ( humanity4 ,because x lays su* /ress on reason1 x respects all m51 s9ce all possess ?is same gift4 ,9 its orig9 x broke d[n all ca/es4 ,all m51 ( :atev] rank1 c ent] its prie/hood4 ,x has an unb\nd$ *>ity = all s\ls1 & holds x a duty to make sacrifices = all4 ,"o leg5d tells u t ! ,buddha gave 8 body = food to a />v$ tigress1 :o c\ld n nurse h] "y ?r\gh weakness4 ,an incid5t s+ul>ly l t 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,john is record$ ( ! h]mit1 :o ask$ a woman ( l[ ca/e = wat]1 & :5 %e express$ surprise said1 ,give me dr9k1 & ,i w give y tru?4 ,! unconditional comm&1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 :i* applies to all liv+ creatures1 has _h great influ5ce 9 s(t5+ ! mann]s ( ! ,mongols4 ,?is comm& is connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( transmigration ( s\ls1 :i* is "o ( ! ess5tial doctr9es ( ?is sy/em z well z ( ,brahmanism4 ,b ,buddhism has aboli%$ human sacrifices1 & inde$ all bloody (f]+s1 & its innoc5t alt>s are only cr[n$ ) fl[]s & leaves4 ,x also inculcates a positive humanity1 consi/+ ( good actions4 ,all its prie/s are support$ by daily alms4 ,x is a duty ( ! ,buddhi/ to be hospitable to /rang]s1 to e/abli% hospitals = ! sick & poor1 & ev5 = sick animals1 to plant %ade-trees1 & erect h\ses = travell]s4 ,mr4 ,malcom1 ! ,bapti/ mission>y1 says t he 0 re/+ "o day 9 a zayat 9 a small village 9 ,birmah1 & 0 sc>cely seat$ :5 a woman br\ght a nice mat = him to lie on4 ,ano!r br\ght cool wat]1 & a man w5t & pick$ = him half a doz5 good oranges4 ,none s\ght or expect$1 he says1 ! lea/ rew>d1 b disappe>$1 & left him to 8 repose4 ,he adds3 ,none c asc5d ! riv] )\t be+ /ruck ) ! h>dihood1 skill1 en]gy1 & good-humor ( ! ,birmese boatm54 ,9 po9t ( temp] & morality !y are inf9itely sup]ior to ! boatm5 on our ,we/]n wat]s4 ,9 my v>i\s trips1 ,i h se5 no qu>rel nor he>d a h>d ^w4 ,mr4 ,malcom goes on ?us3 ,_m ( ^! p h nev] se5 a :ite man be=e1 b ,i am con/antly /ruck ) _! polit5ess4 ,!y desi/ f any?+ on ! slighte/ intimation2 nev] cr[d ar\nd to be tr\blesome2 & if on my %[+ !m my wat* or p5cil-case1 or any?+ :i* p>ticul>ly attracts !m1 !re are m ?an c get a sight1 ! out] ones /& alo( & wait till _! turn comes4444 ,i saw no intemp]ance 9 ,birmah1 ?\gh an intoxicat+ liquor is made easily ( ! juice ( a palm4444 ,a man may travel f "o end ( ! k+dom to ! o!r )\t money1 fe$+ & lodg+ z well z ! p4 ,i h se5 ?\s&s toge!r1 = h\rs1 on public occasions1 rejoic+ 9 all ardor1 & no act ( viol5ce or case ( intoxication4444 ,dur+ my :ole resid5ce 9 ! c\ntry ,i nev] saw an indec5t act or immode/ ge/ure 9 man or woman4444 ,i h se5 hundr$s ( m5 & wom5 ba?+1 & no immode/ or c>eless act4444 ,*ildr5 are treat$ ) great k9dness1 n only by ! "m b ! fa!r1 :o1 :5 unemploy$1 takes ! "y *ild 9 8 arms1 & seems pleas$ to att5d to x1 :ile ! "m cleans ! rice or sits unemploy$ at 8 side4 ,i h z (t5 se5 fa!rs c>ess+ female infants z male4 ,a wid[ ) male & female *ildr5 is m likely to be s\ght 9 m>riage ?an if %e has none4444 ,*ildr5 are almo/ z rev]5t to p>5ts z among ! ,*9ese4 ,! ag$ are treat$ ) great c>e & t5d]ness1 & occupy ! be/ places 9 all assemblies4 ,accord+ to ,sa9t-,hilaire's op9ion1 ! ,buddhi/ morality is "o ( endurance1 pati5ce1 submission1 & ab/95ce1 r ?an ( action1 en]gy1 ent]prise4 ,love = all be+s is its nucleus1 e animal be+ our possible relative4 ,to love our enemies1 to (f] our lives = animals1 to ab/a9 f ev5 def5sive w>f>e1 to gov]n ourselves1 to avoid vices1 to pay ob$i5ce to sup]iors1 to rev]5ce age1 to provide food & %elt] = m5 & animals1 to dig wells & plant trees1 to despise no religion1 %[ no intol]ance1 n to p]secute1 are ! virtues ( ^! p4 ,polygamy is tol]at$1 b n approv$4 ,monogamy is g5]al 9 ,ceylon1 ,siam1 ,bir9ah2 some:at less s 9 ,?ibet & ,mongolia4 ,woman is bett] treat$ by ,buddhism ?an by any o!r ,ori5tal religion4 #f4 ,buddhism z a ,religion4 ,b :at is ! religi\s life ( ,buddhism8 ,c !re be a religion )\t a ,god8 ,& if ,buddhism has no ,god1 h[ c x h wor%ip1 pray]1 devotion8 ,!re is no d\bt t x has all ^!4 ,we h se5 t its cultus is mu* l t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x diff]s f ?is *ur* 9 hav+ no secul> prie/s1 b only regul>s2 all its cl]gy are monks1 tak+ ! ?ree v[s ( pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & ob$i5ce4 ,_! v[s1 h[ev]1 are n irrevocable2 !y c rel9qui% ! yell[ robe1 & return into ! _w1 if !y f9d !y h mi/ak5 _! vocation4 ,! ,god ( ,buddhism is ! ,buddha himself1 ! deifi$ man1 :o has become an inf9ite be+ by ent]+ ,nirvana4 ,to him pray] is address$1 & x is s natural = man to pray1 t no !ory c prev5t him f do+ x4 ,9 ,?ibet1 pray]-meet+s are held ev5 9 ! /reets4 ,huc says3 ,!re is a v t\*+ cu/om at ,lhassa4 ,9 ! ev5+1 j be=e sund[n1 all ! p leave _! "w1 & meet 9 gr\ps 9 ! public /reets & squ>es4 ,all kneel & beg9 to *ant _! pray]s 9 a l[ & musical tone4 ,! conc]t ( song :i* rises f all ^! num]\s reunions produces an imm5se & solemn h>mony1 :i* deeply impresses ! m9d4 ,we c\ld n help sadly comp>+ ?is ,pagan city1 :]e all ! p pray$ toge!r1 ) our ,european cities1 :]e m5 w\ld blu% to be se5 mak+ ! sign ( ! cross4 ,9 ,?ibet confession 0 e>ly enjo9$4 ,public wor%ip is !re a solemn confession be=e ! assembl$ prie/s4 ,x conf]s entire absolution f s9s4 ,x consi/s 9 an op5 confession ( s91 & a promise to s9 no m4 ,consecrat$ wat] is also us$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,pagodas4 ,!re are ?irty-five ,buddhas :o h prec$$ ,sakya-muni1 & are consid]$ ! *ief p[]s = tak+ away s94 ,^! are call$ ! ,?irty-five ,buddhas ( ,confession4 ,sakya-muni1 h[ev]1 has be5 includ$ 9 ! numb]4 ,"s lamas are also jo9$ ) !m 9 ! sacr$ pictures1 z ,tsonkhapa1 a lama born 9 ,a4,d4 #aeee1 & o!rs4 ,! m5dicant prie/s ( ,buddha are b\nd to confess twice a mon?1 at ! new & full moon4 ,! ,buddhi/s h also nunn]ies = wom54 ,x is relat$ t ,sakya-muni cons5t$ to e/abli% !m at ! e>ne/ reque/ ( 8 aunt & nurse1 & ( 8 favorite disciple1 ,an&a4 ,^! nuns take ! same v[s z ! monks4 ,_! rules require !m to %[ rev]5ce ev5 to ! y\nge/ monk1 & to use no angry or h>% words to a prie/4 ,! nun mu/ be will+ to be taught2 %e mu/ g once a =tnight = ?is purpose to "s virtu\s tea*]2 %e mu/ n devote m ?an two weeks at a "t to spiritual retirem5t2 %e mu/ n g out m]ely = amusem5t2 aft] two ye>s' prep>ation %e c be initiat$1 & %e is b\nd to att5d ! clos+ c]emonies ( ! ra9y season4 #g4 ,k>ma & ,nirvana4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal metaphysical doctr9es ( ?is sy/em is t :i* x call$ ,k>ma4 ,?is means ! law ( consequ5ces1 by :i* e act committ$ 9 "o life entails results 9 ano!r4 ,?is law op]ates until "o rea*es ,nirvana4 ,mr4 ,h>dy goes s f> z to suppose t ,k>ma causes ! m]its or dem]its ( ea* s\l to result at dea? 9 ! production ( ano!r consci\sness1 & 9 fact to result 9 a new p]son4 ,b ?is mu/ be an error4 ,k>ma is ! law ( consequ5ces1 by :i* e act receives its exact recomp5se 9 ! next _w1 :]e ! s\l is born aga94 ,b unless ! same s\l passes on1 su* a recomp5se is impossible4 ,k>ma said ,buddha1 is ! mo/ ess5tial prop]ty ( all be+s2 x is inh]it$ f previ\s bir?s1 x is ! cause ( all good & evil1 & ! reason :y "s are mean & "s exalt$ :5 !y come into ! _w4 ,x is l ! %ad[ :i* always accompanies ! body4 ,buddha himself obta9$ all 8 elevation by means ( ! ,k>ma obta9$ 9 previ\s /ates4 ,no "o c obta9 ,k>ma or m]it1 b ^? :o he> ! disc\rses ( ,buddha4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion among s*ol>s conc]n+ ! true mean+ ( ,nirvana1 ! end ( all ,buddhi/ expectation4 ,is x annihilation8 ,or is x absorption 9 ,god8 ,! weight ( au?ority1 no d\bt1 is 9 favor ( ! fir/ view4 ,burn\f's conclusion is3 ,= ,buddhi/ !i/s1 x is ! absorption ( ! individual life 9 ,god2 = a!i/s1 absorption ( ?is individual life 9 ! no?+4 ,b = bo?1 x is deliv]ance f all evil1 x is supreme affran*isem5t4 ,9 ! op9ion t x is annihilation agree ,max ,mll]1 ,tum\r1 ,s*midt1 & ,h>dy4 ,& ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 :ile call+ x a hide\s fai?1 nev]!less assigns x to a ?ird "p ( ! human race4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 s*ol>s ( ! highe/ rank d5y ?is view4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,buns5 7,gott 9 d] ,ges*i*te7 calls att5tion to ! fact t1 9 ! olde/ monum5ts ( ?is religion1 ! e>lie/ ,sutras1 ,nirvana is spok5 ( z a condition atta9$ 9 ! pres5t life4 ,h[ !n c x mean annihilation8 ,x is a /ate 9 :i* all desires cease1 all passions die4 ,buns5 believes t ! ,buddha nev] d5i$ or que/ion$ ,god or immortality4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,,nirvana is tak5 f ! ,pali ,sacr$ ,books3-- ,aga9 ! k+ ( ,sgal said to ,ngasna3 ',is ! joy ( ,nirvana unmix$1 or is x associat$ ) sorr[8' ,! prie/ repli$ t x is unmix$ satisfaction1 entirely free f sorr[4 ,aga9 ! k+ ( ,sgal said to ,ngasna3 ',is ,nirvana 9 ! ea/1 we/1 s\?1 or nor?2 above or bel[8 ,is !re su* a place z ,nirvana8 ,if s1 :]e is x8' ,ngasna3 ',nei!r 9 ! ea/1 s\?1 we/1 nor nor?1 nei!r 9 ! sky above1 nor 9 ! e>? bel[1 nor 9 any ( ! inf9ite sakwalas1 is !re su* a place z ,nirvana4' ,mil9da3 ',!n if ,nirvana h no locality1 !re c be no su* ?+2 & :5 x is said t any "o atta9s ,nirvana1 ! decl>ation is false4' ,ngasna3 ',!re is no su* place z ,nirvana1 & yet x exi/s2 ! prie/ :o seeks x 9 ! "r mann] w atta9 x4' ',:5 ,nirvana is atta9$1 is !re su* a place8' ,ngasna3 ',:5 a prie/ atta9s ,nirvana !re is su* a place4' ,mil9da3 ',:]e is t place8' ,ngasna3 ',:]ev] ! precepts c be obs]v$2 x may be any:]e2 j z he :o has two eyes c see ! sky f any or all places2 or z all places may h an ea/]n side4' ,! ,buddhi/ ass]ts ,nirvana z ! object ( all 8 hope1 yet1 if y ask him :at x is1 may reply1 ,no?+4 ,b ?is _c mean t ! highe/ good ( man is annihilation4 ,no pessimism c\ld be m extreme ?an su* a doctr9e4 ,su* a belief is n 9 accordance ) human nature4 ,t5nyson is wis] :5 he writes3-- ,:atev] crazy sorr[ sai?1 ,no life t brea!s ) human brea? ,has ev] truly long$ = dea?4 ',t is ,,life1 :]e( our n]ves are scant1 ,o life1 n dea?1 = :i* we pant2 ,m life1 & full]1 t ,i want4 ,! ,buddhi/1 :5 he says t ,nirvana is no?+1 means simply t x is no ?+2 t x is no?+ to our pres5t conceptions2 t x is ! opposite ( all we "k1 ! contradiction1 ( :at we call life n[1 a /ate s sublime1 s :olly diff]5t f any?+ we "k or c "k n[1 t x is ! same ?+ z no?+ to u4 ,all pres5t life is *ange2 t is p]man5ce3 all pres5t life is go+ up & d[n2 t is /ability3 all pres5t life is ! life ( s5se2 t is _s4 ,! ,buddhi/ d5ies ,god 9 ! same way4 ,he is ! unkn[able4 ,he is ! impossible to be conceiv$ (4 ,:o %all "n ,him ,& d>e to say1 ',i believe 9 ,him'8 ,:o %all d5y ,him1 ,& v5ture to affirm1 ',i believe 9 ,him n8'#ajf ,to ! ,buddhi/1 9 %ort1 ! elem5t ( "t & ! f9ite is all1 z to ! ,brahman ! elem5t ( et]nity is all4 ,x is ! mo/ absolute contradiction ( ,brahmanism :i* we c conceive4 ,x seems impossible = ! ,ea/]n m9d to hold at ! same "t ! two conceptions ( ,god & nature1 ! inf9ite & ! f9ite1 et]nity & "t4 ,! ,brahmaus accept ! reality ( ,god1 ! inf9ite & ! et]nal1 & omit ! reality ( ! f9ite1 ( nature1 hi/ory1 "t1 & ! _w4 ,! ,buddhi/ accepts ! la/1 & ignores ! fir/4 ,?is "q has be5 fully discuss$ by ,mr4 ,alg] 9 8 v able "w1 ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life1 & 8 conclusion is :olly oppos$ to ! view :i* makes ,nirvana equival5t to annihilation4 #h4 ,good & ,evil ( ,buddhism4 ,! good & ! evil ( ,buddhism are ?us summ$ up by ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire4 ,he rem>ks t ! fir/ peculi>ity ( ,buddhism is ! :olly practical direction tak5 by its f\nd]4 ,he proposes to himself ! salvation ( mank9d4 ,he ab/a9s f ! subtle philosophy ( ! ,brahmans1 & takes ! mo/ direct & simple way to 8 end4 ,b he does n (f] l[ & s5sual rew>ds2 he does n1 l s _m lawgiv]s1 promise to 8 foll[]s ri*es1 pleasures1 conque/s1 p[]4 ,he invites !m to salvation by means ( virtue1 k1 & self-d5ial4 ,n 9 ! ,v$as1 nor ! books :i* proce$ f x1 d we f9d su* noble appeals1 ?\gh !y too look at ! inf9ite z _! end4 ,b ! indisputable glory ( ,buddha is ! b\ndless *>ity to man ) :i* 8 s\l 0 fill$4 ,he liv$ to in/ruct & guide man aright4 ,he says 9 s _m words1 ,my law is a law ( grace = all 7,burn\f1 ,introduction1 etc41 p4 #aih74 ,we may add to ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire's /atem5t1 t 9 ^! words ! ,buddha pla9ly aims at :at we h call$ a ca?olic religion4 ,9 8 view ( man's sorr[ful life1 all di/9ctions ( rank & class fall away2 all are poor & ne$y toge!r2 & "h1 too1 he comes 9 contact ) t ,*ri/ianity :i* says1 ,come unto me1 all ye t labor & are heavy-lad54 ,buddha also wi%$ to cure ! sicknesses1 n only ( ! ,h9doo life1 b ( ! life ( mank9d4 ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire adds1 t1 9 seek+ ?us to help man1 ! means ( ! ,buddha are pure1 l 8 ends4 ,he tries to conv9ce & to p]suade3 he does n wi% to compel4 ,he all[s confession1 & helps ! weak & simple by explanations & p>ables4 ,he also tries to gu>d man aga9/ evil1 by e/abli%+ habits ( *a/ity1 temp]ance1 & self-control4 ,he goes =w>d into ! ,*ri/ian graces ( pati5ce1 humility1 & =giv5ess ( injuries4 ,he has a horror ( falsehood1 a rev]5ce = tru?2 he =bids sl&] & gossip2 he tea*es respect = p>5ts1 family1 life1 home4 ,yet ,sa9t-,hilaire decl>es t1 ) all ^! m]its1 ,buddhism has n be5 able to f\nd a tol]able social /ate or a s+le good gov]nm5t4 ,x fail$ 9 ,india1 ! l& ( its bir?4 ,no?+ l ! progress & ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian civilization appe>s 9 ,buddhism4 ,some?+ 9 ! he>t ( ! sy/em makes x /]ile1 not)/&+ its excell5t int5tions4 ,:at is x8 ,! fact is1 t1 not)/&+ its b5evol5t purposes1 its radical ?\ght is a selfi% "o4 ,x re/s on pure individualism1--ea* man's object is to save 8 own s\l4 ,all ! faults ( ,buddhism1 accord+ to ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 spr+ f ?is root ( egotism 9 ! he>t ( ! sy/em4 ,no d\bt ! same idea is f\nd 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,p]sonal salvation is h]e9 includ$4 ,b ,*ri/ianity />ts f a v diff]5t po9t3 x is ! k+dom ( ,heav54 ,?y k+dom come3 ?y w be done on e>?4 ,x is n go+ on away f "t to f9d an unkn[n et]nity4 ,x is ,god ) u1 et]nity "h1 et]nal life abid+ 9 u n[4 ,if "s n>r[ ,prote/ant sects make ,*ri/ianity to consi/ ess5tially 9 ! salvation ( our own s\l h]eaft]1 !y fall into ! condemnation ( ,buddhism4 ,b t is n ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ accepts ! great prophetic idea ( a ,messiah :o br+s d[n ,god's reign into ?is life4 ,x is ! ,new ,j]usalem com+ d[n f ,god out ( heav54 ,x is ! e>? full ( ! k ( ,god1 z ! wat]s cov] ! sea4 ,x is all mank9d labor+ toge!r = ?is g5]al good4 ,?is solit>y preoccupation ) "o's own salvation causes ! religi\s tea*]s ( ,buddhism to live ap>t1 outside ( society1 & take no int]e/ 9 x4 ,!re is 9 ! ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant _w1 beside ! monk1 a secul> prie/hood1 :i* labors to save o!r m5's bodies & s\ls4 ,no su* prie/hood exi/s 9 ,buddhism4 ,moreov]1 n ! idea ( salvation f evil1--:i* keeps be=e u evil z ! object ( contemplation1--b ! idea ( good1 is ! true motive = ! human consci5ce4 ,?is leads u up at once to ,god2 ?is alone c create love4 ,we c only love by see+ some?+ lovely4 ,god mu/ seem1 n t]rible1 b lovely1 9 ord] to be lov$4 ,man mu/ seem1 n mean & poor1 b noble & beautiful1 be=e we c love him4 ,?is idea ( ! good does n appe> 9 ,buddhism1 says ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire4 ,n a sp>k ( ?is div9e flame--t :i* to see & %[ has giv5 immortal glory to ,plato & to ,socrates--has desc5d$ on ,sakya-muni4 ,! notion ( rew>ds1 sub/itut$ = t ( ! inf9ite beauty1 has p]v]t$ ev]y?+ 9 8 sy/em4 ,duty itself becomes corrupt$1 z soon z ! idea ( ! good disappe>s4 ,x becomes !n a bl9d submission to m]e law4 ,x is an outw>d con/ra9t1 n an inw>d inspiration4 ,scepticism foll[s4 ,! _w is empty1 ! he>t is dead surely1 is its language4 ,nihilism arrives soon] or lat]4 ,god is no?+2 man is no?+2 life is no?+2 dea? is no?+2 et]nity is no?+4 ,h5ce ! pr(\nd sadness ( ,buddhism4 ,to its eye all exi/5ce is evil1 & ! only hope is to escape f "t into et]nity1--or into no?+1--z y may *oose to int]pret ,nirvana4 ,:ile ,buddhism makes ,god1 or ! good1 & heav51 to be equival5t to no?+1 x int5sifies & exagg]ates evil4 ,?\gh heav5 is a blank1 hell is a v solid reality4 ,x is pres5t & future too4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! ?\s& hells ( ,buddhism is pa9t$ z vividly z 9 ! hell ( ,dante4 ,god has disappe>$ f ! univ]se1 & 9 8 place is only ! inexorable law1 :i* gr9ds on =ev]4 ,x puni%es & rew>ds1 b has no love 9 x4 ,x is only dead1 cold1 h>d1 cruel1 unrel5t+ law4 ,yet ,buddhi/s are n a!i/s1 any m ?an a *ild :o has nev] he>d ( ,god is an a!i/4 ,a *ild is nei!r dei/ nor a!i/3 he has no !ology4 ,! only emancipation f self-love is 9 ! p]ception ( an inf9ite love4 ,buddhism1 ignor+ ?is inf9ite love1 incapable ( communion ) ,god1 aim+ at morality )\t religion1 at humanity )\t piety1 becomes at la/ a prey to ! sadness ( a selfi% isolation4 ,we d n say t ?is is always ! case1 = 9 all sy/ems ! he>t (t5 r$eems ! errors ( ! head4 ,b ?is is ! logical drift ( ! sy/em & its usual outcome4 #i4 ,relation ( ,buddhism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 clos+ ?is *apt]1 let u ask :at relation ?is great sy/em su/a9s to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! fundam5tal doctr9e & c5tral idea ( ,buddhism is p]sonal salvation1 or ! salvation ( ! s\l by p]sonal acts ( fai? & ob$i5ce4 ,?is we ma9ta91 not)/&+ ! op9ion t "s s*ools ( ,buddhi/s tea* t ! s\l itself is n a con/ant elem5t or a special sub/ance1 b ! m]e result ( pa/ m]it or dem]it4 ,= if !re be no s\l1 !re c be no transmigration4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t ! doctr9e ( transmigration is ! v basis ( ,buddhism1 ! corn]-/one ( ! sy/em4 ,?us ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire says3 ,! *ief & mo/ immovable fact ( ,buddhi/ metaphysics is ! doctr9e ( transmigration4 ,)\t a s\l to migrate1 !re c be no migration4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole e?ics ( ! sy/em w\ld fall ) its metaphysics1 on ?is !ory2 = :y urge m5 to "r conduct1 9 ord] to atta9 happ9ess1 or ,nirvana1 h]eaft]1 if !y are n to exi/ h]eaft]4 ,no1 ! s\l's immortality is a radical doctr9e 9 ,buddhism1 & ?is doctr9e is "o ( its po9ts ( contact ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,ano!r po9t ( contact is its doctr9e ( rew>d & puni%m5t1--a doctr9e incompatible ) ! supposition t ! s\l does n pass on f _w to _w4 ,b ?is is ! ess5ce ( all its e?ics1 ! immutable1 inevitable1 unalt]able consequ5ces ( good & evil4 ,9 ?is also x agrees ) ,*ri/ianity1 :i* tea*es t :atsoev] a man s[e? t %all he also reap2 t he :o turns 8 p\nd into five w he set ov] five cities1 he :o turns x into t51 ov] t5 cities4 ,a ?ird po9t ( contact ) ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev] s+ul> x may at fir/ appe> to say s1 is ! doctr9e ( ,nirvana4 ,nirvana1 to ! ,buddhi/1 means ! absolute1 et]nal _w1 beyond "t & space2 t :i* is no?+ to u n[1 b w be ev]y?+ h]eaft]4 ,incapable ( cogniz+ bo? "t & et]nity1 x makes !m absolute negations ( ea* o!r4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,plato1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,em]son & o!r ,platoni/s 01 t he 0 able to grasp & hold intellectually bo? conceptions1--( ,god & man1 ! inf9ite & f9ite1 ! et]nal & ! temporal4 ,! m]it ( ,*ri/ianity is1 9 l mann]1 t x is able to take up & keep1 n prim>ily z dogma1 b z life1 bo? ^! antagoni/ic ideas4 ,*ri/ianity recognizes ,god z ! inf9ite & et]nal1 b recognizes also ! _w ( "t & space z real4 ,man exi/s z well z ,god3 we love ,god1 we mu/ love man too4 ,brahmanism loves ,god1 b n man2 x has piety1 b n humanity4 ,buddhism loves man1 b n ,god2 x has humanity1 b n piety2 or if x has piety1 x is by a beautiful want ( logic1 its he>t be+ wis] ?an its head4 ,t :i* seems an impossibility 9 ^! ,ea/]n sy/ems is a fact ( daily life to ! ,*ri/ian *ild1 to ! ignorant & simple ,*ri/ian man or woman1 :o1 amid daily duty & trial1 f9d joy 9 bo? heav5ly & e>?ly love4 ,!re is a reason = ?is 9 ! inmo/ nature ( ,*ri/ianity z comp>$ ) ,buddhism4 ,:y is x t ,buddhism is a religion )\t ,god8 ,sakya-muni did n ignore ,god4 ,! object ( 8 life 0 to atta9 ,nirvana1 t is1 to atta9 a union ) ,god1 ! ,inf9ite ,be+4 ,he became ,buddha by ?is div9e exp]i5ce4 ,:y1 !n1 is n ?is religi\s exp]i5ce a con/itu5t elem5t 9 ,buddhism1 z x is 9 ,*ri/ianity8 ,because 9 ,buddhism man /ruggles upw>d to f9d ,god1 :ile 9 ,*ri/ianity ,god comes d[n to f9d man4 ,to speak 9 ! language ( te*nical !ology1 ,buddhism is a doctr9e ( works1 & ,*ri/ianity ( grace4 ,t :i* ,god gives all m5 may receive1 & be unit$ by ?is community ( grace 9 "o fell[%ip4 ,b ! results atta9$ by ef=t alone1 divide m52 because "s d m & receive m ?an o!rs4 ,! sa9t atta9$ ,buddha1 b t 0 because ( 8 sup]human ef=ts & sacrifices2 x does n enc\rage o!rs to hope = ! same result4 ,we see1 !n1 t "h1 z else:]e1 ! sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity is to be f\nd 9 its quantity1 9 its fulness ( life4 ,x t\*es ,buddhism at all its good po9ts1 9 all its tru?s4 ,x accepts ! ,buddhi/ic doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 ( law1 progress1 self-d5ial1 self-control1 humanity1 *>ity1 equality ( man ) man1 & pity = human sorr[2 b to all ?is x adds--h[ mu* m6 ,x fills up ! dre>y void ( ,buddhism ) a liv+ ,god2 ) a life ( ,god 9 man's s\l1 a heav5 "h z well z h]eaft]4 ,x gives u1 9 addition to ! /ruggle ( ! s\l to f9d ,god1 a ,god com+ d[n to f9d ! s\l4 ,x gives a div9e z real z ! human1 an inf9ite z solid z ! f9ite4 ,& ?is x does1 n by a sy/em ( ?\ght1 b by a f\nta9 & /ream ( life4 ,if all ,*ri/ian works1 ! ,new ,te/am5t includ$1 7 de/roy$1 we %\ld lose a va/ deal no d\bt2 b we %\ld n lose ,*ri/ianity2 = t is n a book1 b a life4 ,out ( t /ream ( life w\ld be aga9 develop$ ! conception ( ,*ri/ianity1 z a ?\ght & a belief4 ,we %\ld be l ! p liv+ on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 ignorant = five ?\s& ye>s ( its s\rces2 n kn[+ :5ce its b5efic5t inundations 7 d]iv$2 n kn[+ by :at miracle its great /ream c\ld fl[ on & on amid ! int5se heats1 :]e no ra9 falls1 & f$ dur+ a c\rse ( twelve hundr$ miles by no s+le afflu5t1 yet n absorb$ 9 ! s&1 nor evaporat$ by ! ev]-burn+ sun4 ,b ?\gh ignorant ( its s\rce1 !y "k x has a s\rce1 & c enjoy all its b5efits & bless+s4 ,s ,*ri/ianity is a full riv] ( life1 conta9+ tru?s app>5tly ! mo/ antagoni/ic1 fill+ ! s\l & he>t ( man & ! social /ate ( nations ) its impulses & its ideas4 ,we %\ld lose mu* 9 los+ our positive k ( its hi/ory2 b if all ! books 7 gone1 ! tablets ( ! human he>t w\ld rema91 & on ^! w\ld be writt5 ! ev]la/+ ,gospel ( ,jesus1 9 liv+ lett]s :i* no ye>s c\ld efface & no *anges conceal4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,zoroa/] & ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 #a4 ,ru9s ( ! ,palace ( ,x]xes at ,p]sepolis4 #b4 ,greek ,acc\nts ( ,zoroa/]4 ,plut>*'s ,description ( 8 ,religion4 #c4 ,anquetil du ,p]ron & 8 ,discov]y ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 #d4 ,epo* ( ,zoroa/]4 ,:at d we "k ( him8 #e4 ,_s ( ,zoroa/] & ( 8 ,religion4 #f4 ,"* ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 #g4 ,lat] ,developm5t ( ! ,sy/em 9 ! ,bundehes*4 #h4 ,relation ( ! ,religion ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a to t ( ! ,v$as4 #i4 ,is ,mono!ism or pure ,dualism ! ,doctr9e taught 9 ! ,z5d ,ave/a8 #aj4 ,relation ( ?is ,sy/em to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,heav54 #a4 ,ru9s ( ! ,palace ( ,x]xes at ,p]sepolis4 ,9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,p]sia is ! lovely valley ( ,s*iraz1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,f>si/an1 :i* is ! anci5t ,p]sis4 ,?r\gh ! long spr+ & summ] ! pla9s are cov]$ ) fl[]s1 ! air is lad5 ) p]fume1 & ! melody ( birds1 w9ds1 & wat]s fills ! e>4 ,! fields are cov]$ ) gra91 :i* rip5s 9 ,may2 ! grapes1 apricots1 & pea*es are f9] ?an ^? ( ,europe4 ,! night+ale 7or bulbul7 s+s m sweetly ?an else:]e1 & ! rose-bu%1 ! national emblem ( ,p]sia1 gr[s to ! size ( a tree1 & is weigh$ d[n by its luxuriant blossoms4 ,! beauty ( ?is region1 & ! lovel9ess ( ! wom5 ( ,s*iraz awak5$ ! g5ius ( ,hafiz & ( ,saadi1 ! two great lyric poets ( ! ,ea/1 bo? ( :om resid$ "h4 ,at "o extremity ( ?is valley1 9 ! holl[ ( a cresc5t =m$ by rocky hills1 ?irty miles nor?we/ ( ,s*iraz1 /&s an imm5se plat=m1 fifty feet high above ! pla91 hewn p>tly out ( ! m\nta9 itself1 & p>tly built up ) gray m>ble blocks f tw5ty to sixty feet long1 s nicely fitt$ toge!r t ! jo9ts c sc>cely be detect$4 ,?is plat=m is ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ feet long by n9e hundr$ broad1 & its faces front ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s4 ,y rise f ! pla9 by flights ( m>ble /eps1 s broad & easy t a procession on horseback c\ld asc5d !m4 ,by ^! y rea* a l&+1 :]e /& z s5t9els two colossal figures sculptur$ f great blocks ( m>ble4 ,! "o horn 9 ! =ehead seems to ,he]5 to indicate ! ,unicorn2 ! mighty limbs1 ^: muscles are c>v$ ) ! precision ( ! ,grecian *isel1 induc$ ,sir ,rob]t ,port] to believe t !y repres5t$ ! sacr$ bulls ( ! ,magian religion2 :ile ! solemn1 half-human repose ( ! features sugge/s "s symbolic & sup]natural mean+4 ,pass+ ^! s5t9els1 :o h kept _! solit>y wat* = c5turies1 y asc5d by o!r flights ( /eps to ! top ( ! t]race4 ,!re /&1 lonely & beautiful1 a few gigantic columns1 ^: l(ty flut$ %afts & elegantly c>v$ capitals belong to an unkn[n ord] ( ar*itecture4 ,fifty or sixty feet high1 twelve or fifte5 feet 9 circumf]5ce1 !y1 ) a multitude ( o!rs1 once support$ ! ro( ( c$>1 n[ fall51 ^: beams /ret*$ f capital to capital1 & :i* protect$ ! assembl$ multitudes f ! hot sun ( ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,along ! noble upp] /airway are c>v$ r[s ( figures1 :i* seem to be asc5d+ by y\r side4 ,!y repres5t w>riors1 c\rti]s1 captives1 m5 ( e nation1 among :om may be easily di/+ui%$ ! negro f ! c5tre ( ,africa4 ,inscriptions ab\nd1 9 t /range arr[-head$ or w$ge-%ap$ "*1--"o ( ! mo/ anci5t & difficult ( all1--:i*1 aft] long baffl+ ! le>n+ ( ,europe1 has at la/ begun yield$ to ! sci5ce & acut5ess ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,"o ( ! inscriptions copi$ f ^! walls 0 read by ,grotef5d z foll[s3-- ,d>ius ! ,k+1 ,k+ ( ,k+s1 son ( ,hy/aspes1 successor ( ! ,rul] ( ! ,_w1 ,djem*id4 ,ano!r3-- ,x]xes ! ,k+1 ,k+ ( ,k+s1 son ( ,d>ius ! ,k+1 successor ( ! ,rul] ( ! ,_w4 ,m rec5tly1 o!r inscriptions h be5 deciph]$1 "o ( :i* is ?us giv5 by ano!r ,g]man ,ori5tali/1 ,b5fey3--#ajg ,ahura-,mazda 7,ormazd7 is a mighty ,god2 :o has creat$ ! e>?1 ! heav51 & m52 :o has giv5 glory to m52 :o has made ,x]xes k+1 ! rul] ( _m4 ,i1 ,x]xes1 ,k+ ( ,k+s1 k+ ( ! e>? ne> & f>1 son ( ,d>ius1 an ,a*m5id4 ,:at ,i h done "h1 & :at ,i h done else:]e1 ,i h done by ! grace ( ,ahura-,mazda4 ,9 ano!r place3-- ,artax]xes ! ,k+ has decl>$ t ?is great "w is done by me4 ,may ,ahura-,mazda & ,mi?ra protect me1 my build+1 & my p#ajh4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ! palace ( ,d>ius & 8 successors1 ,x]xes & ,artax]xes1 fam\s = _! conque/s1--"s ( :i* are record$ on ^! walls1--:o c>ri$ _! victori\s arms into ,india on ! ea/1 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or on ! we/1 b ev5 m fam\s = be+ defeat$ at ,m>a?on & ,!rmopyl4 ,by ! side ( ^! columns sat ! great k+s ( ,p]sia1 giv+ audi5ce to ambassadors f di/ant l&s4 ,"h1 p]haps1 sat ,cyrus himself1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian mon>*y1 & issu$ ord]s to rebuild ,j]usalem4 ,"h ! son ( ,x]xes1 ! ,ahasu]us ( ,scripture1 may h br\ght f ,susa ! fair ,e/h]4 ,= ?is is ! fam\s ,p]sepolis1 & on ^? l(ti] plat=ms1 :]e only ru9\s heaps ( /ones n[ rema91 /ood t o!r palace1 :i* ,alex&] burn$ 9 8 intoxication ?ree hundr$ & ?irty ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,solit>y 9 _! situation1 peculi> 9 _! "*1 says ,he]51 ^! ru9s rise above ! deluge ( ye>s :i* has ov]:elm$ all ! records ( human gr&eur ar\nd !m1 & buri$ all traces ( ,susa & ,babylon4 ,_! v5]able antiquity & maje/ic proportions d n m comm& our rev]5ce1 ?an ! my/]y :i* involves _! con/ruction awak5s ! curiosity ( ! mo/ unobs]vant spectator4 ,pill>s :i* belong to no kn[n ord] ( ar*itecture1 inscriptions 9 an alphabet :i* cont9ues an enigma1 fabul\s animals :i* /& z gu>ds at ! entrance1 ! multiplicity ( allegorical figures :i* decorate ! walls1--all conspire to c>ry u back to ages ( ! mo/ remote antiquity1 ov] :i* ! traditions ( ! ,ea/ %$ a d\btful & wav]+ light4 ,diodorus ,siculus says t at ,p]sepolis1 on ! face ( ! m\nta91 7 ! tombs ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia1 & t ! c(f9s _h to be lift$ up to !m along ! wall ( rock by cords4 ,& ,ctesias tells u t ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes1 _h a tomb prep>$ = himself 9 ! d\ble m\nta9 dur+ 8 lifetime1 & t 8 p>5ts 7 drawn up ) cords to see x1 b fell & 7 kill$4 ,^! v tombs are /ill to be se5 on ! face ( ! m\nta9 beh9d ! ru9s4 ,! figures ( ! k+s are c>v$ ov] !m4 ,"o /&s be=e an alt> on :i* a fire is burn+4 ,a ball repres5t+ ! sun is above ! alt>4 ,ov] ! effigy ( ! k+ hangs 9 ! air a w+$ half-l5g? figure 9 fa9t] l9es1 & resembl+ him4 ,9 o!r places he is se5 cont5d+ ) a w+$ animal l a griff94 ,all ?is po9ts at ! great ,iranic religion1 ! religion ( ,p]sia & its mon>*s = _m c5turies1 ! religion ( :i* ,zoroa/] 0 ! great prophet1 & ! ,ave/a ! sacr$ book4 ,! k+1 z s]vant ( ,ormazd1 is wor%ipp+ ! fire & ! sun1--symbols ( ! god2 he resi/s ! impure griff91 ! creature ( ,ahriman2 & ! half-l5g? figure ov] 8 head is ! sure/ evid5ce ( ! religion ( ,zoroa/]4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,ave/a1 e creat$ be+ has its ar*etype or ,f]eu] 7,f]v]1 ,frava%is71 :i* is its ideal ess5ce1 fir/ creat$ by ! ?\ght ( ,ormazd4 ,ev5 ,ormazd himself has 8 ,frava%is1#aji & ^! angelic ess5ces are ev]y:]e objects ( wor%ip to ! disciple ( ,zoroa/]4 ,we h ?us f\nd 9 ,p]sepolis1 n only ! palace ( ! great k+s ( ,p]sia1 b ! home ( t mo/ anci5t sy/em ( ,dualism1 ! sy/em ( ,zoroa/]4 #b4 ,greek ,acc\nts ( ,zoroa/]4 ,plut>*'s ,description ( 8 ,religion4 ,b :o 0 ,zoroa/]1 & :at d we "k ( him8 ,he is m5tion$ by ,plato1 ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 speak+ ( ! education ( a ,p]sian pr9ce he says t "o tea*] in/ructs him 9 ! magic ( ,zoroa/]1 ! son 7or prie/7 ( ,ormazd 7or ,oromazes71 9 :i* is compreh5d$ all ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,he is also spok5 ( by ,diodorus1 ,plut>*1 ! eld] ,pl9y1 & _m writ]s ( ! fir/ c5turies aft] ,*ri/4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,magians is describ$ by ,h]odotus be=e ,plato4 ,h]odotus gives v m9ute acc\nts ( ! ritual1 prie/s1 sacrifices1 purifications1 & mode ( burial us$ by ! ,p]sian ,magi 9 8 "t1 f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 & 8 acc\nt closely corresponds ) ! practices ( ! ,prss1 or fire-wor%ipp]s1 /ill rema9+ 9 "o or two places 9 ,p]sia & ,india at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,p]sians1 he says1 h no alt>s1 no temples nor images2 !y wor%ip on ! tops ( ! m\nta9s4 ,!y adore ! heav5s1 & sacrifice to ! sun1 moon1 e>?1 fire1 wat]1 & w9ds4#aaj ,!y d n erect alt>s1 nor use libations1 fillets1 or cakes4 ,"o ( ! ,magi s+s an ode conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! gods1 ov] ! sacrifice1 :i* is laid on a b$ ( t5d] grass4 ,!y pay great rev]5ce to all riv]s1 & mu/ d no?+ to defile !m2 9 bury+ !y nev] put ! body 9 ! gr\nd till x has be5 torn by "s bird or dog2 !y cov] ! body ) wax1 & !n put x 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! ,magi ?9k !y d a m]itori\s act :5 !y kill ants1 snakes1 reptiles4#aaa ,plut>*'s acc\nt ( ,zoroa/]#aab & 8 precepts1 is v rem>kable4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,"s believe t !re are two ,gods1--z x 71 two rival workm52 ! "o :]e( !y make to be ! mak] ( good ?+s1 & ! o!r bad4 ,& "s call ! bett] ( ^! ,god1 & ! o!r ,dmon2 z do? ,zoroa/res1 ! ,magee1 :om !y report to be five ?\s& ye>s eld] ?an ! ,trojan times4 ,?is ,zoroa/res !re=e call$ ! "o ( ^! ,oromazes1 & ! o!r ,arimanius2 & affirm$1 moreov]1 t ! "o ( !m did1 ( any?+ s5sible1 ! mo/ resemble light1 & ! o!r d>kness & ignorance2 b t ,mi?ras 0 9 ! middle betwixt !m4 ,= :i* cause1 ! ,p]sians call$ ,mi?ras ! m$iator4 ,& !y tell u t he fir/ taught mank9d to make v[s & (f]+s ( ?anksgiv+ to ! "o1 & to (f] av]t+ & f]al sacrifice to ! o!r4 ,= !y beat a c]ta9 plant call$ homomy#aac 9 a mort>1 & call ^u ,pluto & ! d>k2 & !n mix x ) ! blood ( a sacrific$ wolf1 & convey x to a c]ta9 place :]e ! sun nev] %9es1 & !re ca/ x away4 ,= ( plants !y believe1 t "s p]ta9 to ! good ,god1 & o!rs aga9 to ! evil ,dmon2 & likewise !y ?9k t su* animals z dogs1 f[ls1 & ur*9s belong to ! good2 b wat] animals to ! bad1 = :i* reason !y acc\nt him happy t kills mo/ ( !m4 ,^! m51 moreov]1 tell u a great _m romantic ?+s ab\t ^! gods1 :]e( ^! are "s3 ,!y say t ,oromazes1 spr++ f pure/ light1 & ,arimanius1 on ! o!r h&1 f pit*y d>kness1 ^! two are !re=e at w> ) "o ano!r4 ,& t ,oromazes made six gods#aad1 :]e( ! fir/ 0 ! au?or ( b5evol5ce1 ! second ( tru?1 ! ?ird ( ju/ice1 & ! re/1 "o ( wisdom1 "o ( weal?1 & a ?ird ( t pleasure :i* accrues f good actions2 & t ,arimanius likewise made ! l numb] ( contr>y op]ations to confront !m4 ,aft] ?is1 ,oromazes1 hav+ fir/ trebl$ 8 own magnitude1 m\nt$ up al(t1 s f> above ! sun z ! sun itself above ! e>?1 & s bespangl$ ! heav5s ) />s4 ,b "o /> 7call$ ,sirius or ! ,dog7 he set z a k9d ( s5t9el or sc\t be=e all ! re/4 ,& aft] he _h made f\r-&-tw5ty gods m1 he plac$ !m all 9 an egg-%ell4 ,b ^? t 7 made by ,arimanius 7be+ !mselves also ( ! l numb]7 break+ a hole 9 ?is beaute\s & glaz$ egg-%ell1 bad ?+s came by ?is means to be int]mix$ ) good4 ,b ! fatal "t is n[ approa*+1 9 :i* ,arimanius1 :o by means ( ?is br+s plagues & fam9es ^u ! e>?1 mu/ ( necessity be himself utt]ly ext+ui%$ & de/roy$2 at :i* "t1 ! e>?1 be+ made pla9 & level1 !re w be "o life1 & "o society ( mank9d1 made all happy1 & "o spee*4 ,b ,!opompus sai?1 t1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! ,magees1 ea* ( ^! gods subdues1 & is subdu$ by turns1 = ! space ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s apiece1 & t = ?ree ?\s& ye>s m !y qu>rel & fight & de/roy ea* o!r's works2 b t at la/ ,pluto %all fail1 & mank9d %all be happy1 & nei!r ne$ food1 nor yield a %ad[4#aae ,& t ! god :o projects ^! ?+s do?1 = "s "t1 take 8 repose & re/2 b yet ?is "t is n s mu* to him al?\gh x seems s to man1 ^: sleep is b %ort4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! my?ology ( ! ,magees4 ,we %all see pres5tly h[ ne>ly ?is acc\nt corresponds ) ! religion ( ! ,prsis1 z x 0 develop$ out ( ! primitive doctr9e ( ,zoroa/]4#aaf ,besides :at 0 kn[n ?r\gh ! ,greeks1 & "s acc\nts conta9$ 9 ,arabian & ,p]sian writ]s1 !re 01 until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 no c]ta9 in=mation conc]n+ ,zoroa/] & 8 tea*+s4 ,b ! ent]prise1 en]gy1 & sci5tific devotion ( a "y ,fr5*man *ang$ ! :ole aspect ( ! subject1 & we are n[ enabl$ to speak ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty conc]n+ ?is great tea*] & 8 doctr9es4 #c4 ,anquetil du ,p]ron & 8 ,discov]y ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 ,anquetil du ,p]ron1 born at ,p>is 9 #agca1 devot$ himself e>ly to ! /udy ( ,ori5tal lit]ature4 ,he ma/]$ ! ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 & ,p]sian languages1 & by 8 ardor 9 ^! /udies attract$ ! att5tion ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s4 ,meet+ "o day 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ) a fragm5t ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a1 he 0 seiz$ ) ! desire ( visit+ ,india1 to recov] ! lo/ books ( ,zoroa/]1 & to le>n ! ,z5d language 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 & also ! ,sanskrit1 s z to be able to read ! manuscripts 9 ! ,biblio?que du ,roi1 :i* no "o 9 ,p>is und]/ood4#aag ,8 fri5ds endeavor$ to procure him a situation 9 an exp$ition j ab\t to sail2 b _! ef=ts n succe$+1 ,du ,p]ron enli/$ z a private soldi]1 tell+ no "o ( 8 int5tion till ! day be=e sett+ out1 le/ he %\ld be prev5t$ f go+4 ,he !n s5t = 8 bro!r & took leave ( him ) _m te>s1 resi/+ all ! ef=ts made to dissuade him f 8 purpose4 ,8 baggage consi/$ ( a little l951 a ,hebrew ,bible1 a case ( ma!matical in/rum5ts1 & ! works ( ,montaigne & ,*>ron4 ,a t5 days' m>*1 ) o!r recruits1 ?r\gh wet & cold1 br\ght him to ! port f :5ce ! exp$ition 0 to sail4 ,"h he f\nd t ! gov]nm5t1 /ruck ) 8 extraord9>y zeal = sci5ce1 _h direct$ t he %\ld h 8 dis*>ge & a small sal>y ( five hundr$ livres4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company 7,fr5*7 gave him a passage gratis1 & he set sail = ,india1 ,febru>y #g1 #agee1 be+ !n tw5ty-f\r ye>s old4 ,! fir/ two ye>s 9 ,india 7 almo/ lo/ to him = purposes ( sci5ce1 on acc\nt ( 8 sicknesses1 travels1 & ! /ate ( ! c\ntry di/urb$ by w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,france#aah4 ,he travell$ afoot & on horseback ov] a great "p ( ,h9do/an1 saw ! wor%ip ( ,jugg]naut & ! monum5tal caves ( ,ellora1 &1 9 #agei1 arriv$ at ,surat1 :]e 0 ! ,prs community f :i* he hop$ = help 9 obta9+ ! object ( 8 pursuit4 ,by p]sev]ance & pati5ce he succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ! ,de/\rs1 or prie/s1 ( ^! fire-wor%ipp]s1 to tea* him ! ,z5d language & to furni% him ) manuscripts ( ! ,ave/a4 ,) "o hundr$ & eighty valuable manuscripts he return$ to ,europe1 & publi%$1 9 #agga1 8 great "w1--! ,ave/a translat$ into ,fr5*1 ) notes & diss]tations4 ,he liv$ ?r\gh ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 %ut up ) 8 books1 & imm]s$ 9 8 ,ori5tal /udies1 & di$1 aft] a life ( cont9u$ labor1 9 #ahje4 ,imm5se erudition & indomitable indu/ry 7 jo9$ 9 ,anquetil du ,p]ron to a pure love ( tru? & an excell5t he>t4 ,= _m ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,ave/a its g5u95ess & au!nticity 7 a matt] ( dispute among ! le>n$ m5 ( ,europe2 ,sir ,william ,jones especially d5y+ x to be an anci5t "w1 or ! production ( ,zoroa/]4 ,b almo/ all mod]n writ]s ( em95ce n[ admit bo?4 ,already 9 #ahbf ,he]5 said t ^! books _h /ood ! fi]y ordeal ( criticism4 ,few rema9s ( antiquity1 he rem>ks1 h und]gone su* att5tive exam9ation z ! books ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 ,?is criticism has turn$ out to _! advantage2 ! g5u95ess ( ! pr9cipal compositions1 especially ( ! ,v5didad & ,izes*ne 7,yana71 has be5 demon/rat$2 & we may consid] z completely asc]ta9$ all t reg>ds ! rank ( ea* book ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 ,rhode 7"o ( ! fir/ ( s*ol>s ( 8 day 9 ?is dep>tm5t7 says3 ,!re is n ! lea/ d\bt t ^! are ! books ascrib$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t times to ,zoroa/]4 ,( ! ,v5didad he says3 ,x has bo? ! inw>d & outw>d m>ks ( ! highe/ antiquity1 s t we fe> n to say t only prejudice or ignorance c\ld d\bt x#aai4 #d4 ,epo* ( ,zoroa/]4 ,:at d we "k ( him8 ,z to ! age ( ^! books1 h[ev]1 & ! p]iod at :i* ,zoroa/] liv$1 !re is ! greate/ diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,he is m5tion$ by ,plato 7,alcibiades1 ,i4 #cg71 :o speaks ( ! magic 7or religi\s doctr9es7 ( ,zoroa/] ! ,ormazdian 7mag$an ,zoroa/ran ton ,oromazon#abj74 ,z ,plato speaks ( 8 religion z some?+ e/abli%$ 9 ! =m ( ,magism1 or ! sy/em ( ! ,m$es1 9 ,we/ ,iran1 :ile ! ,ave/a appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 ,bactria1 or ,ea/ ,iran#aba1 ?is already c>ries ! age ( ,zoroa/] back to at lea/ ! six? or sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,:5 ! ,ave/a 0 writt51 ,bactria 0 an indep5d5t mon>*y4 ,zoroa/] is repres5t$ z tea*+ "u ,k+ ,vi/apa4 ,b ! ,assyrians conqu]$ ,bactria ,b4,c4 #abjj1 :i* 0 ! la/ ( ! ,iranic k+doms1 !y hav+ previ\sly vanqui%$ ! ,m$es1 ,hyrcanians1 ,p>?ians1 ,p]sians1 etc4 ,z ,zoroa/] mu/ h liv$ be=e ?is conque/1 8 p]iod is tak5 back to a /ill m remote "t1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #acjj or ,b4,c4 #abejabb ,x is difficult to be m precise ?an ?is4 ,buns5 inde$#abc sugge/s t ! date ( ,zoroa/]1 z fix$ by ,ari/otle1 _c be said to be s v irrational4 ,he & ,eudoxus1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 place him six ?\s& ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,plato2 ,h]mippus1 five ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,trojan w>1 or ab\t ,b4,c4 #fcjj or ,b4,c4 #fcej4 ,b ,buns5 adds3 ,at ! pres5t /age ( ! inquiry ! "q :e!r ?is date is set too high _c be answ]$ ei!r 9 ! negative or affirmative4 ,spiegel1 9 "o ( 8 late/ works1#abd consid]s ,zoroa/] z a neighbor & contempor>y ( ,abraham1 !re=e z liv+ ,b4,c4 #bjjj in/ead ( ,b4,c4 #fcej4 ,pr(essor ,:itney ( ,new ,hav5 places ! epo* ( ,zoroa/] at lea/ ,b4,c4 #ajjj1 & adds t all attempts to recon/ruct ,p]sian *ronology or hi/ory prior to ! reign ( ! fir/ ,sassanid h be5 rel9qui%$ z futile4#abe ,dll+]#abf ?9ks he may h be5 some:at lat] ?an ,moses1 p]haps ab\t ,b4,c4 #acjj1 b says1 x is impossible to fix precisely :5 he liv$4 ,rawl9son#abg m]ely rem>ks t ,b]osus places him ant]ior to ,b4,c4 #bbcd4 ,haug is incl9$ to date ! ,g?s1 ! olde/ songs ( ! ,ave/a1 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,moses4#abh ,rapp1#abi aft] a ?or\gh comp>ison ( anci5t writ]s1 concludes t ,zoroa/] liv$ ,b4,c4 #abjj or #acjj4 ,9 ?is he agrees ) ,dunck]1 :o1 z we h se51 decid$ ^u ! same date4 ,x is n f> f ! p]iod giv5 by ! olde/ ,greek writ] :o speaks ( ,zoroa/]1--,xan?us ( ,s>dis1 a contempor>y ( ,d>ius4 ,x is ! p]iod giv5 by ,cephalion1 a writ] ( ! second c5tury1 :o takes x f ?ree indep5d5t s\rces4 ,we h no s\rces n[ op5 to u :i* enable u to come ne>] ?an ?is to ! "t 9 :i* he liv$4 ,nor is any?+ kn[n ) c]ta9ty ( ! place :]e he liv$ or ! ev5ts ( 8 life4 ,mo/ mod]n writ]s suppose t he resid$ 9 ,bactria4 ,haug ma9ta9s t ! language ( ! ,z5d books is ,bactrian#acj4 ,a highly my?ological & fabul\s life ( ,zoroa/]1 translat$ by ,anquetil du ,p]ron1 call$ ! ,z>tu%t-,namah#aca1 describes him z go+ to ,iran 9 8 ?irtie? ye>1 sp5d+ tw5ty ye>s 9 ! des]t1 work+ miracles dur+ t5 ye>s1 & giv+ lessons ( philosophy 9 ,babylon1 ) ,py?agoras z 8 pupil4 ,all ?is is bas$ on ! !ory 7n[ prov$ to be false7 ( 8 liv+ 9 ! "t ( ,d>ius4 ,! language ( ! ,ave/a1 says ,max ,mll]1 is s mu* m primitive ?an ! inscriptions ( ,d>ius1 t _m c5turies mu/ h pass$ betwe5 ! two p]iods repres5t$ by ^! two /rata ( language#acb4 ,^! inscriptions are 9 ! ,a*m5ian dialect1 :i* is ! ,z5d 9 a lat] /age ( l+ui/ic gr[?4 #e4 ,_s ( ,zoroa/] & ( 8 ,religion ,x is n likely t ,zoroa/] ev] saw ,py?agoras or ev5 ,abraham4 ,b ?\gh absolutely no?+ is kn[n ( ! ev5ts ( 8 life1 !re is n ! lea/ d\bt ( 8 exi/5ce nor ( 8 "*4 ,he has left ! impress ( 8 comm&+ g5ius on great regions1 v>i\s races1 & long p]iods ( "t4 ,8 religion1 l t ( ! ,buddha1 is ess5tially a moral religion4 ,ea* ( !m 0 a revolt f ! ,pan!ism ( ,india1 9 ! int]e/ ( morality1 human fre$om1 & ! progress ( ! race4 ,!y diff] 9 ?is1 t ea* takes hold ( "o side ( morality1 & lets g ! opposite4 ,zoroa/] bases 8 law on ! et]nal di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong2 ,sakya-muni1 on ! natural laws & _! consequ5ces1 ei!r good or evil4 ,zoroa/]'s law is1 !re=e1 ! law ( ju/ice2 ,sakya-muni's1 ! law ( m]cy4 ,! "o makes ! supreme good to consi/ 9 tru?1 duty1 "r2 ! o!r1 9 love1 b5evol5ce1 & k9dness4 ,zoroa/] tea*es provid5ce3 ! monk ( ,india tea*es prud5ce4 ,zoroa/] aims at hol9ess1 ! ,buddha at m]it4 ,zoroa/] tea*es & emphasizes creation3 ! ,buddha kn[s no?+ ( creation1 b only nature or law4 ,all ^! oppositions run back to a s+le root4 ,bo? are moral re=m]s2 b ! "o moralizes accord+ to ! me?od ( ,bi%op ,butl]1 ! o!r aft] t ( ,ar*deacon ,paley4 ,zoroa/] cognizes all morality z hav+ its root )91 9 ! et]nal di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong motive1 !re=e 9 ,god2 b ,sakya-muni f9ds x outside ( ! s\l1 9 ! results ( good & evil action1 !re=e 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! me?od ( salvation1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,zoroa/]1 is t ( an et]nal battle = good aga9/ evil2 b accord+ to ! ,buddha1 x is t ( self-culture & virtu\s activity4 ,bo? ( ^! sy/ems1 z be+ ess5tially moral sy/ems 9 ! int]e/ ( humanity1 proce$ f p]sons4 ,= x is a curi\s fact1 t1 :ile ! ess5tially spirituali/ic religions are ignorant ( _! f\nd]s1 all ! moral cre$s ( ! _w proce$ f a moral s\rce1 i4e4 a human w4 ,brahmanism1 ,gno/icism1 ! ,sufism ( ,p]sia1 ! ,my/]ies ( ,egypt & ,greece1 ,neo-,platonism1 ! ,*ri/ian ,my/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages1--^! h1 /rictly speak+1 no f\nd]4 ,e t5d5cy to ! ab/ract1 to ! inf9ite1 ignores p]sonality4#acc ,individual my/ics we "k1 b nev] ! f\nd] ( any su* sy/em4 ,! religions 9 :i* ! moral elem5t is depress$1 z ^? ( ,babylon1 ,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 are also )\t p]sonal f\nd]s4 ,b moral religions are ! religions ( p]sons1 & s we h ! sy/ems ( ,confucius1 ,buddha1 ,zoroa/]1 ,moses1 ,mohamm$4#acd ,! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 0 a prote/ ( ! moral nature aga9/ a religion :i* _h become divorc$ f morality4 ,accord+ly we h ,lu!r z ! f\nd] ( ,prote/antism2 b m$ival ,*ri/ianity grew up ) no p]sonal lead]4 ,! :ole religion ( ! ,ave/a revolves ar\nd ! p]son ( ,zoroa/]1 or ,z>a?u/ra4 ,9 ! olde/ "p ( ! sacr$ books1 ! ,g?s ( ! ,yana1 he is call$ ! pure ,z>a?u/ra1 good 9 ?\ght1 spee*1 & "w4 ,x is said t ,z>a?u/ra alone kn[s ! precepts ( ,ahura-,mazda 7,ormazd71 & t he %all be made skilful 9 spee*4 ,9 "o ( ! ,g?s he expresses ! desire ( br++ k to ! pure1 9 ! p[] ( ,ormazd1 s z to be to !m /rong joy 7,spiegel1 ,g? ,u/vaiti1 ,,xlii4 #h71 or1 z ,haug translates ! same passage 7,die ,g?s des ,z>a?u/ra1 ,,ii4 #h73 ,i w swe> ho/ility to ! li>s1 b be a /rong help to ! tru?ful4 ,he prays = tru?1 decl>es himself ! mo/ fai?ful s]vant 9 ! _w ( ,ormazd ! ,wise ,"o1 & !re=e begs to "k ! be/ ?+ to d4 ,z ! ,jewi% prophets tri$ to escape _! mission1 & call$ x a burd51 & w5t to x 9 ! heat & bitt]ness ( _! _s1 s ,zoroa/] says 7accord+ to ,spiegel73 ,:5 x came to me ?r\gh y\r pray]1 ,i ?\ght t ! spread+ abroad ( y\r law ?r\gh m5 0 some?+ difficult4 ,zoroa/] 0 "o ( ^? :o 0 oppress$ ) ! sight ( evil4 ,b x 0 n outw>d evil :i* mo/ torm5t$ him1 b spiritual evil1--evil hav+ its orig9 9 a deprav$ he>t & a w turn$ away f goodness4 ,8 m$itations l$ him to ! conviction t all ! woe ( ! _w _h its root 9 s91 & t ! orig9 ( s9 0 to be f\nd 9 ! demonic _w4 ,he might h us$ ! language ( ! ,apo/le ,paul & said1 ,we wre/le n ) fle% & blood1--t is1 our /ruggle is n ) man1 b ) pr9ciples ( evil1 rul]s ( d>kness1 spirits ( wick$ness 9 ! sup]natural _w4 ,deeply conv9c$ t a great /ruggle 0 go+ on betwe5 ! p[]s ( light & d>kness1 he call$ on all good m5 to take "p 9 ! w>1 & battle = ! good ,god aga9/ ! d>k & f\l tempt]4 ,great physical calamities add$ to ! int5sity ( ?is conviction4 ,x appe>s t ab\t ! p]iod ( ,zoroa/]1 "s geological convulsions _h *ang$ ! climate ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 & v sudd5ly produc$ sev]e cold :]e be=e !re _h be5 an almo/ tropical temp]ature4 ,! fir/ ,f>g>d ( ! ,v5didad has be5 lately translat$ by bo? ,spiegel & ,haug1 & beg9s by speak+ ( a good c\ntry1 ,aryana-,vajo1 :i* 0 creat$ a region ( delight by ,ahura-,mazda 7,ormazd74 ,!n x adds t ! evil be+1 ,angra-,ma9yus 7,ahriman71 full ( dea?1 creat$ a mighty s]p5t1 & w9t]1 ! "w ( ! ,devas4 ,t5 mon?s ( w9t] are !re1 two mon?s ( summ]4 ,!n foll[s1 9 ! orig9al docum5t1 ?is /atem5t3 ,sev5 mon?s ( summ] are 7787 !re2 five mon?s ( w9t] 7 !re4 ,! latt] are cold z to wat]1 cold z to e>?1 cold z to trees4 ,!re is ! he>t ( w9t]2 !re all ar\nd falls deep sn[4 ,!re is ! wor/ ( evils4 ,?is passage has be5 set aside z an int]polation by bo? ,spiegel & ,haug4 ,b !y give no reason = suppos+ x su*1 except ! difficulty ( reconcil+ x ) ! prec$+ passage4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 disappe>s1 if we suppose x int5d$ to describe a great climatic *ange1 by :i* ! orig9al home ( ! ,aryans1 ,aryana-,vajo1 became sudd5ly v mu* cold] ?an be=e4 ,su* a *ange1 if x took place1 0 probably ! cause ( ! emigration :i* transf]r$ ?is p f ,aryana-,vajo 7,old ,iran7 to ,new ,iran1 or ,p]sia4 ,su* a hi/ory ( emigration ,buns5 & ,haug suppose to be conta9$ 9 ?is fir/ ,f>g>d 7or *apt]7 ( ! ,v5didad4 ,if s1 x takes u back fur!r ?an ! olde/ "p ( ! ,v$a1 & gives ! progress ( ! ,aryan /ream to ! s\? f its orig9al s\rce on ! great pla9s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 till x divid$ into two bran*es1 "o fl[+ into ,p]sia1 ! o!r into ,india4 ,! fir/ v]se ( ?is v5]able docum5t introduces ,ormazd z say+ t he _h creat$ new regions1 desirable z homes2 = _h he n done s1 all human be+s w\ld h cr[d$ into ?is ,aryana-,vajo4 ,?us 9 ! v fir/ v]se ( ! ,v5didad appe>s ! affectionate recollection ( ^! emigrant races = _! fa!rl& 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 & ! ,zoroa/]ian fai? 9 a creative & protective ,provid5ce4 ,! awful convulsion :i* turn$ _! summ] climate into ! pres5t ,sib]ian w9t] ( t5 mon?s' duration 0 "p ( a div9e plan4 ,old ,iran w\ld h be5 too attractive1 & all mank9d w\ld h cr[d$ into t ,ed54 ,s ! evil ,ahriman 0 p]mitt$ to glide into x1 a new s]p5t ( de/ruction1 & its sev5 mon?s ( summ] & five ( w9t] 7 *ang$ to t5 ( w9t] & two ( summ]4#ace ,?is ,aryana-,vajo1 ,old ,iran1 ! primeval seat ( ! great ,indo-,european race1 is suppos$ by ,haug & ,buns5 to be situat$ on ! high pla9s nor!a/ ( ,sam>c&1 betwe5 ! ?irty-sev5? & =tie? degrees ( nor? latitude1 & ! eighty-six? & n9etie? ( ea/ longitude4 ,?is region has exactly ! climate describ$1--t5 mon?s ( w9t] & two ( summ]4 ,! same is true ( ,we/]n ,?ibet & mo/ ( ,c5tral ,sib]ia4 ,malte-,brun says3 ,! w9t] is n9e or t5 mon?s long ?r\gh almo/ ! :ole ( ,sib]ia4 ,june & ,july are ! only mon?s :olly free f sn[4 ,on ! p>allel ( #fj1 ! e>? on ! #bh? ( ,june 0 f\nd froz51 at a dep? ( ?ree feet4 ,b is !re reason to ?9k t ! climate 0 ev] diff]5t8 ,geologi/s assure u t great oscillations ( climate h occurr$ 9 times imm$iately antec$5t to ! peopl+ ( ! e>? by man4#acf ,b 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,asia !re is evid5ce ( su* fluctuations ( temp]ature 9 a mu* m rec5t p]iod4 ,9 #ahjc1 on ! banks ( ! ,l5a1 9 latitude #gj1 ! entire body ( a mammo? fell f a mass ( ice 9 :i* x _h be5 entomb$ p]haps = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 b ) ! fle% s p]fectly pres]v$ t x 0 imm$iately dev\r$ by wolves4 ,s9ce !n ^! froz5 elephants h be5 f\nd 9 great numb]s1 9 s p]fect a condition t ! bulb ( an eye ( "o ( !m is 9 ! ,museum at ,mosc[4#acg ,!y h be5 f\nd z f> nor? z #ge4 ,h5ce ,lyell ?9ks x reasonable to believe t a l>ge region 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 includ+ p]haps ! s\!rn half ( ,sib]ia1 enjoy$ at no v remote p]iod 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory a temp]ate climate1 suffici5tly mild to af=d food = num]\s h]ds ( elephants & rh9oc]oses4 ,amid ^! t]rible convulsions ( ! air & gr\nd1 ^! antagonisms ( outw>d good & evil1 ,zoroa/] develop$ 8 belief 9 ! dualism ( all ?+s4 ,to 8 m9d1 z to t ( ! ,hebrew poet1 ,god _h plac$ all ?+s aga9/ ea* o!r1 two & two4 ,no ,pan!i/ic optimism1 l t ( ,india1 c\ld satisfy 8 ?\ght4 ,he c\ld n say1 ,:atev] is1 is "r2 "s ?+s seem$ fatally wrong4 ,! _w 0 a sc5e ( w>1 n ( peace & re/4 ,life to ! good man 0 n sleep1 b battle4 ,if !re 0 a good ,god ov] all1 z he dev\tly believ$1 !re 0 also a _s ( evil1 ( awful p[]1 to :om we 7 n to yield1 b ) :om we %\ld d battle4 ,9 ! f> di/ance he saw ! triumph ( good2 b t triumph c\ld only come by fight+ ! good fight n[4 ,b 8 weapons 7 n c>nal4 ,pure ?\ghts go+ out into true words & result+ 9 "r actions2 ?is 0 ! :ole duty ( man4 #f4 ,"* ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 ,a few passages1 tak5 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a1 w be/ illu/rate ^! t5d5cies1 & %[ h[ unlike x is1 9 its :ole _s1 to its si/]1 ! ,v$ic liturgy4 ,tw9 *ildr5 ( ! old ,aryan /ock1 !y mu/ h /ruggl$ toge!r l ,esau & ,jacob1 be=e !y 7 born4 ,9 su* cases we see h[ sup]ficial is ! philosophy :i*1 beg9n+ ) syn!sis in/ead ( analysis1 decl>es ! unity ( all religions be=e x has se5 _! diff]5ces4 ,!re is inde$1 :at ,cudwor? has call$ ! symphony ( all religions1 b x _c be demon/rat$ by ! easy process ( ga!r+ a few simil> texts f ,confucius1 ! ,v$as1 & ! ,gospels1 & !n ann\nc+ t !y all tea* ! same ?+4 ,we mu/ fir/ f9d ! specific idea ( ea*1 & we may !n be able to %[ h[ ea* ( ^! may take its place 9 ! h>moni\s work+ ( univ]sal religion4 ,if1 9 tak+ up ! ,z5d ,ave/a1 we expect to f9d a sy/em ( !ology or philosophy1 we %all be disappo9t$4 ,x is a liturgy1--a collection ( hymns1 pray]s1 invocations1 ?anksgiv+s4 ,x conta9s pray]s to a multitude ( deities1 among :om ,ormazd is always c\nt$ supreme1 & ! re/ only 8 s]vants4 ,i wor%ip & adore1 says ,z>a?u/ra 7,zoroa/]71 ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 ,ahura-,mazda 7,ormazd71 full ( light6 ,i wor%ip ! ,am%a-p5tas 7,am%asp&s1 ! sev5 ar*angels1 or protect+ spirits76 ,i wor%ip ! body ( ! primal ,bull1 ! s\l ( ! ,bull6 ,i invoke !e1 ,o ,fire1 ?\ son ( ,ormazd1 mo/ rapid ( ! ,immortals6 ,i invoke ,mi?ra1 ! l(ty1 ! immortal1 ! pure1 ! sun1 ! rul]1 ! quick ,horse1 ! eye ( ,ormazd6 ,i invoke ! holy ,srao%a1 gift$ ) hol9ess1 & ,racnu 7_s ( ju/ice71 & ,ar/at 7_s ( tru?76 ,i invoke ! ,frava%i ( good m51 ! ,frava%i ( ,ormazd1 ! ,frava%i ( my own s\l6 ,i praise ! good m5 & wom5 ( ! :ole _w ( purity6 ,i praise ! ,hama1 heal?-br++1 gold51 ) moi/ /alks4 ,i praise ,srao%a1 :om f\r horses c>ry1 spotless1 bright-%9+1 swift] ?an ! /orms1 :o1 )\t sleep+1 protects ! _w 9 ! d>kness4 ,! foll[+ passages are f ! olde/ "p ( ! ,ave/a1 ! ,g?s3-- ,good is ! ?\ght1 good ! spee*1 good ! "w ( ! pure ,z>a?u/ra4 ,i desire by my pray] ) uplift$ h&s ?is joy1--! pure works ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,mazda14444 a disposition to p]=m good actions14444 & pure gifts = bo? worlds1 ! bodily & spiritual4 ,i h intru/$ my s\l to ,heav544444& ,i w tea* :at is pure s long z ,i c4 ,i keep =ev] purity & good-m9d$ness4 ,tea* ?\ me1 ,ahura-,mazda1 out ( ?yself2 f heav51 by ?y m\?1 :]eby ! _w fir/ arose4 ,!e h ,i ?\ght1 ,o ,mazda1 z ! fir/1 to praise ) ! s\l14444 active ,creator14444 ,"l ( ! worlds14444 ,"l ( good ?+s14444 ! fir/ fa%ion]14444 :o made ! pure creation14444 :o upholds ! be/ s\l ) 8 und]/&+4 ,i praise ,ahura-,mazda1 :o has creat$ ! cattle1 creat$ ! wat] & good trees1 ! spl5dor ( light1 ! e>? & all good4 ,we praise ! ,frava%is ( ! pure m5 & wom51--:atev] is faire/1 pure/1 immortal4 ,we honor ! good _s1 ! good k+dom1 ! good law1--all t is good4 ,"h we praise ! s\l & body ( ! ,bull1 !n our own s\ls1 ! s\ls ( ! cattle :i* desire to ma9ta9 u 9 life14444 ! good m5 & wom514444 ! abode ( ! wat]14444 ! meet+ & p>t+ ( ! ways14444 ! m\nta9s :i* make ! wat]s fl[14444 ! /rong w9d creat$ by ,ahura-,mazda14444 ! ,hama1 giv] ( increase1 f> f dea?4 ,n[ give e> to me1 & he>6 ! ,wise ,ones h creat$ all4 ,evil doctr9e %all n aga9 de/roy ! _w4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! two heav5ly ,ones spoke--! ,good to ! ,evil--?us2 ',our s\ls1 doctr9es1 words1 works1 d n unite toge!r4' ,h[ %all ,i satisfy !e1 ,o ,mazda1 ,i1 :o h little weal?1 few m58 ,h[ may ,i exalt !e accord+ to my wi%64444 ,i w be cont5t$ ) y\r desires2 ?is is ! decision ( my und]/&+ & ( my s\l4 ,! foll[+ is f ! ,khordah ,ave/a3-- ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! giv]1 =giv]1 ri* 9 love1 praise be to ! "n ( ,ormazd1 ! ,god ) ! "n1 ',:o always 01 always is1 & always w be'2 ! heav5ly among/ ! heav5ly1 ) ! "n ',f :om alone is d]iv$ rule4' ,ormazd is ! greate/ rul]1 mighty1 wise1 creator1 support]1 refuge1 def5d]1 complet] ( good works1 ov]se]1 pure1 good1 & j4 ,) all /r5g? 7br+ ,i7 ?anks2 to ! great among be+s1 :o creat$ & de/roy$1 & ?r\gh 8 own det]m9ation ( "t1 /r5g?1 wisdom1 is high] ?an ! six ,am%asp&s1 ! circumf]5ce ( heav51 ! %9+ sun1 ! brilliant moon1 ! w9d1 ! wat]1 ! fire1 ! e>?1 ! trees1 ! cattle1 ! metals1 mank9d4 ,(f]+ & praise to t ,"l1 ! complet] ( good works1 :o made m5 great] ?an all e>?ly be+s1 & ?r\gh ! gift ( spee* creat$ !m to rule ! creatures1 z w>riors aga9/ ! ,davas4#ach ,praise ! omnisci5ce ( ,god1 :o ha? s5t ?r\gh ! holy ,z>a?u/ra peace = ! creatures1 ! wisdom ( ! law1--! enlight5+ d]iv$ f ! heav5ly und]/&+1 & he>d ) ! e>s1--wisdom & guidance = all be+s :o are1 71 & w be1 7&7 ! wisdom ( wisdoms2 :i* effects fre$om f hell = ! s\l at ! bridge1 & leads x ov] to t ,p>adise1 ! brilliant1 sweet-smell+ ( ! pure4 ,all good d ,i accept at ?y comm&1 ,o ,god1 & ?9k1 speak1 & d x4 ,i believe 9 ! pure law2 by e good "w seek ,i =giv5ess = all s9s4 ,i keep pure = myself ! s]viceable "w & ab/95ce f ! unpr(itable4 ,i keep pure ! six p[]s1--?\ght1 spee*1 "w1 memory1 m9d1 & und]/&+4 ,accord+ to ?y w am ,i able to accompli%1 ,o accompli%] ( good1 ?y honor1 ) good ?\ghts1 good words1 good works4 ,i ent] on ! %9+ way to ,p>adise2 may ! fe>ful t]ror ( hell n ov]come me6 ,may ,i /ep ov] ! bridge ,*9evat1 may ,i atta9 ,p>adise1 ) mu* p]fume1 & all enjoym5ts1 & all brightness4 ,praise to ! ,ov]se]1 ! ,"l1 :o rew>ds ^? :o accompli% good de$s accord+ to 8 own wi%1 purifies at la/ ! ob$i5t1 & at la/ purifies ev5 ! wick$ "o ( hell4 ,all praise be to ! creator1 ,ormazd1 ! all-wise1 mighty1 ri* 9 might2 to ! sev5 ,am%asp&s2 to ,iz$ ,bahrm1 ! victori\s annihilator ( foes4 ,,hymn ,,to ,a ,,/>4 ,! /> ,ti/rya praise we1 ! %9+1 maje/ic1 ) pleasant good dwell+1 light1 %9+1 conspicu\s1 go+ ar\nd1 heal?ful1 be/[+ joy1 great1 go+ r\nd ab\t f af>1 ) %9+ beams1 ! pure1 & ! wat] :i* makes broad seas1 good1 f>-fam$1 ! "n ( ! bull creat$ by ,mazda1 ! /rong k+ly maje/y1 & ! ,frava%i ( ! holy pure1 ,z>a?u/ra4 ,= 8 brightness1 = 8 maje/y1 w ,i praise him1 ! /> ,ti/rya1 ) audible praise4 ,we praise ! /> ,ti/rya1 ! brilliant1 maje/ic1 ) (f]+s1 ) ,hama b\nd ) fle%1 ) ,ma?ra :i* gives wisdom to ! tongue1 ) ^w & de$1 ) (f]+s ) "r-spok5 spee*4 ,! /> ,ti/rya1 ! brilliant1 maje/ic1 we praise1 :o glides s s(tly to ! sea l an arr[1 :o foll[s ! heav5ly w1 :o is a t]rible pliant arr[1 a v pliant arr[1 wor?y ( honor among ^? wor?y ( honor1 :o comes f ! damp m\nta9 to ! %9+ m\nta94 ,,hymn ,,to ,,mi?ra4 ,mi?ra1 ^: long arms grasp =w>ds "h ) ,mi?ra-/r5g?2 t :i* is 9 ,ea/]n ,india he seizes1 & t :i* is 9 ! ,we/]n he smites1 & :at is on ! /eppes ( ,raha1 & :at is at ! ends ( ?is e>?4 ,?\1 ,o ,mi?ra1 do/ seize ^!1 rea*+ out ?y arms4 ,! unrighte\s de/roy$ ?r\gh ! j is gloomy 9 s\l4 ,?us ?9ks ! unrighte\s3 ,mi?ra1 ! artless1 does n see all ^! evil de$s1 all ^! lies4 ,b ,i ?9k 9 my s\l3 ,no e>?ly man ) a hundr$-fold /r5g? ?9ks s mu* evil z ,mi?ra ) heav5ly /r5g? ?9ks good4 ,no e>?ly man ) a hundr$-fold /r5g? speaks s mu* evil z ,mi?ra ) heav5ly /r5g? speaks good4 ,no e>?ly man ) a hundr$-fold /r5g? does s mu* evil z ,mi?ra ) heav5ly /r5g? does good4 ,) no e>?ly man is ! hundr$-fold great] heav5ly und]/&+ alli$ z ! heav5ly und]/&+ allies itself to ! heav5ly ,mi?ra1 ! heav5ly4 ,no e>?ly man ) a hundr$-fold /r5g? he>s ) ! e>s z ! heav5ly ,mi?ra1 :o possesses a hundr$ /r5g?s1 sees e li>4 ,mightily goes =w>d ,mi?ra1 p[]ful 9 rule m>*es he onw>ds2 fair visual p[]1 %9+ f af>1 gives he to ! eyes4 ,a ,,confession1 ,,or ,,patet4#aci ,i rep5t ( all s9s4 ,all wick$ ?\ghts1 words1 & works :i* ,i h m$itat$ 9 ! _w1 corporeal1 spiritual1 e>?ly1 & heav5ly1 ,i rep5t (1 9 y\r pres5ce1 ye believ]s4 ,o ,"l1 p>don ?r\gh ! ?ree words4 ,i confess myself a ,mazdayanian1 a ,z>a?u/rian1 an oppon5t ( ! ,davas1 devot$ to belief 9 ,ahura1 = praise1 adoration1 satisfaction1 & laud4 ,z x is ! w ( ,god1 let ! ,zata say to me1 ,?us ann\nces ! ,"l1 ! ,pure out ( ,hol9ess1 let ! wise speak4 ,i praise all good ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 ?r\gh ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$4 ,i curse all evil ?\ghts1 words1 & works away f ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$4 ,i lay hold on all good ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 ) ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 i4e4 ,i p]=m good actions1 ,i dismiss all evil ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 f ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 i4e4 ,i commit no s9s4 ,i give to y1 ye :o are ,am%asp&s1 (f]+ & praise1 ) ! he>t1 ) ! body1 ) my own vital p[]s1 body & s\l4 ,! :ole p[]s :i* ,i possess ,i possess 9 dep5d5ce on ! ,yazatas4 ,to possess 9 dep5d5ce ^u ! ,yazatas means 7z mu* z7 ?is3 if any?+ happ5s s t x behoves to give ! body = ! sake ( ! s\l1 ,i give x to !m4 ,i praise ! be/ purity1 ,i hunt away ! ,dvs1 ,i am ?ankful = ! good ( ! ,creator ,ormazd1 ) ! opposition & unrighte\sness :i* come f ,gan-ma9yo1 am ,i cont5t$ & agre$ 9 ! hope ( ! resurrection4 ,! ,z>a?u/rian law creat$ by ,ormazd ,i take z a plummet4 ,= ! sake ( ?is way ,i rep5t ( all s9s4 ,i rep5t ( ! s9s :i* c lay hold ( ! "* ( m51 or :i* h laid hold ( my "*1 small & great :i* are committ$ among/ m51 ! meane/ s9s z mu* z is 7&7 c be1 yet m ?an ?is1 namely1 all evil ?\ghts1 words1 & works :i* 7,i h committ$7 = ! sake ( o!rs1 or o!rs = my sake1 or if ! h>d s9 has seiz$ ! "* ( an evil-do] on my acc\nt1--su* s9s1 ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 corporeal1 m5tal1 e>?ly1 heav5ly1 ,i rep5t ( ) ! ?ree words3 p>don1 ,o ,"l1 ,i rep5t ( ! s9s ) ,patet4 ,! s9s aga9/ fa!r1 "m1 si/]1 bro!r1 wife1 *ild1 aga9/ sp\ses1 aga9/ ! sup]iors1 aga9/ my own relations1 aga9/ ^? liv+ ) me1 aga9/ ^? :o possess equal prop]ty1 aga9/ ! neighbors1 aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ! same t[n1 aga9/ s]vants1 e unrighte\sness ?r\gh :i* ,i h be5 among/ s9n]s1--( ^! s9s rep5t ,i ) ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 corporeal z spiritual1 e>?ly z heav5ly1 ) ! ?ree words3 p>don1 ,o ,"l1 ,i rep5t ( s9s4 ,! defilem5t ) dirt & corpses1 ! br++ ( dirt & corpses to ! wat] & fire1 or ! br++ ( fire & wat] to dirt & corpses2 ! omission ( recit+ ! ,ave/a 9 m9d1 ( /rew+ ab\t hair1 nails1 & too?picks1 ( n wa%+ ! h&s1 all ! re/ :i* belongs to ! category ( dirt & corpses1 if ,i h !reby come among ! s9n]s1 s rep5t ,i ( all ^! s9s ) ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 corporeal z spiritual1 e>?ly z heav5ly1 ) ! ?ree words3 p>don1 ,o ,"l1 ,i rep5t ( s94 ,t :i* 0 ! wi% ( ,ormazd ! ,creator1 & ,i ought to h ?\ght1 & h n ?\ght1 :at ,i ought to h spok5 & h n spok51 :at ,i ought to h done & h n done2 ( ^! s9s rep5t ,i ) ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 etc4 ,t :i* 0 ! wi% ( ,ahriman1 & ,i ought n to h ?\ght & yet h ?\ght1 :at ,i ought n to h spok5 & yet h spok51 :at ,i ought n to h done & yet h done2 ( ^! s9s ,i rep5t1 etc4 ,( all & e k9d ( s9 :i* ,i h committ$ aga9/ ! creatures ( ,ormazd1 z />s1 moon1 sun1 & ! r$ burn+ fire1 ! dog1 ! birds1 ! five k9ds ( animals1 ! o!r good creatures :i* are ! prop]ty ( ,ormazd1 betwe5 e>? & heav51 if ,i h become a s9n] aga9/ any ( ^!1 ,i rep5t1 etc4 ,( pride1 haught9ess1 covet\sness1 sl&]+ ! dead1 ang]1 envy1 ! evil eye1 %amelessness1 look+ at ) evil int5t1 look+ at ) evil concupisc5ce1 /iff-neck$ness1 discont5t ) ! godly arrangem5ts1 self-will$ness1 slo?1 despis+ o!rs1 mix+ 9 /range matt]s1 unbelief1 oppos+ ! ,div9e p[]s1 false witness1 false judgm5t1 idol-wor%ip1 runn+ nak$1 runn+ ) "o %oe1 ! break+ ( ! l[ 7midday7 pray]1 ! omission ( ! 7midday7 pray]1 !ft1 robb]y1 :or$om1 wit*craft1 wor%ipp+ ) sorc]]s1 un*a/ity1 te>+ ! hair1 z well z all o!r k9ds ( s9 :i* are enum]at$ 9 ?is ,patet1 or n enum]at$1 :i* ,i am aw>e (1 or n aw>e (1 :i* are appo9t$ or n appo9t$1 :i* ,i %\ld h bewail$ ) ob$i5ce be=e ! ,"l1 & h n bewail$1--( ^! s9s rep5t ,i ) ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 corporeal z spiritual1 e>?ly z heav5ly4 ,o ,"l1 p>don1 ,i rep5t ) ! ?ree words1 ) ,patet4 ,if ,i h tak5 on myself ! ,patet = any "o & h n p]=m$ x1 & mis=tune has !reby come ^u 8 s\l or 8 desc5dants1 ,i rep5t ( ! s9 = e "o ) ?\ghts1 etc4 ,) all good de$s am ,i 9 agreem5t1 ) all s9s am ,i n 9 agreem5t1 = ! good am ,i ?ankful1 ) iniquity am ,i cont5t$4 ,) ! puni%m5t at ! bridge1 ) ! bonds & torm5t+s & *a/isem5ts ( ! mighty ( ! law1 ) ! puni%m5t ( ! ?ree nights 7aft]7 ! fifty-sev5 ye>s am ,i cont5t$ & satisfi$4 ,! ,ave/a1 !n1 is n a sy/em ( dogmatics1 b a book ( wor%ip4 ,x is to be read 9 private by ! laity1 or to be recit$ by ! prie/s 9 public4 ,nev]!less1 j su* a book may be ! be/ help to ! k ( ! religi\s op9ions ( an age4 ,! deepe/ convictions come to light 9 su* a collection1 n inde$ 9 a sy/ematic /atem5t1 b 9 s9c]e/ utt]ance4 ,x w conta9 ! fai? ( ! he>t r ?an ! speculations ( ! intellect4 ,su* a "w c h>dly be o!r ?an au!ntic2 = m5 d n =ge liturgies1 &1 if !y did1 c\ld h>dly introduce !m into ! wor%ip ( a religi\s community4 ,! ,ave/a consi/s ( ! ,v5didad1 ( :i* tw5ty-two ,f>g>ds1 or *apt]s1 h be5 pres]v$2 ! ,visp]$1 9 tw5ty-sev52 ! ,yana1 9 sev5ty2 & ! ,khordah ,ave/a1 or ,little-,ave/a1 :i* conta9s ! ,ya%ts1 ,patets1 & o!r pray]s = ! use ( ! laity4 ,( ^!1 ,spiegel consid]s ! ,g?s ( ! ,yana to be ! olde/1 next ! ,v5didad1 la/ly1 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,yana1 & ! ,khordah ,ave/a4 #g4 ,lat] ,developm5t ( ! ,sy/em 9 ! ,bundehes*4 ,! ,bundehes* is a book lat] ?an ^!1 & yet1 9 its cont5ts1 runn+ back to a v e>ly p]iod4 ,w9dis*mann1#adj :o has rec5tly giv5 u a new translation ( ?is book1 says3 ,9 reg>d to ! ,bundehes*1 ,i am confid5t t clos] /udy ( ?is rem>kable book1 & a m exact comp>ison ( x ) ! orig9al texts1 w *ange ! unfavorable op9ion hi!rto held conc]n+ x into "o ( great confid5ce4 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t its au?or has giv5 u ma9ly only ! anci5t doctr9e1 tak5 by him f orig9al texts1 mo/ ( :i* are n[ lo/4 ,! m ?or\ghly x is exam9$ ! m tru/wor?y x w be f\nd to be4 ,! foll[+ summ>y ( ! ,prs sy/em is mo/ly d]iv$ f ! ,bundehes*1 & ! lat] writ+s ( ! ,prss4 ,we h abridg$ x f ,rhode4 ,9 ! "t ( ,zoroa/] himself1 x 0 probably f> f be+ s fully elaborat$4 ,only ! g]ms ( x are to be f\nd 9 ! eld] books ( ! ,ave/a4 ,x has be5 d\bt$ if ! doctr9e ( ,z]na-,ak]ana1 or ! ,monad beh9d ! ,duad1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ave/a2 ?\gh important texts 9 ! ,v5didad#ada seem inde$ to imply a ,supreme & ,inf9ite ,be+1 ! creator bo? ( ,ormazd & ,ahriman4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! ,et]nal or ,absolute ,be+ 7,z]na-,ak]ana7 produc$ two o!r great div9e1 be+s4 ,! fir/1 :o rema9$ true to him1 0 ,ahura-,mazda1 ,k+ ( ,light4 ,! o!r 0 ,ahriman 7,angra-,ma9yus71 ,k+ ( ,d>kness4 ,ormazd f\nd himself 9 a _w ( light & ,ahriman 9 b\ndless d>kness1 & ! two became antagoni/s4 ,! ,inf9ite ,be+ 7,z]ana-,ak]ana7 n[ det]m9$1 9 ord] to de/roy ! evil :i* ,ahriman _h caus$1 to create ! visible _w by ,ormazd2 & he fix$ its duration at twelve ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is 0 divid$ into f\r p]iods ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s ea*4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ,ormazd %\ld rule alone2 9 ! second ,ahriman %\ld beg9 to op]ate1 b /ill be subord9ate2 9 ! ?ird !y %\ld bo? rule toge!r2 & 9 ! f\r? ,ahriman %\ld h ! asc5d5cy4 ,ormazd began ! creation by br++ =? ! ,f]eu]s 7,frava%i74 ,ev]y?+ :i* has be5 creat$1 or :i* is to be creat$1 has its ,frava%i1 :i* conta9s ! reason & basis ( its exi/5ce4 ,ev5 ,ormazd has 8 ,frava%i 9 relation to ,z]na-,ak]ana 7! ,inf9ite74 ,a spiritual & invisible _w prec$$1 !re=e1 ?is visible mat]ial _w z its prototype4 ,9 creat+ ! mat]ial _w1 :i* 0 9 reality only an incorporation ( ! spiritual _w ( ,frava%is1 ,ormazd fir/ creat$ ! firm vault ( heav51 & ! e>? on :i* x re/s4 ,on ! e>? he creat$ ! high m\nta9 ,albordj#adb :i* so>$ upw>d ?r\gh all ! sph]es ( ! heav51 till x rea*$ ! primal light1 & ,ormazd made ?is summit 8 abode4 ,f ?is summit ! bridge ,*9evat /ret*es to ! vault ( heav51 & to ,gorodman1 :i* is ! op5+ 9 ! vault above ,albordj4 ,gorodman is ! dwell+ ( ! ,frava%is & ( ! bless$1 & ! bridge lead+ to x is precisely above ! abyss ,duzahk1--! mon/r\s gulf1 ! home ( ,ahriman b5ea? ! e>?4 ,ormazd1 :o knew t aft] ! fir/ p]iod 8 battle ) ,ahriman w\ld beg91 arm$ himself1 & creat$ = 8 aid ! :ole %9+ ho/ ( heav51--sun1 moon1 & />s1--mighty be+s ( light1 :olly submissive to him4 ,fir/ he creat$ ! h]oic runn]1 :o nev] dies1 ! sun1 & made him k+ & rul] ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,f ,albordj he sets out on 8 c\rse1 he circles ! e>? 9 ! highe/ sph]es ( heav51 & at ev5+ returns4 ,!n he creat$ ! moon1 :i* has its own light1 :i*1 dep>t+ f ,albordj1 circles ! e>? 9 a l[] sph]e1 & returns2 !n ! five small] planets1 & ! :ole ho/ ( fix$ />s1 9 ! l[e/ circle ( ! heav5s4 ,! space betwe5 ! e>? & ! firm vault ( heav5 is !re=e divid$ into ?ree sph]es1 t ( ! sun1 ( ! moon1 & ( ! />s4 ,! ho/ ( />s--common soldi]s 9 ! w> ) ,ahriman--0 divid$ into f\r troops1 ) ea* its appo9t$ lead]4 ,twelve companies 7 arrang$ 9 ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac4 ,all ^! 7 gr\p$ into f\r great divisions1 9 ! ea/1 we/1 nor?1 & s\?4 ,! planet ,ti/rya 7,jupit]7 presides ov] & wat*es t 9 ! ea/1 & is nam$ ,pr9ce ( ! ,/>s2 ,sitavisa 7,saturn7 presides ov] ! we/]n division2 ,vanant 7or ,m]cury7 ov] t ( ! s\?2 & ,hapto-ir+a 7,m>s7 ov] ! />s ( ! nor?4 ,9 ! middle ( ! heav5s is ! great /> ,mes*1 ,mes*gah 7,v5us74 ,he leads !m aga9/ ,ahriman4 ,! dog ,sirius 7,sura7 is ano!r wat*man ( ! heav5s2 b he is fix$ to "o place1 at ! bridge ,*9evat1 keep+ gu>d ov] ! abyss out ( :i* ,ahriman comes4 ,:5 ,ormazd _h complet$ ^! prep>ations 9 ! heav5s1 ! fir/ ( ! f\r ages drew to an end1 & ,ahriman saw1 f ! gloomy dep?s ( 8 k+dom1 :at ,ormazd _h done4 ,9 opposition to ?is light creation1 he creat$ a _w ( d>kness1 a t]rible community1 equal 9 numb] & p[] to ! be+s ( light4 ,ormazd1 kn[+ all ! mis]y t ,ahriman w\ld cause1 yet kn[+ t ! victory w\ld rema9 ) himself1 (f]$ to ,ahriman peace2 b ,ahriman *ose w>4 ,b1 bl9d$ by ,ormazd's maje/y1 & t]rifi$ by ! sight ( ! pure ,frava%is ( holy m51 he 0 conqu]$ by ,ormazd's /rong ^w1 & sank back into ! abyss ( d>kness1 :]e he lay fett]$ dur+ ! ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( ! second p]iod4 ,ormazd n[ complet$ 8 creation ^u ! e>?4 ,sap&omad 0 gu>dian _s ( ! e>?1 & ! e>?1 z ,he?ra1 0 "m ( all liv+4 ,khordad 0 *ief ( ! seasons1 ye>s1 mon?s1 & days1 & also protector ( ! wat] :i* fl[$ f ! f\nta9 ,&uisur1 f ,albordj4 ,! planet ,ti/rya 0 commission$ to raise ! wat] 9 vapor1 collect x 9 cl\ds1 & let x fall 9 ra91 ) ! aid ( ! planet ,sitavisa4 ,^! cl\d-compell]s 7 highly rev]5c$4 ,am]dad 0 g5]al deity ( vegetation2 b ! great ,mi?ra 0 ! god ( fructification & reproduction 9 ! :ole organic _w2 8 "w 0 to lead ! ,frava%is to ! bodies !y 7 to occupy4 ,ev]y?+ e>?ly 9 ! light-_w ( ,ormazd _h its protect+ deity4 ,^! gu>dian spirits 7 divid$ into s]ies & gr\ps1 _h _! capta9s & _! associat$ assi/ants4 ,! sev5 ,am%asp&s 79 ,z5d1 ,am%a-p5tas7 7 ! *ief among ^!1 ( :om ,ormazd 0 fir/4 ,! o!r six 7 ,bahman1 ,k+ ( ,heav52 ,ardibehes*t1 ,k+ ( ,fire2 ,s*>iv]1 ,k+ ( ! ,metals2 ,sap&omad1 ,que5 ( ! ,e>?2 ,am]dad1 ,k+ ( ,vegetables2 & ,khordad1 ,k+ ( ,wat]4 ,s end$ ! second age4 ,9 x ,ormazd _h also produc$ ! great primitive ,bull1 9 :i*1 z ! repres5tative ( ! animal _w1 ! se$s ( all liv+ creatures 7 deposit$4 ,:ile ,ormazd 0 ?us complet+ 8 light-creation1 ,ahriman1 9 8 d>k abyss1 0 effect+ a correspond+ creation ( d>kness1--mak+ a correspond+ evil be+ = e good be+ creat$ by ,ormazd4 ,^! spirits ( night /ood 9 _! ranks & ord]s1 ) _! sev5 presid+ evil spirits1 or ,davas1 correspond+ to ! ,am%asp&s4 ,! va/ prep>ations = ?is great w> be+ complet$1 & ! end ( ! second age n[ com+1 ,ahriman 0 urg$ by "o ( 8 ,davas to beg9 ! conflict4 ,he c\nt$ 8 ho/2 b z he f\nd no?+ !re9 to oppose to ! ,frava%is ( good m51 he sank back 9 dejection4 ,f9ally ! second age expir$1 & ,ahriman n[ sprang al(t )\t fe>1 = he knew t 8 "t 0 come4 ,8 ho/ foll[$ him1 b he alone succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! heav5s2 8 troops rema9$ beh9d4 ,a %udd] ran ov] him1 & he sprang f heav5 ^u ! e>? 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t1 p5etrat$ to its c5tre1 & ent]$ into ev]y?+ :i* he f\nd ^u x4 ,he pass$ into ! primal ,bull1 & ev5 into fire1 ! visible symbol ( ,ormazd1 defil+ x ) smoke & vapor4 ,!n he assail$ ! heav5s1 & a "p ( ! />s 7 already 9 8 p[]1 & veil$ 9 smoke & mi/1 :5 he 0 attack$ by ,ormazd1 aid$ by ! ,frava%is ( holy m52 & aft] n9ety days & n9ety nights he 0 completely defeat$1 & driv5 back ) 8 troops into ! abyss ( ,duzahk4 ,b he did n rema9 !re1 = ?r\gh ! middle ( ! e>? he built a way = himself & 8 companions1 & is n[ liv+ on ! e>? toge!r ) ,ormazd1--accord+ to ! decree ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,! de/ruction :i* he produc$ 9 ! _w 0 t]rible4 ,nev]!less1 ! m evil he tri$ to d1 ! m he ignorantly fulfill$ ! c\nsels ( ! ,inf9ite1 & ha/5$ ! developm5t ( good4 ,?us he ent]$ ! ,bull1 ! orig9al animal1 & injur$ him s t he di$4 ,b :5 he di$1 ,kaiom>ts1 ! fir/ man1 came out ( 8 "r %\ld]1 & f 8 left ,go%urun1 ! s\l ( ! ,bull1 :o n[ became ! gu>dian _s ( ! animal race4 ,also ! :ole realm ( clean animals & plants came f ! ,bull's body4 ,full ( rage1 ,ahriman n[ creat$ ! unclean animals1--= e clean bea/ an unclean4 ,?us ,ormazd creat$ ! dog1 ,ahriman ! wolf2 ,ormazd all useful animals1 ,ahriman all noxi\s ones2 & s ( plants4 ,b to ,kaiom>ts1 ! orig9al man1 ,ahriman _h no?+ to oppose1 & s he det]m9$ to kill him4 ,kaiom>ts 0 bo? man & woman1 b ?r\gh 8 dea? !re came f him ! fir/ human pair2 a tree grew f 8 body1 & bore t5 pair ( m5 & wom54 ,mes*ia & ,mes*iane 7 ! fir/4 ,!y 7 orig9ally innoc5t & made = heav51 & wor%ipp$ ,ormazd z _! creator4 ,b ,ahriman tempt$ !m4 ,!y drank milk f a goat & s injur$ !mselves4 ,!n ,ahriman br\ght !m fruit1 !y ate x1 & lo/ a hundr$ p>ts ( _! happ9ess1 s t only "o rema9$4 ,! woman 0 ! fir/ to sacrifice to ! ,davas4 ,aft] fifty ye>s !y _h two *ildr51 ,siamak & ,ves*ak1 & di$ a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,= _! s9s !y rema9 9 hell until ! resurrection4 ,! human race1 :i* _h ?us become mortal & mis]able by ! s9 ( its fir/ p>5ts1 assum$ nev]!less a highly int]e/+ position4 ,! man /&s 9 ! middle betwe5 ! two worlds ( light & d>kness1 left to 8 own free w4 ,z a creature ( ,ormazd he c & ought to honor him1 & assi/ him 9 ! w> ) evil2 b ,ahriman & 8 ,davas surr\nd him night & day1 & seek to mislead him1 9 ord] to increase !reby ! p[] ( d>kness4 ,he w\ld n be able at all to resi/ ^! temptations1 to :i* 8 fir/ p>5ts _h already yield$1 _h n ,ormazd tak5 pity on him1 & s5t him a revelation ( 8 w 9 ! law ( ,zoroa/]4 ,if he obeys ^! precepts he is safe f ! ,davas1 "u ! imm$iate protection ( ,ormazd4 ,! sub/ance ( ! law is ! comm&1 ,,?9k ,,purely1 ,,speak ,,purely1 ,,act ,,purely4 ,all t comes f ,ormazd is pure1 f ,ahriman impure2 & bodily purity has a l wor? ) moral purity4 ,h5ce ! multitude & m9ut5ess ( precepts conc]n+ bodily cleanl9ess4 ,9 fact ! :ole liturgic wor%ip turns greatly on ?is po9t4 ,! ,frava%is ( m5 orig9ally creat$ by ,ormazd are pres]v$ 9 heav51 9 ,ormazd's realm ( light4 ,b !y mu/ come f heav51 to be unit$ ) a human body1 & to g on a pa? ( probation 9 ?is _w1 call$ ! ,way ( ! ,two ,de/9ies4 ,^? :o h *os5 ! good 9 ?is _w are receiv$ aft] dea? by good spirits1 & guid$1 "u ! protection ( ! dog ,sura1 to ! bridge ,*9evat2 ! wick$ are dragg$ ?i!r by ! ,davas4 ,"h ,ormazd holds a tribunal & decides ! fate ( ! s\ls4 ,! good pass ! bridge into ! mansions ( ! bless$1 :]e !y are welcom$ ) rejoic+ by ! ,am%asp&s2 ! bad fall ov] into ! ,gulf ( ,duzahk1 :]e !y are torm5t$ by ! ,davas4 ,! duration ( ! puni%m5t is fix$ by ,ormazd1 & "s are r$eem$ e>li] by means ( ! pray]s & int]cessions ( _! fri5ds1 b _m mu/ rema9 till ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,ahriman himself effects ?is consummation1 aft] hav+ ex]cis$ great p[] ov] m5 dur+ ! la/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,he creat$ sev5 comets 79 opposition to ! sev5 planets71 & !y w5t on _! de/ructive pa?s ?r\gh ! heav5s1 fill+ all ?+s ) dang]1 & all m5 ) t]ror4 ,b ,ormazd plac$ !m "u ! control ( 8 planets to re/ra9 !m4 ,!y w d s1 till by ! decree ( ! ,inf9ite1 at ! close ( ! la/ p]iod1 "o ( ! comets w break f 8 wat*man1 ! moon1 & plunge ^u ! e>?1 produc+ a g5]al conflagration4 ,b be=e ?is ,ormazd w s5d 8 ,prophet ,sosioh & br+ ab\t ! conv]sion ( mank9d1 to be foll[$ by ! g5]al resurrection4 ,ormazd w clo! anew ) fle% ! bones ( m51 & relatives & fri5ds w recognize ea* o!r aga94 ,!n comes ! great division ( ! j f ! s9n]s4 ,:5 ,ahriman %all cause ! comet to fall on ! e>? to gratify 8 de/ructive prop5sities1 he w be really s]v+ ! ,inf9ite ,be+ aga9/ 8 own w4 ,= ! conflagration caus$ by ?is comet w *ange ! :ole e>? into a /ream l melt$ iron1 :i* w p\r impetu\sly d[n into ! realm ( ,ahriman4 ,all be+s mu/ n[ pass ?r\gh ?is /ream3 to ! righte\s x w feel l w>m milk1 & !y w pass ?r\gh to ! dwell+s ( ! j2 b all ! s9n]s %all be borne along by ! /ream into ! abyss ( ,duzahk4 ,"h !y w burn ?ree days & nights1 !n1 be+ purifi$1 !y w invoke ,ormazd1 & be receiv$ into heav54 ,aft]w>d ,ahriman himself & all 9 ! ,duzahk %all be purifi$ by ?is fire1 all evil be consum$1 & all d>kness bani%$4 ,f ! ext9ct fire !re w come a m beautiful e>?1 pure & p]fect1 & de/9$ to be et]nal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ giv5 ?is acc\nt ( ! ,prs sy/em1 9 its lat] developm5t1 let u say t x 0 n an inv5tion ( ,zoroa/]1 nor ( any "o else4 ,religions are n inv5t$3 !y gr[4 ,ev5 ! religion ( ,mohamm$ grew out ( pre-exi/5t beliefs4 ,! f\nd] ( a religion does n inv5t x1 b gives x =m4 ,x cry/allizes ar\nd 8 own deep] ?\ght4 ,s1 9 ! "t ( ,zoroa/]1 ! popul> imag9ation _h fill$ nature ) p[]s & pres5ces1 & giv5 !m names1 & plac$ !m 9 ! heav5s4 ,=1 z ,s*ill] says3-- ',tis n m]ely ,! human be+'s pride :i* peoples space ,) life & my/ical pr$om9ance2 ,= also = ! /rick5 he>t ( ,love1 ,?is visible nature & ?is l[] _w ,are all too common4 ,zoroa/] organiz$ into cle>] ?\ght ! pre-exi/+ my?s1 & inspir$ !m ) moral ideas & vital p[]4 #h4 ,relation ( ! ,religion ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a to t ( ! ,v$as4 ,t ! ,v$ic religion & t ( ! ,ave/a arose out ( an e>li] ,aryan religion1 mono!i/ic 9 its c5tral elem5t1 b ) a t5d5cy to imm]se ! ,deity 9 nature1 seems evid5t f ! inve/igations ( ,pictet & o!r s*ol>s4 ,?is primitive religion ( ! ,aryan race div]g$ e>ly 9 two directions1 repres5t$ by ! ,v$a & ! ,ave/a4 ,yet ea* reta9s mu* 9 common ) ! o!r4 ,! names ( ! p[]s1 ,indra1 ,sura1 ,naoghai?ya1 are 9 bo? sy/ems4 ,9 ! ,v$a !y are gods1 9 ! ,ave/a evil spirits4 ,indra1 wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ! ,rig-,v$a z "o ( ! highe/ deities1 appe>s 9 ! ,ave/a z an evil be+4#adc ,sura 7ura71 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t names ( ,%iva1 is also d5\nc$ & oppos$ 9 ! ,ave/a#add z a ,dava1 or ,dew4 ,& ! ?ird 7,noghai?ya1 ,nouhaiti71 also an evil _s 9 ! ,ave/a1 is ! ,nsatya ( ! ,v$a1#ade "o ( ! ,av9as or tw9s :o prec$e ! ,dawn4 ,! ,dews or ,davas ( ! ,ave/a are demons1 9 ! ,v$as !y are gods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ahuras1 or gods1 ( ! ,ave/a are ,asuras1 or demons1 9 ! ,v$ic belief4 ,! orig9al l& ( ! race is call$ ,aryave/a 9 ! ,laws ( ,manu 7,,ii4 #bb71 & ,aryana-,vajo 9 ! ,ave/a4 ,! ,god ( ! ,sun is nam$ ,mi?ra1 or ,mitra1 9 bo? religions4 ,! ,yima ( ! ,prs sy/em is a happy k+2 ! ,yama ( ! ,h9doos is a /]n judge 9 ! realms ( dea?4 ,! dog is hateful 9 ! ,indian sy/em1 an object ( rev]5ce 9 t ( ,zoroa/]4 ,bo? ! religions dread defilem5t ?r\gh ! t\* ( dead bodies4 ,9 bo? sy/ems fire is reg>d$ z div9e4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ analogy p]haps is to be f\nd 9 ! wor%ip paid by bo? to ! intoxicat+ f]m5t$ juice ( ! plant ,asclepias acida1 call$ ,soma 9 ! ,sanskrit & ,hama 9 ! ,z5d4 ,! id5tity ( ! ,hama ) ! ,indian ,soma has long be5 prov$4#adf ,! :ole ( ! ,sma-,v$a is devot$ to ?is moon-plant wor%ip2 an important "p ( ! ,ave/a is occupi$ ) hymns to ,hama4 ,?is great rev]5ce paid to ! same plant1 on acc\nt ( its intoxicat+ qualities1 c>ries u back to a region :]e ! v9e 0 unkn[n1 & to a race to :om intoxication 0 s new an exp]i5ce z to seem a gift ( ! gods4 ,wisdom appe>$ to come f x1 heal?1 increas$ p[] ( body & s\l1 long life1 victory 9 battle1 brilliant *ildr54 ,:at ,bac*us 0 to ! ,greeks1 ?is div9e ,hama1 or ,soma1 0 to ! primitive ,aryans4#adg ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! two religions sett+ out f ! same po9t1 & hav+ a common /ock ( primitive traditions1 at la/ said ea* to ! o!r1 ,y\r gods are my demons4 ,! opposition 0 mutual4 ,! dualism ( ! ,p]sian 0 odi\s to ! ,h9doo1 :ile ! abs5ce ( a deep moral elem5t 9 ! ,v$ic sy/em %ock$ ! solemn puritanism ( ,zoroa/]4 ,! religion ( ! ,h9doo 0 to dream1 t ( ! ,p]sian to fight4 ,!re c\ld be no m fell[%ip betwe5 !m ?an !re is betwe5 a ,quak] & a ,calv9i/4 #i4 ,is ,mono!ism or pure ,dualism ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a8 ,we f9d 9 ! ,ave/a1 & 9 ! olde/ portion ( x1 ! t5d5cies :i* result$ aft]w>d 9 ! elaborate !ories ( ! ,bundehes*4 ,we f9d ! ,zerna-,ak]ana1 9 ! ,v5didad 7,,xix4 #cc1dd1ee71--,! ,inf9ite ,"t1 or ,all-embrac+ ,"t1--z ! creator ( ,ahriman1 accord+ to "s translations4 ,spiegel1 inde$1 consid]s ?is supreme be+1 above bo? ,ormazd & ,ahriman1 z n belong+ to ! orig9al ,p]sian religion1 b z borr[$ f ,semitic s\rces4 ,b if s1 !n ,ormazd is ! supreme & uncreat$ be+1 & creator ( all ?+s4 ,:y1 !n1 has ,ormazd a ,frava%i1 or ar*etype8 ,& 9 t case1 he mu/ ei!r himself h creat$ ,ahriman1 or else ,ahriman is z et]nal z he2 :i* latt] supposition pres5ts u ) an absolute1 irreconcilable dualism4 ,! bett] op9ion seems1 !re=e1 to be1 t beh9d ! two oppos+ p[]s ( good & evil1 ! !sis & anti!sis ( moral life1 rema9s ! obscure backgr\nd ( orig9al be+1 ! id5tity ( bo?1 f :i* bo? h proce$$1 & into ^: abyss bo? %all return4 ,?is great consummation is also intimat$ by ! fact t 9 ! same ,f>g>d ( ! ,v5didad 7,,xix4 #ah7 ! future re/or] or savi\r is m5tion$1 ,sosioh 7ao%yan71 :o is expect$ by ! ,prss to come at ! end ( all ?+s1 & accompli% ! resurrection1 & introduce a k+dom ( untr\bl$ happ9ess4#adh ,:e!r ! resurrection belongs to ! primitive =m ( ! religion rema9s z d\btful1 b also z probable1 z :5 ,mr4 ,alg] discuss$ ! :ole "q 9 8 admirable monograph on ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life4 ,our rema9+ fragm5ts ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a say no?+ ( ! p]iods ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s' duration4 ,two or ?ree passages 9 ! ,ave/a ref] to ! resurrection4#adi ,b ! conflict betwe5 ,ormazd & ,ahriman1 ! pres5t /ruggle betwe5 good & evil1 ! ideal _w ( ! ,frava%is & good spirits1--^! unque/ionably belong to ! orig9al belief4 #aj4 ,relation ( ?is ,sy/em to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,( ?is sy/em we w say1 9 conclusion1 t 9 "s respects x comes ne>] to ,*ri/ianity ?an any o!r4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh s long dead1 l ! great nation ( :i* x 0 ! inspiration & life1--?\gh swept away by ,mohamm$anism1--its influ5ce rema9s1 & has p]meat$ bo? ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity has probably receiv$ f x1 ?r\gh ,judaism1 its doctr9e ( angels & devils1 & its t5d5cy to e/abli% evil 9 ! _w z ! p]man5t & equal adv]s>y ( good4 ,su* a picture z t by ,retzs* ( ! ,devil play+ *ess ) ! "y man = 8 s\l1 su* a picture z t by ,guido ( ! conflict betwe5 ,mi*ael & ,satan1 su* poems z ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/ & ,goe!'s ,fau/1 c\ld p]haps nev] h appe>$ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 _h x n be5 = ! influ5ce ( ! sy/em ( ,zoroa/] on ,jewi%1 &1 ?r\gh ,jewi%1 on ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,x 0 aft] ! return f ,babylon t ! ,devil & demons1 9 conflict ) man1 became a "p ( ! company ( spiritual be+s 9 ! ,jewi% my?ology4 ,angels !re 7 be=e1 z mess5g]s ( ,god1 b devils !re 7 n2 = till !n an absolute ,provid5ce rul$ ! _w1 exclud+ all int]f]5ce ( antagoni/ic p[]s4 ,satan1 9 ,job1 is an angel ( ,god1 n a devil2 do+ a l[ k9d ( "w1 inde$1 a sort ( critical bus9ess1 fault-f9d+1 & look+ = flaws 9 ! sa9ts1 b /ill an angel1 & no devil4 ,b aft] ! captivity ! horizon ( ! ,jewi% m9d enl>g$1 & x took 9 ! conception ( ,god z all[+ fre$om to man & angels1 & s p]mitt+ bad z well z good to h its way4 ,& !n came 9 also ! conception ( a future life1 & a resurrection = ultimate judgm5t4 ,^! doctr9es h be5 suppos$1 ) good reason1 to h come to ! ,jews f ! influ5ce ( ! great sy/em ( ,zoroa/]4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! ,jewi% prophets _h already prep>$ a po9t ( contact & atta*m5t = ?is sy/em1 & develop$ aff9ities !re)1 by _! great battle-cry to ! nation = "r aga9/ wrong1 & _! undy+ conviction ( an ultimate re/oration ( all good ?+s4 ,b ! ,jews f\nd also 9 ! ,p]sian fai? ! "o among all religions mo/ l _! own1 9 ?is1 t x _h no idols1 & no wor%ip b t address$ to ! ,unse54 ,sun & fire 7 8 symbols1 b he himself 0 hidd5 beh9d ! glori\s veil ( be+4 ,& x seems z if ! ,jews ne$$ ?is support ( f9d+ ano!r nation also hat+ idolatry1 be=e !y c\ld really rise above _! t5d5cy to backslide into x4 ,9 ! m\? ( two witnesses1 ! spiritual wor%ip ( ,god 0 e/abli%$2 & n till ,zoroa/] took ! h& ( ,moses did ! ,jews cease to be idolat]s4 ,aft] ! return f ! captivity t t5d5cy :olly disappe>s4 ,b a deep] & m ess5tial po9t ( agreem5t is to be f\nd 9 ! special practical "* ( ! two sy/ems1 reg>d+ life z a battle betwe5 "r & wrong1 wag$ by a communion ( good m5 fight+ aga9/ bad m5 & bad pr9ciples4 ,p]haps1 9 read+ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we d n always see h[ mu* ,*ri/ianity turns ar\nd ! phrase1 & ! idea beh9d x1 ( a k+dom ( ,heav54 ,! ,beatitudes beg9 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( ,heav54 ,bo? ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,*ri/ ann\nce t ! k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h&4 ,! p>ables revolve r\nd ! same idea ( ! k+dom4 :i* is lik5$ fir/ to ?is1 & !n to t2 & s1 pass+ on into ! ,epi/les1 we h ! k+dom ( ,heav5 /ill z ! lead+ conception ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! k+dom ( ,god is n meat nor dr9k2--su* are common expressions4 ,! peculi> conception ( ! ,messiah also is ( ! ,k+1 ! ,ano9t$ "o1 ! ,head ( ?is div9e ,mon>*y4 ,:5 we call ,jesus ! ,*ri/1 we repeat ?is anci5t notion ( ! k+dom ( ,god among m54 ,he himself accept$ x2 he call$ himself ! ,*ri/4 ,?\ saye/1 said he1 to ,pilate1 t ,i am a k+4 ,to ?is end 0 ,i born1 & = ?is cause came ,i into ! _w1 t ,i %\ld be> witness unto ! tru?4 ,all ?r\gh antiquity !re ran ! long+ = a communion or association ( ! wise & good1 9 ord] to e/abli% tru? & ju/ice 9 ! _w4 ,! t5d5cy ( error is to divide2 ! t5d5cy ( selfi%ness is to sep>ation4 ,only goodness & tru? are capable ( real communion1 int]p5etration1 & s ( organic life & gr[?4 ,?is is _! /r5g?1 p[]1 & hope4 ,h5ce all ! ef=ts at associat$ action 9 antiquity1 su* z ! ,college ( ,py?agoras1 ! ideal ,republic ( ,plato1 ! ,sp>tan ,commonweal?1 ! communities ( ! ,ess5es1 ! mona/ic in/itutions ( ,asia & ,europe2 & h5ce1 too1 ! mod]n attempts1 9 ,prote/antism1 by ,f\ri]1 ! ,moravians1 ! ,%ak]s1 ,sa9t-,simon1 ,rob]t ,ow51 & o!rs4 ,b among ! ,jews ?is desire appe>$1 fir/ 9 _! national organization1 z a !osophic & !ocratic community1 & aft]w>d1 :5 ?is broke d[n & ! nation 0 divid$1 9 a l>g] prophetic hope ( ! ,messianic times4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ! human m9d1 :5 x sees a great "w to be done1 to look = a lead]4 ,s ! ,jewi% hope look$ = a lead]4 ,_! true ,k+ 0 to come1 & "u him peace & righte\sness 7 to reign1 & ! k+dom ( heav5 beg9 on e>?4 ,x 0 to be on e>?4 ,x 0 to be "h & n[4 ,& s !y wait$ & long$4 ,meantime1 9 ! ,p]sian religion1 ! se$ ( ! same hope 0 s[n4 ,!re also ! "w ( life 01 to unite toge!r a community ( good m5 & good angels1 aga9/ bad m5 & devils1 & s make a k+dom ( heav54 ,long & sore %\ld ! conflict be2 b ! victory at la/ w\ld be sure4 ,& !y also look$ = a ,sosio*1 or ,m$iator1 :o 0 to be :at ! ,messiah 0 to be to ! ,jews4 ,& "h 0 ! deep & real po9t ( union betwe5 ! two religions2 & ?is makes ! pr(\nd mean+ ( ! /ory ( ! ,/> :i* 0 se5 9 ! ,ea/ & :i* guid$ ! ,magi ( ,zoroa/] to ! cradle ( ,*ri/4 ,jesus came to be ! ,messiah4 ,he fulfill$ t great hope z he did o!rs4 ,x 0 n fulfill$1 9 ! s5se ( ! lett] ( a prophecy be+ act$ out1 b 9 ! s5se ( ! prophecy be+ c>ri$ up & on to its highe/ po9t1 & s be+ fill$ full ( tru? & value4 ,! fir/ & *ief purpose ( ,*ri/ianity 01 n to save ! s\ls ( m5 h]eaft]1 z ! ,*ur* has (t5 taught1 b to f\nd a k+dom ( heav5 "h1 on e>? & 9 "t4 ,x 0 n to say1 ,lo "h6 or ,lo !re6 b to say1 ,n[ is ! accept$ "t2 ! k+dom ( ,god is among y4 ,9 ?us cont9u+ & develop+ to its highe/ po9t ! c5tral idea ( 8 national religion1 ,jesus made himself ! true ,*ri/ & fulfill$ all ! prophecies4 ,p]haps :at we ne$ n[ is to come back to t notion ( ! k+dom ( heav5 "h bel[1 & ( ,jesus ! pres5t k+1--pres5t1 because /ill be>+ witness to ! tru?4 ,*ri/ians mu/ give up ?9k+ ab\t ,*ri/ianity z only a means ( escap+ a future hell & arriv+ at a future heav54 ,!y mu/ %[ n[1 m ?an ev]1 t1 by a union ( lov+ & tru?ful he>ts1 ,god comes "h1 immortality beg9s "h1 & heav5 lies ab\t u4 ,to fight ! good fight ( ju/ice & tru?1 z ! disciples ( ,zoroa/] tri$ to fight x1--?is is /ill ! true "w ( man2 & to make a union ( ^? :o wi% ?us to fight = good aga9/ evil1--?is is /ill ! true *ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,! old religion ( ,zoroa/] di$1 ,taut z ! corn ( :eat1 :i*1 if x die1 br+s =? mu* fruit4 ,a small body ( ,prss rema9 to-day 9 ,p]sia1 & ano!r 9 ,india1--disciples ( ?is v5]able fai?4 ,!y are a good1 moral1 indu/ri\s p4 ,"s ( !m are v weal?y & v g5]\s4 ,until ,mr4 ,george ,peabody's l>ge donations1 no "o _h be/[$ s mu* on public objects z ,sir ,jamsetjee ,jeejeeboy1 :o _h giv5 to hospitals1 s*ools1 & *>ities1 "s ye>s s9ce1 a million & a half ( doll>s4 ,dur+ our ,rebellion1 "s ( ! ,prss s5t gifts to ! ,sanit>y ,commission1 out ( sympa?y ) ! cause ( fre$om & ,union4 ,:o c e/imate ! p[] ( a s+le life8 ,( ,zoroa/] we d n "k ! true "n1 nor :5 he liv$1 nor :]e he liv$1 nor exactly :at he taught4 ,b ! curr5t f t f\nta9 has fl[$ on = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 f]tiliz+ ! s\ls ( m5 out ( its hidd5 s\rces1 & help+ on1 by ! decree ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 ! ultimate triumph ( good ov] evil1 "r ov] wrong4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,gods ( ,egypt4 #a4 ,antiquity & ,ext5t ( ,egyptian ,civilization4 #b4 ,religi\s ,"* ( ! ,egyptians4 ,_! ,ritual4 #c4 ,!ology ( ,egypt4 ,s\rces ( our ,k conc]n+ x4 #d4 ,c5tral ,idea ( ,egyptian ,!ology & ,religion4 ,animal ,wor%ip4 #e4 ,s\rces ( ,egyptian ,!ology4 ,age ( ! ,empire & ,aff9ities ( ! ,race4 #f4 ,! ,?ree ,ord]s ( ,gods4 #g4 ,influ5ce ( ,egypt ^u ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,antiquity & ,ext5t ( ,egyptian ,civilization4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians h be5 ! object ( int]e/ to ! civiliz$ _w 9 all ages2 = ,egypt 0 ! favorite home ( civilization1 sci5ce1 & religion4 ,x 0 a little c\ntry1 ! gift ( ! riv] ,nile2 a little /rip ( l& n m ?an sev5 miles wide1 b conta9+ innum]able cities & t[ns1 & 9 anci5t times support+ sev5 millions ( inhabitants4 ,r5[n$ = its discov]ies 9 art & sci5ce1 x 0 ! _w's univ]sity2 :]e ,moses & ,py?agoras1 ,h]odotus & ,plato1 all philosoph]s & lawgiv]s1 w5t to s*ool4 ,! ,egyptians knew ! l5g? ( ! ye> & ! =m ( ! e>?2 !y c\ld calculate eclipses ( ! sun & moon2 7 p>tially acqua9t$ ) geometry1 music1 *emi/ry1 ! arts ( design1 m$ic9e1 anatomy1 ar*itecture1 agriculture1 & m9+4 ,9 ar*itecture1 9 ! qualities ( gr&eur & massive proportions1 !y are yet to be surpass$4 ,! l>ge/ build+s else:]e erect$ by man are small] ?an _! pyramids2 :i* are also ! olde/ human works /ill rema9+1 ! beauty ( ^: masonry1 says ,wilk9son1 has n be5 surpass$ 9 any subsequ5t age4 ,an obelisk ( a s+le /one n[ /&+ 9 ,egypt weighs ?ree hundr$ tons1 & a colossus ( ,ramses ,,ii4 ne>ly n9e hundr$4 ,b ,h]odotus describes a monoli?ic temple1 :i* mu/ h weigh$ five ?\s& tons1 & :i* 0 c>ri$ ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,nile1 to ! ,delta4 ,& !re is a ro( ( a doorway at ,k>nak1 cov]$ ) s&/one blocks =ty feet long4 ,sculpture & bas-reliefs ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s old1 :]e ! granite is cut ) exquisite delicacy1 are /ill to be se5 ?r\gh\t ,egypt4 ,_m inv5tions1 hi!rto suppos$ to be mod]n1 su* z glass1 mosaics1 false gems1 glaz$ tiles1 enamell+1 7 well kn[n to ! ,egyptians4 ,b1 = u1 ! mo/ =tunate circum/ance 9 _! ta/e 0 _! fondness = writ+4 ,no nation has ev] equall$ !m 9 _! love = record+ all human ev5ts & transactions4 ,!y wrote d[n all ! details ( private life ) wond]ful zeal1 me?od1 & regul>ity4 ,e ye>1 mon?1 & day _h its record1 & ?us ,egypt is ! monum5tal l& ( ! e>?4 ,buns5 says t ! g5u9e ,egyptian writ+ is at lea/ z old z ,m5es1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,empire2 p]haps ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,no o!r human records1 :e!r ( ,india or ,*9a1 g back s f>4 ,lepsius saw ! hi]oglyph ( ! re$ & ink/& on ! monum5ts ( ! f\r? dyna/y1 & ! sign ( ! papyrus roll on t ( ! twelf? dyna/y1 :i* 0 ! la/ b "o ( ! old ,empire4 ,no ,egyptian1 says ,h]odotus1 omits tak+ accurate note ( extraord9>y & /rik+ ev5ts4 ,ev]y?+ 0 writt5 d[n4 ,scribes are se5 ev]y:]e on ! monum5ts1 tak+ acc\nts ( ! products ( ! f>ms1 ev5 to e s+le egg & *ick54 ,9 spite ( ! ravages ( "t1 & ?\gh sy/ematic excavation has sc>cely yet comm5c$1 says ,buns51 we possess *ronological records ( a date ant]ior to any p]iod ( :i* manuscripts are pres]v$1 or ! art ( writ+ exi/$ 9 any o!r qu>t]4 ,because !y 7 ?us fond ( record+ ev]y?+1 bo? 9 pictures & 9 ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( writ+2 because !y 7 also fond ( build+ & excavat+ temples & tombs 9 ! imp]i%able granite2 because1 la/ly1 ! dryness ( ! air has pres]v$ = u ^! pa9t+s1 & ! s& :i* has buri$ ! monum5ts has prev5t$ _! de/ruction1--we h wond]fully pres]v$1 ov] an int]val ( =ty-five c5turies1 ! daily habits1 ! op9ions1 & ! religi\s fai? ( t anci5t "t4 ,! olde/ mural pa9t+s disclose a /ate ( ! arts ( civilization s advanc$ z to surprise ev5 ^? :o h made ar*ology a /udy1 & :o consequ5tly "k h[ few new ?+s !re are "u ! sun4 ,x is n a/oni%+ to f9d h\ses ) doors & w9d[s1 ) v]&as1 ) b>ns = gra91 v9ey>ds1 g>d5s1 fruit-trees1 etc4 ,we might also expect1 s9ce man is a fight+ animal1 to see1 z we d1 pictures ( m>*+ troops1 arm$ ) spe>s & %ields1 b[s1 sl+s1 dagg]s1 axes1 maces1 & ! boom]ang2 or to notice coats ( mail1 /&>ds1 w>-*>iots2 or to f9d ! assault ( =ts by means ( scal+-ladd]s4 ,b ^! anci5t tombs also exhibit to u sc5es ( dome/ic life & mann]s :i* w\ld seem to belong to ! n9ete5? c5tury aft] our era1 r ?an to ! fifte5? c5tury be=e x4 ,?us we see monkeys tra9$ to ga!r fruit f ! trees 9 an or*>d2 h\ses furni%$ ) a great v>iety ( *airs1 tables1 ottomans1 c>pets1 c\*es1 z elegant & elaborate z any us$ n[4 ,!re are comic & g5re pictures ( p>ties1 :]e ! g5tlem5 & ladies are sometimes repres5t$ z be+ ! worse = w9e2 ( dances :]e ballet-girls 9 %ort dresses p]=m v mod]n-look+ pir\ettes2 ( ex]cises 9 wre/l+1 games ( ball1 games ( *ance l *ess or *eck]s1 ( ?r[+ knives at a m>k1 ( ! mod]n ?imbl]ig1 wood5 dolls = *ildr51 curi\sly c>v$ wood5 boxes1 dice1 & toy-balls4 ,!re are m5 & wom5 play+ on h>ps1 flutes1 pipes1 cymbals1 trumpets1 drums1 guit>s1 & tamb\r9es4 ,glass 01 till rec5tly1 believ$ to be a mod]n inv5tion1 unkn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,b we f9d x commonly us$ z e>ly z ! age ( ,os]tas5 ,i41 m ?an ?ree ?\s& eight hundr$ ye>s ago2 & we h pictures ( glass-bl[+ & ( glass bottles z f> back z ! f\r? dyna/y4 ,! be/ ,v5etian glass-work]s are unable to rival "s ( ! old ,egyptian "w2 = ! ,egyptians c\ld comb9e all colors 9 "o cup1 introduce gold betwe5 two surfaces ( glass1 & f9i% 9 glass details ( fea!rs1 etc41 :i* x n[ requires a microscope to make out4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t !y und]/ood ! use ( ! magnify+-glass4 ,! ,egyptians also imitat$ successfully ! colors ( preci\s /ones1 & c\ld ev5 make /atues ?irte5 feet high1 closely resembl+ an em]ald4 ,!y also made mosaics 9 glass1 ( wond]fully brilliant colors4 ,!y c\ld cut glass1 at ! mo/ remote p]iods4 ,*9ese bottles h also be5 f\nd 9 previ\sly unop5$ tombs ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 indicat+ comm]cial int]c\rse rea*+ z f> back z t epo*4 ,!y 7 able to sp9 & weave1 & color clo?2 & 7 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( mordants1 ! wond] 9 mod]n calico-pr9t+4 ,pl9y describes ?is process z us$ 9 ,egypt1 b evid5tly )\t und]/&+ its nature4 ,writ+-pap] made ( ! papyrus is z old z ! ,pyramids4 ,! ,egyptians tann$ lea!r & made %oes2 & ! %oemak]s on _! b5*es are repres5t$ work+ exactly l ours4 ,_! c>p5t]s us$ axes1 saws1 *isels1 drills1 planes1 rul]s1 plummets1 squ>es1 hamm]s1 nails1 & hones = %>p5+4 ,!y also und]/ood ! use ( glue 9 cab9et-mak+1 & !re are pa9t+s ( v5e]+1 9 :i* a piece ( ?9 d>k wood is fa/5$ by glue to a co>s] piece ( light wood4 ,_! boats 7 propell$ by sails on y>ds & ma/s1 z well z by o>s4 ,!y us$ ! bl[-pipe 9 ! manufacture ( gold *a9s & o!r ornam5ts4 ,!y _h r+s ( gold & silv] = money1 & weigh$ x 9 scales ( a c>eful con/ruction4 ,_! hi]oglyphics are c>v$ on ! h>de/ granite ) a delicacy & accuracy :i* indicates ! use ( "s metallic cutt+ in/rum5t1 probably h>d] ?an our be/ /eel4 ,! siphon 0 kn[n 9 ! fifte5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! mo/ s+ul> "p ( _! co/ume 0 ! wig1 worn by all ! high] classes1 :o con/antly %av$ _! heads1 z well z _! *9s1--:i* %av+ ( ! head is suppos$ by ,h]odotus to be ! reason ( ! ?ickness ( ! ,egyptian skull4 ,!y frequ5tly wore false be>ds4 ,s&als1 %oes1 & l[ boots1 "s v elegant1 are f\nd 9 ! tombs4 ,wom5 wore loose robes1 e>-r+s1 f+]-r+s1 bracelets1 armlets1 anklets1 gold necklaces4 ,9 ! tombs are f\nd vases = o9tm5t1 mirrors1 combs1 ne$les4 ,doctors & drugs 7 n unkn[n to !m2 & ! passport sy/em is no mod]n inv5tion1 = _! de$s conta9 c>eful descriptions ( ! p]son1 exactly 9 ! /yle ) :i* ,european travell]s are famili>4 ,we h only m5tion$ a small "p ( ! cu/oms & arts ) :i* ! tombs ( ! ,egyptians %[ !m to h be5 famili>4 ,^! in/ances are mo/ly tak5 f ,wilk9son1 ^: works conta9 num]\s engrav+s f ! monum5ts :i* m ?an v]ify all we h said4 ,! celebrat$ ,fr5* ,egyptologi/1 ,m4 ,m>iette1 has v mu* enl>g$ our k ( ! m anci5t dyna/ies1 by 8 explorations1 fir/ "u a mission f ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 & aft]w>d f t ( ,egypt4 ,! imm5se temples & palaces ( ,!bes are all ( a date at lea/ ,b4,c4 #ajjj4 ,we "k ! hi/ory ( ,egypt v well z f> back z ! "t ( ! ,hykss1 or to ! eighte5? dyna/y4 ,m4 ,m>iette has discov]$ /atues & ,sph9xes :i* he believes to h be5 ! "w ( ! ,hykss1 ! features be+ :olly diff]5t f t ( ! typical ,egyptian4 ,f\r ( ^! ,sph9xes1 f\nd by ,m>iette on ! site ( ! old ,tanis1 h ! regul> body ( a lion1 accord+ to ! canon ( ,egyptian art1 b ! human heads are :olly un-,egyptian4 ,m>iette1 9 describ+ !m1 says t 9 ! true ,egyptian ,sph9x !re is always a quiet maje/y1 ! eye calm & wide op51 a smile on ! lips1 a r\nd face1 & a peculi> coiffure ) wide op5 w+s4 ,no?+ ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ^! ,sph9xes4 ,_! eyes are small1 ! nose aquil9e1 ! *eeks h>d1 ! m\? drawn d[n ) a grave expression4 ,^! ,%eph]d ,k+s1 ! ,hykss1 rul$ ,l[] ,egypt1 accord+ to ,mane?o1 five hundr$ & elev5 ye>s1 :i*1 accord+ to ,r5an1#aej br+s ! prec$+ dyna/y 7! f\rte5? ( ,mane?o7 z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #bjjj4 ,monum5ts ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? dyna/ies are common4 ,! olde/ obelisk dates ,b4,c4 #bhjj4 ,?anks to ! excavations ( ,m4 ,m>iette1 we n[ h a l>ge quantity ( sculptures & /atues ( a /ill e>li] epo*4 ,m4 ,r5an describes#aea tombs visit$ by himself1 :i* he consid]s to be ! olde/ kn[n1 & :i* he reg>ds z be+ ,b4,c4 #djjj1aeb :]e 7 repres5t$ all ! details ( dome/ic life4 ,! tone ( ^! pictures 0 glad & gay2 &1 :at is rem>kable1 !y _h no trace ( ! fun]al ritual or ! god ,osiris4 ,^! 7 n l tombs1 b r l homes4 ,to secure ! body f all pr(anation1 x 0 conceal$ 9 a pit1 c>efully hidd5 9 ! solid masonry4 ,^! tombs belong to ! six fir/ dyna/ies4 ,! great antiquity ( ,egyptian civilization is univ]sally admitt$2 b to fix its *ronology & precise age becomes v difficult1 f ! fact t ! ,egyptians _h no era f :i* to date =w>d or backw>d4 ,?is "q we %all return to 9 a subsequ5t section ( ?is *apt]4 #b4 ,religi\s ,"* ( ! ,egyptians4 ,_! ,ritual4 ,b1 wond]ful z 0 ! civilization ( ,egypt1 x is n ?is :i* n[ *iefly int]e/s u4 ,!y 7 prom95t among all anci5t nations = _! int]e/ 9 religion1 especially ( ! c]emonial "p ( religion1 or wor%ip4 ,h]odotus says3 ,!y are ( all m5 ! mo/ excessively att5tive to ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,& beside 8 /atem5t to t effect1 !re is evid5ce t ! orig9 ( mu* ( ! !ology1 my?ology1 & c]emonies ( ! ,hebrews & ,greeks 0 9 ,egypt4 ,! names ( almo/ all ! gods1 says ,h]odotus1 came f ,egypt into ,greece 7,eut]pe1 #ej74 ,! ,greek oracles1 especially t ( ,dodona1 he also /ates to h be5 br\ght f ,egypt 7,,ii4 #ed-eg71 & adds1 moreov]1 t ! ,egyptians 7 ! fir/ :o introduc$ public fe/ivals1 processions1 & solemn supplications1 :i* ! ,greeks le>n$ f !m4 ,! ,egyptians1 !n1 says he1 are beyond measure scrupul\s 9 matt]s ( religion 7 #fd74 ,!y inv5t$ ! cal5d>1 & connect$ a/rology !re)4 ,ea* mon? & day1 says ,h]odotus 7,,ii4 #hb71 is assign$ to "s p>ticul> god1 & ea* p]son's bir?day det]m9es 8 fate4 ,he te/ifies 7,,ii4 #abc7 t ! ,egyptians 7 also ! fir/ to say t ! s\l ( man is immortal1 & t :5 ! body p]i%es x transmigrates ?r\gh e v>iety ( animal4 ,x seems app>5t1 also1 t ! ,greek my/]ies ( ,eleusis 7 tak5 f ^? ( ,isis2 ! /ory ( ! w&]+s ( ,c]es 9 pursuit ( ,pros]p9e be+ manife/ly borr[$ f ^? ( ,isis 9 se>* ( ! body ( ,osiris4 ,) ?is te/imony ( ,h]odotus mod]n writ]s agree4 ,! ,egyptians1 says ,wilk9son1 7 unque/ionably ! mo/ pi\s nation ( all antiquity4 ,! olde/ monum5ts %[ _! belief 9 a future life4 ,& ,osiris1 ! ,judge1 is m5tion$ 9 tombs erect$ two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,buns5 tells u t x has at la/ be5 asc]ta9$ t all ! great gods ( ,egypt are on ! olde/ monum5ts1 & says3 ,x is a great & a/\nd+ fact1 e/abli%$ beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 t ! empire ( ,m5es on its fir/ appe>ance 9 hi/ory possess$ an e/abli%$ my?ology1 t is1 a s]ies ( gods4 ,be=e ! empire ( ,m5es1 ! sep>ate ,egyptian /ates _h _! temple wor%ip regul>ly organiz$4 ,ev]y?+ among ! ,egyptians1 says ,m4 ,maury1#aec took ! /amp ( religion4 ,_! writ+ 0 s full ( sacr$ symbols t x c\ld sc>cely be us$ = any purely secul> purpose4 ,lit]ature & sci5ce 7 only bran*es ( !ology4 ,art labor$ only 9 ! s]vice ( wor%ip & to glorify ! gods4 ,religi\s obs]vances 7 s num]\s & s imp]ative1 t ! mo/ common labors ( daily life c\ld n be p]=m$ )\t a p]petual ref]5ce to "s prie/ly regulation4 ,! ,egyptian only liv$ to wor%ip4 ,8 fate 9 ! future life 0 con/antly pres5t to him4 ,! sun1 :5 x set1 seem$ to him to die2 & :5 x rose ! next morn+1 & trick+ its beams flam$ once m 9 ! =ehead ( ! sky1 x 0 a p]petual symbol ( a future resurrection4 ,religion p5etrat$ s deeply into ! habits ( ! l&1 t x almo/ made a "p ( ! intellectual & physical organization ( its inhabitants4 ,habits cont9u$ dur+ _m g5]ations at la/ become in/9cts1 & are transmitt$ ) ! blood4#aed ,s religion 9 ,egypt became an in/9ct4 ,unalt]$ by ! dom9ion ( ! ,p]sians1 ! ,ptolemies1 & ,romans1 x 01 ( all poly!isms1 ! mo/ ob/9ate 9 its resi/ance to ,*ri/ianity1 & reta9$ its devotees d[n to ! six? c5tury ( our era4#aee ,!re 7 m fe/ivals 9 ,egypt ?an among any o!r anci5t p1 ! ,greeks n except$4 ,e mon? & day 0 gov]n$ by a god4 ,!re 7 two fea/s ( ! ,new-,ye>1 twelve ( ! fir/ days ( ! mon?s1 "o ( ! ris+ ( ! dog-/> 7,sirius1 call$ ,so?is71 & o!rs to ! great gods1 to se$-"t & h>ve/1 to ! rise & fall ( ! ,nile4 ,! fea/ ( lamps at ,sais 0 9 honor ( ,nei?1 & 0 kept ?r\gh\t ,egypt4#aef ,! fea/ ( ! dea? ( ,osiris2 ! fea/ ( 8 resurrection 7:5 p call$ out1 ,we h f\nd him6 ,good luck672 fea/s ( ,isis 7"o ( :i* la/$ f\r days72 ! great fea/ at ,buba/is1 greate/ ( all1--^! 7 fe/ivals belong+ to all ,egypt4 ,on "o ( !m z _m z sev5 hundr$ ?\s& p]sons sail$ on ! ,nile ) music4 ,at ano!r1 ! image ( ! god 0 c>ri$ to ! temple by arm$ m51 :o 7 resi/$ by arm$ prie/s 9 a battle 9 :i* _m 7 (t5 kill$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! gods 0 embodi$ 9 ! daily life ( ! p4 ,9 an old papyrus describ$ by ,de ,r\g1#aeg x is said3 ,on ! twelf? ( ,*orak no "o is to g out ( doors1 = on t day ! trans=mation ( ,osiris into ! bird ,w5nu took place2 on ! f\rte5? ( ,toby no voluptu\s songs mu/ be li/5$ to1 = ,isis & ,nep?ys bewail ,osiris on t day4 ,on ! ?ird ( ,me*ir no "o c g on a j\rney1 because ,set !n began a w>4 ,on ano!r day no "o mu/ g out4 ,ano!r 0 lucky1 because on x ! gods conqu]$ ,set2 & a *ild born on t day 0 suppos$ to live to a great age4 ,e temple _h its own body ( prie/s4 ,!y did n con/itute an exclusive ca/e1 ?\gh !y 7 cont9u$ 9 families4 ,prie/s might be milit>y comm&]s1 gov]nors ( prov9ces1 judges1 & ar*itects4 ,soldi]s _h prie/s = sons1 & ! daught]s ( prie/s m>ri$ soldi]s4 ,( ?ree bro!rs1 "o 0 a prie/1 ano!r a soldi]1 & a ?ird held a civil employm5t4#aeh ,joseph1 a /rang]1 ?\gh naturaliz$ 9 ! c\ntry1 receiv$ z a wife ! daught] ( ! ,high-,prie/ ( ,on1 or ,heliopolis4 ,! prie/s 9 ,egypt 7 ( v>i\s grades1 z ! *ief prie/s or pontiffs1 prophets1 judges1 scribes1 ^? :o exam9$ ! victims1 keep]s ( ! robes1 ( ! sacr$ animals1 etc4 ,wom5 also held (fices 9 ! temple & p]=m$ duties !re1 ?\gh n z prie/esses4 ,! prie/s 7 exempt f taxes1 & 7 provid$ = out ( ! public /ores4 ,!y sup]9t5d$ sacrifices1 processions1 fun]als1 & 7 initiat$ into ! great] & less] my/]ies2 !y 7 also in/ruct$ 9 survey+4 ,!y 7 p>ticul> 9 diet1 bo? z to quantity & quality4 ,fle% ( sw9e 0 p>ticul>ly =bidd51 & also t ( fi%4 ,beans 7 held 9 utt] abhorr5ce1 also peas1 onions1 & g>lic1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 (f]$ on ! alt>4 ,!y ba!d twice a day & twice 9 ! night1 & %av$ ! head & body e ?ree days4 ,a great purification took place be=e _! fa/s1 :i* la/$ f sev5 to =ty-two days4 ,!y (f]$ pray]s = ! dead4 ,! dress ( ! prie/s 0 simple1 *iefly ( l951 consi/+ ( an "u-g>m5t & a loose upp] robe1 ) full sleeves1 & ! leop>d-sk9 above2 sometimes "o or two fea!rs 9 ! head4 ,*aplets & fl[]s 7 laid ^u ! alt>s1 su* z ! lotus & papyrus1 also grapes & figs 9 baskets1 & o9tm5t 9 alaba/] vases4 ,also necklaces1 bracelets1 & jewelry1 7 (f]$ z ?anksgiv+s & invocations4 ,ox5 & o!r animals 7 sacrific$1 & ! blood all[$ to fl[ ov] ! alt>4 ,libations ( w9e 7 p\r$ on ! alt>4 ,inc5se 0 (f]$ to all ! gods 9 c5s]s4 ,processions 7 usual ) ! ,egyptians2 9 "o1 %r9es 7 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s by long /aves pass$ ?r\gh r+s4 ,9 o!rs ! /atues ( ! gods 7 c>ri$1 & arks l ^? ( ! ,jews1 ov]%ad[$ by ! w+s ( ! goddess ( tru? spread above ! sacr$ beetle4 ,! prophets 7 ! mo/ highly honor$ ( ! prie/ly ord]4 ,!y /udi$ ! t5 hi]atical books4 ,! bus9ess ( ! /oli/s#aei 0 to dress & undress ! images1 to att5d to ! ve/m5ts ( ! prie/s1 & to m>k ! bea/s select$ = sacrifice4 ,! scribes 7 to se>* = ! ,apis1 or sacr$ bull1 & 7 requir$ to possess great le>n+4 ,! prie/s _h no s9ecure2 _! life 0 full ( m9ute duties & re/rictions4 ,!y seldom appe>$ 9 public1 7 m>ri$ to "o wife1 7 circumcis$ l o!r ,egyptians1 & _! :ole "t 0 occupi$ ei!r 9 /udy or ! s]vice ( _! gods4 ,!re 0 a gloomy tone to ! religion ( ,egypt1 :i* /ruck ! ,greeks1 ^: wor%ip 0 usually *e]ful4 ,apuleius says ! gods ( ,egypt rejoice 9 lam5tations1 ^? ( ,greece 9 dances4 ,ano!r ,greek writ] says1 ,! ,egyptians (f] _! gods te>s4 ,until ,sw$5borg#afj arriv$1 & gave 8 disciples ! precise measure & =m ( ! life to come1 no religion has ev] taught an immortality z di/9ct 9 its outl9e & z solid 9 its sub/ance z t ( ! ,egyptians4 ,! ,greek & ,roman h]eaft] 0 %ad[y & vague2 t ( ,buddhism remote2 & ! ,hebrew ,beyond 0 :olly eclips$ & ov]borne by ! s5se ( a ,div9e pres5ce & p[] imman5t 9 space & "t4 ,to ! ,egyptian1 ?is life 0 b ! fir/ /ep1 & a v %ort "o1 ( an imm5se c>e]4 ,! sun 7,ra7 alt]nately sett+ & ris+1 0 ! p]petually pres5t type ( ! progress ( ! s\l1 & ! ,so?iac p]iod 7symboliz$ by ! ,pho5ix7 ( #adba ye>s f "o heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius at ! beg9n+ ( ! fix$ ,egyptian ye> to ! next1 0 also made to def9e ! cycle ( human transmigrations4 ,two ,so?iac p]iods correspond ne>ly to ! ?ree ?\s& ye>s spok5 ( by ,h]odotus1 dur+ :i* ! s\l transmigrates ?r\gh animal =ms be=e return+ to its human body4 ,!n1 to use ! ,egyptian language1 ! s\l arriv$ at ! %ip ( ! sun & 0 receiv$ by ,ra into 8 sol> spl5dor4 ,on "s s>cophagi ! s\l is symboliz$ by a hawk ) a human head1 c>ry+ 9 8 claws two r+s1 :i* probably signify ! two ,so?iac cycles ( its transmigrations4 ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 says ,mr4 ,bir*1#afa is z old z ! inscriptions ( ! twelf? dyna/y1 _m ( :i* conta9 extracts f ! ,ritual ( ! ,dead4 ,"o hundr$ & =ty-six *apt]s ( ?is ,ritual h be5 translat$ by ,mr4 ,bir* f ! text ( ! ,tur9 papyrus1 ! mo/ complete 9 ,europe4 ,*apt]s ( x are f\nd on mummy-cases1 on ! wraps ( mummies1 on ! walls ( tombs1 & )9 ! c(f9s on papyri4 ,?is ,ritual is all t rema9s ( ! ,h]metic ,books :i* con/itut$ ! libr>y ( ! prie/hood4 ,two antagoni/ classes ( deities appe> 9 ?is liturgy z cont5d+ = ! s\l ( ! deceas$1--,osiris & 8 triad1 ,set & 8 devils4 ,! ,sun-,god1 s\rce ( life1 is also pres5t4 ,an int]e/+ *apt] ( ! ,ritual is ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty-fif?1 call$ ! ,hall ( ! ,two ,tru?s4 ,x is ! process ( sep>at+ a p]son f 8 s9s1 n by confession & rep5tance1 z is usual 9 o!r religions1 b by d5y+ !m4 ,=ty-two deities are said to be pres5t to fe$ on ! blood ( ! wick$4 ,! s\l addresses ! ,lords ( ,tru?1 & decl>es t x has n done evil privily1 & proce$s to specifications4 ,he says3 ,i h n afflict$ any4 ,i h n told falsehoods4 ,i h n made ! labor+ man d m ?an 8 task4 ,i h n be5 idle4 ,i h n murd]$4 ,i h n committ$ fraud4 ,i h n injur$ ! images ( ! gods4 ,i h n tak5 scraps ( ! b&ages ( ! dead4 ,i h n committ$ adult]y4 ,i h n *eat$ by false weights4 ,i h n kept milk f suckl+s4 ,i h n caught ! sacr$ birds4 ,!n1 address+ ea* god by "n1 he decl>es3 ,i h n be5 idle4 ,i h n boa/$4 ,i h n /ol54 ,i h n c\nt]feit$1 nor kill$ sacr$ bea/s1 nor blasphem$1 nor refus$ to he> ! tru?1 nor despis$ ,god 9 my he>t4 ,accord+ to "s texts1 he decl>es1 positively1 t he has lov$ ,god1 t he has giv5 bread to ! hungry1 wat] to ! ?ir/y1 g>m5ts to ! nak$1 & an asylum to ! ab&on$4 ,fun]al c]emonies among ! ,egyptians 7 (t5 v impos+4 ,! co/ ( embalm+1 & ! size & /r5g? ( ! tomb1 v>i$ ) ! position ( ! deceas$4 ,:5 ! sev5ty days ( m\rn+ _h elaps$1 ! body 9 its case 0 f]ri$ across ! lake 9 front ( ! temple1 :i* repres5t$ ! passage ( ! s\l ov] ! inf]nal /ream4 ,!n came a dramatic repres5tation ( ! trial ( ! s\l be=e ,osiris4 ,! prie/s1 9 masks1 repres5t$ ! gods ( ! und]world4 ,typhon accuses ! dead man1 & dem&s 8 puni%m5t4 ,! int]cessors plead = him4 ,a l>ge pair ( scales is set up1 & 9 "o scale 8 conduct is plac$ 9 a bottle1 & 9 ! o!r an image ( tru?4 ,^! proce$+s are repres5t$ on ! fun]al papyri4 ,"o ( ^!1 tw5ty-two feet 9 l5g?1 is 9 ,dr4 ,abbott's collection ( ,egyptian antiquities1 9 ,new ,york4 ,x is beautifully writt51 & illu/rat$ ) c>eful draw+s4 ,"o repres5ts ! ,hall ( ! ,two ,tru?s1 & ,osiris sitt+ 9 judgm5t1 ) ! scales ( judgm5t be=e him4#afb ,_m ( ! virtues :i* we are apt to suppose a monopoly ( ,*ri/ian culture appe> z ! ideal ( ^! old ,egyptians4 ,brugs* says a ?\s& voices f ! tombs ( ,egypt decl>e ?is4 ,"o inscription 9 ,upp] ,egypt says3 ,he lov$ 8 fa!r1 he honor$ 8 "m1 he lov$ 8 bre?r51 & nev] w5t f 8 home 9 bad-temp]4 ,he nev] pref]r$ ! great man to ! l[ "o4 ,ano!r says3 ,i 0 a wise man1 my s\l lov$ ,god4 ,i 0 a bro!r to ! great m5 & a fa!r to ! humble ones1 & nev] 0 a mis*ief-mak]4 ,an inscription at ,sais1 on a prie/ :o liv$ 9 ! sad days ( ,cambyses1 says3 ,i honor$ my fa!r1 ,i e/eem$ my "m1 ,i lov$ my bro!rs4 ,i f\nd graves = ! unburi$ dead4 ,i in/ruct$ little *ildr54 ,i took c>e ( orphans z ?\gh !y 7 my own *ildr54 ,= great mis=tunes 7 on ,egypt 9 my "t1 & on ?is city ( ,sais4 ,"s ( ^! decl>ations1 9 _! self-pleas+ pride ( virtue1 rem9d "o ( ! noble ju/ification ( himself by ! ,patri>* ,job4#afc ,"h is "o ( !m1 f ! tombs ( ,b5-,hassan1 ov] a ,nomad ,pr9ce3-- ,:at ,i h done ,i w say4 ,my goodness & my k9dness 7 ample4 ,i nev] oppress$ ! fa!rless nor ! wid[4 ,i did n treat cruelly ! fi%]m51 ! %eph]ds1 or ! poor labor]s4 ,!re 0 n[h]e 9 my "t hung] or want4 ,= ,i cultivat$ all my fields1 f> & ne>1 9 ord] t _! inhabitants might h food4 ,i nev] pref]r$ ! great & p[]ful to ! humble & poor1 b did equal ju/ice to all4 ,a k+'s tomb at ,!bes gives u 9 few words ! religi\s cre$ ( a ,ph>aoh3-- ,i liv$ 9 tru?1 & f$ my s\l ) ju/ice4 ,:at ,i did to m5 0 done 9 peace1 & h[ ,i lov$ ,god1 ,god & my he>t well "k4 ,i h giv5 bread to ! hungry1 wat] to ! ?ir/y1 clo!s to ! nak$1 & a %elt] to ! /rang]4 ,i honor$ ! gods ) sacrifices1 & ! dead ) (f]+s4 ,a rock at ,lycopolis pleads = an anci5t rul] ?us3 ,i nev] took ! *ild f its "m's bosom1 nor ! poor man f ! side ( 8 wife4 ,hundr$s ( /ones 9 ,egypt ann\nce z ! be/ gifts :i* ! gods c be/[ on _! favorites1 ! respect ( m51 & ! love ( wom54#afd ,religion1 !re=e1 9 ,egypt1 connect$ itself ) morality & ! duties ( daily life4 ,b k+s & conqu]ors 7 n above ! laws ( _! religion4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to recognize _! p[] & triumphs z n _! own "w1 b t ( ! great gods ( _! c\ntry4 ,?us1 on a monum5tal /ele discov]$ at ,k>nak by ,m4 ,m>iette1 & translat$ by ,de ,r\g1#afe is an inscription record+ ! triumphs ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 ( ! eighte5? dyna/y 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #afjj71 :i* s\nds l ! song ( ,miriam or ! ,hymn ( ,deborah4 ,we give "s /anzas 9 :i* ! god ,amun addresses ,?o?mes3-- ,i am come3 to !e h ,i giv5 to /rike d[n ,syrian pr9ces2 ,"u ?y feet !y lie ?r\gh\t ! bread? ( _! c\ntry1 ,l to ! ,"l ( ,light1 ,i made !m see ?y glory1 ,bl9d+ _! eyes ) light1 ,o e>?ly image ( ,amun6 ,i am come3 to !e h ,i giv5 to /rike d[n ,asian peoples2 ,captive n[ ?\ ha/ l$ ! pr\d ,assyrian *iefta9s2 ,deck$ 9 royal robes1 ,i made !m see ?y glory2 ,9 glitt]+ arms & fight+1 high 9 ?y l(ty *>iot4 ,i am come3 to !e h ,i giv5 to /rike d[n we/]n nations2 ,cyprus & ! ,ases h bo? he>d ?y "n ) t]ror2 ,l a /rong-horn$ bull ,i made !m see ?y glory2 ,/rong ) pi]c+ horns1 s t none c /& be=e him4 ,i am come3 to !e h ,i giv5 to /rike d[n ,lybian ar*]s2 ,all ! isles ( ! ,greeks submit to ! =ce ( ?y _s2 ,l a regal lion1 ,i made !m see ?y glory2 ,c\*$ by ! corpse he has made1 d[n 9 ! rocky valley4 ,i am come3 to !e h ,i giv5 to /rike d[n ! ends ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! grasp ( ?y h& is ! circl+ zone ( ! wat]s2 ,l ! so>+ eagle1 ,i h made !m see ?y glory1 ,^: f>-see+ eye !re is none c hope to escape f4 ,a simil> /ra9 ( religi\s poetry is 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,salli]1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#aff ,?is is an epic by an ,egyptian poet nam$ ,p5ta\r1 celebrat+ ! campaigns ( ,ramses ,,ii41 ! ,seso/ris ( ! ,greeks1 ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y4 ,?is great k+ _h be5 call$ into ,syria to put d[n a =midable revolt ( ! ,kheta 7! ,hittites ( ! ,old ,te/am5t74 ,! poem seems to h be5 a fam\s "o1 = x _h ! honor ( be+ c>v$ 9 full on ! walls at ,k>nak1 a k9d ( immortality :i* no o!r epic poet has ev] atta9$4 ,x p>ticul>ly describes an incid5t 9 ! w>1 :51 by a /ratagem ( ! enemy1 ,k+ ,ramses f\nd himself sep>at$ f ! ma9 body ( 8 army & attack$ by ! enemy 9 full =ce4 ,p5ta\r describes him 9 ?is situation z call+ on ,amun1 ,god ( ,!bes1 = help1 rec\nt+ ! sacrifices he _h (f]$ to him1 & ask+ :e!r he w\ld let him die 9 ?is extremity by ! ignoble h&s ( ^! ,syrian tribes4 ,h ,i n erect$ to !e great temples8 ,h ,i n sacrific$ to !e ?irty ?\s& ox58 ,i h br\ght f ,elephant9a obelisks to set up to ?y "n4 ,i invoke !e1 ,o my fa!r1 ,amun4 ,i am 9 ! mid/ ( a ?rong ( unkn[n tribes1 & alone4 ,b ,amun is bett] to me ?an ?\s&s ( ar*]s & millions ( horsem54 ,amun w prevail ov] ! enemy4 ,&1 aft] defeat+ 8 foes1 9 8 song ( triumph1 ! k+ says1 ,amun-,ra has be5 at my "r & my left 9 ! battles2 8 m9d has inspir$ my own1 & has prep>$ ! d[nfall ( my enemies4 ,amun-,ra1 my fa!r1 has br\ght ! :ole _w to my feet4#afg ,?us univ]sal & ?us pr(\nd 0 ! religi\s s5tim5t among ! ,egyptians4 #c4 ,!ology ( ,egypt4 ,s\rces ( our ,k conc]n+ x4 ,z reg>ds ! !ology ( ! ,egyptians & _! sy/em ( ideas1 we meet ) difficulty f ! law ( secrecy :i* 0 _! habit ( m9d4 ,! ,egyptian prie/hood envelop$ ) my/]y e op9ion1 j z !y swa!d ! mummies1 fold above fold1 9 prep>+ !m = ! tomb4 ,! names & numb] ( _! gods we le>n f ! monum5ts4 ,_! leg5ds conc]n+ !m come to u ?r\gh ,plut>*1 ,h]odotus1 ,diodorus1 & o!r ,greek writ]s4 ,_! doctr9e ( a future life & future judgm5t is app>5t 9 _! c]emonies1 ! pictures on ! tombs1 & ! papyrus ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,b :at ^! gods mean1 :at are _! (fices1 h[ !y /& relat$ to ea* o!r & to mank9d1 :at is ! e?ical be>+ ( ! religion1 x is n s easy to le>n4 ,nev]!less1 we may f9d a clew to a k ( ?is sy/em1 if 9 no o!r way1 at lea/ by asc]ta9+ its c5tral1 rul+ idea1 & pursu+ ?is into its details4 ,! mom5t t we take ?is c\rse1 light w beg9 to dawn ^u u4 ,b be=e go+ fur!r1 let u briefly inquire into ! s\rces ( our k ( ,egyptian my?ology4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important place is occupi$ by ! monum5ts1 :i* conta9 ! names & tablets ( ! gods ( ! ?ree ord]s4 ,!n come ! sacr$ books ( ! ,egyptians1 kn[n to u by ,clem5s ,alex&r9us4 ,f him we le>n t ! ,egyptians 9 8 "t _h =ty-two sacr$ books 9 five classes4 ,! fir/ class1 conta9+ songs or hymns 9 praise ( ! gods1 7 v old1 dat+ p]haps f ! "t ( ,m5es4 ,! o!r books treat$ ( morals1 a/ronomy1 hi]oglyphics1 geography1 c]emonies1 ! deities1 ! education ( prie/s1 & m$ic9e4 ,( ^! sacr$ ,h]maic books1 "o is /ill extant1 & p]haps x is z int]e/+ z any ( !m4 ,we h two copies ( x1 bo? on papyrus1 "o f\nd by ! ,fr5* at ,!bes1 ! o!r by ,*ampollion 9 ,tur94 ,& ,lepsius consid]s ?is la/ papyrus to be :olly ( ! date ( ! eighte5? or n9ete5? dyna/y1 consequ5tly fifte5 hundr$ or sixte5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & ! only example ( an ,egyptian book transmitt$ f ! times ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,buns5 believes x to belong to ! f\r? class ( ,h]maic books1 conta9+ ,ord9ances z to ! ,fir/ ,fruits1 ,sacrifices1 ,hymns1 & ,pray]s4 ,9 ?is book ! deceas$ is ! p]son :o (ficiates4 ,8 s\l j\rney+ on gives utt]ance to pray]s1 confessions1 invocations4 ,! fir/ fifte5 *apt]s1 :i* make a connect$ :ole1 are head$1 ,"h beg9s ! ,sections ( ! ,glorification 9 ! ,light ( ,osiris4 ,x is illu/rat$ by a picture ( a procession1 9 :i* ! deceas$ s\l foll[s 8 own corpse z *ief m\rn]1 (f]+ pray]s to ! ,sun-,god4 ,ano!r "p ( ! book is head$1 ,! ,book ( ,deliv]ance1 9 ! ,hall ( tw(old ,ju/ice1 & conta9s ! div9e judgm5ts on ! deceas$4 ,=ty-two gods occupy ! judgm5t-seat4 ,osiris1 _! presid5t1 be>s on 8 brea/ ! small tablet ( *ief judge1 conta9+ a figure ( ,ju/ice4 ,be=e him are se5 ! scales ( div9e judgm5t4 ,9 "o is plac$ ! /atue ( ,ju/ice1 & 9 ! o!r ! he>t ( ! deceas$1 :o /&s 9 p]son by ! balance conta9+ 8 he>t1 :ile ,anubis wat*es ! o!r scale4 ,horus exam9es ! plummet indicat+ :i* way ! beam incl9es4 ,?o?1 ! ,ju/ifi] ! ,"l ( ! ,div9e ,^w1 records ! s5t5ce4#afh #d4 ,c5tral ,idea ( ,egyptian ,!ology & ,religion4 ,animal ,wor%ip4 ,we n[ proce$ to ask :at is ! ,,idea ( ,egyptian my?ology & !ology8 ,we h se5 t ! idea ( ! religion ( ,india 0 ,_s2 ! ,"o1 ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,et]nal2 a pure spiritual ,pan!ism1 f :i* ! elem5ts ( "t & space are q exclud$4 ,! religion ( ,egypt /&s at ! opposite pole ( ?\ght z its antagoni/4 ,in/ead ( ,_s1 x accepts ,body2 in/ead ( ,unity1 ,v>iety2 in/ead ( ,sub/ance1 ,=m4 ,x is ! physical reaction f ,brahmanism4 ,in/ead ( ! wor%ip ( ab/ract ,deity1 x gives u ! mo/ concrete div9ity1 :olly inc>nat$ 9 space & "t4 ,in/ead ( ab/ract contemplation1 x gives u c]emonial wor%ip4 ,in/ead ( ! absorption ( man into ,god1 x gives u transmigration ?r\gh all bodily =ms4#afi ,x s completely inc>nates ,god1 z to make e type ( animal exi/5ce div9e2 h5ce ! wor%ip ( animals4 ,x makes body s sacr$1 t ! human body mu/ n be all[$ to p]i%4 ,z ! ,brahman1 contemplat+ et]nity1 =got "t1 & _h no hi/ory1 s on ! o!r h& ! ,egyptian prie/1 to :om e mom5t ( "t is sacr$1 records ev]y?+ & turns e ev5t into hi/ory2 & z x en%r9es ! pa/ "t hi/orically on monum5ts1 s x takes hold ( future "t prophetically ?r\gh oracles4 ,! *ief peculi>ity ab\t ! religion ( ,egypt1 & t :i* has always caus$ ! greate/ a/oni%m5t to =eign]s1 0 ! wor%ip ( animals4 ,h]odotus says 7,book ,,ii4 #fe71 ,t all animals 9 ,egypt1 wild & tame1 are acc\nt$ sacr$1 & t if any "o kills ^! animals wilfully he is put to dea?4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 mi/ak5 9 ass]t+ t all animals are sacr$2 = _m 7 n s1 ?\gh ! majority 74 ,wilk9son gives a li/ ( ! animals ( ,egypt to ! numb] ( ov] "o hundr$1 m ?an half ( :i* 7 sacr$1 & ! o!rs n4 ,z hunt+ & fi%+ 7 favorite sports ( ! ,egyptians1 x is app>5t t !re mu/ h be5 animals :om x 0 lawful to kill4 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t animal wor%ip is a /rik+ peculi>ity ( ! ,egyptian sy/em4 ,c[s 7 sacr$ to ,isis1 & ,isis 0 repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a c[4 ,! gods (t5 wore ! heads ( animals2 & ,kneph1 or ,amun1 ) ! ram's head1 is "o ( ! highe/ ( ! gods1 kn[n among ! ,greeks z ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,! wor%ip ( ,apis1 ! sacr$ bull ( ,memphis1 ! repres5tative ( ,osiris1 0 v important among ! ,egyptian c]emonies4 ,plut>* says t he 0 a fair & beautiful image ( ! s\l ( ,osiris4 ,he 0 a bull ) black hair1 a :ite spot on 8 =ehead1 & "s o!r special m>ks4 ,he 0 kept at ,memphis 9 a spl5did temple4 ,8 fe/ival la/$ sev5 days1 :5 a great conc\rse ( p assembl$4 ,:5 he di$ 8 body 0 embalm$ & buri$ ) great pomp1 & ! prie/s w5t 9 se>* ( ano!r ,apis1 :o1 :5 discov]$ by ! m>ks1 0 c>ri$ to ,memphis1 c>efully f$ & ex]cis$1 & consult$ z an oracle4 ,! burial-place ( ! ,apis bulls 01 a few ye>s ago1 discov]$ ne> ,memphis4 ,x consi/s ( an ar*$ gall]y hewn 9 ! rock1 two ?\s& feet long & tw5ty feet 9 height & bread?4 ,on ea* side is a s]ies ( recesses1 ea* conta9+ a l>ge s>cophagus ( granite1 fifte5 by eight feet1 9 :i* ! body ( a sacr$ bull 0 deposit$4 ,9 #aheb ?irty ( ^! _h be5 already f\nd4 ,be=e ?is tomb is a pav$ road ) lions rang$ on ea* side1 & be=e ?is a temple ) a ve/ibule4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,egypt diff]5t animals 7 held sacr$4 ,! animal sacr$ 9 "o place 0 n s reg>d$ 9 ano!r di/rict4 ,^! sacr$ animals 7 embalm$ by ! prie/s & buri$1 & ! mummies ( dogs1 wolves1 birds1 & crocodiles are f\nd by ?\s&s 9 ! tombs4 ,! orig9 & motive ( ?is wor%ip is diff]5tly expla9$4 ,x is c]ta9 t animals 7 n wor%ipp$ 9 ! same way z ! great gods1 b 7 held sacr$ & treat$ ) rev]5ce z conta9+ a div9e elem5t4 ,s1 9 ! ,ea/1 an insane p]son is acc\nt$ sacr$1 b is n wor%ipp$4 ,s ! ,roman ,ca?olics di/+ui% betwe5 ,dulia & ,latria1 betwe5 ! wor%ip ( gods & rev]5ce ( sa9ts4 ,s1 too1 ,prote/ants consid] ! ,bible a holy book & ! ,sabba? a holy day1 b )\t wor%ipp+ !m4 ,x is only j to make a simil> di/9ction on behalf ( ! ,egyptians4 ,! motives usually assign$ = ?is wor%ip--motives ( utility--seem no adequate explanation4 ,! ,egyptians1 says ,wilk9son1 may h deifi$ "s animals to insure _! pres]vation1 "s to prev5t _! un:olesome meat be+ us$ z food4 ,b no religion 0 ev] e/abli%$ 9 ?is way4 ,man does n wor%ip f utilit>ian consid]ations1 b f an in/9ct ( rev]5ce4 ,x is possible1 inde$1 t su* a rev]5tial in/9ct may h be5 awak5$ t[>ds c]ta9 animals1 by see+ _! va/ importance aris+ f _! special in/9cts & faculties4 ,! c[ & ! ox1 ! dog1 ! ibis1 & ! cat1 may ?us h appe>$ to ! ,egyptians1 f _! indisp5sable utility1 to be end[$ ) sup]natural gifts4 ,b ?is feel+ itself mu/ h _h its root 9 a yet deep] t5d5cy ( ! ,egyptian m9d4 ,!y rev]5c$ ! my/]i\s manife/ation ( ,god 9 all outw>d nature4 ,no "o c look at an animal1 be=e cu/om bl9ds our s5se ( /rang5ess1 )\t a feel+ ( wond] at ! law ( in/9ct1 & ! special1 di/9ct peculi>ity :i* belongs to x4 ,e v>iety ( animals is a manife/ation ( a div9e ?\ght1 & yet a ?\ght h9t$ r ?an express$4 ,ea* mu/ mean some?+1 mu/ symbolize some?+4 ,b :at does x mean8 :at does x symbolize8 ,cont9ually we seem j on ! po9t ( p5etrat+ ! secret2 we almo/ t\* ! explanation1 b are baffl$4 ,a dog1 a cat1 a snake1 a crocodile1 a spid]1--:at does ea* mean8 :y 7 !y made8 :y ?is inf9ite v>iety ( =m1 color1 faculty1 "*8 ,animals ?us 9 _! unconsci\s be+1 z expressions ( ,god's ?\ghts1 are my/]ies1 & div9e my/]ies4#agj ,n[ e "p ( ! religion ( ,egypt %[s h[ mu* !y 7 attract$ t[>d v>iety1 t[>d nature1 t[>d ! outw>d manife/ations ( ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,^! t5d5cies rea*$ _! utmo/ po9t 9 _! rev]5ce = animal life4 ,! %all[ ,romans1 :o rev]5c$ only !mselves1 & ! ,greeks1 :o wor%ipp$ no?+ b human nature m or less idealiz$1 laugh$ at ?is ,egyptian wor%ip ( animals & plants4 ,o sacr$ nation6 ^: gods gr[ 9 g>d5s6 says ,juv5al4 ,b x c]ta9ly %[s a deep] wisdom to see some?+ div9e 9 nature1 & to f9d ,god 9 nature1 ?an to call x common & unclean4 ,& !re is m ( tru? 9 ! ,egyptian rev]5ce = animal individuality1 ?an 9 ! unfeel+ indiff]5ce to ! welf>e ( ^! poor relations :i* ,*ri/ians (t5 display4 ,:5 ,jesus said t n a sp>r[ falls to ! gr\nd )\t y\r ,fa!r1 he %[$ all ^! creatures to be "u ! protection ( _! ,mak]4 ,x may be fooli% to wor%ip animals1 b x is /ill m fooli% to despise !m4 ,t ! belief 9 transmigration is ! explanation ( animal wor%ip is ! op9ion ( ,buns54 ,! human s\l & animal s\l1 accord+ to ?is view1 are ess5tially ! same1--!re=e ! animal 0 consid]$ z sacr$ z man4 ,/ill1 we d n wor%ip man4 ,animal wor%ip1 !n1 mu/ h _h a /ill deep] root 9 ! s5se ( awe be=e ! my/]y ( organiz$ life4 #e4 ,s\rces ( ,egyptian ,!ology4 ,age ( ! ,empire & ,aff9ities ( ! ,race4 ,b :5ce came ?is t5d5cy 9 ! human m9d8 ,did x inh]e 9 ! race1 or 0 x ! gr[? ( ext]nal circum/ances8 ,some?+1 p]haps1 may be grant$ to ea* ( ^! causes4 ,! n>r[ belt ( f]tile l& 9 ,egypt1 f$ by ! ov]fl[+ ,nile1 quick5$ by ! tropical sun1 teem+ ) inexhau/ible p[]s ( life1 cont9ually call$ ! m9d anew to ! active1 creative p[]s ( nature4 ,& yet x may be suspect$ t ! law ( movem5t by means ( antagonism & reaction may h _h its influ5ce also "h4 ,! op9ion is n[ almo/ univ]sal1 t ! impulse ( ,egyptian civilization proce$$ f ,asia4 ,?is is ! conclusion ( ,buns5 at ! end ( 8 fir/ volume4 ,! cradle ( ! my?ology & language ( ,egypt1 says he1 is ,asia4 ,?is result is arriv$ at by ! v>i\s e?nological pro(s ( language :i* f9ds ,sanskrit words & =ms 9 ,egypt1 & ( comp>ative anatomy1 :i* %[s ! olde/ ,egyptian skulls to h belong$ to ,caucasian races4 ,if1 !n1 ,egyptian civilization proce$$ f ,c5tral ,asia1 ,egyptian my?ology & religion probably came z a q natural reaction f ! extreme spiritualism ( ! ,h9doos4 ,! "q :i* rema9s is1 :e!r !y arriv$ at _! nature-wor%ip directly or indirectly2 :e!r1 beg9n+ ) ,feti*ism1 !y asc5d$ to _! high] conceptions ( ! immortal gods2 or1 beg9n+ ) spiritual exi/5ce1 !y trac$ x d[nw>d into its mat]ial manife/ations2 :e!r1 9 %ort1 _! sy/em 0 "o ( evolution or emanation4 ,= e anci5t !ogony1 cosmogony1 or ontogony is ( "o k9d or ! o!r4 ,accord+ to ! sy/ems ( ,india & ( ,platonism1 ! g5]ation ( be+s is by ! me?od ( emanation4 ,creation is a fall+ away1 or an emanation f ! absolute4 ,b ! sy/ems ( ,greek & ,sc&9avian my?ology are ( ! opposite sort4 ,9 ^!1 _s is evolv$ f matt]2 matt] up to _s works4 ,!y beg9 ) ! l[e/ =m ( be+1--night1 *aos1 a mundane egg1--& evolve ! high] gods !refrom4 ,x is probable t we f9d 9 ,egypt a d\ble t5d5cy4 ,"o is ! ,asiatic spiritualism1 ! o!r ! ,african naturalism4 ,! union ( ! ideal & ! real1 ( ?\ght & passion1 ( ! aspirations ( ! s\l & ! fire ( a passionate nature1 ( ab/ract m$itation & concrete life1 _h = its result ! my/]i\s !ology & philosophy :i*1 tw5ty c5turies aft] its burial "u ! des]t s&s1 /ill r\ses our curiosity to p5etrate ! secret ( ?is ,sph9x ( ! ,nile4 ,we h se5 9 a =m] section t ! in/itutions ( ,egypt1 bas$ on a !ocratic mon>*y1 rea* back into a dim & d\btful antiquity4 ,monum5ts1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ?irty-five c5turies1 atte/ an age prec$+ all writt5 hi/ory4 ,^! monum5ts1 s f> z deciph]$ by mod]n ,egyptologi/s1 h confirm$ ! accuracy ( ! li/s ( k+s :i* h come to u f ,mane?o4 ,we h no monum5t ant]ior to ! f\r? dyna/y1 b at t epo* we f9d ! !ocracy fully organiz$4#aga ,! g5]al accuracy ( ,mane?o's li/ has be5 demon/rat$ by ! late/ discov]ies ( ,m4 ,m>iette1 & has r5d]$ d\btful ! idea ( any ( ! dyna/ies be+ contemporane\s4 ,! ma9 *ronological po9ts1 h[ev]1 are by no means z yet fix$4 ,?us1 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ dyna/y is plac$ by ,bckh at ,b4,c4 #egjb1 by ,lepsius ,b4,c4 #chib1 by ,buns5 ,b4,c4 #cfbc1 by ,brugs* ,b4,c4 #ddee1 by ,lau? ,b4,c4 #daeg1 by ,dunck] #cbcc4agb ,! p]iod ( ! build]s ( ! great ,pyramids is fix$ by ,buns5 at ,b4,c4 #cbbi1 by ,lepsius at ,b4,c4 #cabd1 by ,brugs* at ,b4,c4 #cfhf1 by ,lau? at ,b4,c4 #cdej1 & by ,bckh at ,b4,c4 #dicc4agc ,! ,egyptian prie/s told ,h]odotus t !re 7 ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o k+s1 f ,m5es to ,mo]is1 ^: names !y read out ( a book4 ,aft] him came elev5 o!rs1 ( :om ,se?os 0 ! la/4 ,f ,osiris to ,amasis !y c\nt$ fifte5 ?\s& ye>s1 ?\gh ,h]odotus did n believe ?is /atem5t4 ,if ! ?ree hundr$ & =ty-two k+s really exi/$1 x w\ld make ,m5es come ,b4,c4 #iaej1--;at an av]age ( tw5ty-five ye>s' reign to ea* k+4 ,diodorus saw 9 ,egypt a li/ ( f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-n9e k+s4 ,b he says 9 ano!r place t ,m5es liv$ ab\t f\r ?\s& sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t4 ,mane?o tells u t f ,m5es !re 7 ?irty dyna/ies1 :o reign$ five ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six ye>s4 ,b he gives a li/ ( f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-two k+s 9 ^! dyna/ies1 to ! "t ( ,cambyses4 ,! contradictions are s great1 & ! modes ( reconcil+ ,mane?o1 ,h]odotus1 ,diodorus1 ,erato/h5es1 & ! monum5ts are s inadequate1 t we mu/ reg>d ! :ole "q ( ! duration ( ! mon>*y z unsettl$4 ,b f ! "t :5 ! cal5d> mu/ h be5 fix$1 f ! skill display$ 9 ! ,pyramids1 & o!r reasons indep5d5t ( any *ronology1 ,dunck] consid]s ! reign ( ,m5es z old z ,b4,c4 #cejj4 ,! hi/ory ( ,egypt is divid$ into ?ree p]iods1 t ( ! old1 ! middle1 & ! new mon>*y4 ,! fir/ ext5ds f ! f\ndation ( ! unit$ k+dom by ,m5es to ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry by ! ,hykss4 ,! second is f ?is conque/ by ! ,hykss till _! expulsion4 ,! ?ird1 f ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! mon>*y by ,amosis to its f9al conque/ by ,p]sia4 ,! old mon>*y conta9$ twelve dyna/ies2 ! ,hykss or middle mon>*y1 five2 ! new mon>*y1 ?irte53 9 all1 ?irty4 ,! ,hykss1 or ,%eph]d ,k+s1 7 at fir/ suppos$ to be ! ,hebrews3 b ?is hypo!sis adapt$ itself to none ( ! facts4 ,a rec5t treatise by ,m4 ,*abas#agd %[s t ! ,hykss 7 an ,asiatic p1 occupy+ ! c\ntry to ! nor!a/ ( ,egypt4 ,aft] conqu]+ ,l[] ,egypt1 ,apapi 0 k+ ( ! ,hykss & ,tek55-,ra rul$ ov] ! native ,egyptians ( ! ,s\?4 ,a papyrus1 z int]pret$ by ,m4 ,*abas1 n>rates t ,k+ ,apapi wor%ipp$ only ! god ,sute* 7,set71 & refus$ to all[ ! ,egyptian gods to be ador$4 ,?is add$ to ! w> ( races a w> ( religion1 :i* result$ 9 ! f9al expulsion ( ! ,%eph]ds1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #agjj4 ,! ,hykss are designat$ on ! monum5ts & 9 ! papyri z ! ,sc\rge or ,plague1 equival5t 9 ,hebrew to ! ,tzir'ah1 commonly translat$ hornet1 b evid5tly ! same z ! ,hebrew tzavaa?1 plague1 & ! ,arabic tz]ia1 sc\rge1 or plague4#age ,accord+ to ! le>n$ ,egyptologi/1 ,dr4 ,brugs*1 ! ,hebrew slaves 9 ,egypt are ref]r$ to 9 a papyrus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( ! date ( ,ramses ,,ii4 7,b4,c4 #adjj71 9 a description by a scribe nam$ ,p9ebsa ( ! new city ( ,ramses4 ,he tells h[ ! slaves ?rong ar\nd him to pres5t petitions aga9/ _! ov]se]s4 ,ano!r papyrus reads 7,lesley1 ,man's ,orig9 & ,de/9y73 ,! p h erect$ twelve build+s4 ,!y made _! tale ( bricks daily1 till !y 7 f9i%$4 ,! fir/ corroboration ( ! biblical n>rative :i* ! ,egyptian monum5ts af=d1 & ! fir/ syn*ronism betwe5 ,jewi% & ,egyptian hi/ory1 appe> 9 ! reign ( ,ramses ,,ii41 ab\t ,b4,c4 #adjj1 9 ! n9ete5? dyna/y4 ,x appe>s f ! monum5ts & f ! hi/orians t some:]e ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjjj1 or e>li]1 ?is great movem5t ( w>like nomadic tribes occurr$1 :i* result$ 9 ! conque/ ( ,l[] ,egypt by ! pa/oral p kn[n z ,hykss4 ,x 0 p]haps a movem5t ( ,semitic races1 ! ,b$\9s ( ! des]t1 l t :i* ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ye>s aft] unit$ !m z w>riors ( ,islam to ov]fl[ ,nor? ,africa1 ,syria1 ,p]sia1 & ,spa94 ,!y oppress$ ,egypt = five hundr$ ye>s 7,brugs*71 & appe> on ! monum5ts "u ! "n ( ,amu 7! h]dsm57 or ( ,aadu 7! hat$ ones74 ,_! k+s resid$ at ,tanis 79 ,egyptian ,av>is71 9 ! ,delta4 ,t _! conque/s _h a religi\s motive1 & 7 made1 l t ( ,mohamm$1 9 ! int]e/ ( mono!ism1 seems possible4 ,at all ev5ts1 we f9d "o ( !m1 ,apapi1 erect+ a temple to ,sute* 7! ,semitic ,baal71 & refus+ to all[ ! wor%ip ( o!r deities4#agf ,! majority ( ,egyptologi/s believe t ! ,hebrews ent]$ ,egypt :ile ^! ,hykss k+s1 m5 ( ! same ,semitic family & mono!i/ic t5d5cies1 7 rul+ 9 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! b>e subt]ranean temple discov]$ by ,m4 ,m>iette1 ) ! well ne> x fill$ ) brok5 /atues ( ! ,egyptian gods1 is an indication ( ^? t5d5cies4 ,! o!r k+1 :o knew n ,joseph1 0 a k+ ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 :o conqu]$ ! ,hykss & drove !m out ( ,egypt4 ,app>5tly ! c\rse ( ev5ts 0 l t :i* _m c5turies lat] occurr$ 9 ,spa94 ,9 bo? cases1 ! orig9al rul]s ( ! l&1 driv5 to ! m\nta9s1 gradually reconqu]$ _! c\ntry /ep by /ep4 ,! result ( ?is reconque/ ( ! c\ntry w\ld also be 9 ,egypt1 z x 0 9 ,spa91 t ! ,semitic remnants left 9 ! l& w\ld be subject to a sev]e & oppressive rule4 ,! ,jews 9 ,egypt1 l ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 7 victims ( a cruel bondage4 ,!n began ! mo/ spl5did p]iod ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 dur+ ! sev5te5?1 sixte5?1 fifte5?1 & f\rte5? c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ,egyptian armies ov]ran ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,arm5ia z f> z ! ,tigris4 ,ramses ,,ii41 ! mo/ p[]ful mon>* ( ?is epo*1 is probably ! k+ ^: hi/ory is giv5 by ,h]odotus & o!r ,greek writ]s "u ! "n ( ,seso/ris4#agg ,m4 de ,r\g believes himself able to e/abli% ?is id5tity4 ,he f\nd 9 ! ,museum at ,vi5na a /one cov]$ ) inscriptions1 & d$icat$ by a p]son ^: "n is giv5 z ,ramses ,mei-,am\n1 exactly 9 ! hi]oglyphics ( ! great k+4 ,b ?is p]son's "n is also writt5 else:]e on ! /one ,ses1 & a ?ird "t z ,ses ,mei-am\n1 %[+ t ,ses 0 a common abbreviation ( ,ramses4 ,x is also writt5 ,sesu1 or ,sesesu1 :i* is v l ! =m 9 :i* ,diodorus writes ,seso/ris1 namely1 ,sesoosis4#agh ,n[ ,ramses ,,ii41 ^: reign falls ab\t ,b4,c4 #adjj1 erect$ a *a9 ( =tresses to def5d ! nor!a/]n bord] ( ,egypt aga9/ ! ,syrian nomads4 ,"o ( ^! =tresses 0 nam$ f ! ,k+ ,ramses1 & ano!r ,pa*tum4 ,! papyri conta9 acc\nts ( ^! cities4 ,"o papyrus1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#agi is a description by a scribe nam$ ,p9ebsa1 ( ! aspect ( ! city ,ramses1 & ( ! petitions ( ! labor]s = relief aga9/ _! ov]se]s4 ,^! labor]s are call$ ,apuru1 ,hebrews4 ,9 a papyrus ( ! ,leyd5 ,museum1 an (fic] reports to 8 sup]ior ?us3 ,may my "l be pleas$4 ,i h di/ribut$ food to ! soldi]s & to ! ,hebrews1 dragg+ /ones = ! great city ,ramses ,meia-m\m4 ,i gave !m food mon?ly4 ,?is corresponds ) ! passage 7,exodus i4 #aa73 ,!y built = ,ph>aoh treasure-cities1 ,pi?om & ,raamses4#ahj ,! bir? ( ,moses fell "u ! reign ( ,ramses ,,ii4 ,! ,exodus 0 "u t ( 8 successor1 ,m5ep!s4 ,?is k+ _h fall5 on evil times2 8 p[] 0 mu* inf]ior to t ( 8 great pr$ecessor2 & he ev5 condesc5d$ to propitiate ! anti-,egyptian elem5t1 by wor%ipp+ its gods4 ,he has left 8 inscription on ! monum5ts ) ! title1 ,wor%ipp] ( ,sute*-,baal 9 ,tanis4 ,! "n ( ,moses is ,egyptian1 & signifies ! *ild4 ,joseph1 says ,brugs*1 0 nev] at ! c\rt ( an ,egyptian ,ph>aoh1 b f\nd 8 place ) ! ,semitic mon>*s1 :o reign$ at ,av>is-,tanis 9 ! ,delta1 & ^: p[] ext5d$ f ?is po9t z f> z ,memphis & ,heliopolis4 ,! k+ :o knew n ,joseph 0 evid5tly ! re/or$ ,egyptian dyna/y ( ,!bes4 ,^! mon>*s w\ld be naturally av]se to all ! ,pale/9ian inhabitants ( ! l&4 ,& ! monum5ts ( _! reigns repres5t ! labors ( subject p1 "u task-ma/]s1 cutt+1 c>ry+1 & lay+ /ones = ! walls ( cities4 ,to :at race d ! ,egyptians belong8 ,! only hi/oric docum5t :i* takes u back s f> z ?is is ! li/ ( nations 9 ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,we _c1 inde$1 det]m9e ! "t :5 x 0 writt54 ,b ,buns51 ,eb]s1#aha & o!r e?nologi/s are satisfi$ t ! au?or ( ?is *apt] _h a k ( ! subject d]iv$ ei!r f ! ,pho5icians or ! ,egyptians4 ,ewald places 8 epo* ) t ( ! e>ly ,jewi% k+s4 ,accord+ to ?is table ! ,egyptians 7 desc5d$ f ,ham1 ! son ( ,noah1 & 7 consequ5tly ( ! same orig9al /ock ) ! ,japhetic & ,semitic nations4 ,!y 7 n negroes1 ?\gh _! sk9 0 black1 or at lea/ d>k4#ahb ,accord+ to ,h]odotus !y came f ! he>t ( ,africa2 accord+ to ,g5esis 7*ap4 x47 f ,asia4 ,:i* is ! correct view8 ,! ,egyptians !mselves recogniz$ no relation%ip ) ! negroes1 :o only appe> on ! monum5ts z captives or slaves4 ,hi/ory1 !re=e1 helps u little 9 ?is "q ( race4 ,h[ is x ) ,comp>ative ,philology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy8 ,! ,coptic language is an idiom ( ! old ,egyptian tongue1 :i* seems to belong to no kn[n l+ui/ic gr\p4 ,x is relat$ to o!r ,african languages only ?r\gh ! lexicon1 & simil>ly ) ! ,indo-,european4 ,"s traces ( grammatic lik5ess to ! ,semitic may be f\nd 9 x2 yet ! view ( ,buns5 & ,s*w>tz1 t 9 v anci5t times x arose f ! union ( ,semitic & ,indo-,european languages1 rema9s only a hypo!sis4#ahc ,m]x 79 ,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexicon7 says ?is view re/s ^u a wi% =m$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory2 & ! belief ( a connection betwe5 ^! tongues is n ju/ifi$ by any sci5tific /udy ( philology4 ,no su* e?nological aff9ity c be grant$1--a pro( ( :i* is t all facts 9 its favor are d]iv$ f common roots1 none f common gramm>4 ,b5fey1 h[ev]1 assum$ two great bran*es ( ,semitic nationalities1 "o fl[+ into ,africa1 ! o!r into ,we/]n ,asia4#ahd ,eb]s#ahe gives "s /rik+ resemblances betwe5 ,egyptian & ,*aldaic words1 & says he possesses m ?an ?ree hundr$ examples ( ?is k9d2 & 9 ,buns5's fif? volume are comp>ative tables :i* give z _! result t a ?ird "p ( ! old ,egyptian words 9 ,coptic lit]ature are ,semitic1 & a t5? "p ,indo-,european4 ,if ^! /atem5ts are confirm$1 !y may indicate "s close e>ly relations betwe5 ^! races4 ,! anatomy ( ! mummies seems to %[ a wide dep>ture f negro *>act]i/ics4 ,! skull1 *91 =ehead1 bony sy/em1 facial angle1 hair1 limbs1 are all diff]5t4 ,! *ief resemblances are 9 ! flat nose1 & =m ( ! backbone4#ahf ,sci5tific e?nologi/s h !re=e usually decid$ t ! old ,egyptians 7 an ,asiatic p :o _h become p>tially amalgamat$ ) ! surr\nd+ ,african tribes4 ,max ,dunck] comes to ?is conclusion1#ahg & says t ! ,b]b] languages are ! exi/+ repres5tatives ( ! old ,egyptian4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true z conc]ns ! ,copts1 ^: v "n is almo/ id5tical ) ! ^w ,gupti1 ! old "n f :i* ! ,greeks =m$ ! t]m gypti4#ahh ,alfr$ ,maury 7,revue d4 ,d4 ,mondes1 ,septemb]1 #ahfg7 says t1 accord+ to all appe>ances1 ,egypt 0 peopl$ f ,asia by t ,hamitic race :i* compris$ ! tribes ( ,pale/9e1 ,arabia1 & ,e?iopia4 ,its anci5t civilization 01 consequ5tly1 ! si/] ( t :i* built ,babylon & ,n9eveh4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 z 9 ^? ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1 religion gave ! motive to civilization1 & 9 all ! ?ree nations !re 0 a prie/hood 9 close alliance ) an absolute mon>*y4 ,m4 de ,r\g is ( ! same op9ion4 ,9 8 exam9ation ( ! monum5ts ( ! olde/ dyna/ies1 he f9ds ! "n giv5 to ! ,egyptians by !mselves to be m]ely ! ,m5 7,rut71--a ^w :i* by ! usual int]*ange ( ,r ) ,l1 & ( ,t ) ,d1 is id5tical ) ! ,hebrew ,lud 7plural ,ludim71 :om ! ,book ( ,g5esis decl>es to h be5 a son ( ,misraim4 ,?is t]m 0 appli$ by ! ,israelites to all ! races on ! s\!a/ %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is1 !re=e1 believ$ by ,m4 de ,r\g t ! ,egyptians 7 ( ! same family ) ^! ,asiatic tribes on ! %ores ( ,syria4 ,"h1 !n1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 a new civilization may h come f ! union ( two diff]5t races1--"o ,asiatic1 ! o!r ,african4 ,asia furni%$ ! bra91 ,africa ! fire1 & f ! imm5se vital =ce ( ! latt] & ! intellectual vigor ( ! =m] sprang t wond]ful civilization :i* illum9at$ ! _w dur+ at lea/ five ?\s& ye>s4 #f4 ,! ,?ree ,ord]s ( ,gods4 ,! ,egyptian !ology1 or doctr9e ( ! gods1 0 ( two k9ds1--esot]ic & exot]ic1 t is1 an int]ior !ology = ! initiat$1 & an ext]ior !ology = ! un9itiat$4 ,! ext]ior !ology1 :i* 0 = ! :ole p1 consi/$ ( ! my?ological acc\nts ( ,isis & ,osiris1 ! judgm5ts ( ! dead1 ! transmigration ( ! s\l1 & all matt]s connect$ ) ! c]emonial wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,b ! int]ior1 hidd5 !ology is suppos$ to h relat$ to ! unity & spirituality ( ! ,deity4 ,h]odotus in=ms u t ! gods ( ! ,egyptians 7 9 ?ree ord]s2 & ,buns5 believes t he has succe$$ 9 re/or+ !m f ! monum5ts4 ,!re are eight gods ( ! fir/ ord]1 twelve gods ( ! second ord]1 & sev5 gods ( ! ?ird ord]4 ,! gods ( ! ?ird ord] are ^? ( ! popul> wor%ip1 b ^? ( ! fir/ seem to be ( a high] & m spiritual class4 ,! ?ird class ( gods 7 repres5tative ( ! elem5ts ( nature1 ! sun1 fire1 wat]1 e>?1 air4 ,b ! gods ( ! fir/ ord] 7 ! gods ( ! prie/hood1 und]/ood by !m alone1 & express+ ideas :i* !y %rank f communicat+ to ! p4 ,! spiritual & ideal "p ( _! religion ! prie/s kept to !mselves z some?+ :i* ! p 7 incapable ( und]/&+4 ,! fir/ eight gods seem to h be5 a repres5tation ( a process ( div9e developm5t or emanation1 & con/itut$ a transition f ! absolute spiritualism ( ! ,h9doos to ! religion ( nature & humanity 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ,h9doo gods 7 emanations ( _s3 ! gods ( ,greece are idealizations ( ,nature4 ,b ! ,egyptian gods repres5t _s pass+ into matt] & =m4 ,accord+ly1 if we exam9e 9 detail ! gods ( ! fir/ ord]1 :o are eight1 we f9d !m to possess ! g5]al pr9ciple ( self-revelation1 & to con/itute1 tak5 toge!r1 a process ( div9e developm5t4 ,^! eight1 accord+ to ,buns51 are ,amn1 or ,ammon2 ,khem1 or ,*emmis2 ,mut1 ! ,"m ,goddess2 ,num1 or ,kneph2 ,seti1 or ,sate2 ,phtah1 ! ,arti/ ,god2 ,net1 or ,nei?1 ! ,goddess ( ,sais2 & ,ra1 ! ,sun1 ! ,god ( ,heliopolis4 ,b accord+ to ,wilk9son !y /& 9 a little diff]5t ord]3 #a4 ,neph1 or ,kneph2 #b4 ,amun1 or ,ammon2 #c4 ,p?ah2 #d4 ,khem2 #e4 ,sate2 #f4 ,maut1 or ,mut2 #g4 ,pa%t1 or ,diana2 & #h4 ,nei?1 or ,m9]va1 9 :i* li/ ,pa%t1 ! ,goddess ( ,buba/is1 is promot$ out ( ! second ord] & takes ! place ( ,ra1 ! ,sun1 :o is degrad$4 ,suppos+ ^! li/s to be sub/antially correct1 we h1 z ! root ( ! s]ies1 ,ammon1 ! ,conceal$ ,god1 or ,absolute ,_s4 ,8 titles indicate ?is dignity4 ,! ,greeks recogniz$ him z correspond+ to _! ,zeus4 ,he is /yl$ ,k+ ( ! ,gods1 ! ,rul]1 ! ,"l ( ,heav51 ! ,"l ( ! ,?rones1 ! ,horus or ,god ( ! ,two ,egypts4 ,!bes 0 8 city4 ,accord+ to ,mane?o1 8 "n means concealm5t2 & ! root ,amn also means to veil or conceal4 ,8 orig9al "n 0 ,amn2 ?us x /&s 9 ! r+s ( ! twelf? dyna/y4 ,b aft] ! eighte5? dyna/y x is ,amn-,ra1 mean+ ! ,sun4 ,inconte/ably1 says ,buns51 he /&s 9 ,egypt z ! head ( ! great cosmogonic developm5t4 ,next comes ,kneph1 or ,god z ,_s1--! ,_s ( ,god1 (t5 conf\nd$ ) ,amn1 also call$ ,cnubis & ,num4 ,bo? ,plut>* & ,diodorus tell u t 8 "n signifies ,_s1 ! ,num hav+ an evid5t relation ) ! ,greek 1 & ! ,coptic ^w ,nef1 mean+ also to bl[4 ,s too ! ,arabic ,nef means brea?1 ! ,hebrew ,nuf1 to fl[1 & ! ,greek 1 to brea!4 ,at ,esneh he is call$ ! ,brea? ( ^? 9 ! ,firmam5t2 at ,elephant9a1 ,"l ( ! ,inundations4 ,he we>s ! ram's head ) d\ble horns 7by mi/ake ( ! ,greeks attribut$ to ,ammon71 & 8 wor%ip 0 univ]sal 9 ,e?iopia4 ,! %eep are sacr$ to him1 ( :i* !re 7 l>ge flocks 9 ! ,!baid1 kept = _! wool4 ,& ! s]p5t or asp1 a sign ( k+ly dom9ion1--h5ce call$ basilisk1--is sacr$ to ,kneph4 ,z ,creator1 he appe>s "u ! figure ( a pott] ) a :eel4 ,9 ,phil he is s repres5t$1 =m+ on 8 :eel a figure ( ,osiris1 ) ! inscription1 ,num1 :o =ms on 8 :eel ! ,div9e ,limbs ( ,osiris4 ,he is also call$ ! ,sculptor ( all m51 also ! god :o made ! sun & moon to revolve4 ,porphyry says t ,p?ah sprang f an egg :i* came f ! m\? ( ,kneph1 9 :i* he is support$ by high monum5tal au?ority4 ,! result ( ?is seems to be t ,kneph repres5ts ! absolute ,be+ z ,_s1 ! ,_s ( ,god mov+ on ! face ( ! wat]s1--a mov+ _s p]vad+ ! =mless *aos ( matt]4 ,p]haps ! next god 9 ! s]ies is ,p?ah1 by ! ,greeks call$ ,heph/us1 or ,vulcan1 repres5t+ =mation1 creation by ! tru?1 /ability2 call$ 9 ! inscriptions1 ,"l ( ,tru?1 ,"l ( ! ,beautiful ,face1 ,fa!r ( ! ,beg9n+s1 mov+ ! ,egg ( ! ,sun & ,moon4 ,) ,horapollo & ,plut>*1 we may consid] ! ,sc>abeus1 or ,beetle1 :i* is 8 sign1 z an emblem ( ! _w & its creation4 ,an inscription calls him ,creator ( all ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,iamblicus says1 ,! ,god :o creates ) tru? is ,p?ah4 ,he 0 also connect$ ) ! sun1 z hav+ ?irty f+]s1--! numb] ( days 9 a mon?4 ,he is repres5t$ sometimes z a de=m$ dw>f4 ,! next god 9 ! s]ies is ,khem1 ! ,greek ,pan1--! pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 sometimes hold+ ! pl\gh%>e4 ,!n come ! fem99e pr9ciples correspond+ ) ^! ?ree latt] gods4 ,amun has naturally no companion4 ,mut1 ! "m1 is ! consort ( ,khem ! fa!r4 ,seti1--! ,ray or ,arr[1--a female figure1 ) ! horns ( a c[1 is ! companion ( ,kneph4 ,& ,nei?1 or ,net1 ! goddess ( ,sais1 belongs to ,p?ah4 ,! ,greek ,m9]va ,a?n is ?\ght to be d]iv$ f ,nei? by an inv]sion ( ! lett]s1#ahi--! ,greeks writ+ f left to "r & ! ,egyptians f "r to left4 ,h] "n means1 ,i came f myself4 ,clem5s says t h] great %r9e at ,sais has an op5 ro( ) ! inscription1 ,i am all t 0 & is & is to be1 & no mortal has lift$ my g>m5t1 & ! fruit ,i bore is ,helios4 ,?is w\ld seem to id5tify h] ) ,nature4 ,= ! eigh? god ( ! fir/ ord] we may take ei!r ,helios or ,ra or ,phra1 ! ,sun-,god2 f :5ce came ! "n ( ! ,ph>aohs1 or we may take ,pa%t1 ,buba/is1 ! equival5t ( ! ,greek ,diana4 ,on "s acc\nts x w\ld seem t ,ra 0 ! true t]m9ation ( ?is cycle4 ,we %\ld !n h1 proce$+ f ! hidd5 abyss ( pure ,_s1 fir/ a brea?+ =?1 or _s 9 motion2 !n creation1 by ! ^w ( tru?2 !n g5]ation1 giv+ life & gr[?2 & !n ! female qualities ( production1 wisdom1 & light1 complet$ by ! ,sun-,god1 la/ ( ! s]ies4 ,amn1 or ,ammon1 ! ,conceal$ ,god1 is ! root1 !n ! creative p[] 9 ,kneph1 !n ! g5]ative p[] 9 ,khem1 ! ,demiurgic p[] 9 ,ptah1 ! fem99e creative pr9ciple ( ,nature 9 ,nei?1 ! productive pr9ciple 9 ,mut1 or p]haps ! n\ri%+ pr9ciple1 & !n ! liv+ /imulus ( gr[?1 :i* c>ries all =w>d 9 ,ra4 ,b we mu/ n[ rememb] t two races meet 9 ,egypt1--an ,asiatic race1 :i* br+s ! ideas ( ! ,ea/2 & an ,e?iopian1 inhabitants ( ! l&1 :o 7 already !re4 ,! fir/ race br\ght ! spiritual ideas :i* 7 embodi$ 9 ! high] ord] ( gods4 ,! ,africans 7 fill$ ) ! in/9ct ( nature-wor%ip4 ,^! two t5d5cies 7 to be reconcil$ 9 ! religion ( ,egypt4 ,! fir/ ord] ( gods 0 = ! initiat$1 & taught !m ! unity1 spirituality1 & creative p[] ( ,god4#aij ,! ?ird ord]--! circle ( ,isis & ,osiris--7 = ! p1 & 7 repres5tative ( ! =ms & =ces ( outw>d nature4 ,betwe5 ! two come ! second s]ies1--a transition f ! "o to ! o!r1--*ildr5 ( ! high] gods1 p>5ts ( ! l[]1--nei!r s ab/ract z ! "o nor s concrete z ! o!r1--repres5t+ nei!r purely div9e qualities on ! "o side1 nor m]ely natural =ces on ! o!r1 b r ! faculties & p[]s ( man4 ,mo/ ( ?is s]ies 7 !re=e adopt$ by ! ,greeks1 ^: religion 0 "o ess5tially bas$ on human nature1 & ^: gods 7 all1 or ne>ly all1 ! ideal repres5tations ( human qualities4 ,h5ce !y f\nd 9 ,khunsu1 *ild ( ,ammon1 _! ,h]cules1 ,god ( ,/r5g?2 9 ,?o?1 *ild ( ,kneph1 !y f\nd ,h]mes1 ,god ( ,k2 9 ,pe*t1 *ild ( ,p?ah1 !y f\nd _! ,artemis1 or ,diana1 ! ,goddess ( ,bir?1 protector ( wom52 9 ,a?or1 or ,ha?or1 !y f\nd _! ,aphrodit1 ,goddess ( ,love4 ,seb 0 ,*ronos1 or ,"t2 & ,nutpe 0 ,rhea1 wife ( ,*ronos4 ,! ?ird ord] ( gods are ! *ildr5 ( ! second s]ies1 & are manife/ations ( ! ,div9e 9 ! outw>d univ]se4 ,b ?\gh /&+ l[e/ 9 ! scale1 !y 7 ! mo/ popul> gods ( ! ,pan!on2 _h m individuality & p]sonal "* ?an ! o!rs2 7 m univ]sally wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 & t f ! olde/ times4 ,! ,osiris deities1 says ,h]odotus1 are ! only gods wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ,egypt4 ,!y /& on ! olde/ monum5ts1 are ! c5tre ( all ,egyptian wor%ip1 & are p]haps ! olde/ orig9al objects ( rev]5ce1 says ,buns54 ,h[ c ?is be if !y belong to a l[] ord] ( ,deities1 & :at is ! explanation ( x8 ,!re is ano!r hi/orical fact also to be expla9$4 ,d[n to ! "t ( ,ramses1 ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 ,typhon1 or ,se?1 ! ,god ( ,de/ruction1 0 ! *ief ( ?is ?ird ord]1 & ! mo/ v5]at$ ( all ! gods4 ,aft] t "t a revolution occurr$ 9 ! wor%ip1 :i* ov]?rew ,se?1 & 8 "n 0 *isell$ out ( ! monum5ts1 & ! "n ( ,amun ins]t$ 9 its place4 ,?is 0 ! only *ange :i* occurr$ 9 ! ,egyptian religion1 s f> z we "k1 f its comm5cem5t until ! "t ( ! ,cs>s4#aia ,an explanation ( bo? ^! facts may be giv51 f\nd$ on ! suppos$ amalgamation 9 ,egypt ( two races ) _! religions4 ,suppos+ t ! gods ( ! high] ord]s repres5t$ ! religi\s ideas ( a ,semitic or ,aryan race ent]+ ,egypt f ,asia1 & t ! ,osiris gr\p 7 ! gods ( ! ,african nature-wor%ip1 :i* !y f\nd prevail+ on _! arrival1 x is q natural t ! prie/s %\ld 9 _! classification place _! own gods highe/1 :ile !y %\ld h all[$ ! ext]nal wor%ip to g on z =m]ly1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,b1 aft] a "t1 z ! tone ( ?\ght became m elevat$1 !y may h succe$$ 9 sub/itut+ = ! ,god ( ,t]ror & ,de/ruction a high] conception 9 ! popul> wor%ip4 ,! my? ( ,isis & ,osiris1 pres]v$ = u by ,plut>*1 gives ! mo/ light 9 relation to ?is ord] ( deities4 ,seb & ,nutpe1 or ,nut1 call$ by ! ,greeks ,*ronos & ,rhea1 7 ! p>5ts ( ?is gr\p4 ,seb is !re=e ,"t1 & ,nut is ,motion or p]haps ,space4 ,! ,sun pron\nc$ a curse on !m1 namely1 t %e %\ld n be deliv]$1 on any day ( ! ye>4 ,?is p]haps implies ! difficulty ( ! ?\ght ( ,creation4 ,b ,h]mes1 or ,wisdom1 :o lov$ ,rhea1 won1 at dice1 ( ! ,moon1 five days1 ! sev5tie? "p ( all h] illum9ations1 :i* he add$ to ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty days1 or twelve mon?s4 ,"h we h a h9t ( a correction ( ! cal5d>1 ! necessity ( :i* awak5$ a feel+ ( irregul>ity 9 ! processes ( nature1 admitt+ !reby ! notion ( *ange & a new creation4 ,^! five days 7 ! bir?days ( ! gods4 ,on ! fir/ ,osiris is born1 & a voice 0 he>d say+1 ,! ,"l ( all ?+s is n[ born4 ,on ! second day1 ,aru]is-,apollo1 or ! eld] ,horus2 on ! ?ird1 ,typhon1 :o broke ?r\gh a hole 9 8 "m's side2 on ! f\r?1 ,isis2 & on ! fif?1 ,nep?ys-,v5us1 or ,victory4 ,osiris & ,aru]is are *ildr5 ( ! ,sun1 ,isis ( ,h]mes1 ,typhon & ,nep?ys ( ,saturn4 ,isis became ! wife ( ,osiris1 :o w5t ?r\gh ! _w tam+ x by means ( oratory1 poetry1 & music4 ,:5 he return$1 ,typhon took sev5ty-two m5 & also a que5 ( ,e?iopia1 & made an ark ! size ( ,osiris's body1 & at a fea/ propos$ to give x to ! "o :om x %\ld fit4 ,osiris got into x1 & !y fa/5$ d[n ! lid & sold]$ x & ?rew x into ! ,nile4 ,!n ,isis put on m\rn+ & w5t to se>* = x1 & direct$ h] inquiries to little *ildr51 :o 7 h5ce held by ! ,egyptians to h ! faculty ( div9ation4 ,!n %e f\nd ,anubis1 *ild ( ,osiris1 by ,nep?ys1 wife ( ,typhon1 :o told h] h[ ! ark 0 entangl$ 9 a tree :i* grew up ar\nd x & hid x4 ,! k+ _h made ( ?is tree a pill> to support 8 h\se4 ,isis sat d[n weep+2 ! wom5 ( ! que5 came to h]1 %e /rok$ _! hair1 & fragrance pass$ into x4 ,%e 0 made nurse to ! que5's *ild1 f$ him ) h] f+]1 & 9 ! night-"t1 by means ( a lamb5t flame1 burn$ away 8 impurities4 ,%e !n turn$ h]self into a swall[ & flew ar\nd ! h\se1 bewail+ h] fate4 ,! que5 wat*$ h] op]ations1 & be+ al>m$ cri$ out1 & s robb$ h] *ild ( immortality4 ,isis !n begg$ ! pill>1 took x d[n1 took out ! *e/1 & cri$ s l\d t ! y\ng] son ( ! k+ di$ ( fright4 ,%e !n took ! ark & ! eld] son & set sail4 ,! cold air ( ! riv] *ill$ h]1 & %e became angry & curs$ x1 & s dri$ x up4 ,%e op5$ ! *e/1 put h] *eek to t ( ,osiris & wept bitt]ly4 ,! little boy came & peep$ 92 %e gave him a t]rible look1 & he di$ ( fright4 ,isis !n came to h] son ,horus1 :o 0 at nurse at ,buto4 ,typhon1 hunt+ by moonlight1 saw ! ark1 ) ! body ( ,osiris1 :i* he tore into f\rte5 p>ts & ?rew !m ab\t4 ,isis w5t to look = !m 9 a boat made ( papyrus1 & buri$ ea* "p 9 a sep>ate place4 ,aft] ?is ! s\l ( ,osiris return$ out ( ,hades to tra9 up 8 son4 ,!n came a battle betwe5 ,horus & ,typhon1 9 :i* ,typhon 0 vanqui%$1 b ,isis all[$ him to escape4 ,!re are o!r less important incid5ts 9 ! /ory1 among !m t ,isis _h ano!r son by ! s\l ( ,osiris aft] 8 dea?1 :o is ! god call$ ,h>pocrates1 repres5t$ z lame & ) 8 f+] on 8 m\?4#aib ,plut>* decl>es t ?is /ory is symbolical1 & m5tions v>i\s explanations ( ! allegory4 ,he rejects1 at once1 ! rationali/ic explanation1 :i* turns ^! gods into em95t m51--sea-capta9s1 etc4 ,i fe>1 says he1 ?is w\ld be to /ir ?+s t are n to be /irr$1 & to decl>e w> 7z ,simonides says71 n only aga9/ l5g? ( "t1 b also aga9/ _m nations & families ( mank9d1 :om a religi\s rev]5ce t[>ds ^! gods holds fa/ b\nd l m5 a/oni%$ & amaz$1 & w\ld be no o!r ?an go+ ab\t to remove s great & v5]able names f heav5 to e>?1 & !reby %ak+ & dissolv+ t wor%ip & p]suasion t ha? ent]$ almo/ all m5's con/itutions f _! v bir?1 & op5+ va/ doors to ! a!i/s' faction1 :o conv]t all div9e matt]s into human4 ,o!rs1 he says1 consid] ^! be+s z demons int]m$iate betwe5 gods & m54 ,& ,osiris aft]w>ds became ,s]apis1 ! ,pluto ( ! "u-_w4 ,o!r explanations ( ! my? are giv5 by ,plut>*4 ,fir/1 ! geographical explanation4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,osiris is ,wat]1 especially ! ,nile4 ,isis is ,e>?1 especially ! l& ( ,egypt adjo9+ ! ,nile1 & ov]fl[$ by x4 ,horus1 _! son1 is ! ,air1 especially ! moi/1 mild air ( ,egypt4 ,typhon is ,fire1 especially ! summ] heat :i* dries up ! ,nile & p>*es ! l&4 ,8 sev5ty-two associates are ! sev5ty-two days ( greate/ heat1 accord+ to ! ,egyptian op9ion4 ,nep?ys1 8 wife1 si/] ( ,isis1 is ! ,des]t outside ( ,egypt1 b :i* 9 a high] inundation ( ! ,nile be+ sometimes ov]fl[$1 becomes productive1 & has a *ild by ,osiris1 nam$ ,anubis4 ,:5 ,typhon %uts ,osiris into ! ark1 x is ! summ] heat dry+ up ! ,nile & conf9+ x to its *annel4 ,?is ark1 entangl$ 9 a tree1 is :]e ! ,nile divides into _m m\?s at ! ,delta & is ov]hung by ! wood4 ,isis1 nurs+ ! *ild ( ! k+1 ! fragrance1 etc41 repres5t ! e>? n\ri%+ plants & animals4 ,! body ( ,osiris1 torn by ,typhon into f\rte5 p>ts1 signifies ei!r ! division ( ! ,nile at its m\?s or ! pools ( wat] left aft] ! dry+ up ( ! inundation4 ,!re is s mu* 9 ?is acc\nt :i* accords ) ! facts1 t !re c be no d\bt ( its correctness s f> z x goes4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5tly an incomplete explanation4 ,! /ory means ?is1 b some?+ m4 ,beside ! geographical view1 ,plut>* !re=e adds a sci5tific & an a/ronomical explanation1 z well z o!rs m philosophical4 ,accord+ to ^!1 ,osiris is 9 g5]al ! productive1 ! creative p[] 9 nature2 ,isis1 ! female prop]ty ( nature1 h5ce call$ by ,plato ! nurse2 & ,typhon ! de/ructive prop]ty 9 nature2 :ile ,horus is ! m$iator betwe5 creation & de/ruction4 ,& ?us we h ! triad ( ,osiris1 ,typhon1 & ,horus1 ess5tially correspond+ to ! ,h9doo triad1 ,brahma1 ,siva1 & ,vi%nu1 & also to ! ,p]sian triad1 ,ormazd1 ,ahriman1 & ,mi?ra4 ,& s ?is my? w express ! ,egyptian view ( ! conflict ( good & evil 9 ! natural _w4 ,b x seems v likely t x 0 ! object ( ! prie/s to elevate ?is ,osiris wor%ip to a /ill high] mean+1 mak+ x an allegory ( ! /ruggles1 sorr[s1 & self-recov]y ( ! human s\l4 ,e human s\l aft] dea? took ! "n & symbols ( ,osiris1 & !n w5t into ! "u-_w to be judg$ by him4 ,connect$ ) ?is 0 ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 or ! passage ( ! s\l ?r\gh v>i\s bodies1--a doctr9e br\ght out ( ,egypt by ,py?agoras4 ,^! high] doctr9es 7 taught 9 ! my/]ies4 ,i "k !m1 says ,h]odotus1 b mu/ n tell !m4 ,iamblicus pr(esses to expla9 !m 9 8 "w on ! ,my/]ies4 ,b x is n easy to say h[ mu* ( 8 own ,platonism he has m+l$ !re)4 ,accord+ to him1 !y taught 9 ! my/]ies t be=e all ?+s 0 "o ,god immovable 9 ! solitude ( unity4 ,! ,"o 0 to be v5]at$ 9 sil5ce4 ,!n ,emeph1 or ,neph1 0 god 9 8 self-consci\sness4 ,aft] ?is 9 ,amun1 8 intellect became tru?1 %$d+ light4 ,tru? work+ by art is ,p?ah1 & art produc+ good is ,osiris4 ,ano!r rem>kable fact mu/ be at lea/ allud$ to4 ,buns5 says1 t1 accord+ to ! :ole te/imony ( ! monum5ts1 ,isis & ,osiris n only h _! roots 9 ! second ord]1 b are also !mselves ! fir/ & ! second ord]4 ,isis1 ,osiris1 & ,horus comprise all ,egyptian my?ology1 ) ! exception ( ,amun & ,neph4 ,( ?is fact ,i h se5 no explanation & "k ( none1 unless x be a sign ( ! purpose ( ! prie/s to unite ! two sy/ems ( spiritualism & nature-wor%ip into "o1 & to elevate & spiritualize ! l[] ord] ( gods4 ,"o reason = ?9k+ t ! religi\s sy/em ( ! prie/s 0 a compromise betwe5 sev]al diff]5t orig9al t5d5cies is to be f\nd 9 ! local wor%ip ( special deities 9 v>i\s places4 ,9 ,l[] ,egypt ! highe/ god 0 ,p?ah1 :om ! ,greeks id5tifi$ ) ,vulcan2 ! god ( fire or heat1 fa!r ( ! sun4 ,he 0 9 ?is region ! *ief god1 correspond+ to ,ammon 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,mane?o says t ,p?ah reign$ n9e ?\s& ye>s be=e ! o!r gods1--:i* mu/ mean t ?is 0 by f> ! olde/ wor%ip 9 ,egypt4 ,z ,ammon is ! head ( a cosmogony :i* proce$s accord+ to emanation f _s d[n to matt]1 s ,p?ah is at ! beg9n+ ( a cosmogony :i* asc5ds by a process ( evolution f matt] work+ up to _s4 ,= f ,p?ah 7heat7 comes light1 f light proce$s life1 f life arise gods1 m51 plants1 animals1 & all organic exi/5ce4 ,! inscriptions call ,p?ah1 ,fa!r ( ! ,fa!r ( ! ,gods1 ,k+ ( bo? ,worlds1 ! ,god ( all ,beg9n+s1 ! ,=m] ( ,?+s4 ,! egg is "o ( 8 symbols1 z conta9+ a g]m ( life4 ,! sc>abu1 or beetle1 :i* rolls its ball ( e>?1 suppos$ to conta9 its egg1 is d$icat$ to ,p?ah4 ,8 sacr$ city 0 ,memphis1 9 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,8 son1 ,ra1 ! ,sun-,god1 _h 8 temple at ,on1 ne> by1 :i* ! ,greeks call$ ,heliopolis1 or ,city ( ! ,sun4 ,! cat is sacr$ to ,ra4 ,z ,p?ah is ! god ( all beg9n+s 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 s ,ra is ! vitaliz+ god1 ! active rul] ( ! _w1 hold+ a sceptre 9 "o h& & ! sign ( life 9 ! o!r4 ,! goddesses ( ,l[] ,egypt 7 ,nei? at ,sais1 ,leto1 ! goddess ^: temple 0 at ,buto1 & ,pa*t at ,baba/is4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt1 z we h se51 ! *ief deity 0 ,amun1 or ,ammon1 ! ,conceal$ ,god1 & ,kneph1 or ,knubis4 ,) !m belong$ ! goddess ,mut#aic 7! "m7 & ,khonso4 ,! two olde/ gods 7 ,m5tu1 ! ris+ sun1 & ,atmu1 ! sett+ sun4 ,we !re=e f9d traces ( ! same c\rse ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ,egypt z we %all aft]w>d f9d 9 ,greece4 ,! e>li] wor%ip is ( local deities1 :o are aft]w>ds unit$ 9 a ,pan!on4 ,z ,zeus 0 at fir/ wor%ipp$ 9 ,dodona & ,arcadia1 ,apollo 9 ,crete & ,delos1 ,aphrodit 9 ,cyprus1 ,a?n at ,a!ns1 & aft]w>d ^! tribal & prov9cial deities 7 unit$ 9 "o company z ! twelve gods ( ,olympus1 s 9 ,egypt ! v>i\s e>ly !ologies 7 unit$ 9 ! ?ree ord]s1 ( :i* ,ammon 0 made ! head4 ,b1 9 bo? c\ntries1 ea* city & prov9ce p]sev]$ 9 ! wor%ip ( its p>ticul> deity4 ,z ,a?n cont9u$ to be ! protector ( ,a!ns1 & ,aphrodit ( ,cyprus1 s1 9 ,egypt1 ,set cont9u$ to be ! god ( ,ombos1 ,leto ( ,buto1 ,horus ( ,edfu1 ,khem ( ,coptos4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is section1 we mu/ say a ^w ( ! practical morality connect$ ) ?is !ology4 ,we h se51 above1 ! /ress laid on works ( ju/ice & m]cy4 ,!re is a papyrus 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y at ,p>is1 :i* ,m4 ,*abas consid]s ! olde/ book 9 ! _w4 ,x is an autograph manuscript writt5 ,b4,c4 #bbjj1 or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 by "o :o calls himself ! son ( a k+4 ,x conta9s practical philosophy l t ( ,solomon 9 8 prov]bs4 ,x glorifies1 l ! ,prov]bs1 wisdom4 ,x says t man's he>t rules ! man1 t ! bad man's life is :at ! wise "k to be dea?1 t :at we say 9 secret is kn[n to him :o made our int]ior nature1 t he :o made u is pres5t ) u ?\gh we are alone4 ,is n ! human race "o1 :5 ?is ,egyptian f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 talks ( life z ,solomon spoke "o ?\s& ye>s aft]1 9 ,juda2 & z ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 spoke1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s aft] ,solomon1 9 ,am]ica8 #g4 ,influ5ce ( ,egypt on ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,h[ mu* ( ! doctr9e & ritual ( ,egypt 7 import$ into ,judaism by ,moses is a "q by no means easy to settle4 ,( ,egyptian !ology prop]1 or ! doctr9e ( ! gods1 we f9d no trace 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,in/ead ( ! ?ree ord]s ( deities we h ,jehovah2 in/ead ( ! images & pictures ( ! gods1 we h a rigor\s prohibition ( idolatry2 in/ead ( ,osiris & ,isis1 we h a ,deity above all worlds & beh9d all "t1 ) no hi/ory1 no adv5tures1 no e>?ly life4 ,b x is p]haps m /range n to f9d any trace ( ! doctr9e ( a future life 9 ,mosaism1 :5 ?is 0 s prom95t among ! ,egyptians4 ,moses gives no acc\nt ( ! judgm5t ( s\ls aft] dea?2 he tells no?+ ( ! long j\rney & multi=m exp]i5ces ( ! next life accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 no?+ ( a future resurrection & return to ! body4 ,8 sev]e mono!ism 0 v diff]5t f ! m9ute *>act]ization ( gods 9 ! ,egyptian ,pan!on4 ,! p]sonal "* ( ,jehovah1 ) its awful au?ority1 its /]n retribution & imp>tial ju/ice1 0 q ano!r ?+ f ! symbolic ideal type ( ! gods ( ,egypt4 ,no?+ ( ! popul> my? ( ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,horus1 & ,typhon is f\nd 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 no?+ ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 no?+ ( ! wor%ip ( animals2 no?+ ( ! future life & judgm5t to come2 no?+ ( ! embalm+ ( bodies & ornam5t+ ( tombs4 ,! *]ubim among ! ,jews may resemble ! ,egyptian ,sph9x2 ! prie/s' dress 9 bo? are ( :ite l952 ! ,urim & ,?ummim1 symbolic jewels ( ! prie/s1 are 9 bo?2 a quasi-h]$it>y prie/hood is 9 ea*2 & bo? h a temple wor%ip4 ,b "h ! p>allels cease4 ,moses left beh9d ,egyptian !ology1 & took only "s h9ts = 8 ritual f ! ,nile4 ,!re may p]haps be a s+le exception to ?is /atem5t4 ,accord+ to ,brugs*#aid & o!r writ]s1 ! ,papyrus buri$ ) ! mummy conta9$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e unity4 ,! "n ( ,god 0 n giv51 b in/ead ! words ,,nuk ,,pu ,,nuk1 ,i am ! ,i am1 correspond+ to ! "n giv5 9 ,exodus iii4 #ad1 ,jahveh 79 a corrupt =m ,jehovah74 ,?is "n1 ,jahveh1 has ! same mean+ ) ! ,egyptian ,nuk pu ,nuk1 ,i am ! ,i am4 ,at lea/ s say ,egyptologi/s4 ,if ?is is s1 ! co9cid5ce is c]ta9ly v /rik+4 ,t "s ( ! ritualism to :i* ! ,jews 7 accu/om$ 9 ,egypt %\ld h be5 import$ into _! new c]emonial1 is q 9 accordance ) human nature4 ,*ri/ianity1 also1 has tak5 up _m ( ! cu/oms ( hea!nism4#aie ,! rite ( circumcision 0 probably adopt$ by ! ,jews f ! ,egyptians1 :o receiv$ x f ! natives ( ,africa4 ,liv+/one has f\nd x among ! tribes s\? ( ! ,zambesi1 & ?9ks ?is cu/om !re _c be trac$ to any ,mohamm$an s\rce4 ,pri*>d believes x1 9 ,egypt1 to h be5 a relic ( anci5t ,african cu/oms4 ,x /ill exi/s 9 ,e?iopia & ,abyss9ia4 ,9 ,egypt x exi/$ f> e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,abraham1 z appe>s by anci5t mummies4 ,wilk9son affirms x to h be5 z e>ly z ! f\r? dyna/y1 & probably e>li]1 long be=e ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,h]odotus tells u t ! cu/om exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times among ! ,egyptians & ,e?iopians1 & 0 adopt$ f !m by ! ,syrians ( ,pale/9e4 ,^? :o reg>d ?is rite z in/itut$ by a ,div9e comm& may /ill believe t x already exi/$ among ! ,jews1 j z baptism exi/$ among !m be=e ,jesus comm&$ 8 disciples to baptize4 ,bo? 9 ,egypt & among ! ,jews x 0 connect$ ) a feel+ ( sup]iority4 ,! circumcis$ 7 di/+ui%$ f o!rs by a high] religi\s position4 ,x is difficult to trace ! orig9 ( s5tim5ts s ali5 to our own ways ( ?\ght2 b ! hygi5ic explanation seems h>dly adequate4 ,x may h be5 a sign ( ! devotion ( ! g5]ative p[] to ! s]vice ( ,god1 & h be5 ! fir/ /ep out ( ! untam$ lic5se ( ! passions1 among ! ,africans4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! figure ( ! ,*]ubim among ! ,jews 0 d]iv$ f t ( ! ,sph9x4 ,!re 7 ?ree k9ds ( ,sph9xes 9 ,egypt1--! &ro-sph9x1 ) ! head ( a man & ! body ( a lion2 ! crio-sph9x1 ) ! head ( a ram & ! body ( a lion2 & ! hi]aco-sph9x1 ) ! head ( a hawk & a lion's body4 ,! fir/ 0 a symbol ( ! union ( wisdom & /r5g?4 ,! ,sph9x 0 ! solemn s5t9el1 plac$ to wat* ! temple & ! tomb1 z ! ,*]ubim wat*$ ! gates ( ,p>adise aft] ! expulsion ( ,adam4 ,9 ! ,*]ubim 7 jo9$ portions ( ! figure ( a man ) ^? ( ! lion1 ! ox1 & ! eagle4 ,9 ! ,temple ! ,*]ubim spread _! w+s above ! ark2 & ,wilk9son gives a picture f ! ,egyptian tombs ( two kneel+ figures ) w+s spread above ! sc>abu4 ,! ,p]sians & ! ,greeks _h simil> symbolic figures1 meant to repres5t ! v>i\s p[]s ( ^! sep>ate creatures comb9$ 9 "o be+2 b ! ,hebrew figure 0 probably import$ f ,egypt4 ,! ,egyptians _h 9 _! temples a special int]ior sanctu>y1 m holy ?an ! re/4 ,s ! ,jews _h _! ,holy ( ,holies1 into :i* only ! high-prie/ w5t1 sep>at$ by a veil f ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,temple4 ,! ,jews 7 comm&$ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t to provide a scapegoat1 to c>ry away ! s9s ( ! p1 & ! high-prie/ 0 to lay 8 h&s on ! head ( ! goat & confess ! national s9s1 putt+ !m ^u ! head ( ! goat 7,lev4 xvi4 #ba1 #bb71 & x 0 said t ! goat %all be> ^u him all _! iniquities unto a l& n inhabit$4 ,s1 among ! ,egyptians1 :5ev] a victim 0 (f]$1 a pray] 0 repeat$ ov] its head1 t if any calamity 7 ab\t to befall ei!r ! sacrifices or ! l& ( ,egypt1 x might be av]t$ on ?is head4#aif ,su* facts z ^! make x highly probable t ,moses all[$ 9 8 ritual _m c]emonies borr[$ f ! ,egyptian wor%ip4 ,t ,egyptian ,*ri/ianity _h a great influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! sy/em ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e is n improbable4#aig ,! religion ( anci5t ,egypt 0 v t5aci\s & n easily effac$4 ,successive waves ( ,syrian1 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 & ,roman conque/ roll$ ov] ! l&1 sc>cely produc+ any *ange 9 h] religion or wor%ip4 ,*ri/ianity conqu]$ ,egypt1 b 0 itself deeply t+$ ) ! fai? ( ! conqu]$4 ,_m cu/oms f\nd 9 ,*ri/5dom may be trac$ back to ,egypt4 ,! ,egyptian at 8 m>riage put a gold r+ on 8 wife's f+]1 z a tok5 t he intru/$ h] ) all 8 prop]ty1 j z 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& s]vice ! bridegroom does ! same1 say+1 ,) all my worldly goods ,i !e end[4 ,clem5s tells u t ?is cu/om 0 d]iv$ by ! ,*ri/ians f ! ,egyptians4 ,! prie/s at ,phil ?rew a piece ( gold into ! ,nile once a ye>1 z ! ,v5etian ,doge did into ! ,adriatic4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,c&les at ,sais is /ill m>k$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian cal5d> z ,c&lemas ,day4 ,! ,ca?olic prie/ %aves 8 head z ! ,egyptian prie/ did be=e him4 ,! ,episcopal m9i/]'s l95 surplice = read+ ! ,liturgy is tak5 f ! dress ( obligation1 made ( l951 worn by ! prie/ 9 ,egypt4 ,two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,pope assum$ to hold ! keys1 !re 0 an ,egyptian prie/ at ,!bes ) ! title ( ,keep] ( ! two doors ( ,heav54#aih ,9 ! space :i* we h "h at comm& we are unable to exam9e ! "q ( doctr9al influ5ces f ,egypt ^u or?odox ,*ri/ianity4 ,f\r doctr9es1 h[ev]1 are /at$ by ! le>n$ ,egyptologi/1 ,samuel ,%>pe1 to be common to ,egyptian my?ology & *ur* or?odoxy4 ,!y are ^!3-- #a4 ,t ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w is n ! "w ( "o simple & undivid$ ,be+1 b ( "o ,god made up ( sev]al p]sons4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( plural unity4 #b4 ,t salvation _c be expect$ f ! ju/ice or m]cy ( ! ,supreme ,judge1 unless an aton+ sacrifice is made to him by a div9e be+4 #c4 ,t among ! p]sons :o compose ! godhead1 "o1 ?\gh a god1 c\ld yet suff] pa9 & be put to dea?4 #d4 ,t a god or man1 or a be+ half god & half a man once liv$ on e>?1 born ( an e>?ly "m b )\t an e>?ly fa!r4 ,! gods ( ,egypt g5]ally appe> 9 triads1 & sometimes z ?ree gods 9 "o4 ,! triad ( ,!bes 0 ,amun-,ra1 ,a?or1 & ,*onso1--or fa!r1 "m1 & son4 ,9 ,nubia x 0 ,p?ah1 ,amun-,ra1 & ,horus-,ra4 ,at ,phil x 0 ,osiris1 ,isis1 & ,horus4 ,o!r gr\ps 7 ,isis1 ,neph?ys1 & ,horus2 ,isis1 ,neph?ys1 & ,osiris2 ,osiris1 ,a?or1 & ,ra4 ,9 lat] times ,horus became ! supreme be+1 & appe>s unit$ ) ,ra & ,osiris 9 "o figure1 hold+ ! two sceptres ( ,osiris1 & hav+ ! hawk's head ( ,horus & ! sun ( ,ra4 ,eusebius says ( ?is god t he decl>$ himself to be ,apollo1 ,"l1 & ,bac*us4 ,a porcela9 idol worn z a *>m comb9es ,p?ah ! ,supreme ,god ( ,nature1 ) ,horus ! ,son-,god1 & ,kneph ! ,_s-,god4 ,! body is t ( ,p?ah1 ,god ( ,nature1 ) ! hawk's w+s ( ,horus1 & ! ram's head ( ,kneph4 ,x is curi\s t ,isis ! "m1 ) ,horus ! *ild 9 h] arms1 z ! m]ciful gods :o w\ld save _! wor%ipp]s f ! v5geance ( ,osiris ! /]n judge1 became z popul> a wor%ip 9 ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 z t ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild is 9 ,italy to-day4 ,juv5al says t ! pa9t]s ( ,rome almo/ liv$ by pa9t+ ! goddess ,isis1 ! ,madonna ( ,egypt1 :i* _h be5 import$ into ,italy1 & :i* 0 v popul> !re4 ,9 ! trial ( ! s\l be=e ,osiris1 z repres5t$ on tablets & papyri1 are se5 ! images ( gods int]c$+ z m$iators & (f]+ sacrifices on its behalf4 ,!re are f\r ( ^! m$iatorial gods1 & !re is a tablet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 9 :i* ! deceas$ is %[n z plac+ ! gods !mselves on ! alt> z 8 s9-(f]+1 & plead+ _! m]its4#aii ,! dea? ( ,osiris1 ! supreme god ( all ,egypt1 0 a c5tral fact 9 ?is my?ology4 ,he 0 kill$ by ,typhon1 ! ,egyptian ,satan1 & aft] ! fragm5ts ( 8 body _h be5 collect$ by ! sad ,isis1 he return$ to life z k+ ( ! dead & _! judge4#bjj ,9 connection ) ^! facts x is des]v+ ( notice t ! doctr9e ( ! tr9ity & t ( ! atonem5t began to take %ape 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ian !ologians ( ,egypt4 ,! ,tr9ity & its symbols 7 already famili> to ! ,egyptian m9d4 ,plut>* says t ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ ,osiris1 ,isis1 & ,horus "u ! =m ( a triangle4 ,he adds t !y consid]$ ev]y?+ p]fect to h ?ree p>ts1 & t !re=e _! good god made himself ?reefold1 :ile _! god ( evil rema9$ s+le4 ,egypt1 :i* _h ex]cis$ s p[]ful an influ5ce on ! old religion ( ,rome1 0 de/9$ also greatly to influ5ce ,*ri/ianity4 ,alex&ria 0 ! head-qu>t]s ( le>n+ & pr(\nd religi\s speculations 9 ! fir/ c5turies4 ,clem5s1 ,orig51 ,dionysius1 ,a?anasius1 7 em95t tea*]s 9 t s*ool4 ,its doctr9es 7#bja t ,god _h reveal$ himself to all nations by 8 ,logos1 or ,^w4 ,*ri/ianity is its highe/ revelation4 ,! common ,*ri/ian lives by fai?1 b ! m advanc$ believ] has gnosis1 or philosophic insight ( ,*ri/ianity z ! et]nal law ( ! s\l4 ,?is doctr9e soon sub/itut$ speculation 9 place ( ! simplicity ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,! influ5ce ( ,alex&rian ?\ght 0 increas$ by ! high culture :i* prevail$ !re1 & by ! book-trade ( ?is ,egyptian city4 ,all ! olde/ manuscripts ( ! ,bible n[ extant 7 transcrib$ by ,alex&rian p5m54 ,! olde/ v]sions 7 made 9 ,alex&ria4 ,f9ally ! int5se f]vor ( ! ,egyptian m9d ex]cis$ its natural influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity1 z x did on ,judaism & ,hea!nism4 ,! ,ori5tal speculative elem5t ( ,egyptian life 0 re9=c$ by ! ,african fire2 & 9 ,*ri/ianity1 z be=e 9 ! old religion1 we f9d bo? work+ toge!r4 ,by ! side ( ! ,alex&rian speculations on ! nature ( ,god & ! ,tr9ity appe> ! maniacal devotion ( ! monks ( ! ,!baid4 ,! ardor ( belief :i* _h ov]come ev5 ! t5acity ( ,judaism1 & modifi$ x into its two ,egyptian =ms ( ! speculations ( ,philo & ! mona/ic devotion ( ! ,!rapeut1 reappe>$ 9 a l action ^u ,*ri/ian belief & ,*ri/ian practice4 ,h[ l>ge a "p ( our pres5t ,*ri/ianity is due to ^! two influ5ces we may n be able to say4 ,b palpable traces ( ,egyptian speculation appe> 9 ! ,*ur* doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity & atonem5t1 & ! mat]ial resurrection#bjb ( ! same p>ticles :i* con/itute ! e>?ly body4 ,& an equally evid5t influ5ce f ,egyptian asceticism is f\nd 9 ! long hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian mona/icism1 no trace ( :i* appe>s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & no au?ority = :i* c be f\nd 9 any tea*+ or example ( ,*ri/4 ,! my/ical !ology & my/ical devotion ( ,egypt are yet at "w 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,b beside ! doctr9es directly d]iv$ f ,egypt1 !re has probably come into ,*ri/ianity ano!r & m important elem5t f ?is s\rce4 ,! _s ( a race1 a nation1 a civilization1 a religion is m inde/ructible ?an its =ms1 m p]vasive ?an its op9ions1 & w ex]cise an int]ior influ5ce long aft] its outw>d =ms h disappe>$4 ,! _s ( ! ,egyptian religion 0 rev]5ce = ! div9e my/]y ( organic life1 ! wor%ip ( ,god 9 creation1 ( unity 9 v>iety1 ( ea* 9 all4 ,?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ,egypt1 ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria1 ! monks ( ! ,!baid1 ^! elem5ts filt]$ into ! m9d ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,!y gave a mat]iali/ic tone to ! conceptions ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 conc]n+ ,god1 ,satan1 ! angels & devils1 ,heav51 ,hell1 ! judgm5t1 & ! resurrection4 ,!y prev5t$ !reby ! triumph ( a mi/y ,ori5tal spiritualism4 ,too gross inde$ 9 !mselves1 !y yet 7 bett] ?an ! ,donatism :i* w\ld h turn$ e spiritual fact into a gho/ or a %ad[4 ,! ,african _s1 9 ! fi]y words ( a ,t]tullian & an ,augu/9e1 ran into a mat]ialism1 :i*1 oppos$ to ! opposite extreme ( idealism1 sav$ to ! ,*ur* its heal?y realism4 ,! elaborate "w ( ,buns5 on ,egypt's ,place 9 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory does n aid u mu* 9 f9d+ ! place ( ,egyptian religion 9 univ]sal religion4 ,x 0 /rictly an e?nic religion1 nev] dream+ ( ext5d+ itself beyond ! bord]s ( ! ,nile1 until long aft] ! conque/ ( ,egypt by ! ,romans4 ,!n1 inde$1 ,egyptian temples 7 welcom$ by ! l>ge hospitality ( ,rome1 & any travell] may see ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,s]apis#bjc at ,pozzuoli1 & t ( ,isis at ,pompeii4 ,! gods ( ,greece1 z we h se51 took "s h9ts f ,egypt1 b ! ,greek ,olympus1 ) its bright =ms1 0 v diff]5t f ! my/]i\s sombre wor%ip ( ,egypt4 ,! wor%ip ( v>iety1 ! recognition ( ! ,div9e 9 nature1 ! s5tim5t ( wond] be=e ! my/]y ( ! _w1 ! feel+ t ! ,deity is 9 all life1 9 all =m1 9 all *ange z well z 9 :at is p]man5t & /able1--?is is ! be/ elem5t & ! mo/ orig9al "p ( ! ,egyptian religion4 ,s mu* we c le>n f x positively2 & negatively1 by its entire dissolution1 its pass+ away =ev]1 leav+ no k ( itself beh9d1 we c le>n h[ empty is any sy/em ( fai? :i* is bas$ on concealm5t & my/]y4 ,all ! va/ range ( ,egyptian wisdom has gone1 & disappe>$ f ! surface ( ! e>?1 = x 0 only a religion ( ! prie/s1 :o kept ! tru? to !mselves & did n v5ture to communicate x to ! p4 ,x 0 only prie/craft1 & prie/craft1 l all o!r craft1 c>ries 9 itself ! pr9ciple ( dea?4 ,only tru? is immortal1--op51 frank1 manly tru?4 ,confucius 0 true2 he did n "k mu*1 b he told all he knew4 ,buddha told all he knew4 ,moses told all he he>d4 ,s !y & _! works cont9ue1 be+ built on fai? 9 m54 ,b ! va/ fabric ( ,egyptian wisdom1--its deep !ologies1 its my/]i\s symbolism1 its maje/ic art1 its wond]ful sci5ce1--rema9 only z its mummies rema9 & z its tombs rema91 an enigma excit+ & baffl+ our curiosity1 b n add+ to our real life4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,gods ( ,greece4 #a4 ,! ,l& & ! ,race4 #b4 ,idea & ,g5]al ,"* ( ,greek ,religion4 #c4 ,! ,gods ( ,greece be=e ,hom]4 #d4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,poets4 #e4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,arti/s4 #f4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,philosoph]s4 #g4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,greece4 #h4 ,! ,my/]ies4 ,orphism4 #i4 ,relation ( ,greek ,religion to ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,! ,l& & ! ,race4 ,! little promontory & p59sula1 fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d z ,greece1 or ,hellas1 projects into ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea f ! ,s\? ( ,europe4 ,x is insignificant on ! map1 its area be+ only two ?irds z l>ge z t ( ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e4 ,b nev] 0 a c\ntry bett] situat$ 9 ord] to develop a new civilization4 ,a temp]ate climate1 :]e ! v9e1 olive1 & fig rip5$ ) :eat1 b>ley1 & flax2 a ri* alluvial soil1 re/+ on lime/one1 & conta9$ 9 a s]ies ( valleys1 ea* surr\nd$ by m\nta9s2 a position equally remote f excesses ( heat & cold1 dryness & moi/ure2 & f9ally1 ! ev]-pres5t neighborhood ( ! sea1--con/itut$ a home well fitt$ = ! physical culture ( a p]fect race ( m54 ,comp>ative ,geography1 :i* has po9t$ out s _m relations betwe5 ! t]re/rial conditions ( nations & _! moral atta9m5ts1 has laid great /ress on ! connection betwe5 ! ext5t ( sea-coa/ & a c\ntry's civilization4 ,! sea l9e ( ,europe1 comp>$ ) its area1 is m ext5sive ?an t ( any o!r cont95t1 & ,europe has _h a m v>i\s & complete intellectual developm5t ?an else:]e4 ,africa1 :i* has ! %orte/ sea l9e comp>$ ) its area1 has be5 mo/ t>dy 9 m5tal activity4 ,! sea is ! highway ( nations & ! promot] ( comm]ce2 & comm]ce1 :i* br+s diff]5t races toge!r1 awak5s ! intellect by ! contact ( diff]5t languages1 religions1 arts1 & mann]s4 ,mat]ial civilization1 x is true1 does n comm5ce on ! sea-%ore1 b 9 riv] int]vals4 ,! arts ( life 7 inv5t$ 9 ! valleys ( ! ,indus & ,ganges1 ( ! ,yell[ & ,blue ,riv]s ( ,*9a1 ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,nile4 ,b ! ,pho5ician navigators 9 ! ,m$it]ranean br\ght to ! %ores ( ,greece ! k ( ! arts ( ,egypt1 ! manufactures ( ,tyre1 & ! products ( ,india & ,africa4 ,e "p ( ! coa/ ( ,greece is ind5t$ ) bays & h>bors4 ,! ,m$it]ranean1 l>ge en\gh to sep>ate ! nations on its %ores1 & s p]mit indep5d5t & di/9ct evolution ( "*1 is n s l>ge z to divide !m4 ,coa/+ vessels1 runn+ )9 sight ( l&1 c\ld easily trav]se its %ores4 ,all ?is tempt$ to navigation1 & s ! ,greeks le>n$ to be a race ( sailors4 ,:at ! %ore l9e ( ,europe 0 to t ( ! o!r cont95ts1 t ! %ore l9e ( ,greece 0 to ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,only long aft]1 9 ! ,baltic1 ! ,nor!rn ,m$it]ranean1 did a simil> l&-lock$ sea create a simil> love ( navigation among ! ,sc&9avians4#bjd ,ano!r feature 9 ! physical geography ( ,greece mu/ be notic$ z hav+ an effect on ! psy*ical condition ( its inhabitants4 ,m\nta9s int]sect$ e "p1 divid+ its tribes f ea* o!r4 ,9 num]\s valleys1 sep>at$ by ^! m\nta9 walls1 ea* clan1 left to itself1 =m$ a special "* ( its own4 ,! great *a9 ( ,p9dus ) its _m bran*es1 ! l(ty ridges ( ! ,peloponnesus1 all[$ ! p ( ,!ssaly1 ,boeotia1 ,attica1 ,phocis1 ,locris1 ,argolis1 ,arcadia1 ,laconia1 to atta9 ^? individual traits :i* di/+ui% !m dur+ all ! c\rse ( ,greek hi/ory4 ,su* physical conditions z we h describ$ are em95tly favorable to a free & full developm5t ( national "*4 ,b ?is ^w developm5t1 s famili> to mod]n ?\ght1 implies n only outw>d circum/ances to educate1 b a special g]m to be educat$4 ,s long z ! human be+ is reg>d$ z a lump ( d\gh1 to be m\ld$ into any %ape by ext]nal influ5ces1 no su* t]m z developm5t 0 ne$$4 ,b philosophical hi/orians n[ admit national "* to be ! result ( two factors1--! orig9al e?nic g]m 9 ! race1 & ! t]re/rial influ5ces :i* unfold x4#bje ,a "q1 !re=e1 ( grave mom5t conc]ns ! orig9 ( ! ,hell5ic p4 ,:5ce are !y d]iv$8 :at are _! aff9ities8 & f :at region did !y come8 ,! sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,philology1 "o ( ! great triumphs ( mod]n s*ol>%ip1 has enabl$ u n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 to answ] ?is "q4 ,:at no ,greek knew1 :at nei!r ,h]odotus1 ,plato1 nor ,ari/otle c\ld tell u1 we are n[ able to /ate ) c]ta9ty4 ,! ,greek language1 bo? 9 its gramm> & its vocabul>y1 belongs to ! family ( ,indo-,european languages1 ( :i* ! ,sanskrit is ! eld] si/]4 ,out ( elev5 ?\s& six hundr$ & ?irty-?ree ,greek words1 "s two ?\s& are f\nd to be ,sanskrit1 & ?ree ?\s& m to belong to o!r bran*es ( ! ,indo-,european tongues4 ,z ! words common to ! ,greek & ! ,sanskrit mu/ h be5 9 use by bo? races be=e _! sep>ation1 :ile liv+ toge!r 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 we h a clew to ! degree ( civilization atta9$ by ! ,greeks be=e !y arriv$ 9 ,europe4 ,?us x appe>s t !y br\ght f ,asia a famili>ity ) ox5 & c[s1 horses1 dogs1 sw9e1 goats1 geese2 t !y c\ld "w 9 metals2 t !y built h\ses1 & 7 acqua9t$ ) ! elem5ts ( agriculture1 especially ) f>9ace\s gra9s2 !y us$ salt2 !y _h boats propell$ by o>s1 b n sails2 !y divid$ ! ye> by moons1 & _h a decimal notation4#bjf ,! ,greeks1 z a race1 came f ,asia lat] ?an ! ,lat9 races4 ,!y belong$ to t p[]ful ,indo-,european race1 to :i* ,europe owes its civilization1 & ^: *ief bran*es are ! ,h9doos1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,lat9s1 ! ,kelts1 ! ,teutonic tribes1 & ! ,slavi4 ,! orig9al site ( ! race 01 z we h se5 9 our *apt] on ,brahmanism1 9 ,bactria2 & ! e>lie/ division ( ?is p c\ld n h be5 lat] ?an ?ree ?\s& or f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,:5 ! ,hell5ic bran* ent]$ ,europe we h n[ no means ( say+4 ,x 0 s long ant]ior to ,greek hi/ory t all k ( ! "t 0 lo/1 & only ! fa9te/ traditions ( an ,asiatic orig9 ( _! nation are to be f\nd 9 ,greek writ]s4 ,! ,hell5ic tribes1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 7 divid$ into f\r gr\ps1--! ,a*aians1 olians1 ,dorians1 & ,ionians1--) outly+ tribes m or less ak94 ,b ?is ,hell5ic p _h be5 prec$$ 9 ,greece by ano!r race kn[n z ,pelasgians4 ,x is s difficult to say :o ^! 71 t ,mr4 ,grote1 9 despair1 pron\nces !m unkn[able1 & rel9qui%es ! problem4 ,"s facts conc]n+ !m may1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ z e/abli%$4 ,_! exi/5ce 9 ,greece is pron\nc$ by ,?irwall to be ! fir/ unque/ionable fact 9 ,greek hi/ory4 ,hom] speaks 7,iliad1 ,,ii4 #fha7 ( ,pelasgian ,argos1 & ( spe>-skill$ ,pelasgians1 noble ,pelasgians1 ,pelasgians inhabit+ f]tile ,l>issa 7,,ii4 #hdj2 ,x4 #dbi74 ,h]odotus frequ5tly speaks ( ! ,pelasgians4 ,he says t ! ,dorians 7 a ,hell5ic nation1 ! ,ionians 7 ,pelasgic2 he does n pr(ess to "k :at language ! ,pelasgians us$1 b says t ^? :o 9 8 "t inhabit$ ,cre/ona1 ,placia1 & o!r regions1 spoke a b>b>\s language1 & t ! p ( ,attica 7 =m]ly ,pelasgic4 ,he m5tions ! ,pelasgians z rema9+ to 8 "t 9 ,arcadia1 aft] ! ,dorians _h expell$ !m f ! re/ ( ! ,peloponnesus2 says t ! ,samo?racians adopt$ ! my/]ies ( ! ,kabiri f ! ,pelasgians2 t ! ,pelasgians sacrific$ victims to unkn[n gods at ,dodona1 & ask$ t oracle advice ab\t :at names !y %\ld give _! gods4 ,^! names1 tak5 f ,egypt1 ! ,grecians receiv$ f !m4 ,hellas 0 =m]ly call$ ,pelasgia4 ,! ,a!nians expell$ ! ,pelasgians f ,attica 7:e!r ju/ly or unju/ly1 ,h]odotus does n und]take to say71 :]e !y 7 liv+ "u ,m\nt ,hymettus2 :]eupon ! ,pelasgians ( ,lemnos1 9 rev5ge1 c>ri$ (f a numb] ( ,a!nian wom51 & aft]w>d murd]$ !m2 z an expiation ( :i* crime !y 7 f9ally comm&$ by ! oracle at ,delphi to surr5d] t isl& to ,miltiades & ! ,a!nians4 ,h]odotus repeat$ly in=ms u t ne>ly ! :ole ,ionian race 7 =m]ly call$ ,pelasgians4#bjg ,f all ?is x appe>s t ! ,pelasgians 7 ! anci5t occupants ( ne>ly all ,greece2 t !y 7 probably ( ! same /ock z _! ,hell5ic successors1 b ( ano!r bran*2 t _! language 0 some:at diff]5t1 & conta9$ words ( b>b>ic 7t is ,pho5ician or ,egyptian7 orig91 b n s diff]5t z to rema9 di/9ct aft] ! conque/4 ,f ! ,pelasgian names :i* rema91 x is highly probable t ?is p 0 ( ! same family ) ! old ,italians4#bjh ,!y mu/ h con/itut$ ! ma9 /em ( ! ,greek p4 ,! ,ionians ( ,attica1 ! mo/ brilliant portion ( ! ,greeks1 7 ( ,pelasgic orig94 ,x may be !re=e assum$1 )\t mu* improbability1 t :ile ! ,dorian elem5t gave ! nation its /r5g? & vital =ce1 ! ,pelasgic 0 ! s\rce ( its intellectual activity & success 9 lit]ature & art4 ,ottfri$ ,mull] rem>ks t !re is no d\bt t mo/ ( ! anci5t religions ( ,greece ow$ _! orig9 to ?is race4 ,! ,zeus & ,din ( ,dodona1 ,zeus & ,hr ( ,argos1 ,hph/os & ,a?n ( ,a!ns1 ,dmetr & ,cora ( ,eleusis1 ,h]ms & ,artemis ( ,arcadia1 toge!r ) ,cadmus & ! ,cabiri ( ,!bes1 _c prop]ly be ref]r$ to any o!r orig94#bji ,welck]#baj ?9ks t ! e?nological conceptions ( ,aes*ylus1 9 8 ,suppliants1 are invaluable helps 9 ! /udy ( ! ,pelasgic relations to ! ,greeks4 ,! poet makes ,pelasgos ! k+ ( ,argos1 & repres5ts him z rul+ ov] ! l>ge/ "p ( ,greece4 ,8 subjects he calls ,greeks1 & !y vote 9 public assembly by hold+ up _! h&s1 s di/+ui%+ !m f ! ,dorians1 among :om no su* democracy prevail$4#baa ,he protects ! suppliant wom5 aga9/ _! ,egyptian p]secutors1 :o claim$ !m z fugitives f slav]y4 ,! "* assign$ by ,aes*ylus to ?is repres5tative ( ! ,pelasgian race is t ( a j1 wise1 & religi\s k+1 :o judg$ t x 0 be/ to obey ,god1 ev5 at ! risk ( displeas+ man4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t f ! e>lie/ times !re 7 9 ,greece two di/9ct elem5ts1 ei!r two diff]5t races or two v di/9ct bran*es ( a common race4 ,fir/ kn[n z ,pelasgians & ,hellnes1 !y aft]w>ds took =m z ! ,ionian & ,dorian peoples4 ,& x is evid5t also t ! ,greek "*1 s /rong yet s flexible1 s mighty to act & s op5 to receive1 ) its /]n virtues & its t5d] s5sibilities1 0 ! result ( ! m+l+ ( ^! antagoni/ t5d5cies4 ,two cont95ts may h met 9 ,greece1 if to ! g5ius ( t wond]ful p ,asia l5t h] intellect & ,africa h] fire4 ,x 0 ! m>riage ( s\l & body1 ( nature & _s1 ( ab/ract speculation & passionate int]e/ 9 ?is life4 ,d>kness re/s on ! p]iod :5 ?is national life 0 be+ creat$2 ! ,greeks !mselves h pres]v$ no record ( x4 ,t "s p[]ful influ5ce f ,egypt 0 act+ on ,greece dur+ ?is =m+ p]iod1 & contribut+ its %>e to ! great result1 !re c h>dly be a "q4 ,all ! leg5ds & traditions h9t at su* a relation1 & if ?is 7 o!rwise1 we might be sure t x mu/ h exi/$4 ,egypt 0 9 all h] p[] & spl5dor :5 ,greece 0 be+ settl$ by ! ,aryans f ,asia4 ,!y 7 only a few hundr$ miles ap>t1 & ! %ips ( ,pho5icia 7 cont9ually sail+ to & fro betwe5 !m4 ,! te/imony ( ,greek writ]s to ! e>ly influ5ce ( ,egypt on _! c\ntry & its religion is v full4 ,creuz]#bab says t ! ,greek writ]s diff]$ 9 reg>d to ! connection ( ,attic & ,egyptian culture1 only z to ,h[ x 01 n z to ,:e!r x 04 ,h]odotus says di/9ctly & positively#bac t mo/ ( ! names ( ! ,greek gods came f ,egypt1 except "s ^: names came f ! ,pelasgians4 ,! ,pelasgians !mselves1 he adds1 gave ^! ,egyptian names to ! unnam$ p[]s ( nature :om !y be=e ignorantly wor%ipp$1 be+ direct$ by ! oracle at ,dodona s to d4 ,by "n "h1 ,h]odotus pla9ly int5ds m ?an a m]e appellation4 ,he includes also some?+ ( ! p]sonality & "*4#bad ,be=e !y 7 imp]sonal be+s1 p[]s ( nature2 aft]w>ds1 "u ,egyptian influ5ce1 !y became p]sons4 ,he p>ticul>ly insi/s on hav+ he>d ?is f ! prie/esses ( ,dodona1 :o also told him a /ory ( ! black pigeon f ,egypt1 :o fir/ direct$ ! oracle to be e/abli%$1 :i* he int]pret$1 accord+ to :at he _h he>d 9 ,egypt1 to be a black ,egyptian woman4 ,he adds t ! ,greeks receiv$1 n only _! oracles1 b _! public processions1 fe/ivals1 & solemn pray]s f ! ,egyptians4 ,m4 ,maury admits ! influ5ce ( ,egypt on ! wor%ip & c]emonies ( ,greece1 & ?9ks x add$ to _! religion a m s]i\s tone & a s5tim5t ( v5]ation = ! gods1 :i* 7 em95tly b5eficial4 ,he d\bts ! /ory ( ,h]odotus conc]n+ ! d]ivation ( gods f ,egypt1 giv+ z a suffici5t pro( ! fact t ,hom]'s k ( ,egyptian geography 0 v imp]fect4#bae ,b religi\s influ5ces & geographical k are v diff]5t ?+s4 ,because ! m$ival ,*ri/ian writ]s _h an imp]fect k ( ,pale/9e1 x does n foll[ t _! ,*ri/ianity 0 n influ5c$ 9 its s\rce by ,judaism4 ,! objection to ! d]ivation ( ! ,greek gods f ,egypt1 on acc\nt ( ! names on ! monum5ts be+ diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,hell5ic deities1 is suffici5tly answ]$ by ,creuz]1 :o %[s t ! ,greeks translat$ ! ,egyptian ^w into an equival5t 9 _! own language4 ,orphic ideas came f ,egypt into ,greece1 ?r\gh ! colonies 9 ,?race & ,samo?race4#baf ,! /ory ( ! ,argive colony f ,egypt1 ) _! lead] ,danaus1 connects "s ,egyptian immigration ) ! old ,pelasgic rul] ( t city1 ! walls ( :i* conta9$ ,pelasgic masonry4 ,! leg5ds conc]n+ ,cecrops1 ,io1 & ,lelex1 z lead+ colonies f ,egypt to ,a!ns & ,meg>a1 are too d\btful to add mu* to our argum5t4 ,! influ5ce ( ,egypt on ,greek religion 9 lat] times is univ]sally admitt$4#bag #b4 ,idea & ,g5]al ,"* ( ,greek ,religion4 ,! idea ( ,greek religion1 :i* specially di/+ui%es x f all o!rs1 is ! human "* ( its gods4 ,! gods ( ,greece are m5 & wom51 idealiz$ m5 & wom51 m5 & wom5 on a l>g] scale1 b /ill int5sely human4 ,! gods ( ,india1 z !y appe> 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books1 are va/ ab/ractions2 & z !y appe> 9 sculpture1 hide\s & grotesque idols4 ,! gods ( ,egypt seem to pass away into m]e symbols & intellectual g5]alizations4 ,b ! gods ( ,greece are p]sons1 w>m ) life1 radiant ) beauty1 hav+ _! human adv5tures1 w>s1 loves4 ,! symbolical mean+ ( ea* god disappe>s 9 8 p]sonal "*4 ,^! be+s d n keep to _! own p>ticul> sph]e nor conf9e !mselves to _! special p>ts1 b1 l m5 & wom51 h _m diff]5t int]e/s & occupations4 ,if we suppose a numb] ( human be+s1 "y & heal?y & p]fectly organiz$1 to be gift$ ) an immortal life & miracul\s end[m5ts ( /r5g?1 wisdom1 & beauty1 we %all h ! gods ( ,olympus4 ,greek religion diff]s f ,brahmanism 9 ?is1 t its gods are n ab/ract _s1 b human be+s4 ,x diff]s also f ,buddhism1 ! god 9 :i* is also a man1 9 ?is1 t ! gods ( ,greece are f> less moral ?an ,buddha1 b f> m int]e/+4 ,!y are n try+ to save _! s\ls1 !y are by no means ascetic1 !y h no int5tion ( mak+ progress ?r\gh ! univ]se by obey+ ! laws ( nature1 b !y are b5t on hav+ a good "t4 ,fight+1 fea/+1 & mak+ love are _! usual occupations4 ,if !y c be consid]$ z gov]n+ ! _w1 x is 9 a v loose way & on a v irregul> sy/em4 ,!y int]f]e ) human affairs f "t to "t1 b m]ely f :im or f passion4 ,) ! common relations ( life !y h little to d4 ,!y ann\nce no moral law1 & nei!r by precept nor example und]take to guide m5's consci5ces4 ,! ,greek religion diff]s f _m o!r religions also 9 hav+ no "o great f\nd] or re/or]1 9 hav+ no sacr$ books & no prie/ly ca/e4 ,x 0 n e/abli%$ by ! labors ( a ,zoroa/]1 ,gautama1 ,confucius1 or ,mohamm$4 ,x has no ,ave/a1 no ,v$as1 no ,koran4 ,e religion :i* we h ?us f> consid]$ has its sacr$ books1 b t ( ,greece has none1 unless we accept ! works ( ,hom] & ,hesiod z its ,bible4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! fact ( its hav+ no prie/ly ca/e4 ,brahmanism & ,egypt h an h]$it>y prie/hood2 & 9 all o!r religions1 ?\gh ! prie/hood might n be h]$it>y1 x always con/itut$ a di/9ct ca/e4 ,b 9 ,greece k+s & g5]als & common p (f] sacrifices & pray]s1 z well z ! prie/s4 ,prie/s obta9$ _! (fice1 n by inh]itance1 b by appo9tm5t or election2 & !y 7 (t5 *os5 = a limit$ "t4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ! ,greek religion 0 t its gods 7 n manife/ations ( a supreme _s1 b 7 natural gr[?s4 ,!y did n come d[n f above1 b came up f bel[4 ,!y did n emanate1 !y 7 evolv$4 ,! ,greek ,pan!on is a gradual & /eady developm5t ( ! national m9d4 ,& x is /ill m rem>kable t x has ?ree di/9ct s\rces1--! poets1 ! arti/s1 & ! philosoph]s4 ,jupit]1 or ,zeus 9 ,hom]1 is (t5e/ a man ( imm5se /r5g?1 s /rong t if he has hold ( "o end ( a *a9 & all ! gods hold ! o!r1 ) ! e>? fa/5$ to x beside1 he w be able to move !m all4 ,f> m gr& is ! conception ( ,jupit] z x came f ! *isel ( ,phidias1 ( :i* ,qu9tilian says t x add$ a new religi\s s5tim5t to ! religion ( ,greece4 ,!n came ! philosoph]s & gave an entirely diff]5t & high] view ( ! gods4 ,jupit] becomes ) !m ! ,supreme ,be+1 fa!r ( gods & ( m51 omnipot5t & omnipres5t4 ,"o /rik+ consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( sacr$ books1 ( a sacr$ prie/hood1 & an inspir$ f\nd] ( _! religion1 0 ! extreme fre$om ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,! religion ( ,hellas 0 h>dly a re/ra9t ei!r to ! m9d or to ! consci5ce4 ,x all[$ ! ,greeks to ?9k :at !y w\ld & to d :at !y *ose4 ,!y made _! gods to suit !mselves1 & reg>d$ !m r z companions ?an z objects ( rev]5ce4 ,! gods liv$ close to !m on ,olympus1 a precipit\s & sn[-capp$ range full ( va/ cliffs1 deep gl5s1 & ext5sive =e/s1 less ?an t5 ?\s& feet 9 height1 ?\gh cov]$ ) sn[ on ! top ev5 9 ! middle ( ,july4 ,accord+ to ! ,jewi% religion1 man 0 made 9 ! image ( ,god2 b accord+ to ! ,greek religion ! gods 7 made 9 ! image ( m54 ,h]aclitus says1 ,m5 are mortal gods1 & ! gods immortal m54 ,! ,greek fanci$ ! gods to be close to him on ! summit ( ! m\nta9 :i* he saw among ! cl\ds1 (t5 m+l+ 9 disguise ) mank9d2 a race ( /rong] & bright] ,greeks1 b n v mu* wis] or bett]4 ,all _! own t5d5cies !y beheld reflect$ 9 _! deities4 ,!y project$ !mselves ^u ! heav5s1 & saw ) pleasure a race ( div9e ,greeks 9 ! skies above1 correspond+ ) ! ,greeks bel[4 ,a delici\s religion2 )\t au/]ity1 asceticism1 or t]ror2 a religion fill$ ) =ms ( beauty & nobl5ess1 k9dr$ to _! own2 ) gods :o 7 caprici\s inde$1 b nev] /]n1 & seldom jeal\s or v cruel4 ,x 0 a heav5 s ne> at h&1 t _! own h]oes _h climb$ into x1 & become demigods4 ,x 0 a heav5 peopl$ ) su* a v>iety ( noble =ms1 t !y c\ld *oose among !m ! protector :om !y lik$ be/1 & possibly !mselves be select$ z favorites by "s gu>dian deity4 ,! =tunate hunt]1 ( a moonlight night1 might ev5 behold ! graceful figure ( ,diana fla%+ ?r\gh ! woods 9 pursuit ( game1 & ! happy inhabitant ( ,cyprus come sudd5ly on ! fair =m ( ,v5us re/+ 9 a laurel-grove4 ,! ,dryads c\ld be se5 glanc+ among ! trees1 ! ,oreads he>d %\t+ on ! m\nta9s1 & ! ,naiads f\nd asleep by ! side ( _! /reams4 ,if ! ,greek *ose1 he c\ld take 8 gods f ! poets2 if he lik$ x bett]1 he c\ld f9d !m among ! arti/s2 or if nei!r ( ^! suit$ him1 he might g to ! philosoph]s = 8 deities4 ,! ,greek religion1 !re=e1 did n guide or re/ra91 x only /imulat$4 ,! ,greek1 by int]c\rse ) ,greek gods1 became m a ,greek ?an ev]4 ,e ,hell5ic feel+ & t5d5cy 0 p]sonifi$ & took a div9e =m2 :i* div9e =m react$ on ! t5d5cy to develop x /ill fur!r4 ,all ?is contribut$ unque/ionably to t wond]ful ph5om5on1 ,greek developm5t4 ,n[h]e on ! e>?1 be=e or s9ce1 has ! human be+ be5 educat$ into su* a wond]ful p]fection1 su* an entire & total unfold+ ( itself1 z 9 ,greece4 ,!re1 e human t5d5cy & faculty ( s\l & body op5$ 9 symmetrical proportion4 ,t small c\ntry1 s insignificant on ! map ( ,europe1 s invisible on ! map ( ! _w1 c>ri$ to p]fection 9 a few %ort c5turies e human art4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ,greece is art2 because ev]y?+ is f9i%$1 done p]fectly well4 ,9 t g>d5 ( ! _w rip5$ ! ma/]pieces ( epic1 tragic1 comic1 lyric1 didactic poetry2 ! ma/]pieces 9 e s*ool ( philosophic inve/igation2 ! ma/]pieces ( hi/ory1 ( oratory1 ( ma!matics2 ! ma/]pieces ( ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+4 ,greece develop$ e =m ( human gov]nm5t1 & 9 ,greece 7 f\ght & won ! great battles ( ! _w4 ,be=e ,greece1 ev]y?+ 9 human lit]ature & art 0 a rude & imp]fect attempt2 s9ce ,greece1 ev]y?+ has be5 a rude & imp]fect imitation4 #c4 ,! ,gods ( ,greece be=e ,hom]4 ,! ,!ogony ( ,hesiod1 or ,book ( ,g5esis ( ! ,greek gods1 gives u ! hi/ory ( ?ree g5]ations ( deities4 ,fir/ come ! ,uranids2 secondly1 ! ,titans2 & ?irdly1 ! gods ( ,olympus4 ,beg9n+ z p[]s ( nature1 !y end z p]sons4#bah ,! sub/ance ( ,hesiod's *>m+ acc\nt ( ^! ?ree gr\ps ( gods is z foll[s3-- ,fir/ ( all ?+s 0 ,*aos4 ,next 0 broad-bosom$ ,e>?1 or ,gaia4 ,!n 0 ,t>t>us1 d>k & dim1 bel[ ! e>?4 ,next appe>s ,eros1 or ,love1 mo/ beautiful among ! ,immortals4 ,f ,*aos came ,erebus & black ,night1 & !n sprang =? ,e!r & ,day1 *ildr5 ( ,erebus & ,night4 ,!n ,e>? br\ght =? ! />ry ,heav51 ,uranos1 l to h]self 9 size1 t he might %elt] h] ar\nd4 ,gaia1 or ,e>?1 also bore ! m\nta9s1 & ,pontus or ! b>r5 ,sea4 ,!n ,gaia int]m>ri$ ) ,uranos1 & produc$ ! ,titans & ,titanides1 namely1 ,ocean1 ,koeos1 ,krios1 ,hyp]ion1 ,iapetus1 ,!ia & ,rhea1 ,!mis1 ,mnmosyn1 ,phoebe ) gold5 coronet1 & lovely ,!?ys4 ,la/ly came ,kronos1 or ,"t2 ) ! ,cyclpes & ! hundr$-head$ giants4 ,all ^! *ildr5 7 hid 9 ! e>? by ,uranos1 :o dread$ !m1 till by a contrivance ( ,gaia & ,kronos1 ,uranos 0 de?ron$1 & ! fir/ age ( ! gods 0 t]m9at$ by ! bir? f ! sea ( ! la/ & sweete/ ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,heav51 ,aphrodit1 or ,immortal ,beauty1--! only "o ( ?is second g5]ation :o cont9u$ to reign on ,olympus2 an awful1 beaute\s goddess1 says ,hesiod1 b5ea? ^: delicate feet ! v]dure ?rove ar\nd1 born 9 wave-wa%$ ,cyprus1 b float+ pa/ div9e ,cy!ra4 ,h] ,eros accompani$1 & fair ,desire foll[$4 ,?us 0 complet$ ! second g5]ation ( gods1 ! *ildr5 ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 call$ ,titans4 ,^! _h _m *ildr54 ,! *ildr5 ( ,ocean & ,te?ys 7 ! nymphs ( ,ocean4 ,hyp]ion & ,!ia _h1 z *ildr51 ,helios1 ,seln & ,es1 or ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,dawn4 ,koeos & ,phoeb _h ,lt & ,a/]ia4 ,"o ( ! *ildr5 ( ,krios 0 ,pallas2 ^? ( ,iapetus 7 ,prome!us1 ,epime!us1 & ,atlas4 ,kronos m>ri$ 8 si/] ,rhea1 & _! *ildr5 7 ,he/ia1 ,dmtr & ,hr2 ,_hs1 ,poseidn1 & ,zeus1--all1 except ,_hs or ,pluto1 belong+ to ! subsequ5t ,olympian deities4 ,! ,olympian gods1 ) _! c\s9s ( ! same g5]ation1 h gr[n into p]sons1 ceas+ to be ab/ract ideas1 or p[]s ( nature4 ,five 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,kronos1 namely1 ,zeus1 ,poseidn1 ,hr1 ,he/ia1 & ,dmtr2 six 7 *ildr5 ( ,zeus1 ,apollo & ,artemis1 ,heph/os & ,ars1 ,h]ms & ,a?n4 ,! twelf? ( ! ,olympian gr\p1 ,aphrodit1 belong$ to ! second g5]ation1 be+ daught] ( ,uranos & ( ! ,ocean4 ,beauty1 div9e *ild ( ,sky & ,sea1 0 conceiv$ ( z old] ?an ,p[]4 ,^! are ! ?ree successive gr\ps ( deities2 ! second supplant+ ! fir/1 ! ?ird displac+ ! second4 ,! e>li] gods we mu/ ne$s consid]1 n z p]sons1 b z p[]s ( nature1 n yet humaniz$4#bai ,! la/1 seat$ on ,olympus1 are fair humanities4 ,b n[1 x is rem>kable t !re mu/ h be51 9 po9t ( fact1 ?ree /ages ( religi\s developm5t1 & ?ree successive actual !ologies 9 ,greece1 correspond+ v ne>ly to ^! ?ree leg5d>y g5]ations ( gods4 ,:5 ! ance/ors ( ! ,hell5ic race came f ,asia1 !y mu/ h br\ght ) !m a nature-wor%ip1 ak9 to t :i* subsequ5tly appe>$ 9 ,india 9 ! e>lie/ hymns ( ! ,v$as4 ,comp>ative ,philology1 z we h be=e se51 has e/abli%$ ! rule1 t :atev] words are common to all ! sev5 ,indo-,european families mu/ h be5 us$ 9 ,c5tral ,asia be=e _! disp]sion4 ,f ?is rule ,pictet#bbj has inf]r$ t ! orig9al ,aryan tribes all wor%ipp$ ! ,heav51 ! ,e>?1 ,sun1 ,fire1 ,wat]1 & ,w9d4 ,! ance/ors ( ! ,greeks mu/ h br\ght ) !m into ,hellas ! wor%ip ( "s ( ^! elem5t>y deities4 ,& we f9d at lea/ two ( !m1 ,heav5 & ,e>?1 repres5t$ 9 ,hesiod's fir/ class ( ! olde/ deities4 ,wat] is !re 9 ! =m ( ,pontus1 ! ,sea1 & ! o!r ,uranids h ! same elem5t>y "*4 ,! olde/ hymns 9 ! ,v$as m>k ! second developm5t ( ! ,aryan deities 9 ,india4 ,! *ief gods ( ?is p]iod are ,indra1 ,v>una1 ,agni1 ,savitri1 ,soma4 ,indra is ! god ( ! air1 direct+ ! /orm1 ! lightn+1 ! cl\ds1 ! ra92 ,v>una is ! all-embrac+ circle ( ! heav5s1 e>?1 & sea2 ,savitri or ,surja is ! ,sun1 ,k+ ( ,day1 also call$ ,mitra2 ,agni is ,fire2 & ,soma is ! sacr$ f]m5t$ juice ( ! moon-plant1 (t5 inde$ ! moon itself4 ,z 9 ,india1 s 9 ,greece1 !re 0 a second developm5t ( gods4 ,!y correspond 9 ?is1 t ! p[]s ( nature began1 9 bo? cases1 to assume a m di/9ct p]sonality4 ,moreov]1 ,indra1 ! god ( ! atmosph]e1 he :o wields ! lightn+1 ! ?und]]1 ! god ( /orms & ra91 0 ! *ief god 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod4 ,s also 9 ,greece1 ! *ief god 9 ?is second p]iod 0 ,zeus4 ,he also 0 ! god ( ! atmosph]e1 ! ?und]]1 ! wield] ( lightn+4 ,9 ! "n ,zeus is a rem9isc5ce ( ,asia4 ,lit]ally x means ! god1 & s 0 n at fir/ a prop] "n4 ,its root is ! ,sanskrit ,div1 mean+ to %9e4 ,h5ce ! ^w ,deva1 ,god1 9 ! ,v$ic ,hymns1 f :i* comes & 1 9 ,greek1 ,deus 9 ,lat94 9 ,greek is ,jupit] 9 ,lat91 com+ f ! ,sanskrit ,djaus-pit]4 ,our ,engli% words div9e1 div9ity1 g back = _! orig9 to ! same ,sanskrit root1 ,div4 ,s m>vell\sly d ! wrecks ( old beliefs come drift+ d[n ! /ream ( "t1 borne up 9 ^? frail canoes :i* m5 call words4 ,9 h[ _m s5ses1 high] & l[]1 is x true t 9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w4 ,?is mo/ anci5t deity1 god ( /orms1 rul] ( ! atmosph]e1 favorite div9ity ( ! ,aryan race 9 all its bran*es1 became ,indra :5 he rea*$ ,india1 ,jupit] :5 he arriv$ 9 ,italy1 ,zeus :5 9 ,epirus he became ! *ief god ( ! ,pelasgi1 & 0 wor%ipp$ at t mo/ anci5t oracul> temple ( all ,greece1 ,dodona4 ,to him 9 ! ,iliad 7,,xvi4 #bce7 does ,a*illes pray1 say+3 ,o ,k+ ,jove1 ,dodonean1 ,pelasgian1 dwell+ af> (f1 presid+ ov] w9try ,dodona4 ,a rem9isc5ce ( ?is old ,pelasgian god long rema9$ bo? 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek conv]sation1 :51 speak+ ( ! wea!r1 !y call$ x ,zeus1 or ,jupit]4 ,horace speaks ( cold ,jupit] & bad ,jupit]1 z we %\ld speak ( a cold or ra9y day4 ,we also f9d 9 ,horace 7,odes ,,iii4 #b3 #bi7 ! ar*aic =m ( ! ^w ,jupit]1 ,diespit]1 :i*1 accord+ to ,lass5 7,i4 #gee71 means ,rul] ( ,heav52 be+ d]iv$ f ,djaus-pit]4 ,pit]1 9 ,sanskrit1 orig9ally meant1 says ,lass51 ,rul] or ,"l1 z well z ,fa!r4 ,9 ,arcadia & ,boeotia ! ,pelasgi decl>$ t _! old deities 7 born4 ,by ?is is no d\bt convey$ ! hi/oric consci\sness t ^! deities 7 n br\ght to !m f abroad1 b develop$ gradually among !mselves out ( nameless p[]s ( nature into humaniz$ & p]sonal deities4 ,9 ! old days x 0 h>dly m ?an a feti* wor%ip4 ,hr 0 wor%ipp$ z a plank at ,samos2 ,a?n1 z a beam at ,l9dus2 ! ,pallas ( ,attica1 z a /ake2 ,jupit]1 9 "o place1 z a rock2 ,apollo1 z a triangle4 ,toge!r ) ,jupit] or ,zeus1 ! ,pelasgi wor%ipp$ ,gaia or ,"m ,e>?1 9 ,a!ns1 ,sp>ta1 ,olympia1 & o!r places4 ,"o ( h] names 0 ,din2 ano!r 0 ,rhea4 ,9 ,asia %e 0 ,cybele2 b ev]y:]e %e typifi$ ! great productive p[] ( nature4 ,ano!r ,pelasgic god 0 ,hlios1 ! ,sun-,god1 wor%ipp$ ) 8 si/] ,slne1 ! ,moon4 ,! ,pelasgi also ador$ ! d>k] div9ities ( ! l[] _w4 ,at ,pylos & ,elis1 ! k+ ( ,hades 0 wor%ipp$ z ! awful ,adoneus2 & ,p]sephon1 8 wife1 0 n ! fair ,kora ( subsequ5t times1 b ! fe>ful ,que5 ( ,dea?1 ! murd]ess1 homolog\s to ! savage wife ( iva1 9 ! ,h9doo ,pan!on4 ,to ?is age also belongs ! wor%ip ( ! ,kabiri1 nameless p[]s1 p]haps ( ,pho5ician orig91 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( fire 9 ,lemnos & ,samo?race4 ,! ,doric race1 ! second great s\rce ( ! ,hell5ic family1 ent]$ ,greece _m hundr$s ( ye>s aft]#bba ! fir/ great ,pelasgic migration _h spread itself ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 & ,italy4 ,x br\ght ) x ano!r class ( gods & a diff]5t tone ( wor%ip4 ,_! pr9cipal deities 7 ,apollo & ,artemis1 ?\gh ) ^! !y also wor%ipp$1 z second>y deities1 ! ,pelasgic gods ^: homes !y _h invad$4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,pelasgic & ,dorian conception ( religion 01 t ) ! fir/ x 0 m emotional1 ) ! second m moral2 ! fir/ 0 a my/ic natural religion1 ! second an intellectual human religion4 ,ottfri$ ,mll]#bbb says t ! ,dorian piety 0 /rong1 *e]ful1 & bright4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ,daylight & ,moonlight1 :ile ! ,pelasgians also rev]5c$ ,night1 ,d>kness1 & ,/orm4 ,fun]al solemnities & en?usia/ic orgies did n suit ! ,dorian "*4 ,! ,sp>tans _h no spl5did processions l ! ,a!nians1 b !y pray$ ! gods to give !m :at 0 honorable & good2 & ,zeus ,ammon decl>$ t ! calm solemnity ( ! pray]s ( ! ,sp>tans 0 de>] to him ?an all ! sacrifices ( ! ,greeks4#bbc ,two facts are to be notic$ 9 connection ) ?is primitive religion4 ,"o is ! local di/ribution ( ! diff]5t deities & modes ( wor%ip ?r\gh ,greece4 ,e tribe _h its own god & its own wor%ip4 ,9 "o place x 0 ,zeus & ,gaia2 9 ano!r1 ,zeus & ,cybele2 9 a ?ird1 ,apollo & ,artemis4 ,at ,samo?race prevail$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,heav5 & ! ,e>?4#bbd ,dione 0 wor%ipp$ ) ,zeus at ,dodona4#bbe ,! ,ionians 7 devot$ to ,poseidn1 god ( ! sea4 ,9 ,arcadia1 ,a?n 0 wor%ipp$ z ,tritonia4 ,h]ms 0 ador$ on ,m\nt ,cyll5e2 ,ers1 9 ,boeotia2 ,pan1 9 ,arcadia4 ,^! local deities long rema9$ z second>y gods1 aft] ! ,pan-,hell5ic wor%ip ( ,olympus _h ov]?r[n _! supremacy4 ,b "o peculi>ity ( ! ,pre-,hom]ic religion 01 t x consi/$ 9 ! adoration ( diff]5t gods 9 diff]5t places4 ,! religion ( ,hellas1 aft] ,hom]1 0 ! wor%ip ( ! twelve great deities unit$ on ,m\nt ,olympus4 ,! second fact to be obs]v$ 9 ?is e>ly my?ology is ! *ange ( "n & ( "* ?r\gh :i* ea* deity proce$s4 ,zeus alone reta9s ! same "n f ! fir/4#bbf ,among all ,indo-,european nations1 ! ,heav5 & ! ,e>? 7 ! two primordial div9ities4 ,! ,rig-,v$a calls !m ! two great p>5ts ( ! _w4 ,at ,dodona1 ,samo?race1 & ,sp>ta !y 7 wor%ipp$ toge!r4 ,b :ile 9 ,india1 ,v>una1 ! ,heav5s1 cont9u$ to be an object ( adoration 9 ! ,v$ic or second p]iod1 9 ,greece x fad$ e>ly f ! popul> ?\ght4 ,?is already %[s ! opposite g5ius ( ! two nations4 ,to ! ,h9doos ! inf9ite 0 all important1 to ! ,greeks ! f9ite4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 reta9 ! adoration ( ! ,heav5s1 ! latt] t ( ! ,e>?4 ,! ,e>?1 ,gaia1 became m & m important to ! ,hell5ic m9d4 ,pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 %e became1 successively1 ,gaia 9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 ,rhea 9 ! second1 & ,dmtr 7 71 ,"m ,e>?1 9 ! ?ird4 ,9 l mann] ! ,sun is successively ,hyp]in1 son ( ,heav5 & ,e>?2 ,hlios1 son ( ,hyp]in & ,!ia2 & ,phoebus-,apollo1 son ( ,zeus & ,latona4 ,! ,moon is fir/ ,phoebe1 si/] ( ,hyp]in2 !n ,seln1 si/] ( ,hlios2 & la/ly ,artemis1 si/] ( ,apollo4 ,pallas1 probably mean+ at fir/ ! virg91 became aft]w>d id5tifi$ ) ,a?n1 daught] ( ,zeus1 z ,pallas-,a?n4 ,! ,urania ,pontus1 ! salt sea1 became ! ,titan ,oceanos1 or ,ocean1 & 9 ano!r g5]ation ,poseidn1 or ,neptune4 ,! e>ly gods are symbolical1 ! lat] are p]sonal4 ,! turn+-po9t is rea*$ :5 ,kronos1 ,"t1 arrives4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,"t & ,e>? are no long] va/ %ad[y ab/ractions1 b become hi/orical *>act]s1 ) biographies & p]sonal qualities4 ,nei!r ,"t nor ,hi/ory exi/$ be=e ,hom]2 :5 ,"t came1 ,hi/ory began4 ,! ?ree male *ildr5 ( ,"t 7 ,zeus1 ,poseidn1 & ,_hs2 repres5t+ ! ?ree dim5sions ( space4 ,height1 ,bread?1 & ,dep?2 ,heav51 ,ocean1 & ,hell4 ,!y also repres5t$ ! ?reefold progress ( ! human s\l3 its aspiration & asc5t to :at is noble & good1 its desc5t to :at is pr(\nd1 & its sympa?y ) all t is v>i\s3 9 o!r words1 its religion1 its intellig5ce1 & its affection4 ,! fable ( ,"t dev\r+ 8 *ildr51 & !n reproduc+ !m1 evid5tly means ! vicissitudes ( cu/oms & ! dep>ture & return ( fa%ions4 ,:atev] is born mu/ die2 b :at has be5 w be aga94 ,t ,ers1 ,love1 %\ld be at ! orig9 ( ?+s f *aos1 indicates ! primeval attraction ) :i* ! ord] ( ! univ]se beg9s4 ,! mutilation ( ,uranos1 ,heav51 s t he ceas$ to produce *ildr51 sugge/s ! *ange ( ! sy/em ( emanation1 by :i* ! gods desc5d f ! inf9ite1 into t ( evolution1 by :i* !y arise out ( ! f9ite4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! end ( ,asia1 & ! beg9n+ ( ,europe2 = emanation is ! law ( ! !ologies ( ,asia1 evolution t ( ,europe4 ,aphrodit1 ,beauty1 0 ! la/ *ild ( ! ,heav5s1 & yet born f ! ,ocean4 ,beauty is n ! daught] ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 b ( ! ,heav5s & ! ,ocean4 ,! lights & %ad[s ( ! sky1 ! t9ts ( dawn1 ! t5d]ness ( cl\ds1 unite ) ! toss & curve ( ! wave 9 creat+ ,beauty4 ,! beauty ( outl9e appe>s 9 ! sea1 t ( light & color 9 ! sky4#bbg #d4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,poets4 ,h]odotus says 7,,ii4 #ec71 ,i am ( op9ion t ,hesiod & ,hom] liv$ f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e my "t1 & n m1 & ^! 7 !y :o fram$ a !ogony = ! ,greeks1 & gave names to ! gods1 & assign$ to !m honors & arts1 & decl>$ _! sev]al =ms4 ,b ! poets1 said to be be=e !m1 9 my op9ion1 7 aft] !m4 ,t two poets %\ld create a !ology & a wor%ip = a great p1 & s unite its sep>ate tribes into a commonweal? ( unit$ /ates1 seems to mod]n m9ds an absurdity4 ,b ! poets ( ,greece 7 its prophets4 ,!y receiv$1 int5sifi$1 conc5trat$1 ! t5d5cies ( ?\ght already 9 ! air4 ,all ! drift 0 t[>d ,pan-,hell5ic wor%ip & to a humaniz$ !ology1 :5 ! ,hom]ic writ]s sang _! song4 ,! ,greeks mu/ be conceiv$ ( z a nation ( poets2 h5ce all _! my?ology 0 poetry4 ,poetry 0 _! life & joy1 writt5 or unwritt51 sung or spok54 ,!y 7 poets 9 ! deep] s5se ( ! ^w2 n by writ+ v]ses1 b by look+ at all nature & all life f its poetic side4 ,_! exquisite my?ology arose out ( ^! spontane\s in/9cts4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! ,greek m9d 0 to vitalize & h>monize nature4#bbh ,all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 all ! p[]s ( ! human s\l1 & all ! ev5ts ( life1 became a m>vell\s tissue ( div9e /ory4 ,!y walk$ ! e>?1 surr\nd$ & ov]%ad[$ by heav5ly att5dants & sup]natural p[]s4 ,b a /rik+ peculi>ity ( ?is imm5se spiritualism 0 t x 0 almo/ )\t sup]/ition4 ,_! gods 7 n _! t]ror1 b _! delight4 ,ev5 ! great gods ( ,olympus 7 ar\nd !m z invisible companions4 ,fate itself1 ! d>k ,moira1 supreme p[]1 mi/ress ( gods & m51 0 met manfully & n timor\sly4 ,s /rong 0 ! human elem5t1 ! s5se ( p]sonal dignity & fre$om1 t ! ,greek liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( a sup]natural _w on equal t]ms4 ,no d\bt ! elem5ts ( my?ology are 9 all nations ! same1 consi/+ ( ! facts ( nature & ! facts ( life4 ,! heav5s & ! e>?1 day & night1 ! sun & moon1 /orms1 fire1 ocean1 & riv]s1 love & beauty1 life & progress1 w>1 wisdom1 doom1 & *ance1--^!1 among all nations1 supply ! mat]ial = my?s4 ,b :ile1 ) "s races1 ^! p[]s rema9 solemn ab/ractions1 above & beh9d nature1 among ! ,greeks !y desc5d$ into nature & turn$ to poetry1 illum9at+ all ( life4 ,let u imag9e a ,greek1 possess$ by ! _s ( 8 nation & acqua9t$ ) its leg5d>y hi/ory1 visit+ ! holy places ( t ideal l&4 ,on ! nor!rn b\nd>y he sees ! t[]+ summit ( ,olympus1 on ^: solemn heights reside ! twelve great gods ( 8 c\ntry4 ,:5 ! d>k cl\ds roll along its defiles1 & ! lightn+ fla%es f _! black dep?s1 x is ,zeus1 /rik+ ) 8 ?und]bolt "s impi\s (f5d]4 ,!re 0 held ! great c\ncil ( ! ,immortals4 ,:5 ! ocean 0 quiet1 ,poseidn _h left x to visit ,olympus4 ,!re came ,heph/os1 quitt+ 8 subt]ranean fires & gloomy labor]s1 to je/ & be je/$ )1 sitt+ by 8 beautiful que54 ,!re1 :ile ! sun hung motionless 9 mid-heav51 ,apollo desc5d$ f 8 burn+ *>iot to jo9 ! fea/4 ,artemis & ,dmtr came f ! woods & fields to unite 9 ! high assembly1 & w> 0 susp5d$ :ile ,ars made love to ! goddess ( ,beauty4 ,! ,greek look$ at ,p>nassus1 so>+ sn[-clad ?r\gh its native sky1 ) its ,delphic cave & its ,ca/alian f\nt1 or at ! neighbor+ summits ( ,helicon1 :]e ,pegasus /ruck 8 ho( & ,hippocrn gu%$ =?1 & believ$ t hidd5 9 ^! sunny woods might p]haps be f\nd ! muses :o inspir$ ,h]odotus1 ,hom]1 ,aes*ylus1 & ,p9d>4 ,he c\ld g n[h]e )\t f9d+ "s spot ov] :i* hung ! *>m ( romantic or t5d] association4 ,)9 e brook 0 hidd5 a ,naiad2 by ! side ( e tree lurk$ a ,dryad2 if y li/51 y may he> ! ,oreads call+ among ! m\nta9s2 if y come cauti\sly ar\nd t b5d+ hill1 y may cat* a glimpse ( ! great ,pan himself4 ,:5 ! moonlight %[]s fill$ ! =e/s ) a magical light1 "o might see ! unt\*$ ,artemis glid+ rapidly among ! mossy trunks4 ,b5ea?1 9 ! deep abysses ( e>?1 reign$ ! gloomy ,pluto ) ! sad ,p]sephon1 home-sick = ! upp] air4 ,by ! sea-%ore ,proteus w\nd 8 horn1 ! ,sir5s sang _! fatal song among ! rocks1 ! ,n]eids & ,oceanides gleam$ b5ea? ! gre5 wat]s1 ! va/ ,amphitrite /ret*$ h] wide-embrac+ arms1 & ,!tis ) h] wat]-nymphs liv$ 9 _! subm>9e grottos4 ,:5 ! morn+ dawn$1 ,es1 or ,aurora1 w5t be=e ! *>iot ( ! ,sun1 dropp+ fl[]s ^u ! e>?4 ,e breeze :i* /irr$ ! tree-tops 0 a god1 go+ on "s err& = ,aeolus4 ,! joy ( inspir$ ?\ght 0 brea!d into ! s\l by ,phoebus2 ! g5ial gl[ ( life1 ! fe/al mir?1 & ! glad revel 7 ! gift ( ,dionysos4 ,all nature 0 alive ) "s t\* ( a div9e pres5ce4 ,s1 too1 e spot ( ,hellas 0 made int]e/+ by "s leg5d ( ,h]cules1 ( ,!seus1 ( ,prom!us1 ( ! great ,dioscuri1 ( ,m9os1 or ,ddalus1 ( ,jason & ! ,argonauts4 ,! ,greeks ext5d$ _! own bright life backw>d ?r\gh hi/ory1 & upw>d ?r\gh h]oes & demigods to ,zeus himself4 ,9 ,hom]1 ! gods are v human4 ,!y h few traits ( div9ity1 sc>cely ( dignity4 ,_! ridicule ( ,vulcan is c]ta9ly co>se2 ! ?reats ( ,zeus are brutal4 ,z a family1 !y live toge!r on ,olympus1 fea/+1 talk+1 mak+ love1 mak+ w>1 deceiv+ ea* o!r1 angry1 & reconcil$4 ,!y fe$ on nect> & ambrosia1 :i* makes !m immortal2 j z ! ,amrita makes ! ,h9doo gods s4 ,s 9 ! ,iliad we see !m at _! fea/1 ) ,vulcan h&+ ea* ! cup1 p\r+ out nect> = !m all4 ,& !n inext+ui%able laught] arose among ! immortal gods1 :5 !y saw ,vulcan bu/l+ ?r\gh ! mansion4 ,s !y fea/$ all day till sund[n2 nor did ! s\l want any?+ ( ! equal fea/1 nor ( ! beautiful h>p :i* ,apollo held1 nor ( ! ,muses1 :o accompani$ him1 respond+ 9 turn ) delici\s voice4 ,b :5 ! spl5did light ( ! sun 0 sunk1 !y retir$ to repose1 ea* "o to 8 h\se1 :i* r5[n$ ,vulcan1 lame ( bo? legs1 _h built4 ,b ,olympian ,zeus w5t to 8 c\*1 & laid d[n to re/ beside :ite-arm$ ,hr4#bbi ,or sometimes !y fight toge!r1 or ) mortals2 in/ances ( bo? appe> 9 ! ,iliad4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !y d n appe> to advantage 9 ^! conflicts4 ,!y usually get ! wor/ ( x1 & g back to ,zeus to compla94 ,9 ! ,tw5ty-fir/ ,book !y fight toge!r1 ,ars aga9/ ,a?n1 ,a?n also aga9/ 8 help]1 ,aphrodit2 ,poseidn & ,hr aga9/ ,apollo & ,artemis1 ,vulcan aga9/ ! riv] god1 ,scam&]4 ,ars call$ ,a?n impud5t1 & ?reat5$ to *a/ise h]4 ,%e seiz$ a /one & /ruck him on ! neck1 & relax$ 8 knees4 ,sev5 acres he cov]$ fall+1 & 8 back 0 defil$ ) du/2 b ,pallas-,a?n je]$ at him2 & :5 ,aphrodit l$ him away groan+ frequ5tly1 ,pallas-,a?n sprang aft]1 & smote h] ) h] h&1 dissolv+ h] knees & de> he>t4 ,apollo 0 afraid ( ,poseidn1 & decl9$ fight+ ) him :5 *all5g$1 = :i* ,artemis rebuk$ him4 ,on ?is1 ,hr tells h] t %e c kill /ags on ! m\nta9s1 b is afraid to fight ) h] bett]s1 & !n proce$s to puni% h]1 hold+ bo? ! h&s ( ,artemis 9 "o ( h]s1 & beat+ h] ov] ! head ) h] own b[4 ,a disgraceful sc5e altoge!r1 we mu/ confess1 & x is no wond] t ,plato 0 sc&aliz$ by su* /ories4 ,?us purely human 7 ^! gods2 sp5d+ ! summ]'s day 9 fea/+ b5ea? ! op5 sky2 go+ home at sund[n to sleep1 l a p>cel ( great boys & girls4 ,!y are immortal inde$1 & c make m5 s sometimes1 b _c always prev5t ! dea? ( a favorite4 ,above !m all broods a t]rible p[]1 mighti] ?an !mselves1 ! d>k ,fate & irresi/ible ,necessity4 ,=1 aft] all1 z human gods !y 7 l m51 subject to ! laws ( nature4 ,yet z m51 !y are free1 & 9 ! feel+ ( _! fre$om sometimes resi/ & defy fate4 ,! ,hom]ic gods move ?r\gh ! air l birds1 l w9d1 l lightn+4 ,!y are /rong] ?an m51 & l>g]4 ,ars1 ov]?r[n by ,pallas1 cov]s sev5 acres ( gr\nd2 :5 w\nd$ by ,diomds he bell[$ z l\d z n9e or t5 ?\s& m51 says ! accurate ,hom]4 ,! bodies ( ! gods1 inexpressibly beautiful1 & commonly invisible1 are1 :5ev] se5 by m51 9 an aureola ( light4 ,9 ,hom]1 ,apollo is ! god ( ar*]y1 prophecy1 & music4 ,he is ! f>-d>t]4 ,he %oots 8 arr[s at ! ,greeks1 because 8 prophet _h be5 ill-treat$4 ,he desc5d$ f ,olympus1 says ,hom]1 enrag$ 9 he>t1 hav+ 8 b[ & quiv] on 8 %\ld]s4 ,b z he mov$ ! %afts rattl$ on ! %\ld]s ( him enrag$2 & he w5t onw>d l ! night4 ,!n he sat ne> ! %ips1 & s5t an arr[1 & dreadful 0 ! clangor ( ! silv] b[4 ,lat] 9 ! ,iliad he appe>s aga91 def5d+ ! ,trojans & deceiv+ ,a*illes4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic ,hymn 8 bir? on ,delos is sweetly told2 & h[1 :5 he 0 born1 ,e>? smil$ ar\nd1 & all ! goddesses %\t$4 ,!mis f$ him on nect> & ambrosia2 !n he sprang up1 call$ = a lyre & b[1 & said he w\ld decl>e h5ce=? to m5 ! w ( ,jove2 & ,delos1 exult+1 became cov]$ ) fl[]s4#bcj ,! ,second ,book ( ! ,iliad beg9s ?us3 ,! re/1 bo? gods & horse-array+ m51 slept all ! night2 b ,jove sweet sleep possess$ n2 b he pond]$ h[ he might de/roy _m at ! ,greek %ips1 & honor ,a*illes4 ,b ?is device appe>$ be/ to 8 m9d1 to s5d a fatal dream to ,agamemnon4 ,& he said1 ',ha/e1 p]nici\s dream1 to ! swift %ips1 & bid ,agamemnon arm ! ,a*ans to take wide-/reet$ ,troy1 s9ce ,juno has p]suad$ all ! gods to h] w4' ,?is 0 simply a lie1 s5t = ! de/ruction ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,book1 ,jupit] compla9s to ,!tis t ,juno is always scold+ him1 & good "r _h %e to d s4 ,pres5tly %e comes 9 & accuses him ( plott+ some?+ secretly ) ,!tis1 & nev] lett+ h] "k 8 plans4 ,he answ]s h] by accusations ( p]v]sity3 ,?\ art always suspect+2 b ?\ %alt produce no effect1 b be fur!r f my he>t4 ,he !n is s ung5tlemanly z to ?reat5 h] ) corporal puni%m5t4 ,! gods murmur2 b ,vulcan int]poses z a peacemak]1 say+1 ,!re w be no enjoym5t 9 our delightful banquet if y twa9 ?us cont5d4 ,!n he arose & plac$ ! d\ble cup 9 h] h&s & said1 ,be pati5t1 my "m1 le/ ,i aga9 behold !e beat51 & _c help !e4 ,he "h ref]s to a "t :5 ,jupit] hung 8 wife up 9 mid-heav5 ) anvils ti$ to h] heels2 & :5 ,vulcan unti$ !m he 0 pit*$ f ,olympus d[n into ! isl& ( ,lemnos1 :5ce came 8 lam5ess4 ,a rude & brutal head ( a h\sehold 0 ! poetic ,zeus4 ,no d\bt o!r & mu* m sublime views ( ! gods are to be f\nd 9 ,hom]4 ,?us 7,il4 ,,xv4 #hj7 he comp>es ! motion ( ,juno to ! rapid ?\ght ( a travell]1 :o1 hav+ visit$ _m c\ntries1 says1 ,i 0 "h1 ,i 0 !re4 ,su* also is ! description 7,il4 ,,xiii4 #ag7 ( ,neptune desc5d+ f ! top ( ,samo?race1 ) ! hills & =e/s trembl+ b5ea? 8 immortal feet4 ,inf9ite p[]1 inf9ite faculty1 ! gods ( ,hom] possess$2 b ^! 7 only human faculty & p[] pu%$ to ! utmo/4 ,no?+ is m beautiful ?an ! description ( ! sleep ( ,jupit] & ,juno1 imp>adis$ 9 ea* o!r's arms 7,il4 ,,xiv4 #cej71 :ile ! div9e e>? produc$ b5ea? !m a b$ ( fl[]s1 s(tly lift+ !m f ! gr\nd4 ,b ! picture is em95tly human2 q z mu* s z t :i* ,milton has imitat$ f x4 ,aft] ,hom] & ,hesiod1 among ! ,greek poets1 come ! lyri/s4 ,call9us1 ! ,ephesian1 made a religion ( patriotism4 ,tyrtu 7,b4,c4 #ffj71 some:at lat]1 ( ,sp>ta1 0 devot$ to ! same !me4 ,p9d>1 ! ,!ban1 began 8 c>e] 7,b4,c4 #did7 9 ! "t ( ! conque/s ( ,d>ius1 & compos$ "o ( 8 ,py?ian odes 9 ! ye> ( ! battle ( ,m>a?on4 ,he taught a div9e retribution on good & evil2 taught t ! bitt]e/ end awaits ! pleasure t is contr>y to "r1#bca taught mod]ation1 & t a man %\ld always keep 9 view ! b\nds & limits ( ?+s4#bcb ,he decl>$ t ,law 0 ! rul] ( gods & m54 ,moreov]1 he proclaim$ t gods & m5 7 ( "o family1 & ?\gh ! gods 7 f> high]1 yet t some?+ div9e 0 9 all m54#bcc ,& 9 a fam\s fragm5t 7quot$ by ,buns5#bcd7 he calls mank9d ! maje/ic (fspr+ ( e>?2 mank9d1 a g5tle race1 belov$ ( heav54 ,! tragic poet1 ,aes*ylus1 is a figure l t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ,italian art1 gr&1 sombre1 & possess$ by 8 ideas4 ,! "o :i* rules him & runs d>kly ?r\gh all 8 trag$ies is ! supreme p[] ( ,nemesis1 ! t]rible de/9y :i* is beh9d & above gods & m54 ,! favorite !me ( ,greek trag$y is ! conflict ( fate & fre$om1 ( ! inflexible laws ( nature ) ! passionate long+s ( man1 ( ! em]g5cy ( ! case ) ! despotism ( ! rule4 ,?is conflict appe>s mo/ vividly 9 ! /ory ( ,prom!us1 or ,=e?\ght2 he1 ^: godlike crime 0 to be k9d2 he :o resi/$ ! torm5ts & t]rors ( ,zeus1 rely+ on 8 own fi]ce m9d4#bce ,9 ?is respect1 ,prome!us 9 8 suff]+ is l ,job 9 8 suff]+s4 ,ea* refuses to say he is wrong1 m]ely to pacify ,god1 :5 he does n see t he is wrong4 ,z ,prom!us ma9ta9s 8 inflexible purpose1 s ,job holds fa/ 8 integrity4 ,sophocles is ! mo/ dev\t ( ! ,greek trag$ians1 & rev]5ce = ! gods is con/antly enjo9$ 9 8 trag$ies4 ,"o /rik+ passage is :]e ,antigon is ask$ if %e _h disobey$ ! laws ( ! c\ntry1 & replies1 ,yes2 = !y 7 n ! laws ( ,god4 ,!y did n proce$ f ,ju/ice1 :o dwells ) ! ,immortals4 ,nor d>$ ,i1 9 obey+ ! laws ( mortal man1 disobey ^? ( ! undy+ gods4 ,= ! gods live f et]nity1 & _! beg9n+ no man kn[s4 ,i "k t ,i mu/ die = ?is (f5ce1 & ,i die will+ly4 ,i mu/ h di$ at "s "t1 & a premature dea? ,i acc\nt a ga91 z f9i%+ a life fill$ ) sorr[s4#bcf ,?is argum5t rem9ds u ( ! high]-law discussions ( ! antislav]y conflict1 & ! religi\s defiance ( ! fugitive slave law by all hone/ m54 ,euripides repres5ts ! reaction aga9/ ! religi\s trag$y4 ,8 is ! anti-religi\s trag$y4 ,x is a sne]+ defiance ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 a direct tea*+ ( pessimism4 ,buns5 7,god 9 ,hi/ory7 goes at l5g? into ! pro( ( ?is /atem5t1 %[+ t 9 ,euripides ! !ology ( ! poets enc\nt]$ & submitt$ to ! same sceptical reaction :i* foll[$ 9 philosophy ! div9e tea*+s ( ,plato4#bcg ,aft] ?is "t ,greek poetry ceas$ to be ! organ ( ,greek religion4 ,x is true t we h subsequ5t outbreaks ( dev\t song1 z 9 ! hymn ( ,cleau!s1 ! /oic1 :o foll[$ ,z5o z tea*] 9 ! ,por* 7,b4,c4 #bfj74 ,?\gh ?is belongs r to philosophy ?an to poetry1 yet on acc\nt ( its truly mono!i/ic & also dev\t quality1 ,i add a translation "h3#bch-- ,greate/ ( ! gods1 ,god ) _m names1 ,god ev]-rul+ & rul+ all ?+s6 ,zeus1 orig9 ( nature1 gov]n+ ! univ]se by law1 ,all hail6 ,= x is "r = mortals to address !e2 ,s9ce we are ?y (fspr+1 & we alone ( all ,t live & creep on e>? h ! p[] ( imitative spee*4 ,!re=e w ,i praise !e1 & hymn =ev] ?y p[]4 ,!e ! wide heav51 :i* surr\nds ! e>?1 obeys2 ,foll[+ :]e ?\ wilt1 will+ly obey+ ?y law4 ,?\ holde/ at ?y s]vice1 9 ?y mighty h&s1 ,! two-edg$1 flam+1 immortal ?und]bolt1 ,be=e ^: fla% all nature trembles4 ,?\ rule/ 9 ! common reason1 :i* goes ?r\gh all1 ,& appe>s m+l$ 9 all ?+s1 great or small1 ,:i*1 fill+ all nature1 is k+ ( all exi/5ces4 ,nor )\t !e1 ,o ,deity1 does any?+ happ5 9 ! _w1 ,f ! div9e e!real pole to ! great ocean1 ,except only ! evil pref]r$ by ! s5seless wick$4 ,b ?\ also art able to br+ to ord] t :i* is *aotic1 ,giv+ =m to :at is =mless1 & mak+ ! discordant fri5dly2 ,s r$uc+ all v>iety to unity1 & ev5 mak+ good out ( evil4 ,?us1 ?r\gh all nature is "o great law1 ,:i* only ! wick$ seek to disobey1-- ,poor fools6 :o long = happ9ess1 ,b w n see nor he> ! div9e comm&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b d ?\1 ,o ,zeus1 all-be/[]1 cl\d-compell]6 ,rul] ( ?und]6 gu>d m5 f sad error4 ,fa!r6 dispel ! cl\ds ( ! s\l1 & let u foll[ ,! laws ( ?y great & j reign6 ,t we may be honor$1 let u honor !e aga91 ,*ant+ ?y great de$s1 z is prop] = mortals4 ,= no?+ c be bett] = gods or m5 ,?an to adore ) p]petual hymns ! law common to all4 ,! result ( our inve/igation ?us f> is1 t beside all ! poly!i/ic & an?ropomorphic t5d5cies ( ! old religion1 !re yet l+]$ a fai? 9 "o supreme ,god1 rul] ( all ?+s4 ,?is is ! g5]al op9ion ( ! be/ writ]s4 ,= example1 ,welck] ?us speaks ( ! orig9al sub/ance ( ,greek religion3#bci-- ,9 ! remote/ p]iod ( ,greek antiquity1 we meet ! words & 1 & ! names & 2 any?+ old] ?an :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ?is religion4 ,accord+ly1 ! gods ( ^! tribes 7 f ! fir/ g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 heav5ly & spiritual be+s4 ,zeus 0 ! immortal k+ ( heav51 9 opposition to ev]y?+ visible & temporal4 ,?is af=ds u a p]man5t backgr\nd ( univ]sal ideas1 beh9d all special conceptions or local appellations4 ,we recognize z pres5t 9 ! beg9n+s ( ,greek hi/ory ! highe/ m5tal aspirations belong+ to man4 ,we c ?us avoid ! mi/ak5 d\bts conc]n+ ?is religion1 :i* came f ! influ5ce ( ! subsequ5t manife/ations1 go+ back to ! deep root f :i* !y h sprung4 ,! ,div9e ,_s has always be5 manife/$ 9 ! feel+s ev5 ( ! mo/ uncultivat$ peoples4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 try+ to br+ ?is feel+ into di/9ct consci\sness1 ! v>i\s *ildi% conceptions & imp]fect views ( religi\s ?+s arise4 #e4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,arti/s4 ,! arti/s1 foll[+ ! poets1 develop$ /ill fur!r ! div9ely human "* ( ! gods4 ,! ar*itects ( ! temples gave1 9 _! pure & h>moni\s =ms1 ! conception ( religi\s beauty & maje/y4 ,/&+ 9 "s op5 elevat$ position1 _! sn[y surface ba!d 9 sun%9e1 !y /ood 9 s]5e /r5g?1 ! types ( a bright & joyful religion4 ,a sup]/iti\s wor%ip seeks caves & d>kness2 ! noble maje/y ( ! ,greek temples said pla9ly t !y belong$ to a religion ( light & peace4 ,! sculptor work$ orig9ally 9 company ) ! ar*itect4 ,! /atues 7 meant to adorn ! temples1 ! temples 7 made z frames & p$e/als = ! /atues4 ,! m>ble =ms /ood & walk$ on ! p$im5ts & gave life to ! frieze4 ,!y animat$ ! ext]ior1 or sat1 calm & /rong1 9 ! c5tral %r9e4 ,! poets1 9 giv+ a moral & human "* to ! gods1 nev] q =got _! orig9 z p[]s ( nature4 ,jupit] ,olympus is /ill ! god ( ! sky1 ! ?und]]4 ,neptune is ! rul] ( ! ocean1 ! e>?-%ak]4 ,phoebus-,apollo is ! sun-god4 ,artemis is ! moonlight1 pure1 *a/e1 & cold4 ,b ! sculptors f9ally leave beh9d ^! rem9isc5ces1 & 9 _! h&s ! deities become purely moral be+s4 ,on ! br[ ( ,jupit] sits a maje/ic calm2 he is no angry wield] ( ! ?und]bolt1 b ! graci\s & p[]ful rul] ( ! ?ree worlds4 ,?is conception grew up gradually1 until x 0 fully realiz$ by ,phidias 9 8 /atues at ,olympia & ,elis4 ,tranquil p[] & victori\s repose appe> ev5 9 ! /&+ ,jupit]s1 9 :i* la/ ! god appe>s z m y\?ful & active4 ,! conception ( ,jupit] by ,phidias 0 a great advance on t ( ,hom]4 ,he1 to be sure1 pr(ess$ to take 8 idea f ! fam\s passage ( ! ,iliad :]e ,jove %akes 8 ambrosial curls & b5ds 8 awful br[s2 &1 nodd+1 %akes heav5 & e>?4 ,t might be 8 text1 b ! s]mon :i* he prea*$ 0 f> high] ?an x4 ,?is 0 ! great /atue ( ,jupit]1 8 ma/]piece1 made ( ivory & gold = ! temple at ,olympia1 :]e ! games 7 celebrat$ by ! unit$ ,hell5ic race4 ,^! fam\s games1 :i* occurr$ e fif? ye>1 la/+ five days1 call+ toge!r all ,greece1 7 to ?is race :at ! ,passov] 0 to ! ,jewi% nation1 sacr$1 v5]able1 bl5d+ div9e wor%ip & human joy4 ,^! games 7 a *ronology1 a con/itution1 & a *ur* to ! ,pan-,hell5ic race4 ,all epo*s 7 reckon$ f !m2 z ev5ts occurr+ 9 su* or su* an ,olympiad4 ,! fir/ ,olympiad 0 sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-six ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 & a l>ge "p ( our pres5t k ( anci5t *ronology dep5ds on ^! fe/ivals4 ,!y b\nd ,greece toge!r z by a con/itution2 no p]sons unless ( g5u9e ,hell5ic blood be+ all[$ to cont5d at !m1 & a truce be+ proclaim$ = all ,greece :ile !y la/$4 ,"h at ,olympia1 :ile ! games cont9u$1 all ,greece came toge!r2 ! poets & hi/orians declaim$ _! compositions to ! gr& audi5ce2 op9ions 7 int]*ang$1 k communicat$1 & ! national life receiv$ bo? /imulus & unity4 ,& "h1 ov] all1 presid$ ! great ,jupit] ( ,phidias1 )9 a ,doric temple1 sixty-eight feet high1 n9ety-five wide1 & two hundr$ & ?irty long1 cov]$ ) sculptures ( ,p5telic m>ble4 ,! god 0 seat$ on 8 ?rone1 made ( gold1 ebony1 & ivory1 /udd$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,he 0 s colossal t1 ?\gh seat$1 8 head ne>ly rea*$ ! ro(1 & x seem$ z if he w\ld be> x away if he rose4 ,!re sat ! mon>*1 8 head1 neck1 brea/1 & arms 9 massive proportions2 ! l[] "p ( ! body veil$ 9 a fl[+ mantle2 be>+ 9 8 "r h& a /atue ( ,victory1 9 8 left a sceptre ) 8 eagle on ! top2 ! ,h\rs1 ! ,seasons1 & ! ,graces ar\nd him2 8 feet on ! my/]i\s ,sph9x2 & on 8 face t m>vell\s expression ( bl5d$ maje/y & sweetness1 :i* we "k n only by ! acc\nts ( eyewitnesses1 b by ! num]\s imitations & copies 9 m>ble :i* h come d[n to u4 ,"o _c fail to see1 ev5 9 ^! copies1 a wond]ful expression ( p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness4 ,! head1 ) leon9e locks ( hair & ?ickly roll+ be>d1 expresses p[]1 ! broad br[ & fix$ gaze ( ! eyes1 wisdom2 :ile ! sweet smile ( ! lips indicates goodness4 ,! ?rone 0 ( c$>1 ornam5t$ ) gold1 ivory1 ebony1 & preci\s /ones4 ,! sceptre 0 compos$ ( e k9d ( metal4 ,! /atue 0 =ty feet high1 on a p$e/al ( twelve feet4 ,to die )\t hav+ se5 ?is /atue 0 reg>d$ by ! ,greeks z almo/ z great a calamity z n to h be5 initiat$ into ! my/]ies4#bdj ,9 l mann] ! poetic conception ( ,apollo 0 inf]ior to t ( ! sculptor4 ,9 ! m9d ( ! latt] ,phoebus is n m]ely an ar*]1 n m]ely a prophet & a s+]1 b ! entire manife/ation ( g5ius4 ,he is inspiration2 he radiates poetry1 music1 eloqu5ce f 8 sublime figure4 ,! ,phidian ,jupit] is lo/ to u1 except 9 copies1 b 9 ! ,belv$]e ,apollo we see h[ ! sculptor c\ld int]pret ! highe/ ?\ght ( ! ,hell5ic m9d4 ,he :o visits ?is /atue by night 9 ! ,vatican ,palace at ,rome1 see+ x by tor*light1 has1 p]haps1 ! mo/ wond]ful impression left on 8 imag9ation :i* art c give4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! long gall]ies ( ! ,vatican1 :]e1 z ! tor*es advance1 armies ( /atues em]ge f ! d>kness be=e y1 gaze on y ) m>ble c\nt5ance1 & s9k back into ! d>kness beh9d1 y rea* at la/ ! small circul> hall :i* conta9s ! ,apollo4 ,! effect ( tor*light is to make ! /atue seem m alive4 ,"o limb1 "o feature1 "o expression aft] ano!r1 is br\ght out z ! tor*es move2 & ! wond]ful =m becomes at la/ in/9ct ) life4 ,milman has describ$ ! /atue 9 a few gl[+ b unexagg]at$ l9es3-- ,= mild he seem$1 z 9 ,elysian t[]s1 ,wa/+1 9 c>eless ease1 ! joy\s h\rs2 ,haughty1 z b>ds h sung1 ) pr9cely sway ,curb+ ! fi]ce flame-brea?+ /e$s ( day2 ,beaute\s1 z vision se5 9 dreamy sleep ,by holy maid1 on ,delphi's haunt$ /eep4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all1 all div9e2 no /ruggl+ muscle gl[s1 ,?r\gh heav+ ve9 no mantl+ life-blood fl[s1 ,b1 animate ) ,deity alone1 ,9 dea?less glory lives ! brea?+ /one4#bda ,9 su* a /atue we see ! human creative g5ius idealiz$4 ,x is a magnific5t repres5tation ( ! m9d ( ,greece1 t f\nta9 ( orig9al ?\ght f :i* came ! ,songs ( ,hom] & ! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 t unfail+ s\rce ( hi/ory1 trag$y1 lyric poetry1 sci5tific inve/igation4 ,9 ! ,belv$]e ,apollo we see express$ at once ! g5ius ( ,hom]1 ,ari/otle1 ,h]odotus1 ,aes*ylus1 ,p9d>1 ,?ales1 & ,plato4 ,) ,apollo is associat$ 8 si/] ,artemis1 or ,diana1 ano!r exquisite conception ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,n ! cold & cruel ,diana ( ! poets2 n %e :o1 9 h] prudi% ang]1 turn$ ,acton into a /ag1 :o slew ,orion1 :o slew ! *ildr5 ( ,niobe1 & dem&$ ! dea? ( ,iphig5ia4 ,v diff]5t is ! beautiful ,diana ( ! sculptors1 ! ,artemis1 or unt\*$ "o1 *a/e z moonlight1 a wild girl1 pure1 free1 noble2 ! ideal ( y\?ful womanhood1 :o c %>e ) man manly ex]cises & op5-air sports1 & add to manly /r5g? a womanly grace4 ,s %e seems 9 ! /atue2 9 swift motion1 ! air lift+ h] tunic f h] noble limbs1 :ile %e draws a %aft f ! quiv] to kill a h9d4 ,no ,greek c\ld look at su* a /atue1 & n le>n to rev]5ce ! purity & nobl5ess ( womanhood4 ,pallas-,a?n 0 ! goddess ( all ! lib]al arts & sci5ces4 ,9 battle %e proves too /rong = ,ars or ,m>s1 z sci5tific w> is always too /rong = t wild1 furi\s w> :i* ,m>s repres5t$4 ,%e 0 ! civiliz] ( mank9d4 ,h] "n ,pallas means virg91 & h] "n ,a?n 0 suppos$ to be ! same z ! ,egyptian ,nei?1 rev]s$2 ?\gh mod]n s*ol>s d5y ?is etymology4 ,! ,p>!non1 /&+ on ! summit ( ,a!ns1 built ( :ite m>ble1 0 surr\nd$ by columns #cd feet high4 ,x 0 #bcj feet long1 #ajb feet wide1 & #fh high1 & 0 p]haps ! mo/ p]fect build+ ev] rais$ by man4 ,e "p ( its ext]ior 0 adorn$ ) ,phidian sculpture2 & )9 /ood ! /atue ( ,a?n h]self1 9 ivory & gold1 by ! same ma/] h&4 ,ano!r colossal /atue ( ! great goddess /ood on ! summit ( ! ,acropolis1 & h] poli%$ braz5 helmet & %ield1 fla%+ 9 ! sun1 c\ld be se5 f> out at sea by vessels approa*+ ,a!ns4 ,! ,greek sculptors1 9 creat+ ^! wond]ful ideals1 7 always feel+ aft] ,god2 b = ,god inc>nate1 ,god 9 man4 ,!y s\ght = & repres5t$ ea* div9e elem5t 9 human nature4 ,!y 7 prophets ( ! future developm5t ( humanity4 ,!y %[$ h[ man is a p>tak] ( ! div9e nature4 ,if !y humaniz$ ,deity1 !y div9iz$ humanity4 #f4 ,! ,gods ( ! ,philosoph]s4 ,! problem :i* ! ,greek philosoph]s set !mselves to solve 0 ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,z we h f\nd a d\ble elem5t ( race & religion runn+ ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 s we f9d a simil> dualism 9 its philosophy4 ,an elem5t ( realism & ano!r ( idealism are 9 opposition until ! "t ( ,plato1 & are fir/ reconcil$ by t great ma/] ( ?\ght4 ,realism appe>s 9 ! ,ionic nature-philosophy2 idealism 9 ,orphism1 ! s*ools ( ,py?agoras1 & ! ,eleatic s*ool ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,bo? ^! classes ( ?9k]s s\ght = "s c5tral unity b5ea? ! outw>d ph5om5a4 ,?ales ! ,milesian 7,b4,c4 #fjj7 said x 0 wat]4 ,8 disciple1 ,anaxim&]1 call$ x a *aotic matt]1 conta9+ 9 itself a motive-p[] :i* w\ld take ! univ]se ?r\gh successive creations & de/ructions4 ,8 successor1 ,anaxim5es1 conclud$ ! inf9ite sub/ance to be air4 ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus 7,b4,c4 #ejj7 decl>$ x to be fire2 by :i* he meant1 n physical fire1 b ! pr9ciple ( antagonism4 ,s1 by wat]1 ,?ales mu/ h int5d$ ! fluid elem5t 9 ?+s4 ,= t ,?ales 0 n a m]e mat]iali/ appe>s f ! say+s :i* h be5 report$ z com+ f him1 su* z ?is3 ,( all ?+s1 ! olde/ is ,god2 ! mo/ beautiful is ! _w2 ! swifte/ is ?\ght2 ! wise/ is "t4 ,or t o!r1 t1 ,dea? does n diff] at all f life4 ,?ales also taught t a ,div9e p[] 0 9 all ?+s4 ,! successor ( ,h]aclitus1 ,anaxagoras 7,b4,c4 #did71 fir/ di/+ui%$ ,god f ! _w1 m9d f matt]1 leav+ to ea* an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,:ile ! ,greek colonies 9 ,asia ,m9or develop$ ?us ! ,asiatic =m ( philosophy1 ! colonies 9 ,magna ,grcia unfold$ ! ,italian or ideal side4 ,( ^!1 ,py?agoras 0 ! e>lie/ & mo/ conspicu\s4 ,born at ,samos 7,b4,c4 #ehd71 he 0 a contempor>y ( ,?ales ( ,miletus4 ,he taught t ,god 0 "o2 yet n outside ( ! _w1 b 9 x1 :olly 9 e "p1 ov]see+ ! beg9n+s ( all ?+s & _! comb9ations4#bdb ,! head ( ! ,italian s*ool1 kn[n z ,eleatics1 0 ,x5ophanes 7born ,b4,c4 #fjj71 :o1 says ,zell]1#bdc bo? a philosoph] & a poet1 taught fir/ ( all a p]fect mono!ism4 ,he decl>$ ,god to be ! "o & all1 et]nal1 almighty1 & p]fect be+1 be+ all sight1 feel+1 & p]ception4 ,he is bo? inf9ite & f9ite4 ,if he 7 only f9ite1 he c\ld n be2 if he 7 only inf9ite1 he c\ld n exi/4 ,he lives 9 et]nity1 & exi/s 9 "t4#bdd ,p>m5ides1 s*ol> & successor ( ,x5ophanes at ,elea1 taught t ,god1 z pure ?\ght1 p]vad$ all nature4 ,emp$ocles 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #dfj7bde foll[$ ,x5ophanes1 ?\gh introduc+ a c]ta9 dualism into 8 physics4 ,9 !ology he 0 a pure mono!i/1 decl>+ ,god to be ! ,absolute ,be+1 suffici5t = himself1 & relat$ to ! _w z unity to v>iety1 or love to discord4 ,we c only recognize ,god by ! div9e elem5t 9 ourselves4 ,! bad is :at is sep>ate f ,god1 & out ( h>mony ) him4 ,aft] ?is came a sceptical movem5t1 9 :i* ,gorgias1 a disciple ( ,emp$ocles 7,b4,c4 #djd7 & ,protagoras ! ,abd]ite1 taught ! doctr9e ( nesci5ce4 ,! latt] said3 ,:e!r !re are gods or n we _c say1 & life is too %ort to f9d out4#bdf ,prodicus expla9$ religion z f\nd$ 9 utility1 ,critias d]iv$ x f /atecraft4 ,!y argu$ t if religion 0 f\nd$ 9 human nature1 all m5 w\ld wor%ip ! same gods4 ,?is view became popul> 9 ,greece at ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,euripides1 z we h se51 0 a sceptic4 ,^? :o d5i$ ! popul> gods 7 p]secut$ by ! ,a!nians1 b ! sceptical _s 0 n *eck$ by ?is c\rse4#bdg ,anaxagoras escap$ ) 8 life only ?r\gh ! p[]ful protection ( ,p]icles4 ,protagoras 0 s5t5c$ to dea?1 & 8 writ+s 7 burn$4 ,diog5es 0 d5\nc$ z an a!i/1 & a rew>d ( a tal5t 0 (f]$ to any "o :o %\ld kill him4 ,= an unbeliev+ age is apt to be a p]secut+ "o4 ,:5 ! k]nel ( religion is gone1 m /ress is laid on keep+ ! %ell unt\*$4 ,x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ^! dilapidat$ op9ions t ,socrates came1 t wond]ful ph5om5on 9 human hi/ory4 ,a m>vell\s vision1 glorify+ humanity6 ,he may be consid]$ z hav+ creat$ ! sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,he fir/ taught ! doctr9e ( div9e provid5ce1 decl>+ t we c only "k ,god 9 8 works4 ,he plac$ religion on ! basis ( humanity1 proclaim+ ! well-be+ ( man to be ! end ( ! univ]se4 ,he pref]r$ ! /udy ( f9al causes to t ( effici5t causes4 ,he did n d5y ! inf]ior deities1 b reg>d$ !m only z we reg>d angels & ar*angels1 sa9ts & prophets2 z f9ite be+s1 above man1 b inf9itely bel[ ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,rev]5ce = su* be+s is q consi/5t ) ! pure/ mono!ism4 ,9 ,plato1 says ,rixn]#bdh ! two pol> t5d5cies ( ,greek philosophy 7 h>moniz$1 & realism & idealism br\ght into accord4 ,! s*ool ( realism recogniz$ "t1 v>iety1 motion1 multiplicity1 & nature2 b lo/ sub/ance1 unity1 et]nity1 & _s4 ,! o!r1 ! ideal ,eleatic s*ool1 recogniz$ unity1 b lo/ v>iety1 saw et]nity1 b ignor$ "t1 accept$ be+1 b omitt$ life & movem5t4 ,! ?ree views may be ?us comp>$3-- ,italian ,philosophy1 ,plato4 ,ionian or ,asiatic ,atomic4 or ,eleatic4 ,! ,"o4 ,! ,"o 9 ,all4 ,! ,all4 ,unity4 ,unity & ,v>iety4 ,v>iety4 ,be+4 ,life4 ,motion4 ,pan!ism4 ,div9e 9 ,nature4 ,naturalism4 ,sub/ance4 ,sub/ance & ,manife/ation4 ,ph5om5a4 ,! philosophy ( ,plato 0 ! sci5tific completion ( t ( ,socrates4 ,socrates took 8 intellectual dep>ture f man1 & inf]r$ nature & ,god4 ,plato assum$ ,god1 & inf]r$ nature & man4 ,he made goodness & nature godlike1 by mak+ ,god ! sub/ance 9 ea*4 ,8 0 a div9e philosophy1 s9ce he ref]r$ all facts !oretically & practically to ,god z ! gr\nd ( _! be+4 ,! /yle ( ,plato s+ul>ly comb9$ analysis & syn!sis1 exact def9ition ) poetic life4 ,8 magnific5t intellect aim$ at unit+ precision 9 details ) univ]sal compreh5sion4#bdi ,plato1 z reg>ds 8 me?od ( ?\ght1 0 a /rict & det]m9$ transc5d5tali/4 ,he decl>$ philosophy to be ! sci5ce ( uncondition$ be+1 & ass]t$ t ?is 0 kn[n to ! s\l by its intuitive reason1 :i* is ! organ ( all philosophic insight4 ,! reason p]ceives sub/ance1 ! und]/&+ only ph5om5a4 ,be+ 1 :i* is ! reality 9 all actuality1 is 9 ! ideas or ?\ghts ( ,god2 & no?+ exi/s or appe>s outw>dly1 except by ! =ce ( ?is indwell+ idea4 ,! ,,^w is ! true expression ( ! nature ( e object2 = ea* has its div9e & natural "n1 beside its accid5tal human appellation4 ,philosophy is ! recollection ( :at ! s\l has se5 ( ?+s & _! names4 ,! life & ess5ce ( all ?+s is f ,god4 ,plato's idea ( ,god is ( ! pure/ & highe/ k9d4 ,god is "o1 he is ,_s1 he is ! supreme & only real be+1 he is ! creator ( all ?+s1 8 provid5ce is ov] all ev5ts4 ,he avoids pan!ism on "o side1 by mak+ ,god a di/9ct p]sonal intellig5t w2 & poly!ism on ! o!r1 by mak+ him absolute1 & !re=e "o4 ,plato's !ology is pure !ism4#bej ,ack]mann1 9 ,! ,*ri/ian ,elem5t 9 ,plato1#bea says3 ,! ,platonic !ology is /rik+ly ne> t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 reg>d to ,god's be+1 exi/5ce1 "n1 & attributes4 ,z reg>ds ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 he argues f ! movem5ts ( nature = ! necessity ( an orig9al pr9ciple ( motion4#beb ,b ! real ,platonic fai? 9 ,god1 l t ( ! ,bible1 re/s on imm$iate k4 ,he gives no def9ition ( ! ess5ce ( ,god1 b says1#bec ,to f9d ! ,mak] & ,fa!r ( ?is ,all is h>d1 & hav+ f\nd him x is impossible to utt] him4 ,b ! idea ( ,goodness is ! be/ expression1 z is also t ( ,be+1 ?\gh nei!r is adequate4 ,! visible ,sun is ! image & *ild ( ! ,good ,be+4 ,j s ! ,scripture calls ,god ! ,fa!r ( light4 ,yet ! idea ( ,god 0 ! object & aim ( 8 :ole philosophy2 !re=e he calls ,god ! ,beg9n+ & ! ,end2#bed & ! ,measure ( all ?+s1 mu* m ?an man1 z "s p h said 7ref]r+ to ,protagoras1 :o taught t man 0 ! measure ( all ?+s74 ,s ev5 ,ari/otle decl>$ t s9ce ,god is ! gr\nd ( all be+1 ! fir/ philosophy is !ology2 & ,eusebius m5tions t ,plato ?\ght t no "o c\ld und]/& human ?+s :o did n fir/ look at div9e ?+s2 & tells a /ory ( an ,indian :o met ,socrates 9 ,a!ns & ask$ him h[ he mu/ beg9 to philosophize4 ,he repli$ t he mu/ reflect on human life2 :]eupon ! ,indian laugh$ & said t z long z "o did n und]/& div9e ?+s he c\ld "k no?+ ab\t human ?+s4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,plato 0 a mono!i/1 & believ$ 9 "o ,god1 & :5 he spoke ( gods 9 ! plural1 0 only us+ ! common =m ( spee*4 ,t _m educat$ hea!n 7 mono!i/s has be5 suffici5tly prov$2 & ev5 ,augu/9e admits t ! m]e use ( ! ^w gods prov$ no?+ aga9/ x1 s9ce ! ,hebrew ,bible said1 ! ,god ( gods has spok54 ,ari/otle 7,b4,c4 #chd71 ! fir/ philologian & naturali/ ( antiquity1 s*ol> ( ,plato1 call$ ! ,scribe ( ,nature1 & a rev]s$ ,plato1 diff]+ diametrically f 8 ma/] 9 8 me?ods1 arriv$ at ne>ly ! same !ological result4 ,he taught t !re 7 fir/ tru?s1 kn[n by _! own evid5ce4 ,he compris$ all notions ( exi/5ce 9 t ( ! 1 9 :i* 7 ! two sph]es ( ! e>?ly & heav5ly4 ,! e>?ly sph]e conta9$ ! *angeable 9 ! transi5t2 ! heav5ly sph]e conta9$ ! *angeable 9 ! p]man5t4 ,above bo? sph]es is ,god1 :o is un*angeable1 p]man5t1 & unalt]able4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 omits ,god z ,provid5ce1 & conceives him less p]sonally ?an is done by ,plato4 ,9 ! ,/oical sy/em1 !ism becomes pan!ism4#bee ,!re is "o ,be+1 :o is ! sub/ance ( all ?+s1 f :om ! univ]se fl[s =?1 & into :om x returns 9 regul> cycles4 ,zell]#bef sums up 8 /atem5ts on ?is po9t ?us3 ,f all t has be5 said x appe>s t ! ,/oics did n ?9k ( ,god & ! _w z diff]5t be+s4 ,_! sy/em 0 !re=e /rictly pan!i/ic4 ,! sum ( all real exi/5ce is orig9ally conta9$ 9 ,god1 :o is at once univ]sal matt] & ! creative =ce :i* fa%ions matt] into ! p>ticul> mat]ials ( :i* ?+s are made4 ,we c1 !re=e1 ?9k ( no?+ :i* is n ei!r ,god or a manife/ation ( ,god4 ,9 po9t ( be+1 ,god & ! _w are ! same1 ! two conceptions be+ decl>$ by ! ,/oics to be absolutely id5tical4 ,! ,/oic philosophy 0 mat]ialism z reg>ds ! nature ( ?+s1 & necessity z reg>ds ! nature ( ! human w4 ,! ,/oics d5i$ ! ev]la/+ exi/5ce ( s\ls z individuals1 believ+ t at ! end ( a c]ta9 cycle !y w\ld be resolv$ into ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,nev]!less1 till t p]iod arrives1 !y conceiv$ ! s\l z exi/+ 9 a future /ate high] & bett] ?an ?is4 ,s5eca calls ! day ( dea? ! bir?day into ?is bett] _w4 ,9 t _w !re w\ld be a judgm5t on ! conduct & "* ( ea* "o2 !re fri5ds w\ld recognize ea* o!r1 & r5ew _! fri5d%ip & society4 ,:ile ! ,epicureans consid]$ religion 9 all its usual =ms to be a curse to mank9d1 :ile !y believ$ x impi\s to accept ! popul> op9ions conc]n+ ! gods1 :ile !y d5i$ any ,div9e ,provid5ce or c>e = man1 :ile !y reject$ pray]1 prophecy1 div9ation1 & reg>d$ fe> z ! f\ndation ( religion1 !y yet believ$1 z _! ma/] ,epicurus _h believ$1 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! immortal gods4 ,^! be+s he reg>d$ z possess+ all human attributes1 except ^? ( weakness & pa94 ,!y are immortal & p]fectly happy2 exempt f disease & *ange1 liv+ 9 cele/ial dwell+s1 clo!d ) bodies ( a high] k9d ?an ours1 !y conv]se toge!r 9 a sweet society ( peace & cont5t4 ,su* 7 ! pr9cipal !ological views ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,) ! exception ( ! la/1 & t ( ! ,sceptics1 !y 7 ei!r mono!i/ic or consi/5t ) mono!ism4 ,!y 71 on ! :ole1 f> high] ?an ! leg5ds ( ! poets or ! visions ( ! arti/s4 ,!y 71 z ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs 7 fond ( say+1 a prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity4 ,no d\bt "o cause ( ! success ( ?is mono!i/ic religion among ! ,greek-speak+ nations 0 t ,greek philosophy _h und]m9$ fai? 9 ,greek poly!ism4 ,?is we %all consid] 9 ano!r section4 #g4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,greece4 ,! public wor%ip ( ,greece1 z ( o!r anci5t nations1 consi/$ ( sacrifices1 pray]s1 & public fe/ivals4 ,! sacrifices 7 = victories ov] _! enemies1 = pl5tiful h>ve/s1 to av]t ! ang] ( "s (f5d$ deity1 = success 9 any ent]prise1 & ^? specially comm&$ by ! oracles4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times fruits & plants 7 all t 7 (f]$4 ,aft]w>d ! sacrifices 7 libations1 inc5se1 & victims4 ,! libation consi/$ ( a cup brimm+ ) w9e1 :i* 0 empti$ ^u ! alt>s4 ,! inc5se1 at fir/1 0 m]ely fragrant leaves or wood1 burnt ^u ! alt>2 aft]w>d myrrh & frank9c5se 7 us$4 ,! victims 7 %eep1 ox51 or o!r animals4 ,to ,hecate !y (f]$ a dog1 to ,v5us a dove1 to ,m>s "s wild animal1 to ,c]es ! s[1 because x root$ up ! corn4 ,b x 0 =bidd5 to sacrifice ! pl\gh+ ox4 ,! sacrifices ( m51 :i* 7 common among b>b>\s nations1 7 v r>e 9 ,greece4 ,on great occasions l>ge sacrifices 7 (f]$ ( num]\s victims1--z ! hecatomb1 :i* means a hundr$ ox54 ,x is a curi\s fact t !y _h a vessel ( holy wat] at ! entrance ( ! temples1 consecrat$ by putt+ into x a burn+ tor* f ! alt>1 ) :i* or ) a bran* ( laurel ! wor%ipp]s 7 spr9kl$ on ent]+4 ,! wor%ipp]s 7 also expect$ to wa% _! bodies1 or at lea/ _! h&s & feet1 be=e go+ into ! temple2 a cu/om common also among ! ,jews & o!r nations4 ,s ,ezekiel says3 ,i w spr9kle y ) clean wat] & y %all be clean4 ,& ! ,apo/le ,paul says1 9 allusion to ?is cu/om3 ,let u draw ne>1 hav+ our he>ts spr9kl$ f an evil consci5ce1 & our bodies wa%$ ) pure wat]4 ,all ^! cu/oms _h a natural orig94 ,! natural (f]+ to ! gods is t :i* we l be/ ourselves4 ,! ,greeks1 em95tly a social p1 9 ! enjoym5t ( _! fea/s1 wi%$ to give a "p ( ev]y?+ to ! gods4 ,lov+ w9e1 p]fumes1 & animal food1 !y (f]$ ^!4 ,z x 0 prop] to wa% be=e fea/+ ) ea* o!r1 x seem$ only prop] to d ! same be=e (f]+ ! fea/ to ! gods4 ,! ess5tial "p ( ! sacrifice 0 cat*+ & p\r+ out ! blood ( ! victim2 =1 9 ! view ( ! anci5ts1 blood 0 ! seat ( life4 ,"p ( ! victim 0 burn$1 & ?is 0 ! portion suppos$ to be consum$ by ! god4 ,ano!r "p 0 eat5 by ! wor%ipp]s1 :o ?us sat at table ) ! deity z 8 fri5ds & companions4 ,! joyful "* ( ,greek wor%ip also appe>$ 9 ! use ( g>l&s ( fl[]s1 religi\s dances & songs4 ,all ! fe/ivals ( ! ,greeks 7 religi\s4 ,"s 7 ( ! seasons1 z "o 9 ,febru>y to ,zeus1 ! giv] ( good wea!r2 & ano!r 9 ,novemb] to ,zeus1 ! god ( /orms4 ,!re 7 fe/ivals 9 honor ( ! pl\gh1 ( ! ?re%+-floor2 fe/ivals commemorat+ ! victories at ,m>a?on1 ,salamis1 etc42 ( ! re/oration ( democracy by ,?rasybulus2 fea/s ( ! clo?+ ( ! images1 on :i* occasion x 0 n lawful to "w2 fea/s 9 commemoration ( ^? :o p]i%$ 9 ! flood ( ,deucalion2 fea/s ( nurses1 fea/s ( y\?1 ( wom51 ( trades4 ,!n !re 7 ! great national fe/ivals1 celebrat$ e f\r ye>s at ,olympia & ,delphi1 & e ?ree & five ye>s at ,nemea & ! i/hmus ( ,cor9?4 ,! ,pana!nic fe/ival at ,a!ns 0 held e five ye>s 9 honor ( ,a?n1 ) magnific5t processions1 cavalcades ( horsem51 gymna/ic games1 milit>y dances1 recitations ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 & competition 9 music4 ,on ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non 0 repres5t$ by ! s*ol>s ( ,phidias ! procession ( ! ,peplos4 ,?is 0 a new dress made = ! /atue ( ,a?n by "y girls ( ,a!ns1 betwe5 ! ages ( sev5 & elev5 ye>s4 ,^! girls1 select$ at a special c]emony1 liv$ a ye> on ! ,acropolis1 engag$ 9 _! sacr$ "w1 & f$ on a special diet4 ,captives 7 lib]at$ on ?is occasion1 t all might %>e 9 ! fe/ival4 ,su* fe/ivals con/itut$ ! acme ( ,greek life4 ,!y 7 celebrat$ 9 ! op5 air ) pomp & spl5dor1 & visitors came f f> to assi/ on ^! occasions4 ,prizes 7 giv5 = foot & *>iot races2 = box+1 leap+1 music1 & ev5 = kiss+4 ,! temples1 !re=e1 7 n int5d$ = wor%ip1 b *iefly to conta9 ! image ( ! god4 ,! cella1 or adytum1 0 small & (t5 d>k2 b along ! magnific5t portico or p]i/yle1 :i* surr\nd$ ! f\r sides ( ! ,doric temples1 ! spl5did processions c\ld circulate 9 full view ( ! multitude4#beg ,! temple 0 !re=e ess5tially an out-door build+1 ) its beauty1 l t ( a fl[]1 expos$ to light & air4 ,x 0 cov]$ ev]y:]e1 b n cr[d$1 ) sculpture1 :i* 0 an ess5tial "p ( ! build+4 ,! p$im5ts1 ! p$e/als on ! ro(s1 ! metopes betwe5 ! triglyphs1 are z unmean+ )\t ! sculpture z a picture-frame )\t its picture4 ,s says ,mr4 ,f]gusson2#beh & adds t1 )\t "q1 color 0 also ev]y:]e us$ z an integral "p ( ! /ructure4 ,prie/hood 0 sometimes h]$it>y1 b 0 n conf9$ to a class4 ,k+s1 g5]als1 & ! heads ( a family act$ z prie/s & (f]$ sacrifices4 ,x 0 a tempor>y (fice1 & ,plato recomm5ds t !re %\ld be an annual rotation1 no man act+ z prie/ = m ?an "o ye>4 ,su* a /ate ( op9ion excludes ! dang] ( prie/craft1 & is oppos$ to all hi]>*al pret5sions4 ,! same1 h[ev]1 _c be said ( ! div9]s & soo?say]s1 :o 7 s mu* consult$1 & ^: op9ions det]m9$ s (t5 ! c\rse ( public affairs4 ,!y 7 (t5 9 ! pay ( ambiti\s m54 ,alcibiades _h augurs & oracles devot$ to 8 int]e/s1 :o c\ld induce ! ,a!nians to agree to su* a c\rse z he desir$4 ,= ! ,greeks 7 extremely anxi\s to p5etrate ! future1 & ! p[] & influ5ce ( _! oracles is1 says ,dll+]1 a ph5om5on unique 9 hi/ory4 ,among ^! oracles1 ,delphi1 z is well kn[n1 took ! highe/ rank4 ,x 0 consid]$ ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & 0 rev]$ by ! ,pan-,hell5ic race4 ,x 0 a supreme religi\s c\rt1 ^: decisions 7 believ$ to be infallible4 ,! despotism ( ! ,py?ian decisions 01 h[ev]1 temp]$ by _! ambiguity4 ,_! pr$ictions1 if !y fail$1 seldom de/roy$ ! fai? ( ! believ]s2 = always "s explanation c\ld be devis$ to save ! cr$it ( ! oracle4 ,?us1 ! ,py?ian promis$ ! ,a!nians t !y w\ld take all ! ,syracusans prison]s4 ,!y did n take !m2 b z a mu/]-roll ( ! ,syracusan army fell into _! h&s1 ?is 0 consid]$ to fulfil ! promise4#bei ,ari/ides1 ! rhetorician1 0 told t ! :ite maid5s w\ld take c>e ( him2 & receiv+ a lett] :i* 0 ( advantage1 he 0 fully conv9c$ t ?is 0 ! :ite maid54 ,b nei!r imposition nor delusion w satisfactorily expla9 ! ph5om5a connect$ ) oracles4 ,! f\ndation ( !m seems to h be5 a /ate alli$ to ! mod]n manife/ations ( magnetic sleep & clairvoyance4 ,z ! :ole life ( ! ,greeks1 says ,dll+]1 0 p5etrat$ by religion1 !y in/9ctively & naturally pray$ on all occasions4 ,!y pray$ at sunrise & sunset1 at meal-times1 = outw>d bless+s ( all k9ds1 & also = virtue & wisdom4 ,!y pray$ /&+1 ) a l\d voice1 & h&s lift$ to ! heav5s4 ,!y ?rew kisses to ! gods ) _! h&s4 ,s we see t ! ,greek wor%ip1 l _! !ology1 0 natural & human1 a *e]ful & hopeful wor%ip1 free f sup]/ition4 ,?is elem5t only arrives ) ! my/]ies1 & ! wor%ip ( ! ,c?onic gods4 ,to ! ,olympic gods supplications 7 address$ z to free moral ag5ts1 :o might be p]suad$ or conv9c$1 b c\ld n be compell$4 ,to ! "u-_w deities pray] took ! =m ( adjuration1 & deg5]at$ into magic =mulas1 :i* 7 suppos$ to =ce ^! deities to d :at 0 ask$ by ! wor%ipp]4 #h4 ,! ,my/]ies4 ,orphism4 ,! e>ly gods ( mo/ nations are local & tribal4 ,!y belong only to limit$ regions1 or to small clans1 & h no suppos$ au?ority or influ5ce beyond4 ,?is 0 em95tly ! case 9 ,greece2 & aft] ! great ,hell5ic wor%ip _h arriv$1 ! local & family gods reta9$ also _! position1 & cont9u$ to be rev]5c$4 ,9 ,a!ns1 d[n to ! "t ( ,alex&]1 ea* tribe 9 ! city kept its own div9ities & sacrifices4 ,x also happ5$ t ! supreme god ( "o /ate w\ld be ador$ z a subord9ate p[] 9 ano!r4 ,e place _h its favorite protector4 ,z diff]5t cities 9 ,italy h _! diff]5t ,madonnas1 :om !y consid] m p[]ful ?an ! ,madonna ( _! neighbors1 s 9 ,greece ! same god 0 invok$ 9 v>i\s localities "u diff]5t surnames4 ,! ,arcadian ,zeus _h ! surname ( ,lycu1 d]iv$1 probably1 f 1 ,lux1 light4 ,! ,cretan ,jupit] 0 call$ ,a/]ios4 ,at ,k>ia he 0 ,/ratios4 ,iolaus 9 ,euripides 7! ,h]akleid1 #cdg7 says3 ,we h gods z our allies n inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,argives1 ,o k+2 = ,juno1 ! wife ( ,jove1 is _! *ampion1 b ,m9]va ours2 & ,i say1 to h ! be/ gods t5ds to success1 = ,pallas w n endure to be conqu]$4#bfj ,s1 9 ! ,suppliants ( ,aes*ylus1 ! ,egyptian ,h]ald says 7#hch73 ,by no means d ,i dread ! deities ( ?is place2 = !y h n n\ri%$ me nor pres]v$ me to old age4#bfa ,two modes ( wor%ip met 9 ,greece1 toge!r ) two classes ( gods4 ,! ,pelasgi1 z we h se51 wor%ipp$ unnam$ imp]sonal p[]s ( ! univ]se1 )\t image or temple4 ,b to ?is 0 add$ a wor%ip :i* probably came ?r\gh ,?race1 f ,asia & ,egypt4 ,?is elem5t introduc$ religi\s poetry & music1 ! adoration ( ! muses1 ! rites & my/]ies ( ,dmtr1 & ! rev]5ce = ! ,kabiri1 or d>k div9ities ( ! l[] _w4 ,( ^!1 ! ,,my/]ies 7 ! mo/ significant & important4 ,_! orig9 mu/ be ref]r$ to a great antiquity1 & !y cont9u$ to be practis$ d[n to ! times ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors4 ,!y seem n to belong to ! g5u9e ,greek religion1 b to be an ali5 elem5t introduc$ into x4 ,! gods ( ! ,my/]ies are n ! be+s ( light1 b ( d>kness1 n ! gods ( ,olympus1 b ( ! "u-_w4 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! ,my/]ies is =eign to ! ,hell5ic m9d4 ,?is wor%ip is secret2 its _s is ( awe1 t]ror1 remorse2 its object is expiation ( s94 ,f9ally1 x is a hi]atic wor%ip1 9 ! h&s ( prie/s4 ,all ?is sugge/s ,egypt z ! orig9 ( ! ,my/]ies4 ,! olde/ 7 ^? celebrat$ 9 ! isl& ( ,samo?race1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,"h ,orpheus is reput$ to h come & f\nd$ ! ,bac*ic ,my/]ies2 :ile ano!r leg5d reports him to h be5 kill$ by ! ,bac*antes = wi%+ to sub/itute ! wor%ip ( ,apollo = t ( ,dionysos4 ,?is latt] /ory1 tak5 9 connection ) ! civiliz+ influ5ce ascrib$ to ,orpheus1 indicates 8 introduc+ a pur] =m ( wor%ip4 ,he re=m$ ! lic5ti\s drunk5 rites1 & e/abli%$ 9 place ( !m a m s]i\s religion4 ,he di$ a m>tyr to ?is pur] fai?1 kill$ by ! wom51 :o 7 incit$ to ?is1 no d\bt1 by ! prie/s ( ! old ,bac*ic wor%ip4 ,! wor%ip ( ,dionysos ,zagreus1 :i* 0 ! ,orphic =m ( ,bac*ism1 conta9$ ! doctr9es ( retribution 9 ano!r life1--a doctr9e common to all ! ,greek ,my/]ies4 ,x w\ld seem probable1 f an inve/igation ( ?is subject1 t two elem5ts ( wor%ip are to be f\nd 9 ! ,greek religion1 :i* 7 nev] q h>moniz$4 ,"o is ! wor%ip ( ! ,olympian deities1 gods ( light & day1 gods ( ?is _w1 & int]e/$ 9 our pres5t human life4 ,?is wor%ip t5d$ to promote a free developm5t ( "*2 x 0 self-possess$1 *e]ful1 & public2 x left ! wor%ipp] unal>m$ by any dread ( ! future1 or any anxiety ab\t 8 s\l4 ,= ! ,olympic gods c>$ little ab\t ! moral "* ( _! wor%ipp]s2 & ! d>k ,fate :i* lay beh9d gods & m5 c\ld n be propitiat$ by any rites1 & mu/ be enc\nt]$ manfully1 z "o meets ! inevitable4 ,! o!r wor%ip1 runn+ p>allel ) ?is1 0 ( ! ,c?onic gods1 deities ( e>? & ! "u-_w1 rul]s ( ! night-side ( nature1 & mon>*s ( ! _w to come4 ,_! wor%ip 0 solemn1 my/]i\s1 secret1 & conc]n$ expiation ( s91 & ! salvation ( ! s\l h]eaft]4 ,n[1 :5 we consid] t ! ,egyptian popul> wor%ip delight$ 9 j su* my/]ies z ^!2 t x relat$ to ! judgm5t ( ! s\l h]eaft]2 t its solemnities 7 secret & wrapp$ 9 d>k symbols2 & t ! same awful ,c?onic deities 7 ! objects ( its rev]5ce2--:5 we also rememb] t ,h]odotus & ! o!r ,greek writ]s /ate t ! e>ly religion ( ! ,pelasgi 0 d]iv$ f ,egypt1 & t ,orpheus1 ! ,?racian1 br\ght !nce 8 doctr9e1--!re seems no good reason = d5y+ su* a s\rce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ c be m probable ?an an imm5se influ5ce on ,pelasgic wor%ip1 d]iv$ ?r\gh ,?race1 f ,egypt4 ,?is view is full ( explanations1 & makes mu* 9 ! ,greek my?ology cle> :i* w\ld o!rwise be obscure4 ,! ,greek my? ( ,dmtr & ,p]sephon1 = example1 seems to be an adaptation to ! ,hell5ic m9d & l& ( ! ,egyptian my? ( ,osiris & ,isis4 ,bo? are symbols1 fir/1 ( natural ph5om5a2 &1 secondly1 ( ! progress ( ! human s\l4 ,! sad ,isis seek+ ,osiris1 & ! sad ,dmtr seek+ ,p]sephon con/itute evid5tly ! same leg5d2 only ,osiris is ! ,nile1 evaporat$ into scatt]$ pools by ! burn+ heat1 :ile ,p]sephon is ! se$1 ! treasure ( ! plant1 :i* s9ks into ! e>?1 b is all[$ to come up aga9 z ! /alk1 & pass a "p ( its life 9 ! upp] air4 ,b bo? ^! nature-my?s 7 spiritualiz$ 9 ! ,my/]ies1 & made to d5ote ! w&]+s ( ! s\l 9 its se>* = tru?4 ,simil> to ^! leg5ds 0 t ( ,dionysos ,zagreus1 belong+ to ,crete1 accord+ to ,euripides & o!r writ]s4 ,zagreus 0 ! son ( ! ,cretan ,zeus & ,p]sephon1 & 0 hewn 9 pieces by ! ,titans1 8 he>t alone be+ pres]v$ by ,a?n1 :o gave x to ,zeus4 ,zeus kill$ ! ,titans1 & enclos$ ! he>t 9 a pla/] image ( 8 *ild4 ,accord+ to ano!r =m ( ! /ory1 ,zeus swall[$ ! he>t1 & f x reproduc$ ano!r ,dionysos4 ,apollo collect$ ! re/ ( ! memb]s1 & !y 7 reunit$1 & re/or$ to life4 ,! pr9cipal my/]ies 7 ^? ( ,bac*us & ,c]es4 ,! ,bac*ic my/]ies 7 v g5]ally celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,greece1 & 7 a wild nature-wor%ip2 p>tak+ ( t fr5zy :i* has 9 all nations be5 consid]$ a me?od ( ga9+ a sup]natural & inspir$ /ate1 or else z ! result ( x4 ,! ,siva wor%ip 9 ,india1 ! ,py?oness at ,delphi1 ! ,s*amaism ( ! ,nor?1 ! :irl+ d]vi%es ( ! ,mohamm$ans2 & "s ( ! sc5es at ! camp-meet+s 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 belong to ! same class z ! ,bac*ic orgies4 ,! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 7 v diff]5t4 ,^! 7 9 honor ( ,c]es2 !y 7 import$ f ,egypt4 ,! w&]+s ( ,isis 9 se>* ( ,osiris 7 *ang$ to ^? ( ,c]es or ,dmtr 7! "m-e>? ,isis7 9 se>* ( ,p]sephon4 ,bo? repres5t$ 9 a second>y symbolism ! w&]+s ( ! s\l1 seek+ ,god & tru?4 ,?is 0 ! same idea z t ( ,apuleius 9 ! beautiful /ory ( ,psy*e4 ,^! my/]ies 7 celebrat$ at ,eleusis by ! ,a!nians e f\r? ye>4 ,!y 7 said to h be5 introduc$ ,b4,c4 #acef1 & 7 v sacr$4 ,all p]sons 7 requir$ to be initiat$4 ,if !y refus$ x !y 7 suppos$ to be irreligi\s4 ,h y be5 initiat$8 0 ask$ 9 dang]\s situations4 ,! initiat$ 7 said to be calm 9 view ( dea?4 ,x 0 ! p]sonal religion ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! great] my/]ies at ,eleusis ! c&idates 7 cr[n$ ) myrtle1 & admitt$ by night into a va/ temple1 :]e !y 7 purifi$ & in/ruct$1 & assi/$ at c]ta9 gr& solemnities4 ,! doctr9es taught are unkn[n1 b are suppos$ to h be5 ! unity ( ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,b ?is is only conjecture4 ,bac*us is believ$ to h be5 orig9ally an ,indian god1 naturaliz$ 9 ,greece1 & 8 my/]ies to be ,indian 9 _! "*4 ,! g5ial life ( nature is ! ess5tial "* ( ,bac*us4 ,"o ( ! names ( ! ,indian ,siva is ,dioni*i1 :i* v ne>ly resembles ! ,greek "n ( ,bac*us1 ,dionysos4 ,he 0 tak5 f ! ,m]os1 or ?igh ( ,jupit]4 ,n[ ,m\nt ,m]u1 9 ,india1 is ! home ( ! gods2 by a common etymological error ! ,greeks may h ?\ght x ! ,greek ^w = ?igh1 & s translat$ x4 ,! ,bac*ic wor%ip1 9 its ,?racian =m1 0 always di/a/eful to ! be/ ( ! ,greeks2 x 0 suspect$ & dislik$ by ! enlight5$1 proscrib$ by k+s1 & reject$ by communities4 ,x 0 an int]polat$ sy/em1 =eign to ! *e]ful nature ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,z to ! value ( ! my/]ies !mselves1 !re 0 a great diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! ,greeks4 ,! p1 ! orators1 & _m ( ! poets prais$ !m2 b ! philosoph]s ei!r disapprov$ !m op5ly1 or pass$ !m by 9 sil5ce4 ,socrates says no ^w 9 _! favor 9 all 8 report$ conv]sations4 ,plato compla9s ( ! immoral influ5ce d]iv$ f believ+ t s9 c\ld be expiat$ by su* c]emonies4#bfb ,!y seem to h conta9$1 9 reality1 little direct in/ruction1 b to h taught m]ely by a dramatic repres5tation & symbolic pictures4 ,:o ,orpheus 01 & :5 he liv$1 c nev] be kn[n4 ,b ! probabilities are t he br\ght f ,egypt into ,greece1 :at ,moses took f ,egypt into ,pale/9e1 ! ,egyptian ideas ( culture1 law1 & civilization4 ,he re=m$ ! ,bac*ic my/]ies1 giv+ !m a m elevat$ & noble "*1 & = ?is he lo/ 8 life4 ,no bett] acc\nt ( 8 "w c be giv5 ?an 9 ! words ( ,"l ,bacon4 ,! m]its ( le>n+1 says he1 9 repress+ ! inconv5i5ces :i* gr[ f man to man1 0 lively set =? by ! anci5ts 9 t feign$ relation ( ,orpheus' !atre1 :]e all bea/s & birds assembl$2 &1 =gett+ _! sev]al appetites1 "s ( prey1 "s ( game1 "s ( qu>rel1 /ood all sociably toge!r1 li/5+ to ! airs & accords ( ! h>p2 ! s\nd !re( no soon] ceas$ or 0 dr[n$ by "s l\d] noise1 b e bea/ return$ to 8 own nature2 :]e9 is aptly describ$ ! nature & condition ( m51 :o are full ( savage & unreclaim$ desires ( pr(it1 ( lu/1 ( rev5ge1 :i*1 z long z !y give e> to precepts1 to laws1 to religion1 sweetly t\*$ by eloqu5ce & p]suasion ( books1 ( s]mons1 ( h>angues1 s long is society & peace ma9ta9$2 b if ^! in/rum5ts be sil5t1 or t s$ition & tumult make !m n audible1 all ?+s dissolve into an>*y & confusion4#bfc ,( ! ,orphic doctr9es we are able to give a some:at bett] acc\nt4 ,z f> back z ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 !re 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh ,greece hymns1 lyrical poems1 & prose treatises1 treat+ ( !ological que/ions1 & call$ ,orphic writ+s4 ,^! works cont9u$ to be produc$ ?r\gh _m c5turies1 & evid5tly met an appetite 9 ! ,greek m9d4 ,!y 7 n philosophy1 !y 7 n my?s nor leg5ds1 b conta9$ a my/ic & pan!i/ic !ology4#bfd ,! views ( ! ,py?agoreans ent]$ l>gely into ?is sy/em4 ,! ,orphic writ+s develop1 by degrees1 a sy/em ( cosmogony1 9 :i* ,"t 0 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ?+s1 f :i* came *aos & e!r4 ,!n came ! primitive egg1 f :i* 0 born ,phanes1 or ,manife/ation4 ,?is be+ is ! expression ( intellig5ce1 & creates ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,! s\l is b ! brea? :i* comes f ! :ole univ]se1 ?us organiz$1 & is imprison$ 9 ! body z 9 a tomb1 = s9s committ$ 9 a =m] exi/5ce4 ,life is !re=e n joy1 b puni%m5t & sorr[4 ,at dea? ! s\l escapes f ?is prison1 to pass ?r\gh _m *anges1 by :i* x w be gradually purifi$4 ,all ^! notions are ali5 to ! ,greek m9d1 & are pla9ly a =eign importation4 ,! true ,greek 0 nei!r pan!i/ nor introspective4 ,he did n torm5t himself ab\t ! orig9 ( evil or ! beg9n+ ( ! univ]se1 b took life z x came1 *e]fully4 ,! pan!ism ( ! ,orphic !ology is con/antly app>5t4 ,?us1 9 a poem pres]v$ by ,proclus & ,eusebius x is said3#bfe-- ,zeus1 ! mighty ?und]]1 is fir/1 ,zeus is la/1 ,zeus is ! head1 ,zeus ! middle ( all ?+s4 ,f ,zeus 7 all ?+s produc$4 ,he is bo? man & woman2 ,zeus is ! dep? ( ! e>?1 & ! height ( ! />ry heav5s2 ,he is ! brea? ( all ?+s1 ! =ce ( untam$ fire2 ,! bottom ( ! sea2 sun1 moon1 & />s2 ,orig9 ( all2 k+ ( all2 ,"o ,p[]1 "o ,god1 "o great ,rul]4 ,& ano!r says1 /ill m pla9ly3-- ,!re is "o royal body1 9 :i* all ?+s are enclos$1 ,fire & ,wat]1 ,e>?1 ,e!r1 ,night & ,day1 ,& ,c\nsel1 ! fir/ produc]1 & delightful ,love1 ,= all ^! are conta9$ 9 ! great body ( ,zeus4 #i4 ,relation ( ,greek ,religion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ picturesque situations1 0 :5 ,paul /ood on ! ,areopagus at ,a!ns1 c>ry+ ,*ri/ianity into ,europe1 (f]+ a ,semitic religion to an ,aryan race1 ! culm9ation ( mono!ism to "o ( ! mo/ elaborate & magnific5t poly!isms ( ! _w4 ,a /range & m>vell\s sc5e6 ,f ! place :]e he /ood he saw all ! gr&e/ works ( human art1--! ,acropolis rose be=e him1 a l(ty precipit\s rock1 seem+ l a /one p$e/al erect$ by nature z an appropriate plat=m = ! p]fect m>ble temples ) :i* man %\ld adorn x4 ,on ?is noble base rose ! ,p>!non1 temple ( ,m9]va2 & ! temple ( ,neptune1 ) its sacr$ f\nta94 ,! olive-tree ( ,pallas-,a?n 0 !re1 & h] colossal /atue4 ,on ! pla9 bel[ 7 ! temples ( ,!seus & ,jupit] ,olympus1 & innum]able o!rs4 ,he /ood :]e ,socrates _h /ood f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e1 def5d+ himself aga9/ ! *>ge ( a!ism2 :]e ,demo/h5es _h plead$ 9 immortal /ra9s ( eloqu5ce 9 behalf ( ,hell5ic fre$om2 :]e ! mo/ solemn & v5]able c\rt ( ju/ice kn[n among m5 0 wont to assemble4 ,!re he made ! memorable disc\rse1 a few fragm5ts only ( :i* h come to u 9 ! ,book ( ,acts1 b a sket* significant ( 8 argum5t4 ,he did n beg91 z 9 our translation1 by insult+ ! religion ( ! ,greeks1 & call+ x a sup]/ition2 b by prais+ !m = _! rev]5ce & piety4 ,paul respect$ all manife/ations ( awe & love t[>d ^? my/]ies & glories ( ! univ]se1 9 :i* ! invisible ?+s ( ,god h be5 cle>ly se5 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,!n he m5tions 8 f9d+ ! alt> to ! unkn[n ,god1 m5tion$ also by ,pausanias & o!r ,greek writ]s1 "o ( :om1 ,diog5es ,lrtius1 says t 9 a "t ( plague1 n kn[+ to :at god to appeal1 !y let loose a numb] ( black & :ite %eep1 & :]eev] any "o laid d[n !y erect$ an alt> to an unkn[n god1 & (f]$ sacrifices !reon4 ,!n he ann\nc$ z 8 c5tral & ma9 !me ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 mak] ( heav5 & e>?1 spiritual1 n ne$+ to receive any?+ f man1 b giv+ him all ?+s4 ,next1 he proclaim$ ! doctr9e ( univ]sal human bro!rhood4 ,god _h made all m5 ( "o blood2 _! v>ieties & diff]5ces1 z well z _! ess5tial unity1 be+ det]m9$ by a ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,b all 7 equally made to seek him1 & 9 _! v>i\s ways to f9d him1 :o is yet always ne> to all1 s9ce all are 8 *ildr54 ,god is imman5t 9 all m51 says ,paul1 z _! life4 ,hav+ ?us /at$ ! great unities ( fai? & po9ts ( agreem5t1 he proce$s only 9 ! next in/ance to ! oppositions & criticisms2 9 :i* he opposes1 n poly!ism1 b idolatry2 ?\gh n blam+ !m sev]ely ev5 = t4 ,la/ly1 he speaks ( ,jesus1 z a man orda9$ by ,god to judge ! _w & gov]n x 9 righte\sness1 & prov$ by 8 resurrection f ! dead to be s *os54 ,"h we obs]ve1 9 ?is spee*1 mono!ism came 9 contact ) poly!ism1 & ! two =ms ( human religion met1--t :i* makes man ! *ild ( ,god1 & t :i* made ! gods ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,! result we "k4 ,! cry 0 he>d on ! s&y %ore ( ,eurotas & 9 gre5 ,cy?nus4--,great ,pan is dead4 ,! ,greek humanities1 noble & beautiful z !y 71 fad$ away be=e ! advanc+ /eps ( ! ,jewi% peasant1 :o _h d>$ to call ,god 8 ,fa!r & man 8 bro!r4 ,! p>ables ( ! ,prodigal ,son & ! ,good ,sam>itan 7 /rong] ?an ,hom]'s div9e song & ,p9d>'s l(ty hymns4 ,?is 0 ! religion = man4 ,& s x happ5$ z ,jesus _h said3 ,my %eep he> my voice & foll[ me4 ,^? :o felt 9 _! he>ts t ,jesus 0 _! true lead] foll[$ him4 ,! gods ( ,greece1 be+ purely human1 7 s f> relat$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,t1 too1 is a human religion2 a religion :i* makes x its object to unfold man1 & to cause all to come to ! /ature ( p]fect m54 ,*ri/ianity also %[$ !m ,god 9 ! =m ( man2 ,god dwell+ on ! e>?2 ,god manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,x also taught t ! _w 0 full ( ,god1 & t all places & p]sons 7 in/9ct ) a secret div9ity4 ,s*ill] 7z translat$ by ,col]idge7 decl>es t ,,love 0 ! s\rce ( ^! ,greek creations3-- ',tis n m]ely ,! human be+'s pride t peoples space ,) life & my/ical pr$om9ance1 ,s9ce likewise = ! /rick5 he>t ( ,love ,?is visible nature1 & ?is common _w ,is all too n>r[2 yea1 a deep] import ,lurks 9 ! leg5d told my infant ye>s ,t lies ^u t tru?1 we live to le>n4 ,= fable is ,love's _w1 8 home1 8 bir?place2 ,delight$ly dwells he 'mong fays & talismans1 ,& spirits1 & delight$ly believes ,div9ities1 be+ himself div9e4 ,! intelligible =ms ( anci5t poets1 ,! fair humanities ( ,old ,religion1 ,! ,p[]1 ! ,beauty1 & ! ,maje/y1 ,t _h _! haunts 9 dale or p9y m\nta91 ,or =e/ by sl[ /ream1 or pebbly spr+1 ,or *asms or wat'ry dep?s2--all ^! h vani%$4 ,!y live no long] 9 ! fai? ( ,reason4 ,b /ill ! he>t do? ne$ a language2 /ill ,do? ! old in/9ct br+ back ! old names4 ,! ,piccolom9i1 ,act ,,ii4 ,sc5e #d4 ,z a matt] ( fact we f9d ! believ]s 9 ! ,greek religion m ready to receive ,*ri/ianity ?an 7 ! ,jews4 ,all ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or & ,greece ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 plant$ by ,paul2 a fact :i* %[s t ! gr\nd 0 someh[ prep>$ = ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ready = ! mono!ism :i* ,paul sub/itut$ = _! multitude ( gods1 & = _! idolatry & image-wor%ip4 ,! /atues _h ceas$ to be symbols1 & ! m9ds ( ! ,greeks re/$ 9 ! image itself4 ,?is idolatr\s wor%ip ,paul condemn$1 & ! p he>d him will+ly1 z he call$ !m up to a m spiritual wor%ip4 ,we ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! ,greek religion 0 a real prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h se5 t x 0 itself 9 con/ant transition2 ! sy/em ( ! poets pass+ into t ( ! arti/s1 & t ( ! arti/s into t ( ! philosoph]s2 s t ! philosophic religion1 9 turn1 0 ready to *ange into a ,*ri/ian mono!ism4 ,x may be said1 s9ce philosophy _h und]m9$ ! old religion & sub/itut$ = x m noble ideas1 :y did x n take ! seat ( ! de?ron$ fai?1 & suffici5tly supply its place8 ,if x taught a pure mono!ism & pr(\nd e?ics1 if x ?rew ample & adequate light on ! problem ( ,god1 duty1 & immortality1 :at m 0 ne$$8 ,if ideas are all t we want1 no?+ m4 ,t ,greek philosophy gave way be=e ,*ri/ianity %[s t x did n satisfy all ! crav+s ( ! s\l2 %[s t man ne$s a religion z well z a religi\s philosophy1 a fai? z well z an intellectual sy/em4 ,a religion is "o ?+1 a speculation is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,! old ,greek religion1 s long z x 0 a liv+ fai?1 0 en\gh4 ,:5 m5 really believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,olympian ,jove1 ,pallas-,a?n1 & ,phoebus-,apollo1 !y _h some?+ above !m to :i* to look up4 ,:5 ?is fai? 0 dis9tegrat$1 no sy/em ( op9ions1 h[ev] pure & pr(\nd1 c\ld replace x4 ,ano!r fai? 0 ne$$1 b a fai? n 9 conflict ) ! philosophy :i* _h de/roy$ poly!ism2 & ,*ri/ianity met ! want1 & !re=e became ! religion ( ! ,greek-speak+ _w4 ,religion is a life1 philosophy is ?\ght2 religion looks up1 philosophy looks 94 ,we ne$ bo? ?\ght & life1 & we ne$ t ! two %all be 9 h>mony4 ,! mom5t !y come 9 conflict1 bo? suff]4 ,philosophy _h de/roy$ ! anci5t simple fai? ( ! ,hell5ic race 9 _! deities1 & _h giv5 !m in/ead only ! ab/ractions ( ?\ght4 ,!n came ! ,apo/les ( ,*ri/ianity1 tea*+ a religion 9 h>mony ) ! highe/ ?\ght ( ! age1 & yet prea*+ x out ( a liv+ fai?4 ,*ri/ianity did n come z a speculation ab\t ! univ]se1 b z a te/imony4 ,its h]alds bore witness to ! facts ( ,god's pres5ce & provid5ce1 ( 8 fa!rly love1 ( ! bro!rhood ( man1 ( a ris+ to a high] life1 ( a univ]sal judgm5t h]eaft] on all good & evil1 & ( ,jesus z ! inspir$ & asc5d$ reveal] ( ^! tru?s4 ,^! facts 7 accept$ z realities2 & once m ! human m9d _h some?+ above itself solid en\gh to support x4 ,"s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs call$ on ! hea!n poets & philosoph]s to be> witness to ! tru?4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria#bff aft] quot+ ?is passage ( ,plato1 ar\nd ! k+ ( all are all ?+s1 & he is ! cause ( all good ?+s1 says t o!rs1 ?r\gh ,god's inspiration1 h decl>$ ! only true ,god to be ,god4 ,he quotes ,anti/h5es to ?is effect3 ,god is n l to any2 :]e=e no "o c "k him f an image4 ,he quotes ,clean!s ! ,/oic3-- ,if y ask me :at is ! nature ( ! good1 li/53 ,t :i* is regul>1 j1 holy1 pi\s1 ,self-gov]n+1 useful1 fair1 fitt+1 ,grave1 indep5d5t1 always b5eficial1 ,t feels no fe> or grief2 pr(itable1 pa9less1 ,helpful1 pleasant1 safe1 fri5dly4 ,nor1 says ,clem5t1 mu/ we keep ! ,py?agoreans 9 ! backgr\nd1 :o say1 ',god is "o2 & he is n1 z "s suppose1 outside ( ?is frame ( ?+s1 b )9 x2 9 all ! entir5ess ( 8 be+ he p]vades ! :ole circle ( exi/5ce1 survey+ all nature1 & bl5d+ 9 h>moni\s union ! :ole2 ! au?or ( 8 own =ces & works1 ! giv] ( light 9 heav51 & fa!r ( all2 ! m9d & vital p[] ( ! :ole _w1 ! mov] ( all ?+s4' ,clem5t quotes ,aratus ! poet3-- ,t all may be secure ,him ev] !y propitiate fir/ & la/4 ,hail1 ,fa!r6 great m>vel1 great ga9 to man4 ,?us also1 says ,clem5t1 ! ,ascran ,hesiod dimly speaks ( ,god3-- ',= he is ! k+ ( all1 & mon>* ,( ! immortals1 & !re is none t c vie ) him 9 p[]4' ,& ,sophocles1 ! son ( ,sophilus1 says3-- ',"o1 9 tru?1 "o is ,god1 ,:o made bo? heav5 & ! f>-/ret*+ e>?2 ,& ocean's blue wave1 & ! mighty w9ds2 ,b _m ( u mortals1 deceiv$ 9 he>t1 ,h set up = ourselves1 z a consolation 9 our afflictions1 ,images ( ! gods1 ( /one1 or wood1 or brass1 ,or gold1 or ivory2 ,&1 appo9t+ to ^! sacrifices & va9 fe/ivals1 ,are accu/om$ ?us to practise religion4' ,b ! ,?racian ,orpheus1 ! son ( ,oeagrus1 hi]ophant & poet1 at once1 aft] 8 exposition ( ! orgies & 8 !ology ( idols1 introduces a pal9ode ( tru? ) solemnity1 ?\gh t>dily s++ ! /ra93-- ',i %all utt] to :om x is lawful2 b let ! doors be clos$1 ,nev]!less1 aga9/ all ! pr(ane4 ,b d ?\ he>1 ,o ,musu1 = ,i w decl>e :at is true4' ,he !n proce$s3-- ',he is "o1 self-proce$+2 & f him alone all ?+s proce$1 ,& 9 !m he himself ex]ts 8 activity2 no mortal ,beholds him1 b he beholds all4' ,pr(essor ,cock]1 9 8 "w on ,*ri/ianity & ,greek ,philosophy1 has devot$ mu* ?\ght to %[ t philosophy 0 a prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity1 & t ,greek civilization 0 an ess5tial condition to ! progress ( ! ,gospel4 ,he po9ts out h[ ,greek intellig5ce & culture1 lit]ature & art1 trade & colonization1 ! univ]sal spread ( ! ,greek language1 & especially ! results ( ,greek philosophy1 7 s*oolma/]s to br+ m5 to ,*ri/4 ,he quotes a /rik+ passage f ,press5s to ?is effect4 ,philosophy 9 ,greece1 says ,press5s1 _h its place 9 ! div9e plan4 ,x de?ron$ ! false gods4 ,x purifi$ ! idea ( div9ity4 ,cock] sums up ?is "w ( prep>ation done by ,greek philosophy1 z se51-- #a4 ,9 ! release ( ! popul> m9d f poly!i/ic notions1 & ! purify+ & spiritualiz+ ( ! !i/ic idea4 #b4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! !i/ic argum5t 9 a logical =m4 #c4 ,9 ! awak5+ & en?ronem5t ( consci5ce z a law ( duty1 & 9 ! elevation & purification ( ! moral idea4 #d4 ,9 ! fact t1 by an exp]im5t conduct$ on ! l>ge/ scale1 x demon/rat$ ! insuffici5cy ( reason to elaborate a p]fect ideal ( moral excell5ce1 & develop ! moral =ces necess>y to secure its realization4 #e4 ,x awak5$ & deep5$ ! consci\sness ( guilt & ! desire = r$emption4#bfg ,! l>ge culture ( ,greece 0 evid5tly adapt$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,jewi% m9d recogniz$ no su* ne$ z t ( univ]sal culture1 & ?is t5d5cy ( ,*ri/ianity c\ld only h f\nd room & opportunity among ^? :o _h receiv$ ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ic culture4 ,! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,greek civilization are !re=e ^!3-- #a4 ,! "* ( ,god1 consid]$ 9 bo? z an imman5t1 ev]-work+ pres5ce1 & n m]ely z a creat+ & gov]n+ w outside ! univ]se4 #b4 ,! "* ( man1 z capable ( education & developm5t1 :o is n m]ely to obey z a s]vant1 b to co-op]ate z a fri5d1 ) ! div9e w1 & gr[ up 9 all ?+s4 #c4 ,! idea ( duty1 z a reasonable s]vice1 & n a yoke4 #d4 ,god's revelations1 z com+1 n only 9 nature1 b also 9 inspir$ m51 & 9 ! intuitions ( ! s\l2 a conception :i* result$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! good ( poly!ism 0 t x saw some?+ div9e 9 nature4 ,by divid+ ,god into numb]less deities1 x 0 able to conceive ( "s div9e p[] 9 all e>?ly objects4 ,h5ce ,wordswor?1 compla9+ t we c see little ( ?is div9ity n[ 9 nature1 cries out3-- ,good ,god6 ,i'd r be ,a ,pagan suckl$ 9 a cre$ outworn2 ,s might ,i1 /&+ on ?is pleasant lea1 ,h glimpses t w\ld make me less =lorn2 ,h sight ( ,proteus ris+ f ! sea1 ,or he> old ,triton bl[ 8 wrea?d horn4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,religion ( ,rome4 #a4 ,orig9 & ess5tial ,"* ( ! ,religion ( ,rome4 #b4 ,! ,gods ( ,rome4 #c4 ,wor%ip & ,ritual4 #d4 ,! ,decay ( ! ,roman ,religion4 #e4 ,relation ( ! ,roman ,religion to ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,orig9 & ess5tial ,"* ( ! ,religion ( ,rome4 ,9 ! ,roman /ate no?+ grew1 ev]y?+ 0 made4 ,! practical und]/&+ 0 ! despotic faculty 9 ! g5ius ( ?is p4 ,fancy1 imag9ation1 humor1 seem to h be5 omitt$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,lat9 race4 ,! only =m ( wit :i* appe>$ among !m 0 satire1 t is1 wit us$ = a s]i\s purpose1 to puni% crimes n am5able to o!r laws1 to remove abuses n to be rea*$ by ! ord9>y police4 ,! gay1 light-he>t$ ,greek mu/ h felt 9 ,rome v mu* z a ,fr5*man feels 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,romans did n "k h[ to amuse !mselves2 !y pursu$ _! recreations ) f]oci\s e>ne/ness1 mak+ always a labor ( _! pleasure4 ,!y said1 inde$1 t x 0 well sometimes to unb5d1 ,dulce e/ desip]e 9 locis2 b a ,roman :5 unb5t 0 l an unb5t b[1 almo/ z /iff z be=e4 ,9 o!r words1 all spontaneity 0 abs5t f ! ,roman m9d4 ,ev]y?+ done 0 done on purpose1 ) a delib]ate int5tion4 ,?is also appe>s 9 _! religion4 ,_! religion 0 n an inspiration1 b an int5tion4 ,x 0 all regul>1 precise1 exact4 ,! ,roman cultus1 l ! ,roman /ate1 0 a compact mass1 9 :i* all v>ieties 7 m]g$ into a /]n unity4 ,all =ms ( religion might come to ,rome & take _! places 9 its pan!on1 b !y mu/ come z s]vants & soldi]s ( ! /ate4 ,rome op5$ a hospitable asylum to !m1 j z ,rome _h e/abli%$ a refuge on ! ,capitol9e ,hill to :i* all outlaws might come & be safe1 on ! condition ( s]v+ ! community4 ,z ev]y?+ 9 ,rome mu/ s]ve ! /ate1 s ! religion ( ,rome 0 a /ate in/itution1 an e/abli%$ *ur*4 ,b z ! /ate c only comm& & =bid outw>d actions1 & has no control ov] ! he>t1 s ! religion ( ,rome 0 ess5tially ext]nal4 ,x 0 a sy/em ( wor%ip1 a ritual1 a c]emony4 ,if ! ext]nals 7 prop]ly att5d$ to1 x took no notice ( op9ions or ( s5tim5ts4 ,?us we f9d 9 ,cic]o 7,de ,natura ,deorum7 ! *ief pontiff argu+ aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods & ! use ( div9ation4 ,he claims to believe 9 religion z a pontifex1 :ile he argues aga9/ x z a philosoph]4 ,! tol]ation ( ,rome consi/$ 9 ?is1 t z long z !re 0 outw>d con=mity to prescrib$ obs]vances1 x tr\bl$ itself v little ab\t op9ions4 ,x said to all religions :at ,gallio said to ! ,jews3 ,if x be a "q ( words & names & ( y\r law1 look ye to x2 = ,i w be no judge ( su* matt]s4 ,gallio 0 a g5u9e repres5tative ( ,roman s5tim5t4 ,) religion1 z long z x rema9$ )9 ! limits ( op9ion or feel+1 ! magi/rate _h no?+ to d2 only :5 x became an act ( disob$i5ce to ! public law x 0 to be puni%$4 ,inde$1 ! v respect = national law 9 ! ,roman m9d caus$ x to legalize 9 ,rome ! wor%ip ( national gods4 ,!y consid]$ x ! duty ( ! ,jews1 9 ,rome1 to wor%ip ! ,jewi% ,god2 ( ,egyptians1 9 ,rome1 to wor%ip ! gods ( ,egypt4 ,m5 ( a ?\s& nations1 says ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 come to ! city1 & mu/ wor%ip ! gods ( _! c\ntry1 accord+ to _! laws at home4 ,z long z ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome 7 reg>d$ z a ,jewi% sect1 _! fai? 0 a religio licita1 :5 x 0 und]/ood to be a dep>ture f ,judaism1 x 0 !n a crim9al rebellion aga9/ a national fai?#bfh4 ,! ,roman religion has (t5 be5 consid]$ z a m]e copy ( t ( ,greece1 & has !re=e be5 conf\nd$ ) x1 z v ne>ly ! same sy/em4 ,no d\bt ! ,romans 7 imitators2 !y _h no creative imag9ation4 ,!y borr[$ & begg$ _! /ories ab\t ! gods1 f ,greece or else:]e4 ,b ,hegel has long ago rem>k$ t ! resemblance betwe5 ! two religions is sup]ficial4 ,! gods ( ,rome1 he says1 are practical gods1 n !oretic2 prosaic1 n poetic4 ,! religion ( ,rome is s]i\s & e>ne/1 :ile t ( ,greece is gay4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus ?9ks ! ,roman religion ! bett] ( ! two1 because x reject$ ! blasphem\s my?s conc]n+ ! loves & qu>rels ( ! heav5ly p[]s4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! deities ( ,greece 7 m liv+ & real p]sons1 ) *>act]s ( _! own4 ,! deities ( ,rome 7 work+ gods1 :o _h ea* a task assign$ to him4 ,!y all _h "s (ficial duty to p]=m2 :ile ! gods ( ,olympus c\ld amuse !mselves z !y pleas$4 ,:ile ! ,zeus ( ,greece sp5t 8 "t 9 adv5tures1 _m ( :i* 7 disreputable1 ! ,jupit] ,capitol9us rema9$ at home1 att5d+ to 8 sole bus9ess1 :i* 0 to make ,rome ! mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,! gods ( ,rome1 says ,hegel1 are n human be+s1 l ^? ( ,greece1 b s\lless ma*9es1 gods made by ! und]/&+1 ev5 :5 borr[$ f ,greek /ory4 ,!y 7 wor%ipp$ also 9 ! int]e/ ( ! practical und]/&+1 z giv]s ( e>?ly =tune4 ,! ,romans _h no real rev]5ce = _! gods2 !y wor%ipp$ !m 9 no _s ( ador+ love1 b always = "s useful object4 ,x 0 a utilit>ian wor%ip4 ,accord+ly ! practical faculties1 engag$ 9 useful arts1 7 deifi$4 ,!re 0 a ,jupit] ,pi/or1 presid+ ov] bak]s4 ,!re 0 a goddess ( ov5s2 & a ,juno ,moneta1 :o took c>e ( ! co94 ,!re 0 a goddess :o presid$ ov] do+ no?+1 ,tranquillitas ,vacuna2 & ev5 ! plague _h an alt> erect$ to x4 ,b1 aft] all1 no deities 7 s great1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,romans1 z ,rome itself4 ,! *ief di/9ction ( ^! deities 0 t !y belong$ to ! ,roman /ate#bfi4 ,cic]o consid]s ! ,romans to be ! mo/ religi\s ( all nations1 because !y c>ri$ _! religion into all ! details ( life4 ,?is is true2 b "o might z well consid] himself a dev\t wor%ipp] ( iron or ( wood1 because he is always us+ ^! mat]ials1 9 doors & out1 9 8 p>lor1 kit*51 & /able4 ,z ! religion ( ,rome _h no doctr9al sy/em1 its tru?s 7 communicat$ mo/ly by spectacles & c]emonies1 :i* *iefly consi/$ 9 ! :olesale slaught] ( m5 & animals4 ,!re 0 some?+ frightful 9 ! ext5t to :i* ?is 0 c>ri$2 = :5 cruelty proce$s f a pr9ciple & purpose1 x is f> worse ?an :5 aris+ f brutal passion4 ,an angry man may beat 8 wife2 b ! delib]ate1 repeat$1 & +5i\s torm5ts ( ! ,inquisition1 ! massacre ( ?\s&s ( gladiators 9 a ,roman amphi!atre1 or ! torture ( prison]s by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 are all p>ts ( a sy/em1 & re9=c$ by consid]ations ( propriety1 duty1 & religi\s rev]5ce4 ,momms5 rem>ks#bgj1 t ! ,roman religion 9 all its details 0 a reflection ( ! ,roman /ate4 ,:5 ! con/itution & in/itutions ( ,rome *ang$1 _! religion *ang$ ) !m4 ,"o illu/ration ( ?is correspond5ce he f9ds 9 ! fact t :5 ! ,romans admitt$ ! p ( a conqu]$ /ate to become citiz5s ( ,rome1 _! gods 7 admitt$ ) !m2 b 9 bo? cases ! new citiz5s 7nov5sides7 occupi$ a subord9ate position to ! old settl]s 7indigites#bga74 ,t ! races ( ,italy1 among :om ! ,lat9 language orig9at$1 7 ( ! same great ,asiatic /ock z ! ,greeks1 ,g]mans1 ,kelts1 & ,slavic tribes1 is suffici5tly prov$ by ! unimpea*able evid5ce ( language4 ,! old ,lat9 roots & grammatic =ms all reta9 ! analogies ( ! ,aryan families4 ,_! gods & _! religion be> m>ks ( ! same orig91 yet ) a special & m>k$ developm5t4 ,= ! ,roman nation 0 d]iv$ f at lea/ ?ree second>y s\rces1--! ,lat9s1 ,sab9es1 & ,etruscans4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! ,pelasgian settl]s on ! we/]n coa/ 7unless ^! are includ$ 9 ! ,etruscan elem5t71 & ! v anci5t race ( ,siculi or ,sikels1 ^: "n sugge/s1 by its phonetic analogy1 a bran* ( t widely w&]+ race1 ! ,kelts#bgb4 ,b ! obscure & confus$ traditions ( ^! ,italian races help u v little 9 our pres5t inquiry4 ,t "s ( ! olde/ ,roman deities 7 ,lat91 o!rs ,sab9e1 & o!rs ,etruscan1 is1 h[ev]1 well asc]ta9$4 ,f ! ,lat9 t[ns ,alba & ,lav9ium came ! wor%ip ( ,ve/a1 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 ,saturn & ,tellus1 ,diana & ,m>s4 ,niebuhr ?9ks t ! ,sab9e ritual 0 adopt$ by ! ,romans1 & t ,v>ro f\nd ! real rema9s ( ,sab9e *apels on ! ,quir9al4 ,f ,etruria came ! sy/em ( div9ation4 ,"s ( ! olde/ portions ( ! ,roman religion 7 d]iv$ f agriculture4 ,! god ,saturn took 8 "n f s[+4 ,picus & ,faunus 7 agricultural gods4 ,pales1 ! goddess ( h]bage1 _h (f]+s ( milk on h] fe/ivals4 ,! ,romans1 says ,dll+]1 _h no cosmogony ( _! own2 a practical p1 !y took ! _w z !y f\nd x1 & did n tr\ble !mselves ab\t its orig94 ,nor _h !y any favorite deities2 !y wor%ipp$ accord+ to :at 0 prop]1 e "o 9 turn at ! "r "t4 ,?\gh ! mo/ poly!i/ic ( religions1 !re ran ?r\gh _! sy/em an obscure conception ( "o supreme be+1 ,jupit] ,optimus-,maximus1 ( :om all ! o!r deities 7 b qualities & attributes4 ,b !y c>ri$ fur!/ ( all nations ?is p]sonify+ & deify+ ( e sep>ate p[]1 ?is m9ute subdivision ( ! deity4 ,hefft]#bgc says ?is 0 c>ri$ to an ext5t :i* 0 almo/ comic4 ,!y _h div9ities :o presid$ ov] talkativ5ess & sil5ce1 ov] beg9n+s & end+s1 ov] ! manur+ ( ! fields1 & ov] all h\sehold transactions4 ,& z ! numb] increas$1 x became always m difficult to recollect :i* 0 ! "r god to appeal to "u any special circum/ances4 ,s t (t5 !y 7 oblig$ to call on ! gods 9 g5]al1 &1 dismiss+ ! :ole poly!i/ic pan!on1 to invoke "s unkn[n god1 or ! supreme be+4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 9 ^! em]g5cies1 new deities 7 creat$ = ! occasion4 ,?us !y came to invoke ! pe/il5ce1 defeat 9 battle1 blight1 etc41 z dang]\s be+s ^: ho/ility mu/ be placat$ by sacrifices4 ,a bett] "p ( _! my?ology 0 ! wor%ip ( ,mode/y 7,pudicitia71 ,fai? or ,fidelity 7,fides71 ,concord 7,concordia71 & ! gods ( home4 ,x 0 ! bus9ess ( ! pontiffs to see to ! creation ( new div9ities4 ,s ! ,romans _h a goddess ,pecunia1 money 7f ,pecus1 cattle71 dat+ f ! "t :5 ! circulat+ m$ium consi/$ 9 c[s & %eep4 ,b :5 copp] money came1 a god ( copp] 0 add$1 sculanus2 & :5 silv] money 0 inv5t$1 a god ,arg5t>ius arriv$4 #b4 ,! ,gods ( ,rome4 ,creuz]1 9 speak+ ( ! ,italian wor%ip1 says t "o fact :i* em]ges m prom95tly ?an any o!r is ! conc\rse ( ,ori5tal1 ,pelasgic1 ,samo?racian1 & ,hell5ic elem5ts 9 ! religion ( ,rome4 ,9 l mann] ! ,roman deities be> traces ( v diff]5t s\rces4 ,we h f\nd reason to believe1 9 our previ\s *apt]s1 t ! religion ( ,egypt _h a tw(old orig91 f ,asiatic & ,african elem5ts1 & t ! religion ( ,greece1 9 l mann]1 0 d]iv$ f ,egyptian & ,pelasgic s\rces4 ,s1 too1 we f9d ! in/itutions & p ( ,rome p>tak+ ( a ,keltic & ,pelasgic orig94 ,let u n[ see :at 0 ! "* ( ! ,roman deities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! olde/ & also mo/ orig9al ( ! gods ( ,rome 0 ! ,sab9e god ,,janus4 ,he 0 ! deity :o presid$ ov] beg9n+s & end+s1 ov] ! act ( op5+ & %utt+4 ,h5ce ! mon? :i* op5$ ! ye>1 ,janu>y1 receiv$ its "n f ?is god1 :o also gave 8 "n to ,janua1 a gate or door#bgd1 & probably to ! hill ,janiculum#bge4 ,! ,romans laid great /ress on all beg9n+s2 believ+ t ! comm5cem5t ( any c\rse ( conduct det]m9$1 by a sort ( magical necessity1 its results4 ,bad success 9 an ent]prise !y attribut$ to a wrong beg9n+1 & ! only rem$y1 !re=e1 0 to beg9 anew4 ,ovid 7,fa/i1 ,i4 #agi7 makes ,janus say1 ,all dep5ds on ! beg9n+4 ,:5 o!r gods 7 wor%ipp$1 ,janus 0 invok$ fir/ ( all4 ,he 0 god ( ! ye>4 ,8 temple _h f\r sides = ! f\r seasons1 & ea* side _h ?ree w9d[s = ! mon?s4 ,t 8 temple 0 op5 9 w>1 b clos$ 9 peace1 indicat$ t ! "* ( ,rome 9 times ( w> 0 to attack & n to def5d4 ,%e !n op5$ h] gates to s5d h] troops =? aga9/ ! enemy2 :ile 9 seasons ( peace %e %ut !m 9 at home4 ,?is symbol accords well ) ! haughty c\rage ( ! ,republic1 :i* comm&$ victory1 by n admitt+ ! possibility ( defeat#bgf4 ,?is deity is believ$ by ,creuz] & o!rs to h _h an ,indian orig91 & 8 "n to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit ,jan1 to be born4 ,he resembles no ,greek god1 & v probably travell$ all ! way f ,bactria to ,rome4 ,on ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y1 :i* 0 ! *ief fea/ ( ,janus1 x 0 ! duty ( e ,roman citiz5 to be c>eful t all he ?\ght1 said1 or did %\ld be pure & true1 because ?is day det]m9$ ! "* ( ! ye>4 ,all dress$ !mselves 9 holiday g>b1 avoid$ oa?s1 abusive words1 & qu>rels1 gave pres5ts1 & wi%$ ea* o!r a happy ye>4 ,! pres5ts 7 little co9s ) a ,janus-head1 & sweetmeats4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to sacrifice to ,janus at ! beg9n+ ( all important bus9ess4 ,janus 0 ! great god ( ! ,sab9es1 & 8 mo/ anci5t temple appe>s to h be5 on ,m\nt ,janiculum#bgg4 ,! alt> ( ,fontus1 son ( ,janus1 & ! tomb ( ,numa1 a ,sab9e k+1 7 bo? suppos$ to be !re4 ,ovid also#bgh makes ,janus say t ! ,janiculum 0 8 citadel4 ,ampre rem>ks z a curi\s co9cid5ce1 t ?is god1 repres5t$ ) a key 9 8 h&1 z ! heav5ly gate-keep]1 %\ld h 8 home on ! hill close to ! ,vatican1 :]e is ! tomb ( ,pet]1 :o also be>s a key ) ! same significance4 ,! same writ] reg>ds ! ,sab9es z inhabit+ ! hills ( ,rome be=e ! ,pelasgi came & gave ?is "n ( ,roma 7mean+ /r5g?7 to _! small =tress on "o side ( ! ,palat9e4 ,9 e important city ( ,etruria !re 7 temples to ! ?ree gods1 ,,jupit]1 ,,juno1 & ,,m9]va4 ,9 l mann]1 ! magnific5t temple ( ! ,capitol at ,rome consi/$ ( ?ree p>ts1--a nave1 sacr$ to ,jupit]2 & two w+s or aisles1 "o d$icat$ to ,juno & ! o!r to ,m9]va4 ,?is temple 0 ne>ly squ>e1 be+ two hundr$ & fifte5 feet long & two hundr$ feet wide2 & ! weal? accumulat$ 9 x 0 imm5se4 ,! walls & ro( 7 ( m>ble1 cov]$ ) gold & silv]4 ,,jupit]1 ! *ief god ( ,rome1 accord+ to mo/ philologi/s1 d]ives 8 "n 7l ! ,greek 7 f ! f>-away ,sanskrit ^w ,div or ,diu1 indicat+ ! spl5dor ( heav5 or ( day4 ,ju-pit] is f ,djaus-,pit>1 :i* is ! ,sanskrit = ,fa!r ( ,heav51 or else f ,diu-pit>1 ,fa!r ( ,light4 ,he is1 at all ev5ts1 ! equival5t ( ! ,olympian ,zeus4 ,he c>ries ! lightn+1 &1 "u _m appellations1 is ! supreme god ( ! skies4 ,_m temples 7 erect$ to him 9 ,rome1 "u v>i\s designations4 ,he 0 call$ ,pluvius1 ,fulgurator1 ,tonans1 ,fulm9ator1 ,imbricitor1 ,s]5ator1--f ! sub/antives designat+ ra91 lightn+1 ?und]1 & ! s]5e sky4 ,any?+ /ruck ) lightn+ became sacr$1 & 0 consecrat$ to ,jupit]4 ,z ! supreme be+ he 0 call$ ,optimus ,maximus1 also ,imp]ator1 ,victor1 ,invictus1 ,/ator1 ,prdator1 ,triumphator1 & ,urbis ,cu/os4 ,& temples or %r9es 7 erect$ to him "u all ^! names1 z ! head ( ! armies1 & comm&]-9-*ief ( ! legions2 z ,conqu]or1 z ,inv9cible1 z ! ,turn] ( ,flight1 z ! ,god ( ,booty1 & z ! ,gu>dian ( ! ,city4 ,!re is said to h be5 9 ,rome ?ree hundr$ ,jupit]s1 :i* mu/ mean t ,jupit] 0 wor%ipp$ "u ?ree hundr$ diff]5t attributes4 ,ano!r "n ( ?is god 0 ,elicius1 f ! belief t a me?od exi/$ ( elicit+ or draw+ d[n ! lightn+2 :i* belief probably arose f an accid5tal anticipation ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's fam\s exp]im5t4 ,!re 7 no su* my?s told ab\t ,jupit] z conc]n+ ! ,greek ,zeus4 ,! ,lat9 deity 0 a mu* m solemn p]son1 8 :ole "t occupi$ ) ! c>e ( ! city & /ate4 ,b traces ( 8 orig9 z a rul] ( ! atmosph]e rema9$ root$ 9 language2 & ! ,romans1 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 spoke famili>ly ( a cold ,jupit]1 = a cold sky1 & ( a bad ,jupit]1 = /ormy wea!r4 ,! ,juno ( ! ,capitol 0 ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 & 9 ?is s5se 0 ! female ,jupit]4 ,b ,juno 0 also ! goddess ( womanhood1 & _h ! epi!ts ( ,virg95sis1 ,matrona1 & ,opig5a2 t is1 ! fri5d ( virg9s1 ( matrons1 & ! daught] ( help4 ,h] *ief fe/ival 0 ! ,matronalia1 on ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 h5ce call$ ! ,wom5's ,kal5ds4 ,on ?is day pres5ts 7 giv5 to wom5 by _! husb&s & fri5ds4 ,juno 0 ! patroness ( m>riage1 & h] mon? ( ,june 0 believ$ to be v favorable = w$lock4 ,z ,juno ,luc9a %e presid$ ov] bir?2 z ,mat] ,matuta1#bgi ov] *ildr52 z ,juno ,moneta1 ov] ! m9t4 ,! "n ( ,m9]va1 ! ,roman ,a?n1 is said to be d]iv$ f an old ,etruscan ^w signify+ m5tal action4#bhj ,9 ! songs ( ! ,sabians ! ^w prom5]vet is us$ = monet4 ,! fir/ syllable evid5tly conta9s ! root1 :i* 9 all ,aryan languages implies ?\ght4 ,! ,tr9ity ( ! ,capitol1 !re=e1 unit$ ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,affection1 z ,jupit]1 ,m9]va1 & ,juno4 ,! /atue ( ,m9]va 0 plac$ 9 s*ools4 ,%e _h _m temples & fe/ivals1 & "o ( ! =m] 0 d$icat$ to h] z ,m9]va ,m$ica4 ,! ,roman pan!on conta9$ ?ree classes ( gods & goddesses4 ,fir/1 ! old ,italian div9ities1 ,etruscan1 ,lat91 & ,sab9e1 naturaliz$ & adopt$ by ! /ate4 ,secondly1 ! pale ab/ractions ( ! und]/&+1 inv5t$ by ! ,college ( ,pontiffs = moral & political purposes4 ,& ?irdly1 ! gods ( ,greece1 import$1 ) a *ange ( "n1 by ! lit]>y admir]s & imitators ( ,hellas4 ,! g5u9e deities ( ! ,roman religion 7 all ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,"s ( !m1 l ,janus1 ,v]tumnus1 ,faunus1 ,ve/a1 reta9$ _! orig9al "*2 o!rs 7 delib]ately conf\nd$ ) "s ,greek deity4 ,?us ,v5us1 an old ,lat9 or ,sab9e goddess to :om ,titus ,tatius erect$ a temple z ,v5us ,cloac9a1 & ,s]vius ,tullius ano!r z ,v5us ,lib]t9a1#bha 0 aft]w>d trans=m$ into ! ,greek ,aphrodit1 goddess ( love4 ,if x be true1 z is ass]t$ by ,nvius & ,plautus1 t %e 0 ! goddess ( g>d5s1 z ,v5us ,hort5sis & ,v5us ,fruti1 !n %e may h be5 orig9ally ! female ,v]tumnus4 ,s ,diana 0 orig9ally ,diva ,jana1 & 0 simply ! female ,janus1 until %e 0 trans=m$ into ! ,greek ,artemis4 ,! second class ( ,roman div9ities 7 ^? manufactur$ by ! pontiffs = utilit>ian purposes1--almo/ ! only in/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( religion ( su* a delib]ate piece ( god-mak+4 ,! purpose ( ! pontiffs 0 excell5t2 b ! result1 naturally1 0 small4 ,! wor%ip ( su* ab/ractions z ,hope 7,spes71 ,fe> 7,pallor71 ,concord 7,concordia71 ,c\rage 7,virtus71 ,ju/ice 7quitas71 ,clem5cy 7,clem5tia71 c\ld h little influ5ce1 s9ce x mu/ h be5 app>5t to ! wor%ipp] himself t ^! 7 n real be+s1 b only 8 own conceptions1 ?r[n heav5w>d4 ,! ?ird class ( deities 7 ^? adopt$ f ,greece4 ,new deities1 l ,apollo1 7 import$1 & ! old ones ,hell5iz$4 ,! ,romans _h no /atues ( _! gods 9 e>ly times2 ?is cu/om !y le>n$ f ,greece4 ,a full riv] ( influ5ce1 says ,cic]o1 & n a little brook1 has fl[$ into ,rome out ( ,greece#bhb4 ,!y s5t to ,delphi to inquire ( ! ,greek oracle4 ,9 a few decades1 says ,h>tung1 ! ,roman religion 0 :olly trans=m$ by ?is ,greek influ5ce2 & t happ5$ :ile ! s5ate & prie/s 7 tak+ ! utmo/ c>e t n an iota ( ! old c]emonies %\ld be alt]$4 ,meantime ! object 0 to id5tify ! objects ( wor%ip 9 o!r c\ntries ) ^? wor%ipp$ at home4 ,?is 0 done 9 an arbitr>y & sup]ficial way1 & caus$ great confusion 9 ! my?ologies#bhc4 ,accid5tal resemblances1 slight co9cid5ces ( names1 7 suffici5t = ! id5tification ( two gods4 ,z long z ! s]vice ( ! temple 0 unalt]$1 ! prie/s tr\bl$ !mselves v little ab\t su* *anges4 ,9 ?is way1 ! twelve gods ( ,olympus--,zeus1 ,poseidn1 ,apollo1 ,ars1 ,hph/os1 ,h]mes1 ,hr1 ,a?n1 ,artemis1 ,aphrodit1 ,he/ia1 & ,dmtr--7 naturaliz$ or id5tifi$ z ,jupit]1 ,neptune1 ,apollo1 ,m>s1 ,vulcan1 ,m]cury1 ,juno1 ,m9]va1 ,diana1 ,v5us1 ,ve/a1 & ,c]es1 ,dionysos became ,lib] or ,bac*us2 ,p]sephon1 ,pros]p9a2 & ! ,muses 7 accept$ z ! ,greeks _h imag9$ !m4 ,to f9d ! true ,roman wor%ip1 !re=e1 we mu/ dive/ _! deities ( ^! ,greek habilim5ts1 & g back to _! orig9al ,etruscan or ,lat9 *>act]s4 ,among ! ,etruscans we f9d "o doctr9e unkn[n to ! ,greeks & n adopt$ by ! ,romans2 t1 namely1 ( ! high] veil$ deities1#bhd sup]ior to ,jupit]4 ,!y also _h a dodecad ( six male & six female deities1 ! ,cons5tes & ,complices1 mak+ a c\ncil ( gods1 :om ,jupit] consult$ 9 important cases4 ,v]tumnus 0 an ,etruscan2 s1 accord+ to ,ottfri$ ,mll]1 0 ! ,g5ius4 ,s are ! ,l>es1 or h\sehold protectors1 & ,*>un1 or ,*>on1 a p[] ( ! "u-_w4 ,! m9ute sy/em ( wor%ip 0 d]iv$ by ,rome f ,etruria4 ,! :ole sy/em ( om5s1 especially by lightn+1 came f ! same s\rce4 ,aft] ,janus1 & ?ree ,capitol9e gods 7,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va71 above m5tion$1 ! ,romans wor%ipp$ a s]ies ( deities :o may be class$ z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,gods repres5t+ ! p[]s ( nature3-- #a4 ,,sol1 ! ,sun4 ,a ,sab9e deity4 ,9 lat] times ! poets attribut$ to him all ! *>act]s ( ,helios2 b z a ,roman god1 he nev] em]g$ into 8 own daylight4 #b4 ,,luna1 ! ,moon4 ,also reg>d$ z ( ,sab9e orig94 #c4 ,,mat] ,,matuta4 ,"m ( ,day1 t is1 ! dawn4 ,wor%ipp$ at ! ,matronalia 9 ,june1 z ! possessor ( all mo!rly qualities1 & especially z ! protector ( *ildr5 f ill-treatm5t4 ,z ! /orms 7 apt to g d[n at morn+1 %e 0 appeal$ to to protect m>9]s f %ipwreck4 ,! consul ,tib4 ,semp4 ,grac*us d$icat$ a temple to h] ,b4,c4 #agf4 #d4 ,,tempe/ates1 ! tempe/s4 ,a temple 0 d$icat$ to ! /orms1 ,b4,c4 #bei4 #e4 ,,vulcanus4 ,?is "n is suppos$ to be f ! same root z fulgeo1 to %9e4 ,he 0 an old ,italian deity4 ,8 temple is m5tion$ z exi/+ ,b4,c4 #dia4 #f4 ,,fontus1 ! god ( f\nta9s4 ,! ,romans valu$ wat] s highly1 t !y erect$ alt>s & temples to ?is div9ity1 & _h a fea/ ( f\nta9s 7,font9alia7 on ,octob] #ac?4 ,!re 7 also goddesses ( f\nta9s1 z ,lynapha ,juturna1 ! goddess ( m9]al spr+s4 ,eg]ia is ! only nymph ( a f\nta9 m5tion$ 9 ,roman my?ology4 #g4 ,,divus ,,pat] ,,tib]9us1 or ,fa!r ,tib]1 0 ( c\rse ! *ief riv] god4 ,! augurs call$ him ,colub]1 ! snake1 f 8 me&]+ & b5d+ curr5t4 #h4 ,,neptunus4 ,! orig9 ( ?is ^w has be5 a great puzzle to ! le>n$1 :o1 h[ev]1 connect x ) nebula1 a cl\d1 z ! cl\ds come f ! sea4 ,he _h 8 temple & 8 fe/ivals at ,rome4 ,o!r deities connect$ ) ! p[]s ( nature 7 ,,portunus1 ! god ( h>bors2 ,,salacia1 a goddess ( ! salt sea2 ,,tranquillitas1 ! goddess ( calm wea!r4 ,,ii4 ,gods ( human relations3-- #a4 ,,ve/a1 an anci5t ,lat9 goddess1 & "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ rev]$4 ,%e 0 ! que5 ( ! he>? & ( ! h\sehold fire4 ,%e 0 also ! protector ( ! h\se1 associat$ ) ! ,l>es & ,p5ates4 ,"s (f]+ 0 due to h] at e meal4 ,%e sanctifi$ ! home4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 all ,rome became "o va/ family1 ,ve/a became ! goddess ( ?is public home1 & h] temple 0 ! fireside ( ! city1 9 :i* burn$ always ! sacr$ fire1 wat*$ by ! ve/al virg9s4 ,9 ?is wor%ip1 & its associations1 we f9d ! be/ side ( ,roman mann]s1--! love ( home1 ! respect = family life1 ! hatr$ ( impurity & immode/y4 ,%e 0 also call$ ! "m1 & qualifi$ z ,mat] ,/ata1 t is1 ! immovable "m4 #b4 ,! ,,p5ates & ,,l>es4 ,^! deities 7 also peculi>ly ,roman4 ,! ,l>1 or ,l>es1 7 suppos$ to be ! s\ls ( ance/ors :i* resid$ 9 ! home & gu>d$ x4 ,_! images 7 kept 9 an oratory or dome/ic *apel1 call$ a ,l>>ium1 & 7 cr[n$ by ! ma/] ( ! h\se to make !m propiti\s4 ,! pat]familias conduct$ all ! dome/ic wor%ip ( ! h\sehold1 :e!r ( pray]s or sacrifices1 accord+ to ! maxim ( ,cato1 ,scito dom9um pro tota familia rem div9am fac]e#bhe4 ,! ,p5ates 7 be+s ( a high] ord] ?an ! ,l>es1 b hav+ mu* ! same (fices4 ,_! "n 0 f ! words d5ot+ ! int]ior ( ! mansion 7,p5etralia1 ,p5itus74 ,!y took "p 9 all ! joys & sorr[s ( ! family4 ,to g home 0 to return to "o's ,p5ates4 ,9 ! same way1 ,l> meus meant my h\se 2 ,l> conductus1 a hir$ h\se 2 ,l>em mut>e meant to *ange "o's h\se4 ,?us ! ,roman 9 8 home felt himself surr\nd$ by invisible fri5ds & gu>dians4 ,no o!r nation1 except ! ,*9ese1 h c>ri$ ?is religion ( home s f>4 ,?is is ! t5d] side ( ! /]n ,roman "*4 ,v little ( pa?os or s5tim5t appe>s 9 ,roman poetry1 b ! l9es by ,catullus to 8 home are z t5d] z any?+ 9 mod]n lit]ature4 ,! little p59sula ( ,sirmio on ! ,lago di ,g>da has be5 glorifi$ by ^! few words4 #c4 ,! ,,g5ius4 ,! wor%ip ( ! g5ius ( a p]son or place 0 also peculi>ly ,italian4 ,ea* man _h 8 g5ius1 f :om 8 liv+ p[] & vital =ce came4 ,t]tullian speaks ( ! g5ius ( places4 ,on co9s are f\nd ! ,g5ius ( ,rome4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ _h its g5ius1--nations1 colonies1 pr9ces1 ! s5ate1 sleep1 ! !atre4 ,! m>riage-b$ is call$ g5ial1 because gu>d$ by a g5ius4 ,all ?is rem9ds u ( ! ,frava%i ( ! ,ave/a & ( ! ,p]sian monum5ts4 ,yet ! ,g5ius also takes 8 place among ! highe/ gods4 ,,iii4 ,deities ( ! human s\l3-- #a4 ,,m5s1 ,m9d1 ,intellect4 #b4 ,,pudicitia1 ,*a/ity4 #c4 ,,pietas1 ,piety1 ,rev]5ce = ,p>5ts4 #d ,,fides1 ,fidelity4 #e4 ,,concordia1 ,concord4 #f4 ,,virtus1 ,c\rage4 #g4 ,,spes1 ,hope4 #h4 ,,pallor or ,,pavor1 ,fe>4 #i4 ,,voluptas1 ,pleasure4 ,,iv4 ,deities ( rural & o!r occupations3-- #a4 ,,tellus1 ! ,e>?4 #b4 ,,saturnus1 ,saturn4 ,! root ( ?is "n is ,,sao ,,s]o1 to s[4 ,saturn is ! god ( plant+ & s[+4 #c4 ,,ops1 goddess ( ! h>ve/4 #d4 ,,m>s4 ,orig9ally an agricultural god1 dang]\s to crops2 aft]w>ds god ( w>4 #e4 ,,silvanus1 ! wood god4 #f4 ,,faunus1 an old ,italian deity1 ! patron ( agriculture4 #g4 ,,t]m9us1 an old ,italian deity1 ! gu>dian ( limits & b\nd>ies4 #h4 ,,c]es1 goddess ( ! c]eal grasses4 #i4 ,,lib]1 god ( ! v9e1 & ( w9e4 #aj4 ,,bona ,,dea1 ! good goddess4 ,! wor%ip ( ! good goddess 0 import$ f ,greece 9 lat] times2 & p]haps its basis 0 ! wor%ip ( ,dmtr4 ,! temple ( ! good goddess 0 on ,m\nt ,av5t9e4 ,at h] fea/ on ! #a/ ( ,may all sugge/ions ( ! male sex 7 bani%$ f ! h\se2 no w9e mu/ be drunk2 ! myrtle1 z a symbol ( love1 0 remov$4 ,! idea ( ! fea/ 0 ( a *a/e m>riage1 z help+ to pres]ve ! human race4 #aa4 ,,magna ,,mat]1 or ,cybele4 ,?is 0 a =eign wor%ip1 b e>ly introduc$ at ,rome4 #ab4 ,,flora4 ,%e 0 an orig9al goddess ( ,italy1 presid+ ov] fl[]s & blossoms4 ,great lic5se 0 practis$ at h] wor%ip4 #ac4 ,,v]tumnus1 ! god ( g>d5s1 0 an old ,italian deity1 exi/+ be=e ! f\ndation ( ,rome4 #ad4 ,,pomona1 goddess ( ! h>ve/4 #ah4 ,,pales4 ,a rural god1 protect+ cattle4 ,at 8 fea/ m5 & cattle 7 purifi$4 ,! ,romans _h _m o!r deities1 ^: wor%ip 0 m or less popul>4 ,b ^? n[ m5tion$ 7 ! pr9cipal ones4 ,?is li/ %[s t ! p[]s ( e>? 7 m objects ( rev]5ce ?an ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! sun & />s attract$ ?is agricultural p less ?an ! spr+ & summ]1 se$time & h>ve/4 ,among ! ,italians ! c\ntry 0 be=e ! city1 & ,rome 0 f\nd$ by c\ntry p4 #c4 ,wor%ip & ,ritual4 ,! ,roman c]emonial wor%ip 0 v elaborate & m9ute1 apply+ to e "p ( daily life4 ,x consi/$ 9 sacrifices1 pray]s1 fe/ivals1 & ! inve/igation by augurs & h>uspices ( ! w ( ! gods & ! c\rse ( future ev5ts4 ,! ,romans acc\nt$ !mselves an exce$+ly religi\s p1 because _! religion 0 s intimately connect$ ) ! affairs ( home & /ate4 ,! ,romans di/+ui%$ c>efully betwe5 ?+s sacr$ & pr(ane4 ,?is ^w pr(ane comes f ! root f>i1 to speak2 because ! gods 7 suppos$ to speak to m5 by symbolic ev5ts4 ,a fane is a place ?us consecrat$ by "s div9e ev5t2 a pr(ane place1 "o n consecrat$4#bhf ,b t :i* man d$icates to ! gods 7d$icat or dicat7 is sacr$1 or consecrat$4#bhg ,e place :i* 0 to be d$icat$ 0 fir/ lib]at$ by ! augur f common uses2 !n consecrat$ to div9e uses by ! pontiff4 ,a temple is a place ?us sep>at$1 or cut (f f o!r places2 = ! root ( ?is ^w1 l t ( tempus 7"t7 is ! same z ! ,greek 1 to cut4 ,! ,roman ye> 0 full ( fe/ivals 7f]i7 set ap>t = religi\s uses4 ,x 0 decl>$ by ! pontiffs a s9 to d any common "w on ^! days1 b works ( necessity 7 all[$4 ,^! fe/ivals 7 = p>ticul> gods1 9 honor ( great ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,rome1 or ( rural occurr5ces1 days ( purification & atonem5t1 family fea/s1 or fea/s 9 honor ( ! dead4 ,! old ,roman cal5d>#bhh 0 z c>efully arrang$ z t ( mod]n ,rome4 ,! day began at midnight4 ,! foll[+ is a view ( ! ,roman ye> 9 its relation to fe/ivals3-- ,janu>y4 #a4 ,fea/ ( ,janus1 ! god ( beg9n+s4 #i4 ,agonalia4 #aa4 ,c>m5talia4 ,9 honor ( ! nymph ,c>m5ta1 a woman's fe/ival4 #af4 ,d$ication ( ! ,temple ( ,concord4 #ca4 ,fea/ ( ! ,p5ates4 ,febru>y4 #a4 ,fea/ ( ,juno ,sospita1 ! ,savior3 an old goddess4 #ac4 ,faunalia1 d$icat$ to ,faunus & ! rural gods4 #ae4 ,lup]calia4 ,fea/ ( fruitfulness4 #ag4 ,=nacalia4 ,fea/ ( ! ov5 goddess ,=nax4 #ah to #bh4 ,! ,februatio1 or fea/ ( purification & atonem5t1 & ! ,f]alia1 or fea/ ( ! dead4 ,februus 0 an old ,etrurian god ( ! "u-_w4 ,also1 ! ,*>i/ia1 a family fe/ival = putt+ an end to qu>rels among relations4 #bc4 ,fea/ ( ,t]m9us1 god ( b\nd>ies4 ,b\nd>y-/ones ano9t$ & cr[n$4 ,m>*4 #a4 ,fea/ ( ,m>s4 ,also1 ! ,matronalia4 ,! ,salii1 prie/s ( ,m>s1 g _! r\nds1 s++ old hymns4 #f4 ,fea/ ( ,ve/a4 #g4 ,fea/ ( ,vejovis or ,v$ius1 i4e4 ! boy ,jupit]4 #ad4 ,equiria1 or horse-races 9 honor ( ,m>s4 #ae4 ,fea/ ( ,anna-,p]5na1 goddess ( heal?4 #ag4 ,lib]alia1 ,fea/ ( ,bac*us4 ,"y m5 inve/$ ) ! ,toga-,virilis on ?is day4 #ai to #bc4 ,fea/ ( ,m9]va1 = five days4 ,(f]+s made to h] by all me*anics1 arti/s1 & s*ol>s4 ,april4 #a4 ,fea/ ( ,v5us1 to :om ! mon? is sacr$4 #d4 ,megalesia4 ,fea/ ( ,cybele & ,altys4 ,x la/$ six days1 & 0 ! ,roman analogue ( ! fea/ ( ,c]es 9 ,greece & ( ,isis 9 ,egypt4 #ab4 ,c]ealia4 ,fea/ ( ,c]es4 ,games 9 ! circus4 #ae4 ,=dicicia4 ,fea/ ( c[s4 #ba4 ,palililia4 ,fea/ ( ,pales1 & ( ! f\nd+ ( ,rome4 #bc4 ,v9alia4 ,fea/ ( new w9e4 #be4 ,robigalia4 ,fea/ ( ! goddess ( blight1 ,robigo4 #bh4 ,floralia4 ,fea/ ( ! goddess ,flora2 v lic5ti\s4 ,may4 #a4 ,fea/ ( ! ,bona ,dea1 ! good goddess2 o!rwise ,maia1 ,ops1 ,tellus1 or ! ,e>?4 ,?is 0 ! fea/ held by wom5 secretly 9 ! h\se ( ! pontiff4 #i4 ,lemuralia4 ,fea/ ( ! dep>t$ spirits or gho/s4 #ab4 ,games to ,m>s4 #bc4 ,tubilu/ria1 to consecrate w9d in/rum5ts4 ,june4 #a4 ,fea/ ( ,c>na1 goddess ( ! int]nal organs ( ! body1 & ( ,juno ,moneta4 #d4 ,fea/ ( ,bellona4 #e4 ,fea/ ( ,deus ,fidius4 #g to #ae4 ,fea/ ( ,ve/a4 #ai4 ,matralia4 ,fea/ ( ,mat] ,matuta4 ,o!r less] fe/ivals 9 ?is mon? to ,summanus1 ,=tuna1 ,=tis1 ,jupit] ,/ator1 etc4 ,july4 #a4 ,day devot$ to *ang+ resid5ces1 l ! #a/ ( ,may 9 ,new ,york4 #d4 ,=tuna ,muliebris4 #e4 ,populifuga4 ,9 memory ( ! p's flight1 on "s occasion1 aft]w>d =gott54 #g4 ,fea/ ( ,juno ,caprot9a4 #ae4 ,fea/ ( ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,o!r fe/ivals 9 ?is mon? 7 ! ,luc>ia1 ,neptunalia1 & ,fur9alia4 ,augu/4 #a4 ,games to ,m>s4 #ag4 ,fea/ ( ! god ,portumnus4 #ah4 ,consualia1 fea/ ( ,consus4 ,rape ( ! ,sab9es4 #bc4 ,vulcanalia1 to av]t fires4 #be4 ,opeconsivia4 ,fea/ ( ,ops ,consiva4 ,septemb]4 ,! *ief fea/s 9 ?is mon? 7 ! games 7,ludi ,magni or ,romani7 9 honor ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va4 ,octob]4 #ac4 ,font9alia4 ,fea/ ( f\nta9s1 :5 ! spr+s 7 /rew$ ) fl[]s4 #ae4 ,sacrifice ( a horse to ,m>s4 ,! fea/s 9 ,novemb] are unimportant4 ,decemb]4 #e4 ,faunalia1 9 honor ( ,faunus4 #ai4 ,saturnalia1 sacr$ to ,saturn4 ,a ,roman ?anksgiv+ = ! h>ve/4 ,x la/$ sev5 days1 dur+ :i* ! slaves _h _! lib]ty1 9 memory ( ! age ( ,saturn1 :5 all 7 equal4 ,! ri* kept op5 table to all com]s1 & !mselves wait$ on ! slaves4 ,pres5ts 7 int]*ang$1 s*ools 7 clos$4 ,! ,s5ate did n sit4 ,?us religion ev]y:]e met ! public life ( ! ,roman by its fe/ivals1 & laid an equal yoke on 8 private life by its requisition ( sacrifices1 pray]s1 & auguries4 ,all pursuits mu/ be conduct$ accord+ to a sy/em1 c>efully laid d[n by ! ,college ( ,pontiffs4 ,sacrifices & pray]s ( "o or ano!r k9d 7 dem&$ dur+ mo/ ( ! occasions ( life4 ,hidd5 9 our ^w inaugurate is ! record ( ! fact t no?+ c\ld be prop]ly begun )\t ! assi/ance ( ! augurs4 ,sacrifices ( lu/ration & expiation 7 v common1 n s mu* = moral (f5ces z = c]emonial mi/akes4 ,! doctr9e ( ! opus op]atum 0 supreme 9 ,roman religion4 ,! int5tion 0 ( little importance2 ! "q 0 :e!r ! c]emony _h be5 p]=m$ exactly 9 accordance ) rule4 ,if n1 x mu/ be done aga94 ,sometimes fifty or a hundr$ victims 7 kill$ be=e ! prie/ly etiquette 0 cont5t$4 ,sometimes magi/rates mu/ resign because ! college ( augurs suspect$ "s in=mality 9 ! c]emonies ( _! election4 ,laws 7 annull$ & judicial proce$+s revok$ = ! same reason4 ,if ! augurs decl>$ ! signs unfavorable1 a public meet+ mu/ be adj\rn$ & no bus9ess done4 ,a s+le mi/ake 9 ! =m ( a pray] w\ld make x ineffectual4 ,if a man w5t out to walk1 !re 0 a =m to be recit$2 if he m\nt$ 8 *>iot1 ano!r4 ,all ^! religi\s acts 7 ( ! nature ( *>ms1 :i* act$ on ! gods by an inh]5t p[]1 & compell$ !m to be favorable1 :atev] _! own wi%es might be4 ,! gods 71 !re=e1 z mu* ! slaves ( ext]nal me*anical laws z ! ,romans !mselves4 ,9 reality1 ! supreme god ( ,rome 0 law1 9 ! =m ( rule4 ,b ^! rules aft]w>d exp&$1 z ! ,roman civilization increas$1 into a m g5]\s jurisprud5ce4 ,regul>ity broad5$ into ju/ice4#bhi ,b = a long p]iod ! :ole ( ! ,roman organic law 0 a sy/em ( h>d ext]nal me?od4 ,& ! rise ( law z ju/ice & reason 0 ! decl9e ( religion z m]e prescription & rule4 ,?is "o *ange is ! key to ! dissolution ( ! ,roman sy/em ( religi\s practices4 ,! seat ( ,roman wor%ip 9 ! olde/ times 0 ! ,regia 9 ! ,via ,sacra1 ne> ! ,=um4 ,?is 0 ! h\se ( ! *ief pontiff1 & "h ! sacrifices 7 p]=m$#bij by ! ,rex ,sacrorum4 ,ne> by 0 ! temple ( ,ve/a4 ,! ,palat9e ,hill 0 reg>d$ z ! home ( ! ,lat9 gods1 :ile ! ,quir9al 0 t ( ! ,sab9e deities4 ,b ! ,p5ates ( ,rome rema9$ at ,lav9ium1 ! old metropolis ( ! ,lat9 ,conf$]ation1 & "m ( ! lat] city4 ,e "o ( ! highe/ (fic]s ( ,rome 0 oblig$ to g & sacrifice to ! anci5t gods1 at ?is "m city ( ,lav9ium1 be=e ent]+ on 8 (fice4 ,! old wor%ip ( ,rome 0 free f idolatry4 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 ,janus1 ,ops1 ,ve/a1 7 n repres5t$ by idols4 ,?is feature 0 subsequ5tly import$ by means ( ,hell5ic influ5ces com+ ?r\gh ,cuma & o!r cities ( ,magna ,grcia4 ,by ! same *annels came ! ,sibyll9e books4 ,!re 7 t5 ,sibyls1--! ,p]sian1 ,libyan1 ,delphian1 ,cuman1 ,ery?ran1 ,samian1 ,amal?an1 ,hellespont9e1 ,phrygian1 & ,tiburt9e4 ,! ,sibyll9e books au?oriz$ or comm&$ ! wor%ip ( v>i\s ,greek gods2 !y 7 intru/$ to ! ,decemviri4 ,roman wor%ip 0 at fir/ adm9i/]$ by c]ta9 patrician families1 & ?is 0 cont9u$ till ,b4,c4 #cjj1 :5 plebeians 7 all[$ to ent] ! sacr$ colleges4 ,a plebeian became ,pontifex ,maximus1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,b4,c4 #bec4 ,! pontiffs 7,pontifices7 d]iv$ _! "n 7bridge-build]s7 f a bridge ov] ! ,tib]1 :i* x 0 _! duty to build & repair 9 ord] to sacrifice on ei!r bank4 ,!y possess$ ! supreme au?ority 9 all matt]s ( wor%ip1 & decid$ que/ions conc]n+ m>riage1 inh]itance1 public games4 ,! ,flam5s 7 ! prie/s ( p>ticul> deities4 ,! (fice 0 = life1 & !re 7 fifte5 ,flam5s 9 all4 ,! ,flam5 ,dialis1 or prie/ ( ,jupit]1 _h a life burd5$ ) etiquette4 ,he mu/ n take an oa?1 ride1 h any?+ ti$ ) knots on 8 p]son1 see arm$ m51 look at a prison]1 see any "o at "w on a ,fe/a1 t\* a goat1 or dog1 or raw fle%1 or yea/4 ,he mu/ n ba! 9 ! op5 air1 pass a night outside ! city1 & he c\ld only resign 8 (fice on ! dea? ( 8 wife4 ,?is (fice is ,pelasgic1 & v anci5t4 ,! ,salii 7 f e>ly times prie/s ( ,m>s1 :o danc$ 9 armor1 & sang old hymns4 ,! ,lup]ci 7 ano!r body ( prie/s1 also ( v anci5t orig94 ,o!r colleges ( prie/s 7 ! ,epulones1 ,curiones1 ,tities4 ,! ,ve/al virg9s 7 highly honor$ & v sacr$4 ,_! "w 0 to t5d ! fire ( ,ve/a1 & prev5t ! evil om5 ( its ext9ction4 ,!y 7 appo9t$ by ! ,pontifex ,maximus4 ,!y 7 select$ :5 v "y1 & c\ld resign _! (fice aft] ?irty ye>s ( s]vice4 ,!y _h a l>ge rev5ue1 enjoy$ ! highe/ honors1 & to /rike !m 0 a capital (f5ce4 ,if a crim9al ab\t to be execut$ met !m1 8 life 0 sp>$4 ,consuls & prtors mu/ give way to !m 9 ! /reets4 ,!y assi/$ at ! !atres & at all public ent]ta9m5ts4 ,!y c\ld g out to visit & to d9e ) _! relations4 ,_! v pres5ce protect$ any "o f assault1 & _! int]cession mu/ n be neglect$4 ,!y prep>$ ! sacr$ cakes1 took "p 9 _m sacrifices1 & _h ! *>ge ( a holy s]p5t1 keep+ 8 table suppli$ ) meat4 ,! duty ( ! augurs 0 to inquire into ! div9e w2 & !y c\ld prev5t any public bus9ess by decl>+ ! om5s unfavorable4 ,! "n is probably d]iv$ f an old ,aryan ^w1 mean+ sight or eye1 :i* has come to u 9 ! ,greek 1 & ! ,g]man auge4 ,our words auspici\s & auspicate are d]iv$ f ! auspices1 or outlook on nature :i* ^! se]s practis$4 ,= !y 7 9 tru? ! ,roman se]s4 ,_! bus9ess 0 to look1 at midnight1 into ! />ry heav5s2 to obs]ve ?und]1 lightn+1 meteors2 ! *irp+ or fly+ ( birds2 ! habits ( ! sacr$ *ick5s2 ! appe>ance ( quadrup$s2 or casualties ( v>i\s k9ds1 z sneez+1 /umbl+1 spill+ salt or w9e4 ,! la/ relics ( ^! sup]/itions are to be f\nd 9 ! little books sold 9 ,rome1 9 :i* ! =tunate numb] 9 a lott]y is indicat$ by su* accid5ts & ev5ts ( common life4 ,! ,romans1 :5 at pray]1 7 9 ! habit ( cov]+ _! heads1 s t no s\nd ( evil augury might be he>d4 ,! suppliant 0 to kiss 8 "r h&1 & !n turn r\nd 9 a circle & sit d[n4 ,_m =mul ( pray]s 7 prescrib$ to be us$ on all occasions ( life4 ,!y mu/ be repeat$ ?ree times1 at lea/1 to insure success4 ,diff]5t animals 7 sacrific$ to diff]5t gods1--:ite cattle ) gild$ horns to ,jupit]1 a bull to ,apollo1 a horse to ,m>s4 ,sometimes ! numb] ( victims 0 enorm\s4 ,on ,caligula's accession1 "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& victims 7 kill$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,lu/rations 7 great acts ( atonem5t or purification1 & are (t5 describ$ by anci5t writ]s4 ,! city 0 lu/rat$ by a gr& procession ( ! f\r colleges ( ,augurs1 ,pontifices1 ,qu9decemviri1 & ,septemviri4 ,lucan1 9 8 ,ph>salia1 describes su* a lu/ration4#bia ,tacitus gives a l description1 9 8 ,hi/ory1#bib ( ! c]emonies att5d+ ! rebuild+ ! ,capitol4 ,on an auspici\s day1 b5ea? a s]5e sky1 ! gr\nd *os5 = ! f\ndation 0 surr\nd$ ) ribbons & fl[]s4 ,soldi]s1 select$ = _! auspici\s names1 br\ght into ! enclosure bran*es f ! trees sacr$ to ! gods4 ,! ,ve/al virg9s1 foll[$ by a b& ( *ildr51 spr9kl$ ! place ) wat] drawn f ?ree f\nta9s & ?ree riv]s4 ,! prtor & ! pontiff next sacrific$ a sw9e1 a %eep1 & a bull1 & bes\ght ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va to favor ! und]tak+4 ,! magi/rates1 prie/s1 s5ators1 & knights !n drew ! corn]-/one to its place1 ?r[+ 9 +ots ( gold & silv]4 ,! ,romans1 ev] anxi\s ab\t ! w ( ! gods1 naturaliz$ among !mselves ! ,etruscan in/itution ( ! ,h>uspices4 ,! prodigies obs]v$ 7 9 ! entrails ( animals & ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,! p>ts ( ! entrails obs]v$ 7 ! tongue1 lungs1 he>t1 liv]1 gall bladd]1 sple51 kidneys1 & caul4 ,if ! head ( ! "r lobe ( ! liv] 0 abs5t1 x 0 consid]$ a v bad om54 ,if c]ta9 fissures exi/$1 or 7 abs5t1 x 0 a port5t ( ! fir/ importance4 ,b ! ,romans 7 a v practical p1 & n easily det]r$ f _! purpose4 ,s if "o sacrifice fail$ !y w\ld try ano!r & ano!r1 until ! port5ts 7 favorable4 ,b sceptical p]sons 7 naturally l$ to ask "s puzzl+ que/ions1 su* z ^!1 :i* ,cic]o puts 9 8 "w on ,div9ation3#bic ,h[ c a cleft 9 a liv] be connect$1 by any natural law1 ) my acquisition ( a prop]ty8 ,if x is s connect$1 :at w\ld be ! result1 if "s "o else1 :o 0 ab\t to lose 8 prop]ty1 _h exam9$ ! same victim8 ,if y answ] t ! div9e en]gy1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! univ]se1 directs ea* man 9 ! *oice ( a victim1 !n h[ happ5s x t a man hav+ fir/ _h an unfavorable om51 by try+ aga9 %\ld get a good "o8 ,h[ happ5s x t a sacrifice to "o deity gives a favorable sign1 & t to ano!r ! opposite8 ,b ^! criticisms only arriv$ aft] ! old ,roman fai? _h begun to decl9e4 ,fun]al solemnities 7 held ) great c>e & pomp1 & fe/ivals = ! dead 7 regul>ly celebrat$4 ,! dead fa!r or "m 0 acc\nt$ a god1 & yet a c]ta9 t]ror ( ance/ral spectres 0 %[n by a practice ( driv+ !m out ( ! h\se by lu/rations4 ,= x 0 unc]ta9 :e!r ! pat]nal ,manes 7 good spirits1 ,l>es1 or evil spirits1 & ,lemures4 ,consequ5tly 9 ,may !re 0 ! ,lemuria1 or fea/ = exorcis+ ! evil spirits f h\ses & homes1 conduct$ ) great solemnity4 #d4 ,! ,decay ( ! ,roman ,religion4 ,! m di/+ui%$ a ,roman became1 says ,momms51 ! less 0 he a free man4 ,! omnipot5ce ( law1 ! despotism ( ! rule1 drove him into a n>r[ circle ( ?\ght & action1 & 8 cr$it & influ5ce dep5d$ on ! sad au/]ity ( 8 life4 ,! :ole duty ( man1 ) ! humble/ & greate/ ( ! ,romans1 0 to keep 8 h\se 9 ord]1 & be ! ob$i5t s]vant ( ! /ate4 ,:ile ea* individual c\ld be no?+ m ?an a memb] ( ! community1 a s+le l9k 9 ! iron *a9 ( ,roman p[]2 he1 on ! o!r h&1 %>$ ! glory & might ( all-conqu]+ ,rome4 ,nev] 0 su* esprit de corps develop$1 nev] su* int5se patriotism1 nev] su* absolute subs]vi5ce & sacrifice ( ! individual to ! community4 ,b z man is manifold & _c be =ev] conf9$ to a s+le =m ( life1 a reaction aga9/ ?is n>r[ patriotism 0 to be expect$ 9 ! int]e/ ( p]sonal fre$om1 & x came v naturally f ,greek influ5ces4 ,! ,roman c\ld n contemplate ! exub]ant developm5t ( ,greek ?\ght1 art1 lit]ature1 society1 )\t bitt]ly feel+ h[ conf9$ 0 8 own range1 h[ meagre & empty 8 own life4 ,h5ce1 v e>ly1 ,roman society began to be ,hell5iz$1 b especially aft] ! unification ( ,italy4 ,to quote ,momms5 once m3 ,! ,greek civilization 0 gr&ly human & cosmopolitan2 & ,rome n only 0 /imulat$ by ?is influ5ce1 b 0 p5etrat$ by x to its v c5tre4 ,ev5 9 politics !re 0 a new s*ool1 ^: fix$ idea 0 ! consolidation & propag&ism ( republicanism2 b ?is ,philhell5ism %[$ itself especially 9 ! realm ( ?\ght & fai?4 ,z ! old fai? di$1 m c]emonies 7 add$2 = z life goes out1 =ms come 94 ,z ! w9t] ( unbelief l[]s ! /ream ( piety1 ! ice ( ritualism accumulates along its banks4 ,9 addition to ! ?ree colleges ( ,pontiffs1 ,h>uspices1 & ,qu9decemviri1 ano!r ( ,epulones1 ^: bus9ess 0 to att5d to ! religi\s fea/s1 0 in/itut$ 9 ,a4,u4 #eeh 7,b4,c4 #aif74 ,contributions & ti!s ( all sorts 7 dem&$ f ! p4 ,h]cules1 especially1 z is m ?an once intimat$ 9 ! plays ( ,plautus1 became v ri* by 8 ti!s4#bid ,religion became m & m a *>m1 on ! exact p]=mance ( :i* ! favor ( ! gods dep5d$2 s t c]emonies 7 sometimes p]=m$ ?irty times be=e ! ess5tial accuracy 0 atta9$4 ,! gods 7 n[ *ang$1 9 ! h&s ( ,greek /atu>ies1 into ornam5ts = a ri* man's home4 ,greek my?s 7 import$ & connect$ ) ! /ory ( ,roman deities1 z ,ennius made ,saturn ! son ( ,coelus1 9 imitation ( ! g5ealogy ( ,kronos4 ,t =m ( rationalism call$ ,euhem]ism1 :i* expla9s e god into a my?ical k+ or h]o1 became popul>4 ,s1 too1 0 ! doctr9e ( ,epi*>mos1 :o consid]$ ! div9ities z p[]s ( nature symboliz$4 ,accord+ to ! usual c\rse ( ev5ts1 sup]/ition & unbelief w5t h& 9 h&4 ,z ! old fai? di$ out1 new =ms ( wor%ip1 l ^? ( ,cybele & ,bac*us1 came 94 ,/]n cons]vatives l ,cato oppos$ all ^! innovations & scepticisms1 b ineffectually4 ,gibbon says t ! admirable "w ( ,cic]o1',de ,natur ,deorum1' is ! be/ clew we h to guide u ?r\gh ?is d>k abyss 7! moral & religi\s tea*+s ( ! philosoph]s74#bie ,aft]1 9 ! fir/ two books1 ! argum5ts = ! exi/5ce & provid5ce ( ! gods h be5 set =? & d5i$1 by ,velleius ! ,epicurean1 ,cotta ! academician1 & ,balbus ! ,/oic2 9 ! ?ird book1 ,cotta1 ! head ( ! prie/hood1 ! ,pontifex ,maximus1 proce$s to refute ! /oical op9ion t !re are gods :o gov]n ! univ]se & provide = ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,to be sure1 he says1 z ,pontifex1 he ( c\rse believes 9 ! gods1 b he feels free z a philosoph] to d5y _! exi/5ce4 ,i believe 9 ! gods1 says he1 on ! au?ority & tradition ( our ance/ors2 b if we reason1 ,i %all reason aga9/ _! exi/5ce4 ,( c\rse1 he says1 ,i believe 9 div9ation1 z ,i h always be5 taught to d4 ,b :o kn[s :5ce x comes8 ,z to ! voice ( ! ,fauns1 ,i nev] he>d x2 & ,i d n "k :at a ,faun is4 ,y say t ! regul> c\rse ( nature proves ! exi/5ce ( "s ord]+ p[]4 ,b :at m regul> ?an a t]tian or qu>tan fev]8 ,! _w subsi/s by ! p[] ( nature4 ,cotta goes on to criticise ! ,roman pan!on1 ridicul+ ! idea ( su* gods z ,love1 ,deceit1 ,fe>1 ,labor1 ,envy1 ,old ,age1 ,dea?1 ,d>kness1 ,mis]y1 ,lam5tation1 ,favor1 ,fraud1 ,ob/9acy1 etc4 ,he %[s t !re are _m gods ( ! same "n2 sev]al ,jupit]s1 ,vulcans1 ,apollos1 & ,v5uses4 ,he !n d5ies provid5ce1 by %[+ t ! wick$ succe$ & ! good are un=tunate4 ,f9ally1 all 0 left 9 d\bt1 & ! dialogue ends ) a tone ( triumphant unc]ta9ty4 ,?is 0 ,cic]o's contribution to !ology2 & ,cic]o 0 f> m religi\s ?an mo/ m5 ( 8 p]iod4 ,_m writ]s1 & m rec5tly ,m]ivale1#bif h ref]r$ to ! rem>kable debate :i* took place 9 ! ,roman ,s5ate1 on ! occasion ( ,catil9e's conspiracy4 ,cs>1 at t "t *ief pontiff1 ! highe/ religi\s au?ority 9 ! /ate1 gave 8 op9ion aga9/ putt+ ! conspirators to dea?2 = dea?1 says he1 is ! end ( all suff]+4 ,aft] dea? !re is nei!r pa9 nor pleasure 7ultra neque cur1 neque gaudii locum74 ,cato1 ! ,/oic1 rem>k$ t ,cs> _h spok5 well conc]n+ life & dea?4 ,i take x1 says he1 t he reg>ds z false :at we are told ab\t ! suff]+s ( ! wick$ h]eaft]1 b does n object to t /atem5t4 ,^! spee*es are report$ by ,sallu/1 & are confirm$ by ,cic]o's f\r? ,catil9e ,oration4 ,! rem>kable fact is1 n t su* ?+s 7 said1 b t !y 7 he>d ) total indiff]5ce4 ,no "o seem$ to ?9k x 0 ( any consequ5ce "o way or ! o!r4 ,suppose t :5 ! "q ( ! execution ( ,*>les ,i4 0 be=e ,p>liam5t1 x _h be5 oppos$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 7_h he be5 !re7 on ! gr\nd t aft] dea? all pa9 & pleasure ceas$4 ,! absurdity ( ! supposition %[s ! diff]5t position ( ! human m9d at ! two epo*s4 ,9 fact1 an impassable gulf yawn$ betwe5 ! old ,roman religion & mod]n ,roman ?\ght4 ,x 0 out ( ! "q = an educat$ ,roman1 :o read ,plato & ,z5o1 :o li/5$ to ,cic]o & ,hort5sius1 to believe 9 ,janus & ! ,p5ates4 ,all v well = ! p1 said !y4 ,! p mu/ be kept 9 ord] by ^! sup]/itions4#big ,b ! secret c\ld n be kept4 ,s9c]e m51 l ,lucretius1 :o saw all ! evil ( ^! sup]/itions1 & :o _h no /rong religi\s s5se1 w\ld speak out1 & proclaim all religion to be prie/craft & an unmitigat$ evil4 ,! poem ( ,lucretius1 ,de ,r]um ,natur1 decl>es fai? 9 ! gods to h be5 ! curse ( ! human race1 & immortality to be a silly delusion4 ,he d5ies ! gods1 provid5ce1 ! human s\l1 & any moral purpose 9 ! univ]se4 ,b z religion is an in/9ct1 :i* w break out 9 "s =m1 & :5 expell$ f ! s\l returns 9 disguise1 ,lucretius1 d5y+ all ! gods1 p\rs out a lovely hymn to ,v5us1 goddess ( beauty & love4 ,! la/ philosophic prote/1 9 behalf ( a pure & au?oritative fai?1 came f ! ,/oics4 ,! names ( ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,aurelius ,anton9us gave dignity1 if !y c\ld n br+ safety1 to ! decl9+ religion ( ,rome4 ,s5eca1 inde$1 0 inf]ior to ! o!r two 9 p]sonal "*1 & 0 m ( a rhetorician ?an a philosoph]4 ,b noble ?\ghts occur 9 8 writ+s4 ,a sacr$ _s sits 9 e he>t1 he says1 & treats u z we treat x4 ,he oppos$ idolatry1 he condemn$ animal sacrifices4 ,! moral elem5t is v m>k$ 9 8 brilliant pages4 ,philosophy1 he says1 is an ef=t to be wise & good4#bih ,physical /udies he condemns z useless4#bii ,goodness is t :i* h>monizes ) ! natural movem5ts ( ! s\l4#cjj ,god & matt] are ! two pr9ciples ( all be+2 ,god is ! active pr9ciple1 matt] ! passive4 ,god is _s1 & all s\ls are "p ( ?is _s4#cja ,reason is ! bond :i* unites ,god & o!r s\ls1 & s ,god dwells 9 all s\ls4#cjb ,"o ( ! be/ say+s ( ,epictetus is t ! wise man does n m]ely "k by tradition & he>say t ,jupit] is ! fa!r ( gods & m52 b is inw>dly conv9c$ ( x 9 8 s\l1 & !re=e _c help act+ & feel+ accord+ to ?is conviction4#cjc ,epictetus decl>$ t ! philosoph] c\ld h no w b t ( ! deity2 he nev] blames fate or =tune1 = he kn[s t no real evil c befall ! j man4 ,! life ( ,epictetus 0 z true z 8 ?\ghts 7 noble1 b he _h fall5 on an evil age1 :i* ne$$ = its re=m1 n a new philosophy1 b a new inspiration ( div9e life4 ,?is /eady curr5t d[nw>d d>k5$ ! pure s\l ( ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us1 ( :om ,niebuhr says1#cjd ,if !re is any sublime human virtue1 x is 84 ,he adds3 ,he 0 c]ta9ly ! noble/ "* ( 8 "t2 & ,i "k no o!r man :o comb9$ su* unaffect$ k9dness1 mildness1 & humility ) su* consci5ti\sness & sev]ity t[>ds himself4 ,if !re is any:]e an expression ( virtue1 x is 9 ! heav5ly features ( ,m4 ,aurelius4 ,8 ',m$itations' are a gold5 book1 ?\gh !re are ?+s 9 x :i* _c be read )\t deep grief1 = !re we f9d ?is pure/ ( m5 )\t happ9ess4 ,?\gh absolute mon>* ( ! ,empire1 & ri* 9 ! univ]sal love ( 8 p1 he 0 n p[]ful en\gh to resi/ ! /eady t5d5cy to decay 9 society4 ,nor did he "k t ! p[] t 0 to r5ew ! life ( ! _w 0 already pres5t 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,he himself 0 9 s\l almo/ a ,*ri/ian1 ?\gh he did n "k x1 & ?\gh ! ,*ri/ian elem5t ( fai? & hope 0 want+4 ,b he express$ a ?\ght wor?y ( ! ,gospel1 :5 he said3 ,! man ( discipl9$ m9d rev]5tly bids ,nature1 :o be/[s all ?+s & resumes !m aga9 to h]self1 ',give :at ?\ wilt1 & take :at ?\ wilt4'#cje ,al?\gh we h se5 t ,s5eca speaks ( a sacr$1 _s :i* dwells 9 u1 o!r passages 9 8 works 7quot$ by ,zell]7 %[ t he 01 l o!r ,/oics1 a pan!i/1 & meant ! s\l ( ! _w4 ,he says 7,nat4 ,qu41 ,,ii4 #de1 & ,prolog4 #ac73 ,w y call ,god ! _w8 ,y may d s )\t mi/ake4 ,= he is all t y see ar\nd y4 ,:at is ,god8 ,! m9d ( ! univ]se4 ,:at is ,god8 ,all t y see1 & all t y d n see4#cjf ,x 0 n philosophy :i* de/roy$ religion 9 ,rome4 ,philosophy1 no d\bt1 weak5$ fai? 9 ! national gods1 & made ! national wor%ip seem absurd4 ,b x 0 ! g5]al t5d5cy d[nw>d2 x 0 ! loss ( ! old ,roman simplicity & purity2 x 0 ! curse ( ,cs>ism1 :i*1 de/roy+ all o!r human life1 de/roy$ also ! life ( religion4 ,:at x came to at la/1 9 well-end[$ m9ds1 may be se5 9 ?is extract f ! eld] ,pl9y3-- ,all religion is ! (fspr+ ( necessity1 weakness1 & fe>4 ,:at ,god is1 if 9 tru? he be any?+ di/9ct f ! _w1 x is beyond ! compass ( man's und]/&+ to "k4 ,b x is a fooli% delusion1 :i* has sprung f human weakness & human pride1 to imag9e t su* an inf9ite _s w\ld conc]n himself ) ! petty affairs ( m54 ,x is difficult to say1 :e!r x might n be bett] = m5 to be :olly )\t religion1 ?an to h "o ( ?is k9d1 :i* is a reproa* to its object4 ,! vanity ( man1 & 8 insatiable long+ aft] exi/5ce1 h l$ him also to dream ( a life aft] dea?4 ,a be+ full ( contradictions1 he is ! mo/ wret*$ ( creatures2 s9ce ! o!r creatures h no wants transc5d+ ! b\nds ( _! nature4 ,man is full ( desires & wants t rea* to inf9ity1 & c nev] be satisfi$4 ,8 nature is a lie1 unit+ ! greate/ pov]ty ) ! greate/ pride4 ,among ^! s great evils1 ! be/ ?+ ,god has be/[$ on man is ! p[] to take 8 own life4#cjg ,! sy/em ( ! ,/oics 0 exactly adapt$ to ! ,roman "*2 b1 naturally1 x exagg]at$ its faults in/ead ( correct+ !m4 ,x supplant$ all o!r sy/ems 9 ! e/eem ( lead+ m9ds2 b ! n>r[ness ( ! ,roman intellect react$ on ! philosophy1 & made t mu* m n>r[ ?an x 0 9 ! ,greek ?\ght4 ,x became simple e?ics1 omitt+ bo? ! physical & metaphysical side4 ,turn+ to lit]ature1 we f9d 9 ,horace a gay epicureanism1 :i* always says3 ,enjoy ?is life1 = x w be soon ov]1 & aft] dea? !re is no?+ left = u4 ,virgil tells u t ^? are happy :o "k ! causes ( ?+s1 & s escape ! t]rors ( ,a*]on4 ,! s]i\s ,tacitus1 a man always 9 e>ne/1 a p5etrat+ m9d1 is by ,buns5 call$ ! la/ ,roman prophet1 b a prophet ( dea? & judgm5t4 ,he saw t ,rome ha/5$ to ru91 & t ,cs>ism 0 an unmix$ evil1 b an evil n to be rem$i$4#cjh ,he decl>es t ! gods _h to m+le 9 ,roman affairs z protectors2 !y n[ appe>$ only = v5geance4#cji ,tacitus 9 "o passage speaks ( human fre$om z sup]ior to fate1#caj b 9 ano!r expresses 8 unc]ta9ty on ! :ole "q4#caa ,equally unc]ta9 0 he conc]n+ ! future life1 ?\gh incl9$ to believe t ! s\l is n ext+ui%$ ) ! body4#cab ,b ! tone ( ! sepul*ral monum5ts ( t p]iod is n s hopeful4 ,"h are "s :i* are quot$ by ,dll+]1#cac f ,muratori & ,fabretti3 ,read]1 enjoy ?y life2 =1 aft] dea?1 !re is nei!r laught] nor play1 nor any k9d ( enjoym5t4 ,fri5d1 ,i advise !e to mix a goblet ( w9e & dr9k1 cr[n+ ?y head ) fl[]s4 ,e>? & fire consume all t rema9s at dea?4 ,pilgrim1 /op & li/54 ,9 ,hades is no boat & no ,*>on2 no ,eacus & no ,c]b]us4 ,once dead1 we are all alike4 ,ano!r says3 ,hold all a mock]y1 read]2 no?+ is our own4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s end$ ! ,roman religion2 9 sup]/ition among ! ignorant1 9 unbelief among ! wise4 ,x 0 "t t some?+ %\ld come to r5ew hope4 ,?is 0 ! gift :i* ! ,gospel br\ght to ! ,romans1--hope = "t1 hope beyond "t4 ,?is 0 ! pray] = ! ,romans ( ! ,apo/le ,paul3 ,n[ ! ,god ( hope fill y ) all joy & peace 9 believ+1 t ye may ab\nd 9 hope1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/4#cad ,a rem>kable fact1 t a ,jewi% writ] %\ld exhort ,romans to hope & c\rage6 #e4 ,relation ( ! ,roman ,religion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! idea ( ,rome is law1 t ( ,*ri/ianity is love4 ,9 ,roman wor%ip law took ! =m ( iron rules2 9 ,roman !ology x appe>$ z a /]n fate2 9 bo? z a slav]y4 ,*ri/ianity came z fre$om1 9 a wor%ip free f =ms1 9 a view ( ,god :i* left fre$om to man4 ,*ri/ianity came to ! ,roman _w1 n z a new !ory1 b z a new life4 ,z1 dur+ ! e>ly spr+1 ! p[] ( ! return+ sun p5etrates ! soil1 sil5tly t\*+ ! spr+s ( life2 s ,*ri/ianity dur+ two hundr$ ye>s mov$ sil5tly 9 ! he>t ( ,roman society1 creat+ a new fai?1 hope1 & love4 ,& z1 at la/1 9 ! spr+ ! grass %oots1 ! buds op51 ! leaves appe>1 ! fl[]s bloom2 s1 at la/1 ,*ri/ianity1 long work+ 9 sil5ce & %ad[1 sudd5ly became app>5t1 & %[$ t x _h be5 trans=m+ ! :ole tone & temp] ( ,roman civilization4 ,b :]ev] !re is action !re is also reaction1 & no p[] or =ce c :olly escape ?is law4 ,s ,roman ?\ght1 act$ on by ,*ri/ianity1 react$ & modifi$ 9 _m respects ! ,gospel4 ,n always 9 a bad way1 sometimes x help$ its developm5ts4 ,= ! ,provid5ce :i* made ! ,gospel = ! ,romans made ! ,romans = ! ,gospel4 ,! great legacy bequea!d to mank9d by anci5t ,rome 0 law4 ,o!r nations1 x is true1 _h codes ( law1 l ! ,in/itutes ( ,manu 9 ,india1 or ! jurisprud5ce ( ,solon & ! enactm5ts ( ,lycurgus4 ,b ,roman law f ! beg9n+ 0 sanctifi$ by ! conviction t x 0 f\nd$ on ju/ice1 & n m]ely on exp$i5cy or prud5ce4 ,9 submitt+ to ! laws1 ev5 :5 !y 7 cruel & oppressive1 ! ,roman 0 obey+1 n =ce1 b consci5ce4 ,! view :i* ,plato gave z an ideal 9 ,crito 0 realiz$ 9 ,roman society f ! fir/4 ,consid] ! cruel enactm5ts :i* made ! debtors ! slaves ( ! cr$itor1 & ! fact t :5 ! plebeians 7 gr\nd to ! e>? by t oppression1 !y did n attempt to resi/ ! law1 b 9 _! despair fl$ f _! homes1 beyond ! jurisdiction ( ,rome1 to e/abli% a new city :]e ^! enactm5ts c\ld n rea* !m4 ,only :5 ! laws are ?us en=c$ by ! public consci5ce z some?+ sacr$1 does society become possible2 & ?is s5se ( ! div9ity :i* h$ges a code ( laws has be5 transmitt$ f anci5t ,rome into ! civilization ( ,europe4 ,cic]o1 9 8 admirable treatise on ! laws1 :i* un=tunately we h 9 an imp]fect condition1 devotes ! :ole ( ! fir/ book to e/abli%+ et]nal ju/ice z ! basis ( all jurisprud5ce4 ,no bett] text-book c\ld h be5 f\nd = ! def5ce ( :at 0 call$ ! high] law1 9 ! great ,am]ican antislav]y /ruggle1 ?an ?is "w ( ,cic]o4 ,let u e/abli%1 he says1 ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice on t supreme law :i* has exi/$ f all ages be=e any legislative enactm5ts 7 writt51 or any political gov]nm5ts =m$4 ,among all que/ions1 !re is none m important to und]/& ?an ?is1 t man is born = ju/ice2 & t law & equity h n be5 e/abli%$ by op9ion1 b by nature4 ,x is an absurd extravagance 9 "s philosoph]s to ass]t t all ?+s are necess>ily j :i* are e/abli%$ by ! laws & in/itutions ( nations4 ,ju/ice does n consi/ 9 submission to writt5 laws4 ,if ! w ( ! p1 ! decrees ( ! s5ate1 ! decisions ( magi/rates1 7 suffici5t to e/abli% rights1 !n x might become "r to rob1 to commit adult]y1 to =ge wills1 if ?is 0 sanction$ by ! votes or decrees ( ! majority4 ,! sum ( all is1 t :at is "r %\ld be s\ght = its own sake1 because x is "r1 & n because x is enact$4 ,law appe>s f ! v beg9n+s ( ! ,roman /ate4 ,! olde/ traditions make ,romulus1 ,numa1 & ,s]vius to be legislators4 ,f t "t1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s1 ,rome 0 gov]n$ by laws4 ,ev5 ! despotism ( ! ,cs>s did n int]f]e ) ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( ! laws 9 civil affairs2 = ! "o-man p[]1 ?\gh x may corrupt & degrade a /ate1 does n imm$iately & directly affect _m p]sons 9 _! private lives4 ,law cont9u$ to rule 9 common affairs1 & ?is legacy ( a society organiz$ by law 0 ! gift ( ,rome to mod]n ,europe4 ,h[ great a bless+ x has be5 may be se5 by comp>+ ! wor/ ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t ) ! be/ ( ! despotic gov]nm5ts ( ,asia4 ,mohamm$an society is rul$ by a hi]>*y ( tyranny1 ea* little tyrant be+ 9 turn ! victim ( ! "o above him4 ,! feudal sy/em1 introduc$ by ! ,teutonic races1 attempt$ to organize ,europe on ! basis ( milit>y despotism2 b ,roman law 0 too /rong = feudal law1 & happily = mank9d ov]came x & at la/ expell$ x4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 its ready hospitality = all ! tru? & good :i* x enc\nt]s1 accept$ ,roman jurisprud5ce & gave to x a new lease ( life4#cae ,*ri/ian emp]ors & ,*ri/ian lawy]s codifi$ ! long l9e ( decrees & enactm5ts rea*+ back to ! ,twelve ,tables1 & e/abli%$ !m z ! laws ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,b ! _s ( ,roman law act$ on ,*ri/ianity 9 a m subtle mann]4 ,x reproduc$ ! organic "* ( ! ,roman /ate 9 ! ,we/]n ,lat9 ,*ur*1 & x reproduc$ ! s\l ( ,roman law 9 ! ,we/]n ,lat9 !ology4 ,x has n always be5 suffici5tly consid]$ h[ mu* ! ,lat9 ,*ur* 0 a reproduction1 on a high] plane1 ( ! old ,roman ,commonweal?4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,roman ,ca?olic c]emonies & ^? ( ,pagan ,rome has be5 (t5 notic$4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* has borr[$ f ,paganism sa9ts' days1 inc5se1 lu/rations1 consecrations ( sacr$ places1 votive-(f]+s1 relics2 w9k+1 nodd+1 sweat+1 & ble$+ images2 holy wat]1 ve/m5ts1 etc4 ,b ! ,*ur* ( ,rome itself1 9 its c5tral idea ( au?ority1 is a reproduction ( ! ,roman /ate religion1 :i* 0 a "p ( ! ,roman /ate4 ,! ,ea/]n *ur*es 7 sac]dotal & religi\s2 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome add$ to ^! elem5ts t ( an organiz$ political au?ority4 ,x 0 ! resurrection ( ,rome1--,roman ideas ris+ into a high] life4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 at fir/ an ari/ocratic republic1 l ! ,roman /ate1 aft]w>ds became1 l ! ,roman /ate1 a disguis$ despotism4 ,! ,papal ,*ur* is !re=e a legacy ( anci5t ,rome4#caf ,& j z ! ,roman /ate 0 fir/ a help & !n a h9drance to ! progress ( humanity1 s x has be5 ) ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,anci5t ,rome gradually b\nd toge!r into a va/ political unity ! divid$ tribes & /ates ( ,europe1 & s infus$ into !m ! civilization :i* %e _h develop$ or receiv$4 ,& s ! ,papal ,*ur* unit$ ,europe aga91 & once m p]meat$ x ) ! elem5ts ( law1 ( ord]1 ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,all intellig5t ,prote/ants admit ! good done 9 ?is way by ! m$ival *ur*4 ,= example1 ,milman#cag says1 speak+ ( ,gregory ! ,great & 8 "w1 t x 0 necess>y t !re %\ld be "s c5tral p[] l ! ,papacy to resi/ ! dissolution ( society at ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! life & dea? ( ,*ri/ianity dep5d$1 he says1 on ! rise ( su* a p[]4 ,x is impossible to conceive :at _h be5 ! confusion1 ! lawlessness1 ! *aotic /ate ( ! ,middle ,ages1 )\t ! m$ival ,papacy4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ,rome _h infus$ into ! m9ds ( ,we/]n nations a conviction ( ! importance ( c5tralization 9 ord] to union4 ,f ,rome1 z a c5tre1 _h proce$$ gov]nm5t1 law1 civilization4 ,*ri/ianity !re=e seem$ to ne$ a l c5tre1 9 ord] to reta9 its unity4 ,h5ce ! supremacy e>ly yield$ to ! ,bi%op ( ,rome4 ,8 primacy 0 accept$1 because x 0 useful4 ,! ,papal ,*ur* w\ld nev] h exi/$1 if ,rome & its organiz+ ideas _h n exi/$ be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 born4 ,9 l mann] ! ideas develop$ 9 ! ,roman m9d det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ,we/]n !ology1 z diff]+ f t ( ! ,ea/4 ,x is well kn[n t ,ea/]n !ological speculation 0 occupi$ ) ! nature ( ,god & ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 b t ,we/]n !ology discuss$ s9 & salvation4 ,mr4 ,ma9e1 9 8 "w on ,anci5t ,law1 consid]s ?is diff]5ce to h be5 occasion$ by habits ( ?\ght produc$ by ,roman jurisprud5ce4 ,i quote 8 language at "s l5g?3-- ,:at has to be det]m9$ is :e!r jurisprud5ce has ev] s]v$ z ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !ological pr9ciples h be5 view$2 :e!r1 by supply+ a peculi> language1 a peculi> mode ( reason+1 & a peculi> solution ( _m ( ! problems ( life1 x has ev] op5$ new *annels 9 :i* !ological speculation c\ld fl[ out & exp& itself4 ,on all que/ions1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,ma9e1 quot+ ,dean ,milman1 :i* conc]n$ ! p]son ( ,*ri/ & ! nature ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,we/]n _w accept$ passively ! dogmatic sy/em ( ! ,ea/4 ,b z soon z ! ,lat9-speak+ empire began to live an intellectual life ( its own1 its def]5ce to ! ,ea/ 0 at once ex*ang$ = ! agitation ( a numb] ( que/ions entirely =eign to ,ea/]n speculation4 ,! nature ( s9 & its transmission by inh]itance1 ! debt ow$ by man & its vic>i\s satisfaction1 & l !ological problems1 relat+ n to ! div9ity b to human nature1 imm$iately began to be agitat$4 ,i affirm1 says ,mr4 ,ma9e1 )\t hesitation1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two !ological sy/ems is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t1 9 pass+ f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/1 !ological speculation _h pass$ f a climate ( ,greek metaphysics to a climate ( ,roman law4 ,= "s c5turies be=e ^! controv]sies rose into ov]:elm+ importance1 all ! intellectual activity ( ! ,we/]n ,romans _h be5 exp5d$ on jurisprud5ce exclusively4 ,!y _h be5 occupi$ 9 apply+ a peculi> set ( pr9ciples to all comb9ations 9 :i* ! circum/ances ( life are capable ( be+ arrang$4 ,no =eign pursuit or ta/e call$ (f _! att5tion f ?is engross+ occupation1 & = c>ry+ x on !y possess$ a vocabul>y z accurate z x 0 copi\s1 a /rict me?od ( reason+1 a /ock ( g5]al propositions on conduct m or less v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 & a rigid moral philosophy4 ,x 0 impossible t !y %\ld n select f ! que/ions indicat$ by ! ,*ri/ian records ^? :i* _h "s aff9ity ) ! ord] ( speculations to :i* !y 7 accu/om$1 & t _! mann] ( deal+ ) !m %\ld n borr[ some?+ f _! =5sic habits4 ,almo/ e "o :o has k en\gh ( ,roman law to appreciate ! ,roman p5al sy/em1 ! ,roman !ory ( ! obligations e/abli%$ by contract or delict1 ! ,roman view ( debts1 etc41 ! ,roman notion ( ! cont9uance ( individual exi/5ce by univ]sal succession1 may be tru/$ to say :5ce arose ! frame ( m9d to :i* ! problems ( ,we/]n !ology prov$ s cong5ial1 :5ce came ! phraseology 9 :i* ^! problems 7 /at$1 & :5ce ! description ( reason+ employ$ 9 _! solution4 ,z soon z !y 7! ,we/]n ,*ur*7 ceas$ to sit at ! feet ( ! ,greeks & began to pond] out a !ology ( _! own1 ! !ology prov$ to be p]meat$ ) =5sic ideas & c\*$ 9 a =5sic phraseology4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is sub/ratum ( law 9 ,we/]n !ology lies exce$+ly deep4#cah ,! !ory ( ! atonem5t1 develop$ by ! s*ola/ic writ]s1 illu/rates ?is view4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 = a ?\s& ye>s1 ! aton+ "w ( ,*ri/ _h be5 view$ ma9ly z r$emption1 z a ransom paid to obta9 ! fre$om ( mank9d1 enslav$ by ! ,devil 9 consequ5ce ( _! s9s4 ,x 0 n a legal !ory1 or "o bas$ on notions ( jurisprud5ce1 b x 0 f\nd$ on w>like notions4 ,m5 7 captives tak5 9 w>1 &1 l all captives 9 ^? times1 de/9$ to slav]y4 ,_! captor 0 ,satan1 & ! ransom mu/ be paid to him1 z he held !m prison]s by ! law ( battle4 ,n[ z ,*ri/ _h committ$ no s91 ! ,devil _h no j p[] ov] him2 9 putt+ ,*ri/ to dea? he _h lo/ 8 rights ov] 8 o!r captives1 & ,*ri/ c\ld ju/ly claim _! fre$om z a comp5sation = ?is injury4 ,*ri/1 !re=e1 /rictly & lit]ally1 accord+ to ! anci5t view1 gave 8 life a ransom = _m4 ,b ! m9d ( ,anselm1 educat$ by notions d]iv$ f ,roman jurisprud5ce1 sub/itut$ = ?is orig9al !ory ( ! atonem5t "o bas$ ^u legal ideas4 ,all1 9 ?is !ory1 turns on ! law ( debt & p5alty4 ,s9 he def9es z n pay+ to ,god :at we owe him4#cai ,b we owe ,god con/ant & entire ob$i5ce1 & e s9 des]ves ei!r p5alty or satisfaction4 ,we are unable to make x good1 = at e mom5t we owe ,god all t we c d4 ,*ri/1 z ,god-man1 c satisfy ,god = our omissions2 8 dea?1 z (f]$ freely1 :5 he did n des]ve dea? on acc\nt ( any s9 ( 8 own1 is suffici5t satisfaction4 ,x w easily be se5 h[ entirely ?is argum5t has sub/itut$ a legal basis = ! atonem5t 9 place ( ! old w>like f\ndation4 ,?is1 !re=e1 has be5 ! legacy ( anci5t ,rome to ,*ri/ianity3 fir/ly1 ! organization ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*2 secondly1 ! s*ola/ic !ology1 f\nd$ on notions ( jurisprud5ce introduc$ into man's relations to ,god4 ,9 turn1 ,*ri/ianity has be/[$ on ,we/]n ,europe :at ! old ,romans nev] knew1--a religion ( love & inspiration4 ,9 place ( ! h>d & cold ,roman life1 mod]n ,europe has s5tim5t & he>t unit$ ) ?\ght & =ce4 ,) ,roman /r5g? x has jo9$ a ,*ri/ian t5d]ness1 romance1 & p]sonal fre$om4 ,humanity n[ is great] ?an ! social organization2 ! /ate1 accord+ to our view1 is made = man1 n man = ! /ate4 ,we are outgr[+ ! h>d & dry !ology :i* we h inh]it$ f ,roman law ?r\gh ! s*ola/ic tea*]s2 b we %all n outgr[ our inh]itance f ,rome ( unity 9 ! ,*ur*1 def9ite ?\ght 9 our !ology1 & society organiz$ by law4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,teutonic & ,sc&9avian ,religion4 #a4 ,! ,l& & ! ,race4 #b4 ,idea ( ! ,sc&9avian ,religion4 #c4 ,! ,eddas & _! ,cont5ts4 #d4 ,! ,gods ( ,sc&9avia4 #e4 ,resemblance ( ! ,sc&9avian ,my?ology to t ( ,zoroa/]4 #f4 ,sc&9avian ,wor%ip4 #g4 ,social ,"*1 ,m>itime ,discov]ies1 & ,political ,in/itutions ( ! ,sc&9avians4 #h4 ,relation ( ?is ,sy/em to ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,! ,l& & ! ,race4 ,! great ,teutonic or ,g]man division ( ! ,indo-,european family ent]$ ,europe subsequ5tly to ! ,keltic tribes1 & be=e ! ,slavic immigration4 ,?is p ov]spread & occupi$ a l>ge "p ( ,nor!rn ,c5tral ,europe1 f :i* ! attempts ( ! ,romans to dispossess !m prov$ futile4 ,( _! e>ly hi/ory we "k v little4 ,bi%op ,p]cy contra/s _! love ( mak+ records1 z %[n by ! ,runic inscriptions1 ) ! ,keltic law ( secrecy4 ,! ,druids =bade any communication ( _! my/]ies by writ+2 b ! ,g]man ,scalds put all _! belief into popul> songs1 & rev]5c$ lit]ature z a gift ( ! gods4 ,yet we h receiv$ v little in=mation conc]n+ ^! tribes be=e ! days ( ,cs> & ,tacitus4 ,cs> describes !m z w>like1 huge 9 /ature2 hav+ rev]5ce = wom51 :o 7 _! augurs & div9]s2 wor%ipp+ ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & ,fire2 hav+ no regul> prie/s1 & pay+ little reg>d to sacrifices4 ,he says t !y occupi$ _! lives 9 hunt+ & w>1 devot+ !mselves f *ildhood to sev]e labors4 ,!y rev]5c$ *a/ity1 & consid]$ x z conducive to heal? & /r5g?4 ,!y 7 r a pa/oral ?an agricultural p2 no "o own+ l&1 b ea* hav+ x assign$ to him tempor>ily4 ,! object ( ?is provision 0 said to be to prev5t accumulation ( weal? & ! loss ( w>like habits4 ,!y f\ght ) cavalry support$ by infantry4 ,9 ! "t ( ,augu/us all attempts at conqu]+ ,g]many 7 rel9qui%$1 & w> 0 ma9ta9$ only 9 ! hope ( rev5g+ ! de/ruction ( ,v>us & 8 ?ree legions by ! fam\s ,g]man *ief ,arm9ius1 or ,h]rman#cbj4 ,tacitus freely admits t ! ,g]mans 7 z w>like z ! ,romans1 & 7 only inf]ior 9 weapons & discipl9e4 ,he pays a g5]\s tribute to ,arm9ius1 :om he decl>es to h be5 beyond all "q ! lib]ator ( ,g]many1 dy+ at ?irty-sev51 unconqu]$ 9 w>4#cba ,tacitus quotes f "s anci5t ,g]man ballads or hymns 7! only hi/oric monum5ts1 says he1 t !y possess7 ! names ( ,tui/o1 a god born f ! e>?1 & ,mannus1 8 son4 ,tacitus 0 mu* /ruck ) ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! race1 z be+ s uni=m4 ,!re 0 a family lik5ess1 he says1 among !m all1--/]n blue eyes1 yell[ hair1 l>ge bodies4 ,_! weal? 0 9 _! flocks & h]ds4 ,gold & silv] are kept f !m by ! ang]1 or p]haps by ! favor1 ( ,heav54 ,_! rul]s 7 elective1 & _! p[] 0 limit$4 ,_! judges 7 ! prie/s4 ,!y saw some?+ div9e 9 woman1 & h] judgm5ts 7 accept$ z oracles4 ,su* wom5 z ,vel$a & ,aur9ia 7 rev]5c$ z prophets2 b n ador$ or made into goddesses1 says ,tacitus1 ) a side-glance at "s ev5ts at home4 ,_! gods1 ,tacitus *ooses to call ,m]cury1 ,h]cules1 & ,m>s2 b he di/9ctly says t ! ,g]mans _h nei!r idols nor temples1 b wor%ipp$ 9 sacr$ groves#cbb4 ,he also says t ! ,g]mans div9$ future ev5ts by pieces ( /icks1 by ! duel1 & by ! movem5ts ( sacr$ horses4 ,_! lead]s might decide ! less important matt]s1 b ! pr9cipal que/ions 7 settl$ at public meet+s4 ,^! assemblies 7 held at regul> int]vals1 7 op5$ by ! prie/1 7 presid$ ov] by ! *ief1 & decid$ all public affairs4 ,tacitus rem>ks t ! _s ( lib]ty goes to su* an extreme among ! ,g]mans z to de/roy regul>ity & ord]4 ,!y w n be punctual at _! meet+s1 le/ x %\ld seem z if !y att5d$ because comm&$ to come4#cbc ,m>riage 0 sacr$1 &1 unlike o!r hea!n nations1 !y 7 cont5t$ ) "o wife4 ,!y 7 affectionate & con/ant to ! m>riage v[1 :i* meant to ! pure ,g]man woman "o husb&1 "o life1 "o body1 & "o s\l4 ,! anci5t ,g]mans1 l _! mod]n desc5dants1 drank be] & ,rh5i% w9e1 & 7 divid$ into num]\s tribes1 :o aft]w>d reappe>$ = ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,empire1 z ! ,go?s1 ,v&als1 ,lomb>ds1 & ,franks4 ,! ,sc&9avians 7 a bran* ( ! great ,g]man family4 ,_! language1 ! old ,norse1 0 di/+ui%$ f ! ,alemannic1 or ,high ,g]man tongue1 & f ! ,saxonic1 or ,l[ ,g]man tongue4 ,f ! ,norse h be5 d]iv$ ! languages ( ,icel&1 ( ! ,f]roe ,isles1 ( ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k4 ,f ! ,g]manic bran* h come ,g]man1 ,dut*1 ,anglo-,saxon1 ,ms-,go?ic1 & ,engli%4 ,x 0 9 ,sc&9avia t ! ,teutonic race develop$ its special civilization & religion4 ,cut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w by /ormy seas1 ! p c\ld !re unfold _! ideas1 & become !mselves4 ,x is !re=e to ,sc&9avia t we mu/ g to /udy ! ,g]man religion1 & to f9d ! influ5ce ex]cis$ on mod]n civilization & ! pres5t "* ( ,europe4 ,?is influ5ce has be5 freely ackn[l$g$ by great hi/orians4 ,montesquieu says3#cbd-- ,! great pr]ogative ( ,sc&9avia is1 t x af=d$ ! great res\rce to ! lib]ty ( ,europe1 t is1 to almo/ all ( lib]ty !re is among m54 ,! ,go? ,jorn&es calls ! ,nor? ( ,europe ! =ge ( mank9d4 ,i w\ld r call x ! =ge ( ^? in/rum5ts :i* broke ! fett]s manufactur$ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,geij]1 9 8 ,sw$i% ,hi/ory1 tells u3-- ,! recollections :i* ,sc&9avia has to add to ^? ( ! ,g]manic race are yet ! mo/ antique 9 "* & comp>atively ! mo/ orig9al4 ,!y (f] ! complete/ rema9+ example ( a social /ate exi/+ previ\sly to ! reception ( influ5ces f ,rome1 & 9 duration /ret*+ onw>d s z to come )9 ! sph]e ( hi/orical light4 ,we d n "k h[ mu* ( ^? old ,nor!rn ideas may be /ill m+l$ ) our ways ( ?\ght4 ,! names ( _! gods we reta9 9 ^? ( our weekdays1--,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1 ,?ursday1 & ,friday4 ,_! popul> assemblies1 or ,?+s1 7 ! orig9 ( our ,p>liam5t1 our ,congress1 & our g5]al assemblies4 ,if f ! ,s\? came ! romantic admiration ( woman1 f ! ,nor? came a bett] respect = h] rights & ! s5se ( h] equality4 ,our trial by jury 0 imm$iately d]iv$ f ,sc&9avia2 &1 accord+ to ,montesquieu1 z we h se51 we owe to ! ,nor?1 z ! greate/ inh]itance ( all1 t desire = fre$om :i* is s *ief an elem5t 9 ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,sc&9avia prop] consi/s ( ^? regions n[ occupi$ by ! k+doms ( ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,norway4 ,! geographical peculi>ity ( ?is c\ntry is its proximity ev]y:]e to ! sea1 & ! great ext5t ( its coa/ l9e4 ,! great p59sula ( ,sw$5 & ,norway1 ) ! ,nor!rn ,ocean on its we/1 ! ,baltic & ,gulf ( ,bo?nia on its ea/1 p5etrat$ ev]y:]e by creeks1 fri?s1 & arms ( ! sea1 surr\nd$ ) innum]able isl&s1 /udd$ ) lakes1 & cleft ) riv]s1 is also unrivall$1 except by ,switz]l&1 9 ! sublime & picturesque beauty ( its m\nta9s4 ,! o!r p59sula1 t ( ,d5m>k1 surr\nd$ & p5etrat$ also ev]y:]e by ! sea1 diff]s 9 be+ almo/ level2 ris+ n[h]e1 at its highe/ po9t1 m ?an a ?\s& feet above ! ocean4 ,conta9+ an area ( only tw5ty-two ?\s& squ>e miles1 x is s p5etrat$ ) bays & creeks z to h f\r ?\s& miles ( coa/4 ,l ! nor!rn p59sula1 x is also surr\nd$ ) a multitude ( isl&s1 :i* are s cr[d$ toge!r1 especially on its ea/]n coa/1 z to make an ar*ipelago4 ,x is impossible to look at ! map ( ,europe1 & n be /ruck ) ! resemblance 9 ^! p>ticul>s betwe5 its nor!rn & s\!rn geography4 ,! ,baltic ,sea is ! ,m$it]ranean ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,! p59sula ( ,d5m>k1 ) its multitud9\s bays & isl&s1 corresponds to ,greece1 ! ,morea1 & its ar*ipelago4 ,we h %[n 9 our *apt] on ,greece t mod]n geography tea*es t ! ext5t ( coa/ l9e1 :5 comp>$ ) ! sup]ficial area ( a c\ntry1 is "o ( ! ess5tial conditions ( civilization4 ,:o c fail to see ! h& ( ,provid5ce 9 ! adaptation ( races to ! c\ntries !y are to inhabit8 ,! great tide ( human life1 fl[+ we/w>d f ,c5tral ,asia1 0 divid$ into curr5ts by ! ,caspian & ,black ,seas1 & by ! l(ty range ( m\nta9s :i*1 "u ! "n ( ! ,caucasus1 ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 & ,alps1 ext5ds almo/ 9 an unbrok5 l9e f ! we/]n coa/ ( ! ,caspian to ! nor!rn limits ( ,g]many4 ,! ,teutonic races1 ,g]mans1 ,saxons1 ,franks1 & ,nor?m51 7 ?us det]m9$ to ! nor?1 & spread !mselves along ! coa/ & p59sulas ( ! ,nor!rn ,m$it]ranean4 ,! o!r bran* ( ! great ,indo-,european v>iety 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 ,s\!rn ,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa94 ,ea* ( ^! va/ ,european families1 /imulat$ to m5tal & moral activity by its proximity to wat]1 develop$ its own peculi> =ms ( national "*1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds unit$ 9 mod]n ,european society4 ,! ,nor? develop$ individual fre$om1 ! ,s\? social organization4 ,! ,nor? gave =ce1 ! ,s\? culture4 ,f ,s\!rn ,europe came lit]ature1 philosophy1 laws1 arts2 f ! ,nor?1 t respect = individual rights1 t s5se ( p]sonal dignity1 t en]gy ( ! s+le s\l1 :i* is ! ess5tial equipoise ( a high social culture4 ,^! two elem5ts1 ( fre$om & civilization1 always antagoni/1 h be5 9 mo/ ages ho/ile4 ,! individual fre$om ( ! ,nor? has be5 equival5t to b>b>ism1 & f "t to "t has roll$ d[n a de/roy+ deluge ov] ! ,s\?1 almo/ sweep+ away its civilization1 & ov]:elm+ 9 a common ru9 arts1 lit]ature1 & laws4 ,on ! o!r h&1 civilization at ! ,s\? has pass$ into luxury1 has produc$ effem9acy1 till individual fre$om has be5 lo/ "u gr9d+ despotism4 ,b 9 mod]n civilization a ?ird elem5t has be5 add$1 :i* has br\ght ^! two p[]s ( ,nor!rn fre$om & ,s\!rn culture into equipoise & h>mony4 ,?is new elem5t is ,*ri/ianity1 :i* develops1 at ! same "t1 ! s5se ( p]sonal responsibility1 by tea*+ ! individual de/9y & wor? ( e s\l1 & also ! mutual dep5d5ce & int]lac+ bro!rhood ( all human society4 ,?is ,*ri/ian elem5t 9 mod]n civilization saves x f ! d\ble dang] ( a relapse into b>b>ism on ! "o h&1 & a too ref9$ luxury on ! o!r4 ,! nations ( ,europe1 to-day1 :i* are ! mo/ advanc$ 9 civilization1 lit]ature1 & art1 are also ! mo/ deeply p]vad$ ) ! love ( fre$om2 & ! mo/ civiliz$ nations on ! globe1 in/ead ( be+ ! mo/ effem9ate1 are also ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,! ,sc&9avian p1 de/9$ to play s important a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 71 z we h said1 a bran* ( ! great ,indo-,european v>iety4 ,we h se5 t mod]n e?nology tea*es t all ! races :i* inhabit ,europe1 ) "s trifl+ exceptions1 belong to "o family1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,?is has appe>$ & is prov$ by means ( glossology1 or ! sci5ce ( language4 ,! close/ resemblance exi/s betwe5 ! sev5 l+ui/ic families ( ,h9do/an1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,g]many1 ! ,kelts1 & ! ,slavi2 & x is a mo/ /rik+ fact ( human hi/ory1 t f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( record$ "t d[n to ! pres5t day a p[]ful p1 speak+ a language belong+ to "o or o!r ( ^! races1 %\ld h 9 a great measure sway$ ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ ! p59sula ( ,d5m>k 0 call$ by ! ,romans ! ,cimbric ,*]sonesus1 or ,cimbric p59sula4 ,?is "n came f ! ,cimbri1 a p :o1 "o hundr$ & elev5 ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 almo/ ov]?rew ! ,roman ,republic1 excit+ m t]ror ?an any ev5t s9ce ! days ( ,hannibal4 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m51 issu+ f ! p59sula ( ,d5m>k & ! adjac5t regions1 p\r$ l a torr5t ov] ,gaul & ,s\!rn ,g]many4 ,!y met & ov]?rew 9 succession f\r ,roman armies2 until1 f9ally1 !y 7 conqu]$ by ! milit>y skill & g5ius ( ,m>ius4 ,aft] ?is eruption 0 *eck$1 ! great nor!rn volcano slumb]$ = c5turies4 ,o!r tribes f ,asia--,go?s1 ,v&als1 ,huns--comb9$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,at la/ ! inhabitants ( ,sc&9avia appe> aga9 "u ! "n ( ,nor?m51 invad+ & conqu]+ ,engl& 9 ! fif? c5tury z ,saxons1 9 ! n9? c5tury z ,danes1 & 9 ! elev5? z ,normans aga9 ov]runn+ ,engl& & ,france4 ,b ! peculi>ity ( ! ,sc&9avian invasions 0 _! m>itime "*4 ,d>+ & skilful navigators1 !y enc\nt]$ ! tempe/s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ocean & ! heavy roll ( ! ,atlantic 9 vessels s small & slight t !y float$ l egg%ells on ! surface ( ! waves1 & ran up ! riv]s ( ,france & ,engl&1 hundr$s ( miles1 )\t *eck f %all[s or rocks4 ,9 ^! fragile b>ks !y made also ! mo/ extraord9>y m>itime discov]ies4 ,! sea-k+s ( ,norway discov]$ ,icel&1 & settl$ x ,a4,d4 #hfj & ,a4,d4 #hgd4 ,!y discov]$ & settl$ ,gre5l& ,a4,d4 #ihb & ,a4,d4 #ihf4 ,on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l& !y plant$ colonies1 :]e *ur*es 7 built1 & diocesan bi%oprics e/abli%$1 :i* la/$ betwe5 f\r & five hundr$ ye>s4 ,f9ally1 9 ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 !y discov]$1 by sail+ f ,gre5l&1 ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,massa*usetts ,bay2 &1 five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( ,columbus1 ga!r$ grapes & built h\ses on ! s\!rn side ( ,cape ,cod4 ,^! facts1 long consid]$ my?ical1 h be5 e/abli%$1 to ! satisfaction ( ,european s*ol>s1 by ! publication ( ,icel&ic contemporane\s annals4 ,?is rem>kable p h furni%$ ne>ly ! :ole population ( ,engl& by means ( ! successive conque/s ( ,saxon1 ,danes1 & ,normans1 driv+ ! ,keltic races into ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,wales & ,nor? ,scotl&1 :]e _! desc5dants /ill rema94 ,coloniz+ !mselves also ev]y:]e 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 & ev5 9 ,italy & ,greece1 !y h left ! famili> /amp ( _! ideas & habits 9 all our mod]n civilization#cbe4 #b4 ,idea ( ! ,sc&9avian ,religion4 ,! c5tral idea ( ! ,sc&9avian belief 0 ! free /ruggle ( s\l aga9/ mat]ial ob/acles1 ! fre$om ( ! ,div9e w 9 its conflict ) ! oppos+ =ces ( nature4 ,! gods ( ! ,sc&9avians 7 always at w>4 ,x 0 a sy/em ( dualism1 9 :i* sun%9e1 summ]1 & gr[? 7 wag+ p]petual battle ) /orm1 sn[1 w9t]1 ocean1 & t]re/rial fire4 ,z ! gods1 s ! p4 ,w> 0 _! bus9ess1 c\rage _! duty1 =titude _! virtue4 ,! conflict ( life ) dea?1 ( fre$om ) fate1 ( *oice ) necessity1 ( good ) evil1 made up _! hi/ory & de/9y4 ,?is conflict 9 ! natural _w 0 especially app>5t 9 ! /ruggle1 annually r5ew$1 betwe5 summ] & w9t]4 ,!re=e ! light & heat gods 7 _! fri5ds1 ^? ( d>kness & cold _! enemies4 ,= ! same reason t ! burn+ heat ( summ]1 ,typhon1 0 ! ,satan ( ,egypt2 s 9 ! ,nor? ! ,jotuns1 ice-giants1 7 ! ,sc&9avian devils4 ,!re are "s virtues :i* are naturally associat$ toge!r1 su* z ! love ( tru?1 ! s5se ( ju/ice1 c\rage1 & p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,!re is an opposite class ( virtues 9 l mann] naturally gr\p$ toge!r1--sympa?y1 mutual helpfulness1 & a t5d5cy to social organization4 ,! s]i\s antagonism 9 ! moral _w is t ( tru? & love4 ,mo/ cases ( consci5ce :i* pres5t a real difficulty resolve !mselves into a conflict ( tru? & love4 ,x is h>d to be true )\t hurt+ ! feel+s ( o!rs2 x is h>d to sympa?ize ) o!rs & n yield a little ( our inw>d tru?4 ,! same antagonism is f\nd 9 ! religions ( ! _w4 ,! religions 9 :i* tru?1 ju/ice1 fre$om1 are develop$ t5d to isolation1 coldness1 & h>dness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! religions ( bro!rhood & human sympa?y t5d to weakness1 luxury1 & slav]y4 ,! religion ( ! ,g]man races1 :i* 0 ! natural gr[? ( _! organization & moral "*1 belong$ to ! fir/ class4 ,x 0 a religion 9 :i* tru?1 ju/ice1 self-respect1 c\rage1 fre$om1 7 ! ess5tial elem5ts4 ,! gods 7 human1 z 9 ! ,hell5ic sy/em1 ) moral attributes4 ,!y 7 f9ite be+s & limit$ 9 _! p[]s4 ,!y c>ri$ on a w>f>e ) ho/ile & de/ructive ag5ts1 9 :i* at la/ !y 7 to be vanqui%$ & de/roy$1 ?\gh a re/oration ( ! _w & ! gods w\ld foll[ t de/ruction4 ,su* 0 ! idea 9 all ! fai? ( ! ,teutonic race4 ,! *ief virtue ( man 0 c\rage1 8 unp>donable s9 0 c[>dice4 ,to fight a good fight1 ?is 0 ! way to ,valhalla4 ,od9 s5t 8 ,*oos]s to e battlefield to select ! brave dead to become 8 companions 9 ! joys ( heav54 #c4 ,! ,eddas & _! ,cont5ts4 ,we h obs]v$ t ,icel& 0 settl$ f ,norway 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,a rem>kable social life grew up !re1 :i* pres]v$ ! ideas1 mann]s1 & religion ( ! ,teutonic p 9 _! purity = _m hundr$ ye>s1 & ^: ,eddas & ,sagas are ! *ief s\rce ( our k ( ! race4 ,9 ?is ultimate & b>r5 region ( ! e>?1 :]e seas ( ice make ?\s&s ( squ>e miles desolate & imp5etrable1 :]e icy masses1 else:]e glaci]s1 are "h m\nta9s1 :]e volcanoes ) t]rible eruptions de/roy :ole regions ( inhabit$ c\ntry 9 a few days ) lava1 volcanic s&1 & boil+ wat]1 0 develop$ to its highe/ degree ! pure/ =m ( ,sc&9avian life4 ,! religion ( ! ,sc&9avians is conta9$ 9 ! ,eddas1 :i* are two1--! poetic1 or eld] ,edda1 consi/+ ( ?irty-sev5 poems1 fir/ collect$ & publi%$ at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury2 & ! y\ng]1 or prose ,edda1 ascrib$ to ! celebrat$ ,snorro ,/urleson1 born ( a di/+ui%$ ,icel&ic family 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :o1 aft] lead+ a turbul5t & ambiti\s life1 & be+ twice *os5 supreme magi/rate1 0 kill$ ,a4,d4 #abda4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! prose ,edda is a complete synopsis ( ,sc&9avian my?ology4 ,! eld] ,edda1 :i* is ! f\nta9 ( ! my?ology1 consi/s ( old songs & ballads1 :i* _h come d[n f an immemorial pa/ 9 ! m\?s ( ! p1 b 7 fir/ collect$ & committ$ to writ+ by ,smund1 a ,*ri/ian prie/ ( ,icel& 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,he 0 a ,b>d1 or ,scald1 z well z a prie/1 & "o ( 8 own poems1 ,! ,sun-,song1 is 9 8 ,edda4 ,?is ^w ,edda means great-gr&mo!r1 ! anci5t "m ( ,sc&9avian k4 ,or p]haps ?is "n 0 giv5 to ! leg5ds1 repeat$ by gr&mo!rs to _! gr&*ildr5 by ! va/ firesides ( ! old f>m-h\ses 9 ,icel&4 ,?is rhy?mical ,edda consi/s ( ?irty-sev5 poems#cbf4 ,x is 9 two p>ts1--! fir/ conta9+ my?ical poems conc]n+ ! gods & ! creation2 ! second1 ! leg5ds ( ! h]oes ( ,sc&9avian hi/ory4 ,?is latt] portion ( ! ,edda has ! orig9al & anci5t fragm5ts f :i* ! ,g]man ,nibelung5-li$ 0 aft]w>d d]iv$4 ,^! songs are to ! ,g]man poem :at ! ante-,hom]ic ballad lit]ature ( ,greece ab\t ,troy & ,ulysses 0 to ! ,iliad & ,odyssey z r$uc$ to unity by ,hom]4 ,! fir/ poem 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! poetic ,edda is ! ,voluspa1 or ,wisdom ( ,vala4 ,! ,vala 0 a prophetess1 possess+ va/ sup]natural k4 ,"s antiqu>ians consid] ! ,vala to be ! same z ! ,nornor1 or ,fates4 ,!y 7 d>k be+s1 ^: wisdom 0 fe>ful ev5 to ! gods1 resembl+ 9 ?is ! ,greek ,prome!us4 ,! ,voluspa describes ! univ]se be=e ! creation1 9 ! morn+ ( "t1 be=e ! great ,ymir liv$1 :5 !re 0 nei!r sea nor %ore nor heav54 ,x beg9s ?us1 ,vala speak+3-- ,i comm& ! dev\t att5tion ( all noble s\ls1 ,( all ! high & ! l[ ( ! race ( ,heimdall2 ,i tell ! do+s ( ! ,all-,fa!r1 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t ,sagas :i* come to my m9d4 ,!re 0 an age 9 :i* ,ymir liv$1 ,:5 0 no sea1 nor %ore1 nor salt waves2 ,no e>? bel[1 nor heav5 above1 ,no yawn+ abyss & no grassy l&4 ,till ! sons ( ,bors lift$ ! dome ( heav51 ,& creat$ ! va/ ,midg>d 7e>?7 bel[2 ,!n ! sun ( ! s\? rose above ! m\nta9s1 ,& gre5 grasses made ! gr\nd v]dant4 ,! sun ( ! s\?1 companion ( ! moon1 ,held ! horses ( heav5 ) 8 "r h&2 ,! sun knew n :at its c\rse %\ld be1 ,! moon knew n :at h] p[] %\ld be1 ,! />s knew n :]e _! places 74 ,!n ! c\nsellors w5t into ! hall ( judgm5t1 ,& ! all-holy gods held a c\ncil4 ,!y gave names to ! night & new moon2 ,!y call$ to ! morn+ & to midday1 ,to ! aft]noon & ev5+1 arrang+ ! times4 ,! ,voluspa goes on to describe h[ ! gods assembl$ on ! field ( ,ida1 & proce$$ to create metals & vegetables2 aft] t ! race ( dw>fs1 :o preside ov] ! p[]s ( nature & ! m9]al _w4 ,!n ,vala n>rates h[ ! ?ree gods1 ,od91 ,honir1 & ,lodur1 ! mighty & mild ,as]1 f\nd ,ask & ,embla1 ! ,adam & ,eve ( ! ,nor!rn leg5ds1 ly+ )\t s\l1 s5se1 motion1 or color4 ,od9 gave !m _! s\ls1 ,honir _! intellects1 ,lodur _! blood & color$ fle%4 ,!n comes ! description ( ! a%-tree ,yggdrasil1 ( ! ?ree ,norns1 or si/]s ( de/9y1 :o tell ! ,as] _! doom1 & ! end & r5ewal ( ! _w2 & h[1 at la/1 "o be+ mighti] ?an all %all arrive3-- ,!n comes ! mighty "o to ! c\ncil ( ! gods1 ,he ) /r5g? f on high :o guides all ?+s1 ,he decides ! /rife1 he puts an end to /ruggle1 ,he orda9s et]nal laws4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! ,song ( ,hyndla1 ano!r ( ! poems ( ?is ,edda1 is a pr$iction ( "o :o %all come1 mighti] ?an all ! gods1 & put an end to ! /rife betwe5 ,as] & ! giants4 ,! song beg9s3-- ,wake1 maid ( maid5s6 ,awake1 my fri5d6 ,hyndla1 si/]1 dwell+ 9 ! gl5s6 ,x is night1 x is cl\dy2 let u ride toge!r ,to ! sacr$ place1 to ,valhalla4 ,hyndla s+s1 aft] describ+ ! h]oes & pr9ces born ( ! gods3-- ,"o %all be born high] ?an all1 ,:o gr[s /rong ) ! /r5g? ( ! e>?2 ,he is fam$ z ! greate/ ( rul]s1 ,unit$ ) all nations z bre?r54 ,b "o day !re %all come ano!r mighti] ?an he2 ,b ,i d>e n "n 8 "n4 ,few are able to see beyond ,! great battle ( ,od9 & ! ,wolf4 ,among ! poems ( ! eld] ,edda is a ,book ( ,prov]bs1 l ^? ( ,solomon 9 _! sagaci\s obs]vations on human life & mann]s4 ,x is call$ ! ,havamal4 ,at fir/ we %\ld h>dly expect to f9d ^! maxims ( worldly wisdom among a p ^: *ief bus9ess 0 w>4 ,b w> develops cunn+ z well z c\rage1 & battles are won by craft no less ?an by d>+4 ,consequ5tly1 among a w>like p1 sagacity is naturally cultivat$4 ,! ,havamal conta9s 79 its prov]bial section7 "o hundr$ & t5 /anzas1 mo/ly quatra9s4 ,! foll[+ are specim5s3-- #a4 ,c>efully consid] ! end ,be=e y g to d any?+1 ,= all is unc]ta91 :5 ! enemy ,lies 9 wait 9 ! h\se4 #d4 ,! gue/ :o ent]s ,ne$s wat]1 a t[el1 & hospitality4 ,a k9d reception secures a return ,9 ^w & 9 de$4 #g4 ,! wise man1 on com+ 91 ,is sil5t & obs]ves1 ,he>s ) 8 e>s1 looks ) 8 eyes1 ,& c>efully reflects on e ev5t4 #aa4 ,no worse a companion c a man take on 8 j\rney ,?an drunk5ness4 ,n z good z _m believe ,is be] to ! sons ( m54 ,! m "o dr9ks1 ! less he kn[s1 ,& less p[] has he ov] himself4 #bf4 ,a fooli% man1 9 company1 _h bett] be sil5t4 ,until he speaks no "o obs]ves 8 folly4 ,b he :o kn[s little does n "k ?is1 ,:5 he _h bett] be sil5t4 #bi4 ,d n mock at ! /rang] ,:o comes tru/+ 9 y\r k9dness2 ,= :5 he has w>m$ himself at y\r fire1 ,he may easily prove a wise man4 #cd4 ,x is bett] to dep>t betimes1 ,& n to g too (t5 to ! same h\se4 ,love tires & turns to sadness ,:5 "o sits too (t5 at ano!r man's table4 #ce4 ,"o's own h\se1 ?\gh small1 is bett]1 ,= !re ?\ art ! ma/]4 ,x makes a man's he>t ble$ to ask ,= a midday meal at ! h\se ( ano!r4 #cf4 ,"o's own h\se1 ?\gh small1 is bett]2 ,at home ?\ art ! ma/]4 ,two goats & a ?at*$ ro( ,are bett] ?an begg+4 #ch4 ,x is h>d to f9d a man s ri* ,z to refuse a gift4 ,x is h>d to f9d a man s g5]\s ,z to be always glad to l5d4 #db4 ,is !re a man :om y di/ru/1 ,& :o yet c help y8 ,be smoo? 9 words & false 9 ?\ght1 ,& pay back 8 deceit ) cunn+4 #dh4 ,i hung my g>m5ts on two sc>ecr[s1 ,&1 :5 dress$1 !y seem$ ,ready = ! battle4 ,unclo!d !y 7 je]$ at by all4 #eb4 ,small z a gra9 ( s& ,is ! small s5se ( a fool2 ,v unequal is human wisdom4 ,! _w is made ( two unequal halves4 #ec4 ,x is well to be wise2 x is n well ,to be too wise4 ,he has ! happie/ life ,:o kn[s well :at he kn[s4 #ed4 ,x is well to be wise2 n well ,to be too wise4 ,! wise man's he>t is n glad ,:5 he kn[s too mu*4 #ee4 ,two burn+ /icks plac$ toge!r ,w burn entirely away4 ,man gr[s bright by ! side ( man2 ,alone1 he rema9s /upid4 ,su* are ! prov]bs ( ! ,havamal4 ,?is sort ( prov]bial wisdom may h come d[n f ! days :5 ! ance/ors ( ! ,sc&9avians left ,c5tral ,asia4 ,x is l ! fables & maxims ( ! ,hitopades4#cbg ,ano!r ( ^! poems is call$ ,od9's ,song ( ,runes4 ,runes 7 ! ,sc&9avian alphabet1 us$ = lapid>y inscriptions1 a ?\s& ( :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ,sw$51 & ?ree or f\r hundr$ 9 ,d5m>k & ,norway1 mo/ly on tomb/ones4 ,?is alphabet consi/s ( sixte5 lett]s1 ) ! p[]s ( ,f1 ,u1 ,,?1 ,o1 ,r1 ,k1 ,h1 ,n1 ,i1 ,a1 ,s1 ,t1 ,b1 ,l1 ,m1 ,y4 ,! lett]s ,r1 ,i1 ,t1 & ,b v ne>ly resemble ! ,roman lett]s ( ! same values4 ,a magical p[] 0 ascrib$ to ^! ,runes1 & !y 7 c>v$ on /icks & !n scrap$ (f1 & us$ z *>ms4 ,^! rune-*>ms 7 ( diff]5t k9ds1 eighte5 diff]5t sorts are m5tion$ 9 ?is song4 ,a song ( ,brynhilda speaks ( diff]5t runes :i* %e w tea* ,sigurd4 ,runes ( victory mu/ ^? "k1 to conqu] ?9e enemies4 ,!y mu/ be c>v$ on ! blade ( ?y sword4 ,dr9k-,runes mu/ ?\ "k to make maid5s love !e4 ,?\ mu/ c>ve !m on ?y dr9k+ horn4 ,runes ( fre$om mu/ ?\ "k to deliv] ! captives4 ,/orm-,runes mu/ ?\ "k1 to make ?y vessel g safely ov] ! waves4 ,c>ve !m on ! ma/ & ! rudd]4 ,h]b-,runes ?\ mu/ "k to cure disease4 ,c>ve !m on ! b>k ( ! tree4 ,spee*-,runes mu/ ?\ "k to defeat ?9e enemy 9 c\ncil ( words1 9 ! ,?+4 ,m9d-,runes mu/ ?\ "k to h good & wise ?\ghts4 ,^! are ! ,book-,runes1 & ,help-,runes1 & ,dr9k-,runes1 & ,p[]-,runes1 preci\s = :oev] c use !m4 ,! second "p ( ! poetic ,edda conta9s ! /ories ( ! old h]oes1 especially ( ,sigurd1 ! ,a*illes ( ,nor!rn romance4 ,!re is also ! ,song ( ,volund1 ! ,nor!rn ,smi?1 ! ,g]man ,vulcan1 able to make swords ( p[]ful temp]4 ,^! songs & ballads are all s]i\s & grave1 & sometimes t5d]1 hav+ 9 !m some?+ ( ! solemn tone ( ! old ,greek trag$y4 ,! prose ,edda1 z we h said1 0 ! "w ( ,snorro ,/urleson1 born 9 ,icel& 9 #aaghcbh4 ,he probably transcrib$ mo/ ( x f ! manuscripts 9 8 h&s1 or :i* 7 accessible to him1 & f ! oral traditions :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! memory ( ! ,skalds4 ,8 o!r *ief "w 0 ! ,heimskr+la1 or collection ( ,saga conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,sc&9avians4 ,9 8 preface to ?is la/ book he says he wrote x d[n f old /ories told by intellig5t p2 or f anci5t family regi/]s conta9+ ! p$igrees ( k+s1 or f old songs & ballads :i* our fa!rs _h = _! amusem5t ,! prose ,edda beg9s ) ,! delud+ ( ,gylfi1 an anci5t k+ ( ,sw$54 ,he 0 r5[n$ = 8 wisdom & love ( k1 & det]m9$ to visit ,asg>d1 ! home ( ! sir1 to le>n some?+ ( ! wisdom ( ! gods4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 =esee+ 8 com+1 prep>$ v>i\s illusions to deceive him4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he saw ?ree ?rones rais$ "o above ano!r4 ,he aft]w>ds beheld ?ree ?rones rais$ "o above ano!r1 ) a man sitt+ on ea* ( !m4 ,^u 8 ask+ :at ! names ( ^! lords might be1 8 guide answ]$3 ',he :o sits on ! l[e/ ?rone is a k+2 8 "n is ,h> 7! ,high or ,l(ty ,"o72 ! second is ,jafnh> 7i4e4 equal to ! ,high72 b he :o sitte? on ! highe/ ?rone is call$ ,?ridi 7! ,?ird74' ,h>1 p]ceiv+ ! /rang]1 ask$ him :at 8 err& 01 add+ t he %\ld be welcome to eat & dr9k )\t co/1 z 7 all ^? :o rema9$ 9 ,hva ,hall4 ,gangl] said he desir$ fir/ to asc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 any p]son pres5t r5[n$ = 8 wisdom4 ',if ?\ art n ! mo/ kn[+1' repli$ ,h>1 ',i fe> ?\ wilt h>dly return safe4 ,b g1 /& !re bel[1 & propose ?y que/ions2 "h sits "o :o w be able to answ] !m4' ,gangl] ?us began 8 disc\rse3 ',:o is ! fir/1 or elde/ ( ! gods8' ',9 our language1' repli$ ,h>1 'he is call$ ,alfadir 7,all-,fa!r1 or ! ,fa!r ( ,all72 b 9 ! old ,asg>d he _h twelve names4' ',:]e is ?is ,god8' said ,gangl]2 ':at is 8 p[]8 & :at ha? he done to display 8 glory8' ',he live?1' repli$ ,h>1 'f all ages1 he gov]ne? all realms1 & swaye? all ?+s great & small4' ',he ha? =m$1' add$ ,jafnh>1 'heav5 & e>?1 & ! air1 & all ?+s !reunto belong+4' ',& :at is m1' cont9u$ ,?ridi1 'he ha? made man1 & giv5 him a s\l :i* %all live & nev] p]i%1 ?\gh ! body %all h m\ld]$ away1 or h be5 burnt to a%es4 ,& all t are righte\s %all dwell ) him 9 ! place call$ ,gimli1 or ,v+lf2 b ! wick$ %all g to ,hel1 & !nce to ,niflhel1 :i* is bel[1 9 ! n9? _w4' ,( ! creation ( ! _w ! ,eddas ?us speak3 ,9 ! day-spr+ ( ! ages !re 0 nei!r seas nor %ore nor refre%+ breeze2 !re 0 nei!r e>? bel[ nor heav5 above4 ,! :ole 0 only "o va/ abyss1 )\t h]b & )\t seas4 ,! sun _h no palace1 ! />s no place1 ! moon no p[]4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 a bright %9+ _w ( flame to ! ,s\?1 & ano!r1 a cl\dy & d>k "o1 t[>d ! ,nor?4 ,torr5ts ( v5om fl[$ f ! la/ into ! abyss1 & froze1 & fill$ x full ( ice4 ,b ! air ooz$ up ?r\gh x 9 icy vapors1 :i* 7 melt$ into liv+ drops by a w>m brea? f ! ,s\?2 & f ^! came ! giant ,ymir4 ,f him came a race ( wick$ giants4 ,aft]w>d1 f ^! same drops ( fluid se$s1 *ildr5 ( heat & cold1 came ! mundane c[1 ^: milk f$ ! giants4 ,!n arose also1 9 a my/]i\s mann]1 ,bor1 ! fa!r ( ?ree sons1 ,od91 ,vili1 & ,ve1 :o1 aft] sev]al adv5tures1--hav+ kill$ ! giant ,ymir1 & made out ( 8 body ,heav5 & ,e>?1--proce$$ to =m a man & woman nam$ ,ask & ,embla4 ,*aos hav+ ?us disappe>$1 ,od9 became ! ,all-,fa!r1 creator ( gods & m51 ) ,e>? = 8 wife1 & ! p[]ful ,?or = 8 olde/ son4 ,s mu* = ! cosmogony ( ! ,edda4 ,on ?is cosmogony1 we may rem>k t x belongs to ! class ( developm5t1 or evolution1 b comb9$ ) a creation4 ,! ,h9doo1 ,gno/ic1 & ,platonic !ories suppose ! visible _w to h emanat$ f ,god1 by a succession ( fall+s1 f ! mo/ ab/ract _s to ! mo/ concrete matt]4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans1 on ! contr>y1 suppose all ?+s to h come by a process ( evolution1 or developm5t f an orig9al =mless & *aotic matt]4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,greek acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( gods & m5 & t ( ! ,sc&9avians is /rik+4 ,bo? sy/ems beg9 9 mat]ialism1 & are radically oppos$ to ! spiritualism ( ! o!r !ory2 & 9 its acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( all ?+s f nebul\s vapors & heat ! ,edda rem9ds u ( ! mod]n sci5tific !ories on ! same subject4 ,aft] giv+ ?is acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ! _w1 ( ! gods1 & ! fir/ pair ( mortals1 ! ,edda next speaks ( night & day1 ( ! sun & moon1 ( ! ra9b[ bridge f e>? to heav51 & ( ! great ,a%-tree :]e ! gods sit 9 c\ncil4 ,night 0 ! daught] ( a giant1 &1 l all h] race1 ( a d>k complexion4 ,%e m>ri$ "o ( ! sir1 or *ildr5 ( ,od91 & _! son 0 ,day1 a *ild light & beautiful1 l its fa!r4 ,! ,sun & ,moon 7 two *ildr51 ! ,moon be+ ! boy1 & ! ,sun ! girl2 :i* peculi>ity ( g5d] /ill holds 9 ! ,g]man language4 ,! ,edda gives !m *>iot & horses ) :i* to drive daily r\nd ! heav5s1 & supposes _! spe$ to be occasion$ by _! fe> ( two gigantic wolves1 f ,jotunheim1 or ! _w ( d>kness1 :i* pursue !m4 ,! ra9b[ is nam$ ,bifro/1 wov5 ( ?ree hues1 & by ?is1 z a bridge1 ! gods ride up e day to heav5 f ! holy f\nta9 bel[ ! e>?4 ,ne> ?is f\nta9 dwell ?ree maid5s1 bel[ ! great ,a%-tree1 :o decide e man's fate4 ,^! ,fates1 or ,norns1 are nam$ ,urd1 ,v]d&i1 & ,skuld1--?ree words mean+ pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,f ,urd comes our ^w weird1 & ! weird si/]s ( ,%akespe>e4 ,! r$ 9 ! ra9b[ is burn+ fire1 :i* prev5ts ! fro/-giants ( ,jotunheim f go+ up to heav51 :i* !y o!rwise might d4 ,?is region ( ! gods is call$ ,asg>d1 & conta9s ,valhalla1 :]e !y fea/ e day1 ) all h]oes :o h di$ 9 battle2 dr9k+ mead1 b n out ( _! enemies' skulls1 z has be5 s (t5 said4 ,?is mi/ake mod]n s*ol>s h attribut$ to a mi/ranslation ( a ^w 9 ! orig9al1 :i* means curv$ horns1 ! passage be+1 ,soon %all we dr9k ale out ( ! curv$ bran*es ( ! skull1 t is1 ( an animal4 ,_! food is ! fle% ( a bo>1 :i* is r5ew$ e day4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ,od9 & ! o!r gods liv$ quietly on _! ,olympus )\t adv5tures4 ,_m ent]ta9+ ones are n>rat$ 9 ! ,edda1 _h we room to tell !m4 ,"o ( ^! describes ! dea? ( ,baldur ! ,good1 :om all be+s lov$4 ,hav+ be5 torm5t$ ) bad dreams1 indicat+ t 8 life 0 9 dang]1 he told !m to ! assembl$ gods1 :o made all creatures & ?+s1 liv+ or dead1 take an oa? to d him no h>m4 ,?is oa? 0 tak5 by fire & wat]1 iron & all o!r metals1 /ones1 e>?s1 diseases1 poisons1 bea/s1 birds1 & creep+ ?+s4 ,aft] ?is1 !y amus$ !mselves at _! meet+ 9 sett+ ,baldur up z a m>k2 "s hurl+ d>ts or %oot+ arr[s at him1 & "s cutt+ at him ) swords & axes2 & z no?+ hurt him1 x 0 acc\nt$ a great honor done to ,baldur4 ,b wick$ ,loki1 or ,loke1 0 envi\s at ?is2 &1 assum+ ! =m ( a woman1 he inquir$ ( ! goddess :o _h adm9i/]$ ! oa?1 :e!r all ?+s _h tak5 x4 ,%e said ev]y?+ except "o little %rub call$ mi/letoe1 :i* %e ?\ght too "y & feeble to d any h>m4 ,!re=e ,loki got ! mi/letoe1 &1 br++ x to "o ( ! gods1 p]suad$ him to ?r[ x at ,baldur1 :o1 pi]c$ to ! he>t1 fell dead4 ,! grief 0 imm5se4 ,an especial mess5g] 0 despat*$ to ,que5 ,hela1 9 ,hell1 to inquire if1 on any t]ms1 ,baldur might be ransom$4 ,= n9e days & nights he rode ?r\gh d>k *asms till he cross$ ! riv] ( ,dea?1 & ent]+ ! k+dom ( ,hela1 made kn[n 8 reque/4 ,hela repli$ t x %\ld n[ be discov]$ :e!r ,baldur 0 s univ]sally lov$ z 0 repres5t$2 = t %e w\ld p]mit him to return to ,asg>d if all creatures & all ?+s1 )\t exception1 w\ld weep = him4 ,! gods !n despat*$ mess5g]s ?r\gh ! _w to beg all ?+s to weep = ,baldur1 :i* !y imm$iately did4 ,!n y might h se51 n only crocodiles b ! mo/ f]oci\s bea/s dissolv$ 9 te>s4 ,fi%es wept 9 ! wat]1 & birds 9 ! air4 ,/ones & trees 7 cov]$ ) pellucid dew-drops1 &1 = all we "k1 ?is g5]al grief may h be5 ! occasion ( "s ( ! deluges report$ by geology4 ,! mess5g]s return$1 ?9k+ ! "w done1 :5 !y f\nd an old hag sitt+ 9 a cav]n1 & begg$ h] to weep ,baldur out ( ,hell4 ,b %e decl>$ t %e c\ld ga9 no?+ by s do+1 & t ,baldur might /ay :]e he 01 l o!r p z good z he2 plant+ h]self app>5tly on ! great b some:at selfi% pr9ciple ( non-int]v5tion4 ,s ,baldur rema9s 9 ! halls ( ,hela4 ,b ?is old woman did n g unpuni%$4 ,%e 0 %rewdly suspect$ to be ,loki himself 9 disguise1 & on inquiry s x turn$ out4 ,:]eupon a hot pursuit ( ,loki took place1 :o1 aft] *ang+ himself into _m =ms1 0 caught1 & *a9$ "u %>p-po9t$ rocks bel[ ! e>?4 ,! adv5tures ( ,?or are v num]\s4 ,! pleasante/1 p]haps1 is ! acc\nt ( 8 j\rney to ,jotunheim1 to visit 8 enemies1 ! giants ( ,cold & ,d>kness4 ,on 8 way1 be+ oblig$ to pass ! night 9 ! =e/1 he came to a spaci\s hall1 ) an op5 door1 rea*+ f "o side to ! o!r4 ,9 ?is he w5t to sleep1 b be+ ar\s$ by an awful e>?quake1 ,?or & 8 companions crept into a *amb] :i* op5$ out ( ! hall4 ,:5 day came !y f\nd1 sleep+ ne> !m1 an enorm\s giant1 s l>ge1 t1 z x appe>$1 !y _h pass$ ! night 9 ! ?umb ( 8 glove4 ,!y travell$ ) him all day2 & ! next night ,?or consid]$ himself ju/ifi$ 9 kill+ ?is giant1 :o 0 "o ( _! enemies4 ,?ree times he laun*$ 8 mallet ) fe>ful =ce at ! giant's head1 & ?ree times ! giant awoke to inquire :e!r x 0 a leaf or an acorn :i* _h fall5 on 8 face4 ,aft] tak+ leave ( _! enorm\s & invuln]able companion1 !y arriv$ at ! abodes ( ,jotunheim1 & ! city ( ,utg>d1 & ent]$ ! city ( ! k+1 ,utg>d ,loki4 ,?is k+ inquir$ :at great feat ,?or & 8 companions c\ld d4 ,"o pr(ess$ to be a great eat]2 on :i* ! k+ ( giants call$ "o ( 8 s]vants nam$ ,logi1 & plac$ betwe5 !m a tr\gh fill$ ) meat4 ,?or's companion ate 8 %>e1 b ,logi ate meat & bone too1 & ! tr\gh into ! b>ga91 & 0 consid]$ to h conqu]$4 ,?or's o!r companion 0 a great runn]1 & 0 set to run ) a "y man nam$ ,hugi1 :o s out/ripp$ him t he rea*$ ! goal be=e ! o!r _h gone half-way4 ,!n ,?or 0 ask$ :at he c\ld d himself4 ,he said he w\ld engage 9 a dr9k+-mat*1 & 0 pres5t$ ) a l>ge horn1 & 0 reque/$ to empty x at a s+le draught1 :i* he expect$ easily to d1 b on look+ 9 ! liquor seem$ sc>cely dim9i%$4 ,! second "t he tri$1 & l[]$ x slightly4 ,a ?ird1 & x 0 /ill only sunk half an in*4 ,:]eupon he 0 laugh$ at1 & call$ = "s new feat4 ,we h a trifl+ game "h1 answ]$ ! k+1 9 :i* we ex]cise none b *ildr54 ,x is m]ely to lift my cat f ! gr\nd4 ,?or put =? 8 :ole might1 b c\ld only lift up "o foot1 & 0 laugh$ at aga94 ,angry at ?is1 he call$ = "s "o to wre/le ) him4 ,my m51 said ,k+ ,utg>d1 w\ld ?9k x b5ea? !m to wre/le ) !e1 b let "s "o call my old nurse ,eld1 & let ,?or wre/le ) h]4 ,a too?less old woman ent]$ ! hall1 & aft] a viol5t /ruggle ,?or began to lose 8 foot+1 & w5t home excessively mortifi$4 ,b x turn$ out aft]w>d t all ?is 0 illusion4 ,! ?ree bl[s ( ! mallet1 in/ead ( /rik+ ! giant's head1 _h fall5 on a m\nta91 :i* he _h dext]\sly put betwe51 & made ?ree deep rav9es 9 x1 :i* rema9 to ?is day4 ,! triumphant eat] 0 ,fire itself1 disguis$ z a man4 ,! successful runn] 0 ,?\ght4 ,! horn out ( :i* ,?or tri$ to dr9k 0 connect$ ) ! ocean1 :i* 0 l[]$ a few in*es by 8 trem5d\s draughts4 ,! cat 0 ! great ,midg>d ,s]p5t1 :i* goes r\nd ! _w1 & ,?or _h actually pull$ ! e>? a little way out ( its place2 & ! old woman 0 ,old ,age itself#cbi4 ,accord+ to ?is my?ology1 !re is com+ a "t 9 :i* ! _w w be de/roy$ by fire & aft]w>d r5ew$4 ,?is w be1 prec$$ by awful disa/]s2 dreadful w9t]s2 w>s1 & desolations on e>?2 cruelty & deceit2 ! sun & moon w be dev\r$1 ! />s hurl$ f ! sky1 & ! e>? viol5tly %ak54 ,! ,wolf 7,f5rir71 ! awful ,midg>d ,s]p5t1 ,loki1 & ,hela come to battle ) ! gods4 ,! great ,a%-tree w %ake ) fe>4 ,! ,wolf 7,f5rir7 breaks loose1 & op5s 8 enorm\s m\?4 ,! l[] jaw rea*es to ! e>?1 & ! upp] to heav54 ,! ,midg>d ,s]p5t1 by ! side ( ! ,wolf1 vomits =? floods ( poison4 ,heav5 is r5t 9 twa91 & ,surtur & ! sons ( ,muspell ride ?r\gh ! brea*4 ,^! are ! *ildr5 ( ,light & ,fire1 :o dwell 9 ! ,s\?1 & :o seem to belong nei!r to ! race ( gods nor to t ( giants1 b to a ?ird p>ty1 :o only int]f]e at ! close ( ! conflict4 ,:ile ! battle goes on betwe5 ! gods & ! giants !y keep _! effulg5t b&s ap>t on ! field ( battle4 ,meantime ,heimdall--doorkeep] ( ! gods--s\nds 8 mighty trumpet1 :i* is he>d ?r\gh ! :ole univ]se1 to summon ! gods to conflict4 ,! gods1 or sir1 & all ! h]oes ( ,valhalla1 arm !mselves & g to ! field4 ,od9 fights ) ! ,wolf2 ,?or ) ! ,midg>d ,s]p5t1 :om he kills1 b be+ suffocat$ ) ! floods ( v5om dies himself4 ,! ,wolf swall[s ,od91 b at t in/ant ,vid> sets 8 foot on its l[] jaw1 & lay+ hold ( ! upp] jaw te>s x ap>t4 ,he accompli%es ?is because he has on ! fam\s %oe1 ! mat]ials ( :i* h be5 collect+ = ages1 x be+ made ( ! %r$s ( %oe-lea!r :i* are cut (f 9 mak+ %oes1 & :i*1 on ?is acc\nt1 ! religi\s ,sc&9avians 7 c>eful to ?r[ away4 ,loki & ,heimdall fight & kill ea* o!r4 ,aft] ?is ,surtur d>ts fire ov] ! :ole e>?1 & ! :ole univ]se is consum$4 ,b !n comes ! re/itution ( all ?+s4 ,!re w rise out ( ! sea a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,two gods1 ,vid> & ,vali1 & two human be+s1 a man & woman1 survive ! conflagration1 & ) _! desc5dants occupy ! heav5s & e>?4 ,! suns ( ,?or come ) _! fa!r's hamm] & put an end to w>4 ,baldur1 & ,hodur1 ! bl9d god1 come up f ,hell1 & ! daught] ( ! ,sun1 m beautiful ?an its "m1 occupies its place 9 ! skies4 #d4 ,! ,gods ( ,sc&9avia4 ,we c give no bett] acc\nt ( ! ,norse pan!on ?an by extract+ ! passages f ! prose ,edda1 :i* describe ! gods4 ,we take ! translation 9 ,mallet's ,nor!rn ,antiquities3-- ,,( ,,od94 ',i mu/ n[ ask !e1' said ,gangl]1 ':o are ! gods t m5 are b\nd to believe 98' ',!re are twelve gods1' repli$ ,h>1 'to :om div9e honors ought to be r5d]$4' ',nor are ! goddesses1' add$ ,jafhh>1 'less div9e & mighty4' ',! fir/ & elde/ ( ! sir1' cont9u$ ,?ridi1 'is ,od94 ,he gov]ns all ?+s1 & al?\gh ! o!r deities are p[]ful1 !y all s]ve & obey him z *ildr5 d _! fa!r4 ,frigga is 8 wife4 ,%e =esees ! de/9ies ( m51 b nev] reveals :at is to come4 ,= ?us x is said t ,od9 himself told ,loki1 ,s5seless ,loki1 :y wilt ?\ pry into futurity8 ,frigga alone kn[e? ! de/9ies ( all1 ?\gh %e telle? !m nev]4' ',od9 is nam$ ,alfadir 7,all-fa!r71 because he is ! fa!r ( all ! gods1 & also ,valfadir 7,*oos+ ,fa!r71 because he *ooses = 8 sons all ^? :o fall 9 combat4 ,= _! abode he has prep>$ ,valhalla & ,v+lf1 :]e !y are call$ ,e9h]j> 7,h]oes or ,*ampions74 ,od9 is also call$ ,hangagud1 ,haptagud1 & ,f>magud1 &1 besides ^!1 0 nam$ 9 _m ways :5 he w5t to ,k+ ,geirraudr4'4444 ,,( ,,?or4 ',i n[ ask !e1' said ,gangl]1 ':at are ! names ( ! o!r gods8 ,:at are _! functions1 & :at h !y br\ght to pass8' ',! mightie/ ( !m1' repli$ ,h>1 'is ,?or4 ,he is call$ ,asa-,?or & ,auku-,?or1 & is ! /ronge/ ( gods & m54 ,8 realm is nam$ ,?rdvng1 & 8 mansion ,bilskirnir1 9 :i* are five hundr$ & =ty halls4 ,x is ! l>ge/ h\se ev] built4 ,?us x is call$ 9 ! ,grmnisml3-- ,fire hundr$ halls ,& =ty m1 ,me?9ke?1 ha? ,b[$ ,bilskirnir4 ,( h\ses ro($ ,!re's none ,i "k ,my son's surpass+4 ',?or has a c> drawn by two goats call$ ,tanngni/ & ,tanngrisnir4 ,f 8 driv+ ab\t 9 ?is c> he is call$ ,auku-,?or 7,*>iote]-,?or74 ,he likewise possesses ?ree v preci\s ?+s4 ,! fir/ is a mallet call$ ,mjlnir1 :i* bo? ! ,fro/ & ,m\nta9 ,giants "k to _! co/ :5 !y see x hurl$ aga9/ !m 9 ! air2 & no wond]1 = x has split _m a skull ( _! fa!rs & k9dr$4 ,! second r>e ?+ he possesses is call$ ! belt ( /r5g? or pr[ess 7,meg+j>dir74 ,:5 he girds x ab\t him 8 div9e might is d\bly augm5t$2 ! ?ird1 also v preci\s1 be+ 8 iron gauntlets1 :i* he is oblig$ to put on :5ev] he w\ld lay hold ( ! h&le ( 8 mallet4 ,!re is no "o s wise z to be able to relate all ,?or's m>vell\s exploits1 yet ,i c\ld tell !e s _m myself t h\rs w\ld be :il$ away ere all t ,i "k _h be5 rec\nt$4' ,,( ,,baldur4 ',i w\ld r1' said ,gangl]1 'he> some?+ ab\t ! o!r sir4' ',! second son ( ,od91' repli$ ,h>1 'is ,baldur1 & x may be truly said ( him t he is ! be/1 & t all mank9d are l\d 9 8 praise4 ,s fair & dazzl+ is he 9 =m & features1 t rays ( light seem to issue f him2 & ?\ may/ h "s idea ( ! beauty ( 8 hair :5 ,i tell !e t ! :ite/ ( all plants is call$ ,baldur's br[4 ,baldur is ! milde/1 ! wise/1 & ! mo/ eloqu5t ( all ! sir1 yet su* is 8 nature t ! judgm5t he has pron\nc$ c nev] be alt]$4 ,he dwells 9 ! heav5ly mansion call$ ,breidablik1 9 :i* no?+ unclean c ent]4 ,z x is said1-- ',t is ,breidablik call$1 ,:]e ,baldur ! ,fair ,ha? built him a b[]1 ,9 t l& :]e ,i "k ,! lea/ loa?l9ess lie?4' ,,( ,,nj,,rd4 ',! ?ird god1' cont9u$ ,h>1 'is ,njrd1 :o dwells 9 ! heav5ly region call$ ,notn4 ,he rules ov] ! w9ds1 & *ecks ! fury ( ! sea & ( fire1 & is !re=e invok$ by seaf>]s & fi%]m54 ,he is s weal?y t he c give possessions & treasures to ^? :o call on him = !m4 ,yet ,njrd is n ( ! l9eage ( ! sir1 = he 0 born & br$ 9 ,vanaheim4 ,b ! ,vanir gave him z ho/age to ! sir1 receiv+ f !m 9 8 /ead ,ho5ir4 ,by ?is means 0 peace re-e/abli%$ betwe5 ! sir & ,vanir4 ,njrd took to wife ,skadi1 ! daught] ( ! giant ,?jassi4 ,%e pref]r$ dwell+ 9 ! abode =m]ly belong+ to h] fa!r1 :i* is situat$ among rocky m\nta9s1 9 ! region call$ ,?rymheim1 b ,njrd lov$ to reside ne> ! sea4 ,!y at la/ agre$ t !y %\ld pass toge!r n9e nights 9 ,?rymheim1 & !n ?ree 9 ,notn4 ,"o day1 :5 ,njrd came back f ! m\nta9s to ,noatun1 he ?us sang3-- ,( m\nta9s ,i'm we>y1 ,n long 0 ,i !re1 ,n m ?an n9e nights2 ,b ! h[l ( ! wolf ,me?\ght s\nd$ ill ,to ! song ( ! swan-bird4 ',to :i* ,skadi sang 9 reply3-- ,ne'er c ,i sleep ,9 my c\* on ! /r&1 ,= ! screams ( ! sea-f[l4 ,! mew z he comes ,e morn f ! ma9 ,is sure to awake me4 ',skadi !n return$ to ! rocky m\nta9s1 & abode 9 ,?rymheim4 ,!re1 fa/5+ on h] sn[-skates & tak+ h] b[1 %e passes h] "t 9 ! *ase ( savage bea/s1 & is call$ ! ,ondur goddess1 or ,ondurds44444' ,,( ,,! ,,god ,,frey1 ,,& ,,! ,,goddess ,,freyja4 ',njrd _h aft]w>ds1 at 8 resid5ce at ,natn1 two *ildr51 a son nam$ ,frey1 & a daught] call$ ,freyja1 bo? ( !m beaute\s & mighty4 ,frey is "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! gods4 ,he presides ov] ra9 & sun%9e1 & all ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & %\ld be invok$ 9 ord] to obta9 good h>ve/s1 & also = peace4 ,he1 moreov]1 disp5ses weal? among m54 ,freyja is ! mo/ propiti\s ( ! goddesses2 h] abode 9 heav5 is call$ ,flkvng4 ,to :atev] field ( battle %e rides1 %e ass]ts h] "r to "o half ( ! sla91 ! o!r half belong+ to ,od944444' ,,( ,,tyr4 ',!re is ,tyr1 :o is ! mo/ d>+ & intrepid ( all ! gods4 ',t is he :o disp5ses valor 9 w>1 h5ce w>riors d well to invoke him4 ,x has become prov]bial to say ( a man :o surpasses all o!rs 9 valor t he is ,tyr-/rong1 or valiant z ,tyr4 ,a man not$ = 8 wisdom is also said to be wise z ,tyr4 ,let me give !e a pro( ( 8 intrepidity4 ,:5 ! sir 7 try+ to p]suade ! wolf1 ,f5rir1 to let himself be b\nd up ) ! *a91 ,gleipnir1 he1 fe>+ t !y w\ld nev] aft]w>ds unloose him1 only cons5t$ on ! condition t :ile !y 7 *a9+ him he %\ld keep ,tyr's "r h& betwe5 8 jaws4 ,tyr did n hesitate to put 8 h& 9 ! mon/]'s m\?1 b :5 ,f5rir p]ceiv$ t ! sir _h no int5tion to un*a9 him1 he bit ! h& (f at t po9t1 :i* has ev] s9ce be5 call$ ! wolf's jo9t 7lflidr74 ,f t "t ,tyr has _h b "o h&4 ,he is n reg>d$ z a peacemak] among m54' ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,gods4 ',!re is ano!r god1' cont9u$ ,h>1 'nam$ ,bragi1 :o is celebrat$ = 8 wisdom1 & m especially = 8 eloqu5ce & correct =ms ( spee*4 ,he is n only em95tly skill$ 9 poetry1 b ! art itself is call$ f 8 "n ,bragr1 :i* epi!t is also appli$ to d5ote a di/+ui%$ poet or poetess4 ,8 wife is nam$ ,iduna4 ,%e keeps 9 a box ! apples :i* ! gods1 :5 !y feel old age approa*+1 h only to ta/e ( to become "y aga94 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t !y w be kept 9 r5ovat$ y\? until ,ragn>k44444 ',"o ( ! gods is ,heimdall1 call$ also ! ,:ite ,god4 ,he is ! son ( n9e virg9s1 :o 7 si/]s1 & is a v sacr$ & p[]ful deity4 ,he also be>s ! appellation ( ! ,gold-too!d1 on acc\nt ( 8 tee? be+ ( pure gold1 & also t ( ,hall9ski?i4 ,8 horse is call$ ,gulltopp1 & he dwells 9 ,him9bjrg at ! end ( ,bifr/4 ,he is ! w>d] ( ! gods1 & is !re=e plac$ on ! bord]s ( heav51 to prev5t ! giants f =c+ _! way ov] ! bridge4 ,he requires less sleep ?an a bird1 & sees by night1 z well z by day1 a hundr$ miles ar\nd him4 ,s acute is 8 e> t no s\nd escapes him1 = he c ev5 he> ! grass gr[+ on ! e>?1 & ! wool on a %eep's back4 ,he has a horn call$ ! ,gjall>-horn1 :i* is he>d ?r\gh\t ! univ]se44444 ',among ! sir1' cont9u$ ,h>1'we also reckon ,hdur1 :o is bl9d1 b extremely /rong4 ,bo? gods & m5 w\ld be v glad if !y nev] _h occasion to pron\nce 8 "n1 = !y w long h cause to rememb] ! de$ p]petrat$ by 8 h&4 ',ano!r god is ,vid>1 surnam$ ! ,sil5t1 :o we>s v ?ick %oes4 ,he is almo/ z /rong z ,?or himself1 & ! gods place great reliance on him 9 all critical conjunctures4 ',vali1 ano!r god1 is ! son ( ,od9 & ,r9da2 he is bold 9 w>1 & an excell5t ar*]4 ',ano!r is call$ ,ullur1 :o is ! son ( ,sif1 & /epson ( ,?or4 ,he is s well skill$ 9 ! use ( ! b[1 & c g s fa/ on 8 sn[-skates1 t 9 ^! arts no "o c cont5d ) him4 ,he is also v h&some 9 8 p]son1 & possesses e quality ( a w>rior1 :]e=e x is befitt+ to invoke him 9 s+le combats4 ',! "n ( ano!r god is ,=seti1 :o is ! son ( ,baldur & ,nanna1 ! daught] ( ,nef4 ,he possesses ! heav5ly mansion call$ ,glitnir1 & all disputants at law :o br+ _! cases be=e him g away p]fectly reconcil$44444' ,,( ,,loki ,,& ,,8 ,,prog5y4 ',!re is ano!r deity1' cont9u$ ,h>1 'reckon$ 9 ! numb] ( ! sir1 :om "s call ! calumniator ( ! gods1 ! contriv] ( all fraud & mis*ief1 & ! disgrace ( gods & m54 ,8 "n is ,loki or ,loptur4 ,he is ! son ( ! giant ,f>bauti44444,loki is h&some & well made1 b ( a v fickle mood1 & mo/ evil disposition4 ,he surpasses all be+s 9 ^? arts call$ ,cunn+ & ,p]fidy4 ,_m a "t has he expos$ ! gods to v great p]ils1 & (t5 extricat$ !m aga9 by 8 artifices44444 ',loki1' cont9u$ ,h>1 'has likewise _h ?ree *ildr5 by ,angurbodi1 a giantess ( ,jtunheim4 ,! fir/ is ! wolf ,f5rir2 ! second ,jormung&1 ! ,midg>d s]p5t2 ! ?ird ,hela 7,dea?74 ,! gods 7 n long ignorant t ^! mon/]s cont9u$ to be br$ up 9 ,jtunheim1 &1 hav+ _h rec\rse to div9ation1 became aw>e ( all ! evils !y w\ld h to suff] f !m2 _! be+ sprung f su* a "m 0 a bad presage1 & f su* a sire1 "o /ill worse4 ,all-fa!r !re=e deem$ x advisable to s5d "o ( ! gods to br+ !m to him4 ,:5 !y came he ?rew ! s]p5t into t deep ocean by :i* ! e>? is engirdl$4 ,b ! mon/] has gr[n to su* an enorm\s size t1 hold+ 8 tail 9 8 m\?1 he encircles ! :ole e>?4 ,hela he ca/ into ,niflheim1 & gave h] p[] ov] n9e worlds 7regions71 into :i* %e di/ributes ^? :o are s5t to h]1 t is to say1 all :o die ?r\gh sickness or old age4 ,"h %e possesses a habitation protect$ by exce$+ly high walls & /rongly b>r$ gates4 ,h] hall is call$ ,elvidnir2 ,hung] is h] table2 ,/>vation1 h] knife2 ,delay1 h] man2 ,sl[ness1 h] maid2 ,precipice1 h] ?re%old2 ,c>e1 h] b$2 & ,burn+ ,angui% =ms ! hang+s ( h] ap>tm5ts4 ,! "o half ( h] body is livid1 ! o!r half ! color ( human fle%4 ,%e may !re=e easily be recogniz$2 ! m s1 z %e has a dreadfully /]n & grim c\nt5ance4 ',! wolf ,f5rir 0 br$ up among ! gods2 b ,tyr alone _h ! d>+ to g & fe$ him4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! gods p]ceiv$ t he e day increas$ prodigi\sly 9 size1 & t ! oracles w>n$ !m t he w\ld "o day become fatal to !m1 !y det]m9$ to make a v /rong iron fett] = him1 :i* !y call$ ,ld+4 ,tak+ ?is fett] to ! wolf1 !y bade him try 8 /r5g? on x4 ,f5rir1 p]ceiv+ t ! ent]prise w\ld n be v difficult = him1 let !m d :at !y pleas$1 & !n1 by great muscul> ex]tion1 bur/ ! *a91 & set himself at lib]ty4 ,! gods1 hav+ se5 ?is1 made ano!r fett]1 half z /rong aga9 z ! =m]1 :i* !y call$ ,drmi1 & prevail$ on ! wolf to put x on1 assur+ him t1 by break+ ?is1 he w\ld give an und5iable pro( ( 8 vigor4 ',! wolf saw well en\gh t x w\ld n be s easy to break ?is fett]1 b f9d+ at ! same "t t 8 /r5g? _h increas$ s9ce he broke ,ld+1 & ?9k+ t he c\ld nev] become fam\s )\t runn+ "s risk1 volunt>ily submitt$ to be *a9$4 ,:5 ! gods told him t !y _h f9i%$ _! task1 ,f5rir %ook himself viol5tly1 /ret*$ 8 limbs1 roll$ on ! gr\nd1 & at la/ bur/ 8 *a9s1 :i* flew 9 pieces all ar\nd him4 ,he ?us fre$ himself f ,drmi1 :i* gave rise to ! prov]b at leysa or l+i ea at drepa or drma 7to get loose out ( ,ld+1 or to da% out ( ,drmi71 :5 any?+ is to be accompli%$ by /rong ef=ts4' ',aft] ?is1 ! gods despair$ ( ev] be+ able to b9d ! wolf2 :]e=e ,all-fa!r s5t ,skirnir1 ! mess5g] ( ,frey1 into ! c\ntry ( ! ,d>k ,elves 7,sv>tlfaheim7 to engage c]ta9 dw>fs to make ! fett] call$ ,gleipnir4 ,x 0 fa%ion$ out ( six ?+s2 to wit1 ! noise made by ! footfall ( a cat2 ! be>ds ( wom52 ! roots ( /ones2 ! s9ews ( be>s2 ! brea? ( fi%2 & ! spittle ( birds4 ,?\gh ?\ maye/ n h he>d ( ^! ?+s be=e1 ?\ maye/ easily conv9ce ?yself t we h n be5 tell+ !e lies4 ,?\ mu/ h se5 t wom5 h no be>ds1 t cats make no noise :5 !y run1 & t !re are no roots "u /ones4 ,n[ ,i "k :at has be5 told !e to be equally true1 al?\gh !re may be "s ?+s ?\ art n able to furni% a pro( (4' ',i believe :at ?\ ha/ told me to be true1' repli$ ,gangl]1 '= :at ?\ ha/ adduc$ 9 corroborati\ ( ?y /atem5t is conceivable4 ,b h[ 0 ! fett] smi?i$8' ',?is ,i c tell !e1' repli$ ,h>1 't ! fett] 0 z smoo? & s(t z a silk5 /r+1 & yet1 z ?\ wilt pres5tly he>1 ( v great /r5g?4 ,:5 x 0 br\ght to ! gods !y 7 pr(use 9 _! ?anks to ! mess5g] = ! tr\ble he _h giv5 himself2 & tak+ ! wolf ) !m to ! isl& call$ ,lyngvi1 9 ! ,lake ,amsv>tnir1 !y %[$ him ! cord1 & express$ _! wi% t he w\ld try to break x1 assur+ him at ! same "t t x 0 some:at /rong] ?an its ?9ness w\ld w>rant a p]son 9 suppos+ x to be4 ,!y took x !mselves1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 _! h&s1 & aft] attempt+ 9 va9 to break x1 said1 ,?\ alone1 ,f5rir1 art able to accompli% su* a feat4 ',me?9ks1 repli$ ! wolf1 t ,i %all acquire no fame 9 break+ su* a sl5d] cord2 b if any artifice has be5 employ$ 9 mak+ x1 sl5d] ?\gh x seems1 x %all nev] come on my feet4 ',! gods assur$ him t he w\ld easily break a limb] silk5 cord1 s9ce he _h already bur/ asund] iron fett]s ( ! mo/ solid con/ruction4 ,b if ?\ %\ld/ n succe$ 9 break+ x1 !y add$1 ?\ wilt %[ t ?\ art too weak to cause ! gods any fe>1 & we w n hesitate to set !e at lib]ty )\t delay4 ',i fe> me mu*1 repli$ ! wolf1 t if ye once b9d me s fa/ t ,i %all be unable to free myself by my own ef=ts1 ye w be 9 no ha/e to unloose me4 ,loa? am ,i1 !re=e1 to h ?is cord w\nd r\nd me2 b 9 ord] t ye may n d\bt my c\rage1 ,i w cons5t1 provid$ "o ( y put 8 h& into my m\? z a pl$ge t ye int5d me no deceit4 ',! gods wi/fully look$ at ea* o!r1 & f\nd t !y _h only ! *oice ( two evils1 until ,tyr /epp$ =w>d & intrepidly put 8 "r h& betwe5 ! mon/]'s jaws4 ,h]eupon ! gods1 hav+ ti$ up ! wolf1 he =cibly /ret*$ himself1 z he _h =m]ly done1 & us$ all 8 might to dis5gage himself1 b ! m ef=ts he made1 ! tight] became ! cord1 until all ! gods1 except ,tyr1 :o lo/ 8 h&1 bur/ into laught] at ! sight4 ',:5 ! gods saw t ! wolf 0 effectually b\nd1 !y took ! *a9 call$ ,gelgja1 :i* 0 fix$ to ! fett]1 & drew x ?r\gh ! middle ( a l>ge rock nam$ ,gjll1 :i* !y sank v deep into ! e>?2 aft]w>ds1 to make x /ill m secure1 !y fa/5$ ! end ( ! cord to a massive /one call$ ,?viti1 :i* !y sank /ill deep]4 ,! wolf made 9 va9 ! mo/ viol5t ef=ts to break loose1 &1 op5+ 8 trem5d\s jaws1 endeavor$ to bite !m4 ,! gods1 see+ ?is1 ?ru/ a sword into 8 m\?1 :i* pi]c$ 8 "u jaw up to ! hilt1 s t ! po9t t\*$ ! palate4 ,he !n began to h[l horribly1 & s9ce t "t ! foam fl[s cont9ually f 8 m\? 9 su* abundance t x =ms ! riv] call$ ,von4 ,!re w he rema9 until ,ragn>k4' ,!re are also goddesses 9 ! ,valhalla1 ( :om ! ,edda m5tions ,frigga1 ,saga1 & _m o!rs4 #e4 ,resemblance ( ! ,sc&9avian ,my?ology to t ( ,zoroa/]4 ,^! are ! ma9 po9ts ( ! ,sc&9avian my?ology1 ! resemblance ( :i* to t ( ,zoroa/] has be5 (t5 rem>k$4 ,ea* is a dualism1 hav+ its good & evil gods1 its worlds ( light & d>kness1 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,ea* has beh9d ?is dualism a dim pres5ce1 a vague mono!ism1 a supreme ,god1 inf9ite & et]nal4 ,9 ea* ! evil p[]s are = ! pres5t conqu]$ & b\nd 9 "s subt]ranean prisons1 b are h]eaft] to break out1 to battle ) ! gods & ov]come !m1 b to be de/roy$ !mselves at ! same "t4 ,ea* sy/em speaks ( a great conflagration1 9 :i* all ?+s w be de/roy$2 to be foll[$ by ! creation ( a new e>?1 m beautiful ?an ! o!r1 to be ! abode ( peace & joy4 ,! duty ( man 9 ea* sy/em is w>1 ?\gh ?is w> 9 ! ,ave/a is view$ r z moral conflict1 :ile 9 ! ,edda x is tak5 m grossly = physical /ruggle4 ,! tone ( ! !ology ( ,zoroa/] is ?r\gh\t high] & m moral ?an t ( ! ,sc&9avians4 ,its doctr9e ( creation is n a m]e developm5t by a d>k1 un9tellig5t process1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is x a ,h9doo or ,gno/ic sy/em ( emanation4 ,x is nei!r pure mat]ialism on ! "o h& nor pan!ism on ! o!r2 b a true doctr9e ( creation1 = an intellig5t & moral purpose1 by ! consci\s & free act ( ! ,creator4 ,b 9 _m ( ! details1 aga91 we f9d a s+ul> correspond5ce betwe5 ^! two sy/ems4 ,od9 corresponds to ,ormazd1 ,loki to ,ahriman1 ! sir to ! ,ams*asp&s1 ! giants ( ,jtunheim to ! ,davas4 ,s too ! ox 7,adudab7 is ! equival5t ( ! giant ,ymir1 & ! creation ( ! man & woman1 ,me%ia & ,me%iane1 is correlat$ to ,ask & ,embla4 ,baldur resembles ! ,r$eem] ,sosio%4 ,! bridge1 ,bifro/1 :i* goes up to heav51 is ! bridge ,*9evat1 :i* goes f ! top ( ,albordj to heav54 ,! dog ,sirius 7,sura71 ! wat*man :o keeps gu>d ov] ! abyss1 seems also to correspond to ,surtur1 ! wat*man ( ! lum9\s _w at ! ,s\?4 ,! e>?1 9 ! ,ave/a1 is call$ ,he?ra1 & by ! anci5t ,g]mans & ,sc&9avians1 ,h]?a1--! "n giv5 by ,tacitus to ?is goddess1 signify+ ! e>?1 9 all ! ,teutonic languages4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,g]man "n = heav51 ,himmel1 is d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit ^w ,himmala1 ! "n ( ! ,himmalah ,m\nta9s 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 believ$ by ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,asia to be ! resid5ce ( _! gods#ccj4 #f4 ,sc&9avian ,wor%ip4 ,! religi\s c]emonies ( ! ,sc&9avians 7 simple4 ,_! wor%ip1 l t ( ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]1 0 at fir/ held 9 ! op5 air2 b 9 lat] times !y erect$ temples1 "s ( :i* 7 q spl5did4 ,!re 7 ?ree great fe/ivals 9 ! ye>4 ,! fir/ 0 at ! w9t] sol/ice1 & on ! longe/ night ( ! ye>1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,"m ,night1 z t :i* produc$ ! re/4 ,?is great fea/ 0 call$ ,yul1 :5ce comes ! ,engli% ,yule1 ! old "n = ,*ri/mas1 :i* fe/ival took its place :5 ! ,sc&9avians became ,*ri/ians4 ,_! fe/ival 0 9 honor ( ! sun1 & 0 held ) sacrifices1 fea/+1 & great mir?4 ,! second fe/ival 0 9 spr+1 9 honor ( ! e>?1 to supplicate fruitful crops4 ,! ?ird 0 also 9 ! spr+1 9 honor ( ,od94 ,! sacrifices 7 ( fruits1 aft]w>d animals1 & occasionally1 9 lat] times1 human be+s4 ,! p believ$ 9 div9e int]position1 & also 9 a fix$ de/9y1 b especially 9 !mselves1 9 _! own =ce & c\rage4 ,"s ( !m laugh$ at ! gods1 "s *all5g$ !m to fight ) !m1 & pr(ess$ to believe 9 no?+ b _! own might & ma94 ,"o w>rior calls = ,od91 z a foeman alone wor?y ( 8 /eel1 & x 0 consid]$ lawful to fight ! gods4 ,! quick5-tree1 or m\nta9-a%1 0 believ$ to possess great virtues1 on acc\nt ( ! aid x af=d$ to ,?or on "o occasion4 ,beside ! prie/s1 ! ,nor!rn nations _h _! soo?say]s4 ,!y also believ$ t by ! p[] ( runes ! dead c\ld be made to speak4 ,^! runes 7 call$ gald]1 & ano!r k9d ( magic1 mo/ly practis$ by wom51 0 call$ seid4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ^! wise wom5 possess$ ! p[] ( rais+ & allay+ /orms1 & ( h>d5+ ! body s t ! sword c\ld n cut x4 ,"s *>ms c\ld give pret]natural /r5g?1 o!rs ! p[] ( cross+ ! sea )\t a %ip1 ( creat+ & de/roy+ love1 ( assum+ diff]5t =ms1 ( becom+ invisible1 ( giv+ ! evil eye4 ,g>m5ts c\ld be *>m$ to protect or to de/roy ! we>]4 ,a horse's head1 set on a /ake1 ) c]ta9 imprecations1 produc$ fe>ful mis*ief to a foe4#cca ,v few rema9s ( temples h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,nor?4 ,b 7z ,la+ rem>ks 9 8 ,sea-,k+s ( ,norway7 ! mo/ p]man5t rema9s ( ! religion ( ,od9 are f\nd 9 ! usages & languages ( ! desc5dants ( ^? :o wor%ipp$ him4 ,^! desc5dants all reta91 9 ! names ( ,w$nesday1 ,?ursday1 & ,friday1 ! recollections ( ! *ief gods ( ?is my?ology4 ,m>a 7! nightm>e7 /ill torm5ts ! sleep ( ! ,engli%-speak+ p2 & ! ,evil ,"o1 ,nokke 7s says ,la+71 is ! ance/or ( ,old ,nick4 ,e n9? ye> solemn sacrifices 7 held 9 ! great temple at ,upsal 9 ,sw$54 ,! k+ & all citiz5s ( importance mu/ appe> 9 p]son & br+ (f]+s4 ,cr[ds came toge!r on ^! occasions1 & no "o 0 exclud$1 except = "s base or c[>dly action4 ,n9e human be+s 7 sacrific$1 usually captives or slaves1 b 9 times ( great calamity ev5 a k+ 0 made a victim4 ,e>l ,hakon1 ( ,norway1 (f]$ 8 son 9 sacrifice to obta9 a victory ov] "s pirates4 ,! bodies 7 buri$ 9 groves1 :i* !nce 7 reg>d$ z v sacr$4 ,"o1 call$ ,od9's grove1 ne> ! temple ( ,upsal1 0 sacr$ 9 e twig & leaf4 #g4 ,social ,"*1 ,m>itime ,discov]ies1 & ,political ,in/itutions ( ! ,sc&9avians4 ,( ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 & habits ( ! ,sc&9avians1 we _c speak at l5g?4 ,society among !m 0 divid$ into two classes1--! l&hold] or bondsm51 & ! ?ralls or slaves4 ,! duty ( ! la/ 0 to p]=m dome/ic s]vice & till ! gr\nd1 & !y consi/$ ( prison]s tak5 9 w> & _! *ildr54 ,! bus9ess ( ! l&hold] or bondsman 0 w>1 & 8 *ief virtue c\rage4 ,8 maxim 01 to conqu] a s+le oppon5t1 to attack two1 n to yield to ?ree1 & only to give way to f\r4 ,to die 9 battle 0 _! high ambition2 !n !y believ$ t !y %\ld pass to ! halls ( ,od94 ,k+ ,ragn> di$ s++ ! pleasure ( receiv+ dea? 9 battle1 say+1 ,! h\rs ( my life h pass$ away2 ,i %all die laugh+4 ,saxo1 describ+ a duel1 said t "o ( ! *ampions fell1 laugh$1 & di$4 ,r ?an die 9 _! b$1 "s1 :5 sick1 leap$ f a rock into ! sea4 ,o!rs1 :5 dy+1 w\ld be c>ri$ into a field ( battle4 ,o!rs induc$ _! fri5ds to kill !m4 ,! ,icel&ic ,sagas are fill$ ) /ories ( s+le combats1 or holm-gangs4 ,:5 n fight+ !y 7 fond ( fea/+2 & ! man :o c\ld dr9k ! mo/ be] 0 c\nt$ ! be/4 ,! cu/om ( dr9k+ toa/s came f ! ,nor?4 ,z ! ,engli% give ! ,que51 & we ! ,presid5t1 z ! fir/ heal? on public occasions1 s !y beg9 ) a cup1 fir/ to ,od91 & aft]w>d to o!r deities1 & !n to ! memory ( ! dead1 9 :at 0 call$ grave-be]4 ,_! in/itutions 7 patri>*al2 ! head ( ! family 0 ! *ief ( ! tribe & also its prie/4 ,b all ! freem5 9 a neighborhood met 9 ! ,?+1 :]e !y decid$ disputes1 laid d[n social regulations1 & det]m9$ on public measures4 ,! ,?+ 01 !re=e1 legislature1 c\rt ( ju/ice1 & executive c\ncil 9 "o2 & once a ye>1 9 "s c5tral place1 !re 0 held a simil> meet+ to settle ! affairs ( ! :ole c\ntry1 call$ ! ,l&-,?+ or ,all-,?+4 ,at ?is ! k+ 0 *os5 = ! :ole community1 :o sometimes appo9t$ subord9ate (fic]s call$ ,y>ls1 or e>ls1 to preside ov] l>ge di/ricts4 ,respect = wom5 0 a m>k$ trait among ! ,sc&9avians1 z ,tacitus has notic$ ( _! cong5]s1 ! ,g]mans4 ,!y 7 admir$ = _! mode/y1 s5se1 & =ce ( "*1 r ?an = ! fasc9ations :i* ! nations ( ! ,s\? pref]4 ,:5 ,?or describ$ 8 battle ) ! sorc]ess1 ! answ] 01 ,%ame1 ,?or6 to /rike a woman6 ,! wife 0 expect$ to be indu/ri\s & dome/ic4 ,%e c>ri$ ! keys ( ! h\se2 & ! ,sagas frequ5tly m5tion wives :o divorc$ _! husb&s = "s (f5ce1 & took back _! d[ry4 ,! ,skalds1 or ,b>ds1 _h a high place & great di/9ction among ?is p4 ,_! songs con/itut$ ! lit]ature & hi/ory ( ! ,sc&9avians1 & ! p li/5$1 n z to ! inspiration ( an individual m9d1 b to ! pulsation ( its own pa/ life4 ,_! praises 7 desir$1 _! satire fe>$1 by ! greate/ h]oes & k+s4 ,_! /yle 0 figurative1 sometimes bomba/ic1 (t5 obscure4 ,( ! m>itime exp$itions ( ! ,nor?m5 we h already spok54 ,= _m c5turies !y 7 ! t]ror ( ,europe1 ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,! sea-k+s ( ,norway appe>$ be=e ,con/ant9ople 9 #hff1 & aft]w>d a body-gu>d ( ! emp]ors ( ! ,ea/ 0 compos$ ( ^! pirates1 :o 7 call$ ! ,v>angians4 ,ev5 be=e ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne _! depr$ations br\ght te>s to 8 eyes2 & aft] 8 dea? !y pillag$ & burnt ! pr9cipal cities ( ,france1 & ev5 8 own palace at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,!y c>ri$ _! arms into ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,greece4 ,9 #hdd a b& ( ^! sea-rov]s sail$ up ! ,guadalquiv] & attack$ ,seville1 !n 9 possession ( ! ,moors1 & took x1 & aft]w>d f\ght a battle ) ! troops ( ,abd]ahman ,,ii4 ,! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$ & ! wor%ipp]s ( ,od91 ! turban$ ,moors & ! fair-hair$ ,norwegians1 "h met1 ea* f> f 8 orig9al home1 ea* hav+ pursu$ a l9e ( conque/1 :i* ?us came 9 contact at _! fur!/ extremes4 ,! ,nor?m5 9 ,italy sold _! swords to diff]5t pr9ces1 & "u ,c\nt ,ra9alf built ! city ( ,av]sa 9 #ajbiccb4 ,9 ,sicily ! ,nor!rn knights defeat$ ! ,s>ac5s1 & enabl$ ! ,greek ,emp]or to reconqu] ! isl&4 ,aft]w>d !y e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 & took possession ( ,apulia4 ,a league =m$ aga9/ !m by ! ,greek & ,g]man ,emp]ors & ! ,pope end$ 9 ! utt] defeat ( ! ,papal & ,g]man army by ?ree ?\s& ,normans1 & !y aft]w>d receiv$ & held ,apulia z a ,papal fief4 ,9 #ajfj ,rob]t ,guisc>d became ,duke ( ,apulia & ,calabria1 & at la/ ( ! :ole k+dom ( ,naples4 ,sicily 0 conqu]$ by 8 bro!r1 ,c\nt ,rog]1 :o1 ) a few ,nor?m51 r\t$ va/ numb]s ( ! ,s>ac5s & complet$ ! subjection ( ! isl&1 aft] ?irty ye>s ( w>4 ,meantime 8 bro!r ,rob]t cross$ ! ,adriatic & besieg$ & took ,durazzo1 aft] a fi]ce battle1 9 :i* ! ,sc&9avian soldi]s ( ! ,greek ,emp]or f\ght ) ! ,normans desc5d$ f ! same ,sc&9avian ance/ors4 #h4 ,relation ( ?is ,sy/em to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! fir/ ,g]man nation conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity 0 t ( ! ,go?s1 ^: tea*] 0 ,ulphilas1 born #cah1 consecrat$ a bi%op 9 #cdh4 ,hav+ made _m conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity among 8 p1 a p]secution arose aga9/ !m f ! pagan ,go?s2 & 9 #cee1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is p]secution1 he s\ght & obta9$ leave to settle 8 conv]ts 9 ,msia4 ,he prea*$ ) f]vor1 /udi$ ! ,scripture 9 ,greek & ,lat91 & made ! fir/ translation ( ! ,bible into any ,g]man language4 ,fragm5ts ( 8 ,go?ic v]sion are pres]v$ at ,upsal4 ,?is copy1 call$ ! ,codex ,arg5teus1 0 captur$ by ! ,sw$es at ,prague dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,?is manuscript is ( ! six? c5tury1 &1 toge!r ) "s palimpse/s1 is ! only s\rce ( our k ( ?is anci5t v]sion#ccc4 ,ulphilas 0 an ,arian1 & di$ confess+ 8 fai? 9 t =m ( ,unit>ianism4 ,ne&] says x is to ! cr$it ( ! or?odox hi/orians t !y d n on t acc\nt abate any?+ ( _! praise ( ,ulphilas = 8 great labors z a mission>y1 confessor1 & doctor4 ,8 translation 01 = a long "t1 us$ all ov] ,europe by ! v>i\s tribes ( ,g]man desc5t4 ,ulphilas1 !re=e1 l$ ! way 9 t "w :i* result$ 9 "o ( ! greate/ ev5ts ( mod]n hi/ory2 namely1 ! conv]sion ( ! ,g]man race to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 by v>i\s families ( ?is ,teutonic /em--,go?s1 ,v&als1 ,saxons1 ,lomb>ds1 ,burgundians1 ,franks--t ! ,roman ,empire 0 ov]?r[n4 ,if !y _h n be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity be=e & dur+ ^! conque/s1 :at w\ld h be5 ! fate ( ,european civilization8 ,! only bond unit+ ! mod]n & anci5t _w 0 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ?is fai? 0 s adapt$ to ! ,g]man "* t x 0 ev]y:]e accept$ by !m#ccd4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ,anglo-,saxons by ,augu/9 7,a4,d4 #eig71 ( ! ,g]mans by ,boniface 7,a4,d4 #gah-gee71 ( ! ,saxons 7,a4,d4 #hjc71 & ! univ]sal d[nfall ( ,g]man hea!nism1 0 a condition s9e qua non ( t union ( ,lat9 & ,greek culture ) ! ,g]man vitality1 :i* 0 at ! root ( mod]n ,european civilization4 ,previ\s to ?is ! ,visigo?s 7 conv]t$1 z we h se52 !n ! ,o/rogo?s2 !n ! ,v&als & ,gepid1--all 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! ,franks became ,*ri/ians 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ! ,alemanni & ,lomb>ds 9 ! six?4 ,all ( ^! tribes 7 conv]t$ by ,arian mission>ies1 except ! ,franks4 ,b ! records ( ^! missions h p]i%$1 = ! hi/orians 7 ,ca?olics1 :o1 says ,milman#cce1 p]haps de/roy$1 or disda9$ to pres]ve1 ! fame ( ,arian conque/s to a common ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 a surpris+ spectacle1 says he1 to behold ! ,teutonic nations melt+ gradually into ! g5]al mass ( ,*ri/ian wor%ipp]s4 ,9 e o!r respect !y 7 /ill di/9ct races4 ,! conqu]+ ,o/rogo? or ,visigo?1 ! ,v&al1 ! ,burgundian1 ! ,frank1 /ood ap>t f ! subjugat$ ,roman population1 z an arm$ or t]ritorial ari/ocracy4 ,!y ma9ta91 9 great "p at lea/1 _! laws1 _! language1 _! habits1 _! "*2 9 religion alone !y are bl5d$ into "o society1 con/itute "o *ur*1 wor%ip at ! same alt>1 & r5d] allegiance to ! same hi]>*y4 ,?is is ! s+le bond ( _! common humanity4 ,! ,g]man races also e/abli%$ ev]y:]e ! feudal sy/em1 t curi\s in/itution1 :i* has be5 ! subject ( s mu* discussion1 & has p]plex$ ! read]s ( hi/ory by its incongruities4 ,^! p]plexities1 h[ev]1 may p]haps be reliev$ if we see t ! ess5tial "* ( ?is in/itution 0 ?is1 t x 0 an army p]man5tly qu>t]$ on a subject p4 ,?is def9ition conta9s ! explanation ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,! ,g]mans _h ov]run & conqu]$ ! ,roman ,empire4 ,!y int5d$ to possess & reta9 x4 ,b be+ mu* few] 9 numb]s ?an ! conqu]$ p1 h[ c\ld !y d ?is8 ,suppose t :5 ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,union ,army x _h be5 det]m9$ to hold !m p]man5tly z a conqu]$ t]ritory4 ,x c\ld be done ?us4 ,fir/1 ! orig9al inhabitants mu/ be dis>m$ & put "u /r+5t laws1 l t ( ! curfew1 etc4 ,!n to e private soldi] 9 ! ,union ,army a f>m1 say ( fifty acres1 w\ld be assign$1 on condition t :5ev] summon$ by ! capta9 ( 8 company he w\ld pres5t himself arm$ to d milit>y duty4 ,9 l mann] ! capta9 w\ld receive1 say a hundr$ acres1 on condition ( appe>+ ) 8 company :5 summon$ by 8 colonel4 ,!n ! colonel w\ld receive five hundr$ acres1 on condition ( appe>+ ) 8 regim5t :5 summon$ by ! g5]al4 ,! g5]al 7dux1 duke7 mu/ appe> ) 8 brigade :5 summon$ by ! comm&]-9-*ief 7imp]ator1 emp]or71 & he w\ld hold p]haps a ?\s& acres on ?is condition4 ,all ?is l&1 ?us held on condition ( milit>y s]vice1 w\ld be held 9 fee1 & w\ld exemplify ! actual f\ndation ( ! :ole feudal sy/em1 :i* 0 simply an arrangem5t by :i* a conqu]+ army c\ld hold d[n ! conqu]$ nation4 ,( c\rse1 su* a sy/em z ?is 0 "o ( tyranny & cruelty1 & dur+ sev]al c5turies x 0 temp]$ & s(t5$ only by ! m$iatorial influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,?is 0 ! only p[] /rong en\gh to %ield ! oppress$ & to hold back ! arm ( ! tyrant4 ,feudalism s]v$1 no d\bt1 "s useful purposes4 ,x 0 a me?od ( rivet+ toge!r1 ) iron nails1 ! conqu]ors & conqu]$1 until !y c\ld come into a union ( a bett] k9d4 ,x 0 ab\t ! ye> #ajjj t ! p ( ! ,nor? 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is process ( conv]sion 0 a long "t go+ on1 & !re 7 sev]al relapses into paganism2 s t no precise "t c be fix$ = ! conv]sion ( a s+le nation1 mu* less = t ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,sc&9avian /ock sep>ately situat$ 9 ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k1 ,icel& & ,gre5l&1 & coloniz$ 9 ,engl& & ,norm&y4 ,a mission 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,d5m>k1 ,a4,d4 #hbb1 & ! k+ 0 baptiz$2 b ! ov]?r[ ( ?is ,*ri/ian k+ re/rict$ ! labors ( ! mission>y4 ,an attempt 0 made 9 ,sw$5 9 #hbi1 & ! mission>y1 ,ans*>1 rema9$ !re a ye> & a half2 b ! mission !re e/abli%$ 0 soon ov]?r[n4 ,unit+ wisdom ) 8 ardor1 ,ans*> e/abli%$ at ,hamburg s*ools :]e he educat$ ,dani% & ,sw$i% boys to prea* ,*ri/ianity 9 _! own language to _! c\ntrym54 ,b ! ,normans laid wa/e ?is city1 & ! ,*ri/ian s*ools & *ur*es 7 de/roy$4 ,ab\t #hej a new attempt 0 made 9 ,sw$51 & !re ! subject 0 laid by ! k+ be=e 8 c\ncil or p>liam5t1 consi/+ ( two assemblies1 & !y decid$ to all[ ,*ri/ianity to be prea*$ & practis$1 app>5tly on ! gr\nd t ?is new god1 ,*ri/1 might help !m 9 _! dang]s at sea1 :5 ! o!r gods c\ld n4 ,& ?us1 accord+ to ! indep5d5t "* ( ?is p1 ,*ri/ianity 0 nei!r all[$ to be impos$ ^u !m by _! k+ aga9/ _! w1 nor exclud$ f ! use ( ^? :o *ose to adopt x4 ,x took its *ance ) ! old sy/ems1 & _m ( ! ,danes & ,normans believ$ 9 wor%ipp+ bo? ,od9 & ,*ri/ at ! same "t4 ,k+ ,h>old 9 ,d5m>k1 dur+ ! la/ half ( ! t5? c5tury1 favor$ ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 0 himself baptiz$ ) 8 wife & son1 believ+ at fir/ t ! ,*ri/ian ,god 0 m p[]ful ?an ! hea!n gods1 b f9ally com+ to ! conclusion t ^! la/ 7 only evil spirits4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! ,danes believ$ t ,*ri/ 0 a god1 & to be wor%ipp$2 b t he 0 a less p[]ful god ?an ,od9 or ,?or4 ,! son ( ,k+ ,h>old1 9 #iij1 return$ to paganism & drove out ! ,*ri/ian prie/s2 b 8 son1 ,canute ! ,great1 :o began to reign 9 #ajad1 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl&1 & became its zeal\s fri5d4 ,b ^! fi]ce w>riors made r poor ,*ri/ians4 ,adam ( ,brem5 says3 ,!y s abom9ate te>s & lam5tations1 & all o!r signs ( p5it5ce :i* we ?9k s salubri\s1 t !y w nei!r weep = _! own s9s nor at ! dea? ( _! be/ fri5ds4 ,?us1 9 ^! ,nor!rn regions1 ,*ri/ianity grew ?r\gh "o or two c5turies1 n l ! mu/>d-se$1 b l ! leav51 infus+ itself m & m into _! national life4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( an eye-witness1 ,adam ( ,brem51 ! ,sw$es 7 v susceptible to religi\s impressions4 ,!y receive ! prea*]s ( ! tru? ) great k9dness1 says he1 if !y are mode/1 wise1 & able2 & our bi%ops are ev5 all[$ to prea* 9 _! great public assemblies4 ,9 ,norway1 ,pr9ce ,hacon1 9 ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury1 attempt$ to e/abli% ,*ri/ianity1 :i* he _h le>n$ 9 ,engl&4 ,he propos$ to ! great national assembly t ! :ole nation %\ld r5\nce idolatry1 wor%ip ,god & ,*ri/1 keep ,sundays z fe/ivals1 & ,fridays z fa/s4 ,great opposition 0 made1 & !re 0 dang] ( univ]sal insurrection1 s t ! k+ _h to yield1 & ev5 himself dr9k a toa/ to ,od9 & eat horse-fle%1 :i* 0 a hea!n practice4 ,subsequ5t k+s ( ,norway introduc$ ,*ri/ianity aga92 b ! p1 ?\gh will+ to be baptiz$1 frequ5tly cont9u$ ,pagans1 & only by degrees r5\nc$1 ) _! old wor%ip1 _! habits ( piracy4 ,! ,icel&]s embrac$ ,*ri/ianity at _! ,all-,?+ 9 ! ye> #ajjj1 b ) ! condition t !y might also cont9ue _! old wor%ip1 & be p]mitt$ ! eat+ ( horse-fle% & exposition ( infants4 ,:5 ! ,all-,?+ broke up1 ! assembl$ multitudes w5t to ! hot-ba?s to be baptiz$1 pref]r+ = ?is rite hot wat] to cold4 ,! ,sc&9avians seem at ?is p]iod to h lo/ _! fai? 9 _! old religion1 & to h be5 9 a transition /ate4 ,"o w>rior says t he relies m on 8 own /r5g? & arms ?an ^u ,?or4 ,ano!r says1 ,i w\ld h !e "k t ,i believe nei!r 9 idols nor spirits1 b only 9 my own =ce & c\rage4 ,a w>rior told ,k+ ,olaff 9 ,norway1 ,i am nei!r ,*ri/ian nor ,pagan4 ,my companions & ,i h no o!r religion ?an confid5ce 9 our own /r5g? & good success4 ,evid5tly ,*ri/ianity = a long "t sat v lightly on ^! nations4 ,!y 7 will+ to be baptiz$ & accept "s ( ! outw>d c]emonies & fe/ivals ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* 7 consid]ately made to resemble _! old ones4 ,nev]!less ,*ri/ianity met _m ( ! wants ( ?is noble race ( m52 &1 on ! o!r h&1 _! in/9cts z a race 7 z well adapt$ to promote an equal developm5t ( e side ( ,*ri/ian life4 ,! ,s\!rn races ( ,europe receiv$ ,*ri/ianity z a religion ( ord]2 ! ,nor!rn races1 z a religion ( fre$om4 ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 by its +5i\s organization & its complex arrangem5ts1 introduc$ into life discipl9e & culture4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity1 by its appeals to ! individual s\l1 awak5s consci5ce & /imulates to individual & national progress4 ,! nations ( ,s\!rn ,europe accept$ ,*ri/ianity ma9ly z a religion ( s5tim5t & feel+2 ! nations ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 z a religion ( tru? & pr9ciple4 ,god adapt$ ,*ri/ianity to ! ne$s ( ^! ,nor!rn races2 b he also adapt$ ^! races1 ) _! orig9al in/9cts & _! primitive religion1 to ! ne$s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,)\t !m1 we d n see h[ !re c\ld be su* a ?+ 9 ,europe to-day z ,prote/antism4 ,x 0 no accid5t :i* made ! f\nd] ( ! ,re=mation a ,saxon monk1 & ! cradle ( ! ,re=mation ,g]many4 ,x 0 no accid5t :i* br\ght ! great ,gu/avus ,adolphus f ! nor!rn p59sula1 at ! head ( 8 ,sw$i% ,prote/ants1 to turn ! tide ( w> 9 favor ( ,prote/antism & to die on ! field ( ,lutz51 fight+ = fre$om ( _s4 ,x is no accid5t :i* makes ! ,sc&9avian races to-day1 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 9 ,d5m>k & ,nor? ,g]many & ,holl&1 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 almo/ ! only ,prote/ant nations ( ! _w4 ,! old in/9cts /ill run 9 ! blood1 & cause ^! races to ask ( _! religion1 n s mu* ! luxury ( emotion or ! satisfaction ( repose1 9 hav+ all op9ions settl$ = !m & all actions prescrib$1 z1 mu* r1 light1 fre$om1 & progress4 ,to !m to-day1 z to _! ance/ors1 ,is life a simple art ,( duties to be done1 ,a game :]e ea* man takes 8 "p1 ,a race :]e all mu/ run2 ,a battle ^: great s*eme & scope ,!y little c>e to "k2 ,cont5t1 z m5 at arms1 to cope ,ea* ) 8 front+ foe4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,jewi% ,religion4 #a4 ,pale/9e1 & ! ,semitic ,races4 #b4 ,abraham2 or1 ,judaism z ! family ,wor%ip ( a ,supreme ,be+4 #c4 ,moses2 or1 ,judaism z ! national ,wor%ip ( a j & holy ,k+4 #d4 ,david2 or1 ,judaism z ! p]sonal ,wor%ip ( a ,fa!r & ,fri5d4 #e4 ,solomon2 or1 ! ,religi\s ,relapse4 #f4 ,! ,prophets2 or1 ,judaism z ! ,hope ( a spiritual & univ]sal ,k+dom ( ,god4 #g4 ,judaism z a ,prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,pale/9e1 & ! ,semitic ,races4 ,pale/9e is a ^w equival5t to ,phili/ia1 or ! l& ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,a simil> "n = ! coa/ region ( ,syria has be5 f\nd on a monum5t 9 ,n9eveh1#ccf & at ,k>nak 9 ,egypt4#ccg ,josephus & ,philo use ! t]m ,pale/9e1 z apply+ to ! ,phili/9es2 & ! accurate le>n+ ( ,milton appe>s 9 8 us+ x 9 ! same s5se4#cch ,! l& ( ,canaan1 ,! l& ( ,israel1 & ,juda 7 ! names aft]w>d giv5 to ! t]ritory ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,x is a small c\ntry1 l o!rs z fam\s2 = x is only ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty ,engli% miles 9 l5g?1 & =ty 9 wid?4 ,x resembles ,greece & ,switz]l&1 n only 9 its small dim5sions1 b by be+ compos$ ( valleys1 sep>at$ by *a9s ( m\nta9s & by ranges ( hills4 ,x 0 isolat$ by ! great sea ( s& on ! ea/1 & ! ,m$it]ranean on ! we/4 ,%>ply def9$ on ! ea/1 we/1 & s\?1 x /ret*es indef9itely into ,syria on ! nor?4 ,x is a hilly1 high-ly+ region1 hav+ all ! *>act]s ( ,greece except proximity to ! sea1 & all ^? ( ,switz]l& except ! height ( ! m\nta9s4 ,its valleys 7 well wat]$ & f]tile4 ,!y mo/ly ran nor? & s\?2 none op5$ a way across1 ,juda to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is geographical fact assi/$ 9 ! isolation ( ! c\ntry4 ,two great r\tes ( travel pass$ by its bord]s )\t ent]+ its hills4 ,on ! we/ ! pla9s ( ,phili/ia 7 ! highway ( ! ,assyrian & ,egyptian armies4 ,on ! nor? ! valley ( ! ,orontes1 sep>at$ by ! *a9 ( ,lebanon f ,pale/9e1 all[$ ! p ( ,asia a free passage to ! sea4 ,s1 ?\gh surr\nd$ by five great nations1 all idolatr\s1--! ,babylonians1 ,m$es1 ,assyrians1 ,pho5icians1 & ,egyptians1--! p ( ,juda 7 enabl$ to develop _! own "* & in/itutions )\t mu* int]f]5ce f )\t4 ,inaccessible f ! sea1 & surr\nd$1 l ! ,swiss1 by ! natural =tifications ( _! hills1 l ! ,swiss !y 7 also protect$ by _! pov]ty f spoil]s4 ,b be+ at ! po9t ( contact ( ?ree cont95ts1 !y _h 7l ! ,mahomm$ans aft]w>ds7 great facilities = communicat+ _! religi\s ideas to o!r nations4 ,pale/9e is s small a c\ntry t f _m po9ts ! :ole ( x may be ov]look$#cci4 ,t[>d ! ea/1 f all po9ts1 may be se5 ! high plateau ( ,moab & ! m\nta9s ( ,gilead4 ,sn[-capp$ ,h]mon is always visible on ! nor?4 ,9 ! he>t ( ! l& rises ! beautiful m\nta9 ,tabor1 clo!d ) vegetation to its summit4 ,x is almo/ a p]fect cone1 & comm&s ! mo/ int]e/+ view 9 all directions4 ,f its top1 to :i* y asc5d f ,naz>e? by a pa? :i* ,jesus may h trod1 y see to ! nor!a/ ! l(ty *a9 ( ,h]mon 7,jebel es ,%eikh ! ,capta97 ris+ into ! blue sky to ! height ( t5 ?\s& feet1 cov]$ ) et]nal sn[4 ,we/ ( ?is appe>s ! *a9 ( ,lebanon4 ,at ! foot ( ,tabor ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon ext5ds nor!rly1 dott$ ) hills1 & animat$ ) ! camps ( ! ,arabs#cdj4 ,! ,lake ( ,galilee gleams1 a silv] l9e1 on ! ea/1 ) ,ba%an & ! m\nta9s ( ,gilead 9 ! di/ance1 & f>!r to ! s\!a/ ! great plateau ( ,moab rises l a m\nta9 wall beyond ! ,jordan4 ,! valley ( ! ,jordan itself1 sunk f> bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 is out ( sight 9 its deep valley2 nor is any?+ se5 ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,to ! nor?we/ rises rocky ,c>mel1 ov]hang+ ! ,bay ( ,ac*a 7or ,acre71 on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! :ole c\ntry /&s high4 ,hebron1 at ! s\?1 is ?ree ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea2 ,j]usalem is tw5ty-six hundr$2 ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 tw5ty-sev5 hundr$2 & ,ebal & ,g]izim 9 ,sam>ia1 ! same4 ,! valley 9 :i* ,naz>e? /&s is eight hundr$ & tw5ty feet above ! sea2 t at ! foot ( ,tabor1 f\r hundr$ & ?irty-n9e2 :ile ! summit ( ,tabor itself is sev5te5 hundr$ & fifty4 ,f ,juda ! l& plunges d[nw>d v rapidly t[>d ! ea/ into ! valley ( ,jordan4 ,! surface ( ,lake ,galilee is already five hundr$ & ?irty-five feet bel[ t ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & t ( ! ,dead ,sea is five hundr$ feet l[] d[n4#cda ,pale/9e is !re=e a m\nta9 fa/ness1 & mo/ ( ! waves ( w> swept by1 leav+ x unt\*$ & unassail$4 ,f ,j]usalem to ,j]i*o ! di/ance is only ?irte5 miles1 b ! latt] place is a ?\s& feet l[] ?an ! =m]1 s t x 0 v prop] to speak ( a man's go+ d[n f ,j]usalem to ,j]i*o4 ,! ,jews belong$ to :at has be5 call$ ! ,semitic race4 ,?is family1 ! only hi/oric rival ( ! ,japhetic 7or ,aryan7 race1 is e?nologically compos$ ( ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians1 ! ,pho5icians1 ! ,hebrews & o!r ,syrian tribes1 ! ,arabs & ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,x is a race :i* has be5 great on l& & at sea4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates & t ( ! ,tigris its sons c>ri$ all ! arts ( social life to ! highe/ p]fection1 & became mighty conqu]ors & w>like soldi]s4 ,on ! ,m$it]ranean _! %ips1 conta9+ ,pho5ician navigators1 explor$ ! coa/s1 made settlem5ts at ,c>?age & ,cadiz1 & sail+ out ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> w5t z f> nor? z ,great ,brita91 & circumnavigat$ ,africa two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,vasco da ,gama4 ,?is race has giv5 to man ! alphabet1 ! ,bible1 ! ,koran1 comm]ce1 & 9 ,hannibal ! greate/ milit>y g5ius ( all "t4 ,t ! diff]5t nations inhabit+ ! region ar\nd ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 ,syria & ,arabia1 belong$ to "o great race1 is prov$ by ! unimpea*able te/imony ( language4 ,! ,bible g5ealogies trace !m to ,%em1 ! son ( ,noah4 ,ewald1#cdb :o believes t ?is region 0 inhabit$ by an aborig9al p long be=e ! days ( ,abraham1--a p :o 7 driv5 out by ! ,canaanites1--nev]!less says t !y no d\bt 7 a ,semitic p4 ,! languages ( all ^! nations is closely relat$1 be+ almo/ dialects ( a s+le tongue1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m be+ h>dly great] ?an betwe5 ! subdivisions ( ! ,g]man gr\p ( languages4#cdc ,t :i* has contribut$ to pres]ve ! close homog5eity among ^! tongues is1 t !y h little p[] ( gr[? or developm5t4 ,z ,m4 ,r5an says1 !y h less liv$ ?an la/$4#cdd ,! ,pho5icians us$ a language almo/ id5tical ) ! ,hebrew4 ,a s>cophagus ( ,ezmunaz>1 k+ ( ,sidon1 dat+ f ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 0 discov]$ a few ye>s s9ce1 & is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,x conta9s "s ?irty s5t5ces ( ! l5g? ( an av]age v]se 9 ! ,bible1 & is 9 pure ,hebrew4#cde ,9 a play ( ,plautus#cdf a ,c>?ag9ian is made to speak a long passage 9 8 native language1 ! ,punic tongue2 ?is is also v readable ,hebrew4 ,! black basalt /ele1 lately discov]$ 9 ! l& ( ,moab1 conta9s an inscription ( ,me%a1 k+ ( ,moab1 address$ to 8 god1 ,*emo%1 describ+ 8 victory ov] ! ,israelites4 ,?is is also 9 a ,hebrew dialect4 ,f su* facts x appe>s t ! ,hebrews1 ,pho5icians1 & ,canaanites 7 all cong5]s ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,b n[ ! /rik+ fact appe>s t ! ,hebrew religion diff]$ widely f t ( ^! o!r nations ( ! same family4 ,! ,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 ,pho5icians1 & ,c>?ag9ians all possess$ a ne>ly id5tical religion4 ,!y all believ$ 9 a supreme god1 call$ by ! diff]5t names ( ,ilu1 ,bel1 ,set1 ,hadad1 ,molo*1 ,*emo%1 ,jaoh1 ,el1 ,adon1 ,as%ur4 ,all believ$ 9 subord9ate & second>y be+s1 emanations f ?is supreme be+1 8 manife/ations to ! _w1 rul]s ( ! planets4 ,l o!r pan!i/ic religions1 ! cu/om prevail$ among ! ,semitic nations ( promot+ fir/ "o & !n ano!r deity to be ! supreme object ( wor%ip4 ,among ! ,assyrians1 z among ! ,egyptians1 ! gods 7 (t5 arrang$ 9 triads1 z t ( ,ann1 ,bel1 & ,ao4 ,anu1 or ,cannes1 wore ! head ( a fi%2 ,bel wore ! horns ( a bull2 ,ao 0 repres5t$ by a s]p5t4 ,^! religions repres5t$ ! gods z ! _s )9 nature1 & beh9d natural objects & =ces1--p[]s )9 ! _w1 r ?an above ! _w4 ,_! wor%ip comb9$ cruelty & lic5ti\sness1 & 0 p]haps z debas+ a sup]/ition z ! _w has witness$4 ,! ,greeks1 :o 7 n puritans !mselves 9 _! religion1 7 %ock$ at ! impure orgies ( ?is wor%ip1 & horrifi$ at ! sacrifice ( *ildr5 among ! ,canaanites & ,c>?ag9ians4 ,h[ !n did ! ,hebrews1 "u ,moses & ! lat] prophets1 orig9ate a sy/em s widely diff]5t8 ,_! ,god 0 above nature1 n 9 x4 ,he /ood alone1 unaccompani$ by second>y deities2 he made no "p ( a triad2 he 0 n associat$ ) a female repres5tative4 ,8 wor%ip requir$ purity1 n pollution2 its aim 0 hol9ess1 & its _s humane1 n cruel4 ,mono!i/ic 9 its _s f ! fir/1 x became an absolute mono!ism 9 its developm5t4 ,:5ce ?is wide dep>ture 9 ! ,hebrews f ! religi\s t5d5cies & belief ( ! surr\nd+ nations1 :o spoke ! same language & belong$ to ! same /ock8 ,m4 ,r5an consid]s ?is a "q ( race4#cdg ,he says3 ,! ,indo-,european race1 di/ract$ by ! v>iety ( ! univ]se1 nev] by itself arriv$ at mono!ism4 ,! ,semitic race1 on ! o!r h&1 guid$ by its firm & sure sight1 in/antly unmask$ ,div9ity1 & )\t reflection or reason+ atta9$ ! pure/ =m ( religion t humanity has kn[n4 ,b ! ,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 ,arabians be=e ,mohamm$1 ,pho5icians1 & ,c>?ag9ians1 & p]haps ! ,egyptians1 belong$ to ! ,semitic race4 ,yet none ( ^! nations atta9$ to any mono!ism pur] ?an t ( ! ,v$a or ! ,ave/a4 ,! ,arabs1 ne> relations ( ! ,hebrews1 7 divid$ betwe5 a wor%ip l t ( ,babylon & ,sabism1 or />-wor%ip4 ,no d\bt 9 all ^! ,semitic families ! idea ( "o supreme god lay beh9d t ( ! second>y deities2 b ?is 0 also ! case 9 ! ,aryan races4 ,& 9 bo? ?is primitive mono!ism rec$$ in/ead ( becom+ m di/9ct1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! ,hebrews4 ,m4 ,r5an's view is n1 !re=e1 support$ by ! facts4 ,we mu/ look fur!r to f9d ! true cause1 & !re=e are oblig$ to exam9e some:at 9 detail ! ma9 po9ts ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be easy1 b w\ld n accord ) our plan1 to accept ! common ,*ri/ian explanation1 & say1 ,mono!ism 0 a direct revelation to ,moses4 ,= we are n[ n able to assume su* a revelation1 & are oblig$ to consid] ! subject f ! outside1 f ! /&-po9t ( pure hi/ory4 #b4 ,abraham2 or1 ,judaism z ! family ,wor%ip ( a ,supreme ,be+4 ,we h be5 s accu/om$ to reg>d ! ,jewi% religion z a "p ( our own1 & s to look at x f )91 t x is h>d to take ! hi/oric position1 & to look at x f )\t4 ,b to comp>e x ) o!r religions1 & to see :at x really is & is n1 ?is is necess>y4 ,x becomes m difficult to assume ! attitude ( an imp>tial obs]v]1 because ( ! doctr9e ( v]bal inspiration1 s univ]sally taught 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 ,f *ildhood we h look$ on ! ,old ,te/am5t z inspir$ ?r\gh\t1 & all on ! same level ( absolute infallibility4 ,!re is no high1 no l[1 no degrees ( c]titude or probability1 :]e e ^w is assum$ to be ! v ^w ( ,god4 ,b ^? :o /ill hold to ! pl5>y inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ cons5t1 = our pres5t purpose1 to susp5d _! fai? 9 ?is doctr9e1 & provisionally to look at ! ,old ,te/am5t ) ! same imp>tial ?\gh fri5dly scrut9y ) :i* we h reg>d$ ! sacr$ books ( o!r nations4 ,n a little w be ga9$ = ! ,jewi% ,scriptures by ?is position4 ,if !y lose ! au?ority :i* atta*es to ! ,^w ( ,god1 !y w ga9 ! int]e/ :i* belongs to ! utt]ance ( man4 ,:ile ,m4 ,r5an f9ds ! s\rce ( ,hebrew mono!ism 9 a l t5d5cy 9 ! :ole ,semitic race1--a supposition :i* we h se5 to be contradict$ by ! facts1--,max ,mll] reg>ds ! true orig9 ( ?is t5d5cy to be 9 ,abraham himself1 ! fri5d ( ,god1 & ,fa!r ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,he calls att5tion to ! fact t bo? ,moses & ,*ri/1 & subsequ5tly ,mohamm$1 prea*$ no new ,god1 b ! ,god ( ,abraham4 ,?us1 says he1 ! fai? 9 ! "o liv+ ,god1 :i* seem$ to require ! admission ( a mono!i/ic in/9ct graft$ 9 e memb] ( ! ,semitic family1 is trac$ back to "o man4 ,he adds 8 belief t ?is fai? ( ,abraham 9 "o supreme ,god came to him by a special revelation4 ,& if1 by a special revelation1 is meant a gr& pr(\nd insight1 an inspir$ vision ( tru?1 s deep & s liv+ z to make x a reality l t ( ! outw>d _w1 !n we see no bett] explanation ( ! mono!ism ( ! ,hebrews ?an ?is conviction transmitt$ f ,abraham ?r\gh fa!r & son1 f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,= ! mo/ curi\s fact ab\t ?is ,jewi% p is1 t e "o ( !m#cdh is a *ild ( ,abraham4 ,all look$ back ) ! same ance/ral pride to _! great prog5itor1 ! fri5d ( ,god4 ,?is has nev] be5 ! case ) any o!r nation1 = ! ,arabs are n a nation4 ,"o c h>dly imag9e a great] spur to patriotism ?an ?is union ( pride ( desc5t ) pride 9 "o's nation & its in/itutions4 ,! pr\de/ & poore/ ,jew %>$ x toge!r4 ,!re 0 "o di/9ction1 & t ! mo/ honorable1 :i* belong$ equally to all4 ,we h se5 t1 9 all ! ,semitic nations1 beh9d ! num]\s div9e be+s repres5t+ ! p[]s ( nature1 !re 0 dimly visible "o ,supreme ,be+1 ( :om all ^! 7 emanations4 ,! t5d5cy to lose sight ( ?is ,fir/ ,great ,cause1 s common 9 ! race1 0 rev]s$ 9 ,abraham4 ,8 s\l rose to ! contemplation ( ! ,p]fect ,be+1 above all1 & ! s\rce ( all4 ,) passionate love he ador$ ?is ,mo/ ,high ,god1 ,mak] ( heav5 & e>?4 ,su* 0 8 devotion to ?is ,almighty ,be+1 t m51 wond]+1 said1 ,abraham is ! fri5d ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god6 ,he desir$ to f9d a home :]e he c\ld br+ up 8 *ildr5 9 ?is pure fai?1 undi/urb$ & unp]v]t$ by ! gross & l[ wor%ip ar\nd him4 ,9 "s deep dream or solemn vision x 0 borne 9 on 8 m9d t he mu/ g & f9d su* a home4 ,we are n to suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! m9d ( ,abraham rose to a cle> conception ( ! unity ( ,god1 z exclud+ all o!r div9e be+s4 ,! idea ( local1 tribal1 family gods 0 too deeply root$ to be at once rel9qui%$4 ,abraham1 z describ$ 9 ,g5esis1 is a great ,arab *ief1 a type ( patri>*al life1 9 :i* all au?ority is pat]nal4 ,! religion ( su* a p]iod is filial1 & ,god is view$ z ! protector & fri5d ( ! family or tribe4 ,only ! family ,god ( ,abraham 0 ! highe/ ( all gods1 ! ,almighty 7,g54 xvii4 #a71 :o 0 also ! ,god ( ,isaac 7,g54 xxviii4 #c7 & ( ,jacob 7,g54 xxxv4 #aa74 ,/anley#cdi expresses 8 satisfaction t ! "t has pa/ 9 :i* ! mo/ fa/idi\s believ] c object to he>+ ,abraham call$ a ,b$\9 %eik4 ,! type has rema9$ un*ang$ ?r\gh all ! c5turies1 & ! picture 9 ! ,bible ( ,abraham 9 8 t5t1 ( 8 hospitality1 8 self-respect1 8 c\rage1 & also ( 8 less noble traits1 occasional cunn+ & falsehood1 & cruelty t[>d ,hag> & ,i%mael1--^! qualities1 good & bad1 are /ill ^? ( ! des]t4 ,only 9 ,abraham some?+ high] & exceptional 0 jo9$ ) !m4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis ,abraham ent]s q abruptly ^u ! sc5e4 ,8 g5ealogy is giv5 9 ,g5esis 7*ap1 xi471 he be+ ! n9? 9 desc5t f ,%em1 ea* g5]ation occupy+ a little m ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,! bir? ( ,abraham is usually plac$ some:]e ab\t two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,8 fa!r's "n 0 ,t]ah1 :om ! ,jewi% & ,mohamm$an traditions describe z an idolat] & mak] ( idols4 ,he _h two bro!rs1 ,nahor & ,h>an2 ! latt] be+ ! fa!r ( ,lot1 & ! o!r1 ,nahor1 be+ ! gr&fa!r ( ,rebecca1 wife ( ,isaac4 ,abraham's fa!r1 ,t]ah1 liv$ 9 ,ur ( ! ,*aldees 7call$ 9 ,scripture ,casdim74 ,! ,*aldees1 :o subsequ5tly inhabit$ ! region ab\t ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 seem$ at fir/ to h liv$ among ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 at ! s\rce ( ! ,tigris2 & ?is 0 ! region :]e ,abraham 0 born1 a region n[ occupi$ by ! p call$ ,curds1 :o are p]haps desc5dants ( ! old ,*aldees1 ! inhabitants ( ,ur4 ,! ,curds are ,mohamm$ans & robb]s1 & q indep5d5t1 nev] pay+ taxes to ! ,porte4 ,! ,*aldees are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,scripture & 9 anci5t writ]s4 ,x5ophon speaks ( ! ,c>du*i z inhabitants ( ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 & z mak+ incursions !nce to plund] ! c\ntry1 j z ! ,curds d n[4 ,he says !y 7 f\nd !re by ! y\ng] ,cyrus1 & by ! t5 ?\s& ,greeks4 ,! ,greeks1 9 _! retreat1 7 oblig$ to fight _! way ?r\gh !m1 & f\nd !m v skilful ar*]s4 ,s did ! ,romans "u ,crassus & ,m>k ,antony4 ,& s are !y describ$ by ! ,prophet ,habakkuk 7*ap1 i4 #f-i73-- ,= lo1 ,i raise up ! ,*aldeans1 ,a bitt] & ha/y nation1 ,:i* m>*es f> & wide 9 ! e>?1 ,to possess ! dwell+s t are n !irs4 ,!y are t]rible & dreadful1 ,_! decrees & _! judgm5ts proce$ only f !mselves4 ,swift] ?an leop>ds are _! horses1 ,& fi]c] ?an ! ev5+ wolves4 ,_! horsem5 prance pr\dly ar\nd2 ,& _! horsem5 %all come f af> & fly1 ,l ! eagle :5 he p\nces on 8 prey4 ,!y all %all come = viol5ce1 ,9 troops1--_! glance is ev] =w>d6 ,!y ga!r captives l ! s&6 ,z !y 7 9 ! "t ( ,habakkuk1 s are !y to-day4 ,%ut up on e side 9 ! ,p]sian ,empire1 _! ance/ors1 ! ,c>du*i1 refus$ ob$i5ce to ! great k+ & 8 satraps1 j z ! ,curds refuse to obey ! gr& seignior & 8 pa%as4 ,!y c raise a hundr$ & =ty ?\s& arm$ m54 ,!y are capable ( any und]tak+4 ,mohamm$ himself said1 ,!y w\ld yet revolutionize ! _w4 ,! anci5t ,*aldees seem to h be5 fire-wor%ipp]s1 l ! ,p]sians4 ,!y 7 r5[n$ = ! /udy ( ! heav5s & ! wor%ip ( ! />s1 & "s rema9s ( ,p]sian dualism /ill l+] among _! desc5dants1 :o are accus$ ( ,devil-wor%ip by _! neighbors4 ,t ,abraham 0 a real p]son1 & t 8 /ory is hi/orically reliable1 c h>dly be d\bt$ by ^? :o h ! hi/oric s5se4 ,su* pictures1 pa9t$ 9 detail ) a ,pre-,raphaelite m9ut5ess1 are n ( ! nature ( leg5ds4 ,/ories :i* are discr$itable to 8 "*1 & :i* place him 9 a humiliat+ position t[>ds ,ph>aoh & ,abimele*1 w\ld n h appe>$ 9 a fictiti\s n>rative4 ,! my?ical acc\nts ( ,abraham1 z f\nd among ! ,mohamm$ans & 9 ! ,talmud1#cej %[1 by _! contra/1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 fable & hi/ory4 ,! ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,abraham are s well kn[n t x is n necess>y ev5 to allude to !m4 ,we w only ref] to "o1 z %[+ t o!rs among ! tribes 9 ,pale/9e1 besides ,abraham1 _h a fai? 9 ,god simil> to 84 ,?is is ! acc\nt ( 8 meet+ ) ,mel*is$ek4 ,?is my/]i\s p]son has be5 s treat$ by typologi/s t all human mean+ has gone out ( him1 & he has become1 to mo/ m9ds1 a v vapory "*4#cea ,b ?is is do+ him great inju/ice4 ,"o mi/ake (t5 made ab\t him is1 to assume t ,mel*is$ek1 ,k+ ( ,salem1 gives u ! "n & resid5ce ( ! man1 :]eas bo? are 8 (ficial titles4 ,8 "n we d n "k2 8 (fice & title _h swall[$ x up4 ,k+ ( ,ju/ice & ,k+ ( ,peace1--?is is 8 designation4 ,8 (fice1 z we believe1 0 to be umpire among ! *iefs ( neighbor+ tribes4 ,by decid+ ! que/ions :i* arose among !m1 accord+ to equity1 he receiv$ 8 title ( ,k+ ( ,ju/ice4 ,by ?us prev5t+ ! bloody arbitram5t ( w>1 he ga9$ ! o!r "n1 ,k+ ( ,peace4 ,all que/ions1 !re=e1 z to :]e ,salem 01 fall to ! gr\nd4 ,salem means peace2 x does n mean ! place ( 8 abode4 ,b 9 ord] to settle su* int]tribal disputes1 two ?+s 7 necess>y3 fir/1 t ! surr\nd+ ,b$\9 *iefs %\ld agree to take him z _! arbit]2 &1 secondly1 t "s sacr$ness %\ld atta* to 8 "*1 & give au?ority to 8 decisions4 ,l o!rs 9 ^? days1 he 0 bo? k+ & prie/2 b he 0 prie/ ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1--n ( ! local gods ( ! sep>ate tribes1 b ( ! highe/ ,god1 above all ! re/4 ,t he 0 ! ackn[l$g$ arbit] ( surr\nd+ tribes appe>s f ! fact t ,abraham paid to him ti!s out ( ! spoils4 ,x is n likely t ,abraham did ?is if !re 7 no prec$5t = x2 = he reg>d$ ! spoils z belong+1 n to himself1 b to ! conf$]ates 9 ^: cause he f\ght4 ,no d\bt x 0 ! cu/om1 z 9 ! case ( ,delphi1 to pay ti!s to ?is supreme arbit]2 & 9 do+ s ,abraham 0 simply foll[+ ! cu/om4 ,! ,jewi% travell]1 ,wolff1 /ates t 9 ,mesopotamia a simil> cu/om prevails at ! pres5t "t4 ,"o %eik is select$ f ! re/1 on acc\nt ( 8 sup]ior probity & piety1 & becomes _! ,k+ ( ,peace & ,righte\sness4 ,a simil> cu/om1 ,i am told1 prevails among "s ,am]ican tribes4 ,inde$1 :]e society is organiz$ by clans1 subject to local *iefs1 "s su* arrangem5t seems necess>y to prev5t p]petual feuds4 ,?is ,k+ ( ,ju/ice & ,peace gave refre%m5ts to ,abraham & 8 foll[]s aft] ! battle1 bless+ him 9 ! "n ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god4 ,z he came f no "o kn[s :]e1 & has no (ficial /atus or desc5t1 ! fact t ,abraham recogniz$ him z a true prie/ is us$ 9 ! ,book ( ,psalms & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews to prove !re is a true prie/hood beside t ( ! h\se ( ,levi4 ,a prie/ aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*is$ek is "o :o becomes s by hav+ 9 him ! true fai?1 ?\gh he has no fa!r nor "m1 beg9n+ ( days nor end ( life1 t is1 no g5ealogical position 9 an h]$it>y prie/hood4 ,! ,god ( ,abraham 0 ,! ,mo/ ,high4 ,he 0 ! family ,god ( ,abraham's tribe & ( ,abraham's desc5dants4 ,^? :o %\ld wor%ip o!r gods w\ld be disloyal to _! tribe1 false to _! ance/ors1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z outlaws4 ,?us ! fai? 9 a ,supreme ,be+ 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! desc5dants ( ,abraham by family pride1 rev]5ce = ance/ors1 & patriotic feel+4 ,! fai? ( ,abraham1 t 8 ,god w\ld give to 8 desc5dants ! l& ( ,pale/9e1 & multiply !m till !y %\ld be z num]\s z ! />s or ! s&1 0 t :i* made him ! ,fa!r ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,! fai? ( ,abraham1 z we ga!r x f ,g5esis1 0 9 ,god z a ,supreme ,be+4 ,?\gh almighty1 ,god 0 will+ to be ,abraham's p]sonal protector & fri5d4 ,he talks ) ,abraham face to face4 ,he comes to him1 & agrees to give to him & to 8 po/]ity ! l& ( ,canaan1 & 9 ?is promise ,abraham has entire fai?4 ,8 mono!ism 0 inde$ ( an imp]fect k9d4 ,x did n exclude a belief 9 o!r gods1 ?\gh !y 7 reg>d$ z inf]ior to 8 own4 ,8 family ,god1 ?\gh almighty1 0 n omnipres5t4 ,he came d[n to le>n :e!r ! rumors conc]n+ ! s9fulness ( ,sodom 7 correct or n4 ,he 0 n q sure ( ,abraham's fai?1 & s he te/$ x by comm&+ him to sacrifice ,isaac1 9 :om alone ! promise to ,abraham's desc5dants c\ld be fulfill$4 ,b ?\gh ! mono!ism ( ,abraham 0 ( s imp]fect a k9d1 x _h 9 x ! root ( ! bett] k9d :i* 0 to come4 ,x 0 imp]fect1 b n false4 ,x 0 entire fai? 9 ! supreme p[] ( ,jehovah to d :at he w\ld1 & 9 8 disposition to be a fri5d to ! patri>* & 8 po/]ity4 ,x 01 !re=e1 tru/ 9 ! div9e p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! religion ( ,abraham & t ( ! poly!i/ic nations 01 t :ile !y desc5d$ f ! idea ( a ,supreme ,be+ into t ( subord9ate ones1 he w5t back to t ( ! ,supreme1 & clung to ?is ) 8 :ole s\l4 #c4 ,moses2 or1 ,judaism z ! national ,wor%ip ( a j & holy ,k+4 ,9 speak+ ( ,moses & ( 8 law1 x may be ?\ght necess>y to beg9 by %[+ t su* a man z ,moses really exi/$2 = mod]n criticism has greatly employ$ itself 9 que/ion+ ! exi/5ce ( great m54 ,z ! telescope resolves />s into d\ble1 triple1 & quadruple />s1 & f9ally into />-du/1 s ! critics1 turn+ _! optical tubes t[>d t mighty orb :i* m5 call ,hom]1 h decl>$ t !y h resolv$ him into a great numb] ( little ,hom]s4 ,! same process has be5 attempt$ 9 reg>d to ,%akespe>e4 ,"s h tri$ to %[ t !re nev] 0 any ,%akespe>e1 b only _m ,%akespe>e writ]s4 ,9 l mann]1 ! critics h s\ght to dissolve ,moses ) _! p[]ful analysis1 &1 in/ead ( ,moses1 to give u a numb] ( fragm5t>y writ+s f diff]5t times & h&s1 skilfully jo9$ toge!r2 9 fact1 in/ead ( ,moses1 to give u a mosaic4 ,criticism sub/itutes human t5d5cies 9 ! place ( great m51 does n love to believe 9 g5ius1 & (t5 appe>s to ?9k t a numb] ( m$iocrities add$ toge!r c accompli% m ?an "o man ( g5ius4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is a mi/ake4 ,! easie/ & mo/ natural solution ( wond]ful results is ! supposition ( g5ius1 inspiration1 h]oism1 z _! cause4 ,great m5 expla9 hi/ory4 ,napoleon expla9s ! hi/ory ( ,europe dur+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,suppose a critic1 a ?\s& ye>s h5ce1 %\ld resolve ,napoleon into half a doz5 ,napoleons2 w\ld !y expla9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe z well8 ,giv5 a man l ,napoleon1 & we c und]/& ! ,fr5* campaigns 9 ,italy & ,g]many1 ! ov]?r[ ( ,au/ria1 ! annihilation ( ,prussia1 ! spl5did ho/ ( field-m>%als1 ! ,bonap>te circle ( k+s1 ! ,codex1 ! ,simplon ,road1 & ! _m *anges ( /ates & gov]nm5ts on ! map ( ,europe4 ,"o man ( g5ius expla9s x all4 ,b take away ! man ( g5ius1 & sub/itute a gr\p ( small m5 9 8 place1 & ! ?+ is mu* m obscure & un9telligible4 ,s1 giv5 ,moses1 ! man ( g5ius & inspiration1 & we c und]/& ! ,exodus1 und]/& ! ,jewi% laws1 und]/& ! ,p5tateu*1 & und]/& ! /range ph5om5on ( ,judaism4 ,b1 in/ead ( ,moses1 giv5 a mosaic1 h[ev] skilfully put toge!r1 & ! ?+ is m difficult4 ,!re=e1 ,moses is to be pref]r$ to ! mosaic1 z ! m reasonable & probable ( ! two1 j z ,hom] is pref]able to ! ,hom]ids1 & ,%akespe>e to ! ,%akespe>e ,club4#ceb ,we f9d 9 ,moses ! ?ree elem5ts ( g5ius1 inspiration1 & k4 ,p]haps x is n difficult to di/+ui% !m4 ,we see ! natural g5ius & temp]am5t ( ,moses break+ out aga9 & aga9 ?r\gh\t 8 c>e]1 z ! rocky /rata und]ly+ ! soil crop out 9 ! mid/ ( g>d5s1 or*>ds1 & fields ( corn4 ,! basis ( 8 nature 0 ! h>de/ k9d ( rock1 ) a surg+ subt]ranean fire ( passion b5ea? x4 ,an awful s\l1 /em & t]rible z ,mi*ael ,angelo conceiv$ him1 ! sublime g5ius c>v+ ! sublime lawgiv] 9 cong5ial m>ble4 ,! /atue is z /]n z law itself4 ,x sits 9 "o ( ! ,roman *ur*es1 betwe5 two columns1 ! "r h& grasp+ ! tables ( ! law1 ! symbolic horns ( p[] protrud+ f ! br[1 & ! au/]e look ( ! judge b5t ^u ^? on ! left h&4 ,a fi]y nature1 an iron w1 a root$ s5se ( ju/ice1 7 /rangely ov]fl[$ & s(t5$ by a t5d]ness t[>d 8 race1 :i* 0 n s mu* ! feel+ ( a bro!r = bre?r5 z ( a p>5t = *ildr54 ,educat$ 9 ! h\se ( ,ph>aoh1 & adopt$ by 8 daught] z h] *ild1 tak5 by ! p[]ful & le>n$ prie/hood ( ,egypt into _! ranks1 & %>+ = _m ye>s _! honors & privileges1 8 he>t ye>n$ t[>d 8 bre?r5 9 ! l& ( ,go%51 & he w5t out to see !m 9 _! suff]+s & slav]y4 ,8 impetu\s nature broke out 9 sudd5 indignation at ! sight ( "s act ( cruelty1 & he smote ! ov]se] :o 0 tortur+ ! ,jewi% slave4 ,t act made him an exile1 & s5t him to live 9 ,arabia ,petrea1 z a %eph]d4 ,if he _h ?\ght only ( 8 own prospects & position1 he w\ld n h gone ne> ! ,israelites at all1 b liv$ quietly z an ,egyptian prie/ 9 ! palace ( ,ph>aoh4 ,b1 z ! writ] to ! ,hebrews says1 he refus$1 to be call$ ! son ( ,ph>aoh's daught]2 *oos+ r to suff] affliction ) ! p ( ,god ?an to enjoy ! pleasures ( s9 = a season4#cec ,ano!r in/ance ( 8 g5]\s & t5d] feel+s t[>d 8 nation is se5 9 8 behavior :5 ! p made ! gold5 calf4 ,fir/1 8 ang] broke out aga9/ !m1 & all ! /]nness ( ! lawgiv] appe>$ 9 8 comm& to ! p to cut d[n _! idolatr\s bre?r52 !n ! bitt] tide ( ang] )drew1 & t ( t5d]ness took its place1 & he return$ into ! m\nta9 to ! ,"l & said1 ,o1 ?is p h s9n$ a great s91 & h made !m gods ( gold4 ,yet n[1 if ?\ wilt =give _! s9--2 & if n1 blot me1 ,i pray !e1 out ( ?y book :i* ?\ ha/ writt54 ,moses did n make mu* acc\nt ( human life4 ,he /ruck dead ! ,egyptian :o 0 ill-treat+ a ,jew2 he slew ! ,jews :o turn$ to idolatry2 he slew ! ,midianites :o tempt$ !m2 b !n he 0 ready to give up 8 own life too = ! sake ( 8 p & = ! sake ( ! cause4 ,?is _s ( ,moses p]vades 8 law1 ?is same inconsi/5cy w5t f 8 "* into 8 legislation2 8 rel5tless sev]ity & 8 t5d] sympa?y bo? appe> 9 x4 ,he kn[s no m]cy t[>d ! transgressor1 b t[>d ! un=tunate he is full ( compassion4 ,8 law says1 ,eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 burn+ = burn+1 /ripe = /ripe4 ,b x also says1 ,ye %all nei!r vex a /rang]1 nor oppress him1 = ye 7 /rang]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,ye %all n afflict any wid[ or fa!rless *ild4 ,if ?\ l5d money to any ( my p t is poor by !e1 ?\ %alt n be to him z an usur]4 ,if ?\ at all take ?y neighbor's raim5t to pl$ge1 ?\ %alt deliv] x unto him by t ! sun goe? d[n1 = t is 8 cov]+4 ,if ?\ meet ?9e enemy's ox or 8 ass go+ a/ray1 ?\ %alt surely br+ x back to him aga94 ,su* sev]ities jo9$ ) su* humanities we f9d 9 ! "* ( ,moses1 & su* we f9d to h pass$ f 8 "* into 8 laws4 ,b p]haps ! deepe/ spr+ ( "*1 & its mo/ ess5tial trait1 0 8 s5se ( ju/ice z embodi$ 9 law4 ,! great idea ( a j law1 freely *os51 "u its v>i\s aspects ( ,div9e comm&1 c]emonial regulations1 political ord]1 & moral duty1 di/+ui%$ 8 policy & legislation f t ( o!r f\nd]s ( /ates4 ,8 laws re/$ on no basis ( m]e temporal exp$i5cy1 b on ! two pivots ( an absolute ,div9e w & a delib]ate national *oice4 ,x _h ! d\ble sanction ( religion & ju/ice2 x 0 at once a revelation & a contract4 ,!re 0 a ?ird idea :i* x 0 ! object ( 8 :ole sy/em1 & especially ( 8 c]emonial sy/em1 to tea* & to cultivate1--t ( hol9ess4 ,god is a holy ,god1 8 law is a holy law1 ! place ( 8 wor%ip is a holy place1 & ! ,jewi% nation z 8 wor%ipp]s are a holy p4 ,?is belief appe>s 9 ! fir/ revelation :i* he receiv$ at ! burn+ bu% 9 ! l& ( ,midian4 ,x expla9s _m ?+s 9 ! ,levitical law1 :i* )\t ?is w\ld seem trivial & unmean+4 ,! c]emonial purifications1 clean & unclean meats1 ! arrangem5ts ( ! tab]nacle1 ) its holy place1 & its ,holy ( ,holies1 ! ,sabba?1 ! dresses ( ! prie/s1 ! o9tm5t ) :i* ! alt> 0 ano9t$1 are all int5d$ to develop 9 ! m9ds ( ! p ! idea ( hol9ess4#ced ,& !re nev] 0 a p on ^: s\ls ?is notion 0 s fully impress$ z x 0 ^u ! ,jews4 ,exam9$1 x means ! et]nal di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 betwe5 good & evil1 & ! ess5tial ho/ility :i* exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,appli$ to ,god1 x %[s him to h a nature ess5tially moral1 & a true moral "*4 ,he loves good & hates evil4 ,he does n reg>d !m ) exactly ! same feel+4 ,he _c treat ! good man & ! bad man 9 exactly ! same way4 ,m ?an mono!ism1 ?is p]haps is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! !ology ( ,moses4 ,! "* ( ,moses _h v m>k$ defici5cies1 x _h its weakness z well z its /r5g?4 ,he 0 impetu\s1 impati5t1 want+ 9 self-possession & self-control4 ,!re is a v]se 9 ! ,book ( ,numb]s 7believ$ by ,ei*horn & ,eos5mull] to be an int]polation7 :i* calls him ! meeke/ ( m54 ,su* a view ( 8 "* is n confirm$ by su* actions z 8 kill+ ! ,egyptian1 8 break+ ! /one tables1 & ! l4 ,he decl>es ( himself t he _h no p[] z a speak]1 be+ defici5t probably 9 ! organ ( language4 ,8 milit>y skill seems small1 s9ce he appo9t$ ,jo%ua = ! milit>y comm&]1 :5 ! p 7 attack$ by ! ,amalekites4 ,nor did he h1 :at seems m important 9 a legislator1 ! practical tact ( organiz+ ! adm9i/ration ( affairs4 ,8 fa!r-9-law1 ,je?ro1 %[$ him h[ to delegate ! details ( gov]nm5t to subord9ates1 & to res]ve = himself ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce4 ,up to t "t he _h tri$ to d ev]y?+ by himself4 ,t great art1 9 adm9i/ration1 ( select+ prop] tools to "w )1 ,moses did n seem to h4 ,hav+ ?us briefly sket*$ "s ( ! qualities ( 8 natural g5ius & "*1 let u see :at 7 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( 8 legislation2 & fir/1 ( 8 !ology1 or tea*+s conc]n+ ,god4 ,mono!ism1 z we all "k1 lay at ! f\ndation ( ! law ( ,moses4 ,b !re are diff]5t k9ds ( mono!ism4 ,9 "o s5se we h se5 almo/ all anci5t religions to h be5 mono!isms4 ,all taught ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+4 ,b usually ?is ,supreme ,be+ 0 n ! object ( wor%ip1 b _h rec$$ into ! backgr\nd1 :ile subord9ate gods 7 ^? really rev]5c$4 ,moses taught t ! ,supreme ,be+ :o made heav5 & e>?1 ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 0 also ! only object ( wor%ip4 ,x does n appe> t ,moses d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods :o 7 ador$ by ! o!r nations2 b he ma9ta9$ t !y 7 all inf]ior & subord9ate1 & f> b5ea? ,jehovah1 & also t ,jehovah alone 0 to be wor%ipp$ by ! ,jews4 ,?\ %alt h no o!r gods be=e me 7,exod4 xx4 #c2 ,deut4 v4 #g74 ,ye %all n g aft] o!r gods 7,deut4 vi4 #ad74 ,ye %all make no m5tion ( ! "n ( o!r gods 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ac74 ,= ! ,"l y\r ,god is ,god ( gods & ,"l ( lords 7,deut4 x4 #ag74 ,! fir/ great peculi>ity ( ! !ology ( ,moses 0 !re=e ?is1 t x taught t ! ,inf9ite & ,supreme ,be+1 :o 9 mo/ religions 0 ! hidd5 ,god1 0 to ! ,jews ! reveal$ & ev]-pres5t ,god1 ! object ( wor%ip1 ob$i5ce1 tru/1 & love4 ,8 "n 0 ,jahveh1 ! ,i am1 ! ,be+ ( be+s4#cee ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ,moses taught ! /rict unity ( ,god4 ,he>1 ,o ,israel2 ! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l 7,deut4 vi4 #d71 is a /atem5t :i* ,jesus calls ! *ief ( ! comm&m5ts 7,m>k xii4 #bi1 #cj74 ,= :5 ,god is conceiv$ ( z ! ,supreme ,be+ he becomes at once sep>at$ by an inf9ite di/ance f all o!r deities1 & !y cease to be gods 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he is ,god4 ,n[ z ,moses gave to ,jehovah inf9ite attributes1 & taught t he 0 ! mak] & ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 et]nal 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #bg71 a liv+ ,god1 x foll[$ t !re 0 no ,god ) him 7,deut4 xxxii4 #ci71 :i* ! prophets aft]w>ds wr\ght out into a simple mono!ism4 ,i am ,god1 & !re is no o!r ,god beside me 7,isaiah xliv4 #h74 ,!re=e1 ?\gh ,moses did n ass]t 9 t]ms a simple mono!ism1 he taught :at conta9$ ! ess5tial g]m ( t idea4 ,?is "o ,god1 supreme & inf9ite1 0 also s spiritual t no idol1 no /atue1 0 to be made z 8 symbol4 ,he 0 a ,god ( tru? & /]n ju/ice1 visit+ ! s9s ( p>5ts on ! *ildr5 to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation ( ^? :o hat$ him1 b %[+ m]cy to ?\s&s ( ^? :o lov$ & obey$ him4 ,he 0 a ,god :o 0 m]ciful1 long-suff]+1 graci\s1 rep5t+ him ( ! evil1 & seek+ /ill to p>don & to bless 8 p4 ,no d\bt !re is an?ropomorphism 9 ,moses4 ,b if man is made 9 ,god's image1 !n ,god is 9 man's image too1 & we mu/1 if we ?9k ( him z a liv+ & real ,god1 ?9k ( him z possess+ emotions l our human emotions ( love1 pity1 sorr[1 ang]1 only purifi$ f _! grossness & n>r[ness4 ,human actions & human passions are no d\bt ascrib$ by ,moses to ,god4 ,a good deal ( criticism has be5 exp5d$ ^u ! ,jewi% ,scriptures by ^? :o ?9k t philosophy consi/s 9 mak+ ,god z diff]5t & di/ant f man z possible1 & s pref] to speak ( him z ,deity1 ,provid5ce1 & ,nature4 ,b x is only because man is made 9 ! image ( ,god t he c rev]e ,god at all4 ,jacobi says t1 ,god1 9 creat+1 !omorphizes man2 man1 !re=e1 necess>ily an?ropomorphizes ,god4 ,& ,sw$5borg tea*es t ,god is a man1 s9ce man 0 made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,:5ev] we ?9k ( ,god z pres5t & liv+1 :5 we ascribe to him pleasure & displeasure1 lik+ & dislik+1 ?9k+1 feel+1 & will+1 we make him l a man4 ,& n to d ?is may be speculative !ism1 b is practical a!ism4 ,moses =bade ! ,jews to make any image or lik5ess ( ,god1 yet ! ,p5tateu* speaks ( 8 jeal\sy1 wra?1 rep5tance2 he h>d5s ,ph>aoh's he>t1 *anges 8 m9d ab\t ,balaam1 & comes d[n f heav5 9 ord] to see if ! p ( ,sodom 7 z wick$ z !y 7 repres5t$ to be4 ,^! views are limitations to ! p]fections ( ! ,deity1 & s f> ! views ( ,moses 7 limit$4 ,b ?is is also ! /rong language ( poetry1 :i* expresses 9 a /rik+ & practical way ! p]sonality1 hol9ess1 & con/ant provid5ce ( ,god4 ,b ,moses 0 n m]ely a man ( g5ius1 he 0 also a man ( k & le>n+4 ,dur+ =ty ye>s he liv$ 9 ,egypt1 :]e all ! le>n+ ( ! _w 0 collect$2 &1 be+ br\ght up by ! daught] ( ,ph>aoh z h] son1 0 9 ! close/ relations ) ! prie/hood4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s 7 ^? to :om ,py?agoras1 ,h]odotus1 & ,plato w5t = in/ruction4 ,_! sacr$ books1 z we h se51 taught ! doctr9e ( ! unity & spirituality ( ,god1 ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & its judgm5t 9 ! future _w1 beside tea*+ ! arts & sci5ces4 ,moses probably knew all t ^! books c\ld tea*1 & !re is no d\bt t he made use ( ?is k aft]w>d 9 writ+ 8 law4 ,l ! ,egyptian prie/s he believ$ 9 "o ,god2 b1 unlike !m1 he taught t doctr9e op5ly4 ,l !m he e/abli%$ a prie/hood1 sacrifices1 fe/ivals1 & a temple s]vice2 b1 unlike !m1 he all[$ no images or idols1 no visible repres5tations ( ! ,unse5 ,be+1 & in/ead ( my/]y & a hidd5 deity gave !m revelation & a pres5t1 op5 ,deity4 ,conc]n+ ! future life1 ab\t :i* ! ,egyptians _h s mu* to say1 ,moses taught no?+4 ,8 rew>ds & puni%m5ts 7 inflict$ 9 ?is _w4 ,retribution1 individual & national1 took place "h4 ,z ?is c\ld n h be5 f ignorance or accid5t1 x mu/ h _h a purpose1 x mu/ h be5 int5tional4 ,! sil5ce ( ! ,p5tateu* respect+ immortality is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features 9 ! ,jewi% religion4 ,x has be5 (t5 object$ to4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t a religion )\t ! doctr9e ( immortality & future retribution is no religion4 ,b 9 our "t philosophy takes a diff]5t view1 decl>+ t !re is no?+ necess>ily religi\s 9 ! belief ( immortality1 & t to d "r f fe> ( future puni%m5t or hope ( future rew>d is selfi%1 & !re=e irreligi\s & immoral4 ,moreov] x ass]ts t belief 9 immortality is a matt] ( in/9ct1 & some?+ to be assum$1 n to be prov$2 & t we believe 9 immortality j 9 proportion z ! s\l is full ( life4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh ,moses did n tea* ! doctr9e ( immortality1 he yet made x necess>y t ! ,jews %\ld believe 9 x by ! awak5+ influ5ce ( 8 law1 :i* r\s$ ! s\l into ! fulle/ activity4 ,b beside g5ius1 beside k1 did n ,moses also possess t :i* he claim$1 a special inspiration8 ,& if s1 :at 0 8 inspiration & :at is its evid5ce8 ,! evid5ce ( 8 inspiration is 9 t :i* he said & did4 ,8 inspiration1 l t ( ,abraham1 consi/$ 9 8 inw>d vision ( ,god1 9 8 sight ( ! div9e unity & hol9ess1 9 8 feel+ ( ! p]sonal pres5ce & p[] ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 9 8 p]ception ( 8 w & ( 8 law4 ,he 0 inw>dly plac$ by ! ,div9e ,provid5ce :]e he c\ld see ^! tru?s1 & become ! m$ium ( communicat+ !m to a nation4 ,8 inspiration 0 deep] ?an t ( ! greate/ ( subsequ5t prophets4 ,x 0 p]haps n s l>ge1 nor s full1 nor s high1 b x 0 m entire2 & !re=e ! p[] t w5t =? f ! ^w & life ( ,moses 0 n surpass$ aft]w>d4 ,!re arose n a prophet s9ce 9 ,israel l unto ,moses1 :om ! ,"l knew face to face4 ,no prophet aft]w>d till ! "t ( ,jesus did su* a "w z he did4 ,purity1 simplicity1 & /r5g? *>act]iz$ 8 :ole conduct4 ,8 !ology1 8 liturgy1 8 moral code1 & 8 civil code 7 admirable 9 _! design & _! execution4 ,we are1 inde$1 n able to say h[ mu* ( ! ,p5tateu* came f ,moses4 ,_m p>ts ( x 7 probably ! "w ( o!r writ]s & ( subsequ5t times4 ,b we _c d\bt t ! ess5tial ideas ( ! law proce$$ f him4 ,we h reg>d$ ,moses & 8 laws on ! side ( religion & also on t ( morals2 x rema9s to consid] !m on t ( politics4 ,:at 0 ! =m ( gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ,moses8 ,0 x despotism or fre$om8 ,0 x mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 democracy1 or republicanism8 ,7 ! ,jews a free p or an enslav$ p8 ,c]ta9ly ! ,jews 7 n enslav$4 ,!y _h "o great protection f despotism1--a con/itution4 ,! ,mosaic law 0 _! con/itution4 ,x 0 a writt5 con/itution1 & c\ld !re=e be appeal$ to4 ,x 0 a publi%$ con/itution1 & 0 !re=e kn[n by all ! p4 ,x 0 a sacr$ con/itution2 giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,god1 & !re=e c\ld n be modifi$1 except by ! same au?ority4 ,?is con/itution !re=e 0 a protection aga9/ despotism4 ,a con/itution l ?is excludes all arbitr>y & despotic au?ority4 ,we c !re=e safely say t ! law ( ,moses sav$ ! nation f despotism4 ,?us he gave !m an important elem5t ( political fre$om4 ,no matt] h[ oppressive laws are1 a gov]nm5t ( fix$ law involves 9 ! long run mu* m real fre$om ?an ! gov]nm5t1 h[ev] k9d1 :i* is arbitr>y1 & !re=e unc]ta9 & *angeable4 ,b 7 ^! laws oppressive8 ,let u look at !m 9 a few obvi\s po9ts ( view4 ,:at did !y exact 9 reg>d to taxation8 ,we "k t 9 ,ea/]n gov]nm5ts ! p h be5 gr\nd to ! e>? by taxation1 & t agriculture has be5 de/roy$1 ! fruitful field become a wild]ness1 & popul\s c\ntries depopulat$1 by ?is "o =m ( oppression4 ,x is because !re has be5 no fix$ rate ( taxation4 ,ea* gov]nor is all[$ to take z mu* z he c f 8 subord9ates1 & ea* ( ! subord9ates z mu* z he c get f 8 inf]iors1 & s on1 till ! p are f9ally rea*$1 out ( :om x mu/ all come4 ,b "u ! ,mosaic con/itution ! taxes 7 fix$ & c]ta94 ,!y consi/$ 9 a poll-tax1 9 ! fir/-fruits1 & ! ti!s4 ,! poll-tax 0 a half-%ekel paid e ye> at ! ,temple1 by e adult ,jew4 ,! fir/-fruits 7 r an expression ( gratitude ?an a tax4 ,! ti!s 7 a t5? "p ( ! annual produce ( ! soil1 & w5t = ! support ( ! ,levites & ! g5]al exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,ano!r important po9t relates to trials & puni%m5ts4 ,:at security has "o ( a fair trial1 9 case he is accus$ ( crime1 or :at assurance ( ju/ice 9 a civil cause8 ,n[ we "k t 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries ev]y?+ dep5ds on brib]y4 ,?is ,moses =bade 9 8 law4 ,?\ %alt take no gift1 = ! gift bl9de? ! eyes2 ?\ %alt n wre/ ! judgm5t ( ! poor1 b 9 righte\sness %alt ?\ judge ?y neighbor4 ,aga91 ! accus] & accus$ 7 to appe> toge!r be=e ! judge4 ,! witnesses 7 sworn1 & 7 exam9$ sep>ately4 ,! p _h *eap ju/ice & ne> at h&4 ,judges & (fic]s %alt ?\ make !e 9 all ?y gates1 ?r\gh\t ?y tribes2 & !y %all judge ! p ) j judgm5t4 ,!re 7 c\rts ( appeal f ^! local judges4 ,!re seems to h be5 no legislative body1 s9ce ! laws ( ,moses 7 n only a con/itution b also a code4 ,no d\bt a common law grew up "u ! decisions ( ! local c\rts & c\rts ( appeal4 ,b provision 0 made by ,moses = any necess>y am5dm5t ( 8 laws by ! ref]5ce :i* he made to any prophet l himself :o might aft]w>d arise1 :om ! p 7 to obey4#cef ,!re 0 no provision 9 ! ,jewi% con/itution = a supreme executive4 ,b ! law =etold t ! "t w\ld come 9 :i* !y w\ld desire a k+1 & x def9$ 8 au?ority4 ,he %\ld be a con/itutional k+4 7,deut4 xvii4 #ad-bj47 ,we h already said t "o great object & purpose ( ! c]emonial law ( ,moses 0 to develop 9 ! m9ds ( ! p ! idea ( hol9ess4 ,?is is express$ 7,lev4 xix4 #b71 ,speak unto all ! congregation ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & say unto !m1 ,ye %all be holy2 = ,i ! ,"l y\r ,god am holy4 ,ano!r object ( ! c]emonial law 0 to surr\nd ! :ole nation ) an imp5etrable h$ge ( peculi>ities1 & s to keep !m sep>ate f surr\nd+ nations4 ,! c]emonial law 0 l a %ell :i* protect$ ! k]nel )9 till x 0 ripe4 ,! ritual 0 ! ?orny husk1 ! !ology & morality 7 ! sacr$ includ$ fruit4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view ! /range/ peculi>ities ( ! ritual f9d an easy explanation4 ,! m /range !y are1 ! bett] !y s]ve _! purpose4 ,^! peculi>ities produc$ bitt] prejudice betwe5 ! ,jews & ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,despis$ by _! neighbors1 !y despis$ !m aga9 9 turn2 & ?is mutual contempt has produc$ ! result desir$4 ,! ,jews1 9 ! v he>t ( ! _w1 surr\nd$ by great nations f> m p[]ful ?an !mselves1 conqu]$ & ov]run by ,assyrians1 ,m$es1 ,p]sians1 ,syrians1 ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 h be5 m entirely sep>at$ f o!r nations ?an ! ,*9ese or ! p ( ,japan4 ,disp]s$ z !y are1 !y are /ill a di/9ct p1 a nation )9 o!r nations4 ,l drops ( oil float+ on ! wat] b nev] m+l+ ) x1 s ! ,jews are f\nd ev]y:]e1 float+ drops ( national life 9 ! mid/ ( o!r nationalities4 ,9 ,leviticus 7xviii4 #c7 we f9d ! comm&1 ,aft] ! do+s ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 :]e9 ye dwelt1 %all ye n d2 & aft] ! do+s ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 :i!r ,i br+ y1 %all ye n d2 nei!r %all ye walk 9 _! ord9ances4 ,!y h n obey$ ?is comm& 9 its lett]1 b cont9ue to obey its _s 9 its unwritt5 cont9uation3 ,aft] ! do+s ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* & ,am]icans %all ye n d1 nor walk 9 _! ord9ances1 b %all /ill cont9ue a peculi> p4 #d4 ,david2 or1 ,judaism z ! p]sonal ,wor%ip ( a ,fa!r & fri5d4 ,_m disa/]s befell ! ,jews aft] _! settlem5t 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* we %\ld allude to 7 we writ+ ! heads ( _! hi/ory r ?an giv+ an acc\nt ( _! religion4 ,among ^! 7 _! long conflict ) ! ,phili/9es1 & _! subjection by t p dur+ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! ,phili/9es1 x has be5 rec5tly discov]$1 7 n a ,semitic nation1 & 7 n 9 ! l& 9 ! "t ( ,moses4 ,!y are n m5tion$ z a p[]ful p 9 ! ,p5tateu* or ! ,book ( ,jo%ua1 b sudd5ly appe> z invad]s 9 ! "t ( ! ,judges1 completely defeat+ & subdu+ ! ,canaanites along ! %ore4 ,9 fact1 ! ,phili/9es 7 probably an ,indo-,european or ,aryan p1 & _! "n is n[ believ$ to be ! same z t ( ! ,pelasgi4 ,!y 7 probably a body ( ,pelasgi f ! isl& ( ,crete1 :o1 by successive invasions1 ov]ran ,pale/9e1 & gave _! "n to x4#ceg ,!y 7 f9ally r$uc$ by ,david2 & z 8 reign is ! culm9at+ p]iod ( ,judaism1 we w devote "s space to 8 "* & influ5ce4 ,! life ( ,david makes an epo* 9 ,jewi% hi/ory & human hi/ory4 ,nations1 l plants1 h _! p]iod ( fl[]s & ( fruit4 ,!y h _! spr+time1 _! summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]4 ,! age ( ,david among ! ,jews 0 l ! age ( ,p]icles among ! ,greeks1 ( ,augu/us among ! ,romans1 ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 ,france1 ( ,*>les ,v4 9 ,spa94 ,su* p]iods sep>ate !mselves f ^? :i* w5t be=e & f ^? :i* foll[4 ,! p]iod ( ,david seems a ?\s& ye>s remov$ f t ( ! ,judges1 & yet x foll[s x almo/ imm$iately4 ,z a few weeks 9 spr+ turn ! br[n e>? to a glad gre51 load ! trees ) foliage1 & fill ! air ) ! p]fume ( blossoms & ! song ( birds1 s a few ye>s 9 ! life ( a nation w *ange b>b>ism into civilization1 & p\r ! light ( lit]ature & k ov] a sleep+ l&4 ,arts fl\ri%1 ext]nal enemies are conqu]$1 inw>d discont5ts are pacifi$1 weal? p\rs 91 luxury increases1 g5ius accompli%es its triumphs4 ,summ]1 ) its fl[]s & fruits1 has arriv$4 ,:5 a nation is ripe = su* a *ange1 ! adv5t ( a man ( g5ius w accompli% x4 ,ar\nd him ! p>ticles cry/allize & take =m & beauty4 ,su* a man 0 ,david1--a brave soldi]1 a great capta91 a sagaci\s adv5tur]1 an arti/1 musician1 & poet1 a man ( pr(\nd religi\s exp]i5ce2 he 01 m ?an all ^!1 a /atesman4 ,by 8 great organiz+ ability he made a p[]ful nation out ( t :i*1 :5 he came to ! ?rone1 consi/$ ( a few discordant & half-conqu]$ tribes4 ,9 ! "t ( ,saul ! ,israelites 7 invad$ by all ! surr\nd+ nations2 by ! ,syrians on ! nor?1 ! ,ammonites & ,moabites on ! ea/1 ! ,amalekites & ,edomites on ! s\?1 & ! ,phili/9es on ! we/4 ,9 ! "t ( ,david all ^! nations 7 completely subdu$1 _! cities g>rison$1 & ! p[] ( ! ,israelites submitt$ to f ! ,euphrates to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,mo/ great m5 are cont5t$ to be di/+ui%$ 9 "o ?+1 & to lead a s+le life2 b ,david l$ ?ree lives1 ea* di/9ct f ! o!r1--! life ( a soldi] & /atesman1 ! life ( a poet & arti/1 ! life ( deep religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,we w look at 8 "* 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree directions4 ,we h already said t ,david f\nd ! ,israelites divid$ & half conqu]$1 & left !m unit$ & conqu]ors4 ,by means ( 8 p]sonal qualities he _h made himself popul> among ! tribes4 ,he 0 kn[n z a brave & cauti\s gu]illa *ief4 ,8 native g5]osity & op5-he>t$ness won him ! love ( ! p4 ,8 religi\s t5d5cies ga9$ = him ! fri5d%ip ( ! prie/s1 & ! great influ5ce ( ,samuel 0 always ex]t$ 9 8 favor4 ,he 0 ?us enabl$ to unite ! p1 & ga9 _! confid5ce till he c\ld make use ( !m 9 l>g] ent]prises4 ,! ,jews 7 n naturally a milit>y nation1 & 7 nev] meant to be su*4 ,yet :5 _! /r5g? 0 unit$ !y 7 capable1 by _! det]m9ation & t5acity ( purpose1 ( extraord9>y milit>y exploits4 ,ev]y?+ dep5d$ on _! morale4 ,demoraliz$ & weak5$ by d\bts & scruples1 or :5 consci\s t !y 7 disobey+ ! laws ( ,moses1 !y 7 easily defeat$ by any invad]4 ,! fir/ duty ( _! g5]al 0 to br+ !m back f _! idolatries & backslid+s to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,"u ,jo%ua x only ne$$ two great battles to conqu] ! :ole l& ( ,pale/9e4 ,s1 reunit$ "u ,david1 a few campaigns made !m victori\s ov] ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,! e>ly "p ( ,david's life 0 a p]petual discipl9e 9 prud5ce4 ,he 0 cont9ually beset ) dang]s4 ,he _h to fly f ! pres5ce & f]oci\s jeal\sy ( ,saul aga9 & aga91 & ev5 to take refuge ) ! ,phili/9es1 :o _h reason en\gh to be 8 enemies4 ,he fl$ f ,saul to ,samuel1 & took %elt] "u 8 protection4 ,pursu$ to ?is retreat by ! k+1 he _h no res\rce b to ?r[ himself on ! m]cy ( ! ,phili/9es1 & he w5t to ,ga?4 ,:5 he saw himself 9 dang] !re1 he pret5d$ to be insane2 insanity be+ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ a protection f injury4 ,8 next /ep 0 to g to ! cave ,adullam1 & to collect ar\nd him a body ( p>tisans1 ) :om to protect himself4 ,saul wat*$ 8 opportunity1 & :5 ,david _h left ! fa/nesses ( ! m\nta91 & came into ! city ,keilah to def5d x f ! ,phili/9es1 ,saul w5t d[n ) a deta*m5t ( troops to besiege him1 s t he _h to fly aga9 to ! m\nta9s4 ,betray$ by ! ,ziphites1 z he _h be5 be=e betray$ by ! m5 ( ,keilah1 he w5t to ano!r wild]ness & escap$4 ,! k+ cont9u$ to pursue him :5ev] he c\ld get any tid+s ( 8 position1 & aga9 ,david 0 oblig$ to take refuge among ! ,phili/9es4 ,b ?r\gh\t ?is :ole p]iod he nev] p]mitt$ himself any ho/ile measures aga9/ ,saul1 8 implacable enemy4 ,9 ?is he %[$ great wisdom1 = ! result ( su* a c\rse w\ld h be5 a civil w>1 9 :i* "p ( ! nation w\ld h tak5 sides ) "o & "p ) ! o!r1 & ,david nev] c\ld h asc5d$ ! ?rone ) ! cons5t ( ! :ole p4 ,b ! consequ5ce ( 8 =be>ance 01 t :5 by ! dea? ( ,saul ! ?rone became vacant1 ,david succe$$ to x ) sc>cely any opposition4 ,8 subsequ5t c\rse %[$ always ! same prud5ce4 ,he dis>m$ 8 enemies by k9dness & clem5cy4 ,he und]/ood ! policy ( mak+ a bridge ( gold = a fly+ enemy4 ,:5 ,abn]1 ! mo/ influ5tial man ( 8 oppon5ts1 (f]$ to submit to him1 ,david receiv$ him ) k9dness & made him a fri5d4 ,& :5 ,abn] 0 trea*]\sly kill$ by ,joab1 ,david publicly m\rn$ = him1 foll[+ ! bi]1 & weep+ at ! grave4 ,! hi/orian says conc]n+ ?is3 ,& all ! p took notice ( x & x pleas$ !m3 z :atsoev] ! k+ did pleas$ all ! p4 ,= all ! p und]/ood t day t x 0 n ( ! k+ to slay ,abn] ! son ( ,n]4 ,8 policy 0 to conciliate & unite4 ,:5 ,saul's son 0 sla9 by 8 own s]vants1 :o ?\ght to please ,david by t act1 he imm$iately put !m to dea?4 ,equally cauti\s & judici\s 0 8 c\rse 9 transf]r+ ! ,ark & its wor%ip to ,j]usalem4 ,he did ?is only gradually1 & z he saw t ! p 7 prep>$ = x4 ,we next w look at ,david 9 8 "* z man ( g5ius1 musician1 arti/1 poet4 ,x is n (t5 t an em95t /atesman & soldi] is1 at ! same "t1 a di/+ui%$ poet & writ]4 ,sometimes !y c write hi/ory or annals1 l ,cs> & ,fr$]ick ! ,great2 b ! imag9ative & poetic elem5t is r>ely f\nd connect$ ) ! det]m9$ w & practical intellect ( a great comm&]4 ,alex&] ! ,great _h a ta/e = good poetry1 = he c>ri$ ,hom] ) him ?r\gh 8 campaigns2 b ! ta/e ( ,napoleon w5t no high] ?an a lik+ = ,ossian4 ,b ,david 0 a poet1 9 :om ! t5d]1 lyrical1 p]sonal elem5t rose to ! highe/ po9t4 ,! d>+ soldi]1 :5 he took 8 h>p1 became ano!r man4 ,he consol$ himself & s\ght com=t 9 trial1 & sang 8 ?ankfulness 9 8 h\rs ( joy4 ,! ,book ( ,psalms1 s f> z x is ! "w ( ,david1 is ! record ( 8 life4 ,z ,horace says ( ,lucilius & 8 book ( ,odes1 t ! :ole ( ! old man's life hangs susp5d$ !re9 9 votive pictures2 & z ,goe! says t 8 ,lyrics are a book ( confessions1 9 :i* joy & sorr[ turn to song2 s ! ,book ( ,psalms c only be und]/ood :5 we consid] x z ,david's poetical autobiography4 ,9 ?is he anticipates ! ,koran1 :i* 0 ! private j\rnal ( ,mohamm$4 ,! h>p ( ,david1 says ,h]d]1 0 8 com=t] & fri5d4 ,9 8 y\? he sang to its music :ile t5d+ 8 flocks z a %eph]d on ! m\nta9s ( ,juda4 ,by its means he _h access to ,saul1 & c\ld soo? ) x ! d>k mood ( ! k+4 ,9 8 days ( exile he confid$ to x 8 sorr[s4 ,:5 he triumph$ ov] 8 enemies ! h>p became 9 8 royal h&s a ?ank-(f]+ to ! deity4 ,aft]w>d he organiz$ on a magnific5t scale music & poetry 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,f\r ?\s& ,levites1 di/+ui%$ by a peculi> dress1 7 arrang$ 9 classes & *oirs "u ma/]-s+]s1 ( :om ! ?ree mo/ di/+ui%$1 ,asaph1 ,heman1 & ,j$u?un1 are kn[n to u by specim5s ( _! art4 ,9 8 ,psalms 8 :ole k+dom lives4 ,we speak ( ! inspiration ( g5ius1 & di/+ui% x f ! inspiration ( ! religi\s tea*]4 ,b 9 anci5t times ! prophet & poet 7 (t5 ! same1 & "o ^w 7z1 9 ,lat91 vates7 0 us$ = bo?4 ,9 ! case ( ,david ! two inspirations 7 p]fectly at "o4 ,8 religion 0 poetry1 & 8 poetry 0 religion4 ,! g5ius ( 8 poetry is n gr&eur1 b beauty4 ,sometimes x expresses a s+le ?\ght or s5tim5t1 z t 7,psalm cxxxiii47 describ+ ! beauty ( bro!rly union1 or z t 7,psalm xxiii47 :i* pa9ts tru/ 9 ,god l t ( a %eep 9 8 %eph]d4 ,( ! same sort is ! fifte5? ,psalm1 ,"l1 :o %all abide 9 ?y tab]nacle8 ! tw5ty-n9?1 a description ( a ?und]/orm2 ! sixty-sev5?1 ,o ,god1 be m]ciful to u & bless u2 ! eighty-f\r?1 ,h[ lovely are ?y tab]nacles2 & ! la/ ,psalm1 call+ on mank9d to praise ,god 9 all ways4 ,x is a /rik+ fact t ^! ,hebrew lyrics1 writt5 long be=e ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 & be=e ! "t ( ,hom]1 %\ld be us$ to-day 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip & = private devotion all ov] ! _w4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,v$as & ! ,ave/a we said t 9 su* hymns & liturgies ! true/ belief ( a nation c be f\nd4 ,:at m5 say to ,god 9 _! pray]s may be assum$ to express _! practical convictions4 ,! ,jewi% religion is n to be f\nd s surely 9 its ,levitical code z 9 ^! national lyrics1 :i* 7 ! liturgy ( ! p4#ceh ,:at !n d !y say conc]n+ ,god8 ,!y tea* 8 univ]sal dom9ion4 ,!y decl>e t none 9 ! heav5 c be comp>$ to him 7,psalm lxxxix472 t he is to be fe>$ above all gods 7,psalm xcvi474 ,!y tea* 8 et]nity2 decl>+ t he is ,god f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+2 t a ?\s& ye>s 9 8 sight are z ye/]day2 t he laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>? & made ! heav5s1 & t :5 ^! p]i% he w endure2 t at "s p]iod !y %all be *ang$ l a g>m5t1 b t ,god w always be ! same 7,psalm xc41 cii474 ,!y tea* 9 num]\s places t ,god is ! ,creator ( all ?+s4 ,!y adore & bless 8 fa!rly love & k9dness1 :i* heals all our diseases & r$eems our life1 cr[n+ u ) lov+-k9dness1 pity+ u1 & =giv+ our s9s 7,psalm ciii474 ,!y tea* t he is 9 all nature 7,psalm civ471 t he se>*es & kn[s all our ?\ghts1 & t we c g n[h]e f 8 pres5ce 7,psalm cxxxix474 ,!y decl>e t he protects all :o tru/ 9 him 7,psalm xci41 cxxi471 & t he purifies ! he>t & life 7,psalm cxix471 creat+ 9 u a clean he>t1 & n ask+ = sacrifice1 b = a brok5 _s 7,psalm li474 ,^! ,psalms express ! highe/ & be/ mom5ts ( ,jewi% life1 & rise 9 c]ta9 po9ts to ! level ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y d n conta9 ! ,*ri/ian _s ( =giv5ess1 nor t ( love to "o's enemy4 ,!y are /ill n>r[$ to ! range ( ! ,jewi% l& & nation1 & d n embrace humanity4 ,!y are m\nta9 summits ( fai?1 ris+ into ! pure air & light ( day f hidd5 dep?s1 & appe>+ z isl&s 9 ! ocean4 ,!y rea*1 "h & !re1 ! level ( ! va/ cont95t1 ?\gh n broad en\gh !mselves to become ! home ( all races & nations4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,v$as1 no?+ 9 ! ,ave/a1 no?+ 9 ! sacr$ books ( ,egypt1 or ! philosophy ( ,greece & ,rome1 :i* s unites ! gr&eur ( omnipot5ce ) ! t5d]ness ( a fa!r t[>d 8 *ild4 #e4 ,solomon2 or1 ! ,religi\s ,relapse4 ,we h se5 h[ ! religion ( ,abraham1 z ! family wor%ip ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 0 develop$ into t ( ,moses1 z ! national wor%ip ( a j & holy ,k+4 ,we h se5 x go+ onw>d f t1 asc5d+ 9 ! inspirations ( ,david into tru/ 9 an inf9ite ,god z a fri5d1 & love to him z a fa!r4 ,we n[ come to a p]iod ( relapse4 ,"u ,solomon & 8 successors1 ?is religion became corrupt$ & degrad$4 ,its fai? 0 *ang$ into d\bt1 its l(ty c\rage into ! fe> ( k+s & tyrants1 its wor%ip ( ! ,mo/ ,high into adoration ( ! idols ( its neighbors4 ,! great increase ( p[] & weal? 9 ! h&s ( ,solomon corrupt$ 8 own he>t & t ( 8 p4 ,luxury came 92 &1 z 9 ,rome ! old puritanic virtues 7 dissolv$ by ! desire = weal? & pleasure1 s x happ5$ among ! ,jews4 ,!n came ! retribution1 9 ! long captivity 9 ,babylon1 & ! beg9n+ ( a new & bett] life "u ?is h>d discipl9e4 ,& !n comes ! age ( ! ,prophets1 :o gradually became ! tea*]s ( a high] & broad] fai?4 ,s1 :5 ! ,jews return$ to ,j]usalem1 !y came back purifi$1 & prep>$ to become once m loyal subjects ( ,jehovah4 ,! pr9ciple ( h]$it>y succession1 b n ( primog5iture1 _h be5 e/abli%$ by an agreem5t betwe5 ,david & ! p :5 he propos$ erect+ a ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,he _h appo9t$ 8 son ,solomon z 8 successor be=e 8 own dea?4 ,) ! entrance ( ,solomon we h an entirely diff]5t p]sonality f any :om we h ?us f> met4 ,) him also is inaugurat$ a new p]iod & a diff]5t age4 ,! age ( ,moses 0 di/+ui%$ z t ( law1--on ! side ( ,god absolute au?ority1 comm&+ & =bidd+2 on ! side ( man ! only "q 0 betwe5 ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce4 ,moses 0 ! ,law-giv]1 & 8 age 0 ! age ( law4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,judges ! "q conc]n$ national exi/5ce & national indep5d5ce4 ,! age ( ! ,judges 0 ! h]oic age ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,! ,judges 7 m5 comb9+ religi\s fai? ) patriotism2 !y 7 religi\s h]oes4 ,!n came ! "t ( ,david1 9 :i* ! nation1 hav+ become indep5d5t1 became also p[]ful & weal?y4 ,aft] 8 "t ! religion1 in/ead ( be+ a law to be obey$ or an impulse to action1 became c]emony & pageant4 ,go+ "o /ep fur!r1 x pass$ into reflection & m$itation4 ,9 ! age ( ,solomon ! inspiration ( ! national religion _h already gone4 ,a great intellectual developm5t _h tak5 ! place ( inspiration4 ,s t ! ,jewi% nation seems to h pass$ ?r\gh a f\rfold religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,religion 0 fir/ law1 !n action1 next inspiration & s5tim5t1 aft]w>d c]emony1 & la/ly op9ion & intellectual culture4 ,x is ! belief ( ,h]d] & o!r s*ol>s t ! age ( ,solomon gave bir? to a copi\s lit]ature1 born ( peace1 tranquillity1 & prosp]ity1 :i* has all pass$ away except a few ,psalms1 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,solomon is p]sonally a mu* less int]e/+ "* ?an ,david2 = policy is nev] s int]e/+ z impulse1 & ! crimes ( policy seem worse ?an ^? ( passion4 ,! fir/ act ( ,solomon 0 ( ?is sort4 ,he put 8 bro!r ,adonijah to dea? = 8 attempt to seize ! ?rone4 ,joab1 :o support$ ,adonijah aga9/ ,solomon1 0 also put to dea?1 = :i* we d n grieve1 :5 we rememb] 8 assass9ation ( ,abn] & ,amasa1 %$d+ ! blood ( w> 9 peace4 ,b ! cold1 unscrupul\s "* ( ,solomon is se5 9 8 ord]+ ,joab to be sla9 9 ! tab]nacle :ile hold+ ! horns ( ! alt>1 & caus+ ,adonijah to be tak5 by =ce f ! same place ( refuge4 ,no religi\s consid]ation or sup]/iti\s fe> c\ld prev5t ,solomon f do+ :at he ?\ght necess>y = 8 own security4 ,he _h giv5 ,adonijah a conditional p>don1 limit$ to good behavior on 8 "p4 ,b aft] 8 e/abli%m5t on ! ?rone ,adonijah reque/$ ! "m ( ,solomon1 ,ba?%eba1 to ask h] son to give him = a wife ! beautiful ,abi%ag1 ! la/ wife ( ,david4 ,solomon und]/ood ?is to mean1 :at 8 "m did n und]/&1 t 8 bro!r 0 /ill intrigu+ to supplant him on ! ?rone1 & ) cool policy he ord]$ him to imm$iate execution4 ,solomon c\ld p>don a crim9al1 b n a dang]\s rival4 ,he depos$ ! high-prie/ = ! same reason1 consid]+ him to be also dang]\s4 ,%imei1 :o seems to h be5 weal?y & influ5tial z well z a det]m9$ "*1 0 ord]$ n to leave ,j]usalem "u p5alty ( dea?4 ,he did s1 & ,solomon put him to dea?4 ,david1 be=e 8 dea?1 _h w>n$ ,solomon to keep an eye bo? on ,joab & on ,%imei1 = ,david c\ld =give 8 own enemies1 b n ^? ( 8 cause2 he 0 n afraid on 8 own acc\nt1 b 0 afraid = ! safety ( 8 son4 ,by ! dea? ( ,joab & ,%imei1 ,solomon's k+dom 0 e/abli%$1 & ! glory & p[] ( ,david 0 c>ri$ to a /ill high] po9t ( magnific5ce4 ,support$ by ! prophets on ! "o h& & by ! prie/s on ! o!r1 8 au?ority 0 almo/ unlimit$4 ,we are told t ,judah & ,israel 7 _m1 z ! s& :i* is by ! sea 9 multitude1 eat+ & dr9k+ & mak+ m]ry4 ,& ,solomon reign$ ov] all k+doms f ! riv] unto ! l& ( ! ,phili/9es1 & unto ! bord] ( ,egypt2 !y br\ght pres5ts1 & s]v$ ,solomon all ! days ( 8 life4 ,& ,solomon's provision = "o day 0 ?irty measures ( f9e fl\r1 & ?reescore measures ( meal1 t5 fat ox51 & tw5ty ox5 out ( ! pa/ures1 & an hundr$ %eep1 beside h>ts1 & roebucks1 & fall[ de]1 & fatt$ f[l4 ,! w>s ( ,david 7 end$4 ,solomon's 0 a reign ( peace4 ,& ,judah & ,israel dwelt safely1 e man "u 8 v9e & "u 8 fig-tree1 f ,dan ev5 to ,be]%eba1 all ! days ( ,solomon4 ,& ,solomon _h =ty ?\s& /alls ( horses = 8 *>iots1 & twelve ?\s& horsem54 ,& ,god gave ,solomon wisdom & und]/&+ exce$+ mu*1 & l>g5ess ( he>t1 ev5 z ! s& t is on ! sea-%ore4 ,& ,solomon's wisdom excell$ ! wisdom ( all ! *ildr5 ( ! ea/ c\ntry1 & all ! wisdom ( ,egypt4 ,= he 0 wis] ?an all m52 ?an ,e?an ! ,ezrahite1 & ,heman1 & ,*alcol1 & ,d>da1 ! sons ( ,mahol2 & 8 fame 0 9 all nations r\nd ab\t4 ,& !re came ( all p to he> ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 f all k+s ( ! e>?1 :i* _h he>d ( 8 wisdom4 ,! great p[] & weal? ( ! ,jewi% c\rt at ?is p]iod are hi/orically v]ifi$ by ! traditions /ill extant among ! ,arabs ( ,solomon's sup]human spl5dor4 ,! /ory 7#a ,k+s iii4 #e7 ( ,solomon's dream1 9 :i* he *ose an und]/&+ he>t & wisdom1 r ?an ri*es & honor1 rem9ds u ( ! *oice ( ,h]cules4 ,x is n unlikely t he _h su* a dream1 x is q probable t he always pref]r$ wisdom to any?+ else1 & x is c]ta9 t 8 wisdom came f ,god4 ,?is is ! only connection we c trace betwe5 ! dream & its fulfilm5t4 ,solomon inaugurat$ a new policy by ent]+ into alliances & mak+ treaties ) 8 p[]ful neighbors4 ,he =m$ an alliance ) ! k+ ( ,egypt1 & m>ri$ 8 daught]4 ,he also made a treaty ( comm]ce & fri5d%ip ) ! k+ ( ,tyre on ! nor?1 & procur$ f him c$> ) :i* to build ! ,temple & 8 own palace4 ,he receiv$ an embassy also f ! que5 ( ,%eba1 :o resid$ 9 ! s\? ( ,arabia4 ,by means ( ! ,tyrian %ips he trad$ to ! we/ z f> z ! coa/s ( ,spa9 & ,africa1 & 8 own vessels made a coa/+ voyage ( ?ree ye>s' duration to ,t>%i%1 f :i* !y br\ght ivory1 gold1 silv]1 apes1 & peacocks4 ,?is voyage seems to h be5 ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea to ,india4#cei ,he also trad$ 9 ,asia1 ov]l&1 ) c>avans4 ,& = _! accommodation & def5ce he built ,tadmor 9 ! des]t 7aft]w>d call$ ,palmyra71 z a great /opp+-place4 ,?is city 9 lat] days became fam\s z ! capital ( ,z5obia1 & ! rema9s ( ! ,temple ( ! ,sun1 /&+ by itself 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,great ,des]t1 are among ! mo/ int]e/+ ru9s 9 ! _w4#cfj ,! great "w ( ,solomon 0 build+ ! ,temple at ,j]usalem 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ajje4 ,?is ,temple 0 de/roy$1 & rebuilt by ,nehemiah ,b4,c4 #dde4 ,x 0 rebuilt by ,h]od ,b4,c4 #ag4 ,little rema9s f ! "t ( ,solomon1 except "s /ones 9 ! walls ( ! sub/ructions2 & ! mosque ( ,om> n[ /&s on ! old f\ndation4 ,no build+ ( antiquity s mu* resembles ! ,temple ( ,solomon z ! palace ( ,d>ius at ,p]sepolis4 ,9 bo? build+s ! por* op5$ into ! l>ge hall1 bo? _h small *amb]s on ! side1 squ>e masses on bo? sides ( ! por*1 & ! same =m ( pill>s4 ,! p>ts ( ,solomon's ,temple 71 fir/1 a por* ?irty feet wide & fifte5 feet deep2 second a l>ge hall sixty by ?irty2 & !n ! holy ( holies1 :i* 0 ?irty feet cube4 ,! :ole ext]nal dim5sions ( ! build+ 7 only sixty feet by "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 or less ?an _m an ord9>y p>i% *ur*4 ,! explanation is t x 0 copi$ f ! ,tab]nacle1 :i* 0 a small build+1 & 0 necess>ily some:at relat$ to x 9 size4 ,! walls 7 ( /one1 on ext5sive /one f\ndations4 ,inside x 0 l9$ ) c$>1 ) floors ( cypress1 highly ornam5t$ ) c>v+s & gold4 ,! brass "w consi/$ ( two ornam5t$ pill>s call$ ,ja*9 & ,boaz1 a braz5 tank support$ by twelve brass ox51 & t5 ba?s ( brass1 ornam5t$ ) figures ( lions1 ox51 & *]ubim4 ,! ,book ( ,k+s says ( ,solomon 7#a ,k+s iv4 #cb7 t he spake ?ree ?\s& prov]bs1 & 8 songs 7 a ?\s& & five4 ,& he spake ( trees1 f ! c$>-tree t is 9 ,lebanon ev5 unto ! hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall3 he spake also ( bea/s1 & ( f[l & ( creep+ ?+s1 & ( fi%es4 ,he 01 accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 a volum9\s writ] on natural hi/ory1 z well z an em95t poet & morali/4 ,( all 8 compositions !re rema9s b "o1 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 :i* 0 probably 9 great "p compos$ by him4 ,x is true t ?ree books 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t be> 8 "n1--,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ! ,song ( ,songs4 ,b ( ^! ,ecclesia/es 0 probably writt5 aft]w>d1 & ?\gh ! ,song ( ,songs may h be5 writt5 by ,solomon1 x 0 probably ! "w ( ano!r1 liv+ at or ne> 8 "t4 ,b ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs !re _c be mu* d\bt4 ,x conta9s "s ( ! ?ree ?\s& ( :i* ,solomon 0 ! reput$ au?or4 ,x %[s 8 /yle ( m9d v cle>ly1--! cool und]/&+1 ! calculat+ prud5ce1 ! cont9ual ref]5ce to results1 k ( ! _w z di/+ui%$ f k ( human nature1 or ( individual "*4 ,! ,book ( ,prov]bs conta9s little h]oism or poetry1 few l>ge ideas1 n mu* en?usiasm or s5tim5t4 ,x is emphatically a book ( wisdom4 ,x has good1 h>d1 practical s5se4 ,x is ! ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanac ( ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,we c conceive ( ,k+ ,solomon & ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 consult+ toge!r1 & comp>+ notes ( _! obs]vations on human life1 ) mu* mutual satisfaction4 ,x is curi\s to meet ) su* a ?or\ghly ,we/]n intellect1 a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 on ! ?rone ( ! h]oic ,david4 ,among ^! prov]bs !re are _m ( a k9dly "*4 ,"s are semi-,*ri/ian 9 _! wise b5evol5ce4 ,_m %[ great %rewdness ( obs]vation1 & h an epigrammatic wit4 ,we w give examples ( ea* k9d3-- ,,prov]bs ,,hav+ ,a ,,semi-,,*ri/ian ,,"*4 ,if ?9e enemy be hungry1 give him bread2 ,if ?ir/y1 give him wat] to dr9k1 ,= ?\ wilt heap coals ( fire on 8 head1 ,& ,jehovah w rew>d !e4 ,to deliv] ^? t are dragg$ to dea?1 ,^? t tott] to ! slaught]1 ,sp>e ?yself n4 ,if ?\ saye/1 ,behold1 we knew x n1 ,do? n ,he t weighs ! he>t obs]ve x8 ,yea1 ,he t keeps ?y s\l kn[s x4 ,& ,he w r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 works4 ,put n ?yself =? 9 ! pres5ce ( ! k+1 ,nor /ation ?yself 9 ! place ( great m54 ,f> bett] x is t "o %\ld say to !e1 ,come up hi!r6 ,?an t he %\ld put !e 9 a l[] place1 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! pr9ce4 ,! lip ( tru? %all be e/abli%$ =ev]1 ,b ! tongue ( falsehood is b = a mom5t4 ,,prov]bs ,,%[+ ,,%rewdness ,,( ,,obs]vation4 ,z "o t takes a dog by ! e>s1 ,s is he t pass+ by becomes enrag$ on acc\nt ( ano!r's qu>rel4 ,:]e !re is no wood ! fire goes out2 ,s :]e !re is no talebe>] cont5tion ceases4 ,! ri* rules ov] ! poor1 ,& ! borr[] is s]vant to ! l5d]4 ,! slo?ful man says1 ,!re is a lion )\t1 ,i %all be sla9 9 ! /reets4 ,a repro( p5etrates deep] into a wise man ,?an a hundr$ /ripes into a fool4 ,hope def]r$ makes ! he>t sick4 ,! way ( transgressors is h>d4 ,!re is t scatt]s1 & yet increases4 ,x is naught1 x is naught1 sai? ! buy]1 ,b :5 he goe? 8 way !n he boa/e?4 ,,prov]bs ,,wittily ,,express$4 ,! legs ( a lame man are n equal1 ,s is a prov]b 9 ! m\? ( fools4#cfa ,z a ?orn runs into ! h& ( a drunk>d1 ,s is a prov]b 9 ! m\? ( a fool4#cfb ,z cl\ds & w9d )\t ra91 ,s is a man :o boa/s falsely ( giv+4 ,a s(t tongue breaks bones4 ,z v9eg> to ! tee?1 & smoke to ! eyes1 ,s is ! slugg>d to him t s5ds him4 ,! de/ruction ( ! poor is _! pov]ty4 ,a m]ry he>t is a good m$ic9e4 ,b :at are human wisdom & glory8 ,x seems t ,solomon 0 to illu/rate its empt9ess4 ,see ! k+1 9 8 old age1 s9k+ into idolatry & empty luxury1 fall+ away f 8 ,god1 & po9t+ ! moral ( 8 own prov]bs4 ,he himself 0 ! drunk>d1 into ^: h& ! ?orn ( ! prov]b p5etrat$1 )\t 8 he$+ x4 ,?is prud5t & wise k+1 :o und]/ood s well all ! sn>es ( temptation & all ! arts ( virtue1 fell l ! puppet ( any ,asiatic c\rt4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ! wise & great k+ z describ$ 9 ,i ,k+s iv4 #bj-cd & ! same k+ 9 8 deg5]ate old age6 ,x 0 ?is la/ p]iod 9 ! life ( ,solomon :i* ! writ] ( ,ecclesia/es took z ! sc5e & subject ( 8 /ory4 ,) m>vell\s p5etration & consummate p[] he p5etrates ! m9d ( ,solomon & pa9ts ! blackness ( desolation1 ! mis]y ( satiety1 ! dreadful d>kness ( a s\l :i* has giv5 itself to ?is _w z its only sph]e4 ,nev] 0 su* a picture pa9t$ ( utt] scepticism1 ( a m9d :olly d>k5$1 & )\t any rema9+ fai? 9 ,god or tru?4 ,^! ?ree books m>k ! ?ree p]iods ( ! life ( ,solomon4 ,! ,song ( ,songs %[s u 8 ab\nd+ y\?1 full ( poetry1 fire1 & *>m4 ,! ,prov]bs give 8 rip5$ manhood1 wise & full ( all e>?ly k1--,ari/otle1 ,bacon1 ,socrates1 & ,frankl91 all 9 "o4 ,& ,ecclesia/es repres5ts ! d>k5$ & gloomy scepticism ( 8 old age1 :5 he sank z l[ d[n z he _h be=e gone up4 ,b ?\gh s sad & d>k1 yet x is n )\t gleams ( a high] & nobl] joy to come4 ,bett] ?an any?+ 9 ,prov]bs are "s ( ! noble s5tim5ts break+ out 9 ,ecclesia/es1 especially at ! end ( ! book4 ,! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es is a wond]ful description ( a d\bt s deep1 a despair s black1 t no?+ 9 all lit]ature c be comp>$ to x4 ,x describes1 9 ! p]son ( ,solomon1 utt] scepticism born ( unlimit$ worldly enjoym5t1 k1 & p[]4 ,! book beg9s by decl>+ t all is vanity1 t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 no progress 9 any direction1 b all ?+s revolv+ 9 an endless circle1 s t !re is nei!r mean+ nor use 9 ! _w4#cfc ,x decl>es t "w am\nts to no?+1 = "o _c d any really good ?+2 t k is ( no use1 b only produces sorr[2 t pleasure satiates4#cfd ,k has only ?is advantage ov] ignorance1 t x enables u to see ?+s z !y are1 b x does n make !m bett]1 & ! end ( all is despair4#cfe ,s5sual pleasure is ! only good4#cff ,fate & necessity rule all ?+s4 ,good & evil bo? come at _! appo9t$ "t4 ,m5 are *eat$ & d n see ! nullity ( ?+s1 because !y h ! _w 9 _! he>t1 & are absorb$ 9 ! pres5t mom5t4#cfg ,m5 are only a high] class ( bea/s4 ,!y die l bea/s1 & h no h]eaft]4#cfh ,9 ! f\r? *apt] ! writ] goes m deeply into ?is pessimism4 ,he says t to die is bett] ?an to live1 & bett] /ill nev] to h be5 born4 ,a fool is bett] ?an a wise man1 because he does no?+ & c>es = no?+4#cfi ,success is bad1 progress is an evil2 = ^! take u away f o!rs1 & leave u lonely1 because above !m & hat$ by !m4#cgj ,wor%ip is idle4 ,d n (f] ! sacrifice ( fools1 b /op :5 y are go+ to ! ,temple1 & return4 ,d n pray4 ,x is ( no use4 ,god does n he> y4 ,dreams d n come f ,god1 b f :at y 7 do+ be=e y w5t to sleep4 ,eat & dr9k1 t is ! be/4#cga ,all m5 g z !y come4 ,s ! dre>y /atem5t proce$s4 ,m5 are born = no end1 & g no "o c tell :]e4 ,live a ?\s& ye>s1 x all comes to ! same ?+4 ,:o c tell :at is good = a man 9 ?is %ad[y1 empty life8#cgb ,x is bett] to look on dea? ?an on life1 wis] to be sad ?an to be *e]ful4 ,if y say1 ,!re h be5 good times 9 ! pa/1 d n be too sure ( t4 ,if y say1 ,we c be good1 at lea/1 if we _c be happy1 !re is su* a ?+ z be+ too good1 & *eat+ y\rself out ( pleasure4#cgc ,wom5 are worse ?an m54 ,y may f9d "o good man among a ?\s&1 b n "o good woman4#cgd ,x is be/ to be on ! "r side ( ! p[]s t be1 = !y c d :at !y please4 ,spe$y & c]ta9 puni%m5t alone c keep m5 f do+ evil4 ,! same ?+ happ5s to ! good & to ! wick$4 ,all ?+s come alike to all4 ,?is life is1 9 %ort1 an inexplicable puzzle4 ,! p]petual refra9 is1 eat1 dr9k1 & be m]ry4#cge ,x is be/ to d :at y c1 & ?9k no?+ ab\t x4 ,ca/ y\r bread on ! wat]s1 v likely y w get x aga94 ,s[ y\r se$ ei!r 9 ! morn+ or at night2 x makes no diff]5ce4#cgf ,dea? is com+ to all4 ,all is vanity4 ,i cont9ue to prea*1 because ,i see ! tru?1 & may z well say x1 ?\gh !re is no end to talk+ & writ+4 ,y may sum up all wisdom 9 six words3 ,fe> ,god & keep 8 comm&m5ts4#cgg ,! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es tea*es a great tru? 9 an unexampl$ /ra9 ( pa!tic eloqu5ce4 ,x tea*es :at a black scepticism desc5ds on ! wise/1 mo/ =tunate1 mo/ favor$ ( mank9d1 :5 he looks only to ?is _w & its joys4 ,x c\ld1 h[ev]1 only h be5 writt5 by "o :o _h gone ?r\gh ?is dreadful exp]i5ce4 ,! intellect alone nev] s\nd$ su* dep?s z ^!4 ,moreov]1 x c\ld h>dly h be5 writt5 unless 9 a "t :5 su* scepticism prevail$1 nor by "o :o1 hav+ liv$ x all1 _h n also liv$ ?r\gh x all1 & f\nd ! cure = ?is mis]y 9 pure unselfi% ob$i5ce to tru? & "r4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 l a ,book ( ,confessions1 or ! ,record ( an ,exp]i5ce1 & z su* well des]ves its place 9 ! ,bible & ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,! ,book ( ,job is a /ill m wond]ful production1 b 9 a :olly diff]5t tone4 ,x is full ( manly fai? 9 tru? & "r4 ,x has no jot ( scepticism 9 x4 ,x is a noble prote/ aga9/ all hypocrisies & all %ams4 ,job does n "k :y he is afflict$1 b he w nev] confess t he is a s9n] till he sees x4 ,! ,ph>isaic fri5ds tell him 8 suff]+s are judgm5ts = 8 s9s1 & advise him to admit x to be s4 ,b ,job refuses1 & decl>es he w utt] no words ( w9d to ! ,almighty4 ,! gr&e/ ?\ght is "h express$ 9 ! noble/ language :i* ! human tongue has ev] utt]$4 #f4 ,! ,prophets2 or1 ,judaism z ! ,hope ( a spiritual & univ]sal ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,be=e we proce$ to exam9e ! prophetic writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x is desirable to make "s rem>ks ^u prophecy 9 g5]al1 & on ! "* ( ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,prophecy 9 g5]al is a modification ( inspiration4 ,inspiration is sight1 or r x is insight4 ,all our k comes to u ?r\gh ! intellectual p[] :i* may be call$ sight1 :i* is ( two k9ds1--! sight ( ext]nal ?+s1 or outsight2 & ! sight ( int]nal ?+s1 :i* is insight1 or intuition4 ,! s5ses con/itute ! organization by :i* we see ext]nal ?+s2 consci\sness is ! organization by :i* we p]ceive int]nal ?+s4 ,n[ ! organs ( s5se are ! same 9 k9d1 b diff] 9 degree 9 all m54 ,all human be+s1 z su*1 h ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ an ext]nal _w1 by means ( ! five s5ses4 ,b ?\gh all h ^! five s5ses1 all d n p]ceive ! same ext]nal ph5om5a by means ( !m4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 _! s5ses diff] 9 degrees ( p[]4 ,"s m5's eyes are telescopic1 "s microscopic1 & "s are bl9d4 ,"s m5 c b p>tially di/+ui% colors1 o!rs n at all4 ,"s h acute he>+1 o!rs are deaf4 ,& secondly1 :at m5 p]ceive ?r\gh ! s5ses diff]s accord+ to :at is ab\t !m4 ,a man liv+ 9 ,*9a _c see ,mont ,blanc or ! city ( ,new ,york2 a man on ! o!r side ( ! moon c nev] see ! e>?4 ,a man liv+ 9 ! ye> #ahga _c see ,alex&] ! ,great or ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,& ?irdly1 two p]sons may be look+ at ! same ?+1 & ) s5ses ( ! same degree ( p[]1 & yet "o may be able to see :at ! o!r is n able to see4 ,?ree m51 "o a geologi/1 "o a botani/1 & "o a pa9t]1 may look at ! same l&scape1 & "o w see ! /ratification1 ! second w see ! flora1 & ! ?ird ! picturesque qualities ( ! sc5e4 ,z reg>ds outsight !n1 ?\gh m5 9 g5]al h ! same s5ses to see )1 :at !y see dep5ds 7#a7 on _! quality ( s5se1 7#b7 on _! position 9 space & "t1 7#c7 & on _! /ate ( m5tal culture4 ,t :i* is true ( ! p]ception ( ext]nal ph5om5a is also true ( ! p]ception ( int]nal ?+s4 ,insight1 or intuition1 has ! same limitations z outsight4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! quality ( ! faculty ( intuition2 7#b7 ! inw>d circum/ances or position ( ! s\l2 7#c7 ! s\l's culture or developm5t4 ,^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( an intuitive faculty1 tea*+ t all k comes f )\t ?r\gh ! s5ses1 sometimes say t if !re 7 su* a faculty z intuition1 m5 w\ld all possess intuitively ! same k ( moral & spiritual tru?4 ,!y might z well say t1 z all m5 h eyes1 all mu/ see ! same ext]nal objects4 ,all m5 h m or less ( ! intuitive faculty1 b "s h mu* m ?an o!rs4 ,^? :o h ! mo/ are call$1 by way ( em95ce1 inspir$ m54 ,b among ^! !re is a diff]5ce z reg>ds ! objects :i* are pres5t$ by ,god1 9 ! ord] ( 8 provid5ce1 to _! intuitive faculty4 ,"s he places inw>dly among visions ( beauty1 & !y are inspir$ poets & arti/s4 ,o!rs he places inw>dly amid visions ( temporal & human life1 & !y become inspir$ discov]]s & inv5tors4 ,& o!rs he places amid visions ( religi\s tru?1 & !y are inspir$ prophets1 lawgiv]s1 & evangeli/s4 ,b ^! aga9 diff] 9 _! own spiritual culture & gr[?4 ,moses & ! ,apo/le ,paul 7 bo? inspir$ m51 b ! ,apo/le ,paul saw tru?s :i* ,moses did n see1 because ! ,apo/le ,paul _h rea*$ a high] degree ( spiritual culture4 ,*ri/ alone possess$ ! fulness ( spiritual inspiration1 because he alone _h atta9$ ! fulness ( spiritual life4 ,n[ ! inspir$ man may look inw>dly ei!r at ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 or ! future4 ,if he look at ! pa/ he is an inspir$ hi/orian2 if at ! pres5t1 an inspir$ lawgiv]1 or religi\s tea*]2 if at ! future1 an inspir$ prophet4 ,! inspir$ faculty may be ! same1 & ! diff]5ce may be 9 ! object inw>dly pres5t to its contemplation4 ,! se] may look f ?+s pa/ to ?+s pres5t1 f ?+s pres5t to ?+s to come1 & 8 inspiration be ! same4 ,he fixes 8 m9d on ! pa/1 & x gr[s cle> be=e him1 & he sees h[ ev5ts 7 & :at !y mean4 ,he looks at ! pres5t1 & sees h[ ?+s ought to be4 ,he looks at ! future1 & sees h[ ?+s %all be4 ,! ,prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 n1 z is commonly suppos$1 m5 :o only utt]$ pr$ictions ( ! future4 ,!y 7 m5 ( action m ?an ( contemplation4 ,/range z x may seem to u1 :o are accu/om$ to consid] _! (fice z conf9$ to religi\s pr$iction1 _! *ief duty 0 t ( active politicians4 ,!y mix$ religion & politics4 ,!y int]f]$ ) public measures1 rebuk$ ! despotism ( ! k+s & ! political errors ( ! p4 ,moreov]1 !y 7 ! con/itutional lawy]s & publici/s ( ! ,hebrews1 inspir$ to look backw>d & expla9 ! mean+ ( ! ,mosaic law z well z to look =w>d to its spiritual developm5t 9 ! reign ( ! ,messiah4 ,pr$iction1 !re=e1 ( future ev5ts1 0 a v small "p ( ! "w ( ! ,prophets4 ,_! ma9 duty 0 to w>n1 rebuke1 tea*1 exhort1 & enc\rage4 ,! ,hebrew prophets 7 "u ! law4 ,!y 7 loyal to ,moses & to 8 in/itutions4 ,b x 0 to ! _s r ?an to ! lett]1 ! idea r ?an ! =m4 ,!y diff]$ f ! prie/s 9 pref]r+ ! moral "p ( ! law to ! c]emonial4 ,!y 7 great re=m]s 9 br++ back ! p f ext]nal =malism to vital ob$i5ce4 ,!y con/antly made ! c]emonial "p ( ! law subs]vi5t to ! moral "p ( ! law4 ,?us ,samuel said to ,saul3 ,ha? ! ,"l z great delight 9 burnt (f]+s & sacrifices z 9 obey+ ! voice ( ! ,"l8 ,behold1 to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice1 & to he>k5 ?an ! fat ( rams4 ,& s aft]w>d ,isaiah decl>$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 t ! sacrifices ( a wick$ p 7 va91 & _! inc5se an abom9ation4 ,we read ( ! s*ools ( ! ,prophets1 :]e !y /udi$ ! law ( ,moses1 & 7 taught ! duties ( _! (fice4 ,9 ^! s*ools music 0 made use ( z a m$ium ( inspiration4 ,b ! (fice ( a prophet 0 n limit$ by culture1 sex1 age1 or condition4 ,wom51 l ,miriam1 ,deborah1 ,hannah1 ,huldah1 & ,noadiah2 inexp]i5c$ y\?s1 l ,j]emiah2 m5 ( high /&+ 9 society1 l ,isaiah & ,daniel2 humble m51 l ! pl\ghman ,eli%a & ! h]dsman ,amos2 m5 m>ri$ & unm>ri$1 are numb]$ among ! ,prophets4 ,liv+ poorly1 we>+ sackclo?1 fe$+ on vegetables1 imprison$ or assass9at$ by k+s1 /on$ by ! p1 ! mo/ unpopul> ( m51 sometimes s possess$ by ! _s z to rave l madm51 oblig$ to d5\nce judgm5ts & woes aga9/ k+s & p1 x is no wond] t !y (t5 %rank f _! t]rible (fice4 ,jonah ran to hide 9 a %ip ( ,t>%i%4 ,!y h call$ _! message a burd51 l ,isaiah2 !y h cri$ out l ,j]emiah1 ,ah1 ,"l ,god1 ,i _c speak1 = ,i am a *ild2 l ,ezekiel1 !y h be5 oblig$ to make _! faces h>d] ?an fl9ts 9 ord] to deliv] _! message4 ,dean ,/anley1 9 speak+ ( ! ,prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 says t _! !ology consi/$ 9 proclaim+ ! unity ( ,god aga9/ all poly!ism1 & ! spirituality ( ,god aga9/ all idolatry1 9 decl>+ ! sup]iority ( moral to c]emonial duties1 & 9 ann\nc+ ! supremacy ( goodness above ! lett]1 c]emony1 or dogma4 ,?is makes ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,prophets & all o!r sacr$ p]sons :o h exi/$ 9 pagan &1 he adds1 ev5 9 ,*ri/ian times4 ,dean ,/anley says ! ,prophets 7 religi\s tea*]s1 )\t ! usual faults ( religi\s tea*]s1 & he proposes !m z an example to ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy4 ,he says3 ,o1 if ! _s ( our pr(ession1 ( our ord]1 ( our body1 7 ! _s1 or any?+ l ! _s1 ( ! anci5t ,prophets6 ,if ) u tru?1 *>ity1 ju/ice1 fairness to oppon5ts1 7 a passion1 a doctr9e1 a po9t ( honor1 to be upheld ) ! same en]gy z t ) :i* we uphold our own position & our own op9ions6 ,! _s ( ! _w asks fir/1 ,is x safe8 secondly1 ,is x true8 ,! _s ( ! ,prophets asks fir/1 ,is x true8 secondly1 ,is x safe8 ,! _s ( ! _w asks fir/1 ,is x prud5t8 secondly1 ,is x "r8 ,! _s ( ! ,prophets asks fir/1 ,is x "r8 secondly1 ,is x prud5t8 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! prophetic ord] ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur* rema9s alone4 ,x /&s l "o ( ^? va/ monum5ts ( anci5t days1 ) ramp>ts brok51 ) inscriptions defac$1 b /ret*+ f hill to hill1 convey+ 9 its long l9e ( ar*es ! pure rill ( liv+ wat] ov] deep valley & ?ir/y pla91 f> above all ! puny mod]n build+s :i* h gr[n up at its feet1 & into ! mid/ ( :i* x /rides ) its massive sub/ructions1 its gigantic height1 its maje/ic proportions1 unrivall$ by any erection ( mod]n "t4 ,! pr$ictions ( ! future by ! ,prophets ( ,juda 7 f> high] 9 _! "* ?an ^? :i* come occasionally to mank9d ?r\gh dreams & pres5tim5ts4 ,yet no d\bt !y proce$$ f ! same ess5tially ,iranian faculty4 ,?is also is ass]t$ by ! ,dean ( ,we/m9/]1 :o says t !re is a p[] ( div9ation grant$ 9 "s inexplicable mann] to ord9>y m51 & he ref]s to su* in/ances z ! pr$iction ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,s5eca1 t ( ! ,re=mation by ,dante1 & ! pr$iction ( ! twelve c5turies ( ,roman dom9ion by ! app>ition ( twelve vultures to ,romulus1 :i* 0 s und]/ood f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e its actual accompli%m5t4 ,if su* pres5tim5ts are n always v]ifi$1 nei!r 7 ! pr$ictions ( ! ,prophets always fulfill$4 ,jonah ann\nc$1 9 ! mo/ di/9ct & absolute t]ms1 t 9 =ty days ,n9eveh %\ld be de/roy$4 ,b ! p rep5t$1 & x 0 n de/roy$4 ,_! pr$ictions ( ! ,messiah are rem>kable1 especially because 9 speak+ ( him & 8 "t !y w5t out ( ! law & ! _s ( ! law1 & became p>tak]s ( ! _s ( ! ,gospel4 ,! ,prophets ( ! ,jews1 :atev] else we d5y to _! pr$ictions1 c]ta9ly =esaw ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y describe ! com+ ( a "t 9 :i* ! law %\ld be writt5 9 ! he>t1 ( a k+ :o %\ld reign 9 righte\sness1 ( a pr9ce ( peace1 ( "o :o %\ld rule by ! p[] ( tru?1 n by =ce1 ^: k+dom %\ld be univ]sal & ev]la/+1 & into :i* all nations ( ! e>? %\ld fl[4 ,:at ! ,prophets =esaw 0 n times nor seasons1 n dates nor names1 n any m9ute p>ticul>s4 ,b !y saw a future age1 !y liv$ out ( _! own "t 9 ano!r "t1 :i* _h n yet arriv$4 ,!y left beh9d !m ,jewi% c]emonialism1 & ent]$ into a moral & spiritual religion4 ,!y dropp$ ,jewi% n>r[ness & call$ all mank9d bre?r54 ,9 ?is !y rea* ! highe/ =m ( =esight1 :i* is n simply to pr$ict a com+ ev5t1 b to live 9 ! _s ( a future "t4 ,?us ! ,prophets develop$ ! ,jewi% religion to its highe/ po9t4 ,! simple1 *ildlike fai? ( ,abraham became1 9 _! high] vision1 ! sight ( a univ]sal ,fa!r1 & ( an age 9 :i* all m5 & nations %\ld be unit$ into "o great moral k+dom4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 x 0 n possible to g 9 vision4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,prophets & ,jesus 01 t he accompli%$ :at !y =esaw4 ,8 life1 full ( fai? 9 ,god & man1 became ! new se$ ( a high] k+dom ?an t ( ,david4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,david1 z inh]it+ ! lov+ tru/ ( ,david 9 a heav5ly ,fa!r2 he 0 also ! ,"l ( ,david1 by fulfill+ ,david's love to ,god ) 8 own love to man2 mak+ piety & *>ity "o1 fai? & fre$om "o1 reason & religion "o1 ?is life & ! life to come "o4 ,he di$ to accompli% ?is union & to make ?is aton+ sacrifice4 #g4 ,judaism z a ,prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity4 ,aft] ! return f ! captivity ! ,jewi% nation rema9$ loyal to ,jehovah4 ,! dang]s ( poly!ism & idolatry _h pass$4 ,we no m he> ( ei!r ( ^! t5d5cies1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a rigid & almo/ bigot$ mono!ism 0 firmly e/abli%$4 ,_! suff]+s1 ! tea*+ ( _! ,prophets1 p]haps ! influ5ce ( ! ,p]sian wor%ip1 _h confirm$ !m 9 ! belief t ,jehovah 0 "o & alone1 & t ! gods ( ! nations 7 idols4 ,!y _h lo/ =ev] ! sacr$ ark ( ! cov5ant & ! my/]i\s ornam5ts ( ! high-prie/4 ,_! k+s _h disappe>$1 & a new =m ( !ocracy took ! place ( a royal gov]nm5t4 ,! high-prie/1 ) ! great c\ncil1 became ! supreme au?ority4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 hi]>*al4 ,hell5ic influ5ces began to act on ! ,jewi% m9d1 & a peculi> dialect ( ,hebrew-,greek1 call$ ! ,hell5i/ic1 0 =m$4 ,! ,septuag9t1 or ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 made 9 ,alex&ria ab\t ,b4,c4 #bfj4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,greek philosophy began to affect ! ,jewi% m9d1 ! f9al result ( :i* 0 ! sy/em ( ,philo4 ,greek influ5ces spread to su* an ext5t t a great religi\s revolution took place 9 ,pale/9e 7,b4,c4 #agj71 & ! ,temple at ,j]usalem 0 turn$ into a temple ( ,olympic ,jupit]4 ,_m ( ! prie/s & lead+ citiz5s accept$ ?is *ange1 ?\gh ! he>t ( ! p reject$ x ) horror4 ,"u ,antio*us ! ,temple 0 pr(an$1 ! sacrifices ceas$1 ! keep+ ( ! ,sabba? & use ( ! ,scriptures 7 =bidd5 by a royal edict4 ,!n arose ! ,maccabees1 & aft] a long & bitt] /ruggle re-e/abli%$ ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 ,b4,c4 #ada4 ,aft] ?is ! mass ( ! p1 9 _! zeal = ! law & _! old in/itutions1 fell 9 to ! n>r[ bigotry ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,! ,sadducees 7 ,jewi% ,epicureans1 b ?\gh weal?y 7 few1 & _h little influ5ce4 ,! ,ess5es 7 ,jewi% monks1 liv+ 9 communities1 & z little influ5tial z are ! ,%ak]s 9 ,massa*usetts to-day4 ,!y 7 n only few1 b _! :ole sy/em 0 contr>y to ! tone ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 & 0 probably d]iv$ f ,orphic ,py?agoreanism4#cgh ,! ,talmud1 t mighty maze ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 comm5c+ aft] ! return f ! captivity1 conta9s ! hi/ory ( ! gradual progress & developm5t ( ! national m9d4 ,! /udy ( ! ,talmud is necess>y to ! full und]/&+ ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,_m ( ! p>ables & precepts ( ,jesus may h _h _! orig9 9 ^! traditions & tea*+s4 ,= ! ,talmud conta9s mu* t is excell5t1 & ! orig9ality ( ,jesus 0 n 9 say+ :at nev] _h be5 ?\ght be=e1 b 9 vitaliz+ all old tru? out ( a c5tral spiritual life4 ,8 orig9ality 0 n novelty1 b vitality4 ,we h room "h b = a s+le extract4#cgi ',six hundr$ & ?irte5 injunctions1' says ! ,talmud1 '0 ,moses in/ruct$ to give to ! p4 ,david r$uc$ !m all to elev51 9 ! fifte5? ,psalm3 ,"l1 :o %all abide 9 ?y tab]nacle :o %all dwell on ?y holy hill8 ,he t walke? uprightly1' c4 ',! ,prophet ,isaiah r$uc$ !m to six 7xxxiii4 #ae73 ,he t walke? righte\sly1' c4 ',! ,prophet ,micah r$uc$ !m to ?ree 7vi4 #h73 ,:at do? ! ,"l require ( !e b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ',isaiah once m r$uc$ !m to two 7lvi4 #a73 ,keep ye judgm5t & d ju/ice4 ',amos 7v4 #d7 r$uc$ !m all to "o3 ,seek ye me & ye %all live4 ',b le/ x might be suppos$ f ?is t ,god c\ld be f\nd 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 :ole law only1 ,habakkuk said 7ii4 #d73 ,! j %all live by 8 fai?4' ,?us we h se5 ! ,jewi% religion gradually develop$ out ( ! family wor%ip ( ,abraham1 ?r\gh ! national wor%ip ( ! law to ! p]sonal & filial tru/ ( ,david1 & ! spiritual mono!ism ( ,job & ! ,prophets4 ,?r\gh all ^! *anges !re ran ! "o gold5 ?read ( fai? 9 a ,supreme ,be+ :o 0 n hidd5 & ap>t f ! _w1 b :o came to man z to 8 *ild4 ,at fir/ ?is belief 0 n>r[ & l t ( a *ild#chj ,we read t :5 ,noah w5t into ! ark1 ! ,"l %ut him 92 t :5 ,babel 0 built1 ! ,"l came d[n to see ! city & ! t[] :i* ! *ildr5 ( m5 _h built2 t :5 ,noah (f]$ burnt-sacrifices1 ! ,"l smell$ a sweet savor2 t he told ,moses to make him a sanctu>y1 t he might dwell among ! ,israelites4 ,we h se51 9 our *apt] on ,greece1 t ,hom] makes ,jupit] s5d a p]nici\s dream to ,agamemnon1 to deceive him2 9 o!r words1 makes ,jupit] tell a lie to ,agamemnon4 ,b h[ is ! acc\nt 9 ,i ,k+s xxii4 #bj-bc1 any bett]8#cha ,b h[ all ?is ignorance 0 enlight5$1 & ?is n>r[ness enl>g$1 let ! magnific5t !ism ( ! ,psalms1 ( ,job1 & ( ,isaiah te/ify4 ,solomon decl>es ,! heav5 ( heav5s _c conta9 him1 h[ mu* less ?is h\se t ,i h build$4 ,job & ! ,psalms & ,isaiah describe ! omnisci5ce1 omnipres5ce1 & inscrutable p]fections ( ! ,deity 9 language to :i* tw5ty c5turies h be5 able to add no?+4#chb ,?us ,judaism 0 mono!ism1 fir/ z a se$1 !n z a blade1 & !n z ! e> :i* ! sun ( ,*ri/ianity 0 to rip5 into ! full corn4 ,! highe/ tru? 0 pres5t1 implicitly1 9 ,judaism1 & became explicit 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! law 0 ! s*oolma/] to br+ m5 to ,*ri/4 ,x taught1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 a supreme & liv+ ,god2 a ,provid5ce rul+ all ?+s2 a ,judge rew>d+ good & puni%+ evil2 a holy ,be+1 ( pur] eyes ?an to behold iniquity4 ,x ann\nc$ a moral law to be obey$1 ! sub/ance ( :i* 0 to love ,god ) all ! he>t1 & "o's neighbor z "o's self4 ,:]ev] ! ,apo/les ( ,*ri/ w5t !y f\nd t ,judaism _h prep>$ ! way4 ,usually1 9 e place1 !y fir/ prea*$ to ! ,jews1 & made conv]ts ( !m4 ,= ,judaism1 ?\gh s n>r[ & s ali5 to ! ,greek & ,lat9 ?\ght1 _h nev]!less p]vad$ all p>ts ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,despis$ & satiriz$ by philosoph]s & poets1 x _h yet won its way by its /r5g? ( conviction4 ,x (f]$ to m51 n a philosophy1 b a religion2 n ?\ght1 b life4 ,too intol]ant ( diff]5ces to conv]t ! _w to mono!ism1 x yet made a prep>ation = its conv]sion4 ,?is 0 its p[]1 & ?us x w5t be=e ! face ( ! ,ma/]1 to prep>e 8 way4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,mohamm$ & ,islam4 #a4 ,rec5t ,works on ! ,life ( ,mohamm$4 #b4 ,! ,arabs & ,arabia4 #c4 ,e>ly ,life ( ,mohamm$1 to ! ,hegira4 #d4 ,*ange 9 ! ,"* ( ,mohamm$ aft] ! ,hegira4 #e4 ,religi\s ,doctr9es & ,practices among ! ,mohamm$ans4 #f4 ,! ,criticism ( ,mr4 ,palgrave on ,mohamm$an ,!ology4 #g4 ,mohamm$anism a ,relapse2 ! wor/ ,=m ( ,mono!ism1 & a ret>d+ ,elem5t 9 ,civilization4 ,note4 #a4 ,rec5t ,works on ! ,life ( ,mohamm$4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson once decl>$1 ,!re are two objects ( curiosity1 ! ,*ri/ian _w & ! ,mohamm$an _w2 all ! re/ may be consid]$ z b>b>\s4 ,s9ce ,dr4 ,johnson's "t we h le>n$ to be curi\s ab\t o!r =ms ( human ?\ght1 & reg>d ! fam\s l9e ( ,t]5ce z express+ m accurately ! prop] frame ( m9d = a ,*ri/ian philosoph]4 ,nev]!less1 ,mohamm$anism /ill claims a special int]e/ & excites a peculi> curiosity4 ,x is ! only religion :i* has ?reat5$ ,*ri/ianity ) a dang]\s rivalry4 ,x is ! only o!r religion1 ^: orig9 is 9 ! broad daylight ( hi/ory4 ,its au?or is ! only "o among ! great m5 ( ! _w :o has at ! same "t f\nd$ a religion1 =m$ a p1 & e/abli%$ an empire4 ,! m>vell\s spread ( ?is religion is a my/]y :i* nev] ceases to /imulate ! m9d to new inquiry4 ,h[ 0 x t 9 ! %ort space ( a c5tury ! ,arab tribes1 be=e always at w> among !mselves1 %\ld h be5 unit$ into an irresi/ible p[]1 & h conqu]$ ,syria1 ,p]sia1 ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,africa & ,spa98 ,& ) ?is religi\s outbreak1 ?is great revival ( mono!ism 9 ,asia1 !re came also z rem>kable a r5aissance ( le>n+1 :i* made ! ,arabs ! tea*]s ( philosophy & art to ,europe dur+ a long p]iod4 ,arab ,spa9 0 a focus ( light :ile ,*ri/ian ,europe lay 9 m$ival d>kness4 ,& /ill m int]e/+ & p]plex+ is ! "* ( ,mohamm$ himself4 ,:at 0 he1--an impo/or or a prophet8 ,did 8 "w advance or ret>d human progress8 ,:at is 8 position 9 hi/ory8 ,su* are "s ( ! que/ions on :i* we %all endeavor to ?r[ light 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,)9 a few ye>s new mat]ials = ?is /udy h be5 made accessible by ! labors ( ,weil1 ,causs9 de ,p]ceval1 ,muir1 ,spr5g]1 ,dll+]1 & ,arnold4 ,dr4 ,gu/av ,weil publi%$ 8 "w#chc 9 #ahdc4 ,x 0 drawn f ,arabic manuscripts & ! ,koran4 ,:5 ,weil began 8 /udies on ,mohamm$ 9 #ahcg1 he f\nd no book except t ( ,gagni]1 publi%$ 9 #agcb1 f :i* he c\ld d]ive sub/antial aid4 ,b ,gagni] _h only collect$1 )\t any attempt at criticism1 ! traditions & /atem5ts conc]n+ ,mohamm$ believ$ by or?odox ,moslems4 ,satisfi$ t a lit]>y want exi/$ at ?is po9t1 ,dr4 ,weil devot$ himself to su* /udies z %\ld enable him to supply x2 & ! result 0 a "w conc]n+ :i* ,milman says t no?+ has escap$ ! dilig5ce ( its au?or4 ,b f\r ye>s aft] appe>$ ! book ( ,m4 ,causs9 de ,p]ceval1#chd a "w ( :i* ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire says t x m>ks a new era 9 ^! /udies1 on acc\nt ( ! abundance & novelty ( its details1 & ! light ?r[n on ! p]iod :i* 9 ,arabia prec$$ ! com+ ( ,mohamm$4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,spr5g]1 an em95t ,g]man s*ol>1 e>ly det]m9$ to devote himself to ! /udy ( ,ori5tal lit]ature 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he sp5t a long "t 9 ,india1 & 0 = twelve ye>s pr9cipal ( a ,mohamm$an s*ool 9 ,delhi1 :]e he e/abli%$1 9 #ahde1 an illu/rat$ p5ny magaz9e 9 ! ,h9doo language4 ,aft] return+ to ,europe ) a va/ numb] ( ,ori5tal manuscripts1 he compos$ 8 ,life ( ,mohamm$1#che ! result ( ext5sive /udies4 ,among ! prep>ations = ?is "w we w cite only "o4 ,dr4 ,spr5g] edit$ 9 ,calcutta ! fir/ volume ( ! ,iba1 :i* conta9s ! names & biographies ( eight ?\s& p]sons :o 7 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,mohamm$4#chf ,b1 z if to emb>rass u ) ri*es1 comes also ,mr4 ,muir#chg & pres5ts u ) ano!r life ( ! prophet1 likewise drawn f orig9al s\rces1 & writt5 ) le>n+ & c&or4 ,?is "w1 9 f\r volumes1 goes ov] ! :ole gr\nd ( ! hi/ory ( ,arabia be=e ! com+ ( ! prophet1 & !n1 f ,arabic s\rces1 n>rates ! life ( ,mohamm$ himself1 up to ! era ( ! ,hegira4 ,! result ( ^! rese>*es is t we "k accurately :at ,mr4 ,hallam 9 8 "t despair$ ( kn[+1--all ! ma9 po9ts ( ! hi/ory ( ,mohamm$4 ,!re is no leg5d1 no my?1 to tr\ble u4 ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire says t ! ,fr5* are f> less acqua9t$ ) ,*>lemagne ?an ! ,moslems are ) _! prophet1 :o came two c5turies e>li]4 ,a ,mohamm$an writ]1 ,sy$ ,ahm$ ,khan ,bahador1 has lately publi%$1 9 ,engli%1 a s]ies ( ,essays on ! life ( ,mohamm$1 ,arabia1 ! ,arabs1 ,mohamm$an traditions1 & k9dr$ topics1 writt5 f ! /&-po9t ( a believ] 9 ,islam4#chh ,he is dissatisfi$ ) all ! rec5t works on ,mohamm$1 includ+ ^? ( ,dr4 ,spr5g] & ,mr4 ,muir4 ,he believes t ! ,arabic s\rces f :i* ^! biographies are d]iv$ are n ! mo/ au!ntic4 ,! special objections1 h[ev]1 :i* ?is able ,mohamm$an urges aga9/ ^! ,european biographies by ,spr5g] & ,muir d n affect any ( ! important po9ts 9 ! hi/ory1 b only details ( small mom5t4 ,not)/&+ 8 criticisms1 !re=e1 we may safely assume t we are 9 a condition to und]/& ! actual life & "* ( ,mohamm$4 ,all t ! ,sy$ says conc]n+ ! duty ( an imp>tial & fri5dly judgm5t ( ,islam & its au?or is1 ( c\rse1 true4 ,we %all endeavor 9 our treatm5t ( ,mohamm$ to foll[ ?is exhortation4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 is always ga9$ by he>+ :at ! believ]s 9 a sy/em h to say 9 its behalf1 & ^! essays ( ! ,mohamm$an s*ol> may help u 9 ?is way4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s p>ts ( ! volume is t 9 :i* he treats ( ! prophecies conc]n+ ,mohamm$ 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,mo/ ( our read]s w be surpris$ at le>n+ t any su* prophecies exi/2 & yet "s ( !m are q z /rik+ z _m ( ^? commonly adduc$ by writ]s on prophecy z ref]r+ to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,= example 7,deut4 xviii4 #ae1 #ah71 :5 ,moses pr$icts t ! ,"l w raise up a prophet = ! ,jews1 f among _! bre?r52 by emphasiz+ ?is latt] clause1 & argu+ t ! ,jews _h no bre?r5 except ! ,i%maelites1 f :om ,mohamm$ 0 born1 an argum5t is d]iv$ t ! latt] 0 ref]r$ to4 ,?is is /r5g!n$ by ! decl>ation ( ,moses1 t ?is prophet %\ld be l unto me1 s9ce ,deut]onomy xxxiv4 #aj decl>es t !re arose no prophet 9 ,israel l unto ,moses4 ,habakkuk iii4 #c says3 ,! ,holy ,"o came f ,m\nt ,p>an4 ,b ,m\nt ,p>an1 argues our fri5d1 is ! m\nta9 ( ,mecca4 ,! ,hebrew ^w translat$ desire 9 ,haggai ii4 #g1 ,! desire ( all nations %all come1 is said by ,bahador to be ! same ^w z ! "n ,mohamm$4 ,he is !re=e pr$ict$ by 8 "n 9 ?is passage4 ,:5 ,isaiah says 7xxi4 #g71 accord+ to ! ,septuag9t translation1 t he saw two rid]s1 "o on an ass & "o on a camel1 ,bahador argues t ! rid] on ! ass is ,jesus1 :o s ent]$ ,j]usalem1 & t ! rid] on ! camel is ,mohamm$4 ,:5 ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 ask$ if he 7 ! ,*ri/1 or ,elijah1 or t prophet1 ,mohamm$ans say t t prophet1 s anticipat$1 0 _! own4 #b4 ,! ,arabs & ,arabia4 ,! ,arabs are a ,semitic p1 belong+ to ! same great e?nologic family ) ! ,babylonians1 ,assyrians1 ,pho5icians1 ,hebrews1 ,e?iopians1 & ,c>?ag9ians4 ,x is a race :i* has giv5 to civiliz$ man 8 lit]ature & 8 religion2 = ! alphabet came f ! ,pho5icians1 & ! ,bible f ! ,jews4 ,9 ,hannibal1 x produc$ p]haps ! greate/ milit>y g5ius ! _w has se52 & ! ,tyrian m]*ants1 circumnavigat+ ,africa1 discov]+ ,great ,brita91 & trad+ ) ,india1 t5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 _h no equals on ! ocean until ! "t ( ! ,portuguese discov]ies1 tw5ty-five c5turies aft]4 ,! ,arabs alone1 ( ! sev5 ,semitic families1 rema9$ undi/+ui%$ & unkn[n till ! days ( ,mohamm$4 ,_! claim ( be+ desc5d$ f ,abraham is confirm$ by ! un]r+ evid5ce ( language4 ,! ,arabic roots are1 n9e t5?s ( !m1 id5tical ) ! ,hebrew2 & a simil>ity ( grammatical =ms %[s a pla9 glossological relation4 ,b :ile ! ,jews h a hi/ory f ! days ( ,abraham1 ! ,arabs _h none till ,mohamm$4 ,dur+ tw5ty c5turies ^! nomads w&]$ to & fro1 engag$ 9 mutual w>s1 v]ify+ ! pr$iction 7,g54 xvi4 #ab7 conc]n+ ,i%mael3 ,he w be a wild man2 8 h& w be aga9/ e man1 & e man's h& aga9/ him4 ,:]ev] su* w&]+ races exi/1 :e!r 9 ,arabia1 ,turki/an1 or ,equatorial ,africa1 d>kness cov]s ! e>?1 & gross d>kness ! p4 ,! e>? has no geography1 & ! p no hi/ory4 ,dur+ all ?is long p]iod1 f ! "t ( ,abraham to t ( ,mohamm$1 ! ,arabs 7 n a nation1 b only a multitude ( tribes1 ei!r /ation>y or w&]+4 ,b ( ^! two ! nomad or ,b$\9 is ! true type ( ! race z x exi/s 9 ,nor!rn ,arabia4 ,! ,arab ( ! ,s\? is 9 _m respects diff]5t1--9 language1 9 mann]s1 & 9 "*1--confirm+ ! old op9ion ( a d\ble orig94 ,b ! ,nor!rn ,arab 9 8 t5t has rema9$ un*ang$ s9ce ! days ( ! ,bible4 ,pr\d ( 8 pure blood1 ( 8 fre$om1 ( 8 tribe1 & ( 8 anci5t cu/oms1 he desires no *ange4 ,he is1 9 ,asia1 :at ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian is ^u ! we/]n cont95t4 ,z ! ,indian's1 8 *ief virtues are c\rage 9 w>1 cunn+1 wild ju/ice1 hospitality1 & =titude4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 ( a bett] race1--m reflective1 m religi\s1 & ) a ?ir/ = k4 ,! pure air & ! simple food ( ! ,arabian pla9s keep him 9 p]fect heal?2 & ! necessity ( con/ant wat*fulness aga9/ 8 foes1 f :om he has no def5ce ( rock1 =e/1 or =tification1 quick5s 8 p]ceptive faculties4 ,b ! ,arab has also a s5se ( spiritual ?+s1 :i* appe>s to h a root 9 8 organization4 ,! ,arabs say3 ,! *ildr5 ( ,%em are prophets1 ! *ildr5 ( ,japhet are k+s1 & ! *ildr5 ( ,ham are slaves4 ,hav+ no temples1 no prie/hood1 no religi\s =ms1 _! religion is less =mal & m in/9ctive1 l t ( *ildr54 ,! ,koran says3 ,e *ild is born into ! religion ( nature2 its p>5ts make x a ,jew1 a ,*ri/ian1 or a ,magian4 ,b :5 ,mohamm$ came1 ! religion ( ! ,arabs 0 a jumble ( mono!ism & poly!ism1--,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 idolatry1 & feti*ism4 ,at "o "t !re _h be5 a p[]ful & intol]ant ,jewi% k+dom 9 "o region4 ,9 ,yem51 at ano!r p]iod1 ! k+ ( ,abyss9ia _h e/abli%$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,b nei!r ,judaism nor ,*ri/ianity _h ev] be5 able to conqu] ! p59sula2 & at ! end ( ! six? c5tury idolatry 0 ! mo/ prevail+ =m ( wor%ip4 ,at ?is "t ,mohamm$ appe>$1 & 9 a few ye>s unit$ 9 "o fai? all ! w>r+ tribes ( ,arabia2 consolidat$ !m into a s+le nation1 & !n wield$ _! mighty & en?usia/ic =ces aga9/ ,syria1 ,p]sia1 & ,nor? ,africa1 triumphant :]ev] !y mov$4 ,he1 c]ta9ly1 if ev] man possess$ x1 _h ! r>e gift ( natural empire4 ,to him1 m ?an to any o!r ( :om hi/ory makes m5tion1 0 giv5 ,! mon>* m9d1 ! my/]y ( comm&+1 ,! bir?-h\r gift1 ! art ,napoleon1 ,( wield+1 m\ld+1 ga!r+1 weld+1 b&+1 ,! he>ts ( ?\s&s till !y mov$ z "o4 #c4 ,e>ly ,life ( ,mohamm$1 to ! ,hegira4 ,b x 0 n z a soldi] or ambiti\s conqu]or t ,mohamm$ began 8 c>e]4 ,! fir/ =ty ye>s ( 8 life 7 pass$ 9 ! quiet pursuits ( trade1 or tak+ c>e ( ! prop]ty ( ,khadjah4 ,s]i\s1 ?\ghtful1 dev\t1 he made fri5ds ( all ab\t him4 ,8 y\? 0 un/a9$ by vice1 & 8 honorable "* e>ly obta9$ = him ! title1 giv5 him by common cons5t1 ( ,al ,amn1 ! fai?ful4 ,at "o "t he t5d$ %eep & goats on ! hills ne> ,mecca4 ,at ,m$9a1 aft] he became di/+ui%$ he ref]r$ to ?is1 say+1 ,pick me ! blacke/ ( ^? b]ries2 !y are su* z ,i us$ to ga!r :5 ,i f$ ! flocks at ,mecca4 ,v]ily1 no prophet has be5 rais$ up :o has n p]=m$ ! "w ( a %eph]d4 ,:5 tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 he ent]$ into ! s]vice ( ,khadjah1 a ri* wid[1 z h] ag5t1 to take *>ge ( h] m]*&ise & to sell x at ,damascus4 ,:5 ! c>avan return$1 & 8 adv5ture _h prov$ successful1 ,khadjah1 !n =ty ye>s old1 became int]e/$ 9 ! "y man2 %e 0 wise1 virtu\s1 & attractive2 !y 7 m>ri$1 &1 till h] dea?1 ,mohamm$ 0 a k9d & lov+ husb&4 ,khadjah sympa?iz$ ) h] husb& 9 8 religi\s t5d5cies1 & 0 8 fir/ conv]t4 ,8 habit 0 to retire to a cave on ,m\nt ,hira to pray & to m$itate4 ,sadness came ov] him 9 view ( ! evils 9 ! _w4 ,"o ( ! ,suras ( ! ,koran1 suppos$ to belong to ?is p]iod1 is z foll[s3-- ,sura #ajc4 ,by ! decl9+ day ,i swe>6 ,v]ily1 man is 9 ! way ( ru92 ,except+ su* z possess fai?1 ,& d ! ?+s :i* be "r1 ,& /ir up "o ano!r to tru? & /eadfa/ness4 ,ab\t ?is "t he began to h 8 visions ( angels1 especially ( ,gabriel4 ,he saw a light1 & he>d a voice1 & _h s5t5ces l ! above put into 8 m9d4 ,^! communications 7 accompani$ by /rong convulsions 7epilepsy1 says ,weil71 9 :i* he w\ld fall to ! gr\nd & foam at ! m\?4 ,spr5g] consid]s x to h be5 a =m ( hy/]ia1 ) a m5tal orig91 p]haps accompani$ ) catalepsy4 ,! prophet himself said3 ,inspiration desc5ds on me 9 two ways4 ,sometimes ,gabriel come? & communicate? ! revelation1 z "o man to ano!r4 ,?is is easy4 ,b sometimes x is z ! r++ ( a bell1 :i* r5ds me 9 pieces1 & griev\sly afflicts me4 ,"o day1 :5 ,abu ,bakr & ,om> sat 9 ! ,mosque at ,m$9a1 ,mohamm$ came sudd5ly ^u !m1 lift+ up 8 be>d & look+ at x2 & ,abu ,bakr said1 ,ah ?\1 = :om ,i w\ld sacrifice fa!r & "m2 :ite hairs are ha/5+ ^u !e6 ,yes1 said ! prophet1 ,hd 7,sura #aa7 & its si/]s h ha/5$ my :ite hairs4 ,& :o1 ask$ ,abu ,bakr1 are its si/]s8 ,! ,inevitable 7,sura #ef7 & ! ,/rik+ 7,sura #aja71 repli$ ,mohamm$4 ,^! ?ree are call$ ! t]rific ,suras4 ,b ^! la/ ,suras came lat] ?an ! p]iod n[ ref]r$ to4 ,at ?is "t 8 visions & revelations possess$ him2 he did n possess nor control !m4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! _s ( ! prophet 0 m subject to ! prophet4 ,b ! ,koran is an un9telligible book unless we c connect x ) ! biography ( its writ]4 ,all ! incid5ts ( 8 life took %ape 9 "s revelation4 ,a sep>ate revelation 0 giv5 to enc\rage or to rebuke him2 & 9 8 lat] ye>s ! too subs]vi5t inspiration came to appease ! jeal\sy ( 8 wives :5 a new "o 0 add$ to _! numb]4 ,b1 h[ev] x may h be5 aft]w>d1 9 ! beg9n+ 8 visions 7 z mu* a surprise to him z to o!rs4 ,a c>eful di/ribution ( ! ,suras1 accord+ to ! ev5ts :i* befell him1 w\ld make ! ,koran ! be/ biography ( ! prophet4 ,z we said ( ,david & 8 ,psalms1 s x may be said ( ,mohamm$1 t 8 life hangs susp5d$ 9 ^! hymns1 z 9 votive pictures1 ea* ! record ( "s grave exp]i5ce4#chi ,n[1 x is impossible to read ! detail$ acc\nts ( ?is "p ( ! life ( ,mohamm$1 & h any d\bt ( 8 pr(\nd s9c]ity4 ,8 e>lie/ conv]ts 7 8 bosom-fri5ds & ! p ( 8 h\sehold1 :o 7 intimately acqua9t$ ) 8 private life4 ,nor does a man easily beg9 an ambiti\s c\rse ( deception at ! age ( =ty2 hav+ liv$ till t "t z a quiet1 peaceful1 & unobtrusive citiz51#cij :at 0 he to ga9 by ?is c>e]8 ,long ye>s pass$ be=e he c\ld make m ?an a h&ful ( conv]ts4 ,dur+ ^! we>y ye>s he 0 ! object ( contumely & hatr$ to ! rul+ tribe 9 ,mecca4 ,8 life 0 h>dly safe f !m4 ,no?+ c\ld be m hopeless ?an 8 position dur+ ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( 8 public prea*+4 ,only a /rong conviction ( ! reality ( 8 mission c\ld h support$ him ?r\gh ?is long p]iod ( failure1 lonel9ess1 & contempt4 ,dur+ all ^! ye>s ! wilde/ imag9ation c\ld n h pictur$ ! success :i* 0 to come4 ,"h is a ,sura 9 :i* he f9ds com=t 9 ,god & 8 promises4-- ,sura #ic4 ,by ! ris+ sun%9e6 ,by ! night :5 x d>k5e?6 ,?y ,"l ha? n remov$ f !e1 nei!r ha? he be5 displeas$4 ,& v]ily ! future %all be bett] ?an ! pa/4444 ,:at6 did he n f9d !e an orphan1 & give !e a home8 ,& f\nd !e a/ray1 & direct$ !e8 ,9 ?is ,sura1 ,mohamm$ ref]s to ! fact ( ! dea? ( 8 "m1 ,am9a1 9 8 sev5? ye>1 8 fa!r hav+ di$ a few mon?s be=e4 ,he visit$ h] tomb _m ye>s aft]1 & lift$ up 8 voice & wept4 ,9 reply to ! que/ions ( 8 companions1 he said3 ,?is is ! grave ( my "m2 ! ,"l ha? p]mitt$ me to visit x1 & ,i ask$ leave to pray = h]1 & x 0 n grant$4 ,s ,i call$ my "m to remembrance1 & ! t5d] memory ( h] ov]came me1 & ,i wept4 ,! *ild _h be5 tak5 by 8 gr&fa!r1 ,abd al ,mut-talib1 !n eighty ye>s old1 :o treat$ him ) ! greate/ indulg5ce4 ,at 8 dea?1 %ortly aft]1 ,mohamm$ 0 adopt$ by 8 uncle1 ,abu ,tlib1 ! *ief ( ! tribe4 ,abu ,tlib br\ght him up l 8 own son1 mak+ him sleep by 8 b$1 eat by 8 side1 & g ) him :]ev] he w5t4 ,& :5 ,mohamm$1 assum+ 8 inspir$ position1 decl>$ himself a prophet1 8 uncle1 !n ag$ & univ]sally respect$1 protect$ him f 8 enemies1 ?\gh ,abu himself nev] accept$ 8 tea*+4 ,mohamm$ !re=e _h good reason to bless ! ,provid5ce :i* _h provid$ su* protectors = 8 orphan$ infancy4 ,among ! e>lie/ conv]ts ( ,mohamm$1 aft] ,khadjah1 7 8 two adopt$ *ildr51 ,ali & ,zeid4 ,ali 0 ! son ( 8 gu>dian1 ,abu ,tlib1 :o _h become poor1 & f\nd x h>d to support 8 family4 ,mohamm$1 prompt$ by 8 usual k9dness & consid]ation1 says ,mr4 ,muir1 w5t to 8 ri* uncle ,abbas1 & propos$ t ea* ( !m %\ld adopt "o ( ,abu ,tlib's *ildr51 :i* 0 done4 ,8 o!r adopt$ son1 ,zeid1 belong$ to a ,syrian tribe1 & _h be5 tak5 captive by m>aud]s1 sold into slav]y1 & giv5 to ,khadjah1 :o pres5t$ him to h] husb&4 ,aft] a :ile ! fa!r ( ,zeid he>d :]e he 01 & com+ to ,mecca (f]$ a l>ge sum z ransom = 8 son4 ,mohamm$ _h become v fond ( ,zeid1 b he call$ him1 & gave him 8 *oice to g or /ay4 ,zeid said1 ,i w n leave !e2 ?\ art 9 ! place to me ( fa!r & "m4 ,!n ,mohamm$ took him to ! ,kaaba1 & t\*+ ! ,black ,/one said1 ,be> witness1 all "h6 ,zeid is my son4 ,i %all be 8 heir1 & he m9e4 ,s ! fa!r return$ home cont5t$1 & ,zeid 0 h5ce=? kn[n z ,zeid ibn ,mohamm$1--,zeid1 ! son ( ,mohamm$4 ,x is report$ t :5 ,ali 0 ab\t ?irte5 ye>s old ,mohamm$ 0 "o day pray+ ) him 9 "o ( ! retir$ gl5s ne> ,mecca1 :i!r !y _h gone to avoid ! ridicule ( _! oppon5ts4 ,abu ,tlib1 pass+ by1 said1 ,my nephew6 :at is ?is new fai? ,i see !e foll[+8 ,o my uncle1 repli$ ,mohamm$1 x is ! religion ( ,god1 8 angels & prophets1 ! religion ( ,abraham4 ,! ,"l ha? s5t me z 8 apo/le2 & ?\1 uncle1 art mo/ wor?y to be invit$ to believe4 ,abu ,tlib repli$1 ,i am n able1 my nephew1 to sep>ate f ! cu/oms ( my =efa!rs1 b ,i swe> t :ile ,i live no "o %all tr\ble !e4 ,!n he said to ,ali1 ,my son1 he w n invite !e to any?+ :i* is n good2 :]e=e ?\ art free to cleave to him4 ,ano!r e>ly & important conv]t 0 ,abu ,bakr1 fa!r ( ,mohamm$'s favorite wife1 ,aye%a1 & aft]w>d ! prophet's successor4 ,aye%a said %e c\ld n rememb] ! "t :5 bo? h] p>5ts 7 n true believ]s4 ,( ,abu ,bakr1 ! prophet said1 ,i nev] invit$ any to ! fai? :o did n %[ hesitation1 except ,abu ,bakr4 ,:5 ,i propos$ ,islam to him he at once accept$ x4 ,he 0 ?\ghtful1 calm1 t5d]1 & firm4 ,he is /ill kn[n z ,al ,sad*1 ! true "o4 ,ano!r ( 8 titles is ! ,second ( ! ,two1--f hav+ be5 ! only companion ( ,mohamm$ 9 8 flight f ,mecca4 ,hassan1 ! poet ( ,m$9a1 ?us says ( him3-- ,& ! second ( ! two 9 ! glori\s cave1 :ile ! foes 7 se>*+ ar\nd1 & !y two 7 9 ! m\nta91-- ,& ! prophet ( ! ,"l1 !y well knew1 lov$ him m ?an all ! _w2 he held no "o equal unto him4#cia ,abu ,bakr 0 at ?is "t a successful m]*ant1 & possess$ "s =ty ?\s& dirhems4 ,b he sp5t mo/ ( x 9 pur*as+ & giv+ fre$om to ,moslem slaves1 :o 7 p]secut$ by _! ma/]s = _! religion4 ,he 0 an influ5tial man among ! ,korei%4 ,?is p[]ful tribe1 ! rul]s ( ,mecca1 :o f ! fir/ treat$ ,mohamm$ ) contempt1 gradually became viol5t p]secutors ( him & 8 foll[]s4 ,_! ma9 wra? fell on ! unprotect$ slaves1 :om !y expos$ to ! scor*+ sun1 & :o1 9 _! intol]able ?ir/1 w\ld sometimes recant1 & ackn[l$ge ! idols4 ,"s ( !m rema9$ firm1 & aft]w>d %[$ ) triumph _! sc>s4 ,mohamm$1 ,abu ,bakr1 ,ali1 & all :o 7 connect$ ) p[]ful families1 7 = a long "t safe4 ,= ! pr9cipal protection 9 su* a disorganiz$ society 0 ! pr9ciple t ea* tribe mu/ def5d e "o ( its memb]s1 at all haz>ds4 ,( c\rse1 ,mohamm$ 0 v desir\s to ga9 ov] memb]s ( ! great families1 b he felt b\nd to take equal pa9s ) ! poor & helpless1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ anecdote3 ,! prophet 0 engag$ 9 deep conv]se ) ! *ief ,wald1 = he greatly desir$ 8 conv]sion4 ,!n a bl9d man pass$ t way1 & ask$ to he> ! ,koran4 ,b ,mohamm$ 0 displeas$ ) ! int]ruption1 & turn$ f him r\ghly4#cib ,b he 0 aft]w>d griev$ to ?9k he _h slight$ "o :om ,god _h p]haps *os51 & _h paid c\rt to a reprobate4 ,s 8 remorse took ! =m ( a div9e message & embodi$ itself z foll[s3-- ,! prophet fr[n$ & turn$ aside ,because ! bl9d man came to him4 ,:o %all tell !e if he may n be purifi$8 ,or :e!r ?y admonition might n pr(it him8 ,! ri* man ,?\ receive/ graci\sly1 ,al?\gh he be n inw>dly pure4 ,b him :o come? e>ne/ly inquir+1 ,& trembl+ ) anxiety1 ,him ?\ do/ neglect4#cic ,mohamm$ did n enc\rage 8 foll[]s to m>tyrdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 he all[$ !m to dissemble to save !mselves4 ,he f\nd "o ( 8 disciples sobb+ bitt]ly because he _h be5 compell$ by ill-treatm5t to abuse 8 ma/] & wor%ip ! idols4 ,b h[ do/ ?\ f9d ?y he>t8 said ! prophet4 ,/eadfa/ 9 ! fai?1 said he4 ,!n1 answ]$ ,mohamm$1 if !y repeat _! cruelty1 ?\ maye/ repeat ?y words4 ,he also _h himself an h\r ( vacillation4 ,tir$ ( ! sev]e & seem+ly hopeless /ruggle ) ! ,korei%1 & see+ no way ( ov]com+ _! bitt] ho/ility1 he be?\ght himself ( ! me?od ( compromise1 m ?an sev5 c5turies be=e ,am]ica 0 discov]$4 ,he _h be5 prea*+ ,islam five ye>s1 & _h only =ty or fifty conv]ts4 ,^? among !m :o _h no protectors he _h advis$ to fly to ! ,*ri/ian k+dom ( ,abyss9ia4 ,yond]1 said he1 po9t+ to ! we/1 lies a l& :]e9 no "o is wrong$4 ,g !re & rema9 until ! ,"l %all op5 a way = y4 ,"s fifte5 or tw5ty _h gone1 & met ) a k9d reception4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,hegira1 & %[$ ! /r5g? ( fai? 9 ^! exiles1 :o gave up _! c\ntry r ?an ,islam4 ,b !y he>d1 be=e long1 t ! ,korei% _h be5 conv]t$ by ,mohamm$1 & !y return$ to ,mecca4 ,! facts 7 ^!4 ,"o day1 :5 ! *ief citiz5s 7 sitt+ ne> ! ,kaaba1 ,mohamm$ came1 & began to recite 9 _! he>+ "o ( ! ,suras ( ! ,koran4 ,9 ?is ,sura ?ree ( ! goddesses wor%ipp$ by ! ,korei% 7 m5tion$4 ,:5 he came to _! names he add$ two l9es 9 :i* he conc$$ t _! int]cession might avail ) ,god4 ,! ,korei% 7 s delight$ at ?is ackn[l$gm5t ( _! deities1 t :5 he add$ ano!r l9e call+ on !m to wor%ip ,allah1 !y all pro/rat$ !mselves on ! gr\nd & ador$ ,god4 ,!n !y rose1 & express$ _! satisfaction1 & agre$ to be 8 foll[]s1 & receive ,islam1 ) ?is slight alt]ation1 t _! goddesses & favorite idols 7 to be respect$4 ,mohamm$ w5t home & began to be unhappy 9 8 m9d4 ,! compromise1 x seems1 la/$ long en\gh = ! ,abyss9ian exiles to he> ( x & to come home4 ,b at la/ ! prophet recov]$ himself1 & took back 8 concession4 ,! v]se ( ! ,sura 0 cancell$1 & ano!r ins]t$1 decl>+ t ^! goddesses 7 only names1 inv5t$ by ! idolat]s4 ,ev] aft]1 ! int]cession ( idols 0 condemn$ ) scorn4 ,b ,mohamm$ records 8 lapse ?us 9 ! sev5te5? ,sura ( ! ,koran3-- ,& truly1 !y 7 ne> tempt+ !e f :at we taught !e1 t ?\ %\ld/ inv5t a diff]5t revelation2 & !n !y w\ld h incl9$ unto !e4 ,& if we _h n /r5g!n$ !e1 v]ily ?\ had/ incl9$ to !m a little4 ,!n ?\ %\ld/ n h f\nd aga9/ u any help]4 ,aft] ?is1 naturally1 ! p]secution became hott] ?an ev]4 ,a second body ( exiles w5t to ,abyss9ia4 ,_h n ! v5]able ,abu ,tlib protect$ ,mohamm$1 8 life might h be5 lo/4 ,z x 01 ! p]secutors ?reat5$ ! old man ) deadly enmity unless he gave up ,mohamm$4 ,b ,abu ,tlib1 ?\gh agree+ ) !m 9 _! religion1 & wor%ipp+ _! gods1 refus$ to surr5d] 8 nephew to !m4 ,once1 :5 ,mohamm$ _h disappe>$1 & 8 uncle suspect$ t ! ,korei% _h seiz$ him1 he arm$ a p>ty ( ,h%imite y\?s ) dirks1 & w5t to ! ,kaaba1 to ! ,korei%4 ,b on ! way he he>d t ,mohamm$ 0 f\nd4 ,!n1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,korei%1 he told 8 "y m5 to draw _! dirks1 & said1 ,by ! ,"l6 _h ye kill$ him1 n "o ( y _h rema9$ alive4 ,?is boldness c[$ _! viol5ce = a "t4 ,b z ! unpopul>ity ( ,mohamm$ increas$1 he & all 8 p>ty 7 oblig$ to take refuge ) ! ,h%imites 9 a seclud$ qu>t] ( ! city belong+ to ,abu ,tlib4 ,! conv]sion ( ,om> ab\t ?is "t only increas$ _! rage4 ,!y =m$ an alliance aga9/ ! ,h%imites1 agree+ t !y w\ld nei!r buy nor sell1 m>ry1 nor h any deal+s ) !m4 ,?is oa? 0 committ$ to writ+1 seal$1 & hung up 9 ! ,kaaba4 ,= two or ?ree ye>s ! ,h%imites rema9$ %ut up 9 _! =tress1 & (t5 depriv$ ( ! necess>ies ( life4 ,_! fri5ds w\ld sometimes secretly supply !m ) provisions2 b ! cries ( ! hungry *ildr5 w\ld (t5 be he>d by ^? outside4 ,!y 7 blockad$ 9 _! intr5*m5ts4 ,b _m ( ! *ief p 9 ,mecca began to be mov$ by pity1 & at la/ x 0 sugge/$ to ,abu ,tlib t ! bond hung up 9 ! ,kaaba _h be5 eat5 by ! ants1 s z to be no long] valid4 ,?is be+ f\nd to be ! case1 x 0 decid$ t ! league 0 at an end1 & ! ,h%imites return$ to _! homes4 ,b o!r mis=tunes 7 9 /ore = ,mohamm$4 ,! good ,abu ,tlib soon di$1 &1 n long aft]1 ,khadjah4 ,8 protector gone1 :at c\ld ,mohamm$ d8 ,he left ! city1 & w5t ) only ,zeid = a companion on a mission to ,tyif1 sixty or sev5ty miles ea/ ( ,mecca1 9 hopes ( conv]t+ ! inhabitants4 ,:o c ?9k ( ! prophet1 9 ?is lonely j\rney1 )\t sympa?y8 ,he 0 go+ to prea* ! doctr9e ( ,"o ,god to idolat]s4 ,b he made no impression on !m1 &1 z he left ! t[n1 0 foll[$ by a mob1 hoot+1 & pelt+ him ) /ones4 ,at la/ !y left him1 & 9 ! %ad[ ( "s trees he betook himself to pray]4 ,8 words h be5 pres]v$1 x is believ$ by ! ,moslems1 & are z foll[s3 ,o ,"l6 ,i make my compla9t unto !e ( ! feebl5ess ( my /r5g?1 & ! weakness ( my plans4 ,i am insignificant 9 ! sight ( m54 ,o ?\ mo/ m]ciful6 ,"l ( ! weak6 ,?\ art my ,"l6 ,d n ab&on me4 ,leave me n a prey to ^! /rang]s1 nor to my foes4 ,if ?\ art n (f5d$1 ,i am safe4 ,i seek refuge 9 ! light ( ?y c\nt5ance1 by :i* all d>kness is disp]s$1 & peace comes4 ,!re is no p[]1 no help1 b 9 !e4 ,9 t h\r ( pray]1 ! fai? ( ,mohamm$ 0 ! same z t ( ,lu!r pray+ = protection aga9/ ! ,pope4 ,x 0 a "p ( ! univ]sal religion ( human nature4 ,c]ta9ly ?is man 0 no impo/or4 ,a man1 go+ alone to summon an idolatr\s city to rep5tance1 mu/ at lea/ h believ$ 9 8 own doctr9e4 ,b ! h\r ( success 0 at h&4 ,no am\nt ( error1 no bitt]ness ( prejudice1 no ve/$ int]e/ 9 falsehood1 c resi/ ! det]m9$ conviction ( a s+le s\l4 ,only believe a tru? /rongly en\gh to hold x ?r\gh good report & ill report1 & at la/ ! great _w ( half-believ]s comes r\nd to y4 ,& usually ! success comes sudd5ly at la/1 aft] we>y ye>s ( disappo9tm5t4 ,! great tree1 :i* seems s solid & firm1 has be5 secretly decay+ )91 & is holl[ at he>t2 at la/ x falls 9 a mom5t1 fill+ ! =e/ ) ! e*oes ( its ru94 ,! dam1 :i* seems /rong en\gh to resi/ a torr5t1 has be5 sl[ly und]m9$ by a ?\s& m9ute rills ( wat]2 at la/ x is sudd5ly swept away1 & op5s a yawn+ brea* = ! tumbl+ cat>act4 ,& almo/ z sudd5ly came ! triumph ( ,mohamm$4 ,at ,m$9a & 9 its neighborhood !re _h long be5 num]\s & p[]ful tribes ( ,jewi% proselytes4 ,9 _! conflicts ) ! idolat]s1 !y _h (t5 pr$ict$ ! spe$y com+ ( a prophet l ,moses4 ,! ,jewi% influ5ce 0 great at ,m$9a1 & t ( ! idolat]s 0 divid$ by bitt] qu>rels4 ,n[ x mu/ be rememb]$ t at ?is "t ,mohamm$ taught a k9d ( modifi$ ,judaism4 ,he came to revive ! religion ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob4 ,he cont9ually ref]r$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,talmud = au?ority4 ,he 0 a prophet & inspir$1 b n to tea* any?+ new4 ,he 0 to re/ore ! univ]sal religion :i* ,god _h taught to man 9 ! beg9n+1--! religion ( all true patri>*s & prophets4 ,its ess5tial doctr9e 0 ! unity ( ,god1 & 8 supremacy & provid5ce4 ,its "o duty 0 ,islam1 or submission to ! ,div9e w4 ,its wor%ip 0 pray] & almsgiv+4 ,at ?is "t he did n make belief 9 himself ! ma9 po9t2 x 0 to pr(ess ! unity ( ,god1 & to submit :olly to ,god4 ,s t ! semi-,judaiz$ pilgrims f ,m$9a to ,mecca 7 q prep>$ to accept 8 tea*+s4 ,mohamm$1 at ! "t ( ! pilgrimage1 met ) _m ( !m1 & !y promis$ to become 8 disciples4 ,! pl$ge !y took 0 z foll[s3 ,we w n wor%ip any b ! "o ,god2 we w n /eal1 nor commit adult]y1 nor kill our *ildr5 7female73 we w n sl&] at all1 nor disobey ! prophet 9 any?+ t is "r4 ,?is 0 aft]w>d call$ ! ,pl$ge ( ,wom51 because x did n require !m to fight = ,islam4 ,?is fai? spread rapidly among ! idolat]s at ,m$9a1--mu* m s ?an ! ,jewi% sy/em4 ,! ,jews requir$ too mu* ( _! proselytes2 !y insi/$ on _! becom+ ,jews4 ,!y dem&$ a *ange ( all _! previ\s cu/oms4 ,b ,mohamm$ only ask$ = submission4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,mohamm$ _h 8 fam\s dream or vision1 9 :i* he 0 c>ri$ by ,gabriel on a w+$ /e$ to ,j]usalem1 to meet all ! prophets ( ,god & be welcom$ by !m to _! numb]1 & !n to ! sev5? heav5 into ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,x 0 s vivid t he deem$ x a reality1 & ma9ta9$ t he _h be5 to ,j]usalem & to heav54 ,?is1 & ! ,koran itself1 7 ! only miracles he ev] claim$4 ,! ,m$9a ,moslems hav+ ent]$ into a second pl$ge1 to receive ,mohamm$ & 8 fri5ds1 & to protect !m1 ! prophet gave ord]s to 8 foll[]s to leave ,mecca secretly 9 small p>ties1 & repair to ,m$9a4 ,z ! /\t sea-capta9 rema9s ! la/ on a s9k+ vessel1 ,mohamm$ /ay$ quietly at ,mecca till all ! o!rs _h gone4 ,only ,abu ,bakr's family & 8 own rema9$4 ,! re/ ( ! believ]s1 to ! numb] ( ab\t two hundr$1 _h disappe>$4 ,! ,korei%1 amaz$ at ^! ev5ts1 knew n :at to d4 ,:y _h ! ,moslems gone8 & :y _h ,mohamm$ rema9$8 ,h[ d>$ he to /ay1 unprotect$1 9 _! mid/8 ,!y might kill him2--b !n 8 tribe w\ld take a bloody v5geance on 8 murd]]s4 ,at la/ !y propos$ to seize him1 & t a numb] ( m51 "o f ea* tribe & family1 %\ld at ! same mom5t drive _! dirks into him4 ,or p]haps x might be bett] to s5d an assass9 to waylay him on 8 way to ,m$9a4 ,:ile !y 7 discuss+ ^! alt]natives1 news 0 br\ght to !m t ,mohamm$ also _h disappe>$1 & ,abu ,bakr ) him4 ,!y imm$iately w5t to _! h\ses4 ,9 t ( ,mohamm$ !y f\nd ! "y ,ali1 :o1 be+ ask$ :]e 8 fa!r 01 repli$1 ,i d n "k4 ,i am n 8 keep]4 ,did y n ord] him to g f ! city8 ,i suppose he is gone4 ,gett+ no m in=mation at ! h\se ( ,abu ,bakr1 !y s5t out p>ties ( arm$ m51 m\nt$ on swift horses & camels1 to se>* ! :ole r\te to ,m$9a1 & br+ ! fugitives back4 ,aft] a few days ! pursu]s return$1 say+ t !re 7 no signs ( any p]sons hav+ gone 9 t direction4 ,if !y _h gone t way !y w\ld c]ta9ly h ov]tak5 !m4 ,meantime :]e 7 ! fugitives8 ,in/ead ( go+ nor? to ,m$9a1 !y _h hidd5 9 a cave on a m\nta91 ab\t five or six miles to ! s\? ( ,mecca4 ,"h !y rema9$ conceal$ ?ree days & nights1 9 imm95t dang] f _! pursu]s1 :o once1 x is said1 came to ! m\? ( ! cave1 b1 see+ spid]s' webs spun across ! op5+1 conclud$ no "o c\ld h gone 9 rec5tly4 ,!re 0 a crevice 9 ! ro( ?r\gh :i* ! morn+ light ent]$1 & ,abu ,bakr said1 ,if "o ( !m 7 to look d[n1 he w\ld see u4 ,?9k n s1 ,abu ,bakr1 said ! prophet4 ,we are two1 b ,god is 9 ! mid/1 a ?ird4 ,! next day1 satisfi$ t ! heat ( ! pursuit _h abat$1 !y took ! camels :i* _h privately be5 br\ght to !m f ! city by ! son ( ,abu ,bakr1 & set (f = ,m$9a1 leav+ ,mecca on ! "r4 ,by ! calculations ( ,m4 ,causs9 de ,p]ceval1 x 0 on ! #bj? ( ,june1 ,a4,d4 #fbb4 #d4 ,*ange 9 ! ,"* ( ,mohamm$ aft] ! ,hegira4 ,f ! ,hegira ! ,mohamm$an era beg9s2 & f t po9t ( ! prophet's hi/ory 8 =tunes rise1 b 8 "* deg5]ates4 ,he has borne adv]sity & opposition ) a fai? & a pati5ce almo/ sublime2 b prosp]ity he w n be> s well4 ,d[n to t "t he _h be5 a prophet1 tea*+ ,god's tru? to ^? :o w\ld receive x1 & by ! manife/ation ( t tru? comm5d+ himself to e man's consci5ce4 ,n[ he 0 to become a politician1 ! head ( a p>ty1 contriv+ exp$i5ts = its success4 ,be=e1 8 only weapon 0 tru?2 n[1 8 *ief means 0 =ce4 ,in/ead ( conv9c+ 8 oppon5ts1 he n[ compell$ !m to submit by ! t]ror ( 8 p[]4 ,8 revelations *ang$ _! tone2 !y adapt$ !mselves to 8 ne$s1 & on all occasions1 ev5 :5 he want$ to take an extra wife1 inspiration came to 8 aid4 ,:at sadd] trag$y is !re ?an to see a great s\l ?us conqu]$ by success8 ,all ^! ?+s1 says ,satan1 ,i w give !e1 if ?\ wilt fall d[n & wor%ip me4 ,:5 ,jesus relat$ 8 temptation to 8 disciples he put x 9 ! =m ( a p>able4 ,h[ c\ld !y1 h[ c we1 und]/& ! temptations ( a nature l t ( ,*ri/6 ,p]haps he saw t he c\ld h a great app>5t success by ! use ( worldly means4 ,he c\ld br+ ! ,jew & ! ,g5tile to ackn[l$ge & receive 8 tru?4 ,"s slight concession to worldly wisdom1 "s little compromise ) exi/+ errors1 "s h>dly p]ceptible v>iation f p]fect tru?fulness1 & lo6 ! k+dom ( ,god w\ld come 9 t v h\r1 in/ead ( l+]+ ?r\gh long c5turies4 ,:at evils might n be sp>$ to ! race1 :at woes to ! _w1 if ! div9e gospel ( love to ,god & man 7 inaugurat$ by ,*ri/ himself6 ,?is1 p]haps1 0 "o ( ! temptations4 ,b ,jesus said1 ,get !e beh9d me1 ,satan4 ,he w\ld use only good means = good ends4 ,he w\ld take ,god's way to d ,god's "w4 ,he w\ld die on ! cross1 b n v>y f ! p]fect tru?4 ,! same temptation came to ,mohamm$1 & he yield$4 ,up to ! ,hegira1 ,mohamm$ might also h said1 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w4 ,b n[ ! sword & falsehood 7 to s]ve him1 z 8 mo/ fai?ful s]vants1 9 build+ up ,islam4 ,8 ends 7 ! same z be=e4 ,8 object 0 /ill to e/abli% ! s]vice ( ! "o liv+ & true ,god4 ,b 8 means1 h5ce=?1 are ( ! e>?1 e>?y4 ,:at a noble religion w\ld ,islam h be51 if ,mohamm$ c\ld h gone on z he began6 ,he accept$ all ! ess5tial tru?s ( ,judaism1 he recogniz$ ,moses & ,*ri/ z true tea*]s4 ,he taught t !re 0 "o univ]sal religion1 ! sub/ance ( :i* 0 fai? 9 "o ,supreme ,be+1 submission to 8 w1 tru/ 9 8 provid5ce1 & good-w to 8 creatures4 ,pray] & alms 7 ! only wor%ip :i* ,god requir$4 ,a m>vell\s & mighty "w1 says ,mr4 ,muir1 _h be5 wr\ght by ^! few precepts4 ,f "t beyond memory ,mecca & ! :ole p59sula _h be5 /eep$ 9 spiritual torpor4 ,! influ5ces ( ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & philosophy _h be5 feeble & transi5t4 ,d>k sup]/itions prevail$1 ! mo!rs ( d>k vices4 ,& n[1 9 ?irte5 ye>s ( prea*+1 a body ( m5 & wom5 _h ris51 :o reject$ idolatry2 wor%ipp$ ! "o great ,god2 liv$ lives ( pray]2 practis$ *a/ity1 b5evol5ce1 & ju/ice2 & 7 ready to d & to be> ev]y?+ = ! tru?4 ,all ?is came f ! dep? ( conviction 9 ! s\l ( ?is "o man4 ,to ! great qualities :i* ,mohamm$ _h %[n z a prophet & religi\s tea*] 7 n[ add$ ^? ( ! capta9 & /atesman4 ,he _h at la/ obta9$ a position at ,m$9a :5ce he c\ld act on ! ,arabs ) o!r =ces ?an ^? ( eloqu5ce & feel+4 ,& n[ ! man :o = =ty ye>s _h be5 a simple citiz5 & l$ a quiet family life--:o aft]w>d1 = ?irte5 ye>s1 _h be5 a pati5t b despis$ tea*] ( ! unity ( ,god--pass$ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 /range c>e] 9 build+ up a fanatical army ( w>riors1 de/9$ to conqu] half ! civiliz$ _w4 ,f ?is p]iod ! old solution ( ! ,mohamm$an miracle is 9 ord]2 f ?is "t ! sword leads1 & ! ,koran foll[s4 ,to ?is famili> explanation ( ,mohamm$an success1 ,mr4 ,c>lyle replies ) ! "q3 ,mohamm$anism triumph$ ) ! sword8 ,b :]e did x get its sword8 ,we c n[ answ] t pi?y inquiry4 ,! simple1 e>ne/ zeal ( ! orig9al believ]s built up a p[]1 :i* !n took ! sword1 & conqu]$ ) x4 ,! rew>d ( pati5t1 long-endur+ fai? is influ5ce2 ) ?is influ5ce ambition s]ves itself = its own purpose4 ,su* is1 m or less1 ! hi/ory ( e religion1 &1 inde$1 ( e political p>ty4 ,sects are f\nd$1 n by politicians1 b by m5 ( fai?1 by m5 to :om ideas are realities1 by m5 :o are will+ to die = !m4 ,su* fai? always triumphs at la/2 x makes a multitude ( conv]ts2 x becomes a great p[]4 ,! deep & /rong convictions ?us creat$ are us$ by worldly m5 = _! own purposes4 ,t ! ,mohamm$an impulse 0 ?us tak5 possession ( by worldly m5 is ! judgm5t ( ,m4 ,r5an4#cid ,f all sides1 says he1 we come to ?is s+ul> result3 t ! ,mussulman movem5t 0 />t$ almo/ )\t religi\s fai?2 t1 sett+ aside a small numb] ( fai?ful disciples1 ,mahomet really wr\ght v little conviction 9 ,arabia4 ,! p>ty ( true ,mussulmans _h all _! /r5g? 9 ,om>2 b aft] 8 assass9ation1 t is to say1 twelve ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! prophet1 ! opposite p>ty triumph$ by ! election ( ,o?man4 ,! fir/ g5]ation ( ! ,hegira 0 completely occupi$ 9 ext]m9at+ ! primitive ,mussulmans1 ! true fa!rs ( ,islamism4 ,p]haps x is bold to "q ! op9ions ( a ,semitic s*ol> ( ! =ce ( ,m4 ,r5an1 b x seems to u t he goes too f> 9 suppos+ t su* a movem5t z t ( ,islam c\ld be />t$ )\t a trem5d\s dep? ( conviction4 ,at all ev5ts1 support$ by su* writ]s z ,weil1 ,spr5g]1 & ,muir1 we w say t x 0 a p[]ful religi\s movem5t f\nd$ on s9c]e/ conviction1 b gradually turn$ aside1 & us$ = worldly purposes & temporal triumphs4 ,&1 9 ?us div]t+ x f div9e objects to purely human ones1 ,mohamm$ himself l$ ! way4 ,he adds ano!r1 & p]haps ! greate/1 illu/ration to ! long li/ ( noble s\ls ^: natures h become subdu$ to t :i* !y work$ 92 :o h s\ght high ends by l[ means2 :o1 talk+ ( ! noble/ tru?s1 desc5d into ! meane/ prev>ications1 & s ?r[ a d\bt on all s9c]ity1 fai?1 & honor4 ,su* 0 ! judgm5t ( a great ?9k]--,goe!--conc]n+ ,mohamm$4 ,he believes him to h be5 at fir/ pr(\ndly s9c]e1 b he says ( him t aft]w>d :at 9 8 "* is e>?ly increases & develops itself2 ! div9e retires & is obscur$3 8 doctr9e becomes a means r ?an an end4 ,all k9ds ( practices are employ$1 nor are horrors want+4 ,goe! int5d$ to write a drama ^u ,mohamm$1 to illu/rate ! sad fact t e man :o attempts to realize a great idea comes 9 contact ) ! l[] _w1 mu/ place himself on its level 9 ord] to influ5ce x1 & ?us (t5 compromises 8 high] aims1 & at la/ =feits !m#cie4 ,su* a man1 9 mod]n times1 0 ,"l ,bacon 9 ! political _w2 su* a man1 among conqu]ors1 0 ,cromwell2 & among ,*ri/ian sects h[ (t5 d we see ! "y en?usia/ & sa9t end z ! ambiti\s self-seek] & ,jesuit6 ,!n we call him a hypocrite1 because he cont9ues to use ! famili> language ( ! "t :5 8 he>t 0 true & simple1 ?\gh indulg+ himself 9 luxury & s94 ,x is curi\s1 :5 we are all s inconsi/5t1 t we %\ld f9d x s h>d to und]/& inconsi/5cy4 ,we1 all ( u1 (t5 say :at is "r & d :at is wrong2 b are we delib]ate hypocrites8 ,no6 we "k t we are weak2 we admit t we are inconsi/5t2 we say am5 to ! video meliora1 proboque1--det]iora sequor1 b we also "k t we are n delib]ate & int5tional hypocrites4 ,let u use ! same l>ge judgm5t 9 speak+ ( ! faults ( ,cromwell1 ,bacon1 & ,mohamm$4 ,no "o c\ld h =ese5 ! cruelty ( :i* ,mohamm$1 hi!rto always a k9d-he>t$ & affectionate man1 0 capable t[>d ^? :o resi/$ 8 purpose4 ,?is fir/ %[$ itself 9 8 treatm5t ( ! ,jews4 ,he hop$ to =m an alliance ) !m1 aga9/ ! idolat]s4 ,he _h admitt$ ! div9e au?ority ( _! religion1 & appeal$ to _! ,scriptures z evid5ce ( ! tru? ( 8 own mission4 ,he con=m$ to _! ritual & cu/oms1 & made ,j]usalem 8 ,kibla1 t[>d :i* he turn$ 9 pray] five times a day4 ,9 return = ?is he expect$ !m to receive him z a prophet2 b ?is !y refus$ to d4 ,s he dep>t$ by degrees f _! cu/oms1 *ang$ 8 ,kibla to ,mecca1 & at la/ d5\nc$ ! ,jews z /iff-neck$ unbeliev]s4 ,! old qu>rel betwe5 ,esau & ,jacob c\ld n be appeas$1 nor an alliance =m$ betwe5 !m4 ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire#cif does n ?9k t ! "* ( ,mohamm$ *ang$ :5 he became ! f\nd] ( a /ate & head ( a conqu]+ p>ty4 ,he ?9ks t he only yield$ to ! political necessities ( 8 position4 ,grant$2 b yield+ to ^? necessities 0 ! cause ( ?is gradual *ange 9 8 "*4 ,! man :o lies & murd]s f ! necessity ( 8 political position c h>dly rema9 a sa9t4 ,plund]1 cold-blood$ execution ( prison]s1 self-indulg5ce1 became ! habit ( ! prophet h5ce=?1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,! fir/ battle aga9/ ! ,korei%1 t ( ,badr1 took place 9 ,janu>y1 ,a4,d4 #fbd4 ,:5 ,mohamm$ _h drawn up 8 army1 he pray$ e>ne/ly = ! victory4 ,aft] a desp]ate /ruggle1 ! ,korei% fl$4 ,mohamm$ claim$1 by a special revelation1 ! fif? "p ( ! booty4 ,z ! bodies ( 8 old oppon5ts 7 ca/ into a pit1 he spoke to !m bitt]ly4 ,:5 ! prison]s 7 br\ght be=e him he look$ fi]cely at "o ( !m4 ,!re is dea? 9 t glance1 said ! unhappy man1 & pres5tly ! prophet ord]$ him to be behead$4 ,two days aft]1 ano!r 0 ord]$ = execution4 ,:o w take c>e ( my little girl8 said he4 ,hell-fire1 repli$ ,mohamm$1 & ord]$ him to be cut d[n4 ,%ortly aft] ! battle1 a ,jewess :o _h writt5 v]ses aga9/ ,mohamm$1 0 assass9at$ by "o ( 8 foll[]s2 & ! prophet prais$ him = ! de$ 9 ! public mosque4 ,ano!r ag$ ,jew1 = ! same (f5ce1 0 murd]$ by 8 express comm&4 ,a qu>rel betwe5 "s ,jews & ,moslems br\ght on an attack by ,mohamm$ ^u ! ,jewi% tribe4 ,!y surr5d]$ aft] a siege ( fifte5 days1 & ,mohamm$ ord]$ all ! prison]s to be kill$2 b at la/1 at ! urg5t reque/ ( a p[]ful *ief 9 ,m$9a1 all[$ !m to g into exile1 curs+ !m & _! int]cessor4 ,mr4 ,muir m5tions o!r cases ( assass9ation ( ! ,jews by ! comm& ( ! prophet4 ,all ^! facts are d]iv$ f contemporane\s ,moslem hi/orians1 :o glorify _! prophet = ?is conduct4 ,! wor/ action p]haps ( ?is k9d 0 ! delib]ate execution ( sev5 or eight hundr$ ,jewi% prison]s1 :o _h surr5d]$ at discretion1 & ! sale ( _! wives & *ildr5 into slav]y4 ,mohamm$ select$ f among ^! wom5 "o m beautiful ?an ! re/1 = 8 concub9e4 ,:e!r ,m4 ,sa9t-,hilaire consid]s all ?is z yield+ to ! political necessities ( 8 position1 we d n "k4 ,b ?is man1 :o c\ld /& by & see hundr$s ( captives slaught]$ 9 cold blood1 & !n retire to solace himself ) ! wid[ ( "o ( 8 victims1 seems to u to h reta9$ little ( 8 e>ly purity ( s\l4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,mohamm$ began to multiply wives1 & to receive revelations all[+ him to d s beyond ! usual limit ( 8 law4 ,he add$ "o aft] ano!r to 8 h>em1 until he _h t5 wives1 besides 8 slaves4 ,8 views on su* subjects are illu/rat$ by 8 pres5t+ ?ree beautiful female slaves1 tak5 9 w>1 "o to 8 fa!r-9-law1 & ! o!rs to 8 two sons-9-law4 ,s1 9 a s]ies ( battles1 ) ! ,jewi% tribes1 ! ,korei%1 ! ,syrians1 pass$ ! /ormy & triumphant ye>s ( ! ,pontiff ,k+4 ,mecca 0 conqu]$1 & ! ,korei% submitt$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fcj4 ,! tribes ?r\gh\t ,arabia acquiesc$1 "o by "o1 9 ! prophet's au?ority4 ,all paid tribute1 or accept$ ,islam4 ,8 enemies 7 all "u 8 feet2 8 doctr9es accept$2 ! rival prophets1 ,aswad & ,museilama1 ov]come4 ,!n1 9 ! sixty-?ird ye> ( 8 age1 dea? drew ne>4 ,on ! la/ day ( 8 life1 he w5t into ! mosque to att5d morn+ pray]1 !n back to ! room ( 8 favorite wife1 ,aye%a1 & di$ 9 h] arms4 ,wild ) grief1 ,om> decl>$ he 0 n dead1 b 9 a trance4 ,! grave ,abu ,bakr compos$ ! excit$ multitude1 & 0 *os5 caliph1 or successor to ! prophet4 ,mohamm$ di$ on ,june #h1 ,a4,d4 #fcb1 & 0 buri$ ! next day1 amid ! grief ( 8 foll[]s4 ,abu ,bakr & ,om> (f]$ ! pray]3 ,peace be unto !e1 ,o prophet ( ,god2 & ! m]cy ( ! ,"l1 & 8 bless+6 ,we be> te/imony t ! prophet ( ,god ha? deliv]$ ! message reveal$ to him2 ha? f\ght 9 ! ways ( ! ,"l until ,god cr[n$ 8 religion ) victory2 ha? fulfill$ 8 words comm&+ t he alone is to be wor%ipp$ 9 unity2 ha? drawn u to himself1 & be5 k9d & t5d]-he>t$ to believ]s2 ha? s\ght no recomp5se = deliv]+ to u ! fai?1 nei!r ha? sold x = a price at any "t4 ,& all ! p said1 ,am56 ,am56 ,conc]n+ ! "* ( ,mohamm$1 en\gh has be5 already said4 ,he 0 a great man1 "o ( ! greate/ ev] s5t ^u e>?4 ,he 0 a man ( ! deepe/ convictions1 & = _m ye>s ( ! pure/ purposes1 & 0 only drawn d[n at la/ by us+ l[ means = a good end4 ,( 8 visions & revelations1 ! same explanation is to be giv5 z ( ^? receiv$ by ,joan ( ,arc1 & o!r se]s ( t ord]4 ,h[ f> !y _h an objective basis 9 reality1 & h[ f> !y 7 ! result ( "s abnormal activity ( ! imag9ation1 x is difficult ) our pres5t k to decide4 ,b t ^! vision>ies fully believ$ 9 _! own inspiration1 !re c be little d\bt4 #e4 ,religi\s ,doctr9es & ,practices among ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,z to ! religion ( ,mohamm$1 & its effects on ! _w1 x is easi] to come to an op9ion ?an conc]n+ 8 own "*4 ,its ess5tial doctr9e1 z be=e indicat$1 is ! absolute unity & supremacy ( ,god1 z oppos$ to ! old ,arab ,poly!ism on ! "o h& & ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity on ! o!r4 ,x h[ev] admits ( angels & g5ii4 ,gabriel & ,mi*ael are ! angels ( p[]2 ,azriel1 angel ( dea?2 ,israfeel1 angel ( ! resurrection4 ,eblis1 or ,satan1 plays an important "p 9 ?is my?ology4 ,! ,koran also tea*es ! doctr9e ( ,et]nal ,decrees1 or absolute ,pr$e/9ation2 ( prophets be=e ,mohamm$1 ( :om he is ! successor1--z ,adam1 ,noah1 ,moses1 & ,jesus2 ( sacr$ books1 ( :i* all t rema9 are ! ,p5tateu*1 ,psalms1 ,gospels1 & ,koran2 ( an int]m$iate /ate aft] dea?2 ( ! resurrection & judgm5t4 ,all non-believ]s 9 ,islam g into et]nal fire4 ,!re are sep>ate hells = ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 ,sabians1 ,magians1 idolat]s1 & ! hypocrites ( all religions4 ,! ,moslem is judg$ by 8 actions4 ,a balance is held by ,gabriel1 "o scale hang+ ov] heav5 & ano!r ov] hell1 & 8 good de$s are plac$ 9 "o & 8 bad ones 9 ! o!r4 ,accord+ z 8 scale incl9es1 he goes to heav5 or hell4 ,if he goes to heav51 he f9ds !re sev5ty-two ,h\ris1 m beautiful ?an angels1 await+ him1 ) g>d5s1 groves1 m>ble palaces1 & music4 ,if wom5 are true believ]s & righte\s1 !y w also g to heav51 b no?+ is said ab\t husb&s be+ provid$ = !m4 ,/ress is laid on pray]1 ablution1 fa/+1 almsgiv+1 & ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,w9e & gam+ are =bidd54 ,!re is no recognition1 9 ! ,koran1 ( human bro!rhood4 ,x is a prime duty to hate infidels & make w> on !m4 ,mohamm$ made x a duty = ,moslems to betray & kill _! own bro!rs :5 !y 7 infidels2 & he 0 obey$ 9 m cases ?an "o4 ,! ,moslem sects are z num]\s z ^? ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,dabi/an m5tions sev5ty-?ree4 ,! two ma9 divisions are into ,sunnites & ,%yites4 ,! ,p]sians are mo/ly ,%yites1 & refuse to receive ! ,sunnite traditions4 ,!y accept ,ali1 & d5\nce ,om>4 ,t]rible w>s & cruelties h tak5 place betwe5 ^! sects4 ,only a few ( ! ,sunnite doctors ackn[l$ge ! ,%yites to be ,moslems4 ,!y h a say+1 to de/roy a ,%yite is m acceptable ?an to kill sev5ty o!r infidels ( :atev] sort4 ,! ,turks are ! mo/ zeal\s ( ! ,moslems4 ,on ,friday1 :i* is ! ,sabba? ( ,islam1 all bus9ess is susp5d$4 ,pray]s are read & s]mons prea*$ 9 ! mosques4 ,no "o is all[$ to be abs5t4 ,! ,ramadan fa/ is univ]sally kept4 ,any "o :o breaks x twice is consid]$ wor?y ( dea?4 ,! fa/ la/s f sunrise to sunset4 ,b ! ri* fea/ 9 ! night1 & sleep dur+ ! day4 ,! ,turks h no desire to make proselytes1 b h an intol]ant hatr$ = all outside ( ,islam4 ,! ,kalif is ! ,*ief ,pontiff4 ,! ,oulema1 or ,p>liam5t1 is compos$ ( ! ,imans1 or religi\s tea*]s1 ! ,muftis1 or doctors ( law1 & ,kadis1 or m9i/]s ( ju/ice4 ,! prie/s 9 ,turkey are subord9ate to ! civil magi/rate1 :o is _! diocesan1 & c remove !m at pleasure4 ,! prie/s 9 daily life are l ! laity1 engage 9 ! same bus9ess1 & are no m au/]e ?an !y4 ,mr4 ,=/] says1 9 reg>d to _! devotion3 ,:5 ,i contra/ ! sil5ce ( a ,turki% mosque1 at ! h\r ( public pray]1 ) ! noise & tumult s frequ5t 9 ,*ri/ian temples1 ,i /& a/oni%$ at ! /range inv]sion1 9 ! two religions1 ( ! ord] ( ?+s :i* might naturally be expect$4 ,i h se51 says ano!r1 a congregation ( at lea/ two ?\s& s\ls assembl$ 9 ! mosque ( ,/4 ,sophia1 ) sil5ce s pr(\nd1 t until ,i ent]$ ! body ( ! build+ ,i 0 unaw>e t x conta9$ a s+le wor%ipp]4 ,bi%op ,s\?gate1 long a mission>y bi%op ( ! ,episcopal ,*ur* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 says3 ,i h (t5 met ) ,mussulmans :o seem to possess deep religi\s feel+1 & ) :om ,i c\ld ex]cise some?+ ( a religi\s communion4 ,i h sometimes _h my own m9d quick5$ & b5efit$ by ! rev]5ce ) :i* !y spoke ( ! ,deity1 & h sometimes m+l$ 9 h>moni\s conv]se ) !m on holy ?+s4 ,i h he>d !m insi/ ) mu* e>ne/ness on ! duty ( pray]1 :5 !y appe>$ to h "s spiritual s5se ( its nature & importance4 ,i h sometimes f\nd !m ent]ta9+ elevat$ views ( moral duty1 & look+ ) contempt on ! pleasures ( ?is _w4 ,^! are inde$ r>e *>act]s1 b ,i %\ld d inju/ice to my own conviction if ,i did n confess t ,i _h f\nd !m4 ,9 ^! in/ances ,i h be5 uni=mly /ruck ) a /rong resemblance to patri>*al piety4 ,he cont9ues3 ,:5 we sat d[n to eat1 ! old ,turki% ,bey implor$ a bless+ ) great solemnity1 & r5d]$ 8 ?anks :5 we arose4 ,be=e he left u he spread 8 c>pet1 & (f]$ 8 ev5+ devotions ) app>5t meekness & humility2 & ,i c\ld n b feel h[ impressive are ! ,ori5tal =ms ( wor%ip :5 ,i saw 8 ag$ head b[$ to ! e>? 9 religi\s homage4 ,bi%op ,s\?gate adds fur!r3 ,i h nev] kn[n a ,mussulman1 s9c]e 9 8 fai? & dev\t & punctili\s 9 8 religi\s duties1 9 :om moral rectitude did n seem an active quality & a liv+ pr9ciple4 ,9 seasons ( plague ! ,turks appe> p]fectly fe>less4 ,!y d n avoid cu/om>y int]c\rse & contact ) fri5ds4 ,!y rema9 ) & m9i/] to ! sick1 ) un%r9k+ assiduity4444 ,9 tru?1 !re is some?+ impos+ 9 ! unaffect$ calmness ( ! ,turks at su* times4 ,x is a _s ( resignation :i* becomes truly noble :5 ex]cis$ ^u calamities :i* h already befall5 !m4 ,! fidelity ) :i* !y rema9 by ! b$side ( a fri5d is at lea/ z comm5dable z ! almo/ univ]sal read9ess among ! ,franks to =sake x4 ,five times a day ! ,mezzu9 proclaims ! h\r ( pray] f ! m9>et 9 ^! words3 ,!re is no ,god b ,god4 ,mohamm$ is 8 prophet4 ,come to pray]4 ,9 ! morn+ call he adds1 ,pray] is bett] ?an sleep4 ,imm$iately e ,mussulman leaves 8 occupation1 & pro/rates himself on ! floor or gr\nd1 :]ev] he may he4 ,x is v disreputable to omit ?is4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt is giv5 ( ! dome/ic life ( ,moslem wom5 9 ,syria1 by ,miss ,rog]s1 9 h] little book call$ ,dome/ic ,life 9 ,pale/9e1 publi%$ 9 #ahfb4 ,miss ,rog]s travell$ 9 ,pale/9e ) h] bro!r1 :o 0 ,briti% consul at ,damascus4 ,! foll[+ passage illu/rates ! "* ( ! wom5 7,miss ,rog]s 0 oblig$ to sleep 9 ! same room ) ! wives ( ! gov]nor ( ,arrabeh1 ne> ,napl\s73-- ,:5 ,i began to undress ! wom5 wat*$ me ) curiosity2 & :5 ,i put on my night-g[n !y 7 exce$+ly a/oni%$1 & exclaim$1 ',:]e are y go+8 ,:y is y\r dress :ite8' ,!y made no *ange = sleep+1 & !re !y 71 9 _! bright-color$ clo!s1 ready = b$ 9 a m9ute4 ,b !y /ood r\nd me till ,i said ',good night1' & !n all kiss$ me1 wi%+ me good dreams4 ,!n ,i knelt d[n1 & pres5tly1 )\t speak+ to !m aga91 got into b$1 & turn$ my face to ! wall1 ?9k+ ov] ! /range day ,i _h sp5t4 ,i tri$ to compose myself to sleep1 ?\gh ,i he>d ! wom5 :isp]+ toge!r4 ,:5 my head _h re/$ ab\t five m9utes on ! s(t r$ silk pill[1 ,i felt a h& /rok+ my =ehead1 & he>d a voice say+1 v g5tly1 ',ya ,habibi1' i4e4 ',o belov$4' ,b ,i w\ld n answ] directly1 z ,i did n wi% to be r\s$ unnecess>ily4 ,i wait$ a little :ile1 & my face 0 t\*$ aga94 ,i felt a kiss on my =ehead1 & a voice said1 ',miriam1 speak to u2 speak1 ,miriam1 d>l+4' ,i c\ld n resi/ any long]2 s ,i turn$ r\nd & saw ,helweh1 ,saleh ,bek's prettie/ wife1 lean+ ov] me4 ,i said1 ',:at is x1 sweetness1 :at c ,i d = y8' ,%e answ]$1 ',:at did y d j n[1 :5 y knelt d[n & cov]$ y\r face ) y\r h&s8' ,i sat up1 & said v solemnly1 ',i spoke to ,god1 ,helweh4' ',:at did y say to him8' said ,helweh4 ,i repli$1 ',i wi% to sleep4 ,god nev] sleeps4 ,i h ask$ him to wat* ov] me1 & t ,i may fall asleep1 rememb]+ t he nev] sleeps1 & wake up rememb]+ 8 pres5ce4 ,i am v weak4 ,god is all-p[]ful4 ,i h ask$ him to /r5g!n me ) 8 /r5g?4' ,by ?is "t all ! ladies 7 sitt+ r\nd me on ! b$1 & ! slaves came & /ood ne>4 ,i told !m ,i did n "k _! language well en\gh to expla9 to !m all ,i ?\ght & said4 ,b z ,i _h le>n$ ! ,"l's ,pray]1 by he>t1 9 ,arabic1 ,i repeat$ x to !m1 s5t5ce by s5t5ce1 sl[ly4 ,:5 ,i began1 ',our ,fa!r :o art 9 heav51' ,helweh directly said1 ',y told me y\r fa!r 0 9 ,london4' ,i repli$1 ',i h two fa!rs1 ,helweh2 "o 9 ,london1 :o does n "k t ,i am "h1 & _c "k till ,i write & tell him2 & a ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 :o is "h n[1 :o is ) me always1 & sees & he>s u4 ,he is y\r ,fa!r also4 ,he tea*es u to "k good f evil1 if we li/5 to him & obey him4' ,= a mom5t !re 0 p]fect sil5ce4 ,!y all look$ />tl$1 & z if !y felt t !y 7 9 ! pres5ce ( "s unse5 p[]4 ,!n ,helweh said1 ',:at m did y say8' ,i cont9u$ ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & :5 ,i came to ! words1 ',give u day by day our daily bread1' !y said1 ',_c y make bread y\rself8' ,! passage1 ',=give u our trespasses1 z we =give ^? :o trespass aga9/ u1' is p>ticul>ly =cible 9 ! ,arabic language2 & "o ( ! eld] wom51 :o 0 p>ticul>ly sev]e & rel5tless-look+1 said1 ',are y oblig$ to say t e day8' z if %e ?\ght t sometimes x w\ld be difficult to d s4 ,!y said1 ',are y a ,moslem8' ,i said1 ',i am n call$ a ,moslem4 ,b ,i am y\r si/]1 made by ! same ,god1 :o is ! "o only ,god1 ! ,god ( all1 my ,fa!r & y\r ,fa!r4' ,!y ask$ me if ,i knew ! ,koran1 & 7 surpris$ to he> t ,i _h read x4 ,!y h&$ a ros>y to me1 say+1 ',d y "k t8' ,i repeat$ a few ( ! mo/ /rik+ & compreh5sive attributes v c>efully & sl[ly4 ,!n !y cri$ out1 ',ma%allah1 ! ,engli% girl is a true believ]'2 & ! impressionable1 s5sitive-look+ ,abyss9ian slave-girls said1 ) "o accord1 ',%e is inde$ an angel4' ,moslems1 m5 & wom51 h ! "n ( ,allah con/antly on _! lips1 b x seems to h become a m]e =m4 ,?is may expla9 :y !y 7 s />tl$ :5 ,i said1 ',i 0 speak+ to ,god4' ,%e adds t if %e _h only said1 ,i 0 say+ my pray]s1 or1 ,i 0 at my devotions1 x w\ld n h impress$ !m4 ,next morn+1 on awak+1 ,miss ,rog]s f\nd ! wom5 f ! neighborhood _h come 9 to he> ! ,engli% girl speak to ,god1 & ,helweh said1 ,n[1 ,miriam1 d>l+1 w y speak to ,god8 ,at ! conclusion %e ask$ !m if !y c\ld say ,am51 & aft] a mom5t ( hesitation !y cri$ out1 ,amn1 amn6 ,!n "o said1 ,speak aga91 my daught]1 speak ab\t ! bread4 ,s %e repeat$ ! ,"l's ,pray] ) explanations4 ,:5 %e left1 !y cr[d$ ar\nd affectionately1 say+1 ,return aga91 ,o ,miriam1 belov$6 ,aft] ?is pleasant little picture1 we may he> some?+ on ! o!r side4 ,two rec5t travell]s1 ,mr4 ,palgrave & ,mr4 ,vambry1 h describ$ ! pres5t /ate ( ,mohamm$anism 9 ,c5tral ,arabia & ,turki/an1 or ,c5tral ,asia4 ,b>? has describ$ x z exi/+ among ! negroes 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,c\nt ,gob9eau has told u ( ,islam z x is 9 ,p]sia at ! pres5t day#cig4 ,mr4 ,mac,farlane1 9 8 book ,kismet1 or ! ,doom ( ,turkey1 has po9t$ out ! gradual decay ( t p[]1 & ! utt] corruption ( its adm9i/ration4 ,aft] read+ su* works z ^!1--& among !m let u n =get ,mr4 ,lane's ,mod]n ,egyptians1--! conclusion we mu/ inevitably come to is1 t ! wor/ ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 be x t ( ! ,pope or ! ,cz>1 is v mu* bett] ?an ! be/ ,mohamm$an gov]nm5t4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d arbitr>y w tak+ ! place ( law4 ,9 mo/ places ! p h no protection = life or prop]ty1 & "k ! gov]nm5t only ?r\gh its tax-ga!r]s4 ,& all ?is is necess>ily & logically d]iv$ f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,mohamm$an !ology4 ,god is pure w1 n ju/ice1 n reason1 n love4 ,*ri/ianity says1 ,god is love2 ,mohamm$anism says1 ,god is w4 ,*ri/ianity says1 ,tru/ 9 ,god2 ,mohamm$anism says1 ,submit to ,god4 ,h5ce ! h>dness1 coldness1 & cruelty ( ! sy/em2 h5ce its utt] inability to e/abli% any good gov]nm5t4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mac,farlane1 x w\ld be a bless+ to mank9d to h ! ,turks driv5 out ( ,europe & ,asia ,m9or1 & to h ,con/ant9ople become ! capital ( ,russia4 ,! religion ( ,islam is an outw>d =m1 a h>d %ell ( au?ority1 holl[ at he>t4 ,x con/antly t5ds to ! two antagoni/ic b relat$ vices ( luxury & cruelty4 ,"u ! pr(ession ( ,islam1 poly!ism & idolatry h always prevail$ 9 ,arabia4 ,9 ,turki/an1 :]e slav]y is an extremely cruel sy/em1 !y make slaves ( ,moslems1 9 defiance ( ! ,koran4 ,"o *ief be+ appeal$ to by ,vamb]y 7:o travell$ z a ,d]vi%71 repli$1 ,we buy & sell ! ,koran itself1 :i* is ! holie/ ?+ ( all2 :y n buy & sell ,mussulmans1 :o are less holy8 #f4 ,! ,criticism ( ,mr4 ,palgrave on ,mohamm$an ,!ology4 ,mr4 ,palgrave1 :o has giv5 ! late/ & be/ acc\nt ( ! condition ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,arabia1#cih "u ! great ,wahhabee revival1 sums up all ,mohamm$an !ology z tea*+ a ,div9e unity ( pure w4 ,god is ! only =ce 9 ! univ]se4 ,man is :olly passive & impot5t4 ,he calls ! sy/em1 ,a pan!ism ( =ce4 ,god has no rule b arbitr>y w4 ,he is a trem5d\s unsympa?iz+ autocrat1 b is yet jeal\s ( 8 creatures1 le/ !y %\ld attribute to !mselves some?+ :i* belongs to him4 ,he delights 9 mak+ all creatures feel t !y are 8 slaves4 ,?is1 ,mr4 ,palgrave ass]ts1 is ! ma9 idea ( ,mohamm$anism1 & ( ! ,koran1 & ?is 0 :at lay 9 ! m9d ( ,mohamm$4 ,( ?is1 says he1 we h _m au!ntic samples3 ! ,saheeh1 ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,beydwee1 ! ,mi%kat-el-,mesabeeh1 & fifty simil> works1 af=d ample te/imony on ?is po9t4 ,b = ! b5efit ( my read]s 9 g5]al1 all ( :om may n h drunk equally deep at ! f\nta9-heads ( ,islamitic dogma1 ,i w subjo9 a specim51 kn[n p]haps to _m ,ori5tali/s1 yet too *>act]i/ic to be "h omitt$1 a repetition ( :i* ,i h endur$ times out ( numb] f admir+ & approv+ ,wahhabees 9 ,nej$4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,god--s runs ! tradition1--,i _h bett] said ! blasphemy--resolv$ to create ! human race1 he took into 8 h&s a mass ( e>?1 ! same :5ce all mank9d 7 to be =m$1 & 9 :i* !y aft] a mann] pre-exi/$2 &1 hav+ !n divid$ ! clod into two equal portions1 he ?rew ! "o half into hell1 say+1 ',^! to et]nal fire1 & ,i c>e n'2 & project$ ! o!r half into heav51 add+1 ',& ^! to p>adise1 & ,i c>e n4' ,comm5t>y w\ld "h be sup]flu\s4 ,b 9 ?is we h be=e u ! adequate idea ( pr$e/9ation1 or1 to give x a tru] "n1 pre-damnation1 held & taught 9 ! s*ool ( ! ,koran4 ,p>adise & hell are at once totally indep5d5t ( love & hatr$ on ! "p ( ! ,deity1 & ( m]its & dem]its1 ( good or evil conduct1 on ! "p ( ! creature2 &1 9 ! correspond+ !ory1 rightly s1 s9ce ! v actions :i* we call good or ill des]v+1 "r or wrong1 wick$ or virtu\s1 are 9 _! ess5ce all "o & ( "o1 & accord+ly m]it nei!r praise nor blame1 puni%m5t nor recomp5se1 except & simply aft] ! arbitr>y value :i* ! all-regulat+ w ( ! great despot may *oose to assign or impute to !m4 ,9 a ^w1 he burns "o individual ?r\gh all et]nity1 amid r$-hot *a9s & seas ( molt5 fire1 & seats ano!r 9 ! pl5>y enjoym5t ( an ev]la/+ bro!l1 betwe5 =ty cele/ial concub9es1 j & equally = 8 own good pleasure1 & because he wills x4 ,m5 are ?us all on "o common level1 "h & h]eaft]1 9 _! physical1 social1 & moral light1--! level ( slaves to "o sole ma/]1 ( tools to "o univ]sal ag5t4 ,b ! equaliz+ process does n /op "h3 bea/s1 birds1 fi%es1 insects1 all p>ticipate ( ! same honor or debasem5t2 all are1 l man1 ! slaves ( ,god1 ! tools & automata ( 8 w2 & h5ce ,mahomet is simply logical & self-consi/5t :5 9 ! ,koran he in=ms 8 foll[]s t birds1 bea/s1 & ! re/ are 'nations' l !mselves1 nor does any intr9sic di/9ction exi/ betwe5 !m & ! human species1 except :at accid5tal div]sity ! ',k+1' ! ',pr\d ,"o1' ! ',mighty1' ! ',giant1' etc41 z he /yles 8 ,god1 may h be5 pleas$ to make1 j z he will$ x1 & s long z he may w x4 ,! ,wahhabee re=m]1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,palgrave1 =m$ ! design ( putt+ back ! h\r-h& ( ,islam to its />t+-po9t2 & s f> he did well1 = t h& 0 f ! fir/ meant to be fix$4 ,islam is 9 its ess5ce /ation>y1 & 0 fram$ ?us to rema94 ,/]ile l its ,god1 lifeless l its ,fir/ ,pr9ciple & ,supreme ,orig9al1 9 all t con/itutes true life1--= life is love1 p>ticipation1 & progress1 & ( ^! ! ,koranic ,deity has none1--x ju/ly repudiates all *ange1 all advance1 all developm5t4 ,to borr[ ! =cible words ( ,"l ,h\ghton1 ! 'writt5 book' is ! 'dead man's h&1' /iff & motionless2 :atev] savors ( vitality is by t alone convict$ ( h]esy & defection4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 ) its liv+ & lov+ ,god1 begett] & begott51 _s & movem5t2 nay m1--a ,creator made creature1 ! ,mak] & ! made exi/+ 9 "o2 a ,div9ity communicat+ itself by un9t]rupt$ gradation & degree1 f ! mo/ intimate union f> (f to ! fa9te/ irradiation1 ?r\gh all t x has made = love & gov]ns 9 love2 "o :o calls 8 creatures n slaves1 n s]vants1 b fri5ds1--nay sons1--nay gods3 to sum up1 a religion 9 ^: seal & secret ',god 9 man is "o ) man 9 ,god1' mu/ also be necess>ily a religion ( vitality1 ( progress1 ( advancem5t4 ,! contra/ betwe5 x & ,islam is t ( movem5t ) fix$ness1 ( p>ticipation ) /]ility1 ( developm5t ) b>r5ness1 ( life ) petrifaction4 ,! fir/ vital pr9ciple & ! animat+ _s ( its bir? mu/1 inde$1 abide ev] ! same1 b ! out] =m mu/ *ange ) ! *ang+ days1 & new (f%oots ( fre% sap & gre5ness be cont9ually ?r[n out z witnesses to ! vitality )92 else 7 ! v9e )]$ & ! bran*es dead4 ,i h no int5tion "h--x w\ld be extremely out ( place--( ent]+ on ! maze ( controv]sy1 or discuss+ :e!r any dogmatic attempt to reproduce ! religi\s phase ( a =m] age is likely to succe$4 ,i only say t life supposes movem5t & gr[?1 & bo? imply *ange2 t to c5sure a liv+ ?+ = gr[+ & *ang+ is absurd2 & t to attempt to h9d] x f s do+ by p9n+ x d[n on a writt5 label1 or nail+ x to a ,procru/ean framework1 is tantam\nt to kill+ x altoge!r4 ,n[ ,*ri/ianity is liv+1 &1 because liv+1 mu/ gr[1 mu/ advance1 mu/ *ange1 & 0 meant to d s3 onw>ds & =w>ds is a condition ( its v exi/5ce2 & ,i _c b ?9k t ^? :o d n recognize ?is %[ !mselves s f> ignorant ( its true nature & ess5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,islam is lifeless1 &1 because lifeless1 _c gr[1 _c advance1 _c *ange1 & 0 nev] int5d$ s to d2 /&-/ill is its motto & its mo/ ess5tial condition2 & !re=e ! son ( ,abd-el-,wahhb1 9 do+ 8 be/ to br+ x back to its primal simplicity1 & mak+ its goal ( its />t+-po9t1 0 s f> 9 ! "r1 & %[$ himself well acqua9t$ ) ! nature & fir/ pr9ciples ( 8 religion4 #g4 ,mohamm$anism a ,relapse2 ! wor/ ,=m ( ,mono!ism1 & a ret>d+ ,elem5t 9 ,civilization4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 :i* is no d\bt correct1 ! mono!ism ( ,mohamm$ is t :i* makes ( ,god pure w2 t is1 :i* exagg]ates p]sonality 7s9ce p]sonality is 9 w71 mak+ ! ,div9e ,"o an ,inf9ite ,free ,w1 or an ,inf9ite ,i4 ,b w divorc$ f reason & love is wilfulness1 or a purely arbitr>y w4 ,n[ ! mono!ism ( ! ,jews diff]$ f ?is1 9 t x comb9$ ) ! idea ( w ! idea ( ju/ice4 ,god n only does :at he *ooses1 b he *ooses to d only :at is "r4 ,righte\sness is an attribute ( ,god1 ) :i* ! ,jewi% books are saturat$4 ,/ill1 bo? ( ^! sy/ems leave ,god outside ( ! _w2 above all z its ,creator & ,rul]1 above all z its ,judge2 b n ?r\gh all & 9 all4 ,! idea ( an ,inf9ite ,love mu/ be add$ & made supreme1 9 ord] to give u a ,be+ :o is n only above all1 b also ?r\gh all & 9 all4 ,?is is ! ,*ri/ian mono!ism4 ,mohamm$ tea*es n only ! unity b also ! spirituality ( ,god1 b 8 idea ( ! div9e ,unity is ( a num]ic unity1 n a moral unity2 & s 8 idea ( div9e spirituality is t ( an ab/ract spirituality1--,god ab/ract$ f matt]1 & s n to be repres5t$ by pictures & images2 ,god )drawn out ( ! _w1 & above all1--9 a total sep>ation4 ,judaism also oppos$ idolatry & idol-wor%ip1 & taught t ,god 0 above all1 & ! mak] ( ! _w2 b x conceiv$ ( ,god z ) man1 by 8 repeat$ miracul\s com+ d[n 9 prophets1 judges1 k+s2 also ) 8 p1 ! ,jews1 my/]i\sly pres5t 9 _! tab]nacle & temple4 ,_! spirituality 0 n q z ab/ract !n z t ( ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 z soon z x became ! religion ( a non-,semitic race1 z soon z x _h conv]t$ ! ,greeks & ,romans1 n only imp>t$ to !m its mono!ism1 b receiv$ f !m _! /rong t5d5cies to pan!ism4 ,!y add$ to ! ,god above all1 & ! ,god ) all1 ! ,god 9 u all4 ,true1 ?is is also to be f\nd 9 orig9al ,*ri/ianity z proce$+ f ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is full ( ?is k9d ( pan!ism1--,god 9 man1 z well z ,god ) man4 ,jesus made ! /ep =w>d f ,god ) man to ,god 9 man1--,i 9 !m1 ?\ 9 me4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,_s is ?is idea1 ( ,god :o is n only w & p[]1 n only wisdom & law1 b also love2 ( a ,god :o desires communion & int]c\rse ) 8 *ildr51 s com+ & dwell+ 9 !m4 ,mohamm$ tea*es a ,god above u2 ,moses tea*es a ,god above u1 & yet ) u2 ,jesus tea*es ,god above u1 ,god ) u1 & ,god 9 u4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,mohamm$anism is a relapse4 ,x is go+ back to a l[] level4 ,x is return+ f ! complex idea to ! simple idea4 ,b ! complex is high] ?an ! simple4 ,! se$-g]m1 & ! g]m-cell1 out ( :i* organic life comes1 is l[] ?an ! organizations :i* are develop$ out ( x4 ,! ,mollusks are m complex & s are high] ?an ! ,radiata1 ! ,v]tebrata are m complex ?an ! ,mollusks4 ,man is ! mo/ complex ( all1 9 s\l z well z body4 ,! complex idea ( ,god1 includ+ w1 ?\ght1 & love1 9 ! p]fect unity1 is high] ?an ! simpli/ic unity ( w :i* ,mohamm$ tea*es4 ,b ! high] ought to come out ( & conqu] ! l[]4 ,h[1 !n1 did ,mohamm$anism come out ( ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism8 ,! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! law ( reaction & relapse4 ,reaction is go+ back to a l[] gr\nd1 to pick up some?+ :i* has be5 dropp$1 =gott51 left beh9d1 9 ! progress ( man4 ,! condition ( progress is t no?+ %all be lo/4 ,! l[] tru? mu/ be pres]v$ 9 ! high] tru?2 ! l[] life tak5 up into ! high] life4 ,n[ ,*ri/ianity1 9 go+ =w>d1 _h accept$ f ! ,indo-,g]manic races t s5se ( ,god 9 nature1 z well z ,god above nature1 :i* has always be5 native ) ^? races4 ,x took up natural religion into mono!ism4 ,b 9 tak+ x up1 x w5t s f> z to lose some?+ ( ! true unity ( ,god4 ,its doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 at lea/ 9 its ,ori5tal =ms1 lo/ ! pure p]sonal mono!ism ( ,judaism4 ,no d\bt ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity embodies a great tru?1 b x has be5 c>ri$ too f>4 ,s ,mohamm$anism came1 z a prote/ aga9/ ?is t5d5cy to plurality 9 ! godhead1 z a dem& = a purely p]sonal ,god ,x is ! ,unit>ianism ( ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 a new ass]tion ( ! simple unity ( ,god1 aga9/ poly!ism & aga9/ idolatry4 ,! m]its & dem]its1 ! good & evil1 ( ,mohamm$anism are to be f\nd 9 ?is1 its c5tral idea conc]n+ ,god4 ,x has taught submission1 ob$i5ce1 pati5ce2 b x has fo/]$ a wilful individualism4 ,x has made social life l[]4 ,its gov]nm5ts are n gov]nm5ts4 ,its virtues are /oical4 ,x makes life b>r5 & empty4 ,x enc\rages a savage pride & cruelty4 ,x makes m5 tyrants or slaves1 wom5 puppets1 religion ! submission to an inf9ite despotism4 ,"t is t x came to an end4 ,its "w is done4 ,x is a h>d1 cold1 cruel1 empty fai?1 :i* %\ld give way to ! pur] =ms ( a high] civilization4 ,no d\bt1 ,mohamm$anism 0 ne$$ :5 x came1 & has done good s]vice 9 its "t4 ,b its "t is almo/ pass$4 ,9 ,europe x is an ana*ronism & an anomaly1 dep5d+ = its daily exi/5ce on ! support receiv$ f ,*ri/ian p[]s1 jeal\s ( ,russian advance on ,con/ant9ople4 ,x w be a bless+ to mank9d to h ! capital ( ,russia on ! ,bosphorus4 ,a rec5t writ] on ,turkey ?us speaks3-- ,! milit>y /r5g? ( ,mohamm$anism 0 9 its /eady & remorseless bigotry4 ,socially1 x won by ! l(ty ideality ( its precepts1 )\t pa9 or satiety4 ,x accord$ well1 too1 ) ! isolate & primitive "* ( ! municipalities scatt]$ ov] ,asia4 ,resignation to ,god--a motto well accord+ ) ,ea/]n indol5ce--0 borne ^u its bann]s1 :ile 9 ! pr(usion ( delight h]eaft] 0 promis$ an elem5t ( endurance & c\rage4 ,x _h1 too1 "o /rik+ly ,arabic *>act]i/ic1--simplicity4 ,"o ,god ! ,arabian prophet prea*$ to man2 ,"o ,god ! ,ori5t /ill ,adores1 ?r\gh _m a realm ( mighty span1-- ,god ( p[] & w4 ,a ,god t1 %r\d$ 9 8 lonely light1 ,re/s utt]ly ap>t ,f all ! va/ creations ( 8 might1 ,f nature1 man1 & art4 ,a ,p[] t at 8 pleasure do? create ,to save or to de/roy2 ,& to et]nal pa9 pr$e/9ate1 ,z to et]nal joy4 ,x is ! m]it & ! glory ( ,mohamm$ t1 beside f\nd+ tw5ty spiritual empires & provid+ laws = ! guidance ?r\gh c5turies ( millions ( m51 he %ook ! f\ndations ( ! fai? ( hea!ndom4 ,mohamm$ 0 ! imp]sonation ( two pr9ciples t reign 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,god1--de/ruction & salvation4 ,he w\ld receive nations to 8 favor if !y accept$ ! fai?1 & utt]ly de/roy !m if !y reject$ x4 ,yet1 9 ! end1 ! sapless tree mu/ fall4 ,m4 ,h4 ,bl]zey1#cii 9 speak+ ( ,mohamm$anism 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 says3-- ,at bottom !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! human sacrifices dem&$ by feti*ism & ! contempt ( life produc$ by ! ,mussulman religion4 ,betwe5 ! social doctr9es ( ^! ,mohamm$an tribes & ! s5tim5ts ( ,*ri/ian communities !re is an imm5se abyss4 ,& aga93--- ,! milit>y & fanatic despotism ( ! ,arabs has ve/$ dur+ _m c5turies 9 ! :ite auto*?onic races ( ,nor? ,africa1 )\t any fusion tak+ place betwe5 ! conqu]+ elem5t & ! conqu]$1 )\t de/roy+ at all ! language & mann]s ( ! subject p1 &1 9 a ^w1 )\t creat+ any?+ durable4 ,! ,arab conque/ 0 a triumph ( brute =ce1 & no?+ fur!r4 ,& ,m4 ,r5an1 a p]son well qualifi$ to judge ( ! "* ( ?is religion by ! mo/ ext5sive & imp>tial /udies1 gives ?is v]dict3#djj-- ,islamism1 foll[+ z x did on gr\nd t 0 none ( ! be/1 has1 on ! :ole1 done z mu* h>m z good to ! human race4 ,x has /ifl$ ev]y?+ by its dry & desolat+ simplicity4 ,aga93-- ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! ess5tial condition ( a diffus$ civilization is ! de/ruction ( ! peculi>ly ,semitic elem5t1 ! de/ruction ( ! !ocratic p[] ( ,islamism1 consequ5tly ! de/ruction ( ,islamism itself4#dja ,aga93-- ,islamism is evid5tly ! product ( an inf]ior1 &1 s to speak1 ( a meagre comb9ation ( human elem5ts4 ,= ?is reason its conque/s h all be5 on ! av]age plane ( human nature4 ,! savage races h be5 incapable ( ris+ to x1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x has n satisfi$ p :o c>ri$ 9 !mselves ! se$ ( a /rong] civilization4#djb ,note to ! ,*apt] on ,mohamm$4 ,we give 9 ?is note fur!r extracts f ,mr4 ,palgrave's description ( ! doctr9e ( ,islam4 ,?is key/one1 ?is ma/] ?\ght1 ?is p>5t idea1 ( :i* all ! re/ is b ! necess>y & inevitable d$uction1 is conta9$ 9 ! phrase f> (t5] repeat$ ?an und]/ood1 ',la ,ilh lla ,allh1' ',!re is no ,god b ,god4' ,a lit]al translation1 b mu* too n>r[ = ! ,arab =mula1 & q inadequate to r5d] its true =ce 9 an ,arab m\? or m9d4 ',!re is no ,god b ,god' are words simply tantam\nt 9 ,engli% to ! negation ( any deity save "o alone2 & ?us mu* !y c]ta9ly mean 9 ,arabic1 b !y imply mu* m also4 ,_! full s5se is1 n only to d5y absolutely & unres]v$ly all plurality1 :e!r ( nature or ( p]son1 9 ! ,supreme ,be+1 n only to e/abli% ! unity ( ! ,unbegett+ & ,unbegot1 9 all its simple & uncommunicable ,on5ess1 b besides ?is ! words1 9 ,arabic & among ,arabs1 imply t ?is "o ,supreme ,be+ is also ! only ,ag5t1 ! only ,=ce1 ! only ,act exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & leave to all be+s else1 matt] or _s1 in/9ct or intellig5ce1 physical or moral1 no?+ b pure1 unconditional passiv5ess1 alike 9 movem5t or 9 quiesc5ce1 9 action or 9 capacity4 ,! sole p[]1 ! sole motor1 movem5t1 en]gy1 & de$ is ,god2 ! re/ is d[nright in]tia & m]e in/rum5tality1 f ! highe/ ar*angel d[n to ! simple/ atom ( creation4 ,h5ce1 9 ?is "o s5t5ce1' ,la ,ilh illa ,allh1' is summ$ up a sy/em :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to call ! ,pan!ism ( ,=ce1 or ( ,act1 ?us exclusively assign$ to ,god1 :o absorbs x all1 ex]cises x all1 & to :om alone x c be ascrib$1 :e!r = pres]v+ or = de/roy+1 = relative evil or = equally relative good4 ,i say 'relative1' because x is cle> t 9 su* a !ology no place is left = absolute good or evil1 reason or extravagance2 all is abridg$ 9 ! autocratic w ( ! "o great ,ag5t3 'sic volo1 sic jubeo1 /et pro ratione voluntas'2 or1 m significantly /ill1 9 ,arabic1 ',kem ye%a'o1' 'z he wills x1' to quote ! con/antly recurr+ expression ( ! ,koran4 ,?us immeasurably & et]nally exalt$ above1 & dissimil> f1 all creatures1 :i* lie levell$ be=e him on "o common plane ( in/rum5tality & in]tness1 ,god is "o 9 ! totality ( omnipot5t & omnipres5t action1 :i* ackn[l$ges no rule1 /&>d1 or limit save 8 own sole & absolute w4 ,he communicates no?+ to 8 creatures1 = _! seem+ p[] & act ev] rema9 8 alone1 & 9 return he receives no?+ f !m2 = :atev] !y may be1 t !y are 9 him1 by him1 & f him only4 ,& secondly1 no sup]iority1 no di/9ction1 no pre-em95ce1 c be lawfully claim$ by "o creature ov] its fell[1 9 ! utt] equalization ( _! unexceptional s]vitude & abasem5t2 all are alike tools ( ! "o solit>y ,=ce :i* employs !m to cru% or to b5efit1 to tru? or to error1 to honor or %ame1 to happ9ess1 or mis]y1 q indep5d5tly ( _! individual fitness1 des]ts1 or advantage1 & simply because he wills x1 & z he wills x4 ,"o might at fir/ ?9k t ?is trem5d\s autocrat1 ?is uncontroll$ & unsympa?iz+ p[]1 w\ld be f> above any?+ l passions1 desires1 or incl9ations4 ,yet su* is n ! case1 = he has ) respect to 8 creatures "o ma9 feel+ & s\rce ( action1 namely1 jeal\sy ( !m le/ !y %\ld p]*ance attribute to !mselves some?+ ( :at is 8 alone1 & ?us encroa* on 8 all-engross+ k+dom4 ,h5ce he is ev] m prone to puni% ?an to rew>d1 to inflict ?an to be/[ pleasure1 to ru9 ?an to build4 ,x is 8 s+ul> satisfaction to let creat$ be+s cont9ually feel t !y are no?+ else ?an 8 slaves1 8 tools1 & contemptible tools also1 t ?us !y may ! bett] ackn[l$ge 8 sup]iority1 & "k 8 p[] to be above _! p[]1 8 cunn+ above _! cunn+1 8 w above _! w1 8 pride above _! pride2 or r1 t !re is no p[]1 cunn+1 w1 or pride save 8 own4 ,b he himself1 /]ile 9 8 inaccessible height1 nei!r lov+ nor enjoy+ aught save 8 own & self-measur$ decree1 )\t son1 companion1 or c\nsellor1 is no less b>r5 = himself ?an = 8 creatures1 & 8 own b>r5ness & lone egoism 9 himself is ! cause & rule ( 8 indiff]5t & unreg>d+ despotism ar\nd4 ,! fir/ note is ! key ( ! :ole tune1 & ! primal idea ( ,god runs ?r\gh & modifies ! :ole sy/em & cre$ t c5tres 9 him4 ,t ! notion "h giv5 ( ! ,deity1 mon/r\s & blasphem\s z x may appe>1 is exactly & lit]ally t :i* ! ,koran conveys1 or int5ds to convey1 ,i at pres5t take = grant$4 ,b t x inde$ is s1 no "o :o has att5tively p]us$ & ?\ght ov] ! ,arabic text 7= m]e cursory read+1 especially 9 a translation1 w n suffice7 c hesitate to all[4 ,9 fact1 e phrase ( ! prec$+ s5t5ces1 e t\* 9 ?is odi\s portrait1 has be5 tak51 to ! be/ ( my ability1 ^w = ^w1 or at lea/ mean+ = mean+1 f ! ',book1' ! true/ mirror ( ! m9d & scope ( its writ]4 ,& t su* 0 9 reality ,mahomet's m9d & idea is fully confirm$ by ! witness-tongue ( contempor>y tradition4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,t5 ,religions & ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,g5]al ,results ( ?is ,survey4 #b4 ,*ri/ianity a ,pl]oma1 or ,fulness ( ,life4 #c4 ,*ri/ianity1 z a ,pl]oma1 comp>$ ) ,brahmanism1 ,confucianism1 & ,buddhism4 #d4 ,*ri/ianity comp>$ ) ! ,ave/a & ! ,eddas4 ,! ,duad 9 all ,religions4 #e4 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,religions ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome4 #f4 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,relation to ,judaism & ,mohamm$anism4 ,! ,monad 9 all ,religions4 #g4 ,! ,fulness ( ,*ri/ianity is d]iv$ f ! life ( ,jesus4 #h4 ,*ri/ianity z a ,religion ( ,progress & ( ,univ]sal ,unity4 #a4 ,g5]al ,results ( ?is ,survey4 ,we h n[ exam9$1 z fully z our limits w\ld all[1 t5 ( ! *ief religions :i* h enli/$ ! fai? ( mank9d4 ,we are prep>$ to ask1 9 conclusion1 :at !y tea* u 9 reg>d to ! prospects ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! religi\s future ( our race4 ,fir/1 ?is survey mu/ h impress$ on e m9d ! fact t man is em95tly a religi\s be+4 ,we h f\nd religion to be 8 supreme & engross+ int]e/ on e cont95t1 9 e mill5nium ( hi/oric "t1 & 9 e /age ( human civilization4 ,9 "s p]iods m5 are f\nd z hunt]s1 z %eph]ds1 z nomads1 9 o!rs !y are liv+ associat$ 9 cities1 b 9 all ^! conditions !y h _! religion4 ,! t5d5cy to wor%ip "s sup]human p[] is univ]sal4 ,! op9ion ( ! positivi/ s*ool1 t man passes f a !ological /age to "o ( metaphysics1 & f t to "o ( sci5ce1 f :i* lat] & high] epo* bo? !ology & philosophy are exclud$1 is n 9 accordance ) ! facts we h be5 obs]v+4 ,sci5ce & art1 9 ,egypt1 w5t h& 9 h& ) !ology1 dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,sci5ce 9 ,greece prec$$ ! late/ =ms ( metaphysics1 & bo? ,greek sci5ce & ,greek philosophy 7 ! prep>ation = ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,9 ,india ! ,sankhya philosophy 0 ! prep>ation = ! ,buddhi/ religion4 ,!ology & religion to-day1 in/ead ( disappe>+ 9 sci5ce1 are z vigor\s z ev]4 ,sci5ce1 philosophy1 & !ology are all advanc+ toge!r1 a noble si/]hood ( ?\ght4 ,&1 look+ at facts1 we may ask1 ,9 :at age or "t 0 religion m ( a liv+ =ce1 act+ on human affairs1 ?an x is at pres5t8 ,to believe 9 ?+s n se51 to wor%ip a p[] above visible nature1 to look =w>d to an unkn[n future1 ?is is natural to man4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is no e/abli%$ religion1 yet 9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w is m int]e/ tak5 9 religion ?an ) u4 ,9 ! ,prote/ant d5om9ations x has disp5s$ ) ! gorge\s & impos+ ritual1 :i* is s attractive to ! common m9d1 & dep5ds ma9ly on ! int]e/ ( ! ^w ( tru?4 ,yet ! ,prote/ant d5om9ations make conv]ts1 build *ur*es1 & support _! cl]gy ) an ardor seem+ly undim9i%$ by ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,!re are no symptoms t man is los+ 8 int]e/ 9 religion 9 consequ5ce ( 8 increas+ k ( nature & its laws4 ,secondly1 we h se5 t ^! religions v>y exce$+ly f ea* o!r 9 _! sub/ance & 9 _! =ms4 ,!y h a great deal 9 common1 b a great deal t is diff]5t4 ,mr4 ,w5twor? ,higg9son1#djc 9 an excell5t lecture1 mu* ( :i* has our cordial ass5t1 says1 ,e race believes 9 a ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 9 :om dev\t s\ls recognize a ,fa!r also4 ,b ,buddhism1 ! mo/ ext5sive religion on ! surface ( ! e>?1 explicitly d5ies creation1 & absolutely ignores any ,rul] or ,gov]nor ( ! _w4 ,! ,buddha nei!r made ! _w nor pres]ves x1 & ! ,buddha is ! great object ( ,buddhi/ wor%ip4 ,mr4 ,higg9son says3 ,e race believes 9 immortality4 ,?\gh ! ,buddhi/s1 z we h se51 believe 9 immortality1 x is 9 s obscure a =m t _m ( ! be/ s*ol>s decl>e t ! highe/ aim & ! la/ result ( all progress 9 ,buddhism is annihilation4 ,he cont9ues1 ,e race recognizes 9 its religi\s precepts ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,! ,koran tea*es no su* doctr9e1 & x is notori\s t ! ,brahmanical sy/em ( ca/e1 :i* has be5 despotic 9 ,india = tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s1 excludes su* bro!rhood4 ,mr4 ,higg9son !re=e is ( op9ion t ca/e has gr[n up 9 defiance ( ! ,v$as4 ,! ,v$as inde$ are ignorant ( ca/e1 b !y are also ignorant ( human bro!rhood4 ,! sy/em ( ca/e 0 n a defiance ( ! ,v$as4 ,no?+ is ga9$ = humanity by su* /atem5ts1 :i* are refut$ imm$iately by ! mo/ evid5t facts4 ,! true sympa?y ( religions does n consi/ 9 _! say+ ! same ?+1 any m ?an a true concord 9 music consi/s 9 _m p]=m]s /rik+ ! same note4 ,v>iety is ! condition ( h>mony4 ,^! religions may1 & we believe w1 be all h>moniz$2 b ?us f> x is only too pla9 t !y h be5 at w> ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! resemblances we mu/ beg9 by see+ ! diff]5ces4 ,cudwor?1 9 8 great "w1 speaks ( ! symphony ( all religions1 an expression :i* we pref] to t ( ,mr4 ,higg9son4 ,x expresses precisely :at we conceive to be ! fact1 t ^! religions are all capable ( be+ br\ght into union1 ?\gh s v diff]5t4 ,!y may say1 ,are n we =m$1 z notes ( music are1 ,= "o ano!r1 ?\gh dissimil>8 ,su* diff]5ce1 )\t discord1 z %all make ,! sweete/ s\nds4 ,b ?is h>mony c only be e/abli%$ among ! e?nic religions by means ( a ca?olic religion :i* %all be able to take ea* ( !m up into itself1 & s f9ally m]ge !m 9 a high] union4 ,! ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,jewi% religions c\ld n unite ) ea* o!r2 b !y 7 unit$ by be+ tak5 up into ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity has assimilat$ ! ess5tial ideas ( ! religions ( ,p]sia1 ,juda1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,sc&9avia2 & ea* ( ^! religions1 9 turn1 disappe>$ z x 0 absorb$ by ?is p[]ful solv5t4 ,9 ! case ( ,greece1 ,rome1 ,g]many1 & ,juda1 ?is fact ( _! pass+ into solution 9 ,*ri/ianity is a matt] ( hi/ory4 ,n all ! ,jews became ,*ri/ians1 nor has ,judaism ceas$ to exi/4 ,?is is p]haps ow+ to ! doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,deity ( ,*ri/1 :i* (f5d ! simpli/ic mono!ism ( ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,yet ,*ri/ianity at fir/ grew out ( ,judaism1 & took up into itself ! be/ "p ( ! ,jews 9 & out ( ,pale/9e4 ,! "q !re=e is ?is1 ,w ,*ri/ianity be able to d = ! rema9+ religions ( ! _w :at x did = ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,teutonic nations8 ,is x capable ( becom+ a univ]sal religion8 #b4 ,*ri/ianity a ,pl]oma1 or ,fulness ( ,life4 ,x is evid5t t ,*ri/ianity c become ! univ]sal human religion only by supply+ ! religi\s wants ( all ! races ( m5 :o dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?4 ,if x c cont9ue to give !m all ! tru? _! own religions conta91 & add some?+ m2 if x c inspire !m ) all ! moral life :i* _! own religions communicate1 & yet m2 &1 f9ally1 if x c unite ! races ( m5 9 "o family1 "o k+dom ( heav51--!n x is fitt$ to be & w become ! univ]sal religion4 ,x w !n n %>e ! fate ( ^? :i* h prec$$ x4 ,x w n h its rise1 progress1 decl9e1 & fall4 ,x w n become1 9 its turn1 antiquat$1 & be left beh9d by ! advance ( humanity4 ,x w n be swall[$ up 9 some?+ deep] & broad] ?an itself4 ,b x w appe> z ! desire ( all nations1 & ,*ri/ w reign until he has subdu$ all 8 enemies--error1 w>1 s91 selfi%ness1 tyranny1 cruelty--"u 8 feet4 ,n[1 z we h se51 ,*ri/ianity diff]s f all o!r religions 7on ! side ( tru?7 9 ?is1 t x is a pl]oma1 or fulness ( k4 ,x does n diff]1 by tea*+ :at has nev] be5 said or ?\ght be=e4 ,p]haps ! sub/ance ( mo/ ( ! /atem5ts ( ,jesus may be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! t5 religions ( ! _w1 "s "h & "s !re4 ,jesus claims no monopoly ( ! tru?4 ,he says4 ,my doctr9e is n m9e1 b 8 :o s5t me4 ,b he does call himself ! ,light ( ! ,_w1 & says t ?\gh he does n come to de/roy ei!r ! law or ! prophets1 he comes to fulfil !m 9 some?+ high]4 ,8 "w is to fulfil all religions ) some?+ high]1 broad]1 & deep] ?an :at !y h1--accept+ _! tru?1 supply+ _! defici5cies4 ,if ?is is a fact1 !n x w appe> t ,*ri/ianity comes1 n z an exclusive1 b z an inclusive sy/em4 ,x includes ev]y?+1 x excludes no?+ b limitation & defici5cy4 ,:e!r ,*ri/ianity be really su* a pl]oma ( tru? or n1 mu/ be asc]ta9$ by a c>eful comp>ison ( its tea*+s1 & ! ideas ly+ back ( !m1 ) ^? ( all o!r religions4 ,we h attempt$ ?is1 to "s ext5t1 9 our ,introduction1 & 9 our discussion ( ea* sep>ate religion4 ,we h se5 t ,*ri/ianity1 9 conv]t+ ! nations1 always accept$ some?+ & gave some?+ 9 return4 ,?us x receiv$ f ,egypt & ,africa _! p[]ful realism1 z 9 ! writ+s ( ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 ,augu/9e1 & gave 9 return a spiritual doctr9e4 ,x receiv$ ,god1 z se5 9 nature & its organizations1 & return$ ,god z above nature4 ,*ri/ianity took f ,greece intellectual activity1 & return$ moral life4 ,x receiv$ f ,rome organization1 & return$ fai? 9 a fa!rly ,provid5ce4 ,x took law1 & gave love4 ,f ! ,g]man races x accept$ ! love ( individual fre$om1 & return$ union & bro!rly love4 ,f ,judaism x accept$ mono!ism z ! wor%ip ( a ,supreme ,be+1 a ,righte\s ,judge1 a ,holy ,k+1 & add$ to ?is fai? 9 ,god z 9 all nature & all life4 ,b we w proce$ to exam9e "s ( ^! po9ts a little m m9utely4 #c4 ,*ri/ianity1 z a ,pl]oma1 comp>$ ) ,brahmanism1 ,confucianism1 & ,buddhism4 ,*ri/ianity & ,brahmanism4 ,! ess5tial value ( ,brahmanism is its fai? 9 _s z di/9ct f matt]1 et]nity z di/9ct f "t1 ! inf9ite z oppos$ to ! f9ite1 sub/ance z oppos$ to =m4 ,! ess5tial defect ( ,brahmanism is its spiritual pan!ism1 :i* d5ies all reality to ?is _w1 to f9ite s\ls1 to "t1 space1 matt]4 ,9 its va/ unities all v>ieties are swall[$ up1 all diff]5ces come to an end4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 expla9 ! _w1 x d5ies x4 ,x is incapable ( morality1 = morality assumes ! et]nal di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 good & evil1 & ,brahmanism kn[s no su* diff]5ce4 ,x is incapable ( true wor%ip1 s9ce its real ,god is _s 9 itself1 ab/ract$ f all attributes4 ,in/ead ( immortality1 x c only tea* absorption1 or ! disappe>ance ( ! s\l 9 _s1 z ra9-drops disappe> 9 ! ocean4 ,*ri/ianity tea*es a ,supreme ,be+ :o is pure _s1 above all1 ?r\gh all1 & 9 all1 f :om1 & ?r\gh :om1 & to :om are all ?+s1 9 :om we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,x is a m spiritual religion ?an ,brahmanism1 = ! latt] has pass$ on into poly!ism & idolatry1 :i* ,*ri/ianity has always escap$4 ,yet :ile tea*+ fai? 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 ! f\ndation & sub/ance bel[ all exi/5ce1 x recognizes him z ,a ,,liv+ ,,god4 ,he is n absorb$ 9 himself1 nor ap>t f 8 _w1 b a p]petual ,provid5ce1 a p]sonal ,fri5d & ,fa!r4 ,he dwells 9 et]nity1 b is manife/$ 9 "t4 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 meets ! tru? 9 ,brahmanism by its doctr9e ( ,god z ,_s1 & supplies its defici5cies by its doctr9e ( ,god z a ,fa!r4 ,*ri/ianity & ! sy/em ( ,confucius4 ,! good side 9 ! tea*+ ( ,confucius is 8 admirable morality1 8 wisdom ( life 9 its temporal limitations1 8 rev]5ce = ! pa/1 8 /r5u\s cons]vatism ( all useful in/itutions1 & ! un9t]rupt$ ord] ( ! social sy/em re/+ on ^! ideas4 ,! evil 9 8 tea*+ is ! abs5ce ( ! sup]natural elem5t1 :i* deprives ! morality ( ,*9a ( en?usiasm1 its social sy/em ( vitality1 its ord] ( any progress1 & its cons]vatism ( any improvem5t4 ,x is a sy/em )\t hope1 & s has rema9$ froz5 9 an icy & /iff immobility = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,b ,*ri/ianity has %[n itself capable ( unit+ cons]vatism ) progress1 9 ! civilization ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,x respects ord]1 rev]es ! pa/1 holds ! family sacr$1 & yet is able also to make cont9ual progress 9 sci5ce1 9 art1 9 lit]ature1 9 ! com=t ( ! :ole community4 ,x !re=e accepts ! good & ! tru? 9 ! doctr9es ( ,confucius1 & adds to ^! ano!r elem5t ( new life4 ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism4 ,! tru? 9 ,buddhism is 9 its doctr9e ( ! relation ( ! s\l to ! laws ( nature2 its doctr9e ( consequ5ces2 its assurance ( a /rict retribution = e human action2 its promise ( an ultimate salvation 9 consequ5ce ( good works2 & ( a r$emption f all ! woes ( "t by ob$i5ce to ! tru?4 ,! evil 9 ! sy/em is t belong+ to all legalism4 ,x does n inspire fai? 9 any liv+ & pres5t ,god1 or any def9ite immortality4 ,! pr9ciple1 !re=e1 ( developm5t is want+1 & x leaves ! ,mongol races /&+ on a l[ plane ( civilization1 re/ra9+ !m f evil1 b n inspir+ !m by ! sight ( good4 ,*ri/ianity1 l ,buddhism1 tea*es t :atev] a man s[s t %all he also reap2 t ^? :o by pati5t cont9uance 9 well-do+ seek = glory1 honor1 & immortality %all receive et]nal life2 t ! books %all be op5$ 9 ! la/ day1 & e man be rew>d$ accord+ to 8 works2 t he ^: p\nd ga9s five p\nds %all be rul] ov] five cities4 ,9 %ort1 ,*ri/ianity1 9 its ,scriptures & its practical influ5ce1 has always taught salvation by works4 ,yet1 beside ?is1 ,*ri/ianity tea*es ju/ification by fai?1 z ! root & f\nta9 ( all real ob$i5ce4 ,x inspires fai? 9 a ,heav5ly ,fa!r :o has lov$ 8 e *ild f be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w2 :o welcomes ! s9n] back :5 he rep5ts & returns2 ^: =giv+ love creates a new life 9 ! he>t4 ,?is fai? ev]more t5ds to awak5 ! dormant en]gies 9 ! s\l ( man2 & s1 "u its influ5ce1 "o race aft] ano!r has comm5c$ a c>e] ( progress4 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 c fulfil ,buddhism also4 #d4 ,*ri/ianity comp>$ ) ! ,ave/a & ! ,eddas4 ,! ,duad 9 all ,religions4 ,! ess5tial tru? 9 ! ,ave/a & ! ,eddas is ! same4 ,!y bo? recognize ! evil 9 ! _w z real1 & tea* ! duty ( fight+ aga9/ x4 ,!y avoid ! pan!i/ic indiff]5ce ( ,brahmanism1 & ! abs5ce ( en?usiasm 9 ! sy/ems ( ,confucius & ! ,buddha1 by ! doctr9e ( a pres5t conflict betwe5 ! p[]s ( good & evil1 ( light & ( d>kness4 ,?is gives dignity & moral e>ne/ness to bo? sy/ems4 ,by fully admitt+ ! fre$om ( man1 !y make ! s5se ( responsibility possible1 & s purify & fe$ morality at its roots4 ,! difficulty ) bo? is1 t !y c>ry ?is duali/ic view ( nature too f>1 leav+ x an unreconcil$ dualism4 ,! supreme ,monad is lo/ sight ( 9 ?is ev]-pres5t ,duad4 ,let u see h[ ?is view ( evil1 or ! dual elem5t 9 life1 appe>s 9 o!r sy/ems4 ,z ! ,monad 9 religion is an expression ( "o inf9ite supreme pres5ce1 p]vad+ all nature & life1 s ! ,duad %[s ! antagonism & conflict betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 "r & wrong1 good & evil1 ! inf9ite p]fection & ! f9ite imp]fection4 ,?is is a conflict actually exi/+ 9 ! _w1 & "o :i* religion mu/ accept & acc\nt =4 ,brahmanism does n accept x1 b ignores x4 ,?is :ole conflict is ,maya1 a deception & illusion4 ,yet1 9 ?is =m ( illusion1 x makes itself s f> felt1 t x mu/ be met by sacrifices1 pray]s1 p5ances1 & ! law ( transmigration2 until all ! app>5t antagonism %all be swall[$ up 9 ! ,inf9ite ,"o1 ! only sub/ance 9 ! univ]se4 ,buddhism recognizes ! conflict m fully4 ,x frankly accepts ! ,duad z ! true explanation ( ! actual univ]se4 ,! ideal univ]se z ,nirvana may be "o2 b ( ?is we "k no?+4 ,! actual _w is a tw(old _w1 compos$ ( s\ls & ! natural laws4 ,! battle ( life is ) ^! laws4 ,e s\l1 by le>n+ to obey !m1 is able to conqu] & use !m1 z /eps 9 an asc5t t[>d ,nirvana4 ,b ! belief ( ,zoroa/] & t ( ,sc&9avia reg>d ! ,duad z /ill m deeply root$ 9 ! ess5ce ( exi/+ ?+s4 ,all life is battle1--battle ) moral or physical evil4 ,c\rage is !re=e ! *ief virtue 9 bo? sy/ems4 ,! ,devil fir/ appe>s 9 !ology 9 ^! two =ms ( fai?4 ,! ,p]sian devil is ,ahriman2 ! ,sc&9avian devil is ,loki4 ,judaism1 ) its absolute & supreme ,god1 c\ld nev] admit su* a rival to 8 p[] z ! ,p]sian ,ahriman2 yet z a be+ p]mitt$1 = wise purposes1 to tempt & try m51 he comes into _! sy/em z ,satan4 ,satan1 on 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 is "o ( ! angels ( ,god4 ,he is ! heav5ly critic2 8 bus9ess is to te/ human virtue by trial1 & see h[ deep x goes4 ,8 object 9 te/+ ,job 0 to f9d :e!r he lov$ virtue = its rew>ds1 or = its own sake4 ,does ,job s]ve ,god = naught8 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! man :o is good m]ely = ! sake ( rew>d is n good at all4 ,9 ! ,egyptian sy/em1 z 9 ! lat] fai? ( ,india1 ! evil pr9ciple appe>s z a p[] ( de/ruction4 ,siva & ,typhon are ! de/roy+ ag5cies f :om proce$ all ! mis*ief done 9 ! _w4 ,nev]!less1 !y are gods1 n devils1 & h _! wor%ip & wor%ipp]s among ^? ^: religi\s nature is m imbu$ ) fe> ?an ) hope4 ,! timid wor%ipp$ ! deadly & de/ructive p[]s1 & _! pray]s 7 deprecations4 ,! bold] wor%ipp$ ! good gods4 ,simil>ly1 9 ,greece1 ! ,*tonic deities _h _! %r9es & wor%ipp]s1 z _h ! p[]s ( ,blight1 ,fam9e1 & ,pe/il5ce at ,rome4 ,yet only 9 ! ,ave/a is ?is great pr9ciple ( evil set =? 9 full antagonism aga9/ ! p[]s ( light & love4 ,& probably f ,p]sia1 aft] ! captivity1 ?is view ( ,satan ent]$ into ,jewi% !ology4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 inde$1 :]e ,satan or ! ,devil z a prop] "n only occurs f\r times#djd1 9 all :i* cases he is a subord9ate angel1 ! true ,devil does n appe>4 ,9 ! ,apocrypha he is said 7,wisdom ii4 #bd7 to h br\ght dea? into ! _w4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t does n tea* a doctr9e ( ,satan1 or ! ,devil1 z some?+ new & reveal$ !n = ! fir/ "t1 b assumes a g5]al ?\gh vague belief 9 su* a be+4 ,?is belief evid5tly exi/$ among ! ,jews :5 ,*ri/ came4 ,x z evid5tly 0 n taught 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! inevitable inf]5ce is t x grew up 9 ! ,jewi% m9d f its communication ) ! ,p]sian dualism4 ,b ?\gh ! doctr9e ( a ,devil is no ess5tial "p ( ,*ri/ianity#dje1 ! reality & p[] ( evil is fully recogniz$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & 9 ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,inde$1 9 ! doctr9e ( ev]la/+ puni%m5t & ( an et]nal hell1 x has be5 c>ri$ to a dang]\s extreme4 ,! ,div9e sov]eignty is s]i\sly infr+$ & invad$ by su* a view4 ,if any outly+ "p ( ! univ]se cont9ues 9 a /ate ( p]man5t rebellion1 ,god is n ! absolute sov]eign4 ,b wick$ness is rebellion4 ,if any are to cont9ue et]nally 9 hell1 x is because !y cont9ue 9 p]petual wick$ness2 t is1 ! rebellion aga9/ ,god w nev] be effectually suppress$4 ,only :5 e knee b[s1 & e tongue confesses t ,*ri/ is ,"l to ! glory ( ,god ! ,fa!r2 only :5 tru? & love h subdu$ all enemies by conv]t+ !m into fri5ds1 is r$emption complete & ! univ]se at peace4 ,n[1 ,*ri/ianity 79 spite ( ! illogical doctr9e ( ev]la/+ puni%m5t7 has always inspir$ a fai? 9 ! r$eem+ p[] ( love to conqu] all evil4 ,x has taught t evil c be ov]come by good4 ,x ass]ts tru? to be m p[]ful ?an error1 "r ?an wrong4 ,x tea*es u 9 our daily pray] to expect t ,god's k+dom %all come1 & 8 w %all be done on e>? z x is 9 ,heav54 ,x !re=e fulfils ! tru? 9 ! great dualisms ( ! pa/ by its untir+ hope ( a full r$emption f all s9 & all evil4 #e4 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,religions ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome4 ,! ,religion ( ,egypt4 ,?is sy/em unfold$ ! tru? ( ! ,div9e 9 ?is _w1 ( ! sacr$ness ( bodily organization1 & ! desc5t ( ,deity into ! ultimate p>ts ( 8 creation4 ,its defect 0 its inability to comb9e ) ?is an op5 spiritualism4 ,x _h n ! c\rage ( its op9ions1 s f> z !y relat$ to ! div9e unity1 spirituality1 & et]nity4 ,*ri/ianity also accepts ! doctr9e ( ,god1 pres5t 9 nature1 9 man1 9 ! laws ( matt]1 9 ! inf9ite v>iety ( ?+s4 ,b x adds to ?is ! elevat$ spiritualism ( a mono!i/ic religion1 & s accepts ! "o & ! all1 unity & v>iety1 sub/ance & =m1 et]nity & "t1 _s & body1 z fill$ ) ,god & manife/+ him4 ,! ,religions ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,! beauty ( nature1 ! *>m ( art1 ! g5ius ( man1 7 idealiz$ & deifi$ 9 ! ,greek pan!on4 ,! div9ity ( law1 organiz+ human society accord+ to univ]sal rules ( ju/ice1 0 ! tru? 9 ! ,roman religion4 ,! defect ( ! ,greek !ology 0 ! abs5ce ( a c5tral unity4 ,its poly!ism c>ri$ v>iety to ! extreme ( disord] & dissipation4 ,! c5trifugal =ce1 n be+ prop]ly balanc$ by any c5tripetal p[]1 inevitably ends 9 dissolution4 ,! defect ( ,roman wor%ip 01 t its oppressive rules end$ 9 kill+ out life4 ,law1 9 ! =m ( a /iff ext]nal organization1 produc$ moral dea? at la/ 9 ,rome1 z x _h produc$ moral dea? 9 ,juda4 ,n[ ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh a mono!ism1 & a mono!ism :i* has de/roy$ =ev] bo? poly!ism & idolatry :]ev] x has gone1 is n t ( num]ical unity4 ,! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity diff]s 9 ?is f ! ,god ( ,judaism & ,mohamm$anism4 ,he is an inf9ite w2 b he is m4 ,*ri/ianity cognizes ,god z n only above nature & ! s\l1 b also z 9 nature & 9 ! s\l4 ,?us nature & ! s\l are made div9e4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity expresses ?is enl>gem5t ( ! ,jewi% mono!ism f a num]ical to a moral unity4 ,! ,god ( ,*ri/ is human 9 ?is respect1 t he is conceiv$ ( 9 ! image ( man4 ,man is ess5tially a unit ?r\gh 8 w1 9 :i* lies ! secret ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,b besides w he has intellect1 by :i* he comes into communion ) ! univ]se2 & affection1 by :i* he comes into communion ) 8 race4 ,*ri/ianity conceives ( ,god 9 ! same way4 ,he is an omnipres5t w z ! ,fa!r1 ,creator1 & ,rul] ( all ?+s4 ,he is ! ,^w1 or manife/$ ,tru? 9 ! ,son1 manife/$ ?r\gh all nature1 manife/$ ?r\gh all human life4 ,he is ! ,_s1 or inspiration ( ea* individual s\l4 ,s he is ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,_s1 above all1 ?r\gh all1 & 9 u all4 ,by ?is l>g] view ( ,deity ,*ri/ianity 0 able to meet ! wants ( ! ,aryan races1 9 :om ! poly!i/ic t5d5cy is s /rong4 ,t t5d5cy 0 satisfi$ by ?is view ( ,god imman5t 9 nature & imman5t 9 human life4 ,judaism & ,mohamm$anism1 ) _! m concrete mono!ism1 h n be5 able to conv]t ! ,aryan races4 ,mohamm$anism has nev] affect$ ! m9d ( ,india1 nor di/urb$ ! asc5d5cy ( ,brahmanism !re4 ,& ?\gh x nom9ally possesses ,p]sia1 yet x holds x z a subject1 n z a conv]t4 ,p]sian ,sufism is a pro( ( ! utt] discont5t ( ! ,aryan intellect ) any mono!ism ( pure w4 ,sufism is ! my/ic =m ( ,mohamm$anism1 recogniz+ communion ) ,god1 & n m]ely submission1 z be+ ! ess5ce ( true religion4 ,dur+ ! long ,mohamm$an dom9ion 9 ,turkey x has n p5etrat$ ! m9ds or won ! love ( ! ,greek races4 ,x is evid5t t ,*ri/ianity succe$$ 9 conv]t+ ! ,greeks & ,romans by means ( its l>g] view ( ! ,deity1 ( :i* ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 z x /&s 9 ! cre$s1 is a crude illogical expression4 #f4 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,relation to ,judaism & ,mohamm$anism4 ,! ,monad 9 all ,religions4 ,!re are ?ree religions :i* tea* ! pure upity ( ,god1 or true mono!ism4 ,^! ?ree ,unit>ian religions are ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,mohamm$anism4 ,!y also all orig9at$ 9 a s+le race1 ! ,semitic race1 t :i* has occupi$ ! c5tral region ( ! _w1 ! c5tre ( ?ree cont95ts4 ,x is ! race :i* t5ds to a religi\s unity1 z t ( our ,aryan ance/ors t5d$ to v>iety4 ,b :at is pure mono!ism8 ,x is ! wor%ip ( "o alone ,god1 sep>at$ by ! va/ abyss ( ! inf9ite f all f9ite be+s4 ,x is ! wor%ip ( ,god1 n z ! ,supreme ,be+ only1 n z ! *ief among _m gods1 z ,jupit] 0 ! presid5t ( ! dyna/y on ,olympus1 n m]ely ! ,mo/ ,high1 b z ! only ,god4 ,x avoids ! two extremes1 "o ( mak+ ! ,supreme ,be+ head ( a c\ncil or synod ( deities1 & ! o!r ( mak+ him inde$ inf9ite1 b an inf9ite ab/raction1 or abyss ( d>kness4 ,^! are ! two impure =ms ( mono!ism4 ,! fir/ prevail$ 9 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,egypt1 ,sc&9avia4 ,9 ea* ( ^! religions !re 0 a supreme be+1--,zeus1 ,jupit]1 ,ammon1 ,od91--b ?is supreme god 0 only primus int] p>es1 fir/ among equals4 ,! o!r impure =m ( mono!ism prevail$ 9 ! ,ea/1--9 ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 & ! religion ( ,zoroa/]4 ,9 ! "o ,p>abrahm1 9 ! o!r ,z]ana-,ak]ana1 9 ! ?ird ,nirvana itself1 is ! ,inf9ite ,be+ or sub/ance1 :olly sep>ate f all t is f9ite4 ,x is s :olly sep>ate z to cease to be an object ( adoration & ob$i5ce4 ,n ,p>abrahm1 b ,siva1 ,vis*nu1 & ,brahma2 n ,z]ana-,ak]ana1 b ,ormazd & ! ,ams*asp&s2 n ! inf9ite _w ( ,nirvana1 nor ! mighty ,adi-,buddha1 b ! ,buddhas ( ,confession1 ! f9ite ,sakya-,muni1 are ! objects ( wor%ip 9 ^! sy/ems4 ,only f ! ,semitic race h aris5 ! pure mono!i/ic religions ( ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,mohamm$anism4 ,ea* ( ^! proclaims "o only ,god1 & ea* makes ?is only ,god ! object ( all wor%ip & s]vice4 ,judaism says1 ,he>6 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l6 7,deut4 vi4 #d47 ,orig9ally among ! ,jews1 ,god's "n z ! ,plural ( ,maje/y indicat$ a unity =m$ f v>iety2 b aft]w>d x became 9 ! ^w ,jahveh a unity ( sub/ance4 ,by my "n ,jehovah ,i 0 n kn[n to !m 7i4e4 to ! ,patri>*s74#djf ,t "n indicates absolute ,be+1 ,i am ! ,i am4#djg ,anci5t ,g5tile mono!ism vibrat$ betwe5 a p]sonal ,god1 ! object ( wor%ip1 :o 0 limit$ & f9ite1 & an inf9ite absolute ,be+ :o 0 out ( sight1 ^: veil no "o _h lift$4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! ,mosaic religion 0 to make ,god truly ! "o alone1 & at ! same "t truly ! object ( wor%ip4 ,9 ?is respect ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,mohamm$anism agree1 & 9 ?is !y diff] f all o!r religions4 ,individual ?9k]s1 l ,socrates1 s*ylus1 ,cic]o1 h rea*$ ! same conviction2 b ^! ?ree are ! only popul> religions1 9 :i* ,god is at once ! inf9ite & absolute1 & ! only object ( wor%ip4 ,n[ x is a rem>kable fact t ^! ?ree religions1 :i* are ! only pure mono!i/ic religions1 are at ! same "t ! only religions :i* h any claim to ca?olicity4 ,buddhism1 ?\gh ! religion ( num]\s nations1 seems to be ! religion ( only "o race1 namely1 ! ,turanic race1 or ,mongols4 ,! p ( ,india :o rema9 ,buddhi/s1 ! ,s+alese1 or inhabitants ( ,ceylon1 belong to ! aborig9al ,tamul1 or ,mongol race4 ,) ?is exception !n 7:i* is no exception1 z f> z we "k ! e?nology ( ,ea/]n ,asia71 ! only religions :i* aim at ,ca?olicism are ^! ?ree1 :i* are also ! only mono!i/ic religions4 ,judaism aim$ at ca?olicity & hop$ = x4 ,x _h an in/9ct ( univ]sality1 z appe>$ 9 its num]\s attempts at mak+ proselytes ( o!r nations4 ,x fail$ ( ca?olicity :5 x refus$ to accept z its ,*ri/ ! man :o _h ris5 above its national limitations1 & :o consid]$ ,roman tax-ga!r]s & ,sam>itans z already prep>$ to ent] ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah4 ,! ,jews requir$ all _! conv]ts to become ,jews1 & 9 do+ ?is left ! ca?olic gr\nd4 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! m\? ( ,paul1 :o alone fully seiz$ ! true idea ( 8 ,ma/]1 said1 ,circumcision availe? no?+1 nor uncircumcision1 b a new creature4 ,9 o!r words1 he decl>$ t x 0 n necess>y to become a ,jew 9 ord] to be a ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,jewi% m9d1 s f> =? z x 0 mono!i/ic1 aim$ at ca?olicity4 ,! unity ( ,god c>ries ) x1 logically1 ! unity ( man4 ,f "o ,god z _s we inf] "o human family4 ,s ,paul taught at ,a!ns4 ,god t made ! _w & all ?+s !re91 444 ha? made ( "o blood all races ( m5 to dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?4 ,b ! ,jews1 ?\gh ca?olic z mono!i/s1 & z wor%ipp+ a spiritual ,god1 7 limit$ by _! ritual & _! int5se national bigotry4 ,h]$it>y & ance/ral pride sep>at$ !m1 & /ill sep>ate !m1 f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,we h ,abraham to our ,fa!r is ! talisman :i* has kept !m toge!r1 b kept !m f union ) o!rs4 ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism1 !re=e1 rema9 ! only two really ca?olic religions4 ,ea* has ov]pass$ all ! b\nd>ies ( race4 ,*ri/ianity1 beg9n+ among ! ,jews1 a ,semitic p1 pass$ into ,europe1 & has become ! religion ( ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,kelts1 ,g]mans1 & ! ,slavic races ( ,russia1 & has n f\nd x impossible to conv]t ! ,africans1 ! ,mongols1 & ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,s too ! ,mohamm$an religion1 also beg9n+ among ! ,semitic race1 has become ! nom9al religion ( ,p]sia1 ,turkey1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ,c5tral ,asia4 ,mono!ism1 !re=e1 includes a t5d5cy to ca?olicity4 ,b ,islam has ev]y:]e made subjects r ?an conv]ts1 & s has fail$ ( entire success4 ,x has n assimilat$ its conque/s4 ,! mono!ism ( ,*ri/ianity1 z we h already se51 :ile accept+ ! absolute supremacy ( ! ,inf9ite ,be+1 s z to displace =ev] all second>y or subord9ate gods1 yet conceives ( him z ! pres5t inspiration ( all 8 *ildr54 ,x sees him com+ d[n1 to bless !m 9 ! sun%9e & ! %[]1 z inspir+ e good ?\ght1 z a provid5ce guid+ all human lives4 ,& by ?is view x fulfils bo? ,judaism & ,mohamm$anism1 & takes a long /ep beyond !m bo?4 #g4 ,! ,fulness ( ,*ri/ianity is d]iv$ f ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,*ri/ianity has ?us %[n itself to be a univ]sal solv5t1 capable ( receiv+ into itself ! exi/+ tru?s ( ! e?nic religions1 & fulfill+ !m ) some?+ high]4 ,:5ev] x has come 9 contact ) natural religion1 x has assimilat$ x & elevat$ x4 ,?is is "o evid5ce t x is int5d$ to become ! univ]sal religion ( mank9d4 ,?is pl]oma1 or fulness1 integrity1 all-sid$ness1 or by :atev] "n we call x1 is some?+ deep] ?an ?\ght4 ,a sy/em ( ?\ght might be devis$ l>ge en\gh to include all ! tru?s 9 all ! religions ( ! _w1 putt+ ea* 9 its own place 9 relation to ! re/4 ,su* a sy/em might %[ h[ !y all are relat$ to ea* o!r1 & all are 9 h>mony4 ,b ?is w\ld be a philosophy1 n a religion4 ,no su* philosophy appe>s 9 ! orig9al records ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t does n pres5t ,jesus z a philosoph]1 nor ,paul z a metaphysician4 ,!re is no sy/ematic tea*+ 9 ! ,gospels1 nor 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,yet we f9d !re1 9 incid5tal utt]ances1 ! elem5ts ( ?is _m-sid$ tru?1 9 reg>d to ,god1 man1 duty1 & immortality4 ,b we f9d x z life1 n z ?\ght4 ,x is a fulness ( life 9 ! s\l ( ,jesus1 pass+ into ! s\ls ( 8 disciples & apo/les1 & f !m 9 a cont9u\s /ream ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,! ^w pl]oma 771 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 means t :i* fills up2 fulness1 fulfill+1 fill+ full4 ,! v]b to fulfil 77 c>ries ! same significance4 ,to fulfil t :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophets1 means to fill x full ( mean+ & tru?4 ,jesus came1 n to de/roy ! law1 b to fulfil x2 t is1 to c>ry x out fur!r4 ,he fulfill$ ,moses & ! prophets1 n by do+ exactly :at !y =etold1 9 _! s5se1 b by do+ x 9 a high]1 deep]1 & l>g] s5se4 ,he fulfill$ _! ?\ght z ! fl[] fulfils ! bud1 & z ! fruit fulfils ! fl[]4 ,! s5se ( ! fulness ( life 9 ,jesus & 9 ! ,gospel seems to h /ruck ! m9ds ( ! e>ly disciples1 & p[]fully impress$ !m4 ,h5ce ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y use ?is v]b & n\n1 signify+ fulness4 ,jesus fulfill$ ! law1 ! prophets1 all righte\sness1 ! ,scriptures4 ,he came 9 ! fulness ( "t4 ,8 joy 0 fulfill$4 ,paul prays t ! disciples may be fill$ full ( joy1 peace1 & hope1 ) ! fruits ( righte\sness1 ) all k1 ) ! _s ( ,god1 & ) all ! fulness ( ,god4 ,he tea*es t love fulfils ! law1 t ! ,*ur* is ! fulness ( ,*ri/1 t ,*ri/ fills all ?+s full ( himself1 & t 9 him dwells all ! fulness ( ! godhead bodily4 ,"o great di/9ction betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & all o!r religions is 9 ?is pl]oma1 or fulness ( life :i* x possesses1 & :i*1 to all appe>ance1 came f ! life ( ,jesus4 ,*ri/ianity is (t5 said to be diff]5c$ f e?nic religions 9 o!r ways4 ,!y are natural religions3 x is reveal$4 ,!y are natural3 x is sup]natural4 ,!y are human3 x is div9e4 ,b all tru? is reveal$ tru?2 x all comes f ,god1 &1 !re=e1 s f> z e?nic religions conta9 tru?1 !y also are revelations4 ,moreov]1 ! sup]natural elem5t is to be f\nd 9 all religions2 = inspiration1 9 "s =m1 is univ]sal4 ,all great bir?s ( "t are sup]natural1 mak+ no "p ( ! nexus ( cause & effect4 ,h[ c y expla9 ! "w ( ,confucius1 ( ,zoroa/]1 ( ! ,buddha1 ( ,mohamm$1 out ( ! exi/+ /ate ( society1 & ! educational influ5ces ( _! "t8 ,all su* great s\ls are mu* m ! mak]s ( _! age ?an its result2 !y are impond]able elem5ts 9 civilization1 n to be acc\nt$ = by any?+ outside ( !mselves4 ,nor c we urge ! di/9ction ( human & div9e2 = !re is a div9e elem5t 9 all e?nic religions1 & a broadly human elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,jesus is z mu* ! repres5tative ( human nature z he is ! manife/ation ( ,god4 ,he is ! ,son ( man1 no less ?an ! ,son ( ,god4 ,"o great fact :i* makes a broad di/9ction betwe5 o!r religions & ,*ri/ianity is t !y are e?nic & x is ca?olic4 ,!y are ! religions ( races & nations1 limit$ by ^! l9es ( dem>cation1 by ! b\nds :i* ,god has be=eh& appo9t$4 ,*ri/ianity is a ca?olic religion3 x is ! religion ( ! human race4 ,x ov]fl[s all b\nd>ies1 recognizes no limits1 belongs to man z man4 ,& ?is x does1 because ( ! fulness ( its life1 :i* x d]ives f its head & f\nta91 ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 :om dwells ! fulness bo? ( godhead & ( manhood4 ,x is true t ! great mission>y "w ( ,*ri/ianity has long be5 *eck$4 ,x does n n[ conv]t :ole nations4 ,hea!nism1 ,mohamm$anism1 ,judaism1 ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 /& beside x unmov$4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is *eck8 ,! ca?olicity ( ! ,gospel 0 born out ( its flu5t & full life4 ,x 0 able to conv]t ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & aft]w>d ,go?s1 ,v&als1 ,lomb>ds1 ,franks1 ,sc&9avians1 because x came to !m1 n z a cre$1 b z a life4 ,b nei!r ,roman ,ca?olics nor ,prote/ants h _h ^! l>ge successes s9ce ! ,middle ,ages4 ,in/ead ( a life1 ,*ri/ianity became a *ur* & a cre$4 ,:5 ?is took place1 x gradually lo/ its gr& mission>y p[]4 ,x no long] prea*$ tru?1 b doctr9e2 no long] communicat$ life1 b organiz$ a body ( proselytes into a rigid *ur*4 ,p>ty _s took ! place ( ! orig9al mission>y _s4 ,ev5 ! majority ( ! ,g]man tribes 0 conv]t$ by ,arian mission>ies1 & or?odoxy has n ! cr$it ( t la/ gr& success ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! conv]sion ( sev5ty millions ( ,*9ese 9 our own day to ! religion ( ! ,bible 0 n ! "w ( ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant mission>ies1 b ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,*ur* & ! cre$ are probably ! cause ( ?is failure4 ,*ri/ianity has be5 p>tially arre/$ 9 its natural developm5t1 fir/ by ! ,papal ,*ur*1 & secondly by ! too rigid cre$s ( or?odoxy4 ,if ! sw>m+ myriads ( ,india & ,mongolia are to be conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 x mu/ be done by return+ to ! orig9al me?ods4 ,we mu/ beg9 by recogniz+ & accept+ ! tru? !y already possess4 ,we mu/ be will+ to le>n ( !m1 9 ord] to tea* !m4 ,comp>ative ,!ology w become ! sci5ce ( missions if x help to %[ to ,*ri/ians ! tru? & good 9 ! cre$s outside ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,= to ! ,*ur* & to its sects1 q z mu* z to ! _w1 applies ! say+1 ,he t exalte? himself %all be abas$1 b he t humble? himself %all be exalt$4 #h4 ,*ri/ianity z a ,religion ( ,progress & ( ,univ]sal ,unity4 ,z long z a tree or an animal lives x cont9ues to gr[4 ,an arre/ ( gr[? is ! fir/ symptom ( ! decl9e ( life4 ,fulness ( life1 !re=e1 z ! ess5tial "* ( ,*ri/ianity1 %\ld produce a con/ant developm5t & progress2 & ?is we f9d to be ! case4 ,o!r religions h _! rise1 progress1 decl9e1 & fall1 or else are arre/$ & become /ation>y4 ,! religions ( ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,sc&9avia1 h come to an end4 ,z e?nic religions1 !y %>$ ! =tunes ( ! race or nation ) :i* !y 7 associat$4 ,! sy/ems ( ,confucius1 ( ! ,buddha1 ( ,brahmanism1 ( ,juda1 ( ,mohamm$1 are arre/$4 ,!y rema9 /ation>y4 ,b1 ?us f>1 ,*ri/ianity & ,*ri/5dom advance toge!r4 ,*ri/ianity has develop$2 out ( its primitive fai?1 sev]al great !ologies1 ! m$ival ,papacy1 ,prote/antism1 & is n[ evid5tly advanc+ into new & l>g] =ms ( religi\s1 moral1 & social activity4 ,! fact ( a fulness ( div9e & human life 9 ,jesus took =m 9 ! doctr9es ( ! inc>nation & ! ,tr9ity4 ,! fact ( ! reconcil+ & unit+ p[] ( ?is life took =m 9 ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4 ,bo? ( ^! doctr9es are illogical & false1 9 _! =m1 z *ur* doctr9es4 ,b bo? ( !m repres5t mo/ ess5tial facts4 ,we h se5 ! tru?s 9 ! doctr9es ( inc>nation & ! ,tr9ity4 ,! tru? 9 ! atonem5t is1 z ! ^w itself signifies1 ! at-"o-mak+ p[] ( ! ,gospel4 ,! reconciliation ( antagoni/ tru?s & oppos+ t5d5cies1 :i* philosophy has always unsuccessfully endeavor$ to /ate 9 !ory1 ,*ri/ianity accompli%es 9 practice4 ,*ri/ianity cont9ually reproduces f its dep?s ( life a practical fai? 9 ,god1 bo? z law & z love1 9 man1 bo? z a free & yet z a provid5tially guid$ be+4 ,x gives u ,god z unity & z v>iety1 z ! sub/ance & z ! =m ( ! _w4 ,x /ates ! reality ( evil z =cibly z any sy/em ( dualism1 & yet produces a practical fai? 9 good z be+ /rong] ?an evil & sure to conqu] x4 ,9 social life x reconciles ! au?ority ( human law ) ! fre$om ( individual ?\ght & action4 ,9 ! be/ ,*ri/ian gov]nm5ts1 we f9d all ! ord] :i* a despotism c gu>antee1 ) all ! fre$om to :i* a democracy c aspire4 ,no su* social organization is to be f\nd outside ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,h[ c ?is be1 unless x is someh[ connect$ ) ,*ri/ianity8 ,! civilization ( ,*ri/5dom consi/s 9 a practical reconciliation ( antagoni/ t5d5cies4 ,x is a pl]oma 9 social life1 a fulness ( concord1 a h>mony ( _m p>ts4 ,! h>mony is inde$ by no means complete1 = ! mill5nium has n arriv$4 ,z yet ! /rik+ feature ( ,*ri/5dom is quantity1 p[]1 v>iety1 fulness2 n z yet co-op]ation1 h>mony1 peace1 union4 ,p[]s are fir/ develop$1 :i* are aft]w>d to be h>moniz$4 ,! sword is n yet beat5 into a pl\gh%>e1 nor has univ]sal peace arriv$4 ,yet su* is ! inevitable t5d5cy ( ?+s4 ,z k spreads1 z weal? increases1 z ! moral =ce ( ! _w is enl>g$1 law1 m & m1 takes ! place ( =ce4 ,m5 no long] we> swords by _! sides to def5d !mselves f attack4 ,if attack$1 !y call ! policeman4 ,t[ns are no long] =tifi$ ) walls1 nor are ! resid5ces ( noblem5 kept 9 a /ate ( def5ce4 ,!y are all fold$ 9 ! peaceful arms ( national law4 ,s f> ! atonem5t has prevail$4 ,only nations /ill cont9ue to fight2 b ! "t is at h& :5 int]national law1 ! p>liam5t ( ! _w1 ! conf$]ation ( man1 %all take ! place ( /&+ armies & iron-clad navies4 ,s1 9 society1 int]nal w>f>e mu/1 soon] or lat]1 come to an end4 ,paup]ism & crime mu/ be treat$ accord+ to ,*ri/ian me?ods4 ,crim9als mu/ be re=m$1 & puni%m5t mu/ be adm9i/]$ 9 ref]5ce to t end4 ,co-op]ation 9 labor & trade mu/ take ! place ( competition4 ,! pr9ciples by means ( :i* ^! va/ results w be br\ght ab\t are already kn[n2 ! rema9+ difficulties are 9 _! application4 ,s9ce slav]y fell 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o great ob/acle to ! progress ( man is remov$4 ,! next social evils 9 ord] w be next assail$1 &1 "o by "o1 w be de/roy$4 ,*ri/ianity is becom+ m & m practical1 & its application to life is con/antly gr[+ m vigor\s & wise4 ,! law ( human life is1 t ! developm5t ( diff]5ces mu/ prec$e _! reconciliation4 ,v>iety mu/ prec$e h>mony1 analysis mu/ prep>e ! way = syn!sis1 opposition mu/ g be=e union4 ,*ri/ianity1 z a p[]ful /imulus appli$ to ! human m9d1 fir/ develops all ! t5d5cies ( ! s\l2 & aft]w>d1 by its aton+ influ5ce on ! he>t1 reconciles !m4 ,*ri/ is ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,he came to make peace betwe5 man & ,god1 betwe5 man & man1 betwe5 law & love1 reason & fai?1 fre$om & ord]1 progress & cons]vatism4 ,b he fir/ s5ds ! sword1 aft]w>d ! olive-bran*4 ,nev]!less1 univ]sal unity is ! object & end ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,index ( ! ,pr9cipal ,au?ors ,consult$ 9 ! ,prep>ation ( ?is ,"w4 ,,ack]mann 7,d4 ,c474 ,das ,*ri/li*e im ,plato4 ,hamburg4 #ahce4 7,translat$ 9 ,cl>k's ,!ological ,libr>y47 7,greece47 ,,s*ylus1 & o!r ,greek ,poets4 7,greece47 ,,alg] 7,,wm4 ,r474 ,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life4 ,philadelphia3 ,*ilds4 #ahfd4 ,,all5 7,,joseph ,h474 ,hebrew ,m5 & ,times4 ,bo/on4 #ahfa4 7,juda47 ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 ,j\rnal ( !4 ,new ,hav52 publi%$ annually4 7,ori5tal ,religions47 ,,amp,,re 7,j4 ,j4 ,a474 ,l',hi/oire ,roma9e4 ,p>is4 #ahfd4 7,rome47 ------ ------ ,la ,sci5ce en ,ori5t4 ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london1 ,memoirs ( 7comm5c$ 9 #ahfc-fd74 ,asiatic ,j\rnal1 #ahaf-ahdc4 ,london4 ,asiatic ,rese>*es 7comm5c$ ,london4 #ahja74 ,,baldw9 7,,john ,d474 ,pre-,hi/oric ,nations4 ,new ,york4 #ahfi4 ,,banh]jea 7,rev4 ,k4 ,m474 ,dialogues on ,h9doo ,philosophy1 compris+ ! ,nyaya1 ,sankhya1 & ,vyasa4 ,london4 #ahfa4 7,brahmanism47 ,,baur 7,f4 ,c474 ,symbolik und ,my?ologie4 ,/uttg>t4 #ahbi4 ,,bleek 7,,ar?ur ,,h5ry74 ,ave/a4 ,! religi\s ,books ( ! ,p>sees4 ,translat$ into ,engli% f ,spiegel's ,g]man translation4 ,h]t=d4 #ahfd4 7,zoroa/]47 ,b,,ekh4 ,mane?o und d] ,hund/]n p]iod4 ,b]l94 #ahdj4 7,egypt47 ,,burn\f 7,,eug5e74 ,comm5taire sur le ,yana4 ,p>is4 #ahbc4 ------ ------ ,introduction l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi54 ,p>is4 #ahdd4 ------ ------ ,le ,bhgavata ,purana1 on ,hi/oire ,poetique de ,kri*na4 ,p>is4 #ahdj4 ,,burn\f 7,,emile74 ,essai sur le ,v$a4 #ahfc4 ,,brugs*4 ,hi/oire de l',egypte4 ,leipzig4 #ahei4 ------- ,aus dem ,ori5t4 ,,buns5 7,c4 ,c4 ,j474 ,bibelw]k4 ,leipzig3 ,brockhaus4 #aheh4 7,juda47 ------ ------ ,gott 9 d] ,ges*i*te4 ,leipzig4 #aheg4 ------ ------ gypt5's ,/elle 9 d] ,weltgesehi*te4 ,hamburg4 #ahde-ahfg4 ,engli% translation1 #ahfh4 ,,*abas 7,f474 ,les ,pa/eurs en ,egypt4 ,am/]dam4 #ahfh4 ,,*a/el 7,,eti,,nne74 ,hi/oire de la ,de/ruction du ,paganisme dans l',empire d',ori5t4 ,p>is4 #ahej4 ,*9ese ,reeord] & ,mission>y ,j\rnal4 ,foo*[4 ,,cock] 7,b4 ,f474 ,*ri/ianity & ,greek ,philosophy4 ,new ,york #ahgj4 7,greece47 ,,colebrooke 7,h4 ,t474 ,miscellane\s ,essays2 9 two vols4 ,london4 #ahcg4 7,india47 ,,creuz] 7,,fri$ri*74 ,symbolik und ,my?ologie d] alt5 ,vlk]4 ,leipzig4 #ahcf4 7,greece1 ,india1 ,p]sia47 ,,cudwor? 7,,ralph74 ,! ,true ,intellectual ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se4 ,am]ican edition4 #b vols4 #ahcg4 ,,cunn+ham 7,,alex&]74 ,! ,anci5t ,geography ( ,india4 ,london4 #ahga4 7,buddhism47 ------ ------ ,bhilsa ,topes ( ,india4 7,buddhism47 ,dabi/an1 ,!4 ,translat$ f ! ,p]sian4 ,ori5tal ,translation ,fund4 #ahdc4 7,p]sia1 ,brahmanism1 ,juda1 ,islam47 ,,dall 7,mrs4 ,,c>ol9e ,h474 ,egypt's ,place 9 ,hi/ory4 ,bo/on4 #ahfh4 ,,daumas 7,,le ,,g5]al ,e474 ,la vie ,arabe et la ,socit ,musulmane4 ,p>is4 #ahfi4 ,,david 7,,em]ic74 ,jupit] et sa ,culte4 ,p>is4 #ahcc4 7,rome47 ,,de ,,r\g 7,,vicomte ,,de74 ,exam5 critique de l'ouvrage de ,m4 ,buns54 ,p>is4 #ahdg4 7,egypt47 ------ ------ tudes sur le rituel ,fun]aire4 ,p>is4 #ahfj4 ------ ------ ,le pome de ,p5ta\r4 ,p>is4 #ahef4 7,egypt47 ------ ------ ,mmoire sur les ,monum5ts des six premi]es dyna/ies4 ,p>is4 #ahff4 7,egypt47 ,,doll+] 7,,john ,j4 ,i474 ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew4 ,london4 ,longman1 #ahfb4 7,greece1 ,rome1 ,juda1 ,egypt1 c47 ,,dunck] 7,,max74 ,ges*i*te des alt]?ums4 ,b]l94 #ahfc4 7,egypt1 ,babylon1 ,juda1 ,assyria1 ,india1 ,p]sia47 ,,dup]ron 7,,anquetil74 ,le ,z5dave/a4 ,p>is4 #agga4 #c vols4 7,zoroa/]47 ,,dutt 7,,%o%ee ,,*und]74 ,essays4 ,calcutta4 #ahed4 7,brahmanism47 ,,eb]s4 gypt5 und die ,b*] ,mosis4 #ahgj4 ,,ewald 7,,he9ri*74 ,ges*i*te des volkes ,israel 7! fir/ two volumes translat$ by ,russell ,m>t9eau74 ,gtt+54 #ahde-ahea4 7,juda47 ,,f>r> 7,f4 ,w474 ,families ( ,spee*4 ,london4 #ahgj4 ,,fau*e 7,,hippolyte74 ,le ,maha-,bh>ata1 traduit compltem5t du ,sanscrit en ,franais4 ,p>is4 #ahfc4 ------ ------ ,le ,ramayana1 traduit en ,franais4 ,p>is4 #ahfd4 7,brahmanism47 ,,f]gusson 7,,james74 ,! ,illu/rat$ ,h&book ( ,ar*itecture4 ,london4 #ahee4 ,,fri$lieb 7,j4 ,h474 ,die ,sibyll9is*5 ,weissagung54 ,leipzig4 #aheb4 7,rome47 ,,gob9eau4 ,les ,religions et les ,philosophies dans l',asie ,c5trale4 #ahff4 ,,g]h>d 7,,edu>d74 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 #c ,b&54 ,b]l94 #ahed4 7,greece47 ,,gibbon 7,,edw>d74 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,,grimm 7,,jacob74 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 ,dritte ,ausgabe4 ,gtt+54 #ahed4 7,g]many47 ,,grote 7,,george74 ,hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] & ,bro!rs4 #ahed4 7,greece47 ------ ------ ,plato & ! o!r ,companions ( ,socrates4 ,london3 ,murray4 #ahfg4 7,greece47 ,,h>dwick 7,,*>les74 ,*ri/ & o!r ,ma/]s4 ,london3 ,macmillan4 #ahfc4 7,juda1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,egypt1 ,p]sia47 ,,h>dy 7,r4 ,,sp5ce74 ,ea/]n ,mona*ism4 ,london3 ,p>tridge & ,oakey4 #ahej4 7,buddhism47 ------ ------ ,a ,manual ( ,buddhism 9 its ,mod]n ,developm5t4 ,london3 ,p>tridge & ,oakey4 #ahec4 7,buddhism47 ,,h>ivansa4 ,app5dix to ! ,mahabh>ata1 translat$ by ,langlois4 ,ori5tal ,translation ,fund4 ,london4 #ahcd4 7,india47 ,,h>tung1 7,j4 ,a474 ,die ,religion d] ,rm]4 ,erlang54 #ahcf4 ------ ------ ,die ,religion und ,my?ologie d] ,grie*54 ,leipzig4 #ahfe4 ,,haug 7,,m>t974 ,essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language1 ,writ+s1 & ,religion ( ! ,p>sees4 ,bombay4 #ahfb4 7,p]sia47 ,,h$ge 7,f4 ,h474 ,! ,primeval ,_w ( ,hebrew ,tradition4 ,bo/on3 ,rob]ts ,bro!rs4 #ahgj4 7,juda47 ,,he]5 7,a4 ,h4 ,l474 ,hi/orical ,rese>*es into ! ,polities1 ,int]c\rse1 & ,trade ( ! ,pr9cipal ,nations ( ,antiquity4 7,engli% translation47 ,ox=d4 #ahcc4 ,,hefft] 7,m4 ,w474 ,my?ologie d] ,grie*5 und ,rm]4 ,leipzig4 #ahed4 7,greeks & ,romans47 ,,h]odotus1 & o!r ,greek ,hi/orians4 7,greece47 ,,higg9son 7,,edw>d74 ,! ,_s ( ! ,bible4 ,london4 #ahfc4 7,juda47 ,hitopadsa4 ,translat$ by ,francis ,johnson4 ,london & ,h]t=d4 #ahdh4 7,india47 ,,huc 7,l',,abb ,,v>i/e ,,regis74 ,s\v5irs d'un voyage dans la ,t>t>ic1 le ,?ibet et la ,*9e p5dant les annes #ahdd1 #ahde1 et #ahdf4 ,p>is4 #aheb4 ------ ------ ,le ,*ri/ianisme en ,*9e4 7#aheg47 7,bo? ^! works h be5 translat$ into ,engli%47 7,buddhism47 ,,inman 7,f474 ,anci5t ,fai?s embodi$ 9 ,anci5t ,names4 #b vols4 ,london4 #ahfh4 ,,jones 7,sir ,,william74 ,works4 #ac vols4 #ahjg4 ,,juli5 7,m4 ,,/anislas74 ,memoires sur les contres occid5tales1 traduites du ,*9ois en ,francais4 ,p>is4 #aheg4 7,*9a47 ------ ------ ,le ,livre des ,recomp5ses et des ,pe9es4 ,p>is4 #ahce4 7,ori5tal ,translation ,fund47 7,*9a47 ------ ------ ,le ,tao-te ,k+1 le livre de la voie1 et de la v]tu1 p> le philosophe ,lao-tseu4 ,p>is4 #ahdb4 7,*9a47 ,,k5rick 7,,john74 ,anci5t ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs4 ,r$field4 ,new ,york4 #aheb4 ,,klauss5 7,r4 ,h474 ,a5eas und die ,p5at54 7,influ5ce ( ! ,greek ,religion on ,italian ,religions47 #ahci4 ,,kleuk] 7,,johann ,,fri$ri*74 ,anhang zum ,z5d-ave/a4 ,leipzig und ,riga4 #agha4 ------ ------ ,z5d-ave/a1 ,zoroa/]'s ,leb5diges ,wort4 ,riga4 #aggg4 7,f ! ,fr5* ( ,a4 ,du ,p]ron47 ,,knox 7,r474 ,! ,races ( ,m54 ,london4 #ahej4 ,,koepp5 7,c4 ,f474 ,die ,religion des ,buddha4 ,b]l94 #aheg4 ------ ------ ,die ,lamais*e hi]>*ie4 ,b]l94 #ahei4 ,,krem] 7,,alfr$ ,,von74 ,ges*i*te d] h]r*5d5 ,ide5 des ,islams4 ,leipzig4 #ahfh4 ,,kurtz 7,,fri$ri*74 ,allgeme9e ,my?ologie4 ,leipzig4 #ahfi4 ,,la+ 7,,samuel74 ,*ronicle ( ! ,k+s ( ,norway4 ,london3 ,longman4 #ahdd4 7,sc&9avia47 ,,l&se] 7,,john74 ,sabn ,rese>*es4 ,london4 #ahbc4 ,,lane 7,,edw>d ,,william74 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians4 #b vols4 #e? edition4 ,london4 #ahdh4 ------ ------ ,selections f ! ,kuran1 ) an int]wov5 ,comm5t>y4 ,london4 #ahdc4 ,,lanoye 7,f4 ,,de74 ,rameses ! ,great4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn]4 #ahgj4 7,egypt47 ,,lass5 7,c474 ,indis*e ,alt]?umskunde4 7#d ,b&e47 ,bonn4 #ahdg4 ,,la?am 7,r4 ,g474 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,v>ieties ( ,man4 ,london4 #ahej4 ,descriptive ,e?nology4 ,london4 #ahei4 ,,legge 7,,james74 ,! ,*9ese ,classics1 ) a ,translation1 ,critical & ,exegetical ,notes1 ,prolegom5a1 & copi\s ,indexes4 ,hongkong4 #ahfa-ahfe4 ,,l5ormant 7,,fran,,ois74 ,a ,manual ( ! ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/4 ,london3 ,a%] ,co4 #ahfi4 7,juda1 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,babylon1 ,p]sia1 ,pho5icia1 ,c>?age1 ,arabia47 ,,lepsius 7,,ri*>d74 ,lett]s f ,egypt1 ,e?iopia1 & ! ,p59sula ( ,s9ai4 ,london3 ,bohn4 #ahec4 7,egypt47 ------ ------ ,ub] die gott] d] vi] elem5te4 ,b]l94 #ahef4 7,egypt47 ------ ------ ,das ,todt5bu* d] gypt]4 ,leipzig4 #ahdb4 ,,lesley 7,j4 ,p474 ,man's ,orig9 & ,de/9y4 ,philadelphia3 ,lipp9cott ,co4 #ahfh4 7,egypt1 c47 ,,l9-,,le4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,ti-,p+ ,revolution4 ,london4 #ahff4 7,*9a47 ,,ma9e4 ,anci5t ,law4 ,london4 ,,malax 7,s4 ,c474 ,god 9 ,*9a4 ,%9 or ,%angte8 ,london 7no date74 ,,mackay 7,,rob]t ,,william74 ,! ,progress ( ! ,intellect z exemplifi$ 9 ! ,religi\s ,developm5t ( ! ,greeks & ,hebrews4 #b vols4 ,london4 #ahej4 ,,maury 7,l4 ,j4 ,,alfr$74 ,hi/oire des ,religions de la ,grce ,antique4 ,p>k4 #aheg4 7,greece47 ------ ------ ,croyance et l',antiquit4 ,p>is4 #ahfc4 ,,m>iette 7,a4 ,e474 ,*oix des ,monum5ts dec\v]ts p5dantle dblayem5t du ,srapeum de ,memphis4 ,p>is4 #ahef4 ------ ------ ,memoire sur le mre d',apis4 #ahef4 ,,mead[s 7,t4 ,,taylor74 ,! ,*9ese & _! ,rebellions4 #ahef4 7,*9a47 ,,milman 7,,h5ry ,,h>t74 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,london4 #ahce4 7,juda47 ------ ------ ,! ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4 #d? edition4 ,london4 #ahfg4 ,mohamm$an ,dyna/ies 9 ,spa94 ,ori5tal ,translation ,fund4 ,london4 #ahdj4 7,islam47 ,,momms5 7,,!odore74 ,romis*e ,ges*i*te4 #c;d edition4 ,b]l94 #ahfa4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,translat$ into ,engli%4 ,london4 #ahfb4 7,rome47 ,,muir 7,j474 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts on ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,religion & ,in/itutions ( ,india4 ,f\r p>ts4 ,williams & ,nordgate4 #aheg-ahfc4 ,,muir 7,w474 ,life ( ,mahomet & ,hi/ory ( ,islam to ! ,era ( ! ,hegira4 ,london4 #aheh4 ,,mull5s 7,rev4 ,,joseph74 ,! ,religi\s ,aspects ( ,h9du ,philosophy /at$ & discuss$4 ,london4 #ahfj4 ,m,,ll] 7,c4 ,,otttfri$74 ,anci5t ,art & its ,rema9s4 ,london3 ,bonn4 #aheb4 7,greece47 ,lit]ature ( ,anci5t ,greece4 ,london3 ,baldw94 #ahej4 7,greece47 ,die ,dori]4 ,breslau4 #ahbe4 ,translat$ into ,engli% by ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewis4 ,ox=d4 #ahcj4 ,,mull] 7,,max74 ,rig-,v$a ,sanhita1 translat$ & expla9$4 ,volume ,i4 ,hymns to ! ,m>uts1 or ,/orm ,gods4 ,london4 #ahfi4 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature4 #ahfj4 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op4 #ahgj4 ,m,,ll] 7,,wilhelm74 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] ,altdeuts*5 ,religion4 ,gott+54 #ahdd4 7,g]many47 ,,niebuhr4 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,london4 #aheb4 ,n,,ldeke 7,,!odor74 ,ges*iehte des ,quorn4 ,gott+54 #ahfj4 ,,nott 7,j4 ,c47 & ,,gliddon 7,geo4,r474 ,types ( ,mank9d4 ,philadelphia4 #ahed4 ,indig5\s ,races ( ! ,e>?4 ,philadelphia4 #aheg4 ,,ouv>(f 7,m474 ,essai sur les ,my/]es d',eleusis4 ,p>is4 #ahaf4 ,,palgrave 7,,william ,,gif=d74 ,a ,ye>'s ,j\rney ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia4 ,?ird edition4 #ahff4 ,london4 7,islam47 ,,pau?i] 7,g474 ,les ,livres sacres de l',ori5t 7conta9+ ! ,*\-k+1 ! f\r books ( ,confucius & ,m5cius1 ! ,laws ( ,manu1 & ! ,coran74 ,p>is4 #ahdc4 ,,p]ceval 7,,causs9 ,,de74 ,essai sur l',hi/oire des ,arabs1 avant ,islamisme1 p5dant l'poque de ,mahomet1 et jusqu' la rduction de t\tes les tribus s\s la loi ,mussalmane4 ,p>is4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #ahdg-dh4 7,islam47 ,,pick]+ 7,,*>les74 ,! ,races ( ,m54 ,bo/on4 #ahdf4 ,,pictet 7,a474 ,les ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1 on les ,aryas primitives4 ,p>is4 #ahei4 ,,pigott 7,,gr5ville74 ,a ,manual ( ,sc&9avian ,my?ology4 ,london3 ,pick]+4 #ahci4 ,,poole 7,,mrs474 ,engli%woman 9 ,egypt4 ,lett]s f ,cairo4 ,fir/ & ,second ,s]ies4 ,london1 republi%$ 9 ,philadelphia4 7,islam47 ,,prell] 7,l474 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie4 ,leipzig4 #ahed4 ,,priaulx 7,,osmond ,,de ,b474 ,qu/iones ,mosaic4 ,london4 #ahdb4 ,,pri*>d 7,,james ,,c[les74 ,! ,ea/]n ,orig9 ( ! ,celtic ,nations4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,g4 ,la?am4 ,london4 #aheg4 ,,pri*>d 7,j4 ,c47 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man4 ,london3 ,ballire4 #ahee4 7,egypt47 ,,pr9sep 7,,james74 ,essays on ,indian ,antiquities4 #b vols4 ,london4 #aheh4 ,,rapp 7,,adolph74 ,die ,religion und ,sitte d] ,p]s]4 #ahfe4 ,,rawl9son 7,,george74 ,h]odotus4 ,five ,great ,mon>*ies ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/]n ,_w4 ,london4 #ahfb-ahfh4 ,manual ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] & ,bro!rs4 #ahga4 7,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 etc47 ,,r5an 7,j4 ,e474 ,articles 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 tudes d',hi/oire religieuse4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 ,translat$ by ,o4 ,b4 ,fro?+ham4 ,new ,york4 #ahfd4 ,hi/oire gnrale et sy/mes comp>s des langues ,smitiques4 ,p>is4 #ahfc4 ,revue ,ar*ologique4 ,p>is 7conta9+ ! pr9cipal articles ( ,de ,r\g on ,egypt74 ,,rhode 7,j4 ,g474 ,die heilige ,sage und ,religions-,sy/em d] alt5 ,baktr]1 ,m$] und ,p]s]4 ,frankfurt am ,ma94 #ahbj4 ,,ritt] 7,,c>l74 ,! ,comp>ative ,geography ( ,pale/9e & ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula4 ,translat$ by ,william ,l4 ,gage4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahff4 7,judasa47 ,ritual ( ! ,buddhi/ ,prie/hood4 7,9 ,miscellane\s ,ori5tal ,translations47 ,ori5tal ,translation ,fund4 #ahcd4 ,,rixn] 7,t4 ,a474 ,haudbu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophic4 7#c vols47 #ahbi4 ,,rodwell 7,rev4 ,i4 ,m474 ,! ,coran1 translat$ f ! ,arabic4 ,! ,suras1 arrang$ 9 ,*ronological ,ord]4 ,london4 #ahfa4 ,r,,? 7,,edu>d74 ,die gyptis*e und die ,zoroa/ris*e ,glaub5slehre4 ,mannheim4 #ahdf4 ,,salvador 7,j474 ,hi/oire des ,in/itutions de ,moise4 ,p>is4 #ahfb4 7,juda47 ,,sa9t-,,hilaire 7,j4 ,,b>?,,lemy74 ,mahomet et le ,coran4 ,p>is4 #ahfe4 7,islam47 ,le ,b\ddha et sa religion4 ,p>is4 #ahfj4 7,buddhism47 ,,sale 7,,george74 ,! ,koran1 ) prelim9>y ,diss]tations4 ,philadelphia4 #ahcc4 7,islam47 ,snkhya ,krik1 ,!1 translat$ by ,colebrooke & ,wilson4 ,ori5tal ,translation ,fund4 #ahcg4 7,india47 ,,s*lag9tweit 7,,emil74 ,buddhism 9 ,?ibet4 ,leipzig & ,london4 #ahfc4 ,,s*lei*] 7,,augu/74 ,comp5dium d] v]glei*5d5 ,grammatik d] ,indo-,g]manis*5 ,spra*54 ,weim>4 #ahff4 ,,s*w5ck 7,,konrad74 ,die ,my?ologie d] ,rm]4 ,frankfurt am ,ma94 #ahdf4 7,rome47 ,die ,my?ologie d] gypt]4 ,frankfurt am ,ma94 #ahdf4 7,egypt47 ,,smi? 7,,william74 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 ,bo/on3 ,little1 ,br[n1 ,co4 #ahfj4 7,juda47 ,,smi? 7,lieut4-,col4 ,c4 ,h474 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,human ,species4 ,,spiegel 7,f474 ,ave/a1 die heilig5 s*rift5 d] p>s54 ,vi5na4 #ahfj1 #ahfc4 7,p]sia47 ,eran1 das ,l& zwis*5 dem ,indus und ,tigris4 ,comm5t> ub] das ,ave/a4 ,leipzig4 #ahfd4 7,p]sia47 ,,spr5g] 7,dr4 ,a474 ,das ,leb5 und die ,lehre des ,mohamm$4 ,b]l94 #ahfa4 7,islam47 ,,/anley 7,,ar?ur ,p474 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn]4 #ahfc4 7,juda47 ,,/ev5son 7,rev4 ,j47 ,translation ( ! ,sanhita ( ! ,sama-,v$a4 ,ori5tal ,translation ,fund4 #ahdb4 7,india47 ,,tacitus1 ,! ,works (4 7,rome & ,g]many47 ,,?orpe 7,,b5jam974 ,nor!rn ,my?ology4 ,london4 #ahea4 7,sc&9avia47 ,,t[nley 7,,james74 ,! ,reasons ( ! ,laws ( ,moses4 ,london4 #ahbg4 ,,turn\r 7,hon4 ,,geo474 ,! ,mahwanso1 ) an introductory ,essay on ,pli-,buddhi/ic ,lit]ature1 9 #b vols4 ,ceylon4 #ahcg4 ,,tzs*irn] 7,h4 ,g474 ,d] ,fall d] ,heid5?ums4 ,,upham 7,,edw>d74 ,sacr$ & ,hi/orical ,books ( ,ceylon4 #c vols4 #ahcc4 ,,urquh>t 7,d474 ,! ,_s ( ! ,ea/4 #b vols4 ,london4 #ahci4 ,,vamb,,ry4 ,travels 9 ,turki/an4 ,,wassiljew 7,w474 ,d] ,buddhismus1 se9e ,dogm51 ,ges*i*te1 und ,lit]atur4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 #ahfj4 ,,web] 7,,albre*t74 ,indis*e ,skizz54 ,b]l94 #aheg4 7,buddhism47 ,,weil 7,dr4 ,g474 ,mohamm$ d] ,prophet1 se9 ,leb5 und se9e ,lehre4 ,/uttg>t4 #ahdc4 ,,welck] 7,f4 ,g474 ,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre4 #c ,b&54 ,gtt+54 #aheg4 ,,we/cott 7,b4 ,a474 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,gospels4 ,bo/on4 #ahfb4 ,,we/]ga>d 7,n4 ,l474 ,ueb] ,buddha's ,todesjahr4 ,breslau4 #ahfb4 ,,:eel] 7,j4 ,,talboys74 ,hi/ory ( ,india f ! ,e>lie/ ,times4 ,london4 #ahfi4 ,,wilk9s 7,,*>les74 ,! ,bhagvat-,gheeta4 ,london4 #aghe4 ,,wilk9son 7,sir ,j4 ,,g>dn]74 ,! ,anci5t ,egyptians4 ,london3 ,murray4 #ahed4 #e vols4 #hvo4 7,egypt47 ,,williams 7,,moni]74 ,sakoontala1 or ! ,lo/ ,r+4 ,h]t=d4 #ahef4 ,,wilson 7,,&rew74 ,! ev]-victori\s ,army4 ,ed9burgh4 #ahfh4 7,*9a47 ,,wilson 7,,horace ,,hayman74 ,select ,works (4 ,london4 #ahfa4 ,conta9+ ,essays on ! ,religion ( ! ,h9doos4 #b vols4 ,essays on ,sanskrit ,lit]ature4 #c vols4 ,vis*nu ,purana4 #c vols4 #ahfa-ahff4 ,select ,specim5s ( ! ,!atre ( ! ,h9doos4 #c vols4 #ahbg4 ,rig-,v$a-,sanhita4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,sanskrit4 #d vols4 ,london4 #ahej-ahff4 ,,w9dis*mann 7,,fri$ri*74 ,ursag5 des ,aris*5 ,volk]4 ,muni*4 #ahec4 ,zoroa/ri*e ,/udi54 #ahfc4 b] das ,bunddehes*4 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft4 ,leipzig4 ,comm5c$ #ahdg4 ,,zell] 7,e474 ,! ,/oics4 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics 7,engli% translation74 ,london4 #ahgj4 ,index ( ,subjects ,treat$ 9 ?is ,"w4 ,a4 ,abraham1 s\rce ( ,hebrew mono!ism1 #djc4 8 inspiration1 #djc4 8 wor%ip ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 #djd4 8 native home at ! s\rce ( ! ,tigris1 #dje4 8 hi/oric "* & ev5ts ( 8 life1 #djf4 8 relation to ,mel*is$ek1 #djf4 "* ( 8 fai?1 #djh4 8 mono!ism imp]fect1 #djh4 ,adam ( ,brem51 8 acc\nt ( ,nor!rn ,*ri/ians1 #cid4 s*ylus1 big religi\s "*1 #bhd4 ,ans*>1 mission>y to ! ,sw$es1 #cic4 ,anton9us1 ,m4 ,aurelius1 8 religi\s "*1 #cdd4 ,apollo ,belv$]e1 9 ! ,vatican1 #bhi4 ,arabs1 !1 & ,arabia1 #deb4 )\t a hi/ory till ! 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( ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 #aci4 its wor%ip ( relics v anci5t1 #adj4 its s+ul> & beautiful ar*itecture1 #adj4 its %r9es = relics1 #ada4 its rock-cut temples & mona/]ies1 #ada4 _c h be5 copi$ f ,ca?olicism1 #ada4 its int]ior resemblance to ,prote/antism1 #adb4 its respect = human fre$om & human rights1 #adc4 its belief 9 ! capacity ( ! human intellect1 #add4 its mona/ic "*1 #add4 its expulsion f ,india1 #ade4 ! religion ( ! ,mongol nations1 #adf4 its scriptures & _! discov]y1 #adg4 ,buddhi/s1 _! g5]al c\ncils1 #aea4 _! mission>ies & mission>y _s1 #aea4 _! lead+ doctr9es1 #aec4 _! idea ( human developm5t & progress1 #aed4 _! f\r great tru?s1 #aee4 _! moral comm&m5ts1 #aef4 _! sy/em rational & humane1 #aef4 _! tol]ation1 #aeg4 _! b5evol5ce & hospitality1 #aeh4 _! wor%ip & ritual1 #aei4 _! doctr9es ( ,k>ma & ,nirvana1 #afa4 good & evil ( _! sy/em1 #afd4 _! doctr9e ( transmigration1 #afg4 h[ f> _! tea*+ resembles ,*ri/ianity1 #afg4 ,bundehes*1 op9ion ( ,w9dis*mann conc]n+ x1 #aid4 doctr9al sy/em (1 #aie4 ,burl+ame1 ,anson1 8 mission1 #gj4 ,c4 ,c>?ag9ians1 _! language a =m ( ,hebrew1 #djj4 ,ca?olic religi\s1 ?ree1 #ah4 tea* ! unity ( ,god1 #ah4 :i* h fail$ ( univ]sality1 #ai4 ,c]es1 ,lib]1 ,flora1 & ,pomona1 rural deities1 #ccj4 ,*aldees ( ,ur1 same z mod]n ,curds1 #dje4 ,*&ragupta1 contempor>y ( ,alex&]1 #hf4 ,*]ubim1 its d]ivation f ! ,sph9x1 #beb4 ,*9ese civilization1 its peculi>ities1 #cb4 prose ( ,asia1 #cb4 its antiquity1 #cc4 its grotesque "*1 #cf4 ,*9ese empire1 its size1 #cc4 hi/ory comm5ces1 #cd4 language1 #cd4 wall & canals1 #cd4 artesian wells1 #cd4 inoculation1 bronze money1 m>9]'s compass1 gunp[d]1 #ce4 art ( pr9t+1 & libr>ies1 #ce4 p possess fre$om 7note71 #cg4 gov]nm5t bas$ on education1 #ch4 mon>*y a family1 #ch4 gov]nm5t a lit]>y ari/ocracy1 #ch4 civil-s]vice exam9ations1 #ci4 public bo>ds & _! duties1 #db4 vic]oys1 or gov]nors ( prov9ces1 #db4 agriculture c>ri$ to p]fection1 #dc4 ,k+s1 or sacr$ books1 #dg4 philosophy 9 its lat] developm5ts1 #eb4 doctr9e ( ! gr& extreme1 #eb4 doctr9e ( ,yang & ,y91 or ! positive & negative ess5ces1 #eb4 doctr9e ( holy m51 #ec4 p1 _! amiable "*1 #ei4 describ$ by ,lieut5ant ,=bes1 #ei4 describ$ by ,du ,halde1 #fj4 describ$ by ,mead[s1 #fj4 treatm5t ( woman1 #fa4 ,*ri/ian apologi/s1 _! errors1 #d4 h reg>d$ mo/ religions z human inv5tions1 #d4 h consid]$ !m z debas+ sup]/itions1 #d4 ,*ri/ianity adapt$ to ! ,nor!rn races1 #cie4 a pl]oma1 or fulness ( life1 #dib4 an inclusive sy/em1 n exclusive1 #dic4 summ>y ( its relation to o!r religions1 #did4 a religion ( progress1 #ejg4 a religion ( univ]sal unity1 #ejh4 has ! p[] ( cont9u$ progress1 #bi4 9 its v>i\s developm5ts1#bi4 meets ! positive & negative side3 ( ,brahmanism1 #bd4 ( ,buddhism1 #be4 ( ,confucius1 #bf4 ( ,zoroa/]1 #bf4 ( ,egypt1 #bg4 ( ,greece1 #bh4 ,cic]o1 8 "w ,de ,natura ,deorum1 #cda4 on ! spee* ( ,cs>1 #cdb4 ,circumcision1 its orig9 & ext5t1 #bea4 ,clean!s1 ! ,/oic1 8 hymn1 #bhe4 ,comp>ative ,philology1 its discov]ies1 #hf4 ,!ology ei!r analytical or syn!tical1 #b4 its relation to ,comp>ative ,geography1 #b4 its relation to human progress1 #b4 mu/ d ju/ice to all religions1 #c4 is /ill 9 its infancy1 #c4 is a sci5ce1 #c4 w furni% new evid5ce to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ac4 w %[ ,*ri/ianity to be a ca?olic religion1 adapt$ to all races1 #ae4 w %[ ,*ri/ianity to be all-sid$1 #ba4 w %[ ,*ri/ianity capable ( progress1 #bi4 9 its probable results1 #cj4 ,confucius1 8 bir? & ance/ors1 #dd1 #de4 8 influ5ce1 #dd1 #de4 ev5ts ( 8 life1 #de1 #df4 edits ! sacr$ books1 or ,k+s1 #dg4 8 own writ+s1 #dg4 8 ,table-,talk1 extracts f1 #dh1 #di4 _h a l>ge organ ( v5]ation1 #ej4 _h great en]gy & p]si/5cy1 #ea4 8 books di/ribut$ by tract societies1 #ea4 "o ?\s& six hundr$ & sixty temples erect$ to 8 memory1 #ea4 defects 9 8 doctr9e1 #eh4 8 sy/em comp>$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 #ei4 good influ5ce ( 8 tea*+s1 #eh4 ,conv]sion ( ! ,g]man races to ,*ri/ianity1 #cij4 ,cudwor? & ! ,platoni/s h def5d$ ! ,greek philosoph]s1 #e4 ,d4 ,david1 8 life & epo* 9 human hi/ory1 #dbb4 8 great milit>y successes1 #dbb4 8 prud5ce & sagacity 9 affairs1 #dbc4 a man ( g5ius1 poet1 musician1 #dbe4 ,book ( ,psalms a record ( 8 life1 #dbe4 8 ,psalms (t5 rise to ! level ( ,*ri/ianity1 #dbf4 ,decay ( ! ,roman religion1 #cci4 ,d5m>k & ,norway conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 #cib4 ,devil1 !1 9 ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 #dih4 ,div9ation1 ,cic]o speaks conc]n+1 #cci-cda4 ,doctr9al influ5ce ( ! ,egyptian religion on ,*ri/ianity1 #beh4 ,d[nfall ( ,g]man hea!nism1 #cia4 ,druids & ,scalds1 #cee4 ,duad1 !1 9 all religions1 #cif4 ,dualism or mono!ism ! doctr9e ( ! ,ave/a1 #bjc4 ( ! ,sc&9avian sy/em1 #chd4 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #dif4 ,dup]ron1 ,anquetil1 8 zeal = sci5ce1 #agh4 discov]s ! ,ave/a 9 ,india1 #agi ,e4 ,ecclesia/es1 a wond]ful description ( utt] despair1 #dce4 ,eddas1 !1 *ief s\rce ( our k ( ! e>ly ,sc&9avians1 #cfc4 eld]1 or poetic1 describ$1 #cfd4 its au?or1 ,smund1 #cfd4 prose1 by ,snorro ,/urteson1 #cfi4 its cont5ts1 #cfi4 its acc\nt ( creation1 #cgj4 its acc\nt ( ! gods & giants1 #cga4 /ory ( ,baldur1 #cgb4 adv5tures ( ,?or1 #cgd4 consummation ( all ?+s1 #cge4 ,egyptian *ronology1 its unc]ta9ty1 #bca4 op9ions ( ,egyptologi/s conc]n+1 #bca1 #bcb4 po9t ( contact ) t ( ! ,hebrews1 #bcc4 ,egyptian civilization1 its ext5t1 #bji4 ar*itecture1 its *>act]i/ics1 #bji4 k ( arts1 #baj4 love = mak+ records1 #baj4 mural pa9t+s 9 tombs1 #baj4 sph9xes discov]$ by ,m>ietta1 #baj4 mummies1 _! anatomy1 #bcg4 religion1 its influ5ce on ,judaism1 #bej its influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity1 #bec4 its triads1 #bed4 ,egyptians1 anci5t1 _! great int]e/ 9 religion1 #bad4 _! gods on ! olde/ monum5ts1 #bae4 liv$ 9 ord] to wor%ip1 #bae4 numb] ( _! fe/ivals1 #baf4 _! prie/s1 #bag4 _! doctr9e ( immortality1 #bah4 _! ritual ( ! dead1 #bai4 _! fun]al c]emonies1 #bbj4 _! dome/ic & social virtues1 #bba4 specim5 ( _! hymns1 #bbb1 #bbc4 my/]i\s "* ( _! !ology1 #bbc4 s\rces ( our k conc]n+1 #bbd4 mod]n works ^u 7note71 #bbe4 _! doctr9e ( transmigration 7note71 #bbf4 _! animal wor%ip1 #bbg4 _! t5d5cy to nature-wor%ip1 #bbi4 _! orig91 #bcj-bcf4 ,epictetus1 8 view ( religion1 #cdc4 ,epicureans1 believ$ 9 ,god1 b n 9 religion1 #big4 ,ess5tial idea ( ,brahmanism1 #ba4 ( ,buddhism1 #ba4 ( ,confucius1 #bb4 ( ,zoroa/]1 #bb4 ( ,egypt1 #bc4 ( ,greece1 #bd4 ,e?nic religions1 def9$1 #ae4 mo/ religions are su*1 #ae4 relat$ to e?nology1 #ae4 limit$ to races1 #ag4 ,euripides1 8 trag$y anti-religi\s1 #bhe4 ,f4 ,faunus1 an old ,italian god1 #ccj4 ,f5rir1 ! wolf1 h[ he 0 fa/5$1 #chb4 ,feudal sy/em1 its ess5tial "*1 #cia4 ,flam5s1 prie/s ( p>ticul> deities1 #ccf4 ,fontus1 god ( f\nta9s1 #cbh4 ,frey1 & 8 daught] ,freyja1 #cgi4 ,g4 ,geig]1 ,sw$i% hi/ory quot$1 #ceg4 ,g5ius1 a ,roman god1 #cbi4 ,g]man races ess5tially ,prote/ant1 #cie4 ,g]man tribes conv]t$ by ,arian mission>ies1 #ejf4 ,gods ( ,egypt1 ! ?ree ord]s (1 #bci4 names ( ! fir/ ord]1 #bci4 "* ( ! fir/ ord]1 #bdj4 significant ( ! div9e unity1 #bdb4 second ord] (1 _! human qualities1 #bdc4 ?ird ord] (1 ! ,osiris gr\p1 #bdb4 ,gods ( ,greece be=e ,hom]1 #bgj4 olde/ 7 ! ,uranids1 #bgj4 second race (1 ! ,titans1 #bga4 ?ird race (1 ! ,olympians1 #bga4 ! olde/ 7 gods ( ! elem5ts1 #bgb4 wor%ipp$ by ! ,dorians1 7 ,apollo & ,artemis1 #bgd4 local di/ribution (1 #bge4 fir/ symbolical1 aft]w>d p]sonal1 #bgf4 9 ,hesiod & ,hom]1 #bgg4 poetic "* (1 #bgi4 9 ,hom] v human be+s1 #bhj4 z describ$ by ! lyric poets1 #bhc4 z describ$ by ! trag$ians1 #bhd4 z unfold$ by ! arti/s1 #bhf4 z se5 9 ! works ( ,phidias1 #bhg4 z describ$ by ! philosoph]s1 #bia4 h[ relat$ to ,*ri/ianity1 #caj4 ,gods ( ! ,v$as are ! evil spirits ( ! ,ave/a1 #bjb4 ,greece1 its physical geography1 #bei4 its m\nta9s1 climate1 & soil1 #bfj4 its language ak9 to ,sanskrit1 #bfa4 its p an ,aryan race1 #bfb4 fir/ inhabit$ by ! ,pelasgians1 #bfb4 aft]w>d receiv$ ! ,dorians1 #bfd4 influ5c$ p[]fully by ,egypt1 #bfe4 ,greek my/]ies1 d]iv$ f ,asia & ,egypt1 #cjb4 gods ( belong to ! und]world1 #cjb4 ali5 to ! ,greek m9d1 #cjc4 ,eleus9ian1 9 honor ( ,c]es1 #cje4 9 honor ( ,bac*us1 d]iv$ f ,india1 #cje4 ,orphic1 & _! doctr9es1 #cjf4 religion1 an ess5tially human religion1 #bff4 its gods1 m5 & wom51 #bfg4 has no f\nd] or re/or] or prie/hood1 #bfg4 its gods evolv$1 n emanations1 #bfh4 its fre$om & hil>ity1 #bfi4 z view$ by ,paul1 #cjh4 z reg>d$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 #cab4 & philosophy1 a prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity1 #cac4 wor%ip1 sacrifices1 pray]s1 & fe/ivals1 #big4 9 e>ly times1 #bih4 _h num]\s fe/ivals1 #bii4 connect$ ) augurs & oracles1 #cjj4 ,gylfi1 delud+ (1 9 ! ,edda1 #cfi4 ,h4 ,h>uspices1 d]iv$ f ,etruria1 #cch4 ,havamal1 or prov]bs ( ! ,sc&9avians1 #cff4 ,hea!n religions mu/ conta9 m tru? ?an error1 #f4 _c h be5 human inv5tions1 #f4 mu/ conta9 "s revolution f ,god1 #h4 h[ view$ by ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 #i4 h[ treat$ by ,paul at ,a!ns1 #aj4 h[ reg>d$ by ! e>ly apologi/s1 #ab4 ,heimdall1 w>d] ( ! gods1 #chj4 ,h]d]1 8 description ( ,david1 #dbe4 ,hesiod1 8 acc\nt ( ! ?ree gr\ps ( gods1 #bgj4 ,h9doo ,epics1 ,ramayana & ,mahabh>ata1 #abh4 !y ref] to ! "t succe$+ ! ,v$ic age1 #abh4 compos$ be=e ! "t ( ,buddhism1 #abi4 ,h9doos1 antagonisms ( _! "*1 #hb4 acute 9 speculations1 b sup]/iti\s1 #hb4 unite luxury & asceticism1 #hb4 t5d to idealism & religi\s spiritualism1 #hc4 _! doctr9e ( ,maya1 #hd4 ,h9doo ye>1 cal5d> (1 #acb4 beg9s 9 ,april1 a sacr$ mon?1 #acb4 ,holy ( ,holies1 9 ! ,egyptian & ,jewi% temples1 #beb4 ,hom] 8 description ( ! gods1 #bhj4 ,horace1 8 view ( religion1 #cdf4 ,hykss1 con/itute ! middle mon>*y1 #bcb4 expell$ f ,egypt aft] five hundr$ ye>s1 #bcc4 ,hebrews 9 ,egypt dur+ _! asc5d5cy1 #bcd1 #bce4 or ,%eph]d ,k+s 9 ,egypt1 #bac4 a ,semitic p f ,asia1 #bcb4 conqu]$ ,l[] ,egypt ,b4,c4 #bjjj1 #bcc4 ,hyndla1 song (1 extracts f1 #cff4 ,i4 ,icel&]s conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 #cid4 ,inc>nation1 ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 #bh4 ,india1 always a l& ( my/]y1 #ha4 ov]run by conqu]ors1 #ha4 ,inf9ite & f9ite elem5ts 9 ,brahmanism & ,*ri/ianity1 #acg4 ,inju/ice done to e?nic religions1 #d4 ,inspiration1 its orig9 9 ! intuitive faculty1 #dci4 ,isis & ,osiris1 _! leg5d1 f ,plut>*1 #bdd4 explanations ( _! my?1 #bdf4 id5tifi$ ) ! fir/ & second ord]1 #bdh4 ,j4 ,janus1 "o ( ! olde/ ( ,roman gods1 #cbb4 presid$ ov] beg9n+s & end+s1 #cbb4 invok$ be=e o!r gods1 #cbb4 8 temple op5 9 w>1 clos$ 9 peace1 #cbb4 believ$ by ,creuz] to h an ,indian orig91 #cbc4 has 8 *ief fea/ 9 ,janu>y1 #cbc4 a ,sab9e god on ,m\nt ,janiculum1 #cbc4 ,jews1 a ,semitic race1 #cii4 ,job1 its gr&eur ( ?\ght & expression1 #dch4 ,jones1 ,sir ,william1 8 life & works1 #gh4 progress s9ce 8 "t1 #hj4 ,judaism1 a prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity1 #ddd4 mono!i/ic aft] ! captivity1 #ddd4 influ5c$ by ,greek philosophy1 #ddd4 its process ( developm5t1 #dde4 at fir/ *ildlike & n>r[1 #ddf4 ! se$ ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ddf4 ,juno1 que5 ( heav51 & female ,jupit]1 #cbd4 goddess ( womanhood1 #cbd4 h] *ief fea/ ! ,matronalia 9 ,m>*1 #cbd4 h] mon? ( ,june favorable = w$lock1 #cbe4 ,jupit]1 d]iv$ 8 "n f ! ,sanskrit1 #cbd4 _h _m temples 9 ,rome1 #cbd4 god ( ! wea!r1 ( /orm1 ( lightn+1 #cbd4 ,k4 ,k+s1 ,*9ese1 names & numb]1 #dg4 tea* a p]sonal ,god1 #eg4 republi%$ by ,confucius1 #dg4 ,l4 ,language ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 #bcf4 ,lao-tse1 f\nd] ( ,tao-ism1 #ej1 #eb4 call$ a dragon by ,confucius1 #ea4 ?ree =ms ( 8 doctr9e1 #ed4 ,l>es1 gods ( home1 #cbh4 ,loki1 ! god ( cunn+1 #cha4 ,l[] ,egypt1 gods wor%ipp$ 91 #bdh4 ,lucretius1 8 view ( religion1 #cdc4 ,luna1 ! moon1 a ,sab9e deity1 #cbg4 ,lu/rations1 or great acts ( atonem5t1 #cch4 ,m4 ,magna ,mat]1 a =eign wor%ip at ,rome1 #ccj4 ,ma9e1 8 "w on anci5t law quot$1 #cea4 ,mann1 laws (1 :5 writt51 #ajj4 acc\nt ( ,creation1 #aja4 dignity ( ! ,brahmans1 #ajc4 importance ( ! ,gayat>i1 #ajd4 acc\nt ( ! twice-born man1 #aje4 description ( ascetic duties1 #ajf4 ! an*orite describ$1 #ajg4 duties ( ! rul] describ$1 #aji4 crimes & p5alties describ$1 #aaj4 ! law ( ca/es describ$1 #aaj4 p5ance & expiation describ$1 #aaj4 respect = c[s enjo9$1 #aaa4 transmigration & f9al beatitude1 #aab4 ,m>itime "* ( ! ,sc&9avians1 #cfa4 ,m>s1 orig9ally an agricultural god1 #ccj4 ,mat]ialism 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 d]iv$ f ,egypt1 #bef4 ,mat] ,matuta1 ,lat9 goddess ( ! dawn 7note71 #cbe1 #cbg4 ,mel*is$ek1 k+ ( ju/ice & k+ ( peace1 #djg4 ,m9]va1 h] "n d]iv$ f an ,etruscan ^w1 #cbe4 goddess ( m5tal activity1 #cbe4 "o ( ! ?ree deities ( ! capitol1 #cbe4 ,mission>y "w ( ,*ri/ianity1 :y *eck$1 #ejf4 ,moabite inscription 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 #djj4 ,mohamm$1 rec5t works conc]n+1 #ddh4 lives (1 by ,muir1 ,spr5g]1 ,weil1 & o!rs1 #ddi4 essays on 8 life by ,babador1 #dej4 prophecies (1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #dea4 liv$ a private life = =ty ye>s1 #ded4 8 e>ly religi\s t5d5cies1 #ded4 8 inspirations1 #ded4 8 biography 9 ! ,koran1 #dee4 8 "m's dea?1 #def4 8 fir/ conv]ts1 #deg4 protect$ by 8 tribe1 #deh4 8 tempor>y relapse1 #dfj4 & 8 foll[]s p]secut$1 #dfa4 8 fir/ tea*+ a modifi$ ,judaism1 #dfc4 8 dep>ture to ,m$9a ) 8 foll[]s1 #dfd4 *ange 9 8 "* aft] ! ,hegira1 #dfe4 9 8 la/ t5 ye>s a political lead]1 #dfg4 ,goe!'s view ( 8 "*1 #dfh4 8 cruel treatm5t ( ! ,jews1 #dfi4 8 num]\s wives1 #dgj4 8 dea? & "*1 #dga4 ,mohamm$anism1 its special int]e/1 #ddh4 its ess5tial doctr9e ! absolute unity ( ,god1 #dgb4 its tea*+ conc]n+ ! ,bible & ,koran1 #dgb4 does n recognize human bro!rhood1 #dgc4 among ! ,turks1 its "*1 #dgc4 promotes religi\s feel+1 #dgd4 inspires c\rage & resignation1 #dgd4 9 ,pale/9e1 describ$ by ,miss ,rog]s1 #dge4 9 ,c5tral ,arabia1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,palgrave1 #dgh4 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 describ$ by ,m4 ,vambry1 #dgg4 9 ,p]sia1 describ$ by ,c\nt ,gobmeau1 #dgg4 9 ,egypt1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,lane1 #dgg4 9 ,turkey1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,mac,farlane1 #dgh1 #dhd4 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 describ$ by ,b>? & ,bl]zey1 #dgg1 #dhe4 its "* giv5 by ,m4 ,r5an1 #dhe4 its mono!ism l[] ?an t ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 #dha4 does n conv]t ! ,aryan races1 #ejj4 pure f ,poly!ism1 #ejb4 has a t5d5cy to ca?olicity1 #ejc4 a relapse to a l[] /& po9t1 #dhc4 summ>y ( its good & evil influ5ce1 #dhd4 ,mono!ism 7or ,dualism71 ! doctr9e ( ! ,ave/a1 #bjc4 ,montesquieu quot$1 #ceg4 ,moses1 8 hi/oric "*1 #dji4 describ$ by ,/rabo 7note71 #daj4 8 natural g5ius & temp]am5t1 #daa4 8 sev5ty & t5d]ness1 #dab4 8 s5se ( ju/ice embodi$ 9 law1 #dab4 8 object to tea* ! hol9ess ( ,god1 #dac4 defects ( 8 "*1 #dac4 "* ( 8 mono!ism1 #dad4 8 mono!ism describ$ by ,/anley 7note71 #dad4 8 an?ropomorphic view ( ,god1 #dae4 8 acqua9tance ) ,egyptian le>n+1 #daf4 nature ( 8 inspiration1 #dag4 political fre$om secur$ to ! ,jews by 8 law1 #dah4 object ( 8 c]emonial law1 #dbj4 ,my?ology ( ,sc&9avia & t ( ,zoroa/] comp>$1 #chd4 ,n4 ,names ( our week-days ,sc&9avian1 #ceh4 ,neptunus1 orig9 ( ! "n1 #cbh4 ,ne/orian inscription 9 ,*9a1 #ga-gh4 ,njord1 rul] ( ! w9ds1 #cgh4 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,europe comp>$1 #cei4 ,nor?m5 9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,greece1 #chi4 ,numb] ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! _w1 #adf4 ( ,buddhi/s 9 ! _w1 #adf4 ( ,jews 9 ! _w1 #adf4 ( ,mohamm$ans 9 ! _w1 #adf4 ( ,brahmans1 #adf4 ,nyaya1 sy/em ( philosophy1 assumes ?ree pr9ciples1 #abb4 sy/em ( philosophy1 describ$ by ,ban]jea1 #abc4 ,o4 ,od91 or ,all-fa!r1 elde/ ( ! sir1 #cgg4 corresponds to ,ormazd1 #che4 8 fe/ival 9 ! spr+1 #chf4 ,opa1 goddess ( ! h>ve/1 #ccj4 ,p4 ,pales1 a rural god1 #ccj4 ,pale/9e1 or ! l& ( ! ,phili/9es1 #cig4 resembles ,greece & ,switz]l&1 #cig4 its m\nta9\s "*1 #cig4 a small c\ntry1 #cih4 its m\nta9s & valleys1 #cii4 ,palgrave1 note giv+ an extract f 8 book1 #dhf4 ,papacy1 m$ival1 good done by x1 #cej4 a reproduction ( ! ,roman /ate religion1 #cej4 ,p>s religion1 its influ5ce on ,judaism1 #bje4 its influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity1 #bjd4 tea*es a k+dom ( heav51 #bjg4 /ill cont9ues 9 ,p]sia & ,india1 #bjh4 ,p>!non1 !1 temple ( ,m9]va1 describ$1 #bij4 ,p5ates1 gods ( home1 #cbh4 ,p]sepolis1 ru9s ( ! palace ( ,x]xes at1 #agj4 inscriptions ( ,d>ius & ,x]xes at1 #agj4 tombs ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia at1 #agd4 ,ph>isees1 ,sadducets1 & ,ess5ei1 #ddd4 ,phidias1 8 /atue ( ,jupit] describ$1 #bhh4 ,phili/9es1 probably ,pelasgi f ,crete1 #dba4 ,philosophy1 e>ly ,greek1 #bia4 ,greek1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #bia4 9 ,italy1 #bib4 ,phnicians1 _! language a =m ( ,hebrew1 #djj4 ,plato h>monizes realism & idealism1 #bic4 8 philosophy completes t ( ,socrates1 #bid4 8 me?od t ( transc5d5talism1 #bid4 8 idea ( ,god pure & high1 #bie4 ,*ri/ian elem5t 91 #bie4 ,pl9y1 ! eld]1 8 view ( religion1 #cde4 ,pres5t "w1 an essay1 or attempt1 #a4 companson ( religions its object1 #a4 ,prophecy1 a modification ( inspiration1 #dch4 ,prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 m5 ( action1 #ddj4 politicians & con/itutional lawy]s1 #ddj4 pref]r$ ! moral law to c]emonial1 #dda4 describ$ by ,dean ,/anley1 #dda4 _! inspiration came ?r\gh a common human faculty1 #ddb4 _! pr$ictions n always realiz$1 #ddc4 _! =esight ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ddc4 develop$ ,judaism to its highe/ po9t1 #ddc4 ,prov]bs1 ,book (1 9 ! ,edda1 #cfe4 ,pontiffs1 _! au?ority1 #ccf4 ,positivism1 its law ( progress exam9$1 #dhi4 ,puranas1 !1 mu* read by ! common p1 #acj4 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ,vis*nu1 #aca4 extol ! p[] ( p5ances1 #acb4 ideas ^? ( ! epics1 #acb4 _! philosophy t ( ! ,sunkhya1 #acb4 ,r4 ,ramses ,,ii4 a p[]ful k+ ,b4,c4 #adjj1 #bcc4 suppos$ to be ! same z ,seso/ris1 #bcd4 bir? ( ,moses dur+ 8 reign1 #cce4 ,recognition ( ,god 9 nature1 be/ elem5t ( ,egyptian religion1 #beg4 ,relation ( ! religion ( ! ,ave/a to ! ,v$as1 #bja4 ,results ( ! survey ( t5 religions1 #dhi4 9 reg>d to _! resemblance & diff]5ce1 #dij4 ,resemblance ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic c]emonies to ^? ( ,pagan ,rome1 #cej4 ,roman cal5d>1 describ$1 #ccb4 ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 tea*es an exclusive spiritualism1 #adc4 is em95tly a sacrificial sy/em1 #adc4 its mona/ic sy/em an includ$ ,prote/antism1 #ade4 ,roman deities adopt$ f ,greece1 #cbf4 manufactur$ by ! pontiffs1 #cbf4 repres5t+ ! p[]s ( nature1 #cbg4 repres5t+ human relations1 #cbh4 presid+ ov] rural occupations1 #ccj4 d]iv$ f ! ,etruscans1 #cbg4 empire gave to ,*ri/ianity its outw>d =m 7note71 #cej4 unit$ ! sev]al /ates ( ,europe1 #cej4 law1 its influ5ce on ,we/]n !ology1 #cea4 legal notions transf]r$ to !ology1 #ceb4 m9d1 want+ 9 spontaneity1 #caf4 s]i\s1 practical1 h>d1 #caf4 religion1 an e/abli%$ *ur*1 #cag4 reg>d$ *iefly ext]nal conduct1 #cag4 tol]ant ( que/ions ( op9ion1 #cag4 n a m]e copy f ,greece1 #cah4 describ$ by ,hegel1 #cah4 describ$ by ,cic]o1 #cag-cai4 describ$ by ,momms51 #cai4 a poly!ism1 ) mono!ism beh9d x1 #cbj4 deifi$ all ev5ts1 #cba4 ,romans1 z a race1 :5ce d]iv$1 #cai4 belong to ! ,aryan family1 #cai4 compos$ ( ,lat9s1 ,sab9es1 & ,etruscans1 #cbj4 relat$ to ! ,pelasgi & ,celts1 #cbj4 _! olde/ deities1 ,lat91 ,sab9e1 & ,etruscan1 #cbj4 ,roman sepul*ral monum5ts1 _! tone1 #cdf4 ,roman ?\ght & ,roman religion oppos$1 #cdb4 ,roman wor%ip1 v elaborate & m9ute1 #cca4 full ( fe/ivals1 #cca4 di/+ui%$ betwe5 ?+s sacr$ & pr(ane1 #cca4 a yoke on ! public life ( ! ,romans1 #ccd4 direct$ by ! ,college ( ,pontiffs1 #ccd4 *ief seat 9 ! ,via ,sacra1 #cce4 gov]n$ by etiquette1 #cce4 orig9ally free f idolatry1 #ccf4 act$ l a *>m1 #cdj4 ,rome1 anci5t1 its legacy to ,*ri/ianity1 #cec4 ,runes1 ,od9's song (1 9 ! ,edda1 #cfh4 ,s4 ,salii1 anci5t prie/s ( ,m>s1 #ccf4 ,snkhya philosophy1 #aad4 f\nd$ on two pr9ciples1 #abj4 consid]$ a!i/ic1 #abj4 ! basis ( ,buddhism1 #aba4 a v anci5t sy/em1 #abb4 ,saturnus1 ,saturn1 god ( plant+1 #ccj4 ,sc&9avia1 consi/+ ( :at regions1 #ceh4 surr\nd$ by ! sea1 #ceh4 its adaptation to ! ,teutonic race1 #cei4 =m]ly inhabit$ by ! ,cimbri1 #cfj4 ! home ( ! ,nor?m51 #cfa4 ,sc&9avian religion1 a sy/em ( dualism1 #cfb4 w> its ess5tial idea1 #cfb4 its virtues1 tru?1 ju/ice1 c\rage1 #cfb4 ,sc&9avians1 _! e>ly hi/ory1 #cee4 describ$ by ,cs>1 #cee4 describ$ by ,tacitus1 #cef4 a bran* ( ! great ,g]man family1 #ceg4 _! language1 ! ,norse & its d]ivatives1 #ceg4 our inh]itance f1 #ceh4 _! mann]s & in/ituti\s1 #chg4 _! respect = wom51 #chh4 _! ,scalds1 or b>ds1 #chh4 _! m>itime exp$itions1 #chi4 ,sea-,k+s ( ,norway1 _! discov]ies1 #cfa4 ,seat ( ! ,sc&9avian race1 #cee4 ,secrecy1 ! evil 9 ,egyptian religion1 #beg4 ,semitic races1 _! "* & exploits1 #cii4 great navigators & discov]]s1 #cii4 id5tity ( _! languages1 #djj4 nations ( :i* !y consi/1 #cii4 _! religion & gods1 #dja4 _! t5d5cy to mono!ism1 #djb4 ,s5eca1 8 view ( religion1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,s]apis1 ! same z ,osiris-,apis1 #beg4 ,sibyll9e books1 d]iv$ f ,greece1 #ccf4 ,siculi1 suppos$ to be ,kelte 7note71 #cbj4 ,silvanus1 god ( ! woods1 #ccj4 ,siva1 does n appe> 9 ! ,v$as1 #abe4 wor%ipp$ ) ,brahma & ,vis*nu at ! pres5t "t1 #abg4 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,puranas1 #acb4 girls wor%ip him ) fl[]s1 #acb4 8 wife ,doorga1 fe/ival (1 #acd4 m5 sw+ on hooks 9 honor (1 #ace4 ,solomon1 & ! relapse ( ,judaism1 #dbh4 a less int]e/+ "* ?an ,david1 #dbi4 8 unscrupul\s policy1 #dbi4 ! spl5dor & p[] ( 8 reign1 #dcj4 8 alliances ) ,egypt1 ,pho5icia1 & ,arabia1 #cda4 8 temple describ$1 #dcb4 8 ,book ( ,prov]bs & its "*1 #dcc4 acc\nt ( 8 la/ days1 #dcd4 8 scepticism describ$ 9 ,ecclesia/es1 #dce4 ,socrates1 8 "* & "w1 #bic4 ,sol1 ! sun1 a ,sab9e deity1 #cbg4 ,soma plant ( ! ,v$a1 ! ,hama1 #bjb4 ,sophocles1 ! mo/ dev\t ( ! ,greek trag$ians1 #bhd4 ,spiritualism1 9 ,brahmanism & ,*ri/ianity1 #acf4 ,/oics1 z describ$ by ,zell]1 #bif4 ,t4 ,tacitus1 ! _s ( 8 writ+s1 #cdf4 ,tae-,p+ 7or ,ti-,p+7 insurrection1 its orig91 #fb4 its lead] ! heav5ly pr9ce1 #fb4 ess5tially a religi\s movem5t1 #fd4 bas$ on ! ,bible1 #fe4 ,tae-,p+s 7or ,ti-,p+s71 _! pray]s1 #fe4 _! public religi\s ex]cises1 #ff4 _! moral re=ms1 #fh4 put d[n by ,briti% int]v5tion1 #fh4 wor%ipp$ "o ,god1 & believ$ 9 ,jesus1 #fi4 ,talmud1 !1 extracts f1 #dde4 ,tao-te-k+1 its doctr9es describ$1 #ed4 resembles ! sy/em ( ,hegel1 #ed4 its doctr9e ( opposites1 #ee4 its resemblance to ,buddhism1 #ee4 its t5d5cy to magic1 #ef4 ,tellus1 ! e>?1 a ,roman god1 #ccj4 ,tempe/ates1 ! tempe/s1 wor%ipp$ at ,rome1 #cbg4 ,t]m9us1 an old ,italian god1 #ccj4 ,?ree classes ( ,roman gods1 #cbe4 ,tib]9us1 or fa!r ,tib]1 a ,roman god1 #cbh4 ,?+s1 or popul> assemblies ( ! ,sc&9avians1 #ceh4 ,?or1 8 "* & pr[ess1 #cgg4 8 fam\s mallet1 #cgh4 8 j\rney to ,jotunheim1 #cgd4 8 fight ) ! ,midg>d s]p5t1 #cgf4 ,triad1 ! ,h9doo1 its orig91 #abd4 comp>$ ) o!r ,triads1 #abd4 ,tr9ity1 ,*ri/ian1 d]iv$ f ,egypt1 #bee4 ,tr9ity !1 its mean+ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #ejj4 ,tru?s & errors ( ! diff]5t sy/ems1 #ba4 ,tyr1 ! ,sc&9avian w> god1 #cgi4 h[ he lo/ 8 h&1 #chj1 #chc4 ,u4 ,ulphilas1 ! ,arian1 fir/ ,*ri/ian tea*] ( ! ,g]mans1 #cij4 8 translation ( ! ,bible into ,go?ic tongue1 #cij4 ,v4 ,v$anta philosophy assumes a s+le pr9ciple1 #aaf4 kn[s no sub/ance b ,god1 #aai4 describ$ by ,*und] ,dutt1 #aah4 s\ls absorb$ 9 ,god1 #aai4 ,v$as1 !1 :5 writt51 #hi-ii4 _! *ief gods1 #hi-ii4 traces ( mono!ism 91 #ij4 "s hymns giv51 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #ie4 ,v$ic lit]ature1 divid$ into f\r p]iods1 #ie4 conta9s ,*h&as1 ,mantras1 ,brhmans1 ,upani%ads1 ,stras1 & ,v$ngas1 #if4 at fir/ n committ$ to writ+1 #ig4 ,v5us1 an e>ly ,lat9 or gab9e goddess1 #cbe4 ,v]tumnus1 god ( g>d5s1 #ccj4 ,ve/a1 goddess ( ! he>?1 #cbh4 ,ve/al ,virg9s1 _! duties1 #ccg4 ,vis*nu1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,rig-,v$a z ,sun-,god1 #abe4 8 ,avat>s1 #abf4 "o ( ! ,triad1 #abf4 inc>nate z ,jugg]naut1 #acc4 wor%ipp$ z ,kri%na1 #acd1 #ace4 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,puranas1 #acb4 ,vluspa1 or wisdom ( ,vala1 extracts f1 #cfd4 ,vulcanus1 an ,italian deity1 #cbh4 ,w4 ,wahhabee1 revival 9 ,arabia1 describ$ by ,palgrave1 #dgh4 ,w$d+ r+1 9 ,egypt & ,*ri/5dom1 #bec4 ,welck]1 8 op9ion ( ! sub/ance ( ,greek religion1 #bhf4 ,works on ,sc&9avian religion 7note71 #cfb4 ,wor%ip ( ! ,sc&9avians1 #che4 ,z4 ,z5d ,ave/a1 a collection ( hymns1 pray]s1 & ?anksgiv+s1 #ahg4 extracts f ! ,ga?as1 #ahh4 extract f ! ,khordah ,ave/a1 #ahi4 hymn to ! /> ,ti/rya1 #aij4 hymn to ,mi?ra1 #aij4 a confession ( s91 #aia4 ,zoroa/]1 m5tion$ by ,plato1 ,diodorus1 & o!r classic writ]s1 #age4 acc\nt ( him by ,h]odotus1 #age4 acc\nt ( him by ,plut>*1 #agf4 inquiry z to 8 epo*1 #ahj4 resid$ 9 ,bactria1 #aha4 _s ( 8 religion1 #ahb4 he cont9ually appe>s 9 ! ,ave/a1 #ahf4 oppress$ ) ! sight ( evil1 #ahd4 ,! ,end4 ,footnotes #a ,x is "o ( ! sagaci\s rem>ks ( ,goe!1 t ! eighte5? c5tury t5d$ to analysis1 b ! n9ete5? w deal ) syn!sis4 #b ,pr(essor ,cock]'s "w on ,*ri/ianity & ,creek ,philosophy1 %\ld also be m5tion$4 #c ,james ,fo/] has a s]mon on ,! ,advantages ( a ,revelation1 9 :i* he decl>es t1 at ! "t ( ,*ri/'s com+1 j notions ( ,god 71 9 g5]al1 eras$ f ! m9ds ( m54 ,8 wor%ip 0 debas$ & pollut$1 & sc>ce any traces c\ld be disc]n$ ( ! g5u9e & immutable religion ( nature4 #d ,john ,locke1 9 8 ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity1 says t :5 ,*ri/ came m5 _h giv5 !mselves up into ! h&s ( _! prie/s1 to fill _! heads ) false notions ( ! ,deity1 & _! wor%ip ) fooli% rites1 z !y pleas$2 & :at dread or craft once began1 devotion soon made sacr$1 & religion immutable4 ,9 ?is /ate ( d>kness & ignorance ( ! true ,god1 vice & sup]/ition held ! _w4 ,quotations ( ?is sort might be indef9itely multipli$4 ,see an article by ! pres5t writ]1 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,exam9]1 ,m>*1 #aheg4 #e ,mo%eim's ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,*ap4 ,i4 #f ,ne&]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #edj 7,am4 ed474 #g ,essays & ,reviews1 ,article ,,vi4 #h ,9 ?is respect ! type has *ang$4 #i ,! actual dep? rea*$ 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is well1 be=e ! ent]prise 0 ab&on$1 0 #c1hdc feet on ,augu/ #i1 #ahfi4 ,?is well 0 bor$ = ! use ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,c\nty ,insane ,asylum1 at ! public exp5se4 ,x 0 comm5c$ ,m>* #ca1 #ahff1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,atkeson4 ,at ! dep? ( #a1bbb feet ! wat] became salti%1 !n sulphury4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 at ! bottom ( ! well1 0 #aje;,f4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! "w x seem$ z if ! limit ( ! /r5g? ( wood & iron _h be5 rea*$4 ,! poles (t5 broke at po9ts two or ?ree ?\s& feet d[n4 ,annual ,report 7#ahgj7 ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,c\nty ,insane ,asylum4 #aj ,&rew ,wilson 7,! ,ev]-,victori\s ,army1 ,blackwood1 #ahfh7 says t ! ,*9ese p /& unsurpass$1 & probably unequall$1 9 reg>d to ! possession ( fre$om & self-gov]nm5t4 ,he d5ies t infanticide is common 9 ,*9a4 ,inde$1 says he1 !re is no?+ a ,*9aman dreads s mu* z to die *ildless4 ,e ,*9aman desires to h z l>ge a family z possible2 & ! labors ( female *ildr5 are v pr(itable4 #aa ,quot$ by ,mr4 ,mead[s1 :o w>rants ! correctness ( ! acc\nt4 ,! ,*9ese & _! ,rebellions1 p4 #djd4 #ab ,dr4 ,legge ?us arranges ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ,*9a1 or ! ,*9ese ,classics3-- ,a4 ,! ,five ,k+4 ,k+ means a web ( clo?1 or ! w>p :i* keeps ! ?reads 9 _! place4 7a7 ,yih-,k+4 7,*anges47 7b7 ,%oo-,k+4 7,hi/ory47 7c7 ,%e-,k+4 7,odes47 7d7 ,le-,ke-,k+4 7,rites47 7e7 ,*'un-,ts'eu4 7,spr+ & ,autumn4 ,annals f ,b4,c4 #gba to #dhj47 ,b4 ,! ,f\r ,books4 7a7 ,lun-,yu4 7,analects1 or ,table-,talk ( ,confucius47 7b7 ,ta-,hio4 7,great ,le>n+4 ,writt5 by ,tsang-,s91 a disciple ( ,confucius47 7c7 ,*ung-,yung 7or ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean71 ascrib$ to ,kung-,keih1 ! gr&son ( ,confucius4 7d7 ,works ( ,m5cius4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius !re 0 a p]iod 9 :i* ! ,sacr$ ,books 7 mu* corrupt$1 d[n to ! ,han dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #bja to ,a4,d4 #bd71 :i* collect$1 edit$1 & revis$ !m3 s9ce :i* "t !y h be5 wat*$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! evid5ce is complete t ! ,classical ,books ( ,*9a h come d[n f at lea/ a c5tury be=e our era1 sub/antially ! same z we h !m at pres5t4--,legge1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,*ap4 #a4 #b4 ,! ,f\r ,books h be5 translat$ into ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,engli%4 ,dr4 ,m>%man translat$ ! ,lun-,yu4 ,mr4 ,collie aft]w>d publi%$ at ,calcutta ! ,f\r ,books4 ,b )9 a few ye>s ! labors ( previ\s s9ologues h be5 almo/ sup]s$$ by ,dr4 ,legge's spl5did "w1 /ill 9 process ( publication4 ,we h1 z yet1 only ! volumes conta9+ ! ,f\r ,books ( ,confucius & 8 successors1 & a portion ( ! ,k+s4 ,dr4 ,legge's "w is 9 ,*9ese & ,engli%1 ) copi\s notes & extracts f _m ,*9ese comm5tators4 ,9 8 notes1 & 8 prelim9>y diss]tations1 he endeavors to d ju/ice to ,confucius & 8 doctr9es4 ,p]haps he does n fully succe$ 9 ?is1 b x is evid5t t he respects ! ,*9ese sage1 & is nev] will+ly unfair to him4 ,if to ! books above m5tion$ be add$ ! works1 ( ,pau?i]1 ,/anislas ,juli51 ,mohl1 & o!r ,fr5* s9ologues1 & ! ,g]man works on ! same subject we h a suffici5t app>atus = ! /udy ( ,*9ese ?\ght4 #ac ,on ! top ( 8 head 0 a rem>kable =mation1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he 0 nam$ ,kew4--,legge1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 7note74 #ad ,mead[s1 ,! ,*9ese & _! ,rebellions1 p4 #ccb4 #ae ,mead[s1 p4 #cdb4 #af ,le ,tao-te-k+1 le livre de la voie et de la v]tu1 compos dans1 la vie sicle avant l're ,*rti5ne1 p> le philosophe ,lao-tseu1 traduit p> ,/anislas ,juli54 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 #ag ,le livre des ,rcomp5ses et des ,pe9es4 ,juli51 #ahce4 #ah ,seyn & ,ni*te i/ ,dasselbe4 ,hegel4 #ai ,! meek %all inh]it ! e>?4 #bj ,see ,la ,magie et l',a/rologie1 p> ,alfr$ ,maury4 #ba ,0 x "s pale reflection ( ?is ,ori5tal philosophy :i* took =m 9 ! ode ( ,horace1 ,integ] vit 7i4 #bb71 9 :i* he describes ! port5t\s wolf :i* fl$ f him8 #bb ,mead[s1 p4 #bh4 #bc ,mead[s1 p4 #ah4 #bd ,ti-,p+ ,ti5-,kwoh2 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,ti-,p+ ,revolution1 by ,l9-,le1 special ag5t ( ! ,ti-,p+ ,g5]al-9-,*ief1 c4 ,davy & ,son1 ,london1 #ahff4 ,vol4 #a4 p4 #hjf4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,wilson1 au?or ( ,! ,ev]-,victori\s ,army 7,blackwood1 #ahfh71 speaks ) mu* contempt ( ,l9-,le's book4 ,9 a note 7page #chi7 he br+s1 c]ta9 *>ges aga9/ ! au?or4 ,mr4 ,wilson's book is writt5 to glorify ,gordon1 ,wood1 & o!rs1 :o accept$ rov+ commissions aga9/ ! ,ti-,p+s2 & ( c\rse he takes _! view ( ! insurrection4 ,! accusations he br+s aga9/ ,l9-,le1 ev5 if correct1 d n detract f ! app>5t accuracy ( t writ]'s /ory1 nor f ! weight ( 8 argum5ts4 #be ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cae4 ,^! =ms are giv51 says ! writ]1 p>tly f memory4 #bf ,hong-,kong ,gazette1 ,octob] #ab1 #ahee4 #bg ,int]v5tion & ,non-,int]v5tion1 by ,a4 ,g4 ,/apleton4 #bh ,(ficial ,pap]s ( ! ,*9ese ,legation4 ,b]l93 ,t4 ,calv>y ,co41 ,ob]wass] ,squ>e4 #ahgj4 #bi ,f ,hue's ,*ri/ianity 9 ,*9a4 #cj ,n[ usually writt5 ,skoontal or ,skuntal4 #ca ,to avoid multiply+ footnotes1 we ref] "h to ! *ief s\rces on :i* we rely 9 ?is *apt]4 ,c4 ,lass51 ,indis*e ,al!r?umskunde2 ,max ,mll]1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature 7& o!r works72 ,j4 ,muir1 ,sanskrit ,texts2 ,pictet1 ,les ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes2 ,sir ,william ,jones1 ,works1 #ac vols42 ,vivian de ,sa9t-,m>t91 ,etude1 c41 & articles 9 ! ,revue ,g]manique2 ,moni] ,williams1 ,sakoontal 7a new translation71 ! ,rmayna1 & ! ,mah ,bhrata2 ,horace ,hayman ,wilson1 ,works 7conta9+ ! ,vis*nu ,purana1 c472 ,burn\f1 ,essai sur la ,vda1 ,le ,bhagavata ,purana2 ,/eph5son1 ! ,sanhita ( ! ,sama ,v$a2 ,ampre1 ,la ,sci5ce en ,ori5t2 ,buns51 ,gott 9 d] ,ges*i*te2 ,%ea & ,troy]1 ,! ,dabi/an2 ,h>dwick1 ,*ri/ & o!r ,ma/]s2 ,j4 ,talboys ,:eel]1 ,hi/ory ( ,india f ! ,e>lie/ ,times2 ,works publi%$ by ! ,ori5tal ,translation ,fund2 ,max ,dunck]1 ,die ,ges*i*te d] ,ari]2 ,rammohun ,roy1 ,! ,v$s2 ,mull5s1 ,h9doo ,philosophy4 #cb ,! s\l kn[s no p]sons4--,,em]son4 #cc ,all ,indian dates old] ?an #cjj ,b4,c4 are unc]ta94 ,! reasons = ?is "o are giv5 c>efully & 9 full by ,pictet4 #cd ,our ,engli% ^w daught]1 toge!r ) ! ,greek 1 ! ,z5d dughd>1 ! ,p]sian dockt>1 c41 corresponds ) ! ,sanskrit duhit>1 :i* means bo? daught] & milkmaid4 #ce ,hat*et1 9 ,sanskrit tak%ani1 9 ,z5d ta%a1 9 ,p]sian to%1 ,greek 1 ,iri% tuagh1 ,old ,g]man deksa1 ,poli% tasalc1 ,russian tesaku4 ,& :at is rem>kable1 ! root tak appe>s 9 ! "n ( ! hat*et 9 ! languages ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s & ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 #cf ,m4 ,vivi5 de ,sa9t-,m>t9 has det]m9$ m precisely ?an has be5 done be=e ! primitive c\ntry ( ! ,aryans1 & ! r\te foll[$ by !m 9 p5etrat+ into ,india4 ,!y desc5d$ ?r\gh ,cabul to ! ,punjaub1 hav+ previ\sly rea*$ ,cabul f ! region betwe5 ! ,jax>tes & ! ,oxus4 #cg ,! ,rig-,v$a di/+ui%es ! ,aryans f ! ,dasjus4 ,mr4 ,muir quotes a multitude ( texts 9 :i* ,indra is call$ ^u to protect ! =m] & slay ! latt]4 #ch ,agni1 :5ce ,ignis1 9 ,lat94 #ci ,see ,talboys ,:eel]1 ,hi/ory ( ,india4 #dj ,mll]'s ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 page #efi4 ,he adds ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ,!re is no?+ to prove t ?is hymn is ( a p>ticul>ly anci5t date4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are expressions 9 x :i* seem to belong to a lat] age4 ,b ev5 if we assign ! l[e/ possible date to ?is & simil> hymns c]ta9 x is t !y exi/$ dur+ ! ,mantra p]iod1 & be=e ! composition ( ! ,brhmanas4 ,=1 to spite ( all ! indications ( a mod]n date1 ,i see no possibility h[ we c\ld acc\nt = ! allusions to x :i* occur 9 ! ,brhmanas1 or = its pres5ce 9 ! ,sanhits1 unless we admit t ?is poem =m$ "p ( ! f9al collection ( ! ,rig-v$a-,sanhit1 ! "w ( ! ,mantra p]iod4 #da ,max ,mll] translates brea!d1 brea?less by itself2 o!r ?an x no?+ s9ce has be54 #db ,max ,mll] says1 ,love fell ^u x4 #dc ,mll]1 ,sanskrit ,lit41 p4 #edf4 #dd ,mll]1 ,sanskrit ,lit41 p4 #eeb4 #de ,ibid41 p4 #eec4 #df ,t heat 0 a =m ( motion 0 ?us e>ly discov]$4 #dg ,x is ! op9ion ( ,ma9e 7,anci5t ,law7 & o!r em95t s*ol>s1 t ?is code 0 nev] fully accept$ or en=c$ 9 ,india1 & rema9$ always an ideal ( ! p]fect ,brahmanic /ate4 #dh ,see ,vivi5 de ,sa9t-,m>t91 ,revue ,g]manique1 ,july #af1 #ahfb4 ,! ,s>asvati is highly prais$ 9 ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,talboys ,:eel]1 ,,ii4 #dbi4 #di ,max ,mll]1 ,sanskrit ,lit41 p4 #dbe4 #ej ,in/itutes ( ,h9du ,law1 or ! ,ord9ances ( ,manu1 accord+ to ! ,gloss ( ,calluca1 ,calcutta1 #agif1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4 #ea ,see translation ( ! ,sanhita ( ! ,sama-,v$a1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,/ev5son4 ,london1 #ahdb4 #eb ,max ,mll]1 ,*ips1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajg4 #ec ,ges*i*te d] ,ari]1 ,bu* ,v4 #h4 #ed ,lass51 ,i4 #hcj4 #ee ,laws ( ,manu 7,,xii4 #ej7 speaks ( ! two pr9ciples ( nature 9 ! philosophy ( ,kapila4 #ef ,dunck]1 z above4 #eg ,mll]1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 p4 #ajb4 #eh ,colebrooke1 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 ,i4 #cdi4 #ei ,lass51 ,i4 #hcd4 #fj ,colebrooke1 ,i4 #cej1 #ceb4 #fa ,dunck]1 ,i4 #bjd 7?ird edition1 #ahfg74 #fb ,! ,snkhya-,krik1 translat$ by ,colebrooke4 ,ox=d1 #ahcg4 #fc ,essay on ! ,v$anta1 by ,*und] ,dutt4 ,calcutta1 #ahed4 #fd ,colebrooke1 ,i4 #bfb4 #fe ,! ,religi\s ,aspects ( ,h9du ,philosophy3 ,a ,prize ,essay1 by ,joseph ,mull5s1 p4 #dc4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,see also ,dialogues on ! ,h9du ,philosophy1 by ,rev4 ,k4 ,m4 ,ban]jea4 ,london1 #ahfa4 #ff ,mull5s1 p4 #dd4 #fg ,dunck]1 ,i4 #bje4 ,he ref]s to ,manu1 ,,ii4 #afj4 #fh ,! ,bhagavat-,gita1 an episode 9 ! ,maha-,bh>ata1 9 an au?ority ) ! ,v$anti/s4 #fi ,burn\f1 ,introduction l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi51 ,i4 #eaa1 #ebj4 ,he says t ,sukya-,muni began 8 c>e] ) ! ideas ( ! ,snkhya philosophy1 namely1 abs5ce ( ,god2 multiplicity & et]nity ( human s\ls2 an et]nal pla/ic nature2 transmigration2 & ,nirvana1 or deliv]ance by k4 #gj ,c\rs de l',hi/oire de ,philosophie1 ,i4 #bjj 7,p>is1 #ahbi72 quot$ by ,h>dwick1 ,i4 #baa4 #ga ,k>ika1 #h4 ,x is ow+ to ! subtilty ( ,nature 444 t x is n appreh5d$ by ! s5ses4 #gb ,k>ika1 #ai4 #gc ,k>ika1 #eh1 #fb1 #fc1 #fh4 #gd ,quot$ f ! ,lalita ,vi/>a 9 ,dialogues on ! ,h9du ,philosophy4 ,by ,rev4 ,r4 ,m4 ,ban]jea4 ,london3 ,williams & ,nordgate1 #ahfa4 #ge ,muir1 ,sanskrit ,texts1 ,"p ,,iv4 p4 #bec4 #gf ,j\rnal ,am4 ,ori5t4 ,soc41 ,,iii4 #cah4 #gg ,ev5 9 ! grammatical =ms ( ! ,sanskrit v]b1 ?is ?reefold t5d5cy ( ?\ght is indicat$4 ,x has an active1 passive1 & middle voice 7l t ( ! cognate ,greek71 & ! reflex action ( its middle voice corresponds to ! ,re/or] or ,pres]v]4 #gh ,see ,colebrooke1 ,lass51 c4 #gi ,lass51 ,i4 #hch2 ,,ii4 #ddf4 #hj ,see ,muir1 ,sanskrit ,texts1 ,"p ,,iv4 p4 #acf4 #ha ,lass51 ,ind4 ,alt]?um1 ,i4 #ceg4 #hb ,max ,mll]1 ,sanskrit ,lit41 #cg4 #hc ,ibid41 p4 #df4 #hd ,ind4 ,alt]?um1 ,i4 #dhc-dii4 ,mll]1 ,sanskrit ,lit41 #fb1 note4 #he ,z ( ! ,a!i/ 9 ! ,ramayana1 ,javali1 :o advises ,rama to disobey 8 dead fa!r's comm&s1 on ! gr\nd t ! dead are no?+4 #hf ,preface to ! ,vis*nu ,purana1 translat$ by ,horace ,hayman ,wilson4 ,london1 #ahfd4 #hg ,dunck]1 ,ges*i*te1 c41 ,,ii4 #cah4 #hh ,preface to 8 ,engli% translation ( ! ,vis*nu ,purana4 #hi ,translat$ by ,e4 ,burn\f into ,fr5*4 #ij ,! ,ramayana1 c41 by ,moni] ,williams ,bad5 ,pr(essor ( ,sanskrit at ,ox=d4 #ia ,preface to ! translation ( ! ,vis*nu ,purana1 by ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson4 #ib ,kesson1 ,! ,cross & ! ,dragon 7,london1 #ahed71 quot$ by ,h>dwick4 #ic ,see ,note to ,*ap4 ,,ii4 on ! ,ne/orian inscription 9 ,*9a4 #id ,illu/rat$ ,h&book ( ,ar*itecture1 p4 #fg4 #ie ,h>dy1 ,ea/]n ,mona*ism1 p4 #bbd4 ,f]gusson1 p4 #i4 #if ,f]gusson1 p4 #aj4 ,cunn+ham1 ,bhilsa ,topes ( ,india4 #ig ,upham1 ,sacr$ & ,hi/orical ,books ( ,ceylon4 #ih ,"h are a few ( ! guesses3-- ,cunn+ham1 ,bhilsa ,topes4 ,*ri/ians #bgj millions4 ,buddhi/ #bbb ,hassel1 ,p5ny ,cyclopdia4 ,*ri/ians #abj millions4 ,jews #d ,mohamm$ans #beb ,brahmans #aaa ,buddhi/s #cae ,john/on1 ,physical ,atlas4 ,*ri/ians #cja millions4 ,jews #e ,brahmans #acc ,mohamm$ans #aaj ,buddhi/s #bde ,p]k9s1 ,johnson's ,am]ican ,atlas4 ,*ri/ians #cfi millions4 ,mohamm$ans #afj ,jews #f ,buddhi/s #cbj ,new ,am]ican ,cyclopdia4 ,buddhi/s #bij millions4 ,& ,pr(essor ,newmann e/imates ! numb] ( ,buddhi/s at #cfi millions4 #ii ,le ,b\ddha et sa ,religion4 ,p> ,j4 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire4--,ea/]n ,mona*ism4 ,by ,sp5ce ,h>dy4--,burn\f1 ,introduction1 etc4--,koepp51 ,die ,religion des ,buddha4 #ajj ,! works f :i* ?is *apt] has be5 mo/ly drawn are ^!3--,introduction l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme indi54 ,p> ,e4 ,burn\f4 7,p>is1 #ahdd7 ,le ,b\ddha et sa ,religion4 ,p> ,j4 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire4 7,p>is1 #ahfj47 ,ea/]n ,mona*ism4 ,by ,r4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy4 7,london1 #ahej47 ,a ,manual ( ,buddhism 9 its ,mod]n ,developm5t4 ,by ,r4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy4 7,london1 #ahec47 ,die ,religion des ,buddha4 ,von ,k>l ,f4 ,koepp54 7,b]l91 #aheg47 ,indis*e ,alt]?umskunde4 ,von ,*ri/ian ,lass54 7,bonn1 #aheb47 ,d] ,buddhismus1 ,se9e ,dogm51 ,ges*i*te1 und ,lit]atur4 ,von ,w4 ,wassiljew4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfj47 ,ueb] ,buddha's ,todesjahr4 ,von ,n4 ,l4 ,we/]ga>d4 7,breslau1 #ahfb47 ,gott 9 d] ,ges*i*te4 ,von ,c4 ,c4 ,j4 ,buns54 7,leipzig1 #aheh47 ,! ,bhilsa ,topes1 or ,buddhi/ ,monum5ts ( ,c5tral ,india4 ,by ,a4 ,cunn+ham4 7,london1 #ahed47 ,buddhism 9 ,?ibet4 ,by ,emil ,s*lag9tweit4 7,leipzig & ,london1 #ahfc47 ,travels 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries by ,hue & ,gabet1 & o!rs4 ,eef]5ces to ,buddhism 9 ! writ+s ( ,max ,mll]1 ,maurice1 ,baur1 ,h>dwick1 ,f]gusson1 ,prit*>d1 ,wilson1 ,colebrooke1 etc4 #aja ,at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ( our era a ,*9ese ,buddhi/ made a pilgrimage to ! bir?place ( ,buddha1 & f\nd ! city 9 ru9s4 ,ano!r ,*9ese pilgrim visit$ x ,a4,d4 #fcb1 & 0 able to trace ! rema9s ( ! ru9$ palace1 & saw a room :i* _h be5 occupi$ by ,buddha4 ,^! travels h be5 translat$ f ! ,*9ese by ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli54 #ajb ,buddha is n a prop] "n1 b an (ficial title4 ,j z we ought n to say ,jesus ,*ri/1 b always ,jesus ! ,*ri/1 s we %\ld say ,siddr?a ! ,buddha1 or ,sakya-muni ! ,buddha1 or ,gautama ! ,buddha4 ,! fir/ ( ^! names1 ,siddr?a 7contract$ f ,s>vr?a-siddha7 0 ! baptismal "n giv5 by 8 fa!r1 & means ,! fulfilm5t ( e wi%4 ,sakya-muni means ,! h]mit ( ! race ( ,sakya1--,sakya be+ ! ance/ral "n ( 8 fa!r's race4 ,! "n ,gautama is /at$ by ,koepp5 to be d] prie/]li*e ,be9ame des ,ges*le*ts d] ,sakya1--:atev] t may mean4 #ajc ,! ,sanskrit root1 :5ce ! ,engli% bode & =ebode1 means to "k4 #ajd ,sa9t-,hilaire4 #aje ,bhilsa ,topes4 #ajf ,goe!1 ,fau/4 #ajg ,die ,p]sis*5 ,keil9scrift5 7,leipzig1 #ahdg47 ,see also ! acc\nt ( ! inscription at ,behi/un1 9 ,l5ormant's ,manual ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 #ajh ,rawl9son1 ,five ,great ,mon>*ies4--,dunck]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 ,b4 ,,ii4--,he]51 ,! ,p]sians4--,f]gusson1 ,illu/rat$ ,h&-,book ( ,ar*itecture4--,creuz]1 ,s*rift54 ,see also ! works ( ,opp]t1 ,h9ks1 ,m5ant1 & ,lass54 #aji ,v5didad1 ,f>g>d1 ,,xix4--,,xlvi4 ,spiegel1 translat$ into ,engli% by ,bleek4 #aaj ,h]odotus1 ,i4 #aca4 #aaa ,h]odotus1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 hi/ory4 #aab ,plut>*'s ,morals4 ,translat$ f ! ,greek by sev]al h&s4 ,london4 ,pr9t$ = ,w4 ,taylor1 at ! ,%ip 9 ,pat]-no/] ,e[4 #agah4 ,?is passage conc]n+ ,zoroa/] is f ! ,isis & ,osiris 9 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ( ?is old translation4 ,we h reta9$ ! antique t]m9ology & spell+4 7,see also ! new ,am]ican edition ( ?is translation4 ,bo/on1 ,little & ,br[n1 #ahga47 #aac ,?is is ! ,hama spok5 ( on page #bjb4 #aad ,^!1 ) ,ormazd1 are ! sev5 ,am%asp&s enum]at$ on page #aig4 #aae ,see ! acc\nt1 on page #aie1 ( ^! f\r p]iods ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s ea*4 #aaf ,kleuk] 7,anhang zum ,z5d ,ave/a7 has giv5 a full rsum ( ! ref]5ces to ,zoroa/] & 8 religion 9 ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s4 ,m rec5tly1 ,pr(essor ,bapp ( ,tub+5 has gone ov] ! same gr\nd 9 a v in/ructive essay 9 ! ,zeits*rift d] ,deutsoh5 ,morg5lndis%5 ,gesells*aft4 7,leipzig1 #ahfe47 #aag ,anq4 du ,p]ron1 ,z5d ,ave/a2 ,disc4 ,prlim41 p4 vi4 #aah ,at ! "t ,anquetil du ,p]ron 0 ?us labor+ 9 ! cause ( sci5ce 9 ,india1 two o!r m5 7 9 ! same region devot+ !mselves ) equal ardor to v diff]5t objects4 ,clive 0 lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,briti% dom9ion 9 ,india2 ,s*w>tz 0 giv+ himself up to a life ( toil 9 prea*+ ! ,gospel to ! ,h9doos4 ,h[ little w\ld ^! ?ree m5 h sympa?iz$ ) ea* o!r1 or appreciat$ ea* o!r's "w6 ,& yet h[ important to ! progress ( humanity 0 t ( ea*6 #aai ,& ) ?is conclusion ! lat] s*ol>s agree4 ,burn\f1 ,lass51 ,spiegel1 ,we/]ga>d1 ,haug1 ,buns51 ,max ,mll]1 ,ro?1 all accept ! ,z5d ,ave/a z conta9+ 9 ! ma91 if n ! actual words ( ,zoroa/]1 yet au!ntic rem9isc5ces ( 8 tea*+4 ,! ,g?s ( ! ,yana are n[ consid]$ to be ! olde/ "p ( ! ,ave/a1 z appe>s f ! inve/igations ( ,haug & o!rs4 7,see ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,haug's translation & comm5t>y ( ! ,five ,g?s ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,leipzig1 #ahfj47 #abj ,ev5 good s*ol>s (t5 foll[ ea* o!r 9 a false direction = want ( a little indep5d5t ?9k+4 ,! ,greek ( ,plato 0 translat$ by a long succession ( writ]s1 ,zoroa/] ! son ( ,oromazes1 until "s "o happ5$ to ?9k t ?is g5itive might imply a diff]5t relation4 #aba ,dunck] 7,ges*4 des ,alt]?ums1 ,b4 ,,ii47 gives at l5g? ! reasons :i* prove ,zoroa/] & ! ,ave/a to h orig9at$ 9 ,bactria4 #abb ,dunck] 7,b4 ,,ii4 s4 #dhc74 ,s ,dll+]4 #abc ,egypt's ,place 9 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #dga4 #abd ,eran1 das ,l& zwis*5 dem ,indus und ,tigris4 #abe ,j\rnal ( ! ,am4 ,or4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,v4 ,no4 #b1 p4 #cec4 #abf ,! ,g5tile & ,jew1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #chj4 #abg ,five ,great ,mon>*ies1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #id4 #abh ,essays1 c41 by ,m>t9 ,haug1 p4 #bee4 #abi ,die ,religion und ,sitte d] ,p]s]4 ,von ,dr4 ,adolf ,rapp4 7#ahfe47 #acj ,buns51 ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #dee4 #aca ,writt5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,an ,engli% translation may be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,j4 ,wilson's ,prs ,religion4 #acb ,*ips1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #hh4 #acc ,s ,mr4 ,em]son1 9 "o ( ^? obs]vations :i* give u a sy/em ( philosophy 9 a s5t5ce1 says1 ,! s\l kn[s no p]sons4 ,p]haps he %\ld h said1 ,! ,_s4 #acd ,islam is1 9 ?is s5se1 a moral religion1 its root consi/+ 9 ob$i5ce to ,allah & 8 prophet4 ,sufism1 a ,mohamm$an my/icism1 is a h]esy4 #ace ,v5didad1 ,f>g4 ,i4 #c4 ,!re=e ,angra-,ma9yus1 ! dea?-deal+1 creat$ a mighty s]p5t & sn[4 ,! s]p5t ent]+ into ! ,iranic ,ed5 is "o ( ! curi\s co9cid5ces ( ! ,iranic & ,hebrew traditions4 #acf ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 7eigh? edition71 p4 #gg4 #acg ,idem41 p4 #hc4 ,a simil> *ange f a temp]ate climate to extreme cold has tak5 place 9 ,gre5l& )9 five or six c5turies4 #ach ,! ,davas1 or evil spirits ( ! ,z5d books1 are ! same z ! ,dvas1 or ,gods ( ! ,sanskrit religion4 #aci ,! ,patets are =mul>ies ( confession4 ,!y are writt5 9 ,prs1 ) occasional passages ins]t$ 9 ,z5d4 #adj ,zoroa/4 ,/ud4 #ahfc4 #ada ,v5didad1 ,f>g>d ,,xix4 #cc1 #dd1 #ee4 #adb ,! ,albordj ( ! ,z5d books is d\btless ! mod]n range ( ! ,elbrooz4 ,?is mighty *a9 comes f ! ,caucasus into ! nor!rn fronti] ( ,p]sia4 ,see a description ( ?is region 9 ,hi/oire des ,p]ses1 p> le ,comte de ,gob9eau4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 #adc ,see ,burn\f1 ,comm5t1 sur le ,yana1 p4 #ebh4 ,flot>d1 ,la ,religion primitive des ,indo-,europens4 #ahfd4 #add ,v5didad1 ,f>g>d ,x4 #ag4 #ade ,see ,spiegel's note to ! t5? ,f>g>d ( ! ,v5didad4 #adf ,see ,w9dis*mann1 ,ueb] d5 ,soma-,cultus d] ,ari54 #adg ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ widely diffus$ appellations is t ( ! div9e be+4 ,we c trace ?is v ^w div9e back to ! anci5t root ,div1 mean+ to %9e4 ,f ?is is d]iv$ ! ,sanskrit ,devas1 ! ,z5d ,dava4 ! ,lat9 ,deus1 ! ,g]man ,zio1 ! ,greek ,zeus1 & also ,jupit] 7f ,djaus-pit]74 ,see ,spiegel1 ,z5d ,ave/a1 ,e9leitung1 ,cap4 ,i4 #adh ,spiegel1 ,v5d4 ,f>g4 ,,xix4 note4 #adi ,v5didad1 ,f>g4 ,,xviii4 #aaj4 ,f>v>d9-,ya%t1 ,,xvi4 #aej ,article 9 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,april1 #ahfe4 #aea ,article 9 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,april1 #ahfe4 #aeb ,o!r ,egyptologi/s w\ld n agree to ?is antiquity4 #aec ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,septemb] #a1 #ahhg4 #aed ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 p4 #aie4 #aee ,yet ?is v organic religion1 incorporate 9 blood & frame1 0 a prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity2 & ,dr4 ,brugs* 7,aus dem ,ori5t1 p4 #gc7 rem>ks1 t exactly 9 ,egypt did ,*ri/ianity f9d mo/ m>tyrs2 & x is no accid5t1 b a "p ( ! ,div9e plan1 t 9 ! v region :]e ! rock-cut temples & tombs are cov]$ ) memorials ( ! anci5t gods & k+s1 !re1 by _! side1 o!r num]\s rock-cut inscriptions tell ( a yet m pr(\nd fai? & devotion born ( ,*ri/ianity4 #aef ,x is yet m>k$ 9 ! almanacs z ,c&lemas ,day1 or ! ,purification ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 #aeg ,de ,r\g1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 #ahec4 #aeh ,ampre1 ,revue ,ar*4 #ahdi1 quot$ by ,dll+]4 #aei ,^! designations are ! ,greek =m ( ! (ficial titles4 #afj ,i d n "k if x has be5 notic$ t ! pr9ciple ( ,sw$5borg's4 heav5 0 anticipat$ by ,milton 7,p>adise ,lo/1 ,v4 #egc71-- ,:at surm\nts ! rea* ,( human s5se ,i %all del9eate s ,by lik5+ spiritual to corporeal =ms1 ,z may express !m be/2 ?\gh :at if ,e>? ,be b ! %ad[ ( ,heav51 & ?+s !re94 ,ea* to ! o!r l1 m ?an on e>? is ?\ght4 #afa ,buns51 ,egypt's ,place1 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #abi1 note4 #afb ,?is ,museum also conta9s ?ree l>ge mummies ( ! sacr$ bull ( ,apis1 a gold r+ ( ,suphis1 a gold necklace ) ! "n ( ,m5es1 & _m o!r rem>kable antiquities4 #afc ,book ( ,job1 ,*ap4 xxix4 #afd ,brugs*1 z above4 #afe ,l5ormant1 ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/1 ,i4 #bcd1 9 ! ,engli% translation4 #aff ,translat$ by ,de ,r\g4 ,see ,revue ,contempora9e1 ,augu/1 #ahef4 #afg ,egypt #ccjj ,ye>s ago4 ,by ,lanoye4 #afh ,beside ! monum5ts & ! papyri1 we h z s\rces ( in=mation ! rema9s ( ! ,egyptian hi/orians ,mane?o & ,erato/h5es2 ! ,greek acc\nts ( ,egypt by ,h]odotus1 ,plato1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,plut>*1 ,jambli*us2 & ! mod]n rese>*es ( ,he]51 ,*ampollion1 ,rossal9i1 ,"y1 ,wilk9son4 ,! m rec5t writ]s to be consult$ are z foll[s3-- ,buns5's gypt5's ,/elle 9 d] ,weltges*i*te4 ,hamburg4 7,fir/ volume pr9t$ 9 #ahde47 ,?is great "w 0 translat$ by ,c4 ,c4 ,cottrel 9 five #hvo volumes1 ! la/ publi%$ 9 #ahfg1 aft] ! dea? ( bo? au?or & translator4 ,! fif? volume ( ! translation conta9s a full translation ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 by ! le>n$ ,samuel ,bir* ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,essays 9 ! ,revue ,ar*ologique & o!r le>n$ p]iodicals1 by ! ,vicomte de ,r\g1 ,pr(essor ( ,egyptian ,philology at ,p>is4 ,works by ,m4 ,*abas1 ,m4 ,m>iette1 ,de ,brugs*1 ,aus dem ,ori5t1 etc41 ,samuel ,%>pe1 ,a4 ,maury1 ,lepsius1 & o!rs4 #afi ,! ,egyptian doctr9e ( transmigration diff]$ f t ( ! ,h9doos 9 ?is respect1 t no idea ( retribution seems to be connect$ ) x4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus 7,,ii4 #abc71 ! s\l mu/ pass ?r\gh all animals1 fi%es1 insects1 & birds2 9 %ort1 mu/ complete ! :ole circuit ( animat$ exi/5ce1 be=e x aga9 ent]s ! body ( a man2 & ?is circuit ( ! s\l1 he adds1 is p]=m$ 9 ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,accord+ to him1 x does n beg9 until ! body decays4 ,?is may give u "o explanation ( ! sy/em ( embalm+2 = if ! circuit ( transmigration is limit$ to ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 & ! s\l _c leave ! body till x decays 7! words ( ,h]odotus are1 ! body decay+1 71 !n if embalm+ delays decay = "o ?\s& ye>s1 s mu* is tak5 (f f ! j\rney ?r\gh animals4 ,t ! s\l 0 believ$ to be kept ) ! body z long z x 0 undecay$ is also expressly /at$ by ,s]vius 7,comm4 on ! neid ( ,virgil73 ,! le>n$ ,egyptians pres]ve ! corpse f decay 9 tombs 9 ord] t its s\l %all rema9 ) x1 & n quickly pass into o!r bodies4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! extraord9>y pa9s tak5 9 ornam5t+ ! tombs1 z ! p]man5t homes ( ! dead dur+ a long p]iod4 ,diodorus says t !y ornam5t$ ! tombs z ! endur+ resid5ces ( mank9d4 ,transmigration 9 ,india 0 retribution1 b 9 ,egypt x seems to h be5 a condition ( progress4 ,x 0 go+ back into ! l[] organizations1 to ga!r up all _! v>i$ life1 to add to our own4 ,s ,t5nyson sugge/s1-- ,if1 ?r\gh l[] lives ,i came1 ,?\gh all exp]i5ce pa/ became ,consolidate 9 m9d & frame1 etc4 ,beside ! reason = embalm+ giv5 above1 !re may h be5 ! motive aris+ f ! respect = bodily organization1 s deeply root$ 9 ! ,egyptian m9d4 #agj ,animals & plants1 m ?an any?+ else1 & animals m ?an plants1 are ! types ( v>iety2 !y embody t great law ( diff]5tiation1 "o ( ! ma9 laws ( ! univ]se1 ! law :i* is oppos$ to t ( unity1 ! law ( c5trifugal =ce1 express$ 9 our humble prov]b1 ,x takes all sorts ( p to make a _w4 #aga ,maury1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahfg4 ,man's ,orig9 & ,de/9y1 ,j4 ,p4 ,lesley1 #ahfh4 ,re*]*es sur les ,monum5s1 etc41 p> ,m4 de ,r\g1 #ahff4 #agb ,article gypt51 9 ,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexicon1 #ahfi4 ,dunck]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 ,dritte ,auflage1 #ahfc4 #agc ,see ,dunck]1 z above4 #agd ,les ,pa/eurs en ,egypt1 p> ,f4 ,*abas4 ,am/]dam1 #ahfh4 #age ,! hornets1 ,ex4 xxiii4 #bh1 & ,jo%4 xxiv4 #aa1 #ab1 are n insects1 b ! ,hykss1 :o1 driv5 f ,egypt 7 ov]runn+ ,syria4 ,see ,new ,york ,nation1 article on ! ,hykss1 ,may #ac1 #ahfi4 #agf ,pap4 ,talli] 7,buns5 ,,iv4 #fga7 z translat$ by ,de ,r\g1 ,goodw91 c43 ,9 ! days :5 ! l& ( ,egypt 0 held by ! invad]s1 ,k+ ,apapi 7at ,av>is7 set up ,sutekh = 8 "l2 he wor%ipp$ no o!r god 9 ! :ole l&4 #agg ,i foll[ "h ,de ,r\g1 ,brugs*1 & ,dunck]1 r ?an ,buns54 #agh ,a!num ,franais1 #ahef4 #agi ,lesley1 ,man's ,orig9 & ,de/9y1 p4 #adi4 ,brugs*1 ,aus dem ,ori5t1 p4 #cg4 #ahj ,a common title on ! monum5ts = ! k+ is ,p]-aa1 9 ! dialect ( ,upp] ,egypt1 ,ph]-ao 9 t ( ,l[] ,egypt1 mean+ ,! l(ty h\se1 equival5t to ! mod]n ,turki% title1 ,! ,sublime ,porte4 #aha gypt5 und die ,b*] ,mosis1 von ,dr4 ,georg ,eb]s4 ,leipzig1 #ahfh4 ,buns51 ,bibel-,w]k1 ,er/] ,!il1 p4 #fc4 #ahb s*ylus calls ! ,egyptian sailors 4 ,lucian calls a "y ,egyptian black-sk9n$1 b ,ammianus ,m>cell9us says1 gyptii pl]ique subfusculi sunt et atrati4 #ahc gypt5 und die ,b*] ,mosis1 von ,eb]s1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dc4 #ahd ,?4 ,b5fey1 ,ueb] das v]hltniss d] gypts*5 ,spra*e zum semitis*5 ,spra*/amme1 #ahdd4 #ahe gypt51 c4 #ahf ,! skulls ( ! mummies agree ) hi/ory 9 prov+ t ,egypt 0 peopl$ ) a v>iety ( tribes2 & physiologi/s1 :5 speak+ m exactly1 h divid$ !m into ?ree classes4 ,! fir/ is ! ,egyptian prop]1 ^: skull is %ap$ l ! heads ( ! anci5t ,!ban /atues & ! mod]n ,nubians4 ,! second is a race ( m5 m l ! ,europeans1 & ^! mummies become m common z we approa* ! ,delta4 ,^! are p]haps ! same z ! mod]n ,copts4 ,! ?ird is ( an ,arab race1 & are l ! heads ( ! labor]s 9 ! pictures4--,%>pe1 ,hi/4 ( ,egypt1 ,i4 #c4 ,he ref]s to ,morton's ,crania gyptiaca = 8 au?ority4 ,pri*>d 7,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,man & ,rese>*es1 c471 aft] a full exam9ation ( ! "q conc]n+ ! e?nical relations ( ! ,egyptians1 & ( ,morton's craniological rese>*es1 concludes 9 favor ( an ,asiatic orig9 ( ! ,egyptians1 connect$ ) an amalgamation ) ! ,african autoc?ones4 #ahg ,dies] ,vlk]s*aft5 gehort5 d] kaukasis*5 ,race an2 ihre ,spra*5 w>5 dem ,semitis*5 am n*/5 ,v]w&t4 ,g4 des ,a4 ,i4 #aa4 #ahh ,brugs* d]ives x f ,ki-,ptah wor%ipp]s ( ,ptah4 #ahi ,plato1 ,timu4 ,h]od4 ,,ii4 #ei4 ,guts*midt & o!rs d5y ?is etymologic relation ( ,nei? to ,a?n4 #aij ,!re is a pr(\nd consolation hidd5 9 ! old ,egyptian inscrib$ rocks4 ,!y %[ u t ! weird figures1 half man & half bea/1 :i* we f9d c>v$ & pa9t$ !re1 7 n ! true gods ( ,egypt1 b politico-religi\s masks1 conceal+ ! true godhead4 ,^! rocks tea* t ! real object ( wor%ip 0 ! "o undivid$ ,be+1 exi/+ f ! ,beg9n+1 ,creator ( all ?+s1 reveal+ himself to ! illum9at$ s\l z ! ,mosaic ,i ,,am ,,! ,i ,,am4 ,x is true t ?is pure doctr9e 0 taught only to ! initiat$1 & ! /ones =bid x to be publi%$4 ',?is is a hidd5 my/]y2 tell x to no "o2 let x be se5 by no eye1 he>d by no e>3 only ?\ & ?y tea*] %all possess ?is k4' ,brugs*1 ,aus dem ,ori5t1 p4 #fi4 ,may n "o reason = conceal+ ?is doctr9e ( ! unity & spirituality ( ,god h be5 ! /ress ( ! ,african m9d to v>iety & bodily =m8 ,! prie/s fe>$ to enc\nt] ?is great curr5t ( s5tim5t 9 ! p1 & s outw>dly con=m$ to x4 #aia ,s says ,wilk9son4 #aib ,! f+] on ! m\? symbolizes1 n sil5ce1 b *ildhood4 #aic ,! "n ,mut 0 also giv5 to ,nei?1 ,pa*t1 & ,isis4 #aid ,brugs*1 ,aus dem ,ori5t1 p4 #dh4 #aie ,see ,m]ivale1 ,conv]sion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nations1 p4 #ahg1 note1 :]e he gives examples ( ! invet]ate l+]+ ( ,pagan usages among ! nom9ally conv]t$4 ,b _m ( ^! 7 sanction$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 #aif ,k5rick1 ,i4 #cgb 7,am]ican edition74 #aig ,see = pro(s1 ,egyptian ,my?ology & ,egyptian ,*ri/ianity1 by ,samuel ,%>pe1 #ahfc4 #aih ,%>pe1 ,egyptian ,my?ology & ,egyptian ,*ri/ianity4 #aii ,%>pe1 z above4 #bjj ,! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! atonem5t 0 t ! ,devil kill$ ,jesus 9 ignorance ( 8 div9e nature4 ,! ,devil 0 ?us deceiv$ into do+ :at he _h no "r to d1 consequ5tly he 0 oblig$ to pay = ?is by giv+ up ! s\ls ( s9n]s to :i* he _h a "r4 ,! ,osiris my? ( ! dea? ( a god1 :i* deeply color$ ! my/]ies ( ,adonis & ,eleusis1 took its la/ =m im ?is peculi> doctr9e ( atonem5t4 #bja ,hase1 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 #hg4 #bjb ,:i* cont9ues 9 ,*ri/ianity1 9 spite ( ,paul's pla9 /atem5t1 ,?\ s[e/ n ! body :i* %all be4 #bjc ,s]apis 0 n a god ( ! ,ph>aonic times1 b came into ,egypt "u ! ,ptolemies4 ,b lately ,m4 ,m>iette has %[n t ,s]apis 0 ! dead bull ,apis ,osiris-,apis4 747 #bjd ,mr4 ,grote 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bbb1 ,am]ican edition7 ref]s to ,/rabo's rem>k on ! great sup]iority ( ,europe ov] ,asia & ,africa 9 reg>d to ! int]section & int]p5etration ( ! l& by ! sea4 ,he also quotes ,cic]o1 :o says t all ,greece is 9 close contact to ! sea1 & only two or ?ree tribes sep>at$ f x1 :ile ! ,greek isl&s swim among ! waves ) _! cu/oms & in/itutions4 ,he says t ! anci5ts rem>k$ ! great] activity1 mutability1 & v>iety 9 ! life ( m>itime nations4 #bje ,mr4 ,buckle is almo/ ! only m>k$ exception4 ,he n[h]e recognizes ! doctr9e ( race4 #bjf ,! ox is1 9 ,sanskrit g or gas1 9 ,lat9 bos1 9 ,greek 4 ,! horse is1 9 ,sanskrit ava1 9 ,z5d apa1 9 ,greek 1 9 ,lat9 equus4 ,! %eep is1 9 ,sanskrit avis1 9 ,lat9 ovis1 9 ,greek s4 ,! goose is1 9 ,sanskrit hansa1 9 ,lat9 ans]1 9 ,old ,g]man kans1 9 ,greek 4 ,h\se is1 9 ,sanskrit dama1 9 ,lat9 domus1 9 ,greek 4 ,door is1 9 ,sanskrit dvr or dura1 9 ,greek 1 9 ,iri% doras4 ,boat or %ip is1 9 ,sanskrit nas1 9 ,lat9 navis1 9 ,greek 4 ,o> is1 9 ,sanskrit aritram1 9 ,greek 9 ,lat9 remus4 ,! ,greeks di/+ui%$ !mselves f ! ,b>b>ians z a gra9-eat+ race4 ,b>b>ians ate acorns4 #bjg ,h]od41 ,i4 #ef1 #eg1 #adf2 ,,ii4 #ea1 #aga2 ,,iv4 #ade2 ,v4 #bf2 ,,vi4 #acg2 ,,vii4 #id2 ,,viii4 #dd1 #gc4 #bjh ,maury1 ,hi/oire des ,religions de la ,grce ,antique1 ,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #e4 ,he m5tions sev]al ,pelasgic words :i* seem to be id5tical ) old ,italian or ,etruscan names4 #bji ,mll]1 ,dorians1 ,introduction1 #aj4 #baj ,grie*is*e ,gott]lehre1 ,e9leitung1 #f4 #baa ,see ,mll]1 ,dorians4 #bab ,symbolik und ,my?ologie1 ,?4 ,,iii41 ,heft #a1 *ap4 #e1 #a4 #bac ,h]od4 ,,ii4 #ej et seq4 #bad ,among ! anci5ts (t5 _h ?is =ce4 ,x d5ot$ p]sonality4 ,! mean+1 !re=e1 ( ,h]odotus is t ! ,egyptians taught ! ,greeks to give _! deities prop] names1 in/ead ( common names4 ,a prop] "n is ! sign ( p]sonality4 #bae ,maury1 ,religions de la ,grce1 ,,iii4 #bfc4 #baf ,diod4 ,sic41 ,i4 #ib-if4 #bag ,g]h>d1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 #ej1 ,vol4 #a4 #bah ,mr4 ,grote 7,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,"p ,i4 ,*ap4 #a47 ma9ta9s t ,heav51 ,night1 ,sleep1 & ,dream are ,p]sons1 j z mu* z ,zeus & ,apollo4 ,i confess t ,i c h>dly und]/& 8 mean+4 ,! fir/ h nei!r p]sonal qualities1 p]sonal life1 p]sonal hi/ory1 nor p]sonal exp]i5ce2 !y appe> only z va/ ab/ractions1 & s disappe> aga94 #bai ,keats1 9 8 ,hyp]ion1 is ! only mod]n poet :o has caught ! _s ( ! mighty ,titanic deities & is able to speak ,9 ! l>ge utt]ance ( ! e>ly gods4 #bbj ,pictet1 ,les ,orig9es ,indo-,europenes4 #bba ,b4,c4 #aajd4 ,dll+]4 #bbb ,die ,dori]1 ,x4 #i4 #bbc ,ottfri$ ,mll]1 ,die ,dori]4 #bbd ,v>ro1 quot$ by ,maury4 #bbe ,dione 0 ! female ,jupit]1 h] "n mean+ simply ! goddess1 id5tical ) ! ,italic ,juno1 =m$ f 4 #bbf ,b n ! same "*4 ,at ,dodona he 0 invok$ z ! ,et]nal4 ,pausanias 7,x4 c4 #ab1 #e7 says t ! prie/esses ( t %r9e us$ ?is =mula 9 _! pray]3 ,zeus 01 ,zeus is1 ,zeus %all be6 ,o great ,zeus6 ,on ,olympus he 0 n conceiv$ z et]nal1 b only z immortal4 #bbg ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox 7,a ,manual ( ,my?ology1 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,! ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 ,london1 #ahgj7 has %[n mu* +5uity 9 8 ef=ts to trace ! my?s & leg5ds ( ! ,greeks1 ,g]mans1 etc41 back to "s orig9al metaphors 9 ! old ,v$ic spee*1 mo/ ( :i* relate to ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 & ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s4 ,x seems probable t he c>ries ?is too f>2 = :y _c lat] ages orig9ate my?s z well z ! e>li]8 ,! analogies by :i* he seeks to approximate ,greek1 ,sc&9avian1 & ,h9doo /ories are (t5 fanciful4 ,& ! sun plays s ov]:elm+ a "p 9 ?is drama1 t x rem9ds "o ( ! picture 9 ,h]mann & ,doro!a1 ( ! travell] :o look$ at ! sun till he c\ld see no?+ else4 ,s*web5 si*et ihr ,bild1 woh9 er die ,blicke nur w5det4 #bbh ,see ,le ,s5tim5t ,religieux en ,grce1 d',homre ,es*yle1 p> ,jules ,gir>d1 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 #bbi ,iliad1 ,book ,i4 v4 #fjj4 #bcj ,m>g>et ,full] us$ to di/+ui% ,apollo & ,bac*us z ,g5ius & ,g5iality4 #bca ,i/hmian1 ,,vi4 #bcb ,py?ian1 ,,ii4 #bcc ,nemean1 ,,vi4 #bcd ,god 9 ,hi/ory1 ,,iv4 #aj4 #bce ,atrocem animam ,catonis4--,horace4 #bcf ,antigon1 #dej4 #bcg ,yet1 ev5 9 ,euripides1 we meet a /ra9 l t 7,hecuba1 l9e #hjj71 :i* we may r5d] z foll[s3-- ,=1 ?\gh p]haps we may be helpless slaves1 ,yet are ! gods mo/ /rong1 & ov] !m ,sits ,,law supreme4 ,! gods are "u law1-- ,s d we judge1--& !re=e we c live ,:ile "r & wrong /& sep>ate =ev]4 #bch ,see ! orig9al 9 ,h]d]'s ,greek text1 ,hell5is*e ,blum5lese1 & 9 ,cudwor?'s ,intellectual ,sy/em4 #bci ,welck]1 ,gries*is*e ,gott]lehre1 #be4 #bdj ,ottfri$ ,mll]1 ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,art1 #aae1 #cdg4 #bda ,ox=d ,prize ,poems1 ,poem = #ahab4 #bdb 1 1 1 1 4--,clem4 ,alex4 ,cohort4 ad g5tes4 #bdc ,mono!ism among ! ,greeks1 translat$ 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,m>*1 #ahfg4 ,victor ,c\s91 ,fragm5ts de ,philosophie ,anci5ne4 #bdd ,quotations f ,ari/otle1 9 ,rixn]1 ,i4 #ge4 #bde ,see ,rixn]1 ,zell]1 & ! poem ( ,emp$ocles on ! ,nature ( ,?+s 7 71 especially ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,?ird ,book4 #bdf ,8 fam\s doctr9e1 t man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 meant t !re is no?+ true b t :i* appe>s to man to be s at any mom5t4 ,he taught1 z we %\ld n[ say1 ! subjectivity ( k4 #bdg ,zell]1 z be=e cit$4 #bdh ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie4 #bdi ,! s5t5ce :i* ,plato wrote ov] 8 door1 1 probably means1 ,let no "o ent] :o has n def9ite ?\ghts4 ,s ,goe! decl>$ t outl9e w5t deepe/ into ! my/]ies ( nature4 #bej ,= ,pro(s1 see ,ack]mann1 ,cudwor?1 ,tayl] ,lewis1 & ! ,new-,engl&]1 ,octob]1 #ahfi4 #bea ,page #bh1 ,g]man edition4 #beb ,laws1 ,x4 #hic4 #bec ,timu1 ,,ix4 #bed ,laws1 ,,iv4 #gae4 #bee ,zell]1 z above4 ,also ,zell]1 ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics1 translat$ by ,rei*el4 ,london3 ,longmans1 #ahgj4 #bef ,/oics1 ,epicureans & ,sceptics1 p4 #adj4 #beg ,mr4 ,f]gusson ?9ks ! p]i/yle n int5d$ = an ambulatory1 b is unable to assign any o!r satisfactory purpose4 #beh ,illu/rat$ ,h&-,book ( ,ar*itecture4 #bei ,plut>*1 quot$ by ,dll+]4 #bfj ,buckley's translation1 9 ,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y4 #bfa ,ibid4 #bfb ,republic1 ,,ii4 #ag4 ,see ,dll+]'s discussion ( ?is subject1 9 ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew1 ,engli% translation1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #abe4 #bfc ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+4 #bfd ,ottfri$ ,mll] has %[n t "s ( ^! writ+s exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,euripides4 #bfe ,cudwor?'s ,intellectual ,sy/em1 ,i4 #djc 7,am4 ed474 ,rixn]1 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,anhang1 ,vol4 ,i4 #bff ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #ga4 #bfg ,*ri/ianity & ,greek ,philosophy4 ,by ,b4 ,f4 ,cock]1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] & ,bro!rs4 #ahgj4 #bfh ,see ,ne&]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,vol ,i4 p4 #hh1 ,am]ican edition4 #bfi ,hegel's ,philosophic 9 ,wrtli*5 ,auszg54 ,b]l91 #ahdc4 #bgj ,romis*e ,ges*i*te1 von ,!odor ,momms51 ,kap4 ,,xii4 #bga ,janus1 ,picus1 ,faunus1 ,romulus1 7 indigites4 ,funke1 ,real ,lexicon4 #bgb ,see ,niebuhr's ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 = facts conc]n+ ! ,siculi4 ,! s\nd el appe>s 9 ,keltic1 ,gael1 ,wels*1 ,wel%1 ,belgians1 ,gauls1 ,galatians1 etc4 ,m4 ,grotef5d 7z quot$ by ,guigniaut1 9 8 notes to ,creuz]7 accepts ?is ,keltic orig9 ( ! ,siculi1 believ+ t !y ent]$ ,italy f ! nor?we/1 & 7 gradually driv5 f>!r s\? till !y rea*$ ,sicily4 ,^? :o expell$ !m 7 ! ,pelasgic races1 :o pass$ f ,asia1 s\? ( ! ,caspian & ,black ,seas1 ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or & ,greece1 prec$+ ! ,hell5ic races4 ,?is acc\nts = ! /atem5t ( ,h]odotus t ! ,pelasgi came f ,lydia 9 ,asia ,m9or1 )\t our be+ oblig$ to assume t !y came by sea1--a fact highly improbable4 ,!y 7 call$ ,tyrrheanians1 n f any city or k+ ( ,lydia1 b1 z ,m4 ,lepsius believes1 f ! ,greek 7,lat91 turris71 a t[]1 because ( _! ,cyclopean masonry4 ,! ,roman /ate1 on ?is supposition1 may h ow$ its orig9 to ! union ( ! two great ,aryan races1 ! ,kelts & ,pelasgi4 #bgc ,my?ologie d] ,grie*5 und ,rom]1 von ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,hefft]4 ,leipzig1 #ahed4 #bgd ,& s our ^w janitor comes to u f ?is v old ,italian deity4 #bge ,ampre1 ,l',hi/oire ,roma9e4 #bgf ,?is seems to u m probable ?an ,buttman's op9ion1 t ! temple ( ,janus 0 orig9ally by ! gate ( ! city1 :i* gate 0 op5 9 w> & clos$ 9 peace4 ,9 practice1 x w\ld probably be diff]5t4 #bgg ,quis ignorat vel dictum vel conditum a ,jano ,janiculum8 ,sol9us1 ,,ii4 #c1 quot$ by ,ampre4 #bgh ,arx mea collis erat1 quem cultrix nom9e no/ro ,nuncupat hc tas1 ,janiculumque vocat4--,fa/i1 ,i4 #bde4 #bgi ,mat] ,matuta 7matut9a1 mat9al7 0 a ,lat9 goddess ( ! dawn1 :o 0 absorb$ into ,juno1 z (t5 happ5$ to ! old ,italian deities4 ,h>tung says3 ,!re 0 no limit to ! sup]ficial levity ) :i* ! ,romans *ang$ _! wor%ip4 #bhj ,! ,etruscans wor%ipp$ a goddess nam$ ,m5]fa or ,m5fra4--,hefft]4 #bha ,hefft]1 p4 #ebe4 ,cloaca is d]iv$ f clu]e1 :i* means to wa% away4 ,lib]t9a or ,libit9a is ! goddess ( fun]als4 #bhb ,republic1 ,,ii4 #ai4 #bhc ,h>tung4 #bhd ,diis quos sup]iores et involutes vocant4--,s5eca1 ,qu/4 ,nat41 ,,ii4 #da4 #bhe ,de re ru/ica2 quot$ by ,m]ivale 9 ! ,preface to ,! ,conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire4 #bhf ,f ! same root come our words fate1 fanatic1 etc4 ,fanaticum dicitur arbor fulm9e icta4--,fe/us1 #fi4 #bhg ,f sacr>e or consecr>e4 ,h5ce sacram5t & sac]dotal4 #bhh ,! ^w cal5d> is itself d]iv$ f ! ,roman ,kal5ds1 ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 #bhi ,see ,m]ivale1 ,! ,conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,lect4 ,,iv4 p4 #gd4 #bij ,dll+]1 ,g5tile & ,jew4 ,funke1 ,real ,lexicon4 ,fe/us4 #bia ,book ,i4 #eib4 #bib ,,iv4 #eic4 #bic ,de ,div9atione1 ,,ii4 #ab1 etc4 #bid ,a ,greek epigram1 rec5tly translat$1 alludes to ! same fact3-- ,honey & milk are sacrifice to !e1 ,k9d ,h]mes1 inexp5sive deity4 ,b ,h]cules dem&s a lamb ea* day1 ,= keep+1 s he says1 ! wolves away4 ,imports x mu*1 meek br[s]s ( ! sod1 ,:e!r a wolf dev\r y1 or a god8 #bie ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #bif ,conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,note ,a4 #big ,exp$it civitates falli 9 religione1 said ,v>ro4 #bih ,philosophia sapi5ti amor e/4 ,nec philosophia s9e virtute1 nec s9e philosophia virtus4 ,epi/4 ,,xci4 #e4 #bii ,physica non faciunt bonos1 s$ doctos4 ,epi/4 ,,cvi4 #aa4 #cjj ,bonum e/1 quod ad se impetum animi secundum naturam movet4 ,epi/4 ,,cxviii4 #i4 #cja ,univ]sa ex mat]ia et ,deo con/ant4 ,epi/4 ,,lxv4 #bd4 #cjb ,socii ,dei sumus et membra4 ,prope a te ,deus e/1 tecum e/1 intus e/4 ,sac] intra nos ,spiritus s$et1 malorum bonorumque no/rorum obs]vator et cu/os4 ,deus ad hom9es v5it2 immo1 9 hom9es4 ,epi/4 ,,xcii4 #da1 #gc4 #cjc ,arrian's ,disc\rses ( ,epictetus1 ,,iii4 #bd4 #cjd ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,,iii4 #bdg4 #cje ,monolog41 ,x4 #ad4 #cjf ,zell]1 ,/oics1 ,epicureans & ,sceptics1 p4 #aej4 #cjg ,quot$ by ,ne&]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,i4 #aj 7,am4 ed474 #cjh ,gott 9 d] ,ges*i*te1 ,zweit] ,!il1 ,seite #chg4 #cji ,tacitus1 ,hi/ory1 ,i4 #c4 #caj ,ibid41 ,annals1 ,,iv4 #bj4 #caa ,ibid41 ,annals1 ,,vi4 #bb4 #cab ,ibid41 ,agricola1 #df4 #cac ,! ,greek & ! ,jew1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #adg4 #cad ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 xv4 #ac4 #cae ,! legislation ( ,ju/9ian1 z f> z x 0 orig9al1 9 8 ,code1 ,p&ects1 & ,in/itutes1 0 /ill almo/ exclusively ,roman4 ,x might seem t ,*ri/ianity c\ld h>dly p5etrate into ! solid & well-compact$ body ( ,roman law2 or r ! immutable pr9ciples ( ju/ice _h be5 s cle>ly disc]n$ by ! inflexible rectitude ( ! ,roman m9d1 & s sagaci\sly appli$ by ! wisdom ( h] great lawy]s1 t ,*ri/ianity 0 cont5t to acquiesce 9 ^! /atutes1 :i* %e might despair1 except 9 "s respects1 ( r5d]+ m equitable4--,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aa4 #caf ,see ,ranke1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 ,*ap4 ,i41 :]e he says t ! ,roman ,empire gave its outw>d =m to ,*ri/ianity 7mean+ ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity71 & t ! con/itution ( ! hi]>*y 0 necess>ily modell$ on t ( ! ,empire4 #cag ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ajj4 #cah ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #cai ,non aliud pecc>e quam ,deo non r$d]e debitum4 #cbj ,cs>1 ,bell4 ,gall41 ,i4 #cf1 #ci1 #dh1 #ej2 ,,vi4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 #cba ,prliis ambiguus1 bello non victus4--,annals1 ,,ii4 #hh4 #cbb ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #i4 #cbc ,illud ex lib]tate vitium1 quod non simul1 nec ut jussi1 conv5iunt4--,g]mania1 #aa4 #cbd ,esprit des ,loix4 #cbe ,see1 = ! hi/ory & religion ( ! ,teutonic & ,sc&9avian race1 ,cs>2 ,tacitus2 ,grimm's ,deuts*e ,my?ologie2 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] ,altdeuts*5 ,religion1 von ,wilhelm ,mull]2 ,nor!rn ,my?ology1 by ,b5jam9 ,?orpe2 ,! ,sea-,k+s ( ,norway1 by ,s4 ,la+2 ,manual ( ,sc&9avian ,my?ology1 by ,g4 ,pigott2 ,lit]ature & ,romance ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 by ,william & ,m>y ,hewitt2 ,die ,edda1 von ,k>l ,simrock2 ,aryan ,my?ology1 by ,george ,w4 ,cox2 ,norse ,tales1 by ,das5t1 etc4 ,b "o ( ! be/ z well z ! mo/ accessible summ>ies 9 ,engli% ( ?is my?ology is ,mallet's ,nor!rn ,antiquities1 9 ,bohn's ,antiqu>ian ,libr>y4 ,?is edition is edit$ by ,mr4 ,blackwell ) great judgm5t & le>n+4 #cbf ,see ,die ,edda1 von ,k>l ,simrock4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahee4 ,lit]ature & ,romance ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 by ,william & ,m>y ,h[itt4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] ,altdeuts*5 ,religion1 von ,)elm ,mull]4 ,gott+51 #ahdd4 ,mallet's ,nor!rn ,antiquities1 edit$ by ,blackwell1 9 ,bohn's ,antiqu>ian ,libr>y4 #cbg ,hitopades2 or1 ,salut>y ,c\nsels ( ,vi%nu ,s>man4 ,translat$ fiom ! ,sanskrit by ,francis ,johnson4 ,london & ,h]t=d1 #ahdh4 #cbh ,see ,memoir ( ,snorro ,/urleson1 9 ,la+'s ,sea-,k+s ( ,norway4 #cbi ,x w\ld appe> f ?is leg5d t ! gods are idealizations ( human w set ov] aga9/ ! p[]s ( nature4 ,! battle ( ! gods & giants repres5ts ! /ruggles ( ! s\l aga9/ ! inexorable laws ( nature1 fre$om aga9/ fate1 ! _s ) ! fle%1 m9d ) matt]1 human hope ) *ange1 disappo9tm5t1 loss2 ! em]g5cy ( ! case ) ! despotism ( ! rule4 #ccj ,physical circum/ances produc$ alt]ations 9 ! my?ologies1 ^: orig9 0 ! same4 ,?us1 ,loki1 ! god ( fire1 belongs to ! sir1 because fire is ho/ile to fro/1 b repres5ts ! trea*]\s & evil subt]ranean fires1 :i* 9 ,icel& de/roy$ ) lava1 s&1 & boil+ wat] m ?an 0 injur$ by cold4 #cca ,nor!rn ,my?ology1 by ,b5jam9 ,?orpe4 #ccb ,gibbon1 ,*ap4 ,,lvi4 #ccc ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 ,ne&]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,app5dix4 #ccd ,see1 = ! conv]sion ( ! ,g]man races1 ,gibbon2 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,m]ivale1 ,conv]sion ( ! ,g]man ,nations2 ,milman1 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity2 ,ne&]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 ,hegel2 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals4 #cce ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,book ,,iii4 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #ccf ,palaztu1 on ! ,we/]n ,sea4 ,rawl9son's ,h]odotus1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dhg4 #ccg ,! ^w has be5 deciph]$ ,pulusat]4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,pale/9e4 #cch ,ibid4 #cci ,pale/9e1 & ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula4 ,by ,c>l ,ritt]4 ,translat$ by ,william ,l4 ,gage4 ,new ,york4 #ahff4 #cdj ,ritt]'s ,pale/9e1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cae4 #cda ,lyn* makes x ?irte5 hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,see ,ritt]4 #cdb ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 translat$ by ,russell ,m>t9eau1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bca4 #cdc ,new ,am]ican ,cyclopdia1 art4 ,semitic ,race4 #cdd ,quot$ by ,le ,normant1 ,manual ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ga4 #cde ,rem>ks on ! ,pho5ician ,inscription ( ,sidon1 by ,pr(essor ,william ,w4 ,turn]1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 ,vol4 ,,vii4 ,no4 #a4 #cdf ,po5ulus1 ,act ,v4 ,sc4 #a4 #cdg ,see 8 ,essay on ! ,p ( ,israel1 9 ,/udies ( ,religi\s ,hi/ory & ,criticism1 translat$ by ,o4 ,b4 ,fro?+ham4 #cdh ,except ! proselytes1 :o are adopt$ *ildr54 #cdi ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 ,lect4 ,i4 #cej ,see1 = ^! m>vell\s /ories1 ,weil1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,mussulmans4 #cea ,see my s]mon on ,mel*is$ek & 8 ,moral1 9 ,! ,h\r t ,come?1 second edition4 #ceb ,/rabo1 :o probably wrote 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 ?us describes ,moses3-- ,moses1 an ,egyptian prie/1 :o possess$ a consid]able tract ( ,l[] ,egypt1 unable any long] to be> ) :at exi/$ !re1 dep>t$ !nce to ,syria1 & ) him w5t out _m :o honor$ ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,= ,moses taught t ! ,egyptians 7 n "r 9 lik5+ ! nature ( ,god to bea/s & cattle1 nor yet ! ,africans or ev5 ! ,greeks1 9 fa%ion+ _! gods 9 ! =m ( m54 ,he held t ?is only 0 ,god1--t :i* encompasses all ( u1 e>? & sea1 t :i* we call heav51 ! ord] ( ! _w1 & ! nature ( ?+s4 ,( ?is1 :o t _h any s5se w\ld v5ture to inv5t an image l to any?+ :i* exi/s among ourselves8 ,f> bett] to ab&on all /atu>y & sculpture1 all sett+ ap>t ( sacr$ prec9cts & %r9es1 & to pay rev]5ce )\t any image :atev]4 ,! c\rse prescrib$ 0 t ^? :o h ! gift ( div9ation = !mselves or o!rs %\ld compose !mselves to sleep )9 ! ,temple1 & ^? :o live temp]ately & ju/ly mjiy expect to receive lome good gift f ,god4 #cec ,e/eem+ ! reproa* ( ! ,*ri/ 7t is1 ( ! ano9t$1 or1 ! ano9t$ p7 great] ri*es ?an ! treasures ( ,egypt4 #ced ,see ?is well expla9$ 9 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,plan ( ,salvation1 by ,james ,b4 ,walk]4 #cee ',behold1 :5 ,i %all come to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & %all say unto !m1 ,! ,god ( y\r fa!rs ha? s5t me unto y1 & !y %all say1 ,:at is 8 "n8 ,:at %all ,i say unto !m8 ,& ,god said unto ,moses1 ,i ,,am ,,! ,i ,,am44444 ,?us %alt ?\ say unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,i ,,am ha? s5t me unto y6' ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! great epo*s ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*os5 ,p are m>k$ by ! sev]al names1 by :i* 9 ea* ! ,div9e ,nature is indicat$4 ,9 ! patri>*al age we h already se5 t ! olde/ ,hebrew =m by :i* ! mo/ g5]al idea ( ,div9ity is express$ is ',el-,elohim1' ',! ,/rong ,"o1' ',! ,/rong ,ones1' ',! ,/rong1' ',be?-,el1' ',p5i-,el1' rema9$ ev5 to ! late/ times memorials ( ?is primitive mode ( address & wor%ip4 ,b n[ a new "n1 & ) x a new tru?1 0 introduc$4 ,i am ,jehovah2 ,i appe>$ unto ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 by ! "n ( ,el-,%addai 7,god ,almighty72 b by my "n ,jehovah 0 ,i n kn[n unto !m4 ,! only c]ta9 use ( x be=e ! "t ( ,moses is 9 ! "n ( ',jo*eb$1' borne by 8 own "m4 ,x 0 ! decl>ation ( ! simplicity1 ! unity1 ! self-exi/5ce ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 ! exact opposite to all ! multipli$ =ms ( idolatry1 human1 animal1 & cele/ial1 t prevail$1 z f> z we "k1 ev]y:]e else4--,/anley's ,jewi% ,*ur*4 #cef ,a man became a prophet only by 8 p[]s ( insight & =esight2 until t 0 c]tifi$ to ! p1 he 0 no prophet to !m4 ,:5 x 01 x 0 because he conv9c$ !m by 8 manife/ation ( ! tru?2 consequ5tly any revision ( ! law by a prophet 0 a con/itutional am5dm5t by ! p !mselves4 #ceg ,hitzig1 ,urges*i*te und ,my?ologie d] ,phili/]4 ,tacitus probably ref]r$ to ! ,cretan orig9 ( ! ,phili/9es1 :5 he says t ! ,jews 7 orig9ally natives ( ! isl& ( ,crete4 ,see 8 acc\nt ( ,moses & 8 in/itutions1 ,hi/oria1 ,v4 #a-f4 #ceh ,out f ! he>t ( nature roll$ ,! burd5s ( ! ,bible old2 ,! litanies ( nations came1 ,l ! volcano's tongue ( flame1 ,up f ! burn+ core bel[1-- ,! canticles ( love & woe4 ,em]son1 ,! ,problem4 #cei ,see ?is po9t fully discuss$ 9 ,ritt]1 ,pale/9e 7,am4 ed471 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #ha-aea4 #cfj ,see ,weil1 ,biblical ,leg5ds1 = ! ,mohamm$an traditions conc]n+ ,solomon4 #cfa ,= he p]ceives ! idea1 b n its application to himself4 #cfb ,nei!r ( !m p]ceives t he is ! object ( ! injury4 #cfc ,eccles4 i4 #b-aa4 #cfd ,ibid4 i4 #ab2 ii4 #aa4 #cfe ,ibid4 ii4 #ab-bj4 #cff ,ibid4 ii4 #bd4 #cfg ,ibid4 iii4 #a-aa4 #cfh ,ibid4 iii4 #ah-ba4 #cfi ,ibid4 iv4 #a-c4 #cgj ,ibid4 iv4 #i-ab4 #cga ,ibid4 v4 #a-g1 #ah4 #cgb ,ibid4 vi4 #cgc ,eccles4 vii4 #b1 #aj1 #ae1 #af4 #cgd ,ibid4 vii4 #bf-bh4 #cge ,ibid4 viii4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #aa1 #ad7;ix4 #b1 #c71 #ae1 #ag4 #cgf ,ibid4 xi4 #a1 #b1 #f4 #cgg ,ibid4 xii4 #a-h1 #i1 #ab1 #ac4 #cgh ,dll+]1 ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew4 #cgi ,see article on ! ,talmud1 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #ahfg4 #chj ,an anecdote 0 rec5tly relat$ ( a little girl1 five ye>s old1 :o 0 se5 walk+ along ! road1 look+ up into ! trees4 ,be+ ask$ :at %e 0 seek+1 %e repli$3 ,mamma told me ,god 0 ev]y:]e1 b ,i _c see him 9 t tree4 ,! fai? ( ! patri>*s 0 l t ( ?is *ild1--n false1 b un5light5$4 #cha ,& ! ,"l said1 ,:o %all p]suade ,ahab1 t he may g up & fall at ,ramo?-,gilead8 ,& "o said on ?is mann]1 & ano!r said on t mann]4 ,& !re came =? a _s1 & /ood be=e ! ,"l1 & said1 ,i w p]suade him4 ,& ! ,"l said unto him1 ,:]e)8 ,& he said1 ,i w g =?1 & ,i w be a ly+ _s 9 ! m\? ( all 8 prophets4 ,& he said1 ,?\ %alt p]suade him1 & prevail also3 g =? & d s4 #chb ,see ,greg1 ,! ,cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,*ap4 ,v4 ,also1 ,! ,_s ( ! ,bible1 by ,edw>d ,higg9son4 #chc ,mohamm$ d] ,prophet1 se9 ,leb5 und se9e ,lehre4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahdc4 #chd ,essai sur l'hi/oire des ,arabes1 avant l',islamisme1 p5dant l'poque de ,mahomet1 et jusqu' la rduction de t\tes les tribus s\s la loi mussulmane4 ,p>is4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #ahdg-dh4 #che ,das ,leb5 und die ,lehre des ,mohamm$1 etc4 ,von ,a4 ,spr5g]4 ,b]l91 #ahfa4 #chf ,spr5g]1 ,vorr$e1 p4 xii4 #chg ,! ,life ( ,mahomet & ,hi/ory ( ,islam4 ,by ,william ,muir1 ,esq4 ,london1 #aheh4 #chh ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ! ,life ( ,mohamm$1 & ,subjects subsidi>y !reto4 ,by ,sy$ ,ahm$ ,khan ,bahador4 ,london3 ,trabn] ,co4 #ahgj4 #chi ,quo fit ut omnis ,votiva pateat velut descripta tabella ,vita s5is4 ,,horace4 #cij ,! same rem>k w apply to ,cromwell4 #cia ,mohamm$ once ask$ ,hassan if he _h made any poetry ab\t ,abu ,bakr1 & ! poet repeat$ ^! l9es2 :]eupon ,mohamm$ laugh$ s he>tily z to %[ 8 back tee?1 & said1 ',?\ ha/ spok5 truly1 ,o ,hassan6 ,x is j z ?\ ha/ said4'--,muir1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bef4 #cib ,muir1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #abh4 #cic ,koran1 ,sura #hj4 #cid ,mahomet & ! ,orig9 ( ,islam4 ,/udies ( ,religi\s ,hi/ory4 ,translat$ by ,o4 ,b4 ,fro?+ham4 #cie ,lewes1 ,life ( ,goe!1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bjg4 #cif ,mahomet et le ,coran1 p> ,j4 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,p>is1 #ahfe1 p4 #aad4 #cig ,les ,religions et les ,philosophies dans ,l',ze ,c5trale4 ,p> ,m4 le ,comte ,gob9eau4 ,p>is4 #cih ,a ,ye>'s ,j\rney ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia4 ,by ,william ,gif=d ,palgrave4 ,?ird edition4 #ahff4 ,london4 #cii ,article 9 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahfh4 #djj ,/udies 9 ,religi\s ,hi/ory & ,criticism4 ,! ,future ( ,religion 9 ,modem ,society4 #dja ,ibid41 ,! ,"p ( ! ,semitic ,p 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization4 #djb ,ibid4 ,! ,future ( ,religion 9 ,mod]n ,society1 ,! ,orig9s ( ,islamism4 #djc ,! ,sympa?y ( ,religions1 an ,address by ,?omas ,w5twor? ,higg9son4 ,bo/on1 #ahga4 #djd ,job i4 #f1 #ab2 ii4 #a2 ,ze*4 iii4 #a2 #a ,*ron4 xxi4 #a4 #dje ,9 ! passages :]e ,satan or ! ,devil is m5tion$1 ! tru? taught is ! same1 & ! moral result ! same1 :e!r we int]pret ! phrase z mean+ a p]sonal be+1 or ! pr9ciple ( evil4 ,9 _m ( ^! passages a p]sonal be+ _c be meant3 = example1 ,john vi4 #gj2 ,matt4 xvi4 #bc2 ,m>k viii4 #cc2 #a ,cor4 v4 #e2 #b ,cor4 xii4 #g2 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ah2 #a ,tim4 i4 #bj2 ,heb4 ii4 #ad4 #djf ,exodus vi4 #b4 #djg ,exodus iii4 #ad4