file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #adffc-;h4htm or #adffc-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ d_/f_/f_/adffc_/adffc-;h_/#adffc-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ d_/f_/f_/adffc_/adffc-;h4zip7 ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s ,,magazine ,,vol4 ,,vi1 ,,no4 #e1 ,,april1 #ahif ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,illustrations4 ,,the ,,new ,,marvel ,,in ,,photography4 ,by ,h4,j4,w4 ,dam4 ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,rays ,,in ,,america4 ,by ,cleveland ,moffett4 ,,the ,,householders4 ,by ,q4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,by ,ida ,m4 ,tarbell4 ,lincoln in the ,campaign of #ahdj4 ,lincoln's ,engagement to ,miss ,todd4 ,the ,lincoln and ,shields ,duel4 ,marriage of ,lincoln and ,miss ,todd4 ,,phroso4 ,by ,anthony ,hope4 ,chapter ,i4 ,a ,long ,thing ,ending in ,poulos4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,a ,conservative ,country4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,the ,fever of ,neopalia4 ,a ,,century ,,of ,,painting4 ,by ,will ,h4 ,low4 ,,soldier ,,an' ,,sailor ,,too4 ,by ,rudyard ,kipling4 ,,rachel4 ,by ,mrs4 ,e4,v4 ,wilson4 ,,chapters ,,from ,a ,,life4 ,by ,elizabeth ,stuart ,phelps4 ,,editorial ,,notes4 ,twenty ,thousand ,dollars for ,short ,stories4 ,the ,mc,clure's ,early ,life of ,lincoln4 ,the ,mc,clure's ,new ,life of ,grant4 ,new ,pictures of ,lincoln4 ,the ,abraham ,lincoln ,school of ,science and ,practical ,arts4 ,the ,house in which ,lincoln's ,parents ,were ,married--a ,correction4 ,,illustrations ,,pictures ,,showing ,,the ,,differences ,,in ,,penetrability ,,to ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,rays4 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,konrad ,r,,ntgen1 ,,discoverer ,,of ,,the ,x ,,rays4 ,,picture ,,of ,,an ,,aluminium ,,cigar-,,case1 ,,showing ,,cigars ,,within4 ,,photograph ,,of ,a ,,lady',s ,,hand ,,showing ,,the ,,bones1 ,,and ,a ,,ring ,,on ,,the ,,third ,,finger4 ,,the ,,physical ,,institute1 ,,university ,,of ,w,,rzburg4 ,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,frog1 ,,photographed ,,through ,,the ,,flesh4 ,,razor-,,blade ,,photographed ,,through ,a ,,leather ,,case ,,and ,,the ,,razor-,,handle4 ,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,fish ,,photographed ,,through ,,the ,,flesh4 ,a ,,human ,,foot ,,photographed ,,through ,,the ,,sole ,,of ,a ,,shoe4 ,,photographing ,a ,,foot ,,in ,,its ,,shoe ,,by ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,process4 ,,bones ,,of ,a ,,human ,,foot ,,photographed ,,through ,,the ,,flesh4 ,,cork-,,screw1 ,,key1 ,,pencil ,,with ,,metallic ,,protector1 ,,and ,,piece ,,of ,,coin4 ,,coins ,,photographed ,,inside ,a ,,purse4 ,,dr4 ,,william ,j4 ,,morton ,,photographing ,,his ,,own ,,hand ,,under ,r,,ntgen ,a ,,group ,,of ,,familiar ,,articles ,,under ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,rays4 ,,thomas ,a4 ,,edison ,,experimenting ,,with ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,rays4 ,i 444 ,,tried ,a ,,step ,,toward ,,the ,,stairs1 ,,with ,,eyes ,,alert 444 ,,he ,,stood ,,sideways1 444 ,,and ,,looked ,,at ,,me ,,over ,,his ,,left ,,shoulder4 ,,face ,,to ,,face ,,with ,,the ,,real ,,householder4 ,,old ,,state-,,house ,,at ,,springfield1 ,,illinois4 ,a ,,harrison ,,badge ,,of #ahdj4 ,a ,,harrison ,,button ,,of #ahdj4 ,,lincoln ,,in #ahfj4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,,in #ahfa4 ,,william ,,henry ,,harrison1 ,,ninth ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,joshua ,f4 ,,speed ,,and ,,wife4 ,,mary ,,todd ,,lincoln4 ,,lincoln ,,in #aheh4 ,,robert ,s4 ,,todd4 ,,miss ,,julia ,,jayne1 ,,one ,,of ,,miss ,,todd',s ,,bridesmaids4 ,,general ,,james ,,shields4 ,,mrs4 ,,ninian ,w4 ,,edwards4 ,,court-,,house ,,at ,,tremont ,,where ,,lincoln ,,received ,,warning ,,of ,,shields',s ,,challenge4 ,,residence ,,of ,,ninian ,w4 ,,edwards1 ,,springfield1 ,,illinois4 ,,lincoln',s ,,marriage ,,license ,,and ,,marriage ,,certificate4 ,,rev4 ,,charles ,,dresser4 ,,the ,,globe ,,hotel1 ,,springfield1 ,,illinois4 ,a ,,brook ,,in ,,the ,,department ,,of ,,var1 ,,france4 ,,jean ,,baptiste ,,camille ,,corot4 ,a ,,by-,,path4 ,,early ,,morning4 ,,diana',s ,,bath4 ,a ,,shallow ,,river4 ,,the ,,edge ,,of ,,the ,,forest 7,,fontainebleau74 ,,on ,,the ,,river ,,oise4 ,,the ,,stormy ,,sea4 ,a ,,sunlit ,,glade4 ,a ,,shepherd ,,and ,,his ,,flock4 ,,the ,,man ,,with ,,the ,,leathern ,,belt4 ,,the ,,stone-,,breakers4 ,,the ,,good ,,samaritan4 ,,servant ,,at ,,the ,,fountain4 ,,an ,,unhappy ,,family4 ,illustration3 ,,pictures ,,taken ,,by ,,professor ,,arthur ,w4 ,,wright ,,of ,,yale ,,college1 ,,showing ,,the ,,differences ,,between ,,substances ,,in ,,penetrability ,,to ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,rays4 #a and #c4 ,flint glass prism 7very opaque74 #b4 ,quartz prism1 showing transmission of the rays through the thin edges4 #d4 ,prism of heavy glass1 more opaque than flint glass4 #e4 ,one-cent coin1 copper4 #f4 ,five-cent coin1 nickel4 #g4 ,white-crown glass1 #a millimetres thick4 #h4 ,blue crown glass1 #b millimetres thick4 #i4 ,yellow crown glass1 #a millimetres thick4 #aj4 ,crown glass1 #a millimetre thick1 covered with a very thin layer of gold4 #aa4 ,red crown glass1 #b millimetres thick4 #ab4 ,block of ,iceland spar 7very transparent to ordinary light1 but very opaque to ,rntgen rays74 #ac4 ,a bit of tinfoil4 #ad4 ,aluminium medal1 showing faint traces of the design and lettering on both sides1 as if it were translucent4 #ae4 ,metallic mirror1 shows no effect of regular reflection4 #af4 ,bit of sheet-lead1 #a millimetre thick4 #ag4 ,quarter-of-a-dollar coin1 silver4 #ah4 ,piece of thin ebonite1 such as is used for photographic plate-holder4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,konrad ,r,,ntgen1 ,,discoverer ,,of ,,the ,x ,,rays4 ,from a photograph by ,hanfstaenge1 ,frankfort-on-the-,main4 ,,the ,,new ,,marvel ,,in ,,photography4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,professor ,r,,ntgen ,,at ,,his ,,laboratory ,,in ,w,,rzburg4--,,his ,,own ,,account ,,of ,,his ,,great ,,discovery4--,,interesting ,,experiments ,,with ,,the ,,cathode ,,rays4--,,practical ,,uses ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,photography4 ,,by ,h4,j4,w4 ,,dam4 ,in all the history of scientific discovery there has never been1 perhaps1 so general1 rapid1 and dramatic an effect wrought on the scientific centres of ,europe as has followed1 in the past four weeks1 upon an announcement made to the ,wrzburg ,physico-,medical ,society1 at their ,december meeting1 by ,professor ,william ,konrad ,rntgen1 professor of physics at the ,royal ,university of ,wrzburg4 ,the first news which reached ,london was by telegraph from ,vienna to the effect that a ,professor ,rntgen1 until then the possessor of only a local fame in the town mentioned1 had discovered a new kind of light1 which penetrated and photographed through everything4 ,this news was received with a mild interest1 some amusement1 and much incredulity2 and a week passed4 ,then1 by mail and telegraph1 came daily clear indications of the stir which the discovery was making in all the great line of universities between ,vienna and ,berlin4 ,then ,rntgen's own report arrived1 so cool1 so business-like1 and so truly scientific in character1 that it left no doubt either of the truth or of the great importance of the preceding reports4 ,to-day1 four weeks after the announcement1 ,rntgen's name is apparently in every scientific publication issued this week in ,europe2 and accounts of his experiments1 of the experiments of others following his method1 and of theories as to the strange new force which he has been the first to observe1 fill pages of every scientific journal that comes to hand4 ,and before the necessary time elapses for this article to attain publication in ,america1 it is in all ways probable that the laboratories and lecture-rooms of the ,united ,states will also be giving full evidence of this contagious arousal of interest over a discovery so strange that its importance cannot yet be measured1 its utility be even prophesied1 or its ultimate effect upon long-established scientific beliefs be even vaguely foretold4 ,illustration3 ,,picture ,,of ,,an ,,aluminium ,,cigar-,,case1 ,,showing ,,cigars ,,within4 ,from a photograph by ,a4,a4,c4 ,swinton1 ,victoria ,street1 ,london4 ,exposure1 ten minutes4 ,illustration3 ,,photograph ,,of ,a ,,lady',s ,,hand ,,showing ,,the ,,bones1 ,,and ,a ,,ring ,,on ,,the ,,third ,,finger1 ,,with ,,faint ,,outlines ,,of ,,the ,,flesh4 ,from a photograph taken by ,mr4 ,p4 ,spies1 director of the ,urania1 ,berlin4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,physical ,,institute1 ,,university ,,of ,w,,rzburg1 ,,where ,,professor ,r,,ntgen ,,has ,,his ,,residence1 ,,delivers ,,his ,,lectures1 ,,and ,,conducts ,,his ,,experiments4 ,from a photograph by ,g4 ,glock1 ,wrzburg4 ,the ,rntgen rays are certain invisible rays resembling1 in many respects1 rays of light1 which are set free when a high pressure electric current is discharged through a vacuum tube4 ,a vacuum tube is a glass tube from which all the air1 down to one-millionth of an atmosphere1 has been exhausted after the insertion of a platinum wire in either end of the tube for connection with the two poles of a battery or induction coil4 ,when the discharge is sent through the tube1 there proceeds from the anode--that is1 the wire which is connected with the positive pole of the battery--certain bands of light1 varying in color with the color of the glass4 ,but these are insignificant in comparison with the brilliant glow which shoots from the cathode1 or negative wire4 ,this glow excites brilliant phosphorescence in glass and many substances1 and these cathode rays1 as they are called1 were observed and studied by ,hertz2 and more deeply by his assistant1 ,professor ,lenard1 ,lenard having1 in #ahid1 reported that the cathode rays would penetrate thin films of aluminium1 wood1 and other substances and produce photographic results beyond4 ,it was left1 however1 for ,professor ,rntgen to discover that during the discharge another kind of rays are set free1 which differ greatly from those described by ,lenard as cathode rays ,the most marked difference between the two is the fact that ,rntgen rays are not deflected by a magnet1 indicating a very essential difference1 while their range and penetrative power are incomparably greater4 ,in fact1 all those qualities which have lent a sensational character to the discovery of ,rntgen's rays were mainly absent from these of ,lenard1 to the end that1 although ,rntgen has not been working in an entirely new field1 he has by common accord been freely granted all the honors of a great discovery4 ,illustration3 ,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,frog1 ,,photographed ,,through ,,the ,,flesh4 ,,the ,,shadings ,,indicate1 ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,the ,,bones1 ,,also ,,the ,,lungs ,,and ,,the ,,cerebral ,,lobes4 ,from a photograph by ,professors ,imbert and ,bertin-,sans2 reproduced by the courtesy of the ,presse ,medicale1 ,paris4 ,in taking this photograph the experiment was tried of using a diaphragm interposed between the ,crookes tube and the plate2 and the superior clearness obtained is thought to result from this4 ,illustration3 ,,razor-,,blade ,,photographed ,,through ,a ,,leather ,,case ,,and ,,the ,,razor-,,handle4 ,from a photograph taken by ,dr4 ,w4,l4 ,robb of ,trinity ,college4 ,the shading in the picture indicates1 what was the actual fact1 that the blade1 which was hollow ground1 was thinner in the middle than near the edge4 ,illustration3 ,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,fish ,,photographed ,,through ,,the ,,flesh4 ,from a photograph by ,a4,a4,c4 ,swinton1 ,victoria ,street1 ,london4 ,exposure1 four minutes4 ,exactly what kind of a force ,professor ,rntgen has discovered he does not know4 ,as will be seen below1 he declines to call it a new kind of light1 or a new form of electricity4 ,he has given it the name of the ,x rays4 ,others speak of it as the ,rntgen rays4 ,thus far its results only1 and not its essence1 are known4 ,in the terminology of science it is generally called a new mode of motion1 or1 in other words1 a new force4 ,as to whether it is or not actually a force new to science1 or one of the known forces masquerading under strange conditions1 weighty authorities are already arguing4 ,more than one eminent scientist has already affected to see in it a key to the great mystery of the law of gravity4 ,all who have expressed themselves in print have admitted1 with more or less frankness1 that1 in view of ,rntgen's discovery1 science must forth-with revise1 possibly to a revolutionary degree1 the long accepted theories concerning the phenomena of light and sound4 ,that the ,x rays1 in their mode of action1 combine a strange resemblance to both sound and light vibrations1 and are destined to materially affect1 if they do not greatly alter1 our views of both phenomena1 is already certain2 and beyond this is the opening into a new and unknown field of physical knowledge1 concerning which speculation is already eager1 and experimental investigation already in hand1 in ,london1 ,paris1 ,berlin1 and1 perhaps1 to a greater or less extent1 in every well-equipped physical laboratory in ,europe4 ,this is the present scientific aspect of the discovery4 ,but1 unlike most epoch-making results from laboratories1 this discovery is one which1 to a very unusual degree1 is within the grasp of the popular and non-technical imagination4 ,among the other kinds of matter which these rays penetrate with ease is the human flesh4 ,that a new photography has suddenly arisen which can photograph the bones1 and1 before long1 the organs of the human body2 that a light has been found which can penetrate1 so as to make a photographic record1 through everything from a purse or a pocket to the walls of a room or a house1 is news which cannot fail to startle everybody4 ,that the eye of the physician or surgeon1 long baffled by the skin1 and vainly seeking to penetrate the unfortunate darkness of the human body1 is now to be supplemented by a camera1 making all the parts of the human body as visible1 in a way1 as the exterior1 appears certainly to be a greater blessing to humanity than even the ,listerian antiseptic system of surgery2 and its benefits must inevitably be greater than those conferred by ,lister1 great as the latter have been4 ,already1 in the few weeks since ,rntgen's announcement1 the results of surgical operations under the new system are growing voluminous4 ,in ,berlin1 not only new bone fractures are being immediately photographed1 but joined fractures1 as well1 in order to examine the results of recent surgical work4 ,in ,vienna1 imbedded bullets are being photographed1 instead of being probed for1 and extracted with comparative ease4 ,in ,london1 a wounded sailor1 completely paralyzed1 whose injury was a mystery1 has been saved by the photographing of an object imbedded in the spine1 which1 upon extraction1 proved to be a small knife-blade4 ,operations for malformations1 hitherto obscure1 but now clearly revealed by the new photography1 are already becoming common1 and are being reported from all directions4 ,professor ,czermark of ,graz has photographed the living skull1 denuded of flesh and hair1 and has begun the adaptation of the new photography to brain study4 ,the relation of the new rays to thought rays is being eagerly discussed in what may be called the non-exact circles and journals2 and all that numerous group of inquirers into the occult1 the believers in clairvoyance1 spiritualism1 telepathy1 and kindred orders of alleged phenomena1 are confident of finding in the new force long-sought facts in proof of their claims4 ,professor ,neusser in ,vienna has photographed gall-stones in the liver of one patient 7the stone showing snow-white in the negative71 and a stone in the bladder of another patient4 ,his results so far induce him to announce that all the organs of the human body can1 and will1 shortly1 be photographed4 ,lannelougue of ,paris has exhibited to the ,academy of ,science photographs of bones showing inherited tuberculosis which had not otherwise revealed itself4 ,berlin has already formed a society of forty for the immediate prosecution of researches into both the character of the new force and its physiological possibilities4 ,in the next few weeks these strange announcements will be trebled or quadrupled1 giving the best evidence from all quarters of the great future that awaits the ,rntgen rays1 and the startling impetus to the universal search for knowledge that has come at the close of the nineteenth century from the modest little laboratory in the ,pleicher ,ring at ,wrzburg4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,human ,,foot ,,photographed ,,through ,,the ,,sole ,,of ,a ,,shoe4 ,,the ,,shading ,,shows ,,the ,,pegs ,,of ,,the ,,shoe1 ,,as ,,well ,,as ,,traces ,,of ,,the ,,foot4 ,from a photograph by ,dr4 ,w4,l4 ,robb of ,trinity ,college4 ,illustration3 ,,photographing ,a ,,foot ,,in ,,its ,,shoe ,,by ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,process4--,a ,,picture ,,of ,,the ,,actual ,,operation ,,which ,,produced ,,the ,,photograph ,,shown ,,on ,,page #djh4 ,from a photograph by ,dr4 ,w4,l4 ,robb of ,trinity ,college4 ,the subject's foot rests on the photographic plate4 ,on instruction by cable from the editor of this magazine1 on the first announcement of the discovery1 ,i set out for ,wrzburg to see the discoverer and his laboratory4 ,i found a neat and thriving ,bavarian city of forty-five thousand inhabitants1 which1 for some ten centuries1 has made no salient claim upon the admiration of the world1 except for the elaborateness of its medival castle and the excellence of its local beer4 ,its streets were adorned with large numbers of students1 all wearing either scarlet1 green1 or blue caps1 and an extremely serious expression1 suggesting much intensity either in the contemplation of ,rntgen rays or of the beer aforesaid4 ,all knew the residence of ,professor ,rntgen 7pronunciation3 ,renken71 and directed me to the ,pleicher ,ring4 ,the various buildings of the university are scattered in different parts of ,wrzburg1 the majority being in the ,pleicher ,ring1 which is a fine avenue1 with a park along one side of it1 in the centre of the town4 ,the ,physical ,institute1 ,professor ,rntgen's particular domain1 is a modest building of two stories and basement1 the upper story constituting his private residence1 and the remainder of the building being given over to lecture rooms1 laboratories1 and their attendant offices4 ,at the door ,i was met by an old serving-man of the idolatrous order1 whose pain was apparent when ,i asked for ,professor ,rntgen1 and he gently corrected me with ,herr ,doctor ,rntgen4 ,as it was evident1 however1 that we referred to the same person1 he conducted me along a wide1 bare hall1 running the length of the building1 with blackboards and charts on the walls4 ,at the end he showed me into a small room on the right4 ,this contained a large table desk1 and a small table by the window1 covered with photographs1 while the walls held rows of shelves laden with laboratory and other records4 ,an open door led into a somewhat larger room1 perhaps twenty feet by fifteen1 and ,i found myself gazing into a laboratory which was the scene of the discovery--a laboratory which1 though in all ways modest1 is destined to be enduringly historical4 ,there was a wide table shelf running along the farther side1 in front of the two windows1 which were high1 and gave plenty of light4 ,in the centre was a stove2 on the left1 a small cabinet1 whose shelves held the small objects which the professor had been using4 ,there was a table in the left-hand corner2 and another small table--the one on which living bones were first photographed--was near the stove1 and a ,rhumkorff coil was on the right4 ,the lesson of the laboratory was eloquent4 ,compared1 for instance1 with the elaborate1 expensive1 and complete apparatus of1 say1 the ,university of ,london1 or of any of the great ,american universities1 it was bare and unassuming to a degree4 ,it mutely said that in the great march of science it is the genius of man1 and not the perfection of appliances1 that breaks new ground in the great territory of the unknown4 ,it also caused one to wonder at and endeavor to imagine the great things which are to be done through elaborate appliances with the ,rntgen rays--a field in which the ,united ,states1 with its foremost genius in invention1 will very possibly1 if not probably1 take the lead--when the discoverer himself had done so much with so little4 ,already1 in a few weeks1 a skilled ,london operator1 ,mr4 ,a4,a4,c4 ,swinton1 has reduced the necessary time of exposure for ,rntgen photographs from fifteen minutes to four4 ,he used1 however1 a ,tesla oil coil1 discharged by twelve half-gallon ,leyden jars1 with an alternating current of twenty thousand volts' pressure4 ,here were no oil coils1 ,leyden jars1 or specially elaborate and expensive machines4 ,there were only a ,rhumkorff coil and ,crookes 7vacuum7 tube and the man himself4 ,professor ,rntgen entered hurriedly1 something like an amiable gust of wind4 ,he is a tall1 slender1 and loose-limbed man1 whose whole appearance bespeaks enthusiasm and energy4 ,he wore a dark blue sack suit1 and his long1 dark hair stood straight up from his forehead1 as if he were permanently electrified by his own enthusiasm4 ,his voice is full and deep1 he speaks rapidly1 and1 altogether1 he seems clearly a man who1 once upon the track of a mystery which appealed to him1 would pursue it with unremitting vigor4 ,his eyes are kind1 quick1 and penetrating2 and there is no doubt that he much prefers gazing at a ,crookes tube to beholding a visitor1 visitors at present robbing him of much valued time4 ,the meeting was by appointment1 however1 and his greeting was cordial and hearty4 ,in addition to his own language he speaks ,french well and ,english scientifically1 which is different from speaking it popularly4 ,these three tongues being more or less within the equipment of his visitor1 the conversation proceeded on an international or polyglot basis1 so to speak1 varying at necessity's demand4 ,it transpired1 in the course of inquiry1 that the professor is a married man and fifty years of age1 though his eyes have the enthusiasm of twenty-five4 ,he was born near ,zurich1 and educated there1 and completed his studies and took his degree at ,utrecht4 ,he has been at ,wrzburg about seven years1 and had made no discoveries which he considered of great importance prior to the one under consideration4 ,these details were given under good-natured protest1 he failing to understand why his personality should interest the public4 ,he declined to admire himself or his results in any degree1 and laughed at the idea of being famous4 ,the professor is too deeply interested in science to waste any time in thinking about himself4 ,his emperor had fted1 flattered1 and decorated him1 and he was loyally grateful4 ,it was evident1 however1 that fame and applause had small attractions for him1 compared to the mysteries still hidden in the vacuum tubes of the other room4 ,illustration3 ,,bones ,,of ,a ,,human ,,foot ,,photographed ,,through ,,the ,,flesh4 ,from a photograph by ,a4,a4,c4 ,swinton1 ,victoria ,street1 ,london4 ,exposure1 fifty-five seconds4 ,now1 then1 said he1 smiling1 and with some impatience1 when the preliminary questions at which he chafed were over1 you have come to see the invisible rays4 ,is the invisible visible8 ,not to the eye2 but its results are4 ,come in here4 ,he led the way to the other square room mentioned1 and indicated the induction coil with which his researches were made1 an ordinary ,rhumkorff coil1 with a spark of from four to six inches1 charged by a current of twenty amperes4 ,two wires led from the coil1 through an open door1 into a smaller room on the right4 ,in this room was a small table carrying a ,crookes tube connected with the coil4 ,the most striking object in the room1 however1 was a huge and mysterious tin box about seven feet high and four feet square4 ,it stood on end1 like a huge packing-case1 its side being perhaps five inches from the ,crookes tube4 ,the professor explained the mystery of the tin box1 to the effect that it was a device of his own for obtaining a portable dark-room4 ,when he began his investigations he used the whole room1 as was shown by the heavy blinds and curtains so arranged as to exclude the entrance of all interfering light from the windows4 ,in the side of the tin box1 at the point immediately against the tube1 was a circular sheet of aluminium one millimetre in thickness1 and perhaps eighteen inches in diameter1 soldered to the surrounding tin4 ,to study his rays the professor had only to turn on the current1 enter the box1 close the door1 and in perfect darkness inspect only such light or light effects as he had a right to consider his own1 hiding his light1 in fact1 not under the ,biblical bushel1 but in a more commodious box4 ,step inside1 said he1 opening the door1 which was on the side of the box farthest from the tube4 ,i immediately did so1 not altogether certain whether my skeleton was to be photographed for general inspection1 or my secret thoughts held up to light on a glass plate4 ,you will find a sheet of barium paper on the shelf1 he added1 and then went away to the coil4 ,the door was closed1 and the interior of the box became black darkness4 ,the first thing ,i found was a wooden stool1 on which ,i resolved to sit4 ,then ,i found the shelf on the side next the tube1 and then the sheet of paper prepared with barium platino-cyanide4 ,i was thus being shown the first phenomenon which attracted the discoverer's attention and led to the discovery1 namely1 the passage of rays1 themselves wholly invisible1 whose presence was only indicated by the effect they produced on a piece of sensitized photographic paper4 ,a moment later1 the black darkness was penetrated by the rapid snapping sound of the high-pressure current in action1 and ,i knew that the tube outside was glowing4 ,i held the sheet vertically on the shelf1 perhaps four inches from the plate4 ,there was no change1 however1 and nothing was visible4 ,do you see anything8 he called4 ,no4 ,the tension is not high enough2 and he proceeded to increase the pressure by operating an apparatus of mercury in long vertical tubes acted upon automatically by a weight lever which stood near the coil4 ,in a few moments the sound of the discharge again began1 and then ,i made my first acquaintance with the ,rntgen rays4 ,the moment the current passed1 the paper began to glow4 ,a yellowish-green light spread all over its surface in clouds1 waves1 and flashes4 ,the yellow-green luminescence1 all the stranger and stronger in the darkness1 trembled1 wavered1 and floated over the paper1 in rhythm with the snapping of the discharge4 ,through the metal plate1 the paper1 myself1 and the tin box1 the invisible rays were flying1 with an effect strange1 interesting1 and uncanny4 ,the metal plate seemed to offer no appreciable resistance to the flying force1 and the light was as rich and full as if nothing lay between the paper and the tube4 ,put the book up1 said the professor4 ,i felt upon the shelf1 in the darkness1 a heavy book1 two inches in thickness1 and placed this against the plate4 ,it made no difference4 ,the rays flew through the metal and the book as if neither had been there1 and the waves of light1 rolling cloud-like over the paper1 showed no change in brightness4 ,it was a clear1 material illustration of the ease with which paper and wood are penetrated4 ,and then ,i laid book and paper down1 and put my eyes against the rays4 ,all was blackness1 and ,i neither saw nor felt anything4 ,the discharge was in full force1 and the rays were flying through my head1 and1 for all ,i knew1 through the side of the box behind me4 ,but they were invisible and impalpable4 ,they gave no sensation whatever4 ,whatever the mysterious rays may be1 they are not to be seen1 and are to be judged only by their works4 ,i was loath to leave this historical tin box1 but time pressed4 ,i thanked the professor1 who was happy in the reality of his discovery and the music of his sparks4 ,then ,i said3 ,where did you first photograph living bones8 ,here1 he said1 leading the way into the room where the coil stood4 ,he pointed to a table on which was another--the latter a small short-legged wooden one with more the shape and size of a wooden seat4 ,it was two feet square and painted coal black4 ,i viewed it with interest4 ,i would have bought it1 for the little table on which light was first sent through the human body will some day be a great historical curiosity2 but it was nicht zu verkaufen4 ,a photograph of it would have been a consolation1 but for several reasons one was not to be had at present4 ,however1 the historical table was there1 and was duly inspected4 ,illustration3 ,,cork-,,screw1 ,,key1 ,,pencil ,,with ,,metallic ,,protector1 ,,and ,,piece ,,of ,,coin1 ,,as ,,photographed ,,while ,,inside ,a ,,calico ,,pocket4 ,from a photograph by ,a4,a4,c4 ,swinton1 ,victoria ,street1 ,london4 ,four minutes' exposure through a sheet of aluminium4 ,how did you take the first hand photograph8 ,i asked4 ,the professor went over to a shelf by the window1 where lay a number of prepared glass plates1 closely wrapped in black paper4 ,he put a ,crookes tube underneath the table1 a few inches from the under side of its top4 ,then he laid his hand flat on the top of the table1 and placed the glass plate loosely on his hand4 ,you ought to have your portrait painted in that attitude1 ,i suggested4 ,no1 that is nonsense1 said he1 smiling4 ,or be photographed4 ,this suggestion was made with a deeply hidden purpose4 ,the rays from the ,rntgen eyes instantly penetrated the deeply hidden purpose4 ,oh1 no1 said he2 ,i can't let you make pictures of me4 ,i am too busy4 ,clearly the professor was entirely too modest to gratify the wishes of the curious world4 ,now1 ,professor1 said ,i1 will you tell me the history of the discovery8 ,illustration3 ,,coins ,,photographed ,,inside ,a ,,purse4 ,from a photograph by ,a4,a4,c4 ,swinton1 ,victoria ,street1 ,london4 ,there is no history1 he said4 ,i have been for a long time interested in the problem of the cathode rays from a vacuum tube as studied by ,hertz and ,lenard4 ,i had followed theirs and other researches with great interest1 and determined1 as soon as ,i had the time1 to make some researches of my own4 ,this time ,i found at the close of last ,october4 ,i had been at work for some days when ,i discovered something new4 ,what was the date8 ,the eighth of ,november4 ,and what was the discovery8 ,i was working with a ,crookes tube covered by a shield of black cardboard4 ,a piece of barium platino-cyanide paper lay on the bench there4 ,i had been passing a current through the tube1 and ,i noticed a peculiar black line across the paper4 ,what of that8 ,the effect was one which could only be produced1 in ordinary parlance1 by the passage of light4 ,no light could come from the tube1 because the shield which covered it was impervious to any light known1 even that of the electric arc4 ,and what did you think8 ,i did not think2 ,i investigated4 ,i assumed that the effect must have come from the tube1 since its character indicated that it could come from nowhere else4 ,i tested it4 ,in a few minutes there was no doubt about it4 ,rays were coming from the tube which had a luminescent effect upon the paper4 ,i tried it successfully at greater and greater distances1 even at two metres4 ,it seemed at first a new kind of invisible light4 ,it was clearly something new1 something unrecorded4 ,is it light8 ,no4 ,is it electricity8 ,not in any known form4 ,what is it8 ,i don't know4 ,and the discoverer of the ,x rays thus stated as calmly his ignorance of their essence as has everybody else who has written on the phenomena thus far4 ,having discovered the existence of a new kind of rays1 ,i of course began to investigate what they would do4 ,he took up a series of cabinet-sized photographs4 ,it soon appeared from tests that the rays had penetrative power to a degree hitherto unknown4 ,they penetrated paper1 wood1 and cloth with ease2 and the thickness of the substance made no perceptible difference1 within reasonable limits4 ,he showed photographs of a box of laboratory weights of platinum1 aluminium1 and brass1 they and the brass hinges all having been photographed from a closed box1 without any indication of the box4 ,also a photograph of a coil of fine wire1 wound on a wooden spool1 the wire having been photographed1 and the wood omitted4 ,the rays1 he continued1 passed through all the metals tested1 with a facility varying1 roughly speaking1 with the density of the metal4 ,these phenomena ,i have discussed carefully in my report to the ,wrzburg society1 and you will find all the technical results therein stated4 ,he showed a photograph of a small sheet of zinc4 ,this was composed of smaller plates soldered laterally with solders of different metallic proportions4 ,the differing lines of shadow1 caused by the difference in the solders1 were visible evidence that a new means of detecting flaws and chemical variations in metals had been found4 ,a photograph of a compass showed the needle and dial taken through the closed brass cover4 ,the markings of the dial were in red metallic paint1 and thus interfered with the rays1 and were reproduced4 ,since the rays had this great penetrative power1 it seemed natural that they should penetrate flesh1 and so it proved in photographing the hand1 as ,i showed you4 ,a detailed discussion of the characteristics of his rays the professor considered unprofitable and unnecessary4 ,he believes1 though1 that these mysterious radiations are not light1 because their behavior is essentially different from that of light rays1 even those light rays which are themselves invisible4 ,the ,rntgen rays cannot be reflected by reflecting surfaces1 concentrated by lenses1 or refracted or diffracted4 ,they produce photographic action on a sensitive film1 but their action is weak as yet1 and herein lies the first important field of their development4 ,the professor's exposures were comparatively long--an average of fifteen minutes in easily penetrable media1 and half an hour or more in photographing the bones of the hand4 ,concerning vacuum tubes1 he said that he preferred the ,hittorf1 because it had the most perfect vacuum1 the highest degree of air exhaustion being the consummation most desirable4 ,in answer to a question1 ,what of the future8 he said3 ,i am not a prophet1 and ,i am opposed to prophesying4 ,i am pursuing my investigations1 and as fast as my results are verified ,i shall make them public4 ,do you think the rays can be so modified as to photograph the organs of the human body8 ,in answer he took up the photograph of the box of weights4 ,here are already modifications1 he said1 indicating the various degrees of shadow produced by the aluminium1 platinum1 and brass weights1 the brass hinges1 and even the metallic stamped lettering on the cover of the box1 which was faintly perceptible4 ,but ,professor ,neusser has already announced that the photographing of the various organs is possible4 ,we shall see what we shall see1 he said4 ,we have the start now2 the developments will follow in time4 ,you know the apparatus for introducing the electric light into the stomach8 ,yes4 ,do you think that this electric light will become a vacuum tube for photographing1 from the stomach1 any part of the abdomen or thorax8 ,the idea of swallowing a ,crookes tube1 and sending a high frequency current down into one's stomach1 seemed to him exceedingly funny4 ,when ,i have done it1 ,i will tell you1 he said1 smiling1 resolute in abiding by results4 ,there is much to do1 and ,i am busy1 very busy1 he said in conclusion4 ,he extended his hand in farewell1 his eyes already wandering toward his work in the inside room4 ,and his visitor promptly left him2 the words1 ,i am busy1 said in all sincerity1 seeming to describe in a single phrase the essence of his character and the watchword of a very unusual man4 ,returning by way of ,berlin1 ,i called upon ,herr ,spies of the ,urania1 whose photographs after the ,rntgen method were the first made public1 and have been the best seen thus far4 ,the ,urania is a peculiar institution1 and one which it seems might be profitably duplicated in other countries4 ,it is a scientific theatre4 ,by means of the lantern and an admirable equipment of scientific appliances1 all new discoveries1 as well as ordinary interesting and picturesque phenomena1 when new discoveries are lacking1 are described and illustrated daily to the public1 who pay for seats as in an ordinary theatre1 and keep the ,urania profitably filled all the year round4 ,professor ,spies is a young man of great mental alertness and mechanical resource4 ,it is the photograph of a hand1 his wife's hand1 which illustrates1 perhaps better than any other illustration in this article1 the clear delineation of the bones which can be obtained by the ,rntgen rays4 ,in speaking of the discovery he said3 ,i applied it1 as soon as the penetration of flesh was apparent1 to the photograph of a man's hand4 ,something in it had pained him for years1 and the photograph at once exhibited a small foreign object1 as you can see2 and he exhibited a copy of the photograph in question4 ,the speck there is a small piece of glass1 which was immediately extracted1 and which1 in all probability1 would have otherwise remained in the man's hand to the end of his days4 ,all of which indicates that the needle which has pursued its travels in so many persons1 through so many years1 will be suppressed by the camera4 ,my next object is to photograph the bones of the entire leg1 continued ,herr ,spies4 ,i anticipate no difficulty1 though it requires some thought in manipulation4 ,it will be seen that the ,rntgen rays and their marvellous practical possibilities are still in their infancy4 ,the first successful modification of the action of the rays so that the varying densities of bodily organs will enable them to be photographed1 will bring all such morbid growths as tumors and cancers into the photographic field1 to say nothing of vital organs which may be abnormally developed or degenerate4 ,how much this means to medical and surgical practice it requires little imagination to conceive4 ,diagnosis1 long a painfully uncertain science1 has received an unexpected and wonderful assistant2 and how greatly the world will benefit thereby1 how much pain will be saved1 and how many lives saved1 the future can only determine4 ,in science a new door has been opened where none was known to exist1 and a side-light on phenomena has appeared1 of which the results may prove as penetrating and astonishing as the ,rntgen rays themselves4 ,the most agreeable feature of the discovery is the opportunity it gives for other hands to help2 and the work of these hands will add many new words to the dictionaries1 many new facts to science1 and1 in the years long ahead of us1 fill many more volumes than there are paragraphs in this brief and imperfect account4 ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,rays ,,in ,,america4 ,,by ,,cleveland ,,moffett4 ,at the top of the great ,sloane laboratory of ,yale ,university1 in an experimenting room lined with curious apparatus1 ,i found ,professor ,arthur ,w4 ,wright experimenting with the wonderful ,rntgen rays4 ,professor ,wright1 a small1 low-voiced man1 of modest manner1 has achieved1 in his experiments in photographing through solid substances1 some of the most interesting and remarkable results thus far attained in this country4 ,his success is1 no doubt1 largely due to the fact that for years he had been experimenting constantly with vacuum tubes similar to the ,crookes tubes used in producing the cathode rays4 ,when ,i arrived1 ,professor ,wright was at work with a ,crookes tube1 nearly spherical in shape1 and about five inches in diameter--the one with which he has taken all his shadow pictures4 ,his best results have been obtained with long exposures--an hour or an hour and a half--and he regards it as of the first importance that the objects through which the ,rntgen rays are to be projected be placed as near as possible to the sensitized plate4 ,it is from a failure to observe this precaution that so many of the shadow pictures show blurred outlines4 ,it is with these pictures as with a shadow of the hand thrown on the wall--the nearer the hand is to the wall1 the more distinct becomes the shadow2 and this consideration makes ,professor ,wright doubt whether it will be possible1 with the present facilities1 to get clearly cut shadow images of very thick objects1 or in cases where the pictures are taken through a thick board or other obstacle4 ,the ,rntgen rays will doubtless traverse the board1 and shadows will be formed upon the plate1 but there will be an uncertainty or dimness of outline that will render the results unsatisfactory4 ,it is for this reason that ,professor ,wright has taken most of his shadow pictures through only the thickness of ebonite in his plate-holder4 ,a most successful shadow picture taken by ,professor ,wright in this way1 shows five objects laid side by side on a large plate--a saw1 a case of pocket tools in their cover1 a pocket lense opened out as for use1 a pair of eye-glasses inside their leather case1 and an awl4 ,as will be seen from the accompanying reproduction of this picture1 all the objects are photographed with remarkable distinctness1 the leather case of the eye-glasses being almost transparent1 the wood of the handles of the awl and saw being a little less so1 while the glass in the eye-glasses is less transparent than either4 ,in the case of the awl and the saw1 the iron stem of the tool shows plainly inside the wooden handle4 ,this photograph is similar to a dozen that have been taken by ,professor ,wright with equal success4 ,the exposure here was fifty-five minutes4 ,a more remarkable picture is one taken in the same way1 but with a somewhat longer exposure--of a rabbit laid upon the ebonite plate1 and so successfully pierced with the ,rntgen rays that not only the bones of the body show plainly1 but also the six grains of shot with which the animal was killed4 ,the bones of the fore legs show with beautiful distinctness inside the shadowy flesh1 while a closer inspection makes visible the ribs1 the cartilages of the ear1 and a lighter region in the centre of the body1 which marks the location of the heart4 ,like most experimenters1 ,professor ,wright has taken numerous shadow pictures of the human hand1 showing the bones within1 and he has made a great number of experiments in photographing various metals and different varieties of quartz and glass1 with a view to studying characteristic differences in the shadows produced4 ,a photograph of the latter sort is reproduced on page #dja4 ,aluminium shows a remarkable degree of transparency to the ,rntgen rays2 so much so that ,professor ,wright was able to photograph a medal of this metal1 showing in the same picture the designs and lettering on both sides of the medal1 presented simultaneously in superimposed images4 ,the denser metals1 however1 give in the main black shadows1 which offer little opportunity of distinguishing between them4 ,as to the nature of the ,rntgen rays1 ,professor ,wright is inclined to regard them as a mode of motion through the ether1 in longitudinal stresses2 and he thinks that1 while they are in many ways similar to the rays discovered by ,lenard a year or so ago1 they still present important characteristics of their own4 ,it may be1 he thinks1 that the ,rntgen rays are the ordinary cathode rays produced in a ,crookes tube1 filtered1 if one may so express it1 of the metallic particles carried in their electrical stream from the metal terminal1 on passing through the glass4 ,it is well known that the metal terminals of a ,crookes tube are steadily worn away while the current is passing2 so much so that sometimes portions of the interior of the tube become coated with a metallic deposit almost mirror-like4 ,as to the future1 ,professor ,wright feels convinced that important results will be achieved in surgery and medicine by the use of these new rays1 while in physical science they point to an entirely new field of investigation4 ,the most necessary thing now is to find some means of producing streams of ,rntgen rays of greater volume and intensity1 so as to make possible greater penetration and distinctness in the images4 ,thus far only small ,crookes tubes have been used1 and much is to be expected when larger ones become available2 but there is great difficulty in the manufacture of them4 ,it might be possible1 ,professor ,wright thinks1 to get good results by using1 instead of the ,crookes tube1 a large sphere of aluminium1 which is more transparent to the new rays than glass and possesses considerable strength4 ,it is a delicate question1 however1 whether the increased thickness of metal necessary to resist the air pressure upon a vacuum would not offset the advantage gained from the greater size4 ,moreover1 it is a matter for experiment still to determine1 what kind of an electric current would be necessary to excite such a larger tube with the best results4 ,among the most important experiments in shadow photography made thus far in ,america are those of ,dr4 ,william ,j4 ,morton of ,new ,york1 who was the first in this country to use the disruptive discharges of static electricity in connection with the ,rntgen discovery1 and to demonstrate that shadow pictures may be successfully taken without the use of ,crookes tubes4 ,it was the well-known photographic properties of ordinary lightning that made ,dr4 ,morton suspect that cathode rays are produced freely in the air when there is an electric discharge from the heavens4 ,reasoning thus1 he resolved to search for cathode rays in the ten-inch lightning flash he was able to produce between the poles of his immense ,holtz machine1 probably the largest in this country4 ,on ,january #cjth he suspended a glass plate1 with a circular window in the middle1 between the two poles4 ,cemented to this plate of glass was one of hard rubber1 about equal in size1 which of course covered the window in the glass4 ,back of the rubber plate was suspended a photographic plate in the plate-holder1 and outside of this1 between it and the rubber surface1 were ten letters cut from thin copper4 ,dr4 ,morton proposed to see if he could not prove the existence of cathode rays between the poles by causing them to picture in shadow1 upon the sensitized plate1 the letters thus exposed4 ,in order to do this it was necessary to separate the ordinary electric sparks from the invisible cathode rays which1 as ,dr4 ,morton believed1 accompanied them4 ,it was to accomplish this that he used the double plates of glass and hard rubber placed1 as already described1 between the two poles2 for while the ordinary electric spark would not traverse the rubber1 any cathode rays that might be present would do so with great ease1 the circular window in the glass plate allowing them passage there4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,j4 ,,morton ,,photographing ,,his ,,own ,,hand ,,under ,r,,ntgen ,,rays4 ,in this case the vacuum bulb is charged from ,leyden jars which1 in their turn1 are excited by an induction coil4 ,the current being turned on1 it was found that the powerful electric sparks visible to the eye1 unable to follow a straight course on account of the intervening rubber plate1 jumped around the two plates in jagged1 lightning-like lines1 and thus reached the other pole of the machine4 ,but it was noticed that at the same time a faint spray of purplish light was streaming straight through the rubber between the two holes1 as if its passage was not interfered with by the rubber plate4 ,it was in company with this stream of violet rays1 known as the brush discharge1 that the doctor conceived the invisible ,rntgen rays to be projected at each spark discharge around the plate2 and presently1 when the photographic plate was developed1 it was found that his conception was based on fact4 ,for there1 dim in outline1 but unmistakable1 were shadow pictures of the ten letters which stand as historic1 since they were probably the first shadow pictures in the world taken without any bulb or vacuum tube whatever4 ,these shadow pictures ,dr4 ,morton carefully distinguished from the ordinary blackening effects on the film produced by electrified objects4 ,pursuing his experiments with static electricity1 ,dr4 ,morton soon found that better results could be obtained by the use of ,leyden jars influenced by the ,holtz machine1 and discharging into a vacuum bulb1 as shown in the illustration on this page4 ,this arrangement of the apparatus has the advantage of making it much easier to regulate the electric supply and to modify its intensity1 and ,dr4 ,morton finds that in this way large vacuum tubes1 perhaps twenty inches in diameter1 may be excited to the point of doing practical work without danger of breaking the glass walls4 ,but certain precautions are necessary4 ,when he uses tin-foil electrodes on the outside of the bulb1 he protects the tin-foil edges1 and1 what is more essential1 uses extremely small ,leyden jars and a short spark gap between the poles of the discharging rods4 ,the philosophy of this is1 that the smaller the jars1 the greater their number of oscillations per second 7easily fifteen million1 according to ,dr4 ,lodge's computations71 the shorter the wave length1 and1 therefore1 the greater the intensity of effects4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,group ,,of ,,familiar ,,articles ,,under ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,rays4 ,from a photograph by ,professor ,arthur ,w4 ,wright of ,yale ,college1 taken through an ebonite plate-holder with fifty-five minutes exposure4 ,it shows a pair of spectacles in their leather case2 an awl and a saw1 with the iron stem1 plainly visible through the wooden handles2 a magnifying-glass2 and a combination wooden tool-handle with metallic tools stored in the head1 and the metallic clamp visible through the lower half4 ,the next step was to bring more energy into play1 still using ,leyden jars2 and for this purpose ,dr4 ,morton placed within the circuit between the jars a ,tesla oscillating coil4 ,he was thus able to use in his shadow pictures the most powerful sparks the machine was capable of producing 7twelve inches71 sending the ,leyden-jar discharge through the primary of the coil1 and employing for the excitation of the vacuum tube the step up current of the secondary coil with a potential incalculably increased4 ,while ,dr4 ,morton has in some of his experiments excited his ,leyden jars from an induction coil1 he thinks the best promise lies in the use of powerful ,holtz machines2 and he now uses no ,leyden jars or converters1 thus greatly adding to the simplicity of operations4 ,in regard to the bulb1 ,dr4 ,morton has tested various kinds of vacuum tubes1 the ordinary ,crookes tubes1 the ,geissler tubes1 and has obtained excellent results from the use of a special vacuum lamp adapted by himself to the purpose4 ,one of his ingenious expedients was to turn to use an ordinary radiometer of large bulb1 and1 having fitted this with tin-foil electrodes1 he found that he was able to get strongly marked shadow pictures4 ,this application of the ,rntgen principle will commend itself to many students who1 being unable to provide themselves with the rare and expensive ,crookes tubes1 may buy a radiometer which will serve their purpose excellently in any laboratory supply store1 the cost being only a few dollars1 while the application of the tin foil electrodes is perfectly simple4 ,in the-well equipped ,jackson laboratory at ,trinity ,college1 ,hartford1 ,i found ,dr4 ,w4,l4 ,robb1 the professor of physics1 surrounded by enthusiastic students1 who were assisting him in some experiments with the new rays4 ,dr4 ,robb is the better qualified for this work from the fact that he pursued his electrical studies at the ,wrzburg ,university1 in the very laboratory where ,professor ,rntgen made his great discovery4 ,the picture reproduced herewith1 showing a human foot inside the shoe1 was taken by ,dr4 ,robb4 ,the ,crookes tubes used in this and in most of ,dr4 ,robb's experiments are considerably larger than any ,i have seen elsewhere1 being pear-shaped1 about eight inches long1 and four inches wide at the widest part4 ,it is1 perhaps1 to the excellence of this tube that ,dr4 ,robb owes part of his success4 ,at any rate1 in the foot picture the bones are outlined through shoe and stocking1 while every nail in the sole of the shoe shows plainly1 although the rays came from above1 striking the top of the foot first1 the sole resting upon the plate-holder4 ,in other of ,dr4 ,robb's pictures equally fine results were obtained2 notably in one of a fish1 reproduced herewith1 and showing the bony structure of the body2 one of a razor1 where the lighter shadow proves that the hollow ground portion is almost as thin as the edge2 and one of a man's hand1 taken for use in a lawsuit1 to prove that the bones of the thumb1 which had been crushed and broken in an accident1 had been improperly set by the attending physician4 ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,a4 ,,edison ,,experimenting ,,with ,,the ,r,,ntgen ,,rays4 ,dr4 ,robb has made a series of novel and important experiments with tubes from which the air has been exhausted in varying degrees1 and has concluded from these that it is impossible to produce the ,rntgen phenomena unless there is present in the tube an almost perfect vacuum4 ,through a tube half exhausted1 on connecting it with an induction coil1 he obtained merely the ordinary series of sparks2 in a tube three-quarters exhausted1 he obtained a reddish glow from end to end1 a torpedo-shaped stream of fire2 through a tube exhausted to a fairly high degree--what the electric companies would call not bad--he obtained a beautiful steaked effect of bluish stri in transverse layers4 ,finally1 in a tube exhausted as highly as possible1 he obtained a faint fluorescent glow1 like that produced in a ,crookes tube4 ,this fluorescence of the glass1 according to ,dr4 ,robb1 invariably accompanies the discharge of ,rntgen rays1 and it is likely that these rays are produced more abundantly as the fluorescence increases4 ,just how perfect a vacuum is needed to give the best results remains a matter of conjecture4 ,it is possible1 of course1 as ,tesla believes1 that with an absolutely perfect vacuum no results whatever would be obtained4 ,dr4 ,robb has discovered that in order to get the best results with shadow pictures it is necessary to use special developers for the plates1 and a different process in the dark-room from the one known to ordinary photographers4 ,in a general way1 it is necessary to use solutions designed to affect the ultra-violet rays1 and not the visible rays of the spectrum4 ,having succeeded1 after much experiment1 in thus modifying his developing process to meet the needs of the case1 ,dr4 ,robb finds that he makes a great gain in time of exposure1 fifteen minutes being sufficient for the average shadow picture taken through a layer of wood or leather1 and half an hour representing an extreme case4 ,in some shadow pictures1 as1 for instance1 in taking a lead-pencil1 it is a great mistake to give an exposure exceeding two or three minutes2 for the wood is so transparent that with a long exposure it does not show at all1 and the effect of the picture is spoiled4 ,indeed1 ,dr4 ,robb finds that there is a constant tendency to shorten the time of exposure1 and with good results4 ,for instance1 one of the best shadow pictures he had taken was of a box of instruments covered by two thicknesses of leather1 two thicknesses of velvet1 and two thicknesses of wood2 and yet the time of exposure1 owing to an accident to the coil1 was only five minutes4 ,dr4 ,robb made one very interesting experiment a few days ago in the interest of a large bicycle company which sent to him specimens of carbon steel and nickel steel for the purpose of having him test them with the ,rntgen rays1 and see if they showed any radical differences in the crystalline structure4 ,photographs were taken as desired1 but at the time of my visit only negative results had been obtained4 ,dr4 ,robb realizes the great desirability of finding a stronger source of ,rntgen rays1 and has himself begun experimenting with exhaustive bulbs made of aluminium4 ,one of these he has already finished1 and has obtained some results with it1 but not such as are entirely satisfactory1 owing to the great difficulty in obtaining a high vacuum without special facilities4 ,i also visited ,professor ,u4,i4 ,pupin of ,columbia ,college1 who has been making numerous experiments with the ,rntgen rays1 and has produced at least one very remarkable shadow picture4 ,this is of the hand of a gentleman resident in ,new ,york1 who1 while on a hunting trip in ,england a few months ago1 was so unfortunate as to discharge his gun into his right hand1 no less than forty shot lodging in the palm and fingers4 ,the hand has since healed completely2 but the shot remain in it1 the doctors being unable to remove them1 because unable to determine their exact location4 ,the result is that the hand is almost useless1 and often painful4 ,hearing of this case1 ,professor ,pupin induced the gentleman to allow him to attempt a photograph of the hand4 ,he used a ,crookes tube4 ,the distance from the tube to the plate was only five inches1 and the hand lay between4 ,after waiting fifty minutes the plate was examined4 ,not only did every bone of the hand show with beautiful distinctness1 but each one of the forty shot was to be seen almost as plainly as if it lay there on the table2 and1 most remarkable of all1 a number of shot were seen through the bones of the fingers1 showing that the bones were transparent to the lead4 ,in making this picture1 ,professor ,pupin excited his tube by means of a powerful ,holtz machine1 thus following ,dr4 ,morton in the substitution of statical electricity for the more common induction coil4 ,professor ,pupin sees no reason why the whole skeleton of the human body should not be shown completely in a photograph as soon as sufficiently powerful bulbs can be obtained4 ,he thinks that it would be possible to make ,crookes tubes two feet in diameter instead of a few inches1 as at present4 ,thomas ,a4 ,edison has also been devoting himself1 with his usual energy1 to experiments with the ,rntgen rays1 and announces confidently that in the near future he will be able to photograph the human brain1 through the heavy bones of the skull1 and perhaps even to get a shadow picture showing the human skeleton through the tissues of the body4 ,,the ,,householders4 ,,by ,q1 ,,author ,,of ,,dead ,,man',s ,,rock1 ,,the ,,roll-,,call ,,of ,,the ,,reef1 ,,etc4 ,i will say this--speaking as accurately as a man may1 so long afterwards--that when first ,i spied the house it put no desire in me but just to give thanks4 ,for conceive my case4 ,it was near midnight by this2 and ever since dusk ,i had been tracking the naked moors a-foot1 in the teeth of as vicious a nor'wester as ever drenched a man to the skin1 and then blew the cold home to his marrow4 ,my clothes were sodden2 my coat-tails flapped with a noise like pistol shots2 my boots squeaked as ,i went4 ,overhead the ,october moon was in her last quarter1 and might have been a slice of finger-nail for all the light she afforded4 ,two-thirds of the time the wrack blotted her out altogether2 and ,i1 with my stick clipped tight under my arm-pit1 eyes puckered up1 and head bent like a butting ram's1 but a little aslant1 had to keep my wits agog to distinguish the glimmer of the road from the black heath to right and left4 ,for three hours ,i had met neither man nor man's dwelling1 and 7for all ,i knew7 was desperately lost4 ,indeed1 at the cross roads1 two miles back1 there had been nothing for me but to choose the way that kept the wind on my face1 and it gnawed me like a dog4 ,mainly to allay the stinging of my eyes1 ,i pulled up at last1 turned right-about face1 leant back against the blast with a hand on my hat1 and surveyed the blackness ,i had traversed4 ,it was at this instant that1 far away to the left1 a point of light caught my notice1 faint but steady2 and at once ,i felt sure it burnt in the window of a house4 ,the house1 thought ,i1 is a good mile off1 beside the other road1 and the light must have been an inch over my hat-brim for the last half hour1 for my head had been sloped that way4 ,this reflection--that on so wide a moor ,i had come near missing the information ,i wanted 7and perhaps a supper7 by one inch--sent a strong thrill down my back4 ,illustration3 ,i 444 ,,tried ,a ,,step ,,toward ,,the ,,stairs1 ,,with ,,eyes ,,alert ,,for ,,any ,,movement ,,of ,,the ,,mastiff4 ,i cut straight across the heather towards the light1 risking quags and pitfalls4 ,nay1 so heartening was the chance to hear a fellow-creature's voice that ,i broke into a run1 skipping over the stunted gorse that cropped up here and there1 and dreading every moment to see the light quenched4 ,suppose it burns in an upper window1 and the family is going to bed1 as would be likely at this hour--the apprehension kept my eyes fixed on the bright spot1 to the frequent scandal of my legs1 that within five minutes were stuck full of gorse-prickles4 ,but the light did not go out1 and soon a flicker of moonlight gave me a glimpse of the house's outline4 ,it proved to be a deal more imposing than ,i looked for--the outline1 in fact1 of a tall-square barrack with a cluster of chimneys at either end1 like ears1 and a high wall1 topped by the roofs of some outbuildings1 concealing the lower windows4 ,there was no gate in this wall1 and presently ,i guessed the reason4 ,i was approaching the place from behind1 and the light came from a back window on the first floor4 ,the faintness of the light also was explained by this time4 ,it shone behind a drab-colored blind1 and in shape resembled the stem of a wine-glass1 broadening out at the foot--an effect produced by the half-drawn curtains within4 ,i came to a halt1 waiting for the next ray of moonlight4 ,at the same moment a rush of wind swept over the chimney-stacks1 and on the wind there seemed to ride a human sigh4 ,on this last point ,i may err4 ,the gust had passed some seconds before ,i caught myself detecting this peculiar note1 and trying to disengage it from the natural chords of the storm4 ,from the next gust it was absent4 ,and then1 to my dismay1 the light faded from the window4 ,i was half-minded to call out when it appeared again1 this time in two windows--those next on the right to that where it had shone before4 ,almost at once it increased in brilliance1 as if the person who carried it from the smaller room to the larger were lighting more candles2 and now the illumination was strong enough to make fine gold threads of the rain that fell within its radiance1 and fling two shafts of warm yellow over the coping of the back wall into the night4 ,during the minute or more that ,i stood watching1 no shadow fell on either blind4 ,between me and the wall ran a ditch1 into the black obscurity of which the ground at my feet broke sharply away4 ,setting my back to the storm again1 ,i followed the lip of this ditch around the wall's angle4 ,here was shelter1 and here the ditch seemed to grow shallower4 ,not wishing1 however1 to mistake a bed of nettles or any such pitfall for solid earth1 ,i kept pretty wide as ,i went on4 ,the house was dark on this side1 and the wall1 as before1 had no opening4 ,close beside the next angle grew a mass of thick gorse bushes1 and pushing through these ,i found myself suddenly on a sound high road1 with the wind tearing at me as furiously as ever4 ,but here was the front2 and ,i now perceived that the surrounding wall advanced some way before the house1 so as to form a narrow curtilage4 ,so much of it1 too1 as faced the road had been whitewashed2 which made it an easy matter to find the gate4 ,but as ,i laid hand on its latch1 ,i had a surprise4 ,a line of paving-stones led from the gate to the heavy porch2 and along the wet surface of these fell a streak of light from the front door1 which stood ajar4 ,that a door should remain six inches open on such a night was astonishing enough1 until ,i entered the court and found it was as still as a room1 owing to the high wall1 and doubtless the porch gave additional protection4 ,but looking up and assuring myself that all the rest of faade was black as ink1 ,i wondered at the inmates who could be thus careless of their property4 ,it was here that my professional instincts received the first jog4 ,abating the sound of my feet on the paving-stones1 ,i went up to the door and pushed it softly4 ,it opened without noise4 ,i stepped into a fair-sized hall of modern build1 paved with red tiles and lit with a small hanging lamp4 ,to right and left were doors leading to the ground-floor rooms4 ,along the wall by my shoulder ran a line of pegs1 on which hung half a dozen hats and great coats1 every one of clerical shape2 and full in front of me a broad staircase ran up1 with a staring ,brussels carpet1 the colors and pattern of which ,i can recall as well as to-day's breakfast4 ,under this staircase was set a stand full of walking-sticks1 and a table littered with gloves1 brushes1 a hand-bell1 a riding-crop1 one or two dog-whistles1 and a bed-room candle1 with tinder-box beside it4 ,this1 with one notable exception1 was all the furniture4 ,the exception--which turned me cold--was the form of a yellow mastiff dog1 curled on a mat beneath the table4 ,the arch of his back was towards me1 and one forepaw lay over his nose in a natural posture of sleep4 ,i leant back on the wainscoting1 with my eyes tightly fixed on him1 and my thoughts flying back1 with something of regret1 to the storm ,i had come through4 ,but a man's habits are not easily denied4 ,at the end of three minutes the dog had not moved1 and ,i was down on the doormat unlacing my soaked boots4 ,slipping them off1 and taking them in my left hand1 ,i stood up1 and tried a step towards the stairs1 with eyes alert for any movement of the mastiff2 but he never stirred4 ,i was glad enough1 however1 on reaching the stairs1 to find them newly built and the carpet thick4 ,up ,i went with a glance at every step for the table which now hid the brute's form from me1 and never a creak did ,i wake out of that staircase till ,i was almost at the first landing1 when my toe caught a loose stair-rod1 and rattled it in a way that stopped my heart for a moment1 and then set it going in double-quick time4 ,illustration3 ,,he ,,stood ,,sideways1 444 ,,and ,,looked ,,at ,,me ,,over ,,his ,,left ,,shoulder4 ,i stood still1 with a hand on the rail4 ,my eyes were now on a level with the floor of the landing1 out of which branched two passages--one by my right hand1 the other to the left1 at the foot of the next flight1 so placed that ,i was gazing down the length of it4 ,and almost at the end there fell a parallelogram of light across it from an open door4 ,a man who has once felt it knows there is only one kind of silence that can fitly be called dead4 ,this is only to be found in a great house at midnight4 ,i declare that for a few seconds after ,i rattled the stair-rod you might have cut the silence with a knife4 ,if the house held a clock it ticked inaudibly4 ,upon this silence1 at the end of a minute1 broke a light sound--the clink1 clink of a decanter on the rim of a wine-glass4 ,it came from the room where the light was4 ,now1 perhaps it was that the very thought of liquor put warmth into my cold bones4 ,it is certain that all of a sudden ,i straightened my back1 took the remaining stairs at two strides1 and walked down the passage1 as bold as brass1 with out caring a jot for the noise ,i made4 ,in the doorway ,i halted4 ,the room was long1 lined for the most part with books bound in what they call divinity calf1 and littered with papers like a barrister's table on assize day4 ,before the fireplace1 where a few coals burned sulkily1 was drawn a leathern elbow chair1 and beside it1 on the corner of a writing-table1 were set an unlit candle and a pile of manuscripts4 ,at the opposite end of the room a curtained door led 7,i guessed7 to the chamber that ,i had first seen illuminated4 ,all this ,i took in with the tail of my eye1 while staring straight in front1 where1 in the middle of a great square of carpet between me and the windows1 was a table with a red cloth upon it4 ,on this cloth were a couple of wax candles1 lit1 in silver stands1 a tray1 and a decanter three parts full of brandy4 ,and between me and the table stood a man4 ,he stood sideways1 leaning a little back1 as if to keep his shadow off the threshold1 and looked at me over his left shoulder--a bald1 grave man1 slightly under the common height1 with a long clerical coat of preposterous fit hanging loosely from his shoulders1 a white cravat1 black breeches1 and black stockings4 ,his feet were loosely thrust into carpet-slippers4 ,i judged his age at fifty1 or thereabouts2 but his face rested in the shadow1 and ,i could only note a pair of eyes1 very small and alert1 twinkling above a large expanse of cheek4 ,he was lifting a wine-glass from the table at the moment when ,i appeared1 and it trembled now in his right hand4 ,i heard a spilt drop or two fall on the carpet1 and this was all the evidence he showed of discomposure4 ,setting the glass back1 he felt in his breast-pocket for a handkerchief1 failed to find one1 and rubbed his hands together to get the liquor off his fingers4 ,you startled me1 he said1 in a matter-of-fact tone1 turning his eyes upon me1 as he lifted his glass again1 and emptied it4 ,how did you find your way in8 ,by the front door1 said ,i1 wondering at his unconcern4 ,he nodded his head slowly4 ,ah6 yes2 ,i forgot to lock it4 ,you came to steal1 ,i suppose8 ,i came because ,i lost my way4 ,i've been travelling this ,god-forsaken moor since dusk-- ,with your boots in your hand1 he put in quietly4 ,i took them off out of respect to the yellow dog you keep4 ,he lies in a very natural attitude--eh8 ,you don't tell me he was stuffed6 ,the old man's eyes beamed a contemptuous pity4 ,you are indifferently sharp1 my dear sir1 for a housebreaker4 ,come in4 ,set down those convicting boots1 and don't drip pools of water in the very doorway1 of all places4 ,if ,i must entertain a burglar1 ,i prefer him tidy4 ,he walked to the fire1 picked up a poker1 and knocked the coals into a blaze4 ,this done1 he turned round on me with the poker still in his hand4 ,the serenest gravity sat on his large1 pale features4 ,why have ,i done this8 he asked4 ,i suppose to get possession of the poker4 ,quite right4 ,may ,i inquire your next move8 ,why1 said ,i1 feeling in my tail pocket1 ,i carry a pistol4 ,which ,i suppose to be damp8 ,by no means4 ,i carry it1 as you see1 in an oil-cloth case4 ,he stopped1 and laid the poker carefully in the fender4 ,that is a stronger card than ,i possess4 ,i might urge that by pulling the trigger you would certainly alarm the house and the neighborhood1 and put a halter round your neck4 ,i say1 ,i might urge this1 and assume you to be an intelligent auditor4 ,but it strikes me as safer to assume you capable of using a pistol with effect at three paces4 ,with what might happen subsequently ,i will not pretend to be concerned4 ,it is sufficient that ,i dislike the notion of being perforated4 ,the fate of your neck-- ,he waved a hand4 ,well1 ,i have known you for just five minutes1 and feel but moderate interest in your neck4 ,as for the inmates of this house1 it will refresh you to hear that there are none4 ,i have lived here two years with a butler and a female cook1 both of whom ,i dismissed yesterday at a moment's notice for conduct which ,i will not shock your ears by explicitly naming4 ,suffice it to say1 ,i carried them off yesterday to my parish church1 two miles away1 married them1 and dismissed them in the vestry without characters4 ,i wish you had known that butler--but excuse me2 with the information ,i have supplied1 you ought to find no difficulty in fixing the price you will take to clear out of my house instanter4 ,sir1 ,i answered1 ,i have held a pistol at one or two heads in my time2 but never at one stuffed with nobler discretion4 ,your chivalry does not1 indeed1 disarm me1 but prompts me to desire more of your acquaintance4 ,i have found a gentleman1 and must sup with him before ,i make terms4 ,the address seemed to please him4 ,he shuffled across the room to a sideboard1 and produced a plate of biscuits1 another of almonds and dried raisins1 a glass and two decanters4 ,sherry and ,madeira1 he said4 ,there is also a cold pie in the larder1 if you care for it4 ,a biscuit will serve1 ,i replied4 ,to tell the truth1 ,i'm more for the bucket than the manger1 as the grooms say2 and1 by your leave1 the brandy you were testing just now is more to my mind than wine4 ,there is no water handy4 ,there was plenty out of doors to last me with this bottle4 ,i pulled over a chair1 and laid my pistol on the table1 and held out the glass for him to fill4 ,having done so1 he helped himself to a glass and a chair1 and sat down facing me4 ,i was talking1 just now1 of my late butler1 he began1 with a sip at his brandy4 ,has it struck you that1 when confronted with moral delinquency1 ,i am apt to let my indignation get the better of me8 ,not at all1 ,i answered heartily1 refilling my glass4 ,it appeared that another reply would have pleased him better4 ,h'm4 ,i was hoping that1 perhaps1 ,i had visited his offence too strongly4 ,as a clergyman1 you see1 ,i was bound to be severe2 but upon my word1 sir1 since he went ,i have felt like a man who has lost a limb4 ,he drummed with his fingers on the cloth for a few moments1 and went on3 ,one has a natural disposition to forgive butlers--,pharaoh1 for instance1 felt it4 ,there hovers around butlers that peculiar atmosphere which ,shakespeare noticed as encircling kings1 an atmosphere in which common ethics lose their pertinence4 ,but mine was a rare bird--a black swan among butlers4 ,he was more than a butler3 he was a quick and brightly-gifted man4 ,of the accuracy of his taste1 and the unusual scope of his endeavor1 you will be able to form some opinion when ,i assure you he modelled himself upon me4 ,i bowed over my brandy4 ,i am a scholar2 yet ,i employed him to read aloud to me1 and derived pleasure from his intonation4 ,i talk as a scholar2 yet he learned to answer me in language as precise as my own4 ,my cast-off garments fitted him not more irreproachably than did my amenities of manner4 ,divest him of his tray1 and you would find his mode of entering a room hardly distinguishable from my own--the same urbanity1 the same alertness of carriage1 the same superfine deference towards the weaker sex4 ,all--all my idiosyncrasies ,i saw reflected in this my mirror2 and can you doubt that ,i was gratified8 ,he was my alter ego--which1 by the way1 makes it the more extraordinary that it should have been necessary to marry him to the cook4 ,look here1 ,i broke in2 you want a butler4 ,oh1 you really grasp that fact1 do you8 he retorted4 ,and you wish to get rid of me as soon as may be4 ,i hope there is no impoliteness in complimenting you on your discernment4 ,your two wishes1 said ,i1 may be reconciled4 ,let me cease to be your burglar1 and let me continue here as your butler4 ,he leant back1 spreading out the fingers of each hand as if the table's edge was a harpsichord1 and he stretching octaves upon it4 ,believe me1 ,i went on1 you might do worse4 ,i have been a demy of ,magdalen ,college1 ,oxford1 in my time1 and retain some ,greek and ,latin4 ,i'll undertake to read the ,fathers with an accent that shall not offend you4 ,my knowledge of wine is none the worse for having been cultivated in other men's cellars4 ,moreover1 you shall engage the ugliest cook in ,christendom1 so long as ,i'm your butler4 ,i've taken a liking to you--that's flat--and ,i apply for the post4 ,i give forty pounds a year1 said he4 ,and ,i'm cheap at that price4 ,he filled up his glass1 looking up at me while he did so with the air of one digesting a problem4 ,from first to last his face was grave as a judge's4 ,we are too impulsive1 ,i think1 was his answer1 after a minute's silence4 ,and your speech smacks of the amateur4 ,you say1 ',let me cease to be your burglar1 and let me be your butler4' ,the mere aspiration is respectable2 but a man might as well say1 ',let me cease to write poems2 let me paint pictures4' ,and truly1 sir1 you impressed me as no expert in your present trade1 but a journeyman-housebreaker1 if ,i may say so4 ,on the other hand1 ,i argued1 consider the moderation of my demands2 that alone should convince you of my desire to turn over a new leaf4 ,i ask for a month's trial2 if1 at the end of that time1 ,i don't suit1 you shall say so1 and ,i'll march from your door with nothing in my pocket but my month's wages4 ,be hanged1 sir6 but when ,i reflect on the amount you'll have to pay to get me to face to-night's storm again1 you seem to be getting off dirt-cheap6 cried ,i1 slapping my palm on the table4 ,ah1 if you had only known ,adolphus6 he exclaimed4 ,now1 the third glass of clean spirits has always a deplorable effect on me4 ,it turns me from bright to black1 from lightness of spirits to extreme sulkiness4 ,i have done more wickedness over this third tumbler than in all the other states of comparative inebriety within my experience4 ,so now ,i glowered at my companion and rapped out a curse4 ,look here1 ,i don't want to hear any more of ,adolphus1 and ,i've a pretty clear notion of the game you're playing4 ,you want to make me drunk1 and you're ready to sit prattling there till ,i drop under the table4 ,do me the favor to remember that you came1 and are staying1 at your own invitation4 ,as for the brandy1 ,i would remind you that ,i suggested a milder drink4 ,try some ,madeira4 ,he handed me the decanter1 as he spoke1 and ,i poured out a glass4 ,madeira6 said ,i1 taking a gulp4 ,ugh6 it's the commonest ,marsala6 ,i had no sooner said the words than he rose up1 and stretched a hand gravely across to me4 ,i hope you'll shake it1 he said2 though1 as a man who after three glasses of neat spirit can distinguish between ,madeira and ,marsala1 you have every right to refuse me4 ,two minutes ago you offered to become my butler1 and ,i demurred4 ,i now beg you to repeat that offer4 ,say the word1 and ,i employ you gladly2 you shall even have the second decanter 7which contains genuine ,madeira7 to take to bed with you4 ,we shook hands on our bargain1 and catching up a candlestick1 he led the way from the room4 ,picking up my boots1 ,i followed him along the passage and down the silent staircase4 ,in the hall he paused to stand on tiptoe1 and turn up the lamp1 which was burning low4 ,as he did so1 ,i found time to fling a glance at my old enemy1 the mastiff4 ,he lay as ,i had first seen him--a stuffed dog1 if ever there was one4 ,decidedly1 thought ,i1 my wits are to seek1 to-night2 and with the same1 a sudden suspicion made me turn to my conductor1 who had advanced to the left-hand door1 and was waiting for me1 with hand on the knob4 ,one moment1 ,i said2 this is all very pretty1 but how am ,i to know you're not sending me to bed while you fetch in all the countryside to lay me by the heels8 ,i'm afraid1 was his answer1 you must be content with my word1 as a gentleman1 that never1 to-night or hereafter1 will ,i breathe a syllable about the circumstances of your visit4 ,however1 if you choose1 we will return upstairs4 ,no2 ,i'll trust you1 said ,i2 and he opened the door4 ,it led into a broad passage1 paved with slate1 upon which three or four rooms opened4 ,he paused by the second1 and ushered me into a sleeping-chamber which1 though narrow1 was comfortable enough--a vast improvement1 at any rate1 on the mumper's lodgings ,i had been used to for many months past4 ,you can undress here1 he said4 ,the sheets are aired1 and if you'll wait a moment ,i'll fetch a nightshirt--one of my own4 ,sir1 you heap coals of fire on me4 ,believe me that for ninety-nine of your qualities ,i do not care a tinker's curse3 but as a man who1 after three tumblers of neat brandy1 can tell ,marsala from ,madeira you are to be taken care of4 ,he shuffled away1 but came back in a couple of minutes with the nightshirt4 ,good-night1 he called to me1 flinging it in at the door2 and without giving me time to return the wish1 went his way upstairs4 ,now it might be supposed that ,i was only too glad to toss off my clothes and climb into the bed ,i had so unexpectedly acquired a right to4 ,but1 as a matter of fact1 ,i did nothing of the kind4 ,instead1 ,i drew on my boots and sat on the bed's edge1 blinking at my candle till it died down in its socket1 and afterwards at the purple square of window as it slowly changed to gray with the coming of dawn4 ,i was cold to the heart1 and my teeth chattered with an ague4 ,certainly ,i never suspected my host's word2 but was even occupied in framing good resolutions and shaping out an excellent future1 when ,i heard the front door gently pulled to1 and a man's footsteps moving quietly to the gate4 ,the treachery knocked me in a heap for the moment4 ,then leaping up and flinging my door wide1 ,i stumbled through the uncertain light of the passage into the front hall4 ,there was a fan-shaped light over the door1 and the place was very still and gray4 ,a quick thought1 or rather a sudden prophetic guess at the truth1 made me turn to the figure of the mastiff curled under the hall table4 ,i laid my hand on the scruff of his neck4 ,he was quite limp1 and my fingers sank into the flesh on either side of the vertebrae4 ,digging them deeper1 ,i dragged him out into the middle of the hall1 and pulled the front door open to see the better4 ,his throat was gashed from ear to ear4 ,how many seconds passed after ,i dropped the senseless lump on the floor1 and before ,i made another movement1 it would puzzle me to say4 ,twice ,i stirred a foot as if to run out at the door4 ,then1 changing my mind1 ,i stepped over the mastiff1 and ran up the staircase4 ,the light no longer shone out into the left-hand passage2 but groping down it1 ,i found the study door open1 as before1 and passed in4 ,a sick light stole through the blinds--enough for me to distinguish the glasses and decanters on the table1 and find my way to the curtain that hung before the room where the light had first attracted me4 ,i pushed the curtain aside1 paused for a moment1 and listened to the violent beat of my heart2 then felt for the door handle and turned it4 ,all ,i could see at first2 was that the chamber was small2 next1 that the light patch in a line with the window was the white coverlet of a bed2 and next1 that somebody1 or something1 lay on the bed4 ,i listened again4 ,there was no sound in the room2 no heart beating but my own4 ,i reached out a hand to pull up the blind1 and drew it back again4 ,i dared not4 ,the daylight grew1 minute by minute1 on the dull parallelogram of the blind1 and minute by minute that horrible thing on the bed took something of distinctness4 ,the strain beat me at last4 ,i fetched a veritable yell to give myself courage1 and1 reaching for the cord1 pulled up the blind as fast as it would go4 ,the face on the pillow was that of an old man--a face waxen and peaceful1 with quiet lines about the month and eyes1 and long lines of gray hair falling back from the temples4 ,the body was turned a little on one side1 and one hand lay outside the bedclothes in a very natural manner4 ,but there were two dark spots on the coverlet4 ,then ,i knew ,i was face to face with the real householder2 and it flashed on me that ,i had been indiscreet in taking service as his butler1 and that ,i knew the face his ex-butler wore4 ,illustration3 ,,face ,,to ,,face ,,with ,,the ,,real ,,householder4 ,and1 being by this time awake to the responsibilities of the post1 ,i quitted it three steps at a time1 not once looking behind me4 ,outside the house the storm had died1 and white sunlight broke over the sodden moors4 ,but my bones were cold1 and ,i ran faster and faster4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,,by ,,ida ,m4 ,,tarbell4 ,,lincoln',s ,,prominence ,,as ,a ,,whig ,,politician ,,at ,,thirty-,,two4--,,stephen ,a4 ,,douglas',s ,,removal ,,to ,,springfield4--,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,rivalry ,,between ,,lincoln ,,and ,,douglas4--,,lincoln',s ,,part ,,in ,,the ,,campaign ,,of #ahdj4--,,mary ,,todd ,,and ,,her ,,engagement ,,to ,,lincoln4--,,false ,,stories ,,regarding ,,lincoln',s ,,courtship4--,,the ,,lincoln ,,and ,,shields ,,duel4--,,lincoln',s ,,marriage4 ,by the time ,abraham ,lincoln was thirty-two years old--that is1 in #ahda--;he was one of the leading ,whig politicians of ,illinois4 ,four times in succession he had been elected to the ,general ,assembly of the ,state--in #ahcd1 #ahcf1 #ahch1 and #ahdj4 ,twice he had been a candidate for ,speaker of the ,house--in #ahch and in #ahdj--;both times against ,william ,l4,d4 ,ewing2 and though both times defeated1 the vote had in each instance been close4 ,in #ahda he had been talked of as a candidate for governor1 a suggestion to which he would not listen4 ,he had not taken this prominent position because the ,whig party lacked material4 ,edward ,dickinson ,baker1 ,colonel ,john ,j4 ,hardin1 ,john ,t4 ,stuart1 ,ninian ,w4 ,edwards1 ,jesse ,k4 ,dubois1 ,o4,h4 ,browning1 were but a few of the brilliant men who were throwing all their ability and ambition into the contest for political honors in the ,state4 ,nor were the ,whigs a whit superior to the ,democrats4 ,william ,l4,d4 ,ewing1 ,ebenezer ,peck1 ,william ,thomas1 ,james ,shields1 ,john ,calhoun1 were in every respect as able as the best men of the ,whig party4 ,indeed1 one of the prominent ,democrats with whom ,lincoln came often in contact1 was popularly regarded as the most brilliant and promising politician of the ,state--,stephen ,a4 ,douglas4 ,his record had been phenomenal4 ,he had amazed both parties1 in #ahcd1 by securing appointment by the legislature to the office of ,state ,attorney for the first judicial circuit1 over ,john ,j4 ,hardin4 ,in #ahcf he had been elected to the legislature1 and although he was at that time but twenty-three years of age1 he had shown himself one of the most vigorous1 capable1 and intelligent members4 ,indeed1 ,douglas's work in the ,tenth ,assembly gave him about the same position in the ,democratic party of the ,state at large that ,lincoln's work in the same body gave him in the ,whig party of his own district4 ,in #ahcg he had had no difficulty in being appointed register of the land office1 a position which compelled him to make his home in ,springfield4 ,it was only a few months after ,lincoln rode into town1 all his earthly possessions in a pair of saddle-bags1 that ,douglas appeared4 ,handsome1 polished1 and always with an air of prosperity1 the advent of the young ,democratic official was in striking contrast to that of the sad-eyed1 ill-clad1 poverty-stricken young lawyer from ,new ,salem4 ,from the first1 ,lincoln and ,douglas were thrown constantly together in the social life of the town1 and often pitted against each other in what were the real forums of the ,state at that day--the space around the huge ,franklin stove of some obliging store-keeper1 the steps of somebody's law office1 a pile of lumber1 or a long timber1 lying in the public square1 where the new ,state-house was going up4 ,in the fall of #ahcg ,douglas was nominated for ,congress on the ,democratic ticket4 ,his ,whig opponent was ,lincoln's law partner1 ,john ,t4 ,stuart4 ,the campaign which the two conducted was one of the most remarkable in the history of the ,state4 ,for five months of the spring and summer of #ahch they rode together from town to town all over the northern part of ,illinois 7,illinois at that time was divided into but three congressional districts2 the third1 in which ,sangamon ,county was included1 being made up of the twenty-two northernmost counties71 speaking six days out of seven4 ,when the election came off in ,august1 #ahch1 out of thirty-six thousand votes cast1 ,stuart received a majority of only fourteen2 but even that majority the ,democrats always contended was won unfairly4 ,the campaign was watched with intense interest by the young politicians of ,springfield2 no one of them felt a deeper interest in it than ,lincoln1 who was himself at the same time a candidate for member of the ,state legislature4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,state-,,house ,,at ,,springfield1 ,,illinois4 ,from a recent photograph made for ,,mcclure',s ,,magazine4 ,the corner-stone was laid ,july #d1 #ahcg1 about four months after the passage of the act removing the capital to ,springfield4 ,the event was attended with elaborate ceremonies4 ,the orator of the day was ,colonel ,e4,d4 ,baker4 ,it was nearly four years before the building was finally completed1 at a cost of two hundred and forty thousand dollars4 ,it was first occupied by the legislature during the regular session of #ahdj-ahda1 that body1 at two previous special sessions1 being obliged to use the ,methodist church for the ,senate1 and the ,second ,presbyterian church for the ,house4 ,the ,supreme ,court found a meeting place in the ,episcopal church4 ,the legislative committees met in rooms in private houses about town4 ,this building was the ,state capitol for more than thirty years1 becoming1 upon the completion of the present ,state-house1 the court-house of ,sangamon ,county4 ,lincoln must have learned by the end of #ahdj1 if not before1 something of the power of the ,little ,giant1 as ,douglas was called4 ,certainly no man in public life between #ahcg and #ahfj had a greater hold on his followers4 ,the reasons for this grasp are not hard to find4 ,douglas was by nature buoyant1 enthusiastic1 impetuous4 ,he had that sunny boyishness which is so irresistible to young and old4 ,with it he had great natural eloquence4 ,when his deep1 rich voice rolled out fervid periods in support of the sub-treasury and the convention system1 or in opposition to internal improvements by the federal government1 the people applauded out of sheer joy at the pleasure of hearing him4 ,he was one of the few men in ,illinois whom the epithet of ,yankee never hurt4 ,he might be a ,yankee1 but when he sat down on the knee of some surly lawyer1 and confidentially told him his plans2 or1 at a political meeting1 took off his coat1 and rolled up his sleeves1 and pitched into his opponent1 the sons of ,illinois forgot his origin in love for the man4 ,lincoln undoubtedly understood the charm of ,douglas1 and realized his power4 ,but he already had an insight into one of his political characteristics that few people recognized at that day4 ,in writing to ,stuart in #ahci1 while the latter was attending ,congress1 ,lincoln said3 ,douglas has not been here since you left4 ,a report is in circulation here now that he has abandoned the idea of going to ,washington1 though the report does not come in a very authentic form1 so far as ,i can learn4 ,though1 by the way1 speaking of authenticity1 you know that if we had heard ,douglas say that he had abandoned the contest1 it would not be very authentic4 ,in the campaign of #ahdj ,lincoln and ,douglas came more frequently than ever into conflict4 ,at that time the local issues1 which had formerly engaged ,illinois candidates almost entirely1 were lost sight of in national questions4 ,in ,springfield1 where the leaders of the parties were living1 many hot debates were held in private4 ,out of these grew1 in ,december1 #ahci1 a series of public discussions1 extending over eight evenings1 and in which several of the first orators of the ,state took part4 ,lincoln was the last man on the list4 ,the people were nearly worn out before his turn came1 and his audience was small4 ,he began his speech with some melancholy1 self-deprecatory reflections1 complaining that the small audience cast a damp upon his spirits which he was sure he would be unable to overcome during the evening4 ,he did better than he expected1 overcoming the damp on his spirits so effectually that he made what was regarded as the best speech of the series2 and by a general request1 it was printed for distribution4 ,the speech is peculiarly interesting from the fact that while there is a little of the perfervid eloquence of #ahdj in it1 as well as a good deal of the rather boisterous humor of the time1 a part of it is devoted to a careful examination of the statements of his opponents1 and a refutation of them by means of public documents4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,harrison ,,badge ,,of #ahdj4 ,from the collection of ,mr4 ,o4,h4 ,oldroyd of ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,harrison ,,button ,,of #ahdj4 ,from the collection of ,mr4 ,john ,c4 ,browne of ,philadelphia4 ,as a good ,democrat was expected to do1 ,douglas had explained with plausibility why the ,van ,buren administration had in #ahch spent #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,lincoln takes up his statements one by one1 and proves1 as he says1 that the majority of them are wholly untrue4 ,douglas had attributed a part of the expenditures to the purchase of public lands from the ,indians4 ,now it happens1 says ,lincoln1 that no such purchase was made during that year4 ,it is true that some money was paid that year in pursuance of ,indian treaties2 but no more1 or rather not as much1 as had been paid on the same account in each of several preceding years4444 ,again1 ,mr4 ,douglas says that the removal of the ,indians to the country west of the ,mississippi created much of the expenditure of #ahch4 ,i have examined the public documents in relation to this matter1 and find that less was paid for the removal of the ,indians in that than in some former years4 ,the whole sum expended on that account in that year did not exceed one quarter of a million4 ,for this small sum1 although we do not think the administration entitled to credit1 because large sums have been expended in the same way in former years1 we consent it may take one and make the most of it4 ,next1 ,mr4 ,douglas says that five millions of the expenditures of #ahch consisted of the payment of the ,french indemnity money to its individual claimants4 ,i have carefully examined the public documents1 and thereby find this statement to be wholly untrue4 ,of the forty millions of dollars expended in #ahch1 ,i am enabled to say positively that not one dollar consisted of payments on the ,french indemnities4 ,so much for that excuse4 ,next comes the post-office4 ,he says that five millions were expended during that year to sustain that department4 ,by a like examination of public documents1 ,i find this also wholly untrue4 ,of the so often mentioned forty millions1 not one dollar went to the post-office4444 ,i return to another of ,mr4 ,douglas's excuses for the expenditures of #ahch1 at the same time announcing the pleasing intelligence that this is the last one4 ,he says that ten millions of that year's expenditure was a contingent appropriation1 to prosecute an anticipated war with ,great ,britain on the ,maine boundary question4 ,few words will settle this4 ,first1 that the ten millions appropriated was not made till #ahci1 and consequently could not have been expended in #ahch2 second1 although it was appropriated1 it has never been expended at all4 ,those who heard ,mr4 ,douglas1 recollect that he indulged himself in a contemptuous expression of pity for me4 ',now he's got me1' thought ,i4 ,but when he went on to say that five millions of the expenditure of #ahch were payments of the ,french indemnities1 which ,i knew to be untrue2 that five millions had been for the post-office1 which ,i knew to be untrue2 that ten millions had been for the ,maine boundary war1 which ,i not only knew to be untrue1 but supremely ridiculous also2 and when ,i saw that he was stupid enough to hope that ,i would permit such groundless and audacious assertions to go unexposed1--,i readily consented that1 on the score both of veracity and sagacity1 the audience should judge whether he or ,i were the more deserving of the world's contempt4 ,illustration3 ,,lincoln ,,in #ahfj4--,,now ,,first ,,published4 ,from a first-state proof of an engraving of the ,cooper ,institute picture of ,lincoln 7see ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s ,,magazine for ,february1 #ahif1 first frontispiece74 ,made by ,john ,c4 ,buttre1 and now in the collection of ,w4,c4 ,crane of ,new ,york ,city1 through whose courtesy it is here reproduced4 ,these citations show that ,lincoln had already learned to handle public documents1 and to depend for at least a part of his success with an audience upon a careful statement of facts4 ,the methods used in at least a portion of this speech are exactly those which made the irresistible strength of his speeches in #aheh and #ahei4 ,,lincoln ,,in ,,the ,,campaign ,,of #ahdj4 ,but there was little of as good work done in the campaign of #ahdj1 by ,lincoln or anybody else1 as is found in this speech4 ,it was a campaign of noise and fun1 and nowhere more so than in ,illinois4 ,lincoln was one of the five ,whig ,presidential electors1 and he flung himself into the campaign with confidence4 ,the nomination of ,harrison takes first rate1 he wrote to his partner ,stuart1 then in ,washington4 ,you know ,i am never sanguine1 but ,i believe we will carry the ,state4 ,the chance of doing so appears to me twenty-five per cent1 better than it did for you to beat ,douglas4 ,the ,whigs1 in spite of their dislike of the convention system1 organized as they never had before1 and even sent out a confidential circular of which ,lincoln was the author4 ,every weapon he thought of possible use in the contest he secured4 ,be sure to send me as many copies of the ',life of ,harrison' as you can spare from other uses1 he wrote ,stuart4 ,be very sure to procure and send me the ',senate ,journal' of ,new ,york1 of ,september1 #ahad4 ,i have a newspaper article which says that that document proves that ,van ,buren voted against raising troops in the last war4 ,and1 in general1 send me everything you think will be a good 'war-club4' ,every sign of success he quoted to ,stuart2 the number of subscribers to the ,old ,soldier1 a campaign newspaper which the ,whig committee had informed the ,whigs of the ,state that they must take2 the names of ,van ,buren men who were weakening1 and to whom he wanted ,stuart to send documents2 the name of every theretofore doubtful person who had declared himself for ,harrison4 ,japh ,bell has come out for ,harrison1 he put in a postscript to one letter2 ain't that a caution8 ,the monster political meetings held throughout the ,state did much to widen ,lincoln's reputation1 particularly one held in ,june in ,springfield4 ,twenty thousand people attended this meeting1 delegations coming from every direction4 ,it took fourteen teams to haul the delegation from ,chicago1 and they were three weeks on their journey4 ,each party carried some huge symbolic piece--the log cabin being the favorite4 ,one of the cabins taken to ,springfield was drawn by thirty yokes of oxen4 ,in a hickory tree which was planted beside this cabin1 coons were seen playing1 and a barrel of hard cider stood by the door1 continually on tap4 ,instead of a log cabin1 the ,chicago delegation dragged across country a government yawl rigged up as a two-masted ship1 with a band of music and a six-pounder cannon on board4 ,there are many reminiscences of this great celebration1 and ,lincoln's part in it1 still afloat in ,illinois4 ,general ,t4,j4 ,henderson writes1 in the entertaining reminiscences of ,lincoln prepared for this biography3 ,the first time ,i remember to have seen ,abraham ,lincoln was during the memorable campaign of #ahdj1 when ,i was a boy fifteen years of age4 ,it was at an immense ,whig mass-meeting held at ,springfield1 ,illinois1 in the month of ,june of that year4 ,the ,whigs attended this meeting from all parts of the ,state in large numbers1 and it was estimated that from forty to fifty thousand people were present4 ,they came in carriages and wagons1 on horseback and on foot4 ,they came with log cabins drawn on wheels by oxen1 and with coons1 coon-skins1 and hard cider4 ,they came with music and banners2 and thousands of them came from long distances4 ,it was the first political meeting ,i had ever attended1 and it made a very strong impression upon my youthful mind4 ,my father1 ,william ,h4 ,henderson1 then a resident of ,stark ,county1 ,illinois1 was an ardent ,whig2 and having served under ,general ,william ,henry ,harrison1 the then ,whig candidate for ,president1 in the war of #ahab-ahae1 he felt a deep interest in his election4 ,and although he lived about a hundred miles from ,springfield1 he went with a delegation from ,stark ,county to this political meeting1 and took me along with him4 ,i remember that at this great meeting of the supporters of ,harrison and ,tyler there were a number of able and distinguished speakers of the ,whig party of the ,state of ,illinois present4 ,among them were ,colonel ,e4,d4 ,baker1 who was killed at ,ball's ,bluff1 on the ,potomac1 in the late war1 and who was one of the most eloquent speakers in the ,state2 ,colonel ,john ,j4 ,hardin1 who was killed at the battle of ,buena ,vista1 in the ,mexican ,war2 ,fletcher ,webster1 a son of ,daniel ,webster1 who was killed in the late war2 ,s4 ,leslie ,smith1 a brilliant orator of ,chicago2 ,rev4 ,john ,hogan1 ,ben ,bond1 and ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,i heard all of these men speak on that occasion4 ,and while ,i was too young to be a judge of their speeches1 yet ,i thought them all to be great men1 and none of them greater than ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,one of the most prominent members of the ,illinois bar has written out especially for this work his impressions of ,lincoln's speech at that gathering4 ,illustration3 ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,,in #ahfa4 ,from a photograph by ,klauber of ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,from a photograph owned by ,mr4 ,james ,b4 ,speed of ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 to whose courtesy we owe the right to reproduce it here4 ,when ,lincoln was visiting ,joshua ,f4 ,speed in #ahda1 ,mrs4 ,speed1 the mother of his friend1 became much interested in him4 ,his melancholy was profound1 and she tried by kindness and gentleness to arouse him to new interest in life4 ,one day before his departure she asked one of her daughters for the latter's ,oxford ,bible1 telling her she wanted it for ,mr4 ,lincoln1 and promising to get another in its place4 ,the gift touched ,lincoln deeply1 and after he became ,president he remembered the giver with the above portrait--one he had had taken especially for her1 he wrote4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the following is handwritten beneath the photograph3 ,for ,mrs4 ,lucy ,g4 ,speed1 from whose pious hands ,i accepted the present of an ,oxford ,bible twenty years ago4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,october #e1 #ahfa ,a4 ,lincoln ,illustration3 ,,william ,,henry ,,harrison1 ,,ninth ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,from a painting4 ,william ,henry ,harrison was born at ,berkeley1 ,virginia1 ,february #i1 #aggc4 ,he was educated at ,hampden ,sidney ,college1 and began to study medicine1 but1 excited by ,indian outrages1 gave it up to enter the army4 ,he was sent against the ,indians of the ,west1 and at once distinguished himself4 ,after peace was made in #agih1 he was appointed secretary of the ,northwest ,territory4 ,in #agii he was a territorial delegate to ,congress1 and from #ahja to #ahac1 territorial governor of ,indiana4 ,in the war of #ahab he gained the battles of ,tippecanoe and the ,thames4 ,from #ahaf to #ahai he was a delegate to ,congress from ,ohio2 from #ahbe to #ahbh1 a ,united ,state ,senator2 and in #ahbh and #ahbi1 ,united ,states ,minister to ,colombia4 ,in #ahcf he was the ,whig candidate for the ,presidency1 but was defeated4 ,four years later 7#ahdj7 he was elected1 but lived for only one month after his inauguration4 ,mr4 ,lincoln stood in a wagon1 from which he addressed the mass of people that surrounded it4 ,the meeting was one of unusual interest because of him who was to make the principal address4 ,it was at the time of his greatest physical strength4 ,he was tall1 and perhaps a little more slender than in later life1 and more homely than after he became stouter in person4 ,he was then only thirty-one years of age1 and yet he was regarded as one of the ablest of the ,whig speakers in that campaign4 ,there was that in him that attracted and held public attention4 ,even then he was the subject of popular regard because of his candid and simple mode of discussing and illustrating political questions4 ,at times he was intensely logical1 and was always most convincing in his arguments4 ,the questions involved in that canvass had relation to the tariff1 internal public improvements by the federal government1 the distribution of the proceeds of the sales of public lands among the several ,states1 and other questions that divided the political parties of that day4 ,they were not such questions as enlisted and engaged his best thoughts2 they did not take hold of his great nature1 and had no tendency to develop it4 ,at times he discussed the questions of the time in a logical way1 but much time was devoted to telling stories to illustrate some phase of his argument1 though more often the telling of these stories was resorted to for the purpose of rendering his opponents ridiculous4 ,that was a style of speaking much appreciated at that early day4 ,in that kind of oratory he excelled most of his contemporaries--indeed1 he had no equals in the ,state4 ,one story he told on that occasion was full of salient points1 and well illustrated the argument he was making4 ,it was not an impure story1 yet it was not one it would be seemly to publish2 but rendered1 as it was1 in his inimitable way1 it contained nothing that was offensive to a refined taste4 ,the same story might have been told by another in such a way that it would probably have been regarded as transcending the proprieties of popular address4 ,one characterizing feature of all the stories told by ,mr4 ,lincoln1 on the stump and elsewhere1 was that although the subject matter of some of them might not have been entirely unobjectionable1 yet the manner of telling them was so peculiarly his own that they gave no offence even to refined and cultured people4 ,on the contrary1 they were much enjoyed4 ,the story he told on this occasion was much liked by the vast assembly that surrounded the temporary platform from which he spoke1 and was received with loud bursts of laughter and applause4 ,it served to place the opposing party and its speakers in a most ludicrous position in respect to the question being considered1 and gave him a most favorable hearing for the arguments he later made in support of the measures he was sustaining4 ,illustration3 ,,joshua ,f4 ,,speed ,,and ,,wife4 ,from a painting by ,healy1 owned by ,mrs1 ,joshua ,f4 ,speed of ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 and reproduced here by permission4 ,joshua ,f4 ,speed was a ,kentuckian4 ,at the time ,lincoln went to ,springfield he was one of the leading merchants of the town1 and it was he who befriended the young lawyer on his arrival 7see ,,mcclure',s ,,magazine for ,march74 ,towards the end of #ahdj ,mr4 ,speed sold his store1 and soon after returned to ,louisville4 ,at his urgent invitation ,lincoln visited him in the summer of #ahda4 ,he seems not to have gone back with ,speed1 as many biographers have stated1 for in a letter of ,june #ai1 #ahda1 to ,speed1 ,lincoln says3 ,i stick to my promise to come to ,louisville4 ,he seems1 too1 to have stayed a much shorter time than has frequently been stated1 for he wrote back to ,speed's sister1 on ,september #bgth1 of his safe arrival in ,springfield4 ,the letters quoted from in this article were given by ,speed himself to ,mr4 ,herndon to publish in his ,life of ,lincoln4 ,mr4 ,herndon turned them over to ,lamon1 who used them in his volume published in #ahgb4 ,joshua ,speed and ,lincoln remained intimate friends through life4 ,although they differed radically in #ahee on the policy to be pursued in regard to slavery1 ,lincoln1 in writing ,speed a long letter explaining his views1 closes3 ,and yet let me say ,i am your friend forever4 ,,lincoln',s ,,engagement ,,to ,,miss ,,todd4 ,lincoln had been busy with politics and law in the years since he left ,new ,salem1 but he had by no means neglected the social side of life4 ,indeed1 he had gone so far as to become engaged to be married to one of the favorite young women of ,springfield1 ,miss ,mary ,todd1 the sister-in-law of one of his political friends1 a member of the ,long ,nine and a prominent citizen1 ,ninian ,w4 ,edwards4 ,illustration3 ,,mary ,,todd ,,lincoln4 ,from a carbon enlargement1 by ,sherman and ,mc,hugh of ,new ,york1 of a photograph by ,brady4 ,mary ,todd was born in ,lexington1 ,kentucky1 ,december #ac1 #ahah4 ,her mother died when she was young1 and she was educated at one of the best-known schools of the ,state--,madame ,mantelli's4 ,she remained there some four years1 and as the school was conducted entirely in ,french1 she spoke the language fluently4 ,she was afterwards some time in the ,ward ,academy of ,lexington4 ,miss ,todd first visited ,springfield in #ahcg1 but remained only a few months4 ,in #ahci she returned to make her home with her sister1 ,mrs4 ,edwards4 ,she had two other sisters in the town1 ,mrs4 ,william ,wallace and ,mrs4 ,c4,m4 ,smith4 ,the story of her life will1 of course1 be told in connection with that of ,mr4 ,lincoln in the forthcoming articles4 ,the photograph used for this reproduction was kindly loaned by ,mrs4 ,s4,j4 ,withington1 ,warner1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,miss ,todd came from a well-known family of ,lexington1 ,kentucky2 her father1 ,robert ,s4 ,todd1 being one of the leading citizens of his ,state4 ,she had come to ,springfield in #ahci to live with her sister1 ,mrs4 ,edwards4 ,she was a brilliant1 witty1 highly-educated girl1 ambitious and spirited1 with a touch of audacity which only made her more attractive1 and she at once took a leading position in ,springfield society4 ,there were many young unmarried men in the town1 drawn there by politics1 and ,mr4 ,edwards's handsome home was opened to them in the hospitable ,southern way4 ,after ,mary ,todd became an inmate of the ,edwards house1 the place was gayer than ever4 ,she received much attention from ,douglas1 ,shields1 ,lincoln1 and several others4 ,it was soon apparent1 however1 that ,miss ,todd preferred ,lincoln4 ,as the intimacy between them increased1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,edwards protested4 ,however honorable and able a man ,lincoln might be1 he was still a plebeian4 ,his family were humble and poor2 he was self-educated1 without address or polish1 careless of forms1 indifferent to society4 ,how could ,mary ,todd1 brought up in a cultured home1 accustomed to the refinements of life1 and with ambition for social position1 accommodate herself to so grave a nature1 so dull an exterior8 ,miss ,todd knew her own mind1 however4 ,she loved ,lincoln1 and seems to have believed from the first in his future4 ,some time in #ahdj they became engaged4 ,illustration3 ,,lincoln ,,in #aheh4--;,,hitherto ,,unpublished4 ,from a photograph1 by ,harrison1 ,galesburg1 ,illinois1 of an ambrotype owned by ,mrs4 ,w4,j4 ,thomson of ,monmouth1 ,illinois4 ,this picture was taken at ,monmouth on ,october #aa1 #aheh1 by ,w4,j4 ,thomson1 after a speech made in the town by ,lincoln that day1 and four days after the debate between ,lincoln and ,douglas at ,galesburg1 ,illinois1 on ,october #g1 #aheh4 ,but it was not long before there came the clashing inevitable between two persons whose tastes and ambitions were so different4 ,miss ,todd was jealous and exacting4 ,lincoln frequently failed to accompany her to the merry-makings which she wanted to attend4 ,she resented this indifference1 which seemed to her a purposed slight1 instead of simply a lack of thought on his part1 and sometimes she went with ,mr4 ,douglas or any other escort who offered4 ,reproaches and tears and misunderstanding followed4 ,if the lovers made up1 it was only to fall out again4 ,at last ,lincoln became convinced that they were incompatible1 and resolved that he must break the engagement4 ,but the knowledge that the girl loved him took away his courage4 ,he felt that he must not draw back1 and he became profoundly miserable4 ,whatever woman may cast her lot with mine1 should any ever do so1 it is my intention to do all in my power to make her happy and contented2 and there is nothing ,i can imagine that would make me more unhappy than to fail in the effort1 ,lincoln had written ,miss ,owens three years before4 ,how could he make this brilliant1 passionate creature to whom he was betrothed happy8 ,a mortal dread of the result of the marriage1 a harrowing doubt of his own feelings1 possessed him4 ,the experience is not so rare in the lives of lovers that it should be regarded1 as it often has been1 as something exceptional and abnormal in ,lincoln's case4 ,a reflective nature founded in melancholy1 like ,lincoln's1 rarely undertakes even the simpler affairs of life without misgivings4 ,he certainly experienced dread and doubt before entering on any new relation4 ,when it came to forming the most delicate and intimate of all human relations1 he staggered under a storm of uncertainty and suffering1 and finally broke the engagement4 ,so horrible a breach of honor did this seem to him that he called the day when it occurred the fatal first of ,january1 #ahda1 and months afterward he wrote to his intimate friend ,speed3 ,i must regain my confidence in my own ability to keep my resolves when they are made4 ,in that ability ,i once prided myself as the only or chief gem of my character2 that gem ,i lost--how and where you know too well4 ,i have not yet regained it1 and1 until ,i do1 ,i cannot trust myself in any matter of much importance4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,s4 ,,todd4 ,robert ,s4 ,todd1 father of ,mrs4 ,lincoln1 came of distinguished ancestors4 ,he was the seventh son of ,major-,general ,levi ,todd1 and was born at ,lexington1 ,kentucky1 ,february #be1 #agia4 ,he was prominent in the politics of ,kentucky for nearly thirty years4 ,for many years he was clerk of the ,kentucky ,house of ,representatives2 he was three times elected ,representative from ,fayette ,county1 and was a ,state ,senator at the time of his death1 which occurred ,july #ae1 #ahdi4 ,he was twice married--the first time to his near relative1 ,eliza ,ann ,parker1 the mother of ,mary ,todd4 ,illustration3 ,,miss ,,julia ,,jayne1 ,,one ,,of ,,miss ,,todd',s ,,bridesmaids4 ,from a photograph loaned by ,mr4 ,jesse ,w4 ,weik4 ,miss ,jayne afterward became ,mrs4 ,lyman ,trumbull4 ,the breaking of the engagement between ,miss ,todd and ,mr4 ,lincoln was naturally known at the time to all their friends4 ,lincoln's melancholy was evident to them all1 nor did he1 indeed1 attempt to disguise it4 ,he wrote and spoke freely to his intimates of the despair which possessed him1 and of his sense of dishonor4 ,the episode caused a great amount of gossip1 as was to be expected4 ,after ,mr4 ,lincoln's assassination and ,mrs4 ,lincoln's sad death1 various accounts of the courtship and marriage were circulated4 ,it remained1 however1 for one of ,lincoln's law partners1 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,herndon1 to develop and circulate the most sensational of all the versions of the rupture4 ,his story would not be referred to here were it not that it has been generally accepted as truthful by even his most conservative biographers1 including ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,morse and ,mr4 ,carl ,schurz4 ,according to ,mr4 ,herndon1 the engagement between the two was broken in the most violent and public way possible1 by ,mr4 ,lincoln's failing to appear at the wedding4 ,mr4 ,herndon even describes the scene in detail3 ,the time fixed for the marriage was the first day of ,january1 #ahda4 ,careful preparations for the happy occasion were made at the ,edwards mansion4 ,the house underwent the customary renovation2 the furniture was properly arranged1 the rooms neatly decorated1 the supper prepared1 and the guests invited4 ,the latter assembled on the evening in question1 and awaited in expectant pleasure the interesting ceremony of marriage4 ,the bride1 bedecked in veil and silken gown1 and nervously toying with the flowers in her hair1 sat in the adjoining room4 ,nothing was lacking but the groom4 ,for some strange reason he had been delayed4 ,an hour passed1 and the guests1 as well as the bride1 were becoming restless4 ,but they were all doomed to disappointment4 ,another hour passed2 messengers were sent out over town1 and each returning with the same report1 it became apparent that ,lincoln1 the principal in this little drama1 had purposely failed to appear4 ,the bride1 in grief1 disappeared to her room2 the wedding supper was left untouched2 the guests quietly and wonderingly withdrew2 the lights in the ,edwards mansion were blown out1 and darkness settled over all for the night4 ,what the feelings of a lady as sensitive1 passionate1 and proud as ,miss ,todd were1 we can only imagine2 no one can ever describe them4 ,by daybreak1 after persistent search1 ,lincoln's friends found him4 ,restless1 gloomy1 miserable1 desperate1 he seemed an object of pity4 ,his friends1 ,speed among the number1 fearing a tragic termination1 watched him closely in their rooms day and night4 ',knives and razors1 and every instrument that could be used for self-destruction1 were removed from his reach4' ,mrs4 ,edwards did not hesitate to regard him as insane1 and of course her sister ,mary shared in that view4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,james ,,shields4 ,from a photograph kindly loaned by ,c4,b4 ,hall1 ,new ,york4 ,general ,shields was born at ,dungannon1 ,county of ,tyrone1 ,ireland1 in #ahaj2 came to the ,united ,states in #ahbf2 located in ,randolph ,county1 ,illinois1 and taught school there2 was admitted to the bar in #ahcb1 and practised at ,kaskaskia4 ,he was elected to the legislature in #ahcf1 and there became acquainted with ,lincoln4 ,in #ahda he was made auditor of public accounts of ,illinois1 and it was while holding this office that he challenged ,lincoln to mortal combat4 ,in #ahdc ,governor ,ford appointed him an associate justice of the ,supreme ,court--an office which he resigned two years later to become commissioner of the general land-office4 ,his gallantry in the ,mexican ,war was such that he was brevetted a major-general4 ,the prestige which his military record gave him made him a ,united ,states ,senator in #ahdi4 ,defeated for reelection by ,lyman ,trumbull in #ahee1 he removed to ,minnesota4 ,there1 ,may #ab1 #aheh1 he was elected to the ,united ,states ,senate to fill a vacancy1 serving about ten months4 ,then he went to ,california for a year4 ,august #ai1 #ahfa1 ,president ,lincoln1 his old-time enemy1 presented him with a brigadier-general's commission2 but two years later he gave this up1 and settled on a farm in ,missouri4 ,he remained in retirement for a while1 but eventually emerged to become a member of the legislature1 a defeated candidate for ,congress1 adjutant-general of the ,state1 and finally1 in #ahgi1 once more a ,united ,states ,senator1 serving about six weeks of an unexpired term4 ,he thus had the rare distinction to be a ,united ,states ,senator from three ,states4 ,in his later years he delivered lectures--,reminiscences of the ,mexican ,war and ,recollections of ,eminent ,statesmen and ,soldiers4 ,he died suddenly at ,ottumwa1 ,iowa1 ,june #a1 #ahgi4 ,general ,shields has been variously rated by his contemporaries4 ,that he was a man of considerable ability is conceded1 and he possessed the warmth and generosity common to his race4--,j4 ,mc,can ,davis4 ,illustration3 ,,mrs4 ,,ninian ,w4 ,,edwards4 ,from a painting by ,healy1 owned by her son1 ,mr4 ,a4,s4 ,edwards1 ,springfield1 ,illinois4 ,mrs4 ,ninian ,w4 ,edwards was a sister of ,mrs4 ,lincoln4 ,her maiden name was ,elizabeth ,p4 ,todd4 ,she was born at ,lexington1 ,kentucky1 in #ahac1 and died at ,springfield1 ,illinois1 her home since #ahce1 ,february #bb1 #ahhh4 ,illustration3 ,,court-,,house ,,at ,,tremont ,,where ,,lincoln ,,received ,,warning ,,of ,,shields',s ,,challenge4 ,tremont was about fifty miles north of ,springfield1 in ,tazewell ,county4 ,although the internal improvements scheme of #ahcg ran a railroad through the town1 it was only reached in #ahdb1 at the time of the ,shields-,lincoln duel1 by driving4 ,the court-house is a fair example of those in which ,lincoln first practised law4 ,no one can read this description in connection with the rest of ,mr4 ,herndon's text1 and escape the impression that1 if it is true1 there must have been a vein of cowardice in ,lincoln4 ,the context shows that he was not insane enough to excuse such a public insult to a woman4 ,to break his engagement was1 all things considered1 not in any way an unusual or abnormal thing2 to brood over the rupture1 to blame himself1 to feel that he had been dishonorable1 was to be expected1 after such an act1 from one of his temperament4 ,nothing1 however1 but temporary insanity or constitutional cowardice could explain such conduct as here described4 ,mr4 ,herndon does not pretend to found his story on any personal knowledge of the affair4 ,he was in ,springfield at the time1 a clerk in ,speed's store1 but did not have then1 nor1 indeed1 did he ever have1 any social relations with the families in which ,mr4 ,lincoln was always a welcome guest4 ,his only authority for the story is a remark which he says ,mrs4 ,ninian ,edwards made to him in an interview3 ,lincoln and ,mary were engaged2 everything was ready and prepared for the marriage1 even to the supper4 ,mr4 ,lincoln failed to meet his engagement2 cause1 insanity4 ,this remark1 it should be noted1 is not from a manuscript written by ,mrs4 ,edwards1 but in a report of an interview with her1 written by ,mr4 ,herndon4 ,supposing1 however1 that the statement was made exactly as ,mr4 ,herndon reports it1 it certainly does not justify any such sensational description as ,mr4 ,herndon gives4 ,if such a thing had ever occurred1 it could not have failed to be known1 of course1 even to its smallest details1 by all the relatives and friends of both ,miss ,todd and ,mr4 ,lincoln4 ,nobody1 however1 ever heard of this wedding party until ,mr4 ,herndon gave his material to the public4 ,one of the closest friends of the ,lincolns throughout their lives was a cousin of ,mrs4 ,lincoln's1 ,mrs4 ,grimsley1 afterwards ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,brown4 ,mrs4 ,grimsley lived in ,springfield1 on the most intimate and friendly relations with ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,lincoln1 and the first six months of their life in the ,white ,house she spent with them4 ,she was a woman of unusual culture1 and of the rarest sweetness and graciousness of character4 ,no one could look on her face without feeling her perfect sincerity and goodness4 ,some months before ,mrs4 ,brown's death1 in ,august1 #ahie1 a copy of ,mr4 ,herndon's story was sent her1 with a request that she write for publication her knowledge of the affair4 ,in her reply she said3 ,did ,mr4 ,lincoln fail to appear when the invitations were out1 the guests invited1 and the supper ready for the wedding8 ,i will say emphatically1 ',no4' ,there may have been a little shadow of foundation for ,mr4 ,herndon's lively imagination to play upon1 in that1 the year previous to the marriage1 and when ,mr4 ,lincoln and my cousin ,mary expected soon to be married1 ,mr4 ,lincoln was taken with one of those fearful1 overwhelming periods of depression1 which induced his friends to persuade him to leave ,springfield4 ,this he did for a time2 but ,i am satisfied he was loyal and true to ,mary1 even though at times he may have doubted whether he was responding as fully as a manly1 generous nature should to such affection as he knew my cousin was ready to bestow on him4 ,and this because it had not the overmastering depth of an early love4 ,this everybody here knows2 therefore ,i do not feel as if ,i were betraying dear friends4 ,illustration3 ,,residence ,,of ,,ninian ,w4 ,,edwards1 ,,springfield1 ,,illinois4 ,from a photograph made for ,,mcclure',s ,,magazine in ,february1 #ahif4 ,at this house ,abraham ,lincoln and ,mary ,todd were married ,november #d1 #ahdb1 and here ,mrs4 ,lincoln died ,july #af1 #ahhb4 ,the house was built about #ahce4 ,it was a brick structure1 and there were few handsomer ones in the town4 ,the south half 7appearing in the left of this picture7 was at first only one story in height2 the second story was but recently added4 ,in this part was the dining-room4 ,the parlor1 in which the marriage ceremony was performed1 was the front room on the first floor of the north half of the house4 ,the house is now occupied by ,st4 ,agatha's ,school 7,episcopal74 ,mrs4 ,john ,stuart1 the wife of ,lincoln's law partner at that time1 is still living in ,springfield1 a refined1 cultivated1 intelligent woman1 who remembers perfectly the life and events of that day4 ,when ,mr4 ,herndon's story first came to her attention1 her indignation was intense4 ,she protested that she never before had heard of such a thing4 ,mrs4 ,stuart was not1 however1 in ,springfield at that particular date1 but in ,washington1 her husband being a member of ,congress4 ,she wrote the following statement for this biography3 ,i cannot deny this1 as ,i was not in ,springfield for some months before and after this occurrence was said to have taken place2 but ,i was in close correspondence with relatives and friends during all this time1 and never heard a word of it4 ,the late ,judge ,broadwell told me that he had asked ,mr4 ,ninian ,edwards about it1 and ,mr4 ,edwards told him that no such thing had ever taken place4 ,all ,i can say is that ,i unhesitatingly do not believe such an event ever occurred4 ,i thought ,i had never heard of this till ,i saw it in ,herndon's book4 ,i have since been told that ,lamon mentions the same thing4 ,i read ,lamon at the time he published1 and felt very much disgusted1 but did not remember this particular assertion4 ,the first chapters of ,lamon's book were purchased from ,herndon2 so ,herndon is responsible for the whole4 ,mrs4 ,lincoln told me herself all the circumstances of her engagement to ,mr4 ,lincoln1 of his illness1 and the breaking off of her engagement1 of the renewal1 and her marriage4 ,so ,i say ,i do not believe one word of this dishonorable story about ,mr4 ,lincoln4 ,illustration3 ,,lincoln',s ,,marriage ,,license ,,and ,,marriage ,,certificate4--,,now ,,first ,,published4 ,photographed for ,,mcclure',s ,,magazine from the original1 now on file in the county clerk's office1 ,springfield1 ,illinois4 ,it has hitherto been commonly supposed that the original marriage license issued to ,abraham ,lincoln and ,mary ,todd in #ahdb1 with the officiating-minister's certificate of marriage attached to it1 was one of the interesting documents in what was formerly the ,keys ,lincoln ,memorial ,collection4 ,nicolay and ,hay reproduced it in their biography of ,lincoln1 and other publications have made it appear authentic4 ,messrs4 ,keys and ,munson1 who formed the collection in which the certificate was first exhibited1 called it a duplicate1 and ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,lambert of ,philadelphia1 who owns it now1 supposed1 in buying it1 that it was a duplicate4 ,mr4 ,lambert1 however1 in showing us the certificate1 called attention to a suspicious circumstance connected with the license4 ,the seal of the county court stamped upon it was dated #ahdi4 ,it was difficult to reconcile this with the fact that the marriage occurred in #ahdb4 ,the inconsistency was covered up in certain facsimiles which have been published1 by a stroke of the pen2 the date of the seal was changed to fit the date of the marriage4 ,mr4 ,lambert's suggestion led to an investigation for this ,magazine4 ,a search in the county clerk's office at ,springfield brought to light the real and only original license1 stowed away in a dusty pigeon-hole1 untouched in thirty years4 ,this is the license which is reproduced above4 ,beneath the license is the ,rev4 ,charles ,dresser's certificate of the marriage4 ,the bogus document was made out on the blank form in use in the county clerk's office in #ahfe--;a form quite different from that used in #ahdb4 ,this form was not used prior to #ahfe1 and never after ,february #c1 #ahff4 ,so it seems most probable that the spurious license was procured soon after ,mr4 ,lincoln's assassination4 ,the handwriting is that of ,n4,w4 ,matheny1 then1 as in #ahdb1 the county clerk1 a gentleman of high character1 who no doubt furnished the copy for a perfectly proper purpose4 ,it will be observed that the genuine license bears no seal4 ,this is due to the fact that prior to #ahdi the county court did not have a seal2 indeed1 before that year1 such a tribunal as the county court was unknown to the judiciary system of the ,state4 ,the certificate attached to the counterfeit license1 of course1 was not written by the ,rev4 ,charles ,dresser 7for he was then dead71 but1 like the license itself1 was made out by the county clerk4--,j4 ,mc,can ,davis4 ,another prominent member in the same circle with ,mr4 ,lincoln and ,miss ,todd is ,mrs4 ,b4,t4 ,edwards1 the widow of ,judge ,benjamin ,t4 ,edwards1 and sister-in-law of ,mr4 ,ninian ,edwards1 who had married ,miss ,todd's sister4 ,she came to ,springfield in #ahci1 and was intimately acquainted with ,mr4 ,lincoln and ,miss ,todd1 and knew1 as well as another could know1 their affairs4 ,mrs4 ,edwards is still living in ,springfield1 a woman of the most perfect refinement and trustworthiness4 ,in answer to the question1 ,is ,mr4 ,herndon's description true8 she writes3 ,i am impatient to tell you that all that he says about this wedding--the time for which was 'fixed for the first day of ,january'--is a fabrication4 ,he has drawn largely upon his imagination in describing something which never took place4 ,i know the engagement between ,mr4 ,lincoln and ,miss ,todd was interrupted for a time1 and it was rumored among her young friends that ,mr4 ,edwards had rather opposed it4 ,but ,i am sure there had been no 'time fixed' for any wedding2 that is1 no preparations had ever been made until the day that ,mr4 ,lincoln met ,mr4 ,edwards on the street and told him that he and ,mary were going to be married that evening4 ,upon inquiry1 ,mr4 ,lincoln said they would be married in the ,episcopal church1 to which ,mr4 ,edwards replied3 ',no2 ,mary is my ward1 and she must be married at my house4' ,if ,i remember rightly1 the wedding guests were few1 not more than thirty2 and it seems to me all are gone now but ,mrs4 ,wallace1 ,mrs4 ,levering1 and myself1 for it was not much more than a family gathering2 only two or three of ,mary ,todd's young friends were present4 ,the 'entertainment' was simple1 but in beautiful taste2 but the bride had neither veil nor flowers in her hair1 with which to 'toy nervously4' ,there had been no elaborate trousseau for the bride of the future ,president of the ,united ,states1 nor even a handsome wedding gown2 nor was it a gay wedding4 ,two sisters of ,mrs4 ,lincoln's who are still living1 ,mrs4 ,wallace of ,springfield1 and ,mrs4 ,helm of ,elizabethstown1 ,kentucky1 deny emphatically that any wedding was ever arranged between ,mr4 ,lincoln and ,miss ,todd but the one which did take place4 ,that the engagement was broken after a wedding had been talked of1 they think possible2 but ,mr4 ,herndon's story1 they deny emphatically4 ,there is not a word of truth in it6 ,mrs4 ,wallace broke out1 impulsively1 before the question about the non-appearance of ,mr4 ,lincoln had been finished4 ,i never was so amazed in my life as when ,i read that story4 ,mr4 ,lincoln never did such a thing4 ,why1 ,mary ,lincoln never had a silk dress in her life until she went to ,washington4 ,illustration3 ,,rev4 ,,charles ,,dresser4 ,from a daguerreotype owned by his son1 ,dr4 ,t4,w4 ,dresser1 ,springfield1 ,illinois4 ,the ,rev4 ,charles ,dresser1 who was the officiating clergyman at the wedding of ,abraham ,lincoln and ,mary ,todd1 was born at ,pomfret1 ,connecticut1 ,february #bd1 #ahjj4 ,he was graduated from ,brown ,university in #ahbc1 and went to ,virginia1 where he studied theology4 ,in #ahbi he became an ordained minister in the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,he was married in #ahcb in ,dinwiddie ,county1 ,virginia1 to ,louisa ,w4 ,withers4 ,upon his removal to ,springfield1 ,illinois1 in #ahch1 he became the rector of the ,protestant ,episcopal church there1 and remained so until #aheh1 when failing health caused his retirement4 ,in #ahee1 ,jubilee ,college elected him ,professor of ,divinity and ,belles-,lettres1 but he held this position only a short time4 ,he died ,march #be1 #ahfe4--;,j4 ,mc,can ,davis4 ,as ,mr4 ,joshua ,speed was1 all through this period1 ,mr4 ,lincoln's closest friend1 no thought or feeling of the one ever being concealed from the other1 ,mrs4 ,joshua ,speed1 who is still living in ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 was asked if she knew of the story4 ,mrs4 ,speed listened in surprise to ,mr4 ,herndon's tale4 ,i never heard of it before1 she declared4 ,i never heard of it4 ,if it is true1 ,i never heard of it4 ,in all of these cases the opinion of only those persons intimately connected with ,mr4 ,lincoln and ,miss ,todd has been asked4 ,care has been taken1 too1 to apply only to persons whose character put them beyond the suspicion of distorting facts4 ,quite unexpectedly1 some months ago1 a volunteer witness to the falsity of the story appeared4 ,the ,hon4 ,h4,w4 ,thornton of ,millersburg1 ,illinois1 was a member of the ,twelfth ,general ,assembly1 which met in ,springfield in #ahdj4 ,during that winter he was boarding near ,lincoln1 saw him almost every day1 was a constant visitor at ,mr4 ,edwards's house1 and he knew ,miss ,todd well4 ,he wrote to this magazine declaring that ,mr4 ,herndon's statement about the wedding must be false1 as he was closely associated with ,miss ,todd and ,mr4 ,lincoln all winter1 and never knew anything of it4 ,mr4 ,thornton went on to say that he knew beyond a doubt that the sensational account of ,lincoln's insanity was untrue1 and he quoted from the ,house journal to show how it was impossible that1 as ,lamon says1 using ,herndon's notes1 ,lincoln went crazy as a loon1 and did not attend the legislature in #ahda-ahdb1 for this reason2 or1 as ,herndon says1 that he had to be watched constantly4 ,according to the record taken from the journals of the ,house sent us by ,mr4 ,thornton1 and which we have had verified in ,springfield1 ,mr4 ,lincoln was in his seat in the ,house on that fatal first of ,january when he is asserted to have been groping in the shadow of madness1 and he was also there on the following day4 ,the third of ,january was ,sunday4 ,on ,monday1 the fourth1 he appears not to have been present--at least he did not vote2 but even this is by no means conclusive evidence that he was not there4 ,on the fifth1 and on every succeeding day until the thirteenth1 he was in his seat4 ,from the thirteenth to the eighteenth1 inclusive1 he is not recorded on any of the roll-calls1 and probably was not present4 ,but on the nineteenth1 when ,john ,j4 ,hardin announced his illness to the ,house1 as ,mr4 ,herndon says 7which announcement seems not to have gotten into the journal71 ,lincoln was again in his place1 and voted4 ,on the twentieth he is not recorded2 but on every subsequent day1 until the close of the session on the first of ,march1 ,lincoln was in the ,house4 ,thus1 during the whole of the two months of ,january and ,february1 he was absent not more than seven days--as good a record as to attendance1 perhaps1 as that made by the average member4 ,mr4 ,thornton says further3 ,mr4 ,lincoln boarded at ,william ,butler's1 near to ,dr4 ,henry's1 where ,i boarded4 ,the missing days1 from ,january #acth to #aith1 ,mr4 ,lincoln spent several hours each day at ,dr4 ,henry's2 a part of these days ,i remained with ,mr4 ,lincoln4 ,his most intimate friends had no fears of his injuring himself4 ,he was very sad and melancholy1 but being subject to these spells1 nothing serious was apprehended4 ,his being watched1 as stated in ,herndon's book1 was news to me until ,i saw it there4 ,but while ,lincoln went about his daily duties1 even on the fatal first of ,january1 his whole being was shrouded in gloom4 ,he did not pretend to conceal this from his friends4 ,writing to ,mr4 ,stuart on ,january #bc;d1 he said3 ,i am now the most miserable man living4 ,if what ,i feel were equally distributed to the whole human family1 there would not be one cheerful face on the earth4 ,whether ,i shall ever be better ,i cannot tell2 ,i awfully forebode ,i shall not4 ,to remain as ,i am is impossible4 ,i must die or be better1 it appears to me4 ,the matter you speak of on my account you may attend to as you say1 unless you shall hear of my condition forbidding it4 ,i say this because ,i fear ,i shall be unable to attend to any business here1 and a change of scene might help me4 ,in the summer he visited his friend ,speed1 who had sold his store in ,springfield1 and returned to ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,the visit did much to brighten his spirits1 for1 writing back in ,september1 after his return1 to his friend's sister1 he was even gay4 ,a curious situation arose the next year 7#ahdb71 which did much to restore ,lincoln to a more normal view of his relation to ,miss ,todd4 ,in the summer of #ahda1 his friend ,speed had become engaged4 ,as his marriage approached1 he in turn was attacked by a melancholy not unlike that which ,lincoln had suffered4 ,he feared he did not love well enough to marry1 and he confided his fear to ,lincoln4 ,full of sympathy for the trouble of his friend1 ,lincoln tried in every way to persuade him that his twinges of the soul were all explained by nervous debility4 ,when ,speed returned to ,kentucky1 ,lincoln wrote him several letters1 in which he consoled1 counselled1 or laughed at him4 ,these letters abound in suggestive passages4 ,from what did ,speed suffer8 ,from three special causes and a general one1 which ,lincoln proceeds to enumerate3 ,the general cause is1 that you are naturally of a nervous temperament2 and this ,i say from what ,i have seen of you personally1 and what you have told me concerning your mother at various times1 and concerning your brother ,william at the time his wife died4 ,the first special cause is your exposure to bad weather on your journey1 which my experience clearly proves to be very severe on defective nerves4 ,the second is the absence of all business and conversation of friends1 which might divert your mind1 give it occasional rest from the intensity of thought which will sometimes wear the sweetest idea thread-bare and turn it to the bitterness of death4 ,the third is the rapid and near approach of that crisis on which all your thoughts and feelings concentrate4 ,speed writes that his fiance is ill1 and his letter is full of gloomy forebodings of an early death4 ,lincoln hails these fears as an omen of happiness4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,globe ,,hotel1 ,,springfield1 ,,illinois4 ,in a letter to ,joshua ,r4 ,speed1 dated ,may #ah1 #ahdc1 ,lincoln wrote3 ,we are not keeping house1 but boarding at the ,globe ,tavern1 which is very well kept now by a widow lady of the name of ,beck4 ,our room 7the same that ,dr4 ,wallace occupied there7 and boarding only costs us four dollars a week4444 ,i most heartily wish you and your ,fanny would not fail to come4 ,just let us know the time1 and we will have a room provided for you at our house1 and all be merry together for a while4 ,the ,globe ,hotel stood in ,springfield until about three years ago4 ,i hope and believe that your present anxiety and distress about her health and her life must and will forever banish those horrid doubts which ,i know you sometimes felt as to the truth of your affection for her4 ,if they can once and forever be removed 7and ,i almost feel a presentiment that the ,almighty has sent your present affliction expressly for that object71 surely nothing can come in their stead to fill their immeasurable measure of misery4444 ,i am now fully convinced that you love her as ardently as you are capable of loving4 ,your ever being happy in her presence1 and your intense anxiety about her health1 if there were nothing else1 would place this beyond all dispute in my mind4 ,i incline to think it probable that your nerves will fail you occasionally for a while2 but once you get them firmly guarded now1 that trouble is over forever4 ,i think1 if ,i were you1 in case my mind were not exactly right1 ,i would avoid being idle4 ,i would immediately engage in some business or go to making preparations for it1 which would be the same thing4 ,mr4 ,speed's marriage occurred in ,february1 and to the letter announcing it ,lincoln replied3 ,i tell you1 ,speed1 our forebodings 7for which you and ,i are peculiar7 are all the worst sort of nonsense4 ,i fancied1 from the time ,i received your letter of ,saturday1 that the one of ,wednesday was never to come1 and yet it did come1 and what is more1 it is perfectly clear1 both from its tone and handwriting1 that you were much happier1 or1 if you think the term preferable1 less miserable1 when you wrote it than when you wrote the last one before4 ,you had so obviously improved at the very time ,i so much fancied you would have grown worse4 ,you say that something indescribably horrible and alarming still haunts you4 ,you will not say that three months from now1 ,i will venture4 ,when your nerves once get steady now1 the whole trouble will be over forever4 ,nor should you become impatient at their being even very slow in becoming steady4 ,again1 you say1 you much fear that that ,elysium of which you have dreamed so much is never to be realized4 ,well1 if it shall not1 ,i dare swear it will not be the fault of her who is now your wife4 ,i now have no doubt that it is the peculiar misfortune of both you and me to dream dreams of ,elysium far exceeding all that anything earthly can realize4 ,his prophecy was true4 ,in ,march ,speed wrote him that he was far happier than he had ever expected to be4 ,lincoln caught at the letter with an eagerness which is deeply pathetic3 ,it cannot be told how it now thrills me with joy to hear you say you are far happier than you ever expected to be4 ,i know you too well to suppose your expectations were not1 at least1 sometimes extravagant1 and if the reality exceeds them all1 ,i say1 ,enough1 dear ,lord6 ,i am not going beyond the truth when ,i tell you that the short space it took me to read your last letter gave me more pleasure than the total sum of all ,i have enjoyed since the fatal #ast of ,january1 #ahda4 ,since then1 it seems to me1 ,i should have been entirely happy1 but for the never absent idea that there is one still unhappy whom ,i have contributed to make so4 ,that still kills me4 ,i cannot but reproach myself for even wishing to be happy while she is otherwise4 ,she accompanied a large party on the railroad cars to ,jacksonville last ,monday1 and on her return spoke1 so that ,i heard of it1 of having enjoyed the trip exceedingly4 ,god be praised for that4 ,evidently ,lincoln was still unreconciled to his separation from ,miss ,todd4 ,in the summer of #ahdb1 only three or four months after the above letter was written1 a clever ruse on the part of certain of their friends threw the two unexpectedly together2 and an understanding of some kind evidently was come to1 for during the season they met secretly at the house of one of ,lincoln's friends1 ,mr4 ,simeon ,francis4 ,it was while these meetings were going on that a burlesque encounter occurred between ,lincoln and ,james ,shields1 for which ,miss ,todd was partly responsible1 and which no doubt gave just the touch of comedy necessary to relieve their tragedy and restore them to a healthier view of their relations4 ,,the ,,lincoln ,,and ,,shields ,,duel4 ,among the ,democratic officials then living in ,springfield was one ,james ,shields1 auditor of the ,state4 ,he was a hot-headed1 blustering ,irishman1 not without ability1 and certainly courageous2 a good politician1 and1 on the whole1 a very well-liked man4 ,however1 the swagger and noise with which he accompanied the execution of his duties1 and his habit of being continually on the defensive1 made him the butt of ,whig ridicule4 ,nothing could have given greater satisfaction to ,lincoln and his friends than having an opponent who1 whenever they joked him1 flew into a rage and challenged them to fight4 ,at the time when ,lincoln was visiting ,miss ,todd at ,mr4 ,francis's house1 the ,whigs were much excited over the fact that the ,democrats had issued an order forbidding the payment of ,state taxes in ,state bank-notes4 ,the bank-notes were in fact practically worthless1 for the ,state finances were suffering a violent reaction from the extravagant legislation of #ahcf and #ahcg4 ,one of the popular ways of attacking an obnoxious political doctrine in that day was writing letters from some imaginary backwoods settlement1 setting forth in homely vernacular the writer's views of the question1 and showing how its application affected his part of the world4 ,these letters were really a rude form of the ,bigelow ,papers or ,nasby ,letters4 ,soon after the order was issued by the ,illinois officials demanding silver instead of bank-notes in payment of taxes1 ,lincoln wrote a letter to a ,springfield paper from the ,lost ,townships1 signing it ,aunt ,rebecca4 ,in it he described the plight to which the new order had brought the neighborhood1 and he intimated that the only reason for issuing such an order was that the ,state officers might have their salaries paid in silver4 ,shields was ridiculed unmercifully in the letter for his vanity and his gallantry4 ,it happened that there were several young women in ,springfield who had received rather too pronounced attention from ,mr4 ,shields1 and who were glad to see him tormented4 ,among them were ,miss ,todd and her friend ,miss ,julia ,jayne4 ,lincoln's letter from the ,lost ,townships was such a success that they followed it up with one in which ,aunt ,rebecca proposed to the gallant auditor1 and a few days later they published some very bad verses1 signed ,cathleen1 celebrating the wedding4#a ,springfield was highly entertained1 less by the verses than by the fury of ,shields4 ,he would have satisfaction1 he said1 and he sent a friend1 one ,general ,whitesides1 to the paper1 to ask for the name of the writer of the communications4 ,the editor1 in a quandary1 went to ,lincoln1 who1 unwilling that ,miss ,todd and ,miss ,jayne should figure in the affair1 ordered that his own name be given as the author of letters and poem4 ,this was only about ten days after the first letter had appeared1 on ,september #b;d1 and ,lincoln left ,springfield in a day or two for a long trip on the circuit4 ,he was at ,tremont when1 on the morning of the seventeenth1 two of his friends1 ,e4,h4 ,merryman and ,william ,butler1 drove up hastily4 ,shields and his friend ,whitesides were behind1 they said1 the irate ,irishman vowing that he would challenge ,lincoln4 ,they1 knowing that ,lincoln was unpractised both as to diplomacy and weapons1 had started as soon as they had learned that ,shields had left ,springfield1 had passed him in the night1 and were there to see ,lincoln through4 ,it was not long before ,shields and ,whitesides arrived1 and soon ,lincoln received a note in which the indignant auditor said3 ,i will take the liberty of requiring a full1 positive1 and absolute retraction of all offensive allusions used by you in these communications in relation to my private character and standing as a man1 as an apology for the insults conveyed in them4 ,this may prevent consequences which no one will regret more than myself4 ,lincoln immediately replied that1 since ,shields had not stopped to inquire whether he really was the author of the articles1 had not pointed out what was offensive in them1 had assumed facts and hinted at consequences1 he could not submit to answer the note4 ,shields wrote again1 but ,lincoln simply replied that he could receive nothing but a withdrawal of the first note or a challenge4 ,to this he steadily held1 even refusing to answer the question as to the authorship of the letters1 which ,shields finally put4 ,it was inconsistent with his honor to negotiate for peace with ,mr4 ,shields1 he said1 unless ,mr4 ,shields withdrew his former offensive letter4 ,seconds were immediately named3 ,whitesides by ,shields1 ,merryman by ,lincoln2 and though they talked of peace1 ,whitesides declared he could not mention it to his principal4 ,he would challenge me next1 and as soon cut my throat as not4 ,this was on the nineteenth1 and that night the party returned to ,springfield4 ,but in someway the affair had leaked out1 and fearing arrest1 ,lincoln and ,merryman left town the next morning4 ,the instructions were left with ,butler4 ,if ,shields would withdraw his first note1 and write another asking if ,lincoln was the author of the offensive articles1 and1 if so1 asking for gentlemanly satisfaction1 then ,lincoln had prepared a letter explaining the whole affair4 ,if ,shields would not do this1 there was nothing to do but fight4 ,lincoln left the following preliminaries for the duel3 ,first4 ,weapons3 ,cavalry broadswords of the largest size1 precisely equal in all respects1 and such as now used by the cavalry company at ,jacksonville4 ,second4 ,position3 ,a plank ten feet long1 and from nine to twelve inches broad1 to be firmly fixed on edge on the ground1 as the line between us1 which neither is to pass his foot over on forfeit of his life4 ,next1 a line drawn on the ground on either side of said plank and parallel with it1 each at the distance of the whole length of the sword and three feet additional from the plank2 and the passing of his own such line by either party during the fight shall be deemed a surrender of the contest4 ,third4 ,time3 ,on ,thursday evening at five o'clock1 if you can get it so2 but in no case to be at a greater distance of time than ,friday evening at five o'clock4 ,fourth4 ,place3 ,within three miles of ,alton1 on the opposite side of the river1 the particular spot to be agreed upon by you4 ,as ,mr4 ,shields refused to withdraw his first note1 the entire party started for the rendezvous across the ,mississippi4 ,lincoln and ,merryman drove together in a dilapidated old buggy1 in the bottom of which rattled a number of broadswords4 ,it was the morning of the #bb;d of ,september when the duellists arrived in the town4 ,there are people still living in ,alton who remember their coming4 ,the party arrived about the middle of the morning1 says ,mr4 ,edward ,levis1#b and soon crossed the river to a sand-bar which at the time was1 by reason of the low water1 a part of the ,missouri mainland4 ,the means of conveyance was an old horse-ferry that was operated by a man named ,chapman4 ,the weapons were in the keeping of the friends of the principals1 and no care was taken to conceal them2 in fact1 they were openly displayed4 ,naturally1 there was a great desire among the male population to attend the duel1 but the managers of the affair would not permit any but their own party to board the ferry-boat4 ,skiffs were very scarce1 and but a few could avail themselves of the opportunity in this way4 ,i had to content myself with standing on the levee and watching proceedings at long range4 ,the party had scarcely reached the sand-bar before they were joined by some unexpected friends4 ,lincoln and ,merryman1 on their way to ,alton1 had stopped at ,white ,hall for dinner4 ,across the street from the hotel lived ,mr4 ,elijah ,lott1 an acquaintance of ,merryman's4 ,mr4 ,lott was not long in finding out what was on foot1 and as soon as the duellists had departed1 he drove to ,carrollton1 where he knew that ,colonel ,john ,j4 ,hardin and several other friends of ,lincoln were attending court1 and warned them of the trouble4 ,hardin and one or two others immediately started for ,alton4 ,they arrived in time to calm ,shields1 and to aid the seconds in adjusting matters with honor to all concerned4 ,that the duellists returned in good spirits is evident from ,mr4 ,levis's reminiscences3 ,it was not very long1 says he1 until the boat was seen returning to ,alton4 ,as it drew near ,i saw what was presumably a mortally wounded man lying on the bow of the boat4 ,his shirt appeared to be bathed in blood4 ,i distinguished ,jacob ,smith1 a constable1 fanning the supposed victim vigorously4 ,the people on the bank held their breath in suspense1 and guesses were freely made as to which of the two men had been so terribly wounded4 ,but suspense was soon turned to chagrin and relief when it transpired that the supposed candidate for another world was nothing more nor less than a log covered with a red shirt4 ,this ruse had been resorted to in order to fool the people on the levee2 and it worked to perfection4 ,lincoln and ,shields came off the boat together1 chatting in a nonchalant and pleasant manner4 ,,marriage ,,of ,,lincoln ,,and ,,miss ,,todd4 ,the ,lincoln-,shields duel had so many farcical features1 and ,miss ,todd had unwittingly been so much to blame for it1 that one can easily see that it might have had considerable influence on the relations of the two young people4 ,however that may be1 something had made ,mr4 ,lincoln feel that he could renew his engagement4 ,early in ,october1 not a fortnight after the duel1 he wrote ,speed3 ,you have now been the husband of a lovely woman nearly eight months4 ,that you are happier now than the day you married her ,i well know1 for without you would not be living4 ,but ,i have your word for it1 too1 and the returning elasticity of spirits which is manifested in your letters4 ,but ,i want to ask a close question3 ,are you now in feelings as well as judgment glad that you are married as you are8 ,we do not know ,speed's answer1 nor the final struggle of the man's heart4 ,we only know that on ,november #d1 #ahdb1 ,lincoln was married1 the wedding being almost impromptu4 ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,brown1 ,miss ,todd's cousin1 in the same letter quoted from above1 describes the wedding3 ,one morning1 bright and early1 my cousin came down in her excited1 impetuous way1 and said to my father3 ',uncle1 you must go up and tell my sister that ,mr4 ,lincoln and ,i are to be married this evening1' and to me3 ',get on your bonnet and go with me to get my gloves1 shoes1 etc41 and then to ,mr4 ,edwards's4' ,when we reached there we found some excitement over a wedding being sprung upon them so suddenly4 ,however1 my father1 in his lovely1 pacific way1 'poured oil upon the waters1' and we thought everything was 'ship-shape1' when ,mrs4 ,edwards laughingly said3 ',how fortunately you selected this evening1 for the ,episcopal ,sewing ,society is to meet here1 and my supper is all ordered4' ,but that comfortable little arrangement would not hold1 as ,mary declared she would not make a spectacle for gossiping ladies to gaze upon and talk about2 there had already been too much talk about her4 ,then my father was despatched to tell ,mr4 ,lincoln that the wedding would be deferred until the next evening4 ,clergyman1 attendants and intimate friends were notified1 and on ,friday evening1 in the midst of a small circle of friends1 with the elements doing their worst in the way of rain1 this singular courtship culminated in marriage4 ,this ,i know to be literally true1 as ,i was one of her bridesmaids1 ,miss ,jayne 7afterwards ,mrs4 ,lyman ,trumbull7 and ,miss ,rodney being the others4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,charles ,lamb1 now passing his declining years quietly on his farm1 a dozen miles from ,springfield1 ,illinois1 was a compositor on the ,sangamo ,journal from #ahcf to #ahdc1 and it was he who put into type the poem by ,cathleen1 which1 with the ,lost ,townships letters1 led ,general ,shields to challenge ,lincoln4 ,this poem1 says ,mr4 ,lamb1 was written by ,mary ,todd and ,julia ,jayne1 afterward the wife of ,senator ,lyman ,trumbull4 ,after ,i had set up the poem1 ,i took the copy from the hook and put it into my pocket4 ,when ,lincoln was informed by ,simeon ,francis1 the editor of the ',journal1' that ,shields had demanded the name of the author of the verses1 he came around to the office and asked for the copy4 ,i produced it1 and he picked up a pen and wrote his name across the top of the page4 ,this1 of course1 meant that he assumed the responsibility for the production4 ,i retained this copy until a few years ago1 when1 unhappily1 it was destroyed4 ,my recollection is that the ',lost ,townships' letters were set up by ,mr4 ,francis himself4 ,mr4 ,lincoln was a frequent contributor to the ',journal1' and it usually fell to my lot to set up his contributions4--,j4 ,mc,can ,davis4 ,footnote #b3 ,interview with ,mr4 ,edward ,levis made for this ,magazine4 ,,phroso4 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,brave ,,deeds ,,and ,,perilous ,,ventures4 ,,by ,,anthony ,,hope1 ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,prisoner ,,of ,,zenda1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,a ,,long ,,thing ,,ending ,,in ,,poulos4 ,quot homines1 tot sententi2 so many men1 so many fancies4 ,my fancy was for an island4 ,perhaps boyhood's glamour hung still round sea-girt rocks1 and faery lands forlorn still beckoned me2 perhaps ,i felt that ,london was too full1 the ,highlands rather fuller1 the ,swiss mountains most insufferably crowded of them all4 ,money can buy company1 and it can buy retirement4 ,the latter service ,i asked now of the moderate wealth with which my poor cousin ,tom's death had endowed me4 ,everybody was good enough to suppose that ,i rejoiced at ,tom's death1 whereas ,i was particularly sorry for it1 and was not consoled even by the prospects of the island4 ,my friends understood this wish for an island as little as they appreciated my feelings about poor ,tom4 ,beatrice was most emphatic in declaring that a horrid little island had no charms for her1 and that she would never set foot in it4 ,this declaration was rather annoying1 because ,i had imagined myself spending my honeymoon with ,beatrice on the island2 but life is not all honeymoon1 and ,i decided to have the island none the less4 ,in the first place1 ,i was not to be married for a year4 ,mrs4 ,kennett ,hipgrave had insisted on this delay in order that we might be sure that we knew our own hearts4 ,and as ,i may say without unfairness that ,mrs4 ,hipgrave was to a considerable degree responsible for the engagement--she asserted the fact herself with much pride--,i thought that she had a right to some voice in the date of the marriage4 ,moreover1 the postponement gave me exactly time to go over and settle affairs in the island4 ,for ,i had bought it4 ,it cost me seven thousand five hundred and fifty pounds--rather a fancy price1 but ,i could not haggle with the old lord--half to be paid to the lord's bankers in ,london1 and the second half to him in ,neopalia1 when he delivered possession to me4 ,the ,turkish government had sanctioned the sale1 and ,i had agreed to pay a hundred pounds yearly as tribute4 ,this sum1 ,i was entitled1 in my turn1 to levy on the inhabitants4 ,in fact1 my dear lord1 said old ,mason to me when ,i called on him in ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 the whole affair is settled4 ,i congratulate you on having got just what was your whim4 ,you are over a hundred miles from the nearest land--,rhodes1 you see4 7,he laid a map before me47 ,you are off the steamship tracks2 the ,austrian ,lloyds to ,alexandria leave you far to the northeast4 ,you are equally remote from any submarine cable2 here on the southwest1 from ,alexandria to ,candia1 is the nearest4 ,you will have to fetch your letters-- ,i shouldn't think of doing such a thing1 said ,i1 indignantly4 ,then you'll only get them once in three months4 ,neopalia is extremely rugged and picturesque4 ,it is nine miles long and five broad2 it grows cotton1 wine1 oil1 and a little corn4 ,the people are quite unsophisticated1 but very good-hearted-- ,and1 said ,i1 there are only three hundred and seventy of them1 all told4 ,i really think ,i shall do very well there4 ,i have no doubt you will4 ,by the way1 treat the old gentleman kindly4 ,he is terribly cut up at having to sell4 ',my dear island1' he writes1 'is second to my dead son's honor1 and to nothing else4' ,his son1 you know1 ,lord ,wheatley1 was a bad lot1 a very bad lot indeed4 ,he left a lot of unpaid debts1 didn't he8 ,yes1 gambling debts4 ,he spent his time knocking about ,paris and ,london with his cousin ,constantine1 by no means an improving companion1 if report speaks truly4 ,and your money is to pay the debts1 you know4 ,poor old chap1 said ,i4 ,i sympathized with him in the loss of his island4 ,here's the house1 you see1 said ,mason1 turning to the map1 and dismissing the sorrows of the old lord of ,neopalia4 ,about the middle of the island1 nearly a thousand feet above the sea4 ,i'm afraid it's a tumble-down old place1 and will swallow a lot of money without looking much better for the dose4 ,to put it into repair for the reception of the future ,lady ,wheatley would cost-- ,the future ,lady ,wheatley says she won't go there on any account1 ,i interrupted4 ,but1 my very dear lord1 cried he1 aghast1 if she won't-- ,she won't1 and there's an end of it1 ,mr4 ,mason4 ,well1 good day4 ,i'm to have possession in a month8 ,in a month to the very day--on the seventh of ,may4 ,all right1 ,i shall be there to take it2 and escaping from the legal quarter1 ,i made my way to my sister's house in ,cavendish ,square4 ,she had a party1 and ,i was bound to go by brotherly duty4 ,as luck would have it1 however1 ,i was rewarded for my virtue 7and if that's not luck in this huddle-muddle world1 ,i don't know what is73 the ,turkish ambassador dropped in1 and presently ,james came and took me up to him4 ,my brother-in-law1 ,james ,cardew1 is always anxious that ,i should know the right people4 ,the pasha received me with great kindness4 ,you are the purchaser of ,neopalia1 aren't you8 he asked1 after a little conversation4 ,the matter came before me officially4 ,i'm much obliged1 said ,i1 for your ready consent to the transfer4 ,oh1 it's nothing to us4 ,in fact1 our tribute1 such as it is1 will be safer4 ,well1 ,i'm sure ,i hope you'll settle in comfortably4 ,oh1 ,i shall be all right4 ,i know the ,greeks very well1 you know2 been there a lot1 and1 of course1 ,i talk the tongue1 because ,i spent two years hunting antiquities in the ,morea and some of the islands4 ,the pasha stroked his beard as he observed in a calm tone3 ,the last time a ,stefanopoulos tried to sell ,neopalia the people killed him1 and turned the purchaser--he was a ,frenchman1 a ,baron d',ezonville--adrift in an open boat1 with nothing on but his shirt4 ,good heavens6 ,was that recently8 ,no2 two hundred years ago4 ,but it's a conservative part of the world1 you know4 ,and his excellency smiled4 ,they were described to me as good-hearted folk1 said ,i2 unsophisticated1 of course1 but good-hearted4 ,they think that the island is theirs1 you see1 he explained1 and that the lord has no business to sell it4 ,they may be good-hearted1 ,lord ,wheatley1 but they are tenacious of their rights4 ,but they can't have any rights1 ,i expostulated4 ,none at all1 he assented4 ,but a man is never so tenacious of his rights as when he hasn't any4 ,however1 autres temps1 autres moeurs4 ,i don't suppose you'll have any trouble of that kind4 ,certainly1 ,i hope not1 my dear lord4 ,surely your government will see to that8 ,i suggested4 ,his excellency looked at me2 then1 although by nature a grave man1 he gave a low1 humorous chuckle1 and regarded me with visible amusement4 ,oh1 of course1 you can rely on that1 ,lord ,wheatley1 said he4 ,that is a diplomatic assurance1 your excellency8 ,i ventured to suggest1 with a smile4 ,it is unofficial1 said he1 but as binding as if it were official4 ,our governor in that part of the world is a very active man--yes1 a decidedly active man4 ,the only result of this conversation was that1 when ,i was buying my sporting guns in ,st4 ,james's ,street the next day1 ,i purchased a couple of pairs of revolvers at the same time4 ,it is well to be on the safe side2 and although ,i attached little importance to the bygone outrage of which the ambassador spoke1 ,i did not suppose that the police service would be very efficient4 ,in fact1 ,i thought it prudent to be ready for any trouble that the ,old ,world notions of the ,neopalians might occasion4 ,but in my heart ,i meant to be very popular with them2 for ,i cherished the generous design of paying the whole tribute out of my own pocket1 and of disestablishing in ,neopalia what seems to be the only institution in no danger of such treatment here--the tax-gatherer4 ,if they understood that intention of mine1 they would hardly be so shortsighted as to set me adrift in my shirt like a second ,baron d',ezonville1 or so unjust as to kill poor old ,stefanopoulos as they had killed his ancestor4 ,besides1 as ,i comforted myself by repeating1 they were a good-hearted race2 unsophisticated1 of course1 but thoroughly good-hearted4 ,my cousin1 young ,denny ,swinton1 was to dine with me that evening at the ,optimum4 ,denny 7which is short for ,dennis7 was the only member of the family who thoroughly sympathized with me about ,neopalia4 ,he was wild with interest in the island1 and ,i looked forward to telling him all ,i had heard about it4 ,i knew he would listen1 for he was to go with me and help me to take possession4 ,the boy had almost wept on my neck when ,i asked him to come2 he had just left ,woolwich1 and was not to join his regiment for six months4 ,he was thus1 as he put it1 at a loose end1 and succeeded in persuading his parents that he ought to learn modern ,greek4 ,general ,swinton was rather cold about the project2 he said that ,denny had spent ten years on ancient ,greek1 and knew nothing about it1 and would not probably learn much of the newer sort in three months2 but his wife thought it would be a nice trip for ,denny4 ,well1 it turned out to be a very nice trip for ,denny2 but if ,mrs4 ,swinton had known--however1 if it comes to that1 ,i might just as well exclaim1 ,if ,i had known1 myself6 ,denny had taken a table next but one to the west end of the room1 and was drumming his fingers impatiently on the cloth when ,i entered4 ,he wanted both his dinner and the latest news about ,neopalia2 so ,i sat down and made haste to satisfy him in both respects4 ,travelling with equal steps through the two matters1 we had reached the first entre and the fate of the murdered ,stefanopoulos 7which ,denny1 for some reason1 declared was a lark7 when two people came in and sat down at the table beyond ours and next to the wall1 where two chairs had been tilted up in token of prengagement4 ,the man--for the pair were man and woman--was tall and powerfully built2 his complexion was dark1 and he had good1 regular features2 he looked1 also1 as if he had a bit of temper somewhere about him4 ,i was conscious of having seen him before1 and suddenly recollected that by a curious chance ,i had run up against him twice in ,st4 ,james's ,street that very day4 ,the lady was handsome2 she had an ,italian cast of face1 and moved with much grace4 ,her manner was rather elaborate1 and when she spoke to the waiter1 ,i detected a pronounced foreign accent4 ,taken altogether1 they were a remarkable couple1 and presented a distinguished appearance4 ,i believe ,i am not a conceited man1 but ,i could not help wondering whether their thoughts paid me a similar compliment1 for ,i certainly detected both of them casting more than one curious glance toward our table2 and when the man whispered once to a waiter1 ,i was sure that ,i formed the subject of his question4 ,perhaps he1 also1 remembered our two encounters4 ,i wonder if there's any chance of a row8 said ,denny1 in a tone that sounded wistful4 ,going to take anybody with you1 ,charlie8 ,only ,watkins4 ,i must have him2 he always knows where everything is2 and ,i've told ,hogvardt1 my old dragoman1 to meet us in ,rhodes4 ,he'll talk their own language to the beggars1 you know4 ,but he's a ,german1 isn't he8 ,he thinks so1 ,i answered4 ,he's not certain1 you know4 ,anyhow1 he chatters ,greek like a parrot4 ,he's a pretty good man in a row1 too4 ,but there won't be a row1 you know4 ,i suppose there won't1 admitted ,denny1 ruefully4 ,for my own part1 said ,i meekly1 as ,i'm going there to be quiet1 ,i hope there won't4 ,in the interest of conversation ,i had forgotten our neighbors2 but now1 a lull occurring in ,denny's questions and surmises1 ,i heard the lady's voice4 ,she began a sentence--and began it in ,greek6 ,that was a little unexpected2 but it was more strange that her companion cut her short1 saying very peremptorily1 ,don't talk ,greek2 talk ,italian4 ,this he said in ,italian1 and ,i1 though no great hand at that language1 understood so much4 ,now why shouldn't the lady talk ,greek1 if ,greek were the language that came naturally to her tongue8 ,it would be as good a shield against idle listeners as most languages--unless1 indeed1 ,i1 who was known to be an amateur of ,greece and ,greek things1 were looked upon as a possible listener4 ,recollecting the glances which ,i had detected1 recollecting again those chance meetings1 ,i ventured on a covert gaze at the lady4 ,her handsome face expressed a mixture of anger1 alarm1 and entreaty4 ,the man was speaking to her now in low1 urgent tones2 he raised his hand once and brought it down on the table as though to emphasize some declaration--perhaps some promise--which he was making4 ,she regarded him with half angry1 distrustful eyes4 ,he seemed to repeat his words2 and she flung at him1 in a tone that suddenly grew louder1 and in words that ,i could translate3 ,enough6 ,i'll see to that4 ,i shall come too6 ,her heat stirred no answering fire in him4 ,he dropped his emphatic manner1 shrugged a tolerant ,as you will1 with eloquent shoulders1 smiled at her1 and1 reaching across the table1 patted her hand4 ,she held it up before his eyes1 and with the other hand pointed at a ring on her finger4 ,yes1 yes1 my dearest1 said he2 and he was about to say more1 when1 glancing round1 he caught my gaze retreating in hasty confusion to my plate4 ,i dared not look up again1 but ,i felt his scowl on me4 ,i suppose that ,i deserved punishment for my eavesdropping4 ,and when can we get off1 ,charlie8 asked ,denny1 in his clear young voice4 ,my thoughts had wandered from him1 and ,i paused for a moment1 as a man does when a question takes him unawares4 ,there was silence at the next table also4 ,the fancy seemed absurd2 but it occurred to me that there also my answer was being waited for4 ,well1 they could know if they liked2 it was no secret4 ,in a fortnight1 said ,i4 ,we'll travel easily1 and get thereon the seventh of next month2 that's the day on which ,i'm entitled to take over my kingdom4 ,we shall go to ,rhodes4 ,hogvardt will have bought me a little yacht1 and then--good-by to all this6 ,and a great longing for solitude and a natural life came over me as ,i looked round on the gilded cornices1 the gilded mirrors1 the gilded flower-vases1 and the highly gilded company of the ,optimum4 ,i was roused from my pleasant dream by a high1 vivacious voice1 which ,i knew very well4 ,looking up1 ,i saw ,miss ,hipgrave1 her mother1 and young ,bennett ,hamlyn standing before me4 ,i disliked young ,hamlyn1 but he was always very civil to me4 ,why1 how early you two have dined6 cried ,beatrice4 ,you're at the savory1 aren't you8 ,we've only just come4 ,are you going to dine8 ,i asked1 rising4 ,take this table2 we're just off4 ,well1 we may as well1 mayn't we8 said my fiance4 ,sorry you're going though4 ,oh1 yes1 we're going to dine with ,mr4 ,bennett ,hamlyn4 ,that's what you're for1 isn't it1 ,mr4 ,hamlyn8 ,why1 he's not listening6 ,he was not1 strange to say1 listening1 although1 as a rule1 he listened to ,beatrice with infinite attention and the most deferential of smiles4 ,but just now he was engaged in returning a bow which our neighbor at the next table had bestowed on him4 ,the lady there had risen already1 and was making for the door4 ,the man lingered and looked at ,hamlyn1 seeming inclined to back up his bow with a few words of greeting4 ,hamlyn's air was not1 however1 encouraging1 and the stranger contented himself with a nod and a careless ,how are you8 and with that followed his companion4 ,hamlyn turned round1 conscious that he had neglected ,beatrice's remark1 and full of penitence for his momentary neglect4 ,i beg your pardon1 said he1 with an apologetic smile4 ,oh1 answered she1 ,i was only saying that men like you were invented to give dinners2 you're a sort of automatic feeding-machine4 ,you ought to stand open all day4 ,really1 ,i often miss you at lunch time4 ,my dear ,beatrice6 said ,mrs4 ,kennett ,hipgrave1 with that peculiar lift of her brows that meant1 ,how naughty the dear child is6 ,oh1 but how clever6 ,it's all right1 said ,hamlyn1 meekly4 ,i'm awfully happy to give you a dinner1 anyhow1 ,miss ,beatrice4 ,now1 ,i had nothing to say on this subject1 but ,i thought ,i would just make this remark3 ,miss ,hipgrave1 said ,i1 is very fond of a dinner4 ,beatrice laughed4 ,she understood my little correction4 ,he doesn't know any better1 do you8 said she1 pleasantly1 to ,hamlyn4 ,we shall civilize him in time1 though4 ,then ,i believe he'll be nicer than you1 ,charlie4 ,i really do4 ,you're-- ,i shall be uncivilized by then1 said ,i4 ,oh1 that wretched island6 cried ,beatrice4 ,you're really going8 ,most undoubtedly4 ,by the way1 ,hamlyn1 who's your friend8 ,surely this was an innocent enough question2 but little ,hamlyn went red from the edge of his clipped whisker on the right to the edge of his mathematically equal whisker on the left4 ,friend6 said he1 in an angry tone4 ,he's not a friend of mine4 ,i only met him on the ,riviera4 ,that1 ,i admitted1 does not1 happily1 constitute in itself a friendship4 ,and he won a hundred louis of me in the train between ,cannes and ,monte ,carlo4 ,not bad going1 that1 observed ,denny1 in an approving tone4 ,is he1 then1 un grec8 asked ,mrs4 ,hipgrave1 who loves a scrap of ,french4 ,in both senses1 ,i believe1 answered ,hamlyn1 viciously4 ,and what's his name8 said ,i4 ,really1 ,i don't recollect1 said ,hamlyn1 rather petulantly4 ,it doesn't matter1 observed ,beatrice1 attacking her oysters1 which had now made their appearance4 ,my dear ,beatrice1 ,i remonstrated1 you are the most charming creature in the world1 but not the only one4 ,you mean that it doesn't matter to you4 ,oh1 don't be tiresome4 ,it doesn't matter to you1 either1 you know4 ,do go away1 and leave me to dine in peace4 ,half a minute1 said ,hamlyn4 ,i thought ,i'd got it just now1 but it's gone again4 ,look here1 though2 ,i believe it's one of those long things that end in 'poulos4' ,oh1 it ends in 'poulos1' does it8 said ,i1 in a meditative tone4 ,my dear ,charlie1 said ,beatrice1 ,i shall end in ,bedlam1 if you're so very tedious4 ,what in the world ,i shall do when ,i'm married1 ,i don't know4 ,my dearest6 said ,mrs4 ,hipgrave2 and a stage direction might add3 ,business with brows1 as before4 ',poulos'8 ,i repeated4 ,could it be ,constantinopoulos8 asked ,hamlyn1 with a nervous deference to my ,hellenic learning4 ,it might1 conceivably1 ,i hazarded1 be ,constantine ,stefanopoulos4 ,then1 said ,hamlyn1 ,i shouldn't wonder if it was4 ,anyhow1 the less you see of him1 ,wheatley1 the better4 ,take my word for that4 ,but1 ,i objected--and ,i must admit that ,i have a habit of thinking that everybody follows my train of thought--it's such a small place that1 if he goes1 ,i should be almost bound to meet him4 ,what's such a small place8 cried ,beatrice1 with emphasized despair4 ,why1 ,neopalia1 of course1 said ,i4 ,why should anybody except you be so insane as to go there8 she asked4 ,if he's the man ,i think1 he comes from there1 ,i explained1 as ,i rose for the last time2 for ,i had been getting up to go1 and sitting down again1 several times4 ,then he'll think twice before he goes back1 pronounced ,beatrice1 decisively2 she was irreconcilable about my poor island4 ,denny and ,i walked off together4 ,as we went he observed3 ,i suppose that chap's got no end of money8 ,stefan--8 ,i began4 ,no1 no4 ,hang it1 you're as bad as ,miss ,hipgrave says4 ,i mean ,bennett ,hamlyn4 ,oh1 yes1 absolutely no end to it1 ,i believe4 ,denny looked sagacious4 ,he's very free with his dinners1 he observed4 ,don't let's worry about it1 ,i suggested1 taking his arm4 ,i was not worried about it myself4 ,indeed1 for the moment1 my island monopolized my mind1 and my attachment to ,beatrice was not of such a romantic character as to make me ready to be jealous on slight grounds4 ,mrs4 ,hipgrave said the engagement was based on general suitability4 ,now it is difficult to be very passionate over that4 ,if you don't mind1 ,i don't1 said ,denny1 reasonably4 ,that's right4 ,it's only a little way ,beatrice-- ,i stopped abruptly4 ,we were now on the steps outside the restaurant1 and ,i had just perceived a scrap of paper lying on the mosaic pavement4 ,i stooped down and picked it up4 ,it proved to be a fragment torn from the menu card4 ,i turned it over4 ,hullo1 what's this8 said ,i1 searching for my eyeglass1 which was1 as usual1 somewhere in the small of my back4 ,denny gave me the glass1 and ,i read what was written on the back4 ,it was written in ,greek1 and it ran thus3 ,by way of ,rhodes--small yacht there--arrive seventh4 ,i turned the piece of paper over in my hand4 ,i drew a conclusion or two4 ,one was that my tall neighbor was named ,stefanopoulos2 another1 that he had made good use of his ears--better than ,i had made of mine2 for a third1 ,i guessed that he would go to ,neopalia2 for a fourth1 ,i fancied that ,neopalia was the place to which the lady had declared she would accompany him4 ,then ,i fell to wondering why all these things should be so--why he wished to remember the route of my journey1 the date of my arrival1 and the fact that ,i meant to hire a yacht4 ,finally1 those two chance encounters1 taken with the rest1 assumed a more interesting complexion4 ,when you've done with that bit of paper1 observed ,denny1 in a tone expressive of exaggerated patience1 we might as well go on1 old fellow4 ,all right4 ,i've done with it--for the present1 said ,i4 ,and ,i took the liberty of slipping ,mr4 ,constantine ,stefanopoulos's memorandum into my pocket4 ,the general result of the evening was to increase most distinctly my interest in ,neopalia4 ,i went to bed1 still thinking of my purchase1 and ,i recollect that the last thing which came into my head before ,i went to sleep was1 ,what did she mean by pointing to the ring8 ,well1 ,i found an answer to that later on4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,a ,,conservative ,,country4 ,until the moment of our parting came1 ,i had no idea that ,beatrice ,hipgrave felt my going at all4 ,she was not in the habit of displaying emotion1 and ,i was much surprised at the reluctance with which she separated from me4 ,so far1 however1 was she from reproaching me1 that she took all the blame upon herself1 saying that if she had been kinder and nicer to me1 ,i should never have thought about my island4 ,in this she was quite wrong2 but when ,i told her so1 and assured her that ,i had no fault to find with her behavior1 ,i was met by an almost passionate assertion of her unworthiness1 and an entreaty that ,i should not spend on her a love that she did not deserve4 ,her abasement and penitence compelled me to show1 and indeed to feel1 a good deal of tenderness for her4 ,she was pathetic and pretty in her unusual earnestness and unexplained distress4 ,i went the length of offering to put off my expedition until after our wedding2 and1 although she besought me to do nothing of the kind1 ,i believe we might in the end have arranged matters on this footing had we been left to ourselves4 ,but ,mrs4 ,hipgrave saw fit to intrude on our interview at this point1 and she at once pooh-poohed the notion1 declaring that ,i should be better out of the way for a few months4 ,beatrice did not resist her mother's conclusion2 but when we were alone again1 she became very agitated1 begging me always to think well of her1 and asking if ,i were really attached to her4 ,i did not understand this mood1 which was very unlike her usual manner1 but ,i responded with a hearty and warm avowal of confidence in her2 and ,i met her questions as to my own feelings by pledging my word very solemnly that absence should1 so far as ,i was concerned1 make no difference1 and that she might rely implicitly on my faithful affection4 ,this assurance seemed to give her very little comfort1 although ,i repeated it more than once2 and when ,i left her1 ,i was in a state of some perplexity1 for ,i could not follow the bent of her thoughts1 nor appreciate the feelings that moved her4 ,i was1 however1 considerably touched1 and upbraided myself for not having hitherto done justice to the depth and sincerity of nature which underlay her external frivolity4 ,i expressed this self-condemnation to ,denny ,swinton1 but he met it very coldly1 and would not be drawn into any discussion of the subject4 ,denny was not wont to conceal his opinions1 and had never pretended to be enthusiastic about my engagement4 ,this attitude of his had not troubled me before1 but ,i was annoyed at it now1 and ,i retaliated by asseverating my affection for ,beatrice in terms of even exaggerated emphasis1 and her's for me with no less vehemence4 ,these troubles and perplexities vanished before the zest and interest which our preparations and start excited4 ,denny and ,i were like a pair of schoolboys off for a holiday1 and spent hours in forecasting what we should do and how we should fare in the island4 ,these speculations were extremely amusing1 but in the long run they were proved to be1 one and all1 wide of the mark4 ,had ,i known ,neopalia then as well as ,i came to know it afterward1 ,i should have recognized the futility of attempting to prophesy what would happen there4 ,as it was1 we spun our cobwebs merrily all the way to ,rhodes1 where we arrived without event and without accident4 ,there we picked up ,hogvardt1 and embarked in the smart little steam yacht which he had hired for me4 ,a day or two was spent in arranging our stores and buying what more we wanted1 for we could not expect to be able to procure anything in ,neopalia4 ,i was rather surprised to find no letter for me from the old lord1 but ,i had no thought of waiting for a formal invitation1 and pressed on the hour of departure as much as ,i could4 ,here1 also1 ,i saw the first of my new subjects1 ,hogvardt having engaged a couple of men who had come to him1 saying they were from ,neopalia and were anxious to work their passage back4 ,i was delighted to have them1 and fell at once to studying them with immense attention4 ,they were fine1 tall1 capable-looking fellows1 and they1 too1 with ourselves1 made a crew more than large enough for our little boat2 for both ,denny and ,i would make ourselves useful on board1 and ,hogvardt could do something of everything on land or water1 whilst ,watkins acted as cook and steward4 ,the ,neopalians were1 as they stated1 in answer to my questions1 brothers2 their names were ,spiro and ,demetri1 and they informed us that their family had served the lords of ,neopalia for many generations4 ,hearing this1 ,i was less inclined to resent the undeniable reserve and even surliness with which they met my advances4 ,i made allowance for their hereditary attachment to the outgoing family2 and their natural want of cordiality toward the intruder did not prevent me from plying them with many questions concerning my predecessors on the throne of the island4 ,my perseverance was ill rewarded1 but ,i succeeded in learning that the only member of the family on the island1 besides the old lord1 was a girl whom they called the ,lady ,euphrosyne1 the daughter of the lord's brother1 who was dead4 ,next ,i asked after my friend of the ,optimum restaurant1 ,constantine4 ,he was this lady's cousin once or twice removed--,i did not make out the exact degree of kinship--but ,demetri hastened to inform me that he came very seldom to the island1 and had not been there for two years4 ,and he is not expected there now8 ,i asked4 ,he was not when we left1 my lord1 answered ,demetri1 and it seemed to me that he threw an inquiring glance at his brother1 who added hastily3 ,what should we poor men know of the ,lord ,constantine's doings8 ,do you know where he is now8 ,i asked4 ,no1 my lord1 they answered together1 and with great emphasis4 ,i cannot deny that something struck me as peculiar in their manner1 but when ,i mentioned my impression to ,denny1 he scoffed at me4 ,you've been reading old ,byron again1 he said1 scornfully4 ,do you think they're corsairs8 ,well1 a man is not a fool simply because he reads ,byron1 and ,i maintained my opinion that the brothers were embarrassed at my questions4 ,moreover1 ,i caught ,spiro1 the more truculent-looking of the pair1 scowling at me more than once when he did not know ,i had my eye on him4 ,these little mysteries1 however1 did nothing but add sauce to my delight as we sprang over the blue waters2 and my joy was complete when1 on the morning of the day ,i had appointed1 the seventh of ,may1 ,denny cried ,land1 and1 looking over the starboard bow1 ,i saw the cloud on the sea that was ,neopalia4 ,day came bright and glorious1 and as we drew nearer to our enchanted isle1 we distinguished its features and conformation4 ,the coast was rocky1 save where a small harbor opened to the sea2 and the rocks ran up from the coast1 rising higher and higher1 till they culminated in a quite respectable peak in the centre4 ,the telescope showed cultivated ground and vineyards1 mingled with woods1 on the slopes of the mountain2 and about half way up1 sheltered on three sides1 backed by thick woods1 and commanding a splendid sea view1 stood an old1 gray1 battlemented house4 ,there's my house6 ,i cried1 in natural exultation1 pointing with my finger4 ,it was a moment in my life--a moment to mark4 ,hurrah6 cried ,denny1 throwing up his hat in sympathy4 ,demetri was standing near1 and met this ebullition with a grim smile4 ,i hope my lord will find the house comfortable1 said he4 ,we shall soon make it comfortable1 said ,hogvardt4 ,i dare say it's half a ruin now4 ,it is good enough now for a ,stefanopoulos1 said the fellow1 with a surly frown4 ,the inference we were meant to draw was plain even to incivility4 ,at five o'clock in the evening we entered the harbor of ,neopalia and brought up alongside a rather crazy wooden jetty that ran some fifty feet out from the shore4 ,our arrival appeared to create great excitement4 ,men1 women1 and children came running down the narrow1 steep street which climbed up the hill from the harbor4 ,we heard shrill cries1 and a hundred fingers were pointed at us4 ,we landed2 nobody came forward to greet us4 ,i looked round1 and saw no one who could be the old lord2 but ,i perceived a stout man who wore an air of importance1 and1 walking up to him1 ,i asked him very politely if he would be so good as to direct me to the inn1 for ,i had discovered from ,demetri that there was a modest house where we could lodge that night1 and ,i was too much in love with my island to think of sleeping on board the yacht4 ,the stout man looked at ,denny and me2 then he looked at ,demetri and ,spiro1 who stood near us1 smiling their usual grim smile4 ,and he answered my question by another1 a rather abrupt one3 ,what do you want1 sir8 ,and he slightly lifted his tasselled cap and replaced it on his head4 ,i want to know the way to the inn1 ,i answered4 ,you have come to visit ,neopalia8 he asked4 ,a number of people had gathered round us now1 and all fixed their eyes on my face4 ,oh1 ,i said carelessly1 ,i am the purchaser of the island1 you know4 ,i have come to take possession4 ,nobody spoke4 ,perfect silence reigned for half a minute4 ,i hope we shall get on well together1 ,i said1 with my pleasantest smile4 ,still no answer came4 ,the people round still stared4 ,at last the stout man1 altogether ignoring my friendly advances1 said1 curtly3 ,i keep the inn4 ,come4 ,i will take you to it4 ,he turned and led the way up the street4 ,we followed1 the people making a lane for us1 and still regarding us with stony stares4 ,denny gave expression to my feelings1 as well as his own3 ,it can hardly be described as an ovation1 he observed4 ,surly brutes1 muttered ,hogvardt4 ,it is not the way to receive his lordship1 agreed ,watkins1 more in sorrow than in anger4 ,watkins had very high ideas of the deference due to his lordship4 ,the fat innkeeper walked ahead4 ,i quickened my pace and overtook him4 ,the people do not seem very pleased to see me1 ,i remarked4 ,he shook his head1 but made no answer4 ,then he stopped before a substantial house4 ,we followed him in1 and he led us up-stairs to a large room4 ,it overlooked the street1 but1 somewhat to my surprise1 the windows were heavily barred4 ,the door also was massive1 and had large bolts inside and out4 ,you take good care of your houses1 my friend1 said ,denny1 with a laugh4 ,we like to keep what we have1 in ,neopalia1 said he4 ,i asked him if he would provide us with a meal1 and1 assenting gruffly1 he left us alone4 ,the food was some time in coming1 and we stood at the window1 peering through our prison bars4 ,our high spirits were dashed by the unfriendly reception2 my island should have been more gracious1 it was so beautiful4 ,however1 it's a better welcome than we should have got two hundred years ago1 ,i said1 with a laugh1 trying to make the best of the matter4 ,dinner1 which the landlord brought in himself1 cheered us again1 and we lingered over it till dusk began to fall1 discussing whether ,i ought to visit the lord1 or whether1 seeing that he had not come to receive me1 my dignity did not demand that ,i should await his visit2 and it was on this latter course that we finally decided4 ,but he'll hardly come to-night1 said ,denny1 jumping up4 ,i wonder if there are any decent beds here6 ,hogvardt and ,watkins had1 by my directions1 sat down with us2 and the former was now smoking his pipe at the window1 while ,watkins was busy overhauling our luggage4 ,we had brought light bags1 the rods1 guns1 and other smaller articles4 ,the rest was in the yacht4 ,hearing beds mentioned1 ,watkins shook his head in dismal presage1 saying3 ,we had better sleep on board1 my lord4 ,not ,i6 ,what1 leave the island1 now we've got here8 ,no1 ,watkins6 ,very good1 my lord1 said ,watkins1 impassively4 ,a sudden call came from ,hogvardt1 and ,i joined him at the window4 ,the scene outside was indeed remarkable4 ,in the narrow1 paved street1 gloomy now in the failing light2 there must have been fifty or sixty men standing in a circle1 surrounded by an outer fringe of women and children2 and in the centre stood our landlord1 his burly figure swaying to and fro1 as he poured out a low-voiced but vehement harangue4 ,sometimes he pointed toward us1 oftener along the ascending road that led to the interior4 ,i could not hear a word he said1 but presently all his auditors raised their hands toward heaven4 ,i saw that the hands held1 some guns1 some clubs1 some knives2 and all the men cried with furious energy3 ,nai1 nai6 7,yes1 yes67 ,and then the whole body--and the greater part of the grown men on the island must have been present--started off1 in compact array1 up the road1 the innkeeper at their head4 ,by his side walked another man1 whom ,i had not noticed before1 and who wore an ordinary suit of tweeds1 but carried himself with an assumption of much dignity4 ,his face ,i did not see4 ,well1 what's the meaning of that8 ,i exclaimed1 looking down on the street1 empty now1 save for groups of white-clothed women1 who talked eagerly to one another1 gesticulating1 and pointing now toward our inn1 now toward where the men had gone4 ,perhaps it's their parliament1 suggested ,denny4 ,or perhaps they've repented of their rudeness1 and are going to erect a triumphal arch4 ,these conjectures being obviously ironical1 did not assist the matter1 although they amused their author4 ,anyhow1 said ,i1 ,i should like to investigate the thing4 ,suppose we go for a stroll8 ,the proposal was accepted at once4 ,we put on our hats1 took sticks1 and prepared to go4 ,then ,i glanced at the luggage4 ,since ,i was so foolish as to waste my money on revolvers1 said ,i1 with an inquiring glance at ,hogvardt4 ,the evening air will not hurt them1 said he2 and we each stowed a revolver in our pockets4 ,we felt1 ,i think1 rather ashamed of our timidity1 but the ,neopalians certainly looked rough customers4 ,then ,i turned the handle of the door4 ,the door did not open4 ,i pulled hard at it4 ,then ,i looked at my companions4 ,queer1 said ,denny1 and he began to whistle4 ,hogvardt got the little lantern1 which he always had handy1 and carefully inspected the door4 ,locked1 he announced1 and bolted top and bottom4 ,a solid door1 too6 and he struck it with his hand4 ,then he crossed to the window1 and looked at the bolts2 and finally he said to me3 ,i don't think we can have our walk1 my lord4 ,well1 ,i burst out laughing4 ,the thing was too absurd4 ,under cover of our animated talk the landlord must have bolted us in4 ,the bars made the window no use4 ,a skilled burglar might have beaten those bolts1 and a battering-ram would1 no doubt1 have smashed the door2 we had neither burglar nor ram4 ,we are caught1 my boy1 said ,denny4 ,nicely caught4 ,but what's the game8 ,i had asked myself that question already1 but had found no answer4 ,to tell the truth1 ,i was wondering whether ,neopalia was going to turn out as conservative a country as the ,turkish ambassador had hinted4 ,it was ,watkins who suggested an answer4 ,i imagine1 my lord1 said he1 that the natives ,watkins always called the ,neopalians natives have gone to speak to the gentleman who sold the island to your lordship4 ,gad6 said ,denny1 ,i hope it will be a pleasant interview4 ,hogvardt's broad1 good-humored face had assumed an anxious look4 ,he knew something about the people of these islands2 so did ,i4 ,trouble1 is it8 ,i asked him4 ,i'm afraid so1 he answered2 and then we turned to the window again1 except ,denny1 who wasted some energy and made a useless din by battering at the door1 till we beseeched him to let it alone4 ,there we sat for nearly two hours4 ,darkness fell1 the women had ceased their gossiping1 but still stood about the street1 and in the doorways of the house4 ,it was nine o'clock before matters showed any progress4 ,then came shouts from the road above us1 the flash of torches1 the tread of men's feet in a quick1 triumphant march4 ,then the stalwart figures of the picturesque fellows1 with their white kilts gleaming through the darkness1 came again into sight1 seeming wilder and more imposing in the alternating glare and gloom of the torches and the deepening night4 ,the man in tweeds was no longer visible4 ,our innkeeper was alone in front4 ,and all1 as they marched1 sang loudly a rude1 barbarous sort of chant1 repeating it again and again2 and the women and children crowded out to meet the men1 catching up the refrain in shrill voices1 till the whole air seemed full of it4 ,and so martial and inspiring was the rude tune that our feet began to beat in time with it1 and ,i felt the blood quicken in my veins4 ,i have tried to put the words of it into ,english1 in a shape as rough1 ,i fear1 as the rough original4 ,here it is3 ,ours is the land6 ,death to the hand ,that filches the land6 ,dead is that hand1 ,ours is the land6 ,forever we hold it4 ,dead's he that sold it6 ,ours is the land4 ,dead is the hand6 ,again and again they hurled forth the defiant words1 until they stopped at last opposite the inn1 with one final1 long-drawn shout of savage triumph4 ,well1 this is a go6 said ,denny1 drawing a long breath4 ,what are the beggars up to8 ,what have they been up to8 ,i asked2 for ,i doubted not that the song we had heard had been chanted over a dead ,stefanopoulos two hundred years before4 ,at this age of the world the idea seemed absurd1 preposterous1 horrible4 ,but there was no law nearer than ,rhodes1 and there only ,turk's law4 ,the only law here was the law of the ,stefanopouloi1 and if that law lost its force by the crime of the hand that should wield it1 why1 strange things might happen even to-day in ,neopalia4 ,and we were caught like rats in a trap in the inn6 ,i do not see1 remarked old ,hogvardt1 laying a hand on my shoulders1 any harm in loading our revolvers1 my lord4 ,i did not see any harm in it either1 and we all followed ,hogvardt's advice1 and also filled our pockets with cartridges4 ,i was determined--,i think we were all determined--not to be bullied by these islanders and their skull-and-crossbones ditty4 ,a quarter of an hour passed1 and there came a knock at the door1 while the bolts were shot back4 ,i shall go out1 said ,i1 springing to my feet4 ,the door opened1 and the face of a lad appeared4 ,vlacho1 the innkeeper1 bids you descend1 said he2 and then1 catching sight1 perhaps1 of our revolvers1 he turned and ran down-stairs again at his best speed4 ,following him1 we came to the door of the inn4 ,it was ringed round with men1 and directly opposite to us stood ,vlacho4 ,when he saw me1 he commanded silence with his hand1 and addressed me in the following surprising style3 ,the ,lady ,euphrosyne1 of her grace1 bids you depart in peace4 ,go1 then1 to your boat1 and depart1 thanking ,god for his mercy4 ,wait a bit1 my man1 said ,i4 ,where is the lord of the island8 ,did you not know that he died a week ago8 asked ,vlacho1 with apparent surprise4 ,died6 we exclaimed1 one and all4 ,yes1 sir4 ,the ,lady ,euphrosyne1 lady of ,neopalia1 bids you go4 ,what did he die of8 ,of a fever1 said ,vlacho1 gravely4 ,and several of the men round him nodded their heads1 and murmured1 in no less grave assent3 ,yes1 of a fever4 ,i am very sorry for it1 said ,i4 ,but as he sold the island to me before he died1 ,i don't see what the lady1 with all respect to her1 has got to do with it4 ,nor do ,i know what this rabble is doing about the door4 ,send them away4 ,this attempt at hauteur was most decidedly thrown away4 ,vlacho seemed not to hear what ,i said4 ,he pointed with his finger toward the harbor4 ,there lies your boat4 ,demetri and ,spiro cannot go with you1 but you will be able to manage her yourselves4 ,listen1 now6 ,till six in the morning you are free to go4 ,if you are found in ,neopalia one minute after1 you will never go4 ,think and be wise4 ,and he and all the rest of them1 as though one spring moved them1 wheeled round1 and marched off up the hill again1 breaking out into the old chant when they had gone about a hundred yards2 and we were left alone in the doorway of the inn1 looking1 ,i must admit1 rather blank4 ,up-stairs again we went1 and ,i sat down by the window and looked out on the night4 ,it was very dark1 and seemed darker now that the gleaming torches were gone4 ,not a soul was to be seen4 ,the islanders1 having put matters on a clear footing1 were gone to bed4 ,i sat thinking4 ,presently ,denny came to me1 and put his hand on my shoulder4 ,going to cave in1 ,charlie8 he asked4 ,my dear ,denny1 said ,i1 ,i wish you were at home with your mother4 ,he smiled and repeated1 ,going to cave in1 old chap8 ,no1 by ,jove1 ,i'm not6 cried ,i1 leaping up4 ,they've had my money1 and ,i'm going to have the island4 ,take the yacht1 my lord1 counselled ,hogvardt1 and come back with enough force from ,rhodes4 ,well1 that was sense2 my impulse was nonsense4 ,we four could not conquer the island4 ,i swallowed my pride4 ,so be it1 said ,i4 ,but1 look here2 it's only just twelve4 ,we might have a look round before we go4 ,i want to see the place1 you know4 ,for ,i was very sorely vexed at being turned out of my island4 ,hogvardt grumbled a little at this1 but here ,i overruled him4 ,we took our revolvers again1 left the inn1 and struck straight up the road4 ,for nearly a mile we mounted1 the way becoming steeper with every step4 ,then there was a sudden turn off the main road4 ,that will lead to the house1 said ,hogvardt1 who had studied the map of ,neopalia very carefully4 ,then we'll have a look at the house4 ,show us a light1 ,hogvardt4 ,it's precious dark4 ,hogvardt opened his lantern1 and cast its light in the way4 ,but suddenly he extinguished it again1 and drew us close in to the rocks that edged the road4 ,we saw coming toward us in the darkness two figures4 ,they rode small horses4 ,their faces could not be seen2 but as they passed our silent1 motionless forms1 one said in a clear1 sweet1 girlish voice3 ,surely they will go8 ,ay1 they'll go1 or pay the penalty1 said the other voice1 and at the sound of it ,i started4 ,for it was the voice of my neighbor in the restaurant1 ,constantine ,stefanopoulos4 ,i shall be near at hand1 sleeping in the town1 said the girl's voice1 and the people will listen to me4 ,the people will kill them1 if they do not go1 we heard ,constantine answer1 in tones that witnessed no great horror at the idea4 ,then the couple disappeared in the darkness4 ,on to the house6 ,i cried in sudden excitement4 ,for ,i was angry now1 angry at the utter1 humbling scorn with which they treated me4 ,another ten minutes' groping brought us in front of the old gray house which we had seen from the sea4 ,we walked boldly up to it4 ,the door stood open4 ,we went in1 and found ourselves in a large hall4 ,the wooden floor was carpeted1 here and there1 with mats and skins4 ,a long table ran down the middle4 ,the walls were decorated with medival armor and weapons4 ,the windows were but narrow slits1 the walls massive and deep4 ,the door was a ponderous1 iron-bound affair1 that shamed even the stout doors of our inn4 ,i called loudly1 ,is any one here8 ,nobody answered4 ,the servants must have been drawn off to the town by the excitement of the procession and the singing2 or perhaps there were no servants4 ,i could not tell4 ,i sat down in a large armchair by the table4 ,i enjoyed the sense of proprietorship4 ,denny sat on the table by me1 dangling his legs4 ,for a long while none of us spoke4 ,then ,i exclaimed1 suddenly3 ,by heaven6 why shouldn't we see it through8 ,and ,i rose and put my hands against the massive door1 and closed and bolted it1 saying1 ,let them open that at six o'clock in the morning4 ,hurrah6 cried ,denny1 leaping down from his table1 on fire with excitement in a moment4 ,i faced ,hogvardt4 ,he shook his head1 but he smiled4 ,watkins stood by1 with his usual imperturbability4 ,he wanted to know what his lordship decided1 that was all2 and when ,i said nothing more1 he asked3 ,then your lordship will sleep here to-night8 ,i'll stay here to-night1 anyhow1 ,watkins1 said ,i4 ,i'm not going to be driven out of my own island by anybody6 ,and ,i brought my fist down with a crash on the table4 ,and then1 to our amazement1 we heard--from somewhere in the dark recesses of the hall1 where the faint light of ,hogvardt's lantern did not reach--a low1 but distinct1 groan1 as of some one in pain4 ,watkins shuddered2 ,hogvardt looked rather uncomfortable2 ,denny and ,i listened eagerly4 ,again the groan came4 ,i seized the lantern from ,hogvardt's hand1 and rushed in the direction of the sound4 ,there1 in the corner of the hall1 on a couch1 covered with a rug1 lay an old man in an uneasy attitude1 groaning now and then1 and turning restlessly4 ,and by his side sat an old serving-woman in weary1 heavy slumber4 ,in a moment ,i guessed the truth--part of the truth4 ,he's not dead of that fever yet1 said ,i4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,fever ,,of ,,neopalia4 ,i looked for a moment on the old man's pale1 clean-cut1 aristocratic face2 then ,i shook his attendant vigorously by the arm4 ,she awoke with a start4 ,what does this mean8 ,i demanded4 ,who is he8 ,heaven help us1 who are you8 she cried1 leaping up in alarm4 ,indeed1 we four1 with our eager1 fierce faces1 may have looked disquieting enough4 ,i am ,lord ,wheatley2 these are my friends1 ,i answered in brisk1 sharp tones4 ,what1 it is you1 then--8 ,a wondering gaze ended her question4 ,yes1 yes1 it is ,i4 ,i have bought the island4 ,we came out for a walk and-- ,but he will kill you1 if he finds you here4 ,he8 ,who8 ,ah1 pardon1 my lord--they will kill you1 they--the people--the men of the island4 ,i gazed at her sternly4 ,she shrank back in confusion4 ,and ,i spoke at a venture1 yet in a well-grounded hazard3 ,you mean that ,constantine ,stefanopoulos will kill me8 ,ah1 hush6 she cried4 ,he may be here6 ,he may be anywhere6 ,he may thank his stars he's not here1 said ,i grimly1 for my blood was up4 ,attend1 woman6 ,who is this8 ,it is the lord of the island1 my lord1 she answered4 ,alas1 and he is wounded1 ,i fear1 to death4 ,and yet ,i fell asleep4 ,but ,i was so weary4 ,wounded--by whom8 ,her face suddenly became vacant and expressionless4 ,i do not know1 my lord4 ,it happened in the crowd4 ,it was a mistake4 ,my dear lord had yielded what they asked4 ,yet some one--no1 by heaven1 my lord1 ,i do not know whom--stabbed him6 ,and he cannot live4 ,tell me the whole thing1 ,i commanded4 ,they came up here1 my lord1 all of them--,vlacho and all1 and with them my ,lord ,constantine4 ,and the ,lady ,euphrosyne was away2 she is often away1 down on the rocks by the sea1 watching the waves4 ,and they came and said that a man had landed who claimed our island as his--a man of your name1 my lord4 ,and when my dear lord said he had sold the island to save the honor of his house and race1 they were furious1 and ,vlacho raised the death chant that ,one-eyed ,alexander the ,bard wrote on the death of ,stefan ,stefanopoulos long ago4 ,and they came near with knives1 demanding that my dear lord should send away the stranger2 for the men of ,neopalia were not to be bought and sold like bullocks or like pigs4 ,at first my lord would not yield2 and they swore they would kill the stranger and my lord also4 ,then they pressed closer4 ,vlacho was hard on him with drawn knife1 and the ,lord ,constantine stood by him1 praying him to yield1 and ,constantine drew his own knife1 saying to ,vlacho that he must fight him also before he killed the old lord4 ,but at that ,vlacho smiled--and then--and then--ah1 my dear lord6 ,for a moment her voice broke1 and sobs supplanted words4 ,but she drew herself up1 and1 after a glance at the old man1 whom her vehement speech had not availed to waken1 she went on3 ,and then those behind cried out that there was enough talk4 ,would he yield or would he die8 ,and they rushed forward1 pressing the nearest against him4 ,and he1 an old man1 frail and feeble--yet once he was as brave a man as any--cried1 in his weak tones3 ',enough1 friends1 ,i yield2 ,i--' ,and they fell back4 ,but my lord stood for an instant2 then he set his hand to his side1 and swayed and tottered and fell1 and the blood ran from his side4 ,and the ,lord ,constantine fell on his knees beside him1 crying3 ',who stabbed him8' ,and ,vlacho smiled grimly1 and the others looked at one another4 ,and ,i1 who had run out from the doorway whence ,i had seen it all1 knelt by my lord and stanched the blood4 ,then ,vlacho said1 fixing his eyes straight and keen on the ,lord ,constantine1 ',it was not ,i1 my lord1' ',nor ,i1 by heaven6' cried the ,lord ,constantine2 and he rose to his feet1 demanding3 ',who struck the blow8' ,but none answered1 and he went on3 ',nay1 if it were in error1 if it were because he would not yield1 speak6 ,there shall be pardon1' ,but ,vlacho1 hearing this1 turned himself round and faced them all1 saying3 ',did he not sell us like oxen and like pigs8' and he broke into the death chant1 and they all raised the chant1 none caring any more who had struck the blow4 ,and ,lord ,constantine-- ,the impetuous flow of the old woman's story was frozen to sudden silence4 ,well1 and ,lord ,constantine8 said ,i1 in low1 stern tones1 that quivered with excitement2 and ,i felt ,denny's hand1 that was on my arm1 jump up and down4 ,and ,constantine1 woman8 ,nay1 he did nothing1 said she4 ,he talked with ,vlacho a while1 and then they went away1 and he bade me tend my lord1 and went himself to seek the ,lady ,euphrosyne4 ,and presently he came back with her4 ,her eyes were red1 and she wept afresh when she saw my poor lord1 for she loved him4 ,and she sat by him till ,constantine came and told her that you would not go1 and that you and your friends would be killed if you did not go4 ,and then1 weeping to leave my lord1 she went1 praying heaven she might find him alive when she returned4 ',i must go1' she said to me2 'for though it is a shameful thing that the island should have been sold1 yet these men must be persuaded to go away and not meet death4 ,kiss him for me if he awakes4' ,thus she went1 and left me with my lord1 and ,i fear he will die4 ,and she ended in a burst of sobbing4 ,for a moment there was silence4 ,then ,i said again3 ,who struck the blow1 woman8 ,who struck the blow8 ,she shrank from me as though ,i had struck her4 ,i do not know1 ,i do not know1 she moaned4 ,then a thing happened that seemed strange and awful in the gloomy1 dark hall4 ,for the stricken man opened his eyes1 his lips moved1 and he groaned3 ,constantine6 ,you1 ,constantine6 and the old woman's eyes met mine for a moment1 and fell to the ground again4 ,why--why1 ,constantine8 moaned the wounded man4 ,i had yielded--,i had yielded1 ,constantine4 ,i would have sent them-- ,his words ceased1 his eyes closed1 his lips met again1 but met only to part4 ,a moment later his jaw dropped4 ,the old lord of ,neopalia was dead4 ,then ,i1 carried away by anger and by hatred of the man who1 for a reason ,i did not yet understand1 had struck so foul a blow against his kinsman and an old man1 did a thing so rash that it seems to me now1 when ,i consider it in the cold light of the past1 a mad deed4 ,yet then ,i could do nothing else2 and ,denny's face1 aye1 and the eyes of the others1 too1 told me that they were with me4 ,compose this old man's body1 ,i said1 and we will watch it4 ,and do you go and tell this ,constantine ,stefanopoulos that ,i know his crime1 that ,i know who struck that blow1 and that what ,i know all men shall know1 and that ,i will not rest day nor night until he has paid the penalty of this murder4 ,and tell him ,i swore this on the honor of an ,english gentleman4 ,and say ,i swore it1 too6 cried ,denny2 and ,hogvardt and ,watkins1 not making bold to speak1 ranged up close to me2 and ,i knew that they also meant what ,i meant4 ,the old woman looked at me with searching eyes4 ,you are a bold man1 my lord1 said she4 ,i see nothing to be afraid of up to now1 said ,i4 ,such courage as is needed to tell a scoundrel what ,i think of him1 ,i believe ,i can claim4 ,but he will never let you go now4 ,you would go to ,rhodes1 and tell his--tell what you say of him4 ,yes1 and farther than ,rhodes1 if need be4 ,he shall die for it as sure as ,i live4 ,a thousand men might have tried in vain to persuade me2 the treachery of ,constantine had fired my heart and driven out all opposing motives4 ,do as ,i bid you1 said ,i1 sternly1 and waste no time on it4 ,we will watch here by the old man till you return4 ,my lord1 she replied1 you run on your own death4 ,and you are young1 and the young man by you is yet younger4 ,we are not dead yet1 said ,denny2 and ,i had never seen him look as he did then2 for the gayety was out of his face1 and he spoke from between stern-set lips4 ,she raised her hands toward heaven--whether in prayer or in lamentation1 ,i do not know4 ,we turned away and left her to her sad offices1 and going back to our places1 waited there till dawn began to break1 and from the narrow windows we saw the gray crests of the waves dancing and frolicking in the early dawn4 ,as ,i watched them the old woman was by my elbow4 ,it is done1 my lord1 said she4 ,are you still of the same mind8 ,still of the same1 said ,i4 ,it is death--death for you all1 she said2 and without more she went to the great door4 ,hogvardt opened it for her1 and she walked away down the road1 between the high rocks that bounded the path on either side4 ,then we went and carried the old man to a room that opened off the hall1 and1 returning1 stood in the doorway1 cooling our brows in the fresh1 early air4 ,and while we stood1 ,hogvardt said suddenly3 ,it is five o'clock4 ,then we have only an hour to live1 said ,i1 smiling1 if we do not make for the yacht4 ,you're not going back to the yacht1 my lord8 ,i'm puzzled1 ,i admitted4 ,if we go this ruffian will escape4 ,and if we don't go-- ,why1 we1 ,hogvardt ended for me1 may not escape4 ,i saw that ,hogvardt's sense of responsibility was heavy2 he always regarded himself as the shepherd1 his employers as the sheep4 ,i believe this attitude of his confirmed my destiny1 for ,i said1 without hesitation3 ,oh1 we'll chance that4 ,when they know what a villain the fellow is1 they'll turn against him4 ,besides1 we said we'd wait here4 ,denny seized on my last words with alacrity4 ,when you are determined to do a rash thing1 there is great comfort in feeling that you are already committed to it by some previous act or promise4 ,so we did1 he cried4 ,then that settles it1 ,hogvardt4 ,his lordship certainly expressed that intention1 observed ,watkins1 appearing at this moment with a large loaf of bread and a great pitcher of milk4 ,i eyed these viands4 ,i bought the house and its contents1 said ,i4 ,come along4 ,watkins's further researches produced a large chunk of native cheese2 and when he had set this down1 he remarked3 ,in a pen behind the house1 close to the kitchen windows1 there are two goats2 and your lordship sees there1 on the right of the front door1 two cows tethered4 ,i began to laugh1 ,watkins was so wise and solemn4 ,we can stand a siege1 you mean8 ,i asked4 ,well1 ,i hope it won't come to that4 ,hogvardt rose1 and began to move round the hall1 examining the weapons that decorated the walls4 ,from time to time he grunted disapprovingly2 the guns were useless1 rusted1 out of date1 and there was no ammunition for them4 ,but when he had almost completed his circuit1 he gave an exclamation of satisfaction1 and came to me1 holding an excellent modern rifle and a large cartridge case4 ,see6 he grunted1 in huge satisfaction4 ,c4,s4 on the stock1 ,i suspect you can guess whose it is1 my lord4 ,this is very thoughtful of ,constantine1 observed ,denny1 who was employing himself in cutting imaginary lemons in two with a fine damascened scimiter that he had taken from the wall4 ,as for the cows1 said ,i1 perhaps they will carry them off4 ,i think not1 said ,hogvardt1 taking an aim with the rifle through the window4 ,i looked at my watch4 ,it was five minutes past six4 ,well1 we can't go now1 said ,i4 ,it's settled4 ,what a comfort6 ,i wonder if ,i had ever in my heart meant to go6 ,the next hour passed very quietly4 ,we sat smoking pipes and cigars1 and talking in subdued tones4 ,the recollection of the dead man in the adjoining room sobered the excitement to which our position would otherwise have given occasion4 ,indeed1 ,i suppose that ,i1 at least1 who had led the rest into this imbroglio through my whim1 should have been utterly overwhelmed by the burden on me4 ,but ,i was not4 ,perhaps ,hogvardt's assumption of responsibility relieved me2 perhaps ,i was too full of anger against ,constantine to think of the risks we ourselves ran2 and ,i was more than half persuaded that the revelation of what he had done would rob him of his power to hurt us4 ,moreover1 if ,i might judge from the words ,i heard on the road1 we had on our side an ally of uncertain1 but probably considerable1 power1 in the sweet-voiced girl whom the old woman called the ,lady ,euphrosyne2 and she would not support her uncle's murderer even though he were her cousin4 ,presently ,watkins carried me off to view his pen of goats1 and1 having passed through the lofty1 flagged kitchen1 ,i found myself in a sort of compound formed by the rocks4 ,the ground had been levelled for a few yards1 and the cliffs rose straight to the height of ten or twelve feet2 from the top of this artificial bank they ran again1 in wooded slopes1 toward the peak of the mountain4 ,i followed their course with my eye1 and five hundred or more feet above us1 just beneath the summit1 ,i perceived a little wooden chalet or bungalow4 ,blue smoke issued from the chimneys1 and1 even while we looked1 a figure came out of the door and stood still in front of it1 apparently looking down toward the house4 ,it's a woman1 ,i pronounced4 ,yes1 my lord4 ,a peasant's wife1 ,i suppose4 ,i dare say1 said ,i4 ,but ,i soon doubted ,watkins's opinion--in the first place1 because the woman's dress did not look like that of a peasant woman2 and1 secondly1 because she went into the house1 appeared again1 and levelled at us what was1 if ,i mistook not1 a large pair of binocular glasses4 ,now1 such things were not likely to be in the possession of the peasants of ,neopalia4 ,then she suddenly retreated1 and through the silence of those still slopes we heard the door of the cottage closed with violence4 ,she doesn't seem to like the look of us1 said ,i4 ,possibly1 suggested ,watkins1 with deference1 she did not expect to see your lordship here4 ,i should think that's very likely1 ,watkins1 said ,i4 ,i was recalled from the survey of my new domains--my satisfaction in the thought that they were mine survived all the disturbing features of the situation--by a call from ,denny4 ,in response to it ,i hurried back to the hall1 and found him at the window1 with ,constantine's rifle rested on the sill4 ,i could pick him off pat1 said ,denny1 laughingly1 and he pointed to a figure which was approaching the house4 ,it was a man riding a stout pony4 ,when he came within about two hundred yards of the house he stopped1 took a leisurely look1 and then waved a white handkerchief4 ,the laws of war must be observed1 said ,i1 smiling4 ,this is a flag of truce4 ,and ,i opened the door1 stepped out1 and waved my handkerchief in return4 ,the man1 reassured1 began to mop his brow with the flag of truce1 and put his pony to a trot4 ,i now perceived him to be the innkeeper ,vlacho1 and a moment later he reined up beside me1 giving an angry jerk at his pony's bridle4 ,i have searched the island for you1 he cried4 ,i am weary and hot4 ,how came you here8 ,i explained to him briefly how ,i had chanced to take possession of my house1 and added1 significantly3 ,but has no message come to you from me8 ,he smiled with equal meaning as he answered3 ,no4 ,an old woman came to speak to a gentleman who is in the village4 ,yes1 to ,constantine ,stefanopoulos1 said ,i with a nod4 ,well1 then1 if you will1 to the ,lord ,constantine1 he admitted1 with a careless shrug2 but her message was for his ear only4 ,he took her aside1 and they talked alone4 ,you know what she said1 though4 ,that is between my ,lord ,constantine and me4 ,and the young lady knows it1 ,i hope--the ,lady ,euphrosyne8 ,vlacho smiled broadly4 ,we could not distress her with such a silly tale1 he answered2 and he leant down toward me4 ,nobody has heard the message but the lord and one man he told it to2 and nobody will4 ,if that old woman spoke1 she--well1 she knows1 and will not speak4 ,and you back up this murderer8 ,i cried4 ,murderer8 he repeated1 questioningly4 ,indeed1 sir1 it was an accident1 done in hot blood4 ,it was the old man's fault1 because he tried to sell the island4 ,he did sell the island1 ,i corrected4 ,and a good many other people will hear of what happened to him4 ,he looked at me again1 smiling4 ,if you shouted in the hearing of every man in ,neopalia1 what would they do8 he asked1 scornfully4 ,well1 ,i should hope1 ,i returned1 that they'd hang ,constantine to the tallest tree you've got here4 ,they would do this1 he said1 with a nod2 and he began to sing softly the chant ,i had heard the night before4 ,i was disgusted at his savagery1 but ,i said coolly3 ,and the lady8 ,the lady believes what she is told1 and will do as her cousin bids her4 ,is she not his affianced wife8 ,the deuce she is6 ,i cried in amazement1 fixing a keen scrutiny on ,vlacho's face4 ,the face told me nothing4 ,certainly1 he said1 gently4 ,and they will rule the island together4 ,will they1 though8 said ,i4 ,i was becoming rather annoyed4 ,there are one or two obstacles in the way of that4 ,first1 it's my island4 ,he shrugged his shoulders again4 ,that1 he seemed to say1 is not worth answering4 ,but ,i had a second shot in the locker for him1 and ,i let him have it for what it was worth4 ,i knew it might be worth nothing1 but ,i tried it4 ,and secondly1 ,i observed1 how many wives does ,constantine propose to have8 ,a hit6 ,a hit6 ,a palpable hit6 ,i could have sung in glee4 ,the fellow was dumb-founded4 ,he turned red1 bit his lip1 scowled fiercely4 ,what do you mean8 he blurted out1 with an attempt at blustering defiance4 ,never mind what ,i mean4 ,something1 perhaps1 that the ,lady ,euphrosyne might care to know4 ,and now1 my man1 what do you want of me8 ,he recovered his composure1 and stated his errand with his old1 cool assurance2 but the cloud of vexation still hung heavy on his brow4 ,on behalf of the lady of the island-- he began4 ,or shall we say her cousin8 ,i interrupted4 ,which you will1 he answered1 as though it were not worth while to wear the mask any longer4 ,on behalf1 then1 of my ,lord ,constantine1 ,i am to offer you safe passage to your boat1 and a return of the money you have paid4 ,how's he going to pay that8 ,he will pay it in a year1 and give you security meanwhile4 ,and the condition is that ,i give up the island8 ,i asked2 and ,i began to think that perhaps ,i owed it to my companions to acquiesce in this proposal1 however distasteful it might be to me4 ,yes1 said ,vlacho2 and there is one other small condition1 which will not trouble you4 ,and what's that8 ,you're rich in conditions4 ,you are lucky to be offered any4 ,it is that you mind your own business4 ,i came here for the purpose1 ,i observed4 ,and that you undertake1 for yourself and your companions1 on your word of honor1 to speak not a word of what has passed in the island1 or of the affairs of the ,lord ,constantine4 ,and if ,i won't give my word8 ,the yacht is in our hands2 ,demetri and ,spiro are our men2 there will be no ship here for two months4 ,the fellow paused1 smiling at me4 ,i took the liberty of ending his period for him4 ,and there is1 ,i said1 returning the smile1 as we know by now1 a particularly sudden and fatal form of fever in the island4 ,certainly2 you may chance to find that out1 said he4 ,but is there no antidote8 ,i asked2 and ,i showed him the butt of my revolver in the pocket of my coat4 ,it may keep it off for a day or two2 not longer4 ,you have the bottle there1 but most of the drug is with your baggage at the inn4 ,his parable was true enough2 we had only two or three dozen cartridges apiece4 ,but there is plenty of food for ,constantine's rifle1 said ,i1 pointing to the muzzle of it1 which protruded from the window4 ,he suddenly became impatient4 ,your answer1 sir8 he demanded1 peremptorily4 ,here it is1 said ,i4 ,i'll keep the island1 and ,i'll see ,constantine hanged4 ,so be it1 so be it6 he cried4 ,you are warned2 so be it6 and without another word he turned his pony and trotted rapidly off down the road4 ,and ,i went back to the house1 feeling1 ,i must confess1 not in the best of spirits4 ,but when my friends heard all that had passed1 they applauded me1 and we made up our minds to see it through1 as ,denny said4 ,that day passed quietly4 ,at noon we carried the old lord out of his house1 having wrapped him in a sheet1 and we dug for him as good a grave as we could1 in a little patch of ground that lay outside the windows of his own chapel1 a small erection at the west end of the house4 ,there he must lie for the moment4 ,this sad work done1 we came back1 and--so swift are life's changes--we killed a goat for dinner1 and watched ,watkins dress it4 ,thus the afternoon wore away1 and when evening came we ate our goat flesh1 and ,hogvardt milked our cows1 and we sat down to consider the position of the garrison4 ,but the evening was hot1 and we adjourned out of doors1 grouping ourselves on the broad marble pavement in front of the door4 ,hogvardt had just begun to expound a very elaborate scheme of escape1 depending1 so far as ,i could make out1 on our reaching the other side of the island1 and finding there a boat1 which we had no reason to suppose would be there1 when ,denny raised his hand1 saying1 ,hark6 ,from the direction of the village and the harbor came the sound of a horn1 blown long and shrill1 and echoed back in strange1 protracted shrieks and groans from the hillside behind us2 and following on the blast1 we heard1 low in the distance and indistinct1 yet rising and falling1 and rising again in savage defiance and exultation1 the death chant that ,one-eyed ,alexander the ,bard had made on the death of ,stefan ,stefanopoulos two hundred years ago4 ,for a few minutes we sat listening1 and ,i do not think that any of us were very comfortable4 ,then ,i rose to my feet1 and ,i said3 ,hogvardt1 old fellow1 ,i fancy that scheme of yours must wait a little4 ,unless ,i'm very much mistaken1 we're going to have a lively evening4 ,well1 and then we shook hands all round1 and went in1 and bolted the door1 and sat down to wait4 ,we heard the death chant through the walls now1 for it was coming nearer4 7,to be continued47 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,a ,,brook ,,in ,,the ,,department ,,of ,,var1 ,,france4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,henri ,,harpignies4 ,in the galleries of the ,luxembourg1 ,paris4 ,first exhibited at the ,salon of #ahhh4 ,a ,,century ,,of ,,painting4 ,,notes ,,descriptive ,,and ,,critical4--,,corot ,,and ,,the ,,modern ,,pastoral4--,,the ,,men ,,of #ahcj4--,,rousseau1 ,,diaz1 ,,dupr1 ,,and ,,daubigny4--,,four ,,figure ,,painters ,,of ,,differing ,,aims4 ,,by ,,will ,h4 ,,low4 ,pictures8 boasted ,turner4 ,give me canvas1 colors1 a room to work in1 with a door that will lock1 and it is not difficult to paint pictures6 ,this was the spirit of the older men1 against which ,constable rose in his might4 ,it was the legacy of the past2 the principle1 or the lack of it1 which permitted ,titian 7in a picture now in the ,national ,gallery1 ,london7 to paint the shadows of his figures falling away from the spectator into the picture1 and towards the setting sun in the background4 ,the return to nature1 however1 was not accomplished at once4 ,it is doubtful1 indeed1 if a painter can ever arrive at a respectable technical achievement without imbibing certain conventions which prevent complete submission to nature2 absolute navet thus becoming only theoretically possible4 ,constable1 with all his independence1 dared not throw over all received canons of art4 ,and ,gricault1 while daring to paint a modern theme1 daring still more to embody it in forms plausibly like average humanity1 and refusing to place on a raft in mid-ocean a carefully chosen assortment of antique statues1 still did not think1 apparently1 that the heavily marked shadows prevalent throughout his picture were never seen under the far-reaching arch of the sky1 but fell from a studio window4 ,nor do the early pictures by ,corot free themselves from the influences of the academy at once4 ,in the studies which he bequeathed to the ,louvre--two tiny canvases on which are depicted the ,coliseum and the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo at ,rome--the conventional picking out of detail1 the painting of separate objects by themselves1 without due relation to each other1 is the effect of early study2 and it is only in the as yet timid reaching for effect of light and atmosphere that we feel the ,corot of the future4 ,these studies were painted in #ahbf2 and as late as #ahce the same influences are manifest in the ,hagar and ,ishmael in the ,desert1 a historical landscape of the kind dear to the academies1 but saved and made of interest by the native qualities of the painter struggling to the surface4 ,jean ,baptiste ,camille ,corot was born in ,paris1 ,july #bh1 #agif4 ,his father was originally a barber2 but1 marrying a dressmaker1 he joined forces with his wife to such effect that they became the fashionable house of their time2 and a dress from ,corot's found its place in the comedies of the early part of the century1 very much as the name of ,worth has been potent in later days4 ,the youth's distaste for business 7certain unfortunate experiences in selling olive-colored cloth leading directly thereto7 at length vanquished the parents' opposition to his choice of a career2 and after a solemn family conclave1 it was decided that he was to have an allowance of three hundred dollars a year1 and be free to follow his own inclinations4 ,procuring materials for work1 ,corot sat him down the same day on the bank of the ,seine1 almost under the windows of his father's shop1 and began to paint4 ,it is prettily related that one of the shop-women1 ,mademoiselle ,rose by name1 was the only person of his entourage who sympathized with the young fellow1 and who came to look at his work to encourage him4 ,late in life the good ,corot said3 ,look at my first study2 the colors are still bright1 the hour and day remain fixed on the canvas2 and only the other day ,mademoiselle ,rose came to see me2 and1 alas1 the old maid and the old man1 how faded they are6 ,illustration3 ,,jean ,,baptiste ,,camille ,,corot4 ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,from ,,life4 ,this portrait represents good ,papa ,corot1 as he was universally known1 at work out of doors4 ,it was ,corot's good fortune to meet at the start a young landscape painter1 ,michallon1 who had lately returned from ,rome1 where he had gone after winning the prize for historical landscape1 which then formed part of the curriculum of the cole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,michallon died in #ahbd1 when only twenty-eight years old1 too soon to have shown the fruits of an independent spirit which had already revolted against the trammels of the school4 ,desiring to save ,corot from the mistakes which he had himself made1 he adjured him to remain naf1 to paint nature as he saw it1 and to disregard the counsels of those who were for the moment in authority4 ,gentle1 almost timid by nature1 having met so far in life with little but disapproval1 ,corot disregarded his friend's advice at first1 and placed himself under the guidance of ,victor ,bertin1 a painter then in vogue1 and1 needless to say1 deeply imbued with scholastic tradition4 ,in his company ,corot made his first voyage to ,italy1 in #ahbe1 and thus came for the first time under the true classic influence4 ,the lessons taught in the school of nature1 where ,claude had studied1 were those best fitted for the temperament of ,corot1 who has been called a child of the eighteenth century1 grown in the midst of that imitation of antiquity so ardent1 and so often unintelligent1 where the ,directory copied ,athens1 and the ,empire forced itself to imitate ,rome4 ,it is a curious and interesting fact that when1 as in this case1 the spirit of classicism reveals itself anew1 its never-dying influence can be the motive for work as fresh and modern as that of ,corot4 ,it is also true that the rigid enforcement of the study of drawing was a healthy influence on ,corot's early life4 ,all the pictures of his early period show the most minute attention to form and modelling2 and when he had finally rid himself of the hard manner which it entailed1 there remained the substratum of a constructive basis upon which his freer brush played at will4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,by-,,path4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,jean ,,baptiste ,,camille ,,corot4 ,one of ,corot's later works1 and treated with greater freedom than the earlier4 ,many years1 however1 ,corot was to wait before the memorable day when he bewailed that his complete collection of works had been spoiled1 he having sold a picture4 ,living on his modest income1 which his father doubled when1 in #ahdf1 the son was given the cross of the ,legion of ,honor1 he was happy with his two loves1 nature and painting4 ,little by little he gained a reputation among the artists1 especially when1 after #ahce1 on his return from a second voyage to ,italy1 he found that the true country of the artist is his native country4 ,after that period his works are nearly all ,french in subject1 many of them painted in the environs of ,paris2 though1 with his ,theocritan spirit1 he could see the fountain of ,jouvence in the woods of ,svres1 and for him the classic nymph dwelt by the pond at ,ville d',avray4 ,his life was long--he died ,february #bb1 #ahge--;and completely filled with his work4 ,after ,corot's death1 there was exhibited at the cole des ,beaux ,arts in ,paris a collection of several hundred of his pictures1 and then1 perhaps for the first time1 the genius of the man was profoundly felt4 ,to those who were inclined to undervalue the pure1 sweet spirit which shone through his work1 and to complain of the representation of a world in which no breeze stronger than a zephyr blew1 in which the birds always sang1 and the shepherd piped to a flock unconscious of the existence of wolves1 there were shown efforts in so many and various directions as to forever silence their reproach of monotony1 so often directed against ,corot's work4 ,there were landscapes1 showing the gradual emancipation1 due to the most sincere study of nature1 hard and precise1 in the early period2 vaporous and filled with suggestion1 as the sentiment of the day and hour represented became important to the painter1 and his technical mastery became more certain in later years4 ,there were figures1 none too well drawn from the point of view of ,david or ,ingres1 but serving1 to a painter whose interest in atmospheric problems never ceased1 as objects around which the luminous light of day played1 and which were bathed in circumambient air4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,morning4 ,,jean ,,baptiste ,,camille ,,corot4 ,from a painting now in the ,louvre4 ,one of the best known of the works of the master1 executed during the transitional period1 when he still gave great attention to detail4 ,the original is remarkable for its sense of dewy freshness4 ,illustration3 ,,diana',s ,,bath4 ,,jean ,,baptiste ,,camille ,,corot4 ,from a painting in the ,museum at ,bordeaux4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,shallow ,,river4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,th,,odore ,,rousseau4 ,with all this variety1 however1 the true value of ,corot's work lies in the expression of the spirit of the man himself4 ,it is often possible1 and it is always theoretically desirable1 to separate the personality of a painter from his production in any critical consideration of his achievement4 ,it is at least only fair to believe that the light which shines from so many canvases is the true expression of many a life which is clouded to our superficial view4 ,with ,corot1 however1 it is impossible to make this separation4 ,every added detail of his life--and they are so numerous that in the difficulty of a choice they must remain unrecorded here--gives a new perception of his work4 ,a youthful ,virgilian spirit to the day of his death1 as old at his birth as the classic source from which he sprang1 he invented a method essentially his own1 in which to express his new-old message4 ,in our work-a-day1 materialistic age1 like a thrush singing in a boiler-shop1 he is the quiet but triumphant vindication of the truth that all great art has its roots firmly implanted in the earth of ,hellenic civilization1 though its expression may be1 as in ,corot's case1 through an art unknown to the ,greeks1 and even1 as in the case of the one greater man of this century than ,corot--,millet--by the presentation of types which the beauty-loving sons of ,hellas disdained to represent4 ,millet's work must be considered later in these papers1 but it is useful here to make this passing comment1 that with ,corot he represents what is best in our modern art2 that the greatest quality of our modern art is its steadfast reliance on nature2 and that1 paradoxical as it may seem1 they are alike in taking only that from nature which is serviceable to the clarity of their expression1 being in this both at odds with the common practice of modern painting1 which usually adopts a more servile attitude towards nature4 ,corot painted out of doors constantly2 but in the maturity of his art his work was only based upon the scene before him1 a practice dangerous to the student1 and fraught with difficulty to the master4 ,in the fever of production2 in the almost childish joy which the long neglected painter felt when dealers and collectors besieged his door2 and1 finally1 in the necessity which arose for large sums of money to carry on works of charity1 which were his only dissipation1 and which it was his pride to sustain without impairing the patrimony which in the course of time he had inherited1 and which he left intact to his relatives1 ,corot undoubtedly weakened his legacy to the future by over-production4 ,in addition1 his work became the prey of unscrupulous dealers 7as there is nothing easier to imitate superficially than a ,corot71 and the mediocre pictures signed by his name are not always of his workmanship4 ,such works apart1 his art has given us a message from the purest source of poetry and painting1 couched in a language which is thoroughly of our time2 and in this year1 which is the centenary of his birth1 it can be said that no other painter of the century1 save the graver ,millet1 has held fast that which was good in the art of the past1 and so enriched it by added truth and beauty as ,corot4 ,it was fitting that when he lay dying as cheerfully as he had lived1 contented that he had had good parents and good friends1 beautiful landscapes flitted before his eyes1 more beautiful than painting4 ,on the morning of ,february #bb1 #ahge1 his servant urged him to eat to sustain his strength2 but he gently shook his head1 saying3 ,papa ,corot will breakfast in heaven to-day4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,edge ,,of ,,the ,,forest 7,,fontainebleau74 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,th,,odore ,,rousseau4 ,eighteen years before1 on ,december #bb1 #ahfg1 there had died at ,barbizon1 ,thodore ,rousseau1 who1 born in ,paris1 ,july #ae1 #ahab1 had been the leader of the revolution in landscape painting1 in which we to-day count ,corot1 ,daubigny1 ,dupr1 ,troyon1 ,diaz1 ,jacque1 and others who1 with our mania for classification1 we call the ,barbizon school4 ,the fact that these men1 more than any painters before their time1 had1 by direct study from nature1 developed strongly individual characteristics1 makes this title1 localized as it is by the name of a village with which a number of them had slight1 if any1 connection1 a misnomer4 ,the ,french name for the group1 the men of #ahcj1 is more correct2 for it was about that time that their influence in the ,salon began to be felt1 as a result of the pictorial invasion of ,constable4 ,lacking the poetic feeling of ,corot1 and more realistic in his aims1 though not always in result1 ,rousseau met with instant success when he exhibited for the first time at the ,salon in #ahcd4 ,his picture1 ,felled ,trees1 ,forest of ,compigne1 received a medal1 and was purchased by the ,due d',orleans4 ,the following year the jury1 presided over by ,watelet1 a justly forgotten painter1 refused ,rousseau's pictures1 and from that time until #ahdi1 when the overthrow of ,louis ,philippe had opened the ,salon doors to all comers1 no picture by ,rousseau was exhibited at the ,salon4 ,illustration3 ,,on ,,the ,,river ,,oise4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,charles ,,fran,,ois ,,daubigny4 ,a typical ,french river1 with the familiar figures of peasant women washing linen in the stream4 ,probably painted during one of the voyages of his house-boat studio ,le ,bottin1 in which the painter passed many summers4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,stormy ,,sea4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,jules ,,dupr4 ,this powerful picture gives an idea of the dramatic force of one who has been fitly termed a symphonic painter4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,sunlit ,,glade4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,l,,on ,,germain ,,pelouse4 ,a remarkable rendering of intricate detail without sacrifice of general effect1 this picture1 nevertheless1 gives somewhat the impression of a photograph from nature4 ,in the meantime1 however1 ,rousseau's fame had grown1 fostered by the more advanced critics of the time4 ,he lived at ,barbizon1 on the border of the forest of ,fontainebleau2 and1 basing his work on the most uncompromising study of nature1 his pictures bore an impress of simple truth1 which to our latter-day vision seems so obvious and easily understood that nothing could show more clearly the depth of error into which his opponents had fallen than the systematic rejection of his work for so many years4 ,he was by nature a leader1 and in his country home he was soon joined by ,millet and ,charles ,jacque1 while in ,paris he had the hearty support of ,delacroix and his followers of the ,romantic school4 ,while forced by circumstances to find allies in these men1 ,rousseau had1 however1 but little of the imaginative temperament4 ,he was1 above all1 the close student of natural phenomena4 ,he sat1 an impartial recorder of the phases of nature's triumphal procession4 ,early and late1 in the fields1 among the rocks1 or under the trees of the forest1 his cunning hand noted an innumerable variety of facts which before him1 through ignorance or disdain1 the landscape painter had never seen4 ,it is but fair to say that1 like all pioneers in the untrodden fields of art1 his means of expression at times failed to keep pace with his intention4 ,his work is occasionally overburdened with detail1 through the embarrassment of riches which nature poured at his feet4 ,then1 heir to the processes of painting of former generations1 it seemed to him necessary to endow nature with a warmth of coloring1 an abuse of the richer tones of the palette1 which we may presume he would have discarded but for the fact already noted1 that a painter carries through his earthly pilgrimage a baggage of early-formed habits difficult to throw off en route4 ,the belief that color to be beautiful must of necessity be warm1 rich1 and deep in tone was shared by all painters of ,rousseau's time1 and lingers still in the minds of many1 despite the fact that nature has created the tea-rose as well as the orange4 ,when1 however1 ,rousseau was completely successful--as1 for instance1 in the ,hoar-frost1 in the ,walters gallery in ,baltimore--the reward of his painstaking methods was measurably great4 ,in such works as this the rendition of effect1 the certainty of modelling1 the sustained power throughout the work1 lift it beyond mere transcription of fact into the realm of typical creations which appear more true than average reality4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,shepherd ,,and ,,his ,,flock4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,charles ,,mile ,,jacque4 ,a typical example of the master1 solidly painted1 though1 as was often his habit1 somewhat forced in effect4 ,of the life of ,rousseau as the head of the little colony of painters who for longer or shorter periods resided at ,barbizon1 much could be said if space permitted4 ,it is pleasant to think that the more prosperous ,rousseau helped with purse and influence his comrades1 and that1 by nature sad and irritable1 he was always considerate of them in the many discussions which took place4 ,corot1 ill at ease in the revolutionary atmosphere1 made an occasional appearance4 ,diaz1 he of meridional extraction1 turbulent and emphatic1 stamped his wooden leg1 and was as illogical in debate as in painting4 ,charles ,jacque1 with the keen smile and the facility for absorbing ideas from the best of them2 ,ziem even1 who painted ,venice for some years in the shades of ,fontainebleau2 ,dupr1 whose nature expresses itself in deep sunsets gleaming through the oaks of the forest2 ,daubigny1 the youngest of the group1 and the more immediate forerunner of landscape as it is to-day1 then winning his first success2 ,decamps1 who later sometimes left the ,imperial ,court1 domiciled for the moment at the palace of ,fontainebleau1 and brought his personality of a great painter who failed through lack of elementary instruction1 among them2 ,daumier1 the great caricaturist1 and possibly greater painter1 but for the engrossing character of the work which first fell in his way--all these and more made up the constantly shifting group4 ,the first innkeeper of the place and his wife1 whose hyphenated name1 ,luniot-,ganne1 commemorated their union1 kept for many years on the walls1 the panels of the doors1 and on odd cabinets and bits of furniture1 souvenirs of the passage of all these men1 in the shape of sketches made by their hands4 ,this little museum1 created in sportive mood1 bore all these names and many more1 those of men1 often celebrated1 who from sympathy or curiosity visited the place4 ,millet was in life1 as in art1 somewhat apart in the later years2 but he was the consistent friend of ,rousseau1 whose life closed in the darkness of a disordered mind4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,man ,,with ,,the ,,leathern ,,belt4 ,,portrait ,,of ,,gustave ,,courbet ,,as ,a ,,young ,,man1 ,,by ,,himself4 ,from the original1 in the ,louvre4 ,narcisco ,virgilio ,diaz de la ,pea was the noble name of him who1 born at ,bordeaux in #ahjg1 the son of a ,spanish refugee1 died at ,mentone1 ,november #ah1 #ahgf4 ,left an orphan when very young1 he drifted to ,paris1 and found work1 painting on china1 in the manufactory at ,svres4 ,here he met ,dupr1 employed like himself2 and in their work in other fields it is not fanciful to feel the influence of the delight in rich translucent color1 of the tones employed with over-emphasis on the surface of faence4 ,after a bitter acquaintance with poverty1 ,diaz produced work which brought him great popularity4 ,the earlier pictures were studies in the forest of ,fontainebleau1 whose venerable tree-trunks1 moss-grown2 whose lichen-covered rocks1 and gleaming pools reflecting the sky1 he rendered with force of color and strength of effect4 ,gradually he began to attempt the figure1 which in his hands never attained a higher plane than an assemblage of charming though artificial color2 and these little bouquets1 which superficially imitated ,correggio1 ,da ,vinci1 or ,prud'hon1 as the fancy seized the painter1 bathed in a color that is undeniably agreeable1 were and are to this day loved by the collector4 ,of a whimsical temperament1 ,diaz was the life of artist gatherings2 and his facility in work1 and its popularity1 gave him the means of doing many generous acts1 the memory of which lives4 ,but of the group of men of his time1 he has exercised1 perhaps1 the least influence4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,stone-,,breakers4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,gustave ,,courbet4 ,one of ,courbet's early pictures1 which1 when exhibited at the ,salon1 excited considerable discussion1 certain adverse critics finding in it an appeal to the socialistic elements4 ,it represents a scene common in ,france1 where stones are piled by the roadsides1 to be broken up for repairing the route4 ,jules ,dupr rises to a higher plane4 ,but his work1 freed from the colder academical bondage1 is pitched in a key of color which takes us to a world where the sun shines through smoke2 where the clouds float heavily1 filled with inky vapors2 and the light shoots from behind the trees explosively4 ,it is a grave1 rhythmic world1 however2 and if it lacks the dewy atmosphere of ,corot1 it has an intensity which the more sanely balanced painter seldom reached4 ,dupr1 born at ,nantes in #ahab1 and dying near ,paris1 at the village of ,l',isle-,adam1 in #ahhi1 made his first important exhibit at the ,salon in #ahce1 after a visit to ,england1 where he met ,constable4 ,this picture1 ,environs of ,southampton1 was typical of the work he was to do4 ,a long waste of land near the sea1 the middle distance in deepest shadow1 and richly colored storm-clouds racing overhead2 the foreground in sunlight1 enhanced by the artificial contrast of the rest of the picture2 a wooden dyke on which1 together with two white horses near by1 the gleam of sunlight falls almost with a sound1 so intensified is all the effect1 make up the picture4 ,dupr's work is generally keyed up to the highest possible pitch1 and it is no little merit that1 with the constant insistence on this note1 it is seldom or never theatrical4 ,constant ,troyon1 from sympathy of aim1 is commonly included in this group1 although it was gradually1 and after success achieved in landscape1 that his more powerful cattle pictures were produced1 which alone entitle him to the place4 ,born at ,svres in #ahaj1 where his father was employed at the manufactory of porcelain1 he was thrown in contact with ,dupr and ,diaz4 ,he first exhibited at the ,salon in #ahcb1 and for nearly twenty years was known as a landscape painter4 ,his work at that time was eclectic1 sufficiently in touch with ,rousseau1 whose acquaintance he had made1 to be of interest1 but never revolutionary enough to alarm the academical juries of the ,salon4 ,in #ahdi1 after a visit to ,holland1 he turned his attention to animal painting1 and became in that field the first of his time4 ,in common with his quondam comrades in the porcelain manufactory1 ,troyon delighted in warmth and richness of tone and color2 but in the rendering of the texture and color of cattle the quality availed him greatly1 and as objects in his foreground the landscape environment gained in depth by its judicious use4 ,troyon will be chiefly remembered by the pictures painted from #ahdf to #aheh4 ,the later years of his life1 until his death in #ahfe1 were passed with a clouded intellect4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,good ,,samaritan4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,th,,odule ,,ribot4 ,from the ,salon of #ahgj2 now in the ,luxembourg4 ,the story of the man who went down to ,jericho and fell among thieves is here treated as a pretext for a forcible effect of light and shade1 though it is also a novel and dramatic presentation of the scene4 ,the youngest of the group proper was ,charles ,franois ,daubigny1 who was born in ,paris in #ahag1 and died there in #ahgh4 ,he was the son of a well-known miniature painter1 and passed his youth in the country1 where he imbibed the love for simple nature which he afterwards rendered with less of fervor than ,rousseau1 with less poetry than either ,corot or ,dupr2 but1 in his way1 with as much or more of truth4 ,his task was easier4 ,in the progress which landscape painting had made1 there were hosts of younger painters1 each adding a particle of truth1 each making an advance in technical skill and daring1 and ,daubigny profited by it all4 ,corot1 it is true1 had never been afflicted with the preoccupation of combining the freshness of nature with the patine with which ages had embrowned the old gallery pictures2 but ,daubigny1 looking at nature with a more literal eye than ,corot1 ran a gamut of color greater than he4 ,it was ,daubigny who said of ,corot1 in envious admiration3 ,he puts nothing on the canvas1 and everything is there4 ,his own more prosaic nature took delight in enregistering a greater number of facts4 ,floating quietly down the rivers of ,france in a house-boat1 he diligently reproduced the sedgy banks1 the low-lying distances the poplars and clumps of trees lining the shore1 and reflected in the waters4 ,he painted the ,springtime1 now in the ,louvre1 with lush grass growing thick around the apple trees in blossom2 with tender greens1 soft1 fleecy clouds1 and the moist1 humid atmosphere of ,france2 without preoccupation of rich color1 of brown sauce1 of low tone1 of the thousand and one conventions which have enfeebled the work of men stronger than he4 ,thus he fills a middle place between the men who made an honest effort at painting nature as they saw and felt it1 but could not altogether rid themselves of their early education1 and the lawless band who1 with the purple banner of impressionism1 now riot joyously in the fields1 with brave show of gleaming color1 and fearless attempt to enlist science in their ranks4 ,illustration3 ,,servant ,,at ,,the ,,fountain4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,fran,,ois ,,saint ,,bonvin4 ,from the ,salon of #ahfc2 now in the ,luxembourg galleries4 ,a quiet scene1 essentially ,french from the type of the woman to the fountain of red copper so often seen in ,french kitchens1 it recalls the work of the old ,holland masters1 and proves that1 in our day1 and with material near at hand1 one can be thoroughly modern1 and yet claim kinship with the great painters of the past4 ,it is to these latter that the future must look1 and it can do so with confidence4 ,in all the license which runs ahead of progress there is less danger than resides in stagnation4 ,the men of #ahcj1 who by ungrateful youths are now derided1 had their turn at derision1 and extravagances were committed in their name1 according to the beliefs of their time4 ,they carried their work1 however1 to its full completion1 and it remains the greatest achievement of this century in painting1 the greatest in landscape art of all time4 ,what the next century may bring is undoubtedly foreshadowed in the work of impressionistic tendency4 ,it has the merit of being a new direction1 one as yet hardly opened before us1 but more hopeful1 despite certain excesses1 than it would be to see the men of our time settle down to an imitation of the works1 however great1 of those men of #ahcj4 ,the immediate effect of their example was and can still be seen in the works of men too numerous to be enregistered here4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,unhappy ,,family4 ,,from ,a ,,painting ,,by ,,nicolas ,,fran,,ois ,,octave ,,tassaert4 ,in the ,luxembourg catalogue1 to which museum the picture came from the ,salon of #ahej1 is printed a long quotation from ,lamennais's ,les ,paroles d'un ,croyant 7,the ,words of a ,believer71 an emphatic work1 of great popularity about the time that the picture was painted4 ,the women represented1 having fallen into poverty1 are suffering from cold and hunger1 the obvious end of the tragedy being explained by these words1 ,shortly after there were seen two forms1 luminous like souls1 which took their flight towards ,heaven4 ,the picture1 like much of ,tassaert's work1 affords an instance of misguided and morbid talent4 ,in ,henri ,harpignies1 a living painter1 though now aged1 the influence is felt in the careful attention to form throughout the landscape4 ,the delicate branching of trees is depicted in his work with accuracy tempered by a sense of the beauty of line1 which prevents it from becoming photographic4 ,lon ,germain ,pelouse1 who was born at ,pierrelay in #ahch1 and died in ,paris1 #ahia1 carried somewhat the same qualities to excess4 ,his pictures1 though undeniably excellent1 are marred by the dangerous facility which degenerates into mere virtuosity4 ,charles ,jacque1 who was born in #ahac1 and lived until #ahid1 was of the original group living for many years in ,barbizon4 ,he was1 perhaps1 of less original mind than any of the others1 but was gifted with a power of assimilation which enabled him to form an eclectic style that is now recognized as his own4 ,his pictures are many in number and varied in character1 though his somewhat stereotyped pictures of sheep1 done in the later years of his life1 are best known4 ,the limits of space render it difficult to make even a summary enumeration of certain tendencies in figure painting which marked the years of the growth of this great landscape school4 ,gustave ,courbet 7born at ,ornans in #ahai1 died in ,switzerland1 #ahgg71 who might be classed both as a figure and a landscape painter1 would demand by right a longer consideration than can be here given4 ,of his career as a champion of realism1 as a past master in the peculiarly modern art of keeping one's self before the public1 culminating in his connection with the ,commune in ,paris in #ahga1 and the destruction of the column in the ,place ,vendme1 there could be much to say4 ,courbet was1 as a painter1 a powerful individuality2 of more force1 however1 as a painter of the superficial envelope than of the deeper qualities which nature makes pictorial at the bidding of one of finer fibre4 ,his claim to be considered modern can be contested1 inasmuch as it was only in subject that his work was novel4 ,in manner of painting he was of a time long past1 of a school of greater masters than he showed himself to be4 ,with this reserve1 however1 as a vigorous painter1 both of the figure and landscape1 he is interesting2 and as one of the first to look about him and find his subjects in our daily life1 his work will live4 ,curiously enough1 the revival of the art of another epoch in the case of ,saint ,bonvin remained absolutely modern4 ,by nature or by choice this painter 7born at ,vaugirard1 near ,paris1 in #ahag1 and dying at ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye in #ahhg7 is a modern ,pieter de ,hooghe2 and as the ,dutch masters addressed themselves to a painstaking and sincere representation of the life about them1 in like manner ,bonvin1 bringing to his work much the same qualities1 choosing as his subjects quiet interiors1 with the life of the family pursuing its even tenor 7or the still more placid progress of conventual life1 like the ,ave ,maria in the ,convent of ,aramont1 in the ,luxembourg71 remains himself while resembling his prototypes4 ,it is instructive to look at his ,servant at the ,fountain1 reproduced here1 compare it with many of the pictures of familiar life like those of ,wilkie1 ,webster1 or ,mulready1 published last month1 and note the unconsciousness of the work before us4 ,the work of a painter equally able1 though suffering somewhat as representing an art with which we moderns have little sympathy1 falls into comparison here1 and undoubtedly loses by it4 ,the unfortunate painter1 ,octave ,tassaert1 who was born in ,paris in #ahjj1 and lived there1 undergoing constant privation1 until he voluntarily ended his life in #ahgd1 possibly found consolation for his hard lot in depicting scenes like that entitled ,an ,unhappy ,family4 ,the lesson of the art of the men considered here is that of direct inspiration of nature1 of reliance on native qualities rather than those acquired2 and the impulse given by them has continued in force until to day4 ,we have before us1 as a consequence1 two strongly defined tendencies which will control the future of painting4 ,the first and strongest1 for the moment1 is the impressionistic tendency1 with its negation of any pictorial qualities other than those based on direct study from objects actually existing4 ,this would1 if carried to a logical conclusion1 eliminate the imaginative quality1 and render the painter a human photographic camera4 ,the other tendency is that which has existed since art was born1 and which1 though temporarily and justly ignored in periods when it is necessary to recreate a technical standard1 always comes to the surface when men have learned their trade as painters4 ,it is the desire to create2 the instinct which impels one to use the language given him to express thought4 ,the two tendencies are not incompatible2 and in the end the artist will arise who1 with certainty of expression1 will express thought4 ,,soldier ,,an' ,,sailor ,,too4 ,,by ,,rudyard ,,kipling1 ,,author ,,of ,,barrack-,,room ,,ballads1 ,,the ,,jungle ,,book1 ,,etc4 ,as ,i was spittin' into the ,ditch aboard o' the ,crocodile1 ,i seed a man on a man-o'-war got up in the ,reg'lars' style4 ',e was scrapin' the paint from off of 'er plates1 an' ,i sez to 'im3 ,oo are you8 ,sez 'e3 ,i'm a ,jolly--'er ,majesty's ,jolly--soldier an' sailor too6 ,now 'is work begins by ,gawd knows when1 and 'is work is never through-- ',e isn't one o' the ,regular line1 nor 'e isn't one of the crew-- ',e's a kind of a giddy herumfrodite--soldier an' sailor too6 ,an' after ,i met 'im all over the world1 a-doin' all kinds o' things1 ,like landin' 'isself with a ,gatling-gun to talk to them 'eathen kings2 ',e sleeps in an 'ammick instead of a cot1 an' 'e drills with the deck on a slue1 ,an' 'e sweats like a ,jolly--'er ,majesty's ,jolly--soldier an' sailor too6 ,for there isn't a job on the top o' the earth the beggar don't know--nor do6 ,you can leave 'im at night on a bald man's 'ead to paddle 'is own canoe2 ',e's a sort of a bloomin' cosmopolot--soldier an' sailor too4 ,we've fought 'em on trooper1 we've fought em in dock1 an' drunk with 'em in betweens1 ,when they called us the sea-sick scull'ry maids1 an' we called 'em the ,ass ,marines2 ,but when we was down for a double fatigue1 from ,woolwich to ,bernardmyo1 ,we sent for the ,jollies--'er ,majesty's ,jollies--soldier an' sailor too6 ,they think for 'emselves1 an they steal for 'emselves1 an' they never ask what's to do1 ,but they're camped an fed an' they're up an' fed before our bugle's blew4 ,ho6 they ain't no limpin procrastitutes--soldier an' sailor too6 ,you may say we are fond of an 'arness cut or 'ootin' in barrick-yards1 ,or startin' a ,board ,school mutiny along o' the ,onion ,guards2 ,but once in a while we can finish in style for the ends of the earth to view1 ,the same as the ,jollies--'er ,majesty's ,jollies--soldier an' sailor too4 ,they come of our lot1 they was brothers to us1 they was beggars we'd met and knew2 ,yes1 barrin' an inch in the chest an' the arms1 they was doubles o' me and you1 ,for they weren't no special chrysanthemums--soldier an' sailor too4 ,to take your chance in the thick of a rush with firing all about ,is nothing so bad when you've cover to 'and1 and leave an' likin' to shout2 ,but to stand an' be still to the ,birken'ead drill is a damn tough bullet to chew1 ,and they done it1 the ,jollies--'er ,majesty's ,jollies--soldier an' sailor too4 ,their work was done when it 'adn't begun1 they was younger nor me an you2 ,their choice it was plain between drownin in 'eaps an bein mashed by the screw1 ,an' they stood an' was still to the ,birken'ead drill1 soldier an sailor too6 ,we're most of us liars1 we're 'arf of us thieves1 an' the rest are as rank as can be1 ,but once in a while we can finish in style 7which ,i 'ope it won't 'appen to me72 ,but it makes you think better o' you an' your friends an' the work you may 'ave to do ,when you think o' the sinkin' ,victorier's ,jollies--soldier an' sailor too4 ,now there isn't no room for to say you don't know--they 'ave settled it plain and true-- ,that whether it's ,widow or whether it's ship1 ,victorier's work is to do1 ,as they done it1 the ,jollies--'er ,majesty's ,jollies--soldier an sailor too6 ,illustration ,,rachel4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,e4,v4 ,,wilson1 ,,author ,,of ,,barbary1 ,a ,,blizzard1 ,,and ,,other ,,stories4 ,it was the middle of a short ,december afternoon4 ,from the scholars in the little log school-house in the ,stillman district rose a buzzing sound as they bent over their desks1 intent on books or mischief1 as the case might be4 ,the teacher1 a good-looking young man of twenty or thereabouts1 was busy with a class in arithmetic when a shrill voice called out3 ,teacher1 ,rachel ,stillman's readin' a story-book4 ,bring the book to me1 said the teacher quietly2 and the delinquent1 a girl of about fourteen1 slowly rose and1 walking to him1 placed a much-worn volume in his hands4 ,why1 he said1 glancing at the open page1 it is ',the ,pilgrim's ,progress4' ,no wonder you are interested4 ,but you must not read it during school hours4 ,the child lifted to his face a pair of large blue eyes1 beautiful with timid wistfulness1 as she replied3 ,i know ,i oughtn't1 sir1 but ,i wanted to see how they got out of ,doubting ,castle so bad4 ,he smiled4 ,i will give you the book after school2 then you can read it at home4 ,oh1 no1 she whispered2 father won't let me read story-books4 ,he surely would not object to this1 answered the young teacher2 but ,i will keep it until recess to-morrow1 and1 never fear1 ,christian and ,hopeful will outwit the giant yet4 ,the wistful eyes brightened1 and1 with a grateful smile1 ,rachel returned to her desk4 ,first class in spelling1 take your places1 called the teacher4 ,rachel belonged to this class1 as did all the larger scholars1 among whom was her brother1 ,thomas1 two years her elder4 ,the teacher had promised a prize at the end of the term to the member of the class obtaining the greatest number of head marks1 and consequently a good deal of interest was taken in the lessons4 ,rachel had been at the head of the class the evening before2 therefore she now took her station at its foot4 ,tom1 her brother1 now was head1 and for some time no change in position was made4 ,but finally somebody blundered1 and ,rachel1 who was one of the good spellers1 went up in the long line4 ,presently another word was missed1 and now ,rachel walked to the head4 ,tom pushed her spitefully4 ,another mark1 ,rachel1 said the teacher1 for that is the end of the lesson4 ,the class resumed their seats1 and1 a few minutes after1 school was dismissed for the day4 ,good-evening1 said the teacher1 as ,rachel and a younger sister1 a pretty1 delicate child1 passed him at the door4 ,now1 no worrying about ,christian1 ,rachel4 ,i won't1 she laughed4 ,i guess he'll get out4 ,didn't he stand up to old ,apollyon8 ,like a good fellow1 was the reply4 ,hope ,i'll come off as well4 ,she looked at him inquiringly1 but he had turned toward his desk1 and the sisters set out on their half-mile walk home4 ,let us precede them and see what manner of home it is to which these children belong4 ,the farm is a large one1 the buildings substantial1 and everything has a prosperous1 well-to-do look4 ,mr4 ,stillman1 the owner of these broad acres and the father of these three1 ,tom1 ,rachel1 and ,susy1 as well as of three more girls and another stalwart son1 is a stout1 comfortable-looking man of forty-five or fifty4 ,a glance at his close1 thin lips and keen gray eyes would convince an observant person that he would make it very uncomfortable for any one in his power who might differ from him in opinion or dispute his authority4 ,just now he is chatting pleasantly with his hired man1 and pays no attention to the children1 who pass him on the way to the house4 ,indoors ,mrs4 ,stillman1 a slender1 fair-haired woman1 who looks as if she felt she owed the world an apology for living in it1 is preparing supper1 assisted by her two daughters1 ,elizabeth1 a sad-faced woman of twenty-four1 and ,margaret1 a girl of eighteen1 with her father's determined mouth and chin and her mother's large blue eyes and fair hair4 ,the clock struck five as the school-girls entered the kitchen1 a large room which in winter did duty as dining-room as well as cooking-room4 ,run in the sitting-room1 girls1 and get warm1 said the mother4 ,supper is almost ready4 ,oh1 we're not cold2 are we1 ,susy8 ,i got another head mark1 mother1 said ,rachel4 ,the mother smiled4 ,i hope you or ,tom will get the prize4 ,where is he8 ,she was interrupted by a stamping of feet as the door was thrown open and ,mr4 ,stillman1 followed by the hired man and ,tom1 entered the room4 ,supper is ready1 said ,mrs4 ,stillman4 ,we were just going to call you4 ,well1 ,i guess it will keep till we're ready1 answered her husband1 roughly4 ,rachel1 get some water2 the bucket's empty1 of course4 ,margaret1 where's the wash-basin8 ,nothing in its place1 as usual4 ,pity there wasn't two or three more girls lazyin' around6 ,nobody replied to this tirade4 ,the hired man picked up the basin1 ,margaret handed a towel1 ,rachel brought the water1 and soon the family were gathered around the well-spread table4 ,i tell you1 said ,mr4 ,stillman1 after a few mouthfuls of the savory food had apparently put him in a better humor1 ,i think we'll have fine weather for hog-killin' next week1 and ,i never did have a finer lot of hogs4 ,oh1 father1 said ,margaret1 don't butcher next week4 ,friday is ,christmas day and-- ,christmas6 interrupted her father4 ,well1 we always butcher ,christmas week1 don't we8 ,yes1 ,i know1 she said1 her lips trembling in spite of her effort to control herself4 ,but we never have enjoyed the holidays1 and ,i thought maybe this year you-- ,we will do this year as we always have1 broke in the father1 angrily4 ,i suppose1 with a look at his wife from which she shrank as from a blow1 this is one of your plans to have your girls gadding over the country4 ,mother never said anything about it1 said ,margaret1 her temper getting the better of her2 but nobody else takes ,christmas times to do their hardest and dirtiest work4 ,will you hush8 thundered the father4 ,what do ,i care what anybody else does8 ,i am master here4 ,no one spoke again4 ,the assertion could not be denied4 ,he was master1 and well his wife and daughters knew it4 ,poor ,mrs4 ,stillman6 ,two fortunate baby girls had died a few weeks after their birth1 and the tears that fell over the little coffins were not half so bitter as those she shed when first she held their innocent faces to her heart4 ,when on this evening the father had shown his authority1 the two elder daughters rose from the table1 and taking a couple of large buckets1 went quietly out to the barnyard1 and proceeded to milk the half dozen cows awaiting them4 ,it was nearly dark and very cold2 but no word was spoken except to the animals1 as the girls hurried through the work and hastened back to the kitchen1 where ,rachel and the mother were clearing away the supper-table and making the needful preparations for the early breakfast4 ,when all was finished the mother and daughters entered the large room adjoining the kitchen1 which served as sitting-room for the family and bed-room for the parents1 ,mr4 ,stillman not permitting a fire kept in any other room in the house4 ,mrs4 ,stillman sat down with her knitting-work as close in the corner as possible2 ,elizabeth brought in a large basket of rags1 and she and ,margaret were soon busy sewing strips and winding balls for a carpet4 ,the younger children were absorbed in their lessons at the table1 where the father sat reading his newspaper4 ,all were silent1 for to have spoken while father was reading would have been an unforgivable offence4 ,at last1 however1 ,mr4 ,stillman lifted his eyes from the paper1 and addressing ,tom1 said3 ,well1 how did you get along at school to-day8 ,oh1 first rate1 said the boy2 but that lost head mark rankled in his mind1 and he added1 ,rachel was called up by the teacher4 ,how was that1 ,rachel8 said her father sharply4 ,poor girl6--deep in the mysteries of long division1 she did not hear him4 ,rachel1 he repeated1 what were you called up in school for to-day8 ,she glanced reproachfully at ,tom4 ,i read a little in ',the ,pilgrim's ,progress1' father4 ,it's not a story-book-- ,never mind what it is4 ,i send you to school to study1 and you're not to touch any but your school-books4 ,may ,i bring it home8 she faltered4 ,bring it home1 indeed6 ,no1 miss4 ,i guess you can find enough to do at home4 ,not another word more1 or you will stay at home for good4 ,the child bent over her slate2 but tears would come1 and at last a sob burst forth4 ,clear out to bed1 ,rachel1 said her father angrily4 ,i want no snivelling here4 ,upstairs1 in the cold1 dark room1 what bitter thoughts surged through the childish brain6 ,mr4 ,stillman loved his wife and children4 ,he wanted them to be happy1 but in his way4 ,he must choose their pleasures4 ,if they could not be satisfied with what he chose for them1 it was not his fault2 it was their perversity4 ,and as no two souls are alike1 the attempt to fit a number of them by the same pattern necessarily caused suffering to the souls undergoing the operation4 ,mrs4 ,stillman's sensitive organization was completely crushed2 her eldest daughter's nearly so4 ,martha1 the second daughter1 had escaped by marrying a clever young man1 who first pitied1 then loved the daughter of his employer1 and persuaded her to elope with him1 assuring her of a happier home than she had with her father4 ,the marriage angered ,mr4 ,stillman greatly1 and all intercourse with the disobedient daughter was forbidden4 ,margaret1 the third daughter1 also rebelled at the fitting process2 and having a goodly portion of her father's determination1 many were the sharp words that passed between them4 ,so far ,rachel and ,susan had given no trouble4 ,he ordered them about as he did his dumb animals1 and with no more regard to their feelings4 ,with his sons it was different4 ,they would be men some day4 ,they must be treated with some consideration4 ,at an early age1 ,john1 two years older than ,elizabeth1 was given a share in the stock and land to cultivate2 so that when1 at the age of twenty-four1 he married1 he had a right good start in the world4 ,but his sister toiled early and late1 washing1 ironing1 milking1 churning1 baking1 nursing the younger children1 sharing her mother's labors1 and paid as her mother was--with her board and a scanty1 grudgingly given wardrobe4 ,she was now twenty-four1 and had never had a five-dollar bill to spend as she pleased in her life--for that matter1 neither had the mother4 ,there are many ,mr4 ,stillmans1 ,are they honest men8 ,if father and son have the right to be paid for their labor1 have not the mother and daughter8 ,i leave the question with you4 ,rachel carried a heavy heart to school next morning4 ,the tinker's wonderful allegory to her was very real1 and to leave her hero in that awful dungeon was almost more than she could bear4 ,when at recess the teacher offered her the book1 she did not take it4 ,father said1 she began--then sobs choked her utterance4 ,he understood1 and after a moment's silence said3 ,i am interested in ,christian as well as you1 ,rachel1 and if you will sit here ,i will read to you4 ,in all her after life ,rachel never forgot these readings at intermission1 which were continued not only until ,christian reached the ,celestial city1 but until ,christiana and the children completed their wonderful journey to the same place4 ,her gratitude to her young teacher would certainly have become love had she been a few years older4 ,as it was1 when in ,march the term closed1 not even the prize as the best speller--a beautiful copy of ,pilgrim's ,progress--consoled her for the cessation of school4 ,as for the teacher1 he was glad the winter's work--which had been undertaken and conscientiously carried through solely for the purpose of obtaining means to pursue the study of his profession--was over4 ,he liked some of his scholars very much1 ,rachel especially2 she was so interested in her studies1 so intelligent and grateful1 that when1 with eyes swimming in tears1 she bade him good-by1 he felt a moment's sorrow at leaving her1 and comforted her by telling her what a good girl she had been and that he would not forget her4 ,you ought to have seen ,rache an' ,suse cry when old ,gray bid us good-by1 said ,tom that evening at home4 ,did you cry8 asked ,margaret4 ,guess not6 ,glad school's out2 an' ,i'm never goin' any more4 ,i wouldn't if ,i were you1 bub1 said ,margaret2 you know enough now4 ,she always called him bub when she wanted to vex him1 ,but old ,gray1 as you call him1 will be somebody yet1 see if he don't4 ,the entrance of ,mr4 ,stillman closed the conversation1 and ,tom went out1 banging the door after him4 ,no wonder ,margaret was getting ill-natured4 ,the winter was a long1 dull season at ,stillman's4 ,even her enjoyment at the few social gatherings she was permitted to attend in the neighborhood was marred by the knowledge that she could not entertain her young friends in return4 ,she had attempted once to fix up the spare room and have a fire for some company1 but her father had peremptorily forbidden it4 ,i'd like to know1 he said1 why the settin'-room ain't good enough6 ,if your company is too nice to be with the rest of the family they can stay away1 miss4 ,and they generally did stay away after one visit4 ,mr4 ,stillman was not a success as a host1 young people thought2 and a young minister who came home from meeting one ,sunday with ,elizabeth was so completely abashed by the cool reception he met that not even the daughter's pleading eyes could persuade him to remain in her father's presence4 ,a few weeks after1 he went to a distant appointment2 and ,elizabeth's sad face grew sadder than ever4 ,jim ,lansing1 the son of a widow who managed a farm and two grown sons with equal skill1 was more successful4 ,he usually brought his mother with him2 and1 while she entertained ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,stillman1 ,jim1 the girls1 and the carpet rags escaped to the kitchen4 ,but spring was near1 and ,margaret thought3 ,he can't keep us out of the spare room in summer2 and1 besides1 we can be out-of-doors4 ,june came1 with her blue skies1 her singing birds1 her wealth of beauty4 ,but there was no time at ,stillman's to enjoy it4 ,a larger crop than usual had been put in1 and extra hands employed1 but not in the house4 ,why1 there were five women1 counting frail little ten-year-old ,susy as one1 and poor1 delicate ,mrs4 ,stillman as another6 ,what extra help could they need1 although washing and cooking must be done for all the men8 ,you see1 hands could be got much cheaper if they were boarded--and what else had the women to do8 ,it was true1 mother was not as strong as she used to be2 but she did not complain4 ,she was only more shadowy and quiet2 and ,mr4 ,stillman told his daughters to stir around themselves1 and not let their mother do all the work4 ,oh1 dear1 said ,margaret one morning1 as she and ,rachel were bending over the wash-tubs1 while ,susy labored at the heavy churning and the mother and ,elizabeth were preparing dinner4 ,i wish we could go to the picnic on the ,fourth2 everybody's going4 ,maybe we can1 said ,rachel1 hopefully4 ,i heard father say the wheat was late this year1 and he did not believe it would do to cut before the sixth4 ,and oh1 ,margaret1 ,i heard him say your calf would bring at least ten dollars2 and if he gives you the money1 you can get a new white dress and give me your old one4 ,it is lots too small for you4 ,margaret laughed4 ,yes1 she said2 father said if ,i could raise the calf ,i might have it4 ,didn't ,i have a time with it1 though1 it was so near dead6 ,of course ,i will fix my old dress up for you--that is1 if ,i get the money4 ,sometimes ,i think father's queer2 he did not give ,elizabeth the money when he sold that colt he had given her4 ,and both girls were silent4 ,out in the barnyard1 as the girls worked1 ,mr4 ,stillman and ,tom were putting the pretty calf in the wagon preparatory to taking it to the butcher in the town a few miles distant4 ,when the girls went in to dinner the men had finished theirs1 and were lounging in the shady yard enjoying their nooning4 ,as they were about to sit down at the table1 ,mr4 ,stillman handed ,margaret a package1 saying1 ,there's your share of that spotted calf1 ,margaret4 ,my share6 she exclaimed4 ,why1 you gave me the calf2 you had no right to it4 ,as she spoke she opened the package and unrolled a piece of cheap lawn--yellow ground dotted with blue4 ,she flung it angrily on the floor1 and ran out of the room4 ,mr4 ,stillman turned to ,rachel after a moment of dumb amazement1 and said3 ,you can have the dress1 ,rachel4 ,i'll teach ,margaret a lesson4 ,i don't want it1 she said4 ,you had no right to take ,margaret's money4 ,you did give her the calf1 and when you sold ,tom's pig you gave him his money4 ,nice girls you're raising1 mother1 said ,mr4 ,stillman to his frightened wife4 ,they'll be turning us out of doors next4 ,you pick up that lawn1 miss4 ,rachel did so4 ,as she folded it1 he went on3 ,that calf was mine4 ,i only meant to pay her for caring for it4 ,you should have told her so1 then1 said his daughter1 facing him with eyes keen as his own2 but you told her if she could raise it she might have it1 and1 of course1 she believed you4 ,he raised his hand as if to strike her2 then1 as she did not move or drop her eyes1 he turned and left the room4 ,july came1 but the ,stillman girls did not go to the picnic4 ,tom and the hands did2 and ,mrs4 ,lansing and her boys stopped at ,stillman's on their way and offered the girls seats in their wagon4 ,but ,mr4 ,stillman said his women had to get ready for the harvest hands who were coming next day1 and ,margaret said to ,rachel bitterly3 ,we have no decent clothes to go in anyhow4 ,and there was much washing1 ironing1 cooking1 and churning done as the days went on4 ,no wonder ,mrs4 ,stillman grew paler and weaker1 until even her husband noticed it1 and brought her a bottle of bitters1 and told the girls to keep mother out of the kitchen1 which they indeed tried to do4 ,but how could the mother rest when there was so much to do8 ,the girls could not manage as she could1 and ,elizabeth seemed so poorly2 for the patient elder daughter1 as the summer dragged along1 had a pitifully hopeless look on her pale face1 and went about listlessly1 as if life had lost all interest for her4 ,at last there came a morning when the mother did not rise for breakfast4 ,hadn't we better send for ,dr4 ,lewis1 father8 said ,elizabeth4 ,oh1 no2 your mother did not sleep much1 it was so hot last night4 ,she'll be up directly4 ,you keep her out of the kitchen1 and see you have dinner on time4 ,we want to finish to-day1 for ,i expect we'll have a storm1 from the feel of the air4 ,noon came4 ,dinner for a dozen hungry men was on the table1 and still ,mrs4 ,stillman was in bed4 ,while the men were eating1 ,rachel slipped in to her mother4 ,she was awake1 but her flushed face and wild1 bright eyes startled the girl4 ,oh1 mother6 she cried1 you are very sick2 you must have the doctor4 ,no1 dear1 the mother answered2 father is too busy now4 ,i'll be better after awhile4 ,you go help wait on the table4 ,rachel returned to the dining-room4 ,take that fly-brush1 ,rachel1 said her father4 ,susy's no account2 she's too lazy to keep it going4 ,poor1 tired little ,susy1 who had done a large churning that morning1 crimsoned to the roots of her hair as she handed ,rachel the brush and hurried out of the room4 ,when dinner was over ,mr4 ,stillman glared into the room where his wife lay4 ,she is asleep1 he said4 ,i guess she's all right4 ,she hasn't eaten a thing to-day1 said ,rachel4 ,hadn't she better have the doctor8 ,well1 said her father1 impatiently1 if she's no better in the morning1 ,i'll send for him2 and he went back to the field4 ,rachel went for ,mrs4 ,lansing1 for she and her sisters grew frightened as the mother's fever increased4 ,when that good woman came she saw at once the serious condition of her friend4 ,i saw ,dr4 ,lewis coming down the road in his buggy as ,i came1 she said4 ,one of you hurry out and stop him4 ,when1 about five o'clock1 the rain began to fall in torrents1 ,mr4 ,stillman had the satisfaction of seeing the last load of grain driven inside the barn door2 and1 taking off his hat1 he wiped the moisture from his face1 saying3 ,well1 boys1 we beat the rain2 and ,i don't care if it pours down now4 ,he walked toward the house1 and1 to his surprise1 saw the well-known figure of ,dr4 ,lewis on the front porch4 ,driven in by the rain1 he thought4 ,i'll get him to give mother a little medicine4 ,how are you1 doctor8 he said1 as he stepped upon the porch4 ,lucky getting my wheat in1 wasn't ,i8 ,very1 said the doctor1 gravely2 but ,i am sorry to say ,i find ,mrs4 ,stillman a very sick woman4 ,you should have sent for me long ago4 ,the husband was startled4 ,why1 he said1 she has been going about until to-day4 ,i guess it's this weather has made her so weak4 ,she can't be very sick4 ,the physician was silent for a moment2 then he said3 ,if there is not a change for the better soon1 ,i fear she will live but a few days4 ,i cannot understand how she has kept up2 and he turned and went into the sick-room4 ,for once the men at ,stillman's ate a cold supper and did the milking4 ,mrs4 ,lansing took things into her own capable hands4 ,john and his wife were sent for and came1 and ,jim ,lansing quietly hitched up a team and went for ,martha and her husband--poor ,martha1 who had not seen her mother for more than a year6 ,all night ,mr4 ,stillman watched by the bedside or walked up and down the long back porch4 ,it could not be she would die--his wife4 ,it was the hot weather2 she was just weak and tired4 ,that was it1 ,mr4 ,stillman--worn out1 tired2 and rest was coming4 ,when ,martha came1 the mother who had so longed for her did not recognize her4 ,mother1 only speak to me6 cried the daughter in anguish2 but the mother looked at her with dimming eyes that saw no more of earth1 and muttered as she turned upon her couch1 ,hurry1 girls1 it's nearly noon4 ,hurry6 ,father will be angry if he has to wait4 ,then she grew quiet2 only her restless hands1 which her daughters vainly strove to hold1 kept reaching out as if to grasp that unknown land she was so soon to enter2 and before the sun was high in the morning ,mrs4 ,stillman had found rest4 ,her husband was stunned4 ,with haggard face he bent over his dead4 ,if ,i had known1 he said4 ,oh1 my wife1 if ,i had known1 ,i would have taken better care of you4 ,ah1 ,mr4 ,stillman1 you are not the only one who with remorseful heart cries1 ,if ,i had only known1 if ,i had only known6 ,life went on as usual at ,stillman's after the mother had left them4 ,for a while the father was kinder1 but as time went on the old habit was resumed4 ,elizabeth went mechanically about her work1 and her father did not notice her evidently failing health4 ,her quietness was a relief to him2 for ,margaret was growing more defiant toward him1 and quarrelled constantly with ,tom1 who1 now that his mother's influence was withdrawn1 became more and more meddlesome and overbearing in his conduct toward his sisters4 ,the summer following ,mrs4 ,stillman's death ,mrs4 ,lansing's eldest son1 ,frank1 took unto himself a wife2 and late in the fall the neighborhood was electrified by the unexpected marriage of ,mrs4 ,lansing and ,mr4 ,stillman4 ,her boys1 on learning her intention1 had remonstrated2 but she said3 ,you boys do not need me1 and these girls do4 ,think of a young girl like ,rachel saying1 ',god had nothing to do with my mother's death4 ,it was hard work killed her6' ,and when ,i tried to tell her of ,his goodness to ,his creatures1 she said3 ',yes2 ,he is good enough to men4 ,all ,he cares for women is to create them for men's convenience1' ,and then there's little ,susy1 with a face like her mother's4 ,why1 it just haunts me6 ,well1 said ,jim1 things are in a bad fix over there2 but it isn't ,susy's face that haunts me1 by any means4 ,his mother laughed4 ,i shall take care of ,margaret1 she said2 she and ,elizabeth need some one to look after them4 ,they are being worked to death4 ,four years have slipped over the heads of the ,stillmans--years well improved by ,rachel and ,susy at the academy in the town near their father's farm2 years which gave ,margaret's happiness into ,jim ,lansing's keeping1 and made ,jim a young man of whom his sisters were extremely proud4 ,even ,elizabeth's sad face looks as if life might be worth living2 for1 under the second wife1 life at ,stillman's had taken on a different color4 ,the spare room is a pretty sitting-room for the young folks4 ,we don't want them always with us1 says ,mrs4 ,stillman1 as she shows her husband the change she has made2 for one of her peculiarities is that she manages her household affairs as she thinks best1 taking it for granted that her husband will approve4 ,as for ,rachel1 she enjoyed the change for the better2 but now1 to the bitter feeling which she cherished toward her father1 was added a touch of contempt ,see1 she thought1 how he can be flattered into doing things2 if my mother could have managed him so1 she might have lived4 ,rachel was mistaken2 the new wife did not manoeuvre or flatter1 she simply took her proper place as mistress of the house--not as a sort of upper servant1 to be snubbed or praised at the master's humor4 ,another summer had been added to ,rachel's years when1 one evening1 ,tom came home from town1 and entering the dining-room1 where she was preparing the table for supper1 exclaimed3 ,rachel1 do you remember old ,gray1 as ,i used to call him1 who taught our school the winter before mother died8 ,yes1 she said1 ,i remember him4 ,mother liked him4 ,well1 ,i met him in town to-day4 ,he's on that ,sanders case4 ,he knew me right off1 and he's coming out here this evening2 so fix up nice and be looking your sweetest4 ,they say he's smart4 ,i heard some of the old lawyers talking about him4 ,and ,tom caught his sister about the waist and waltzed her out on the porch4 ,rachel1 said ,susy1 as in their own room the girls were dressing after supper1 you are very hard to please to-night and you seem nervous4 ,what ails you8 ,rachel smiled4 ,i am thinking of old days1 that is all1 she said4 ,but she entered the little parlor1 where ,tom and the guest were seated1 in a perfectly self-possessed manner1 saying1 as she held out her hand3 ,good-evening1 teacher4 ,how goes the battle with ,apollyon8 ,and the young lawyer sprang to his feet1 exclaiming3 ,rachel6 is it possible8 and he retained her hand and looked into her eyes so long that ,susy1 who had followed her into the room1 and ,tom declared that he fell in love then and there4 ,however that may be1 it is certain ,mr4 ,gray showed a wonderful interest in ,stillman's district4 ,the trial in progress at ,meywood was tedious1 but his patience did not give out2 and when some of the lawyers proposed to hold night sessions of court he objected earnestly1 saying3 ,it would be too hard on the old judge4 ,but all things must end1 and the case was at last decided in favor of ,mr4 ,gray's client4 ,as ,rachel congratulated him on his victory1 he said1 with a look that brought the color to her face3 ,how long must ,i stay in ,doubting ,castle1 ,rachel8 ,why1 dear me1 she answered1 saucily1 ,i did not think a promising young lawyer1 as father calls you1 ever got into such a dismal place6 ,then ,susy came in1 and the young man bade her good-by1 but he whispered promise of speedy return to ,rachel1 and as he travelled homeward those wonderful eyes of hers seemed to haunt him4 ,who would have thought1 he said to himself1 she could have become such a woman8 ,no wonder ,i could not find a girl to suit me when she has been my ideal4 ,you see1 he was trying to persuade himself he had thought of her ever since that term of school2 and it may be1 unknown to himself1 those eyes had held him4 ,at any rate1 he says they did2 and when1 time after time1 they drew him back to ,stillman's1 he at last made ,rachel believe it1 and with the little key of promise she delivered him from ,doubting ,castle4 ,let us take one more look1 two years later1 at the ,stillman homestead4 ,there is a family gathering1 and all the girls are present--,martha and ,margaret1 with their sturdy boys and rosy girls2 ,rachel1 with her baby2 and ,susy1 a gay young aunt1 flits to and fro1 playing with and teasing the little ones4 ,elizabeth1 with unwonted brightness in her eyes1 looks on1 enjoying the merriment4 ,doesn't it seem odd1 whispers ,margaret1 that ,lizzie's minister should come back after all these years4 ,yes1 answers ,rachel1 in the same low tone4 ,i am so glad4 ,she seems so happy4 ,the husbands are all present in the evening1 and the old house is full of light and gayety4 ,rachel slips upstairs to put baby to bed2 and as she sits in the room where so many miserable hours of her childhood were spent1 her tears fall1 thinking of herself and the dear1 patient mother1 who had suffered and died2 and the old bitterness rises in her heart4 ,baby stirs and she hushes him1 then lays him gently in the old cradle1 and goes downstairs4 ,some impulse prompts her to enter the sitting-room instead of the parlor1 where she thinks the family are all gathered4 ,as she opens the door she sees her father sitting1 as of old1 by the table on which the lamp is burning1 and she half turns to go out2 but something in his attitude touches her4 ,he is not reading1 for the newspaper lies untouched--he is looking at something in his hand4 ,she notices how gray his hair is1 and how age is tracing lines on his face4 ,are you feeling sick1 father8 she asks4 ,oh1 no1 he says4 ,look here1 ,rachel2 and he hands her a faded daguerreotype of her mother taken when she was a fair young bride4 ,i was thinking about her4 ,how much like ,susy1 she said1 with tears falling on the lovely face4 ,yes1 only she was prettier1 he answers4 ,i have been thinking of her so much lately1 ,rachel4 ,i am going to do something that would please her4 ,i have bought that pretty little place of ,perry's1 and ,i will put ,martha and her husband on it4 ,dick's a good industrious fellow2 but it's hard to make anything on a rented farm1 and ,martha's worried too much4 ,you don't think any of the children will object8 and he looked anxiously in her face4 ,object8 ,why1 they will be glad1 father6 ,and dropping her head on his shoulder1 she puts her arm around him for the first time in her life2 and as she slips the little daguerreotype in his hand a sweet peace fills her heart and she thinks3 ,the bitterness is gone1 and love fills its place4 ,after awhile she joins the group in the parlor4 ,they are singing to ,susy's accompaniment on the organ4 ,sing ',coronation1' ,susy1 she says1 as she sits down beside her husband and glances lovingly in his face4 ,what is it8 he whispers4 ,you are unusually happy4 ,yes1 she answers4 ,i have had a vision of the land of ,beulah1 where ,love is king4 ,illustration ,,chapters ,,from ,a ,,life4 ,,by ,,elizabeth ,,stuart ,,phelps1 ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,gates ,,ajar1 ,a ,,singular ,,life1 ,,etc4 ,,the ,,burning ,,of ,,the ,,pemberton ,,mills4--,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,tenth ,,of ,,january4--,,whittier ,,and ,,higginson4--,,the ,,writing ,,and ,,publication ,,of ,,the ,,gates ,,ajar4 ,the town of ,lawrence was three miles and a half from ,andover4 ,up to the year #ahfj we had considered ,lawrence chiefly in the light of a place to drive to4 ,to the girlish resources which could1 in those days1 only include a trip to ,boston at the call of some fate too vast to be expected more than two or three times a year1 ,lawrence offered consolations in the shape of dry goods and restaurant ice-cream1 and a slow1 delicious drive in the family carryall through sand flats and pine woods1 and past the largest bed of the sweetest violets that ever dared the blasts of a ,new ,england spring4 ,to the pages of the gazetteer ,lawrence would have been known as a manufacturing town of importance4 ,upon the map of our young fancy the great mills were sketched in lightly2 we looked up from the restaurant ice-cream to see the hands pour out for dinner1 a dark and restless1 but a patient1 throng2 used1 in those days1 to standing eleven hours and a quarter--women and girls--at their looms1 six days of the week1 and making no audible complaints2 for socialism had not reached ,lawrence1 and anarchy was content to bray in distant parts of the geography at which the factory people had not arrived when they left school4 ,sometimes we counted the great mills as we drove up ,essex ,street--having come over the bridge by the roaring dam that tamed the proud ,merrimac to spinning cotton--,pacific1 ,atlantic1 ,washington1 ,pemberton2 but this was an idle1 sthetic pleasure4 ,we did not think about the mill-people2 they seemed as far from us as the coal-miners of a vague ,west1 or the down-gatherers on the crags of shores whose names we did not think it worth while to remember4 ,one ,january evening1 we were forced to think about the mills with curdling horror that no one living in that locality when the tragedy happened will forget4 ,at five o'clock the ,pemberton ,mills1 all hands being at the time on duty1 without a tremor of warning1 sank to the ground4 ,at the erection of the factory a pillar with a defective core had passed careless inspectors4 ,in technical language1 the core had floated an eighth of an inch from its position4 ,the weak spot in the too thin wall of the pillar had bided its time1 and yielded4 ,the roof1 the walls1 the machinery1 fell upon seven hundred and fifty living men and women1 and buried them4 ,most of these were rescued2 but eighty-eight were killed4 ,as the night came on1 those watchers on ,andover ,hill who could not join the rescuing parties1 saw a strange and fearful light at the north4 ,where we were used to watching the beautiful belt of the lighted mills blaze1--a zone of laughing fire from east to west1 upon the horizon bar1--a red and awful glare went up4 ,the mill had taken fire4 ,a lantern1 overturned in the hands of a man who was groping to save an imprisoned life1 had flashed to the cotton1 or the wool1 or the oil with which the ruins were saturated4 ,one of the historic conflagrations of ,new ,england resulted4 ,with blanching cheeks we listened to the whispers that told us how the mill-girls1 caught in the ruins beyond hope of escape1 began to sing4 ,they were used to singing1 poor things1 at their looms--mill-girls always are--and their young souls took courage from the familiar sound of one another's voices4 ,they sang the hymns and songs which they had learned in the schools and churches4 ,no classical strains1 no music for music's sake1 ascended from that furnace2 no ditty of love or frolic2 but the plain1 religious outcries of the people3 ,heaven is my home1 ,jesus1 lover of my soul1 and ,shall we gather at the river8 ,voice after voice dropped4 ,the fire raced on4 ,a few brave girls sang still3 ,shall we gather at the river1 ,there to walk and worship ever8 ,but the startled ,merrimac rolled by1 red as blood beneath the glare of the burning mills1 and it was left to the fire and the river to finish the chorus4 ,at the time this tragedy occurred1 ,i felt my share of its horror1 like other people2 but no more than that4 ,my brother1 being of the privileged sex1 was sent over to see the scene2 but ,i was not allowed to go4 ,years after1 ,i cannot say just how many1 the half-effaced negative came back to form under the chemical of some new perception of the significance of human tragedy4 ,it occurred to me to use the event as the basis of a story4 ,to this end ,i set forth to study the subject4 ,i had heard nothing in those days about material1 and conscience in the use of it1 and little enough about art4 ,we did not talk about realism then4 ,of critical phraseology ,i knew nothing2 and of critical standards only what ,i had observed by reading the best fiction4 ,poor novels and stories ,i did not read4 ,i do not remember being forbidden them2 but1 by that parental art finer than denial1 they were absent from my convenience4 ,it needed no instruction in the canons of art1 however1 to teach me that to do a good thing1 one must work hard for it4 ,so ,i gave the best part of a month to the study of the ,pemberton ,mill tragedy1 driving to ,lawrence1 and investigating every possible avenue of information left at that too long remove of time which might give the data4 ,i visited the rebuilt mills1 and studied the machinery4 ,i consulted engineers and officials and physicians1 newspaper men1 and persons who had been in the mill at the time of its fall4 ,i scoured the files of old local papers1 and from these ,i took certain portions of names1 actually involved in the catastrophe2 though1 of course1 fictitiously used4 ,when there was nothing left for me to learn upon the subject1 ,i came home and wrote a little story called ,the ,tenth of ,january1 and sent it to the ,atlantic ,monthly1 where it appeared in due time4 ,this story is of more interest to its author than it can possibly be now to any reader1 because it distinctly marked for me the first recognition which ,i received from literary people4 ,whittier1 the poet1 wrote me his first letter1 after having read this story4 ,it was soon followed by a kind note from ,colonel ,thomas ,wentworth ,higginson4 ,both these distinguished men said the pleasant thing which goes so far towards keeping the courage of young writers above sinking point1 and which1 to a self-distrustful nature1 may be little less than a life-preserver4 ,both have done similar kindness to many other beginners in our calling2 but none of these can have been more grateful for it1 or more glad to say so1 across this long width of time1 than the writer of ,the ,tenth of ,january4 ,it was a defective enough little story1 crude and young2 ,i never glance at it without longing to write it over2 but ,i cannot read it1 to this day1 without that tingling and numbness down one's spine and through the top of one's head1 which exceptional tragedy must produce in any sensitive organization2 nor can ,i ever trust myself to hear it read by professional elocutionists4 ,i attribute the success of the story entirely to the historic and unusual character of the catastrophe on whose movement it was built4 ,of journalism1 strictly speaking1 ,i did nothing4 ,but ,i often wrote for weekly denominational papers1 to which ,i contributed those strictly secular articles so popular with the religious public4 ,my main impression of them now1 is a pleasant sense of sitting out in the apple-trees in the wonderful ,andover ,junes1 and noticing new books-with which ,boston publishers kept me supplied4 ,for whatever reason1 the weeklies gave me all ,i could do at this sort of thing4 ,in its course ,i formed some pleasant acquaintances2 among others that of ,jean ,ingelow4 ,i have never seen this poet1 whom ,i honor now as much as ,i admired then2 but charming little notes1 and books of her own1 with her autograph1 reached me from time to time for years4 ,i remember when ,the ,gates ,ajar appeared1 that she frankly called it ,your most strange book4 ,this brings me to say3 ,i have been so often and so urgently asked to publish some account of the history of this book1 that perhaps ,i need crave no pardon of whatever readers these papers may command1 for giving more of our space to the subject than it would otherwise occur to one to do to a book so long behind the day4 ,of what we know as literary ambition1 ,i believe myself to have been as destitute at that time as any girl who ever put pen to paper4 ,i was absorbed in thought and feeling as far removed from the usual class of emotions or motives which move men and women to write1 as ,wachusett was from the ,june lilies burning beside the moonlit cross in my father's garden4 ,literary ambition is a good thing to possess2 and ,i do not at all suggest that ,i was superior to it1 but simply apart from it4 ,of its pangs and ecstasies ,i knew little1 and thought less4 ,i have been asked1 possibly a thousand times1 whether ,i looked upon that little book as in any sense the result of inspiration1 whether what is called spiritualistic1 or of any other sort4 ,i have always promptly said ,no1 to this question4 ,yet sometimes ,i wonder if that convenient monosyllable in deed and truth covers the whole case4 ,when ,i remember just how the book came to be1 perceive the consequences of its being1 and recall the complete unconsciousness of the young author as to their probable nature1 there are moments when ,i am fain to answer the question by asking another3 ,what do we mean by inspiration8 ,that book grew so naturally1 it was so inevitable1 it was so unpremeditated1 it came so plainly from that something not one's self which makes for uses in which one's self is extinguished1 that there are times when it seems to me as if ,i had no more to do with the writing of it than the bough through which the wind cries1 or the wave by means of which the tide rises4 ,the angel said unto me ,write6 and ,i wrote4 ,it is impossible to remember how or when the idea of the book first visited me4 ,its publication bears the date of #ahfi4 ,my impressions are that it may have been towards the close of #ahfd that the work began2 for there was work in it1 more than its imperfect and youthful character might lead one ignorant of the art of book-making to suppose4 ,it was not until #ahfc that ,i left school1 being then just about at my nineteenth birthday4 ,it is probable that the magazine stories and ,sunday-school books and hack work occupied from one to two years without interruption2 but ,i have no more temperament for dates in my own affairs than ,i have for those of history4 ,at the most1 ,i could not have been far from twenty when the book was written2 possibly approaching twenty-one4 ,at that time1 it will be remembered1 our country was dark with sorrowing women4 ,the regiments came home1 but the mourners went about the streets4 ,the ,grand ,review passed through ,washington2 four hundred thousand ghosts of murdered men kept invisible march to the drum-beats1 and lifted to the stained and tattered flags the proud and unreturned gaze of the dead who have died in their glory4 ,our gayest scenes were black with crape4 ,the drawn faces of bereaved wife1 mother1 sister1 and widowed girl showed piteously everywhere4 ,gray-haired parents knelt at the grave of the boy whose enviable fortune it was to be brought home in time to die in his mother's room4 ,towards the nameless mounds of ,arlington1 of ,gettysburg1 and the rest1 the yearning of desolated homes went out in those waves of anguish which seem to choke the very air that the happier and more fortunate must breathe4 ,is there not an actual occult force in the existence of a general grief8 ,it swells to a tide whose invisible flow covers all the little resistance of common1 human joyousness4 ,it is like a material miasma4 ,the gayest man breathes it1 if he breathe at all2 and the most superficial cannot escape it4 ,into that great world of woe my little book stole forth1 trembling4 ,so far as ,i can remember having had any object at all in its creation1 ,i wished to say something that would comfort some few--,i did not think at all about comforting many1 not daring to suppose that incredible privilege possible--of the women whose misery crowded the land4 ,the smoke of their torment ascended1 and the sky was blackened by it4 ,i do not think ,i thought so much about the suffering of men--the fathers1 the brothers1 the sons--bereft2 but the women--the helpless1 outnumbering1 unconsulted women2 they whom war trampled down1 without a choice or protest2 the patient1 limited1 domestic women1 who thought little1 but loved much1 and1 loving1 had lost all--to them ,i would have spoken4 ,for it came to seem to me1 as ,i pondered these things in my own heart1 that even the best and kindest forms of our prevailing beliefs had nothing to say to an afflicted woman that could help her much4 ,creeds and commentaries and sermons were made by men4 ,what tenderest of men knows how to comfort his own daughter when her heart is broken8 ,what can the doctrines do for the desolated by death8 ,they were chains of rusty iron1 eating into raw hearts4 ,the prayer of the preacher were not much better2 it sounded like the language of an unknown race to a despairing girl4 ,listen to the hymn4 ,it falls like icicles on snow4 ,or1 if it happen to be one of the old genuine outcries of the ,church1 sprung from real human anguish or hope1 it maddens the listener1 and she flees from it1 too sore a thing to bear the touch of holy music4 ,at this time1 be it said1 ,i had no interest at all in any especial movement for the peculiar needs of women as a class4 ,i was reared in circles which did not concern themselves with what we should probably have called agitators4 ,i was taught the old ideas of womanhood1 in the old way1 and had not to any important extent begun to resent them4 ,perhaps ,i am wrong here4 ,individually1 ,i may have begun to recoil from them1 but only in a purely selfish1 personal way1 beyond which ,i had evolved neither theory nor conscience2 much less the smallest tendency towards sympathy with any public movement of the question4 ,in the course of two or three years spent in exceptional solitude1 ,i had read a good deal in the direction of my ruling thoughts and feeling1 and came to the writing of my little book1 not ignorant of what had been written for and by the mourning4 ,the results of this reading1 of course1 went into the book1 and seemed to me1 at the time1 by far the most useful part of it4 ,how the book grew1 who can say8 ,more of nature than of purpose1 surely4 ,it moved like a tear or a sigh or a prayer4 ,in a sense ,i scarcely knew that ,i wrote it4 ,yet it signified labor and time1 crude and young as it looks to me now2 and often as ,i have wondered1 from my soul1 why it has known the history that it has1 ,i have at least a certain respect for it1 myself1 in that it did not represent shiftlessness or sloth1 but steady and conscientious toil4 ,there was not a page in it which had not been subjected to such study as the writer then knew how to offer to her manuscripts4 ,every sentence had received the best attention which it was in the power of my inexperience and youth to give4 ,i wrote and rewrote4 ,the book was revised so many times that ,i could have said it by heart4 ,the process of forming and writing ,the ,gates ,ajar lasted1 ,i think1 nearly two years4 ,i had no study or place to myself in those days2 only the little room whose one window looked upon the garden cross1 and which it was not expected would be warmed in winter4 ,the room contained no chimney1 and1 until ,i was sixteen1 no fire for any purpose4 ,at that time1 it being supposed that some delicacy of the lungs had threatened serious results1 my father1 who always moved the sods beneath him and the skies above him to care for a sick child1 had managed to insert a little stove into the room1 to soften its chill when needed4 ,but ,i did not have consumption1 only life2 and one was not expected to burn wood all day for private convenience in our furnace-heated house4 ,was there not the great dining-room where the children studied8 ,it was not so long since ,i1 too1 had learned my lessons off the dining-room table1 or in the corner by the register1 that it should occur to any member of the family that these opportunities for privacy could not answer my needs4 ,equally1 it did not occur to me to ask for any abnormal luxuries4 ,i therefore made the best of my conditions1 though ,i do remember sorely longing for quiet4 ,this1 at that time1 in that house1 it was impossible for me to compass4 ,there was a growing family of noisy boys--four of them--of whom ,i was the only sister1 as ,i was the oldest child4 ,when the baby did not cry 7,i have always maintained that the baby cried pretty steadily both day and night1 but this is a point upon which their mother and ,i have affectionately agreed to differ71 the boys were shouting about the grounds1 chasing each other through the large house1 up and down the cellar stairs1 and through the wide halls1 a whirlwind of vigor and fun4 ,they were merry1 healthy boys1 and everything was done to keep them so4 ,i sometimes doubt if there are any happier children growing anywhere than the boys and girls of ,andover used to be4 ,i was very fond of the boys1 and cherished no objection to their privileges in the house4 ,but when one went down1 on a cold day1 to the register1 to write one's chapter on the nature of amusements in the life to come1 and found the dining-room neatly laid out in the form of a church congregation1 to which a certain proportion of brothers were enthusiastically performing the duties of an active pastor and parish1 the environment was a definite check to inspiration4 ,i wonder if all ,andover boys played at preaching8 ,it certainly was the one sport in our house which never satiated4 ,coming in one day1 ,i remember1 struggling with certain hopeless purposes of my own1 for an afternoon's work1 ,i found the dining-room chairs all nicely set in the order of pews2 a table1 ornamented with ,bible and hymn-books1 confronted them2 behind it1 on a cricket1 towered the bigger brother1 loudly holding forth4 ,the little brother represented the audience--it was usually the little one who was forced to play this duller rle--and1 with open mouth1 and with wriggling feet turned in on the rounds of the chair1 absorbed as much exhortation as he could suffer4 ,my text1 brethren1 said the little minister1 is1 ',suffer the little children to come unto me4' ,my subject is1 ,god2 ,joseph2 and ,moses in the bulrushes6 ,discouraged by the alarming breadth of the little preacher's topic1 ,i fled up-stairs again4 ,there an inspiration did1 indeed1 strike me2 for ,i remembered an old fur cape1 or pelisse1 of my mother's1 out of fashion1 but the warmer for that2 and straightway ,i got me into it1 and curled up1 with my papers1 on the chilly bed in the cold room1 and went to work4 ,it seems to me that a good part of ,the ,gates ,ajar was written in that old fur cape4 ,often ,i stole up into the attic1 or into some unfrequented closet1 to escape the noise of the house1 while at work4 ,i remember1 too1 writing sometimes in the barn1 on the haymow4 ,the book extended over a wide domestic topography4 ,i hasten to say that no person was to blame for inconveniences of whose existence ,i had never complained4 ,doubtless something would have been done to relieve them had ,i asked for it2 or if the idea that my work could ever be of any consequence had occurred to any of us4 ,why should it8 ,the girl who is never domestic is trial enough at her best4 ,she cannot cook2 she will not sew4 ,she washes dishes ,mondays and ,tuesdays under protest1 while the nurse and parlor maid are called off from their natural avocations1 and dusts the drawing-room with obedient resentment4 ,she sits cutting out underclothes in the ,march vacations1 when all the schools are closed1 and when the heavy wagons from the distant farming region stick in the bottomless ,andover mud in front of the professor's house4 ,the big front door is opened1 and the dismal1 creaking sounds come in4 ,the kind and conscientious new mother1 to whom ,i owe many other gentle lessons more valuable than this1 teaches how necessary to a lady's education is a neat needle4 ,the girl does not deny this elemental fact2 but her eyes wander away to the cold sky above the ,andover mud1 with passionate entreaty4 ,to this day ,i cannot hear the thick chu-chunk6 of heavy wheels on ,march mud without a sudden mechanical echo of that wild1 young outcry3 ,must ,i cut out underclothes forever8 ,must ,i go on tucking the broken end of the thread into the nick in the spool8 ,is this ,,life8 ,i am more than conscious that ,i could not have been an easy girl to bring up1 and am sure that for whatever little difficulties beset the earlier time of my ventures as a writer1 no person was in any fault4 ,they were doubtless good for me1 in their way4 ,we all know that some of the greatest of brain-workers have selected the poorest and barest of spots in which to study4 ,luxury and bric-a-brac come to easy natures or in easy years4 ,the energy that very early learns to conquer difficulty is always worth its price4 ,i used1 later1 to hear in ,boston the story of the gentleman who once took a friend to see the room of his son at ,harvard ,college4 ,the friend was a man of plain life1 but of rich mental achievement4 ,he glanced at the ,persian rugs and costly draperies of the boy's quarters in silence4 ,well1 cried the fond father1 don't you think my son has a pretty room8 ,sir1 said the visitor1 with gentle candor1 you'll never raise a scholar on that carpet4 ,out of my discomforts1 which were small enough1 grew one thing for which ,i have all my life been grateful--the formation of fixed habits of work4 ,i have seldom waited for inspiration before setting about a task to be done4 ,life is too short for that4 ,broken health has too often interrupted a regimen of study which ought to have been more continuous2 but1 so far as ,i may venture to offer an opinion from personal experience1 ,i should say that the writers who would be wise to play hide and seek with their own moods are few4 ,according to my custom1 ,i said nothing 7so far as ,i can remember7 to any person about the book4 ,it cannot be said that ,i had any hope of success with it2 or that1 in my most irrational dreams1 anything like the consequences of its publication ever occurred to my fancy4 ,but ,i did distinctly understand that ,i had set forth upon a venture totally dissimilar to the safe and respectable careers of my dozen ,sunday-school books4 ,i was asked only the other day why it was that1 having such a rare critic at first hand as my father1 ,i did not more often submit my manuscripts to his judgment4 ,it would be difficult to say precisely why4 ,the professor of rhetoric was a very busy man2 and at that time the illness which condemned him to thirty years of invalid suffering was beginning to make itself manifest4 ,i can remember more often throwing down my pen to fly out and beg the children to be quiet in the garden while the sleepless man struggled for a few moments' rest in the daytime2 or stealing on tiptoe to his locked door1 at any hour of the night1 to listen for signs of sudden illness or need of help2 these things come back more easily than the desire to burden him with what ,i wrote4 ,yet perhaps that abnormal pride1 whose existence ,i have admitted1 had quite as much to do with this restraint4 ,when a thing was published1 then quickly to him with it6 ,his sympathy and interest were unfailing1 and his criticism only too gentle2 though it could be a sword of flame when he chose to smite4 ,unknown to himself ,i had dedicated ,the ,gates ,ajar to him4 ,in this dedication there was a slip in good ,english1 or1 at least1 in such ,english as the professor wrote and spoke4 ,i had used the word nears as a verb1 instead of its proper synonym1 approaches4 ,he read the dedication quietly1 thanked me tenderly for it1 and said nothing4 ,it was left for me to find out my blunder for myself1 as ,i did1 in due time4 ,he had not the heart to tell me of it then4 ,nor did he insinuate his consciousness that the dedication might seem to involve him--as it did in certain citadels of stupidity--in the views of the book4 ,the story was sent to its publishers1 ,messrs4 ,ticknor and ,fields1 and leisurely awaited their verdict4 ,as ,i had written somewhat for their magazines1 ,the ,atlantic and ,our ,young ,folks1 ,i did not come as quite a stranger4 ,still1 the fate of the book hung upon a delicate scale4 ,it was two years from the time the story went to its publishers before it appeared between covers4 ,how much of this period the author was kept in suspense ,i cannot remember2 but1 ,i think1 some time4 ,i have the impression that the disposal of the book1 so far as that firm went1 wavered for a while upon the decision of one man1 whose wife shared the reading of the manuscript4 ,take it1 she said at last1 decidedly2 and the fiat went forth4 ,the lady afterwards became a personal friend1 and ,i hope ,i may not forfeit the treasure of her affection by this late and public recognition of the pleasant part she bore in the fortunes of my life4 ,the book was accepted1 and still this piece of good luck did not make my head spin4 ,i had lived among book-makers too much to expect the miracle4 ,i went soberly back to my hack work1 and on with my ,sunday-school books4 ,one autumn day the customary package of gift copies of the new book made its way to ,andover ,hill2 but3 ,i opened it without elation1 the experience being so far from my first of its kind4 ,the usual note of thanks was returned to the publishers1 and quiet fell again4 ,unconscious of either hope or fear1 ,i kept on about my business1 and the new book was the last thing on earth with which ,i concerned myself4 ,one morning1 not many weeks after its publication1 ,i received a letter from ,mr4 ,james ,t4 ,fields4 ,he1 who was the quickest of men to do a kindness1 and surest to give to young writers the encouraging word for which they had not hope enough to listen1 had hurried himself to break to me the news4 ,your book is moving grandly1 so he wrote4 ,it has already reached a sale of four thousand copies4 ,we take pleasure in sending you-- ,he enclosed a check for six hundred dollars1 the largest sum on which ,i had ever set my startled eyes4 ,it would not1 by my contract1 have been due me for six months or more to come4 ,the little act was like him1 and like the courteous and generous house on whose list ,i have worked for thirty years4 ,illustration ,,editorial ,,notes4 ,,twenty ,,thousand ,,dollars ,,for ,,short ,,stories4 ,we find considerable difficulty in getting the two hundred first-class short stories that we require each year4 ,we are delighted to be able to publish so many stories by eminent authors1 but we should like to get more good stories from writers whose fame is yet to be made4 ,we therefore announce a liberal policy in regard to payment1 and invite contributions from every one who can write a good story4 ,the scale of payment will be such as to please every contributor1 whether he is famous or not4 ,we need every year about fifty stories of from four to six thousand words in length2 about one hundred stories of from two to three thousand words in length1 and not less than fifty stories a year for young people1 about two thousand words in length4 ,of these stories thirty or forty are for ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s ,,magazine1 and the remainder are for the newspaper syndicates controlled by the publishers of this magazine4 ,a regular manuscript department has been established by the editors1 and it is the intention to report upon every manuscript within a week after it is received4 ,we also welcome contributions to every branch of literature represented in the magazine4 ,,the ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s ,,early ,,life ,,of ,,lincoln4 ,this volume contains all the articles published in the first four ,lincoln numbers of ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s ,,magazine 7,november to ,february1 inclusive74 ,these numbers1 although repeatedly reprinted1 are now out of print1 and the ,early ,life of ,lincoln was published mainly to meet a demand we could not fill with the magazine4 ,it contains a great deal more1 both in text and pictures1 than appeared in the magazine4 ,it is mailed to any address for fifty cents2 or for one dollar1 if bound in cloth4 ,we intend having our own plant1 to reprint the ,march and subsequent numbers whenever necessary4 ,,the ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s ,,new ,,life ,,of ,,grant4 ,we have been greatly surprised1 in preparing our new ,life of ,grant1 to find so much new and valuable material1 especially about ,grant's earlier life4 ,no more fascinating and dramatic story has ever been lived4 ,we have been especially fortunate in securing the collaboration of ,mr4 ,hamlin ,garland to write this life of ,grant4 ,mr4 ,garland was selected for this work for two reasons--first1 he has always loved and admired ,grant2 second1 he is familiar in general with the conditions of life in the middle ,west1 and is especially qualified to tell the truth both in color and fact4 ,the tastes and training of a realistic novelist are an admirable equipment for a biographer1 provided the hero of his story and his environment appeal to the novelist4 ,we propose to publish the best ,life of ,grant ever written4 ,we have collected a great quantity of pictures and other illustrations1 and we ask our friends to help us as they are helping us in our ,life of ,lincoln4 ,every one who has a contribution1 either in picture or incident1 to our knowledge of this great man ought to bring it before the two or three million readers that ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s will have when we begin to publish the ,life of ,grant next ,november4 ,,new ,,pictures ,,of ,,lincoln4 ,almost every week we add to our collection of ,lincoln pictures4 ,many of these ambrotypes and photographs are of the greatest value in adding to our knowledge of ,lincoln4 ,we hope to reach one hundred before the end of the year4 ,we had only fifty portraits last ,november4 ,we have eighty now4 ,,the ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,,school ,,of ,,science ,,and ,,practical ,,arts4 ,knox ,college1 ,galesburg1 ,illinois1 was the scene of one of the most important of the debates between ,mr4 ,lincoln and ,mr4 ,douglas4 ,the debate took place on a platform at the east end of the main college building4 ,at this memorable debate the students carried a banner on which was inscribed ,knox for ,lincoln4 ,in ,april1 #ahfj1 before he was nominated for the ,presidency1 ,knox ,college conferred the degree of ,,ll4,d4 on ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,at their recent midwinter meeting1 the board of trustees unanimously voted to establish a memorial to ,lincoln2 and this memorial will be the scientific department of ,knox ,college1 and will be called ,the ,abraham ,lincoln ,school of ,science and ,practical ,arts4 ,the founders of this magazine are all alumni of ,knox ,college1 and are particularly pleased at this action of their alma mater4 ,knox ,college affords a splendid opportunity to young men and women of limited means4 ,the editors of this magazine can afford to pay the living expenses and tuition for one year at this college of any young man or woman who secures five hundred subscribers1 as proposed and explained on the second advertising page of this number of the magazine4 ,the editors of ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s ,,magazine are thoroughly acquainted with ,knox ,college1 and can recommend it1 knowing that students who go there will live under the best possible influences and receive a sound education4 ,all inquiries should be addressed to the president1 ,john ,finley1 ,knox ,college1 ,galesburg1 ,illinois4 ,,the ,,house ,,in ,,which ,,lincoln',s ,,parents ,,were ,,married4--,a ,,correction4 ,the picture of the house in which ,thomas ,lincoln and ,nancy ,hanks were married1 printed in ,mc,c,l,u,r,e',s ,,magazine for ,november1 #ahie1 was credited by mistake to the ,oldroyd collection4 ,the photograph from which the reproduction was made came from the ,oldroyd collection2 but this photograph is1 we are informed1 from a negative now in the possession of ,mr4 ,a4,d4 ,miller of ,brazil1 ,indiana1 and credit is therefore due to ,mr4 ,miller4 ,note3 ,the ,table of ,contents and the list of illustrations were added by the transcriber4