,,philo-,,jud,,u ,,( ,,alex&ria1 ,,by ,,norman ,,b5twi* ,sometime ,s*ol> ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,philadelphia ,,! ,,jewi% ,,publication ,,society ,,( ,,am]ica #aiaj ,,copyright1 #aiaj1 ,,by ,,! ,,jewi% ,,publication ,,society ,,( ,,am]ica ,,to ,,my ,,"m ,greek3 ?reptria ,,preface ,x is a melan*oly reflection ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews t !y h fail$ to pay due honor to _! two greate/ philosoph]s4 ,sp9oza 0 reject$ by 8 contempor>ies f ! congregation ( ,israel2 ,philo-,judu 0 neglect$ by ! g5]ations t foll[$ him4 ,maimonides1 our ?ird philosoph]1 0 9 dang] ( meet+ ! same fate1 & 8 philosophical "w 0 = long view$ ) suspicion by a l>ge "p ( ! community4 ,philosoph]s1 by ! v excell5ce ( _! ?\ght1 h 9 all races t[]$ above ! compreh5sion ( ! p1 & ar\s$ ! suspicion ( ! religi\s tea*]s4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ?\gh reject$ by ! ,*ur*1 !y h left _! influ5ce ^u ! nation1 & tak5 a comm&+ place 9 its hi/ory1 because !y h f\nd$ secul> s*ools ( ?\ght1 :i* p]petuat$ _! "w4 ,9 ,judaism1 :]e religion & nationality are inextricably comb9$1 t c\ld n be4 ,! hi/ory ( ,judaism s9ce ! ext9ction ( political indep5d5ce is ! hi/ory ( a national religi\s culture2 :at 0 national 9 its ?\ght alone f\nd favor2 & unless a philosoph]'s "w bore ?is national religi\s /amp x dropp$ out ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,philo c]ta9ly _h an int5sely /rong ,jewi% feel+1 b 8 "w _h also ano!r aspect1 :i* 0 seiz$ ^u & made use ( by ^? :o wi%$ to d5ationalize ,judaism & conv]t x into a philosophical mono!ism4 ,! favor :i* ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs %[$ to 8 writ+s induc$ & 0 balanc$ by ! neglect ( ! rabbis4 ,x 0 left till rec5tly to non-,jews to /udy ! works ( ,philo1 to pres5t 8 philosophy1 & e/imate its value4 ,s f> f tak+ a ,jewi% /&po9t 9 _! "w1 !y emphasiz$ ! p>ts ( 8 tea*+ t are lea/ ,jewi%2 = !y 7 writ+ z ,*ri/ian !ologians or z hi/orians ( ,greek philosophy4 ,!y se>*$ him prim>ily = traces ( ,*ri/ian1 neo-,platonic1 or ,/oic doctr9es1 & commis]at$ ) him1 or criticis$ him z a weak-kne$ eclectic1 a half-bl9d grop] = ! true light4 ,ev5 dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 :i* h m>k$ a revival ( ! hi/orical consci\sness ( ! ,jews1 z ( all peoples1 x has /ill be5 left 9 ! ma9 to non-,jewi% s*ol>s to write ( ,philo 9 relation to 8 "t & 8 environm5t4 ,! purpose ( ?is little book is frankly to give a pres5tation ( ,philo f ! ,jewi% /&po9t4 ,i hold t ,philo is ess5tially & spl5didly a ,jew1 & t 8 ?\ght is ?r\gh & ?r\gh ,jewi%4 ,! surname giv5 him 9 ! second c5tury1 ,judu1 n only di/+ui%es him f an obscure ,*ri/ian bi%op1 b x expresses ! pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic ( 8 tea*+4 ,x may be object$ t ,i h po9t$ ! moral & adorn$ ! tale 9 accordance ) preconceiv$ op9ions1 :i*--z ,mr4 ,claude ,montefiore says 9 8 essay on ,philo--x is easy to d ) s /range & curi\s a writ]4 ,i confess t my wor?y appeals to me mo/ /rongly z an expon5t ( ,judaism1 & x may be t 9 ?is reg>d ,i h n always look$ on him z ! calm1 dispassionate /ud5t %\ld2 = ,i exp]i5ce t[>ds him t w>m? ( feel+ :i* 8 "n1 ,greek3 philon1 ! belov$ "o1 sugge/s4 ,b ,i h tri$ s to write ?is biography z nei!r to %[ p>tiality on ! "o side nor imp>tiality on ! o!r4 ,if nev]!less ,i h exagg]at$ ! ,jewi%ness ( my wor?y's ?\ght1 my excuse mu/ be t my pr$ecessors h s (t5 exagg]at$ o!r aspects ( 8 tea*+ t x 0 necess>y to call a new picture into be+1 9 ord] to r$ress ! balance ( ! old4 ,al?\gh ,i h to "s ext5t tak5 a l9e ( my own 9 ?is ,life1 my obligations to previ\s writ]s ^u ,philo are v great4 ,i h us$ freely ! works ( ,drummond1 ,s*r]1 ,massebieau1 ,zell]1 ,conybe>e1 ,cohn1 & ,w5dl&2 & among ^? :o h treat$ ( ,philo 9 relation to ,jewi% tradition ,i h read & borr[$ f ,siegfri$ 7,philon als ,ausleg] d] heilig5 ,s*rift71 ,freud5?al 7,hell5i/is*e ,/udi571 ,ritt] 7,philo und die ,hala*a71 & ,mr4 ,claude ,montefiore's ,florilegium ,philonis1 :i* is pr9t$ 9 ! sev5? volume ( ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,once = all ,mr4 ,montefiore has select$ _m ( ! mo/ beautiful & mo/ vital passages ( ,philo1 & mu* z ,i %\ld h lik$ to une>? new gems1 z beautiful & z illum9at+1 ,i h (t5 f\nd myself irresi/ibly attract$ to ,mr4 ,montefiore's passages4 ,dr4 ,neum>k's book1 ,ges*i*te d] jdis*5 ,philosophie des ,mittelalt]s1 appe>$ aft] my manuscript 0 set up1 or ,i %\ld h dealt ) 8 treatm5t ( ,philo4 ,) :at he says ( ! relation ( ,plato to ,judaism ,i am 9 great "p 9 agreem5t1 & ,i _h indep5d5tly come to ! conclusion t ,plato 0 ! ma9 ,greek influ5ce on ,philo's ?\ght4 ,to ^! v>i\s books ,i owe mu*1 b n s mu* z to ! tea*+1 influ5ce1 & help ( "o ^: "n ,i h n ! boldness to associate ) ?is little volume1 b ^: notes on my manuscript h giv5 x :atev] value x may possess4 ,! index ,i owe to ! k9dly help ( a si/]1 :o w\ld also be nameless4 ,la/ly ,i h to ?ank ,dr4 ,lionel ,b>nett1 pr(essor ( ,sanscrit at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 & my fa!r1 :o read my manuscript be=e x 0 s5t to ! pr9t]s4 ,! "o gave me ! b5efit ( 8 wide & accurate s*ol>%ip1 ! o!r gave me mu* valuable advice & remov$ _m a blaz+ indiscretion4 ,,norman ,,b5twi*4 ,febru>y #bh1 #aijg4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,community ,,at ,,alex&ria ,,ii4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,philo ,,iii4 ,,philo',s ,,works ,,& ,,me?od ,,iv4 ,,philo ,,& ,,! ,,torah ,v4 ,,philo',s ,,!ology ,,vi4 ,,philo ,,z ,a ,,philosoph] ,,vii4 ,,philo ,,& ,,jewi% ,,tradition ,,viii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,philo ,,bibliography ,,abbreviations ,,us$ ,,= ,,! ,,ref]5ces ,,index ,,philo-,,jud,,u ,,( ,,alex&ria ,i ,,! ,,jewi% ,,community ,,at ,,alex&ria ,! ?ree great _w-conqu]ors kn[n to hi/ory1 ,alex&]1 ,julius ,cs>1 & ,napoleon1 recogniz$ ! pre-em95t value ( ! ,jew z a bond ( empire1 an int]m$i>y betwe5 ! het]og5e\s nations :i* !y br\ght b5ea? _! sway4 ,ea* 9 turn %[$ favor to 8 religion1 & accord$ him political privileges4 ,! petty tyrants ( all ages h p]secut$ ,jews on ! plea ( secur+ uni=mity among _! subjects2 b ! great conqu]or-/atesm5 :o h made hi/ory1 realiz+ t progress is br\ght ab\t by unity 9 diff]5ce1 h recogniz$ 9 ,jewi% individuality a =ce mak+ = progress4 ,:]eas ! pure ,hell5es _h put all ! o!r peoples ( ! _w 9 ! s+le category ( b>b>ians1 _! ,mac$onian conqu]or =c$ ^u !m a broad] view1 &1 reg>d+ 8 empire z a _w-/ate1 made ,greeks & ,ori5tals live toge!r1 & prep>$ ! way = a m+l+ ( races & culture4 ,alex&] ! ,great became a notable figure 9 ! ,talmud & ,midra%im1 & _m a m>vell\s leg5d 0 told ab\t 8 pass+ visit to ,j]usalem dur+ 8 m>* to ,egypt4#a ,! high prie/--:e!r x 0 ,jaddua1 ,simon1 or ,onias ! records d n make cle>--is said to h gone out to meet him1 & to h compell$ ! rev]5ce & homage ( ! mon>* by ! maje/y ( 8 pres5ce & ! lu/re ( 8 robes4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t ,alex&] settl$ a consid]able numb] ( ,jews 9 ! ,greek colonies :i* he f\nd$ z c5tres ( cosmopolitan culture 9 8 empire1 & especially 9 ! t[n by ! m\? ( ! ,nile t receiv$ 8 own "n1 & 0 de/9$ to become )9 two c5turies ! second t[n 9 ! _w2 second only to ,rome 9 population & p[]1 equal to x 9 culture4 ,by its geographical position1 ! nature ( its f\ndation1 & ! s\rces ( its population1 & by ! wond]ful organization ( its ,museum1 9 :i* ! records ( all nations 7 /or$ & /udi$1 ,alex&ria 0 fitt$ to become ! meet+-place ( civilizations4 ,!re 0 already a consid]able settlem5t ( ,jews 9 ,egypt be=e ,alex&]'s transplantation 9 #ccb ,b4,c4,e4 ,?r\gh\t ,bible times ! connection betwe5 ,israel & ,egypt _h be5 close4 ,isaiah speaks ( ! day :5 five cities 9 ! l& ( ,egypt %\ld speak ! language ( ,canaan & swe> to ! ,"l ( ho/s 7xix4 #ah72 & :5 ,nebu*adnezz> l$ away ! fir/ captivity1 _m ( ! p _h fl$ f ,pale/9e to ! old cradle ( ! nation4 ,j]emiah 7xliv7 w5t d[n ) !m to prophesy aga9/ _! idolatr\s practices & _! backslid+s2 & ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian writ]s 9 lat] times1 d>+ boldly aga9/ *ronology1 told h[ ,plato1 visit+ ,egypt1 _h he>d ,j]emiah & le>nt f him 8 l(ty mono!ism4 ,d\bt 0 ?r[n 9 ! la/ c5tury ^u ! cont9uance ( ! ,diaspora 9 ,egypt betwe5 ! "t ( ,j]emiah & ,alex&]1 b ! rec5t discov]y ( a ,jewi% temple at ,elephant9e & ( ,aramaic papyri at ,ass\an dat$ 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies ,b4,c4,e4 has prov$ t ^! d\bts 7 n well f\nd$1 & t !re 0 a well-e/abli%$ community dur+ ! int]val4 ,f ! "t ( ! po/-exilic prophets ,judaism develop$ 9 ?ree ma9 /reams1 "o fl[+ f ,j]usalem1 ano!r f ,babylon1 ! ?ird f ,egypt4 ,alex&ria soon took prec$5ce ( exi/+ settlem5ts ( ,jews1 & became a great c5tre ( ,jewi% life4 ,! fir/ ,ptolemy1 to :om at ! dismemb]m5t ( ,alex&]'s empire ,egypt _h fall51#b cont9u$ to ! ,jewi% settl]s ! privileges ( full citiz5%ip :i* ,alex&] _h grant$ !m4 ,he increas$ also ! numb] ( ,jewi% inhabitants1 = foll[+ 8 conque/ ( ,pale/9e 7or ,coele-,syria1 z x 0 !n call$71 he br\ght back to 8 capital a l>ge numb] ( ,jewi% families & settl$ ?irty ?\s& ,jewi% soldi]s 9 g>risons4 ,= ! next hundr$ ye>s ! ,pale/9ian & ,egyptian ,jews 7 "u ! same rule1 & = ! mo/ "p ! ,ptolemies treat$ !m well4 ,!y 7 easy-go+ & tol]ant1 & :ile !y enc\rag$ ! high] =ms ( ,greek culture1 art1 lett]s1 & philosophy1 bo? at _! own c\rt & ?r\gh _! dom9ions1 !y made no attempt to impose on _! subjects ! ,greek religion & c]emonial4 ,"u _! tol]ant sway ! ,jewi% community ?riv$1 & became di/+ui%$ 9 ! h&icrafts z well z 9 comm]ce4 ,two ( ! five sections into :i* ,alex&ria 0 divid$ 7 almo/ exclusively occupi$ by !m2 ^! lay 9 ! nor?-ea/ along ! %ore & ne> ! royal palace--a favorable situation = ! l>ge comm]cial ent]prises 9 :i* !y 7 engag$4 ,! ,jews _h full p]mission to c>ry on _! religi\s obs]vances1 & besides _m small] places ( wor%ip1 ea* m>k$ by its surr\nd+ plantation ( trees1 !y built a great synagogue1 ( :i* x is said 9 ! ,talmud1 ,he :o has n se5 x has n se5 ! glory ( ,israel4#c ,x 0 9 ! =m ( a basilica1 ) a d\ble r[ ( columns1 & s va/ t an (ficial /&+ ^u a plat=m _h to wave 8 head-clo? or veil to in=m ! p at ! back ( ! edifice :5 to say ,am5 9 response to ! ,read]4 ,! congregation 0 seat$ accord+ to trade-guilds1 z 0 also cu/om>y dur+ ! ,middle ,ages2 ! goldsmi?s1 silv]smi?s1 copp]smi?s1 & weav]s _h _! own places1 = ! ,alex&rian ,jews seem to h p>tially adopt$ ! ,egyptian ca/e-sy/em4 ,! ,jews enjoy$ a l>ge am\nt ( self-gov]nm5t1 hav+ _! own gov]nor1 ! e?n>*1 & 9 ,roman times _! own c\ncil 7,sanh$r971 :i* adm9i/]$ _! own code ( laws4 ,( ! e?n>* ,/rabo says t he 0 l an indep5d5t rul]1 & x 0 8 function to secure ! prop] fulfilm5t ( duties by ! community & compliance ) _! peculi> laws4#d ,?us ! p =m$ a sort ( /ate )9 a /ate1 pres]v+ _! national life 9 ! =eign environm5t4 ,!y possess$ z mu* political indep5d5ce z ! ,pale/9ian community :5 "u ,roman rule2 & enjoy$ all ! advantages )\t any ( ! n>r[+ influ5ces1 physical or intellectual1 ( a ghetto4 ,!y 7 able to rema9 an indep5d5t body1 & fo/] a ,jewi% _s1 a ,jewi% view ( life1 a ,jewi% culture1 :ile at ! same "t !y assimilat$ ! diff]5t culture ( ! ,greeks ar\nd !m1 & took _! "p 9 ! g5]al social & political life4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird & ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ,pale/9e 0 a %uttlecock toss$ betwe5 ! ,ptolemies & ! ,seleucids2 b 9 ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes 7c4 #aej ,b4,c4,e47 x f9ally pass$ out ( ! p[] ( ! ,ptolemaic h\se1 & f ?is "t ! ,pale/9ian ,jews _h a diff]5t political hi/ory f ! ,egyptian4 ,! compulsory ,hell5ization by ,antio*us ar\s$ ! be/ elem5ts ( ! ,jewi% nation1 :i* _h seem$ likely to lose by a gradual assimilation its adh]5ce to pure mono!ism & ! ,mosaic law4 ,! /ruggle ( foe z aga9/ ! ,hell5iz+ p>ty ( 8 own p1 :i*1 l$ by ! high prie/s ,jason1 ,m5elaus1 & ,alcimus1 tri$ to cru% bo? ! national & ! religi\s _s4 ,! ,maccaban rule br\ght n only a r5aissance ( national life & national culture1 b also a revival ( ! national religion4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ! deliv]ance ( ! ,jews _h be5 accompli%$ by ! noble b& ( bro!rs1 _m ( ! fai?ful ,pale/9ian families _h fl$ = protection f ! tyranny ( ,antio*us to ! refuge ( 8 enemy ,ptolemy ,philometor4 ,among ! fugitives 7 ,onias & ,dosi!us1 :o1 accord+ to ,josephus1#e became ! tru/$ lead]s ( ! armies ( ! ,egyptian mon>*4 ,onias1 moreov]1 0 ! rightful successor to ! high-prie/hood1 & despair+ ( obta9+ 8 dignity 9 ,j]usalem1 :]e ! (fice _h be5 giv5 to ! wor?less ,hell5i/ ,alcimus1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( sett+ up a local c5tre ( ! ,jewi% religion 9 ! c\ntry ( 8 exile4 ,he p]suad$ ,ptolemy to grant him a piece ( t]ritory ^u :i* he might build a temple = ,jewi% wor%ip1 assur+ him t 8 action w\ld h ! effect ( secur+ =ev] ! loyalty ( 8 ,jewi% subjects4 ,ptolemy gave him a place "o hundr$ & eighty furlongs di/ant f ,memphis1 9 ! nomos ( ,heliopolis1 :]e he built a =tress & a temple1 n l t at ,j]usalem1 b su* z resembl$ a t[]4#f ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie has rec5tly discov]$ rema9s at ,tell-el-,yeh\diyeh1 ! m\nd ( ! ,jews1 ne> ! anci5t ,leontopolis1 :i* tally ) ! description ( ,josephus1 & may be presum$ to be ! ru9s ( ! temple4 ,x is difficult to arrive at an accurate idea ( ! nature & importance ( ! ,onias temple1 because our *ief au?ority1 ,josephus1#g gives two inconsi/5t acc\nts ( x1 & ! ,talmud ref]5ces#h are equally involv$4 ,b c]ta9 negative facts are cle>4 ,fir/1 ! temple did n become1 ev5 if x 7 design$ to be1 a rival to ! temple ( ,j]usalem3 x did n dim9i% 9 any way ! tribute :i* ! ,egyptian ,jews paid to ! sacr$ c5tre ( ! religion4 ,!y did n cease to s5d _! ti!s = ! b5efit ( ! poor 9 ,juda1 or _! repres5tatives to ! great fe/ivals1 & !y dispat*$ mess5g]s ea* ye> ) contributions ( gold & silv]1 :o1 says ,philo1#i travell$ ov] almo/ impassable roads1 :i* !y look$ ^u z easy1 9 t !y l$ !m to piety4 ,! ,alex&rian-,jewi% writ]s1 )\t exception1 are sil5t ab\t ! "w ( ,onias2 ,philo does n give a s+le h9t ( x1 & on ! o!r h& speaks#aj sev]al times ( ! great national c5tre at ,j]usalem z ! mo/ beautiful & r5[n$ temple :i* is honor$ by ! :ole ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,! ,egyptian ,jews1 accord+ to ,josephus1 claim$ t ! prophecy ( ,isaiah _h be5 accompli%$1 t !re %all be an alt> to ! ,"l 9 ! mid/ ( ! l& ( ,egypt 7,is4 xix4 #ai74 ,b ! alt>1 x has rec5tly be5 sugge/$1#aa 0 r a ,bamah 7a high place7 ?an a temple4 ,x s]v$ z a tempor>y sanctu>y :ile ! ,j]usalem temple 0 defil$1 & aft]w>ds x 0 a place :]e ! prie/ly ritual 0 c>ri$ out day by day1 & (f]+s 7 br\ght by ^? :o c\ld n make ! pilgrimage to ,j]usalem4 ,?\gh ! synagogue 0 ! ma9 seat ( religi\s life 9 ! ,diaspora1 !re 0 /ill a desire = ! sacrificial wor%ip1 & = a long "t ! rabbis look$ ) favor ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( ,onias4 ,b :5 ! t5d5cy to f\nd a new ritual !re %[$ itself1 !y d5i$ its hol9ess4#ab ,! religi\s importance ( ! temple1 h[ev]1 0 nev] great1 & its *ief int]e/ is t x %[s ! survival ( ! affection = ! prie/ly s]vice among ! ,hell5iz$ community1 & helps !re=e to disprove ! my? t ! ,alex&rians allegoriz$ away ! ,levitical laws4 ,dur+ ! *eck]$ hi/ory ( ,egypt 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4,e41 :5 x 0 9 turn ! play?+ ( ! corrupt ,roman ,s5ate1 :o support$ ! claims ( a s]ies ( feeble puppet-,ptolemies1 ! prize ( ! w>riors1 :o successively aspir$ to be ma/]s ( ! _w1 ,julius ,cs>1 ,m>k ,antony1 & ,octavian1 & f9ally a prov9ce ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! political & mat]ial prosp]ity ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews rema9$ = ! mo/ "p undi/urb$4 ,julius ,cs> & ,augu/us1 :o ev]y:]e %[$ special favor to _! ,jewi% subjects1 confirm$ ! privileges ( full citiz5%ip & limit$ self-gov]nm5t :i* ! e>ly ,ptolemies _h be/[$4#ac ,josephus records a lett] ( ,augu/us to ! ,jewi% community at ,cyr5e1 9 :i* he orda9s3 ,s9ce ! nation ( ! ,jews ha? be5 f\nd grateful to ! ,roman p1 x seem$ good to me & my c\nsellors t ! ,jews h lib]ty to make use ( _! own cu/oms1 & t _! sacr$ money be n t\*$1 b s5t to ,j]usalem1 & t !y be n oblig$ to g be=e ! judge on ! ,sabba? day nor on ! day ( prep>ation = x aft] ! n9? h\r1 i4e41 aft] ! e>ly ev5+4#ad ,?is decree is typical ( ! emp]or's attitude to 8 ,jewi% subjects2 & ,egypt became m & m a favor$ home ( ! race1 s t ! ,jewi% population 9 ! l&1 f ! ,libyan des]t to ! bord] ( ,e?iopia1 0 e/imat$ 9 ,philo's "t at n less ?an "o million4#ae ,! prosp]ity & privileges ( ! ,jews1 comb9$ ) _! peculi> cu/oms & _! religi\s sep>at5ess1 did n fail at ,alex&ria1 z !y h n fail$ 9 any c\ntry ( ! ,diaspora1 to ar\se ! mix$ envy & dislike ( ! rude populace1 & give a h&le to ! agitations ( self-seek+ demagogues4 ,! ?ird book ( ! ,maccabees tells ( a ,ptolemaic p]secution dur+ :i* ,jewi% victims 7 turn$ into ! ar5a at ,alex&ria1 to be trodd5 d[n by elephants made fi]ce ) ! blood ( grapes1 & ( _! deliv]ance by ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,"s fiction is c]ta9ly mix$ ) ?is recital1 b x may well be t dur+ ! rule ( ! /upid & cruel usurp] ,ptolemy ,physcon 7c4 #abj ,b4,c4,e47 ! protection ( ! royal h\se 0 = political reasons remov$ = a "t f ! ,jews4 ,josephus#af relates t ! anniv]s>y ( ! deliv]ance 0 celebrat$ z a fe/ival 9 ,egypt4 ,! popul> feel+ aga9/ ! peculi> p 0 ( an abid+ "*1 = x _h abid+ causes1 envy & dislike ( a sep>ate mann] ( life2 & ! pr(essional anti-,semite1#ag :o _h 8 =]unn]s be=e ! reign ( ! fir/ ,ptolemy1 0 able f "t to "t to fan popul> feel+s into flame4 ,9 ^? days1 :5 hi/ory & fiction 7 n cle>ly di/+ui%$1 he 0 apt to hide 8 attacks "u ! guise ( hi/ory1 & /ir up odium by scurril\s & (f5sive acc\nts ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,h5ce anti-,jewi% lit]ature orig9at$ at ,alex&ria4 ,mane?o1 an hi/orian ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4,e41 9 8 *ronicles ( ,egypt1 introduc$ an anti-,jewi% pamphlet ) an orig9al acc\nt ( ! ,exodus1 :i* became ! model = a s*ool ( scribes m virul5t & less di/+ui%$ ?an himself4 ,! ,battle ( ,hi/ories 0 tak5 up ) _s by ! ,jews1 & x 0 r\nd ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt t ! conflict *iefly rag$4 ,9 reply to ! (f5sive picture ( a ,mane?o & ! diatribes ( "s />vel+ ,greekl+1 !re appe>$ ! eulogi/ic picture ( an ,ari/eas1 ! improv$ ,exodus ( an ,artapanus4 ,joseph & ,moses figur$ z ! mo/ brilliant ( ,egyptian /atesm51 & ! ,ptolemies z admir]s ( ! ,scriptures4 ,! morality ( ?is apologetic lit]ature1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! lit]>y =g]ies :i* =m$ "p ( x1 has be5 impugn$ by c]ta9 ,g]man !ologians4 ,b ap>t f ! necessities ( ! case1 x is n fair to apply to an age 9 :i* ,cic]o decl>$ t arti/ic ly+ 0 legitimate 9 hi/ory1 ! /&>d ( mod]n ,g]man accuracy4 ,! fabrications ( ,jewi% apologi/s 7 9 ! _s ( ! "t4 ,! outw>d hi/ory ( ! ,alex&rian community is f> less int]e/+ & ( f> less importance ?an its intellectual progress4 ,:5 ,alex&] plant$ ! colony ( ,jews 9 8 greate/ f\ndation1 he probably int5d$ to facilitate ! fusion ( ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ?\ght ?r\gh _! m$iation4 ,su*1 at any rate1 0 ! result ( 8 "w4 ,8 m>vell\s exploits _h put an end = a "t to ! political /rife betwe5 ,asia & ,europe1 & _h />t$ ! movem5t betwe5 ! two realms ( culture1 :i* 0 fat$ to produce ! greate/ comb9ation ( ideas t ! _w has kn[n4 ,n[1 at la/1 ! ,hebrew1 ) 8 l(ty conception ( ,god1 came into close contact ) ! ,greek1 :o _h develop$ an equally noble conception ( man4 ,disraeli1 9 8 usual sweep+ mann]1 makes "o ( 8 *>act]s 9 ,lo?air tell h[ ! ,aryan & ,semitic races1 aft] c5turies ( w&]+ ^u opposite c\rses1 met aga9 &1 repres5t$ by _! two *oice/ families1 ! ,hell5es & ! ,hebrews1 br\ght toge!r ! treasures ( _! accumulat$ wisdom & secur$ ! civilization ( man4 ,ap>t f ! "q ( ! orig9al common s\rce1 ( :i* we are no long] sure1 8 rhetoric is broadly true2 b = two c5turies ! influ5ce 0 ne>ly all ^u "o side4 ,! ,jew1 attract$ by ! brilliant art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & philosophy ( ! ,hell5e1 spe$ily ,hell5iz$1 & z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4,e4 ,cle>*us1 ! pupil ( ,ari/otle1 tells ( a ,jew :om 8 ma/] met1 :o 0 ,greek n only 9 language b also 9 m9d4#ah ,! ,greek1 on ! o!r h&1 :o _h n yet compreh5d$ ! maje/y ( 8 neighbor's mono!ism1 = lack ( adequate pres5tation1 did n ,hebraize4 ,9 ,pale/9e ! adoption ( ,greek ways & ! introduction ( ,greek ideas proce$$ rapidly to ! po9t ( demoralization1 until ! ,maccabees /ay$ x4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,hell5ism t 0 br\ght to ,pale/9e 0 n ! l(ty culture1 ! eag] se>* = tru? & k1 t m>k$ ,a!ns 9 ! classical age2 x 0 a ba/>d product ( ,greek elegance & ,ori5tal luxury & s5su\sness1 a seek+ aft] base pleasures1 an ass]tion ( naturali/ic poly!ism4 ,& h5ce came ! /rong reaction aga9/ ,greek ideas among ! bulk ( ! p1 :i* prev5t$ any p]man5t fusion ( cultures 9 ! l& ( ,israel4 ,! ,hell5ism ( ,alex&ria 0 a m g5u9e product4 ,! lib]al policy ( ! e>ly ,ptolemies made _! capital a c5tre ( art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & philosophy4 ,to _! c\rt 7 ga!r$ ! *ief poets1 savants1 & ?9k]s ( _! age4 ,! ,museum 0 ! mo/ celebrat$ lit]>y academy1 & ! ,libr>y ! mo/ not$ collection ( books 9 ! _w4 ,dwell+ 9 ?is atmosph]e ( culture & rese>*1 ! ,hebrew m9d rapidly exp&$ & began to take its "p z an active =ce 9 civilization4 ,x acquir$ ! love ( k 9 a wid] s5se ?an x _h recogniz$ be=e1 & assimilat$ ! tea*+s ( ,hellas 9 all _! v>iety4 ,)9 a hundr$ ye>s ( _! settlem5t ,hebrew or ,aramaic _h become to ! ,jews a /range language1 & !y spoke & ?\ght 9 ,greek4 ,h5ce x 0 necess>y to h an au?oritative ,greek translation ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & ! fir/ great /ep 9 ! ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic developm5t is m>k$ by ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,fancy & leg5d atta*$ !mselves e>ly to an ev5t fraught ) su* importance = ! hi/ory ( ! race & mank9d z ! translation ( ! ,scriptures into ! language ( ! cultur$ _w4 ,f ?is ov]gr[? x is difficult to con/ruct a true n>rative2 /ill1 ! rese>* ( latt]-day s*ol>s has gone f> to prove a basis ( tru? 9 ! /atem5ts made 9 ! fam\s lett] ( ! pseudo-,ari/eas1 :i* pr(esses to describe ! orig9 ( ! "w4 ,we may extract f 8 /ory t ! ,septuag9t 0 writt5 9 ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ab\t #bej ,b4,c4,e41 ) ! approval1 if n at ! express reque/1 ( ! k+1 & ) ! help ( rabbis br\ght f ,pale/9e to give au?ority to ! "w4 ,b we ne$ n believe ) lat] leg5d t ea* ( ! sev5ty translators 0 lock$ up 9 a sep>ate cell = sev5ty days till he _h f9i%$ ! :ole "w1 & t :5 !y 7 let out !y 7 all f\nd to h writt5 exactly ! same words4 ,philo gives u a v]sion ( ! ev5t1 romantic1 inde$1 b m rational1 9 8 ,life ( ,moses4#ai ,he tells h[ ,ptolemy1 hav+ conceiv$ a great admiration = ! laws ( ,moses1 s5t ambassadors to ! high prie/ ( ,juddea1 reque/+ him to *oose out a numb] ( le>n$ m5 t might translate !m into ,greek4 ,^! 7 duly *os51 & came to ! k+'s c\rt1 & 7 allott$ ! ,isle ( ,ph>os z ! mo/ tranquil spot 9 ! city = c>ry+ out _! "w2 by ,god's grace !y all f\nd ! exact ,greek words to correspond to ! ,hebrew words1 s t !y 7 n m]e translators1 b prophets to :om x _h be5 grant$ to foll[ 9 ! div9ity ( _! m9ds ! sublime _s ( ,moses4 ,on :i* acc\nt1 he adds1 ev5 to ?is day !re is 9 e ye> celebrat$ a fe/ival 9 ! ,isl& ( ,ph>os1 to :i* n only ,jews b _m p]sons ( o!r nations sail across1 rev]5c+ ! place 9 :i* ! light ( int]pretation fir/ %one =?1 & ?ank+ ,god = ,8 anci5t gift to man1 :i* has et]nal y\? & fre%ness4 ,x is significant t ,philo makes no m5tion 9 8 books ( ! fe/ival ( ,hanukah1 :ile ! ,talmud has no m5tion ( ?is fea/ ( ,ph>os2 ! ,alex&rian ,jews celebrat$ ! day :5 ! ,bible 0 br\ght )9 rea* ( ! ,greek _w1 ! ,pale/9ians ! day :5 ! ,greeks 7 driv5 out ( ! temple4 ,at ! same "t ! celebrations 9 honor ( ! ,septuag9t & ( ! deliv]ance f ! ,ptolemaic p]secution#bj are rem>kable illu/rations ( a liv+ ,jewi% tradition at ,alex&ria1 :i* atta*$ a religi\s consecration to ! special hi/ory ( ! community4 ,x is n correct to say ) ,philo t ! translator r5d]$ ea* ^w ( ! ,hebrew ) lit]al fai?fulness1 s z to give its prop] =ce4 ,r may we accept ! words ( ! ,greek translator ( ,b5 ,sira3 ,?+s orig9ally spok5 9 ,hebrew h n ! same =ce 9 !m :5 !y are translat$ into ano!r tongue1 & n only ^!1 b ! law itself 7! ,torah7 & ! prophecies & ! re/ ( ! books h no small diff]5ce :5 !y are spok5 9 _! orig9al language4#ba ,f ! mak+ ( ! translation "o c trace ! movem5t t end$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,by read+ _! ,scriptures 9 ,greek1 ,jews began to ?9k !m 9 ,greek & accord+ to ,greek conceptions4 ,c]ta9 comm5tators h se5 9 ! ,septuag9t itself ! infusion ( ,greek philosophical ideas4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t ! v]sion facilitat$ ! introduction ( ,greek philosophy into ! int]pretation ( ,scripture1 & gave a new mean+ to c]ta9 ,hebraic conceptions1 by sugge/+ comp>ison ) /range notions4 ,?is aspect ( ! "w l$ ! rabbis ( ,pale/9e & ,babylon 9 lat] days1 :5 ! spread ( ,hell5iz$ ,judaism 0 fraught ) mis]y to ! race1 to reg>d x z an awful calamity1 & to rec\nt a tale ( a plague ( d>kness :i* fell ^u ,pale/9e = ?ree days :5 x 0 made2#bb & !y obs]v$ a fa/ day 9 place ( ! old ,alex&rian fea/ on ! anniv]s>y ( its completion4 ,!y felt z ! old ,italian prov]b has x1 ,traduttori1 traditori6 7,translators are traitors674 ,& ! ,midra% 9 ! same _s decl>es#bc t ! oral law 0 n writt5 d[n1 because ,god knew t o!rwise x w\ld be translat$ into ,greek1 & ,he wi%$ x to be ! special my/]y ( ,8 p1 z ! ,bible no long] 04 ,! ,septuag9t translation ( ! ,bible 0 "o answ] to ! ly+ acc\nts ( ,israel's e>ly hi/ory concoct$ by anti-,semitic writ]s4 ,z we h se51#bd ! ,alex&rian ,jews began e>ly to write hi/ories & re-edit ! ,bible /ories to ! same purpose4 ,& = "s "t _! writ+s 7 ma9ly apologetic1 design$1 :atev] _! =m1 to s]ve a def5sive purpose4 ,b lat] !y took ! (f5sive aga9/ ! paganism & immorality ( ! peoples ab\t !m1 & ! mission>y _s became pr$om9ant4 ,alex&] ,polyhi/or1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 includ$ 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews fragm5ts ( ^! e>ly ,jewi% hi/orians & apologi/s1 :i* ! ,*ri/ian bi%op ,eusebius has h&$ d[n to u4 ,f !m we c ga!r "s notion ( ! /range m$ley ( fact & imag9ation :i* 0 compos$ to influ5ce ! ,g5tile _w4 ,abraham is said to h in/ruct$ ! ,egyptians 9 a/rology2 ,joseph devis$ a great sy/em ( agriculture2 ,moses 0 id5tifi$ v>i\sly ) ! leg5d>y ,greek se] ,musaeus & ! god ,h]mes4 ,a favorite device = rebutt+ ! calumnies ( detractors & attract+ ! out] _w to ,jewi% ideas1 0 ! atta*m5t to "s anci5t s\rce ( panegyrics ^u ,judaism & mono!ism4 ,to ! ,greek philosoph] ,h]aclitus & ! ,greek hi/orian ,hecateus1 :o wrote a hi/ory ( ! _w1 passages :i* glorify ! ,hebrew p & ! ,hebrew ,god 7 ascrib$4 ,/ill m d>+ 0 ! conv]sion into ar*aic hexamet] v]se ( ! /ories ( ,g5esis & ,exodus1 & ( ,messianic prophecies 9 ! guise ( ,sibyll9e oracles4 ,! ,sibyl1 :om ! sup]/itions ( ! "t rev]$ z an inspir$ se]ess ( prehi/oric ages1 0 made to recite ! build+ ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 or ! virtues ( ,abraham1 & aga9 to prophesy ! day :5 ! hea!n nations %\ld be wip$ out1 & ! ,god ( ,israel be ! ,god ( all ! _w4 ,al?\gh ! fabrication ( oracles is n entirely def5sible1 x is unnecess>y to see1 ) ,s*r]1 9 ^! writ+s a l[ moral /&>d among ! ,egyptian ,jews4 ,!y 7 n meant to sugge/1 to ! cultur$ at any rate1 t ! ,sibyl 9 "o case or ,h]aclitus 9 ano!r _h really writt5 ! words ascrib$ to !m4 ,! s-call$ =g]y 0 a lit]>y device ( a l nature ) ! dialogues ( ,plato or ! political fantasies ( ,m & ,swift4 ,by ! /rik+ nature ( _! utt]ances ! writ]s hop$ to cat* ! e> ( ! ,g5tile _w = ! sav+ doctr9e :i* !y taught4 ,! =m is ,greek1 b ! _s is ,hebraic2 9 ! ?ird ,sibyll9e oracle1 p>ticul>ly1 ! call to mono!ism & ! d5unciation ( idolatry1 ) ! pictures ( ! ,div9e rew>d = ! righte\s1 & ( ! ,div9e judgm5t = ! ungodly1 rem9d u ( ! prophecies ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah2 z :5 ! poet says1#be ,witless mortals1 :o cl+ to an image t ye h fa%ion$ to be y\r god1 :y d ye va9ly g a/ray1 & m>* along a pa? :i* is n /raight8 ,:y rememb] ye n ! et]nal f\nd] ( ,all8 ,"o only ,god !re is :o rule? alone4 ,& aga93 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all m>k out ! pa? ( life to all mortals1 = !y are ! int]pret]s ( ,god1 exalt$ by ,him1 & be>+ a great joy to all mank9d4#bf ,! consci\sness ( ! ,jewi% mission is ! dom9ant note4 ,ma/]s n[ ( ,greek culture1 ! ,jews believ$ t !y _h a philosophy ( _! own1 :i* x 0 _! privilege to tea* to ! ,greeks2 _! conception ( ,god & ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w 0 tru] ?an any o!r2 _! conception ( man's duty m righte\s2 ev5 _! conception ( ! /ate m ideal4 ,! apocryphal book1 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 :i* 0 probably writt5 at ,alex&ria dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4,e41 is m>k$ by ! same _s4 ,!re aga9 we meet ) ! glorification ( ! "o true ,god ( ,israel1 & ! d5unciation ( pagan idolatry2 & :ile ! au?or writes 9 ,greek & %[s ! influ5ce ( ,greek ideas1 he makes ! ,psalms & ! ,prov]bs 8 models ( lit]>y =m4 ,love righte\sness1 he beg9s1 ye t be judges ( ! e>?2 ?9k ye ( ! ,"l ) a good m9d & 9 s+l5ess ( he>t seek ye ,him4 ,8 appeal = godl9ess is address$ to ! ,g5tile _w 9 a language :i* !y und]/ood1 b 9 a _s to :i* mo/ ( !m 7 /rang]s4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt comes home to him ) especial =ce1 = he sees x 9 ! light ( et]nity1 a /rik+ moral lesson = ! godless ,egyptian _w ar\nd him 9 :i* ! h\se ( ,jacob dwelt aga94 ,) poetical imag9ation he tells anew ! /ory ( ! t5 plagues z ?\gh he _h liv$ ?r\gh !m1 & se5 ) 8 own eyes ! puni%m5t ( ! idolatr\s l&4 ,he ends ) a pan to ! ,god :o _h sav$ ,8 p4 ,= 9 all ?+s ,?\ did/ magnify !m1 & ,?\ did/ glorify !m1 & n lightly reg>d !m1 /&+ by _! side 9 e "t & place4 ,at ?is epo*1 & at ,alex&ria especially1 ,judaism 0 no self-c5tr$1 exclusive fai? afraid ( expansion4 ,! mission ( ,israel 0 a v real ?+1 & conv]sion 0 widespread 9 ,rome1 9 ,egypt1 & all along ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,! ,jews1 says ! lett] ( ,ari/eas1 eag]ly seek int]c\rse ) o!r nations1 & !y pay special c>e to ?is1 & emulate ea* o!r !re94 ,& "o ( ! mo/ reliable pagan writ]s says ( !m1 ,!y h p5etrat$ into e /ate1 & x is h>d to f9d a place :]e !y h n become p[]ful4#bg ,nor 0 x m]ely mat]ial p[] :i* !y acquir$4 ,! days _h come :i* ! prophet ,amos 7viii4 #aa7 _h pr$ict$1 :5 ,god w s5d a fam9e 9 ! l&1 n a fam9e ( bread1 nor a ?ir/ = wat]1 b a fam9e ( he>+ ! words ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,greek _w _h lo/ fai? 9 ! poetical gods ( its my?ology & 9 ! metaphysical p[]s ( its philosophical s*ools1 & 0 se>*+ = a m real object to rev]e & lean on4 ,! p 7 ?ir/+ = ! liv+ ,god4 ,& 9 place ( ! gods ( nature1 :om !y _h f\nd unsatisfy+1 or ! imp]sonal _w-=ce1 ) :i* !y s\ght 9 va9 to come into h>mony1 ! ,jews (f]$ !m ! ,god ( hi/ory1 :o _h pres]v$ _! race ?r\gh ! ages1 & reveal$ to !m ! law ( ,moses4 ,! mission>y purpose 0 l>gely responsible = ! rise ( a philosophical s*ool ( ,bible comm5tators4 ,! ,hell5i/ic _w 0 ?or\ghly sophi/icat$1 & ,alex&ria 0 di/+ui%$ above all t[ns z ! home ( philosophical lectures & book-mak+4 ,"o ( ,philo's contempor>ies is said to h writt5 ov] "o ?\s& treatises1 & 9 "o ( 8 r>e t\*es ( satire ,philo relates#bh h[ b&s ( sophi/s talk$ to eag] cr[ds ( m5 & wom5 day & night ab\t virtue be+ ! only good1 & ! bless$ness ( life accord+ to nature1 all )\t produc+ ! slighte/ effect1 save noise4 ,! ,jews also /udi$ philosophy1 & began to talk 9 ! cat*words ( philosophy1 & !n to re-int]pret _! ,scriptures accord+ to ! ideas ( philosophy4 ,! ,septuag9t translation ( ! ,p5tateu* 0 to ! cultur$ ,g5tile an acc\nt 9 r bald & impure ,greek ( ! hi/ory ( a family :i* grew into a petty nation1 & ( _! tribal & national laws4 ,! prophets1 x is true1 set =? tea*+s :i* 7 m obvi\sly ( g5]al moral import2 b ! books ( ! prophets 7 n ,god's special revelation to ! ,jews1 b r individual utt]ances & exhortations3 & _! tea*+ 0 treat$ z subord9ate to ! ,div9e revelation 9 ! ,five ,books ( ,moses4 ,^?1 !n1 :o aim$ at ! spread ( ,jewi% mono!ism 7 impell$ to draw out a philosophical mean+1 a univ]sal value f ! ,books ( ,moses4 ,n[adays ! ,bible is ! holy book ( s mu* ( ! civiliz$ _w t x is some:at difficult = u to =m a prop] conception ( :at x 0 to ! civiliz$ _w be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,we h to imag9e a /ate ( culture 9 :i* x 0 only ! ,book ( books to "o small nation1 :ile to o!rs x 0 at be/ a curi\s record ( anci5t times1 j z ! ,code ( ,hammurabi or ! ,egyptian ,book ( ,life is to u4 ,! ,alex&rian ,jews 7 ! fir/ to popul>ize its tea*+s1 to br+ ,jewi% religion into l9e ) ! ?\ght ( ! ,greek _w4 ,x 0 to ?is end t !y f\nd$ a p>ticul> =m ( ,midra%--! allegorical int]pretation1 :i* is l>gely a di/9ctive product ( ! ,alex&rian age4 ,! ,pale/9ian rabbis ( ! "t 7 on ! "o h& develop+ by dialectic discussion ! oral tradition into a va/ sy/em ( religi\s ritual & legal jurisprud5ce2 on ! o!r1 weav+ ar\nd ! law1 by way ( adornm5t to x1 a v>iegat$ fabric ( philosophy1 fable1 allegory1 & leg5d4 ,simultane\sly ! ,alex&rian prea*]s--!y 7 nev] q ! same z ! rabbis--7 emphasiz+ = ! out] _w z well z _! own p ! spiritual side ( ! religion1 elaborat+ a !ology t %\ld satisfy ! reason1 & seek+ to e/abli% ! h>mony ( ,greek philosophy ) ,jewi% mono!ism & ! ,mosaic legislation4 ,allegorical int]pretation is bas$ ^u ! supposition or fiction t ! au?or :o is int]pret$ int5d$ some?+ 'o!r' ,greek3 allo ?an :at is express$2 x is ! me?od us$ to read ?\ght into a text :i* its words d n lit]ally be>1 by atta*+ to ea* phrase "s deep]1 usually "s philosophical mean+4 ,x enables ! int]pret] to br+ writ+s ( antiquity into t\* ) ! culture ( 8 or any age2 ! gates ( allegory are nev] clos$1 & !y op5 ^u a pa? :i* /ret*es )\t a break ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,9 ! region ( jurisprud5ce !re is an in/itution ) a simil> purpose1 :i* is kn[n z legal fiction1 :]eby old laws by subtle int]pretation are made to s]ve new conditions & new ne$s4 ,allegorical int]pretation mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! writ+ ( allegory1 ( :i* ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress is ! be/-kn[n type4 ,"o is ! conv]se ( ! o!r2 = 9 allegories moral ideas are repres5t$ z p]sons & moral lessons en=c$ by :at purports to be a /ory ( life4 ,9 allegorical int]pretation p]sons are trans=m$ into ideas & _! hi/ory into a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,! ,greek philosoph]s _h appli$ ?is me?od to ,hom] s9ce ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4,e41 9 ord] to read into ! epic poet1 ^: "w !y reg>d$ almo/ z a ,div9e revelation1 _! reflective !ories ( ! univ]se4 ,& d\btless ! ,jewi% philosoph]s 7 influ5c$ by _! example4 ,_! allegorical treatm5t ( ! ,bible 0 int5d$1 n m]ely to adapt x to ! ,greek _w1 b to /r5g!n its hold on ! ,alex&rian ,jews !mselves4 ,^!1 z !y acquir$ ,hell5ic culture1 f\nd t ! ,bible 9 its lit]al s5se did n altoge!r satisfy _! conceptions4 ,!y detect$ 9 x a c]ta9 primitiv5ess1 & hav+ eat5 fur!r ( ! tree ( k1 !y 7 aw>e ( its philosophical nak$ness4 ,x 0 full ( an?ropomorphism1 & x seem$ want+ 9 t :i* ! ,greek _w admir$ above all ?+s--a sy/ematic !ology & sy/ematic e?ics4 ,! idea t ! words ( ! ,bible conta9$ "s hidd5 mean+s goes back to ! e>lie/ ,jewi% tradition & is "o ( ! bases ( ! oral law2 b ! special *>act]i/ic ( ! ,alex&rian exegesis is t x se>*$ out !ories ( ,god & life l ^? :i* ! ,greek philosoph]s _h develop$4 ,! device 0 necess>y to secure ! allegiance ( ! p to ! ,torah4 ,& f ! ne$ ( exp\nd+ ! ,bible 9 ?is way to ! ,jewi% public at ,alex&ria1 !re arose a new =m ( religi\s lit]ature1 ! s]mon1 & a new =m ( comm5t>y1 ! homiletical4 ,! words homiletical & homily sugge/ :at !y orig9ally connot$2 !y are d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 homilia1 an assembly1 & a homily 0 a disc\rse deliv]$ to an assembly4 ,! ,meturgeman ( ,pale/9e & ,babylon1 :o exp\nd$ ! ,hebrew text 9 ,aramaic1 became ! prea*] ( ,alex&ria1 :o gave1 9 ,greek1 ( c\rse1 homiletical expositions ( ! law4 ,9 ! great synagogue ea* ,sabba? "s lead] 9 ! community w\ld give a h>angue to ! assembly1 />t+ f a ,biblical text & d$uc+ f x or weav+ into x ! ideas ( ,hell5ic wisdom1 t\*$ by ,jewi% influ5ce2 = ! synagogues at ,alex&ria z else:]e 7 ! s*ools 7,s*ule7 z mu* z ! h\ses ( pray]2 s*ools1 z ,philo says1 ( temp]ance1 brav]y1 prud5ce1 ju/ice1 piety1 hol9ess1 & 9 %ort ( all virtues by :i* ?+s human & ,div9e are well ord]$4#bi ,he speaks repeat$ly ( ! ,sabba? ga!r+s1 :5 ! ,jews w\ld become1 z he puts x1 a community ( philosoph]s1#cj z !y li/5$ to ! exegesis ( ! prea*]1 :o by allegorical & homiletical fancies w\ld make a v]se or *apt] ( ! ,torah live aga9 ) a new mean+ to 8 audi5ce4 ,! ,alex&rian ,jews1 ?\gh ! =m ( _! writ+ 0 influ5c$ by ! ,greeks1 probably br\ght ) !m f ,pale/9e primitive traces ( allegorism4 ,allegory & its c\nt]p>t1 allegorical int]pretation1 are deeply imb$d$ 9 ! ,ori5tal m9d1 & we he> ( anci5t s*ools ( symboli/s 9 ! olde/ portions ( ! ,talmud4#ca ,at :at p]iod ! ,alex&rians began to use allegorical int]pretation = ! purpose ( h>moniz+ ,greek ideas ) ! ,bible we d n "k1 b ! fir/ writ] 9 ?is /yle ( :om we h record 7?\gh s*ol>s consid] t 8 fragm5ts are ( d\btful au!nticity7 is ,ari/obulus4 ,he is said to h be5 ! tutor ( ,ptolemy ,philometor1 & he mu/ h writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4,e4 ,he d$icat$ to ! k+ 8 ,exegesis ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 :i* 0 an attempt to reveal ! tea*+s ( ! ,p]ipatetic sy/em1 i4e41 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 )9 ! text ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,all an?ropomorphic expressions are expla9$ away allegorically1 & ,god's activity 9 ! mat]ial univ]se is ascrib$ to 8 ,greek3 ,dunamis or p[]1 :i* p]vades all creation4 ,:e!r ! p[] is indep5d5t & treat$ z a sep>ate p]son is n cle> f ! fragm5ts t ,eusebius#cb has pres]v$ = u4 ,ari/obulus 0 only "o l9k 9 a cont9u\s *a91 ?\gh 8 is ! only "n among ,philo's pr$ecessors t has come d[n to u4 ,philo speaks1 fifte5 times 9 all1 ( explanations ( allegori/s :o read into ! ,bible ?is or t sy/em ( ?\ght#cc reg>d+ ! words ( ! law z manife/ symbols ( ?+s invisible & h9ts ( ?+s inexpressible4 ,& if _! "w 7 be=e u1 x is likely t ,philo w\ld appe> z ! c5tral figure ( an ,alex&rian ,midra% ga!r$ f _m s\rces1 in/ead ( ! sole au?ority = a va/ developm5t ( ! ,torah4 ,we mu/ n reg>d him z a s+le philosophical g5ius :o sudd5ly spr+s up1 b z ! culm9ation ( a long developm5t1 ! supreme ma/] ( an old tradition4 ,if ! allegorical me?od appe>s n[ z artificial & frigid1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x 0 "o :i* recomm5d$ itself /rongly to ! age4 ,! great creative era ( ! ,greek m9d _h pass$ away ) ! absorption ( ! city-/ate 9 ,alex&]'s empire4 ,!n foll[$ ! age ( criticism1 dur+ :i* ! works ( ! great ma/]s 7 int]pret$1 annotat$1 & comp>$4 ,next1 z creative ?\ght became r>]1 & confid5ce 9 human reason began to be %ak51 m5 fell back m & m = _! ideas & op9ions ^u "s au?ority ( ! di/ant pa/1 :om !y reg>d$ z an inspir$ tea*]4 ,! say+s ( ,hom] & ,py?agoras 7 consid]$ z div9ely reveal$ tru?s2 & :5 treat$ allegorically1 !y 7 %[n to conta9 ! philosophical t5ets ( ! ,platonic1 ! ,ari/otelian1 or ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4,e41 ! ,greek m9d1 :i* _h e>li] be5 devot$ to ! free se>* = k & tru?1 0 approa*+ ! ,hebraic /&po9t1 :i* consid]$ t ! highe/ tru? _h once = all be5 reveal$ to mank9d 9 inspir$ writ+s1 & t ! duty ( lat] g5]ations 0 to int]pret ?is reveal$ doctr9e r ?an se>* indep5d5tly = k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,jewi% int]pret]s 7 try+ to rea* ! ,greek /&po9t :5 !y set !mselves to %[ t ! writ]s ( ! ,bible _h anticipat$ ! philosoph]s ( ,hellas ) sy/ems ( !ology1 psy*ology1 e?ics1 & cosmology4 ,allegorism1 x may be said1 is ! in/rum5t by :i* ,greek & ,hebrew ?\ght 7 br\ght toge!r4 ,its developm5t 0 9 its ess5ce a sign ( intellectual vigor & religi\s activity2 b 9 ! "t ( ,philo x ?reat5$ to h "o evil consequ5ce1 :i* did 9 ! end und]m9e ! religion ( ! ,alex&rian community4 ,"s :o allegoriz$ ! ,torah 7 n cont5t ) discov]+ a deep] mean+ b5ea? ! law1 b w5t on to disreg>d ! lit]al s5se1 i4e41 !y allegoriz$ away ! law1 & held 9 contempt ! symbolic obs]vance to :i* !y _h atta*$ a spiritual mean+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a p>ty :i* adh]$ /rictly to ! lit]al s5se 7,greek3 to hrton7 & reject$ allegorism4#cd ,philo prote/$ aga9/ ^! extremes & 0 ! lead] ( ^? :o 7 lib]al 9 ?\ght & cons]vative 9 practice1 & :o v5]at$ ! law bo? = its lit]al & = its allegorical s5se4 ,to effect ! true h>mony betwe5 ! lit]al & ! allegorical s5se ( ! ,torah1 betwe5 ! spiritual & ! legal sides ( ,judaism1 betwe5 ,greek philosophy & reveal$ religion--t 0 ! great "w ( ,philo-,judu4 ,?\gh ! religi\s & intellectual developm5t ( ! ,alex&rian community proce$$ on diff]5t l9es f t ( ! ma9 body ( ! nation 9 ,pale/9e1 yet ! connection betwe5 ! two 0 ma9ta9$ closely = c5turies4 ,! colony1 z we h notic$1 recogniz$ :ole-he>t$ly ! spiritual head%ip ( ,j]usalem1 & at ! great fe/ivals ( ! ye> a deputation w5t f ,alex&ria to ! holy sanctu>y1 be>+ (f]+s f ! :ole community4 ,9 ,j]usalem1 on ! o!r h&1 special synagogues1 :]e ,greek 0 ! language1#ce 7 built = ,alex&rian visitors4 ,alex&rian artisans & craftsm5 took "p 9 ! build+ ( ,h]od's temple1 b 7 f\nd inf]ior to native workm54#cf ,! notices )9 ! build+ 7 writt5 9 ,greek z well z 9 ,aramaic1 & ! gold5 gates to ! inn] c\rt 71 we are told by ,josephus1#cg ! gift ( ,philo's bro!r1 ! head ( ! ,alex&rian community4 ,"s fragm5ts h come d[n to u ( a poem ab\t ,j]usalem 9 ,greek v]se by a c]ta9 ,philo1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4,e41 & 0 p]haps an ance/or ( our wor?y4 ,he glorifies ! ,holy ,city1 extols its f]tility1 & speaks ( its ev]-fl[+ wat]s b5ea? ! e>?4 ,8 great] namesake says t :]ev] ! ,jews live !y consid] ,j]usalem z _! metropolis4 ,! ,talmud aga9 tells h[ ,judah ,b5 ,tabbai & ,jo%ua ,b5 ,p]ahya1 dur+ ! p]secution ( ! ,ph>isees by ,hyreanus1 fl$ to ,alex&ria1 & h[ lat] ,jo%ua ,b5 ,hanania#ch soj\rn$ !re & gave answ]s to twelve que/ions :i* ! ,jews prop\nd$ to him1 ?ree ( !m deal+ ) ! ,wisdom4 ,! ,talmud has frequ5t ref]5ce to ,alex&rian ,jews1 & t x makes little direct m5tion ( ! ,alex&rian exegesis is expla9$ by ! di/ru/ ( ! :ole ,hell5i/ic movem5t1 :i* ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity & ! gr[? ( ,gno/icism induc$ 9 ! rabbis ( ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,!y liv$ at a "t :5 x _h be5 prov$ t t movem5t l$ away f ,judaism1 & its ma9 t5ets _h be5 adopt$ or p]v]t$ by an antagoni/ic cre$4 ,x 0 a tragic necessity :i* compell$ ! sev]ance betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n developm5ts ( ! religion4 ,9 ,philo's day ! brea* 0 already ?reat5$1 ?r\gh ! anti-legal t5d5cies ( ! extreme allegori/s4 ,8 own aim 0 to ma9ta9 ! ca?olic tradition ( ,judaism1 :ile at ! same "t exp\nd+ ! ,torah accord+ to ! conceptions ( anci5t philosophy4 ,un=tunately1 ! balance 0 n pres]v$ by ^? :o foll[$ him1 & ! bran* ( ,judaism t _h blossom$ =? s fruitfully fell (f f ! p>5t tree4 ,b till ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! common era ! ,alex&rian & ! ,pale/9ian developm5ts ( ,jewi% culture 7 complem5t>y3 on ! "o side !re 0 legal1 on ! o!r1 philosophical expansion4 ,moreov]1 ! ,judo-,alex&rian s*ool1 ?\gh1 ?r\gh its ab&onm5t ( ! ,hebrew tongue1 x lies outside ! ma9 /ream ( ,judaism1 0 an imm5se =ce 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! _w1 & ,philo1 its greate/ figure1 /&s out 9 our annals z ! embodim5t ( ! ,jewi% religi\s mission1 :i* is to prea* to ! nations ! k ( ! "o ,god1 & ! law ( righte\sness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,philo ,! h]o1 says ,c>lyle1 c be poet1 prophet1 k+1 prie/1 or :at y w1 accord+ to ! k9d ( _w he f9ds himself born into4#ci ,! ,jews h n be5 a great political p1 b _! excell5ce has be5 a peculi> spiritual developm5t3 & !re=e mo/ ( _! h]oes h be5 m5 ( ?\ght r ?an action1 writ]s r ?an /atesm51 m5 ^: influ5ce has be5 great] on po/]ity ?an ^u _! own g5]ation4 ,( ,philo's life we "k "o incid5t 9 v full detail1 ! re/ we c only recon/ruct f /ray h9ts 9 8 writ+s1 & a few %ort notices ( ! comm5tators4 ,f t incid5t also1 :i* we "k to h tak5 place 9 ! ye> #dj ,c4,e41 we c fix ! g5]al *ronology ( 8 life & works4 ,he speaks ( himself z an old man 9 relat+ x1 s t 8 bir? may be safely plac$ at ab\t #bj ,b4,c4,e4 ,! fir/ "p ( 8 life !re=e 0 pass$ dur+ ! tranquil era 9 :i* ,augu/us & ,tib]ius 7 reorganiz+ ! ,roman ,empire aft] a half-c5tury ( w>2 b he 0 fat$ to see m tr\blesome times = 8 p1 :5 ! emp]or ,gaius1 = a mis]able eight ye>s1 h>ass$ ! _w ) 8 mad escapades4 ,9 ! riots :i* ensu$ ^u ! attempt to deprive ! ,jews ( _! religi\s fre$om 8 bro!r ! alab>* 0 imprison$2#dj & he himself 0 call$ ^u to *ampion ! ,alex&rian community 9 its h\r ( ne$4 ,al?\gh ! asc5t ( ! /upid b hone/ ,claudius dispell$ imm$iate dang] f ! ,jews & br\ght !m a tempor>y increase ( favor 9 ,alex&ria z well z 9 ,pale/9e1 ,philo did n return entirely to ! contemplative life :i* he lov$2 & ?r\gh\t ! latt] portion ( 8 life he 0 ! public def5d] z well z ! tea*] ( 8 p4 ,he probably di$ be=e ! reign ( ,n]o1 betwe5 #ej & #fj ,c4,e4 ,9 ,jewi% hi/ory 8 life cov]$ ! reigns ( ,k+ ,h]od1 8 sons1 & ,k+ ,agrippa1 :5 ! ,jewi% k+dom rea*$ its height ( outw>d magnific5ce2 & x ext5d$ probably up to ! ill-om5$ conv]sion ( ,juda into a ,roman prov9ce "u ! rule ( a procurator4 ,x is notewor?y also t ,philo 0 p>tly contempor>y ) ,hillel1 :o came f ,babylon to ,j]usalem 9 #cj ,b4,c4,e41 & accord+ to ! accept$ tradition 0 presid5t ( ! ,sanh$r9 till 8 dea? 9 #aj ,c4,e4 ,9 ?is epo* ,judaism1 by contact ) ext]nal =ces1 0 ?or\ghly self-consci\s1 & ! _w 0 mo/ receptive ( its tea*+2 h5ce x spread itself f> & wide1 & at ! same "t rea*$ its greate/ spiritual int5sity4 ,hillel & ,philo %[ ! spl5did expansion ( ! ,hebrew m9d4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( mo/ races national greatness & national g5ius appe> toge!r4 ,! two gr&e/ expressions ( ,jewi% g5ius imm$iately prec$$ ! national d[nfall4 ,= ! g5ius ( ,judaism is religi\s1 & temporal p[] is n "o ( ! conditions ( its developm5t4 ,philo belong$ to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,jewi% family ( ,alex&ria1#da & accord+ to ,j]ome & ,photius1 ! anci5t au?orities = 8 life1 0 ( ! prie/ly rank2 8 bro!r ,alex&] ,lysima*us 0 n only ! gov]nor ( ! ,jewi% community1 b also ! alab>*1 i4e41 rul] ( ! :ole ,delta region1 & enjoy$ ! confid5ce ( ,m>k ,antony1 :o appo9t$ him gu>dian ( 8 second daught] ,antonia1 ! "m ( ,g]manicus & ! ,roman emp]or ,claudius4 ,born 9 an atmosph]e ( p[] & afflu5ce1 ,philo1 :o might h consort$ ) pr9ces1 devot$ himself f ! fir/ ) all 8 s\l to a life ( contemplation2 l a ,pale/9ian rabbi he reg>d$ z man's highe/ duty ! /udy ( ! law & ! k ( ,god4#db ,?is is ! way 9 :i* he und]/ood ! philosoph]'s life#dc3 man's true function is to "k ,god1 & to make ,god kn[n3 he c "k ,god only ?r\gh ,8 revelation1 & he c compreh5d t revelation only by cont9u$ /udy4 ,hebrew3 v-nbi' lbb hkma1 ,god's int]pret] mu/ h a wise he>t1#dd z ! rabbis expla9$4 ,philo !n consid]$ t ! true und]/&+ ( ! law requir$ a complete k ( g5]al culture1 & t secul> philosophy 0 a necess>y prep>ation = ! deep] my/]ies ( ! ,holy ,^w4 ,he :o is practic+ to abide 9 ! city ( p]fect virtue1 be=e he c be inscrib$ z a citiz5 !re(1 mu/ soj\rn ) ! 'encyclic' sci5ces1 s t ?r\gh !m he may advance securely to p]fect goodness4#de ,! encyclic1 or encyclopdic sci5ces1 to :i* he ref]s1 are ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,greek culture1 & ,philo f9ds a symbol ( _! place 9 life 9 ! /ory ( ,abraham4 ,abraham is ! et]nal type ( ! seek] aft] ,god1 & z he fir/ consort$ ) ! =eign woman ,hag> & _h (fspr+ by h]1 & aft]w>ds 9 8 mature age _h (fspr+ by ,s>ah1 s 9 ,philo's int]pretation ! true philosoph] mu/ fir/ apply himself to outside culture & enl>ge 8 m9d ) t tra9+2 & :5 8 ideas h ?us exp&$1 he passes on to ! m sublime philosophy ( ! ,div9e law1 & 8 m9d is fruitful 9 l(ty ?\ghts4#df ,z a prelude to ! /udy ( ,greek philosophy he built up a h>mony ( ! m9d by a /udy ( ,greek poetry1 rhetoric1 music1 ma!matics1 & ! natural sci5ces4 ,8 works be> witness to ! ?or\ghness ) :i* he imbib$ all t 0 be/ 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,8 ,jewi% pr$ecessors _h writt5 9 ! impure dialect ( ! ,hell5i/ic colonies 7! ,greek3 ko9 dialektos71 & _h %[n little lit]>y *>m2 b ,philo's /yle is m graceful ?an t ( any ,greek prose writ] s9ce ! gold5 age ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,l 8 ?\ght1 inde$1 x is eclectic & n always cle>1 b full ( rem9isc5ces ( ! epic & tragic poets on ! "o h&1 & ( ,plato on ! o!r1#dg x gives a happy bl5d+ ( prose & poetry1 :i* admirably fits ! devotional philosophy t =ms its subject4 ,& :at 0 said ( ,plato by a ,greek critic applies equally well to ,philo3 ,he rises at times above ! _s ( prose 9 su* a way t he appe>s to be in/9ct1 n ) human und]/&+1 b ) a ,div9e oracle4 ,f ! /udy ( lit]ature & k9dr$ subjects ,philo pass$ on to philosophy1 & he made himself ma/] ( ! tea*+s ( all ! *ief s*ools4 ,!re 0 a m+l+ ( all ! _w's wisdom at ,alex&ria 9 8 day2 & ,philo1 l ! o!r philosoph]s ( ! "t1 %[s acqua9tance ) ! ideas ( ,egyptian1 ,*aldean1 ,p]sian1#dh & ev5 ,indian ?\ght4 ,! *ief ,greek s*ools 9 8 age 7 ! ,/oic1 ! ,platonic1 ! ,skeptic & ! ,py?agorean1 :i* _h ea* its pr(essors 9 ! ,museum & its popul> prea*]s 9 ! public lecture-halls4 ,lat] we w notice m closely ,philo's relations to ! ,greek philosoph]s3 suffice x "h to say t he 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,platoni/ ( 8 age4 ,philo's education !re=e 0 l>gely ,greek1 & 8 me?od ( ?\ght1 & ! =ms 9 :i* 8 ideas 7 associat$ & impress$1 7 ,greek4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ?is involv$ any weak5+ ( 8 ,judaism1 or detract$ f ! purity ( 8 belief4 ,f> f x4 ,! ,torah rema9$ = him ! supreme /&>d to :i* all outside k _h to be subord9at$1 & = :i* x 0 a prep>ation4#di ,b ,philo br\ght to be> ^u ! elucidation ( ! ,torah & ,jewi% law & c]emony n only ! religi\s conceptions ( ! ,jewi% m9d1 b also ! intellectual ideas ( ,greek philosophy1 & he int]pret$ ! ,bible 9 ! light ( ! broade/ culture ( 8 day4 ,beautiful z are ! ?\ghts & fancies ( ! ,talmudic rabbis1 _! ,midra% 0 a purely national monum5t1 clos$ by its =m z by its language to ! g5]al _w2 ,philo appli$ to ! exposition ( ,judaism ! mo/ highly-tra9$ philosophic m9d ( ,alex&ria1 & br\ght out cle>ly = ! ,hell5i/ic p ! lat5t philosophy ( ! ,torah4 ,greek 0 8 native language1 b at ! same "t he 0 n1 z has be5 sugge/$1 entirely ignorant ( ,hebrew4 ,! ,septuag9t translation 0 ! v]sion ( ! ,bible :i* he habitually us$1 b !re are passages 9 8 works :i* %[ t he knew & occasionally employ$ ! ,hebrew ,bible4#ej ,moreov]1 8 etymologies are evid5ce ( 8 k ( ! ,hebrew language2 ?\gh he sometimes gives a symbolic value to ,biblical names accord+ to _! ,greek equival5t1 he m frequ5tly bases 8 allegory ^u a ,hebrew d]ivation4 ,t all names _h a pr(\nd mean+1 & signifi$ ! true nature ( t :i* !y designat$1 is among ! mo/ firmly e/abli%$ ( ,philo's ideas4 ,( 8 m /rik+ d]ivations "o may cite ,israel1 ,hebrew3 v-%r-'l1 ! man :o beholde? ,god2 ,j]usalem1 ,hebrew3 yrv-%lom1 ! sight ( peace2 ,hebrew1 ,hebrew3 'bri1 "o :o has pass$ ov] f ! life ( ! passions to virtue2 ,isaac1 ,hebrew3 yt%k1 ! joy or laught] ( ! s\l4 ,^! etymologies are m +5i\s ?an conv9c+1 & are n entirely true to ,hebrew philology1 b nei!r 7 ^? ( ! e>ly rabbis2 & !y at lea/ %[ t ,philo _h acquir$ a sup]ficial k ( ! language ( ,scripture4 ,nor c x be d\bt$ t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,pale/9ian ,midra%1 bo? ,halakic & ,haggadic4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,life ( ,moses he decl>es t he has bas$ x ^u _m traditions :i* ,i h receiv$ f ! eld]s ( my nation1#ea & 9 sev]al places he speaks ( ! ance/ral philosophy1 :i* mu/ mean ! ,midra% :i* embodi$ tradition4 ,eusebius also1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian au?ority1 be>s witness to 8 k ( ! traditional int]pretations ( ! law4#eb ,x is fairly c]ta91 moreov]1 t ,philo soj\rn$ "s "t 9 ,j]usalem4 ,he 0 !re probably dur+ ! reign ( ,agrippa 7c4 #cj ,c4,e471 :o 0 an intimate fri5d ( 8 family1 & _h f\nd a refuge at ,alex&ria :5 an exile f ,pale/9e & ,rome4 ,9 ! fir/ book on ! ,mosaic laws#ec ,philo speaks ) en?usiasm ( ! great temple1 to :i* va/ assemblies ( m5 f a c\ntless v>iety ( cities1 "s by l&1 "s by sea1 f ,ea/1 ,we/1 ,nor?1 & ,s\?1 come at e fe/ival z if to "s common refuge & h>bor f ! tr\bles ( ?is h>ass$ & anxi\s life1 seek+ to f9d !re tranquillity & ga9 a new hope 9 life by its joy\s fe/ivities4 ,^! ga!r+s1 at :i*1 accord+ to ,josephus1#ed ov] two million p assembl$1 mu/1 inde$1 h be5 a /rik+ symbol ( ! unity ( ! ,jewi% race1 :i* 0 at once national & int]national2 magnific5t embassies f ,babylon & ,p]sia1 f ,egypt & ,cyr5e1 f ,rome & ,greece1 ev5 f di/ant ,spa9 & ,gaul1 w5t 9 procession toge!r ?r\gh ! gate ( ,xi/us up ! temple-m\nt1 :i* 0 cr[n$ by ! gold5 sanctu>y1 %9+ 9 ! full ,ea/]n sun l a sea ( light above ! t[n4 ,philo describes 9 detail ! =m ( ! edifice t mov$ ! admiration ( all :o beheld x1 & = ! ,jew1 moreov]1 0 inve/$ ) ! mo/ *]i%$ associations4 ,its out] c\rts consi/$ ( d\ble porticoes ( m>ble columns burni%$ ) gold1 !n came ! inn] c\rts ( simple columns1 & )9 ^! /ood ! temple itself1 beautiful beyond all possible description1 z "o may tell ev5 f :at is se5 9 ! out] c\rt2 = ! inn]mo/ sanctu>y is invisible to e be+ except ! high prie/4 ,! maje/y ( ! c]emonial )9 equall$ ! spl5dor )\t4 ,! high prie/1 9 ! words ( ,b5 ,sira 7xlv71 beautifi$ ) comely ornam5t & gird$ ab\t ) a robe ( glory1 seem$ a high prie/ fit = ! :ole _w4 ,^u 8 head ! mitre ) a cr[n ( gold engrav$ ) hol9ess1 ^u 8 brea/ ! my/ic ,urim & ,?ummim & ! ephod ) its twelve brilliant jewels1 ^u 8 tunic gold5 pomegranates & silv] bells1 :i* = ! my/ic e> peal$ ! h>mony ( ! _w z he mov$4 ,little wond] t1 inspir$ by ! /rik+ ga!r+ & ! solemn ritual1 ,philo reg>d$ ! temple z ! %r9e ( ! univ]se1#ee & ?\ght ! day 0 ne> :5 all nations %\ld g up !re toge!r1 to d wor%ip to ! ,"o ,god4 ,sp>se z are ! direct pro(s ( ,philo's connection ) ,pale/9ian ,judaism1 8 acc\nt ( ! temple & its s]vice1 ap>t f ! g5]al /&po9t ( 8 writ+s1 proves to u t he 0 a loyal son ( 8 nation1 & lov$ ,judaism = its national in/itutions z well z its great moral sublimity4 ,8 aspiration 0 to br+ home ! tru?s ( ! religion to ! cultur$ _w1 & !re=e he devis$ a new expression = ! wisdom ( 8 p1 & trans=m$ x into a lit]>y sy/em4 ,judaism =ms ! k]nel1 b ,greek philosophy & lit]ature ! %ell1 ( 8 "w2 = ! audi5ce to :i* he appeal$1 :e!r ,jewi% or ,g5tile1 ?\ght 9 ,greek1 & w\ld be mov$ only by ideas pres5t$ 9 ,greek =m1 & by ,greek models he himself 0 inspir$4 ,philo's fir/ ideal ( life 0 to atta9 to ! pr(\nde/ k ( ,god s z to be fitt$ = ! mission ( int]pret+ ,8 ,^w3 & he relates 9 "o ( 8 treatises h[ he sp5t 8 y\? & 8 fir/ manhood 9 philosophy & ! contemplation ( ! univ]se4#ef ,i fea/$ ) ! truly bless$ m9d1 :i* is ! object ( all desire 7i4e41 ,god71 commun+ cont9ually 9 joy ) ! ,div9e words & doctr9es4 ,i ent]ta9$ no l[ or mean ?\ght1 nor did ,i ev] crawl ab\t glory or weal? or worldly com=t1 b ,i seem$ to be c>ri$ al(t 9 a k9d ( spiritual inspiration & to be borne along 9 h>mony ) ! :ole univ]se4 ,! int5se religi\s _s :i* seeks to p]ceive all ?+s 9 a supreme unity ,philo %>es ) ,sp9oza1 ^: life-ideal 0 ! intuitional k ( ! univ]se & ! intellectual love ( ,god4 ,bo? m5 %[ ! pursuit ( righte\sness rais$ to philosophical gr&eur4 ,9 8 e>ly days ! way to virtue & happ9ess appe>$ to ,philo to lie 9 ! solit>y & ascetic life4 ,he 0 possess$ by a noble pessimism1 t ! _w 0 an evil place1#eg & ! worldly life an evil ?+ = a man's s\l1 t man mu/ die to live1 & r5\nce ! pleasures n only ( ! body b also ( society 9 ord] to "k ,god4 ,! idea 0 a common "o ( ! age1 & 0 ! outcome ( ! m+l+ ( ,greek e?ics & psy*ology & ! ,jewi% love ( righte\sness4 ,= ! ,greek ?9k]s taught a psy*ological dualism1 by :i* ! body & ! s5ses 7 treat$ z antagoni/ic to ! high] intellectual s\l1 :i* 0 immortal1 & l9k$ man ) ! pr9ciple ( creation4 ,! mo/ rem>kable & endur+ effect ( ,hell5ic influ5ce 9 ,pale/9e 0 ! rise ( ! sect ( ,ess5es1#eh ,jewi% my/ics1 :o es*ew$ private prop]ty & ! g5]al social life1 & =m+ !mselves into communi/ic congregations :i* 7 a sort ( social ,utopia1 devot$ _! lives to ! cult ( piety & sa9tl9ess4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t _! mann] ( life 0 to "s degree an imitation ( ! ,py?agorean bro!rhoods1 :i* ev] s9ce ! six? c5tury _h spread a sort ( mona/icism ?r\gh ! ,greek _w4 ,nor is x unlikely t ,h9du tea*+s ex]cis$ an influ5ce ov] !m1 = ,buddhism 0 at ?is age1 l ,judaism1 a missioniz+ religion1 & _h tea*]s 9 ! ,we/4 ,philo speaks 9 sev]al places ( its doctr9es4#ei ,:atev] its m\ld+ influ5ces1 ,ess5ism repres5t$ ! _s ( ! age1 & x spread f> & wide4 ,at ,alex&ria1 above all places1 :]e ! life ( luxury & dissolut5ess repell$ ! s]i\s1 ascetic ideas took firm hold ( ! p1 & ! ,!rapeutic life1 i4e41 ! life ( pray] & labor devot$ to ,god1 :i* correspond$ to ! sy/em ( ! ,ess5es1 _h num]\s vot>ies4 ,! fir/ c5tury witness$ ! extremes ( ! religi\s & irreligi\s s5tim5ts4 ,! _w 0 we>y & jad$2 x _h lo/ confid5ce 9 human reason & fai? 9 social ideals1 & :ile ! mat]iali/s ab&on$ !mselves to hide\s orgies & s5sual debau*]ies1 ! high]-m9d$ w5t to ! opposite excess & s\ght by flight f ! _w & mortification ( ! fle% to atta9 to sup]natural /ates ( ec/asy4 ,a book has come d[n to u "u ! "n ( ,philo#fj :i* describes ! contemplative life ( a ,jewi% bro!rhood t liv$ ap>t on ! %ores ( ,lake ,m>eotis by ! m\? ( ! ,nile4 ,m5 & wom5 liv$ 9 ! settlem5t1 ?\gh all int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes 0 rigidly avoid$4 ,dur+ six days ( ! week !y met 9 pray]1 morn+ & ev5+1 & 9 ! int]val devot$ !mselves 9 solitude to ! practice ( virtue & ! /udy ( ! holy allegories1 & ! composition ( hymns & psalms4 ,on ! ,sabba? !y sat 9 common assembly1 b ) ! wom5 sep>at$ f ! m51 & li/5$ to ! allegorical homily ( an eld]2 !y paid special honor to ! ,fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 rev]5c+ ! my/ical attributes ( ! numb] fifty1 & !y celebrat$ a religi\s banquet !reon4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> !y only p>took ( ! su/5ance necess>y = life1 & ?us 9 _! daily conduct realiz$ ! way :i* ! rabbis set out z becom+ = ! /udy ( ! ,torah3 ,a morsel ( bread ) salt ?\ mu/ eat1 & wat] by measure ?\ mu/ dr9k2 ?\ mu/ sleep ^u ! gr\nd & live a life ( h>d%ip1 ! :ile ?\ toile/ 9 ! ,torah4#fa ,we d n "k :e!r ,philo atta*$ himself to "o ( ^! bro!rhoods ( organiz$ solitude1 or :e!r he liv$ ev5 m /rictly ! solit>y life out 9 ! wild]ness by himself4 ,c]ta9ly he 0 at "o p]iod 9 sympa?y ) ascetic ideas4 ,x seem$ to him t z ,god 0 alone1 s man mu/ be alone 9 ord] to be l ,god4#fb ,9 8 e>li] writ+s he is con/antly prais+ ! ascetic life1 z a means1 inde$1 to virtue r ?an z a good 9 itself1 & z a helpful discipl9e to ! man ( incomplete moral /r5g?1 ?\gh inf]ior to ! spontane\s goodness :i* ,god v\*safes to ! righte\s4 ,isaac is ! type ( ?is highe/ bliss1 :ile ! life ( ,jacob is ! type ( ! progress to virtue ?r\gh asceticism4#fc ,! flight f ,laban repres5ts ! ab&onm5t ( family & social life = ! practical s]vice ( ,god1 & z ,jacob1 ! ascetic1 became ,israel1 ! man :o beholde? ,god1 s ,philo det]m9$ to scorn delights & live labori\s days 9 ord] to be drawn ne>] to ! true ,be+4 ,b he seems to h be5 disappo9t$ 9 8 hopes1 & to h discov]$ t ! attempt to cut out ! natural desires ( man 0 n ! true road to righte\sness4 ,i (t51 he says1#fd left my k9dr$ & fri5ds & fa!rl&1 & w5t into a solit>y place1 9 ord] t ,i might h k ( ?+s wor?y ( contemplation1 b ,i pr(it$ no?+3 = my m9d 0 sore tempt$ by desire & turn$ to opposite ?+s4 ,b n[1 sometimes ev5 :5 ,i am 9 a multitude ( m51 my m9d is tranquil1 & ,god scatt]s aside all unwor?y desires1 tea*+ me t x is n diff]5ces ( place :i* affect ! welf>e ( ! s\l1 b ,god alone1 :o kn[s & directs its activity h[soev] he pleases4 ,! noble pessimism ( ,philo's e>ly days 0 replac$ by a noble optimism 9 8 maturity1 9 :i* he tru/$ implicitly 9 ,god's grace1 & believ$ t ,god v\*saf$ to ! good man ! k ( ,himself )\t its be+ necess>y = him to inflict *a/isem5ts ^u 8 body or uproot 8 incl9ations4 ,9 ?is mood mod]ation is repres5t$ z ! way ( salvation2 ! ab&onm5t ( family & social life is selfi%1 & betrays a lack ( ! humanity :i* ! truly good man mu/ possess4#fe ,( ,philo's own dome/ic life we cat* only a fleet+ glimpse 9 8 writ+s4 ,he realiz$ ! place ( woman 9 ! home2 h] abs5ce is its de/ruction1 he said2 & ( 8 wife x is told 9 ano!r ( ! ,fragm5ts t :5 ask$ "o day 9 an assembly ( wom5 :y %e alone did n we> any gold5 ornam5t1 %e repli$1 ,! virtue ( a husb& is a suffici5t ornam5t = 8 wife4 ,?\gh 9 8 maturity ,philo r5\nc$ ! ascetic life1 8 ideal ?r\gh\t 0 a my/ical union ) ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,to a c]ta9 s*ool ( ,judaism1 :i* loves to make ev]y?+ rational & mod]ate1 my/icism is ali52 x 0 ali5 inde$ to ! ,sadducee reali/ & ! ,k>aite lit]ali/2 x 0 ali5 to ! sy/ematic ,ari/otelianism ( ,maimonides1 & x is ali5 alike to ,we/]n or?odox & ,re=m ,judaism4 ,b ?\gh (t5 obscur$ & cru%$ by =mal sy/ems1 my/icism is deeply seat$ 9 ! religi\s feel+s1 & ! race :i* has develop$ ! ,cabbalah & ,hasidism _c be accus$ ( lack ( x4 ,e great religion fo/]s man's aspiration to h direct communion ) ,god 9 "s sup]-rational way4 ,p>ticul>ly %\ld ?is be ! case ) a religion :i* recognizes no int]m$i>y4 ,! ,talmudic conceptions ( ,hebrew3 nb'a1 prophecy1 ,hebrew3 %kyna1 ! ,div9e ,pres5ce1 & ,hebrew3 rua hkd%1 ! holy _s1 :i* 0 v\*saf$ to ! sa9t1 c]ta9ly are my/ic1 & at ,alex&ria simil> ideas inspir$ a /rik+ developm5t4 ,once aga9 we c trace ! f]tiliz+ influ5ce ( ,greek ideas4 ,ev5 :5 ! old naturali/ic cults _h fl\ri%$ 9 ,greece1 & political life _h provid$ a wor?y goal = man1 my/ical beliefs & c]emonies _h a p[]ful attraction = ! ,hell5e2 &1 :5 ! belief 9 ! old gods _h be5 %att]$1 & ) ! national greatness ! lib]al life ( ! ,/ate _h pass$ away1 he turn$ m & m to ^? rites :i* pr(ess$ to provide heal+ & re/ = ! sick5+ s\l4 ,_m ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews mu/ h be5 initiat$ into ^! ,greek my/]ies1 = ,philo introduces into 8 exegesis ( ! law ( ,moses an ord9ance =bidd+ ! practice4#ff ,he himself advocates a m spiritual my/icism1 & x is a c>d9al pr9ciple ( 8 philosophy to treat ! human s\l z a god )9 & its absorption 9 ! univ]sal ,godhead z supreme bliss1 ! end ( all endeavor4 ,he claim$ to h atta9$1 himself1 to ?is union1 & to h receiv$ direct inspiration4 ,giv+ a ,greek color+ to ! ,hebrew notion ( prophecy1 ,my s\l1 he says1 is wont to be affect$ ) a ,div9e trance & to prophesy ab\t ?+s ( :i* x has no k#fg4444 ,_m a "t h ,i come ) ! int5tion ( writ+1 & kn[+ exactly :at ,i ought to set d[n1 b ,i h f\nd my m9d b>r5 & fruitless1 & ,i h gone away ) no?+ done1 b at times ,i h come empty1 & sudd5ly be5 full1 = ideas 7 invisibly ra9$ d[n ^u me f above1 s t ,i 0 seiz$ by a ,div9e fr5zy1 & 0 lo/ to ev]y?+1 place1 p1 self1 spee*1 & ?\ght4 ,i _h gott5 a /ream ( int]pretation1 a gift ( light1 a cle> survey ( ?+s1 ! cle>e/ t eye c give4#fh ,9 8 ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$1#fi ,maimonides describes ! v>i\s degrees ( ! ,hebrew3 rua hkd%1 or :at we call religi\s g5ius1 ) :i* man may be bless$4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! man :o possesses x only = 8 own exaltation1 & ! man :o feels himself compell$ to imp>t x to o!rs = _! happ9ess4 ,to ?is high] ord] ( g5ius ,philo advanc$ 9 8 maturity4 ,he consci\sly reg>d$ himself z a foll[] ( ,moses1 :o 0 ! p]fect int]pret] ( ,god's ?\ght4 ,s he1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree1 0 an inspir$ int]pret]1 a hi]ophant 7z he express$ x 9 ! language ( ! ,greek my/ics7 :o exp\nd$ ! ,div9e ,^w to 8 own g5]ation by ! gift ( ! ,div9e wisdom4 ,:5 he _h fl$ f ,alex&ria1 to secure virtue by contemplation1 he _h z 8 f9al goal ! atta9m5t ( ! true k ( ,god1 & z he advanc$ 9 age1 he advanc$ 9 decision & au?ority4 ,he 0 consci\s ( 8 philosophic grasp ( ! ,torah1 & ! diffid5ce ) :i* he allegoriz$ 9 8 e>ly works gave place to a s]5e confid5ce t he _h a lesson = 8 own & = future g5]ations4 ,hop+ = ! "t :5 ,judaism %\ld be a _w-religion1 he spoke 8 message = ,jew & ,g5tile4 ,we c imag9e him prea*+ on ,sabba?s to ! great congregation :i* fill$ ! synagogue at ,alex&ria1 & on o!r days ( ! week exp\nd+ 8 philosophical ideas to a small] circle :i* he collect$ ar\nd him4 ,ess5tially1 !n1 he 0 a philosoph] & a tea*]1 b he 0 call$ ^u to play a "p 9 ! _w ( action4 ,foll[+ ! passage already quot$1 :]e9 ,philo speaks ( ! bless+s ( ! life ( contemplation t he _h l$ 9 ! pa/1#gj he goes on to relate h[ t envy1 ! mo/ griev\s ( all evils1 attack$ me1 & ?rew me into ! va/ sea ( public affairs1 9 :i* ,i am /ill toss$ ab\t )\t be+ able to make my way out4 ,a ,fr5* s*ol>#ga conjectures t ?is is only a metaphorical way ( say+ t he 0 =c$ into "s public (fice1 probably1 a seat 9 ! ,alex&rian ,sanh$r92 & he ascribes ! language to ! bitt] disappo9tm5t ( "o :o 0 devot$ to philosophical pursuits & f\nd himself div]t$ f !m4 ,philo's language po9ts r to duties :i* he 0 compell$ to und]take less cong5ial ?an ^? ( a memb] ( ! ,sanh$r9 w\ld h be52 & probably mu/ ref] to ! polemical activity :i* he 0 call$ ^u to ex]t 9 def5d+ 8 p aga9/ misrepres5tation & p]secution4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us & ! e>ly ye>s ( ,tib]ius 7#cj ,b4,c4,e4-#bj ,c4,e47 ! ,roman prov9ces 7 firmly rul$1 & ! gov]nors 7 z firmly controll$ by ! emp]or4 ,to ,rectus1 :o 0 ! prefect ( ,egypt till #ad ,c4,e41 & :o 0 remov$ = attempt$ extortion1 ,tib]ius address$ ! rebuke1 ,i want my %eep to be %orn1 n /rangl$4 ,b :5 ,tib]ius fell "u ! influ5ce ( ,sejanus1 & left to 8 hat$ m9i/] ! active control ( ! empire1 h>d] times began = ! prov9cials1 & especially = ! ,jews4 ,sejanus 0 an up/>t1 & l mo/ up/>ts a tyrant2 & = "s reason--x may be jeal\sy ( ! p[] ( ! ,jews at ,rome--he hat$ ! ,jewi% race & p]secut$ x4 ,! great oppon5t ( ,sejanus 0 ,antonia1 ! w>d ( ,philo's bro!r1 & a loyal fri5d to 8 p2 & ?is1 too1 may h incit$ ,sejanus' ill-feel+4 ,:atev] ! reason1 ! ,alex&rian ,jews felt ! heavy h&1 & :5 ,philo came to write ! /ory ( 8 p 9 8 own times1 he devot$ "o book to ! p]secution by ,sejanus4 ,un=tunately x has n surviv$1 b veil$ h9ts ( ! p]iod ( /ress ?r\gh :i* ! p pass$ are n want+ 9 ! comm5t>y on ! law4 ,!re 7 always anti-,semites spoil+ = a fight at ,alex&ria1 & !re 0 always inflammable mat]ial :i* !y c\ld /ir up4 ,! ,egyptian populace 7 by nature1 says ,philo1 jeal\s & envi\s1 & 7 fill$ moreov] ) an anci5t & invet]ate enmity t[>ds ! ,jews1#gb & ( ! deg5]ate ,greek population1 _m 7 anxi\s f motives ( private ga9 z well z f religi\s enmity to incite an outbreak2 s9ce ! ,jews 7 weal?y & ! booty w\ld be great4 ,among ! cultur$1 too1 !re 0 "o philosophical s*ool p[]ful at ,alex&ria1 :i* ma9ta9$ a p]si/5t attitude ( ho/ility t[>ds ! ,jews4 ,! *ief lit]>y anti-,semites ( :om we h record at ?is p]iod 7 ,/oics1 & x is probably _! envy to :i* ,philo ref]s :5 he compla9s ( be+ drawn into ! sea ( politics4 ,9 writ+s & 9 spee*es ! ,/oic lead]s ,apion & ,*remon c>ri$ on a campaign ( misrepres5tation1 & s\ght to give _! attacks a f9e humanit>ian ju/ification by draw+ fancy pictures ( ! ,jewi% religion & ,jewi% laws4 ,! ,jews wor%ipp$ ! head ( an ass1#gc !y hat$ ! ,g5tiles1 & w\ld h no communication ) !m1 !y kill$ ,g5tile *ildr5 at ! ,passov]1 & _! law all[$ !m to commit any (f5ces aga9/ all b _! own p1 & inculcat$ a l[ morality4 ,:5 x 0 n morally bad1 x 0 degrad$ & sup]/iti\s4 ,:]eas ! mod]n anti-,semite usually compla9s ab\t ,jewi% success & dang]\s clev]ness1 ,apion accus$ !m ( hav+ produc$ no orig9al ideas & no great m51 & no citiz5 z wor?y ( ,alex&ria z himself6 ,aga9/ ^! *>ges ,philo1 ! mo/ philosophical ,jew ( ! "t & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! ,alex&rian community1 0 call$ ^u to def5d 8 p1 & t "p ( 8 works :i* ,eusebius calls ,greek3 ,hypo!ti*a2 i4e4 apologetics1 0 probably writt5 9 reply to ! ,/oic attacks4 ,! hatr$ ( ! ,/oics 0 a religi\s hatr$1 :i* is ! bitt]e/ ( all2 ! ,/oics 7 ! propagators ( a rival religi\s sy/em1 :i* _h orig9ally be5 f\nd$ by ,hell5iz$ ,semites & borr[$ mu* f ,semitic s\rces4 ,!y _h _! mission>ies ev]y:]e & aspir$ to f\nd a univ]sal philosophical religion4 ,9 _! proselytiz+ activity !y tri$ to assimilate to _! pan!ism ! my?ological religion ( ! masses1 & ?us !y became ! philosophical support]s ( idolatry4 ,_! greate/ religi\s oppon5ts 7 ! ,jews1 :o n only refus$ to accept _! tea*+s1 b prea*$ to ! nations a transc5d5tal mono!ism aga9/ _! imp]sonal & accommodat+ pan!ism1 & a div9ely-reveal$ law ( conduct aga9/ _! vague natural reason4 ,9 ! ,/oic pan!ism ! fir/ /& ( ! pagan national deities 0 made aga9/ ! ,god ( ,israel1 & at ,alex&ria dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ! fight wax$ fi]ce4 ,x 0 a fight ( ideas 9 :i* p]sons only 7 victims1 b at ! back ( ! int]mitt5t p]secutions ( :i* we h record we may always surmise ! influ5ce ( ! ,/oic anti-,semites4 ,! w> ( words translat$ itself f "t to "t into ! break+ ( heads4 ,philo1 inde$1 nev] m5tions ,apion by "n1 b he ref]s cov]tly 9 _m places to 8 insol5ce & unscrupul\sness4#gd ,josephus wrote a fam\s reply to 8 attacks1 refut+ 8 vulg> abuse1 gross ignorance & demagogic claptrap1#ge & ! fact t a ,pale/9ian ,jew ?\ght ?is apology necess>y1 proves ! wide dissem9ation ( ! poison4 ,! disgrace & dea? ( ,sejanus seem to h br\ght a relief f actual p]secution to ! ,alex&rian ,jews2 b ! ill-w betwe5 ! two races 9 ! city sm\ld]$ on1 & x only requir$ a weak5+ ( ! controll+ h& at ,rome to set ! passions aflame aga94 ,"r ?r\gh ,philo's treatise ,on ! ,confusion ( ,tongues1 we c trace ! t5sion4 ,z soon z ,gaius1 surnam$ ,caligula1 came to ! imp]ial *air1 ! opportunity ( ! anti-,semites return$4 ,gaius1 aft] reign+ well a few mon?s1 fell ill1 0 seiz$ ) madness1 & prov$ h[ mu* evil c be done 9 a %ort space by an imbecile autocrat4 ,flaccus1 ! gov]nor ( ,egypt1 :o _h hi!rto rul$ fairly1 hop+ to +ratiate himself by misrule1 all[$ himself to be l$ by wor?less m9ions1 :o1 f motives ( private gre$1 desir$ a riot at ,alex&ria2 he 0 won ov] by ! anti-,semites & gave ! mob a free h& 9 _! attacks ^u ! ali5 ,jews4#gf ,! arrival ( ,agrippa1 ! gr&son ( ,h]od1 :o 0 on 8 way to 8 k+dom ( ,pale/9e1 :i* ! caprici\s emp]or _h j conf]r$ ^u him1 excit$ ! ill-w ( ! ,alex&rian mob4 ,flaccus look$ on :ile ! p attack$ ! ,jewi% qu>t]s1 sack$ ! h\ses1 & assail$ ev]yone t came )9 _! rea*4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,jews 7 n sp>$1 & ?irty memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,eld]s 7 dragg$ to ! m>ketplace & sc\rg$4 ,philo's acc\nt gives a picture /rik+ly simil> to t ( a mod]n pogrom4 ,! brutal indiff]5ce ( ,flaccus did n inde$ avail to +ratiate him ) ! emp]or1 & he 0 recall$ to ,italy1 exil$1 & aft]w>ds execut$4 ,! recall ( ,flaccus did n1 h[ev]1 put an end to ! tr\bles2 ! mob _h got out ( h&1 ! anti-,semitic demagogues 7 elat$1 & a fre% opportunity = outrage soon pres5t$ itself4 ,! mad emp]or1 hav+ exhau/$ ord9>y human follies1 w5t on to imag9e himself fir/ a god & !n ! ,supreme ,god1 & f9ally ord]$ 8 image to be set up 9 e temple ?r\gh\t 8 dom9ion4 ,! ,jews c\ld n obey ! ord]1 & ! mob ru%$ into fre% excesses ^u !m1 defil$ ! synagogues ) images ( ! lunatic1 & 9 ! great synagogue itself set up a bronze /atue ( him1 inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ,jupit]4 ,) bitt]ness ,philo po9ts out t x 0 easy en\gh = ! vile ,egyptians1 :o wor%ipp$ reptiles & bea/s1 to erect a /atue ( ! emp]or 9 _! temples2 = ! ,jews1 ) _! l(ty idea ( ,god1 x 0 impossible4 ,aga9/ ! attack ^u _! lib]ty ( consci5ce !y appeal$ directly to ,gaius4 ,an embassy 0 s5t to lay _! case be=e him1 & ,philo w5t to ,italy at ! head ( ! embassy4 ,he :o is le>n$1 g5tle1 & mode/1 & :o is belov$ ( m51 he %all be lead] 9 ! city4 ,s said "o ( ! rabbis ( old1 & ! maxim is especially appropriate to ,philo1 :o 9 "n & de$ 0 belov$ ( m54 ,philo has left u a v full acc\nt ( 8 mission1 s t ?is incid5t ( 8 life is a pat* ( bright light1 :i* /&s out almo/ gl>+ly f ! g5]al %ad[4 ,! acc\nt is n m]ely1 nor1 inde$1 entirely hi/ory4 ,look+ always = a s]mon or a subject = a philosophical lesson1 ,philo has trick$ out ! record ( ! facts ) mu* moraliz+ obs]vation on ! g5]al lot ( mank9d1 & elaborat$ ! "p ( ,provid5ce m 9 ! _s ( religi\s romance ?an ( sci5tific hi/ory4 ,yet ! ma9 facts are cle>4 ,philo prep>$ a long philosophical apologia = ! ,jews & set out ) five colleagues = ,italy4 ,nor 7 ! enemies ( ! ,jews remiss2 & ,apion1 ! ,alex&rian anti-,semite1 0 s5t at ! head ( a ho/ile deputation4 ,! emp]or1 ,gaius1 0 9 "o ( 8 mo/ flippant moods & little incl9$ to li/5 to philosophical or lit]>y disquisitions4 ,at fir/ he receiv$ ! ,jewi% deputation 9 a fri5dly way1 & l$ !m to ?9k t he 0 favorable2 b :5 !y came to plead _! cause1 !y _h a rude awak5+4 ,philo1 :o 0 n likely to appreciate ! bitt] humor ( ! situation1 tells#gg ) gravity t he expect$ t ! emp]or w\ld he> ! two cont5d+ p>ties 9 all prop] judicial =m1 b t 9 fact he behav$ l an insol5t1 ov]be>+ tyrant4 ,! audi5ce--if x c be s call$--took place 9 ! g>d5s ( ! palace1 & ! emp]or dragg$ ! un=tunate deputation aft] him ab\t ! place1 :ile he gave ord]s to 8 g>d5]s1 build]s1 & workm54 ,:5ev] !y tri$ to put =w>d _! argum5ts1 he w\ld ru% ahead1 enjoy+ ! fright & dismay ( 8 helpless victims4 ,at times he w\ld /op to make "s ribald & je]+ rem>k1 z1 ,:y don't y eat pork1 y fools8 at :i* ! ,egyptians foll[+ l\dly applaud$4 ,philo & 8 comrades1 half-dead ) agony1 c\ld only pray2 & 9 response to ! pray]1 says our moraliz+ *ronicl]1 ! emp]or's he>t 0 turn$ to pity1 s t he dismiss$ !m )\t giv+ any ho/ile answ]4 ,accord+ to ,josephus1 he drove !m away 9 a passion1 & ,philo _h to *e] 8 companions by assur+ !m ( ! ,div9e aid4#gh ,! affair 0 a pa!tic f>ce1 & ! ,jewi% actors 9 x _h a sorry "t4 ,! p ab\t ! palace1 tak+ _! lead f ! emp]or1 treat$ !m z cl[ns1 & hiss$ & mock$ !m1 & ev5 beat !m4 ,! sc5e is some:at revolt+ :5 "o conjures up ! picture ( ! ag$ ,jewi% philosoph] be+ r\ghly h&l$ by ! set ( ruffians & impud5t slaves :o surr\nd$ a ,roman emp]or4 ,happily ,gaius je]$ once too (t5 9 8 mad life4 ,"o ,*a]ea1 a ,roman ( position1 nurs$ an insult ( ! emp]or1 & /abb$ him %ortly aft] ^! ev5ts2 & ! _w _h ! respite ( a tol]ably sane emp]or be=e ! cr[n+ horror ( ,n]o 0 let loose ^u x4 ,! murd] ( ! caprici\s tyrant releas$ n only ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria1 b also ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 f ! burd5 ( fe> = _! religion4 ,! ord] _h be5 giv5 to set up a bronze /atue ( ! emp]or 9 ! temple2 ! ,roman gov]nor ,petronius 0 av]se to obey+ ! edict1 b ! emp]or insi/$4 ,k+ ,agrippa1 :o _h be5 b lately advanc$ by him to ! k+dom ( ,juda1 int]c$$ zeal\sly on behalf ( 8 p4 ,philo gives u an acc\nt ( ?is appeal by ! ,jewi% k+1#gi :i* recalls at e turn ! sc5es ( ! book ( ,e/h]4 ,we h aga9 ! fa/+1 ! banquet1 ! emp]or's reque/1 ! appeal ( ! royal favorite = 8 p4 ,"o high] critic1 inde$1 has be5 f\nd to sugge/ t ! ,biblical book really relates ,agrippa's int]cession at ,rome disguis$ 9 ! sett+ ( a ,p]sian /ory4 ,agrippa secur$ = a %ort "t ! rescission ( ! fateful decree1 b ! caprici\s madman soon return$ to 8 old frame ( m9d1 & ord]$ 8 image to be set up imm$iately4 ,_h n 8 dea? int]v5$1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 rebellion 9 ,pale/9e4 ,z x 01 ! great revolt 0 po/pon$ = ?irty ye>s4 ,= a little ! ,jews prevail$ ov] _! adv]s>ies2 ! anti-,semitic influ5ces 7 put d[n 9 ,juda & 9 ,alex&ria1 & 9 bo? places !re 0 light & joy & gladness = ! ,jews4 ,_! political privileges 7 reaffirm$ by imp]ial decree1 & ,philo's bro!r ,alex&]1 :o _h be5 imprison$1 0 re/or$ to honor4#hj ,x is fitt+1 ran ! rescript ( ,claudius1 to p]mit ! ,jews ev]y:]e "u our sway to obs]ve _! anci5t cu/oms )\t h9drance4 ,& ,i *>ge !m to use my indulg5ce ) mod]ation1 & n to %[ contempt = ! religi\s rites ( o!r peoples4 ,! note ( triumph r+s ?r\gh ! political ref]5ces to be f\nd 9 ! la/ p>ts ( ,philo's allegorical comm5t>y1 & no d\bt x 0 acc5tuat$ 9 ! lo/ book :i* he add$ z an epilogue1 or pal9ode1 to 8 hi/ory ( ! embassy4 ,god _h aga9 pres]v$ 8 p1 & discomfit$ _! foes2 rec5tly-discov]$ papyri h reveal$ t ! ar* anti-,semites1 ,isidorus & ,lampon1 7 tri$ at ,rome & execut$4 ,claudius 0 well-dispos$ to ! ,jewi% race1 & be=e ! f9al /orm !re 0 a calm4 ,h[beit1 aft] ! dea? ( ,agrippa1 9 #dd ,c4,e41 ,juda became a ,roman prov9ce1 & "u ! rapaci\s gov]nor%ip ( ,felix ,florus & ,ce/ius ,gallus1 ! ho/ility ( ! p to ! ,romans grew m & m bitt]4 ,b 9 ,alex&ria !re 0 tranquillity1 or at lea/ we "k ( no disquiet+ ev5ts dur+ ! next decade4 ,old age1 said ,philo1 is an unruffl$ h>bor1#ha & ! say+ ref]s possibly to 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,= he mu/ h di$ full ( ye>s & full ( honors4 ,?r\gh 8 life he 0 ! spiritual & philosophical guide1 & f9ally he _h become ! *ampion ( 8 p aga9/ _! p]secutors1 giv+ dignity to _! cause & inspir+ respect ev5 9 _! enemies4 ,he 0 happy 9 ! "t ( 8 dea?1 = he did n live to see ! de/ruction ( ! national home ( 8 p & ( t temple :i* he _h lov$ to contemplate z ! future c5tre ( a univ]sal religion4 ,! dis9tegration ( 8 own community at ,alex&ria foll[$ full soon on ! great] disa/]2 ! temple ( ,onias 0 dismantl$ & int]dict$ aga9/ ,jewi% wor%ip by ,vespasian 9 ! ye> #gc ,c4,e41 & ?\gh1 z has be5 not$1 ?is 0 n 9 itself ( great importance1 x is symbolic ( ! uproot+ ( national life 9 ! ,diaspora z well z 9 ,pale/9e itself4 ,on ! d[nfall ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,c4,e4 _m ( ! extreme anti-,roman p>ty1 kn[n z ! ,zealots1 fl$ to ,alex&ria & /irr$ up rebellion & diss5sion4 ,no?+ b disa/] c\ld h att5d$ ! outbreak1 b x is a sad reflection t ! gov]nor :o put x d[n & ru?lessly ext]m9at$ ! rebels 0 none o!r ?an ,tib]ius ,alex&]1 ! nephew ( ,philo1 :o 0 9 turn procurator ( ,juda & ,egypt4 ,by ano!r irony ( hi/ory he _h 9 ! previ\s ye> be5 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 secur+ = ,vespasian1 :o 0 besieg+ ,j]usalem1 ! imp]ial ?rone ( ,rome4#hb ,) him ends our k ( ,philo's family1 & x ends significantly ) "o :o has ceas$ to be a ,jew4 ,! ru9 ( ! ,jewi%-,alex&rian community 0 complet$ by a desp]ate revolt 9 ! reign ( ,trajan1 #aad-aag ,c4,e41 aft] :i* !y 7 depriv$ ( _! *ief political privileges2 & f9ally1 aft] incessant conflicts ) ! ,*ri/ians1 !y 7 expell$ f ! city by ! all-p[]ful ,bi%op ,cyril 7#dae ,c4,e474 ,philo himself pass$ out ( ,jewi% tradition )9 a %ort "t1 to become a ,*ri/ian wor?y4 ,! de/ruction ( ! nation & ! gradual sev]ance ( ! ,*ri/ian h]esy f ! ma9 community compell$ ! ab&onm5t ( mission>y activity & di/ru/ ( ! "w ( its expon5ts4 ,! dang]\s aspect ( ! ,alex&rian developm5t 0 reveal$4 ,its philosophical allegoriz+ might attract ! ,g5tile to ! ,jewi% ,scriptures1 b x also l$ ! ,jew away f 8 special conduct ( life4 ,! ,alex&rian ,*ur*1 :i* claim$ to cont9ue ! tradition ( ,philo1 dep>t$ fur!r & fur!r f ! ,jewi% /&po9t1 & =mulat$ a dogmatic cre$ t 0 utt]ly oppos$ to ,jewi% mono!ism4 ,a philosophical ,judaism = ! :ole _w 0 a spl5did ideal1 b un=tunately 9 ,philo's "t x 0 incapable ( accompli%m5t4 ,! result ( ! attempt to f\nd x 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a religion 9 :i*1 toge!r ) ! adoption ( ,hebraic tea*+s ab\t ,god1 c]ta9 ideas ( ,alex&rian my/icism became /]eotyp$ z dogmas1 & ,jewi% law 0 abrogat$4 ,:5 ,babylon replac$ ,pale/9e z ! c5tre ( ,jewi% intellect1 ! works ( ,philo1 l ! re/ ( ! ,hell5i/ic-,jewi% lit]ature1 writt5 z !y 7 9 a /range tongue1 fell into disuse1 & be=e long 7 entirely =gott54 ,! ,*ri/ians1 on ! o!r h&1 f\nd 9 ,philo a notable evid5ce = _m ( _! beliefs & a philosophical te/imony = ! dogmas ( _! cre$4 ,!y claim$ him z _! own1 & ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 to b9d him m closely to _! tradition1 inv5t$ fables ( 8 meet+ ) ,pet] at ,rome & ,m>k at ,alex&ria1 ,!y trac$1 9 ! treatise ,on ! ,contemplative ,life1 a record ( e>ly ,*ri/ian mona/ic communities1 & on acc\nt ( ?is book especially reg>d$ ,philo almo/ ) ! rev]5ce ( an apo/le4 ,to ! ,*ri/ian !ologians ( ,alex&ria we owe x t ! int]pretation ( ,judaism to ! ,hell5ic _w 9 ! light ( ,hell5ic philosophy has be5 pres]v$4 ,( ! two ,jewi% philosoph]s :o h made a great contribution to ! _w's intellectual developm5t1 ,sp9oza 0 excommunicat$ 9 8 lifetime1 & ,philo suff]$ moral excommunication aft] 8 dea?4 ,! writ+s ( bo? ex]cis$ _! *ief influ5ce outside ! community2 b ! emancipat$ ,jewry ( our own day c 9 ei!r case recognize ! wor? ( ! ?9k]1 & po9t ) pride to ! sa9tl9ess ( ! man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii ,,philo',s ,,works ,,& ,,me?od ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes a read] ( ,philo is ! great volume ( 8 "w3 he is ! fir/ ,jewi% writ] to produce a l>ge & sy/ematic body ( writ+s1 ! fir/ to develop any?+ 9 ! nature ( a complete ,jewi% philosophy4 ,he _h ess5tially ! lit]>y gift1 ! capacity ( giv+ la/+ expression to 8 own ?\ght & ! ?\ght ( 8 g5]ation4 ,treat+ him m]ely z a man ( lett]s1 he is "o ( ! *ief figures 9 ,greek lit]ature ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,we h extant ov] =ty books ( 8 composition1 & ne>ly z _m aga9 h disappe>$4 ,8 works are "o & all expositions ( ,judaism1 b !y fall into six di/9ct classes ( exegesis3 ,i4 ,! allegorical comm5t>y1 or ,allegories ( ! ,laws1 :i* is a s]ies ( philosophical treatises bas$ ^u cont9u\s texts 9 ,g5esis1 f ! fir/ to ! eighte5? *apt]4 ,toge!r ) ?is1 ! be/ au?orities place ! two rema9+ books on ! ,dreams ( ! ,bible1 :i* are a portion ( a l>g] "w1 & deal allegorically ) ! dreams ( ,jacob & ,joseph4 ,,ii4 ,! ,midra%ic comm5t>y on ! ,five ,books ( ,moses1 = :i* we h no s+le "n1 b :i* 0 cle>ly int5d$ to be an e?ical & philosophical treatise ^u ! :ole law4 ,,iii4 ,a comm5t>y 9 ! =m ( ,que/ions & ,answ]s to ,g5esis & ,exodus1 :i* is incomplete n[1 & save = deta*$ fragm5ts exi/s only 9 a ,lat9 translation4 ,9 its orig9al =m x provid$ a %ort runn+ exegesis1 v]se by v]se1 to ! :ole ( ! fir/ ?ree books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & 0 conta9$ 9 twelve p>ts4 ,,iv4 ,a popul> & missioniz+ pres5tation ( ! ,jewi% sy/em 9 ! =m ( a ,life ( ,moses1 & ?ree app5d$ tractates on ! virtues ,c\rage1 ,humanity1 & ,rep5tance4 ,s*ol>s#hc are ( op9ion t !re are gaps 9 ! extant ,life ( ,moses1 b ! g5]al plan ( ! "w is cle>4 ,x is at once an ab/ract & an int]pretation ( ,jewi% law = ! ,greek _w1 & also an ideal biography ( ! ,jewi% lawgiv]4 ,v4 ,philosophical monographs1 n s intimately connect$ ) ! ,bible z ! prec$+ works2 b 9 ! nature ( rhetorical ex]cises ^u ! /ock subjects ( ! s*ools1 :i* receive a ,jewi% color+ by reason ( ,biblical illu/rations4 ,,vi4 ,hi/orical & apologetic works t set out ! case ( ! contempor>y ,jews aga9/ _! p]secutors & traduc]s4 ,( ^! writ+s ! l>g] "p has disappe>$1 & ( a portion ( ^? :i* rema9 ! g5u95ess has be5 d\bt$4 ,la/ly1 !re is a miscellane\s numb] ( works ascrib$ to ,philo1 :i* all good s*ol>s#hd n[ admit to be spuri\s3 ,on ! ,incorruptibility ( ! ,_w1 ,on ! ,univ]se1 ,on ,samson1 & ,on ,jonah1 etc4 ,x w be se5 f ?is classification ( ,philo's works1 t he has dealt 9 sev]al ways ) ! ,biblical mat]ial4 ,! reason ( ?is is p>tly t 8 m9d develop$1 & ! int]pretation ( 8 matur] ye>s diff]$ widely f t ( 8 e>lie/ writ+s4 ,p>tly1 h[ev]1 x arises f ! fact t ! diff]5t treatm5ts 7 meant = diff]5t audi5ces1 & ,philo always took ! measure ( ^? :om he 0 address+4 ,8 mo/ repres5tative works are a triple cord ) :i* he b9ds ! ,jewi% ,scripture to ,greek culture4 ,= ! ,greek-speak+ populace he set out a broad /atem5t ( ! ,mosaic law2 = ! cultur$ community ( ,alex&ria1 ,jew & ,g5tile1 a m elaborate exegesis1 9 :i* ea* "* & ea* ord9ance ( ! ,p5tateu* receiv$ a p>ticul> e?ical value2 &1 f9ally1 = ! esot]ic circle ( ,hell5ic-,jewi% philosoph]s1 a !ological & psy*ological /udy ( ! allegories ( ! law4 ,orig51 ! fir/ great ,*ri/ian exegete ( ! ,bible & a close /ud5t ( ! ,philonic writ+s1 di/+ui%$ ?ree =ms ( int]pret+3 ! hi/orical1 ! moral1 & ! philosophical2 he probably took ! di/9ction f ,philo1 :o exemplifies x 9 8 comm5t>ies ^u ! ,books ( ,moses4 ,v>i$ z is its scope1 ! religi\s idea dom9ates all 8 "w1 & end[s x ) "o _s4 ,:e!r he is writ+ philosophical1 e?ical1 or my/ical comm5t>y1 :e!r hi/ory1 apology1 or essay1 8 purpose is to ass]t ! true notion ( ! "o ,god1 & ! ,div9e excell5ce ( ,god's revelation to ,8 *os5 p4 ,?us he reg>ds hi/ory z a !odicy1 v9dicat+ ! ways ( ,god to man1 & ,8 special provid5ce = ,israel2 philosophy z ! inn] mean+ ( ! ,scriptures1 reveal$ by ,god 9 my/ic communion ) ,8 holy prophets1#he &1 if compreh5d$ aright1 able to lead u on to a true conception ( ,8 ,div9e be+4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,hell5i/ic-,jewi% lit]ature has disappe>$1 b ,philo sums up = u ! :ole ( ! ,alex&rian developm5t ( ,judaism4 ,he repres5ts x wor?ily 9 bo? its ma9 aspects3 ! infusion ( ,greek culture into ! ,jewi% pursuit ( righte\sness1 & ! recomm5dation ( ,jewi% mono!ism & ! ,torah to ! ,greek _w4 ,ari/aeus1 ,ari/obulus1 & ,artapanus are h>dly m ?an names1 b _! _s is inh]it$ & glorifi$ 9 ,philo-,judu4 ,8 "w1 !re=e1 is m ?an ! expression ( "o great m9d2 x is ! record & expression ( a great culture4 ,! *ronology ( ,philo's writ+s is z unc]ta9 z ! *ronology ( 8 life4 ,yet x is possible to trace a deep5+ ( outlook & an increas+ orig9ality1 if we "w our way up f ! six? to ! fir/ division ( ! classification4 ,x does n foll[ t ! works 7 writt5 9 ?is ord]--& x may well be t ,philo 0 produc+ at "o & ! same "t books ( sev]al classes--b we may use ?is ord] z an ideal scale by :i* to m>k (f ! /ages ( 8 philosophical progress4 ,9 ! fir/ place come ! ,greek3 ,hypo!ti*a1 or apologetic works1 :i* h a practical purpose4 ,) ^! we may associate ! moraliz+ hi/ory t dealt 9 five books respectively ) ! p]secutions ( ,sejanus1 ,flaccus1 & ,caligula1 ! ill-/>r$ embassy1 & ! f9al triumph ( ! ,jews ov] _! enemies4 ,! ,greek3 ,hypo!ti*a prop]1 z we ga!r f ,eusebius1 conta9$ a g5]al apology = ,judaism1 & an acc\nt ( ! ,ess5es--:i* h disappe>$--& ! suspect$ book on ! ,!rapeutic sect kn[n by ! title ,on ! ,contemplative ,life4 ,:e!r !y receiv$ ?is g5]ic "n because !y are sugge/ions = ! ,jewi% cause1 or because !y are writt5 to answ] ! ins9uations 7,greek3 ka?' hypo!s97 ( adv]s>ies1 is a moot po9t4 ,b _! g5]al purport is cle>3 !y 7 an apologetic pres5tation ( ,jewi% life1 writt5 to %[ ! falsity ( anti-,semitic calumnies4 ,! ,jews are good citiz5s & _! mann] ( life is humanit>ian4 ,! ,ess5e sect is a liv+ pro( ( ,jewi% practical socialism & practical philosophy1 ! ,!rapeutae %[ ! ,jewi% zeal = ! contemplative life4 ,next we come to ,philo's philosophical monographs1 :i* are n1 z "o might expect1 ! "w ( 8 mature ?\ght1 b r ! ex]cises ( y\?4 ,diss]tations or declamations ^u hackney$ subjects 7 "p ( ! regul> c\rse ( ! univ]sity /ud5t at ,alex&ria1 & ,philo prep>$ himself = 8 ,jewi% philosophy by compos+ 9 ! approv$ /yle essays ^u ,provid5ce1 ,! ,lib]ty ( ! ,good1 & ,! ,slav]y ( ! ,wick$1 etc4 ,:at *iefly di/+ui%es !m above o!r collections ( commonplaces is ! appeal to ! ,bible = types ( goodness1 & "h aga9 ! ,ess5es figure z ! type ( ! philosophical life4#hf ,! writ]1 :ile /ill engag$ 9 ! /udies ( ! ,greek univ]sity1 is feel+ 8 way t[>ds 8 sy/em ( univ]sal ,mosaism4 ,?is he exp\nds confid5tly & en?usia/ically 9 8 ,life ( ,moses4 ,philo 9 ?is book is n any long] ! apt pupil ( ,greek philosoph]s1 nor ! eloqu5t def5d] ( ! ,jewi%-,alex&rian community aga9/ ly+ detractors4 ,he prea*es a mission to ! :ole _w1 & he lays be=e x 8 gospel ( mono!ism & humanity4 ,ea* ,greek s*ool has its ideal type1 its ,socrates1 ,diog5es1 or ,py?agoras2 b ,philo places above !m all ! mo/ p]fect man t ev] liv$1 ,moses1 ! legislator ( ! ,jews1#hg z "s hold1 b accord+ to o!rs ! int]pret] ( ! sacr$ laws1 & ! greate/ ( m5 9 e way4 ,& above all ! e?ical sy/ems ( ! day he sets ! law ( life t ,god reveal$ to ,8 greate/ prophet3 ,! laws ( ! ,greek legislators are cont9ually subject to *ange2 ! laws ( ,moses alone rema9 /eady1 unmov$1 un%ak51 /amp$ z x 7 ) ! seal ( nature h]self1 f ! day :5 !y 7 writt5 to ! pres5t day1 & w s rema9 = all "t s long z ! _w endures4 ,n only ! ,jews b all o!r peoples :o c>e = righte\sness adopt !m4444 ,let all m5 foll[ ?is code & ! age ( univ]sal peace w come ab\t1 ! k+dom ( ,god on e>? w be e/abli%$4#hh ,nor is ! ,greek to fe> ! lot ( a proselyte4 ,god loves ! man :o turns f idolatry to ! true fai? n less ?an ! man :o has be5 a believ] all 8 life2#hi & 9 ! little essays ^u ,rep5tance & ,nobility1 :i* are atta*$ to ! l>g] treatise1 ,philo appeals to 8 own p to welcome ! /rang] )9 ! community4 ,! ,life ( ,moses is ! greate/ attempt to set mono!ism be=e ! _w made be=e ! ,*ri/ian gospels4 ,& x is tru] to ! ,jewi% _s1 because x brea!s on e page love = ! ,torah4 ,philo 9 v tru? wi%$ to fulfil ! law4 ,if ,judaism 0 to be ! univ]sal religion1 x mu/ be %[n to conta9 ! ultimate tru? bo? ab\t real be+1 i4e4 ,god1 & ab\t e?ics2 = ! philosophical _w 9 t age--& ! philosophical _w includ$ all educat$ p--dem&$ ( religion t x %\ld be philosophical1 & ( philosophy t x %\ld be religi\s4 ,! desire to exp\nd ,judaism 9 ?is way is ! motive ( ,philo's ?ree ,biblical comm5t>ies4 ,! ,que/ions & ,answ]s to ,g5esis & ,exodus con/itute a prelim9>y /udy to ! m elaborate works :i* foll[$4 ,9 !m ,philo is collect+ 8 mat]ial1 =mulat+ 8 ideas1 & det]m9+ ! ma9 l9es ( 8 allegory4 ,!y are a type ( ,midra% 9 its elem5t>y /age1 ! explanation ( ! tea*] to ! pupil :o has difficulties ab\t ! words ( ! law3 at once l & unlike ! old ,tannaitic ,midra%2 l 9 t !y deal ) difficulties 9 ! lit]al text ( ! ,bible2 unlike 9 t ! reply ( ,philo is ,agadic m usually ?an ,halakic1 speculative r ?an practical4 ,9 ^! books1#ij z has be5 po9t$ out1 !re are num]\s int]pretations :i* ,philo %>es ) ! ,pale/9ian s*ools4 ,a few specim5s tak5 f ! fir/ book w illu/rate ,philo's plan1 b x %\ld be m5tion$ t 9 e case he sets out ! simple mean+ ( ! text1 ! ,pe%at1 z well z ! inn] mean+1 or ,d]a%4 ,:y does x say3 ',& ,god made e gre5 h]b ( ! field be=e x 0 ^u ! e>?'8 7,g54 ii4 #d47 ,by ^! words he sugge/s symbolically ! incorporeal ,idea4 ,! phrase1 'be=e x 0 ^u ! e>?1' m>ks ! orig9al p]fection ( e plant & h]b4 ,! et]nal types 7 fir/ creat$ 9 ! noetic _w1 & ! physical objects on e>?1 p]ceptible by ! s5ses1 7 made 9 _! lik5ess4 ,9 ?is way ,philo reads into ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,bible ! ,platonic idealism :i* we %all see 0 a fundam5tal "p ( 8 philosophy4 ,:y1 :5 ,eno* di$1 does x say1 ',& he pleas$ ,god'8 7,g54 v4 #bd47 ,he says ?is to tea* t ! s\l is immortal1 inasmu* z aft] x is releas$ f ! body x cont9ues to please4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! expression1 ',& ,noah op5$ ! ro( ( ! ark'8 7,g54 viii4 #ac47 ,! text appe>s to ne$ no int]pretation2 b 9 its symbolical mean+ ! ark is our body1 & t :i* cov]s ! body & = a long "t pres]ves its /r5g? is spok5 ( z its ro(4 ,& ?is is appetite4 ,h5ce :5 ! m9d is attract$ by a desire = heav5ly ?+s1 x spr+s upw>ds & makes away ) all mat]ial desires4 ,x removes t :i* ?rew a %ade ov] x s z to rea* ! et]nal ,ideas4 ,! ,que/ions & ,answ]s are ess5tially ,hebraic 9 =m1 design$ = ,jews :o knew & /udi$ _! ,bible2 & we c feel 9 !m ! influ5ces ( a tra9+ 9 traditional ,mi%nah & ,midra%2 b ,philo pass$ f !m to a m arti/ic expression & a m ?or\ghly ,hell5iz$ pres5tation ( ! philosophy ( ! ,bible4 ,?is "w is ! l>ge/ extant expression ( 8 ?\ght & mission2 x embraces ! treatises :i* we "k z ,on ! ,creation ( ! ,_w1 ,! ,lives ( ,abraham & ,joseph1 ,on ! ,decalogue1 & f9ally ^? ,on ! ,specific ,laws1 :i* are p>tly ?us entitl$ & p>tly h sep>ate e?ical names1 z ,on ,honor+ ,p>5ts1 ,on ,rew>ds & ,puni%m5ts1 ,on ,ju/ice1 etc4 ,l>ge portions ( x h disappe>$1 notably ! ,lives ( ,isaac & ,jacob2 & also ! ,life ( ,moses1 :i* 0 introductory to 8 laws4 ,= ! book :i* we h "u t "n does n belong to ! s]ies1 b is sep>ate4 ,! purpose ( ! "w broadly is to deep5 ! value ( ! ,bible = ! ,jews by reveal+ its con/ant spiritual message1 & to ass]t its value = ! :ole ( humanity by %[+ 9 x a philosophical conception ( ! univ]se & its creation1 ! mo/ l(ty e?ical & moral types1 ! mo/ admirable laws1 &1 above all1 ! pure/ ideas ( ,god & ,8 relation to man4 ,all t seems tribal & p>ticul>i/ is expla9$ away1 & ! spiritual aspect ( e *apt]--( e ^w almo/--( ! ,torah is emphasiz$4 ,philo exp\nds ! sacr$ book1 n ( "o p>ticul> nation1 b ( mank9d4 ,! ,roman & ,greek peoples 7 wait+ = a religi\s message :i* %\ld at once h>monize ) rational ideas & satisfy _! long+ = ,god4 ,all ! philosophical s*ools 7 conv]t+ ! sci5tific sy/ems ( ! classical age into ,greek3 ,tropoi ,bi\1 plans ( life1 & ,philo *all5ges !m all ) a new fai? :i* has z its basis a ,god :o n only 0 ! sole ,creator & ,rul] ( ! _w1 b :o _h reveal$ to man ! way ( happ9ess1 & ! good life1 social z well z individual4 ,to-day1 :5 ! _w ab\t u has accept$--or has pr(ess$ to accept--! e?ical law ( ! ,bible1 we are apt to reg>d ! ess5tials ( ,judaism z ! belief 9 ,"o ,god & ! obs]vance ( c]emonies4 ,b to ,philo ,judaism 0 some?+ m compreh5sive4 ,x 0 ! spiritual life1 & ! ,mosaic law is ! complete code ( ! ,div9e ,republic1 ( :i* all are or c be citiz5s4 ,9 ! introduction to ! ,life ( ,abraham1 ,philo expla9s ! s*eme ( 8 "w3#ia ',! ,sacr$ ,laws' z he regul>ly calls ! ,bible 7 writt5 9 five books1 ( :i* ! fir/ is entitl$ ,g5esis4 ,x d]ives its title f ! acc\nt ( ! creation :i* x conta9s1 ?\gh x deals also ) endless o!r subjects1 peace & w>1 hung] & pl5ty1 great cataclysms1 & ! hi/ories ( good & evil m54 ,we h exam9$ ) great c>e ! acc\nts ( ! creation 9 our =m] treatise ',on ! ,mak+ ( ! ,univ]se'1 & we n[ g on naturally to inquire into ! laws2 & po/pon+ ! p>ticul> laws1 :i* are z x 7 copies1 we w fir/ ( all exam9e ! m univ]sal1 :i* are _! models4 ,n[ m5 :o h liv$ irreproa*able lives are ^! laws1 & _! virtues are record$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures n only by way ( eulogy1 b 9 ord] to lead on ^? :o read ab\t !m to emulate _! life4 ,!y are become liv+ /&>ds ( "r reason1 :om ! lawgiv] has glorifi$ = two reasons3 7#a7 ,to %[ t ! laws laid d[n are consi/5t ) nature ! conception ( a natural law b9d+ ^u all peoples 0 "o ( ! fix$ ideas ( ! age4 7#b7 ,to %[ t x is n a matt] ( t]rible labor to live accord+ to our positive laws if a man has ! w to d s2 see+ t ! patri>*s spontane\sly foll[$ ! unwritt5 pr9ciples be=e any ( ! p>ticul> laws 7 writt54 ,s t a man may prop]ly say t ! code ( law is only a memorial ( ! lives ( ! patri>*s4 ,= ! patri>*s1 ( _! own accord & impulse1 *ose to foll[ nature1 &1 reg>d+ h] c\rse ) tru? z ! mo/ anci5t ord9ance1 !y liv$ a life accord+ to ! law4 ,philo dwells affectionately on ! patri>*s1 because1 z he held1 !y prov$ ! ,jewi% life to be true/ to man's nature & to ! highe/ ideal ( humanity1 & s]v$ !re=e z examples to ! ,g5tile _w ( ! univ]sal tru? ( ! religion4 ,! rabbis also took ! patri>*s z ! p]fect type ( our life1 say+1 ,ev]y?+ t happ5s to !m is a sign to future g5]ations1#ib & aga93 ,! patri>*s are ! true ,hebrew3 mrbba1 manife/ation ( ,god4 ,b :ile he emphasiz$ ! broad moral tea*+s ( ,judaism exemplifi$ by ! patri>*s1 ,philo nev]!less upheld 9 its integrity ! ,mosaic law1 & f\nd 9 e "o ( ! six hundr$ & ?irte5 precepts a spiritual mean+4 ,ev5 ! details ( ! tab]nacle (f]+s h _! univ]sal lesson :5 he exp\nds !m z symbols4 ,voltaire speaks cynically ( ,judaism z a religion ( sacrifices3 ,philo %[s t ! ritual ( sacrifice sugge/s moral lessons4 ,! comm& ( ! r$ heif]1 a "p ( ! law :i* 0 p>ticul>ly subject to attack1 emphasizes ! law ( moral z well z ( physical cleanl9ess4 ,! prohibition to add honey or leav5 to ! sacrifice#ic 7,lev4 ii4 #ac7 po9ts ! lesson t all sup]flu\s pleasure is unrighte\s2 & s on ) ea* prescription4 ,! ,mosaic code 9 8 exposition is comm5surate ) life 9 all its aspects4 ,x deals n only ) ! duties ( ! individual b also ) ! good gov]nm5t ( ! /ate4 ,! life ( ,joseph is made ! text ( a political treatise1 & ?r\gh\t ! books ,on ! ,specific ,laws1 ! socialism ( ! ,bible is emphasiz$1#id & held up z ! ideal ord] ( ! future4 ,! ,jewi% ,/ate is enl>g$ 9 ,philo's vision f a national !ocracy into a _w-city inspir$ by ! two ideas ( love ( ,god & love ( humanity4 ,9 ?is conception1 no d\bt1 ! influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy is to be se52 ! ,jewi% int]pret] keeps be=e him ! ,republic ( ,plato1 & ! ,polity ( ,ari/otle4 ,) him1 h[ev]1 ! ideal /ate is n a vision laid up 9 heav52#ie its f\ndation is already laid ^u e>?1 its capital is ,j]usalem1 & x is ! mission ( 8 p to ext5d its bord]s till x embraces all nations#if--;an idea :i* p]meates ! ,jewi% litany4 ,?is comm5t>y ( ! law is allegorical 9 ! s5se t b5ea? ! p>ticul> law ! int]pret] con/antly reveals a spiritual idea1 b x is n allegorical 9 ! s5se t he makes an ex*ange ( values4 ,he is n = ! mo/ "p read+ into ! text conceptions :i* are n sugge/$ by x1 b really & truly exp\nd+2 & :]e he gives a philosophical piece ( exegesis1 z :5 he expla9s ! visit ( ! ?ree angels to ,abraham z a !ory ( ! human s\l ab\t ,god's be+1#ig he does s ) diffid5ce or ) ref]5ce to au?orities t h f\nd$ a tradition4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! la/ class ( ,philo's "w1 ! fruit ( 8 mature/ ?\ght1 ) :i* x rema9s to deal4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,allegories ( ! ,laws he takes ! v]se ( ! ,bible n s mu* z a text to be amplifi$ & int]pret$1 b z a pretext = a philosophical disquisition4 ,! allegories inde$ are only 9 =m a comm5t>y on ! ,bible2 9 "o aspect !y are a hi/ory ( ! human s\l1 :i*1 if !y _h be5 complet$1 w\ld h trac$ ! upw>d progress f ,adam to ,moses4 ,x is n to be expect$1 h[ev]1 t ,philo %\ld adh]e closely to any plan 9 ! allegories4 ,!ology1 metaphysics1 & e?ics h z l>ge a "p 9 ! m$ley ( philosophical ideas z ! /ory ( ! s\l4 ,8 ,hebraic m9d1 ev5 :5 =tifi$ by ! ma/]y ( philosophy1 0 unable to pres5t its ideas sy/ematically2 x pass$ f subject to subject1 weav+ ! :ole toge!r only by ! ?read ( a cont9u\s comm5t>y ^u ,g5esis4 ,p>ts ( ! "w are miss+1 x is true1 :i* adds to ! seem+ want ( plan2 &--greate/ loss ( all--! fir/ "p1 :i* gave ! philosophical acc\nt ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ! fir/ six days ( creation1 ref]r$ to z ,! ,hexam]on ,greek3 to ,hexm]on1 has disappe>$4#ih ,"h mu/ h be5 ! g5]al introduction to ! allegories1 :]e9 ,philo decl>$ 8 purpose & 8 me?od ( exposition4 ,! fir/ treatise t we possess />ts abruptly ) a comm5t on ! fir/ v]se ( ! second *apt]1 ',& ! heav5 & e>? & all _! _w 7 complet$4' ,moses has previ\sly relat$ ! creation ( ! m9d & s5se1 & n[ he proce$s to describe _! p]fection4 ,_! p]fection is n ! individual m9d or s5se1 b _! ar*etypal 'ideas4' ,& symbolically he calls ! m9d heav51 because 9 heav5 are ! ideas ( ! m9d1 & ! s5se he calls e>?1 because x is corporeal & mat]ial4#ii ,s 9 a rambl+1 unsy/ematic way ,philo emb>ks ^u a disc\rse on idealism & psy*ology1 mak+ a fre% />t cont9ually f a v]se or a phrase ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,biblical n>rative 9 ! e>lie/ *apt]s (f]$ a cong5ial soil = 8 explorations1 b no gr\nd is too /ubborn = 8 se$4 ,! g5ealogy ( ,noah's sons is z f]tile 9 sugge/ion z ! /ory ( ,adam & ,eve1 = ea* "n repres5ts "s hidd5 p[] or possesses "s e?ical import4 ,! allegorical comm5t>y is cle>ly ! "w ( ,philo's maturity1 :]e9 he exhibits full ma/]y ( an orig9al me?od ( exegesis4 ,8 allegories are no long] t5tative1 & he writes ) ! confid5ce ( ! sage1 :o has receiv$ n only ! admiration ( 8 p1 b ! inspiration ( ,god4 ,ano!r sign ( _! maturity is t asceticism seems no long] ! true pa? to virtue1 z x 0 to ! au?or ( ,! ,lives ( ! ,patri>*s & ,! ,specific ,laws1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a mod]ate use ( ! _w's goods & a %>e 9 political life are m>ks ( ! p]fect man4 ,^! *>act]i/ics bespeak ! firm] h& & ! pr(\nd] exp]i5ce4 ,yet ! s]ies ( works :i* =m toge!r ,philo's esot]ic doctr9e 7 c]ta9ly put toge!r ov] a long p]iod ( ye>s1 z ! v>i$ political ref]5ces indicate4 ,x has inde$ be5 sugge/$ by a mod]n ,g]man s*ol>#ajj t l>ge p>ts 7 orig9ally giv5 9 ! =m ( deta*$ lectures & s]mons1 & t ,philo lat] compos$ !m toge!r into a cont9u\s comm5t>y1 work+ !m up ) mu* lit]>y elaboration4 ,9 support ( ?is !ory1 x may be urg$ t sev]al ( ! treatises conta9 political addresses to public audi5ces1 notably ! ,de ,agricultura & ,de ,confusione ,l+u>um1 :ile 9 o!rs !re are invocations to pray]1 or a summons to read a passage 9 ! ,bible1 address$ app>5tly by ! prea*] to ! ,hazan1 :o _h be=e him ! scroll ( ! law4 ,f ,philo's own /atem5ts we "k t ! wise/ m5 us$ to deliv] philosophical homilies ^u ! ,bible on ! ,sabba? day2 & x is natural t ! man :o 0 appo9t$ to head ! ,jewi% embassy to ,gaius _h made himself kn[n 9 ! pa/ to 8 bre?r5 = oratory & wisdom ( spee*4 ,s]mons1 said ,j[ett1 ?\gh !y deal ) et]nal subjects1 are ! mo/ evanesc5t =m ( lit]ature4 ,! dictum is true = ! mo/ "p1 b occasionally ! s]mon1 by its dep? ( ?\ght1 ! univ]sality ( its message1 & ! beauty ( its expression1 has become "p ( ! _w's h]itage f ! ages4 ,moreov]1 at ,alex&ria philosophy 0 associat$ ) prea*+4 ,& ! s]mons ( ! ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic writ]1 9 _! /yle z well z 9 _! ?\ght1 repres5t an epo*4 ,philo spoke 9 ! language ( ! intellectual _w ( 8 day1 & /rove to associate ! intellectual precepts ( ,hell5ism ) ! ,hebraic passion = righte\sness4 ,9 8 great mom5ts1 h[ev]1 ! ,hebraic _s t[]s supreme4 ,he 01 said ,croiset1 ! hi/orian ( ,greek lit]ature1 ! fir/ ,greek prose writ] :o c\ld speak to ,god & ( ,god to man ) ! ard5t piety & rev]5ce ( ! ,jewi% prophets4#aja ,x is a s]i\s misconception to imag9e t ,philo's philosophical allegories 7 meant = ! g5]al body ( ,alex&rian ,jews4 ,he frequ5tly#ajb decl>es t he is speak+ to a specially initiat$ sect1 & w>ns 8 he>]s n to divulge 8 tea*+4 ,! notion ( an esot]ic doctr9e = ! ari/ocracy ( intellect _h become a fix$ idea 9 ! ,greek s*ools = ?ree c5turies1 ev] s9ce ! days ( ,ari/otle2 & :e!r ?r\gh ,greek influ5ce or o!rwise x _h be5 g5]ally adopt$ by ! ,jewi% tea*]s4 ,! rabbis ( ! ,talmud d]iv$ f ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis ! inn] my/]y ( ! law1 :i* 0 cognizable only by ! sage2 & ! same idea is f\nd 9 lat] ,jewi% tradition1 :i*1 exp\nd+ ,p>adise 7,hebrew3 prds7 z f\r /ages ( int]pretation1 ea* m>k$ by a lett] ( ! ^w1 ,pe%at1 ,remez1 ,d]a%1 & ,sod 7,hebrew3 sod71#ajc reg>d$ ! la/ z ! f9al rew>d ( ! devot$ seek] aft] ,god1 z x is said 9 ! ,psalms1 ,! secret ( ! ,"l is = ^? :o fe> ,him4 ,jewi% religi\s philosoph]s h 9 all ages design$ _! "w = a select few4 ,! ,halakah1 or way ( life1 is ! fit /udy ( ! _m4 ,s ,maimonides wrote 8 ,moreh only = ^? :o already 7 ma/]s ( ! law4 ,& ,philo likewise at ,alex&ria taught an esot]ic doctr9e to an esot]ic circle1 :i* alone 0 fitt$ to receive ! pr(\nde/ !ology4#ajd ,! allegories ( ! law d n take ! place ( ! law itself1 nor ( its e?ical ord9ances4 ,!y are additional to ! o!r exegesis & di/9ct1 de/9$ only = ! man ( le>n+4 ,& z we %all see1 he ass]ts emphatically 9 ! mid/ ( 8 allegories#aje t ! p]ception ( ! philosophical value does n release man f ! practice itself4 ,! wise man ev5 z ! fool mu/ obey ! law4 ,:y1 x may be ask$1 does ,philo artificially atta* 8 philosophy to ! ,scriptures8 ,he does s = two reasons3 fir/1 because he holds & wi%es to prove t betwe5 fai? & philosophy !re is no conflict1 & 8 g5]ation work$ out ! agreem5t by ?is me?od2 he does s also because he wi%es to e/abli% ! ,torah & ,judaism ^u a sure f\ndation = ! man ( outside culture4 ,! pursuit ( philosophy mu/ h m5ac$ ! atta*m5t to ,judaism & *all5g$ ! au?ority ( ! ,bible at ,alex&ria4 ,a sup]ficial k ( ! mat]iali/ic or rationali/ic !ories1 :i* 7 propagat$ respectively by ! ,epicurean & ,/oic s*ools1 0 made ! excuse = indiff]5ce to ! law4 ,!n z n[ ! advanc$ ,jew w\ld mask 8 self-indulg5ce "u ! guise ( a banal philosophy1 & je] easily at ar*aic my?s & tribal laws4 ,! dom9at+ motive ( ,philo's "w is to %[ t ! ,bible conta9s = ^? :o w seek x ! ri*e/ treasures ( wisdom1 t its e?ical tea*+ is m ideal & yet m real ?an t :i* hundr$s ( sophi/s p\r$ =? daily 9 ! lecture-!atres#ajf to ! gap+ dilettanti ( le>n+1 & la/ly t ! cultur$ ,jew may se>* out k & tru? to _! dep?s1 & f9d !m express$ 9 8 holy books & 9 8 religi\s beliefs & practices4 ,philo frequ5tly introduces into 8 philosophical int]pretation a polemic aga9/ ! dis9tegrat+ & demoraliz+ =ces :i* 7 at "w 9 ! ,alex&ria ( 8 day4 ,8 comm5t>y !re=e is a /range m$ley1 comp\nd$ ( ideali/ic speculation1 !ology1 homiletics1 moral d5unciation1 & polemical rhetoric4 ,! idea1 :i* is n uncommon1 t ,philo repres5ts ! extreme ,hell5ic developm5t ( ,judaism1 & t he ga!r$ into 8 writ+s ! op9ions ( all ,greek s*ools to ! ru9 ( 8 ,jewi% individuality1 is utt]ly errone\s4 ,9 fact1 he *ooses out only ! valuable p>ts ( ,greek ?\ght1 :i* c\ld ent] into a true h>mony ) ! ,hebraic _s2 & he n only rejects1 b he attacks unsp>+ly ^? elem5ts :i* 7 antagoni/ic to hol9ess & righte\sness4 ,) ! en?usiasm ( a ,maccabee1 if ) o!r weapons1 he f\ght aga9/ ! ba/>d culture1 :i* meant self-indulg5ce & ! excessive att5tion to ! body1 ! idol-wor%ip1 ! degrad$ ideas ( ! ,div9e p[]1 & ! disreg>d ( tru? & ju/ice1 t 7 curr5t 9 ! pagan society ab\t him4 ,! seek+ aft] s5sual pleasure & luxury 0 ! mo/ gl>+ evil ( 8 city--z ! ,talmud says1#ajg ( t5 p>ts ( lu/ n9e 7 giv5 to ,alex&ria--& ) e v>iety ( d5unciation he returns aga9 & aga9 to ! *>ge4 ,epicureanism is dete/able n only = its l[ idea ( human life1 b = its godless conception ( ! univ]se4 ,its !ory t ! _w 0 a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 :i* 0 gov]n$ by bl9d *ance1 & t ! gods liv$ ap>t 9 complete indiff]5ce to m5--?is 0 to ,philo utt] a!ism1 & z su* ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,he attack$ paganism n only 9 its crude =m ( idolatry1#ajh b 9 its m s$uctive disguise ( a pret5ti\s philosophy4 ,always & entirely he 0 ! *ampion ( mono!ism4 ,ne>ly z godless1 & !re=e z vile 9 8 eyes z ! foll[] ( ,epicurus1 is ! foll[] ( ! ,/oic doctr9es4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! ,jews & ! ,/oics 7 cont9ually 9 conflict at ,alex&ria2 & ! ,allegories ( ! ,laws are fill$ ) attacks1 ov]t & hidd51 ^u ! ,/oic doctr9es4 ,! ,/oics1 inde$1 believ$ 9 "o supreme ,div9e ,p[]1 n h[ev] 9 a transc5d5tal & p]sonal ,god1 b a cosmic1 imp]sonal1 fatali/ic _w-=ce4#aji ,to ,philo ?is conception1 ) its d5ial ( ! ,div9e w & ! ,div9e c>e = ! individual1 0 z a!i/ic z ! ,epicurean *ance4 ,equally repulsive to 8 religi\s /&po9t 0 ! ,/oic dogma1 t man is1 or %\ld be1 indep5d5t ( all help1 & t ! human reason is all-p[]ful & c compreh5d ! univ]se by its own unaid$ p[]4#aaj ,repulsive also 7 _! pride1 _! rejection ( ! emotions1 _! h>d rationalism4 ,! battle ( ,philo aga9/ ! ,/oics is ! battle ( p]sonal mono!ism aga9/ imp]sonal pan!ism1 ( religi\s fai? & revelation aga9/ arrogant rationalism1 & ( idealism aga9/ mat]ialism4 ,ho/ile z he is to ! ,/oic intellectual dogmatism1 ,philo is none ! less oppos$ to its conv]se1 intellectual skepticism & agno/icism4 ,man1 he is conv9c$1 has a ,div9e revelation#aaa :i* he may n d5y )\t ru94 ,he holds ) ,pope t we h ,too mu* ( k = ! ,skeptic side1 ,too mu* ( weakness = ! ,/oic's pride1 & he attacks ! ,skeptics ( ! day :o devot$ _! m9ds to de/ructive dialectical quibbl+ & sophi/ry#aab in/ead ( seek+ = ,god & ! human good4 ,!y are ! ,i%maels ( philosophy4 ,philo's polemic is direct$ less aga9/ ! ,greek s*ools 9 !mselves ?an aga9/ ! ,jewi% foll[]s ( ! ,greek s*ools4 ,he saw ! dang] to ,judaism 9 ! tea*+s ( ^! anti-religi\s philosoph]s1 & deeply z he lov$ ,greek culture1 he lov$ m deeply 8 religion4 ,he want$ to reveal a philosophy 9 ! ,bible :i* %\ld w9 back to ,judaism ! m5 :o _h be5 captivat$ by =eign ?\ght4 ,9 "o aspect1 !re=e1 8 ma/]-"w is a plea = unity4 ,! community at ,alex&ria 0 a v het]og5e\s body2 n only 7 ! sects :i* _h appe>$ 9 ,pale/9e1 ! ,sadducees1 ,sam>itans1 ,ph>isees1 & ,ess5es1 repres5t$ !re too1 b 9 addition !re 7 p>ties :o atta*$ !mselves to "o or o!r ( ! ,greek s*ools1 ! ,py?agoreans1 ,skeptics1 & ! l1 & la/ly ,gno/ic gr\ps1 :o cultivat$ an esot]ic doctr9e ( ! ,godhead1 & 7 lax 9 _! obs]vance ( ! law1 :i* !y held to be purely symbolical & ( no acc\nt 9 its lit]al mean+4 ,! m5tal activity :i* ?is gr[? ( sects exemplifi$ 0 9 "s respects a heal?y sign1 b x conta9$ se$s ( religi\s *aos1 :i* bore _! fruit 9 ! next c5tury4 ,m5 />t$ by ?9k+ out a philosophical ,judaism = !mselves2 !y end$ by ceas+ to be ,jews & philosoph]s4 ,philo =esaw ?is dang]1 & he tri$ to combat x by pres5t+ 8 p ) a comm5t>y ( ! ,bible :i* %\ld satisfy _! intellectual & speculative b5t1 b at ! same "t pres]ve _! loyalty to ! ,bible & ! law4 ,to ! ,greek _w he (f]$ a philosophical religion1 to 8 own p a religi\s philosophy4 ,?us ! allegorical comm5t>y is ! cr[n+ po9t ( 8 "w1 ! (f]+ ( 8 deepe/ ?\ght to ! mo/ cultur$ ( ! community2 & ?\gh mu* ( its detail _h only relevancy = its own "t1 & its me?od may repel our mod]n ta/e1 yet ! _s :i* animates x is ( value to all ages1 & %\ld be an inspiration to e g5]ation ( emancipat$ ,jews4 ,t _s is "o ( fe>less acceptance ( ! f9e/ culture ( ! age comb9$ ) unsw]v+ love ( ! law & loyalty to ca?olic ,judaism4 ,we h already treat$ ( ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ,philo's me?od ( allegorical int]pretation1 b we mu/ n[ consid] r m closely ! way 9 :i* he employs x4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ^u :i* he dep5ds is1 t besides & 9 addition to ! lit]al mean+ :i* ! ,bible be>s = ! common man1 x has a hidd5 & deep] mean+ = ! philosoph]4 ,x is1 z x 71 a sort ( palimpse/2 ! writ+ on ! top all may read1 ! writ+ bel[ ! /ud5t alone c deciph]4 ,) ! rabbis ,philo holds t ! ,torah 0 writt5 9 ! language ( ! sons ( man1#aac b he believes ) !m aga9 t x conta9s all wisdom4 ,& if ! ideas ( reason d n appe> 9 its lit]al mean+1 !n !y mu/ be se>*$ out 9 "s inn] int]pretation4 ,comm5t+ on ! v]se 9 ,g5esis 7xi4 #g71 ,let u conf\nd _! language1 t !y may n und]/& "o ano!r's spee*1 he says3 ,^? :o foll[ ! lit]al & obvi\s int]pretation ?9k t ! orig9 ( ! ,greek & b>b>ian languages is "h describ$2 ! contra/ betwe5 ,greek1 on ! "o h&1 & b>b>ian--9 :i* ,hebrew1 x seems1 is includ$--on ! o!r1 is rem>kable4 ,i w\ld n f9d fault ) !m1 because !y also1 p]haps1 employ "r reason1 b ,i w\ld call on !m n to rema9 cont5t ) ?is1 b to foll[ me to ! metaphorical r5d]+s1 consid]+ t ! actual words ( ! holy oracle are1 z x 71 %ad[s ( ! real bodies1 & ! p[]s :i* !y reflect are ! true und]ly+ ideas4#aad ,else:]e he tells a /ory ( ! condign puni%m5t :i* befell a godless & impi\s man1 p]*ance a ,sam>itan ,jew1 :o made mock ( ! race ( allegorical int]pret]s1 je]+ at ! idea t ! *ange ( names f ,abram to ,abraham & f ,s>ai to ,s>ah conta9$ "s deep mean+4 ,he soon paid a fitt+ p5alty = 8 wick$ wit1 = on "s v trivial pretext he w5t & hang$ himself4 ,:i* 0 j1 says ,philo2 = su* a rascal des]v$ a rascal's dea?4#aae ,x is notewor?y t ! ,talmud also lays /ress ^u ! deep mean+ ( ! patri>*'s *ange ( "n4#aaf ,he :o calls ,abraham ,abram1 said ,b> ,kapp>a1 transgresses a positive comm& ,hebrew3 mtsva '%a4 ,nay1 said ,rabbi ,levi1 he transgresses bo? a positive & a negative comm& 7& commits a d\ble s974 ,cle>ly ?is 0 a te/-"q & an article ( fai?1 possibly because ! lett] ,hebrew3 h1 :i* 0 add$ to ! "n1 0 a lett] ( my/ical import 9 ! op9ion ( ! age4 ,bo? ! rejection ( ! lit]al & ! rejection ( ! allegorical value ( ! ,bible1 ,philo reg>d$ z impi\s1 & he _h to /ruggle aga9/ opposite factions t 7 "o-sid$4 ,! true son ( ! law believes 9 bo? ,greek3 to hrton & ,greek3 to en hyponoiais4#aag ,see+ t ! ,bible 0 ! inspir$ revelation ( ,god1 :o is ! f\nta9 ( all wisdom & k--?is is ,philo's c>d9al dogma--x is n to be suppos$1 on ! "o h&1 t x 0 sil5t ab\t ! pr(\nde/ ideas ( ! human m9d1 or1 on ! o!r1 t x conta9$ ideas oppos$ to "r reason & tru?4 ,yet at fir/ sight x seem$ to lack any def9ite philosophy & to (f] an?ropomorphic views ( ,god4 ,h5ce ! true int]pret] mu/ use ! actual words ( ! sage z metaphors1 foll[+ ! maxim1 ,turn x ab\t & ab\t1 because all is 9 x1 & contemplate x & wax grey ov] x1 = ?\ can/ h no bett] rule ?an ?is4#aah ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ,philo1 ,saadia1 ,maimonides1 & 9 fact ! :ole l9e ( ,jewi% philosophical exegetes h work$1 is t ! words ( ! law are fruitful & multiply2 or1 z ! ,bible phrase runs1 ,! ,torah :i* ,moses comm&$ unto u is ! inh]itance ( ! congregation ( ,jacob4 ,x is ! sep>ate inh]itance ( ea* g5]ation1 :i* ea* mu/ cultivate s z to ga!r !refrom its own fruit4 ,! ,halakah is ! outcome ( ?is devotion 9 "o aspect1 ! philosophical exegesis 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! "o case ,jewi% jurisprud5ce & ! body ( legal tradition1 9 ! o!r1 philosophical ideas inspir$ by out] civilization1 are atta*$ to ! text ( ! ,bible by +5i\s devices ( association4 ,! device is p>tly a pi\s fiction1 p>tly a g5u9e belief2 9 o!r words1 ! tea*]s hone/ly ?\ght t !re 0 respectively a hidd5 philosophical mean+ 9 ! ,bible & an oral tradition1 supplem5t>y to ! writt5 law & aris+ out ( x2 b on ! o!r h& !y w\ld n h urg$ t _! p>ticul> int]pretation alone 0 port5d$ by ! ,scriptures4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! ,talmud by ! fact t diff]5t rabbis d$uc$ ! same lessons f diff]5t v]ses1 & contr>y laws f ! same v]se2 9 ,philo by ! fact t he (t5 gives v>i\s int]pretations ( "o text 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 "w4 ,all t 0 claim$ 0 t k & tru? mu/ be prim>ily ref]r$ to ! ,div9e revelation1 & all law & practice to ! au?ority ( ! ,mosaic code4 ,philo1 !n1 9 ! same way z ! rabbis1 d$uces all 8 tea*+ f ! ,bible1 n because he holds t x 0 explicitly conta9$ !re1 b because he desires to give to 8 philosophical notions ,div9e au?ority4 ,l ! rabbis1 aga91 he sugge/s def9ite rules ( int]pretation :i* may always be appli$ ,greek3 kanones ts allgorias4#aai ,he decl>es t e "n 9 ! ,torah has a deep symbolical mean+1 & symbolizes "s p[]4#abj ,?us ! names ( ! sons ( ,jacob typify ea* "s moral quality1 & ^! qualities toge!r make ! p]fect man & ! p]fect nation4 ,reub5 is ! son ( insight ,hebrew3 ru'bn1 ,simeon is le>n+ ,hebrew3 %m'-on1 ,judah ,hebrew3 yhuda /&s = ! praise ( ,god4#aba ,x may be not$1 by ! way1 t all ^! values %[ traces ( ,hebrew etymology4 ,aga91 ! synonyms 9 ! ,bible are to be c>efully /udi$1 :ile ev5 p>ticles & p>ts ( words h _! special value & importance4 ,& ! skilful exegete may = homiletical purposes make slight *anges 9 a ^w1 foll[+ ! rabb9ical rule1#abb ,read n s1 b s4 ,?us he plays ^u ! "n ,esau1 & takes ! ,hebrew ^w z ?\gh x 7 writt51 n ,hebrew3 'e%aw b ,hebrew3 'a%av1 a ?+ made4#abc ,:5ce he %[s t ,esau repres5ts ! %am 7made-up7 greatness1 :i* is boa/ful & insol5t & %ameless4 ,philo is ref]r+ p]haps to ,apion1 ! va+lori\s anti-,semite1 :om he (t5 cov]tly attacks4 ,aga91 :5ev] !re is repetition 9 ! text1 a deep] mean+ is port5d$4 ,deal+ ) ! v]se1 ,s>ah ! wife ( ,abraham took ,hag> ! ,egyptian 7,g54 xvi4 #c71 ,philo comm5ts1 t we already knew t ,s>ah 0 ,abraham's wife3 :y1 !n1 does ! ,bible m5tion x aga98 ,& foll[+ c]ta9 values :i* he has made1 he draws ! lesson t ! /udy ( philosophy mu/ always g toge!r ) ! /udy ( g5]al culture4#abd ,^! examples are n isolat$2 yet x is r a b>r5 sci5ce to se>* = ! canons ( ,philo's allegory1 z ,siegfri$ has done4 ,= 8 allegory is a v flexible in/rum5t1 :i* c be employ$ at pleasure to d$uce any?+ f any?+4 ,& ,philo reg>ds ^! po9ts ( con/ruction z ! excuse1 n z ! motive1 ( 8 e?ical & philosophical tea*+4 ,he does n dep5d on su* devices1 = he w&]s into allegory m (t5 ?an n )\t any pretext ( ! k9d4 ,! mod]n read] may consid] ! allegorical me?od artificial & unconv9c+1 ev5 if he does n g s f> z ,sp9oza1 & say t x is useless1 h>mful1 & absurd4#abe ,we pref] to-day to %[ ! inn] agreem5t ( philosophical ) ,biblical tea*+1 r ?an pret5d t all philosophy is conta9$ )9 ! ,bible2 & we accept ! ,bible z x /&s1 z a book ( supreme religi\s wor?1 )\t requir+ m ( x4 ,b t is ma9ly a diff]5ce ( ta/e or ( me?od1 & 9 ,philo's day1 & 9 fact d[n to ! "t ( ! sixte5?-c5tury ,r5aissance1 ,jew & ,g5tile alike pref]r$ ! o!r way4 ,= ?\ght1 anci5t & m$ival1 0 p]vad$ ) ! crav+ = au?ority or a plausible %[ ( x4 ,! ,bible 0 n only ! great book ( morality1 b ! /&>d ( tru?1 t f :i* k 9 all its bran*es />t$1 & t by :i* x 0 to be judg$4 ,z all k came f ,god1 s all k 0 9 ,god's ,book2 & allegory 0 ! me?od by :i* ! intellectual conceptions ( succe$+ ages 7 atta*$ to x4 ,! two ma9 heads ( ,biblical int]pretation :i* ! ,jewi% religi\s g5ius develop$1 ,pe%at & ,d]a%1--^! repres5t two p]man5t attitudes ( m9d4 ,9 ! fir/ ! comm5tator tries to get at ! exact mean+ ( ! text be=e him1 to make its lesson cle> & discuss ! circum/ances ( ! composition1 ! exact relations ( its p>ts4 ,he is satisfi$ to take ! writ] ( ! ,biblical book = :at he says 9 8 own =m ( utt]ance4 ,9 ! second ! comm5tator is m anxi\s to inculcate ideas & lessons :i* d n arise obvi\sly f ! text1 & to wid5 ! significance ( :at he f9ds 9 ! ,bible4 ,! int]pretation ceases to be a m]e exposition2 x becomes creative or conciliat+ ?\ght1 & ! int]pret] becomes a religi\s re=m]1 a philosoph]1 a prophet4 ,to ?is s*ool ,philo belongs1 & ! framework ( 8 tea*+ or ! +5uity by :i* he develops x f 8 text is ( small acc\nt4 ,x is :at he tea*es & :at he consid]s to be ! vital ?+s 9 religion & life to :i* we mu/ pay att5tion4 ,judg$ on ?is gr\nd ,philo is a supreme ma/] ( ,d]a%1 & mu/ take a place among ! mo/ creative ( ! int]pret]s ( ! ,bible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv ,,philo ,,& ,,! ,,torah ,ov] & ov] aga9 ,philo decl>es t 8 function is to exp\nd ! law ( ,moses4 ,moses 0 ! int]pret] ( ,god's ^w to ,israel2 & ,philo aspir$ to be ! int]pret] ( ! revelation ( ,moses to ! ,hell5i/ic _w1 ! liv+ voice ( ! holy law4 ,he believ$ t ,israel 0 a *os5 p 9 ! s5se t x _h receiv$ ! ,div9e message on behalf ( ! :ole human race1#abf a ,k+dom ( ,prie/s1 9 t x occupi$ to o!r nations ! position :i* ! prie/--us+ ! ^w 9 ! fulle/ s5se--occupi$ to ! common p4#abg ,! ,torah is ,god's cov5ant1 n only ) "o small nation1 b ) all ,8 *ildr51 & its tea*+s are true = all times & = all places4 ,! ,bible1 z ,pr(essor ,but*] says1#abh is ! "o book :i* appe>s to h ! capacity ( et]nal self-adju/m5t1 ( un9t]rupt$ correspond5ce ) an ev]-%ift+ & ev]-wid5+ environm5t4 ,n[adays ?is appe>s a truism1 b ! tru? fir/ pres5t$ itself to ! ,jewi%-,alex&rian community :5 !y came 9 contact ) ext]nal culture4 ,! ,pale/9ian & ,babylonian ,jews1 free = ! mo/ "p f outside influ5ces1 develop$ ! ,torah = ! ,jewi% p1 amplifi$ ! tradition1 & det]m9$ ! ,halakah1 ! practical law4 ,b ! ,alex&rian ,jews 9 ! fir/ place f\nd _! own attitude to ! ,torah affect$ by _! acqua9tance ) ,greek e?ics & metaphysics1 & also f\nd x necess>y to int]pret ! ,bible 9 a new fa%ion 9 ord] to make its value kn[n to _! environm5t4 ,! ,greek _w requir$ to be %[n ! g5]al pr9ciple1 ! broad e?ical idea 9 ea* ord9ance4 ,& ?us x came ab\t t ! ,alex&rian int]pret]s always emphasiz$ ! univ]sal b5ea? ! p>ticul>1 ! moral _s b5ea? ! =ms4 ,x _h be5 "o ( ! *ief functions ( ! prophets to demon/rate ! moral import ( ! law4 ,9 _! vision ! ,god ( ,israel became ! ,god ( ! univ]se1 & ,8 law ( conduct 0 spread ov] all mank9d4 ,= ! law %all g =? f ,zion1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem 7,micah iv4 #b74 ,philo 9 effect exp\nds ,judaism 9 _! _s1 ?\gh he speaks _! message 9 ! voice ( ,plato & to a p ^: m9ds 7 tra9$ 9 ,greek culture4 ,yet x is significant t he wrote all 8 comm5t>ies r\nd ! ,five ,books ( ,moses1 & us$ ! prophets & o!r ,biblical books only to illu/rate & support ! ,mosaic tea*+1 :i* conta9s ! :ole way ( life & ! :ole religi\s philosophy4 ,accord+ to ! rabbis also ! ,prophets =m$ only a complem5t to ! ,torah1 a species ( ,agadah2#abi & ! prophetic vision ( ,moses 0 mu* cle>] ?an t ( 8 successors4 ,philo1 too1 cle>ly realiz$ t ,judaism 0 ! religion ( ! law4 ,8 view ( ! ,torah is :at ! mod]n _w w\ld call uncritical3 t is to say1 he accepts ! idea t ! :ole ( ! ,five ,books 0 an objective revelation to ,moses at ,s9ai4 ,b ?\gh--or because--he is innoc5t ( ! high] criticism1 & believes 9 ! lit]al inspiration ( ! ,torah1 8 conception is none ! less enlight5$ & spiritual4 ,! law--! ,div9e ,logos--is n ! enactm5t ( an outside p[]1 arbitr>ily impos$1 & to be obey$ because ( its miracul\s orig92 x is ! expression ( ! human s\l )91 :5 rais$ to its highe/ p[] by ! ,div9e inspiration4 ,e man may fit himself to receive ! ,div9e ^w1 :i* is1 9 mod]n language1 revelation4#acj ,moses1 !n1 is di/+ui%$ above all o!r legislators1 n because he alone receiv$ x1 b because he receiv$ x 9 its pure/ =m1 & because he 0 ! mo/ noble int]pret] ( x4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! law ( ,moses is ( univ]sal validity = conduct4 ,! ,div9e _s possess$ him s fully t 8 ,logos1 or revelation1 is et]nally true1 & by foll[+ x all m5 become fit to be bless$ ) ! ,div9e gift !mselves4 ,?is is true ( ! o!r prophets ( ! ,bible to a small] degree1 & 9 a /ill m9or degree ,philo hop$ t x 0 true ( himself4 ,x %\ld be premis$ t ! law ( nature 0 at ! "t ( ,philo an idea z widely accept$ z evolution is to-day4 ,m5 believ$ t by a /udy ( ! processes ( ! univ]se ! individual might discov] ! law ( conduct t %\ld br+ 8 action into h>mony ) ! :ole4 ,:at ! ,greek philosoph]s decl>$ to be ! privilege ( ! few1 ,philo decl>$ to h be5 imp>t$ by ,god to ,8 p z _! law ( life4 ,h5ce ! ,mosaic legislation is ! code ( nature & reason1 & ! righte\s man directs 8 conduct 9 accordance ) ^? rules ( nature by :i* ! cosmos is ord]$4#aca ,ob$i5ce to ! law %\ld n be ob$i5ce to an outw>d prescription1 b r ! foll[+ out ( our own highe/ nature4 ,! ideal :i* ! ,/oic sage cont9ually aspir$ = & nev] atta9$ to--! life accord+ to nature & "r reason--?is ,philo claim$ _h be5 accompli%$ 9 ! ,mosaic revelation1 h&$ d[n by ,god to ,israel & ?r\gh !m to ! _w4 ,be=e we deal ) ,philo's treatm5t ( ! law 9 its n>r[] s5se1 x w be z well to consid] briefly 8 int]pretation ( ! hi/orical p>ts ( ! ,torah4 ,"h likewise he f9ds ideas ( natural reason & et]nal tru?s embodi$4 ,to ,philo1 z we h se51 ! ,torah is a unity1 & e "p ( x has equal validity & value4 ,he _h to cont5d aga9/ c]ta9 high] critics ( 8 day1 :o decl>$ t ,g5esis 0 a collection ( my?s 7,greek3 my?n plasmata74#acb ,moreov]1 ! long catalogues ( g5ealogies 9 ,g5esis & ! long] recitals ( sacrifices 9 ,leviticus & ,numb]s seem$ to refute ^? :o decl>$ t e "p ( ! ,p5tateu* 0 a ,div9e revelation4 ,9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,que/ions to ,g5esis ,philo directly grapples ) ?is objection4 ,comm5t+ on ! v]se 7,g54 xv4 #i71 ,take = me a heif] ( ?ree ye>s old & a goat ( ?ree ye>s old1 etc41 he says t 9 int]pret+ any "p or any v]se ( ,scripture we mu/ look to ! purpose ( ! :ole & expla9 x f ?is outlook1 )\t dissect+ or di/urb+ its h>mony or dis9tegrat+ its unity4#acc ,:y %\ld ,god1 ask$ ! sc(f]1 reveal ^! trivial or prolix details8 ,philo's answ] is 9 fact to spiritualize ev]y?+ t is mat]ial1 & univ]salize ev]y?+ t is p>ticul>4 ,:ile he believes 9 ! lit]al inspiration ( ! ,bible1 he does n insi/ ^u ! lit]al tru? ( e ^w ( x1 & 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis 9 p>ticul>1 he treats ! tales z symbolical or allegorical my?s4 ,8 philosophical comm5t>y on ! creation1 correspond+ to ! ,hebrew3 m'%a br'%it ( ! rabbis1 is f\nd 9 ! book ,de ,mundi ,opificio1 :i* /&s 9 mod]n editions at ! head ( 8 writ+s4 ,its ma9 !me is to trace 9 ! text ! ,platonic idealism1 i4e41 ! !ory t ,god fir/ creat$ transc5d5tal1 incorporeal ar*etypes ( all physical & mat]ial ?+s4 ,philo uses ! d\ble acc\nt ( ! creation ( man 9 ! fir/ & second *apt]s ( ,g5esis z cle> evid5ce t ! ,bible describes--= ^? :o h ! m9d to see--! creation ( an ideal be=e ! t]re/rial man4 ,9 ! ,allegories ( ! ,laws1 :i* is ! pr(\nd] philosophical doctr9e1 ! acc\nt ( ,adam & ,eve is delib]ately *os5 by ,philo z ! text ( a psy*ological treatise1 9 :i* he analyzes#acd ! relations ( ! m9d1 ! s5ses1 & ! pleasures1 repres5t$ respectively by ,adam1 ,eve1 & ! ,s]p5t4 ,! necessity ( expla9+ ! /ory symbolically is pr(ess$ly bas$ on ! fact t o!rwise we are driv5 to ! idea t ! ,bible spoke inaccurately ab\t ,god4 ,x is silly1 he says1 to suppose t ,adam & ,eve c h hidd5 !mselves 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 = ,god fill$ ! :ole4 ,we are driv5 !n to sugge/ ano!r mean+2 & ,philo passes into a homily ab\t ! false op9ion ( ! man :o foll[s ! bidd+ ( ! s5ses 7,eve7 at ! in/igation ( pleasure 7! ,s]p5t74#ace ,! /ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel is ano!r piece ( moral philosophy embodi$ 9 a concrete =m4 ,abel symbolizes pi\s humility1 ,ca9 ! deadly s9 ( a!ism & intellectual pride1 :i* d5ies ! absolute & ev]-pres5t p[] ( ! ,deity4 ,philo asks himself ! "q t o!r comm5tators h frequ5tly rais$1 "s 9 rev]5ce1 "s 9 ridicule1 ,:o 0 ,ca9's wife8#acf ,& he answ]s t ! ,bible expression ab\t ! *ildr5 ( ,ca9 _c be tak5 lit]ally1 b sugge/s ! union ( ! ill-rul$ m9d ) impi\s op9ions1 :i* h z _! issue false pride & s94 ,philo "h treats ! /ories 9 ! op5+ ( ,g5esis z pure allegories1 9 :i* ! m5 & wom5 repres5t symbolically *>act]s & qualities4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ^! int]pretations occur 9 ! comm5t>y :]e our au?or is n s mu* exp\nd+ ! ,torah z d$uc+ secret doctr9es f x4 ,8 prop] exposition ( ! law proce$s f ! book on ! ,creation to ! lives ( ! patri>*s ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & !n to ! lives ( ,joseph & ,moses4 ,& 9 ?is comm5t>y ! ,bible n>rative is tak5 z hi/orical tru?3 only 9 addition to ! hi/orical fact !re is a moral & univ]sal value 9 e figure & e episode4 ,! patri>*s' lives repres5t ! unwritt5 law :i* ! ,greek _w held 9 high honor1 = x 0 consid]$ to conta9 ! broad pr9ciples ( individual & social conduct1 & to be prior logically & *ronologically to ! writt5 codes4 ,moses1 !re=e1 ! p]fect legislator1 accord+ to ,philo1 has pres5t$ 9 ! ?ree f\nd]s ( ! ,hebrew race embodim5ts ( ! unwritt5 law ( good conduct = all mank9d4 ,ea* ( !m is a moral type ( et]nal validity & repres5ts "o ( ! ways 9 :i* bless$ness may be atta9$4#acg ,abraham repres5ts ! goodness :i* comes f in/ruction2 ,isaac1 ! spontane\s goodness t is innate1 & ! joy 7or laught]7 ( ! s\l t is ,god's gift to 8 favor$ sons2 ,jacob1 ! goodness t comes aft] long ef=t1 ?r\gh ! life ( practice & sev]e discipl9e4 ,be=e ?is triad1 ! ,bible pres5ts ano!r gr\p ( ?ree1 :o repres5t ! virtues prep>atory to ! acquisition ( p]fect goodness3 ,eno%1 ,eno*1 & ,noah4#ach ,!y typify respectively1 z _! names indicate1 hope1 rep5tance1 & ju/ice4 ,x is a pretty ?\ght1 help$ by an error 9 ! ,septuag9t translation1#aci :i* sees 9 ! "n ( ! fir/ 7i4e41 man1 ,hebrew3 'no%7 ! symbol ( hope4 ,hope1 ! comm5tator sugge/s1 is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( man#adj z comp>$ ) o!r animals1 & hope !re=e is our fir/ /ep t[>ds ! ,div9e nature1 ! se$ ( :i* fai? is ! fruit4 ,next 9 ord] come rep5tance & natural ju/ice1 & f ^! /epp+-/ones we c rise to ! high] self4 ,philo's int]pretation ( ^! ,bible figures w\ld appe> to h beh9d x an old ,midra%ic tradition4 ,z f> back z ! book ( ,b5 ,sira1 9 ! passage on ! ,praises ( ,fam\s ,m5 7xliv71 !y are tak5 z typical ( ! diff]5t virtues1 & ,eno* notably is ! type ( rep5tance4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ! _w 0 becom+ incapable ( und]/&+ ab/ract ideas1 & requir$ e?ics to be concretely embodi$ 9 examples ( life4 ,philo f\nd )9 ! ,jewi% ,scriptures :at ! ,*ri/ian apo/les lat] transf]r$ to o!r ev5ts4 ,joseph1 ^: life foll[$ t ( ! patri>*s1 is ! type ( ! political life1 ! model ( ! man ( action & ambition4 ,tak5 alone1 ?is is inf]ior to ! life ( ! sa9t & philosoph]1 b mix$ ) ! o!r x produces ! p]fect man1 = ! truly good man mu/ take 8 "p 9 public life4 ,! /ory ( ,joseph1 !n1 illu/rates ! full humanity ( ,moses' s*eme1 & x m>ks also1 accord+ to ,philo1 ! great moral lesson1 t if !re be "o sp>k ( nobility 9 a man's s\l1 ,god w f9d x & cause x to %9e =?4#ada ,= ,joseph1 until he comes d[n to ,egypt1 is n a virtu\s man1 b full ( conceit & unwor?y aspiration = supremacy2 he %[s 8 true wor? :5 he is sold into slav]y2 & !n by ! ,div9e inspiration he becomes ! ideal /atesman4 ,v sugge/ive is ,philo's homily1 by :i* he develops ! ,bible n>rative1 t ! function ( ! /atesman is to exp\nd dreams2#adb because 8 task is to int]pret ! life ( man1 :i* is "o long dream ( *ang+ sc5es1 :]e9 we =get :at has gone be=e1 z ! fleet+ %ad[ leads u f *ildhood to y\?1 f y\? to manhood1 f manhood to old age4 ,la/ly1 f ! /ory ( ,joseph he draws ! lesson t :5 ! ,hebrew has atta9$ to a high position 9 a =eign l&1 z 9 ,egypt1 :]e !re is utt] bl9dness ab\t ! true ,god1 he c & %\ld reta9 8 national laws1#adc & n assimilate ! practices ( 8 environm5t4 ,eusebius#add m5tions1 among ! works ( ,philo :i* he _h be=e him1 a book on ,! ,/atesman1 9 :i* d\btless ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t & social life 7 m fully treat$4 ,! book has disappe>$1 b ! life ( ,joseph suffices to %[ t ,philo recogniz$ ! place ( public s]vice 9 ! human ideal4 ,moses is n only ! div9ely inspir$ legislator1 b he typifies also ! p]fection ( ! human s\l1 ! highe/ example ( ! man at "o ) ,god1 supreme z k+1 lawgiv]1 prie/1 & prophet4 ,he is ! l9k betwe5 ,god & man1 ! p]fect int]pret] ( ! ,div9e ,^w2 & ?\gh ,philo avoids ! sugge/ion ( any ,div9e p[] inc>nate 9 man1 he speaks imag9atively ( ! ,logos ( ,moses1#ade i4e41 8 reason1 z id5tical ) ! ,logos ( ,god1 ! ,div9e law ( ! univ]se4 ,x is significant ( 8 attitude to religion t he lays no /ress ^u ! miracles ( ! ,bible n>rative4 ,n t he rationalizes !m away2 he rejects all rationaliz+ :atsoev]2 b he int]prets !m z great spiritual signs1 r ?an z div]sions f ! laws ( nature4 ,8 allegory ( ! burn+ bu%1 :i* ,moses saw at ,horeb is typical1 & pres5ts a tru? to :i* ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel be>s witness4 ,! weak ?orn-bu%1 :i* 0 n consum$ by ! fire1 is ! image ( ! idea ( ,israel1 :i* almo/ cries to ! p 9 _! mis=tune3 ,d n despair6 ,y\r weakness is y\r /r5g?1 & by x y %all w\nd race aft] race4 ,y w be pres]v$ by ^? :o wi% to de/roy y1 & y %all n p]i%4 ,9 evil days y %all n suff]1 & :5 a tyrant ?9ks to uproot y1 y %all %9e =? ! m 9 bright] glory4#adf ,! passage is typical also ( ! rhetorical artifice ) :i* ,philo1 foll[+ ! ta/e ( ! "t1 recomm5d$ ! ,bible to ! ,greeks4 ,we turn n[ to ,philo's treatm5t ( ! ,mosaic legislation1 ! ,torah 9 its n>r[] s5se1 :i* is to mod]n ,jewry p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ "p ( 8 comm5t>y4 ,8 problem 0 ! same z ours--to br+ ! anci5t law into h>mony ) ! ideas ( a non-,jewi% environm5t1 & to %[ its ess5tial value :5 tri$ by an ext]nal cultural /&>d4 ,briefly 8 solution is t he sees ev]y?+ 9 ! ,torah sub specie t]nitatis1 9 ! light ( et]nity2 & by 8 fai?fulness to ! law1 comb9$ ) 8 spiritual int]pretation ( x1 he /&s =? z ! greate/ ,jewi% mission>y ( 8 age4 ,un=tunately = ,judaism1 dep? ( ?\ght & philosophical judgm5t are n ! qualities :i* m>k ! successful religi\s mission>y4 ,philo's philosophical treatm5t ( ! ,torah 0 und]/ood only ( ! few2 ! fanatical ,paul9e rejection ( ! law appeal$ to ! masses4 ,! _s ( ! age dem&$1 inde$1 ! e?ical int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 & x 0 c>ri$ out 9 _m ways1 "s true1 "s untrue to ,judaism4 ,philo & ,josephus tell u h[ ,judaism 0 spread+ ov] ! _w4#adg ,!re is n any city ( ! ,greeks1 says ! hi/orian1 nor ( ! b>b>ians1 nor ( any nation :atsoev]1 to :i* our cu/om ( re/+ on ! sev5? day has n be5 introduc$1 & :]e our fa/s & our diet>y laws are n obs]v$4444 ,z ,god ,himself p]vade? all ! univ]se1 s ha? our law pass$ ?r\gh ! _w4 ,& _! te/imony is support$ by ! frequ5t gibes aga9/ ,judaiz+ ,romans 9 ! ,roman poets1#adh & by ! explicit /atem5ts ( ,/rabo1#adi ! fam\s geograph]1 &1 m rem>kable /ill1 ( ,s5eca1 ! ,/oic philosoph]-/atesman4 ,! bitt] foe ( ! ,jews1 he confess$ t ?is sup]/iti\s pe/ 0 infect+ ! :ole _w1 & t ! conqu]$ p 7,juda _h lately be5 made a ,roman prov9ce7 7 tak+ _! conqu]ors captive4#aej ,philo1 ) 8 ard5t hope1 look$ = ! ne> com+ ( ! "t :5 ! wor%ip ( ! ,jewi% ,god w\ld prevail ov] ! _w1 & s\ght to %[ t ! ,jewi% law1 :i* is ! expression ( ,jewi% belief1 & :i* diff]s f all o!rs1 n only 9 ! ext5t ( its sway1 b 9 its un*angeabl5ess1 c\ld be univ]saliz$ to fit its new s]vice4 ,to ?is end he int]pret$ ! ,mosaic code1 :i* no w>1 tyrant1 p]secution1 or visitation1 human or ,div9e1 c de/roy3 = x is et]nal4#aea ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ,torah1 ,philo f9ds a pro( ( its univ]sality4 ,x beg9s ) ! acc\nt ( ! creation1 to tea* u t ! same ,be+ t is ! ,creator & ,fa!r ( ! univ]se is also its ,legislator1 &1 aga91 t he :o foll[s ! law w *oose to live 9 h>mony ) nature1 & w exhibit consi/5cy ( action ) words & ( words ) action4 ,o!r philosoph]s1 notably ! ,/oics1 claim$ to lay d[n a plan ( life t foll[$ ! law ( nature2 b _! practice notori\sly fell bel[ _! unrealizable pr(essions4 ,9 ,judaism alone _s & practice 7 at "o1 s t ea* inspir$ ! o!r & secur$ human excell5ce4 ,n !ory b practice is ! root ( ! matt] 7,hebrew3 l' hmdr% 'kr 'l' hm'%a71 accord+ to ! rabbis3#aeb & ,philo1 :o1 contemplative philosoph] z he 01 yet recogniz$ ! all-importance ( conduct1 writes 9 ! same _s3#aec ,we mu/ fir/ /udy & !n act1 = we le>n1 n = le>n+'s sake1 b 9 ord] to action4 ,philo seeks to arrange ! law "u g5]al moral heads1 & he f9ds 9 ! ,decalogue ! holy text ^u :i* ! re/ ( ! code is b a comm5t>y4 ,he may be foll[+ a tradition common among all ! ,jews1 = 9 ! ,midra% to ,numb]s 7xiii7 x is said t ! six hundr$ & ?irte5 precepts are all conta9$ 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts3 ,hebrew3 %trig mtsvt klilit bhn4 ,we d n "k1 h[ev]1 9 :at way ! e>ly rabbis c>ri$ out ?is idea1 :]eas we possess ,philo's arrangem5t2 & "s ( its features are v sugge/ive4#aed ,to ! fir/ two comm&m5ts he atta*es ! ritual laws relat+ to prie/s & sacrifices1 to ! f\r? ! laws ( all ! fe/ivals1 to ! sev5? ! crim9al & civil law1 to ! t5? ! diet>y laws4 ,! ,decalogue he conceives z fall+ into two divisions1 betwe5 :i* ! fif? comm&m5t is a l9k4 ,= ! fir/ f\r comm&m5ts are ord9ances t det]m9e man's relation to ,god1 & ! la/ five ^? :i* det]m9e 8 relation to 8 fell[s4 ,honor ( ! p>5ts is ! l9k betwe5 ! ,div9e & ! human virtues1 ev5 z p>5ts !mselves are a l9k betwe5 immortal ,god & mortal man4 ,correspond+ to ! two divisions ( ! ,decalogue are ! two g5]ic virtues :i* ! ,mosaic legislation has set z its goal1 piety1 & humanity1 or :at ! rabbis call$ *>ity 7,hebrew3 tsdka74 ,he :o loves ,god1 b does n %[ love t[>ds 8 own k9d1 has b ! half ( virtue4#aee ,?us 9 "o & ! same age ,hillel1 incit$ by a s+le sc(f]1 & ,philo1 mov$ by ! taunts ( a tribe ( anti-,semites1 look$ = ! mo/ vital lesson ( ! ,torah1 & !y f\nd x alike 9 ! love ( our neighbor4 ,t 0 ,judaism on its practical side4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! humanit>ian _s ( ! ,torah1 ,philo emphasizes its sociali/ic in/itutions1 ! law ( ! sev5? ye>'s re/ to ! l& 7,hebrew3 %nt h%mita71 ( ! emancipation ( ! slaves1 & ( ! ,jubilee4 ,^! to him are n tribal laws1 b ! ideal in/itutions = ! :ole _w1 :i* %all "o day be set up :5 ! !ocracy has be5 e/abli%$ ov] all mank9d4 ,& 9 an age :5 slav]y 0 z accept$ a condition z factory-labor is to-day1 he v5tur$ to ass]t ! pr9ciple ( ! equality ( man4 ,if1 sai? ! law1 "o ( ?y bre?r5 be sold to !e1 let him s]ve !e = six ye>s1 & 9 ! sev5? ye> let him g free )\t paym5t4 ,& ,philo !reon comm5ts3#aef ,a second "t ,moses calls our fell[-creature bro!r1 to impress ^u ! ma/] t he has a tie ) 8 s]vant1 s t he may n neglect him z a /rang]4 ,nay1 b if he foll[s ! direction ( ! law1 he w feel sympa?y ) him1 & w n be vex$ :5 he is ab\t to lib]ate him4 ,= ?\gh we call our s]vants slaves1 yet 9 v]ity !y are only dep5d5ts :o s]ve u 9 ord] to h ! means ( life4 ,?is corresponds ) ! ,talmud dictum1 ,:oev] buys a ,jewi% slave buys a ma/] = himself4#aeg ,comm5t+ aga9 ^u ! v]se 9 ,exodus xxi4 #f1 :i* says ) seem+ h>%ness t a s]vant :o wi%es to /ay ) 8 ma/] aft] ! ye> ( emancipation has arriv$1 %all be nail$ by ! e> to a door1 he expla9s t no man %\ld cons5t ( 8 own w to be a slave1 = we %\ld only be s]vants ( ,god2 & if a man delib]ately rejects fre$om = com=t1 he %\ld we> a m>k ( degradation4 ,! s-call$ ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( ! dignity ( human life & ! equality ( man1 ,philo %[s to be ! _s ( ! ,mosaic law1 n limit$ )9 ! conf9es ( "o nation1 b valid = ! _w4 ,nor is x conta9$ !re9 z a m]e s5tim5tal aspiration1 b x is realiz$ 9 ! in/itutions ( ! ,jewi% polity4 ,philo look$ = ! same broad pr9ciples 9 8 treatm5t ( ! c]emonial law4 ,! ,sabba? day is ! c5tral obs]vance1 "o might say1 ! lode/> ( ! ,jewi% life1 r\nd :i* ! o!r c]emonies revolve4 ,! ,sabba? is ! call to man's high] nature1 = x is ! day on :i* we are bidd5 to devote ourselves to ! ,div9e p[] )9 u & to seek to "k ,god4 ,! six days 9 :i* ! ,creator made ! univ]se are an example to u to "w1 b ! sev5? day1 on :i* ,he re/$1 is an example to u to m$itate4 ,z on t day ,god is said to h look$ ^u ,8 "w1 s we1 too1 %\ld contemplate ! univ]se !reon1 & consid] our highe/ welf>e4 ,let u nev] neglect ! example ( ! be/ life1 ! comb9ation ( action & ?\ght1 b keep+ a cle> vision ( x be=e our m9ds1 s f> z our human nature w p]mit1 let u lik5 ourselves to immortal ,god by ^w & de$4#aeh ,high-fl[n ?is language may be1 b :at ,philo wi%es to m>k is ! spiritual value ( ! ,sabba?4 ,x is n m]ely a day ( re/ f workaday toil1 b x is a day ^u :i* we devote all our ?\ghts to ,god1 & ent] into clos] communion ) ,him1 ,hebrew3 mnoht 'hba vndba1 a repose ( love & devotion4 ,he9e said t on "o day ( ! week ! l[lie/ ,jew became a pr9ce1 ,philo t he became a philosoph]4 ,z 9 all ( ,philo's int]pretations ( ,jewi% cu/om1 !re is some?+ my/ic 9 8 conception ( ! ,sabba?4 ,= he reg>ds all ,div9e s]vice & all pray] z a my/ic rite :i* leads ! human s\l unto ,god4 ,9 ! special ord9ances ( ! day he f9ds a spiritual motive4 ,we may n t\* fire1 because fire is ! se$ & beg9n+ ( indu/ry4#aei ,! s]vant ( ! h\se may n "w1#afj because on ?is day he %all h a ta/e ( fre$om & humanity1 & he w "w ! m *e]fully dur+ ! rema9+ six days4 ,"s rabbis lat]1 :5 numb]s ( ,g5tiles _h adopt$ ?is )\t ! o!r in/itutions ( ,judaism1 claim$ ! ,sabba? z ! special h]itage ( ,israel2 & 9 ! book ( ,jubilees#afa x is said t ,israel alone has ! "r to obs]ve ! ,sabba?4 ,n s ,philo1 :o1 desir+ to give ! day a value = all1 reg>ds x z ,god's cov5ant ) ! :ole ( humanity4#afb ,! ,sabba? idea is reflect$ 9 all ! fe/ivals1 :i* h z _! dom9at+ idea man's joyful gratitude to ,god4 ,influ5c$ probably by a my/ic fondness = c]ta9 numb]s1 ,philo enum]ates t5 fe/ivals1 z foll[s3#afc 7#a7 ,ea* day 9 ! ye>1 if we use x aright--a truly ,philonic conception2 7#b7 ,! ,sabba?2 7#c7 ,! new moon--!n 9 ,alex&ria1 z 9 ,pale/9e1 a solemn day2 7#d7 ,! ,passov]2 7#e7 ,! br++ ( ! fir/ b>ley 7',om]72 7#f7 ,! ,fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,bread4 ,^! la/ ?ree are sep>ate aspects ( "o celebration1 :i* is divid$ up s z to produce ! holy decad4 7#g7 ,p5teco/2 7#h7 ,new ,ye>2 7#i7 ,atonem5t 7to ! my/ic ! ,fea/ ( fea/s72 7#aj7 ,tab]nacles4 ,foll[+ 8 design ( reveal+ 9 ,judaism a religion ( univ]sal validity1 ,philo po9ts out 9 all ^! fe/ivals a d\ble mean+4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y m>k ,god's provid5ce to ,8 *os5 p1 %[n 9 "s great ev5t ( _! hi/ory--?is is ! special mean+ = ! ,israelite--&1 on ! o!r1 !y indicate ,god's goodness z reveal$ 9 ! m>* ( nature1 & ?us help to b9d man to ! univ]sal process4 ,s ,passov] is ! fe/ival ( ! spr+ & a memorial ( ! creation 7,hebrew3 zbr lm'%a br'%it7 z well z ! memorial ( ! great ,exodus1 & ( our gratitude = ! deliv]ance f ! inhospitable l& ( ,egypt4 ,& ^? :o look = a deep] moral mean+ may f9d 9 x a symbol ( ! pass+ ov] f ! life ( ! s5ses to ! life ) ,god4 ,simil>ly1 ,philo deals ) ! o!r fe/ivals1#afd & 9 _! p>ticul> c]emonies he f9ds symbols :i* /amp et]nal lessons ( hi/ory & ( morality ^u our he>ts4 ,! unleav5$ bread is ! m>k ( ! simple life1 ! ,new ,ye> ,%(> ( ! ,div9e rule ( peace1 ! ,sukkot boo? ( ! equality ( all m51 &1 z he puts x else:]e1 ( man's duty 9 prosp]ity to rememb] ! tr\bles ( 8 pa/1 s t he may wor?ily recognize ,god's goodness4 ,mu* ( ?is may appe> trite to u2 & ! association ( ! fe/ivals ) ! seasons ( nature may to "s appe> a false developm5t ( hi/orical ,judaism2 nev]!less ,philo's treatm5t ( ?is "p ( ! ,torah is notable4 ,x %[s rem>kable feel+ = ! e?ical import ( ! law1 & x e/abli%es ! h>mony betwe5 ! ,greek & ,hebrew conceptions ( ! ,deity by comb9+ ! ,god ( hi/ory ) ! ,god ( nature 9 ! same fe/ival4 ,! ideas 7 n unkn[n to ,pale/9ian rabbis2 ,philo1 by giv+ !m a ,greek dress1 op5$ !m to ! _w4 ,equally rem>kable & equally sugge/ive is ,philo's treatm5t ( ! diet>y laws4 ,we h se5 t he plac$ !m "u ! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( ! t5? comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n covet1 or1 m broadly1 ,?\ %alt n h base desires4 ,! diet>y laws are at once a symbol & a discipl9e ( temp]ance & self-control4 ,we "k t ! ,greeks1 z soon z !y _h a sup]ficial k ( ,jewi% obs]vance1 je]$ at ! b>b>\s & /upid sup]/ition ( refus+ to eat pork4 ,aga9 we are told 9 ! lett] ( ! false ,ari/eas t :5 ,ptolemy's ambassadors w5t to ,j]usalem1 to summon le>n$ m5 to translate ! ,torah into ,greek1 ,eleaz>1 ! high prie/1 in/ruct$ !m 9 ! deep] moral mean+ ( ! diet>y laws4 ,fur!r1 9 ! f\r? book ( ! ,maccabees--an ,alex&rian s]mon ^u ! ,empire ( ,"r ,reason--we f9d an eloqu5t def5ce ( ^! same laws z ! precepts ( reason :i* =tify our m9ds4 ,philo1 !n1 is foll[+ a tradition1 b he improves ^u x4 ,accept+ ! ,platonic psy*ology1 :i* divid$ ! s\l into reason1 temp] 7i4e41 w71 & desire1 he %[s h[ ! aim ( ! ,mosaic law ab\t food is to control desire & w1 s z to make !m subs]vi5t to reason4 ,by practic+ self-re/ra9t 9 ! two commone/ actions ( life--eat+ & dr9k+--! ,israelite acquires x 9 all ?+s4 ,! h>d ascetic :o w\ld root out bodily desires errs aga9/ human nature1 b ! wise legislator controls !m & curbs !m by precepts1 s t !y are b5t to ! high] reason4 ,mod]n apologi/s = ,judaism h be5 f\nd :o1 try+ to =ce sci5ce to support _! tott]+ fai?1 allege t ! diet>y law is hygi5ic4 ,philo relies on no su* trea*]\s re$4 ,we may n eat1 he says1#afe ! fle% ( ! pig or %ell-fi%1 n because !y are unheal?y1 b because !y are ! sweete/ & mo/ delightful ( all food1 & = t v reason !y are m>ks ( ! s5sual life4 ,?is & ?is alone is ! true religi\s ju/ification ( ! diet>y law4 ,9 ?is way1 by %[+ h[ ! lett] repres5ts ! _s1 ,philo fulfils ! law2 8 religion is lib]al 9 ?\ght1 cons]vative 9 practice4 ,he sees cle>ly t to ?r[ (f ! law & reject tradition involves 9 ! end *aos & ! ov]?r[ ( righte\sness4 ,& c]ta9 ,*ri/ian--& o!r--!ologians1 if "o may make bold to say s1 fail to realize ! _s ( ,philo1 :5 !y speak ( him z a man :o approa*$ ! light1 b 0 too ti$ d[n by ! old traditions to receive ! full illum9ation4 ,r is x true t ! ,jewi% aspiration ( fre$om "u ! law1 or _s ?r\gh ! lett]1 is absolutely fundam5tal 9 ,philo1 & loyalty to ! ,torah is a guid+ pr9ciple 9 8 religi\s outlook4 ,he ass]ts x cle>ly & /rik+ly1 n only 9 8 e?ical comm5t>y on ! law1 b 9 8 philosophical allegories4 ,bo? passages des]ve quotation1 s9ce !y m>k ! fundam5tal contra/ betwe5 ,philo & non-,jewi% allegori/s ( ! law4 ,9 ! fir/ ,philo is comm5t+ ^u ! comm& ,?\ %alt n add to or take away f ! law 7,deut4 xix4 #ad74aff ,he %[s fir/ h[ ea* ( ! virtues is m>r$ by excess 9 ei!r direction2 virtue 9 fact1 accord+ to ! ,ari/otelian =mula1 is a mean4 ,& 9 ! same way1 if we add any?+ great or small to piety1 ! que5 ( virtues1 or take any?+ away1 we m> x & *ange its =m4 ,addition w eng5d] sup]/ition1 & dim9ution impiety1 & true piety w disappe>1 :i* above all ?+s we %\ld pray = to enlight5 our s\ls3 = x is ! cause ( ! greate/ ( goods1 induc+ 9 u a k ( our conduct t[>ds ,god1 :i* is a ?+ m royal & k+ly ?an any public (fice or di/9ction4 ,fur!r1 ,moses lays d[n ano!r g5]al comm&1 ',d n remove ! b\nd>y /one ( ?y neighbor1 :i* ?y ance/ors h set up4' ,?is1 me?9ks1 does n ref] m]ely to inh]itances & ! b\nd>y ( l&1 b x is orda9$ ) a view to ! pres]vation ( anci5t cu/oms4 ,= cu/oms are unwritt5 laws1 ! decrees ( m5 ( old1 n c>v$ inde$ ^u pill>s & inscrib$ ^u p>*m5t1 b engrav$ ^u ! s\ls ( ! g5]ations :o ?r\gh ! ages ma9ta9 ! *os5 community4 ,*ildr5 %\ld take ov] ! pat]nal cu/oms f _! p>5ts z "p ( _! inh]itance1 = !y 7 re>$ on !m1 & liv$ on !m f _! swaddl+ days1 & !y %\ld n neglect !m m]ely because ! tradition is n writt54 ,! man :o obeys ! writt5 laws is n1 inde$1 wor?y ( praise1 = he may be con/ra9$ !reto by fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,b he :o holds fa/ to ! unwritt5 laws gives pro( ( a volunt>y goodness & is wor?y ( our eulogy4 ,cle>ly he is argu+ "h = ! obs]vance ( ! oral law1 :i* lat] 0 /&>diz$ 9 ! ,halakah4 ,9 ! o!r passage1 :i* occurs 9 ! philosophical book ,on ! ,migration ( ,abraham1#afg he sets =? ! reason ( ! au?ority ( ! law ) m argum5t1 & controv]ts ^? :o w\ld allegorize away ! ord9ances4 ,to :om1 !n1 ,god has grant$ bo? to be & to seem good1 he is truly happy & truly r5[n$4 ,& we mu/ h a great c>e = reputation1 z a matt] ( great importance & ( mu* value1 = our social & bodily life4 ,by reputation ,philo means reputation ( be+ loyal ,jews4 ,he is address+ "h an esot]ic circle :o1 if !y 7 lax1 w\ld br+ philosophy into disrepute4 ,& almo/ all c secure x1 :o are well cont5t n to di/urb e/abli%$ cu/oms1 b dilig5tly pres]ve ! con/itution ( _! nation4 ,b !re are "s :o1 look+ ^u ! writt5 laws z symbols ( intellectual ?+s1 lay great /ress on ^!1 b neglect ! =m]4 ,su* m5 ,i w\ld blame = _! %all[ness ( m9d ,greek3 eu*]eia4 ,= !y ought to give good he$ to bo?--to ! accurate inve/igation ( ! unse5 mean+1 b also to ! blameless obs]vance ( ! visible lett]4 ,b n[1 z if !y 7 liv+ by !mselves 9 a des]t1 & 7 s\ls )\t bodies1 & knew no?+ ( city or village or h\se or int]c\rse ) m51 !y despise all t seems valuable to ! _m1 & se>* = b>e & nak$ tru? z x is 9 itself4 ,su* p ! sacr$ ,scripture tea*es to give good he$ to a good reputation1 & to aboli% none ( ^? cu/oms :i* great] & m inspir$ m5 ?an we in/itut$ 9 ! pa/4 ,=1 because ! sev5? day tea*es u symbolically conc]n+ ! p[] ( ! uncreat$ ,god1 & ! inactivity ( ! creature1 we mu/ n !re=e aboli% its ord9ances1 s z to light a fire1 or till ! gr\nd1 or be> a burd51 or prosecute a lawsuit1 or dem& ! re/oration ( a deposit1 or exact ! repaym5t ( a loan1 or d any o!r ?+1 :i* on week-days is all[$4 ,because ! fe/ivals are symbols ( spiritual joy & ( our gratitude to ,god1 we mu/ n !re=e give up ! fix$ assemblies at ! prop] seasons ( ! ye>4 ,nor1 because circumcision symbolizes ! excision ( all lu/s & passions1 & ! de/ruction ( ! impi\s op9ion accord+ to :i* ! m9d imag9es t x is itself capable ( production1 mu/ we !re=e aboli% ! law ( fle%ly circumcision4 ,we %\ld h to neglect ! s]vice ( ! temple1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s1 if we 7 to re/rict ourselves only to ! allegorical or symbolic s5se4 ,t s5se resembles ! s\l1 ! o!r s5se ! body4 ,j z we mu/ be c>eful ( ! body1 z ! h\se ( ! s\l1 s mu/ we give he$ to ! lett] ( ! writt5 laws4 ,= only :5 ^! are fai?fully obs]v$1 w ! inn] mean+1 ( :i* !y are ! symbols1 become m cle>ly realiz$1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! blame & accusation ( ! multitude w be avoid$4#afh ,philo's position is1 !n1 t man on ! "o h& owes loyalty to 8 nation1 & on ! o!r is n only a creature ( _s1 b has a body & bodily passions4 ,he _c1 !re=e1 h a religion :i* is individual or m]ely spiritual1 b he requires common =ms & c]emonies t c b9d him ) ! re/ ( ! community1 & tra9 8 body by good habit to obey 8 reason4 ,we d n rea* ! _s by d5y+ b by obey+ ! lett]4 ,to ! m]e =mal obs]vance ( ! law & ! unreason+ cu/om :i* bl9dly foll[s ! practice ( our fa!rs ,greek3 syn!ia ,philo is equally oppos$1 & he prote/s1 ) ! e>ne/ness ( an ,isaiah1 aga9/ sup]/iti\s sacrifice & aga9/ ! lip-s]vice ( ! mat]iali/4#afi ,if a man practices ablutions & purifications1 b defiles 8 m9d :ile he cleanses 8 body2 or if1 ?r\gh 8 weal?1 he f\nds a temple at a l>ge outlay & exp5se2 or if he (f]s hecatombs & sacrifices ox5 )\t numb]1 or adorns ! %r9e ) ri* ornam5ts1 or gives endless timb] & cunn+ly wr\ght "w1 m preci\s ?an silv] or gold--let him none ! m be call$ religi\s 7,greek3 eusebs74 ,= he has w&]$ f> f ! pa? ( religion1 mi/ak+ ritual = hol9ess1 & attempt+ to bribe ! ,incorruptible1 & to flatt] ,him :om none c flatt]4 ,god welcomes g5u9e s]vice1 & t is ! s]vice ( a s\l t (f]s ! b>e & simple sacrifice ( tru?1 b f false s]vice1 ! m]e display ( mat]ial weal?1 he turns away4 ,lot's daught]1 born ( a pill> ( /one1 symbolizes ?is un?9k+1 hyp]trophi$ religion2 & cu/om1 its "m1 :i* always lags beh9d & has no se$ ( life1 is ! enemy ( tru?4 ,! religi\s man pursue? righte\sness righte\sly1 ! sup]/iti\s unrighte\sly4 ,?us ,philo holds ! balance betwe5 a =mless spirituality & an unspiritual =malism4 ,! end ( religi\s obs]vance is ! love ( ,god1 b ! love ( ,god requires m ?an feel+2 x mu/ impregnate life4 ,dubn[1 9 8 summ>y ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 =mulates an epigram1 :i*1 l mo/ ( its k9d1 becomes 9 its concis5ess & po9t$ anti!sis a half-tru?4 ,at ,j]usalem1 he says1 ,judaism appe>$ z a sy/em ( practical c]emonies2 at ,alex&ria z a complex ( ab/ract symbols4 ,no d\bt x is true t at ,j]usalem ! practical side ( ! law 0 mo/ prom95t1 b ! spiritual exaltation to :i* x %\ld lead 0 apprais$ z ! true end by ! great rabbis4 ,witness ,hillel1 & inde$ all ! writ]s ( ! gnomic wisdom 9 ! ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,at ,alex&ria1 aga91 :ile ! philosophical pr9ciple und]ly+ ! outw>d practice 0 especially emphasiz$1 ! practice itself 0 loyally obs]v$1 & its value p]ceiv$1 by ^? :o mo/ ?or\ghly und]/ood ,judaism4 ,witness ! writ+s ( ,philo1 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 & ! f\r? book ( ! ,maccabees4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 lett] & _s1 fai? & works1 is 9 tru? a false "o2 & :]ev] ! significance ( ,judaism has be5 fully compreh5d$1 ! two aspects ( ! law h be5 inextricably int]tw9$4 ,z ,philo und]/ood ! ,jewi% mission1 x 0 n m]ely to diffuse ! ,jewi% ,god-idea1 b q z mu* to diffuse ! ,jewi% attitude to ,god1 ! way ( life4 ,ab/ract ideas1 h[ev] l(ty1 c nev] be ! bond ( a religi\s community1 nor c !y be a safegu>d = moral conduct4 ,soon] or lat] congregations mu/ submit !mselves to "s law1 be x a law ( dogma1 or be x a law ( conduct4 ,ant9omianism1 ! opposition to ! law1 to :i* ,paul lat] gave p[]ful1 ev5 fanatical1 expression1 0 a /rong movem5t at ,alex&ria 9 ,philo's day4 ,prep>atory to ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 num]\s sects sprang up !re :i* purport$ to foll[ a spiritual ,judaism :]e9 ! law 0 abrogat$ because1 =soo?1 its symbolism 0 und]/ood6 ,9 ! extreme allegori/s1 :om ,philo attacks = _! %all[ness1 "o may disc]n ! prototypes ( ! ,ca9ites1 ,ophites1 ,mel*iz$ecians1 & ! re/ ( ! h]etical p>ties t produc$ ! religi\s *aos ( ! next c5turies4 ,f t welt] ( op9ions !re at la/ em]g$ dogmatic ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,*ri/ian re=m]s came to free man f ! yoke ( ! law2 b _! successors impos$ on ! m9d ! fett]s ( dogma1 &1 9 ord] to *eck ! passions ( ! body1 advocat$ r5unciation & asceticism4 ,s t n only ,judaism z a sy/em ( belief1 b ,judaism z a sy/em ( life 0 lo/ 9 _! h&iwork4 ,spirituality lack+ k & allegorism 9 excess l$ to ?is result4 ,9 ,philo !y are controll$ by affection = ! ,torah1 & by a conviction ( ! ne$ = national cohesion4 ,philo is loyal to ! ,jewi% tradition n only because he _h a deep feel+ = :at a mod]n tea*] has call$ ! ca?olic consci5ce & ! hi/orical cont9uity ( ,judaism1 b because 8 philosophy 0 bas$ on a conviction t ! ,jewi% religion 0 ! true/ guide to conduct & righte\sness & to ! love ( ,god4 ,to him1 z to ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ! law 0 ! outw>d regi/] ( ! moral ideal2 ! ^w-&-de$ symbols ( c]emonial & pray] 7 emblems inde$ ( moral pr9ciples1 b at ! same "t !y _h an intr9sic value1 9 t !y impress$ ^! pr9ciples ^u ! m9d1 & br\ght belief & action into h>mony4 ,religion is law1 n philosophy1 said ,hobbes4 ,) ,philo1 religion is law & philosophy4 ,?us ! love ( ! ,torah is ( ! ess5ce ( 8 religi\s ?\ght4 ,z he puts x 9 ! exhortation to 8 fell[-ambassadors be=e ,gaius1#agj to die 9 def5ce ( x is a k9d ( life4 ,9 8 philosophical ,judaism he s\ght always = ! univ]sal & ! spiritual1 b s z always to increase ! honor ( ! law1 & n only ( ! law b ( ! cu/oms ( 8 ance/ors1 ?9k+ ) ! ,psalmi/ t ! ,torah is a tree ( life to ^? :o keep fa/ hold ( h]1 & ^? :o support h] are bless$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v ,,philo',s ,,!ology ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ab\t ,judaism1 says ,d>me/et]1 is t )\t a philosophical sy/em x _h rea*$ a philosophical conclusion ab\t ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w & ! nature ( ,god4#aga ,! same idea und]lies ! /atem5t ( ! ,p]ipatetic writ] ,!ophra/us 7:o liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4,e47 t ! ,jews are a p ( philosoph]s1#agb & ! epigram ( ,he9e1 t !y pray 9 metaphysics4 ,intuitively1 ! lawgiv] & prophets ( ! ,hebrew race _h atta9$ a conception ( mono!ism to :i* ! greate/ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s _h h>dly /ruggl$ by reason4 ,! ,greeks _h />t$ ) sep>ate nature-p[]s1 :i* !y _h f9ally resolv$ into a supreme nature-=ce2 ! ,hebrews _h />t$ ) ! hi/orical ,god ( _! fa!rs1 :om !y _h univ]saliz$ into ! ,creator ( ! _w & ,fa!r ( all ! human race4 ,wellhaus5 has sugge/$ t ! intellectual developm5t ( ,judaism ) its t5d5cy to become a purifi$ mono!ism mov$ 9 ! same direction t[>ds :i* ,greek ?\ght t5d$ 9 its philosophical speculation ( ! univ]se4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two conceptions ( ,god1 h[ev]1 rema9$ ev5 9 _! univ]saliz$ aspect2 ! "o 0 an imp]sonal _w-=ce1 ! o!r a p]sonal ,god 9 direct relation ) individual man4 ,else:]e ?an 9 ,juda1 x has be5 well said1 religi\s developm5t rea*es unity only by sacrific+ p]sonality4 ,b ! prophets1 ^: conception ( ,god 0 imag9ative r ?an rational1 pres]v$ ,8 ne>ness :ile exp&+ ,8 sway4 ,israel1 to use ,philo's etymology1 is ! man :o sees ,god1#agc & 8 religi\s g5ius gave to ! _w a p]sonal incorporeal ,deity1 :o is bo? transc5d5t & imman5t1 p]sonal & yet above human conception4 ,x is unnecess>y to quote evid5ce ( ?is view ( ! ,godhead 9 ! ,bible1 & x w\ld be sup]flu\s to adduce passages f ! rabbis1 did !y n be> a /rik+ simil>ity to ! words ( ,philo4 ,god to !m is n only ! ,creator ( ! _w1 b also ! ,fa!r ( ! _w1 ! ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 ! ,only ,"o ( ! _w1 ! ,space ( ! _w1 fill+ x z ! s\l fills ! body4#agd ,n[1 ?is ,jewi% conception ( ,god is dom9ant 9 ,philo4 ,to him also ,god is n only ! ,creator b ! ,fa!r ( ! univ]se4#age ,he is ! ,"o & ! ,all4#agf ,he is ev] at re/1 yet he out/rippe? ev]y?+1 ne>e/ to ev]yone1 yet f> remov$1 ev]y:]e & n[h]e1 above & outside ! univ]se1 yet fill+ creation ) ,himself4#agg ,philo loves to atta* to ! ,deity ^! opposite pr$icates1 = 9 ?is way alone c we =m = ourselves "s conception1 h[ev] inadequate1 ( ,8 ,be+4 ,/rictly1 ,god is uncondition$1 & _c be ! subject ( pr$ication1 = all det]m9ation involves negation1 & h5ce 9 "o aspect ,he is n conceivable nor describable1 nor nameable4#agh ,siegfri$ & ,zell] press ?is negative attitude to ! ,deity1 & f9d t !re is an inh]5t contradiction 9 ,philo's sy/em1 :i* ru9s x1 9 t 8 ,god1 ^u :om all dep5ds & :o is ! object ( all k1 is absolutely unkn[able & unapproa*able4 ,b ?is is to take ,philo accord+ to ! /rict lett] to ! neglect ( ! _s1 & to d t ) "o s eloqu5t & s c>eless ( v]bal accuracy is utt]ly to misund]/& him4 ,! ,greek philosoph]s 9 _! attempt to =mulate an exact notion ( ! ,fir/ ,be+ by ab/ract metaphysics _h1 inde$1 conceiv$ x 9 ?is fa%ion2 & ,philo1 h>moniz+ ,greek metaphysics & ,hebrew intuition1 is drawn at times into a pres5tation ( ,god :i* appe>s to d5y ,8 p]sonality & make ( ,him an ab/raction4 ,:at has be5 said ( ,sp9oza is true no less ( ,philo4#agi ,! t5d5cy to unity1 to ! inf9ite1 to religion1 ov]balanc$ itself till1 by its m]e excess1 x seem$ to be *ang$ into its opposite4 ,b ?is is n 8 _s1 only ! dead ultimate result ( an imp]fect logic t confuses an ab/ract ) a concrete unity4 ,9 tru?1 ! mom5t man tries to def9e 8 conception ( ,god's ess5ce 9 words1 he ei!r impairs & p]v]ts 8 idea1 or he mu/ use words t d n really make ! idea any cle>] ?an x 0 unexpress$4 ,?us 9 ! ,hymn ( ,hebrew3 ygdl ! writ]1 v]sify+ ! cre$s ( ,maimonides1 seeks to def9e ,god3 ,he is a ,unity1 b !re is no ,unity l ,82 ,he is hidd5 & !re is no end to ,8 on5ess4 ,b nobody c claim t ?is gives any adequate conception ( :at he means2 s1 too1 ,philo1 :5 he tries to analyze ,god's be+ metaphysically1 only obscures ! ,god ( 8 s\l1 :o 0 ! hi/orical ,god ( ,israel4 ,! ,hebraic ,god1 l ! ,greek ,fir/ ,be+1 has no qualities1 b unlike ! o!r ,he has e?ical attributes1 & x is by ^! t we "k ,him & by ^! t ,he is relat$ to ! univ]se & to man4 ,fail+ to compreh5d ,him 9 ,8 ess5ce we mu/ aim at ! next be/ ?+1 to compreh5d ,him z ,he is manife/$ to ! _w4#ahj ,s 9 ! ,hymn ( ,unity x is writt51 ,9 images !y told ( ,!e1 b n accord+ to ,?y ess5ce6 ,!y b lik5$ ,!e 9 accordance ) ,?y works4#aha ,& ?is is ! mann] 9 :i* ,philo conceives ,him3 ,god's grace & goodness x is :i* are ! causes ( creation4#ahb ,! j man1 seek+ ! nature ( all ?+s1 makes ?is mo/ excell5t discov]y1 t all ?+s are due to ! grace ( ,god4 ,to ^? :o ask ! orig9 ( creation1 "o c\ld mo/ easily reply t x is ! goodness & grace ( ,god :i* ,he be/[$ on ! race t is aft] ,8 image4#ahc ,= all t is 9 ! univ]se & ! univ]se itself are ! gift & b\nty & grace ( ,god4#ahd ,aga91 ,god is omnipot5t2 ,he c\ld make all evil1 b ,he wills only :at is be/4#ahe ,all is due to ,god's grace1 ?\gh no?+ is wor?y ( x2#ahf b ,god look$ to ,8 own et]nal goodness1 & consid]$ t to d good befitt$ ,8 own bless$ & happy nature4 ,philo's life-aim1 z we h se51#ahg 0 to see ,god 9 all ?+s & all ?+s 9 ,god4 ,he is ! sole pr9ciple ( be+1 ex]cis+ cont9u\s causality2 & yet ,he is always at re/1 = ,8 en]gy is ! expression ( ,8 be+4 ,he nev] ceases to create1 = creation is z prop] to ,him z x is prop] to fire to burn & to sn[ to cause cold4#ahh ,fur!r1 to ,him all human activity & excell5ce are directly due4 ,he f]tilizes virtue by s5d+ d[n ! se$ f ,heav51#ahi & ,he br+s =? wisdom f ! human m9d by ,8 own ,div9e efflu5ce4 ,x is ! di/9ctive feature ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 said ,sp9oza1 nev] to make acc\nt ( p>ticul> & second>y causes1 b 9 a _s ( devotion1 piety1 & godl9ess to ref] all ?+s directly to ! ,deity4 ,no ,jewi% ?9k] ev] appli$ ?is pr9ciple m ?or\ghly ?an ,philo2 & x gives an unique color to 8 "w 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t philosophy4 ,all our lives are "o unceas+ miracle1 due to ! con/ant manife/ation ( ,god's p[]2 & ! miracles ( ! ,bible are examples ( ! univ]sal work+ ( ,div9e c>e r ?an exceptions f x4 ,! dom9ant feel+ beh9d ,greek ?\ght is t man is ! measure ( all ?+s3 ,plato1 attack+ ! /&po9t ( 8 nation1 _h decl>$ t ,god is ! measure1 & ,philo repeats 8 maxim ) a new int5sity4 ,x means = him t man's m9d is a fragm5t or p>ticle ( ! ,div9e univ]sal m9d1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is impot5t till call$ into activity by ! fur!r ,div9e gift ( inspiration4 ,k & happ9ess1 !re=e1 come n ?r\gh ,god1 b f ,god4#aij ,! ,div9e ,^w /reams d[n f ! f\nt ( wisdom1 & wat]s ! plants ( virtu\s s\ls4#aia ,to ,god alone is x fitt+ to use ! ^w 'my1'#aib or1 put 9 ano!r way1 man has only ! usufruct & ,god ! own]%ip ( 8 p[]s4 ,pride ( intellect is !re=e a deadly s91 because x involves a false1 incomplete idea ( ,god1 & true k involves rev]5ce4 ,! ideal ( ! ,greek sage1 ! indep5d5t reason1 is a godless ?+1 & ^? 9 :om a k ( ,greek philosophy produces intellectual pride are n disciples ( ,div9e ,wisdom4 ,9 a f9e passage ,philo *>ges ) hypocrisy ^? :o talk 9 high-s\nd+ language ab\t ! all-p[]ful ,deity1 & yet decl>e t by _! own intellect !y c compreh5d ! _w4#aic ,?is 0 ! attitude n only ( ! pr\d ,/oic1 b ( c]ta9 k9dr$ ,jewi% sects1 :i* 7 subject to ,greek influ5ces1 su* z ! ,gno/ics & ! ,ca9ites4 ,& ^u !m ,philo appe>s to be p\r+ 8 wra? :5 he exclaims3 ,h[ h y ! effront]y to g on mak+ & li/5+ to f9e pr(essions ab\t piety & ! honor ( ,god1 :5 y h )9 y1 =soo?1 ! m9d equal to ,god t compreh5ds all human ?+s1 & c comb9e good & evil portions1 giv+ to "s a mix$1 to o!rs an unmix$ lot8 ,& :5 anybody accuses y ( impiety1 y braz5ly decl>e t y belong to ! s*ool ( t noble guide & tea*] ,ca9 7i4e4 insol5t reason71 :o bade y pay honor to ! second>y r ?an ! prim>y cause4 ,philo has (t5 be5 reproa*$ ) intellectualism1 & excessive reg>d to acquir$ wisdom1 & x may be urg$ t by 8 allegorical me?od he tri$ to f9d 9 ! ,bible ! sanction ( two degrees ( religi\s fai?1 ! high] = ! philosoph] & ! l[] = ! ord9>y man4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 be=e 8 ,god he reta9s ! *ildlike simplicity ( ! mo/ un-,hell5ic rabbi1 & ! p]fect humility ( ! ,hasid4 ,8 conviction ( ! dep5d5ce ( all ^u ,god's grace is ! p]fect corrective ( 8 intellectual exclusiv5ess4 ,! idea ( ,god z ! unity :i* compreh5ds ev]y?+ & causes ev]y?+ is ! great ,jewi% contribution to ?\ght1 & b9ds our lit]ature toge!r 9 all its manife/ations4 ,x *>act]izes & unites ! poetical utt]ance ( ! ,bible prophets1 ! pi\s wisdom ( ! rabbis1 ! philosophical sy/ems ( ,philo & ,maimonides4 ,! m sublime & exalt$ ! conception ( ,god1 ! m imp]ative became ! ne$ = ! ?9k+ ,jew to expla9 h[ ! p]fect inf9ite ,be+ came into relation ) ! imp]fect f9ite _w ( man & matt]4 ,h[ c ! incorporeal ,god be ! f\nd] ( ! mat]ial univ]se8 ,h[ c ! inf9ite m9d be pres5t 9 ! f9ite ?\ght ( man8 ,h[ c ! all-good ,p[] be ! creator ( ! evil :i* we see 9 ! mat]ial _w & ( ! wick$ness t fl\ri%e? among m58 ,^! que/ions pres5t$ !mselves to ! ,israelite aft] he _h consummat$ 8 m>vell\s religi\s intuition1 & became ! />t+-po9t ( a !ology :i* is nasc5t 9 ! ,wisdom lit]ature ( ! ,bible4 ,!ology is ! reason+ ab\t ,god :i* foll[s always 9 ! foot/eps ( religi\s c]titude4 ,fir/1 man by 8 intuitive reason rises to "s idea ( ! ,godhead satisfy+ to 8 emotion2 next1 by 8 discursive reason1 he endeavors to ju/ify t idea to 8 exp]i5ce 9 analyz+ ,god's op]ations4 ,r5an1 dispos+ sweep+ly ( a great "q1 decl>es t ! ,jewi% mono!ism exclud$ any true !ology4 ,b1 9 fact1 9 ,pale/9e1 & /ill m 9 ,alex&ria f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4,e41 ,jewi% ?\ght _h z "o ( its con/ant aims to develop a !ory ( ! op]ations ( ! "o ,god 9 ! _w ( mat]ial plurality4 ,:5 ! ,jews came 9 contact ) ! cosmological my?ology ( ,babylon1 _! ,god seem$ to so> beyond ! rea* ( m51 & !y look$ to p[]s ne>] !m to bridge ! wid5+ gulf4 ,to "s ext5t ?is aim eng5d]$ a modification 9 ! religi\s mono!ism1 & l$ to ! int]position ( int]m$iate conceptions betwe5 ! ,inconceivable & man4 ,! :ole angelology1 says ,deuts*1#aid s /rik+ly simple be=e ! ,captivity & s wond]fully complex aft] x1 owes its quick developm5t 9 ,babylonian soil to "s awe-/rick5 desire :i* gr[s ) gr[+ culture1 remov+ ! inconceivable ,be+ fur!r & fur!r f human t\* or k4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 x may be said t reflection ab\t ,god's relations produc$ 9 ,pale/9e ! doctr9e ( angels1 9 ,alex&ria ! doctr9e ( ,wisdom & ! ,logos4 ,at ! same "t ! ,wisdom & ! ,^w 7 n unkn[n to ! ,pale/9ian ,midra%1 & ! hi]>*ies ( angels to ! ,alex&rian1 = ! sugge/ion ( ! diff]5t subord9ate p[]s _h be5 evolv$ be=e ! two traditions _h become indep5d5t4 ,! doctr9e ( angels nev] inde$ won recognition f ! rabbis1 b x 0 = c5turies an elem5t ( popul> belief4 ,m philosophical ?an ! doctr9e ( angels 0 ! conception ( diff]5t attributes ( ,god ,hebrew3 mdot1 :i* 7 diff]5t manife/ations ( ,8 activity1 to ! human m9d sep>able & di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 ?\gh absolutely !y 7 insep>able aspects ( ! ,godhead4 ,*ief among ^! 7 ! attribute ( m]cy & ! attribute ( ju/ice1 ,hebrew3 mdt hrhmim & ,hebrew3 mdt hd91#aie by :i*1 accord+ to a ,midra%1 ,adam 0 driv5 f ,ed54 ,& ^! conceptions1 ?\gh di/ru/$ by ! ,synagogue1 ent]$ into lat] p>ts ( ! ,pray] ,book4 ,attribute ( ,m]cy1 reveal ?yself = u2 make our supplication to fall at ! feet ( ,?y ,creator2 & on behalf ( ,?y p besee* = m]cy2 ?us runs a f9e pray] 9 ! ,ne'ilah s]vice ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & _m ( ! o!r ,selihot prove ! p]si/5ce ( ?is developm5t ( ,jewi% belief4 ,! !ory ( ,div9e attributes 0 common to ,pale/9e & ,alex&ria1 & plays1 z we %all see1 an important "p 9 ,philo's#aif ?\ght2 b ! di/9ctive ,hell5i/ic !ology is ! hypo/asis ( ! ,wisdom & ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,9 ! ,bible itself1 & notably 9 ,prov]bs1 we f9d ,wisdom p]sonifi$--! fir/ vague1 poetical sugge/ion ( a ,jewi% !ology4 ,z ! ,jews came into contact ) ,hell5ic influ5ce1 ! t5d5cy to develop ! p]sonification into a p[] increas$1 & may be trac$ ?r\gh ! fir/ fl[] ( ,grco-,jewi% culture1 ! ,wisdom lit]ature4 ,! ,greek philosoph]s _h conceiv$ ! ,fir/ ,cause z a rul+ ,m9d1 or univ]sal ,reason1 & influ5c$ by ?is conception1 yet loyal to _! mono!i/ic fai?1 ! ,jewi% writ]s ( ! ,hell5i/ic age spoke ( ! ,wisdom z ! m9i/] ( ,god1 ! p[] by :i* ,he rul$ creation4 ,! apocryphal books ( ,ecclesia/icus & ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon exhibit ,wisdom pass+ f ! poetical p]sonification ( ! ,bible to ! sep>ate hypo/asis ( !ology4 ,9 ! v]se ( ! ,bible sage1 ,wisdom ha? build$ h] h\se1 %e ha? hewn out h] sev5 pill>s 7,prov4 ix4 #a71 %e is ! creation ( ! purely poetical fancy1 b 9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon %e has become a l9k betwe5 ,heav5 & e>?1 ! creation ( ! !ologian's reflection4 ,%e rea*e? f "o end ( ! _w to ! o!r ) /r5g?1 & ord]e? all ?+s graci\sly4 ,%e is settl$ by ,god on ,8 ?rone1 & by h] ,he made ! _w1 by h] ! righte\s 7 sav$4 ,%e wat*$ ov] ! fa!r ( ! human race1 & %e deliv]$ ,israel f ,egypt4 ,9 ,ecclesia/icus x is writt51 ,all ,wisdom is f ! ,"l & is ) ,him =ev]4 ,%e come? =? f ! m\? ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & 0 creat$ be=e all ?+s4 ,god hav+ fa%ion$ h] f ! beg9n+ plac$ h] ov] all ,8 works4 ,!n %e cov]$ ! e>? z a mi/1 %e pit*$ h] t5t 9 high places & h] palace 0 9 a pill> ( cl\d4 ,%e m9i/]$ 9 ! tab]nacle1 & 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,zion1 9 ,j]usalem1 ! belov$ city4 ,9 simil> /ra91 9 ! apocalyptic book ( ,eno* 7xxx71 ,god says1 ,on ! six? day ,i ord]$ ,my ,wisdom to make man2 & 9 ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles & ,ari/obulus %e appe>s z ! assessor ( ,god :o rule? ov] m54 ,p>allel ) ,wisdom1 ! ,^w ( ,god 0 develop$ into some?+ betwe5 a poetical image & a sep>ate p[]4 ,aga9 ! developm5t />ts f a ,biblical metaphor4 ,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s creat$1 & all _! ho/ by ! brea? ( ,8 m\? 7,ps4 xxxiii74 ,god ( our ,fa!rs & ,"l ( ,m]cy1 :o did/ make all ?+s by ,?y ^w1 says ! writ] ( ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,inspir$ aga9 by ! phrase ( ! ,psalmi/1 ,he s5t ,8 ^w1 & heal$ !m 7,ps4 cvi4 #bj71 he hymns ! ,div9e ,logos z ! all-p[]ful emiss>y do+ ,god's bidd+ among m54 ,x 0 nei!r h]b nor emolli5t t cur$ ,israel 9 ! wild]ness 7:5 bitt5 by ! fi]y scorpions71 b ,?y ,logos1 ,o ,"l1 :i* heals all ?+s4 ,lat]1 :5 he describes ! de/ruction ( ! fir/-born 9 ,egypt1 he rises 9 a pan to a f9] poetical flight3 ,:5 tranquil sil5ce fold$ all ?+s1 & night 9 h] own swiftness 0 9 ! mid/ ( h] c\rse1 ,?y all-p[]ful ,logos leap$ f heav51 f 8 royal ?rone1 a /]n w>rior into ! mid/ ( ! doom$ l&1 be>+ z a %>p sword ,?y ,div9e comm&m5t1 & hav+ tak5 8 /& fill$ all ?+s ) dea?3 & he t\*$ heav5 & walk$ ^u e>?4 ,! ,jewi% poet1 reject+ ! idea t ! p]fect ,god c\ld desc5d to e>? & slay m51 bru%es away ! an?ropomorphism ( ! ,bible1 & summons f 8 m9d ?is creation mix$ ( ,hebrew imag9ation & ,greek reason4 ,s1 too1 ,onkelos1 :]ev] activity ^u e>? 0 ascrib$ to ,god1 wrote1 9 8 translation 7,t>gum7 ( ,scripture1 ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 & = ! mat]ial h& he sub/itut$ ! m ab/ract might4 ,! same developm5t1#aig "u ! names ( ,memra & 7less frequ5tly7 ( ,hebrew3 dbor1 %[s t ! ^w-ag5t ( ,god appeal$ to c]ta9 ( ! rabbis 9 _! desire to expla9 away1 on ! "o h&1 expressions 9 ! ,bible :i* seem$ to inve/ ! ,deity ) corporeal qualities1 &1 on ! o!r1 s to divide ,8 inf9ite p]fection z to make ,8 pres5ce imman5t ^u e>?4 ,! tea*]s at ,alex&ria 7 above all o!rs induc$ to develop ! ,^w into ! active p[]1 s9ce !y seem$ !reby to f9d 9 ! ,bible a rem>kable anticipation ( ,greek philosophy4 ,! ,greek ,logos1 by :i* ! ,^w 0 translat$ 9 ! ,septuag9t1 meant also ?\ght & reason1 & dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic age 0 ! regul> t]m by :i* ! philosophical s*ools express$ ! imp]sonal _w-=ce :i* gov]n$ all ?+s4 ,! ,logos idea among ! ,jews 0 a modification ( intuitive & nave mono!ism2 among ! ,greeks x 0 a /ep upw>ds1 dem&$ by reason1 f poly!ism to a moni/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,by ! fir/ c5tury its recognition z ! rul+ p[] 9 bo? ! physical & moral univ]se _h become a po9t ( union 9 all philosophical s*ools--! common /amp ( philosophical !ology4 ,betwe5 ! ,semitic m9i/]ial ^w utt]$ by a p]sonal ,be+ & ! ,greek pan!i/ic gov]n+ reason1 !re 0 probably an e>ly connection1 due to ,ea/]n influ5ces :i* op]at$ ^u ! f\nd]s ( ,greek philosophy1 :i* lat] s*ools lo/ sight (4 ,:5 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 7 translat$1 ! two coalesc$ m fruitfully 9 ! ,greek t]m ,logos1 & a po9t ( union 0 provid$ betwe5 ! philosophical & ! ,jewi% !ology4 ,moreov] ! local ,egyptian influ5ce aid$ ! union1 = ! god ,?o? 0 also id5tifi$ ) ! ,logos1 :i* ?us appe>$ z a religi\s conception common to all races1 ! basis ( a univ]sal cre$4 ,& besides ! _w-reason ( ! philosoph]s1 ano!r ,greek influ5ce no d\bt t5d$ to fur!r ! developm5t ( ! ,logos 9 ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,hell5i/ic age is ! r5asc5ce ( wond] at ! in/itutions ( human life1 & m especially at numb]s & spee*4 ,numb]s 7 held to conta9 ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 & ! m>vell\s p[]s ( f\r1 sev51 & t5 receiv$ honor f all sects & s*ools4 ,words1 too1 7 reg>d$ almo/ z a my/ic p[]1 di/9ct f ?\ght1 incorporeal ?+s :i* made ?\ght real & gave x expression4 ,! my/ical susceptibility ( ,philo to ! p[] ( numb]s has be5 notic$ by e critic & exagg]at$ by n a few2 8 my/ical valuation ( words & spee*1 ?\gh f> m important 9 8 ?\ght1 has be5 commonly pass$ ov]4 ,! analysis :i* ,greek writ]s made ( ! relation betwe5 ! m5tal ?\ght1 ! s\nd :i* utt]s x1 & ! m9d :i* ?9ks x1 0 inve/$ ) special importance = ! ,jewi% ?9k]1 :o transf]r$ x f ! human to ! ,div9e sph]e4 ,he appli$ x to int]pret ! con/ant ,biblical phrases & ,god said or & ,god spoke1 accord+ to notions 9 :i* philosophy & !ology are mix$2 & prop\nd$ a my/ic idealism & a my/ic cosmology1 9 :i* ,god's ?\ght or compreh5sive ,^w becomes ! ar*etype ( ! visible univ]se1 ,8 s+le words ! sub/antive univ]se & ! laws ( nature4 ,a c5tury be=e ,philo1 ,ari/obulus--assum+ ! g5u95ess ( 8 ,fragm5ts--wrote3#aih ,we mu/ und]/& ! ,^w ( ,god1 n z a spok5 ^w1 b z ! e/abli%m5t ( actual ?+s1 see+ t we f9d ?r\gh\t ! ,torah t ,moses has decl>$ ! :ole creation to be words ( ,god4 ,philo1 foll[+ 8 pr$ecessor1 says1 ,god speaks n words b ?+s1#aii &1 aga91 comm5t+ on ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ,god1 ev5 z ,he spake1 at ! same mom5t creat$4#bjj ,& ( human spee* he has ?is pretty conceit a little be=e3 ,into ! m\? !re ent] food & dr9k1 ! p]i%able food ( a p]i%able body2 out ( x issue words1 immortal laws ( an immortal s\l1 by :i* rational life is guid$4#bja ,if human spee* is immortal law1 mu* m is ! spee* ( ,god4 ,8 words are ideas se5 by ! eye ( ! s\l1 n he>d by ! e>4#bjb ,! t5 comm&m5ts giv5 at ,s9ai 7 ideas ( ?is incorporeal nature1 & ! voice t ,israel he>d 0 no voice su* z m5 possess1 b ! ,hebrew3 %k9a1 ! ,div9e ,pres5ce itself1 :i* exalt$ ! multitude4#bjc ,philo is "h exp&+ & develop+ ,jewi% tradition4 ,9 ! ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs 7v7 we read3 ,by t5 words 0 ! _w creat$2 & 9 ! pages ( ! ,midra% ! ,hebrew3 bt-kol1 i4e41 ! my/ic emanation ( ! ,deity1 :i* reveal$ itself aft] ! _s ( prophecy _h ceas$ to be v\*saf$1 is cr$it$ ) wondr\s & v>i$ p[]s1 n[ reveal+ ! ,decalogue1 n[ p]=m+ "s miracle1 n[ appe>+ 9 a vision to ! bless$1 n[ prophesy+ ! future fate ( ! race to a pi\s rabbi4 ,! f]tiliz+ /ream ( ,greek philosophical idealism n\ri%$ ! gr[? ( ! ,jewi% pi\s imag9ation1 & 9 ! ,logos ( ,philo ! fruit matur$4 ,x is idle to try to =mulate a s+le def9ite notion ( ,philo's ,logos4 ,= x is ! expression ( ,god 9 all ,8 multiple & manifold activity1 ! in/rum5t ( creation1 ! seat ( ideas1 ! _w ( ?\ght :i* ,god fir/ e/abli%$ z ! model ( ! visible univ]se1 ! guid+ provid5ce1 ! s[] ( virtue1 ! f\nt ( wisdom1 describ$ sometimes 9 religi\s ec/asy1 sometimes 9 philosophical metaphysics1 sometimes 9 ! _s ( ! my/ical poet4 ,( 8 la/ mann] let u take a specim5 s+l$ out by a ,*ri/ian & a ,jewi% !ologian z ( surpris+ beauty4 ,comm5t+ on ! v]se ( ! ,psalmi/1 ,! riv] ( ,god is fill$ ) wat]1 ,philo decl>es t x is absurd to call any e>?ly /ream ! riv] ( ,god4 ,! poet cle>ly ref]s to ! ,div9e ,logos t is full ( ! f\nta9 ( wisdom1 & is 9 no "p itself empty4 ,nay1 x is diffus$ ?r\gh ! univ]se1 & is rais$ up on high4 ,9 ano!r v]se ! ,psalmi/ says1 ',! c\rse ( ! riv] gladd5s ! city ( ,god4' ,& 9 tru? ! cont9u\s ru% ( ! ,div9e ,logos is borne along ) eag] b regul> onset1 & ov]fl[s & gladd5s all ?+s4 ,9 "o s5se he calls ! _w ! city ( ,god1 = x has receiv$ ! 'full cup' ( ! ,div9e draught1 & has quaff$ a p]petual1 et]nal joy4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se he gave ?is "n to ! s\l ( ! wise1 :]e9 ,god is said to walk z 9 a city4 ,& :o c p\r out ! sacr$ measures ( _! joy to ! blissful s\l :i* holds out ! holy cup1 t is its own reason1 save ! ,logos1 ! cupbe>] ( ,god1 ! ma/] ( ! fea/8 ,nor is ! ,logos cupbe>] only1 b x is itself ! pure draught1 itself ! joy & exultation1 itself ! p\r+ =? & ! delight1 itself ! ambrosial philtre & potion ( bliss4#bjd ,?r\gh ! luxury ( metaphor & imag9ation "o may disc]n ! und]ly+ ?\ght ( ! my/ic writ]1 t ! ,logos is ! efflu5ce ( ,god1 ei!r 9 ! :ole univ]se or ! individual man1 fill+ ! "o z ! o!r ) ! ,div9e ,%ek9ah4 ,x is ! l9k :i* jo9s ,god & man1 ! ladd] ( ,jacob's dream1 :i* /ret*es f ,heav5 to e>?4#bje ,t man c atta9 ! ,div9e /ate by ! help ( ,god's efflu5ce 0 a c>d9al ?\ght ( ,philo's2 ?is1 inde$1 is ! =m 9 :i* he conceives ! ,messianic hope4 ,god does n come d[n to e>? inc>nate 9 man's =m1 b ,god's active influ5ce possesses ! s\l ( man1 & makes x live ) ,god1 & if man be peculi>ly bless$1 c>ries x up to ! ineffable ,_s4 ,simil>ly 8 idea ( ! ,messiah is m spiritual ?an t ( ! popul> belief4 ,! asc5t ( man to ,god's height1 n ! desc5t ( ,god to man's level1 w produce ! age ( univ]sal peace4 ,!re are v>i\s degrees ( ! ,div9e influ5ce1 /ret*+ f complete possession by ! ,deity ,himself to ! adv5t ( s+le ,div9e ?\ghts4 ,^! ,philo reg>ds z ,greek3 logoi1 words or ?\ghts--= he does n cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 ! two--& he resolves ! reali/ic angels ( ! ,bible into ?is spiritual conception4#bjf ,?us he says1 ! place :]e ,jacob alight$ & _h ! vision 7,g54 xxvii4 #aa7 is ! symbol ( ! p]fect contemplation ( ,god2 ! angels :i* he saw asc5d+ & desc5d+ are ! inf]ior light ( ,div9e precepts4 ,^! ?\ghts are cont9ually v\*saf$ to all ( u1 prompt+ u to noble actions1 com=t+ u 9 times ( sadness1 inspir+ l(ty ideas4 ,up & d[n ?r\gh ! :ole s\l ! ,logoi ( ,god move )\t end2 :5 !y asc5d1 draw+ x up ) !m1 & sev]+ x f ! mortal "p1 & %[+ only ! vision ( ideal ?+s2 b :5 !y desc5d1 n ca/+ x d[n1 b desc5d+ ) x f humanity or compassion t[>ds our race1 s z to give assi/ance & help1 9 ord] t1 inspir+ :at is noble1 !y may revive ! s\l :i* is borne along on ! /ream ( ! body4#bjg ,conv]sely1 ! rabbis taught t f ea* ^w t proce$$ f ! m\? ( ,god an angel 0 creat$1 z x is said3 ,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l ! ,heav5s 7 made1 & all ! ho/ ( !m by ! brea? ( ,8 m\?4#bjh ,ap>t f ^! sudd5 & occasional emanations ( ! ,div9e ,_s1 ! individual man has )9 him a p]man5t ,div9e ,logos by :i* he may direct 8 conduct aright4 ,view$ 9 ?is aspect1 ! ,logos1 i4e41 ! activity ( ,god1 is consci5ce1 ! ,judge 9 ! s\l1 :i* is ! true man dwell+ )91#bji rul] & k+1 judge & arbit]1 witness & accus]1 correct+ & re/ra9+4 ,ris+ to bold] p]sonification1 ,philo1 :o loves to pres5t a spiritual ?\ght 9 a concrete image1 calls x ! undefil$ high prie/ 9 u4#baj ,9 ?is p[] he f9ds a sure refutation ( skepticism2 = 9 virtue ( ! ,div9e voice man may secure moral c]titude3 & he f9ds also a philosophical value = popul> sup]/ition4 ,x 0 a common notion ( ! pagans z well z ! ,jews ( ! "t t an int]m$iate ord] ( be+s pass$ betwe5 heav5 & e>? & br\ght sup]natural aid to m52 & also t a famili> _s1 or ,dmon1 dwelt )9 ! s\l ( ea* man4 ,! f9] _s ( ,philo resolves ! att5dant ,dmon & ! mess5g]-dmons or angels into ! spiritual efflu5ces ( ! "o ,deity2 save = a few places :]e he makes a pose ( agreem5t ) popul> notions & speaks ( w+$ d5iz5s ( ,heav5#baa :o desc5d to e>?1 he habitually exp\nds angels z inw>d revelations ( ,god4 ,z ! revelation ( ,god to ! individual is a ,logos1 s1 too1 is 8 revelation to ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,x 0 po9t$ out 9 ! la/ *apt] t ,philo id5tifi$ ! ,torah ) ! law ( nature1 & he did ?is by reg>d+ x z ! ,div9e ,logos4 ,! m p]fect emanation ( ,god is 9 "o view ! p[] by :i* ,he directs ! physical creation1 9 ano!r ! p]fect law :i* ,he set up z ! model ( conduct = ,8 highe/ creatures4 ,! rabbis1 inde$1 7 prone to glorify ! law z ! primal creation ( ,god1 & ! in/rum5t ( all ! lat] creations1 ,hebrew3 kli hmra %bu gbrao %mim4#bab ,!y speak ( x z ! light1 ! pill>1 & ! bond ( ! univ]se1 ! model :]eon ! ar*itect look$2#bac & ,philo amplifies ?is simple poetical concept & develops x afre% 9 ! light ( ,greek ideali/ic & cosmical notions1#bad s t ! ,torah1 z ! ,logos ( ,god1 is equat$ ) ! s\rce ( all be+1 wisdom1 & k1 ) ! ideal _w :i* is ! ar*etype ( ! mat]ial1 & ) all ! law & ord] ( nature4 ,& z ! ,torah is ! ,logos1 s also its p>ticul> precepts are ,logoi4 ,x seems difficult to trace ! unity among all ^! diff]5t aspects ( ! ,^w1 b 9 fact !y are only diff]5t expressions ( ! ,div9e activity 9 ! univ]se4 ,all ^! are compreh5d$ 9 ! ,logos1 & !n aga9 divid$ out ( x1 s t x is1 z x 71 a cry/al prism reflect+ ! light ( ! ,godhead 9 a myriad diff]5t ways4 ,"o curi\s illu/ration ( ! univ]sal s5se 9 :i* ,philo und]/ood ! ,logos is 8 int]pretation ( ! manna2 x is typical also ( 8 mann] ( exegesis & 8 habit ( spiritualiz+ ! mat]ial4 ,x is relat$ 9 ,exodus 7xvi4 #ae7 t :5 ! ,israelites saw ! heav5ly food !y exclaim$ ,hebrew3 mn hu'1 ,:at is x8 & h5ce ! food obta9$ its "n ( manna4 ,n[ ! ,greek ,septuag9t ^w = ,hebrew3 mn is ,greek3 ti1 :i* means n only :at b any?+4 ,philo sees 9 ! gift ( ! heav5ly food a symbol ( ! inspiration ( ! *os5 p by ! ,div9e ,logos1 & says t ! ,logos is rightly call$ manna1 i4e41 any?+1 because x is ! mo/ g5]ic ( all ?+s1 & t by :i* man may be n\ri%$4#bae ,! c5tral ?\ght ( ,philo's sy/em is t ,god is imman5t 9 all ,8 "w2 b x w\ld seem to him sacrilegi\s to apply to ! ,godhead itself ?is univ]sal1 unceas+ activity1 & s he develops ! ,logos z ! mo/ ideal attribute ( ! ,deity1 & ! sum ( all ,8 imman5ce & efflu5ce4 ,he pref]r$ ! ,logos to ! old] ,wisdom1 probably because he c\ld by ?is conception br+ 8 idea ( ,god into clos] relation ) ,greek philosophical notions1 = already ! ,hell5i/ic _w _h come spontane\sly to rev]e ! cosmical ,logos4 ,only ,philo gave to ! expression ( _! physical & metaphysical speculation a religi\s w>m? new to x1 :5 he associat$ x ) ! ^w utt]$ by ! p]sonal ,god4 ,philosophy1 !ology1 & religion 7 all jo9$ & h>moniz$ 9 8 conception4 ,if we h foll[$ ?us f> ! _s ( ,philo aright1 ! ,logos is only ! imman5t manife/ation ( ! ,"o ,god1 :o is bo? transc5d5tal & imman5t1 metaphorically1 n metaphysically1 sep>ate4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! complete aspect ( ,god z ,he reveals ,himself to ! _w4 ,above x & includ+ x is ! be+ or ess5ce ( ,god1 se5 9 ,himself1 & n 9 relation to ,8 outw>d activity4 ,b x is (t5 sugge/$ t ! ,logos appe>s to ,philo z a second ,god1 subord9ate1 inde$1 to ! ,supreme ,be+1 b yet a sep>ate p]sonality4 ,x is said1 ) tru?1 t he speaks ( x z a p]son1 n[ call+ x k+1 prie/1 primal man1 ! fir/-born son ( ,god1 ev5 ! second ,god1 & id5tify+ x at o!r times ) "s p]sonal be+1 ,mel*iz$ek or ,moses1 & apo/rophiz+ x z man's help]1 guide1 & advocate4#baf ,n[ we h reason to ?9k t ,gno/ic sects ( ,jews1 bo? 9 ,alex&ria & 9 ,pale/9e1 7 at ?is "t t5d+ t[>ds ! division ( ! ,godhead into sep>ate p[]s4 ,! h]esy ( ,m9ut1 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud1 consi/$ orig9ally1 9 ! op9ion ( mod]n s*ol>s1 ( a ,gno/ic di!ism2#bag & dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury & !reaft] we he> ( sects 9 ,egypt & ,syria :i* support$ simil> !ories4 ,!ology "h produc$ its fanta/ic (fspr+ !osophy1 & ! foll[]s ( ! esot]ic wisdom let _! speculations c>ry !m away f ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( ,judaism4 ,influ5c$ by ,egyptian speculation1 !y imag9$ an inc>nation ( ! ,div9e ,_s1 & 9 ! my/ical ?\ght ( ! day !y adumbrat$ !ories ( virg9 bir?4 ,n[ ^! prototypes ( ,*ri/ian belief _h und\bt$ly manife/$ !mselves at ,alex&ria 9 ,philo's day4 ,8 treatises %[ traces ( !m1#bah & ! "q is :e!r he c\nt5anc$ !m or tri$ to summon ! !osophi/s ( 8 g5]ation back to ! true ,jewi% conception ( ,god4 ,c]ta9 ,*ri/ian & philosophical critics ( ,philo1 = :om ! wi% 0 p]haps fa!r to ! ?\ght1 h f\nd 9 ,philo's ,logos a conception :i* is at times imp]sonal1 at times p]sonal1 at times an aspect ( ! ,"o ,god1 & at times a second indep5d5t ,god4 ,if we take ,philo lit]ally1 ?is c]ta9ly is ! case4 ,b let x be cle>ly und]/ood1 ?is int]pretation n only involves ,philo 9 inconsi/5cy1 b x utt]ly ru9s & de/roys 8 religi\s & philosophical sy/em4 ,x means t ! *ampion ( ,jewi% mono!ism w&]s into a vague di!ism4 ,& 9 view ( ?is1 ! mod]n comm5tators ( ,philo1 notably ,pr(essor ,drummond1#bai h exam9$ 8 words m c>efully & /udi$ !m 9 relation to _! context2 & !y h %[n h[1 judg$ 9 ?is critical fa%ion1 ! p]sonality ( ! ,logos is only figurative4 ,x is1 inde$1 probable t c]ta9 extreme passages1 :]e ! ,logos is pres5t$ mo/ explicitly z a sep>ate ,deity1 are due to ,*ri/ological int]polation4 ,! ,*ur* ,fa!rs f\nd 9 ! popul> belief 9 ! ,div9e ,^w a rem>kable support ( ! ,tr9ity1 & reg>d+1 z !y did1 ,philo's writ+s z valuable te/imony to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y _h e temptation to br+ 8 passages ab\t ! ,logos /ill clos] to _! ideas4 ,& betwe5 ! fir/ & ! fif? c5tury1 :5 we fir/ he> f ,eusebius ( manuscripts ( ,philo at ! ,*ri/ian mona/]y ( ,cs>ea--f :i* we c trace our texts 9 direct l9e--!re 0 no high /&>d 9 deal+ ) anci5t au?orities4 ,x is ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s :o pres]v$ ,philo1 & !y pres]v$ him n z s*ol>s b z mission]s4 ,! be/ editors h recogniz$ t our text has be5 int]f]$ ) by evid5c$-mak+ scribes1 z :]e a passage ab\t ! new ,j]usalem appe>s1 agree+ almo/ ^w = ^w ) ! picture ( ,revelations4 ,simil>ly1 n a few passages ab\t ! ,logos are probably spuri\s4#bbj ,yet1 ev5 :5 we h expurgat$ our text ( ,philo1 !re rema91 x w be said1 num]\s passages :]e ! ,logos is spok5 ( & apo/rophiz$ z a p]son4 ,?is is s1 b ! conclusion :i* is drawn1 t ! ,logos is reg>d$ z a second deity1 is unju/ifiable4 ,! ,jewi% m9d f ! "t ( ! prophets unto ?is day has ?\ght 9 images & metaphors1 & ! p]sonification ( ! ,logos is only ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ,philo's regul> habit ( p]sonify+ all ab/ract ideas4 ,! allegorical habit p>ticul>ly conduces to ?is1 = z p]sons are con/antly resolv$ into ideas1 s ideas come to be naturally repres5t$ z p]sons4 ,!re are ?us two /eps 9 ,philo's !ology1 :i* seem to "s ext5t to c\nt]act ea* o!r2 9 ! fir/ place1 he resolves ! concrete physical expressions ( ! ,bible into spiritual ideas1 9 ! second he portrays ^? ideas 9 pictorial language & clo!s !m 9 p]sonifications4 ,! allegoriz] requires an allegori/ to int]pret him aright4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t ,philo 0 prea*+ spiritual mono!ism n only to ,jews1 b also to ! ,hell5ic _w1 = :om x 0 a va/ b\nd f _! naturali/ic poly!ism4 ,zeal\s z he 0 = ! pure fai?1 he realiz$ t mank9d c\ld n atta9 x directly1 b mu/ approa* x by conceptions ( ! ,"o ,god gradually increas+ 9 pr(undity & tru?4 ,! ,greek ?9k]s _h approximat$ close/ to ! ,hebraic ,god-idea :5 !y conceiv$ "o supreme1 imman5t reason 9 ! univ]se2 & ,philo1 9 c>ry+ 8 audi5ces beyond ?is to ! transc5d5t-imman5t ,be+1 trans=m$ ! ,greek cosmical concept into a ,div9e p[] ( ! ,"o ,be+4 ,= ! true believ] ?is is ! /epp+-/one to ! p]fect idea4 ,! ,logos1 he says1 is ! ,god ( u imp]fect p1 b ! true sages wor%ip ! ,"o ,be+4#bba ,&1 aga91 ,! imp]fect h z _! law ! holy ,logos4#bbb ,& 9 ?is s5se1 x is int]m$iate 7,greek3 me?orios7 betwe5 ,god & man4#bbc ,:at su* passages mean is t ! sep>ation ( ! ,logos is a /age 9 man's progress up to ! true idea ( ,god4 ,x is a second-be/ ,deity1 s to say1 r ?an a second ,deity2 = ^? :o reg>d ! ,logos z ,god h no conception at all ( ! p]fect ,be+ ( :i* x is only ! pr9cipal attribute4 ,! !ology ( ,philo is *>act]iz$ ?r\gh\t by a tol]ant & philosophical grasp ( ! difficulty ( pure mono!ism1 & ( ! necessity ( a long intellectual se>*+ be=e ! goal c be atta9$4 ,to decl>e ! ,unity ( ,god is simple en\gh2 to h a real conception ( x is a v diff]5t & a v difficult ?+4 ,& ,philo's !ology has a two-fold aim1 9 :i* ei!r "p complem5ts ! o!r4 ,x expla9s1 on ! "o h&1 h[ ,god is reveal$ to ! _w ?r\gh ,8 p[]s or attributes or modes ( activity1 &1 on ! o!r1 h[ man c asc5d to an ec/atic union ) ! ,real ,be+ ?r\gh compreh5sion ( ^? p[]s4 ,by ! ideal ladd] :i* br+s d[n ,god to e>?1 man c climb aga9 to ,heav54 ,! ?ree *ief rungs ( ! ladd] are ! attributes ( creation1 & ( rul+ p[]1 & ! ,logos4 ,! p]fect unity ( ! ,godhead is n1 ( c\rse1 prop]ly ! subject ( attributes1 b ! limit$ m9d ( man s conceives x = its own und]/&+1 & speaks ( ,god's ju/ice1 ,god's goodness1 ,god's wisdom4 ,^! are1 to use philosophical t]m9ology1 categories ( ! religi\s und]/&+1 :i* are f9ally resolv$ by ! p]fect sage 9 ! syn!tic app]ception ( ,unity4 ,philo foll[s :at may h be5 a ,hebrew tradition 9 expla9+ ! two names ( ,god1 ,elohim & ,jehovah1 z connot+ ,8 two *ief attributes3 7#a7 ! creative or b5efic5t1 7#b7 ! rul+ or judicial1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! law-giv+ p[]4#bbd ,names1 z we "k1 7 always reg>d$ by ,philo z pr(\nd symbols1 & naturally ! names ( ,god are ( vital import2 & ! tw(old expression = ! ,hebrew ,deity1 ( :i* ! high] critics h made mu* de/ructive use1 0 notic$ by ! e>lie/ comm5tators1 b made ! basis by !m ( a con/ructive !ology4 ,! rul+ & ! creative attributes ( ,god are outl9$ & conta9$ 9 ! highe/ mode ( all1 ! ,logos1 ! reason ( ,god 9 e phase & =m ( x t is discov]able & realizable by man4 ,= by ! ,logos1 ,god is bo? rul] & good4#bbe ,?is is ! pr(\nd int]pretation ( ! /ory 9 ,g5esis1 t ,god plac$ at ! ea/ ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 ! two ,*]ubim & a flam+ sword1 :i* turn$ e way to keep ! way ( ! tree ( life 7,g54 iv4 #bd74 ,! ,*]ubim are ! symbols ( ! p[]s ( maje/y & goodness2 ! flam+ sword is ! ,logos2 because1 says our au?or qua9tly1 all ?\ght & spee* are ! mo/ mobile & ! mo/ ard5t 7i4e41 ! mo/ int5sive7 ( ?+s1 & especially ! ?\ght & spee* ( ! only ,pr9ciple4#bbf ,to correspond ) ! desc5d+ attributes ( ,god we h ! asc5d+ dispositions ( man t[>ds ,him1 fe>1 love1 & ?irdly _! syn!sis 9 lov+ k4 ,:5 we are 9 ! fir/ /age ( religion we obey ! law 9 hope ( rew>d or fe> ( puni%m5t2 :5 we h progress$ high] 9 ?\ght1 we wor%ip ,god z ! good ,creator2 :5 we h asc5d$ "o fur!r /age1 we surpass bo? fe> & love 9 an emotion :i* comb9es !m1 realiz+1 z ,br[n+ puts x1 t ,god is law & ,god is love4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is s*eme ( ,philo's we may exam9e two passages out ( 8 philosophical comm5t>y4 ,9 ! fir/ he is comm5t+ ^u ! appe>ance ( ! ?ree angels to ,abraham z he sat outside 8 t5t 7,g54 xviii74#bbg ,&1 by ! way1 x may be rem>k$ t ! ,midra% comm5t+ on ?is passage notes t x beg9s1 ,& ! ,"l appe>$ unto ,abraham1 & !n cont9ues1 ,& he lift$ up 8 eyes & look$1 &1 lo1 ?ree m5 /ood be=e him4 ,h5ce we may le>n t x 0 really ! "o ,god :o appe>$ to ! ,patri>*1 & t ! ?ree angels 7 b a vision ( 8 m9d4 ,?is is ! dom9ant note ( ,philo's int]pretation1 b he z usual elaborates ! old ,midra% philosophically4 ,! words1 he says1 are symbols ( ?+s appreh5d$ by intellig5ce alone--! s\l receives a triple expression ( "o be+1 ( :i* "o is ! repres5tative ( ! actual exi/5t1 & ! o!r two are %ad[s1 z x 71 ca/ f ?is4 ,s x happ5s also 9 ! physical _w1 = !re (t5 occur two %ad[s ( bodies at re/ or 9 motion4 ,let no "o suppose1 h[ev]1 t %ad[ is prop]ly us$ 9 relation to ,god4 ,x is only a popul> use ( words = ! cle>] und]/&+ ( our subject4 ,! reality is n s1 b1 z "o /&+ ne>e/ to ! tru? might say1 ! middle "o is ! ,fa!r ( ! univ]se1 :o is call$ 9 ,scripture ! ',self-exi/5t'2 & ^? on ei!r side ( ,him are ! two olde/ & *ief p[]s1 ! ,creative & ! ,regal4 ,! middle "o1 !n1 be+ att5d$ by ! o!rs z by a bodygu>d1 pres5ts to ! contemplative m9d a m5tal image or repres5tation n[ ( "o & n[ ( ?ree2 ( "o :5ev] ! s\l1 be+ prop]ly purifi$ & p]fectly initiat$1 rises to ! idea :i* is unm+l$ & free f limitation1 & requires no?+ to complete x2 b ( ?ree :5ev] x has n yet be5 initiat$ into ! great my/]ies1 & /ill celebrates ! less] rites1 unable to appreh5d ! ,be+ 9 itself )\t modification1 b appreh5d+ x ?r\gh its modes z ei!r creat+ or rul+4 ,?is is1 z ! prov]b says1 a second-be/ c\rse1 b yet x p>takes ( godlike op9ion4 ,b ! =m] does n p>take (--= x is itself--! ,godlike op9ion1 or r x is tru?1 :i* is m preci\s ?an all op9ion4 ,fur!r1 !re are ?ree classes ( human "*1 to ea* ( :i* "o ( ! ?ree conceptions ( ,god has be5 assign$4 ,! be/ class goes ) ! fir/1 ! conception ( ! absolute ,be+2 ! next goes ) ! conception ( ,him z a ,b5efactor1 9 virtue ( :i* ,he is call$ ,god2 ! ?ird ) ! conception ( ,him z a ,rul]1 9 virtue ( :i* ,he is call$ ,"l4 ,! noble/ "* s]ves ,him :o is 9 all ! purity ( ,8 absolute ,be+2 x is attract$ by no o!r ?+ or aspect1 b is solely & int5tly devot$ to ! honor ( ! "o & only ,be+2 ! second is br\ght to ! k ( ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ,8 b5efic5t p[]2 ! ?ird ?r\gh ,8 regal p[]4 ,9 ! second passage1 :i* occurs 9 ! treatise on flight f ! _w1#bbh ,philo is allegoriz+ ! law ab\t f\nd+ six cities ( refuge 7,exodus xxxii74 ,^! are b mat]ial symbols = ! six /ages ( ! asc5t ( ! m9d to ! pure ,god-idea4 ,! *ief city1 ! metropolis1 is ! ,div9e ,logos1 next come ! two p[]s already consid]$1 & !n ?ree second>y p[]s1 ! retributive1 ! law-giv+1 & ! prohibitive4 ,v beautiful & well-f5c$ cities !y are1 wor?y refuges ( s\ls t m]it salvation4 ,ea* ( ^! cities is an aspect ( ! religi\s m9d2 :5 x settles 9 ! fir/ x obeys ! law f fe> ( puni%m5t & ?9ks ( ,god z ! ,judge2 9 ! second x obs]ves ! precepts 9 hope ( rew>d & conceives ,god z ! legislator ( a fix$ code2 9 ! next x is rep5tant & ?r[s itself on ,god's grace1 m>k+ ! fir/ /ep ( ! spiritual life4 ,!n x asc5ds 9 ord] to ! idea ( ,god z ! gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 & ! emotion :i* ! rabbis call$ ,hebrew3 yrat %mim1 ! fe> ( ,heav52 & to ! idea ( ,god z ! ,creator & ! univ]sal ,provid5ce1 :i* has z its emotional reflex ! love ( ,heav51 ,hebrew3 'hbt %mim4 ,b ev5 ?is1 :i* is ! highe/ /age = _m m51 is n an adequate conception4 ,above x is ! contemplation ( ,god1 ap>t f all manife/ations 9 ! p]ceptible _w1 9 ,8 ideal nature1 ! ,logos1 :i* at once transc5ds & compreh5ds ! univ]se4 ,& ! attitude ( ?is man c be be/ express$ p]haps by ,sp9oza's phrase1 ! intellectual love ( ,god1 amor intellectualis ,dei4 ,! wor%ipp] ( ! ,logos has grasp$ & has h>moniz$ all ! manife/ations ( ! ,deity2 he sees & honors all ?+s 9 ,god2 he compreh5ds ! univ]se z ! p]fect manife/ation ( "o good ,be+4 ,is ?is ! highe/ po9t :i* man c rea*8 ,_m religi\s philosoph]s h held t x is1 b ,philo1 ! my/ic1 ye>n+ to track out ,god beyond ! utmo/ b\nd ( human ?\ght1 imag9es "o high] condition4 ,! ,logos is only ! image or ! %ad[ ( ! ,godhead4#bbi ,above x is ! "o p]fect reality1 ! transc5d5t ,ess5ce4 ,n[1 man _c by any intellectual ef=t atta9 k ( ! ,inf9ite z ,he truly is1 = ?is is above ?\ght4 ,b to a few bless$ mortals ,god ( ,8 grace v\*safes a my/ic vision ( ,8 nature4 ,?us ,moses1 ! p]fect hi]ophant1 _h ?is p]fect appreh5sion1 & pass$ f intellectual love to holy adoration4 ,& ! true philosoph] has z ! goal ( 8 aspirations ! heav5-s5t ec/asy1 9 :i* he sees ,god no long] ?r\gh ,8 effects1 or 9 ! modes ( ,8 activity1 b ?r\gh ,himself 9 ,8 own ess5ce4 ,! philosoph]1 :5 he receives ?is vision 7,greek3 epopteia7 is possess$ by ! ,%ek9ah1#bcj &1 los+ consci\sness ( 8 individuality1 becomes at "o ) ,god4 ,s mu* = ,philo's !ory ( man's upw>d progress4 ,we may add a ^w ab\t 8 treatm5t ( ! problem :i* tr\bl$ ?9k]s 9 t age1 & :i* has h>ass$ !ologians ev] s9ce1 viz41 to %[ h[ puni%m5t & evil c\ld be d]iv$ f a ,god :o 0 all-p[]ful & all-good4 ,! ,gno/ics 7 driv5 by ! difficulty to imag9e an evil _w-p[]1 :i* 0 9 incessant conflict ) ! ,good ,god3 & popul> belief _h conjur$ up a legion ( subord9ate p[]s1 :o took "p 9 ! "w ( creation & ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,philo is speak+ popul>ly1 he accepts ?is curr5t !ology & speaks also ( a punitive p[] ( ,god#bca 7,greek3 dunamis kola/ik72 b n :5 he is ! philosoph]4 ,= !n1 9 p]fect fai?1 he d5ies ! absolute exi/5ce ( evil4 ,x is nei!r 9 ,p>adise nor inde$ any:]e :atsoev]4#bcb ,man1 h[ev]1 by 8 free w causes evil 9 ! human sph]e2 & :5 ,god =m$ 9 man a rational nature capable ( *oos+ = itself1 moral evil became ! necess>y contr>y ( good4#bcc ,moreov]1 ! punitive activity ( ,god1 ?\gh x seems to cause suff]+ & mis]y1 is 9 tru? a good1 simulat+ evil1 & if m5 judg$ ! univ]sal process z a :ole1 !y w\ld f9d x all good4 ,! exi/5ce ( evil involves no d]ogation f ! p]fect unity ( ,god4 ,if we h und]/ood correctly ,philo's !ology1 nei!r ,logos1 nor subord9ate p[]s1 nor angels1 nor demons h an objective exi/5ce2 !y are m]e imag9+s ( v>y+ incomplet5ess :i* ! limit$ m9ds ( m51 mov+ 9 worlds n realiz$1 make = !mselves ( ! "o & only true ,god4 ,philo's !ology is ! philosophical treatm5t ( ,jewi% tradition1 j z ,philo's legal exegesis is ! philosophical treatm5t ( ! ,torah4 ,:ile ma9ta9+ & /riv+ to deep5 ! conception ( ,god's unity1 he aims at exp\nd+ to ! reason h[1 on ! "o h&1 t unity is reveal$ 9 ! _w ab\t u1 & h[1 on ! o!r1 we may advance to its true compreh5sion4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 un=tunate t ,philo express$ 8 !ology 9 ! curr5t language1 :i* 0 vague & inexact1 & adapt$ c]ta9 =eign !osophical ideas to ,judaism2 h5ce succe$+ g5]ations1 pay+ reg>d to ! pictorial repres5tation r ?an to ! pr9ciples ( 8 ?\ght1 s\ght & f\nd 9 him evid5ce ( !ories ( ,div9e gov]nm5t to :i* ,judaism 0 pre-em95tly oppos$4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel %[s t gradual process ( ?\ght :i* f9ally made ! ,logos doctr9e ! anti!sis ( ,judaism4 ,9 ! fir/ v]se we h a ?\ght :i* might well h be5 writt5 by ,philo himself3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,b 9 ! f\rte5? v]se !re is manife/ ! %>p cleavage3 ,& ! ,^w 0 made fle%1 & dwelt among u1 & we beheld 8 glory1 ! glory z ( ! only begott5 ( ! ,fa!r1 full ( grace & tru?4 ,!re may be a f9e spiritual ?\ght b5ea? ! lett] "h1 b ! notion ( ! ,inc>nation is n ,jewi%1 nor philosophical1 nor ,philonic4 ,philo's "w 0 made to s]ve z ! guide ( t ,*ri/ian ,gno/icism :i*1 )9 ! next hundr$ ye>s1 proclaim$ t ,judaism 0 ! "w ( an evil ,god1 & t ! ess5tial mission ( ,jesus--! good ,logos--0 to de?rone ,jehovah6 ,b ?\gh ! ,logos conception 0 turn$ to non-,jewi% & anti-,jewi% purposes1 x 0 9 ,philo ! (fspr+ ( a pure & philosophical mono!ism4 ,:atev] ! lat] abuse ( 8 tea*+1 ,philo con/ruct$ a !ology :i*1 ?\gh affect$ by =eign influ5ces1 0 ess5tially true to ,judaism2 & m ?an t1 he 0 ! fir/ to weave ! ,jewi% idea ( ,god into ! _w's philosophy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vi ,,philo ,,z ,a ,,philosoph] ,save = a few monographs ( no great importance1 because ( ! abs5ce ( orig9al ?\ght1 ,philo's works =m av[$ly an exegesis ( ! ,bible & n a s]ies ( philosophical writ+s4 ,nor mu/ ! read] expect to f9d an ord]$ sy/em ( philosophy 9 8 sep>ate works1 mu* m ?an 9 ! writ+s ( ! rabbis4 ,z ,pr(essor ,caird says1#bcd ,! ,hebrew m9d is intuitive1 imag9ative1 incapable ( analysis or sy/ematic connection ( ideas4 ,philo's philosophical conceptions lie scatt]$ up & d[n 8 writ+s1 /rung on ! ?read ( ! ,bible n>rative :i* det]m9es ! sequ5ce ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh he has n giv5 u explicit treatises on cosmology1 metaphysics1 e?ics1 psy*ology1 etc41 & ?\gh he 0 incapable ( close logical ?9k+1 he has treat$ all ^! subjects sugge/ively & orig9ally 9 ! c\rse ( 8 comm5t>y1 & 8 read]s may ga!r toge!r :at he has disp]s$1 & f9d a co-ord9at$ body ( religi\s philosophy4 ,h[ev] loosely !y are set =? 9 8 treatises1 8 ideas are closely connect$ 9 8 m9d4 ,h]e9 he diff]s f 8 ,jewi% pr$ecessors1 = ! notion ( ! old hi/orians ( ! ,alex&rian movem5t1 t !re 0 a sy/ematic ,jewi% philosophy be=e ,philo1 does n appe> to h be5 well-f\nd$4 ,all t ,ari/eas & ,ari/obulus & ! ,apocryphal au?ors _h done 0 to assimilate c]ta9 philosophemes to _! religi\s ideas2 !y _h n re-int]pret$ ! :ole sy/em ( philosophy f a ,jewi% po9t ( view or trac$ an indep5d5t sy/em1 or an eclectic doctr9e 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,?is 0 ! a*ievem5t ( ,philo4 ,8 ?\ght is n orig9al 9 ! s5se ( pres5t+ a new s*eme ( philosophy1 b x is orig9al 9 ! s5se ( giv+ a fre% int]pretation to ! philosophical ideas ( 8 age & environm5t4 ,he ranges !m "u a new pr9ciple1 puts !m 9 a new light1 & comb9es !m 9 a new syn!sis4 ,?is aga9 is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,int5t on ,god1 x does n endeavor to make its own analysis ( ! univ]se by indep5d5t reason+1 b x utilizes ! sy/ems ( o!r nations & endeavors to h>monize !m ) its religi\s convictions4 ,h5ce x is t ne>ly all ,jewi% philosophy appe>s to be eclectic2 its writ]s h rang$ ?r\gh ! fields ( ?\ght ( _m s*ools & cull$ fl[]s f ea*1 :i* !y b9d toge!r into a cr[n = _! religion4 ,!y d n1 ) few exceptions1 pursue philosophy ) ! purpose ( wid5+ ! bord]s ( secul> k2 b r 9 ord] to br+ ! light ( reason to illum9ate & cl>ify fai?1 to h>monize ,judaism ) ! g5]al culture ( its environm5t1 & to revivify belief & c]emony ) a new int]pretation4 ,all ?is applies to our wor?y1 b at ! same "t he 0 a philosoph] at he>t1 because he believ$ t ! k ( ,god came by contemplation z well z by practice1 &1 fur!r1 because he _h a firm fai? 9 ! univ]salism ( ,judaism2 & he believ$ t ?is univ]sal religion mu/ compreh5d all t is highe/ & true/ 9 human ?\ght4 ,l mo/ ,jewi% philosoph]s he is syn!tic r ?an analytic1 believ+ 9 intuition & di/ru/+ ! discursive reason1 c>eless ( physical sci5ce & so>+ into religi\s metaphysics4 ,aga91 l mo/ ,jewi% philosoph]s1 he is d$uctive1 />t+ ) a syn!sis ( all 9 ! ,div9e ,unity1 & mak+ no fre% inductions f ph5om5a4 ,x has be5 said t1 ?\gh ,philo 0 a philosoph] & a ,jew1 yet ,saadia 0 ! fir/ ,jewi% philosoph]4 ,b ,philo's philosophical ideas are 9 complete h>mony ) 8 ,judaism2 & if by ! criticism x is meant t mo/ ( ! cont5t ( 8 works is bas$ ^u ,greek models1 x is true on ! o!r h& t ! _s :i* p]vades !m is ess5tially ,jewi%1 & t by ! new =ce :i* he brea!d into x he re=m$ & gave a new direction to ! ,greek philosophy ( 8 age4 ,philo's philosophy is c]ta9ly eclectic 9 "s degree1 & we f9d 9 x ideas tak5 f ! s*ools ( ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,py?agoras1 & ! ,/oics4 ,its fix$ po9t 0 8 !ology1 & :]ev] he f9ds any?+ to support ?is he adapts x to 8 purpose4 ,he approa*$ philosophy f a position oppos$ to t ( ! ,greeks3 !y br\ght a que/ion+ & free m9d to ! problems ( ! univ]se2 he comes full ( religi\s preconceptions4 ,yet 9 ?is lies 8 /r5g? z well z 8 limitation1 = he ga9s ?us a po9t ( c]ta9ty & a cle> end1 :i* o!r eclectic sy/ems ( ! day did n possess4 ,he welds toge!r all ! diff]5t elem5ts ( 8 ?\ght 9 ! heat ( 8 passion = ,god4 ,8 cosmology & 8 ontology are a philosophical exposition ( ! ,jewi% conception ( ,god's relation to ! univ]se1 8 e?ics & 8 psy*ology ( ! ,jewi% conception ( man's relation to ,god4 ,! religi\s preconceptions ( ,philo drew him to ,plato above all o!r philosoph]s1 s t 8 ?\ght is ess5tially a religi\s developm5t ( ,platonism4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ,philo's "w has a d\ble function1 to int]pret ! ,bible accord+ to ,platonic philosophy & to int]pret ,plato 9 ! _s ( ! ,bible4 ,! agreem5t 0 n ! artificial production ( ! comm5tator1 = 9 tru? ,plato 0 9 sympa?y ) ! religi\s consci5ce z a :ole4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ,hell5ism & ,hebraism is true1 if we re/rict x to ! av]age m9d ( ! two races4 ,! "o is int5t on ?+s secul>1 ! o!r on ,god4 ,b ! greate/ g5ius ( ! ,hell5ic race1 influ5c$ p]haps by contact ) ,ori5tal peoples1 possess$1 9 a rem>kable degree1 ! ,hebraic _s1 :i* is zeal\s = ,god & makes = righte\sness4 ,plato 0 n only a great philosoph]1 b also a great !ologian1 a great religi\s re=m]1 & a great prophet1 ! mo/ p]fectly develop$ m9d :i* ! _w1 anci5t or mod]n1 has kn[n4 ,8 ,ideas1 :i* are ! ar*etypes ( s5sible ?+s1 7 n only logical concepts b also a k+dom ( ,heav5 connect$ ) ! human individual by ! ,div9e s\l4 ,& z he grew old] s 8 religi\s feel+ int5sifi$1 & he translat$ 8 philosophy into !ology & positive religion4 ,platonism1 x has be5 well said1 is a temp] z mu* z a doctr9e2 x is ! _s t turns f ! e>? to ,heav51 f creation to ,god4 ,9 8 la/ "w1 ,! ,laws1 :]e9 he designs a !ocratic /ate1 :i* has /rik+ po9ts ( resemblance ) ! ,jewi% polity1 he says3 ,! conclusion ( ! matt] is ?is1 :i* is ! faire/ & true/ ( all say+s1 t = ! good man to sacrifice & hold conv]se ) ! ,deity by means ( pray]s & s]vice ( e k9d is ! noble/ ?+ ( all & ! mo/ conducive to a happy life1 & above all ?+s fitt+4#bce ,?is is typical ( ,plato's attitude t[>ds life 9 8 old age2 & fur!r1 8 metaphysical sy/em ( moni/ic idealism is ! mo/ rem>kable approa* to ,hebrew mono!ism :i* ! ,greek _w made4 ,! ,patri/ic writ]s 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era 7 s /ruck by ?is ,hebraism 9 ! ,greek ?9k]1 t !y attribut$ x to direct borr[+4 ,ari/obulus _h writt5 ( a translation ( ! ,p5tateu* old] ?an ! ,septuag9t1 :i* ,plato 0 suppos$ to h /udi$4 ,clem5t call$ him ! ,hebrew philosoph]1 ,orig5 & ,augu/9e comm5t on 8 agreem5t ) ,g5esis1 & ?9k t :5 he 0 9 ,egypt he li/5$ to ,j]emiah4#bcf ,eusebius work$ out 9 detail 8 correspond5ces ) ! ,bible4 ,"s e>ly neo-,platoni/1 p]haps ,num5ius1 decl>$ t ,plato 0 only ! ,attic ,moses2 & 9 m mod]n times ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury h>bor$ simil> ideas1 & ,nietzs*e spoke bitt]ly ( ! day :5 ,plato w5t to s*ool ) ! ,jews 9 ,egypt4 ,( ,philo1 !n1 we may say1 z ,montaigne said ( himself1 t he 0 a ,platoni/ be=e he knew :o ,plato 04 ,yet he 0 ! fir/ ,hell5i/ic ,jew :o p]ceiv$ ! fundam5tal h>mony betwe5 ! philosoph]'s idealism & ,jewi% mono!ism1 & he 0 ! fir/ important comm5tator ( ,plato :o develop$ ! religi\s tea*+ ( 8 ma/] into a p[]ful spiritual =ce4 ,x is true t ! se$s ( neo-,platonism1 i4e41 ! religi\s re-int]pretation ( ,platonism "u ! influ5ce ( ,ea/]n ?\ght1 _h be5 s[n already2 & ,philo mu/ h receiv$ f 8 environm5t to "s ext5t ! my/ical v]sion ( ! ma/]'s sy/em1 ) its goal ( ec/atic union ) ,god1 & its t5d5cy to asceticism z a means !reto4 ,b ! e>li] products ( ! movem5t _h be5 crude1 & _h lack$ a p[]ful mov+ _s4 ,?is 0 provid$ by ,philo :5 he introduc$ 8 ov]ma/]+ conception ( ,god4 ,! popul> say+1 ,ei!r ,plato ,philonizes or ,philo ,platonizes#bcg conta9s a deep tru? 9 its fir/ z well z 9 its second "p4 ,x n only m>ks ! lik5ess 9 /yle ( ! two writ]s1 b x sugge/s t ,philo1 on ! "o h&1 made fruitful ! religi\s g]m 9 ,plato's tea*+ by 8 ,hebraism1 &1 on ! o!r1 n\ri%$ ! philosophical se$ 9 ,judaism by 8 ,platonism4 ,plato's tea*+ falls into two ma9 classes1 ! dialectical & ! my?ical1 & x is ) ! latt] t ,philo is 9 specially close connection4 ,= 9 8 my?s ,plato tries to a*ieve a syn!sis by imag9ative flight :]e he _h fail$ by discursive reason4 ,he unifies exp]i5ce by /rik+ intuitions1 some?+ 9 ! _s ( a ,hebrew prophet4 ,moreov] 8 /yle1 z well z 8 ?\ght1 has "h aff9ity ) ,jewi% modes ( ?\ght4 ,z ,zell] says1 speak+ ( ! my?s3 ,f ! fir/1 9 ! act ( produc+ 8 "w he ?9ks 9 images4 ,!y m>k ! po9t :]e x becomes evid5t t he _c be :olly a philosoph] because he is /ill too mu* ( a poet4 ,& ?is is true ( all ,philo's writ+s1 & to g5]alize some:at widely1 ( mo/ ,jewi% philosophy4 ,9 ,! ,timu1 p>ticul>ly1 ,plato1 ?r\gh\t1 is ! poet-philosoph]1 writ+ imag9ative my?s1 :i* pres5t pictorially an ideali/ic s*eme ( ! univ]se2 & ,! ,timu is = ,philo1 aft] ! ,bible1 ! mo/ au?oritative ( books1 ! s\rce ( 8 *ief philosophical ideas4 ,! dom9ant philosophical pr9ciple ( ,plato is :at is kn[n z ! ,!ory ( ,ideas4 ,he imag9$ a _w ( real exi/5ces1 invisible1 incorporeal1 et]nal1 grasp$ only by ?\ght1 prior to ! objects ( ! physical univ]se1 & ! models or ar*etypes ( !m4 ,9 ,! ,timu1 :i* is a sy/em ( cosmology at once religi\s & metaphysical1 ! ,ideas are repres5t$ z ! ?\ghts ( ! "o ,supreme ,m9d1 ! int]m$iate p[]s by :i* ! ,supreme ,unity1 kn[n z ! ,idea ( ! ,good1 or ! ,creator1 evolves ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,?us ! univ]se is se5 z ! manife/ation ( "o ,b5efic5t ,_s1 :o br+s x into exi/5ce & rules ov] x ?r\gh ,8 ideal ?\ghts4 ,philo adopts completely & uncritically ?is !ory ( transc5d5tal ideas 9 8 philosophical exegesis ( ! cosmogony 9 ,g5esis4 ,)\t an incorporeal ar*etype ,god br+s no simple ?+ to fulfilm5t4#bch ,!re is an idea ( />s1 ( grass1 ( man1 ( virtue1 ( music4 ,& ! ,platonic conception receives a religi\s sanction4 ,! ideas are a necess>y /ep betwe5 ,god & ! mat]ial univ]se1 & ^? :o d5y !m ?r[ all ?+s into confusion4#bci ,god w\ld n t\* matt] ,himself1 b ,he did n grudge a %>e ( ,8 nature to x ?r\gh ,8 p[]s1 ( :i* ! true "n is ideas4 ,we h already notic$#bdj h[ +5i\sly ,philo d$uces ! ,!ory ( ,ideas f ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! creation1 & associates x ) ! ,hebraic conception ( ! m9i/]ial ,wisdom & ,^w4 ,he1 h[ev]1 gives a new direction to ! ,platonic !ory1 ow+ to 8 ,hebraic conception ( ,god4 ,! ideas ) him are n ! ?\ghts ( an imp]sonal m9d1 b ! emanations ( a p]sonal1 volitional ,deity4 ,keep+ close to ,jewi% tradition1 he says t !y are ! words ( ! ,deity speak+4 ,z human spee* consi/s ( incorporeal ideas1 :i* produce an effect ^u ! m9ds ( o!rs1 s ! ,div9e spee* is a patt]n ( incorporeal ideas :i* impress !mselves ^u a =mless void1 & s create ! mat]ial _w4#bda ,9 ?is way ,philo associates 8 cosmology ) 8 !ology4 ,! creative ,ideas are equat$ collectively ) ! ,supreme ,logos1#bdb individually ) ! ,logoi :i* repres5t ,god's p>ticul> activities4 ,?us ! ,logos repres5ts ! :ole ideal or noetic _w1 ! k+dom ( ,heav52 & x is 9 ?is metaphysical s5se t ! ,logos is ! fir/ creation1 ! fir/-born son ( ,god1 prior to ! physical univ]se1 :i* is ,8 gr&son4 ,! :ole univ]se is ?us se5 z ! ord]ly manife/ation ( "o pr9ciple4 ,philo1 exp&+ a favorite image ( ! ,haggadah1 illu/rates ,god's creation by ! simile ( a k+ f\nd+ a city4 ,he gets to him an ar*itect1 :o fir/ designs 9 8 m9d ! p>ts ( ! p]fect city1 & !n1 look+ cont9ually to 8 model1 beg9s to con/ruct ! city ( /ones & wood4 ,s :5 ,god resolv$ to f\nd ! _w-city1 ,he fir/ br\ght its =m into m9d1 & us+ ?is z a model he complet$ ! visible _w4#bdc ,! !ory ( religi\s idealism is ! c5tre ( ,philo's philosophy1 & provides ! basis ( 8 explanation ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,physics1 inde$1 he consid]$ ( small acc\nt1 because he believ$ !re c\ld be no c]ta9ty 9 su* speculations4#bdd ,8 m9d 0 utt]ly unsci5tific2 b z a religi\s philosoph] he f\nd x necess>y to give a !ory ( ! creation4 ,jewi% dogma held t ! _w _h be5 call$ into be+ out ( no?+2 ! ,greek philosoph]s repudiat$ su* an idea1 & held t creation mu/ be ! result ( a reasonable process2 ,ari/otle _h imag9$ t matt] 0 a sep>ately exi/5t pr9ciple ) m9d1 & t ! _w 0 et]nal2 & ! ,/oics held t matt] 0 ! sub/ance ( all ?+s1 includ+ ! pan!i/ic p[] itself3 ,all are b p>ts ( "o /up5d\s :ole1 ,^: body nature is1 & ,god ! s\l4 ,philo impugns bo? ^! !ories1#bde ! "o because x d5ies ! creative p[] ( ,god1 ! o!r because x confuses ! ,creator ) ,8 creation4 ,he look$ = a sy/em :i* %\ld satisfy at once ! ,jewi% notion t ! _w 0 br\ght out ( no?+ by ! w ( ,god1 & ! philosophical concept t ,god is all reality2 & he f\nd 9 ,plato's idealism a view ( ! creation :i* he c\ld h>monize ) ! religi\s view4 ,plato decl>$ t ! mat]ial _w _h be5 creat$ out ( ! ,non-,ens 7,greek3 m on7 i4e41 t :i* has no real exi/5ce4 ,he conceiv$ space & matt] z ! m]e passive receptacle ( =m1 :i* is no?+ till ! =m has giv5 x quality4 ,?\gh ,philo's language is vague1 ?is seems to be 8 view :5 he is speak+ philosophically4 ,x is1 p]haps1 a slight deviation f ! e>li] religi\s /&po9t ( ! ,jews1 :i* looks to a direct & delib]ate creation ( ! _w-/uff1 r ?an to ! in=m+ ( space by _s1 & reg>ds ! _w z sep>ate f ,god1 & n z a manife/ation ( ,8 be+4 ,b ! m philosophical conception appe>s likewise 9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,= ,?9e all-p[]ful h& t creat$ ! _w out ( =mless matt]1 says ! au?or 7xi4 #ag71 e/abli%+ be=e ,philo ! compromise betwe5 two compet+ influ5ces 9 8 m9d4 ,m emphatically ,philo rejects ! notion ( creation 9 "t4#bdf ,"t1 he says1 came into be+ aft] ,god _h made ! univ]se1 & has no mean+ = ! ,div9e ,rul]1 ^: life is 9 ! et]nal pres5t4 ,summ+ up1 we may say t ,philo reg>ds ! univ]se z ! image ( ! ,div9e manife/ation or evolution 9 ?\ght produc$ by ,8 b5efic5t w2 & ?is view is true to ! religi\s /&po9t ( traditional ,judaism 9 _s if n 9 lett]4 ,9 8 conception ( ! human s\l1 ,philo aga9 h>monizes ! simple ,jewi% notion ) ! develop$ ,greek psy*ology by means ( ! ,platonic idealism4 ,! s\l 9 ! ,bible is ! brea? ( ,god2 9 ,plato x is an ,idea inc>nate1 repres5t$ 9 ,! ,timu z a p>ticle ( ! ,supreme ,m9d4 ,philo1 foll[+ ! psy*ology ( 8 age1 divides ! s\l into a high] & a l[] "p3 7#a7 ! ,n\s2 7#b7 ! vital functions1 :i* include ! s5ses4 ,he lays all ! /ress ^u ! =m]1 :i* gives man 8 k9%ip ) ,god & ! ideal _w1 :ile ! o!r "p is ! necess>y result ( its inc>nation 9 ! body4 ,he v>i\sly describes ! ,n\s z an insep>able fragm5t ( ! ,div9e s\l1 a ,div9e brea? :i* ,god inspires into ea* body1 a reflection1 an impression1 or an image ( ! bless$ ,logos1 seal$ ) its /amp4#bdg ,foll[+ ! ,platonic conception1 ,philo occasionally speaks ( ! ,div9e s\l z hav+ a pr5atal exi/5ce1#bdh hold+1 z ! ,engli% poet put x1 t ,! s\l t rises ) u1 our life's />1 ,ha? _h else:]e its sett+ ,& come? f af>4 ,"h1 too1 he foll[s an old] ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic tradition1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon 7viii4 #ai & #bj71 :]e x is writt53 ,a good s\l fell to my lot4 ,nay r1 be+ good1 ,i came into a body undefil$4 ,! ,n\s is 9 fact ! god )91 & x be>s to ! microcosm ,man ! relation :i* ! inf9ite ,god be>s to ! macrocosm4#bdi ,inde$1 x is ! ,logos desc5d$ f above1 b ye>n+ to return to its true abode4 ,?us ,philo s+s its ,div9e nature3 ,x is unse51 b sees all ?+s3 its ess5ce is unkn[n1 b x compreh5ds ! ess5ce ( all ?+s4 ,& by arts & sci5ces x makes = itself _m roads & ways1 & trav]ses sea & l&1 se>*+ out all ?+s )9 !m4 ,& x so>s al(t on w+s1 & :5 x has inve/igat$ ! sky & its *anges x is borne upw>ds t[>ds ! !r & ! revolutions ( ! heav5s4 ,x foll[s ! />s 9 _! orbits1 & pass+ ! s5sible x ye>ns = ! intelligible _w4 ,! ,n\s is ! k+ ( ! :ole organism1 ! gov]n+ & unify+ p[]1 & h5ce is (t5 call$ ! man himself4 ,! s5ses1 resembl+ ! p[]s ( ,god1 are only ! bodygu>d1 subord9ate in/rum5ts1 & inf]ior modes ( ! ,div9e "p4#bej ,s ,philo expla9s t all our faculties are d]iv$ f ! ,div9e pr9ciple1 & he draws ! moral lesson t our true function is to b5d !m all to ! ,div9e s]vice1 s z to fo/] our noble/ "p4 ,! aim ( ! good man is to br+ ! god )9 him into union ) ! ,god )\t1 & to ?is end he mu/ avoid ! life ( ! s5ses1#bea :i* m>s ! ,div9e ,n\s1 & may entirely cru% x4 ,! ,div9e s\l1 z x _h a life be=e bir?1 s also has a life aft] dea?2 = :at is ,div9e _c p]i%4 ,immortality is man's mo/ spl5did hope4 ,if ! ,div9e ,pres5ce fills him ) a my/ic ec/asy1 he has1 inde$1 atta9$ x ^u ?is e>?1 b ?is bliss is only = ! v bless$ sage2 & he1 too1 looks =w>d to ! m la/+ union ) ! ,godhead aft] ?is t]re/rial life is ov]4#beb ,true at once to ! pr9ciples ( ,platonism & ,judaism1 ,philo admits no an?ropomorphic conception ( ,heav5 or ( ,hell4 ,he is conv9c$ t !re is a life h]eaft]1 & f9ds 9 ! /ory ( ,eno* ! ,biblical symbol !re(1#bec b he does n speculate ab\t ! nature ( ! ,div9e rew>d4 ,! pi\s are tak5 up to ,god1 he says1 & live =ev]1#bed commun+ alone ) ! ,alone4#bee ,! unrighte\s s\ls1 ,philo sometimes sugge/s1 9 accordance ) curr5t ,py?agorean ideas1 are re9c>nat$ accord+ to a sy/em ( transmigration )9 ! human species 7,greek3 pal5g5esia74#bef ,yet ! s9n] suff]s 8 full doom on e>?4 ,! true ,hades is ! life ( ! wick$ man :o has n rep5t$1 expos$ to v5geance1 ) uncleans$ guilt1 obnoxi\s to e curse4#beg ,& ! ,div9e puni%m5t is to live always dy+1 to endure dea? dea?less & un5d+1 ! dea? ( ! s\l4#beh ,! ,div9e ,n\s con/itutes ! true nature ( man2 ,philo1 h[ev]1 insi/s ) almo/ we>isome repetition1 t ! god )9 u has no p[] 9 itself1 & dep5ds entirely on ! grace & inspiration ( ,god )\t = k1 virtue1 & happ9ess4#bei ,! ,/oic dogma1 t ! wise man is p]fectly indep5d5t & self-conta9$ 7,greek3 aut>*s7 appe>s to him z a wick$ blasphemy4 ,^? :o make ,god ! indirect1 & ! m9d ! direct cause are guilty ( impiety1 = we are ! in/rum5ts ?r\gh :i* p>ticul> activities are develop$1 b ,he :o gives ! impulse to ! p[]s ( ! body & ! s\l is ! ,creator by :om all ?+s are mov$4#bfj ,all ?\ght-functions1 memory1 reason+1 intuition1 are ref]r$ directly to ,div9e inspiration1 :i* is 9 ,platonic t]m9ology ! illum9ation ( ! m9d by ! ideas4 ,?us1 f9ally1 all human activity is ref]r$ back to ,god4 ,?is guid+ pr9ciple det]m9es ,philo's attitude to k1 involv+1 z x does1 t we only "k by ,div9e inspiration1 or1 z he says1 by ! imman5ce ( ! ,logoi4#bfa ,! possibility ( k 0 "o ( ! burn+ que/ions ( ! age1 & x 0 ! failure ( ! old dogmatic s*ools to answ] x :i* l$ to a great religi\s movem5t 9 ,greek philosophy4 ,h[ c man atta9 to true k1 x 0 ask$1 ab\t ! univ]se1 see+ t p]ceptions v>y ) ea* individual1 & ( conceptions we h no c]ta9 /&>d8 ,! old ,hebrew attitude to ?is "q is express$ by ! v]se ( ! ,psalmi/3 ,! heav5s are ! heav5s ( ! ,"l1 b ! e>? ha? ,he giv5 to ! sons ( m5 7,psalm cxv71 :i* implies t man mu/ n try to p5etrate ! secrets ( ! univ]se4 ,philo is suffici5tly a philosoph] to desire k ab\t ?+s ,div9e & human1 b at ! same "t he has a complete di/ru/ 9 ! p[]s ( human s5se & human reason4 ,ab\t ! physical univ]se he is frankly a skeptic1#bfb b 8 religi\s fai? leads him to hold t ,god v\*safes to man "s k ( ,himself & ( ! prop] way ( life1 i4e41 e?ics4 ,man kn[s all ?+s 9 ,god4#cfc ,plato simil>ly _h despair$ ( k ( ! physical _w1 & _h turn$ to ! heav5ly ideas z ! true object ( ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 9 8 e>ly p]iod1 :ile 8 !ory 0 /ill poetical & my/ical1 he _h conceiv$ t k 0 made possible 9 ! subject1 by ! entrance ( =ms1 or emanations1 f ! ideas4 ,?is !ory ,philo adapts to 8 ,jewi% outlook4 ,l ,plato1 he turns away f ! physical to ! ideal _w1#bfd & he reg>ds ! ideas ( wisdom1 virtue1 brav]y1 etc41 :i* are !ologically p[]s ( ,god1 z cont9ually s5d+ =? ,logoi1 =ms or =ces 7! angels ( popul> belief71 to in=m & enlight5 our m9ds4 ,?r\gh\t1 ,god is ! cause ( all k z well z ( be+1 = ^! efflu5ces are b an expression ( ,god's activity4 ,9 ,philo's !ory1 object & subject are really "o4 ,:at c be kn[n are ! modes or attributes ( ,god1 :i* philosophically are ,ideas2 :at kn[s is ! emanation ( ! ,idea1 :i* ,god s5ds into ! human s\l t is prep>$ to receive x by pi\s contemplation4 ,?r\gh ! heav5ly ,wisdom1 wisdom is se51 = wisdom sees itself4 ,?r\gh ,god1 ,god is kn[n1 = ,he is ,8 own light4#bfe ,?us all k is intuition1 & man's function is n s mu* to reason z to lead a life ( piety & contemplate ! ,div9e "w 9 ! hope ( be+ bless$ ) inspiration4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to take ,philo's words q lit]ally4 ,he does n d5y ! ne$ ( human ef=t & /riv+ = k2 = ! ,div9e influ5ce is n v\*saf$ till we h prep>$ = x & consecrat$ all our faculties to ,god4 ,b1 dev\t my/ic z he is1 he ascribes e consummation to ! direct help ( ! ,deity4 ,! m9d is ! cause ( no?+1 b r ! ,deity1 :o is prior to m9d1 g5]ates ?\ght4#bff ,! ,greek philosoph] _h ascrib$ ! f9al syn!sis ( k to a sup]human =ce4 ,philo ascribes to ,god all ! int]m$iate /eps f s5se-p]ception4 ,x may be admitt$ t 8 passive notion ( philosophy involves ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,greek ideal1 ! eag] se>*+ ( ,plato aft] tru?4 ,he liv$ 9 an age 9 :i*1 ?r\gh loss ( intellectual p[]1 man _h come to despair ( ! atta9m5t ( k by human ef=t1 & to rely entirely ^u sup]natural means1 ,div9e revelations1 visions1 & ! l4 ,x is consi/5t ) 8 :ole position t ! cr[n ( life is repres5t$1 n z an intellectual /ate1 b z a sup]human ec/asy ( ! ,n\s1 :]e9 x is fre$ n only f ! body b f ! re/ ( ! s\l1 & is1 s to say1 l$ out ( itself4#bfg ,he comm5ts on ! v]se1 ,& ! sun w5t d[n & a deep sleep fell on ,abraham 7,g54 xv4 #ab74 ,:5 ! ,div9e light1 he says1 %9es ^u ! mortal s\l1 ! mortal light s9ks1 & our reason is driv5 out at ! approa* ( ! ,div9e _s4#bfh ,?is is ! ,alex&rian int]pretation ( ,hebrew3 %k9a & ,hebrew3 nboah1 & ?\gh x is mu* affect$ by ,greek my/ical ideas1 yet at ! same "t x is broadly true to ! _s ( ,jewi% my/icism1 z we see x pres5t$ 9 writ]s ( all ages1 & z ! ,psalmi/ express$ x1 to abide "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,almighty4 ,philo's e?ics1 l ! re/ ( 8 philosophy1 exhibits ! transfusion ( ,greek ideas ) 8 ,hebrew _s4 ,! ,greek philosoph]s _h evolv$ a rational plan ( life1 :ile ! ,jewi% tea*]s 7 impregnat$ ) burn+ ardor = ! liv+ ,god2 & ,philo br+s ! two ?+s toge!r1 mak+ e?ics dep5d5t on religion4 ,! ,/oics1 :o 7 ! mo/ p[]ful s*ool ( 8 day1 reg>d$ z ! ideal ( goodness life accord+ to unb5d+ reason & 9 complete indep5d5ce ( ,god or man4 ,philo und]/&s ,god z a p]sonal p[] mak+ = righte\sness1 & man's excell5ce1 accord+ly1 :i* is lik5ess to ,god1 is piety & *>ity4#bfi ,above all he insi/s ^u ,fai? 7,greek3 pi/is7 & he def9es virtue z a condition ( s\l :i* fixes its hopes ^u ! truly ,exi/5t ,god4 ,! ,/oics also pr(ess$ to honor fai? or confid5ce above all ?+s1 b ! virtue :i* !y meant 0 reliance ^u man's own p[]s4 ,philo's virtue is almo/ ! conv]se ( ?is4 ,man mu/ feel completely dep5d5t ^u ,god1 & 8 prop] attitude is humility & resignation4 ,s only c he receive )9 8 s\l ! se$ ( goodness1 & f9ally ! ,div9e ,logos4#bgj ,yet at ! same "t ,philo rema9s loyal to ! ,jewi% ideal ( conduct3 fai? )\t works is empty1 &1 z he puts x1 ,! true-born goods are fai? & consi/5cy ( ^w & action4#bga ,! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ excell5ce dem&s sev]e discipl9e1 save = ^? few bless$ s\ls :om ,god p]fects )\t any ef=t on _! "p4 ,! re/ c only secure self-realization by self-r5unciation2 !y mu/ avoid ! bodily passions & bodily lu/s4#bgb ,at times ! ,div9e en?usiasm causes ,philo1 l _m a ,jewi% sa9t & l 8 ma/] ,plato1 to scorn all bodily limitations & recomm5d ins5sibility 7,greek3 apa!ia7#bgc by :i* he means t man %\ld cru% 8 physical desires & repress 8 feel+s4 ,n t ! good life seems to him to imply abs5ce ( pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is fill$ ) ! pure/ ( joy1 = :5 man rises to ! love ( ,god 9 calm ( m9d1 all passion sp5t1 !n & !n alone has he ta/$ true joy\sness4 ,! symbol ( ?is bliss is ,isaac 7,hebrew3 yt%k71 ! laught] ( ! s\l4 ,x 0 notic$ 9 ! second *apt] t ,philo modifi$ 8 e?ical ideas dur+ 8 life4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod he insi/s m /rongly on ! ne$ ( ascetic self-d5ial1 & has almo/ a horror ( ! _w4 ,matur] exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 taught him t man is made = ?is _w1 & t a wise use ( its goods 0 a sur] pa? to happ9ess & to ,god ?an flight f all temptations4 ,9 8 lat] writ+s1 !re=e1 he exhibits a /rik+ mod]ation4 ,he reproa*es ! ascetics = _! savage en?usiasm1#bgd probably h9t+ at ! extreme sects ( ! ,ess5es & ! ,!rapeut4 ,^? :o foll[ a g5tl] wisdom seek aft] ,god1 b at ! same "t d n despise human ?+s4 ,tru? w prop]ly blame ^? :o )\t discrim9ation %un all conc]n ) ! life ( ! ,/ate1 & say t !y despise ! acquisition ( good repute & pleasure4 ,!y are only mak+ gr& pret5sions1 & !y d n really despise ^! ?+s4 ,!y g ab\t 9 torn raim5t & ) solemn visage1 & live ! life ( p5ury & h>d%ip z a bait1 to make p believe t !y are lov]s ( good conduct1 temp]ance1 & self-control4#bge ,philo's aphorism1 :i* foll[s1 ,be drunk 9 a sob] mann]1 is *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,/oic extreme ( passionlessness is almo/ z false z ! ,epicurean h$onism1 & ! mean betwe5 !m is ! ideal ,jewi% life1 9 :i* godl9ess & humanity are bl5d$4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ! ma9 divisions ( ,philo's philosophy1 & we see t 8 metaphysics1 cosmology1 !ory ( k1 & e?ics are all religi\s 9 tone1 & all det]m9$ 9 _! ma9 l9es by 8 ,jewi% outlook4 ,8 ,hebraism is a seal :i* /amps all t ent]s 8 m9d f ,greek s\rces1 & ! ,bible1 spiritually int]pret$1 is ! canon ( all 8 wisdom4 ,!re rema9s "o m9or aspect ( 8 "w :i* mu/ be briefly exam9$1 because x has become closely associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,?is is 8 numb]-symbolism1 by :i* he ascribes important p[]s to c]ta9 numb]s1 s t !y are reg>d$ z holy !mselves & sanctify+ t to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,?is feature ( 8 ?\ght is commonly ascrib$ to ,py?agorean influ5ce1 :i* 0 /rong at ,alex&ria1 &1 inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 at ?is era4 ,! exact details ( ! hol9ess ( f\r1 sev51 t51 fifty1 etc41 ,philo may h borr[$ f neo-,py?agorean s\rces1 b ! g5]al t5d5cy 0 ! natural result ( 8 environm5t & 8 /age ( ?\ght4 ,x 0 a feature ( ! recurr+ *ildi%ness ( ideas & ! r5asc5ce ( wond] at common ?+s :i* is app>5t on _m h&s4 ,to h d5i$ ! p[]s ( numb]s w\ld h seem$ z absurd & ecc5tric !n z to d5y ! p[]s ( electricity to-day4 ,& 9 all ages p h be5 f\nd to reg>d numb]s my/ically z a l9k betwe5 ,god & e>?1 & a means ( solv+ all physical & metaphysical problems4 ,! ,hebrew intellect1 primitive z x 01 t5d$ p>ticul>ly to ! rev]5ce ( ! num]ical p[]s4 ,witness ! ,bible itself1 :i* emphasizes c]ta9 numb]s2 & witness also ! fif? *apt] ( ! ,pirke ,abot1 ) its li/s rang$ "u f\r1 sev51 & t51 :i* is only typical ( ! rabb9ical attitude4 ,philo is n orig9al 9 8 views conc]n+ numb]s1 n above nor bel[ ! loose ?9k+ ( 8 age4 ,he accepts unque/ion+ly ! pot5cy ( sev51 because ( its m>vell\s ma!matical prop]ties1 ratios1 etc41 its geometrical efficacy1 & because ( ! sev5 p]iods ( life f infancy to old age1 ( ! sev5 p>ts ( ! body1 ! sev5 motions1 ! sev5 /r+s ( ! lyre1 ! sev5 v[els1 & ! v "n1 :i* is connect$ ) wor%ip 7,greek3 sebasmos74 ,all ?is is trifl+ & trite1 b :at is ( importance is ! use :i* ,philo makes ( ! s5tim5t4 ,he conv]ts x ?r\gh\t to ! support & glorification ( ,jewi% in/itutions4 ,?us1 if a man honors sev51 he says1 he w devote ! ,sabba? to m$itation & philosophy4#bgf ,fur!r1 z sev5 is ! symbol ( re/ & tranquillity1 ! ,sabba? mu/ be a day ( p]fect re/4 ,t5 is magnifi$ s z to honor ! ,decalogue1#bgg fifty s z to honor ! ,fea/ ( ,p5teco/4 ,s1 too1 ! ,py?agoreans' ma!matical conceptions ( ,god z ! beg9n+ & limit ( all ?+s1 or1 aga91 z ! pr9ciple ( equality1 are approv$ by ,philo1 because !y bre$ 9 ! s\l ! faire/ & mo/ n\ri%+ fruit--piety4 ,9 %ort1 ,philo's ,py?agoreanism only emphasizes 8 comm&+ purpose--to deep5 & recomm5d ! ,jewi% ,god-idea & ! ,jewi% me?od ( life4 ,jewi% influ5ces ?r\gh\t are ! det]m9+ elem5t ( ,philo's tea*+2 !y are ! dynamic =ces work+ ^u ! ,greek matt] & produc+ ! new ,platonism1 :i* con/itutes ,philo's contribution to ,greek philosophy4 ,x may1 inde$1 be said t 8 ,hebraism makes ,philo anti-philosophical1 because he has no desire or hope ( add+ to positive k1 b aims only at ! calm ( ! individual s\l 9 union ) its ,god4 ,! ,platonic ,!ory ( ,ideas1 metaphysical 9 orig91 plays a v important "p 9 8 works1 b x is adapt$ my/ically1 & turn$ f an ideal ( ! human intellect to a support ( mono!ism & piety4 ,"h ,philo is at once ! lead] & ! *ild ( 8 g5]ation2 m5 7 no long] satisfi$ ) rational sy/ems1 b want$ a religi\s philosophy1 bas$ ^u a transc5d5tal pr9ciple & a ,div9e revelation :i* c\ld give !m "s c]ta9ty & "s positive hope 9 life4 ,d\btless1 ! /rong my/ical t5d5cy 9 ,philo de/roy$ ! balance betwe5 ! intuitive & ! discursive reason :i* makes ! p]fect philosoph]4 ,9 8 ov]p[]+ passion = ,god1 he di/ru/s ov]mu* ! analytical ef=ts ( ! human m9d4 ,nev]!less1 8 acquir$ ,hell5ism gives 8 ,jewi% conceptions a philosophical impress1 & ?is has made him ! model ( ! s*ool ( religi\s philosoph]s4 ,! m9i/]ial ,^w became ! ideal expression ( ,god's m9d1 ! gov]n+ reason1 ! _w-s\l2 ! angels 7 spiritualiz$ z a k+dom ( ,ideas4 ,piety receiv$ an intellectual z well z a religi\s value1 & ! ,mosaic law 0 rais$ to a high] dignity z an e?ical code ( univ]sal validity4 ,a complete h>mony betwe5 ! ,hell5ic & ! ,hebraic outlook ^u life 0 impossible1 b ,philo at lea/ accompli%$ a h>mony betwe5 ,hebraic mono!ism & ,greek metaphysics4 ,he desir$ to %[ t fai? & philosophy 7 9 agreem5t1 & t ! imag9ative & reflective conceptions ( ,god & ! ,div9e gov]nm5t 7 9 unison4 ,& he may be consid]$ to h realiz$ 8 desire 9 8 syn!sis ( ,jewi% !ology & ,platonic idealism4 ,he is ?r\gh & ?r\gh a great int]pret]1 elucidat+ po9ts ( unity betwe5 di/9ct sy/ems ( ?\ght4 ,9 him ! fusion ( cultures1 :i* began ) ! ,septuag9t translation1 rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,x rea*$ its z5i? & /raightway ! sev]ance began4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all trace ,philo's place 9 ,jewi% ?\ght2 "h we may glance at 8 place 9 ! developm5t ( ,greek philosophy4 ,! fusion betwe5 ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ?\ght1 :i* he himself s /rik+ly illu/rates1 cont9u$ to dom9ate philosophy = ! next f\r hundr$ ye>s2 & ,plato1 :o1 ) 8 deep religi\s _s1 _h a broad aff9ity ) ! ,ori5tal conception ( ! univ]se1 0 ! supreme philosophical ma/]4 ,all ! *ief tea*]s look$ to him = ! intellectual basis ( _! ideas & read into 8 works _! p>ticul> religi\s beliefs2 b !y fail$ to ma9ta9 a true h>mony betwe5 ! two4 ,! cultures ( all c\ntries & races m+l$1 ev5 z _! peoples m+l$ "u ! ,roman ,empire1 b !y 7 s comb9$ z to lose ! purity & individuality ( ea* elem5t4 ,! ,ea/]n ,platoni/s :o foll[$ ,philo br\ght to _! int]pretation less noble conceptions ( ! ,godhead1 ! ,gno/icism ( ,syria1 ! dualism ( ,p]sia1 ! imp]sonal pan!ism ( ,india1 & ! !urgies ( ,egypt1 & produc$ /range hybrids ( ! human m9d4 ,! "o po9t ( agreem5t betwe5 !m is t !y conceive ! ,supreme ,god z imp]sonal & entirely inactive1 a deifi$ ,z]o1 & endeavor by a sy/em ( emanation to trace ! desc5t ( ?is baffl+ pr9ciple into man & ! univ]se4 ,philo 0 z un=tunate 9 8 philosophical z 9 8 religi\s foll[+1 :o bo? trans=m$ 8 poetical metaphors into fix$ & rigid dogmas4 ,8 doctr9e ( ! ,logos 01 on ! "o h&1 ! =]unn] ( ! ,tr9ity ( ! ,*ur*1 on ! o!r ( ! ,tr9ity ( ! ,alex&rian neo-,platoni/s4 ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to trace ) c]ta9ty ! connection betwe5 ,philo & ! lat] s*ool ( ,alex&rian ,platoni/s1 b !re appe>s to be at lea/ "o cle> l9k 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,syrian ,num5ius1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,to him are attribut$ ! two say+s3 ,ei!r ,plato ,philonizes or ,philo ,platonizes1 & ,:at is ,plato b ! ,attic ,moses8 ,mod]n s*ol>s h que/ion$ ! correctness ( ! ref]5ce1 b be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t ,num5ius us$ ! ,bible z evid5ce ( ,platonic doctr9es4 ,we %\ld g back1 he says1 9 a fragm5t1 to ! actual writ+s ( ,plato & call 9 z te/imony ! ideas ( ! mo/ cultur$ races2 comp>+ _! holy books & laws we %\ld br+ 9 support ! h>moni\s ideas :i* are to be f\nd among ! ,brahmans & ! ,jews4#bgh ,orig5 tells u1#bgi moreov]1 t he (t5 introduc$ exc]pts f ! books ( ,moses & ! ,prophets1 & allegoriz$ !m ) +5uity4 ,9 "o ( ! few rema9s ( 8 writ+s :i* h come d[n to u1 we f9d him prais+ ! v]se 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ,! _s ( ,god 0 ^u ! wat]s2 because1 z ,philo _h int]pret$ x--foll[+ p]haps a rabb9ical tradition--wat] repres5ts ! primal _w-/uff4 ,& else:]e he m5tions ! ef=ts ( ! ,egyptian magicians to fru/rate ! miracles ( ,moses1 foll[+ ,philo's acc\nt 9 8 life ( ! ,jewi% h]o4 ,! "w ( ,philo help$ to spread a k ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures f> & wide & to give !m g5]al au?ority z a philosophical book2 b x did n succe$ 9 spread+ ! pure ,hebrew mono!ism4 ,! exalt$ ,hebrew idea ( ,god 0 /ill too sublime = ! pagan nations1 ev5 = _! philosoph]s4 ,! _w 9 tru? 0 decay+ morally & intellectually1 & mo/ ( all 9 p[]s ( imag9ation2 & its hung] = ,god f\nd expression 9 crude & /unt$ conceptions ( ,8 nature4 ,unable any long] to so> to ,heav51 x sulli$ ! maje/y ( ! ,deity1 & divid$ ! ,godhead 9 ord] to bridge ! gap4 ,num5ius repres5ts 9 philosophy ! ,gno/ic ideas ab\t ,god :i* 7 widely held by ! h]etics1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian1 ( ! second c5tury4 ,he divides ! ,godhead into two sep>ate p[]s3 7#a7 ! imp]sonal ,be+ beh9d all reality1 free f all activity :atsoev]2 7#b7 ! ,demiurge or active gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 :o aga9 is subdivid$ into a transc5d5t & an imman5t p[]4 ,! tea*+ ( ,plot9us1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ! lat] ,alex&rian neo-,platoni/s1 %[s a fur!r /ep 9 ! developm5t ( religi\s ,platonism4 ,view$ f its high] side x is an attempt to expla9 ev]y?+ z ! emanation ( ! ,"o4 ,b philosophy 9 ! ?ird c5tury debas$ itself 9 ord] to support ! tott]+ poly!i/ic religion ( ! pagan _w aga9/ ! modifi$ ,hebraic cre$1 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 fa/ demoli%+ its p[]4 ,aga9/ ! ,tr9ity ( ! ,*ur* ! philosoph]s set up a heav5ly ,tr9ity ( s-call$ reason3 ! ,ineffable ,"o1 ! ,demiurgic ,m9d1 & ! ,_w ,s\l2 & betwe5 ?is ,tr9ity & man !y plac$ int]m$iate hi]>*ies ( gods1 angels1 & demons--9 fact1 ! :ole fugitive army ( ,greek poly!ism ?9ly disguis$4 ,all ! vulg> fancies & sup]/itions :i* ,philo _h intellectualiz$1 ^! lat] ,ea/]n ,platoni/s s\ght to revive & ju/ify by conceptions ( physical emanation bl5d$ ( false sci5ce & my/icism4 ,!y hop$ to f\nd a univ]sal religion by f9d+ room 9 "o sy/em = ! deities ( all nations6 ,f ,plot9us d[n to ,proclus1 neo-,platonism became m un9tellectual1 m insane1 m pagan1 &1 f9ally1 ) its vapid dreams1 x br\ght ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy to an +lori\s close4 ,its f9] tea*+s1 h[ev]1 deeply affect$ m$iaeval philosophy1 & n lea/ ! ,arab-,jewi% s*ool4 ,! !ory ( emanations & spiritual hi]>*ies p]vades ! writ+s ( ,ibn ,ezra1 ,ibn ,gabirol1 & ,ibn ,daud1 & ?us indirectly provides a connection betwe5 ! culture ( ,alex&rian ,judaism & ! culture ( ,spani% ,judaism4 ,! praise ( ,god kn[n z ! ,hebrew3 ktr mlkot by ,ibn ,gabirol is a spl5did example ( ! ,hebraiz+ ( neo-,platonic doctr9es1 :i*1 ?\gh probably q indep5d5t ( 8 tea*+1 recalls con/antly ! ideas ( ,philo4 ,by 8 place at ! head ( ! neo-,platonic s*ool ,philo ent]s ! broad /ream ( ! _w's philosophical developm5t1 b 8 m la/+ influ5ce 0 ex]cis$ ov] ! religi\s philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 0 ! direct ma/] ( :at is kn[n z ! ,patri/ic s*ool1 :i* s\ght to comb9e ! intellectual conceptions ( ,plato ) ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,gospels4 ,its mo/ celebrat$ tea*]s 7 ,clem5t & ,orig51 bo? ( ,alex&ria1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! second c5tury4 ,!y resort$ l>gely to allegorical int]pretation1 le>n+ f ,philo to trace 9 ! ,bible pr9ciples ( univ]sal ?\ght & pr(\nd philosophy2 b !y us$ 8 me?od & 8 lessons to support notions ( ,god & ! ,logos :i* 7 ali5 to 8 _s4 ,he _h possess$ pre-em95tly ! so>+ imag9ation ( poetry1 :i* is ! cr[n ( ! intellectual & ( ! religi\s m9d1 & unites !m 9 _! highe/ excell5ce2 b !y b\nd$ _! philosophy )9 ! n>r[ limits ( dogma1 & !reby de/roy$ ! h>mony betwe5 ,hebraism & ,hell5ism :i* he _h contriv$ to effect4 ,! controv]sy ( ,orig5 & ,celsus began aga9 ! battle betwe5 reason & fai?1 :i* 0 to de/roy = c5turies ! indep5d5ce ( philosophy & to break ! cont9uity ( civilization4 ,_h ,philo really be5 pl\gh+ ! s&1 & 0 an agreem5t betwe5 fai? & reason1 betwe5 religion & philosophy1 impossible8 ,c ! two f9e/ creations ( ! m9d only be comb9$ on ! t]ms t "o is subord9ate1 or r s]vile1 to ! o!r8 ,9 ,judaism1 if any:]e1 ! comb9ation %\ld be possible1 = ,judaism has z its basis an intuitional conception ( ,god1 :i* is 9 h>mony ) ! philosophical conception ( ! univ]se1 & x has little dogma besides4 ,! neo-,platoni/s & ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs fail$ to c>ry on ! ideal ( ,philo1 b x 0 to be expect$ t among 8 own p1 ! nation ( philosoph]s1 z he _h call$ !m1 he w\ld h f\nd true successors4 ,yet ! use made ( 8 "w by ! ,*ri/ians compell$ 8 p to reg>d him z a betray] ( ! law & to avoid 8 goal z a trea*]\s sn>e4 ,= c5turies ,greek philosophy 0 bann$ f ,jewi% ?\ght1 & ,philo's works are n m5tion$ by any ,jewi% writ]4 ,/rang]s possess$ 8 inh]itance1 & 8 "n alone1 ,philo-,judu1 bore witness to 8 nationality4 ,x is an int]e/+ speculation to consid] h[ diff]5t might h be5 ! hi/ory1 n only ( ! ,jews1 b ( ! _w1 if ! ,hell5i/ic ,judaism ( ,philo _h prevail$ 9 ! ,roman-,greek _w in/ead ( ! impur] ,hell5ism ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:51 9 ! t5? c5tury1 ! lead]s ( ,jewi% ?\ght broke ! bonds ( seclusion1 & br\ght anew to ! int]pretation ( _! religion ! culture ( ! out] _w1 ,greek philosophy became aga9 a p[]ful influ5ce1 ?\gh x 0 ,ari/otle r ?an ,plato :om !y /udi$4 ,! h>moniz+ _s ( ,philo1 :i* may be acc\nt$ "p ( ! g5ius ( ! race1 lives on 9 ,saadia1 ,maimonides1 ,ibn ,ezra1 ,ibn ,gabirol1 & ,judah ,halevi4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & ! ,arabic s*ool is m>k$4 ,!y d n inh]it 8 :ole object1 = !y aim$ n at a philosophical ,judaism :i* %\ld be a _w-religion1 b at a philosophical ,judaism = ! m enlight5$ ,jews alone4 ,philo's "w 0 ! culm9at+ po9t1 inde$1 ( a great developm5t 9 ,judaism1 produc$ by ! m+l+ ( ! f9e/ products ( human reason & human imag9ation1 b x 0 p>ticul>ly ! expression ( 8 own comm&+ g5ius4 ,he lack$ a true successor1 = ^? :o %>$ 8 aim did n inh]it 8 ,jewi% outlook1 & ^? :o %>$ 8 ,jewi% outlook did n inh]it 8 aim4 ,:at is *>act]i/ic ( & peculi> to ,philo is ! comb9ation ( ! mission>y & ! philosoph]4 ,liv+ at a "t :5 ! ,jewi% g5ius exp&$ mo/ brilliantly1 & :5 ,judaism ex]cis$ its greate/ influ5ce1 he hop$ to make 8 religion univ]sal by %[+ x to be philosophical1 & to br+ ab\t by ! aid ( ,plato ! ideal ( ! prophets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vii ,,philo ,,& ,,jewi% ,,tradition ,we h se5 f "t to "t h[ ,philo's int]pretation ( ! ,bible corresponds ) ,pale/9ian ,jewi% tradition2 & we mu/ n[ consid] m 9 detail ! relations ( ! two s*ools ( ,jewi% le>n+4 ,until ! la/ c5tury x 0 commonly suppos$ t no close relation exi/$1 & t ! ,alex&rian & ,pale/9ian s*ools 7 indep5d5t & oppos$2 ,scalig]1 ! greate/ s*ol> ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 wrote#bhj t ,philo 0 m ignorant ( ,hebraic & ,aramaic lore ?an any ,gaul or ,scy?ian1 & ?is 0 ! op9ion g5]ally held4 ,! rese>*es ( ,freud5?al & ,siegfri$#bha h %[n ! falsity ( ^! views2 &1 mo/ important ( all1 ,philo refutes !m out ( 8 own m\?4 ,he ref]s 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( 8 works#bhb to ! tradition & ! wisdom ( 8 ance/ors1 he tells u h[ on ! ,sabba? ! ,jews /udi$ 9 _! synagogues _! special philosophy1#bhc & he comm5ces 8 ,life ( ,moses by decl>+ t aga9/ ! false calumnies ( ,greek writ]s he w set =? ! true acc\nt :i* he has le>nt f ! sacr$ writ+s & f c]ta9 eld]s ( 8 race4 ,9 support ( 8 /atem5t we h ! rem>k ( ,eusebius1 ! ,*ri/ian hi/orian1 & our *ief anci5t au?ority = ,philo's "w1#bhd t he set =? & exp\nd$ n only ! laws ( ! ,bible1 b _m in/itutions & op9ions ( 8 fa!rs4 ,ap>t f ^! direct ref]5ces1 ! num]\s po9ts ( correspond5ce betwe5 ,philo's int]pretations & ^? ( ! ,talmud & lat] ,midra% w\ld compel u to admit a connection betwe5 ,alex&ria & ,j]usalem4 ,! break betwe5 ! two s*ools did n %[ itself till aft] ! "t ( ,philo4 ,up to ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! rabbis enc\rag$ ! union ( ,%em & ,japhe?--! two good sons ( "o p>5t--& ! /ream ( ideas fl[$ q freely betwe5 ! tea*]s 9 ,pale/9e & ! ,hell5iz$ colony 9 ,egypt4#bhe ,h5ce ! ,pale/9ian ,jews1 on ! "o h&1 receiv$ ! fir/ fruits ( ?is m+l+ ( cultures1 & ! ,alex&rian ,jews1 on ! o!r1 mu/ h inh]it$ ! e>ly tradition ( ! rabb9ical int]pret]s embodi$ 9 anci5t ,halakah & ,haggadah4 ,by ?is common h]itage1 r ?an by any direct borr[+1 x seems m reasonable to acc\nt = ! correspond5ce 9 ! two ,midra%im4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t until ! second c5tury ( ! common era ! mass ( ,jewi% tradition 0 a float+ & develop+ body ( op9ion n consign$ to writ+ or =maliz$1 b h&$ d[n by ^w ( m\? f tea*] to pupil1 & prea*] to congregation3 9 ?is way x 0 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! m9d ( ! race1 indef9itely &1 to "s ext5t1 unconsci\sly %ap+ its ?\ght4 ,! detail$ po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 ,philo & ! ,talmud & ,midra% are n ( great mom5t 9 !mselves1 b !y are ! signs ( a unity ( developm5t & ! ca?olicity ( ,judaism 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,d\btless ! developm5t 0 m national & at ! same "t m legal 9 ,juda1 9 ,alex&ria m ,hell5i/ic & philosophical1 b !re is a common spiritual bond betwe5 ! two expressions1 pi\s images1 fancies1 similes1 int]pretations :i* !y %>e4 ,!y are1 z x 71 *ildr5 ( "o family1 & despite ! v>y+ influ5ces ( environm5t !y ma9ta9 a family resemblance4 ,) ! ,sibyll9e oracles we may comp>e ,daniel & ! ,psalms ( ,solomon2 ) ,ari/eas & 8 fell[-,apologi/s1 ,josephus2 ) ! allegorical comm5t>ies ( ,philo1 ! ,midra%im4 ,mod]n s*ol>s h gone f> to prove t ,philo 0 ! exp\nd] ( an ,hell5ic ,midra% ^u ! ,bible1 9 :i* 7 ga!r$ ! ?\ghts & ideas t _h be5 br\ght to ,egypt by ! ,jewi% settl]s1 modifi$1 no d\bt1 by ,greek influ5ces1 b /ill be>+ ! /amp ( _! orig94 ,philo1 !n1 appe>s 9 ! direct l9e ( ! tradition :i* f ! "t ( ! ,great ,synagogue 0 dissem9at$ ?r\gh two *annels1 ! s*ools ( ,pale/9e & ! writ]s ( ,alex&ria4 ,he develop$ ! national ,jewi% !ology 9 a lit]>y =m1 :i* made x available = ! _w1 b ) him ! tradition z a ,jewi% tradition ends2 9 its fur!r ,hell5i/ic developm5t x dep>t$ entirely f its orig9al pr9ciples4 ,x is natural t ! l>g] numb] ( p>allels betwe5 ,philo & ! rabbis is to be f\nd 9 ! ,haggadic portions ( ,talmudic tea*+1 = ! ,haggadah repres5ts ! same _s z und]lies ,philo's "w1 ?\gh 9 a m peculi>ly ,jewi% =m2 x is an allegory1 a play ( fancy1 a tale t po9ts a moral1 or illu/rates a "q4 ,x _h1 too1 l>gely ! same orig91 = x ga!r$ toge!r ! popul> disc\rses giv5 9 ! synagogue on ! ,sabba?s4 ,yet ! relation ( ,philo to ! o!r doma9 ( ! ,talmud1 ! code ( life1 or ! ,halakah1 is ( great int]e/2 =1 z we h se51#bhf ! ,alex&rian community _h a ,sanh$r9 ( _! own1 ( :i* ,philo's bro!r 0 ! presid5t1 & he himself probably a memb]2 & 9 8 exposition ( ! ,specific ,laws he has pres]v$ = u ! record ( c]ta9 int]pretations ( ! ,jewi% code1 :i* are illum9at+ z mu* by _! diff]5ce f1 z by _! agreem5t )1 ! practices ( ,pale/9e4 ,! g5]al aim ( ,philo's exegesis ( ! law 0 to %[ its broad pr9ciples ( ju/ice & humanity r ?an to =mulate its exact detail4 ,x is true1 he makes x an (f5ce#bhg--unkn[n to ! rabbis--= a ,jew to be initiat$ into ! ,greek my/]ies1 b usually he is conc]n$ to recomm5d ! ,halakah to ! _w r ?an exp& x = 8 own community4 ,?is is %[n 9 8 treatm5t ( ! civil z mu* z ! moral law4 ,! great sy/em ( jurisprud5ce 9 8 day1 ) :i* e code claim+ to h univ]sal value _h necess>ily to *all5ge comp>ison1 0 ,roman ,law4 ,t "p ( x :i* 0 appli$ ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 ! jus g5tium1 0 reg>d$ z writt5 reason4 ,x is probable t contact ) ,roman jurisprud5ce _h affect$ ! practical int]pretations :i* ! ,alex&rian ,sanh$r9 put ^u ! ,biblical legislation1 & 0 ! cause ( "s ( _! diff]5ces f ! ,pale/9ian ,halakah4 ,9 treat+ ! e?ical law1 ,philo's object 0 to %[ its agreem5t ) ! l(tie/ conceptions ( ,greek philosoph]s1 &1 inde$1 its pr(\nd] tru?2 9 treat+ ! civil law ( ! ,bible1 8 object likewise 0 to %[ its agreem5t ) ! highe/ pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce & its sup]iority to pagan codes4 ,if at times he supports a great] sev]ity ?an ! ,pale/9ian rabbis ev5tually all[$1 t is :]e great] sev]ity implies a clos] relation to ,roman ,law4 ,?us he has n ! horror ( capital puni%m5t :i* ! ,j]usalem ,sanh$r9 exhibit$2 he w\ld condemn to dea? ! man :o commits wilful homicide1 :e!r by 8 own h& or by poison2#bhh :]eas ! o!r ,halakah all[s x only 9 ! =m] case4 ,he :o commits p]jury also is to suff] capital puni%m5t4#bhi ,he adds a law :i* f9ds no place 9 ! ,pale/9ian tradition1 mak+ ! exposure ( *ildr5 a capital crime4#bij ,aga91 foll[+ ! text ( ! ,biblical law lit]ally 7see ,deut4 xxi4 #ah71 he gives p[] ( life & dea? to p>5ts ov] _! rebelli\s *ildr51 :]eas ! ,jewi% law dem&s a trial be=e a c\rt to make ! dea? s5t5ce legal4 ,he approves ( ! lex talionis1 an eye = an eye1 a too? = a too?1 agree+ "h1 inde$1 ) ! op9ion ( e>li] rabbis l ,r4 ,eliez] 7see ,baba ,kama #hd1 ,hebrew3 'yn ?t 'yn mm%1 ! law ( eye = eye is to be tak5 lit]ally71 & disagree+ ) ! lat] ,halakic int]pretation1 :i* says t ! law ( ,moses means ! aw>d ( ! value ( an eye = an eye1 etc4 ,?is is "o in/ance among _m ( ,philo's adoption ( ! old] tradition1 e/abli%$ probably "u ! ,sadducan pr$om9ance1 :i* 0 modifi$ 9 ! rabb9ical s*ools ( ! fir/ & ! second c5tury4 ,p>adoxically1 9 8 exposition ( ! law1 ,philo foll[s ! lett] m closely z ! expression ( ju/ice1 :ile ! lat] rabbis (t5 allegorize x 9 ord] to support _! human] int]pretation4 ,?us1 comm5t+ on ! passage 9 ,exodus xxii4 #c ab\t ! law ( !ft1 ,if ! sun be ris5 ^u him1 blood %all be %$ = blood1 he1 l ,r4 ,eliez]1 int]prets ,hebrew3 dbrim kktbm#bia i4e41 lit]ally4 ,if1 he says1 ! own] cat*es ! ?ief be=e sunrise1 he may kill him1 b aft] ! sun has ris5 he mu/ br+ him be=e ! c\rt4#bib ,?is also 0 ! ,roman law1 b ! ,halakah int]prets m artificially3 ,if x 7 z cle> z sunlight t ! ?ief w\ld n h kill$ ! own]1 !n ! own] may n kill him4 ,philo w\ld ju/ify ! old law2 ! rabbis expla9 x away4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 8 treatm5t ( ! law relat+ to slaves1 ,philo ext5ds ! lib]ality bo? ( ! ,bible & ! ,halakah4 ,he decl>es t ! slave is to be set free :5 by 8 ma/]'s viol5ce he loses an eye or ev5 a too?4#bic ,! ,bible & ! ,talmud direct emancipation only :]e ! slave loses a limb2 b ,philo writes eloqu5tly ( ! humanity ( :i* man is depriv$ by ! loss ( sight2 & he w\ld app>5tly condemn ! ma/] :o injur$ 8 slave m s]i\sly to ! full p5alties ( ! ord9>y law4#bid ,maimonides1 9 8 exposition ( ! law1 approves ! mild] practice1#bie & ?is sugge/s t x _h an old tradition beh9d x4 ,beautiful is ,philo's /ray maxim1 ,behave to y\r s]vants z y pray t ,god may behave to y4 ,= z we he> !m1 s %all we be he>d1 & z we reg>d !m1 s %all we be reg>d$4#bif ,9 8 :ole treatm5t ( slav]y1 ,philo %[s rem>kable enlight5m5t = 8 age4 ,he objects1 inde$1 to ! in/itution altoge!r1 & he temp]s x cont9ually ) ideas ( equality4 ,?us1 foll[+ ! ,halakah1 he directs ! r$emption ( a slave sev5 ye>s aft] 8 pur*ase1 & he treats ! laws ( ! sev5?-ye> re/ to ! l& & ( ! jubilee z ( univ]sal validity4 ,com+ to ! m specifically religi\s laws we f9d t ,philo1 mission>y z he is1 prohibits altoge!r m>riage ) ,g5tiles1#big & t ?\gh1 9 ! op9ion ( c]ta9 rabb9ic tea*]s1 ! ,biblical prohibition ext5d$ only to m>riage ) ! ,canaanite tribes1 & unions ) o!r ,g5tiles 7 p]mitt$4#bih ,philo recognizes h[ dang]\s su* unions are = ! cause :i* he _h s de>ly at he>t1 ! spread+ ( ,judaism4 ,ev51 says he1 if y y\rself rema9 true to y\r religion ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! excell5t in/ruction ( y\r p>5ts1 yet !re is no small dang] t y\r *ildr5 by su* a m>riage may be beguil$ away by bad cu/oms to unle>n ! true religion ( ! "o only ,god4#bii ,?r\gh\t1 ,philo is true to ! mission ( ,israel 9 its highe/ s5se4 ,t mission is n assimilation1 & x is to be br\ght ab\t by no easy me?od ( mix+ ) ! surr\nd+ p4 ,x c be effect$ only by hold+ up ! ,torah 9 its purity z a light to ! nations1 & by (f]+ !m examples ( life accord+ to ! law4 ,( ! special ord9ances = ,sabba?s & fe/ivals ,philo m5tions only ^? consecrat$ by ! ,biblical law or anci5t tradition1 :i* probably 7 ! only ones settl$ 9 8 day4 ,he lays d[n ! prohibition to k9dle fire1#cjj to make or return deposits1 or to plead 9 ! law c\rts on ! ,sabba?2 he speaks ( ! read+ ( ! ,haggadah & ,hallel on ! night ( ,passov]1 ( ! br++ ( a b>ley cake dur+ ! ',om] & ( ! fir/ fruits to ! ,temple on ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks1 ( ! ,%(> at ,new ,ye>1 & ( ! ,sukkah1 b n ( ! ,lulab at ,tab]nacles4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ,halakah 0 n consolidat$ till ! second or ?ird c5tury1 & 9 ,philo's "t x 0 9 ! process ( =mation by diff]5t s*ools ( rabbis4 ,b ! passage quot$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 ab\t add+ to ! law1 proves 8 rev]5ce = ! oral law4#cja ,?\gh 8 /atem5t ( ! civil & religi\s law is ( great int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ,halakic developm5t1 ,philo's "w pres5ts great] correspond5ce1 on ! :ole1 ) ! ,haggadah1 :i* 9 a primitive way draws philosophical & e?ical lessons f ! ,bible n>rative4 ,x is a free int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures1 ! expression ( ! individual morali/2 x loves to po9t a moral & adorn a tale1 & 9 _m cases x is 9 agreem5t ) ! ,hell5i/ic s*ool4 ,to take a few typical examples3 ,an e>ly int]pretation expla9s ! /ory ( ! ,braz5 ,s]p5t1 z ,philo does1#cjb to mean t z long z ,israel are look+ upw>d to ! ,fa!r 9 ,heav5 !y w live1 b :5 !y cease to d s !y w die4 ,ano!r1 l him aga91 f9ds ! motive ( ! comm& to bore ! e> ( ! slave :o w n leave 8 ma/] at ! sev5? ye> ( r$emption1 9 ! pr9ciple t m5 are ,god's s]vants1 & %\ld n volunt>ily ?r[ away _! preci\s fre$om4 ,s1 too1 ! ,haggadah agrees 9 num]\s po9ts ) ,philo's /ories ab\t ! patri>*s4#cjc ,if "o 7 to g ?r\gh ! ,midra%ic int]pretations ( ! ,five ,books ( ,moses1 he w\ld f9d 9 ne>ly e section int]pretations rem9isc5t ( ,philo4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 !re are /rik+ contra/s 9 ! two comm5t>ies4 ,?us ! ,midra%#cjd tells t ! f\r riv]s ( ,ed5 symbolize ! f\r great nations ( ! old _w2 to ,philo1 !y repres5t ! f\r c>d9al virtues e/abli%$ by ,greek philosoph]s4 ,! ,pale/9ian comm5tators 7 prone to see an hi/orical :]e ,philo saw a philosophical image4 ,! "q may be ask$1 ,:o is ! orig9ator & :o ! borr[] ( ! common tradition8 ,& x is a "q to :i* *ronology c give no c]ta9 answ]1 & = :i* dates or records h no mean+4 ,= ! ,haggadah 0 n committ$ to writ+ till _m g5]ations _h kn[n its influ5ces1 & x 0 n f9ally compil$ till _m g5]ations m _h h&$ x d[n ) cont9u\s accretions4 ,! ,haggadah 9 fact is "p ( ! p]man5t _s ( ! race go+ back to a ho>y pa/1 & /ret*+ d[n ! e*o+ grooves ( "t to ! tradition ( ,judaism 9 our own day4 ,! ,hebrew ,^w means1 & ! ?+ is1 :at is said3 ! utt]ances ( ! inspir$ tea*]1 "s tale1 "s happy play ( fancy1 "s moral aphorism1 "s *>m+ allegory :i* captivat$ ! he>]s1 & 0 h&$ d[n ! g5]ations z a preci\s ?\ght4 ,x is significant 9 ?is reg>d t ! ,haggadah is rem>kable = ! numb] ( =eign words :i* x conta9s1 ,greek1 ,p]sian1 & ,roman t]ms jo/l+ ) ,hebrew & ,aramaic4 ,= :ile ! ,halakah 0 ! production ( ! ,pale/9ian & ,babylonian s*ools alone1 ! ,haggadah br\ght toge!r ! h>ve/ ( all l&s2 & scraps ( ,greek philosophy f\nd _! way to ,pale/9e be=e ! ,alex&rian s*ool develop$ its sy/ematic allegory4 ,9 ! ,mi%nah1 ! e>lie/ body ( ,jewi% lore :i* 0 def9itely =mulat$ & writt5 d[n1 "o section is ,haggadic1 ! passages we "k z ! ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,n[1 we _c place ! date ( ?is compilation be=e ! fir/ c5tury1#cje & ?us x w\ld seem to be contempor>y ) ,philo's "w1 to :i* x af=ds num]\s p>allels4 ,b ! great mass ( ! ,haggadah1 ! ,pesikta1 ! ,mekilta1 & ! o!r ,midra%im1 7 all lat] compilations1 "s ( !m z late z ! fif? & ! six? c5tury4 ,are we to say1 !n1 t :]e !y correspond to ,philo !y %[ 8 influ5ce8 ,at fir/ ?is w\ld appe> ! natural conclusion4 ,!re is a bett] te/ ( priority1 h[ev]1 ?an ! date ( compilation1 ! te/ ( ! ?\ght itself & its expression4 ,& judg$ by ?is te/ we see t ! ,haggadah is ! m anci5t1 ! primal developm5t ( ! ,hebrew m9d4 ,! ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs are typical ( ! f9e/ & mo/ conc5trat$ wisdom ( ! ,haggadah1 & exhibit ?\ght 9 its impulsive1 unsy/ematic1 gnomic expression1 nei!r logical nor illogical1 because x kn[s n logic4 ,beautiful e?ical intuitions & pr(\nd guesses at !ological tru? ab\nd2 any?+ l a def9ite sy/em ( e?ics & !ology is n to be f\nd1 :5ce x is said1 ,d n argue ) ! ,haggadah4 ,ev5 m s is ?is ! case ) ! bulk ( ! ,midra%4 ,!re1 pi\s fancy w weave itself ar\nd ! hi/ory & ideals ( ! p1 & sudd5ly "o comes across a sage reflection or a philosophical utt]ance4 ,) ,philo x is o!rwise4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,greeks he is unsy/ematic1 inaccurate1 want+ 9 logic1 exub]ant 9 imag9ation4 ,comp>$ ) ! rabbis he is a =mal & accurate philosoph]1 an exact & s*ol>ly !ologian4 ,! float+ poetical ideas ( ! ,haggadah are wov5 by him into ! fabric ( a ,jewi% philosophy & a ,jewi% !ology1 & knit toge!r ) ! rational conceptions ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics & ,plato's ,timu4 ,we may say1 !n1 almo/ ) c]ta9ty1 t ,philo d]ives f ! e>ly ,jewi% tradition1 ?\gh at ! same "t he introduc$ into t tradition _m an idea tak5 f ! ,greek ?9k]s1 :i* f\nd its way to ! lat] ,pale/9ian s*ools ( ,jamnia & ,tib]ias1 & 0 reca/ by ! ,hebraic imag9ation4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we f9d t he adopts "s fancy ( 8 ance/ors & develops x rhetorically & philosophically 9 8 comm5t>y4 ,to give _m examples or ref]5ces to examples ( ?is feature ( ,philo's "w is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book1 b ( 8 developm5t ( an old ,pale/9ian tradition ! foll[+ passage may s]ve z a typical in/ance3 ,!re is an old /ory1 he writes1 compos$ by ! sages & h&$ d[n by memory f age to age4444 ,!y say t1 :5 ,god _h f9i%$ ! _w1 he ask$ "o ( ! angels if aught 7 want+ on l& or 9 sea1 9 air or 9 heav54 ,! angel answ]$ t all 0 p]fect & complete4 ,"o ?+ only he desir$1 spee*1 to praise ,god's works1 or to rec\nt1 r ?an praise1 ! exce$+ wond]fulness ( all ?+s made1 ev5 ( ! smalle/ & ! lea/4 ,= ! due recital ( ,god's works w\ld be _! mo/ adequate praise1 see+ t !y ne$$ no addition ( ornam5t1 b possess$ 9 ! s9c]ity ( tru? ! mo/ p]fect eulogy4 ,& ! ,fa!r approv$ ! angel's words1 & aft]w>ds appe>$ ! race gift$ ) ! muses & ) song4 ,?is is ! anci5t /ory2 & 9 accord ) x1 ,i say t x is ,god's peculi> "w to d good1 & ! creature's "w to give ,him ?anks4#cjf ,n[ ?is leg5d & moral appe> 9 ano!r =m 9 ! collection ( ,midra%1 ! ,pirke ,rabbi ,eliez]1 :i* app>5tly _h anci5t s\rces t h disappe>$4 ,!re x is told3 ,:5 ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 consult$ ! ,torah z to ! complet5ess ( ! "w ( creation1 %e answ]$ him3 ',ma/] ( ! future _w1 if !re be no ho/1 ov] :om w ! ,k+ reign1 & if !re be no creatures to praise him1 :]e is ! glory ( ! ,k+8' ,& ! ,"l ( ! _w 0 pleas$ ) h] answ] & =?) ,he creat$ man4#cjg ,! ,haggadah is ri* also 9 allegorical speculation1 ( :i* !re are traces 9 ! ,biblical books !mselves4 ,9 ! book ( ,micah1 = example1 we f9d t ! patri>*s are tak5 z types ( c]ta9 virtues1 ,abraham ( ,k9dness1 ,hebrew3 hsd1 & ,jacob ( ,tru?1 ,hebrew3 'mt 7vii4 #bj74 ,& :5 ! ideas ( ! p exp&$ philosophically 9 ,pale/9e & 9 ,alex&ria1 ! pr(\nd] conceptions 7 atta*$ to ,scripture by ! device ( allegorical int]pretation1 & c]ta9 rabbis attribut$ a high] value to ! inn] ?an to ! lit]al mean+4 ,?us ,akiba1 :o wrote an elaborate allegorical "w ^u ! ,song ( ,songs1#cjh held t ! book 0 ! mo/ pr(\nd 9 ! ,bible1 & ,rabbi ,judah simil>ly reg>d$ ! book ( ,job4#cji ,! ,pale/9ian allegori/s took to !mselves a wid] field ?an ! ,alex&rian1 & look$ = ! deep] mean+s r 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature ?an 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* 0 to !m ess5tially ! ,book ( ! ,law1 &1 !re=e1 n a fit subject = ,ma%al1 i4e41 inn] mean+s4#caj ,h5ce1 _! allegorism 0 m natural1 m real1 & tru] to ! _s ( t :i* !y int]pret$4 ,!y allegoriz$ :5 an allegory 0 invit$1 :]eas ,philo & 8 s*ool (t5 =c$ _! philosophical mean+s 9 face ( ! cle> purport ( ! text1 & )\t reg>d to ! ,hebrew4 ,9 ! "o case allegory 0 a g5u9e developm5t1 & might h be5 adopt$ by ! orig9al prophet3 9 ! o!r1 x 0 recon/ruction2 & ! artificial un-,hebraic "* ( ! ,hell5i/ic comm5t>y 0 "o ( ! causes ( its disappe>ance f ,jewi% tradition4 ,:ile ! ,pale/9ian allegori/s bas$ _! cont9u\s philosophical int]pretation ^u ! ,wisdom ,books1 !y1 at ! same "t1 look$ = second>y mean+s :]ev] opportunity (f]$1 & f\nd lessons 9 lett]s & tea*+s 9 names4 ,an e>ly s*ool ( comm5tators 0 actually kn[n z ,hebrew3 dor% r%omot#caa or int]pret]s ( signs1 & _! me?od 0 by exam9ation ( ! lett]s ( a ^w1 or by comp>ison ( diff]5t v]ses1 to explore homilies4 ,= in/ance1 ! v]se1 ,& ,god %[$ ,moses a tree 7,exod4 xvi4 #bf71 by :i* he sweet5$ ! wat]s at ,m>ah1 symboliz$1 by a play on ! ^w ,hebrew3 vyvrhu1#cab t ,god taught ,moses ! ,torah1 ( :i* x is said1 ,%e is a tree ( life 7,prov4 iii4 #ah74 ,ano!r happy example ( ?is me?od occurs 9 ! six? section ( ! ,pirke ,abot1 :]e ! names 9 ! it9]>y1 ,hebrew3 mmtna nhlial1 vmnhlial bmot 7,numb4 xxi4 #ai71 are inve/$ ) a spiritual mean+4 ,:oev] believes 9 ! ,torah1 x is writt51 %all be exalt$1 z x is said1 ,f ! gift ( ! law man atta9s ! h]itage ( ,god1 & by t h]itage he rea*es ,heav54 ,9 ?is passage ( ,pale/9ian allegorism1 x may be notic$ t ! ,torah is reg>d$ z a spiritual bond betwe5 man & ,god1 & z a sort ( int]m$i>y p[] betwe5 !m4 ,?is feature is almo/ z frequ5t 9 ! ,midra% z ! ,logos-idea 9 ,philo1 s t x may be said t rabb9ic !ology f9ds an idealism 9 ! ,torah :i* corresponds to ! idealism ( ! ,philonic ,^w4 ,x is express$1 no d\bt1 navely & fancifully1 ev5 playfully1 )\t attempt at philosophical d$uctions4 ,x is in=m$ by ! same _s z ! ,alex&rian allegory1 b x is ess5tially poetical & impulsive1 & set =? 9 my?ical p]sonification1 n 9 delib]ate metaphysics4 ,! ,torah to ! rabbis 0 ! embodim5t ( ! ,wisdom :i* ! writ] ( ,prov]bs _h glorifi$1 & x takes its pr]ogatives4 ,god gazes ^u ! ,torah be=e ,he creates ! _w4#cac ,! ,torah1 ?\gh ! *ief1 is n1 h[ev]1 ! only object ( rabb9ic idealism4 ,god & ,8 "n1 x is said1 alone exi/$ be=e ! _w 0 creat$1#cad & 9 a ,talmud leg5d relat+ ! bir? ( man1 ! ideal p[] is id5tifi$ ) ,tru?1 :i*1 l ! ,logos1 is pictur$ z ,god's own seal4 ,f ,heav5 to ,e>?1 f ,e>? once m to ,heav5 ,%all ,tru?1 ) con/ant int]*ange1 alight ,& so> aga91 an ev]la/+ l9k ,betwe5 ! _w & ,sky4 7,translation ( ,emma ,laz>us47#cae ,correspond+ly1 ,philo id5tifies ! ,logos ) ! "n ( ,god & ) ,tru?4 ,( ano!r piece ( ,talmudic idealism we cat* a trace 9 ,maimonides' ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$1#caf :]e he says t ! rabbis expla9$ ! designation ( ,god1 ,hebrew3 lrubb b'rbot r5d]$ 9 ! au?oriz$ v]sion1 ,he :o ride? on ! heav5s 7,ps4 lxviii4 #d71 to mean t ,he dwelt 9 ! highe/ sph]e ( heav5 amid ! et]nal ideas ( ,ju/ice & ,virtue1 z x is said3 ,ju/ice & ,righte\sness are ! base ( ,?y ?rone 7,ps4 lxxxix4 #ae74 ,^! fancies & int]pretations indicate t 9 ,pale/9e z well z 9 ,alex&ria an ideali/ic !ology & a religi\s metaphysics 7 develop+ at ?is p]iod1 ?\gh 9 ! ,ea/ x 0 m imag9ative1 m ,hebraic1 m 9 ! _s ( ! old prophets4 ,! m s]i\s metaphysical & !ological speculation ( ! rabbis 0 embodi$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,creation1 & ! ,*>iot1 ,hebrew3 m'%a br'%it & ,hebrew3 m'%a mrkba1 :i* 9 =m 7 comm5t>ies on ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis & ! visions ( ,ezekiel4 ,!y 7 res]v$ = ! wise/ & mo/ le>n$1 = ! rabbis _h always a fe> ( introduc+ ! /ud5t to philosophy until 8 k ( ! law 0 well e/abli%$4 ,!y held1 ) ,plato1 t metaphysical speculation mu/ be ! cr[n ( k1 & if treat$ z its f\ndation1 be=e ! necess>y discipl9e _h be5 obta9$1 x w\ld produce all sorts ( wild ideas4 ,judaism = !m 0 prim>ily n a philosophical doctr9e b a sy/em ( life4 ,! ,hell5i/ic s*ool 0 s f> false to _! /&po9t t x laid /ress = ! ord9>y believ] ^u ! philosophical mean+ z well z ^u ! law4 ,& z ev5ts prov$1 ?is l$ to ! neglect ( ! law & ! dogmatic e/abli%m5t ( speculative !ories z ! basis ( a new religion4 ,d\btless ! consci\sness t ! philosophical developm5t l$ away f ,judaism increas$ ! di/ru/ ( ! lat] rabbis = su* speculation1 & made !m reg>d esot]ic z a mild] t]m = h]etical2 b ! w>n+ is already giv5 9 ,b5 ,sira3 ,x is n ne$ful = !e to see ! secret ?+s4#cag ,! ,talmud1 inde$1 records c]ta9 ideas ab\t ! p[]s ( ,god & ,8 relation to ! univ]se 9 ! names ( ! great ma/]s2 & 9 ^! ideas !re are /rik+ resemblances to ,philo's conceptions4 ,! ,^w is spok5 ( z an int]m$iate ag5cy2#cah ! f+] ( ,god is really ! ,^w2 ! angels are sprung f ! ,words ( ,god3 ,b5 ,zoma decl>$ t ! :ole "w ( creation 0 c>ri$ out by ! ,^w1 z x is writt51 ,& ,god said4#cai ,b on ! o!r h& !re are passages 9 :i* ! rabbis oppose ! ,alex&rian attitude1 & po9t out 9 its excessive philosophiz+ a dang] to ,judaism1 s t 9 ! end !y exclude x4 ,rabbi ,i%mael1 we are told1 w>n$ 8 pupils ( ! dang] ( ,greek wisdom4#cbj ,akiba1 liv+ at a "t :5 ! ,jews 7 fight+ = spiritual z well z = physical life aga9/ ! comb9$ =ces ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 propos$ to ban all ! ,hebrew3 sfrim hitsonim1#cba & ! ,gem>a argues t among ^! 7 includ$ ! ,apocryphal works :i* %[$ ,greek influ5ce4 ,aga91 ,eli%a b5 ,abuya1 ! ar*-h]etic1 is held up to reproa* because he read ,hebrew3 sfri m9im1#cbb "u :i* title ,greek ,gno/ic books are probably impli$4 ,at ! "t :5 ?is _s %[s itself1 ! appe>ance ( h]etical (f%oots f ,judaism 0 already pron\nc$4 ,h]esy 0 ! aft]ma? ( ! comb9ation ( ,judaism & ,hell5ism1 & if fur!r dis9tegration 0 to be avoid$1 ! s$uctive ,greek influ5ce _h to be disc\rag$4 ,!re is always ! dang] 9 a m+l+ ( two cultures1 t ea* w lose its p>ticul> excell5ce 9 a comp\nd :i* has c]ta9 qualities1 b n ! virtues1 ( ei!r elem5t4 ,compromises may be desirable 9 political affairs2 9 affairs ( ?\ght !y are p]il\s4 ,d[n to ! "t ( ,philo1 ! fusion ( ?\ght at ,alex&ria _h be5 b5eficial1 & _h broad5$ ! ,jewi% outlook )\t impair+ its /r5g?1 b ! dissolv+ =ces ( civilization nev] op]at$ m p[]fully ?an 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! common era1 :5 ! intellect ( ! _w 0 jad$ & we>y1 & ! great movem5t 9 culture 0 a jumbl+ toge!r ( ! ideas ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,m especially 9 ! cosmopolitan t[ns1 ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 & ,rome1 national life1 national culture1 & national religion 7 und]m9$2 & ev5 ! ,jew1 despite ! /ronghold ( 8 law & tradition1 0 caught 9 ! g5]al vortex ( m+l+ cre$s & !ologies4 ,out ( ?is confusion 7:i* 0 9 "o aspect a cont9uation ( ! "w ( ,philo7 em]g$1 fir/1 fanta/ic ,gno/ic religi\s & philosophical sects1 &1 f9ally1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* prov$ ! sy/em be/ fitt$ to survive 9 ! circum/ances1 b 0 9 ess5ce z well z 9 orig9 a bl5d+ ( diff]5t outlooks1 & true to ! c>d9al po9ts ( nei!r ,hebraism nor ,hell5ism4 ,! rabbis1 ) rem>kable intuition1 saw t ! ,hell5i/ic developm5t ( ,judaism1 :i* _h va9ly /riv5 to make ,judaism univ]sal1 _h end$ 9 violat+ its mono!ism & abrogat+ its law2 & 9 t era ( dis9tegration1 d5ationalization1 & decomposition !y det]m9$ to keep _! h]itage pure & inviolate4 ,judaism by _! ef=ts 0 ! only national culture :i* surviv$1 & "s sacrifice _h to be made to secure ?is end4 ,! lit]>y monum5ts ( ! ,alex&rian community f ! ,septuag9t translation to ! philosophy ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ol>*s 7 cut out ( ,jewi% tradition1 & ! ,babylonian s*ool 0 ignorant altoge!r ( ! ,hebrew3 hkma yonit 7,greek wisdom74 ,:5 ,b5 ,zoma desir$ to /udy ! ,hebrew3 sfrim hitsonim1 & ask$ ( 8 tea*] at :at h\r ( ! day x 0 lawful to d s1 he receiv$ ! reply t x 0 p]missible at an h\r :i* 0 nei!r day nor night2 = ! precept 0 to /udy ! ,torah by day & night1 z x is said1 ,hebrew3 7,jo%4 i4 #h74 ,b> ,kapp>a1 inde$1 a rabbi ( ! ?ird c5tury1 expla9$ ,g5esis ix4 #bg1 ,god %all enl>ge ,japhe? & he %all dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em1 to mean t ! words ( ! ,torah %all be recit$ 9 ! spee* ( ,japhe? 7i4e41 ,greek7 9 ! synagogues & s*ools1#cbc b by mo/ o!r tea*]s ! union betwe5 ,%em & ,japhe? 0 no long] enc\rag$1 because ,japhe? _h become degrad$ & 0 alli$ ) ! cruel *ildr5 ( ,edom 7,rome74 ,besides ! ,talmud & ! ,midra% we h1 9 ! "w ( ,josephus1 ano!r indication t !re 0 9 ,philo's own day communication betwe5 ,alex&ria & ,pale/9e4 ,! ,jewi% hi/orian m>ks ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ic ideas 9 ,pale/9e 9 fulle/ measure1 & l ,philo he seeks by embelli%m5t to recomm5d ! hi/ories & ,scriptures ( 8 p to ! non-,jew & to br+ home _! ?\ght to ! cultur$ ,roman-,greek _w4 ,?us1 9 ! preface to 8 ,antiquities1 he notes1 z ,philo not$ 9 8 comm5t>y1 t ,moses beg9s 8 laws ) a philosophical cosmology2 he says also t ,moses spoke "s ?+s "u a fitt+ allegory1 hid+ b5ea? x a v rem>kable philosophical !ory4 ,! allegorical comm5t>y :i* ,josephus decl>$ t he int5d$ to write has n--if x 0 writt5--come d[n to u1 b we h 9 8 writ+s c]ta9 allegorical valuations ( names t agree directly ) ,philo4 ,abel he expla9s z signify+ m\rn+1 ,ca91 ,hebrew3 k91 z selfi% possession4 ,9 ! prie/ly g>m5ts ( ,a>on he sees ) ,philo a symbol ( ! univ]se1 :i* ! high prie/ support$ :5 he ent]$ ! ,holy ( ,holies4 ,& ! ritual vessels ( ! tab]nacle h also _! univ]sal significance4 ,if1 says ! ,pale/9ian ,hell5i/1 any man d b consid] ! fabric ( ! tab]nacle & reg>d ! ve/m5ts ( ! high prie/1 he w f9d t our legislator 0 a ,div9e man1 & t we are unju/ly reproa*$ by ^? :o attack u = tribal n>r[ness4 ,= if he look ^u ^! ?+s )\t prejudice1 he w f9d t ea* "o 0 made by way ( imitation & repres5tation ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 ,moses ord]$ twelve loaves to be set on ! table1 he d5ot$ ! ye>s z di/+ui%$ into s _m mon?s4 ,by bran*+ out ! c&le/ick into sev5 p>ts1 he intimat$ ! sev5 divisions ( ! planets4444 ,! ve/m5ts ( ! high prie/1 be+ made ( l951 signifi$ ! e>?1 ! blue color !re( d5ot$ ! sky1 ! pomegranates symboliz$ lightn+1 & ! noise ( ! bells resembl$ ?und]4 ,& ! fa%ion ( ! ephod %[$ t ,god _h made ! _w ( f\r elem5ts4#cbd ,let u n[ li/5 n[ to ,philo3 ,! raim5t ( ! prie/ is altoge!r a repres5tation & imitation ( ! univ]se1 & its p>ts are ! p>ts ( ! o!r4 ,8 tunic is all ( blue l951 ! symbol ( ! sky4 ,! rabbis _h a simil> fancy ( ! ,tsitsi? 7fr+es74 ,& ! fl[]s embroid]$ !reon m>k ! e>?1 f :i* all ?+s fl[]4 ,& ! pomegranates are a symbol ( ! wat]1 be+ skilfully call$ ?us 7,greek3 rhois*oi1 i4e41 fl[+ fruit7 because ( _! juice1 & ! bells are ! symbols ( ! h>mony ( all ! elem5ts4#cbe ,x is true t ! symbolism ( two allegori/s is v>i$1 b a common _s & aim und]lie _! int]pretations4 ,?is is true alike ( _! acc\nt ( ! rituali/ic & civil law ( ,moses4 ,ei!r1 !n1 !re 0 a common s\rce ( ,jewi% apologetic lit]ature1 or ,josephus mu/ h borr[$ f ,philo4 ,x is significant t he is ! only contempor>y ( ,philo t m5tions him4 ,he speaks ( him z a di/+ui%$ philosoph]1 ! bro!r ( ! alab>*1 & ! lead] ( ! embassy to ,gaius4#cbf ,he kn[s also ( ! anti-,semitic diatribes ( ,philo's great enemy ,apion1 & two ( 8 extant books are ma/]ly reply to _! outp\r+s4 ,h5ce x is n ra% to assume t he knew at lea/ t "p ( ,philo's "w :i* _h a mission>y & apologetic purpose--! ,life ( ,moses & ! ,hypo!tica4 ,he makes no ackn[l$gm5t to !m1 x is true1 b expressions ( obligation 7 n 9 ! fa%ion ( ! "t4 ,plagi>ism 0 held to be no crime1 & citation ( au?orities 9 notes or else:]e 0 almo/ unkn[n 9 lit]ature--save 9 ! ,talmud1#cbg :]e to tell some?+ 9 ! "n ( somebody else is a virtue4 ,b "o c h>dly d\bt t ! man :o devot$ himself to refut+ ! ly+ calumnies ( ,apion fir/ made himself ma/] ( ! classical "w ( ,apion's oppon5t1 :i* claim$ to give to ! ,greek _w ! au?oritative acc\nt ( ! ,jewi% lawgiv] & 8 legislation4 ,:at ,josephus knew mu/ h be5 kn[n to o!r cultur$ ,jews ( ,pale/9e4 ,yet ,philo1 save 9 "o d\btful case :i* w be notic$1 is n m5tion$ by any ,jewi% writ] betwe5 ,josephus 9 ! fir/ & ,az>iah dei ,rossi 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! compil]s ( ! ,midra%im & ! ,yalkut1 ! philosoph]s ( ! ,d>k & ,middle ,ages1 f9ally ! ,cabbali/s1 are cont9ually rem9isc5t ( 8 doctr9es1 b !y d n m5tion 8 works or 8 exi/5ce4 ,! ,midra% ,tad%1#cbh a t5? c5tury compilation ( allegorical exegesis1 conta9s def9ite p>allels to ,philonic passages1 especially 9 its quotations f an ,ess5e ,tannaite1 ,p9h4z b5 ,jar2 b aga9 ! trace ( influ5ce is indirect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ri/ian writ]s f ! "t ( ,clem5t 9 ! second c5tury quote him freely1 make an?ologies ( 8 beautiful say+s1 & 9 _! m imag9ative mom5ts acclaim him ! comrade ( ,m>k & ! fri5d ( ,pet]4 ,! rise ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* co9cid$ ) ! d[nfall ( ! nation1 caus$ ! rabbis to emphasize ! national "* ( ,judaism 9 ord] to pres]ve ! old fai? ( _! fa!rs 9 ! critical condition 9 :i* exile1 p]secution1 & assimilation plac$ x4 ,! fir/ c5tury 0 a "t ( fev]i% dreams & wild hopes t 7 n realizable3 m5 _h look$ = ! com+ ( ! days ( univ]sal peace & good-w1 & ! ,alex&rian ,jews 9 p>ticul> hop$ = ! spread+ ( ,judaism ov] ! _w4 ,! rabbis recogniz$ t ?is consummation 0 f> away1 & t ,judaism mu/ rema9 p>ticul>i/ = c5turies 9 ! hope ( a f9al univ]salism4 ,meantime x mu/ hold fa/ to ! law &1 9 default ( a national home1 /r5g!n ! national religi\s life 9 ea* ,jewi% h\sehold4 ,!y reg>d$ ,greek z n only a /range b a ho/ile tongue1 & ! allegorical exegesis ( ! ,bible1 :i* _h l$ to ! :ittl+ away ( ! law1 z a godless wisdom4 ,! ,septuag9t translation1 :i* _h (f]$ a />t+ po9t = philosophical speculation1 0 replac$ by a new ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t made by ,aquila1 a proselyte1 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,x gave a baldly lit]al translation ( ! ,hebrew text1 sacrific+ =m & ev5 lucidity to a fai?ful transcript4 ,) unconsci\s irony ! rabbis1 :o rejoic$ 9 its tru? to ! ,hebrew1 said ( ,aquila1 ,?\ art fair] ?an ! *ildr5 ( m51 grace is p\r$ into ?y lips#cbi 7,ps4 xlv74 ,9 tru? ! "w 0 utt]ly innoc5t ( lit]>y grace4 ,a translation ( ! ,bible m>k$ ! end1 z x _h m>k$ ! beg9n+1 ( ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic lit]ature1 b if ! fir/ _h sugge/$ ! admission1 s ! o!r sugge/$ ! rejection ( ,greek philosophy f ! int]pretation ( ,judaism & a return to ! exclusive national /&po9t4 ,! rabb9ical appreciation ( ,aquila's "w %[s t1 :ile ! ,jews 7 9 ,pale/9e1 _m /ill requir$ a ,greek translation ( ! ,bible2 b :5 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,c4,e4 ! c5tre ( ! religion 0 mov$ to ,babylon1 ,greek 0 =gott51 & ! rabbis = a p]iod lo/ sight ( ,greek culture4 ,x is ano!r irony ( hi/ory t our manuscripts ( ,philo g back to an ar*etype 9 ! libr>y ( ,cs>ea 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* ,eusebius /udi$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,philo came to ! l& ( 8 fa!rs 9 ! possession ( 8 p's enemies1 & at a "t :5 he c\ld no long] be und]/ood by 8 p4 ,philo's works 7 n translat$ into ,hebrew1 & z ,greek ceas$ to be ! language ( ! cultur$1 !y c\ld n1 9 _! orig9al =m1 h influ5c$ lat] ,jewi% philosoph]s4 ,b ! ,*ri/ians1 9 _! proselytiz+ activity1 _h translat$ !m into ,lat9 & ,arm5ian be=e ! fif? c5tury1 & ?r\gh "o ( ^! means !y may possibly h ex]cis$ an influ5ce ^u ! new s*ool ( ,jewi% philosophy1 :i*1 op5+ ) ,saadia 9 ! t5? c5tury1 blossom$ =? 9 ! ,arabic-,spani% epo*4 ,! light ( hi/orical rese>* is beg9n+ to illum9e ! obscurity ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 & has reveal$ traces ( an ,alex&rian allegori/ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,p]sian ,jew ,b5jam9 al-,nehaw5di1 himself a di/+ui%$ allegoriz] ( ! ,bible1 :o wrote 9 ! n9? c5tury & taught t ,god creat$ ! _w by means ( "o m9i/]ial angel4#ccj ,b5jam9 relates t ! doctr9e 0 held by a ,jewi% sect kn[n z ! ,magh>iya1 :i* probably sprang up 9 ! f\r? or ! fif? c5tury1 :5 sects grew l mu%rooms4 ,! ,k>aite al-,kirkisani1 :o wrote fifty ye>s lat]1 says t ! ,magh>iya sect us$ 9 support ( _! doctr9e ! prolegom5a ( an ,alex&rian sage :o gave c]ta9 rem>kable int]pretations ( ! ,bible2 & 9 "o ( ,dr4 ,s*e*t]'s ,g5izah fragm5ts1 :i* is probably to be ascrib$ to ,kirkisani1 !re are conta9$ examples ( ! ,alex&rian's explanations ( ! ,decalogue1 :i* occur1 & occur only1 9 ,philo's treatise on ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,?is connection betwe5 ,philo & an obscure ,jewi% sect1 or an obscur] ,p]sian-,jewi% writ]1 may appe> f>-fet*$ & n wor? ! mak+4 ,9 itself d\btless x is unimportant1 b x s]ves to keep ,philo1 h[ev] b>ely1 )9 ,jewi% tradition4 ,= x %[s t ,alex&rian lit]ature1 ?\gh probably ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a ,mohamm$an s\rce1 0 kn[n to "s ,jews 9 ! c5turies ( transition4 ,x may be t fur!r exam9ation ( ! great ,g5izah collection1 :i* has op5$ to ,jewi% s*ol>%ip a new _w1 w reveal fur!r & /rong] ties to unite ,philo ) 8 philosophical successors1 ( :om ! fir/ is ,saadia ,gaon 7#hib-idb ,c4,e474 ,inde$ ! ma9 int]e/ ( ?is newly-discov]$ connection1 if x c be s]i\sly s reg>d$1 is t x sugge/s ! possibility ( ,saadia's acqua9tance ) ,philo by means ( a translation4 ,t ,saadia read ! works ^u :i* ,*ri/ian !ologians reli$1 is c]ta92 & a fragm5t 9 :i* he ref]s to ! tea*+ ( ,judah ! ,alex&rian#cca--;also une>!d f ! ,cairo ,g5izah--goes "s way to support ! sugge/ion4 ,! passage ref]s to ! connection ( ! numb] fifty ) ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & ?\gh x does n tally exactly ) any piece ( ! extant ,philo1 x is 9 ! ,philonic mann]4 ,& ,philo1 :o 0 surnam$ ,judu by ! ,*ur*1 w\ld h be5 re-nam$ by 8 own p1 translat+ f ! ,*ur* writ]s1 ,hebrew3 yhuda4 ,"o w\ld ! m will+ly cat* on to ?is float+ /raw1 because ,saadia 0 at once a compatriot ( ,philo1 born 9 ! ,fayyum ( ,egypt1 & ! fir/ ,jew :o /rove to c>ry on 8 "w4 ,he aim$ at %[+ ! philosophy ( ! ,torah1 & its h>mony ) ,greek wisdom 9 p>ticul>4 ,ari/otle1 :o _h be5 translat$ into ,arabic1 _h meantime supplant$ ,plato z ! ma/] ( philosophy = !ologians1 & ,saadia's magnum opus1 ,hebrew3 amonot tsd'ot1 is color$ ?r\gh\t by ,ari/otelian ideas4 ,b ! diff]5ce ( ma/]s does n obscure ! lik5ess ( aim1 &1 albeit unconsci\sly1 ,saadia r5ews ! task ( ! ,hell5ic-,jewi% s*ool4 ,saadia's "w 0 c>ri$ on & exp&$ 9 a great outbur/ ( ! ,jewi% g5ius1 :i* %[$ itself mo/ brilliantly 9 ! ,moori%-,spani% k+dom4 ,! g5]al cultural conditions ( ,alex&ria 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4,e4 7 reproduc$ 9 ,spa9 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,once aga9 ! ,jews f\nd !mselves politically emancipat$ amid a sympa!tic environm5t1 & aga9 !y illum9$ _! religi\s tradition ) all ! culture :i* _! environm5t c\ld af=d4 ,! m+l+ ( ?\ght gave bir? to a great lit]ature1 bo? creative & critical2 to a /rik+ body ( lyric poetry2 to a sy/ematic !ology1 & a religi\s philosophy4 ,:ile ! /udy ( ! old ,talmudic lore 0 ma9ta9$1 ! greate/ tea*]s develop$ tradition afre% by a philosophical re/atem5t design$ to make x appeal to ! m5tal attitude ( ! enlight5$4 ,! s]mon fl\ri%$ aga91 collections ( ,haggadah 7,yalkut7 7 made z /oreh\ses ( homilies1 & metaphysical treatises modell$ ^u ! works ( ! s*oolm5 set =? a philosophical ,judaism = ! le>n$ _w4 ,x is notable also t ^! la/ 7 n writt5 9 ,hebrew or 9 ! ,talmudic dialect1 b 9 ,arabic1 ! language ( _! cultur$ environm5t2 = ?\gh ! mission>y _s 0 dead1 ! controv]sial activity ( ! p]iod impell$ ! ,jewi% philosoph]s to pres5t _! ideas 9 ! =m us$ by ! philosoph]s ( ! g5]al community4 ,x is n only ! g5]al conditions ( ! ,arab-,jewi% p]iod1 b also ! special developm5t ( ,jewi% ideas1 :i* recalls ! "w ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,?is 01 inde$1 to be expect$1 see+ t 9 bo? cases !re 0 a m+l+ ( ,hebraism & ,hell5ism4 ,9 ,spa91 h[ev]1 ! ,jews acquir$ ,hell5ism at second h&1 & ?r\gh ! some:at di/ort$ m$ium ( ,arabic translations or s*ola/ic misund]/&+1 & h5ce ! h>mony is nei!r complete nor pure4 ,!y endeavor$ to %[ t ! tea*+s ( ,ari/otle are implicit 9 ! writt5 & ! oral law1 b ! int]pretation is h>dly conv9c+ ev5 9 ,! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$1 ( ,maimonides1 ! monum5tal "w :i* m>ks ! culm9ation ( m$ival ,jewi% philosophy4 ,if !re is "o figure 9 ,jewi% tradition ) :om ,philo *all5ges at once comp>ison & contra/1 x is ,maimonides1 ! brighte/ /> ( ! ,arabic1 z he 0 ( ! ,hell5ic1 developm5t ( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,?\gh !re is no?+ on :i* to f\nd any direct influ5ce ( ! "o on ! o!r1 ! aim1 ! me?od1 ! scope ( _! philosophical "w are ! same1 ! relation :i* !y hold to exi/ betwe5 fai? & philosophy wellnigh id5tical4 ,! metaphysics ( ! ,bible1 accord+ to bo?1 is hidd5 b5ea? an allegory1 & is meant only = ! m le>n$ ( ! p4 ,to ,maimonides ! ,bible is n only ! /&>d ( all wisdom1 b x is ! ,div9e anticipation ( human discov]y4 ,9 ! words ( ,hosea1 ,god has !re9 multipli$ visions & spok5 9 similitudes 7xii4 #aa74 ,! duty ( ! ,jewi% philosoph] is to exp\nd ^! metaphors & similes2 & ,maimonides1 endeavor+ to knit ,greek metaphysics closely ) ,jewi% tradition1 prop\nds a sci5ce ( allegorical values1 :i* by exact philological /udy traces ! inn] z well z ! out] mean+ ( ! ,hebrew words4 ,b diff]5tiat$ z x is by great] ma/]y ( ! tradition & clos] adh]5ce to ! ,hebrew text1 8 me?od is ne>ly z artificial & 8 ?\ght z extrane\s to ! text z ! me?od & ?\ght ( ,philo4 ,! cont5t ( _! philosophies is1 inde$1 /rik+ly alike1 save t ! "o is a ,platoni/1 ! o!r an ,ari/otelian4 ,?is involves n s mu* a diff]5ce ( philosophical views z a diff]5ce ( temp] & ( objective4 ,! foll[]s ( ,plato are my/ics1 ye>n+ = ! love ( ,god2 ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle are rationali/s1 seek+ = ! ab/ract k ( ,god4 ,h5ce 9 ,maimonides !re is less so>+ & m argum5t ?an 9 ,philo4 ,ev]y?+ is d$uc$1 s f> z may be1 ) exactitude & logical sequ5ce--accord+ to ! logic ( ! s*oolm5--& ev]y?+ is =maliz$ accord+ to s*ola/ic pr9ciples4 ,b ! subjects treat$ are ! same--! nature ( ,god & ,8 attributes1 ,8 relation to ! univ]se & man1 ! mann] ( ! creation1 & ! way ( righte\sness4 ,maimonides1 :o is 9 =m m loyal to ,jewi% tradition1 is to a l>g] degree ?an ,philo dep5d5t on au?ority = ! philosophical ideas :i* he applies to religion4 ,to a great ext5t ?is is due to ! _s ( 8 age1 = 9 ! ,middle ,ages n only 0 ! matt] ( ?\ght1 b also its =m1 accept$ on au?ority1 & ,ari/otle rul$ ! "o z imp]i\sly z ! ,bible rul$ ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ces ( =m & sub/ance d n1 h[ev]1 obscure ! ess5tial lik5ess ) ,philo's int]pretation ( ,judaism4 ,) him ,maimonides holds t ! ess5tial nature ( ,god is incognizable4#ccb ,no positive pr$ication c prop]ly be appli$ to ,him1 b we "k ,him by ,8 activities 9 relation to man & ! _w1 i4e41 by ,8 attributes or by :at ,philo call$ ,8 p[]s4 ,maimonides does n pres]ve ! absolute mon>*y ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 b places betwe5 ,god & man int]m$iate be+s ) subord9ate creative p[]s--! sep>ate intellig5ces ( ! />s1 :i* are id5tifi$ ) ! angels ( ! ,bible4#ccc ,b he ma9ta9s inviolate ! sole causality ( ,god & ,8 imman5ce 9 ! human s\l4 ,maimonides1 l ,philo1 gives 9 addition to a metaphysical !ology a philosophical exposition ( ! law ( ,moses1 :i* has ! same guid+ pr9ciple z ! books on ! ,specific ,laws4 ,moses 0 ! p]fect legislator1#ccd ^: ord9ances are ,hebrew3 tsdikim1 i4e41 p]fectly equitable1 atta9+ ! mean--! ,ari/otelian conception ( excell5ce--& id5tical ) ! et]nal laws ( nature4#cce ,num]\s details ( ,maimonides' int]pretations agree ) ^? giv5 9 ! books on ! ,specific ,laws4 ,:e!r correspond5ce ( ?\ght is m]ely an indication ( ! simil> work+s ( ,jewi% g5ius 9 simil> conditions1 or :e!r x is ! effect ( an e>ly tradition common to bo?1 or :e!r1 f9ally1 !re 0 connection1 h[ev] indirect1 betwe5 ! two m9ds1 x is n[ impossible to say4 ,b at lea/ ! philosophy ( ,maimonides confirms ! inn] ,jewi%ness ( ! philosophy ( ,philo1 & its ess5tial loyalty to ,jewi% tradition4 ,n less /rik+ ?an 8 correspond5ce ) lat] ,jewi% religi\s philosophy1 ?\gh n less indef9ite1 is ! relation ( ,philo to ! lat] ,jewi% my/ical & !osophical lit]ature1 purport+ also to be a developm5t ( ho>y tradition1 & inde$ call+ itself simply ! tradition1 ,hebrew3 kbla4 ,betwe5 ,philo & ! ,cabbalah x is z difficult to e/abli% any direct connection z betwe5 ,philo & rabb9ic ,midra%1 b ! lik5ess 9 _s & ! signs ( a common s\rce are equally rem>kable4 ,to trace ,god 9 all ?+s ?r\gh v>i\s attributes & emanations1 to br+ ,god & man into direct union1 to prove t !re is an imman5t ,god )9 ! s\l ( ! individual1 & to %[ h[ ?is may be inspir$ ) ! transc5d5tal ,deity--?is is common to bo?4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times ! my/ic doctr9e appe>s to h be5 a =m ( ,jewi% ,gno/icism1 speculation ab\t ! nature ( ,god & ,8 connection ) ! _w4 ,x probably embrac$ ! ,hebrew3 m'%a br'%it & ! ,hebrew3 m'%a mrkba1 ?\gh we "k n :at ^! exactly conta9$4#ccf ,b x 0 n till ! ,middle ,ages t ,jewi% my/icism receiv$ def9ite & sep>ate lit]>y expression1 & by t "t x 0 mix$ up ) a numb] ( neo-,platonic & magical fancies & =eign !osophies4 ,! lat] compilations ( ?is "* =m :at is m regul>ly kn[n z ! ,cabbalah2 b1 ap>t f ! pr(essions ( ! lat] writ]s1 a cont9u\s tra9 ( tradition affirms ! exi/5ce ( secret tea*+s 9 ,judaism f ! "t ( ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,jewi% my/icism is z mu* a cont9u\s expression ( ! _s ( ! race z ! ,jewi% law4 ,we may !n )\t ra%ness conclude t ! lat] ,cabbalah is a co>s] developm5t1 = a less enlight5$ & less philosophical age1 ( ! ,gno/ic mat]ial :i* ,philo refa%ion$ 9 ! light ( ,platonism = ! ,hell5iz$ community at ,alex&ria4 ,mod]n s*ol>s h favor$ ! idea t ! ,ess5es 7 ! fir/ sy/ematiz]s ( & ! fir/ practition]s 9 ! ,cabbalah1 & h int]pret$ _! "n#ccg to mean ^? engag$ 9 secret ?+s1 b ! my/ic tradition itself is e>li] ?an ! f\ndation ( a special my/ic sect4 ,x is "p ( ! h]itage f ! ,jewi% prophets & psalmi/s & ! ,babylonian int]action ) ,hebraism4 ,philo _h l>ge sympa?ies ) ! ,ess5ic developm5t ( ,judaism1 & he speaks at times z ?\gh he _h jo9$ "o ( _! communities1 & !re9 _h be5 initiat$ into ! great my/]ies & secret philosophies ( ! sages4 ,we h not$ t he (f]s 8 mo/ preci\s wisdom to ! wor?y few alone1 :o 9 all humility practice g5u9e piety1 free f all false pret5ce4 ,!y1 9 turn1 are to disc\rse on ^! doctr9es only to o!r memb]s ( ! bro!rhood4 ,i bid ye1 initiat$ bre?r51 :o li/5 ) *a/5$ e>s1 receive ^! truly sacr$ my/]ies 9 y\r inmo/ s\ls1 & reveal !m n to "o ( ! un9itiat$1 b lay+ !m up 9 y\r he>ts1 gu>d !m z a mo/ excell5t treasure 9 :i* ! noble/ ( possessions is /or$1 ! k1 namely1 ( ! ,fir/ ,cause & ( virtue1 & moreov] ( :at !y g5]ate4#cch ,^! my/]ies1 x is n unlikely1 repres5t accord+ to "s s*ol>s ! ,hebrew3 sod ( ! ,talmudical rabbis1 :i* 0 elaborately develop$ 9 ! ,zoh> & k9dr$ writ+s4 ,be ?is z x may1 ,philo's religi\s int5sity expresses ! _s ( ! ,cabbali/s1 8 my/ic so>+ is ! prototype ( _! !osophical ec/asies2 8 p]si/5t decl>ation t ,god encloses ! univ]se1 b is ,himself n enclos$ by any?+1 conta9s ! root ( _! conception ( ! ,en ,s( 7,hebrew3 'yn s(71#cci 8 ,logos-idealism1 ) its ,div9e efflu5ces1 :i* are ! true causes ( all *anges1 physical & m5tal1 is companion to _! sy/em ( ,hebrew3 'olmim & ,hebrew3 sfirot1 emanations & sph]es4 ,8 fancies ab\t sex & ! /ruggle betwe5 a male & female pr9ciple 9 all ?+s#cdj are a con/ant !me ( _! tea*]s1 & =m a special section ( _! wisdom1 ,hebrew3 s( htsrog1 ! my/]y ( g5]ation4 ,8 conception ( ! ,logos z ! heav5ly ar*etype ( ! human race1 ! ,man-himself1 is ! ,platonic c\nt]p>t ( _! ,hebrew3 adm kdmon1 or primal man1 :o is kn[n 9 ! anci5t allegoriz+ ( ! ,song ( ,songs4 ,8 numb]-my/icism & 8 spee*-idealism reappe> m crudely1 b n obscurely1 9 _! ideas ( creative lett]s1 ( :i* ! cosmogony by ! tw5ty-two lett]s ( ! ,hebrew alphabet 9 ! ,sef] ,yezirah is typical4 ,f9ally1 8 tea*+s ( ec/asy & ,div9e possession are repeat$ 9 div]s ways 9 _! descriptions ( ! pi\s life 7,hebrew3 hnanot74 ,philo1 inde$1 view$ f ! ,jewi% /&po9t1 is ! ,hell5iz] n only ( ! law b also ( ! ,cabbalah1 ! philosophical adapt] ( ! secret traditional wisdom ( 8 ance/ors4 ,he br+s x into close relation ) ,platonism & purifies x2 he cle>s away its an?ropomorphisms & sup]/iti\s fantasies1 or r he raises !m into ideali/ic conceptions & sublime exaltations ( ! s\l4 ,by 8 deep k ( ! intellectual ideas ( ,greece he ref9$ ! /range comp\nd ( l(ty imag9ation & popul> fancy1 & rais$ x to a high] value4 ,plato & ! ,cabbalah repres5t ! same my/ic _s 9 diff]5t degrees ( intellectual sublimity & religi\s aspiration2 ,philo endeavor$ to unite ! two manife/ations4 ,he liv$ 9 a m>k$ly non-rational age giv5 ov] to my/ical speculation2 & ,alex&ria especially1 by h] cosmopolitan "*1 furni%$ ! soil & se$ :i* =m$ ! my/ic philosophy t knew h[ to bl5d ! wisdom & folly ( ! ages4#cda ,?r\gh ! mass ( apocalyptic lit]ature t 0 p\r$ =? 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! common era1 ?r\gh ! lat] books ( ! ,apocrypha1 ?r\gh ! ,sef] ,yezirah ( ! n9? & ! ,zoh> ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & ?r\gh ! va/ lit]ature inspir$ by ^! books1 run ! ideas t compos$ ,philo's my/ic !ology4 ,philo himself 0 unkn[n1 b 8 religi\s int]pretation ( ,platonism _h ent]$ into ! _w's ?\ght1 & inspir$ ! my/ics ( 8 own race z well z ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,aft] a ?\s& ye>s ( ,lat9 dom9ation ! ,r5aissance reviv$ ! /udy ( ,greek 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 & to ! mo/ cultur$ ( 8 race ,philo 0 no long] a seal$ book4 ,! fir/ ,jewi% writ] to %[ an intimate acqua9tance ) him & a cle> idea ( 8 relation to ,jewi% tradition 0 ,az>iah dei ,rossi1 :o liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,8 ,meor ,e9ayim dealt l>gely ) ! ,hell5i/ic epo* ( ,judaism1 & its attitude t[>ds x is summ$ up 9 ! rem>k t all t is good 9 ,philo agrees ) our law4#cdb ,he po9t$ out _m in/ances ( agreem5t1 & "s ( disagreem5t1 b he object$ 9 g5]al to ! allegoriz+ ( ! hi/orical p>ts ( ! ,torah & to ! abs5ce ( ! traditional int]pretations 9 ,philo's comm5t>ies4 ,he %>$ l>gely ! rabb9ical attitude & c\ld n give an indep5d5t hi/orical appreciation ( ,philo's "w4 ,t 0 n to come = two hundr$ ye>s m4 ,to ,dei ,rossi we owe ! ,jewi% translation ( ,philo's "n1 ,hebrew3 ydydim 'lksndri4#cdc ,to ! out] _w ,philo 0 ! ,jew2 to 8 own p1 ! ,alex&rian4 ,z soon z ,greek 0 re9troduc$ into ! s*ol>ly _w1 ,philo began to reass]t an important influ5ce on !ology4 ,"o rem>kable s*ool ( ,engli% my/ics & religi\s philosoph]s1 ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s1 :o wrote dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 f\nd$ ^u him _! me?od & also _! g5]al attitude to philosophy4#cdd ,!y 7 ,*ri/ian neo-,platoni/s1 :o look$ = spiritual allegories 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 & comb9$ ! tea*+s ( ,jesus ) ! emotional idealism ( ! ,alex&rian int]pret]s ( ,plato4 ,!y affirm$ en?usia/ically ,god's revelation to ! univ]se & to individual man ?r\gh ! ,logos4 ,_! imitation ( ,philo's allegorism s]ves to m>k ! important place t he occupi$ 9 ! le>n$ _w dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury2 & supports1 h[ev] slightly1 ! sugge/ion t he influ5c$1 directly or indirectly1 ! supreme ,jewi% philosoph] ( ! age1 ,b>u* de ,sp9oza4 ,t he 0 well kn[n 9 ,holl& at ! "t is %[n 9 div]s ways4 ,he is quot$ by ! fam\s juri/ ,grotius 9 8 book :i* f\nd$ ! sci5ce ( int]national law2 he is quot$ & criticis$1 z we h se51 by ,scalig]2 & curi\sly en\gh1 8 "n1 ,philo-,judu1 is appli$ by ,rembr&t to ! portrait ( 8 own fa!r1 n[ 9 ! ,f]d9&eum at ,innsbruck4 ,x is tempt+ to conjecture t !re 0 a direct connection betwe5 ! ,jewi% philosoph]s ( ! anci5t & ! mod]n _w4 ,:e!r x exi/$ or n1 !re is c]ta9ly k9%ip 9 _! ideas4 ,sp9oza does actually ref] 9 "o place1 9 8 ,!ologico-,political ,tractate 7*4 x71 to ! op9ion ( ,philo-,judu ^u ! date ( ,psalm lxxxviii1 & !re are o!r places 9 ! same book1 :]e he almo/ e*oes ! words ( ! ,jewi% ,platoni/2 z :]e he speaks ( ,god's et]nal ,^w be+ div9ely inscrib$ 9 ! human m9d3 ,& ?is is ! true orig9al ( ,god's cov5ant1 /amp$ ) ,8 own seal1 namely1 ! idea ( ,himself1 z x 71 ) ! image ( ,8 ,godhead 7iv72 or1 aga91 ,! supreme rew>d = keep+ ,god's ,^w is t ,^w itself4 ,sp9oza knew no ,greek1 b1 ma/] z he 0 ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 he may h /udi$ ,philo 9 a ,lat9 translation1 & caught "s ( 8 phrases4 ,) or )\t influ5ce1 he develop$1 z ,philo _h done1 a sy/em ( philosophy1 />t+ f ! ,hebrew conception ( ,god & bl5d+ ,jewi% tradition ) sci5tific metaphysics4 ,! ,unity ( ,god & ,8 sole reality 7 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 ?\ght1 z !y _h be5 ( ,philo's4 ,he reject$1 inde$1 ) scorn ! notion t all philosophy mu/ be d$uc$ f ! ,bible1 :i* 0 to him a book ( moral & religi\s wor?1 b free f all philosophical doctr9e4 ,!ology1 ! subject ( ! ,bible1 accord+ to him1 dem&s p]fect ob$i5ce1 philosophy p]fect k4#cde ,bo? alike are sav+1 b ! sph]es ( ! two are di/9ct3 & ,moses & ! prophets excel 9 law & imag9ation1 n 9 reason & reflection4 ,h5ce ,sp9oza approa*$ ! ,bible f ! critical /&po9t2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he approa*$ philosophy ) a free m9d se>*+ = tru?1 indep5d5t ( religi\s dogmatism1 & he 01 !re=e1 ! f\nd] ( mod]n philosophy4 ,none ! less 8 view ( ! univ]se is an intellectual expression ( ! ,hebraic mono!ism1 :i* unites a religi\s ) a sci5tific monism4 ,he reg>ds ,god z ! only reality1 sees & kn[s all ?+s 9 ,him1 & d$uces all ?+s f ,8 attributes1 :i* are ! incomplete repres5tations t man makes ( ,8 true nature2 he expla9s all ?\ght1 all movem5t1 & all t seems mat]ial z ! work+ ( ,8 modes2 &1 f9ally1 he places z ! end ( man's intellectual progress & ! culm9ation ( 8 moral life ! love ( ,god4 ,9 tru?1 ,jewi% philosophy has its unity & its special /amp1 no less ?an ,jewi% religion & tradition1 f :i* x receives its nurture4 ,?rice x has t[]$ up 9 a great sy/em3 ?r\gh ,philo 9 ! classical1 ?r\gh ,maimonides 9 ! m$ival1 ?r\gh ,sp9oza 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,9 ! ,r5aissance ( ,jewi% le>n+ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,philo 0 at la/ /udi$ & int]pret$ by s*ol>s ( 8 own p4 ,! fir/ mod]n writ] to reveal ! philosophy ( ,jewi% hi/ory 0 ,na*man ,kro*mal 7#aghe-ahdj71 & 8 po/hum\s ,hebrew book1 ,! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$ ( ! ,"t1 edit$ by ,zunz1 conta9$ ! fir/ critical appreciation ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,jewi% culture by a rabb9ic s*ol>4 ,he knew no ,greek1 b he /udi$ ! works ( ,g]man writ]s1 & 9 8 acc\nt ( ,philo gives a summ>y ( ! rem>ks ( ! !ologian ,ne&]1 himself a baptiz$ ,jew4 ,9 8 own criticism he disc]ns ! weakness & /r5g? ( ,philo f ! ,jewi% aspect4 ,!re are1 he says1 _m /range ?+s 9 ,philo's exegesis1 n only because he draws f>-fet*$ allegories f ! text1 b also because he int]prets s+le words )\t a sure f\ndation 9 ,hebrew philology4 ,he uses ,scripture z a sort ( clay :i* he m\lds to convey 8 philosophical ideas4 ,yet we mu/ be grateful to him because _m ( 8 int]pretations are beautiful ornam5ts to ! text2 & we may apply to !m :at ,ibn ,ezra said ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,haggadah1 ',"s ( !m are f9e silks1 o!rs z heavy z sack-clo?4' ,kro*mal translat$ into ,hebrew examples ( ,philo's allegories & gave p>allels & contra/s f ! ,talmud4 ,! relation betwe5 ! ,pale/9ian & ! ,alex&rian exegesis 0 m elaborately consid]$ by a great] ma/] ( ,hell5i/ic lit]ature1 ,za*>ias ,frankel 7#ahja-ahge71 :o has be5 foll[$ by a b& ( ,jewi% s*ol>s4 ,ye>ly our und]/&+ ( ! ,alex&rian culture becomes full]4 ,philo1 too1 has 9 "p be5 translat$ into ,hebrew4 ,indirect 9 ! pa/1 8 influ5ce on ,jewi% ?\ght 9 ! future bids fair to be direct & increas+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,viii ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,philo ,! hope :i* ,philo _h *]i%$ & work$ = 0 ! spread+ ( ! k ( ,god & ! diffusion ( ! true religion ov] ! :ole _w4#cdf ,! end ( ,jewi% national life 0 approa*+1 b rabbis 9 ,pale/9e & philosoph]s at ,alex&ria1 unconsci\s ( ! imm95t doom1 ?\ght t ! promise ( ! prophet 0 soon to be fulfill$1 & all peoples w\ld g up to wor%ip ! "o ,god at ! temple ^u ,m\nt ,zion1 :i* %\ld be ! religi\s c5tre ( ! _w4 ,9 ,philo's day a univ]sal ,judaism seem$ possible1 a ,judaism true to ! ,torah z well z to ! ,unity ( ,god1#cdg spread ov] ! ,megalopolis ( all peoples2 & 9 ! light ( ?is hope ,philo welcom$ proselytism4 ,! ,jews _h a cle> mission2 !y 7 to be ! light ( ! _w1 because !y alone ( all peoples _h p]ceiv$ ,god4 ,israel 7,hebrew3 '%r'l71 to repeat ,philo's etymology1 is ! man :o beholds ,god1 & ?r\gh him ! o!r nations 7 to be l$ to ! light4 ,! mission ( ,israel 0 n a passive s]vice1 b an active prea*+ ( ,god's ^w1 & an active propagation ( ,god's law to ! ,g5tile4 ,he mu/ welcome ! /rang] t came )9 ! gates4#cdh ,philo /ruggl$ aga9/ ! sep>ative & exclusive t5d5cy :i* *>act]iz$ a section ( 8 race4 ,he laid /ress ^u ! valuelessness ( bir?1 & ! sav+ p[] ( ,god's grace to ! pagan :o has come to recognize ,him1 9 language :i* ,*ri/ian comm5tators call incr$ible 9 a ,jew1 b :i* 0 9 fact typical ( ! common feel+ at ,alex&ria4 ,appeal+ to ! ,g5tiles1 ,philo decl>$ t ,god has special reg>d = ! proselyte1 :o is 9 ! class ( ! weak & humble toge!r ) ! wid[ & orphan#cdi2 = he may be ali5at$ f 8 k9dr$ :5 he is conv]t$ to ! honor ( ! "o true ,god1 & ab&ons idolatr\s1 poly!i/ic wor%ip1 b ,god is all ! m 8 advocate & help]4 ,& speak+ to ! ,jews he says3#cej ,k9%ip is n measur$ by blood alone :5 tru? is ! judge1 b by lik5ess ( conduct & by ! pursuit ( ! same objects4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,midra%1 x is said t proselytes are z de> to ,god z ^? :o 7 born ,jews2#cea &1 aga91 t ! ,torah 0 giv5 to ,israel = ! b5efit ( all peoples2#ceb or#cec t ! purpose ( ,israel's disp]sion 0 t !y might make proselytes4 ,philo's %ort treatise on ,nobility is an eloqu5t plea = ! equal treatm5t ( ! /rang] :o jo9s ! true fai?2 & ! au?or f9ds 9 ! ,bible n>ratives support = 8 !sis1 t n good bir? b ! virtue ( ! individual is ! true te/ ( m]it4 ,( ! valuelessness ( ! "o1 ,ca91 ,ham1 & ,esau are types2 ( ! supreme wor? ( ! o!r1 ,abraham1 :o is set up z ! model ( ! excell5t man br\ght up among idolat]s1 b l$ by ! ,div9e oracle1 reveal$ to 8 m9d1 to embrace ! true idea ( ,god4 ,if ! f\nd] ( ! ,hebrew nation 0 himself a conv]t1 !n surely !re 0 a place )9 ! religion = o!r conv]ts4 ,rem>kable is ! clos+ note ( ! book3 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 blame ^? :o spuri\sly appropriate z _! own m]it :at !y d]ive f o!rs1 good bir?2 & !y %\ld ju/ly be reg>d$ z enemies n only ( ! ,jewi% race1 b ( all mank9d2 ( ! ,jewi% race1 because !y eng5d] indiff]5ce 9 _! bre?r51 s t !y despise ! righte\s life 9 _! reliance ^u _! ance/ors' virtue2 & ( ! ,g5tiles1 because !y w\ld n all[ !m _! me$ ( rew>d ev5 ?\gh !y atta9 to ! highe/ excell5ce ( conduct1 simply because !y h n comm5dable ance/ors4 ,i "k n if !re c\ld be a m p]nici\s doctr9e ?an ?is3 t !re is no puni%m5t = ! wick$ (fspr+ ( good p>5ts1 & no rew>d = ! good (fspr+ ( evil p>5ts4 ,! law judges ea* man ^u 8 own m]it1 & does n assign praise or blame accord+ to ! virtues ( ! =efa!rs4 ,&1 aga91 he writes3 ,god judges by ! fruit ( ! tree1 n by ! root2 & 9 ! ,div9e judgm5t ! proselyte w be rais$ on high1 & he w h a d\ble di/9ction1 because on e>? he 'des]t$' to ,god1 & lat] he receives z 8 rew>d a place 9 ,heav54#ced ,un=tunately1 ! developm5t ( missioniz+ activity1 :i* foll[$ ,philo's epo*1 ?reat5+1 z x did1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,judaism1 necessitat$ ! reass]tion ( its national "* & antagonism to an attitude :i* s\ght expansion by compromise4 ,x is ! trag$y ( ,philo's "w t 8 mission to ! nations 0 ( necessity di/ru/$ by 8 own race1 & t 8 appeal = tol]ance )9 ! community 0 turn$ to a mock]y by ! ho/ility :i* ! conv]ts ( ! next c5tury %[$ to ! national ideas4 ,*ri/ian apologi/s e>ly le>n$ to imitate ,philo's allegorical me?od1 & appropriat$ x to expla9 away ! laws ( ,moses4 ,)9 a hundr$ ye>s ( ,philo's dea?1 8 ideal1 at lea/ 9 ! =m 9 :i* he _h conceiv$ x1 _h be5 %att]$ = ages4 ,:ile he 0 prea*+ a philosophical ,judaism = ! _w at ,alex&ria1 ,pet] & ,paul 7 prea*+ ?r\gh ! ,diaspora an h]etical ,judaism = ! half-conv]t$ ,g5tiles4 ,! disciples ( ,jesus spread 8 tea*+ f> & wide2 b !y cont9ually wid5$ ! brea* :i* _! ,ma/] _h himself initiat$1 & s _! "w became1 n s mu* a developm5t ( ,judaism1 z an attack ^u x4 ,9 "s ( its pr9ciples1 inde$1 ! message ( ,jesus 0 ! message ( ,philo1 emphasiz+1 z x did1 ! broad pr9ciples ( morality & ! ne$ ( an inn] godl9ess4 ,b x 0 fundam5tally diff]5tiat$ by a doctr9e ( ,god & ! ,messiah :i* 0 nei!r ,jewi% nor philosophical1 & by ! break+ away f ! law ( ,moses1 :i* cut at ! roots ( national life4 ,:atev] ! moral wor? ( ! prea*+ ( ,jesus1 x involv$ & involves ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,jewi% attitude to life & religion1 :i* may be express$ z ! sanctification ( ord9>y conduct1 & z morality "u ! national law4 ,to ?is ideal ,philo ?r\gh\t 0 true1 & ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s 7 ess5tially oppos$1 & h[ev] mu* !y approximat$ to 8 me?od & utiliz$ 8 ?\ght1 !y 7 always /rang]s to 8 _s4 ,philo's philosophy 0 9 great "p a philosophy ( ! law2 ! ,patri/ic s*ool borr[$ 8 allegoriz+ me?od & produc$ a philosophy ( religi\s dogma6 ,^? :o spread ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e among ! ,hell5iz$ peoples & ! sophi/icat$ communities t dwelt r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean f\nd x necess>y to expla9 & ju/ify x by ! metaphysical & e?ical cat*words ( ! day1 & 9 s do+ !y took ,philo z _! model4 ,!y foll[$ bo? 9 g5]al & 9 detail 8 allegorical int]pretations 9 _! recomm5dation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! m cultur$ pagans1 z ! apology ( ,ju/91 ! comm5t>ies ( ,orig51 & ! philosophical miscellany 7,greek3 ,/rmateis7 ( ,clem5t abundantly %[4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t itself exhibit ! comb9ation ( ,hebraism & ,hell5ism :i* *>act]izes ! "w ( ,philo4 ,9 ! say+s ( ,jesus we h ! ,hebraic /ra91 b 9 ,luke & ,john & ! ,epi/les ! m+l+ ( cultures4 ,?us ! ,apo/les seem to "s ! successors ( ,philo1 & ! ,epi/les ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! ,allegories ( ! ,laws4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews especially ! correspond5ce is /rik+4 ,b !re is1 9 fact1 despite mu* t is common1 a great gulf betwe5 !m4 ,! lat] mission>ies oppose ! national religion & ! ,torah3 ,philo 0 pre-em95tly _! *ampion4 ,! mo/ comm&+ ( ! ,apo/les1 ,paul ( ,t>sus1 :5 he took ! new /atem5t ( ,judaism out ( ! region ( _s & tri$ to %ape x into a def9ite religion = ! _w1 =got ! rock f :i* he 0 hewn4 ,z a mod]n ,jewi% !ologian says1#cee ,8 break ) ! pa/ is viol5t2 ,jesus seem$ to exp& & spiritualize ,judaism2 ,paul 9 "s s5ses turns x upside d[n4 ,8 "w may h be5 necess>y to br+ home ! ,^w to ! hea!n1 b x utt]ly breaks ! cont9uity ( developm5t4 ,paul himself 0 little ( a philosoph]1 & ^? to :om he prea*$ 7 n usually philosophical communities su* z ,philo address$ at ,alex&ria1 b congregations ( half conv]t$1 sup]/iti\s pagans4 ,! philosophical exposition ( ! law 0 too difficult = !m1 :ile ! obs]vance ( ! law 9 its /rictness dem&$ too great a sacrifice4 ,! spiritual tea*+ ( ,jesus 0 dissociat$ by 8 ,apo/le f its s\rce1 & ! break ) ,judaism 0 delib]ate & complete4 ,! fanatical ze/ ( ! mission>y dom9at$ him1 & he proclaim$ di/9ctly :]e ! new ,hebraism :i* 0 (f]$ to ! ,g5tile %\ld dep>t f ! hi/oric religion ( ! ,jews3 ,= ,*ri/ is ! end ( ! law = righte\sness to ev]yone t believe?1#cef he says to ! ,romans2 & to ! ,galatians3 ,z _m z are ( ! works ( ! law are "u ! curse4#ceg ,*ri/ ha? r$eem$ u f ! curse ( ! law4444 ,b be=e fai? came1 we 7 kept "u ! law1 %ut up ) ! fai? :i* %\ld aft]w>ds be reveal$4 ,:]e=e ! law 0 our s*oolma/] to br+ u unto ,*ri/ t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,b aft] t fai? is come1 we are no long] "u a s*oolma/]4 ,paul's position !n--& he is ! =]unn] ( dogmatic ,*ri/ianity--involv$ a rejection ( ! ,torah2 & x is ?is :i* above all else con/itut$ 8 cleavage f bo? ,judaism & ! ,philonic pres5tation ( x4 ,philo is commonly reg>d$ z ! =]unn] ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 & x is d\btless true t he sugge/$ to ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs p>ts ( _! !ology1 & repres5t$ also ! mission>y _s :i* inspir$ ! tea*+ ( "s ,apo/les4 ,b x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t he %>$ /ill m ! _s ( ,hillel1 ^: maxim 0 to love ?y fell[-creatures & draw !m ne> to ! ,torah1 & t he w\ld h be5 fundam5tally oppos$ to ! new mission>y attitude ( ,paul4 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 or ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 are absolutely antipa!tic to ! ideal ( ! ,allegories ( ! ,laws4 ,paul is alli$ 9 _s--?\gh 8 expression is t ( ! fanatic r ?an ( ! philosoph]--to ! extreme allegori/ section ( philosophical ,jews at ,alex&ria1 attack$ by ,philo = _! %all[ness 9 ! fam\s passage1 quot$ f ,de ,migratione ,abrahami 7*4 #afceh71 :o1 because !y recogniz$ ! spiritual mean+ ( ! law1 reject$ its lit]al comm&s2 because !y saw t circumcision symboliz$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! s5sual life1 no long] obs]v$ ! c]emony4 ,! same ant9omian _s is %[n 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians by ! allegory ( ! *ildr5 :om ,abraham _h by ,hag> ! bondwoman & ,s>ah ! free wife3 ,= !re are ! two cov5ants1 ! "o f ! m\nt ( ,s9ai :i* g5d]e? to bondage1 :i* is ,hag>4444 ,b we1 bre?r51 z ,isaac 01 are ! *ildr5 ( promise4 ,to ,philo ! law & ! obs]vance ( ! lett] 7 ! high-road to fre$om & ! ,div9e _s1 &1 rema9+ loyal to ! ,jewi% conception ( religion1 = all 8 philosophical outlook1 he said3 ,! rejection ( ! ,greek3 ,nomos w produce *aos 9 our lives4 ,to ,paul ! law 0 an ob/acle to ! spread ( religi\s tru? & a fett] to ! spiritual life ( ! individual4 ,x is possible t an extremi/ section ( ! ,jews press$ ! lett] ( ! law to excess1 s z to lose its _s1 b ! opposite excess1 into :i* ,paul plung$ ! new fai?1 0 z n>r[4 ,x involv$ a glorification ( belief1 :i* did n imply any relation to conduct4 ,philo _h plead$ no less e>ne/ly ?an ! ,apo/le = ! reliance ^u grace & ! sav+ virtue ( fai?1 b he did n !re=e absolve m5 f ! law :i* made = righte\sness4#cei ,& le/ x be ?\ght t ! /ress laid ^u fai? 0 peculi> to ,hell5iz+ ,judaism1 we h only to note su* passages z ,dr4 ,s*e*t] has adduc$ f ! e>ly ,midra% on ! rabb9ic conception4#cfj ,great 0 ! m]it ( fai? :i* ,israel put 9 ,god2 = x 0 by ! m]it ( ?is fai? t ! ,holy ,_s came ov] !m1 & !y said ! ,hebrew3 %ira1 7i4e41 ! ,song ( ,moses7 to ,god1 z x is said1 ',& !y believ$ 9 ! ,"l & ,8 s]vant ,moses4 ,!n sang ,moses & ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ?is song unto ! ,"l4' ,or aga9#cfa--;& ! passage rem9ds u /ill m /rongly ( bo? ,philo & ,*ri/ian ,gospel--,our ,fa!r ,abraham came into ! possession ( ?is _w & ! _w h]eaft] only by ! m]it ( 8 fai?4 ,:at is new 9 ! ,*ri/ian position is n ! magnify+ ( fai?2 x is ! sev]ance ( fai? f ! law & ! p>ticul> fai? :i* is magnifi$4 ,philo1 & ! rabbis1 too1 believ$ t fai? 0 ! goal ( virtue1 & ! culm9ation ( ! moral life2 b fai? to !m impli$ ! sanctification ( ! :ole ( life1 ! love ( ,god %[n 9 ob$i5ce to a law ( conduct4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 hat+ ! law1 set up a new fai? 9 ! sav+ p[] ( ,jesus & 9 c]ta9 beliefs ab\t him1 :i* aft]w>ds 7 cry/alliz$1 or petrifi$1 into m]ciless dogmas1 contr>y alike to ! ,jewi% ideas ( ,god & ( life4 ,! new religion1 :5 x 0 d5ationaliz$1 inevitably became ecclesia/ical3 = z ! national regulation ( life 0 reject$1 9 ord] to ensure "s k9d ( uni=mity1 x _h to b9d its memb]s toge!r by def9ite articles ( belief impos$ by a c5tral au?ority4 ,! true alt]native 0 n betwe5 a legal & a spiritual religion--= e religion mu/ h "s ext]nal rule--b betwe5 a law ( conduct & a law ( belief4 ,philo & ! rabbis *ose ! =m] way2 ,paul & ! ,*ur*1 ! latt]4 ,*ri/ian !ology1 no less ?an ! ,*ri/ian conception ( religion1 exhibits also a complete brea* ) ! ,jewi% _s ( ,philo4 ,9 ! ,epi/les !re are1 inde$1 9 _m places doctr9es ( ! ,logos 9 ! same images & ! same ,hebraic metaphors z ,philo _h work$ into 8 sy/em2 b _! purport is entirely *ang$ by association ) new un-,jewi% dogmas4 ,philo1 allegoriz+1#cfb _h se5 ! holy ,^w typifi$ 9 ! high prie/1 & 9 ,mel*iz$ek1 ! prie/ ( ! ,mo/ ,high2 he _h call$ x ! son ( ,god & ,8 fir/-born4 ,paul1 dogmatiz+1 exalts ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! inc>nate ,^w1 above ,mel*iz$ek & ! high prie/1 & calls on ! ,hebrews to ga9 salvation by fai? 9 ! son ( ,god1 :o di$ on behalf ( ! s9ful human race4 ,philo1 9 8 poetic fancy1 speaks ( ,god associat+ ) ! virg9 s\l & g5]at+ !re9 ! ,div9e (fspr+ ( holy wisdom2#cfc ! ,*ri/ian cre$-mak]s enunciat$ ! irrational dogma ( ! immaculate conception ( ,jesus4 ,s1 too1 ! e>lie/ philosophical expon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,orig51 may h d]iv$ _m ( _! detail$ ideas f ,philo1 b !y conv]t$--"o might r say p]v]t$--8 mono!i/ic !ology into a dogmatic tr9it>ianism4 ,!y exalt$ ! ,logos1 to ,philo ! ,god ( ! imp]fect1 & a second-be/ ,deity1 to an equal place ) ! p]fect ,god4 ,= man1 inde$1 he 0 ne>] & ! true object ( human adoration4 ,& ?is n only meant a dep>ture f ,judaism2 x meant a dep>ture f philosophy4 ,! supreme unity ( ! pure reason 0 sacrific$ no less ?an ! unity ( ! so>+ religi\s imag9ation4 ,! "o transc5d5tal ,god became aga91 z ,he _h be5 to ! ,greek !ologians1 an inscrutable imp]sonal p[]1 :o 0 unkn[n to man & rul$ ov] ! univ]se by ,8 begott5 son1 ! ,logos4 ,! sublimity ( ! ,hebrew conception1 :i* comb9es p]sonality ) unity1 0 lo/1 & ! h>mony ( ! intellectual & emotional aspirations a*iev$ by ,philo 0 brok5 /raightway by ^? :o pr(ess$ to foll[ him4 ,! skeleton ( 8 ?\ght 0 clo!d ) a body :]e9 8 _s c\ld nev] h dwelt4 ,x 0 ! p5alty :i* ,philo paid = vagu5ess ( expression & luxuriance ( words t 8 works became ! support ( doctr9es :i* he _h combat$1 ! guide ( ^? :o 7 oppos$ to 8 life's ideal4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ur* %[$ h[ "r 0 ,philo's judgm5t :5 he decl>$ t ! rejection ( ! ,torah w\ld produce *aos4 ,! f\r? & fif? c5turies exhibit an era ( unp>allel$ disord] & confusion 9 ! religi\s _w1#cfd sect /ruggl+ ) sect1 cre$ ) cre$1 *ur*es ris+ & fall+1 dogmas set up by c\ncils & =c$ ^u m5's s\ls at ! po9t ( ! ,roman sword6 ,& out ( ?is /ruggl+ mass ( beliefs & fancies1 !ologies & sup]/itions1 sects & political =ces1 !re arose a tyrannical1 dogmatic ,*ur* :i* laid f> heavi] bur!ns on m5's m9ds ?an ev] ! mo/ ru?less ,ph>isee ( ! !ologian's imag9ation _h laid ^u _! body & _s4 ,! yoke ( ! law ( ,moses1 sanctify+ ! life1 _h be5 brok52 ! fiat ( popes & ! decrees ( synods 7 ! sav+ beliefs :i* ensur$ ! ,k+dom ( ,heav56 ,0 x to ?is t ! allegoriz+ ( ! law1 ! se>* = ! _s b5ea? ! lett]1 ! re9t]pretation ( ! holy law ( ,moses 9 ! light ( philosophical reason1 _h br\ght ,judaism8 ,& 0 ! association ( ,jewi% religion ) ,greek philosophy "o long error8 ,t w\ld be a h>d conclusion1 if we _h to admit t ,judaism _c /& ! te/ ( contact ) =eign culture4 ,b 9 tru? ! ,hell5i/ic int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 s long z x 0 g5u9ely philosophical1 rema9$ loyal to ,judaism4 ,only :5 x became h>d5$ into dogma1 fix$ n only z good doctr9e1 b z ! only sav+ doctr9e1 z ! tree ( life oppos$ to ! ,torah1 ! tree ( dea?--only !n did x become anti-,jewi%1 & appe> z a ba/>d (fspr+ ( ! ,hebraic ,god-idea & ,greek culture4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t ! ,*ri/ian !ology & ! ,*ri/ian conception ( religion are a fall+ away also f ! highe/ ,hell5ic ideas2 = to ,plato z well ,god 0 a purely spiritual unity1 & religion a sy/em ( morality bas$ ^u a law ( conduct & t\*$ ) emotion4 ,9 ,philo1 z we h se51 ! ,hebraic & ,hell5ic conceptions ( ,god t\* at _! summits 9 _! noble/ expressions2 ! conceptions ( ,plato are int]fus$ ) ! imag9ation ( ! prophets4 ,! ,*ri/ian !ology 0 a desc5t to a common] ,hell5ism--or "o %\ld r call x a common] syncretism--z well z to an easi]1 impur] ,hebraism4 ,x mu/ n be put d[n to ! fault ( ! ,septuag9t or ! allegori/s or ,philo t ! ,alex&rian developm5t ( ,judaism l$ on to ,roman ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is to be ascrib$ r to ! infirmity ( human nature1 :i* requires ! ideas ( its inspir$ tea*]s & peoples to be br\ght d[n to ! common und]/&+1 & causes ! progress t[>ds univ]sal religion to be a sl[ gr[?4 ,! masses ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews 9 8 own day _c h grasp$ 8 tea*+2 = ,philo1 to "s degree1 liv$ 9 a n>r[ _w ( philosophical idealism1 & he did n calculate ! =ces :i* oppos$ & made impossible ! spread ( 8 fai? 9 its integrity4 ,he 0 aim+ at :at 0 & mu/ = long rema9 unatta9able--! e/abli%m5t among ! peoples ( philosophical mono!ism4 ,no man is a prophet 9 8 own l&--or 9 8 own "t--& because ,philo has 9 him mu* ( ! prophet1 he seems to h fail$4 ,b x is ! burd5 ( our mission to s[ 9 te>s t we may reap 9 joy4 ,& ! "w ( ! ,alex&rian-,jewi% s*ool may be sad f "o aspect ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 b x is nev]!less "o ( ! dom9at+ incid5ts ( our religi\s annals4 ,x did n succe$ 9 br++ ov] ! _w to ! pure idea ( ,god1 b x did help 9 und]m9+ crud] paganism4 ,x br\ght ! nations ne>] to ,god1 & x introduc$ ,hebraism into ! ?\ght ( ! ,we/]n peoples4 ,x m>k$1 !re=e1 a great /ep 9 ! religi\s "w ( ,israel2 yet by ! s*ools ( rabbis :o felt ! h>d h& ( its (fspr+ ^u _! p x 0 reg>d$ z a long mis=tune1 to be blott$ f memory4 ,:at seem$ s om9\s to !m 0 t ! annihilation ( ! nation came at ! same "t z ! cleavage 9 ! religion4 ,judaism seem$ attack$ no less by int]nal foes ?an by ext]nal calamity2 & 0 likely to p]i% altoge!r or to drift into a l[] conception ( ,god1 unless x c\ld f9d "s /alw>t def5ce4 ,h5ce !y insi/$ on ! ext5sion ( ! f5ce ( ! law1 & ab&on$ = c5turies ! mission ( ! ,jews to ! out] _w4 ,?is 0 ! true ,galut1 or exile2 n s mu* ! political exclusion f ! l& ( _! fa!rs1 b ! en=c$ exclusion f ! mission ( ! prophets4 ,philo is "o ( ! brighte/ figures ( a gold5 age ( ,jewi% expansion1 :i* pass$ away ( a sudd51 & has nev] s9ce return$4 ,9 ! silv] & bronze ages :i* foll[$1 8 place 9 ,judaism 0 obscur$4 ,b ?is age ( ours1 :i* boa/s ( its hi/orical s5se1 look+ back ov] ! c5turies & fre$ f ! bitt] dismay ( ! rabbis1 c appraise 8 true wor? & see 9 him "o :o realiz$ = himself all t ,judaism & ,jewi% culture c\ld & /ill c be4 ,"s ,jewi% tea*]s h ?\ght t ,philo's "w 0 a failure1 o!rs t x provides a w>n+ r ?an an example = lat] g5]ations ( ,jews1 prov+ ! mis*ief ( exp&+ ,judaism = ! _w4 ,z well "o might say t ,isaiah's prophecy 0 a calamity1 because ! ,*ri/ian synoptics us$ 8 words z evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at is univ]sal 9 ,jewi% lit]ature is 9 ! fulle/ s5se ,jewi%1 & we %\ld bew>e ( r5\nc+ our inh]itance because o!rs h abus$ & p]v]t$ x4 ,o!r critics1 aga91 say t ,philo is we>isome & prolix1 artificial & sophi/icat$4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "s tru? 9 ?is judgm5t2 b ,philo has _m beautiful passages :i* comp5sate4 ,"p ( 8 message 0 = 8 own g5]ation & ! ,alex&rian community1 & ) ! pass+ away ( ! ,hell5i/ic culture1 x has lo/ its attraction4 ,b "p ( x is ( univ]sal import1 & is v p]t95t & significant = e g5]ation ( ,jews :i*1 enjoy+ social & intellectual emancipation1 lives amid a =eign culture4 ,d\btless ! position ( ,philo & ! ,alex&rian community 0 to "s ext5t diff]5t f t ( ! ,jews at any "t s9ce ! great] ,diaspora t foll[$ ! de/ruction ( ! temple4 ,!y _h beh9d !m a national culture & a c5tre ( ,jewi% life1 religi\s & social1 :i* 0 a p[]ful influ5ce 9 civilization & unit$ ! ,jews 9 e l&4 ,& ?is gave a ca?olicity to _! developm5t & a /&>d = _! tea*+ :i* ! scatt]$ communities ( ,jews to-day d n possess4 ,none ! less ,philo's ideal ( ,judaism z religion & life is an ideal = our "t & = all "t4 ,its keynote is t ,israel is a holy p1 a k+dom ( prie/s1 :i* has a special function = humanity4 ,& ! p]=mance ( ?is function dem&s ! religi\s-philosophical ord]+ ( life4 ,f ! negative side ,philo /&s = ! /ruggle aga9/ ,epicureanism1 :i* 9 o!r words is ! devotion to mat]ial pleasures & s5sual enjoym5ts4 ,9 adv]sity1 z he notes1 ! race is true/ to its ideals1 b z soon z ! breeze ( prosp]ity has caught its sails1 !n x ?r[s ov]bo>d all t ennobles life4 ,! h$oni/ :om he attacks1 l ! ,epicuros 7,hebrew3 'fikuros7 ( ! rabbis1 is n ! banal ?9k] ( "o p>ticul> age1 b a p]man5t type 9 ! hi/ory ( our p4 ,we seem to sp5d ne>ly all our moral /r5g? 9 ! resi/ance ( p]secution1 & ) tranquillity f )\t comes degradation )94 ,emancipation1 :i* %\ld be b a means to ! realization ( ! high] life1 is tak5 z an end1 & becomes ! grave ( idealism4 ,) a reit]ation t becomes almo/ we>isome1 b :i* is ! measure ( ! ne$ = ! w>n+1 ,philo prote/s aga9/ ?is desecration ( life1 ( lib]ty1 & ( ,judaism4 ,8 position is1 t a free & cultur$ ,jewry mu/ pursue ! mission ( ,israel alike by ! example ( ! righte\s life devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god1 & by ! prea*+ ( ,god's reveal$ ^w4 ,?is is 8 burd5 ( ! ^w ( ! ,"l to ! worldly-wise & ! mat]iali/s ( civiliz$ ,alex&ria--& to ,jews ( o!r l&s4 ,f ! positive side ,philo /&s = ! spiritual significance ( ! religion4 ,judaism1 :i* lays /ress ^u ! law1 ! c]emonial1 & ! cu/oms ( our =efa!rs1 is ?reat5$ at times ) ! neglect ( ! inw>d religion & ! h>dness ( legalism4 ,n t ! law1 :5 x is und]/ood1 kills ! _s or fett]s ! feel+s1 b a =mal obs]vance & an un5light5$ insi/5ce ^u ! lett] may cru% ! s\l :i* good habits %\ld nurture4 ,religion at its highe/ mu/ be ! expression ( ! individual s\l )91 n ! acceptance ( a law f )\t4 ,al?\gh ,philo's e/imate ( ! ,torah is f ! hi/orical & philological /&po9t uncritical1 9 ! religi\s s5se x is f9ely critical inasmu* z x se>*es out true values4 ,philo looks 9 e ord9ance ( ! ,bible = ! spiritual light & conceives ! law z an inspiration ( spiritual tru? & ! guide to ,god1 or1 z he puts x sometimes1 ! my/agogue to div9e ec/asy4 ,= ! cr[n ( life to him is ! sa9t's union ) ,god4 ,9 my/icism religion & philosophy bl5d1 = my/icism is ! philosophical =m ( fai?4 ,j z ! ,torah to ,philo has an outw>d & an inw>d mean+1 s1 too1 has ! religion ( ! ,torah2 & ! outw>d ,judaism is ! symbol1 ! necess>y bodily expression ( ! inw>d1 ev5 z ! words ( ,moses are ! symbol1 ! sugge/ive expression ( ! deep] tru? beh9d !m4 ,yet my/ic & spiritual z he is1 ,philo nev] all[s religion to s9k into m]e spirituality1 because he has a true appreciation & a real love = ! law4 ,! ,torah is ! f\ndation ( ,judaism1 & "o ( ! ?ree pill>s ( ! univ]se1 z ! rabbis said2 & nei!r ! philosoph] nor ! my/ic 9 ,philo ev] causes him to =get t ,judaism is a religion ( conduct z well z ( belief1 & t ! law ( righte\sness is a law :i* mu/ be practic$ & %[ itself 9 active life4 ,he holds fa/1 moreov]1 to ! ca?olicity ( ,judaism1 :i* re/ra9s ! individual f abrogat+ obs]vance till ! unit$ consci5ce ( ! race calls = x2 unless progress comes 9 ?is ord]$ way1 ! re=m] w produce *aos4 ,philo is cons]vative !n 9 practice1 b he is pre-em95tly lib]al 9 ?\ght4 ,! p]fect example himself ( ! assimilation ( outside culture1 he dem&s t ,judaism %all always seek out ! fulle/ k1 & 9 ! light ( ! broade/ culture ( ! age con/antly re9t]pret its religi\s ideas & its holy books4 ,above all x mu/ be philosophical1 = philosophy is ! brea? & f9] _s ( all k1 & x vivifies ! k ( ,god z well z ! k ( human ?+s4 ,)\t x religion becomes bigot$1 fai? obscuranti/1 & c]emony sup]/iti\s4 ,b ! ,jew does n m]ely borr[ ideas or accept 8 philosophy ready-made f 8 environm5t2 he int]prets x afre% accord+ to 8 peculi> ,god-idea & 8 conception ( ,god's relation to man1 & !reby makes x a g5u9e ,jewi% philosophy1 =m+ 9 ea* age a special ,jewi% culture4 ,& z religion )\t philosophy is n>r[1 s1 to ,philo1 philosophy )\t religion is b>r52 remote f ! true life1 & fail+ 9 ! true purpose ( ! se>* = wisdom1 :i* is to raise man to 8 highe/ function4 ,philosophy1 !n1 is n ! enemy ( ! ,torah3 x is its true complem5t1 end[+ x ) a deep] mean+ & a pr(\nd] influ5ce4 ,?us ! say+ runs 9 ! ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs1 ,hebrew3 'm 'yn tora 'yn hkma2 'm 'yn hkma 'yn tora ,if !re is no ,torah1 !re is no wisdom2 if !re is no wisdom1 !re is no ,torah4 ,! ?\ght t /udy ( ! law is ess5tial to ,judaism ,philo %>es ) ! rabbis1 & ! ,torah is 9 8 eyes ,israel's great h]itage1 n only h] lit]ature b h] life4 ,z ,saadia said lat]1#cfe ,?is nation is only a nation by reason ( its ,torah4 ,x is because ,philo />ts f ?is conviction t 8 mission is s /rik+1 & its results s tragical4 ,! ,judaism :i* he prea*$ to ! pagan _w 0 no food = ! s\l ) ! /r5g? tak5 out to r5d] x m easily assimilat$4 ,he emphasizes its spiritual import1 he %[s its h>mony1 z ! age dem&$1 ) ! philosophical & e?ical conceptions ( ! "t1 b he /eadfa/ly holds al(t1 z ! /&>d ( humanity1 ! law ( ,moses4 ,! reign ( "o ,god & "o law seem$ to him n a f>-(f ,div9e ev5t1 b some?+ ne>1 :i* e good ,jew c\ld br+ ne>]4 ,he 0 oppress$ by no crav5 fe> ( ,jewi% di/9ctiv5ess2 & ! ,biblical say+ t ,israel 0 a *os5 p 0 real to him & mov$ him to action4 ,x meant t ,israel 0 ess5tially a religi\s nation1 ne>] ,god1 & possess$ ( ! ,div9e law ( life1 & t x _h receiv$ ! ,div9e bidd+ to spread ! tru? ab\t ,god to all ! _w4 ,x 0 a cre$1 & m1 x 0 an inspiration :i* con/antly impell$ to ef=t4 ,x w\ld be difficult to sum up ,philo's message to 8 p bett] ?an by ! v]ses 9 ,deut]onomy :i* he1 ! int]pret] ( ,god's ,^w & ! successor ( ,moses1 z he lov$ to consid] himself1 proclaims afre% to 8 own age1 & beyond x to ! congregation ( ,jacob 9 all ages1 ,keep !re=e my comm&m5ts & d !m2 = ?is is y\r wisdom & y\r und]/&+ 9 ! sight ( ! nations1 :i* %all he> all ^! /atutes1 & say1 ,surely ?is great nation is a wise & und]/&+ p4 ,= :at nation is !re s great1 :o ha? ,god s nigh unto !m1 z ! ,"l our ,god is 9 all ?+s t we call ^u ,him =8 ,& :at nation is !re s great t ha? /atutes & judgm5ts s righte\s z all ?is law1 :i* ,i set be=e y ?is day8 7,deut4 iv4 #e-g74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bibliography ,! foll[+ are ! *ief works :i* h be5 consult$ & are recomm5d$ to ! /ud5t ( ,philo3 ,! /&>d edition ( ,philo is /ill t ( ,?omas ,mangey1 ,philonis ,judi op]a qu rep]iri potu]unt omnia4 #agdb4 ,lond9i4 ,a f> m accurate & critical edition1 :i* is provid$ ) introductory essays & notes ^u ! s\rces ( ,philo1 is 9 c\rse ( publication = ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 by ,dr4 ,leopold ,cohn & ,dr4 ,paul ,w5dl&4 ,! fir/ five volumes h already appe>$1 & ! rema9d] may be expect$ be=e long4 ,! only complete edition :i* conta9s ! ,lat9 text ( ! ,quae/iones z well z ! ,greek works is t publi%$ by ,tau*nitz 9 eight volumes2 b ! text is n reliable4 ,!re is an ,engli% translation ( ,philo's works 9 ! ,bohn ,libr>y 7,g4 ,bell ,sons7 by ,c4,d4 ,yonge 7#d vols471 b x is nei!r accurate nor neat4 ,! same may he said ( ! ,g]man translation ( ,jo/1 b an admirable ,g]man v]sion edit$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,cohn is n[ appe>+1 :i* conta9s notes ( ! p>allel passages 9 rabb9ic & patri/ic lit]ature4 ,works be>+ on ,philo & 8 p]iod g5]ally3 ,s*r]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p at ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,engli% translation74 ,siegfri$1 ,philo von ,alex&ri5 als ,ausleg] d] heilig5 ,s*rift4 ,zell]1 ,ges*iehte d] ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 vol4 ,,iii1 sec4 #b4 ,drummond1 ,philo-,judu & ! ,jewi% ,alex&rian ,s*ool4 #b vols4 7,london47 ,h]riot1 ,philon le ,juif4 ,va*]ot1 cole d',alex&rie1 vol4 ,i4 ,eusebius1 ,prp>atio ,evangelica1 ed4 ,gif=d4 ,freud5?al1 ,j41 ,hell5i/is*e ,/udi54 ,h>nack1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 vol4 ,i4 ,josephus1 ,w>s ( ! ,jews2 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews4 ,momms51 ,?41 ,! ,roman ,prov9ces4 ,works be>+ on ! special subjects ( ! diff]5t *apt]s3 ,i4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,community ,,at ,,alex&ria ,graetz1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews 7,eng4 trans471 vol4 ,,ii4 ,swete1 introduction to ! ,septuag9t4 ,hirs*1 ,s4,a41 ,! ,temple ( ,onias1 9 ! ,jews' ,college ,jubilee ,volume4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,m4 7,vi5na71 ,ges*i*te d] jdis*5 ,apologetitc & ,religise ,bewegung5 d] ,jud5 irn ,zeitalt] von ,jesus4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,philo ,conybe>e1 edition ( ,de ,vita ,contemplativa4 7,ox=d47 ,hils1 ,les juifs en ,rome4 ,revue des ,etudes ,juives1 vols4 #h & #aa4 ,re9a*1 ,?odor1 ,textes d'auteurs grecs et roma9s rlatifs au ,judaisme4 ,brhi] et ,massebieau1 ,essai sur la *ronologie de ,philon4 ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 #aijf4 ,,iii4 ,,philo',s ,,works ,,& ,,me?od ,h>t1 ,j4,h4,a41 ,philo ( ,alex&ria1 ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vols4 ,,xvii & ,,xviii4 ,massebieau1 ,du classem5t des oeuvres de ,philon4 ,cohn1 ,leopold1 ,e9teilung und ,*ronologie d] ,s*rift5 ,philon4 ,,iv4 ,,philo ,,& ,,! ,,torah ,treitel1 ,l41 ,d] ,nomos 9 ,philon4 ,monatss*rift fr ,ges*i*te und ,wiss5s*aft des ,jud5?ums1 #aije4 ,v4 ,,philo',s ,,!ology ,montefiore1 ,c41 ,florilegium ,philonis1 ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vol4 ,,viii4 ,caird1 ,ed41 ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s4 ,he9ze1 ,die ,lefire vom ,logos1 ,bu*]1 ,philonis*e ,/udi54 ,von ,arnim1 ,philonis*e ,/udi54 ,,vi4 ,,philo ,,z ,a ,,philosoph] ,freud5?al1 ,max1 ,die ,erk5ntnis/heorie von ,philo4 ,bigg1 ,! ,*ri/ian neo-,platoni/s ( ,alex&ria4 ,bussell1 ,! ,s*ool ( ,plato4 ,/ew>t1 ,j4,a41 ,! ,my?s ( ,plato4 ,cuyot1 ,h41 ,les rem9isc5ces de ,philon *ez ,plot94 #aijf4 ,neum>k1 ,ges*i*te d] jildis*5 ,philosophie des ,mittelalt]s4 ,,vii4 ,,philo ,,& ,,jewi% ,,tradition ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology4 ,taylor1 ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,ritt]1 ,b]nh>d1 ,philo und die ,hala*a4 ,breslau1 #ahgi4 ,dei ,rossi1 ,meor ,e9ayim1 ed4 ,cassel4 ,kro*mal1 ,moreh ,nebu*ei ,hazeman1 ed4 ,zunz4 ,frankel1 ,z41 ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss d] pal/95sis*5 ,exegese auf die alex&r9is*e ,h]m5eutik4 ,ep/e91 ,le livre des ,jubilis1 ,philon et le ,midras* ,tads*1 ,revue des ,etudes ,juives1 ,,xxi4 ,g9zb]g1 ,l41 ,allegorical ,int]pretation1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia4 ,joel1 ,m41 ,blicke 9 die ,religionsges*i*te4 ,treitel1 ,l41 ,agadah bei ,philo4 ,monatss*rift fr ,ges*i*te und ,wiss5s*aft des ,jud5?ums1 #aiji4 ,,abbreviations ,,us$ ,,= ,,! ,,ref]5ces ,! ref]5ces to ,philo's works are made accord+ to ! *apt]s 9 ,conn & ,w5dl&'s edition1 s f> z x has appe>$4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! works :i* !y h n edit$1 ,i h us$ ! pages ( ,mangey'a edition2 b ,i h frequ5tly m5tion$ ! "n ( ! treatise 9 :i* ! passage occurs1 z well z ! page-numb]4 ,i h employ$ ! foll[+ abbreviations 9 ! ref]5ces3 ,l4,a4 ,i-,,iii ,legum ,allegoriae4 ,de ,mundi ,op4 ,de ,mundi ,opificio4 ,de ,sacrif4 ,de ,sacrifices ,abelis4 ,quod ,det4 ,quod ,det]ius ,potiori ,insidiatur4 ,de ,po/4 ,c4 ,de ,po/]itate ,ca9i4 ,de ,gigant4 ,de ,gigantibus4 ,quod ,deus4 ,quod ,deus ,sit ,immutabilis4 ,de ,agric4 ,de ,agricultura4 ,de ,plant4 ,de ,plantatione4 ,de ,ebr4 ,de ,ebrietate4 ,de ,confus4 ,de ,confusione ,l+u>um4 ,de ,migr4 ,de ,migratione ,abrahami4 ,quis ,r]4 ,div4 ,quis ,r]um ,div9>um ,h]es4 ,de ,cong4 ,de ,congressu ,eruditorum ,causa4 ,de ,fuga4 ,de ,fuga et ,inv5tione4 ,de ,mut4 ,nom4 ,de ,mutatione ,nom9um4 ,de ,somn4 ,de ,somniis4 ,de ,abr4 ,de ,vita ,abrahami4 ,de ,jos4 ,de ,vita ,josephi4 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,de ,vita ,mosis4 ,de ,mon4 ,de ,mon>*ia4 ,de ,spec4 ,leg4 ,de ,specialibus ,legibus4 ,de ,sac4 ,de ,sac]dotum ,honoribus et de ,victimis4 ,de ,leg4 ,de ,legatione ad ,gaium4 ,9 ,flacc4 ,9 ,flaccum4 ,de ,decal4 ,de ,decalogo4 ,de ,sept54 ,de ,sept5>io4 ,de ,concupisc4 ,de ,concupisc5tia4 ,de ,j4 ,de ,ju/itia4 ,de ,exsecr4 ,de ,exsecrationibus4 ,ant4 ,josephus3 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 tr4 by ,:i/on4 ,bell4 ,jud4 ,w>s ( ! ,jews4 ,c4 ,apion4 ,contra ,apionem4 ,hi/4 ,ecclesia/4 ,eusebius3 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica4 ,praep4 ,evang4 ,eusebius3 ,praep>atio ,evangelica4 ,photius1 ,cod4 ,photius3 ,codex4 ,,index ,abraham 7see ,lives ( ,abraham & ,joseph71 #hc2 model ( ! excell5t man1 #bdd4 ,agrippa 7,k+71 ,philo's life cov]s reign (1 #de2 ,philo 9 ,j]usalem dur+ reign (1 #ej2 arrives at ,alex&ria1 #fe2 advanc$ to ,k+dom ( ,judea1 #fi2 int]c$es at ,rome = 8 p1 #fi2 dea? (1 #gj4 ,alex&] 7! ,great71 a notable figure 9 ,talmud1 #ac2 settles ,jews 9 ,greek colonies1 #ad2 result ( 8 "w1 #bc4 ,alex&] ,lysima*us1 ,alab>* ( ,delta region1 #df2 gu>dian ( ,antony's daught]1 #df2 re/or$ to honor aft] imprisonm5t1 #gj4 ,alex&ria1 ,jewi% community at 7see ,jewi%71 #ac ff41 #da1 #db f42 ,jewi% population (1 "u ,ptolemy ,i1 #ae2 meet+-place ( civilizations1 #ad1 #dh1 #ie2 c5tre ( ,jewi% life1 #ae1 #abi2 two sections occupi$ by ,jews1 #af2 prosp]ity ( ,jews 91 #ba1 #bb1 #cb2 anti-,semitic lit]ature & influ5ces 91 #bb1 #fb1 #fg1 #gd2 ,jewi% tradition at1 #bg2 synagogues at1 #cg2 deputation to ,j]usalem f1 #da2 rabbis flee to1 #db2 ,agrippa f9ds a refuge at1 #ea1 #fe2 my/ical & ascetic ideas ( p at1 #ee1 #ei2 philosophical s*ools at1 #fc1 #ij1 #ib1 #id1 #adj2 developm5t ( ,judaism 91 #gg1 #bee2 ,egyptian ca/e-sy/em adopt$ at1 #af2 ,jews (1 popul>ize tea*+s ( ,bible1 #cd2 ,jews (1 ref]r$ to1 9 ,talmud1 #db2 ,philo =c$ into ,sanh$r9 (1 #fa1 #bjb1 #bjc f42 ,philo memb] (1 #fa2 dis9tegration ( community at1 #ga2 ,zealots flee to1 on fall ( ,j]usalem1 #ga2 replac$ by ,babylon z c5tre ( ,jewi% intellect1 #gc2 ,sam>itans 91 #ajf2 ant9omian movem5t 91 #acj2 prototypes ( ,*ri/ian belief at1 #aee2 ,py?agorean influ5ce at1 #ahh2 national life & culture und]m9$ at 7see ,national71 #bah4 ,alex&rian1 exegesis1 *>act]i/ic (1 #cf2 *ur*1 dep>ts f ,jewi% /&po9t1 #gb2 ,platoni/s1 connection betwe5 ,philo & lat] s*ool (1 #aib2 s*ools1 relation (1 to ,pale/9ian1 #aii f41 #bac2 lit]ature 9 ! ,d>k & ,middle ,ages1 #bbe f4 ,allegories ( ! ,laws1 an allegorical comm5t>y1 #gd1 #hg f42 attacks ,/oic doctr9es1 #id2 ! ,epi/les1 l9eal desc5dants (1 #bdg4 ,angels1 doctr9e (1 9 ,pale/9e1 #adj2 ,philo's treatm5t (1 #aej-a4 ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ,pale/9e passes to1 #ag4 ,anti-,semitic1 p>ty1 ,flaccus won ov] by1 #fe2 lit]ature & influ5ces 9 ,alex&ria1 #bb1 #fb1 #fg1 #gd2 p>ty1 puni%m5t (1 at ,rome1 #gj4 ,apion1 a ,/oic lead]1 #fc2 accuses ,jews1 #fc1 #fg2 ,philo's ref]5ces to1 #fc1 #aja2 ,josephus' reply to1 #fe4 ,aquila1 new ,greek v]sion ( ,old ,te/am5t made by1 #bbd2 rabbis' views (1 #bbd4 ,ari/eas1 _s (1 glorifi$ 9 ,philo1 #gg4 ,ari/obulus1 fir/ allegori/ ( ,alex&ria1 #ch2 8 _s inh]it$ by ,philo1 #gg2 on wisdom1 #adc2 on ! ,^w ( ,god1 #adf2 diff]5ce betwe5 ,philo &1 #afh4 ,artapanus1 ,jewi% apologi/1 #gg4 ,ass\an1 ,aramaic papyri at1 #ae4 ,babylon1 replaces ,alex&ria z c5tre ( ,jewi% intellect1 #gc2 ,greek culture =gott5 91 #bbd4 ,bible1 !1 ,philo's int]pretation & views on1 #di1 #ajb1 #ajh ff42 ,philo reveals spiritual message (1 #hc2 au?ority (1 *all5g$ at ,alex&ria1 #ib2 wisdom p]sonifi$ 91 #ada1 #adb4 ,cabbalah1 !1 ,ess5es practition]s 91 #bcc2 ,philo z ! ,hell5iz] (1 #bce4 ,caligula4 ,see ,gaius4 ,*aldean1 ?\ght1 ,philo's acqua9tance )1 #dh4 ,*ri/ian1 mona/ic communities1 #gc2 h]esy1 a sev]ance f ma9 community1 #gb2 !ologians1 fail to realize _s ( ,philo1 #abd2 re=m]s1 & ! yoke ( ! law1 #acj2 tea*]s pres]ve ,philo's works1 #aef1 #bdh2 writ]s quote ,philo1 #bbc2 apologi/s imitate allegorical me?od1 #bde4 ,*ri/ianity1 ! movem5t t[>ds1 #bh2 rise (1 #db2 conflict ) ,judaism at ,alex&ria1 #gb2 ,philo's writ+s reg>d$ z te/imony to1 #aef2 ,philo's influ5ce ov] religi\s philosophy (1 #aie4 ,conv]sion to ,judaism1 9 ,egypt & ,rome1 #cb4 ,c\rage1 tractate app5d$ to ,life ( ,moses1 #ge4 ,creation ( ! ,_w1 description (1 #hc4 ,croiset1 criticism ( ,philo by1 #ij4 ,decalogue1 ,!1 cont5ts (1 #hc4 ,d]a%1 ,philo a ma/] (1 #ajc4 ,dreams ( ! ,bible1 class$ ) ,allegories ( ! ,laws1 #gd4 ,dubn[1 on ,alex&rian ,judaism1 #abi4 ,egypt1 ,alex&]'s m>* to1 #ad2 settlem5t ( ,jews 91 #ad2 connection betwe5 ,israel &1 #ad2 visit$ by ,plato1 #ae1 #agb2 ,diaspora 91 aft] ,j]emiah1 #ae2 a favor$ home ( ! ,jews1 #ba2 conv]sion widespread 9 7see ,rome71 #cb2 ,flaccus1 gov]nor (1 #fe2 ,jews (1 "u same rule z ,pale/9e ,jews1 #ae4 ,egyptian1 populace1 ,philo on1 #fb2 ?\ght1 ,philo's acqua9tance )1 #dh4 ,epi/les1 ! ,paul9e1 l9eal desc5dants ( ,allegories ( ! ,laws1 #bdg2 doctr9es ( ! ,logos 91 #bej4 ,ess5es1 rise (1 #cd1 #ed2 acc\nt (1 9 ,philo's works1 #gh2 type ( ! philosophical life1 #gi2 practition]s 9 ! ,cabbalah1 #bcc4 ,flaccus1 won ov] by ,anti-,semites1 #fe2 indiff]5ce (1 to attacks ( ,jews1 #ff2 recall (1 #ff2 ,philo on ! p]secutions (1 #gh4 ,frankel ,z41 writes on ,alex&rian-,jewi% culture1 #bda4 ,gaius 7,roman ,emp]or71 comes to ! imp]ial *air1 #fe2 ,jews appeal directly to1 #ff2 receives ,jewi% deputation1 #fg2 dea? (1 #fi4 ,greek philosoph]s1 ,philo's relation to1 #dh1 #eb2 philosophy1 ,philo's influ5ce on1 #di1 #aia f42 colonies1 ,alex&] settles ,jews 91 #ad4 ,greek culture1 v>i\s bran*es (1 #dg2 ! *ief s*ools (1 #dh1 #ed2 f]tiliz+ influ5ce ( ideas (1 #eh2 & ,jewi% ,scripture1 #gf2 neglect$ 9 ,babylon1 #bbd4 ,haggadah1 !1 9 ,philo's works1 #bjb1 #bjg f42 antiquity (1 #bji f42 allegorical speculation 91 #bab4 ,halakah1 outcome ( devotion to ,torah1 #ii2 ,pale/9ian ,jews det]m9e1 #aje2 obs]vance ( oral law /&>diz$ 91 #abf2 relation ( ,philo to1 #bjb f42 diff]5ces betwe5 ,alex&rian ,sanh$r9 & ,pale/9ian1 #bjc f42 codification (1 #bjg4 ,hebrew1 language1 evid5ce ( ,philo's k (1 #di2 includ$ 9 b>b>ian languages1 #ig2 ,philo's d]ivations f1 #ej1 #aja2 race1 ! ?ree f\nd]s (1 #aaj f42 tradition1 ,philo foll[s1 #aei2 m9d1 ,pr(essor ,caird on1 #afg4 ,hell5ism1 ( ,pale/9e1 #bd1 #be2 ( ,alex&ria 7see ,greek culture71 #be2 influ5ce (1 9 ,pale/9e1 #ea2 & ! int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 #bed2 ,new ,te/am5t1 a comb9ation ( ,hebraism &1 #bdg2 ,*ri/ian !ology a desc5t to a common]1 #bed4 ,hillel1 ,philo contempor>y )1 #de2 %[s expansion ( ,hebrew m9d1 #de2 on *ief lesson ( ,torah1 #aag1 #aah2 _s (1 %>$ by ,philo1 #bdi4 ,humanity1 tractate app5d$ to a ,life ( ,moses1 #ge4 ,inc>nation1 notion (1 n ,jewi%1 #aff4 ,indian1 ?\ght1 ,philo's acqua9tance )1 #dh4 ,isaac1 ,see ,lives ( ,isaac & ,jacob1 #hc4 ,israel1 ,philo's d]ivation ( ! "n1 #ej1 #ach2 ,god's special provid5ce =1 #gg2 ! mission (1 #bjf1 #bdb4 ,italy1 ,philo visits1 #ff4 ,jacob1 ,see ,lives ( ,isaac & ,jacob1 #hc4 ,j]emiah1 prophesies 9 ,egypt1 #ad2 he>d by ,plato1 #ae4 ,j]usalem1 ,alex&]'s visit to1 #ad2 ,philo1 on national c5tre at1 #bj1 #da1 #hf2 spiritual head%ip (1 #da2 special synagogues = ,alex&rians 91 #da2 d]ivation ( "n (1 #ej2 ,philo's soj\rn at1 #ej2 d[nfall (1 #ga2 ,judaism at1 #abi4 ,jesus1 spread ( 8 tea*+1 #bde2 8 message comp>$ ) t ( ,philo1 #bde2 prea*+ (1 effect on ,jewi% attitude to life1 #bdf2 ,paul sets up a new fai? 91 #bea4 ,jewi%1 community at ,alex&ria 7see ,alex&ria71 #ac ff41 #gb2 temple at ,elephant9e1 #ae2 k+dom rea*es its height1 #de2 m9d1 relig\s conception (1 #di1 #acg1 #aff2 law & c]emony1 elucidation (1 #di2 race1 symbol ( ! unity (1 #ea2 aspiration t[>d fre$om "u ! law1 #abd2 influ5ces1 dom9ant 9 ,philo1 #acc1 #ahi2 philosophy1 eclectic1 #afh2 philosophy1 new s*ool ( 9 ,middle ,ages1 #bbe f4 ,joseph 7see ,lives ( ,abraham & ,joseph71 #hc2 z ,egyptian /atesman1 #bc4 ,josephus1 on ,onias & ,dosi!us1 #ah2 inconsi/5t acc\nts ( ,onias temple1 #ai2 on ,egyptian ,jews1 #bj2 acc\nt ( ,h]od's temple by1 #da2 writes a reply to ,apion1 #fe2 description ( ,gaius' conduct to ,jewi% deputation1 #fh2 on ! spread+ ( ,judaism1 #aae2 indicates communication betwe5 s*ools ( ,alex&ria & ,pale/9e1 #bbj2 relation to ,philo & 8 works1 #bbb4 ,j[ett1 on s]mons1 #ij4 ,judaism1 g5ius (1 #df1 #aif2 ,philo's exposition (1 #eb1 #gd1 #gh1 #ha1 #hd1 #aje2 ,philo prote/s aga9/ desecration (1 #beh2 my/icism 91 #eh2 philosophical1 #gb1 #bcj2 ,alex&rian developm5t (1 #gg1 #ib2 moral tea*+s (1 #he2 religion ( ! law1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #bfj2 ,josephus on ! spread+ (1 #aae2 a religion ( univ]sal validity1 #aba1 #afi2 at ,j]usalem & ,alex&ria1 #abi2 ca?olic consci5ce (1 #acj1 #aca2 ,d>me/et] on1 #acb2 ,logos doctr9e &1 #afe2 dang] ( union ) ,g5tiles to1 #bjf2 a national culture1 #bai2 influ5ces ( ,jesus & ,paul on1 #bdg2 ,hell5i/ic int]pretation ( ! ,bible &1 #bed4 ,judas ,maccabu1 /ruggles aga9/ ,hell5iz+ p>ty1 #ah4 ,kro*mal1 ,na*man1 criticism ( ,philo1 #bdj4 ,life ( ,moses1 cont5ts (1 #ge1 #gi f42 an attempt to set mono!ism be=e ! _w1 #hj2 tractates app5d$ to1 #ge4 ,lives ( ,abraham & ,joseph1 description (1 #hc4 ,lives ( ,isaac & ,jacob1 cont5ts (1 #hc4 ,logos1 #adc ff42 its relation to ,god's ,provid5ce1 #adc2 mean+ (1 #add-afd1 #adh2 ,ari/obulus on1 #adf2 reg>d$ z ! efflu5ce ( ,god1 #adi2 spok5 ( z a p]son1 #aef2 ! s\l1 an image (1 #agh2 developm5t ( ,philo's doctr9e (1 #aib4 ,maimonides1 object ( 8 ,moreh1 #ia2 pr9ciples (1 #ii1 #bbi2 comp>ison ( ,philo )1 #bbi f4 ,m>k ,antony1 ,alex&] ,lysima*us 9 ! confid5ce (1 #df4 ,mona/ic communities1 suppos$ record ( ,*ri/ian1 9 ,philo1 #gc4 ,moses1 ,philo a foll[] (1 #fj1 #aac f42 ,philo's ideal type1 #gi f42 ,philo1 z int]pret] ( 8 revelation1 #ajd1 #ajf f4 ,see ,life ( ,moses4 ,national1 c5tre at ,j]usalem1 ,philo on1 #bj1 #da1 #hf2 life und]m9$ at ,rome & ,alex&ria1 #bah4 ,old ,te/am5t1 ,septuag9t translation (1 #be-cj2 ,aquila's new ,greek v]sion (1 #bbd4 ,onias1 lead] ( army ( ,egyptian mon>*1 #ah2 successor to high prie/hood1 #ah2 builds temple1 #ah1 #ai f42 temple (1 dismantl$1 #ga2 ,jewi% writ]s sil5t ab\t "w (1 #ai4 ,oral law1 obs]vance (1 /&>diz$ 9 ! ,halakah1 #abf4 ,orig51 di/+ui%es ?ree me?ods ( int]pretation1 #gf2 tea*] ( ,patri/ic s*ool1 #aie2 imitates ,philo1 #ahf4 ,pale/9e1 /ruggle =1 betwe5 ,ptolemies & ,seleucids1 #ag2 ,hell5ism (1 comp>$ ) t ( ,a!ns1 #bd1 #be2 rabbis (1 #bh2 ,philo visits1 #ej2 effect ( ,hell5ic influ5ce 91 #ed2 ,new ,moon a solemn day 91 #aba2 aims ( ,jewi% ?\ght 91 #adj2 doctr9e ( angels 91 #adj4 ,pale/9ian ,jews1 "u same rule z ,egyptian ,jews1 #ae2 rabbis1 oral tradition1 #cd2 developm5t ( ,jewi% culture1 #db f41 #bjj2 ,midra%1 ,philo's acqua9tance )1 #eb2 s*ools1 relation exi/+ betwe5 ,alex&rian &1 #aii f41 #bjc f41 #bac4 ,paul1 ! mo/ comm&+ ( ! apo/les1 #bdg2 influ5ce (1 comp>$ ) t ( ,jesus1 #bdg2 rejection ( ! ,torah by1 #bdh2 sets up a new fai? 9 ,jesus1 #bea4 ,p5tateu*1 ,sam>itan doctr9es ) ref]5ce to1 #ajf4 ,pe%at1 z a =m ( int]pretation1 #ajc4 ,philo1 contempor>y ) ,h]od1 #de1 #ej2 family (1 #df2 works ( #gd ff42 philosophical tra9+ (1 #di2 flees f ,alex&ria1 #fj2 meet+ ( ,pet] & ,m>k )1 #gc2 =c$ into ,sanh$r9 ( ,alex&ria1 #fa2 writ+s (1 reg>d$ z te/imony to ,*ri/ianity1 #gc1 #aef2 influ5ce (1 ov] ,*ri/ian religi\s philosophy1 #aie1 #bdb ff42 relation (1 to ,greek philosoph]s1 #dh1 #eb2 acqua9tance (1 ) ,*aldean & ,indian ?\ght1 #dh2 8 int]pretation & views ( ! ,bible1 #di1 #ajb1 #ajh ff42 evid5ce ( 8 k ( ,hebrew language1 #di2 foll[s ,hebrew tradition1 #aei1 #aii ff42 comp>$ ) ,sp9oza1 #gc1 #acd1 #afc2 on p]secutions ( ,sejanus & ,flaccus1 #fb1 #gh2 replies to attacks ( /oics1 #fd1 #ie2 /oics' view ( ,god comp>$ ) t (1 #ahe2 goes to ,italy1 #ff2 ref]s to ,apion1 #fc1 #aja2 ,josephus' k ( ! works (1 #bbb2 ,*ri/ian tea*]s pres]ve works (1 #aef1 #bdg2 relation (1 to ! ,halakah1 #bjb f42 comp>ison ( ,maimonides )1 #bbi f42 doctr9e ( ! ,logos 7see ,logos71 #add ff42 connection betwe5 ,saadia &1 #bbf f42 ! ,hell5iz] ( ! ,cabbalah1 #bce2 oppos$ to mission>y attitude ( ,paul1 #bdi4 ,plato1 he>s ,j]emiah1 #ae2 ,philo's /yle rem9isc5t (1 #dh2 conception ( ! ,law 91 #aca2 ,philo's philosophy comp>$ ) t (1 #agj ff42 dom9ant philosophical pr9ciple (1 #agd2 a my/ic1 #bcj2 conception ( ,god 91 #bed4 ,ptolemies1 !3 ,ptolemy ,i1 increases numb] ( ,jewi% inhabitants 9 ,alex&ria1 #ae2 ,,iv1 gives ,heliopolis to ,onias1 #af2 admir]s ( ,scriptures1 #bc4 ,que/ions & ,answ]s to ,g5esis & ,exodus1 n[ incomplete1 #ge1 #ha f42 a prelim9>y /udy to m elaborate works1 #ha2 ,hebraic 9 =m1 #hb4 ,rep5tance1 tractate app5d$ to ,life ( ,moses1 #ge4 ,rome1 ,alex&ria second to1 #ad2 conv]sion widespread 9 7see ,egypt71 #cb2 ,agrippa an exile f1 #ea2 p[] ( ,jews at1 #fb2 ,jewi% /ruggle )1 #bbj2 ,philo's apocryphal meet+ ) ,pet] at1 #gc2 national life & culture und]m9$ at 7see ,national71 #bah4 ,saadia1 f\nds new s*ool ( ,jewi% philosophy1 #bbe f42 connection betwe5 ,philo &1 #bbf f4 ,sam>itan1 doctr9es ) ref]5ce to ,p5tateu*1 #ajf2 ,jew1 /ory (1 #ih4 ,sanh$r91 ,hillel1 presid5t (1 #de2 ,philo =c$ into ,alex&rian1 #fa2 duties ( memb]s (1 #fa2 ( ,alex&rian community1 #bjb2 ( ,j]usalem & capital puni%m5t1 #bjc2 diff]5ces betwe5 ,pale/9ian ,halakah & ,alex&rian1 #bjc f4 ,sejanus1 ,tib]ius falls "u influ5ce (1 #fb2 ,antonia oppon5t (1 #fb2 ,philo's book on p]secution (1 #fb1 #gh2 disgrace & dea? (1 #fe4 ,septuag9t1 ,hell5i/ic developm5t m>k$ by1 #be2 ,philo's v]sion ( orig9 (1 #bf2 celebrations 9 honor (1 #bg2 infusion ( ,greek philosophic ideas into1 #bh2 ,*ri/ianiz+ influ5ce (1 #bi2 value (1 to ! cultur$ ,g5tile1 #cc2 replac$ by new ,greek v]sion ( ,old ,te/am5t1 #bbd4 ,solomon1 ,wisdom (1 writt5 at ,alex&ria1 #ca4 ,specific ,laws1 ,!1 description (1 #hc2 socialism ( ,bible emphasiz$ 91 #hf4 ,sp9oza1 8 ideal ( life1 #ec2 comp>$ ) ,philo's1 #gc1 #acd1 #afc1 #bci2 on ,jewi% ?\ght1 #acg2 influ5c$ by ,philo1 #bcg ff42 approa*es ,bible f critical /&po9t1 #bci4 ,/oics1 ! *ief ,anti-,semites1 #fc2 ,philo replies to attacks (1 #fd1 #ie2 9 conflict ) ,jews at ,alex&ria1 #id2 beliefs (1 #fd1 #id1 #aaf1 #agf2 view ( ,god comp>$ ) t ( ,philo1 #ahe4 ,synagogues1 at ,alex&ria1 #af1 #cg4 ,tib]ius ,alex&]1 nephew ( ,philo1 #ga4 ,tradition1 ,jewi%1 at ,alex&ria1 #bg2 ,philo & ,jewi%1 #aii ff4 ,zealots1 flight (1 to ,alex&ria1 #ga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,comp4 ,leviticus ,rabba #ac4 ,footnote #b3 ,comp4 ,josephus1 ,ant4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,sukkah #ea;b4 ,footnote #d3 ,quot$ by ,josephus1 ,ant4 ,,xiv4 #g4 ,footnote #e3 ,ant4 ,,xii4 #e1 #i1 ,,xx4 #aj4 ,footnote #f3 ,josephus1 ,bell4 ,jud4 ,,vii4 #aj4 ,footnote #g3 ,comp4 ! passages 9 ! ,antiquities above & ! ,bell4 ,jud4 ,v4 #e4 ,footnote #h3 ,m5ahot #aji1 ,abodah ,z>ah #eb;b4 ,footnote #i3 ,de ,leg4 ,,ii4 #egh4 ,footnote #aj3 ,comp4 ,de ,mon4 ,i4 #e4 ,footnote #aa3 ,dr4 ,hirseh1 9 ,! ,jews' ,college ,jubilee ,volume1 p4#ci4 ,footnote #ab3 ,m5ahot #aai4 ,footnote #ac3 ,comp4 ,ant4 ,,xiv4 #ad-af4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ant4 ,,xvi4 #g4 ,footnote #ae3 ,philo1 ,9 ,flacc4 #f4 ,footnote #af3 ,c4 ,apion4 ,,ii4 #e4 ,footnote #ag3 ,i h us$ ! ^w anti-,semite because1 ?\gh ! hatr$ at ,alex&ria 0 n racial1 b national1 x has n[ become synonym\s ) ,jew-hat] g5]ally4 ,footnote #ah3 ,quot$ 9 ,c4 ,apion4 ,i4 #bb4 ,footnote #ai3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #f1 #g4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see p4 #bb1 above4 ,footnote #ba3 ,preface to ,ecclesia/icus4 ,footnote #bb3 ,tract4 ,s(]im ,i4 #g4 ,footnote #bc3 ,tanhuma ,hebrew3 ki t%a ,footnote #bd3 ,see p4 #bc1 above4 ,footnote #be3 ,orac4 ,sib41 ed4 ,alex&re1 ,,iii4 #h4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid41 ,,iii4 #aie4 ,footnote #bg3 ,comp4 ,/rabo1 ,frag4 #f1 ,didot4 ,footnote #bh3 ,de ,po/4,c4 #bd4 ,footnote #bi3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #bh4 ,footnote #cj3 ,comp4 ,de ,decal4 #bj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,comp4 ,y]4 ,b]akot #bd;c4 ,footnote #cb3 ,praep4 ,evang4 ,,viii4 #aj1 ,,xiii4 #ab4 ,footnote #cc3 ,comp4 ,de ,abr4 #ae & #cg1 ,de ,jos4 ,,ii4 #fc1 ,de ,spec4 ,leg4 ,,iii4 #cb1 ,de ,migr4 #hi4 ,footnote #cd3 ,quod ,deus #aa1 ,de ,abr4 #cf4 ,footnote #ce3 ,comp4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les ,,vi4 #i1 & ,tosef4 ,meg4 ,,iii4 #f4 ,footnote #cf3 ,yoma #hc;a4 ,footnote #cg3 ,bell4 ,jud4 ,v4 #e4 ,footnote #ch3 ,comp4 ,niddah #fi;b1 ,sotah #dg;a4 ,footnote #ci3 ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip1 *4 #c4 ,footnote #dj3 ,ant4 ,,xix4 #e4 ,footnote #da3 ,photius1 ,cod4 #ajh4 ,footnote #db3 ,comp4 ,de ,confus4 #ae4 ,footnote #dc3 ,comp4 ,de ,mon4 ,i4 #f4 ,footnote #dd3 ,comp4 ,maimonides1 ,moreh ,,ii1 *4 #cf4 ,footnote #de3 ,l4,a4 ,i4 #ace4 ,footnote #df3 ,comp4 ,de ,cong4 #f ff4 ,footnote #dg3 ,comp4 ,croiset1 ,hi/oire de la littrature grecque1 ,v1 pp4 #dbe ff4 ,footnote #dh3 ,comp4 ,mills1 ,zoroa/]1 ,philo1 & ,israel4 ,footnote #di3 ,comp4 ,quis ,r]4 ,div4 #dc1 ,de ,judice ,,ii1 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,footnote #ej3 ,ritt]1 ,philon und die ,hala*a4 ,footnote #ea3 ,comp4 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,i4 #a1 ,9 ,flacc4 #bc & #cc1 ,de ,mut4 ,nom4 #ci4 ,footnote #eb3 ,prp4 ,evang4 ,,viii4 v4 ,footnote #ec3 ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 #a-c4 ,footnote #ed3 ,comp4 ,bell4 ,jud4 ,,vi4 #i4 #c4 ,footnote #ee3 ,comp4 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,footnote #ef3 ,de ,spec4 ,leg4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,footnote #eg3 ,comp4 ,de ,migr4 #d1 ,l4,a4 ,,iii4 #de4 ,footnote #eh3 ,comp4 ,graetz1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews ,,iii4 #ia ff4 ,footnote #ei3 ,comp4 ,quod ,omnis ,probus ,lib] #aa ff4 ,footnote #fj3 ,! au!nticity ( ?is book is elaborately discuss$ by ,conybe>e 9 8 edition ( x4 ,footnote #fa3 ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs ,,vi4 #d4 ,footnote #fb3 ,de ,mundi ,op4 ,i4 #db4 ,footnote #fc3 ,comp4 ,de ,migr4 #f ff4 ,footnote #fd3 ,l4,a4 ,,ii4 #ba4 ,footnote #fe3 ,de ,fuga #g ff4 ,footnote #ff3 ,comp4 ,de ,spec4 ,leg4 ,,ii4 #bfj4 ,footnote #fg3 ,comp4 ,de ,*]ubim #i4 ,footnote #fh3 ,de ,migr4 #g-i4 ,footnote #fi3 ,,ii1 *4 #cf ff4 ,footnote #gj3 ,comp4 ,de ,spec4 ,leg4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,footnote #ga3 ,massebieau1 ,du classem5t des oeuvres de ,philon4 ,footnote #gb3 ,9 ,flacc4 #e4 ,footnote #gc3 ,comp4 ,?4 ,re9a*1 ,textes d'auteurs roma9s et grecs relatifs au ,judaisme1 pp4 #abj ff4 ,footnote #gd3 ,comp4 ,de ,confus41 passim4 ,footnote #ge3 ,josephus1 ,c4 ,apion41 ,introduction4 ,footnote #gf3 ,9 ,flacc4 #aj4 ,footnote #gg3 ,de ,leg4 #bg & #bh4 ,footnote #gh3 ,ant4 ,,xviii4 #h4 #a4 ,footnote #gi3 ,de ,leg41 ad f94 ,footnote #hj3 ,ant4 ,,xix4 #e4 ,footnote #ha3 ,frag1 pres]v$ by ,john ( ,damascus1 p4 #djd4 ,footnote #hb3 ,comp4 ,ant4 ,,xx4 #e4 ,footnote #hc3 ,comp4 ,massebieau1 op4 cit4 ,footnote #hd3 ,comp4 ,b]nays1 ,ueb] die unt] ,philos ,w]k5 /eh5d5 ,s*rift5 ,greek3 p]i ts aph?>sias ,kosm\1 & ,siegfri$1 art4 ,philo 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia4 ,footnote #he3 ,quod ,deus #hf4 ,footnote #hf3 ,quod ,omnis ,probus ,lib] #ab ff4 ,footnote #hg3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,i4 #a4 ,footnote #hh3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #e4 ,footnote #hi3 ,on ,rep5tance1 ,,ii4 ,footnote #ij3 ,comp4 ,treitel1 ,agadah bei ,philo4 ,monatss*rift1 #aiji4 ,footnote #ia3 ,de ,abr4 #ab4 ,footnote #ib3 ,comp4 ,b]e%it ,rabba #dg4 ,footnote #ic3 ,de ,sac4 et ,victimis #e & #f4 ,footnote #id3 ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 #c ff4 ,footnote #ie3 ,comp4 ,plato1 ,rep4 ,v1 ad f94 ,footnote #if3 ,de ,exsecr4 ,,ii4 #ehg4 ,footnote #ig3 ,de ,abr4 #c4 ,footnote #ih3 ,comp4 ,l4,a4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,footnote #ii3 ,l4,a4 ,i4 #a4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,comp4 ,freud5?al1 ,hell5i/is*e ,/udi54 ,footnote #aja3 ,croiset1 op4 cit4 ,v1 p4 #dbg4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,comp4 ,de ,*]ubim1 passim4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,comp4 ,zoh> ,,iii4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,de ,*]ubim1 #i & #ad1 ,de ,somn4 #h4 ,footnote #aje3 ,de ,migr4 #ab4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,de ,po/4 ,c4 #bb4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,midra% ,e/h] ,i4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,comp4 ,de ,sac4 ,,ii4 #bde4 ,footnote #aji3 ,comp4 ,de ,migr4 #cb4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,comp4 ,de ,po/ ,c1 #aa4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,quae/iones 9 ,g54 ,,iii4 #cc4 ,footnote #aab3 ,de ,cong4 #aj4 ,footnote #aac3 ,comp4 ,b]akot #ea;b1 ,de ,agric4 #ab1 ,de ,somn4 ,,ii4 #be4 ,footnote #aad3 ,de ,confus4 #ch4 ,footnote #aae3 ,de ,mut4 ,nom4 #h4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,comp4 ,b]e%it ,rabba #fd4 ,footnote #aag3 ,de ,somn4 ,i4 #af & #ag4 ,footnote #aah3 ,comp4 ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs ,v4 #be4 ,footnote #aai3 ,comp4 ,de ,somn4 ,i4 #ac4 ,footnote #abj3 ,de ,mut4 ,nom4 #i4 ,footnote #aba3 ,de ,somn4 ,i4 #e4 ,footnote #abb3 ,b]akot #aj;a4 ,footnote #abc3 ,de ,cong4 #ab4 ,footnote #abd3 ,de ,cong4 #ad4 ,footnote #abe3 ,!ologico-,political ,tractate ,,vii4 ,footnote #abf3 ,de ,abr4 #ai4 ,footnote #abg3 ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 #f4 ,footnote #abh3 ,h>v>d ,/udies1 ,hell5ism & ,hebraism4 ,footnote #abi3 ,comp4 ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #acj3 ,comp4 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #i & #aj1 ,,iii4 #a4 ,footnote #aca3 ,l4,a4 ,i4 #b4 ,footnote #acb3 ,comp4 ,de ,mundi ,op4 #b4 ,footnote #acc3 ,comp4 p4 #he1 above4 ,footnote #acd3 ,comp4 ,l4,a4 ,i1 passim4 ,footnote #ace3 ,l4,a4 ,,iii4 #ab4 ,footnote #acf3 ,de ,po/4 ,c4 #aa4 ,footnote #acg3 ,de ,abr4 #c ff4 ,footnote #ach3 ,ibid4 #f-aj4 ,footnote #aci3 ,! ,,lxx r5d]s ! v]se ,g54 iv4 #bf1 :i* is translat$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion3 ,!n began m5 to call ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l1 ,greek3 outos lpis5 epi ton tn oln pat]a i4e41 ,he hop$ 9 ! ,fa!r ( all4 ,footnote #adj3 ,quod ,det4 #ch4 ,footnote #ada3 ,de ,jos4 #ba4 ,footnote #adb3 ,de ,jos4 #bb4 ,footnote #adc3 ,de ,jos4 #db4 ,footnote #add3 ,hi/4 ,ecclesia/4 ,,ii4 #ah1 #a4 ,footnote #ade3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,iii4 #d ff4 ,footnote #adf3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #c4 ,footnote #adg3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #e1 ,josephus1 ,c4 ,apion4 ,,ii4 #cg4 ,footnote #adh3 ,comp4 ,horace1 ,satires ,i4 #d1 #ach2 ,i4 #i1 #fj4 ,footnote #adi3 ,frag4 pres]v$ 9 ,josephus1 ,ant4 ,,xiv4 #g4 ,footnote #aej3 ,comp4 ,re9a*1 op4 cit41 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #aea3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #c4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs ,i4 #ag4 ,footnote #aec3 ,de ,fuga #f4 ,footnote #aed3 ,de ,decal4 #ab4 ,footnote #aee3 ,de ,decal4 #bc4 ,footnote #aef3 ,de ,sept54 #i4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,kiddu%9 #bj;a4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,de ,decal4 #bj4 ,footnote #aei3 ,de ,sept54 #g4 ,footnote #afj3 ,de ,sept54 #f4 ,footnote #afa3 ,*4 #b4 #ca4 ,footnote #afb3 ,comp4 ,de ,migr4 #bc4 ,footnote #afc3 ,de ,sept54 #a4 #b4 ,footnote #afd3 ,de ,sept54 #ah ff4 ,footnote #afe3 ,de ,concupisc4 #a-c4 ,footnote #aff3 ,comp4 ,de ,j4 ,,ii4 #cfj4 ,footnote #afg3 ,*4 #af4 ,footnote #afh3 ,i h tak5 ?is translation & t on ! 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,jewi% ,!ological ,sem9>y ( ,am]ica4 ,b ,i %\ld say t ,i h borr[$ freely f 8 articles on rabb9ic !ology 9 ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vols4 ,,vi & ,,vii1 n[ includ$ 9 8 ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,mi%nah ,yodayim ,,iii4 #e4 ,footnote #cji3 ,b]e%it ,rabba #bf4 #g4 ,footnote #caj3 ,comp4 ,s*e*t]1 op4 cit41 ,introduction4 ,footnote #caa3 ,b]akot #bd;b4 ,footnote #cab3 ,mekilta ,hebrew3 k%la ,i4 #a4 ,footnote #cac3 ,b]e%it ,rabba ,i4 #b4 ,footnote #cad3 ,pirke ,r4 ,eliez] ,,iii4 ,footnote #cae3 ,comp4 ,poems1 ,,ii1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #caf3 ,moreh ,,ii1 *4 #gj4 ,footnote #cag3 ,eccles4 ,,iii4 #ae4 ,footnote #cah3 ,h4agigah #ad ff41 ,sanh$r9 #cg;a4 ,footnote #cai3 ,b]e%it ,rabba #d4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,m5ah4ot #ii4 ,footnote #cba3 ,mi%nah ,sanh$r9 ,,ii4 #a4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,h4agigah #ae;b4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,b]e%it ,rabba #cf4 #h4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,ant4 ,,iii4 #b4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #ab4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,comp4 ,ant4 ,,xviii4 #h4 #a4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,comp4 ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs ,,vi4 #f4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,see ,ep/e91 ,philon et le ,midras* ,tads*1 ,revue des ,etudes ,juives1 ,,xxi1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,y]4 ,meg4 ,i4 #ga;c4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,comp4 an article by ,dr4 ,poznnski 9 ! ,revue des tudes ,juives1 #aije1 ,philo dans l'anci5ne littrature judo-arabe1 pp4 #aj ff4 ,footnote #cca3 ,comp4 ,poznnski1 op4 cit41 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,moreh ,,ii4 *4 #a ff4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,ibid4 #ca4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,ibid4 #ca4 ,footnote #cce3 ,moreh ,,iii4 #dc ff4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,comp4 ,g9zb]g1 art4 ,cabbalah1 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,comp4 ,taylor's ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs1 *4 #e1 notes4 ,footnote #cch3 ,de ,*]ubim #ab & #ad4 ,comp4 ,de ,somn4 ,i4 #h4 ,footnote #cci3 ,comp4 ,de ,somn4 ,i4 #ab4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,comp4 ,de ,fuga #i4 ,footnote #cda3 ,comp4 ,hort1 ,introduction to ,clem5t's ,greek3 ,etrmateis4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,ed4 ,cassel1 pp4 #d & #ae;b4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,comp4 ,imre ,b9ah4 ,meor ,e9ayim1 *4 #cj4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,comp4 ,j4,a4 ,/ew>t1 ,my?s ( ,plato1 ad f94 ,footnote #cde3 ,comp4 ,!ologico-,political ,tractate ,,xv4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,comp4 ,de ,humanitate ,,ii4 #cie4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,de ,v4 ,mos4 ,,ii4 #a-e4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,comp4 ,de ,mon4 ,,ii4 #f4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,de ,j4 #f4 ,footnote #cej3 ,comp4 ,de ,nobilitate #f4 ,footnote #cea3 ,bamidb> ,rabba #h4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,tanh4uma to ,deb>im4 ,footnote #cec3 ,comp4 ,pesah4im #hg;b4 ,footnote #ced3 ,de ,exsecr4 #f4 ,,ii4 #dcc4 ,footnote #cee3 ,comp4 ,montefiore1 ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,,vi1 p4 #dbh4 ,footnote #cef3 ,epi/le to ! ,romans ,v4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,epi/le to ! ,galatians ,,iii4 #aj4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,comp4 ,*apt] ,,iv1 above1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #cei3 ,de ,abr4 #df4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,comp4 ,s*e*t]1 op4 cit41 ,introduction4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,comp4 ,mekilta #cc;a1 ed4 ,fri$mann4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,comp4 ,l4,a4 ,,iii4 #bf1 & ,*apt] ,v1 above1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,de ,*]ubim #ab4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,comp4 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 #ae4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,hebrew3 'monot vd'ot ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99