file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #adfee-;h4htm or #adfee-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ d_/f_/e_/adfee_/adfee-;h_/#adfee-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ d_/f_/e_/adfee_/adfee-;h4zip7 ,,big ,,people ,,and ,,little ,,people ,,of ,,other ,,lands by ,,edward ,r4 ,,shaw ,dean of the ,school of ,pedagogy ,new ,york ,university ,new ,york ,cincinnati ,chicago ,american ,book ,company #aijj ,,preface ,this little book is designed to meet the child's natural desire to learn or hear of other people than those living in the part of the world about him4 ,it has been thoroughly proved in our newer pedagogical practice that the child in the first school year is much interested in descriptions of the ,indian and the ,eskimo4 ,whenever descriptions of the ,indian and the ,eskimo have been given him1 they have not only fulfilled their purpose in furnishing material for reading and the interrelation of several activities of expression1 but they have revealed to him the fact that there are other people in the world1 who differ very much from those he has seen4 ,his interest in different peoples at this time is in their physical appearance1 their dress1 their ways of living1 their customs1 their manners1 and it arises chiefly from the contrast which descriptions of these afford to familiar customs1 conditions1 and physical characteristics4 ,the child is not interested1 at that stage of his intellectual development which falls in the first or the second school year1 in the situation of countries4 ,it does not matter to him exactly where1 geographically1 the people about whom he reads live4 ,he is satisfied if some general statement is made to the effect that they live far away to the north1 where the cold countries are1 or in the south1 where it is warm and sometimes hot1 or on the other side of the world4 ,his desire1 at this period1 for new impressions and ideas gained from descriptions and accompanying pictures is as keen as his desire for sense impressions gained from the world of nature and activity about him4 ,this wider range of information and ideas1 it is believed1 he may in some measure gain from this little book4 ,,dresden1 ,july #ae1 #ahii4 ,,people ,,of ,,other ,,lands4 ,,china4 ,on the other side of this great round world is a country called ,china4 ,when it is dark here1 and we are going to sleep1 the sun is just waking up the children in ,china and telling them it is morning4 ,when we get up in the morning they are just bidding the sun good night4 ,when it is light here it is dark there4 ,so they have day when we have night4 ,chinese children look like little men and women1 for they dress like their fathers and mothers4 ,boys and girls dress nearly alike4 ,they both dress in silk or cotton trousers4 ,they wear over these long gowns reaching nearly to their feet4 ,they wear odd-looking shoes with thick white soles4 ,the boys' heads are shaved1 except a small part on top4 ,there a lock of hair is left4 ,this lock of hair is braided and hangs down the back4 ,a queer name is given to it4 ,it is called a queue4 ,girls in ,china do not go to school1 but all day long they are busy2 they help their mothers keep house2 they tend the babies2 they sew1 and help with the cooking4 ,illustration3 ,chinese ,women and ,children4 ,the schools in ,china are only for boys4 ,the boys make a great deal of noise in school4 ,a ,chinese teacher thinks the boys are idle if they do not study their lessons out loud4 ,so each boy shouts as loud as he can4 ,when the boy has learned his lesson1 he goes up and gives his book to the teacher4 ,then he turns his back to the teacher1 and shouts out the whole lesson to show that he knows it4 ,the boys are taught to count4 ,they learn by using balls set in a frame4 ,the frame is like the frame of a slate4 ,the balls slide on wires4 ,with the balls they learn to add and subtract4 ,they also learn how to write1 but they have no pens or pencils4 ,they write with small brushes dipped in ink4 ,each boy makes his own ink4 ,he puts some water on a stone and then rubs a cake of ink in the water4 ,this makes a fine black ink called ,india ink4 ,then the boy fills his brush and begins at the top1 right-hand corner of the paper4 ,he writes toward the bottom of the sheet4 ,he puts one word under another instead of beside it as you do4 ,then he begins a new line at the top1 and writes to the bottom again4 ,illustration3 ,chinese writing4 ,chinese books are printed in the same way4 ,where do you think a ,chinese book begins8 ,a ,chinese book begins where our books end4 ,in ,china many girls and women have very small feet4 ,when they are babies their feet are bound up tightly4 ,they sometimes wear iron shoes4 ,then their feet never grow1 but are so very small that they can hardly walk4 ,poor parents know their girls will have to work hard1 and so do not bind their feet4 ,chinese girls make beautiful paper flowers4 ,they paint pictures4 ,they sing and play4 ,some of them pick the snow-white cotton in the fields4 ,some of them take care of the silk-worms that spin the soft silk4 ,but they do not work all the time4 ,they play many pretty games4 ,chinese boys1 too1 have many kinds of games and toys4 ,one game is like battledoor and shuttlecock4 ,they use their feet to strike the shuttlecock4 ,they do this so fast that the shuttlecock hardly ever falls to the ground4 ,the ,chinese are fond of flying kites4 ,even old men fly kites4 ,they fly their kites in the spring-time4 ,chinese kites are of all sizes and shapes4 ,some are like birds4 ,some are like fish4 ,some are like butterflies4 ,illustration3 ,chinese ,kite4 ,there is no other such land in all the world for lanterns as ,china4 ,the lanterns there are made of paper in the shape of balls1 or flowers1 or animals4 ,some of the lanterns have a wheel inside4 ,when the candle is lighted1 the draft of air makes the wheel go round very quickly4 ,when the wheel begins to move inside1 the figures on the outside of the lantern begin to move4 ,then men are seen fishing or fanning4 ,sometimes children are seen dancing4 ,the ,chinese are so fond of lanterns that every year they have a ,feast of ,lanterns4 ,on that day and night lanterns are to be seen everywhere4 ,bridges and houses and trees are covered with lighted lanterns4 ,they have fireworks1 too1 that look like stars and trees and flowers4 ,a ,chinese dinner begins in the wrong way4 ,they have fruits and nuts first4 ,after this comes rice4 ,they eat more of rice than of anything else4 ,then they drink tea without either milk or sugar4 ,they use neither forks nor knives4 ,instead they eat with small sticks of wood or ivory4 ,these are called chopsticks4 ,they hold them between the thumb and first two fingers4 ,they use them to carry their food to their mouths as you use a fork or a spoon4 ,illustration3 ,chopsticks4 ,do you know how they catch fish in ,china8 ,they have a bird which swims and dives into the water4 ,this bird lives on fish4 ,every time he dives he catches one4 ,he is trained to bring the fish to his master4 ,a tight ring is put round the bird's neck4 ,this is to keep him from swallowing the fish4 ,when enough fish have been caught1 the bird is given some to eat4 ,this bird is called a cormorant4 ,a ,chinese fisherman lives in his fishing boat4 ,but ,china is a very crowded country4 ,so other men as well as fishermen live on small flatboats in the rivers near the big towns4 ,ducks and other fowls are raised on these boats4 ,the people on the water are as busy as the people on the land4 ,in ,china houses are one story high4 ,they are built of wood4 ,the roofs slope1 and are made of sticks woven together4 ,the churches are called pagodas4 ,they are not like our churches1 but are tall1 like towers4 ,they are usually nine stories high4 ,they have little bells hung all around the roof4 ,these bells ring when the wind blows them back and forth4 ,illustration3 ,chinese ,boats and ,pagoda4 ,between the houses are narrow streets without sidewalks4 ,there are no wagons4 ,if a lady goes to make a call1 she sends for a sort of covered chair4 ,this has long poles on each side4 ,the chair is set on the ground before her door4 ,after she gets in1 men lift the poles to their shoulders4 ,in this way they carry her4 ,baggage and heavy articles are also carried on the shoulders of men4 ,illustration3 ,covered ,chair with ,poles4 ,but perhaps the most wonderful thing in ,china is the ,great ,wall4 ,it was built by kings a long time ago4 ,they wanted to keep savage people from coming into the country4 ,the wall is built very high and very wide4 ,it is so wide in some places that eight horses can be driven on top of it side by side4 ,it is hundreds of miles long4 ,the people of ,china think it is very wonderful4 ,they think there is nothing so wonderful in all the rest of the world4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,wall4 ,china seems a curious country4 ,boys shout out loud in school4 ,they read and write backward4 ,men fly kites1 like boys4 ,women have feet as small as babies' feet4 ,at dinner nuts and fruits are eaten first4 ,men work like animals4 ,there are many ways in which the ,chinese are different from the people in our country4 ,,japan ,illustration3 ,japanese ,children4 ,how would you like to ride in a wagon drawn by a man instead of a horse8 ,that is the way people ride in ,japan4 ,japan is a country a long way off1 near ,china4 ,you would think that a man could not run very fast drawing a wagon4 ,but in ,japan some men can run as fast as horses4 ,the wagon is like a buggy1 but it has only two wheels4 ,they call this wagon a jin-rik'i-sha4 ,illustration3 ,a ,jinrikisha4 ,the streets in ,japan have no sidewalks4 ,the houses are only one or two stories high4 ,they are built of wood4 ,they have no windows or doors4 ,strange houses1 you will think4 ,the walls outside and inside are made like sliding doors4 ,they slide back so that the people can go in and out1 and from one room to another4 ,the ,japanese have very little furniture in their houses4 ,they have no chairs4 ,they do not need any1 for they sit on cushions on the floor4 ,they also sleep on the floor4 ,when it is time to go to bed1 they spread soft quilts on the floor1 one over the other4 ,the last quilt on the top is the cover4 ,these beds are very nice4 ,but you could never guess what kind of pillows they have4 ,the pillows are blocks of wood the size of a brick4 ,you would not think them nice at all4 ,but the ,japanese seem to sleep very well on their wood pillows4 ,illustration3 ,a ,japanese ,bed4 ,many of the things in the houses in ,japan are made of paper1 ,they have paper fans1 paper lanterns1 paper hats1 paper cups1 paper umbrellas1 paper napkins1 and paper screens4 ,they have no stoves4 ,instead of stoves they have boxes lined with brass4 ,in these boxes they burn charcoal to heat their rooms4 ,but they do not cook their food in these brass boxes4 ,they cook in little ovens made of clay4 ,when it rains in ,japan the people look very funny4 ,the men wear rain coats made of rice straw4 ,they also have big straw hats and paper umbrellas4 ,illustration3 ,a ,rain ,coat4 ,they wear blocks1 three inches high1 fastened to the soles of their shoes4 ,these keep their feet dry4 ,so on a rainy day everybody looks three inches taller4 ,in ,japan they do not wear shoes in the house4 ,when they go into their houses they take them off4 ,their shoes are made of wood or straw4 ,some of the people have shoes with gold braid4 ,illustration3 ,japanese ,shoes4 ,perhaps you would like to know how they dress in ,japan4 ,boys and girls dress very much alike4 ,both wear long gowns1 like skirts1 of blue or gray cotton or silk4 ,these gowns are open at the neck4 ,a sash is worn around the waist4 ,the girls tie their sashes in a bow at the back4 ,the children of ,japan are very strange looking1 not at all like you4 ,they are like the ,chinese4 ,their skin is yellow1 and their eyes are slanted4 ,their hair is black and straight4 ,you will wish to know what they eat in ,japan4 ,the food is much the same as in ,china4 ,they eat a great deal of rice4 ,they have fish1 and they drink tea4 ,they use chopsticks in eating1 as the people in ,china do4 ,the people in ,japan are very fond of flowers4 ,every house has a garden around it4 ,the boys and girls walk and play in these gardens4 ,illustration3 ,interior of a ,japanese ,house4 ,boys and girls in ,japan have many nice toys4 ,one of their toys is a little oven with real fire in it4 ,peddlers go round with these ovens and with sweet dough to bake in them4 ,for five cents the boys and girls can get the use of an oven1 and dough enough to bake little cakes4 ,they often make cakes shaped like animals4 ,the peddler makes the letters of the alphabet in dough4 ,then he bakes them in the oven for the boys and girls4 ,with these cake letters they often learn their a1 b1 c4 ,the boys in ,japan1 like the boys in ,china1 are very fond of kites4 ,but in ,japan they have fighting kites4 ,they mix broken fine glass with glue1 and rub it on their kite strings4 ,when the strings become dry they are hard and sharp4 ,then the boys fly their kites4 ,one boy tries to cross and cut the string of another boy's kite with the string of his own4 ,the boy who cuts down a kite gets it as his prize4 ,in ,japan they have a day like our ,flag ,day4 ,on this day the boys have toy soldiers with swords and guns4 ,they form these soldiers into armies1 and have battles4 ,then the parents and teachers tell the boys about the great soldiers of their country1 and the great battles they fought4 ,the girls have a day for themselves4 ,they call it the ,feast of ,dolls4 ,every girl has a set of dolls4 ,on that day they take out their dolls and doll houses4 ,then the girls play with them1 and show them to one another4 ,illustration3 ,japanese ,girl and ,doll4 ,they have schools in ,japan just as we have4 ,the boys and girls must go to school until they are ten years old4 ,some of their lessons are very hard4 ,they have forty-seven letters in their alphabet1 instead of only twenty-six1 as we have4 ,don't you think it must be hard for the boys and girls to learn to read8 ,they go to school very early in the morning4 ,before they enter the school they take off their shoes4 ,when the teacher comes1 they bow down their heads nearly to the ground and draw in their breath4 ,this is their good morning4 ,the teacher also bows to the boys and girls4 ,then the children sit on the floor4 ,they put their books on their knees and begin their lessons4 ,they have no pens or pencils4 ,they use little brushes instead4 ,they write in lines from the top to the bottom of the sheet of paper1 instead of across from side to side as we do4 ,this is the way1 you remember1 they write in ,china4 ,the books in ,japan are also like the books in ,china4 ,the last page in our books would be the first page in books in ,china and ,japan4 ,so their books begin at what we would think the end4 ,how queer this seems to us6 ,there are newspapers in ,japan1 but they are not much like ours4 ,the lines run up and down just as ,japanese writing does4 ,they read back from what we would call the last page4 ,illustration3 ,japanese ,carpenters at ,work4 ,a great many things that we use in ,america come from ,japan4 ,we get silk from ,japan1 and beautiful vases and mats and screens and basket work4 ,the boys and girls in ,japan help to make these things4 ,for they are bright and learn quickly how to do very nice work4 ,,arabia4 ,have you ever heard of the ,arabs8 ,they are people with brown skin and dark eyes4 ,they live in a country called ,arabia4 ,it is a very warm country4 ,there is never any snow in ,arabia4 ,a great part of it is covered with sand4 ,for miles and miles you would see nothing but sand4 ,often the sand is so hot that you could not walk on it in your bare feet4 ,those great tracts of sand are called deserts4 ,illustration3 ,arabs4 ,in many parts of ,arabia water is very scarce4 ,it rains very seldom1 and in some places there are no rivers4 ,the people get water out of wells4 ,they carry the water1 in bottles made of leather4 ,glass bottles would not do4 ,the heat is so great that it would go through the glass4 ,tins would make the water warm4 ,but the leather bottles keep the water cool4 ,illustration3 ,arab ,water ,carrier4 ,some of the ,arabs live in towns4 ,they have walls around their towns4 ,at some parts of the walls there are towers4 ,both walls and towers are made of earth4 ,in every large town they have an open market place with shops around it4 ,in most of the shops they sell food4 ,in a few of the shops they sell cotton cloth and other dry goods4 ,many of the shops are kept by women4 ,the streets are swept every day4 ,every family sweeps the street in front of its own door4 ,the houses in the towns are made of stone4 ,they have flat mud roofs and small windows4 ,the ,arabs have no chairs or beds in their houses4 ,they sit on mats or carpets spread on the floor4 ,they also sleep on mats4 ,the chief room in an ,arab house is the coffee room4 ,it is a large room with a furnace or fireplace at one end of it for making coffee4 ,many of the ,arabs live in tents4 ,they move about from place to place4 ,sometimes they cross the desert to come to the towns4 ,they must often cross it to find water and grass for their horses and camels and sheep4 ,illustration3 ,arabs and ,tent4 ,the camel is very useful to the ,arabs4 ,perhaps you have seen a camel4 ,it is much larger than a horse4 ,it has a great hump on its back4 ,it has large feet with broad1 flat soles2 and it can walk or run over the sand without sinking4 ,the camel can carry a very heavy load4 ,it gives milk which is good to drink4 ,its hair is made into cloth4 ,its flesh is good meat4 ,it can bear thirst and heat far better than a horse can4 ,it can travel and carry a load in the desert for three or four days without drinking4 ,this makes it very useful to the ,arabs4 ,illustration3 ,a ,camel4 ,but the ,arabs have horses also4 ,they are the finest horses in the world4 ,an ,arab is very proud of his horse4 ,he loves him almost as much as he loves his children4 ,did you ever hear the story that is told of ,hassan and his horse8 ,hassan was an ,arab who had a horse which he loved very much4 ,and the horse loved ,hassan very much4 ,one day ,hassan was riding on his horse in the desert with some other ,arabs4 ,they were met by a party of men called ,turks1 who made them prisoners4 ,the ,turks tied the feet of ,hassan and his friends with leather straps4 ,they tied the horses also4 ,they planned to carry them off next morning4 ,during the night ,hassan heard his horse neighing4 ,he crept up to him and said in a low voice3 ,what will become of you1 my poor horse8 ,you will not be happy with these ,turks4 ,go home to my tent4 ,tell my wife that she will never see me again4 ,lick the hands of my children with your tongue1 as a token of my love4 ,he then bit off with his teeth the cords that tied the horse1 and set him free4 ,the horse looked at his master for a minute or two4 ,then he caught him with his teeth by the belt and ran off with him into the desert4 ,on and on across the sand he ran4 ,he never stopped until he had laid ,hassan down beside his wife and children4 ,then1 worn out with his long run1 he dropped dead at his master's feet4 ,all the people around wept when they heard the story4 ,arab poets made songs about ,hassan and his horse4 ,the ,arabs do not eat very much4 ,their chief meal is supper4 ,they have supper in the evening4 ,they are very fond of coffee4 ,did you ever hear of ,mocha coffee8 ,it comes from ,mocha1 a town in ,arabia4 ,most of the ,arabs take their coffee without sugar or milk4 ,they always make their bread in thin cakes4 ,then they bake the bread on hot iron plates or in an open oven4 ,they also have ground wheat cooked with a little butter4 ,arabs who are rich have mutton or camel's flesh1 and also rice4 ,all eat vegetables and fruits of various kinds4 ,there are many kinds of fruit in ,arabia4 ,but the greatest and best of all is the date4 ,this grows on the date-palm tree4 ,the date palm grows very high4 ,the ,arabs are very proud of it4 ,every part of it is of use to them4 ,its fruit is the chief food of many of the people4 ,you have seen and perhaps you have eaten dried dates4 ,they are not nearly so sweet or so good as the fruit when taken off the tree4 ,the trunk of the date palm is good for making furniture4 ,its leaves make roofs for houses4 ,parts of its branches make firewood4 ,from some parts of the tree cords and ropes are made4 ,the ,arabs do not wear very many clothes4 ,they do not need heavy clothes1 because the weather in ,arabia is almost always very warm4 ,the men wear long light dresses like shirts4 ,they have a belt1 or girdle1 around the waist4 ,they wear a handkerchief on the head4 ,this is tied around with a band or string4 ,on their feet they wear sandals4 ,do you know what a sandal is8 ,it is a shoe with only a sole1 and straps going across the foot and round the ankle4 ,the ,arab women also wear a long shirt4 ,over it they have a large1 wide piece of blue cloth4 ,this blue cloth covers them from head to foot4 ,illustration3 ,arab ,woman and ,child4 ,illustration3 ,an ,arab ,sandal4 ,but what about the ,arab boys and girls8 ,what do they wear8 ,most of the boys run around without shoes or stockings4 ,but some of them wear little red shoes turned up at the toes1 and others wear small sandals4 ,they also wear loose trousers and jackets and little red caps4 ,the girls commonly wear cotton dresses that are made very plain4 ,sometimes they have veils over their heads4 ,in the country places the girls do not wear veils4 ,illustration3 ,arab ,girl with ,veil4 ,only the boys go to school4 ,before they enter the school they must take off their sandals4 ,they have no seats in their schools4 ,they all sit on the floor4 ,their lessons are not like your lessons4 ,they have only one book4 ,it is called the ,koran4 ,the ,koran is the ,arab ,bible4 ,the ,arab boys must learn the ,koran by heart4 ,at school1 they all shout out together when they are learning their lessons4 ,illustration3 ,a ,school in ,arabia4 ,but the ,arab boys learn many things at home4 ,they learn to read and to write4 ,they also have plenty of time to play4 ,they play ball4 ,they fly kites4 ,they ride ponies4 ,often they play with old guns and swords4 ,thus they learn to be soldiers4 ,the ,arab girls do not go to school4 ,but they do not play very much4 ,they must help their mothers do the work at home4 ,the mothers grind corn to make bread4 ,they spin and weave cloth for clothes4 ,they grind the corn with two flat stones4 ,one of these stones is placed on top of the other4 ,there is a hole in the middle of the upper stone4 ,they pour the corn into this hole4 ,the upper stone is then turned round by a handle4 ,so the corn is ground between the two stones4 ,the girls often have to turn the stone around4 ,they must also take care of the baby4 ,they help to carry home water from the well4 ,they carry the water in earthen jars4 ,illustration3 ,arabs ,grinding ,corn4 ,you will say1 then1 that the ,arab girls have a hard time4 ,but they do not work always4 ,they have some time for play4 ,they have very funny dolls4 ,would you not laugh if some one gave you two sticks joined like a cross1 and told you it was a doll8 ,that is the kind of doll the ,arab girls have4 ,and they are very fond of their dolls4 ,they dress them1 and take great care of them4 ,the ,arabs are very fond of tales and stories4 ,perhaps you have heard of a book called the ,arabian ,nights4 ,it is full of wonderful stories about kings and giants and witches1 and other strange things4 ,this book came from ,arabia4 ,when you are older you will read the ,arabian ,nights4 ,in it you will learn many more things about ,arabia and the ,arabs4 ,,korea4 ,what funny hats they wear in ,korea6 ,but1 you will ask1 where is ,korea8 ,it is near ,japan1 a country you have read of in this book4 ,the people of ,korea look a little like ,chinamen4 ,they have yellow skin and slanting eyes4 ,their hair is long1 straight1 and black1 and they wear it in a very strange way4 ,the boys and girls wear their hair down their backs in braids tied with ribbons4 ,the men and women have their hair in little topknots that stand straight up4 ,illustration3 ,a ,korean4 ,but ,i must tell you about the strange hats they have4 ,some of the men wear hats that go down over their shoulders4 ,this is the kind of hat they wear when they are in mourning1 after the death of a father or mother4 ,some wear hats made of straw4 ,these hats look like large flowerpots turned upside down4 ,some have hats made of horsehair4 ,but the hats made of straw and the hats made of horsehair do not keep the rain out4 ,so they have umbrellas4 ,their umbrellas are as funny as the hats4 ,they are made of oil paper1 and have no handles4 ,they look like fans4 ,when it rains1 the people open their umbrellas and tie them on top of their hats4 ,the boys in ,korea wear loose jackets1 and wide trousers which go under their stockings4 ,the stockings are padded with cotton1 and are tied at the ankle4 ,the girls wear very pretty little jackets1 sometimes red1 sometimes pink1 and sometimes green4 ,the shoes they wear in ,korea are of many kinds and shapes4 ,some are made of leather4 ,others are like the wooden shoes the ,chinamen wear1 which turn up at the toes4 ,the funniest shoes they have are made of paper4 ,the paper is very thick and strong1 and so their paper shoes last a good while4 ,but the shoes that are worn by most of the people in ,korea are made of straw4 ,they are like sandals1 and they are worn so that the large toe is not covered4 ,the people in ,korea have a strange way of keeping themselves cool in hot weather4 ,they have something like a basket made of rods of bamboo4 ,this basket is round and long1 and open at the top and bottom4 ,they put their heads through this basket1 and it hangs downward from their shoulders around their bodies4 ,then they put their clothes over it1 so that the basket is inside4 ,it is next to their skin4 ,how would you like to have such a summer dress8 ,the boys in ,korea go to school when they are very young4 ,the girls do not go to school4 ,they stay at home to help their mothers4 ,but girls whose parents are rich have teachers at home to teach them reading and writing and other things4 ,in school1 the teacher sits on a straw mat on the floor4 ,the boys also sit on the floor on straw mats4 ,they say their lessons out loud4 ,they write their lines from the top to the bottom of the page4 ,the people in ,china and ,japan1 as you know1 write in the same way4 ,the boys of ,korea learn to count on a chon-pan4 ,the chon-pan is much like the counting box they have in the schools in ,china4 ,it is made of little balls on a frame of wires fixed in a box4 ,the boys also learn by heart the wise sayings of great men4 ,the boys in ,korea have some very nice toys4 ,but the best playthings they have are their kites4 ,they make their kites fight battles in the air1 just as the boys do in ,japan4 ,every boy tries to tear down every other boy's kite4 ,this is done by pulling the strings across one another4 ,sometimes the sky is full of beautiful kites1 which jump and dash about as if they were alive4 ,the boys also have fine1 large pinwheels4 ,they make these pinwheels whirl around in the wind4 ,the boys also spin tops1 and they play seesaw1 and jump the rope4 ,the boys in ,korea are fond of fishing4 ,nearly every boy has a fishing rod and goes fishing whenever he can4 ,sometimes the boys have great fun going around dressed like their fathers4 ,they wear wooden swords and little bows and arrows like soldiers4 ,they make straw figures of men1 and with their swords they strike off the heads of these straw men4 ,but the boys have to work as well as play4 ,many of the peddlers in ,korea are boys4 ,they sell candy and other things4 ,the girls do a great deal of work at home4 ,the first thing they learn to do is to sew4 ,would you like to know how the women iron their clothes8 ,they wrap each piece around a stick and lay it on the floor4 ,then they sit down and beat the piece on the stick with wooden clubs4 ,in this way they make the clothes as smooth as a ,chinaman makes the linen which he irons4 ,illustration3 ,korean ,girls ,ironing ,clothes4 ,the houses in ,korea are one or two stories high4 ,they are made of wood or clay1 and sometimes the roofs are of straw4 ,the windows are high1 and the doors are often so low that the people have to stoop down to go in4 ,the rooms are very small and have hardly any furniture4 ,there are no chairs4 ,the people sit on mats on the floor4 ,the walls between the rooms are made of paper1 and the floor is made of stone4 ,illustration3 ,korean ,houses4 ,they have a strange way of heating their houses4 ,they have no stoves or fireplaces4 ,but under the floor they have a cellar like an oven4 ,in this cellar a fire is always kept1 and the rooms are sometimes so hot that the people can hardly walk on the stone floors4 ,people who are poor sleep on mats on the floor4 ,they sleep in their clothes4 ,people who are rich have mattresses4 ,the mattresses are laid on the floor at night1 and are taken up in the morning4 ,the people of ,korea eat a great deal of rice4 ,but they have other kinds of food4 ,they have meat and fish and eggs and also fruit4 ,you would think that they would use a great deal of tea1 as they live so near ,china4 ,but they do not drink tea4 ,they drink rice water instead4 ,the rice water is water that rice has been boiled in4 ,at their meals the men always eat first and the women wait on them4 ,when the men have eaten as much as they want1 then the women and children eat4 ,the tables they have are very low4 ,it would not do for them to have high tables1 as they sit on the floor4 ,they have no knives or forks4 ,they eat with spoons1 and they use chopsticks1 as the ,chinamen do4 ,they have no water-pipes in their houses4 ,in the towns men carry water in pails4 ,they have no gas4 ,for light at night they use candles4 ,they have only one kind of coin4 ,it is a small piece of copper4 ,it has a square hole in the middle4 ,they put these coins on strings and carry them around their necks4 ,it would take many such coins to make a dollar4 ,illustration3 ,korean ,money4 ,there are farms in ,korea1 where they grow wheat1 rice1 rye1 tobacco1 cotton1 watermelons1 and many kinds of fruit4 ,if you were in ,korea1 you would think it the strangest country in the world4 ,they do many things very unlike the way we do them4 ,with us bright-colored things are worn by women4 ,in ,korea the men wear bright colors4 ,they have a funny way of selling eggs there4 ,they place ten eggs end to end in a row1 and put straw around them4 ,then they tie strings around the straw between the eggs4 ,this is called a stick of eggs4 ,when people go to buy eggs1 they ask for one or two sticks1 or as many as they wish4 ,one stick of eggs costs less than five cents4 ,illustration3 ,a ,stick of ,eggs4 ,instead of a president they have a king4 ,the king lives in the largest town4 ,there is a thick1 high wall all around this town4 ,there are gates in the wall1 and these are shut at night4 ,after the gates are shut1 no one can get in or out until they are opened in the morning4 ,the people show very great respect for the king4 ,when they go to speak to him they throw themselves down on their faces before his throne4 ,the people love their country very much4 ,they think it is the most beautiful country in the world4 ,,india4 ,how would you like to go to school at six o'clock in the morning8 ,that is the time many children go to school in ,india4 ,india is a large country in ,asia4 ,the children stay in school till nine o'clock4 ,then they go home for breakfast1 and go back to school at ten4 ,at two o'clock they go home for dinner4 ,they go back again at three to stay till evening4 ,you will think that this is a long time to be at school4 ,illustration3 ,hindoo ,children at ,school4 ,in some of the schools they have no desks or chairs1 but the boys and girls sit on the floor4 ,in other schools they have long tables instead of desks4 ,they do not learn their letters as we do4 ,the teachers write five letters in sand on the floor4 ,then the boys and girls write the letters in the sand4 ,they write the letters many times1 until they know them well4 ,then the teachers write five more letters1 and so on until the children know all the letters4 ,when they can make the letters in the sand1 they next learn to write them on palm leaves with pens made of wood4 ,the last thing they do is to write them on slates and on paper4 ,illustration3 ,native ,children of ,india4 ,in some of the large towns they learn to read and write ,english4 ,but ,english is not the language that most of the people speak4 ,they have a language of their own4 ,illustration3 ,a ,hindoo ,family at ,home4 ,the people of ,india are called ,hindoos4 ,they have dark skin1 dark eyes1 and dark hair4 ,it is so warm that most of the people wear very little clothing4 ,many of the boys and girls wear no shoes4 ,the girls are very fond of jewels4 ,no matter how poor a family is1 they try to buy some jewels for their girls4 ,so the girls in ,india always have jewelry to wear4 ,they have no ,christmas in ,india4 ,they have what they call the ,feast of the ,cakes4 ,at the ,feast of the ,cakes they have three holidays4 ,then they have cakes of all kinds4 ,the boys are very fond of swinging4 ,they are also very fond of swimming4 ,in some places they have diving wells4 ,the boys plunge from a high bank down into the water below4 ,illustration3 ,a ,tiger4 ,the rich people have very fine houses1 with gardens and flowers and fountains4 ,there are carpets1 cushions1 and tables in the houses1 but no chairs4 ,they sit on cushions on the floor4 ,the beds are very low1 and the legs are often of silver or gold or ivory4 ,they have no sheets or pillow cases1 but covers of velvet or satin4 ,the people who are poor live in houses made of dried mud1 with roofs of bamboo poles and straw4 ,they have hardly any furniture4 ,they sleep on mats made of palm leaves4 ,illustration3 ,cobras4 ,in many of the houses they have no tables4 ,they eat off of leaves on the floor4 ,their food is mostly rice4 ,all the family do not eat together4 ,the father of the family always eats first4 ,when he has eaten1 the mother and children sit down to eat4 ,the women do most of the work4 ,so the girls have to learn to work4 ,but the men and boys do all the sewing4 ,how queer this seems6 ,illustration3 ,an ,elephant ,piling ,lumber4 ,there are a great many wild beasts in ,india--tigers1 leopards1 cobras1 and crocodiles4 ,the tigers are very fierce4 ,they sometimes come into villages at night and carry off men1 women or children1 and kill and eat them4 ,there are logs4 ,they do work of many kinds4 ,an elephant is much stronger than a horse4 ,he can carry a far heavier load4 ,sometimes all the family ride on one elephant's back4 ,illustration3 ,riding on an ,elephant4 ,,lapland4 ,jingle6 jingle6 jingle6 ,where does the merry sound come from8 ,it comes from a sleigh drawn by a reindeer4 ,the sleigh is called a pulk'ha4 ,it is made of birch wood4 ,it has no runners4 ,it goes on a little keel like that on the bottom of a boat4 ,the sleigh is very low4 ,it is pointed at the front like a rowboat1 and is flat at the back4 ,there are no seats in it4 ,the driver sits in the bottom4 ,the reindeer draws the sleigh1 and goes very fast4 ,if the driver is not very careful the sleigh may be upset4 ,it is in ,lapland that you may see this kind of a sleigh4 ,the people who live there are called ,lapps4 ,they are short and stout4 ,you would think the men and women were boys and girls4 ,it is very cold in ,lapland4 ,the summer is short1 and the winter is long4 ,so the ,lapps have to wear warm clothes most of the year4 ,the men and women and boys and girls in ,lapland dress much alike4 ,in the winter they wear a long outside coat called a kap'ta4 ,it reaches below the knees4 ,it is made of reindeer skin with the hair left on4 ,under the kapta they wear warm clothes made of wool4 ,illustration3 ,a ,lapp's ,tent4 ,their shoes are also made of reindeer skin4 ,they wear two pairs of thick woolen stockings4 ,when they put on the stockings1 they wrap their feet in dry grass4 ,then they put on their shoes4 ,the grass helps to keep their feet warm4 ,they also wear two pairs of mittens at the same time4 ,one pair is made of wool4 ,the other pair is made of reindeer skin4 ,their hats or caps are also made of reindeer skin4 ,they are lined with eider down4 ,perhaps you do not know what eider down is4 ,it is the soft1 fine feathers of a bird called the eider duck4 ,a great many of these ducks are found in ,lapland4 ,their down is very soft and warm4 ,sometimes the ,lapps have to go long distances in the snow4 ,then they put on skees4 ,if you saw a pair of skees1 you would think that a person could not walk with them4 ,they are flat pieces of wood1 four or five inches wide1 and very long4 ,some skees are six feet long4 ,some are ten or twelve feet long4 ,they are turned up a little in the front4 ,in the middle of each there is a hollow place4 ,the shoe is strapped to the foot there1 as you see in the picture4 ,when the ,lapps go on skees1 they do not raise their feet from the ground4 ,they slide along1 one foot after the other4 ,they have a long pole1 or staff1 in their hands to beep themselves from falling4 ,they can go very fast in this way4 ,sometimes they go ten or fifteen miles an hour4 ,illustration3 ,skees4 ,in some parts of ,lapland the people live in houses made of earth and stone4 ,each house has only one room4 ,the ,lapps have no carpets4 ,they have no tables or chairs4 ,they cover their floor with twigs of trees4 ,they eat and sleep on skins spread on the twigs4 ,they burn wood for fires4 ,the fire is made on the ground in the middle of the floor4 ,the smoke goes out through a hole in the roof4 ,illustration3 ,a ,lapp ,family at ,home4 ,the ,lapps do not all live in the same way4 ,some of them are called mountain ,lapps4 ,in summer the mountain ,lapps live in tents among the hills4 ,their tents are made of reindeer skin4 ,they have a great many reindeer4 ,the reindeer is very useful to the ,lapps4 ,it gives them milk4 ,it draws their sleighs4 ,its flesh is good to eat4 ,they make clothes of its skin4 ,they make knives and spoons of its horns4 ,in summer the reindeer eat the soft shoots of shrubs and trees4 ,in winter they feed on moss called lichen4 ,they get the lichen themselves4 ,they would not eat it if it were gathered for them4 ,in winter they dig down through the snow with their feet to get at the lichen4 ,they dig first with one fore foot and then with the other4 ,the snow is often so deep that the reindeer has to dig a hole so large that its body is almost hidden4 ,the reindeer are not put in stables4 ,they like to be out in the cold and snow4 ,they are able to take care of themselves4 ,the ,lapps eat a good deal of meat4 ,their meat is the flesh of the reindeer4 ,they are very fond of fat4 ,all people who live in very cold countries eat a great deal of fat4 ,it helps to keep them warm4 ,the ,lapps also have milk and cheese4 ,they eat rye bread and fish and berries4 ,they drink coffee4 ,illustration3 ,a ,white ,bear4 ,in winter they have to melt snow in a pot over the fire to get water4 ,the rivers and lakes are all frozen4 ,the ,lapps cook their food in a large pot over the fire4 ,they sit around the fire to eat4 ,the father takes a piece of meat out of the pot4 ,then he serves a piece to each4 ,the ,lapps use no forks4 ,they use their fingers instead4 ,in some places they have a funny way of storing their food4 ,they make a little log house on the top of a post4 ,they have a ladder to go up to it4 ,in this little house they store cheese and milk and other things4 ,then wild animals cannot reach them4 ,illustration3 ,a ,lapland ,wolf4 ,there are bears and wolves and foxes in ,lapland4 ,these animals are sometimes very fierce4 ,they would come into the people's tents and houses at night1 were it not for the dogs4 ,nearly every person has a dog4 ,even the hoys and girls have dogs4 ,the dogs are very brave4 ,they are not afraid to attack wolves or bears4 ,but you will wish to know about the children in ,lapland4 ,you have heard about the old woman who lived in a shoe4 ,the ,lapp baby has a cradle shaped like a shoe4 ,it is made of a single piece of wood4 ,it is lined with moss and other warm things4 ,the mother often carries it in her arms4 ,sometimes she carries it on her back1 slung from her shoulders4 ,the baby plays with strings of buttons or glass beads4 ,when a baby is born in ,lapland they give it a reindeer4 ,if the reindeer has any young ones1 they keep them for the baby until it is a man or woman4 ,they also give a reindeer to the person who is the first to find that the baby has cut a tooth4 ,the ,lapp boys and girls have very few toys4 ,the toys they have they make themselves4 ,the boys make willow flutes and play on them4 ,when the boys go on the water they have long1 narrow boats like canoes4 ,some boys also make sleighs4 ,many of the boys and girls go to school4 ,they learn to read and write and count4 ,there are towns near the sea and by the rivers and lakes4 ,in these towns they have schools and churches4 ,,greenland4 ,very strange people live in ,greenland4 ,they are called ,eskimos4 ,greenland is a country very far north4 ,it is always cold there4 ,so the children need warm clothing4 ,their stockings are made of birdskin4 ,the soft feathers keep their little feet very warm4 ,their shoes are made of sealskin4 ,an ,eskimo girl does not wear skirts4 ,her clothes are like her brother's4 ,her trousers are made of white bearskin4 ,her jacket is made of fur4 ,when she goes out sleigh riding1 she puts on fur mittens4 ,do you know what a fur boa is8 ,this little girl wears one around her neck4 ,it is made of the tail of a fox4 ,the strings to it are made of long pieces of skin4 ,illustration3 ,an ,eskimo ,girl4 ,perhaps you think the ,eskimo children are white4 ,no1 they are brown4 ,their faces are round and fat4 ,our babies ride in carriages1 but an ,eskimo baby rides on its mother's back4 ,the mother wears a coat with a pocket on the back of it4 ,the pocket is lined inside with soft reindeer skin4 ,this makes a nice warm nest for baby4 ,illustration3 ,eskimo ,mother and ,baby4 ,in ,greenland all the boys and girls have sleds4 ,the runners of the sled are made of bone4 ,the top is made of strips of sealskin4 ,it has a back for the boy or girl to lean against4 ,dogs draw the sled across the snow4 ,but the ,eskimos also have sleds made of ice4 ,i think you would like an ice sled4 ,oh1 how fast it runs over the snow6 ,the boys and girls have fine fun with these sleds6 ,they play a nice game in the snow with their sleds4 ,i will tell you about it4 ,do you know what a reindeer is8 ,it is like a deer1 but it has long1 branching horns4 ,the horns are called antlers4 ,when the ,eskimos kill a reindeer for meat1 the boys and girls get the antlers4 ,they set these antlers up in the snow on a hillside4 ,they leave spaces between the antlers4 ,then the boys and girls get on their sleds and slide down the hill4 ,they must go between the antlers1 but must not touch them4 ,sometimes the boys and girls have bows and arrows4 ,they try to hit the antlers with their arrows4 ,this is very hard1 but it is great fun4 ,do you think you could do this8 ,the boys have boats made of long1 thin bones covered with skins4 ,these sail very well on the water4 ,the boys use paddles to move the boats4 ,a paddle is like an oar4 ,the boys sometimes go in their boats to help their fathers catch fish4 ,eskimo children cannot read or write4 ,they do not go to school1 for the ,eskimos have no schools4 ,they are very fond of stories1 but they cannot read them in books4 ,so their mothers tell them stories4 ,the mothers cannot read1 either4 ,the stories they tell are what they heard from their mothers4 ,are you not happy that you can read stories for yourself8 ,perhaps you think the ,eskimo children are unhappy8 ,oh1 no6 ,though they cannot read books1 they play all kinds of games4 ,there is a funny game they play in the house4 ,all the children get on their knees in a ring4 ,then they hold their toes with their hands and move along by jumps4 ,the one who goes the fastest wins4 ,the ,eskimo boys play a game like the game of cup and ball4 ,they have two pieces of bone4 ,one is flat1 with holes in it4 ,the other is long and sharp like a pin4 ,both are joined by a string about a foot long4 ,the flat piece is tied to one end of the string1 and the pin to the other end4 ,the pin is held in the hand1 and the flat piece is thrown into the air4 ,the game is to catch the flat piece upon the point of the pin1 by one of the holes4 ,illustration3 ,eskimo ,children4 ,eskimo boys play another game with a ball and a stick made of bone4 ,it is something like shinny1 one of the games yon play4 ,they also play a game with a sealskin hall about as big as a baseball4 ,they strike the ball with their hands and try to keep it in the air all the time4 ,the ,eskimo boys play football very well4 ,they think it great fun4 ,they never touch the ball with their hands2 they only kick it4 ,the girls have dolls made of wood1 with fur clothes4 ,the dolls look like the little girls themselves4 ,perhaps you would like to know about the houses the ,eskimos live in4 ,they have summer houses and winter houses4 ,the summer house is a tent made of skins4 ,the winter house is made of stones and earth covered with snow4 ,it is not much higher than a man4 ,they have a strange way of getting into these houses4 ,a long1 narrow passage leads from the door on the outside4 ,they must crawl on their hands and knees along this passage4 ,then they go through a small opening into the house4 ,the long passage keeps out the cold4 ,illustration3 ,a ,winter ,house4 ,there is only one room in the house4 ,everything is done in this room4 ,they sleep and eat and cook in it4 ,the beds are of sealskins1 and are made on a bench along the wall4 ,there are no stoves in the house4 ,the ,eskimos use lamps to keep themselves warm and to give them light4 ,they cook their food1 too1 with lamps4 ,the lamps give great heat1 and the houses are quite warm4 ,when the men kill a bear they have a party4 ,at the party everybody sits around the lamp ,the bear is cut up and every one gets a piece4 ,then the children sing and dance4 ,the ,eskimos eat a great deal of meat4 ,they kill seals and bears and birds for their meat4 ,they also eat berries and seaweed4 ,there are no tables in ,eskimo houses4 ,a large dish is set on the floor4 ,the family sit round it and eat out of it4 ,they cut their meat with knives made of bone4 ,their cups are made of sealskin4 ,do you know what a seal is8 ,it is an animal with thick fur4 ,sometimes it lives on the land and sometimes in the water4 ,the people in the ,north kill it and make clothes of its skin4 ,its fur is very warm and makes fine jackets4 ,the ,eskimos eat the flesh of the seal4 ,they make knives and other things of its bones4 ,illustration3 ,seals4 ,eskimo boys and girls have a funny kind of candy4 ,it is the red skin of a bird's foot soaked in fat4 ,you would not care for this4 ,but the ,eskimo children eat it and like it4 ,the cold weather makes them like to eat fat4 ,,russia4 ,your nose6 your nose1 sir6 ,this is a cry often heard in the streets of ,russia4 ,russia is a very large country4 ,part of it is in ,europe4 ,a great part of it is very cold4 ,when a person in the cold part of ,russia goes out riding in winter1 he has to cover his face1 all except the nose and eyes4 ,sometimes his nose gets very cold1 and would freeze if some one did not cry out1 ,your nose1 sir6 ,why8 ,when one's nose gets so cold1 it becomes numb4 ,it has no feeling4 ,one would not know that it was freezing if some person did not cry out4 ,the cold nose must then be rubbed with snow4 ,you would think this a strange way to keep it from freezing1 but it is the best way to take out the frost4 ,there are many kinds of houses in ,russia4 ,the houses have to be made very warm4 ,so they are built with double walls4 ,in rich people's houses they have stoves like ours4 ,but in the poor people's houses the stoves are built of brick4 ,they always burn wood1 for coal costs too much in ,russia4 ,the stoves are sometimes built very high4 ,often they are as high as the ceiling4 ,sometimes people lie on top of the great stove to keep themselves warm4 ,illustration3 ,a ,russian ,carriage4 ,in most of the houses in the country1 they have no beds4 ,there are benches along the wall1 which they use both for chairs and beds4 ,in some houses the children sleep on the floor on pieces of felt4 ,most of the people in ,russia are farmers4 ,they raise a great deal of wheat4 ,the people in many other countries get wheat from ,russia4 ,illustration3 ,a ,russian ,farmer and his ,family4 ,the children have to wear very warm clothes because it is so cold the greater part of the year4 ,their coats are lined with fur4 ,in winter the children in the towns have great fun on the ice hills4 ,ice hills are made in all the towns4 ,first they build a high tower1 and down from the top of it they make a steep hill4 ,blocks of ice are laid on this hill and water is poured over them4 ,the water freezes1 and thus the ice hill is made4 ,on one side of the ice hill there is a place to draw up the sleds4 ,the boys and girls start at the top1 and down they go with merry laughing and shouting6 ,so you see they have fine sport on their ice hills4 ,when the children are not playing on the ice hills1 they go skating or sleighing4 ,in some parts of ,russia they have funny ferryboats4 ,when the rivers are frozen over in winter1 the boats cannot sail on them4 ,then the people use chairs instead of boats4 ,there are warm covers on the chairs1 and men on skates push them across the ice4 ,it costs less than one cent to ride across a river in one of these chairs4 ,in ,st4 ,petersburg they build an ice palace every winter4 ,st4 ,petersburg is the largest city in ,russia4 ,it is the place where the emperor lives4 ,the ,emperor of ,russia is sometimes called the ,czar4 ,they make the ice palace with square blocks of ice4 ,they put the blocks together and pour water between them4 ,when the water freezes1 the wall is solid like a wall of brick or stone4 ,everything inside the palace is made of ice4 ,there are ice stairs and ice tables1 and ice chairs1 and beautiful flowers made of ice4 ,warm rugs of fur are put on the chairs so that people who sit on them may not be cold4 ,often there are grand balls and parties in this beautiful palace of ice4 ,illustration3 ,a ,russian ,family4 ,in summer1 too1 the boys and girls in ,russia have a good time4 ,the boys have wrestling matches1 for they are strong4 ,the girls have a game like ring-around-a-rosy4 ,they also have a game much like our seesaw4 ,a girl stands on each end of a board4 ,then one girl jumps up and comes down on the board4 ,this sends the other girl up1 and in her turn she comes down on the board and sends the first girl up4 ,and so they play on1 going up and down4 ,this is not an easy game to play4 ,it is some time before the girls can do it well4 ,some girls are so skillful at this game that they can keep jumping a long time without falling4 ,some people in ,russia have very queer cradles for their babies4 ,one kind of cradle is a basket which hangs by ropes from the ceiling4 ,another kind of cradle is made of cloth sewed to a wooden frame4 ,this cradle also hangs from the ceiling4 ,in some places in ,russia the nurses who take care of the babies wear dresses to show whether the baby is a girl or a boy4 ,if it is a boy the nurse wears a blue dress4 ,if it is a girl the nurse wears a pink dress4 ,there are not schools in all parts of ,russia1 but in some places there are good schools1 and the children learn to read and write4 ,i must not forget to tell you of the great bell in ,russia4 ,it is the largest bell in the world4 ,it is in ,moscow1 a very old city of ,russia1 and it is called the great bell of ,moscow4 ,but it has never been rung1 for it was cracked in the side when it was being made4 ,it is nearly twenty feet high1 and is now used as a chapel4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,bell at ,moscow4 ,the next largest bell in the world is also in ,moscow4 ,this bell is hung up in a church2 and when they ring it1 the sound is heard all over the city like the rolling of thunder4 ,,switzerland4 ,switzerland is a land of mountains and hills and valleys and beautiful lakes and streams4 ,every year many people go from all parts of the world to see the beautiful ,swiss mountains and valleys4 ,sometimes large masses of snow and ice1 mixed with earth1 fall or slide down the sides of the mountains with a loud crash4 ,as they slide1 they tear away rocks and trees1 and bury houses and villages beneath them4 ,these masses of snow and ice are called avalanches4 ,illustration3 ,an ,avalanche4 ,snow falls all the year round on the tops of the mountains in ,switzerland4 ,as the snow falls1 it packs down hard and changes into ice4 ,at last it becomes a great mass of ice1 and slides very slowly down the sides of the mountains into the valleys4 ,these masses of ice are called glaciers4 ,they move so slowly that you cannot tell they are moving by looking at them4 ,but by driving a stake down1 you can see1 after a long time1 that the ice has moved a little way4 ,a great many of the people in ,switzerland live by keeping cattle and sheep and goats4 ,their houses are in the valleys4 ,but in spring1 when the snow begins to melt and the grass begins to grow1 the men drive their flocks up the mountain sides to feed4 ,there they stay till the end of summer4 ,the men take with them a supply of food1 and they sleep in huts on the mountain side4 ,there is a kind of goat in ,switzerland called the chamois4 ,it lives high up in the mountains4 ,it is very hard to hunt the chamois1 for it can go into places where a man cannot follow it4 ,it can leap very nimbly from one rock to another4 ,it can go up and down a rough mountain side4 ,illustration3 ,chamois4 ,in the summer the chamois feeds on herbs and flowers4 ,in winter it eats the shoots and buds of pine trees4 ,it is very fond of salt4 ,there is a kind of stone in the mountains that is partly made of salt4 ,the chamois licks these stones to get the salt4 ,the chamois feed together in herds of fifteen or twenty4 ,one of them is always on the watch to give notice if anybody comes to hunt them4 ,when it sees any one coming1 it stamps on the ground with its fore feet and makes a sharp cry4 ,then all start off4 ,they leap from crag to crag till they are far out of danger4 ,the skin of the chamois is very soft4 ,it is made into a fine1 soft leather4 ,this leather is called shammy leather4 ,have you ever seen a piece of shammy leather8 ,the flesh of the chamois is very good to eat4 ,the people in ,switzerland use a great deal of milk and butter and cheese for their food4 ,they also have potatoes and bread and fruit4 ,they eat very little meat4 ,the ,swiss houses are made of wood4 ,stones are often put on the roofs4 ,the stones keep the shingles from being torn off by the wind4 ,the ,swiss are very neat and clean4 ,on every window sill there are flowerpots1 for the ,swiss are very fond of flowers4 ,illustration3 ,a ,swiss ,house4 ,in every village in ,switzerland there is a school4 ,the ,swiss have very good schools4 ,the boys and girls must go to school when they are six years old4 ,they learn all that we learn in our schools4 ,there are also schools where the boys are taught trades4 ,the boys and girls go to school only eight months in the year4 ,so they have four months' vacation4 ,after school1 the boys help to take care of the sheep and goats and cattle4 ,the girls help about the housework4 ,all find plenty to do4 ,but the ,swiss boys and girls have some time for play as well as for work and school4 ,they often have holidays4 ,one of their greatest holidays is the day that the men come home from the mountains with their flocks4 ,the boys and girls go out to meet them4 ,they sing songs4 ,the bells ring1 and flags wave4 ,everybody is merry and happy4 ,the children in ,switzerland have a great many pretty toys4 ,some of their toys are made to play music4 ,the ,swiss make all kinds of music boxes4 ,in ,switzerland1 instead of a king1 they have a president1 as we have4 ,and in past times they had brave men who fought to make their country free4 ,one of their great men was ,william ,tell4 ,the ,swiss love his name as strongly as we love the name of ,george ,washington4 ,illustration3 ,swiss ,dog ,cart4 ,,holland4 ,the people who live in ,holland are called ,dutch4 ,there are many canals in ,holland4 ,in some of the towns they have canals instead of streets4 ,there are bridges across the canals for people to go from one side of the street to the other4 ,in some of the streets they have no sidewalks1 and nothing between the houses but canals4 ,illustration3 ,canals in ,holland4 ,in most of the houses they have no carpets4 ,they scatter white sand on the floor every morning4 ,they keep their houses very clean4 ,in their kitchens they have open fireplaces1 with fires blazing brightly4 ,near the fires they have footstools made of cork4 ,in some houses they have fire boxes for warming their feet4 ,they can carry these boxes wherever they like4 ,in cold weather they take their fire boxes to church4 ,wherever you go in ,holland you see windmills4 ,when you see them far off they look like giants with their arms stretched out4 ,the arms are shaped like ladders4 ,the arms have sails on them to catch the wind4 ,it is the wind that makes the arms go round4 ,with these windmills the people pump up water1 and grind corn1 and saw wood4 ,the land is very flat and low4 ,there are no swift running streams to turn the mills4 ,so the people build windmills4 ,illustration3 ,windmills in ,holland4 ,the great wonder of ,holland is the dikes4 ,holland is near the sea1 and so dikes are built along the beach to keep the water out4 ,the dikes are strong walls made of earth and stones4 ,they are very high1 and so thick that on the top there is a road to walk and ride on4 ,in some parts of ,holland there are houses also on the top of the dikes4 ,if it were not for these dikes1 the sea would flow in on the land4 ,then it would cover the houses and towns1 and drown the people4 ,did you ever hear the story of the little boy and the hole in the dike8 ,the little boy's name was ,hans4 ,he lived near the great dikes along the sea4 ,one day his mother sent him on an errand4 ,when he was coming home1 he saw water flowing from a small hole in the dike4 ,he knew that the water came from the sea4 ,then he said to himself1 ,if that water is not stopped1 the hole will get larger4 ,then the sea will break in1 and we shall all be drowned4 ,so ,hans went up to the dike and put his hand against the hole1 and stopped the water4 ,this was very hard to do4 ,but the little fellow held bravely on4 ,when night came and ,hans did not come home1 his father and some of the people who lived close by went to search for him4 ,after many hours they found him at the dike1 keeping the water back with his hand4 ,then his father took him home1 and the men stopped up the hole in the dike4 ,everybody praised ,hans for what he had done4 ,the little children in ,holland are very pretty4 ,they have round1 fat faces1 golden hair1 and blue eyes4 ,the boys wear wide trousers and little round caps4 ,the girls wear jackets and skirts and little caps with gold braid4 ,both boys and girls wear wooden shoes4 ,and what a noise they do make with their wooden shoes when they run around6 ,they have great fun playing their shoes are boats4 ,they sit on the sides of the canals and take off their shoes and sail them on the water like little boats4 ,they tie strings to the shoes so that they can draw them in whenever they like4 ,illustration3 ,dutch ,girl with ,wooden ,shoes4 ,dutch children do not wear shoes in the house1 but wear slippers4 ,when they go home after playing or from school they take off their shoes4 ,they leave them outside the door4 ,would you not think it strange to see rows of little shoes outside the doors8 ,every ,saturday the children clean their shoes4 ,but they do not shine them as we do4 ,they wash them with soap and water1 and dry them at the fire4 ,if the sun shines1 they hang them on a bush to dry4 ,when they are dry1 they are almost as white as snow4 ,winter is a very merry season in ,holland4 ,then all the canals are frozen1 and there is great fun skating4 ,everybody has skates1 even the little children4 ,and how merry and happy the boys and girls are1 skimming along on the ice6 ,illustration3 ,skating in ,holland4 ,the men and women go to market on skates4 ,those who do not wish to go on skates go in sleds or chairs with runners on them4 ,the chairs are pushed by skaters4 ,but the best fun of all is on the ice boats4 ,the ice boats have sails1 and can go very fast on the smooth ice4 ,the first day of skating every year is a holiday4 ,there is no school that day1 and everybody goes out skating1 or riding in sleds or ice boats4 ,how glad the boys and girls are when ,skating ,day comes6 ,what fun they have6 ,and of course they have sleigh riding1 for every family has a sleigh4 ,the sleighs are made like shells1 or boats1 or swans4 ,when the people go sleigh riding at night1 they carry lighted torches4 ,the greatest holiday the ,dutch have is ,santa ,claus's day4 ,it is on ,december #f4 ,all the stores are made pretty on that day4 ,santa ,claus is in the windows4 ,he is dressed in red with white fur1 and rides a large horse4 ,the streets are crowded with boys and girls to see all this4 ,they have ,santa ,claus cakes1 and gingerbread made like chairs and tables and fishes and horses and many other things4 ,at night ,santa ,claus rides on the roofs of the houses1 and drops nice things down the chimneys for good children4 ,and the boys and girls leave their shoes near the fireplace for the things to drop in4 ,but they do not find many toys in their shoes1 for ,santa likes better to give them cakes and money4 ,the ,dutch boys and girls have not many toys1 but they play for hours with their shoes4 ,they use them for boats1 baskets1 dishes1 or beds for their dolls4 ,they have fine schools in ,holland1 and the boys and girls go to school and learn the same things that we learn in our schools4 ,some ,dutch girls go to market to sell milk or cheese4 ,they have donkeys to carry the milk or cheese4 ,sometimes1 the girls ride on the donkeys' backs4 ,some ,dutch girls also go to market to sell fruit4 ,they carry the fruit on a pole across the back of their shoulders4 ,a basket of fruit hangs from each end of the pole1 as you see in the picture4 ,the boys sell milk4 ,they carry it about in little wagons drawn by dogs4 ,they are very kind to the dogs4 ,they do not make them draw too heavy a load4 ,illustration3 ,a ,dutch ,milkmaid4 ,when a baby is born in ,holland1 some one hangs a silk ball outside the door4 ,if the baby is a boy1 they hang up a red ball2 and if it is a girl1 they hang up a pink ball4 ,is not this a good way to let their friends know they have a new baby8 ,,patagonia4 ,have you ever seen a man with pictures on his body8 ,perhaps you have seen a sailor with a picture of a ship on his arm4 ,in ,patagonia nearly all the men and boys have pictures on their bodies4 ,patagonia is in the southern part of the world4 ,it is winter in that country when it is summer here1 and summer there when it is winter here4 ,patagonia is a very flat country4 ,there are very few hills and no large trees or fine flowers there4 ,but there is plenty of good grass1 which sometimes grows very tall4 ,the people in ,patagonia are ,indians4 ,they have red-brown skin1 long black hair1 and small eyes4 ,the men are very tall4 ,some of them are seven feet high4 ,they paint their faces red and black1 and tattoo their arms4 ,they do this with a needle4 ,they put the needle into dye1 and then prick the skin with it4 ,the men wear a piece of cloth around their waists and a large cloak of fur4 ,they sometimes wear boots made of the skin of horses' legs4 ,the women wear gowns fastened at the neck with a pin4 ,they also have cloaks like the men4 ,illustration3 ,patagonians at ,home4 ,the boys and girls wear no clothes until they are four years old4 ,after they are four years old they wear the same kind of clothes their fathers and mothers wear4 ,the young girls wear their hair in braids4 ,if their hair is not long enough1 they make it longer by tying horsehair to it4 ,the houses in ,patagonia are tents made of skins4 ,there are rooms in the tents1 and each grown-up person has a room4 ,the fire is made inside the tent on the floor4 ,the people in ,patagonia eat gua-na-co and ostrich meat4 ,some of the people drink a kind of tea made from the leaves of a plant4 ,the leaves are first crushed fine1 then put into water4 ,they drink this tea through a small tube with many holes in it4 ,the holes are so small that the pieces of leaves cannot come through4 ,this tea is very good to drink4 ,it makes the people very strong4 ,illustration3 ,guanaco4 ,the women do all the work about the house4 ,they make the clothes1 carry home the wood for the fire1 and bring water from the streams or wells4 ,the men do nothing but hunt4 ,they hunt the guanaco and the ostrich4 ,the guanaco is nearly as large as a cow1 and has a head like a camel4 ,its flesh is good to eat1 and the people make cloaks of its skin4 ,illustration3 ,hunting ,ostriches4 ,the ostrich is the largest bird in the world4 ,its legs are very long1 and it has a long neck4 ,it cannot fly1 for its wings are too small1 but it can run very fast4 ,it can run faster than a horse4 ,it is hard for the hunter to catch it4 ,he rides on horseback1 and catches the ostrich with a bo'las4 ,a bolas is a rope with a stone1 a metal ball1 or a lump of hard clay fastened to each end4 ,the hunter swings one end of the bolas round and round his head1 and then hurls it with great force at the ostrich4 ,it strikes the ostrich or catches it by the legs and throws it down4 ,then the hunter runs up and kills the ostrich with a knife4 ,the hunters also hunt the ostrich with dogs4 ,sometimes an ostrich will spring suddenly up from the long grass almost in front of the hunter and his dogs4 ,then the dogs can easily catch it4 ,the ostrich makes a hole in the ground under a bush for its eggs4 ,this is its nest4 ,the eggs are very large1 and they are good to eat4 ,its flesh is also good to eat4 ,of course you know ostrich feathers are pretty for ladies' hats4 ,the feathers for hats are taken from the tail and from the ends of the wings4 ,but the feathers of the ostrich in ,patagonia are not so fine and pretty as the feathers of the ostrich found in ,africa4 ,there is an animal in ,patagonia called the puma4 ,it is like a cat1 but it is much stronger4 ,often it kills and eats the guanaco4 ,illustration3 ,pumas4 ,the boys and girls in ,patagonia have very few toys1 but they are merry and happy4 ,as the boys grow up1 they soon learn to hunt2 and then they go out with their fathers to hunt the guanaco and the ostrich4 ,,the ,,pygmies4 ,perhaps you have read in fairy tales of very little people called dwarfs4 ,there are old stories which tell us about very small men who lived a long time ago in ,africa4 ,they were called pygmies4 ,they were only one foot high1 and they built their houses with eggshells4 ,they lived in holes in the ground4 ,they had goats and sheep which were much smaller than themselves1 and they had corn which they cut down with axes1 as we cut down trees4 ,this is what we are told about them2 but1 of course1 those stories are fables4 ,there never were men so small as one foot high4 ,but there are real people in ,africa called pygmies4 ,they are very small4 ,the men and women look as if they were boys and girls4 ,the men are about four feet high4 ,there are a great many large forests in ,africa4 ,it is in the forests that the pygmies live4 ,the forests are so dark in many places that one could not see to read at noonday4 ,only a few white men have been in the land of the pygmies and seen them4 ,they are shy1 like children1 and hide their faces when spoken to4 ,some of the pygmies are black and some are red4 ,they do not wear much clothing4 ,they do not need much1 for the weather is always very warm in the country in which they live4 ,the men and boys wear only a strip of cloth around their loins4 ,many of the pygmies have no houses4 ,they wander from place to place1 and sleep on the ground under a bush4 ,but some of them have little houses1 or huts1 built in the shape of beehives and about four feet high4 ,they are covered over with long leaves4 ,the door is only about a foot and a half high1 just high enough for the pygmies to creep in4 ,their beds are made of sticks stuck in the ground with other sticks across them4 ,the pygmies live by hunting4 ,they do not shoot with guns1 as we do4 ,they use bows and arrows1 and they are very quick and clever at shooting4 ,a pygmy will shoot off three or four arrows one after the other so quickly that the last is flying away before the first has hit the mark4 ,the pygmies are also very smart in making pits to catch the animals they wish to kill4 ,they dig large holes and cover them with sticks and leaves4 ,the animal comes along and falls into the pit and is caught4 ,the pygmies can kill elephants with their bows and arrows4 ,they first shoot at the elephant's eyes until he is blind4 ,they then keep shooting at him till he falls dead4 ,illustration3 ,a ,village of ,pygmies4 ,the pygmies eat the flesh of some of the animals they kill4 ,they sell or trade the fur and skin and ivory for arrows and knives4 ,they also get tobacco and potatoes for their furs and skins4 ,they are also very good at fishing4 ,they can catch large fish with a piece of meat fastened to a string4 ,the pygmies do not dig the ground or plant or sow anything4 ,bananas grow in ,africa1 and the pygmies are very fond of them4 ,often they come out of the forests to get bananas from the trees on which they grow4 ,if a pygmy sees a good bunch of bananas that he would like to have1 he shoots his arrow into the stalk4 ,when the owner of the tree sees the arrow he knows how it came there4 ,so he leaves the stalk until the pygmy takes it away4 ,sometimes a pygmy pays for the bunch of bananas with pieces of meat4 ,he wraps up a piece of meat in grass or leaves1 and fastens it to the stalk where he has cut off the bananas4 ,a pygmy can eat twice as many bananas as the largest white man4 ,he can eat as many as sixty at one meal4 ,though the pygmies are small1 they are very brave1 and all the other people who live near them are very much afraid of them4 ,,the ,,indians4 ,long1 long ago1 before ,columbus found ,america1 the ,indians lived where we live now1 ,there were no cities or houses then1 such as we have4 ,there were no farms or gardens or fences or roads4 ,a large part of the country was covered with trees4 ,the rest was great grass plains and swamps4 ,the ,indians built their houses where they pleased1 beside the rivers or near the mountains or on the wide plains4 ,what sort of houses did they live in8 ,they lived in tents made of skins4 ,the ,indian tents were called wigwams4 ,illustration3 ,an ,indian ,wigwam4 ,there were many tribes of ,indians4 ,each tribe had a great many men and women and children4 ,some of the tribes lived in the north1 some in the south1 some near the sea4 ,in nearly every part of the country there were ,indian tribes4 ,often some of the tribes went to war with other tribes4 ,they fought with bows and arrows and tomahawks4 ,the tomahawk was a sort of hatchet4 ,the head of it was made of a stone with a sharp edge4 ,illustration3 ,indian ,bow and ,arrows4 ,illustration3 ,tomahawks4 ,the ,indians were very cruel in war4 ,when they killed a man1 they cut the skin and hair off the top of his head4 ,this was called scalping4 ,when about to go to war1 they painted their faces to make themselves look very fierce4 ,they also wore a band around their heads1 and in these they stuck some long feathers4 ,there are ,indians still in some parts of our country1 and many of them live in wigwams4 ,they sleep in these wigwams1 but they cook their food outside4 ,they have no coal or stoves or fire-places4 ,instead of coal they use wood and dried grass4 ,they make their fire on the ground4 ,their food is very simple4 ,they have meat and fish and berries1 and cakes made of corn4 ,the meat they eat is the flesh of the deer and other wild animals4 ,illustration3 ,an ,indian ,chief4 ,the ,indians are of a copper color4 ,they are sometimes called ,red ,men4 ,they have high cheek bones1 black eyes1 and straight black hair4 ,the ,indian men spend their time hunting and fishing4 ,they do not have bows and arrows now4 ,they shoot with guns as white men do4 ,the ,indian women do all the work4 ,they cook the food1 make the clothes1 and plant the corn4 ,they also put up the wigwams and take them down4 ,for the ,indians do not live always in the same place1 but often move about4 ,an ,indian woman is called a squaw1 and an ,indian baby is called a pa-poose'4 ,you would wonder if you saw the ,indian baby's cradle4 ,it is a bag made of skin fixed to a flat board4 ,it is just large enough for baby to fit in4 ,the little papoose is wrapped up warm and put into the bag4 ,the mother carries the baby on her back in this cradle4 ,often she hangs the cradle up on a branch of a tree4 ,then the little red baby swings while its mother is cooking or working in the field4 ,illustration3 ,an ,indian ,baby4 ,the men1 women1 and children wear clothes made of skin4 ,they often wear blankets as shawls are worn by white people4 ,their shoes are made of deerskin and have no soles4 ,they are called moccasins4 ,illustration3 ,moccasins4 ,in many places the ,indians now have schools1 and the little ,indian boys and girls go to school every day4 ,our government has sent teachers to teach them4 ,they learn to read and write and count4 ,but the ,indian boys and girls learn a great many things at home4 ,their fathers tell them about birds and beasts and trees and rivers4 ,and they teach the boys to hunt and fish1 and train them up to be brave in war4 ,the ,indian boys and girls have a great many games4 ,the boys play with bows and arrows4 ,they play blindman's buff1 and hunt the slipper1 and handball and football4 ,the girls take part in the football4 ,one of their games is the stick and ring game4 ,the ring is made of skin and is sometimes covered with beads4 ,each boy has a stick1 and he throws it at the ring while it is rolling along the ground4 ,the game is to send the stick through the ring4 ,every boy tries to strike every other boy's stick to stop it from going through the ring4 ,the ,indian boys sometimes play at fighting battles4 ,they form themselves into two armies1 and one army fights against the other4 ,they fight with balls of wet clay4 ,often the battle lasts two or three hours4 ,indian girls have dolls1 and they dress them and sing them to sleep4 ,they play house1 and often have doll-house moving4 ,illustration3 ,indian ,girls4 ,indian men and boys are fond of swimming1 and they are very good swimmers4 ,they are also fond of sailing in their canoes4 ,the canoe is made of the bark of the birch tree4 ,the ,indians paddle their canoes4 ,they can make them go very fast4 ,many of the ,indians now live in houses and have farms the same as white men1 and they raise corn and vegetables and fruit4 ,they have horses and cows and sheep as other farmers have4 ,and we may hope that before long the ,red ,men will live in the same way as white men1 and be as well off and as happy4 ,,the ,,philippine ,,islands4 ,the ,philippine ,islands are far away on the other side of the earth1 near ,china4 ,there are a great many of these islands4 ,most of them are small4 ,but some of them are large islands1 and many people live on them4 ,the largest of the islands is called ,luzon4 ,the largest town in this island is ,manila4 ,many tribes of people live in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,each tribe has a language of its own4 ,it is very warm in these islands4 ,so the people need but little clothing4 ,their houses are not very high4 ,the highest house is only two stories4 ,in some parts they have strange windows in their houses4 ,the panes are not made of glass1 as in our houses4 ,they are made of oyster shells4 ,but they are not like our oyster shells4 ,they are very thin--so thin that the light can come through them nearly as well as through glass4 ,the shell is made square1 and fits in the window like a pane of glass4 ,sometimes the sides or walls of the upper stories are made of frames1 with oyster shells for panes4 ,the people can slide these walls back1 so as to let the cool air into the rooms4 ,illustration3 ,a ,philippine ,house4 ,there is one tribe in the islands called the ,moro tribe4 ,the people of this tribe have very strange houses4 ,they build their houses in the water near the shore4 ,they build them on the top of long poles4 ,the first stories are high above the water4 ,the people use ladders to go up to them4 ,these houses are built of bamboo4 ,the bamboo is very useful in the country where it grows4 ,it is a kind of reed1 and grows very tall4 ,it has joints like the joints of a corn stalk4 ,it is not solid like a corn stalk1 but is hollow inside4 ,it is so thick and strong that the people make houses of it and all kinds of furniture4 ,illustration3 ,bamboo4 ,the ,moro men are good sailors and swimmers4 ,they are also good divers4 ,they dive into the water for pearls and coral4 ,they can stay under the water for two or three minutes at a time4 ,the children also are good swimmers4 ,they spend a great deal of time in the water4 ,there is another tribe called the ,man'gy-ans4 ,these people live in the mountains4 ,they have black hair and flat noses4 ,they are very strong1 for they spend most of their time out of doors4 ,some months of the year they do not live in houses4 ,they sleep under trees4 ,but other months of the year it rains very much4 ,then they sleep in houses4 ,their houses are made of poles with roofs of leaves4 ,the ,mangyan women and girls wear a very strange kind of dress4 ,it is made of cords coiled around their waists4 ,the cords are narrow strips of rattan braided together4 ,rattan is the stem of a plant which grows to a very great height4 ,it sometimes grows a hundred feet high4 ,it is as thick as a man's wrist1 and it is very tough and strong4 ,the people split the rattan into thin strips4 ,with these they make baskets1 seats of chairs1 walking canes1 ropes1 and many other things4 ,the ,mangyan men are good hunters4 ,they hunt an animal called the tim'a-rau4 ,it is like a buffalo4 ,they shoot it with bows and arrows4 ,there are a great many large forests in the ,philippines1 and there are very fine trees in them4 ,the most useful of the plants or trees is the bamboo4 ,i have already told you about it4 ,the cocoanut palm is also a very useful tree4 ,the nuts give food and drink and oil4 ,illustration3 ,a ,philippine woman carrying water4 ,on one of the islands there is a wonderful plant called the pitcher plant4 ,its leaves are in the shape of pitchers4 ,some of the pitchers have lids1 and are large enough to hold a pint of water4 ,in the ,philippines they raise coffee1 bananas1 sugar1 tobacco1 and cotton4 ,one of their most useful plants is the plant from which they get hemp for making ropes and cords4 ,this plant is called ab'a-ca by the people in the ,philippines1 and its hemp is called ,manila hemp4 ,there is a great deal of rice grown in the ,philippines4 ,rice is the food that most of the people live on4 ,there are buffaloes in the ,philippines4 ,the people use them for riding and for carrying loads4 ,they have also deer1 goats1 and hogs4 ,illustration3 ,a ,buffalo at ,work4 ,in some parts of the islands they have a strange way of fishing4 ,they fill baskets with a kind of mixture in which they put poison4 ,then they throw the baskets into the water4 ,the fish become stupid after eating the poison4 ,very soon they rise to the top of the water1 where the people catch them4 ,manila is a large town with strong walls and a deep moat1 or ditch1 around it4 ,there are eight gates in the wall and bridges across the moat4 ,the men in ,manila wear trousers and shirts2 but they wear the shirts outside4 ,the women wear skirts with long trains1 and waists with very full and flowing sleeves4 ,they wear scarfs or handkerchiefs around their necks1 with two of the corners hanging down their backs4 ,they never wear hats4 ,illustration3 ,women of ,luzon4 ,in a few of the islands there are schools1 and the children learn to read and write2 but in many other parts there are neither schools nor churches4 ,as the islands now belong to the ,united ,states1 there will soon be many more schools1 and the children will be able to learn everything that is taught in our schools4 ,,bangala ,far away in ,africa1 near where the pygmies live1 there is a great river called the ,kongo4 ,the land on either side of this river for many miles is called the ,kongo ,valley4 ,there are hundreds of miles of great woods in this valley4 ,these woods are not like our woods4 ,they are very thick with vines and plants4 ,there are also a great many kinds of trees4 ,in the woods are birds with very bright colors4 ,there are birds called sunbirds4 ,often green1 yellow1 scarlet1 and purple feathers are found on these birds4 ,what a pretty sight it must be to see them flit about in the sun6 ,there are also many kinds of pretty flowers in the woods4 ,these flowers are as gay in color as the birds4 ,many tribes of negroes live in the ,kongo ,valley4 ,they live in huts made of mats4 ,the mats are made of strong grass4 ,the grass is first twisted into cords4 ,then the cords are braided into mats4 ,the people also use mats for their beds2 but they do not put the mats on the ground4 ,they tie them to a frame raised a little above the ground4 ,illustration3 ,kongo ,negroes at a ,mission ,school4 ,these negroes also make baskets1 bowls1 pots1 and wooden spoons4 ,the bowls and pots they make out of clay4 ,it is very warm all the year round in the ,kongo ,valley4 ,so the people wear very little clothing4 ,they rub their bodies with palm oil4 ,they have a funny way of wearing their hair4 ,while they are young their hair is braided4 ,then it is twisted into all sorts of knots and shapes4 ,they do not untwist it1 but keep it so always4 ,they think these queer knots and shapes are very pretty4 ,illustration3 ,a ,kongo ,village4 ,the women do all the hard work4 ,they cook the food4 ,they do the other housework4 ,they plant the corn and beans4 ,illustration3 ,headdress of ,kongo ,women4 ,the men spend a great deal of time in fishing4 ,they also hunt and kill elephants to get their tusks for ivory4 ,there are many elephants in the ,kongo ,valley4 ,they roam about in large herds4 ,it must be a hard task to kill an elephant6 ,one of the tribes in the ,kongo ,valley is called the ,bangala tribe4 ,the men are tall and strong and fierce4 ,they are always fighting with other tribes4 ,this makes the other tribes very much afraid of them4 ,the negroes of this tribe have a strange way of making friends with a white man4 ,they will do him no harm if he is willing to be their blood brother4 ,this is the way they make a white man their blood brother4 ,the black man takes a limb of palm tree which has two branches4 ,with one branch in his hand1 he falls on the ground before the white man4 ,the white man takes hold of the other branch4 ,then the black man splits the limb into two parts with his knife4 ,after this is done1 an old man of the tribe comes to the white man and the black man4 ,he puts the white man's arm over the black man's arm4 ,when their arms are together1 he makes a small cut in each arm4 ,he makes this cut to draw blood4 ,then the old man puts salt and the dust of banana leaves into the blood1 and rubs both arms together4 ,the black man and the white man are then blood brothers4 ,these people have also a strange way of taking care of their canoes4 ,when they are not using them1 they keep them under water4 ,they say that the canoes will last longer if kept under water4 ,,the ,,amazon ,,valley4 ,perhaps you have heard of the ,amazon ,river4 ,it is the largest river in the world4 ,it is four thousand miles long1 and more than fifty miles wide where it flows into the sea4 ,this river is in ,brazil4 ,brazil is far south of us4 ,illustration3 ,amazon ,indians4 ,there are great forests along the banks of this river4 ,they run back from the river for hundreds of miles4 ,they are the largest forests in the world4 ,a great many kinds of trees grow in these forests4 ,some of the trees are very high4 ,often the trees are covered with vines on which beautiful flowers grow4 ,wax-palm trees1 breadfruit trees1 and rubber trees are found in these forests4 ,wax is taken from the leaves of the wax palm4 ,we make rubber from the rubber tree4 ,a cut is made in the side of the tree with a knife4 ,from this cut a white juice flows4 ,this juice is like milk4 ,it is caught in a cup4 ,after a while the juice gets hard4 ,then it is rubber4 ,a great many strange animals and birds are found in these forests4 ,there is the sloth1 which lives in the trees4 ,it has hooked claws for holding on to the branches4 ,it hangs on to a branch with its back downward4 ,when it goes to sleep1 it rolls itself up like a ball4 ,it moves very slowly1 and that is why it is called the sloth4 ,illustration3 ,a ,sloth4 ,these forests are full of monkeys and parrots4 ,perhaps you have seen a parrot4 ,i dare say you have not seen more than two or three parrots at one time4 ,but in these forests there are flocks of parrots4 ,they fly from tree to tree1 and are very wild4 ,illustration3 ,a ,parrot4 ,there are many kinds of them4 ,some are red1 some are green1 some are blue1 and some are all these colors4 ,monkeys chatter and parrots screech4 ,what a noise they must sometimes make6 ,but besides the parrots and the monkeys1 there are humming birds and butterflies4 ,you know that the humming bird is a very small bird1 but humming birds are found in these forests no larger than a bee4 ,the butterflies are the most beautiful in the world4 ,the people who live in these forests are called ,indians4 ,they do not often let white men come among them4 ,their skin is copper color1 like the ,indians of our country4 ,their hair is black and straight4 ,they are not as tall as our ,indians1 but their bodies are finely formed4 ,they have large1 full chests4 ,their hands and feet are small and nicely shaped4 ,they keep themselves very clean4 ,the men and women1 the boys and girls1 are all fond of bathing4 ,the first thing they do in the morning is to take a bath in the nearest river4 ,strange to say1 some of them paint their faces and bodies4 ,they take the juice of a tree which will stain a blue black4 ,they pour this juice on their heads1 and let it run in streams down their backs4 ,they also put red and yellow in large round spots on their cheeks and foreheads4 ,the men braid their hair1 and wear it long1 down their backs4 ,they part their hair and wear combs4 ,but the women do not part their hair and do not wear combs4 ,they pull the hair out of their eyebrows4 ,they make holes in their ears4 ,in these holes they wear1 instead of rings1 a little piece of grass with feathers fastened to it4 ,illustration3 ,a ,painted ,amazon ,indian4 ,their houses are made of logs of wood set in the ground as posts4 ,they put other logs on top of these for a roof4 ,then they cover these logs with palm leaves4 ,there are no windows1 and they use mats for doors4 ,they sleep in hammocks4 ,these they make of string4 ,they make the string by twisting the leaves of a tree4 ,they have plenty of pans and pots1 both large and small4 ,these pans and pots they make of clay4 ,first1 they soften the clay and knead it4 ,then they shape it into pots and pans4 ,it is then dried in the sun4 ,when the pots and pans are dry they are put in a hot fire4 ,this makes them hard and strong4 ,the chief food of these ,indians is a kind of flour made from the root of a plant4 ,they also eat fish4 ,a great many fish are found in the rivers4 ,these they catch and eat4 ,they also dry fish and then smoke them over a fire4 ,the smoked fish keep good a long time4 ,these ,indians sail on the rivers in canoes4 ,but their canoes are heavy4 ,they are not light1 as the canoes of our ,indians are4 ,they are not made of birch bark4 ,these ,indians make an entire canoe out of a single tree4 ,the canoe is made thick so as not to be broken by knocking against snags and rocks4