file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #adfbe-;h4htm or #adfbe-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ d_/f_/b_/adfbe_/adfbe-;h_/#adfbe-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ d_/f_/b_/adfbe_/adfbe-;h4zip7 ,,military ,,instructors ,,manual by ,,captain ,,james ,p4 ,,cole1 #eith ,,infantry ,instructor #crd ,battalion1 #agth ,provisional ,training ,regiment1 ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y4 and ,,major ,,oliver ,,schoonmaker1 #gfth ,,division ,assistant ,instructor #crd ,battalion1 #agth ,provisional ,training ,regiment1 ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y4 ,,to ,,colonel ,,wolf ,under whose careful supervision so many have received their ,military ,training in order that they may show the world in battle the true spirit of ,american manhood4 ,acknowledgment4 ,to have prepared this book within the time allotted to it1 without the assistance of ,candidates ,,alcott ,,farrar ,,elwell and ,,lyle ,,milton ,,prouse would have been impossible1 and grateful recognition is made of their services4 ,not only much of the manual labor1 but the preparation of entire chapters1 has been in their hands4 ,candidates ,,charles ,,huntington ,,jacobs and ,,michael ,,francis ,,mcaleer have rendered very valuable assistance and we wish to thank the following candidates for the loan of materials used elsewhere1 for typewriting and other work3 ,,glenn ,,mack ,,ainsworth4 ,,philip ,m4 ,,brown4 ,,nelson ,p4 ,,bump4 ,,edwin ,g4 ,,burrows4 ,,philip ,,doremus4 ,,walter ,,lane ,,hardenbrook4 ,,albert ,,blanchard ,,kellogg4 ,,henry ,,pratt ,,mckean4 ,,loren ,,ray ,,pierce4 ,,harry ,,raphael ,,saftel4 ,,roland ,,emery ,,packard4 ,,hoyt ,,sherman4 ,introduction4 ,the officer of to-day has big problems to face at short notice4 ,his training has necessarily been so intensive that he cannot absorb a large amount of it4 ,he has little time to make out schedules or even to look over the hasty notes he may have made during his training period1 yet he finds himself facing problems which force him to immediate action4 ,this book so condenses and systematizes general military instruction and the work done at ,plattsburg so that it may be easily utilized in training other troops4 ,no broad claim for originality is made except in the arrangement of all available material2 the bibliography makes acknowledgment to all texts so utilized4 ,besides bringing helpful reminders to new officers regarding the elements of modern warfare1 much of the material will be found of radical importance1 as it is practically new and never before condensed4 ,since under the new army organization the platoon leader virtually has assumed the roll of a captain of a company1 it is not enough for him to know simply his own part2 he must be ready with all the information that his non-commissioned officers and men should know1 and more important still1 he must know how to teach them4 ,having little or no time to work over and digest for himself this mass of new material pouring in upon him1 the officer may find in this book1 material condensed and already arranged4 ,it is hoped that this work will serve to recall to many officers1 valuable points of military training which would otherwise be lost1 to them in the mass of notes never looked at since the day they were made4 ,more than this1 every reader will find help in planning his work1 saving thereby precious hours already too full of necessary duties1 and will find fresh material for progress in the game of war4 ,it is the purpose of this book to help men who are in the service of the ,united ,states1 and through them to share in bringing victory4 ,table of ,contents4 ,,page4 ,chapter #a4 ,,schedules #a ,chapter #b4 ,,infantry ,,drill ,,regulations #ca ,chapter #c4 ,,physical ,,training #ia ,,voice ,,culture4 ,chapter #d4 ,,use ,,of ,,modern ,,arms #aje #a4 ,s4,a4,f4,m4 #b4 ,range ,practice4 #c4 ,pistol4 #d4 ,bayonet4 #e4 ,machine ,guns4 #f4 ,grenade ,instruction4 ,chapter #e4 ,,map ,,sketching #adc ,chapter #f4 ,,articles ,,of ,,war4 7,courts-,martial47 #afa ,chapter #g4 ,,army ,,regulations #age ,chapter #h4 ,,practice ,,marches #ahg ,,field ,,work4 ,chapter #i4 ,,feeding ,,men #bac ,,camping ,,and ,,camp ,,sanitation4 ,chapter #aj4 ,,personal ,,hygiene #bba ,,first ,,aid4 ,chapter #aa4 ,,signaling #bbi ,chapter #ab4 ,,guard ,,duty #bcg ,chapter #ac4 ,,company ,,administration #bde ,chapter #ad4 ,,conferences #bei ,study4 ,small ,problems in ,infantry4 ,examinations4 ,chapter #ae4 ,,trench ,,warfare #bhg #a4 ,general ,principles4 #b4 ,siting ,trenches4 #c4 ,construction4 #d4 ,occupation4 ,,conclusion #cif ,,bibliography #cig ,,chapter ,,index #djc ,,chapter #a4 ,schedules4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,reserve ,,officers' ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,august #bg to ,september #a1 #aiag ,organization4 ,issue of ,equipment4 ,drill ,organization of ,drill ,physical ,barracks ,i4,d4,r4 ,m4,p4,t4 ,monday1 ,aug4 #bg #g4jj-ab4jj a4m4 #a4cj-d4cj p4m4 ,tuesday1 ,aug4 #bh ,without arms #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 pgs4 #a-cj pars #dh-gc --------------- #h4cj-aj4cj a4m4 pars4 #aja-acb ,with arms #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 pars #dh-ajj #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 ,wednesday1 ,aug4 #bi --------------- pgs4 #a-cc #h4cj-aj4cj a4m4 par4 #aja-acb #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 par4 #dh-ajj pgs4 #a-cf ,thursday1 ,aug4 #cj #h4cj-i4cj a4m4 pars4 #aja-acb #i4cj-aj4cj a4m4 pars4 #aei-aih #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 par4 #dh-ajj pgs4 #a-ci ,friday1 ,aug4 #ca #h4cj-i4cj a4m4 pars4 #aja-acb #i4cj-aj4cj a4m4 pars4 #aei-aih ,saturday1 ,sept4 #a4 ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,musketry ,practice ,training ,march ,s4,a4,f4,m4 ,study ,conferences #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 par4 #a-ba par4 #dh-gc- #aja-acb ,i4,d4,r4 #a4cj-c4cj p4m4 par4 #a-ba ,s4,a4,f4,m4 #b4cj-d4cj p4m4 ,care of arms and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 equipment par4 #gd-ajj ,i4,d4,r4 #b4cj-c4cj p4m4 par4 #a-ca ,without arms #a4cj-b4cj p4m4 ,s4,a4,f4,m4 #c4cj-d4cj p4m4 #aj4de-aa4de a4m4 par4 #a-ba -------------- ,assembling and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 adjusting pack par4 #aei-aih ,i4,d4,r4 #aj4de-aa4de a4m4 #a4cj-b4cj p4m4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 #b4cj-d4cj p4m4 ,with arms par4 #a-ca par4 #aei-aih ,assembling and ,i4,d4,r4 adjusting pack ,with arms and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 #c4cj-d4cj p4m4 light pack #a4cj-c4cj p4m4 par4 #aii-beg- ,military #aj4de-aa4de a4m4 par4 #a-ca #geh-gfe ,courtesy ,i4,d4,r4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,september #c to ,september #h1 #aiag ,drill ,drill ,physical ,i4,d4,r4 ,m4,p4,t4 ,monday1 ,sept4 #c #g4jj-h4cj a4m4 #c4cj-d4jj p4m4 pars4 #aja-aeh pgs4 #a-db #aei-aic ,tuesday1 ,sept4 #d #g4jj-h4cj a4m4 #c4cj-d4jj p4m4 pars4 #dh-ajj pgs4 #a-de #aeh-aih ,wednesday1 ,sept4 #e #g4jj-h4cj a4m4 #c4cj-d4jj p4m4 pars4 #aja-aeh pgs4 #a-dh #aeh-aih ,thursday1 ,sept4 #f #g4jj-h4cj a4m4 #c4cj-d4cj p4m4 pars4 #dh-ajj pgs4 #a-eb #aei-aih ,friday1 ,sept4 #g #g4jj-h4cj a4m4 #c4cj-d4jj p4m4 pars4 #aja-aeh pgs4 #a-ee #aei-aih ,saturday1 ,sept4 #h ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructor4 ,musketry ,companies ,training ,semaphore ,practice ,march ,s4,a4,f4,m4 ,signalling ,full ,kit #h4de-i4de a4m4 par4 #a-ca #i4de-aj4de a4m4 #aj4jj-aa4jj a4m4 par4 #a-ca #aa4jj-aa4cj a4m4 #h4de-i4de a4m4 #h4de-i4de p4m4 par4 #a-ca #i4de-aj4ae a4m4 #aj4cj-aa4cj a4m4 par4 #a-ca #h4de-aj4ae a4m4 #h4de-i4de a4m4 par4 #a-ca #i4de-aj4ae a4m4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,september #c to ,september #h1 #aiag--7;,concluded7 ,grenade ,instruction ,a ,bayonet ,drill #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 ,lesson #a ,monday1 ,sept4 #c #aa4jj-aa4cj a4m4 ,notes on ,bayonet ,training #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 ,lessons #a and #b ,tuesday1 ,sept4 #d #aa4cj-ab4jj m4 ,notes on ,bayonet ,training #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 ,lessons #a and #c ,wednesday1 ,sept4 #e #aj4cj-aa4jj a4m4 ,notes on ,bayonet ,training #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 ,lessons #a and #d ,thursday1 ,sept4 #f #aa4cj-ab4jj m4 ,notes on ,bayonet ,training #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 ,lessons #a and #e ,friday1 ,sept4 #g #aj4cj-aa4jj a4m4 ,notes on ,bayonet ,training ,saturday1 ,sept4 #h ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructor4 ,voice ,culture ,conferences ,study #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 #a4cj-c4cj p4m4 pars4 #a-aeh ,i4,d4,r #aa4cj-ab4jj m4 par4 #a-ajj ,i4,d4,r4 pgs4 #g-df pgs4 #g-df ,m4,g4,d4 ,m4,g4,d4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 #a4cj-c4cj p4m4 par4 #aei-agd ,i4,d4,r4 pars4 #aja-aeh ,i4,d4,r4 pgs4 #dg-hh pgs4 #g-hh ,m4,g4,d4 ,m4,g4,d4 ,physical ,exam4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 #a4cj-c4cj p4m4 par4 #age-aih ,i4,d4,r4 #aa4jj-ab4jj m4 pars4 #aei-agd part ,,iii--,u4,s4 part #e1 #f1 #aj1 #ai ,signal ,book ,u4,s4,s4,b4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 #a4cj-c4cj p4m4 par4 #gib-gih ,i4,d4,r4 pars4 #age-aih1 #a-fa par4 #a-fa ,s4,a4,f4,m4 ,s4,a4,f4,m4 #a4cj-c4cj p4m4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 #aa4jj-ab4jj m4 pars4 #gib-gih ,i4,d4,r4 par4 #aii-bbj #a-fa #a-fa ,s4,a4,f4,m4 ,s4,a4,f4,m4 ,footnote ,a3 ,as prescribed by ,senior ,grenade ,instructor4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,september #aj to ,september #ae1 #aiag ,drill ,musketry ,training ,i4,d4,r4 ,s4,a4,f4,m4 #g4jj-g4cj a4m4 pars4 #acc-aej #h4cj-i4cj a4m4 ------------------ pars4 #ce-dc ,monday1 ,sept4 #aj #g4cj-h4jj a4m4 ,sight setting pars4 #abc-abg and loadings ------------------ #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 pars4 #aei-aih #i4cj-aj4cj a4m4 pars4 #ce-ea ,tuesday1 ,sept4 #aa ,same as for ,monday ,sight setting and loadings ,wednesday1 ,sept4 #ab #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 #h4cj-i4cj p4m4 pars4 #aii-baa pars4 #ce-eg ------------------ ,sight setting #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 and loadings pars4 #aei-aih #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 ,thursday1 ,sept4 #ac pars4 #aii-bbd #aj4jj-aa4jj a4m4 ------------------ pars4 #ce-fj #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 ,sight setting pars4 #aei-aih and loadings #g4jj-h4cj a4m4 #h4cj-i4cj a4m4 ,friday1 ,sept4 #ad pars4 #aei-bbd pars4 #ce-fa ,sight setting and loadings ,saturday1 ,sept4 #ae ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,first ,aid ,manual1 ,signaling ,n4,c4,o's and ,morse ,code ,practice ,march ,privates 7wig wag7 ,full ,kit #i4cj-aj4cj a4m4 ,wounds #aj4cj-aa4jj a4m4 pgs4 #bhf-bhh #aj4cj-aa4jj a4m4 #h4cj-i4cj a4m4 #i4cj-aj4cj a4m4 ,fractures #aj4cj-aa4jj a4m4 pgs4 #bhh-bij #h4cj-aj4jj a4m4 #i4cj-aj4jj a4m4 ,resuscitation #aj4jj-aa4jj a4m4 pgs4 #bij-bif ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,september #aj to ,september #ae1 #aiag--7;,concluded7 ,grenade ,instruction ,drill1 ,physical ,b ,m4,p4,t4 #c4cj-d4jj p4m4 ,monday1 ,sept4 #aj #aa4jj-aa4cj a4m4 pgs4 #a-eh pgs4 #acc-acd #c4cj-d4jj p4m4 ,tuesday1 ,sept4 #aa #aa4jj-aa4cj a4m4 pgs4 #a-fa pgs4 #acc-acd ,wednesday1 ,sept4 #ab #aa4jj-aa4cj a4m4 #c4cj-d4jj p4m4 pgs4 #a-fd pgs4 #acc-acd #c4cj-d4jj p4m4 ,thursday1 ,sept4 #ac #aa4jj-aa4cj a4m4 pgs4 #a-fg pgs4 #acc-acd #c4cj-d4jj p4m4 ,friday1 ,sept4 #ad #aa4jj-aa4cj a4m4 pgs4 #a-gj pgs4 #acc-acd ,saturday1 ,sept4 #ae ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,bayonet ,drill ,conference ,study #a4cj-b4cj p4m4 ,mon4 #g4jj-h4jj p4m4 pars4 #abc-abg1 pars4 #abc-abg1 #aii-bbc ,i4,d4,r4 #aii-bbc ,i4,d4,r4 #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 -------------------- ------------------ #b4cj-c4cj p4m4 #h4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #cb-fa ,s4,a4,f4,m4 pars4 #cb-fa ,s4,a4,f4,m4 #g4jj-h4jj p4m4 #a4cj-c4cj p4m4 pars4 #bbe-bdh ,i4,d4,r4 #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 pars4 #bbe-bdh ,i4,d4,r4 -------------------- pgs4 #e-aa #h4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,notes on pgs4 #e-aa ,bayonet ,training ,notes on ,bayonet ,training #a4cj-c4cj p4m4 ,tues4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #bdi-beg ,i4,d4,r4 pars4 #bdi-beg ,i4,d4,r4 #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 pgs4 #ab-ai pgs4 #ab-ai ,notes on ,notes on ,bayonet ,training ,bayonet ,training #a4cj-b4cj p4m4 ,wed4 #g4jj-h4jj p4m4 ,patrolling1 messages1 ,patrolling1 messages1 orders1 etc4 orders1 etc4 #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 pgs4 #ab-bd ,f4,s4,r4 pgs4 #ab-bd ,f4,s4,r4 -------------------- -------------------- #b4cj-c4cj p4m4 #h4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,notes on ,notes on ,grenade ,warfare ,grenade ,warfare #a4cj-b4cj p4m4 ,thurs4 #g4jj-h4jj p4m4 ,advance and ,advance and ,rear ,guards ,rear ,guards pgs4 #be-cd ,f4,s4,r4 pgs4 #be-bd ,f4,s4,r4 #d4jj-d4cj p4m4 -------------------- -------------------- #b4cj-c4cj p4m4 #h4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,training ,training ,employment of ,employment of ,bombers ,bombers ,footnote ,b3 ,as prescribed by ,senior ,grenade ,instructor4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,september #ag to ,september #bb1 #aiag ,drill1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,musketry ,training ,s4,a4,f4,m4 ,monday1 ,sept4 #ag #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 pars4 #dh-aih pars4 #cb-fa close order only ,tuesday1 ,sept4 #ah #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 pars4 #dh-aih pars4 #cb-fa close order only ,wednesday1 ,sept4 #ai #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 pars4 #dh-aih pars4 #cb-fa close order only ,thursday1 ,sept4 #bj #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 pars4 #dh-aih pars4 #cb-gj close order only ,friday1 ,sept4 #ba #g4jj-h4jj a4m4 #h4jj-h4cj a4m4 pars4 #dh-aih pars4 #cb-gj close order only ,saturday1 ,sept4 #bb ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,drill1 ,physical ,sketching ,study ,m4,p4,t4 ,c #h4cj-i4jj a4m4 #i4jj-aa4cj a4m4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pgs4 #a-gc1 #acc-acd #a4cj-d4cj p4m4 pgs4 #bj-cd ,notes on ,bayonet ,training pars4 #bcb-beg1 ,i4,d4,r4 pars4 #beh-bgf1 ,i4,d4,r4 #h4cj-i4jj a4m4 #i4jj-aa4cj a4m4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pgs4 #a-gf1 #acc-acd #a4cj-d4cj p4m4 ,outposts pgs4 #ce-db1 ,f4,s4,r4 pars4 #bgg-bhi1 ,i4,d4,r4 #h4cj-i4jj a4m4 #i4jj-aa4cj a4m4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pgs4 #a-gi1 #acc-ahd #a4cj-d4cj p4m4 ,orders pgs4 #dc-ej1 ,f4,s4,r4 pars4 #bij-cbf1 ,i4,d4,r4 #h4cj-i4jj a4m4 #i4jj-aa4cj a4m4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pgs4 #a-hb1 #acc-acb #a4cj-d3cj p4m4 ,marches pgs4 #ea-fe1 ,f4,s4,r4 pars4 #a-i1 #ad-ah1 ,e4,f4,m4 #h4cj-i4jj a4m4 #i4jj-aa3cj a4m4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pgs4 #a-he1 #acc-acd #a4cj-d4cj p4m4 pars4 #cg-db1 #fa-gb1 #aja-aji1 ,e4,f4,m4 ,footnote ,c3 ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructor in ,sketching4 ,september #bd-bi1 #aiag4 ,,construction ,,of ,,trenches4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,october #a to ,october #f1 #aiag4 ,drill1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,physical ,m4,p4,t4 ,monday1 ,oct4 #a #a_/b hour #a_/b hour pars4 #dh-aih pgs4 #hf-hi and #adb ,arm ,combinations ,tuesday1 ,oct4 #b ,company #a_/b hour #a_/b hour pgs4 #ij-ic and #adb pars4 #dh-aih ,arm ,combinations ,wednesday1 ,oct4 #c ,battalion #a_/b hour #a_/b hour pgs4 #ij-ic and #adb pars4 #beh-bhi ,arm ,combinations ,thursday4 ,oct4 #d ,battalion #a_/b hour #a_/b hour pgs4 #ag-ic and #adb pars4 #beh-bhi ,arm ,combinations ,friday1 ,oct4 #e ,battalion #a_/b hour #a_/b hour pgs4 #ag-ic and #adb pars4 #beh-bhi ,arm ,combinations ,saturday1 ,oct4 #f ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,bayonet ,range ,practice ,signalling ,d ,e #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a hour #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 ,semaphore and ,wigwag #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a hour #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 ,semaphore and ,wigwag #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 ,footnote ,d3 ,per ,bayonet ,program4 ,footnote ,e3 ,per schedule ,senior ,instructor ,musketry ,training4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,october #a to ,october #f1 #aiag--7;,concluded7 ,field ,work ,pistol ,monday1 ,oct4 #a #a hour #a_/b hour ,patrolling ,nomenclature #a_/b hour ,manual ,tuesday1 ,oct4 #b ,same as for ,monday ,wednesday1 ,oct4 #c #a hour #a_/b hour ,patrolling ,manual #a_/b hour ,position and ,aiming ,thursday1 ,oct4 #d ,same as for ,wednesday ,friday1 ,oct4 #e #a hour ,same as for ,wednesday ,patrolling ,saturday1 ,oct4 #f ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,conference ,study #b hours #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #beh-bgd1 ,i4,d4,r4 pars4 #bfc-bhe1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,prob4 #a to ,situation #c4 ,problem #a1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,s4,p4,i4 #b hours #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #bge-bhe1 ,i4,d4,r4 pars4 #bhf-cjd1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,situation #c1 ,prob4 #a1 to ,problem #b1 ,s4,p4,i4 end of ,problem1 ,s4,p4,i4 #b hours #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #bhf-cjd1 ,i4,d4,r4 pars4 #cje-cbf1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,problem #b1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,problem #c to ,situation #d ,s4,p4,i4 #b hours #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #cje-cbf1 ,i4,d4,r4 pars4 #cbg-cdi1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,prob4 #c to ,situation #d1 ,situation #d1 ,problem #c to ,s4,p4,i4 end of ,problem1 ,s4,p4,i4 #b hours #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #cbg-cdi1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,per later ,situation #d1 ,prob4 #c1 to announcement end of ,problem1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,october #h to ,october #ac1 #aiag4 ,drill1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,physical ,drill ,m4,p4,t4 ,monday1 ,october #h #a hour pars4 #dh-bhi #a hour #a_/b hour pars4 #abc-aeh pgs4 #ag-ic1 #acc-adb #aii-bbd ,tuesday1 ,october #i #a hour pars4 #dh-bhi #a hour #a_/b hour pars4 #abc-aeh pgs4 #ag-ic1 #acc-adb #aii-bbd ,wednesday1 ,october #aj #a_/b hour pars4 #dh-bhi #a hour #a_/b hour pars4 #abc-aeh pgs4 #ag-ic1 #acc-adb #aii-bbd ,thursday1 ,october #aa #a hour pars4 #dh-bhi #a hour #a_/b hour pars4 #abc-aeh pgs4 #ag-ic1 #acc-adb #aii-bbd ,friday1 ,october #ab ,saturday1 ,october #ac ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,bayonet ,range ,practice ,signaling ,f ,g #a_/b hour #g-cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #g-cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #g-cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #a_/b hour #g-cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 ,footnote ,f3 ,per ,bayonet ,program4 ,footnote ,g3 ,rifle1 pistol1 machine gun1 estimating distances1 etc41 as prescribed by ,senior ,instructor ,musketry ,training4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,october #h to ,october #ac1 #aiag--7;,concluded7 ,field ,work 7,company7 ,h ,conferences ,monday1 ,october #h #b hours ,prob4 #d to ,situation #e exclusive1 ,s4,p4,i4 pars4 #eif-fbb1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,tuesday1 ,october #i #b hours ,situation #e1 ,prob4 #d to end of ,problem1 ,s4,p4,i4 pars4 #fbc-ffj1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,wednesday1 ,october #aj #b hours ,problem #e1 ,s4,p4,i4 pars4 #ffa-fgg1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,thursday1 ,october #aa #b hours ,problem #f1 ,s4,p4,i4 pars4 #fgh-gjg1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,friday1 ,october #ab #g4jj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4cj-d4cj p4m4 ,advance and rear guards1 outposts1 patroling1 messages and orders ,saturday1 ,october #ac ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,study #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,problem #d1 ,s4,p4,i pars4 #eif-ffj1 ,i4,d4,r4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,problem #e1 ,s4,p4,i4 pars4 #ffa-fgg1 ,i4,d4,r4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,problem #f1 ,s4,p4,i4 pars4 #fgh-gjg1 ,i4,d4,r4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,problem #g to ,situation #e1 exclusive pars4 #cej-cgj1 ,i4,d4,r4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 as per later announcement ,footnote ,h3 ,to include conferences and critique on the ground of exercise conducted4 ,october #ae-ag1 #aiag4 ,,construction ,,of ,,trenches4 ,october #ah-ai1 #aiag4 ,,occupation ,,of ,,the ,,trenches ,,from #h4jj ,a4,m4 ,october #ah1 #aiag ,,to #h4jj ,a4,m4 ,october #ai1 #aiag4 ,october #bj1 #aiag4 #g4cj ,a4,m4-#aa ,a4,m4 ,,conference ,,of ,,trench ,,occupation1 #aa ,a4,m4 ,,inspection4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,october #bb to ,october #bg1 #aiag ,drill1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,physical ,drill ,m4,p4,t4 ,monday1 ,october #bb #a hour #a_/b hour pars4 #dh-bhi pgs4 #ag-ic pg4 #adi ,tuesday1 ,october #bc #a hour #a_/b hour pars4 #dh-bhi pgs4 #ag-ic pg4 #adi ,wednesday1 ,october #bd #a hour #a_/b hour pars4 #dh-bhi pgs4 #ag-ic pg4 #adi ,thursday1 ,october #be #a hour #a_/b hour pars4 #dh-bhi pgs4 #ag-ic pg4 #adi ,friday1 ,october #bf ,saturday1 ,october #bg ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,bayonet ,range ,practice ,signaling ,i ,j #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a_/b hour #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 ,footnote ,i3 ,per ,bayonet ,program4 ,footnote ,j3 ,rifle1 pistol1 machine gun1 estimating distances1 etc41 as prescribed by ,senior ,instructor of ,musketry ,training4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,october #bb to ,october #bg1 #aiag--7;,concluded7 ,field ,work ,k ,conferences ,monday1 ,october #bb #b hours pars4 #cej-cgj1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,review ,problems #a-f ,s4,p4,i4 ,tuesday1 ,october #bc #b hours pars4 #cga-dja1 ,i4,d4,r ,prob4 #g to ,situation #e ,s4,p4,i4 ,wednesday1 ,october #bd #b hours pars4 #djb-ddb1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,situation #f1 ,prob4 #g to end of prob4 ,thursday1 ,october #be #b hours pars4 #ddb-did1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,problem #h1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,friday1 ,october #bf #g4jj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4cj-d4cj p4m4 ,companies in attack and defense 7to include siting of trenches7 ,saturday1 ,october #bg ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,study #c hours--#a hour daily and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #cga-dja1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,prob4 #g to ,situation #e1 ,s4,p4,i4 #c hours--#a hour daily and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #djb-dda1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,situation #f1 ,prob4 #g to end of ,prob4 ,s4,p4,i4 #c hours--#a hour daily and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #ddb-did1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,prob4 #h1 ,s4,p4,i4 #c hours--#a hour daily and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 pars4 #die-ecf1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,problem #i1 ,s4,p4,i4 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 as per later announcement ,footnote ,k3 ,to include conferences and critique on the ground of exercise conducted4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,october #bi to ,november #c1 #aiag ,drill ,physical ,drill ,monday1 ,october #bi #a hour #a_/b hour ,attack ,formation ,trench ,tuesday1 ,october #cj #a hour #a_/b hour ,attack ,formation ,trench ,wednesday1 ,october #ca #a hour #a_/b hour ,attack ,formation ,trench ,thursday1 ,november #a #a hour #a_/b hour ,attack ,formation ,trench ,friday1 ,november #b ,saturday1 ,november #c ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,bayonet ,signaling ,range ,practice ,l ,m #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 #a_/b hour #g4cj-aa4cj a4m4 #a4ae-d4ae p4m4 ,footnote ,l3 ,per ,bayonet ,program4 ,footnote ,m3 ,rifle1 pistol1 machine gun1 estimating distances1 etc41 as prescribed by ,senior ,instructor of ,musketry ,training4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,instruction1 ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 ,october #bi to ,november #c1 #aiag--7;,concluded7 ,field ,work ,conferences ,n ,monday1 ,october #bi #b hours pars4 #die-ecf1 ,i4,d4,r4 ,problem #i1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,tuesday1 ,october #cj #b hours ,problem #aj1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,battle ,fire ,training 7lesson scheduled later7 ,wednesday1 ,october #ca #b hours ,problem #aa1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,battle ,fire ,training 7lesson scheduled later7 ,thursday1 ,november #a #b hours ,problem #ab1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,battle ,fire ,training 7lesson scheduled later7 ,friday1 ,november #b ,battalions in attack and defense 7,field ,kit7 ,saturday1 ,november #c ,as prescribed by ,senior ,instructors4 ,study #c hours--#a hour daily and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,problem #aj1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,battle ,fire ,training 7lesson scheduled later7 #c hours--#a hour daily and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,problem #aa1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,battle ,fire ,training 7lesson scheduled later7 #c hours--#a hour daily and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,problem #ab1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,battle ,fire ,training 7lesson scheduled later7 #c hours--#a hour daily and #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 ,problem #ac1 ,s4,p4,i4 ,battle ,fire ,training 7lesson scheduled later7 #g4jj-i4jj p4m4 as per later announcement,o ,footnote ,n3 ,to include conferences and critique on the ground of exercise conducted4 ,footnote ,o3 ,during the week each ,battalion will be given #a_/b day's instruction in camouflage under direction ,senior ,engineer ,instructor4 ,,schedules4 ,november #eth-#ith1 #aiag4 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations1 #b hours4 ,march in full kit1 #b-a_/b hours4 ,signaling1 #a_/b hour4 ,physical drill1 #b-a_/b hours1 ,bayonet1 #b-a_/b hours1 ,machine gun instruction1 #g-a_/b hours4 ,field fortification1 #aj hours4 ,conferences1 #aj hours4 ,study1 #aj hours4 ,in the study and conferences the following will be taken up3 ,manual of ,courts-,martial--pp4 #cje to end4 ,first ,aid4 ,personal ,hygiene4 ,camp ,sanitation4 ,november #abth-#agth1 #aiag4 ,physical1 drill1 #b-a_/b hours4 ,bayonet drill1 #b-a_/b hours4 ,battalion ceremonies1 #a-a_/b hours4 ,battalion march1 full kit1 #b-a_/b hours4 ,field fortification and trench warfare1 #bc hours4 ,study and conferences1 #aj hours4 ,in the study and conference's the following will be taken up3 ,trench ,warfare4 ,grenades ,gas ,attack and ,defense4 ,communication4 ,november #aith-#bcrd1 #aiag4 ,physical1 drill1 #b-a_/b hours4 ,bayonet drill1 #b-a_/b hours4 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations1 #b-a_/b hours4 ,company administration and ,army regulations1 #dj hours4 ,ceremonies1 parades and reviews1 #e hours4 ,,chapter #b4 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations4 ,the greatest lesson of the present war is that the keynote of success is discipline4 ,in trenches the direct control of the men is even less than in extended order in open warfare1 and only thoroughly disciplined troops with a trusted leader can hope to succeed4 ,the successful officer will show anger or irritation only in rare cases1 and then by design3 he will know his men individually and be as considerate of them as possible1 ready to do himself what he asks to have done2 just in administering punishments2 clear in giving his commands and insistent that they be carried out promptly2 he will learn from drilling his men the quickest way a desired result can be accomplished1 and to give the necessary commands in the most effective manner4 ,he will read his ,infantry ,drill ,regulations through each month and will always find something that he never knew or has forgotten4 ,he will always consult it before going to drill4 ,in explaining movements he will use blackboard diagrams in conferences4 ,on the field he will take the fewest possible men and have movement executed by the numbers properly before the other men4 ,then have all the men go through the movement a number of times4 ,the object of each exercise or drill should be explained to the men whenever possible4 ,success in battle is the ultimate object of all military training4 ,school of the ,soldier4 ,,instruction ,,without ,,arms4 ,the object of the facings and marchings is to give the soldier complete control of his body in drills so that he can move easily and promptly at any command4 ,attention4 ,,position ,,of ,,attention4--,this is the position a soldier assumes when in ranks or whenever the command attention is given4 ,in the training of anyone nothing equals the importance of a proper posture2 it is the very foundation upon which the entire fabric of any successful training must be founded4 ,instructors must persist in the development of this position until the men assume it from habit4 ,at the command1 #a4 ,company 7,squad1 etc471 #b4 ,attention1 the following position is assumed3 #a4 ,,heels ,,together ,,and ,,on ,a ,,line4--,if the heels are not on a line1 the hips and sometimes even the shoulders1 are thrown out of line4 #b4 ,,feet ,,turned ,,out ,,equally1 ,,forming ,,an ,,angle ,,of #de ,,degrees4--,if the feet are not turned out equally1 the result will be the same as above4 #c4 ,,knees ,,extended ,,without ,,stiffness4--,muscles should be contracted just enough to keep the knees straight4 ,if locked1 men tire easily and faint if at attention a long time4 #d4 ,,the ,,trunk ,,erect ,,upon ,,the ,,hips1 the spine extended throughout its entire length2 the buttocks well forward4 ,the position of the trunk1 spine and buttocks is most essential4 ,in extending the spine the men must feel that the trunk is being stretched up from the waist until the back is as straight as it can be made4 ,in stretching the spine the chest should be arched and raised1 without1 however1 raising the shoulders or interfering with natural respiration4 #e4 ,,shoulders ,,falling ,,naturally and moved back until they are square4 ,being square1 means having the shoulder ridge and the point of the shoulder at right angles to a general anterior-posterior plane running through the body4 ,they should never be forced back of this plane1 but out rather in line with it4 #f4 ,,arms ,,hanging ,,naturally1 thumbs against the seams of the trousers1 fingers extended1 and back of hand turned out4 ,the arms must not be forcibly extended nor held rigidly2 if they are1 a compensating faulty curve will occur in the lumbar region4 #g4 ,,head ,,erect1 ,,chin ,,raised until neck is vertical1 eyes fixed upon some object at their own height4 ,every tendency to draw the chin in must be counteracted4 #h4 ,when this position is correctly assumed1 the men will be taught to incline the body forward until the weight rests chiefly upon the balls of the feet1 heels resting lightly upon the ground4 ,when properly assumed1 a vertical line drawn from the top of the head should pass in front of the ear1 shoulder and thighs1 and find its base at the balls of the feet4 ,every tendency toward rigidity must be avoided2 all muscles are contracted only enough to maintain this position1 which is one of co-ordination1 of physical and mental alertness1 that makes for mobility1 activity and grace4 ,a man who faints standing at attention has not taken the proper position4 ,rests4 ,,position ,,of ,,rest ,,and ,,at ,,ease4--,when men are standing at rest or at ease they must be cautioned to avoid assuming any position that will nullify the object of the position of ,attention4 ,standing on one leg1 folding arms1 allowing shoulders or head to droop forward1 must be discountenanced persistently until the men form the habit of resting with feet separated but on the same line1 hands elapsed behind the back1--head1 shoulders and trunk erect1 7m4p4t41 pp4 #ba and #bb47 ,,fall ,,out4--,leave ranks4 ,,rest4--,one foot in place4 ,can talk4 ,,at ,,ease4--,one foot in place4 ,silence4 ,,parade ,,rest4--,do not slouch down on right foot4 ,keep chest well up4 ,,eyes ,,right1 #b4 ,,front4--,have it snappy4 ,,right ,,face4--,to face in marching and advance1 turn on the ball of either foot and step off with the other foot in the new line of direction4 7,do not confuse with the ordinary command1 ,right ,face47 ,,right ,,half ,,face4--#de degrees1 used to show position in ,right ,oblique4 ,,about ,,face4--,have weight well back4 ,not necessary to move right foot after turn is made4 ,,hand ,,salute4--,manner of rendering is index to manner in which all other duties are performed4 ,,forward ,,march4--,shift weight to right foot1 mentally4 ,,double ,,time1 ,,march4--,tendency to go too fast4 ,time it4 #cj steps in #aj seconds4 ,take one step quick time1 then take up double time4 ,,mark ,,time1 ,,march4--,given as either foot strikes the ground4 ,to resume full step1 ,forward1 ,march4 ,,half ,,step1 ,,march4--,all steps and marchings executed from a halt1 except ,right ,step1 begin with left foot4 ,,right ,,step1 ,,march4 ,,backward1 ,,march4--,executed in quick time only and at trail1 without command4 #ae inch ,step4 ,,squad1 ,,halt4--,given as either foot strikes the ground4 ,,by ,,the ,,right ,,flank1 ,,march4--,step off with right foot4 ,,to ,,the ,,rear1 ,,march4--,given as right foot strikes the ground4 ,if marching in double time1 turn to the rightabout taking #d steps1 in place1 in cadence1 and step off with left foot4 ,,change ,,step1 ,,march4--,being in march2 given as either foot strikes the ground4 ,manual of ,arms4 ,,purpose4--,to make the man so accustomed to the rifle that he handles it without a thought4 ,eight rules govern the carrying of the piece4 ,see paragraph #ge1 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations4 ,six rules govern the execution of the manual4 ,see paragraph #gf1 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations4 ,commands and ,cautions4 ,,order1 ,,arms4--,see that all the fingers of the right hand are around the piece4 ,,present1 ,,arms4--,left forearm horizontal and against the body4 ,,port1 ,,arms4--,right forearm horizontal4 ,left forearm against the body4 ,,right ,,shoulder1 ,,arms4--,insist on an angle of #de degrees4 ,trigger guard in hollow of shoulder4 ,right hand does the work4 ,,left ,,shoulder1 ,,arms4--,right hand in next to last position grasps small of stock4 ,,parade1 ,,rest4--,left hand grasps piece just below stacking swivel4 ,right foot straight back #f inches4 ,,trail1 ,,arms4--,piece at angle of about #cj degrees1 about #c inches off the ground4 ,,rifle ,,salute4--,left forearm horizontal4 ,,fix ,,bayonet4--,parade ,rest and resume order after bayonet is fixed4 ,,unfix ,,bayonet4--,parade ,rest and resume order after bayonet is unfixed4 ,,inspection ,,arms4--,be sure men glance down in chamber and keep hold of bolt handle4 ,parade1 ,rest can be executed only from order arms1 and the command ,attention follows ,parade1 ,rest4 ,any movement not in the manual1 e4g41 ,right1 ,face1 breaks the execution of movements by the numbers4 ,the number of counts in the execution of each command must be remembered4 ,distinguish between raise and carry and throw4 ,school of the ,squad4 ,,object4--,to give basic element1 the squad1 its first lesson in team work4 ,team work wins battles just as it does football games4 ,avoid keeping men too long at the same movement4 ,,composition ,,of ,,squad4--#g men and a corporal4 ,never less than #f nor more than #aa men4 ,,fall ,,in4--,instructor #c paces in front of where center is to be4 ,,fall ,,out4--,if under arms1 always preceded by ,inspection ,arms4 ,does not mean dismissed4 ,,count ,,off4--,right file front and rear do not execute eyes right4 ,front and rear rank men count off together4 ,,inspection ,,arms4-- ,,right ,,dress1 ,,front3 7#a7 ,company ,commander must establish base file or files before giving the command ,right ,dress4 7#b7 ,right flank men remain facing to front4 7#c7 ,be sure first four men are on desired line and rest of company can easily be made to conform4 7#d7 ,right guide may be established at any point desired and at command ,right ,dress all march to their proper positions without other command1 and at the trail4 7#e7 ,have men beyond base files step forward until one pace beyond where new line is to be and then dress back on line established4 ,,guide ,,right4--,keep head and eyes off the ground4 ,close in or open out gradually4 ,,take ,,interval1 ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,,march1 ,,squad1 ,,halt4--7,at command ,to the ,right7 ,rear rank falls back #fj inches4 ,at ,march1 all face to right and leading man of each rank steps off1 followed by the others at four-pace intervals1 rear-rank men marching abreast of their file leaders4 ,when halted all face to the front4 ,to ,,reform1 ,,assemble ,,to ,,the ,,right 7,,left71 ,,march4 ,,take ,,distance1 ,,march4--#a-b-c-d front rank1 #a-b-c-d rear rank1 #d-pace intervals4 ,guide in each four is right4 ,,assemble1 ,,march4--,no4 #a1 ,front rank stands fast4 ,,stack ,,arms4--,piece of even number front rank3 butt between his feet1 barrel to front4 ,even number rear rank passes piece to file leader4 ,,take ,,arms4--,loose pieces are returned by even numbers front rank4 ,if ,no4 #b of rear rank is absent1 ,no4 #a rear rank takes his place in making or breaking stacks and resumes his post4 ,pieces are never stacked with bayonet fixed4 ,,oblique1 ,,march4--,taught from ,right half face4 ,half faced to front after obliquing1 ,forward1 ,march4 ,if at half step or mark time while obliquing1 ,oblique1 ,march4 ,,in ,,place1 ,,halt4--,all halt and stand fast without changing position of pieces4 ,,resume ,,march4--,only given after ,in place1 ,halt4 ,,right ,,turn4--,turn on moving pivot is used by subdivisions of a column in executing change of direction4 ,each rank successively and on same ground executes movement4 ,all except pivot man execute two right obliques4 ,no marking time4 ,arriving on new line1 all take the half step1 glance toward marching flank and take full step without command as last man arrives on the line4 ,,right ,,half ,,turn4--,executed in similar manner4 ,,squads ,,right4--,turn on fixed pivot is used in all formations from line into column and the reverse4 ,no half step4 ,right flank man faces to right in marching and marks time4 ,rest of front rank oblique once to new position4 ,step off on #eth step4 ,,squad ,,right ,,about4--,front rank twice executes squads right4 ,in rear rank1 ,no4 #c with ,no4 #d abreast of him on his left and followed in column by the second and first moves straight forward until on prolongation of new line he is to occupy2 faces to right in marching and proceeds to place4 ,then all face to the right in marching1 mark time and glance toward marching flank4 ,as last man arrives on new line all step off without command on #ith step4 ,deploying as skirmishers and following the corporal are covered under ,company ,extended ,order4 ,school of the ,company4 ,the company is the basic fighting and administrative unit1 and must be easily handled and capable of promptly carrying out the will of its commander4 ,team work among the squads1 so that the company can be easily managed as a whole1 is the purpose of company drill4 ,close order drill is for discipline4 ,numerical designations of squads or platoons do not change4 ,center squad is middle or right middle squad of the company4 #h 7#f-aa7 men #a squad4 #g 7#b-g7 squads #a platoon4 #d platoons #a company 7#bej men1 #f officers74 #d 7#b-f7 companies #a battalion 7#a1jbf officers and men74 #c battalions #a regiment 7#c1gee1 including medical detachment74 #b regiments #a brigade 7#h1baj officers and men74 #b brigades #a division 7#bg1aeb officers and men74 ,first ,sergeant when not commanding a platoon is opposite the #crd file from outer flank of first platoon1 in line of file closers4 ,,fall ,,in4--,first ,sergeant #f paces front of center1 facing company4 ,right guide takes post at such point that the center will be #f paces from and opposite the ,first ,sergeant4 ,squad leaders salute and report all present2 or ,private7s7 ---- absent4 ,first ,sergeant does not return salute of squad leaders4 ,captain takes post #ab paces in front of center of company in time to receive report of ,first ,sergeant1 ,sir1 all present or accounted for1 or names of unauthorized absentees4 ,e4,g4 ,a man in hospital might be reported absent by squad leader if he did not know where he was1 but ,first ,sergeant would know1 and would not report him absent4 ,captain returns salute of ,first ,sergeant who then takes his post without command4 ,,platoon ,,movements ,,in ,,platoon ,,column4 ,leading ,platoon1 ,c4,o4 ,on ,right into ,line 444 ,right ,turn4 ,column ,right 444 ,right ,turn4 ,right ,front into ,line 444 ,continue4 7,caution7 ,if halted1 ,forward4 ,rear ,platoon1 ,c4,o4 ,on ,right into ,line 444 ,continue4 7caution7 ,if halted1 ,forward4 ,column ,right 444 ,continue4 7caution7 ,if halted1 ,forward4 ,right ,front into ,line 444 ,right ,oblique ,,questions ,,which ,,come ,,up ,,in ,,daily ,,military ,,life4 ,it is well to have a solution on hand4 7#a7 ,the company is in line reversed1--#afth squad where #ast squad should be4 ,bring the company into proper line1 #a-b-c-d2 #e-f-g-h2 #i-aj-aa-ab2 #ac-ad-ae-af4 7#b7 ,you are platoon leader4 ,your platoon is drilling separately and you get assembled in company line4 #af-ae-ad-ac2 #ab-aa-aj-i2 #d-c-b-a2 #e-f-g-h4 ,what commands do you give to get the platoon into line properly arranged8 7#c7 ,you are in charge of the company and find yourself marching into the company street in reverse order4 ,what commands do you give to correct this8 7#d7 ,you are marching your company to the rear along a road through a narrow cut4 ,suddenly around a bend comes an ambulance4 ,to let it pass1 you must immediately reduce your marching front4 ,what is the quickest method8 7,this can be used also in arranging the advance party of the outguard47 7#e7 ,you are marching your company in company front1 and wish to march in column of platoons4 ,what do you command8 ,,answers4 7#a7 ,right 7left7 by squads4 ,column left 7right74 ,squads right 7left7 ,company1 ,halt4 7#b7 ,forward2 #b ,march4 ,on left into line2 #b ,platoon2 #c ,halt4 7#c7 ,on right 7left7 into line4 7#d7 #a ,squads right2 #b ,march4 #b ,by the left flank2 #b ,march4 7#e7 #a ,right by squads2 #b ,march4 #b ,platoons left front into line2 ,double time2 #b ,march4 ,on the ,o4,d4 ,shirt ,collar ,insignia is worn as follows3 ,on the right side1 in the middle of the collar1 the letters 7,u4,s471 7,u4,s4,r471 7,u4,s4,n4,a471 and the insignia of rank2 the letters one inch from the end of the collar and the insignia of rank one-half inch from letters4 ,on the left side in the middle of the collar1 and one inch from the end1 the insignia of the arm of the service4 ,for ,second ,lieutenants4 ,on the right side1 in the middle of the collar1 and one inch from the end1 the letters 7,u4,s471 7,u4,s4,r471 7,u4,s4,n4,a474 ,on the left side1 in the middle of the collar and one inch from the end1 the insignia of the arm of service4 ,when the ,star ,spangled ,banner is played1 an officer in uniform if uncovered stands at ,attention4 ,if covered he salutes4 ,an officer ,presents his compliments only to his juniors4 #a4 ,,company ,,right1 ,,march2 ,,company1 ,halt2 ,forward ,march4 ,being in line to turn4 ,right-flank man is pivot4 ,right guide steps back at command ,march1 and marks time4 #b4 ,,platoons ,,right1 ,,march2 ,company1 ,halt2 ,forward ,march4 ,line to ,column ,platoons1 reverse4 ,guides must be covering4 #c4 ,,squads ,,right1 ,,march2 ,company1 ,halt4 ,line to ,column ,squads1 reverse4 ,line of ,platoon to ,column ,platoons1 reverse4 #d4 ,,right ,,turn1 ,,march2 ,forward1 ,march4 ,line to change direction4 ,right guide is pivot4 ,men do not glance toward flank4 ,rear rank begins oblique on same ground as front rank4 ,all take full step at command1 ,forward1 ,march4 #e4 ,,column ,,right1 ,,march4 ,first ,platoon ,leader1 ,right ,turn4 ,other ,platoon ,leaders 7if halted71 ,forward2 7if marching71 cautions1 continue the march4 ,all ,platoons execute right turn on same ground4 ,column of ,platoons to change direction4 #f4 ,,column ,,right1 ,,march4 ,column ,squads to change direction4 #g4 ,,platoons1 ,,column ,,right1 ,,march4 ,column ,squads to ,line of ,platoons4 #h4 ,,squads ,,right1 ,,column ,,right1 ,,march4 ,right by ,squads1 ,march4 ,line to ,column ,squads and change direction4 ,right guide posts himself and takes #d short steps4 ,right ,squad conforms4 #i4 ,,squads ,,right1 ,,platoons1 ,,column ,,right1 ,,march4 ,platoons right by ,squads1 ,march4 ,line to line of ,platoons4 ,guide same as in #h4 #aj4 ,,squads ,,right ,,about1 ,,march2 ,company1 ,halt4 ,to face or march to the rear4 ,about ,face2 ,forward1 ,march4 ,to the rear a few paces4 #aa4 ,,on ,,right ,,into ,,line1 ,,march2 ,company1 ,halt1 ,front4 ,column ,platoons or ,squads to line to side4 ,if executed in double time1 leading squad marches double time until halted4 #ab4 ,,right ,,front ,,into ,,line1 ,,march2 ,company1 ,halt1 ,front4 ,column ,platoons or ,squads to line 7front74 ,in double time1 halting and aligning are omitted4 ,guide is toward side of first unit in line4 ,if halted1 leader of leading unit commands1 ,forward4 #ac4 ,,platoons1 ,,right ,,front ,,into ,,line1 ,,march2 ,company1 ,halt1 ,front4 ,column ,squads to ,column ,platoons4 ,line of ,platoons to ,company line4 #ad4 ,,route ,,step1 ,,march4 ,muzzles kept elevated4 ,ranks cover1 preserve distances4 7,if halted1 at rest47 ,at ease1 ,march4 ,silence preserved4 7,halted1 at ease47 #ae4 ,,right ,,by ,,twos1 ,,march4 ,all but #b right files of leading ,squad execute in place1 ,halt4 ,,right ,,by ,,files1 ,,march4 ,to diminish the front in ,column ,squads4 #af4 ,,squads ,,right ,,front ,,into ,,line1 ,,march4 ,twos right front into line1 march4 ,twos or files1 to ,column ,squads4 ,leading file or files halt4 ,n4,b4--,if right by twos1 then left into line or reverse4 ,,dismiss ,,the ,,company4--,first ,sergeant places himself #c paces to front4 #b paces from nearest flank1 salutes1 faces toward opposite flank1 commands1 ,inspection ,arms1 ,port ,arms1 ,dismissed4 ,,to ,,fall ,,in ,,company ,,when ,,it ,,cannot ,,be ,,formed ,,by ,,squads4--,inspection ,arms4 ,right ,shoulder ,arms4 ,roll ,call4 ,each man as name is called1 executes ,order ,arms4 ,,for ,,muster1 ,,commands ,,are3 ,open ,ranks1 ,,march1 ,,front4 7,at command ,open ,ranks1 ,rear ,rank drops back #d steps1 #e counts47 7,as mustering officer approaches7 ,right ,shoulder ,arm's4 ,attention to ,muster4 ,each man1 as name is called1 answers ,here and comes to ,order ,arms4 ,company ,commander is on right flank1 in same place as ,prepare for ,inspection4 ,,in ,,aligning ,,company4--,captain places himself #b paces from and facing the flank toward which dress is made1 verifies alignment and commands ,front4 7,platoon leaders same position for ,platoon alignment47 ,,to ,,march ,,squad ,,without ,,unnecessary ,,commands4--,the ,corporal commands1 ,follow ,me4 ,men always at ease4 ,squad conform to pace of ,corporal1 and carry pieces as he does4 ,in line or skirmish line1 ,no4 #b front rank follows in trace of ,corporal at #c paces4 ,others guide on ,no4 #b4 ,,as ,,skirmishers1 ,,march4--,at run4 ,rear rank men on right of file leaders4 ,all conform to ,corporals gait4 ,in squad alone1 skirmish line is formed on ,no4 #b1 front rank1 ,corporal ahead when advancing1 in rear when halted4 ,regular interval in skirmish line #a_/b pace #a yard per man4 ,squad deployed #aj paces4 ,any number of paces may be specified1 e4g4 ,as ,skirmishers1 at #aj paces1 ,march4 ,,assemble1 ,,march4--,men form on corporal4 ,if he continues to advance1 move in double time1 form and follow4 ,do not assemble while marching to rear4 ,,kneel4--,left forearm and left lower leg form straight line4 ,,lie ,,down4--,on both knees1 then both elbows4 ,,rise4--,stand on point marked by both knees4 7,when deployed1 may sit instead of kneel47 ,,loadings ,,and ,,firings4--,loadings are executed only in line and skirmish line4 ,firings are always executed at a halt4 ,when kneeling and lying down in double rank1 rear rank does not load1 aim or fire4 ,in both cease firing and suspend firing pieces are loaded and locked4 7,sec4 #aej1 i4d4r41 ,april1 #aiag1 is incorrect47 #a4 ,,aiming4--,target carefully pointed out4 #b4 ,,sight-,,setting ,,announced4 7,battle sight if none announced47 #c4 7,if by volley71 ,ready1 ,aim1 ,squad ,,fire4 ,to continue volley firing1 ,aim1 ,squad ,,fire4 ,volley fire is used against large1 compact enemy or in fire of position4 ,,fire ,,at ,,will4--,normally employed in attack and defense2 #c shots per minute at effective ranges 7#fjj to #a1bjj yards72 #e to #f shots per minute at close ranges 7up to #fjj yards74 ,,clip ,,fire3 ,used 7#a7 ,to steady men4 7#b7 ,to produce a short burst of fire4 ,,unload4--,safety lock up4 ,,extended ,,order4 ,a squad acting alone1 as one out on a patrol or for instruction1 the corporal acts as the leader of a small platoon leading the advance1 and in rear when halted4 ,men come to trail as they come on the skirmish line4 ,on halting1 a deployed line faces front 7direction of real or assumed enemy71 and takes cover4 ,,corporal ,,cautions4--,by the ,right ,flank 7if halted74 ,corporal steps out looking back to get his #aj-pace interval4 ,squad ,halt4 ,,left ,,face4--,base squad deploys as soon as it has room4 ,guide of a deployed squad is center without command4 ,captain indicates point on which corporal of base squad is to march4 ,,company ,,right is executed as explained for front rank of ,company1 but at #a_/b pace intervals4 ,,deployments4 ,from ,line1 to ,form ,skirmish ,line to ,front4 ,as ,,skirmishers1 ,,guide ,,right1 ,,march4--#a4 ,if marching1 corporal commands1 ,follow ,me4 ,corporal of base squad moves straight to front1 deploys as soon as possible and advances until ,company1 ,halt1 is given4 ,other squads move to left front and place squads on the line4 ,if guide is center1 other corporals on right of center squad move to the right1 and squads on the left to the left1 and bring their squads on the line4 ,if guide is left1 other corporals move to right front4 #b4 ,if at halt1 base squad deploys abreast of its corporal1 #c paces in front of the former line1 as soon as it has room4 ,other squads are conducted by the left flank1 to their places4 ,,to ,,deploy ,,from ,,column ,,of ,,squads1 ,,forming ,,skirmish ,,line ,,to ,,the ,,front4--,if at a halt1 base squad deploys abreast of its corporal #c paces in front of its former position4 ,if marching1 base squad deploys and moves straight to the front4 ,if guide is right1 other corporals move to left front and place squads on line4 ,if guide is center1 corporals in front move to right 7if at a halt1 to right rear71 the corporals in rear of center squad move to left and come on line in succession4 ,column of twos or files are deployed by same commands in same manner4 ,if deployment in an oblique direction is desired1 the captain points out desired direction4 ,column of squads may be turned to the flank or rear and then deployed4 ,,assemble1 ,,march4--,in skirmish line1 men assemble at a run1 to their places individually4 ,squads do not assemble and march to places as units as do platoons4 ,,platoons1 ,,assemble4--,men assemble individually on the run1 in their platoons and are then marched to relative position on base platoon as indicated by position or command of captain4 ,,platoon ,,columns4--,platoon leaders should be sure to go through center of platoon4 ,platoon guides in rear4 ,columns should be #bj yards apart1 or more4 7,used to take advantage of few favorable routes where cover is poor or ground difficult47 ,,squad ,,columns4--,men oblique and follow squad leader4 ,no advantage in cover1 but used to advance more quickly over rough or brush grown ground4 7,it might be desirable to teach men to take squad columns from column of squads47 ,in assembling from ,platoon or ,squad columns1 the men reform by platoons or squads and are conducted by their leaders to point indicated by captain4 ,thin lines are used to cross wide stretches under artillery fire or heavy1 long range rifle fire which cannot be profitably returned4 ,no4 #a's ,,forward1 ,,march4 ,first line is led by platoon leader1 right platoon4 ,second line is led by platoon guide1 right platoon4 ,third line is led by platoon leader1 next platoon1 etc4 ,quick time1 unless conditions otherwise demand4 ,,captain ,,points ,,out ,,new ,,line4--,original intervals preserved4 ,,disadvantage4--,serious loss of control over company4 ,,advantage4--,offers less definite target and is less likely to draw fire4 ,,being ,,in ,,skirmish ,,line4 ,,by ,,platoon 7#b ,,platoons1 ,,squads1 #d ,,men1 ,,etc471 ,,from ,,the ,,right1 ,,rush4--,leader of rush usually platoon leader4 7#a7 ,selects new line4 7#b7 ,cease firing4 7#c7 ,prepare to rush4 7#d7 ,follow me4 7#e7 ,commence firing4 ,when whole company rushes1 it is led by ,captain4 ,platoon leader lead their platoons4 ,,commands4 ,commands should be so given as to be distinctly heard by all the men who have to execute them4 ,it is unfair to expect good execution of a slovenly command or one that cannot be heard4 ,a sufficient interval should be allowed between the preparatory command and the command of execution1 proportioned to the size of the command1 so that each man has time to grasp the movement before execution is required4 ,school of the ,battalion4 ,,basis4--#d companies to a battalion4 ,,arrangement4--,right to left by rank of ,captains4 ,after formation order is not kept with reference to rank of ,captains4 ,,number4--,from right to left in whatever direction4 ,,center4--,actual center or right center company4 ,,band4--,places itself as if it were an adjoining battalion on right4 ,,dressing4--,each company is dressed by its ,captain who places himself on the flank toward which the dress is to be made4 ,in battalion line beside the guide 7or beside flank file of the front rank if guide is not in line7 facing front4 ,in column of companies--#b paces from the guide and facing down the line4 ,to ,form the ,battalion4 ,,other ,,than ,,ceremonies4--,column of squads4 ,adjutant does not take his post until companies are formed4 ,each ,captain halts company and salutes ,adjutant4 ,adjutant returns salutes and when last ,captain has saluted1 faces ,major and reports ,sir1 the ,battalion is formed4 ,he joins ,major without command4 ,,for ,,ceremonies4--,or when directed1 ,battalion is formed in line4 ,adjutant places himself #f paces to right of right company and facing in direction line is to extend4 ,guides precede companies on line by #bj paces4 ,adjutant causes guides to cover4 ,companies are halted one pace in rear of line and dressed to right against arm of guide4 ,when guides of left company have been posted1 ,adjutant by shortest route moves to post facing ,battalion midway between post of ,major and center of ,battalion4 ,adjutant commands3 #a4 ,guides1 #b4 ,posts1 #c4 ,present1 #d4 ,arms4 ,he then faces about and reports1 ,sir1 the ,battalion is formed4 ,major commands1 ,take your post1 sir4 ,,to ,,dismiss ,,the ,,battalion4--,dismiss your companies4 ,,to ,,rectify ,,the ,,alignment4--,see ,infantry ,drill ,regulations1 paragraphs #bgc-bgd4 ,,to ,,rectify ,,the ,,column4--,see ,infantry ,drill ,regulations1 paragraph #bge4 ,,helpful ,,hints ,,to ,,beginners4--,these hold good with few exceptions4 ,when in column of squads2 first command of ,captain begins with word ,column4 ,when in column of companies2 first command of ,captain begins with word ,squads4 ,,in ,,column ,,of ,,squads4-- ,major3 ,on right 7left7 into line4 ,first ,captain3 ,squads right4 7,captain marches beside right guide47 ,rear ,captains3 ,continue to march 7,if halted1 forward74 ,major3 ,march4 ,rear ,captains3 7,upon uncovering preceding company7 ,squads right4 ,major3 ,battalion4 ,first ,captain3 ,company4 ,major3 ,halt4 ,first ,captain3 ,right ,dress1 ,front4 ,rear ,captains3 7,coming on line74 ,company ,halt1 ,right ,dress1 ,front4 ,major3 ,right 7left7 front into line4 ,first ,captain3 ,column right4 ,rear ,captains3 ,column half right4 ,major3 ,march4 ,first ,captain3 7,halts and allows company to pass him and form column of squads to right47 ,squads left1 ,company ,halt1 ,left ,dress1 ,front4 ,rear ,captains3 ,when company in column of squads arrives one pace in rear of the right flank of the company that has formed in line4 ,column half right1 ,march4 ,the ,captain then takes #e paces beyond the flank of the last company in line1 allows company to pass him1 and as rear guide reaches him1 commands3 ,squads left1 ,march1 ,company ,halt1 ,left ,dress1 ,front4 ,major3 ,line of companies at 7seven7 paces1 guide left 7right74 7,close on first company from column of squads is no longer used in ,battalion drill47 ,first ,captain3 ,continue to march 7if halted1 forward74 ,rear ,captains3 ,column half right4 ,major3 ,march4 ,rear ,captains3 7,when company reaches a position #g paces to the flank of the leading company47 ,column half right4 ,major3 ,battalion4 ,all ,captains3 ,company4 ,major3 ,halt4 ,major3 ,column of companies1 first company squads right 7left74 ,first ,captain3 ,squads right4 ,rear ,captains3 ,continue to march 7if halted1 forward474 ,as each company reaches the point where the first company formed line the ,captain commands3 ,squads right1 ,march4 ,,in ,,column ,,of ,,companies ,,or ,,close ,,column ,,of ,,companies4-- ,major3 ,on right 7left7 into line4 ,first ,captain3 ,right turn4 ,rear ,captains3 ,continue to march 7if halted1 forward74 ,major3 ,march4 ,rear ,captains3 ,each ,captain takes #e paces beyond the left flank of the company that has just executed the turn and commands3 ,right turn1 ,march4 ,major3 ,battalion4 ,first ,captain3 ,company4 ,major3 ,halt4 ,first ,captain3 ,right ,dress1 ,front4 ,rear ,captains3 7,as they come on line47 ,company ,halt1 ,right ,dress1 ,front4 ,major3 ,right 7left7 front into line4 ,first ,captain3 ,company4 ,second ,capt3 ,right by ,squads4 ,third and fourth ,captains3 ,squads ,right4 ,major3 ,march4 ,first ,captain3 ,halt1 ,left ,dress1 ,front4 ,rear ,captains3 ,column half left1 ,march1 ,column half right ,march4 ,taking #e paces from the flank of the company last on line and allowing the company to pass by him until the rear guide reaches him1 ,captain commands3 ,squads left1 ,march1 ,company ,halt1 ,left ,dress1 ,front4 ,major3 ,close on first company 7,never any other74 ,first ,captain3 ,company4 ,rear ,captains3 ,continue to march 7if halted1 forward74 ,major3 ,march4 ,first ,captain3 ,halt4 ,rear ,captains3 ,as each successive company closes to #h paces from the company immediately in front1 the ,captain commands3 ,company ,halt4 ,major3 ,extend on fourth company4 7,never any other47 ,first ,captain3 ,continue to march 7if halted1 forward74 ,rear ,captains3 ,company4 ,major3 ,march4 ,rear ,captains3 ,halt4 ,then as each company in rear of the leading company gets the proper distance 7company front plus #e paces7 the ,captain commands3 ,forward ,march4 ,close column not extended in double time4 ,major3 ,column of squads1 first company squads right 7left74 ,first ,captain3 ,squads right4 ,rear ,captains3 ,continue to march 7if halted1 forward74 ,as each company reaches the point where the first company formed column of squads1 the ,captain commands3 ,squads right1 ,march4 ,major3 ,column right 7left74 ,first ,captain3 ,right turn4 ,rear ,captains3 ,continue to ,march 7if halted1 forward74 ,major3 ,march4 ,first ,captain3 ,when the marching flank of the company is one pace from the new line the ,captain commands3 ,forward ,march4 ,rear ,captains3 ,other companies march squarely up to the turning point and each changes direction at the ,captain's command3 ,right turn1 ,march1 ,forward1 ,march4 ,,line ,,of ,,companies ,,or ,,close ,,line ,,of ,,companies4 ,major3 ,battalion right 7left74 ,first ,captain3 ,column right4 ,flank ,captains3 ,column half right4 ,major3 ,march4 ,flank ,captains3 ,when each company has moved #g paces to the flank of the base company the command is3 ,column half right1 ,march4 ,the companies are then marched echeloned with an interval of #g paces4 ,major3 ,battalion4 ,first ,captain3 ,company4 ,major3 ,halt4 ,flank ,captains3 ,continue to march4 ,as each company comes into line with the base company the ,captain commands3 ,company1 ,halt4 ,major3 ,close on first 7fourth7 company4 ,extend on first 7fourth7 company4 ,both movements executed in the same manner4 ,first ,captain3 7,if marching47 ,halt4 7,if halted1 cautions ,stand ,fast47 ,flank ,captains3 ,squads right4 ,major3 ,march4 ,flank ,captains3 ,right ,oblique1 ,march4 7,when the company has closed sufficiently73 ,forward ,march1 ,squads left1 ,march4 7,then as the company comes on the line with first company73 ,company1 ,halt4 ,major3 ,column of ,squads1 first 7fourth7 company1 forward4 ,first ,captain3 ,forward4 ,flank ,captains3 ,column half right 7left74 ,major3 ,march4 ,flank ,captains3 ,as their companies come onto the line behind the leading company 7at #d4d paces7 the ,captain commands3 ,column half right1 ,march4 ,,in ,,battalion ,,line4 ,major3 ,close on first 7fourth7 company4 ,first ,captain3 ,stand fast 7,caution74 ,second ,captain3 ,squads right1 column right4 ,third and fourth ,captains3 ,squads right1 column half right4 ,major3 ,march4 ,second1 third and fourth ,captains3 ,as each company reaches a point #h paces behind the company just preceding it into close column1 the command is given3 ,column half right1 ,march4 7,cautioning ,guide left when closing on first company--,guide right when closing on fourth company73 ,squads left1 ,march1 ,company1 ,halt4 ,major3 ,halt4 ,first ,captain3 ,right ,dress1 ,front4 ,rear ,captains3 7,as they come on the line73 ,company ,halt1 ,right ,dress1 ,front4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,no4 #b;,a4 ,,co4 ,i--,n4,e4 ,,proper ,,arrangement ,,of ,,shelter ,,tents4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,no4 #b;,b4 ,,layout ,,of ,,equipment ,,for ,,inspection4 ,,tent ,,pins ,,should ,,be ,,laid ,,in ,,echelon ,,three ,,inches ,,apart4 ,inspections4 7,kitchen and mess inspections have been covered under ,feeding ,men47 ,daily inspection of the barracks should be made and rigid discipline enforced as to the floors being kept clean1 scrubbed once a week1 bedding and bed clothes aired out of doors every ,tuesday1 shoes cleaned and kept in order under bunks1 lockers under bunks1 toilet articles and books all kept in order4 ,sheets1 comforters and blankets should be shaken out1 folded as for pack and laid on top of pillow until afternoon1 each day4 ,in inspecting men every week see that hair is kept short and feet clean and in good condition1 toe nails trimmed4 ,insist on woolen socks4 ,equipment must be inspected carefully1 each week1 to see that it is in good condition4 ,,special ,,points ,,of ,,company ,,inspection4 ,after ,open ,ranks1 ,march1 given from usual position in front of ,company1 the ,captain takes his post #c paces in front of ,right ,guide1 facing to the left and commands3 #a4 ,front4 #b4 ,prepare for ,inspection4 ,the ,lieutenants are #c paces in front of the center of their respectives ,platoons1 facing to front4 ,if equipment is also to be inspected1 commands are as follows3 #a4 ,close ,ranks4 #b4 ,march4 ,stack ,arms4 ,backward1 ,march4 ,take ,interval to the ,right1 ,march4 ,company1 ,halt4 #a4 ,unsling ,equipment4 #b4 ,open ,packs4 ,close ,packs4 ,sling ,equipment4 ,battalion ,inspection4 ,at command1 ,prepare for ,inspection1 given by the ,major1 each ,captain commands1 ,open ,ranks4 ,they do not salute when the ,major and ,inspector approach4 ,the ,lieutenants take their places as in ,company ,inspection4 ,each ,captain commands3 ,company ,attention4 ,prepare for ,inspection4 ,lieutenants face about and stand at ease1 after being inspected or passed4 ,after inspection3 ,close ,ranks1 march4 ,rest4 ,regimental ,inspection4 ,commands mean and principles are same as for ,battalion4 7,look up ,post of ,colonel1 par4 #ged1 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations47 ,ceremonies4 ,,battalion ,,review4 ,after ,battalion is formed in line1 ,major faces front4 ,when ,reviewing ,officer halts1 ,major turns about and commands3 ,present ,arms2 turns to front and salutes4 ,major turns about2 commands ,order ,arms1 and again faces front4 ,when ,reviewing ,officer is within #f paces1 the ,major salutes1 takes post on the right and accompanies him4 ,on arriving at the right of the line again1 ,major salutes1 halts1 takes his post in front of ,battalion and commands3 ,pass in ,review4 ,squads ,right1 ,march4 ,major and ,staff execute ,eyes ,right and take post on right of ,reviewing ,officer remaining until ,battalion has passed1 when he salutes and rejoins it4 ,double time is given by ,major when the ,battalion comes to its original starting place and the ,battalion passes in review as before except that ,eyes ,right is omitted and ,major salutes only when he leaves ,reviewing ,officer4 ,major and ,staff may be dismounted at discretion of ,commanding ,officer4 ,,battalion ,,parade4 ,when band sounds off1 the ,reviewing ,officer and his ,staff stands1 if dismounted1 with arms folded3 if mounted they remain at attention at a convenient distance in front of the center and facing the ,battalion4 ,the ,battalion is not presented for ,battalion ,parade4 ,the ,lieutenants take posts in front of center of their ,platoons at ,captain's command for dressing his ,company on the line4 ,after ,guides ,posts1 the ,adjutant commands3 7,to ,battalion7 ,parade ,rest4 7,to ,band7 ,sound ,off4 ,battalion1 ,attention4 ,present ,arms4 ,at conclusion of ,national ,anthem ,adjutant reports3 ,sir3 ,the parade is formed4 ,the ,major directs3 ,take your post1 sir4 ,major then commands3 ,order ,arms4 ,at conclusion of ,manual of ,arms1 ,major directs3 ,receive the reports1 sir4 ,captains report ',c' ,company present or accounted for1 or ',c' ,company1 #a officer1 #g enlisted men are absent4 ,publish the orders1 sir3 ,after publishing them1 ,adjutant commands3 ,officers1 ,center1 ,march4 ,at command ,center1 ,officers face center3 at command ,march1 march to center and halt1 facing front4 ,commands ,forward and ,halt are given by ,senior ,officer4 ,left ,officer of center ,company is guide and marches on the ,major4 ,halt at #f paces from ,major1 salute and come down with the ,major4 ,at command ,officers ,posts1 ,march1 ,officers face about at command posts and are conducted by ,senior ,officer who halts them #c paces from line4 ,officers1 ,halt4 ,posts1 ,march4 ,face outward at command1 ,posts1 step off with #d pace intervals4 ,lieutenants go to their posts by shortest route1 in rear of ,company4 ,,regimental ,,parade4 ,lieutenants remain in file closers4 ,at command1 ,officers ,center1 ,captains remain at their posts with their ,companies4 ,,regimental ,,review4 ,regiment formed in line or line of masses4 ,colonel commands3 ,pass in ,review4 ,each ,major commands3 #a1 ,squads ,right2 #b1 ,march4 ,if in line of masses1 ,colonel commands3 ,pass in ,review4 ,major of ,right ,battalion commands3 ,column of ,squads1 ,first ,company ,squads1 ,right1 ,march4 ,,fire ,,direction ,,is ,,the ,,function ,,of ,,the ,,captain ,,and ,,higher ,,commanders4 ,,above ,,the ,,grade ,,of ,,captain ,,and ,,direction ,,is ,,principally ,,tactical4 ,,with ,a ,,captain ,,it ,,implies ,,the ,,ability ,,to ,,issue ,,correct ,,fire ,,orders ,,to ,,meet ,,given ,,situations ,,in ,,order ,,that ,,the ,,fire ,,of ,,the ,,company ,,may ,,be ,,as ,,effective ,,as ,,possible4 ,,fire ,,control ,,is ,,the ,,combined ,,product ,,of ,,the ,,fire ,,unit ,,commanders ,,and ,,the ,,firers4 ,,the ,,fire ,,unit ,,is ,,the ,,platoon4 ,,fire ,,discipline ,,means ,,strict ,,attention ,,to ,,the ,,signals ,,and ,,orders ,,of ,,the ,,commander1 ,,and ,,is ,,the ,,faculty ,,developed ,,in ,,the ,,men ,,by ,,instruction ,,and ,,training1 ,,of ,,commencing1 ,,ceasing1 ,,or ,,diminishing ,,fire1 ,,or ,,of ,,concentrating ,,it ,,upon ,a ,,defined ,,object ,,in ,,obedience ,,to ,,the ,,deliberate ,,will ,,of ,,the ,,commander4 ,,note4--,it is to be remembered that all grades of commanders are supposed to be familiar with the duties of all below them4 ,in issuing orders all ,officers1 in addition to announcing where they will be found will give the location of the next higher ,commander4 ,the authorities for statements under the ,platoon ,leader and below are not given after each statement but the paragraphs from which they are deduced are given under the heading for each grade4 ,this course was thought necessary to avoid repetition4 ,i4 ,,the ,,colonel4 ,,position--7#cfi1 #chj1 #ebh--;i4d4r47 #a4 ,advancing to the battlefield3 as 7a7 ,independent commander ordinarily with the advance guard in order that he may3 #a4 ,receive information promptly4 #b4 ,personally see the situation 7reconnoiter74 #c4 ,order the deployment4 #d4 ,begin the action strictly in accordance with his own wishes4 7b7 ,subordinate commander 7#dbg1 i4d4r474 ,after receiving his order for the action1 precedes his command as far as possible in order to3 #a4 ,personally reconnoiter the ground4 #b4 ,be prepared to issue his orders promptly4 ,note--,for a discussion of the position of leaders see ,subject ,v4 #b4 ,during the action2 such as will enable him to3 7a7 ,observe the progress of events4 7b7 ,receive and transmit messages and orders4 7c7 ,be in constant1 direct1 and easy communication with the reserve4 7#cfi1 i4d4r47 ,,duties3 a4 ,after having received his orders1 the regimental commander leads his regiment forward in a column1 or in line of columns1 until the time arrives for issuing the regimental order1 he then3 7#dbf1 i4d4r47 b4 ,assigns targets and sectors or tasks to battalions and special units4 7#cab1 #cha and #dbf1 i4d4r47 c4 ,provides for necessary reconnaissance to front and flank4 7#dbh1 i4d4r47 d4 ,announces his position and also that of the next higher commander4 e4 ,controls the reserve as the tactical situation demands4 7#dda1 i4d4r47 f4 ,regulates ammunition supply4 7#caf1 f4s4r4 and #eeb1 i4d4r47 ,see also full discussion of the ammunition supply in ,subject ,,viii4 ,note--,the colonel is assisted in the performance of his duties by the regimental staff4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,major4 ,the battalion is the attack unit whether acting alone or as part of a larger force4 7#cje1 i4d4r47 ,,position3 7,the general rules for a colonel apply7 #a4 ,where he can best3 a4 ,direct the reinforcing of the firing line from the support4 7#cae1 i4d4r47 b4 ,observe the progress of events1 7#cfi1 i4d4r47 c4 ,maintain contact with regimental headquarters4 7#cfi1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,on the firing line when all the supports have joined4 7#cae1 i4d4r47 7,see ,subject ,v47 ,,general4 ,,duties3 #a4 ,conducts his battalion according to sector and mission assigned him4 #b4 ,directs first disposition of battalion by tactical orders1 giving subordinates-- a4 ,information of the enemy4 b4 ,position of supporting and neighboring troops4 c4 ,the general object to be attained4 d4 ,the special problem for each company 7#bia1 i4d4r47 7,this includes making the primary apportionment of the target47 7#cjc1 i4d4r47 e4 ,if practicable1 the point or time at which the fire fight is to open4 7#cjd1 i4d4r47 f4 ,orders for flank protection and reconnaissance1 unless specifically provided for by higher authority4 7#bic1 #cig and #cih1 i4d4r47 g4 ,his position and that of the next higher commander4 #c4 ,controls supports1 dispatches reinforcements from support to firing line4 7#bbf and #big1 i4d4r47 #d4 ,controls subsequent movements by suitable orders or commands4 7#bia1 i4d4r47 #e4 ,regulates ammunition supply--7,see ,subject ,,viii1 also ,pars4 #caf-cag1 f4s4r47 7,the combat train is the immediate reserve supply of the battalion47 a4 ,is responsible for the proper use of the combat train4 b4 ,insures maintenance of the prescribed allowance at all times4 c4 ,causes combat trains to march immediately in rear of the battalion unless directed otherwise4 7#edh1 i4d4r47 d4 ,when battalion deployed on his own initiative1 indicates whether extra ammunition shall be issued4 7#bid1 i4d4r47 e4 ,when battalion deployed pursuant to orders from higher authority1 causes issue of extra ammunition unless specifically ordered not to do so4 7#bid1 #edh1 i4d4r47 f4 ,when combat wagons are emptied1 directs them to proper rendezvous to be refilled4 7#edh1 i4d4r47 g4 ,sees that combat wagons and belts of men are refilled as soon as possible after an engagement4 7#eec1 i4d4r47 #f4 ,maintains contact with adjoining troops4 7#cii i4d4r47 #g4 ,may harmonize ranges used by the companies on the firing line4 #h4 ,determines when bayonets shall be fixed4 7#cah1 i4d4r47 #i4 ,subject to orders from higher authority1 determines the point from which the charge to be made4 7#cai1 i4d4r47 #aj4 ,orders the charge4 7#cah1 i4d4r47 ,,special4 #a4 ,in attack3 a4 ,may select formation in which companies advance4 7#bab1 i4d4r47 b4 ,designates-- #a4 ,the direction of the objective4 7#cjc1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,the companies for the firing line4 #c4 ,the companies for the support4 #d4 ,the order and front of the companies in the firing line4 #e4 ,the right or left company of the firing line as the base company4 #f4 ,may indicate when the advance by rushes is to start4 7#caa1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,in defense3 a4 ,describes front of each company4 7#bib1 i4d4r47 b4 ,assigns sector of fire4 7#bdd1 #cjb1 i4d4r47 c4 ,locates fire1 communicating and cover trenches4 d4 ,directs preparation of obstacles4 e4 ,assigns companies to construct trenches and obstacles4 f4 ,details troops to occupy trenches4 7#cba1 i4d4r47 g4 ,causes firing line and supports to fix bayonets when a charge by the enemy is imminent4 7#cbd1 i4d4r47 h4 ,seeks opportunities for counter attacks4 7#cbf1 i4d4r47 ,,iii4 ,,battalion ,,staff4 ,,positions3 ,battalion ,adjutant ,battalion ,sergeant ,major with ,major4 ,mounted orderlies--both with ,major 7one with major and one with ,adjutant7 until horses are sent to rear when both may be with the horses or one take the horses and the other remain with the major1 as he may direct4 ,,duties3 ,all assist the major in any way directed1 by a4 ,reconnaissance4 7#efe1 i4d4r41 #be1 f4s4r47 b4 ,observation of the firing line4 c4 ,maintaining contact with regimental headquarters4 d4 ,maintaining contact with the support4 e4 ,receiving1 communicating1 and sending visual signals from and to front and rear4 f4 ,observing fire effect and progress of events4 g4 ,keeping copies of all orders1 messages1 and other data necessary1 for his war diary4 7#ce1 f4s4r47 ,when there is only one range finder to the battalion1 the ,battalion ,sergeant ,major is the ,battalion ,range ,taker4 ,when not actually engaged in taking ranges1 he assists the ,major as above or1 preferably1 he may be charged with the duty of maintaining communication with the companies of the firing line4 ,the major designates a sergeant to take charge of the battalion combat train4 ,under the ,major's direction1 he a4 ,conducts combat train as far to the front with the battalion as directed4 b4 ,issues ammunition to the battalion4 c4 ,takes combat train to rendezvous for refilling1 under direction of the regimental commander4 d4 ,rejoins battalion1 if it is not in action1 or1 if it be engaged1 joins or establishes communication with the regimental reserve4 7#edh1 #edi and #eec1 i4d4r47 7,this sergeant is not provided for in the present organization4 ,recommendation has been made to the ,war ,department that he be included in the ,tables of ,organization47 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,captain4 7,the ,fire ,director47 ,,position3 ,where he can best3 #a4 ,control his four platoons4 7#bdh1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,observe fire effect4 7#bdi1 i4d4r47 #c4 ,see the major and platoon chiefs4 7#bcd1 i4d4r47 ,,duties3 ,before fire action3 #a4 ,conducts his company to place of deployment assigned by the major's orders 7#big1 i4d4r47 in best manner4 7#bab1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,designates target1 and allots part to each platoon4 7#bde and #bdi1 i4d4r47 7,see ,overlapping ,method1 page #ae1 ,subject ,v4 ,fire ,tactics47 #c4 ,determines the range4 7#bdj and #bdi1 i4d4r47 #d4 ,announces the sight setting4 #e4 ,indicates class of fire and 7#bdi1 i4d4r47 #f4 ,time to open fire4 #g4 ,informs the subordinates as to the location of the battalion commander1 and1 when necessary1 announces his own position4 ,during the ,action3 #a4 ,observes fire effect4 7#bdi1 #dad1 #dae1 i4d4r41 and #baf1 s4a4f4m47 #b4 ,corrects material errors in sight setting4 7#bdi1 i4d4r47 #c4 ,prevents exhaustion of ammunition supply4 7#bdi1 #eej1 #eea1 i4d4r47 #d4 ,distributes ammunition received from rear4 7#bdi1 i4d4r47 #e4 ,provides for the collection and distribution of the ammunition of the dead and wounded4 7#eea1 i4d4r47 #f4 ,is on the alert for the ,major's signals or commands4 7#bbf and #bcd1 i4d4r47 #g4 ,in the absence of express directions from the major1 if commanding a flank company1 determines when advances by rushes shall be attempted4 7#caa1 i4d4r47 #h4 ,indicates size of fractions to rush4 7#caa1 i4d4r47 #i4 ,leads a rush by entire company4 7#bbc1 i4d4r47 #aj4 ,leads the charge4 7#cai1 i4d4r47 #aa4 ,when necessary1 designates new platoon leaders and sees that new squads are organized and new squad leaders designated to replace those disabled4 7#ajd1 #cge1 i4d4r47 ,v4 ,,buglers4 ,,position3 ,join the ,captain when the company deploys4 7#afd1 i4d4r47 ,,duties3 7#bce1 i4d4r47 #a4 ,one ,bugler-- a4 ,observes the enemy4 b4 ,observes the target4 c4 ,observes for fire effect4 d4 ,watches platoon leaders for signals4 e4 ,transmits signals to platoon leaders4 #b4 ,the other-- a4 ,watches the ,major for signals and repeats them back4 b4 ,transmits information to the ,major4 #c4 ,,both-- a4 ,repeat bugle signals charge4 7#cai1 i4d4r47 b4 ,carry field glasses1 message pads1 pencils and signal flags4 7i4u4a4e4m41 #chg1 i4d4r47 c4 ,act as messengers4 ,,all ,,of ,,the ,,above ,,implies ,,that ,,they ,,must ,,be ,,proficient ,,in3 a4 ,signaling--,hand1 ,arm and ,letter ,codes4 b4 ,observation for fire effect4 c4 ,location and definition or description of targets4 d4 ,bugle calls4 ,,vi4 ,,range ,,estimators4 ,five or six officers or men1 selected from the most accurate estimators in the company are designated ,range ,finders4 7#bdj1 i4d4r47 ,the term ,range ,finder is a misnomer as a range finder is an instrument4 ,the school uses the term ,range ,estimator when applied to an individual4 ,the attention of the ,war ,department has been called to this4 ,the range estimators are given special training in the estimation of ranges4 ,when an action is pending1 the ,captain receives from the ,major the primary apportionment of the target or sector of fire4 7#cjc1 i4d4r47 ,the ,captain returns to the company1 and1 avoiding dangerous grouping1 assembles the platoon leaders and range estimators1 and points out to both the target of the ,battalion and ,company4 ,the ,range ,estimators immediately begin their estimation of the range to the company target2 the ,captain meanwhile continues with his instructions to the ,platoon ,leaders4 ,the instructions to the ,platoon ,leaders completed1 the ,range ,estimators announce to the ,captain either their individual estimates1 or the mean of their estimates as deduced by one of the estimators4 ,the ,range ,estimators then take their customary posts 7#bdj1 i4d4r471 and the ,captain indicates to the ,platoon ,leaders the range to be used4 ,the ,range ,estimators act in an advisory capacity to the ,captain4 ,the mean of their estimates will usually be the most accurate deduction available in battle4 ,the adoption by the ,captain of the range thus determined1 however1 is not obligatory4 ,range ,estimators should be ready to signal their estimates of the range to the platoon leaders at any time during the action4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,platoon ,,leader4 7,the ,fire ,controller47 ,,position3 ,where he can best3 #a4 ,control the squads constituting his platoon4 7#beb1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,observe the target and fire effect4 7#beb1 #dad1 #dae1 i4d4r41 and #baf1 s4a4f4m47 #c4 ,observe the captain for signals or commands4 7#bcd1 #bea1 i4d4r47 ,,duties3 7#f1 #db1 #ajd1 #bbi1 #bca-bcc1 #bdd1 #bde-beg1 #cai1 #cge1 #eej1 i4d4r47 ,controls the fire of his platoon and in his fire orders4 #a4 ,receives his orders from the company commander4 #b4 ,if necessary1 may indicate the fire position that has been ordered4 #c4 ,announces sight setting4 #d4 ,points out designated target to his platoon1 if practicable1 otherwise to his corporals only1 or #e4 ,when the target cannot be seen1 indicates an aiming target4 7#bdg and #bea1 i4d4r41 call this an aiming point1 but the occasions upon which infantry would use an aiming point are so rare that it is believed aiming target is a more accurate term as it includes both point and line47 #f4 ,assigns target so as to insure that the entire front or sector given him by the company commander will be covered with fire4 #g4 ,gives class of fire4 #h4 ,announces rate of fire4 #i4 ,if commanding a flank platoon1 details a man to watch for signals from the combat patrols4 #aj4 ,when his ,corporals have signaled that their squads are ready to fire1 signals the ,captain by looking toward him and holding up his hand4 #aa4 ,when ,captain signals a commence firing1 repeats same to the corporals4 ,,thereafter3 #a4 ,observes for fire effect4 #b4 ,when platoon is not firing1 insures that the front assigned is kept under constant observation for any appearance of the enemy or any change of position4 #c4 ,changes sight-setting of his platoon when necessary4 #d4 ,regulates rate of fire4 #e4 ,increases rate of fire when large and distinct targets appear and decreases it when the target becomes small and indistinct4 #f4 ,prevents decrease in rate of fire when-- 7#a7 ,changing sight-setting1 7#b7 ,preparing for rushes1 7#c7 ,fixing bayonets1 7#d7 ,transmitting firing data to supports1 7#e7 ,distributing ammunition4 #g4 ,increases the rate of fire to cover the advance of adjacent units4 ,for this purpose progress and movements of adjoining units are kept under observation4 #h4 ,maintains direction of advance of his platoon in rushing1 so as not to blanket fire of adjacent units4 #i4 ,is on the alert for ,captain's commands or signals1 for this purpose he may use his platoon guide4 #aj4 ,may use his platoon guide to observe adjoining units4 #aa4 ,must understand all signals4 #ab4 ,leads his platoon in advancing and charging4 #ac4 ,prevents changing fire to unauthorized targets4 #ad4 ,insures distribution of ammunition brought up from the rear and the collection and distribution of same from the dead and wounded4 7#edj1 i4d4r474 #ae4 ,in coming up with re-enforcements1 he takes over the duties of disabled platoon leaders of the platoon into which his men have dropped1 or it may be some other section of the line needs his service in which case he goes there4 #af4 ,endeavors to preserve the integrity of squads1 designates new squad leaders to replace those disabled1 organizes new squads when necessary1 sees that every man is placed in a squad and takes every opportunity for restoring order in the firing line4 7#ajd1 #cge1 i4d4r47 #ag4 ,in ,advance by thin lines1 leads odd numbered lines4 7#bah1 i4d4r474 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,first ,,sergeant4 ,commands a ,platoon1 ,never a ,guide4 ,,guides4 ,,general ,,rules3 #a4 ,guides must be resourceful1 have good health1 vigorous physique1 keen eyesight1 presence of mind and courage1 with good judgment1 military training and experience4 ,they must be able to read maps1 make sketches and send clear and concise messages4 #b4 ,,equipment4--,guides are equipped with whistle1 watch1 compass1 message book1 knife1 pencil1 wire cutters1 map1 pace scale and glasses if possible4 #c4 ,as instructors they go where needed4 #d4 ,as file closers they insure steadiness and promptness in the ranks4 #e4 ,in column of subdivisions the guide of the leading subdivision is charged with the step and direction4 ,,close ,,order4--,the guides of the right and left1 or leading and rear1 platoons1 are the right and left1 or leading and rear guides respectively of the company when it is in line or in column of squads4 ,other guides are in the line of file closers4 ,in platoon movements the post of the platoon guide is at the head of the platoon1 if the platoon is in column1 and on the guiding flank if in line4 ,when a platoon has two guides their original assignment to flanks of the platoon does not change4 ,the guides of a column of squads place themselves on the flank opposite the file closers4 ,to change the guides and file closers to the other flank1 the ,captain commands3 #a4 ,file closers on left 7right7 flank2 #b4 ,march4 ,the file closers dart through the column2 the captain and guides change4 ,in column of squads1 each rank preserves the alignment toward the side of the guide4 ,men in the line of file closers do not execute the loadings or firings4 ,guides and enlisted men in the line of file closers execute the manual of arms during the drill unless specially excused1 when they remain at the order4 ,during ceremonies they execute all movements4 ,,in ,,taking ,,intervals ,,and ,,distances4--,unless otherwise directed1 the right and left guides1 at the first command1 place themselves in the line of file closers1 and with them take a distance of #d paces from the rear rank4 ,in taking intervals1 at the command ,march1 the file closers face to the flank and each steps off with the file nearest him4 ,in assembling the guides and file closers resume their places in line4 ,to ,,form ,,the ,,company4--,at the sounding of the assembly the first sergeant takes position #f paces in front of where the center of the company is to be1 faces it1 draws saber1 and commands ,fall in4 ,the right guide of the company places himself1 facing to the front1 where the right of the company is to rest1 and at such point that the center of the company will be #f paces from and opposite the first sergeant2 the squads form in their proper places on the left of the right guide1 superintended by the other sergeants1 who then take their posts4 ,for the instruction of platoon leaders and guides1 the company1 when small1 may be formed in single rank4 ,in this formation close order movements only are executed4 ,the single rank executes all movements as explained for the front rank of the company4 ,,alignments4--,the alignments are executed as prescribed in the ,school of the ,squad1 the guide being established instead of the flank file4 ,the rear-rank man of the flank file keeps his head and eyes to the front and covers his file leader4 ,at each alignment the ,captain places himself in prolongation of the line1 #b paces from and facing the flank toward which the dress is made1 verifies the alignment and commands3 ,front4 ,platoon leaders take a like position when required to verify the alignments4 ,in ,company right the right guide steps back on the command ,march1 aligning the first two men next to him as he does so1 to establish the correct line4 ,in ,platoon right the ,captain announces the guide and the guides cover promptly4 ,in ,right turn the right guide is the pivot of the front rank4 ,in ,column right the right flank man of the leading squad is the pivot1 not the guide4 ,in ,right by squads the right guide 7when he has posted himself in front of the right squad7 takes four short steps and then resumes the full step4 ,the right squad conforms4 ,squads right about4 ,if the company or platoons are in column of squads1 file closers turn about toward the column and take posts4 ,if in line1 each darts through the nearest interval between squads4 ,the right and left guides place themselves in the new front rank4 ,file closers on facing about1 maintain their relative positions4 ,when the company executes ,about face1 guides place themselves in the new front rank4 ,in ,right front into line1 double time halting and aligning commands are omitted4 ,guide is toward side of the first unit4 ,in ,take interval or ,take distance guides drop back at the first command4 ,in ,squads right or ,platoons1 column right interior guides of platoons cross the company4 ,a good rule for beginners is always to cross over 7except in column right74 ,guide of a company in line is right 7unless otherwise announced74 ,guide of a platoon in line is right4 ,guide of a battalion in line is center4 ,guide of a line of subdivisions is center4 ,guide of a deployed line is center4 ,guide of a squad is toward the side of the guide of the company4 ,guide of successive formations into line is toward the point of rest4 ,file closers remain on the same side of the company except when in so doing they would be left in front of the company4 ,if the battalion is in line1 the guide away from the point of rest 7in each company7 comes to the ,right shoulder arms at the command to dress4 ,at the command ,eyes right1 guides who are charged with the direction do not execute ,eyes right1 but simply salute4 ,at ,retreat guides unarmed stand at ,attention4 ,only officers salute4 ,in ,stack arms the right guide should align the stacks4 ,in squads 7acting alone7 the corporal is the guide2 number #b of the front rank1 if the corporal is not in line4 ,the guides of rear units are charged with the step1 trace and distance4 ,,exercise ,,for ,,guides4--,lay out a course of arbitrary distance2 #bjj yards will answer the purpose4 ,instruct the guides to march the course as they would if they were guiding a company1 but being sure to count their steps 7a pebble transferred to the left hand at #ajj steps is often found useful74 ,,result4--,the number of steps will range from #bje to #bbe4 ,after getting the number of steps taken by each man1 show them that they should have taken #bdj steps and that each man took too long a step4 ,have them march back guiding on two points in line as before1 cautioning them to cut down the length of the step to #cj inches from the start1 and not to wait until they get half way down the course and find that they have less than #abj steps4 ,,result4--,all of the men1 even after the caution1 will have taken too long a step4 ,instructor times the guides both ways1 and calls attention to the fact that in ,,all cases the cadence was under #abj steps per minute4 ,after repeating above as much as desired have the men march in pairs1 one man keeping time and the other counting steps and marching on two points4 ,they may check up every #aj seconds if desired4 ,,ix4 ,,platoon ,,guides4 ,,position3 #a4 ,behind the firing line1 on left of platoon leader4 7#afc1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,advancing in line--behind center of platoon4 7#bac and #bbc1 i4d4r47 ,to insure prompt and orderly advance4 #c4 ,advance by thin lines--lead even numbered lines4 7#bah1 i4d4r47 #d4 ,advancing in squad or platoon column--in rear4 ,,duties3 7#ajd1 #bac1 #bbc1 #bbi1 #bee1 #cfg1 #cge1 and #cgf1 i4d4r47 #a4 ,the platoon leader's assistant and may be assigned any duty the platoon leader sees fit4 #b4 ,keeps adjoining units under observation4 #c4 ,watches firing line4 #d4 ,checks every breach of fire discipline4 #e4 ,prevents skulking1 men leaving the ranks at any time to care for wounded1 etc4 #f4 ,designates new squad leaders and organizes new squads when necessary4 #g4 ,attaches men that have become separated from squads to other squads4 #h4 ,insures prompt and orderly advance4 #i4 ,on joining firing line from the support takes over duties of sergeants disabled4 #aj4 ,may receive and transmit signals to the ,captain4 #aa4 ,if the platoon leader is disabled1 he takes over his duties4 ,hence he should know what the platoon leader is doing and how4 #ab4 ,when taking over the duties of the platoon leader he calls the senior corporal of his platoon out to act as guide4 ,x4 ,,corporal4 ,,position3 #a4 ,marching in line1 as center skirmisher of squad 7#abd1 i4d4r47 or #b4 ,when skirmish line is halted1 immediately behind his squad4 ,note4--,the ,school has recommended to the ,war ,department that the ,infantry ,drill ,regulations be changed to provide that the ,corporal's position be as prescribed above and in paragraph #bj1 page #aj4 ,,duties3 ,paragraphs #db1 #bbb1 #beb1 #bed1 #bee1 #daa1 and #eea1 i4d4r41 cover in general the corporal's duties4 ,the squad leader 7,corporal7 controls the fire of his squad1 he must understand the duties of the private and in issuing his fire orders3 #a4 ,receives his instructions from the platoon leader4 #b4 ,points out indicated objective to his squad4 #c4 ,takes as the squad target that portion of the platoon target which corresponds to the position of the squad in the platoon4 #d4 ,announces sight setting4 #e4 ,announces class and rate of fire4 #f4 ,when his squad is ready to fire looks toward the platoon leader and holds up his hand4 ,at the platoon leader's signal to commence firing he sees that the squad opens fire4 ,,thereafter3 #a4 ,makes all fire from the shoulder4 #b4 ,makes all use ordered rate of fire4 #c4 ,insures that all fire at designated objective4 #d4 ,prevents slighting of invisible portions of the target for more visible parts4 #e4 ,prevents men from changing fire to unauthorized targets not in the assigned front or sector4 #f4 ,maintains constant observation to the front2 when squad is firing1 for effect of fire--when squad is not firing1 for appearance of enemy4 #g4 ,insures prompt obedience to orders to suspend and cease firing4 #h4 ,makes men utilize ground to fullest extent for concealment in firing and advancing4 #i4 ,in sight-setting1 changing sights and fixing bayonets1 has front rank perform operation first 7rear-rank men increasing rate of fire7 and then the rear-rank follow while the front-rank men make up for loss of fire for the rear rank1 thus insuring that the rate of fire for the squad does not fall off4 #aj4 ,prevents increasing vulnerability of squad while preparing for a rush1 and rushes as soon after cease firing as possible4 #aa4 ,when other squads of his platoon1 are rushing1 or the platoon which is covering the same target as is his platoon1 is rushing he has his squad increase its rate of fire to make up for lost fire effect of the rushing element4 #ab4 ,in rushing causes men to spring to feet running at full speed1 all men to drop to the ground at the same time1 and those who are in rear to crawl up to the line4 #ac4 ,when re-enforcing the firing line1 takes over the duties of disabled squad leaders4 ,for this purpose his squad may drop into line at one place and he may move to the next squad on the right or left where there is a squad leader needed4 ,if there are no vacancies caused by disabled squad leaders1 he drops into line and assists the squad leaders who are there4 #ad4 ,prevents decreasing rate of fire when men are transmitting data to arriving supports4 #ae4 ,prevents wasting of ammunition4 #af4 ,prevents use of #cj rounds in right pocket section of belts except on order of an officer4 #ag4 ,distributes ammunition of dead and wounded and ammunition brought up from the rear4 #ah4 ,prevents decreasing the rate of fire while ammunition is being distributed4 #ai4 ,looks to the rear only at his platoon leader's whistle ,attention4 ,pays no attention to any other except suspend firing4 #bj4 ,takes his position in rear of his squad when it is firing and remains there1 where he can control its fire1 and only crawls into line and adds his rifle when all control is lost4 7,short ranges47 #ba4 ,to control his squad he does not walk up and down behind his squad but rolls along behind his line and keeps down4 #bb4 ,leads his squad in moving to the front or rear4 #bc4 ,must know thoroughly the drill regulation signals and have a good practical knowledge of the theory of fire4 #bd4 ,in rushing1 maintains the direction of advance of his squad so as not to blanket the fire of squads in his rear4 #be4 ,takes advantage of every lull in the action and every favorable opportunity to reorganize his squad and get it more under control4 #bf4 ,checks every breach of fire discipline1 abates excitement1 and prevents any man from leaving the squad to go to the rear for any purpose whatsoever4 #bg4 ,if called out of line to act as guide1 notifies designated private 7#ajc1 i4d4r47 to take command of squad4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,private4 ,,position3 ,deployed in line3 ,one man per yard 7#abe1 i4d4r471 unless a greater extension is directed in the order for deployment4 7#abf1 i4d4r47 ,,duties3 7#f1 #db1 #ajd1 #acc1 #acd1 #ach1 #aci1 #adi1 #aeb-aef1 #bjc1 #bji1 #bcc1 #bdg1 #bea1 #bed1 #bee1 #cai1 #ced1 #cfg1 i4d4r41 and #bji1 s4a4f4m47 ,the individual soldier must be trained3 #a4 ,to recognize targets from description quickly4 #b4 ,to describe and define targets4 #c4 ,to use rear sight in describing targets4 #d4 ,to use horizontal and vertical clock systems1 singly or in combination in describing target4 #e4 ,to set sights quickly and accurately as ordered4 #f4 ,to bring piece to shoulder1 aim carefully and deliberately from habit1 and to reload quickly4 #g4 ,to fire at the ordered rate4 7,par4 #ah1 ,standard for ,field ,firing47 #h4 ,to fire at the part of the designated objective which corresponds to his position in the firing line4 #i4 ,to continue firing in the designated sector and not to change therefrom unless ordered4 #aj4 ,not to slight invisible parts of the target for more visible ones4 #aa4 ,to maintain constant observation to the front4 #ab4 ,to utilize folds of ground for concealment in advancing and firing4 #ac4 ,to select firing positions4 #ad4 ,to understand effects of visibility and the selection of backgrounds4 #ae4 ,to fire from all positions1 from behind hillocks1 trees1 heaps of earth and rocks1 depressions1 gullies1 ditches1 doorways and windows4 #af4 ,to obey promptly orders to suspend and cease firing4 #ag4 ,to ignore whistle signals1 except suspend firing4 #ah4 ,to watch closely for the expected target after having suspended firing4 #ai4 ,to obey promptly all orders from his squad leader4 #bj4 ,to drop into the nearest interval when reinforcing the firing line and obey the orders of the nearest squad leader4 #ba4 ,to transmit firing data to men of the supports coming into the line rapidly and accurately1 without decreasing his rate of fire4 #bb4 ,to call for range and target when reinforcing the firing line4 #bc4 ,to have confidence in his own ability to hit4 #bd4 ,to a system of sight setting and fixing bayonets in order that there may be no cessation of fire in the unit during this operation4 #be4 ,to prepare for rushes without decreasing fire of the unit unduly4 #bf4 ,to avoid unnecessary movement in preparing for rushes4 #bg4 ,to spring forward at command ,rush or ,follow ,me without preliminary rising4 #bh4 ,to avoid bunching in rushing4 #bi4 ,not to swerve to the right or left in search of cover but to advance in a straight line1 in order not to blanket the fire of men in his rear4 #cj4 ,to drop quickly at end of rush and crawl up to line if in rear of it4 #ca4 ,to remain with his own company1 but if he accidentally becomes detached from his company or squad to join the nearest one4 #cb4 ,to maintain silence except when transmitting or receiving firing data and charging4 #cc4 ,to retain presence of mind4 #cd4 ,to be careful not to waste ammunition4 #ce4 ,to use the thirty rounds of ammunition in the right pocket section of the belt only upon the order of an officer4 #cf4 ,to remain with the firing line after bringing up ammunition4 #cg4 ,to utilize ammunition of dead and wounded4 #ch4 ,never to attempt to care for dead or wounded during the action4 #ci4 ,to have confidence in his ability to use the bayonet4 #dj4 ,to a firm determination to close with the enemy4 #da4 ,to preserve the line in charging4 #db4 ,to understand that a charge should be slow and steady 7the faster men must not run away from the slower ones74 #dc4 ,to form up immediately after the charge and follow the enemy with fire1 not attempting a disorganized pursuit4 #dd4 ,to understand that it is suicidal to turn his back to an enemy and that1 if he cannot advance1 he must intrench and hold on until dark4 #de4 ,to count distant groups of object or beings4 #df4 ,to recognize service targets4 #dg4 ,,never ,,to ,,fire ,,until ,,he ,,understands ,,what ,,the ,,target ,,is1 ,,at ,,what ,,part ,,he ,,is ,,to ,,fire1 ,,and ,,with ,,what ,,sight ,,setting4 ,packs4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,assembling ,,the ,,infantry ,,equipment1 ,,model ,,of #aiaj4 #a4 ,,the ,,cartridge ,,belt4--7a7 ,to assemble the belt4 ,place the adjusting strap on the ground1 eyeleted edge to the front2 place the pocket sections on the ground in prolongation of the adjusting strap1 pockets down1 tops of pockets to the front2 insert end of adjusting strap in outer loop of metal guide1 from the upper side1 carry it under the middle bar and up through the inner loop2 engage the wire hook on the end of adjusting strap in the eyelets2 provided on the inner surface of the belt4 7b7 ,to adjust the belt4 ,adjust the belt to fit loosely about the waist--i4e41 so that when buckled it may rest well down over the hip bones on the sides of the body and below the pit of the abdomen in front4 ,care should be taken that the adjustment be made equally from both ends of the adjusting strap1 so that the center eyelet will be in the middle of the belt4 7c7 ,to fill the belt4 ,unsnap the flap of the pocket and the interior retaining strap2 lay the retaining strap out flat in prolongation of the pocket1 insert a clip of cartridges1 points of bullets up1 in front of the retaining strap2 press down until the base of the clip rests on the bottom of the pocket2 pass the retaining strap over the bullet points and fasten it to the outside of the pocket by means of the fastener provided2 insert a second clip of cartridges1 points of bullets down1 in rear of the first clip2 press down until the points of the bullets rest on the bottom of the pocket2 close the flap of the pocket and fasten by means of the fastener provided4 ,the remaining nine pockets are filled in like manner4 #b4 ,,to ,,attach ,,the ,,first-,,aid ,,pouch4--,attach the pouch under the second pocket of the right section of the belt by inserting one hook of the double-hook attachment in the eyelet1 from the inside of the belt2 pinch the base of the pocket1 bringing eyelets close together1 and insert the other hook in the same manner in the adjoining eyelet4 ,place the first-aid packet in the pouch and secure the cover4 #c4 ,,to ,,attach ,,the ,,canteen ,,cover4--,attach the canteen cover to the belt under the rear pocket of the right section in the same manner as the first-aid pouch4 ,place the canteen and cup 7assembled7 in the cover and secure the flaps4 #d4 ,,to ,,attach ,,the ,,pack ,,carrier ,,to ,,the ,,haversack4--,spread the haversack on the ground1 inner side down1 outer flap to the front 7,fig4 #d72 place the buttonholed edge of the pack carrier on the buttonholed edge of the haversack1 lettered side of carrier up2 buttonholes of carrier superimposed upon the corresponding ones of the haversack2 lace the carrier to the haversack by passing the ends of the coupling strap down through the corresponding buttonholes of the carrier and haversack nearest the center of the carrier1 bringing the ends up through the next buttonholes and continuing to the right and left1 respectively1 to the sides4 #e4 ,,to ,,attach ,,the ,,cartridge ,,belt ,,to ,,the ,,haversack4--,place the haversack and pack carrier 7assembled7 on the ground1 inner side down 7,fig4 #e72 place the cartridge belt1 pockets down1 tops to the front1 along the junction of the haversack and carrier2 insert hook on rear of belt suspender in the center eyelet of the adjusting strap1 so that the end of the hook will be on the outside of the belt2 insert hooks on ends of front belt suspenders in the eyelets between the second and third pockets from the outer ends of the belt1 so that the end of the hooks will be on the outside of the belt4 #f4 ,,to ,,attach ,,the ,,bayonet ,,scabbard ,,to ,,the ,,haversack4--,attach the scabbard by passing its lower end through the loop provided on the side of the haversack body1 then engage the double-hook attachment in the eyelets on the outer flap on the haversack1 inserting the hooks from the inside4 ,place the bayonet in the scabbard4 #g4 ,,to ,,attach ,,the ,,intrenching ,,tool ,,carrier ,,to ,,the ,,haversack4--,fold the outer flap of the haversack over so that the meat-can pouch is uppermost2 pass the intrenching tool carrier underneath the meat-can pouch and engage the double-hook attachment in the eyelets in the flap provided1 inserting the hooks from the underside4 ,place the intrenching tool in the carrier and secure4 ,place the meat-can1 knife1 fork1 and spoon in the meat-can pouch4 ,the equipment is now assembled and is never disassembled except to detach the pack carrier and its contents as hereinafter provided for4 ,to ,,assemble ,,the ,,full ,,equipment4 7,with ,rations47 ,place the assembled equipment on the ground1 suspender side of haversack down1 pockets of cartridge belt up1 haversack spread out1 inside flap and pack carrier extended their full length to the rear 7,fig4 #f74 ,place three cartons of hard bread in the center of the haversack body1 the lower one on the line of attachment of the inside flap2 lay the remaining carton of hard bread1 the condiment can and the bacon can on the top of these1 the condiment can and the bacon can at the bottom1 top of the bacon can to the front2 the socks and toilet articles are rolled1 towel on the outside1 into a bundle of the same approximate dimensions as a carton of hard bread1 and are placed in front of the two rows thus formed4 ,the inside flap of the haversack is folded over these articles1 the end of the flap being turned in so that the flap1 thus shortened1 extends about #b inches beyond the top of the upper row2 the sides of the haversack are folded over the sides of the rows2 the upper binding straps are passed through the loops on the outside of the inside flap1 each strap through the loop opposite the point of its attachment to the haversack body1 and fastened by means of the buckle on the opposite side1 the strap being passed through the opening in the buckle next to its attachment1 over the center bar1 and back through the opening of the buckle away from its attachment2 the strap is pulled tight to make the fastening secure2 the outer flap of the haversack is folded over and fastened by means of the lower haversack binding strap and the buckle on the inside of the outer flap2 the strap is pulled tight1 drawing the outer flap snugly over the filled haversack4 ,the haversack is now packed and the carrier is ready for the reception of the pack 7,fig4 #g74 ,if one haversack ration and one emergency ration are carried in lieu of two haversack rations1 the haversack is packed in the manner described above1 except that two cartons of hard bread and the bacon can form the bottom layer1 the bacon can on the bottom2 the condiment can1 the emergency ration1 and the toilet articles form the top layer4 ,if one emergency ration is carried in addition to the two haversack rations1 it is packed on top of the top layer4 ,,to ,,make ,,the ,,pack 7,fig4 #h74--,spread the shelter half on the ground and fold in the triangular ends1 forming an approximate square from the half1 the guy on the inside2 fold the poncho once across its shortest dimension1 then twice across its longest dimension1 and lay it in the center of the shelter half2 fold the blanket as described for the poncho and place it on the latter2 place the shelter tent pins in the folds of the blanket1 in the center and across the shortest dimension2 fold the edges of the shelter half snugly over the blanket and poncho and1 beginning on either of the short sides1 roll tightly and compactly4 ,this forms the pack4 ,,to ,,assemble ,,the ,,pack 7,fig4 #i74--,place the pack in the pack carrier and grasp the lower suspension rings1 one in each hand2 place the right knee against the bottom of the roll2 pull the carrier down and force the pack up close against the bottom of the packed haversack2 without removing the knee1 pass the lower carrier binding strap over the pack and secure it by means of the opposite buckle2 in a similar manner secure the lower haversack binding strap and then the upper carrier binding strap4 ,engage the snap hook on the pack suspenders in the lower suspension rings4 ,the equipment is now assembled and packed as prescribed for the full equipment4 ,,to ,,assemble ,,the ,,full ,,equipment4 7,without ,rations47 ,place the assembled equipment on the ground as heretofore described2 fold up the inside flap of the haversack so that its end will be on a line with the top of the haversack body2 fold up the lower haversack strap in the same manner4 ,,to ,,make ,,up ,,the ,,pack4--,fold the poncho1 blanket and shelter half1 and make up the pack as heretofore prescribed1 except that the condiment and bacon can 7the former inside the latter7 and the toilet articles and socks are rolled in the pack4 ,in this case the pack is rolled1 beginning on either of the long sides instead of the short sides1 as heretofore described4 ,,to ,,assemble ,,the ,,pack4--,place the pack on the haversack and pack carrier1 its upper end on a line with the upper edge of the haversack body2 bind it to the haversack and carrier by means of the haversack and pack binding straps2 fold down the outer flap on the haversack and secure it by means of the free end of the middle haversack banding strap and the buckle provided on the underside of the flap2 engage the snap hooks of the pack suspenders in the lower suspension rings4 ,the equipment is now packed and assembled 7,fig4 #aj74 ,,to ,,adjust ,,the ,,equipment ,,to ,,the ,,soldier4--,put on the equipment1 slipping the arms one at a time through the pack suspenders as through the sleeves of a coat2 by means of the adjusting buckles on the belt suspenders1 raise or lower the belt until it rests well down over the hip bones on the sides and below the pit of the abdomen in front2 raise or lower it in rear until the adjusting strap lies smoothly across the small of the back2 by means of the adjusting buckles on the pack suspenders1 raise or lower the load on the back until the top of the haversack is on a level with the top of the shoulders1 the pack suspenders1 from their point of attachment to the haversack to the line of tangency with the shoulder1 being horizontal4 ,the latter is absolutely essential to the proper adjustment of the load4 ,the position of the belt is the same whether filled or empty4 ,,to ,,assemble ,,the ,,full ,,equipment ,,less ,,the ,,pack4 7,with ,rations47 7,fig4 #aa47 ,detach the carrier from1 the haversack2 place the rest of the equipment on the ground as heretofore described2 place the four cartons of hard bread1 the bacon can1 the condiment can1 and the toilet articles in one row in the middle of the haversack body1 the toilet articles at the top1 the bacon can at the bottom1 top to the front1 the row extending from top to bottom of the haversack2 fold the inside flap over the row thus formed2 fold the sides of the haversack up and over2 pass the three haversack binding straps through the loops on the inside flap and secure by means of the buckles on the opposite side of the haversack2 pass the lower haversack binding strap through the small buttonhole in the lower edge of the haversack1 fold the outer flap of the haversack over the whole and secure by means of the buckle on its underside and the lower haversack binding strap4 ,pass the haversack suspension rings through the contiguous buttonholes in the lower edge of the haversack and engage the snap hooks on the ends of the pack suspenders4 ,if one haversack ration and one emergency ration are carried in lieu of two haversack rations1 the haversack is packed in the manner described above1 except that one emergency ration is substituted for two of the cartons of hard bread4 ,if one emergency ration is carried in addition to the two haversack rations1 it is packed on top of the layer4 ,,to ,,assemble ,,the ,,full ,,equipment ,,less ,,the ,,pack4 7,without ,rations47 ,detach the carrier from the haversack2 place the rest of the equipment on the ground as heretofore described2 fold up the inside flap of the haversack until its upper end is on a line with the top of the haversack body2 fold the sides of the haversack over1 pass the three haversack binding straps through the loops on the inside flap and secure by means of the buckles on the opposite side of the haversack2 pass the lower haversack binding strap through the small buttonhole in the lower edge of the haversack2 place the condiment and bacon can 7the former inside the latter7 and the toilet articles and socks in the bottom of the pouch thus formed2 fold the outer flap of the haversack over the whole and secure by means of the buckle on its underside and the lower haversack binding strap4 ,pass the haversack suspension rings through the contiguous buttonholes in the lower edge of the haversack and engage the snap hooks on the ends of the pack suspenders4 ,,to ,,adjust ,,the ,,equipment ,,to ,,the ,,soldier4--,put on the equipment as prescribed for the full equipment4 ,adjust the cartridge belt as prescribed for the full equipment4 ,adjust the pack suspenders so that the top of the haversack is on a level with the top of the shoulders4 ,,to ,,discard ,,the ,,pack ,,without ,,removing ,,the ,,equipment ,,from ,,the ,,body4 ,unsnap the pack suspenders from the suspension rings and snap them into the eyelets on top of the belt and in rear of the rear pockets of the right and left pocket sections2 support the bottom of the pack with the left hand and with the right hand grasp the coupling strap at its middle and withdraw first one end1 then the other2 press down gently on the pack with both hands and remove it4 ,when the pack has been removed1 lace the coupling strap into the buttonholes along the upper edge of the carrier4 ,adjust the pack suspenders4 ,for illustration of how packs are made up and carried1 see ,privates' ,manual1 ,chapter #b4 ,,care ,,of ,,equipment4 ,,leather4--#a4 ,keep leather clean4 ,use material furnished by ,ordnance ,department1 or castile soap and water4 #b4 ,oil leather frequently to keep it pliable4 ,use ,neatsfoot oil1 ,viscol or ,harness soap4 #c4 ,dry in the shade2 never in the sun or in artificial heat4 ,always store in a cool1 dry place without artificial heat4 ,shoe polishes are almost always injurious4 ,,woolen ,,clothes4--,wash in tepid or cold water with a non-alkaline soap2 do not wring it out2 dry in the shade4 ,,mending4--,always keep equipment ready for use4 ,,cloth ,,equipment4--,,dry ,,cleaning4--,scrub with a stiff brush frequently4 ,,washing4--,only under the direction of an officer4 ,dissolve #a piece of ,q4,m4 soap 7not yellow71 in #i cups of water4 ,one cup will clean the equipment of one man4 ,apply with a brush and lather well4 ,rub soap directly on persistent spots4 ,wash off in cold water and dry in the shade4 ,,instructions ,,on ,,making ,,packs4 ,,four ,,methods3 ,full equipment with rations4 ,full equipment without rations4 ,full equipment less pack1 with rations4 ,full equipment less pack1 without rations4 ,haversack1 ,weight #i-a_/d ,carrier ,cartridge belt1 canteen1 ,weight #aa-a_/b ,suspenders ,mess ,rations ,weight #aj-a_/b ,mess pouch ,gun #i ,clothing #g ------- #dj ,,adjusting ,,cartridge ,,belt4--#a4 ,fits loosely around waist4 #b4 ,resting on hips4 #c4 ,hole between buckles4 ,insert ammunition3 ,first1 clip in front1 points up1 fastened with retaining strap1 ,second clip points down4 ,first aid pouch under #dth pocket1 left4 ,canteen under rear pocket1 right4 ,bayonet between #crd and #dth pocket1 left4 7,new bayonet scabbard fastens on haversack47 ,,distribution ,,of ,,intrenching ,,tools ,,in ,,the ,,squads4 ,no4 #c rear of each odd-numbered squad 444 ,bolo ,no4 #c rear of each even-numbered squad 444 ,hand ,axe4 ,no4 #a rear of each squad 444 ,pick ,mattock4 ,nos4 #a1 #b and #c front of each squad 444 ,shovels ,no4 #b rear of each squad 444 ,wire ,cutter4 ,,chapter #c4 ,physical ,training4 ,only the carefully trained and conditioned man can make victory possible4 ,for this reason the first and most important concern of a nation at war is the physical training of its soldiers4 ,the setting-up exercises are the basis for all other activities and their disciplinary value is almost as great as their physical value4 ,,physical ,,training4--,each period should include exercises for all parts of the body4 ,following the setting-up exercises the following should be given in the order named3 marching1 jumping1 double timing1 gymnastic contests1 and concluding or restorative exercises4 ,rifle exercises have for their purpose the development of handiness with the piece4 ,they should be used moderately and with frequent rests1 for they develop big muscles at the expense of agility--a muscle bound man cannot use his strength4 ,,bayonet ,,training in addition to its military value calls into play every muscle of the body and makes for alertness1 agility1 quick perception1 decision1 aggressiveness and confidence4 ,time ,schedule4 ,a4,m4 7,begins #a_/b hour ,p4,m4 7,end #a_/b hour after breakfast73 before retreat73 #a4 ,disciplinary exercises1 #a4 ,bayonet training1 #cj #b minutes4 minutes4 #b4 ,starting positions1 #a #b4 ,games and contests1 minute4 #cj minutes4 #c4 ,setting up exercises1 ,alternating daily with3 #bj minutes4 #a4 ,bombing practice1 #bj #d4 ,marching and marching minutes4 exercises1 #e to #h #b4 ,conditioning exercises1 minutes4 #ae minutes4 #e4 ,jumping1 #e to #h minutes4 ,double timing4 #f4 ,double timing1 #e minutes ,vaulting and overcoming obstacles4 #c4 ,rifle practice1 #aj minutes4 ,instructions must be3 #a4 ,an inspiration to the men4 #b4 ,well prepared themselves4 #c4 ,stripped for action4 #d4 ,an example to the men4 #e4 ,must make drill attractive4 #f4 ,never have men overdo4 ,temper the exercises to the endurance of the weakest man4 #g4 ,accompany every exercise with the proper breathing4 #h4 ,see that the men are clothed according to the season4 #i4 ,have the drills short and snappy4 #aj4 ,have frequent rests at the beginning--less frequent as work progresses4 ,the platoon is the best unit for physical drills4 ,,formations4--,when exercising in small squads1 the men fall in in a single rank and1 after having counted off by fours1 threes or twos1 as the instructor may direct1 distance is taken at the command3 ,take distance1 ,march1 ,squad ,halt4 ,at ,march ,no4 #a moves forward1 being followed by the other numbers at intervals of four paces4 ,halt is commanded when all have taken their distances4 ,at the discretion of the instructor the distance may be any number of paces1 the men being first cautioned to that effect4 ,when distance is taken from the double rank1 ,no4 #a of the rear rank follows ,no4 #d of the front rank1 and he is in turn followed by the other numbers of the rear rank4 ,if the instructor desires the files to cover1 he commands3 ,in file ,cover4 ,nos4 #a stand fast1 the others moving to the right with the side step1 until the ,nos4 #a are covered4 ,to return to the original formation1 the instructor commands3 ,assemble ,march4 ,no4 #a of the front rank stands fast and the other members move forward to their original places4 ,second ,formation4 ,to the right and left4 ,take interval1 ,march4 ,front ,rank3 ,rear ,rank3 ,no4 #a1 #f steps right step4 ,no4 #a1 #c steps right step4 ,no4 #b1 #c steps right step4 ,no4 #b1 ,stands fast4 ,no4 #c1 ,stands fast4 ,no4 #c1 #c steps left step4 ,no4 #d1 #c steps left step4 ,no4 #d1 #f steps left step4 ,commands4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,commands1 ,,and ,,how ,,given4--,there are two kinds1 preparatory and executive4 ,the preparatory command describes and specifies what is desired and the executive command calls what has been described into action4 ,the tone of the command should always be animated1 distinct1 and of a loudness proportioned to the number of men for whom it is intended4 ,instructors should cultivate a proper command1 as its value as a tributary to the success of any military drill cannot be overestimated4 ,after an exercise has been described1 its various movements or parts should be performed at executive words1 which indicate not only the movement that is desired but the manner of the execution4 ,thus3 #a4 ,trunk forward1 #b4 ,bend1 #c4 ,recover 7or ,raise71 here the word bend is drawn to indicate moderately slow execution2 the recovery being a little faster1 the word recover should be spoken to indicate it4 ,the word ,recover should always be used to bring the men back to the original position4 ,if it is desired to continue an exercise1 the command ,exercise should be used and the cadence or rhythm should be indicated by words or numerals4 ,if numerals are used1 they should equal the number of movements composing the exercise4 ,thus an exercise of two movements will be repeated at one1 two2 one of four movements will require four counts1 etc4 ,the numeral or word preceding the command ,halt should always be given with a rising inflection in order to prepare the men for the command ,halt4 ,thus3 #a4 ,thrust arms forward1 #b4 ,exercise one1 two1 one1 two1 one1 ,halt4 ,if any movement of any exercise is to be performed with more energy than the others1 the word or numeral corresponding to that movement should be emphasized4 ,,first ,,lesson4--,a4 ,disciplinary ,exercises4 #a4 ,attention2 #b4 ,at ,ease2 #c4 ,rest2 #d4 ,facings4 ,b4 ,starting ,positions4 7m4p4t41 pp4 #be to #bi47 ,c4 ,setting-up ,exercises 7every exercise has two motions7,p3 #a4 ,arms forward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,swing arms downward and forward4 #b4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,rise on toes4 7#cc47 #c4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend head backward2 same1 forward4 7#ch47 #d4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,turn trunk right2 same1 left4 7#dj47 #e4 ,arms to thrust1 #b4 ,raise4 ,half bend knees slowly4 7#ce47 #f4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend trunk forward4 7#cf47 #g4 ,arms to thrust1 #b4 ,raise4 ,raise and lower shoulders4 7#cb47 #h4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend trunk sideward1 right2 same1 left4 7#cg47 #i4 ,arms forward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,stretch arms sideward4 7#dc47 #aj4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend trunk backward4 7#cd47 #aa4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,raise knees forward alternatingly4 7#da47 #ab4 ,breathing ,exercise3 ,inhale1 raising arms sideward2 exhale1 lowering arms4 ,d4 ,marching ,exercises3 #a4 ,marching in column in quick time and halting4 #b4 ,same1 marking time1 marching forward and halting4 #c4 ,same1 marching on toes4 ,footnote ,p3 ,note4--,jumping and double-timing exercises and contests should not be included in the first week's work4 ,bracketed numbers refer to pages in ,manual of ,physical ,training1 where similar exercises are illustrated and described4 ,,second ,,lesson4--,a4 ,disciplinary ,exercises4 ,same as in first lesson4 ,b4 ,starting positions4 ,c4 ,setting-up ,exercises 7every exercise has two motions73 #a4 ,arms forward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,swing arms sideward4 #b4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,rise on toes4 7#cc47 #c4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,turn head right2 same1 left4 7#da47 #d4 ,hands on shoulders1 #b4 ,place4 ,turn trunk sideward1 right2 same1 left4 7#dj47 #e4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,full bend knees1 slowly4 7#ci47 #f4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend trunk forward4 7#cf47 #g4 ,arms to thrust1 #b4 ,raise4 ,move shoulders forward and backward4 7#ce47 #h4 ,arms sideward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,bend trunk sideward1 right2 same1 left4 7#ca47 #i4 ,from ,attention4 ,stretch arms forward and sideward4 #aj4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend trunk backward4 7#cd47 #aa4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,extend right and left leg forward4 7#dd47 #ab4 ,breathing ,exercise3 ,inhale1 raising arms sideward and upward2 exhale1 lowering arms sideward4 ,d4 ,marching ,exercises3 #a4 ,marching in column in quick time1 mark time1 marching in quick time and halting4 7#hh47 #b4 ,marching on toes4 7#hi47 #c4 ,marching on toes and rocking4 ,e4 ,jumping ,exercises3 #a4 ,rise on toes and arms forward1 #b ,raise4 ,swing arms downward and bend knees2 swing arms forward and extend knees1 and recover ,attention4 #b4 ,jumping in place4 7#aic47 ,f4 ,double ,timing3 #a4 ,double timing1 change to quick time and halting4 7#ib47 ,g4 ,concluding ,exercises3 #a4 ,breathing exercise1 raising and lowering arms sideward4 ,,third ,,lesson4--,a disciplinary ,exercises1 as in first lesson4 ,b4 ,starting ,positions4 ,c4 ,setting-up ,exercises3 #a4 ,arms forward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,swing arms downward and sideward4 7#d motions47 #b4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,rise on right and left toes1 alternatingly4 7#d motions47 7#df47 #c4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend head forward and backward4 7#d motions47 7#ch47 #d4 ,arms sideward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,turn trunk right and left4 7#d motions47 7#ec47 #e4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,rise on toes and full bend knees slowly4 7#d motions47 7#ci47 #f4 ,fingers in rear of head1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend trunk forward4 7#b motions47 7#db47 #g4 ,arms to thrust1 #b4 ,raise4 ,move shoulders forward1 upward1 backward1 and recover4 7#d motions47 #h4 ,hands on shoulders1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend trunk sideward1 right1 and left4 7#d motions47 7#cg47 #i4 ,from ,attention4 ,stretch arms sideward1 upward1 sideward1 and recover4 7#d motions47 #aj4 ,hands on shoulders1 #b4 ,place4 ,bend trunk backward4 7#b motions47 7#cd47 #aa4 ,hands on hips1 #b ,place4 ,extend right and left leg backward4 7#b motions47 #ab4 ,breathing ,exercise3 ,inhale1 raising arms forward1 upward2 and exhale1 lowering arms sideward1 down4 ,d4 ,marching ,exercises3 #a4 ,marching in quick time1 raising knees4 7#hi47 #b4 ,thrusting arms sideward4 ,e4 ,jumping ,exercises3 #a4 ,standing broad jump4 #b4 ,three successive broad jumps4 ,f4 ,double ,timing3 #a4 ,double timing4 7#ib47 #b4 ,double timing1 marking time in the double and forward4 #c4 ,double timing and halting from the double4 ,g4 ,gymnastic ,contests4 ,two of these games should be included in each lesson4 ,see pp4 #ci-dj4 ,h4 ,concluding ,exercises3 #a4 ,breathing exercise1 as in #ab4 ,,fourth ,,lesson4--,a4 ,disciplinary ,exercises1 as in first lesson4 ,b4 ,starting ,positions4 ,c4 ,setting-up ,exercises3 #a4 ,hands on shoulders1 #b4 ,place4 ,extend arms forward2 swing sideward1 forward1 and recover4 7#d motions47 #b4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,rise on toes quickly4 7#b motions47 7#cc47 #c4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,turn head right and left4 7#d motions47 7#da47 #d4 ,arms upward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,turn trunk right and left4 7#d motions47 #e4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,half bend knees1 quickly4 7#b motions47 7#ce47 #f4 ,arms sideward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,bend trunk forward4 7#b motions47 #g4 ,hands on shoulders1 #b4 ,place4 ,move elbows forward1 and stretch backward4 7#b motions47 7#de47 #h4 ,arms upward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,bend trunk sideward1 right and left4 7#d motions47 #i4 ,from ,attention4 ,stretch1 arms forward1 sideward1 upward1 sideward1 forward1 and recover4 7#f motions47 #aj4 ,arms sideward1 #b4 ,raise4 ,bend trunk backward4 7#b motions47 #aa4 ,hands on hips1 #b4 ,place4 ,extend legs sideward4 7#b motions47 #ab4 ,breathing ,exercise3 #a4 ,inhale1 raising arms forward1 upward2 exhale1 lowering arms sideward4 ,d4 ,marching ,exercises3 #a4 ,marching in quick time1 raising knees1 and rising on toes of other foot4 #b4 ,raising heels4 #c4 ,thrusting arms sideward4 ,e4 ,jumping ,exercises3 #a4 ,three successive standing broad jumps4 #b4 ,jumping in place1 raising knees4 ,f4 ,double ,timing3 #a4 ,double timing4 #b4 ,raising heels4 #c4 ,double timing1 sideward1 crossing legs4 ,g4 ,gymnastic ,contests4 ,h4 ,concluding ,exercises3 #a4 ,swing arms forward1 upward1 relaxed4 #b4 ,breathing exercise1 as in #ab4 ,,fifth ,,lesson4--,a4 ,disciplinary ,exercises4 ,b4 ,starting ,positions4 ,c4 ,setting-up ,exercises3 #a4 ,arms to thrust4 ,thrust arms upward2 swing downward2 forward2 upward1 and recover4 7#d motions47 7#ee47 #b4 ,hands in rear of head4 ,rise on toes and rock4 7#b motions47 7#ci47 #c4 ,hands on hips4 ,bend head forward and backward4 7#d motions47 #d4 ,hands on shoulders4 ,turn trunk right and left1 stretching arms sideward4 7#d motions47 7#eb47 #e4 ,full bend knees4 ,hands on ground between knees1 squatting position1 extend right and left leg backward1 alternatingly4 7#d motions47 7#fe47 #f4 ,hands on shoulders4 ,bend trunk forward and stretch arms sideward4 7#b motions47 7#ea47 #g4 ,from ,attention4 ,curl shoulders forward and stretch backward4 7#b motions47 7#ch47 #h4 ,hands on shoulders4 ,bend trunk sideward1 right and left1 extending arms sideward4 7#d motions47 7#fe47 #i4 ,from ,attention4 ,flex forearms vertically2 extend upward2 flex and recover4 7#d motions47 7#ed47 #aj4 ,hands on shoulders4 ,bend trunk backward1 stretching arms sideward4 7#b motions47 7#ef47 #aa4 ,from ,attention4 ,raise arms forward and extend leg forward2 stretch arms sideward1 extending leg backward2 move arms and leg to first position and recover ,attention4 7#d motions47 7#ec47 #ab4 ,breathing ,exercise3 ,raise arms sideward2 upward2 and lower laterally quickly4 7#d motions47 ,d4 ,marching ,exercises3 #a4 ,march in quick time and swing extended leg forward1 ankle high4 #b4 ,raising knee and hopping on other foot4 #c4 ,from arms forward4 ,swing arms upward4 ,e4 ,jumping ,exercises3 #a4 ,standing hop1 step and jump4 #b4 ,preliminary running broad jumps4 #c4 ,broad jump from a walking start of four paces4 7#aig47 ,f4 ,double timing4 #a4 ,double timing4 #b4 ,double timing sideward1 crossing leg in front4 #c4 ,double timing1 raising knees4 ,g4 ,gymnastic ,contests4 ,h4 ,concluding ,exercises3 #a4 ,bend trunk forward and backward1 relaxed4 #b4 ,breathing exercise1 as in #ab4 ,for further work for recruits and work to be given trained soldiers1 see ,special ,regulation ,no4 #bc1 ,field ,physical ,training of the ,soldier4 ,to prevent grumbling1 keep men at work4 ,idle men are the ones who growl4 ,the ,french consider periods spent in the trenches as periods of rest2 instead of letting the men go on pass when relieved1 they restore discipline by close order drill4 ,the physical benefit is less than half of physical exercises4 ,there should be mental exertion in every exercise4 ,but the most important part is the disciplinary benefit4 ,the exercises must teach men to jump at commands1 and by this means must make the organization a homogeneous mass4 ,the principal thing in the position of attention is chest lifted2 and arched4 ,there should be a stretch upward at the waist4 ,the position should give the impression of a man as proud of himself as he can be4 ,this is a bluff which works1 not only by making a good first impression on others1 but by causing the man himself to live up to it4 ,insist on precision4 ,especially when men are losing interest1 don't let the work sag1 but make it interesting by requiring concentration4 ,at the beginning of each exercise1 wake the men up by calling them to attention until they do it well1 giving the facings1 etc4 ,,commands4--,there is a tone at which each voice carries best4 ,each man must find it for himself4 ,to make commands understood1 enunciate carefully with lips and teeth4 ,sound especially first and last letters of words4 ,officer's posture adds to effect of command4 ,his personality is impressed on his men largely by his voice4 ,preparatory command should be vibrant and cheerful--not a harsh tone that grates on the men and antagonizes them4 ,the command of execution must be short and sharp2 drill can be made or marred by it4 ,,marching4--,a cadence faster than #abj a minute adds snap to marching1 but snap can not be gained in proportion as the cadence is run up4 ,snap is attained chiefly by the proper gait4 ,soldiers should march1 not with knees always slightly bent1 but should straighten them smartly at the end of each step4 ,this adds drive to the step1 and gives the men confidence and a mob spirit of courage4 ,after long drill at attention1 this spirit can be carried into extended order work4 ,marching exercises are useful and can be greatly varied4 ,the command ,exercise should always be given as the left foot strikes the ground4 ,exercise is a command of execution1 and the first movement should be executed at once when it is given4 ,the count ,one is given when this first position is reached4 ,the command to stop all marching exercises is ,quick time--,march4 ,in all exercises the instructor should cultivate the ability to pick mistakes4 ,he can develop this until he can watch much larger groups than at first4 ,voice ,culture4 ,mastery of the voice is a necessity for every officer2 for without it the giving of commands will soon make his throat look and feel like a piece of raw ,hamburg steak4 ,quality of voice is more effective than quantity4 ,brute force may produce a roar that has tremendous volume at a short distance2 but the sound will not carry unless it is so placed that it gets the benefit of the resonance spaces in the head4 ,if the tone is produced properly1 so that it has the singing quality necessary in all right commands1 quantity of tone will come of itself4 ,this singing quality has nothing to do with music2 it may be attained by a man who can hardly distinguish a bar of music from a bar of soap4 ,it depends upon three principles1 which are very simple in themselves but can not be applied without careful practise4 ,the first covers proper use of the breath4 ,air must be drawn into the lungs by expanding the diaphragm and abdomen1 a process best seen in the natural breathing of a man who is lying on his back with all muscles relaxed4 ,filling the upper part of the lungs by raising the chest puts the work on the comparatively small muscles between the ribs2 but filling the base of the lungs by pulling downward brings into play the diaphragm1 the largest muscle in the body4 ,the sensation which accompanies proper deep control of the breath is as if the tone were not pushed out of the mouth1 but drawn in and upwards4 ,it is partly described by the phrases of singing teachers1 drawn tone and singing on the breath4 ,the diaphragm must not only relieve the muscles between the ribs1 but1 still more important1 the small muscles of the throat4 ,the second great principle of voice production is that the throat must be perfectly relaxed4 ,any tension there interferes with the free vibration which is essential for strong and resonant tone4 ,this relaxation is most easily gained by drawing the chin in slightly1 loosening the muscles under it4 ,the base of the tongue can be relaxed by rolling the letter ,r1 even to the extent of making two syllables of such words as gr-rand4 ,talking with the teeth closed loosely will also help to ease incorrect1 tension about the throat4 ,if the throat is properly relaxed1 there will be no sensation in it during the production of the voice4 ,any sensation between the diaphragm and the resonance chambers of the head is a sign of wrong and harmful tension4 ,the use of these resonance chambers is required by the third principle--that the tone must be reinforced by resonance in all the hollow spaces of the head4 ,these are found in the nose1 above the palate and even above the eyes4 ,they have the same effect as the sounding board of a musical instrument1 in giving quality to the tone4 ,the best way to put this principle into practice is to learn the sensation of the clear and ringing tone which is produced by proper placing of the voice4 ,exercises containing the letters ,m and ,n will give this effect4 ,this does not mean that the sound should be nasal2 it should be made in the nose1 but not through it4 ,another way to increase resonance is to think of crying the words rather than talking them4 ,a slightly whining intonation or a sound like that of a laugh has more ring to it than an ordinary flat talking tone4 ,these principles should not be neglected because they are simple4 ,they can not be mastered without work1 and unless they are mastered the voice will not be heard at a distance and will not last under the work of giving commands4 ,further suggestions on the manner of giving commands will be found under ,physical ,training4 ,,chapter #d4 ,use of ,modern ,arms4 ,illustration3 ,plate #c ,small ,arms ,firing4 ,under this heading we have many phases of the training and exercises given to our armed forces4 ,it has been found best to use simple every day methods to get the best results4 ,there are two principal factors--the rifle and the pistol4 ,the former only will be taken up now4 ,the scheme is to make the soldier a good shot singly and collectively1 in time of peace and in time of war4 ,the course of instruction at this camp was arranged as follows3 7a7 ,nomenclature and care of the rifle4 7b7 ,sighting drills4 7c7 ,position and aiming drills4 7d7 ,deflection and aiming drills4 7e7 ,range practice4 7f7 ,estimating distance drill4 7g7 ,combat firing4 7a7 ,every man should be taught the names of the principal parts 7see cut7 of the rifle and how to clean and keep it clean4 7b7 ,if time permits1 the sighting bar described on page #bf1 s4a4f4m4 should be used4 ,to illustrate the normal and peep sight make a drawing on a blackboard of page #cj1 s4a4f4m4 ,using a sand bag or some convenient rest for the rifle4 ,the instructor sights it on some object showing the normal and peep sight4 ,using the above rests have a marker hold a disk against a large piece of paper towards which the rifle is pointed4 ,there is a pin hole in the center of the bull's eye on the disk4 ,the range should be about #ej feet1 and the bull's eye about #a inch in diameter4 ,the marker moves it about until the man sighting tells him to hold1 at which time he marks the center with the point of a pencil4 ,this is done three times1 the three points are then connected4 ,the triangle thus formed is then used by the instructor to show the man whether he took too much or too little front sight or whether he leaned to one side or the other while aiming4 ,use for this exercise both the normal and peep sight4 ,to show the effect of canting the piece use a sight setting of #a1jjj yards1 take out the bolt1 aim the rifle while lying on a sand bag at a #a-;inch bull's eye #ej feet away4 ,then look through the bore of the rifle and have the place where the target would be approximately hit by a bullet marked4 ,cant the piece to the right and aim at the same bull's eye4 ,then look through the bore of the rifle and mark the place where the bullet would approximately strike the target4 ,the last mark would be lower and to the right of the first mark4 ,it should be readily seen that in canting the piece to the right your sight is to the right of its original position--that is right windage4 ,also by canting it to the right your elevation is lowered1 that is1 lessened4 ,canting the piece to the left would make the bullet strike low and to the left4 7c7 ,preliminary command ,position and aiming drill1 command of execution ,squad 7platoon1 or company7 ,ready4 ,at the command ,ready each man faces half right and carries the right foot about #a foot to the right1 in such a position that will insure the greatest firmness and steadiness1 raises the piece and drops it into the left hand at the balance1 left thumb along the stock1 muzzle at the height of the breast4 ,if kneeling or sitting the position of the piece is similar--if kneeling the left forearm rests on the left thigh--if sitting the elbows are supported by the knees4 ,if lying down the left hand steadies and supports the piece at the balance1 the toe of the butt resting on the ground1 the muzzle off the ground4 ,from the position of ready the four exercises--position1 aiming1 trigger squeeze1 and rapid fire--are given4 ,these exercises given on pages #ch-db1 s4a4f4m4 should be carefully studied4 ,do not leave it to the sergeant1 etc41 to do--give your company your own instruction when practicable1 and in time of battle they will know you and you will know them1 and there will grow up between you that mutual understanding which is necessary for the real success of any undertaking4 ,do not forget to give these exercises in all positions of firing1 namely1 standing1 sitting1 kneeling1 and prone4 7d7 ,a change of one point of windage at the #ajj yard range will change the point struck by the bullet of the next shot #d inches4 ,if right windage is taken the bullet will strike to the right1 if left windage is taken it will strike to the left3 number of ,range4 windage4 direction4 inches change4 #ajj #a point right or left #d #bjj #a point right or left #h #cjj #a point right or left #ab #ejj #a point right or left #bj #fjj #a point right or left #bd ,remember to take windage in the direction you want the bullet to strike4 ,a change of #be yards in your sight setting raises or lowers the point struck by the bullet of the next shot at the #ajj yards range #a inch3 ,number inches ,range4 ,change in sight4 change on target4 #ajj #be yards #a #bjj #be yards #b #cjj #be yards #c #ejj #be yards #e #fjj #be yards #f #cjj #ge yards #i #ejj #aej yards #cj 7e7 ,range practice4 ,target details must be thoroughly familiar with paragraphs #ajf-aaj1 s4a4f4m4 ,scorers must be familiar with the method of recording scores4 ,the following schedule is the one that was followed at this camp3 ,,slow ,,fire4 ,range ,time ,shots,target ,position ,sights ,ammunition ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ajj ,no limit #ae ,a ,prone ,leaf ,guard #ajj ,no limit #ae ,a ,kneeling ,leaf ,guard #ajj ,no limit #ae ,a ,standing ,leaf ,guard #bjj ,no limit #ae ,a ,prone #aj leaf1 #e battles ,service #bjj ,no limit #ae ,a ,kneeling #aj leaf1 #e battles ,service #cjj ,no limit #ae ,a ,prone #aj leaf1 #e battles ,service #cjj ,no limit #ae ,a ,sitting #aj leaf1 #e battles ,service ,,rapid ,,fire4 ,range ,time ,shots,target ,position ,sights,ammunition ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ajj #a min #aj ,d ,prone ,leaf ,service #ajj #a min4 #aj ,h ,prone ,leaf ,service #bjj #a min4 #aj ,d ,kneeling from standing ,leaf ,service #bjj #a min4 #aj ,h ,prone from standing ,leaf ,service #cjj #a'-aj #aj ,d ,prone from standing ,leaf ,service #cjj #a'-aj #aj ,h ,prone from standing ,leaf ,service ,at each range with the rapid fire #e additional shots should be fired with the battle sight and with half the allotted time4 7f7 ,a course should be laid off in an open field4 ,the base should be marked4 ,at least #e natural objects whose distances are to be estimated should be placed so that they are clearly visible from the base4 ,the objects should be men standing1 kneeling or prone1 and should be placed from #eej to #a1bjj yards from the base4 ,each company should be conducted to the base and extended along it1 backs towards the objects1 in single rank4 ,each man should have a pencil and paper4 ,the objects whose distances are to be estimated are pointed out by the company commander and the men told to estimate and record their estimates4 ,at the conclusion of the exercise1 the company commander should read off the correct distances1 and have each man figure his per cent of error4 ,it is important that the men know the correct distances while the objects are still in view4 ,for record1 paragraph #he1 s4a4f4m4 should be followed4 ,remember that there are four principal ways to estimate distances by3 #a1 it cannot be more than a certain distance1 and it cannot be less than a certain distance--take the mean2 #b1 divide the distance into a certain number of familiar lengths2 select a halfway point1 estimate this and multiply by #b2 #c1 estimate the distance along a parallel line1 as a road having well defined objects2 #d1 take the mean of several estimates4 7g7 ,in combat the platoon is the fire unit4 ,the fire of the company1 battalion or regiment is nothing more than the combined fire of all the fire units4 ,the enemy can be imaginary1 outlined or represented4 ,the exercise must be conducted under an assumed tactical situation4 ,the commander must lead his men according to the assumptions made by the umpire4 ,signals are used to indicate the enemy's actions1 strength1 etc4 ,the situation should be simple1 and after the exercise a critique should be held on the ground4 ,combat practice with ball ammunition against disappearing targets1 and at estimated ranges1 gets excellent results4 ,the officer conducting the exercise will prohibit the advance if it would be impossible were the enemy real4 ,have every man play the game4 ,a point to be remembered is that for battle sight the sight slide must be as far to the rear as it will go4 ,if it is part way up the leaf1 the drift correction cut in the slot upon which it moves will throw it to the left1 and left windage will be taken4 ,point blank range is #ecj yards4 ,battle sight is set for this distance because this is the extreme range at which a bullet would strike a man kneeling between the rifle and the target4 ,illustration3 ,plate #d4 ,pistol4 ,,nomenclature ,,and ,,care4--,the soldier is first taught the nomenclature of the parts of the pistol4 ,ordinance ,pamphlet ,no4 #ahff gives this information1 7,see cut of pistol47 ,,manual ,,for ,,the ,,pistol4 #a4 ,the pistol being in the holster3 #a4 ,raise1 #b4 ,pistol4 ,at the command ,raise1 unbutton the flap of the holster with the right hand and grasp the stock1 back of hand outward4 ,at the command ,pistol1 draw the pistol from the holster1 reverse it1 muzzle up1 the hand holding the stock with the thumb and last three fingers2 forefinger outside of the guard2 barrel to the rear1 and inclined to the front at an angle of about thirty degrees2 hand as high as the neck and six inches in front of the point of the right shoulder4 ,this is the position of ,raise ,pistol1 and it may be similarly taken from any position4 #b4 ,to withdraw magazine1 pistol in any position3 #a4 ,withdraw4 #b4 ,magazine4 ,at the command ,magazine1 place pistol1 barrel down1 in left hand and clasp barrel in full grip of left hand1 thumb clasped over barrel in front of trigger guard1 butt of pistol up1 barrel pointing to the left front and slightly downward4 ,with tip of right forefinger press stud releasing magazine and then place tip of same finger under projection at front of magazine base4 ,raise magazine about an inch then close thumb and second finger on sides of magazine1 giving a secure grasp with which it can be withdrawn from socket1 placed inside belt 7in pocket of shirt or otherwise disposed of without throwing it away74 ,right hand then grasps stock1 back of hand to the left4 #c4 ,to open chamber1 the pistol in any position3 #a4 ,open4 #b4 ,chamber4 ,carry the pistol to the left hand 7if not already there7 barrel to the left1 front end of slide grasped between the thumb and forefinger of left hand2 right hand grasping stock1 back of hand up2 right thumb under slide stop4 ,hold left hand steady and push forward with right hand till slide reaches end of stroke2 engage slide stop1 and come to ,raise ,pistol4 ,should the pistol be cocked and locked1 it will be unlocked so that the slide can move4 #d4 ,to close chamber1 being at ,raise ,pistol1 chamber open3 #a4 ,close4 #b4 ,chamber4 ,at the command ,chamber1 release slide top with right thumb and let hammer down gently4 ,to let hammer down1 pull downward with point of right thumb till hammer presses against grip safety and forces it home2 then while continuing this pressure on hammer1 pull trigger2 and while continuing pull on trigger1 let the hammer down4 ,while letting hammer down1 grasp stock firmly between the palm and last three fingers to prevent pistol rotating in hand4 #e4 ,to insert magazine1 pistol being in any position1 no magazine in socket3 #a4 ,insert4 #b4 ,magazine4 ,lower pistol into left hand as in ,withdrawn ,magazine1 grasp magazine with tip of right forefinger on projection at base of magazine1 withdraw from pocket and insert in pistol4 ,to make sure that magazine is home1 strike base of magazine with palm of right hand4 ,bring the pistol to the position of ,raise ,pistol4 #f4 ,to return pistol1 being at ,raise ,pistol3 #a4 ,return4 #b4 ,pistol4 ,lower the pistol and raise the flap of the holster with the right thumb2 insert the pistol in the holster and push it down2 button the flap with the right hand4 ,if the pistol be loaded and cocked the command4 #a4 ,lock1 #b4 ,pistol must precede the command ,return4 #g4 ,to load1 having loaded magazine in pistol1 pistol in any position1 chamber empty3 #a4 ,load4 #b4 ,pistol4 ,place pistol in left hand1 barrel down1 butt of pistol up1 barrel pointing to left front and downward1 slide grasped between thumb and forefinger4 ,push forward with right hand until the slide is fully open1 then release slide allowing it to move forward and load cartridge into chamber4 ,come to ,raise ,pistol4 ,if the last shot in the magazine has been fired1 to reload2 same command1 but execute ,withdrawn ,magazine1 ,insert ,magazine1 ,close ,chamber4 ,as soon as the pistol is loaded1 it will be immediately locked by the commands4 #a4 ,lock4 #b4 ,pistol4 ,should the command for locking pistol be inadvertently omitted it will be locked without command4 #h4 ,to unload pistol1 being in any position1 loaded3 ,execute by the commands1 ,withdraw ,magazine1 ,open ,chamber1 ,close ,chamber1 ,insert ,magazine4 #i4 ,to inspect pistol1 it being in the holster3 #a4 ,inspection4 #b4 ,pistol4 ,execute1 ,raise ,pistol4 ,to inspect the pistol more minutely1 add #c4 ,withdraw4 #d4 ,magazine4 #e4 ,open4 #f4 ,chamber4 ,to avoid accidents1 individual men out of ranks1 in barracks or camp will first ,withdraw ,magazine then ,open ,chamber whenever the pistol is removed from the holster for cleaning1 for examination1 or for any other purpose4 ,accidental discharges will not occur if the above rule is always observed1 and failure to observe it must be considered a military offense1 whether or not accident results4 #aj4 ,whenever men fall in ranks with the automatic pistol the officer or non-commissioned officer in charge will command3 #a4 ,raise1 #b4 ,pistol2 #a4 ,withdraw1 #b4 ,magazine2 #a4 ,open1 #b4 ,chamber2 #a4 ,close1 #b4 ,chamber4 #a4 ,insert1 #b4 ,magazine4 #a4 ,return1 #b4 ,pistol4 ,when falling in the above commands are given after chamber of rifles have been opened and closed1 and the order resumed--the rifle being held against the left wrist4 ,the commander of any company or detachment thereof is responsible for giving the necessary commands to put the pistols in a safe condition4 #aa4 ,the pistol with cartridge in chamber is habitually carried cocked and locked1 whether in the hand or in the holster4 ,the hammer will not be lowered while a cartridge is in the chamber4 #ab4 ,in campaign1 the pistol should habitually be carried with a magazine in the socket1 loaded with seven ball cartridges1 chamber empty1 hammer down4 ,the extra magazines should also be loaded with seven ball cartridges each4 ,when action seems imminent1 the pistol should be loaded by command4 ,it may then be returned by command to the holster till the time for its use arrives4 #ac4 ,recruits are first taught the motions of loading and firing without using cartridges4 ,however1 the automatic action and the effect of ball cartridges in operating the slide cannot be taught without firing ball cartridges4 ,practice without cartridges is very necessary to acquire facility in the exact movements of the manual and in aiming1 holding and trigger squeeze4 ,to execute the movements without cartridges1 first ,withdraw ,magazine1 ,open ,chamber1 and ,examine both ,pistols and magazines to assure that none contain ball cartridges4 #ad4 ,all the movements in loading pistol should be practiced without looking at it4 ,in order to do this successfully it is necessary to know exactly where the magazines are carried so the hand may find them without fumbling4 ,also1 since the projection at the front of the magazine base is on the same side as the bullets1 and the magazine must be inserted in the socket with these to the front1 the magazine should be carried in the pocket with the projection to the left and should be withdrawn from the pocket with the same grasp as is prescribed for ,withdrawn ,magazine4 #ae4 ,this manual must be practiced with all the precision and exactness required for the manual for the rifle4 ,accidents will be reduced to a minimum and familiarity with the pistol gained4 ,,position ,stand firmly on both feet1 body perfectly balanced and erect and turned at such an angle as is most comfortable when the arm is extended toward the target2 the feet far enough apart 7about #h to #aj inches7 as to insure steadiness2 weight of body borne equally upon both feet2 right arm fully extended but not locked2 left arm hanging naturally4 ,,the ,,grip4--,grasp the stock as high as possible with the thumb and last three fingers1 the forefinger alongside the trigger guard1 the thumb extended along the stock4 ,the barrel hand and fore-arm should be as nearly in one line as possible when the weapon is pointed toward the target4 ,the grasp should not be so tight as to cause tremors but should be firm enough to avoid losing grip4 ,the lower the stock is grasped the greater will be the movement or jump of the muzzle caused by recoil4 ,if the hand be placed so that the grasp is on one side of the stock1 the recoil will cause a rotary movement of the weapon toward the opposite side4 ,the releasing of the sear causes a slight movement of the muzzle1 generally to the left4 ,the position and pressure of the thumb along the stock overcomes much of this movement4 ,to do uniform shooting the weapon must be held with exactly the same grip for each shot1 not only must the hand grasp the stock at the same point for each shot1 but the tension of the grip must be uniform4 ,,the ,,trigger ,,squeeze4--,the trigger must be squeezed in the same manner as in rifle firing4 ,the pressure of the forefinger on the trigger should be steadily increased and should be straight back1 not sideways4 ,the pressure should continue to that point beyond which the slightest movement will release the sear4 ,then when the aim is true1 the additional pressure is applied and the pistol fired4 ,when the pistol is fired the greatest effort should be taken to hold the pistol to the mark as nearly as possible4 ,this will be of great benefit in automatic firing4 ,,position ,,and ,,aiming ,,drills4--,the ,squad is formed with an interval of one pace between files4 ,black pasters are used as aiming points4 ,the pasters are ten paces distant from the squad4 ,the instructor command1 #a4 ,raise1 #b4 ,pistol and cautions ,position and ,aiming ,drill4 ,the men take the position prescribed in paragraph #c4 ,at the command1 #a4 ,squad1 #b4 ,fire1 slowly extend the arm till it is nearly horizontal1 the pistol directed at a point2 about six inches below the bull's-eye4 ,at the same time put the forefinger inside the trigger guard and gradually feel the trigger4 ,inhale enough air to comfortably fill the lungs and gradually raise the piece until the line of sight is directed at the point of aim1 i4e41 just below the bull's-eye at six o'clock4 ,while the sights are directed upon the mark1 gradually increase the pressure on the trigger until it reaches that point where the slightest additional pressure will release the sear4 ,then1 when the aim is true1 the additional pressure necessary to fire the piece is given so smoothly as not to derange the alignment of the sights4 ,the weapon will be held on the mark for an instant after the hammer falls and the soldier will observe what effect1 if any1 the squeezing of the trigger has had on his aim4 ,when the soldier has become proficient in taking the proper position the exercise is conducted ,at ,will4 ,,quick ,,fire4--,being at the ,raise ,pistol1 chamber and magazine empty1 #a4 ,quick ,fire ,exercise1 #b4 ,one4 ,lower the forearm until it is nearly horizontal1 pistol pointing at the target1 #c4 ,two4 ,thrust the pistol forward to the position of aim1 snapping the pistol just before the arm reaches its full extension4 ,then look through sights to verify the pointing4 #d4 ,three4 ,return to ,raise ,pistol and cock the pistol4 ,in this exercise the soldier must keep his eyes fixed upon the mark4 ,he should constantly practice pointing the pistol until he acquires the ability to direct it on the mark in the briefest interval of time and practically without the aid of the sights4 ,in other words1 the pistol in this exercise is accurately pointed instead of accurately aimed4 ,in night firing pointing the pistol is the only method that can be used4 ,after careful practice in this exercise it is surprising what good results can be obtained at night4 ,this exercise should then be practiced from the position of the pistol in the holster instead of ,raise ,pistol4 ,,classes ,,of ,,fire3 #a4 ,,slow ,,fire4--,as described above4 ,target ,l or ,a or improvised target4 #b4 ,,quick ,,fire4--,being at ,raise ,pistol1 pistols locked1 at the command ,commence ,firing fire and return to ,raise ,pistol after each shot following the principles of ,quick ,fire ,exercise4 ,target ,e1 five yards apart1 one for each man firing4 ,this firing should be done by the numbers as described in ,quick ,fire ,exercise4 #c4 ,,automatic ,,fire 7,,target ,e74--,being at ,raise ,pistol1 pistols locked4 ,at the command ,commence ,firing empty the magazine in seven seconds1 keeping the arm extended4 ,target ,e1 #e yards apart1 one for each man firing4 #d4 ,,trench ,,fire 7,,target ,e74--,two lines of targets4 ,the first line is composed of ,f targets1 #e yards apart1 one figure for each man firing4 ,the second line is composed of two ,e figures1 one yard apart1 for each man firing1 placed in a trench immediately in rear of the figures of the first line4 ,this gives for each firer a group of three figures1 one placed on top at the near edge of the trench and the other two in the trench immediately in rear4 ,in case a trench is not available the rifle pit can be used4 ,a gutter1 sunken road1 embankment1 or hedge can be used for this purpose so long as trench fire is simulated4 ,illustration3 ,plate #e4 ,,trench ,,target ,,course ,,for ,,the ,,automatic ,,pistol4 ,the firing line advances at a walk from #ajj yards takes up a double time #ej yards from trench1 fires one shot at the double time when within ten yards of the first target continues to the trench and fires the remaining six shots1 automatic fire1 at the two targets in the trench in rear of the first line target4 ,,score 7,,target ,e1 ,,bobbing74--,a score will be seven shots4 ,targets will be marked after the men in the firing line have completed their scores4 ,all loading and firing should be done by command4 ,,course3 #a4 ,,slow ,,fire4--#aj yards4 ,minimum of one maximum of five scores4 #b4 ,,quick ,,fire4--#aj yards4 ,minimum of one maximum of three scores4 #c4 ,,automatic ,,fire4--#aj yards4 ,minimum of one maximum of three scores4 #d4 ,,trench ,,fire4--,minimum of one maximum of three scores4 ,bayonet ,training4 ,a4 ,,the ,,functions ,,of ,,bayonet ,,training ,,are3 #a4 ,to teach the correct use of the bayonet until it becomes instinctive4 #b4 ,to develop the fighting spirit4 #c4 ,to develop speed1 accuracy1 and cordination4 ,b4 ,,general ,,principles3 #a4 ,fencing1 in modern combat1 is out of the question4 ,almost every fight will consist of but one or two motions4 ,hence the class must be taught that the best defence is the quickest offensive4 #b4 ,every available means of offence1 with hands and feet as well as with rifle and bayonet1 is a part of bayonet training4 #c4 ,teamwork is essential4 ,men must be taught1 especially in the combat1 to exercise1 to seize every opportunity to act together4 #d4 ,personal control during combat1 especially at night1 will be nearly impossible4 ,control should be practiced1 therefore1 in the form of clear instructions delivered to the men before assault1 and fulfilled individually4 #e4 ,in every assault and combat exercise1 the men must be taught never to leave an enemy alive1 or who may be alive1 behind them4 ,c4 ,,technique ,,of ,,bayonet ,,combat3 #a4 ,the point is the main reliance4 ,its use should be practiced in every possible situation1 until a correct choice or combination of long point1 short point1 and jab1 and the execution thereof1 becomes a matter of instinct4 #b4 ,the point must always be directed at a definite target4 ,the most vulnerable points of the body are3 ,lower abdomen1 base of the neck1 small of the back 7on either side of the spine71 chest1 and thighs4 ,bony parts of the trunk must be avoided by accurate aim4 #c4 ,the use of the rifle as a club1 swinging or striking1 is valuable only3 a4 ,when the point is not available4 b4 ,in sudden encounters at close quarters1 when a sharp butt swing to the crotch may catch an opponent unguarded4 c4 ,after parrying a swinging butt blow1 when a butt strike to the jaw is often the quickest possible riposte4 ,the use of butt swings overhead or sidewise to the head or neck1 is to be avoided2 they are slow1 inaccurate1 easily parried or side-stepped1 and leave the whole body unguarded4 ,after every butt blow a thrust must immediately follow1 since no butt blow1 of itself1 is apt to be fatal4 #d4 ,the parries must be regarded and practiced chiefly as means of opening the opponent's guard2 hence1 a thrust must immediately follow each parry4 #e4 ,the foot movements shown in the old manual are useful only to promote quickness and steadiness4 ,they should1 therefore1 be practiced in combination with the points and butt blows1 and so combined can be executed in the oblique directions as well as at right angles4 ,the left foot moves in the direction of the thrust4 ,d4 ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,bayonet3 ,there are only #g exercises to learn in the new bayonet drill3 #a4 ,guard4--,point of the bayonet directed at the opponent's throat1 the rifle held easily and naturally with both hands1 barrel inclined slightly to the left1 right hand at the height of the navel and grasping the small of the stock1 left hand holding the rifle at a convenient position above the lower band1 so that the left arm is slightly bent1 making an angle of about #aej degrees4 ,the legs should be well separated and in an easy position4 ,lean forward1 on your toes1 left knee slightly bent1 right foot flat on the ground and turned to the right front4 ,remember in this position to have your eye on your opponent1 do not restrain your muscles1 keep them taut1 but flexible4 #b4 ,high ,port4--,the hands hold the rifle as in guard2 the left wrist level with1 and directly in front of the left shoulder2 the right hand above the right groin and on level with the navel4 ,remember that the barrel in this position is to the rear4 ,this position is assumed on the advance without command4 #c4 ,long ,point4--,being in the position of guard1 grasp the rifle firmly1 vigorously deliver the point to the full extent of the left arm1 butt along side and close to the right forearm2 body inclined forward2 left knee well bent1 right leg braced1 and weight of the body pressed well forward with the fore part of the right foot1 heel raised4 ,the right hand gives the power to the point1 while the left guides it4 ,if a point is made in the oblique direction the left foot should move in that direction4 ,this exercise is done in #c counts4 ,at #a the point is made2 at #b1 the withdrawal2 at #c1 resume the guard4 ,the withdrawal must be straight back1 and not with the downward motion1 until the right hand is well behind the hip4 #d4 ,right 7,left7 ,parry4--#a4 ,straighten the left arm1 without bending the wrist or twisting the rifle in the hand1 and force the rifle forward far enough to the right 7left7 to ward off the opponent's weapon1 #b4 ,resume guard4 ,remember to keep your eyes on the weapon to be parried4 #e4 ,short ,point4--#a4 ,shift the left hand quickly toward the muzzle and draw the rifle back to the full extent of the right arm1 butt either high or low as a low or high point is to be made4 #b4 ,deliver the point vigorously to the full extent of the left arm4 #c4 ,withdrawal4 #d4 ,resume the guard4 #f4 ,jab ,point4--#a4 ,shift the left hand quickly toward the muzzle1 draw the rifle back1 and shift the right hand up the rifle and grasp it above the rear sight1 at the same time bringing the rifle to an almost vertical position close to the body4 ,bend the knees4 #b4 ,straighten the knees1 jab the point of the bayonet upward into the throat or under the chin of the opponent--chiefly by a body movement4 #c4 ,withdrawal4 #d4 ,carry the rifle forward with the left hand1 grasping the small of the stock with the right4 #e4 ,resume guard4 ,remember in the first motion to have the hands at least #d inches apart4 #g4 ,butt swing--butt strike--out4--#a4 ,swing the butt up at the opponent's ribs1 forearms1 etc41 using a full arm blow1 bringing the rifle to a horizontal position over the left shoulder1 butt to the front4 #b4 ,advance the rear foot1 and dash the butt into the opponent's face4 #c4 ,advance the rear foot and at the same time slash the bayonet down on the opponent's head or neck4 #d4 ,resume the guard4 7,the easiest guard to a swing at the crotch is simply to get the left knee in the opponent's right47 ,e4 ,,progressive ,,exercises3 #a4 ,the class works in pairs with scabbards on bayonets4 ,one man alternately in each pair signals2 the other promptly executes the movement1 at the target1 designated by the signal4 ,the following signals are suggested3 ,the hand1 placed against the body1 indicates the target4 ,long point--,back of hand outward4 ,short point--,palm of hand outward4 ,jab point--,hand horizontal against chin1 palm down4 ,high port--,fist against left breast4 ,parry right 7left7--,hand waved to right 7left74 ,butt swing--,fist against crotch4 ,butt strike--,fist against jaw4 ,instead of signals1 thrusting sticks are then used4 ,these are strong wands having a padding of paper and burlap over one end and a rope ring tied to the other4 ,points and butt swings are executed at the padding and rings1 respectively1 as these are presented4 ,the man holding the stick must remember to stand to one side of the man with the bayonet4 #b4 ,,as ,,in ,,first ,,exercise4--,one man thrusts with a stick3 the other parries4 #c4 ,,thrusts ,,are ,,practiced ,,at ,,dummies1 first from a distance of five feet1 then by advancing two paces or more4 ,to simulate fighting conditions1 a frame is then arranged in which dummies are slung on ropes passed over pullies1 and so manipulated that as the man withdraws his bayonet from one dummy another swings at1 him from a different direction4 #d4 ,as ,,soon ,,as ,,proficiency ,,has ,,been ,,gained in the above exercises1 the assault practice is taken up4 a4 ,a course is laid out as follows3 7#a7 ,a fire trench about #fj yards long1 well revetted4 7#b7 #bj yards in front of the trench1 smooth wire entanglements4 7#c7 #ae yards further1 another trench1 parallel to the first1 #fj yards long1 #d feet deep and #d feet wide4 ,in this trench prone dummies are placed1 one per yard4 7#d7 #ae yards further1 #fj dummies1 hung on frames1 parallel to the trenches4 7#e7 #ae yards further1 a hurdle #d feet high and #fj yards long1 parallel to the trenches4 7#f7 #aj yards further1 a low trip wire1 stretched parallel to the trenches4 7#g7 #aj yards further1 #fj dummies1 hung on frames1 parallel to the trenches4 7#h7 #ae yards further1 a large trench1 #fj yards long1 #f feet deep1 #aj feet wide1 containing #fj prone dummies1 #a per yard4 b4 ,procedure3 ,each platoon1 in turn1 enters the first trench at skirmish intervals1 bayonets fixed4 ,on signal1 all move out at a walk1 guiding carefully in line on a leader previously designated4 ,after passing each obstacle1 the line is again carefully formed4 ,on each of the swinging dummies one of the seven movements of the manual is used2 a long or short point is used on each prone dummy4 ,all go down into the last trench together1 with a good loud yell1 point of the bayonet level with the toe1 and land on the dummies in the bottom1 stabbing as they land4 ,this course should be repeated several times at quick time1 then at double time1 and finally at a run4 ,remember that in the advance the rifle is carried at high port4 #e4 ,,combat ,,exercises 7to be used in conjunction with the assault practice73 a4 ,equipment for each man3 ,thrusting stick or other wooden rod with wooden ball or thick padding covering one end4 7,old rifles with spring-bayonets are even better47 ,plastron4 ,baseball mask4 ,pair of broadsword or single stick gloves4 b4 ,procedure3 ,the class is formed in two lines of about equal numbers1 facing each other1 about fifty paces apart1 with intervals in each line of about two paces4 ,a leader is designated for each line4 ,the instructor stands at one end of the space between2 an assistant at the other end4 ,on the instructor's whistle1 the lines advance1 guiding carefully on their leaders4 ,when about ten paces apart1 they charge1 each seeking to break and roll up the opposing line4 ,sticks are carried and used as rifles with bayonets fixed4 ,any other use disqualifies4 ,use of the butt is barred4 ,one thrust on the plastron or mask1 or two hits on the extremities1 disables the recipient1 who must promptly retire--or be retired4 ,the combat continues until the second whistle1 blown not more than #cj seconds after contact2 when they cease fighting promptly1 separate1 and form as before4 c4 ,criticism3 ,after each combat1 the instructor will criticize the manner of advance and of fighting1 especially the alignment kept in the advance and the team work in combat1 and the advantage taken of opponents' mistakes4 ,he counts the casualties and awards the decision4 ,he must continually urge the men never to lag behind nor advance ahead of the line1 never to allow large gaps to occur in the line1 and always to seize the advantage given by opponents who disregard these principles4 d4 ,the terrain for this exercise should be frequently varied4 ,it may also be conducted at night1 the opposing sides being clearly distinguished4,q ,footnote ,q3 ,the last exercise was devised and perfected by ,m4 ,jules ,leslabay1 ,master of ,fencing1 ,harvard ,r4,o4,t4,c41 #aiag4 ,it is more completely described in his ,manual of ,bayonet ,training4 ,machine ,guns4 #a4 ,properties of the machine guns are divided into three general classes3 ,mode of action1 fire1 and inconspicuousness4 7a7 ,,the ,,mode ,,of ,,action4--,the machine gun acting only by its fire can prepare an attack or repulse an offensive movement1 but it does not conquer ground4 ,the latter role is almost exclusively that of infantry which is fitted for crossing all obstacles4 ,when it will suffice to act by fire1 employ the machine gun in preference to infantry1 preserving the latter for the combined action of movement and fire4 ,by the employment of the machine gun economize infantry1 reserving a more considerable portion of it for manoeuvre purposes4 7b7 ,,fire4--,machine gun fire produces a sheath1 dense1 deep but narrow4 ,the increase of the width of the sweeping fire gives to the sheath a greater breadth1 but when the density becomes insufficient1 the effect produced is very weak4 ,machine gun fire will have its maximum power upon an objective of narrow front and great depth4 ,with the infantry fighting normally in thin lines the preceding conditions will generally only be realized when these lines are taken in the flank4 ,the fire of the machine gun parallel to the probable front of the enemy--a flanking fire--must therefore be the rule4 ,the fire perpendicular to the front will be employed generally on certain necessary points of passage as1 bridges1 roads1 defiles1 cuts1 roadways1 communicating trenches1 etc41 where the enemy is generally forced to take a deep formation with a narrow front1 or where he is in massed formation4 7c7 ,,inconspicuousness4--,by reason of its small strength the machine gun section can utilize the smallest cover1 and can consequently hide from the enemy2 the machine gun therefore1 more than the infantry1 has the chance to act by surprise4 ,the opening of the fire by surprise will be the rule2 the machine gun will avoid revealing itself upon objectives not worth the trouble4 ,flank action and surprise are the two conditions to try for under all circumstances4 #b4 ,,offensive ,,reinforcement ,,of ,a ,,front ,,momentarily ,,stationary4--,the machine guns assisted by small elements of infantry cover thoroughly the getting in hand of the main body1 the machine guns presenting to the enemy a line of little vulnerability4 ,the machine guns assist in securing the possession of the ground previously taken1 and will permit time to prepare for the resumption of the forward movement4 ,preparation of the attack--machine gun fire completes the preparation done by the artillery1 either by acting on the personnel or by opening breaches in the accessary defenses4 ,at times the machine guns alone may be charged with the preparation of the attack where it is necessary to act very quickly as in pursuit1 exploitation of a success4 ,whatever the situation1 concentrate the machine gun fire on one or several points4 ,machine guns cover the flanks of attacking troops4 ,they follow the advance of these troops remaining on the flanks1 so as to be able to fire instantly on all points from which an attack might come4 ,machine guns will likewise be employed in intervals created intentionally or accidentally between units4 ,it is here a powerful weapon which can rapidly be put into action by the ,commander4 ,the personnel and material must be protected as far as possible from the effects of fire4 #c4 ,,defensive4--,it is here that the flanking fire is especially necessary4 ,in the defensive preparation of a position the machine guns must be so placed that they will provide along the front several successive fire barriers4 ,the machine guns must be ready at all times to stop by instantaneous fire all hostile attack4 ,in order to have machine gun protection at all1 it is absolutely necessary that they be protected from bombardment4 ,this is best done by the following3 ,place the machine guns under solid cover2 make their emplacement invisible2 echelon the machine guns in depth4 ,the cover must be placed where it can be hidden from the sight of the enemy1 such as a counter slope1 a position where it is impossible to blend it1 relief with an accentuated slope of the ground1 woods1 brush1 etc4 ,it is essential that the principal parts of the machine gun casemate be prepared in the rear4 ,only in this manner will the work be done solidly and rapidly4 ,while the machine gunners and helpers do the excavating1 specialists in rear prepare the parts for assembling4 ,the latter are then transported to the position and1 the casemate is established1 hiding the work with the greatest care from enemy observation4 ,remember that it is of the utmost importance that the machine gun be invisible1 so the firing emplacements must be made outside of the shelter1 but near enough for the gun to be brought out instantly and put into action4 ,all communicating trenches leading to the firing emplacement must be concealed4 ,enough emplacements should be built to avoid firing daily from the emplacements especially reserved for cases of attack4 ,do not place too many machine guns in the first line2 in case of a violent bombardment they are sure to be destroyed4 ,the object to be attained is to install the machine guns in conditions such that if the enemy penetrates our first line1 by aid of his bombardment or asphyxiating gas1 his infantry1 as it advances1 comes under the fire of machine guns echeloned previously in depth1 under whose fire it must stop4 ,it is not a matter of sweeping a wide sector1 but of giving over certain strips of ground flanking fire which will cut down surely the enemy's waves when they push forward4 ,the commander should1 therefore1 divide between the first line and the terrain in rear1 the machine guns which he controls1 organizing for each particular case a firing emplacement in accord with the surrounding ground and the purpose in view4 ,,general ,,rules ,,for ,,installation4 ,machine gunners must under no circumstances abandon their positions4 ,they must1 when necessary1 allow themselves to be surrounded and defend themselves in their place to the end4 ,in many cases the heroism and tenacity of a few machine gunners have permitted the rapid retaking of a lost position4 ,to provide for this resistance to a finish1 the machine gun emplacements must fulfil the following conditions3 #a4 ,be surrounded by a wire entanglement of irregular trace and as invisible as possible4 #b4 ,in the enclosure thus created having several firing emplacements1 in case one or more becomes useless4 #c4 ,the personnel must have all the means for protection against gas and have in addition rations1 water and abundant ammunition4 ,,employment ,,of ,,fire ,,and ,,instruction4 ,the more grazing the fire of a machine gun the more effective it is4 ,this causes the principal employment of the machine gun to be at distances where the trajectory is flattest1 that is under #hjj or #a1jjj yards4 ,however1 the effort to obtain a grazing fire must not exclude long distance fire4 ,this latter will always be justified when directed upon important objectives1 or necessary points of passage4 ,for this fire to have some efficacy1 it is necessary to calculate the range with the greatest precision4 ,on the defensive indirect fire will be employed sometimes to annoy the supply1 reliefs1 etc4 ,to give results1 great quantities of ammunition will have to be expended4 ,all of the officers and non-commissioned officers and as many men as possible must be capable of firing the machine gun1 so that at the time of an attack no gun will remain idle for want of personnel4 ,it is1 moreover1 essential to keep up the training of the personnel by having them fire at least twice a month1 and1 if possible1 once a week4 ,,resume4 ,machine guns must be utilized in the greatest measure in order to economize the infantry4 ,seek to employ them always in a1 flank fire4 ,conceal them so as to get surprise fire4 ,echelon them and shelter them so as to avoid their premature destruction4 ,,points ,,before ,,firing4 #a4 ,thoroughly overhaul the gun to see that no part is deficient1 and that the mechanism works freely4 #b4 ,see that the barrel is clean and dry4 #c4 ,see that the barrel mouthpiece is tight4 #d4 ,see that small hole in gas regulator is to the rear4 #e4 ,thoroughly oil all working parts1 especially the cam slot and exterior of the bolt1 and the striker post and piston4 #f4 ,weigh and adjust the mainspring4 #g4 ,see that the mounting is firm4 #h4 ,examine the magazines and ammunition4 #i4 ,see that the spare parts and oil reserve are handy4 ,,points ,,during ,,firing #a4 ,during a temporary cessation of fire1 re-oil all working parts4 #b4 ,replace a partly emptied magazine with a full one4 #c4 ,examine the mounting to see that it is firm4 #d4 ,see that empty magazines are refilled without delay4 ,,points ,,after ,,firing4 #a4 ,unload4 #b4 ,oil the bore and chamber1 piston rod and gas cylinder4 #c4 ,sort out live rounds from empty cases4 #d4 ,see that mainspring is eased4 #e4 ,thoroughly clean and oil the gun on returning to quarters4 ,clean the bore daily for several days4 ,it is of the greatest importance that the points before1 during1 and after firing1 should be carefully attended to as otherwise the number of stoppages will be unnecessarily increased4 ,nine out of ten stoppages are due to want of care4 ,immediate action must become instinctive and automatic4 ,grenade ,instruction4 ,,introduction4--,war1 as it is being fought on the western front1 has brought to light many new weapons2 but no other weapon that this struggle has brought forth exceeds the grenade in importance4 ,it is not a new weapon1 but its present importance is entirely new4 ,its extensive use has grown out of conditions on the western front2 conditions which have never been seen previous to this war4 ,the fact that armies have taken to digging themselves in has necessitated the use of some other weapon than the rifle4 ,the rifle with its flat trajectory is of little use against an enemy who is completely hidden from view and who can go on existing under ground4 ,hence the reversion to the ancient grenade--but with all its modern improvements4 ,the grenade has shown itself to be the weapon that can solve the problem of seeking out an enemy who is under ground2 its trajectory is high and its fire is plunging1 so that it can be thrown from a place of concealment and protection and into a place equally well concealed from ordinary view4 ,the importance of the grenade may be judged from its extensive use by both the ,allies and the ,germans2 and also by the formations now adopted by both ,british and ,french armies for the purpose of exploiting its use4 ,in a ,british ,battalion the normal percentage of expert bombers is #be4 ,in the ,french ,company #cf per cent of the men are devoted to grenade work4 ,a grenade has been defined as a slow moving1 high trajectory missile containing high explosive and exploding by contact or time fuse4 ,grenades may be divided roughly into two classes--#a1 hand grenades1 and #b1 rifle grenades1 and each of these classes may be subdivided as regards means of explosion1 into #a1 time fuse1 or #b1 percussion grenades4 ,among the time-fuse hand grenades may be mentioned the ,mills ,no4 #e1 ,stokes bomb1 smoke bombs1 fumite bombs1 etc4 ,the ,mills is easily the most important and has come to be the standard adopted by the ,allies4 ,the percussion grenade is little used--the most important among those of this type is the so-called mushroom1 named from its shape4 ,chief among the rifle grenades may be mentioned the ,mills ,no4 #bc1 the ,hale ,no4 #c and the ,newton ,no4 #bd4 ,just as the ,mills hand grenade has become the standard1 so has the ,mills rifle grenade attained that pre-eminence4 ,a more detailed description of the various sorts of grenades cannot be attempted in this brief space2 but one or two diagrams at the close of the chapter may serve to clarify the subject to some extent4 ,any course in grenade training should have a three-fold purpose3 #ast4 ,to give the individual a practical knowledge of the working of the grenades in use4 #bnd4 ,to teach him how to throw them4 #crd4 ,to make him acquainted with the general principles of organization and the execution of a grenade attack1 either as a separate operation or as a part of a general attack4 ,the time spent on any such course of training is a matter to be settled in the light of local considerations2 but for purposes of preliminary training of a great number of men a period of two weeks is usually sufficient1 with time allotted according to some such plan as this3 7#a7 #aj separate half-hour sessions of practice in throwing from various positions and at the various targets2 7#b7 #b hours of study and a like amount of time spent in a conference for the purpose of clearing up matters that are hazy4 ,in this brief time 7only #i hours7 the foundation may be laid for a more thorough training of the specialists later on4 ,in any such course the use of dummy grenades should always precede the use of any live ones2 and men should be taught caution above all other things4 ,this is a point easily lost sight of when men are using only dummies2 but it is well worth remembering1 for obvious reasons4 ,,first3 ,,giving ,,the ,,individual ,a ,,practical ,,knowledge ,,of ,,the ,,working ,,of ,,the ,,grenades ,,in ,,use4--,the differences in the construction and the uses of hand and rifle grenades should be brought out clearly4 ,the various sorts of grenades should be explained and men should not forget the importance of knowing the grenades of the enemy as well as our own4 ,this knowledge may one day prove of no little importance4 ,as has already been stated1 the ,mills ,no4 #e is the standard among hand grenades of the ,allies4 ,it conforms to the general description of hand grenades2 i4e41 it is an egg-shaped projectile1 more or less hollow1 and loaded with a charge of explosive4 ,besides this it has an apparatus for setting off the bursting charge4 ,it weighs #a pound #e ounces approximately1 and #d ounces of this is high explosive4 ,the shell being of serrated cast-iron1 an explosion will scatter a sort of shrapnel over an area equal to three times the height4 ,no more need be said of the effectiveness of such a weapon4 ,among rifle grenades the ,mills is also the standard more or less1 although the ,french make great use of a rifle grenade that fits over the muzzle of the rifle1 fired by ball cartridge1 in contrast to the ,mills ,no4 #bc1 which has a rod running down the barrel of the rifle and which is propelled by the explosion of a blank cartridge4 ,the maximum range of this grenade with a #e-a_/b-;inch stem is #abj yards1 the gun being fired at an angle of #de degrees4 ,the ,newton ,improved 7a rifle grenade which explodes on contact7 has a range of #bej yards2 the ,hale ,no4 #c also explodes on contact and has a range of #bjj-bbe yards4 ,illustration3 ,plate #g ,,second3 ,,instruction ,,in ,,throwing4--,as previously stated the use of dummy grenades should precede the use of any live ones4 ,due precautions should be taken at all times1 even when working with dummy grenades1 for a habit of carelessness is not to be tolerated with this sort of weapon4 ,men should be instructed to throw from standing1 kneeling and prone positions2 although this last-named position is little used4 ,distance is important but ,,accuracy ,,is ,,essential4 ,men should always be taught to throw at a definite target1 even when throwing in the open during preliminary work4 ,the men may work in groups1 one group throwing and the other returning4 ,this method keeps all hands occupied and furnishes a medium for a little competition1 which is a very helpful thing in training of this sort4 ,a manual of the following sort may be of use in acquiring the proper sort of throw4 #a4 ,pick up the grenade with the left hand4 #b4 ,prepare to throw--face to the right and transfer the grenade to the right hand4 #c4 ,take aim--left hand and arm extended up and straight toward the target1 right hand and arm behind the thrower in the same plane as the left4 #d4 ,withdraw pin with left hand4 #e4 ,throw--use a straight overhead motion and do not bend the arm at the elbow4 ,it is not a baseball throw4 ,the tendency for most of us ,americans is to follow a perfectly natural habit--try to use the baseball throw4 ,this is to be discouraged for several reasons1 the chief one being that the grenade weighs about a pound and a half1 whereas our baseball weighs only a third of this amount4 ,then1 too1 it often happens in the trenches that a grenade duel will last for hours4 ,under such circumstances the last grenade may decide the issue and endurance will be a mighty telling factor4 ,hence1 the insistence upon the overhead throw4 ,the preliminary throwing should take place in the open but always with a definite target1 an outline of a section of trench being the best sort of target4 ,another excellent idea is to have a target arranged according to the diagram shown herewith and to keep score4 ,this procedure will also add incentive for competition and will produce results4 ,after men have thrown in the open for a sufficient period1 they should proceed to the next stage3 ,this is the stage of throwing in a cage or from behind and over obstacles4 ,there are three distinct phases of this feature of the training3 7#a47 ,the thrower sees the target but must throw over an obstacle4 7#b47 ,the target is invisible2 the thrower is aided by an observer and a periscope2 the observer notes the fall of the grenades and gives directions as follows--,so many yards right or left or ,shorten or lengthen so many yards4 7#c47 ,actual throwing in trenches4 ,this stage immediately precedes that of working up a trench4 ,,third3 ,,instruction ,,in ,,grenade ,,organization4--,men should be given a certain amount of theoretical instruction as to the composition of the armies now on the western front2 this in order that they may see the part that grenadiers and bombers are playing in the struggle4 ,they should be shown the organization of the ,british ,infantry and how the first section of each platoon is composed exclusively of bombers and--rifle grenadiers2 they should also be taught how the bombers and grenadiers are concentrated in the ,french organization4 ,the typical bombing squad consists of #g or #h men and a leader who take positions as follows3 #a and #b1 bayonet men2 #c1 first thrower2 #d1 first carrier2 #e1 leader2 #f1 rifle bomber2 #g1 second thrower2 #h1 second carrier2 #i1 rifle bomber4 ,one of these bayonet men may be reserved to act as a sniper4 ,the leader acts as an observer and directs the work of the bombers4 ,the rifle bombers outrange the hostile bombers and also afford protection on the flanks4 ,every man must be taught his job and must be thoroughly instructed in the work of the squad as a whole in order that each man may be able to fill any position and that there may be perfect teamwork4 ,illustration3 ,plate #h ,,points ,,to ,,remember4 #a4 ,men should always have a definite target for their throwing--an outline of a trench is usually to be preferred4 #b4 ,caution in handling grenades should be made a habit4 #c4 ,accuracy is essential4 #d4 ,training should be progressive1 both for men and organizations4 #e4 ,keep up competition among the men2 rivalry will increase practice and men will throw grenades for recreation4 ,this will get results4 ,let two men throw at each other4 ,a good shot will make the other man move4 #f4 ,insist upon the straight overhead throw4 ,it is less tiresome and when developed properly will give equal accuracy with any other method4 #g4 ,teamwork in a bombing squad is essential4 #h4 ,under new methods of warfare every infantryman is a bomber2 but specialists must be trained4 #i4 ,officer must be a real leader and the best fighter in his platoon4 #aj4 ,qualification tests should be arranged and the better qualified men taken for special training in this art4 ,,chapter #e4 ,map ,sketching4 ,map sketching is an important factor in trench warfare to-day as it is in a war of movement4 ,a fairly accurate map will indicate more than many words and in much less time4 ,time is the great factor in war4 ,instruction must also be rapid4 ,here are ten lessons which would occupy a week if taken morning and afternoon4 ,the aim of the instruction as in company rifle shooting is to train many men to do a satisfactory job1 not to make a few finished topographers4 ,neatness1 accuracy and initiative are cardinal points4 ,for the instructor1 reference should be made to ,grieves' ,military ,sketching and ,map ,reading1 #bnd edition1 if he desires to supplement any points given here4 ,,lesson #a4 7,,class ,,room--,,four ,,hours47 ,problem--,map ,reading4 ,study the conventional signs found in the ,manual for ,non-commissioned ,officers and ,privates of ,infantry of the ,army of the ,u4,s41 #aiag1 page #bgc1 or in ,grieves1 pages #bh-ce4 ,these conventional signs are not universal and must be used only as indications of the general practice4 ,in map sketching in the field few conventional signs are used1 and the items of importance are written on the map1 such as ,,woods1 ,,cultivated1 ,,hedge1 ,,swamp1 etc4 ,,taking ,,up ,,map ,,scales4--,there are three ways of indicating the relation between the actual distance on the ground and the space the same distance occupies on the map3 #a4 ,the graphic scale is a straight line divided into units1 as miles1 yards1 feet or meters1 which represents the actual ground distance4 ,thus if #f #a mile the line would be six inches long and marked at one end and #a mile at the other1 three inches being marked #a_/b mile1 etc4 ,it is important to always have this graphic scale on a map so that if the paper gets wet or is stretched from its original size the scale will change in the same proportion4 #b4 ,a ,statement in words or figures1 e4g41 #c inches equal one mile1 meaning that #c inches measured anywhere on the map represent #a mile on the actual ground4 #c4 ,the ,representative ,fraction 7generally known abbreviated as ,r4,f47 having a number above the line that shows the unit length on the map and below the line the number of units which are in the corresponding actual ground distance4 ,for example1 if #a #a mile1 then the ,r4,f4 is3 #a 7map distance7 ----------------------------------- #fc1cfj 7#a mile--ground distance7 if #c #a mile the ,r4,f4 is3 #c 7map distance7 #a ----------------------------------- or ------- #fc1cfj 7#a mile--ground distance7 #baabj if #f #a mile3 #f #a -------- or ------- #fccfj #ajefj if #ab #a mile3 #ab #a --------- or ------ #fccfj #ebhj ,in reading a map one must know the scale and also where the ,north is4 ,this is always indicated by an arrow pointing either to the magnetic ,north or the true ,north4 ,if to the magnetic ,north the needle will have but one barb away from the true ,north4 ,the angle between the magnetic and the true ,north is the declination4 ,placing the map in proper relation to the ground so that points of the compass coincide on map and ground is called orienting the map4 ,in map work there is one vital point to remember2 practically all the ground surface is in its present form as a result of water action #a4 ,look for the water courses1 that is the drainage system4 ,it will give the general slope of the land4 #b4 ,look for the high points between the water courses1 remembering that there is always a valley then a hill then a valley again continued in succession4 #c4 ,finally locate towns1 railroads1 main highways and work down to the minor details4 ,in measuring a map to get the actual distances on the ground1 copy the graphic scale on any piece of paper and apply this directly or if your distances exceed your scale use the edge of a piece of paper and then apply it to the graphical scale on the map4 ,,lesson #b4 7,,field ,,work--,,five ,,hours47 ,problem--,stride ,scale ,map ,making4 ,producing a map from the actual ground requires certain instruments4 ,the second lesson takes up the preparation of the stride scale on the alidade and the different kinds of maps1 made in military sketching4 ,the alidade is a triangular ruler with one or more working scales on it beside other measurements4 ,the working scale is1 for infantry1 the stride or the space of ground covered from left foot to left foot again in walking1 reduced to the proper map distance4 ,this varies with individuals of course4 ,any scale of units1 however1 can be used as1 horse trot1 telegraph poles1 etc4 ,the working scale for each man is made by having him step off a measured course1 say #ddj yards4 ,the ground should not be too even as a general average is needed1 moreover the pace must be the natural gait of the individual under ordinary circumstances4 ,let him count the course three times then average the three results for the final estimate4 ,now to convert this into a working scale for the alidade made on a scale of six inches to the mile2 take the case of a man who takes #bbj strides in #ddj yards3 #ddj yards #ae1hdj inches #ae1hdj #bbj #gb1 or his stride in inches then #hhj strides #a mile or #f on the scale4 ,it is better to have a scale of #a1jjj strides which is easily done by the proportion3 #a1jjj sts4 3 #hhj sts4 3 3 x 3 #f x #f4h now draw a line #f4h inches long and a diagonal line from it2 divide this diagonal line into #aj equal parts for each #ajj paces at any convenient scale and draw a line from the end of the tenth part to the end of the #f4h inches line2 draw lines parallel to this line from each of the divisions4 ,the #f4h line is then divided into #aj equal parts2 each of these parts may be divided in the same manner into tenths4 ,your scale is ready to be pasted or transferred to the alidade and each #f4h4 inches on the map will equal #a1jjj of your strides on the ground1 or about #a-a_/ab miles 7#b1jjj yards74 ,there are two general classes of sketches3 #a4 ,,road ,,sketch4--,a traverse 7passing over7 made along a definite rout showing all features of military importance for a distance of #bjj or #cjj yards on each side of the road4 ,a road sketch is always made on a scale of #c inches to #a mile4 #b4 ,,area ,,sketch4--,a map of a definite locality4 ,there are #c kinds of area sketches according to opportunity for observation3 7a7 ,position ,sketch--when access may be had to the whole area4 7b7 ,outpost ,sketch--where part of the ground must be mapped without passing over it4 ,this form is applicable particularly to trench warfare4 ,intersection and resection are used to locate points within the enemy's lines4 7c7 ,place ,sketch--when sketch must be made from one point1 as when the proximity of the enemy would prevent any movement2 as from trench observation stations1 etc42 also an elaboration of the landscape or horizon sketch which is used everywhere in the trenches today4 ,from one point an actual outline of the opposite trench and background is made in perspective1 reference points on the horizon being marked on the edge of a pad at arm's length4 ,these marks are then prolonged on the paper and the horizon is sketched4 ,in like manner the middle distance and the foreground come under observation and are put on in one below the other4 ,time must be allowed the men to make their stride scales and to paste or transfer them to their alidades4 ,illustration3 ,plate #i ,,lesson #c4 7,,field ,,work--,,five ,,hours47 ,the problem is to make a ,position ,sketch about one mile square closing the traverse4 ,first considering the sketch board1 compass1 pencils1 etc42 next the orienting1 sighting and pacing2 finally the uses of intersection and resection and in making allowance for error4 ,the sketch board should be about #ab to #ah inches square1 being used with or without a tripod4 ,a cheap camera tripod is excellent4 ,the board should have a compass attached so that it will remain in the same relative position on the board4 ,if iron thumb tacks are used avoid getting them too near the compass4 ,a hard pencil must be used to obtain good results4 ,the paper must be smooth and where possible covered with another sheet fastened on but one side which will readily fold back when one desires to work on the sketch4 ,by always placing the board so that the compass reads ,north it will be oriented correctly4 ,care must be used when near electric wires or masses of metal as automobiles1 railroad tracks1 etc41 which will attract the needle from its true azimuth 7,n4 and ,s4 direction7 and thus throw off the whole map4 ,in such cases it is far better to back sight and use the compass only at intervals to verify the sights4 ,this brings up the matter of sighting4 ,it is important to make long shots thus reducing the amount of individual error4 ,in taking a sighting point make sure it can be recognized when reached and make sure to look at the reverse side in order to recognize it in case of back sighting if necessary4 ,always carry several large-headed pins using one at your present station and resting the side of the alidade against it1 swinging the other end for sighting4 ,after sighting and lining the sight on your sketch1 step off evenly to pace the distance4 ,time is always a factor in military mapping and where possible make mental notes as you go along as to where roads or other important features are located1 so that you can place them in their proper place on the map when you have reached the next station4 ,it is well always to set a good pace for here time can be readily saved4 ,making an intersection is very simple4 ,for as the sketcher moves along he ties his map together by sighting at any prominent object near his area1 running these lines very lightly and only where he assumes the points to lie on his map4 ,an abbreviation on the line or a number referring to a list off to one side will answer to recall the object4 ,at any other station where the same point can be seen a similar line is drawn and where the two lines cross will be the location of the object4 ,in the case of three lines not crossing at the same point take the middle of the triangle so formed4 ,resection is just the reverse of this process4 ,the mapper wants to know where he is located on the map4 ,if he is properly oriented and can aim at two points on the ground which he has located on the map1 he places a pin at one of these locations on the map and aims with the alidade at the object on the ground drawing a line towards himself2 this is repeated with the other known point and where the two lines cross on the map will be the point he is standing at4 ,in intersection the greatest accuracy is obtained by running the rays so as to meet as nearly as possible at right angles4 ,in running a traverse the sketcher must expect to find some error at his closing point4 ,this error must be distributed over the whole traverse so as not to have all the error concentrated at one point4 ,,lesson #d4 7,,field ,,work--,,four ,,hours47 ,,problem4--,make a simple sketch1 containing topographical details using the traverse made during the preceding lesson4 ,use of conventional signs should be emphasized and the appreciation of features of military importance impressed4 ,a tendency is to put in details to a point of confusion4 ,judgment must be developed to choose telling points4 ,a sharp pencil is always needed in sketching2 in putting in the topographical details special attention must be given to the pencil4 ,keep the point sharp and make clear1 distinct signs4 ,,lesson #e4 7,,class ,,room--,,four ,,hours47 ,,problem4--,contours1 the ,vertical ,interval1 ,use of the ,slope ,board1 ,map ,distance1 ,visibility and ,profiles4 ,a contour is an imaginary line on the surface of the earth all points of which have the same elevation from a base or datum level1 sea level usually being this base4 ,slice an apple into pieces #a_/b-;inch thick2 where the cuts come may represent the contour lines4 ,take these individual slices1 beginning at the bottom and outline them on a sheet of paper with a pencil 7having run a nail through the apple first to keep each piece in place74 ,the resulting circles will represent the apple's outline at #a_/b-;inch intervals4 ,contours are always at equal elevations from each other1 and the ,vertical ,interval 7known by the abbreviation ,v4,i47 is the measure between successive contour lines4 ,in military maps the ,v4,i4 is always the same for each map scale3 #a inch to the mile1 the ,v4,i4 is #fj feet4 #c inch to the mile1 the ,v4,i4 is #bj feet4 #f inch to the mile1 the ,v4,i4 is #aj feet4 #ab inch to the mile1 the ,v4,i4 is #e feet4 ,note that the ,v4,i4 changes in proportion to the scale1 a map on a #c inch to the mile scale is #c times as large as one on a scale of #a inch to the mile1 while the ,v4,i4 is #a_/c as great1 hence the former shows #c times as many contours as the latter4 ,map ,distance means the horizontal distance between two contour lines on a map and indicates a certain degree of slope4 ,as the scale increases the ,v4,i4 decreases in proportion and the ,m4,d4 therefore remains the same for the same degree of slope whatever the scale of the map4 ,by computation we find that a one degree slope rises one foot for every #eg4c feet horizontal distance1 so a one degree slope would have a #bj foot rise in #a1adf feet horizontal distance1 this distance equals 4#fe of an inch on the map if the scale is #c to #a mile4 ,the term ,map ,distance is also loosely used to denote distance between points as measured on the map4 ,care should be taken to distinguish between these two meanings4 ,distances between contours1 scale #c to #a mile3 #a_/b slope #a4c1 #a slope 4#fe1 #b slope 4#cb1 #c slope 4#bb4 ,these distances are already on the alidade and if you get a slope of #b with the slope board and have the distance from your station on the map to the point of aim either by pacing1 intersection or resection1 apply the ,m4,d4 scale as many times as it will go4 ,this will give the number of contour lines crossing the traverse and the difference in elevation4 ,the spacing of the contours may not be even between your station and the point of aim in which case the position of the contours must be estimated by eye4 ,if your elevation above the datum or sea level is unknown at the start assume any elevation which is great enough to put the datum lower than the lowest spot of the area to be sketched4 ,the sketching board is easily made to serve as a slope board in this manner4 ,hang a plumb bob about an inch below the center of a straight edge of the board while pointing at the horizon1 using the back of the board4 ,mark a point #e4g directly below and draw a semicircle through it with the same radius4 ,now mark the point below the center zero and from it divide the arc using chords one tenth of an inch long4 ,this will give a scale reading in degrees4 ,by sighting along the top of the board at some object at the height of the eye from the ground the degree of slope is shown by the plumb bob on the scale below4 ,care must be exercised to prevent the wind from disturbing the reading4 ,a protractor may be used in the same manner by sighting along the top and using a plumb bob to record the angle4 ,in reading maps it is important to know whether points are visible from each other due to intervening ridges or other topographical features4 ,this can be told by laying off accurately the distance on the map between the points in question and using as datum the lowest of the #c points1 then draw vertical lines1 from the #b higher points1 making them in proportion to their elevation with any convenient scale4 ,draw a line between the first and last points and1 if the intervening vertical cuts this line the second point is not visible from the first4 ,take for example1 two points ,a and ,b1 #a1gfj yards apart1 by the map1 ,a #ejj feet and ,b #dej feet above sea level1 the intervening point ,c is #dge feet above sea level and #ejj yards from ,b4 ,as ,b is the lowest we will call its elevation zero or at datum1 then elevation of ,a is #ej feet and ,c #be feet4 ,illustration3 ,plate #aj ,another method of deciding visibility is by proportion4 ,measure the distance between the three points ,a1 ,b1 and ,c1 and obtain their elevations above the datum 7lowest of the #c7 and using similar triangles4 ,take the same case as above1 letting ,x represent the point above which the view is clear at #a1bfj yards from point ,a1 the line of sight passes through this point4 #agfj 7,a--,b7 3 #ejj 7,b--,c7 3 3 #ej 7elev4 ,a7 3 ,x solving1 ,x #ad4b ,now1 since the ground at point ,c is #be feet above the base and the line of sight passes within #ad4b feet of the base at this place1 an observer at ,a is unable to see ,b4 ,the matter of profiling is very simple4 ,merely mark where the contours cut the edge of a piece of co-ordinate paper and extend the proper elevations1 then pass a line through these points1 remembering that the surface of the ground has a natural curve4 ,,lesson #f4 7,,field ,,work--,,five ,,hours47 ,,problem4--,by use of the slope scale on the sketch board and the contour interval scale on the alidade1 each man will secure vertical data on the flat sketch made in the fourth lesson4 ,certain critical elevations will be determined and marked with red flags before hand4 ,the elevations of two points on the ground will be furnished1 one as the datum and the other as a check4 ,draw in contours of this sketch with the help of drainage lines and elevations already secured4 ,the chief points to be considered are to take slopes from points established on the sketch2 to take several sights and average the angle of slope2 to properly lay off the elevation by using the slope scale on the alidade2 and finally to put in the contours along these lines of sight on the spot thus allowing for difference in topography between the point of sight and the station from which the elevation is taken4 ,careful note must be made of the drainage systems as these are the keynotes to the sketch and finally the contours are connected together1 keeping in mind always that no contour stops unless it makes a closed curve or goes off the map4 ,remember also that contours make fingers pointing up stream and are blunt around hill sides4 ,contours cross streams to opposite points and break at roads1 continuing on the other side4 ,uniform slopes have equally-spaced contours4 ,do not try to measure every slope1 two intersecting elevation sights on a hill will check the height4 ,put the intervening contours in by eye4 ,,lesson #g4 7,,classroom--,,four ,,hours47 ,,problem4--,completing the map sketch previously made and making a landscape sketch4 ,it is important to complete a map and no matter how good it is1 if certain points are omitted1 the value of the work is very much decreased4 ,the sketcher must clear the sketch of all unnecessary lines and notes and make his lettering clear on the map4 ,be sure that the following items are on the sketch before it is turned in4 #a4 ,location of the ground shown4 #b4 ,line of magnetic north shown by an arrow1 and if declination is known1 the true north also4 #c4 ,graphic scale and representative fraction--,r4,f4 #d4 ,vertical interval--,v4,i4 #e4 ,sketcher's name and organization to which he belongs4 #f4 ,date4 ,a landscape sketch is a place sketched with details shown in perspective4 ,the horizon is always of military importance and should be shown as well as intervening crests1 woods1 houses1 etc4 ,landscape sketching in trench warfare is a necessary accomplishment of the observer4 ,the beginner will at first be confused by a mass of details1 but he must note only the outline of the features sketched4 ,first draw the sky line and crests1 then fill in the other details with fewest lines possible4 ,unnecessary shading tends to detract from the clearness of the sketch4 ,there will be great difficulty in getting the perspective1 note the size of objects1 the further away they are the smaller they seem4 ,make them so4 ,in making the sketch1 hold the pad in front with one eye closed1 the upper edge of the pad horizontal2 a string #bj inches long is tied to the pad and held between the teeth to insure the same distance from the eye each time4 ,moreover1 if it is desired to locate objects by deflection of an angle from a reference point1 this can be done by using mils4 ,one mil is #a-fdjj of a circle4 ,at #bj inches a half-inch interval subtends #be mils4 ,illustration3 ,plate #aa ,the paper is oriented by bringing the sector desired along the upper edge of the pad4 ,the points desired are then in proper positions1 both horizontally and vertically4 ,place a mark at the upper edge for points desired4 ,the sky line should be located first4 ,now carry these lines down1 having drawn three horizontal lines about #a_/b inch apart1 beginning with the highest point on the top line4 ,marks locating the other features are likewise transposed in vertical and horizontal portions4 ,now draw sky line connecting transposed marks1 then such other points as crests1 trenches1 houses1 etc4 ,after practice most other features can be drawn in without reorienting1 the sky line having been drawn4 ,the vertical elevation should be slightly exaggerated4 ,objects in the background should be drawn in lightly while nearby features are indicated by heavy lines4 ,avoid details1 draw only silhouette1 shade only in showing woods4 ,,lesson #h4 7,,field ,,work--,,five ,,hours47 ,,problem4--,make complete area sketch including contours1 with no data furnished other than the initial elevation4 ,before commencing the work summarize the important points involved4 #a4 ,if possible select a base line4 #b4 ,locate as many points by intersection as possible4 #c4 ,make traverse by road1 check locations by resection4 #d4 ,at good observation points observe and complete the sketch as far as possible4 ,at each station keep the following points in view3 #a4 ,back sight on previous station4 #b4 ,select new sighting point ahead4 #c4 ,determine elevation by slope board4 #d4 ,put in contours where possible noting the drainage and critical points of the general slope and the terrain4 #e4 ,put in details along traverse just made of all topographical features of military importance4 #f4 ,determine your present elevation4 #g4 ,make as many shots for intersection as you can and mark them4 #h4 ,look for possible resection shots4 ,,lessons #i ,,and #aj4 7,,field ,,work--,,nine ,,hours47 ,,problem4--,make a road sketch of about #ab miles with scale of #c inches to the mile1 ,v4,i4 #bj feet4 ,this should include details of military importance to a distance of #cjj yards on either side of the road4 ,keep in mind these points3 #a4 ,start carefully and give attention to every part of the map4 #b4 ,keep the board properly oriented4 #c4 ,watch the water drainage systems4 #d4 ,put down all necessary details at each setup4 #e4 ,note high hills and towns not on immediate route1 condition of roads1 fences1 cultivation1 hedges1 cuts and fills1 bridges 7kind and length71 railroads1 telegraph and telephone lines1 schools1 churches1 etc41 notice particularly woods and points of concealment for hostile troops4 ,do the work at each station for elevation1 contours and the noting of necessary details so that the sketch will be complete as you go along4 ,make certain that the title of the sketch1 scale1 orientation1 etc41 are all clearly indicated1 for a road map may have to be completed by another or may be called for suddenly when it will be useless without these details4 ,remember there are but two things absolutely essential to a good road sketch2 a good traverse and the location of the drainage system in its relation to this traverse4 ,with this control approximate contours can be drawn by anyone having a knowledge of the principles of topography4 ,never plot unimportant details4 ,prominent buildings and farm houses are of value for locating oneself4 ,woods and orchards are shown for tactical reasons but no one can expect to show every fence1 ditch or bit of cover that might hide a patrol4 ,map ,reading4 7,,gettysburg #c ,,map--,,hunterstown ,,sheet47 ,plattsburg ,barracks1 ,n4,y41 ,sept4 #ag1 #aiag3 #a4 ,what is the shortest distance by road from ,biglersville to ,texas8 #b4 ,describe the road between ,texas and ,table ,rock4 #c4 ,is it a cut or a fill along the railroad about #a_/b mile east of ,granite ,hill ,station8 #d4 ,what is meant by #ica on ,chestnut ,hill8 #e4 ,can a man on the summit of hill #gab 7about one mile southwest of ,plainview7 be seen from the town of ,plainview8 #f4 ,point out two fords on the ,conewago ,river4 #g4 ,where is the highest point on the road from ,plainview to ,heidlersburg8 #h4 ,describe the fences along the road from ,texas to ,table ,rock ,station4 #i4 ,is ,hill #eff ,s4,w4 from ,d4 ,wert visible from ,henderson ,meeting ,house8 #aj4 ,of what material is the bridge at ,bridge ,school ,house constructed8 ,harvard ,college3 #a4 ,can a sentinel standing at #gjg see road fork #ece 7about #a1ejj yards south78 #b4 ,an enemy patrol is marching north on the #edd-faf road1 and has crossed the stream 7#gej yards north of #edd47 ,can this patrol see the ,red outguard at #gjg from any point between stream and cross roads #faf8 #c4 ,can the sentinel at #gab see the road fork #eah 7#a1hej yards southwest from #gab78 #d4 ,can the sentinel at #gab see the cross roads #efa 7about #a1bjj yards southeast78 ,assuming the height of a man as #e' #j above the ground and trees and buildings as #cj' #j4 #a4 ,is the ground at road fork #eeb near ,d4 ,wirt visible to a patrol on ,hill #gab8 ,if not what is the obstructing point8 ,turn in profile1 using cross section paper4 #b4 ,disregarding trees1 is a man standing on ,bridge #ebc near ,bridge ,s4,h4 visible from ,hill #gab8 ,solve by any method desired indicating the method4 #a4 ,make a profile from location of the letter ,u of ,chestnut ,hill near ,center ,mills to ,hill #gab1 #b-a_/b miles to the south4 #b4 ,is the location of the letter ,b of ,beatrich visible from ,u of ,chestnut ,hill8 ,if not what obstructs8 #a4 ,can a man on ,hill #gab see a man at cross roads #eed in ,hunterstown 7disregard trees78 #b4 ,to a man standing at the point where contour #fhj crosses the road just south of #gjg1 where does the roadbed first become invisible8 #a4 ,when the point arrives at ,hill #fdg can it see the road fork #faj to the northwest8 #b4 ,when the flank patrol reaches ,benders ,church cross roads can it see an enemy patrol at the house midway on the road #ecd-eed one mile to the northeast8 #c4 ,looking north along the ,center ,mills road from ,hill #fdg1 where does the road first become invisible8 #a4 ,what does #a_/baabj mean8 #b4 ,what direction is the general drainage system on this sheet8 ,,chapter #f4 ,helpful ,references to the ,articles of ,war4 7,extracted from ,m4,c4,m4 and ,guide to the ,articles of ,war--,waumbaugh's ,lectures47 ,,military ,,law is the body of rules that governs members of the army4 ,military ,law is based upon the ,articles of ,war approved by ,congress1 ,august #bg1 #aiaf1 effective ,march #a1 #aiag4 ,this body of rules defines3 7#a7 ,punishable offenses of members of the army4 7#b7 ,the ,method of determining guilt4 7#c7 ,punishment4 ,the present ,articles of ,war are revisions of those from the ,revolution4 ,,article #a4 ,,definitions3 7#a7 ,the word officer shall be construed to refer to a commissioned officer 7and no one else74 7#b7 ,the word soldier to include non-commissioned officer or any other enlisted man4 ,,article #b4 ,,persons ,,subject ,,to ,,military ,,law3 7#a7 ,all officers and soldiers of the ,regular ,army4 7#b7 ,all volunteers in the service of the ,u4,s4 7#c7 ,all other persons lawfully called1 drafted or ordered into such service4 7#d7 ,west ,point cadets4 7#e7 ,officers and soldiers of the ,marine ,corps when detached for service with the army1 by order of the ,president4 7#f7 ,all retainers to the camp1 or accompanying or serving with the army in time of war1 both within and without territorial jurisdiction of ,u4,s4 7#g7 ,all persons under sentence by court-martial4 ,,articles #c-ah4 ,,courts ,,martial ,,classified3 7,a7 ,general ,courts ,martial4 ,appointed by 7#a7 ,president1 7#b7 ,commanding officer of department or territorial division4 7#c7 ,commanding officer of separate army division brigade4 7#d7 ,commanding officer of district or force empowered by ,president4 ,jurisdiction4 ,over all persons subject to ,military ,law as regards all offenses punishable by ,military ,law4 ,sentence4 ,everything4 7,b7 ,special ,courts ,martials 7#c to #e officers inclusive74 ,appointed by 7#a7 ,commanding officer of district1 garrison1 fort or camp4 7#b7 ,commanding officer of brigade1 detached battalion4 ,jurisdiction4 ,over any person subject to military law 7except an officer71 and for any crime not capital4 7,only soldiers excluding those having certificate of eligibility for promotion47 ,sentence4 7#a7 ,no power to adjudge dishonorable discharge4 7#b7 ,no confinement in excess of six 7#f7 months4 7#c7 ,no forfeiture of pay in excess of six 7#f7 months4 7,c7 ,summary ,courts ,martial 7one 7#a7 officer74 ,appointed by 7#a7 ,commanding officer of garrison1 fort1 camp1 etc4 7#b7 ,commanding officer of regiment1 detached battalion1 etc4 7,n4,b47 ,when but one 7#a7 officer is present with command he shall be the summary court martial4 ,jurisdiction4 7#a7 ,only privates holding no certificate of eligibility for promotion--and 7#b7 ,for crimes not capital4 ,sentence4 7#a7 ,confinement not over #c months4 7#b7 ,no dishonorable discharge4 7#c7 ,no punishment over one 7#a7 month without higher authority4 ,,method ,,of ,,entering ,a ,,charge ,,against ,a ,,man3 ,example3 ,charge3 ,violation of the ---- ,article of ,war4 ,specification3 ,in that 7rank1 name1 organization7 did at 7place7 on or about 7date7 etc4 7brief description of offence committed74 ,signed 7,name7 7,rank and ,branch of ,service7 ,in cases where there are more than one charge the number of each ,a4,w4 is put down in the charge4 ,a description of each offence is put down separately under ,,specification4 ,note that double lines are drawn under ,,charge1 single line under ,,specification4 ,,general ,,remarks3 ,the three 7#c7 ,courts ,martial are alike in the following3 7a7 ,composed only of officers of ,army or ,marine ,corps on detached service with the ,army by order of the ,president4 7b7 ,pass upon both law and fact4 7c7 ,criminal ,courts only4 7d7 ,unable to promulgate any finding that does not require approval of appointing authority4 ,the three 7#c7 ,courts ,martial differ in the following3 7a7 ,number of members4 7b7 ,appointing authority4 7c7 ,punishments4 ,,article #ca4 ,,order ,,of ,,voting3 ,members in ,general or ,special ,courts ,martial shall vote from junior to senior4 ,,article #ci4 ,,limitations ,,upon ,,prosecutions3 ,military offences fall into three 7#c7 groups3 7#a7 ,war desertion1 mutiny1 murder4 ,have no limitations4 7#b7 ,burglary1 etc4 7,a ,w4 #ic7 and frauds against ,government 7,a4,w4 #id74 ,prosecution limited to #c years4 7#c7 ,all other offences4 #b years4 ,in some cases the ,statute of ,limitations is suspended 7,a4,w4 #ci71 especially in cases of absence from the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following ,articles of ,war are the important ones for officers to be acquainted with in the ordinary course of his duties3 ,,article #ed4 ,,fraudulent ,,enlistment3 ,punishment3 ,court ,martial4 ,any person procuring himself to be enlisted by means of willful misrepresentation or concealment as to his qualifications for enlistment and shall receive pay or allowance1 444 ,this offense requires two 7#b7 steps3 7#a7 ,misrepresentation or concealment4 7#b7 ,receiving pay or allowances4 ,,article #eh4 ,,desertion3 ,punishment3 7,wartime7 ,death or ,court ,martial4 7,peacetime7 ,court ,martial4 ,any person--who deserts or attempts to desert in time of ,war 444 death or such other punishment as the court martial may direct 444 any other time any punishment except death4 ,essential features are3 7#a7 ,an intent not to return4 7#b7 ,an overt act of separation from duty4 ,drunkenness tends to show absence of the intent4 ,minority is no defense4 ,enlistment while in desertion does not remove the charge of desertion4 ,,article #fa4 ,,absence ,,without ,,leave3 ,punishment3 ,court ,martial4 ,any person who fails to repair at the fixed time to duty1 or goes from same without leave of absence1 or absents himself from his command1 guard1 quarters1 station or camp without proper leave4444 ,does not require to prove intent1 yet persons ignorant of military law1 drunk or victims of mistake are dealt with gently4 ,,article #fb4 ,,disrespect ,,toward ,,president1 ,,vice-,,president1 ,,congress1 ,,secretary ,,of ,,war1 ,,governors1 ,,legislatures3 ,punishment3 7,officer7 ,dismissal from the service1 7,soldier7 ,court martial4 ,any officer who uses contemptuous or disrespectful words against the ,president1 etc4444 any other person subject to military law who so offends4 ,contemptuous language is objectionable and liable to court martial whether 7#a7 ,used in public or private4 7#b7 ,in official or private capacity4 7#c7 ,written or spoken4 7#d7 ,true or untrue4 ,,article #fc4 ,,disrespect ,,toward ,a ,,superior ,,officer3 ,punishment3 ,court-martial4 ,any person subject to military law who behaves himself with disrespect toward his superior officer4444 ,unlike ,article #fb1 disrespect toward a superior officer requires no words--acting or neglecting to act 7such as rudeness or failure to salute7 are enough4 ,,article #fd4 ,,assaulting ,,or ,,willfully ,,disobeying ,,superior ,,officer3 ,punishment3 ,death or court-martial4 7#a7 ,any person subject to military law who on any pretense whatsoever1 strikes his superior officer--lifts a weapon1 or offers violence against him1 being in the execution of his office4 7#b7 ,or willfully disobeys any lawful command of his superior officer4 ,drunkenness here tends to show absence of the essential willfullness4 ,self defense is not forbidden nor violence to suppress mutiny4 ,,article #fe4 ,,insubordinate ,,conduct ,,toward ,a ,,non-,,commissioned ,,officer3 ,punishment3 ,court-martial4 7#a7 ,any soldier who assaults or attempts or threatens to strike or assault4 7#b7 ,or willfully disobeys the lawful order of a non-commissioned officer while in the execution of his office4 7#c7 ,or uses threatening or insulting language4 7#d7 ,or behaves in an insubordinate or disrespectful manner4 ,drunkenness will not have the effect here of showing an absence of willfullness4 ,,article #fh4 ,,disorders3 ,punishment3 ,court-martial4 ,all officers and non-commissioned officers have power to quell disorders and to order officers who take part in the same into arrest1 and other persons into arrest or confinement4 ,whosoever1 being so ordered3 7#a7 ,refuses to obey4 7#b7 ,draws a weapon4 7#c7 ,otherwise threatens or does violence shall be punished4 ,this is one instance 7except a4w41 #fg1 mutiny7 where even a corporal might order a general into arrest4 ,this is the only instance3 7#a7 ,where anyone other than a commissioned officer can put an officer under arrest4 7#b7 ,where anyone other than an officer can order1 arrest or confinement of a soldier except on power given by ,c4,o4 ,,article #fi4 ,,breaking ,,arrest3 ,punishment3 7,officer7 ,dismissal1 7,soldier7 ,court-martial4 ,any officer charged with crime shall be placed in arrest by ,c4,o4444 in exceptional cases 444 confined4 ,a soldier charged with crime 444 shall be placed in confinement 444 when charged with minor offense placed in arrest4 ,any person placed in arrest 444 shall be restricted to barracks1 quarters1 tent1 unless limits are enlarged by proper authority4 ,an officer or any other person breaking his arrest or who escapes from confinement before being set at liberty by proper authority shall be punished by4444 ,to break arrest is punishable even though a person is innocent of the charge or ought to have been released4 ,,article #ge4 ,,misbehavior ,,before ,,the ,,enemy3 ,punishment3 ,death or court-martial4 ,any officer or soldier who3 7#a7 ,misbehaves before the enemy--runs away1 or shamefully abandons post4 7#b7 ,or speaks words inducing others to do so4 7#c7 ,or quits his post or colors to plunder or pillage4 7#d7 ,occasions false alarms in camp or quarters shall suffer 4444 ,the word enemy implies any hostile body such as a mob or riot crowd4 ,,article #hc4 ,,neglect ,,of ,,military ,,property3 ,punishment3 ,make good the loss and court-martial4 ,any person subject to military law who willfully or through neglect suffers to be lost1 damaged1 or wrongfully disposed of1 any military property belonging to ,united ,states of ,america--shall make good the loss and4444 ,,article #hd4 ,,waste ,,or ,,unlawful ,,disposal ,,of ,,property ,,issued ,,to ,,soldiers3 ,punishment3 ,court-martial4 ,any soldier who sells or wrongfully disposes of any property issued for military service shall be punished4444 ,,article #he4 ,,drunk ,,on ,,duty3 ,punishment3 7,war time7 dismissal and court-martial1 7,peace time7 court-martial4 ,any officer 444 drunk on duty shall 444 in time of war be dismissed 444 and ,any other person subject to military law1 drunk on duty 444 shall be punished4444 ,,article #hf4 ,,misbehavior ,,of ,a ,,sentinel3 ,punishment3 7,war time7 death or court-martial1 7,peace time7 court-martial4 ,any sentinel found3 7#a7 ,drunk4 7#b7 ,asleep4 7#c7 ,or who leaves before being regularly relieved shall be punished4444 ,,article #ib4 ,,murder ,,or ,,rape3 ,punishment3 ,death or life imprisonment4 ,any person who commits murder or rape shall suffer death or life imprisonment as the court-martial may direct4 ,no person shall be tried for murder or rape committed in the limits of the ,u4,s4,a4 in time of peace4 ,this is left to civil courts4 ,,article #ic4 ,,various ,,crimes3 ,punishment3 ,court-martial4 ,any person who commits 7#a7 ,manslaughter1 7#b7 ,mayhem 7cutting71 7#c7 ,arson1 7#d7 ,burglary1 7#e7 ,larceny1 7#f7 ,embezzlement1 7#g7 ,perjury1 7#h7 ,assault with intent to commit any felony4 7#i7 ,assault with intent to do bodily harm4 shall be punished4444 ,definition of these crimes is left to local law4 ,,article #id4 ,,frauds ,,against ,,the ,,government3 ,punishment3 ,court-martial4 ,article of ,war ,no4 #id is equivalent to prohibiting any person subject to military law from defrauding or attempting1 or conspiring to defraud the ,government of the ,u4,s4,a4--also from stealing1 embezzling any ,government property4 ,,article #ie4 ,,conduct ,,unbecoming ,,an ,,officer ,,and ,a ,,gentleman3 ,punishment3 ,dismissal4 ,any officer or cadet convicted of unbecoming conduct shall be dismissed4444 ,misconduct may be official or unofficial4 ,,article #if4 ,,general ,,article1 ,,the ,,catch ,,all3 ,punishment3 ,court-martial4 444 all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good military discipline4 ,all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the military service4 ,all crimes and offences not capital shall be taken cognizance of by 7#a7 ,general1 7#b7 ,special1 7#c7 ,summary court-martials according to the nature and degree of the offense and punished4444 ,article of ,war #if covers all crimes and is handy when no other ,article of ,war fits4 ,it is wise1 however1 to use this ,article sparingly on ,charges1 finding if possible the exact ,article necessary to cover the case at hand4 ,,examples4 ,,problem #a3 ,charge4--,violation of ---- ,article of ,war4 ,specification4--,in that ,private ,john ,doe1 ,company ,c4 #cjast ,regiment ,infantry1 did at ,albany1 ,new ,york1 on or about ,september #aeth1 #aiag1 dress himself in the uniform of a #ast ,lieutenant and attend a dance at ,odd ,fellows ,hall4 7,signed7 ,,john ,,hancock1 ,captain1 #cjast ,infantry4 ,under what article of war1 if any1 does this belong8 ,,problem #b3 ,charge4--,violation of ---- and ---- ,articles of ,war4 ,specification4--,in that ,sergeant ,james ,hopkins1 ,company ,h1 #bjeth ,infantry1 did at ,franconia1 ,n4,h41 on or about ,july #dth return to barracks intoxicated4 ,in that ,sergeant ,james ,hopkins1 moreover1 refused to appear at reveille ,july #eth4 7,signed7 ,,william ,,hitchcock1 ,captain1 #bjeth ,infantry4 ,under what articles of war do these offenses belong8 ,what kind of court-martial required8 ,,problem #c3 ,charge4--,violation of ---- ,article of ,war4 ,specification4--,in that ,captain ,george ,jones1 #abeth ,infantry did at ,laconia1 ,maine1 on or about ,august #bj1 #aiag1 make a speech in which he stated that the ,reichstag of ,germany was a more efficient and democratic body than the ,united ,states ,congress4 7,signed7 ,,albert ,,smith1 ,major1 #abeth ,infantry4 ,under what article of war does this offense belong8 ,,no4 ,,articles ,,of ,,war4 ,,punishment4 #ed4 ,fraudulent enlistment ,court martial #eh4 ,desertion ,war3 ,death or court martial ,peace3 ,except death #fa4 ,absence without leave ,court martial #fb4 ,disrespect to ,presidents ,officer3 ,dismissal ,vice-,president1 ,secretary ,soldier3 ,court martial of ,war1 ,congress1 etc4 #fc4 ,disrespect to superior officer ,court martial #fd4 ,assaulting or disobeying ,death or court martial superior officer #fe4 ,insubordination to a ,court martial non-commissioned officer #fi4 ,arrest or confinement ,officer3 ,dismissal of accused persons ,soldier3 ,court martial #ge4 ,misbehavior before the enemy ,death or court martial #hc4 ,loss1 etc41 military property ,make good the loss and court martial #hd4 ,loss of military property ,court martial issued to soldiers #he4 ,drunk on duty ,officers-- ,war3 ,dismissal ,peace3 ,court martial ,soldiers3 ,court martial #hf4 ,misbehavior of sentinel ,war3 ,death or ,peace3 ,court martial 7except death7 #ic4 ,various crimes ,court martial #id4 ,frauds against the ,government ,court martial #ie4 ,conduct unbecoming an officer ,dismissal #if4 ,general article ,court martial 7,general or special7 ,,chapter #g4 ,notes on ,army ,regulations #a4 ,,obedience required in the military service--strict and prompt4 #b4 ,,authority ,,exercised with firmness1 kindness and justice--prompt and lawful punishment4 #c4 ,,abusive ,,language or conduct by superiors forbidden4 #d4 ,,respect ,,to ,,superiors will be extended upon all occasions1 whether on duty or not4 #e4 ,,remarks ,,by ,,officers or soldiers upon others in the military service1 whether praise or censure1 public or private1 written or spoken1 is prohibited4 ,any effort to affect legislation for a personal favor will be entered against a man's military record4 #ajf4 ,,furloughs not granted to men about to be discharged4 ,not more than five per cent of a company shall be absent at one time4 #aji4 ,,men ,,on ,,furlough may not leave the ,united ,states4 #aaa4 ,,for ,,men ,,in ,,foreign ,,countries furlough can begin on date of reaching ,united ,states4 #aac4 ,no ,,payments made to men while on furlough4 ,arms not to be taken on furlough or while reporting sick4 7,n4,b4--,there will unquestionably be a modification of this ruling1 as the custom abroad is to have every man keep his complete equipment with him whenever possible47 #aaf4 ,,desertion4 ,property lost or destroyed will be charged against deserter4 #aag4 ,,abandoned ,,clothes turned over to ,quartermaster4 ,personal effects sold and credited to ,united ,states4 #aba4 ,,reward ,,of #ej for apprehension and delivery of deserter or military prisoner4 #abg4 ,,costs ,,of ,,apprehension will be charged against deserter4 #abi4 ,,no ,,pay ,,or ,,clothes drawn by soldier awaiting trial on charge of desertion4 #aca4 ,,will ,,be ,,restored to duty only by court martial or authority competent to order trial4 #acb4 ,,absent ,,without ,,leave4 ,enlisted man forfeits all pay and allowances while away4 ,soldier will not be charged with desertion until commanding officer has reason to believe he intended to desert4 ,absence of less than #bd hours will not be noted upon the muster roll4 #aci4 ,,discharge of enlisted man only #a4 ,by order of ,president or ,secretary of ,war4 #b4 ,by order of ,general ,court ,martial4 #c4 ,by order of ,united ,states court or justice or judge1 on writ of habeas corpus4 #d4 ,by command of territorial department4 #e4 ,by disability in line of duty4 #f4 ,by sentence of civil court4 #g4 ,by purchase4 7,n4,b4--,in time of war it is probable that the last two methods would not be effective for discharge from the service47 #adj4 ,,final ,,statements4 ,the company commander will furnish each enlisted man a final statement 7or duplicate7 or a full statement in writing explaining why such final statement is not furnished4 ,no final statement will be furnished a soldier who has forfeited all pay and allowances or who has no deposits due him4 #adg4 ,,certificate will give #a4 ,character certified by company commander4 #b4 ,whether recommended for re-enlistment4 ,in case of negative opinion1 the soldier should be notified at least #cj days prior to discharge4 ,in that case the company commander shall convene a board of three officers 7if possible7 to determine what kind of discharge shall be given4 ,the soldier will be given a hearing4 #aea4 ,,loss ,,of ,,discharge ,,certificate4 ,discharge certificates will not be made in duplicate4 ,upon proper proof of loss or destruction without fault of person entitled to it1 the ,war ,department will issue a certificate of service1 showing date of enlistment and discharge from the army and character given in original certificate4 ,discharge certificates should never be forwarded to the ,war ,department in correspondence unless called for4 #aei4 ,,physical ,,disability ,,certificate issued when an enlisted man is permanently unfitted for service1 in line of duty4 ,certificates of disability not made in duplicate4 #afb4 ,,death ,,of ,,soldier4 #a4 ,effects are secured4 #b4 ,nearest relatives notified4 #c4 ,adjutant ,general of army notified4 ,in active service the ,war ,department requires the following reports3 #a4 ,report of company commander to ,adjutant ,general1 covering death and disposal of remains4 #b4 ,report of surgeon or company commander embodying a4 ,cause of death4 b4 ,whether in line of duty4 c4 ,whether due to another soldier's misconduct4 #c4 ,inventory of effects in duplicate4 #afc4 ,,effects1 when not claimed within reasonable time1 sold and credited to ,united ,states4 ,no authority for officers to pay debts of dead soldiers4 ,trinkets will not be sold but sent to the ,adjutant ,general's office4 #afe4 ,,effects will be delivered1 if called for1 to legal representative of deceased after arrears are paid4 #afg4 ,,medal ,,of ,,honor4 ,authorized by ,congress to be awarded to officers and men for extreme acts of gallantry in action1 beyond line of duty4 ,recommendations will be considered by standard of extraordinary merit1 and must have incontestible proof4 #ahd4 ,,certificate ,,of ,,merit4 ,granted by ,president to any enlisted man in the service for distinguished acts in line of duty1 on recommendation of company commander1 based upon statement of eye witness1 preferably the immediate company commander4 #bjj permanent additional pay is allowed4 #bhe4 ,,quarters4 ,name of each soldier on bunk4 ,arms on rack4 ,accoutrements hung up by the belts4 #bhg4 ,,saturday ,,inspection preceded by thorough policing4 ,leaders of squads will see that everything is clean4 #ajaa4 ,,neglect ,,of ,,rooms or furniture by officer or soldier a military offense4 ,all necessary costs shall be paid by him4 #aagh4 ,,destruction ,,of ,,tableware or kitchen utensils by soldiers will be charged against their pay4 #bhh4 ,,chiefs ,,of ,,squads are responsible #a4 ,for cleanliness of men4 #b4 ,for their proper equipment for duty4 #c4 ,for their proper dress when going on pass4 #cgd4 ,,premises shall be policed daily after breakfast4 #bij4 ,,company ,,commander will see that public property held by men is kept in good order1 and missing or spoiled articles paid for4 #bib4 ,,arms shall not be taken down without proper supervision and by order of commissioned officer4 ,no changing of parts or finish4 ,tompions 7muzzle plugs7 in small arms forbidden4 #feg4 ,,accountability ,,and ,,responsibility--,both devolve upon persons entrusted with public property4 ,responsibility without accountability devolves upon one to whom property is entrusted1 but who does not have to make returns therefor4 ,responsibility does not end until property has been given back to accountable officer and a receipt taken1 or he has been relieved by regulations or by orders4 ,accountability without responsibility occurs when an officer holds proper memorandum receipts for property delivered to others4 ,,example4--,the ,company ,commander is accountable and responsible for the rifles turned over to his company4 ,he is accountable without responsibility when each enlisted man has been issued a rifle and has signed a receipt for it4 ,each enlisted man is then responsible for his rifle1 without accountability1 until he returns it in proper condition4 ,in general1 therefore3 ,accountability requires evidence of the disposition that has been made of property4 ,responsibility implies possession1 and requires return of the property or payment for it4 #fhe4 ,,loss ,,of ,,public ,,property by neglect of any officer or soldier shall be paid by him1 at such rates as a survey of the property may determine4 ,charges will be made only after conclusive proof1 and not without a survey if the soldier demands one4 ,signing the payroll will be regarded as an acknowledgment of the justice of the charge4 #abjb4 ,,ration is the allowance of food for one person or animal for one day4 #abbi4 ,,forfeiture of ration is made when a soldier overstays furlough4 #acci4 ,,pay for continuous service is credited a soldier if he enlists within three months after honorable discharge4 ,for privates an increase of #c per month is allowed up to and including the third enlistment1 beyond this #a per month increase given up to and including the seventh enlistment4 ,for non-commissioned officers the increase of #c per month continues to and includes the seventh enlistment4 ,no increased pay is given after the seventh enlistment to private or non-commissioned officer4 #acdg4 ,,allotments 7revised by ,act of ,congress1 ,october1 #aiag74 ,the new law does away with future pensions4 ,allotments may be made to3 #a4 ,family4 #b4 ,bank4 ,for married men or those with dependents1 such as children1 parents divorced wives1 whose support is required by court order1 allotments are compulsory1 and must not be less than #ae a month and not more than one-half of his pay4 ,the ,company ,commander is responsible for finding who comes under this rule4 ,by this arrangement soldiers cannot shirk the support of dependents4 ,the government will double the amount allotted by each soldier1 to a limit of #cg4ej a month4 ,in cases where the soldier allots half of his pay the government will add to the allotment according to the following scale1 even though it more than doubles the amount paid by the soldier3 ,class ,a4 ,wife1 no child1 #ae4 ,wife1 one child1 #be4 ,wife1 two children1 #cb4ej4 ,for each additional child1 #e more4 ,no wife living1 one child1 #e4 ,two children1 #ab4ej4 ,three children1 #bj4 ,four children1 #cj4 ,for each additional child1 #e4 ,class ,b4 ,one parent1 #aj4 ,two parents1 #bj4 ,each grandchild1 brother1 sister or additional dependent1 #e4 ,nurses can make allotment4 ,when both ,a and ,b classes are in need of allotment from a soldier's pay1 and he has allotted half of his pay to ,class ,a1 he may allot an additional one-seventh of his pay for the support of ,class ,b dependents1 and the government will pay the sums listed above to the ,class ,b dependents1 to the limit of #bj a month4 ,payments under this act were begun ,november #a1 #aiag4 ,in case less than one-half of a soldier's pay is allotted1 the ,secretary of ,war may require the allotment to be increased up to one-half of the pay4 ,,compensation ,,for ,,death ,,or ,,disability in line of duty4 ,in all cases must be applied for4 ,in case of death1 monthly compensation shall be as follows per month3 ,widow1 #be4 ,widow and #a child1 #ce4 ,widow and #b children1 #dg4ej4 ,each additional child1 #e4 ,one child alone1 #bj4 ,two children1 #cj4 ,three children1 #dj4 ,each additional child1 #e4 ,widowed mother1 #bj4 ,for transportation of body1 #ajj4 ,no women can receive compensation from two sources4 ,the government will continue to pay compensation to a dependent wife until her death or remarriage1 and to children until they are #ah years old1 unless they are insane or helpless1 in which case it will continue to pay the compensation during such incapacity4 ,in case of total disability1 compensation will be as follows per month3 ,soldier alone1 #cj4 ,with wife1 no child1 #de4 ,with wife1 one child1 #ee4 ,with wife1 two children1 #fe4 ,three children or more1 #ge4 ,no wife living1 one child1 #dj4 ,no wife living1 each additional child1 #aj4 ,soldier and widowed mother1 #dj4 ,in case of total disability where attendance is needed1 #bj per month will be added to the compensation1 unless the soldier is blind1 bedridden1 or has lost both feet or hands1 in which case the compensation will be #ajj per month1 with no extra allowance for attendance4 ,in case of partial disability1 compensation will be a percentage of the amount paid in case of total disability4 ,these annuities continue only during the life of the person for whom they are first paid4 ,,additional ,,insurance4--,uniform compensation for all ranks can go only to blood relations4 ,in case of death or disability in line of duty1 it is paid in monthly instalments for #bj years4 ,insurance is from #a1jjj to #aj1jjj in multiples of #ejj4 ,the rate is exceedingly low4 ,insurance must be applied for within #abj days after entering the service4 ,premiums are paid monthly1 quarterly or yearly from the pay of the insured man4 ,after the war this insurance must be converted within five years into a policy either of straight life insurance1 #bj-year payment or endowment1 maturing at the age of #fb4 ,in case of death when there is no blood relationship1 the reserve value1 according to the ,american insurance mortality tables1 is paid to the estate4 ,none of these payments can be attached for debt1 nor legal action started against them except in a ,united ,states ,court4 ,the maximum lawyer's fee in any such case is #ejj4 #acfa4 ,,deposits of not less than #e may be made by an enlisted man 7not retired7 to any quartermaster4 ,deposit book1 signed by quartermaster and company commander1 given to man who makes the deposit4 ,this book is not transferable4 #acfc4 ,a ,,lost ,,deposit ,,book is not replaced without an affidavit of the soldier1 testifying that he has not sold nor assigned it4 #acfd4 ,,payment made only on final statement4 ,the soldier should be informed of the importance of keeping the deposit book4 #acfe4 ,,withdrawal ,,of ,,deposit when discharged or furloughed to reserve4 #acff4 ,,interest on sum greater than #e is #d per cent4 #acfh4 ,,forfeiture due to desertion1 but not by sentence of court martial4 ,deposits not exempt from liabilities due the ,united ,states4 #acga4 ,,officers ,,and ,,men lose pay while confined by civil authorities4 #acge4 ,,furloughed ,,to ,,reserve or discharged1 a soldier is given a final statement in duplicate4 ,this must be presented to be valid4 #acgh4 ,,transportation and subsistence is allowed to the point of enlistment1 or for the same distance4 ,not subject to deduction for debts due the ,united ,states4 #achj4 ,,discharged ,,soldier under charge of fraudulent enlistment is not entitled to transportation and subsistence4 #achc4 ,,transfer ,,of ,,claims on the government made by an enlisted man are only recognized after discharge or furlough to the reserve4 ,they must be in writing and must be endorsed by a commissioned officer or other responsible person known to the quartermaster4 #adcg4 ,no one is allowed to accompany sick or wounded from the battle line to the rear except those specifically authorized4 #aecj4 ,ammunition lost or used without orders or not in line of duty shall be charged to the soldier using it4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,war4 7,from ,manual for ,commanders of ,infantry ,platoons1 translated from the ,french at the ,army ,war ,college1 #aiag4 ,war ,department ,document ,no4 #fbf47 ,the laws of war were instituted under the generous error that certain well-organized peoples had entirely emerged from barbarism and that they considered themselves bound by the placing of their signatures to international conventions1 freely agreed to4 ,an infinite number of acts minutely and officially investigated have established that our troops and our ,nation should never count on the observance of these laws and that the atrocities committed prove to be not only individual violations dishonoring merely the perpetrator1 but violations premeditated and ordered in cold blood by the commanders with the moral support of the heads of the enemy nation4 ,these laws are nevertheless repeated here in order that3 #a4 ,the knowledge of how the war should have been conducted may develop in the heart of each man the sentiment of hate 7applicable only to foes such as we actually have71 that in no case should a chief of platoon tolerate any intercourse between his men and the enemy other than that of the rifle2 this duty is explicit and not to be departed from except in the case of the wounded and prisoners incapable of doing harm4 #b4 ,that every violator of these laws1 taken in the act1 shall be the subject of an immediate report with witnesses1 then sent to the division headquarters to be tried as to the facts of the case4 ,the laws of war resulted from the ,geneva convention1 from the declaration of ,st4 ,petersburg 7,petrograd71 and from the different ,hague conventions4 ,all these diplomatic papers were signed by ,germany1 ,austria-,hungary1 ,turkey and ,bulgaria4 ,the following are the principal articles3 ,protect the wounded on the field of battle from pillage and from bad treatment2 respect ambulances and evacuation convoys2 respect the personnel exclusively concerned with the transportation1 treatment and guarding of wounded2 do not treat this personnel as prisoners of war if it falls into the hands of the enemy2 but return such personnel1 as well as material1 when its retention shall be no longer necessary for the care of the wounded prisoners4 ,refrain from employing any projectile which weighs less than #djj grams that is either explosive or loaded with incendiary or inflammable material1 from all projectiles having for their sole object the spreading of asphyxiating or harmful gases1 all expanding bullets or those which will easily flatten out inside the human body1 such as jacketed bullets whose jacket does not entirely cover the core or is nickel4 ,forbid the use of poisons or of poisoned arms1 killing or wounding an enemy who has thrown down his arms and surrendered2 declarations that there will be no quarter2 refrain from bombarding towns and cities which are not defended1 from firing on churches1 historical monuments1 edifices devoted to the arts1 to science1 to charity1 to sick and wounded and which are marked by a conspicuous signal known to the enemy4 ,prisoners should be treated as to rations1 housing and clothing the same as troops of the country which has captured them4 ,all their personal belongings1 except their arms and military papers1 should be left in their possession4 ,the following should be inviolate3 ,the emissary--that is to say1 an individual authorized by a belligerent to enter into talks with the authorities of the other side and coming under a white flag2 also his trumpeter1 his standard bearer1 and his interpreter4 ,he loses his inviolability if it is proven that he has profited by his privilege to provoke or commit treachery4 ,an undisguised military man can never be treated as a spy4 ,,chapter #h4 ,practice ,marches4 ,special attention should be paid to the fitting of shoes and the care of the feet4 7i4d4r41 #fbg47 ,short marches from #b to #d miles should be made daily and at a uniform rate until the troops become hardened4 ,particular attention must always be paid to the rate of march--it is imperative for the leading element to keep a uniform rate per hour4 ,be careful and see to it that your troops march on the right-hand side of the road1 and during halts1 no one1 not even officers1 must be permitted on the left4 ,keep closed up1 and during the last mile of your march have your company sing some real snappy song1 and they will come in in jubilant spirits4 ,keep the muzzles of your rifles always elevated on the march so that men marching in rear wont be bothered4 ,on the march the first halt is for #ae minutes taken after #de minutes of marching4 ,the men should be taught to use this time to adjust their clothing and equipment1 and answer the calls of nature4 ,do not halt where there are houses1 etc41 on this first halt1 as a great many men want to relieve themselves4 ,the succeeding halts are for #aj minutes after #ej minutes of marching--except of course during a forced march--when you would march for a longer period4 ,during rainy or very hot weather the halts should be made oftener4 ,do not have any straggling1 remember if a man falls out he must have a certificate signed by an officer stating the cause4 ,have one officer march in rear of the company4 ,be careful about the use of water4 ,have your men take a good drink early in the morning just after reveille1 and on the march use their canteen sparingly4 ,one canteen of water must last one man one day4 ,do not allow men to drink until after the second halt4 ,on reaching camp the kitchens are put up1 latrines are dug1 and tents are pitched4 ,when everything has been tended to each man should give his feet a good salt water bath4 ,put them in the water and let them remain there for #b minutes4 ,do not dry them by rubbing1 but sponge them--this will harden the feet4 ,this should be done for the first three days1 after which it can be dispensed with4 ,a change of socks daily should be made1 take one pair of socks from the pack1 and wash out the dirty pair4 ,try to avoid night marching4 ,the leading company in each regiment regulates the rate of march4 ,the marching efficiency of an organization is judged by the amount of straggling and elongation and the condition of the men at the end of the march4 7i4d4r41 #fcb47 ,remember a sanitary squad should be detailed daily to police the immediate vicinity after each halt4 ,field ,work4 ,field work will be classified under the following heads3 ,orders1 ,deployment1 ,fire1 ,attack1 ,defense1 ,leadership1 ,communications1 ,night ,operations1 ,patrols1 ,advance ,guards1 ,rear ,guards1 ,flank ,guards1 ,camp1 ,march ,outpost1 and ,outpost4 7a7 ,,an ,,order is the will of the commander expressed verbally or in writing to his subordinates4 ,it should be clear1 concise and to the point4 ,a field order should be given as follows3 #a4 ,information of the enemy and supporting troops4 #b4 ,general plan of the commander4 #c4 ,dispositions of the troops4 #d4 ,instructions for the trains4 #e4 ,place where messages are to be sent4 7b7 ,,do ,,not ,,deploy too early4 ,it is very fatiguing1 and has a tendency to disorganize the skirmish line4 ,the major designates the companies to be on the firing line1 and those to remain in support4 ,the distance between the firing line and support is from #ej to #ejj yards4 ,the support should be as close as possible under cover4 7c7 ,,fire ,,direction is the function of the company commander4 ,he gives each platoon its sector or objective1 determines the range1 target1 indicates the class of fire1 and the time to open fire4 ,fire control is given to platoon commanders4 ,the platoon is the fire unit4 ,fire control implies the ability to stop firing1 change the sight setting and target1 and resume a well directed fire4 ,the best troops are those that submit longest to fire control4 ,fire discipline is the function of the individual soldier4 ,it implies that in a firing line without leaders1 each man retains his presence of mind and directs effective fire upon the target4 7d7 ,,the ,,troops march in column of squads until under the observation of the enemy4 ,platoon columns are used in crossing ground where there is cover4 ,squad columns are used across the artillery zone4 ,at approximately #hjj yards a skirmish line is formed4 ,thin lines may then be used to advance to the attack4 ,remember the ,major has assigned each company in the firing line an objective4 ,be sure to watch out for flank protection4 ,if the ,major has forgotten to have combat patrols on the exposed flank or flanks1 it is up to the flank company to send out a combat patrol4 ,this patrol should be slightly in advance of the front line1 and off to the right or left4 ,the advance is made by a fraction rushing forward4 ,these rushes are from #bj to #hj yards4 ,when a rush is made the remaining troops fire faster4 ,the firing line should not be reinforced by less than a platoon4 ,the ,major determines when to fix bayonets4 ,the front rank men fix bayonets first1 the rear rank men fire faster1 then the rear rank men fix bayonets while the front rank fire faster4 ,a battalion is the smallest unit in the firing line to inaugurate a charge4 ,remember the battalion is the attack unit4 ,in changing sight setting follow same plan as fixing bayonet1 i4e41 each front rank first1 the rear rank man firing faster1 etc4 7e7 ,,defense4--,in defense the line is usually stronger and the support weaker than in the attack4 ,do not give up your ground unless you have written orders from the ,high ,command4 ,watch out for flank protection by combat patrols4 7f7 ,,leadership4--,a good leader should possess self reliance1 initiative1 aggressiveness1 superior knowledge1 and have a conception of teamwork4 ,make your work a game in which each man has a part to play4 ,reward merit and give the disagreeable things to be done to the knockers4 ,a leader must know his men4 ,never give them a job to do that you couldn't do yourself4 ,train yourself to estimate the situation quickly and calmly4 ,have your men well disciplined1 well drilled1 well equipped1 and well dressed4 ,it might be called unmilitary by some of the sterner characters in our service1 but we believe by occasionally drawing comparisons to something real amusing--a good joke--you show your men that the old ,man is really made of human stuff4 ,be sympathetic1 and it has been shown by experience that1 for some slight breach of discipline a little talk in the orderly room does the most good1 and is the best form of punishment4 ,do your work cheerfully1 and your men will do likewise4 ,keep yourself abreast of the times in all matters military--remember your men look to you in time of action and excitement and you must be ready to deliver the goods4 ,work out and plan your orders1 etc41 simply4 ,morale is the greatest asset an organization can have4 ,keep all your troubles and have the men keep theirs within the company4 ,have esprit de corps4 ,the real successful leader knows and plays the game4 7g7 ,,communications4--,communication is maintained by wireless1 telegraph1 telephone1 signals1 runners1 carrier pigeons1 aeroplanes1 motor cars1 patrols1 and connecting files4 ,each unit usually maintains communication with the next higher command1 and with similar commands on the flanks4 7h7 ,,night ,,operations4--,they are used to minimize losses from hostile fire1 to escape observation1 and to gain time4 ,the ground to be traversed at night should be carefully looked over in daylight4 ,some distinctive badge should be worn by our troops4 ,the bayonet is chiefly used at night4 ,avoid firing4 ,the enemy should be surprised4 ,place obstacles in front of your own lines at night4 ,usually #ej yards is the maximum range to fire at night4 7i7 ,,patrols4--,a commander may be excused for being defeated1 but never for being surprised4 ,,patrols4 ,commander selects leader1 strength1 gives it a mission1 when to report back1 and where to send messages4 ,he gives it a number if more than one patrol is sent out1 information of the enemy1 and location of any friendly patrols that may be or have been sent out4 ,patrol leader is then allowed to ask questions4 ,patrol ,leader4--,he should have a compass1 watch1 pencil1 note-book1 knife1 and a map of the country4 ,he should then do the following3 #a4 ,assemble his men4 #b4 ,inspect them4 a4 ,to see if they are fit for this duty4 b4 ,that they have no valuable maps or papers1 that their equipment does not rattle or shine4 c4 ,rations and water4 #c4 ,he repeats the instruction that he has received4 #d4 ,he explains any signals that are to be used4 #e4 ,designates a rallying point in case they are scattered4 #f4 ,details a second in command4 #g4 ,takes a formation that will favor the escape of at least one man4 ,conduct of the ,patrol4--#a4 ,move cautiously but not timidly4 #b4 ,do not flinch or show consciousness of it in case you become suddenly aware that you are under the observation of the enemy4 ,not knowing that you are aware of his presence he will let you come on1 and suddenly1 when you see cover1 make a dash for it and escape4 #c4 ,do not get lost4 #d4 ,do not allow yourself to think of the enemy as being in one direction only4 #e4 ,in entering or passing through woods take an extended skirmish line formation4 #f4 ,in passing any short defile bridge or ford1 send one man ahead4 #g4 ,if you suspect the presence of the enemy under certain cover1 a good way to find out is to let one man approach within a reasonable distance and then1 acting as though he had been discovered1 turn and run4 ,this will generally draw his fire4 #h4 ,keep quiet4 ,forbid unnecessary talking4 #i4 ,from time to time select suitable rallying points in case you become separated4 #aj4 ,remember that you do not fight unless in self defense4 ,report4--#a4 ,do not report the presence of small patrols unless you have been ordered to do so4 ,locate the main body or a large command4 #b4 ,determine his strength1 kind of troops and movements4 #c4 ,remember the indispensable qualities of a report are3 accuracy as to facts1 simplicity1 clearness1 legibility and correct spelling4 ,surmises must not be given as facts4 ,separate what you know and what has been told you4 ,a report should not be expressed carelessly in ten words when it could be clearly stated in twenty4 ,send a sketch if practicable4 #d4 ,do not send a verbal message4 #e4 ,address it to ,c4,o4 ,support or ,c4,o4 ,advance ,guard1 etc41 not to the commander of a certain body of troops4 ,give date1 place and time4 #f4 ,remember to state what you intend to do4 #g4 ,in hostile country send two messages by different routes4 ,in friendly country one will suffice4 #h4 ,when the capture of your message is likely1 give messenger a false one that will be easily found and conceal the true message carefully4 ,return4--#a4 ,do not return over the same route as you avoid ambuscade and widen your field of reconnaissance4 #b4 ,report any special features of military value that you have seen to your ,c4,o4 #c4 ,compliment your men4 7j7 ,advance ,guard4--,an advance guard is a detachment of the main body which precedes it and covers it on the march 7i4d4r4 #fci74 ,the commander of troops designates the advance guard1 the distance between it and the main body1 and also designates a commander4 ,the advance guard commander if he has more than a battalion designates the reserve1 support1 distance between them4 ,if the advance guard is a battalion or less it would have no reserve1 and in that case the advance guard commander would designate the support1 advance party1 and the distance between them4 ,in the former case the support commander would designate the advance party1 and the distance between the support and the advance party4 ,in both cases the advance party commander designates the point1 and the distance between the point and the advance party4 ,usually it is the duty of the advance party to send out flank patrols4 ,the strength varies from #a_/bj to #a_/c of the main body4 ,remember the formation of the advance guard must be such that the enemy will first be met by a patrol1 then in turn by one or more larger detachments1 each capable of holding the enemy until the next in rear has time to deploy before coming under effective fire4 ,the advance guard must be aggressive4 ,do not put up with a cautious point4 ,have a double connecting file1 and if possible every #ajj yards4 ,each element of the column sends the necessary connecting files to its front4 ,on the road in order are3 point--advance party--support--reserve 7if there is one7--main body4 ,have the point precede the advance party1 all the remaining elements follow the one ahead4 ,this has been found by experience to be the best method of getting there4 7k7 ,rear ,guards4--,a rear guard is a detachment detached to protect the main body from attack in the rear4 ,the general formation is that of the advance guard reversed4 i4e4 rear point1 rear party1 support1 and main body4 ,in retreat a column is preceded by a body of troops designated 'leading troops1' whose principle duty is to clear the road of obstacles and to facilitate the withdrawal of the command4 7l7 ,flank ,guards4--,as their name imply protect the flanks4 ,they should be in constant communication with the column4 ,their formation usually conforms to that of patrols4 7m7 ,camps4--,the four principal factors to be considered in the selection of the camp site are3 near a good road or roads1 have good drainage1 plenty of room to accommodate your troops1 and have a good water supply4 ,immediately after camp is made sinks are dug for the disposal of excreta4 ,one should be dug for each company on the opposite flank from the kitchen for the disposal of human excreta1 and one near the kitchen for the disposal of wastes1 etc41 that cannot be burned around the kitchen4 7n7 ,march ,outpost4--,a march outpost is usually an advance guard halted1 with observers in each unit on the alert4 ,a cossack post might be established on a good near by observation point4 ,the march outpost is the protection furnished the main body at short halts1 or on making camp before the outpost is established4 7o7 ,outpost4--,the outpost may be best illustrated by circles3 ,each support is numbered from right to left4 ,each outguard in each support is numbered from right to left4 ,each sentinel post in each outguard is numbered from right to left4 ,outguards are divided into three classes1 cossack posts1 sentry squads and packets4 ,a cossack post consists of #d men1 #a posted in observation near the posts of the remaining three4 ,a sentry squad consists of one squad1 posts a double sentinel post in observation near the post of the squad4 ,a picket consists of two or more squads not exceeding half a company4 ,it furnishes cossack posts1 sentry squads1 sentinel posts1 and patrols4 ,it is usually placed at the more important points of the outguard line1 as a road fork1 etc4 ,the post furnished by pickets may be as far as #ajj yards away4 ,there should be also a sentinel post near the picket in observation4 ,if the outguard consists of two or more companies there is a reserve4 ,the reserve is held at some suitable point1 where it can readily support the line4 ,the reserve maintains connection with the main body and the support4 ,the support occupies the line to be held4 ,this line should be entrenched4 ,the support maintains communication with its outguards and with each support on its flanks4 ,it also sends out the necessary reconnoitering patrols4 ,the outguards furnish sentinel posts and maintain communication with them1 and with the outguards on each flank4 ,it is the duty of the support commander to inspect his line and make such changes in the outguards as he deems necessary1 then to report to the outpost commander with a sketch if practicable of his line when his dispositions are completed4 ,the outpost commander should inspect the line1 order such changes as he deems necessary1 and report with a sketch of the outpost line to the commander of troops when his outpost has taken up its position4 ,the support commander must practice the greatest economy on men consistent with the requirements of practical security4 ,instead of using outguards along the whole front1 part of it may be covered by patrols4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ab ,,diagram ,,of ,,outpost ,,line ,outline of ,field ,service ,regulations4 ,,land ,,forces ,,of ,u4,s4 ,regular ,army4 ,organized ,land ,militia4 ,volunteer forces4 ,how ,grouped3 ,mobile ,army4 ,coast ,artillery4 ,mobile ,army3 ,for offensive operations against enemy and so requires maximum degree of mobility4 ,basis of organization the division1 a self-contained unit composed of all necessary arms and services4 ,coast ,artillery3 7#a7 ,permanent fortifications for defense against naval attack4 7#b7 ,semi-permanent fortifications for protection of permanent from raiders4 7#c7 ,organization of mobile troops to prevent landing of enemy4 ,,military ,,information4 ,essential3 7#a7 ,to enable ,war ,department to estimate equipment and size of force necessary4 7#b7 ,to enable commander properly to estimate the situation in the field of operations4 ,,transmission ,,of ,,information4 ,wire1 ,signaling1 ,radio and ,messenger3 ,message4--,concise1 written information sent by messenger or wire4 ,source always given4--,heard separated from seen4 ,report4--,formal account of some enterprise4 ,war ,diary4--,record of events kept in campaigns4 ,maps4 ,reconnaissance3 ,the work of individuals or units in gathering information4 ,to keep contact with the enemy--to be acquainted with the terrain2 to protect flanks and rear and guard against surprise4 ,reconnaissance begins on entering theater of operations and lasts through campaign4 ,effected by patrols and air craft4 ,indications of enemy3 ,tracks on road4 ,abandoned camps and clothing4 ,infantry1 thick1 low cloud of dust4 ,cavalry1 high1 thin cloud of dust4 ,artillery and wagons1 broken cloud4 ,determination of ,enemy ,forces3 ,timing past a given point4 ,cavalry 7walk71 #aaj per minute4 ,cavalry 7trot71 #bjj per minute4 ,infantry1 #age per minute4 ,artillery and wagons1 #e per minute4 ,security3 ,those measures taken to protect a command from enemy observation1 annoyance and surprise4 ,obtained by covering the front with detachments4 ,march4--,advance1 flank and rear guards4 ,camp4--,outposts4 ,march and camp detachments4--,to give warning and resist attack until such time as detachment in rear can deploy4 ,advance ,guard3 ,detachment from main body to cover its advance4 ,against surprise for information4 ,push back small bodies4 ,check enemy's advance until deployment in rear4 ,seize good position and locate enemy lines4 ,remove obstacles4 ,strength #a-bj to #a-c of entire command4 ,divisions of ,advance ,guard3 ,cavalry point4 ,infantry point4 ,advance party4 ,support4 ,reserve4 ,leading ,troops3 ,a detachment protecting the head of a column in retreat4 ,rear ,guard3 ,detachments protecting the rear of a retreating column4 ,formation like that of advance guard4 ,flank ,patrols3 ,detachments for protecting the flanks of marching column4 ,march ,outpost3 ,detachments for protection of column halted on march4 ,formation1 that of the marching protection4 ,outpost3 ,the detachments forming the protection for a force in camp or bivouac4 ,divisions of ,outpost3 ,reserve4 ,line of supports4 ,line of outguards4 ,pickets4 ,sentinel ,posts3 ,sentry squads4 ,cossack posts4 ,sentinels4 ,detached posts 7from support74 ,hours of ,special ,danger3 ,evening and dawn2 thus good times to relieve outposts4 ,examining ,post3 ,intelligence and a place where prisoners1 etc41 are brought in4 ,orders3 ,the expression of the will of a commander1 either written or verbal4 ,letters of instruction--plans of the superior leaders4 ,field ,orders3 ,regulate tactical and strategical actions of troops4 ,general ,orders ,include3 7#a7 ,all necessary detailed instructions4 7#b7 ,all standing instructions 7avoid repetition74 7#c7 ,proceedings of general and special courts-martial4 ,special ,orders3 ,relate to assignment and movement of individuals1 not necessary to be communicated to the whole command4 ,bearers of verbal orders must repeat4 ,field ,orders3 7#a7 ,heading4--,title1 place1 date1 hour and number4 7#b7 ,distribution of troops4--,division of command4 7#c7 ,body3 7a7 ,information of enemy and supporting troops4 7b7 ,general plan of commander4 7c7 ,detailed tactical dispositions to carry out general plan4 7d7 ,instructions for trains--also the positions of ammunition and dressing stations4 7#d7 ,ending4--,authentication and method of sending4 ,marches and ,convoys3 ,successful march4--,that which places troops at destination on time1 and in best possible condition4 ,rates of ,march3 ,infantry4--#b to #b-a_/b miles per hour4 ,cavalry4--#d miles 7walk71 #h miles 7trot71 #ab miles 7gallop74 ,artillery4--7,same47 ,average ,marches3 ,infantry4--#ae-bj miles per day4 ,cavalry4--#be miles per day4 ,artillery4--#ae-bj miles per day4 ,load of pack mules equals #bej pounds4 ,march ,orders1 ,state3 7#a7 ,object of march4 7#b7 ,distribution of troops4 7#c7 ,order of march of main body4 7#d7 ,manner of forming the column4 ,halts3 ,first hour1 #ae minutes' rest4 ,each successive hour1 a #aj-minute rest4 ,weather conditions create exceptions to above rule4 ,marches in ,peace3 7#a7 ,changing station4 7#b7 ,practice4 ,in ,war3 7#a7 ,concentration4 7#b7 ,in presence of enemy4 7#c7 ,forced marches4 7#d7 ,night marches4 ,convoys 7on ,land73 ,those trains by which supplies are forwarded to an army from depots1 etc41 in the rear--also trains bringing supplies collected by requisition4 ,security ,furnished by an ,escort3 7#a7 ,advance guard4 7#b7 ,main body4 7#c7 ,flank guard when necessary4 7#d7 ,rear guard4 ,favorable places for attacking convoys3 ,through woods defile4 ,over hedges4 ,sharp bends4 ,ascending or descending slopes4 ,farming corral1 watering4 ,whenever conditions are such that escort cannot quickly prepare for defense4 ,conducting ,prisoners3 #aj foot soldiers to every #ajj prisoners4 ,infantry3 ,the principal arm1 charged with the main field work4 ,its role is the role of the entire force and its success is the success of the whole force4 ,artillery3 ,the close supporting arm of the infantry4 ,its targets are those most dangerous in the eyes of the infantry4 ,cavalry3 ,reconnaissance--supports the other arms and is valuable in pursuit4 ,combat3 ,offensive4 ,defensive4 7a7 ,temporary4 7b7 ,passive defense4 ,combat ,principles3 ,fire superiority4 ,unity of command4 ,simple and direct plans and methods4 ,all troops necessary to mission must be assigned at beginning4 ,detachments justifiable only when they can contribute directly to success of main battle4 ,some reserves must be kept4 ,flank protection and reconnaissance4 ,fire ,superiority3 ,must be gained early and maintained4 ,frontage of ,units3 ,depth in formation for combat rather than extension of line4 ,reserves3 ,fresh troops must be on hand to 7#a7 ,give fire line impetus4 7#b7 ,to penetrate enemy lines4 7#c7 ,to fill gaps and help reorganization4 7#d7 ,to meet counter attacks4 ,plan of ,action3 ,mission of army is to win battle4 ,offensive action must be the rule4 ,when enemy is near every available means must be taken to gain information1 in order to prepare for deployment4 ,offensive ,combat3 ,the attack develops into #b parts4 7#a7 ,assaulting hostile position at selected points4 7#b7 ,threaten or assault all other parts of enemy line in order to hold enemy from reinforcing operations4 ,enveloping ,attack3 ,advantage of converging fire upon position4 ,holding ,attack3 ,an attack for holding enemy in one place1 while assaults made at another point4 ,assaults3 ,the local concentrated offensive4 ,pursuit3 ,only by energetic pursuit can the full fruit of victory be gleaned4 ,its purpose is to cause the greatest loss in personnel and morale possible cavalry and artillery active4 ,defensive ,combat3 ,passive defense--to gain time1 or to hold certain points pending results in other parts of the line4 ,defense seeking a favorable decision--a parrying of blows while seeking a favorable opening4 ,counter attack the crisis of this form4 ,counter attack--made by launching reserves at the flank1 while the enemy is fully committed to the attack4 ,defensive ,positions3 ,requisites3 ,clear field of fire4 ,flanks naturally secure4 ,extent of ground suitable to strength of force4 ,effective corps for reserves4 ,good lines of retreat4 ,good communication4 ,position in ,readiness3 ,a position intended to resist the advance of an enemy in the immediate vicinity information of whose movements is not full enough to warrant definite action4 ,withdrawal ,from ,action3 ,troops most readily disengaged from the enemy should be withdrawn first4 ,demands highest order of skill in troop leadership4 ,covering ,positions--those positions chosen to cover the retreating force4 ,retreat--a step by step opposition to the enemy's advance on a prearranged plan4 ,delaying actions3 #a4 ,advance delayed as long as possible1 consistent with safe withdrawal4 #b4 ,delayers must hold position4 ,night ,combat3 ,offensive advisable4 #a4 ,where fire superiority is impossible by day4 #b4 ,to avoid heavy losses by advance to assaulting position by day4 #c4 ,to capture posts or patrols4 #d4 ,to surprise for moral effect4 ,defensive3 ,obstacles in front of position4 ,trenches heavily manned and supports drawn close4 ,shelter3 ,troops under canvas--in camp4 ,troops on ground without canvas--bivouac4 ,troops in huts or villages--cantonment4 ,tactical considerations are paramount in the selection of camp sites in the theater of operations4 ,selection of ,camp ,site3 #a4 ,suitably large to accommodate command4 #b4 ,water supply sufficient and accessible4 #c4 ,good roads to and in camp4 #d4 ,wood and grass forage near at hand4 #e4 ,sandy subsoil for drainage4 #f4 ,hot weather shade--cold protection4 ,to maintain the efficiency of a command1 troops must have adequate shelter4 ,sanitary ,considerations ,around ,camp3 ,latrines on opposite side of camp from kitchens4 ,short camps1 straddle trenches4 ,long camps1 trenches #b by #f by #ab with seats4 ,have latrines screened4 ,burn the trenches out daily and keep covered4 ,wash boxes and paint with tar4 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on ,f4,s4,r4 #a4 ,how are the land forces of the ,u4,s4 organized8 ,ans4--,the ,mobile ,army consisting of ,regular ,army1 organized land militia when called to ,federal service1 drafted army1 volunteers and the field artillery and the ,coast ,artillery4 ,basis of organization is the ,division composed of all arms and self-sufficient4 ,several divisions may be grouped into a field army1 to which are attached field army troops4 ,these are organized into a brigade for purpose of supply and administration when necessary through numbers4 ,coast ,artillery is charged with the care and use of land and coast fortifications1 including submarine mines and torpedo defenses4 #b4 ,what is the object of collecting military information8 ,ans4--,to enable the ,war ,department to decide upon the size of army or expedition1 the proportions of different arms1 the character of clothing1 equipment1 etc41 needed for any operation4 ,information collected by the ,gen4 ,staff in time of peace should include geography1 physical resources1 and military strength of the various nations4 #c4 ,define reconnaisance4 ,ans4--,reconnaisance is used to designate the work of troops or individuals when gathering information in the field4 ,it is necessary during combat for the tactical use of troops4 ,it is carried on by3 7a7 aero squadron2 7b7 independent cavalry2 7c7 divisional cavalry2 7d7 by infantry as reconnoitering patrols4 #d4 ,what are some indications of the presence of the enemy8 ,ans4--,clothing or material on roads or in abandoned camps4 ,a thick1 low cloud of dust indicates infantry4 ,a high1 thin cloud cavalry4 ,a broken cloud artillery or wagon trains4 ,how would you determine from these indications what the number and organization of the enemy might be8 ,ans4--,estimate strength by length of time it takes to pass a given point4 ,assuming that infantry in column of squads occupies half a yard per man1 cavalry in column of fours #a yard per trooper1 and artillery in single column #bj yards per gun or caisson1 a given point would be passed in one minute by about3 #age infantry1 #aaj cavalry at walk1 #bjj cavalry at trot1 #e guns or caissons4 #e4 ,suppose on patrol and safely concealed for sighting the enemy at no great distance1 by what rough method would you ascertain the approximate strength of the force assuming it to be composed of infantry1 cavalry and artillery8 ,see answer ,no4 #d4 #f4 ,what is the composition and arrangement of the advance guard8 ,ans4--,all arms of the service4 ,in open country much cavalry and field artillery1 the latter seldom assigned to command smaller than a brigade4 ,also machine guns1 ambulance company if the force is large and engineers for purpose of removing obstacles to the march4 ,large command2 advance cavalry1 support1 reserve4 ,small command2 point1 advance party1 support1 reserve4 ,strength should be #a_/bj to #a_/c1 depending on size of command and character of terrain4 ,advance guard increases in size proportionately with size of command4 ,why8 #g4 ,define3 7a7 ,outguard2 they constitute small detachments farthest to the front and nearest to the enemy4 7b7 ,cossack post2 observation group at indicated point consisting of four men1 post single sentinel4 7c7 ,picket2 small command up to platoon placed in line of outguards at more important points such as road forks4 #h4 ,what is an order8 ,ans4--,orders are used by commanders of divisions and separate brigades for regulating the movement and supply of field trains1 fixing position of distributing points for rations and forage1 in short1 have to do with supplies of all kinds1 especially food4 ,form3 ,the heading4 ,the distribution of troops 7in certain orders74 ,the body4 ,the ending4 ,the ,body contains3 #a4 ,information about the enemy and our supporting troops4 #b4 ,general plan of the commander4 #c4 ,disposition of the troops4 #d4 ,instructions for the trains4 #e4 ,where the commander may be found or messages are to be sent4 #i4 ,during an advance what is the general order of advance of a column8 ,ans4--,cavalry and horse artillery4 ,infantry and light artillery4 ,engineering and signal troops4 ,trains4 #aj4 ,what is the average march per day of various arms8 ,ans4--,infantry1 #ae miles per day4 ,infantry in large bodies1 #ab miles per day4 ,cavalry1 #be miles per day4 ,field artillery1 #ae to #bj miles per day4 ,horse artillery1 same as cavalry1 to which it may be attached4 ,forced marches are from #bh to #cj miles for infantry4 #aa4 ,how is the escort distributed in guarded convoys8 ,ans4--,advance guard1 with advance cavalry #c to #e miles ahead4 ,main body may be opposite most important point of the train1 usually opposite its center4 ,section of infantry at head and tail of train4 ,flank guard--if necessary4 ,rear guard--#a_/f of escort4 ,what places are most favorable for attacking convoy8 ,when passing through woods1 defile1 or over bridge1 when going around sharp bends in the road2 when convoy is forming corral4 #ab4 ,discuss uses of the various arms in combat4 ,ans4--,infantry3 ,the most important arm1 charged with the main work of the battle4 ,artillery3 ,supporting arm of infantry4 ,its target is the opposing arm most dangerous to the infantry4 ,cavalry3 ,reconnaisance before combat1 support of other arms during combat4 #ac4 ,what is the difference between the attack and the assault8 ,ans4--,in combat where the force is as large or larger than a division1 a simultaneous advance against the entire hostile front is out of the question4 ,attack is made up of a number of local combats4 ,some where enemy is engaged with view to driving him out4 ,this is called the assault4 ,other parts of attack with fewer troops simply to keep the enemy from coming to the support of those troops of the assaulted lines4 ,the entire advance against the enemy is the attack4 ,after the firing lines have advanced some distance the weak and the strong points of the enemy's lines are disclosed4 ,the weak points of course are selected4 #ad4 ,discuss the manner in which a pursuit should be carried out8 ,ans4--,if enemy commences withdrawal before front lines have given way1 troops in action push forward until enemy in their front are driven away4 ,cavalry and horse artillery are thrown against flanks of retreating enemy1 or on their front4 ,purpose to further disorganize the enemy1 beat him to bridges1 defiles1 etc4 ,in meantime reserve is sent into the pursuit1 while troops engaged are assembling to constitute a new reserve4 ,general scheme is to keep in continuous contact with enemy1 giving him no chance to reorganize4 ,boldness necessary4 #ae4 ,what are the different kinds of defense1 and what is the purpose of each8 ,ans4--7a7 ,passive2 to retain position for specified time with or without combat1 or to prevent enemy from carrying position4 7b7 ,defense seeking favorable decision2 troops forced temporarily to assume the defensive1 with intention of assuming the offensive at first favorable opportunity4 #af4 ,what is the purpose of the counter attack8 ,ans4--,to win victory1 stave off defeat or prevent lines from being entered4 ,it may be launched either at the enemy's strong or weak points depending on conditions4 ,if enemy are beaten off and disorganized at some point1 it may be good opportunity to follow up the advantage by counter attack4 ,also at other points where weakness develops4 ,counter attack is made at strength of enemy to prevent him from penetrating the defensive position4 #ag4 ,how should advance position be organized and held8 ,ans4--,force should not be so weak that it can be driven back to main body before it accomplishes its purpose1 nor so strong that it will hold out too long1 thereby committing the entire force to action in advance line instead of the line selected4 ,trenches4 ,what is position in readiness8 ,troops placed in readiness for action where it is intended to resist the advance of enemy in immediate vicinity1 but knowledge of his movements not yet sufficiently definite to decide upon plan of action4 ,preliminary to taking up offensive1 or more usually to taking up and occupying defensive position4 ,hasten deployment when time comes4 #ah4 ,if it becomes necessary to withdraw troops from action state steps necessary to insure the safety of troops during the withdrawal and retreat4 ,ans4--,last reserves should be used4 ,if none1 troops least pressed used to cover withdrawal4 ,cavalry and artillery used unsparingly4 ,depends on the terrain4 ,first covering position well to the rear so as not to suffer demoralization4 ,on flanks of line of retreat4 ,there should also be facilities to withdraw the occupying force4 ,firing line made as strong as possible1 minimum of reserves held4 ,use ,m4,g4 ,perhaps successive covering points necessary further to rear before advance of enemy can be checked4 ,when a few miles to the rear1 or far enough to free troops from all contact with the enemy1 reorganize4 ,step-by-step opposition useless4 ,number of covering positions should be reduced to the minimum4 ,retreat2 trains at once put into march4 ,other forces at once put into order of march4 ,all roads used1 separate roads for divisions4 ,effective rear guard from troops whose strength and morale is least impaired4 ,divisional cavalry and as much artillery as can effectively be used4 ,use artillery at long range to keep the enemy deployed1 destroy bridges1 etc4 ,,chapter #i4 ,feeding ,men4 ,,in ,,camp4--,you will usually have plenty of food but continual inspecting is necessary to have it properly cared for1 prepared and served4 ,the kitchen must be kept clean3 company commanders inspect daily and insist on the following3 #a4 ,have cooks and enlisted men come to attention at the command of the first man who sees you approach4 #b4 ,have all refrigerators opened1 and put your head in far enough to detect any bad odors4 #c4 ,check the bill of fare and see that food not consumed one day is utilized later--waste bread for bread pudding1 for example4 #d4 ,see that doors close properly1 that windows are screened and roof is tight--allow no flies4 #e4 ,have floors1 tables and refrigerators scrubbed daily4 #f4 ,have the ground around the mess shack raked and thoroughly policed4 ,towels hung out to dry must be so hung as not to fall to the ground4 ,raked ground does not allow flies to build undisturbed4 #g4 ,taste the coffee and look in the coffee bins4 #h4 ,inspect pans1 knives1 meat grinder 7have latter taken apart for you occasionally74 #i4 ,see that the mess sergeant looks after the incinerator properly2 that he makes the cooks use what he tells them to4 ,cooks should not be allowed to help themselves to things2 the mess sergeant should weigh out or set out just what is to be used each day4 #aj4 ,have the food served hot and in individual portions as far as possible2 see that the food is not put on the table too soon4 #aa4 ,during each month talk with an old soldier1 a raw recruit and a non-commissioned officer about the mess to see what the men think of it4 ,,on ,,the ,,march4--7#a4 i4d4r41 #ffi-fgc47 ,if portable kitchens accompany troops1 the men should fall in in single file and be helped to food as they pass by in companies4 ,,for ,,individual ,,cooking4--,rations issued might be3 #a carton of hard-tack1 #a ration of bacon1 #a potato1 #b tablespoons of rice1 #a heaping tablespoon of coffee1 sugar4 ,fires for individual cooking are best made out of small dried twigs to produce a hot fire large enough for a group of four men4 ,there are two methods of cooking with the issue mess-kit4 ,first ,method3 ,each man cooking for himself4 ,as there are but two cooking utensils1 the tin cup and the frying pan1 the cooking must be systematized in order to cook four articles on the two utensils4 ,to do this1 the rice is first cooked in the tin cup filling the tin cup one-third full of water throwing in the rice4 ,the water is brought to a boil and boiled until the individual grains of rice are soft through4 ,the tin cup is then removed from the fire1 the water poured off1 and the cup covered with the lid of the mess tin1 the rice being allowed to steam4 ,in the meantime1 the bacon should be fried in the frying pan1 the grease being saved4 ,when the rice is well steamed1 it is turned out in the lid of the meat can1 then the bacon placed on top of it4 ,the tin cup is washed out and the man is then ready to fry his potato and boil his coffee4 ,the cup is filled two-thirds full of water and the coffee placed in it and boiled until the desired strength is attained4 ,to prevent the coffee from boiling over1 a canteen of water should be handy and water thrown in whenever the coffee begins to boil over4 ,when the coffee is strong enough1 the addition of cold water will settle the grounds4 ,in the meantime1 cut the potatoes very thin and fry them in the bacon grease and the meal is ready3 hard-tack1 potatoes1 rice1 bacon and coffee4 ,second ,method3 ,squads of four may specialize2 one man to collect the frying pans and fry all the bacon1 another the potatoes1 another the rice and coffee1 and the other for collection of wood4 ,either method may be followed4 ,mess-kits should be cleaned immediately after using1 sand being used for scouring4 ,mess-kits must be cleaned thoroughly4 ,,in ,,the ,,trenches4--,usually rations and stores will be carried up to the trenches by the supports and the reserves4 ,if this is not possible and it becomes necessary that men from the front line trenches be employed1 not more than #aj per cent of the men in the firing line are to be away from the trenches at the same time4 ,,rations ,,and ,,cooking3 7a7 ,ration parties from the support and reserve trenches will be made up in complete units1 i4e41 platoons or companies4 7b7 ,the company mess sergeant will accompany the ration parties for his company and will report his arrival to the company commander4 7c7 ,great care is to be taken that ration and carrying parties make as little noise as possible4 7d7 ,cooking if possible will be done behind the front line trenches1 and should be concentrated by sections or companies4 ,steps must be taken to insure that as little smoke as possible is made by the cook's fires4 7e7 ,waste in any form will be discouraged4 7f7 ,arrangements should be made to insure that soup or some hot drink be available for the men between midnight and #g a4m4 ,each company commander must see that timely requisitions for rations are made and to have no delays at meal times4 ,food should be brought up in tin boilers about the size of wash boilers so that two men can handle one of them easily without a relief4 ,in front line1 men send mess kit relayed from hand to hand to these boilers at stations in each platoon or section and they are relayed back4 ,sometimes men in the front line are relieved for a few minutes4 ,always carry #bd hours rations4 ,camping and ,camp ,sanitation4 ,,general ,,principles3 ,great care must be exercised in selecting a camp site1 but it must never be forgotten that the tactical situation is of paramount importance4 ,the following principles govern the selection3 7#a7 ,sufficient supply of pure water4 7#b7 ,good roads1 but not too near a main highway on account of dust and noise4 7#c7 ,wood and forage must be obtainable4 ,the ground should3 7#a7 ,give ample room without crowding4 7#b7 ,have porous soil4 7#c7 ,have high elevation to make site dry4 ,avoid3 7#a7 ,marshy ground and mosquitoes4 7#b7 ,woods or dense vegetation4 7#c7 ,ravines or depressions in terrain or dry stream beds subject to sudden freshets4 ,water must be obtainable3 7#a7 ,arrange immediately where to obtain 7a7 ,drinking and cooking water4 7b7 ,water for animals4 7c7 ,water for bathing and washing4 ,in the case of running water1 the point furthest up-stream shall be guarded for drinking and cooking water4 ,bathing shall be done at a point furthest down-stream4 ,successful military camping depends upon three 7#c7 things3 7#a7 ,discipline4 7#b7 ,cooking4 7#c7 ,sanitation4 ,discipline means control2 it means order4 ,nowhere are these more essential4 ,confusion is loss of control1 loss of time1 and loss of respect by the men4 ,upon arrival at a favorable camp site get the men off their feet4 ,do not wait around4 ,as ,c4,o4 have your decisions made and the work organized1 so that each squad will be under a leader4 ,keep squads together1 allowing none to stray off until the work is done1 then let everyone rest except the sentinels4 ,do not omit to post sentinels over the water supply and at important points1 even though you have not decided upon the exact location of camp4 ,organize the work by platoons or squads and rotate1 if camp is to be made every few days4 ,discipline in camp means more than order and dispatch1 however1 men must understand that they are under discipline when off duty--that they cannot disregard sanitary measures1 eat promiscuously1 destroy property1 vegetation1 or timber and must police the grounds at all times4 ,papers1 cigarette butts1 and newspapers1 should never be allowed on the ground near camp4 ,eatables should never be kept in tents to draw vermin4 ,where possible1 in dry weather1 the company street should be wet down to keep the dust out of the tents4 ,have men ditch around tents immediately upon making camp4 ,though it may seem somewhat of a hardship1 a sudden down pour of rain1 will recompense them for this labor many times over4 ,in ditching the tents1 completely circle them1 for if this is not done a great deal of rain will come in the front of the tent4 ,food means everything to a soldier4 ,the camp cooking is a barometer of the organized efficiency and of the enlisted men's attitude4 ,nothing else can do so much to help or hinder4 ,the ,company ,commander should realize the controlling power exercised by the company cook and keep the matter in his own hands4 ,he should accept no excuse for burnt or dirty food4 ,if officers mess with their companies they will appreciate the attitude of the men and be able to judge the real situation4 ,officers will be well repaid for doing this1 as it gives them an idea of the food that is being served their men4 ,in the mechanical details of preparing food1 the fire is of first importance4 ,a quick method of cooking is by laying a pair of large green logs on the surface of the ground just wide enough to place the pots between them1 so that the bottom of the pots will be resting upon them4 ,build a fire between these logs1 making sure to place the logs parallel to the direction of the wind4 ,a pit may be dug1 with a sloping bottom1 and across this may be placed the pots1 and if iron rails are available1 the utensils may be placed on these4 ,for longer stays this pit may be lined with stone4 ,stones retain the heat and less wood is required4 ,four trenches radiating from a central chimney will give one flue whatever may be the direction of the wind4 7,for more specific data on the subject of fires and camp cooking1 see ,manual for ,army ,cooks--,u4,s4,a4--also notes in i4d4r41 pp4 #aed-aee47 ,make a rule never to allow food to remain in tin cans after opening them4 ,remember to place kitchen near available water supply and furthest from latrines1 horse picket lines1 or dumps of any kind4 ,sanitation comes last in the thoughts of the enlisted man1 but it is no less important for that4 ,the first requisite is cleanliness4 ,food receptacles must be scoured and covers and cracks in tin ware scraped as well as scalding the tins themselves4 ,have boiling hot water in tanks 7galvanized iron ash cans are good7 for men to wash mess kits in after meals4 ,one can should contain soapy water so as to cut the grease from the dishes1 and the second tank should contain clean1 boiling water for scalding the kits4 ,scraps of food should be scraped from the mess tins before immersing them in water1 otherwise washing water becomes filled with small particles of food4 ,wiping cloths will greatly add to the convenience of the men and takes but a short time to make them clean and fit for use again4 ,care must be exercised over three kinds of waste3 7#a7 ,garbage4 7#b7 ,kitchen slops4 7#c7 ,excreta4 ,garbage can be burned in the kitchen fires4 ,it should never stand exposed to the air1 but should be tightly covered in iron cans1 and should be disposed of every twenty-four hours4 ,kitchen help have an aversion to prompt disposal of garbage and need watching4 ,fly traps should be made of muslin and used freely about the kitchen4 ,kitchen slops1 fats1 greasy water1 etc41 must be drained into covered pits1 never allowing them to be tossed on the ground around the cook tent4 ,a hole dug and partially filled with stones with a barrel placed upside down on them1 makes a very good receptacle for kitchen slops4 ,the barrel should be placed so that the inverted top will be a little way beneath the surface of the ground4 ,a hole should be bored in the bottom of the barrel and a funnel inserted1 through which the slops may be poured4 ,if the soil is porous1 a trough may be dug and covered with mosquito netting or cheese cloth1 and the water poured through this and allowed to drain off4 ,excreta is the most deadly form of waste1 and too much care cannot be exercised in disposing of it4 ,impress upon every man that he must cover completely with dirt all excreta so that flies may not have a chance to approach it4 ,for short stops and while working in the field straddle1 latrines are the best4 ,these are shallow trenches the width of a shovel1 about #ab inches wide1 and several feet in length4 ,for long stops a deep latrine is dug of the following dimensions3 #b feet wide1 #f feet deep by #ae feet long4 ,two posts with crotches1 driven at the ends of this trench1 supporting a substantial pole to make a seat 99 99 99 for convenience a hand rail placed in front of this improvised seat will add to the comfort of the men4 ,a more permanent latrine is made by covering the pit with a wooden box1 in the top of which are cut holes of the necessary diameter4 ,to these holes should be fitted spring covers which will shut down tightly4 ,a wooden frame boarded around this arrangement makes a satisfactory enclosure4 ,a urinal made of two long boards joined together to form a ,v-shaped trough and drained by a pipe into the pit completes the whole4 ,a pitch sufficient for rapid drainage should be given the urinal trough4 ,when necessary to utilize separate urinals1 a hole filled with stone and sprinkled daily with quicklime is sufficient for short periods4 ,at night there should be a galvanized iron can placed in each company street and emptied before reveille each morning4 ,this can must be disinfected by burning out1 as must be the latrines when earth or sand is not used as a covering each time4 ,pits must be covered daily with quicklime1 ashes1 earth and filled when within two 7#b7 feet of the surface4 ,their position should be distinctly marked so as to prevent reopening4 ,it is a safe rule never to use an old camp ground1 but select a new one1 even if less conveniently located4 ,camp sites should be changed if it is found that the soil is becoming polluted1 or if the ground is cut up and dusty from constant use4 ,the condition in which a camp site is left by an organization will clearly indicate the efficiency and discipline in a command4 ,,chapter #aj4 ,personal ,hygiene and ,first ,aid4 ,this is a purely arbitrary grouping of topics for the purpose of saving space4 ,either of the topics mentioned could be treated at length2 detailed information will be found in any of the reference books mentioned in the bibliography4 ,,personal ,,hygiene means the preservation of health by attention to the care of the body2 it is determined by the formation of correct habits4 ,cleanliness of person1 clothing and bedding should become a habit of life with the soldier2 but some men will always require watching and admonition4 ,these habits are3 personal cleanliness2 regulation of diet2 avoidance of excesses 7eating1 drinking and sexual matters72 wearing suitable clothing2 keeping the bodily processes at work 7kidneys1 bowels and skin72 taking sufficient exercise1 preferably in the open air2 rest of body and mind1 with recreation for the latter2 maintaining the surroundings in which one lives in a cleanly state4 ,,bathing is easily the most important requirement in matters of personal hygiene2 men should bathe as often as conditions of life in barracks and camp will permit4 ,on the march a vigorous dry rub with a coarse towel will often prove an excellent substitute when water is not available4 ,teeth should be cleaned at least twice daily4 ,clothing should be kept clean1 particularly underclothing4 ,diet is not a matter which a soldier can determine to any extent for himself2 but he can follow a certain few precautions3 #a4 ,don't eat hurriedly2 chew the food properly4 #b4 ,don't overload the stomach4 #c4 ,don't eat green or overripe fruit4 #d4 ,don't eat anything while away from camp or barracks1 whose materials or manner of preparation seem questionable4 #e4 ,don't bring a grouch to the table with you4 #f4 ,don't eat on the march2 don't drink too much water on the march4 ,,sexual ,,indulgence is a matter to be handled tactfully1 but with absolute frankness4 ,men should be taught that it is not a matter of necessity2 that their health will not suffer by any lack of it2 that they themselves will be the sufferers for any violations of rules of health4 ,the procedure directed by the ,war ,department for purposes of combatting infection is as follows3 #a4 ,that physical inspections of enlisted men be made twice each month for the detection of venereal disease4 #b4 ,that any soldier who exposes himself to infection shall report for cleansing and preventive treatment immediately upon return to camp or garrison4 #c4 ,that any soldier who fails so to report1 if found to be suffering from a venereal infection1 shall be brought to trial by court martial for neglect of duty4 #d4 ,that men so infected shall be confined strictly to the limits of the post during the infectious stages of the disease4 #e4 ,that all officers serving with troops shall do their utmost to encourage healthful exercises and physical recreation and to supply opportunities for cleanly social and interesting mental occupations for the men under their command4 #f4 ,that company and medical officers shall take advantage of favorable opportunities to point out the misery and disaster that follow upon moral uncleanliness2 and the fact that venereal disease is never a trivial affair4 ,with a great many men these precautions and measures will not be necessary but for the sake of those who are ignorant or neglectful1 proper steps should at all times be taken4 ,,exercise4--,a sufficient amount of exercise to maintain health is ordinarily provided by military drills and other duties requiring active movement4 ,but this should be regarded only as the minimum of exercise2 athletic work should be encouraged 7and this will be done by the present activities of those higher up72 bayonet training will be found an excellent medium of accomplishing a double purpose2 calisthenics should be short but snappy and vigorous4 ,a vigorous policy of an officer as regards things of this sort will ward off a great many minor ills and particularly colds1 which are often the result of poor ventilation4 ,,cleanliness ,,of ,,surroundings4--,men should be taught that cleanliness of surroundings is not merely for purposes of inspection2 but that it is absolutely necessary where a great number of men are living together in close quarters4 ,quarters should be well policed2 the company street should be kept clean2 refuse of all sorts should be kept in receptacles provided for that purpose and frequently removed4 ,a police squad appointed daily should be charged with this work1 and the corporal of the same made responsible for the condition of quarters and the company street4 ,,preventable ,,diseases4--,men should be given a certain amount of theoretical knowledge of preventable diseases4 ,these matters will be taken care of to a large extent by the ,medical ,corps2 but men should be taught just what precautions are necessary to avoid recourse to the hospital4 ,,venereal diseases have already been touched upon4 ,,typhoid ,,fever is a germ disease and communicable4 ,vaccination is the first preventive2 protection of water supply is the second2 thorough disposal of wastes is a third2 and sharp punishment for violation of sanitary regulations is a fourth4 ,habits of personal cleanliness will do much to prevent any such disease4 ,,dysentery is very common in field service1 but may be prevented by same methods as for typhoid fever1 save for vaccination2 men suffering from this malady should be isolated1 if possible1 and utmost precaution taken to prevent spread of the disease4 ,,malaria is a mosquito disease2 get rid of mosquitoes and then you will get rid of the carrier of the germs4 ,quinine may act as a preventive4 ,cases should be isolated1 if possible4 ,,tonsilitis ,,and ,,colds may be combatted very effectively by proper precautions as to ventilation4 ,,measles4--,very important but little known2 isolation recommended4 ,there are many other diseases concerning which the men should be instructed1 but lack of space prevents further treatment of them4 ,they should be taught the proper treatment of blistered feet1 for they incapacitate a great many men2 the chief causes are ill-fitting shoes and our old friend uncleanliness4 ,shoes are the most important article of clothing of the infantryman2 each man should have one pair well broken in for marching1 and two other pairs4 ,socks should be soft1 smooth and without holes--also clean4 ,further steps for the prevention of blisters are2 hardening of the skin by appropriate baths for the feet2 soaping the feet2 or adopting some other means of reducing the friction of the foot against the sock4 ,treatment--,wash the feet2 open the blister at the lowest point1 with a clean needle2 dress with vaseline or other ointment and protect with adhesive plaster1 care being taken not to shut out the air4 ,zinc oxide plaster is excellent4 ,sterilize a needle2 thread it with a woolly thread and run it through blister1 leaving ends projecting about one-half inch2 this will act as a wick and dry up blister in short time4 ,,first ,,aid4--,explain to the men the uses of the first aid packet and of the pouch carried by the ,medical ,corps4 7,this pouch is being replaced by web-belts with pockets47 ,,wounds may be classed as ordinary cuts1 inside wounds1 lacerated1 punctured and poisoned wounds4 ,for ordinary minor wounds--iodine and exposure to the air are usually sufficient4 ,war wounds are usually caused by something having an explosive effect and may be accompanied by hemorrhage1 shock and even loss of function2 they may be arterial or venous4 ,,poisoned ,,wounds are of two sorts2 external and internal4 ,,diagnosis ,,tag4--,this tag placed on a soldier shows wound1 name1 rank1 regiment1 treatment received1 etc4 ,this tag should be carefully read before further treatment is accorded4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,wounds4--,the compress1 of the first aid packet will always prove of help4 ,,bleeding ,,wounds4--,the bandage of the first aid packet will stop all ordinary bleeding2 but in aggravated cases the bleeding may be stopped by pressure on the artery1 between the wound and the heart4 ,this may be done by hand or by means of the forceps in the medical pouch4 ,the points of compression should be learned and located2 in front of the ear just above the socket of the jaw2 in the neck in front of the strongly marked muscle reaching from behind the ear to the upper part of the breast bone2 in the hollow behind the collar bone2 just behind the inner border of the larger muscle of the arm2 the femoral artery at the middle of the groin where the artery passes over the bone4 ,bleeding may also be stopped to some extent by elevating the wounded part4 ,a tourniquet may be improvised by using the compress1 running a stick or the bayonet through the band1 and taking up the slack by twisting4 ,,poisoned ,,wounds4--,for a snakebite make a tight constriction just above the wound2 make an incision at the bite and suck out the poison4 ,do it quickly4 ,if this is impossible1 follow the same plan but give a stimulant2 repeatedly loosen the constriction and let a little of the poison into the system at a time to be neutralized4 ,in cases of chemical poisoning do not follow the usual method of treating poisoning4 ,do not make the patient vomit1 but give him something fat or albuminous such as raw eggs or milk4 ,this forms mercurial albuminate4 ,ptomaine poisoning 7symptoms are headache1 cramps1 nausea1 high fever and chills1 etc474 ,drink salt water1 vomit and repeat the procedure to clean out the stomach4 ,a purgative should also be taken4 ,ice cream and milk kept too long are frequent causes of this sort of poisoning1 as are dishes kept in the icebox over night4 ,,fainting1 ,,heat ,,exhaustion ,,and ,,shock are all of the same class2 symptoms are the same--weak pulse1 paleness and low temperature1 tendency to fall to ground4 ,often follows taking too much water on the march4 ,treatment should be in nature of stimulant2 make patient lie down1 get blood to his head1 wrap him in blankets1 give him hot drinks1 etc4 ,,sunstroke4--,symptoms and treatment are different4 ,patient has a high temperature4 ,keep his head high and feet low2 disrobe him and pour cold water on him2 keep him in a cool place until temperature lowers to #aja2 then remove cold water and temperature will go down itself4 ,do not apply cold water too long as the temperature may go to sub-normal which is just as dangerous as a temperature abnormally high4 ,,burns ,,and ,,scalds4--,air should be shut out2 otherwise treat like blister1 care being taken not to remove skin4 ,do not put on anything that will stick and do not try to remove anything that has a tendency to stick2 put on linseed oil and water1 cotton and a loose bandage4 ,,freezing ,,and ,,frostbites4--,use ice water and snow to start with4 ,keep the patient cool until he is thawed out4 ,massage and gradually work up to a warmer temperature4 ,,fractures are of three kinds2 simple1 compound and comminuted4 ,simple3 ,bones do not penetrate the skin 7may be single or double74 ,compound3 ,bones penetrate the skin and cause infection4 ,comminuted3 ,bone is shattered4 ,indications of a fracture are3 ,pain1 redness1 swelling and mobility where it ought not to be4 ,,treatment4--,find out the kind of fracture4 ,paint the wound and put on first aid packet2 replace the clothes and splint the break4 ,splints should not be too long so as to cause any friction or annoyance to the patient4 ,they may be made out of any available material1 such as rifle1 bayonet1 shingle1 piece of board1 scabbard1 etc4 ,bind them firmly but not too tightly4 ,,artificial ,,respiration4--,this subject is worthy of more treatment than it can be accorded here4 ,any text on first aid will explain thoroughly the ,schaefer method1 which is now the standard method in the army4 ,points to be remembered in this method are2 remove foreign articles from the mouth2 curl the little finger over the #abth rib2 avoid the pelvic bones2 hold the arms straight and apply the pressure by means of the whole body brought forward2 take care not to break a rib2 do not give up too soon4 ,,trench ,,foot4--,this is due to long standing with legs and feet in wet clothes4 ,there are three types3 ,mild3 ,symptoms are numbness and a slight swelling4 ,medium3 ,additional symptom of a bluing of the leg2 also large blisters4 ,severe3 ,gangrene sets in4 ,tight clothes help to bring on these things4 ,keep the shoes1 socks and breeches loose2 keep the clothes dry2 furnish the men with hot food in the trenches and so keep up the circulation4 ,do not use grease4 ,trench foot can be avoided by proper treatment1 and punishment should follow upon its contraction4 ,,chapter #aa4 ,signaling4 ,this chapter proposes to cover a large amount of ground in a small compass2 hence treatment must be brief4 ,a more liberal treatment will be found at different sources2 here a few suggestions and hints will be given4 ,,semaphore4--,time spent1 #fa hours3 #f sessions #a_/b hours1 #a session #a hour1 #a conference #b hours4 ,it is easy to say just learn the semaphore1 but to learn it quickly and well is another matter4 ,a few suggestions as to the methods followed by others will usually prove helpful4 ,learn the semaphore by what may be called the cycle method1 i4e41 teach and illustrate how the successive letters are formed by moving the arm or arms around the body in a clockwise direction through successive stages4 ,there are a few exceptions to the rule as will be pointed out2 but they only serve as a few landmarks and help to fix the whole matter more firmly in mind4 ,,first ,,cycle4--#a arm4 ,a to ,g4 ,one arm always at the interval4 ,be sure to make the ,d with right arm straight overhead--then it is more distinct at a distance4 7,plate47 ,,second ,,cycle4--#b arms4 ,h to ,n1 inclusive1 with exception of ,j4 ,one arm always in the ,a position4 ,in making ,i always be sure that the left hand is at the ,a position4 ,some men insist in making this letter wrong by crossing the body with the left hand uppermost4 ,this is very awkward and also very indistinct at a distance4 ,p changes arms but retains same relative position of flags4 ,,third ,,cycle4--#b arms4 ,t and ,u4 ,right arm in position of ,c4 ,letter ,u actually resembles that letter4 ,,third ,,cycle4--#b arms4 ,o to ,s4 ,one arm always in ,b position4 ,in letter ,o1 left arm is in ,b position2 in all others1 right arm4 ,,fourth ,,cycle4--#b arms4 ,t and ,u4 ,right arm in position of ,c4 ,letter ,u actually resembles that letter4 ,,doubles4--,l1 ,u1 ,r1 ,n4 ,these letters are keys to many others and should be promptly learned4 ,,opposites4--,v and ,k1 ,o and ,w1 ,q and ,y1 ,s and ,m1 ,z and ,h1 ,x and ,i1 ,m follows ,l in cycle and is opposite of ,s1 ,s follows ,e in cycle and is opposite of ,m1 ,k precedes ,l in cycle and is opposite of ,v4 ,figures are first #aj letters of alphabet1 preceded by crossing flags overhead4 ,,instructing4--,this plan of teaching the semaphore will be found very helpful1 for it helps to reason out the alphabet for the student4 ,by fixing firmly in mind a few things the student can soon reason out the alphabet for himself by a very logical plan4 ,,second ,,step4--,after the men have been taught the alphabet they should either pair off and one man send to the other1 or one man should be selected to send for the entire class4 ,at first only letters should be sent until the men have learned the alphabet thoroughly4 ,in this way the key characters of the alphabet can be fixed in mind1 as well as their relation to the other letters4 ,,third ,,step4--,the men should next be paired off and instructed to send simple messages to each other4 ,you should insist that there be no other communication between the men than by means of their flags4 ,,fourth ,,step4--,proceed to simple qualification tests1 four men working in two pairs and the pairs alternating in sending and receiving4 ,one man of first pair should read for his companion to send4 ,on the other end1 one man should read and the other copy4 ,the distances should be such as to preclude the possibility of conversation4 ,forty letters per minute is a fair test2 or this system may be followed3 ,have a good signalman send #aj combinations of #e letters each to the whole class4 ,the men should read these and write them down1 one combination at a time4 ,time limit should be #c minutes4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ac ,,wig ,,wag4--,time spent3 ,same as semaphore course4 ,the alphabet can be found in any standard signal book1 or in the ,manual for ,non-,commissioned ,officers and ,privates4 ,the dots are made to the right of the body1 the dashes to the left2 interval at the end of a word by dipping the flag once to the front1 at the end of a sentence by dipping it twice1 and at the end of a message by dipping it three times4 ,the alphabet should be learned first according to the same general plan as in the semaphore2 i4e41 the key letters to certain combinations should first be learned4 ,the following grouping of letters may be found helpful3 ,e ,i ,s ,h2 ,t ,m ,o2 ,a ,u ,v2 ,n ,d ,b2 ,r ,f ,l2 ,k ,c ,y2 ,w ,p ,j2 ,g ,z ,q4 ,the instructor can find many other groupings that will aid him4 ,it should also be pointed out that each number from one to ten consists of five characters1 and that each succeeding number follows the previous one according to a regular method4 ,after the men have studied the alphabet sufficiently1 have them send to each other1 limiting the work at first to letters only4 ,then gradually work up to the point where they may send simple messages4 ,make them rely upon the flags for communicating during the practice4 ,do not permit conversation--separate the men by a considerable distance4 ,in both wig wag and semaphore instruction the same plan should be followed as in teaching a foreign language2 i4e41 confine all communication to the medium under study4 ,qualification tests are similar to those for the semaphore1 except that less speed can be exacted2 #ae characters per minute or #aj combinations of #e letters each to be received and written down in #e minutes4 ,in both the semaphore and the wig wag men should be taught the conventional signals used in field work4 ,these can be found in any manual on the subject4 ,,points ,,to ,,remember4 ,the semaphore is a quicker means of communication than the wig wag2 but the wig wag can be used in a prone position under shelter4 ,lanterns can be used at night for semaphoring4 ,acetylene lamps can be used at night in place of the wig wag4 ,in this case a short flash represents a dot1 a long flash a dash4 ,a few men in each company should be developed into expert signalers2 some men always show aptitude for this sort of thing4 ,frequent use should be made of signaling in field work4 ,letter ,codes4 ,,infantry4 ,for use with ,general ,service ,code or semaphore hand flags4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,letter of ,if signaled from the rear ,if signaled from the firing alphabet to the firing line line to the rear ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,am ,ammunition going forward4 ,ammunition required4 ,,ccc ,charge 7mandatory at ,am about to charge if all times74 no instructions to the contrary4 ,,cf ,cease firing ,cease firing4 ,,dt ,double time or rush4 ,double time or rush4 ,f ,commence firing4 ,,fb ,fix bayonets4 ,,fl ,artillery fire is causing us losses4 ,g ,move forward4 ,preparing to move forward4 ,,hhh ,halt4 ,k ,negative4 ,,lt ,left4 ,o ,what is the 7,r4,n41 etc478 ,what is the 7,r4,n41 etc478 7,ardois and ,interrogatory4 ,interrogatory4 semaphore only74 44--44 ,what is the 7,r4,n41 etc478 ,what is the 7,r4,n41 etc478 7,all methods ,interrogatory4 ,interrogatory4 but ,ardois and semaphore74 ,p ,affirmative4 ,affirmative4 ,,rn ,range4 ,range4 ,,rt ,right4 ,right4 ,,sss ,support going forward4 ,support needed4 ,,suf ,suspend firing4 ,suspend firing4 ,t ,target4 ,target ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,arm ,signals4 ,the following arm signals are prescribed4 ,in making signals either arm may be used4 ,officers who receive signals on the firing line retreat back at once to prevent misunderstandings4 ,,forward ,,march4--,carry the hand to the shoulder2 straighten and hold the arm horizontally1 thrusting it in direction of march4 ,this signal is also used to execute quick time from double time4 ,,halt4--,carry the hand to the shoulder2 thrust the hand upward and hold the arm vertically4 ,,double ,,time1 ,,march4--,carry the hand to the shoulder2 rapidly thrust the hand upward the full extent of the arm several times4 ,,squads ,,right1 ,,march4--,raise the arm laterally until horizontal2 carry it to a vertical position above the head and swing it several times between the vertical and horizontal positions4 ,,squads ,,left1 ,,march4--,raise the arm laterally until horizontal2 carry it downward to the side and swing it several times between the downward and horizontal positions4 ,,squads ,,right ,,about1 ,,march 7if in close order7 or1 ,,to ,,the ,,rear1 ,,march 7if in skirmish line74--,extend the arm vertically above the head2 carry it laterally downward to the side and swing it several times between the vertical and downward positions4 ,,change ,,direction ,,or ,,column ,,right 7,,left71 ,,march4--,the hand on the side toward which the change of direction is to be made is carried across the body to the opposite shoulder1 forearm horizontal2 then swing in a horizontal plane1 arm extended1 pointing in the new direction4 ,as ,,skirmishers1 ,,march4--,raise both arms laterally until horizontal4 ,as ,,skirmishers1 ,,guide ,,center1 ,,march4--,raise both arms laterally until horizontal2 swing both simultaneously upward until vertical and return to the horizontal2 repeat several times4 ,as ,,skirmishers1 ,,guide ,,right 7,,left71 ,,march4--,raise both arms laterally until horizontal2 hold the arm on the side of the guide steadily in the horizontal position3 swing the other upward until vertical and return it to the horizontal2 repeat several times4 ,,assemble1 ,,march4--,raise the arm vertically to its full extent and describe horizontal circles4 ,,range1 ,,or ,,change ,,elevation4--,to announce the ,,range1 extend the arm1 toward the leaders or men for whom the signal is intended1 fist closed2 by keeping the fist closed battle sight is indicated2 by opening and closing the fist1 expose thumb and fingers to a number equal to the hundreds of yards2 to add #ej yards describe a short horizontal line with forefinger4 ,to change elevation1 indicate the amount of increase or decrease by fingers as above2 point upward to indicate increase and downward to indicate decrease4 ,,what ,,range ,,are ,,you ,,using8 ,,or ,,what ,,is ,,the ,,range8--,extend the arms toward the person addressed1 one hand open1 palm to the front1 resting on the other hand1 fist closed4 ,,are ,,you ,,ready8 ,,or ,i ,,am ,,ready4--,raise the hand1 fingers extended and joined1 palm toward the person addressed4 ,,commence ,,firing4--,move the arm extended in full length1 hand palm down1 several times through a horizontal arc in front of the body4 ,,fire ,,faster4--,execute rapidly the signal ,,commence ,,firing4 ,,fire ,,slower4--,execute slowly the signal ,,commence ,,firing4 ,,to ,,swing ,,the ,,cone ,,of ,,fire ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,,or ,,left4--,extend the arm in full length to the front1 palm to the right 7left72 swing the arm to right 7left71 and point in the direction of the new target4 ,,fix ,,bayonet4--,simulate the movement of the right hand in ,fix ,bayonet4 ,,suspend ,,firing4--,raise and hold the forearm steadily in a horizontal position in front of the forehead1 palm of the hand to the front4 ,,cease ,,firing4--,raise the forearm as in suspend firing and swing it up and down several times in front of the face4 ,,platoon4--,extend the arm horizontally toward the platoon leader2 describe small circles with the hand4 ,,squad4--,extend the arm horizontally toward the platoon leader2 swing the hand1 up and down from the wrist4 ,,rush4--,same as double time4 ,the signals ,,platoon and ,,squad are intended primarily for communication between the captain and his platoon leaders4 ,the signal ,,platoon or ,,squad indicates that the platoon commander is to cause the signal which follows to be executed by platoon or squad4 ,,chapter #ab4 ,guard ,duty4 ,time spent3 ,study1 #b hours4 ,conference1 #b hours4 ,formal guard mounting4 ,guards are divided roughly into four classes3 #a4 ,exterior--7,which come more properly under head of field service74 #b4 ,interior--,their purpose is to preserve order1 protect property and enforce police regulations4 #c4 ,military ,police--,also treated of in field service4 #d4 ,provost ,guards--,used in the absence of military police to aid civil authorities in preserving order among soldiers beyond the interior guard4 ,here we are concerned chiefly with interior guards4 ,we shall make up a brief summary of what an officer must know and what he ought to teach his non-coms4 and men4 ,also we shall touch upon the subject of guard duty as it has been changed by trench warfare4 ,an officer ought to have a good grasp of the following subjects relative to guard duty3 #a4 ,guard mounting 7both formal and informal74 #b4 ,posting reliefs4 #c4 ,preparation and running of rosters4 #d4 ,general orders--also special orders at post ,no4 #a4 #e4 ,duties of the following in reference to guard duty3 #a4 ,commanding officer4 #b4 ,officer of the day4 #c4 ,adjutant4 #d4 ,sergeant ,major4 #e4 ,commander of the guard4 #f4 ,sergeant of the guard4 #g4 ,corporal of the guard4 #h4 ,musicians4 #i4 ,orderlies and color sentinels4 #aj4 ,privates of the guard4 #f4 ,compliments of the guard4 #g4 ,prisoners3 ,general4 ,garrison4 ,awaiting trial4 ,awaiting result of trial4 ,how is an officer arrested8 ,can an enlisted man arrest him8 ,how is a non-com4 arrested8 ,how is a soldier arrested8 ,how is a civilian arrested8 7,see a4w4 ,no4 #fh47 ,an officer ought to-teach to his non-coms4 as much of the above as is consistent with time and other demands2 he ought to teach to his privates all that is necessary to the proper discharge of their duties in this connection4 ,,formal ,,guard ,,mounting4--,here follow a few reminders that may help the reader to keep the ceremony in mind3 #a4 ,weather conditions permitting1 guard mounting takes place every day at the discretion of the ,c4,o4 #b4 ,tour of duty is #bd hours2 there are #c reliefs1 #b hours on and #d hours off4 ,no organization is detailed for guard duty more than once in #e days if this can be prevented4 ,,ceremony4--#a4 ,the band takes post1 its left #ab paces to the right of where the right of the guard is to be4 #b4 ,adjutant's ,call4--,the ,adjutant marches to the parade ground 7,sergeant ,major on his left7 and takes post #ab paces in front of and facing the center of where the guard is to rest4 ,the ,sergeant ,major continues on1 marches by the left flank and takes post #ab paces to the left of the band and facing in the direction the line is to extend4 #c4 ,the details are marched to the parade ground by the senior non-commissioned officers1 halted and dressed as follows3 ,,first ,,detail4--,non-commissioned officer4--#a4 ,detail2 #b4 ,halt4 ,the detail is halted against the left arm of the ,sergeant ,major2 the non-commissioned officer steps out1 faces the ,sergeant ,major at a distance slightly greater than the front of the detail and commands3 #a4 ,right2 #b4 ,dress4 ,the detail dresses on the line formed by the ,sergeant ,major and the ,commander of the detail4 #c4 ,front4 ,the ,commander of the detail salutes and reports3 ,the detail is correct 7or otherwise74 ,when the report is made the ,sergeant ,major returns the salute4 ,the ,commander of the detail passes by the right of the guard and takes post in rear of the right file of his detail4 ,,other ,,details4--,non-commissioned officers4--#a4 ,detail2 #b4 ,halt2 #c4 ,right2 #d4 ,dress2 #e4 ,front4 ,each commander of a detail halts his detail1 dresses it on the general line1 salutes and reports as does the first2 then takes his post in a similar manner4 ,should the commander of a detail not be a non-commissioned officer he passes by the right of the guard and retires4 #d4 ,,sergeant ,,major4--,he takes one step to the right1 draws sword and verifies the detail1 and then commands3 ,count off4 ,he completes the last squad if necessary and indicates the division into platoons3 then takes his post and commands3 #a4 ,open ranks2 #b4 ,march4 ,this is executed as laid down in the ,infantry ,drill ,regulations4 #c4 ,front4 ,he then moves parallel to the front rank until opposite the center1 turns to the right1 halts half-way to the ,adjutant1 salutes and reports3 ,sir1 the details are correct 7or otherwise74 #e4 ,,adjutant3 ,take your post4 7,adjutant draws saber47 #f4 ,,sergeant ,,major4--,faces about1 approaches to within two paces of the center of the guard1 turns2 to the right and moves three paces beyond the left of the guard1 turns to the left1 halts on the line of the front rank1 faces about and brings his sword to the order4 7,when the ,sergeant ,major has reported the ,officer of the ,guard takes his post1 as shown in the diagram1 and draws saber47 #g4 ,,adjutant4--#a4 ,officer 7officers7 and non-commissioned officers2 #b4 ,front and center2 #c4 ,march4 ,at ,center the officer carries saber2 at ,march the officer advances and halts #c paces from the ,adjutant1 remaining at the carry2 non-commissioned officers pass by the flank1 move along the front and form in order of rank from right to left1 #c paces behind the officer1 remaining at the right shoulder4 ,if there is no officer of the guard the non-commissioned officers halt #c paces from the ,adjutant4 ,the ,adjutant assigns them to their positions in order of rank--commander of the guard2 leader of the first platoon2 leader of the second platoon1 etc41 and commands3 #a4 ,officer 7officers7 and non-commissioned officers2 #b4 ,posts2 #c4 ,march4 ,at the command ,march they take their posts as prescribed in the ,school of the ,company with open ranks 7,platoon leaders #c paces in front of center of their platoons74 #h4 ,,adjutant3 ,inspect your guard1 sir4 #i4 ,,officer ,,of ,,the ,,guard4--,faces about and commands3 ,prepare for inspection4 #aj4 ,,adjutant 7after the inspection is ended1 and after posting himself #cj paces in front of and facing center of the guard--at the same time the new ,officer of the ,day takes position about #cj paces behind the ,adjutant1 facing the guard1 and with the old officer of the day #a pace in rear and #c paces to the right73 #a4 ,parade2 #b4 ,rest2 #c4 ,sound off4 7,the band1 playing passes in front of the ,officer of the ,guard to the left of the line1 returns to its post and ceases to play47 #a4 ,guard2 #b4 ,attention2 #c4 ,close ranks2 #d4 ,march4 7,as in the ,school of the ,company47 #a4 ,present2 #b4 ,arms4 ,he then faces the new officer of the day1 salutes1 and reports3 ,sir1 the guard is formed4 #aa4 ,,new ,,officer ,,of ,,the ,,day 7returning salute73 ,march the guard in review1 sir4 #ab4 ,,adjutant4--,he carries saber1 faces about1 brings the guard to the order and commands3 #a4 ,at trail1 platoons right2 #b4 ,march2 #c4 ,guard2 #d4 ,halt4 ,the band takes post #ab paces in front of the first platoon1 the ,adjutant #f paces from the flank and abreast of the ,commander of the ,guard1 and the ,sergeant ,major #f paces from the flank of the second platoon4 ,adjutant commands3 #a4 ,pass in review2 #b4 ,forward2 #c4 ,march4 #ac4 ,,commander ,,of ,,the ,,guard 7as the guard reaches a position #f paces from the ,officer of the ,day73 #a4 ,eyes2 #b4 ,right2 7at #f paces beyond the ,officer of the ,day7 #c4 ,front4 ,at #ab paces beyond the ,officer of the ,day the ,adjutant and the ,sergeant-,major halt1 salute and retire4 #ad4 ,,commander ,,of ,,the ,,guard 7as the ,adjutant and the ,sergeant ,major retire73 #a4 ,platoons1 right by squads2 #b4 ,march4 ,the guard is then marched to its post2 the old guard is then relieved and sentinels posted according to the principles laid down in the ,manual of ,interior ,guard ,duty4 7,see diagrams at the end of this chapter47 ,,guard ,,duty ,,in ,,the ,,trenches4--,it differs from guard duty as we are accustomed to it4 ,the challenge is not ,who is there8 but rather a sudden and imperative ,hands up4 ,the party challenged throws up his hands and gives the countersign in a low voice4 ,sentinels are posted in the front line and in the line of dugouts1 one at each entrance to a dugout to give immediate warning4 ,watchers are posted at places having a good range of view2 at night they keep watch over the parapets rather than through the loopholes since the latter afford only a narrow range of view4 ,auto riflemen 7#f or #g to a post7 are used as watchers1 one being on duty at a time4 ,they should have a favorable background to provide concealment4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ad ,illustration3 ,plate #ad;,a4 ,,chapter #ac4 ,company ,administration4 ,company administration is a very broad subject and can be really learned only by experience4 ,however1 this chapter will attempt to point out a few suggestions and practices that may prove of some assistance1 particularly to the new officer4 ,we shall treat briefly of the first organization of the company2 then we shall try to reproduce in some slight measure the actual work of a day in camp 7more particularly of a training camp such as ,plattsburg72 then finally we shall treat of the orderly room and some of the problems that come up in army paper work4 ,notes on ,organization4 7,by ,,major ,w4,h4 ,,waldron1 ,twenty-,ninth ,infantry47 #a4 ,,prepare ,,in ,,advance ,,to ,,receive ,,men ,,assigned ,,to ,,company4 7a7 ,detail one of the ,lieutenants in charge of the company mess4 ,,duties4--,secure the necessary kitchen and dining room equipment and prepare everything to start the mess2 make up a bill-of-fare for a week based on the ration components and supplies available2 secure the rations and issue them to the cooks daily4 ,train a mess ,sergeant in the duties that fall to him4 ,in fine1 this ,lieutenant will have complete charge of the company mess1 the cooking1 and serving of the meals1 training of cooks and men detailed for duty in connection with the mess4 7b7 ,detail the other ,lieutenant in charge of property4 ,,duties4--,procure all the articles of individual and company equipment from the ,regimental ,supply ,officer4 ,get into the company storeroom and prepare it for issue4 ,train the ,company ,supply ,sergeant in the duties that will fall to him4 7c7 ,this leaves the ,company ,commander free to organize the orderly room and make the necessary preparations to receive the men as they report4 ,,if ,,in ,,cantonment4--,lay out the quarters into platoon sections and subdivide these into squads1 allowing space for platoon leaders and guides4 ,starting at the end of the quarters plainly mark each squad section1 #h beds1 four on each side of the aisle with the number of the squad--first squad1 second squad1 etc4 ,,if ,,in ,,tents4--,number the tents1 one for each squad1 leaving two tents in the center for platoon leaders1 guides1 etc4 ,prepare a sheet having a space for each squad1 large enough to enter eight names in it4 ,prepare a measuring post where the men can be measured for height as they report4 #b4 ,,men ,,reporting3 7a7 ,when the men arrive they will be sent to ,regimental ,headquarters direct4 ,there they will receive their assignment to a company4 ,when so assigned they will be directed to join the company4 7b7 ,a table on which is spread the squad assignment sheet is located at the head of the company street4 ,nearby is located the measuring post4 ,when a man reports1 look him over1 receive him in the company1 make him feel at home4 ,make him feel that he is welcome4 ,this little act will pay you large dividends in contentment and company esprit de corps later on4 ,turn him over to the man in charge of the measuring post to get his height4 ,assign him to a squad corresponding to his height4 ,enter his name in the squad space to which he is assigned and send him to the section of the cantonment designated for that particular squad4 ,detail a few of the first men who report for duty to assist in this work4 ,say you have #af squads4 ,they will run in height about as follows3 #ast squad1 over #f feet2 #bnd1 #f feet2 #crd1 #f feet2 #dth1 #e feet #aa inches2 #eth1 #e feet #aa inches2 #fth1 #e feet #aj inches2 #gth1 #e feet #aj inches2 #hth1 #e feet #i inches2 #ith1 #e feet #i inches2 #ajth1 #e feet #h inches2 #aath1 #e feet #h inches2 #abth1 #e feet #g inches2 #acth1 #e feet #g inches2 #adth1 #e feet #f inches2 #aeth1 #e feet #f inches2 #afth1 #e feet #e inches4 ,if there are more squads put them in the #e feet #g to #e feet #i inches class4 7c7 ,as soon as practicable place one member of the squad in charge for the ensuing #bd hours1 change this detail every day until every man of the squad has had an opportunity to demonstrate his ability4 ,this will assist you greatly in the selection of your non-commissioned officers4 7d7 ,should the entire company be assigned in a body1 line them up in a row according to height and assign them to squads4 ,place the most likely looking man in each squad in charge for the time being4 #c4 ,,issue ,,of ,,equipment3 7a7 ,the articles of camp equipment1 bedding and poncho should be issued as soon as practicable4 ,these are necessary for the immediate comfort of the men4 7b7 ,hold the articles of personal equipment for issue later on4 ,do not dump the entire equipment on a man all at once4 ,there is nine-tenths of it that he knows nothing about4 ,he does not know what it is for4 ,as the training progresses you can issue it to him1 an article or two at a time until he has finally gotten all of it4 ,before issuing an article1 explain at a company formation1 what it is for1 the purpose it serves and where it is carried4 7c7 ,uniforms and clothing should be procured as soon as practicable4 ,the commanding officer will indicate whether or not the clothing will be requisitioned for in bulk or on individual clothing slips4 ,the supply officer will provide a quartermaster publication which shows the sizes of clothing by the numbers4 ,seek out a couple of tailors in the company1 have them measure the men and make a record of the sizes of clothing that they require4 ,shoes will have to be fitted to each man4 ,make them large enough4 ,the average recruit will want to wear a shoe at least one size too small for him4 ,when he gets the pack on and drags it around all day his feet will swell and fill his small shoes to the bursting point4 ,do not let the men decide what size shoes they will wear2 you decide it for them and make them plenty big4 ,this work of measuring the men can be started right out the first day4 ,the captain that gets in his requisition first1 properly made out1 will be the first to get his clothing4 #d4 ,,organization3 7a7 ,as soon as practicable get the company organized into permanent squads4 ,try out squad leaders for a few days4 ,you will soon be able to select the men that you will want for non-commissioned officers4 ,be careful in their selection so that you will not have to make many changes4 ,don't be in too much of a hurry about making sergeants2 try them out as corporals first4 ,try to get a good man and start him in as mess sergeant4 ,a man with hotel experience1 especially the kitchen and dining room end of the business1 give him a trial4 ,your lieutenant in charge of the mess can tell in a day or two how he stacks up4 ,make it plain that the men detailed from day to day are merely acting non-commissioned officers and that you are merely placing them in charge to give them an opportunity to demonstrate their ability4 ,it's better to work this proposition out in a systematic manner than it is to jump in and make a lot of non-commissioned officers that you will have to break later on to make way for better men4 ,give your acting non-commissioned officers all the responsibility you can4 ,assign tasks with their squads and see how they get away with it4 7b7 ,at one of the first formations explain the rules of camp sanitation and personal cleanliness and the necessity for their strict observance4 7c7 ,start right out with a system of rigid inspections so that the men will acquire habits of cleanliness and tidiness of their surroundings4 ,once this is acquired it is easily maintained4 ,the reverse of this statement is equally true4 ,let a company get started in a slovenly1 untidy manner and it is difficult to get it back on the right track again4 7d7 ,as soon as uniforms are issued have every man dispose of his civilian clothing1 dress suit cases1 trunks1 etc4 ,there is no place for them in the cantonments or tents4 ,strip right down to uniforms and allow no civilian clothing around4 7e7 ,before issuing rifles provide places for their safe keeping in cantonments4 ,if wooden trunks are used1 a wire staple driven into the upright of the bed at the height of the slacking swivel forms an excellent support2 simply hook the slacking swivel into the staple4 7f7 ,get every man interested in the company4 ,be personally interested in every man yourself4 ,do not permit any swearing at the men or around the barracks4 ,explain the idea of military courtesy and the salute and insist on its being carried out at all times4 ,by doing all of these things and systematizing your work of training and instruction right from the start you lay the foundation for a good company4 ,fifteen good companies make a good regiment and so on up to the division1 and that's what we want good divisions--the basis of which lies in the good company which you are going to command4 ,,day',s ,,routine4--,the day's routine will soon develop and cannot be a stereotyped thing4 ,it will be determined to a large extent by local conditions4 ,but in all training camps some such model as the following will no doubt be followed3 ,,reveille3 ,first call1 #e4cj a4m4 ,march1 #e4dj a4m4 ,assembly1 #e4de a4m4 ,at first call the non-commissioned officer in charge of quarters1 or some other charged with that duty1 will go through the barracks and awaken the men4 ,after a short time this may be dispensed with4 ,,mess3 ,first call 7followed by mess call71 #e4ee a4m4 ,assembly1 #f4jj a4m4 ,allow the men approximately #bj minutes for breakfast and the privilege of returning individually--this for purposes of attending to the calls of nature4 ,,sick ,,call1 #f4cj a4m4--,have the non-commissioned officer in charge of quarters put through this call2 the sick will report to the orderly room1 be entered on the sick report and marched to the hospital by the same non-commissioned officer4 ,all men answering sick call should be questioned as to the nature of their trouble and its cause2 men who are trying to dodge work should be caught up with4 ,care should be exercised in making out the sick report2 be careful what you put on it and where you put it4 ,the sick report will be treated further under ,paper ,work4 ,,morning ,,instruction3 ,first call1 #f4ej a4m4 ,assembly1 #g4jj a4m4 ,recall1 #ab4jj m4 ,utilize this time according to the schedule laid down by higher authorities4 ,it will no doubt be insisted that the schedule be closely adhered to2 but this can be done without completely destroying individual initiative4 ,,mess3 ,first call 7followed by mess call71 #ab4aj p4m4 ,assembly1 #ab4ae p4m4 ,allow #cj minutes for noon mess4 ,the men may not consume it all2 but judgment must be used in this matter4 ,after mess have the company formed and marched back to barracks4 ,this plan should be followed for a time1 at least1 particularly with green men purely for disciplinary purposes4 ,,afternoon ,,instruction3 ,first call1 #a4bj p4m4 ,assembly1 #a4cj p4m4 ,recall1 #d1cj p4m4 ,same general procedure as for morning work4 ,,sick ,,call1 #d4de p4m4--,when the sick report is sent to the hospital in the afternoon1 it is customary to make a new entry for all men who are in the hospital4 ,in this way a running account is kept and quickly referred to without running all through the book4 ,the time from recall to retreat at #e4cj or thereabouts can usually be used to advantage in cleaning up and getting ready for this ceremony4 ,,retreat4--7,formal--on the parade grounds74 ,first call1 #e4cj p4m4 ,assembly1 #e4ce p4m4 ,retreat1 #e4ej p4m4 ,,mess3 ,first call1 followed by mess call1 #f4jj p4m4 ,assembly1 #f4je p4m4 ,,school ,,call 7except ,saturdays71 #g4jj p4m4 ,,tattoo1 #i4jj p4m4 ,,call ,,to ,,quarters1 #i4cj p4m4 ,,taps1 #i4de p4m4 ,at taps lights should be out and absolute quiet should prevail4 ,this rule should be insisted upon from the very beginning of the training period4 ,a check roll call is often taken at taps and the company reported to the ,officer of the ,day4 ,likewise1 the company is reported to the ,officer of the ,day at reveille1 retreat and mess formations2 however1 these things are determined entirely by local conditions4 ,,sundays ,,and ,,holidays4--,calls are #a_/b hour later1 except retreat1 tattoo1 call to quarters and taps4 ,in case an entertainment is given on the post1 taps usually follow its close by a half hour4 ,,details for any day should be published at retreat formation the day previous2 bulletins and notices should also be published to the company at this formation4 ,,paper ,,work4--,paper work in the ,army is generally viewed askance4 ,a certain amount of it is absolutely necessary1 but the amount can be reduced by careful attention to the way in which the work is done4 ,a good first sergeant and a good company clerk will take a load of trouble off the shoulders of the company commander in this respect2 but usually these men must be trained4 ,instructions on the blank forms should be carefully read the first time a certain paper is made out4 ,attend to all paper work promptly and make a note of anything that cannot be handled immediately4 ,do not let anything get into the company files until it has been ,o4,k'd4 by the company commander or initialed by the officers4 ,have a basket for the company commander and one for the other officers where they may expect to find matters that are of interest to them4 ,get reports1 requisitions and other papers in on time4 ,do not wait until they are called for4 ,establish a daily1 as well as a monthly1 system of doing things in the orderly room and then stick to it as nearly as possible4 ,have a file for3 #a4 ,general orders1 post and ,w4,d4 #b4 ,special orders4 #c4 ,memorandums1 bulletins and notices may be included under this head4 #d4 ,company orders4 #e4 ,document file 7copies of letters1 etc474 ,the needs for files will be determined largely by local conditions4 ,the point is to have things where they can be found readily under an appropriate heading2 and to have them accessible to others besides the company clerk4 ,keep a copy of everything1 as nearly as possible1 but do not clutter up your company files with unimportant items4 ,keep your orderly room looking as neat as possible4 ,,military ,,correspondence4--,a very important feature of ,army ,paper ,work4 ,neatness1 brevity and clarity are to be sought--ceremonial forms are avoided4 ,references to ,army ,regulations3 ,paragraphs #bbe1 #eab1 #ggf1 #ggh1 #ggi1 #ghj1 #ghf1 #ghi1 #gij1 #hbb 7g4o4 #bc w4d474 ,a letter consists of three parts2 heading1 body and signature4 ,the heading consists of designation of the command1 place and date1 all placed in the upper right-hand corner4 ,at the left1 and with a margin of about an inch1 should be3 ,from3 ,to3 ,subject3 ,a double space should be left between these lines4 ,the body should be divided into numbered paragraphs1 each paragraph treating of but one topic4 ,the lines should be single-spaced1 but a double space should be left between the paragraphs4 ,the signature should be made without any unnecessary forms4 ,any good treatise on this subject will show the proper forms for a military letter4 ,indorsements follow the signature in succession on the same page or on added pages4 ,they are very brief1 follow a prescribed form and1 if necessary1 are paragraphed in the same way as the letter4 ,letters should be made in three1 four1 five or six copies1 according to destination4 ,they should always be handled through military channels2 time will be lost if you try to dodge it4 ,,morning ,,report4--,this is a complete record of daily events and should be kept with great care4 ,it is submitted daily to the proper authority1 checked and returned4 ,any standard work on this subject will show the proper method of making entries4 ,be sure to make entry of all events affecting your company1 its numbers or condition4 ,if there is no change1 say so4 ,,ration ,,return4--,this form is made out in duplicate for periods of from #aj days to a month4 ,in case men join the company after the ration return has been submitted for a given period1 one ration for each man for each day from date of joining to date of submitting next return1 may be drawn on the next return4 ,the same plan is followed in making deductions for men in the hospital or absent from the company4 ,for ration allowances see a4r4 #abjb-abeb4 ,,sick ,,report4--,a commissioned officer of the company and the medical officer sign on one line following the last entry for the occasion4 ,neither may encroach on the territory of the other and both enter their opinions as to whether the sickness is in line of duty4 ,no erasures are allowed4 ,,duty ,,roster4--,for any roster the key word should be equality of all duties4 ,it means the difference between contentment and dissatisfaction among your men4 ,keep an exact list of men available for every duty and detail them in exact rotation2 adjust to complete satisfaction any little differences that arise4 ,let the men know that you want to give them a square deal and they will respond4 ,the longest man off duty is the first man to be called4 ,in the regular service the roster covers guard duty and other duties1 notably kitchen1 police and other fatigue work4 ,,monthly ,,return4--,the form is self explanatory4 ,read the instructions on the blanks before filling them in4 ,by keeping in the company a record of events you can easily fill out the return properly when the time comes4 ,,service ,,record4--,references in ,army ,regulations3 ,paragraphs #aae1 #aah1 #abd1 #ace1 #ach1 #ich1 #accg1 #acfa1 #adea1 #aece4 ,article #af4 ,the service record is a complete personal history of the soldier and follows him wherever he goes4 ,it contains3 a descriptive list1 report of assignment1 record of prior service1 current enlistment1 military record1 record of allotments1 clothing account and settlement1 deposits1 indorsements 7this latter to give reasons for change of status or station of the soldier74 ,,discharge4--,discharges are of three kinds3 honorable1 dishonorable and plain discharge4 ,the first is on a white sheet and entitles the soldier to re-enlist2 the second is on a yellow sheet and is given following sentence of a general court-martial2 the third is on a blue sheet and is given on account of physical disability--it does not entitle the soldier to re-enlist4 ,,final ,,statement1 a4r41 ,art4 #ba4--,the final statement is issued to every enlisted man upon his discharge unless he has forfeited all pay and allowances and has no deposits due him4 ,the final statement is not to be prepared on the type-writer4 ,money amounts shall be written in both figures and words4 ,the final statement should show the amount due the soldier for3 additional pay2 clothing2 deposits2 pay detained2 miscellaneous causes4 ,it also should show the amounts due the ,united ,states by the soldier for various reasons4 ,in addition it should also state the period covered by the last pay of the soldier4 ,officers signing and certifying to the various entries are responsible4 ,,muster ,,roll4 a4r4 ,,article #db4--,the muster roll is made bi-monthly and great care should be taken in its preparation to make it both correct and complete4 ,all officers and enlisted men are taken up on the muster roll from the date of receipt of notice of assignment4 ,the following are entered on the rolls3 #a4 ,commissioned officers belonging to the organization1 in order of rank4 #b4 ,commissioned officers attached to the organization1 in order of rank4 #c4 ,non-commissioned officers in order of grade4 #d4 ,all others except musicians and privates1 alphabetically arranged in order of grade4 #e4 ,musicians4 #f4 ,privates4 ,all names1 except those entered by rank1 are entered in alphabetical order with the last name first4 ,the names of enlisted men attached to the company are borne on a detachment roll4 ,this is not true of officers attached to an organization1 however4 ,remarks should be entered according to the model which can be obtained from the ,adjutant ,general's ,office4 ,all changes should be noted which affect the status of the soldier4 ,an excellent idea for retaining this data is to keep a separate card for each man and to enter thereon anything that affects his status4 ,,pay ,,roll4 a4r4 #acae-achc4--,the pay roll is made out monthly in triplicate1 one copy being retained and two copies being sent to the ,quartermaster4 ,on the pay roll there are four certificates to be signed3 #a4 ,the commander of the organization examines the roll carefully and certifies that all entries are correct4 #b4 ,the inspecting and mustering officer signs certifying that all are present or accounted for--or notes exceptions4 #c4 ,the commanding officer witnesses the payment of each man and certifies to that effect4 #d4 ,the commanding officer certifies that the duplicate and triplicate are exact copies of the original4 ,,names4--,the last name is entered first2 e4g41 ,smith1 ,john ,a4 ,but the soldier signs as follows3 ,john ,a4 ,smith4 ,,losses4--,the losses should follow immediately on the next line after the last entry4 ,they include those by reason of3 ,discharge1 transfer1 retirement1 desertion and the fact that the man has been dropped4 ,each officer should check his knowledge and be sure that he knows the purpose of1 and is familiar with the following papers3 7,references are to ,army ,regulations and to ,adjutant and ,quartermaster forms47 7#a7 ,morning ,report 7a4r4 #bhj74 7#b7 ,daily ,sick ,report 7a4r4 #bhj71 7#cci a4g4o474 7#c7 ,duty ,roster 7a4r4 #bhb71 7#cci a4g4o474 7#d7 ,company ,fund ,book 7a4r4 #bhj71 7#deb q4m4c474 7#e7 ,delinquency ,record 7a4r4 #bhj71 7#eji q4m4c474 7#f7 ,property ,responsibility3 ,quartermaster 7a4r4 #bhj71 7#eja;cc q4m4c474 ,ordnance 7a4r4 #bhj71 7#eja;c q4m4c474 7#g7 ,descriptive ,list1 ,military ,record and ,clothing ,account 7a4r4 #bhj71 7#bi a4g4o474 7#h7 ,memorandum ,receipts 7a4r4 #bha71 7#ddh a4g4o474 7#i7 ,abstract ,record of ,memorandum ,receipts 7par4 #a1 g4o41 #f1 #aiaf71 7#ddh;b a4g4o474 7#aj7 ,summary ,court ,records 7a4r4 #iegj71 7#eid a4g4o474 7#aa7 ,statement of ,clothing charged to ,enlisted man 7#afe;b q4m4c474 7#ab7 ,abstract of ,clothing 7#ahj q4m4c474 7#ac7 ,company ,target ,records 7#cjg a4g4o474 7#ad7 ,individual ,clothing ,slips 7#afe q4m4c474 7#ae7 ,files of ,orders 7a4r4 #bhj74 7#af7 ,correspondence ,book with ,index 7a4r4 #bhj74 7#ag7 ,document ,file4 7#ah7 ,record of ,rifles 7p4 #ad1 ,ordnance ,pamphlet ,no4 #aife74 7#ai7 ,record of ,sizes of ,clothing 7g4o4 #dh1 #aiaa74 7#bj7 ,company ,return 7a4r4 #haa71 7#cj a4g4o474 7#ba7 ,muster ,roll 7a4g4 #hjg74 7#bb7 ,returns 7a4g4 #haa74 7#bc7 ,return of ,casualties4 7#bd7 ,pay ,roll 7#cff q4m4c474 ,as well as numerous other forms for special occasions which are not here listed4 ,except for the morning report1 sick report1 duty roster1 correspondence book and various files1 practically all the afore-mentioned records are now kept at regimental headquarters instead of in the company orderly room4 ,,chapter #ad4 ,conferences4 7,time--#b hours each day in afternoon47 #a4 ,know your subject and be thoroughly prepared4 #b4 ,have an outline to refer to1 showing main points you wish to cover4 #c4 ,do not allow a man to give an entire chapter in reply to a question4 ,make your questions short and specific--and require answers to be the same4 #d4 ,get every man on his feet at least once every day4 #e4 ,have a laugh every little while--keep the men awake4 #f4 ,vary your system of calling on men so that no one will know when he is likely to be called on4 #g4 ,avoid reading to the men4 #h4 ,require men to put things on the blackboard when possible4 #i4 ,in case of a conference for which no time has been given for preparation1 use all possible schemes to get the points home without having either a lecture or a study period4 ,allot--a definite time and require definite results--e4g41 allow #aj minutes for a rough map showing the placing of a picket--#ae minutes for an outline of a certain chapter1 etc4 #aj4 ,never forget that there are #b sides to every conference--what you plan to give and what you plan to get4 ,you must test the men to see how well they know the work but you must also make sure that every man knows it when he goes out even if he didn't when he came in4 ,study4 ,the study period usually comes after a full day in the open1 and the warm air and artificial light soon make the most ardent soldier doze off into cat-naps4 ,something must be done to counteract these influences and keep the men on the job4 ,the terror of the next day's conference will not do it1 as that time seems safely distant1 with all night ahead4 ,assign the men three to five questions on the work to be studied1 which will be asked in conference and which require a pretty general knowledge of the subject4 ,every man will then have a definite objective and a certain minimum of attainment for the evening4 ,or reverse the process and let each of the class write several questions about what they have studied4 ,the following day let these questions1 with the names of the men who asked them1 be read before the class and answered4 ,the effect of reading the name of the writer is to insure careful preparation of the question and study of the subject4 ,a good question can hardly be asked without a basis of knowledge1 and a foolish question condemns its author4 ,another plan is to let the men1 whenever possible1 instruct the class4 ,announce that any man may be called upon to take charge1 and the uncertainty will keep everyone studying4 ,this plan will also give the men valuable practice in teaching others4 ,their periods of instruction1 of course1 must be limited1 and unsatisfactory parts of their work reviewed before the conference is dismissed4 ,another way to stimulate study is to have a short discussion1 talk or quiz just before the close of the study hour1 when the men1 if left to themselves1 will incline to look at their watches more often than at their books4 ,a brief explanation of the work assigned1 with emphasis upon a few especially important points1 makes good use of this closing time1 especially when the men are required to write down the points emphasized4 ,syllabus3 ,small ,problems for ,infantry4 7,references1 f4s4r41 p4 #bf-cj1 #cc-ci47 ,first ,problem3 ,advance ,guard and ,point3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function4--,small patrol sent ahead from advance party for disclosing enemy's position and strength1 in time for larger bodies to make suitable defensive and offensive dispositions4 ,function primarily warning2 but to give specific information1 it may have to fight and thus feel enemy out4 ,b4 ,principles3 #a4 ,formed zig-zag2 distance from advance party 8 #b4 ,controlled by leader of advance party4 #c4 ,speed must be great enough not to impede the main column4 ,must not halt at first sign of enemy1 nor go off on a flank4 #d4 ,interest and co-operation of inferiors1 by adequate explanation of situation and of individual duties 7repeats74 #e4 ,rules for estimating numerical strength of the moving body of troops 7cf41 f4s4r41 sec4 #bg74 #f4 ,point as a march outpost 787 when the column is halted4 ,only then may the ,a4,g4 point make any lateral arrangement of its members 7cf4 #c above74 ,second ,problem3 ,advance ,guard ,connecting ,file1 cf41 f4s4r41 reference above3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function4--,two men 7usually7 for liaison en route where elements too widely separated or roads too curved and wooded4 ,distance #bjj to #e yards apart4 ,b4 ,principles3 #a4 ,constant touch with elements before and behind4 #b4 ,relay both ways messages sent to or from remoter parts of the column4 ,speed and accuracy of signaling4 #c4 ,guide to be forward in daytime1 at night on the main body4 ,third ,problem3 ,advance ,guard ,flank ,patrol1 pp4 #ca-cb3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function4--,for protecting a marching column from attack1 by warning it on the basis of information gained in reconnaissance4 ,interval between men depends on circumstances4 ,b4 ,principles3 #a4 ,start from near head of the column1 i4e41 from smallest element in the advance guard that can afford to cut down its numbers4 #b4 ,speed rather than safety1 to keep abreast of own column and to force the enemy to disclose himself by firing on ,f4,p4 rather than on main body4 #c4 ,sent to investigate suspicious areas1 e4g4 in woods1 behind houses4 #d4 ,action in case of firing on main body2 advance and counterfire1 deployed4 #e4 ,get-away man in rear of column4 #f4 ,stick to the job3 no wandering or chasing of enemy beyond range of column4 ,job is to warn and protect against flank attack4 ,fourth ,problem3 ,platoon as ,advance ,party3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function3 ,body of infantry1 amounting to #a_/h to #a_/b the ,support 7depending on the number of cavalry ahead7 cf41 f4s4r41 p4 #bh4 ,duty4--,to back up the point and the advance cavalry 7if any7 if fired upon2 remove enemy bodies and other obstacles4 ,b4 ,principles3 #a4 ,describe general mission to inferiors4 #b4 ,explain individual duties to inferiors4 #c4 ,send out point and connecting files4 #d4 ,form in platoon2 zig-zag4 #e4 ,keep going2 prosecute engagements briskly1 not to delay main column4 #f4 ,procedure under fire3 deploys and drops1 when fired upon2 looks for enemy's direction and assigns target and range4 ,advance under cover if any1 when fire light2 when heavy seek to divert fire to you away from main body of advance guard to facilitate latter's disposition for advance to your support4 ,seek to drive off a weaker enemy1 and to hold off a stronger4 #g4 ,speedy decisions4 ,value of imaginary situations1 while on the march2 and planning your commands4 ,fifth ,problem3 ,combat ,patrol3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function4--,contrasted with covering detachment1 which is large enough to offer considerable resistance1 the combat patrol is primarily to ,warn1 especially against flank attacks4 ,size varies widely because of looseness in definition1 e4g41 #ajj men might be covering detachment for a regiment1 but a combat patrol for a brigade4 ,b4 ,principles3 #a4 ,comparison of thin line versus thin column1 regarding3 7a7 vulnerability1 7b7 fatigue1 7c7 tactical advantage1 when engagement materializes1 7e7 control of movement and of fire4 #b4 ,agent between advance and main body4 #c4 ,attack any enemy of reasonable size that attacks main body4 #d4 ,corn as concealment versus corn as obstruction to sight4 #e4 ,vulnerability of charging cavalry4 #f4 ,lieutenant as tactical chief1 sergeant as disciplinarian1 in a platoon2 except when8 #g4 ,messages concise1 not ambiguous1 written versus oral8 ,repeats4 #h4 ,limitations of use of map4 ,vegetation changes2 errors in contouring4 ,sixth ,problem and ,seventh ,problem3 ,two ,pickets3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function4--,outpost contrasted with advance guard in that former is stationed around a camp or bivouac1 while latter precedes a marching column4 ,to check enemy attempting to attack main body1 and hold him till larger force is able to deploy4 ,consists of outpost reserve1 outpost line of supports1 line of outguards 7pickets1 sentry squads1 and cossack posts71 plus sentinels1 patrols1 etc4 ,picket ordinarily merely warns of an attack1 but may offer resistance4 ,b4 ,principles3 #a4 ,smooth posting of outpost very desirable2 influence of delay on spirits of men1 after day's march4 #b4 ,outpost support sends out pickets4 #c4 ,picket sends out sentry squads1 cossack posts1 sentinels1 etc4 #d4 ,provisional dispositions by leaders of outguard elements2 importance of good sketch2 intrenchments8 #e4 ,confirmation and alteration by higher officers2 especially changes at night regarding layout and manning4 ,fire ineffective at night except at short ranges4 #f4 ,roster 8 #g4 ,instructions regarding enemy's position and strength1 and the friendly outguards to right and left4 #h4 ,mode of numbering elements 7from right to right74 ,arrangement for smooth withdrawal of each element upon stronger one4 #i4 ,disposition of strangers2 use for information4 #aj4 ,need of explicit arrangements in case of attack in day or night4 #aa4 ,sleep near arms4 ,eighth ,problem--,cossack ,post and ,sentry ,squad3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function3 #a4 ,cossack ,post3 #d men in charge of a corporal 7usually7 primarily to observe and warn2 secondarily to keep concealed1 and intercept strangers who might be useful to enemy or to us4 #b4 ,sentry ,squad3 #h men in charge of a corporal4 ,duties similar but strength is greater4 ,posts double sentinel4 #c4 ,post important enough for a cossack post is often doubled into a sentry squad at night4 ,b4 ,principles3 #a4 ,opportunity to pick off enemies ought to be ignored until position of c4p4 or s4s4 or of its supporting body has unquestionably been learned by enemy4 ,then fire away4 #b4 ,stop enemy's patrolling4 ,is as important as to force your own observation4 #c4 ,advantages of s4s4 over c4p4 for night work3 7a7 strength1 7b7 sureness1 7c7 adequacy of observation before firing alarm4 #d4 ,use of prisoners1 and papers on dead bodies4 #e4 ,value of imagining yourself in position of enemy commander in deciding what enemy dispositions you will combat him with4 ,ninth ,problem3 ,reconnoitering ,patrol3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function4--,gather information in the field4 ,no resistance unless compelled4 ,concealment and flight rather than resistance by fire3 opposite of covering detachment4 ,b4 ,principles4 #a4 ,judgment in deciding what equipment is appropriate to the particular patrol4 #b4 ,sketch copies2 contours as guides for concealed route4 #c4 ,fight only in self defence4 #d4 ,how to question hidden sentinel without disclosing his position to enemy4 #e4 ,judicious choice of cover in approaching destination4 #f4 ,dating and placing of messages4 #g4 ,rate of passage of troops3 ,rule of #b-b-b4 ,tenth ,problem--,visiting ,patrol3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function3 ,two men or more sent from supports and pickets liaison between adjoining outguards4 ,more useful at night1 because of reduced visibility of terrain between outguards4 #a4 ,inform the sending body of conditions at sentinel posts4 #b4 ,prevent enemy from penetrating lines between posts4 #c4 ,exchange information between adjoining posts4 #d4 ,take back captured strangers to commander4 #e4 ,reenforce feeling of mutual support among the isolated sentinels4 ,b4 ,principles4 #a4 ,keen sight and hearing2 silence4 #b4 ,need of signals4 ,both countersign and check--countersign4 #c4 ,equipment2 nothing that rattles or glistens4 #d4 ,disposition3 leader in front1 because of need for quick decision4 #e4 ,distance not over two miles even in most open country4 #f4 ,danger of startling a friend sentinel by unwarned approach4 ,eleventh ,problem--,detached ,post3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function4--,posted where connection cannot be easily maintained with other elements of outpost4 ,sent usually by outpost reserve or by main body1 and retires to them1 rather than to the line of supports4 ,function same as element of outpost proper1--observation1 resistance1 reconnaissance2 but less resistance than warning4 ,may be as small as #b men1 or as large as a support1 depending on location and importance of detached position4 ,b4 ,principles4 #a4 ,established under precautions1 because of danger of enemy breaking between the main body and the detached post4 #b4 ,entrenchment3 what time of day8 ,what other circumstances8 ,treatment of bridges8 ,night8 #c4 ,requisitioning order3 ,need of payment2 for justice1 for military advantage later 7reassure farmers through whose territory you will need to pass and keep supplied74 ,twelfth ,problem--,requisitioning ,detachment or ,patrol3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function4--,a patrol may have any mission3 here it is sent to take 7on payment7 the provender designated4 ,a4r4d4 sent by commander with specific instructions1 is legal2 a raid for booty illegal4 7,see f4s4r41 sec1 #bij47 ,b4 ,principles4 #a4 ,preparation essential4 #b4 ,sending of men singly or in pairs across open spaces4 #c4 ,deliberate start on wrong road to deceive enemy scouts4 #d4 ,not to fire unless obliged1--until return trip4 ,thirteenth ,problem--,a ,contact ,patrol3 ,a4 ,definition and ,function4--,a small patrol sent out from a stationary body of troops1 usually at night1 to find out whether enemy is starting a retreat4 7,compact formation in column47 ,b4 ,principles4 #a4 ,travel light1 but prepare to spend some time lying still4 #b4 ,route rear and parallel to a road1 but not on it4 #c4 ,do not attack enemy patrols unless necessary4 #d4 ,get through enemy line of observation and watch support or larger body4 #e4 ,return together when you have definite information4 ,do not send single messengers4 ,fourteenth ,problem4--,a ,small ,outguard3 ,the principles used in #ad are same as those listed under #a-ac2 and should be clinched by assigning yourself the problem of completely arranging an outpost for a brigade to be encamped or bivouacked at some assigned position on the ,hunter's ,town sheet4 ,exchange solutions1 for mutual criticism4 ,examinations4 ,the following examinations1 given at the second ,plattsburg ,training ,camp1 will enable students of military matters to form some idea as to where they stand in their grasp of the subject3 ,plattsburg ,training ,camp3 #a4 ,explain the ,position of the ,soldier4 7,par4 #ea1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,being at parade rest1 explain position of right foot4 7,par4 #ec1 i4d4r47 #c4 ,explain the ,hand ,salute4 7,par4 #eh1 i4d4r47 #d4 7#a7 ,give length of full step 7a7 in quick time1 7b7 in double time4 7#b7 ,how is the full step measured8 7,par4 #fj1 i4d4r47 #e4 ,explain ,halt from quick time4 7,par4 #gj1 i4d4r47 #f4 ,explain position of butt of rifle at ,order ,arms standing4 7,par4 #gg1 i4d4r47 #g4 ,explain position of left forearm at present arms4 7,par4 #gh1 i4d4r47 #h4 ,at parade rest under arms 7rifle71 explain position of left hand4 7,par4 #ij1 i4d4r47 #i4 ,the squad being in line explain ,squad ,right4 7,par4 #aai1 i4d4r47 #aj4 ,the company in line1 give commands and explain ,to dismiss the company4 7,par4 #agd1 i4d4r47 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,being in any formation assembled1 give commands and explain movements for deploying the squad as skirmishers4 7,par4 #abd1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,when deployed as skirmishers 7a7 ,how do the men march8 7b7 ,how are the pieces carried8 7c7 ,who is the guide8 7d7 ,what is the normal interval between skirmishers8 7e7 ,what is the length of the front of the squad when deployed at normal intervals8 7,par4 #abd1 i4d4r47 #c4 ,in what formations are the loadings executed8 7,par4 #acc1 i4d4r47 #d4 ,at the preparatory command for forming skirmish line1 what does each squad leader do8 7,par4 #bjj1 i4d4r47 #e4 ,in what direction does a deployed line face on halting8 7,par4 #bjc47 #f4 ,being in skirmish line1 explain the movement ,platoon columns4 ,march4 7,par4 #bac1 i4d4r47 #g4 ,what is the purpose of the advance in a succession of thin lines8 7,par4 #bai1 i4d4r47 #h4 ,name three classes of fire4 ,which class is normally employed in action8 7,par4 #bda-b-c1 i4d4r47 #i4 ,why is it necessary to have proper distribution of fire8 7,par4 #bdf1 i4d4r47 #aj4 ,explain briefly the functions of platoon leaders1 platoon guides and squad leaders in the fire fight4 7,par4 #beb1 i4d4r47 #a4 ,explain the position of parade rest 7without arms74 7,par4 #ec1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,being in the position of the soldier1 explain the position of the heels1 feet and knees4 7,par4 #ea1 i4d4r47 #c4 ,give the commands for and explain the execution of ,right ,face4 #d4 ,being at a halt1 give the commands for moving forward in quick time and explain the execution thereof4 7,par4 #fb1 i4d4r47 #e4 7a7 ,being in march in quick time1 give the commands necessary to march in double time and explain the execution thereof1 7,par4 #fc1 i4d4r47 7b7 ,what is the length of step and the rate of steps per minute in double time8 7,par4 #fj1 i4d4r47 #f4 ,at ,right ,shoulder ,arms3 7a7 ,explain the position of the trigger guard4 7,par4 #hc1 i4d4r47 7b7 ,what is the position of the barrel8 7,par4 #hh1 i4d4r47 #g4 ,in the rifle salute 7right shoulder arms71 describe the position of the3 7a7 ,left forearm on first count1 7,par4 #ic1 i4d4r47 7b7 ,left hand on first count4 7,par4 #ic1 i4d4r47 #h4 ,explain the position of the left forearm on the second count of right shoulder arms from order arms4 7,par4 #hc1 i4d4r47 #i4 ,the squad being in line explain ,squad right about4 7,par4 #aba1 i4d4r47 #aj4 ,explain the execution of ,right by ,squads1 #b ,march4 7,par4 #ahc1 i4d4r47 #a4 ,what are the two general classes of military information8 7,par4 #i1 f4s4r47 #b4 ,what do you understand by the term reconnaissance8 7,par4 #aa1 f4s4r47 #c4 7a7 ,name the various kinds of patrols4 7,note to ,par4 #bc1 f4s4r47 7b7 ,what are the advantages of small patrols over strong patrols8 7,par4 #bd1 f4s4r47 #d4 ,what governs the formation adopted by the patrol8 7,par4 #bf1 f4s4r47 #e4 ,what is a field message8 7,par4 #cb1 f4s4r47 #f4 7a7 ,what is the function of an advance guard8 7,par4 #dj1 f4s4r47 7b7 ,what of a flank guard8 7,par4 #ec1 f4s4r47 #g4 7a7 ,what is an outpost8 7,par4 #fj1 f4s4r47 7b7 ,how are the outguards classified8 7,par4 #fd1 f4s4r47 #h4 ,define a successful march4 7,par4 #if1 f4s4r47 #i4 ,what rules govern the halts of a column of troops on the march8 7,par4 #ajb1 f4s4r47 #aj4 7a7 ,from a certain point off the road you observe a column of troops marching on the road4 ,you can distinguish that these troops are infantry in column of squads4 ,it requires #bj minutes for them to pass a given point4 ,how much infantry is in the column8 7,par4 #bg1 f4s4r47 7b7 ,the day is still1 no wind blowing1 further to the rear you can see a broken cloud of dust extending in prolongation of the road but cannot see the cause4 ,what does this indicate8 7,par4 #bg1 f4s4r47 99 99 99 99 99 ,harvard ,college4 ,school of the ,soldier3 #a4 ,define depth1 distance1 interval1 front1 base1 point of rest1 deployment1 pace4 7i4d4r4 definitions47 #b4 7a7 ,what is the guide of the leading subdivision1 in column of subdivisions1 charged with8 7,par4 #bj1 i4d4r47 7b7 ,what is the guide of the subdivisions in rear charged with8 7,par4 #bj1 i4d4r47 #c4 ,what are orders1 commands and signals4 7,par4 #ca1 #cg1 i4d4r47 #d4 ,describe position of the soldier or attention 7without arms47 7i4d4r4 #ea47 #e4 ,what are the rests8 ,describe each4 7,par4 #eb1 i4d4r47 #f4 ,describe about face4 7,par4 #eg1 i4d4r47 #g4 7a7 ,being at a halt1 or marching in quick time1 to march in double time4 ,describe commands and how executed4 7,par4 #fc1 i4d4r47 7b7 ,marching in double time1 to resume quick time4 ,describe commands and how executed4 7,par4 #fd1 i4d4r47 #h4 ,what are the rules that govern the carrying of the piece8 7,par4 #ge1 i4d4r47 #i4 ,what general rules govern the execution of the manual of arms8 7,par4 #gf1 i4d4r47 #aj4 ,give the rate per minute and length of the half step and full step in quick and double time4 7,par4 #fj1 i4d4r47 #aa4 ,what are the arm signals for3 ,column left1 march2 halt2 as skirmishers1 march2 assemble1 march2 suspend firing2 range1 #bej yards2 fix bayonets4 7,par4 #dc1 i4d4r47 #ab4 ,explain the execution of the command ,right ,dress4 7,par4 #ajg1 i4d4r47 99 99 99 99 99 ,school of the ,squad3 #a4 ,to suspend firing3 ,give the commands and describe execution4 ,same1 to cease firing4 7,par4 #adi-aej1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,describe in detail the execution of ,squads ,right4 7,par4 #aai1 i4d4r47 #c4 ,give the commands and explain execution for taking intervals4 ,how does it differ from taking distances8 7,pars4 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 i4d4r47 #d4 ,describe in detail ,right oblique1 ,march4 7,par4 #aaf1 i4d4r47 #e4 ,explain the use of ,in place1 ,halt4 7,par4 #ad1 i4d4r47 #f4 ,when can the following commands be used3 ,resume ,march4 7,par4 #ad1 i4d4r47 ,oblique ,march4 7,par4 #aag1 i4d4r47 ,by the right flank1 ,march4 7,par4 #ga1 i4d4r47 ,take ,arms4 7,par4 #aad1 i4d4r47 #g4 ,describe by what commands and in what manner a squad is formed4 #h4 7a7 ,being in line1 give the commands and describe the movements for turning on a moving pivot4 7b7 ,being in line1 give the commands and describe the movements for turning on a fixed pivot4 #i4 ,being in any formation1 assembled1 give the commands and describe the movements for deploying as skirmishers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,school of the ,company3 #a4 ,give the proper commands for the following movements3 7a7 ,company being in line1 to march to the front in column of squads4 7,par4 #ahc1 i4d4r47 7b7 ,company being in line1 to form column of squads to the flank4 7,par4 #agh1 i4d4r47 7c7 ,company being in line1 to form skirmish line4 7,par4 #bjf1 #bjj1 #bjb1 i4d4r47 7d7 ,company being in column of squads1 to form line to the right so the leading squad shall be on the right of the line4 7,par4 #ahh1 i4d4r47 #b4 ,being in line1 to align the company4 ,give the commands and explain the movement4 7,pars4 #age1 #ajg1 i4d4r47 #c4 ,the company having gone from line into column of squads by the command3 ,squads right1 ,march1 state the position of the captain1 two lieutenants and right and left guides4 7,pars4 #afc1 #afh and ,plate ,,ii1 i4d4r47 #d4 ,show by diagram3 7a7 ,a company of two platoons in column of platoons1 7b7 ,a company of three platoons in line of platoons4 7,plate ,,ii1 i4d4r47 #e4 ,what commands are given to form the company8 #f4 7a7 ,who is the pivot in executing ,company ,left8 7b7 ,who is the pivot in executing ,left ,turn8 ,military ,science and ,tactics4 ,,minor ,,tactics4 ,,map3 ,,gettysburg--,,antietam 7,,hunterstown ,,sheet74 ,first ,problem3 ,an ,advance ,party--,situation ,i3 ,your battalion and the machine gun company occupy ,center ,mills1 in enemy's country4 ,the remainder of the ,harvard ,regiment is encamped two miles north of ,center ,mills4 ,the ,battalion has an outguard at ,j4 ,fohl1 #aaej yards southeast of ,center ,mills4 ,it is mid-winter2 there is no snow1 but the streams are frozen4 ,at #f4de a4m41 #a ,feb41 #ag1 your battalion and the machine gun company are hurriedly assembled1 pieces are loaded1 and the column1 your company in the lead1 is marched out of town1 over the southeast road4 ,your captain calls the officers and non-commissioned officers to the head of the company and gives the following verbal order3 ,a ,blue force1 estimated at one battalion with machine guns1 is marching north from ,granite ,hill ,sta4 ,blue patrols have been reported in vicinity of ,henderson meeting house 7#gjj yards north of ,hunterstown74 ,there are no ,red troops south of here4 ,our battalion and the machine gun company are going to take up a position on the #gab-gjg hills1 which flank this road1 about #c miles south of here4 ,this company will be the advance guard4 ,the main body1 which is the rest of our column1 follows at #fjj yards4 ,lieutenant ,allen1 your platoon 7#ast7 and the second platoon will constitute the ,,advance ,,party4 ,the third and fourth platoons will form the ,,support1 and will follow the advance party at #cjj yards4 ,here is a map for you4 ,follow this road 7pointing and indicating on map7 through ,j4 ,fohl--#eed-ecd--;,bridge ,s4,h41 to crossroads #fff1 where you will halt and establish a ,,march ,,outpost4 ,i will be with the support4 ,when we reach the outguard at ,j4 ,fohl the column will halt and the advance guard will move out4 ,posts4 ,the column halts at the outguard4 ,you are ,lieutenant ,allen4 ,required3 ,your instructions1 and dispositions in detail4 ,situation ,,ii3 ,the advance party has just cleared roadfork #ecd when it is fired upon from the woods along the stream about #ejj yards southeast4 ,there are probably #bj rifles firing upon you4 ,the enemy's fire is well-directed4 ,the point has crossed the first bridge1 #cjj yards south of #ecd4 ,the support has halted2 but is not under fire4 ,required3 ,your instructions and dispositions4 ,second ,problem3 ,an ,advance ,guard ,point--,situation ,i3 ,the situation is the same as in the ,first ,problem4 ,you are the commander of the point4 ,required3 ,your instructions and dispositions as the point clears the outguard4 ,required3 ,the point has just crossed the first bridge #cjj yards southeast of #ecd1 when you hear firing and observe that the advance party is being fired upon from the woods directly east of you4 ,a few moments later you note a few dismounted men crossing the island about #djj yards to the east4 ,the firing has ceased4 ,required3 ,your instructions and dispositions4 ,situation ,,iii3 ,the advance guard has resumed its march4 ,when the point reaches ,bridge ,s4,h41 it is fired upon from the woods #djj yards to the east4 ,about ten cavalrymen are hurriedly mounting1 others are already riding into the woods4 ,required3 ,your instructions and dispositions4 ,third ,problem3 ,an ,advance ,guard ,flank ,patrol-- ,situation3 ,the situation is the same as in the ,first ,problem1 and follows ,situation ,,iii1 ,second ,problem4 ,when the advance party is two hundred yards from the roadfork where unimproved road leads northeast1 about #fjj yards southeast of ,bridge ,s4,h41 ,lieutenant ,allen gives the following instructions to ,corporal ,adams1 #c;d ,squad3 ,corporal1 about fifteen ,blue cavalry have been driven back through those woods 7pointing out woods to east74 ,when we reach the roadfork in front of us take your squad and comb the woods until you reach southern edge4 ,from there go east until you observe the crossroads 7#faf7 which are about #abjj yards beyond4 ,return over first improved road running southwest to the crossroads 7#fff7 about #a-a_/b miles south of here and just under the hilltop1 where you will rejoin advance party4 ,you are ,corporal ,adams4 ,required3 ,your instructions1 dispositions1 and route of the patrol4 ,,map ,,reading4 ,,visibility ,,problems4 ,,map3 ,,gettysburg--,,antietam 7,,hunterstown ,,sheet74 ,,note4--,observation points #gjg and #gab are the hills referred to in the ,first ,problem under ,minor ,tactics4 ,where one point is invisible from another1 state points of interference4 ,problem #a4 ,can a sentinel standing at #gjg see the roadfork #ece 7about #aejj yards south78 ,problem #b4 ,an enemy patrol is marching north on the #edd-faf road1 and has crossed the stream 7#gej yards north of #edd74 ,can this patrol see the ,red outguard at #gjg from any point between stream and crossroads #faf8 ,problem #c4 ,can the sentinel at #gab see the roadfork #eha 7#ahej yards southwest from #gab78 ,problem #d4 ,can the sentinel at #gab see the crossroads #efa 7about #abjj yards southeast78 99 99 99 99 99 ,general ,situation--,hunterstown ,sheet4 ,the ,harvard ,regiment camps the night of ,may #ca-;,june #a on ,opossum ,creek just west of ,friends ,grove ,s4,h4 7,a-#g7 in hostile territory4 ,the regiment is part of a brigade1 the remainder of the brigade being in camp one day's march north of ,center ,mills4 ,problem ,i3 ,an ,advance ,guard ,point3 ,at daylight of ,june #ast the regimental commander receives the following message from brigade headquarters3 ,our aeroplanes report a large force of the enemy near ,hunterstown4 ,move at once on ,hunterstown4 ,develop the strength of this enemy and locate his exact position4 ,i will send reinforcements to you by motor-train if necessary4 ,officers call is sounded1 and this information transmitted to all the officers of the regiment4 ,the ,first ,battalion is designated as advance guard and ordered to move out at once by crossroads #eed and #efa1 and road forks #ece and #eeb towards ,hunterstown4 ,major ,a1 commanding the ,first ,battalion1 designates the first two platoons of ,d company as advance party and ,c company and the remainder of ,d company as support4 ,lieut4 ,x1 commanding the advance party1 calls up all his non-commissioned officers and explains the situation to them4 ,he then says3 ,sergeant ,mason1 take #d men and move out on that road 7pointing7 as the point4 ,at crossroads and road forks semaphore ,w4,w4 and ,i will indicate the direction4 ,the remainder of these two platoons will be the advance party4 ,i will be with it4 ,move out4 ,you are ,sergeant ,mason4 7a7 ,what instructions1 and information do you give the point before you reach crossroads #eed8 ,after passing crossroads #efa about #cjj yards one of your men reports about a squad of hostile cavalry on the road south of road fork #edd1 #aejj yards east of you4 7b7 ,what do you do8 ,problem ,,ii3 ,an ,advance ,guard ,connecting ,file3 ,situation as in preceding problem4 ,after the advance party has moved out about #ajj yards1 ,captain ,y1 commanding the support1 says3 ,smith1 you take ,jones and move out as connecting file4 ,after ,smith and ,jones have moved about #ajj yards1 he says3 ,donnelly1 you take ,burke and move out as connecting file4 ,you are ,donnelly4 7a7 ,what instructions do you give ,burke before reaching crossroads #eed8 ,after passing crossroads #efa you go about #aej yards without seeing the connecting file in rear of you4 7b7 ,what do you do8 ,problem ,,iii3 ,an ,advance ,guard ,flank ,patrol3 ,situation as in preceding problem4 ,on arriving at crossroads #efa ,lieut4 ,x commanding the advance party calls up ,sergeant ,clifford and says3 ,sergeant1 the point has just reported a squad of hostile cavalry about a mile down this road 7pointing toward road fork #edd74 ,take your squad and scout down this road4 ,i will take the next road to the left leading to ,hunterstown4 ,rejoin me on that road4 ,you are ,sergeant ,clifford4 7a7 ,what formation do you adopt for your patrol8 ,nothing happens until you arrive near road fork #edd1 when you hear firing from the woods southwest of you4 ,this fire is not directed toward you4 ,there is evidently about a squad firing4 ,you can see no enemy in any direction4 7b7 ,what do you do8 ,problem ,,iv3 ,platoon as an ,advance ,party3 ,general situation same as before4 ,you are ,lieut4 ,x commanding the advance party4 ,you have arrived near the small orchard southeast of road fork #ece4 ,a sharp fire is suddenly opened from the woods to the southeast1 apparently from a squad or small platoon4 7a7 ,give your orders and dispositions4 ,after firing about a minute the fire of the enemy stops4 ,you move out into the road and can see no sign of your point or connecting files4 ,the support is closing up on you4 7b7 ,what do you do8 ,visibility ,problems3 7a7 ,can a man on hill #gab see a man at crossroads #eed in ,hunterstown8 7,disregard trees47 7b7 ,a man stands at the point where contour #fhj crosses the road followed in above problem1 just south of hill #gjg4 ,where does the roadbed first become invisible8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,map3 ,,gettysburg--- ,,antietam 7,,hunterstown ,,sheet74 ,first ,problem3 ,a ,connecting ,file--,situation ,i3 ,the ,harvard ,regiment is in camp in hostile country the night ,may #a-b in the corn field #ajjj yards east of ,boyd ,s4,h41 just northeast of cross roads #dhh4 ,the line of outguards extends approximately through ,boyd ,s4,h41 ,hill #ebg1 ,mc,elheny4 ,at #a4jj a4m42 ,may #ast1 the regimental commander receives the following telephone message from brigade headquarters at ,gettysburg 7just off the map to the south7--,an enemy force estimated strength one regiment is in camp #f miles north of ,center ,mills4 ,his patrols were seen yesterday by our advance cavalry near ,guernsey and ,center ,mills4 ,it is reliably reported that this force will march by ,center ,mills and ,guernsey on ,biglersville to-morrow morning to destroy a large amount of rolling stock at that point4 ,move at once toward ,center ,mills to stop and drive back this force4 ,officers call is sounded4 ,the situation is explained to the officers and they are told to have their companies ready to move at #b4jj a4m4 ,the #ast battalion is designated as advance guard4 ,the advance guard is directed to move across the field to road fork #eaa thence north by the main road4 ,the first platoon of ,a company is designated as advance party4 ,b company and the remainder of ,a company form the support4 ,as the advance party moves out ,captain ,smith commanding the support1 says to ,private ,long1 ,long1 you and ,williams move out as connecting files4 ,this is a dark night so be careful to keep connection both front and rear4 ,before ,long is out of sight2 he says1 ,scott1 you and ,hunt move out as connecting files following ,long4 ,you are ,scott4 ,required3 7a7 ,what instructions do you give ,hunt8 7b7 ,what do you do up to the time you reach the main road at #eaa8 ,situation ,,ii3 ,after you have passed road fork in ,table ,rock about #ajj yards you notice that ,hunt who has been watching to the rear does not seem to be alert4 ,you look back and can see no sign of the connecting file in rear of you4 ,it is still dark4 ,required3 ,what do you do8 ,second ,problem3 ,an ,advance ,guard ,point--,general ,situation same as in ,problem ,i3 ,sergeant ,hill and four men constitute the point4 ,the situation has been explained to ,sergeant ,hill by the advance party commander4 ,about daylight the point arrives at crossroads #fjj4 ,a sharp fire evidently from about a squad is received from the house on the rise #ejj yards north along the road4 ,you are ,sergeant ,hill4 ,required3 ,what do you do8 ,third ,problem3 ,an ,advance ,guard ,flank ,patrol--,situation ,i--,general ,situation same as ,problem ,i3 ,up to daylight no flank patrols have been sent out4 ,when the support reaches ,table ,rock the support commander calls ,corporal ,bell and says to him ,corporal take your squad as a flank patrol up this road to the right4 ,take the left hand road at the first two road forks and follow the road past the church and school-house until you reach this road again about #a-a_/b miles north of here4 ,report every thing you have seen when you rejoin4 ,your squad consists of seven men besides yourself4 ,required3 7a7 ,the disposition of your squad on the march4 7b7 ,what do you do when you hear the firing near crossroads #fjj8 ,fourth ,problem3 ,platoon as ,advance ,party--,situation--,general ,situation same as in the ,first ,problem3 ,when you arrive at a point about #bjj yards south of hill #fdf you hear firing #ajjj yards north of you4 ,you cannot see who is firing nor can you see the point4 ,you are ,lieutenant ,clark commanding the advance party4 ,required3 ,what do you do8 ,visibility ,problems3 7a7 ,when the point arrives at hill #fdg can it see the crossroads #faj to the northeast8 7b7 ,when the flank patrol reaches ,benders' ,church crossroads can it see an enemy patrol at the house midway on the road #ecd-eed one mile to the northeast8 7c7 ,looking north along the ,center ,mills road from hill #fdg where does the road first become invisible8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,map3 ,,hunterstown ,,sheet4 ,general ,situation3 ,the ,harvard regiment encamped on the night of ,july #ab-ac at ,biglerville 7,b-#h7 in hostile territory4 ,the remainder of the brigade of which the regiment is a part is in camp #e miles west of ,biglerville4 ,problem ,i3 ,at daylight1 ,july #ac1 the regimental commander receives the following message from brigade headquarters3 ,it is reported that the enemy is in force near ,heidlersburg4 ,move on ,heidlersburg at once2 locate the position of the enemy1 and develop his strength4 ,reinforcements will be sent you1 if necessary4 ,this information is transmitted to all officers of the regiment4 ,the ,first ,battalion is ordered to move out at once as advance guard on ,biglerville-#faj-ehb road toward ,heidlersburg4 ,major ,dunn1 commanding ,first ,battalion1 designates the first two platoons of ,c ,company as advance party1 and ,d ,company and the remainder of ,c ,company as support4 ,lieut4 ,gibbs1 commanding the advance party1 explains the situation to his non-commissioned officers1 and then orders3 ,sergeant ,dow1 take four men and move out on that road 7indicating road to ,heidlersburg7 as point4 ,the remainder of these two platoons will be the advance party and will follow you at #bjj yards4 ,i shall be with it4 ,move out4 ,you are ,sergt4 ,dow4 ,how do you place your men1 and what information and instructions do you give the point before you pass the orchard east of ,biglerville8 ,situation #b3 ,you are still ,sergt4 ,dow4 ,the point has reached crossroads #ehb4 ,you are informed by a farmer living at crossroads #ehb that about half an hour before there were some soldiers half a mile north of #ehb on the road to ,center ,mills4 ,he says he does not know where they went4 ,what do you do8 ,problem ,,ii3 ,the advance party has arrived at crossroads #ehb4 ,information has come to ,lieut4 ,gibbs1 both from the point and from the farmer direct1 that ,red ,soldiers have been seen on road to north leading to ,center ,mills4 ,lieut4 ,gibbs on arrival at #ehb sends out a squad under ,sergt4 ,jones to patrol north on the ,center ,mills road half a mile1 then east by farm road to corner1 then by fence south of house and barn to ,opossum ,creek and down creek to main road again4 ,the advance party then proceeds about #cjj yards easterly from #ehb1 when the point signals ,enemy in small numbers in creek bottom due north4 7a7 ,what does ,lieut4 ,gibbs and the advance party do8 7b7 ,what does he tell the point to do8 7c7 ,what does the flank patrol under ,sergt4 ,jones do8 ,problem ,,iii3 ,because of the action taken in ,problem ,,ii the ,reds have ceased to menace the left flank of the advance guard3 7a7 ,what does the advance party and its commander do8 7b7 ,what does he tell the point to do8 ,another ,situation--,problem ,,iv3 ,enemy is in the vicinity of ,hunterstown4 ,your brigade has marched south through ,guernsey to road fork #faj1 and has turned east1 and is about to camp in grass field north of road #faj-ehb1 #a-c of a mile west of #ehb4 ,your battalion is to form the outpost4 ,you are its major4 ,where do you post3 7a7 ,the outpost reserve8 7b7 ,the outpost supports8 7c7 ,the outguards8 7,,note3 ,the sector up to and including the road ,center ,mills--#eed-ecd--;,bridge ,s4,h4 is covered by another brigade to your left47 ,problem ,v3 ,on the same general scheme as in ,problem ,,iv4 ,you are ,sergt4 ,robinson of ,support ,no4 #a4 ,you are ordered by its commander to move out with #c squads to form a picket1 outguard ,no4 #a1 putting out observation posts on the road about half a mile south of the support4 7a7 ,state what directions you give to your picket and how you move to your position4 7b7 ,where do you post the picket and its observation posts8 7c7 ,what orders and instructions do you give on arrival at the place selected8 ,,chapter #ae4 ,trench ,warfare4 ,general ,principles4 #a4 ,defense may be made in depth by all organizations1 down to and including the platoon1 or it may be made laterally4 #b4 ,the smallest active segment1 be it only three men1 must have a chief and a second in command1 who is responsible for the proper upkeep and defense of the segment4 ,all occupants of active segments must know all instructions which should be simple4 #c4 ,any troops in charge of a portion of trench must never abandon it1 no matter what happens1 even if surrounded4 #d4 ,all ground lost must be retaken at once by immediate counter attack launched by the unit which lost the ground4 ,as a matter of fact a counter attack is difficult for a platoon or company2 it is really necessary for it to be made by a battalion4 #e4 ,each company must provide for emplacements for mine throwers to be served by the artillery and for pneumatic guns to be served by their own men4 ,instructions to be ,issued by ,battalion ,commander4 #a4 ,disposition of companies in sector assigned 7best done by sketch showing sectors assigned to companies74 #b4 ,special orders to companies 7concerns field of fire to be obtained not only in own sector1 but also in those adjoining it74 #c4 ,improvement of defense4 7,brief reports from company commanders to be followed by work being done on order of battalion commander after inspection47 #d4 ,organization of watching 7not sentry duty7 7by company commander under supervision of battalion commander74 #e4 ,organization of observation 7not sentry duty7 7by company commander under supervision of battalion commander74 #f4 ,organization of supply 7procuring1 routing1 etc41 of tools1 ammunition1 food1 water1 etc471 7by company commander under supervision of battalion commander74 #g4 ,organization of liaison 7communication7 7runners1 telephone1 telegraph visual signaling1 pigeons1 etc41 by company commander under the supervision of battalion commander74 ,all telephonic communication must be in code4 #h4 ,organization of supplies to include amounts to be expected daily from the rear4 #i4 ,knowledge of enemy must be imparted to company commanders in order to assist them in making their dispositions4 #aj4 ,frequent reports to be made of existing conditions at the front for information of higher commanders4 #aa4 ,lateral defense of boyaux must not be overlooked4 #ab4 ,wide turning movements are not possible4 ,enveloping movements are possible only on local attacks against small portions of the hostile line after it has been pierced4 ,all main attacks are confined to purely frontal attacks4 #ac4 ,the most important obstacle is barbed wire entanglements4 #ad4 ,communication 7liaison7 between and co-ordination and co-operation of1 the different elements of a command is of the utmost importance4 #ae4 ,artillery co-operates more closely than ever with infantry4 ,its reconnaissance officers accompany infantry lines in order to obtain information4 ,there is a certain number of artillery observers attached to each battalion of infantry4 ,the general method of attack is to smother the defense with a torrent of explosive shells1 kept up incessantly for one or more days1 and shatter the defense so they will offer but slight resistance to the infantry2 then rush forward with the infantry and seize the positions while the enemy is demoralized1 and consolidate them before reenforcements can be brought up4 ,the artillery bombardment is necessary to prepare the way for the infantry advance4 ,it has for its objects3 7#a7 ,to destroy the hostile artillery1 wire entanglements and infantry trenches4 7#b7 ,to produce curtains of fire and prevent bringing up reenforcements4 ,light guns are assigned to ,,each ,,battalion ,,of ,,infantry1 subject only to orders of regimental and battalion commanders concerned4 ,save under exceptional circumstances the light gun is always attached to the ,machine ,gun ,company for the attack4 ,the essential role of the light gun is to destroy with direct fire the visible machine guns2 they are employed separately and not grouped4 ,the infantry is divided into two classes3 ,holding troops--and attacking or shock troops4 ,holding troops are those doing routine or trench duty2 shock troops are picked organizations of young and vigorous men and are kept in camps well behind the battle front4 ,holding troops are two weeks in and two weeks out of the trenches4 ,all specialist groups1 i4e41 ,machine ,gun ,companies1 etc41 are officered1 allowing company and battalion commanders to concentrate them1 if the situation requires4 ,they play the normal part in combat if they do not receive special instructions4 ,attack of a ,defensive ,position4 ,unity of command in depth must be preserved everywhere1 unless there is an imperative reason for doing otherwise4 ,the front of each regiment should be divided between two or three battalions4 ,each battalion commander having to look after a front of from #ejj to #fjj yards1 can exercise efficient control of his command4 ,in preparing for an assault1 seniors must take steps to organize it and make all necessary preparations themselves1 and not leave all the responsibility with the juniors4 ,in the assault each unit must know its special task beforehand1 and it should be rehearsed in rear of the line of trenches4 ,each commander must know the exact time he is to start and must start on time4 ,the first waves of men are placed at #d or #e pace interval4 ,chief of section can command only a front of #hj to #ajj paces and it is necessary to form the section in two 7#b7 waves4 ,the first containing the grenadiers and automatic riflemen1 the latter in the center4 ,the second wave contains the riflemen and rifle grenadiers1 the latter in the center4 ,if the terrain is cut up by woods1 villages1 etc41 the proportion of grenadiers may be increased by taking them from the sections in support and the automatic riflemen sent back to the second wave4 ,if the distance to cross exceeds #cjj or #djj yards1 the number of automatic riflemen should be increased4 ,two or three sections are usually placed abreast on the company front1 which thus covers two to three hundred yards4 ,the support sections follow the leading sections of their company at about #ej yards1 marching in two lines1 if possible in two lines of squad columns at #bj yard intervals4 ,the first wave of the support is usually formed of the one-half section of specialists4 ,the echeloning of the specialists in front is also the most favorable formation to progress by rushes in a terrain cut up by shell holes4 ,the chief of section is between the two 7#b7 waves of his section4 ,the captain is usually in front of the support sections4 ,the support sections are closely followed by a powerful line of machine guns1 which are thrown into the fight when needed to reenforce the leading units4 ,trench ,cleaners usually march immediately after the leading sections and may be taken from the support sections4 ,they are armed with pistols1 knives and hand grenades4 ,the captain can use his section complete1 or take out the specialists and use them for a particular purpose4 ,the specialists carry only the weapons of their specialty and have their loads lightened4 ,the ordinary riflemen carry the usual packs and equipment4 ,officers no longer lead the assault1 but direct it4 ,they are equipped with the rifle and bayonet1 the same as the enlisted man4 ,each unit of the first wave of the attack is given a definite objective4 ,different waves must not break upon the first wave4 ,fire is opened by the assaulting troops only at short ranges1 the advance being protected by a curtain of artillery fire4 ,the advancing line makes use of shell holes and all other available cover4 ,when the first section reaches its objective it is joined by the half section of riflemen2 it immediately organizes the captured ground4 ,attacking ,from ,trenches4--,the commanders of brigades and battalions1 with the commander of the artillery detailed to support them1 study on the ground the artillery plan so far as it affects them4 ,immediately after the advance of the infantry begins1 the artillery supporting it commences an intense bombardment with the object of forcing the enemy to take cover4 ,at the moment laid down in the table of artillery fire the barrage lifts clear of the trench and the infantry rush in and capture it4 ,the infantry must be taught that their success depends upon their getting within #ge yards of the barrage before it lifts1 in order that they may reach the trenches before the enemy can man them4 ,the secret of a successful assault is exact synchronization of the movements of the infantry with those of the barrage4 ,the pace of a barrage depends1 to a certain extent1 on the pace of the infantry1 which varies with the condition of the ground1 the length of the advance1 the number of enemy trenches to be crossed1 etc4 ,it may be from #ae to #ge yards per minute4 ,the pace of the barrage should be quicker at first1 and should gradually slow down as the men become exhausted1 in order to give them time to get close to the barrage and pull themselves together for the final rush4 ,in an attack each unit must have sufficient driving power in itself to carry it through to its objective and enable it to hold its ground when it gets there4 ,when a number of trenches have to be carried1 considerable depth will be required1 and the frontage must be reduced4 ,a brigade usually has a front in attack of #bej to #cej yards1 but this may be increased to #a1jjj or #a1bjj yards4 ,a battalion should have a front of #bej to #cej yards4 ,the battalion must be organized in depth in a series of waves4 ,two companies are usually put abreast in the first line and the others in the second line4 ,each company in both lines attacks in column of platoons at about #ej yards' distance1 with intervals of three to five paces between men1 so there would be eight lines of waves1 of two platoons each4 ,the #hth and #afth platoons1 the two in rear forming the eighth wave1 are usually not employed in the attack1 but are left behind as a nucleus to form on in case of heavy casualties4 ,the front line must not be less than #bjj yards from the enemy's front line4 ,the leading two or three waves are likely to meet machine gun fire1 and generally move in extended order4 ,not more than two waves can be accommodated in one trench4 ,subsequent waves will move in line or in line of section columns in single file4 ,russian saps must be run out as far as possible across ,no ,man's ,land to be opened up immediately after the assault1 as approach trenches4 ,ladders or steps are necessary to assist the leading waves in leaving the trenches1 as they must move in lines4 ,provision must be made for bridges over the first line trenches for the rear waves4 ,in the original assault line will be more suitable for both leading and rear waves4 ,in later stages it is better for the rear waves to move in small and handy columns4 ,in the original assault the distance between waves may be #ge to #ajj yards2 in later stages they may follow each other at #ej yards4 ,in the original assault1 zero1 or the time for the assault to begin1 may be fixed for the moment at which our barrage lifts from the enemy front trench1 the infantry timing their advance so as to be close under our barrage before it lifts4 ,in the later stages zero must be the moment at which our barrage commences1 and this commencement will be the signal for the infantry to leave their trenches4 ,each wave is assigned its own objective4 ,all watches must be synchronized in order that all units may start off at the appointed time4 ,the first wave is composed of bombers and rifle grenade men1 and attacks the enemy's first line of trenches4 ,it must go straight through to its objective1 following the artillery barrage as closely as possible4 ,the second and third waves1 composed of riflemen with bayonets and ,lewis guns1 re-enforce the first wave after the latter has occupied the enemy's first line trench1 and attack the second line trench4 ,the fourth wave takes up tools1 ammunition and sand bags and assists in consolidating the line4 ,the fifth wave is a mopping-up party to clear the enemy's dugouts4 ,the sixth wave comprises battalion headquarters and has two ,lewis guns1 kept for a special purpose4 ,the seventh and eighth waves1 if used1 seize and consolidate the enemy's third line trench4 ,bombing squads 7#a non-commissioned officer and #h men7 are on the flank of each attacking wave4 ,battalion bombers are assigned a special task4 ,all movements must be over the top of the ground4 ,the pace throughout should be a steady walk1 except for the last #cj or #dj yards1 when the line should break into a steady double time1 finishing up the last #aj yards with a rush4 ,barrage is continued #bj or #cj minutes after the objective has been reached4 ,mopping parties must be trained with great care under selected officers4 ,they should always wear a distinguishing mark4 ,they must at once dispose of any occupants who may have emerged from their dugouts1 and picket the dugout entrances4 ,the ultimate unit in the assault is the platoon4 ,it must be organized and trained as a self-contained unit1 capable of producing the required proportion of riflemen1 bombers1 rifle bombers1 ,lewis gunners1 and carriers1 all trained to work in combination4 ,assaulting troops should have twelve hours of daylight in the trenches before the assault begins1 to enable them to get acquainted with the ground and get some rest4 ,all ranks must be given a hot meal1 including hot tea or coffee1 before the assault4 ,take every precaution to prevent the enemy from realizing that the assault is about to take place4 ,bayonets must not be allowed to show4 ,no increase in rate of artillery fire4 ,no unusual movements must be made in the trenches1 and there must be no indication of the impending assault until the barrage is dropped4 ,when the trench has been taken1 it should be consolidated at once to prevent counterattack4 ,to protect this consolidation1 throw out an outpost line1 the posts consisting of one non-commissioned officer and #f riflemen with a ,lewis gun1 about #aej to #bjj yards apart and #ajj to #cjj yards beyond the line4 ,these posts should be established in shellholes1 which are to be converted into fire trenches1 protected by wire entanglements1 as soon as possible4 ,approach trenches toward the enemy should be blockaded and hand and rifle grenadiers posted to guard them4 ,the main captured trench should be converted at once into a fire trench facing the enemy4 ,if it is badly knocked to pieces1 a new trench may be constructed #dj or #ej yards in front of the captured line4 ,the commander must reorganize in depth to provide supports and reserves for counterattacks4 ,situation reports should be sent back frequently4 ,rough sketches are better than messages4 ,tanks follow infantry as closely as possible to deal with strong points4 ,they are employed in sections of four4 ,machine guns may be used to provide covering fire for attacking infantry1 cover its withdrawal if the attack fails1 fill gaps in the assaulting lines1 assist in the consolidation of positions and repel counterattacks4 ,lewis guns are of great value in knocking out hostile machine guns4 ,they usually move on the flanks of the second wave of assault4 ,later they are used to back up patrols and to hold the outpost line while the garrison line is being consolidated4 ,as soon as consolidation begins1 wire entanglements should be constructed4 ,every effort should be made to secure the objective against recapture4 ,any men available should be used to continue the offensive4 ,all commanders down to and including company commanders must keep some portion of their command as a reserve4 ,the company commander needs his reserve to work around points which are holding against the leading lines1 to protect his flanks in case the companies on his right and left are delayed in their advance and to exploit his success and gain ground to the front4 ,he must keep it well in hand behind the company4 ,battalion reserves must start with the assaulting column and get across ,no ,man's ,land as soon as possible2 they must not get out of hand4 ,such a reserve is usually checked in the vicinity of the enemy's front line trench1 where it can be thrown in to assist the advance or extend a flank as needed4 ,the brigade reserve is kept well in hand just clear of the friendly front line and support trenches4 ,reserves of companies and battalions must start moving over the top of the ground with the rest of the assaulting troops4 ,defense ,of ,trenches4--,the latest methods consist in constructing1 supporting and strong points at the most favorable points to be held1 such as villages1 woods1 etc4 ,these are separated by intervals not too great for mutual support4 ,they are of such resisting power that they must be taken before the attack can progress4 ,in the intervals between them fire and communicating trenches are constructed1 but these are only held lightly4 ,dummy trenches may be placed in these intervals4 ,lines of the various works are so traced that they bring enfilading fire on troops attacking adjacent positions4 ,the lines need not be continuously occupied1 but the obstacles extend in an unbroken line along the whole front4 ,wire entanglements are set in front of important positions in belts #bj feet wide1 in two or three rows1 each #bj yards apart4 ,each supporting point usually is occupied by a battalion1 and consists of a series of trenches formed into strong points1 each held by a garrison of one or more platoons or a company4 ,the supporting points are from #fjj to #hjj yards in depth and have a front of #fjj to #a1jjj yards4 ,the first line of strong points is occupied by one or two companies in firing and cover trenches1 while the remainder of the battalion occupies the support and reserve trenches4 ,bomb-proofs are built along the cover trenches and are connected with the firing trenches4 ,approach trenches are protected on both flanks by wire entanglements4 ,strong points in support and reserve trenches are prepared for an all-around defense and divided into two or more separate strong points by wire entanglements4 ,a body of infantry attacked is to oppose to the assailant its high powered weapons1 machine guns1 automatic rifles1 rifle grenades and hand grenades and to reserve for the counter attack the grenadiers and riflemen4 ,there is always one line upon which the resistance must be made with the greatest energy2 for its defense the following methods have been found successful4 ,machine guns should be placed where they can secure the best flanking fire1 and every one put out of action should immediately be replaced by an automatic rifle4 ,if machine gun barrage fire is to play its role successfully at the moment of assault1 the guns must survive the bombardment4 ,their protection is secured by placing them under shelter during the bombardment and making their emplacements as nearly invisible as possible4 ,they should be echeloned in depth as far as practicable4 ,they are generally placed in re-entrants of the firing trenches and cover the intervals between the adjoining supporting and strong points4 ,where the ground will permit they are often placed in concealed positions #bj to #cj yards in front of the trenches1 to break up attacks made by hostile infantry4 ,not too many should be placed in the front line1 and they should be echeloned in depth so as to confuse their disposition4 ,the value of machine guns depends on the possibility of using them suddenly for brief periods1 and in using them as long as they are effective4 ,machine guns disposed for flanking fire must be well covered by grenadiers2 this is also true of automatic rifles4 ,automatic rifles1 rifle grenades and hand grenades are used to constitute a barrage to keep back the enemy4 ,the entire front should be defended by a barrage of hand grenades1 while the barrage of automatic rifles and rifle grenades is superposed farther to the front1 up to #djj yards4 ,all riflemen and those grenadiers not employed in forming barrages are reserved to make a counterattack4 ,companies on the second line operate on similar principles2 machine guns1 automatic rifles and rifle grenades are arranged so as to cover every portion of the first line that might be invaded4 ,after a short preparation by fire from these1 the grenadiers and riflemen make the counterattack4 ,the captains in charge of the two lines are responsible for the arrangement of the machine guns1 automatic rifles and rifle grenades1 the distribution of barrages and the distribution of groups for the counterattack4 ,the real strength of the defense consists1 not in holding the fire and cover trenches1 nor even the support trenches1 but in holding the supporting and strong points until the counterattack can be launched4 ,liaison4--,the question of liaison in battle is of the utmost importance1 and complete co-ordination of the different arms is absolutely necessary4 ,each battalion sends an officer or non-commissioned officer and a cyclist to the colonel1 and each colonel sends a soldier to the battalion commander4 ,the principal means of communication are the telephone1 telegraph1 wireless1 aeroplane1 mounted messengers1 autos and motorcycles2 and at the front runners1 visual signals1 rockets and carrier pigeons4 ,each battalion commander is connected by telephone with each company commander1 with the artillery observers1 with the artillery commander1 with his own colonel and with the adjacent battalions on either side4 ,the signallers of assaulting companies move with the company commander4 ,all signallers should be given a special training in repeating a message several times to a known back station which may not be able to reply forward4 ,at the commencement of the assault the pigeons and pigeon carriers must be kept back at battalion headquarters1 and sent forward as soon as the position has been gained4 ,runners can be relied upon when all other means fail4 ,they must be trained with their companies4 ,runners should be lightly equipped and wear a distinctive mark4 ,they must be familiar with all the principal routes to all the principal centers within their battalion sector4 ,the quicker they go the safer they are4 ,company and platoon runners must go forward with their respective commanders4 ,messages to be carried long distances will be relayed4 ,never send a verbal message by a runner2 ignore any received2 all messages must be written4 ,company and battalion commanders must be prepared to assist artillery liaison officers in getting their messages back4 ,liaison officers must be exchanged by all the assaulting battalions with the battalion on either flank4 ,trench ,orders4--7,battalion73 ,trenches are usually divided into a certain number of bays2 the number of men to defend these bays depends upon the length of trench allotted to each company4 ,each section is detailed to guard a certain number of bays4 ,non-commissioned officers and men must always wear their equipment by day and night4 ,every company will ,stand ,to arms daily one-half hour before dusk and one-half hour before dawn1 and will remain until dismissed by the company commander4 ,the enemy's trenches are so close that it is very important for the men to have their rifle sights always at battle sight1 so that there will be no necessity to alter their sights in case of alarm4 ,by night all bayonets are to be fixed and half of the men on duty in the trenches are to be sitting on the firing platform with their rifles by their side4 ,in case of attack1 especially at night1 it should be impressed upon the men that they fire low4 ,section commanders are responsible that the men under their command have sufficient standing room for the purpose of firing over the parapet4 ,they must have a clear field of fire1 and not only be able to see the enemy trenches but the ground in the immediate vicinity of their trench4 ,when making new trenches parapets should be at least five feet thick at the top in order to be bullet proof4 ,repairs or alterations of the parapet should be reported at once by the section commander to the platoon commander1 who will report it to superior authority4 ,repairing of trenches1 fatigue1 etc41 will be carried on either by day or night according to company arrangement4 ,certain hours will be allotted for these tasks and no man is to be employed upon any kind of work out of these hours4 ,no man should leave his post in the trenches at any time without the permission of the non-commissioned officer in charge of that post4 ,at night there should be at least one sentry post to each ten yards of parapet4 ,at night1 double sentries should be posted if possible1 and no sentry should be kept on duty for longer than an hour at a time4 ,the arrangement should be such that when one sentry is doing his last half hour1 his comrade will be doing his first half hour4 ,sentries at night should always have their rifles resting on the parapet1 ready to fire at a moment's notice4 ,as few sentries as possible should be posted by day1 so as to give as much rest as possible to the remainder of the men4 ,by day any existing loop-holes may be used by a sentry for observation purposes1 but this must be strictly prohibited at night1 when the sentry must look over the parapet4 ,if a sentry is continually fired at1 the section commander will post him in another position1 but not too far from his original position4 ,there is no excuse for a man going to sleep on sentry duty2 if he is sick he should report the fact to the non-commissioned officer1 who will report to superior authority4 ,an armed party of the enemy approaching the trench under a flag of truce should be halted at a distance1 ordered to lay down their arms1 and the matter at once reported to the company commander4 ,if the party fails to halt when ordered to do so1 or does not convey a flag of truce1 they should be fired upon4 ,an unarmed party should be halted in the same way4 ,it is not necessary to challenge at night2 open fire at once4 ,this is modified only by special instructions4 ,men especially picked for listening patrols and sharp-shooters will be given special privileges4 ,all loud talking must be checked at night by officers and non-commissioned officers4 ,all working parties must wear their equipment and carry their rifles4 ,all picks and shovels will be returned after use to the company store room4 ,ration parties and parties carrying materials for repairs1 etc41 need not wear their equipment or carry rifles2 they should be accompanied by a fully armed non-commissioned officer as an escort4 ,not more than #bj men are to be away from the company at one time2 one non-commissioned officer and four men per platoon4 ,rifles must be kept clean and in good condition while in the trenches4 ,they will be cleaned every morning during an hour appointed by the company commander for the purpose4 ,platoon commanders will be responsible that section commanders superintend this work4 ,all rifles except those used by sentries are to be kept in racks during the day4 ,trenches must be kept in sanitary condition4 ,platoon commanders will be responsible for the latrines in their sections of the trenches4 ,all water for drinking and cooking is to be taken from a water cart or tank provided for this purpose4 ,stretcher bearers will be stationed at a place designated by the commanding officer4 ,no soldier will be buried nearer than #cjj yards from the trenches4 ,in every platoon a non-commissioned officer will be detailed for duty by day2 he will do no night duty4 ,he will post the day sentries and see that they are on the alert and carry out their orders correctly4 ,he will be responsible for the cleanliness of his lines and will frequently visit the latrines4 ,he will see that all loose ammunition is collected4 ,the platoon commander will always send a non-commissioned officer to draw rations and he will be responsible for their delivery4 ,the passing along of messages by word of mouth will not be used4 ,all messages should be written4 ,special instructions will be issued as to precautions against gas4 ,selection of ,site4 7a7 ,fire trench should be selected with due regard to tactical requirements and the economy of men4 7b7 ,every fire trench should have a good field of fire1 at least #bej yards4 7c7 ,the trenches should have the best possible cover4 7d7 ,the forward position on a slope for the first line has the best advantage4 ,the support trench should be on the reverse slope from #ajj to #fjj yards in rear of the first line to prevent direct observation and to be practically free from artillery fire4 ,the reserve trench is usually from #a_/b to #a mile in rear of the first line4 ,remember that the first line1 the support line1 and the reserve line are all fire trenches4 ,do not put them on a crest4 7e7 ,the communicating trenches 7boyaux7 should be zigzagged1 wide and deep1 and should follow the low ground4 ,the longest straight trench should not exceed thirty paces4 ,the angle made by each turn should be less than #adj degrees4 7f7 ,the fire trenches should have salients and re-entrants so as to flank the wire entanglements4 ,the bays are usually #bg feet long with #i feet of traverse4 7g7 ,there are two problems in the siting of trenches1 one for those to be constructed under fire and another for those that will be constructed without any danger from fire4 ,trenches built under fire are usually made by connecting up individual shelters made by the front line when forced to halt4 ,trenches built under quiet conditions can be laid out according to the best possible plan4 ,trench ,construction4 ,several kinds of difficulties face the trench digger3 ,sand1 clay1 water and bullets4 ,in order to overcome them he must be familiar with the general arrangement of a trench1 the principles which govern its construction and the standard trench as it has been worked out in the present war at the cost of thousands of lives4 ,general ,arrangement4--,a position is a combination of trenches1 consisting of3 ,the fire trench1 or first line1 nearest the enemy2 the cover trench1 just behind the first line1 where all but sentinels of the fire trench garrison are held in dugouts or shelters2 the support trench1 from #aej to #bjj yards in rear of the cover trench1 and the reserve1 from #hjj to #a1bjj yards still further to the rear4 ,the support trench is placed far enough from the first line to prevent the enemy from shelling both trenches at once4 ,by a concentration of artillery fire and a determined advance of the hostile infantry the first line may be captured4 ,the support trench must be so organized that it will then act as a line of resistance upon which the enemy's advance will break4 ,lieutenant ,colonel ,azan of the ,french army says3 ,as long as the support trenches are strongly held1 the position is not in the hands of the enemy4 ,illustration3 ,plate #af ,the reserve is usually a strong point1 so organized that it can maintain independent resistance for several days if necessary1 should the enemy obtain control of adjacent areas4 ,where possible trenches should be on reverse slopes1 with the exception of the first line2 but usually the outline of a trench is determined in actual combat1 or is a part of hostile trench converted4 ,under these circumstances it cannot be arranged according to tactical ideals4 ,artillery and the automatic gun are the determining factors in trench warfare to-day4 ,the effect of artillery fire must be limited in its area as far as possible1 and trenches are1 therefore1 cut by traverses1 which are square blocks of earth not less than nine feet square1 left every #bg feet along the trench4 ,they should overlap the width of the trench by at least one yard1 thereby limiting the effect of shell burst to a single bay1 the #bg-;foot length of firing trench between two traverses4 ,sharp angles have the same effect as traverses1 but angles of more than #abj degrees cannot be utilized in this way4 ,the sides of the trench are kept as nearly perpendicular as possible1 to give the maximum protection from shell burst and the fall of high angle projectiles4 ,the parados1 the bank of earth to the rear of the trench1 has been developed during the war to give protection from flying fragments of shells exploding to the rear1 and to prevent the figure of a sentinel from being outlined through a loop-hole against the sky4 ,the berm1 a ledge or shelf left between the side of the trench and the beginning of the parados1 has come into general use in order to take the weight of the parados off the earth at the immediate edge of the trench1 and so prevent the reverse slope from caving in easily under bombardment or heavy rain4 ,illustration3 ,plate #af;,a ,automatic guns have made it necessary to break the line of the trench at every opportunity1 in order to secure a flanking fire for these arms4 ,auto-rifles and machine guns have tremendous effectiveness only in depth1 and flanking fire gives them their greatest opportunity4 ,trench ,construction4--,the methods of building trenches are the same whether the work is carried on under fire or not4 ,in an attack1 upon reaching the limit of advance1 the men immediately dig themselves in1 and later connect these individual holes to make a continuous line of trench4 ,most of the digging must be done at night1 and must be organized to obtain the most work with the least confusion4 ,there are three ways of increasing the efficiency of the men4 ,in the first of these1 squad shifts1 the squad leader divides his men into reliefs and gives each man a limited period of intensive work4 ,reliefs may be made by squads or by individuals4 ,the second way of increasing efficiency is to induce competition among the man and squads1 thus making the work a game in which each soldier's interest will be aroused in the effort to do better than the others4 ,the third method is to assign a fixed amount of work to each man4 ,an average task1 which all ought to accomplish in a given time1 is found by experience1 and those who finish before their time is up are relieved from further work during that shift1 and allowed to return to their shelters4 ,continual care must be used to check up the tools on hand1 as the men are prone to leave them where they were working rather than carry them back and forth to work4 ,each unit must guard its property from appropriation by neighbors on its flanks4 ,system of ,laying ,out ,trenches4--,the trace of the trench is first staked out1 particularly at traverses and corners when the work is to be done at night4 ,measurements should be exact1 and the men should be required to line the limits of each trench so as not to exceed them in digging4 ,all sod should be taken up carefully and used on the parapet for concealment or on the berm to make a square back wall for the dirt of the parapet4 ,if possible this should be done with the parados wall1 so as to make it as inconspicuous as possible from the front4 ,men should begin to dig at the center of the trench and throw the dirt as far out on the sides as possible1 so that as they go deeper the earth can be thrown just over the berm4 ,the slope of the sides will be kept steep and the men prevented from widening the trench as they dig4 ,in sandy soil the sides of the trench should be allowed to reach their angle of repose 7which is wider at the top than required71 then the trench walls supported with revettments to the proper width1 which are filled in behind with sand4 ,always dig to full depth before beginning to revet1 as it is impossible to dig deeper afterwards without loosening the revetting4 ,revettments4--,every trench at points needs support1 and this revetting may be done with any of the following materials3 ,sod2 corduroy of logs laid lengthwise2 sand bags 7size #bj in4 x #aj in4 x #e in472 galvanized iron2 chicken wire and cloth made in a frame about six feet long2 hurdles1 wicker mats made by driving three-inch stakes into the ground1 leaving uprights as high above the ground as the depth of the trench1 then weaving withes and slender saplings between the uprights2 expanded metal2 gabions1 cylindrical baskets made like hurdles except that the stakes are driven in a circle2 fascines1 bundles of faggots about #aj inches in diameter by #i feet long4 ,the faggots are laid together on a horse or between stakes driven in the ground1 then choked1 or bound tightly together1 by a rope #c feet #h inches long with loops at each end1 tightened with two stiff levers4 ,the bundle is then bound with wire at intervals of two feet4 ,the circumference of a fascine should be #be inches4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ag ,capt4 ,powell of the ,c4,e4,f4 found during #ah months' service in the trenches1 that a separate construction for the bottom and firing step from that of the parapet made repair much simpler when the trench was damaged by shell fire4 ,the upper part of the trench usually suffers most1 while the bottom section1 if unattached1 often remains intact and the drainage system needs only to be cleared out4 ,if the portion above the firing step is one piece with that below1 however1 the whole trench has to be reconstructed4 ,there is nothing more important than the supports used to keep revetting in place4 ,with sods1 sand bags1 concrete and gabions1 a proper arrangement in the first place will make other support unnecessary4 ,sod should be placed carefully1 with a slope of not more than one inch on four1 with the vegetation uppermost4 ,this type is least affected by rain4 ,sand ,bags should be used like brickwork1 laid in alternate headers 7binders7 and stretchers4 ,their use should be confined as far as possible to emergency and repair work1 because after a few weeks the bags rot and cannot be moved about4 ,if the trench wall has been demolished by artillery fire1 the particles of cloth make digging out the bottom of the trench a very difficult matter4 ,concrete ,work has been used extensively by the ,germans1 but the chips fly like bullets under shell explosion1 and the concrete cracks and disintegrates in severe weather4 ,it is used in the bottom of trenches for drainage and for the firing step4 ,gabions may be set into the wall of the trench and filled with earth1 or used at corners to prevent the wearing down of the edge1 which reduces the protective effect of the trench4 ,set in at a slight angle they will hold the side without further re-enforcement4 ,with the other forms of revetting some secondary support is required4 ,this is usually furnished by sinking stakes into the bottom of the trench and securing their upper ends to a dead man--a stake or log sunk in the ground more than three feet away4 ,the tendency is to sink the dead men too near to the trench1 and to attach too many wires to one of them4 ,it is important to sink the stakes at least one foot below the bottom of the trench4 ,by digging holes for them instead of driving them in directly1 the sides of the trench need not be disturbed by the concussion of driving the stakes4 ,this is especially important in sandy soils4 ,stakes should be placed about two feet apart4 ,dead men should be buried deeply enough to prevent cutting by shell explosions4 ,trench ,armament4--,a few machine guns are set in concealed emplacements along the trench to cover important salients4 ,the automatic rifle is used over the parapet4 ,besides these there is the rifle grenade and trench mortar4 ,the rifle grenade has a simple emplacement4 ,after securing the proper elevation1 the butt of the rifle is placed between posts or blocks of wood and the muzzle rested against a log on the wall of the trench4 ,a trench mortar emplacement is dug in the rear wall of the trench1 or a shell hole is utilized1 care being taken to conceal it from aerial observation4 ,loopholes4--,loopholes are still much in use for observation1 but they are employed less and less for firing1 as they are difficult to conceal from the enemy and almost useless when the enemy is close4 ,they should cut the parapet diagonally1 not directly to the front1 and should be concealed by vegetation and by a curtain over the opening when they are not in use4 ,sheet steel plates with small peep holes are used on the parapet4 ,they are set up with a slope to the rear to deflect bullets4 ,trench ,bottoms4--,in clay or hard soil special arrangements must be made for drainage4 ,where possible the trench should have a convex surface and should be smooth4 ,a rough bottom means delay in reliefs1 and possible injuries4 ,where trenches are used for long periods board walks should be constructed4 ,under these drains or sink holes can be placed to collect water4 ,a sink hole may be constructed by digging a pit filled with small stones1 or a barrel may be sunk into the ground and filled with stone4 ,where there is not sufficient slope to carry off the water1 or at the lowest point of a drainage system1 a water hole should be dug in front of the trench large enough to handle the drainage water4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ah ,communication ,trench 7or ,boyau74--,running to the rear and joining the different parallel resistance trenches are communication trenches or boyaux4 ,these are for transportation of men and material as well as for communication4 ,communication trenches should be made wide enough to allow travel for men with loads1 should be at least seven feet deep and as smooth as possible on the bottom4 ,rough places will delay traffic4 ,they are dug with turns every #bj or #cj yards to prevent their being swept by gun fire4 ,when boyaux are built by night sharp zig-zag corners should be used1 or the angles will not be acute and protection will be lost4 ,during daylight when the directions can be seen1 the construction may be a serpentine curve1 with no stretch of more than #cj yards visible from one point4 ,boyaux are sometimes used for lateral defence and often emplacements for automatic guns are arranged to cover stretches of them4 ,bombing stations are placed near by to protect the guns and to clear the boyau of the enemy4 ,at these points the boyau is left straight for a short distance in front4 ,where provision is made for lateral or frontal defence by rifle fire1 firing steps are constructed4 ,if this is inconvenient for movement along the boyau1 individual emplacements must be made in the side wall for firing4 ,sentry posts are dug at right angles to the boyau4 ,arrangements for passage of men moving in opposite directions may be made by extending short spurs at the corners1 enlarging the boyau at the bends1 digging niches or passing points here and there1 or constructing island traverses with the boyau running around on each side4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ai ,every boyau should be marked where it meets a trench with a sign indicating the place and trench4 ,without this messengers1 reliefs and re-enforcements may easily be lost in the maze of trenches4 ,latrines should be run out about #bj feet from boyaux at points directly in rear of lateral trenches4 ,if possible they should be placed so that men cannot enter them without passing near the platoon leaders4 ,this will prevent men from leaving the front line1 under the pretense of going to latrines1 during bombardments or mining operations4 ,the trench leading to a latrine should be constructed like a boyau1 and the pit should be close to the side nearest the enemy1 to give the best possible protection from shell fire4 ,there are three types of trench latrines3 ,deep boxes which are covered and have rough seats2 short straddle trenches or trenches equipped with a single horizontal bar1 and portable cans1 used where the ground or the limited space make it impossible to dig pits4 ,these cans should be emptied daily into holes behind the trenches1 which are covered after the cans are emptied into them4 ,urinals should be separate from the latrines4 ,they may be either holes about three feet deep filled with stone1 troughs with a covered pit at the end1 or portable cans4 ,shelters4 ,for the protection of men not actually on duty three forms of shelters are used4 ,the splinter-proof is a form of light shelter whose covering affords protection only against splinters4 ,these are usually on the reserve line4 ,about #ab inches to #bj inches of earth over a roof of logs or planks will afford protection from splinters and shrapnel4 ,curved sheets of iron may also be used4 ,the deep shelter or bomb-proof is a chamber constructed by digging from the surface and constructing a roof4 ,to protect against eight-inch shells the top of the chamber should be twenty feet below the surface4 ,heavy beams or sections of railroad iron are laid across the roof4 ,above them is a layer of earth several feet thick2 then another layer of timber extending to undisturbed ground on the sides with concrete1 crushed stone1 metal1 etc41 above to make a percussion surface for exploding projectiles that penetrate the upper layer of earth4 ,this layer fills in the rest of the space to the level of the ground4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,no4 #bj4 ,shelters should not exceed six feet in width1 but can be of any length4 ,this will prevent the crushing in of the roof timber by the explosion of a projectile buried in the upper layer of earth4 ,the principles of constructing shelters will be considered under ,dugouts1 as they are similar for the two types4 ,dugouts are chambers tunnelled into the ground with twenty feet or more of undisturbed earth above them4 ,they are used in the cover trenches and sometimes in the first line4 ,enough of them must be built to shelter the garrison of each sector1 allowing one man per yard of front4 ,they must also be built for machine gun and trench mortar detachments4 ,sentries must be stationed in observation posts which command the ground in front of each dugout4 ,they must be connected with the dugouts by telephone or speaking tube4 ,position4--,dugouts must always be on the side of the trench toward the enemy4 ,this prevents flying shells from falling into the entrances4 ,they should connect with lateral trenches1 not with boyaux1 as men at the entrance obstruct traffic through the boyaux4 ,entrances and exits must be well concealed1 with not less than five feet of head cover4 ,this should be provided with a bursting layer4 ,all dugouts must have at least two openings1 one on the opposite side of the traverse or angle from the other4 ,it is well to have an exit behind the parados leading to a surprise position for a machine gun and bombers4 ,all openings must have a sill #f inches to #h inches high1 to prevent water from entering the dugout4 ,galleries leading to dugouts should be built at an incline of #de degrees4 ,their dimensions should be #b feet #f inches by #f feet4 ,frames are of squared timber4 ,the sill and two side posts should be not less than #f inches square1 and the frames in the passageways #b feet #f inches by #d feet #f inches4 ,they must be placed at right angles to the slope of the gallery1 with distance pieces between uprights4 ,in treacherous soil the frames rest on sills4 ,steps in the passageway are #a foot broad and #a foot high4 ,bomb-traps1 extensions of the gallery about #c feet long1 should be dug beyond the point where the entrance to the dugout chamber leads off from the gallery4 ,these will catch bombs thrown in from the surface and protect the chamber from the effects of their explosion4 ,interior4 ,the standard section is #f feet by #h feet1 to allow for bunks on each side4 ,frames of #f by #f timber spaced #b feet #f inches apart support the sides and roof4 ,roof planking should be #b inches thick1 and the sides should be covered with #a-a_/b inch plank or corrugated iron4 ,two shovels and two picks for emergencies should always be kept in each dugout4 ,the construction of the chamber should be that of a very strong box1 so that it will stand strain1 if necessary1 from within as well as from without4 ,depots for ,supplies must be near the headquarters of the platoon1 company1 battalion and regiment4 ,shelters may be made with ammunition boxes set into the side of the trench4 ,places should be provided for the following3 ,food1 ammunition for rifles and auto-rifles1 grenades1 rockets1 tools and other supplies4 ,places must also be arranged in the front line for ammunition1 rockets and hand and rifle grenades4 ,telephones4 ,communication is established as speedily as possible with the various units4 ,in the forward trenches wires do not last long under bombardment and fire left open along the side of the trench1 where quick repairs can be made4 ,all soldiers must be taught to respect these wires and to care for them when they are found under foot or hanging4 ,conduits are dug for wires to battalion and regimental headquarters1 and these are fairly safe from shell fire4 ,departure ,parallel4 ,in preparing for an advance upon the enemy1 a straight line trench without traverses1 and with steps at the end for exit to the surface1 is built in front of the first line trench4 ,this line of departure is generally brought within about #bjj yards of the hostile line by means of saps1 short trenches run out from the front line to the new parallel4 ,since this line of departure can be seen by the enemy1 it is sometimes better to construct steps in the front line trench itself1 or when possible to build a ,russian sap4 ,this is a tunnel very near the ground1 which can be broken through at a moment's notice when troops are ready to advance4 ,machine ,gun ,emplacements4--,shell-holes with a good field of fire and emplacements along boyaux are the best location for machine guns4 ,few guns are placed in the front line1 and these only at strong points in the line1 which command a maximum field of effectiveness4 ,shell-holes may be imitated for machine gun emplacements1 but in any case they should be connected by underground passage with the trenches4 ,thus when trenches are destroyed by bombardment the machine guns remain intact4 ,the field of fire for each machine gun should be carefully determined and marked by three stakes1 one for the position of the gun1 the other two for the limits of the field of fire4 ,using these as guides1 the gun can be fired correctly at night4 ,during the day it is never left in place nor fired from its actual emplacement4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ba ,listening ,posts4--,these stations are usually carried out to the edge of the entanglements nearest the enemy4 ,the listening station must be large enough for half a squad1 and often has an automatic rifle and grenade thrower4 ,there should be not more than two posts for each battalion4 ,they are not occupied during the day4 ,they are hard to defend and easily captured by a raiding party which cuts the wire to one of the flanks and comes in from the rear4 ,the boyau leading to the post should be zig-zagged4 ,the post itself should be deep enough for good head cover4 ,wire ,entanglements4--,the object of the entanglement is not to stop completely the advance of the enemy1 but to delay him at close range under machine gun1 auto rifle and rifle fire1 and within range of grenades and bombs4 ,entanglements should be concealed as much as possible from the enemy's trenches and from aerial observation4 ,if possible1 they should be placed on a reverse slope or in a dead angle4 ,they should be from #ej to #ajj yards in front of the trench1 so that artillery fire directed upon the trench will not be effective on the wire4 ,at the same time the wire must not be far enough advanced so that the enemy's raiding parties can cut the entanglements4 ,wire entanglements are classified as high entanglements1 low entanglements and loose wire4 ,high ,entanglements are strung on metal or wood posts about four feet high1 both wire and posts being painted for camouflage4 ,the driving of posts must be muffled1 and metal screw posts are used when near the enemy's line4 ,posts are placed in two parallel lines1 two yards apart1 spaced alternately so that the posts in one line are opposite the middle of the interval in the other4 ,tracing ,entanglements is done by a sergeant followed by two stake placers1 two holders and two drivers1 who in turn are followed by men attaching wire4 ,two men carry each roll of wire1 and each pair 7there are twelve pairs in all7 strings one wire4 ,a panel between stakes is composed of four strands4 ,each wire should be wrapped around each post4 ,the same arrangement of panels should run between the two lines of posts4 ,the entanglements are in three lines about #bj yards apart1 the nearest being #bj yards from the front line trench4 ,the entanglement nearest the enemy should be constructed first1 so that men always work nearest their own trenches4 ,all wire entanglements should be at all points commanded by the flanking fire of machine guns4 ,high entanglements 7known as abatis7 may be made by felling trees toward the enemy1 and similar entanglements made of brushwood are useful in emergency4 ,low ,entanglements are formed of pickets two feet high1 #b-a_/b inches in diameter1 wired in all directions4 ,vegetation renders the entanglement invisible from the enemy and from aerial observation4 ,this type may also be placed in shallow excavations which are concealed from the enemy and partly protected from artillery fire4 ,sharpened stakes1 with their points hardened by fire1 driven obliquely into the ground1 may also be used4 ,loose ,wire in the form of loops of small diameter fastened to stakes1 or wire laid along the ground and attached at the ends1 or spirals of barbed wire in racks1 is used for entanglements4 ,it is reported that this form is coming into considerable use1 but the details have not been published4 ,such entanglements are much harder to locate by aerial observation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following are a number of criticisms made by ,lieut4 ,henri ,poire of the ,french army1 detailed as instructor at ,plattsburg1 upon the system of field works constructed by the #agth and #ahth ,provisional ,training ,regiments4 ,the ground was of loose sand1 with some gravel at a depth of about six feet4 #a4 ,dimensions of trenches as laid out were not followed4 7a7 ,bottom of trenches behind firing steps too narrow4 7b7 ,firing step too deep4 ,it should never be more than #c feet #d inches below berm of parapet4 7c7 ,parapet much too thin in most cases4 ,it should be at least three feet thick4 7d7 ,communication trenches 7boyaux7 generally too narrow4 7e7 ,islands in communication trenches should never be less than #aj x #ab yards--otherwise one shell will demolish the entire passageway4 #b4 ,revettment work not well anchored4 ,in some cases too many wires from supports fastened to one dead man4 ,another fault is that dead men were not buried deeply enough in the ground1 nor far enough back from the trench4 ,in one case a dead man 7a stake7 supported all four sides of an island in a communication trench4 ,the destruction of this post would have completely blocked every passage around the island4 ,furthermore1 dead men rot quickly and tend to break off4 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 to have a number of them1 each holding only a portion of the weight4 ,all projecting branches and irregularities along a trench should be removed by occupying troops4 #c4 ,too many loop-holes4 ,except for snipers1 riflemen and automatic riflemen fire over the parapet4 #d4 ,machine gun loop-holes not wide enough4 ,they should not be less than #cf inches wide4 ,there must be vegetation planted in front and a curtain hung over the loop-holes to prevent detection4 ,the growing plants in front will be easily swept away at the first discharge4 #e4 ,remember never to imitate shell-holes until after a real bombardment by the enemy4 #f4 ,the dugouts made were never deep enough and afforded no protection4 ,in fact it would be far better to have none than to be caught inside when a shell exploded in a shallow one1 because the confinement of the explosion would intensify the effect4 #g4 ,shelters were all too wide4 ,six feet is the maximum4 ,the platoon headquarters dugout should be of the same width as the trench1 not over three feet1 but as long as necessary4 ,company headquarters is six feet wide and of whatever depth required4 #h4 ,in digging1 not enough care was used to conceal the fresh earth from the enemy4 ,make false emplacements to utilize this dirt2 also dig dummy trenches about one foot deep1 leaving the sides sharp so that they will show clearly on aerial photographs4 #i4 ,in using plants as camouflage1 distinct care must be exercised not to put growing plants too freely nor to place them where they never existed4 ,the actual ground conditions must be copied4 #aj4 ,some latrines were not arranged with the stools close beneath the wall nearest the enemy4 ,this caused the loss of protection1 which it is imperative to consider1 as many casualties occur here4 #aa4 ,too many listening posts4 ,they are easily captured by hostile fighting patrols4 ,there should never be more than two listening posts to a battalion4 #ab4 ,the observation stations in many instances had no good field of fire or were outlined against the sky on the crest of some rise4 ,the site for an observation post should always be placed over the crest and have a good field of fire for use in case of attack4 ,occupation4 ,i4 ,relief in the ,trenches4 ,a4 ,,the ,,two ,,main ,,classes ,,of ,,relief3 #a4 ,general ,relief4 ,applied to the relief of a whole position manned by a division or more4 ,executed when large units are going to full rest in the rear or being removed from one part of the front to another4 ,executed in the same way as interior relief2 i4e41 by successive relief of the battalions involved4 #b4 ,interior ,relief4 ,applied to the relief of one sector or portion of a sector manned by a brigade or less4 ,b4 ,,general ,,principles ,,of ,,relief3 #a4 ,interior relief is executed about once every six days2 more frequently when the stay in the trenches is particularly arduous1 less frequently when it is unusually comfortable4 #b4 ,the battalion is the relieving unit4 #c4 ,it is advisable to arrange the relief between units which have friendly relations to one another2 e4g41 battalions of the same regiment2 and1 so far as possible1 to assign each unit to the same trenches on each relief4 ,this promotes continuity of effort4 #d4 ,relief is executed at night2 the hour must be varied2 secrecy is imperative4 #e4 ,prompt execution is essential1 to prevent fatigue of the troops and congestion of the boyaux4 ,c4 ,,the ,,mechanism ,,of ,,relief3 #a4 ,reconnaissance1 #bd hours in advance1 by the captain of each relieving company1 accompanied by his platoon leaders and non-commissioned officers4 ,he ascertains3 7#a7 ,the plan of occupation2 i4e41 the dispositions and duties of the unit to be relieved4 7#b7 ,the shelter accommodations4 7#c7 ,work being done and proposed4 7#d7 ,condition of the wire and other defences4 7#e7 ,the available water supply4 7#f7 ,artillery support4 7#g7 ,communications4 7#h7 ,the location1 amount and condition of stores4 7#i7 ,danger points4 7#aj7 ,all available information of the enemy2 his habits1 location of his snipers1 what work he is doing4 7#aa7 ,the ways and means of liaison1 both lateral and from front to rear4 ,to the success of this reconnaissance1 the closest co-operation between all officers of the companies relieving and relieved1 is indispensable4 #b4 ,the march from billets to the trenches3 7a7 ,transportation1 by auto-trucks and wagons1 is utilized to a point as near the lines as possible1 to carry the packs of the men1 the auto rifles1 extra ammunition and other heavy equipment4 ,when the distance is great the men themselves should be carried by auto-truck2 this saves time and fatigue4 ,the men will carry rifles loaded and locked1 full cartridge belts1 gas masks1 and all other lighter equipment1 with rations for #bd hours at least4 ,grenades will be secured in the trenches4 ,electric torches will be carried by company and platoon commanders4 7b7 ,the strictest discipline must be maintained4 ,on arrival within sight of the enemy1 noise and smoking 7or other lights7 will be prohibited4 7c7 ,guides1 from the company to be relieved1 will meet the relieving company promptly at a point definitely agreed upon in advance4 #c4 ,the march through the boyaux 7communicating trenches73 7a7 ,distance2 often as much three or four miles4 7b7 ,order of march3 company in single file1 captain at the head2 each platoon leader at the head of his platoon2 a non-commissioned officer at rear of each platoon4 7c7 ,the column must be kept closed up4 ,each man must consider himself a connecting file1 guiding on the head1 and behave accordingly4 ,a guide should accompany the commander of the last platoon4 7d7 ,rate of march3 roughly1 about #dj yards per minute4 ,it takes #bej men about #bj minutes to pass a given point4 7e7 ,route and right of way3 ,the first line and support trenches will never be used as roads4 ,separate boyaux should1 if possible1 be assigned to the troops relieving and relieved4 ,in no case will one company cross the path of another4 ,in case of two columns meeting1 one moving forward1 the other to the rear1 the former has the right of way4 #d4 ,no man of the unit in occupation will leave his post until he has actually been relieved and has transmitted all orders and information relative to that post4 #e4 ,liaison must be established1 immediately on arrival1 with the units on the flanks and with headquarters in the rear4 ,captains must make sure that their runners are thoroughly acquainted with the routes of communication4 #f4 ,as soon as relief is accomplished both captains will report that fact to their respective commanders4 #g4 ,the relieving commander then inspects his trenches4 ,he ascertains that all his watchers are at their posts and that the balance of his men know their posts and duties and are prepared to assume them quickly4 #h4 ,the duties of the relieved commander are3 7#a7 ,to turn over his sector thoroughly policed and in good condition as regards its construction and the new work1 if any1 in progress4 7#b7 ,to turn over his supplies in good condition and fully accounted for4 7#c7 ,after reporting the relief1 to march his men back to billets as promptly and secretly as possible1 in column of files1 platoon leaders in the rear of their platoons1 a non-commissioned officer and guide at the head of each4 7#d7 ,on the evening preceding relief1 to send his cooks back to billets so that his men may be provided with a hot meal immediately on arrival4 ,d4 ,if an attack occurs during the march through the boyaux1 to or from relief1 the company affected occupies the nearest defensive position and at once notifies its battalion commander4 ,if an attack occurs during the actual process of relief1 the senior officer present takes command4 ,,ii4 ,the ,stay in the ,trenches4 ,a4 ,,the ,,four ,,objects ,,of ,a ,,trench ,,commander3 #a4 ,security of his sector4 #b4 ,protection of his troops4 #c4 ,constant and accurate observation4 #d4 ,a continuous offensive4 ,b4 ,,his ,,plan ,,of ,,defense3 #a4 ,general principles of defense3 7a7 ,arrangement in depth4 ,the most dependable defense is in prearranged counter attacks4 ,the system of defense must react like a helical spring4 7b7 ,tenacity of defense4 #a4 ,each unit must be prepared to hold its post to the last extremity4 #b4 ,orders to withdraw will never be obeyed unless unmistakably valid4 #c4 ,all ground lost must be retaken at once in counter attack by the unit which lost it4 7c7 ,apportionment of responsibility4 ,each active segment must have a commander responsible for its defense1 upkeep and sanitation1 and the discipline and instruction of his men4 #b4 ,basis3 7a7 ,the plan of defense turned over by the preceding commander4 ,this will usually suffice for the first #bd hours after relief4 7b7 ,general information of the enemy's lines1 dispositions1 and intentions1 based chiefly on aerial photographs4 ,c4 ,,organization ,,of ,,defense3 #a4 ,allocation of front4 7,the front of an ,american battalion will average about #a1jjj yards47 ,diagrams3 ,a4 ,the ,regiment4 ,b4 ,the ,battalion4 ,c4 ,the ,company4 ,d4 ,the ,platoon4 #b4 ,distribution of effectives4 ,determined chiefly by the terrain and by #c4 #c4 ,employment of the several arms3 7a7 ,machine guns4 ,crew of #h men per gun4 7,furnished by detachments of a machine gun company47 ,located by the infantry commander1 in concealed emplacements behind the first line1 to deliver successive barrages from flanking positions4 ,effective range3 up to #gjj yards4 7b7 ,automatic rifles4 ,crew of #c men per rifle4 ,usually posted to enfilade the entanglements of the first line4 ,they concentrate the fire effect of from #g to #aj riflemen4 ,effective range3 up to #cjj yards4 7c7 ,rifle ,grenadiers4 ,located near enough to first line to hold the enemy trenches under fire and deliver effective barrages near the mouths of our own communicating trenches4 ,should be located near observation posts so that their fire can be promptly corrected4 7d7 ,trench mortars4 ,located similarly to 7c74 ,manned by riflemen4 7e7 ,bombers4 ,one supply man to each #b grenadiers4 ,used for protection of auto-rifles1 in counter attacks1 for protection of communicating trenches and fighting in close quarters4 7f7 ,riflemen4 ,posted to deliver frontal fire4 ,grouped according to the plan of counter attacks4 7g7 ,as many men as possible should be instructed in the use of the enemy's weapons4 ,d4 ,,liaison3 7a7 ,by telephone4 ,quickest and most accurate4 ,maintained between each platoon and its company headquarters1 and between adjoining companies4 ,especially subject to destruction in bombardment4 ,wireless and ground telegraphy are used only between brigade and division headquarters4 7b7 ,by runners 7liaison agents74 ,five detailed from each company to battalion headquarters2 one sent to each adjoining company headquarters2 one from each platoon to company headquarters2 four or five on duty at each platoon headquarters2 five from each machine gun company to battalion headquarters4 ,messages sent by them should1 if practicable1 be written and signed1 and should be receipted for by the addressee4 7c7 ,by rockets and flares4 ,quickest means of liaison with the artillery in rear4 7d7 ,domestic 7message carrying7 grenades4 7e7 ,dogs and carrier pigeons4 ,sent out to the rear from battalion headquarters4 7f7 ,one searchlight--with a radius of #c miles--is furnished to each company4 7g7 ,noise4 ,klaxon signals1 etc41 give warning of gas attacks4 ,e4 ,,observation3 7a7 ,observers3 #a4 ,must be men of infinite patience1 keen hearing and eyesight4 #b4 ,they are located behind the first line in positions combining good view with concealment4 #c4 ,each is provided with a panoramic map1 made from aeroplane photographs1 of the enemy's trenches4 ,on this must be promptly noted every slightest change in the trace1 height of parapet1 etc41 of the enemy's line4 ,such notes greatly assist in locating machine gun emplacements4 #d4 ,each observer will also record in a note book everything of importance1 with the time observed4 #e4 ,a report of changes1 with an abstract of observer's notes1 is forwarded daily to regimental headquarters4 7b7 ,watchers 7sentinels73 #a4 ,stationed1 one near the door of each dugout1 in the first line1 support and intermediate trenches4 #b4 ,they must be carefully concealed4 #c4 ,they must watch over the parapet 7never through slits or loopholes7 so as to have unrestricted view4 #d4 ,they are furnished with signal rockets and flares for prompt communication with the artillery1 and have authority to use them4 #e4 ,double sentinels are posted at night4 7c7 ,listening ,posts3 #a4 ,located1 usually in shell holes1 just inside the entanglements4 ,connected with front line by tunnels4 ,protected from grenades by heavy gratings1 when possible1 and by concealment4 #b4 ,occupied by #d men 7#a in command71 in #c reliefs4 ,usually occupied only at night unless our trenches are on a reverse slope4 #c4 ,chief function is protection of the entanglements4 7d7 ,microphone ,posts4--,installed usually behind the first line4 ,intercept the enemy's telephone and ground-telegraph messages and any loud conversation in his trenches4 7e7 ,fixed ,patrols4--,generally remain in shell holes in front of our entanglements4 7f7 ,reconnoitering ,patrols3 #a4 ,composed of from #c to #e men1 commanded by a non-commissioned officer4 ,sent out at night only4 #b4 ,the company commander must promptly notify commanders of adjoining companies of the dispatch of these patrols1 their time of departure1 route and probable time of return4 #c4 ,men should be assigned to this duty by roster4 ,f4 ,,trench ,,work3 #a4 ,constant battle with the elements1 care for drainage1 revettment1 sanitation and storage4 #b4 ,repair of the effects of bombardment4 #c4 ,new work1 for better security1 communication and observation4 #d4 ,work in the open4 7a7 ,usually consists of repair or rearrangement of wire entanglements1 digging new listening posts1 etc4 7b7 ,effected by parties detailed by roster4 7c7 ,they are guarded by fighting patrols1 composed like reconnaissance patrols4 ,their best protection is in silence and concealment4 7d7 ,adjoining companies must be notified of their dispatch1 location and probable time of return4 7e7 ,this work1 like all operations conducted outside the protection of the trenches1 offers a valuable tonic to the morale4 ,g4 ,,offensive ,,operations3 #a4 ,sniping3 7a7 ,snipers constitute one of the most dependable and productive agencies of attrition4 7b7 ,the best shots of the company are especially trained and assigned for this duty exclusively4 7c7 ,they operate in pairs and post themselves to cover any exposed portions of the enemy's trenches1 especially his communicating trenches4 7d7 ,they should be well supplied with all necessary special equipment2 e4g41 sniperscopes1 telescopic sights1 painted headgear1 etc4 #b4 ,mining ,operations4 #c4 ,raiding3 7a7 ,object of raids3 destruction of the enemy's defenses1 disturbance of his morale1 collection of prisoners and information4 7b7 ,the personnel of raiding parties will usually include3 ,a commander and second in command1 bayonet men1 bombers1 engineers1 signal men1 stretcher bearers4 ,their numbers and proportions are regulated by the nature and difficulty of the task4 7c7 ,co-ordination with the artillery barrage is the essential of their success4 ,the limit of advance1 extent of operations1 and time of return will therefore be set in advance and rigidly adhered to4 ,h4 ,,role ,,of ,,the ,,trench ,,commander3 #a4 ,inspections3 ,the men will be formally inspected twice daily at the general stand to by the company commander4 ,particular attention will be paid to the health of the men1 condition of their feet and their clothing4 ,each man must have at least one pair of dry socks always available4 ,arms1 gas masks1 and other equipments will also be rigidly inspected4 #b4 ,roster3 ,the company commander will carefully supervise the preparation of the duty roster4 ,an obviously equal distribution of the arduous duties involved in trench life is essential to the maintenance of morale4 #c4 ,reports and ,records3 7,additional to those already required by regulations47 ,log ,book1 ,report of ,casualties1 ,wind ,report 7daily71 ,bombardment ,report 7daily71 ,intelligence ,report1 which will include observer's notes and changes 7twice daily71 and a daily report of ,work completed and ,undertaken4 #d4 ,one principle which the trench commander should never forget is the necessity for his frequent presence in the midst of his men4 99 99 99 ,direct contact with the troops on as many occasions as possible is the most certain way to gain their confidence4 ,illustration ,illustration ,duties of the ,company ,commander4 #a4 ,to inspect the sector his company is to occupy1 one day in advance of occupying it4 #b4 ,to assign segments to the platoons4 #c4 ,to prepare a plan of defense4 #d4 ,to connect by liaison with the companies on his flanks4 #e4 ,to have an agent or runner at ,battalion ,headquarters4 #f4 ,to prepare a plan for counter attacks4 #g4 ,to report to the ,battalion ,commander when his company has taken up its position3 7a7 ,its situation4 7b7 ,security4 7c7 ,liaison4 7d7 ,state of position left by predecessor4 7e7 ,defense of sector4 7f7 ,plan of counter attacks4 #h4 ,to inspect the trenches frequently to see that everything is in proper condition and that his men are in jubilant spirits4 #i4 ,to have platoon guides report to ,battalion ,headquarters on the date for the relief of his company and act as guides to the company that relieves him4 #aj4 ,to keep a special log book in which the following are kept3 7a7 ,work completed by his unit4 7b7 ,work under way4 7c7 ,work proposed4 #aa4 ,turn over to his successor3 7a7 ,measures taken for security4 7b7 ,plan of attacks4 7c7 ,plan of counterattacks4 #ab4 ,have one officer on duty at all times4 #ac4 ,stand to will take place one 7#a7 hour before daylight1 and all available men will attend4 ,there will be a thorough inspection4 ,rapid loading will be practiced4 ,the firing position of every man will be tested to see if he can hit the bottom of our wire4 ,gas helmets will be inspected4 #ad4 ,time table--allot hours of work1 rest and meals4 #ae4 ,supplies--make timely requisitions for them--be especially watchful about meals and rations--have no delays4 #af4 ,to have one watcher and one relief on duty near ,company ,headquarters at all times4 #ag4 ,to get a good field of fire to the front and cover the sectors of each company on flanks4 #ah4 7,subject to change7 ,red ,rocket-,artillery ,barrage wanted4 ,white ,rocket ,gas ,attack4 #ai4 ,to report twice daily all changes in wind direction4 #bj4 ,to report to ,battalion ,commander when relieved4 ,duties of ,platoon ,leaders as ,officers on ,duty with ,company4 #a4 ,report with old officer at company headquarters4 #b4 ,make frequent inspections of all trenches occupied by company4 #c4 ,visit each ,listening ,post2 at least once during tour of duty4 #d4 ,visit all sentinels and receive their reports4 #e4 ,see that one non-commissioned officer per platoon is on duty4 #f4 ,receive reports of non-commissioned officers after they have posted sentinels4 #g4 ,at end of tour hand over to new officer all orders1 a report of work in progress1 and any useful information4 #h4 ,report with new officer at ,company ,headquarters on completion of tour4 #i4 ,to report anything unusual to ,company ,headquarters4 #aj4 ,to send dead and wounded to dressing station trenches4 #aa4 ,to send patrols to front at night4 ,duties of ,platoon ,leaders4 #a4 ,must accompany company commander on inspection of trenches one day previous to occupying them4 #b4 ,make necessary reliefs for his men in his segment4 #c4 ,make a plan of defense and counterattack for his position or approve the one left there4 #d4 ,establish sniping posts and arrange reliefs4 #e4 ,establish ,listening ,posts and arrange reliefs4 #f4 ,assign non-commissioned officer to duty with platoon and arrange relief4 #g4 ,instruct every man as to his place in case of attack4 #h4 ,establish liaison with platoons on both flanks2 and one runner to ,company ,headquarters4 #i4 ,have one platoon guide report to ,company ,headquarters on day his platoon is to be relieved4 #aj4 ,on completion of posting his platoon1 report to his company commander4 #aa4 ,turn over to platoon relieving him all orders and data pertaining to his position4 #ab4 ,be especially attentive to rigid military discipline2 i4e41 every soldier to be neat2 equipment must be clean at all times2 to render the required salute when not observing or firing at the enemy4 #ac4 ,have one non-commissioned officer on duty at all times4 #ad4 ,to inspect rifles1 equipment and latrines twice daily4 7a7 ,to have at least one latrine in working order at all times4 7b7 ,to have a sentry on duty at each platoon dugout at all times4 7c7 ,establish one ,observation ,post in daytime4 #ae4 ,in ,front ,line ,trenches3 7a7 ,no smoking or talking to be allowed at night4 7b7 ,every man to wear his equipment except packs4 7c7 ,have rifle within reaching distance4 7d7 ,all reliefs to be within kicking distance of soldier on duty4 #af4 ,inspect at ,stand to and report results to ,company ,headquarters1 especially if each man has #agj rounds of ammunition and necessary grenades and bombs4 #ag4 ,to be especially attentive to sanitation and care of the men's feet4 #ah4 ,to have one 7#a7 watcher and relief on duty at all times near platoon dugouts4 #ai4 ,to get a good field of fire to his front and to cover the sector of each platoon on his flanks4 #bj4 ,make requisition for material4 #ba4 ,to see that all of his men are properly fed4 #bb4 ,report to company commander when relieved4 #bc4 ,must know what every man is doing at all times4 ,duties of ,non-,commissioned ,officer on ,duty 7,each ,platoon74 #a4 ,to make frequent inspections of the position occupied by his platoon4 #b4 ,to be responsible that each soldier knows his duties4 #c4 ,to report anything of special importance to officer on duty4 #d4 ,on being relieved to report with the new non-commissioned officer to the officer on duty4 #e4 ,after posting sentinels to report ,all is ,well to officer on duty4 #f4 ,explain to his sentinel his duties1 the position of ,section and ,platoon ,commanders and of sentries on either side2 and to caution his sentries when friendly patrols are out1 the probable time and place of return4 #g4 ,bayonets will always be fixed in front line trenches4 #h4 ,at night time to have double sentinel4 #i4 ,to see that each sentinel in daytime has a periscope4 #aj4 ,rifles to be loaded2 no cartridge shall be in the chamber except when necessary to shoot4 #aa4 ,to report to ,company ,headquarters any change in direction of wind4 ,patrols4 #a4 ,usual orders about patrols4 #b4 ,always go out at night via the ,listening ,post2 tell the men in the ,listening ,post your mission and probable time of return4 ,sentinels4 #a4 ,to sound ,klaxon horn on approach of gas attack4 #b4 ,to report immediately to non-commissioned officer on duty any change in direction of wind4 #c4 ,in cold weather to work bolt frequently to keep it from freezing4 #d4 ,at night to challenge only in case of necessity1 and then only in a low tone4 ,challenge ,hands up4 #e4 ,number of posts depends on assumed nearness of enemy and local conditions4 ,normally one per platoon by day and three double sentinels per platoon at night4 #f4 ,relief kept close at hand4 ,report ,all is ,well1 or otherwise1 when officer passes4 #g4 ,screened from observation4 #h4 ,remain standing unless height of parapet renders this impossible4 ,machine ,guns4 #a4 ,non-commissioned officer and one 7#a7 watcher on duty at all times4 #b4 ,except in emergency they will not be fired from their regular emplacements4 #c4 ,unless emplacements are well concealed1 guns will not be mounted except between evening and morning stand to4 #d4 ,before dusk each gun will be sighted on some particular spot either in front of or behind the enemy's line4 #e4 ,range cards will be prepared and kept with each gun4 ,snipers4 #a4 ,sniping ,post consists of one 7#a7 observer and one 7#a7 rifleman with relief of two 7#b7 men posted close by4 #b4 ,sniping post should be well concealed4 #c4 ,daily report from each post1 of 7a7 ,any work done by enemy4 7b7 ,enemy seen2 place1 uniform1 apparent age1 physique1 equipment4 7c7 ,any other information of interest4 #d4 ,sniper to be appointed from each section4 #e4 ,must be intelligent1 alert1 good scout1 good shot1 courageous4 #f4 ,snipers should spend #bd hours in trenches with those of command which theirs is to relieve1 before relief takes place4 #g4 ,no night work required of these men since they must be constantly on the alert during the day4 ,organization of a ,platoon--,rifle ,company--,table ,no4 #g ,,platoon ,platoon ,headquarters #a ,lieut4 #a ,sgt4 #d ,privates4 #ast ,section #b;d ,section #c;d ,section #dth ,section ,hand ,bombers ,rifle ,grenadiers ,riflemen ,auto-,riflemen ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #c ,teams1 each #a ,team of #a ,sgt4 #a ,sgt4 and #b ,corps4 #a ,leader #f ,grenadiers #b ,squads of #d ,teams1 each #a ,thrower #c ,carriers #h men each #a ,gunner #a ,carrier 7,may be #d ,extra #b ,carriers #a ,scout subdivided7 riflemen,r #b ,corps4 #b ,corps4 #a ,sgt4 and #b ,cpl4 #a ,sgt4 and #b ,cpls4 #d ,pvts4 #ast ,cl4 #a ,pvt4 #ast ,cl4 #f ,pvts4 #ast ,cl4 #d ,pvts4 #ast ,cl4 #f ,pvts4 #f ,pvts4 #ab ,pvts4 #h ,pvts4 ,total--#ab ,total--#i ,total--#ba ,total--#ae ,footnote ,r3 ,runners3 ,attached to #c;d ,section and #gth ,squad4 ,with ,platoon commander when company is in extended order formation4 ,suggested ,organization of ,platoon in ,close ,order and for ,administration4 #ast ,squad #b;d ,squad #c;d ,squad #dth ,squad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,bomber ,section #a_/b ,auto ,rifle #a_/b ,auto ,rifle 7less #a bomber ,section i4e41 ,section i4e41 ,grenadier team7 ,cpl and #b teams ,cpl and #b teams ,section #a ,corp #a ,cpl4 #a ,cpl4 #a ,cpl4 #g ,pvts4 #f ,pvts4 #f ,pvts4 #g ,pvts4 7,extra ,cpl4 in ,file ,closers7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #eth ,squad #fth ,squad #gth ,squad ---------------------------------------- --------- #a ,rifle ,squad #a ,rifle ,squad #a ,bomber ,team plus #d extra riflemen,s #a ,cpl4 #a ,cpl4 #a ,cpl4 #g ,pvts4 #g ,pvts4 #g ,pvts4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,right ,guide--,automatic ,gun ,sgt4 ,left ,guide--,rifle ,sgt4 ,chief of ,platoon--,lieut4 ,file closer or acting #ast ,sgt4--,sgt4-,asst4 ,note4--,if desirable the #d mechanics and #d privates 7signalmen7 who are not assigned to platoons regularly1 can be used to fill the blank files in the #b;d and #c;d squads4 ,footnote ,s3 ,runners3 ,attached to #c;d ,section and #gth ,squad4 ,with ,platoon commander when company is in extended order formation4 ,deployments4 ,,general ,,principles3 7a7 ,the following plans for deployment are not to be regarded as rigid4 ,the positions of the various squads depends upon tactical considerations4 7b7 ,the platoon in attack will be used only for accomplishment of its offensive mission4 ,moppers-up1 additional carriers1 etc41 will be furnished by other organizations4 ,a4 ,being in line1 to form single skirmish line to the front4 #a4 ,as skirmishers 7so many7 paces1 guide right 7left or center74 #b4 ,march4 ,executed as described in pars4 #bjf and #bjh1 i4d4r4 ,normal interval to be ordered1 #d or #e paces4 ,this formation to be regarded as exceptional4 ,b4 ,being in column of squads1 to form single skirmish line4 ,same command as in 7,a74 ,executed as described in para #bjg and #bjh1 i4d4r4 ,c4 ,being in line to form double skirmish line to the front 7i4e41 to take the ,formation for ,attack in the diagram47 #a4 ,in two lines4 #b4 ,as skirmishers 7so many7 paces1 guide right 7left or center74 #c ,march4 ,executed according to the principles in pars4 #bjf and #bjh1 i4d4r41 except that at the command ,march the even-numbered squads stand fast while the odd-numbered squads form the first line by deploying on the base squad as in the case of deployment in single line4 ,similarly1 the even-numbered squads form the second line by deploying on their base squad after the odd-numbered squads have moved forward about #bj paces4 ,illustration3 ,,normal ,,battalion ,,formation ,,in ,,attack ,d4 ,being in line or column of squads to deploy in line of squad columns in one or two lines4 ,use same commands and execute in same manner as described in 7,a71 7,b71 7,c71 except that in the command ,squad ,columns is substituted for as skirmishers1 and in the execution each corporal on approaching the line forms his squad in squad column instead of deploying it as skirmishers4 ,e4,g4 #a4 ,in two lines--#b4 ,squad columns 7so many7 paces1 ,guide right 7left or center7--#c4 ,march4 ,this gives a ,formation of ,approach as the ,french describe it1 or as an ,artillery ,formation as the ,british describe it2 which may be used directly or indirectly 7by means of echelons7 for advancing when not liable to infantry fire4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bb ,e4 ,being in above formation to vary the intervals4 #a4 ,squad columns 7so many7 paces1 #b4 ,guide right 7left or center74 ,executed in the same manner as similar movement described in i4d4r4 #abf4 ,general ,principles of the ,platoon ,formation in the ,assault of ,fortified ,positions in ,trenches4 7,points of ,resistance1 ,etc474 #a4 ,the platoon is now a complete fighting unit within itself4 ,it contains riflemen1 bombers1 auto-riflemen1 and rifle grenadiers4 ,with this combination the platoon commander has1 under his immediate control1 all the different kinds of fire available to the infantry4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bc #b4 ,this formation was developed so that the platoon commander could meet the different contingencies that arise from being opposed by points of resistance in a ,trench-to-,trench attack or the ,semi-,open-,warfare2 that is the secondary stage of a push4 #c4 ,when strong opposition develops1 the principle on which the platoon works is to develop or surround the point of resistance1 the platoon acting either alone or in conjunction with neighboring platoons4 ,the four different kinds of fire are then used to their best advantages to silence or diminish the enemy fire thus making this manoeuvre possible4 #d4 ,in order to obtain success it is first necessary to impress on the officers and men that the primary advantage of the entire formation is its mobility1 and the scope it gives to the initiative of the platoon section1 squad and team leaders4 ,in studying this formation it is first necessary to free the mind of all parade ground formations and to feel that there is nothing to hinder any desired movement of the sections1 so long as the movement is not contrary to the operation orders for the attack4 ,until this idea is grasped thoroughly no progress can be made4 #e4 ,there is no typical or normal formation4 ,the one given at the beginning of this instruction here is a drill or parade ground formation1 and while it may be used under actual conditions of warfare1 it is simply utilized at this time as a basis from which the necessary variations may be worked out4 ,in an attack1 every platoon in the battalion may use a different formation4 #f4 ,the formation to be used is decided upon after a careful study of air-photographs4 ,as far as possible all points of resistance are picked out and the best method of meeting the situations that may arise are then considered4 ,the platoon is then arranged so as to best facilitate this manoeuvre4 ,it must be realized that there will be other platoons on the flanks and in the rear1 and their dispositions must be studied with a view of their probable bearing on the points of resistance4 #g4 ,in order to know how to get results it is first necessary to have a very clear conception of the uses and limitations of the different weapons in the platoon4 ,briefly they can be used in the following ways3 7a7 ,the auto-rifles open up a point blank fire on the strong point as soon as it is discovered4 ,their function is to either draw the fire of the enemy or to silence him by a hit or forcing him to take cover4 ,their work may be compared to the work of the field artillery in a barrage4 ,they cover the movement of the infantry across the open4 ,the auto rifles so place themselves at such points that their line of fire will in no way interfere with the manoeuvre of the commander of the platoon or the remaining units of the platoon interfere with the effective use of the auto rifles of the platoon4 7b7 ,the rifle grenadiers advance at once just as close as possible1 but at all costs to within effective grenade range4 ,they then take cover in shell holes1 trenches1 etc41 and open up a rapid fire4 ,they are the long distance howitzers of the platoon and are very valuable4 ,by a well placed grenade the whole resistance may be overcome4 ,this section usually works around a flank4 7c7 ,the riflemen work up by squad as far as practicable and to a flank1 when an opportunity presents itself1 the squad opens fire in such a manner as to protect advance of other squads or teams4 7d7 ,the bombers endeavor to get well around behind the enemy and taking advantage of cover get to within bomb range4 ,they may be compared to the close range howitzers or trench mortars4 ,when all four sections are in action at proper ranges1 the opposition can probably last but a short time1 and as soon as the machine guns cease fire the platoon1 especially the riflemen1 go after the remainder of the garrison with the bayonet4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg ,it may happen that the barrage put up will so demoralize the enemy that the riflemen can advance before his machine guns are even put out of action4 ,this operation allows the rifle men to get in with the bayonet1 if the resistance is not sooner overcome4 ,when the different sections are getting to their places1 they usually find enough shell holes or old trenches to obtain cover4 ,they should not move as entire sections1 but as small groups of three or four at a time4 #h4 ,after the encircling movement has once begun1 the platoon commander loses all control1 and the action is then conducted by the section1 squad or team leaders4 ,they must be trained to act on their own initiative1 as further orders are rarely practicable4 ,the resistance will finally be overcome1 either because the enemy will retreat or surrender under the menace of encirclement1 or by the losses caused by our fire or by the attack at close range of our bombers or else by the final assault with the bayonet led by our riflemen4 ,it must be remembered that under an artillery barrage it is never possible to issue verbal orders1 so the sections must be trained to understand and obey the arm signals of its officer1 or more often to work without orders4 #i4 ,a sequence of command must be arranged in each section1 squad and team down to the last man4 ,,remarks ,,regarding ,,the ,,forming ,,of ,,wave ,,from ,,close ,,order4 ,the sketch of deployment attached is an illustration of one of the formations that may be adopted4 ,it is given as an example4 ,any other wave formation may be practically as easily formed up4 ,the platoon commander simply calls out the squads he wants in the first line4 ,it must not be imagined that this transition from close order to extended is done in the field when actually under fire or as a result of surprise4 ,before the platoon goes into an attack it is all arranged so as to allow it to be changed with ease from column of sections at extended intervals 7formation for approach7 to the wave formation decided upon4 ,this arrangement is made when the platoon is miles to the rear4 ,when the change is made from column of sections to the wave formation there must be no crossing of sections as they go to their places4 ,some of the ,many ,questions a ,platoon ,commander ,should ,ask ,himself on ,taking ,over a ,trench1 and at ,frequent ,intervals ,afterwards4 #a4 ,i am here for two purposes3 ,to hold this line under all circumstances1 and to do as much damage as possible to the enemy8 ,am ,i doing all ,i can to make this line as strong as possible8 ,am ,i as ,,offensive as ,i might be with organized snipers1 sniperscopes1 rifle grenades1 catapults1 etc41 and patrols8 #b4 ,do ,i connect up all right with the platoons on my right and left8 ,do ,i know the position of my nearest support8 #c4 ,does every man know his firing position and can he fire from it1 over the parapet1 at the foot of the wire8 #d4 ,where are my ,s4,a4,a4 and bomb stores8 ,are they under cover from the weather8 #e4 ,do all my men know their duties in case of attack--bombers especially8 #f4 ,are all my rifles and ammunition clean and in good order8 ,have all the men got rifle covers8 ,are the magazines kept charged8 #g4 ,is my wire strong enough8 #h4 ,are my parapets and traverses bullet-proof everywhere8 #i4 ,where are my sally ports8 #aj4 ,where are my listening posts8 ,are my listening patrols properly detailed8 #aa4 ,what points in front particularly require patrolling at night8 #ab4 ,are my sentries in their right places8 ,are they properly posted by ,n4,c4,o's48 ,have they received proper instructions8 #ac4 ,have ,i got the ,s4,o4,s4 message in my pocket1 and do ,i know the orders regarding its use8 #ad4 ,are the trenches as clean and as sanitary as they might be8 ,are live rounds and cases properly collected8 ,are my bags for refuse and empties in position8 #ae4 ,are my trenches as dry as ,i might make them8 #af4 ,am ,i doing all ,i can to prevent my men getting ,trench ,feet8 #ag4 ,how can ,i prevent my parapets and dugouts from falling in8 #ah4 ,have ,i got at least one loophole1 from which men can snipe1 for every section8 ,have ,i pointed out to ,section ,commanders the portion of the enemy's trench they are responsible for keeping under fire1 and where his loopholes are8 #ai4 ,have my men always got their smoke helmets on and are they in good order8 #bj4 ,are the arrangements1 in case of gas attack1 complete and known to all ranks8 #ba4 ,are the orders as to wearing equipment carried out8 #bb4 ,are my men using wood from the defences as firewood8 #bc4 ,are my men drinking water from any but authorized sources8 #bd4 ,i am here for two purposes3 ,to hold this line under all circumstances1 and ,i do as much damage as possible to the enemy8 ,am ,i doing all ,i can to make this line as strong as possible8 ,am ,i as ,,offensive as ,i might be with organized snipers1 sniperscopes1 rifle grenades1 catapults1 etc41 and patrols8 ,defensive ,measure ,against ,gas ,attacks4 ,i4 ,introduction4 ,a4 ,general ,considerations3 ,in the absence of suitable means of protection the poison gases used in war are extremely deadly and the breathing of only very small quantities of them may cause death or serious injury4 ,this being the case1 it is essential that not the slightest time should be lost in putting on the anti-gas device on the gas alarm being given4 ,it cannot be too strongly insisted on that the measures to meet hostile gas attacks afford perfect protection1 and if they are carried out properly no one will suffer from gas poisoning4 ,the whole basis of protecting troops against gas lies 7a7 in keeping the appliances in perfect working order2 7b7 in learning to adjust them rapidly under all conditions1 and 7c7 in ensuring that every man is given immediate warning4 ,these results can only be attained3 7#a7 ,by frequent and thorough inspection of all protective appliances4 7#b7 ,by thorough instruction and training in their use4 7#c7 ,by every man understanding and complying with all standing orders on the subject of defense against gas4 ,if these are effectually carried out1 there is nothing to fear from hostile gas attacks4 ,officers must impress this on their men1 as an important object of all anti-gas instruction should be to inspire complete confidence in the efficacy of the methods which are adopted4 ,b4 ,nature of ,gas ,attacks3 7#a7 ,,gas ,,clouds3 ,this method of making a gas attack is entirely dependent on the direction of the wind4 ,the gas is carried up to the trenches compressed in steel cylinders4 ,these are dug in at the bottom of the trench and connected with pipes leading out over the parapet4 ,when the valves of the cylinders are opened1 the gas escapes with a hissing sound1 which1 on a still night1 can frequently be heard at a considerable distance4 ,it mixes with the air and is carried by the wind towards the opposing trenches1 spreading out as it goes forward4 ,a continuous wave of gas and air is thus formed1 the color of which may vary3 7a7 ,because of the weather conditions4 ,in very dry air it may be almost transparent and slightly greenish in color1 while in damp weather it forms a white cloud4 7b7 ,because it may be mixed with smoke of any color4 ,a cloud attack can only take place when there is a steady but not too strong wind blowing from the enemy's lines towards our own4 ,a wind between #d and #h miles an hour is the most likely condition4 ,an #h-mile wind will carry the gas cloud twice as quickly as a man walks rapidly4 ,gas attacks may occur at any time of the day1 but are most likely to be made during the night or in the early morning4 ,gentle rain is without appreciable effect on a gas attack1 but strong rain washes down the gas4 ,fogs have hardly any effect and may1 in fact1 be taken advantage of to make an attack unexpectedly4 ,water courses and ponds are no obstruction to a gas cloud4 ,the gas used by the enemy is generally a mixture of chlorine and phosgene1 both of which are strongly asphyxiating4 ,the gases are heavier than air1 and therefore1 tend to flow along the ground and into trenches1 shelters1 craters and hollows4 ,the gas cloud may flow round slight eminences1 thus leaving patches of country which remain free from gas4 ,chlorine and phosgene strongly attack the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs1 causing bad coughing4 ,in strong concentrations of gas1 or by longer exposure to low concentrations1 the lungs are injured and breathing becomes more and more difficult and eventually impossible1 so that the unprotected man dies of suffocation4 ,death is sometimes caused by two or three breaths of the gas4 ,even when very dilute1 chlorine can be recognized by its peculiar smell1 which is like chloride of lime1 but stronger and more irritating4 ,both chlorine and phosgene also exert a strongly corrosive action on metals1 so that the metal parts of arms must be carefully protected by greasing them4 ,the speed with which the gas cloud approaches depends entirely on the wind velocity4 ,gas attacks have been made with wind velocities varying from #c to #bj miles per hour1 i4e41 from #a-a_/b to #aj yards per second4 ,in a #i-mile wind1 the gas would reach trenches #ajj yards distant in #bj seconds4 ,gas attacks have been made on fronts varying from #a to #e miles2 their effects at points up to #h miles behind the front trenches have been sufficiently severe to make it necessary to wear helmets4 7#b7 ,,gas ,,projectiles3 ,the use of these is not entirely dependent on the direction of the wind4 ,in gas projectiles such as shells1 hand grenades1 and trench mortar bombs1 a part or the whole of the explosive charge is replaced by a liquid which is converted into gas by the explosion4 ,the explosive force and noise of detonation of these projectiles is less than that of the ordinary kind1 and a large number of them are usually discharged into a comparatively small space4 ,after the explosion1 the irritant chemicals form a small gas cloud1 though some may sink to the ground and remain active for a considerable time4 ,for using gas shells1 the best condition is calm1 or a wind of low velocity4 ,gas projectiles can be used in all types of country4 ,woods1 bushes1 corn fields and clumps of buildings may hold the gas active for a considerable time4 ,two kinds of shell gases are used by the enemy1 viz41 lachrymators1 which mainly affect the eyes1 and poison gases1 which may affect the eyes and are just as deadly as the gases used in the form of clouds4 7#a7 ,,tear1 ,,or ,,lachrymatory ,,shells3 ,these shells on explosion drive the liquid chemical which they contain into the air as a mist4 ,they cause the eyes to water strongly and thereby gradually put men out of action4 ,their actual smell may be slight4 ,large concentrations of lachrymators begin to affect the lungs and cause sickness1 coughing and general irritation4 7#b7 ,,poison ,,shells3 ,besides the comparatively harmless lachrymators the enemy also uses projectiles which contain a gas1 the action of which is very similar to that of phosgene4 ,because of their slight detonation1 these shells are liable to be mistaken for blinds1 but they emit large quantities of a gas which attacks the lungs strongly and is very dangerous1 and even in slight cases may cause serious after effects4 7#c7 ,,smoke3 ,the enemy may make use of smoke1 either in the form of a cloud or emitted from shells and bombs4 ,smoke may be used with gas or between gas clouds2 it may also be used alone to distract attention from a real discharge of gas1 to cover the advance of infantry1 or merely as a false gas attack4 7#d7 ,,mine ,,and ,,explosion ,,gases3 ,the poisonous gases which occur in mines1 and which are formed in large quantities when high explosive goes off in an enclosed space1 e4g41 from a direct hit in a shelter1 or on the explosion of a charge in a mine1 are not protected against by the ordinary anti-gas appliances4 ,the chief of these gases is carbon monoxide4 ,protection against such gases will not be considered in these notes4 ,officers are held responsible that all the anti-gas appliances for protecting their men are maintained in perfect condition1 and that all ranks under their command are thoroughly trained in the use of these appliances and in all other measures which may affect their safety against gas4 ,summary of ,protective ,measures3 7a7 ,provision to each man of individual protective devices4 7b7 ,arrangement for the inspection of those appliances and training in their use and instruction in all other measures of gas defense4 7c7 ,provision of protected and gas-proof shelters4 7d7 ,weather observations to determine periods when the conditions are favorable to a hostile gas attack4 7e7 ,arrangement of signals and messages2 for immediate warning of a gas attack4 7f7 ,provision of appliances for clearing gas from trenches and shelters4 ,c4 ,protection of ,shelters3 7#a7 ,,methods ,,of ,,protection3 ,protection of dugouts1 cellars1 buildings1 etc41 is given if all entrances are closed by well-fitting doors or by blankets sprayed with hypo4 solution4 ,practically no gas passes through a wet blanket1 and the protection depends on getting a good joint at the sides and bottom of a doorway1 so as to stop all draughts4 ,this can be effected by letting the blanket rest on battens1 fixed with a slight slope1 against the door frame4 ,the blanket should overlap the outer sides and a fold should lie on the ground at the bottom4 ,a pole is fastened to the blanket1 which allows the latter to be rolled up on the frame and causes it to fall evenly4 ,wherever possible1 particularly where there is likely to be movement in and out of the shelter1 two blankets fitted in this way but sloping in opposite directions should be provided4 ,there should be an interval of at least three feet between the two frames1 and the larger this vestibule is made the more efficient is the dugout4 ,when not in use1 the blankets should be rolled up and held so that they can be readily released1 and should be sprayed occasionally with water or a little ,vermorel sprayer solution4 ,if the blankets became stiff from a deposit of chemicals1 they should be sprayed with water4 ,all ranks must be taught how to use gas-proof dugouts1 e4g41 how to enter a protected doorway quickly1 replacing the blanket immediately1 and carrying in as little outside air as possible4 ,the protection afforded by these means is just as complete against lachrymatory gases as it is against cloud gas and poisonous shell gases4 7#b7 ,,shelters ,,which ,,should ,,be ,,protected3 ,the following should always be protected3 ,medical aid posts and advanced dressing stations2 ,company1 ,battalion and ,brigade ,headquarters2 signal shelters and any other place where work has to be carried out during a gas attack4 ,in addition to the above1 it is desirable to protect all dugouts1 cellars and buildings within the shell area1 particularly those of artillery personnel4 ,it should be noted1 however1 that the protection of dugouts for troops in the front line of trenches is usually inadvisable on account of the delay involved in getting men out in time of attack4 ,it is desirable to protect stretcher bearers' dugouts with a view to putting casualties in them4 ,d4 ,protection of ,weapons and ,equipment3 ,arms and ammunition and the metal parts of special equipment 7e4g41 telephone instruments7 must be carefully protected against gas by greasing them or keeping them completely covered4 ,otherwise1 particularly in damp weather1 they may rust or corrode so badly as to refuse to act4 ,a mineral oil must be used for this purpose4 ,the following in particular should be protected3 7#a7 ,,small ,,arms ,,and ,s4,a4,a4 ,machine guns and rifles must be kept carefully cleaned and well oiled4 ,the effects of corrosion of ammunition are of even more importance than the direct effects of gas upon machine guns and rifles4 ,ammunition boxes must be kept closed4 ,vickers belts should be kept in their boxes until actually required for use4 ,the wooden belt boxes are fairly gas-tight1 but the metal belt boxes should be made gas-tight by inserting strips of flannelette in the joint between the lid and the box4 ,lewis magazines should be kept in some form of box1 the joints of which are made as gas-tight as possible with flannelette4 ,a recess should be made1 high up in the parapet if possible1 for storing ammunition and guns4 ,a blanket curtain1 moistened with water or sprayer solution1 will greatly assist in keeping the gas out4 7#b7 ,,hand ,,and ,,rifle ,,grenades3 ,unboxed grenades should be kept covered as far as possible4 ,all safety pins and working parts1 especially those made of brass1 should be kept oiled to prevent their setting from corrosion by the gas4 7#c7 ,,light ,,trench ,,mortars ,,and ,,their ,,ammunition3 ,as far as the supply of oil permits1 the bore and all bright parts of light trench mortars and their spare parts should be kept permanently oiled4 ,when not in use1 mortars should be covered with sacking or similar material4 ,unboxed ammunition should be kept covered as far as possible and the bright parts oiled immediately after arrival4 ,ammunition which has been in store for some time should be used up first4 ,sentries must be prepared to give the alarm on the first appearance of gas1 as a few seconds delay may involve very serious consequences4 ,signals must be passed along by all sentries as soon as heard4 ,the earliest warning of a gas attack is given3 7a7 ,by the noise of the gas escaping from the cylinders4 7b7 ,by the appearance of a cloud of any color over the enemy's trenches4 ,if the attack takes place at night1 the cloud will not be visible from a distance4 7c7 ,by the smell of the gas in listening posts4 7#a7 ,,action ,,to ,,be ,,taken ,,in ,,the ,,trenches ,,on ,,gas ,,alarm3 7a7 ,respirators to be put on immediately by all ranks 7a helmet1 if no box respirator is available74 7b7 ,rouse all men in trenches1 dug-outs and mine shafts1 warn officers and artillery observation posts and all employed men4 7c7 ,artillery support to be called for by company commanders by means of prearranged signals4 7d7 ,warn battalion headquarters and troops in rear4 7e7 ,all ranks stand to arms in the front trenches and elsewhere where the tactical situation demands4 7f7 ,blanket curtains at entrances to protected shelters to be let down and carefully fixed4 7g7 ,movement to cease except where necessary4 7#b7 ,,action ,,to ,,be ,,taken ,,in ,,billets ,,and ,,back ,,areas3 7a7 ,all men in cellars or houses to be roused4 7b7 ,the blanket curtains of protected collars1 etc41 to be let down and fixed in position4 7c7 ,box respirators to be put on immediately1 the gas is apparent4 ,h4 ,action ,during a ,gas ,attack3 7#a7 ,,protective ,,measures3 ,there should be as little moving about and talking as possible in the trenches4 ,men must be made to realize that with the gas now used by the enemy1 observance of this may be essential for their safety4 ,when an attack is in progress1 all bodies of troops or transport on the move should halt and all working parties cease work until the gas cloud has passed4 ,if a relief is going on1 units should stand fast as far as possible until the gas cloud has passed4 ,supports and parties bringing up bombs should only be moved up if the tactical situation demands it4 ,if troops in support or reserve lines of trenches remain in1 or go into1 dug-outs1 they must continue to wear their anti-gas appliances4 ,officers and ,n4,c4,o's must on no account remove or open up the masks of the box respirators or raise their helmets to give orders4 ,the breathing tube may be removed from the mouth when it is necessary to speak1 but it must be replaced4 ,men must always be on the look-out to help each other in case an anti-gas device is damaged by fire or accident4 ,when a man is wounded1 he must be watched to see that he does not remove his respirator or helmet until he is safely inside a protected shelter2 if necessary1 his hands should be tied4 ,men must be warned that if they are slightly gassed before adjusting their respirators or helmets they must not remove them4 ,the effect will wear off4 7#b7 ,,tactical ,,measures3 ,from the point of view of protection against gas1 nothing is gained by men remaining in unprotected dug-outs or by moving to a flank or to the rear4 ,it is1 therefore1 desirable that on tactical and disciplinary grounds all men in the front line of trenches should be forbidden to do these things4 ,in support or reserve lines where there are protected dug-outs1 it is advisable for men to stay in them unless the tactical situation makes it desirable for them to come out4 ,nothing is gained by opening rapid rifle fire unless the enemy's infantry attacks4 ,a slow rate of fire from rifles and occasional short bursts of fire from machine guns will lessen the chance of their jamming from the action of the gas and tends to occupy and steady the infantry4 ,it should be remembered that the enemy's infantry cannot attack while the gas discharge is in progress and is unlikely to do so for an appreciable time--at least #aj minutes--after it has ceased4 ,it is1 in fact1 a common practice for the enemy infantry to retire to the second and third line of trench whilst gas is being discharged4 ,there is1 therefore1 no object in opening an intense ,s4,o4,s4 barrage of artillery on ,no man's land during the actual gas cloud and it is advisable that the warning to the artillery of a gas attack should be a signal differing from the ordinary ,s4,o4,s4 signal1 as the latter may have to be sent later if an infantry attack develops4 ,it must be remembered that smoke may be used by the enemy at the same time as1 or alternately with1 the gas and that under cover of a smoke cloud he may send out assaulting or raiding parties4 ,a careful look-out must1 therefore1 be kept2 hostile patrols or raiders may be frustrated by cross-fire of rifles and machine guns and should an assault develop the ordinary ,s4,o4,s4 procedure should be carried out4 ,i4 ,precautions ,against ,gas ,shells3 ,owing to the small explosion which occurs with these shells1 they are liable to be mistaken for blinds1 and even when the gas is smelt men may not realize its possibly dangerous character at once and so may delay putting on respirators or helmets until too late4 ,men sleeping in dug-outs may be seriously affected unless they are roused4 ,men in the open air are unlikely to be seriously affected by poison gas shells1 provided they put on respirators or helmets on first experiencing the gas4 ,the following points should therefore be attended to3 7i7 ,all shells which explode with a small detonation or appear to be blind should be regarded with particular attention2 the respirator or helmet should be put on at the first indication of gas and blanket protection of shelters adjusted4 7ii7 ,arrangements must be made for giving a ,local alarm in the event of a sudden and intense bombardment with poison gas shells1 but care must be taken that this alarm is not confused with the main alarm4 ,strombos horns must on no account be used to give warning of a gas shell bombardment4 7iii7 ,all shelters in the vicinity of an area bombarded with poison gas shells must be visited and any sleeping men roused4 7iv47 ,box respirators or helmets should continue to be worn throughout the area bombarded with poison gas shells until the order is given by the local unit ,commander for their removal4 ,lachrymatory or tear shells are frequently used by the enemy for the purpose of hindering the movements of troops1 for preventing the bringing up of supports1 or for interfering with the action of artillery4 ,owing to the deadly nature of poison gas shells1 however1 the precautions given in paragraph #fj above1 must be taken for all gas shells4 ,the goggles are intended for use after lachrymatory bombardments only1 in cases where the irritant gas persists in the neighborhood4 ,k4 ,action ,subsequent to a ,gas ,attack3 #a4 ,,general3 ,the most important measure to be taken after a cloud gas attack is to prepare for a further attack4 ,the enemy frequently sends several successive waves of gas at intervals varying from a few minutes up to several hours and it is therefore necessary to be on the alert to combat this procedure4 ,the following measures should be adopted as soon as the gas cloud has passed3 7a7 ,removal of respirators4--,anti-gas fans should be used to assist in clearing the trenches of gas1 so as to admit of respirators being removed4 ,respirators and helmets must not be removed until permission has been given by the ,company ,commander4 ,a sharp look out must be kept for a repetition of the gas attack1 as long as the wind continues in a dangerous quarter4 #b4 ,,movement3 ,owing to the enemy gas sometimes causing bad after effects1 which are intensified by subsequent exertion1 the following points should be attended to3 7a7 ,no man suffering from the effects of gas1 however slightly1 should be allowed to walk to the dressing station4 7b7 ,the clearing of the trenches and dugouts should not be carried out by men who have been affected by the gas4 7c7 ,after a gas attack1 troops in the front trenches should be relieved of all fatigue and carrying work for #bd hours by sending up working parties from companies in rear4 7d7 ,horses which have been exposed to the gas should not be worked for #bd hours if it can be avoided4 #c4 ,,clearing ,,dugouts ,,and ,,other ,,shelters3 ,it is essential that no dugout be entered after a gas attack event with box respirators or helmets adjusted1 until it has been ascertained that it is free from gas4 ,the only efficient method of clearing dugouts from gas is by thorough ventilation4 ,the older method of spraying is not efficient4 ,an appreciable quantity of gas may be retained in the clothing of men exposed to gas attacks and also in bedding1 coats1 etc41 left in shelters4 ,precaution should1 therefore1 be taken to air all clothing4 #d4 ,,ventilation3 ,natural ,ventilation4--,unless a shelter has been thoroughly ventilated by artificial means1 as described below1 it must not be slept in or occupied without wearing respirators1 until at least #ab hours after a gas attack4 ,it must not be entered at all without respirators on for at least #c hours4 ,the above refers to cloud gas attacks4 ,in the case of gas shell bombardments the times cannot be definitely stated1 as they depend on the nature of the gas used and the severity of the bombardment4 ,with lachrymatory gases the times after which shelters can be used without discomfort may be considerably longer than those mentioned above4 ,ventilation by ,fire4--,all kinds of shelters can be efficiently and rapidly cleared of gas by the use of fires4 ,shelters with two openings are the easiest to ventilate and where possible1 dugouts with only one entrance should have a second opening made1 even a very small one1 to assist in ventilation4 ,in dugouts provided with a single exit at the end of a short passage1 the best results are obtained if the fire is placed in the center of the floor of the dugout and at a height of about #i inches4 ,in dugouts provided with a single exit at the end of a long and nearly horizontal passage1 the best results are obtained if the fire is placed about one-third of the distance from the inner end of the passage4 ,in dugouts provided with two or more exits1 the fire should be placed at the inner end of one of the exit passages4 ,in general1 #a pound of dry wood per #bjj cubic feet of air space is sufficient for clearance of any gas4 ,the best fuel is split wood1 but any fuel which does not smoulder or give off thick smoke can be used4 ,the materials for the fire1 e4g41 the split wood1 newspaper1 and a small bottle of paraffine for lighting purposes1 should be kept in a sand bag1 enclosed in a biscuit tin provided with a lid4 ,an improvised brazier should be kept ready for use4 ,the fire must be kept burning for at least ten minutes and the atmosphere in the shelter should be tested from time to time4 ,ventilation by ,fanning4--,dugouts can be ventilated by producing air currents in them by means of special anti-gas fans4 ,if no anti-gas fans are available1 ventilation can be assisted by flapping with improvised fans such as sand bags1 ground sheets1 etc4 #e4 ,,cleaning ,,of ,,arms ,,and ,,ammunition3 ,rifles and machine guns must be cleaned after a gas attack and then re-oiled4 ,oil cleaning will prevent corrosion for #ab hours or more1 but the first available opportunity must be taken to dismantle machine guns and clean all parts in boiling water containing a little soda4 ,if this is not done1 corrosion continues slowly even after oil cleaning and may ultimately put the gun out of action4 ,after a gas attack1 ,s4,a4,a4 should be carefully examined4 ,all rounds affected by gas must be replaced by new cartridges immediately and the old ones cleaned and expended as soon as possible4 ,all hand and rifle grenades exposed to the gas should have their safety-pins and working parts cleaned and re-oiled4 ,all bright parts of light trench mortars1 together with all accessories and spare parts exposed to the gas1 must be cleaned and wiped dry as soon as possible after the attack and in any case within #bd hours1 after which they should be thoroughly coated afresh with oil4 ,the same applies to ammunition which may have been exposed to the gas4 ,ammunition which1 for any reason1 had not been oiled1 must be cleaned and oiled and expended as soon as possible4 ,for details regarding the cleaning of guns and artillery ammunition and signal equipment1 see paragraphs #aaf and #abc4 #f4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,shell ,,holes3 ,in the neighborhood of shelters or battery positions where gas from shell holes is causing annoyance1 the holes and the ground round them should be covered with at least a foot of fresh earth4 ,shell holes so treated should not be disturbed1 as the chemical is not thereby destroyed and only disappears slowly4 ,concealment ,from ,aerial ,observers4 ,a4 #a4 ,an aeroplane cannot conduct reconnaissance at a height of less than #e1jjj feet without being within easy range of anti-aircraft artillery2 nor of less than #b1jjj feet without coming into range of machine-gun and rifle fire4 #b4 ,to be observed from such heights1 objects on the ground must be distinguished by3 7a7 ,motion4 7b7 ,color contrast4 7c7 ,line contrast1 or 7d7 ,shadows4 ,b4 ,concealment3 #a4 7a7 ,on warning of hostile aircraft1 troops on the march should withdraw to the side of the road 7if possible1 into shade71 or lie down flat in the road and remain motionless4 7b7 ,if it is necessary to continue the march1 this should be done in broken detachments1 which are far less distinct than continuous column4 7c7 ,troops in a trench should crouch down in the shadowy side and remain motionless4 7d7 ,faces should never be turned up1 as the high lights on cheek-bones and foreheads then show up distinctly4 7e7 ,bright metal on arms1 equipment and headgear must be kept covered4 #b4 ,artillery wagon-trains1 etc41 should if possible be halted promptly on warning4 ,when halted1 their neutral coloring protects them4 #c4 ,trenches are best concealed3 7a7 ,by avoiding1 in construction1 a too regular outline1 and following as far as possible the contours of the ground4 7b7 ,by coloring the parapet and parados to match the ground4 ,this may be done most quickly by painted canvas2 if the latter is not available1 by planting or strewing the loose earth with surrounding herbage4 ,in this work care must be taken not to make the covering itself too conspicuous by brightness or monotony of coloring4 7c7 ,by covering the trench itself1 where convenient1 with a thin material1 colored like the parapet and parados4 7d7 ,by avoiding all overt movement of troops in the trenches under observation4 #d4 ,buildings1 e4g41 ammunition dumps1 hangars1 etc41 can be completely concealed by being painted the color of the ground they stand on and fitted with canvas curtains1 similarly painted and stretched from the eaves to the ground at a horizontal angle of #ce degrees4 ,these curtains completely eliminate shadows4 #e4 ,success in each work of concealment by camouflage is best assured by the assistance of an aeroplane observer to test and correct it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,orders ,governing ,intrenchment ,problems at ,second ,plattsburg ,training ,camp4 ,,headquarters ,,plattsburg ,,training ,,camp1 ,,plattsburg ,,barracks1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,september #bb1 #aiag4 ,,divisional ,,entrenching ,,problem4 ,general ,situation3 ,the ,salmon river forms the boundary line between two states1 the ,blue on the north and the ,red on the south4 ,war has been declared and the ,red ,army is mobilizing near ,keeseville4 ,mobilization by the first ,blue ,army at ,plattsburg has been completed4 ,special ,situation1 ,blue3 ,our advanced troops are holding the line of the ,salmon river against strong detachments of the ,red ,army4 ,the commanding general of the ,blue ,army has decided to establish a second position on the line1 ,bluff ,point to the bend 7#bdh7 in the ,saranac river4 ,the following order is issued by the ,division ,commander3 ,,headquarters1 #ajast ,div41 ,,plattsburg1 ,n4,y4 #bc ,sept41 '#ag1 #i3jj ,a4,m4 ,,field ,,orders1 ,no4 #a4 #a4 ,our advanced troops are holding the line of the ,salmon river4 #b4 ,this division and #a ,brigade #ajb ,division will entrench along the line3 ,bluff ,point--,chateaugay ,branch ,railroad--,saranac ,river 7#bdh74 #c4 7a7 ,the ,chief of ,artillery will prepare the positions1 and lines of communication for his ,brigade1 determine his sectors1 and submit his plan of action4 7b7 ,the #ast ,brig4 and #b ,bns4 #bfgth ,inf4 will entrench the sector1 ,saranac ,river 7#bdh7 to ,sand ,road1 exclusive4 ,the #bnd ,brig4 will entrench the sector ,sand ,road to ,bluff ,point1 both inclusive4 ,the supports will entrench on the line1 ,saranac ,river 7#ahb7--;,cliff ,haven4 7c7 ,the ,reserve--#a ,brig4 #ajb ,div4 less #b ,bns41 will construct crossings on the ,saranac ,river--under direction of the ,chief of ,engineers1 and prepare them for defense4 7d7 ,the ,chief of ,engineers will supply tools for entrenching and lay out the lines of entrenchments4 ,he will repair the following trunk roads3 ,peru ,road1 ,sand ,road1 ,lake-,shore ,road2 and construct a transverse trunk line road from ,pulp ,mill to ,o',connell's ,farm1 and the necessary tram lines4 ,the ,engineer ,depot for stores and material will be established at ,plattsburg ,barracks4 7e7 ,the ,chief ,signal ,officer will establish necessary lines of communication1 utilizing equipment at ,plattsburg ,barracks1 ,central ,station4 ,aero ,squadron at ,chazy4 #d4 7a7 ,the ,chief ,medical ,officer will establish his dressing stations in the ,butts of the rifle range and in ravine on ,o',connell's ,farm4 ,a field hospital will be established at the ,lozier ,works4 7b7 ,ammunition train and supply train will be parked in the ,fair ,ground4 ,ammunition distributing stations at railroad spurs1 ,plattsburg ,barracks1 and ,o',connell's ,farm4 ,the ,division ,ordnance ,officer will locate the ,ammunition ,dumps along transverse trunk line road4 7c7 ,field trains1 until further orders1 at north end of ,plattsburg ,barracks ,reservation4 ,distributing point1 ,plattsburg ,railroad ,station--,regimental ,supply ,stations3 ,saranac ,river #ahb2 intersection ,peru ,road and ,rifle ,range ,road1 ,sand ,hole in ,rifle ,range1 ,sand ,road on ,o',connell's ,farm1 ,ravine on ,o',connell's ,farm4 7d7 ,the commander of trains will establish traffic regulations for all roads4 #e4 ,messages to ,statistical ,office4 ,,wolf1 ,major ,general4 ,official copy3 ,j4,a4 ,,baer1 ,genl4 ,staff1 ,chief of ,staff4 ,copies to3 ,brig4 and ,regt4 ,commanders4 ,c4 of ,e4 ,div4 ,q4,m4 ,c4,s4,o4 ,c4,m4,o4 ,div4 ,o4,o4 ,c4 of ,tr4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,headquarters1 #a,,st ,,brigade1 #aja,,st ,,division1 ,,plattsburg ,,barracks1 ,n4,y4 #bc,,rd ,,sept41 #aiag1 #f ,p4,m4 ,,field ,,orders ,no4 #a4 #a4 ,strong detachments of the ,red ,army1 now mobilizing at ,keeseville1 are south of the ,salmon ,river4 ,our advance troops are holding the line of the ,salmon ,river4 #b4 ,our division and one brigade1 #ajbnd ,division1 will entrench and occupy the line ,bluff ,point-,chateaugay ,branch 7,d4 ,h4,r4,r471 ,saranac ,river 7#bdh74 ,this brigade1 reinforced by two ,battalions1 #bfgth ,infantry1 will entrench and occupy the sector1 ,saranac ,river 7#bdh71 ,sand ,road1 exclusive4 #c4 7a7 ,the #ast and #bnd ,battalions1 #bfgth infantry will entrench and occupy the sector from the ,saranac ,river to a point #fjj yards east4 7b7 ,the #bffth ,infantry1 the sector from a point #fjj yards east of the ,saranac ,river1 connecting with the trenches of the #bfgth ,infantry1 to a point #ajj yards east of ,peru ,road4 7c7 ,the #bfeth ,infantry1 the sector from a point #ajj yards east of the ,peru ,road1 and connecting with the trenches of the #bffth ,infantry1 to the ,sand ,road exclusive4 7d7 ,the ,brigade ,machine ,gun ,battalion will organize and maintain strong points along line regimental reserves4 ,the ,c4,o4 of this organization will1 at once1 consult with the regimental commanders relative to preparation of machine gun emplacements and probable need for re-enforcements within their respective sectors4 7e7 ,the ,brigade ,signalmen will establish telephonic communications between ,brigade and ,regimental ,headquarters4 #d4 7a7 ,the regimental commanders and senior officers of the two battalions1 #bfgth ,infantry1 will at once report to the ,chief ,engineer of the ,division for plan of entrenchments in their respective sectors4 7b7 ,tools and materials for entrenching will be supplied at the trench sites4 #e4 ,messages to ,brigade ,headquarters near ,peru ,road1 east ,savoy ,hotel4 ,,goodrich1 ,brigadier ,general1 ,commanding4 ,official ,copy3 ,,wm4 ,,kirby1 ,major of ,cavalry1 ,u4,s4,r41 ,adjutant4 ,copies to3 ,c4,o41 #bfeth ,infantry4 ,c4,o41 #bffth ,infantry4 ,c4,o41 #ast and #bnd ,battalions1 #bfgth ,infantry4 ,c4,o41 ,brigade ,m4,g4 ,co4 ,headquarters1 #ajast ,division4 ,,headquarters1 #a,,st ,,battalion1 #bfe,,th ,,infantry ,,plattsburg ,,barracks1 ,n4,y4 ,,oct4 #af1 #aiag4 ,,field ,,orders ,no4 #a4 ,blue print of trenches2 scale #bd inches equals #a mile4 #a4 ,the enemy strongly occupies a line of trenches immediately ,south of the ,chateaugay ,branch ,railroad1 the center of their line being about opposite the center sector of our first line of trench1 ,sand ,road-,target ,range ,fence1 their line of trenches being within #ej yards of the railroad at that point1 and then retiring slightly from the railroad to the ,east and ,west4 ,the #bfdth ,infantry occupies the section of trenches directly to the ,east of us and the #bffth ,infantry occupies the section of trenches directly to the ,west of us4 #b4 ,this battalion will take up a defensive position in the nearly completed line of trenches1 ,sand ,road-,target ,range ,fence1 and as rapidly as possible complete the trench system in the following order of work3 a4 ,deepen all trenches to at least three feet4 b4 ,construct latrines4 c4 ,provide cover4 d4 ,revet work previously done4 #c4 a4 ,front lines1 i4e41 fire1 communicating and support trenches3 ,company ,b will occupy the ,east sector1 i4e41 ,sand ,road to ,belgium ,boyau1 inclusive1 including ,slum ,boyau and the salient at ,south end ,reserve ,trench immediately in rear of ,east end of ,support trench4 ,company ,c will occupy the ,central sector1 i4e41 from ,east sector 7,belgium ,boyau1 exclusive71 to ,cardona ,boyau1 inclusive1 including ,poire ,boyau4 ,company ,a will occupy the ,west sector1 i4e41 from ,central sector 7,cardona ,boyau1 exclusive71 to and including salient near ,southwest corner of ,target ,range ,fence4 b4 ,reserve ,line3 ,company ,d will occupy the line from the ,target ,range ,fence on the ,west to a point #afe yards ,east of the ,verdun ,salient1 one-half of the ,company occupying the sector1 ,target ,range ,fence1 to a point #ge yards ,east of the ,rams ,horn ,boyau1 including ,rams ,horn ,boyau1 and the other half of the ,company occupying the sector from a point #ge yards ,east of the ,rams ,horn ,boyau to a point #afe yards ,east of the ,verdun ,salient4 c4 ,machine ,guns3 ,headquarters1 #ast ,platoon and #ast ,platoon ,machine ,gun ,company1 will report to the ,commanding ,officer1 ,company ,a1 for assignment to the shell craters 7converted7 and dugouts 7constructed for machine guns71 four in all1 in the ,west sector4 ,headquarters1 #bnd ,platoon and ,third ,section 7#bnd ,platoon7 ,machine ,gun ,company1 will report to the ,commanding ,officer1 ,company ,c1 for assignment to the shell crater 7converted71 and dugout 7constructed for machine gun71 two in all1 in the ,central sector4 ,fourth section 7#bnd ,platoon71 ,machine ,gun ,company1 will report to the ,commanding ,officer1 ,company ,b1 for assignment to the shell crater 7converted71 two in all1 in the ,east sector4 d4 ,trench ,mortars3 ,two trench mortars have been assigned to the ,central sector and the ,commanding officer1 ,company ,c1 is charged with the construction of emplacements therefor and the manning of them4 #d4 a4 ,dressing stations have been established in the ,butts of the rifle range and in ravine on ,o',connell's ,farm4 b4 ,ammunition distributing points are located at ,plattsburg ,barracks and ,o',connell's ,farm4 c4 ,regimental supply stations are located at ,saranac ,river 7#ahb71 intersection ,peru ,road and ,rifle ,range ,road1 ,sand ,hole in ,rifle ,range1 ,sand ,road on ,o',connell's ,farm1 and ,ravine on ,o',connell's ,farm4 #e4 ,battalion ,headquarters are located in dugout in ,support trench 7,west ,tremont71 midway between ,rams ,horn and ,poire ,boyaux1 to which place messages will be sent4 ,,boschen1 ,captain1 #efth ,infantry1 ,commanding4 ,copies to3 ,c4,o41 #bfeth ,infantry4 ,c4,o41 ,companies ,a1 ,b1 ,c and ,d4 ,c4,o41 ,m4,g4 ,company4 ,c4,o41 ,headquarters ,company4 ,r4,s4,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hdqtrs4 #a,,st ,,batt41 #bfe,,th ,,infty41 ,,plattsburg ,,bcks41 ,n4,y41 ,oct4 #ag1 #aiag4 ,,field ,,orders ,no4 #b #a4 ,,dispositions3 a4 ,the assignment of companies to sectors is as announced in ,field ,orders ,no4 #a1 these headquarters4 b4 ,company commanders are charged with the details of occupation of the trenches and the proper disposition of the specialists 7bombers1 grenadiers1 auto-riflemen1 etc471 directing particular attention to the active and passive areas of their sectors4 #b4 ,,fields ,,of ,,fire3 ,company commanders must arrange for and obtain the best fields of fire in their own sectors1 and provide for protection of visible areas in adjoining sectors by lateral fire4 #c4 ,,improvements ,,or ,,changes ,,in ,,trenches3 ,company commanders before making any changes or improvements in trenches will render to battalion headquarters brief recommendations of changes desired4 ,these recommendations will be submitted at #aa4jj a4m4 and #c4jj p4m41 after which hours the battalion commander will inspect and if deemed necessary will be ordered4 #d4 ,,organization ,,for ,,watching ,,and ,,observation3 a4 ,each company commander will organize a system for watching the enemy by day and will establish look-out posts for this purpose2 this system will be augmented at night by patrols if necessary4 b4 ,the watching of the enemy must be continuous and long occupation of the sector will not warrant any laxity4 #e4 ,,organization ,,for ,,supply3 a4 ,company commanders will make the necessary details for obtaining supplies2 these details to be in charge of ,mess or ,supply ,sergeants and will not exceed three squads for each lettered company4 b4 ,food3 ,machine guns details and members of the ,medical ,corps assigned to each sector are attached to the lettered companies for rations4 c4 ,cooked food will be at the ,food ,station at #f4jj a4m41 #aa4ej a4m4 and #e4jj p4m4 daily1 and will be distributed at that point4 d4 ,company commanders will detail the ,mess ,sergeant1 with an appropriate detail 7about #b squads7 to proceed to ,food ,station1 which is located at the wire entanglement on the west side of the ,target ,range about #djj yards north of ,brigade ,headquarters4 e4 ,the details mentioned above will proceed via trenches1 leaving same at junction of ,tipperary trench and ,rams ,horn boyau in the following order3 ,co4 ,d3 ,detail will clear junction ,rams ,horn boyau and ,tipperary trench at #e4dj a4m41 #aa4aj a4m4 and #d4dj p4m4 ,co4 ,a3 ,detail will clear junction ,tremont trench1 and ,rams ,horn boyau at #e4cj a4m41 #aa4jj a4m4 and #d4cj p4m41 proceeding via ,rams ,horn boyau4 ,co4 ,b3 ,detail will clear junction ,tremont trench1 and ,poire boyau at #e4ce a4m41 #aa4je a4m4 and #d4ee p4m41 proceeding via ,poire boyau and ,tipperary trench4 ,co4 ,c3 ,detail will clear junction ,tremont trench and ,slum boyau at #e4dj a4m41 #aa4aj a4m4 and #d4dj p4m41 proceeding via ,slum boyau and ,tipperary trench4 f4 ,these details will return to their respective sectors via the indicated routes1 moving in reverse order at five-minute intervals1 and company commanders will make necessary arrangements for distribution of food within their respective sectors4 g4 ,company commanders will cause the necessary police after each meal to insure sanitary condition of trenches4 h4 ,food containers will be held in company until the next meal hour when they will be returned to the ,food ,station4 i4 ,water3 ,water wagon will be at the ,food ,station from #aj4jj a4m4 to #d4cj p4m4 daily4 j4 ,containers for water will be furnished by ,regimental ,supply ,officer at the ,food ,station4 k4 ,all men will carry full canteens of water when entering the trenches4 l4 ,company commanders will detail the ,mess ,sergeant1 with an appropriate detail 7about #b squads71 to proceed to the ,food ,station to procure water in containers2 these details will proceed via the routes indicated in paragraph #e1 section e3 ,co4 ,d1 #b4jj p4m42 ,co4 ,a1 #b4je p4m42 ,co4 ,b1 #b4aj p4m42 ,co4 ,c1 #b4ae p4m4 m4 ,these details will return to their respective sectors in reverse order at five-minute intervals4 n4 ,miscellaneous3 ,details for obtaining tools1 ammunition1 trench supplies1 etc41 will be arranged for as required4 o4 ,requisitions for miscellaneous supplies required will be submitted by company commanders to the ,regimental ,supply ,officer not later than #c4jj p4m41 ,october #ag1 #aiag4 #f4 ,,organization ,,for ,,liaison3 a4 ,the ,signal ,officer will establish necessary telephonic communications4 b4 ,each organization will detail one runner to report to the battalion commander at regimental headquarters at #h4jj a4m4 c4 ,four runners will be detailed for duty with each company headquarters and one runner will be detailed for duty with each platoon headquarters4 ,these runners should be lightly equipped and wear a distinctive mark4 d4 ,at least two men per section must be able to act as guides to all company headquarters of the battalion4 e4 ,verbal messages will not be sent by runners2 all messages must be written4 f4 ,company commanders1 or their representatives1 will report daily at battalion headquarters at #e4jj p4m4 g4 ,there must be accurate communication between platoons in company1 and companies in battalion1 in order to insure co-ordinated action4 #g4 ,,defense3 a4 ,immediately after the occupation of the trenches1 company commanders will make a careful estimate of all tactical situations presented in their sectors and will plan for a stubborn defense4 ,care must be exercised in providing for defense in depth and lateral defense4 ,the front line trenches of each sector will be held until actually entered by the enemy1 and no sector will be abandoned until the occupants are actually forced out4 b4 ,the main line of resistance will be the support trenches 7,tremont7 and special attention must be given to the preparation for defense4 ,if the front line trenches of any sector be captured by the enemy there will be no withdrawal from any other sector of the front line trenches for the purpose of establishing a continuous line in the support trench4 c4 ,the company commander of the reserve will organize parties for counterattacks and these parties will be held in readiness at convenient points to insure prompt movement to the front4 d4 ,continuous occupation of the trenches without fire action must not cause a feeling of security and result in being surprised by the enemy4 #h4 ,,stand ,,to3 ,stand to will take place at #e4jj a4m4 and #e4jj p4m41 daily4 ,at this formation every available man will be present4 ,rifles1 ammunition1 equipment1 clothing1 etc41 will be inspected4 ,rapid loading will be practiced4 ,the firing position of every man will be tested to see whether he can hit the bottom edge of our wire4 ,gas helmets and respirators will be inspected if worn4 ,after stand to in the morning and before stand to in the evening rifles will be thoroughly cleaned and oiled4 #i4 ,,trench ,,orders3 a4 ,current ,trench ,standing ,orders recently published from ,brigade ,headquarters are in force4 b4 ,during the occupation of the trenches it will be assumed that1 the trenches are under the observation and fire of the enemy and all movement in the trenches will be conducted accordingly4 ,all movements of troops1 either individuals or groups1 will be via the trenches at all times4 c4 ,no one will be allowed to go overland between trenches or to enter the trenches by the flank4 ,all persons will enter the trenches from the reserve trenches and no visitors will be allowed in the trenches except on passes issued from the ,regimental ,headquarters4 d4 ,commanding officers1 ,companies ,a and ,b1 are responsible for the posting of the necessary sentinels along the flanks of the position 7during the day71 with instructions covering the provisions contained in paragraph #i1 sections b and c4 #aj4 ,,reports3 a4 ,company commanders will submit by #a4jj p4m41 ,october #ah1 #aiag1 a report showing the dispositions and plan of defense of their respective sectors4 b4 ,frequent reports of information obtained and any change of conditions at the front will be made to battalion headquarters when necessary4 ,,boschen1 ,captain1 #efth ,infantry4 ,commanding4 ,copies to3 ,c4,o4 #bfeth ,infty4 ,c4,o4 ,cos1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c and ,d4 ,c4,o4 ,m4,g4 ,co4 ,c4,o41 ,hdq4 ,co4 ,r4,s4,o4 ,company ,organization 7in ,detail73 ,company ,headquarters3 #a ,captain1 commanding company1 #a ,first ,lieutenant 7senior71 second in command1 #a ,first ,sergeant1 armed with pistol1 #a ,mess ,sergeant1 armed with rifle1 #a ,supply ,sergeant1 armed with rifle1 #a ,corporal1 company clerk1 armed with rifle1 #d ,mechanics1 armed with rifle1 #e ,wagoners 7from ,supply ,company71 #d ,cooks1 armed with rifle1 #b ,buglers1 armed with pistol1 #d ,privates1 first class1 company agent and signalmen4 ,equipment3 #ae rifles1 #e pistols1 #h automatic rifles 7for replacement71 #dj trench knives 7to be distributed as needed71 #b bicycles4 ,following from ,supply ,company3 #a rolling kitchen1 #d-mule2 #a combat wagon1 #d-mule2 #a ration and baggage wagon1 #d-mule2 #a ration cart1 #b-mule2 #a water cart1 #b-mule2 #af mules1 draft4 #d ,platoons1 each organized as follows 7numbered #a to #d in company73 ,headquarters3 #a ,first ,lieutenant2 #ast and #dth ,platoons commanded by ,first ,lieutenants2 #bnd and #crd ,platoons commanded by ,second ,lieutenants1 armed with pistol4 #a ,sergeant1 assistant to platoon commander1 armed with pistol and rifle4 ,equipment3 #a rifle1 #b pistols4 #ast ,,section3 ,bombers and rifle grenadiers3 #a ,sergeant1 armed with pistol and rifle1 #c ,corporals1 armed with pistol and rifle1 #a trained as rifle grenadier2 remainder trained as bombers1 #f ,privates1 first class1 #b armed with pistol and rifle1 and remainder with rifle only2 #a trained as rifle grenadier1 and remainder as bombers4 #ab ,privates1 armed with rifles2 #d trained as rifle grenadiers1 remainder trained as bombers4 ,equipment3 #bb rifles1 #f pistols4 #bnd ,,section3 ,riflemen3 #b ,corporals1 armed with pistols and rifles1 #c ,privates1 first class1 armed with rifle1 #g ,privates1 armed with rifle1 ,equipment3 #ab rifles1 #b pistols4 #crd ,,section3 ,riflemen3 #b ,corporals1 armed with pistol and rifle1 #c ,privates1 first class1 armed with rifle1 #g ,privates1 armed with rifle4 ,equipment3 #ab rifles1 #b pistols4 #dth ,,section3 ,auto-riflemen3 #a ,sergeant1 armed with pistol and rifle1 #a ,corporal1 armed with pistol and rifle1 #c ,privates1 first class2 #a armed with rifle1 #b armed with pistols2 auto-rifle gunners1 including #a extra1 #f ,privates1 armed with rifle4 ,equipment3 #i rifles1 #d pistols1 #b auto-rifles4 ,,note4--,sections numbered from #a to #af in company4 ,personnel3 ,commissioned3 ,captain #a ,first ,lieutenants #c ,second ,lieutenants #b ---- ,total #f ,enlisted3 ,first ,sergeant #a ,mess ,sergeant #a ,supply ,sergeant #a ,sergeants #ab ,corporals #cc ,mechanics #d ,wagoners 7from ,supply ,company7 7#e7 ,cooks #d ,buglers #b ,privates1 first class #fd ,privates #abh ----- ,total #bej ,equipment3 ,rifles #bci ,pistols #fi ,auto rifles #af ,trench knives #dj ,bicycles #b ,from ,supply ,company3 ,rolling kitchen1 #d-mule #a ,combat wagon1 #d-mule #a ,ration and baggage wagon1 #d-mule #a ,ration cart1 #b-mule #a ,water cart1 #b-mule #a ,mules1 draft #af ,trench ,standing ,orders4 #a4 ,duties4--,a4 ,one officer per company and one non-commissioned officer per platoon will always be on duty4 ,during their tour of duty they will not be in their dugouts4 ,they will frequently visit all trenches occupied by their units4 ,every listening post will be visited at least once by an officer during his tour of duty4 ,b4 ,the officer and non-commissioned officer on duty will1 when his tour of duty is completed1 turn over to the officer or non-commissioned officer relieving him all orders1 a report of the work in progress1 if any1 and any other information of use4 ,c4 ,at night the officer and non-commissioned officer on duty will frequently patrol the trench line1 to see that the sentries are alert and to receive any reports they may desire to make4 ,d4 ,the-non-commissioned officer coming on duty will go round and post new sentinels with the non-commissioned officer coming off duty4 ,e4 ,the length of the tour of duty will depend upon the number of officers and non-commissioned officers on duty4 ,normally each tour should be1 by night1 two hours2 by day1 four hours4 ,this may be modified1 however1 so that all officers and non-commissioned officers will have an equal amount of this duty while in the trenches4 ,f4 ,non-commissioned officers1 after posting sentinels1 will report all is well or otherwise to the officers on duty4 ,g4 ,no man will be detailed for a duty in the trench without being given suitable warning of this duty and be informed at which hour he will come on duty4 ,h4 ,the ,company ,commander will be responsible for sending any report required by ,battalion ,headquarters4 #b4 ,sentries4--,a4 ,the number of sentry posts required will depend on the assumed propinquity or distance of the enemy1 strength of obstacles1 ease with which sentry posts can be re-enforced and other local conditions4 ,normally by day this should be one sentinel for each platoon and at night three double sentinels for each platoon4 ,there must be sentries enough to insure alarm being given promptly in case of attack and that local resistance is sufficient until help can arrive4 ,b4 ,the next relief will remain within an easy distance of the sentry on post1 usually in shelters provided for this purpose4 ,c4 ,every sentry is to be regularly posted by a non-commissioned officer who will explain to him his duties and ascertain that the sentry is aware of the position of the section and platoon commanders and of the sentries on either side1 and whether there are any patrols or working parties out in front4 ,d4 ,every sentinel will report when an officer passes his post1 ,all is well1 or otherwise4 ,e4 ,every sentinel by day will be provided with a head-cover to blend with the ground 7this may be improvised71 and while observing the ground to the front will remain perfectly still4 ,an empty sand bag or some other suitable material may be utilized for this purpose4 #c4 ,patrols4--,a4 ,it is the duty of all the troops holding the front lines to establish a command of the ground in front of their parapet up to the enemy's wire4 ,this can be done by extended and constant patrolling by night and reconnaissance by day so that the ground is thoroughly well known to as large a portion as possible of officers and men and so no enemy can move or remain in his front by night or day without detection4 ,one of the particular duties of these patrols is to observe the condition of the wire entanglements4 ,b4 ,every patrol must have definite orders as to its mission2 broadly speaking1 patrols may be divided into two classes3 7#a7 reconnoitering patrols1 7#b7 fighting patrols4 ,c4 ,the first duty of reconnoitering patrols is to obtain the information for which they are sent out4 ,they fight only in self-defense or if any especially favorable opportunity arises to inflict loss upon the enemy without prejudice to their mission4 ,they usually consist of two to six men1 under an officer or non-commissioned officer4 ,d4 ,fighting patrols are sent out for the express purpose of causing loss or damage to the enemies by such means as engaging the enemy's patrols or working parties1 or by raiding saps1 listening posts or trenches4 ,for identification purposes they should always endeavor to secure at least one prisoner4 ,their strength depends upon the resistance they are likely to meet with4 ,e4 ,company commanders are responsible for the orders given to patrols1 subject to any instructions which may be issued by higher authority4 ,they are also responsible that all troops1 whom it concerns1 including companies on both flanks1 are warned when and where patrols will be out1 length of time they will be out1 and of the points to which they will return4 ,f4 ,information gained by patrols is of little value unless transmitted quickly to those whom it concerns4 ,patrol reports will be made out by the commander of the patrol immediately upon his return and sent at once to the company commander unless orders to the contrary have been given4 #d4 ,stand ,to4--,a4 ,stand to will take place one-half hour after a relief has been posted and one-half hour before being relieved4 ,at this parade every available man will be present4 ,rifles1 equipment1 clothing1 etc41 will be inspected4 ,firing steps will be tested as soon as practicable after reliefs have been posted to see that each man can fire on the foot of the nearest part of the wire entanglement which he is required to cover by his fire4 ,the same procedure will be gone through at the stand to one-half hour before being relieved4 ,other stand tos may be ordered in the discretion of the company commander4 ,these should be sufficiently often to insure that every man turns out promptly and knows his place in case of attack4 #e4 ,machine ,guns4--,a4 ,the concealment of machine gun emplacements is important4 ,consequently1 it is only at night or in case of attack that machine gun crews will occupy their defense emplacements4 ,at night guns should take up other position than their defense emplacements and fire a stated number of rounds in order to test out the guns and mislead the enemy as to their numbers and real emplacements1 after which they will at once go back to their defense emplacements4 ,b4 ,the guns and their crews will be tactically under the orders of the company commander in whose sector they are located1 but no alteration will be made by him in their disposition or arcs of fire2 he will1 however1 bring before the senior machine gun instructor any suggestions for improvements in machine gun dispositions for defense4 ,c4 ,two men per gun will always be on duty with the guns4 ,d4 ,range cards will be prepared and kept with each gun4 ,e4 ,officers and non-commissioned officers in charge of guns will remain in close proximity to the guns4 ,they will frequently inspect their guns1 emplacements1 etc4 ,they are responsible for cleanliness and maintenance of the emplacements4 ,f4 ,machine gun commanders are responsible for guns always being ready for action1 and that emplacements are clear of all material except such as is required for the service of the guns2 that embrasures or loopholes are kept clear of all obstructions which may interfere with fire or view4 #f4 ,reliefs4--,a4 ,reconnaisance4 ,prior to taking over the line of trenches the company commander1 accompanied by his senior ,first ,lieutenant and ,first ,sergeant1 will reconnoiter the trenches4 ,b4 ,points to be noted by the company commanders4 ,the following points will be specially noted by company commanders before taking over trenches3 #a4 ,plan of occupation 7number of men holding lines to be taken over1 their distribution and duties74 #b4 ,shelter accommodations4 #c4 ,work being done and proposed4 #d4 ,conditions of the wire and defenses generally4 #e4 ,information as to the enemy1 his habits1 snipers1 and the work he is doing1 etc4 #f4 ,water supply4 #g4 ,artillery support4 #h4 ,communications4 #i4 ,danger points4 #aj4 ,location and condition of stores4 #aa4 ,liaison4 #g4 ,guides4--,a4 ,arrangements will be made between the company commanders of the incoming and outgoing companies as to the rendezvous where guides will be provided by the latter to conduct the incoming troops to the trenches4 ,b4 ,one guide per platoon1 one for each company and one for battalion headquarters will be provided4 ,these guides must know the exact spot where they will meet the relief troops and the best way to conduct the units to the particular section of the trench they will occupy4 #h4 ,smoking and ,talking4--,a4 ,after leaving the rendezvous there will be no smoking and talking until arrival in trenches4 ,strictest march discipline will be enforced on the way to and from the trenches4 #i4 ,procedure on ,arrival at ,trenches4--,a4 ,the troops being relieved will not leave the trenches until the relieving troops are in position and the new sentries have been posted1 all trench stores have been handed over and receipted for1 and orders to move have been received from the ,company ,commander4 ,b4 ,platoon commanders will at once personally see that all sentinels are properly posted1 that the non-commissioned officer is on duty1 that every man knows his place in case of attack1 and that both flanks of his platoon are in liaison with the adjoining platoon4 ,c4 ,when reliefs are completed1 ,platoon ,commanders will report to that effect to the ,company ,commander4 ,d4 ,men will not be dismissed until the ,company ,commander has received the reports from all of his ,platoon ,commanders that everything is in order4 #aj4 ,log ,books4--,a4 ,each ,company ,commander will keep a log book in which will be entered3 #a4 ,work done4 #b4 ,number of men working4 #c4 ,hours worked4 #d4 ,any information obtained from sentries1 patrols1 or other sources4 ,they will also enter in this book a list of any trench stores that come into their possession4 #aa4 ,equipment4--,a4 ,equipment will be worn in the front trenches4 ,haversacks1 packs1 and trench tools need not be worn1 these will be left in the shelters4 ,in support and reserve trenches1 they will be worn at the discretion of the ,company ,commander4 ,b4 ,ration and carrying parties will wear equipment and carry rifles unless otherwise ordered4 ,c4 ,pieces will be assumed to be loaded and locked at all times4 ,d4 ,in the firing trenches bayonets will be fixed at night4 ,e4 ,non-commissioned officers and men of the firing line will at all times be in possession of their rifles and bayonets4 ,the rifles of men in the support and reserve trenches or dugouts will be where they can be quickly seized1 even in the dark4 #ab4 ,stretcher ,bearers4--,a4 ,stretcher bearers will be stationed at a point designated by the ,company ,commander4 #ac4 ,discipline4--,a4 ,sleeping in the firing trenches will not be permitted4 ,b4 ,no man will enter the firing trench1 except in discharge of his duty1 unless so ordered by his ,company or ,platoon ,commander4 ,c4 ,sentries will remain standing unless the height of the parapet renders this impossible4 ,d4 ,saluting and standing at attention1 etc41 will be as carefully adhered to as when in camp except that sentinel will not let this interfere with their duties4 #ad4 ,rations and ,cooking4--,a4 ,cooking will be done in the rear of the reserve at a point to be designated4 ,b4 ,company ,quartermaster ,sergeants will accompany ration parties1 which will be limited in size to the actual needs for bringing up cooked rations from the point where cooking is done1 to the trenches4 ,at no time should this exceed ten per cent of the effective strength of the unit from which sent4 ,c4 ,care will be taken that as little noise as possible be made by these carrying parties4 #ae4 ,sanitation4--,a4 ,the importance of strict attention to sanitation will be impressed upon all ranks4 ,b4 ,the commanding officer of each unit is responsible for sanitation in his sector4 ,he will make frequent inspections of latrines1 refuse pits and trenches to ascertain that no unsanitary conditions exist4 ,c4 ,latrines will be constructed in the trenches1 excreta kept covered at all times and such disinfectants as may be provided will be used at regular intervals4 ,when filled within eighteen inches of the top1 pits will be filled with earth and labeled4 ,d4 ,urinal cans will be provided and men required to use these cans and contents will be emptied as often as necessary into deep pits at least one hundred yards from the trenches4 ,empty tin cans1 particles of food and other refuse will be collected in receptacles kept in the trenches for that purpose and carried to the rear and buried in pits4 ,this is usually done at night4 ,emergency ,dumps for ,companies 7,material74 #a4 ,any large shell crater will do for these or holes can be dug #aj' x #aj1' x #e' deep4 ,,contents ,,of ,,dump4 #aj rolls barbed wire4 #h coils ,french accordion wire4 #cj long screw stakes4 #ej short screw stakes4 #d prepared wire blocks 7gooseberries74 ,,stores ,,for ,,company4 #ajj very flares4 #f ,s4,o4,s4 rockets4 #b verminal sprayers4 #a strombos horn4 7gas alarm7 rubber boots4 periscopes4 #bjj revolver ammunition4 #a log book4 #a set maps4 #a set air photos4 #a defense scheme4 #b4 ,these are taken over and signed for4 ,each dugout must have a gas blanket and some form of gas alarm 7usually empty shell case47 ,,stores ,,at ,,battalion ,,headquarters4 #a strombos horn4 #b verminal sprayers4 #cjj very flares4 #bj ,s4,o4,s4 rockets4 #ejj revolver ammunition4 #ej ground flares4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bh ,conclusion4 ,the present army of the ,united ,states had its inception at ,plattsburg in #aiae4 ,the first regiment of the ,business ,mens' ,training ,camp will go down in history as the first chapter of preparedness4 ,the training camps of #aiaf1 not only at ,plattsburg1 but at various other places throughout the ,united ,states1 constituted the second chapter4 ,we are just finishing chapter three in the officers' training camps of #aiag4 ,this book brings together the essential points of the instruction given at the second and probably the last of the officers' training camps at ,plattsburg1 in such a way that an officer may refresh his memory when he is about to take up with his men any of the subjects covered4 ,it is hardly necessary to add that no attempt has been made to cover fully any branch of the work4 ,the bibliography provides for further study and the books in it should be at every officer's command4 ,as the war progresses many changes will be made2 not only will methods change but some branches now considered essential may be cast aside as useless4 ,nothing but work can make the pages of any military book have real meaning4 ,this book gives what are now considered the essentials of military training4 ,if it has brought to the conscientious officer points he might otherwise have forgotten to the detriment of his command1 it will have served its purpose4 ,bibliography4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,i4,d4,r4 ,balck ,tactics ,vol4 #a4 ,infantry4 ,howell ,lectures on the ,swiss ,army4 ,bjornstadt ,lectures on the ,german ,army4 ,drill and ,field ,training 7,english7--,imperial ,army ,series4 ,instructions on the ,offensive ,conduct of ,small ,units4 ,war ,department1 ,may1 #aiag4 ,notes on the methods of attack and defense to meet the ,conditions of ,modern ,warfare4 ,army ,war ,college1 ,april1 #aiag4 ,privates ,manual4 7,moss47 ,instructions for assembling the ,infantry ,pack1 ,ordnance ,department4 ,pamphlet ,no4 #agag ,manual of ,military ,training4 7,moss47 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,physical ,,training4 ,manual of ,physical ,training4 7,koehler47 ,field ,physical ,training of the ,soldier4 ,special ,regulation ,no4 #bc4 ,voice ,culture4 7,robert ,lloyd47 7,in lecture form47 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,small ,,arms ,,firing ,,manual4 ,bull's ,eye ,scorebook4 ,u4,s4 ,marines ,scorebook4 ,how to ,shoot4 7,moss47 ,notes on training for ,rifle ,fire in ,trench ,warfare4 ,army ,war ,coll41 ,april1 #aiag4 ,the ,rifle in ,war4 7,eames47 ,suggestions to ,military ,riflemen4 7,whelen47 ,musketry sheets from ,first ,camp1 ,plattsburg1 ,new ,york4 ,control of the ,firing ,line4 ,army ,service ,school4 ,musketry ,training4 7,pickering47 ,a ,synopsis of the ,rifle in ,war4 ,army ,service ,schools4 ,british--,aids in ,musketry4 ,fire ,problems4 7,pilcher47 ,fire ,orders--,direction and ,control--,musketry--,imperial ,army ,series4 ,lecture and ,lessons on ,musketry and ,instructions for ,officers and ,n4,c4,o4,s4 ,musketry ,diagrams4 7,clutterbuck47 ,notes on ,bayonet ,training4 ,army ,war ,college1 ,march1 #aiag4 ,british ,manual of the ,bayonet4 ,ordnance ,pamphlet ,no4 #agae and ,no4 #ahff4 7,pistol47 ,notes on ,bombing4 7,mc,clintock47 ,notes on ,grenade ,training--,plattsburg ,training ,camp4 ,notes on ,grenade ,warfare4 ,army ,war ,college4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,military ,,sketching ,,and ,,map ,,heading4 ,military ,map ,reading4 7,sherrill47 ,military ,sketching and ,map ,reading4 7,grieves47 ,an ,officer's ,notes 7,parker47 ,topography4 7,sherrill47 ,engineers ,field ,manual4 ,manual of ,infantry ,training4 7,moss47 ,training ,manual in ,topography1 ,map ,reading and ,reconnaissance4 7,by ,major ,spalding1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,military ,sketching and ,map ,reading4 7,capt4 ,barnes47 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,articles ,,of ,,war4 ,a ,guide to the ,articles of ,war4 7,professor ,eugene ,waumbaugh47 ,manual of ,courts ,martial4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,army ,,regulations4 ,manual for ,commanders of ,infantry ,platoons4 ,translated from the ,french by the ,army ,war ,college1 #aiag1 ,war ,department ,document ,no4 #fbf4 a4r41 #aiac4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 7,,field ,,work47 ,notes on ,field ,fortification4 ,army ,service ,schools1 #aiaf4 ,e4,f4,m4 and ,addendum thereto4 ,elements of ,trench ,warfare4 7,waldron47 ,field ,entrenchments4 7,solano47 ,scouting and ,patrolling4 7,waldron47 ,scout ,instruction4 7,mc,kenney47 ,scout's ,handwork4 7,mc,kenney47 ,the #bnd ,matabele ,war4 7,baden ,powell47 ,aids to ,scouting4 7,baden ,powell47 ,manual of ,military ,training4 7,moss47 ,small ,problems in ,infantry4 7,bjornstadt47 ,s4,m4 ,tactics4 ,a ,military ,primer4 7,marshall ,simonds47 ,technique of ,modern ,tactics4 7,von ,allen47 ,night ,movements4 7,burnett47 ,night ,operations for ,infantry4 7,dawkins47 ,,chapter ,,ix4 7,,feeding ,,men47 ,manual for ,army ,cooks4 ,mess ,sergeant's ,handbook4 7,holbrook47 ,mess ,officer's ,assistant4 ,mess ,account ,book4 7,frink47 ,handling the ,straight ,army ,ration4 7,holbrook47 ,manual of ,military ,training4 7,moss47 ,field ,service4 7,moss47 ,,chapter ,x4 7,,personal ,,hygiene ,,and ,,first ,,aid47 ,manual of ,military ,training4 7,moss47 ,lectures on ,military ,sanitation and ,management of ,sanitation ,service1 ,army ,service ,schools4 ,lectures delivered at ,plattsburg ,training ,camp1 #aiag4 ,elements of ,military ,hygiene4 7,ashburn47 ,red ,cross ,pamphlet on ,first ,aid4 ,manual for ,non-,coms4 and ,privates4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 7,,signaling47 ,united ,states ,signal ,book4 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 7,,guard ,,duty47 ,manual of ,interior ,guard ,duty4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 7,,company ,,administration47 ,company ,administration4 7,waldron47 ,army ,paper ,work4 7,perrin-,smith ,pub4 ,co47 ,notes on ,organizations4 7,waldron47 ,synopsis of ,work ,done at #ast ,plattsburg ,camp4 7,farley47 ,army ,paper ,work4 7,moss47 ,army ,regulations4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 7,,conferences4 ,,study4 ,s4,p4,i4 ,,examinations47 ,examinations in ,military ,science1 ,harvard ,university1 #aiag4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 7,,trench ,,warfare47 ,field ,fortifications4 7,lt4 ,henri ,poire47 ,plattsburg1 ,n4,y41 #aiag4 ,the ,french ,automatic ,rifle4 7,capt4 ,gene ,loriot47 ,notes on ,liaison in ,modern ,warfare4 ,notes on the ,method of ,attack and ,defense to ,meet the ,conditions of ,modern ,warfare4 ,machine ,gun ,tactics4 7,applin47 ,grenades1 ,hand and ,rifle4 7,solano47 ,training for the ,trenches4 7,vickers47 ,studies in ,leading ,troops4 7,vernois47 ,tactical ,decisions and ,orders4 7,buddecke47 ,problems in ,leading ,troops--,army ,service ,schools4 ,battle ,orders4 7,von ,kiesling47 #gj ,problems4 7,morrison47 ,tactical ,principles and ,problems4 7,hanna47 ,technique of ,modern ,tactics4 7,bond and ,mc,donough47 ,estimating ,tactical ,situations4 7,fitch47 ,the ,book ,department1 ,army ,service ,schools1 ,fort ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 or the ,united ,states ,infantry ,association1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 will get any books available4 ,,index4 ,,chapter #a4 ,,page4 ,schedules2 #a ,,chapter #b4 ,infantry drill regulations2 #ca ,school of the soldier2 #ca ,instruction without arms2 #ca ,attention2 #cb ,position of2 #cb ,heels together and on a line2 #cb ,feet turned out equally1 forming angle of #de degrees2 #cb ,knees extended without stiffness2 #cb ,trunk erect upon hips2 #cb ,shoulders falling naturally2 #cb ,arms hanging naturally2 #cc ,head erect1 chin raised2 #cc ,rests2 #cc ,position of rest and at ease2 #cc ,fall out2 #cd ,rest2 #cd ,at ease2 #cd ,parade rest2 #cd ,eyes right2 #cd ,right face2 #cd ,right half face2 #cd ,about face2 #cd ,hand salute2 #cd ,forward march2 #cd ,double time1 march2 #cd ,mark time1 march2 #cd ,half step1 march2 #cd ,right step1 march2 #cd ,squad1 halt2 #cd ,by right flank1 march2 #cd ,to the rear1 march2 #cd ,change step1 march2 #cd ,manual of arms2 #ce ,purpose2 #ce ,commands and cautions2 #ce ,order1 arms2 #ce ,present1 arms2 #ce ,port1 arms2 #ce ,right shoulder1 arms2 #ce ,left shoulder1 arms2 #ce ,parade1 rest2 #ce ,trail1 arms2 #ce ,rifle salute2 #ce ,fix bayonet2 #ce ,unfix bayonet2 #cf ,inspection arms2 #cf ,school of the squad2 #cf ,object2 #cf ,composition of squad2 #cf ,fall in2 #cf ,fall out2 #cf ,count off2 #cf ,inspection arms--right dress1 front2 #cf ,guide right2 #cg ,take interval2 #cg ,to reform2 #cg ,take distance2 #cg ,assemble1 march2 #cg ,stack arms2 #cg ,take arms2 #cg ,oblique1 march2 #cg ,in place1 halt2 #cg ,resume march2 #ch ,right turn2 #ch ,right half turn2 #ch ,squads right2 #ch ,squad right about2 #ch ,school of the company2 #ch ,object2 #ch ,composition2 #ci ,fall in2 #ci ,platoon movements2 #dj ,leading platoon2 #dj ,rear platoon2 #dj ,questions which come up in daily military life2 #dj ,answers2 #da ,insignia2 #da ,for second lieutenants2 #da ,company right1 march2 #db ,platoons right1 march2 #db ,squads right1 march2 #db ,right turn1 march2 #db ,column right1 march2 #db ,platoons1 column right1 march2 #db ,squads right1 column right1 march2 #db ,squads right1 platoons1 column right1 march2 #db ,squads right about1 march2 #dc ,right into line1 march2 #dc ,right front into line1 march2 #dc ,platoons1 right front into line1 march2 #dc ,route step1 march2 #dc ,right by twos1 march2 #dc ,squads right front into line1 march2 #dc ,dismiss the company2 #dc ,to fall in company when it cannot be formed by squads2 #dd ,for muster2 #dd ,in aligning company2 #dd ,to march squad without unnecessary commands2 #dd ,as skirmishers1 march2 #dd ,assemble1 march2 #de ,kneel2 #de ,lie down2 #de ,rise2 #de ,loadings and firings2 #de ,arming2 #de ,sight-setting announced2 #de ,fire at will2 #de ,clip fire2 #de ,unload2 #de ,extended order2 #de ,corporal cautions2 #df ,left face2 #df ,company right2 #df ,deployments2 #df ,as skirmishers1 guide right1 march2 #df ,to deploy from column or squad2 #df ,assemble1 march2 #dg ,platoons1 assemble2 #dg ,platoons1 columns2 #dg ,squad columns2 #dg ,no4 #a's forward1 march2 #dh ,captain points out new line2 #dh ,disadvantage2 #dh ,advantage2 #dh ,being in skirmish line2 #dh ,by platoon2 #dh ,commands2 #dh ,school of the ,battalion2 #di ,basis2 #di ,arrangement2 #di ,number2 #di ,center2 #di ,band2 #di ,dressing2 #di ,to form the battalion2 #di ,other than ceremonies2 #di ,for ceremonies2 #di ,to dismiss the battalion2 #ej ,to rectify the alignment2 #ej ,to rectify the column2 #ej ,helpful hints to beginners2 #ej ,in column of squads2 #ej ,in column of companies2 #ea ,line of companies2 #ec ,in battalion line2 #ed ,inspections2 #ee ,special points of company2 #ee ,battalion inspection2 #ef ,regimental inspection2 #ef ,ceremonies2 #ef ,battalion review2 #ef ,battalion parade2 #eg ,regimental parade2 #eh ,regimental review2 #eh ,fire direction2 #eh ,fire control2 #eh ,fire discipline2 #eh ,the colonel2 #ei ,position2 #ei ,duties2 #fj ,the major2 #fj ,position2 #fj ,the general2 #fa ,duties2 #fa ,special2 #fb ,battalion staff2 #fc ,positions2 #fc ,duties2 #fd ,position2 #fe ,duties3 before fire action2 #fe during the action2 #fe ,buglers2 #ff ,position2 #ff ,duties2 #ff ,must be proficient in2 #fg ,range estimators2 #fg ,platoon leader2 #fh ,position2 #fh ,duties2 #fh ,thereafter2 #fi ,first sergeant2 #gj ,guides2 #gj ,general rules2 #gj ,equipment2 #gj ,close order2 #ga ,taking intervals and distances2 #ga ,to form the company2 #gb ,alignments2 #gb ,exercise for2 #gd ,result2 #gd ,platoon ,guides2 #ge ,position2 #ge ,duties2 #ge ,corporal2 #gf ,position2 #gf ,duties2 #gf ,thereafter2 #gf ,the private2 #gh ,position2 #gh ,duties2 #gi ,packs2 #ha ,cartridge belt2 #ha ,to attach first-aid pouch2 #hb ,to attach canteen cover2 #hb ,to attach pack carrier to haversack2 #hb ,to attach cartridge belt to haversack2 #hc ,to attach bayonet scabbard to haversack2 #hc ,to attach intrenching tool carrier to haversack2 #hc ,to assemble the full equipment 7without rations72 #hd ,to make the pack2 #he ,to assemble the pack2 #he ,to assemble the full equipment 7with rations72 #hf ,to make the pack2 #hf ,to assemble the pack2 #hf ,to adjust to the soldier2 #hf ,to assemble full equipment1 less the pack 7with rations72 #hg ,to assemble full equipment1 less the pack 7without rations72 #hh ,to discard pack without removing equipment from body2 #hh ,care of equipment2 #hi ,leather2 #hi ,woolen clothes2 #hi ,mending2 #hi ,cloth equipment--dry cleaning2 #hi ,washing2 #hi ,instructions on making packs2 #hi ,methods2 #hi ,adjusting cartridge belt2 #ij ,distribution of intrenching tools in the squad2 #ij ,,chapter #c4 ,physical training2 #ia ,physical training2 #ia ,bayonet training2 #ia ,time schedule2 #ia ,formations2 #ib ,second formation2 #ic ,commands2 #ic ,kinds of and how given2 #ic ,first lesson2 #id ,second lesson2 #ie ,third lesson2 #if ,fourth lesson2 #ih ,fifth lesson2 #ii ,voice culture2 #ajc ,,chapter #d4 ,use of modern arms2 #aje ,small arms firing2 #ajf ,slow fire2 #aji ,rapid fire2 #aji ,pistol2 #aab ,nomenclature and care2 #aab ,manual for the pistol2 #aab ,position2 #aaf ,the grip2 #aaf ,the trigger squeeze2 #aag ,position and aiming drills2 #aag ,quick fire2 #aah ,classes of fire2 #aah ,slow fire2 #aah ,quick fire2 #aah ,automatic fire2 #aah ,trench2 #aah ,score2 #aai ,course2 #abj ,slow fire2 #abj ,quick fire2 #abj ,automatic fire2 #abj ,trench fire2 #abj ,bayonet training2 #abj ,functions of2 #abj ,general practice2 #abj ,technique of bayonet combat2 #aba ,manual of the bayonet2 #abb ,progressive exercises2 #abd ,machine guns2 #abh ,mode of action2 #abh ,fire2 #abi ,inconspicuousness2 #abi ,offensive reinforcement of a front momentarily stationary2 #acj ,defensive2 #acj ,general rules for installation2 #aca ,employment of fire and instruction2 #acb ,resume2 #acb ,points before firing2 #acc ,points during firing2 #acc ,points after firing2 #acc ,grenade instruction2 #acd ,introduction2 #acd ,working of grenades in use2 #acf ,instruction in throwing2 #ach ,instruction in grenade organization2 #aci ,points to remember2 #ada ,,chapter #e4 ,map sketching2 #adc ,class room--map reading2 #adc ,taking up map scales2 #adc ,field work--strict scale map making2 #ade ,road sketch2 #adf ,area sketch2 #adf 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