,copyright 7,c7 #bjjd by ,dorin ,t4 ,moisa ,,the ,,brain1 ,a ,,decoded ,,enigma ,dorin ,t4 ,,moisa ,warning ,this book contains a symbolic model associated to the basic hardware function of the brain4 ,a symbolic model is a model based on logic only4 ,so1 this book is not recommended to individuals who has the tendency to understand the external reality based on imagination4 ,the book can be understand by persons between #ab and #bj years old who have special abilities in the field of positive sciences4 ,also1 the book is recommended to persons who already work in the field of positive sciences 7mathematicians1 phisicists1 engineers and so on74 ,,content ,introduction ,abstract ,fundamental ,terms 7keywords7 ,definitions associated with the basic terms ,the basic hardware elements ,some principial problems ,how ,m-,,zm models are build ,the human brain 7introduction7 ,the human brain versus animal brain ,human brain3 evolution or external intervention ,basic design deficiencies of the human brain ,the structure of the brain1 the ,,psm-model ,the structure of the brain3 functional facilities and types of models ,paranormal phenomena ,the normal human brain ,the abstract of the functional facilities of the brain ,the personality 7human only7 ,the conciousness ,abstract3 model dictionary ,example1 ,tests1 ,aplications 7,e,t,as7 ,,eta #a3 ,the model ,,eta #b3 ,truth1 reality1 communication ,,eta #c3 ,fundamental problems associated to scientific knowledge ,,eta #d3 ,general communication language 7,,gcl71 dictionary of terms ,,eta #e3 ,,null model ,,eta #f3 ,time ,,eta #g3 ,music ,,eta #h3 ,cinematography ,,eta #i3 ,the fundamentalisms of the world we live in ,,eta #aj3 ,terrorism ,,eta #aa3 ,problems of the human brain evolution ,,eta #ab3 ,rattlesnake ,,eta #ac3 ,the main psychiatric illnesses3 paranoia and schizophrenia ,,eta #ad3 ,suicide ,,eta #ae3 ,normality tests ,,eta #af3 ,dreams ,,eta #ag3 ,the history of the evolution of the human species1 based on ,,mdt ,,eta #ah3 ,the organization of the human society ,,eta #ai3 ,the schizophrenic-paranoiac complex 7,,xspc7 ,,eta #bj3 ,induced paranoia 7,,xip7 and paranoiac-schizophrenic complex 7,,xpsc7 ,,eta #ba3 ,disharmonies of the functions of the brain ,,eta #bb3 ,direct demonstration of the function to build image models ,,eta #bc3 ,some basic parameters of the brain for measuring the performances ,,eta #bd3 ,animals ,,eta #be3 ,very complicated operations on image models 7walk1 jumps1 climbing trees7 of humans ,,eta #bf3 ,the brain evolves under our eyes ,,eta #bg3 ,principial negative effects associated with the functioning of the brain ,,eta #bh3 ,free-masonry ,,eta #bi3 ,problems associated with movie-making ,,eta #cj3 ,optical perspective and the quality of construction of image models ,,eta #ca3 ,something agressivity may fight ,,xs#a-type schizophrenia ,,eta #cb3 ,sex ,,eta #cc3 ,the internal body ,,eta #cd3 ,the european spirit ,end notes ,bibliography ,introduction ,this book contains my original theory1 called ,,mdt 7,modeling ,devices ,theory7 on the basic hardware function of the brain 7human or animal74 ,as any scientific theory1 it is a symbolic model4 ,any symbolic model is based on a limited number of basic terms and a limited number of basic relations between the basic terms4 ,for the basic terms and only for them1 there are accepted descriptive definitions4 ,all the others terms are generated by the model1 together with their normal definitions4 ,these definitions are generated by the model by logical and mathematical procedures4 ,these are the basic characteristics of any scientific theory and so1 ,i follow the procedures described above1 to make a theory on the basic hardware functions of the brain4 ,this theory is in a total opposition with all the actual sciences associated with the functions of the brain4 ,the present sciences1 associated with the functions of the brain1 are not based on a single fundamental model4 ,in this way1 as my theory will be accepted1 all what it was already written in the actual sciences associated with the functions of the brain1 have to be re-written or forgotten4 ,this attempt of total revolution is necessary because the actual sciences on the brain don't use normal definitions of the terms2 there are only descriptions associated with them4 ,because the definitions of the terms are not generated by a single fundamental model1 the logical corelation between them is not possible4 ,so1 the actual sciences associated with the brain cannot evolve to become positive science anymore4 ,in psychology1 for instance1 about any scientist has his_/her own list of descriptive definition associated with the terms used by him_/her4 ,in this way1 it is not possible to make a logical structure to integrate all the terms used in that field4 ,so1 the psychology1 for instance1 is not a positive science4 ,another example3 ,let's consider a classical positive science1 as ,newton's ,mechanics is4 ,in this symbolic model1 all terms have exactly the same definition for all the scientists4 ,these definition are not changed since #cdj years ago when they were generated by the symbolic model of ,mechanics4 ,for instance1 the term speed is defined as vs_/t4 ,that is1 speed means that the space is divided by time4 ,this definition is a normal definition generated by the symbolic model of ,mechanics not a descriptive definition4 ,let's suppose now that a symbolic model associated with the basic hardware function of the brain is already created or it will be created4 ,the first consequence is that all the terms used in association with the functions of the brain will be generated by the model by logical and mathematical procedures1 together with their normal definitions4 ,there is no reason to suppose that any descriptive definition which is already used in the present sciences of the brain will be compatible with the definitions generated by that symbolic model4 ,so1 all what is already created in the present sciences associated with the brain has to be re-written or forgotten4 ,regardless of the fact that ,,mdt theory will be accepted or not1 a symbolic model which covers the basic hardware function of the brain will produce this total revolution in all the sciences associated with the brain1 including psychology1 psychiatry1 gnoseology1 epistemology1 many parts of social sciences and so on4 ,let's consider that a symbolic model to cover the basic functions of the brain is created and is already accepted4 ,the persons who already work in these fields have to re-start everything about from zero4 ,their opposition will be enormous and ,i have no illusion in this direction4 ,this theory was created about #aj years ago4 ,based on my personal experience1 the theory is easily understood by persons with special orientation on positive sciences1 including children's over #ab years old4 ,also1 the persons who already work with symbolic models 7mathematicians1 physicists1 engineers and so on7 have a high capacity to understand it4 ,let's see what ,,mdt offers4 ,first of all1 ,,mdt treats the brain as a device which processes the information4 ,in this way1 ,,mdt has no direct connection with the medicine4 ,,mdt is concerning only with the basic functions associated with information processing and it is not interested by problems as what part of the brain is doing something or how a function is implemented4 ,,mdt is a theory associated with the processing of the information and so it has no direct interference with the hardware implementation of the physical brain4 ,as a symbolic model associated with the basic function of the brain1 it generates precise definition1 based on logic1 of all the terms used in association with the basic hardware functions of the brain4 ,in this way1 all the terms are logical correlated between them4 ,examples3 ,,mdt generates normal definitions for3 knowledge1 consciousness1 to imagine1 to think1 intelligence1 emotion1 to be irritate1 love1 happiness and many others4 ,e4g4 the consciousness is the facility of a brain to make and operate a model which contains the being itself as an element4 ,,mdt defines1 than1 #f different types of consciousness which are1 of course1 defined in the same precise way4 ,even more1 based on ,,mdt1 it is possible to design a logical structure to implement the function called consciousness4 ,,mdt explains the basic functions of the brain up to the level to make a logical design to synthesize all the brain's functions 7human or animal74 ,of course1 a technological implementation of that functions is not possible now because the computers1 for example1 have yet a very low power to process the information and this situation will last1 ,i think1 at least in the next #be years4 ,in fact1 the brain is treated by ,,mdt as a technological product4 ,so1 there are defined the main design goals and also1 the main deficiencies 7by design or given by technological implementation74 ,there is analyzed the problem if1 by evolution1 it is possible or not to evolve from animal brain to human brain4 ,there are analyzed the design and technological problems1 including the functional illnesses of the brains4 ,the theory treats also the paranormal phenomenon and suggest some methods to develop such activities4 ,the ,application section 7,e,t,as7 contains also many items as a history of the evolution of the brain1 the evaluation of the problems of psychological tests and performance tests for a brain1 some problems associated with the present and future levels of evolution of the brain1 some long range problems associated with the development of the human society 7including the terrorism7 and many others4 ,the basic elements of ,,mdt occurs in #aiic and the first written form 7on ,,web7 in #aiig4 ,in #bjjc a printed edition of the theory was published 7in ,romanian language7 by the ,romanian ,publishing ,house ,editura ,albastra and in #bjjd1 in the frame of ,gutenberg ,project1 a new edition also in ,romanian4 ,the process of developing is continuing4 ,dorin ,t4 ,,moisa moisazappmobile4ro ,,the ,,basic ,,functions ,,of ,,the ,,brain ,,abstract ,this theory1 called by me as ,,mdt 7,modeling ,devices ,theory7 considers that the basic hardware function of any brain 7human or animal7 is to make and operate image models 7or analogic models7 which are associated with the external reality4 ,in this frame1 for the human brain only1 there is an additional hardware facility3 to make and operate symbolic models4 ,,fundamental ,,terms 7,,keywords7 ,image model 7or analogic model71 symbolic model1 simulation on model1 information1 truth1 reality1 input reality 7,,ir71 external reality1 image1 harmony1 logic1 general communications language 7,,gcl71 logical and mathematical language4 ,,definitions ,,associated ,,with ,,the ,,basic ,,terms ,this theory is a symbolic model4 ,any symbolic model has a limited number of fundamental terms4 ,for these terms and only for them1 there are accepted descriptive definitions4 ,a descriptive definition is1 usually1 not precise enough for a scientific approach4 ,this lack of precision is due to the fact that it uses terms which must be defined before4 ,the terms used in the definition must also be defined using already defined words4 ,this process seems to be endless4 ,in any positive science1 the descriptive definitions are accepted only for a very limited number of terms4 ,these are called fundamental terms4 ,for instance1 in the symbolic model of ,newton's ,mechanics1 the fundamental terms are mass1 space and time4 ,none of these terms have a normal definition 7i4e4 generated by the model74 ,they have only descriptive definitions4 ,once the fundamental terms are introduced by description1 all the other terms have normal definitions1 which are generated by the symbolic model1 by logical and mathematical operations4 ,let's see the definitions of the terms used by the ,,mdt theory4 ,model3 this is a term used on large scale in science and technology4 ,the ,,mdt theory accepts the definition used there4 ,a model means some fundamental elements and some fundamental relations between the elements4 ,the elements could be of any type 7physical objects1 the representation of any object in any form1 including pictures of any type or images of any type or mathematical symbols of any type and so on74 ,in fact1 an element could be associated with anything which can be considered as an entity4 ,the elements have some properties1 which must be specified somehow4 ,there are a number of relations between the elements1 which must also be specified4 ,an image model 7or analogic model7 contains an unspecified number of elements and an unspecified number of relations between the elements4 ,an image model is just given as it is4 ,it is not possible to specify in explicit and precise ways which are the elements and which are the relations4 ,examples of image models3 maps1 models of an object of any type1 an assembly of such models including any material elements 7water1 air and so on71 any representation in any form of such elements4 ,a symbolic model uses as elements letters1 numbers or words4 ,the relations are of logical or mathematical type4 ,the most important symbolic model is the ,general ,communications ,language 7,,gcl74 ,the elements are usually nouns and the relations are usually verbs4 ,warning3 ,,gcl is not really a symbolic model4 ,the ,,gcl just contains all the elements and all the relations4 ,when a symbolic model is made 7a sentence1 for instance71 elements and relations from ,,gcl are used4 ,thus1 because there is no available word1 ,i decided to consider1 by extension1 the ,,gcl as a symbolic model4 ,in this frame1 ,,gcl has to be considered as symbolic model4 ,once a model given1 it is possible to simulate some situations on it4 ,for simulation1 a change must be made to the model4 ,after that1 the entire model will be changed because all the elements have some relations between them4 ,any implicit or explicit information which is generated by simulation by a model1 is called truth4 ,any truth must be associated with the model1 which generated it4 ,this is the definition of the term truth in the ,,mdt theory4 ,all the information1 which is or could be generated by a model by simulation1 is called reality associated to that model4 ,this is the definition of the term reality in the ,,mdt theory4 ,we also see here that before declaring the reality1 one needs to declare the model which generated it4 ,we already used the term information4 ,this term is a fundamental term4 ,it has no normal definition4 ,,mdt accepts the descriptive definition from common life and from science4 ,the same situation is for the term entity4 ,warning3 in connection with the term information1 something is considered as information after that something is processed somehow by a device which takes and processes that something4 ,this somehow confuse situation is normal for any fundamental term4 ,just think1 for instance1 how one can explain what is time4 ,the only possibility to explain what is time is to use examples that already use the term time4 ,in fact it is impossible to define terms as mass1 time1 space1 information or entity4 ,let's introduce two new terms3 harmony and logic4 ,once a model is given1 it is possible to make simulations on the model1 as it has already been explained4 ,by simulation1 it is necessary to change an element or a relation4 ,the model goes into a temporary unstable situation because all the elements are connected between them4 ,the model will evolve to a new stable situation4 ,for an image model1 the evolution to stability is based on harmony laws4 ,for a symbolic model1 the evolution to stability is based on logic4 ,thus1 a stable model is a harmonic or logic model and1 after a perturbation1 the model will regain the stability based on the laws of harmony 7image models7 or logic 7symbolic models74 ,the evolution of any model toward stability 7to become harmonic or logic7 is also a basic hardware facility of the brain4 ,because some situations from external reality can be associated1 sometimes1 with both types of models1 there can be a corespondence between harmony and logic4 ,thus1 the implicit definitions of the terms harmony and logic are associated with the methods to regain the stability of an image model 7harmony7 or symbolic model 7logic74 ,an implicit definition means that we are able to recognize the effect of harmony or logic in an informational structure4 ,we are now in the situation to present the basic hardware function of any brain1 based on the terms1 which have already been defined4 ,the basic hardware function of any brain 7human or animal7 is to make models associated to external reality and to predict1 by simulation1 the possible evolutions of the model4 ,because the model is associated with external reality1 it is possible to predict by simulation some probable evolutions of the external reality4 ,we already used the term external reality which is not defined yet4 ,this fundamental term is considered as a source of information1 which is not localized in the structure of models of the brain4 ,i want to emphasize that the external reality is not a source of information1 but is just considered so by any brain4 ,thus1 one of the main hardware functions of the brain is to make models of the external reality and to predict1 by simulation on the model1 the possible evolution of the associated external reality4 ,we already defined the reality as all the information which is or could be generated by a model4 ,this means that we understand the external reality by the reality1 which is generated by a model1 which is associated with the external reality4 ,example3 ,for a given external reality1 any person makes an associated model4 ,any person has his_/her own model associated to the same external reality4 ,we think and act based on our own reality and not based directly on the external reality4 ,in fact1 external reality is rather an invention of the brain to explain its structure of models4 ,,the ,,basic ,,hardware ,,element ,let's see what is the basic hardware element of a brain 7human or animal74 ,there are some image-type models called ,m-models1 which are associated with the sense organs 7eyes1 ears and so on74 ,m-models work in association with some ,,ym-models1 which already exist in the brain4 ,,ym-models are concept models4 ,a concept-model is a simplified model which1 in this way1 fits a large class of similar models4 ,example of ,,ym models3 dog1 table and so on4 ,m-models have to discover as many as possible entities in the external reality and to associate a ,,ym model to any entity4 ,once an entity was firstly associated with a ,,ym1 ,m-models will predict its evolution based also on that ,,ym4 ,example3 if an entity was associated with a ,,ym-dog1 the ,m-model is able to predict how this ,,ym performs in connection with all the other ,y,ms of it4 ,any prediction of ,m with that ,,ym included is compared with the information obtained by ,m from external reality4 ,the information obtained by a ,m-model from outside during the comparison process1 is called input reality 7,,ir74 ,we just introduced a new term as input reality or ,,ir4 ,,ir is the information obtained by an ,m-model from outside 7from external reality or from other models7 to improve its predictions4 ,if the prediction meets ,,ir1 then ,m will try another prediction to improve its quality4 ,if one or more predictions do not meet ,,ir1 then ,m will replace that ,,yr with another1 and the process will continue4 ,this process will continue so that all the entities which are discovered by ,m-models will be associated with some ,y,ms and all the predictions of ,m must confirm the ,m-model1 unchanged4 ,such a model is1 thus1 a stable model4 ,when ,m is stable1 all ,y,ms are integrated in ,m in a harmonic way4 ,the main function of ,m-models is to make a preliminary harmonic model 7stable model7 associated with an external reality4 ,conclusion3 a ,m-model interacts with a section of the external reality4 ,m will be a model made in an informational way by analogy with that section of the external reality4 ,because ,m is a model1 all the elements are connected between them in a harmonic way1 so that the model is stable4 ,this stability is verified on and on in an automatic way1 as long as a specific external reality is in interaction with the specific ,m-model4 ,m-models interact with some other type models1 called ,,zm-models4 ,,zm-models take some information from one or more ,m-models and continue the construction of models associated with the corresponding external reality4 ,to do this1 ,,zm- models interact with the other ,,zm-models of the brain to improve ,m-models4 ,m-models are just preliminary models based on ,,ym-models4 ,a ,,zm model will take any information from any other ,m and ,,zm models of the brain1 to improve it4 ,example3 an ,m-model is associated with a bus that transports people4 ,a ,,zm- model takes this information and tries to see if this bus transports tourists or is a public transport vehicle4 ,to do this1 it will use information taken from any other ,,zm-models and ,m-models4 ,the aim is to make a ,,zm-model1 which reflects as well as possible a section of the external reality4 ,because ,,zm is a model1 it is stable and because this model is integrated in a structure of other ,,zm-models1 the structure of ,,zm-models is stable too4 ,this problem will be treated later in details4 ,,zm-models are long-range models4 ,this term will be explained later4 ,here1 the long-range model is understood as a model1 which already developed its elements as self standing models4 ,,zm models are the main models1 which reflect the external reality4 ,we define now two very important terms3 knowledge and consciousness4 ,knowledge is associated with the facility to predict the evolution of the external reality based on a structure of harmonic_/logic models4 ,this structure was made by a large number of interactions with many sections of the external reality and so it already generated a large number of good predictions4 ,this means that the only guarantee of the correctness of the knowledge is the confidence in that structure of models4 ,this issue will be developed in details later in the book4 ,the consciousness is the facility to make and operate a model1 associated with the external reality1 where the person itself is an element of that model4 ,when such a model is activated1 it will also find the position of the person in the model and so it will predict the position of the person in the external reality4 ,this issue will also be developed in detail in another part of the book4 ,we will now develop some issues associated with the term knowledge4 ,we already defined knowledge as the capacity to predict in a correct way the evolution of the external reality4 ,here we use the term correct4 ,let's see what it means4 ,this term has two definitions4 ,one situation is when a model makes a prediction and the prediction is compared with ,,ir4 ,if the prediction meets ,,ir1 then the prediction is correct4 ,unfortunately1 there are very few situations when the comparison between prediction and ,,ir is possible4 ,for instance1 building a bridge4 ,a problem is1 for instance1 if the bridge will be stable or not in case of an earthquake4 ,here we need a guarantee that the bridge is properly built and there is no possibility to verify this based on ,,ir4 ,the second definition of the term correct is3 the brain will consider as correct any prediction based on a harmonic_/logic structure of models4 ,to be harmonic1 the structure was already verified1 based on ,,ir in many other situations4 ,so1 the only guarantee of a correct prediction is the confidence in that structure of models4 ,,mdt is associated with the basic hardware functions of the brain4 ,once we described the hardware structure1 everything what the ,,mdt predicts is based on what the hardware is able to do4 ,what ,,mdt says about knowledge is not another theory on knowledge but what the hardware is able to do4 ,any experiment is based on a model4 ,that model tells us what we are doing and the same model tells us what we get and what we see4 ,any model that makes the experiment just improves itself4 ,an improved model will make better predictions and that is all4 ,there is no guarantee associated with the knowledge except the confidence in our own structure of models4 ,let's see another aspect4 ,we saw that any experiment is based on a model4 ,the model tells us what we did and what we get and see4 ,if there are many persons who participate in an experiment1 everyone will make his_/her own model based on his_/her own structure of models4 ,what everyone gets and sees depends on one's own structure of models4 ,example3 up to around year #aejj everybody knew that the ,earth was the center of the ,universe4 ,this idea was supported by direct observation of the sky but also by a powerful structure of models4 ,so1 in that period1 the astronomers were able to calculate ,sun and ,moon eclipses1 understand and calculate many parameters associated with the movement of the ,moon1 ,sun and stars4 ,even the ,holy ,book supported this idea1 at least in an implicit way4 ,in that period1 the idea that ,earth is the center of the ,universe was correct4 ,i want to emphasize again that the situation is generated by the work principle of the brain4 ,it does not matter if we like or not this situation6 ,the situation will be the same forever4 ,for instance1 ,newton's ,mechanics considers that there is a fundamental field of forces called gravity4 ,everybody considers that the gravity exists4 ,but ,einstein says that there is no such a field of forces2 what we see is just an effect of the distortion of the space due to mass4 ,if ,einstein is right1 the idea that there is gravity is not correct anymore4 ,see also the applications4 ,so1 in every moment1 the brain will consider as correct everything which is generated by its structure of stable models4 ,some scientists could consider these assertions as unacceptable1 but regardless of the fact that we like or not such a situation1 the brain is able to do only what the hardware structure is able to do4 ,there is another term that has some associated problems4 ,this term is wrong4 ,if a model makes wrong predictions1 this usually does not mean that the model is wrong4 ,it means just that the model is not suitable to the given external reality4 ,faced with a new external reality1 the brain will activate the model which makes the best predictions associated with that external reality4 ,if a model makes wrong predictions1 we have to change the model with another one or to modify the model4 ,example3 ,newton's symbolic model of ,mechanics makes wrong predictions associated with the objects moving at a speed comparable to the speed of light1 but its predictions are good 7correct7 at lower speed4 ,in any situation1 the terms correct and wrong must be associated with a model or with a structure of models4 ,we already described the first basic hardware facility associated with the brain 7human or animal74 ,it generates truth1 reality1 knowledge and consciousness4 ,now we will describe the second basic hardware facility of the brain4 ,this is the action on the external reality4 ,we already saw that faced with a section of the external reality1 the brain makes at least one ,,zm model4 ,a ,,zm model works in association with any available 7or several7 ,m-model and with any other ,z,ms of that brain4 ,the main ,,zm is able to predict in a correct way the evolution of a section of the external reality4 ,such a ,,zm is able to make a new class of long-range models called ,z,a,ms4 ,z,a,ms are artificial and invariant4 ,an artificial model is made without any direct interaction with the external reality4 ,an invariant model is a model1 which cannot be changed by direct interaction with the external reality4 ,a ,,zm model will make a ,,zam model in order to modify the external reality4 ,once a ,,zam is made1 it becomes a reference model in changing the external reality4 ,to do this1 the ,,zam-model works in connection with a number of ,,azm models4 ,an ,,azm is a model which is already connected to the execution organs of a being 7for human beings these are legs1 hands and so on74 ,once a ,,zam is activated1 it will simulate the requested action using any information from all models of the brain4 ,based on simulations1 ,,zam will determine if it is able or not to meet the goal4 ,if the simulation shows that the action is possible1 then the ,,zam will activate ,,azm models for action on the external reality4 ,the ,,zam will control the ,a,z,ms to act on the external reality exactly as in the successful simulation1 with good chances of success4 ,if by any simulation the objective is impossible to reach1 the brain will be blocked to do that activity4 ,example3 if a person has to jump over an obstacle1 that person will know very fast if the jump is possible or not4 ,the person knows this1 because a ,,zm makes a ,,zam-model1 which is associated to the external reality 7the person itself1 the supporting surface and the obstacle1 as main elements74 ,the ,,zam then simulates the jump on the model4 ,if the simulated jump fails1 the brain is blocked to do the action4 ,if the jump is done with success in the simulation1 the ,,zam will control the body during the jump exactly as it was in the simulation1 with good chance of success4 ,no action on the external reality is possible without a successful simulation of that action4 ,the action will be as in the successful simulation4 ,both in an immediate action and in an activity that has to be done in the future1 any brain follows this procedure4 ,we shall add some considerations about the speed of action on external reality4 ,so1 when we walk on a plane surface1 for each step there is at least one simulation before the step is done4 ,due to a large number of internal and external factors1 any step is unique4 ,thus1 if we walk on a raw surface 7a stony trail in the mountains1 for instance7 not only every step in based on a simulation but even during the execution of a step1 it is possible to make a new simulation based on new data and so a step in execution can be modified at all time to meet the goal as ,,zam requires4 ,thus1 a very complicated activity as walking on a mountain trail1 can be done very easily and even elegantly1 based on continuous predictions and simulations associated with every step4 ,as it was already emphasized before1 this procedure to simulate in advance any activity on external reality is followed in all situations1 regardless if the activity is immediate or it has to be done in the future4 ,we have already described the two main hardware facilities of the brain 7human or animal74 ,here is a preliminary abstract of the main hardware models of the brain3 ,m-models3 these models are associated to sense organs4 ,the brain tries to make a preliminary model of the external reality4 ,to do this1 it uses a number of ,,ym concept models4 ,the main activity is to find the entities of the external reality and to associate to any entity a ,,ym model4 ,then1 by simulation on the model1 ,m-models try to integrate any ,,ym model in the structure in a harmonic way4 ,that is1 any simulation of interaction between a ,,ym and any other ,,ym- model must confirm the ,m-model1 unaltered4 ,if1 for instance1 some predictions of an ,,ym#a model in relation with an ,,ym#b model are not compatible with the prediction of the ,,ym#b model in relation with the ,,ym#a model1 then ,m has to change ,,ym#a or ,,ym#b1 or some relations1 or some other ,y,ms1 so that the ,m-model is stable4 ,m-models work in an automatic way1 trying to be stable in interaction with the associated section of the external reality4 ,,ym-models3 they are concept models associated with all the entities1 which have already been discovered by the brain by ,m-model activity4 ,when a new being is born1 there are practically no ,y,ms4 ,they are made by direct interaction with the external reality4 ,,zm-models3 they are the main long-range models of the brain4 ,they generate knowledge and consciousness4 ,also they make ,y,ms1 ,z,a,ms and ,a,z,ms4 ,they are able to take any information from any other model of the brain4 ,z,ms can replace a ,,ym-model with another if something is not ,,ok after an advance prediction and simulation based on any available data4 ,they also control ,,zam-models during their activity4 ,,zam-models3 they are artificial and invariant models4 ,an artificial model is not generated by direct interaction with the external reality4 ,an invariant model is a model1 which cannot be changed by direct interaction with the external reality4 ,z,a,ms are models1 which act on the external reality4 ,once a ,,zam was made and activated by a ,,zm1 it will simulate the activity1 using any information from any model of the brain4 ,by one or more simulations1 the ,,zam will find the right solution4 ,if it fails to find a solution1 then the ,,zm will make another ,,zam and the process continues4 ,,azm-models3 they are associated in a direct way to the organs which can act on external reality4 ,they are ready-made when a being is born1 but1 to be used1 they have to be dynamically calibrated by the activity of the ,z,a,ms4 ,that is1 a ,,zam has to know everything is association with the external organs of a body 7e4g4 hands1 legs for a human74 ,when a ,,zam has to make a simulation1 it has to know all the parameters of the muscles1 for instance4 ,an ,,azm has to know and transmit such parameters4 ,to do this1 ,a,z,ms keep a model of any external organ of that being4 ,all these models are associated with the hardware implementation of the brain4 ,we will see later some others types of models which are associated with the software implementation of the brain4 ,,some ,,principial ,,problems ,when an ,m-model is activated it does not know how many entities are in the external reality4 ,even more1 it does not know which are these entities4 ,the device will try to find them based on the facilities of the sense organs1 but there is no guarantee that ,m-models have found all the entities and no guarantee that the right ,y,ms are associated to such entities4 ,this is a basic deficiency4 ,the camouflage and dissimulation are methods which use this deficiency4 ,by camouflage an entity is not discovered and by dissimulation ,m-models associate a wrong ,,ym to an entity4 ,let's see another basic problem4 ,any model evolves to be harmonic with itself and so1 to be stable4 ,this means that1 after any change in the model1 it has to regain its stability4 ,if a model has a disharmony1 it has to correct itself based on ,,ir or based on an internal change 7,,ir is not available in any situation74 ,thus the model regains its stability1 but in some cases the model could be not suitable anymore to reflect the external reality4 ,there are many cases when a model is stable but its predictions associated with the external reality are wrong4 ,we already defined reality as all the information that is or could be generated by a model by simulation4 ,the guarantee of a correct reality is the stability of the model but the stability of the model is not a guarantee that the model is capable to accurately reflect the associated external reality4 ,that is1 there is no guarantee that all the entities of a given external reality are discovered1 there is no guarantee that the right ,y,ms are associated with these entities and so on4 ,the stability of a model is just a guarantee that all the available information is correlated in the right way4 ,there is another class of basic problems associated with the changes in a model4 ,if a model has to be changed1 sometimes there are small chances to do that4 ,in fact1 the only possibility is to make a new model from scratch1 using or not elements and relations from the old model4 ,this activity could be sometimes so complex that it can exceed the technical capacity of the brain4 ,indeed1 a new model must be accepted by the whole structure of models4 ,that is1 any other model of the structure must accept any prediction of the new model1 so that the new structure is stable4 ,if the new model is good in interaction with the external reality but the structure of the models is not good enough1 then some other models of the structure have to be changed too4 ,as ,i said1 this process can exceed the brain's technical capacity of processing4 ,this can be considered as a design deficiency too4 ,this explains a lot of situations in common life1 when logical arguments or facts taken from external reality cannot change wrong models some people have4 ,as we know1 a stable model is a model which correlates in a right way all the available information4 ,but1 there is no guarantee that we gain enough information to make the right model4 ,this basic deficiency is attenuated by the fact that there is a structure of models4 ,the structure of models helps a lot when we interact with a new external reality because it can make predictions based on the previous interaction with other external realities4 ,on the other hand1 the structure of models is like a brake for evolution if the structure has problems4 ,example3 ,the astronomer ,copernicus made a model of the ,universe based on the idea that the ,sun is the center of the ,universe1 not ,earth1 as everybody knew at the time4 ,around the year #aedc1 very few persons were able to change the whole structure of models1 based on this new model4 ,we continue with other basic problems and features4 ,in the normal activity of the brain1 any ,,zm-model has full access to any model of the brain4 ,that is1 a ,,zm model can correlate information from many ,m-type models and from any other ,,zm of the brain4 ,this is true for any ,,zm of the brain4 ,in the complex interaction between a brain and the external reality1 there is a single ,,zm at a time1 controlling that being4 ,this ,,zm is called a local-,,zm or an active-,,zm4 ,a ,,zm can be changed to another in a dynamical way1 so that the being does many activities in time-sharing4 ,this activity is not simple4 ,so1 when a local-,,zm is deactivated1 it has to store the conditions1 to be able to resume when it takes control again4 ,there are problems associated with this activity4 ,some of the information can be lost or the external reality may evolve in the mean time so that the stored information will be of no use4 ,in this way1 any model1 which takes control of the being1 has to initialize before being able to regain full control4 ,this activity of initialization is very complex and in some situations it might contain errors4 ,thus1 it is rather difficult to do many activities in time- sharing4 ,there is also a basic problem associated with the term knowledge4 ,as we know1 the knowledge is associated with the predictions of a structure of models4 ,so1 the knowledge is associated with the structure of models and not with the external reality1 as we'd like it to be4 ,we should never ever forget this thing4 ,even more1 knowledge is a non-sense if we do not declare the structure of models4 ,example3 in any positive science1 it is usual to say that something is true based on a specified theory 7model74 ,,how ,m-,,zm ,,models ,,are ,,made ,for a given external reality1 the brain makes a structure of models1 using information taken from the external reality or from other models4 ,we will see how this function works in a specified situation3 how a new ,m-,,zm is made in interaction with a new external reality4 ,this function is described for a normal and mature brain4 ,the term normal brain will be treated later4 ,here1 a normal brain is a brain1 which is able to work as it was already described in the section of hardware facilities4 ,a mature brain is a brain1 which has enough ,,ym and ,,zm models made during a long time of interaction with the external reality4 ,an image is an information which is received as it is1 in the same way as it would be generated by a ,,tv-camera for instance4 ,this kind of information1 without any meaning in fact1 has to be integrated by the brain as an image- model4 ,as we already know1 ,m-models have to find some entities in that image4 ,they start by making a #c;,d-image4 ,this is possible in a rather easy way because almost all beings have two eyes4 ,so there are two plane images and ,m-models will make a #c;,d-image4 ,now1 the basic problem is that from a #c;,d-image it is not an easy task to identify the entities4 ,m-models will use any supplementary information associated with this #c;,d-model1 as color1 contrast1 brightness1 the movement of some entities and so on4 ,anyways1 ,m-models have to associate entities to ,,ym-models4 ,this process could be affected by mistakes1 but1 because ,m is a model1 there will be a lot of crosschecks that will allow to discover and correct some of the mistakes4 ,for instance1 if something round is discovered1 it could be an apple 7,,ym- apple7 or a ball 7,,ym-ball7 or anything else4 ,once a possible entity is associated with a ,,ym1 the ,m-model will predict how this ,,ym interacts with the other ,y,ms of the model4 ,for instance1 there is a ,,ym-apple4 ,it has a relation 7it is very close to7 with a ,,ym-table4 ,so1 from the predicted properties of the table1 based on simulation1 it results that it can support an apple1 and from the predicted properties of the apple1 it results that it can stay on that table4 ,so1 this relation seems to be good and thus1 maybe the ,y,ms are ,,ok4 ,now another example3 an apple is on a thin branch of a tree4 ,from the predicted properties of the branch1 it results that it cannot support that apple4 ,so1 the choosen ,,ym-apple or ,,ym-branch is not good4 ,m-models have to change something or to add something 7maybe there is no gravity there4447 to be stable4 ,the exact procedures and methods can be different4 ,anyway1 ,,mdt is a basic theory and it is not concerned with the technological implementation of the functions of the brain4 ,it is enough to say that there are basic methods to solve the problems and also that the methods are not #ajj safe1 as everybody knows from his_/her direct interaction with the external reality4 ,what is obtained by this interaction is a preliminary ,m-model associated with the external reality4 ,this ,m-model is in interaction with1 at least1 one ,,zm- model1 which develops the ,m-model based on any other information available in the brain4 ,these two processes happen almost simultaneously4 ,as an ,m-model is made1 a ,,zm- model takes some information from the ,m-model and improves itself4 ,also1 ,,zm can change or add some information into the ,m-model1 based on information obtained from other ,m-models or ,,zm-models4 ,these two processes are performed1 in fact1 almost simultaneously due to this very close communication4 ,they are called ,m-7,,ym7-,,zm processes4 ,the aim is to make a better and better ,,zm-model associated with a given external reality4 ,as we know1 such processes generate the knowledge and the consciousness4 ,faced with the same external reality1 every brain makes and operates its own structure of ,m-,,zm models and so its own reality4 ,for everyone1 the reality is generated by his_/her own structure of harmonic_/logic models4 ,from this mode of interaction1 it does not result that faced with the same external reality1 everyone makes the same structure of models4 ,example #a3 ,if a painter and a forest ranger look at a tree1 each will make another ,m-,,zm-model1 and each will think and act based on one's own reality4 ,example #b3 ,when we drive a car in the city1 ,m-models transmit the full information on what is around1 but ,,zm-models1 which control the car1 will use only part of it4 ,as the speed increases1 ,,zm will process a smaller and smaller part of the ,m-model1 to drive the car4 ,this phenomenon can be called the narrowing of the consciousness field4 ,it occurs every time when the brain is overloaded4 ,basically speaking1 everything what was already presented up to now is about the same for human and animal brains4 ,the exceptions are associated with symbolic models 7which are based on logic74 ,the animals cannot make any symbolic models4 ,as we know1 the basic function of any brain 7human or animal7 is to make and operate image-models4 ,let's continue with the basic differences between the human and animal brain4 ,,the ,,human ,,brain 7,introduction7 ,the basic difference between the animal brain and human brain is the capacity of the human brain to make and operate symbolic models4 ,the animals are not able in any way or form to make and operate symbolic models4 ,we already analyzed how a human or animal brain interacts with an image to make an image-model4 ,for the symbolic models the interaction is different4 ,a symbolic model1 as we know1 uses as elements letters1 words or numbers4 ,when a human brain interacts with such elements1 the ,m-models will contain such elements as specialized ,,ym-models4 ,such ,,ym-models contain all the shapes of the letters1 for instance4 ,it is not necessary to discover the elements1 because they are there in an explicit way4 ,all the symbolic elements are contained in a symbolic model called ,general ,communication ,language 7,,gcl74 ,there is a spoken language and a written language1 as directly interacting symbolic models4 ,this is true only for cultural zones which use alphabets4 ,there is a specific application which treats this problem4 ,for a given written text1 we have all the elements and all the relations between the elements1 in an explicit way1 as words4 ,usually1 the elements are the nouns and the relations between them are the verbs4 ,any sentence is a symbolic model1 for instance4 ,example3 the sentence3 ,i go home has two elements ,i and home and a relation between the elements as go4 ,the stability of the symbolic models is based on logic4 ,when a symbolic model is stable we call it a logical model4 ,a logical 7stable7 model can be understood by anybody who can make and operate symbolic models4 ,sometimes there is a correspondence between image-models and symbolic-models as in the following example4 ,example3 ,let's analyze the sentence ,an apple falls from an apple-tree4 ,we have two elements and a relation between them4 ,on the other hand1 we can make an image-model that describes the same situation3 an apple falls from an apple-tree4 ,so1 the logic could have been born in the process of translation from an image model to a symbolic model 7when the translation is possible74 ,as an image- model is stable based on laws of harmony1 a symbolic model is stable based on the laws of logic4 ,here we have in an implicit way the definitions of harmony and logic1 as the rules and methods to ensure the stability of an image-model 7harmony7 or a symbolic-model 7logic74 ,an implicit definition means that we are able to recognize the effect of harmony or logic in a structure of data4 ,,the ,,human ,,brain ,,versus ,,animal ,,brain ,,mdt is a theory that treats the human and animal brain in the same framework4 ,i present here a possible evolution of the brain1 from animal brain to human brain4 ,it is very important to specify that the theory is like a tool3 it does not support and also does not reject the evolutionist theory4 ,,mdt just describes the situation4 ,for any external reality1 the brain 7human or animal7 will make an image- model4 ,this function is basically the same for human and animal brain4 ,in a given external reality many similar elements could exist4 ,for any element1 the brain has to make a ,,ym-model4 ,for instance1 a dog has to make a ,,ym for any dog which it meets4 ,such a big number of models use a lot of the brain resources4 ,when there are many similar elements1 a solution is to make a concept-,,ym4 ,such a ,,ym will fit a big number of similar elements4 ,this reduces the quantity of data to be processed by an animal brain1 and so1 the brain becomes faster and more efficient4 ,thus1 the first level of evolution of the brain 7level #a7 is the extensive use of the concept models4 ,this level is1 probably1 reached by all animals4 ,observation3 the human and animal beings continue to use1 for some special situations1 pure image models4 ,a pure image model is a ,,ym-model associated with a single entity of the external reality4 ,for instance1 a cub has a pure image model of its mother4 ,the first step of the evolution of the brain is based on concept models4 ,a concept model fits an entire class of entities of the external reality4 ,during the interaction1 the brain will use a concept model and then1 in ,m-,,zm1 new properties will be added1 or even new elements1 if necessary1 to understand better and better the external reality4 ,the evolution of the brain continues with level #b4 ,this new facility is based on label-models4 ,as we know1 faced with a given external reality1 the brain makes an ,m-,,zm model that is able to predict the evolution of the present external reality4 ,such models are called local-,m-,,zm4 ,on level #b1 it is possible to make a new type of models1 which are called label-models4 ,a label- model is able to activate a ,,zm-model1 from the available models of the brain1 regardless of the local-,m-,,zm4 ,example3 an animal senses a specific smell4 ,this can be associated with food or with danger1 for instance4 ,in such a situation1 the animal can activate a specific ,,zm-model1 which has no direct connection with the local-,m-,,zm model4 ,this is level #b of the evolution of the brain4 ,at this level1 a special kind of communication between animals occurs4 ,this kind of communication based on label-models is used by human beings as well4 ,it is not precise enough and is also very limited1 but useful in many situations1 and very fast too4 ,the level #b is the highest level achieved by the animal brain4 ,the evolution of the brain continues with level #c4 ,we already saw that1 at level #b1 a label-type model activates a ,,zm model4 ,the next step is to activate not the whole model1 but only some associated truth of the ,,zm-model4 ,in this way1 the brain has to manage a reduced quantity of information and so becomes more efficient4 ,this is a critical point1 because it is the barrier to separate the animal world of human world4 ,thus1 there is a ,,zm-model and an associated label-model4 ,the problem is to associate to the label-model only some truths generated by the associated ,,zm- model4 ,a ,,zm-model is an image model1 and so its truths are also of image-type4 ,the problem is to record such truths in a different way1 based on a totally new function4 ,,mdt cannot indicate how exactly this facility works4 ,the theory is not concerned with the technological implementation of the functions4 ,the theory just says that some truths generated by a ,,zm-model have to be recorded in a different way4 ,in this way1 the label-models become words1 and the associated truths become symbolic definitions of the words4 ,on level #c a label-type model can activate an associated ,,zm model1 but it can activate only a collection of truths as well1 which are different from the 'ordinary' image-truths of the ,,zm4 ,it is possible that the ,general ,communication ,language 7,,gcl7 appeared based on this facility4 ,the presence of a ,,gcl in a brain will characterize that brain as a human brain4 ,example3 when the word dog is heard1 it is very probable that we activate at least one suitable ,,zm4 ,but when we use the sentence ,i go to the forest with a gun and a dog1 it is very probable that we do not activate any ,,zm-model4 ,the sentence is understood based on symbolic models and based on logic and so we do not need any image-model4 ,in this way1 the quantity of information that has to be processed by the brain is reduced very much4 ,the image models will be used only when we have to make a precise model of the action4 ,the human brain continues to evolve with level #d4 ,on this level we have words and associated symbolic definitions1 but no ,,zm-image-model4 ,example3 ,let's take the following words3 this apple1 apple1 fruit1 food4 ,this apple is associated with a pure image model4 ,apple is a concept type image model4 ,fruit and food cannot be associated with any image model 7we cannot imagine what is fruit or what is food74 ,so1 on level #d1 the human brain can make and operate symbolic models without any connection with image-models4 ,on this level it is possible to develop logical and mathematical languages and1 in this way1 to make positive sciences associated to the external reality4 ,example3 ,newton's ,mechanics is a symbolic model associated with the physical bodies4 ,the basic terms of this symbolic model are mass1 space and time4 ,none of these terms can be associated with image models4 ,the evolution of the brain continues with level #d1 but ,i prefer to call it level #e 7up to now it is the highest74 ,this level was attained only #ajj years ago4 ,on this level the symbolic models break totally with image models4 ,example3 ,newton's ,mechanics describes the movements of physical bodies4 ,but we can imagine such movements4 ,here ,newton's symbolic model can be translated also in image models4 ,the pure symbolic models cannot be translated in any image models4 ,the only symbolic model of this type is ,quantum ,mechanics4 ,example3 in association with ,quantum ,mechanics there is a classical problem called the dual nature of light4 ,there are some experiments1 which prove that light is a wave4 ,but there are also some other experiments1 which prove that light is made of particles4 ,it seems that we have big logical problems here4 ,the aberration with the dual nature of light is supported also by some great physicists 7,r4 ,feynman1 for instance74 ,physicists in ,quantum ,mechanics already solved the problem of the nature of the light4 ,the dual nature of light is not a problem of ,physics1 but a problem of thinking4 ,the problem occurs when the physicists try to explain to us what happens4 ,at that moment1 they use terms as wave or particle which are associated with image models4 ,the same terms1 in ,quantum ,mechanics1 are associated with mathematical formulae4 ,there is no connection between the world of ,quantum ,mechanics and the world of image models4 ,if someone forces such a connection1 then some big logical problems can occur4 ,as ,,mdt says1 any information is non-sense without declaring the model that generated that information4 ,in the above example1 the nature of light is well understood by physicists in the symbolic model called ,quantum ,mechanics4 ,if we don't know ,quantum ,mechanics1 then it is not possible to understand the answer4 ,so1 if we do not know ,quantum ,mechanics1 then it is forbidden to ask any question associated with that field4 ,let's evaluate the world based on these levels4 ,there is a fraction of the population who is staying on level #b1 and just occasionally goes on level #c4 ,the majority of the population is on level #c1 and occasionally goes on level #d4 ,there is a small fraction1 which is on level #d1 and occasionally on level #e4 ,this fraction produces scientific and technological advance4 ,to understand the ,,mdt theory1 at least level #d is necessary4 ,,human ,,brain3 ,,evolution ,,or ,,external ,,intervention ,some activities of the human and animal beings are similar4 ,so1 there is an idea that evolution from animal brain to human brain could be possible4 ,as we already emphasized1 ,,mdt is just a tool1 which is used here to see if there is any possibility to evolve from an animal brain to a human brain4 ,the theory does neither support1 nor reject such a possibility4 ,based on ,,mdt1 the main difference between a human brain and an animal brain is the facility of the human brain only1 to make and operate symbolic models4 ,the common part of the two types of brains is the facility to make and operate image models4 ,the evolution problem is to see if there is any possibility to change some parameters in the structure of image-model devices to reach the capability of making and operating symbolic models4 ,on the other hand1 a new hardware that should be added to the animal brain is considered as not compatible with an evolutive process4 ,as we saw in the previous section1 the highest level reached by the animal brain is level #b4 ,with a peak on level #e1 the superiority of the human brain is huge4 ,let's see some arguments that support the evolutive process4 ,for instance1 let's analyze whether by increasing the level of conceptualization of the models1 it will be possible to get closer to the ability to make and operate symbolic models4 ,thus1 if a class of models is more and more conceptualized1 such models should be so simplified that they could be very close to a symbolic definition4 ,therefore1 a change from level #b to level #c could be reached by evolution4 ,but1 let's analyze an example4 ,so1 we have this apple1 an apple1 a fruit1 food4 ,this is an example of increasing level of conceptualization with the last two items as symbolic elements4 ,the animals have a shortcut by making a model to tell them if what they meet is or not food4 ,in this way1 the animals have a fast solution for problems based on image models4 ,there is no advantage to increase the level of conceptualization4 ,thus the evolution could be blocked by a fast solution1 based on image-models4 ,the advanced conceptualization should be supported in a group of vulnerable animals4 ,to survive1 the communication could be decisive4 ,by increasing the level of conceptualization1 the communication could be more and more precise4 ,this seems to be the only serious argument for increasing the level of conceptualization4 ,on the other hand1 there is already a system of communication on level #b4 ,thus1 a sound or a combination of sounds is associated with a label-type model4 ,it can activate any ,,zm-model4 ,this type of communication is faster than that based on symbolic models and usually precise enough for the normal necessities of a group of animals4 ,unfortunately1 here we did not see again any advantage from increasing the level of conceptualization4 ,but1 if1 for a group of animals1 there is a lot of information which comes in fast succession1 then the animals will be forced to make more and more simplified models and this should force them to increase the level of conceptualization4 ,let's see another example4 ,a person goes somewhere in the desert4 ,without special equipment1 his chance to survive should be very low4 ,but1 around him1 could be some animals which survive without special efforts4 ,for animals1 it is more important to invest in equipment then to increase the level of conceptualization of the models4 ,anyways1 at least in theory1 it is possible to evolve from an animal brain to a human brain based on an increase in the level of conceptualization4 ,if the animals have or not the tendency to do this1 is another issue4 ,let's analyze again the evolution of the brain4 ,a concept model is a model which fits a large number of entities4 ,it has to be recorded1 maybe1 by the same hardware as the hardware that records a normal image-model4 ,also1 there must be a connection between a concept model and every particular model covered by it4 ,by increasing the level of conceptualization 7e4g4 from apple to fruit7 the structure becomes very complex4 ,the structure becomes even more complex when it evolves from fruit to food4 ,in theory1 an evolutive process could produce this process but the increase of the complexity is so huge that it is difficult to believe that this could be produced without specialized hardware4 ,level #b is very close to level #c1 but1 as we see1 no animal was able to reach level #c4 ,even the most advanced animals1 like dolphins1 have no tendency towards level #c4 ,the first drawings on cave walls were dated back to about #aejjjj years ago4 ,such drawings must be produced by some long-range image-models4 ,but1 such drawings are of no use without some explanations 7symbolic messages74 ,the reason is that the same drawing can be associated with a lot of situations4 ,it is fair to consider that1 at that moment1 the primitive human beings were able to use a symbolic model for communication 7a primitive language74 ,one idea is that the increasing capacity of the brain to make long range image-models was a support to make also symbolic models4 ,this idea cannot be supported1 based on ,,mdt4 ,indeed1 the drawings made by #e to #ab year old children are rather primitive drawings4 ,at such age1 children have very few long-range models4 ,but they are able to make and operate symbolic models1 including languages to communicate with computers4 ,thus1 it seems that the long-range image models are not necessary to make symbolic models4 ,also1 this supports the idea that the symbolic models are made by a special hardware4 ,the existence of a specialized hardware is based on the following3 ,there is an image model and the associated label-model 7a word74 ,the word has a definition 7based on other words74 ,it is clear that there must be a hardware to record the image-model and another 7associated7 hardware to record the definition4 ,on level #d1 the image model does not exist anymore4 ,if this new hardware should be build based on evolution1 it is difficult to understand why we have no intermediate stages4 ,the dolphins1 which are considered as the most advanced animals1 have no tendency to build symbolic models4 ,there are some experiments with monkeys1 which can be understood as support that some monkeys are able to make symbolic models4 ,such cases can be generated by a software implementation of the function to build and operate symbolic models4 ,as we already know1 a model in ,,psm is very efficient but it blocks the evolution 7the model is transmitted unchanged or with small changes1 from a generation to another74 ,if an animal builds1 e4g4 by accident1 an advanced model of interaction with the external reality1 such a model cannot be transmitted to the next generation4 ,only if a hardware implementation exists1 a new model will be transmitted to the next generation4 ,this seems to be a big problem for the evolution of the beings4 ,without a hardware implementation1 the solution is to transmit such models based on education4 ,if there were groups of monkeys which lived together for a very long time1 then a good model could be transmitted from a generation to another by education4 ,in this way1 a hardware implementation is built up also if the time available is long enough4 ,after many generations of monkeys who are forced to build symbolic models1 it is possible1 theoretically1 that some hardware occurs to support the symbolic model building4 ,this could be the process that generated the human brain by an evolution process4 ,the main argument against evolution from animals to humans is the fact that the #b years old children are able to build and operate symbolic models4 ,at that age they haven't either enough long-range models to understand the external reality and they are not capable to build such models4 ,the maturity of a human being is reached around the age of #ah1 and thus the facility to build symbolic models is clearly a hardware facility4 ,conclusions3 #a4 ,long-range image-models are not an explanation for the occurrence of symbolic models4 #b4 ,the symbolic-models could occur from image-models by a huge increase in the level of conceptualization in very special conditions 7e4g4 large groups of monkeys which live together for a very long time74 #c4 ,the symbolic-models are built and operated by a specialized hardware4 ,there are two possibilities3 either evolution if statement #b is valid or external intervention if not4 ,,basic ,,design ,,defficiencies ,,of ,,the ,,human ,,brain ,the theory treats the brain as a technological product4 ,so1 the theory considers that a designer existed4 ,he had to fulfil some design requirements4 ,any technological design has some deficiencies4 ,we shall guess them in this section4 ,this theoretical and abstract designer is outside of the theory and we are not interested by it4 ,it could be ,mother ,nature or ,god or an extraterrestrial civilization or anything else4 ,these deficiencies are described here mainly for the human brain1 but some can be met also in the animal brain4 ,the design deficiencies as ,,mdt can detect them1 are3 ,,xd#a3 ,the tendency to associate an image-model to any situation met by a person4 ,this deficiency is explained due to the image nature of the brain4 ,this deficiency explains why so many persons stay on level #c1 when level #e is accessible since #ajj years ago4 ,this deficiency can be corrected by education4 ,,xd#b3 ,there is no hardware protection to prevent the uncontrolled jump from a model to another1 in interaction with a complex external reality4 ,the stability in a model is a quality parameter of a brain4 ,long-range models can stabilize a person4 ,the ,,xd#b deficiency is not related to them4 ,,xd#b is related to the capacity to stay in a model1 when faced with a complex external reality4 ,this deficiency can be corrected by software 7education1 for instance74 ,the lack of stability in a model can induce the illness called schizophrenia because this lack of stability has the tendency to favor short-range models4 ,indeed1 when there is no stability in a model1 the brain will make a specialized model for any particular situation met in the external reality4 ,such models are not able to see that some different facts can be correlated4 ,only a long-range model can detect such correlation4 ,so1 the stability in a model is a parameter of quality for a brain and the lack of stability indicates a low quality brain4 ,this deficiency can be met in the animal world too4 ,for example1 a dog has to watch a perimeter4 ,that dog can jump from watch-model to food-model1 if it gets food from strangers4 ,such a dog is a low quality dog1 due to the lack of stability in the model4 ,the dolphins have a good stability in a model1 and so1 we consider them as advanced animals4 ,for human beings1 the lack of stability in a model is a major drawback4 ,such persons are not good for any complex activity4 ,,xd#c3 ,this is a basic deficiency4 ,let's start with its description1 based on examples4 ,so1 the brain interacts with an external reality and makes a harmonic model with #c elements4 ,if1 that external reality has1 in fact1 #d elements1 the missing element cannot be discovered based on the #c-;element model4 ,as a #c- element model has a number of wrong predictions1 it is not easy to see what is the problem from the analysis of the mistakes4 ,the reason is that1 once the #c- element model is activated1 the reality is just that one which is generated by this model4 ,there is no other reality6 ,we cannot be outside of our active model4 ,in such a case1 the brain tries to correct the model4 ,usually1 it will try to correct the model by changing the importance of some elements or relations4 ,sometimes this procedure works1 and the brain will continue to use the #c-;element model4 ,such a situation occurs when we have not enough long-range models4 ,in the above example1 the situation can be corrected if there is a long-range model1 which contains a #c-;element model as an element of it4 ,but even so1 by analyzing the mistakes1 it is not easy to understand what is the problem4 ,a brain affected by ,,xd#c;,a is not able to predict that a model might be missing some elements4 ,a person1 who can fight ,,xd#c;,a1 can predict such a situation and will treat any model as preliminary4 ,the brain makes models based on the available data4 ,such models are made in a harmonic_/logic way1 but the stability of a model is not a guarantee that the model is good in interaction with a complex external reality4 ,we define ,,xd#c;,a as a design deficiency1 which means that a brain is not able to predict the possibility of a missing element or relation in a stable 7harmonic or logic7 model4 ,another case3 a brain has a stabilized model with #ajj elements4 ,this model already generated a big number of correct predictions4 ,at one moment1 the external reality is changed1 and now there are #aja elements4 ,as we know1 to correct a model means to reconstruct everything from scratch1 using or not components from the old model4 ,this task could be so difficult that it exceeds the technical capacity of the brain4 ,in such a situation the old model is fragmented1 and the brain uses it in this way4 ,of course1 this can produce a lot of negative effects1 including induced psychiatric disorders4 ,we define ,,xd#c;,b as a design deficiency1 which means that a brain is not able to reconstruct a model1 once the model is detected as a wrong model in association with a new external reality4 ,we can express this also as the impossibility of a brain to correct a ,,xd#c;,a deficiency1 once it was discovered4 ,,xd#c-;deficiencies are widespread in the current activity of human beings4 ,there is no reference to know that all the entities of the external reality are associated with the right ,y,ms in the associated model4 ,for us1 the external reality exists only if it is associated with a model4 ,once we activated such a model1 the reality is what the model says4 ,we cannot be outside of our active model4 ,once we have a model associated with a specific external reality1 the model is considered as a good model based on the predictions which are already done4 ,there is no guarantee that the model will continue to be good in any situation and any time4 ,a good quality brain has to know this and to predict some negative effects associated with such a situation4 ,so1 this deficiency can be controlled by software 7education1 for instance74 ,,xd#d3 ,this is a deficiency associated only with image-models4 ,it does not exist in a symbolic-model environment4 ,for an image-model there is no possibility to know the importance of an element or relation4 ,the brain will choose in a more or less arbitrary way the importance4 ,a model can be harmonic 7stable7 for any importance which is associated with its elements and relations4 ,a lightly negative consequence of this deficiency is the fact that1 faced with a given external reality1 almost any person makes a personal image-model associated with that external reality4 ,we will see later that1 for extreme situations1 such deficiency is associated with the psychiatric disorder called paranoia4 ,the symbolic models do not have such problems4 ,once a symbolic model is made in a mathematical environment1 the law of the propagation of the errors is able to predict the importance of any element or relation4 ,for instance1 if we have a complex mathematical formula1 the law of the propagation of the errors will tell us how much the result is changed if an element is changed with1 let's say1 #a4 ,we already used the term correct associated with the importance of an element or relation in an image model4 ,if there is an external reality and two associated models1 one image-model and one symbolic-model1 and if the two models have the same predictions1 then the importance associated with the elements and relations of the image model is correct4 ,if not1 the right importance is that of the symbolic model4 ,the above method is not good in any practical situation4 ,in fact1 there is no method to know if we associated the right importance to any element or relation of an image-model4 ,this is ,,xd#d4 ,,xd#e3 this deficiency is a technological one4 ,it means that there is no hardware or software method to erase a model of the brain4 ,a model is made forever4 ,it can be destroyed only in an uncontrolled way due to the biological deficiencies or the brain4 ,the consequence of this deficiency is huge in many practical situations4 ,the problem is developed more in another section of this book4 ,,the ,,structure ,,of ,,the ,,brain1 ,,the ,,psm ,,model ,the ,protection and ,surviving ,model 7,,psm7 is the basic image-model of any brain4 ,when a new being is born1 it has only this model in its brain4 ,this model is very complex and it will be described in this chapter4 ,there is a section of the ,,psm1 which contains a collection of short-range models4 ,they have to act very fast to provide minimal protection for that being 7including newborn beings7 in some specific dangerous situation4 ,these activities are called reflex actions4 ,the ,,psm contains also some basic models1 like the model to keep in the eyesight a moving entity from external reality1 or the model to touch by hand an entity in the range of the hand4 ,there is also a collection of models associated with equilibrium and the general stability of the external body1 together with a model of it1 of course4 ,there are also a number of long range models which contain the instincts to survive unconditionally1 forever 7basic design requirement74 ,during the period of growing1 others models can be included in the ,,psm1 models which are associated with the educational process4 ,such models have to prepare the being to live in a specific external reality4 ,by accident1 any other models can enter the ,,psm1 but some of them can produce big problems for the future mature being1 mainly paranoia type illnesses 7see ,e,t,as74 ,the basic characteristic of any model from the ,,psm is that such a model is invariant4 ,it cannot be changed regardless of the information obtained from the external reality4 ,the main goal of the ,,psm is to ensure that the being will survive unconditionally1 forever4 ,to do this1 the ,,psm is able to build elements1 which are activated to self-develop as models4 ,so1 when a new situation from the external reality is met1 and there is no model to understand it1 the ,,psm is automatically activated and tries to solve the problem1 based on some reflex actions1 or based on some instincts4 ,it also makes a specialized element1 which is activated as a model4 ,the new model tries to understand the new situation by independent activity1 in interaction with the external reality4 ,when that situation is met again1 the ,,psm is not activated1 and the specialized model solves the case4 ,so1 as a being gains more and more experience1 the ,,psm is not activated1 but one of the specialized models is activated instead4 ,regardless of how many models are in a brain1 if a new external reality occurs and there is no model to understand it1 the ,,psm will take the control in the way already described4 ,when ,,psm controls a being1 this can be recognized by the fact that the consciousness disappears1 as the normal structure of models is deactivated by the ,,psm4 ,this situation is called as shock-status4 ,,the ,,structure ,,of ,,the ,,brain3 ,,functional ,,facilities ,,and ,,types ,,of ,,models ,a basic functional facility of the brain is that any model can develop any of its elements as a model4 ,once a model activates an element1 that element is able to develop itself as a model1 by direct interaction with the external reality and with any other model of the brain4 ,another functional facility is described here4 ,we see that a model can activate any of its elements to develop itself as a model4 ,but1 even if an element is already developed as a model1 the main model continues to treat it as an element4 ,this important feature will be developed below4 ,so1 a main model has an element4 ,this element has some properties4 ,to integrate that element1 the main model uses these properties4 ,now1 the problems could be like3 why that element has such properties8 or how such properties can be changed8 ,to answer such questions1 the main model has to develop the element as a model4 ,once an element is developed as a model1 its properties appear to be truths generated by the model4 ,so1 depending of the point of view1 referring to the same entity1 we discuss about an element with some properties1 or about a model with some associated truths4 ,once an element is developed as a model1 the model can be changed4 ,a changed model will have other associated truths1 so that1 when treated as an element of the main model1 it has another set of properties4 ,thus the properties cannot be changed in a direct way1 but through the changes in the model4 ,in any case1 a main model can operate only with elements1 regardless of the fact that the element is or not already developed as a model4 ,we already use terms as long range models or short range models4 ,let's define them4 ,a long-range model has already been defined as a model with its own elements developed as models4 ,but here we will prefer another alternative definition4 ,a long-range model is a model which reaches its aims by activation and deactivation of some of its elements4 ,such elements are already developed as models4 ,a short-range model reaches its aims by direct activation4 ,example3 to switch on the light in a room1 a ,,zm model will make a ,,zam4 ,that ,,zam will simulate the action4 ,based on this simulation it will activate an ,,azm which1 in turn1 will switch on the light4 ,the ,,zm-model will confirm the success of the activity of the short-range ,,zam model4 ,example3 ,to travel from a place to another1 a ,,zm will make a ,,zam4 ,the ,,zam will make some ,z,a,ms4 ,these ,z,a,ms will make some others ,z,a,ms4 ,for any specific activity there will be a ,,zam4 ,once a ,,zam has reached its aim1 it will be deactivated by the ,,zam-model which activated it1 and a new ,,zam is activated4 ,the general control belongs to the main-,,zam4 ,the main-,,zam can be modified by the main ,,zm4 ,long-range models do such activity4 ,example3 we enter a room and switch on the light4 ,the light really switches on4 ,a local-,,zm gets this information based on ,,ir4 ,but1 a long-range ,,zm1 which contains the local-,,zm as an element1 understands that the light had been broken1 and now it is on4 ,the local-,,zm acts here as a shorter-range model4 ,it does not understand the general environment4 ,the main-,,zm 7which contains the local-,,zm as element7 is a long-range model4 ,we already saw that any model can activate any of its elements to self-develop as a model4 ,once an element is activated1 it develops itself as a model4 ,in turn1 this new model can also activate as a model any of its elements4 ,this depth has only technological limits4 ,in fact1 almost any model of the brain is a long-range model4 ,the definitions1 which are already given1 respect this feature4 ,now we shall present a list with the main models of a brain3 ,,zam3 these models are usually long-range models4 ,a ,,zm model makes them4 ,their main function is to change the external reality4 ,they are made for immediate activation 7to drink water from a glass1 for instance7 or they could be models that give the orientation of the whole life of a person or anything between these very large limits4 ,such models are not changed by direct interaction with the external reality4 ,if a ,,zam fails to do something1 the upper ,,zam or the local-,,zm will build and activate another ,,zam4 ,during their activity1 they have full access to any resource of the brain 7internal or external1 by a ,,zm model74 ,,azm3 these short-range models are direct-action models4 ,they are connected directly to different organs which can act on the external reality 7hands1 legs447 ,they keep precise information about such organs4 ,when a ,,zam model has to make a simulation of a specific action1 the ,,azm models have to give precise information about every feature of the associated organs4 ,referring to ,,zam and ,,azm models1 any action on the external reality is based on a simulation4 ,without a successful simulation1 the brain is not able to do any activity4 ,once a simulation is a success1 the main ,,zam will activate the action 7in connection with local-,,zm74 ,the action will be the same as the simulated action4 ,this procedure is followed by any ,,zam in any activity4 ,there are some exceptions4 ,when the ,,psm takes control1 some reflex-models are activated without initialization and without simulation4 ,the reason is the highest speed of action1 even if the action is not the right one4 ,,active-,,type ,,models 7normal ,,zm-models7 ,,zm models are made mainly by direct interaction with the external reality4 ,they generate the knowledge and consciousness4 ,they are self-activated in any situation when they are able to predict in a good way the possible evolution of a given external reality4 ,a ,,zm1 which interacts directly with the external reality1 is also a model1 which controls the whole body4 ,they build1 activate and deactivate any ,,zam1 based on a set of goals4 ,a long-range ,,zm model also controls a local-,,zm4 ,this is able to modify a local-,,zm model1 based on long-range predictions4 ,the whole activity is supervised by ,,psm4 ,usually the ,,psm is activated only when all the available ,z,ms fail to control the interaction with the external reality4 ,a ,,zm model has full access to all the resources of the brain4 ,it can take any information from any part of the brain and can make any model based on any available information4 ,by analyzing the normal activity of the brain1 one understands that some activities use only a limited number of models4 ,the access to some models is easier than to others4 ,we can find very fast some information and find more slowly other4 ,this suggests that some models1 which are usually employed together1 are grouped4 ,we define a quasi-structure of models called ,,mzm4 ,a ,,mzm is a group of models1 which are used often together4 ,they can be associated with some specific complex activities 7job1 hobby1 family life1 car driving and so on74 ,,story-,,type ,,models ,these are transition-,z,ms4 ,when there are some information from the external reality1 the normal activity of the brain is to build a normal ,,zm-model or to find the best available ,,zm to integrate that information4 ,when the quantity of information is high1 the brain has no technical possibility to follow this normal mode of interaction4 ,it is forced just to record the information in a string-type mode4 ,such a record of data is called a story-type model 7,s-,m74 ,note3 some persons who already read this book were disturbed by the fact that there are many sequences which are repeated in different parts of the book4 ,unfortunately for such persons1 this happened because they make story-type models instead of a normal model4 ,if they make story-type models and if there is a repeated sequence1 the local-,,zm will jump back to the place where the information was previously met4 ,at that moment1 the story-type models are fragmenting4 ,the person has lost the connection with the story-type model and is forced to make a new one4 ,also1 the person could try to reconnect the old model with the new one1 but this is difficult4 ,for a person who makes a normal model1 when a sequence is repeated1 this sequence will only confirm the normal model and this is very good for the model4 ,story-type models can be used as a source of information to make or develop1 off-line1 normal models4 ,any element of such models can be developed as a normal model later4 ,although many people use this type of interaction with the external reality1 this mode of interaction is not efficient and uses a lot of the limited resources of the brain4 ,indeed1 a story-type-model records the information in an explicit way1 about the same way as it is recorded on a tape-recorder4 ,this mode is a very primitive way of recording data4 ,a normal model can generate a huge quantity of information by simulation4 ,such information is not recorded there in an explicit way4 ,even more1 a story-type model introduces non-normal relations between some elements4 ,as we know1 a story-type model is made by elements connected between them in the order of occurrence4 ,so1 two elements1 which could have no connection between them1 could be recorded with a relation between them if they occurred together4 ,anyway1 there is no control and no long-range model to control the recording of a story-type model4 ,unfortunately1 such models are very spread out all over the world1 due to the fact that there is too much information1 and due to some big deficiencies of the education policy4 ,so1 an education based on normal models will reduce very much the quantity of information1 which has to be processed by a brain4 ,the present education policy is based on assimilation of external models4 ,that is1 the capacity to build models is not used4 ,so1 faced with a huge quantity of information1 the population is forced to make story-type models4 ,this will reduce even more the capacity of the population to make normal models4 ,example3 a taxi driver must know any route in a city4 ,there is a huge number of such routes and he has to learn each1 both directions4 ,if the normal model of the city is learned1 then that taxi driver is able to find a route in any conditions4 ,except for the normal model of the city1 it is not necessary to learn anything else4 ,by story-type models 7to learn routes7 he has to increase the quantity of information with every new route4 ,this is an example1 but the situation is met in almost any field of activity4 ,in practice1 both methods are used4 ,story-type models developed as long-range models are very dangerous1 because they can stimulate induced-paranoia 7,,xip7 or a schizophrenic-paranoiac complex 7,,xspc74 ,this is so because a story-type model has special relations between its elements4 ,such relations are generated by the arbitrary occurrence of the elements and thus1 to transform the story-type model into a family of normal models becomes difficult 7the brain has to build from scratch several new normal models1 based on the information generated by a story-type model1 and this is not easy74 ,the story-type models are integrated in the normal structure of models and they are controlled by that structure4 ,,shielding ,,models ,we already saw that any model evolves independently1 by itself1 based on the information taken from external reality or from others models4 ,the aim of any model is to gain its stability4 ,once a model has a problem1 it will continue to be active up to the moment when it regains stability4 ,there are some problems without solution4 ,the model will continue to look for a solution forever4 ,this activity can produce negative effects on the overall stability of the structure of models of the brain 7it consumes a lot of energy74 ,the main problem without solution is death 7human beings only74 ,this is a basic problem4 ,so1 there is a model which predicts the death of a person and that model has no solution to the problem4 ,when there is no model to solve a problem1 the ,,psm is activated4 ,the ,,psm has no solution too and so it will make a specific model to solve the problem4 ,but the new model has no solution either1 and so1 a dangerous loop is activated4 ,this activity could be very dangerous for the stability of the structure of models of any mature human being4 ,since the oldest times1 the human beings found a solution3 shielding models4 ,a shielding model is a model1 which is made to prevent a normal model from activating the ,,psm and also to transmit to the model with problems some information to stabilize it4 ,the best-known shielding model is religion4 ,observation3 as a person becomes older and older1 the prediction of death is more and more precise4 ,the person has the tendency to become more and more religious4 ,also1 when a population is under stress1 it has also the tendency to become more and more religious4 ,a shielding model is associated to a normal model which has problems4 ,a shielding model is not based on external reality4 ,it cannot be included in a normal model1 as the normal model cannot include a model which is not based on external reality4 ,the reality generated by a shielding model can be called illusion4 ,the shielding model can be made for any problem without solution4 ,such models reduce the nonsense activity of a brain and so1 there is more energy to solve the normal problems4 ,but1 such models could be also very dangerous4 ,the activation of a shielding model also deactivates the protection structure of a person or at least some section of it4 ,the shielding models are the main models1 which can pass from 'normal-to-,,psm' zone to ,,psm4 ,such changes could be very dangerous for that being1 because some protection models are deactivated forever4 ,the shielding models are partially integrated in the normal structure of models and so1 the structure can1 partially1 control them4 ,,activable ,,models 7,,wbam7 ,a ,,zm could predict a future situation of the external reality1 which has no associated model4 ,such a situation can activate the ,,psm4 ,to prevent this1 the ,,zm can make a would-be active-type model 7,,wbam74 ,such a model is not created by direct interaction with the external reality4 ,such a ,,wbam acts as a shielding model up to the last moment before the activation4 ,after activation1 it becomes a normal ,,zm model4 ,a normal ,,zm is built in direct interaction with external reality4 ,w,b,a,ms can be associated with the external reality without previous interaction with it4 ,note3 the emotion is defined in ,,mdt as a transient situation between the activation of the ,,psm and the moment when a normal suitable model is activated4 ,the activation of the ,,psm can be prevented by a good ,,wbam 7of course1 if that situation was predicted by a main ,,zm74 ,w,b,a,ms are included in the normal structure of the models and they are controlled by it4 ,,illegal ,,models 7,,xzm7 ,all types of models described up to now are normal models4 ,they are included in a harmonic_/logic way in the structure4 ,there are some models1 which are not included in the normal structure of models1 or they have lost their normal connection to the structure4 ,such models are called illegal models or ,,xzm4 ,there are many situations which can produce illegal models4 ,a case is when a new model is not finished because the specific external reality1 which produced it1 is no met anymore4 ,for instance1 somebody has been involved in a car accident4 ,a new model is started1 but because such situation will not be met again in the near future1 the model is not finished1 because there is no external reality to finish it4 ,such model could evolve as an illegal model4 ,observation3 there is an empirical method of the classical psychiatry to stimulate or even to force a person 7mainly children7 to tell everything which is associated with a traumatic situation4 ,,mdt says that such a method is very good because1 in this way1 a possible illegal model will be forced to connect to the normal structure of models and so1 the long-range negative effects are prevented4 ,as we see1 ,,mdt can explain exactly why this psychiatric empirical procedure is good1 as ,,mdt was not even created specifically for the psychiatric field6 ,another situation when an ,,xzm could be created is when a model is too large4 ,such a model could be fragmented and some components can lose the normal connection with the structure4 ,the fragments can evolve as illegal models4 ,the story-type models are also candidates to become ,,xzm 7at least some parts of them74 ,a major cause of the occurrence of illegal models is technological problems4 ,as we know1 a normal structure of models is made of many models1 which are connected together in a harmonic_/logic way4 ,the models communicate between them but1 if the communication is not good due to technological problems1 some models can become illegal4 ,such process can also generate half-,,xzm models4 ,such models have little communications with the other models1 or the communication can be only in association with some other models1 or only in association with some specific situations of the external reality4 ,because such models are no controlled anymore by the normal structure of models1 they can contain anything4 ,they can obtain information from the external reality or from other models1 or they can create and activate models which can act on the external reality 7,,zam and ,,azm74 ,,xzm models could be dangerous1 or even very dangerous1 because a person can do some things outside his_/her consciousness4 ,a person that has such models does not know that such models exist in his_/her brain4 ,some of these models can be detected during hypnosis practice4 ,x,z,ms can explain somnambulist-effect1 double-personality1 and many illogical or bizarre activities4 ,they can also explain some crimes1 including the serial-killer phenomenon or terrorism-related crimes4 ,such a person is just remote-controlled by the ,x,z,ms4 ,the illegal models can explain also some paranormal phenomena4 ,,paranormal ,,phenomena ,telepathy is considered as a direct communication between two brains4 ,even more1 this kind of communication is performed at great distance between the two brains and through any kind of media4 ,unfortunately1 this kind of transmission of information is not possible1 based on the laws of the nature4 ,in order to transmit information1 it is necessary to transmit energy at the distance4 ,the known fields of forces 7electric1 magnetic1 electro-magnetic and gravitational7 do not meet the requirements for such a transmission4 ,even more1 even if there is a field of forces which can propagate at large distance through any kind of material1 in order to transmit information1 modulation of the energy1 depending on the information1 is also necessary4 ,at the receiver it is necessary to demodulate the energy changes1 in order to get the message4 ,some could say that the information could be transmitted by a 'shortcut'1 without transmitting the energy at the distance4 ,this interferes with the basics of the sciences of nature4 ,anyways1 ,i believe in natural sciences1 and the only conclusion is that1 for now and forever1 telepathy1 as a direct transmission of information from a brain to another1 does not exist4 ,,mdt explains telepathy in the frame of the laws of nature1 without any kind of transmission of information at the distance4 ,the phenomenon is based on the huge capacity of the brain to process information and on ,,xzm models4 ,as we know1 the basic function of any brain is to make models and to simulate the possible evolution of them4 ,a model1 which is associated with an external reality1 is able to predict the evolution of that external reality4 ,so1 at any moment1 we make predictions associated with the external reality1 and the majority of them are good4 ,now1 let's suppose that a person has a special relation with another person1 as a mother and her child1 for instance4 ,the model associated with her child could have been active for many years4 ,such a model could become a ,,xzm model4 ,this ,,xzm is active outside the control of the mother4 ,such an ,,xzm could simulate the interaction between the child and different kinds of environments4 ,when a negative prediction occurs1 such a model can transmit a message to the local-,,zm4 ,the mother receives a message4 ,the receiver cannot find the source and the reason for that message1 because an ,,xzm-model1 not belonging to the normal structure of models1 transmits the message4 ,it is very easy to consider that such a message is transmitted by telepathy4 ,so1 ,,mdt considers that such messages are generated by simulation on an ,,xzm- model and so1 they are just predictions4 ,in some cases1 such predictions could be correct 7the predictions which are not correct are forgotten 66674 ,such messages are not related with the external reality4 ,some of such predictions could also be obtained during a hypnosis session1 because hypnosis is associated only with ,x,z,ms4 ,the same basic explanation is valid for the clairvoyance phenomenon4 ,in such a case1 the ,,xzm is associated with a specific external reality1 or with an illness4 ,such predictions could be correct for many situations1 but1 because they are just predictions1 there is a limited guarantee on their correctness4 ,example3 a person was seen by a clairvoyance medium4 ,this medium was asked on the status of the heart of that person4 ,the answer was that the heart is in a good shape4 ,the answer was correct4 ,but there was a little problem3 that person was wearing a pacemaker1 which was not seen by the medium1 in accordance with ,,mdt4 ,,mdt can be used to see how to develop such paranormal qualities4 ,first of all1 for it1 let's remember that ,,xzm are image models and so1 developing the interaction with external reality based on image models is strongly recommended4 ,also1 a natural tendency towards image models is mandatory4 ,such persons must be well balanced1 or able to obtain a stability status by different methods1 so that the normal structure of models has a reduced activity4 ,such persons must have a reduced tendency to control the activity associated with the problem 7to reduce even more the activity of the normal structure of models74 ,it is also very important to obtain as much as possible information by direct interaction 7based on image models7 with the problem4 ,the information based on symbolic models could be useful too1 after translation on image models4 ,,mdt considers that ,,xzm models are image models4 ,but1 there is a supposition that some symbolic-models could be illegal too4 ,if so1 an ,,xzm-symbolic model could explain1 e4g41 how some persons can perform extremely complicated arithmetical operations4 ,,the ,,normal ,,human ,,brain ,this section was intended to treat the subject declared1 but instead1 it is just an evaluation of the problem4 ,the reason is the inexistence of sufficient data on ,,xzm models4 ,to make a local model on the normal human brain1 we take some conditions from ,,mdt1 as follows3 ,c#a3 ,the ,,psm must act to protect the being and to ensure the unconditional survival1 forever1 of that being4 ,the ,,psm must also contain some models associated with the society in which the being lives4 ,the ,,psm must not contain ordinary models4 ,c#b3 ,any model of the brain must be stable 7harmonic or logic74 ,c#c3 ,the whole structure of models must be stable4 ,that is1 any truth of any model must be accepted 7or at least not rejected7 by any other model of the brain4 ,let's develop a little this local model4 ,the main condition of normality is that the person has to be accepted by the society4 ,that is1 the person has to integrate in that society4 ,for a cannibal- type society1 the person has to integrate in that society4 ,otherwise he will be rejected by the society4 ,the limits or normality are1 as we see1 very broad4 ,for a democratic society of our time1 some of the conditions of normality are not to kill1 not to steal and so on4 ,such models must be in the ,,psm and this goal is achieved by education since many generations4 ,let's consider that a person makes a model to kill someone4 ,if this model is blocked by ,,psm1 that person can be considered as a normal one4 ,however1 if a person makes a model to kill someone and1 in some conditions1 the ,,psm does not work properly1 that model can be activated4 ,based on ,,mdt1 such a situation is a hardware problem and so1 that person is not a normal one4 ,in classical psychiatry1 they make a test to understand if the person was or not responsible for his_/her acts4 ,based on ,,mdt1 as ,i said1 here we have a hardware problem and so1 the fact that the person was or not conscious of what he was doing is not relevant4 ,even more1 based on ,,mdt1 a model cannot be destroyed by any hardware or software facility of the brain4 ,so1 a punishment has no effect4 ,if a brain has a hardware problem1 there is no solution to correct it4 ,the main reason is the fact that any model is connected with almost all the models of the brain4 ,even ,x,z,ms must have some connections4 ,in order to remove a model by external action1 it is necessary to know the exact hardware structure of that brain and this1 as ,i think1 will be not possible at least in the next #ej years4 ,c#a asserts also the condition that the brain must not contain ordinary models 7,o4,m474 ,this condition is necessary because if an ,o4,m4 is included in ,,psm1 that model becomes invariant 7it cannot be changed by any information from the external reality74 ,so1 if an ,o4,m4 is included in ,,psm1 any information obtained by ,,ir from external reality must be compatible with that ,,ompsm4 ,if not1 that information must be distorted to meet1 somehow1 the condition requested by the ,,ompsm4 ,when there is an ,,ompsm in the brain1 this is an illness called paranoia4 ,a person with an ,,ompsm must distort the information obtained from external reality to meet the conditions requested by the ,,ompsm4 ,example3 ,the authentic communists have included in ,,psm the ,,ompsm called the working class is the leader of the society4 ,regardless of the external reality1 they have a harmonic_/logic structure of models based on this model4 ,fortunately1 the absolute majority of the communists have no such model included in ,,psm and so1 they are normal persons4 ,example3 ,usually1 drugs create an ,,ompsm called use them4 ,such persons will continue to use drugs regardless of any information associated with their negative effects4 ,this is a special kind of paranoia4 ,example3 smoking is also a form of paranoia1 due to the same reason1 as above4 ,after many years of smoking1 some persons can give up smoking4 ,this could happen if1 for instance1 the person gets ill4 ,the illness could make a non- smoking model1 which enters the ,,psm too4 ,the ,c#c-;condition states that the whole structure of models must be harmonic_/logic4 ,this condition is not easy to meet4 ,first of all1 there is a limited capacity to refresh the whole structure of models4 ,the refresh capacity for some persons could be under the requirements4 ,such persons could evolve to a form of schizophrenia4 ,let's consider now a person-,a1 who meets the ,c#c criterium4 ,at one moment1 an important model becomes useless 7for instance1 an important person ,b disappears from the life of ,a74 ,in such case1 person-,a has to refresh the whole structure of models4 ,this task could exceed the technical capacity of refresh 7mainly for older persons74 ,it the refresh capacity is exceeded1 one possibility is to make shielding models4 ,if a person has too many shielding models1 such a person cannot be considered as a normal person4 ,such persons can be detected1 e4g4 due to the fact that they don't want1 or they cannot discuss about some subjects4 ,,xzm models are not taken into account because of the lack of enough data about them4 ,x,z,ms can explain the somnambulistic-effect1 multiple personalities or even some nonsense crimes4 ,there are killers who don't know why they kill other people4 ,many of them seem to be normal persons1 as their friends can confirm and also they can be integrated in society4 ,x,z,ms can be an explanation for their crimes4 ,indeed1 an ,,xzm is a model which is out of the control of the normal structure of models4 ,such models can become active-models in some situations 7due to the hardware problems of that brain74 ,the killer is so remotely-controlled by the ,,xzm4 ,such killers cannot be detected by a lie detector4 ,the explanation is the fact that there is no normal model that makes the crime and so1 there is no reason to pretend or hide something4 ,as ,i said1 this section is just for evaluation4 ,as new data will be obtained in association with ,x,z,ms1 the section will be developed4 ,,the ,,abstract ,,of ,,the ,,functional ,,facilities ,,of ,a ,,brain ,let's make an abstract about all the functional facilities of a human brain4 ,almost all the facilities1 which are not related with symbolic-models1 are the same for animals4 ,,bf#a3 ,to make models associated or not with a section of the external reality ,,bf#b3 ,to refresh1 on and on1 the ,m-models by prediction and comparison with ,,ir1 so that ,m-models reflect better and better the dynamic external reality4 ,,bf#c3 ,the continuous self-refreshing of some ,,zm coupled with ,m-models4 ,the goal is that these ,,zm-models reflect better and better the external reality4 ,for this1 ,,zm must take into account any other ,,zm-model of the brain as well4 ,,bf#d3 ,to simulate1 continuously1 the possible evolution of the associated external reality1 even when a ,,zm is not connected to ,m-models4 ,,bf#e3 ,one of the main conditions1 which must be fulfilled by any model1 is to become stable 7harmonic or logic74 ,that is1 any simulation on a model must reconfirm the model in the same shape4 ,if a disharmony or logical contradiction is detected1 the model must regain its stability by ,,ir 7from external reality or from other models74 ,moreover1 as any model is already integrated in a structure of models1 any other model must accept any result of any simulation on any model4 ,this condition ensures the general stability of a structure of models4 ,a real brain does not easily meet this condition4 ,,bf#f3 ,any ,z,ms are able to activate1 in time sharing1 many ,,zam models to do many activities4 ,however1 there is a single ,,zam which can act on the external reality at a given moment of time4 ,the reason for it is that1 before activation1 any model needs to initialize using data taken from external reality4 ,when a ,,zam is deactivated1 it needs to store data for future reactivation4 ,this method is fast1 but if external reality is changed too much1 such data is no more valid4 ,in this case1 the activated ,,zam has to find the new conditions of initialization1 based on ,z,ms4 ,the brain uses both methods4 ,by description of the process1 we see that it is not easy to do many activities at the same time 7in time-sharing71 and it is easy to make mistakes4 ,,bf#g3 ,the facility of any model to gain information from any other model of the brain4 ,however1 due to the technological implementation1 it is possible that some models have a better communications with some models1 and not as easy communication with other models4 ,,bf#h3 ,any model has the facility to develop any of its elements as models4 ,thus1 it is possible to have a nested structure of models4 ,the depth of this structure has only technological limitations4 ,these facilities generate the knowledge and the consciousness1 based on a structure of stable 7harmonic or logic7 models4 ,such structure is able to self-develop in an unknown external reality4 ,for a given brain1 in interaction with an external reality1 there are a number of features which will be described now4 ,that is1 as a brain has many modes of interaction with external reality1 a particular brain could use mostly only some of them1 as follows3 ,,sf#a3 ,if there is a difference between reality 7prediction7 and the external reality 7,,ir71 a brain has some possibilities3 ,,sf#a4a3 to correct the model based on ,,ir 7knowledge7 ,,sf#a4b3 to modify the external reality 7creativity7 ,,sf#a4c3 to store ,,ir in a story-type model ,,sf#a4d3 to ignore or to forget that ,,ir ,,sf#b3 ,when a model is correct1 but it cannot be integrated in the structure of models1 there are some possibilities3 ,,sf#b4a3 to make a shielding model 7the external reality is considered as wrong7 ,,sf#b4b3 to modify the whole structure of models 7knowledge at any price1 but sometimes this can exceed the technical possibilities of a given brain74 ,,sf#b4c3 to modify the model 7i4e4 to distort the importance of some elements or relations so that1 the modified model can be accepted by the structure74 ,when this procedure is followed1 we have a paranoiac behavior4 ,,sf#b4d3 the model with problems is ignored1 or it is recorded as a story-type model4 ,,sf#c3 when there is an external reality and no suitable model1 there are some possibilities3 ,,sf#c4a3 to create a suitable model1 initiated by ,,psm ,,sf#c4b3 to ignore that external reality ,,sf#c4c3 to record that external reality based on a set of more or less fragmented story-type models4 ,,the ,,personality 7,,human ,,only7 ,the personality is treated here for human beings only4 ,however1 some characteristics 7which are not related in a direct or indirect way with the symbolic models71 are about the same for animals4 ,the personality is given by the whole structure of models of a given human being4 ,we shall develop this very complex concept4 ,to do this1 at the beginning1 we shall see a number of features in a rather random way and then1 based on these descriptions1 we shall list some important parameters which characterize the personality4 ,we know from the general theory that any brain makes models and simulates the possible evolution of these models4 ,there are no restrictions in connection with the aims or goals of such simulations4 ,even for a simple model1 the number of different simulations could be high4 ,of course1 a model will not make all the possible simulations4 ,a characteristic of the personality is associated with this diversity of aims and goals of any model4 ,a structure of models could evolve in a chaotic way1 out of control4 ,another parameter of the personality is associated with the capability to control such a diversity of evolution of a structure of models4 ,as we know from the general theory1 the stability in a model is a brain quality parameter4 ,thus1 the aims and goals of any model have to be controlled by a limited number of long-range models4 ,without such long-range models1 the structure can evolve in a chaotic way 7this is a form of schizophrenia74 ,faced with a new external reality1 the model which gives the best predictions of the evolution of that external reality will be activated4 ,however1 when the external reality is complex1 the main model has to activate some other models1 to be able to predict better and better the evolution of that external reality4 ,a parameter of the personality is the capacity to keep control of the main activity even when the main model activates some others model4 ,thus1 the stability in the main model is a parameter associated with the personality4 ,example3 there are some persons who start from a subject and evolve in a rather chaotic way to other subjects so that the main subject is sometimes forgotten4 ,another parameter of a personality is associated with the fact that1 although the structure of models has to be stable1 the structure must be compatible with some models imposed from outside1 by education4 ,without some main models imposed from outside 7by education71 a human being will be not compatible with the external reality4 ,by education1 some models must be present in any brain 7some of them must be in the ,,psm74 ,any human being is able to integrate into society1 based on them4 ,there are now very big problems associated with education1 in the present human society4 ,the main problem is the fact that the society 7including in most advanced countries7 is evolving very fast based on symbolic models and the education is not able to keep the pace with this fast evolution4 ,e4g4 the usual method of education is to impose some story-type model 7i4e4 some models of how to do-type74 ,this method has increased too much the number of models that must be stored by the brain and the brain is not capable anymore to store and use all of them4 ,based on ,,mdt1 the normal solution should be to store some normal models that can be tailored by each person to any specific situation4 ,another parameter is associated with the tendency to think and act based on long-range models or short-range models4 ,some persons behave based on a number of long-range concept models 7principles7 which are used in any situation4 ,other persons have specific short-range models for any specific external reality4 ,the personality parameter is typically situated between the two limits mentioned above4 ,from the general theory1 we know that some models generate knowledge and others are used to modify the external reality4 ,thus1 there are personalities oriented mostly to knowledge and others are oriented mostly to change the external reality4 ,there are persons who assimilate easily external models and others who prefer to make their own models4 ,also1 there are image models and symbolic models4 ,we can make a partial matrix associated with a personality based on the capacity to make_/assimilate image_/symbolic models1 for instance4 ,another very important parameter is associated with the content of the ,,psm4 ,as we know1 a number of external models must be included in the ,,psm1 by the education process1 so that the person is integrated in society4 ,unfortunately1 a lot of models could enter in ,,psm1 in an uncontrolled way4 ,some of these models could be bad models4 ,they can be built1 e4g4 if a person is born and lives 7at least in childhood7 in a bad environment4 ,for a person who has such bad models1 there is still a chance to integrate in a normal society1 by making some shielding models4 ,however1 a shielding model is1 usually1 not safe enough4 ,thus1 in some situations1 a person can act based on the bad models and not based on the shielding models which had helped him_/her to be accepted by the society4 ,unfortunately1 it is very difficult to know in advance the content of the ,,psm1 because the ,,psm acts only in very special and critical situations4 ,to be understood1 this subject needs a lot of further work4 ,here we present a general theory4 ,it cannot go beyond some limits because the technological implementation is1 usually1 not taken into account4 ,however1 based on the theory1 it is possible to develop the subject for specific applications4 ,now we shall list some parameters associated with the personality1 based on the above discussion4 ,some of the parameters associated with the personality could be3 ,the orientation to image models ,the orientation to symbolic models ,the orientation to knowledge ,the orientation to action on external reality ,the orientation to make new models ,the orientation to assimilate new models ,the orientation on short-range models ,the orientation on long-range models ,the parameter associated with the diversity of action ,the parameter associated with the stability in a model ,the parameter associated with the conformity to society requirements ,the parameter associated with non-standard models from ,,psm ,a table could be made1 for any person1 with numerical values associated to the above parameters4 ,to do this1 a local model must be developed4 ,that model has to contain a set of standard procedures to obtain such parameters4 ,this chapter1 which is associated with the personality1 refers only to normal1 mature persons 7as these terms are already defined74 ,the pathological cases are not taken into account here4 ,in fact1 to study the pathological cases is a nonsense before defining the normal situation4 ,this general theory1 as it will be developed for specific situations1 is useful to understand also pathological cases4 ,for instance1 ,,mdt defines ,,xzm- models 7illegal models7 as models which are not integrated in the normal structure of models4 ,such models could be very important to issues related to the personality1 but there are still few data about ,,xzm models4 ,there is another very important parameter associated with the personality1 which was not described above2 it is a parameter associated to the consciousness4 ,because it is so important1 it will be described in a separated section4 ,,the ,,consciousness ,it is considered that there are some long-range ,,zm models 7image or symbolic71 which contain the being as an element4 ,when such a model is activated1 it has to initialize4 ,that is1 it has to find the positions of all the elements 7including the being itself7 and to find all the relations between the elements by interaction with the external reality4 ,the consciousness is the capacity of a brain to make and operate a model1 which contains the being as an element4 ,it is very important to emphasize that such models are normal models1 which are made by that brain in interaction with the external reality4 ,such models cannot be assimilated by education1 for instance4 ,the level of consciousness is associated with the capacity of that brain to find and refresh1 in a continuos way1 the position of the being in a model4 ,such models are long-range models4 ,their elements are already developed as models4 ,some models can also contain some elements associated with the person4 ,the number of planes of consciousness could be high4 ,example3 ,i am a ,romanian citizen4 ,i live in ,europe1 so ,i am also ,european4 ,i have a job2 ,i have a position there4 ,i live in a block of flats2 ,i have also a position in relation with the others who also live in my block of flats1 and so on4 ,there are some models1 which does not contain the person in an explicit way4 ,this is level-#a of conciousness4 ,only some parts of that person are taken into account4 ,the consciousness is of level #b when the person appears in an explicit way in relation with other persons4 ,on level #b1 the person is integrated in a group2 the person knows the aims and the rules of the group and acts accordingly4 ,examples3 when a person drinks water from a glass1 the person does not appear in an explicit way2 only some components of that person are taken into account4 ,if the person knows what he is doing1 and is able to predict his evolution1 then he is on level #a of consciousness4 ,if a person plays a game in a team1 and he knows the aims and the rules of the group and communicates with the members of the group1 then that person is on level #b of consciousness4 ,on level #b1 the person is integrated in the model1 as an explicit element1 as any other person of that group4 ,problem3 ,on level #b1 a possible problem is to consider one's own activity as a good one1 and to consider that some other members of the group are low quality persons4 ,this could happen with a non-homogenous group1 but also it is possible that the model is a low quality one 7the person has made a low quality model associated with the aims and the rules of the group74 ,as we know1 any model is made to be stable 7logical or harmonic74 ,we also know that the stability of a model is not a guarantee that the model reflects in a good way the external reality4 ,thus1 for a good level #b of consciousness1 it is necessary that all the members of the group have about the same basic model4 ,observation3 it is possible that faced with a new external reality1 for which there is no available model1 the ,,psm activates itself4 ,as the ,,psm is activated1 all the normal models are disabled and so the consciousness disappears4 ,such a situation is called shock status4 ,the consciousness returns only after the normal structure of models regains control4 ,the highest level of consciousness is level #c4 ,there are few persons who are able to reach level #c of consciousness4 ,it is not easy to understand the explanations associated with this level4 ,on level #c1 a person is able1 e4g4 to think with the others' head4 ,also1 on this level1 a person is able to see how the others see him4 ,this implies to make a model which contains the model of the group as an element in a longer- range model4 ,on level #c1 the brain has to work very hard4 ,there are few person who are able to do such an effort4 ,it is harder to do such an effort on image models than on symbolic models4 ,usually1 level #c of consciousness is met on symbolic models4 ,however1 the word empathy can be associated on image models1 with a low level #c of consciousness4 ,note3 ,level #c requests a hard effort for a brain and at the same time1 the personal advantage from such effort is not too high4 ,thus1 the absolute majority of the population is on level #a and #b4 ,the persons able to stay on level #c are the elite of a group4 ,example3 let's see an example involving car driving4 ,on level #a1 a driver is reacting only when a situation occurs1 or is about to occur4 ,on level #b1 a driver is able to predict what the other drivers will do beforehand4 ,on level #c1 a driver is able to understand every driver around him1 and he is also able to take in account some possible problems1 which can occur in association with the overall traffic problems4 ,of course1 the best drivers are those on level #c1 but the effort to stay on level #c is so big1 that1 at some moments1 the brain will not be able to do such an effort1 and the driver drops on level #a1 when he can cause accidents4 ,this could be the explanation of some inexplicable accidents1 with persons who are considered as very good from a professional point of view4 ,of course1 this is a very general problem2 it is not related only with car drivers4 ,we already defined the elite of a group as those persons who are able to stay on level #c4 ,let's consider that a person has to work in a position where one has to take care of the community4 ,such persons must anticipate what problems could occur in future1 to be able to protect the community4 ,level #c is absolutely necessary4 ,but1 there is a problem4 ,when a person is to be selected for such a job1 he has to gain some abilities4 ,the problem here is that such abilities are1 usually1 obtained after some specific training4 ,the training courses have1 as main goal1 to ensure that the students have assimilated a number of models4 ,when a problem associated with such models occurs1 they will activate the suitable model1 and so they will solve the problem4 ,but1 to be able to do the job in a good way1 the main quality is not to have the right model1 when the problem occurs1 but to anticipate fast enough1 what kind of problem will occur4 ,that is1 to be on level #c4 ,i never heard that the selection of personnel is done based also on the level of consciousness criterion4 ,even worse1 the persons who are able to assimilate easily new models1 have a reduced capacity to make their own models 7as level #c requires7 and so1 the present system of education stimulates the students to have a low level of consciousness4 ,the present level of development of the human brain is too low to have1 on a large scale1 a level #c of symbolic consciousness4 ,the consciousness based on symbolic models is requested in any situation when an elite group is necessary4 ,in such a situation1 every individual of the group is associated with a symbolic element4 ,such a symbolic element contains nothing which could be associated with the human part of an individual 7no emotions1 no feelings1 no love and so on74 ,let's see now the consciousness in the animal world4 ,some superior animals1 which live in packs1 know their position in the pack4 ,so1 there is a form of level #b image consciouness for such animals4 ,of course1 such a level is associated with a single model1 which is made by every individual of the pack4 ,even more1 the position of every individual could be changed in time4 ,but what about ants4 ,there is very little probability that an ant is able to make models in interaction with the external reality4 ,the ants are based on the models of their ,,psm1 7which are ready made when they are born74 ,for instance1 level-#b of consciousness could be recognized when there is a competition between the members of the group1 as it happens in a pack of mammals1 or when an individual has to be trained4 ,such things cannot be met in the world of the ants4 ,thus1 ants have no consciousness 7except level #j7 as a result of their incapacity to make models on their own4 ,some superior animals1 which live in association with human beings 7e4g4 dogs71 are able to create on their own some models of interaction with the human beings4 ,so1 they could have level #b consciousness4 ,,abstract3 ,,model ,,dictionary ,m3 these are models associated in a direct way with sense organs 7,m-eyes1 ,m- ears and so on74 ,,ym3 concept models directly or indirectly associated with different entities of the external reality4 ,,zm3 ,general long-range models4 ,for any external reality1 the brain makes one or more ,,zm-models4 ,they generate the truths1 the reality1 the knowledge and the consciousness4 ,,zm-models are activated by the associated external reality4 ,there are also ,,zm- models that are not associated to an external reality 7e4g4 when we solve a problem of mathematics74 ,any ,,zm-model associated to an external reality works in association with some ,m-models1 and also in assocition with any other ,,zm-model4 ,,mzm3 this term is not associated with a model1 but with a structure of different ,,zm1 ,,ym1 ,,zam1 and ,,azm models4 ,these models are very often used together4 ,such a structure is generated by the technological implementation of the brain1 and it optimizes the activity of the brain in a section of the external reality4 ,,zam3 these models are long-range models used to modify the external reality4 ,they are artificial models 7they are not generated by direct interaction with the external reality7 and they are also invariant 7they cannot be changed by direct interaction with the external reality74 ,,azm3 these models are associated with the organs that can interact with the external reality 7hands1 legs and so on7 in a direct way4 ,,xzm3 these models are called also illegal models1 because they are not included in the normal structure of models4 ,a normal model is a model for which any prediction is accepted in a harmonic_/logic way by any other model of the structure4 ,x,z,ms are1 thus1 individual models which have no normal communication with other models4 ,thus1 a brain is not able to detect such models4 ,in some situations1 such models can become active and gain control of the being4 ,they can also transmit some information to the normal structure of models4 ,,wbam 7would be-active models73 such models are artificial models that are generated by a ,,zm-model4 ,thus1 a ,,zm-model predicts a situation for which there is no normal model4 ,if a new external reality occurs1 and there is no normal model to understand it1 the ,,psm is activated4 ,a ,,zm-model can make a ,,wbam- model1 based on its predictions1 so that1 when the new external reality occurs1 the ,,zm will activate that ,,wbam and so ,,psm is not activated4 ,,shielding ,,models3 ,any model has the tendency to become stable4 ,there are some models which cannot become stable4 ,such models can destabilize the whole structure of models due to some infinite loops performed in order to gain stability 7the model with problems will activate some other models1 including the ,,psm1 in a continuous way74 ,a shielding model is created by the main ,,zm4 ,it intercepts some truths which can activate some other models 7incuding the ,,psm7 and transmits to the model with problems some information which stabilizes it4 ,the reality generated by a shielding model is called illusion4 ,the best known shielding-model is religion4 ,this shielding model stabilizes any model which predicts the death of the person so it blocks the activation of the ,,psm4 ,,story-,,type ,,models3 ,faced with a new external reality1 the normal tendency of the brain is to make a normal model1 or to activate a suitable model from its collection of models4 ,but1 when the external reality is changing very fast1 this procedure cannot be followed4 ,in this case1 the brain records the information based on short-range models4 ,these short-range models are connected between them based on the order of occurence4 ,such a model 7string- type7 is called story-type model4 ,story-type models are used later 7off line7 to make or improve the normal models4 ,,protection ,,and ,,survival ,,model 7,,psm7 ,this is the fundamental image model of any brain4 ,when a new being is born1 the brain contains only the ,,psm4 ,the ,,psm contains a collection of basic short range models 7e4g4 reflex actions7 and long-range models 7e4g4 the instincts7 for a minimal protection of that being and to ensure the unconditional survival of that being1 forever 7these are the basic design features74 ,the ,,psm contains also a model of the external body 7bones1 muscles1 and so on7 and also some basic models of interaction with the external reality 7e4g4 the model to follow with the eyes the movement of an entity from external reality1 or the model to touch an entity from external reality1 which is in the range of the hand74 ,there are also some models to ensure the equilibrium of the physical body4 ,faced with a new external reality1 the ,,psm is activated and it tries to solve the problem1 based on its short-range models 7e4g4 reflex actions71 but it will also create a new element1 which is associated to the new external reality4 ,once the new element is created by ,,psm1 this element is self- developing as a model1 in order to understand the new external reality4 ,when such an external reality occurs again1 the specialized model created during the first occurence of the new external reality will be activated instead of the ,,psm4 ,such models are normal models 7they do not belong to ,,psm74 ,thus1 as a new born being gains experience1 the ,,psm will not be activated1 but the models previously created in the interaction of that being with the external reality4 ,a model1 which belongs to ,,psm1 cannot be changed regardless of the information received from external reality 7the ,,psm contains only invariant models74 ,in special conditions1 e4g4 when a big danger exists for the being 7as detected by ,,psm71 it is possible that a new model enters the ,,psm4 ,basically speaking1 any model can enter the ,,psm4 ,for a normal brain1 the ,,psm must contain only standard models 7see the general theory and ,e,t,as7 because1 once a model is in ,,psm1 it cannot be changed regardless of the information received from external reality4 ,even more1 any information from external reality can be accepted only if it can be accepted by ,,psm4 ,example3 ,let's suppose that in the ,,psm of a person there is a non-standard model which considers that the frogs are very dangerous4 ,regardless of the information received from external reality1 that person will be horrified when frogs are around4 ,the content of the ,,psm is very hard to be known because the ,,psm is activated only when there is no normal model to understand the external reality4 ,the ,,psm is an image model and it will remain so forever4 ,,examples1 ,,tests ,,and ,,applications 7,,eta7 ,,associated ,,to ,,the ,,mdt ,,theory ,these ,e,t,as are intergrant parts of ,,mdt and show how it works in some specific cases4 ,the order of occurence of the subjects is random4 ,,mdt tries to keep its generality as much as possible1 independent of the technological implementation of different brains4 ,,eta #a3 ,the ,model ,the model is a collection of elements and relations between the elements4 ,there are two types of models3 image models 7or analogic models7 and symbolic models4 ,the elements and relationships are given explicitly for the symbolic models1 and implicitly for the image models4 ,image models 7analogic7 can't be given in an explicit manner4 ,they are given as they are1 as a whole4 ,this is an intrinsic property of the image models4 ,to give a model in an explcit manner means to describe the elements and the relationship between the elements1 but this takes us outside the analogic model4 ,that means to translate the image model into a symbolic model 7we need to use words to describe the image model74 ,even if the translated model is associated to the image model1 it is a different model4 ,example3 given an image model of an airplane1 its elements are the main body1 the wings etc4 ,one of the wings could break in two1 so it is made of two pieces4 ,actually1 it contains an infinity of elements1 as it could break in any way4 ,in any real situation1 it is by far easier to build an image model1 than explain what had been built4 ,this is why we say that an image model is just given as it is1 and not defined explicitly4 ,anytime we refer to an image model1 we need to take into account this fundamental issue4 ,application #a3 ,image models in poetry and painting ,a poet imagines something- there is an image model in his mind4 ,the poet will translate somehow this image model into several symbolic models 7e4g4 statements71 trying in fact to associate the image model from his mind to a collection of symbolic models1 materialised in the text of the poem4 ,it is assumed that the text of the poem1 together with other image-type elements 7,rythm1 rhyme1 intonation etc7 will be able to make the reader_/listener to reassemble somehow the initial image model from the poet's mind4 ,in the case of painting1 the painter has in front of him a subject 7e4g4 a person74 ,this subject is perceived through all the senses the painter has4 ,what results is an image model of the subject based on this complex interaction4 ,this image model from the painter's mind will be translated into another image model that will show on the canvas4 ,the translation means only to associate a model to another4 ,the translated model can be built anyhow within very large limits1 based on the complex image model from the painter's mind4 ,it is supposed here as well1 that the viewer will remake somehow as an image model the initial model from the mind of the painter4 ,application #b3 ,image models from the external reality ,long time ago1 when people needed to build some complex structures 7e4g4 a fortress71 in the first phase they had to make a sketch of what they intended to build4 ,this is valid only for less complex constructions4 ,for more complicated structures1 the most used method was to build a #c;,d model4 ,the model can be easily analyzed and modified4 ,with the model in sight1 the brain is able to simulate its behaviour for situations associated with the external reality and to correct the discovered deficiencies1 on the model4 ,this model can be used at the effective building of the external reality4 ,nowadays1 the image models are very highly developed4 ,e4g4 a model built based on complex specs can be used to simulate its behaviour during an earthquake4 ,the data obtained can be used to predict the behaviour of the actual building4 ,the highly developed image models are used on large scale in technology 7skyscrapers1 suspension bridges1 airplanes1 and actually in any complex technological product74 ,these image models can then be used to simulate possible situations from external reality1 including extreme situations1 before the actual construction of the technological product4 ,the symbolic models are built using ,,gcl 7,general ,communication ,language74 ,they have explicit elements and relationships4 ,they can be built only by humans4 ,the most important symbolic model is ,,gcl itself4 ,its elements are in the first place the nouns1 as the relationship between elements are mainly the verbs4 ,contrasting to image models1 which evolve based on laws of harmony1 symbolic models evolve based on logic 7see general theory74 ,the presence of ,,gcl in a brain will define that brain as a human brain4 ,important note3 ,,gcl is not really a symbolic model4 ,it contains only components 7elements and relationships74 ,whenever a symbolic model for communication is built 7e4g4 a sentence71 one needs to choose components from ,,gcl4 ,as any use of ,,gcl is materialised in a symbolic model and because there is no proper word for it1 ,,gcl is considered by extension a symbolic model4 ,technology uses models on a very large scale4 ,image models have initially been used1 but nowadays1 due to the high costs of the image models and for other reasons1 symbolic models and the use of computers are favoured 7e4g4 symbolic models are built currently for buildings1 suspension bridges1 airplanes and spacecrafts1 with the help of computers74 ,for training purposes1 symbolic models are built and used for simulation of nuclear plants1 or flight behaviour1 or anything1 where it is necessary that future crew_/staff to gain experience beforehand4 ,present technology is based in fact almost exclusively on symbolic models4 ,application #c3 ,from the iron to the space shuttle ,apparently an iron is too simple to require a design based on a symbolic model4 ,false4 ,let's take a simple technological detail3 the holes used for steam exhausts for moisturising the tissue4 ,some questions are1 e4g4 how many holes it needs1 where1 what shape and dimensions are needed for uniform moisturising of the tissue with minimum water consumption and at lowest costs4 ,clearly1 it is possible to build analogic models1 which can be tested experimentally4 ,based on the analogic 7image7 models one can obtain certain results1 but there is no guarantee that the optimal solution was found4 ,the existing image model cannot be modified1 as such4 ,if we want to make any change in the image model we have to rebuild it from scratch1 as we already know1 which implies time and money4 ,the vaporisation and dispersion process of the steam through a complex structure as the surface of the iron1 tissue and the support1 is very complex4 ,physicists1 based on symbolic models1 with help of computers1 solve this type of problem4 ,the rebuilding of the model in order to find a better solution is far simpler on a symbolic model1 than on an image model4 ,if in the case of an iron1 the highest risk is that the customers won't buy the non-performing iron1 in other cases the risks involved are unacceptable4 ,for instance1 the space shuttle was 'verified' for reentering the atmosphere on a symbolic model4 ,this phase of the flight1 by far the most dangerous1 would have been impossible to test before the actual flight4 ,the crew was trained on symbolic models in all the phases of the flight1 and in all normal and exceptional situations4 ,the astronauts have learned to fly for reentering the atmosphere1 based mainly on training on symbolic models4 ,given a model 7image or symbolic71 it can be used to predict its further evolution4 ,this is achieved by changing_/ adding_/ removing a parameter_/ element_/ relationship and following what happens4 ,this process is called simulation on the model4 ,as we know1 the results of the simulation on the model are called truths associated to the model4 ,when a model is associated to external reality1 by simulating on the model1 we can predict the evolution of the external reality4 ,these operations are done either by the human 7image and symbolic7 or the animal brains 7image models only74 ,we need to note here- it is as important1 as it looks trivial3 ,we extend to the external reality the structure of symbolic and image models from our brain4 ,this extension is done not only in the domain of science and technology1 but also in all domains of life4 ,for each of us1 the world itself is given as a sum of all the projections to external reality of all the active models of the brain4 ,this statement is true for animals as well4 ,example3 ,the laws voted in the parliament are long-range symbolic models2 they are an extension of the structure of models from the brains of the authors of the laws4 ,the prediction of the evolution of external reality 7see general theory7 is the main requirement of design for the human or animal brain4 ,thus1 this requirement is fulfilled by the facility of the brain to build and operate models4 ,,eta #b3 ,truth1 reality1 and communication ,any result of the simulation on a model is a truth associated to that model4 ,as pointed out in the general theory1 a truth is associated by us to a symbolic message 7generated by a symbolic model72 however in order to keep the terminology simple1 in the case of image models1 a result obtained by simulation on the model is also called 'truth'1 in spite of the fact that it is used 'as is'1 without the necessity to explain it4 ,example3 ,if an animal builds an image model of the external reality1 predicting a dangerous situation1 it is possible to find the solution to the problem by simulation on the model4 ,this solution 7the truth7 might be1 e4g4 to flee4 ,the truth will activate directly the preexistent action model1 which is in this case to flee4 ,we'll refer from now on only to symbolic models4 ,if no model is specified1 any truth is nonsense4 ,example3 ,the truth is a car crashed into a wall4 ,this truth might be generated by any of the following models3 -accident -test -movie_/cartoon -computer game ,in any of the above models1 the specified truth is interpreted differently 7it has a different meaning74 ,the theory underlines thus1 that the model which generated a truth needs to be specified and accepted before the presentation of the truth4 ,this basic requirement is always met in positive sciences4 ,in common life1 the declaration of the model is not always done1 and often the model does not even exist in an elaborate and coherent form4 ,emerging from here a long line of conflicts between individuals1 groups or cultural zones1 which all have their own reality associated to the same external reality4 ,this can be interpreted as a design deficiency of the brain4 ,some can compensate this hardware deficiency by software1 e4g4 the individuals situated on level #c of consciousness 7see the general theory74 ,there is a fairly common situation in external reality when a person states a truth1 and then builds the model to support it4 ,this happens usually for persons based on image models only1 and when they interact with external reality1 they only translate the image truth to a symbolic truth4 ,such persons are recognisable by their rudimentary logic and their tendency to fragment any discussion to particular sections of the external reality4 ,such persons can't discuss a single general subject4 ,exercise3 ,verify yourself and others on the existence and status of the model1 which generated any stated truth4 ,it is known from the general theory that a basic problem in the construction of a model associated to the external reality is that we do not know beforehand the elements of the specific external reality4 ,these elements need to be discovered1 and the discovered elements are the only ones we can operate with4 ,warning3 ,the external reality1 as defined in ,,mdt1 can't have elements and relationships4 ,the elements and relations appear only in the model associated to the external reality4 ,however1 in many statements we will use notions like elements and relationships of the external reality1 but these need to be understood as elements and relations of the model associated to the external reality4 ,for the external reality1 one can use the term 'entity'1 which identified by the model will become an element of it4 ,however1 we have no word available to associate to external reality in the case of relations4 ,by perfectioning the language1 such deficiencies will be solved4 ,a basic requirement for the existence of communication is the existence of a single common model accepted by both parts who want to communicate4 ,without a common symbolic model1 there is no communication1 as both sides will have their own list of definition of the terms associated to the words4 ,usually1 communication is done only on symbolic models4 ,however1 there are more primitive forms of communication using image models 7between people1 between humans and animals1 between animals74 ,the reality is defined in the general theory as the sum of all truths generated1 or possibly generated1 by a model4 ,as each person has his_/her own collection of models1 the reality as understood by each person is different from one person to another4 ,it is important to specify that in the domain of positive sciences1 fundamental models generally accepted do exist4 ,one of these models is e4g4 ,newton's ,mechanics4 ,as this model generates a reality1 all physicists consider that the 'reality' is the one generated by ,newton's ,mechanics1 within its limits of applicability4 ,due to reasons associated to confusions of the science of knowledge1 the reality generated by ,newton's model is considered as 'objective'4 ,thus1 objective reality is a term generated by a generally accepted model in specified conditions4 ,from this point of view1 the fact that the ,sun revolves around the ,earth is an objective truth1 at least at the level of the year #aejj4 ,it needs to be stated by all means that without a model1 the external reality cannot be perceived4 ,after building a model associated to the external reality1 what we perceive is what the model states as perception4 ,if1 e4g4 we say that 'snow is white'1 this is the result generated by a model associated with external reality1 external reality which contains the element 'snow'4 ,one of the properties of the element 'snow' is that it is white4 ,under the microscope 7another model7 the same snow looks transparent4 ,as we already mentioned1 reality is the one generated by the model associated to a given external reality4 ,each time we state a truth1 we have to specify first the model4 ,example3 ,there are an ,a and a ,b person4 ,a is taller than ,b1 as it results from measurement4 ,the term 'length' is generated of the model 'space'1 as ,euclid's ,geometry and ,newton's ,mechanics understand it4 ,these fundamental models characterize this truth as objective4 ,if we say that ,a is more attractive than ,b1 this is a subjective truth4 ,however a model has also generated this truth1 more or less elaborate_/ specified and more or less accepted by different persons4 ,the conclusion is that the term 'subjective truth' is resulting from a model1 which is not unanimously accepted or insufficiently elaborated4 ,in this case1 it is clear that people should avoid such truths or should declare the model4 ,with the evolution of thinking1 the term 'subjective truth' will be removed from the thinking system4 ,,eta #c3 ,fundamental problems associated to scientific knowledge ,computers are known as devices used to play complex games based on intelligence1 to write texts of different types1 to make calculations1 to store and manage data1 to send or receive information1 to build and operate symbolic models1 etc4 ,a question occurs however3 which is the principle of work of a computer8 ,if we do not interact with the computer via a primary programming language 7,assembler or machine language71 ,i believe that it is impossible to find the principle of work of the computer either from in- or outside of it4 ,the fundamental function of a computer is to do logical and arithmetical operations with binary numbers with the help of an electronic device 7register7 called 'accumulator'4 ,if we are in a text editor1 for instance1 and we press a key corresponding to a letter1 that letter will show on the screen4 ,for the unaware1 it is difficult to imagine that by pressing a key associated with a letter1 a register-accumulator will make hundreds or thousands of logical and arithmetical operations on binary numbers1 only to have that letter shown on the screen4 ,this example wants to illustrate that1 based on the external analysis of what is happening1 it is impossible to figure out the principle of work of a ridiculously simple device as a computer 7ridiculously simple compared to the brain of a dog1 e4g47 ,the method used in positive sciences is not the analysis of primary data4 ,the method of analysis works on extremely simple systems1 which can be perceived on image models as well4 ,the method used in positive sciences is to guess a symbolic model1 based more or less on the interaction with external reality1 and to verify the model4 ,it results that the method of understanding the brain based on the analysis of primary data is at least inefficient4 ,a fundamental problem of knowledge is that primary facts can be understood only if a model to integrate them already exists4 ,without a model1 we are forced to build one on the spot4 ,thus1 each fact of the external reality could be understood based on a local model4 ,the correlation between facts1 each understood in its local model is impossible4 ,this is why a method of guessing a fundamental model was imposed4 ,based on the single fundamental model the facts are interpreted and reinterpreted4 ,such a method allows the correlation of the primary facts4 ,if the model does not make good predictions1 it will be modified and the process restarted from scratch1 until we find the model in which all the primary facts can be understood4 ,the process stops when the predictions are true with an acceptable rate4 ,in that phase we can talk about knowledge4 ,as a comment1 we need to say that the analytical method is based on short- range models 7can be affected by schizophrenia and ,,xspc71 while the synthetic method is based on long-range models which allow not only correlation between facts1 but also a cross-check between the local models4 ,the need for a single fundamental model comes from the fact that any used word needs to have a unique definition4 ,this is true only in case of the existence of a single fundamental model4 ,example3 what would happen if in common language everybody used different definitions for the words used8 ,the communication would not exist1 everyone talking his_/her own language4 ,the conclusion is that any positive science is based on a single fundamental model1 stated from the very start4 ,this symbolic model can be based on primary facts1 results of the interaction with external reality or on theoretical principles 7e4g4 the principle of inertia in ,newton's ,mechanics cannot be visibly connected by facts seen in the external reality74 ,however1 as in the external reality there are a huge number of facts difficult to correlate1 the method to find the fundamental symbolic model is guessing4 ,once the model built1 this will order in a univoque manner all the primary facts4 ,moreover1 it will make predictions that will lead to new discoveries or confirmations of itself4 ,as we have shown in the general theory1 we reflect sections of the external reality in models4 ,the models make predictions4 ,if the predictions are good1 we will use the model a next time too1 as it proved to be useful4 ,now we have the normal answer to a fundamental question asked for long time3 'why do the laws of nature exist8' or ',why the world has an order8' ,as it results from ,,mdt1 we reflect the external reality based on symbolic models4 ,these symbolic models need to be logical in order to be stable4 ,if a symbolic model associated to external reality will not reflect it correctly1 we will build a new model4 ,example3 ,the external reality can change due to the movement of some objects4 ,then we will build a symbolic model containing the term 'velocity'4 ,this symbolic model will make good predictions provided the objects move at a constant velocity4 ,if the velocity is not constant1 the model will not reflect correctly the external reality4 ,then we will build a new symbolic model1 introducing a new element called 'acceleration'4 ,this model will make correct prediction for the objects that move at variable velocities as well4 ,thus1 by building of adequate models1 the external reality is reflected by stable models4 ,it is very easy to confuse the external reality with its 'image' generated by a stable symbolic model4 ,as we know1 we have no direct acces to external reality4 ,we perceive it based on some associated models4 ,thus1 as a conclusion1 the impresion that nature is a structure based on stable laws and order comes from the fact that we reflect the external reality based on logical and stable symbolic models4 ,,eta #d3 ,general ,communication ,language 7,,gcl71 dictionary ,,gcl is the first symbolic model generated by the human brain4 ,at the beginning1 only its spoken form existed1 later it appeared as a written language too4 ,as the purpose of the construction of models is to predict the evolution of external reality1 ,,gcl was always associated directly or indirectly with external reality4 ,,gcl is a very special symbolic model4 ,it is used both for general communication and for building other more precise symbolic models4 ,examples of developed languages included in ,,gcl3 diplomatic language1 juridic language1 logical and mathematical language1 languages based on gestures and signs1 computer languages4 ,,gcl can be used to build symbolic models that are associated to external reality1 e4g4 the positive sciences4 ,it is supposed that ,,gcl occurs by spontaneous interaction between people but this is an abnormal mode of occurence4 ,it is not clear to me that a language can start from scratch1 but let's suppose so4 ,the abnormal mode of occurence is associated with another aspect4 ,the language for any device used to process information 7as the brain is7 is made of a collection of terms and relations4 ,any element_/relation of the symbolic model 7language7 must be associated with a component_/function of the hardware4 ,that is1 the hardware must be known before the language is built4 ,this is the normal situation1 e4g4 when a computer1 which has no associated programs1 has to be used4 ,but1 as it is believed1 the language used by the brain appeared without knowing the hardware4 ,the main consequence is that all the words1 which have to be associated with the basic feature of the hardware1 have no precise definition4 ,thus1 we find in dictionaries what ,i call external definition of the words4 ,that is1 such definitions are not based on the hardware4 ,,mdt as a theory associated with the hardware1 generates internal definitions of the words4 ,some such definitions will be given below4 ,dictionary of internal definitions for some words3 #a4 ,to believe3 there is an incomplete 7unstable7 model4 ,such a model could become stable 7harmonic_/logic7 if some artificial elements_/relations are included 7artificial means that something is not generated by the interaction with the external reality74 ,after such changes1 the model becomes stable4 ,any truth generated by such a model must be associated with the word to believe4 ,also1 the artificial changes must be specified before4 #b4 ,to know3 there is a stable model 7harmonic_/logic7 which is integrated in a stable structure of models4 ,any truth generated by such a model can be associated with to know4 ,i want to emphasize that from this does not result in any way that the truth is correct1 when compared to the external reality4 ,to know means just that the whole structure of models of the brain supports that truth1 and nothing more6 ,as one can see1 to know is associated only to the structure of models1 and not to the external reality4 #c4 ,as ,i know3 there are some models which support a truth but some other related models are not good enough to support that truth4 #d4 ,correct1 to be correct3 this term has at least two meanings4 #d;a4 ,there is a model generating a prediction in association with the external reality4 ,this prediction is compared with ,,ir4 ,if the result is positive1 then the truth is correct4 #d;b4 ,there is a stable structure of models4 ,such a structure has already predicted a large number of correct 7#d;a7 truths4 ,in such a situation1 any truth generated by the structure is considered to be correct 7see also the definition of the term to know74 ,to be correct based on definition #d;a means to make an experiment 7any comparison between a prediction and ,,ir is called experiment74 ,there are a very limited situation when an experiment can or may be done 7e4g4 if the problem is to verify if a bridge will survive or not in case of an earthquake1 then such a problem cannot be solved based on an experiment74 ,let's analize now a little the word wrong4 ,if a model generates wrong predictions based on ,,ir1 this does not mean usually that the model is wrong4 ,this word is usually associated to a model1 which is not suitable to a specific external reality4 ,for instance ,newton's ,mechanics is wrong for objects1 which travel at a speed comparable with the speed of light1 but is correct at low speed4 #e4 ,to understand3 there is an incomplete model and there is an ,,ir 7from external reality or from other models74 ,the model is selfimproving based on that ,,ir4 ,the term understand is used when a model is improved in such a way4 #f4 ,to imagine3 is the main term associated to any operation on image models4 #g4 ,to think3 it is the main term associated to any operation on symbolic models4 ,for human beings1 usually1 the symbolic models are mixed with image models but when to think is used1 the general frame continues to be a symbolic one4 #h4 ,intelligence3 is the facility to make and operate a long-range model4 ,there is a kind of intelligence based on image models 7human and animal7 and one based on symbolic models 7human only74 #i4 ,to represent3 there is a complex model1 which is too big to be used as a whole4 ,such a model can be associated to a simplified model1 which on its turn is associated only to a section of the main model4 ,such a model represents the main model on the restricted domain4 ,we should never forget that a representation model is based on the main model1 and the main model only is fully associated to the external reality4 #aj4 ,emotion3 this is a temporary state which occurs when a new external reality appears1 and no suitable short-range model is available4 ,emotion is associated ,,only to a lack of a suitable ,,short-,,range model4 ,in such a situation the ,,psm is activate4 ,but the activated ,,psm does not consider this external reality as a dangerous situation4 ,even so1 it builds a suitable element4 ,such an element is self-developing to understand the new external reality4 ,the emotion starts when ,,psm is activated1 and disappears when a new suitable short-range model is activated4 ,because emotion is associated with the activation of ,,psm1 in an emotional status1 the conciousness disappears or is at least attenuated4 ,the brain can predict the possiblity that an emotional status occurs4 ,sometimes such status can be prevented by a suitable ,,wbam1 built in advance4 ,that is1 a ,,zm will build a ,,wbam based on the available information about a future new external reality4 ,,zm will activate that ,,wbam when the new external reality occurs 7see also the general theory74 ,we already emphasized that emotions are associated to the lack of a short- range model1 when a new external reality occurs4 ,the word angry can be associated with the lack of a long-range model associated with a full section of the external reality 7for instance when a person lives in an environment1 which he_/she doesn't fit in74 ,in such a situation1 the ,,psm is activated as well1 but it has no solution4 ,in fact1 ,,psm can't build a long-range model4 ,a long-range model is difficult to build1 because it starts from a general model which is not directly associated to a specified external reality4 ,the lack of a suitable long-range model means that many short-range models can become unstable1 due to a lack of correlation between them4 ,such a person has a feeling that there is a problem1 but he_/she cannot identify it4 ,such a person is in an angry-status4 ,about the same considerations can be associated to the word anxiety4 ,here we can see a class of problems associated to the fact that the words in common life are not associated to the hardware and so1 the external definitions are not precise enough4 ,as the language will evolve based on internal definitions1 the quality of the language will improve4 ,,mdt is able to generate a definition1 and then a word has to be associated to that definition4 ,unfortunately1 the words have already an external definition4 ,thus1 there are two possibilities3 to invent a new word1 or to use an already existing word4 ,in the latter situation1 two definitions associated to the same word could exist3 an internal one generated by ,,mdt1 and an external one1 as we can find in dictionaries4 ,my decision was to use as much as possible the already existing words1 with the risk to have two different definitions associated to the same word4 ,as ,,mdt will be accepted1 all the words associated to functions of the brain will be associated only to their internal definitions4 #aa3 ,to be irritated1 to be under stress ,such a phrase is used when there is a temporary situation of instability of the structure of models4 ,such a status can affect the short-range models 7to be irritated7 or the long-range models 7to be under stress74 ,in the following1 we will describe some situations when such a temporary instability can occur4 #aa;a4 ,there is a normal model associated to the actual external reality4 ,the problem occurs when such external reality evolves in a cyclical way1 for very long time4 ,in such a situation1 the prediction of the evolution of the external reality is identical with ,,ir1 forever4 ,if the external reality is a sound1 and if the sound contains a sequence which is repeated on and on1 this uses a lot of energy of the brain for a nonsense activity 7due to the hardware design1 it is impossible not to hear a sound74 ,because the activation of other models becomes difficult1 there will be an instability of the structure of models1 and so there is an irritation-status4 ,examples3 the use as weapon of the rattlesnake's rattle and of the ,chinese drop ,it is important to observe two parameters3 the length of the sequence and the repetition interval4 ,the musical piece called ,bolero by ,maurice ,ravel contains a sequence1 which is long enough to produce no irritation4 ,in fact1 every time when the sequence is repeated1 there are other musical instruments4 ,in this way1 this musical piece is not too close to the irritation limit4 ,even so1 at the end of the piece1 the repeated sequence ends1 producing an instant relaxation4 ,let's see this problem in the case of visual arts4 ,let's suppose a large white surface4 ,such a surface can produce irritation1 because in any point of this surface1 the ,,ir is identical with the prediction4 ,there is a natural tendency to put some elements on that surface1 to reduce the irritation4 ,but1 if the details are randomly spread1 the prediction will be different of the ,,ir in most of the points4 ,this also can produce some irritation4 ,the solution found in about all cultural zones and times was to have some sequence made of identical elements1 but every element has to be complicated enough so that sometimes the ,,ir is identical with the prediction1 and sometimes not4 ,when such a surface is explored1 the brain seems to have a pleasure4 ,the pleasure can be defined as a situation when the prediction is close to ,,ir1 but about never the same4 ,this can be seen mainly on cultural products of ancient cultures1 but also nowadays4 ,we can see this also on the shape of the ,christian cross3 a ,christian-,orthodox cross has more detail than a ,christian-,catholic cross because the ,orthodox religion is mostly oriented to image models while the ,catholic religion is more oriented to symbolic models4 ,the modern cultural zones are based mainly on symbolic models4 ,there is a reduced tendency to see all the details in a symbolic environment4 ,thus a perfectly plane surface1 without details1 will produce no irritation4 ,this is so because1 in a symbolic environment1 the interaction based on image models is not important anymore4 #aa;b4 ,the lack of stability of the structure of models could occur when the external reality is unchanging for a very long time4 ,here1 the prediction is also identical with ,,ir1 but there is an additional technological feature1 which will be described below4 ,as we know from the main theory1 any active model will predict in a continuous automatic way the possible evolution of the external reality 7this is a basic hardware feature74 ,now1 the problem is how often this prediction is made4 ,my supposition is that the speed of this activity is variable1 and depends on the speed of changing of the external reality4 ,that is1 when the external reality is changing very fast1 the new predictions are made also very often4 ,now1 if the external reality is not changing anymore1 there could be a problem3 the model has to make a new prediction1 but there is no reason to do this4 ,such a situation can also produce a temporary perturbation of the stability of the structure of models1 i4e4 irritation4 ,in such a situation1 the brain could activate other ,z,ms1 7e4g4 ,z,ms which are not connected to the unchanging external reality7 up to the moment when there will be a change in the main external reality4 ,this activity could be a source of mistakes or even accidents1 as the local-,,zm becomes1 temporarily1 one1 which is not connected to the main external reality4 ,the accidents can occur1 for instance1 when the external reality is changing and the suitable local-,,zm has not enough time to reinitialize4 ,example3 a driver is in a hurry and stops at a stoplight4 ,the external reality is not changing for a while and so there could be an irritation4 ,under stress conditions1 the driver could activate another model 7associated or not to the external reality7 and so1 he_/she is not properly prepared for the moment when the traffic light changes to green4 ,because this is an important source of irritation1 in some cities there is an additional display1 which counts the time for red or green status1 and so the irritation is diminished4 ,thus1 time flows with a variable speed1 depending on the speed of change of the external reality 7see ,,eta about time74 #aa;c4 ,the word irritation is used also when an external factor interferes with the activity of a main model4 ,this external factor could also activate the ,,psm4 ,such a situation can also affect the stability of the structure of models and so1 produce irritation4 ,as we know1 faced with a new external reality 7for instance a strong noise71 the brain will switch from the actual-,,zm to another model1 which understands the new situation4 ,when such external perturbation occurs on and on1 the brain is forced to switch the ,z,ms very often4 ,such activity can be affected by mistakes1 because switching from a model to another is a very complex activity4 ,when a model is deactivated1 some information has to be stored to be used when the model will be reactivated4 ,sometimes1 the external reality can change so much that the stored information becomes of no use4 ,but the brain does not know easily if the stored information is good or not at the new activation4 ,so1 there could be mistakes1 and the stability of the structure of models can also be affected 7irritation occurs74 ,because the activation and deactivation of a symbolic model is much more complicated than for an image model1 the switching between a symbolic model and an image model1 or even worse1 between two symbolic models1 is very dangerous 7don't use the mobile phone when you drive1 e4g47 #ab4 ,love1 to love ,the main model of any brain 7human or animal7 is the ,protection and ,survival ,model 7,,psm74 ,if something 7a person1 an animal1 an object1 an idea4447 is included by a person in his_/her ,,psm 7as a model1 of course71 the relation between that something and that person is a love relation4 ,that is1 e4g4 a person ,a includes a person ,b 7as model7 in his_/her ,,psm4 ,the person ,a will treat person ,b in the same way as he_/she treats his_/her legs1 hands1 eyes etc4 ,here we use the convention that ,a indicates the person who is in love and ,b is the person included in the ,,psm as a model4 ,the most important love-relation seems to be between a mother and her children4 ,as we defined the term love the fact that ,a loves ,b is totally independent on the fact that ,b loves ,a4 ,we already described love based on ,,psm4 ,there is another type of love1 which is not based on ,,psm4 ,thus1 the person ,a makes a structure of models which contains ,b in about all of them4 ,if ,b disappears1 the models would become obsolete1 which produces a large instability of the structure4 ,the problem could be solved by another ,b or by a shielding model or by suicide4 ,because love is based mainly on image models1 about all of the written above is true for animals too4 #ac4 ,happiness1 to be happy ,,mdt considers that there are two basic modes of interaction of the brain with the external reality3 to generate the reality based on the external reality and to modify the external reality4 ,continuous happiness is associated to the status of the brain which builds action models 7,z,a,ms7 based on ,z,ms-only4 ,that is1 to do and want only what is possible 7as ,z,ms predict74 ,so any activation of a ,,zam is a success 7,,zam is able to reach its aims74 ,the happy persons have a big contribution to the stability of the society1 but small contribution to its advance4 ,we already defined the disharmonic person as the person who builds and activates ,z,a,ms without taking in account too much the predictions of the ,z,ms4 ,usually such persons are unhappy1 but sometimes they are able to reach their aims and so1 at least for a short time1 they are in a status of high level happiness4 #ad4 ,intuition ,based on ,,mdt1 intuition is associated to the capacity to obtain image information in a symbolic frame4 ,that is1 when we are in the frame of a symbolic model and there is a problem without a solution1 an image model can be activated automatically on its own 7as we already know74 ,such image model is able to make a prediction but there is no proof or reason for it 7because an image model generates image-truths674 ,there is just a feeling that such information is true4 ,the symbolic model can use this information to solve its problems4 ,in this case1 we speak about intuition4 ,the intuition is similar to the extra-sensorial perceptions3 we gain some information without any explanation about the source of it and there is no proof to support it4 ,the difference is that an illegal model generates the extra-sensorial information1 and a normal image model1 which is activated in a normal symbolic frame1 generates the intuition4 ,note3 everything which is associated to the consciousness is generated by the local-,,zm4 ,in the case of intuition1 the ,,zm is a symbolic one4 ,when an image model generates information1 it is just transmitted to a symbolic local-,,zm4 ,because the consciousness is generated by the local-,,zm1 that ,,zm is not able to find the source of the information1 and the proof for it because it was not generated by the ,,zm or by any normal model4 #ae4 ,consciousness ,the consciousness is associated to the facility of a brain to make and operate a model1 which contains the being itself as an element4 ,two types of consciousness exist3 image consciousness and symbolic consciousness4 ,the absolute majority of the population has only image consciousness4 ,also1 on animal level1 at least the mammals have some level of image consciousness4 ,level-#a of consciousness3 on this level1 the being is able to predict the evolution of the external reality1 based also on its activity in that external reality4 ,this facility ensures the success of the defense or attack activities in interaction with the external reality4 ,level-#a consciousness is generated by short-range models4 ,level-#b of consciousness3 this level occurs only in a group 7some packs of mammals1 any human group44474 ,to be accepted by that group1 any being must assimilate and operate a long-range model associated to that group4 ,such beings must communicate with one another to meet the above requirements4 ,for humans only1 long-range models generate the rules1 the laws1 the methods and the aims of the group4 ,level-#c of conciousness3 on this level1 a human being is able to predict the evolution of the group1 based on a model which contains the group as an element1 while he is a member of that group4 ,the appartenence to the group is a basic condition here4 ,there are few persons1 which are able to reach this level4 ,the effort of the brain to stay on level-#c is huge4 ,the persons who are able to stay on level #c are the elite of the group4 ,there are few direct personal advantages from being on level-#c1 but without an elite1 the group is a low quality group4 ,the advance of a society is given by the power given to the actual elite4 ,it is important to note that there are some positions in a society1 which must belong to the elite4 ,many times such positions are occupied by level-#b persons4 ,this happens usually in a low quality group or society4 ,,eta #e3 ,,null model ,let's consider that an ,m-model transmits no information 7e4g4 our eyes are closed74 ,a local-,,zm takes the information from that ,m-model4 ,because the ,m- model transmits no information1 the ,,zm must receive no information4 ,what is really received is called ,,null-model4 ,for a normal brain1 in the above condition1 the local-,,zm must receive a completely dark surface4 ,what is really received is an indication about the overall status of the brain4 ,for instance1 in the above conditions1 we can receive a dark surface with some randomly moving points4 ,that is1 the local-,,zm detects a bright point in a place1 but at the second scan the point is not there anymore4 ,this means that there is a noise1 but no important hardware problems4 ,a stable image is generated by a hardware problem of ,m or ,,zm models4 ,application3 ,in the first seconds after wake up1 with closed eyes1 look towards a moderately bright surface4 ,usually1 one should perceive a dark surface full of grey points moving randomly4 ,after a few seconds1 the surface becomes a uniform dark-grey one4 ,this is a typical situation for a brain in a normal status4 ,it is also possible1 in the first moments1 to see big bright points or shapes1 moving randomly4 ,they evolve to dark and small grey points1 and then to a uniform grey surface4 ,in such a situation1 the brain is not in a good shape 7maybe the person did not sleep enough4447 ,anyways1 if the final status of the ,,null model is a uniform grey surface1 the brain is ,,ok4 ,this case has been illustrated for the eyes1 but ,,null models exist for all senses4 ,,eta #f3 ,time ,excepting when specified otherwise1 the subject is the same for human and animal beings4 ,based on ,,mdt1 time is not a parameter for the functions of the brain4 ,this is a basic deficiency4 ,but there is a problem3 as the brain predicts on and on the evolution of the external reality1 how often is this activity done8 ,of course1 this problem is associated to the technological implementation of every type of brain1 so it is outside the field covered by ,,mdt4 ,even so1 based on ,,mdt1 we can make some assumptions4 ,because the brain is an optimized device as to its energy consumption1 we assume that the predictions about the evolution of the external reality are done at a speed which depends on the changing speed of the external reality4 ,that is1 the brain time flows with variable speed4 ,this is also our feeling based on our own experience4 ,for instance1 when we are involved in a complex activity1 time seems to flow too fast and when we have nothing to do1 time seems to flow very slowly4 ,this is a big design drawback4 ,without time1 the long-range models could be inefficient or unusable4 ,so1 the brain is forced to compensate1 somehow1 this drawback4 ,one method is to use story-type models4 ,they are not able to keep the control of time1 but they are able to record the order of occurence of some information4 ,even so1 this method is not very efficient4 ,a story-type model could fragment4 ,once it is fragmented1 the correlation between the primary information is lost4 ,note3 when a story-type model is fragmented1 there is the tendency to reconnect the fragments1 based on logic4 ,many times this reconstruction is wrong1 but the impression could be good4 ,the fragmentation of the story-type models can be seen when a person describes a complex situation4 ,during this activity1 one could change the order of some facts4 ,another method1 used by the brain to keep track of time1 is to use some rhythm-models4 ,such models are specialized models1 which try to guess when something will happen1 based on what has already happened before4 ,for instance1 if the brain receives a sequence of two sounds1 a rhythm model tries to guess when a third sound will occur4 ,the supposition is that such models try to find an algorithm1 which will generate the sequence4 ,such algorithm must be changed on and on1 in a fast dynamical way1 to predict better and better when the next sound will occur4 ,such rhythm-models can be used1 e4g4 to recognize the speech or to understand music4 ,the rhythm-models are not able either to solve the time problem1 but they are able to solve some time-related problems associated to fast changing external reality in the field of sounds4 ,let's analyze a bit this problem4 ,first of all1 the rhythm-models are very well developed for human beings1 and they are of very low quality for animals4 ,one assumption would be that1 compared to animals1 the human brain has a very high capacity to make and operate image models1 and1 due to this1 the rhythm- models are so good4 ,but1 there are some other facts3 the ,european civilization invented the polyphonic music 7the most advanced music74 ,but the ,european civilization is developing based on symbolic models4 ,it is fair to suppose that symbolic models support the rhythm image-models4 ,we can take into account another idea as well3 as ,,mdt considers that the capacity to make and operate symbolic models is generated by a specialized hardware 7thus it cannot be produced by a normal evolution process71 it is possible that the capacity to make and operate rhythm models was added in the same way4 ,this supposition is supported by the fact that1 while some animals are able to make and operate some image models above the level of human beings1 their capacity to make rhythm models is unusually low4 ,the problem of the origin of the rhythm models is left open for the moment4 ,another method to compensate for the time keeping deficiency is to record some pattern-models of the external reality4 ,that is1 to record some information based on many ,m-type models1 to build a pattern-model at a specific moment of time1 and to recognize the pattern later4 ,such a pattern could be associated with the function of different organs of the being1 or with some other information from outside the being4 ,the time problem is a big one for the brain4 ,the brain will use any external reference to keep the time as the day_/night cycle1 the movement of the sun and moon and for humans only1 clocks4 ,,eta #g3 ,music ,music is a long-range image model1 which exists only for human beings4 ,as a newborn baby grows1 firstly1 speech appears 7a symbolic model7 and only later1 the qualities associated to understanding music4 ,as music understanding capabilities appear after the brain aquires the ability to build and operate symbolic models1 it is reasonable to suppose that the symbolic models support the development of music4 ,this idea is supported also by the fact that ,european music 7the most advanced in the construction of symbolic models7 is superior compared to any other music from the point of view of its complexity 7polyphonic music was invented in ,europe74 ,given a sequence of a few sounds1 the brain will try to predict the occurence of the next sounds4 ,sometimes the prediction is correct sometimes not4 ,if the prediction is good too often1 the impression is described in words like3 boring1 monotonous or upsetting4 ,when the prediction is not correct7there is a large discrepancy between the prediction and ,,ir71 the sounds are uncorellated4 ,if we have an acceptable difference 7the sounds are considered corellated after modifying slightly the algorithm of generation of the sequence71 then we can associate this to music4 ,the corellation is associated with the capacity of generation of a sequence based on an algorithm4 ,this automatic activity of continuous modifying the generation algorithm can produce a positive state of mind1 which can be called pleasure4 ,this means that the predictions are correct constantly1 with high probability1 and that the ones1 which are not correct1 are accepted1 after an acceptable change of the algorithm4 ,this activity is called currently music4 ,the corellation can be supported implicitly1 as it happens in classical music or can be supported explicitly 7e4 g4 by rhythm of drums74 ,if we accept the hypothesis of the existence of a facility associated with image models 7a hardware facility7 to build an algorithm of generation of corellated information1 then we could try to see if this facilty evolved in time or not4 ,thus1 in spite of the fact that the capacity of the brain to operate with image models diminishes relatively in time1 the development of the capacity to operate with symbolic models generated new abilities of operation with image models4 ,in consequence1 music evolves based on two somewhat contrary tendencies4 ,the capacity to build and operate image models decreases due to the increase of the capacity to operate symbolic model1 and1 on the other hand1 the symbolic models support the image models in the domain of music4 ,the symbolic models1 which were developed especially in ,europe1 determined the high level of complexity of the music4 ,the ,european polyphonic music is one of the results of the marriage between image and symbolic models in music4 ,other civilisations1 which did not have an extensive development based on symbolic models1 have created in milleniums of evolution only a simple music4 ,let's see in the following some elements of the evolution of music in ,europe4 ,the symbolic 'recipes' appeared in music composition in the time of ,j4,s4 ,bach4 ,the maximum complexity of the music was attained during the times of ,w4,a4 ,mozart4 ,in that period1 the music had several simultaneous musical lines1 which1 according to possibilities1 were followed by those who were able to do it4 ,e4g4 in the ,great ,messa1 ,,kv #dbg by ,mozart1 several musical planes exist1 which have to be followed simultaneously4 ,even nowadays1 just the recording of this work poses technical problems4 ,this musical work is one of the peak complexity constructions in music4 ,approximately after year #ahjj1 due to the increased capacity to operate with symbolic models1 the capacity to operate image models decreased4 ,music continued to be polyphonic1 but became simpler1 with a single melodic line 7,l4 van ,beethoven1 contemporary with ,mozart74 ,this simplified music was called romantic music1 and was a form of fundamentalism4 ,the majority of the population lost their capacity to operate very complex image models1 and so1 such a simplified music was generated4 ,this tendency continued with the increase of the limits of predictions acceptability1 due the increase of the capability of construction and operation with symbolic models4 ,e4g4 the music composed by ,igor ,stravinsky4 ,when his music appeared1 it was rejected due to surpassing the limits of acceptability4 ,but1 in a short time1 other musicians and people accepted his music1 as a consequence of the increase of the acceptability limits4 ,it is reminded that the increase of the acceptability limits is due to the increase of the capacity to build generation algorithms4 ,an assumption is that these algorithms are supported by symbolic models4 ,nowadays1 music is so advanced that it contains just a rudimentary rhythm1 and an endless text 7hip-hop or rap music e4g474 ,the children of our times have a reduced capacity to understand music4 ,around the year #ahjj1 some #d years old children were able to play the piano or violin1 or even to compose music4 ,in our days1 this is not met anymore4 ,but1 some children are able to build and operate computer-based symbolic models4 ,as it is shown also1 in some other parts of the book1 there is a new form of fundamentalism nowadays3 the rejection of the symbolic models by a fraction of the population4 ,that is1 some people return to harmony 7there are many who prefer ,mozart e4g474 ,the present music is balancing between symbolic-type music 7hip-hop or rap e4g47 and harmonic music4 ,this tendency will continue for a long time1 because it is hard to believe that music will disappear 7the brain is based on image models forever71 but returning to the year #ahjj type harmony is not possible anymore4 ,music is defined as a special story-type model associated with sounds4 ,this story-type model has elements generated by an algorithm generator4 ,the generating algorithm is able to build in a dynamically way the elements which will be recorded by this special type story-type model4 ,based on the algorithm1 the model is able to predict the future sounds based on the sounds already received4 ,sometimes the algorithm generator is able to make a correct prediction of the sound which comes 7a hit71 sometimes not 7a miss74 ,if the prediction fails1 then the generator will modify the algorithm and continue to predict what follows4 ,when the number of misses is low1 this could produce pleasure to the brain4 ,when the number of misses is zero1 there is no pleasure 7e4g4 a boring music74 ,when the number of hits is zero1 there is no music 7no correlation between the sounds74 ,as this special story-type model is an image-model1 its power is decreasing as the brain is evolving to symbolic models4 ,on the other hand1 it seems that the symbolic models support the algorithm generator4 ,that is1 there are two tendencies that act in contrary directions4 ,one tendency is to make a simplified music1 based mainly on symbolic models 7texts7 in the frame of a rudimentary rhythm 7e4g4 drums71 as hip-hop and rap music and on the other hand1 to make music based on complex algorithms 7to enlarge the limits of acceptability74 ,the present music is evolving between these two large limits4 ,the main tendencies of the present music are3 - ,the evolution based on symbolic models4 ,this tendency increases the limits of acceptability of what are and what are not correlated sounds4 - ,the rejection of the symbolic models by a fraction of the population1 i4e4 people want harmonic music4 - ,the return to harmony is possible only partially because many abilities associated with the main story-type model are lost1 due to the general tendency of conceptualization of the image models4 ,that is1 the algorithm generator is better and better1 but it acts on recorded data1 which are a simplified copy of the external reality4 ,let's see what is the situation with other arts4 ,almost all classical arts are in decline4 ,painting and sculpture are based on pure image models4 ,the general tendency is to make concept models1 and so people are not able anymore to perceive fine details4 ,this tendency is very easily seen in contemporary arts4 ,the tendency in visual arts is to make works based on symbolic models1 and to increase the complexity4 ,some arts as poetry1 painting and sculpture are on the way to disappearance as stand-alone arts4 ,theatre1 because it is based on symbolic models1 is surviving1 as it tries to keep the contact with the tendencies of the society4 ,music is still in a good shape1 as we already saw4 ,the main ascending art is cinematography4 ,,eta #h3 ,cinematography ,let's make a symbolic model to understand the subject as follows3 - ,the importance of the symbolic models 7thinking e4g47 increases - ,a big fraction of the population has difficulties to evolve based on symbolic models 7fundamentalism7 - ,fundamentalism means to return to image models - ,this return is possible only partially4 ,because returning to image models affects an important fraction of the population1 why is it not seen in painting and sculpture8 ,the explanation is that the brain has lost a lot of its capacity to make and operate pure image models4 ,the brain returns to image models1 but it stops at the level of concept models4 ,cinematography is one of the responses suitable to this situation4 ,thus1 there are cartoons1 based on concept image models4 ,they are strongly attached to symbolic models4 ,there are cartoons1 in which symbolic models are more important than the concept image models4 ,today's successful movies are image models1 which try to develop and extend some of the incipient image models preexisting in the mind of the viewer4 ,we remind here that people have the tendency to expand their structure of models outside their mind4 ,when the models can't be expanded to the external reality1 there is the tendency to expand these models into a virtual reality4 ,this is speculated by cinematography1 depending on the profile of image models in different cultural zones4 ,from this point of view1 movies can be very dangerous4 ,they make these developments based on what people would like to happen and on the other hand1 they favorize the fundamental tendencies of various social groups4 ,however1 as they are attached to symbolic models1 some movies are used to develop symbolic models and fight fundamentalist tendencies and as such1 have a positive impact on society4 ,a huge danger associated to art movies is blocking the capacity of people to think independently 7tendency towards induced schizophrenia ,,xs#a;,b74 ,each script is a long-range symbolic model2 thus1 the movie as a whole is logical4 ,this long-range symbolic model is translated or associated to a long-range image model4 ,if the translation is correct1 the image model will be harmonic as well4 ,thus1 an art movie is a logical and harmonical long-range image model4 ,the fundamental problem is that it is not enough for a model to be logical and harmonical in order for it to have a good connection with the external reality4 ,there are movies that try to reconstruct an external reality that no longer exists1 an 'external reality' which will never exist1 or anything else in between these very broad limits4 ,the only condition is that the model is harmonic and logical4 ,we cannot see the degree of connection with external reality from within the model4 ,this is where the danger originates4 ,independent thinking will be blocked by the large quantity of information structured harmonically and logically4 ,many art films contribute largely to the aggravation of the level of induced schizophrenia 7,,xs#a;,b74 ,at the same time1 there are many movies which contribute to the construction of long-range models that stabilize society4 ,,eta #i3 ,the fundamentalisms of the world we live in ,the main fundamentalism is the return to image models1 and thus1 the refusal of symbolic models4 ,symbolic models are based on extremely complex functions1 which are not easily maintained operational4 ,for a 'regular' brain1 the energy consumption is higher for symbolic models than for image models4 ,however1 there is a fraction of the population of developed countries working more easily with symbolic models than with image models4 ,example3 ,there was a time in the evolution of the brain1 when extremely complex image models were built and translated to a symbolic form4 ,it was the time of the great novels 7,balzac1 ,dostoievski etc474 ,reading such works was a sign of cultural superiority4 ,these books are not read nowadays4 ,the main reason is the evolution towards symbolic models4 ,the effort of the brain to understand and integrate the use of remote controls1 cellphones or text editors is perfectly comparable as intellectual effort with the understanding of the great works of universal literature4 ,there are too many who have difficulties to operate symbolic models4 ,there is a fraction of the population who refuses symbolic models2 this fraction seems to be increasing4 ,example3 ,microprocessors 7the central part of a computer7 have been invented in ,,usa4 ,at that time there was a tendency all over the world to produce or reproduce such microprocessors4 ,the first microprocessor was called #hjhj4 ,it was upgraded to #hjbhf4 ,these microprocessors were reproduced in ,europe1 former ,,ussr and ,japan4 #hjchf followed1 which was reproduced with great difficulties1 but starting with #hjdhf the tendency to reproduce such devices was extremely low4 ,presently there are two families of microprocessors1 both designed and produced in ,,usa4 ,this is interpreted by ,,mdt as a danger of a break between the most advanced in the domain of symbolic models1 and the slighly less advanced ones 7make your own comparison with the automobile industry74 ,even the advanced cultural zones 7,europe1 ,russia1 ,japan7 make big efforts to keep the contact with the most advanced 7,,usa71 but the danger of a break exists here as well4 ,the fundamentalist reactions of the individuals1 nations or even cultural zones are a great danger for human civilisation4 ,if the fraction of fundamentalists will increase too much1 then1 at the limit1 two things might happen3 #a4 ,the world will fragment into nations_/ cultural regions which can maintain the rhythm of assimilation and development of symbolic models1 and nations_/cultural regions which will return to image models 7fundamentalist reaction7 #b4 ,the same type of break will appear inside a nation_/ cultural region4 ,the evolution shown at no4#a1 pushed to extreme1 could generate terrorism1 and the one at #b already generates 'escape' movements towards religions1 antiglobalisation1 ecology etc4 ,,eta #aj3 ,terrorism ,the evolution of society leads1 for some nations1 to an incapacity of further development based on symbolic models4 ,these nations feel that the world is going towards something they can't follow and understand4 ,the solution for them is to adhere to an invariant or universally accepted model1 like a religion or a nature_/tradition conservation movement1 to orient their activity1 and to offer them an easily understandable and attainable goal in predictible time 7fundamentalist reaction74 ,some individuals1 who have strong fundamentalist reactions1 could try to modify the society by direct action4 ,a class of such reactions is terrorism4 ,the definition for terrorism considered here is3 terrorism is an antisocial phenomenon1 which implies attacking some persons without an explicit reason4 ,it also means destruction of material goods without explicit reasons1 when these goods do not belong to a state4 ,if the persons attacked are the representatives of a government and the goods attacked belong to the government1 then we have acts of war4 ,a state can defend itself from acts of war1 but in front of a terror attack1 the protection offered by the state is limited4 ,the main reason is that the government officials accept the limitation of their rights1 and they accept a certain discipline4 ,these persons are well enough informed to understand that they could be the targets of an attack4 ,the same is valid fo defending the goods belonging to a state4 ,many terrorist movements have tried to commit war acts and not terror acts4 ,thus1 they try to obtain a legitimity as liberation movements1 who fight for liberty or independence against a state4 ,example3 ,,eta in ,spain tries to attack only the representatives of the state or local administration1 and the goods belonging to them4 ,it is difficult however for ,,eta to comply with these rules1 all of the time4 ,,ira acts the same way1 trying to delimit itself from terrorism4 ,both movements make notable efforts to be considered liberation movements at war with an opressive state1 and not terrorist movements4 ,al ,quaida tried at some time to attack only ,american military targets 7thus delimiting itself from terrorism71 but the attack on ,,wtc in ,new ,york is clearly a terror act4 ,the people killed were not representatives of the state1 the planes used were not military1 and the buildings did not belong to the state74 ,however the attack on the ,pentagon was not a terror act1 but a war act4 ,a practical aspect should be noted connected to the tendencies of terrorism3 who has vocation to build1 has no 'vocation' for terrorism4 ,to build planes1 buildings and so many other material goods supposes an immense effort on scientific and technological levels1 in labour organisation1 on the social and cultural level4 ,those who know how difficult these things are done1 and how many causes can block easily this process1 will not have the tendency to destroy material goods4 ,we change now the discussion and will refer to the individual terrorists existing in any society4 ,serial killers exist1 and others1 who kill randomly innocent people4 ,by definition1 they are also terrorists1 even if they act alone1 without any connection to a group4 ,it is clear that a society can't protect itself against terrorism through stricter laws4 ,the tougher laws will determine the disappearance of exactly those facilities1 which permitted the progress of the society4 ,multiple levels of security will produce the fragmentation of the society4 ,thus1 due to the reduction of the capability to communicate1 the level of generalised schizophrenia increases4 ,this could lead to a disaster on long-term4 ,not any person who refuses symbolic models will have terrorist tendencies4 ,there are adaptation forms to a world that evolves in another direction than the one desired by some4 ,in the attempt to find the individuals with tendencies towards terrorism1 one can consider a few aspects3 #a4 ,children who have been normal at birth1 but have been abused during childhood1 are on the highest level of risk4 ,individuals aggressed explicitly or implicitly by the environment1 can build illegal models1 which enter their ,,psm2 the ones with difficulties of communication have the tendency to build too short-range models for understanding the world they live in 7schizophrenia ,,xs #a and #b74 #b4 ,the stresses generating shielding models and illegal models can affect any person1 as society is very complex4 ,for persons from 'imagistic' countries1 an important source of stress is the assimilation and operation of advanced symbolic models4 ,forcing them to evolve from an image platform to high level symbolic models can destabilize the structure of models4 ,for the 'symbolic' countries1 the same can happen on a more reduced scale4 #c4 ,the isolation or elimination from society of the individuals with clear tendencies towards the destruction of the democratic system4 #d4 ,relaxation in the protection of privacy4 ,the so-called right to privacy hides important sources of stress both for the people protected by this right1 and the ones around him_/her4 ,if everybody would accept the opening of their privacy1 the society as a whole would have less real problems4 ,the working principle of democracy should be somewhat modified1 i4e4 a democratic system protects only those who respect democracy4 ,thus1 the individuals who fight against democracy should not be protected by the democratic system4 ,conclusion3 ,the evolution of society is based on symbolic models4 ,those who have not the capacity to follow this trend will 'run for shelter' into image models4 ,slowly a break will occur between 'symbolic' and 'image' people4 ,the 'image' people1 who are not those who push the society forward1 will see that1 from their point of view1 society goes into a wrong direction4 ,one of the extreme answers to this situation is terrorism4 ,warning3 ,the individuals based on image models do not accept logical argumentation1 because logic is an exclusive characteristic of symbolic models4 ,,eta #aa3 ,problems of human brain evolution ,this problem is already developed in the general theory4 ,a few additions will be given here4 ,as we know from the general theory1 we have an ability to build and operate image models ,i1 and one to build and operate symbolic models ,s4 ,generally speaking1 ,i increased up to about the year #ahjj4 ,s had a first increase with the spoken language4 ,it increased further with the emergence of the written language4 ,an important step was the development of geometry as a symbolic model by ,euclid1 about #bcjj years ago4 ,then ,s stayed unchanged about up to the year #afff1 when ,newton's ,mechanics marked the evolution of the brain1 as the second important fundamental symbolic model appeared4 ,from that moment1 ,s started an accelerated increase which continues4 ,in spite of the fact that ,i decreased in percentage compared to ,s1 in an absolute mode1 it continued to increase due to the support of ,s4 ,unfortunately1 this evolution1 which is true e4g4 for ,europe1 is not true for some other cultural regions4 ,some nations refuse basically symbolic models1 but are forced to use them4 ,there is a risk of splitting the world1 due to the more and more reduced capacity of communication between the two parts of it4 ,the same situation may happen inside one country with groups of people4 ,the two parts are not symmetrical4 ,the ones based on ,s are the vectors of progress and power1 in any sense4 ,the others are unable to maintain a rhythm of evolution1 but are1 however1 helped by the ,s nations1 for stability reasons1 and due to the lack of other solutions4 ,the ,i nations accept this help1 especially for practical reasons and opportunism4 ,on long range1 this problem has no solution within the frame of the generally accepted democratic system4 ,within the ,s countries1 a structure exists as well4 ,thus1 some persons have a higher ,s than others4 ,in general1 the ,i-type people in a structure of ,s-type detain the power4 ,the time when the ,s people would have control is not within view4 7,s-type people are called technocrats74 ,due to the large dispersion between ,i and ,s levels1 there is no hope at the moment that a unique symbolic model will ever exist to describe correctly the whole social structure4 ,as a consequence1 the technocrats 7the ,s people in an ,s type society7 are not efficient yet1 except in relatively narrow domains4 ,the politicians of today are those who have qualities in both image and symbolic areas4 ,they can cover approximately the whole society4 ,however1 the development of the society will force them to redirect more and more to symbolic models4 ,the basic problem associated with any society is the too wide dispersion between the ,i and ,s levels1 and its increase as the society evolves4 ,some explanations for this dispersion1 based on ,,mdt1 are given below3 #a4 ,the models are built chaotically4 ,the structure of models1 including ,,psm1 contains important and less important models4 ,this is also a problem of education in early childhood4 #b4 ,education and assimilation of new knowledge continues to be based on a too large scale on ,i models4 #c4 ,the structure of models1 including ,,psm1 is almost invariant and1 as a consequence1 the brain has not the flexibility required by a fast evolution of the society4 #d4 ,education is chaotic4 ,too many image models are built in the period of development1 and the symbolic models are not adequate to reality4 ,for instance1 mathematical calculations are prefered to the construction and operation of general symbolic models4 ,even worse1 the students are not taught to think based on symbolic models4 ,terms like image model 7analog7 and symbolic model are not known at the level of general formal education4 ,image models should be taught starting in first class1 and symbolic models with eight class4 ,even worse1 those who work with symbolic models are not always aware of it4 ,many physicists are not aware that ,newton's ,mechanics is a symbolic model4 #e4 ,the design deficiencies of the brain are not shown or recognised1 and as such1 can't be compensated for 7see general theory74 ,conclusion3 ,the brain evolves from image to symbolic models4 ,the dispersion between the ,s-levels of people1 countries and cultural zones is increasing4 ,this increasing dispersion1 together with the design and technological problems1 creates fundamentalism 7some can't continue their evolution74 ,fundamentalism is a threat for the world as a whole4 ,the possible solutions are unacceptable within the frame of the democratic principles4 ,,eta #ab3 ,the rattlesnake ,the rattlesnake produces a continuous strong sound when it is attacked or is attacking4 ,it is also known that it has no hearing4 ,,mdt explains this attack and defense facility4 ,the basic function of any brain 7including animal7 is to build automatically models based on the information from external reality4 ,a repeated sound will activate continuously an image model1 which will try to predict the occurence of any new sound4 ,it is reminded that this hardware function is active1 and maintained active automatically1 by any brain4 ,there is no possibility to ignore1 or not hear these sounds4 ,the sound produced by the rattlesnake will activate repeatedly 7hundreds of times in a second7 a sound receiving model at the animals around4 ,these animals will use a lot of energy to update the model4 ,thus1 the animals will have difficulties to build and activate a model1 either for attack or defense4 ,the phenomenon is the same for humans4 ,the sounds repeated or not- diminish our capacity to do any intense intellectual activity4 ,,eta #ac3 ,the main psychiatric illnesses3 paranoia and schizophrenia ,the terms paranoia and schizophrenia have no definition in psychiatry4 ,they have only descriptions4 ,,mdt is able to generate normal definition for these deficiences4 ,in a scientific theory1 the definitions are generated by the model and1 as such1 can't be compared to the descriptive definitions from present psychiatry4 ,however1 as in the common language we meet these two terms1 as we do not want to invent new terms1 they have been kept1 but with the definitions as generated by ,,mdt4 ,the general theory does not define1 in fact1 the diseases4 ,it defines only status and parameters4 ,a status is considered pathological1 if some parameters have values beyond certain limits1 more or less conventionally imposed4 ,example3 ,in ,,mdt1 the schizophrenia parameter of a normal brain occurs at any time having a different value4 ,the value can be lower 7better7 or higher 7worse71 at different moments4 ,sometimes this parameter can reach the limit considered pathological1 even if the person is not sick4 ,the illness is declared if this parameter is permanently and significantly in the pathological zone4 ,we'll describe and then1 define the two fundamental illnesses1 as they appear in ,,mdt4 ,schizophrenia ,the characteristics from lighter to severe cases are3 ,,xs#a3 not enough long-range models exist in order to understand the external reality4 ,the individuals interact normally with external reality1 but the context to understand the primary facts is missing sometimes 7missing long- range predictions74 ,these individuals succesfully integrate in society1 not by all means in unfavoured positions 7on the contrary1 as we will see later74 ,,xs#b3 ,bad understanding of what is going on in front of their eyes1 due to the fact that the necessary models are poor quality or inadequate4 ,the capacity to build and operate short-range models is maintained4 ,these individuals are mostly able to be integrated in society1 if they have a model of interest for the society4 ,,xs#c3 ,the person has no adequate long-range model for the external reality1 short-range models are scarce4 ,example3 ,the person does not know where he_/she is1 even if in his_/her own room4 ,such a person uses only very low quality models1 most of them being components of ,,psm4 ,the chances of integration in society are very limited4 ,on static analysis1 ,,xs#a is situated in the non-pathological zone1 ,,xs#b is on the border1 and ,,xs#c is pathological4 ,the schizophrenia parameter is variable in time4 ,a normal person can be temporarily in ,,xs#b status1 and if drunk1 sedated or tired1 even in ,,xs#c1 without being declared pathologically schizophrenic4 ,we'll analyze ,,xs#a in detail2 two situations can occur3 ,,xs#a;,a3 ,the person has several models1 including long-range1 associated with some domains of activity4 ,these allow him to be integrated in society in a good positions4 ,for such a person1 some models associated to laws_/rules of integration in an advanced society1 based on long-range symbolic models1 are missing1 or of low quality4 ,the absence of these models can lead to anti- social acts1 of which the person can't be aware4 ,social problems occur when this type of individuals is in a large number in a society4 ,,xs#a;,b3 ,the person can build long- and short-range models associated to any external reality1 but in current life1 he needs only very few of them4 ,thus the capacity to build long-range models is diminished4 ,the long-range models exist1 as imposed from the outside1 by education4 ,this is a society-induced schizophrenia4 ,as long as the requirements of the society do not change1 the individual is integrated perfectly in the society4 ,if the requirements of the society change1 the person has to acquire new long-range models1 as they are generated by the society1 to reintegrate into it4 ,the capability to build own models is diminished to zero4 ,for both ,,xs#a;,a and ,,xs#a;,b cases it is characteristic that the capacity to build long-range models on their own is extremely reduced4 ,the persons can in both cases assimilate external long-range models4 ,while ,,xs#a;,a has a reduced capacity to both build and assimilate models1 ,,xs#a;,b had initially these facilities1 but they were lost in time due to lack of use4 ,induced schizophrenia 7,,xs#a;,b7 is a great advantage for a person integrated in a stable society1 as it ensures adequate models to that society4 ,at any change in the society1 the individuals are forced to acquire new models1 as they have a reduced capacity to build their own4 ,example3 ,driving style in an advanced country ,authorities enforce the traffic laws for generations4 ,any personalised style of driving is punished4 ,thus1 the capacity to build own models is reduced to disappearance4 ,if the environment is non-aggressive1 the drivers will have less and less self-protection capacity at mistakes made by others4 ,chain accidents are a direct consequence of induced schizophrenia 7,,xs#a;,b74 ,there are #b possibilities3 #a4 ,we accept induced schizophrenia1 and we build safer and safer cars and infrastructures4 #b4 ,we accept personalized driving 7aggressive style is not punished anymore74 ,an aggressive environment stimulates the development of intelligence and1 as such1 the capacity of building and operation of long-range models4 ,the aggressivity of the environment makes most drivers better or more capable to react correctly to impredictable situations1 including others mistakes4 ,if the inexperienced drivers will feel aggressed1 they become either experienced or they will give up driving4 ,society will come at some point to analyze both variants1 with their advantages and disadvantages4 ,now the method used is schizophrenic3 we solve the problem which already occured1 with the hope that it won't reoccur in the future4 ,this method is unable to predict what other long-range problems might occur after the change operated4 ,its only advantage is that is gives a personal assurance 7including legally7 to the peson who initiated the solution4 ,the theory shows the existence of a basic dilemma connected to the problem described above3 optimisation or capacity to face an aggressive environment4 ,the tendency of induced schizophrenia occurs in an optimised structure with slow changes4 ,the individuals have optimal reactions as long as the environment is stable4 ,at a change of the environment1 they have a reduced capacity to become compatible with the changed environment4 ,in a new environment1 the favorised are the aggressive ones1 as they have the capacity to build and operate their own long-range models4 ,we continue with the induced schizophrenia 7,,xs#a;,b74 ,when one of these life styles is followed for a long time1 the person is going to be affected by schizophrenia induced by the environment1 which in time can become pathological4 ,this negative phenomenon can be attenuated to a certain extent1 because of the permanent changes in society4 ,these changes are forcing the population in advanced countries to come up with new models every day4 ,even though society forces people to build and operate new models every day1 some do not have the capability to do this4 ,because evolution is based on symbolic models1 some people may not be able to build symbolic models of good quality4 ,thus1 there might be a group of people that cannot fit anymore in the society1 might isolate themselves or even oppose to the society4 ,this way1 induced schizophrenia 7,,xs#a;,b7 might build shielding models1 which could act against society4 ,if this group gains enough power1 it could try to destabilize the society4 ,schizophrenia can appear in an unlimited number of types1 depending on the perturbations1 which are associated with the fundamental process of the brain operation4 ,the affected functions are3 - ,the construction of new models and the continuous improvement in accordance with the changing external reality4 - ,the integration of a new model in the structure of models of the brain4 ,the long-range models must contain enough short-range models to handle the external reality1 which is complex and changing4 ,based on the above considerations1 the normal definition of schizophrenia will be given3 ,schizophrenia is a technological problem of the brain4 ,the brain cannot build complex models that fit the external reality1 and integrate them in a harmonic_/logic way in its general structure of models4 ,the function of building and operating short-range models is maintained4 ,many times1 schizophrenics on the first level 7,,xs#a7 can be brilliant in the construction of short-range models4 ,in short1 for humans1 schizophrenia is short-range thinking4 ,we will continue to describe the schizophrenia of type ,,xs#a ,a and ,b4 ,this nonpathological form of schizophrenia can bring some big advantages to that person4 ,long-range models use a great amount of energy in order to be suitable to the changing external reality1 and are also developed to find the best solution to problems4 ,in a stable society1 many such models are of little use1 because the society imposes certain models1 that need only be assimilated4 ,this way1 a person who has ,,xs#a ,a or ,b will use the energy only to make better and better short-range models4 ,thus1 a stable and efficient society favorises the ,,xs#a schizophrenia4 ,let's see an important factor associated to the education system4 ,the whole educational system is based on assimilation of external models and verfications of the assimilation of these models4 ,the construction of new models is totally unfavored4 ,thus1 the general education system favorizes the development of induced schizophrenia 7,,xs#a;,b74 ,the effect is devastating for the society1 if we take into account the consciousness issue4 ,the theory defines consciousness as the capacity to build long-range models containing the person as an element4 ,thus1 the educational system favorizes implicitly those who have a low-level consciousness4 ,the second main psychiatric illness is paranoia ,,xp4 ,paranoia is defined as the inclusion of an ordinary model 7,,om7 into ,,psm 7,,ompsm74 ,the basic characteristic of a model in ,,psm is its invariance4 ,these models are practically impossible to be changed1 whatever the information coming from external reality would be4 ,when there is an ,,ompsm1 all the models contained in the brain have to be in harmony with this invariant model as well4 ,when a new model is built1 some information coming from external reality could be in contradiction with ,,ompsm4 ,in this case1 the only way to integrate the new information with the condition imposed by ,,ompsm is to distort the ,,zm which will intergrate that information4 ,this is possible only on image models4 ,on image models1 there is no criteria to attribute to primary facts the correct importance4 ,thus the whole structure of models will be distorted in order to be harmonic with ,,ompsm 7e4g4 some facts will be minimalized and other exaggerated as importance74 ,this is why paranoia is to be understood as an illness1 which affects personality4 ,the personality in its whole is of paranoid type4 ,the structure of models is or can be built partially harmonically2 the associated symbolic models are built to be in accordance with the image models1 and sometimes1 the paranoid can have a brilliant harmonical and logical structure4 ,the detection of paranoia is very difficult1 as the patients can have no logical contradiction in their thinking structure1 and they can have a good coupling to the changing external reality4 ,many paranoids are brilliant in thinking1 with an infallible logic4 ,the example of ,hitler is eloquent4 ,his ,,ompsm was 'the ,arian race is a superior one'4 ,what followed was based on logic4 ,communist personalities can be mentioned here as well4 ,they had an ,,ompsm of the type 'the working class is the driving force of progress'4 ,when an ,,ompsm exists1 then we have a case of paranoia4 ,there is no treatment for it4 ,even if ,,ompsm could be destroyed1 the whole structure of models in harmony with the ,,ompsm should be rebuilt1 and this is impossible4 ,we will talk now of light forms of paranoia1 undeclared as illness4 ,as we know1 when a model becomes invariant1 all associated models will be distorted to be in harmony with it4 ,let's suppose that a brain has a normally built model in accordance with external reality4 ,this model could at some point become totally inadequate in the understanding of external reality due to a change in the latter4 ,the normal solution is the reconstruction of the whole structure of models1 but this activity would be beyond the technical capacity of reconstruction of the brain4 ,due to this1 one of the possibilities is to leave the model untouched4 ,in this case1 we have a light form of paranoia1 which manifests itself as confusion or avoiding discussions connected to the model with problems4 ,another possibility is to build a shielding model4 ,shielding models do not modify the inadequate model1 but can deactivate it4 ,as this is not pathological1 i4e4 no ,,ompsm exists1 the illness could be cured1 especially at young individuals4 ,this type of problem 7important normal models which do not fit the external reality anymore7 can occur at any time in lighter or more serious forms4 ,prevention of this light form of paranoia can be done with an adequate education4 ,,eta #ad3 ,suicide ,from the general theory we know that a basic requirement of design of the brain is unconditional indefinite survival4 ,however some individuals commit suicide4 ,from the general theory we also know that models are so strong that they can predict that sooner or later we will die4 ,as this prediction will activate ,,psm and ,,psm has no solution1 this could destabilize the structure of models4 ,the general theory also shows that the solution is to build a shielding model1 e4g4 religion4 ,this model sends to ,,psm a less catastrophic message1 which stabilizes the situation4 ,some religions are so strong that they can determine in their followers no fear of death4 ,these believers can commit suicide very easily1 if they have a 'serious' reason1 without the possibility of intervention of ,,psm to block it4 ,fortunately1 the ,christian religion is not strong enough to eliminate the fear of death4 ,this risk of suicide was noticed very early1 and this is why religions usually condemn suicide4 ,whatever the shielding model would be 7religion or another shielding model71 ,,psm will be blocked in case of the activation of a suicide model4 ,the presence of an adequate shielding model can therefore block the ,,psm1 which wants to stop the activation of the suicide model4 ,a class of suicidal individuals consists of those people that after the disappearance of an entity included in their ,,psm 7a very close person vanishes from their life71 they are unable to correct the whole structure of models4 ,the brain gets unstable1 all-important models might become unusable and this can lead to suicide4 ,another class of suicidal individuals is that of those who have all their models blocked 7associated with general depression74 ,the person can see that he_/she can't evolve anymore1 the predictions are permanently the same1 and i4e4 there is no hope to get out of a certain situation4 ,this can lead to suicide1 but the brain needs to build on the spot a shielding model1 in order to have a 'successful' suicide4 ,if not1 ,,psm will intervene at the last moment to avoid it4 ,a classical example is when somebody who has a lot of money looses it all at once 7the great depression in #aibi in ,,usa1 for instance74 ,with all models blocked1 the individual has no capacity to build new models adequate to the new external reality and suicide becomes an option4 ,there is a special class of suicidal individuals1 under #ah4 ,this can be associated to the fact that teenagers have a limited amount of long range models with lots of imperfections4 ,these models are insufficiently developed to show the whole host of directions of evolution open4 ,these models can easily predict a situation of generalised blocking1 and from here1 the tendency for suicide4 ,it is clear that only a simultaneous generalised blocking could be a cause for suicide4 ,we repeat that without an adequate shielding model1 ,,psm will determine the insuccess of the suicidal attempt in the last moment4 ,obviously1 there are persons who have psychiatric illnesses1 as defined by this theory4 ,in their case1 additional factors will add up1 associated to their illness4 ,,eta #ae3 ,normality tests ,having defined schizophrenia and paranoia1 we will describe two tests to detect these illnesses4 ,t#a and ,t#b detect schizophrenia1 and ,t#b alone detects paranoia4 ,t#a4 ,in front of a complex external reality1 an individual has to be able to realize if he_/she has enough information to build a suitable model4 ,from the general theory1 we know that the brain will build harmonic_/ logic models based on the available information4 ,this is the problem3 we don't know beforehand how many elements are there in the external reality4 ,the models are built with what is available4 ,we could not realize that we have not enough information to build a good model 7see general theory3 ,defieciencies in the design of the brain74 ,the test wants to verify is we can compensate this design deficiency4 ,example3 ,the primary information is3 'a car crashed into a wall'4 ,the person has to build several models4 ,these models could be1 in this example3 - accident - test - movie - computer game - cartoon ,this is just an example4 ,in an actual situation1 the person should not only build several models1 but also develop them progressively1 in parallel1 along with new data adding to the initial information4 ,after a certain accumulation of information1 the person might stabilize to a single model1 but if he_/she has not enough information1 and does not realize it1 this can be a sign that there could be a problem4 ,the test is usually passed well1 if the person maintains his_/her flexibility1 even after there is apparently enough information to get stable in a model4 ,the existence of flexibility is understood as a guarantee that the person has the capability to build long-range models4 ,and also that he_/she has no ,,ompsm1 i4e4 is not paranoid4 ,there is a game based on this idea3 one builds a model1 and the other has to guess what the model is4 ,to do this1 he_/she has to ask questions to be answered only by yes and no4 ,t#b4 ,test for detection of paranoia4 ,an individual accepts a change in a stable model1 if the external reality imposes it4 ,in a practical situation1 the person interacts with external reality and builds a model1 which gives good predictions on the external reality4 ,at some point1 an element of the external reality is changed4 ,if the person detects the change and corrects the model1 as well as the other interconnected models1 this is a good indication of normality4 ,for a person suspected of paranoia1 the model used would be the one supposed to be the ,,ompsm4 ,paranoid subjects can distort the external reality unlimitedly to make it compatible with their ,,ompsm4 ,as a consequence1 the test tries to see if the person suspected of paranoia will modify the supposed ,,ompsm4 ,to be applicable1 the test as described above1 needs to take into account a design deficiency of the brain1 as given in the general theory4 ,any image model has a basic problem3 on an image model one can't see the importance of an element or a relationship4 ,the image model remains harmonic for an infinity of values of importance1 given to the elements or relations4 ,due to this issue1 the paranoid subjects do not realize the presence of their illness4 ,except these classical psychiatric illnesses1 there are illnesses produced by dynamical and transitory instabilities of the brain4 ,the illnesses given by dynamical or transitory problems refer to the loss of models stability in special conditions or at certain moments of time4 ,the ,,xzm 7illegal models7 could also explain a series of problems4 ,the general theory addresses this issue4 ,we'll make another note here4 ,the theory is applied here in particular to normal individuals4 ,the pathological cases are not generally considered at this level4 ,it is actually absurd to study pathological cases in the absence of a good model associated to normal persons4 ,,eta #af3 ,dreams ,the dreams are associated to image model development4 ,such models are built1 based on the available data in the brain and not by direct interaction with the external reality4 ,we call the source of data for the dreams as ,quasi- ,external-,reality4 ,,qer could take information from any available model of the brain to build and develop the dream-model4 ,,qer is invariant during a dream4 ,a dream is a model1 which is developed1 based on an invariant ,,qer4 ,we shall describe several classes of dreams4 #a4 ,,qer is mainly based on the external reality1 but contains also some artificial elements or relations4 ,a dream based on artificial components1 tries1 by development1 to modify the external reality to meet the dream4 ,example3 we dream a situation4 ,such a situation doesn't meet the external reality1 because some artificial elements or relations are added4 ,the dream can activate some models to change the external reality1 to meet the specifications of the dream4 #b4 ,technological dreams 7wake-up dreams7 ,the brain generates such dreams4 ,they solve by software1 some of the design deficiencies of the brain4 ,the most important technological dreams are wake-up dreams4 ,there are normal wake-up dreams1 emergency wake-up dreams and nightmare dreams4 ,they are generated to wake-up a brain1 because1 due to a lack of a suitable hardware1 the brain must generate the wake-up function based on software4 ,the main design feature of the brain1 which is used by these technological dreams1 is to activate the ,,psm4 ,as the ,,psm is activated1 the brain wake-up1 i4e4 a normal ,,zm1 is activated4 ,usually1 the ,,psm is activated by some unusual changes of the external reality 7powerful noises1 mechanical shocks44474 ,the wake-up dreams try to activate the ,,psm by software4 ,to do this1 a wake-up dream sends to ,,psm the information that there is a situation and no suitable model to understand it4 ,as we already know1 when there is no model to understand a specific external reality1 the ,,psm is activated4 ,for a wake-up model1 external reality is replaced by ,quasi-,external-,reality 7,,qer74 ,,mdt does not specify which component of the brain starts the dream 7this is a technological feature74 ,the components could be associated with the internal body or to the sense organs4 ,the content of the dream is not important4 ,any dream that activates the ,,psm is good4 ,so an important problem associated with the health of the being or an unimportant problem could build the same dream4 ,only the character of the dream is important4 ,in case of a wake-up dream the character has to be taken into account3 - iminent danger to the person means that there is a big problem associated to health or the environment where the person is sleeping4 ,also1 it could be a problem associated with something which is included1 as a model1 into the ,,psm 7close relatives1 some objects or situations1 some problems etc74 - there is a danger1 but it is not associated to the person or close relatives4 - ,it is a neutral dream1 no danger4 ,this is a normal wake-up dream4 ,for instance3 the dream is associated with a flower4 ,the person wants to pick that flower1 but fails4 ,this situation activates the ,,psm1 which activates the wake- up procedure4 ,one problem could occur3 how does the brain know that a certain dream will activate the ,,psm8 ,a possible answer is that a dream will develop by simulation1 on and on1 up to the moment when the ,,psm is activated4 ,when the wake-up occurs1 the first active-,,zm will be that one which activated the ,,psm and so1 it will be remembered4 ,there is an important feature of ,,qer to be presented here4 ,,qer is built on the spot1 because it is associated to a problem1 which has to be solved very fast4 ,thus1 ,,qer cannot be too complex4 ,it is easy to simulate the development on a simple model1 which cannot be solved by the dream model4 ,example3 ,the ,,qer is associated with a room4 ,if1 during a dream1 the person wants go outside the room1 this is impossible1 because the ,,qer doesn't contain the exterior of the room4 ,thus1 it is impossible to go outside and so the ,,psm is activated4 #c4 ,the nightmare dreams are associated with a general instability of the structure of models4 ,a nightmare cannot occur in a brain which is in a normal status4 ,a nightmare dream might try to activate the ,,psm1 but the ,,psm does not activate4 ,even more1 if the ,,psm activates 7the nightmare becomes the active- ,,zm7 the nightmare continues4 ,this problem is too closely associated to the technological implementation of the brain and so it cannot be treated by the theory only4 #d4 ,we shall introduce another class of dreams3 premonition dreams4 ,there are many ,,zam-type models1 which work very well for a long time4 ,but1 as the person ages1 some of them cannot meet the requirements due to the changes in the internal parameters of the execution organs 7legs1 hands etc74 ,such models self-activate during sleep 7this is a premonitive-type dream7 and find that they don't meet the requirements anymore4 ,this result can activate the ,,psm too and produces the wake-up4 ,the contents of such dreams is important but1 unfortunately1 it is difficult to make the difference between a wake-up dream and a premonition dream4 ,anyways1 a premonition dream has to be taken as a serious warning4 ,the dreams are associated with the technological implementation of the brain4 ,,mdt1 as a fundamental theory1 cannot go beyond a limit4 ,what was presented here has to be considered just an evaluation of the dream problem4 ,,eta #ag3 ,the history of evolution of the human species1 based on ,,mdt ,the primary data are taken from different dictionaries1 as this data is universally accepted4 ,only data associated with the development of the symbolic models have been selected4 ,note3 ,the dictionaries present the data mainly based on feeling1 or based on local models1 to select what is important or not4 ,i selected only the data associated with the evolution of the symbolic models1 as ,,mdt understands this process4 ,the evolution of the human species means the increase of power of the symbolic model4 ,this history follows just this idea4 #gj milions years ago3 ,the first superior monkeys #d milions years ago3 ,some monkeys walk4 #b milions years ago3 ,stone tools4 ,this is associated with the appearance on large scale of the long-range image models4 #bjj thousands years ago3 ,homo ,sapiens4 ,homo ,sapiens was able to build easily long-range image models4 ,usually1 when a model is good1 there is the tendency to integrate it into the ,,psm4 ,a ,,psm model is very efficient1 but1 because it is invariant1 it slows down the evolution4 ,homo ,sapiens seems to have evolved in a direction contrary to long-range efficiency4 ,that is1 instead of including them in the ,,psm1 such models were changed on and on1 and they were not transmitted to the next generation by heredity1 but by social life of the groups4 ,that is1 the groups were stable for a very long time4 ,it is not clear if ,homo ,sapiens was able to communicate based on symbolic models1 but1 for sure1 the communication was based on symbolic elements1 at least in part4 #acj thousands years ago3 ,art-type1 religion-type activities4 ,on such a level1 it is clear that the construction of long-range image models was very easy and thus1 the prediction of death and death itself were understood4 ,art and religion cannot be directly associated with the symbolic models1 so we don't know if the language itself1 as a symbolic model1 appeared at that time4 ,based on ,,mdt1 the human being is the being which is able to make and operate symbolic models 7a language1 as a minimal requirement74 ,thus1 ,i don't know1 based on the data1 when the language appeared1 but the supposition is that it was under development1 once the activities were so complex by comparison to the animal level4 ,several thousands years ago3 the cities4 ,a full language was already created and some elements of the writing too4 #cgjj years ago3 the first phonetical elements for writing appeared1 and later 7about #bijj years ago71 the first phonetic alphabet4 ,this is a crucial point of the evolution of the human species4 ,the brain builds an image model4 ,this image model is translated to a symbolic model by the spoken language4 ,for writing1 there are two basic possibilities3 to associate a symbolic writing to the image model1 or to translate the symbolic model of the spoken language to another symbolic model of the writing4 ,the ,asiatic people chose the first possibility4 ,they built an iconographic writing4 ,the second possibility generated the phonetic alphabet4 ,the impact of the appearance of the phonetic alphabet was huge4 ,the writing is not connected anymore to an image model1 but to another symbolic model- the spoken language4 ,thus1 writing becomes independent from the image model to which it is indirectly associated4 ,later1 writing was able to influence the spoken language1 and this tandem led to the 'symbolic' ,man in ,europe4 ,the ,asiatic populations1 who have used the method of description of image models in writing1 remained stuck in icons associated to image models from their minds4 ,this had a huge drawback in the development of symbolic models4 ,this is why in this history1 reference is restricted only to the world based on phonetic writing4 ,the phonetic writing has been a decisive step in the evolution of symbolic models1 due to its non-association with image models4 ,on the other hand1 the ,chinese spoken language can be translated into a phonetic writing1 but this mode could not be used as such1 as it would produce a break from the image models1 which constitute the basis of the thinking_/writing of this people4 #acjj ,,bc3 ,monotheist religion appears in ,egypt4 ,this type of religion marks the moment1 when the logical analysis applied to religion generates problems and contradictions1 associated with the existence of several gods4 ,the desire for logical order determines an evolution towards a monotheist religion4 ,however the appearance of the monotheist religion in ,egypt was not a result of the increase of the level of evolution of human society in those times1 but was created by the leaders of the society 7one of the first monotheist religions created by the people is the ,christian religion74 #fjj ,,bc3 ,poetry4 ,a poem is a symbolic model1 which uses image and symbolic elements and relations4 ,the poet has an inner image model1 translates it to a symbolic model with symbolic and image elements1 which build up the poem4 ,the reader_/listener will translate the poem to an image model in his mind4 ,this image model is supposed to be similar to the initial image model in the mind of the poet4 ,thus1 a poem is a way of approximate transmission of an image model from one creator to a listener_/reader1 using symbolic models with symbolic and images elements as a 'vehicle'4 #cjj ,,bc3 ,euclid's ,geometry ,this is the first fundamental symbolic model ever created 7a positive science74 ,it marks a very important moment in the evolution of the brain4 ,this symbolic model continues to be used up to date and it is not changed for #bcjj years4 ,the second fundamental model will be created only after #bjjj years and it will be ,newton's ,mechanics4 ,the evolution of the brain was very chaotic4 ,there is another symbolic model created in this period3 chess4 ,this symbolic model is a game 7it is not associated to external reality7 and it is not changed 7just unimportant small changes7 up to now as well4 ,this game can be used as a test of the intrinsic capacity of the brain to make and operate long-range symbolic models4 #cj ,,bc3 ,christian ,religion starts to be created ,the ,christian religion appears and develops in the ,roman ,empire as a result of the increasing capacity to make and operate symbolic models1 and due to the increase of the consciousness level of the population4 ,the logical order requests a monotheist religion4 ,the increase of the level of consciousness strengthens the prediction of death4 ,a powerful religion is requested for this higher level of the evolution of the brain4 ,christian religion was created in accordance with this situation4 #ige ,,bc3 ,the decimal positional writing of the numerals1 taken from ,arabs1 appears in ,europe4 ,the ,roman representation of the numerals is associated to image models4 ,this new way of writing has no connection with the image models4 ,to use such a representation of the numerals1 one needs only the ability in the symbolic field 7there is a total break from image models74 #abej ,,bc3 ,the decimal positional writing of the numerals is universally adopted in ,europe4 #adhb ,,bc3 ,the ,inquisition is established4 ,it lasted for centuries as an institution for punishment and basically speaking1 it persists up-to-date in another form1 as a list of forbidden books or ideas4 ,the brain development reached a higher level4 ,the freethinking based on symbolic models opened the minds of a big fraction of the population4 ,this entered into a violent clash with the invariant model of the religion4 ,in that period1 the first violent clash between the ,christian spirit and ,european spirit occured4 ,the ,inquisition eventually disappeared1 but not because religion evolved1 but because the ,european spirit was more and more powerful4 #aedc ,,bc3 ,nikolaus ,copernicus published the theory that the ,sun 7not the ,earth7 is the center of the ,universe4 ,it is very interesting to know that for thousands of years1 the official theory was that the ,earth is the center of the ,universe4 ,this theory predicts the ,sun and ,moon eclipses1 and also the ecuatorial and tropical lines were established with a fair precision4 ,so1 what was the problem8 ,the main problem was the imposibility to understand why the planets have a rather chaotic movement on the sky4 ,copernicus' theory was able to explain why the planets have that apparently chaotic movement 7based on logic71 but1 when the astronomer ,j4 ,kepler has verified the theory1 it failed4 ,kepler eventually discovered that the planets are not moving around the ,sun on circular orbits 7as ,copernicus said71 but on elliptical ones4 ,with this change1 ,copernicus' theory was correct4 #aehe ,,bc3 decimal fractions ,the decimal positional writing of the numerals was universally accepted but the fractions continued to be written based on image models 7e4g4 the fraction #a_/b is easily understood based on image models74 ,only after about #fjj years the decimal fractions were accepted4 ,even so1 the opposition to decimal fractions continues up to date4 #afjg ,,bc3 ,the composer ,monteverdi composed the musical work called ,orpheus4 ,this marks a moment when the symbolic models supported image models in music4 ,in the same period1 the recipe to compose a fugue was also established4 ,europeans invented the polyphonic music4 #afad ,,bc3 the logarithms are introduced in mathematics4 #afdj ,,bc3 ,rene ,descartes1 scientist ,he considers that the world can be understood based on mathematics4 ,this is a higher level in the developing of the symbolic models4 ,mathematics is based on symbolic models only4 ,in fact1 any specific field of mathematics is a symbolic model4 ,but1 a symbolic model from mathematics cannot be used in a direct way to understand the external reality4 ,newton's mechanics appeared at first as a logical model1 and then it was translated to a mathematical form4 ,mathematics generates only numbers4 ,they have no meaning without the calibration of the model4 ,to calibrate a model means to interact with external reality and so1 to go beyond the limits of mathematics4 ,the normal interaction with external reality of a symbolic model from mathematics is3 prediction comparison with external reality change of the model a new prediction4 ,this loop has to continue as many times as needed1 so that the difference between the prediction and the external reality becomes acceptably low4 ,it seems that ,descartes did not understand this4 ,this problem seems to be difficult to be understood even in our days1 taking into account that the mathematician ,godel proved the existence of ,god1 without any interaction with external reality4 #afdb ,,bc3 ,rembrandt van ,rijn1 the painter ,rembrandt marks a moment when the human brain reaches a peak in building and operating image models4 #afhg ,,bc3 ,newton's ,mechanics ,after ,euclid's ,geometry 7about #bjjj years ago7 this is the second fundamental symbolic model created by the human mind4 ,it is a big step in the evolution of the brain4 ,starting with ,newton1 the development of the capacity to build and operate symbolic models accelerates1 and this process continues today4 ,newton is not well understood even in our days4 ,some dictionaries say that ,newton discovered the law of gravity4 ,this law was introduced by ,newton to save his theory4 ,the inertia principle states that any material body1 which is left free1 is moving in a straight line1 with constant velocity to infinity4 ,but in the external reality such a phenomenon is not met4 ,the planets are moving on closed trajectories in space4 ,the only solution to save the theory was to invent a new force1 which was called gravity4 ,einstein1 for instance1 says that gravity does not exist4 ,the apparent attraction between the material bodies is generated by the change of the shape of the space4 ,he is able to explain some phenomena which cannot be understood based on the ,newton's gravity 7the precession of the planet ,mercury1 e4g474 ,newton's mechanics continues to make good predictions on ,earth and near space4 ,it is not changed since over #cjj years4 #agdi ,,bc3 ,sign language ,this is one of the first artificial languages 7a symbolic model74 ,it translates the ,,gcl into another language1 based on signs and gestures4 #agha ,,bc3 ,immanuel ,kant ,kant was able to understand some basic things in association with knowledge1 but although he knew ,euclid's and ,newton's theories 7symbolic models71 he was not able to understand the means and methods of a positive science4 ,he did not build any symbolic model4 ,in his books1 one can find lots of definitions almost on any page1 but ,kant does not understand that such definitions cannot be correlated in a logical way1 without the frame of a fundamental symbolic model4 #agia ,,bc3 ,napoleon ,,mdt considers that there are two basic modes of interaction between a brain and the external reality3 to predict the evolution of the external reality 7,,zm-models7 and to act on the external reality 7,,zam-models74 ,a war can start only if a big fraction of the population has almost the same ,,zam1 and if that ,,zam is associated to war4 ,war can be associated with an increase in the level #b of consciousness of the population4 ,i mean1 when level-#b is high enough to believe that it will be better after a war1 but no so high to understand that there could be some other alternative solution1 then the tendency to war could really start the war4 ,this idea seems to be interesting in explaining why so many people are so happy to go to war1 and why this tendency is so powerful even today 7e4g4 ,,ww#a and #b74 #ahcd ,,bc3 ,braille writing #ahcg ,,bc3 ,morse code #ahed ,,bc3 ,the symbolic logic of ,george ,boole ,the facility to build and operate symbolic models increased to such a level that the brain was not able anymore to keep the models in mind4 ,george ,boole invented a language to write symbolic models4 #ahei ,,bc3 ,charles ,darwin ,darwin's evolution theory is not based on a symbolic model4 ,it is rather based on the systematic of some primary data4 ,thus1 it is not a positive science and so1 its prediction could be good only on short range4 #ahfg ,,bc3 ,das ,kapital by ,karl ,marx ,this aberation sounds good on image models4 ,the basic idea is that the capitalist takes about all the money and the working class is forced to work for peanuts4 ,the theory was based on some image models1 which were understood easily by the population of those times4 ,as we know1 it is not possible to find the right importance of an element or relationship on an image model4 ,thus1 an image model can be tailored to prove anything1 based on external reality4 ,such a method doesn't build a theory1 but an ideology4 ,ordinary people easily understand an ideology1 because it sounds good1 and is able to answer any question4 ,when ,marx's theory appeared1 the control of the economy was based on short range symbolic models4 ,so1 long-range problems were not predicted4 ,the lack of stability of the society in that period was an effect of this problem4 ,later1 society advanced to take into account the long-range problems too and so1 social-democratic movements appeared4 #ahgh ,,bc3 ,jehovah's ,witnesses ,in time1 as the capacity to make and operate symbolic models increased1 the classical ,christian religion was under pressure to change to meet the new requirements4 ,it resulted in reform movements in the frame of the ,christian religion4 ,instead1 ,jehovah's ,witnesses make a new model starting from scratch4 #aijj ,,bc3 ,max ,planck introduces ,quantum ,mechanics ,quantum ,mechanics is the first purely symbolic model associated to external reality4 ,such a model is pure1 because it cannot be translated or associated with any image model4 ,this is a very high step in the evolution of the brain 7level #e of evolution74 ,based on data1 it seems that ,max ,planck understood from the beginning that his theory was good1 but he was blocked by the fact that imagination does not work in understanding it4 ,it seems that ,albert ,einstein pushed him to publish the theory4 ,quantum ,mechanics cannot be translated to image models4 ,if someone forces such a translation1 aberations or logical contradictions occur4 ,the best known problem is the nature of light4 ,quantum ,mechanics predicts that light is both wave and particle4 ,this situation cannot be understood based on image models4 ,quantum ,mechanics pushed forward the evolution of society on a very high technological level 7e4g4 the transistors and the lasers are the basic components to build computers74 #aije ,,bc3 ,albert ,einstein1 the theory of the relativity ,einstein starts from ,euclid's ,geometry and ,newton's ,mechanics to make a new theory1 to extend the knowledge to atomic and sub-atomic levels1 and to the far ,universe4 ,the marriage between ,quantum ,mechanics and the theory of ,relativity builds the main tool to understand sub-atomic ,universe4 ,this new symbolic model was created based on a new ,geometry and some new principles4 ,together with ,quantum ,mechanics1 the ,theory of the ,relativity speeds up the evolution of society4 #aiad ,,bc3 ,the ,first ,world ,war 7,the ,great ,war7 #aiag ,,bc3 ,communism in ,russia ,communism is an ideology4 ,it is based on an image model translated to some short-range symbolic models4 ,the main problem of the ,russian society of that time was a huge dispersion between the level of understanding of the external reality from one person to another4 ,even worse1 the level was low compared to ,western ,europe4 ,communism was only a fast solution to the problem1 at least on short-range4 ,of course1 an invariant ideology could be useful only on short-range4 ,as we know1 the communist system crashed due to the lack of economic efficiency1 but the basic cause is associated to its invariance4 ,the problem of the dispersion between individuals1 countries or cultural zones continues to be a big problem of human society4 ,the problem has a tendency to get worse and worse4 #aibh ,,bc3 ,walt ,disney ,as the evolution to symbolic models speeded up1 the brain also increased the conceptualization level of the image models4 ,the cartoons are based on such concept image models4 ,everybody 7including childrens7 easily understands them4 #aich3 ,world ,war #b ,both world wars starting in ,europe occured in a very complex set of known and unknown factors4 ,,mdt can be used to evaluate the problem4 ,since ,napoleon1 there was a general tendency to war in ,europe4 ,,mdt says that there must be a war-associated ,,zam1 which must be assimilated and accepted by the majority of the population4 ,also1 the consciousness level has to be high enough to think that the war will solve all the problems1 but not high enough to understand that this is not true4 ,one example of such a ,,zam could be we have better weapons or we are powerful enough to win4 ,of course1 the attacked people have a ,,zam as we must defend our country4 ,it is possible that such action models create conditions for a war4 ,but1 such models1 even if they are assimilated and accepted by the population1 are not enough to start a war4 ,there must be also a big enough number of high-ranking persons to plan such a war1 and a series of technical conditions4 ,another factor1 which is associated with the war start will be described below4 ,the people who are in command are usually image-type persons1 but symbolic-type persons make the weapons4 ,only symbolic-type persons are able to understand the power of such weapons1 but such persons are not in command4 ,once a war starts1 the image-type leaders lose the control of the short and long-range consequences4 ,for instance1 the leaders of the ,second ,world ,war understood the weapons1 based on the experience of the weapons of the ,first ,world ,war4 ,in the ,,ww#a the tanks were exotic weapons and planes1 too4 ,very soon the tanks and planes changed totally the manner of evolution of a war4 ,it was not possible to predict the destructions on such a large scale by the ,,ww#a- type persons who started ,,ww#b4 ,this problem continues to exist even now4 ,in some less developed parts of the world1 the leaders and soldiers could be image-type persons1 who are not able to understand the power of the weapons used by them4 ,they are also not able to make such weapons4 ,for instance1 the war in ,rwanda produced a huge number of victims4 ,the different groups of population fought each other since the beginning of history and it was not a big problem4 ,the problem occured when they obtained advanced weapons without being themselves advanced enough to understand their power4 #aidh3 ,the ,cold ,war ,communist paranoia has slowed down some nations to understand basic concepts as economic efficiency4 ,communist leaders have understood this problem1 but ,communist ideology1 as any ideology1 cannot be modified4 ,any change of any ideology will distroy it4 ,the apparent reason why the ,communist system crashed was a very low economic efficiency4 ,the basic reason was the increase of the level of understanding of the external reality based on symbolic models by the population4 #aigi444aiid3 ,the fundamentalist ,iran1 ,idi ,amin in ,uganda1 famine in ,etiopia1 ,iran-,irak war1 famine in ,somalia1 war in ,rwanda4 ,there are some nations1 which cannot evolve due to internal or external factors4 ,a slowing down of the evolution seems to be a general tendency in an important fraction of the world4 ,a typical situation was in ,somalia4 ,the facts are3 #a4 ,in ,somalia was famine4 ,many died4 #b4 ,western countries 7,,usa included7 brought them food4 #c4 ,when they obtained enough food1 they attacked the ,,us troops4 #d4 ,,usa left ,somalia very fast4 #e4 ,western countries changed their basic principle life is the supreme value to a new concept as we do not help those who do not help themselves too4 ,the first consequence of this change was ignoring the situation from ,rwanda4 #aiic3 ,terrorist attack on ,,wtc in ,new ,york ,city #bjja3 ,another devastating terrorist attack on ,,wtc 7passenger airplanes crashed into ,,wtc74 ,individuals1 groups or cultural zones where the evolution based on symbolic models is blocked1 generate terrorism4 ,in such a situation1 fundamentalist action is expected4 ,that is1 people turn back to image models4 ,as we know1 it is not possible to know the importance of an element or a relation1 on an image model4 ,thus1 a person based on image models only1 has a tendency for paranoia4 ,the logical arguments are not taken into account1 because the logic is associated with symbolic models only4 ,on the other hand1 some important cultural zones are speeding up their advance based on symbolic models4 ,they gain more and more power due to this4 ,this is the overall situation now4 ,abstract3 the evolution of the brain means the increased power of the symbolic models4 ,the main steps are3 #a4 ,spoken language 7about #adj thousands of years ago7 #b4 ,phonetic writing 7#cgjj to #bijj years ago7 #c4 ,euclid's ,geometry 7#bcjj years ago7 #d4 ,newton ,mechanics 7#cdj years ago7 #e4 ,quantum ,mechanics 7#ajj years ago7 #f4 ,some cultural zone speed up their evolution based on symbolic models1 but in other zones there is a tendency to turn back to image models 7fundamentalist tendency74 ,some fundamentalist tendencies occur in symbolic countries too4 ,,eta #ah3 ,the organization of the human society ,faced with external reality1 any individual builds and operates some models to predict the evolution of the external reality4 ,the majority of the population is based on image models4 ,one of the organization principles of the human society is3 ,the majority is seldom right4 ,this principle is a direct consequence of reflecting the external reality based on image models4 ,the evolution of society means that there is a dynamic 7a continuous change in time74 ,but1 as we already know1 it is very hard to change a structure of models4 ,a second principle states that3 ,the persons who are able to lead the society must be changed from time to time1 even if they seem to be able to lead the evolution process4 ,the first principle says that a team of symbolic qualified persons should elect the leading persons1 and the second principle says that such persons must be changed from time to time4 ,the present democratic society is based on these principles1 as ,,mdt just explained why4 ,when in a situation associated with the evolution of the society1 a decision has to be taken2 on image models1 the decision is based on feelings1 or impressions1 or some local models4 ,on a symbolic model1 such a decision is based on parameters and their associated values4 ,so1 the importance of every element or relationship is controllable4 ,example3 there is a law of the propagation of errors in mathematics4 ,it says how much the result of a formula is changed when a term is changed1 let's say1 e4g4 by #a4 ,the importance of every element or relationship is given in a very precise way4 ,in future 7not in the next #ej years1 ,i guess71 there will be a single symbolic model associated to the society4 ,such a model will be able to characterize the society in the same way as the mechanical world is characterized by ,newton's model4 ,based on simulation1 it will be possible to predict the evolution of the society1 based on some basic decision4 ,the population will have to know these predictions and choose one or another based on its short-range and long-range interest4 ,it is supposed that in some very advanced countries such models already exist4 ,the main problem is that the political parties and the population are on a general evolution level that is too low for a symbolic understanding of the society4 ,,eta #ai3 ,the schizophrenic-paranoiac complex 7,,xspc74 ,,xspc is described only associated to non-pathological schizophrenic persons 7,,xs#a-type74 ,based on ,,mdt1 schizophrenia means a reduced ability to build and operate long- range models4 ,,xs#a schizophrenia is a non-pathological form1 which is associated with the activity of a large fraction of the population in a normal society4 ,paranoia ,,xp means that there is an ordinary model in the protection structure of models4 ,such an ,,ompsm forces a person to distort the importance of the primary facts to be accepted by ,,ompsm4 ,thus1 an ,,xs#a-type person is not able to build long-range models1 but he_/she is able to build short-range models4 ,the result is that such a person has a large number of short-range models1 which are associated with almost all the features of the external reality4 ,a ,,xs#a person is able to integrate into a society1 often in very good positions4 ,schizophrenics can't build efficient long-range models1 but can build very good short-range models4 ,the incapacity of building long-range model means that they have many uncorrelated short-range models4 ,when they are forced to couple_/correlate several models1 as they haven't got the capacity to do it1 they will distort the correlation between them4 ,it happens in the same way as for paranoiac persons1 but for schizophrenics1 paranoia is induced dynamically4 7,at different moments1 there are different distortions74 ,this is ,,xspc4 ,the present educational system has the tendency to create schizophrenic persons with ,,xspc symptoms4 ,,xspc is generated by the classical educational system1 where lessons are based on elements1 without insisting on the relationship between elements4 ,the capacity to make on one's own such correlation is not favoured by the educational system4 ,as in school the construction on long-range models is not taught1 the persons will lose more and more this ability4 ,thus1 school1 at all levels1 favours the occurence of ,,xs#a;,b1 and also ,,xspc1 in perfectly sane children4 ,this characterizes school all over the world4 ,application3 ,let's build the full history of ,europe1 for secondary school level1 in a normal lesson of #ej minutes4 ,the main problem is to select what is important and what is not4 ,the normal solution is to make a long-range model and to declare it in an explicit form4 ,such a model will be able to select1 in a coherent mode1 what is important and what not4 ,there is a development history of the human species in this book4 ,this history is based on a long-range model1 which says that all the evolution of the human species is based on the continuous increase of the power of the symbolic models4 ,thus1 this model is able to select what is important and what not4 ,some people could have other ideas4 ,there is no problem4 ,they must declare their long-range model and make another history4 ,in every situation1 there will be a correlation between the short-range models1 which are the elements of the long-range model4 ,this is the normal situation1 according to ,,mdt4 ,conclusion3 ,,xs#a persons are based on a large collection of short-range models1 which are built by direct interaction with the external reality4 ,when such persons are forced to connect some models in between them 7to cover a larger section of the external reality71 they are forced to connect such independent models4 ,this can be done only by the distorsion of some models to fit with one another4 ,but1 this is similar with the behavior of a paranoiac person4 ,this is ,,xspc 7paranoiac behaviour due to a schizophrenic structure of models74 ,,eta #bj3 ,induced paranoia 7,,xip7 and paranoiac-schizophrenic complex 7,,xpsc74 ,,xip affects normal persons who are forced to use a basic model in every situation4 ,e4g4 the members of the ,communist parties are forced to accept that the working class is the leader of the society4 ,this model is not in ,,psm 7the person has no illness7 but1 they are forced to use this model4 ,this externally-imposed model determines that any data from external reality should be compatible with the externally-imposed model4 ,their structure of models evolves in a paranoiac-type structure 7it is not possible to discuss freely with such persons74 ,a soft form of ,,xip occurs in people that are representatives of a state institution4 ,for the ,,xp paranoiac persons 7there is an ,,ompsm71 the external data could collide with the ,,ompsm4 ,the solution for them is to distort any external information to be compatible with their ,,ompsm4 ,but1 in a complex structure of external realities1 this method cannot work 7it is not possible anymore to build a harmonic_/logic structure of models by distorsion74 ,the only solution is to fragment the data4 ,this means that the same facts from external reality have a different interpretation depending on the environment4 ,this is ,,xpsc4 ,conclusion3 a paranoiac structure of models evolves to schizophrenia too1 as the external reality is more and more complex4 ,,eta #ba3 ,disharmonies of the functions of the brain ,we know from the general theory that two basic modes of interactions between humans and external reality exist4 ,the first consists in obtaining better and better models of the external reality 7,,zm74 ,the second is modifying external reality based on action models 7,,zam74 ,disharmonies are associated with the importance given to each facility4 ,thus1 there are two categories of humans3 more knowledge or more action oriented4 ,without action on the external reality1 knowledge is limited4 ,on the other hand1 people with a reduced knowledge of the external reality can't build good quality models1 and so the capacity of action on the external reality is limited or inefficient4 ,disharmonies are thus determined by the following factors3 - the capacity to build models of the external reality - the capacity to build action models - the capacity to activate action models4 ,all these three factors are in a very close interdependency1 whatever the interaction between the brain and external reality might be4 ,a disharmony cannot be associated with a psychical or a pathological status4 ,the disharmonies contribute to what we call personality4 ,in this chapter1 we will talk about people who have no disharmonies4 ,the perfect situation is the case of those who build action models compatible with the models of the external reality4 ,these people are those who do not intend to do more than they are able to4 ,such people will succeed in all they want to do4 ,they are happy people4 ,however the happy people have little contribution to the progress of society1 even if they contribute significantly to its stability4 ,example3 ,a man wants to buy a very expensive car4 ,lacking money1 the action model can't be activated4 ,this man is unhappy4 ,another one wants to buy a pencil4 ,he succeeds to do it1 and as such1 he is happy4 ,disharmonic people move society forward4 ,they are essentially unhappy people4 ,if they succeed in the end to do what they wished for1 soon their disharmonic structure will make them build other action models which are not suitable to external reality and the cycle restarts4 ,,eta#bb3 ,subliminal messages ,when external reality changes1 the local ,,zm won't make good predictions and the brain will in consequence look for_/build a new model suitable to the new external reality4 ,however some time to react is needed4 ,in the case of subliminal messages we have an image which will produce a new ,m-model4 ,this will have to activate a ,,zm-,,sl 7,,sl subliminal71 but before the activation of the new ,,zm-,,sl1 the dominant external reality will reappear1 which will immediately reactivate the initial ,,zm4 ,thus ,,zm-,,sl has time to be built1 but will not be activated4 ,this will have the effect on a person as an idea or tendency to something1 without an explicit reason4 ,of course these thoughts influence methods can create big disorders in the structure of models of a given brain1 as some half-elaborated models have to be integrated in the normal structure of models4 ,,zm-,,sl can become illegal models4 ,this is why subliminal messages are forbidden1 at least in advertising1 all over the world4 ,,eta#bc3 ,how a positive science works ,a positive science is a symbolic model 7,,sm7 integrated in ,,gcl1 which is associated to an external reality4 ,let's explain this statement4 #a4 ,the existence of a fundamental symbolic model called ,general ,communication ,language 7,,gcl7 is supposed4 ,this symbolic model contains absolutely all words1 together with their definitions4 ,the definitions can be more or less precise1 logically consistent or not1 can be or not accepted by some or others4 ,,gcl is the common language formed spontaneously between people in their inter-relations along the milleniums4 #b4 ,we choose a word 7term7 ,t from ,,gcl4 #c4 ,let's suppose that there is a positive science ,,sm1 that could include the term ,t4 #d4 ,the term ,t1 that should be studied by ,,sm1 has to be included in ,,sm4 ,for this purpose1 ,t has to be redefined within the frame of ,,sm4 ,,sm can integrate a new term only if this term is defined within ,,sm4 ,thus ,t will have one definition in ,,gcl and another generated by ,,sm4 ,example3 ,the term 'force' has one definition in ,,gcl and another in ,newton's ,mechanics4 ,the predictions of ,newton's ,mechanics refer only to the term 'force' as it had been defined within ,newton's ,mechanics4 #e4 ,as soon as ,t has been included in ,,sm1 ,,sm generates the relationships between ,t and other elements1 and makes predictions that include ,t4 ,these predictions can then be compared with external reality4 #f4 ,if the predictions of ,,sm related to ,t prove to be acceptable1 then ,,sm is considered useful in understanding ,t4 ,if the predictions are unacceptable1 then ,,sm is inadequate in understanding ,t4 ,in neither case1 ,,sm can be considered correct or incorrect4 #g4 ,any prediction connected to ,t has to be associated with the ,,sm which produced it4 ,example3 ,gravity is a supposition of ,newton's theory4 ,in his theory gravity is a property of the mass of a physical body4 ,in ,einstein's theory 7another symbolic model71 gravity is a property of space and mass4 ,both theories give good predictions in known specific situations4 #h4 ,as the predictions of ,,sm related to ,t are proved acceptable1 ,,sm is considered suitable in understanding ,t and thus1 the predictions of ,,sm including ,t can be associated with the term knowledge4 ,knowledge based on an acceptable ,,sm is the purpose of any positive science4 ,we'll see now an extremely complex example4 ,we have intentionally chosen a term which practically has no definition in ,,gcl 7the definitions is unclear7 and has no associated direct data and facts from the external reality4 ,the term chosen is 'alien' 7,,et74 ,to study within a positive science a term like ,,et seems impossible2 we will see that this is not so4 ,according to the logical schematic presented1 we need a symbolic model 7a positive science71 which in our example is ,,mdt itself4 ,generation of a definition of the term ,,et in ,,mdt means that we accept that ,e,ts have a brain and more1 their brain works based on the same principle as the human brain4 ,this can be difficult to accept1 but independent of the used ,,sm 7,,mdt or another71 the situation is the same3 ,,sm generates the definition of ,,et1 whatever ,,sm is1 and whatever the definition of ,,et in ,,gcl might be4 ,we'll try to explain ,,et in ,,mdt4 ,let's activate ,,mdt with ,,et included4 ,,mdt considers that the basic functions of the brain are the construction of image models ,i and symbolic models ,s4 ,let's define a human brain ,h with the parameters ,i#a1 ,s#a4 ,it is very likely that ,,et will not have the same parameters4 ,let's suppose a model of ,,et with the parameters ,,et7#a1aj77the same capacity to build image models as humans1 but ten times capacity to build symbolic models74 ,this is just a possible example4 ,in a complete analysis we need to use a collection of values 7,i1,s74 ,after having choosen a pair 7,i1,s71 we start operating ,,mdt with ,,et included4 ,we can ask a first question1 e4g4 how can the interaction between a human ,h7#a1a7 and an ,,et7#a1aj7 look like8 ,which are the tendencies of the ,,et8 ,do they want to communicate1 do they want to be friends or enemies1 etc4 ,,mdt can't answer these questions yet4 ,we need to calibrate the model4 ,calibration is done asking questions with known answers4 ,for instance1 a dog might be associated to ,d7#j4a1j7 7#aj of the capacity to operate image models compared to a human and zero capacity to operate symbolic models74 ,we have the tendency to communicate with dogs and do not have an exagerated tendency to exterminate them4 ,on the other hand1 we have the tendency to exterminate mosquitoes which have an extremely low ,i value and ,s#j4 ,we can go on with calibration studying the interaction among humans4 ,for instance1 the ,asiatic have clearly a higher ,i value than the ,europeans1 and the ,europeans have higher ,s4 ,once the system is somehow calibrated1 extrapolation to given situations is possible4 ,based on prediction1 we can evaluate which are the limits for ,i and ,s for a friendly or unfriendly interaction4 ,let's not forget that no prediction of the model can be verified yet in interaction with external reality4 ,however1 the fact that we have a collection of predictions1 brings us a huge advantage4 ,if some facts from external reality could be in the range of predictions of the model1 we will be already prepared to interpret them in specific conditions4 ,thus1 some facts can be explained if ,,et had a certain formula4 ,anyways1 we already have a collection of probable behaviours1 which represents a big advantage1 when some facts from external reality could be explained by the existence of ,,et4 ,we can go even further4 ,depending on the formula chosen for ,,et1 models of civilisation could be built for each type of ,,et4 ,again1 the model can be calibration based on known types of human society1 including those existing in the past1 and extrapolating to various formulas for ,,et4 ,please remember that even if ,,et existed in external reality1 and even if ,,mdt gave exact predictions1 it does not result from here in any way1 that ,,et have brains which function as ,,mdt considers4 ,a positive science only declares the model and gives predictions4 ,if1 based on verifying the predictions1 we get confidence in the model1 then the model will be used in other similar situations1 as useful4 ,never and with no positive science do we expect that it will show us the truth or it will offer guarantees or certainties4 ,a positive science1 as we have shown above1 makes predictions4 ,if the model makes good predictions1 we will use it again1 and that's all4 ,let's see another possible direct practical application associated to the above example4 ,we could build models to tell us what could happen with human society if ,s#b4 ,or1 what would happen if the dispersion in ,s increases too much4 ,this means to find out1 for instance1 if a danger exists for civilization if #ej of humans have ,s#j4e and #ej have ,s#a4e4 ,perspectives look fascinating6 ,,eta #bb3 ,direct demonstration of the function to create image models ,the basic assumption of ,,mdt is that the brain builds and operates models automatically 7this is a hardware function74 ,an exercise is described below which demonstrates directly this basic assumption4 ,the absolute majority of beings 7human or animal7 have two eyes4 ,they generate two plane images but what we see is a single tri-dimensional image 7photographic-type image model7 in accordance with ,,mdt4 ,moreover1 if we have a single plane image 7we look with one eye7 the brain will continue to build the tri-dimensional model4 ,but we have got a problem3 with a single plane image we have not enough information to build a tri-dimensional image4 ,however we have a compensation3 the brain is an extremely powerful system4 ,it will use any kind of supplementary information to build first a tri-dimensional image and then1 the tri-dimensional model4 ,in the following1 we will describe an exercise for beginners to demonstrate this4 ,we need to watch ,,tv with a single eye in a room with no additional light source4 ,the glass surface of the screen has to be absolutely invisible 7there should be absolutely no reflection of light on it74 ,we have to sit in front of a normal screen at least at #c meters distance 7we should not be able to see the pixels which build up the image74 ,the screen should show a familiar picture1 from common external reality1 in normal perspective1 and the image has to change slowly4 ,if1 under these circumstances1 we watch the screen with one eye1 after some training1 we will see a tri-dimensional image4 ,this experiment proves directly that the basic function of the brain is to make image models4 ,the generation of tri-dimensional models by the brain starting from a plane image is known for a long time4 ,this appeared at the same time with the expansion of art painting trade1 many hundreds of years ago4 ,thus1 a painter used to paint first the foreground1 and later the background4 ,a good painter had the whole tri-dimensional model in his head1 and the background connected perfectly with the foreground1 even if the background was painted a lot later4 ,in some paintings1 the background or some components of the painting do not match perfectly 7a poor painter7 and this could be noticed by art experts looking at the painting with one eye4 ,rembrandt painted scenes with groups of people4 ,however1 some people in the group could be closer or farther from the viewer4 ,when such a compact group is watched with a single eye1 one can notice that the painter had painted them correctly 7the persons farther out are slightly smaller74 ,our brain can notice tiny differences1 because it reconstructs the #c-;,d model4 ,by the way3 to build a #c;,d model based on a single plane image is an operation which requires an immense capacity of processing of information4 ,in spite of its huge power1 the brain has problems with the capacity of processing such a huge amount of information4 ,as in principle there is not enough information for such an operation1 the brain has to guess one or several probable models1 which have to be verified4 ,from my direct experience1 in order to guess a #c;,d model from a plane image ones has to be in a very good physical and psychical shape4 ,,eta #bc3 ,some basic parameters of the brain for measuring performance ,based on the fundamental theory1 ,i have listed several basic functional facilities of the brain1 exclusively as an introduction to the problem evaluation4 #a4 ,the capacity to build and operate image models 7arts1 many games1 paranormal qualities4447 #b4 ,the capacity to build and operate symbolic models 7positive science1 technologies4447 #c4 ,the capacity to build and operate purely symbolic models 7,quantum ,mechanics4447 #d4 ,the capacity to integrate an image into a pre-existing image model #e4 ,the capacity to translate an image model to ,,gcl 7description of an image model7 #f4 ,the capacity to translate a symbolic model to ,,gcl 7the symbolic model is associated to a certain case1 translated to an image model and described in words7 #g4 ,the capacity to translate an image model to a symbolic model 7general abilities in science7 #h4 ,the capacity to translate a symbolic model to an image model #i4 ,the capacity to integrate symbolic information into an image model #aj4 ,the capacity to build concept-type image models from a family of image models #aa4 ,the capacity to build a concept-type symbolic model from a family of symbolic models4 #ab4 ,the capacity to integrate symbolic information into a symbolic model #ac4 ,the speed to build_/operate image models #ad4 ,the speed to build_/operate symbolic models #ae4 ,the speed to build long range image models #af4 ,the speed to build long range symbolic models #ag4 ,the speed_/capacity to update preexisting models #ah4 ,the capacity_/speed to build shielding models #ai4 ,the capacity to build a new model in front of a new external reality #bj4 ,the speed of finding a pre-existing model suitable to a new external reality #ba4 ,the speed of activation and deactivation by ,,mzm of a preexisting model in front of a changing external reality4 ,this implies both finding the suitable model and initializing it to the given external reality #bb4 ,the capacity to operate in time-sharing several models in front of a complex external reality ,this list can continue1 as the brain is extremely complex4 ,for instance3 ,endurance parameters 7e4g4 the quality of the technological implementation71 dynamical parameters 7e4g4 the speed and stability of the operations1 how fast one can switch from one operation to another in transient and stationary mode74 ,in the general theory1 the brain appears as having two basic facilities3 to build and operate ,,zm models associated to external reality1 and to act on the external reality1 based on a ,,zam model4 ,the facility of action on the external reality has a number of parameters1 starting from building ,,zam suitable to the external reality and ending with the capacity of activation of the action models4 ,this possible list of parameters is far from characterizing completely the brain4 ,from this we can see the naivete and ridicule of the present so-called intelligence tests4 ,these tests are ridiculous1 because there is no fundamental theory1 which could at least define and correlate the used terms4 ,my theory says that there are facilities associated to image and to symbolic models 7there are arts and sciences1 watches are analog or digital1 on computer screens we have icons and text etc47 ,we also have facilities associated with obtaining information from the external reality and facilities associated with modifying the external reality4 ,a minimum observation of the external reality suggests four independent groups of ,,iq tests3 action_/knowledge on image_/symbolic models4 ,as this is not the case1 the present ,,iq tests are naive and ridiculous1 not only from the point of view of ,,mdt4 ,in the following we will give a structure of fundamental ,,iq tests based on ,,mdt3 #a4 ,the capacity to build ,m image models #b4 ,the capacity to build ,,ym image models 7concept models7 #c4 ,the capacity to assimilate image ,,ym #d4 ,the capacity to build symbolic ,,ym #e4 ,the capacity to assimilate symbolic ,,ym #f4 ,the capacity to assimilate image ,,zm #g4 ,the capacity to build image ,,zm #h4 ,the capacity to assimilate symbolic ,,zm #i4 ,the capacity to build symbolic ,,zm #aj4 ,the capacity to assimilate symbolic ,,zam #aa4 ,the capacity to build symbolic ,,zam #ab4 ,the capacity to assimilate image ,,zam #ac4 ,the capacity to build image ,,zam #ad4 ,the capacity to activate symbolic ,,zam #ae4 ,the capacity to activate image ,,zam #af4 ,the capacity to build image ,,azm #ag4 ,the capacity to activate image ,,azm ,example3 ,for a person who has to be a public relations representative for a business1 the qualities which will count1 on first place1 are the capacity to assimilate symbolic and_/or image models and to act based on them4 ,he has to have a reduced tendency to build own models1 in order to be fit to the requirements of the position4 ,a person who will work in scientific research has to have capabilities to create new symbolic models4 ,among these capabilities1 interdependence should exist4 ,we can suppose that persons who have the tendency to build models will have difficulties to assimilate external models4 ,their tendency will be to modify any external model in a personal manner4 ,at the same time a person with capabilities of assimilation of external models1 will have diffculties in building own new models1 and will not try to modify the assimilated models1 even if they are not suitable to the external reality anymore4 ,other parameters associated to the brain are connected with the stability of these capabilities1 on long_/ short term1 and in normal or extreme conditions4 ,these parameters will charactrize the reliability of these capabilities in special conditions4 ,based on this theory and further work1 a collection of human types will be possibly established as a list of numerical paramters4 ,as soon as a person is considered to belong to a specific type1 he_/she will know that his_/her chances to socially integrate are big1 if he_/she will pursue the domain where he_/she has adequate qualities4 ,the above examples are only as an illustration of the capabilities of ,,mdt in this field4 ,a fundamental theory as ,,mdt cannot be used directly to solve specific problems4 ,it creates a basis and a referential system1 where specific problems associated with some sections of the extrenal reality can be solved4 ,,eta #bd3 ,animals ,bees ,a basic characteristic of a bee is its flight beyond its visual limit4 ,it can fly some hundreds of meters from the beehive1 while it can identify objects only withing a few meters distance4 ,in consequence1 the bee must navigate4 ,navigation means1 in principle1 the existence of a map1 compass and of a dynamical system of finding the actual position on the map4 ,if we can make only suppositions about the compass and the dynamical positioning system1 as to the map1 we find ourselves in the action zone of the theory4 ,a map is an image model4 ,the brain builds simplified models 7maps7 of the external reality1 marking the position of the beehive and the position of the bee in flight and updating that all the time4 ,when a young bee comes out of the beehive1 it will start flying around it1 in wider and wider circles1 but only on clear days4 ,the explanation based on the theory is that1 in this flight1 the bee is calibrating its navigation system4 ,this means that it calculates its position relative to the beehive and compares the prediction with external reality1 as given by direct view4 ,when the instruments of navigation are calibrated1 it can fly beyond the limit of direct visibility1 and return successfully based on the predictions of its map model4 ,migratory birds ,in the case of migratory birds1 we have again a navigation problem4 ,this time the flight is done at thousands of kilometers distance4 ,it is clear that the migratory birds should have a map added to the navigation instruments4 ,the birds should have in memory a successful story-type model 7map7 of the wanted route4 ,the bird will compare the wanted position 7given by the story-type model7 with the real position4 ,the real position could be found e4g4 by following the magnetic field of the ,earth1 by observing the position of cosmic bodies 7,sun1 ,moon1 and stars74 ,it is clear that any supplementary information is welcome and added to the story-type model1 to sustain a successful operation4 ,the navigation story-type model has been built based on a previous successful flight4 ,a bird1 which has not this model1 could record it1 if it is a member of a flock in which at least one bird has this model4 ,however1 if a bird1 which has not yet the navigation map1 has technical problems in flight1 it could be lost4 ,examples are known of migratory birds1 which having technical flight-problems1 were eventually taken into care by people4 ,after healing1 they did not want to leave anymore4 ,the theory explains this by the fact that without a map and their position on the map1 they don't know where to go4 ,however1 if they see a flock in flight1 they might follow that flock4 ,there is a situation reported by the media1 when a whole flock lost its navigation map and remained stranded4 ,in this situation1 a plane resembling a bird was used to guide the flock4 ,cats ,cats can communicate to some extent with humans4 ,another characteristic is that a cat hardly adapts to an environment after getting used to another4 ,a house cat is jumpy at sounds to which it should be familiar4 ,when a cat is disturbed1 it is very likely that ,,psm was activated4 ,at first sight1 cats have a brain with a reduced capacity to build new models4 ,at the same time1 due to a weak instinct of defending its territory 7some cats accept mice around them71 one can suppose that the cat's model of the territory is very primitive4 ,the most probable situation is that a cat can build new models only when very young4 ,after some time it looses the capacity to build long-range models and uses mainly short-range models1 guided by primitive long-range models and many solutions based on the action of ,,psm4 ,in fact1 all predators having few enemies have the tendency to use more short- range efficient models1 than long-range models4 ,thus1 intelligence1 which is an indicator of the capacity to build and operate long-range models1 is not stimulated in predators4 ,animal intelligence is stimulated by the presence and interaction with humans1 and also by an aggresive environment4 ,it is important to note that in spite of the fact that the lack of external danger is not a stimulus to develop the functions of the brain1 the potential of the predators brain is relatively high4 ,this is why1 even if predators do not look too intelligent1 they can surprise us in critical situations4 ,dogs ,dogs seem to build very precise models of the external reality1 including sensing the mood of the master4 ,their relatively high capacity to build models1 gives them a possibility to communicate based on these models1 including with humans4 ,let's analize now a situation1 as it was reportd in the newpapers4 ,a shepherd was walking with his dog in the forest4 ,a mother bear with cubs attacked him4 ,the bear attacked the shepherd1 but the dog attacked the cubs4 ,the bear left the shepherd1 to save its cubs4 ,the theory can explain this behaviour in several ways4 ,a first possibility is that the master is integrated in the dog's ,,psm4 ,the dog builds a defence model of the master1 which1 at the simulation of the bear attack1 fails to find a successful solution4 ,simulating the attack of the cubs1 the prediction appears that the bear will save the cubs and forget about the shepherd4 ,this explanation is clearly a sign of intelligence 7long-range model74 ,it is a bit too complex for a dog 7it is even surprising even for humans74 ,another variant is that after the model to attack the bear failed1 the dog attacked the cubs because it was less dangerous4 ,this means that the master was not in the ,,psm4 ,another variant exists in which the dog has participated previously in an attack of several dogs against a mother-bear1 and in that attack1 it saw that the bear runs with the cubs when the cubs are attacked4 ,this variant again does not consider the shepherd4 ,this seems to be the most probable explanation4 ,another variant exists in which the shepherd is not considered1 and the dog attacks anything weaker than itself4 ,let's continue the analysis of dogs4 ,it is known that dogs are very faithful to their master4 ,this suggests that they can introduce the master into their ,,psm4 ,however1 the fact that some dogs can be faithful to several masters 7successively7 suggests that they can rewrite the ,,psm4 ,this is really unusual4 ,the fact that dogs introduce the master in the ,,psm is clearly demonstrated by the observation that some dogs die to save their master 7they are not afraid of death74 ,according to the theory1 this can happen only if the masters are on the same priority level with their own being4 ,there are fights with dogs1 when dogs fight to death4 ,it is interesting to see if the motivation can or can't be given by a protection model of the master1 or by an instinct1 which does not take the master into account4 ,the elephant ,the brain of the elephant could be bigger than the human brain4 ,from this follows that its organization is primitive4 ,a way to explain this is the reduced capacity of the elephant brain to build concept models4 ,if this is true1 he uses a huge capacity of the brain to build pure image models4 ,the term elephant memory can be associated with this feature4 ,thus1 if it built concept model1 the elephant should be able to identify only limited landmarks of the places it passes by4 ,using pure image models1 it memorizes each tree and each branch4 ,this is a totally inefficient mode of brain functioning4 ,monkeys ,experiments show that1 in a controlled environment1 some monkeys build and operate some primitive symbolic models4 ,they might implement this function by software1 based on image models4 ,however1 these very singular examples prove their incapacity to evolve towards a symbolic model1 in fact4 ,one of the most striking characteristics of these animals is their lack of stability in a model4 ,the most intelligent monkeys are those which have the capacity to stay in a model1 when the external reality gives them many opportunities to change the active model4 ,if the monkeys had stability in a model1 then they could have better performance at building symbolic models1 under the human control4 ,in spite of the fact that ,,mdt does not sustain the evolution of man from monkey1 the behaviour resemblance of monkeys and humans1 on image models of course1 is striking4 ,the dolphin ,the dolphin is considered a very intelligent animal1 next after humans4 ,the dolphin can not only immitate the signs made by humans but they can integrate them into a larger context4 ,for instance1 when the gestures of the trainer suggest a jump followed by a salute1 the dolphin understands that it has to jump1 and then1 to greet the public4 ,however1 even if dolphins seem to understand easily gestures1 they do not seem to have abilities to associate an action to a symbolic message4 ,the dolphin builds easily normal long-range models1 not only story-type models as some other animals4 ,at the same time1 they could reach even level #b of conciousness1 if it could be proven that they build their own correlation models with the group to which they belong 7as it seems to be the case for captive dolphins74 ,note3 many species of animals hunt in packs4 ,usually1 the model of correlation is situated in ,,psm4 ,the superiority of an animal is given by the capacity to build its own correlation model with the pack or with other beings1 human or animals1 7level #b of consciousness74 ,it is not easy to see this essential difference1 as the apparent behaviour can be the same4 ,the theory does not exclude the possibility of level #b consciousness1 on image models 7of course7 for the dolphins4 ,this would mean e4g4 that a dolphin anticipates the action of another and will act in advance1 based on prediction1 in the frame of a normal model1 imposed by the trainer 7not a model of the ,,psm1 as the ones associated to instincts74 ,there could be some difficulties to understand what happens1 due to the reason shown in the note above4 ,some other things result from the theory4 ,thus1 the basic characteristic of the environment where the dolphin lives1 is the lack of landmarks4 ,whatever the capacity of interaction with external reality is1 the dolphin in the ocean cannot build models of the environment in which it lives1 due to the lack of landmarks4 ,it can't mark the territory to use marks in building models of the territory4 ,even if it might make maps of the magnetic field of the ,earth1 these maps are not precise enough to have good landmarks4 ,even if it had precise landmarks 7near the coastline71 they could be used only for local navigation4 ,using the terminology of my theory1 one could say that the dolphin has schizophrenia induced by the environment4 ,captivity should increase the level of intelligence of the dolphins1 due to an environment with landmarks4 ,these can stimulate it to use its brain to a higher capacity closer to its theoretical possibilities4 ,however1 experiments up to date do not show abilities to build symbolic models1 as in the case of some monkeys1 even if on image models1 dolphin brain seems to be very advanced for an animal4 ,observations about the limited survival of dolphins in captivity can be related to the fact1 that1 in captivity1 they build very fast the exact model of the space available4 ,after a while 7see stress7 the space is known very well and this could be a cause of stress4 ,a strong brain needs always new information4 ,the solution could be a larger environment1 in which1 additionally1 the configuration should be changed every now and then4 ,contrary to general belief1 animals1 including dolphins1 should feel better in interaction with man in a controlled environment1 in the above conditions1 than in liberty4 ,the shark ,the shark has the same environmental problems as the dolphin4 ,it behaviour is so primitive that1 based on the theory1 it should have only ,,psm1 with extremely few models1 given by the interaction with the external reality4 ,water seems to be a relatively hostile environment for the development of the intelligence4 ,the whale ,the whale can navigate at thousands of kilometers of open see and return to its start point4 ,it is also known that they seem to communicate by sounds similar to a song4 ,it is believed about whales that they can use the magnetic field of the bottom of the ocean to build a map 7image model74 ,if so1 they could find their position on this primitive map4 ,however1 if this map becomes incorrect1 due to changes of the magnetic field1 they could navigate in a wrong direction1 including landing on ocean shores4 ,moreover1 if taken back to the open see1 they will repeat the path that lead them to trouble1 because their navigation system indicates the same direction as before4 ,simply1 the whales get lost1 and have no means to find again their position in the ocean4 ,we can take a risk and say that1 if the information of navigation associated with the magnetic field were recorded in a story-type model 7equivalent to a map71 then the whale would know how to return to the starting point by rewinding the tape4 ,thus1 it has to compare the story-type model with ,,ir generated by the direct interaction with external reality4 ,if this is the method1 a transfer of this itinerary model from a whale could be possible to another1 which did not make this trip yet1 through that song4 ,seems fascinating1 but also it is possible to check by experiment4 ,,eta #be3 ,very complicated operations on image models 7walk1 jumps1 climbing trees7 of humans ,we will apply the theory to see the exact way of walking1 jumping and tree climbing at humans4 ,in accordance to ,,mdt1 an action on the external reality 7e4g4 walking7 implies the existence of a long-range action model 7,,zam74 ,this model generates the approximate plan of the action4 ,,zam will build and activate a number of local models 7,,zam and ,,azm7 to reach its goals4 ,a local ,,zam will simulate the movement of the leg for the first step4 ,if the simulated step is successful1 then ,,zam will activate the action on the external reality4 ,the leg will move in the same way as the leg 'moved' during the simulation4 ,it is not possible to do any movement1 if it had not been successfully simulated before4 ,let's see the case of jumping4 ,in front of an obstacle1 which has to be jumped over1 the brain will 'execute' a simulated jump4 ,if the simulated jump succeeds1 it can be done in the external reality as well1 activating the model1 which did the simulated successful jump4 ,if the simulation does not succeed1 there will be no model to activate the muscles of the body1 and the being will be blocked to act4 ,any attempt to go against the internal decisison will fail4 ,the conclusion from the previous analysis is that a more or less elaborate simulation precedes any action on the external reality4 ,the result is that an extremely complicated activity1 like e4g4 walking1 is executed with remarkable precision and elegance4 ,at first sight1 walking seems to be a relatively simple activity4 ,at a closer analysis1 one can see extreme complexity4 ,the first problem is keeping the equilibrium during walking4 ,the stability of humans and animals during walking is a dynamical stability4 ,this means that1 if we froze the body in an intermediate position1 the body would not be stable and would fall4 ,during walking1 the models anticipate the movements of the body through simulation and send suitable commands in advance4 ,if there was no anticipation of the evolution and we counted only on the stability and position sensors1 the information would get delayed to the device taking the decision and such1 the system would have a reduced stability4 ,this is how all the electronic stabilizer systems work3 they wait for something to happen to make a correction4 ,in the case of the brain1 the information from the stability and position sensors is used to anticipate the possible future problems and act before the problem arised4 ,this is the dynamical stability and1 ,i think1 this problem cannot be solved in real time by any existing computer due to the low power of the present computers4 ,from here we can see the huge capacity of information processing of any brain1 starting with mammals4 ,the most primitive mammals1 with brains of a few grams or tens of grams1 are able of higher performance than humans1 in running and jumping4 ,we should think of the fact that1 for walking1 a correlation of hundreds or thousands of musculars fibers is needed4 ,dynamically1 i4e4 depending on the specifics of any individual movement1 on the previous behaviour1 on the anticipated behaviour1 on the goal to be attained and on the various external perturbations1 all these fibres will be activated_/deactivated in a precise order1 each with the suitable intensity to solve the given problem4 ,at any moment the problems which could appear are anticipated and the corrections are made1 before the problems occur4 ,the number of models 7which are built or activated71 associated with this type of activity1 can be tens or hundreds in a second4 ,example3 ,the working speed of a model ,related to anticipation by simulation on a model1 ,i have seen a photo of a baseball player that was trying to catch a fast ball in flight4 ,the high-speed photo showed the ball flying directly into the glove of the player4 ,the sensational in this picture is that the eyes were looking at the place where the ball had been some time before4 ,the model for catching the ball has anticipated the position of the ball based on the previous information coming from the eyes4 ,the action was a success1 even if the eyes were unable to give the real time information1 and in spite of the fact that the hand can not move very fast4 ,this example illustrates the huge advantage of the construction and operation of models4 ,the effective speed of action can be considerably higher than the intrinsic speed of action of the components4 ,hikers who go on difficult treks with heavy backpaks1 which change slightly their position1 know that hiking can be done with exceptional stability4 ,personally1 the immense capacities of the brain to process information1 and the speed of execution of these incredibly complicated operations1 have always amazed me4 ,associated with the above issue1 ,i had a situation on a trek1 carrying a heavy backpack1 when a stone slipped from under my foot and ,i fell4 ,the active models were not able to anticipate this possibility4 ,in this case1 the capacity to build a new model suitable to the external reality is reduced4 ,as we know1 ,,psm is activated instead4 ,however1 ,i am still amazed that ,i was not hurt during that fall 7it was practically a controlled fall1 but outside my consciousness74 ,usually1 ,,psm tries to save what can be still saved1 and it is even possible1 that it will accept sacrificing an arm1 to save what is more important4 ,connected with this specific problem1 there is also another variant that a parallel model to the main model of walking was created4 ,this parallel model predicted that the stone will slip and built a saving model outside the line of the ,,psm4 ,however the theory predicts only two lines3 one of the ,,psm and one of the ,,zam which controls the global activity4 ,possibly1 the ,,zm could let the main ,,zam act1 and build in parallel other ,z,a,ms models for new situations1 which would be activated in special cases4 ,this type of behaviour is not specifically excluded by the theory1 but in reality it is not met sufficiently clearly1 so that it can be sustained4 ,building a parallel model is an easy operation1 but the question is1 how does the main ,,zm know what other ,,zam to activate1 when the active ,,zam does not correspond anymore4 ,the implementation of this facility could be done if there were a 'pipeline' built by the main ,,zm1 so that a specific order of activation of parallel ,z,a,ms existed in special cases4 ,but this would imply the existence of a new hardware4 ,as ,i already said1 the existence of this facility 7pipeline of ,z,a,ms7 cannot be sustained yet1 due to insufficient data1 but could be a line of further hardware development of the brain4 ,the issue of walking1 jumping and running is inimaginably complicated and ,i do not believe that in predictible future1 robots will come close to the performance of a chicken a few days old1 running on a difficult terrain4 ,climbing trees is an even more complicated activity1 than walking and jumping4 ,the basic information is related to the lack of precise information about the resistance of the branches4 ,the models are able to make an evaluation of the resistance of each branch1 but the model will have enough simulations in which the branch will break4 ,,zm will need to take this into account1 based on various local models1 in order to build a good strategy 7the best ,,zam reactualised very often74 ,in this case1 the stability in the tree will be given by the capacity of building alternative models1 which could be activated1 if a branch broke4 ,the brain effort needed to ensure the stability of the person in a tree is huge4 ,not all brains have this capacity4 ,moreover the ,,zm should also build a 'saving' model1 in which there should be at least three points of support at any moment1 in the ideea that if at least two will behave as in the simulation1 the system will have an acceptable level of stability4 ,walking on a difficult terrain1 jumping and the stability in tree climbing are tests1 which can show global performance of humans in the domain of image models4 ,in animals these functions can be even more efficient4 ,,eta #bf3 ,the brain evolves under our eyes4 ,generally all ,e,t,as refer to the behaviour and evolution of the brain of a normal average human4 ,in #aijj ,quantum ,mechanics appeared4 ,it marks the highest level attained up to now1 in the brain evolution4 ,however1 people1 who reached this extreme advance of knowledge1 are ordinary people in everyday life4 ,independent of the level in the professional field1 in everyday life1 the brain continues to act to a large extends based on image models4 ,i have an example1 in which one can see clearly1 and above any doubt1 the evolution of the brain towards more and more advanced symbolic models1 at the level of the common person1 in an issue always associated with image models3 nutrition4 ,in all times1 people have eaten based on analysis on image models4 ,associated terms to nutrition are taste1 smell1 colour1 aspect etc4 ,the decision to eat or not a certain food1 is based on image models4 ,it can be said that the whole being1 with its whole structure1 participates at solving the nutrition problem4 ,we have an explicit situation1 when the process of evolution towards symbolic models in nutrition is clear4 ,i have seen a person in a shop1 who wanted to buy a certain product4 ,the person had at hand a list of dangerous food additives 7the so-called ,es74 ,a product was rejected because it contained such an ,e4 ,taste1 smell1 aspect and natural drive were overrun and a logical decision taken1 totally independent of any image model4 ,es cannot be sensed based on image models4 ,when a decision is taken exclusively on symbolic models1 we have clearly a progress4 ,this phenomenon1 according to ,,mdt1 will increase on all levels4 ,important note3 the elite has imposed that any food should be labeled with the exact contents and other data1 so that evolved people can take their own decision4 ,this type of information is useless for the image-type public4 ,the real problem is not the information1 but the technical capacity of the brain to collect information and decide based on symbolic models4 ,as ,i mentioned1 the attitude of the majority of consumers continues to be strongly anchored in a complex structure of image models4 ,there is an infinite number of cases1 in which the image models from one's mind1 make the products more expensive1 and also more dangerous4 ,example3 good quality butter might contain a substance1 which confers it a ,yellow commercial colour4 ,between butter with colorant and the same without it1 many consumers choose the one with colour4 ,there are several soft drinks 7some very famous7 which1 without colorants1 would have less success4 ,the brain follows its ascending course towards the increase importance of symbolic models1 so that1 as we have seen it already happening1 the decision in nutrition will be taken with more and more contribution from symbolic models4 ,the guarantee exists on symbolic model1 that1 within the laws and the level attained by science and technology and the laws of economy1 food is possibly the safest4 ,nutritional regulations can only impose what a certain product may not contain4 ,the evolution of the brain is1 however1 slow on the scale of human active life1 even if the evolution accelerates4 ,we are on a level development of the brain on which1 in domains where image models were leading 7e4g4 nutrition71 symbolic models are gaining ground4 ,,eta #bg3 ,principial negative effects associated with the functioning of a brain #a4 ,there is a principial problem1 when we ask a question4 ,in order to have an understandable answer1 we need to be within the model which generates the answer4 ,without this condition1 the answer will be nonsense4 ,to put it differently3 not any question is permitted4 ,example3 ,the nature of light can be understood only within the framework of ,quantum ,mechanics4 ,if we are not familiar with ,quantum ,mechanics1 the answer to the question about the nature of light is nonsense4 ,from outside ,quantum ,mechanics1 light seems to be both wave and particle1 and this statement cannot be understood based on logic4 ,in case of children1 the questions in the class why448 cannot generally have any answer1 as the children haven't got the suitable models4 ,however parents have an answer to any of the children's questions4 ,the answer with the stork bringing the babies is famous4 ,the educational system should take into account these issues4 ,for instance the 'why' questions should not be encouraged1 and favour the what is this8 type questions4 ,this means that1 for children1 parents should show them the elements associated with external reality and their relation_/interconnections4 ,children will build alone models and they will find themselves the answers to the questions of 'why' type4 #b4 ,when you can't do what you want1 you do what you can444 ,here we open ,pandora's box4 ,in the majority of cases in everyday life1 we cannot do what we want or we can't turn back time after a failure4 ,these problems can generate building and activation of illogical action models starting with revenge and resignation as individual acts1 and ending with wars4 ,the reason is associated with the tendency of any model to evolve towards stability1 in the conditions when the model cannot stabilize in any situation4 ,for instance1 by revenge1 in a way or another1 one can find a stability of the model1 by attaching to it another model 7this model is a shielding model74 ,resignation means building a suitable shielding-type model associated to the model with problems4 ,the most important and well-known shielding model1 associated to resignation1 is religion4 ,all shielding models are associated with the term 'illusion'4 ,the illusion is defined as the reality generated by a shielding model4 ,the education system should take into account these classes of problems and find solutions to avoid them4 #c4 ,if an action model has been built1 it could be activated1 independent of respecting or not the social or moral laws4 ,from ,,mdt1 we know that ,,psm contains a series of models imposed by education1 which block certain models to activate4 ,if the suitable models in ,,psm are missing1 or if there are suitable shielding models1 there are no limits in activating the most incredible models4 #d4 ,translation of an image model into a collection of symbolic models to sustain an undeclared image model4 ,this syndrome is recognised from the simple and imperative logic1 but also from the incapacity of the person to have a dialogue1 based on logical data and statements4 ,on symbolic model1 this problem does not occur1 due to multiple cross-checks between elements and relations4 ,,eta #bh3 ,free-,masonry ,we start this theoretical discussion by building a local model4 ,the main statements of the local model are3 #a4 ,the intellectual superiority of a person is given by his_/her capacity to build and operate long-range models4 #b4 ,the activity of the long-range models cannot exceed the lifetime of the person4 #c4 ,there are strong tendencies to prolong the action of long range models beyond the limit of his_/her physical life4 ,if a person wants that certain long-range models be active beyond the limit of one's lifetime1 one possibility is to activate such models within an organisation4 ,however if we want a model to reach its goals in1 let's say #ajj years1 the organisation should be a very special one4 ,this condition is fulfilled e4g4 by free-masonry4 ,before going on1 ,i want to point out that ,i have no direct information_/ knowledge on any masonic organisation4 ,the discussion is based exclusively on theoretical considerations1 as they result from ,,mdt1 and the local model presented above4 ,moreover1 for the discussion1 the inner knowledge of a masonic organisation would not bring any useful information4 ,according with the theory1 the organisation should reach its goals beyond the limit of lifetimes of its members1 and as such1 the ordinary masons are generally unaware for what they are fighting4 ,a very general statement is needed here4 ,thus1 a theory 7any theory67 makes a prediction4 ,in this specific case1 ,,mdt predicts the existence of a special organisation4 ,then we try to find in the external reality something that corresponds to the definition4 ,thus the fact that ,i attribute to masonry the definition generated by the theory1 does not mean that this is complete1 and in accordance with the external reality4 ,the masonry in the external reality could have some characteristics in accordance with the theory1 but it might have other characteristics1 which have not been accounted for by the theory4 ,this means that the theory can predict only the existence of a general structure1 and so1 it is possible that1 in the external reality1 one can find several types of organisations1 which in spite of respecting the definition1 can have structures and components not predicted by the theory4 ,this situation is an extremely general one in all positive sciences and occurs every time when a theory is confronted with the external reality4 ,let's go on with the description of a masonic organisation based on ,,mdt4 ,usually1 ordinary members have no idea on the exact situation1 and what they are fighting for4 ,this happens due to the fact that masonry acts extremely slowly1 modelling people from a spiritual point of view4 ,thus1 when something happens1 this will happen because the intellectuality has already the 'natural' tendency to act in a certain direction1 and because the 'natural' tendency of the majority of people will be in the same direction or will not oppose it1 at least4 ,thus1 the masonic methods are very different from the classical methods of education1 or from the political ones4 ,the states also want to persuade people to act in a certain direction1 by propaganda or education4 ,however1 the political goals are short-term initiatives 7at most a few legislative terms71 while the masonry wants basic changes in the thinking structure of people1 independent of the political orientation of each member4 ,as ,i have already stated1 the goals of masonry are to be attained in several generations4 ,this is why an ordinary member of masonry cannot detect the goals1 which have to be attained4 ,in this situation1 masonry should be in very good relationship with any political and economical forces1 independent of their orientation4 ,it also results from here that the masonry will never campaign in any way 7political or other7 for any person 7inside or outside its ranks7 and generally for any political orientation4 ,most masonic organisations will not accept political or religious discussion inside them1 in accordance with their goals4 ,political discussions are associated with short-range models compared to the masonic goals1 and the religious discussion are nonsense1 as religion is based on invariant shielding models4 ,masonic organisations are based only on individual personalities1 independent of their orientation4 ,this is why these organisations have the tendency to persecute the weak members1 or those who wish the support of the organisation in their individual interest4 ,the reason is clear3 the masons have to be strong personalities1 to be able to influence efficiently the others4 ,masonry should be more complex than it was shown here1 as somebody has to build and activate such very long-range complex models4 ,at the same time1 the existence of several corellated or uncorrelated masonic organisations is not forbidden4 ,let's see the predictions of the theory connected with the future of masonry4 ,for this1 we will remind the basic problems of the world1 in general1 as ,,mdt predicts them4 ,x#a3 ,the world is pushed forward by symbolic nations1 while more and more nations cannot maintain the pace and have fundamentalist tendencies4 ,x#b3 ,inside a symbolic society1 larger and larger groups of people who cannot keep the pace with the symbolic orientation appear4 ,these take refuge in fundamentalisms 7antiglobalisation1 ecological1 religious movements1 etc74 ,x#c3 ,it looks like there is a degradation of the technical quality of individuals1 already at birth1 especially in the symbolic countries4 ,x#d3 ,many persons from image countries have very good symbolic orientation and are accepted and desired in the symbolic worlds4 ,however1 these persons do not have a structure of basic models compatible with the symbolic world1 as they are coming from an image world1 and thus1 they cannot contribute to the strengthening of the structures of the symbolic-type societies4 ,let's see now some possible problems to which masonry is obliged to react4 ,let's take e4g4 ,x#a4 ,on long term1 it could cause a break up of the world4 ,part of the world should become a ghetto4 ,if this happened1 then masonry would have the tendency to control this process1 which is considered as inevitable4 ,if ghetto-isation of the world were considered inacceptable1 masonry should find and implement a solution excluding it4 ,discussion associated with ,x#a444,x#d should finalize in long-range models1 based on which masonry should act4 ,we can see from here that masonry is the only organisation1 which could work with this class of problems4 ,states have too short-range models and above all1 the representatives of the states are not preoccupied by such basic problems4 ,as the classes of problems of types ,x#a444,x#d are extremely complicated when associated to specific external realities1 the prediction is that masonry has serious difficulties connected to its own structure of personnel1 as well as with the ways of action in future4 ,it can also be supposed that presently some members of the masonry could not accept anymore that some goals are attained beyond their lifetime limit4 ,if a large enough fraction of the masons think this1 then the character of masonry will change4 ,let's see a class of problems we could group under the name ,irak syndrome4 ,this is about the fact that image countries do not adopt and respect the democratic-type structure1 as it is understood in the symbolic countries4 ,this would not be big deal1 if these countries were poor4 ,if they have natural resources for sale1 those countries might be tempted to act dangerously for other countries1 as there is no public control on what is happening4 ,these countries may become1 at the limit1 a danger for human civilization4 ,this class of problems is far beyond the capacities and goals of classical masonry4 ,however1 as this syndrome will exist1 for long time from now1 masonry will have to act somehow to keep the connection with the external reality4 ,,eta #bi3 ,problems associated with movie making ,i have seen on ,,tv a scene presenting a vehicle entering a street4 ,the scene starts with a general view of the street4 ,the vehicle enters the scene from left to right4 ,during the sequence1 two persons appear in the foreground who watch the movement of the vehicle4 ,the problem is that the eyes of those persons follow 7we suppose7 the vehicle1 moving from right to left4 ,if the operator had not changed position1 the eyes of the persons should have moved from left to right1 as predicted by the general model1 created during the previous scene4 ,let's see what happened4 ,the vehicle was recorded entering the scene from left to right1 then the operator crossed the street and took some images of two persons watching the vehicle1 and moving their eyes from right to left4 ,this can produce confusion in the construction of the model4 ,in a more complicated situation1 the presented data would have been confusing and would be understood in fragments1 stimulating the schizophrenic tendencies4 ,it is reminded that1 when the information cannot be correlated1 the brain will switch from the construction of a normal model to a story-type one4 ,this is not an insignificant problem4 ,if the scope of the presentation were transmission of information to help build a model associated to the recorded external reality1 other rules to shoot a movie would exist1 which should be different from the ones used nowadays4 ,people do not seem to be disturbed by this class of problems4 ,they might be disturbed only if they want to reconstruct the normal model based on spread data4 ,in this case ,i consider it as a form of induced schizophrenia 7,,xs#a;,b71 as clearly correlated events are presented as unconnected4 ,thus1 in a movie1 as local models appear in a succession1 they are related inbetween each other1 in the frame of a story-type model1 instead of been used to create a single normal model1 associated to a unique external reality4 ,the perception based on story-type models is a primitive way of understanding the external reality1 and it is unfortunately a typical way of the normal man in the civilized world4 ,understanding this problem contains implicitely the solution4 ,of course1 education in school will have an important role4 ,this problem 7reflection of external reality in story-type models7 appeared as an effect of overwhelming the brain4 ,what happened is an avalanche effect3 the presentation of a situation is confusing and1 as such1 the brain builds a story-type model4 ,the structure of story-type models is consuming a lot of resources of the brain and determines more and more limited allocation of resources to building other normal models4 ,the reduced capacity to build normal models causes that normal presentations are not detected and appreciated anymore4 ,even if the presentations were normal1 it would be perceived through story-type models and so the circle is closed4 ,reflecting the external reality in the form of story-type models is a special kind of fundamentalism4 ,this conclusion should worry everybody4 ,the solution should be a strict control on the form of spreading the information1 so that information could only be presented within the general frame declared at the begining4 ,thus1 any specific information will be integrated in the general model4 ,this is what is already happening in positive sciences1 while1 e4g4 in newpapers1 information is presented without any connection to the past1 without any prediction of the future evolutions and even without presenting the context in which the information should be integrated4 ,,eta #cj3 ,optical perspective and the quality of construction of image models4 ,the succes in constructing image models in the case of photography and movies depends on the optical perspective of the objects4 ,the perspective is given by the angle under which one can see the subjects4 ,this angle is given by the ratio of the maximum dimension of the image to the focal distance of the lens4 ,example3 for #cemm cameras 7used typically7 the #ej mm focal distance was found to give the same perspective as the eye4 ,it is important to know that in order to reconstruct correctly a #c;,d model1 the perspective has to be the normal once as the eye is calibrated for its normal perspective4 ,this means that ,,ym models have been already built and recorded based on the normal perspective4 ,if the perspective is changed1 the ,m-models will not find the correct position of the ,y,ms4 ,thus1 the ,y,ms have to be modified and this is an extremely complicated operation4 ,in this case the brain prefers to build fragmented ,,zm models 7several ,z,ms associated to pieces of the primary ,m-model74 ,this also could favorize a form of induced schizophrenia 7,,xs#a;,b74 ,this problem appears e4g4 when we watch a scene recorded in a place where we have been before and which we know4 ,if the perspective is not normal1 it is possible that we do not recognize1 or recognize only with great difficulties1 some elements and sequences which we should recognize easily4 ,,eta #ca3 ,some times aggressivity may fight ,,xs#a-type schizophrenia4 ,the aggressivity is defined as a stronger than average tendency to activate ,,zam models4 ,an aggressive person has the tendency to easily activate models that act on the external reality4 ,let's see some typical situation in common external reality4 ,example #a3 ,people who go to supermarkets have easily noticeable schizophrenic tendencies during shopping4 ,this is understandable4 ,each product seen will activate at least one model1 so1 in a short time1 the brain is overwhelmed by the multitude of models activated at the simple identification of the entities of the external reality4 ,they need to correlate1 in addition1 the offer 7price1 quality447 with their 7usually7 limited financial resources4 ,the effort of the brain is very big1 so that little energy is left to take into account the surrounding people4 ,those who are in a hurry 7have precise models to execute7 will perceive the ones overwhelmed by the problem as sleeping1 blocking the flow4 ,however1 as we have seen1 schizophrenic tendencies are1 up to a point1 understandable4 ,the local-schizophrenia given by a main problem which preocupies too much the brain could be fought by the aggressivity of the others 7if it existed74 ,when1 for instance1 the others disturb too much or too often the sleepy 7as in the supermarket example7 the latter will be forced to redirect part of their resources to respond to the many external perturbations4 ,to do this1 they need e4g4 to build several concept 7simplified7 models for the products1 and this is evolution 7everything non- essential is discarded74 ,thus1 the aggressivity of the others can fight local-schizophrenia as it has been described above4 ,if enough people will be aggressive with those attained by local schizophrenia1 the result will be that the shoppers will have more precise ideas and will decide faster4 ,anyways1 an aggressive environment will attenuate to disappearance local-schizophrenia with beneficial effects on everybody4 ,example #b3 the same type of local 7temporary7 schizophrenia appears when driving in busy city traffic4 ,many will be overwhelmed and will react slowly with excessive caution and this will upset the other aggressive drivers4 ,if there are enough aggressive drivers1 or if the law favours those drivers1 then the sleepy will be either self-removed from traffic1 or they will join the tendency to aggressive driving4 ,the effect would be an increase in fluency and hopefully fewer accidents4 ,connected to this paradox 7aggressivity diminishing the number of accidents7 the pros could be3 the sleepy upset the aggressive4 ,the aggressive could thus produce accidents4 ,if the sleepy will dissapear1 the risk of accident will be decreasing significantly because of less sources of irritation4 ,if the sleepy will vanish from traffic the occasions of the aggressive to show aggressivity will decrease4 ,this can be explained by the fact that1 if the one in front of me knows that ,i am aggressive1 he will not risk to drive lazy4 ,also1 if ,i have an aggressive driver behind me1 ,i will not risk to be aggressed1 so ,i will drive more dynamically1 without hesitation4 ,the result is not only more fluency but also the diminishing of the effect of aggressivity4 ,we have shown how ,,xs#a-type schizophrenia could be fought by aggressivity1 if the law favoured aggressivity e4g4 ,let's see the reverse4 ,a schizophrenic population reacts slowly and based on too short-range models to the permanent perturbation associated with everyday life4 ,the dynamic individuals will be discouraged by an inert society and so they will contribute to the general bad status of the society4 ,,eta #cb3 ,sex ,,mdt considers that there is no principial difference between male and female brains4 ,the differences appear only related to the technological implementation of the beings1 in general4 ,from the general theory we know that one of the basic design requirements of the beings is to survive unconditionally forever4 ,this requirement is the goal of several image models of the ,,psm4 ,in the technological implementation known1 the living beings have a limited lifetime and the above condition is completed by reproduction4 ,fulfilling in optimal conditions the reproduction in the animal world means the selection of the best individuals for reproduction and blocking the reproduction of the less performant1 based on the available image models in ,,psm4 ,the models associated to sexual activities are in ,,psm and1 of course1 they are image models4 ,in case of humans1 we remember that image models have dominated life until about year #ahjj1 after which symbolic models have begun a strong ascension4 ,as a consequence1 sexuality1 up to #ahjj1 was based exclusively on image models 7for the average person only71 while after #ahjj1 sexuality was influenced1 more and more1 by symbolic models 7based on logical analysis74 ,for humans1 as based initially on image models1 sexuality modelled the man very differently from woman4 ,it should be noted here that the term ,man means for the majority of us a man 7male71 which is not correct4 ,the explanation for this confusion resides in the dominant position of the man in a society based on image models4 ,reluctantly leaving behind the cultural environment based on image models1 present sexual life is strongly influenced by symbolic models4 ,in a symbolic model environment1 there is no sexual difference4 ,this could be expressed by saying that1 in a symbolic society1 there are no discriminations based on sex4 ,all humans1 independent of being male or female are equal1 because this results from the analysis on symbolic model4 ,as already said1 sexuality is associated with image models1 and changing the structure of basic models1 from image to symbolic1 has produced strong perturbations in the approach to sex4 ,in the present technological implementation of humans1 the dominant position of the man is evident4 ,this is the source of the present crisis of sexuality4 ,a woman1 knowing that she is equal or1 many times1 even superior to the male partner1 will have difficulties in implementing her sexual life4 ,due to this problem1 the number of non-usual sexual behaviour is high4 ,in this approach of evaluation of the problem1 we will talk only about the normal situation1 i4e4 the situation which should be dominant in sexual issues in a society dominated by symbolic models4 ,both men and women have to build a structure of symbolic models1 in which the models explicitly related to sex 7image models7 should be controlled based on logic4 ,the basic statements of this symbolic model should be the following3 #a4 ,there is a perfect equality between men and women1 including the explicit sexual interaction4 #b4 ,faithfulness to a single partner is not an important feature in a structure dominated by symbolic models4 ,on image models1 faithfulness to a single partner1 only for humans1 is necessary and results implicitly from the way of choosing the partner 7pure love444 i4e4 the partener is included in the ,,psm as an image model74 #c4 ,sexual attraction can be strongly discouraged by the existence of a prediction that describes exactly what is going to happen during an explicit sexual interaction4 ,from here results that a 'symbolic couple' needs to invent1 if possible1 everyday new ways of sexual interaction4 ,also1 when routine appears 7the prediction is confirmed too precisely71 the couple breaks-up to avoid unsolvable stresses4 ,these things can be already met in the world we live in1 especially in the most 'symbolic' countries 7the most advanced from the economic1 technical and scientific point of view74 ,the theory predicts the continuing changes of our sexual 'ways' based on the general shift from image to symbolic models4 ,however1 due to fundamentalist reactions 7rejection of symbolic models of a large fraction of the population71 the sexual life of those attained by fundamentalism is affected4 ,for 'symbolic' people1 sexual activity can contribute to everyday happiness only if the partners are on the same level of 'symbolic' development4 ,there is a problem associated with the actual phase of brain development associated with sexual activity4 ,thus1 several instincts are included in ,,psm1 which are associated with sexual behaviour1 too4 ,these instincts will block for instance the tendencies towards homosexuality1 incest and pedophily4 ,the evolution of the brain to symbolic models results also in the reduction in importance of the instincts with negative consequences1 at least in a transient phase4 ,thus1 the speed of diminishing the importance of instincts is different from the speed of evolution towards symbolic models4 ,the protection structure based on symbolic models would predict the long-term effects of a sexual decision4 ,when a prediction shows a negative effect1 the decision is to avoid such activities4 ,this method should replace the method based on instincts situated in the ,,psm4 ,at this point1 we are in a relatively dangerous transient phase4 ,the protection structure based on symbolic models is not implemented yet1 while the protection system based on the instincts is less and less efficient4 ,on very long range 7i4e4 over hundred years from now7 the whole protection structure will be implemented based on symbolic models4 ,this means that any sexual activity will be conditioned by the predictions on symbolic models4 ,the normal sexual behaviour1 in #ajj years from now1 will be very different from today4 ,it is very likely that this prediction will be confirmed for the symbolic countries4 ,for the 'image' countries1 due to fundamentalism1 one can assume that a fraction of the population1 at least1 will turn back to the protection system based on instincts4 ,it is very difficult to evaluate the global effect of the mentioned behaviour on these countries4 ,,eta #cc3 ,the internal body ,,mdt is associated with the main brain which1 among other functions1 controls also the external body 7hands1 legs1 etc74 ,for the internal body 7internal organs44471 there is an extra brain1 which is a technological process brain4 ,this process brain contains basically an image model of the whole internal body 7its external reality contains the whole internal body74 ,its scope is to maintain the stability of the whole internal body4 ,when a perturbation occurs1 a model will simulate one or several solutions1 in order to regain the equilibrium4 ,there is a connection between the main brain and the process brain1 as it can be seen experimentally4 ,thus1 a bad psychological state 7many unfavourable predictions7 can produce perturbations in the functions of the internal organs4 ,the inverse influence also exists3 a healthy psychological structure can improve the general health4 ,situations exist when several perturbations appear among the systems of the internal body4 ,in a complex situation1 the model cannot understand anymore what happened1 due to the too complex structure4 ,some nonconventional medical treaments exist1 which can be used to control such situations4 ,,mdt is not very much preoccupied with this problem1 as extremely many factors exist1 associated to the technological implementation of the whole being4 ,this section wanted only to show that the functioning of the internal body is controlled by a technological process brain1 which works in the same way as the main brain4 ,the process brain is dedicated to the construction of a reality associated to our internal body1 which represents its external reality4 ,,eta #cd3 ,the ,european spirit ,the theory and the applications are associated mainly to the ,european cultural space4 ,europe is a cultural environment where the extensive development of civilization was achieved based on symbolic models1 associated or not to image models4 ,except geometry 7created in a space in close communication with the ,european cultural space71 ,europeans have created the great fundamental models4 ,we are talking here about ,christianity1 open sea navigation1 the heliocentric model of the ,universe1 polyphonic music1 ,newton's ,mechanics1 ,quantum ,mechanics and ,relativity theory4 ,let's evaluate the ,european spirit based on some of these models4 ,the ,roman ,empire has been created through conquest1 but wherever the ,romans got1 they created efficient organisation structures1 which have been in favour of the conquered people too4 ,thus1 ,romans have been both conquerors and civilisators4 ,this characteristic in the way of thinking is a permanent feature of ,europeans up to our time4 ,thus1 the large colonial empires did not bring colonisation of ,europe with slaves4 ,independent of the injustice to the colonies1 when leaving them1 they were left in a good or very good general shape1 e4g4 ,hong ,kong4 ,nowadays1 the ,european ,union spends a lot of money earned by ,european work1 to civilise ,eastern ,europe4 ,europeans created ,christianity for ,europeans4 ,this is why the ,christian religion is tolerant and has reduced tendencies towards fanatism4 ,a significant number of facts show that ,europeans have an adventurous spirit 7,marco ,polo1 ,columbus1 ,magellan etc47 ,the spirit of adventure is associated closely with the desire of knowledge1 the search for new ways of evolution1 and the need to analyze everything1 and never accept an invariant situation4 ,an example exists connected with the heliocentric model of the ,universe4 ,from ,antiquity1 everybody knew that ,earth is the center of the ,universe4 ,this was proved by direct everyday experience and1 at least1 implicitly1 by the ,holy ,bible4 ,the scholars of ,antiquity have left us precise methods of calculation for eclipses of the ,sun and the ,moon1 and data on the ecliptic1 and as a consequence on the position of the ,equator and the ,tropics4 ,then1 why after year #aejj1 some ,europeans did consider that something was fishy about the geocentric model of the ,universe8 ,there was a small problem2 from the billions of stars1 seven had an apparently chaotic movement4 ,the ,ancient ,greeks have called them rambling stars or planets4 ,the ,european spirit could not accept this4 ,nikolaus ,copernicus published in the last year of his life the heliocentric theory of the ,universe4 ,it was for the first time when the ,european spirit and ,christian religion clashed4 ,giordano ,bruno1 a great ,european1 has payed with his death the sustaining of the idea of the ,earth not being the center of the ,universe1 and ,galileo ,galilei had to be humiliated to survive4 ,but1 surprise6 ,kepler verified ,copernicus' theory and discovered that it is wrong 7the positions calculated for the planets did not correspond to the experimental data74 ,kepler was not discouraged and he discovered that1 if the orbits were to be ellyptical1 and not circular as said by ,copernicus1 then1 the calculations could be compatible with the experimental data4 ,later1 ,newton was able to find the explanation of this situation4 ,the problem was solved beyond any doubt in the favour of the ,european spirit4 ,after many centuries1 the ,christian ,church admitted officially the situation and rehabilitated ,galileo ,galilei1 but not ,giordano ,bruno4 ,the above considerations suggest the essence of the ,european spirit3 liberalism and tolerance1 the desire for knowledge and the tendency to adventure4 ,we will say a few words about a new issue4 ,it appears now1 that a ,european ,constitution is to be written4 ,the problem is associated with the protests of the ,christian ,church generated by the non-inclusion in the ,constitution draft of a phrase on the ,christian origin of the ,european civilisation4 ,as we have seen above1 ,europeans have created ,christianity for ,europeans4 ,in spite of this1 in many cases the ,european spirit clashed violently with the ,christian spirit4 ,the main reason is connected to the dynamism associated with the ,european spirit1 which cannot accept an invariant model 7religion74 ,the ,european spirit always was victorious1 but the ,christian ,church did not succeed to evolve fast enough to sustain always the ,european spirit4 ,the ,church doesn't seem to have learned anything along the centuries1 if1 even nowadays1 it opposes the ,european spirit in problems like the same-sex marriages1 abortion or accepting women as priests4 ,thus1 there is1 up to a point1 a justification to the decision not to include in the ,european ,constitution the reference to ,christianity4 ,we need to note that accepting same-sex marriages is not1 in principle1 a good thing1 and ,i believe that many ,europeans have this point of view4 ,however1 the ,european liberal and tolerant spirit states that1 passing over any pros and cons1 there should not exist1 in principle1 any authority to oppose to the wish of the people to search and experiment new ways of life together4 ,european homosexuals are ,europeans1 and have the right to live their life as they consider it right4 ,note3 ,the fact that the ,christian ,church1 created by ,europeans for ,europeans1 has come at times into violent conflict with the ,european spirit1 does not mean at all that it is a non-,european ,church4 ,during the #bjjj years of ,christianity1 the ,christian ,church had a very positive role in keeping the stability of the world1 and gave hope to a lot of people4 ,leaving faith behind1 created monsters 7e4g4 ,communism74 ,this section wants only to show to the ,church1 that it should be more flexible and1 independent of its great merits1 avoid to get into conflict with the ,european spirit4 ,the ,european spirit has always been victorious and will always win any battle with the ,christian spirit4 ,let's follow however some facts4 ,the first fundamental symbolic model is ,euclid's geometry4 ,it was created about the year #cjj ,,bc and is unmodified up to our days4 ,the scolars of the period left us a huge amount of scientific data kept in large libraries of the ,antiquity4 ,at #dae ,,ad1 the ,christian leaders destroyed the great library of ,alexandria1 because the books have been considered contrary to the ,christian religion4 ,the result was that scientific knowledge has been completely destroyed for a very long time 7the ,european civilization entered in the ,dark ,ages71 so that the next fundamental symbolic model 7,newton7 appeared over #bjjj years after ,euclid6 ,it is clear that the ,christian ,church had an active role in this unacceptable big delay1 by the destruction of the books and blocking freethinking4 ,however1 it is not clear that this delay was caused by the emergence of the monotheist ,christian religion or it is associated with a characteristic of the development of the brain4 ,i mean1 any monotheist religion wants the control of the thinking system of the people4 ,the main problem is if the people accept this1 or not4 ,the ,christian ,church used to keep up to fifty years ago a list of forbidden books and ideas1 but very few people take it in consideration4 ,the general problem is still open4 ,the evolution towards symbolic models reduces more and more the influence of religion on society1 and this can be seen in the increase in the number of those who ignore religion4 ,many people1 who deny the existence of ,god1 are consideres 'atheist'4 ,however1 this term has another meaning1 closer to its initial meaning1 given by the ancient ,greek1 i4e4 a person who can live without the help of ,god4 ,we denote this term by atheist-#b and we associate this definition to it3 a person who can live without the help of ,god1 without any other specifications4 ,an atheist-#b could e4g4 not deny the existence of ,god1 but he doesn't need ,him to live normally in a ,european-type society4 ,this also means that an atheist-#b can enter any religious site 7,christian or not7 and respect the site1 faith and the believers4 ,this has been mostly the ,european spirit of all times4 ,one of the tendencies of ,europeans1 in accordance with the ,european spirit1 has been to be atheist-#b 7an effect of the liberalism and tolerance71 but only lately1 as an effect of the increase of the power of symbolic models1 this shows1 including in the statistical data4 ,this tendency will grow and it will depend only on the ,christian ,church to change1 and accept the atheist-#b as they are4 ,europe has another problem3 it started the most destructive wars of the #bjth century and created horrible ideologies3 ,nazism and ,communism4 ,the wars1 ,nazism and ,communism can be associated to the adventurous spirit specific to ,europeans1 but contradict liberalism and tolerance4 ,the ,europeans wars appeared when the relative importance of the #d factors has been distorted4 ,thus1 those who started the wars1 those who applied the ,nazi and ,communist principles have departed from the ,european spirit4 ,there will always be a high risk for ,europe1 when this spirit is distorted4 ,let's see1 for evaluation purpose1 ,europe's relationship with its main 'competitor'1 ,,usa4 ,the ,europeans1 who have formed mainly the population of ,,usa1 have been the ,europeans with a strong tendency to action 7they have been building easily ,z,a,ms and ,,azm and they have been eager to activate them74 ,this explains the power and efficiency of the ,american society1 but also the weaknesses of the ,,usa 7does not 'produce' top personalities and needs to 'import' them74 ,this also explains the very high level of ,,xs#a-type schizophrenia in the ,american society4 ,as we know1 in a stable and efficient society1 the tendency exists to build suitable models to each problem4 ,the ,americans consider generally that there is only one optimal way to solve a problem4 ,the specialists will find this optimal solution and will impose it to everybody4 ,thus the population reacts suitably to any problem4 ,however the price for efficiency is ,,xs#a-type schizophrenia2 if the situation is changed1 the people have no suitable solutions anymore1 and they are blocked as they are not prepared to build on their own new models in front of a new changing reality 7this problem has been presented in several other ,e,t,as74 ,from here emerge the differences between the two cultural environments1 the ,european and the ,american ones4 ,example3 ,in any country1 included ,,usa1 there is a white line in front of any traffic light4 ,if the traffic light changes to red and somebody stops after passing the line by #aj-;cm e4g41 this is illegal in the ,,usa and the driver is called in court4 ,in ,europe this 'illegality' produces at most smiles4 ,europeans will never accept 'perfection'4 ,the ,american success is given by perfection1 and perfection is in contradiction with creativity and the ,european spirit4 ,the ,european spirit is knowledge oriented1 while the ,american perfectionist spirit is goal-oriented4 ,let's see some examples of the competition between ,europe and ,,usa4 ,in ,civil ,aviation1 the ,europeans came to sell more planes than the ,americans do4 ,this shows that the ,european spirit is efficient in the more and more symbolic world we live in4 ,in ,nuclear ,physics1 ,europeans have discovered two subnuclear particles1 ,w and ,z 7,nobel ,prize71 when the ,americans had the needed equipment 7high- energy particle accelerators71 but did not do the necessary experiment4 ,the ,europeans continue to be creative and efficient4 ,let's see the reverse as well4 ,the ,europeans wanted to build a fighter-plane1 to compete the ,,us ones4 ,then they discovered that they haven't got the technology to make it 'invisible'1 haven't got enough money to build it and haven't got the background infrastructure to support this weapon system4 ,even the navigation system 7,,gps7 is ,american4 ,this is an example of the ,european adventurous spirit4 ,this spirit can be seen in the building of the ,a#chj 7the biggest airliner in the world74 ,we will see in a few years the result of the competition between the ,american perfectionism and the ,european spirit4 ,we have situations when perfectionism is in conflict with the ,european tolerance 7the ,americans are less tolerant than ,europeans74 ,the result is that in a few crucial problems of the long-range evolution of the society1 the ,europeans have a slightly reduced capacity of understanding what is going on4 ,e4g4 in the ,irakian problem1 the ,european tolerant spirit produced a different reaction than the ,,usa4 ,i think that many ,europeans are convinced that terrorism cannot be fought by dialogue1 but their tolerant spirit made them sustain that4 ,here the ,europeans have problems1 which will grow along with the evolution of the society4 ,the ,europeans have no principial solution1 as1 actually1 the ,americans haven't either4 ,let's summarize the ,european spirit4 ,the tolerant spirit1 characteristic to ,europeans too1 has to be preserved as absolutely necessary in a symbolic society1 but it can turn against the society in fundamental problems4 ,the liberalism1 spirit of adventure and desire of knowledge are basic components of the ,european spirituality1 and they cannot be given-up1 as long as ,europe will exist4 ,europe will be in great danger anytime when it will distort the ,european spirit1 as it had been defined above4 ,this evaluation discussion should be ended here1 but unfortunately all ,i have stated up to now is not really correct in a scientific approach4 ,as we know1 a scientific approach is based on the existence of a declared local model4 ,this local model has to generate the definitions of the terms used4 ,let's start building a local model1 and then we can return to read the above statements4 ,let's begin with the #d terms3 liberalism1 tolerance1 spirit of adventure and desire of knowledge4 ,liberalism is associated with the technical capacity of a brain to build several long-range models1 associated to the same external reality4 ,moreover1 that brain has to compensate for the design deficiency ,,xd#c 7with ,a and ,b variants1 see ,,mdt74 ,as several models exist1 associated to the same external reality1 the possibility exists to activate any of them or several at one time2 these models can change dynamically4 ,the liberalism and the spirit of tolerance are closely connected4 ,liberalism admits several ways of action1 and tolerance makes possible the choice of several ways1 alternatively or simultaneously4 ,liberalism and tolerance are characteristic to an evolved and high quality brain4 ,it is very important to note that tolerance implies the knowledge of several models associated to the same external reality4 ,when the brain cannot build anymore several models associated with the same external reality1 it will restrain itself to a single model1 and intolerance appears4 ,the perfectionists 7e4g4 the ,americans7 can have a serious problem here4 ,perfectionism means rejecting basically all the models1 except one created by specialists4 ,thus1 the tendency to induced schizophrenia 7,,xs#a;,b7 increases for the perfectionists4 ,example3 ,the prompter is used in some ,,tv broadcasts4 ,the persons reading the news are totally de-personalised and practically recite1 sometimes without understanding what they are saying1 even when they are the authors of the texts4 ,when news is presented1 both speakers and listeners have two problems3 to read_/listen to the message and to understand its meaning4 ,when the perfectionism of transmission of the message is exagerated1 people will allocate less energy to understanding its meaning4 ,using the prompter is against the tolerance and the spirit of adventure characteristic to ,europeans4 ,let's analyze now the spirit of adventure and the desire of knowledge4 ,in front of a complex external reality1 we need to build more and more complex ,,zm models4 ,without them1 ,z,a,ms can be built only approximately4 ,this situation is practically very frequent1 and the reaction to imperfect ,z,ms will characterize the spirit of adventure and the desire of knowledge4 ,it is clear that if we have no good quality ,z,ms1 we cannot build good quality ,z,a,ms1 and this will block even more our possibility to build good quality ,z,ms4 ,a solution is to develop the ,z,ms and ,z,a,ms 7by simulation on suitable test models7 up to the moment when we have enough guarantees that an action on the external reality will evolve as predicted4 ,this is how perfectionists act4 ,a second solution is to act based on the imperfect available models1 evaluating the risk in a more or less precise way4 ,the action in these circumstances characterizes the spirit of adventure4 ,the spirit of adventure is strongly related to the desire of knowledge4 ,in fact1 we can say that the desire of knowledge 7to have better and better ,z,ms7 is driven by the spirit of adventure 7to activate ,z,a,ms that we know to be imperfect74 ,perfectionists are more goal-oriented1 and not knowledge-oriented4 ,example 7effects of perfectionism73 ,the ,americans have imposed the operating systems for computers and many programs associated with them4 ,perfectionists have created them4 ,their scope is to attain a goal and not directly knowledge4 ,this spirit is incompatible with the ,european spirit and many ,europeans feel it4 ,forced to evolve in a perfectionist type environment1 the computer user becomes slowly but surely an accessory to the computer4 ,another example can be given associated with the negative effects of perfectionism4 ,after the #i_/aa events1 the perfectionist ,american solution was the introduction of draconic customs and border rules and other homeland security rules1 which are not efficient in any real situation4 ,the perfectionists have no other available method4 ,in ,europe1 the spirit of adventure and desire for knowledge is manifest1 which means that the ,europeans do not act according to 'rules' as perfectionists do1 but use their independent capacity of learning and acting in a new unknown environment4 ,we will see on long-term the efficiency of the ,european methods in a world in which1 according to ,,mdt1 the dispersion of the human brain development level is increasing dangerously4 ,,endnotes ,this book can create problems to the majority of readers4 ,the main problem is connected to the assimilation mode of new knowledge4 ,the usual way1 promoted by the educational system at all levels is assimilation of story-type models 7logically structured or not7in an image type environment4 ,this book offers no chance to those who expect a story-type model associated with image models4 ,it cannot be in any way associated to any image model4 ,the book presents a single symbolic model2 it has to be understood as it is1 as a whole1 based on logic4 ,the basic requirement is to have the capacity to build and operate symbolic models4 ,people who work in positive sciences 7physicists1 mathematicians1 engineers4447 are favoured1 while others have little chance to understand anything4 ,some 'test' readers of the book were displeased by the repetition of several issues in different contexts4 ,this method is mandatory when a new symbolic model has to be assimilated4 ,the persons who have the tendency to build story-type models will be very much disturbed by the repetitions1 as the repetition sends them back to the point where the statement appeared for the first time4 ,this will fragment the story- type model4 ,once fragmented1 it cannot be continued and a new story-type model has to be built4 ,this produces irritation in this category of readers4 ,on the contrary1 those who build normal models will consider repetion as positive1 as it reconfirms the correctness of the assimilated normal model4 ,the model is logical and thus can be developed by anybody who has abilities in building and operating symbolic models4 ,a short summary has been given at the beginning of the book4 ,based only on this summary and a few observations based on external reality1 anybody could rewrite1 maybe even better than ,i1 this whole book4 ,the reason is that any symbolic model is developed univocally based on logic4 ,another aspect ,i want to underline is that this is a fundamental model4 ,based on it1 one can build an unlimited number of local models associated with specific problems4 ,anybody who has assimilated the model can develop it with his_/her own resources for specific problems4 ,e4g4 this fundamental model can generate a new positive science called psychology4 ,children starting with age #ab can understand the book4 ,at this age1 children can build and operate relatively complex symbolic models1 including computer programming4 ,humans have a basic problem related to the perception of the external reality4 ,i have discussed with several people who have not been disturbed by the fact that1 e4g4 in psychology1 the terms used have no normal definitions 7only descriptive ones74 ,there are people who believe that a positive science is a science that uses apparata and gives precise results of some measurements4 ,even among physicists problems exist1 most don't even realize that what they are doing is integrated into symbolic models4 ,they know very well the models they build and operate1 but some do not know the term 'symbolic model'4 ,many do not realize that any symbolic model is integrated into another symbolic one1 until a fundamental symbolic model can be reached4 ,example3 ,many will be surprised to find out that any computer program is a symbolic model4 ,a program written e4g4 in ,java1 is a symbolic model4 ,the ,java language itself is a symbolic model4 ,java is probably included in the symbolic model called ,c4 ,c itself is included in ,assembler1 which on its turn is included1 together with all the programs1 which have ever been written1 and any program which will ever be created1 in the fundamental symbolic model called machine language4 ,whatever the level we are on1 a computer program starts with the construction of the symbolic model4 ,this means that we need to declare the elements1 their properties and the fundamental relations in between them4 ,this is valid for languages based or not on algorithms4 ,anything which follow is called simulation on models4 ,properties of elements or of relations can be changed1 and we can see what happens4 ,once this symbolic model is stable 7has no logical contradictions71 it has to be calibrated1 i4e4 needs to be verified on cases where the result is known4 ,in most cases1 the calibration implies a larger effort than building the model4 ,what we obtain from any computer program is a prediction of the model4 ,if the program is stable 7logical7 and if it passed the calibration tests1 then its predictions will be compared with the external reality4 ,we remind here that the assembly of all predictions of a symbolic model is called reality associated to the model4 ,it is not at all surprising that1 in the same way as with the brain1 terms as truth or reality can be associated to a computer program1 with the definitions from ,,mdt theory of the brain4 ,the reason is easily understandable3 we extend to the exterior our own structure of models of the brain4 ,seems to be impossible to do anything except this6 ,the above statement is interesting also under another aspect4 ,thus1 no connection exists between the basic functions of the brain and a computer4 ,however1 we use computers to extend to the exterior the functions of our brain4 ,,mdt makes a few predictions that are very difficult to accept4 ,the educational system is based on assimilation of image and symbolic models1 and verifying of the assimilation in specific tests4 ,this method has a problem4 ,based on the theory1 those who have abilities to assimilate models have reduced qualities in building new models4 ,the problem is related to the fact that the level of consciousness depends on the capacity to build new models4 ,thus1 school has the tendency to promote individuals with reduced level of consciousness4 ,,mdt shows that there are people knowledge-oriented and action-oriented4 ,the action-oriented are not favourised by the educational system1 and the ones oriented to knowledge are overappreciated4 ,the action-oriented people move the society forward1 and the educational system does not understand this many times4 ,the theory defines schizophrenia as the incapacity to build and operate long- range models4 ,long-range models are required not only for the formation of consciousness but also for the prediction of problems that might occur in the future4 ,the schizophrenic method is to solve the problems as they appear1 one step at a time4 ,an 'elaborate' form of schizophrenia is called pragmatism4 ,the normal way of interaction with external reality is to have long-range models associated with the external reality4 ,these models can predict the occurence of future problems which can be prevented before their appearance4 ,here is the ,english version of my book ,creierul o ,enigma ,descifrata 7in ,romanian7 which is also available in the frame of ,gutenberg ,project4 ,i want to thank to ,dr4 ,angela ,vasilescu and ,adrian ,moisa for their help in the translation4 ,,bibliography ,there is no specific bibliography4 ,,mdt is a fundamental theory4 ,that is1 all the terms and all the definitions of them are generated by the model4 ,no book can be used because in any book there are used terms with definitions which are not compatible with ,,mdt's terms and definitions4 ,example3 there is a book of a researcher named ,titu ,i4 ,bajenescu with the title ,the performance of the artificial intelligence 7,albastra ,publishing ,house1 ,sibiu1 ,romania1 in ,romanian language74 ,in the ,bibliography of this book1 the author has many hundreds titles1 including #bda of his own4 ,there is1 in the book1 a dictionary of the main terms used by author4 ,one of these terms is intelligence4 ,the author defines it by #af different statements which contains at least #ab undefined words 7to know1 to understand1 rational1 conceptual knowledge1 sensation1 intuition1 to discover1 spirit1 to addapt1 character1 to learn1 problem1 experience44474 ,thus1 to understand what is intelligence we need to know in advance the definitions associated with all of these terms4 ,these defintitions must contain only words which are already defined4444 ,an endless proces starts in this way4 ,of course1 the author has no definition of the term intelligence2 he has only a description of it4 ,even worse1 based of the impressive bibliography1 it is clear that this very important term has no definition4 ,the authot himself recognize this by saying3 the intelligence is a hard to define concept because it is impossible to find a single definition to be accepted by all4 ,in association with the above example1 ,,mdt-model generates the normal definition of the term intelligence as the facility to make and opperate a long range model4 ,the book cited above cannot be used and the situation is the same with all the books associated with the function of the brain1 available now4 ,i used only brute data associated with the history of the human species 7e4g4 dictionaries or press reports7 which cannot be cited in a specific way4 ,dorin ,teodor ,,moisa moisazappmobile4ro ,october #bjjd