,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,hi/ory by ,,erne/ ,c4 ,,h>twell1 ,m4,a4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,petoskey1 ,mi*4 ,riv]side ,educational ,monographs ,edit$ by ,h5ry ,suzzallo ,pr(essor ( ! ,philosophy ( ,education ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company ,bo/on1 ,new ,york & ,*icago ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge #aiac ,,cont5ts ,,editor',s ,,introduction ,i4 ,,"s ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,beg9 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,iii4 ,,! ,,assignm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lesson ,,iv4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,! ,,recitation ,v4 ,,v>i\s ,,modes ,,( ,,review ,,vi4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,writt5 ,,reports ,,vii4 ,,exam9ations ,,z ,,te/s ,,( ,,progress ,,outl9e ,,editor',s ,,introduction ,?is volume is (f]$ z a guide to hi/ory tea*]s ( ! high s*ool & ! upp] gramm> grades4 ,x is directly conc]n$ ) ! tea*+ me?ods to be employ$ 9 ! hi/ory p]iod4 ,! au?or assumes ! limit+ conditions t surr\nd classroom in/ruction ( ! pres5t day2 he also takes = grant$ ! tea*]'s sympa?y ) mod]n aims 9 hi/ory in/ruction4 ,all discussions ( purpose & cont5t are !re=e subord9at$ to a cle> pres5tation ( ! details ( effective tea*+ te*nique4 ,! read] into ^: h&s ?is volume falls w be deeply int]e/$ 9 ! ideals ( tea*+ impli$ 9 ! concrete sugge/ions giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages1 = aft] all ! value ( any sy/em ( special me?ods re/s1 n m]ely on its app>5t & imm$iate psy*ological effectiv5ess1 b also on ! social purposes :i* x is devis$ to s]ve4 ,x mu/ be recogniz$ at ! outset t hi/ory has a social purpose4 ,h[ev] mu* univ]sity tea*+ may be int]e/$ 9 tru? = its own sake1 an int]e/ necess>ily basic to ! s]vice ( all o!r ends1 ! tea*+ ( ! l[] public s*ools mu/ take into acc\nt ! relevancy ( hi/orical fact to curr5t & future problems :i* conc]n m5 & wom5 engag$ 9 ! common social life4 ,s ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ool tea*]s ( ! m progressive sort recognize t ! way 9 :i* hi/orical tru?s are select$ & relat$ to "o ano!r det]m9es two ?+s3 7#a7 ,:e!r our gr\p exp]i5ces z int]pret$ 9 hi/ory w h any intellig5t effect ^u m5's appreciations ( curr5t social difficulties1 & 7#b7 :e!r hi/ory w make a m vital appeal to y\? at s*ool4 ,c]ta9ly *ildr51 ^: int]e/s arise n alone f _! innate impulses1 b also f ! _w 9 :i* !y h liv$ f ! beg9n+1 w be eag] to "k ! pa/ t is ( dom9ant conc]n to ! pres5t4 ,x is cle> ga9 9 ! psy*ology ( in/ruction if hi/ory is a socially live ?+4 ,! *ildr5 w be m eag] to acquire k2 !y w hold x long]1 because x is significant2 & !y w keep x fre% aft] s*ool days are ov] because life w recall & review p]t95t k aga9 & aga94 ,!re c be no sep>ation betwe5 ! dom9ant social int]e/s ( community life & effective p$agogical proc$ure2 ! =m] 9 l>ge "p det]m9es ! latt]4 ,su* educational re=ms 9 hi/ory tea*+ z h already won acceptance confirm ! exi/5ce ( ?is vital relation betwe5 curr5t social int]e/s & ! le>n+ process4 ,! b>r5 le>n+ ( names & dates has long s9ce be5 supplant$ by a /udy ( sequ5ces among ev5ts4 ,! te*nical details ( w>s & political adm9i/rations h giv5 way to a /udy ( wide economic & social movem5ts 9 :i* battles & laws are m]ely ov]t results re9=c+ ! curr5t ( *ange4 ,hi/ory1 once a self-inclos$ s*ool discipl9e1 has und]gone an intellectual expansion :i* takes into acc\nt all ! aspects ( life :i* influ5ce x1 mak+ geographical1 economic1 & biographical mat]ials its aids4 ,all ^! & _m o!r m9or *anges atte/ ! fact t a vital mode ( in/ruction always t5ds to accompany t view ( hi/ory :i* reg>ds ! /udy ( ! pa/ z a revelation ( real social life4 ,! au?or's sugge/ions w1 !re=e1 be ( di/9ct value to at lea/ two gr\ps ( hi/ory tea*]s4 ,^? :o believe 9 ! l>g] uses ( hi/ory tea*+1 s mu* argu$ ( late1 w f9d "h ! proc$ures t w express ! ideals & obta9 ! results !y seek4 ,^? :o are n yet ready to accept mod]n doctr9e1 b :o feel a ke5 discont5t ) ! old] proc$ure1 w f9d 9 ^! pages _m sugge/ions t w appeal to !m z wor?y ( exp]im5tal use4 ,x may be t ! successful use ( _m me?ods "h sugge/$ may be ! easy way = !m to come into an acceptance ( ! l>g] pr9ciples ( curr5t educational re=m4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,hi/ory ,i ,,"s ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations ,assumptions z to ! tea*] ( hi/ory ,?is monograph w make no attempt to analyze ! p]sonality ( ! ideal tea*]4 ,x is assum$ t ! tea*] ( hi/ory has an adequate prep>ation to tea* 8 subject1 t he is 9 good heal?1 & t 8 usefulness is unimpair$ by discont5t ) 8 "w or cynicism ab\t ! _w4 ,x is presuppos$ t he und]/&s ! wisdom ( correlat+ 9 8 in/ruction ! geography1 social progress1 & economic developm5t ( ! p :i* 8 class are /udy+4 ,he is aw>e t ! pupil %\ld exp]i5ce some?+ m ?an a kaleidoscopic view ( isolat$ facts4 ,he recognizes ! folly ( requir+ f\r ye>s ( high s*ool ,engli% = ! purpose ( cultivat+ cle>1 flu5t1 & accurate expression1 only to relax ! ef=t :5 ! /ud5t comes into ! hi/ory class4 ,he kn[s t ! precision1 logic1 & habit ( def9ite ?9k+ exact$ by ! pursuit ( ! sci5tific subjects %\ld n be laid aside :5 ! /ud5t attempts to trace ! rise ( nations4 ,let u g s f> z to assume a tea*] :o is bo? p$agogical & practical2 s*ol>ly )\t be+ mu/y2 imbu$ ) a love = 8 subject & yet famili> ) actual human exp]i5ce4 ,actual conditions confront$ by ! tea*] ,!re are f "o hundr$ & eighty to two hundr$ recitation p]iods ( =ty-five m9utes ea*1 m9us ! holidays1 op5+ ex]cises1 a?letic mass meet+s1 & o!r respites1 9 :i* to tea* a ?\s& ye>s ( anci5t hi/ory1 tw5ty c5turies ( ,engli% hi/ory1 or ! /ory ( our own p4 ,! age ( ! /ud5t w be f ?irte5 to eighte54 ,8 judgm5t is immature2 8 k ( books1 small2 8 int]e/1 f> f zeal\s4 ,he w h ?ree o!r subjects to prep>e & 8 "t is limit$4 ,also1 he is a citiz5 ( ! ,republic & by 8 vote w %ortly influ5ce1 = good or ill1 ! de/9ies ( ! nation4 ,! purpose ( ?is monograph is to discuss ! means by :i* ! tea*] c eng5d] 9 ?is /ud5t a g5u9e en?usiasm = ! subject1 /imulate rese>* & hi/orical judgm5t1 correlate hi/ory1 geography1 lit]ature1 & ! arts1 cultivate prop] ideals ( gov]nm5t1 e/abli% a habit ( sy/ematic note-tak+1 & possibly prep>e ! /ud5t = college entrance exam9ations4 ,,ii ,,h[ ,,to ,,beg9 ,,! ,,c\rse ,v obvi\sly ea* mom5t ( ! *ild's "t & prep>ation %\ld be wisely direct$4 ,ea* recitation %\ld p]=m its full measure ( usefulness1 9 te/+1 drill+1 & tea*+4 ,!re w be no "t = valueless note-tak+1 duplication ( map-book "w1 ambigu\s or fooli% que/ion+1 aimless argum5t1 or junket+ excursions4 ,:at %\ld be done on ! day ( enrollm5t ,! day t ! *ild enrolls 9 class %\ld beg9 8 assign$ "w4 ,9 ! fir/ t5 m9utes ( ! fir/ meet+ ( ! class1 :ile ! tea*] is collect+ ! enrollm5t c>ds1 he %\ld also ga!r "s data z to 8 /ud5ts' previ\s "w 9 hi/ory4 ,?is in=mation w be ( consid]able assi/ance to ! tea*] 9 lett+ him "k :at he may reasonably expect ( 8 new pupils4 ,! class %\ld n dep>t )\t a def9ite assignm5t = ! next day4 ,let ! prep>ation = ! fir/ recitation consi/ 9 answ]+ su* que/ions z3-- #a4 ,:at is ! "n ( ! text y are to use8 7,"k its precise title47 #b4 ,:at is ! "n1 reputation1 & position ( ! au?or8 #c4 ,( :at o!r books is he ! au?or8 #d4 ,read ! preface ( ! book4 #e4 ,:at d y ?9k are ! purposes ( ! subject y are ab\t to take up8 #f4 ,give ! titles & au?ors ( o!r books on ! same p]iod ( hi/ory4 #g4 ,:at has be5 y\r me?od ( /udy 9 o!r c\rses ( hi/ory8 ,:at %\ld be done at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! class ,on ! second day :5 ! class assembles1 let z _m ( ! /ud5ts z possible be s5t to ! bo>d to answ] que/ions on ! day's assignm5t4 ,! pupil w imm$iately discov] t ! tea*] purposes to hold ! class /rictly responsible = ! prep>ation ( assign$ "w4 ,! tea*] w face a class prep>$ to ask intellig5t que/ions ab\t ! c\rse !y are ent]+ ^u4 ,! class w discov] t "w is to beg9 at once4 ,! in]tia ( ! vacation w be imm$iately ov]come4 ,necessity = def9ite in/ruction 9 me?ods ( prep>+ a lesson ,hav+ secur$1 by class discussion & ! "w at ! bo>d1 satisfactory answ]s to ! fir/ six que/ions1 & hav+ assign$ ! lesson = ! next day1 ! rema9d] ( ! h\r &1 if necess>y1 ! re/ ( ! week %\ld be sp5t 9 outl9+ = ! /ud5t a me?od ( /udy4 ,t v few /ud5ts ( high s*ool age possess habits ( sy/ematic /udy1 ne$s no discussion4 ,9 spite ( all t _! grade tea*]s may h done = !m1 _! t5d5cy is to pass ov] unfamili> words1 allusions1 & expressions1 )\t tr\bl+ to use a diction>y4 ,! av]age high s*ool /ud5t w n read ! f9e pr9t at ! bottom ( ! page1 or use a map = ! location ( places m5tion$ 9 ! text )\t special in/ruction to d s4 ,he w set himself no unassign$ tasks 9 memory "w4 ,x is ! fir/ bus9ess ( ! good in/ructor to tea* ! /ud5t h[ to /udy4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is process is to impress on ! /ud5t's m9d t sy/ematic prep>ation 9 ! hi/ory class is z necess>y z 9 ,lat91 physics1 or geometry4 ,!n let ! foll[+ or simil> in/ructions be giv5 him3-- #a4 ,provide y\rself ) an envelope ( small c>ds or pieces ( note pap]4 ,label ea* ) ! subject ( ! lesson & ! date ( its prep>ation4 ,^! envelopes %\ld be always at h& dur+ y\r /udy & prep>ation4 ,!y %\ld be pres]v$ & fil$ f day to day4 #b4 ,read ! lesson assign$ = ! day 9 ! textbook1 includ+ all notes & f9e pr9t4 #c4 ,write on a %eet ( note pap] all ! unfamili> words1 allusions1 or expressions4 ,lat]1 look ^! up 9 ! diction>y or o!r ref]5ce4 #d4 ,record ! dates :i* y ?9k wor?y to be rememb]$4 #e4 ,discov] & make a note ( all ! app>5t contradictions1 inconsi/5cies1 or inaccuracies 9 ! au?or's /atem5ts4 #f4 ,use ! map = all ! places m5tion$ 9 ! lesson4 ,be able to locate !m :5 y come to class4 #g4 ,9 ne>ly e text !re is a li/ ( books = libr>y use1 giv5 at ! beg9n+ or end ( ea* *apt]4 ,make y\rself famili> ) ?is bibliography4 #h4 ,read ! special que/ions assign$ = ! day by ! tea*]4 #i4 ,g to ! libr>y4 ,if ! book = :i* y are 9 se>* is n to be f\nd1 try ano!r4 #aj4 ,le>n to use an index4 ,if ! topic = :i* y are look+ does n appe> 9 ! index1 try look+ = ! same ?+ "u ano!r "n2 or "u "s relat$ topic4 #aa4 ,hav+ f\nd ! mat]ial 9 "o book1 use m ?an "o if y\r "t p]mits4 ,:5 y feel t y h secur$ ! mat]ial :i* w make a complete answ] to ! "q1 write ! answ] on "o ( y\r c>ds = keep+ notes4 #ab4 ,rememb] t ! tea*] w ask con/antly :at 0 done1 :5 0 x done1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 :y x 0 done4 ,make a li/ ( ! que/ions :i* y ?9k mo/ likely to be ask$ on ! lesson & asc]ta9 :e!r y c answ] !m )\t ! use ( y\r notes or text4 #ac4 ,if possible practice y\r answ]s al\d4 ,x w make y ! m ready :5 call$ on 9 class4 #ad4 ,keep a li/ ( ?+s :i* are n cle> to y & ab\t :i* y wi% to ask que/ions4 #ae4 ,be=e complet+ y\r prep>ation1 read ov] ^! in/ructions & be sure t y h compli$ ) !m4 ,x may be claim$ t no high s*ool /ud5t c be expect$ to foll[ su* in/ructions & t to secure su* a daily prep>ation is impossible2 9 answ] to :i* x mu/ be admitt$ t m]ely a p]functory talk on me?ods ( prep>ation w accompli% little4 ,if ! in/ruction j sugge/$ is to be> fruit1 ! tea*] mu/ take pa9s to see t x is foll[$4 ,c>efully to prep>e 8 lesson accord+ to a def9ite plan mu/ become a habit ) ! /ud5t4 ,facility1 accuracy1 & ?or\ghness are impossible o!rwise4 ,haphaz>d me?ods are wa/eful ( "t & unproductive ( results4 ,! tea*] c af=d to emphasize me?od dur+ ! fir/ few weeks ( ! c\rse4 ,! "t ?us sp5t 9 assi/+ ! pupil to develop def9ite habits ( /udy w pay ri* divid5ds = ! rema9d] ( ! /ud5t's life4 ,daily inquiry z to ! me?od ( /udy pursu$1 frequ5t exam9ation ( ! /ud5t's notes1 que/ions on ! important dates select$1 ! books us$ = prep>ation1 new words discov]$1 & s on1 w keep ! importance ( ! plan be=e ! class & d mu* to fo/] ! habit ( sy/ematic prep>ation4 ,! "q ( note-tak+ ,on ! "q ( notebook "w1 !re w always be a consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,x is mu* easi] to /ate :at notebook "w %\ld n be ?an to outl9e precisely h[ x %\ld be conduct$4 ,c]ta9ly x %\ld n be ov]done4 ,x %\ld n be an ex]cise usurp+ "t disproportionate to its value4 ,x %\ld n be requir$ prim>ily = exhibition purposes1 al?\gh su* notes z are kept %\ld be kept neatly & spell$ correctly4 ,/ud5ts %\ld be enc\rag$ to keep _! envelope ( note pap] always at h& dur+ recitation & :ile read+4 ,! habit ( jott+ d[n facts1 op9ions1 /ati/ics1 comp>isons1 & contradictions :ile !y are be+ read is mo/ desirable & wor?y ( cultivation4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be taught ! wisdom ( keep+ 8 notes 9 a neat1 legible1 & easily available =m4 ,%or?& me?ods %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,) a little tactful direction e>ly 9 ! ye>1 ! /ud5t may be l$ to =m a mo/ useful habit4 ,! great] ! proportion ( intellig5t note-tak+ t is done )\t compulsion1 ! bett]4 ,no m notes %\ld be requir$ ?an ! tea*] c hone/ly look ov]1 correct1 & grade4 ,x is bett] to require no notes at all ?an to accept c>eless1 sup]ficial inaccuracies z hone/ "w4 ,"o curse ( high s*ool hi/ory tea*+ is ! t5d5cy ( "y tea*]s tra9$ 9 college hi/ory classes to assign m "w ?an ! /ud5t c hone/ly d or ! tea*] prop]ly correct4 ,z has already be5 intimat$1 hi/ory notes %\ld n be kept 9 a book4 ,! requir$ notes %\ld be kept on sep>ate %eets ( pap]4 ,! topics %\ld be cle>ly indicat$ at ! top ( ea* %eet4 ,! au?orities us$ 9 arriv+ at ! answ] %\ld always be giv51 ) ! volume1 *apt]1 & page4 ,! notes on relat$ topics %\ld be put into an envelope & prop]ly label$4 ,aft] ! recitation ! /ud5t c make any necess>y corrections 9 8 notes )\t spoil+ _! appe>ance4 ,he w simply sub/itute a new %eet = ! old4 ,if ! tea*] discov]s 9 8 p]iodic exam9ation ( ! notes t "s ( ! matt] ask$ = has n be5 prop]ly cov]$ or t errors h n be5 correct$1 ! notes ne$+ revision c be deta9$ = use 9 a conf]5ce ) ! /ud5t1 :ile ! o!rs are return$4 ,if at any "t aft] complet+ 8 high s*ool "w ! /ud5t desires to use ! data conta9$ 9 8 notes or to add to !m matt] :i* he may lat] read1 !y are 9 available =m4 ,= conv5i5ce & neatness1 = pres5t use1 & future ref]5ce ?is device is f> sup]ior to ! =mal notebook4 ,x has ! fur!r advantage ( accu/om+ ! /ud5t to ! me?od ( note-tak+ :i* w be requir$ ( ^? :o g to college4 ,x w\ld save mu* valuable "t1 at pres5t frequ5tly wa/$ 9 writ+ useless notes1 if ! tea*] con/antly squ>$ 8 notebook requirem5ts ) que/ions su* z ^!3-- #a4 ,is ! notebook "w z ,i am conduct+ x calculat$ to develop ! habit ( critical read+8 #b4 ,does ! "t sp5t 9 writ+ up notes ju/ify itself by fix+ 9 ! *ild's m9d new & really relevant in=mation n giv5 9 ! text8 #c4 ,is x tea*+ /ud5ts to comb9e facts1 op9ions1 & /ati/ics1 to =m conclusions really _! own8 #d4 ,is ! am\nt ( "w requir$ reasonable :5 x is rememb]$ t ! *ild has ?ree o!r subjects to prep>e1 t he is f ?irte5 to eighte5 ye>s ( age1 & m or less unfamili> ) a libr>y8 #e4 ,am ,i able c>efully & punctually to correct all ! notes requir$8 ,:atev] ! me?od ! tea*] ?9ks be/ to be us$ %\ld be expla9$ e>ly 9 ! c\rse & !reaft] ! /ud5t %\ld be held scrupul\sly responsible = su* requirem5ts z are made4 ,in/ruction 9 ! use ( ! libr>y & indexes ,hav+ discuss$ ) ! class ! que/ions assign$ on ! day ( enrollm5t & expla9$ ! me?od ( /udy recomm5d$ = _! use1 x w be well = ! tea*] to devote "s "t to in/ruction 9 ! use ( ! libr>y4 ,x is possible t ! old] classes w require v little ( ?is1 b !re are few classes :]e an h\r1 at lea/1 _c well be sp5t 9 a discussion ( indexes1 titles1 & relative value ( ! works on v>i\s subjects4 ,?is h\r ne$ n be ! regul> recitation p]iod4 ,a session be=e or aft] s*ool c\ld be devot$ to ! purpose4 ,! tea*]'s in/ruction1 h[ev]1 w be greatly assi/$ if ! /ud5ts are ask$ to prep>e answ]s be=e com+ to class to su* que/ions z ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,h[ mu* previ\s "w h y done 9 ! libr>y8 #b4 ,( :at use d y ?9k ! libr>y %\ld be to y 9 ! c\rse y are j ent]+8 #c4 ,:at is a s\rce book8 ,( :at use are s\rce books8 #d4 ,:at s\rce books on ?is p]iod ( hi/ory are 9 ! libr>y8 #e4 ,:at d y ?9k w be ! be/ ref]5ces = que/ions on ! arti/ic1 indu/rial1 political1 social1 economic1 & milit>y phases ( ! hi/ory y are ab\t to /udy8 #f4 ,:at encyclop$ias & works ( g5]al ref]5ce are 9 y\r libr>y8 ,! prep>ation ( answ]s to su* que/ions z ^! w pres5t to ! /ud5t "s ( ! difficulties inevitable to 8 future libr>y "w & w s5d him to class prep>$ to ask intellig5t que/ions4 ,x w enable ! tea*] accurately to gauge h[ mu* 8 /ud5ts already "k ab\t a libr>y & its uses4 ,! value & advantage ( libr>y "w %\ld be c>efully expla9$ to ! class4 ,x is a great error to all[ pupils to ?9k ( _! libr>y "w z drudg]y1 assign$ solely to keep !m busy or to make ! c\rse difficult4 ,!re are too few boys to-day ) a g5u9e love ( books1 p>tly no d\bt due to ! fact t a ref]5ce libr>y has become = !m1 n a ri* m9e ( int]e/+ matt]1 b a hydra-head$ int]rogation po9t4 ,a great good has be5 done ! /ud5t :o has be5 taught ! pleasure ( us+ books4 ,nor is su* a ?+ impossible4 ,no?+ gives great] satisfaction to ! normal high s*ool boy ?an to f9d an error 9 ! text1 ! tea*]'s /atem5ts1 or ! map4 ,he takes pleasure 9 confut+ ! /ati/ics or judgm5ts quot$ 9 class1 by o!rs ( opposite tr5d1 enc\nt]$ 9 8 read+4 ,he enjoys ask+ ke5 que/ions4 ,if ! /ud5t is told t ! libr>y "w is = ! purpose ( cultivat+ 8 p[]s ( inve/igation & add+ to ! matt] 9 ! text _m int]e/+ details2 if ! libr>y requirem5ts are reasonable & wisely direct$2 if he is giv5 an opportunity to use ! in=mation he has ga!r$ f 8 read+1 8 int]e/ 9 books w /eadily increase4 ,! tea*] %\ld expla9 ! value ( rememb]+ accurately ! titles & ! au?ors ( books us$ = ref]5ce4 ,! silly habit ( ref]r+ to an au?ority z ! book b\nd 9 gre5 or ! l>ge book by :at's 8 "n is easily prev5t$ if tak5 9 "t4 ,! tea*] %\ld discov] by assignm5ts made 9 class :at degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 ! use ( an index is already possess$ by 8 pupils4 ,!re are few classes :]e ! use ( an index is ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,"t %\ld be tak5 to demon/rate ! quicke/ possible me?ods ( f9d+ :at a book conta9s4 ,! use ( ! catalogue & c>d index %\ld be c>efully expla9$ & illu/rat$4 ,att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! be/ s\rces on ! v>i\s phases ( ! hi/ory to be /udi$4 ,!re ought to be no poor hi/ories 9 ! libr>y1 b if !re are any to :i* ! /ud5ts h access1 w>n+ %\ld be giv5 aga9/ _! use4 ,! value ( p]iodicals & curr5t lit]ature = "w 9 hi/ory %\ld be illu/rat$ & ! use ( ,poole's ,index & ! ,read]s ,guide expla9$4 ,! class %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! rules ( ! libr>y & caution$ aga9/ ! misuse ( books4 ,! necessity ( leav+ ref]5ce books :]e all ! class c use !m %\ld be made app>5t4 ,direction 9 ! use ( ! libr>y1 l in/ruction 9 ! me?od ( /udy1 is a pr]equisite to ! be/ results 9 high s*ool hi/ory classes1 = no matt] h[ consci5ti\s ! tea*]1 ! recitation w be deadly if ! /ud5t has no work+ k ( ! libr>y nor prop] me?od ( prep>ation4 ,a class unable to ask intellig5t que/ions ab\t ! "w is n ready = ! pres5tation ( additional matt] by ! tea*]4 ,x is no difficult matt] = a tea*] to ent]ta9 8 class = an h\r ) int]e/+ incid5ts ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ! lesson occurs4 ,a hi/ory tea*] :o _c talk int]e/+ly = an h\r on any ( ! great p]iods ( hi/ory has surely miss$ 8 call+4 ,b to keep a class quiet1 to reta9 _! att5tion1 to amuse & ent]ta91 is f> f mak+ hi/ory vital4 ,if ! recitation is to be really vital1 ! /ud5ts mu/ d mo/ ( ! talk+1 ! criticiz+1 & ! que/ion+4 ,!re c be none ( ^! wor? :ile )\t prop] prep>ation4 ,,iii ,,! ,,assignm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lesson ,c>eful assignm5t w reveal to ! /ud5t ! relation ( geography & hi/ory ,! recitation c nev] hope to a*ieve its maximum helpfulness unless ! lesson be intellig5tly assign$4 ,! "w requir$ mu/ be reasonable 9 am\nt1 & n s exact+ z to disc\rage int]e/4 ,daily direction to look up unfamili> words1 expressions1 & allusions mu/ be giv5 until ! habit becomes fix$4 ,w>n+ aga9/ possible geographical misconceptions %\ld be giv5 :5 necess>y1 toge!r ) directions to use ! map = places1 r\tes1 & b\nd>ies4 ,a few que/ions ask$ 9 advance1 ) ! purpose ( br++ out ! relation ( ! geography to ! hi/ory 9 ! lesson1 w be ( great assi/ance4 ,= example1 if ! class are to /udy ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase1 ! full significance ( t revolution>y ev5t w be made mu* cle>] if ! /ud5t is ask$ to prep>e answ]s be=e com+ to class to su* que/ions z ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,:at ,/ates are includ$ 9 ! pur*ase8 #b4 ,:at is its area8 ,h[ does x comp>e ) ! area ( ! orig9al ?irte5 ,/ates8 #c4 ,:at geographical reasons caus$ ,napoleon to sell x8 #d4 ,:at influ5ce did ! pur*ase h on our ret5tion ( ! t]ritory ea/ ( ! ,mississippi8 ,:y8 #e4 ,h[ _m p live to-day 9 ! t]ritory includ$ 9 ! pur*ase8 ,8 p[] ( analysis & criticism w be /imulat$ ,a lesson %\ld be s assign$ t ! /ud5t w read ! text ) 8 eye critically op5 to inconsi/5cies1 contradictions1 & inaccuracies4 ,) a text ( six hundr$ pages1 & ) a hundr$ & eighty recitations 9 :i* to cov] !m1 x is n too mu* to expect t ! av]age ( ?ree or f\r pages daily %all be /udi$ s ?or\ghly t ! /ud5t c analyze & summ>ize ea* day's lesson4 ,! tea*] %\ld n make su* analysis 9 advance ( ! recitation1 b he %\ld s assign ! lesson t ! /ud5t w be prep>$ to give "o :5 he comes to class4 ,a ^w 9 advance by ! tea*] w prompt ! /ud5t :o is /udy+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 to classify its causes z direct & indirect1 economic & political1 social & religi\s4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 f9d+ good au?orities :o disagree z to ! effect on ,am]ica ( ! ,engli% trade re/rictions4 ,call5d>'s ,economic ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates quotes five ( ! be/ au?orities on ?is po9t1 & cov]s ! case 9 a few pages4 ,a ref]5ce by ! tea*] to ?is or "s o!r au?ority w br+ out a lively discussion on ! ju/ice ( ! ,am]ican resi/ance4 ,let ! class be ask$ to acc\nt = ! colonial opposition to ! ,t[n%5d ,acts1 :5 ! ,/amp ,act ,congress _h decl>$ t ! regulation ( ! ,colonies' ext]nal trade 0 prop]ly )9 ! p[]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,let ! class be ask$ to expla9 a /atem5t t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce does n m5tion ! real und]ly+ causes ( ! ,revolution4 ,a few sugge/ions & advanc$ que/ions ( ?is sort w /imulate a critical analysis ( ! /atem5ts 9 ! text1 & s5d ! /ud5t to class ke5 = an intellig5t discussion4 ,ord9>ily1 :5 a class is av]ag+ ?ree or f\r pages ( ! text daily1 x is an error = ! tea*] to po9t out 9 advance c]ta9 dates & /ati/ics t ne$ n be memoriz$4 ,su* selection %\ld be left to ! /ud5t4 ,dur+ ! recitation ! tea*] w discov] :at dates1 /ati/ics1 & o!r matt] ! /ud5t has select$ z wor?y to be memoriz$1 & if correction is necess>y x may !n be made4 ,x dulls ! edge ( ! pupil's en?usiasm to be told 9 advance t "s ( ! text is n wor?y to be rememb]$4 ,fur!rmore su* in/ruction does no?+ to develop ! /ud5t's s5se ( hi/orical proportion1 = x sub/itutes ! judgm5t ( ! tea*] = t ( ! pupil4 ,advance que/ions ask+ explanation ( /atem5ts made 9 ! text1 or by o!r au?ors deal+ ) ! same p]iod1 insure t ! lesson w be read und]/&+ly & t ! au?or's /atem5ts w be c>efully analyz$4 ,su* decl>ations z ! foll[+ are illu/rations ( /atem5ts ^: explanation might pr(itably be requir$ 9 advance3-- #a4 ,! ,con/itution 0 extract$ by necessity f a reluctant p4 #b4 ,oregon 0 a make-weight = ,texas4 #c4 ,! greate/ evil ( slav]y 0 t x prev5t$ ! ,s\? f accumulat+ capital4 #d4 ,! day t ,france possesses ,new ,orleans we mu/ m>ry ourselves to ! ,briti% fleet4 #e4 ,! cause ( free labor won a sub/antial triumph 9 ! ,miss\ri ,compromise4 #f4 ,! second w> ) ,engl& 0 n "o ( necessity1 policy1 or int]e/ on ! "p ( ! ,am]icans2 x 0 r "o ( p>ty prejudice & passion4 ,! conditions 9 o!r c\ntries w add to 8 compreh5sion ( ! facts 9 ! lesson ,9 s f> z ! next lesson requires an und]/&+ ( ! hi/ory or conditions ( ano!r c\ntry1 ! att5tion ( ! class %\ld be direct$ 9 advance to su* necessity4 ,special ref]5ces or brief reports may be advisable4 ,a few well-select$ advance que/ions w s5d ! class to recitation prep>$ to discuss :at o!rwise ! tea*] mu/ expla94 ,a few que/ions on ! "* ( ,james ,,ii1 8 ideals ( gov]nm5t1 ! *ief causes ( ! revolution ( #afhh1 & its mo/ important results w d mu* to expla9 ! colonial resi/ance to ,&ros4 ,a few que/ions design$ to br+ out ! imp]ative necessity ( ,engli% resi/ance to ,napoleon w make cle> ! ho/ile comm]cial decrees1 impressm5t1 & int]f]5ce ) ! rights ( neutral %ips4 ,su* que/ions r$uce ! necessity ( explanation by ! tea*] to a m9imum4 ,8 disposition to /udy int5sively w be enc\rag$ ,if ! tea*] expects ! class to deal m int5sively ?an ! text ) ! matt]s discuss$ 9 ! lesson1 a few advance que/ions w be ( great assi/ance4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! text cont5ts itself ) say+ t = political reasons ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank 0 n re*>t]$1 & %ortly aft] in=ms ! read] t ! second ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank 0 re*>t]$ because ! ,/ate banks _h susp5d$ specie paym5ts4 ,! /ud5t may or may n be curi\s ab\t ! failure ( ! fir/ bank to receive a new *>t]1 ! op]ation ( ,/ate banks1 or :y !y susp5d$ paym5t 9 #ahad4 ,if he has be5 prop]ly taught1 he probably w be1 b if ! tea*] wi%es to discuss ^! consid]ations 9 detail at ! next recitation x w be inf9itely bett] to h ! facts contribut$ by ! class ?an = ! tea*] to d ! recit+4 ,x is q possible t ! individual answ]s to advance que/ions assign$ ) su* a purpose w be incomplete1 b ! int]e/ ( ! class w be incalculably great] if !y !mselves furni% ! bulk ( ! additional matt] requir$4 ,collectively ! class w usually secure complete answ]s to reasonable que/ions4 ,! tea*] has 8 opportunity 9 supply+ su* important facts z ! /ud5ts fail to f9d4 ,until ! /ud5t may reasonably be expect$ to "k ! books ( ! libr>y hav+ to d ) 8 subject1 ! tea*] 9 giv+ out an advance lesson %\ld m5tion by au?or & title ! books mo/ helpful 9 ! prep>ation ( assign$ que/ions2 o!rwise ! /ud5t 9 a p]fectly s9c]e ef=t to d ! "w assign$ may sp5d an h\r 9 se>* ( ! prop] book4 ,x may be urg$ t ?is se>* is a valuable exp]i5ce1 b x is obvi\sly too co/ly4 ,z ! ye> advances & ! pupil le>ns m & m ab\t ! uses ( books & me?ods ( inve/igation increas+ly less specific in/ruction z to s\rces %\ld be giv5 by ! tea*]4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye>1 ) f\r lessons to prep>e daily1 ! pupil _c af=d an h\r simply to se>* = a book4 ,he ne$s t h\r = prep>ation ( o!r "w1 & if by "s =tunate conjunction ( circum/ances 8 o!r "w is n suffici5tly exact+ to require x1 he _c hope to appe> 9 hi/ory class ) a well-prep>$ lesson if an h\r ( 8 "t has be5 sp5t 9 simply look+ = a book4 ,x is frequ5tly wor? :ile to sp5d a few m9utes ( ! recitation 9 *>act]iz+ ! epo* 9 :i* ! ev5ts ( ! lesson take place or 9 li/5+ to a brief "* sket* ( ! m5 contribut+ to ^! ev5ts4 ,c>e %\ld ( c\rse be tak5 t biography does n usurp ! place ( hi/ory1 b x mat]ially adds to ! int]e/ ( ! recitation if ! k+s1 g5]als1 & /atesm5 cease to be m]ely hi/orical *>act]s & become human be+s4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ! great m5 & wom5 ( hi/ory w be vitaliz$ ,x is ne$less to say t *>act]izations ( m5 or epo*s %\ld n be assign$ )\t in/ruction z to h[ !y %\ld be prep>$4 ,9 ! case ( a great hi/orical "*1 :at is ne$$ = class purposes is n a biography ) ! dry facts ( bir?1 m>riage1 dea?1 etc4 ,! report %\ld be brief1 b bri/l+ ) adjectives support$ 9 ea* case by at lea/ "o fact ( ! man's life4 ,^! may be select$ f 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 private life1 amusem5ts1 education1 ob/acles ov]come1 public s]vices1 political sagacity1 or milit>y pr[ess4 ,! sket* may close ) a few brief e/imates by biograph]s or hi/orians ( 8 prop] place 9 hi/ory4 ,if a *>act]ization ( a p]iod ( hi/ory is to be requir$1 ! tea*] %\ld expla9 t su* a *>act]ization %\ld be an ex]cise 9 ! selection ( brief /atem5ts ( fact reflect+ ! ideals1 in/itutions1 & conditions ( ! p]iod be+ describ$4 ,f hi/ories1 s\rce books1 fiction1 & lit]ature1 let ! /ud5t select facts illu/rat+ su* ?+s z ! _s ( ! laws1 conditions at c\rt1 public education1 amusem5ts ( ! p1 social progress1 position ( religion1 etc4 ,a little "t sp5t 9 *>act]iz+ a p]iod ( hi/ory & a few ( its great m5 w assi/ 9 *ang+ ! recital ( ! b>e facts giv5 9 ! text to an intellig5t und]/&+ ( conditions & a vital discussion ( ev5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! ord9>y high s*ool text1 9 deal+ ) ! ,fr5* & ,indian w>1 speaks briefly ( ! lack ( ,engli% success dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! /ruggle & !n says t ) ! com+ ( ,pitt to ! m9i/ry ! :ole c\rse ( ev5ts 0 *ang$ because ( ! great /atesman's wond]ful p]sonality4 ,! tea*] :o wi%es to make su* a dramatic circum/ance really vital to 8 class mu/ h m in=mation ) :i* to "w4 ,a picture ( ! co>se1 vulg> ,engl& ) its incompet5t army & navy1 apa!tic *ur*1 & corrupt gov]nm5t1 foll[$ by a /irr+ "* sket* ( ! great ,pitt1 w co/ b a few m9utes ( ! recitation & w metamorphose a moribund att5tion to a vital int]e/4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! *>act]izations giv5 9 class be prop]ly prep>$4 ,to ?is end x w be well to assign ! prep>ation ( ^! sket*es at lea/ a week 9 advance1 at ! same "t arrang+ a conf]5ce ) ! /ud5t a day or two be=e ! recitation4 ,9 ?is conf]5ce ! tea*] %\ld make su* corrections 9 ! pupil's me?od ( prep>ation & selection ( matt] z seem necess>y4 ,! *>act]izations %\ld n be read1 b deliv]$ by ! /ud5t fac+ ! class1 precisely = ! mom5t z ?\gh he 7 ! tea*]4 ,future te/s & exam9ations %\ld hold ! class responsible = ! facts ?us pres5t$4 ,if1 z is too (t5 ! case 9 "w ( ?is sort1 ! /ud5t giv+ ! report is ! sole b5efici>y ( ! ex]cise1 ! "t requir$ is disproportionate to ! b5efit d]iv$4 ,he w correlate ! pa/ & ! pres5t ,if !re are facts rec\nt$ 9 ! lesson t may be cl9*$ 9 ! /ud5t's m9d by %[+ ! relation ( ^? facts to pres5t-day conditions or in/itutions1 a few advance que/ions calculat$ to br+ out ?is relation%ip may well be assign$4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t "o *ief purpose ( hi/ory in/ruction is to enable u to int]pret ! pres5t & ! future 9 ! light ( ! pa/1 b x all too (t5 happ5s t curr5t hi/ory is =gott5 9 ! recital ( facts t are c5turies old4 ,c&idates = tea*]s' c]tificates 9 _! exam9ations 9 ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory %[ f> less k ab\t ! great problems & ev5ts ( ! pres5t day ?an !y d ( colonial hi/ory4 ,! /ud5t 9 ,engli% hi/ory 9 our high s*ools to-day kn[s all ab\t ! ,domesday ,book1 b almo/ no?+ ( ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,q possibly ! text has no?+ to say ab\t x1 & x is equally likely t ! class may fail to cov] ! text & miss ! little t is actually giv54 ,no opportunity %\ld be miss$ to indicate ! be>+ ( ! pa/ on pres5t-day conditions4 ,ev5 if ! ev5ts ( ! lesson ex]t no direct influ5ce on affairs to-day1 _! significance may be br\ght home to ! /ud5t by an illu/ration f curr5t hi/ory4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,black ,dea? gives excell5t occasion = a brief discussion ( mod]n sanitation & ! w> on ! ,:ite ,plague4 ,! ef=ts ( ,p>liam5t to fix wages c be illu/rat$ by "s ( ! m9imum wage laws pass$ by rec5t legislatures4 ,john ,ball's tea*+s sugge/ a brief discussion ( mod]n socialism1 daily becom+ m active 9 its influ5ce4 ,! m$ieval trade guilds & mod]n labor unions2 ! monopolies ( ,elizabe?'s "t & ! anti-tru/ law ( to-day2 ,george ! ,?ird's two hundr$ capital crimes & mod]n me?ods ( p5ology2 ! jeal\sy ( ,a!ns 9 gu>d+ ! privilege ( citiz5%ip & ! facility ) :i* immigrants at pres5t become ,am]ican citiz5s are only a few illu/rations1 indicat+ ! ease ) :i* ! pa/ & ! pres5t may be correlat$4 ,he w be requir$ to memorize a limit$ am\nt ( matt] v]batim ,9 assign+ a lesson x is sometimes desirable to require c]ta9 matt] to be le>n$ v]batim4 ,9 ,am]ican hi/ory ! ,preamble to ! ,con/itution1 ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t conta9$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! ess5tial doctr9e 9 ! ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky ,resolutions1 c]ta9 clauses ( ! ,con/itution1 & extracts f o!r hi/orical docum5ts may well be requir$ to be memoriz$ accurately4 ,x is sc>cely to be suppos$ t ! /ud5t c improve on ! cl>ity & def9it5ess ( ! ,engli% 9 su* docum5ts4 ,he is expect$ to und]/& ! pr9ciples :i* !y ass]t4 ,he may well be requir$ to tra9 8 memory to accuracy by le>n+ c]ta9 assignm5ts v]batim4 ,if memory "w receiv$ a little m att5tion 9 our high s*ools to-day1 we %\ld be less likely to he> ! /atem5t ( a political cre$ neutraliz$ by ! omission ( an important ^w4 ,we %\ld be less likely to see ! classic words ( ,l9coln mangl$ beyond recognition by messy misquotation4 ,! assignm5t ( advance que/ions su* z h be5 sugge/$ possesses sev]al advantages4 ,x makes x possible = ! tea*] to hold ! class responsible = def9ite prep>ation1 v mu* z ! tea*] 9 algebra is able to d ) ! problems assign$ 9 advance4 ,x =ces ! /ud5ts to d mo/ ( ! talk+4 ,x enc\rages an intellig5t use ( ! libr>y 9 a mann] calculat$ to develop ! /ud5t's p[]s ( inve/igation4 ,if ! pupil =gets mo/ ( 8 hi/ory1 b reta9s ! ability to inve/igate c>efully1 ?or\ghly1 & critically1 ! plan has m ?an ju/ifi$ itself4 ,! plan enables ! tea*] to sp5d 8 "t 9 explanation ( :at ! pupil has be5 unable to d = h]self1 & ?us effects a consid]able sav+ 9 "t4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to secure a /atem5t ( h[ mu* ( ! tea*]'s "t is ord9>ily sp5t 9 do+ = ! /ud5t 9 recitation :at he %\ld h done = himself be=e com+ to class4 ,x sub/itutes = ! pupil's snap judgm5t1 giv5 )\t mu* ?\ght & too frequ5tly influ5c$ by ! inflection ( ! tea*]'s voice1 an op9ion t has result$ f rese>* & delib]ation unbias$ by ! tea*]'s p]sonal views4 ,x is too mu* to expect high s*ool pupils to solve hi/orical problems extemporane\sly4 ,if inf]5ces & contra/s o!r ?an ^? giv5 9 ! text are to be drawn1 if /atem5ts are to be def5d$ or oppos$1 ! high s*ool /ud5t %\ld be giv5 "t to prep>e 8 answ]4 ,aside f ! inju/ice ( any o!r proc$ure1 x is a hopeless wa/e ( "t to sp5d ! preci\s m9utes ( ! recitation 9 ga!r+ negative replies & wor?less judgm5ts4 ,me?ods ( prep>+ que/ions assign$ 9 advance ,x may be urg$ t su* an assignm5t ( a lesson z t propos$ is too ambiti\s & t x exacts too mu* ( ! tea*]'s "t4 ,9 answ] x %\ld be said t speciali/s 9 hi/ory ought surely to h read widely en\gh & /udi$ deeply en\gh to be able to select intellig5t que/ions ( ! sort sugge/$4 ,we h assum$ t ! tea*] has made adequate prep>ation = 8 "w4 ,c]ta9ly1 !n1 he %\ld be ready to expla9 ! social1 geographical1 & economic relation ( ! ev5ts m5tion$ 9 ! lesson4 ,he %\ld "k _! be>+ on curr5t hi/ory4 ,he %\ld always h ready a fund ( in=mation1 additional to t giv5 9 ! text4 ,9 prep>+ advance que/ions = di/ribution to ! class ! tea*] is prep>+ 8 own lesson4 ,he may be do+ x a day or two e>li] ?an he w\ld o!rwise d1 b surely he is p]=m+ no labor additional to :at may reasonably be expect$ ( him4 ,z to ! "t requir$ to prep>e copies ( ! que/ions = di/ribution :5 ! class conv5es1 x may be said t a neo/yle or mimeograph1 ) :i* all l>ge s*ools & _m small ones are equipp$1 makes %ort "w ( prep>+ z _m copies ( ! que/ions z desir$4 ,if !re is a comm]cial dep>tm5t 9 connection ) ! s*ool1 an available /5ograph]1 or a will+ /ud5t help]1 ! tea*] may easily relieve himself ( ! "w ( supply+ ! copies4 ,if none ( ^! exp$i5ts are possible1 x is no ,h]culean task to write ea* day on ! bo>d ! few que/ions = ! next lesson4 ,x w entail no great loss ( "t if ! class are ask$ to copy !m :5 !y fir/ come to recitation4 ,if x is possible to copy !m aft] ! recitation1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,& beyond ! obvi\s advantages ( a c>efully assign$ lesson x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! assignm5t ( special topics1 9 private conf]5ces ) ! /ud5t1 9 ! correction ( notes1 9 giv+ assi/ance 9 ! libr>y1 ! tea*] has an opportunity to cultivate a sympa!tic relation betwe5 himself & ! class ( ine/imable s]vice 9 secur+ ! be/ results4 ,,iv ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,! ,,recitation ,assumptions z to ! recitation room ,let u n[ assume t ! recitation w be held 9 a quiet room free f ! di/ract+ influ5ce ( poor light1 poor v5tilation1 & inadequate seat+ capacity4 ,! blackbo>d space is ample = ! :ole class1 ! eras]s & *alk are at h&1 ! maps1 *>ts1 & globe are :]e !y c be us$ )\t /umbl+ ov] !m4 ,! tea*] c give 8 :ole att5tion to ! class4 ,discipl9e %\ld take c>e ( itself4 ,! pupil :o is int]e/$ w n be s]i\sly out ( ord]4 ,:at ! tea*] %\ld aim to accompli% ,! problem1 !n1 is s to exp5d ! =ty-five m9utes 9 :i* ! tea*] & class are toge!r t3-- #a4 ,s f> z possible ! atmosph]e & sett+ ( ! p]iod be+ /udi$ may be reproduc$4 #b4 ,! great hi/orical *>act]s spok5 ( 9 ! lesson may become = ! /ud5t real m5 & wom5 ) :om he w aft]w>ds feel a p]sonal acqua9tance4 #c4 ,! ev5ts describ$ w be und]/ood & prop]ly int]pret$ 9 _! relation to geography1 & ! economic & social progress ( ! _w4 #d4 ,causes & effects %all be prop]ly analyz$4 #e4 ,& t !re %all be left suffici5t "t = ! occasional review necess>y to any good in/ruction4 ,"w at ! blackbo>d ,! fir/ five m9utes may pr(itably be sp5t at ! bo>d1 ea* memb] ( ! class be+ ask$ to write a complete answ] to "o ( ! assign$ que/ions4 ,:atev] may happ5 lat] 9 ! recitation ea* /ud5t has _h at lea/ ?is mu* ( an opportunity = self-expression1 & 8 "w %\ld be neat1 workmanlike1 complete1 & accurate4 ,by ?is device ! al]t tea*] w secure 9 ! fir/ five m9utes ( ! recitation h\r a fairly accurate idea ( ea* /ud5t's prep>ation1 ! weak spots 9 8 und]/&+ ( ! lesson1 & ! errors to be correct$4 ,he may ev5 be able to record a grade = ! "w done4 ,special reports ,! class hav+ tak5 _! seats1 ! next ord] ( bus9ess %\ld be ! reports on special topics assign$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! p]iod ( hi/ory "u discussion m int]e/+ & vital4 ,z has be5 said1 ^! reports %\ld n be read1 b deliv]$ by ! pupil fac+ ! class4 ,! class %\ld be enc\rag$ to ask que/ions on ! report :5 f9i%$ & ! /ud5t responsible = ! report %\ld be expect$ to answ] any reasonable inquiry4 ,if o!r /ud5ts are able to contribute to ! topics report$ on1 !y %\ld be enc\rag$ to d s4 ,let ! tea*] be sure t he has s\nd$ ! dep?s ( ! /ud5ts' in=mation & curiosity be=e he himself discusses ! report4 ,if ! device ( reports deliv]$ 9 class is to ju/ify itself1 ! matt] conta9$ 9 !m mu/ be s arrang$ & discuss$ t ! :ole class receives real b5efit4 ,! +5i\s tea*] w be able to e/abli% a tradition 9 8 c\rse = a c>eful prep>ation & critical discussion ( ^! reports4 ,! rivalry ( /ud5ts = excell5ce 9 ?is "w is n difficult to /imulate4 ,a premium %\ld be put on criticism :i* f9ds m5tion$ 9 ! *>act]ization qualities inconsi/5t ) ! facts record$ 9 ! text1 or omissions :i* ! facts ( ! text seem to ju/ify4 ,fundam5tal pr9ciples ( good que/ion+ ,x is n likely t ! tea*] w f9d x advisable to require reports at e recitation nor t ! reports & _! discussion w consume1 at ! mo/1 long] ?an t5 or fifte5 m9utes ( any class p]iod4 ,!re mu/ always be "t = direct oral que/ion+ on ! facts ( ! lesson2 que/ion+ t w te/ ! /ud5t's memory1 ability to analyze1 & p[]s ( expression4 ,c]ta9 pr9ciples are fundam5tal to good que/ion+ 9 any recitation4 #a4 ,! que/ions %\ld be brief4 #b4 ,!y %\ld be prep>$ by ! tea*] be=e com+ to recitation4 ,?is w insure rapidity4 ,a va/ deal ( "t is lo/ by ! un=tunate habit possess$ by _m tea*]s ( nev] hav+ ! next "q ready to use4 #c4 ,!y %\ld prec$e ! "n ( ! pupil requir$ to answ] x4 #d4 ,!y %\ld n be lead+ que/ions to :i* ! pupil c guess ! answ]s4 #e4 ,!y %\ld be grammatically /at$ ) b "o possible int]pretation4 #f4 ,except = purposes ( rapid review !y %\ld n be answ]able ) yes or no4 #g4 ,!y %\ld be ask$ 9 a voice l\d en\gh to be he>d by all ! class1 & only once4 #h4 ,!y %\ld be ask$ 9 no regul> ord]1 b nev]!less 9 su* a way t e memb] ( ! class w h a *ance to recite4 ,"s additional sugge/ions = tea*]s ( hi/ory ,!re are additional sugge/ions p>ticul>ly applicable to ! tea*] ( hi/ory4 #a4 ,9 all ! que/ion+ rememb] ! purposes ( ! recitation4 ,ask que/ions kn[+ exactly :at y wi% z an answ]4 ,!re is no "t = aimless or idle que/ion+4 #b4 ,inquire frequ5tly z to ! books us$ 9 prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,let no allusion or /atem5t 9 ! text g unexpla9$4 ,let none ( ! au?or's conclusions or op9ions g un*all5g$4 ,ask ! /ud5t = inconsi/5cies1 inaccuracies1 or contradictions 9 ! text4 ,put a premium on _! discov]y4 ,insi/ on ! /ud5t's au?ority = /atem5ts o!r ?an ^? giv5 9 ! text4 #c4 ,d n use ! heavy-typ$ words frequ5tly f\nd at ! head ( ! p>agraph or ! topical heads furni%$ by ! text1 if x c be avoid$4 ,! pupil %\ld n be all[$ to rememb] 8 hi/ory by its location 9 ! text4 #d4 ,be sure t ! class h an opportunity to recite on ! que/ions assign$ = _! advance prep>ation4 ,no?+ is m disc\rag+ to a /ud5t ?an c>efully to prep>e ! "w requir$ & !n fail ( an opportunity ei!r to recite ^u or to discuss x4 #e4 ,discov] ! ta/es1 %ortcom+s1 & abilities ( y\r individual /ud5ts & direct y\r future que/ions accord+ly4 ,!re w usually be 9 ! class ! boy :o is glib )\t be+ accurate4 ,he %\ld be que/ion$ on def9ite facts4 ,!re w be ! /ud5t ^: analysis ( ev5ts is good1 b ^: p[]s ( description are poor4 ,adapt y\r que/ions to 8 special ne$4 ,!re w be ! pupil ) ! t5d5cy to memorize ! text v]batim4 ,!re w be ! /ud5t :o kn[s ! facts ( ! lesson1 b :o fails to rememb] ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts--! k9d :o nev] c tell :e!r ! ,exclusion ,bill came be=e or aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,!re w be ! usual am\nt ( specializ$ ta/es1 curiosity1 timidity1 laz9ess1 & rattle-bra9$ ?9k+4 ,! que/ion+ %\ld probe ^! peculi>ities1 & /imulate ! pupil's ambition to improve 8 prep>ation at its weake/ po9t4 ,ne$less to say ! que/ions %\ld n be ask$ ) ! daily idea ( mak+ ! pupil fail4 ,l any o!r surgical in/rum5t ! "q probe %\ld be us$ skillfully & ) a prop] motive4 ,x w\ld be z great an error to b5d y\r que/ions cont9ually away f ! /ud5t's special ta/es & abilities z to be p]petually guid$ by !m4 #f4 ,! bulk ( ! tea*]'s att5tion %\ld be giv5 nei!r to ! few exceptionally able /ud5ts nor to ! few v poor pupils4 ,x is to ! av]age normal boy & girl t ! mo/ ( ! que/ion+ %\ld be direct$4 ,! brilliant /ud5t %\ld be call$ on suffici5tly to reta9 8 int]e/ & to set a /&>d ( excell5ce = ! class4 ,he %\ld be giv5 ! mo/ difficult ( ! assignm5ts ( outside "w & if necess>y an additional numb] ( !m4 ,z to ! few pupils :om ! tea*] deems exceptionally poor1 x may be said t ! effect ( que/ion+ %\ld nev] be to disc\rage ! pupil :o has made an hone/ ef=t at prep>ation4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! c\rse ! ef=ts ( ! tea*] may well be direct$ to ask+ ! backw>d /ud5t que/ions to :i* he c make reasonably satisfactory answ]s4 ,by sav+ ! /ud5t f ! daily humiliation ( failure be=e ! class1 & by tactfully enc\rag+ him to great] ef=t1 ! tea*] may %ortly discov] t ! poor pupil is f> f hopeless4 #g4 ,d n all[ y\r que/ions to consume a disproportionate am\nt ( "t ) details4 ,until v rec5tly 9 all our hi/ory tea*+1 battles h be5 exalt$ to a place immeasurably great] ?an _! importance4 ,we are com+ to see t ! fight+ is "o ( ! lea/ important ?+s 9 ! w>4 ,! causes & results1 ! f9ancial1 political1 & social effects n[ absorb our att5tion4 ,"o or two battles 9 a c\rse may pr(itably be /udi$ 9 detail1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( our own c\ntry1 b 9 ! press ( consid]ations f> m int]e/+ & vital1 x is a wa/e ( "t to give m ?an a mom5t's notice to ! rema9d]4 ,/ud5t descriptions ( battles are b\nd to be /]eotyp$4 ,! ord9>y textbook describes ea* ( ! ?\s& battles ( ! _w 9 ab\t ! same fifty words4 #h4 ,let "s ( ! que/ions be direct$ t[>ds cultivat+ ! /ud5t's p[]s ( oral description4 ,hi/ory is n altoge!r a matt] ( analysis or g5]alization4 ,!re c sc>cely be assign$ a lesson 9 hi/ory t does n conta9 ev5ts :i* l5d !mselves to dramatic description4 ,_! recital %\ld be made ! occasion ( ! /ud5t's be/ ef=ts 9 ?is direction4 ,let ! pupils be taught to use adjectives & adv]bs4 ,break d[n ! b>ri] ( li/lessness or fe> or self-consci\sness :i* keeps ! /ud5t f r5d]+ a graphic & ?rill+ acc\nt ( great ev5ts4 #i4 ,let ! que/ions f day to day develop ! cont9uity ( hi/ory4 ,avoid que/ion+ t fails to unite ! ev5ts ( previ\s lessons ) ! "o be+ /udi$4 ,br+ out ! connection ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,slav]y exi/$ 9 ,am]ica = two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,civil ,w> 0 f\ght4 ,y\r tea*+ ( ^? two c5turies ( hi/ory %\ld be s conduct$ t :5 ! ,civil ,w> is f9ally rea*$1 ! class c tell ! process by :i* anti-slav]y s5tim5t 0 f9ally cry/alliz$4 ,! hiatus betwe5 ! mobb+ ( ,g>rison 9 ,bo/on & ! extraord9>y contribution ( ,massa*usetts to ! ,nor!rn army %\ld be bridg$1 n by a h]oic "q or two :5 ! w> is f9ally rea*$1 b by a daily att5tion to ! ev5ts :i* effect$ ! metamorphosis4 #aj4 ,if ! answ] to y\r "q requires ! use ( a map1 ask x 9 su* a way t ! /ud5t c talk & use ! map at ! same "t4 ,! geographical provisions ( a treaty1 ! r\tes ( explor]s1 ! grants ( comm]cial companies1 campaigns1 or milit>y fronti]s %\ld all be recit$ 9 ?is way4 ,a wall map ) simply ! outl9e ( ! t]ritory1 ) its riv]s1 w be ( consid]able assi/ance 9 te/+ ! accuracy ( ! /ud5t's geographical k4 ,:ile recit+1 let him locate ) *alk or po9t] ! cities1 arbitr>y b\nd>y l9es1 & r\tes he f9ds x necess>y to m5tion 9 8 recitation4 ,x w require special att5tion e>ly 9 ! c\rse to tea* /ud5ts ! necessity = prep>ation ( ?is sort4 ,l ev]y?+ else1 map "w %\ld be reasonable 9 its requirem5ts4 ,a k ( geography is imp]ative to ! correct und]/&+ ( hi/ory1 & ! indiff]5ce or ignorance ( tea*]s %\ld nev] excuse inatt5tion to ?is vital necessity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 x is equally repreh5sible to require ( high s*ool /ud5ts ! labor$ prep>ation ( maps 9 ! draw+ ( :i* h\rs ( valuable "t are sp5t 9 se>*+ = places ( trivial importance & small hi/orical value4 ,map "w 9 a high s*ool hi/ory c\rse %\ld require no m ?an geographical accuracy 9 locat+ b\nd>ies1 r\tes1 & places really vital to ! hi/ory ( ! p be+ /udi$4 ,if x does m ?an ?is x usurps "t disproportionate to its value4 ,v ,,v>i\s ,,modes ,,( ,,review ,! place ( drill 9 ! hi/ory recitation ,we h long s9ce le>n$ ! folly ( sp5d+ v _m ( ! m9utes ( a recitation 9 drill+ /ud5ts 9 dates1 outl9es1 & *>ts4 ,"w ( ?is sort nev] made a recitation vital2 nev] inspir$ a /ud5t ) en?usiasm = hi/orical inquiry2 nev] really dispell$ ! fog :i* surr\nds1 = ! /ud5t1 ! cab9ets & con/itutions1 battles & b\nd>ies1 decl>ations & decrees1 s briefly treat$ 9 ! text4 ,good reviews w develop a k ( ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts ,b x may be s]i\sly que/ion$ :e!r _m tea*]s1 9 _! zeal to escape ! ov]-emphasis ( dates1 h n gone to ! extreme ( neglect+ !m altoge!r4 ,t a /ud5t %\ld rememb] suffici5t dates to fix 9 8 m9d ! sequ5ce ( important ev5ts is h>dly op5 to "q4 ,t he c nev] d s )\t "s special att5tion to dates is equally indisputable4 ,)\t d\bt1 drill 9 important dates is necess>y1 b x %\ld be s conduct$ z to take b little "t4 ,ea* day ! tea*] has indicat$ ! dates wor?y to be rememb]$ & has be5 c>eful to select ! l&m>ks ( hi/ory4 ,he has call$ att5tion to ! v>i\s collat]al circum/ances :i* might assi/ to fix ! dates 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,! /ud5t has kept 8 li/ ( dates 9 ! back ( 8 text or 9 "s conv5i5t place ( ref]5ce4 ,once a week = ?ree m9utes ! tea*] gives ! class a rapid review on ! dates conta9$ 9 ! li/4 ,occasionally ! class are s5t to ! bo>d & ask$ to write ! dates ( ! reigns ( ! ,engli% mon>*s f ,william d[n to ! po9t :i* ! class has rea*$1 or ! ,presid5ts 9 _! ord]1 or "s o!r simil> ex]cise calculat$ to give a backbone to ! hi/ory be+ /udi$4 ,! class w "k t su* a review is liable to be giv5 at any "t4 ,!y w endeavor to be prep>$4 ,! result w be t ) ! exp5diture ( a few m9utes at int]vals 9 rapid review1 hi/ory w cease to be a sp9eless n>rative & become = ! /ud5t an ord]ly procession ( ev5ts4 ,drill 9 dates is only "o me?od to ?is end4 ,!re may be a rapid review 9 battles1 g5]als1 w>s1 treaties1 proclamations1 & inv5tions4 ,su* ex]cises enc\rage ! classification ( facts & /imulate flu5cy ( expression4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance = ! /ud5t s to arrange 9 8 m9d :at he has le>n$ 9 recitation t he c call to 8 comm& at a second's notice ! fact1 date1 or illu/ration he desires4 ,!re w be _m times 9 8 s*ool & college c>e] :5 su* an ability w be indisp5sable2 9 bus9ess or ! pr(essions x is an invaluable asset1 inf9itely m useful ?an ! hi/ory itself4 ,x w be well = ! tea*] to inquire3 ,:at am ,i do+ to cultivate su* an ability 9 my /ud5ts8 ,!y w give a view ( ! :ole subject ,few tea*]s w d5y t too little "t is sp5t 9 giv+ ! /ud5t a g5]al view ( ! :ole subject1 ei!r 9 its entirety or 9 its v>i\s phases4 ,! text has be5 /udi$ by *apt]s or by mon?s or by movem5ts4 ,! hi/ory z a :ole has nev] be5 se54 ,by ! "t ! /ud5t has rea*$ ! ,aldri* ,curr5cy ,plan 9 ,am]ican hi/ory he has =gott5 all ab\t ! exp]im5ts ) ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank4 ,he c\ld no m outl9e ! f9ancial hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z giv5 9 8 text ?an he c\ld outl9e ! indu/rial or political hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,& yet he has /udi$ ! facts giv5 9 8 textbook2 he has supplem5t$ ! text by 8 "w 9 ! libr>y1 & 9 ! recitation2 he has done ev]y?+ t may reasonably be expect$ ( him1 except to assemble 8 hi/orical in=mation & review x z a :ole4 ,if ! /ud5t 9 ,am]ican hi/ory is ask$ to g to ! bo>d at int]vals & write an outl9e = ! "w cov]$ on su* topics z ! foll[+1 he w come mu* ne>] und]/&+ ! progress ( our p3-- #a4 ,hi/ory ( ! t>iff4 #b4 ,political p>ties & pr9ciples = :i* !y /ood4 #c4 ,?+s t cry/alliz$ ,nor!rn s5tim5t aga9/ slav]y4 #d4 ,reasons = ! unification ( ! ,s\?4 #e4 ,diplomatic relations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #f4 ,additions ( t]ritory4 #g4 ,f9ancial legislation4 #h4 ,gr[? ( humanit>ian _s4 ,!re w easily be suffici5t topics s t ea* memb] ( ! class w h a diff]5t "o4 ,!y c all "w at ! bo>d1 simultane\sly4 ,! am\nt ( "t us$ = ex]cises ( ?is sort ne$ n be great1 & ! value receiv$ is incalculable4 ,if ! tea*] wi%es to review briefly on ! milit>y1 diplomatic1 social1 political1 or economic hi/ory ( ! p ! class h be5 /udy+1 x is no difficult matt] to arrange a set ( que/ions1 ! occasional review 9 :i* w cl9* 9 ! /ud5t's m9d :at o!rwise w\ld surely be =gott54 ,su* que/ions z ! foll[+ on ! f9ancial hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ea* answ]able ) a few words & w s]ve z an illu/ration ( ! me?od :i* may be employ$ 9 review+ any o!r phase ( hi/ory3-- #a4 ,by :at means 0 trade accompli%$ be=e ! use ( money8 #b4 ,:at are ! functions ( money8 #c4 ,:at det]m9es ! am\nt ( money ne$$ 9 a c\ntry8 #d4 ,:at has be5 us$ = money at v>i\s p]iods ( our hi/ory8 #e4 ,:at is meant by do+ bus9ess on cr$it8 #f4 ,:at is *eap money8 #g4 ,:at is ,gre%am's ,law8 #h4 ,:at is ! effect ( l>ge issues ( pap] money on prices8 #i4 ,:at is ! effect ( l>ge issues ( pap] money on wages8 #aj4 ,:y does ! wage-e>n] suff]8 #aa4 ,at :at p]iods 9 ,am]ican hi/ory h l>ge issues ( pap] money be5 emitt$8 #ab4 ,:at 7 ! objects ( ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank8 #ac4 ,did ! bank accompli% !m8 #ad4 ,:y 0 x n re*>t]$8 #ae4 ,:5 0 ! second ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank *>t]$8 #af4 ,:y8 #ag4 ,:at case decid$ ! con/itutionality ( ! bank8 #ah4 ,did ! second ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank accompli% ! purpose = :i* x 0 =m$8 #ai4 ,:y 0 ! second ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank re*>t]$8 #bj4 ,:at is meant by ,wildcat ,bank+8 #ba4 ,:at are ! dates ( our greate/ panics8 #bb4 ,:at 7 ! *ief causes8 #bc4 ,:at 0 ! effect on prices8 #bd4 ,:at on wages8 #be4 ,"u :at ,presid5t 0 ! indep5d5t treasury fir/ e/abli%$8 #bf4 ,is x 9 exi/5ce to-day8 #bg4 ,:5 7 gre5backs issu$8 #bh4 ,to :at am\nt8 #bi4 ,:o 0 responsible = ! issue8 #cj4 ,7 !y legal t5d] = private debts contract$ be=e _! issue8 #ca4 ,:5 0 ! ,resumption ,act pass$8 #cb4 ,are ! gre5backs 9 circulation to-day8 #cc4 ,:at is free silv]8 #cd4 ,:at 0 ! ,crime ( '#gc8 #ce4 ,:at 0 ! ,bl&-,allison ,act8 #cf4 ,:at 0 ! ,curr5cy ,act ( #aijj8 #cg4 ,:at is ,bimetallism8 #ch4 ,:at is meant by ,m9t ,ratio8 #ci4 ,:at is meant by ,m>ket ,ratio8 #dj4 ,:at is meant by ,free ,co9age8 #da4 ,:at is meant by ,gratuit\s ,co9age8 #db4 ,:at is meant by ,/&>d ,money8 #dc4 ,) ! m>ket ratio at #cj to #a & ! m9t ratio at #af to #a1 :i* money w\ld t5d to disappe> f circulation if bo? metals are freely co9$ & made full legal t5d]8 #dd4 ,:y is silv] n ! /&>d to-day8 #de4 ,:at is ! ,aldri* ,plan8 #df4 ,:at is a ,unit$ ,/ates bond8 #dg4 ,is x a secure inve/m5t8 #dh4 ,:at is its av]age rate ( int]e/8 #di4 ,by :om is a national bank *>t]$8 #ej4 ,may x issue pap] money8 #ea4 ,:5 0 ! fir/ ,national ,bank+ ,act pass$8 #eb4 ,:y8 #ec4 ,:y %\ld bank+ bus9ess be pr(itable "u ! act8 #ed4 ,:at advantage did ! ,gov]nm5t expect to receive 9 pass+ ! act8 #ee4 ,are deposits gu>ante$8 #ef4 ,may ,/ates emit bills ( cr$it8 #eg4 ,is x con/itutional = banks *>t]$ by ! ,/ate to emit bills ( cr$it8 #eh4 ,d !y d s to-day8 #ei4 ,:y8 ,obvi\sly z ! ye> advances1 ! li/ ( que/ions = review gr[s long]4 ,an increas+ am\nt ( "t %\ld !re=e be devot$ to "w ( ?is sort4 ,!y w insure a bett] acqua9tance ) great m5 & wom5 ,! mo/ sup]ficial obs]vation w suffice to conv9ce anyone t high s*ool graduates "k v little ab\t ! great m5 & wom5 ( hi/ory4 ,! "* sket*es sugge/$ e>li] 9 ! *apt]1 supplem5t$ ) occasional reviews1 w d mu* to improve ?is condition4 ,^! drills may be conduct$ by ask+ = brief /atem5ts on ! greate/ s]vice or ! mo/ di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! great m5 & wom5 met ) 9 ! c\rse4 ,! same ?+ is accompli%$ by rev]s+ ! process & ask+ su* que/ions z1--,:o 0 ! ,am]ican ,fabius8 or ,! ,great ,compromis]8 or ! ,sage ( ,m5lo ,p>k8 etc4 ,que/ions on ! au?or%ip ( great docum5ts1 ! f\nd]s ( in/itutions1 ! organiz]s ( movem5ts1 re=m]s1 philosoph]s1 arti/s1 /atesm51 g5]als1 accompli% ! same purpose4 ,!y w be economical ( "t ,!re are a va/ numb] ( review que/ions answ]able ) yes or no4 ,! /ud5t's k ( ! subject may be quickly discov]$ & a rapid review conduct$ by a s]ies ( su* que/ions4 ,! foll[+ li/ on ,am]ican hi/ory w illu/rate ! me?od3-- #a4 ,0 ,cromwell's colonial policy helpful to ! ,am]ican colonies8 #b4 ,did ! ,revolution ( #afhh h any effect on ! colonies8 #c4 ,7 ! ,hugu5ots exclud$ f ,canada8 #d4 ,7 ! ,writs ( ,assi/ance us$ 9 ,engl&8 #e4 ,did ,am]ica ev] h a !ocracy8 #f4 ,did ! rule ( #agef affect ! p ( ! colonies8 #g4 ,0 ! ,sug> ,act legal8 #h4 ,0 !re any ef=t to am5d ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation8 #i4 ,does fund+ a debt less5 x8 #aj4 ,did ,hamilton's measures t5d to c5tralize p[]8 #aa4 ,did ! memb]s ( ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion exce$ _! in/ructions8 #ab4 ,is a cab9et provid$ = 9 ! ,con/itution8 #ac4 ,does ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates prev5t a ,/ate f e/abli%+ a religion8 #ad4 ,is x possible = a ,/ate to repudiate its debts8 #ae4 ,does ! con/itutional provision = uni=m duties protect ! ,t]ritories8 #af4 ,0 impressm5t practic$ 9 ,engl&8 #ag4 ,did ! ,:igs favor int]nal improvem5ts8 #ah4 ,did ! ,nor? favor ! ,=ce ,bill ( #ahcc8 #ai4 ,did ,massa*usetts favor ! ,t>iff ( #ahaf8 #bj4 ,did ! ,republican p>ty /& = ! abolition ( slav]y 9 #ahfj8 #ba4 ,did ! ,emancipation ,proclamation free all ! slaves 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 #bb4 ,did ! work+-m5 ( ,engl& favor ! ,s\? dur+ ! ,civil ,w>8 #bc4 ,0 x necess>y = ! ,s\? to resort to ! draft8 #bd4 ,c\ld a man 9 #ahfj consi/5tly accept bo? ! ,dr$ ,scott decision & ! doctr9e ( popul> sov]eignty8 #be4 ,did ,l9coln's assass9ation h any effect on ! recon/ruction policy8 #bf4 ,does ! ,f$]al ,con/itution compel negro suffrage8 #bg4 ,0 ! ,anaconda ,sy/em successful8 #bh4 ,0 a ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ev] impea*$8 #bi4 ,7 ! claims = indirect damages 9 ! ,alabama claims all[$8 #cj4 ,did ,calh\n favor ! ,compromise ( #ahej8 #ca4 ,did ,?addeus ,/ev5s favor ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution8 #cb4 ,did ,l9coln favor ! social equality ( ! :ite & black races8 #cc4 ,did ,grant favor ! ,t5ure ( ,(fice ,act8 #cd4 ,did ,lee make m ?an "o attempt to invade ! ,nor?8 #ce4 ,0 ! ,ohio ,idea ev] /rong en\gh to affect legislation8 #cf4 ,did ,spa9 h any "p 9 call+ out ! ,monroe ,doctr9e8 #cg4 ,has ! ,unit$ ,/ates any control ov] ! debts ( ,cuba8 #ch4 ,has a jo9t resolution ev] be5 us$ to acquire t]ritory o!r ?an t includ$ 9 ,texas8 #ci4 ,has ! ,unit$ ,/ates ev] resort$ to a tax on incomes8 #dj4 ,has ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ev] attempt$ to re/rict ! p[] ( ! press8 #da4 ,is x illegal to-day = a railway to give a *eap] rate to "o %ipp] ?an to ano!r8 #db4 ,has ! ,republican p>ty ev] r$uc$ ! protective t>iffs ( ! w>8 #dc4 ,did ! ,civil ,s]vice ,act pass$ 9 #ahhc include po/ma/]s8 #dd4 ,did ! ,wilson-,gorman ,act r$uce ! t>iff to a rev5ue basis8 #de4 ,c a railway engag$ solely 9 intra-/ate bus9ess c>ry a case1 involv+ a r$uction ( _! rates by ! ,/ate legislature1 to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 #df4 ,is ,utah a "p ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase8 #dg4 ,if ! m9t ratio is #af to #a & ! m>ket ratio is #ag to #a1 w ! gold doll> be ! /&>d if !re is full legal t5d] & free co9age = bo? gold & silv]8 #dh4 ,is ! ,canadian fronti] =tifi$8 #di4 ,are ! functions ( gov]nm5t 9 ?is c\ntry increas+8 #ej4 ,is x possible = a man to be defeat$ = ! ,presid5cy if a majority ( ! p vote = him8 ,! great disadvantage ( ?is k9d ( review is t ! /ud5ts h = _! answ] a *oice betwe5 two words1 "o ( :i* is b\nd to be correct4 ,kn[+ no?+ :atev] ( ! subject1 !y w /ill /& a fifty p] c5t *ance ( answ]+ correctly4 ,! al]t tea*] %\ld be able to r$uce ?is haphaz>d answ]+ to a m9imum1 :ile /ill reap+ ! advantages ( rapidity & ?or\ghness :i* ! plan possesses4 ,few o!r me?ods w cov] z mu* gr\nd 9 z %ort "t4 ,on ! ,f$]al ,con/itution !re are inf9ite possibilities = yes & no que/ion+1 :i* af=d a brief & effective means ( review 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,am]ican gov]nm5t4 ,!y w secure flu5cy ,review = ! purpose ( secur+ flu5cy is a consid]ation frequ5tly lo/ sight ( by high s*ool hi/ory tea*]s4 ,x may be too sangu9e to expect flu5cy ( ! av]age /ud5t recit+ on a topic = ! fir/ "t4 ,b :5 x is consid]$ h[ v _m important que/ions are nev] recit$ on b once1 ! wisdom ( an occasional review to secure rapid1 flu5t1 & complete answ]s to topics previ\sly discuss$ is readily se54 ,select a li/ ( topics t w at "o & ! same "t cultivate flu5cy & /r5g!n ! memory = ! important consid]ations ( hi/ory4 ,flu5cy 9 itself does n possess suffici5t value to ju/ify ! exp5diture ( recitation "t4 ,facility ( expression ne$s to be cultivat$ 9 discussion ( ! conclusions rea*$ 9 class :i* ne$ to be cl9*$ 9 ! /ud5t's m9d4 ,su* que/ions z ! foll[+ w s]ve z illu/rations ( ! k9d adaptable = su* purpose1 at ! middle ( a ye> c\rse 9 ,am]ican hi/ory3-- #a4 ,give ?ree di/9ct *>act]i/ics ( ,fr5* colonization 9 ,am]ica2 ?ree ( ,spani%2 ?ree ( ,engli%4 #b4 ,:at ?+s did ! ,engli% colonies possess 9 common8 #c4 ,:at 7 ! results to ! colonies ( ! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>8 #d4 ,to :at ext5t 0 ! ,revolution br\ght ab\t by economic causes8 #e4 ,:at 7 ! defects 9 ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation8 #f4 ,acc\nt = ! d[nfall ( ! ,f$]ali/ p>ty4 #g4 ,9 :at ways has democracy advanc$ s9ce #aghi8 #h4 ,:at 7 ! results ( ! /ruggle ov] ! admission ( ,miss\ri8 #i4 ,discuss ! gr[? ( ! s5tim5t = int]nal improvem5ts8 #aj4 ,describe ! social life ( ! ,we/]n pione]8 ,:at ! /ud5t may d ) problems 9 hi/ory ,/ill ano!r k9d ( review ( great value 9 /r5g!n+ ! /ud5t's ability to g5]alize & analyze1 consi/s ( :at might be call$ problems 9 hi/ory4 ,!y are giv5 out 9 mu* ! same way z orig9al problems 9 geometry1 assum+ t ! /ud5t is acqua9t$ ) ! facts f :i* to d$uce ! answ]s to ! "q4 ,! object ( su* a review is to give ! /ud5t practice 9 orig9al ?9k+4 ,he is n suppos$ to use a libr>y1 b only ! facts :i* are 9 8 text or :i* h be5 previ\sly br\ght out 9 class recitations4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( que/ions adaptable = ?is purpose3-- #a4 ,:y c ! ,am]ican p be reg>d$ z ! _w's greate/ coloniz]s8 #b4 ,:y c\ld ,wa%+ton be reg>d$ z only an ,engli%man liv+ 9 ,am]ica8 #c4 ,is x true t ! ,s\? lo/ ! ,civil ,w> because ( slav]y8 #d4 ,9 :at p>ticul>s did ,&rew ,jackson accurately reflect ! _s or ! ideals ( ! new ,we/8 #e4 ,:at is illu/rat$ by ! attempt to f\nd ! ,/ate ( ,frankl98 #f4 ,:at consid]ations made ! secession ( ! ,we/ 9 our e>ly hi/ory a likely possibility8 ,que/ions ( ?is k9d1 n answ]$ directly 9 class or 9 ! text1 may be giv5 out a day 9 advance & ! answ]s collect$ at ! next recitation4 ,,vi ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,writt5 ,,reports ,! purpose ( !me "w %\ld *ange z ! c\rse cont9ues ,a me?od frequ5tly employ$ by tea*]s ( hi/ory is to require writt5 reports or !mes on v>i\s phases ( ! hi/ory z ! "w progresses4 ,?is plan is p>ticul>ly valuable = ! /ud5ts 9 ! fir/ two ye>s ( high s*ool hi/ory1 = ! reason t _! libr>y requirem5ts are less exact+ & _! ne$ ( flu5cy great] dur+ t "t ?an lat] 9 _! c\rse4 ,! objects ( !me "w 9 hi/ory c\rses are usually to ar\se ! pupil's p[]s ( obs]vation1 description1 & n>ration1 & to provide means ( drill 9 ! ex]cise ( ^! p[]s4 ,^! %\ld n be ! sole purposes ( !me "w1 h[ev]4 ,z ! ye> advances1 an increas+ am\nt ( ! writt5 "w %\ld be on subjects requir+ "s g5]alization or analysis ( ! facts br\ght out 9 ! text or 9 ! recitation4 ,! pupil :o has writt5 a !me describ+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,pyramids has complet$ an ex]cise 9 hi/ory less valuable ?an t ( ! /ud5t :o writes a !me on ! errors ( ! ,a!nian ,democracy4 ,to summ>ize1 reviews 9 hi/ory %\ld consi/ ( bo? oral & writt5 "w2 !y %\ld be rapid en\gh to insure quick ?9k+1 al]t att5tion1 & small exp5diture ( "t2 !y %\ld occur ) increas+ frequ5cy z ! ye> advances2 !y %\ld /ock ! memory1 fix 9 ! /ud5t's m9d ! ord] ( ev5ts1 /imulate flu5cy1 insure a p]man5t acqua9tance ) ! p]sonnel ( hi/ory1 & give to ! /ud5t a bett] view ( ! subject z a :ole & 9 its v>i\s phases4 ,,vii ,,exam9ations ,,z ,,te/s ,,( ,,progress ,! exam9ation %\ld det]m9e h[ mu* ! /ud5t has progress$ ,! "t is com+1 if x is n already "h1 :5 ! public w cry out aga9/ ! n]v\s fe> & sleepless nights ) :i* _! *ildr5 approa* ! semi-annual torture ( our inquisitorial exam9ations4 ,t reasonable exam9ations are ess5tial & b5eficial is h>dly op5 to "q4 ,t a /ud5t %\ld be expect$ correctly to answ] a fair p]c5tage ( reasonable que/ions on "w :i* has be5 prop]ly taught is n a cause ( compla9t f anyone4 ,b t *ildr5 %\ld be fright5$ into a /ate ( n]v\s t]ror by ! bugaboo ( an imp5d+ exam9ation1 & !n be =c$ to attempt a s]ies ( conundrums prop\nd$ by a tea*] :o takes pride 9 ma9ta9+ a high p]c5tage ( failures1 is indef5sible4 ,an exam9ation %\ld n be conduct$ ) ! prim>y object ( mak+ x a ?+ to be fe>$4 ,h[ev] desirable su* a que/ionable asset may seem to c]ta9 college pr(essors1 x is a s]i\s fault 9 a high s*ool tea*] to h any consid]able numb] ( normal *ildr5 fail4 ,! ambition ( ! good in/ructor is to give an exam9ation :i* %all at once be ?or\gh1 reasonable1 & intellig5tly direct$ t[>d f9d+ :at ! /ud5t has really le>n$4 ,8 purpose is to te/ accurately ! v>i\s abilities :i* he has endeavor$ to enc\rage 9 ! /ud5t dur+ 8 c\rse4 ,he wi%es to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ! /ud5t has really progress$4 ,specific sugge/ions on =mulat+ que/ions ,9 ord] to d ?is ! exam9ation mu/ be on ! really mat]ial consid]ations ( ! hi/ory4 ,que/ions on unimportant details %\ld be omitt$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld n be expect$ to burd5 8 memory ) ! limitless mass ( petty isolat$ facts conta9$ 9 ! av]age hi/ory text4 ,! que/ions %\ld be on consid]ations t h be5 c>efully discuss$1 & n on facts t h receiv$ b cursory att5tion4 ,! exam9ation %\ld n require too mu* "t = writ+4 ,! sev]al h\rs' cont9u\s n]v\s t5sion sometimes exact$ by too ambiti\s tea*]s does ! av]age *ild m h>m ?an ! exam9ation c possibly d him good4 ,! exam9ation %\ld consi/ ( que/ions t w jo9tly or sev]ally te/ ! /ud5t's p[]s ( description1 g5]alization1 & analysis4 ,!y %\ld te/ 8 k ( ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 8 ability to use a libr>y or a map1 8 k ( ! v>i\s phases & ! v>i\s p]iods ( ! hi/ory /udi$4 ,9 e exam9ation !re %\ld be at lea/ "o "q deal+ ) ! "t & ! ord] ( ev5ts1 "o ea* on ! geographical1 political1 & social hi/ory1 "o t is analytical1 "o t requires g5]alization1 "o t w te/ 8 k ( ! libr>y1 & "o t w te/ 8 p[]s ( description4 ,x is n necess>y to limit ! que/ions to ! cu/om>y numb] ( t54 ,x is frequ5tly advisable to give a class "s degree ( *oice 9 ! selection ( _! que/ions by requir+ any t5 out ( a l>g] numb] ask$4 ,c]ta9ly su* a plan gives ! /ud5t a m favorable opportunity to demon/rate 8 ability )\t 9 ! lea/ dim9i%+ ! value ( ! exam9ation4 ,exam9ation que/ions1 l all o!r que/ions1 %\ld be def9ite1 clean-cut1 & reasonable4 ,if possible1 ea* /ud5t %\ld be suppli$ ) a copy1 in/ead ( hav+ ! set writt5 on ! bo>d4 ,!y %\ld cov] only ^? portions ( ! subject t h be5 prop]ly taught4 ,! tea*] %\ld n expect ! boy :o has kept no useful notes1 ^: libr>y "w has be5 haphaz>d1 & ^: me?ods ( /udy h n be5 sup]vis$1 to p]=m at exam9ation "t ! miracle ( accurately rememb]+ :at he has nev] be5 prop]ly taught4 ,,outl9e ,i4 ,,"s ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations #a4 ,assumptions z to ! tea*] ( hi/ory #b4 ,actual conditions confront$ by ! tea*] ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,beg9 ,,! ,,c\rse #a4 ,:at %\ld be done on ! day ( enrollm5t #b4 ,:at %\ld be done at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! class #c4 ,necessity = def9ite in/ruction 9 me?ods ( prep>+ a lesson #d4 ,! "q ( note-tak+ #e4 ,in/ruction 9 ! use ( ! libr>y & indexes ,,iii4 ,,! ,,assignm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lesson #a4 ,c>eful assignm5t w reveal to ! /ud5t ! relation ( geography & hi/ory #b4 ,8 p[] ( analysis & criticism w be /imulat$ #c4 ,! conditions 9 o!r c\ntries w add to 8 compreh5sion ( ! facts 9 ! lesson #d4 ,8 disposition to /udy int5sively w be enc\rag$ #e4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ! great m5 & wom5 ( hi/ory w be vitaliz$ #f4 ,he w correlate ! pa/ & ! pres5t #g4 ,he w be requir$ to memorize a limit$ am\nt ( matt] v]batim #h4 ,me?ods ( prep>+ que/ions assign$ 9 advance ,,iv4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,! ,,recitation #a4 ,assumptions z to ! recitation room #b4 ,:at ! tea*] %\ld aim to accompli% #c4 ,"w at ! blackbo>d #d4 ,special reports #e4 ,fundam5tal pr9ciples ( good que/ion+ #f4 ,"s additional sugge/ions = tea*]s ( hi/ory ,v4 ,,v>i\s ,,modes ,,( ,,review #a4 ,! place ( drill 9 ! hi/ory recitation #b4 ,good reviews w develop a k ( ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts #c4 ,!y w give a view ( ! :ole subject #d4 ,!y w insure a bett] acqua9tance ) great m5 & wom5 #e4 ,!y w be economical ( "t #f4 ,!y w secure flu5cy #g4 ,:at ! /ud5t may d ) problems 9 hi/ory ,,vi4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,writt5 ,,reports #a4 ,! purpose ( !me "w %\ld *ange z ! c\rse cont9ues ,,vii4 ,,exam9ations ,,z ,,te/s ,,( ,,progress #a4 ,! exam9ation %\ld det]m9e h[ mu* ! /ud5t has progress$ #b4 ,specific sugge/ions on =mulat+ que/ions