,?is e,book 0 prep>$ by ,amy ,zelm] ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages i-ii1 iv & v1 & #c-ab ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- p i ,,cosmos ,,volume ,i p ii is blank p iii - n copi$2 p]ta9s to repr9t s]ies p iv portrait p v ,,cosmos ,a ,,sket* ,,or ,a ,,physical ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,,by ,,alex&] ,,von ,,humboldt ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,otte ,naturae v]o r]um vis atque maje/as 9 omnibus mom5tis fides c>et1 si quis modo p>tes ejus ac non totam complectatur animo4 -- ,pl941 ',hi/4 ,nat4'1 lib4 vii1 c4 #a4 ,,volume ,i ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,nicolaas ,a4 ,,rupke ,,! ,,johns ,,hopk9s ,,univ]sity ,,press ,baltimore & ,london page vi & ,introduction to ! #aiig edition n copi$ p #a ,,cosmos ,,volume ,i p #b is blank p #c ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ----------------------- ,i ,,c n m appropriately introduce ! ,cosmos ?an by pres5t+ a brief sket* ( ! life ( its illu/ri\s au?or499 ,:ile ! "n ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt is famili> to e "o1 few1 p]haps1 are aw>e ( ! peculi> circum/ances ( 8 sci5tific c>e] & ( ! ext5t ( 8 labors 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( physical k4 ,he 0 born on ! #ad? ( ,septemb]1 #agfi1 & is1 !re=e1 n[ 9 8 #hj? ye>4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh ! ord9>y c\rse ( education at ,gott+51 & hav+ made a rapid t\r ?r\gh ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ,france1 he became a pupil ( ,w]n] at ! m9+ s*ool ( ,freyburg1 & 9 8 #ba/ ye> publi%$ an ,essay on ! ,basalts ( ! ,rh9e4 ,?\gh he soon became (ficially connect$ ) ! m9+ corps1 he 0 enabl$ to cont9ue 8 excursions 9 =eign c\ntries1 =1 dur+ ! six or sev5 ye>s succe$+ ! publication ( 8 fir/ essay1 he seems to h visit$ ,au/ria1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy1 & ,france4 ,8 att5tion to m9+ did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t him f devot+ 8 att5tion to o!r sci5tific pursuits1 among :i* botany & ! !n rec5t discov]y ( galvanism may be especially notic$4 ,botany1 inde$1 we "k f 8 own au?ority1 occupi$ him almo/ exclusively = "s ye>s2 b ev5 at ?is "t he 0 practic+ ! use ( ^? a/ronomical & physical in/rum5ts :i* he aft]w>d turn$ to s s+ul>ly excell5t an acc\nt4 footnote 99,= ! foll[+ rem>ks ,i am ma9ly indebt$ to ! articles on ! ,cosmos 9 ! two lead+ ,qu>t]ly ,reviews4 ,! political di/urbances ( ! civiliz$ _w at ! close p #d ( ! la/ c5tury prev5t$ our au?or f c>ry+ out v>i\s plans ( =eign travel :i* he _h contemplat$1 & deta9$ him an unwill+ prison] 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! ye> #agii he w5t to ,spa91 ) ! hope ( ent]+ ,africa f ,cadiz1 b ! unexpect$ patronage :i* he receiv$ at ! c\rt ( ,madrid l$ to a great alt]ation 9 8 plans1 & decid$ him to proce$ directly to ! ,spani% possessions 9 ,am]ica1 & !re gratify ! long+s = =eign adv5ture1 & ! sc5]y ( ! tropics1 :i* _h haunt$ him f boyhood1 b _h all along be5 turn$ 9 ! diametrically opposite direction ( ,asia4 ,aft] enc\nt]+ v>i\s risks ( capture1 he succe$$ 9 rea*+ ,am]ica1 & f #agii to #ahjd prosecut$ !re ext5sive rese>*es 9 ! physical geography ( ! ,new ,_w1 :i* has indelibly /amp$ 8 "n 9 ! undy+ records ( sci5ce4 ,except+ an excursion to ,naples ) ,gay-,lussac & ,von ,bu* 9 #ahje 7! ye> aft] 8 return f ,am]ica71 ! succe$+ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 ,p>is1 & 7 almo/ exclusively employ$ 9 edit+ ! results ( 8 ,am]ican j\rney4 ,9 ord] to br+ ^! results be=e ! _w 9 a mann] wor?y ( _! importance1 he comm5c$ a s]ies ( gigantic publications 9 almo/ e bran* ( sci5ce on :i* he _h in/itut$ obs]vations4 ,9 #ahag1 aft] twelve ye>s ( incessant toil1 f\r fif?s 7 complet$1 & an ord9>y copy ( ! "p !n 9 pr9t co/ consid]ably m ?an "o hundr$ p\nds /]l+4 ,s9ce t "t ! publication has gone on m sl[ly1 & ev5 n[ aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly half a c5tury1 x rema9s1 & probably ev] w rema91 incomplete4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbh1 :5 ! greate/ portion ( 8 lit]>y labor _h be5 accompli%$1 he und]took a sci5tific j\rney to ,sib]ia1 "u ! special protection ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,9 ?is j\rney -- a j\rney = :i* he _h prep>$ himself by a c\rse ( /udy unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( travel -- he 0 accompani$ by two companions h>dly less di/+ui%$ ?an himself1 ,ehr5b]g & ,gu/av ,rose1 & p #e ! results obta9$ dur+ _! exp$ition are record$ by our au?or 9 8 ',fragm5ts ,asiatiques'1 & 9 8 ',asie ,c5trale'1 & by ,rose 9 8 ',reise na* dem ,oural'4 ,if ! ',asie ,c5trale' _h be5 8 only "w1 con/itut+1 z x does1 an epitome ( all ! k acquir$ by himself & by =m] travel]s on ! physical geography ( ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,asia1 t "w alone w\ld h suffic$ to =m a reputation ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,i proce$ to (f] a few rem>ks on ! "w ( :i* ,i n[ pres5t a new translation to ! ,engli% public1 a "w int5d$ by its au?or to embrace a summ>y ( physical k1 z connect$ ) a del9eation ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,! idea ( su* a physical description ( ! univ]se _h1 x appe>s1 be5 pres5t to 8 m9d f a v e>ly epo*4 ,x 0 a "w :i* he felt he mu/ accompli%1 & he devot$ almo/ a lifetime to ! accumulation ( mat]ials = x4 ,= almo/ half a c5tury x _h occupi$ 8 ?\ghts2 & at l5g?1 9 ! ev5+ ( life1 he felt himself ri* en\gh 9 ! accumulation ( ?\ght1 travel1 read+1 & exp]im5tal rese>*1 to r$uce into =m & reality ! undef9$ vision t has s long float$ be=e him4 ,! "w1 :5 complet$1 w =m ?ree volumes4 ,! 'fir/' volume comprises a sket* ( all t is at pres5t kn[n ( ! physical ph5om5a ( ! univ]se2 ! 'second' compreh5ds two di/9ct p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* treats ( ! incitem5ts to ! /udy ( nature1 af=d$ 9 descriptive poetry1 l&scape pa9t+1 & ! cultivation ( exotic plants2 :ile ! second & l>g] "p ent]s into ! consid]ation ( ! diff]5t epo*s 9 ! progress ( discov]y & ( ! correspond+ /ages ( advance 9 human civilization4 ,! '?ird' volume1 ! publication ( :i*1 z ,m4 ,humboldt himself in=ms me 9 a lett] address$ to my le>n$ fri5d & publi%]1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn1 has be5 some:at delay$1 ow+ to ! pres5t /ate ( public affairs1 w comprise ! special & sci5tific developm5t ( ! great ,picture ( ,nature p #f ,ea* ( ! ?ree p>ts ( ! ',cosmos' is !re=e1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 di/9ct 9 its object1 & may be consid]$ complete 9 itself4 ,we c n bett] t]m9ate ?is brief notice ?an 9 ! words ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s ( our own c\ntry1 t1 %\ld ! conclusion correspond 7z we d\bt n7 ) ^! beg9n+s1 a "w w h be5 accompli%$ e way wor?y ( ! au?or's fame1 & a cr[n+ laurel add$ to t wrea? ) :i* ,europe w always delight to surr\nd ! "n ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt4 ,9 v5tur+ to appe> be=e ! ,engli% public z ! int]pret] ( ! great "w ( our age199 ,i h be5 enc\rag$ by ! assi/ance ( _m k9d lit]>y & sci5tific fri5ds1 & ,i gladly avail myself ( ?is opportunity ( express+ my deep obligations to ,mr4 ,brooke1 ,dr4 ,day1 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 ,mr4 ,h9d1 ,mr4 ,glai%]1 ,dr4 ,p]cy1 & ,mr4 ,ronalds1 = ! valuable aid !y h af=d$ me4 footnote 99,! expression appli$ to ! ,cosmos by ! le>n$ ,buns51 9 8 late ,report on ,e?nology1 9 ! ',report ( ! ,briti% ,association =' #ahdg1 p4 #bfe4 ,x w\ld be sc>cely "r to conclude ^! rem>ks )\t a ref]5ce to ! translations t h prec$$ m9e4 ,! translation execut$ by ,mrs4 ,sab9e is s+ul>ly accurate & elegant4 ,! o!r translation is rem>kable = ! opposite qualities1 & may !re=e be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! pres5t volumes diff] f ^? ( ,mrs4 ,sab9e 9 hav+ all ! =eign measures conv]t$ into correspond+ ,engli% t]ms1 9 be+ publi%$ at consid]ably less ?an "o ?ird ( ! price1 & 9 be+ a translation ( ! entire "w1 = ,i h n conceiv$ myself ju/ifi$ 9 omitt+ passages1 sometimes am\nt+ to pages1 simply because !y might be deem$ slightly obnoxi\s to our national prejudices4 p #g ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ------------------- ,9 ! late ev5+ ( an active life ,i (f] to ! ,g]man public a "w1 ^: undef9$ image has float$ be=e my m9d = almo/ half a c5tury4 ,i h frequ5tly look$ ^u its completion z impracticable1 b z (t5 z ,i h be5 dispos$ to rel9qui% ! und]tak+1 ,i h aga9 -- al?\gh p]haps imprud5tly -- resum$ ! task4 ,?is "w ,i n[ pres5t to my contempor>ies ) a diffid5ce inspir$ by a j mi/ru/ ( my own p[]s1 :ile ,i w\ld will+ly =get t writ+s long expect$ are usually receiv$ ) less indulg5ce4 ,al?\gh ! outw>d relations ( life1 & an irresi/ible impulse t[>d k ( v>i\s k9ds1 h l$ me to occupy myself = _m ye>s -- & app>5tly exclusively -- ) sep>ate bran*es ( sci5ce1 z1 = in/ance1 ) descriptive botany1 geognosy1 *emi/ry1 a/ronomical det]m9ations ( position1 & t]re/rial magnetism1 9 ord] t ,i might ! bett] prep>e myself = ! ext5sive travels 9 :i* ,i 0 desir\s ( engag+1 ! actual object ( my /udies has nev]!less be5 ( a high] "*4 ,! pr9cipal impulse by :i* ,i 0 direct$ 0 ! e>ne/ endeavor to compreh5d ! ph5om5a ( physical objects 9 _! g5]al connection1 & to repres5t nature z "o great :ole1 mov$ & animat$ by int]nal =ces4 ,my int]c\rse ) highly-gift$ m5 e>ly l$ me to discov] t1 )\t an e>ne/ /riv+ to atta9 to a k ( special bran*es ( /udy1 all attempts to give a gr& & g5]al view ( ! univ]se w\ld be no?+ m ?an a va9 illusion4 ,^! special dep>tm5ts 9 ! great doma9 ( natural p #h sci5ce are1 moreov]1 capable ( be+ reciprocally fructifi$ by means ( ! appropriative =ces by :i* !y are end[$4 ,descriptive botany1 no long] conf9$ to ! n>r[ circle ( ! det]m9ation ( g5]a & species1 leads ! obs]v] :o trav]ses di/ant l&s & l(ty m\nta9s to ! /udy ( ! geographical di/ribution ( plants ( ! e>?'s surface1 accord+ to di/ance f ! equator & v]tical elevation above ! sea4 ,x is fur!r necess>y to inve/igate ! laws :i* regulate ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature & climate1 & ! meteorological processes ( ! atmosph]e1 be=e we c hope to expla9 ! involv$ causes ( vegetable di/ribution2 & x is ?us t ! obs]v] :o e>ne/ly pursues ! pa? ( k is l$ f "o class ( ph5om5a to ano!r1 by means ( ! mutual dep5d5ce & connection exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,i h enjoy$ an advantage :i* few sci5tific travel]s h %>$ to an equal ext5t1 viz41 t ( hav+ se5 n only littoral di/ricts1 su* z are alone visit$ by ! majority ( ^? :o take "p 9 voyages ( circumnavigation1 b also ^? portions ( ! int]ior ( two va/ cont95ts :i* pres5t ! mo/ /rik+ contra/s manife/$ 9 ! ,alp9e tropical l&scapes ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! dre>y wa/es ( ! /eppes 9 ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,travels1 und]tak5 9 di/ricts su* z ^!1 c\ld n fail to enc\rage ! natural t5d5cy ( my m9d t[>d a g5]alization ( views1 & to enc\rage me to attempt1 9 a special "w1 to treat ( ! k :i* we at pres5t possess1 reg>d+ ! sid]eal & t]re/rial ph5om5a ( ! ,cosmos 9 _! empirical relations4 ,! hi!rto undef9$ idea ( a physical geography has ?us1 by an ext5d$ & p]haps too boldly imag9$ a plan1 be5 compreh5d$ "u ! idea ( a physical description ( ! univ]se1 embrac+ all creat$ ?+s 9 ! regions ( space & 9 ! e>?4 ,! v abundance ( ! mat]ials :i* are pres5t$ to ! m9d = arrangem5t & def9ition1 necess>ily imp>t no inconsid]able difficulties 9 ! *oice ( ! =m "u p #i :i* su* a "w mu/ be pres5t$1 if x w\ld aspire to ! honor ( be+ reg>d$ z a lit]>y composition4 ,descriptions ( nature ought n to be defici5t 9 a tone ( life-l tru?fulness1 :ile ! m]e enum]ation ( a s]ies ( g5]al results is productive ( a no less we>y+ impression ?an ! elaborate accumulation ( ! individual data ( obs]vation4 ,i sc>cely v5ture to hope t ,i h succe$$ 9 satisfy+ ^! v>i\s requirem5ts ( composition1 or t ,i h myself avoid$ ! %oals & break]s :i* ,i h kn[n h[ to indicate to o!rs4 ,my fa9t hope ( success re/s ^u ! special indulg5ce :i* ! ,g]man public h be/[$ ^u a small "w be>+ ! title ( ',ansi*t5 d] ,natur'1 :i* ,i publi%$ soon aft] my return f ,mexico4 ,?is "w treats1 "u g5]al po9ts ( view1 ( sep>ate bran*es ( physical geography 7su* z ! =ms ( vegetation1 grassy pla9s1 & des]ts74 ,! effect produc$ by ?is small volume has d\btlessly be5 m p[]fully manife/$ 9 ! influ5ce x has ex]cis$ on ! s5sitive m9ds ( ! "y1 ^: imag9ative faculties are s /rongly manife/$1 ?an by means ( any ?+ :i* x c\ld itself imp>t4 ,9 ! "w on ! ,cosmos on :i* ,i am n[ engag$1 ,i h endeavor$ to %[1 z 9 t entitl$ ',ansi*t5 d] ,natur'1 t a c]ta9 degree ( sci5tific complet5ess 9 ! treatm5t ( individual facts is n :olly incompatible ) a picturesque animation ( /yle4 ,s9ce public lectures seem$ to me to pres5t an easy & effici5t means ( te/+ ! m or less successful mann] ( connect+ toge!r ! deta*$ bran*es ( any "o sci5ce1 ,i und]took1 = _m mon?s consecutively1 fir/ 9 ! ,fr5* language1 at ,p>is1 & aft]w>d 9 my own native ,g]man1 at ,b]l9 7almo/ simultane\sly at two diff]5t places ( assembly71 to deliv] a c\rse ( lectures on ! physical description ( ! univ]se1 accord+ to my conception ( ! sci5ce4 ,my lectures 7 giv5 extemporane\sly1 bo? 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man1 & )\t ! aid ( writt5 notes1 nor h ,i1 9 any way1 made use1 9 ! pres5t "w1 p #aj ( ^? portions ( my disc\rses :i* h be5 pres]v$ by ! indu/ry ( c]ta9 att5tive auditors4 ,) ! exception ( ! fir/ =ty pages1 ! :ole ( ! pres5t "w 0 writt51 = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! ye>s #ahdc & #ahdd4 ,a "* ( unity1 fre%ness1 & animation mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be d]iv$ f an association ) "s def9ite epo*1 :]e ! object ( ! writ] is to del9eate ! pres5t condition ( k & op9ions4 ,s9ce ! additions con/antly made to ! latt] give rise to fundam5tal *anges 9 pre-exi/+ views1 my lectures & ! ,cosmos h no?+ 9 common beyond ! succession 9 :i* ! v>i\s facts are treat$4 ,! fir/ portion ( my "w conta9s introductory consid]ations reg>d+ ! div]sity 9 ! degrees ( enjoym5t to be d]iv$ f nature1 & ! k ( ! laws by :i* ! univ]se is gov]n$2 x also consid]s ! limitation & sci5tific mode ( treat+ a physical description ( ! univ]se1 & gives a g5]al picture ( nature :i* conta9s a view ( all ! ph5om5a compris$ 9 ! ,cosmos4 ,?is g5]al picture ( nature1 :i* embraces )9 its wide scope ! remote/ nebul\s spots1 & ! revolv+ d\ble />s 9 ! regions ( space1 no less ?an ! telluric ph5om5a includ$ "u ! dep>tm5t ( ! geography ( organic =ms 7su* z plants1 animals1 & races ( m571 comprises all t ,i deem mo/ specially important ) reg>d to ! connection exi/+ betwe5 g5]alities & specialities1 :ile x moreov] exemplifies1 by ! =m & /yle ( ! composition1 ! mode ( treatm5t pursu$ 9 ! selection ( ! results obta9$ f exp]im5tal k4 ,! two succe$+ volumes w conta9 a consid]ation ( ! p>ticul> means ( incitem5t t[>d ! /udy ( nature 7consi/+ 9 animat$ del9eations1 l&scape pa9t+1 & ! arrangem5t & cultivation ( exotic vegetable =ms71 ( ! hi/ory ( ! contemplation ( ! univ]se1 or ! gradual developm5t ( ! reciprocal action ( natural =ces con/itut+ "o natural :ole2 & la/ly1 ( ! special p #aa bran*es ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 ^: mutual connection is indicat$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! "w4 ,:]ev] x has be5 possible to d s1 ,i h adduc$ ! au?orities f :5ce ,i d]iv$ my facts1 ) a view ( af=d+ te/imony bo? to ! accuracy ( my /atem5ts & to ! value ( ! obs]vations to :i* ref]5ce 0 made4 ,9 ^? in/ances :]e ,i h quot$ f my own writ+s 7! facts conta9$ 9 :i* be+1 f _! v nature1 scatt]$ ?r\gh diff]5t portions ( my works71 ,i h always ref]r$ to ! orig9al editions1 ow+ to ! importance ( accuracy ) reg>d to num]ical relations1 & to my own di/ru/ ( ! c>e & correctness ( translators4 ,9 ! few cases :]e ,i h extract$ %ort passages f ! works ( my fri5ds1 ,i h indicat$ !m by m>ks ( quotation2 &1 9 imitation ( ! practice ( ! anci5ts1 ,i h inv>iably pref]r$ ! repetition ( ! same words to any arbitr>y sub/itution ( my own p>aphrases4 ,! mu*-conte/$ "q ( priority ( claim to a fir/ discov]y1 :i* x is s dang]\s to treat ( 9 a "w ( ?is uncontrov]sial k9d1 has r>ely be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,:]e ,i h occasionally ref]r$ to classical antiquity1 & to t happy p]iod ( transition :i* has r5d]$ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies s celebrat$1 ow+ to ! great geographical discov]ies by :i* ! age 0 *>act]iz$1 ,i h be5 simply l$ to adopt ?is mode ( treatm5t1 f ! desire we exp]i5ce f "t to "t1 :5 consid]+ ! g5]al views ( nature1 to escape f ! circle ( m /rictly dogmatical mod]n op9ions1 & ent] ! free & fanciful doma9 ( e>li] pres5tim5ts4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 reg>d$ z a subject ( disc\rag+ consid]ation1 t :ile purely lit]>y products ( intellectual activity are root$ 9 ! dep?s ( feel+1 & int]wov5 ) ! creative =ce ( imag9ation1 all works treat+ ( empirical k1 & ( ! connection ( natural ph5om5a & physical laws1 are subject to ! mo/ m>k$ modifications ( =m 9 ! lapse ( %ort p]iods ( "t1 bo? p #ab by ! improvem5t 9 ! in/rum5ts us$1 & by ! consequ5t expansion ( ! field ( view op5$ to rational obs]vation1 & t ^? sci5tific works :i* h1 to use a common expression1 become 'antiquat$' by ! acquisition ( new funds ( k1 are ?us cont9ually be+ consign$ to oblivion z unreadable4 ,h[ev] disc\rag+ su* a prospect mu/ be1 no "o :o is animat$ by a g5u9e love ( nature1 & by a s5se ( ! dignity atta*$ to its /udy1 c view ) regret any ?+ :i* promises future additions & a great] degree ( p]fection to g5]al k4 ,_m important bran*es ( k h be5 bas$ ^u a solid f\ndation :i* w n easily be %ak51 bo? z reg>ds ! ph5om5a 9 ! regions ( space & on ! e>?2 :ile !re are o!r portions ( sci5ce 9 :i* g5]al views w und\bt$ly take ! place ( m]ely special2 :]e new =ces w be discov]$ & new sub/ances w be made kn[n1 & :]e ^? :i* are n[ consid]$ z simple w be decompos$4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1 v5ture to hope t an attempt to del9eate nature 9 all its vivid animation & exalt$ gr&eur1 & to trace ! '/able' amid ! vacillat+1 ev]-recurr+ alt]nation ( physical metamorphoses1 w n be :olly disreg>d$ ev5 at a future age4 ',potsdam1 ,nov4'1 #ahdd4 ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages #ac-bb ,,nb - ,! page numb]s w be prop]ly align$ 9 ,c\ri] #ab font4 ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- p #ac ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ---------------------- ,page ,! ,translator's ,preface 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#c ,! ,au?or's ,preface 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#g ,summ>y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#ae ,,introduction4 ,! ,results ( ! ,/udy ( ,physical ,ph5om5a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bc ,! diff]5t ,epo*s ( ! ,contemplation ( ! ext]nal ,_w 4 4#bd ,! diff]5t ,degrees ( ,enjoym5t pres5t$ by ! ,contemplation ( ,nature 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #be ,in/ances ( ?is ,species ( ,enjoym5t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bf ,means by :i* x is induc$ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bf ,! ,elevations & climatic ,relations ( _m ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,_w1 consid]$ ) ,ref]5ce to ! ,effect produc$ on ! ,m9d ( ! ,obs]v] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#bg-cc ,! ,impressions awak5$ by ! ,aspect ( tropical ,regions 4 4 4 4 #cd ,! m accurate ,k ( ! ,physical ,=ces ( ! ,univ]se1 acquir$ by ! ,inhabitants ( a small ,section ( ! temp]ate ,zone 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#cf ,! e>lie/ ,dawn ( ! ,sci5ce ( ! ,cosmos 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cf ,! ,difficulties t oppos$ ! ,progress ( ,inquiry 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cg ,consid]ation ( ! ,effect produc$ on ! ,m9d by ! ,obs]vation ( ,nature1 & ! ,fe> ent]ta9$ by "s ( its injuri\s ,influ5ce 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dj ,illu/rations ( ! ,mann] 9 :i* _m rec5t ,discov]ies h t5d$ to ,remove ! gr\ndless ,fe>s ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! ,ag5cy ( c]ta9 ,natural ,ph5om5a 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dc ,! ,am\nt ( ,sci5tific ,k requir$ to ent] on ! ,consid]ation ( ,physical ,ph5om5a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dg ,! ,object held 9 ,view by ! pres5t ,"w 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #di ,! ,nature ( ! ,/udy ( ! ,cosmos 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ej ,! special ,requirem5ts ( ! pres5t ,age 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ec ,limits & ,me?od ( ,exposition ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ef ,consid]ations on ! t]ms ,physiology & ,physics 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#eh ,physical ,geography 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ei ,cele/ial ,ph5om5a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fc ,! ,natural ,philosophy ( ! ,anci5ts direct$ m to ,cele/ial ?an to ,t]re/rial ,ph5om5a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#fe ,! able ,treatises ( ,v>5ius & ,c>l ,ritt] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#ff1 #fg ,signification ( ! ,^w ,cosmos 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fh-gj ,! ,doma9 embrac$ by ,cosmography 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ga ,empiricism & ,exp]im5ts 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gd ,! ,process ( ,reason & ,induction 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#gg p #ad ,,g5]al ,,review ,,( ,,natural ,,ph5om5a4 ,connection betwe5 ! ,mat]ial & ! ,ideal ,_w 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hj ,del9eation ( ,nature 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hb ,cele/ial ,ph5om5a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hc ,sid]eal ,sy/ems 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hi ,planet>y ,sy/ems 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#ij ,comets 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ii ,a]olites 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#aaa ,zodiacal ,light 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acg ,translatory ,motion ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ade ,! ,milky ,way 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#aej ,/>less ,op5+s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aeb ,t]re/rial ,ph5om5a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#aed ,geographical ,di/ribution 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#afa ,figure ( ! ,e>? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#afc ,d5sity ( ! ,e>? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afi ,int]nal ,heat ( ! ,e>? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agb ,mean ,temp]ature ( ! ,e>? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#age ,t]re/rial ,magnetism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agg ,magnetism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#ahc ,aurora ,borealis 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4#aic ,geogno/ic ,ph5om5a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjb ,e>?quakes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjd ,gase\s ,emanations 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjg ,hot ,spr+s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#bba ,salses 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#bbd ,volcanoes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#bbg ,rocks 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#bdg ,palaeontology 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#bgj ,geogno/ic ,p]iods 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bhf ,physical ,geography 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bhg ,meteorology 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#caa ,atmosph]ic ,pressure 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cae ,climatology 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#cag ,! ,sn[-l9e 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#cbi ,hygrometry 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ccb ,atmosph]ic ,electricity 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#cce ,organic ,life 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cci ,motion 9 ,plants 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cda ,univ]sality ( ,animal ,life 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#cdb ,geography ( ,plants & ,animals 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#cdf ,floras ( diff]5t ,c\ntries 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#cej ,man 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#ceb ,races 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#cec ,language 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ceg ,conclusion ( ! ,subject 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#cei p #ae ,,summ>y4 ----------- ,translator's ,preface4 ,au?or's ,preface4 ,vol ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction4 -- ,reflections on ! diff]5t ,degrees ( ,enjoym5t pres5t$ to u by ! ,aspect ( ,nature & ! sci5tific ,exposition ( ! ,laws ( ! ,univ]se 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4,page #bc-gh ,insight into ! connection ( ph5om5a z ! aim ( all natural inve/igation4 ,nature pres5ts itself to m$itative contemplation z a unity 9 div]sity4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! grades ( enjoym5t yield$ by nature4 ,effect ( contact ) free nature2 enjoym5t d]iv$ f nature indep5d5tly ( a k ( ! action ( natural =ces1 or ( ! physiognomy & configuration ( ! surface1 or ( ! "* ( vegetation4 ,rem9isc5ces ( ! woody valleys ( ! ,cordill]as & ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,advantages ( ! m\nta9\s region ne> ! equator1 :]e ! multiplicity ( natural impressions atta9s its maximum )9 ! mo/ circumscrib$ limits1 & :]e x is p]mitt$ to man simultane\sly to behold all ! />s ( ! firmam5t & all ! =ms ( vegetation -- p4 #bc-cc4 ,t5d5cy t[>d ! inve/igation ( ! causes ( physical ph5om5a4 ,errone\s views ( ! "* ( natural =ces aris+ f an imp]fect mode ( obs]vation or ( induction4 ,! crude accumulation ( physical dogmas transmitt$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,_! diffusion among ! high] classes4 ,sci5tific physics are associat$ ) ano!r & a deep-root$ sy/em ( untri$ & misund]/ood exp]im5tal positions4 ,inve/igation ( natural laws4 ,appreh5sion t nature may lose a portion ( its secret *>m by an inquiry into ! int]nal "* ( its =ces1 & t ! enjoym5t ( nature mu/ necess>ily be weak5$ by a /udy ( its doma94 ,advantages ( g5]al views :i* imp>t an exalt$ & solemn "* to natural sci5ce4 ,! possibility ( sep>at+ g5]alities f specialties4 ,examples drawn f a/ronomy1 rec5t optical discov]ies1 physical geognosy1 & ! geography ( plants4 ,practicability ( ! /udy ( physical cosmography -- p4 #cc-ed4 ,misund]/ood popul> k1 conf\nd+ cosmography ) a m]e encyclop$ic enum]ation ( natural sci5ces4 ,necessity = a simultane\s reg>d = all bran*es ( natural sci5ce4 ,influ5ce ( ?is /udy on national prosp]ity & ! welf>e ( nations2 its m e>ne/ & *>act]i/ic aim is an inn] "o1 aris+ f exalt$ m5tal activity4 ,mode ( treatm5t ) reg>d to ! object & pres5tation2 reciprocal connection exi/+ betwe5 ?\ght & spee* -- p4 #ed-ef4 ,! notes to p4 #bh-cc4 ,comp>ative hypsometrical data ( ! elevations ( ! ,dhawalagiri1 ,jawahir1 ,*imborazo1 ,aetna 7accord+ to ! measurem5t ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el71 ! ,swiss ,alps1 etc4 -- p4 #bh4 ,r>ity p #af ( palms & f]ns 9 ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s -- p4 #bi4 ,european vegetable =ms 9 ! ,indian ,m\nta9s -- p4 #cj4 ,nor!rn & s\!rn limits ( p]petual sn[ on ! ,himalaya2 influ5ce ( ! elevat$ plateau ( ,?ibet -- p4 #cj-cc4 ,fi%es ( an e>li] _w -- p4 #df4 ,limits & ,me?od ( ,exposition ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 ,page #ef-gh ,subjects embrac$ by ! /udy ( ! ,cosmos or ( physical cosmography4 ,sep>ation ( o!r k9dr$ /udies -- p4 #ef-fb4 ,! uranological portion ( ! ,cosmos is m simple ?an ! telluric2 ! impossibility ( asc]ta9+ ! div]sity ( matt] simplifies ! /udy ( ! me*anism ( ! heav5s4 ,orig9 ( ! ^w ',cosmos'1 its signification ( adornm5t & ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,! 'exi/+' c n be absolutely sep>at$ 9 our contemplation ( nature f ! 'future'4 ,hi/ory ( ! _w & description ( ! _w -- p4 #bf-gc4 ,attempts to embrace ! multiplicity ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ,cosmos 9 ! unity ( ?\ght & "u ! =m ( a purely rational comb9ation4 ,natural philosophy1 :i* prec$$ all exact obs]vation 9 antiquity1 is a natural1 b n unfrequ5tly ill-direct$1 ef=t ( reason4 ,two =ms ( ab/raction rule 9 ! :ole mass ( k1 viz43 ! 'quantitative'1 relative det]m9ations accord+ to numb] & magnitude1 & 'qualitative'1 mat]ial *>act]s4 ,means ( submitt+ ph5om5a to calculation4 ,atoms1 me*anical me?ods ( con/ruction4 ,figurative repres5tations2 my?ical conception ( impond]able matt]s1 & ! peculi> vital =ces 9 e organism4 ,t :i* is atta9$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t 7call+ =? ph5om5a7 leads1 by analogy & induction1 to a k ( 'empirical laws'2 _! gradual simplification & g5]alization4 ,arrangem5t ( ! facts discov]$ 9 accordance ) lead+ ideas4 ,! treasure ( empirical contemplation1 collect$ ?r\gh ages1 is 9 no dang] ( exp]i5c+ any ho/ile ag5cy f philosophy -- p4 #gc-gh4 ,9 ! notes app5d$ to p4 #ff-gj are consid]ations ( ! g5]al & comp>ative geography ( ,v>5ius4 ,philological inve/igation into ! mean+ ( ! words ,greek ^w & 'mundus'4 ,del9eation ( ,nature4 ,g5]al ,review ( ,natural ,ph5om5a4 4 4 4 4 p4 #gi-cei ,introduction -- p4 #gi-hc4 ,a descriptive del9eation ( ! _w embraces ! :ole univ]se 7,greek words7 9 ! cele/ial & t]re/rial sph]es4 ,=m & c\rse ( ! repres5tation4 ,x beg9s ) ! laws ( gravitation1 & ) ! region ( ! remote/ nebul\s spots & d\ble />s1 & !n1 gradually desc5d+ ?r\gh ! />ry /ratum to :i* our sol> sy/em belongs1 x contemplates ?is t]re/rial sph]oid1 surr\nd$ by air & wat]1 & f9ally1 proce$s to ! consid]ation ( ! =m ( our planet1 its temp]ature & magnetic t5sion1 & ! fullness ( organic vitality :i* is unfold$ on its surface "u ! action ( light4 ,p>tial insight into ! relative dep5d5ce exi/+ among all ph5om5a4 ,amid all ! mobile & un/able elem5ts 9 space1 'mean num]ical values' are ! ultimate aim ( inve/igation1 be+ ! expression ( ! physical laws1 or =ces ( ! ,cosmos4 ,! del9eation ( ! univ]se does n beg9 ) ! e>?1 f :i* a m]ely subjective po9t ( view might h l$ u to />t1 b r ) ! objects compris$ 9 ! regions ( space4 ,di/ribution ( matt]1 :i* is p>tially conglom]at$ into rotat+ p #ag & circl+ heav5ly bodies ( v diff]5t d5sity & magnitude1 & p>tly scatt]$ z self-lum9\s vapor4 ,review ( ! sep>ate portions ( ! picture ( nature1 = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! reciprocal connection ( all ph5om5a4 ,i4 ,cele/ial ,portion ( ! ,cosmos 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4,page #hc-aed ,,ii4 ,t]re/rial ,portion ( ! ,cosmos 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4p4 #aed-cei a4 ,=m ( ! e>?1 its mean d5sity1 quantity ( heat1 electro-magnetic activity1 process ( light -- p4 #aed-bjb4 b4 ,vital activity ( ! e>? t[>d its ext]nal surface4 ,reaction ( ! int]ior ( a planet on its cru/ & surface4 ,subt]ranean noise )\t waves ( concussion4 ,e>?quakes dynamic ph5om5a -- p4 #bjb-bag4 c4 ,mat]ial products :i* frequ5tly accompany e>?quakes4 ,gase\s & aque\s spr+s4 ,salses & mud volcanoes4 ,upheavals ( ! soil by ela/ic =ces -- p4 #bag-bbh4 d4 ,fire-emitt+ m\nta9s4 ,crat]s ( elevation4 ,di/ribution ( volcanoes on ! e>? -- p4 #bbh-bdg4 e4 ,volcanic =ces =m new k9ds ( rock1 & metamorphose ^? already exi/+4 ,geogno/ical classification ( rocks into f\r gr\ps4 ,ph5om5a ( contact4 ,fossilif]\s /rata2 _! v]tical arrangem5t4 ,! faunas & floras ( an e>li] _w4 ,di/ribution ( masses ( rock -- p4 #bdg-chd4 f4 ,geogno/ical epo*s1 :i* are indicat$ by ! m9]alogical diff]5ce ( rocks1 h det]m9$ ! di/ribution ( solids & fluids into cont95ts & seas4 ,individual configuration ( solids into horizontal expansion & v]tical elevation4 ,relations ( area4 ,articulation4 ,probability ( ! cont9u$ elevation ( ! e>?'s cru/ 9 ridges -- p4 #bhd-cja4 g4 ,liquid & a]i=m envelopes ( ! solid surface ( our planet4 ,di/ribution ( heat 9 bo?4 ,! sea4 ,! tides4 ,curr5ts & _! effects -- p4 #cja-caa4 h4 ,! atmosph]e4 ,its *emical composition4 ,fluctuations 9 its d5sity4 ,law ( ! direction ( ! w9ds4 ,mean temp]ature4 ,enum]ation ( ! causes :i* t5d to raise & l[] ! temp]ature4 ,cont95tal & insul> climates4 ,ea/ & we/ coa/s4 ,cause ( ! curvature ( ! iso!rmal l9es4 ,limits ( p]petual sn[4 ,quantity ( vapor4 ,electricity 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,=ms ( ! cl\ds -- p4 #caa-cci4 i4 ,sep>ation ( inorganic t]re/rial life f ! geography ( vital organisms2 ! geography ( vegetables & animals4 ,physical gradations ( ! human race -- p4 #cci-cei4 ,special ,analysis ( ! ,del9eation ( ,nature1 includ+ ,ref]5ces to ! ,subjects treat$ ( 9 ! ,notes4 ,i4 ,cele/ial ,portion ( ! ,cosmos 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 p4 #hc-aed ,! univ]se & all t x comprises -- multi=m nebul\s spots1 planet>y vapor1 & nebul\s />s4 ,! picturesque *>m ( a s\!rn sky -- note1 p4 #he4 ,conjectures on ! position 9 space ( ! _w4 ,our /ell> masses4 ,a cosmical isl&4 ,gaug+ />s4 ,d\ble />s revolv+ r\nd a common c5t]4 ,di/ance ( ! /> #fa ,cygni -- p4 #hh & note4 ,our sol> sy/em m complicat$ ?an 0 conjectur$ at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,prim>y planets ) ,neptune1 ,a/rea1 ,hebe1 ,iris1 & ,flora1 n[ con/itute #af2 second>y planets #ah2 myriad ( comets ( :i* _m ( ! inn] ones are inclos$ p #ah 9 ! orbits ( ! planets2 a rotat+ r+ 7! zodiacal light7 & meteoric /ones1 probably to be reg>d$ z small cosmical bodies4 ,! telescopic planets1 ,ve/a1 ,juno1 ,c]es1 ,pallas1 ,a/rea1 ,hebe1 ,iris & ,flora1 ) _! frequ5tly int]sect+1 /rongly incl9$1 & m ecc5tric orbits1 con/itute a c5tral gr\p ( sep>ation betwe5 ! inn] planet>y gr\p 7,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s7 & ! out] gr\p 7,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune74 ,contra/s ( ^! planet>y gr\ps4 ,relations ( di/ance f "o c5tral body4 ,diff]5ces ( absolute magnitude1 d5sity1 p]iod ( revolution1 ecc5tricity1 & incl9ation ( ! orbits4 ,! s-call$ law ( ! di/ances ( ! planets f _! c5tral sun4 ,! planets :i* h ! l>ge/ numb] ( moons -- p4 #if & note4 ,relations 9 space1 bo? absolute & relative1 ( ! second>y planets4 ,l>ge/ & smalle/ ( ! moons4 ,greate/ approximation to a prim>y planet4 ,retrogressive movem5t ( ! moons ( ,uranus4 ,libration ( ! ,e>?'s satellite -- p4 #ih & note4 ,comets2 ! nucleus & tail2 v>i\s =ms & directions ( ! emanations 9 conoidal envelopes1 ) m or less d5se walls4 ,sev]al tails incl9$ t[>d ! sun2 *ange ( =m ( fix$ />s by ! nuclei ( comets4 ,ecc5tricity ( _! orbits & p]iods ( revolution4 ,greate/ di/ance & greate/ approximation ( comets4 ,passage ?r\gh ! sy/em ( ,jupit]'s satellites4 ,comets ( %ort p]iods ( revolution1 m correctly t]m$ inn] comets 7,encke1 ,biela1 ,faye7 -- p4 #ajg & note4 ,revolv+ a]olites 7meteoric /ones1 fire-balls1 fall+ />s74 ,_! planet>y velocity1 magnitude1 =m1 obs]v$ height4 ,p]iodic return 9 /reams2 ! ,novemb] /ream & ! /ream ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,*emical composition ( meteoric a/]oids -- p4 #acj & notes4 ,r+ ( zodiacal light4 ,limitation ( ! pres5t sol> atmosph]e -- p4 #ada & note4 ,translatory motion ( ! :ole sol> sy/em -- p4 #ade-adi & note4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! law ( gravitation beyond our sol> sy/em4 ,! milky way ( />s & its conjectur$ break+ up4 ,milky way ( nebul\s spots1 at "r angles ) t ( ! />s4 ,p]iods ( revolutions ( bi-color$ d\ble />s4 ,canopy ( />s2 op5+s 9 ! /ell> /ratum4 ,ev5ts 9 ! univ]se2 ! app>ition ( new />s4 ,propagation ( light1 ! aspect ( ! />ry vault ( ! heav5s conveys to ! m9d an idea ( inequality ( "t -- p4 #adi-aed & notes4 ,,ii4 ,t]re/rial ,portion ( ! ,cosmos 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,page #aed-cei a4 ,figure ( ! e>?4 ,d5sity1 quantity ( heat1 electro-magnetic t5sion1 & t]re/rial light -- p4 #aed-bjb & note4 ,k ( ! compression & curvature ( ! e>?'s surface acquir$ by measurem5ts ( degrees1 p5dulum oscillations1 & c]ta9 inequalities 9 ! moon's orbit4 ,mean d5sity ( ! e>?4 ,! e>?'s cru/1 & ! dep? to :i* we are able to p5etrate -- p4 #aei1 #afj1 note4 ,?reefold movem5t ( ! heat ( ! e>?2 its !rmic condition4 ,law ( ! increase ( heat ) ! increase ( dep? -- p4 #afj1 #afa & note4 ,magnetism electricity 9 motion4 ,p]iodical v>iation ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,di/urbance ( ! regul> c\rse ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,magnetic /orms2 ext5sion ( _! action4 ,manife/ations ( magnetic =ce on ! e>?'s surface pres5t$ "u ?ree classes ( ph5om5a1 namely1 l9es ( equal =ce 7isodynamic71 equal incl9ation 7isocl9ic71 & equal deviation 7isogonic74 ,position ( ! magnetic pole4 ,its probable connection ) ! poles ( cold4 ,*ange ( all ! magnetic ph5om5a ( ! e>?4 ,erection ( magnetic obs]vatories p #ai s9ce #ahbh2 a f>-ext5d+ net-"w ( magnetic /ations -- p4 #aij & note4 ,developm5t ( light at ! magnetic poles2 t]re/rial light z a consequ5ce ( ! electro-magnetic activity ( our planet4 ,elevation ( pol> light4 ,:e!r magnetic /orms are accompani$ by noise4 ,connection ( pol> light 7an electro-magnetic developm5t ( light7 ) ! =mation ( cirrus cl\ds4 ,o!r examples ( ! g5]ation ( t]re/rial light -- p4 #bjb & note4 b4 ,! vital activity ( a planet manife/$ f )9 outw>d1 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( geogno/ic ph5om5a4 ,connection betwe5 m]ely dynamic concussions or ! upheaval ( :ole portions ( ! e>?'s cru/1 accompani$ by ! effusion ( matt]1 & ! g5]ation ( gase\s & liquid fluids1 ( hot mud & fus$ e>?s1 :i* solidify into rocks4 ,volcanic action1 9 ! mo/ g5]al conception ( ! idea1 is ! reaction ( ! int]ior ( a planet on its out] surface4 ,e>?quakes4 ,ext5t ( ! circles ( commotion & _! gradual increase4 ,:e!r !re exi/s any connection betwe5 ! *anges 9 t]re/rial magnetism & ! processes ( ! atmosph]e4 ,noises1 subt]ranean ?und] )\t any p]ceptible concussion4 ,! rocks :i* modify ! propagation ( ! waves ( concussion4 ,upheavals2 eruption ( wat]1 hot /eam1 mud m(ettes1 smoke1 & flame dur+ an e>?quake -- p4 #bjb-bah & notes4 c4 ,clos] consid]ation ( mat]ial products z a consequ5ce ( int]nal planet>y activity4 ,!re rise f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh fissures & cones ( eruption1 v>i\s gases1 liquid fluids 7pure or acidulat$71 mud1 & molt5 e>?s4 ,volcanoes are a species ( int]mitt5t spr+4 ,temp]ature ( !rmal spr+s2 _! con/ancy & *ange4 ,dep? ( ! foci -- p4 #bai-bbd & notes4 ,salses1 mud volcanoes4 ,:ile fire-emitt+ m\nta9s1 be+ s\rces ( molt5 e>?s1 produce volcanic rocks1 spr+ wat] =ms1 by precipitation1 /rata ( lime/one4 ,cont9u$ g5]ation ( s$im5t>y rocks -- p4 #bbh & note4 d4 ,div]sity ( volcanic elevations4 ,dome-l clos$ tra*ytic m\nta9s4 ,actual volcanoes :i* are =m$ f crat]s ( elevations or among ! detritus ( _! orig9al /ructure4 ,p]man5t connection ( ! int]ior ( our e>? ) ! atmosph]e4 ,relation to c]ta9 rocks4 ,influ5ce ( ! relations ( height on ! frequ5cy ( ! eruptions4 ,heights ( ! cone ( c9d]s4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ^? volcanoes :i* rise above ! sn[-l9e4 ,columns ( a%es & fire4 ,volcanic /orm dur+ ! eruption4 ,m9]al composition ( lavas -- p4 #bcf & notes4 ,di/ribution ( volcanoes on ! e>?'s surface2 c5tral & l9e> volcanoes2 insul> & littoral volcanoes4 ,di/ance ( volcanoes f ! sea-coa/4 ,ext9ction ( volcanic =ces -- p4 #bdf & notes4 e4 ,relation ( volcanoes to ! "* ( rocks4 ,volcanic =ces =m new rocks1 & metamorphose ! m anci5t ones4 ,! /udy ( ^! relations leads1 by a d\ble c\rse1 to ! m9]al portion ( geognosy 7! /udy ( ! textures & ( ! position ( ! e>?'s /rata71 & to ! configuration ( cont95ts & insul> gr\ps elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea 7! /udy ( ! geographical =m & outl9es ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,classification ( rocks accord+ to ! scale ( ! ph5om5a ( /ructure & metamorphosis1 :i* are /ill pass+ be=e our eyes4 ,rocks ( eruption1 s$im5t>y rocks1 *ang$ 7metamorphos$7 rocks1 conglom]ates -- comp\nd rocks are def9ite associations ( cryctogno/ically simple fossils4 ,!re are f\r phases 9 ! =mative condition2 rocks ( eruption1 p #bj endog5\s 7granite1 si5ite1 porphyry1 gre5/one1 hyp]a!ne1 rock1 euphotide1 melaphyre1 basalt1 & phonoli!72 s$im5t>y rocks 7silurian s*i/1 coal measures1 lime/one1 trav]t9o1 infusorial deposit72 metamorphos$ rock1 :i* conta9s also1 toge!r ) ! detritus mica s*i/1 & m anci5t metamorphic masses4 ,aggregate & s&/one =mations4 ,! ph5om5on ( contact expla9$ by ! artificial imitation ( m9]als4 ,effects ( pressure & ! v>i\s rapidity ( cool+4 ,orig9 ( granul> or sac*>oidal m>ble1 silicification ( s*i/ into ribbon jasp]4 ,metamorphosis ( calc>e\s m>l into micace\s s*i/ ?r\gh granite4 ,conv]sion ( dolomite & granite into argillace\s s*i/1 by contact ) basaltic & dol]itic rocks4 ,fill+ up ( ! ve9s f bel[4 ,processes ( cem5tation 9 agglom]ate /ructures4 ,friction conglom]ates -- p4 #bfi & note4 ,relative age ( rocks1 *ronometry ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,fossilif]\s /rata4 ,relative age ( organisms4 ,simplicity ( ! fir/ vital =ms4 ,dep5d5ce ( physiological gradations on ! age ( ! =mations4 ,geogno/ic horizon1 ^: c>eful inve/igation may yield c]ta9 data reg>d+ ! id5tity or ! relative age ( =mations1 ! p]iodic recurr5ce ( c]ta9 /rata1 _! p>allelism1 or _! total suppression4 ,types ( ! s$im5t>y /ructures consid]$ 9 _! mo/ simple & g5]al *>act]s2 silurian & devonian =mations 7=m]ly kn[n z rocks ( transition72 ! l[] trias 7m\nta9 lime/one1 coal measures1 toge!r ) 'todileg5de' & ze*/e972 ! upp] trias 7butt] s&/one1 mus*elkalk1 & keup]72 ,jura lime/one 7lias & oolite72 free/one1 l[] & upp] *alk1 z ! la/ ( ! flotz /rata1 :i* beg9 ) m\nta9 lime/one2 t]ti>y =mations 9 ?ree divisions1 :i* are designat$ by granul> lime/one1 lignite1 & s\? ,ap5n9e gravel -- p4 #bfi-bgh4 ,! faunas & floras ( an e>li] _w1 & _! relations to exi/+ organisms4 ,colossal bones ( ant$iluvian mammalia 9 ! upp] alluvium4 ,vegetation ( an e>li] _w2 monum5ts ( ! hi/ory ( its vegetation4 ,! po9ts at :i* c]ta9 vegetable gr\ps atta9 _! maximum2 cycadeae 9 ! keup] & lias1 & conif]ae 9 ! butt] s&/one4 ,lignite & coal measures 7amb]-tree74 ,deposition ( l>ge masses ( rock2 d\bts reg>d+ _! orig9 -- p4 #bhe & note4 f4 ,! k ( geogno/ic epo*s -- ( ! upheaval ( m\nta9 *a9s & elevat$ plateaux1 by :i* l&s are bo? =m$ & de/roy$1 leads1 by an int]nal causal connection1 to ! di/ribution into solids & fluids1 & to ! peculi>ities 9 ! natural configuration ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,exi/+ areal relations ( ! solid to ! fluid diff] consid]ably f ^? pres5t$ by ! maps ( ! physical portion ( a m anci5t geography4 ,importance ( ! eruption ( qu>tzose1 porphyry ) ref]5ce to ! !n exi/+ configuration ( cont95tal masses4 ,individual con=mation 9 horizontal ext5sion 7relations ( articulation7 & 9 v]tical elevation 7hypsometrical views74 ,influ5ce ( ! relations ( ! area ( l& & sea on ! temp]ature1 direction ( ! w9ds1 abundance or sc>city ( organic products1 & on all meteorological processes collectively4 ,direction ( ! major axes ( cont95tal masses4 ,articulation & pyramidal t]m9ation t[>d ! s\?4 ,s]ies ( p59sulas4 ,valley-l =mation ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,=ms :i* frequ5tly recur -- p4 #bhe-bic & notes4 ,ramifications & sy/ems ( m\nta9 *a9s1 & ! means ( det]m9+ _! relative ages4 ,attempts to det]m9e ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! volume ( ! l&s upheav$ above ! level p #ba ( ! sea4 ,! elevation ( cont95ts is /ill progress+ sl[ly1 & is be+ comp5sat$ = at "s def9ite po9ts by a p]ceptible s9k+4 ,all geogno/ic ph5om5a indicate a p]iodical alt]ation ( activity 9 ! int]ior ( our planet4 ,probability ( new elevations ( ridges -- p4 #bic-cja & notes4 g4 ,! solid surface ( ! e>? has two envelopes1 "o liquid1 & ! o!r a]i=m4 ,contra/s & analogies :i* ^! envelopes -- ! sea & ! atmosph]e -- pres5t 9 _! conditions ( aggregation & electricity1 & 9 _! relations ( curr5ts & temp]ature4 ,dep?s ( ! ocean & ( ! atmosph]e1 ! %oals ( :i* con/itute our highl&s & m\nta9 *a9s4 ,! degree ( heat at ! surface ( ! sea 9 diff]5t latitudes & 9 ! l[] /rata4 ,t5d5cy ( ! sea to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! surface 9 ! /rata ne>e/ to ! atmosph]e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mobility ( its p>ticles & ! alt]ation 9 its d5sity4 ,maximum ( ! d5sity ( salt wat]4 ,position ( ! zones ( ! hotte/ wat]1 & ( ^? hav+ ! greate/ sal9e cont5ts4 ,!rmic influ5ce ( ! l[] pol> curr5t & ! c\nt] curr5ts 9 ! /raits ( ! sea -- p4 #cjb-cjd & notes4 ,g5]al level ( ! sea1 & p]man5t local di/urbances ( equilibrium2 ! p]iodic di/urbances manife/$ z tides4 ,oceanic curr5ts2 ! equatorial or rotation curr5t1 ! ,atlantic w>m ,gulf ,/ream1 & ! fur!r impulse :i* x receives2 ! cold ,p]uvian /ream 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,pacific ,ocean ( ! s\!rn zone4 ,temp]ature ( %oals4 ,! univ]sal diffusion ( life 9 ! ocean4 ,influ5ce ( ! small subm>9e sylvan region at ! bottom ( b$s ( root$ algae1 or on f>-ext5d+ float+ lay]s ( fucus -- p4 #cjb-caa & notes4 h4 ,! gase\s envelope ( our planet1 ! atmosph]e4 ,*emical composition ( ! atmosph]e1 its transp>5cy1 its pol>ization1 pressure1 temp]ature1 humidity1 & electric t5sion4 ,relation ( oxyg5 to nitrog52 am\nt ( c>bonic acid2 c>buret$ hydrog52 ammoniacal vapors4 ,miamata4 ,regul> 7hor>y7 *anges 9 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,mean b>ometrical height at ! level ( ! sea 9 diff]5t zones ( ! e>?4 ,isob>ometrical curves4 ,b>ometrical w9droses4 ,law ( rotation ( ! w9ds1 & its importance ) ref]5ce to ! k ( _m meteorological processes4 ,l& & sea w9ds1 trade w9ds & monsoons -- p4 #caa-cag4 ,climatic di/ribution ( heat 9 ! atmosph]e1 z ! effect ( ! relative position ( transp>5t & opaque masses 7fluid & solid sup]ficial area71 & ( ! hypsometrical configuration ( cont95ts4 ,curvature ( ! iso!rmal l9es 9 a horizontal & v]tical direction1 on ! e>?'s surface & 9 ! sup]impos$ /rata ( air4 ,convexity & concavity ( ! iso!rmal l9es4 ,mean heat ( ! ye>1 seasons1 mon?s1 & days4 ,enum]ation ( ! causes :i* produce di/urbances 9 ! =m ( iso!rmal l9es1 i4e41 _! deviation f ! position ( ! geographical p>allels4 ,iso*im5al & iso!ral l9es are ! l9es ( equal w9t] & summ] heat4 ,causes :i* raise or l[] ! temp]ature4 ,radiation ( ! e>?'s surface1 accord+ to its incl9ation1 color1 d5sity1 dryness1 & *emical composition4 ,! =m ( ! cl\d :i* ann\nces :at is pass+ 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! atmosph]e is ! image ( ! /rongly radiat+ gr\nd project$ on a hot summ] sky4 ,contra/ betwe5 an insul> or littoral climate1 su* z is exp]i5c$ by all deeply-articulat$ cont95ts1 & ! climate ( ! int]ior ( l>ge tracts ( l&4 ,ea/ & we/ coa/s4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\!rn & nor!rn hemisph]es4 ,!rmal scales ( p #bb cultivat$ plants1 go+ d[n f ! vanilla1 cacoa1 & musaceae1 by citr\s & olives1 & to v9es yield+ potable w9es4 ,! influ5ce :i* ^! scales ex]cise on ! geographical di/ribution ( cultivat$ plants4 ,! favorable rip5+ & ! immaturity ( fruits are ess5tially influ5c$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! action ( direct or scatt]$ light 9 a cle> sky or 9 "o ov]ca/ ) mi/4 ,g5]al summ>y ( ! causes :i* yield a m g5ial climate to ! great] portion ( ,europe consid]$ z ! we/]n p59sula ( ,asia -- p4 #cbf4 ,det]m9ation ( ! *anges 9 ! mean annual & summ] temp]ature1 :i* correspond to "o degree ( geographical latitude4 ,equality ( ! mean temp]ature ( a m\nta9 /ation1 & ( ! pol> di/ance ( any po9t ly+ at ! level ( ! sea4 ,decrease ( temp]ature ) ! decrease 9 elevation4 ,limits ( p]petual sn[1 & ! fluctuations 9 ^! limits4 ,causes ( di/urbance 9 ! regul>ity ( ! ph5om5on4 ,nor!rn & s\!rn *a9s ( ! ,himalaya2 habitability ( ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,?ibet -- p4 #cca4 ,quantity ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e1 accord+ to ! h\rs ( ! day1 ! seasons ( ! ye>1 degrees ( latitude1 & elevation4 ,greate/ dryness ( ! atmosph]e obs]v$ 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 betwe5 ! riv] di/ricts ( ! ,irtys* & ! ,obi4 ,dew1 a consequ5ce ( radiation4 ,quantity ( ra9 -- p4 #cce4 ,electricity ( ! atmosph]e1 & di/urbance ( ! electric t5sion4 ,geographical di/ribution ( /orms4 ,pr$ett]m9ation ( atmosph]ic *anges4 ,! mo/ important climatic di/urbances c n be trac$1 at ! place ( obs]vation1 to any local cause1 b are r ! consequ5ce ( "s occurr5ce by :i* ! equilibrium 9 ! atmosph]ic curr5ts has be5 de/roy$ at "s consid]able di/ance -- p4 #cce-cci4 i4 ,physical geography is n limit$ to elem5t>y inorganic t]re/rial life1 b1 elevat$ to a high] po9t ( view1 x embraces ! sph]e ( organic life1 & ! num]\s gradations ( its typical developm5t4 ,animal & vegetable life4 ,g5]al diffusion ( life 9 ! sea & on ! l&2 microscopic vital =ms discov]$ 9 ! pol> ice no less ?an 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean )9 ! tropics4 ,ext5sion imp>t$ to ! horizon ( life by ,ehr5b]g's discov]ies4 ,e/imation ( ! mass 7volume7 ( animal & vegetable organisms -- p4 #cci-cdf4 ,geography ( plants & animals4 ,migrations ( organisms 9 ! ovum1 or by means ( organs capable ( spontane\s motion4 ,sph]es ( di/ribution dep5d+ on climatic relations4 ,regions ( vegetation1 & classification ( ! g5]a ( animals4 ,isolat$ & social liv+ plants & animals4 ,! "* ( flora & fauna is n det]m9$ s mu* by ! pr$om9ance ( sep>ate families1 9 c]ta9 p>allels ( latitude1 z by ! highly complicat$ relations ( ! association ( _m families1 & ! relative num]ical value ( _! species4 ,! =ms ( natural families :i* increase or decrease f ! equator to ! poles4 ,inve/igations into ! num]ical relation exi/+ 9 diff]5t di/ricts ( ! e>? betwe5 ea* "o ( ! l>ge families to ! :ole mass ( phan]ogamia -- p4 #cdf-cea4 ,! human race consid]$ accord+ to its physical gradations1 & ! geographical di/ribution ( its simultane\sly occurr+ types4 ,races & v>ieties4 ,all races ( m5 are =ms ( "o s+le species4 ,unity ( ! human race4 ,languages consid]$ z ! intellectual creations ( mank9d1 or z portions ( ! hi/ory ( m5tal activity1 manife/ a "* ( nationality1 al?\gh c]ta9 hi/orical occurr5ces h be5 ! means ( diffus+ idioms ( ! same family ( languages among nations ( :olly diff]5t desc5t -- p4 #cea-cei4 ,9 ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages #bc to #ef ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- p #bc ,,introduction4 ---------------- ,,reflections ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,degrees ,,( ,,enjoym5t ,,pres5t$ ,,to ,,u ,,by ,,! ,,aspect ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,h] ,,laws4 ,9 attempt+1 aft] a long abs5ce f my native c\ntry1 to develop ! physical ph5om5a ( ! globe1 & ! simultane\s action ( ! =ces t p]vade ! regions ( space1 ,i exp]i5ce a two-fold cause ( anxiety4 ,! subject be=e me is s inexhau/ible & s v>i$1 t ,i fe> ei!r to fall into ! sup]ficiality ( ! encyclop$i/1 or to we>y ! m9d ( my read] by aphorisms consi/+ ( m]e g5]alities clo!d 9 dry & dogmatical =ms4 ,undue concis5ess (t5 *ecks ! fl[ ( expression1 :ile diffus5ess is alike detrim5tal to a cle> & precise exposition ( our ideas4 ,nature is a free doma91 & ! pr(\nd conceptions & enjoym5ts %e awak5s )9 u c only be vividly del9eat$ by ?\ght clo!d 9 exalt$ =ms ( spee*1 wor?y ( be>+ witness to ! maje/y & greatness ( ! creation4 ,9 consid]+ ! /udy ( physical ph5om5a1 n m]ely 9 its be>+s on ! mat]ial wants ( life1 b 9 its g5]al influ5ce on ! intellectual advancem5t ( mank9d1 we f9d its noble/ & mo/ important result to be a k ( ! *a9 ( connection1 by :i* all natural =ces are l9k$ toge!r1 & made mutually dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r2 & x is ! p]ception ( ^! relations t exalts our views & ennobles our enjoym5ts4 ,su* a result c1 h[ev]1 only be reap$ z ! fruit ( obs]vation & intellect1 comb9$ ) ! _s ( ! age1 9 :i* are reflect$ all ! v>i$ phases ( ?\ght4 ,he :o c trace1 ?r\gh by-gone times1 ! /ream ( our k to its primitive s\rce1 w le>n f hi/ory h[1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 man has labor$1 amid ! ev]-recurr+ *anges ( =m1 to recognize ! inv>iability ( natural laws1 & has ?us1 by ! =ce ( m9d1 gradually subdu$ a great portion ( ! physical _w to 8 dom9ion4 ,9 int]rogat+ ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 we trace ! my/]i\s c\rse ( ideas yield+ ! fir/ glimm]+ p]ception ( ! same image ( p #bd a ,cosmos1 or h>moni\sly ord]$ :ole1 :i*1 dimly %ad[$ =? to ! human m9d 9 ! primitive ages ( ! _w1 is n[ fully reveal$ to ! matur] intellect ( mank9d z ! result ( long & labori\s obs]vation4 ,ea* ( ^! epo*s ( ! contemplation ( ! ext]nal _w -- ! e>lie/ dawn ( ?\ght & ! advanc$ /age ( civilization -- has its own s\rce ( enjoym5t4 ,9 ! =m]1 ?is enjoym5t1 9 accordance ) ! simplicity ( ! primitive ages1 fl[$ f an intuitive feel+ ( ! ord] t 0 proclaim$ by ! inv>iable & successive reappe>ance ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & by ! progressive developm5t ( organiz$ be+s2 :ile 9 ! latt]1 ?is s5se ( enjoym5t spr+s f a def9ite k ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,:5 man began to int]rogate nature1 &1 n cont5t ) obs]v+1 le>n$ to evoke ph5om5a "u def9ite conditions2 :5 once he s\ght to collect & record facts1 9 ord] t ! fruit ( 8 labors might aid inve/igation aft] 8 own brief exi/5ce _h pass$ away1 ! 'philosophy ( ,nature' ca/ aside ! vague & poetic g>b 9 :i* %e _h be5 envelop$ f h] orig91 &1 hav+ assum$ a sev]] aspect1 %e n[ weighs ! value ( obs]vations1 & sub/itutes induction & reason+ = conjecture & assumption4 ,! dogmas ( =m] ages survive n[ only 9 ! sup]/itions ( ! p & ! prejudices ( ! ignorant1 or are p]petuat$ 9 a few sy/ems1 :i*1 consci\s ( _! weakness1 %r\d !mselves 9 a vail ( my/]y4 ,we may also trace ! same primitive intuitions 9 languages exub]ant 9 figurative expressions2 & a few ( ! be/ *os5 symbols eng5d]$ by ! happy inspiration ( ! e>lie/ ages1 hav+ by degrees lo/ _! vagu5ess ?r\gh a bett] mode ( int]pretation1 are /ill pres]v$ among our sci5tific t]ms4 ,nature consid]$ 'rationally'1 t is to say1 submitt$ to ! process ( ?\ght1 is a unity 9 div]sity ( ph5om5a2 a h>mony bl5d+ toge!r all creat$ ?+s1 h[ev] dissimil> 9 =m & attributes2 "o great :ole 7,greek words7 animat$ by ! brea? ( life4 ,! mo/ important result ( a rational inquiry into nature is1 !re=e1 to e/abli% ! unity & h>mony ( ?is /up5d\s mass ( =ce & matt]1 to det]m9e ) imp>tial ju/ice :at is due to ! discov]ies ( ! pa/ & to ^? ( ! pres5t1 & to analyze ! individual p>ts ( natural ph5om5a )\t succumb+ b5ea? ! weight ( ! :ole4 ,?us1 & ?us alone1 is x p]mitt$ to man1 :ile m9dful ( ! high de/9y p #be ( 8 race1 to compreh5d nature1 to lift ! vail t %r\ds h] ph5om5a1 & z x 71 submit ! results ( obs]vation to ! te/ ( reason & ( intellect4 ,9 reflect+ ^u ! diff]5t degrees ( enjoym5t pres5t$ to u 9 ! contemplation ( nature1 we f9d t ! fir/ place mu/ be assign$ to a s5sation1 :i* is :olly indep5d5t ( an intimate acqua9tance ) ! physical ph5om5a pres5t$ to our view1 or ( ! peculi> "* ( ! region surr\nd+ u4 ,9 ! uni=m pla9 b\nd$ only by a di/ant horizon1 :]e ! l[ly hea!r1 ! ci/us1 or wav+ grasses1 deck ! soil2 on ! ocean %ore1 :]e ! waves1 s(tly rippl+ ov] ! bea*1 leave a track1 gre5 ) ! we$s ( ! sea2 e :]e1 ! m9d is p5etrat$ by ! same s5se ( ! gr&eur & va/ expanse ( nature1 reveal+ to ! s\l1 by a my/]i\s inspiration1 ! exi/5ce ( laws t regulate ! =ces ( ! univ]se4 ,m]e communion ) nature1 m]e contact ) ! free air1 ex]cise a soo?+ yet /r5g!n+ influ5ce on ! we>i$ _s1 calm ! /orm ( passion1 & s(t5 ! he>t :5 %ak5 by sorr[ to its inmo/ dep?s4 ,e :]e1 9 e region ( ! globe1 9 e /age ( intellectual culture1 ! same s\rces ( enjoym5t are alike v\*saf$ to man4 ,! e>ne/ & solemn ?\ghts awak5$ by a communion ) nature intuitively arise f a pres5tim5t ( ! ord] & h>mony p]vad+ ! :ole univ]se1 & f ! contra/ we draw betwe5 ! n>r[ limits ( our own exi/5ce & ! image ( inf9ity reveal$ on e side1 :e!r we look upw>d to ! />ry vault ( heav51 scan ! f>-/ret*+ pla9 be=e u1 or seek to trace ! dim horizon across ! va/ expanse ( ocean4 ,! contemplation ( ! individual *>act]i/ics ( ! l&scape1 & ( ! con=mation ( ! l& 9 any def9ite region ( ! e>?1 gives rise to a diff]5t s\rce ( enjoym5t1 awak5+ impressions t are m vivid1 bett] def9$1 & m cong5ial to c]ta9 phases ( ! m9d1 ?an ^? ( :i* we h already spok54 ,at "o "t ! he>t is /irr$ by a s5se ( ! gr&eur ( ! face ( nature1 by ! /rife ( ! elem5ts1 or1 z 9 ,nor!rn ,asia by ! aspect ( ! dre>y b>r5ness ( ! f>-/ret*+ /eppes2 at ano!r "t1 s(t] emotions are excit$ by ! contemplation ( ri* h>ve/s wre/$ by ! h& ( man f ! wild f]tility ( nature1 or by ! sight ( human habitations rais$ beside "s wild & foam+ torr5t4 ,"h ,i reg>d less ! degree ( int5sity ?an ! diff]5ce exi/+ 9 ! p #bf v>i\s s5sations t d]ive _! *>m & p]man5ce f ! peculi> "* ( ! sc5e4 ,if ,i might be all[$ to ab&on myself to ! recollections ( my own di/ant travels1 ,i w\ld in/ance1 among ! mo/ /rik+ sc5es ( nature1 ! calm sublimity ( a tropical night1 :5 ! />s1 n sp>kl+1 z 9 our nor!rn skies1 %$ _! s(t & planet>y light ov] ! g5tly-heav+ ocean2 or ,i w\ld recall ! deep valleys ( ! ,cordill]as1 :]e ! tall & sl5d] palms pi]ce ! leafy vail ar\nd !m1 & wav+ on high _! fea!ry & arr[-l bran*es =1 z x 71 a =e/ above a =e/299 or ,i w\ld describe ! summit ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 :5 a horizontal lay] ( cl\ds1 dazzl+ 9 :it5ess1 has sep>at$ ! cone ( c9d]s f ! pla9 bel[1 & sudd5ly ! asc5d+ curr5t pi]ces ! cl\dy vail1 s t ! eye ( ! travel] may range f ! br9k ( ! crat]1 along ! v9e-clad slopes ( ,orotava1 to ! orange g>d5s & banana groves t skirt ! %ore4 ,9 sc5es l ^!1 x is n ! peaceful *>m uni=mly spread ov] ! face ( nature t moves ! he>t1 b r ! peculi> physiognomy & con=mation ( ! l&1 ! features ( ! l&scape1 ! ev] v>y+ outl9e ( ! cl\ds1 & _! bl5d+ ) ! horizon ( ! sea1 :e!r x lies spread be=e u l a smoo? & %9+ mirror1 or is dimly se5 ?r\gh ! morn+ mi/4 ,all t ! s5ses c b imp]fectly compreh5d1 all t is mo/ awful 9 su* romantic sc5es ( nature1 may become a s\rce ( enjoym5t to man1 by op5+ a wide field to ! creative p[]s ( 8 imag9ation4 ,impressions *ange ) ! v>y+ movem5ts ( ! m9d1 & we are l$ by a happy illusion to believe t we receive f ! ext]nal _w t ) :i* we h ourselves inve/$ x4 footnote 99,?is expression is tak5 f a beautiful description ( tropical =e/ sc5]y 9 ',paul & ,virg9ia'1 by ,b]n>dia de ,sa9t ,pi]re4 ,:5 f> f our native c\ntry1 aft] a long voyage1 we tread = ! fir/ "t ! soil ( a tropical l&1 we exp]i5ce a c]ta9 feel+ ( surprise & gratification 9 recogniz+1 9 ! rocks t surr\nd u1 ! same incl9$ s*i/ose /rata1 & ! same column> basalt cov]$ ) cellul> amygdaloids1 t we _h left 9 ,europe1 & ^: id5tity ( "*1 9 latitudes s widely diff]5t1 rem9ds u t ! solidification ( ! e>?'s cru/ is altoge!r indep5d5t ( climatic influ5ces4 ,b ^! rocky masses ( s*i/ & ( basalt are cov]$ ) vegetation ( a "* ) :i* we are unacqua9t$1 & ( a physiognomy :olly p #bg unkn[n to u2 & x is !n1 amid ! colossal & maje/ic =ms ( an exotic flora1 t we feel h[ wond]fully ! flexibility ( our nature fits u to receive new impressions1 l9k$ toge!r by a c]ta9 secret analogy4 ,we s readily p]ceive ! aff9ity exi/+ among all ! =ms ( organic life1 t al?\gh ! sight ( a vegetation simil> to t ( our native c\ntry might at fir/ be mo/ welcome to ! eye1 z ! sweet famili> s\nds ( our "m tongue are to ! e>1 we nev]!less1 by degrees1 & almo/ imp]ceptibly1 become famili>iz$ ) a new home & a new climate4 ,z a true citiz5 ( ! _w1 man e :]e habituates himself to t :i* surr\nds him2 yet fe>ful1 z x 71 ( break+ ! l9ks ( association t b9d him to ! home ( 8 *ildhood1 ! coloni/ applies to "s few plants 9 a f>-di/ant clime ! names he _h be5 famili> ) 9 8 native l&2 & by ! my/]i\s relations exi/+ among all types ( organization1 ! =ms ( exotic vegetation pres5t !mselves to 8 m9d z nobl] & m p]fect developm5ts ( ^? he _h lov$ 9 e>li] days4 ,?us d ! spontane\s impressions ( ! untutor$ m9d lead1 l ! labori\s d$uctions ( cultivat$ intellect1 to ! same intimate p]suasion1 t "o sole & indissoluble *a9 b9ds toge!r all nature4 ,x may seem a ra% attempt to endeavor to sep>ate1 into its diff]5t elem5ts1 ! magic p[] ex]cis$ ^u our m9ds by ! physical _w1 s9ce ! "* ( ! l&scape1 & ( e impos+ sc5e 9 nature1 dep5ds s mat]ially ^u ! mutual relation ( ! ideas & s5tim5ts simultane\sly excit$ 9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v]4 ,! p[]ful effect ex]cis$ by nature spr+s1 z x 71 f ! connection & unity ( ! impressions & emotions produc$2 & we c only trace _! diff]5t s\rces by analyz+ ! individuality ( objects & ! div]sity ( =ces4 ,! ri*e/ & mo/ v>i$ elem5ts = pursu+ an analysis ( ?is nature pres5t !mselves to ! eyes ( ! travel] 9 ! sc5]y ( ,s\!rn ,asia1 9 ! ,great ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & m especially1 too1 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 :]e ! summits ( ! l(ty ,cordill]as p5etrate ! conf9es ( ! a]ial ocean surr\nd+ our globe1 & :]e ! same subt]ranean =ces t once rais$ ^! m\nta9 *a9s /ill %ake !m to _! f\ndation & ?reat5 _! d[nfall4 ,graphic del9eations ( nature1 arrang$ accord+ to sy/ematic views1 are n only suit$ to please ! imag9ation1 p #bh b may also1 :5 prop]ly consid]$1 indicate ! grades ( ! impressions ( :i* ,i h spok51 f ! uni=mity ( ! sea-%ore1 or ! b>r5 /eppes ( ,sib]ia1 to ! inexhau/ible f]tility ( ! torrid zone4 ,if we 7 ev5 to picture to ourselves ,m\nt ,pilatus plac$ on ! ,s*reckhorn199 or ! ,s*neekoppe ( ,silesia on ,mont ,blanc1 we %\ld p #bi n h atta9$ to ! height ( t great ,colossus ( ! ,&es1 ! ,*imborazo1 ^: height is twice t ( ,mont ,aetna2 & we mu/ pile ! ,righi1 or ,m\nt ,a?os1 on ! summit ( ! ,*imborazo1 9 ord] to =m a j e/imate ( ! elevation ( ! ,dhawalagiri1 ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,himalaya4 footnote 99,^! comp>isons are only approximative4 ,! sev]al elevations above ! level ( ! sea are1 9 accurate numb]s1 z foll[s3 ,! ,s*neekoppe or ,ries5koppe1 9 ,silesia ab\t #ebgj feet1 accord+ to ,hallas*ka4 ,! ,righi1 #eijb feet1 tak+ ! height ( ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne at #adbf feet1 accord+ to ,es*man4 7,see ',compte ,r5du des ,mesures ,trigonometriques en ,suisse'1 #ahdj1 p4 #bcj47 ,m\nt ,a?os1 #fgge feet1 accord+ to ,capta9 ,gaulti]2 ,m\nt ,pilatus1 #gedf feet2 ,m\nt ,aetna1 #aj1hga feet1 accord+ to ,capta9 ,smy?2 or #aj1hgd feet1 accord+ to ! b>ometrical measurem5t made by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 & communicat$ to me 9 writ+ 9 #ahbe1 & #aj1hii feet1 accord+ to angles ( altitude tak5 by ,cacciatore at ,pal]mo 7calculat$ by assum+ ! t]re/rial refraction to be #j4jgf72 ! ,s*reckhorn1 #ab1chc feet2 ! ,jungfrau1 #ac1gbj feet1 accord+ to ,tralles2 ,m\nt ,blanc1 #ae1gge feet1 accord+ to ! diff]5t measurem5ts consid]$ by ,rog] 7',bibl4 ,univ4'1 ,may1 #ahbh1 #j4 #bd-ec71 #ae1gcc feet1 accord+ to ! measurem5ts tak5 f ,m\nt ,columbi] by ,c>l9i 9 #ahba1 & #ae1gdh feet1 z measur$ by ! ,au/rian eng9e]s f ,trelod & ! ,glaci] d',amb94 footnote cont9u$ ,! actual height ( ! ,swiss m\nta9s fluctuates1 accord+ to ,es*man's obs]vations1 z mu* z #be ,engli% feet1 ow+ to ! v>y+ ?ickness ( ! /ratum ( sn[ t cov]s ! summits4 ,*imborazo is1 accord+ to my trigonometrical measurem5ts1 #ba1dba feet 7see ,humboldt1 ',recueil d',obs4 ,a/r4'1 tome i41 p4 #gc71 & ,dhawalagiri1 #bh1jgd feet4 ,z !re is a diff]5ce ( #dde feet betwe5 ! det]m9ations ( ,blake & ,webb1 ! elevation assign$ to ! ,dhawalagiri 7or :ite m\nta91 f ! ,sanscrit 'dhawala'1 :ite1 & 'giri'1 m\nta97 c n be receiv$ ) ! same confid5ce z t ( ! ,jawahir1 #be1gdi feet1 s9ce ! latt] re/s on a complete trigonomietrical measurem5t 7see ,h]b]t & ,hodgson 9 ! ',asiat4 ,res4'1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #ahi1 & ,suppl4 to ',encycl4 ,brit4'1 vol4 iv41 p4 #fdc74 ,i h %[n else:]e 7',ann4 des ,sci5ces ,naturelles'1 ,m>s1 #ahbe7 t ! height ( ! ,dhawalagiri 7#bh1jgd feet7 dep5ds on sev]al elem5ts t h n be5 asc]ta9$ ) c]ta9ty1 z azimu?s & latitudes 7,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bhb74 ,x has be5 believ$1 b )\t f\ndation1 t 9 ! ,t>t>ic *a91 nor? ( ,?ibet1 opposite to ! *a9 ( ,ku5-lun1 !re are sev]al sn[y summits1 ^: elevation is ab\t #cj1jjj ,engli% feet 7almo/ twice t ( ,mont ,blanc71 or1 at any rate1 #bi1jjj feet 7see ,capta9 ,alex&] ,g]>d's & ,john ,g]>d's ',j\rney to ! ,boor5do ,pass'1 #ahdj1 vol4 i41 p4 #adc & #caa74 ,*imborazo is spok5 ( 9 ! text only z '"o' ( ! highe/ summits ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es2 = 9 ! ye> #ahbg1 ! le>n$ & highly-gift$ travel]1 ,p5tl&1 9 8 memorable exp$ition to ,upp] ,p]u 7,bolivia71 measur$ ! elevation ( two m\nta9s situat$ to ! ea/ ( ,lake ,titicaca1 viz41 ! ,sorata1 #be1bjj feet1 & ! ,illimani1 #bd1jjj feet1 bo? greatly exce$+ ! height ( ,*imborazo1 :i* is only #ba1dba feet1 & be+ ne>ly equal 9 elevation to ! ,jawahir1 :i* is ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! ,himalaya t has z yet be5 accurately measur$4 ,?us ,mont ,blanc is #efdf feet bel[ ,*imborazo2 ,*imborazo1 #cggi feet bel[ ! ,sorata2 ! ,sorata1 #edi feet bel[ ! ,jawahir1 & probably ab\t #bhhj feet bel[ ! ,dhawalagiri4 ,accord+ to a new measurem5t ( ! ,illimani1 by ,p5tl&1 9 #ahch1 ! elevation ( ?is m\nta9 is giv5 at #bc1hfh feet1 v>y+ only #acc feet f ! measurem5t tak5 9 #ahbg4 ,! elevations h be5 giv5 9 ?is note ) m9ute exactness1 z errone\s numb]s h be5 introduc$ into _m maps & tables rec5tly publi%$1 ow+ to incorrect r$uctions ( ! measurem5ts4 ,9 ! prec$+ note1 tak5 f ^? app5d$ to ! ,introduction 9 ! ,fr5* translation1 rewritt5 by ,humboldt himself1 ! measurem5ts are giv5 9 met]s1 b ^! h be5 conv]t$ into ,engli% feet1 = ! great] conv5i5ce ( ! g5]al read]4 -- ',tr4' ,b al?\gh ! m\nta9s ( ,india greatly surpass ! ,cordill]as ( ,s\? ,am]ica by _! a/oni%+ elevation 7:i*1 aft] be+ long conte/$1 has at la/ be5 confirm$ by accurate measurem5ts71 !y c n1 f _! geographical position1 pres5t ! same inexhau/ible v>iety ( ph5om5a by :i* ! latt] are *>act]iz$4 ,! impression produc$ by ! gr&] aspects ( nature dies n dep5d exclusively on height4 ,! *a9 ( ! ,himalaya is plac$ f> beyond ! limits ( ! torrid zone1 & sc>cely is a solit>y palm-tree to be f\nd 9 ! beautiful valleys ( ,kuma\n & ,g>hwal499 ,footnote 99,! abs5ce ( palms & tree-f]ns on ! temp]ate slopes ( ! ,himalaya is %[n 9 ,don's ',flora ,nepal5sis'1 #ahbe1 & 9 ! rem>kable s]ies ( li?ographs ( ,walli*'s ',flora ,indica'1 ^: catalogue conta9s ! enorm\s numb] ( #gfhc ,himalaya species1 almo/ all phan]ogamic plants1 :i* h z yet be5 b imp]fectly classifi$4 ,9 ,nepaul 7lat4 #bf #a_/b degrees to #bg #a_/d degrees7 !re has hi!rto be5 obs]v$ only "o species ( palm1 ,*ama]ops m>tiana1 ,wall4 7',plantae ,asiat4'1 lib4 iii41 p4 #e1baa71 :i* is f\nd at ! height ( #ebej ,engli% feet above ! level ( ! sea1 9 ! %ady valley ( ,bunipa4 ,! magnific5t tree-f]n1 ,alsophila brunoniana1 ,wall4 7( :i* a /em #dh feet long has be5 9 ! possession ( ! ,briti% ,museum s9ce #ahca71 does n gr[ 9 ,nepaul1 b is f\nd on ! m\nta9s ( ,silhet1 to ! nor?we/ ( ,calcutta1 9 lat4 #bd degrees #ej m9utes4 ,! ,nepaul f]n1 ,p>anema cya?oides1 ,don1 =m]ly kn[n z ,spha]opt]a b>bata1 ,wall4 7',plantae ,asiat4'1 lib4 i41 p4 #db1 #dh71 is inde$1 ne>ly relat$ to ,cya!a1 a species ( :i* ,i h se5 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,missions ( ,c>ipe1 measur+ #cc feet 9 height2 ?is is n1 h[ev]1 prop]ly speak+ a tree4 ,on ! s\!rn slope ( ! anci5t ,p>opamisus1 9 ! latitudes ( #bh degrees & #cd degrees1 nature no long] displays ! same abundance ( tree-f]ns & arboresc5t grasses1 heliconias & or*ide\s plants1 :i* 9 tropical p #cj regions are to be f\nd ev5 on ! highe/ plateaux ( ! m\nta9s4 ,on ! slope ( ! ,himalaya1 "u ! %ade ( ! ,deodora & ! broad-leav$ oak1 peculi> to ^! ,indian ,alps1 ! rocks ( granite & ( mica s*i/ are cov]$ ) vegetable =ms almo/ simil> to ^? :i* *>act]ize ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,! species are n id5tical1 b closely analog\s 9 aspect & physiognomy1 z1 m>% p>nassia1 & ! prickly species ( ,ribes499 ,! *a9 ( ! ,himalaya is also want+ 9 ! impos+ ph5om5a ( volcanoes1 :i* 9 ! ,&es & 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago (t5 reveal to ! inhabitants1 "u ! mo/ t]rific =ms1 ! exi/5ce ( ! =ces p]vad+ ! int]ior ( our planet4 footnote 99,ribes nubicola1 ,r4 glaciale1 ,r4 grossul>ia4 ,! species :i* compose ! vegetation ( ! ,himalaya are f\r p9es1 not)/&+ ! ass]tion ( ! anci5ts reg>d+ ,ea/]n ,asia 7,/rabo1 lib4 #aa1 p4 #eaj1 ,cas471 tw5ty-five oaks1 f\r bir*es1 two *e/nuts1 sev5 maples1 twelve will[s1 f\rte5 roses1 ?ree species ( /rawb]ry1 sev5 species ( ,alp9e roses 7'rhodod5dra'71 "o ( :i* atta9s a height ( #bj feet1 & _m o!r nor!rn g5]a4 ,l>ge :ite apes1 hav+ black faces1 inhabit ! wild *e/nut-tree ( ,ka%mir1 :i* gr[s to a height ( #ajj feet1 9 lat4 #cc degrees 7see ,c>l von ,hugel's ',kas*mir'1 #ahdj1 #b;d pt4 #bdi74 ,among ! ,conif]ae1 we f9d ! ,p9us deodw>a1 or deod>a 79 ,sanscrit1 'dewa-d>u'1 ! timb] ( ! gods71 :i* is ne>ly alli$ to ,p9us c$rus4 ,ne> ! limit ( p]petual sn[ fl\ri% ! l>ge & %[y fl[]s ( ! ,g5tiana v5u/a1 ,g4 ,moorcr(tiana1 ,sw]tia purpuresc5s1 ,s4 speciosa1 ,p>nassia armata1 ,p4 nubicola1 ,po5ia ,emode1 ,tulipa /ellata2 & besides v>ieties ( ,european g5]a peculi> to ^! ,indian m\nta9s1 true ,european species z ,leontodon t>axacum1 ,prunella vulg>is1 ,galium ap>9e1 & ,?laspi arv5se4 ,! hea? m5tion$ by ,saund]s1 9 ,turn]'s ',travels'1 & :i* _h be5 conf\nd$ ) ,calluna vulg>is1 is an ,&rom$a1 a fact ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! geography ( ,asiatic plants4 ,if ,i h made use1 9 ?is "w1 ( ! unphilosophical expressions ( ,european g5]a1 ',european' special1 'gr[+ wild 9 ,asia'1 etc41 x has be5 9 consequ5ce ( ! old botanical language1 :i*1 in/ead ( ! idea ( a l>ge dissem9ation1 or1 r1 ( ! coexi/5ce ( organic productions1 has dogmatically sub/itut$ ! false hypo!sis ( a migration1 :i*1 f pr$ilection = ,europe1 is fur!r assum$ to h be5 f we/ to ea/4 ,moreov]1 on ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,himalaya1 :]e ! asc5d+ curr5t deposits ! exhalations ris+ f a vigor\s ,indian vegetation1 ! region ( p]petual sn[ beg9s at an elevation ( #aa1jjj or #ab1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea199 ?us sett+ a limit to ! developm5t ( organic p #ca life 9 a zone t is ne>ly #cjjj feet l[] ?an t to :i* x atta9s 9 ! equ9octial region ( ! ,cordill]as4 footnote 99,on ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,himalaya1 ! limit ( p]petual sn[ is #ab1igh feet above ! level ( ! sea2 on ! nor!rn declivity1 or1 r1 on ! peaks :i* rise above ! ,?ibet1 or ,t>t>ian plateau1 ?is limit is at #af1fbe feet f #cj #a_/b degrees to #cb degrees ( latitude1 :ile at ! equator1 9 ! ,&es ( ,quito1 x is #ae1gij feet4 ,su* is ! result ,i h d$uc$ f ! comb9ation ( num]\s data furni%$ by ,webb1 ,g]>d1 ,h]b]t1 & ,moorcr(t4 7,see my two memoirs on ! m\nta9s ( ,india1 9 #ahaf & #ahbj1 9 ! ',ann4 de ,*imie et de ,physique'1 t4 iii41 p4 #cjc2 t4 xiv41 p4 #f1 #bb1 #ej47 ,! great] elevation to :i* ! limit ( p]petual sn[ rec$es on ! ,t>t>ian declivity is ow+ to ! radiation ( heat f ! neighbor+ elevat$ pla9s1 to ! purity ( ! atmosph]e1 & to ! infrequ5t =mation ( sn[ 9 an air :i* is bo? v cold & v dry4 7,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bha-cbf47 ,my op9ion on ! diff]5ce ( height ( ! sn[-l9e on ! two sides ( ! ,himalaya has ! high au?ority ( ,colebrooke 9 its favor4 ,he wrote to me 9 ,june1 #ahbd1 z foll[s3 ,i also f9d1 f ! data 9 my possession1 t ! elevation ( ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ is #ac1jjj feet4 ,on ! s\!rn declivity1 & at latitude #ca degrees1 ,webb's measurem5ts give me #ac1ejj feet1 consequ5tly #ejj feet m ?an ! height d$uc$ f ,capta9 ,hodgson's obs]vations4 ,g]>d's measurem5ts fully confirm y\r op9ion t ! l9e ( sn[ is high] on ! nor!rn ?an on ! s\!rn side4 ,x 0 n until ! pres5t ye> 7#ahdj7 t we obta9$ ! complete & collect$ j\rnal ( ! bro!rs ,g]>d1 publi%$ "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,lloyd4 7',n>rative ( a ,j\rney f ,cawnpoor to ! ,boor5do ,pass1 9 ! ,himalaya1 by ,capta9 ,alex&] ,g]>d & ,john ,g]>d1 edit$ by ,george ,lloyd'1 vol4 i41 p4 #bib1 #caa1 #cbj1 #cbg & #cda47 ,_m int]e/+ details reg>d+ "s localities may be f\nd 9 ! n>rative ( ',a ,visit to ! ,%atool1 = ! ,purpose ( det]m9+ ! ,l9e ( ,p]petual ,sn[ on ! s\!rn face ( ! ,himalaya1 9 ,augu/'1 #ahbb4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ^! travel]s always conf\nd ! elevation at :i* sporadic sn[ falls ) ! maximum ( ! height t ! sn[-l9e atta9s on ! ,?ibetian plateau4 ,capta9 ,g]>d di/+ui%es betwe5 ! summits t rise 9 ! middle ( ! plateau1 :]e he /ates ! elevation ( ! sn[-l9e to be betwe5 #ah1jjj & #ai1jjj feet1 & ! nor!rn slopes ( ! *a9 ( ! ,himalaya1 :i* bord] on ! defile ( ! ,sutl$ge1 & c radiate b little heat1 ow+ to ! deep rav9es ) :i* !y are int]sect$4 ,! elevation ( ! village ( ,tangno is giv5 at only #icjj feet1 :ile t ( ! plateau surr\nd+ ! sacr$ lake ( ,maqasa is #ag1jjj feet4 ,capta9 ,g]>d f9ds ! sn[-l9e #ejj feet l[] on ! nor!rn slopes1 :]e ! *a9 ( ! ,himalaya is brok5 ?r\gh1 ?an t[>d ! s\!rn declivities fac+ ,h9do/an1 & he !re e/imates ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ at #ae1jjj feet4 ,! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ces are pres5t$ betwe5 ! vegetation on ! ,?ibetian plateau & t *>act]i/ic ( ! s\!rn slopes ( ! ,himalaya4 ,on ! latt] ! cultivation ( gra9 is arre/$ at #iigd feet & ev5 !re ! corn has (t5 to be cut :5 ! blades are /ill gre54 ,! extreme limit ( =e/s ( tall oaks & deod>s is #aa1ifj feet2 t ( dw>f bir*es1 #ab1ihc feet4 ,on ! pla9s1 ,capta9 ,g]>d f\nd pa/ures up to ! height ( #ag1jjj feet2 ! c]eals w gr[ at #ad1ajj feet1 or ev5 at #ah1edj feet2 bir*es ) tall /ems at #ad1ajj feet1 & copse or bru% wood applicable = fuel is f\nd at an elevation ( upw>d ( #ag1jjj feet1 t is to say1 #abhj feet & above ! l[] limits ( ! sn[-l9e at ! equator1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito4 ,x is v desirable t ! 'mean' elevation ( ! ,?ibetian plateau1 :i* ,i h e/imat$ at only ab\t #hbjj feet betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! ,ku5-lun1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! height ( ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ on ! s\!rn & on ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,himalaya1 %\ld be aga9 inve/igat$ by travel]s :o are accu/om$ to judge ( ! g5]al con=mation ( ! l&4 ,hi!rto simple calculations h too (t5 be5 conf\nd$ ) actual measurem5ts1 & ! elevations ( isolat$ summits ) t ( ! surr\nd+ plateau4 7,comp>e ,c>l ,zimm]man's excell5t ,hypsometrical ,rem>ks 9 8 ',geographis*5 ,analyse d] ,k>te von ,inn] ,asi5'1 #ahda1 s4 #ih47 ,"l draws att5tion to ! diff]5ce pres5t$ by ! two faces ( ! ,himalaya & ^? ( ! ,alp9e *a9 ( ,h9doo-,coo%1 ) respect to ! limits ( ! sn[-l9e4 ,! latt] *a91 he says1 has ! table-l& to ! s\?1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! sn[-l9e is high] on ! s\!rn side1 contr>y to :at we f9d to be ! case ) respect to ! ,himalaya1 :i* is b\nd$ on ! s\? by %elt]$ pla9s1 z ,h9doo-,coo% is on ! nor?4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ! hypsometrical data on :i* ^! /atem5ts are bas$ require a critical revision ) reg>d to sev]al ( _! details2 b /ill !y suffice to e/abli% ! ma9 fact1 t ! rem>kable configuration ( ! l& 9 ,c5tral ,asia af=ds man all t is ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( life1 z habitation1 food1 & fuel1 at an elevation above ! level ( ! sea :i* 9 almo/ all o!r p>ts ( ! globe is cov]$ ) p]petual ice4 ,we mu/ except ! v dry di/ricts ( ,bolivia1 :]e sn[ is s r>ely met )1 & :]e ,p5tl& 79 #ahch7 fix$ ! sn[-l9e at #ae1ffg feet1 betwe5 #af degrees & #ag #c_/d degrees s\? latitude4 ,! op9ion t ,i _h advanc$ reg>d+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! sn[-l9e on ! two faces ( ! ,himalaya has be5 mo/ fully confirm$ by ! b>ometrical obs]vations ( ,victor ,jacquemont1 :o fell an e>ly sacrifice to 8 noble & unwe>i$ ardor4 7,see 8 ',correspondance p5dant son ,voyage dans l',inde'1 #ahbh 'a' #ahcb1 liv4 #bc1 p4 #bij1 #bif1 #bii47 ,p]petual sn[1 says ,jacquemont1 desc5ds l[] on ! s\!rn ?an on ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,himalaya1 & ! limit con/antly rises z we advance to ! nor? ( ! *a9 bord]+ on ,india4 ,on ! ,kionbrong1 ab\t #ah1cag feet 9 elevation1 accord+ to ,capta9 ,g]>d1 ,i 0 /ill consid]ably bel[ ! limit ( p]petual sn[ :i* ,i believe to be #ai1fij feet 9 ?is "p ( ,h9do/an4 7,?is e/imate ,i consid] mu* too high47 ,footnote cont9ues ,! same travel] says1 ,to :atev] height we rise on ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,himalaya1 ! climate reta9s ! same "*1 & ! same division ( ! seasons z 9 ! pla9s ( ,india2 ! summ] sol/ice be+ e ye> m>k$ by ! same preval5ce ( ra9 :i* cont9ues to fall )\t int]mission until ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,b a new1 a totally diff]5t climate beg9s at ,ka%mir1 ^: elevation ,i e/imate to be #ecej feet1 ne>ly equal to t ( ! cities ( ,mexico & ,popayan 7',correspond4 de ,jacquemont'1 t4 ii41 p4 #eh et #gd74 ,! w>m & humid air ( ! sea1 z ,leopold von ,bu* well obs]ves1 is c>ri$ by ! monsoons across ! pla9s ( ,india to ! skirts ( ! ,himalaya :i* arre/ its c\rse1 & h9d] x f div]g+ to ! ,?ibetian di/ricts ( ,ladak & ,lassa4 ,c>l von ,hugel e/imates ! elevation ( ! ,valley ( ,ka%mir above ! level ( ! sea at #ehah feet1 & bases 8 obs]vation on ! det]m9ation ( ! boil+ po9t ( wat] 7see !il #aa1 s4 #aee1 & ',j\rnal ( ,geog4 ,soc4'1 vol4 vi41 p4 #bae74 ,9 ?is valley1 :]e ! atmosph]e is sc>cely ev] agitat$ by /orms1 & 9 #cd degrees #g m9utes lat41 sn[ is f\nd1 sev]al feet 9 ?ickness1 f ,decemb] to ,m>*4 p #cb ,b ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! equator possess ano!r advantage1 to :i* suffici5t att5tion has n hi!rto be5 p #cc direct$4 ,?is portion ( ! surface ( ! globe af=ds 9 ! smalle/ space ! greate/ possible v>iety ( impressions f ! contemplation ( nature4 ,among ! colossal m\nta9s ( ,cund9am>ea1 ( ,quito1 & ( ,p]u1 furr[$ by deep rav9es1 man is enabl$ to contemplate alike all ! families ( plants1 & all ! />s ( ! firmam5t4 ,!re1 at a s+le glance1 ! eye surveys maje/ic palms1 humid =e/s ( bambusa1 & ! v>i$ species ( ,musaceae1 :ile above ^! =ms ( tropical vegetation appe> oaks1 m$l>s1 ! sweet-bri]1 & umbellif]\s plants1 z 9 our ,european homes4 ,!re z ! travel] turns 8 eyes to ! vault ( heav51 a s+le glance embraces ! con/ellation ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 ! ,magellanic cl\ds1 & ! guid+ />s ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,be>1 z !y circle r\nd ! arctic pole4 ,!re ! dep?s ( ! e>? & ! vaults ( heav5 display all ! ri*ness ( _! =ms & ! v>iety ( _! ph5om5a4 ,!re ! diff]5t climates are rang$ ! "o above ! o!r1 /age by /age1 l ! vegetable zones1 ^: succession !y limit2 & !re ! obs]v] may readily trace ! laws t regulate ! dim9ution ( heat1 z !y /& indelibly inscrib$ on ! rocky walls & abrupt declivities ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,n to we>y ! read] ) ! details ( ! ph5om5a :i* ,i long s9ce endeavor$ graphically to repres5t199 ,i w "h limit myself to ! consid]ation ( a few ( ! g5]al results ^: comb9ation con/itutes ! 'physical del9eation ( ! torrid zone4' ,t :i*1 9 ! vagu5ess ( our p #cd impressions1 loses all di/9ctness ( =m1 l "s di/ant m\nta9 %r\d$ f view by a vail ( mi/1 is cle>ly reveal$ by ! light ( m9d1 :i*1 by its scrut9y into ! causes ( ph5om5a1 le>ns to resolve & analyze _! diff]5t elem5ts1 assign+ to ea* its individual "*4 ,?us1 9 ! sph]e ( natural inve/igation1 z 9 poetry & pa9t+1 ! del9eation ( t :i* appeals mo/ /rongly to ! imag9ation1 d]ives its collective int]e/ f ! vivid tru?fulness ) :i* ! individual features are portray$4 footnote 99,see1 g5]ally my ',essai sur la ,geographie des ,plantes1 et le ,tableau physique des ,regions ,equ9oxiales'1 #ahjg1 p4 #hj-hh4 ,on ! diurnal & nocturnal v>iations ( temp]ature1 see ,plate #i ( my ',atlas ,geogr4 et ,phys4 du ,n\veau ,cont95t'2 & ! ,tables 9 my "w1 entitl$ ',de di/ributione ,geographica ,plant>um1 secundum coeli tempriem1 et altitud9em ,montium'1 #ahag1 p4 #ij-aaf2 ! meteorological portion ( my ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bab1 #bbd2 &1 f9ally1 ! m rec5t & f> m exact exposition ( ! v>iations ( temp]ature exp]i5c$ 9 correspond5ce ) ! increase ( altitude on ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 giv5 9 ,b\ss+ault's ,memoir1 ',sur la pr(ondeur a laquelle on tr\ve1 s\s les ,tropiques1 la c\*e de ,temp]ature ,inv>iable4' 7,ann4 de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #ahcc1 t4 liii41 p4 #bbe-bdg47 ,?is treatise conta9s ! elevations ( #abh po9ts1 includ$ betwe5 ! level ( ! sea & ! declivity ( ! ,antisana 7#ag1ijj feet71 z well z ! mean temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* v>ies ) ! height betwe5 #ha degrees & #ce degrees ,f4 ,! regions ( ! torrid zone n only give rise to ! mo/ p[]ful impressions by _! organic ri*ness & _! abundant f]tility1 b !y likewise af=d ! ine/imable advantage ( reveal+ to man1 by ! uni=mity ( ! v>iations ( ! atmosph]e & ! developm5t ( vital =ces1 & by ! contra/s ( climate & vegetation exhibit$ at ! diff]5t elevations1 ! inv>iability ( ! laws t regulate ! c\rse ( ! heav5ly bodies1 reflect$1 z x 71 9 t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,let u dwell1 !n1 = a few mom5ts1 on ! pro(s ( ?is regul>ity1 :i* is su* t x may be submitt$ to num]ical calculation & computation4 ,9 ! burn+ pla9s t rise b little above ! level ( ! sea1 reign ! families ( ! banana1 ! cycas1 & ! palm1 ( :i* ! numb] ( species compris$ 9 ! flora ( tropical regions has be5 s wond]fully increas$ 9 ! pres5t day by ! zeal ( botanical travel]s4 ,to ^! gr\ps succe$1 9 ! ,alp9e valleys1 & ! humid & %ad$ clefts on ! slopes ( ! ,cordill]as1 ! tree-f]ns1 ^: ?ick cyl9drical trunks & delicate lace-l foliage /& out 9 bold relief aga9/ ! azure ( ! sky1 & ! c9*ona1 f :i* we d]ive ! febrifuge b>k4 ,! m$ic9al /r5g? ( ?is b>k is said to increase 9 proportion to ! degree ( moi/ure imp>t$ to ! foliage ( ! tree by ! light mi/s :i* =m ! upp] surface ( ! cl\ds re/+ ov] ! pla9s4 ,e :]e ar\nd1 ! conf9es ( ! =e/ are encircl$ by broad b&s ( social plants1 z ! delicate aralia1 ! ?ibaudia1 & ! myrtle-leav$ ,&rom$a1 :ile ! ,alp9e rose1 ! magnific5t bef>ia1 weaves a purple girdle r\nd ! spiry peaks4 ,9 ! cold regions ( ! ,p>amos1 :i* is cont9ually expos$ to ! fury ( /orms & w9ds1 we f9d t fl[]+ %rubs & h]bace\s plants1 be>+ l>ge & v>iegat$ blossoms1 h giv5 place to monocotyl$ons1 ^: sl5d] spikes con/itute ! sole cov]+ ( ! soil4 ,?is is ! zone ( ! p #ce grasses1 "o va/ savannah ext5d+ ov] ! imm5se m\nta9 plateaux1 & reflect+ a yell[1 almo/ gold5 t+e1 to ! slopes ( ! ,cordill]as1 on :i* graze ! lama & ! cattle dome/icat$ by ! ,european coloni/4 ,:]e ! nak$ tra*yte rock pi]ces ! grassy turf1 & p5etrates into ^? high] /rata ( air :i* are suppos$ to be less *>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 we meet only ) plants ( an inf]ior organization1 z li*5s1 lecideas1 & ! brightly-color$1 du/-l lepr>ia1 scatt]$ ar\nd 9 circul> pat*es4 ,islets ( fre%-fall5 sn[1 v>y+ 9 =m & ext5t1 arre/ ! la/ feeble traces ( vegetable developm5t1 & to ^! succe$s ! region ( p]petual sn[1 ^: elevation und]goes b little *ange1 & may be easily det]m9$4 ,x is b r>ely t ! ela/ic =ces at "w )9 ! int]ior ( our globe h succe$$ 9 break+ ?r\gh ! spiral domes1 :i*1 respl5d5t 9 ! brightness ( et]nal sn[1 cr[n ! summits ( ! ,cordill]as2 & ev5 :]e ^! subt]ranean =ces h op5$ a p]man5t communication ) ! atmosph]e1 ?r\gh circul> crat]s or long fissures1 !y r>ely s5d =? curr5ts ( lava1 b m]ely eject ignit$ scoriae1 /eam1 sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas1 & jets ( c>bonic acid4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( civilization1 ! gr& & impos+ spectacle pres5t$ to ! m9ds ( ! inhabitants ( ! tropics c\ld only awak5 feel+s ( a/oni%m5t & awe4 ,x might1 p]haps1 be suppos$1 z we h already said1 t ! p]iodical return ( ! same ph5om5a1 & ! uni=m mann] 9 :i* !y arrange !mselves 9 successive gr\ps1 w\ld h enabl$ man m readily to atta9 to a k ( ! laws ( nature2 b1 z f> z tradition & hi/ory guide u1 we d n f9d t any application 0 made ( ! advantages pres5t$ by ^! favor$ regions4 ,rec5t rese>*es h r5d]$ x v d\btful :e!r ! primitive seat ( ,h9doo civilization -- "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable phases 9 ! progress ( mank9d -- 0 actually )9 ! tropics4 ,airyana ,va$jo1 ! anci5t cradle ( ! ,z5d1 0 situat$ to ! nor?we/ ( ! upp] ,indus1 & aft] ! great religi\s s*ism1 t is to say1 aft] ! sep>ation ( ! ,iranians f ! ,brahm9ical in/itution1 ! language t _h previ\sly be5 common to !m & to ! ,h9doos assum$ among ! latt] p 7toge!r ) ! lit]ature1 habits1 & conditions ( society7 an individual =m 9 ! ,magodha ( ,madhya ,desa199 a di/rict t is b\nd$ by ! great *a9 p #cf ( ,himalaya & ! small] range ( ! ,v9dhya4 footnote 99,see1 on ! ,madhjadeca1 prop]ly s call$1 ,lass5's excell5t "w1 entitl$ ',indis*e ,alt]?umskunde'1 bd4 i41 s4 #ib4 ,! ,*9ese give ! "n ( ,mo-kie-?i to ! s\!rn ,bah>1 situat$ to ! s\? ( ! ,ganges 7see ',foe-,k\e-,ki' by1 ',*y-,fa-,hian'1 #ahcf1 p4 #bef74 ,djambu-dwipa is ! "n giv5 to ! :ole ( ,india2 b ! words also indicate "o ( ! f\r ,buddhi/ cont95ts4 ,9 less anci5t times ! ,sanscrit language & civilization advanc$ t[>d ! s\!a/1 p5etrat+ fur!r )9 ! torrid zone1 z my bro!r ,wilhelm von ,humboldt has %[n 9 8 great "w on ! ,kavi & o!r languages ( analog\s /ructure499 ,footnote 99',ueb] die ,kawi ,spra*e auf d] ,insel ,java1 neb/ e9] ,e9leitung ub] die ,v]s*i$5heit des m5s*li*5 ,spra*baues und ihr5 ,e9 fluss auf die gei/ige ,entwickelung des ,m5s*5gr%le*t's' von ,wilhelm v4 ,humboldt1 #ahcf1 bd4 i41 s4 #ejeai4 ,not)/&+ ! ob/acles oppos$ 9 nor!rn latitudes to ! discov]y ( ! laws ( nature1 ow+ to ! excessive complication ( ph5om5a1 & ! p]petual local v>iations & ! di/ribution ( organic =ms1 x is to ! inhabitants ( a small section ( ! temp]ate zone t ! re/ ( mank9d owe ! e>lie/ revelation ( an intimate & rational acqua9tance ) ! =ces gov]n+ ! physical _w4 ,moreov]1 x is f ! same zone 7:i* is app>5tly m favorable to ! progress ( reason1 ! s(t5+ ( mann]s1 & ! security ( public lib]ty7 t ! g]ms ( civilization h be5 c>ri$ to ! regions ( ! tropics1 z mu* by ! migratory movem5t ( races z by ! e/abli%m5t ( colonies1 diff]+ widely 9 _! in/itution f ^? ( ! ,pho5icians or ,greeks4 ,9 speak+ ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! succession ( ph5om5a on ! great] or less] facility ( recogniz+ ! causes produc+ !m1 ,i h t\*$ ^u t important /age ( our communion ) ! ext]nal _w1 :5 ! enjoym5t aris+ f a k ( ! laws1 & ! mutual connection ( ph5om5a1 associates itself ) ! *>m ( a simple contemplation ( nature4 ,t :i* = a long "t rema9s m]ely an object ( vague intuition1 by degrees acquires ! c]ta9ty ( positive tru?2 & man1 z an immortal poet has said1 9 our own tongue -- ,amid ceaseless *ange seeks ! un*ang+ pole499 ,footnote 99,?is v]se occurs 9 a poem ( ,s*ill]1 entitl$ ',d] ,spazi]gang' :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 #agie1 9 ! ',hor54' ,9 ord] to trace to its primitive s\rce ! enjoym5t d]iv$ f ! ex]cise ( ?\ght1 x is suffici5t to ca/ a rapid glance on ! e>lie/ dawn+s ( ! philosophy ( nature1 or ( ! anci5t doctr9e ( ! ',cosmos4' ,we f9d ev5 p #cg among ! mo/ savage nations 7z my own travels enable me to atte/7 a c]ta9 vague1 t]ror-/rick5 s5se ( ! all-p[]ful unity ( natural =ces1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( an invisible1 spiritual ess5ce manife/$ 9 ^! =ces1 :e!r 9 unfold+ ! fl[] & matur+ ! fruit ( ! nutri5t tree1 9 upheav+ ! soil ( ! =e/1 or 9 r5d+ ! cl\ds ) ! might ( ! /orm4 ,we may "h trace ! revelation ( a bond ( union1 l9k+ toge!r ! visible _w & t high] spiritual _w :i* escapes ! grasp ( ! s5ses4 ,! two become unconsci\sly bl5d$ toge!r1 develop+ 9 ! m9d ( man1 z a simple product ( ideal conception & indep5d5tly ( ! aid ( obs]vation1 ! fir/ g]m ( a ',philosophy ( ,nature4' ,among nations lea/ advanc$ 9 civilization1 ! imag9ation revels 9 /range & fanta/ic creations1 &1 by its pr$ilection = symbols1 alike influ5ces ideas & language4 ,in/ead ( exam9+1 m5 are l$ to conjecture1 dogmatize1 & int]pret suppos$ facts t h nev] be5 obs]v$4 ,! inn] _w ( ?\ght & ( feel+ does n reflect ! image ( ! ext]nal _w 9 its primitive purity4 ,t :i* 9 "s regions ( ! e>? manife/$ itself z ! rudim5ts ( natural philosophy1 only to a small numb] ( p]sons end[$ ) sup]ior intellig5ce1 appe>s 9 o!r regions1 & among entire races ( m51 to be ! result ( my/ic t5d5cies & in/9ctive intuitions4 ,an intimate communion ) nature1 & ! vivid & deep emotions ?us awak5$1 are likewise ! s\rce f :i* h sprung ! fir/ impulses t[>d ! wor%ip & deification ( ! de/roy+ & pres]v+ =ces ( ! univ]se4 ,b by degrees1 z man1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t gradations ( intellectual developm5t1 arrives at ! free enjoym5t ( ! regulat+ p[] ( reflection1 & le>ns by gradual progress1 z x 71 to sep>ate ! _w ( ideas f t ( s5sations1 he no long] re/s satisfi$ m]ely ) a vague pres5tim5t ( ! h>moni\s unity ( natural =ces2 ?\ght beg9s to fulfill its noble mission2 & obs]vation1 aid$ by reason1 endeavors to trace ph5om5a to ! causes f :i* !y spr+4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce tea*es u ! difficulties t h oppos$ ! progress ( ?is active _s ( inquiry4 ,inaccurate & imp]fect obs]vations h l$1 by false inductions1 to ! great numb] ( physical views t h be5 p]petuat$ z popul> prejudices among all classes ( society4 ,?us by ! side ( a solid & sci5tific k ( natural ph5om5a !re has be5 pres]v$ a sy/em ( ! pret5d$ p #ch results ( obs]vation1 :i* is s mu* ! m difficult to %ake1 z x d5ies ! validity ( ! facts by :i* x may be refut$4 ,?is empiricism1 ! melan*oly h]itage transmitt$ to u f =m] times1 inv>iably cont5ds = ! tru? ( its axioms ) ! arrogance ( a n>r[-m9d$ _s4 ,physical philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 bas$ ^u sci5ce1 d\bts because x seeks to inve/igate1 di/+ui%es betwe5 t :i* is c]ta9 & t :i* is m]ely probable1 & /rives incessantly to p]fect !ory by ext5d+ ! circle ( obs]vation4 ,?is assemblage ( imp]fect dogmas1 bequea!d by "o age to ano!r -- ?is physical philosophy1 :i* is compos$ ( popul> prejudices -- is n only injuri\s because x p]petuates error ) ! ob/9acy eng5d]$ by ! evid5ce ( ill-obs]v$ facts1 b also because x h9d]s ! m9d f atta9+ to high] views ( nature4 ,in/ead ( seek+ to discov] ! 'mean' or 'm$ium' po9t1 ar\nd :i* oscillate1 9 app>5t indep5d5ce ( =ces1 all ! ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w1 ?is sy/em delights 9 multiply+ exceptions to ! law1 & seeks1 amid ph5om5a & 9 organic =ms = some?+ beyond ! m>vel ( a regul> succession1 & an int]nal & progressive developm5t4 ,ev] incl9$ to believe t ! ord] ( nature is di/urb$1 x refuses to recognize 9 ! pres5t any analogy ) ! pa/1 & guid$ by its own v>y+ hypo!ses1 seeks at haz>d1 ei!r 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe or 9 ! regions ( space1 = ! cause ( ^! pret5d$ p]turbations4 ,x is ! special object ( ! pres5t "w to combat ^? errors :i* d]ive _! s\rce f a vici\s empiricism & f imp]fect inductions4 ,! high] enjoym5ts yield$ by ! /udy ( nature dep5d ^u ! correctness & ! dep? ( our views1 & ^u ! ext5t ( ! subjects t may be compreh5d$ 9 a s+le glance4 ,increas$ m5tal cultivation has giv5 rise1 9 all classes ( society1 to an increas$ desire ( embelli%+ life by augm5t+ ! mass ( ideas1 & by multiply+ means = _! g5]alization2 & ?is s5tim5t fully refutes ! vague accusations advanc$ aga9/ ! age 9 :i* we live1 %[+ t o!r int]e/s1 besides ! mat]ial wants ( life1 occupy ! m9ds ( m54 ,x is almo/ ) reluctance t ,i am ab\t to speak ( a s5tim5t1 :i* appe>s to arise f n>r[-m9d$ views1 or f a c]ta9 weak & morbid s5tim5tality -- ,i allude to ! 'fe>' ent]ta9$ by "s p]sons1 t nature may by degrees lose a portion ( ! *>m & magic ( h] p[]1 p #ci z we le>n m & m h[ to unvail h] secrets1 compreh5d ! me*anism ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & e/imate num]ically ! int5sity ( natural =ces4 ,x is true t1 prop]ly speak+1 ! =ces ( nature c only ex]cise a magical p[] ov] u z long z _! action is %r\d$ 9 my/]y & d>kness1 & does n admit ( be+ class$ among ! conditions ) :i* exp]i5ce has made u acqua9t$4 ,! effect ( su* a p[] is1 !re=e1 to excite ! imag9ation1 b t1 assur$ly1 is n ! faculty ( m9d we w\ld evoke to preside ov] ! labori\s & elaborate obs]vations by :i* we /rive to atta9 to a k ( ! greatness & excell5ce ( ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,! a/ronom] :o1 by ! aid ( ! heliomet] or a d\ble-refract+ prism199 det]m9es ! diamet] ( planet>y bodies2 :o measures pati5tly ye> aft] ye>1 ! m]idian altitude & ! relative di/ances ( />s1 or :o seeks a telescopic comet 9 a gr\p ( nebulae1 does n feel 8 imag9ation m excit$ -- & ?is is ! v gu>antee ( ! precision ( 8 labors -- ?an ! botani/ :o c\nts ! divisions ( ! calyx1 or ! numb] ( /am5s 9 a fl[]1 or exam9es ! connect$ or ! sep>ate tee? ( ! p]i/oma surr\nd+ ! capsule ( a moss4 ,yet ! multipli$ angul> measurem5ts on ! "o h&1 & ! detail ( organic relations on ! o!r1 alike aid 9 prep>+ ! way = ! atta9m5t ( high] views ( ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,footnote 99,arago's ocul> micromet]1 a happy improvem5t ^u ,ro*on's prismatic or d\ble-refraction micromet]4 ,see ,m4 ,ma?ieu's note 9 ,delambre's ',hi/oire de l',a/ronomie au dix-huitieme ,siecle'1 #ahbg4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ! disposition ( m9d 9 ! obs]v] at ! "t he is pursu+ 8 labors1 ) ! ult]ior greatness ( ! views result+ f inve/igation & ! ex]cise ( ?\ght4 ,! physical philosoph] measures ) admirable sagacity ! waves ( light ( unequal l5g? :i* by int]f]5ce mutually /r5g!n or de/roy ea* o!r1 ev5 ) respect to _! *emical actions2 ! a/ronom]1 arm$ ) p[]ful telescopes1 p5etrates ! regions ( space1 contemplates1 on ! extreme/ conf9es ( our sol> sy/em1 ! satellites ( ,uranus1 or decomposes fa9tly sp>kl+ po9ts into d\ble />s diff]+ 9 color4 ,! botani/ discov]s ! con/ancy ( ! gyratory motion ( ! *>a 9 ! great] numb] ( vegetable cells1 & recognizes 9 ! g5]a & natural families ( plants ! intimate relations or organic =ms4 ,! vault ( heav51 /udd$ ) nebulae p #dj & />s1 & ! ri* vegetable mantle t cov]s ! soil 9 ! climate ( palms1 c n surely fail to produce on ! m9ds ( ^! labori\s obs]v]s ( nature an impression m impos+ & m wor?y ( ! maje/y ( creation ?an on ^? :o are unaccu/om$ to inve/igate ! great mutual relations ( ph5om5a4 ,i c n1 !re=e1 agree ) ,burke :5 he says1 x is our ignorance ( natural ?+s t causes all our admiration & *iefly excites our passions4 ,:ile ! illusion ( ! s5ses w\ld make ! />s /ation>y 9 ! vault ( heav51 ,a/ronomy1 by h] aspir+ labors1 has assign$ indef9ite b\nds to space2 & if %e h set limits to ! great nebula to :i* our sol> sy/em belongs1 x has only be5 to %[ u 9 ^? remote regions ( our optic p[]s1 islet on islet ( scatt]$ nebulae4 ,! feel+ ( ! sublime1 s f> z x arises f a contemplation ( ! di/ance ( ! />s1 ( _! greatness & physical ext5t1 reflects itself 9 ! feel+ ( ! inf9ite1 :i* belongs to ano!r sph]e ( ideas includ$ 9 ! doma9 ( m9d4 ,! solemn & impos+ impressions excit$ by ?is s5tim5t are ow+ to ! comb9ation ( :i* we h spok51 & to ! analog\s "* ( ! enjoym5t & emotions awak5$ 9 u1 :e!r we float on ! surface ( ! great deep1 /& on "s lonely m\nta9 summit envelop$ 9 ! half-transp>5t vapory vail ( ! atmosph]e1 or by ! aid ( p[]ful optical in/rum5ts scan ! regions ( space1 & see ! remote nebul\s mass resolve itself into worlds ( />s4 ,! m]e accumulation ( unconnect$ obs]vations ( details1 devoid ( g5]alization ( ideas1 may d\btlessly h t5d$ to create & fo/] ! deeply-root$ prejudice1 t ! /udy ( ! exact sci5ces mu/ necess>ily *ill ! feel+s1 & dim9i% ! nobl] enjoym5ts att5dant ^u a contemplation ( nature4 ,^? :o /ill *]i% su* errone\s views 9 ! pres5t age1 & amid ! progress ( public op9ion1 & ! advancem5t ( all bran*es ( k1 fail 9 duly appreciat+ ! value ( e enl>gem5t ( ! sph]e ( intellect1 & ! importance ( ! detail ( isolat$ facts 9 lead+ u on to g5]al results4 ,! fe> ( sacrific+ ! free enjoym5t ( nature1 "u ! influ5ce ( sci5tific reason+1 is (t5 associat$ ) an appreh5sion t e m9d may n be capable ( grasp+ ! tru?s ( ! philosophy ( nature4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t 9 ! mid/ ( ! univ]sal fluctuation ( ph5om5a & vital p #da =ces -- 9 t inextricable net-"w ( organisms by turns develop$ & de/roy$ -- ea* /ep t we make 9 ! m intimate k ( nature leads u to ! entrance ( new labyr9?s2 b ! excitem5t produc$ by a pres5tim5t ( discov]y1 ! vague intuition ( ! my/]ies to be unfold$1 & ! multiplicity ( ! pa?s be=e u1 all t5d to /imulate ! ex]cise ( ?\ght 9 e /age ( k4 ,! discov]y ( ea* sep>ate law ( nature leads to ! e/abli%m5t ( "s o!r m g5]al law1 or at lea/ indicates to ! intellig5t obs]v] its exi/5ce4 ,nature1 z a celebrat$ physiologi/99 has def9$ x1 & z ! ^w 0 int]pret$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 is t :i* is ev] gr[+ & ev] unfold+ itself 9 new =ms4 ,footnote 99,c>us1 ',von d5 ,ur!il5 des ,kno*5 und ,s*al5 ,g]u/es'1 #ahbh #f4 ,! s]ies ( organic types becomes ext5d$ or p]fect$ 9 proportion z hi!rto unkn[n regions are laid op5 to our view by ! labors & rese>*es ( travel]s & obs]v]s2 z liv+ organisms are comp>$ ) ^? :i* h disappe>$ 9 ! great revolutions ( our planet2 & z microscopes are made m p]fect1 & are m ext5sively & effici5tly employ$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is imm5se v>iety1 & ?is p]iodic trans=mation ( animal & vegetable productions1 we see incessantly reveal$ ! primordial my/]y ( all organic developm5t1 t same great problem ( 'metamorphosis' :i* ,g! has treat$ ) m ?an common sagacity1 & to ! solution ( :i* man is urg$ by 8 desire ( r$uc+ vital =ms to ! smalle/ numb] ( fundam5tal types4 ,z m5 contemplate ! ri*es ( nature1 & see ! mass ( obs]vations incessantly increas+ be=e !m1 !y become impress$ ) ! intimate conviction t ! surface & ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 & ! regions ( air w /ill1 :5 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s h pass$ away1 op5 to ! sci5tific obs]v] untrodd5 pa?s ( discov]y4 ,! regret ( ,alex&] c n be appli$ to ! progress ( obs]vation & intellig5ce499 footnote 99 ,plut41 9 ',vita ,alex4 ,magni'1 cap4 #g ,g5]al consid]ations1 :e!r !y treat ( ! agglom]ation ( matt] 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 or ( ! geographical di/ribution ( t]re/rial organisms1 are n only 9 !mselves m attractive ?an special /udies1 b !y also af=d sup]ior advantages to ^? :o are unable to devote mu* "t to occupations ( ?is nature4 ,! diff]5t bran*es ( ! /udy ( natural hi/ory are only accessible 9 c]ta9 positions ( social life1 & d n1 at e season p #db & 9 e climate1 pres5t l enjoym5ts4 ,?us1 9 ! dre>y regions ( ! nor?1 man is depriv$ = a long p]iod ( ! ye> ( ! spectacle pres5t$ by ! activity ( ! productive =ces ( organic nature2 & if ! m9d be direct$ to "o sole class ( objects1 ! mo/ animat$ n>ratives ( voyages 9 di/ant l&s w fail to int]e/ & attract u1 if !y d n t\* ^u ! subjects to :i* we are mo/ p>tial4 ,z ! hi/ory ( nations -- if x 7 always able to trace ev5ts to _! true causes -- might solve ! ev]-recurr+ enigma ( ! oscillations exp]i5c$ by ! alt]nately progressive & retrograde movem5t ( human society1 s might also ! physical description ( ! _w1 ! sci5ce ( ! ',cosmos'1 if x 7 grasp$ by a p[]ful intellect1 & bas$ ^u a k ( all ! results ( discov]y up to a giv5 p]iod1 succe$ 9 dispell+ a portion ( ! contradictions :i*1 at fir/ sight1 appe> to arise f ! complication or ph5om5a & ! multitude ( ! p]turbations simultane\sly manife/$4 ,! k ( ! laws ( nature1 :e!r we c trace !m 9 ! alt]nate ebb & fl[ ( ! ocean1 9 ! measur$ pa? ( comets1 or 9 ! mutual attractions ( multiple />s1 alike increases our s5se ( ! calm ( nature1 :ile ! *im]a s long *]i%$ by ! human m9d 9 its e>ly & intuitive contemplations1 ! belief 9 a discord ( ! elem5ts1 seems gradually to vani% 9 proportion z sci5ce ext5ds h] empire4 ,g5]al views lead u habitually to consid] ea* organism z a "p ( ! entire creation1 & to recognize 9 ! plant or ! animal n m]ely an isolat$ species1 b a =m l9k$ 9 ! *a9 ( be+ to o!r =ms ei!r liv+ or ext9ct4 ,!y aid u 9 compreh5d+ ! relations t exi/ betwe5 ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies & ^? :i* h prep>$ ! way = !m4 ,al?\gh fix$ to "o po9t ( space1 we eag]ly grasp at a k ( t :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 diff]5t & f>-di/ant regions4 ,we delight 9 track+ ! c\rse ( ! bold m>9] ?r\gh seas ( pol> ice1 or 9 foll[+ him to ! summit ( t volcano ( ! ant>ctic pole1 ^: fires may be se5 f af>1 ev5 at mid-day4 ,x is by an acqua9tance ) ! results ( di/ant voyages t we may le>n to compreh5d "s ( ! m>vels ( t]re/rial magnetism1 & be ?us l$ to appreciate ! importance ( ! e/abli%m5ts ( ! num]\s obs]vatories :i* 9 ! pres5t day cov] bo? hemisph]es1 & are design$ to note p #dc ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( p]turbations1 & ! frequ5cy & duration ( 'magnetic /orms4' ,let me be p]mitt$ "h to t\* ^u a few po9ts connect$ ) discov]ies1 ^: importance c only be e/imat$ by ^? :o h devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces g5]ally4 ,examples *os5 f among ! ph5om5a to :i* special att5tion has be5 direct$ 9 rec5t times1 w ?r[ additional light ^u ! prec$+ consid]ations4 ,)\t a prelim9>y k ( ! orbits ( comets1 we %\ld be unable duly to appreciate ! importance atta*$ to ! discov]y ( "o ( ^! bodies1 ^: elliptical orbit is includ$ 9 ! n>r[ limits ( our sol> sy/em1 & :i* has reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( an e!real fluid1 t5d+ to dim9i% its c5trifugal =ce & ! p]iod ( its revolution4 ,! sup]ficial half-k1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t day1 :i* leads to ! introduction ( vaguely compreh5d$ sci5tific views into g5]al conv]sation1 also gives rise1 "u v>i\s =ms1 to ! expression ( al>m at ! suppos$ dang] ( a collision betwe5 ! cele/ial bodies1 or ( di/urbance 9 ! climatic relations ( our globe4 ,^! phantoms ( ! imag9ation are s mu* ! m injuri\s z !y d]ive _! s\rce f dogmatic pret5sions to true sci5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( ! atmosph]e1 & ( ! annual v>iations ( its temp]ature1 ext5ds already suffici5tly f> back to %[ ! recurr5ce ( slight di/urbances 9 ! mean temp]ature ( any giv5 place1 & ?us af=ds suffici5t gu>antee aga9/ ! exagg]at$ appreh5sion ( a g5]al & progressive det]ioration ( ! climates ( ,europe4 ,encke's comet1 :i* is "o ( ! ?ree 'int]ior comets'1 completes its c\rse 9 #abjj days1 b f ! =m & position ( its orbit x is z little dang]\s to ! e>? z ,halley's great comet1 ^: revolution is n complet$ 9 less ?an sev5ty-six ye>s 7& :i* appe>$ less brilliant 9 #ahce ?an x _h done 9 #agei73 ! int]ior comet ( ,biela int]sects ! e>?'s orbit1 x is true1 b x c only approa* our globe :5 its proximity to ! sun co9cides ) our w9t] sol/ice4 ,! quantity ( heat receiv$ by a planet1 & ^: unequal di/ribution det]m9es ! meteorological v>iations ( its atmosph]e1 dep5ds alike ^u ! light-eng5d]+ =ce ( ! sun2 t is to say1 ^u ! condition ( its gase\s cov]+s1 & ^u ! relative position ( ! planet & ! c5tral body4 p #dd ,!re are v>iations1 x is true1 :i*1 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( univ]sal gravitation1 affect ! =m ( ! e>?'s orbit & ! incl9ation ( ! ecliptic1 t is1 ! angle :i* ! axis ( ! e>? makes ) ! plane ( its orbit2 b ^! p]iodical v>iations are s sl[1 & are re/rict$ )9 su* n>r[ limits1 t _! !rmic effects w\ld h>dly be appreciable by our in/rum5ts 9 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! a/ronomical causes ( a refrig]ation ( our globe1 & ( ! dim9ution ( moi/ure at its surface1 & ! nature & frequ5cy ( c]ta9 epidemics -- ph5om5a :i* are (t5 discuss$ 9 ! pres5t day accord+ to ! b5ight$ views ( ! ,middle ,ages -- ought to be consid]$ z beyond ! range ( our exp]i5ce 9 physics & *emi/ry4 ,physical a/ronomy pres5ts u ) o!r ph5om5a1 :i* c n be fully compreh5d$ 9 all _! va/ness )\t a previ\s acquirem5t ( g5]al views reg>d+ ! =ces t gov]n ! univ]se4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! innum]able d\ble />s1 or r suns1 :i* revolve r\nd "o common c5t] ( gravity1 & ?us reveal 9 di/ant worlds ! exi/5ce ( ! ,newtonian law2 ! l>g] or small] numb] ( spots ^u ! sun1 t is to say1 ! op5+s =m$ ?r\gh ! lum9\s & opaque atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! solid nucleus2 & ! regul> appe>ance ab\t ! #ac? ( ,novemb] & ! #aa? ( ,augu/1 ( %oot+ />s1 :i* probably =m "p ( a belt ( a/]oids1 int]sect+ ! e>?'s orbit1 & mov+ ) planet>y velocity4 ,desc5d+ f ! cele/ial regions to ! e>?1 we w\ld fa9 inquire into ! relations t exi/ betwe5 ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum 9 air 7! !ory ( :i* has be5 p]fect$ by ,bessel7 & ! d5sity ( our planet2 & h[ ! p5dulum1 act+ ! "p ( a plummet1 c1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ?r[ light ^u ! geological con/itution ( /rata at great dep?s8 ,by means ( ?is in/rum5t we are enabl$ to trace ! /rik+ analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! =mation ( ! granul> rocks compos+ ! lava curr5ts eject$ f active volcanoes1 & ^? endog5\s masses ( granite1 porphyry1 & s]p5t9e1 :i*1 issu+ f ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 h brok51 z eruptive rocks1 ?r\gh ! second>y /rata1 & modifi$ !m by contact1 ei!r 9 r5d]+ !m h>d] by ! introduction ( silex1 or r$uc+ !m into dolomite1 or1 f9ally1 by induc+ )9 !m ! =mation ( cry/als ( ! mo/ v>i$ composition4 ,! elevation ( sporadic isl&s1 ( p #de domes ( tra*yte1 & cones ( basalt1 by ! ela/ic =ces emanat+ f ! fluid int]ior ( our globe1 has l$ "o ( ! fir/ geologi/s ( ! age1 ,leopold von ,bu*1 to ! !ory ( ! elevation ( cont95ts1 & ( m\nta9 *a9s g5]ally4 ,?is action ( subt]ranean =ces 9 break+ ?r\gh & elevat+ /rata ( s$im5t>y rocks1 ( :i* ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 9 consequ5ce ( a great e>?quake1 furni%$ a rec5t example1 leads to ! assumption t ! pelagic %ells f\nd by ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself on ! ridge ( ! ,&es1 at an elevation ( m ?an #ae1jjj ,engli% feet1 may h be5 convey$ to s extraord9>y a position1 n by a ris+ ( ! ocean1 b by ! ag5cy ( volcanic =ces capable ( elevat+ into ridges ! s(t5$ cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,i apply ! t]m 'volcanic'1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 to e action ex]cis$ by ! int]ior ( a planet on its ext]nal cru/4 ,! surface ( our globe1 & t ( ! moon1 manife/ traces ( ?is action1 :i* 9 ! =m]1 at lea/1 has v>i$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ages4 ,^? :o are ignorant ( ! fact t ! int]nal heat ( ! e>? increases s rapidly ) ! increase ( dep? t granite is 9 a /ate ( fusion ab\t tw5ty or ?irty geographical miles bel[ ! surface199 c n h a cle> conception ( ! causes1 & ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( volcanic eruptions at places widely remov$ f "o ano!r1 or ( ! ext5t & int]section ( 'circles ( commotion' 9 e>?quakes1 or ( ! uni=mity ( temp]ature1 & equality ( *emical composition obs]v$ 9 !rmal spr+s dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s4 ,footnote 99 ,! det]m9ations usually giv5 ( ! po9t ( fusion are 9 g5]al mu* too high = refract+ sub/ances4 ,accord+ to ! v accurate rese>*es ( ,mits*]li*1 ! melt+ po9t ( granite c h>dly exce$ #bcgb degrees ,f4 ,dr4 ,mantell /ates 9 ',! ,wond]s ( ,geology'1 #ahdh1 vol4 i41 p4 #cd1 t ?is increase ( temp]ature am\nts to #a degree ( ,fahr5heit = e fifty-f\r feet ( v]tical dep?4 -- ,tr4 ,! quantity ( heat peculi> to a planet is1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( su* importance -- be+ ! result ( its primitive cond5sation1 & v>y+ accord+ to ! nature & duration ( ! radiation -- t ! /udy ( ?is subject may ?r[ "s degree ( light on ! hi/ory ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! di/ribution ( ! organic bodies imb$d$ 9 ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,?is /udy enables u to und]/& h[ a tropical temp]ature1 indep5d5t ( latitude 7t is1 ( ! di/ance f ! poles71 may h be5 produc$ by deep fissures rema9+ op51 & exhal+ heat f ! int]ior p #df ( ! globe1 at a p]iod :5 ! e>?'s cru/ 0 /ill furr[$ & r5t1 & only 9 a /ate ( semi-solidification2 & a primordial condition is ?us reveal$ to u1 9 :i* ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & climates g5]ally1 7 ow+ r to a lib]ation ( caloric & ( diff]5t gase\s emanations 7t is to say1 r to ! en]getic reaction ( ! int]ior on ! ext]ior7 ?an to ! position ( ! e>? ) respect to ! c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,! cold regions ( ! e>? conta91 deposit$ 9 s$im5t>y /rata1 ! products ( tropical climates2 ?us1 9 ! coal =mations1 we f9d ! trunks ( palms /&+ upright amid conif]ae1 tree f]ns1 goniatites1 & fi%es hav+ rhomboidal osse\s scales299 9 ! ,jura lime/one1 colossal skeletons ( crocodiles1 plesiosauri1 planulites1 & /ems ( ! cycadeae2 9 ! *alk =mations1 small poly?almia & bryozoa1 ^: species /ill exi/ 9 our seas2 9 tripoli1 or poli%+ slate1 9 ! semi-opal & ! f>9a-l opal or m\nta9 meal1 agglom]ations ( silice\s infusoria1 :i* h be5 br\ght to light by ! p[]ful microscope ( ,ehr5b]g29999 &1 la/ly1 9 transport$ soils1 & 9 c]ta9 caves1 ! bones ( elephants1 hy5as1 & lions4 ,footnote 99,see ! classical "w on ! fi%es ( ! ,old ,_w by ,agassiz1 ',re*4 sur les ,poissons ,fossiles'1 #ahcd1 vol4 i41 p4 #ch2 vol4 ii41 p4 #c1 #bh1 #cd1 ,app41 p4 #f4 ,! :ole g5us ( ,amblypt]us1 ,ag41 ne>ly alli$ to ,palaeoniscus 7call$ also ,palaeo?rissum71 lies buri$ b5ea? ! ,jura =mations 9 ! old c>bonif]\s /rata4 ,scales :i*1 9 "s fi%es1 z 9 ! family ( ,lepidoides 7ord] ( ,ganoides71 are =m$ l tee?1 & cov]$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ) enamel1 belong1 aft] ! ,placoides1 to ! olde/ =ms ( fossil fi%es2 _! liv+ repres5tatives are /ill f\nd 9 two g5]a1 ! ',bi*ir' ( ! ,nile & ,s5egal1 & ! ',lepido/eus' ( ! ,ohio4 ,footnote 9999,! 'poli%+ slate' ( ,bil9 is /at$ by ,m4 ,ehr5b]g to =m a 's]ies' ( /rata f\rte5 feet 9 ?ickness1 entirely made up ( ! silice\s %ells ( ',gaillonellae'1 ( su* extreme m9ut5ess t a cubic in* ( ! /one conta9s =ty-"o ?\s& millions6 ,! ',b]gmehl' 7'm\nta9 meal' or 'fossil f>9a'7 ( ,san ,fiora1 9 ,tuscany1 is "o mass ( animalculites4 ,see ! int]e/+ "w ( ,g4 ,a4 ,mantell1 ',on ! ,m$als ( ,creation'1 vol4 i41 p4 #bcc4 -- ,tr4 ,an intimate acqua9tance ) ! physical ph5om5a ( ! univ]se leads u to reg>d ! products ( w>m latitudes t are ?us f\nd 9 a fossil condition 9 nor!rn regions n m]ely z inc5tives to b>r5 curiosity1 b z subjects awak5+ deep reflection1 & op5+ new s\rces ( /udy4 ,! numb] & ! v>iety ( ! objects ,i h allud$ to give rise to ! "q :e!r g5]al consid]ations ( physical ph5om5a c be made suffici5tly cle> to p]sons :o h n acquir$ a detail$ & special k ( p #dg descriptive natural hi/ory1 geology1 or ma!matical a/ronomy8 ,i ?9k we ought to di/+ui% "h betwe5 him ^: task x is to collect ! individual details ( v>i\s obs]vations1 & /udy ! mutual relations exi/+ among !m1 & him to :om ^! relations are to be reveal$1 "u ! =m ( g5]al results4 ,! =m] %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! specialities ( ph5om5a1 t he may arrive at a g5]alization ( ideas z ! result1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ( 8 own obs]vations1 exp]im5ts1 & calculations4 ,x c n be d5i$1 t :]e !re is an abs5ce ( positive k ( physical ph5om5a1 ! g5]al results :i* imp>t s great a *>m to ! /udy ( nature c n all be made equally cle> & intelligible to ! read]1 b /ill ,i v5ture to hope1 t 9 ! "w :i* ,i am n[ prep>+ on ! physical laws ( ! univ]se1 ! great] "p ( ! facts advanc$ c be made manife/ )\t ! necessity ( appeal+ to fundam5tal views & pr9ciples4 ,! picture ( nature ?us drawn1 not)/&+ ! want ( di/9ctness ( "s ( its outl9es1 w n be ! less able to enri* ! intellect1 enl>ge ! sph]e ( ideas1 & n\ri% & vivify ! imag9ation4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 "s tru? 9 ! accusation advanc$ aga9/ _m ,g]man sci5tific works1 t !y less5 ! value ( g5]al views by an accumulation ( detail1 & d n suffici5tly di/+ui% betwe5 ^? great results :i* =m1 z x 71 ! beacon lights ( sci5ce1 & ! long s]ies ( means by :i* !y h be5 atta9$4 ,?is me?od ( treat+ sci5tific subjects l$ ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( our poets99 to exclaim ) impati5ce1 ,! ,g]mans h ! art ( mak+ sci5ce inaccessible4 ,an edifice c n produce a /rik+ effect until ! scaffold+ is remov$1 t _h ( necessity be5 us$ dur+ its erection4 ,footnote 99,go!1 9 ',die ,aphorism5 ub] ,naturwiss5s*aft'1 bd4 ,i41 s4 #aee 7',w]ke kle9e ,ausgabe'1'von' #ahcc47 ,?us ! uni=mity ( figure obs]v$ 9 ! di/ribution ( cont95tal masses1 :i* all t]m9ate t[>d ! s\? 9 a pyramidal =m1 & exp& t[>d ! nor? 7a law t det]m9es ! nature ( climates1 ! direction ( curr5ts 9 ! ocean & ! atmosph]e1 & ! transition ( c]ta9 types ( tropical vegetation t[>d ! s\!rn temp]ate zone71 may be cle>ly appreh5d$ )\t any k ( ! geodesical & a/ronomical op]ations by means ( :i* ^! pyramidal =ms ( cont95ts h be5 det]m9$4 ,9 l mann]1 physical geography tea*es u by h[ _m leagues p #dh ! equatorial axis exce$s ! pol> axis ( ! globe1 & %[s u ! mean equality ( ! flatt5+ ( ! two hemisph]es1 )\t entail+ on u ! necessity ( giv+ ! detail ( ! measurem5t ( ! degrees 9 ! m]idian1 or ! obs]vations on ! p5dulum1 :i* h l$ u to "k t ! true figure ( our globe is n exactly t ( a regul> ellipsoid ( revolution1 & t ?is irregul>ity is reflect$ 9 ! correspond+ irregul>ity ( ! movem5ts ( ! moon4 ,! views ( comp>ative geography h be5 specially enl>g$ by t admirable "w1 ',erdkunde im ,v]hltniss zur ,natur und sur ,ges*i*te'1 9 :i* ,c>l ,ritt] s ably del9eates ! physiognomy ( our globe1 & %[s ! influ5ce ( its ext]nal configuration on ! physical ph5om5a on its surface1 on ! migrations1 laws1 & mann]s ( nations1 & on all ! pr9cipal hi/orical ev5ts enact$ ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,france possesses an immortal "w1 ',l',exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde'1 9 :i* ! au?or has comb9$ ! results ( ! highe/ a/ronomical & ma!matical labors1 & pres5t$ !m to 8 read]s free f all processes ( demon/ration4 ,! /ructure ( ! heav5s is "h r$uc$ to ! simple solution ( a great problem 9 me*anics2 yet ,laplace's "w has nev] yet be5 accus$ ( incomplet5ess & want ( pr(undity4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 dissimil> subjects1 & ! sep>ation ( ! g5]al f ! special1 are n only conducive to ! atta9m5t ( p]spicuity 9 ! composition ( a physical hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 b are also ! means by :i* a "* ( great] elevation may be imp>t$ to ! /udy ( nature4 ,by ! suppression ( all unnecess>y detail1 ! great masses are bett] se51 & ! reason+ faculty is enabl$ to grasp all t might o!rwise escape ! limit$ range ( ! s5ses4 ,! exposition ( g5]al results has1 x mu/ be own$1 be5 s+ul>ly facilitat$ by ! happy revolution exp]i5c$ s9ce ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 9 ! condition ( all ! special sci5ces1 m p>ticul>ly ( geology1 *emi/ry1 & descriptive natural hi/ory4 ,9 proportion z laws admit ( m g5]al application1 & z sci5ces mutually enri* ea* o!r1 & by _! ext5sion become connect$ toge!r 9 m num]\s & m intimate relations1 ! developm5t ( g5]al tru?s may be giv5 ) concis5ess devoid ( sup]ficiality4 ,on be+ fir/ exam9$1 all ph5om5a appe> to be p #di isolat$1 & x is only by ! result ( a multiplicity ( obs]vations1 comb9$ by reason1 t we are able to trace ! mutual relations exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t age1 :i* is s /rongly *>act]iz$ by a brilliant c\rse ( sci5tific discov]ies1 we p]ceive a want ( connection 9 ! ph5om5a ( c]ta9 sci5ces1 we may anticipate ! revelation ( new facts1 ^: importance w probably be comm5surate ) ! att5tion direct$ to ^! bran*es ( /udy4 ,expectations ( ?is nature may be ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to meteorology1 sev]al p>ts ( optics1 & to radiat+ heat1 & electro-magnetism1 s9ce ! admirable discov]ies ( ,melloni & ,f>aday4 ,a f]tile field is "h op5$ to discov]y1 al?\gh ! voltaic pile has already taught u ! intimate connection exi/+ betwe5 electric1 magnetic1 & *emical ph5om5a4 ,:o w v5ture to affirm t we h any precise k1 9 ! pres5t day1 ( t "p ( ! atmosph]e :i* is n oxyg51 or t ?\s&s ( gase\s sub/ances affect+ our organs may n be mix$ ) ! nitrog51 or1 f9ally1 t we h ev5 discov]$ ! :ole numb] ( ! =ces :i* p]vade ! univ]se8 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is essay on ! physical hi/ory ( ! _w to r$uce all s5sible ph5om5a to a small numb] ( ab/ract pr9ciples1 bas$ on reason only4 ,! physical hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 ^: exposition ,i attempt to develop1 does n pret5d to rise to ! p]il\s ab/ractions ( a purely rational sci5ce ( nature1 & is simply a 'physical geography1 comb9$ ) a description ( ! regions ( space & ! bodies occupy+ !m4' ,devoid ( ! pr(\ndness ( a purely speculative philosophy1 my essay on ! ',cosmos' treats ( ! contemplation ( ! univ]se1 & is bas$ ^u a rational empiricism1 t is to say1 ^u ! results ( ! facts regi/]$ by sci5ce1 & te/$ by ! op]ations ( ! intellect4 ,x is )9 ^! limits alone t ! "w1 :i* ,i n[ v5ture to und]take1 app]ta9s to ! sph]e ( labor to :i* ,i h devot$ myself ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( my long sci5tific c>e]4 ,! pa? ( inquiry is n unkn[n to me1 al?\gh x may be pursu$ by o!rs ) great] success4 ,! unity :i* ,i seek to atta9 9 ! developm5t ( ! great ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 is analog\s to t :i* hi/orical composition is capable ( acquir+4 ,all po9ts relat+ to ! accid5tal individualities1 & ! ess5tial v>iations ( ! actual1 :e!r 9 ! =m & arrangem5t ( natural objects 9 ! /ruggle ( man aga9/ ! elem5ts1 or ( nations aga9/ nations1 d n admit ( be+ p #ej bas$ only on a 'rational f\ndation' -- t is to say1 ( be+ d$uc$ f ideas alone4 ,x seems to me t a l degree ( empiricism atta*es to ! ,description ( ! ,univ]se & to ,civil ,hi/ory2 b 9 reflect+ ^u physical ph5om5a & ev5ts1 & trac+ _! causes by ! process ( reason1 we become m & m conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! anci5t doctr9e1 t ! =ces inh]5t 9 matt]1 & ^? :i* gov]n ! moral necessity1 & 9 accordance ) movem5ts occurr+ p]iodically aft] long] or %ort] int]vals4 ,x is ?is necessity1 ?is occult b p]man5t connection1 ?is p]iodical recurr5ce 9 ! progressive developm5t ( =ms1 ph5om5a1 & ev5ts1 :i* con/itute 'nature'1 ob$i5t to ! fir/ impulse imp>t$ to x4 ,physics1 z ! t]m signifies1 is limit$ to ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w by ! prop]ties ( matt]4 ,! ultimate object ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ces is1 !re=e1 to discov] laws1 & to trace _! progressive g5]alization4 ,all t exce$s ?is goes beyond ! prov9ce ( ! physical description ( ! univ]se1 & app]ta9s to a range ( high] speculative views4 ,emmanuel ,kant1 "o ( ! few philosoph]s :o h escap$ ! imputation ( impiety1 has def9$ ) r>e sagacity ! limits ( physical explanations1 9 8 celebrat$ essay ',on ! ,!ory & ,/ructure ( ! ,heav5s'1 publi%$ at ,konigsb]g 9 #agee4 ,! /udy ( a sci5ce t promises to lead u ?r\gh ! va/ range ( creation may be comp>$ to a j\rney 9 a f>-di/ant l&4 ,be=e we set =?1 we consid]1 & (t5 ) di/ru/1 our own /r5g?1 & t ( ! guide we h *os54 ,b ! appreh5sions :i* h orig9at$ 9 ! abundance & ! difficulties atta*$ to ! subjects we w\ld embrace1 rec$e f view z we rememb] t ) ! increase ( obs]vations 9 ! pres5t day !re has also aris5 a m intimate k ( ! connection exi/+ among all ph5om5a4 ,x has n unfrequ5tly happ5$1 t ! rese>*es made at remote di/ances h (t5 & unexpect$ly ?r[n light ^u subjects :i* _h long resi/$ ! attempts made to expla9 !m )9 ! n>r[ limits ( our own sph]e ( obs]vation4 ,organic =ms t _h long rema9$ isolat$1 bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable k+dom1 h be5 connect$ by ! discov]y ( int]m$iate l9ks or /ages ( transition4 ,! geography ( be+s end[$ p #ea ) life atta9s complet5ess z we see ! species1 g5]a1 & entire families belong+ to "o hemisph]e1 reflect$ z x 71 9 analog\s animal & vegetable =ms 9 ! opposite hemisph]e4 ,!re are1 s to speak1 ! 'equival5ts' :i* mutually p]sonate & replace "o ano!r 9 ! great s]ies ( organisms4 ,^! connect+ l9ks & /ages ( transition may be trac$1 alt]nately1 9 a defici5cy or an excess ( developm5t ( c]ta9 p>ts1 9 ! mode ( junction ( di/9ct organs1 9 ! diff]5ces 9 ! balance ( =ces1 or 9 a resemblance to int]m$iate =ms :i* are n p]man5t1 b m]ely *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 phases ( normal developm5t4 ,pass+ f ! consid]ation ( be+s end[$ ) life to t ( inorganic bodies1 we f9d _m /rik+ illu/rations ( ! high /ate ( advancem5t to :i* mod]n geology has atta9$4 ,we ?us see1 accord+ to ! gr& views ( ,elie de ,beaumont1 h[ *a9s ( m\nta9s divid+ diff]5t climates & floras & diff]5t races ( m51 reveal to u _! 'relative age'1 bo? by ! "* ( ! s$im5t>y /rata !y h uplift$1 & by ! directions :i* !y foll[ ov] ! long fissures & :i* ! e>?'s cru/ is furr[$4 ,relations ( sup]position ( tra*yte & ( sy5itic porphyry1 ( diorite & ( s]p5t9e1 :i* rema9 9 ! ri* plat9um di/ricts ( ! ,oural1 & on ! s\?-we/]n declivity ( ! ,sib]ian ,alti1 are elucidat$ by ! obs]vations t h be5 made on ! plateaux ( ,mexico & ,antioquia1 & 9 ! unheal?y rav9es ( ,*oco4 ,! mo/ important facts on :i* ! physical hi/ory ( ! _w has be5 bas$ 9 mod]n times1 h n be5 accumulat$ by *ance4 ,x has at l5g? be5 fully ackn[l$g$1 & ! conviction is *>act]i/ic ( ! age1 t ! n>ratives ( di/ant travels1 too long occupi$ 9 ! m]e recital ( haz>d\s adv5tures1 c only be made a s\rce ( in/ruction :]e ! travel] is acqua9t$ ) ! condition ( ! sci5ce he w\ld enl>ge1 & is guid$ by reason 9 8 rese>*es4 ,x is by ?is t5d5cy to g5]alization1 :i* is only dang]\s 9 its abuse1 t a great portion ( ! physical k already acquir$ may be made ! common prop]ty ( all classes ( society2 b1 9 ord] to r5d] ! in/ruction impair$ by ^! means comm5surate ) ! importance ( ! subject1 x is desirable to deviate z widely z possible f ! imp]fect compilations designat$1 till ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 by ! inappropriate t]m ( 'popul> p #eb k4' ,i take pleasure 9 p]suad+ myself t sci5tific subjects may be treat$ ( 9 language at once dignifi$1 grave1 & animat$1 & t ^? :o are re/rict$ )9 ! circumscrib$ limits ( ord9>y life1 & h long rema9$ /rang]s to an intimate communion ) nature1 may ?us h op5$ to !m "o ( ! ri*e/ s\rces ( enjoym5t1 by :i* ! m9d is invigorat$ by ! acquisition ( new ideas4 ,communion ) nature awak5s )9 u p]ceptive faculties t _h long la9 dormant2 & we ?us compreh5d at a s+le glance ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by physical discov]ies on ! enl>gem5t ( ! sph]e ( intellect1 & p]ceive h[ a judici\s application ( me*anics1 *emi/ry1 & o!r sci5ces may be made conducive to national prosp]ity4 ,a m accurate k ( ! connection ( physical ph5om5a w also t5d to remove ! preval5t error t all bran*es ( natural sci5ce are n equally important 9 relation to g5]al cultivation & indu/rial progress4 ,an arbitr>y di/9ction is frequ5tly made betwe5 ! v>i\s degrees ( importance app]ta9+ to ma!matical sci5ces1 to ! /udy ( organiz$ be+s1 ! k ( electro-magnetism1 & inve/igations ( ! g5]al prop]ties ( matt] 9 its diff]5t conditions ( molecul> aggregation2 & x is n uncommon presumptu\sly to affix a suppos$ /igma ^u rese>*es ( ?is nature1 by t]m+ !m purely !oretical1 =gett+ 1 al?\gh ! fact has be5 long atte/$1 t 9 ! obs]vation ( a ph5om5on1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to be :olly isolat$1 may be conceal$ ! g]m ( a great discov]y4 ,:5 ,aloysio ,galvani fir/ /imulat$ ! n]v\s fib] by ! accid5tal contact ( two het]og5e\s metals1 8 contempor>ies c\ld nev] h anticipat$ t ! action ( ! voltaic pile w\ld discov] to u1 9 ! alkalies1 metals ( a silv]y lu/]1 s light z to swim on wat]1 & em95tly inflammable2 or t x w\ld become a p[]ful in/rum5t ( *emical analysis1 & at ! same "t a !rmoscope & a magnet4 ,:5 ,hyg5s fir/ obs]v$1 9 #afgh1 ! ph5om5on ( ! pol>ization ( light1 exhibit$ 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two rays into :i* a p5cil ( light divides itself 9 pass+ ?r\gh a d\bly refract+ cry/al1 x c\ld n h be5 =ese5 t1 a c5tury & a half lat]1 ! great philosoph] ,arago w\ld1 by 8 discov]y ( '*romatic pol>ization'1 be l$ to disc]n1 by means ( a small fragm5t ( ,icel& sp>1 :e!r sol> light emanates f a solid body or a gase\s cov]+1 or p #ec :e!r comets transmit light directly or m]ely by reflection499 ,footnote 99,arago's ,discov]ies 9 ! ye> #ahaa4 -- ,delambro's ',hi/oire de l',a/4'1 p4 #feb4 7,passage already quot$47 ,an equal appreciation ( all bran*es ( ! ma!matical1 physical1 & natural sci5ces is a special requirem5t ( ! pres5t age1 9 :i* ! mat]ial weal? & ! gr[+ prosp]ity ( nations are pr9cipally bas$ ^u a m enlight5$ employm5t ( ! products & =ces ( nature4 ,! mo/ sup]ficial glance at ! pres5t condition ( ,europe %[s t a dim9ution1 or ev5 a total annihilation ( national prosp]ity1 mu/ be ! aw>d ( ^? /ates :o %r9k ) slo?ful indiff]5ce f ! great /ruggle ( rival nations 9 ! c>e] ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,x is ) nations z ) nature1 :i*1 accord+ to a happy expression ( ,g!199 kn[s no pause 9 progress & developm5t1 & atta*es h] curse on all inaction4 ,footnote 99,go!1 9 ',die ,aphorism5 ub] ,naturwiss5s*aft4' -- ',w]ke'1 bd4 #a41 s4 #d ,! propagation ( an e>ne/ & s\nd k ( sci5ce c !re=e alone av]t ! dang]s ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,man c n act ^u nature1 or appropriate h] =ces to 8 own use1 )\t compreh5d+ _! full ext5t1 & hav+ an intimate acqua9tance ) ! laws ( ! physical _w4 ,bacon has said t1 9 human societies1 k is p[]4 ,bo? mu/ rise & s9k toge!r4 ,b ! k t results f ! free action ( ?\ght is at once ! delight & ! inde/ructible pr]ogative ( man2 & 9 =m+ "p ( ! weal? ( mank9d1 x n unfrequ5tly s]ves z a sub/itute = ! natural ri*es1 :i* are b sp>+ly scatt]$ ov] ! e>?4 ,^? /ates :i* take no active "p 9 ! g5]al indu/rial movem5t1 9 ! *oice & prep>ation ( natural sub/ances1 or 9 ! application ( me*anics & *emi/ry1 & among :om ?is activity is n appreciat$ by all classes ( society1 w infallibly see _! prosp]ity dim9i% 9 proportion z neighbor+ c\ntries become /r5g!n$ & invigorat$ "u ! g5ial influ5ce ( arts & sci5ces4 ,z 9 nobl] sph]es ( ?\ght & s5tim5t1 9 philosophy1 poetry1 & ! f9e arts1 ! object at :i* we aim ought to be an inw>d "o -- an ennoblem5t ( ! intellect -- s ought we likewise 9 our pursuit ( sci5ce1 to /rive aft] a k ( ! laws & ! pr9ciples ( unity t p]vade ! vital =ces ( ! univ]se2 & x is by su* a c\rse t p #ed physical /udies may be made subs]vi5t to ! progress ( indu/ry1 :i* is a conque/ ( m9d ov] matt]4 ,by a happy connection ( causes & effects1 we (t5 see ! useful l9k$ to ! beautiful & ! exalt$4 ,! improvem5t ( agriculture 9 ! h&s ( freem51 & on prop]ties ( a mod]ate ext5t -- ! fl\ri%+ /ate ( ! me*anical arts fre$ f ! trammels ( municipal re/rictions -- ! increas$ impetus imp>t$ to comm]ce by ! multipli$ means ( ! intellectual progress ( mank9d1 & ( ! amelioration ( political in/itutions1 9 :i* ?is progress is reflect$4 ,! picture pres5t$ by mod]n hi/ory ought to conv9ce ^? :o are t>dy 9 awak5+ to ! tru? ( ! lesson x tea*es4 ,nor let x be fe>$ t ! m>k$ pr$ilection = ! /udy ( nature1 & = indu/rial progress1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t age1 %\ld necess>ily h a t5d5cy to ret>d ! noble ex]tions ( ! intellect 9 ! doma9s ( philosophy1 classical hi/ory1 & antiquity1 or to deprive ! arts by :i* life is embelli%$ ( ! vivify+ brea? ( imag9ation4 ,:]e all ! g]ms ( civilization are develop$ b5ea? ! aegis ( free in/itutions & wise legislation1 !re is no cause = appreh5d+ t any "o bran* ( k %\ld be cultivat$ to ! prejudice ( o!rs4 ,all af=d ! /ate preci\s fruits1 :e!r !y yield n\ri%m5t to man & con/itute 8 physical weal?1 or :e!r1 m p]man5t 9 _! nature1 !y transmit 9 ! works ( m9d ! glory ( nations to remote/ po/]ity4 ,! ,sp>tans1 not)/&+ _! ,doric au/]ity1 pray$ ! gods to grant !m ! beautiful ) ! good499 ,footnote 99,pseudo-,plato1 -- ',alcib4'1 xi41 p4 #ahd1 ed4 ,/eph42 ,plut41 ',in/ituta ,laconica'1 p4 #bec1 ed4 ,hatt54 ,i w no long] dwell ^u ! consid]ations ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ma!matical & physical sci5ces on all t app]ta9s to ! mat]ial wants ( social life1 = ! va/ ext5t ( ! c\rse on :i* ,i am ent]+ =bids me to insi/ fur!r ^u ! utility ( ^! applications4 ,accu/om$ to di/ant excursions1 ,i may1 p]haps1 h err$ 9 describ+ ! pa? be=e u z m smoo? & pleasant ?an x really is1 = su* is wont to be ! practice ( ^? :o delight 9 guid+ o!rs to ! summits ( l(ty m\nta9s3 !y praise ! view ev5 :5 great "p ( ! di/ant pla9s lie hidd5 by cl\ds1 kn[+ t ?is half-transp>5t vapory vail imp>ts to ! sc5e a c]ta9 *>m f p #ee ! p[] ex]cis$ by ! imag9ation ov] ! doma9 ( ! s5ses4 ,9 l mann]1 f ! height occupi$ by ! physical hi/ory ( ! _w1 all p>ts ( ! horizon w n appe> equally cle> & well def9$4 ,?is indi/9ctness w n1 h[ev]1 be :olly ow+ to ! pres5t imp]fect /ate ( "s ( ! sci5ces1 b 9 "p1 likewise1 to ! unskillfulness ( ! guide :o has imprud5tly v5tur$ to asc5d ^! l(ty summits4 ,! object ( ?is introductory notice is n1 h[ev]1 solely to draw att5tion to ! importance & greatness ( ! physical hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 = 9 ! pres5t day ^! are too well und]/ood to be conte/$1 b likewise to prove h[1 )\t detrim5t to ! /ability ( special /udies1 we may be enabl$ to g5]alize our ideas by conc5trat+ !m 9 "o common focus1 & ?us arrive at a po9t ( view f :i* all ! organisms & =ces ( nature may be se5 z "o liv+ active :ole1 animat$ by "o sole impulse4 ,nature1 z ,s*ell+ rem>ks 9 8 poetic disc\rse on art1 is n an in]t mass2 & to him :o c compreh5d h] va/ sublimity1 %e reveals h]self z ! creative =ce ( ! univ]se -- be=e all "t1 et]nal1 ev] active1 %e calls to life all ?+s1 :e!r p]i%able or imp]i%able4 ,by unit+1 "u "o po9t ( view1 bo? ! ph5om5a ( our own globe & ^? pres5t$ 9 ! regions ( space1 we embrace ! limits ( ! sci5ce ( ! ',cosmos'1 & conv]t ! physical hi/ory ( ! globe into ! physical hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 ! "o t]m be+ model$ ^u t ( ! o!r4 ,?is sci5ce ( ! ,cosmos is n1 h[ev]1 to be reg>d$ z a m]e encyclop$ic aggregation ( ! mo/ important & g5]al results t h be5 collect$ toge!r f special bran*es ( k4 ,^! results are no?+ m ?an ! mat]ials = a va/ edifice1 & _! comb9ation c n con/itute ! physical hi/ory ( ! _w1 ^: exalt$ "p x is to %[ ! simultane\s action & ! connect+ l9ks ( ! =ces :i* p]vade ! univ]se4 ,! di/ribution ( organic types 9 diff]5t climates & at diff]5t elevations -- t is to say1 ! geography ( plants & animals -- diff]s z widely f botany & descriptive zoology z geology does f m9]alogy1 prop]ly s call$4 ,! physical hi/ory ( ! univ]se mu/ n1 !re=e1 be conf\nd$ ) ! ',encyclop$ias ( ! ,natural ,sci5ces'1 z !y h hi!rto be5 compil$1 & ^: title is z vague z _! limits are ill def9$4 ,9 ! "w be=e u1 p>tial facts w be consid]$ only 9 relation to ! :ole4 p #ef ,! high] ! po9t ( view1 ! great] is ! necessity = a sy/ematic mode ( treat+ ! subject 9 language at once animat$ & picturesque4 ,b ?\ght & language h ev] be5 mo/ intimately alli$4 ,if language1 by its orig9ality ( /ructure & its native ri*ness1 c1 9 its del9eations1 int]pret ?\ght ) grace & cle>ness1 & if1 by its happy flexibility1 x c pa9t ) vivid tru?fulness ! objects ( ! ext]nal _w1 x reacts at ! same "t ^u ?\ght1 & animates x1 z x 71 ) ! brea? ( life4 ,x is ?is mutual reaction :i* makes words m ?an m]e signs & =ms ( ?\ght2 & ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( a language is mo/ /rik+ly manife/$ on its native soil1 :]e x has sprung spontane\sly f ! m9ds ( ! p1 ^: "* x embodies4 ,pr\d ( a c\ntry t seeks to conc5trate h] /r5g? 9 intellectual unity1 ! writ] recalls ) delight ! advantages he has enjoy$ 9 be+ p]mitt$ to express 8 ?\ghts 9 8 native language2 & truly happy is he :o1 9 attempt+ to give a lucid exposition ( ! great ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 is able to draw f ! dep?s ( a language1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! free ex]cise ( ?\ght1 & by ! effusions ( creative fancy1 has = c5turies pa/ ex]cis$ s p[]ful an influ5ce ov] ! de/9ies ( man4 ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages #ef to #gh ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- p #ef ,,limits ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,i ,,h endeavor$1 9 ! prec$+ "p ( my "w1 to expla9 & illu/rate1 by v>i\s examples1 h[ ! enjoym5ts pres5t$ by ! aspect ( nature1 v>y+ z !y d 9 ! s\rces f :5 !y fl[1 may be multipli$ & ennobl$ by an acqua9tance ) ! connection ( ph5om5a & ! laws by :i* !y are regulat$4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 = me to exam9e ! _s ( ! me?od 9 :i* ! exposition ( ! 'physical description ( ! univ]se' %\ld be conduct$1 & to indicate ! limits ( ?is sci5ce 9 accordance ) ! views ,i h acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( my /udies & travels 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,i tru/ ,i may flatt] myself ) a hope t a treatise ( ?is nature w ju/ify ! title ,i h v5tur$ to adopt = my "w1 & exon]ate me f ! reproa* ( a presumption t w\ld be d\bly repreh5sible 9 a sci5tific discussion4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! del9eation ( ! p>tial ph5om5a p #eg :i* are f\nd to be di/ribut$ 9 v>i\s gr\ps1 ,i w\ld consid] a few g5]al que/ions intimately connect$ toge!r1 & be>+ ^u ! nature ( our k ( ! ext]nal _w & its diff]5t relations1 9 all epo*s ( hi/ory & 9 all phases ( intellectual advancem5t4 ,"u ?is head w be compris$ ! foll[+ consid]ations3 #a4 ,! precise limits ( ! physical description ( ! univ]se1 consid]$ z a di/9ct sci5ce4 #b4 ,a brief enum]ation ( ! totality ( natural ph5om5a1 pres5t$ "u ! =m ( a 'g5]al del9eation ( nature4' #c4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal _w on ! imag9ation & feel+s1 :i* has act$ 9 mod]n times z a p[]ful impulse t[>d ! /udy ( natural sci5ce1 by giv+ animation to ! description ( di/ant regions & to ! del9eation ( natural sc5]y1 z f> z x is *>act]iz$ by vegetable physiognomy & by ! cultivation ( exotic plants1 & _! arrangem5t 9 well-contra/$ gr\ps4 #d4 ,! hi/ory ( ! contemplation ( nature1 or ! progressive developm5t ( ! idea ( ! ,cosmos1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! hi/orical & geographical facts t h l$ to ! discov]y ( ! connection ( ph5om5a4 ,! high] ! po9t ( view f :i* natural ph5om5a may be consid]$1 ! m necess>y x is to circumscribe ! sci5ce )9 its j limits1 & to di/+ui% x f all o!r analog\s or auxili>y /udies4 ,physical cosmography is f\nd$ on ! contemplation ( all creat$ ?+s -- all t exi/s 9 space1 :e!r z sub/ances or =ces -- t is1 all ! mat]ial be+s t con/itute ! univ]se4 ,! sci5ce :i* ,i w\ld attempt to def9e pres5ts itself1 !re=e1 to man1 z ! inhabitant ( ! e>?1 "u a two-fold =m -- z ! e>? itself & ! regions ( space4 ,x is ) a view ( %[+ ! actual "* & ! indep5d5ce ( ! /udy ( physical cosmography1 & at ! same "t indicat+ ! nature ( its relations to 'g5]al physics1 descriptive natural hi/ory1 geology1 & comp>ative geography'1 t ,i w pause = a few mom5ts to consid] t portion ( ! sci5ce ( ! ,cosmos :i* conc]ns ! e>?4 ,z ! hi/ory ( philosophy does n consi/ ( a m]e mat]ial enum]ation ( ! philosophical views ent]ta9$ 9 diff]5t ages1 nei!r %\ld ! physical description ( ! univ]se be a simple encyclop$ic compilation ( ! sci5ces we h enum]at$4 ,! difficulty ( def9+ ! limits ( intimately-connect$ /udies has be5 increas$1 because = c5turies x has be5 cu/om>y to designate v>i\s bran*es p #eh ( empirical k by t]ms :i* admit ei!r ( too wide or too limit$ a def9ition ( ! ideas :i* !y 7 int5d$ to convey1 & are1 besides1 objectionable f hav+ _h a diff]5t signification 9 ^? classical languages ( antiquity f ?i% *ey h be5 borr[$4 ,! t]ms physiology1 physics1 natural hi/ory1 geology & geography arose1 & 7 commonly us$1 long be=e cle> ideas 7 ent]ta9$ ( ! div]sity ( objects embrac$ by ^! sci5ces1 & consequ5tly ( _! reciprocal limitation4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( long habit ^u language1 t by "o ( ! nations ( ,europe mo/ advanc$ 9 civilization ! ^w physic is appli$ to m$ic9e1 :ile 9 a society ( ju/ly des]v$ univ]sal reputation1 te*nical *emi/ry1 geology & a/ronomy 7purely exp]im5tal sci5ces7 are compris$ "u ! head ( ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,an attempt has (t5 be5 made1 & almo/ always 9 va91 to sub/itute new & m appropriate t]ms = ^! anci5t designations1 :i*1 not)/&+ _! und\bt$ vagu5ess1 are n[ g5]ally und]/ood4 ,^! *anges h be5 propos$1 = ! mo/ "p1 by ^? :o h occupi$ !mselves ) ! g5]al classification ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( k1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! great encyclop$ia 7',m>g>ita ,philosophica'7 ( ,gregory ,reis*199 prior ( ! ,*>treuse at ,freiburg1 t[>d ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to ,"l ,bacon1 & f ,bacon to ,d',alemb]t2 & 9 rec5t times to an em95t physici/1 ,&re ,m>ie ,amp]e49999 footnote 99,! ',m>g>ita ,philosophica' ( ,gregory ,reis*1 prior ( ! ,*>treuse at ,freiburg1 fir/ appe>$ "u ! foll[+ title3 ,aepitome omnis ,philosophi1 alias ,m>g>ita ,philosophica1 tractans de omni g5]i scibili4 ,! ,heidelb]g edition 7#adhf71 & t ( ,/rasburg 7#aejd71 bo? be> ?is title1 b ! fir/ "p 0 suppress$ 9 ! ,freiburg edition ( ! same ye>1 z well z 9 ! twelve subsequ5t editions1 :i* succe$$ "o ano!r1 at %ort int]vals1 till #aece4 ,?is "w ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! diffusion ( ma!matical & physical sci5ces t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ,crasles1 ! le>n$ au?or ( ',l',ap]u ,hi/orique des ,me?odes en ,gometrica' 7#ahcg7 has %[n ! great importance ( ,reis*'s ',encyclop$ia' 9 ! hi/ory ( ma!matics 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i h _h rec\rse to a passage 9 ! ',m>g>ita ,philosophica'1 f\nd only 9 ! edition ( #aeac1 to elucidate ! important "q ( ! relations betwe5 ! /atem5ts ( ! geograph] ( ,sa9t-,die1 ,hylacomilus 7,m>t9 ,waldseemull]71 ! fir/ :o gave ! "n ( ,am]ica to ! ,new ,cont95t1 & ^? ( ,am]igo ,vespucci1 ,r5e1 ,k+ ( ,j]usalem & ,duke ( ,lorra9e1 z also ^? conta9$ 9 ! celebrat$ editions ( ,ptolemy ( #aeac & #aebb4 ,see my ',exam5 ,critique de la ,gegraphie du ,n\veau ,cont95t1 et des ,progres de l',a/ronomie ,nautique aux #ae;e et #af;e ,siecles'1 t4 iv41 p4 #ii-abe4 footnote ,,ii ,ampre1 ',essai sur la ,phil4 des ,sci5ces'1 #ahcd1 p4 #be4 ,:ewell1 ',philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces'1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bgg4 ,p>k1 ',pantology'1 p4 #hg4 p #ei ,! selection ( an inappropriate ,greek nom5clature has p]haps be5 ev5 m prejudicial to ! la/ ( ^! attempts ?an ! injudici\s use ( b9>y divisions & ! excessive multiplication ( gr\ps4 ,! physical description ( ! _w1 consid]+ ! univ]se z an object ( ! ext]nal s5ses1 does und\bt$ly require ! aid ( g5]al physics & ( descriptive natural hi/ory1 b !contemplation ( all creat$ ?+s1 :i* are l9k$ toge!r1 & =m "o ':ole'1 animat$ by int]nal =ces1 giv5 to ! sci5ce we are consid]+ a peculi> "*4 ,phyical sci5ce consid]s only ! g5]al prop]ties ( bodies2 x is ! product ( ab/raction -- a g5]alization ( p]ceptible ph5om5a2 & ev5 9 ! "w 9 :i* 7 laid ! fir/ f\ndations ( g5]al physics1 9 ! eight books on physics ( ,ari/otle199 all ! ph5om5a ( nature are consid]$ z dep5d+ ^u ! primitive & vital action ( "o sole =ce1 f :i* emaate all ! movem5ts ( ! univ]se4 footnote 99 ,all *anges 9 ! physical _w may be r$uc$ to motion4 ,ari/ot41 ',phys4 ,ausc4'1 iii41 #a & #d1 p4 #bjj1 #bja4 ,bekk]1 viii41 #a1 #h1 & #i1 p4 #bej1 #bfb1 #bfe4 ',de ,g5]e et ,corr4'1 ii41 #aj1 p4 #ccf4 ,pseudo-,ari/ot41 ',de ,mundo4' cap4 vi41 p4 #cih4 ,! t]re/rial portion ( physical cosmography1 = :i* ,i w\ld will+ly reta9 ! expressive designation ( 'physical geography'1 treats ( ! di/ribution ( magnetism 9 our planet ) relation to its int5sity & direction1 b does n ent] into a consid]ation ( ! laws ( attraction or repulsion ( ! poles1 or ! means ( elicit+ ei!r p]man5t or transitory electro-magnetic curr5ts4 ,physical geography depicts 9 broad outl9es ! ev5 or irregul> configuration ( cont95ts1 ! relations ( sup]ficial area1 & ! di/ribution ( cont95tal masses 9 ! two hemisph]es1 a di/ribution :i* ex]cises a p[]ful influ5ce on ! div]sity ( climate & ! meteorological modifications ( ! atmosph]e2 ?is sci5ce def9es ! "* ( m\nta9 *a9s1 :i*1 hav+ be5 elevat$ at diff]5t epo*s1 con/itute di/9ct sy/ems1 :e!r !y run 9 p>allel l9es or int]sect "o ano!r2 det]m9es ! mean height ( cont95ts above ! level ( ! sea1 ! position ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( _! volume1 & ! relation ( ! highe/ summits ( m\nta9 *a9s to ! mean elevation ( _! cre/s1 or to _! proximity ) ! sea-%ore4 ,x depicts ! eruptive rocks z pr9ciples ( movem5t1 act+ ^u ! s$im5t>y rocks by trav]s+1 uplift+1 & incl9+ !m at v>i\s angles2 x p #fj consid]s volcanoes ei!r z isolat$1 or rang$ 9 s+le or 9 d\ble s]ies1 & ext5d+ _! sph]e ( action to v>i\s di/ances1 ei!r by rais+ long & n>r[ l9es ( rocks1 or by means ( circles ( commotion1 :i* exp& or dim9i% 9 diamet] 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,?is t]re/rial portion ( ! sci5ce ( ! ,cosmos describes ! /rife ( ! liquid elem5t ) ! solid l&2 x indicates ! features possess$ 9 common by all great riv]s 9 ! upp] & l[] portion ( _! c\rse1 & 9 _! mode ( bifurcation :5 _! bas9s are unclos$2 & %[s u riv]s break+ ?r\gh ! highe/ m\nta9 *a9s1 or foll[+ = a long "t a c\rse p>allel to !m1 ei!r at _! base1 or at a consid]able di/ance1 :]e ! elevation ( ! /rata ( ! m\nta9 sy/em & ! direction ( _! incl9ation correspond to ! configuration ( ! table-l&4 ,x is only ! g5]al results ( comp>ative orography & hydrography t belong to ! sci5ce ^: true limits ,i am desir\s ( det]m9+1 & n ! special enum]ation ( ! greate/ elevations ( our globe1 ( active volcanoes1 ( riv]s1 & ! numb] ( _! tribut>ies1 ^! details falli+ r )9 ! doma9 ( geography1 prop]ly s call$4 ,we w\ld "h only consid] ph5om5a 9 _! mutual connection1 & 9 _! relations to diff]5t zones ( our planet1 & to its physical con/itution g5]ally4 ,! specialties bo? ( inorganic & organiz$ matt]1 class$ accord+ to analogy ( =m & composition1 und\bt$ly con/itute a mo/ int]e/+ bran* ( /udy1 b !y app]ta9 to a sph]e ( ideas hav+ no aff9ity ) ! subject ( ?is "w4 ,! description ( diff]5t c\ntries c]ta9ly furni%es u ) ! mo/ important mat]ials = ! composition ( a physical geography2 b ! comb9ation ( ^! diff]5t descriptions1 rang$ 9 s]ies1 w\ld z little give u a true image ( ! g5]al con=mation ( ! irregul> surface ( our globe1 z a succession ( all ! floras ( diff]5t regions w\ld con/itute t :i* ,i designate z a ',geography ( ,plants4' ,x is by subject+ isolat$ obs]vations to ! process ( ?\ght1 & by comb9+ & comp>+ !m1 t we are enabl$ to discov] ! relations exi/+ 9 common betwe5 ! climatic di/ribution ( be+s & ! individuality ( organic =ms 79 ! morphology or descriptive natural hi/ory ( plants & animals72 & x is by induction t we are l$ to compreh5d num]ical laws1 ! proportion ( natural families to ! :ole numb] ( species1 & to designate ! latitude or geographical position ( ! zones 9 ^: p #fa pla9s ea* organic =m atta9s ! maximum ( its developm5t4 ,consid]ations ( ?is nature1 by _! t5d5cy to g5]alization1 impress a nobl] "* on ! physical description ( ! globe1 & enable u to und]/& h[ ! aspect ( ! sc5]y1 t is to say1 ! impression produc$ ^u ! m9d by ! physiognomy ( ! vegetation1 dep5ds ^u ! local di/ribution1 ! numb]1 & ! luxuriance ( gr[? ( ! vegetable =ms pr$om9at+ 9 ! g5]al mass4 ,! catalogues ( organiz$ be+s to :i* 0 =m]ly giv5 ! pomp\s title ( ',sy/ems ( ,nature'1 pres5t u ) an admirably connect$ arrangem5t by analogies ( /ructure1 ei!r 9 ! p]fect$ developm5t ( ^! be+s1 or 9 ! diff]5t phases :i*1 9 accordance ) ! views ( a spiral evolution1 affect 9 vegetables ! leaves1 bracts1 calyx1 corolla & fructify+ organs2 & 9 animals1 ) m or less symmetrical regul>ity1 ! cellul> & fibr\s tissues1 & _! p]fect or b obscurely develop$ articulations4 ,b ^! pret5d$ sy/ems ( nature1 h[ev] +5i\s _! mode ( classification may be1 d n %[ u organic be+s z !y are di/ribut$ 9 gr\ps ?r\gh\t our planet1 accord+ to _! diff]5t relations ( latitude & elevation above ! level ( ! sea1 & to climatic influ5ces1 :i* are ow+ to g5]al & (t5 v remote causes4 ,! ultimate aim ( physical geography is1 h[ev]1 z we h already said1 to recognise unity 9 ! va/ div]sity ( ph5om5a1 & by ! ex]cise ( ?\ght & ! comb9ation ( obs]vations1 to disc]n ! con/ancy ( ph5om5a 9 ! mid/ ( app>5t *anges4 ,9 ! exposition ( ! t]re/rial portion ( ! ,cosmos1 x w occasionally be necess>y to desc5d to v special facts2 b ?is w only be 9 ord] to recall ! connection exi/+ betwe5 ! actual di/ribution ( organic be+s ov] ! globe1 & ! laws ( ! ideal classification by natural families1 analogy ( int]nal organization & progressive evolution4 ,x foll[s f ^! discussions on ! limits ( ! v>i\s sci5ces1 & m p>ticul>ly f ! di/9ction :i* mu/ necess>ily be made betwe5 descriptive botany 7morphology ( vegetables7 & ! geography ( plants1 t 9 ! physical hi/ory ( ! globe1 ! innum]able multitude ( organiz$ bodies :i* embelli% creation are consid]$ r accord+ to 'zones ( habitation' or '/ations'1 & to diff]5tly inflect$ 'iso!rmal b&s'1 ?an ) ref]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( gradation 9 ! developm5t ( int]nal organism4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 botany & zoology1 :i* con/itute p #fb ! descriptive natural hi/ory ( all organiz$ be+s1 are ! fruitful s\rces :5ce we draw ! mat]ials necess>y to give a solid basis to ! /udy ( ! mutual relations & connection ( ph5om5a4 ,we w "h subjo9 "o important obs]vation by way ( elucidat+ ! connection ( :i* we h spok54 ,! fir/ g5]al glance ov] ! vegetation ( a va/ ext5t ( a cont95t %[s u =ms ! mo/ dissimil> -- ,gram9ae & ,or*ideae1 ,conif]ae & oaks1 9 local approximation to "o ano!r2 :ile natural families & g5]a1 in/ead ( be+ locally associat$1 are disp]s$ z if by *ance4 ,?is disp]sion is1 h[ev]1 only app>5t4 ,! physical description ( ! globe tea*es u t vegetation e :]e pres5ts num]ically con/ant relations 9 ! developm5t ( its =ms & types2 t 9 ! same climates1 ! species :i* are want+ 9 "o c\ntry are replac$ 9 a neighbor+ "o by o!r species ( ! same family2 & t ?is 'law ( sub/itution'1 :i* seems to dep5d ^u "s inh]5t my/]ies ( ! organism1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its orig91 ma9ta9s 9 contigu\s regions a num]ical relation betwe5 ! species ( v>i\s great families & ! g5]al mass ( ! phan]ogamic plants con/itut+ ! two floras4 ,we ?us reveal$ 9 ! multiplicity ( ! di/9ct organizations by :i* ^! regions are occupi$2 & we also discov] 9 ea* zone1 & div]sifi$ accord+ to ! families ( plants1 a sl[ b cont9u\s action on ! a]ial ocean1 dep5d+ ^u ! influ5ce ( light -- ! prim>y condition ( all organic vitality -- on ! solid & liquid surface ( our planet4 ,x might be said1 9 accordance ) a beautiful expression ( ,lavoisi]1 t ! anci5t m>vel ( ! my? ( ,prome!us 0 incessantly r5ew$ be=e our eyes4 ,if we ext5d ! c\rse :i* we h propos$1 foll[+ 9 ! exposition ( ! physical description ( ! e>? to ! sid]eal "p ( ! sci5ce ( ! ,cosmos1 ! del9eation ( ! regions ( space & ! bodies by :i* !y are occupi$1 we %all f9d our task simplifi$ 9 no common degree4 ,if1 accord+ to anci5t b unphilosophical =ms ( nom5clature1 we w\ld di/+ui% betwe5 'physics'1 t is to say1 g5]al consid]ations on ! ess5ce ( matt]1 & ! =ces by :i* x is actuat$1 & '*emi/ry'1 :i* treats ( ! nature ( sub/ances1 _! elem5t>y composition1 & ^? attractions t are n det]m9$ solely by ! relations ( mass1 we mu/ admit t ! description ( ! e>? comprises at p #fc once 'physical' & '*emical' actions4 ,9 addition to gravitation1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ z a primitive =ce 9 nature1 we obs]ve t attractions ( ano!r k9d are at "w ar\nd u1 bo? 9 ! int]ior ( our planet & on its surface4 ,^! =ces1 to :i* we apply ! t]m '*emical aff9ity'1 act ^u molecules 9 contact1 or at inf9itely m9ute di/ances f "o ano!r199 & :i*1 be+ diff]5tly modifi$ by electricity1 heat1 cond5sation 9 por\s bodies1 or by ! contact ( an int]m$iate sub/ance1 animate equally ! inorganic _w & animal & vegetable tissues4 footnote 99 ,on ! "q already discuss$ by ,newton1 reg>d+ ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! attraction ( masses & molecul> attraction1 see ,laplace1 ',exposition du ,sy/eme du ,monde'1 p4 #chd1 & supplem5t to book x4 ( ! ',mecanique ,cele/e'1 p4 #c1 #d2 ,kant1 ',metaph4 ,anfangegrunde d] ,naturwiss5s*aft1 ,sm4 ,w]ke'1 #ahci1 bd4 v41 s4 #cji 7,metaphysical ,pr9ciples ( ! ,natural ,sci5ces72 ,pectet1 ',physique'1 #ahch1 vol4 i41 p4 #ei-fc4 ,if we except ! small a/]oids1 :i* appe> to u "u ! =ms ( a]olites & %oot+ />s1 ! regions ( space h hi!rto pres5t$ to our direct obs]vation physical ph5om5a alone2 & 9 ! case ( ^!1 we "k only ) c]ta9ty ! effects dep5d+ ^u ! quantitative relations ( matt] ( ! di/ribution ( masses4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! regions ( space may consequ5tly be consid]$ z influ5c$ by simple dynamical laws -- ! laws ( motion4 ,! effects t may arise f ! specific diff]5ce & ! h]]og5e\s nature ( matt] h n hi!rto ent]$ into our calculations ( ! me*anism ( ! heav5s4 ,! only means by :i* ! inhabitants ( our planet c ent] into relation ) ! matt] conta9$ )9 ! regions ( space1 :e!r exi/+ 9 scatt]$ =ms or unit$ into l>ge sph]oids1 is by ! ph5om5a ( light1 ! propagation ( ! =ce ( gravitation or ! attraction ( masses4 ,! exi/5ce ( a p]iodical action ( ! sun & moon on ! v>iations ( t]re/rial magnetism is ev5 at ! pres5t day extremely problematical4 ,we h no direct exp]im5tal k reg>d+ ! prop]ties & specific qualities ( ! masses circulat+ 9 space1 or ( ! matt] ( :i* !y are probably compos$1 if we except :at may be d]iv$ f ! fall ( a]olites or meteoric /ones1 :i*1 z we h already obs]v$1 ent] )9 ! limits ( our t]re/rial sph]e4 ,x w be suffici5t "h to rem>k1 t ! direction & ! excessive velocity ( projection 7a velocity :olly planet>y7 manife/$ by ^! masses1 r5d] x m ?an probable t p #fd !y are small cele/ial bodies1 :i*1 be+ attract$ by our planet1 are made to deviate f _! orig9al c\rse1 & ?us rea* ! e>? envelop$ 9 vapors1 & 9 a high /ate ( actual inc&esc5ce4 ,! famili> aspect ( ^! a/]oids1 & ! analogies :i* !y pres5t ) ! m9]als compos+ ! e>?'s cru/1 und\bt$ly af=d ample gr\nds = surprise199 b1 9 my op9ion1 ! only conclusion to be drawn f ^! facts is t1 9 g5]al1 planets & o!r sid]eal masses1 :i* by ! influ5ce ( a c5tral body1 h be5 agglom]at$ into r+s ( vapor1 & subsequ5tly into sph]oids1 be+ integrant p>ts ( ! same sy/em1 & hav+ "o common orig91 may likewise be compos$ ( sub/ances *emically id5tical4 footnote ,i,! analysis ( an a]olite :i* fell a few ye>s s9ce 9 ,m>yl&1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 0 exam9$ by ,pr(essor ,silliman1 ( ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 gave ! foll[+ results3 ,oxyd ( iron1 #bd2 oxyd ( nickel1 #a4be2 silica1 ) e>?y matt]1 #c4df2 sulphur1 a trace - #bh4ga4 ,dr4 ,mantell's ',wond]s ( ,geology'1 #ahdh1 vol4 i41 p4 #ea4 -- ',tr4' ,aga91 exp]im5ts ) ! p5dulum1 p>ticul>ly ^? prosecut$ ) su* r>e precision by ,bessel1 confirm ! ,newtonian axiom1 t bodies ! mo/ het]og5e\s 9 _! nature 7z wat]1 gold1 qu>tz1 granul> lime/one1 & diff]5t masses ( a]olites7 exp]i5ce a p]fectly simil> degree ( accel]ation f ! attraction ( ! e>?4 ,to ! exp]im5ts ( ! p5dulum may be add$ ! pro(s furni%$ by purely a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,! almo/ p]fect id5tity ( ! mass ( ,jupit]1 d$uc$ f ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ?is /up5d\s planet on its own satellites1 on ,enck's comet ( %ort p]iod1 & on ! small planets ,ve/a1 ,juno1 ,c]es1 & ,pallas1 indicates ) equal c]ta9ty t )9 ! limits ( actual obs]vation attraction is det]m9$ solely by ! quantity ( matt]499 footnote 99,poisson1 ',connaissances des ,temps p\r l',anne' #ahcf1 p4 #fd-ff4 ,bessel1 ,pogg5dorf's ',annal5'1 bd4 xxv41 s4 #dag4 ,encke1 ',abh&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,academie' 7,trans4 ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy71 #ahbf1 s4 #beg4 ,mits*]li*1 ',lehrbu* d] ,*emie' 7,manual ( ,*emi/ry71 #ahcg bd4 i4 s4 #ceb4 ,?is abs5ce ( any p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( matt]1 alike prov$ by direct obs]vation & !oretical d$uctions1 imp>ts a high degree ( simplicity to ! me*anism ( ! heav5s4 ,! immeasurable ext5t ( ! regions ( space be+ subject$ to laws ( motion alone1 ! sid]eal portion ( ! sci5ce ( ! ,cosmos is bas$ on ! pure & abundant s\rce ( ma!matical a/ronomy1 z is ! t]re/rial portion on physics1 *emi/ry1 & organic morphology2 b ! doma9 ( ^! ?ree la/-nam$ sci5ces embraces p #fe ! consid]ation ( ph5om5a :i* are s complicat$ & h1 up to ! pres5t "t1 be5 f\nd s little susceptible ( ! application ( rigor\s me?od1 t ! physical sci5ce ( ! e>? c n boa/ ( ! same c]ta9ty & simplicity 9 ! exposition ( facts & _! mutual connection :i* *>act]ize ! cele/ial portion ( ! ,cosmos4 ,x is n improbable t ! diff]5ce to :i* we allude may furni% an explanation ( ! cause :i*1 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( intellectual culture among ! ,greeks1 direct$ ! natural philosophy ( ! ,py?agoreans ) m ardor to ! heav5ly bodies & ! regions ( space ?an to ! e>? & its productions1 & h[ ?r\gh ,philolaus1 & subsequ5tly ?r\gh ! analog\s views ( ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 & ( ,seleucus ( ,ery?rea1 ?is sci5ce has be5 made m conducive to ! atta9m5t ( a k ( ! true sy/em ( ! _w ?an ! natural philosophy ( ! ,ionian s*ool c\ld ev] be to ! physical hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,giv+ b little att5tion to ! prop]ties & specific diff]5ces ( matt] fill+ space1 ! great ,italian s*ool1 9 its ,doric gravity1 turn$ by pref]5ce t[>d all t relates to measure1 to ! =m ( bodies1 & to ! numb] & di/ances ( ! planets199 :ile ! ,ionian physici/s direct$ _! att5tion to ! qualities ( matt]1 its true or suppos$ metamorphoses1 & to relations ( orig94 footnote 99,comp>e ,otfri$ ,mull]'s ',dori5'1 bd4 i41 s4 #cfe4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! p[]ful g5ius ( ,ari/otle1 alike pr(\ndly speculative & practical to s\nd ) equal success ! dep?s ( ab/raction & ! inexhau/ible res\rces ( vital activity p]vad+ ! mat]ial _w4 ,sev]al highly di/+ui%$ treatises on physical geography are prefac$ by an introduction1 ^: purely a/ronomical sections are direct$ to ! consid]ation ( ! e>? 9 its planet>y dep5d5ce1 & z con/itut+ a "p ( t great sy/em :i* is animat$ by "o c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,?is c\rse is diametrically oppos$ to ! "o :i* ,i propose foll[+4 ,9 ord] adequately to e/imate ! dignity ( ! ,cosmos1 x is requisite t ! sid]eal portion1 t]m$ by ,kant ! 'natural hi/ory ( ! heav5s'1 %\ld n be made subord9ate to ! t]re/rial4 ,9 ! sci5ce ( ! ,cosmos1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 ! pione] ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 ! sun1 ) its satellites1 0 no?+ m ?an "o ( ! innum]able />s by :i* space is occupi$4 ,! physical hi/ory ( ! _w mu/1 !re=e1 beg9 ) ! description ( ! heav5ly bodies1 p #ff & ) a geographical sket* ( ! univ]se1 or1 ,i w\ld r say1 a true 'map ( ? _w'1 su* z 0 trac$ by ! bold h& ( ! eld] ,h]s*el4 ,if1 not)/&+ ! smallness ( our planet1 ! mo/ consid]able space & ! mo/ att5tive consid]ation be "h af=d$ to t :i* exclusively conc]ns x1 ?is arises solely f ! disproportion 9 ! ext5t ( our k ( t :i* is accessible & ( t :i* is clos$ to our obs]vation4 ,?is subord9ation ( ! cele/ial to ! t]re/rial portion is met ) 9 ! great "w ( ,b]n>d ,v>5ius199 :i* appe>$ 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,footnote 99',geographia ,g5]alis 9 qua affectiones g5]ales telluris explicantur4' ,! olde/ ,elzevir edition be>s date #afej1 ! second #afgb1 & ! ?ird #afha2 ^! 7 publi%$ at ,cambridge1 "u ,newton's sup]vision4 ,?is excell5t "w by ,v>5ius is1 9 ! true s5se ( ! words1 a physical description ( ! e>?4 ,s9ce ! "w ',hi/oria ,natural de las ,indias'1 #aeij1 9 :i* ! ,jesuit ,joseph de ,aco/a sket*$ 9 s ma/]ly a mann] ! del9eation ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 que/ions relat+ to ! physical hi/ory ( ! e>? h nev] be5 consid]$ ) su* admirable g5]ality4 ,aco/a is ri*] 9 orig9al obs]vations1 :ile ,v>5ius embraces a wid] circle ( ideas1 s9ce 8 soj\rn 9 ,holl&1 :i* 0 at t p]iod ! c5t] ( va/ comm]cial relations1 _h br\ght him 9 contact ) a great numb] ( well-i9=m$ travel]s4 ',g5]alis sive ,univ]salis ,geographia dictur quae tellurem 9 g5]e consid]at atque affectiones explicat1 non habita p>ticul>ium regionum ratione4' ,! g5]al description ( ! e>? by ,v>5ius 7',p>s ,absoluta'1 cap4 i4-xxii47 may be consid]$ z a treatise ( comp>ative geography1 if we adopt ! t]m us$ by ! au?or himself 7',geographia ,comp>ativa'1 cap4 xxxiii4-xl471 al?\gh ?is mu/ be und]/ood 9 a limit$ acceptation4 ,we may cite ! foll[+ among ! mo/ rem>kable passages ( ?is book3 ! enum]ation ( ! sy/ems ( m\nta9s2 ! exam9ation ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 _! directions & ! g5]al =m ( cont95ts 7p4 #ff1 #gf1 ed4 ,cantab41 #afha72 a li/ ( ext9ct volcanoes1 & su* z 7 /ill 9 a /ate ( activity2 ! discussion ( facts relative to ! g5]al di/ribution ( isl&s & ar*ipelagoes 7p4 #bbj72 ! dep? ( ! ocean relatively to ! height ( neighbor+ coa/s 7p4 #ajc72 ! uni=mity ( level obs]v$ 9 all op5 seas 7p4 #ig72 ! dep5d5ce ( curr5ts on ! prevail+ w9ds2 ! unequal saltness ( ! sea2 ! configuration ( %ores 7p4 #aci72 ! direction ( ! w9ds z ! result ( diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 etc4 ,we may fur!r in/ance ! rem>kable consid]ations ( ,v>5ius reg>d+ ! equ9octial curr5t f ea/ to we/1 to :i* he attributes ! orig9 ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 beg9n+ at ,cape ,/4 ,augu/91 & issu+ =? betwe5 ,cuba & ,florida 7p4 #adj74 ,no?+ c be m accurate ?an 8 description ( ! curr5t :i* skirts ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,cape ,v]de & ! isl& ( ,f]n&o ,po 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea4 ,v>5ius expla9s ! =mation ( sporadic isl&s by suppos+ !m to be ! rais$ bottom ( ! sea3 'magna spirituum inclusorum vi1 sicut aliqu&o montes e t]ra protusos esse quidam scribunt' 7p4 #bbe74 ,! edition publi%$ by ,newton 9 #afha 7'auctior et em5datior' un=tunately conta9s no additions f ?is great au?ority2 & !re is n ev5 m5tion made ( ! pol> compression ( ! globe1 al?\gh ! exp]im5ts on ! p5dulum by ,ri*] _h be5 made n9e ye>s prior to ! appe>ance ( ! ,cambridge edition4 ,newton's ',pr9cipia ,ma!matica ,philosophie ,naturalis' 7 n communicat$ 9 manuscript to ! ,royal ,society until ,april1 #afhf4 ,mu* unc]ta9ty seems to prevail reg>d+ ! bir?-place ( ,v>5ius4 ,jae*] says x 0 ,engl&1 :ile1 accord+ to ',la ,biographie ,univ]selle' 7b4xlvii41 p4 #die71 he is /at$ to h be5 born at ,am/]dam2 b x w\ld appe>1 f ! d$icatory address to ! burgoma/] ( t city 7see 8 ',geographia ,comp>ativa'1 t bo? suppositions are false4 ,v>5ius expressly says t he _h s\ght refuge 9 ,am/]dam1 because 8 native city _h be5 burn$ & completely de/roy$ dur+ a long w>1 words :i* appe> to apply to ! nor? ( ,g]many1 & to ! deva/ations ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,9 8 d$ication ( ano!r "w1 ',descriptio regni ,japoniae' 7,am/41 #afdi71 to ! ,s5ate ( ,hamburgh1 ,v>5ius says t he prosecut$ 8 elem5t>y ma!matical /udies 9 ! gymnasium ( t city4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 e reason to believe t ?is admirable geograph] 0 a native ( ,g]many1 & 0 probably born at ,luneburg 7',witt54 ,mem4 ,!ol4'1 #afhe1 p4 #badb2 ,z$l]1 ',univ]sal ,lexicon'1 vol4 xlvi41 #agde1 p4 #ahg74 p #fg ,he 0 ! fir/ to di/+ui% betwe5 'g5]al & special geography'1 ! =m] ( :i* he subdivides into an 'absolute'1 or1 prop]ly speak+1 't]re/rial' "p1 & a 'relative or planet>y' portion1 accord+ to ! mode ( consid]+ our planet ei!r ) ref]5ce to its surface 9 its diff]5t zones1 or to its relations to ! sun & moon4 ,x r$\nds to ! glory ( ,v>5ius t 8 "w on ',g5]al & ,comp>ative ,geography' %\ld 9 s high a degree h arre/$ ! att5tion ( ,newton4 ,! imp]fect /ate ( _m ( ! auxili>y sci5ces f :i* ?is writ] 0 oblig$ to draw 8 mat]ials prev5t$ 8 "w f correspond+ to ! greatness ( ! design1 & x 0 res]v$ = ! pres5t age1 & = my own c\ntry1 to see ! del9eation ( comp>ative geography1 drawn 9 its full ext5t1 & 9 all its relations ) ! hi/ory ( man1 by ! skillful h& ( ,c>l ,ritt]499 ,footnote 99,c>l ,ritt]'s ',erdkunde im ,v]hltniss zur ,natur und zur ,ges*i*te des ,m5s*51 od] allgeme9e v]glei*5de ,geographie' 7,geography 9 relation to ,nature & ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 or g5]al ,comp>ative ,geography74 ,! enum]ation ( ! mo/ important results ( ! a/ronomical & physical sci5ces :i* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,cosmos radiate t[>d "o common focus1 may p]haps1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ju/ify ! designation ,i h giv5 to my "w1 &1 consid]$ )9 ! circumscrib$ limits ,i h propos$ to myself1 ! und]tak+ may be e/eem$ less adv5tur\s ?an ! title4 ,! introduction ( new t]ms1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al results ( a sci5ce :i* p #fh ought to be accessible to all1 has always be5 greatly 9 opposition to my own practice2 & :5ev] ,i h enl>g$ ^u ! e/abli%$ nom5clature1 x has only be5 9 ! specialities ( descriptive botany & zoology1 :]e ! introduction ( hi!rto unkn[n objects r5d]$ new names necess>y4 ,! d5om9ations ( physical descriptions ( ! univ]se1 or physical cosmography1 :i* ,i use indiscrim9antely1 h be5 model$ ^u ^? ( 'physical descriptions ( ! e>?'1 t is to say1 'physical geography'1 t]ms t h long be5 9 common use4 ,desc>tes1 ^: g5ius 0 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful manife/$ 9 any age1 has left u a few fragm5ts ( a great "w1 :i* he int5d$ publi%+ "u ! title ( ',monde'1 & = :i* he _h prep>$ hiimself by special /udies1 includ+ ev5 t ( human anatomy4 ,! uncommon1 b def9ite expression ( ! 'sci5ce ( ! ,cosmos' recalls to ! m9d ( ! inhabitant ( ! e>? t we are treat+ ( a m widely-ext5d$ horizon -- ( ! assemblage ( all ?+s ) :i* space is fill$1 f ! remote/ nebulae to ! climatic di/ribution ( ^? delicate tissues ( vegetable matt] :i* spread a v>iegat$ cov]+ ov] ! surface ( our rocks4 ,! influ5ce ( n>r[-m9d$ views peculi> to ! e>li] ages ( civilization l$ 9 all languages to a confusion ( ideas 9 ! synonymic use ( ! words 'e>?' & '_w'1 :ile ! common expressions 'voyages r\nd ! _w'1 'map ( ! _w'1 & 'new _w'1 af=d fur!r illu/rations ( ! same confusion4 ,! m noble & precisely-def9$ expressions ( 'sy/em ( ! _w'1 '! planet>y _w'1 & 'creation & age ( ! _w'1 relate ei!r to ! totality ( ! sub/ances by :i* space is fill$1 or to ! orig9 ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,x 0 natural t1 9 ! mid/ ( ! extreme v>iability ( ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! surface ( our globe1 & ! a]ial ocean by :i* x is surr\nd$1 man %\ld h be5 impress$ by ! aspect ( ! vault ( heav51 & ! uni=m & regul> movem5ts ( ! sun & planets4 ,?us ! ^w ,cosmos1 :i* primitively1 9 ! ,hom]ic ages1 indicat$ an idea ( ord] & h>mony1 0 subsequ5tly adopt$ 9 sci5tific language1 :]e x 0 gradually appli$ to ! ord] obs]v$ 9 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 to ! :ole univ]se1 & !n f9ally to ! _w 9 :i* ?is h>mony 0 reflect$ to u4 ,accord+ to ! ass]tion ( ,philolaus1 ^: fragm5t>y works h be5 s ably comm5t$ ^u by ,bckh1 & con=mably to ! g5]al te/imony p #fi ( antiquity1 ,py?agoras 0 ! fir/ :o us$ ! ^w ,cosmos to designate ! ord] t reigns 9 ! univ]se1 or entire _w499 footnote 99,greek ^w1 9 ! mo/ anci5t1 & at ! same "t mo/ precise1 def9ition ( ! ^w1 signifi$ 'ornam5t' 7z an adornm5t = a man1 a woman1 or a horse72 tak5 figuratively = ,greek ^w1 x impli$ ! ord] or adornm5t ( a disc\rse4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( all ! anci5ts1 x 0 ,py?agoras :o fir/ us$ ! ^w to designate ! ord] 9 ! univ]se1 & ! univ]se itself4 ,py?agoras left no writ+s2 b anci5t atte/ation to ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion is to be f\nd 9 sev]al passages ( ! fragm5t>y works ( ,philolaus 7,/ob41 ',eclog4'1 p4 #cfj & #dfj1 ,he]571 p4 #fb1 #ij1 9 ,bockh's ,g]man edition4 ,i d n1 accord+ to ! example ( ,nake1 cite ,tim( ,locris1 s9ce 8 au!nticity is d\btful4 ,plut>* 7',de plac4 ,phil4'1 ii41 ,i7 says1 9 ! mo/ express mann]1 t ,py?atoras gave ! "n ( ,cosmos to ! univ]se on acc\nt ( ! ord] :i* reign$ ?r\gh\t x2 s likewise does ,gal5 7',hi/4 ,phil4'1 p4 #dbi74 ,?is ^w1 toge!r ) its novel signification1 pass$ f ! s*ools ( philosophy into ! language ( poets & prose writ]s4 ,plato designates ! heav5ly bodies by ! "n ( ',uranos'1 b ! ord] p]vad+ ! regions ( space he too t]ms ! ,cosmos1 & 9 8 ',timus' 7p4 #cj a47 he says 't ! _w is an animal end[$ ) a s\l' ,greek words4 ,comp>e ,anaxag4 ,claz41 ed4 ,s*auba*1 p4 ,,iii1 & ,plut4 7',de plac4 ,phil4'1 9 ,ari/otle 7',de ,caelo'1 ,i1 #i71 ',cosmos' signifies ! univ]se & ! ord] p]vad+ x1 b x is likewise consid]$ z divid$ 9 space into two p>ts -- ! sublun>y _w1 & ! _w above ! moon4 7',meteor4'1 ,i41 w1 #a1 & ,i41 #c1 #ac1 p4 #cci1 'a'1 & #cdj1 'b'1 ,bekk47 ,! def9ition ( ,cosmos1 :i* ,i h already cit$ is tak5 f ,pseudo-,ari/oteles 'de ,mundo'1 cap4 ii4 7p4 #cia72 ! passage ref]r$ to is z foll[s3 ,greek words4 ,mo/ ( ! passages occurr+ 9 ,greek writ]s on ! ^w ',cosmos' may be f\nd collect$ toge!r 9 ! controv]sy betwe5 ,ri*>d ,b5tley & ,*>les ,boyle 7',opuscula ,philologica'1 #agha1 p4 #cdg1 #dde2 ',diss]tation ^u ! ,epi/les ( ,phal>is'1 #ahag1 p4 #bed72 on ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,zaleucus1 legislator ( ,leucris1 9 ,nake's excell5t "w1 ',s*$4 ,crit4'1 #ahab1 p4 #i1 #ae2 &1 f9ally 9 ,!ophilus ,s*midt1 'ad ,cleom4 ,cycl4 ,!or4'1 met4 ,i41 #a1 p4 ix41 #a & #ii4 ,tak5 9 a m limit$ s5se1 ! ^w ,cosmos is also us$ 9 ! plural 7,plut41 #a1 #e71 ei!r to designate ! />s 7,/ob41 #a1 p4 #ead2 ,plut41 #aa1 #ac7 or ! innum]able sy/ems scatt]$ l isl&s ?r\gh ! imm5sity ( space1 & ea* compos$ ( a sun & a moon4 7,anax4 ,claz41 ',fragm4'1 p4 #hi1 #ic1 #abj2 ,br&is1 ',ges*4 d] ,grie*is*-,rmis*5 ,philosophie'1 b4 i41 s4 #beb 7,hi/ory ( ! ,greco-,roman ,philosophy74 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps =m+ ?us a ',cosmos'1 ! univ]se1 ,greek words1 ! ^w mu/ be und]/ood 9 a wid] s5se 7,plut41 ii41 #a74 ,x 0 n until long aft] ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies t ! ^w 0 appli$ to ! e>?4 ,bockh has made kn[n inscriptions 9 praise ( ,trajan & ,adrian 7',corpus ,inscr4 ,graec4'1 ,i1 n4 #ccd & #ajcf71 9 :i* ,greek ^w occurs = ,greek ^w 9 ! same mann] z we /ill use ! t]m '_w' to signify ! e>? alone4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! s+ul> division ( ! regions ( space p #gj ,footnote cont9ues into ?ree p>ts1 ! ',olympus1 ,cosmos' & ',ouranos' 7,/ob41 i41 p4 #dhh2 ,philolaus1 p4 #ie1 #cjc72 ?is division applies to ! diff]5t regions surr\nd+ t my/]i\s focus ( ! univ]se1 ! ,greek words ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,9 ! fragm5t>y passage 9 :i* ?is division is f\nd1 ! t]m ,greek ^w designates ! inn]mo/ region1 situat$ betwe5 ! moon & e>?2 ?is is ! doma9 ( *ang+ ?+s4 ,! middle region1 :]e ! planets circulate 9 an inv>iable & h>moni\s ord]1 is1 9 accordance ) ! special conceptions ent]ta9$ ( ! univ]se1 exclusively t]m$ ',cosmos'1 :ile ! ^w ',olympus' is us$ to express ! ext]ior or igne\s region4 ,bopp1 ! pr(\nd philologi/1 has rem>k$ t we may d$uce1 z ,pott has done1 ',etymol4 ,=s*ung5'1 ?4i41 s4 #ci & #beb 7',etymol4 ,rese>*es'71 ! ^w ,greek ^w f ! ,sanscrit root 'sud'1 'purific>i'1 by assum+ two conditions2 fir/ t ! ,greek lett] 'kappa' 9 ,greek ^w comes f ! palatial 'epsilon'1 :i* ,bopp repres5ts by 's' & ,pott by '' 79 ! same mann] z ,greek ^w1 'decem1 taihun' 9 ,go?ic1 comes f ! ,indian ^w 'dasan'71 &1 next1 t ! ,indian 'd'' corresponds1 z a g5]al rule1 ) ! ,greek '!ta' 7',v]glei*5de ,grammatik' #ii -- ,comp>ative ,gramm>71 :i* %[s ! relation ( ,greek ^w 7= ,greek ^w7 ) ! ,sanscrit root 'sud'1 :5ce is also d]iv$ ,greek ^w4 ,ano!r ,indian t]m = ! _w is 'gagat' 7pron\nc$ 'ds*agat'71 :i* is1 prop]ly speak+ ! pres5t p>ticiple ( ! v]b 'gagami' 7,i g71 ! root ( :i* is 'ga4' ,9 re/rict+ ourselves to ! circle ( ,hell5ic etymologies1 we f9d 7',etymol4 ,m4'1 p4 #ecb1 #ab7 t ,greek ^w is intimately associat$ ) ,greek ^w or r ) ,greek ^w1 :5ce we h ,greek ^w or ,greek ^w ,welck] 7',e9e ,kretis*e ,col 9 ,!b5'1 s4 #bc -- ,a ,cretan ,colony 9 ,!bes7 comb9es ) ?is ! "n ,greek ^w 1 z 9 ,hesy*ius ,greek ^w signifies a ,cretan suit ( arms4 ,:5 ! sci5tific language ( ,greece 0 introduc$ among ! ,romans1 ! ^w 'mundus'1 :i* at fir/ _h only ! prim>y mean+ ( ,greek ^w 7female ornam5t71 0 appli$ to designate ! entire univ]se4 ,ennius seems to h be5 ! fir/ :o v5tur$ ^u ?is innovation4 ,9 "o ( ! fragm5ts ( ?is poet1 pres]v$ by ,macrobius1 on ! occasion ( 8 qu>rel ) ,virgil1 we f9d ! ^w us$ 9 its novel mode ( acceptation3 ,mundus caeli va/us con/itit sil5tio 7,sat41 vi41 #b74 ,cic]o also says1 ,quem nos luc5tem mundum vocamus 7,timu1 ',s4de univ]4'1 cap4 x47 ,! ,sanscrit root 'm&' f :i* ,pott d]ives ! ,lat9 'mundus' 7',etym4 ,=s*4'1 ?4 i41 s4 #bdj71 comb9es ! d\ble signification ( %9+ & adorn+4 ',loka' designates 9 ,sanscrit ! _w & p 9 g5]al1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,fr5* ^w 'monde'1 & is d]iv$ accord+ to ,bopp1 f 'lok' 7to see & %9e72 x is ! same ) ! ,slavonic root 'swjet'1 :i* means bo? 'light' & '_w4' 7,grimm1 ',deuts*e ,gramm4'1 b4 iii41 s4 #cid -- ,g]man ,gramm>47 ,! ^w 'welt'1 :i* ! ,g]mans make use ( at ! pres5t day1 & :i* 0 'w]alt' 9 old ,g]man1 'worold' 9 old ,saxon1 & 'w]uld' 9 ,anglo-,saxon1 01 accord+ to ,james ,grimm's int]pretation1 a p]iod ( "t1 an age 7'saeculum'7 r ?an a t]m us$ = ! _w 9 space4 ,! ,etruscans figur$ to !mselves 'mundus' z an inv]t$ dome1 symmetrically oppos$ to ! cele/ial vault 7,otfri$ ,mull]'s ',etrusk5'1 ?4 ii41 s4 #if1 etc474 ,tak5 9 a /ill m limit$ s5se1 ! ^w appe>s to h signifi$ among ! ,go?s ! t]re/rial surface gird$ by seas 7'm>ei1 m]i'17 ! 'm]ig>d'1 lit]ally1 'g>d5 ( seas4' ,f ! ,italian s*ool ( philosophy1 ! expression pass$1 9 ?is signification1 into ! language ( ^? e>ly poets p #ga ( nature1 ,p>m5ides & ,emp$ocles1 & f !nce into ! works ( prose writ]s4 ,we w n "h ent] into a discussion ( ! mann] 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,py?agorean views1 ,philolaus di/+ui%es betwe5 ,olympus1 ,uranus1 or ! heav5s1 & ,cosmos1 or h[ ! same ^w1 us$ 9 a plural s5se1 c\ld be appli$ to c]ta9 heav5ly bodies 7! planets7 revolv+ r\nd "o c5tral focus ( ! _w1 or to gr\ps ( />s4 ,9 ?is "w ,i use ! ^w ,cosmos 9 con=mity ) ! ,hell5ic usage ( ! t]m subsequ5tly to ! "t ( ,py?agorus1 & 9 accordance ) ! precise def9ition giv5 ( x 9 ! treatise entitl$ ',de ,mundo'1 :i* 0 long errone\sly attribut$ to ,ari/otle4 ,x is ! assemblage ( all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ! univ]sality ( creat$ ?+s con/itut+ ! p]ceptible _w4 ,if sci5tific t]ms _h n long be5 div]t$ f _! true v]bal signification1 ! pres5t "w ought r to h borne ! title ( ',cosmography'1 divid$ into ',uranography' & ',geography4' ,! ,romans1 9 _! feeble essays on philosophy1 imitat$ ! ,greeks by apply+ to ! univ]se ! t]m 'mundus'1 :i*1 9 its prim>y mean+1 indicat$ no?+ m ?an ornam5t1 & did n ev5 imply ord] or regul>ity 9 ! disposition ( p>ts4 ,x is probable t ! introduction into ! language ( ,latium ( ?is te*nical t]m z an equival5t = ,cosmos1 9 its d\ble signification1 is due to ,ennius199 :o 0 a foll[] ( ! ,italian s*ool1 & ! translator ( ! writ+s ( ,epi*>mus & "s ( 8 pupils on ! ,py?agorean philosophy4 footnote 99,see1 on ,ennius1 ! +5i\s rese>*es ( ,leopold ,krahn]1 9 8 ',grundl9i5 zur ,ges*i*te des ,v]falls d] ,romis*5 ,/aats-,reigion'1 #ahcg1 s4 #da-de 7,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decay ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,religion among ! ,romans74 ,9 all probability1 ,ennius did n quote f writ+s ( ,epi*>mus himself1 b f poems compos$ 9 ! "n ( t philosoph]1 & 9 accordance ) 8 views4 ,we w\ld fir/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! physical 'hi/ory' & ! physical 'description' ( ! _w4 ,! =m]1 conceiv$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se ( ! ^w1 ought1 if mat]ials = writ+ x exi/$1 to trace ! v>iations exp]i5c$ by ! univ]se 9 ! c\rse ( ages f ! new />s :i* h sudd5ly appe>$ & disappe>$ 9 ! vault ( heav51 f nebul dissolv+ or cond5s+ -- to ! fir/ /ratum ( cryptogamic vegetation on ! /ill imp]fectly cool$ surface ( ! e>?1 or on a reef ( coral uplift$ f ! dep?s ( ocean4 ',! physical description ( ! _w' pres5ts a picture ( all t exi/s 9 space -- ( ! siimultane\s action ( p #gb natural =ces1 toge!r ) ! ph5om5a :i* !y produce4 ,b if we w\ld correctly compreh5d nature1 we mu/ n entirely or absolutely sep>ate ! consid]ation ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s f t ( ! successive phases ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$4 ,we c n =m a j conception ( _! nature )\t look+ back on ! mode ( _! =mation4 ,x is n organic matt] alone t is cont9ually und]go+ *ange1 & be+ dissolv$ to =m new comb9ations4 ,! globe itself reveals at e phase ( its exi/5ce ! my/]y ( its =m] conditions4 ,we c n survey ! cru/ ( our planet )\t recogniz+ ! traces ( ! prior exi/5ce & de/ruction ( an organic _w4 ,! s$im5t>y rocks pres5t a succession ( organic =ms1 associat$ 9 gr\ps1 :i* h successively displac$ & succe$$ ea* o!r4 ,! diff]5t sup]-impos$ /rata ?us display to u ! faunas & floras ( diff]5t epo*s4 ,9 ?is s5se ! description ( nature is intimately connect$ ) its hi/ory2 & ! geologi/1 :o is guid$ by ! connection exi/+ among ! facts obs]v$1 c n =m a conception ( ! pres5t )\t pursu+1 ?r\gh c\ntless ages1 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,9 trac+ ! physical del9eation ( ! globe1 we behold ! pres5t & ! pa/ reciprocally incorporat$1 z x 71 ) "o ano!r2 = ! doma9 ( nature is l t ( languages1 9 :i* etymological rese>* reveals a successive developm5t1 by %[+ u ! prim>y condition ( an idiom reflect$ 9 ! =ms ( spee* 9 use at ! pres5t day4 ,! /udy ( ! mat]ial _w r5d]s ?is reflection ( ! pa/ peculi>ly manife/1 by display+ 9 ! process ( =mation rocks ( eruption & s$im5t>y /rata simil> to ^? ( =m] ages4 ,if ,i may be all[$ to borr[ a /rik+ illu/ration f ! geological relations by :i* ! physiognomy ( a c\ntry is det]m9$1 ,i w\ld say t domes ( tra*yte1 cones ( basalt1 lava /reams 7'c\les'7( amygdaloid ) elongat$ & p>allel pores1 & :ite deposits ( pumice1 int]mix$ ) black scoriae1 animate ! sc5]y by ! associations ( ! pa/ :i* !y awak51 act+ ^u ! imag9ation ( ! enlight5$ obs]v] l traditional records ( an e>li] _w4 ,_! =m is _! hi/ory4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ! ,greeks & ,romans orig9ally employ$ ! ^w 'hi/ory' proves t !y too 7 intimately conv9c$ t1 to =m a complete idea ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! univ]se1 x 0 necess>y to consid] x 9 its successive p #gc phases4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 ! def9ition giv5 by ,val]ius ,flaccus199 b 9 ! zoological writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 t ! ^w 'hi/ory' pres5ts itself z an exposition ( ! results ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,footnote 99,aul4 ,gell41 ',nect4 ,att4'1 v41 #ah4 ,! physical description ( ! ^w by ,pl9y ! eld] be>s ! title ( ',natural ,hi/ory'1 :ile 9 ! lett]s ( 8 nephew x is designat$ by ! nobl] t]m ( ',hi/ory ( ,nature4' ,! e>li] ,greek hi/orians did n sep>ate ! description ( c\ntries f ! n>rative ( ev5ts ( :i* !y _h be5 ! !at]4 ,) ^! writ]s1 physical geography & hi/ory 7 long intimately associat$1 & rema9$ simply b elegantly bl5d$ until ! p]iod ( ! developm5t ( political int]e/s1 :5 ! agitation 9 :i* ! lives ( m5 7 pass$ caus$ ! geographical portion to be bani%$ f ! hi/ory ( nations1 & rais$ into an indep5d5t sci5ce4 ,x rema9s to be consid]$ :e!r by ! op]ation ( ?\ght1 we may hope to r$uce ! imm5se div]sity ( ph5om5a compris$ by ! ,cosmos to ! unity ( a pr9ciple1 & ! evid5ce af=d$ by rational tru?s4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( empirical k1 we c sc>cely flatt] ourselves ) su* a hope4 ,exp]im5tal sci5ces1 bas$ on ! obs]vation ( ! ext]nal _w1 c n aspire to complet5ess2 ! nature ( ?+s1 & ! imp]fection ( our organs1 are alike oppos$ to x4 ,we %all nev] succe$ 9 exhau/+ ! immeasurable ri*es ( nature2 & no g5]ation ( m5 w ev] h cause to boa/ ( hav+ compreh5d$ ! total aggregation ( ph5om5a4 ,x is only by di/ribut+ !m into gr\ps t we h be5 able1 9 ! case ( a few1 to discov] ! empire ( c]ta9 natural laws1 gr& & simple z nature itself4 ,! ext5t ( ?is empire w no d\bt increase 9 proportion z physical sci5ces are m p]fectly develop$4 ,/rik+ pro(s ( ?is advancem5t h be5 made manife/ 9 our own day1 9 ! ph5om5a ( electro-magnetism1 ! propagation ( lum9\s waves & radiat+ heat4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! fruitful doctr9e ( evolution %[s u h[1 9 organic developm5t1 all t is =m$ is sket*$ out be=eh&1 & h[ ! tissues ( vegetable & animal matt] uni=mly arise f ! multiplication & trans=mation ( cells4 ,! g5]alization ( laws1 :i*1 be+ at fir/ b\nd$ by n>r[ limits1 _h be5 appli$ solely to isolat$ gr\ps ( ph5om5a1 acquires 9 "t m m>k$ gradations1 & ga9s 9 ext5t & c]ta9ty z long z ! process ( reason+ p #gd is appli$ /rictly to analog\s ph5om5a2 b z soon z dynamical views prove insuffici5t :]e ! specific prop]ties & het]og5e\s nature ( matt] come into play2 x is to be fe>$ t1 by p]si/+ 9 ! pursuit ( laws1 we may f9d our c\rse sudd5ly arre/$ by an impassible *asm4 ,! pr9ciple ( unity is lo/ sight (1 & ! guid+ clew is r5t asund] :5ev] any specific & peculi> k9d ( action manife/s itself amid ! active =ces ( nature4 ,! law ( equival5ts & ! num]ical proportions ( composition1 s happily recogniz$ by mod]n *emi/s1 & proclaim$ "u ! anci5t =m ( atomic symbols1 /ill rema9s isolat$ & indep5d5t ( ma!maticl laws ( motion & gravitation4 ,^? productions ( nature :i* are objects ( direct obs]vation may be logically di/ribut$ 9 classes1 ord]s1 & families4 ,?is =m ( di/ribution und\bt$ly %$s "s light on descriptive natural hi/ory1 b ! /udy ( organiz$ bodies1 consid]$ 9 _! l9e> connection1 al?\gh x may imp>t a great] degree ( unity & simplicity to ! di/ribution ( gr\ps1 c n rise to ! height ( a classification bas$ on "o sole pr9ciple ( composition & int]nal organization4 ,z diff]5t gradations are pres5t$ by ! laws ( nature accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! horizon1 or ! limits ( ! ph5om5a to be consid]$1 s !re are likewise diff]5tly graduat$ phases 9 ! inve/igation ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,empiricism orig9ates 9 isolat$ views1 :i* are subsequ5tly gr\p$ accord+ to _! analogy or dissimil>ity4 ,to direct obs]vation succe$s1 al?\gh long aft]w>d1 ! wi% to prosecute exp]im5ts2 t is to say1 to evoke ph5om5a "u diff]5t det]m9$ conditions4 ,! rational exp]im5tali/ does n proce$ at haz>d1 b acts "u ! guidance ( hypo!ses1 f\nd$ on a half indi/9ct & m or less j intuition ( ! connection exi/+ among natural objects or =ces4 ,t :i* has be5 conqu]$ by obs]vation or by means ( exp]im5ts1 leads1 by analysis & induction1 to ! discov]y ( empirical laws4 ,^! are ! phases 9 human intellect t h m>k$ ! diff]5t epo*s 9 ! life ( nations1 & by means ( :i* t great mass ( facts has be5 accumulat$ :i* con/itutes at ! pres5t day ! solid basis ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,two =ms ( ab/raction conjo9tly regulate our k1 namely1 relations ( 'quantity'1 compris+ ideas ( numb] & size1 & relations ( 'quality'1 embrac+ ! consid]ation ( ! specific prop]ties & ! het]og5e\s nature p #ge ( matt]4 ,! =m]1 z be+ m accessible to ! ex]cise ( ?\ght1 app]ta9s to ma!matics2 ! latt]1 f ! app>5t my/]ies & great] difficulties1 falls "u ! doma9 ( ! *emical sci5ces4 ,9 ord] to submit ph5om5a to calculation1 rec\rse is _h to a hypo!tical con/ruction ( matt] by a comb9ation ( molecules & atoms1 ^: numb]1 =m1 position1 & pol>ity det]m9e1 modify1 or v>y ph5om5a4 ,! my?ical ideas long ent]ta9$ ( ! impond]able sub/ances & vital =ces peculi> to ea* mode ( organization1 h complicat$ our views g5]ally1 & %$ an unc]ta9 light on ! pa? we ought to pursue4 ,! mo/ v>i\s =ms ( intuition h ?us1 age aft] age1 aid$ 9 augm5t+ ! prodigi\s mass ( empirical k1 :i*1 9 our own day has be5 enl>g$ ) ev]-increas+ rapidity4 ,! inve/igat+ _s ( man /rives f "t to "t1 ) v>y+ success1 to break ?r\gh ^? anci5t =ms & symbols inv5t$1 to subject rebelli\s matt] to rules ( me*anical con/ruction4 ,we are /ill v f> f ! "t :5 x w be possible = u to r$uce1 by ! op]ation ( ?\ght1 all t we p]ceive by ! s5ses1 to ! unity ( a rational pr9ciple4 ,x may ev5 be d\bt$ if su* a victory c\ld ev] be a*iev$ 9 ! field ( natural philosophy4 ,! complication ( ph5om5a1 & ( ! va/ ext5t ( ! ,cosmos1 w\ld seem to oppose su* a result2 b ev5 a p>tial solution ( ! problem -- ! t5d5cy t[>d a compreh5sion ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se -- w n ! less rema9 ! et]nal & sublime aim ( e inve/igation ( nature4 ,9 con=mity ) ! "* ( my =m] writ+s1 z well z ) ! labors 9 :i* ,i h be5 engag$ dur+ my sci5tific c>e]1 9 measurem5ts1 exp]im5ts1 & ! inve/igation ( facts1 ,i limit myself to ! doma9 ( empirical ideas4 ,! exposition ( mutually connect$ facts does n exclude ! classification ( ph5om5a accord+ to _! rational connection1 ! g5]alization ( _m specialities 9 ! great mass ( obs]vations1 or ! attempt to discov] laws4 ,conceptions ( ! univ]se solely bas$ ^u reason1 & ! pr9ciples ( speculative philosophy1 w\ld no d\bt assign a /ill m exalt$ aim to ! sci5ce ( ! ,cosmos4 ,i am f> f blam+ ! ef=ts ( o!rs solely because _! success has hi!rto rema9$ v d\btful4 ,contr>y to ! wi%es & c\nsel ( ( ^? pr(\nd & p[]ful ?9k]s :o p #gf h giv5 new life to speculations :i* 7 already famili> to ! anci5ts1 sy/ems ( natural philosophy h 9 our own c\ntry = "s "t pa/ turn$ aside ! m9ds ( m5 f ! grav] /udy ( ma!matical & physical sci5ces4 ,! abuse ( bett] p[]s1 :i* has l$ _m ( our noble b ill-judg+ y\? into ! saturnalia ( a purely ideal sci5ce ( nature1 has be5 signaliz$ by ! intoxication ( pret5d$ conque/s1 by a novel & fanta/ically symbolical phraseology1 & by a pr$ilection = ! =mulae ( a s*ola/ic rationalism1 m contract$ 9 its views ?an any kn[n to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i use ! expression abuse ( bett] p[]s1 because sup]ior intellects devot$ to philosophical pursuits & exp]im5tal sci5ces h rema9$ /rang]s to ^! saturnalia4 ,! results yield$ by an e>ne/ inve/igation 9 ! pa? ( exp]im5t c n be at v>iance ) a true philosophy ( nature4 ,if !re be any contradiction1 ! fault mu/ lie ei!r 9 ! uns\ndness ( speculation1 or 9 ! exagg]at$ pret5sions ( empiricism1 :i* ?9ks t m is prov$ by exp]im5t ?an is actually d]ivable f x4 ,ext]nal nature may be oppos$ to ! intellectual _w1 z if ! latt] 7 n compris$ )9 ! limits ( ! =m]1 or nature may be oppos$ to art :5 ! latt] is def9$ z a manife/ation ( ! intellectual p[] ( man2 b ^! contra/s1 :i* we f9d reflect$ 9 ! mo/ cultivat$ languages1 mu/ n lead u to sep>ate ! sph]e ( nature f t ( m9d1 s9ce su* a sep>ation w\ld r$uce ! physical sci5ce ( ! _w to a m]e aggregation ( empirical specialities4 ,sci5ce does n pres5t itself to man until m9d conqu]s matt] 9 /riv+ to subject ! result ( exp]im5tal inve/igation to rational comb9ations4 ,sci5ce is ! labor ( m9d appli$ to nature1 b ! ext]nal _w has no real exi/5ce = u beyond ! image reflect$ )9 ourselves ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses4 ,z intellig5ce & =ms ( spee*1 ?\ght & its v]bal symbols1 are unit$ by secret & indissoluble l9ks1 s does ! ext]nal _w bl5d almo/ unconsci\sly to ourselves ) our ideas & feel+s4 ,ext]nal ph5om5a1 says ,hegel1 9 8 ',philosophy ( ,hi/ory'1 are 9 "s degree translat$ 9 our inn] repres5tations4 ,! objective _w1 conceiv$ & reflect$ )9 u by ?\ght1 is subject$ to ! et]nal & necess>y conditions ( our intellectual be+4 ,! activity ( ! m9d ex]cises itself on ! elem5ts furni%$ to x by ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses4 ,?us1 9 ! p #gg e>ly ages ( mank9d1 !re manife/s itself 9 ! simple intuition ( natural facts1 & 9 ! ef=ts made to compreh5d !m1 ! g]m ( ! philosophy ( nature4 ,^! ideal t5d5cies v>y1 & are m or less p[]ful1 accord+ to ! individual *>act]i/ics & moral dispositions ( nations1 & to ! degrees ( _! m5tal culture1 :e!r atta9$ amid sc5es ( nature t excite or *ill ! imag9ation4 ,hi/ory has pres]v$ ! record ( ! num]\s attempts t h be5 made to =m a rational conception ( ! :ole _w ( ph5om5a1 & to recognize 9 ! univ]se ! action ( "o sole active =ce by :i* matt] is p5etrat$1 trans=m$1 & animat$4 ,^! attempts are trac$ 9 classical antiquity 9 ^? treatises on ! pr9ciples ( ?+s :i* emanat$ f ! ,ionian s*ool1 & 9 :i* all ! ph5om5a ( nature 7 subject$ to haz>d\s speculations1 bas$ ^u a small numb] ( obs]vations4 ,by degrees1 z ! influ5ce ( great hi/orical ev5ts has favor$ ! developm5t ( e bran* ( sci5ce support$ by obs]vation1 t ardor has cool$ :i* =m]ly l$ m5 to seek ! ess5tial nature & connection ( ?+s by ideal con/ruction & 9 purely rational pr9ciples4 ,9 rec5t times1 ! ma!matical portion ( natural philosophy has be5 mo/ rem>kably & admirably enl>g$4 ,! me?od & ! in/rum5t 7analysis7 h be5 simultane\sly p]fect$4 ,t :i* has be5 acquir$ by means s diff]5t -- by ! +5i\s application ( atomic suppositions1 by ! m g5]al & intimate /udy ( ph5om5a1 & by ! improv$ con/ruction ( new app>atus -- is ! common prop]ty ( mank9d1 & %\ldnot1 9 our op9ion1 n[1 m ?an 9 anci5t times1 be )drawn f ! free ex]cise ( speculative ?\ght4 ,x c n be d5i$ t 9 ?is process ( ?\ght1 ! results ( exp]i5ce h _h to cont5d ) _m disadvantages2 we mu/ n1 !re=e1 be surpris$ if1 9 ! p]petual vicissitude ( !oretical views1 z is +5i\sly express$ by ! au?or ( ',giordano ,bruno'1 mo/ m5 see no?+ 9 philosophy b a succession ( pass+ meteors1 :ile ev5 ! gr&] =ms 9 :i* %e has reveal$ h]self %>e ! fate ( comets1 bodies t d n rank 9 popul> op9ion among ! et]nal & p]man5t works ( nature1 p #gh b are reg>d$ z m]e fugitive app>itions ( igncor vapor4 ,footnote 99,s*ell+'s ,bruno1 'eb] das ,gottli*e und ,naturali*e ,pr9cip4 d] ,d+e'1 #aha 7,bruno1 on ! ',div9e & ,natural ,pr9ciple ( ,?+s'7 ,we w\ld "h rem>k t ! abuse ( ?\ght1 & ! false track x too (t5 pursues1 ought n to sanction an op9ion d]ogatory to ! intellect1 :i* w\ld imply t ! doma9 ( m9d is ess5tially a _w ( vague fanta/ic illusions1 & t ! treasures accumulat$ by labori\s obs]vations 9 philosophy are p[]s ho/ile to its own empire4 ,x does n become ! _s :i* *>act]izes ! pres5t age di/ru/fully to reject e g5]alization ( views & e attempt to exam9e into ! nature ( ?+s by ! process ( reason & induction4 ,x w\ld be a d5ial ( ! dignity ( human nature & ! relative importance ( ! faculties ) :i* we are end[$1 7 we to condemn at "o "t au/]e reason engag$ 9 inve/igat+ causes & _! natural connections1 & at ano!r t ex]cise ( ! imag9ation :i* prompts & excites discov]ies by its creative p[]s4 ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages #gi to #aaa ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- p #gi ,,cosmos4 ------------------------- ,,del9eation ,,( ,,nature4 ,,g5]al ,,review ,,( ,,natural ,,ph5om5a4 ,,:5 ! human m9d fir/ attempts to subject to its control ! _w ( physical ph5om5a1 & /rives by m$itative contemplation to p5etrate ! ri* luxuriance ( liv+ nature1 & ! m+l$ web ( free & re/rict$ natural =ces1 man feels himself rais$ to a height f :5ce1 z he embraces ! va/ horizon1 individual ?+s bl5d toge!r 9 v>i$ gr\ps1 & appe> z if %r\d$ 9 a vapory vail4 ,^! figurative expressions are us$ 9 ord] to illu/rate ! po9t ( view f :5ce we w\ld consid] ! univ]se bo? 9 its cele/ial & t]re/rial sph]e4 ,i am n ins5sible ( ! boldness ( su* an und]tak+4 ,among all ! =ms ( exposition to :i* ^! pages are devot$1 !re is none m difficult ?an ! g5]al del9eation ( nature1 :i* we purpose sket*+1 s9ce we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be ov]p[]$ by a s5se ( ! /up5d\s ri*ness & v>iety ( ! =ms pres5t$ to u1 b mu/ dwell only on ! consid]ation ( masses ei!r possess+ actual magnitude1 or borr[+ its semblance f ! associations awak5$ )9 ! subjective sph]e ( ideas4 ,x is by a sep>ation & classification ( ph5om5a by an intuitive insight into ! play ( obscure =ces1 & by animat$ expressions1 9 :i* ! p]ceptible spectacle is reflect$ ) vivid tru?fulness1 t we may hope to compreh5d & describe ! 'univ]sal all' ,greek words 9 a mann] wor?y ( ! dignity ( ! ^w ',cosmos' 9 its signification ( 'univ]se1 ord] ( ! _w'1 & 'adornm5t' ( ?is univ]sal ord]4 ,may ! immeasurable div]sity ( ph5om5a :i* cr[d into ! picture ( nature 9 no way detract f t h>moni\s impression ( re/ & unity :i* is ! ultimate object ( e lit]>y or purely arti/ical composition4 ,beg9n+ ) ! dep?s ( space & ! regions ( remote/ nebulae1 we w gradually desc5d ?r\gh ! />ry zone to :i* our sol> sy/em belongs1 to our own t]re/rial sph]oid1 circl$ by air & ocean1 !re to direct our att5tion p #hj to its =m1 temp]ature1 & magnetic t5sion1 & to consid] ! fullness ( organic life unfold+ itself ^u its surface b5ea? ! vivify+ influ5ce ( light4 ,9 ?is mann] a picture ( ! _w may1 ) a few /rokes1 be made to include ! realms ( inf9ity no less ?an ! m9ute microscopic animal & vegetable organisms :i* exi/ 9 /&+ wat]s & on ! wea!r-beat5 surface ( our rocks4 ,all t c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & all t has be5 accumulat$ up to ! pres5t day by an att5tive & v>i\sly direct$ /udy ( nature1 con/itute ! mat]ials f :i* ?is repres5tation is to be drawn1 ^: "* is an evid5ce ( its fidelity & tru?4 ,b ! descriptive picture ( nature :i* we purpose draw+ mu/ n ent] too fully into detail1 s9ce a m9ute enum]ation ( all vital =ms1 natural objects1 & processes is n requisite to ! complet5ess ( ! und]tak+4 ,! del9eator ( nature mu/ resi/ ! t5d5cy t[>d endless division1 9 ord] to avoid ! dang]s pres5t$ by ! v abundance ( our empirical k4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! qualitative prop]ties ( matt] -- or1 to speak m 9 accordance ) ! language ( natural philosophy1 ( ! qualitative expression ( =ces -- is d\btlessly /ill unkn[n to u1 & ! attempt p]fectly to repres5t unity 9 div]sity mu/ !re=e necess>ily prove unsuccessful4 ,?us1 besides ! pleasure d]iv$ & t+$ ) a %ade ( sadness1 an unsatisfi$ long+ = some?+ beyond ! pres5t -- a /riv+ t[>d regions yet unkn[n & unop5$4 ,su* a s5se ( long+ b9ds /ill fa/] ! l9ks :i*1 9 accordance ) ! supreme laws ( our be+1 connect ! mat]ial ) ! ideal _w1 & animates ! my/]i\s relation exi/+ betwe5 t :i* ! m9d receives f )\t1 & t :i* x reflects f its own dep?s to ! ext]nal _w4 ,if1 !n1 nature 7und]/&+ by ! t]m all natural objects & ph5om5a7 be illimitable 9 ext5t & cont5ts1 x likewise pres5ts itself to ! human intellect z a problem :i* c n be grasp$1 & ^: solution is impossible1 s9ce x requires a k ( ! comb9$ action ( all natural =ces4 ,su* an ackn[l$gem5t is due :]e ! actual /ate & prospective developm5t ( ph5om5a con/itute ! sole objects ( direct inve/igation1 :i* does n v5ture to dep>t f ! /rict rules ( induction4 ,b1 al?\gh ! incessant ef=t to embrace nature 9 its univ]sality may rema9 unsatisfi$1 ! hi/ory ( ! contemplation ( ! univ]se 7:i* p #ha w be consid]$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w7 w tea* u h[1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 mank9d has gradually atta9$ to a p>tial insight into ! relative dep5d5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,my duty is to depict ! results ( our k 9 all _! be>+s ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t4 ,9 all t is subject to motion & *ange 9 space1 ! ultimate aim1 ! v expression ( physical laws1 dep5d ^u 'mean num]ical values'1 :i* %[ u ! con/ant amid *ange1 & ! /able amid app>5t fluctuations ( ph5om5a4 ,?us ! progress ( mod]n physical sci5ce is especially *>act]iz$ by ! atta9m5t & ! rectification ( ! mean values ( c]ta9 quantities by means ( ! processes ( weigh+ & measur+2 & x may be said1 t ! only rema9+ & widely-diffus$ hi]oglyphic *>act]s /ill 9 our writ+ -- 'numb]s' -- appe> to u aga91 z p[]s ( ! ,cosmos1 al?\gh 9 a wid] s5se ?an t appli$ to !m by ! ,italian ,s*ool4 ,! e>ne/ inve/igator delights 9 ! simplicity ( num]ical relations1 indicat+ ! dim5sions ( ! cele/ial regions1 ! magnitudes & p]iodical di/urbances ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! triple elem5ts ( t]re/rial magnetism1 ! mean pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! quantity ( heat :i* ! sun imp>ts 9 ea* ye>1 & 9 e season ( ! ye>1 to all po9ts ( ! solid & liquid surface ( our planet4 ,^! s\rces ( enjoym5t d n1 h[ev]1 satisfy ! poet ( ,nature1 or ! m9d ( ! inquir+ _m4 ,to bo? ( ^! ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce appe>s z a blank1 n[ t %e answ]s d\bt+ly1 or :olly rejects z unansw]able1 que/ions to :i* =m] ages deem$ !y c\ld furni% satisfactory replies4 ,9 h] sev]] aspect1 & clo!d ) less luxuriance1 %e %[s h]self depriv$ ( t s$uctive *>m ) :i* a dogmatiz+ & symboliz+ physical philosophy knew h[ to deceive ! und]/&+ & give ! re9 to imag9ation4 ,long be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 x 0 believ$ t new l&s 9 ! ,f> ,we/ might be se5 f ! %ores ( ! ,can>ies & ! ,azores4 ,^! illusive images 7 ow+1 n to any extraord9>y refraction ( ! rays ( light1 b produc$ by an eag] long+ = ! di/ant & ! unatta9$4 ,! philosophy ( ! ,greeks1 ! physical views ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ev5 ^? ( a m rec5t p]iod1 h be5 em95tly imbu$ ) ! *>m spr++ f simil> illusive phantoms ( ! imag9ation4 ,at ! limits ( circumscrib$ k1 z f "s l(ty isl& %ore1 ! eye delights to p5etrate p #hb to di/ant regions4 ,! belief 9 ! uncommon & ! wond]ful l5ds a def9ite outl9e to e manife/ation ( ideal creation2 & ! realm ( fancy -- a fairy-l& ( cosmological1 geogno/ical1 & magnetic visions -- becomes ?us involunt>ily bl5d$ ) ! doma9 ( reality4 ,nature1 9 ! manifold signification ( ! ^w -- :e!r consid]$ z ! univ]sality ( all t is & ev] w be -- z ! inn] mov+ =ce ( all ph5om5a1 or z _! my/]i\s prototype -- reveals itself to ! simple m9d & feel+s ( man z some?+ e>?ly1 & closely alli$ to himself4 ,x is only )9 ! animat$ circles ( organic /ructure t we feel ourselves peculi>ly at home4 ,?us1 :]ev] ! e>? unfolds h] fruits & fl[]s1 & gives food to c\ntless tribes ( animals1 !re ! image ( nature impresses itself mo/ vividly ^u our s5ses4 ,! impression ?us produc$ ^u our m9ds limits itself almo/ exclusively to ! reflection ( ! e>?ly4 ,! />ry vault & ! wide expanse ( ! heav5s belong to a picture ( ! univ]se1 9 :i* ! magnitude ( masses1 ! numb] ( congregat$ suns & fa9tly glimm]+ nebulae1 al?\gh !y excite our wond] & a/oni%m5t1 manife/ !mselves to u 9 app>5t isolation1 & z utt]ly devoid ( all evid5ce ( _! be+ ! sc5es ( organic life4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ physical views ( mank9d1 heav5 & e>? h be5 sep>at$ & oppos$ to "o ano!r z an upp] & l[] portion ( space4 ,if1 !n1 a picture ( nature 7 to correspond to ! requirem5ts ( contemplation by ! s5ses1 x ought to beg9 ) a del9eation ( our native e>?4 ,x %\ld depict1 fir/1 ! t]re/rial planet z to its size & =m2 its increas+ d5sity & heat at increas+ dep?s 9 its sup]impos$ solid & liquid /rate2 ! sep>ation ( sea & l&1 & ! vital =ms animat+ bo?1 develop$ 9 ! cellul> tissues ( plants & animals2 ! atmosph]ic ocean1 ) its waves & curr5ts1 ?r\gh :i* pi]ce ! =e/-cr[n$ summits ( our m\nta9 *a9s4 ,aft] ?is del9eation ( purely telluric relations1 ! eye w\ld rise to ! cele/ial regions1 & ! ,e>? w\ld !n1 z ! well-kn[n seat ( organic developm5t1 be consid]$ z a planet1 occupy+ a place 9 ! s]ies ( ^? heav5ly bodies :i* circle r\nd "o ( ! innum]able ho/ ( self-lum9\s />s4 ,?is succession ( ideas indicates ! c\rse pursu$ 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( p]ceptive contemplation1 & rem9ds u ( ! anci5t conception ( ! sea-girt disk ( e>?1 support+ ! vault ( heav54 ,x beg9s to ex]cise 9 action p #hc at ! spot :]e x orig9at$1 & passes f ! consid]ation ( ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 ( ! ne> to ! di/ant4 ,x corresponds ) ! me?od pursu$ 9 our elem5t>y works on a/ronomy 7& :i* is s admirable 9 a ma!matical po9t ( view71 ( proce$+ f ! app>5t to ! real movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,ano!r c\rse ( ideas mu/1 h[ev]1 be pursu$ 9 a "w :i* proposes m]ely to give an exposition ( :at is kn[n -- ( :at may 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k be reg>d$ z c]ta91 or z m]ely probable 9 a great] or less] degree -- & does n ent] into a consid]ation ( ! pro(s on :i* su* results h be5 bas$4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we d n proce$ f ! subjective po9t ( view ( human int]e/s4 ,! t]re/rial mu/ be treat$ only z gr& & free1 un9flu5c$ by motives ( proximity1 social sympa?y1 or relative utility4 ,a physical cosmography -- a picture ( ! univ]se -- does n beg91 !re=e1 ) ! picture ( ! univ]se -- does n beg91 !re=e1 ) ! t]re/rial1 b ) t :i* fills ! regions ( space4 ,b z ! sph]e ( contemplation contracts 9 dim5sion our p]ception ( ! ri*ness ( individual p>ts1 ! fullness ( physical ph5om5a1 & ( ! het]og5e\s prop]ties ( matt] becomes enl>g$4 ,f ! regions 9 :i* we recognize ony ! dom9ion ( ! laws ( attraction1 we desc5d to our own planet1 & to ! intricate play ( t]re/rial =ces4 ,! me?od "h describ$ = ! del9eation ( nature is oppos$ to t :i* m/ be pursu$ 9 e/abli%+ conclusive results4 ,! "o enum]ates :at ! o!r demon/rates4 ,man le>ns to "k ! ext]nal _w ?r\gh ! organs ( ! s5ses4 ,ph5om5a ( light proclaim ! exi/5ce ( matt] 9 remote/ space1 & ! eye is ?us made ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* we may contemplate ! univ]se4 ,! discov]y ( telescopic vision m ?an two c5turies ago1 has transmitt$ to late/ g5]ations a p[] ^: limits are z yet unatta9$4 ,! fir/ & mo/ g5]al consid]ation ( ! ,cosmos is t ( ! 'cont5ts ( space' -- ! di/ribution ( matt]1 or ( creation1 z we are wont to designate ! assemblage ( all t is & ev] w be develop$4 ,we see matt] ei!r agglom]at$ into rotat+1 revolv+ sph]es ( diff]5t d5sity & size1 or scatt]$ ?r\gh space 9 ! =m ( self-lum9\s vapor4 ,if we consid] fir/ ! cosmical vapor disp]s$ 9 def9ite nebul\s spots1 its /ate ( aggregation w p #hd appe> con/antly to v>y1 sometimes appe>+ sep>at$ into r\nd or elliptical disks1 s+le or 9 pairs1 occasionally connect$ by a ?read ( light2 :ile1 at ano!r "t1 ^! nebulae occur 9 =ms ( l>g] dim5sions1 & are ei!r elongat$1 or v>i\sly bran*$ or fan-%ap$ or appe> l well-def9$ r+s1 includ+ a d>k int]ior4 ,x is conjectur$ t ^! bodies are und]go+ v>i\sly develop$ =mative processes1 z ! cosmical vapor becomes cond5s$ 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( attraction1 ei!r r\nd "o or m ( ! nuclei4 ,betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& ( su* unresolvable nebulae1 9 :i* ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes h hi!rto be5 unable to di/+ui% ! pres5ce ( />s1 h be5 c\nt$1 & _! positions det]m9$4 ,! g5etic evolution -- t p]petual /ate ( developm5t :i* seems to affect ?is portion ( ! regions ( space -- has l$ philosophical obs]v]s to ! discov]y ( ! analogy exi/+ among organic ph5om5a4 ,z 9 our =e/s we see ! same k9d ( tree 9 all ! v>i\s /ages ( its gr[?1 & are ?us enabl$ to =m an idea ( progressive1 vital developm5t1 s d we also 9 ! great g>d5 ( ! univ]se1 recognise ! mo/ diff]5t phases ( sid]eal =mation4 ,! process ( cond5sation1 :i* =m$ a "p ( ! doctr9es ( ,anaxim5es & ( ! ,ionian ,s*ool1 appe>s to be go+ on be=e our eyes4 ,?is subject ( inve/igation & conjecture is especially attractive to ! imag9ation1 = 9 ! /udy ( ! animat$ circles ( nature1 & ( ! action ( all ! mov+ =ces ( ! univ]se1 ! *>m t ex]cises ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ce on ! m9d is d]iv$ less f a k ( t :i* 'is' ?an f a p]ception ( t :i* 'w be'1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] be no?+ m ?an a new condition ( a kn[n mat]ial exi/5ce2 = ( actual creation1 ( orig91 ! beg9n+ ( exi/5ce f non-exi/5ce1 we h no exp]i5ce1 & c !re=e =m no conception4 ,a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s causes influ5c+ ! developm5t manife/$ by ! great] or less degree ( cond5sation 9 ! int]ior ( nebulae1 no less ?an a successive c\rse ( direct obs]vations1 h l$ to ! belief t *anges ( =m h be5 recogniz$ fir/ 9 ,&rom$a1 next 9 ! con/allation ,argo1 & 9 ! isolat$ filam5t\s portion ( ! nebula 9 ,orion4 ,b want ( uni=mity 9 ! p[] ( ! in/rum5ts employ$1 diff]5t conditions ( our atmosph]e1 & o!r optical relations1 r5d] a "p ( ! results invalid z hi/orical evid5ce4 p #he ',nebul\s />s' mu/ n be conf\nd$ ei!r ) irregul>ly-%ap$ nebul\s spots1 prop]ly s call$1 ^: sep>ate p>ts h an unequal degree ( brightness 7& :i* may1 p]haps1 become conc5trat$ into />s z _! circumf]5ce contracts71 nor ) ! s-call$ planet>y nebulae1 ^: circul> or slightly oval disks manife/ 9 all _! p>ts a p]fectly uni=m degree ( fa9t light4 ',nebul\s />s' are n m]ely accid5tal bodies project$ ^u a nebul\s gr\nd1 b are a "p ( ! nebul\s matt] con/itut+ "o mass ) ! body :i* x surr\nds4 ,! n unfrequ5tly consid]able magnitude ( _! app>5t diamet]1 & ! remote di/ance f :i* !y are reveal$ to u1 %[ t bo? ! planet>y nebulae & ! nebul\s />s mu/ be ( enorm\s dim5sions4 ,new & +5i\s consid]ations ( ! diff]5t influ5ce ex]cis$ by di/ance99 on ! int5sity ( light ( a disk ( appreciable diamet]1 & ( a s+le self-lum9\s po9t1 r5d] x n improbable t ! planet>y nebulae are v remote nebul\s />s1 9 :i* ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! c5tral body & ! surr\nd+ nebul\s cov]+ c no long] be detect$ by our telescopic in/rum5ts4 footnote 99 ,! optical consid]ations relative to ! diff]5ce pres5t$ by a s+le lum9\s po9t1 & by a disk subt5d+ an appreciable angle1 9 :i* ! int5sity ( light is con/ant at e di/ance1 are expla9$ 9 ,arago's ',analyse des ,travaux de ,sir ,william ,h]s*el' 7',annuaire du ,bureau des ,long4'1 #ahdb1 p4 #daj-dab1 & #dda74 ,! magnific5t zones ( ! s\!rn heav5s1 betwe5 #ej degrees & #hj degrees1 are especially ri* 9 nebul\s />s1 & 9 compress$ unresolvable nebua e4 ,! l>g] ( ! two ,magellanic cl\ds1 :i* circle r\nd ! />less1 des]t pole ( ! s\?1 appe>s1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es199 z a collection ( clu/]s ( />s1 compos$ ( globul> clu/]s & nebulae ( diff]5t magnitude1 & ( l>ge nebul\s spots p #hf n resolvable1 :i*1 produc+ a g5]al brightness 9 ! field ( view1 =m1 z x 71 ! back-gr\nd ( ! picture4 footnote 99,! two ,magellanic cl\ds1 ,nubecula major & ,nubecula m9or1 are v rem>kable objects4 ,! l>g] ( ! two is an accumulat$ mass ( />s1 & consi/s ( clu/]s ( />s ( irregul> =m1 ei!r conical masses or nebulae ( diff]5t magnitudes & degrees ( cond5sation4 ,?is is int]sp]s$ ) nebul\s spots1 n resolvable into />s1 b :i* are probably '/> du/'1 appe>+ only z a g5]al radiance ^u ! telescopic field ( a tw5ty-feet reflector1 & =m+ a lum9\s gr\nd on :i* o!r objects ( /rik+ & indescribable =m are scatt]$4 ,9 no o!r portion ( ! heav5s are s _m nebul\s & /ell> masses ?rong$ toge!r 9 an equally small space4 ,nubecula m9or is mu* less beautiful1 has m unresolvable nebul\s light1 :ile ! /ell> masses are few] & fa9t] 9 int5sity4 -- 7,f a lett] ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,feldhuys51 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #ac? ,june1 #ahcf47 ,! appe>ance ( ^! cl\ds1 ( ! brightly-beam+ con/ellation ,argo1 ( ! ,milky ,way betwe5 ,scorpio1 ! ,c5taur1 & ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 ! picturesque beauty1 if "o may s speak1 ( ! :ole expanse ( ! s\!rn cele/ial hemisph]e1 has left ^u my m9d an ineffaceable impression4 ,! zodiacal light1 :i* rises 9 a pyramidal =m1 & con/antly contributes1 by its mild radiance1 to ! ext]nal beauty ( ! tropical nights1 is ei!r a va/ nebul\s r+1 rotat+ betwe5 ! ,e>? & ,m>s1 or1 less probably1 ! ext]ior /ratum ( ! sol> atmosph]e4 ,besides ^! lum9\s cl\ds & nebulae ( def9ite =m1 exact & correspond+ obs]vations indicate ! exi/5ce & ! g5]al di/ribution ( an app>5tly non-lum9\s1 inf9itely-divid$ matt]1 :i* posssesses a =ce ( resi/ance & manife/s its pres5ce 9 ,encke's1 & p]haps also 9 ,biela's comet1 by dim9i%+ _! ecc5tricity & %ort5+ _! p]iod ( revolution4 ,( ?is imp5d+1 e!real1 & cosmical matt]1 x may be suppos$ t x is 9 motion2 t x gravitates1 not)/&+ its orig9al t5uity2 t x is cond5s$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! great mass ( ! ,sun2 &1 f9ally1 t x may1 = myriads ( ages1 h be5 augm5t$ by ! vapor emanat+ f ! tails ( comets4 ,if we n[ pass f ! consid]ation ( ! vapor\s matt] ( ! immeasurable regions ( space 7,greek799 -- :e!r scatt]$ )\t def9ite =m & limits1 x exi/s z a cosmical o!r1 or is cond5s$ into nebul\s spots1 & becomes compris$ among ! solid agglom]at$ bodies ( ! univ]se -- we approa* a class ( ph5om5a exclusively designat$ by ! =m ( />s1 or z ! sid]eal _w4 footnote 99,i %\ld h made use1 9 ! place ( g>d5 ( ! univ]se1 ( ! beautiful expression ,greek1 borr[$ by ,hesy*ius f an unkn[n poet1 if ,greek _h n r signifi$ 9 g5]al an inclos$ space4 ,! connection ) ! ,g]man 'g>t5' & ! ,engli% 'g>d5'1 'g>ds' 9 ,go?ic 7d]iv$ accord+ to ,jacob ,grimm1 f 'gairdan'1 'to gird'71 is1 h[ev]1 evid5t1 z is likewise ! aff9ity ) ! ,slavonic 'grad'1 'gorod'1 & z ,pott rem>ks1 9 8 ',etymol4 ,=s*ung5'1 ?4 i41 s4 #add 7,etymol4 ,rese>*es71 ) ! ,lat9 '*ors'1 :5ce we h ! ,spani% 'corte'1 ! ,fr5* 'c\r'1 & ! ,engli% ^w 'c\rt'1 toge!r ) ! ,ossetic 'kh>t'4 ,to ^! may be fur!r add$ ! ,sc&9avian 'g>d'19999 'g>d'1 a place inclos$1 z a c\rt1 or a c\ntry seat1 & ! ,p]sian 'g]d'1 'gird'1 a di/rict1 a circle1 a pr9cely c\ntry seat1 a ca/le or city1 z we f9d ! t]m appli$ to ! names ( places 9 ,firdusi's ,s*ahnameh1 z ',siyawaks*gird'1 ',d>abgird'1 etc4 9999 7,?is ^w is writt5 'ga>d' 9 ! ,dani%7 -- ,tr4 p #hg ,"h1 too1 we f9d diff]5ces exi/+ 9 ! solidity or d5sity ( ! sph]oidally agglom]at$ matt]4 ,our own sol> sy/em pres5ts all /ages ( 'mean' d5sity 7or ( ! relation ( 'volume' to 'mass'47 ,on comp>+ ! planets f ,m]cury to ,m>s ) ! ,sun & ) ,jupit]1 & ^! two la/ nam$ ) ! yet inf]ior d5sity ( ,saturn1 we arrive1 by a desc5d+ scale -- to draw our illu/ration f ! t]re/rial sub/ances -- at ! respective d5sities ( antimony1 honey1 wat]1 & p9e wood4 ,9 comets1 :i* actually con/itute ! mo/ consid]able portion ( our sol> sy/em ) respect to ! numb] ( individual =ms1 ! conc5trat$ "p1 usually t]m$ ! 'head'1 or 'nucleus'1 transmits sid]eal light unimpair$4 ,! mass ( a comet probably 9 no case equals ! five ?\s&? "p ( t ( ! e>?1 s dissimil> are ! =mative processes manife/$ 9 ! orig9al & p]haps /ill progressive agglom]ations ( matt]4 ,9 proce$+ f g5]al to special consid]ations1 x 0 p>ticul>ly desirable to draw att5tion to ?is div]sity1 n m]ely z a possible1 b z an actually prov$ fact4 ,! purely speculative conclusions arriv$ at by ,wright1 ,kant1 & ,lamb]t1 conc]n+ ! g5]al /ructural arrangem5t ( ! univ]se1 & ( ! di/ribution ( matt] 9 space1 h be5 confirm$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 on ! m c]ta9 pa? ( obs]vation & measurem5t4 ,t great & en?usia/ic1 al?\gh cauti\s obs]v]1 0 ! fir/ to s\nd ! dep?s ( heav5 9 ord] to det]m9e ! limits & =m ( ! />ry /ratum :i* we inhabit1 & he1 too1 0 ! fir/ :o v5tur$ to ?r[ ! light ( inve/igation ^u ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! position & di/ance ( remote nebulae & our own portion ( ! sid]eal univ]se4 ,william ,h]s*el1 z is well express$ 9 ! elegant inscription on 8 monum5t at ,upton1 broke ?r\gh ! inclosures ( heav5 7'caelorum p]rupit clau/ra'71 &1 l ano!r ,columbus1 p5etrat$ into an unkn[n ocean1 f :i* he beheld coa/s & gr\ps ( isl&s1 ^: true position x rema9s = future ages to det]m9e4 ,consid]ations reg>d+ ! diff]5t int5sity ( light 9 />s1 & _! relative numb]1 t is to say1 _! num]ical frequ5cy on telescopic fields ( equal magnitude1 h l$ to ! assumption ( unequal di/ances & di/ribution 9 space 9 ! /rata :i* !y compose4 ,su* assumptions1 9 z f> z !y may lead u to draw ! limits ( ! individual portions ( ! univ]se1 c n (f] ! same degree ( ma!matical c]ta9ty z t :i* may be atta9$ 9 all t p #hh relates to our sol> sy/em1 :e!r we consid] ! rotation ( d\ble />s ) unequal velocity r\nd "o common c5t] ( gravity1 or ! app>5t or true movem5ts ( all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,if we take up ! physical description ( ! univ]se f ! remote/ nebulae1 we may be incl9$ to comp>e x ) ! my?ical portions ( hi/ory4 ,! "o beg9s 9 ! obscurity ( antiquity1 ! o!r 9 t ( inaccessible space2 & at ! po9t :]e reality seems to flee be=e u1 imag9ation becomes d\bly incit$ to draw f its own fullness1 & give def9ite outl9e & p]man5ce to ! *ang+ =ms ( objects4 ,if we comp>e ! regions ( ! univ]se ) "o ( ! isl&-/udd$ seas ( our own planet1 we may imag9e matt] to be di/ribut$ 9 gr\ps1 ei!r z unresolvable nebulae ( diff]5t ages1 cond5s$ ar\nd "o or m nuclei1 or z already agglom]at$ into clu/]s ( />s1 or isolat$ sph]oidal bodies4 ,! clu/] ( />s1 to :i* our cosmical isl& belongs1 =ms a l5s-%ap$1 flatt5$ /ratum1 deta*$ on e side1 ^: major axis is e/imat$ at sev5 or eight hundr$1 & its m9or "o at a hundr$ & fifty times ! di/ance ( ,sirius4 ,x w\ld appe>1 on ! supposition t ! p>allax ( ,sirius is n great] ?an t accurately det]m9$ = ! brighte/ /> 9 ! ,c5taur 7#j4iabh71 t light trav]ses "o di/ance ( ,sirius 9 ?ree ye>s1 :ile x also foll[s1 f ,bessel's e>li] excell5t ,memoir99 on ! p>allax ( ! rem>kable /> #fa ,cygni 7#j4cdhc71 7^: consid]able motion might lead to ! inf]5ce ( great proximity71 t a p]iod ( n9e ye>s & a qu>t] is requir$ = ! transmission ( light f ?is /> to our planet4 footnote 99,see ,macle>'s ,results f #ahci to #ahdj1 9 ! ',trans4 ( ! ,a/ronomical ,soc4'1 vol4 xii41 p4 #cgj1 on 'a' ,c5tauri1 ! probable mean error be+ #j4jfdi4 ,= #fa ,cygni1 see ,bessel1 9 ,s*uma*]'s ',jahrbu*'1 #ahci1 s4 #dg1 & ,s*uma*]'s ',a/ron4 ,na*r4'1 bd4 xviii41 s4 #dja1 #djb1 probable mean error1 #j4jada4 ,) ref]5ce to ! relative di/ances ( />s ( diff]5t magnitudes1 h[ ^? ( ! ?ird magnitude may probably be ?ree times m remote1 & ! mann] 9 :i* we repres5t to ourselves ! mat]ial arrangem5t ( ! />ry /rata1 ,i h f\nd ! foll[+ rem>kable passage 9 ,kepl]'s ',epitome ,a/ronomiae ,cop]nicanae'1 #afah1 t4 i41 lib4 #a1 p4 #cd-ci3 ,sol hic no/] nil aliud e/ quam una ex fixis1 nobis major et cl>ior visa1 quia propior quam fixa4 ,pone t]ram />e ad latus1 una semi-diametro via e lactea e1 tunc ha ec via lactea app>ebit circulus p>vus1 vel ellipsis p>va1 tota decl9ans ad latus alt]um2 eritque simul uno intuitu conspicua1 quae nunc no pote/ nisi dimidia conspici quovis mom5to4 ,itaque fix arum spha era non tantum orbe /ell>um1 s$ etiam circulo lactis v]sus n deorsum e/ t]m9ata4 ,our />ry /ratum is a disk ( inconsid]able ?ickness1 divid$ a p #hi ?ird ( its l5g? into two bran*es2 x is suppos$ t we are ne> ?is division1 & ne>] to ! region ( ,sirius ?an to ! con/ellation ,aquila1 almo/ 9 ! middle ( ! /ratum 9 ! l9e ( its ?ickness or m9or axis4 ,?is position ( our sol> sy/em1 & ! =m ( ! :ole discoidal /ratum1 h be5 inf]r$ f sid]eal scales1 t is to say1 f t me?od ( c\nt+ ! />s to :i* ,i h already allud$1 & :i* is bas$ ^u ! equidi/ant subdivision ( ! telescopic field ( view4 ,! relative dep? ( ! /ratum 9 all directions is measur$ by ! great] or small] numb] ( />s appe>+ 9 ea* division4 ,^! divisions give ! l5g? ( ! ray ( vision 9 ! same mann] z we measure ! dep? to :i* ! plummet has be5 ?r[n1 be=e x rea*es ! bottom1 al?\gh 9 ! case ( a />ry /ratum !re c n1 correctly speak+1 be any idea ( dep?1 b m]ely ( out] limits4 ,9 ! direction ( ! long] axis1 :]e ! />s lie beh9d "o ano!r1 ! m remote ones appe> closely cr[d$ toge!r1 unit$1 z x 71 by a milky-:ite radiance or lum9\s vapor1 & are p]spectively gr\p$1 encircl+ z 9 a zone1 ! visible vault ( heav54 ,?is n>r[ & bran*$ girdle1 /udd$ ) a radiant light1 & "h & !re int]rupt$ by d>k spots1 deviates only by a few degrees f =m+ a p]fect l>ge circle r\nd ! concave sph]e ( heav51 ow+ to our be+ ne> ! c5t] ( ! l>ge />ry clu/]1 & almo/ on ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,if our planet>y sy/em 7 f> 'outside' ?is clu/]1 ! ,milky ,way w\ld appe> to telescopic vision z a r+1 & at a /ill great] di/ance z a resolvable discoidal nebula4 ,among ! _m self-lum9\s mov+ suns1 errone\sly call$ 'fix$ />s'1 :i* con/itute our cosmical isl&1 our own sun is ! only "o kn[n by direct obs]vation to be a 'c5tral body' 9 its relations to sph]ical agglom]ations ( matt] directly dep5d+ ^u & revolv+ r\nd x1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( planets1 comets1 or a]olite a/]oids4 ,z f> z we h hi!rto be5 able to inve/igate 'multiple' />s 7d\ble />s or suns71 ^! bodies are n subject1 ) respect to relative motion & illum9ation1 to ! same planet>y dep5d5ce t *>act]izes our own sol> sy/em4 ,two or m self-lum9\s bodies1 ^: planets & moon1 if su* exi/1 h hi!rto escap$ our telescopic p[]s ( vision1 c]ta9ly revolve ar\nd "o common c5t] ( gravity2 b ?is is 9 a portion ( space :i* is probably occupi$ m]ely by unagglom]at$ matt] or cosmical vapor1 :ile 9 our sy/em p #ij ! c5t] ( gravity is (t5 compris$ )9 ! inn]mo/ limits ( a 'visible' c5tral body4 ,if1 !re=e1 we reg>d ! ,sun & ! ,e>?1 or ! ,e>? & ! ,moon1 z d\ble-/>s1 & ! :ole ( our planet>y sol> sy/em z a multiple clu/] ( />s1 ! analogy ?us sugge/$ mu/ be limit$ to ! univ]sality ( ! laws ( attraction 9 diff]5t sy/ems1 be+ alike applicable to ! indep5d5t processes ( light & to ! me?od ( illum9ation4 ,= ! g5]alization ( cosmical views1 correspond+ ) ! plan we h propos$ to foll[ 9 giv+ a del9eation ( nature or ( ! univ]se1 ! sol> sy/em to :i* ! ,e>? belongs may be consid]$ 9 a two-fold relation3 fir/1 ) respect to ! diff]5t classes ( individually agglom]at$ matt]1 & ! relative size1 con=mation1 d5sity1 & di/ance ( ! heav5ly bodies ( ?is sy/em2 & secondly1 ) ref]5ce to o!r portions ( our />ry clu/]1 & ( ! *anges ( position ( its c5tral body1 ! ,sun4 ,! sol> sy/em1 t is to say1 ! v>i\sly-=m$ matt] circl+ r\nd ! ,sun1 consi/s1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( 'elev5 prim>y planets'199 eighte5 satellites p #ia or second>y planets1 & myriads ( comets1 ?ree ( :i*1 kn[n z ! planet>y comets1 d n pass beyond ! n>r[ limits ( ! orbits describ$ by ! pr9cipal planets4 footnote 99 7,s9ce ! publication ( ,b>on ,humboldt's "w 9 #ahde1 sev]al o!r planets h be5 discov]$1 mak+ ! numb] ( ^? belong+ to our planet>y sy/em 'sixte5' in/ead ( 'elev5'4 ,( ^!1 ,a/rea1 ,hebe1 ,flora1 & ,iris are memb]s ( ! rem>kable gr\p ( a/]oids betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,a/rea & ,hebe 7 discov]$ by ,h5cke at ,dries51 ! "o 9 #ahdf & ! o!r 9 #ahdg2 ,flora & ,iris 7 bo? discov]$ 9 #ahdg by ,mr4 ,h9d1 at ! ,s\? ,villa ,obs]vatory1 ,reg5t's ,p>k4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! late/ det]m9ations ( _! elem5ts1 t ! small planets h ! foll[+ ord] ) respect to mean di/ance f ! ,sun3 ,flora1 ,iris1 ,ve/a1 ,hebe1 ,a/rea1 ,juno1 ,c]es1 ,pallas4 ,( ^!1 ,flora has ! %orte/ p]iod 7ab\t #c #a_/d ye>s74 ,! planet ,neptune1 :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 pr$ict$ by sev]al a/ronom]s1 0 actually obs]v$ on ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 #ahdf1 is situat$ on ! conf9es ( our planet>y sy/em beyond ,uranus4 ,! discov]y ( ?is planet is n only highly int]e/+ f ! importance atta*$ to x z a "q ( sci5ce1 b also f ! evid5ce x af=ds ( ! c>e & unremitt+ labor ev9c$ by mod]n a/ronom]s 9 ! inve/igation & comp>ison ( ! old] calculations1 & ! +5i\s application ( ! results ?us obta9$ to ! obs]vation ( new facts4 ,! m]it ( hav+ pav$ ! way = ! discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune is due to ,m4 ,b\v>d1 :o1 9 8 p]sev]+ & assidu\s ef=ts to d$uce ! entire orbit ( ,uranus f obs]vations made dur+ ! =ty ye>s t succe$$ ! discov]y ( t planet 9 #agha1 f\nd ! results yield$ by !ory to be at v>iance ) fact1 9 a degree t _h no p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,?is />tl+ discrepancy1 :i* seem$ only to ga9 additional weight f e attempt made by ,m4 ,b\v>d to correct 8 calculations1 l$ ,lev]ri]1 aft] a c>eful modification ( ! tables ( ,b\v>d1 to e/abli% ! proposition t !re 0 a =mal incompatibility betwe5 ! obs]v$ motions ( ,uranus & ! hypo!sis t he 0 act$ on 'only' by ! ,sun & kn[n planets1 accord+ to ! law ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,pursu+ ?is idea1 ,lev]ri] arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! di/urb+ cause mu/ be a 'planet'1 & f9ally1 aft] an am\nt ( labor t seems p]fectly ov]:elm+1 he1 on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 #ahdf1 laid be=e ! ,fr5* ,in/itute a pap]1 9 :i* he indicat$ ! exact spot 9 ! heav5s :]e ?is new planet>y body w\ld be f\nd1 giv+ ! foll[+ data = its v>i\s elem5ts3 mean di/ance f ! ,sun1 #cf4aed times t ( ! ,e>?2 p]iod ( revolution1 #bag4chg ye>s2 mean long41 ,jan4 #a/1 #ahdg1 #cah degrees #dg'2 mass1 #a_/icjj?2 helioc5tric long41 ,jan #a/#ahdg1 #cbf degrees #cb'4 ,ess5tial difficulties /ill int]v5$1 h[ev]1 & z ! remot5ess ( ! planet r5d]$ x improbable t its disk w\ld be disc]nible by any telescopic in/rum5t1 no o!r means rema9$ = detect+ ! suspect$ body b its planet>y motion1 :i* c\ld only be asc]ta9$ by mapp+1 aft] e obs]vation1 ! qu>t] ( ! heav5s scann$1 & by a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s maps4 ,=tunately = ! v]ification ( ,lev]ri]'s pr$ictions1 ,dr4 ,bremik] _h j complet$ a map ( ! precise region 9 :i* x 0 expect$ ! new planet w\ld app]1 ?is be+ "o ( a s]ies ( maps made = ! ,academy ( ,b]l91 ( ! small />s along ! entire zodiac4 ,by means ( ?is valuable assi/ance1 ,dr4 ,galle1 ( ! ,b]l9 ,obs]vatory1 0 l$1 on ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 #ahdf1 by ! discov]y ( a /> ( ! eigh? magnitude1 n record$ 9 ,dr4 ,bremik]'s map1 to make ! fir/ obs]vation ( ! planet pr$ict$ by ,lev]ri]4 ,by a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 ,mr4 ,adams1 ( ,cambridge1 _h pr$ict$ ! appe>ance ( ! planet simultane\sly ) ,m4 ,lev]ri]2 b by ! concurr5ce ( sev]al circum/ances mu* to be regrett$1 ! _w at l>ge 7 n made acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,adams's valuable discov]y until subsequ5tly to ! p]iod at :i* ,lev]ri] publi%$ 8 obs]vations4 ,z ! data ( ,lev]ri] & ,adams /& at pres5t1 !re is a discrepancy betwe5 ! pr$ict$ & ! true di/ance1 & 9 "s o!r elem5ts ( ! planet2 x rema9s !re=e1 = ^! or future a/ronom]s to reconcile !ory ) fact1 or p]haps1 z 9 ! case ( ,uranus1 to make ! new planet ! means ( lead+ to yet great] discov]ies4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations1 t ! mass ( ,neptune1 in/ead ( be+1 z at fir/ /at$1 #a_/icjj?1 is only ab\t #a_/bcjjj? t ( ! ,sun1 :ile its p]iodic "t is n[ giv5 ) a great] probability at #aff ye>s1 & its mean di/ance f ! ,sun ne>ly #cj4 ,! planet appe>s to h a r+1 b z yet no accurate obs]vations h be5 made reg>d+ its sy/em ( satellites4 ,see ',trans4 ,a/ron4 ,soc4'1 & ',! ,planet ,neptune'1 #ahdh1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,ni*oll47 -- ,tr4 ,we may1 ) no incondsid]able degree ( probability1 include )9 ! doma9 ( our ,sun1 9 ! imm$iate sph]e ( its c5tral =ce1 a rotat+ r+ ( vapor\s matt]1 ly+ probably betwe5 ! orbits ( ,v5us & ,m>s1 b c]ta9ly beyond t ( ! ,e>?199 :i* appe>s to u 9 p #ib a pyramidal =m1 & is kn[n z ! ',zodiacal ,light'2 & a ho/ ( v small a/]oids1 ^: orbits ei!r int]sect1 or v ne>ly approa*1 t ( our e>?1 & :i* pres5t u ) ! ph5om5a ( a]olites & fall+ or %oot+ />s4 footnote 99 ,if !re %\ld be molecules 9 ! zones diffus$ by ! atmosph]e ( ! ,sun ( too volatile a nature ei!r to comb9e ) "o ano!r or ) ! planets1 we mu/ suppose t !y w\ld1 9 circl+ r\nd t lum9>y1 pres5t all ! appe>ances ( zodiacal light1 )\t oppos+ any appreciable resi/ance to ! diff]5t bodies compos+ ! planet>y sy/em1 ei!r ow+ to _! extreme r>ity1 or to ! simil>ity exi/+ betwe5 _! motion & t ( ! planets ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 -- ,laplace1 ',expos4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde' 7ed4 #e71 p4 #dae4 ,:5 we consid] ! complication ( v>i\sly-=m$ bodies :i* revolve r\nd ! ,sun 9 orbits ( su* dissimil> ecc5tricity--al?\gh we may n be dispos$1 ) ! immortal au?or ( ! ',mecanique ,cele/e'1 to reg>d ! l>gr numb] ( comets z nebul\s />s1 pass+ f "o c5tral sy/em to ano!r199 we yet c n fail to ackn[l$ge t ! planet>y sy/em1 especially s call$ 7t is1 ! gr\p ( heav5ly bodies :i*1 toge!r ) _! satellites1 revolve ) b slightly ecc5tric orbits r\nd ! ,sun71 con/itutes b a small portion ( ! :ole sy/em ) respect to individual numb]s1 if n to mass4 footnote 99,laplace1 ',exp4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde'1 p4 #cif1 #dad4 ,x has be5 propos$ to consid] ! telescopic planets1 ,ve/a1 ,juno1 ,c]es1 & ,pallas1 ) _! m closely int]sect+1 incl9$1 & ecc5tric orbits1 z a zone ( sep>ation1 or z a middle gr\p 9 space2 & if ?is view be adopt$1 we %all discov] t ! int]ior planet>y gr\p 7consi/+ ( ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s7 pres5ts sev]al v /rik+ contra/s99 :5 comp>$ ) ! ext]ior gr\p1 compris+ ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus4 footnote 99,littr[1 ',a/ronomie'1 #ahbe1 bd4xi41 #ajg4 ,mdl]1 ',a/ron4'1 #ahda1 #bab4 ,laplace1 ',exp4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde'1 p4 #baj4 ,! planets ne>e/ ! ,sun1 & consequ5tly includ$ 9 ! inn] gr\p1 are ( m mod]ate size1 d5s]1 rotate m sl[ly & ) ne>ly equal velocity 7_! p]iods ( revolution be+ almo/ all ab\t #bd h\rs71 are less compress$ at ! poles1 & ) ! exception ( "o1 are )\t satellites4 ,! ext]ior planets1 :i* are fur!r remov$ f ! ,sun1 are v consid]ably l>g]1 h a d5sity five times less1 m ?an twice z great a velocity 9 ! p]iod ( _! rotation r\nd _! axes1 are m compress$ at ! poles1 & if six satellites may be ascrib$ to ,uranus1 h a quantitative prepond]ance 9 ! numb] ( _! att5dant moons1 :i* is z sev5te5 to "o4 p #ic ,su* g5]al consid]ations reg>d+ c]ta9 *>act]i/ic prop]ties app]ta9+ to :ole gr\ps1 c n1 h[ev]1 be appli$ ) equal ju/ice to ! individual planets ( e gr\p1 nor to ! relations betwe5 ! di/ances ( ! revolv+ planets f ! c5tral body1 & _! absolute size1 d5sity1 p]iod or rotation1 ecc5tricity1 & ! incl9ation ( _! orbits & ! axes4 ,we "k z yet ( no inh]5t necessity1 no me*anical natural law1 simil> to ! "o :i* tea*es u t ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times are proportional to ! cubes ( ! major axes1 by :i* ! above-nam$ six elem5ts ( ! planet>y bodies & ! =m ( _! orbit are made dep5d5t ei!r on "o ano!r1 or on _! mean di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,m>s is small] ?an ! ,e>? & ,v5us1 al?\gh fur!r remov$ f ! ,sun ?an ^! la/-nam$ planets1 approa*+ mo/ ne>ly 9 size to ,m]cury1 ! ne>e/ planet to ! ,sun4 ,saturn is small] ?an ,jupit]1 & yet mu* l>g] ?an ,uranus4 ,! zone ( ! telescopic planets1 :i* h s inconsid]able a volume1 imm$iately proc$e ,jupit] 7! greate/ 9 size ( any ( ! planet>y bodies71 if we consid] !m ) reg>d to di/ance f ! ,sun2 & yet ! disks ( ^! small a/]oids1 :i* sc>cely admit ( measurem5t1 h an areal surface n mu* m ?an half t ( ,france1 ,madagasc>1 or ,borneo4 ,h[ev] /rik+ may be ! extremely small d5sity ( all ! colossal planets1 :i* are fur!/ remov$ f ! ,sun1 we are yet unable 9 ?is respect to recognize any regul> succession499 footnote 99,see ,kepl]1 on ! increas+ d5sity & volume ( ! planets 9 proportion ) _! increase ( di/ance f ! ,sun1 :i* is describ$ z ! d5se/ ( all ! heav5ly bodies2 9 ! ',epitome ,a/ran4 ,cop]n4 9' vii4 'libros dige/a'1 #afah-afbb1 p4 #dbj4 ,leibnitz also incl9$ to ! op9ions ( ,kepl] & ,otto von ,gu]icke1 t ! planets increase 9 volume 9 proportion to _! increase ( di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,see 8 lett] to ! ,magdeburg ,burgoma/] 7,may5ce1 #afga71 9 ,leibnitz1 ',deuts*5 ,s*rift51 h]ausg4 von ,guhrau]'1 ?4 i41 #bfd4 ,uranus appe>s to be d5s] ?an ,saturn1 ev5 if we adopt ! small] mass1 #a_/bdfje1 assum$ by ,lamont2 &1 not)/&+ ! inconsid]able diff]5ce ( d5sity obs]v$ 9 ! inn]mo/ planet>y gr\p199 we f9d bo? ,v5us & ,m>s less d5se ?an ! ,e>?1 :i* lies betwe5 !m4 footnote 99,on ! arrangem5t ( masses1 see ,encke1 9 ,s*um41 ',a/r4 ,na*r'1 #ahdc ,nr4 #dhh1 #aad4 ,! "t ( rotation c]ta9ly dim9i%es ) increas+ sol> di/ance1 b yet x is great] 9 ,m>s ?an 9 ! ,e>?1 & 9 ,saturn ?an 9 ,jupit]4 ,! elliptic p #id orbits ( ,juno1 ,pallas1 & ,m]cury h ! greate/ degree ( ecc5tricity1 & ,m>s & ,v5us1 :i* imm$iately foll[ ea* o!r1 h ! lea/4 ,m]cury & ,v5us exhibit ! same contra/s t may be obs]v$ 9 ! f\r small] planets1 or a/]oids1 ^: pa?s are s closely int]wov54 ,! ecc5triciities ( ,juno & ,pallas are v ne>ly id5tical1 & rea* ?ree times z great z ^? ( ,c]es & ,ve/a4 ,! same may be said ( ! incl9ation ( ! orbits ( ! planets t[>d ! plane ( projection ( ! ecliptic1 or 9 ! position ( _! axes ( rotation ) relation to _! orbits1 a position on :i* ! relations ( climate1 seasons ( ! ye>1 & l5g? ( ! days dep5d m ?an on ecc5tricity4 ,^? planets t h ! mo/ elongat$ elliptic orbits1 z ,juno1 ,pallas1 & ,m]cury1 h also1 al?\gh n to ! same degree _! orbits mo/ /rongly incl9$ t[>d ! ecliptic4 ,pallas has a comet-l incl9ation ne>ly tw5ty-six times great] ?an t ( ,jupit]1 :ile 9 ! little planet ,ve/a1 :i* is s ne> ,pallas1 ! angle ( incl9ation sc>cely by six times exce$s t ( ,jupit]4 ,an equally irregul> succession is obs]v$ 9 ! position ( ! axes ( ! few planets 7f\r or five7 ^: planes ( rotation we "k ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! position ( ! satellites ( ,uranus1 two ( :i*1 ! second & f\r?1 h be5 rec5tly obs]v$ ) c]ta9ty1 t ! axis ( ?is1 ! out]mo/ ( all ! planets is sc>cely incl9$ z mu* z #aa degrees t[>d ! plane ( its orbit1 :ile ,saturn is plac$ betwe5 ?is planet1 ^: axis almo/ co9cides ) ! plane ( its orbit1 & ,jupit]1 ^: axis ( rotation is ne>ly p]p5dicul> to x4 ,9 ?is enum]ation ( ! =ms :i* compose ! _w 9 space1 we h del9eat$ !m z possess+ an actual exi/5ce1 & n z objects ( intellectual contemplation1 or z m]e l9ks ( a m5tal & causal *a9 ( connection4 ,! planet>y sy/em1 9 its relations ( absolute size & relative position ( ! axes1 d5sity1 "t ( rotation1 & diff]5t degrees ( ecc5tricity ( ! orbits1 does n appe> to (f] to our appreh5sion any /rong] evid5ce ( a natural necessity ?an ! proportion obs]v$ 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] on ! ,e>?1 ! configuration ( cont95ts1 or ! height ( m\nta9 *a9s4 ,9 ^! respects we c discov] no common law 9 ! regions ( space or 9 ! inequalities ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,!y are 'facts' 9 nature t h aris5 f ! conflict ( manifold =ces act+ "u unkn[n p #ie conditions1 al?\gh man consid]s z 'accid5tal' :atev] he is unable to expla9 9 ! planet>y =mation on purely g5etic pr9ciples4 ,if ! planets h be5 =m$ out ( sep>ate r+s ( vapor\s matt] revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun1 we may conjecture t ! diff]5t ?ickness1 unequal d5sity1 temp]ature1 & electro-magnetic t5sion ( ^! r+s may h giv5 occasion to ! mo/ v>i\s agglom]ations ( matt]1 9 ! same mann] z ! am\nt ( tang5tial velocity & small v>iations 9 its direction h produc$ s great a diff]5ce9 ! =ms & incl9ations ( ! elliptic orbits4 ,attractions ( mass & laws ( gravitation h no d\bt ex]cis$ an influ5ce "h1 no less ?an 9 ! geogno/ic relations ( ! elevations ( cont95ts2 b we are unable f ! pres5t =ms to draw any conclusions reg>d+ ! s]ies ( conditions ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$4 ,ev5 ! s-call$ law ( ! di/ances ( ! planets f ! ,sun1 ! law ( progression 7:i* l$ ,kepl] to conjecture ! exi/5ce ( a planet supply+ ! l9k t 0 want+ 9 ! *a9 ( connection betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]71 has be5 f\nd num]ically inexact = ! di/ances betwe5 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ! ,e>?1 & a v>iance ) ! conception ( a s]ies1 ow+ to ! necessity = a supposition 9 ! case ( ! fir/ memb]4 ,! hi!rto disscov]$ pr9cipal planets t revolve r\nd our ,sun are att5d$ c]ta9ly by f\rte51 & probably by eighte5 second>y planets 7moons or satellites74 ,! pr9cipal planets are1 !re=e1 !mselves ! c5tral bodies ( subord9ate sy/ems4 ,we seem to recognize 9 ! fabric ( ! univ]se ! same process ( arrangem5t s frequ5tly exhibit$ 9 ! developm5t ( organic life1 :]e we f9d 9 ! manifold comb9ations ( gr\ps ( plants or animals ! same typical =m repeat$ 9 ! 'subord9ate classes'4 ,! second>y planets or satellites are m frequ5t 9 ! ext]nal region ( ! planet>y sy/em1 ly+ beyond ! int]sect+ orbits ( ! small] planets or a/]oids2 9 ! inn] region none ( ! planets are att5d$ by satellites1 ) ! exception ( ! ,e>?1 ^: moon is relatively ( great magnitude1 s9ce its diamet] is equal to a f\r? ( t ( ! ,e>?1 :ile ! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ ( all kn[n second>y planets -- ! six? satellite ( ,saturn -- is probably ab\t "o sev5te5?1 & ! l>ge/ ( ,jupit]'s moons1 ! ?ird1 only ab\t "o tw5ty-six? "p t ( ! prim>y planet or c5tral body4 ,! planets :i* are att5d$ by ! l>ge/ numb] ( satellites are mo/ remote f ! ,sun1 p #if & are at ! same "t ! l>ge/1 mo/ compress$ at ! poles1 & ! lea/ d5se4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t measurem5ts ( ,mdl]1 ,uranus has a great] planet>y compression ?an any o!r ( ! planets1 viz41 #a_/i4ib;d4 ,9 our ,e>? & h] moon1 ^: mean di/ance f "o ano!r am\nts to #bjg1bjj miles1 we f9d t ! diff]5ces ( mass99 & diamet] betwe5 ! two are mu* less consid]able ?an are usually obs]v$ to exi/ betwe5 ! pr9cipal planets & _! att5dant satellites1 or betwe5 bodies ( diff]5t ord]s 9 ! sol> sy/em4 footnote 99,if1 accord+ to ,burckh>dt's det]m9ation1 ! ,moon's radius be #j4bgbe & its volume #a_/di4jj?1 its d5sity w be #j4eeif1 or ne>ly five n9?s4 ,comp>e1 also1 ,wilh4 ,be] & ,h4 ,madl]1 'd] ,mond'1 #b1 #aj1 & ,madl]1 ',a/4'1 #aeg4 ,! mat]ial cont5ts ( ! ,moon are1 accord+ to ,hans51 ne>ly #a_/cd? 7& dl] #a_/dj4f?7 t ( ! ,e>?1 & its mass equal to #a_/hg4gc;d t ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 ! l>ge/ ( ,jupit]'s moons1 ! ?ird1 ! relations ( volume to ! c5tral body are #a_/aecgj?1 & ( mass #a_/aacjj?4 ,on ! pol> flatt5+ ( ,uranus1 see ,s*um1 ',a/ron4 ,na*r4'1 #ahdd1 ,no4 #dic4 ,:ile ! d5sity ( ! ,moon is five n9?s less ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 x w\ld appe>1 if we may suffici5tly dep5d ^u ! det]m9ations ( _! magnitudes & masses1 t ! second ( ,jupit]'s moons is actually d5s] ?an t great planet itself4 ,among ! f\rte5 satellites t h be5 inve/igat$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 ! sy/em ( ! sev5 satellites ( ,saturn pres5ts an in/ance ( ! greate/ possible contra/1 bo? 9 absolute magnitude & 9 di/ance f ! c5tral body4 ,! six? ( ^! satellites is probably n mu* small] ?an ,m>s1 :ile our moon has a diamet] :i* does n am\nt to m ?an half t ( ! latt] planet4 ,) respect to volume1 ! two out]1 ! six? & sev5? ( ,saturn's satellites1 approa* ! ne>e/ to ! ?ird & brighte/ ( ,jupit]'s moons4 ,! two inn]mo/ ( ^! satellites belong p]haps1 toge!r ) ! remote moons ( ,uranus to ! smalle/ cosmical bodies ( our sol> sy/em1 be+ only made visible "u favorable circum/ances by ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts4 ,!y 7 fir/ discov]$ by ! =ty-foot telescope ( ,william ,h]s*el 9 #aghi1 & 7 se5 aga9 by ,john ,h]s*el at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 by ,vico at ,rome1 & by ,lamont at ,muni*4 ,det]m9ations ( ! 'true' diamet] ( satellites1 made by ! measurem5t ( ! app>5t size ( _! small disks1 are subject$ to _m optical difficulties2 b num]ical a/ronomy1 ^: task x is to pr$et]m9e by calculation ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies z !y w appe> :5 view$ f ! ,e>?1 is direct$ almo/ p #ig exclusively to motion & mass1 & b little to volume4 ,! absolute di/ance ( a satellite f its c5tral body is greate/ 9 ! case ( ! out]mo/ or sev5? satellite ( ,saturn1 its di/ance f ! body r\nd :i* x revolves am\nt+ to m ?an two millions ( miles1 or t5 times z great a di/ance z t ( our moon f ! ,e>?4 ,9 ! case ( ,jupit] we f9d t ! out]mo/ or f\r? att5dant moon is only #a1jdj1jjj miles f t planet1 :ile ! di/ance betwe5 ,uranus & its six? satellite 7if ! latt] really exi/7 am\nts to z mu* z #a1cfj1jjj miles4 ,if we comp>e1 9 ea* ( ^! subord9ate sy/ems1 ! volume ( ! satellite1 we discov] ! exi/5ce ( entirely new num]ical relations4 ,! di/ances ( ! out]mo/ satellites ( ,uranus1 ,saturn1 & ,jupit] are :5 express$ 9 semi-diamet]s ( ! ma9 planets1 z #ia1 #fd1 & #bg4 ,! out]mo/ satellite ( ,saturn appe>s1 !re=e1 to be remov$ only ab\t "o fifte5? fur!r f ! c5t] ( t planet ?an our moon is f ! ,e>?4 ,! fir/ or inn]mo/ ( ,saturn's satellites is ne>] to its c5tral body ?an any o!r ( ! second>y planets1 & pres5ts1 moreov]1 ! only in/ance ( a p]iod ( revolution ( less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,its di/ance f ! c5t] ( ,saturn may1 accord+ to ,mdl] & ,wilhelm ,be]1 be express$ z #b4dg semi-diamet]s ( t planet1 or z #hj1jhh miles4 ,its di/ance f ! surface ( ! ma9 planet is !re=e #dg1dhj miles1 & f ! out]-mo/ edge ( ! r+ only #diaf miles4 ,! travel] may =m to himself an e/imate ( ! smallness ( ?is am\nt by rememb]+ ! /atem5t ( an ent]pris+ navigator1 ,capta9 ,bee*ey1 t he _h 9 ?ree ye>s pass$ ov] #gb1hjj miles4 ,if1 in/ead ( absolute di/ances1 we take ! semi-diamet]s ( ! pr9cipal planets1 we %all f9d t ev5 ! fir/ or ne>e/ ( ! moons ( ,jupit] 7:i* is #bf1jjj miles fur!r remov$ f ! c5t] ( t planet ?an our moon is f t ( ! ,e>?7 is only six semi-diamet]s ( ,jupit] f its c5t]1 :ile our moon is remov$ f u fully #fj #a_/c;d semi-diamet]s ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 ! subord9ate sy/ems ( satellites1 we f9d t ! same laws ( gravitation :i* regulate ! revolutions ( ! pr9cipal planets r\nd ! ,sun likewise gov]n ! mutual relations exi/+ betwe5 ^! planets among "o ano!r & ) ref]5ce to _! att5dant satellites4 ,! twelve moons ( ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ! ,e>? all mo/ l ! prim>y planets f we/ to ea/1 & 9 elliptic orbits1 deviat+ p #ih b little f circles4 ,x is only 9 ! case ( "o moon1 & p]haps 9 t ( ! fir/ & inn]mo/ ( ! satellites ( ,saturn 7#j4jfh71 t we discov] an ecc5tricity great] ?an t ( ,jupit]2 accord+ to ! v exact obs]vations ( ,bessel1 ! ecc5tricity ( ! six? ( ,saturn's satellites 7#j4jbi7 exce$s t ( ! ,e>?4 ,on ! extreme/ limits ( ! planet>y sy/em1 :]e1 at a di/ance n9ete5 times great] ?an t ( our ,e>?1 ! c5tripetal =ce ( ! ,sun is greatly dim9i%$1 ! satellites ( ,uranus 7:i* mo/ /rik+ contra/s f ! facts obs]v$ ) reg>d to o!r second>y planets4 ,in/ead1 z 9 all o!r satellites1 ( hav+ _! orbits b slightly incl9$ t[>d ! ecliptic & 7n except+ ev5 ,saturn's r+1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a fusion ( agglom]at$ satellites7 mov+ f we/ to ea/1 ! satellites ( ,uranus are almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! ecliptic1 & move retrogressively f ea/ to we/1 z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has prov$ by obs]vations cont9u$ dur+ _m ye>s4 ,if ! prim>y & second>y planets h be5 =m$ by ! cond5sation ( rotat+ r+s ( sol> & planet>y atmosph]ic vapor1 !re mu/ h exi/$ s+ul> causes ( ret>dation or imp$im5t 9 ! vapor\s r+s revolv+ r\nd ,uranus1 by :i*1 "u ! relations ) :i* we are unacqua9t$1 ! revolution ( ! second & f\r? ( its satellites 0 made to assume a direction opposite to t ( ! rotation ( ! c5tral planet4 ,x seems highly probable t ! p]iod ( rotation ( 'all' second>y planets is equal to t ( _! revolution r\nd ! ma9 planet1 & !re=e t !y always pres5t to ! latt] ! same side4 ,inequalities1 occasion$ by sight v>iations 9 ! revolution1 give rise to fluctuations ( f #f degrees to #h degrees1 or to an app>5t libration 9 longitude z well z 9 latitude4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( our moon1 we sometimes obs]ve m ?an ! half ( its surface1 ! ea/]n & nor!rn edges be+ m visible at "o "t1 & ! we/]n or s\!rn at ano!r4 ,by means ( ?is libration99 we are enabl$ to see ! annul> m\nta9 ,malap]t 7:i* occasionally conceals ! ,moon's s\? pole71 ! arctic l&scape r\nd ! crat] ( ,gioja1 & ! l>ge gray plane ne> ,endymion :i* exce$s 9 sup]ficial ext5t ! ',m>e ,vaporum'4 footnote 99,be] & ,madl]1 op4 cit41 #ahe1 s4#bjh1 & #cdg1 s4 #ccb2 & ix _! ',phys4 ,k5ntniss d] himml4 ,korp]'1 s4 #d und #fi1 ,tab4 #a 7,physical ,hi/ory ( ! ,heav5ly ,bodies74 ,?ree sev5?s ( ! ,moon's surface are entirely p #ii conceal$ f our obs]vation1 & mu/ always rema9 s1 unless new & unexpect$ di/urb+ causes come into play4 ,^! cosmical relations involunt>ily rem9d u ( ne>ly simil> conditions 9 ! intellectual _w1 :]e1 9 ! doma9 ( deep rese>* into ! my/]ies & ! primeval creative =ces ( nature1 !re are regions simil>ly turn$ away f u1 & app>5tly unatta9able1 ( :i* only a n>r[ m>g9 has reveal$ itself1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 to ! human m9d1 appe>+1 f "t to "t1 ei!r glimm]+ 9 true or delusive light4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ ! prim>y planets1 _! satellites1 & ! conc5tric r+s :i* belong to "o1 at lea/1 ( ! out]mo/ planets1 z products ( tang5tial =ce1 & z closely connect$ toge!r by mutual attraction2 x !re=e n[ only rema9s = u to speak ( ! unnumb]$ ho/ ( 'comets' :i* con/itute a portion ( ! cosmical bodies revolv+ 9 indep5d5t orbits r\nd ! ,sun4 ,if we assume an equable di/ribution ( _! orbits1 & ! limits ( _! p]ihelia1 or greate/ proximities to ! ,sun1 & ! possibility ( _! rema9+ invisible to ! inhabitants ( ! ,e>?1 & base our e/imates on ! rules ( ! calculus ( probabilities1 we %all obta9 z ! result an am\nt ( myriads p]fectly a/oni%+4 ,kepl]1 ) 8 usual animation ( expression1 said t !re 7 m comets 9 ! regions ( space ?an fi%es 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re are sc>cely "o hundr$ & fifty ^: pa?s h be5 calculat$1 if we may assume at six or sev5 hundr$ ! numb] ( comets ^: appe>ance & passage ?r\gh kn[n con/ellations h be5 asc]ta9$ by m or less precise obs]vations4 ,:ile ! s-call$ classical nations ( ! ,we/1 ! ,greeks & ,romans1 al?\gh !y may occasionally h indicat$ ! position 9 :i* a comet fir/ appe>$1 nev] af=d any in=mation reg>d+ its app>5t pa?1 ! copi\s lit]ature ( ! ,*9ese 7:o obs]v$ nature c>efully1 & record$ ) accuracy :at !y saw7 conta9s circum/antial notices ( ! con/ellations ?r\gh :i* ea* comet 0 obs]v$ to pass4 ,^! notices g back to m ?an five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & _m ( !m are /ill f\nd to be ( value 9 a/ronomical obs]vations499 footnote 99,! fir/ comets ( ^: orbits we h any k1 & :i* 7 calculat$ f ,*9ese obs]vations1 are ^? ( #bdj 7"u ,gordian ,,ii471 #eci 7"u ,ju/9ian71 #efe1 #efh1 #egd1 #hcg1 #accg1 & #ache4 ,see ,john ,russell ,h9d1 9 ,s*um41 ',a/ron4 ,na*r4'1 #ahdc1 ,no4 #dih4 ,:ile ! comet ( #hcg 7:i*1 accord+ to ,du ,sej\r1 cont9u$ dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs )9 a di/ance ( #b1jjj1jjj miles f ! ,e>?7 t]rifi$ ,l\is ,i4 ( ,france to t degree t he busi$ himself 9 build+ *ur*es & f\nd+ mona/ic e/abli%m5ts1 9 ! hope ( appeas+ ! evils ?reat5$ by its appe>ance1 ! ,*9ese a/ronom]s made obs]vations on ! pa? ( ?is cosmical body1 ^: tail ext5d$ ov] a space ( #fj degrees1 appe>+ sometimes s+le & sometimes multiple4 ,! fir/ comet t has be5 calculat$ solely f ,european obs]vations 0 t ( #adef1 kn[n z ,halley's comet1 f ! belief long1 b errone\sly1 ent]ta9$ t ! p]iod :5 x 0 fir/ obs]v$ by t a/ronom] 0 its fir/ & only well-atte/$ appe>ance4 ,see ,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahcf1 p4 #bjd1 & ,langi]1 ',comptes ,r5dus des ,seances de l',acad4'1 #ahdc1 t4 xvi41 #ajjf4 p #ajj ,al?\gh comets h a small] mass ?an any o!r cosmical bodies -- be+1 accord+ to our pres5t k1 probably n equal to #a_/ejjj? "p ( ! ,e>?'s mass -- yet !y occupy ! l>ge/ space1 z _! tails 9 sev]al in/ances ext5d ov] _m millions ( miles4 ,! cone ( lum9\s vapor :i* radiates f !m has be5 f\nd1 9 "s cases 7z 9 #afhj & #ahaa71 to equal ! l5g? ( ! ,e>?'s di/ance f ! ,sun1 =m+ a l9e t int]sects bo? ! orbits ( ,v5us & ,m]cury4 ,x is ev5 probable t ! vapor ( ! tails ( comets m+l$ ) our atmosph]e 9 ! ye>s #ahai & #ahbc4 ,comets exhibit su* div]sities ( =m1 :i* appe> r to app]ta9 to ! individual ?an ! class1 t a description ( "o ( ^! w&]+ light-cl\ds1 z !y 7 already call$ by ,x5ophanes & ,!on ( ,alex&ria1 contempor>ies ( ,pappus1 c only be appli$ ) caution to ano!r4 ,! fa9te/ telescopic comets are g5]ally devoid ( visible tails1 & resemble ,h]s*el's nebul\s />s4 ,!y appe> l circul> nebulae ( fa9tly-glimm]+ vapor1 ) ! light conc5trt$ t[>d ! middle4 ,?is is ! mo/ simple type2 b x c n1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z rudim5t>y1 s9ce x might equally be ! type ( an old] cosmical body1 exhau/$ by exhalation4 ,9 ! l>g] comets we may di/+ui% bo? ! s-call$ head or nucleus1 & ! s+le or multiple tail1 :i* is *>act]i/ically d5om9at$ by ! ,*9ese a/ronom]s ! bru% 7'sui'74 ,! nucleus g5]ally pres5ts no def9ite outl9e1 al?\gh1 9 a few r>e cases1 x appe>s l a /> ( ! fir/ or second magnitude1 & has ev5 be5 se5 9 bright sun%9e299 z1 p #aja = in/ance1 9 ! l>ge comets ( #adjb1 #aecb1 #aegg1 #agdd1 & #ahdc4 footnote 99,arago1 ',annuaire'1 #ahcb1 p4 #bji1 #baa4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! tail ( a comet be+ visible 9 bright sun%9e1 :i* is record$ ( ! comet ( #adjb1 occurr$ aga9 9 ! case ( ! l>ge comet ( #ahdc1 ^: nucleus & tail 7 se5 9 ,nor? ,am]ica on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y 7accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,j4 ,g4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,portl&1 /ate ( ,ma9e71 betwe5 #a & #c o'clock 9 ! aft]noon47a7 ,! di/ance ( ! v d5se nucleus f ! sun's light admitt$ ( be+ measur$ ) mu* exactness4 ,! nucleus & tail appe>$ l a v pure :ite cl\d1 a d>k] space int]v5+ betwe5 ! tail & ! nucleus4 7',am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,sci5ce'1 vol4 xiv41 ,no4 #a1 p4 #bbi47 footnote 7a7 ,! translator 0 at ,new ,b$=d1 ,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s41 on ! #bh? ,febru>y1 #ahdc1 & di/9ctly saw ! comet1 betwe5 #a & #b 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! sky at ! "t 0 int5sely blue1 & ! sun %9+ ) a dazzl+ brightness unkn[n 9 ,european climates4 -- ,tr ,?is latt] circum/ance indicates1 9 p>ticul> individuals1 a d5s] mass1 capable ( reflect+ light ) great] int5sity4 ,ev5 9 ,h]s*el's l>ge telescope1 only two comets1 t discov]$ 9 ,sicily 9 #ahjg1 & ! spl5did "o ( #ahaa1 exhibit$ well-def9$ disks299 ! "o at an angle ( #a second1 & ! o!r at #j4gg seconds1 :5ce ! true diamet]s are assum$ to be #ecf & #dbh miles4 footnote 99',phil4 ,trans4' = #ahjh1 ,"p ii41 p4 #aee1 & = #ahab1 ,"p i41 p4 #aah4 ,! diamet]s f\nd by ,h]s*el = ! nuclei 7 #ech & #dbh ,engli% miles4 ,= ! magnitudes ( ! comets ( #agih & #ahje1 see ,arago1 ',annuaire'1 #ahcb1 p4 #bjc4 ,! diamet]s ( ! less well-def9$ nuclei ( ! comets ( #agih & #ahje did n appe> to exce$ #bd or #bh miles4 ,9 sev]al comets t h be5 inve/igat$ ) great c>e1 especially 9 ! above-nam$ "o ( #ahaa1 :i* cont9u$ visible = s long a p]iod1 ! nucleus & its nebul\s envelope 7 entirely sep>at$ f ! tail by a d>k] space4 ,! int5sity ( light 9 ! nucleus ( comets does n augm5t t[>d ! c5t] 9 any uni=m degree1 brightly %9+ zones be+ 9 _m cases sep>at$ by conc5tric nebul\s envelopes4 ,! tails sometimes appe> s+le1 sometimes1 al?\gh m r>ely1 d\ble2 & 9 ! comets ( #ahjg & #ahdc ! bran*es 7 ( diff]5t l5g?s2 9 "o in/ance 7#agdd7 ! tail _h six bran*es1 ! :ole =m+ an angle ( #fj degrees4 ,! tails h be5 sometimes /raight1 sometimes curv$1 ei!r t[>d bo? sides1 or t[>d ! side appe>+ to u z ! ext]ior 7z 9 #ahaa71 or convex t[>d ! direction 9 :i* ! comet is mov+ 7z 9 t ( #afah72 & sometimes ! tail has ev5 appe>$ l a flame 9 motion4 ,! tails are always turn$ away f ! sun1 s t _! l9e ( prolongation passes ?r\gh its c5t]2 a fact :i*1 accord+ to ,edw>d ,biot1 0 notic$ by ! ,*9ese a/ronom]s z e>ly z #hcg1 b 0 fir/ g5]ally made kn[n 9 ,europe by ,fraca/oro & ,pet] ,apian 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,^! emanations may be reg>d$ z conoidal envelopes ( great] ( less ?ickness1 p #ajb &1 consid]$ 9 ?is mann]1 !y furni% a simple explanation ( _m ( ! rem>kable optical ph5om5a already spok5 (4 ,comets are n only *>act]i/ically diff]5t 9 =m1 "s be+ entirely )\t a visible tail1 :ile o!rs h a tail ( imm5se l5g? 7z 9 ! in/ance ( ! comet ( #afah1 ^: tail measur$ #ajd degrees71 b we also see ! same comets und]go+ successive & rapidly-*ang+ processes ( configuration4 ,^! v>iations ( =m h be5 mo/ accurately & admirably describ$ 9 ! comet ( #agdd1 by ,h5sius1 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & 9 ,halley's comet1 on its la/ reappe>ance 9 #ahce1 by ,bessel1 at ,konigsb]g4 ,a m or less well-def9$ tuft ( rays emanat$ f t "p ( ! nucleus :i* 0 turn$ t[>d ! ,sun2 & ! rays be+ b5t backw>d1 =m$ a "p ( ! tail4 ,! nucleus ( ,halley's comet2 ) its emanations1 pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a burn+ rocket1 ! end ( :i* 0 turn$ sideways by ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,! rays issu+ f ! head 7 se5 by ,arago & myself1 at ! ,obs]vatory at ,p>is1 to assume v diff]5t =ms on successive nights499 footnote 99,arago1 ',des ,*angem5ts physiques de la ,comete de ,halley du #ae-bc ,oct41 #ahce4 ',annuaire'1 #ahcf1 p4 #bah1 #bba4 ,! ord9>y direction ( ! emanations 0 notic$ ev5 9 ,n]o's "t4 ,comae radios solis effugiunt4 -- ,s5eca1 ',nat4 ,quae/4'1 vii41 #bj4 ,! great ,konigsb]g a/ronom] conclud$ f _m measurem5ts1 & f !oretical consid]ations1 t ! cone ( light issu+ f ! comet deviat$ consid]ably bo? to ! "r & ! left ( ! true direction ( ! ,sun1 b t x always return$ to t direction1 & pass$ ov] to ! opposite side1 s t bo? ! cone ( light & ! body ( ! comet f :5ce x emanat$ exp]i5c$ a rotatory1 or1 r1 a vibratory motion 9 ! plane ( ! orbit4 ,he f9ds t ! attractive =ce ex]cis$ by ! ,sun on heavy bodies is inadequate to expla9 su* vibrations1 & is ( op9ion t !y indicate a pol> =ce1 :i* turns "o semi-diamet] ( ! comet t[>d ! ,sun1 & /rives to turn ! opposite side away f t lum9>y4 ,! magnetic pol>ity possess$ by ! ,e>? may pres5t "s analogy to ?is1 &1 %\ld ! ,sun h an opposite pol>ity1 an influ5ce might be manife/$1 result+ 9 ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] m fully ^u ! gr\nds on :i* explanations ( ?is subject h be5 bas$2 b obs]vations s rem>kable199 & views ( s exalt$ p #ajc a "*1 reg>d+ ! mo/ wond]ful class ( ! cosmical bodies belong+ to our sol> sy/em1 ought n to be entirely pass$ ov] 9 ?is sket* ( a g5]al picture ( nature4 footnote 99,bessel1 9 ,s*uma*]1 ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 #ahcf1 ,no4 #cjj-cjb1 s4 #ahh1 #aib1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bjb1 und #bcj4 ,also 9 ,s*uma*]1 ',jahrb4'1 #ahcg1 s4 #adi1 #afh4 ,william ,h]s*el1 9 8 obs]vations on ! beautiful comet ( #ahaa1 believ$ t he _h discov]$ evid5ces ( ! rotation ( ! nucleus & tail 7',phil4 ,trans4' = #ahab1 ,"p i41 p4 #adj74 ,dunlop1 at ,p>amatta ?\ght ! same ) ref]5ce to ! ?ird comet ( #ahbe4 ,al?\gh1 z a rule1 ! tails ( comets increase 9 magnitude & brilliancy 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sun1 & are direct$ away f t c5tral body1 yet ! comet ( #ahbc (f]$ ! rem>kable example ( two tails1 "o ( :i* 0 turn$ t[>d ! sun1 & ! o!r away f x1 =m+ ) ea* o!r an angle ( #afj degrees4 ,modifications ( pol>ity & ! unequal mann] ( its di/ribution1 & ( ! direction 9 :i* x is conduct$1 may 9 ?is r>e in/ance h occasion$ a d\ble1 un*eck$1 cont9u\s emanation ( nebul\s matt]499 footnote 99,bessel1 9 ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 #ahcf1 ,no4 #cjb1 s4 #bca4 ,s*um1 ',jahrb4'1 #ahcg s4 #age4 ,see1 also ,lehmann1 ',ueb] ,comet5s*weife' 7,on ! ,tails ( ,comets71 9 ,bode1 ',a/ron4 ,jahrb4 fur' #ahbf1 s4 #afh4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 ',natural ,philosophy'1 makes ^! emanations ! means ( br++ ! ph5om5a ( comets into a s+ul> connection ) ! exi/5ce ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,accord+ to 8 views1 ! innum]able quantity ( />s :i* compose ?is />ry zone give out a self-lum9\s1 inc&esc5t matt]4 ,! nebul\s belt :i* sep>ates ! diff]5t portions ( ! vault ( heav5 0 !re=e reg>d$ by ! ,/agirite z a l>ge comet1 ! sub/ance ( :i* 0 incessantly be+ r5ew$499 footnote 99,ari/ot41 ',meteor4'1 i41 #h1 #aa-ad1 und #ai-ba 7ed4 ,idel]1 t4 i41 p4 #cb-cd74 ,biese1 ',phil4 des ,ari/oteles'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #hf4 ,s9ce ,ari/otle ex]cis$ s great an influ5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages1 x is v mu* to be regrett$ t he 0 s av]se to ^? gr&] views ( ! eld] ,py?agoreans1 :i* inculcat$ ideas s ne>ly approximat+ to tru? respect+ ! /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,he ass]ts t comets are transitory meteors belong+ to our atmosph]e 9 ! v book 9 :i* he cites ! op9ion ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool1 accord+ to :i* ^! cosmical bodies are suppos$ to be planets hav+ long p]iods ( revolution4 7,ari/ot41 i41 #f1 #b47 ,?is ,py?agorean doctr9e1 :i*1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,apollonius ,myndius1 0 /ill m anci5t1 hav+ orig9at$ ) ! ,*aldeans1 pass$ ov] to ! ,romans1 :o 9 ?is in/ance1 z 0 _! usual practice1 7 m]ely ! copi]s ( o!rs4 ,! ,myndian philosoph] describes ! pa? ( comets z direct$ t[>d ! upp] & remote regions ( heav54 ,h5ce ,s5eca says1 9 8 ',nat4 ,quae/4'1 vii41 #ag3 ,cometes non e/ species falsa1 s$ proprium sidus sicut solis et lunae3 altiora mundi secat et tunc demum app>et quum 9 imum cursum sui v5it2 & aga9 7at vii41 #bg71 ,cometes at]nos esse et sortis ejusdem1 cujus caet]a 7sid]a71 etiamsi faciem illis non hab5t similem4 ,pl9y 7ii41 #be7 also ref]s to ,apollonius ,myndius1 :5 he says1 ,sunt qui et haec sid]a p]petua esse cr$ant suoque ambitu ire1 s$ non nisi relicta a sole c]ni4 p #ajd ,! occulation ( ! fix$ />s by ! nucleus ( a comet1 or by its inn]mo/ vapor\s envelopes1 might ?r[ "s light on ! physical "* ( ^! wond]ful bodies2 b we are un=tunately defici5t 9 obs]vations by :i* we may be assur$99 t ! occulation 0 p]fectly c5tral2 =1 z x has already be5 obs]v$1 ! p>ts ( ! envelope contigu\s to ! nucleus are alt]nately compos$ ( lay]s ( d5se or v att5uat$ vapor4 footnote 99,olb]s1 9 ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 #ahbh1 s4 #aeg1 #ahd4 ,arago1 ',de la ,con/itution physique des ,cometes2 ,annuaire de' #ahcb1 p4 #bjc1 #bjh4 ,! anci5ts 7 /ruck by ! ph5om5on t x 0 possible to see ?r\gh comets z ?r\gh a flame4 ,! e>lie/ evid5ce to be met ) ( />s hav+ be5 se5 ?r\gh comets is t ( ,democritus 7,ari/ot41 ',meteor4'1 i41 #f1 #aa71 & ! /atem5t leads ,ari/otle to make ! n unimportant rem>k1 t he himself _h obs]v$ ! occulation ( "o ( ! />s ( ,gem9i by ,jupit]4 ,s5eca only speaks decid$ly ( ! transp>5ce ( ! tail ( comets4 ,we may see1 says he1 />s ?r\gh a comet z ?r\gh a cl\d 7',nat4 ,quae/4'1 vii41 #ah72 b we c ony see ?r\gh ! rays ( ! tail1 & n ?r\gh ! body ( ! comet itself3 'non 9 ea p>te qua sidus ipsum e/ spissi et solidi ignis1 s$ qua r>us spl5dor occurrit et 9 cr9es disp]gitur4 ,p] int]valla ignium1 non er ipsos1 vides 7vii41 #bf74 ,! la/ rem>k is unnecess>y1 s9ce1 z ,galileo obs]v$ 9 ! ',saggiatore 7,lett]a a ,monsignor ,ces>9i'1 #afai71 we c c]ta9ly see ?r\gh a flame :5 x is n ( too great a ?ickness'4 ,on ! o!r h& ! c>efully conduct$ measurem5ts ( ,bessel prove1 beyond all d\bt1 t on ! #bi? ( ,septemb]1 #ahce1 ! light ( a /> ( ! t5? magnitude1 :i* 0 !n at a di/ance ( #g4gh f ! c5tral po9t ( ! head ( ,halley's comet1 pass$ ?r\gh v d5se nebul\s matt]1 )\t exp]i5c+ any deflection dur+ its passage499 footnote 99,bessel1 9 ! ',a/ron4 ,na*r4'1 #ahcf1 ,no4 #cja1 s4 #bjd1 #bjf4 ,/ruve1 9 ',recueil des ,mem4 de l',acad4 de ,/4 ,pet]ab4'1 #ahcf1 p4 #adj1 #adc1 & ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 #ahcf1 ,no4 #cjc1 s4 #bch1 writes z foll[s3 ,at ,dorpat ! /> 0 9 conjunction only #b4b f ! brighte/ po9t ( ! comet4 ,! /> rema9$ cont9ually visible1 & its light 0 n p]ceptibly dim9i%$1 :ile ! nucleus ( ! comet seem$ to be almo/ ext+ui%$ be=e ! radiance ( ! small /> ( ! n9? or t5? magnitude4 ,if su* an abs5ce ( refract+ p[] mu/ be ascrib$ to ! nucleus ( a comet1 we c sc>cely reg>d ! matt] compos+ comets z a gase\s fluid4 ,! "q "h arises :e!r ?is abs5ce ( refract+ p[] may n be ow+ to ! extreme t5uity ( ! fluid2 or does ! comet consi/ ( sep>at$ p>ticles1 con/itut+ a cosmical /ratum ( cl\ds1 :i*1 l ! cl\ds ( our atmosph]e1 t ex]cise no influ5ce on ! p #aje z5i? di/ance ( ! />s1 does n affect ! ray ( light pass+ ?r\gh x8 ,9 ! passage ( a comet ov] a />1 a m or less consid]able dim9ution ( light has (t5 be5 obs]v$2 b ?is has be5 ju/ly ascrib$ to ! brightness ( ! gr\nd f :i* ! /> seems to /& =? dur+ ! passage ( ! comet4 ,! mo/ important & decisive obs]vations t we possess on ! nature & ! light ( comets are due to ,arago's pol>ization exp]im5ts4 ,8 pol>iscope in/ructs u reg>d+ ! physical con/itution ( ! ,sun & comets1 indicat+ :e!r a ray t rea*es u f a di/ance ( _m millions ( miles transmits light directly or by reflection2 & if ! =m]1 :!r ! s\rce ( light is a solid1 a liquid1 or a gase\s body4 ,8 app>atus 0 us$ at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory 9 exam9+ ! light ( ,capella & t ( ! great comet ( #ahai4 ,! latt] %[$ pol>iz$1 & !re=e reflect$ light1 :ile ! fix$ />1 z 0 to be expect$1 appe>$ to be a self-lum9\s sun499 footnote 99,on ! #c;d ( ,july1 #ahai1 ,arago made ! fir/ attempt to analyze ! light ( comets by pol>ization1 on ! ev5+ ( ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! great comet4 ,i 0 pres5t at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 & 0 fully conv9c$1 z 7 also ,mat?ieu & ! late ,b\v>d ( ! dissimil>ity 9 ! int5sity ( ! light se5 9 ! pol>iscope1 :5 ! in/rum5t receiv$ comet>y light4 ,:5 x receiv$ light f ,capella1 :i* 0 ne> ! comet1 & at an equal altitude1 ! images 7 ( equal int5sity4 ,on ! reappe>ance ( ,halley's comet 9 #ahce1 ! in/rum5t 0 alt]$ s z to give1 accord+ to ,arago's *romatic pol>ization1 two images ( complem5t>y colors 7gre5 & r$74 7',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 xiii41 p4 #ajh2 ',annuaire'1 #ahcb1 p4 #baf47 ,we mu/ conclude f ^! obs]vations1 says ,arago1 t ! comet>y light 0 n entirely compos$ ( rays hav+ ! prop]ties ( direct light1 !re be+ light :i* 0 reflect$ specul>ly or pol>iz$1 t is1 com+ f ! sun4 ,x c n be /at$ ) absolute c]ta9ty t comets %9e only ) borr[$ light1 = bodies1 9 becom+ self-lum9\s1 d n1 on t acc\nt1 lose ! p[] ( reflect+ =eign light4 ,! exi/ance ( pol>iz$ comet>y light ann\nc$ itself n only by ! inequality ( ! images1 b 0 prov$ ) great] c]ta9ty on ! reappe>ance ( ,halley's comet1 9 ! ye> #ahce1 by ! m /rik+ contra/ ( ! complem5t>y colors1 d$uc$ f ! laws ( *romatic pol>ization discov]$ by ,arago 9 #ahaa4 ,^! beautiful exp]im5ts /ill leave x undecid$ :e!r1 9 addition to ?is reflect$ sol> light1 comets may n h light ( _! own4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! planets1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,v5us1 an evolution ( indep5d5t light seems v probable4 ,! v>iable int5sity ( light 9 comets c n always be p #ajf expla9$ by ! position ( _! orbits & _! di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,x w\ld seem to indicate1 9 "s individuals1 ! exi/5ce ( an inh]5t process ( cond5sation1 & an increas$ or dim9i%$ capacity ( reflect+ borr[$ light4 ,9 ! comet ( #afah1 & 9 t :i* has a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 x 0 obs]v$ fir/ by ,hevelius t ! nucleus ( ! comet dim9i%$ at its p]ihelion & enl>g$ at its aphelion1 a fact :i*1 aft] rema9+ long unhe$$1 0 aga9 notic$ by ! tal5t$ a/ronom] ,valz at ,nismes4 ,! regul>ity ( ! *ange ( volume1 accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( di/ance f ! ,sun1 appe>s v /rik+4 ,! physical explanation ( ! ph5om5on c n1 h[ev]1 be s\ght 9 ! cond5s$ lay]s ( cosmical vapor occurr+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,sun1 s9ce x is difficult to imag9e ! nebul\s envelope ( ! nucleus ( ! comet to be vesicul> & imp]vi\s to ! o!r499 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahcb1 p4 #bag-bbj4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ',a/ron4'1 #dhh4 ,! dissimil> ecc5tricity ( ! orbits ( comets has1 9 rec5t times 7#ahai71 9 ! mo/ brilliant mann] enri*$ our k ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,encke has discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( a comet ( s %ort a p]iod ( revolution t x rema9s entirely )9 ! limits ( our planet>y sy/em1 atta9+ its aphelion betwe5 ! orbits ( ! small] planets & t ( ,jupit]4 ,its ecc5tricity mu/ be assum$ at #j4hde1 t ( ,juno 7:i* has ! greate/ ecc5tricity ( any ( ! planets7 be+ #j4bee4 ,encke's comet has sev]al times1 al?\gh ) difficulty1 be5 obs]v$ by ! nak$ eye1 z 9 ,europe 9 #ahai1 & accord+ to ,rumk]1 9 ,new ,holl& 9 #ahbb4 ,its p]iod ( revolution is ab\t #c #a_/c;d ye>s2 b1 f a c>eful comp>ison ( ! epo*s ( its return to its p]ihelion1 ! rem>kable fact has be5 discov]$ t ^! p]iods h dim9i%$ 9 ! mo/ regul> mann] betwe5 ! ye>s #aghf & #ahch1 ! dim9ution am\nt+1 9 ! c\rse ( #eb ye>s1 to ab\t #a #c_/aj? days4 ,! attempt to br+ into unison ! results ( obs]vation & calculation 9 ! inve/igation ( all ! planet>y di/urbances1 ) ! view ( expla9+ ?is ph5om5on1 has l$ to ! adoption ( ! v probable hypo!sis t !re exi/s disp]s$ 9 space a vapor\s sub/ance capable ( act+ z a resi/+ m$ium4 ,?is matt] dim9i%$ ! tang5tial =ce1 & ) x ! major axis ( ! comet's orbit4 ,! value ( ! con/ant ( ! resi/ance appe>s to be some:at diff]5t be=e & aft] ! p]ihelion2 & ?is may1 p]haps1 be ascrib$ p #ajg to ! alt]$ =m ( ! small nebul\s /> 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,sun1 & to ! action ( ! unequal d5sity ( ! /rata ( cosmical e!r499 footnote 99,encke1 9 ! ',a/ronomi*e ,na*ri*t5'1 #ahdc1 ,no4 #dhi1 s4 #acj-acb4 ,^! facts1 & ! inve/igations to :i* !y h l$1 belong to ! mo/ int]e/+ results ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,encke's comet has be5 ! means ( lead+ a/ronom]s to a m exact inve/igation ( ,jupit]'s mass 7a mo/ important po9t ) ref]5ce to ! calculation ( p]turbations72 &1 m rec5tly1 ! c\rse ( ?is comet has obta9$ = u ! fir/ det]m9ation1 al?\gh only an approximative "o1 ( a small] mass = ,m]cury4 ,! discov]y ( ,encke's comet1 :i* _h a p]iod ( only #c #a_/c;d ye>s1 0 spe$ily foll[$1 9 #ahbf1 by t ( ano!r1 ,biela's comet1 ^: p]iod ( revolution is #f #c_/d? ye>s1 & :i* is likewise planet>y1 hav+ its aphelion beyond ! orbit ( ,jupit]1 b )9 t ( ,saturn4 ,x has a fa9t] light ?an ,encke's comet1 &1 l ! latt]1 its motion is direct1 :ile ,halley's comet moves 9 a c\rse opposite to t pursu$ by ! planets4 ,biela's comet pres5ts ! fir/ c]ta9 example ( ! orbit ( a comet int]sect+ t ( ! ,e>?4 ,?is position1 ) ref]5ce to our planet1 may !re=e be productive ( dang]1 if we c associate an idea ( dang] ) s extraord9>y a natural ph5om5on1 ^: hi/ory pres5ts no p>allel1 & ! results ( :i* we are consequ5tly unable correctly to e/imate4 ,small masses end[$ ) enorm\s velocity may c]ta9ly ex]cise a consid]able p[]2 b ,laplace has %[n t ! mass ( ! comet ( #aggj is probably n equal to #a_/ejjj? t ( ! ,e>?1 or ab\t #a_/bjjj? t ( ! ,moon499 footnote 99,laplace1 ',expos4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde'1 p4 #baf1 #bcg4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ! passage ( ,biela's comet ?r\gh ! ,e>?'s orbit ) its proximity to1 or collision ) our globe4 ,:5 ?is passage took place1 on ! #bi? ( ,octob]1 #ahcb1 x requir$ a full mon? be=e ! ,e>? w\ld rea* ! po9t ( int]section ( ! two orbits4 ,^! two comets ( %ort p]iods ( revolution also int]sect ea* o!r1 & x has be5 ju/ly obs]v$199 t amid ! _m p]turbations exp]i5c$ by su* small bodies f ! l>gr planets1 !re is a 'possibility' -- suppos+ a meet+ ( ^! comets to occur 9 ,octob] -- t ! inhabitants ( ! ,e>? may witness ! extraord9>y spectacle ( an enc\nt] betwe5 two cosmical bodies1 & possibly ( _! reciprocal p5etration & amalgamation1 or ( _! de/ruction by means ( exhau/+ emanations4 footnote 99,littr[1 ',bes*reib5de ,a/ron4'1 #ahce1 s4 #bgd4 ,on ! inn] comet rec5tly discov]$ by ,m4 ,faye1 at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,p>is1 & ^: ecc5tricity is #j4eea1 its di/ance at its p]ihelion #a4fij1 & its di/ance at its aphelion #e4hcb1 see ,s*uma*]1 ',a/ron4 ,na*r4'1 #ahdd1 ,no4 #die4 ,reg>d+ ! suppos$ id5tity ( ! comet ( #agff ) ! ?ird comet ( #ahai1 see ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 #ahcc1 ,no4 #bci2 & on ! id5tity ( ! comet ( #agdc & ! f\r? comet ( #ahai1 see ,no4 #bcg or ! la/ m5tion$ "w4 ,ev5ts ( ?is nature1 result+ ei!r f deflection occasion$ by di/urb+ masses or primevally int]sect+ orbits1 mu/ h be5 ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! c\rse ( millions ( ye>s 9 ! immeasurable regions ( e!real space2 b !y mu/ be reg>d$ z isolat$ occurr5ces1 ex]cis+ no m g5]al or alt]native effects on cosmical relations ?an ! break+ =? or ext9ction ( a volcano )9 ! limit$ sph]e ( our ,e>?4 ,a ?ird int]ior comet1 hav+ likewise a %ort p]iod ( revolution 0 discov]$ by ,faye on ! #bb;d ( ,novemb]1 #ahdc1 at ! ,obs]vatory at ,p>is4 ,its elliptic pa?1 :i* approa*es mu* m ne>ly to a circle ?an t ( any o!r kn[n comet1 is includ$ )9 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,saturn4 ,?is comet1 !re=e1 :i*1 accord+ to ,golds*midt1 passes beyond ! orbit ( ,jupit]1 is "o ( ! few ^: p]ihelia are beyond ,m>s4 ,its p]iod ( revolution is #g #bi_/ajj ye>s1 & x is n improbable t ! =m ( its pres5t orbit may be ow+ to its great approximation to ,jupit] at ! close ( ! ye> #ahci4 ,if we consid] ! comets 9 _! inclos$ elliptic orbits z memb]s ( our sol> sy/em1 & ) respect to ! l5g? ( _! major axes1 ! am\nt ( _! ecc5tricity1 & _! p]iods ( revolution1 we %all probably f9d t ! ?ree planet>y comets ( ,encke1 ,biela1 & ,faye are mo/ ne>ly approa*$ 9 ^! respects1 fir/1 by ! comet discov]$ 9 #agff by ,messi]1 & :i* is reg>d$ by ,claus5 z id5tical ) ! ?ird comet ( #ahai2 & next1 by ! f\r? comet ( ! la/-m5tion$ ye>1 discov]$ by ,blaupa91 b consid]$ by ,claus5 z id5tical ) t ( ! ye> #agdc1 & ^: orbit appe>s1 l t ( ,lexell's comet1 to h suff]$ great v>iations f ! proximity & attraction ( ,jupit]4 ,! two la/-nam$ comets w\ld likewise seem to h a p]iod ( revolution n exce$+ five or six ye>s1 & _! aphelia are 9 ! vic9ity ( ,jupit]'s orbit4 ,among ! comets t h a p]iod ( revolution ( f sev5ty to p #aji sev5ty-six ye>s1 ! fir/ 9 po9t ( importance ) respect to !oretical & physical a/ronomy is ,halley's comet1 ^: la/ appe>ance1 9 #ahce1 0 mu* less brilliant ?an 0 to be expect$ f prec$+ ones2 next we w\ld notice ,olb]s's comet1 discov]$ on ! #f? ( ,m>*1 #ahae2 &1 la/ly1 ! comet discov]$ by ,pons 9 ! ye> #ahab1 & ^: elliptic orbit has be5 det]m9$ by ,encke4 ,! two latt] comets 7 invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,we n[ "k ) c]ta9ty ( n9e returns ( ,halley's l>ge comet1 x hav+ rec5tly be5 prov$ by ,laugi]'s calculations991 t 9 ! ,*9ese table ( comets1 fir/ made kn[n to u by ,edw>d ,biot1 ! comet ( #acgh is id5tical ) ,halley's2 its p]iods ( revolution h v>i$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 #acgh & #ahce f #gd4ia to #gg4eh ye>s1 ! mean be+ #gf4a4 footnote 99,laugi]1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus des ,seances de l',academie'1 #ahdc1 t4 xvi41 p4 #ajjf4 ,a ho/ ( o!r comets may be contra/$ ) ! cosmical bodies ( :i* we h spok51 requir+ sev]al ?\s& ye>s to p]=m _! orbits1 :i* x is difficult to det]m9e ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! beautiful comet ( #ahaa requires1 accord+ to ,argel&]1 a p]iod ( #cjfe ye>s = its revolution1 & ! colossal "o ( #afhj z mu* z #hhjj ye>s1 accord+ to ,encke's calculation4 ,^! bodies respectively rec$e1 !re=e1 #ba & #dd times fur!r ?an ,uranus f ! ,sun1 t is to say1 #cc1fjj & #gj1djj millions ( miles4 ,at ?is enorm\s di/ance ! attractive =ce ( ! ,sun is /ill manife/$2 b :ile ! velocity ( ! comet ( #afhj at its p]ihelion is #bab miles 9 a second1 t is1 ?irte5 times great] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 x sc>cely moves t5 feet 9 ! second :5 at its aphelion4 ,?is velocity is only ?ree times great] ?an t ( wat] 9 our mo/ sluggi% ,european riv]s1 & equal only to half t :i* ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! ,cassiqui>e1 a bran* ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x is highly probable t1 among ! innum]able ho/ ( uncalculat$ or undiscov]$ comets1 !re are _m ^: major axes greatly exce$ t ( ! comet ( #afhj4 ,9 ord] to =m "s idea by numb]s1 ,i d n say ( ! sph]e ( attraction1 b ( ! di/ance 9 space ( a fix$ />1 or o!r sun1 f ! aphelion ( ! comet ( #afhj 7! fur!/ rec$+ cosmical body ) :i* we are acqua9t$ 9 our sol> sy/em71 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t det]m9ations ( p>allaxes1 ! ne>e/ fix$ /> is full #bej times fur!r remov$ f our sun ?an ! comet 9 its aphelion4 ,! comet's di/ance is only #dd p #aaj times t ( ,uranus1 :ile 'a' ,c5tauri is #aa1jjj & #fa ,cygni #ca1jjj times t ( ,uranus1 accord+ to ,bessel's det]m9ations4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! greate/ di/ances ( comets f ! c5tral body1 x n[ rema9s = u to notice in/ances ( ! greate/ proximity hi!rto measur$4 ,lexell & ,burckh>dt's comet ( #aggj1 s celebrat$ on acc\nt ( ! di/urbances x exp]i5c$ f ,jupit]1 has approa*$ ! ,e>? )9 a small] di/ance ?an any o!r comet4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,june1 #aggj1 its di/ance f ! ,e>? 0 ony six times ?an ( ! ,moon4 ,! same comet pass$ twice1 viz41 9 #agfi & #aggi1 ?r\gh ! sy/em ( ,jupit]'s f\r satellites )\t produc+ ! slighte/ notable *ange 9 ! well-kn[n orbits ( ^! bodies4 ,! great comet ( #afhj approa*$ at its p]ihelion eight or n9e times ne>] to ! surface ( ! ,sun ?an ,lexell's comet did to t ( our ,e>?1 be+ on ! #ag? ( ,decemb] a six? "p ( ! ,sun's diamet]1 or sev5 t5?s ( ! di/ance ( ! ,moon f t lum9>y4 ,p]ihelia occurr+ beyond ! orbit ( ,m>s c seldom be obs]v$ by ! inhabitants ( ! ,e>?1 ow+ to ! fa9tness ( ! light ( di/ant comets2 & among ^? already calculat$ ! comet ( #agbi is ! only "o :i* has its p]ihelion betwe5 ! orbits ( ,pallas & ,jupit]2 x 0 ev5 obs]v$ beyond ! latt]4 ,s9ce sci5tific k1 al?\gh frequ5tly bl5d$ ) vague & sup]ficial views1 has be5 m ext5sively diffus$ ?r\gh wid] circles ( social life1 appreh5sions ( ! possible evils ?reat5$ by comets h acquir$ m weight z _! direction has become m def9ite4 ,! c]ta9ty t !re are )9 ! kn[n planet>y orbits comets :i* revisit our regions ( space at %ort int]vals -- t great di/urbances h be5 produc$ by ,jupit] & ,saturn 9 _! orbits1 by :i* su* z 7 app>5tly h>mless h be5 conv]t$ into dang]\s bodies -- ! int]section ( ! ,e>?'s orbit by ,biela's comet -- ! cosmical vapor1 :i*1 act+ z a resi/+ & imp$+ m$ium1 t5ds to contract all orbits -- ! individual diff]5ce ( comets1 :i* w\ld seem to indicate consid]able decreas+ gradations 9 ! quantity ( ! mass ( ! nucleus1 are all consid]ations m ?an equival5t1 bo? z to numb] & v>iety1 to ! vague fe>s ent]ta9$ 9 e>ly ages ( ! g5]al conflagration ( ! _w by 'flam+ swords'1 & />s ) 'fi]y /ream+ hair'4 ,z ! consolatory consid]ations :i* may be d]iv$ f ! calculus ( probabilities address !mselves to reason & to p #aaa m$itative und]/&+ only1 & n to ! imag9ation or to a despond+ condition ( m9d1 mod]n sci5ce has be5 accus$1 & n entirely )\t reason1 ( n attempt+ to allay appreh5sions :i* x has be5 ! v means ( excit+4 ,x is an inh]5t attribute ( ! human m9d to exp]i5ce fe>1 & n hope or joy1 at ! aspect ( t :i* is unexpect$ & extraord9>y499 footnote 99,fries1 ',vorlesung5 ub] die ,/]nkunde'1 #ahcc1 s4 #bfb-bfg 7,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy74 ,an infelicit\sly *os5 in/ance ( ! good om5 ( a comet may be f\nd 9 ,s5eca1 ',nat4 ,que/4'1 vii41 #ag & #ba4 ,! philosoph] ?us writes ( ! comet3 ,quem nos ,n]onis pr9cipatu latissimo vidimus et qui cometis detraxit infamiam4 ,! /range =m ( a l>ge comet1 its fa9t nebul\s light1 & its sudd5 appe>ance 9 ! vault ( heav51 h 9 all regions be5 almo/ inv>iably reg>d$ by ! p at l>ge z "s new & =midable ag5t inimical to ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s4 ,! sudd5 occurr5ce & %ort duration ( ! ph5om5on lead to ! belief ( "s equally rapid reflection ( its ag5cy 9 t]re/rial matt]s1 ^: v>i$ nature r5d]s x easy to f9d ev5ts t may be reg>d$ z ! fulfillm5t ( ! evil =etold by ! appe>ance ( ^! my/]i\s cosmical bodies4 ,9 our own day1 h[ev]1 ! public m9d has tak5 ano!r & m *e]ful1 al?\gh s+ul>1 turn ) reg>d to comets2 & 9 ! ,g]man v9ey>ds 9 ! beautiful valleys ( ! ,rh9e & ,moselle1 a belief has aris51 ascrib+ to ^! once ill-om5$ bodies a b5eficial influ5ce on ! rip5+ ( ! v9e4 ,! evid5ce yield$ by exp]i5ce1 ( :i* !re is no lack 9 ^! days1 :5 comets may s frequ5tly be obs]v$1 has n be5 able to %ake ! common belief 9 ! meteorological my? ( ! exi/5ce ( w&]+ />s capable ( radiat+ heat4 ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages #aaa- #adg ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,f comets ,i w\ld pass to ! consid]ation ( a f> m enigmatical class ( agglom]at$ matt] -- ! smalle/ ( all a/]oids1 to :i* we apply ! "n 'arolites'1 or 'meteoric /ones'199 :5 !y rea* our atmosph]e 9 a fragm5t>y condition4 footnote 99 7,mu* valuable in=mation may be obta9$ reg>d+ ! orig9 & composition ( arolites or meteoric /ones 9 ,memoirs on ! subject1 by ,baumbe] & o!r writ]s1 9 ! numb]s ( ,pogg5dorf's ',annal5'1 f #ahde to ! pres5t "t47 -- ,tr4 ,if ,i %\ld seem to dwell on ! specific enum]ation ( ^! bodies1 & ( comets1 long] ?an ! g5]al nature ( ?is "w might w>rant1 ,i h n done s undesign$ly4 ,! div]sity exi/+ 9 ! individual *>act]i/ics ( comets has already be5 notic$4 ,! imp]fect k we possess ( _! physical "* r5d]s x p #aab diifficult 9 a "w l ! pres5t1 to give ! prop] degree ( circum/antiality to ! ph5om5a1 :i*1 al?\gh ( frequ5t recurr5ce1 h be5 obs]v$ ) su* v>i\s degrees ( accuracy1 or to sep>ate ! necess>y f ! accid5tal4 ,x is only ) respect to measurem5ts & computations t ! a/ronomy ( comets has made any m>k$ advancem5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 a sci5tific consid]ation ( ^! bodies mu/ be limit$ to a specification ( ! diff]5ces ( physiognomy & con=mation 9 ! nucleus & tail1 ! in/ances ( great approximation to o!r cosmical bodies1 & ( ! extremes 9 ! l5g? ( _! orbits & 9 _! p]iods ( revolution4 ,a fai?ful del9eation ( ^! ph5om5a1 z well z ( ^? :i* we proce$ to consid]1 c only be giv5 by sket*+ individual features ) ! animat$ circum/antiality ( reality4 ,%oot+ />s1 fire-balls1 & meteoric /ones are1 ) great probability1 reg>d$ z small bodies mov+ ) planet>y velocity1 & revolv+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( g5]al gravity 9 conic sections r\nd ! ,sun4 ,:5 ^! masses meet ! ,e>? 9 _! c\rse1 & are attract$ by x1 !y ent] )9 ! limits ( our atmosph]e 9 a lum9\s condition1 & frequ5tly let fall m or less /rongly heat$ /ony fragm5ts1 cov]$ ) a %9+ black cru/4 ,:5 we ent] into a c>eful inve/igation ( ! facts obs]v$ at ^? epo*s :5 %[]s ( %oot+ />s fell p]iodically 9 ,cumana 9 #agii1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ye>s #ahcc & #ahcd1 we %all f9d t 'fire-balls' c n be consid]$ sep>ately f %oot+ />s4 ,bo? ^! ph5om5a are frequ5tly n only simultane\s & bl5d$ toge!r1 b !y likewise are (t5 f\nd to m]ge into "o ano!r1 ! "o ph5om5on gradually assum+ ! "* ( ! o!r alike ) respect to ! size ( _! disks1 ! emanation ( sp>ks1 & ! velocities ( _! motion4 ,al?\gh explod+ smok+ lum9\s fire-balls are sometimes se51 ev5 9 ! brightness ( tropical daylight199 equal+ 9 size ! app>5t p #aac diamet] ( ! ,moon1 innum]able quantities ( %oot+ />s h1 on ! o!r h&1 be5 obs]v$ to fall 9 =ms ( su* extremely small dim5sions t !y appe> only z mov+ po9ts or 'phosphoresc5t l9es4'9999 footnote 99,a fri5d ( m9e1 mu* accu/om$ to exact trigonometrical measurem5ts1 0 9 ! ye> #aghh at ,popayan1 a city :i* is #b degrees #bf' nor? latitude1 ly+ at an elevation ( #eehc feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & at noon1 :5 ! sun 0 %9+ brightly 9 a cl\dless sky1 saw 8 room light$ up by a fire-ball4 ,he _h 8 back to ! w9d[ at ! "t1 & on turn+ r\nd1 p]ceiv$ t great "p ( ! pa? trav]s$ by ! fire-ball 0 /ill illum9at$ by ! brighte/ radiance4 ,diff]5t nations h _h ! mo/ v>i\s t]ms to express ^! ph5om5a3 ,! ,g]mans use ! ^w ',/]ns*nuppe'1 lit]ally '/> snuff' -- an expression well suit$ to ! physical views ( ! vulg> 9 =m] times1 accord+ to :i*1 ! lights 9 ! firmam5t 7 said to und]go a process ( 'snuff+' or clean+2 & o!r nations g5]ally adopt a t]m expressive ( a '%ot' or 'fall' ( />s1 z ! ,sw$i% '/j]nifall'1 ! ,italian '/ella cad5te'1 & ! ,engli% '/> %oot4' ,9 ! woody di/rict ( ! ,or9oco1 on ! dre>y banks ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 ,i he>d ! natives 9 ! ,mission ( ,vasiva use t]ms /ill m inelegant ?an ! ,g]man '/> snuff4' 7',relation ,hi/orique du ,voy4 aux ,rgions ,equ9ox4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #eac47 ,^! same tribes t]m ! pe>ly drops ( dew :i* cov] ! beautiful leaves ( ! heliconia '/> spit4' ,9 ! ,li?uanian my?ology1 ! imag9ation ( ! p has embodi$ its ideas ( ! nature & signification ( fall+ />s "u nobl] & m graceful symbols4 ,! ,p>c1 ',w]peja'1 weave 9 heav5 = ! new-born *ild its ?read ( fate1 atta*+ ea* sep>ate ?read to a />4 ,:5 dea? approa*es ! p]son1 ! ?read is r5t1 & ! /> wanes & s9ks to ! e>?4 ,jacob ,grimm1 ',deuts*e ,my?ologie'1 #ahdc1 s4 #fhe4 footnote 9999 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,pr(essor ,d5ison ,olm/$1 ( ,yale ,college1 ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut4 7,see ,pogg5d41 ',annal5 d] ,physik'1 bd4 xxx41 s4 #aid47 ,kepl]1 :o exclud$ fire-balls & %oot+ />s f ! doma9 ( a/ronomy1 because !y 71 accord+ to 8 views1 meteors aris+ f ! exhalations ( ! e>?1 & bl5d+ ) ! high] e!r1 expresses himself1 h[ev]1 g5]ally ) mu* caution4 ,he says3 ,/ell cad5tes sunt mat]ia viscida inflammata4 ,e>um aliqu int] cad5dum absumuntur1 aliqu v] 9 t]ram cadunt1 pond]e suo tract4 ,nec e/ dissimile v]o1 quasdam conglobatas esse ex mat]ia fcul5t1 9 ipsam auram !ream immixta3 exque a!ris regione1 tractu rectil9eo1 p] arem trajic]e1 ceu m9utos competas1 occult causa motus utrorumque4 -- ,kepl]1 ',epit4 ,a/ron4 ,cop]nican'1 t4 i41 p4 #hj4 ,x /ill rema9s und]t]m9$ :e!r ! _m lum9\s bodies t %oot across ! sky may n v>y 9 _! nature4 ,on my return f ! equ9octial zones1 ,i 0 impress$ ) an idea t 9 ! torrid regions ( ! tropics ,i _h m frequ5tly ?an 9 our cold] latitudes se5 %oot+ />s fall z if f a height ( twelve or fifte5 ?\s& feet2 t !y 7 ( bright] colors1 & left a m brilliant l9e ( light 9 _! track2 b ?is impression 0 no d\bt ow+ to ! great] transp>5cy ( ! tropical atmosph]e991 :i* enables ! eye to p5etrate fur!r into di/ance4 footnote 99',relation ,hi/orique'1 t4 i41 p4 #hj1 #bac1 #ebg4 ,if 9 fall+ />s1 z 9 comets1 we di/+ui% betwe5 ! head or nucleus & ! tail1 we %all f9d t ! great] transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e 9 tropical climates is ev9c$ 9 ! great] l5g? & brilliancy ( ! tail :i* may be obs]v$ 9 ^? latitudes4 ,! ph5om5on is !re=e n necess>ily m frequ5t !re1 because x is (t5] se5 & cont9ues long] visible4 ,! influ5ce ex]cis$ on %oot+ />s by ! "* ( ! atmosph]e is %[n occasionally ev5 9 our temp]ate zone1 & at v small di/ances ap>t4 ,w>tmann relates t on ! occasion ( a ,novemb] ph5om5on at two places ly+ v ne> ea* o!r1 ,g5eva & ,aux ,plan*ettes1 ! numb] ( ! meteors c\nt$ 7 z #a to #g4 7,w>tmann1 ',mm4 sur les ,etoiles filantes'1 p4 #ag47 ,! tail ( a %oot+ /> 7or its 'tra9'71 on ! subject ( :i* ,br&es has made s _m exact & delicate obs]vations1 is 9 no way to be ascrib$ to ! cont9uance ( ! impression produc$ by light on ! ret9a4 ,x sometimes cont9ues visible a :ole m9ute1 & 9 "s r>e in/ances long] ?an ! light ( ! nucleus ( ! %oot+ />2 9 :i* case ! lum9\s track rema9s motionless4 7,gilb41 ',ann4'1 bd4 xiv41 s4 #bea47 ,?is circum/ance fur!r indicates ! analogy betwe5 l>ge %oot+ />s & fire-balls4 ,admiral ,krus5/]n saw1 9 8 voyage r\nd ! _w1 ! tra9 ( a fire-ball %9e = an h\r aft] ! llum9\s body itself _h disappe>$1 & sc>cely move ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t4 7',reise'1 ?4 i41 s4 #eh47 ,sir ,alex&] ,burnes gives a *>m+ description ( ! transp>5cy ( ! cle> atmosph]e ( ,bokh>a1 :i* 0 once s favorable to ! pursuit ( a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,bokh>a is situat$ 9 #ci degrees #dh' nor? latitude1 & at an elevation ( #abhj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,!re is a con/ant s]5ity 9 its atmosph]e1 & an admirable cle>ness 9 ! sky4 ,at night1 ! />s h uncommon lu/]1 & ! ,milky ,way %9es glori\sly 9 ! firmam5t4 ,!re is also a nev]-ceas+ display ( ! mo/ brilliant meteors1 :i* d>t l rockets 9 ! sky2 t5 or twelve ( !m are sometimes se5 9 an h\r1 assum+ e color -- fi]y r$1 blue1 pale1 & fa9t4 ,x is a noble c\ntry = a/ronomical sci5ce1 & great mu/ h be5 ! advantage enjoy$ by ! fam$ obs]vatory ( ,sam>k&4 7,burnes1 ',travels into ,bokh>a'1 vol4 ii4 7#ahcd71 p4 #aeh47 ,a m]e travel] mu/ n be reproa*$ = call+ t5 or twelve %oot+ />s 9 an h\r _m1 s9ce x is only rec5tly t we h le>n$1 f c>eful obs]vations on ?is subject 9 ,europe1 t eight is ! mean numb] :i* may be se5 9 an h\r 9 ! field ( vision ( "o individual 7,quetelet1 ',corresp4 ,ma?m4'1 ,novem41 #ahcg1 p4 #ddg72 ?is numb] is1 h[ev]1 limit$ to five or six by t dilig5t obs]v]1 ,olb]s4 7,s*um41 ',jahrb4'1 #ahch1 s4 #cbe47 p #aad ,sir ,alex&] ,burnes likewise extols z a consequ5ce ( ! purity ( ! atmosph]e 9 ,bokh>a ! en*ant+ & con/antly-recurr+ spectacle ( v>i\sly-color$ %oot+ />s4 ,! connection ( meteoric /ones ) ! gr&] ph5om5on ( fire-balls -- ! =m] be+ kn[n to be project$ f ! latt] ) su* =ce z to p5etrate f t5 to fifte5 feet into ! e>? -- has be5 prov$1 among _m o!r in/ances1 9 ! falls ( azzzu]olites at ,b>botan1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t des ,l&es 7#bd? ,july1 #agij71 at ,si5a 7#af? ,june1 #agid71 at ,we/on1 9 ,connecticut1 ,u4 ,s4 7#ad? ,decemb]1 #ahjg71 & at ,juv5as 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ard*e 7#ad? ,june1 #ahba74 ,meteoric /ones are 9 "s in/ances ?r[n f d>k cl\ds sudd5ly =m$ 9 a cle> sky1 & fall ) a noise resembl+ ?und]4 ,:ole di/ricts h ?us occasionally be5 cov]$ ) ?\s&s ( fragm5t>y masses1 ( uni=m "* b unequal magnitudes1 t p #aae h be5 hurl$ f "o ( ^! mov+ cl\ds4 ,9 less frequ5t cases1 z 9 t :i* occurr$ on ! #af? ( ,septemb]1 #ahdc1 at ,kle9w5d51 ne> ,mhilhaus51 a l>ge arolite fell ) a ?und]+ cra% :ile ! sky 0 cle> & cl\dless4 ,! intimate aff9ity betwe5 fire-balls & %oot+ />s is fur!r prov$ by ! fact t fire-balls1 f :i* meteoric /ones h be5 ?r[n h occasionally be5 f\nd1 z at ,ang]s1 on ! #i? ( ,june1 #ahbb1 hav+ a diamet] sc>cely equal to t ( ! small fire-works call$ ,roman c&les4 ,! =mative p[]1 & ! nature ( ! physical & *emical processes involv$ 9 ^! ph5om5a are que/ions all equally %r\d$ 9 my/]y1 & we are z yet ignorant :e!r ! p>ticles compos+ ! d5se mass ( meteoric /ones are orig9ally1 z 9 comets1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r :5 !y become lum9\s to our sight1 or :e!r 9 ! case ( small] %oot+ />s1 any compace sub/ance actually falls1 or1 f9ally1 :e!r a meteor is compos$ only ( a smoke-l du/1 conta9+ iron & nickel2 :ile we are :olly ignorant ( :at takes place )9 ! d>k cl\d f :i* a noise l ?und] is (t5 he>d = _m m9utes be=e ! /ones fall499 footnote 99,on 'mteoric du/'1 see ,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire' = #ahcb1 p4 #bed4 ,i haave v rec5tly endeavor$ to %[1 9 ano!r "w 7',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #djh74 h[ ! ,scy?ian saga ( ! sacr$ gold1 :i* fell burn+ f heav51 & rema9$ 9 ! possession ( ! ,gold5 ,horde ( ! ,p>alat 7,h]od41 iv41 #e-g71 probably orig9at$ 9 ! vague recollection ( ! fall ( an arolite4 ,! anci5ts _h also "s /range fictions 7,dio ,cassius1 lxxv41 #abei7 or silv] :i* _h fall5 f heav51 & ) :i* x _h be5 attempt$1 "u ! ,emp]or ,sev]us1 to cov] bronze co9s2 metallic iron 0 h[ev]1 kn[n to exi/ 9 meteoric /ones4 7,pl941 ii41 #ef47 ,! frequ5tly-recurr+ expression 'lapidibus pluit' mu/ n always be und]/ood to ref] to falls ( arolites4 ,9 ,liv41 xxv41 #g1 x probably ref]s to pumice 7'rapilli'7 eject$ f ! volcano1 ,m\nt ,albanus 7,monte ,cavo71 :i* 0 n :olly ext+ui%$ at ! "t4 7,see ,heyne1 ',opuscula ,acad4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bfa2 & my ',relation ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #cid47 ,! conte/ ( ,h]cules ) ! ,ligyans1 on ! road f ! ,caucasus to ! ,hesp]ides1 belongs to a diff]5t sph]e ( ideas1 be+ an attempt to expla9 my?ically ! orig9 ( ! r\nd qu>tz blocks 9 ! ,ligyan field ( /ones at ! m\? ( ! ,rhone1 :i* ,ari/otle supposes to h be5 eject$ f a fissure dur+ an e>?quake1 & ,posidonius to h be5 caus$ by ! =ce ( ! waves ( an inl& piece ( wat]4 ,9 ! fragm5ts t we /ill possess ( ! play ( s*ylus1 ! ',prome!us ,deliv]$'1 e ?+ proce$s1 h[ev]1 9 "p ( ! n>ration1 z 9 a fall ( arolites1 = ,jupit] draws toge!r a cl\d1 & causes ! di/rict ar\nd to be cov]$ by a %[] ( r\nd /ones4 ,posidonius ev5 v5tur$ to d]ide ! geogno/ic my? ( ! blocks & /ones4 ,! ,lygian field ( /ones 01 h[ev]1 v naturally & well describ$ by ! anci5ts4 ,! di/rict is n[ kn[n z ',la ,crau4' 7,see ,gu]91 ',mesures ,b>omtriques dans les ,alpes1 et ,mtorologie d',avignon'1 #ahbi1 *ap4 xii41 p4 #aae47 p #aaf ,we c asc]ta9 by measurem5t ! enorm\s1 wond]ful1 & :olly planet>y velocity ( %oot+ />s1 fire-valls & meteoric /ones1 & we c ga9 a k ( :at is ! g5]al & uni=m "* ( ! ph5om5on1 b n ( ! g5etically cosmical process & ! results ( ! metamorphoses4 ,if meteoric /ones :ile revolv+ 9 space are already consolidat$ into d5se masses199 less d5se1 h[ev]1 p #aag ?an ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?1 !y mu/ be v small nuclei1 :i* surr\nd$ by inflammable vapor or gas1 =m ! inn]mo/ "p ( fire-balls1 f ! height & app>5t diamet] ( :i* we may1 9 ! case ( ! l>ge/1 e/imate t ! actual diamet] v>ies f #ejj to ab\t #bhjj feet4 footnote 99,! specific weight ( arolites v>ies f #a4i 7,alais7 to #d4c 7,tabor74 ,_! g5]al d5sity may be set d[n z #c1 wat] be+ #a4 ,z to :at has be5 said 9 ! text ( ! actual diamet]s ( fire-balls1 we mu/ rem>k1 t ! numb]s h be5 tak5 f ! few measurem5ts t c be reli$ ^u z correct4 ,^! give = ! fire-ball ( ,we/on1 ,connecticut 7#ad? ,decemb]1 #ahjg71 only #ejj2 = t obs]v$ by ,le ,roi 7#aj? ,july1 #agga7 ab\t #ajjj & = t e/imat$ by ,sir ,*>les ,blagd5 7#ah? ,janu>y1 #aghc7 #bfjj feet 9 diamet]4 ,br&es 7',unt]haltung5' bd4i41 s4 #db7 ascribes a diamet] v>y+ f #hj to #abj feet to %oot+ />s1 & a lum9\s tra9 ext5d+ f #ab to #af miles4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ample optical causes = suppos+ t ! app>5t diamet] ( fire-balls & %oot+ />s has be5 v mu* ov]rat$4 ,! volume ( ! l>ge/ fire-ball yet obs]v$ c n be comp>$ ) t ( ,c]es1 e/imat+ g5]ally s exact & admirable treatise1 ',on ! ,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces'1 #ahce1 p4 #daa47 ,) ! view ( elucidat+ :at has be5 /at$ 9 ! text reg>d+ ! l>ge zrolite t fell into ! b$ ( ! ,riv] ,n>ni1 b has n aga9 be5 f\nd1 ,i w give ! passage made kn[n by ,p]tz1 f ! ',*ronicon ,b5$icti1 ,mona*i ,sancti ,&re 9 ,mont ,soracte'1 a ,,ms4 belong+ to ! t5? c5tury1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,*igi ,libr>y at ,rome4 ,! ,b>b>\s ,lat9 ( t age has be5 left un*ang$4 ,anno #iba1 temporibus dom9i ,johannis ,decimi pape1 9 anno pontificatus illius #g visa sunt signa4 ,nam juxta urb5 ,romam lapides plurimi de clo cad]e visi sunt4 ,9 civilate qu vocatur ,n>nia tam diri ac tetri1 ut nihil aliud cr$atur1 quam de inf]nalibus locis d$ucti ess5t4 ,nam ita ex illis lapidibus unus omnium maximum e/1 ut decid5s 9 flum5 ,n>nus1 ad m5suram unius cubiti sup] aquas flum9us usque hodie vid]etur4 ,nam et ignitita ut p5e t]ra cont+]et4 ,ali,anno #iba1 temporibus dom9i ,johannis ,decimi pape1 9 anno pontificatus illius #g visa sunt signa4 ,nam juxta urb5 ,romam lapides plurimi de clo cad]e visi sunt4 ,9 civilate qu vocatur ,n>nia tam diri ac tetri1 ut nihil aliud cr$atur1 quam de inf]nalibus locis d$ucti ess5t4 ,nam ita ex illis lapidibus unus omnium maximum e/1 ut decid5s 9 flum5 ,n>nus1 ad m5suram unius cubiti sup] aquas flum9us usque hodie vid]etur4 ,nam et ignit ita ut p5e t]ra cont+]et4 ,ali cad5tes1 etc4 7,p]tz1 ',monum4 ,g]m4 ,hi/4 ,scriptores'1 t4 iii41 p4 #gae47 ,on ! arolites ( gos ,potamus1 :i* fell1 accord+ to ! ,p>ian ,*roniccle1 9 ! #gh #a ,olympiad1 see ,bckh1 ',corp4 ,inscr4 ,graec'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cjb1 #cbj1 #cdj2 also ,ari/ot41 ',meteor4'1 i41 #g 7,idel]'s ',comm4'1 t4 i41 p4 #djd-djg72 ,/ob41 ',eel4 ,phys4'1 i41 #be1 p4 #ejh 7,he]572 ,plut41 ',lys4'1 c4 #ab2 ,diog4 ,la]t41 ii41 #aj2 & see1 also1 subsequ5t notes 9 ?is "w4 ,accord+ to a ,mongolisn tradition1 a black fragm5t ( a rock1 =ty feet 9 height1 fell f heav5 on a pla9 ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,great ,yell[ ,riv] 9 ,we/]n ,*9a4 7,abel ,rmusat1 9 ,lam!rie1 ',j\r4 de ,phys4'1 #ahai1 ,mai p4 #bfd47 ,! l>ge/ meteoric masses z yet kn[n are ^? ( ,otumpa1 9 ,*aco1 & ( ,bahia1 9 ,brazil1 describ$ by ,rubi de ,celis z be+ f #g to #g #a_/b feet 9 l5g?4 ,! meteoric /one ( gos ,potamos1 celebrat$ 9 antiquity1 & ev5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,p>ian ,m>bles1 :i* fell ab\t ! ye> 9 :i* ,socrates 0 born1 has be5 describ$ z ( ! size ( two mill-/ones1 & equal 9 weight to a full wagon load4 ,not)/&+ ! failure t has att5d$ ! ef=ts ( ! ,african travel]1 ,br[n1 ,i d n :olly rel9qui% ! hope t1 ev5 aft] ! lapse ( #bcab ye>s1 ?is ,?racian meteoric mass1 :i* x w\ld be s difficult to de/roy1 may be f\nd1 s9ce ! region 9 :i* x fell is n[ bcome s easy ( access to ,european travel]s4 ,! huge arolite :i* 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury fell into ! riv] at ,n>ni1 project$ betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet above ! surface ( ! wat]1 z we le>n f a docum5t lately discov]$ by ,p]tz4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t ^! meteoric bodies1 :e!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times c only be reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal fragm5ts ( masses t h be5 brok5 up by ! explosion ei!r ( a fire-ball ( a d>k cl\d4 ,on consid]+ ! enorm\s velocity ) :i*1 z has be5 ma!matically prov$1 meteoric /ones rea* ! e>? f ! extreme/ conf9es ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! l5g!n$ c\rse trav]s$ by fire-balls ?r\gh ! d5s] /rata ( ! air1 x seems m ?an improbable t ^! metallif]\s /ony masses1 conta9+ p]fectly-=m$ cry/als ( oliv9e1 labradorite1 & pyrox5e1 %\ld 9 s %ort a p]iod ( "t has be5 conv]t$ f a vapor\s condition to a solid nucleus4 ,moreov]1 t :i* falls f meteoric masses1 ev5 :]e ! int]nal composition is *emically diff]5t1 exhibits almo/ always ! peculi> "* ( a fragm5t1 be+ ( a prismatic or truncat$ pyramidal =m1 ) broad1 some:at curv$ faces1 & r\nd$ angles4 ,b :5ce comes ?is =m1 :i* 0 fir/ recogniz$ by ,s*reib] z *>act]i/ic ( ! 'sev]$' "p ( a rotat+ planet>y body8 ,"h1 z 9 ! sph]e ( organic life1 all t app]ta9s to ! hi/ory ( developm5t rema9s hidd5 9 obscurity4 ,meteoric masses become lum9\s & k9dle at heights :i* p #aah mu/ be reg>d$ z almo/ devoid ( air1 ( occupi$ by an atmosph]e t does n ev5 conta9 #a_/ajjjjj? "p ( oxyg54 ,! rec5t inve/igations ( ,biot on ! important ph5om5on ( twilight99 h consid]ably l[]$ ! l9es :i* _h1 p]haps ) "s degree ( tem]ity1 be5 usually t]m$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! atmosph]e2 b processes ( light may be evolv$ indep5d5tly ( ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 & ,poisson conjectur$ t arolitesw]e ignit$ f> beyond ! range ( our atmosph]e4 ,num]ical calculation & geometrical measurem5t are ! only means by :i* z 9 ! case ( ! l>g] bodies ( our sol> sy/em1 we are enabl$ to imp>t a firm & safe basis to our inve/igations ( meteoric /ones4 footnote 99,biot1 ',trait d',a/ronomie ,physique' 7#cme d471 #ahda1 t4 i41 p4 #adi1 #agg1 #bch1 #cab4 ,my lam5t$ fri5d ,poisson endeavor$1 9 a s+ul> mann]1 to solve ! difficulty att5d+ an assumption ( ! spontane\s ignition ( meteoric /ones at an elevation :]e ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e is almo/ null4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,x is difficult to attribute1 z is uaually done1 ! inc&esc5ce ( arolites to friction aga9/ ! molecules ( ! atmosph]e at an elevation above ! e>? :]e ! d5sity ( ! air is almo/ null4 ,may we n suppose t ! electric fluid1 9 a neutral condition1 =ms a k9d ( atmosph]e1 ext5d+ f> beyond ! mass ( our atmosph]e1 yet subject to t]re/rial attraction1 al?\gh physically impond]able1 & consequ5tly foll[+ our globe 9 its motion8 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! bodies ( :i* we h be5 speak+ w\ld1 on ent]+ ?is impond]able atmosph]e1 decompose ! neutral fluid by _! unequal action on ! two electricities1 & !y w\ld ?us be heat$1 & 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5ce1 by becom+ electrifi$4 7,poisson1 ',re*4 sur la ,probabilit des ,jugem5ts'1 #ahcg1 p4 #f47 ,al?\gh ,halley pron\nc$ ! great fire-ball ( #afhf1 ^: motion 0 opposite to t ( ! e>? 9 its orbit199 to be a cosmical body1 ,*adni1 9 #agid1 fir/ recogniz$1 ) ready acut5ess ( m9d1 ! connection betwe5 fire-balls & ! /ones project$ f ! atmosph]e1 & ! motions ( ! =m] bodies 9 space49999 footnote 99',philos4 ,transact4'1 vol4 xxix41 p4 #afa-afc4 footnote 9999,! fir/ edition ( ,*l&ni's important treatise1 ',ueb] d5 ,ursprung d] von ,pallas gefund55 und &]5 ,eis5mass5' 7,on ! ,orig9 ( ! masses ( ,iron f\nd by ,pallas1 & o!r simil> masses71 appe>$ two mon?s prior to ! %[] ( /ones at ,si5a1 & two ye>s be=e ,li*t5b]g /at$1 9 ! ',gtt+5 ,tas*5bu*'1 t /ones rea* our atmosph]e f ! remot] regions ( space4' ,comp41 also1 ,olb]s's lett] to ,b5z5b]g1 #ah? ,nov41 #ahcg1 9 ,b5z5b]g's ',treatise on ,%oot+ ,/>s'1 p4 #ahf4 ,a brilliant confirmation ( ! cosmical orig9 ( ^! ph5om5a has be5 af=d$ by ,d5ison ,olm/$1 at ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 :o has %[n on ! concurr5t au?ority ( all eye-witnesses1 t dur+ ! celebrat$ fall ( %oot+ />s on ! night betwe5 ! #ab? p #aai & #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcc1 ! fire-balls & %oot+ />s all em]g$ f "o & ! same qu>t] ( ! heav5s1 namely1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! /> 'gamma' 9 ! con/ellation ,leo1 & did n deviate f ?is po9t1 al?\gh ! /> *ang$ its app>5t height & azimu? dur+ ! "t ( ! obs]vation4 ,su* an indep5d5ce ( ! ,e>?'s rotation %[s t ! lum9\s body mu/ h rea*$ our atmosph]e f ')\t4' ,accord+ to ,encke's computation99 ( ! :ole p #abj numb] ( obs]vations made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! ?irty-fif? & ! =ty-second degrees ( latitude1 x w\ld appe> t all ^! meteors came f ! same po9t ( space 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! ,e>? 0 mov+ at ! "t4 footnote 99,encke1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xxxiii4 7#ahcd71 s4 #bac4 ,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire' = #ahcf1 p4 #bia4 ,two lett]s :i* ,i wrote to ,b5z5b]g1 ,may #ai & ,octob] #bb1 #ahcg1 on ! conjectural precession ( ! nodes 9 ! orbit ( p]iodical falls ( %oot+ />s4 7,b5z5b]g's ',/]ns*4'1 s4 #bjg & #bji47 ,olb]s subsequ5tly adopt$ ?is op9ion ( ! gradual ret>dation ( ! ,novemb] ph5om5on4 7',a/ron4 ,na*r4'1 #ahch1 ,no4 #cgb1 s4 #ahj47 ,if ,i may v5ture to comb9e two ( ! falls ( %oot+ />s m5tion$ by ! ,arabian writ]s ) ! epo*s f\nd by ,boguslawski = ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,i obta9 ! foll[+ m or less accordant elem5ts ( ! movem5ts ( ! nodes3 ,9 ,oct41 #ijb1 on ! night 9 :i* ,k+ ,ibrahim b5 ,ahm$ di$1 !re fell a heavy %[] ( %oot+ />s1 l a fi]y ra92 & ?is ye> 01 !re=e1 call$ ! ye> ( />s4 7,conde1 ',hi/4 de la ,dom94' de los ,arabes'1 p4 #cdf47 ,on ! #ai? ( ,oct41 #abjb1 ! />s 7 9 motion all night4 ,!y fell l locu/s4 7',comptes ,r5dus'1 #ahcg1 t4 i41 p4 #bid2 & ,frhn1 9 ! ',bull4 de l',acadmie de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg'1 t4 iii41 p4 #cjh47 ,on ! #ba/ ,oct41 ,o4,s41 #acff1 'die sequ5te po/ fe/um ,,xi4 millia ,virg9um ab hora matut9a usque ad horam primam vis sunt quasi /ell de clo cad]e cont9uo1 et 9 tanta multitud9e1 quod nemo n>r>e suf ficit4' ,?is rem>kable notice1 ( :i* we %all speak m fully 9 ! subsequ5t "p ( ?is "w1 0 f\nd by ! y\ng] ,von ,boguslawski1 9 ,b5esse 7de ,hor[ic7 de ,weitmil or ,wei?ml1 ',*ronicon ,ecclesi ,prag5sis'1 p4 #chi4 ,?is *ronicle may also be f\nd 9 ! second "p ( ',scriptores r]um ,bohemic>um'1 by ,pelzel & ,dobr[sky1 #aghd4 7,s*um41 ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 ,dec41 #ahci47 ,on ! night betwe5 ! #i? & #aj? ( ,novemb]1 #aghg1 _m fall+ />s 7 obs]v$ at ,manheim1 ,s\!rn ,g]many1 by ,hemm] 7,kmtz1 ',meteor4'1 ?4 iii41 s4 #bcg47 ,aft] midnight1 on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #agii1 occurr$ ! extraord9>y fall ( />s at ,cumana1 :i* ,bonpl& & myself h describ$1 & :i* 0 obs]v$ ov] a great "p ( ! e>?4 7',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #eai-ebg47 ,betwe5 ! #ab? & #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbb1 %oot+ />s1 int]m+l$ ) fire-balls1 7 se5 9 l>ge numb]s by ,klod51 at ,potsdam4 7,gilb]t's ',ann4'1 bd4 lxxii41 s4 #bia47 ,on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahca1 at #d o'clock 9 ! morn+1 a great %[] ( fall+ />s 0 se5 by ,capta9 ,br>d1 on ! ,spani% coa/1 ne> ,c>?ag5a del ,levante4 7',annuaire'1 #ahcf1 p4 #big47 ,9 ! night betwe5 ! #ab? & #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcc1 occurr$ ! ph5om5on s admirably describ$ by ,pr(essor ,olm/$1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! night ( ! #ac-ad? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcd1 a simil> fall ( %oot+ />s 0 se5 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 al?\gh ! numb]s 7 n q s consid]able4 7,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xxxiv41 s4 #abi47 ,on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahce1 a b>n 0 set on fire by ! fall ( a sporadic fire-ball1 at ,belley1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t de l',a94 7',annuaire'1 #ahcf1 p4 #bif47 ,9 ! ye> #ahch1 ! /ream %[$ itself mo/ decid$ly on ! night ( ! #ac-ad? ( ,novemb]4 7',a/ron4 ,na*r4'1 #ahch1 ,no4 #cgb47 ,on ! recurr5ce ( falls ( %oot+ />s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb] ( ! ye>s #ahcd & #ahcg1 & 9 ! analog\s falls obs]v$ at ,brem5 9 #ahch1 a l g5]al p>allelism ( ! orbits1 & ! same direction ( ! meteors f ! con/ellation ,leo1 7 aga9 notic$4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t a great] p>allelism 0 obs]vable 9 ! direction ( p]iodic falls ( %oot+ />s ?an 9 ^? ( sporadic occurr5ce2 & x has fur!r be5 rem>k$1 t 9 ! p]iodically-recurr+ falls 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ye> #ahci1 ! meteors came pr9cipally f "o po9t betwe5 ,p]seus & ,taurus1 t[>d ! latt] ( :i* con/ellations 9 ! ,e>? 0 !n mov+4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! ph5om5on1 manife/$ 9 ! retrograde direction ( ! orbits 9 ,novemb] & ,augu/1 %\ld be ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by accurate obs]vations1 9 ord] t x may ei!r be fully confirm$ or refut$4 ,! heights ( %oot+ />s1 t is to say1 ! heights ( ! po9ts at :i* !y beg9 & cease to be visible1 v>y exce$+ly1 fluctuat+ betwe5 #af & #adj miles4 ,?is important result1 & ! enorm\s velocity ( ^! problematical a/]oids1 7 fir/ asc]ta9$ by ,b5z5b]g & ,br&es1 by simultane\s obs]vations & det]m9ations ( p>allax at ! extremities ( a base l9e ( #di1jbj feet 9 l5g?499 footnote 99,i am well aw>e t1 among ! #fb %oot+ />s simultane\sly obs]v$ 9 ,silesia1 9 #ahbc1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,br&es "s appe>$ to h an elevation ( #ahc to #bdj1 or ev5 #djj miles4 7,br&es1 ',unt]haltung5 fr ,freunde d] ,a/ronomie und ,physik'1 heft i41 s4 #dh4 ,in/ructive ,n>ratives = ! ,lov]s ( ,a/ronomy & ,physics47 ,b ,olb]s consid]$ t all det]m9ations = elevations beyond #abj miles mu/ be d\btful1 ow+ to ! smallness ( ! p>allax4 ,! relative velocity ( motion is f #ah to #cf miles 9 a second1 & consequ5tly equal to planet>y velocity4 ,?is planet>y velocity199 z well z ! direction ( ! orbits p #aba ( fire-balls & %oot+ />s1 :i* has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ to be opposite to t ( ! ,e>?1 may be consid]$ z conclusive argum5ts aga9/ ! hypo!sis t arolites d]ive _! orig9 f ! s-call$ active 'lun> volcanoes4' footnote 99,! planet>y velocity ( translation1 ! movem5t 9 ! orbit1 is 9 ,m]cury #bf4d1 9 ,v5us #ai4b1 & 9 ! ,e>? #af4d miles 9 a second4 ,num]ical views reg>d+ a great] or less] volcanic =ce on a small cosmical body1 n surr\nd$ by any atmosph]e1 mu/1 f _! nature1 be :olly arbitr>y4 ,we may imag9e ! reaction ( ! int]ior ( a planet on its cru/ t5 or ev5 a hundr$ times great] ?an t ( our pres5t t]re/rial volcanoes2 ! direction ( masses project$ f a satellite revolv+ f we/ to ea/ might appe> retrogressive1 ow+ to ! ,e>? 9 its orbit subsequ5tly rea*+ t po9t ( space at :i* ^! bodies fall4 ,if we exam9e ! :ole sph]e ( relations :i* ,i h t\*$ ^u 9 ?is "w1 9 ord] to escape ! *>ge ( hav+ made unprov$ ass]tions1 we %all f9d t ! hypo!sis ( ! sel5ic orig9 ( meteoric /ones99 dep5ds ^u a numb] ( conditions p #abb ^: accid5tal co9cid5ce c\ld alone conv]t a possible into an actual fact4 footnote 99,*ladni /ates t an ,italian physici/1 ,paolo ,m>ia ,t]zago1 on ! occasion ( ! fall ( an arolite at ,milan 9 #affj1 by :i* a ,franciscan monk 0 kill$1 0 ! fir/ :o surmis$ t arolites 7 ( sel5ic orig94 ,he says1 9 a memoir entitl$ ',musum ,septalianum1 ,manfr$i ,septal1 ,patricii ,m$iolan5sis1 indu/rioso labore con/ructum' 7,tortona1 #affd1 p4 #dd71 ,labant philosophorum m5tes sub horum lapidum pond]ibus2 ni dicire velimus1 lunan t]ram alt]am1 s9e mundum esse1 ex cujus montibus divisa fru/ra 9 inf]iorem no/rum hunc orb5 dela bantur4 ,)\t any previ\s k ( ?is conjecture1 ,olb]s 0 l$1 9 ! ye> #agie 7aft] ! celebrat$ fall at ,si5a on ! #af? ( ,june1 #agid71 into an inve/igation ( ! am\nt ( ! initial tang5tial =ce t w\ld be requisite to br+ to ! ,e>? masses project$ f ! ,moon4 ,?is balli/ic problem occupi$1 dur+ t5 or twelve ye>s1 ! att5tion ( ! geometricians ,laplace1 ,biot1 ,br&es1 & ,poisson4 ,! op9ion :i* 0 !n s preval5t1 b :i* has s9ce be5 ab&on$1 ( ! exi/5ce ( active volcanoes 9 ! ,moon1 :]e air & wat] are abs5t1 l$ to a confusion 9 ! m9ds ( ! g5]ality ( p]sons betwe5 ma!matical possibilities & physical probabilities4 ,olb]s1 ,br&es1 & ,*ladni ?\ght t ! velocity ( #af to #cb miles1 ) :i* fire-balls & %oot+ />s ent]$ our atmosph]e1 furni%$ a refutation to ! view ( _! sel5ic orig94 ,accord+ to ,olb]s1 x w\ld require to rea* ! ,e>?1 sett+ aside ! resi/ance ( ! air1 an initial velocity ( #hbib feet 9 ! second2 accord+ to ,laplace1 #ghfb2 to ,biot1 #hbhb2 & to ,poisson1 #geie4 ,laplace /ates t ?is velocity is only five or six times z great z t ( a cannon ball2 b ,olb]s has %[n t1 ) su* an initial velocity z #gejj or #hjjj feet 9 a second1 meteoric /ones w\ld arrive at ! surface ( our e>? ) a velocity ( only #ce1jjj feet 7or #a4ec ,g]man geographical mile74 ,b ! measur$ velocity ( meteoric /ones av]ages five su* miles1 or upw>d ( #aad1jjj feet to a second2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! orig9al velocity ( projection f ! ,moon mu/ be almo/ #aaj1jjj feet1 & !re=e f\rte5 times great] ?an ,laplace ass]t$4 7,olb]s1 9 ,s*um1 ',jahrb4'1 #ahcg1 p4 #eb-eh2 & 9 ,gehl]1 ',neues ,physik4' ',wrt]bu*e'1 bd4 vi41 ab?4#c1 s4 #baii-bacf47 ,if we c\ld assume volcanic =ces to be /ill active on ! ,moon's surface1 ! abs5ce ( atmosph]ic resi/ance w\ld c]ta9ly give to _! projectile =ce an advantage ov] t ( our t]re/rial volcanoes2 b ev5 9 respect to ! measure ( ! latt] =ce 7! projectile =ce ( our own volcanoes71 we h no obs]vations on :i* any reliance c be plac$1 & x has probably be5 exce$+ly ov]rat$4 ,dr4 ,pet]s1 :o accurately obs]v$ & measur$ ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by tna1 f\nd t ! greate/ velocity ( any ( ! /ones project$ f ! crat] 0 only #abej feet to a second4 ,obs]vations on ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 9 #agih1 gave #cjjj feet4 ,al?\gh ,laplace1 at ! end ( 8 "w 7',expos4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde'1 ed4 de #ahbd1 p4 #cii71 cauti\sly obs]ves1 reg>d+ arolites1 t 9 all probability !y come f ! dep?s ( space1 yet we see f ano!r passage 7*ap4 vi41 p4 #bcc7 #ft1 be+ probably unacqua9t$ ) ! extraord9>y planet>y velocity ( meteoric /ones1 he incl9es to ! hypo!sis ( _! lun> orig91 always1 h[ev]1 assum+ t ! /ones projject$ f ! ,moon become satellites ( our ,e>?1 describ+ ar\nd x m or less ecc5tric orbits1 & ?us n rea*+ its atmosph]e until sev]al or ev5 _m revolutions h be5 accompli%$4 ,z an ,italian at ,tortona _h ! fancy t arolites came f ! ,moon1 s "s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s ?\ght !y came f ! ,sun4 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ,diog5es ,la]tius 7ii41 #i7 reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! mass t fell at gos ,potamos 7see note1 p4 #aaf74 ,pl9y1 ^: labors 9 record+ ! op9ions & /atem5ts ( prec$+ writ]s are a/oni%+1 repeats ! !ory1 & d]ides x ! m freely1 because he1 ) e>li] writ]s 7,diog4 ,la]t41 #c & #e1 p4 #ii1 ,hbn]71 accuses ,anaxagoras ( hav+ pr$ict$ ! fall ( arolites f ! ,sun3 ,celebrant ,grci ,anaxagoram ,clazom5ium ,olympiadis septuagesim octav secundo anno prdixisse cle/ium litt]>um sci5tia quibus diebus saxum casurum esse e sole1 idque factum int]dia 9 ,?raci p>te ad gos flum54 ,quod si quis prdictum cr$at1 simul fateatur necesse e/1 majoris miraculi div9itatem ,anaxagor fuisse1 solvique r]um natur intellectum1 et confundi omnia1 si aut ipse ,sol lapis esse aut unquam lapidem 9 eo fuisse cr$atur2 decid]e tam5 crebro non erit dubium4 ,! fall ( a mod]ate-siz$ /one1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,gymnasium at ,abydos1 is also report$ to h be5 =etold by ,anaxagoras4 ,! fall ( arolites 9 bright sun%9e1 & :5 ! ,moon's disk 0 invisible1 probably l$ to ! idea ( sun-/ones4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to "o ( ! physical dogmas ( ,anaxagoras1 :i* br\ght on him ! p]secution ( ! !ologians 7ev5 z !y h attack$ ! geologi/s ( our own times71 ! ,sun 0 reg>d$ z a molt5 fi]y mass 7,gre$ words74 ,9 accordance ) ^! views ( ,anaxagoras1 we f9d ,euripides1 9 ',phaton'1 t]m+ ! ,sun a gold5 mass2 t is to say1 a fire-color$1 brightly-%9+ matt]1 b n lead+ to ! inf]5ce t arolites are gold5 sun-/ones4 7,see note to page #aae47 ,comp>e ,valck5a]1 ',diatribe 9 ,eurip4 p]d4 ,dram4 ,reliquias'1 #agfg1 p4 #cj4 ,diog4 ,la]t41 ii41 #dj4 ,h5ce1 among ! ,greek philosoph]s1 we f9d f\r hypo!ses reg>d+ ! orig9 ( fall+ />s3 a telluric orig9 f asc5d+ exhalations2 masses ( /one rais$ by hurricane 7see ,ari/ot41 ',meteor41 lib4 i41 cap4 iv41 #b-ac1 & cap4 vii41 #i72 a sol> orig92 &1 la/ly1 an orig9 9 ! regions ( space1 z heav5ly bodies :i* _h long rema9$ invisible4 ,respect+ ?is la/ op9ion1 :i* is t ( ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 & entirely accords ) t ( ! pres5t day1 see pages #abd & #abe4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t 9 ,syria1 z ,i h be5 assur$ by a le>n$ ,ori5tali/1 n[ resid5t at ,smyrna1 ,&rea de ,n]icat1 :o in/ruct$ me 9 ,p]sian1 !re is a popul> belief t arolites *iefly fall on cle> moonlight nights4 ,! anci5ts1 on ! contr>y1 especially look$ = _! fall dur+ lun> eclipses4 7,see ,pl9y1 xxxvii41 #aj1 p4 #afd4 ,sol9us1 c4 #cg4 ,salm41 ',ex]e4'1 p4 #eca2 & ! passages collect$ by ,uk]t1 9 8 ',geogr4 d] ,grie*5 und ,rm]'1 ?4 ii41 #a1 s4 #aca1 note #ad47 ,on ! improbability t meteoric masses are =m$ f metal-dissolv+ gases1 :i*1 accord+ to ,fus9i]i1 may exi/ 9 ! highe/ /rata ( our atmosph]e1 & previ\sly diffus$ ?r\gh an almo/ b\ndless space1 may sudd5ly assume a solid condition1 & on ! p5etration & misceability ( gases1 see my ' ,relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #ebe4 p #abb ,! view ( ! orig9al exi/5ce ( p #abc small planet>y masses 9 space is simpl]1 & at ! same "t1 m analog\s ) ^? ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! =mation ( o!r portions ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,x is v probable t a l>ge numb] ( ^! cosmical bodies trav]se space unde/roy$ by ! vic9ity ( our atmosph]e1 & revolve r\nd ! ,sun )\t exp]i5c+ any alt]ation b a slight increase 9 ! ecc5tricity ( _! orbits1 occasion$ by ! attraction ( ! ,e>?'s mass4 ,we may1 consequ5tly1 suppose ! possibility ( ^! bodi$ rema9+ invisible to u dur+ _m ye>s & frequ5t revolutions4 ,! suppos$ ph5om5on ( asc5d+ %oot+ />s & fire-balls1 :i* ,*ladni has unsuccessfully endeavor$ to expla9 on ! hypo!sis ( ! 'reflection' ( /rongly compress$ air1 appe>s at fir/ sight z ! consequ5ce ( "s unkn[n tng5tial =ce propell+ bodies f ! e>?2 b ,bessel has %[n by !oretical d$uctions1 confirm$ by ,feldt's c>efully-conduct$ calculations1 t1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any pro(s ( ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( ! obs]v$ disappe>ances1 ! assumptiopn ( an asc5t ( %oot+ />s 0 r5d]$ :olly improbable1 & inadmissible z a result ( obs]vation499 footnote 99,bessel1 9 ,s*um41 ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 #ahci1 ,no #chi und #cha1 s4 #bbb und #cdf4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! ,memoir !re is a comp>ison ( ! ,sun's longitudes ) ! epo*s ( ! ,novemb] ph5om5on1 f ! p]iod ( ! fir/ obs]vations 9 ,cumana 9 #agii1 ,! op9ion advanc$ by ,olb]s t ! explosion ( %oot+ />s & ignit$ fire-balls n mov+ 9 /raight l9es may impel meteors upw>d 9 ! mann] ( rockets1 & influ5ce ! direction ( _! orbits1 mu/ be made ! subject ( future rese>*es4 ,%oot+ />s fall ei!r seprately & 9 inconsid]able numb]s1 t is1 sporadically1 or 9 sw>ms ( _m ?\s&s4 p #abd ,! latt]1 :i* are comp>$ by ,arabian au?ors to sw>ms ( locu/s1 are p]iodic 9 _! occurr5ce1 & move 9 /reams1 g5]ally 9 a p>allel direction4 ,among p]iodic falls1 ! mo/ celebrat$ are t kn[n z ! ,novemb] ph5om5on1 occurr+ f ab\t ! #ab? to ! #ad? ( ,novemb]1 & t ( ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce 7! #aj? ( ,augu/71 ^: fi]y te>s 7 notic$ 9 =m] times 9 a *ur* cal5d> ( ,engl&1 no less ?an 9 old tradition>y leg5ds1 z a meteorological ev5t ( con/ant recurr5ce499 footnote 99,dr4 ,?omas ,=/] 7',! ,pocket ,encyclop$ia ( ,natural ,ph5om5a' #ahbg1 p4 #ag7 /ates t a manuscript is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge19999 writt5 9 ! t5? c5tury by a monk1 & entitl$ ',ephem]ides ,r]um ,naturalium'1 9 :i* ! natural ph5om5a = ea* day ( ! ye> are inscrib$ z1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ fl[]+ ( plants1 ! arrival ( birds1 etc42 ! #aj? ( ,augu/ is di/+ui%$ by ! ^w meteorodes4 ,x 0 ?is indication1 & ! tradition ( ! fi]y te>s ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 t *iefly induc$ ,dr4 ,=/] to und]take 8 extremely zeal\s inve/igation ( ! ,augu/ ph5om5a4 7,quetelet1 ',correspond4 ,ma?m4'1 ,srie ,,iii41 t4 i41 #ahcg1 p4 #dcc47 fur!r footnote 9999,no su* manuscript is at pres5t kn[n to exi/ 9 ! libr>y ( t college4 ,= ?is in=mation ,i am indebt$ to ! inquiries ( ,mr4 ,cory1 ( ,pembroke ,college1 ! le>n$ editor ( ',hi]oglyphics ( ,horapollo ,nil\s'1 ,greek & ,engli%1 #ahdj4 -- ,tr4 ,not)/&+ ! great quantity ( %oot+ />s & fire-balls ( ! mo/ v>i\s dim5sions1 :i*1 accord+ to ,kld51 7 se5 to fall at ,potsdam on ! night betwe5 ! #ab? & #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbb1 & on ! same night ( ! ye> 9 #ahcb ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,europe1 f ,portsm\? to ,or5burg on ! ,ural ,riv]1 & ev5 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 z 9 ! ,isle ( ,france1 no att5tion 0 direct$ to ! 'p]iodicity' ( ! ph5om5on1 & no idea seems to h be5 ent]ta9$ ( ! connection exi/+ betwe5 ! fall ( %oot+ />s & ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9 days1 until ! prodigi\s sw>m ( %oot+ />s :i* occurr$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica betwe5 ! #ab? & #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcc1 & 0 obs]v$ by ,olm/$ & ,palm]4 ,! />s fell on ?is occasion1 l flakes ( sn[1 & x 0 calculat$ t at lea/ #bdj1jjj _h fall5 dur+ a p]iod ( n9e h\rs4 ,palm]1 ( ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 0 l$1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is spl5did ph5om5on1 to ! recollection ( ! fall ( meteoric /ones 9 #agii1 fir/ describ$ by ,ellicot & myself199 & :i*1 by p #abe a comp>ison ( ! facts ,i _h adduc$1 %[$ t ! ph5om5on _h be5 simultane\sly se5 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 f ! equator to ,new ,h]rnhut 9 ,gre5l& 7#fe degrees #ad' nor? latitude71 & betwe5 #df degrees & #hb degrees longitude4 footnote 99,humb41 ',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #eai-ebg4 ,ellicot 9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society'1 #ahjd1 vol4 vi41 4 #bi4 ,arago makes ! foll[+ obs]vations 9 ref]5ce to ! ,novemb] ph5om5a3 ,we ?us become m & m confirm$ 9 ! belief t !re exi/s a zone compos$ ( millions ( small bodies1 ^: orbits cut ! plane ( ! ecliptic at ab\t ! po9t :i* out ,e>? annually occupies betwe5 ! #aa? & #ac? ( ,novemb]4 ,x is a new planet>y _w beg9n+ to be reveal$ to u4 7',annuaire'1 #ahcf1 p4 #bif47 ,! id5tity ( ! epo*s 0 recogniz$ ) a/oni%m5t4 ,! /ream :i* _h be5 se5 f ,jamaica to ,bo/on 7#dj degrees #ba' nor? latitude7 to trav]se ! :ole vault ( heav5 on ! #ab? & #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcc1 0 aga9 obs]v$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahcd1 on ! night betwe5 ! #ac? & #ad? ( ,novemb]1 al?\gh on ?is latt] occasion x %[$ itself ) some:at less int5sity4 ,9 ,europe ! p]iodicity ( ! ph5om5on has s9ce be5 manife/$ ) great regul>ity4 ,ano!r & a l regul>ly recurr+ ph5om5on is t notic$ 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 ! meteoric /ream ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 appe>+ betwe5 ! #i? & #ad? ( ,augu/4 ,mus*5brock199 z e>ly z 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 drew att5tion to ! frequ5cy ( meteors 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/' b _! c]ta9 p]iodic return ab\t ! "t ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce's day 0 fir/ %[n by ,quetelet1 ,olb]s1 & ,b5z5b]g4 footnote 99,comp>e ,mus*5broek1 ',introd4 ad ,phil4 ,nat4'1 #agfb1 t4 ii41 p4 #ajfa2 ,h[>d1 ',on ! ,climate ( ,london'1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bc1 obs]vations ( ! ye> #ahjf2 sev5 ye>s1 !re=e aftr ! e>lie/ obs]vations ( ,br&es 7,b5z5b]g1 'b] ,/]ns*nupp5'1 s4 #bdj-bdd72 ! ,augu/ obs]vations ( ,?omas ,=/]1 9 ,quetelet1 op4 cit41 p4 #dch-dec2 ^? ( ,adolph ,erman1 ,boguslawski1 & ,kreil1 9 ,s*um41 ',jahrb4'1 #ahch1 s4 #cag-ccj4 ,reg>d+ ! po9t ( orig9 9 ,p]seus1 on ! #aj? ( ,augu/1 #ahci1 see ! accurate measurem5ts ( ,bessel & ,erman 7,s*um41 ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 ,no4 #che und #dbh72 b on ! #aj? ( ,augu/1 #ahcg1 ! pa? does n app] to h be5 retrograde2 see ,arago 9 ',comptes ,r5dus'1 #ahcg1 t4 ii41 p4 #ahc4 ,we %all1 no d\bt1 9 "t1 discov] o!r p]iodically appe>+ /reams199 probably ab\t ! #bb;d to ! p4 #abf #be? ( ,april1 betwe5 ! #f? & #ab? ( ,decemb]1 &1 to judge by ! numb] ( true falls ( arolites enum]at$ by ,capocci1 also betwe5 ! #bg? & #bi? ( ,novemb]1 ( ab\t ! #ag? ( ,july4 footnote 99,on ! #be? ( ,april1 #ajie1 innum]able eyes 9 ,france saw />s fall+ f heav5 z ?ickly z hail 7'ut gr&o1 nisi luc]5t1 pro d5sitate put>etur'2 ,baldr41 p4 #hh71 & ?is occurr5ce 0 reg>d$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,cl]mont z indicative ( ! great movem5t 9 ,*ri/5dom4 7,wilk51 ',ges*4 d] ,kreuzzge'1 bd4 i41 s4 #ge47 ,on ! #be? ( ,april1 #ahjj1 a great fall ( />s 0 obs]v$ 9 ,virg9ia & ,massa*usetts2 x 0 a fire ( rockets t la/$ two h\rs4 ,arago 0 ! fir/ to call att5tion to ! tra9e d'a/]odes1 z a recurr+ ph5om5on4 7',annuaire'1 #ahcf1 p4 #big47 ,! falls ( arolites 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! mon? ( ,decemb] are also des]v+ ( notice4 ,9 ref]5ce to _! p]iodic recurr5ce z a meteoric /ream1 we may m5tion ! e>ly obs]vation ( ,br&es on ! night ( ! #f? & #g? ( ,decemb]1 #agih 7:5 he c\nt$ #bjjj fall+ />s71 & v probably ! enorm\s fall ( arolites t occurr$ at ! ,rio ,assu1 ne> ! village ( ,macao1 9 ! ,brazils1 on ! #aa? ( ,decemb]1 #ahcf4 7,br&es1 ',unt]halt4 fr ,freunde d] ,physik'1 #ahbe1 heft i41 s4 #fe1 & ',comptes ,r5dus'1 t4 v41 p4 #baa47 ,capocci1 9 ! int]val betwe5 #ahji & #ahci1 a space ( ?irty ye>s1 has discov]$ twelve au!nticat$ cases ( arolites occurr+ betwe5 ! #bg? & #bi? ( ,novemb]1 besides o!rs on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 ! #aj? ( ,augu/1 & ! #ag? ( ,july4 7',comptes ,r5dus'1 t4 xi41 p4 #ceg47 ,x is s+ul> t 9 ! portion ( ! ,e>?'s pa? correspond+ ) ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 & probably also ) ,m>*1 no 'p]iodic' /reams ( fall+ />s ( arolites h z yet be5 notic$2 al?\gh :5 9 ! ,s\? ,sea 9 ! ye> #ahjc1 ,i obs]v$ on ! #ae? ( ,m>* a rem>kably l>ge numb] ( fall+ />s1 & !y 7 se5 to fall z 9 a sw>m 9 ! city ( ,quito1 %ortly be=e ! t]rible e>?quake ( ,riobamba on ! #d? ( ,febru>y1 #agig4 ,f ! ph5om5a hi!rto obs]v$1 ! foll[+ epo*s seem especially wor?y ( rem>k3 #bb;d to ! #be? ( ,april4 #ag? ( ,july 7#ag? to ! #bf? ( ,july874 7,quet41 ',corr4'1 #ahcg1 p4 #dce47 #aj? ( ,augu/4 #ab? to ! #ad? ( ,novemb]4 #bg? to ! #bi? ( ,novemb]4 #f? to ! #ab? ( ,decemb]4 ,:5 we consid] t ! regions ( space mu/ be occupi$ by myriads ( comets1 we are l$ by analogy1 not)/&+ ! diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 isolat$ comets & r+s fill$ ) a/]oids1 to reg>d ! frequ5cy ( ^! meteoric /reams ) less a/oni%m5t ?an ! fir/ consid]ation ( ! ph5om5on w\ld be likely to excite4 ,al?\gh ! ph5om5a hi!rto obs]v$ appe> to h be5 indep5d5t ( ! di/ance f ! pole1 ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & o!r climatic relations1 !re is1 h[ev]1 "o p]haps accid5tally co9cid5t ph5om5on :i* mu/ n be :olly disreg>d$4 ,! ,nor!rn ,light1 ! ,aurora ,borealis1 0 unusually brilliant on ! occurr5ce ( ! ,borealis1 0 unusually brilliant on ! occurr5ce ( ! spl5did fall ( meteors ( ! #ab? & #ac? ,novemb]1 #ahcc1 describ$ by ,olm/$4 ,x 0 also obs]v$ at ,brem5 9 #ahch1 :]e ! p]iodic meteoric fall 01 h[ev]1 less rem>kable ?an at ,ri*mond1 ne> ,london4 ,i h m5tion$ 9 ano!r "w ! s+ul> fact obs]v$ by ,admiral ,wrangel1 & frequ5tly confirm$ to me by himself199 t :5 he p #abg 0 on ! ,sib]ian coa/ ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 he obs]v$1 dur+ an ,aurora ,borealis1 c]ta9 portions ( ! vault ( heav5 :i* 7 n illum9at$1 light up & cont9ue lum9\s :5ev] a %oot+ /> pass$ ov] !m4 footnote 99,f]d4 v4 ,wrangle1 ',reise lngs d] ,nordk/e von ,sibiri5 9 d5 ,jahr5'1 #ahbj-ahbd1 ?4 ii41 s4 #bei4 ,reg>d+ ! recurr5ce ( ! d5s] sw>m ( ! ,novemb] /ream aft] an int]val ( ?irty-?ree ye>s1 see ,olb]s1 9 ',jahrb4'1 #ahcg1 s4 #bhj4 ,i 0 in=m$ 9 ,cumana t %ortly be=e ! fe>ful e>?quake ( #agff1 & consequ5tly ?irty-?ree ye>s 7! same int]val7 be=e ! great fall ( />s on ! #aa? & #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #agii1 a simil> fi]y manife/ation _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,b x 0 on ! #ba/ ( ,octob]1 #agff1 & n 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 t ! e>?quake occurr$4 ,possibly "s travel] 9 ,quito may yet be able to asc]ta9 ! day on :i* ! volcano ( ,cayambe1 :i* is situat$ !re1 0 = ! space ( an h\r envelop$ 9 fall+ />s1 s t ! inhabitants endeavor$ to appease heav5 by religi\s processions4 7',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 *ap4 iv41 p #cjg2 *ap4 x41 p4 #ebj & #ebg47 ,! diff]5t meteoric /reams1 ea* ( :i* is compos$ ( myriads ( small cosmical bodies1 probably int]sect our ,e>?'s orbit 9 ! same mann] z ,biela's comet4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 we may repres5t to ourselves ^! a/]oid-meteors z compos+ a clos$ r+ or zone1 )9 :i* !y all pursue "o common orbit4 ,! s all] planets betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] pres5t u if we except ,pallas ) an analog\s relation 9 _! con/antly int]sect+ orbits4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 we h no c]ta9 k z to :e!r *anges 9 ! p]iods at :i* ! /ream becomes visible1 or ! 'ret>dations' ( ! ph5om5a ( :i* ,i h already spok51 indicate a regul> precession ( oscillation ( ! nodes -- t is to say1 ( ! po9ts ( int]section ( ! ,e>?'s orbit & ( t ( ! r+2 or :e!r ?is r+ or zone atta9s s consid]able a degree ( bread? f ! irregul> gr\p+ & di/ances ap>t ( ! small bodies1 t x requires sev]al days = ! ,e>? to trav]se x4 ,! sy/em ( ,saturn's satellites %[s u likewise a gr\p ( imm5se wid?1 compos$ ( mo/ intimately-connect$ cosmical bodies4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ! orbit ( ! out]mo/ 7! sev5?7 satellite has su* a va/ diamet]1 t ! ,e>?1 9 h] revolution r\nd ! ,sun1 requires ?ree days to trav]se an ext5t ( space equal to ?is diamet]4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 "o ( ^! r+s1 :i* we reg>d z ! orbit ( a p]iodical /ream1 ! a/]oids %\ld be s irregul>ly di/ribut$ z to consi/ ( b few gr\ps suffici5tly d5se to give rise to ^! ph5om5a1 we may easily und]/& :y we s seldom witness su* glori\s spectacles z ^? exhibit$ 9 ! ,novemb] mon?s ( #agii & #ahcc4 ,! acute m9d ( ,olb]s l$ him almo/ to pr$ict t ! next appe>ance ( ! ph5om5on ( %oot+ />s & fire-balls int]mix$1 fall+ l flakes ( sn[1 w\ld n recur until betwe5 ! #ab? & #ad? ( ,novemb]1 #ahfg4 p #abh ,! /ream ( ! ,novemb] a/]oids has occasionally only be5 visible 9 a small section ( ! ,e>?4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a v spl5did 'meteoric %[]' 0 se5 9 ,engl& 9 ! ye> #ahcg1 :ile a mo/ att5tive & skillful obs]v] at ,braunsb]g1 9 ,prussia only saw on ! same night1 :i* 0 !re un9t]rupt$ly cle>1 a few sporadic %oot+ />s fall betwe5 sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+ & sunrise ! next morn+4 ,bessel99 conclud$ f ?is t a d5se gr\p ( ! bodies compos+ ! great r+ may h rea*$ t "p ( ! ,e>? 9 :i* ,engl& is situat$1 :ile ! m ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,e>? might be pass+ at ! "t ?r\gh a "p ( ! meteoric r+ proportionally less d5sely /udd$ ) bodies4 footnote 99,f a lett] to myself1 dat$ ,jan4 #bd?1 #ahch4 ,! enorm\s sw>m ( fall+ />s 9 ,novemb]1 #agii1 0 almo/ exclusively se5 9 ,am]ica1 :]e x 0 witness$ f ,new ,h]rnhut 9 ,gre5l& to ! equator4 ,! sw>ms ( #ahca & #ahcb 7 visible only 9 ,europe1 & ^? ( #ahcc & #ahcd only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,if ! hypo!sis ( a regul> progression or oscillation ( ! nodes %\ld acquire great] weight1 special int]e/ w be atta*$ to ! inve/igation ( old] obs]vations4 ,! ,*9ese annals1 9 :i* great falls ( %oot+ />s1 z well z ! ph5om5a ( comets1 are record$1 g back beyond ! age ( ,tyrts1 or ! second ,mess5ian w>4 ,!y give a description ( two /reams 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 "o ( :i* is #fhg ye>s ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,edw>d ,biot has obs]v$ t among ! fifty-two ph5om5a :i* he has collect$ f ! ,*9ese annals1 ^? t 7 ( mo/ frequ5t recurr5ce are record$ at p]iods ne>ly correspond+ ) ! #bj? & #bb;d ( ,july1 ,o4,s41 & might consequ5tly be id5tical ) ! /ream ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce's day1 tak+ into acc\nt t x has advanc$ s9ce ! epo*s99 indicat$4 footnote 99,lettre de ,m4 ,ed\>d ,biot ,m4 ,quetelet1 sur les anci5nes app>itions d',etoiles ,filantes en ,*9e1 9 ! ',bull4 de l',acadmie de ,bruxelles'1 #ahdc1 t4 x41 ,no4 #g1 p4 #h4 ,on ! notice f ! ',*ronicon ,ecclesi ,prag5sis'1 see ! y\ng] ,boguslawski1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xlviii41 s4 #fab4 ,if ! fall ( %oot+ />s ( ! #ba/ ( ,octob]1 #acff1 ,o4,s4 7a notice ( :i* 0 f\nd by ! y\ng] ,von ,boguslawski1 9 ,b5essius de ,hor[ic's ',*ronicon ,ecclesi ,prag5sis'71 be id5tical ) our ,novemb] ph5om5on1 al?\gh ! occurr5ce 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 se5 9 broad daylight1 we f9d by ! precession 9 #dgg ye>s t ?is sy/em ( meteors1 or1 r1 its common c5t] ( gravity1 mu/ describe p #abi a retrograde orbit r\nd ! ,sun4 ,x also foll[s1 f ! views ?us develop$1 t ! non-appe>ance1 dur+ c]ta9 ye>s1 9 any portion ( ! ,e>?1 ( ! two /reams hi!rto obs]v$ 9 ,novemb] & ab\t ! "t ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce's day1 mu/ be ascrib$ ei!r to an int]ruption 9 ! meteoric r+1 t is to say1 to int]vals occurr+ betwe5 ! a/]oid gr\ps1 or1 accord+ to ,poisson to ! action ( ! l>g] planets99 on ! =m & position ( ?is annulus4 footnote 99,x appe>s t an app>5tly inexhau/ible numb] ( bodies1 too small to be obs]v$1 are mov+ 9 ! regions ( space1 ei!r ar\nd ! ,sun or ! planets1 or p]haps ev5 ar\nd _! satellites4 ,x is suppos$ t :5 ^! bodies come 9 contact ) our atmosph]e1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! velocity & t ( our planet is s great1 t ! friction :i* !y exp]i5ce f _! contact ) ! air heats !m to inc&esc5ce1 & sometimes causes _! explosion4 ,if ! gr\p ( fall+ />s =m an annulus ar\nd ! ,sun1 its velocity ( circulation may be v diff]5t f t ( our ,e>?2 & ! displacem5ts x may exp]i5ce 9 space1 9 consequ5ce ( ! actions ( ! v>i\s planets1 may r5d] ! ph5om5on ( its int]sect+ ! planes ( ! ecliptic possible at "s epo*s1 & altoge!r impossible at o!rs4 -- ,poisson1 ',re*]*es sur la ,probabilit des ,jugem5ts'1 p4 #cjf1 #cjg4 ,! solid masses :i* are obs]v$ by night to fall to ! e>? f fire-balls1 & by day g5]ally :5 ! sky is cle>1 f a c>k small cl\d1 are accompani$ by mu* c&esc5ce4 ,!y und5iably exhibit a great degree ( g5]al id5tity ) respect to _! ext]nal =m1 ! "* ( _! cru/1 & ! *emical composition ( _! pr9cipal con/itu5ts4 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( id5tity h be5 obs]v$ at all ! diff]5t epo*s & 9 ! mo/ v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>? 9 :i* ^! meteoric /ones h be5 f\nd4 ,?is /rik+ & e>ly-obs]v$ analogy ( physiognomy 9 ! d5s] meteoric masses is1 h[ev]1 met by _m exceptions reg>d+ individual po9ts4 ,:at diff]5ces1 = in/ance1 d we n f9d betwe5 ! malleable masses ( = in/ance1 d we n f9d betwe5 ! malleable masses ( iron ( ,hrades*9a 9 ! di/rict ( ,agram1 ^? f ! %ores ( ! ,sisim 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,j5iseisk1 r5d]$ s celebrat$ by ,pallas1 or ^? :i* ,i br\ght f ,mexico199 all ( :i* conta9 #if p] c5t4 ( iron1 f ! arolites ( ,si5a1 9 :i* ! iron sc>cely am\nts to #b p] c5t41 or ! e>?y arolite ( ,alais 79 ! ,dep>tm5t du ,g>d71 :i* broke up 9 wat]1 or1 la/ly1 f ^? ( ,jonzac & ,jav5as1 :i* conta9$ no metallic iron1 b pres5t$ a p #acj mixture ( oryctogno/ically di/9ct cry/all9e compoon5ts6 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',essai ,politique sur la ,n\v4 ,espagne' 7#b;de dit471 t4 iii4 p4 #caj4 ,^! diff]5ces h l$ m9]alogi/s to sep>ate ^! cosmical masses into two classes1 namely1 ^? conta9+ nickellif]\s meteoric iron1 & ^? consi/+ ( f9e or co>sely-granul> meteoric du/4 ,! cru/ or r9d ( arolites is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ^! bodies1 be+ only a few t5?s ( a l9e 9 ?ickness1 (t5 glossy & pit*-l1 & occasionally ve9$499 footnote 99,! peculi> color ( _! cru/ 0 obs]v$ ev5 z e>ly z 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y 7ii41 #ef & #eh73 colore adu/o4 ,! phrase lat]ibus pluisse seems also to ref] to ! burn$ out] surface ( arolites4 ,!re is only "o in/ance on record1 z f> z ,i am aw>e 7! arolite ( ,*antonnay1 9 ,la ,v5de71 9 :i* ! r9d 0 abs5t1 & ?is meteor1 l t ( ,juv5as1 pres5t$ likewise ! peculi>ity ( hav+ pores & vesicul> cavities4 ,9 all o!r cases ! black cru/ is divid$ f ! inn] light-gray mass by z %>ply-def9$ a l9e ( sep>ation z is ! black lead5-color$ inve/m5t ( ! :ite granit blocks99 :i* ,i br\ght f ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 & :i* are also associat$ ) _m o!r cat>acts1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( ! ,nile & ( ! ,congo ,riv]4 footnote 99 ,humb41 ',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 ii41 *ap xx41 p4 #bii-cjb4 ,! greate/ heat employ$ 9 our porcela9 ov5s w\ld be insuffici5t to produce any ?+ simil> to ! cru/ ( meteoric /ones1 ^: int]ior rema9s :olly un*ang$4 ,"h & !re1 facts h be5 obs]v$ :i* w\ld seem to indicate a fusion toge!r ( ! meteoric fragm5ts2 b1 9 g5]al1 ! "* ( ! aggregate mass1 ! abs5ce ( compression by ! fall1 & ! inconsid]able degree ( heat possess$ by ^! bodies :5 !y rea* ! e>?1 are all oppos$ to ! hypo!sis ( ! int]ior be+ 9 a /ate ( fusion dur+ _! %ort passage f ! b\nd>y ( ! atmosph]e to our ,e>?4 ,! *emical elem5ts ( :i* ^! meteoric masses consi/1 & on :i* ,b]zelius has ?r[n s mu* light1 are ! same z ^? di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! e>?'s cru/1 & are fifte5 9 numb]1 namely1 iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 manganese1 *romium1 copp]1 ars5ic1 z9c1 pota%1 soda1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 & c>bon1 con/itut+ altoge!r ne>ly "o ?ird ( all ! kn[n simple bodies4 ,not)/&+ ?is simil>ity ) ! prim>y elem5ts into :i* inorganic bodies are *emically r$ucible1 ! aspect ( arolites1 ow+ to ! mode 9 :i* _! con/itu5t p>ts are comp\nd$1 pres5ts1 g5]ally1 "s features =eign to our telluric rocks & m9]als4 ,! pure native iron1 :i* is almo/ always p #aca f\nd incorporat$ ) arolites1 imp>ts to !m a peculi>1 b n consequ5tly1 a 'sel5ic' "*2 = 9 o!r regions ( space1 & 9 o!r cosmical bodies besides our ,moon1 wat] may be :olly abs5t1 & processes ( oxydation ( r>e occur5ce4 ,cosmical gelat9\s vesicles1 simil> to ! organic 'no/oc' 7masses :i* h be5 suppos$ s9ce ! ,middle ,ages to be connect$ ) %oot+ />s71 & ^? pyrites ( ,/]litamak1 we/ ( ! ,uralian ,m\nta9s1 :i* are said to h con/itut$ ! int]ior ( hail/ones199 mu/ bo? be class$ among ! my?ical fables ( meteorology4 footnote 99,gu/av ,rose1 ',reise na* dem ,ural'1 bd4 ,,ii41 s4 #bjb4 ,"s few arolites1 z ^? compos$ ( a f9ely granul> tissue ( oliv9e1 augite1 & labradorite bl5d$ toge!r99 7z ! meteoric /one f\nd at ,juv5as1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t de l',ard*e1 :i* resembl$ dolorite71 are ! only ones1 z ,gu/av ,rose has rem>k$1 :i* h a m famili> aspect4 footnote 99,gu/av ,rose1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',ann4'1 #ahbe1 bd4 iv41 x4 #agc-aib4 ,rammelsb]g1 ',er/es ,suppl4 zum *em4 ,h&wrt]bu*e d] ,m9]alogie'1 #ahdc1 s4 #ajb4 ,x is1 says ! cle>-m9d$ obs]v] ,olb]s1 a rem>kable b hi!rto unreg>d$ fact1 t :ile %ells are f\nd 9 second>y & t]ti>y =mations1 no 'fossil meteoric /ones' h z yet be5 discov]$4 ,may we conclude f ?is circum/ance t previ\s to ! pres5t & la/ modification ( ! e>?'s surface no meteoric /ones fell on x1 al?\gh at ! pres5t "t x appe>s probable1 f ! rese>*es ( ,s*reib]s1 t #gjj fall annually8 7,olb]s1 9 ,s*um41 ',jahrb4'1 #ahch1 s4 #cbi47 ,problematical nickellif]\s masses ( native iron h be5 f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,asia 7at ! gold-wa%+ e/abli%m5t at ,petropawl[sk1 eighty miles s\!a/ ( ,kusnezk71 imb$d$ ?irty-"o feet 9 ! gr\nd1 & m rec5tly 9 ! ,we/]n ,c>pa?ians 7! m\nta9 *a9 ( ,magura1 at ,szlanicz71 bo? ( :i* are rem>kably l meteoric /ones4 ,comp>t ,erman1 ',ar*iv fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kunde von ,russl&'1 bd4 i41 s4 #cae1 & ,haid+]1 ',b]i*t b] ,szlanicz] ,s*rfe 9 ,ung>n4' ,^! bodiesconta91 = in/ance1 cry/all9e sub/ances1 p]fectly simil> to ^? ( our e>?'s cru/2 & 9 ! ,sib]ian mass ( meteoric iron inve/igat$ by ,pallas1 ! oliv9e only diff]s f common oliv9e by ! abs5ce ( nickel1 :i* is replac$ by ! oxyd ( t9499 footnote 99,b]zelius1 ',jahresb]4'1 bd4 xv41 s4 #bag und #bca4 ,rammelsb]g1 ',h&wrt]b41 ab?4 ii41 s4 #be-bh4 ,z meteoric oliv9e1 l our basalt1 conta9s f #dg to #di p] c5t4 ( magnesia1 con/itut+1 accord+ to ,b]zelius1 almo/ ! half ( ! e>?y compon5ts ( meteoric /ones1 we c n be surpris$ at ! great quantity ( silicate ( magnesia f\nd 9 ^! cosmical bodies4 ,if ! zrolite ( ,juv5as conta9 sep>able cry/als ( augite & labradorite1 ! num]ical relation ( ! con/itu5ts p #acb r5d] x at lea/ probable t ! meteoric masses ( ,*ateau-,r5>d may be a comp\nd ( diorite1 consi/+ ( hornbl5de & albite1 & ^? ( ,blansko & ,*antonnay comp\nds ( hornbl5de & labradorite4 ,! pro(s ( ! telluric & atmosph]ic orig9 ( a,uerolites1 :i* x is attempt$ to base ^u ! oryctogno/ic analogies pres5t$ by ^! bodies1 d n appe> to me to possess any great weight4 ,recall+ to m9d ! rem>kable int]view betwe5 ,newton & ,conduit at ,k5s+ton199 ,i w\ld ask :y ! elem5t>y sub/ances t compose "o gr\p ( cosmical bodies1 or "o planet>y sy/em1 may n1 9 a great measure1 be id5tical8 footnote 99 ,sir ,isaac ,newton said he took all ! planets to be compos$ ( ! same matt] ) ! ,e>?1 viz41 e>?1 wat]1 & /one1 b v>i\sly connect$4 -- ,turn]1 ',collections = ! ,hi/ory ( ,gran?am1 conta9+ au!ntic ,memoirs ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton'1 p4 #agb4 ,:y %\ld we n adopt ?is view1 s9ce we may conjecture t ^! planet>y bodies1 l all ! l>g] or small] agglom]at$ masses revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 h be5 ?r[n (f f ! once f> m exp&$ sol> atmosph]e1 & be5 =m$ f vapor\s r9tgs describ+ _! orbits r\nd ! c5tral body8 ,we are n1 x appe>s to me1 m ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ ! t]m telluric to ! nickel & iron1 ! oliv9e & pyrox5e 7augite71 f\nd 9 meteoric /ones1 ?an 9 indicat+ ! ,g]man plants :i* ,i f\nd beyond ! ,obi z ,european species ( ! flora ( ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,if ! elem5t>y sub/ances compos+ a gr\p ( cosmical bodies ( diff]5t magnitudes be id5tical1 :y %\ld !y n likewise1 9 obey+ ! laws ( mutual attraction1 bl5d toge!r "u def9ite relations ( mixture1 compos+ ! :ite glittr+ sn[ & ice 9 ! pol> zones ( ! planet ,m>s1 or con/itut+ 9 ! small] cosmical masses m9]al bodies inclos+ cry/als ( oliv9e1 augite1 & labradorite8 ,ev5 9 ! doma9 ( pure conjecture we %\ld n suff] ourselves to be l$ away by unphilosophical & arbitr>y views devoid ( ! support ( inductive reason+4 ,rem>kable obscurations ( ! sun's disk1 dur+ :i* ! />s h be5 se5 at mid-day 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! obscuration ( #aedg1 :i* cont9u$ = ?ree days1 & occurr$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ev5tful battle ( ,mhlb]g71 c n be expla9$ z aris+ f volcanic a%es or mi/s1 & 7 reg>d$ by ,kepl] z ow+ ei!r to a 'mat]ia cometica'1 or to a black cl\d =m$ by ! sooty exhalations ( ! sol> body4 ,! %ort] obscurations ( #ajij & #abjc1 :i* cont9u$1 ! "o only ?ree1 & ! o!r six p #acc h\rs1 7 suppos$ by ,*ladni & ,s*nurr] to be occasion$ by ! passage ( meteoric masses be=e ! sun's disk4 ,s9ce ! p]iod t /reams ( meteoric %oot+ />s 7 fir/ consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! direction ( _! orbit z a clos$ r+1 ! epo*s ( ^! my/]i\s cele/ial ph5om5a h be5 obs]v$ to pres5t a rem>kable connection ) ! regul> recurr5ce ( sw>ms ( %oot+ />s ,adolph ,erman has ev9c$ great acut5ess ( m9d 9 8 accurate inve/igation ( ! facts hi!rto obs]v$ on ?is subject1 & 8 rese>*es h enabl$ him to discov] ! connection ( ! sun's conjunction ) ! ,augu/ a/]oids on ! #g? ( ,febru>y1 & ) ! ,novemb] a/]oids on ! #ab? ( ,may1 ! latt] p]iod correspond+ ) ! days ( ,/4 ,mam]t 7,may #aa?71 ,/4 ,pancras 7,may #ab?71 & ,/4 ,s]vatius 7,may #ac?71 :i* accord+ to popul> belief1 7 acc\nt$ cold days499 footnote ,adolph ,erman1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 #ahci1 bd4 xlviii41 s4 #ehb-fja4 ,biot _h previ\sly ?r[n d\bt reg>d+ ! probability ( ! ,novemb] /ream reappe>+ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may 7',comptes ,r5dus'1 #ahcf1 t4 ii41 p4 #fgj74 ,mdl] has exam9$ ! mean depression ( temp]ature on ! ?ree ill-nam$ days ( ,may by ,b]l9 obs]vations = eighty-six ye>s 7',v]h&l4 des ,v]e9s zur ,b$frd1 des ,g>t5baues'1 #ahcd1 s4 #cgg71 & f\nd a retrogression ( temp]ature am\nt+ to #b4b degrees ,fahr4 f ! #aa? to ! #ac? ( ,may1 a p]iod at :i* ne>ly ! mo/ rapid advance ( heat takes place4 ,x is mu* to be desir$ t ?is ph5om5on ( depress$ temp]ature1 :i* "s h felt incl9$ to attribute to ! melt+ ( ! ice 9 ! nor!a/ ( ,europe1 %\ld be also inve/igat$ 9 v remote spots1 z 9 ,am]ica1 or 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 7,comp4 ',bull4 de l',acad4 ,imp4 de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg'1 #ahdc1 t4 i41 ,no4 #d47 ,! ,greek natural philosoph]s1 :o 7 b little dispos$ to pursue obs]vations1 b ev9c$ inexhau/ible f]gility ( imag9ation 9 giv+ ! mo/ v>i\s int]pretation ( half-p]ceiv$ facts1 h1 h[ev]1 left "s hypo!ses reg>d+ %oot+ />s & meteoric /ones :i* /rik+ly accord ) ! views n[ almo/ univ]sally admitt$ ( ! cosmical process ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,fall+ />s1 says ,plut>*1 9 8 life ( ,lys&]199 are1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( "s physici/s1 n eruptions ( ! e!real fire ext+ui%$ 9 ! air imm$iately aft] its ignition1 nor yet an inflammatory combu/ion ( ! air1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! upp] regions ( space1 b ^! meteors are r a fall ( cele/ial bodies1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 int]mission 9 ! rotatory =ce1 & by ! impulse ( "s irregul> movem5ts1 h be5 hurl$ d[n n only to ! inhabit$ portions ( ! ,e>?1 b also beyond x into ! great ocean1 :]e we c n f9d !m4 footnote 99,plut41 ',vit p>1 9 ,lys&ro'1 cap4 #bb4 ,! /atem5t ( ,dama*os 7,dama*os71 t = sev5ty days cont9u\sly !re 0 a fi]y cl\d se5 9 ! sky1 emitt+ sp>ks l fall+ />s1 & :i* !n1 s9k+ ne>] to ! e>?1 let fall ! /one ( gos ,potamos1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 only a small "p ( x1 is extremely improbable1 s9ce ! direction & velocity ( ! fire-cl\d w\ld 9 t case ( necessity h to rema9 = s _m days ! same z ^? ( ! e>?2 & ?is1 9 ! fire-ball ( ! #ai? ( ,july1 #afhf1 describ$ by ,halley 7',trans4'1 vol4 xxix41 p4 #afc71 la/$ only a few m9utes4 ,x is n altoge!r c]ta9 :e!r ,dama*os1 ! writ]1 ,greek words1 0 ! same p]son z ,dama*os ( ,plata1 :o 0 s5t by ,sel5cus to ,india to ! son ( ,&rocottos1 & :o ws *>g$ by ,/rabo ) be+ a speak] ( lies 7p4 #gj1 ,casaub474 ,f ano!r passage ( ,plut>* 7',comp>4 ,solonis c4 ,cop4'1 cap4 #e7 we %\ld almo/ believe t he 04 ,at all ev5ts1 we h "h only ! evid5ce ( a v late au?or1 :o wrote a c5tury & a half aft] ! fall ( arolites occurr$ 9 ,?race1 & ^: au!nticity is also d\bt$ by ,plut>*4 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia99 expresses himself /ill m explicitly4 footnote 99,/ob41 ed4 ,he]51 i41 #be1 p4 #ejh2 ,plut41 'de plac4 ,philos4'1 ii41 #ac4 ,accord+ to 8 views1 ,/>s t are 'invisible'1 &1 consequ5tly1 h no "n1 move 9 space toge!r ) ^? t are visible4 ,^! invisible />s frequ5tly fall burn+ at gos ,potamos4 ,! ,apollonian1 :o held all o!r /ell> bodies1 :5 lum9\s1 to be ( a pumice-l nature1 probably gr\nd$ 8 op9ions reg>d+ %oot+ />s & meteoric masses on ! doctr9e ( ,anaxagoras ! ,clazom5ian1 :o reg>d$ all ! bodies 9 ! univ]se z fragm5ts ( rocks1 :i* ! fi]y e!r1 9 ! =ce ( its gyratory motion1 _h torn f ! ,e>? & conv]t$ into />s4 ,9 ! ,ionian s*ool1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! te/imony transmitt$ to u 9 ! views ( ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 arolites & />s 7 rang$ 9 "o & ! same class2 bo?1 :5 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to _! prim>y orig91 be+ equally telluric1 ?is be+ und]/ood only s f> z ! ,e>? 0 !n reg>d$ z a c5tral body199 p #ace =m+ all ?+s ar\nd x 9 ! same mann] 0 we1 accord+ to our pres5t views1 suppose ! planets ( our sy/em to h orig9at$ 9 ! exp&$ atmosph]e ( ano!r c5tral body1 ! ,sun4 footnote 99,! rem>kable passage 9 ,plut41 'de plac4 ,philos4'1 ii41 #ac1 runs ?us3 ,anaxagoras tea*es t ! surr\nd+ e!r is a fiety sub/ance1 :i*1 by ! p[] ( its rotation1 te>s rocks f ! e>?1 inflames !m1 & conv]ts !m into />s4 ,apply+ an anci5t fable to illu/rate a physical dogma1 ! ,clazom5ian appe>s to h ascrib$ ! fall ( ! ,neman ,lion to ! ,peloponnesus f ! ,moon to su* a rotatory or c5trifugal =ce4 7lian41 xii41 #g2 ,plut41 'de ,facie 9 ,orge ,lun' c4 #bd2 ,s*ol4 ex ,cod4 ,p>is41 9 ',apoll4 ,argon4'1 lib4 i41 p4 #dih1 ed4 ,s*aef41 t4 ii41 p4 #dj2 ,me9eke1 ',annal4 ,alex4'1 #ahdc1 p4 #he47 ,"h1 in/ead ( /ones f ! ,moon1 we h an animal f ! ,moon6 ,accord+ to an acute rem>k ( ,bckh1 ! anci5t my?ology ( ! ,neman lun> lion has an a/ronomical orig91 & is symbolically connect$ 9 *ronology ) ! cycle ( int]calation ( ! lun> ye>1 ) ! moon-wor%ip at ,nema1 & ! games by :i* x 0 accompani$4 ,^! views mu/ n1 !re=e1 be conf\nd$ ) :at is commonly t]m$ ! telluric or atmosph]ic orig9 ( meteoric /ones1 nor yet ) ! s+ul> op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 :i* suppos$ ! enorm\s mass ( gos ,potamos to h be5 rais$ by a hurricane4 ,t rrogant _s ( incr$ulity1 :i* rejects facts )\t attempt+ to inve/igate !m1 is 9 "s cases almo/ m injuri\s ?an an unque/ion+ cr$ulity4 ,bo? are alike detrim5tal to ! =ce ( inve/igation4 ,not)/&+ t = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ! annals ( diff]5t nations _h record$ falls ( meteoric /ones1 _m ( :i* _h be5 atte/$ beyond all d\bt by ! evid5ce ( irreproa*able eye-witnesses -- not)/&+ ! important "p enact$ by ! ,btylia 9 ! meteor-wor%ip ( ! anci5ts -- not)/&+ ! fact ( ! companions ( ,cortez hav+ see an arolite at ,*olula :i* _h fall5 on ! neighbor+ pyramid -- not)/&+ t califs & ,mongolian *iefs _h caus$ swords to be =g$ f rec5tly-fall5 meteoric /ones -- nay1 not)/&+ t sev]al p]sons _h be5 /ruck dead by /ones fall+ f heav51 z = in/ance1 a monk at ,crema on ! #d? ( ,septemb]1 #aeaa1 ano!r monk at ,milan 9 #afej1 & two ,sw$i% sailors on bo>d %ip 9 #afgd1 yet ?is great cosmical ph5om5on rema9$ almo/ :olly unhe$$1 & its intimate connection drawn to ! subject by ,*ladni1 :o _h already ga9$ immortal r5[n by 8 discov]y ( ! s\nd-figures4 ,he :o is p5etrat$ ) a s5se ( ?is my/]i\s connection1 & ^: m9d is op5 to deep impressions ( nature1 w feel himself mov$ by ! deepe/ & mo/ solemn emotion at ! sight ( e /> t %oots across ! vault ( heav51 no less ?an at ! glori\s spectacle ( meteoric sw>ms 9 ! ,novemb] ph5om5on or on ,/4 ,lawr5ce's day4 ,"h motion is sudd5ly reveal$ 9 ! mid/ ( nocturnal re/4 ,! /ill radiance ( ! vault ( heav5 is = a mom5t animat$ ) life & movem5t4 ,9 ! mild radiance left on ! track ( ! %oot+ />1 imag9ation pictures ! l5g!n$ pa? ( ! meteor ?r\gh ! vault ( heav51 p #acf :ile1 e :]e ar\nd1 ! lum9\s a/]oids proclaim ! exi/5ce ( "o common mat]ial univ]se4 ,if we comp>e ! volume ( ! inn]mo/ ( ,saturn's satellites1 or t ( ,c]es1 ) ! imm5se volume ( ! ,sun1 all relations ( magnitude vani% f our m9ds4 ,! ext9ction ( sudd5ly respl5d5t />s 9 ,cassiopeia1 ,cygnus1 & ,s]p5t>ius h already l$ to ! assumption ( o!r & non-lum9\s cosmical bodies4 ,we n[ "k t ! meteoric a/]oids1 sph]ically agglom]at$ into small masses1 revolve r\nd ! ,sun1 int]sect1 l comets1 ! orbits ( ! lum9\s l>g] planets1 & become ignit$ ei!r 9 ! vic9ity ( our atmosph]e or 9 its upp] /rata4 ,! only m$ia by :i* we are br\ght 9 connection ) o!r planet>y bodies1 & ) all portions ( ! univ]se beyond our atmosph]e1 are light & heat 7! latt] ( :i* c sc>cely be sep>at$ f ! =m]7199 & ^? my/]i\s p[]s ( attraction ex]cis$ by remote masses1 accord+ to ! quantity ( _! con/itu5ts1 ^u our globe1 ! ocean1 & ! /rata ( our atmosph]e4 footnote' 99,! foll[+ rem>kable passage on ! radiation ( heat f ! fix$ />s1 & on _! l[ combu/ion & vitality -- "o ( ,kepl]'s _m aspirations -- occurs 9 ! ',p>alipom4 9 ,vitell4 ,a/ron4 pars,opticqa'1 #afjd1 ,propos4 xxxii41 p4 #be3 ,luciis proprium e/ calor1 syd]a omnia calefaciunt4 ,de syd]um luce cl>itatis ratio te/atur1 calorem univ]sorum 9 m9ori esse proportione ad calorem unius solis1 quam ut ab hom9e1 cujus e/ c]ta caloris m5sura1 utrque simul p]cipi et judic>i possit4 ,de c9c9dul>um lucula t5uissima neg>e non potes1 qu9 cum calore sit4 ,vivunt enim et mov5tur1 hoc aut5 non s9e calefactione p]ficitur4 ,sic neque putresc5tium lignorum lux sui calore de/ituitur2 nam ipsa puetr$o quidam l5tus ignis e/4 ,ine/ et /irpibus suus calor4 7,comp>e ,kepl]1 ',epit4 ,a/ron4 ,cop]nican'1 #afah1 t4 i41 lib4 i41 p4 #ce47 ,ano!r & diff]5t k9d ( cosmical1 or1 r1 mat]ial mode ( contact is1 h[ev]1 op5$ to u1 if we admit fall+ />s & meteoric /ones to be planet>y a/]oids4 ,!y n only act ^u u m]ely f a di/ance by ! excitem5t ( lum9\s or calorific vibrations1 or 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( mutual attraction1 b !y acquire an actual mat]ial exi/5ce = u1 rea*+ our atmosph]e f ! remot] regions ( univ]sal space1 & rema9+ on ! e>? itself4 ,meteoric /ones are ! only means by :i* we c be br\ght 9 possible contact ) t :i* is =eign to our own planet4 ,accu/om$ to ga9 our k ( :at is n telluric solely ?r\gh measurem5t1 calculations1 & ! d$uctions ( reason1 we exp]i5ce a s5tim5t ( a/oni%m5t at f9d+ t we may exam9e1 weigh1 & analyze bodies t app]ta9 p #acg to ! out] _w4 ,?is awak5s1 by ! p[] ( ! imag9ation1 a m$itative1 spiritual tra9 ( ?\ght1 :]e ! untutor$ m9d p]ceives only sc9tillations ( light 9 ! firmam5t1 & sees 9 ! black5$ /one t falls f ! explod$ cl\d no?+ beyond ! r\gh product ( a p[]ful natural =ce4 ,al?\gh ! a/]oid-sw>ms1 on :i* we h be5 l$1 f special pr$ilection1 to dwell some:at at l5g?1 approximate to a c]ta9 degree1 9 _! inconsid]able mass & ! div]sity ( _! orbits1 to comets1 !y pres5t ?is ess5tial diff]5ce f ! latt] bodies1 t our k ( _! exi/5ce is almo/ entirely limit$ to ! mom5t ( _! de/ruction1 t is1 to ! p]iod :51 drawn )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,e>?'s attraction !y become lum9\s & ignite4 ,9 ord] to complete our view ( all t we h le>n$ to consid] z app]ta9+ to our sol> sy/em1 :i* n[1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ! small planets1 ( ! int]ior comets ( %ort revolutions1 & ( ! meteoric a/]oids1 is s ri* & complicat$ 9 its =m1 x rema9s = u to speak ( ! r+ ( ,zodiacal light1 to :i* we h already allud$4 ,^? :o h liv$ = _m ye>s 9 ! zone ( palms mu/ reta9 a pleas+ impression ( ! mild radiance ) :i* ! zodiacal light1 %oot+ pyramidally upw>d1 illum9es a "p ( ! uni=m l5g? ( tropical nights4 ,i h se5 x %9e ) an int5sity ( light equal to ! milky way 9 ,sagitt>ius1 & t n only 9 ! r>e & dry atmosph]e ( ! summits ( ! ,&es1 at an elevation ( f ?irte5 to fifte5 ?\s& feet1 b ev5 on ! b\ndless grassy pla9s1 ! ,illanos ( ,v5ezuela1 & on ! sea-%ore1 b5ea? ! ev]-cle> sky ( ,cumana4 ,?is ph5om5on 0 (t5 r5d]$ especially beautiful by ! passage ( light1 fleecy cl\ds1 :i* /ood out 9 picturesque & bold relief f ! lum9\s back-gr\nd4 ,a notice ( ?is arial spectacle is conta9$ 9 a passage 9 my j\rnal1 :ile ,i 0 on ! voyage f ,lima to ! we/]n coa/s ( ,mexico3 ,= ?ree or f\r nights 7betwe5 #aj;degrees & #ad;degrees nor? latitude7 ! zodiacal light has appe>$ 9 great] spl5dor ?an ,i h ev] obs]v$ x4 ,! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e mu/ be rem>kably great 9 ?is "p ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 to judge by ! radiance ( ! />s & nebul\s spots4 ,f ! #ad? to ! #ai? ( ,m>* a regul> int]val ( ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r occurr$ betwe5 ! disappe>ance ( ! sun's disk 9 ! ocean & ! fir/ manife/ation ( ! zodiacal p #ach light1 al?\gh ! night 0 already p]fectly d>k4 an h\r aft] sunset x 0 se5 9 great briliancy betwe5 ,aldeb>an & ! ,pleiades2 & on ! #ah? ( ,m>* x atta9$ an altitude ( #ci;degrees#e'm9utes4 ,n>r[ elongat$ cl\ds are scatt]$ ov] ! beautiful deep azure ( ! di/ant horizon1 flitt+ pa/ ! zodiacal light z be=e a gold5 curta94 ,above ^!1 o!r cl\ds are f "t to "t reflect+ ! mo/ brightly v>iegat$ colors4 ,x seems a second sunset4 ,on ?is side ( ! vault ( heav5 ! lightness ( ! night appe>s to increase almo/ z mu* z at ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! moon4 ,t[>d #aj o'clock ! zodiacal light g5]ally becomes v fa9t 9 ?is "p ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 & at midnight ,i h sc>cely be5 able to trace a ve/ige ( x4 ,on ! #af? ( ,m>*1 :5 mo/ /rongly lum9\s a fa9t reflection 0 visible 9 ! ea/4 ,9 our gloomy s-call$ temp]ate nor!rn zone1 ! zodiacal light is only di/9ctly visible 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,spr+1 aft] ! ev5+ twilight1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! sky1 & at ! close ( ,autumn1 be=e ! dawn ( day1 above ! ea/]n horizon4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ s /rik+ a natural ph5om5on %\ld h fail$ to attract ! att5tion ( physici/s & a/ronom]s until ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 or h[ x c\ld h escap$ ! obs]vation ( ! ,atabian natural philosoph]s 9 anci5t ,bactria1 on ! euphrates1 & 9 ! s\? ( ,spa94 ,almo/ equal surprise is excit$ by ! t>d9ess ( obs]vation ( ! nebul\s spots 9 ,&rom$a & ,orion1 fir/ describ$ by ,simon ,m>ius & ,huyg5s4 ,! e>lie/ explicit descriptions ( ! zodiacal light occurs 9 ,*ildrey's ',britannia ,baconica'199 9 ! ye> #affa4 p #aci footnote 99,!re is ano!r ?+ :i* ,i recomm5d to ! obs]vation ( ma!matical m51 :i* is t 9 ,febru>y1 & = a little be=e & a little aft] t mon? 7z ,i h obs]v$ sev]al ye>s toge!r71 ab\t six 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! twilight ha? almo/ des]t$ ! horizon1 y %all see a pla9ly disc]nible way ( ! twilight /rik+ up t[>d ! ,pleiades1 & seem+ almo/ to t\* !m4 ,x is s obs]v$ any cle> night1 b x is be/ illac nocte4 ,!re is no su* way to be obs]v$ at any o!r "t ( ! ye> 7t ,i c p]ceive71 nor any o!r way at t "t to be p]ceiv$ d>t+ up else:]e2 & ,i believe x ha? be51 & w be con/antly visible at t "t ( ! ye>2 b :at ! cause ( x 9 nature %\ld be1 ,i c n yet imag9e1 b leave x to future inquiry4 7,*ildrey1 ',britannia ,baconica'1 #affa1 p4 #ahc47 ,?is is ! fir/ view & a simple description ( ! ph5om5on4 7,cass9i1 ',dc\v]te de la ,lumi dfd le/e qui p>ot dans le ,zodiaque'1 9 ! ',mm4 de l',acad4'1 t4 viii41 #agcj1 p #bgf4 ,mairan1 ',trait,phys de l',aurore ,borale'1 #aged1 #j4 #af47 ,9 ?is rem>kable "w by ,*ildrey !re are to be f\nd 7p4 #ia7 v cle> acc\nts ( ! epo*s ( maxima & m9ima diurnal & annual temp]atures1 & ( ! ret>dation ( ! extremes ( ! effects 9 meteorological processes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be regrett$ t our ,baconian-philosophy-lov+ au?or1 :o 0 ,"l ,h5ry ,som]set's *apla91 fell into ! same error z ,b]n>d9 de ,/4 ,pi]re1 & reg>d$ ! ,e>? z elongat$ at ! poles 7see p4 #adh74 ,at ! fir/ he believes t ! ,e>? 0 sph]ical1 b supposes t ! un9t]rupt$ & increas+ addition ( lay]s ( ice at bo? poles has *ang$ its figure2 & t z ! ice is =m$ f wat]1 ! quantity ( t liquid is e :]e dim9i%+4 ,! fir/ obs]vation ( ! ph5om5on may h be5 made two or ?ree ye>s prior to ?is p]iod2 b1 not)/&+1 ! m]it ( hav+ 79 ! spr+ ( #afhc7 be5 ! fir/ to inve/igate ! ph5om5on 9 all its relations 9 space is inconte/ably due to ,dom9icus ,cass9i4 ,! light :i* he saw at ,bologna 9 #affh1 & :i* 0 obs]v$ at ! same "t 9 ,p]sia by ! celebrat$ travel] ,*>d9 7! c\rt a/rolog]s ( ,ispahan call$ ?is light1 :i* _h nev] be=e be5 obs]v$1 'nyzek'1 a small lance71 0 n ! zodiacal light1 z has (t5 be5 ass]t$199 b ! p #adj enorm\s tail ( a comet1 ^: head 0 conceal$ 9 ! vapory mi/ ( ! horizon1 & :i*1 f its l5g? & appe>ance1 pres5t$ mu* simil>ity to ! great comet ( #ahdc4 footnote 99,dom9icus ,cass9i 7',mm4 de l',acad4'1 t4 viii41 #agcj1 p4 #ahh71 & ,mairan 7',aurore ,bor4'1 p4 #af71 h ev5 ma9ta9$ t ! ph5om5on obs]v$ 9 ,p]sia 9 #affh 0 ! zodiacal light4 ,delambre 7',hi/4 de l',a/ron4 ,mod]ne'1 t4 ii41 p4 #gdb71 9 v decid$ trms ascribes ! discov]y ( ?is light to ! celebrat$ travel] ,*>d92 b 9 ! ',c\ronnem5t de ,soliman'1 & 9 sev]al passages ( ! n>rative ( 8 travels 7d4 de ,langls4 t4 iv41 p4 #cbf2 t4 x41 p4 #ig71 he only applies ! t]m niaz\k 7nyzek71 or petite lance1 to ! great & fam\s comet :i* appe>$ ov] ne>ly ! :ole _w 9 #affh1 & ^: head 0 s hidd5 9 ! wew/ t x c\ld n be p]ceiv$ 9 ! horizon ( ,ispahan 7',atlas du ,voyage de ,*>d9'1 ,tab4 iv42 f ! obs]vations at ,s*iraz74 ,! head or nucleus ( ! comet 01 h[ev]1 visible 9 ! ,brazils & 9 ,india 7,p+r1 ',comtogr4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #bb74 ,reg>d+ ! conjectur$ id5tity ( ! la/ great comet ( ,m>*1 #ahdc1 ) ?is1 :i* ,cass9i mi/ook = ! zodiacal light1 see ,s*um41 ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 #ahdc1 ,no4 #dgf & #dhj4 ,9 ,p]sian1 ! t]m nizehi tes*n7fi]y spe>s or lances7 is also appli$ to ! rays ( ! ris+ or sett+ sun1 9 ! same way z nayzik1 accord+ to ,freytag's ,arabic ,lexicon1 signifies /ell cad5tes4 ,! comp>ison ( comets to lances & swords 01 h[ev]1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 v common 9 all languages4 ,! great comet ( #aejj1 :i* 0 visible f ,april to ,june1 0 always t]m$ by ! ,italian writ]s ( t "t 'il ,signor ,a/one' 7see my ',exam5 ,critique de l',hi/4 de la ,gographie'1 t4 v41 p4 #hj74 ,all ! hypo!ses t h be5 advanc$ to %[ t ,desc>tes 7,cass9i1 p4 #bcj2 ,mairan1 p4 #af71 & ev5 ,kepl] 7,delambre1 t4 i41 p4 #fja71 7 acqua9t$ ) ! zodiacal light1 appe> to me altoge!r unt5able4 ,desc>tes 7',pr9cipes'1 iii41 art4 #acf1 #acg7 is v obscure 9 8 rem>ks on comets1 obs]v+ t _! tails are =m$ by oblique rays1 :i*1 fall+ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! planet>y orbs1 /rike ! eye lat]ally by extraord9>y refraction1 & t !y might be se5 morn+ & ev5+1 l a long beam1 :5 ! ,sun is betwe5 ! comet & ! ,e>?4 ,?is passage no m ref]s to ! zodiacal light ?an ^? 9 :i* ,kepl] 7',epit4 ,a/ron4 ,cop]nican'1 t4 i41 p4 #eg1 & t4 ii41 p4 #hic7 speaks ( ! exi/5ce ( a sol> atmosph]e 7limbus circa solem1 coma lucida71 :i*1 9 eclipses ( ! ,sun1 prev5ts x f be+ q night3 & ev5 m unc]ta91 or inde$ errone\s1 is ! assumption t ! trabes quas ,greek ^w vocant 7,pl941 ii41 #bf & #bg7 _h ref]5ce to ! tongue-%ap$ ris+ zodiacal light1 z ,cass9i 7p4 #bca1 art4 xxxi47 & ,mairan 7p4 #ae7 h ma9ta9$4 ,e :]e among ! anci5ts ! trabes are associat$ ) ! bolides 7ardores et faces7 & o!r fi]y meteors1 & ev5 ) long-b>b$ comets4 7,reg>d+ ,greek words 4 see ,s*f]1 ',s*ol4 ,p>4 ad ,apoll4 ,rhod4'1 #ahac1 t4 ii41 p4 #bjf2 ,pseudo-,ari/ot41 'de ,mundo1 #b1 #i2 ',comm5t4 ,alex4 ,joh4 ,philop4 et ,olymp4 9 ,ari/ot4 ,meteor4'1 lib4 i41 cap4 vii41 #c1 p4 #aie1 ,idel]2 ,s5eca1 ',nat4 ,qu/4'1 i41 #a47 ,we may conjecture1 ) mu* probability1 t ! rem>kable light on ! elevat$ pla9s ( ,mexico1 se5 = =ty nights consecutively i#hn #aeji1 & obs]v$ 9 ! ea/]n horizon ris+ pyramidally f ! e>?1 0 ! zodiacal light4 ,i f\nd a notice ( ?is ph5om5on 9 an anci5t ,aztec ,,ms41 ! ',codex,telleriano-,rem5sis'199 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,p>is4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',monum5s des ,peuples ,indignes de l',amrique'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cja4 ,! r>e manuscript :i* belong$ to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 ,le ,telli]1 conta9s v>i\s k9ds ( extracts f an ,aztec ritual1 an a/rological cal5d>1 & hi/orical annals1 ext5d+ f #aaig to #aedi1 & embrac+ a notice ( diff]5t natural ph5om5a1 epo*s ( e>?quakes & comets 7z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( #adij & #aebi71 & ( 7:i* are important 9 relation to ,mexican *ronology7 sol> eclipses4 ,9 ,cam>go's manuscript ',hi/oria de ,tlascala'1 ! light ris+ 9 ! ea/ almo/ to ! z5i? is1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 describ$ z sp>kl+1 & z if s[n ) />s4 ,! description ( ?is ph5om5on1 :i* la/$ =ty days1 c n 9 any way apply to volcanic eruptions ( ,popcatepetl1 :i* lies v ne>1 9 ! s\!a/]y direction4 7,prescott1 ',hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mesico'1 vol4 i41 p4 #bhd47 ,lat] comm5tators h conf\nd$ ?is ph5om5on1 :i* ,montezuma reg>d$ z a w>n+ ( 8 mis=tunes1 ) ! e/rella que humeava 7lit]ally1 ':i* spr+ =?'2 ,mexican '*oloa1 to leap or spr+ =?'74 ,) respect to ! connection ( ?is vapor ) ! /> ,citlal ,*oloha 7,v5us7 & ) ! m\nta9 ( ! /> 7,citialtepetl1 ! volcano ( ,orizaba71 see my ',monum5s'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cjc4 ,?is ph5om5on1 ^: primordial antiquity c sc>cely be d\bt$1 & :i* 0 fir/ notic$ 9 ,europe by ,*ildrey & ,dom9icus ,cass9i1 is n ! lum9\s sol> atmosph]e itself1 s9ce ?is c n1 9 accordance ) me*anical laws1 be m compress$ ?an 9 ! relation ( #b to #c1 & consequ5tly c n be diffus$ beyond #i_/bj?s ( ,m]cury's helioc5tric di/ance4 ,^! same laws tea* u t ! altitude ( ! extreme b\nd>ies ( ! atmosph]e ( a cosmical p #ada body above its equator1 t is to say1 ! po9t at :i* gravity & c5trifugal =ce are 9 equilibrium1 mu/ be ! same z ! altitude at :i* a satellite w\ld rotate r\nd ! c5tral body simultane\sly ) ! diurnal revolution ( ! latt]499 footnote 99,laplace1 ',expos4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde'1 p4 #bgj2 ',mcanique ,cle/e'1 t4 ii41 p4 #afi & #aga2 ,s*ub]t1 ',a/r4'1 bd4 iii41 #bjf4 ,?is limitation ( ! sol> atmosph]e 9 its pres5t conc5trat$ condition is especially rem>kable :5 we comp>e ! c5tral body ( our sy/em ) ! nucleus ( o!r nebul\s />s4 ,h]s*el has discov]$ sev]al1 9 :i* ! radius ( ! nebul\s matt] surr\nd+ ! /> appe>$ at an angle ( #aej4 ,on ! assumption t ! p>allax is n fully equal to #a1 we f9d t ! out]mo/ nebul\s lay] ( su* a /> mu/ be #aej times fur!r f ! c5tral body ?an our ,e>? is f ! ,sun4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! nebul\s /> 7 to occupy ! place ( our ,sun1 its atmosph]e w\ld n only include ! orbit ( ,uranus1 b ev5 ext5d eight times beyond x4 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahdb1 p4 #djh4 ,comp>e ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's consid]ations on ! volume & fa9tness ( light ( planet>y nebul1 9 ,m>y ,som]ville's ',connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces'1 #ahce1 p4 #ajh4 ,! op9ion t ! ,sun is a nebul\s />1 ^: atmosph]e pres5ts ! ph5om5on ( zodiacal light1 did n orig9ate ) ,dom9icus ,cass9i1 b 0 fir/ promulgat$ by ,mairan 9 #agcj 7',trait de l',aurore ,bor4'1 p4 #dg & #bfc2 ,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahdb1 p4 #dab74 ,x is a r5ewal ( ,kepl]'s views4 ,consid]+ ! n>r[ limitation ( ! ,sun's atmosph]e1 :i* we h j describ$1 we may ) mu* probability reg>d ! exi/5ce ( a v compress$ annulus ( nebul\s matt]199 revolv+ freely 9 space betwe5 ! orbits ( ,v5us & ,m>s1 z ! mat]ial cause ( ! zodiacal light4 footnote 99,com9icus ,cass9i 0 ! fir/ to assume1 z did subsequ5tly ,laplace1 ,s*ub]t1 & ,poisson1 ! hypo!sis ( a sep>ate r+ to expla9 ! =m ( ! zodiacal light4 ,he says di/9ctly1 ,if ! orbits ( ,m]cury & ,v5us 7 visible 7?r\gh\t _! :ole ext5t71 we %\ld inv>iably obs]ve !m ) ! same figure & 9 ! same position ) reg>d to ! ,sun1 & at ! same "t ( ! ye> ) ! zodiacal light4 7',mm4 de l',acad4'1 t4 viii41 #agcj1 p4 #bah1 & ,biot1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus'1 #ahcf1 t4 iii41 p4 #fff47 ,cass9i believ$ t ! nebul\s r+ ( zodiacal light consi/$ ( innum]able small planet>y bodies revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun4 ,he ev5 w5t s f> z to believe t ! fall ( fire-balls might be connect$ ) ! passage ( ! ,e>? ?r\gh ! zodiacal nebul\s r+4 ,olm/$1 & especially ,biot 7op4 cit41 p4 #fgc71 h attempt$ to e/abli% its connection ) ! ,novemb] ph5om5on -- a connection :i* ,olb]s d\bts4 7,s*um41 ',jahrb4'1 #ahcg1 s4 #bha47 ,reg>d+ ! "q :e!r ! place ( ! zodiacal light p]fectly co9cides ) t ( ! ,sun's equator1 see ,h\zeau1 9 ,s*um41 ',a/r4 ,na*r4'1 #ahdc1 ,no4 #dib1 s4 #aij4 ,z p #adb yet we c]ta9ly "k no?+ def9ite reg>d+ its actual mat]ial dim5sions2 its augm5tation99 by emanations f ! tails ( myriads ( comets t come )9 ! ,sun's vic9ity2 ! s+ul> *anges affect+ its expansion1 s9ce x sometimes does n app] to ext5d beyond our ,e>?'s orbit2 or1 la/ly1 reg>d+ its conjectural intimate connection ) ! m cond5s$ cosmical vapor 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,sun4 footnote 99,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ',a/ron4'1 #dhg4 ,! nebul\s p>ticles compos+ ?is r+1 & revolv+ r\nd ! sun 9 accordance ) planet>y laws1 may ei!r be self-lum9\s or receive light f t lum9>y4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( a t]re/rial mi/ 7& ?is fact is v rem>kable71 :i* occurr$ at ! "t ( ! new moon at midnight 9 #agdc1 ! phosphoresc5ce 0 s int5se t objects c\ld be di/9ctly recogniz$ at a di/ance ( m ?an #fjj feet4 ,i h occasionally be5 a/oni%$ 9 ! tropical climates ( s\? am]ica1 to obs]ve ! v>iable int5sity ( ! zodiacal light4 ,z i pass$ ! nights1 dur+ _m mon?s1 9 ! op5 air1 on ! %ores ( riv]s & on ilanos1 i enjoy$ ample opportunities ( c>efully exam9+ ?is ph5om5on4 ,:5 ! zodiacal light _h be5 mo/ int5se1 i h obs]v$ t x w\ld be p]ceptibly weak5$ = a few m9utes1 until x aga9 sudd5ly %one =? 9 full brilliancy4 ,9 "s few in/ances i h ?\ght t i c\ld p]ceive -- n exactly a r$di% coloration1 nor ! l[] portion d>k5$ 9 an arc-l =m1 nor ev5 a sc9tillation1 z mairan affirms he has obs]v$ -- b a k9d ( flick]+ & wav]+ ( ! light499 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahcb1 p4 #bdf4 ,sev]al physical facts appe> to indicate t1 9 a me*anical sep>ation ( matt] into its smalle/ p>ticles1 if ! mass be v small 9 relation to ! surface1 ! electrical t5sion may increase suffici5tly = ! production ( light & heat4 ,exp]im5ts ) a l>ge concave mirror h n hi!rto giv5 any positive evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( radiant heat 9 ! zodiacal light4 7,lettre de ,m4 ,mat?iess5 ,m4 ,arago1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus'1 t4 xvi41 #ahdc1 ,avril1 p4 #fhg47 ,mu/ we suppose t *anges are actually 9 progress 9 ! nebul\s r+8 or is x n m probable t1 al?\gh ,i c\ld n1 by my meteorological in/rum5ts1 detect any *ange ( heat or moi/ure ne> ! gr\nd1 & small />s ( ! fif? & six? magnitudes appe>$ to %9e ) equally undim9i%$ int5sity ( light1 processes ( cond5sation may be go+ on 9 ! upp]mo/ /rata ( ! air1 by means ( :i* ! transp>5cy1 or r1 ! reflection ( light1 may be modifi$ 9 "s peculi> & unkn[n mann]8 p #adc ,an assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( su* meteorological causes on ! conf9es ( our atmosph]e is /r5g!n$ by ! sudd5 fla% & pulsation ( light1 :i*1 accord+ to ! acute obs]vations ( ,olb]s1 vibrat$ = sev]al seconds ?r\gh ! tail ( a comet1 :i* appe>$ dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! pulsations ( light to be l5g!n$ by sev]al degrees1 & !n aga9 contract$499 footnote 99,:at y tell me ( ! *anges ( light 9 ! zodiacal light1 & ( ! causes to :i* y ascribe su* *anges )9 ! tropics1 is ( ! greatr int]e/ to me1 s9ce ,i h be5 = a long "t pa/ p>ticul>ly att5tive1 e spr+1 to ?is ph5om5on 9 our nor!rn latitudes4 ,i1 too1 h always believ$ t ! zodiacal light rotat$2 b ,i assum$ 7contr>y to ,poisson's op9ion1 :i* y h communicat$ to me7 t x completely ext5d$ to ! ,sun1 ) consid]ably augm5t+ brightness4 ,! light circle :i*1 9 total sol> eclipses1 is se5 surr\nd+ ! d>k5$ ,sun1 ,i h reg>d$ z ! brighte/ portion ( ! zodiacal light4 ,i h conv9c$ my self t ?is light is v diff]5t 9 diff]5t ye>s1 (t5 = sev]al successive ye>s be+ v bright & diffus$1 :ile 9 o?r ye>s x is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,i tyh9k t ,i f9d ! fir/ trace ( an allusion to ! zodiacal light 9 a lett] f ,ro?mann to ,ty*o1 9 :i* he m5tions t 9 ! spr+ he has obs]v$ ! twilight did n close until ! sun 0 #bd;degrees bel[ ! horizon4 ,ro?mann mu/ c]ta9ly h conf\nd$ ! disappe>ance ( ! sett+ zodiacal light 9 ! vapors ( ! we/]n horizon ) ! actual cessation ( twilight4 ,i h fail$ to obs]ve ! pulsations ( ! light1 probably on acc\nt ( ! fa9tness ) :i* x appe>s 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,y are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly "r 9 ascrib+ ^? rapid v>iations 9 ! light ( ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* y h p]ceiv$ 9 tropical climates1 to our own atmosph]e1 & especially to its high] regions4 ,?is is especially 9 ! cle>e/ wea!r1 t ^! tails exhibit pulsations1 comm5c+ f ! head1 z be+ ! l[e/ "p1 & vibrat+ 9 "o or two seconds ?r\gh ! entire tail1 :i* ?us appe>s rapidly to become "s degrees long]1 b aga9 z rapidly contracts4 ,t ^! undulations1 :i* 7 =m]ly notic$ ) att5tion by ,rob]t ,hooke1 & 9 m rec5t times by ,s*rt] & ,*ladni1 'd n actually occur 9 ! tails ( ! comets'1 b are produc$ by our atmosph]e1 is obvi\s :5 we recollect t ! individual p>ts ( ^? tails 7:i* are _m millions ( miles 9 l5g?7 lie 'at v diff]5t di/ances' f u1 & t ! light f _! extreme po9ts c only rea* u at int]vals ( "t :i* diff] sev]al m9utes f "o ano!r4 ,:e!r :at y saw on ! ,or9oco1 n at int]vals ( seconds1 b ( m9utes1 7 actual coruscations ( ! zodiacal light1 or :e!r !y belong$ exclusively to ! upp] /rata ( our atmosph]e1 ,i w n attempt to decide2 nei!r c ,i expla9 ! rem>kable 'lightness ( :ole nights'1 nor ! anomal\s augm5tation & prolongation ( ! twilight 9 ! ye> #ahca1 p>ticul>ly if1 z has be5 rem>k$1 ! lighte/ "p ( ^! s+ul> twilights did n co9cide ) ! ,sun's place bel[ ! horizon4 7,f a lettr writt5 by ,dr4 ,olb]s to myself1 & dat$ ,brem51 ,m>? #bf?1 #ahcc47 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! sep>ate p>ticles ( a comet's tail1 measur+ millions ( miles1 p #add are v unequally di/ant f e>?1 x is n possible1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! velocity & transmission ( light1 t we %\ld be able1 9 s %ort a p]iod ( "t1 to p]ceive any actual *anges 9 a cosmical body ( su* va/ ext5t4 ,!re consid]ations 9 no way exclude ! reali? ( ! *anges t h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! emanations f ! m cond5s$ envelopes ar\nd ! nucleus ( a comet1 nor t ( ! sudd5 irradiation ( ! zodiacal light1 f int]nal molecul> motion1 nor ( ! increas$ or dim9i%$ reflection ( light 9 ! cosmical vapor ( ! lum9\s r+1 b %\ld simply be ! means ( draw+ our att5tion to ! diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 t :i* app]ta9s to ! air ( heav5 7! realms ( univ]sal space7 & t :i* belongs to ! /rata ( our t]re/rial atmosph]e4 ,x is n possible1 z well-atte/$ facts prove1 p]fectly to expla9 ! op]ations at "w 9 ! mu*-conte/$ upp] b\nd>ies ( our atmosph]e4 ,! extraord9>y lightness ( :ole nights 9 ! ye> #ahca1 dur+ :i* small pr9t might be read at midnight 9 ! latitudes ( ,italy & ! nor? ( ,g]many is a fact directly at v>iance ) all t we "k1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t & acute rese>*es on ! crepuscul> !ory1 & ( ! height ( ! atmosph]e499 footnote 99,biot1 ',trait d',a/ron4 ,physique'1 #cme d41 #ahda1 t4 i41 p4 #aga1 #bch & #cab4 ,! ph5om5a ( light dep5d ^u conditions /ill less und]/ood1 & _! v>iability at twilight1 z well z 9 ! zodiacal light1 excite our a/oni%m5t4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ t :i* belongs to our sol>e sy/em -- t _w ( mat]ial =ms gov]n$ by ! ,sun -- :i* includes ! prim>y & second>y planets1 comets ( %ort & long p]iods ( revolution1 meteoric a/]oids1 :i* move ?rong$ toge!r 9 /reams1 ei!r sporadically or 9 clos$ r+s1 & f9ally a lum9\s nebul\s r+1 t revolves r\nd ! ,sun 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,e>?1 & = :i*1 ow+ to its position1 we may reta9 ! "n ( zodiacal light4 ,e :]e ! law ( p]iodicity gov]ns ! motions ( ^! bodies1 h[ev] diff]5t may be ! am\nt ( tang5tial velocity1 or ! quantity ( _! agglom]at$ mat]ial p>ts2 ! meteoric a/]oids :i* ent] our atmosph]e f ! ext]nal regions ( univ]sal space are alone arre/$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! planet>y revolution1 & reta9$ )9 ! sph]e ( a l>g] planet4 ,9 ! sol> sy/em1 ^: b\nd>ies det]m9e ! attractive =ce ( ! c5tral body1 comets are made to revolve 9 _! elliptical p #ade orbits at a di/ance #dd times great] ?an t ( ,uranus2 may1 9 ^? comets ^: nucleus appe>s to u1 f its inconsid]able mass1 l a m]e pass+ cosmical cl\d1 ! ,sun ex]cises its attractive =ce on ! out]mo/ p>ts ( ! emanations radiat+ f ! tail ov] a space ( _m millions ( miles4 ,c5tral =ces1 !re=e1 at once con/itute & ma9ta9 ! sy/em4 ,our ,sun may be consid]$ z at re/ :5 comp>$ to all ! l>ge & small1 d5se & almo/ vapor\s cosmical bodies ?t app]ta9 to & revolve ar\nd x2 b x actually rotates ar\nd ! common c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole sy/em1 :i* occasionally falls )9 itself1 t is to say1 rema9s )9 ! mat]ial circumf]5ce ( ! ,sun1 :atev] *anges may be assum$ by ! position ( ! planets4 ,a v diff]5t ph5om5on is t pres5t$ by ! translatory motion ( ! ,sun1 t is1 ! progressive motion ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole sol> sy/em 9 univ]sal space4 ,its velocity is su*99 t1 accord+ to ,bessel1 ! relative motion ( ! ,sun1 & t ( #fa ,cygni1 is n less 9 "o day ?an #c1ccf1jjj geographical miles4 footnote 99,bessel1 9 ,s*um41 ',jahrb4 fr' #ahci1 s4 #ea2 probably f\r millions ( miles daily1 9 a relative velocity ( at ! lea/ #c1ccf1jjj miles1 or m ?an c\ble ! velocity ( revolution ( ! ,e>? 9 h] orbit r\nd ! ,sun4 ,?is *ange ( ! entire sol> sy/em w\ld rema9 unkn[n to u1 if ! admirable exactness ( our a/ronomical in/rum5ts ( measurem5t1 & ! advancem5t rec5tly made 9 ! art ( obs]v+1 did n cause our advance t[>d remote />s to be p]ceptible1 l an approximation to ! objects ( a di/ant %ore 9 app>5t motion4 ,! prop] motion ( ! /> #fa ,cygni1 = in/ance1 is s consid]able1 t x has am\nt$ to a :ole degree 9 ! c\rse ( #gjj ye>s4 ,! am\nt or quantity ( ^! alt]ations 9 ! fix$ />s 7t is to say1 ! *anges 9 ! relative position ( self-lum9\s />s t[>d ea* o!r71 c be det]m9$ ) a great] degree ( c]ta9ty ?an we are able to atta* to ! g5etic explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,aft] tak+ into consid]ation :at is due to ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 & ! nutation ( ! e>?'s axis produc$ by ! action ( ! ,sun & ,moon on ! sph]oidal figure ( our globe1 & :at may be ascrib$ to ! transmission ( light1 t is to say1 to its ab]ration1 & to ! p>allax =m$ by ! diametrically opposite position ( ! ,e>? 9 its c\rse r\nd ! ,sun1 we /ill f9d t !re is a residual portion p #adf ( ! annual motion ( ! fix$ />s due to ! translation ( ! :ole sol> sy/em 9 univ]sal space1 & to ! true prop] motion ( ! />s4 ,! difficult problem ( num]ically sep>at+ ^! two elem5ts1 ! true & ! app>5t motion1 has be5 effect$ by ! c>eful /udy ( ! direction ( ! motion ( c]ta9 individual />s1 & by ! consid]ation ( ! fact t1 if all ! />s 7 9 a /ate ( absolute re/1 !y w\ld appe> p]spectively to rec$e f ! po9t 9 space t[>d :i* ! ,sun 0 direct+ its c\rse4 ,b ! ultimate result ( ?is inve/igation1 confirm$ by ! calculus ( probabilities1 is1 t our sol> sy/em & ! />s bo? *ange _! places 9 space4 ,accord+ to ! admirable rese>*es ( d',argel&] at ,abo1 :o has ext5d$ & m p]fectly develop$ ! "w begun by ,william ,h]s*el & ,prevo/1 ! ,sun moves 9 ! direction ( ! con/ellation ,h]cules1 & probably1 f ! comb9ation ( ! obs]vations made ( #ecg />s1 t[>d a po9t ly+ 7at ! equ9ox ( #agib4e7 at #beg;degrees #di4'g ,r4,a41 & #bh;degrees #di4'g ,n4,d4 ,x is extremely difficult1 9 inve/igations ( ?is nature1 to sep>ate ! absolute f ! relative motion1 & to det]m9e :at is aloone ow+ to ! sol> sy/em499 footnote 99,reg>d+ ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em1 accord+ to ,bradley1 ,tobias ,may]1 ,lamb]t1 ,lal&e1 & ,william ,h]s*el1 see ,arago 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahdb1 p4 #chh-cii' ,argel&]1 9 ,s*um41 ',a/ron4 ,na*r 41 ,no4 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cih1 & 9 ! treatise ',von d] eig55 ,bewegung des ,sonn5sy/ems' 7,on ! prop] ,motion ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em71 #ahcg1 s4 #dc1 respect+ ,p]seus z ! c5tral body ( ! :ole /ell> /ratum1 likewise ,o?o ,/ruve1 9 ! ',bull4 de l',acad4 de ,/4 ,pt]sb4'1 #ahdb1 t4 x41 ,no4 #i1 p4 #acg-aci4 ,! la/-nam$ a/ronom] has f\nd1 by a mo#dre rec5t comb9ation1 #bfa;degrees #bc' ,r4,a4#cg;degrees #cf' ,decl4 = ! direction ( ! ,sun's motion2 &1 tak+ ! mean ( 8 own results ) t ( ,argel&]1 we h1 by a comb9ation ( #gig />s1 ! =mula #bei;degrees #i' ,r4,a4#cd;degrees #cf' ,decl4 ,if we consid] ! prop]1 & n ! p]spective motions ( ! />s1 we %all f9d _m t appe> to be di/ribut$ 9 gr\ps1 hav+ an opposite direction2 & facts hi!rto obs]v$ d n1 at any rate1 r5d] x a necess>y assumption t all p>ts ( our />ry /ratum1 or ! :ole ( ! /ell> isl&s fill+ space1 %\ld move r\nd "o l>ge unkn[n lum9\s or non-lum9\s c5tral body4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to inve/igate ultimate & highe/ causes c]ta9ly incl9es ! intellectual activity1 no less ?an ! imag9ation ( mank9d1 to adopt su* an hypo!sis4 ,ev5 ! ,/agirite proclaim$ t e ?+ :i* is mov$ mu/ be ref]able to a motor1 & t !re w\ld be no end to p #adg ! concat5ation ( causes if !re 7 n "o primordial immovable morot499 footnote 99,ari/ot41 'de ,clo'1 iii41 #b1 p4 #cja1 ,bekk]3 ',phys4'1 viii41 t1 p4 #bef4 ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages #adg-bjc ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,! manifold translatory *anges ( ! />s1 n ^? produc$ by ! p>allaxes at :i* !y are se5 f ! *ang+ position ( ! spectator1 b ! true *anges con/antly go+ on 9 ! regions ( space1 af=d u incontrov]tible evid5ce ( ! 'dom9ion ( ! laws ( attraction' 9 ! remote/ regions ( space1 beyond ! limits ( our sol> sy/em4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! laws is reveal$ to u by _m ph5om5a1 z1 = in/ance1 by ! motion ( d\ble />s1 & by ! am\nt ( ret>d$ or accel]at$ motion 9 diff]5t p>ts ( _! elliptic orbits4 ,human inquiry ne$ no long] pursue ?is subject 9 ! doma9 ( vague conjecture1 or amid ! undef9$ analogies ( ! ideal _w2 = ev5 "h ! progress made 9 ! me?od ( a/ronomical obs]vations & calculations has enabl$ a/ronomy to take up its position on a firm basis4 ,x is n only ! discov]y ( ! a/\nd+ numb]s ( d\ble & multiple />s revolv+ r\nd a c5t] ( gravity ly+ ')\t' _! sy/em 7#bhjj su* sy/ems hav+ be5 discov]$ up to #ahcg71 b r ! ext5sion ( our k reg>d+ ! fundam5tal =ces ( ! :ole mat]ial _w1 & ! pro(s we h obta9$ ( ! univ]sal empire ( ! laws ( attraction1 t mu/ be rank$ among ! mo/ brilliant discov]ies ( ! age4 ,! p]iods ( revolution ( color$ />s pres5t ! greate/ diff]5ces2 ?us1 9 "s in/ances1 ! p]iod ext5ds to #dc ye>s1 z 9 pi ( ,corona1 & 9 o!rs to sev]al ?\s&s11 z 9 #ff ( ,cetus1 #ch ( ,gem9i1 & #ajj ( ,pisces4 ,s9ce ,h]s*el's measurem5ts 9 #aghb1 ! satellite ( ! ne>e/ /> 9 ! triple sy/em ( ,greek lett] ( ,canc] has complet$ m ?an "o entire revolution4 ,by a skillful comb9ation ( ! alt]$ di/ances & angles ( position199 ! elem5ts ( ^! orbits may be f\nd1 conclusions drawn reg>d+ ! absolute di/ance ( ! d\ble />s f ! ,e>?1 & comp>isons made betwe5 _! mass & t ( ! ,sun4 footnote 99,sav>y1 9 ! ',connaissance des ,tems'1 #ahcj1 p4 #ef & #afc4 ,encke1 ',b]l4 ,jahrb4'1 #ahcb1 s4 #bec1 etc4 ,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire' #ahcd1 p4 #bfj1 #bie4 ,john ,h]s*el1 9 ! ',memoirs ( ! ,a/ronom4 ,soc4'1 vol4 v41 p4 #aga4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 "h & 9 our sol> sy/em1 quantity ( matt] is ! only /&>d ( ! am\nt ( attractive =ce1 or :e!r 'specific' =ces ( attraction proportionate to ! mass may n at ! same "t come into op]ation1 z ,bessel 0 ! fir/ to conjecture1 are que/ions p #adh ^: practical solution mu/ be left to future ages499 footnote 99 ,bessel1 ',unt]su*ung4 des ,!ils d] planet>is*5 ,/orung51 wel*e aus d] ,bewegung d] ,sonne ent/*5' 7,an ,inve/igation ( ! portion ( ! ,planet>y ,di/urbances dep5d+ on ! motion ( ! ,sun7 9 ',abh4 d] ,b]l4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*4'1 #ahbd 7,ma!m4 ,classe71 s4 #b-f4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ by ,john ,tobias ,may]1 9 ',comm5t4 ,soc4 ,reg4 ,gott+4'1 #ahjd-ahjh1 vol4 xvi41 p4 #ca-fh4 ,:5 we comp>e our ,sun ) ! o!r fix$ />s1 t is1 ) o!r self-lum9\s ,suns 9 ! l5ticul> />ry /ratum ( :i* our sy/em =ms a "p1 we f9d1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( "s1 t *annels are op5$ to u1 :i* may lead1 at all ev5ts1 to an 'approximate' & limit$ k ( _! relative di/ances1 volumes1 & masses1 & ( ! velocities ( _! translatory motion4 ,if we assume ! di/ance ( ,uranus f ! ,sun to be n9ete5 times t ( ! ,e>?1 t is to say1 n9ete5 times z great z t ( ! ,sun f ! ,e>?1 ! c5tral body ( our planet>y sy/em w be #aa1ijj times ! di/ance ( ,uranus f ! /> 'a' 9 ! con/ellation ,c5taur1 almo/ #ca1cjj f #fa ,cygni1 & #da1fjj f ,vega 9 ! con/ellation ,lyra4 ,! comp>ison ( ! volume ( ! ,sun ) t ( ! fix$ />s ( ! fir/ magnitude is dep5d5t ^u ! app>5t diamet] ( ! latt] bodies -- an extremely und]ta9 optical elem5t4 ,if ev5 we assume1 ) ,h]s*el1 t ! app>5t diamet] ( ,arcturus is only a t5? "p ( a second1 x /ill foll[s t ! true diamet] ( ?is /> is elev5 times great] ?an t ( ! ,sun499 footnote 99',philos4 ,trans4' = #ahjc1 p4 #bbe4 ,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahdb1 p4 #cge4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a cle>] idea ( ! di/ances ascrib$ 9 a r e>li] "p ( ! text to ! fix$ />s1 let u assume t ! ,e>? is a di/ance ( "o foot f ! ,sun2 ,uranus is !n #ai feet1 & ,vega ,lyrae is #aeh geographical miles f x4 ,! di/ance ( ! /> #fa ,cygni1 made kn[n by ,bessel1 has l$ approximately to a k ( ! quantity ( matt] conta9$ 9 ?is body z a d\ble />4 ,not)/&+ t1 s9ce ,bradley's obs]vations1 ! portion ( ! app>5t orbit trav]s$ by ?is /> is n suffici5tly great to admit ( our arriv+ ) p]fect exactness at ! true orbit nd ! major axis ( ?is />1 x has be5 conjectur$ ) mu* probability by ! great ,konigsb]g a/ronom]199 t ! mass ( ?is d\ble /> c n be v consid]ably l>g] or small] ?an half ( ! mass ( ! ,sun4 footnote 99,bessel1 9 ,s*um41 ',jahrb4'1 #ahci1 s4 #ec4 ,?is result is f actual measurem5t4 ,! analogies d$uc$ f ! relatively l>g] mass ( ^? planets 9 our sol> sy/em t are att5d$ by satellites1 & f ! fact t ,/ruve has discov]$ six times m d\ble />s among p #aid ! bright] ?an among ! telescopic fix$ />s1 h l$ o!r a/ronom]s to conjecture t ! av]age mass ( ! l>g] numb] ( ! b9>y />s exce$s ! mass ( ! ,sun499 footnote 99,mdl]1 ',a/ron4'1 s4 #dgf2 also 9 ,s*um1 ',jahrb4'1 #ahci1 s4 #ie4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 f> f hav+ arriv$ at g5]al results reg>d+ ?is subject4 ,our ,sun1 accord+ to ,arg5l&]1 belongs1 ) ref]5ce to prop] motion 9 space1 to ! class ( rapidly-mov+ fix$ />s4 ,! aspect ( ! />ry heav5s1 ! relative position ( />s & nebullae1 ! di/ribution ( _! lum9\s masses1 ! picturesque beauty1 if ,i may s express myself1 ( ! :ole firmam5t1 dep5d 9 ! c\rse ( ages conjo9tly ^u ! prop] motion ( ! />s & nebulae1 ! translation ( our sol> sy/em 9 space1 ! appe>ance ( new />s1 & ! disappe>ance or sudd5 dim9ution 9 ! int5sity ( ! light ( o!rs1 & la/ly & specially1 on ! *anges :i* ! ,e>?'s axis exp]i5ces f ! attraction ( ! ,sun & ,moon4 ,! beautiful />s 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur & ! ,s\!rn ,cross w at "s future "t be visible 9 our nor!rn latitudes1 :ile o!r />s1 z ,sirius & ! />s 9 ! ,belt ( ,orion1 w 9 _! turn disappe> bel[ ! horizon4 ,! places ( ! ,nor? ,pole w successively be indicat$ by ! />s beta & a alpha ,cephei1 & delta ,cygni1 until aft] a p]iod ( #ab1jjj ye>s1 ,vega 9 ,lyra w %9e =? z ! brighte/ ( all possible pole />s4 ,^! data give u "s idea ( ! ext5t ( ! motions :i*1 divid$ into inf9itely small portions ( "t1 proce$ )\t int]mission 9 ! great *ronomet] ( ! univ]se4 ,if = a mom5t we c\ld yield to ! p[] ( fancy1 & imag9e ! acut5ess ( our visual organs to be made equal ) ! extreme/ b\nds ( telescopic vision1 & br+ toge!r t :i* is n[ divid$ by long p]iods ( "t1 ! app>5t re/ t reigns 9 space w\ld sudd5ly disappe>4 ,we %\ld see ! c\ntless ho/ ( fix$ />s mov+ 9 ?rong$ gr\ps 9 diff]5t directions2 nebulae w&]+ ?r\gh space1 & becom+ cond5s$ & dissolv$ l cosmical cl\ds2 ! vail ( ! ,milky ,way sep>at$ & brok5 up 9 _m p>ts1 & 'motion' rul+ supreme 9 e portion ( ! vault ( heave1 ev5 z on ! ,e>?'s surface1 :]e we see x unfold$ 9 ! g]m1 ! leaf1 & ! blossom1 ! organisms ( ! vegetable _w4 ,! celebrat$ ,spani% botani/ ,cavanilles 0 ! fir/ :o ent]ta9$ ! idea ( see+ grass gr[1 & he direct$ ! horizontal micromet] ?reads ( a p[]fully magnify+ glass at "o "t to p #aej ! apex ( ! %oot ( a bambusa1 & at ano!r on ! rapidly-gr[+ /em ( an ,am]ican aloe 7',agave ,am]icana'1 precisely z ! a/ronom] places 8 cross ( net-"w aga9/ a culm9at+ />4 ,9 ! collective life ( physical nature1 9 ! organic z 9 ! sid]eal _w1 all ?+s t h be51 t are1 & w be1 are alike dep5d5t on motion4 ,! break+ up ( ! ,milky ,way1 ( :i* ,i h j spok51 requires special notice4 ,william ,h]s*el1 our safe & admirable guide to ?is portion ( ! regions ( space1 has discov]$ by 8 />-guag+s t ! telescopic bread? ( ! ,milky ,way ext5ds f six to sev5 degrees beyond :at is indicat$ by our a/ronomical maps & by ! ext5t ( ! sid]eal radiance visible to ! nak$ eye499 footnote 99,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 9 ! ',philos4 ,transact4' = #ahag1 ,"p ii p4 #dch4 ,! two brilliant nodes 9 :i* ! bran*es ( ! zone unite1 9 ! region ( ,cepheus & ,cassiopeia1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,scorpio & ,sagitt>ius1 appe> to ex]cise a p[]ful attraction on ! contigu\s />s2 9 ! mo/ brilliant "p1 h[ev] betwe5 beta & ,greek symbol ,cygni1 "o half ( ! #ccj1jjj />s t h be5 discov]$ 9 a bread? ( #e degrees are direct$ t[>d "o side1 & ! rema9d] to ! o!r4 ,x is 9 ?is "p t ,h]s*el supposes ! lay] to be brok5 up499 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahdb1 p4 #efi ,! numb] ( telescopic />s 9 ! ,milky ,way un9t]rupt$ by any nebulae is e/imat$ at #ah millions4 ,9 ord]1 ,i w n say1 to realize ! greatness ( ?is numb]1 b1 at any rate1 to comp>e x ) some?+ analog\s1 ,i w call att5tion to ! fact t !re are n 9 ! :ole heav5s m ?an ab\t #hjjj />s betwe5 ! fir/ & ! six? magnitudes1 visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! b>r5 a/oni%m5t excit$ by numb]s & dim5sions 9 space1 :5 n consid]$ ) ref]5ce to applications engag+ ! m5tal & p]ceptive p[]s ( man1 is awak5$ 9 bo? extremes ( ! univ]se1 9 ! cele/ial bodies z 9 ! m9ute/ animalcules499 footnote 99,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 a lett] f ,feldhuys51 dat$ ,jan4 #ac?1 #ahcf4 ,ni*oll1 ',ar*itecture ( ! ,heav5s'1 #ahch1 p4 #bb4 7,see1 also1 "s sep>ate notices by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el on ! />less space :i* sep>ates u by a great di/ance f ! ,milky ,way1 9 ! ',philos4 ,transact4' = #ahag1 ,"p ii41 p4 #cbh47 ,a cubic in* ( ! poli%+ slate ( ,bil9 conta9s1 accord+ to ,ehr5b]g1 #dj1jjj millions ( ! silici\s %ells ( ,galionellae4 ,! /ell> ,milky ,way1 9 ! region ( :i*1 accord+ to ,argel&]'s admirable obs]vations1 ! brighte/ />s ( ! firmam5t appe> to be congregat$1 is almo/ at "r angles p #aea ) ano!r ,milky ,way1 compos$ ( nebulae4 ,! =m] con/itutes1 accord+ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's views1 an annulus1 t is to say1 an indep5d5t zone1 some:at remote f our l5ticul>-%ap$ />ry /ratum1 & simil> to ,saturn's r+4 ,our planet>y sy/em lies 9 an ecc5tric direction1 ne>] to ! region ( ! ,cross ?an to ! diametrically opposite po9t1 ,cassiopeia499 footnote 99,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ',a/ronom4'1 #fbd2 likewise 9 8 ',obs]vations on ,nebulae & ,clu/]s ( ,/>s' 7',phil4 ,transact4'1 #ahcc1 ,"p ii41 p4 #dgi1 fig4 #be73 ,we h "h a bro!r sy/em1 be>+ a real physical resemblance & /rong analogy ( /ructure to our own4 ,an imp]fectly se5 nebul\s spot1 discov]$ by ,messi] 9 #aggd1 appe>$ to pres5t a rem>kable simil>ity to ! =m ( our />ry /ratum & ! divid$ r+ ( our ,milky ,way499 footnote 99,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 9 ! ',phil4 ,trans4' = #aghe1 ,"p i41 p4 #beg4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ',a/ron4'1 #faf4 7,! 'nebul\s' region ( ! heav5s =ms 'a nebul\s ,milky ,way'1 compos$ ( di/9ct nebulae1 z ! o!r ( />s4 ,! same obs]vation 0 made 9 a lett] he address$ to me 9 ,m>*1 #ahbi47 ,! ,milky ,way compos$ ( nebulae does n belong to our />ry /ratum1 b surr\nds x at a great di/ance )\t be+ physically connect$ ) x1 pass+ almo/ 9 ! =m ( a l>ge cross ?r\gh ! d5se nebulae ( ,virgo1 especially 9 ! nor!rn w+1 ?r\gh ,comae ,b]5icis1 ,ursa ,major1 ,&rom$a's girdle1 & ,pisces ,boreales4 ,x probably int]sects ! /ell> ,milky ,way 9 ,cassiopeia1 & connects its dre>y poles 7r5d]$ />less f ! attractive =ces by :i* /ell> bodies are made to agglom]ate into gr\ps7 9 ! lea/ d5se portion ( ! />ry /ratum4 ,we see f ^! consid]ations t our />ry clu/]1 :i* be>s traces 9 its project+ bran*es ( hav+ be5 subject 9 ! c\rse ( "t to v>i\s metamorphoses1 & ev9ces a t5d5cy to dissolve & sep>ate1 ow+ to second>y c5t]s ( attraction -- is surr\nd$ by two r+s1 "o ( :i*1 ! nebul\s zone1 is v remote1 :ile ! o!r is ne>]1 & compos$ ( />s alone4 ,! latt]1 :i* we g5]ally t]m ! ,milky ,way1 is compos$ ( nebul\s />s1 av]ag+ f ! t5? to ! elev5? degree ( magnitude199 b appe>+1 :5 consid]$ individually1 ( v diff]5t magnitudes1 :ile isolat$ />ry clu/]s 7/>ry sw>ms7 almo/ always exhibit ?r\gh\t a "* ( great uni=mity 9 magnitude & brilliancy4 footnote 99,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ',a/ron4'1 #ehe4 ,9 :atev] "p ! vault ( heav5 has be5 pi]c$ by p[]ful & f>-p5etrat+ telescopic in/rum5ts1 />s or lum9\s nebulae are e :]e discov]able1 ! =m]1 9 p #aeb "s cases1 n exce$+ ! tw5tie? or tw5ty-f\r? degree ( telescopic magnitude4 ,a portion ( ! nebul\s vapor w\ld probably be f\nd resolvable into />s by m p[]ful optical in/rum5ts4 ,z ! ret9a reta9s a less vivid impression ( sep>ate ?an ( inf9itely ne> lum9\s po9ts1 less /rongly m>k$ photometric relations are excit$ 9 ! latt] case1 z ,arago has rec5tly %[n499 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahdb1 p4 #bhb-bhe1 #dji-daa1 & #dci-ddb4 ,! def9ite or amorph\s cosmical vapor s univ]sally diffus$1 & :i* g5]ates heat ?r\gh cond5sation1 probably modifies ! transp>5cy ( ! univ]sal atmosph]e1 & dim9i%es t uni=m int5sity ( light :i*1 accord+ to ,halley & ,olb]s1 %\ld arise1 if e po9t ?r\gh\t ! dep?s ( space 7 fill$ by an inf9ite s]ies ( />s499 footnote 99,olb]s1 on ! transp>5cy ( cele/ial space1 9 ,bode's ',jahrb4'1 #ahbf1 s4 #aaj-aba4 ,! assumption ( su* a di/ribution 9 space is1 h[ev]1 at v>iance ) obs]vation1 :i* %[s u l>ge />less regions ( space1 'op5+s' 9 ! heav5s1 z ,william ,h]s*el t]ms !m -- "o1 f\r degrees 9 wid?1 9 ,scorpio1 & ano!r 9 ,s]p5t>ius4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( bo?1 ne> _! m>g91 we f9d unresolvable nebulae1 ( :i* t on ! we/]n edge ( ! op5+ ,scorpio is "o ( ! mo/ ri*ly ?rong$ ( ! clu/]s ( small />s by :i* ! firmam5t is adorn$4 ,h]s*el ascribes ^! op5+s or />less regions to ! attractive & agglom]ative =ces( ! m>g9al gr\ps499 footnote 99,an op5+ 9 ! heav5s1 ,william ,h]s*el1 9 ! ',phil4 ,trans4' = #aghe1 vol4 lxxv41 ,"p i41 p4 #bef4 ,le ,francais ,lal&e1 9 ! ',connaiss4 des ,tems p\r l',an4' ,,viii41 p4 #chc4 ,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahdb1 p4 #dbe4 ,!y are p>ts ( our />ry /ratum1 says he1 ) 8 usual graceful animation ( /yle1 t h exp]i5c$ great deva/ation f "t4 ,if we picture to ourselves ! telescopic />s ly+ beh9d "o ano!r z a />ry canopy spread ov] ! vault ( heav51 ^! />less regions 9 ,scorpio & ,s]p5t>ius may1 ,i ?9k1 be reg>d$ z tubes ?r\gh :i* we may look into ! remote/ dep?s ( space4 ,o!r />s may c]ta9ly lie 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! /rata =m+ ! canopy are int]rupt$1 b ^! are unatta9able by our in/rum5ts4 ,! aspect ( fi]y meteors _h l$ ! anci5ts likewise to ! idea ( clefts or op5+s 7'*asmata'7 9 ! vault ( heav54 ,^! op5+s 71 h[ev]1 only reg>d$ z transi5t1 :ile ! reason ( _! be+ lum9\s & fi]y1 in/ead ( obscure1 0 suppos$ to be ow+ to ! p #aec transluc5t illum9at$ e!r :i* lay beyond !m499 footnote 99,ari/ot41 ',meteor4'1 ii411 #e1 #a4 ,s5eca1 ',natur4 ,quae/4'1 i41 #ad1 #b4 ,coelum discessisse1 9 ,cic41 'de ,div94'1 i41 #dc4 ,d]ham1 & ev5 ,huyg5s1 did n appe> dis9cl9$ to expla9 9 a simil> mann] ! mild radiance ( ! nebulae499 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahdb1 p4 #dbi4 ,:5 we comp>e ! />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 :i*1 on an av]age1 are c]ta9ly ! ne>e/ to u1 ) ! non-nebul\s telescopic />s1 & fur!r1 :5 we comp>e ! nebul\s />s ) unresolvable nebulae1 = in/ance1 ) ! nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 or ev5 ) ! s-call$ planet>y nebul\s vapor1 a fact is made manife/ to u by ! consid]ation ( ! v>y+ di/ances & ! b\ndlessness ( space1 :i* %[s ! _w ( ph5om5a1 & t :i* con/itutes its causal reality1 to be dep5d5t ^u ! 'propagation ( light'4 ,! velocity ( ?is propagation is accord+ to ,/ruve's mo/ rec5t inve/igations1 #aff1jgb geographical miles 9 a second1 consequ5tly almo/ a million ( times great] ?an ! velocity ( s\nd4 ,accord+ to ! measurem5ts ( ,macle>1 ,bessel1 & ,/ruve1 ( ! p>allaxes & di/ances ( ?ree fix$ />s ( v unequal magnitudes 7'a' ,c5tauri1 #af ,cygni1 & 'a' ,lyrae71 a ray ( light requires respectively #c1 #i #a_/d1 & #ab ye>s to rea* u f ^! ?ree bodies4 ,9 ! %ort b memorable p]iod betwe5 #aegb & #afjd1 f ! "t ( ,cornelius ,gemma & ,ty*o ,brahe to t ( ,kepl]1 ?ree new />s sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ,cassiopeia & ,cygnus1 & 9 ! foot ( ,s]p5t>ius4 ,a simil> ph5om5on exhibit$ itself at int]vals 9 #afgj1 9 ! con/ellation ,vulpis4 ,9 rec5t times1 ev5 s9ce #ahcg1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has obs]v$1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! brilliant /> ,greek symbol 9 ,argo increase 9 spl5dor f ! second to ! fir/ magnitude499 footnote 99,9 ,decemb]1 #ahcg1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el saw ! /> ,greek symbol ,argo1 :i* till t "t appe>$ z ( ! second magnitude1 & liable to no *ange1 rapidly increase till x became ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahch1 ! int5sity ( its light 0 equal to t ( 'a' ,c5tauri4 ,accord+ to our late/ in=mation1 ,macle> 9 ,m>*1 #ahdc1 f\nd x z bright z ,canopus2 & ev5 'a' ,crucis look$ fa9t by ,greek symbol ,argo4 ,^! ev5ts 9 ! univ]se belong1 h[ev]1 ) ref]5ce to _! hi/orical reality1 to o!r p]iods ( "t ?an ^? 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( light are fir/ reveal$ to ! inhabitants ( ! ,e>?3 !y rea* u l ! voices ( ! pa/4 ,x has be5 truly said1 t ) our l>ge & p[]ful telescopic in/rum5ts we p5etrate alike ?r\gh ! b\nd>ies ( "t & space3 we measure ! =m] ?r\gh ! latt]1 = 9 ! c\rse ( an p #aed h\r a ray ( light trav]ses ov] a space ( #eib millions ( miles4 ,:ile accord+ to ! !ogony ( ,hesiod1 ! dim5sions ( ! univ]se 7 suppos$ to be express$ by ! "t occupi$ by bodies 9 fall+ to ! gr\nd 7! braz5 anvil 0 n m ?an n9e days & n9e nights 9 fall+ f heav5 to e>?71 ! eld] ,h]s*el 0 ( op9ion99 t light requir$ almo/ two millions ( ye>s to pass to ! ,e>? f ! remote/ lum9\s vapor rea*$ by 8 =ty-foot reflector4 footnote 99,h5ce x foll[s t ! rays ( light ( ! remote/ nebulae mu/ h be5 almo/ two millions ( ye>s on _! way1 & t consequ5tly1 s _m ye>s ago1 ?is object mu/ already h _h an exi/5ce 9 ! sid]eal heav51 9 ord] to s5d out ^? rays by :i* we n[ p]ceive x4 ,william ,h]s*el1 9 ! ',phil4 ,trans4' = #ahjb1 p4 #dih4 ,john ,h]s*el1 ',a/ron4'1 #eij4 ,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahdb1 p4 #ccd1 #cei1 & #chb-che4 ,mu*1 !re=e1 has vani%$ long be=e x is r5d]$ visible to u -- mu* t we see 0 once diff]5tly arrang$ f :at x n[ appe>s4 ,! aspect ( ! />ry heav5s pres5ts u ) ! spectacle ( t :i* is only app>5tly simultane\s1 & h[ev] mu* we may endeavor1 by ! aid ( optical in/rum5ts1 to br+ ! mildly-radiant vapor ( nebul\s masses or ! fa9tly-glimm]+ />ry clu/]s ne>]1 & dim9i% ! ?\s&s ( ye>s int]pos$ betwe5 u & !m1 t s]ve z a crit]ion ( _! di/ance1 x /ill rema9s m ?an probable1 f ! k we possess ( ! velocity ( ! transmission ( lum9\s rays1 t ! light ( remote heav5ly bodies pres5ts u ) ! mo/ anci5t p]ceptible evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,x is ?us t ! reflective m9d ( man is l$ f simple premises to rise to ^? exalt$ heights ( nature1 :]e 9 ! light-illum9$ realms ( space1 myriads ( worlds are bur/+ into life l ! grass ( ! night499 fotnote 99,f my bro!r's beautiful sonnet ,freiheit und ,gesetz4 7,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 ',gesammelte ,w]ke'1 bd4 iv41 s4 #ceh1 ,no4 #be47 ,f ! regions ( cele/ial =ms1 ! doma9 ( ,uranus1 we w n[ desc5d to ! m contract$ sph]e ( t]re/rial =ces -- to ! int]ior ( ! ,e>? itself4 ,a my/]i\s *a9 l9ks toge!r bo? classes ( ph5om5a4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t signification ( ! ,titanic my?199 ! p[]s ( organic life1 t is to say1 ! great ord] ( nature1 dep5d ^u ! comb9$ action ( heav5 & e>?4 footnote 99,otfri$ ,mull]1 ',prolegom5a'1 s4 #cgc4 ,if we suppose t ! ,e>?1 l all ! o!r planets1 primordially belong$1 accord+ to its orig91 to ! c5tral body1 ! ,sun1 & to ! sol> atmosph]e t has be5 sep>at$ into nebul\s p #aee r+s1 ! same connection ) ?is cont+u\s ,sun1 z well z ) all ! remote suns t %9e 9 ! firmam5t1 is /ill reveal$ ?r\gh ! ph5om5a ( light & radiat+ heat4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( ^! actions mu/ n lead ! physici/1 9 8 del9eation ( nature1 to =get ! connection & ! common empire ( simil> =ces 9 ! univ]se4 ,a small fraction ( telluric heat is d]iv$ f ! regions ( univ]sal space 9 :i* our planet>y sy/em is mov+1 ^: temp]ature 7:i* accord+ to ,f\ri]1 is almo/ equal to our mean icy pol> heat7 is ! result ( ! comb9$ radiation ( all ! />s4 ,! causes t m p[]fully excite ! light ( ! ,sun 9 ! atmosph]e & 9 ! upp] /rata ( our air1 t give rise to heat-eng5d]+ electric & magnetic curr5ts1 & awak5 & g5ially vivify ! vital sp>k 9 organic /ructures on ! e>?'s surface1 mu/ be res]v$ = ! subject ( our future consid]ation4 ,z we purpose = ! pres5t to conf9e ourselves exclusively )9 ! telluric sph]e ( nature1 x w be exp$i5t to ca/ a prelim9>y glance ov] ! relations 9 space ( solids & fluids1 ! =m ( ! ,e>?1 its mean d5sity1 & ! p>tial di/ribution ( ?is d5sity 9 ! int]ior ( our planet1 its temp]ature & its electro-magnetic t5sion4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ^! relations 9 space1 & ( ! =ces inh]5t 9 matt]1 we %all pass to ! reaction ( ! int]ior on ! ext]ior ( our globe2 & to ! special consid]ation ( a univ]sally di/ribut$ natural p[] -- subt]ranean heat2 to ! ph5om5a ( e>?quakes1 exhibit$ 9 unequally exp&$ circles ( commotion1 :i* are n ref]able to ! action ( dynamic laws alone2 to ! spr++ =? ( hot wells2 &1 la/ly1 to ! m p[]ful actions ( volcanic processes4 ,! cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 :i* may sc>cely h be5 p]ceptibly elevat$ by ! sudd5 & repeat$1 or almo/ un9t]rupt$ %ocks by :i* x has be5 mov$ f bel[1 und]goes1 nev]!less1 great *anges 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies 9 ! relations ( ! elevation ( solid portions1 :5 comp>$ ) ! surface ( ! liquid p>ts1 & ev5 9 ! =m ( ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,9 ?is mann] simultane\s tempor>y or p]man5t fissures are op5$1 by :i* ! int]ior ( ! ,e>? is br\ght 9 contact ) ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,molt5 masses1 ris+ f an unkn[n dep?1 fl[ 9 n>r[ /reams along ! declivity ( m\nta9s1 ru%+ impetu\sly onw>d1 or mov+ sl[ly & g5tly1 until ! fi]y s\rce is qu5*$ 9 ! mid/ ( exhalations1 & ! lava becomes incru/$1 z x 71 by p #aef ! solidification ( its out] surface4 ,new masses ( rocks are ?us =m$ be=e our eyes1 :ile ! old] ones are 9 _! turn conv]t$ into o!r =ms by ! great] or less] ag5cy ( ,platonic =ces4 ,ev5 :]e no disruption takes place ! cry/all9e moleculres are displac$1 comb9+ to =m bodies ( d5s] texture4 ,! wat] pres5ts /ructures ( a totally diff]5t nature1 z1 = in/ance1 concretions ( animal & vegetable rema9s1 ( e>?y1 calc>e\s1 or alum9\s precipitates1 agglom]ations ( f9ely-pulv]iz$ m9]al bodies1 cov]$ ) lay]s ( ! silici\s %ields ( infusoria1 & ) transport$ soils conta9+ ! bones ( fossil animal =ms ( a m anci5t _w4 ,! /udy ( ! /rata :i* are s diff]5tly =m$ & arrang$ be=e our eyes1 & ( all t has be5 s v>i\sly dislocat$1 con=t$1 & upheav$1 by mutual compression & volcanic =ce1 leads ! reflective obs]v]1 by simple analogies1 to draw a comp>ison betwe5 ! pres5t & an age t has long pass$4 ,x is by a comb9ation ( actual ph5om5a1 by an ideal enl>gem5t ( relations 9 space1 & ( ! am\nt ( active =ces1 t we are able to advance into ! long s\ght & indef9itely anticipat$ doma9 ( geognosy1 :i* has only )9 ! la/ half c5tury be5 bas$ on ! solid f\ndation ( sci5tific d$uction4 ,x has be5 acutely rem>k$1 t not)/&+ our cont9ual employm5t ( l>ge telescopes1 we are less acqua9t$ ) ! ext]ior ?an ) ! int]ior ( o!r planets1 except+1 p]haps1 our own satellite4 ,!y h be5 weigh$1 & _! volume measur$2 & _! mass & d5sity are becom+ kn[n ) con/antly-increas+ exactness2 ?anks to ! progress made 9 a/ronomical obs]vation & calculation4 ,_! physical "* is1 h[ev]1 hidd5 9 obscurity1 = x is only 9 our own globe t we c be br\ght 9 imm$iate contact ) all ! elem5ts ( organic & inorganic creation4 ,! div]sity ( ! mo/ het]og5\s sub/ances1 _! admixtures & metamorphoses1 & ! ev]-*ang+ play ( ! =ces call$ into action1 af=d to ! human m9d bo? n\ri%m5t & enjoym5t1 & op5 an immeasurable field ( obs]vation1 f :i* ! intellectual activity ( man d]ives a great portion ( its gr&eur & p[]4 ,! _w ( p]ceptive ph5om5a is reflect$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ideal _w1 & ! ri*ness ( nature & ! mass ( all t admits ( classification gradually become ! objects ( inductive reason+4 ,i w\ld "h allude to ! advantage1 ( :i* ,i h already p #aeg spok51 possess$ by t portion ( physical sci5ce ^: orig9 is famili> to u1 & is connect$ ) our e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,! physical description ( cele/ial bodies f ! remotely-glimm]+ nebulae ) _! suns1 to ! c5tral body ( our own sy/em1 is limit$1 z we h se51 to g5]al conceptions ( ! volume & quantity ( matt]4 ,no manife/ation ( vital activity is !re pres5t$ to our s5ses4 ,x is only f analogies1 frequ5tly f purely ideal comb9ations1 t we haz>d conjectures on ! specific elem5ts ( matt]1 or on _! v>i\s modifications 9 ! diff]5t planet>y bodies4 ,b ! physical k ( ! het]og5e\s nature ( matt]1 its *emical diff]5ces1 ! regul> =ms 9 :i* its molecules comb9e toge!r1 :e!r 9 cry/als or granules2 its relations to ! deflect$ or decompos$ waves ( light by :i* x is p5etrat$2 to radiat+1 transmitt$1 or pol>iz$ heat2 & to ! brilliant or invisible1 b n1 on t acc\nt1 less active ph5om5a ( electro-magnetism -- all ?is inexhau/ible treasure1 by :i* ! enjoym5t ( ! contemplation ( nature is s mu* height5$1 is dep5d5t on ! surface ( ! planet :i* we inhabit1 & m on its solid ?an on its liquid p>ts4 ,i h already rem>k$ h[ greatly ! /udy ( natural objects & =ces1 & ! inf9ite div]sity ( ! s\rces !y op5 = our consid]ation1 /r5g!n ! m5tal activity1 & call into action e manife/ation ( intellectual progress4 ,^! relations require1 h[ev]1 z little comm5t z t concat5ation ( causes by :i* p>ticul> nations are p]mitt$ to enjoy a sup]iority ov] o!rs 9 ! ex]cise ( a mat]ial p[] d]iv$ f _! comm& ( a portion ( ^! elem5t>y =ces ( nature4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 x 7 necess>y to indicate ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! nature ( our k ( ! ,e>? & ( t ( ! cele/ial regions & _! cont5ts1 ,i am no less desir\s1 on ! o!r h&1 to draw att5tion to ! limit$ b\nd>ies ( t portion ( spacefrom :i* we d]ive all our k ( ! het]og5e\s "* ( matt]4 ,?is has be5 some:at inappropriately t]m$ ! ,e>?'s cru/2 x includes ! /rata mo/ contigu\s to ! upp] surface ( our planet1 & :i* h be5 laid op5 be=e u by deep fissure-l valleys1 or by ! labors ( man1 9 ! bores & %afts =m$ by m9]s4 ,^! labors99 d n ext5d beyond a v]tical dep? ( some:at m ?an #bjjj feet 7ab\t "o ?ird ( a geographical mile7 bel[ ! p #aei level ( ! sea1 & consequ5tly only ab\t #a_/ihjj? ( ! ,e>?'s radius4 footnote 99,9 speak+ ( ! greate/ dep?s )9 ! ,e>? rea*$ by human labor1 we mu/ recollect t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! 'absolute dep?' 7t is to say1 ! dep? bel[ ! ,e>?'s surface at t po9t7 & ! 'relative dep?' 7or t b5ea? ! level ( ! sea74 ,! greate/ relative dep? t man has hi!rto rea*$ is probably ! bore at ! new salt-works at ,m9d51 9 ,prussia3 9 ,june1 #ahad1 x 0 exactly #aiic feet1 ! absolute dep? be+ #bbca feet4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! bottom 0 #ih degrees ,f41 :i* assum+ ! mean temp]ature ( ! air at #di4c degrees gives an augm5tation ( temp]ature ( #a degree = e #ed feet4 ,! absolute dep? ( ! ,artesian well ( ,gr5elle1 ne> ,p>is1 is only #agie feet4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ! mission>y ,imb]t1 ! fire-spr+s1 ,ho-ts+4 ( ! ,*9ese1 :i* are sunk to obta9 c>buret$ hydrog5 gas = salt-boil+1 f> exce$ our ,artesian spr+s 9 dep?4 ,9 ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,szu-ts*uan ^! fire-spr+s are v commonly ( ! dep? ( m ?an #bjjj feet2 inde$1 at ,tseu-lieu-ts+ 7! place ( cont9ual fl[7 !re is a ,ho-ts+ :i*1 9 ! ye> #ahab1 0 f\nd to be #caig feet deep4 7,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 ii41 p4 #eba & #ebe4 ',annales de l',association de la ,propagation de la ,foi'1 #ahbi1 ,no4 #af1 p4 #cfi47 footnote cont9ues ,! relative dep? rea*$ at ,m\nt ,massi1 9 ,tuscany1 s\? ( ,volt]ra1 am\nts1 accord+ to ,matteuci1 to only #abec feet4 ,! bor+ at ! new salt-works ne> ,m9d5 is probably ( ab\t ! same relative dep? z ! coal-m9e at ,ap5dale1 ne> ,newca/le-"u-,lyme1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :]e m5 "w #gbe y>ds bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 7,?omas ,smi?1 ',m9]'s ,guide'1 #ahcf1 p4 #afj47 ,un=tunately1 ,i d n "k ! exact height ( its m\? above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! relative dep? ( ! ,monk-we>m\? m9e1 ne> ,newca/le1 is only #adif feet4 7,phillips1 9 ! ',philos4 ,mag4'1 vol4 v41 #ahcd1 p4 #ddf47 ,t ( ! ,liege coal-m9e1 'l',esp]ance' at ,s]a+1 is1 accord+ to ,m4 ,g]na]t1 ,+5ieur des ,m9es1 #abbc feet 9 dep?4 ,! works ( greate/ absolute dep? t h ev] be5 =m$ are = ! mo/ "p situat$ 9 su* elevat$ pla9s or valleys t !y ei!r d n desc5d s l[ z ! level ( ! sea1 or at mo/ rea* v little bel[ x4 ,?us ! ,esel*a*t1 at ,kutt5b]g1 9 ,bohemia1 a m9e :i* c n n[ be work$1 _h ! enorm\s absolute dep? ( #cggh feet4 7,fr4 ,a4 ,s*midt1 ',b]gge/ze d] ot] ,mon4'1 ab?4 i41 bd4 i41 s4 xxxii47 ,also1 at ,/4 ,daniel & at ,gei%1 on ! ,ror]bubel1 9 ! ',l&g]i*t' 7or prov9cial di/rict7 ( ,kitzbuhl1 !re 71 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 excavations ( #cajg feet4 ,! plans ( ! works ( ! ,ror]bubel are /ill pres]v$4 7,see ,joseph von ,sp]ges1 ',tyrol] ,b]gw]ksges*i*te'1 s4 #aba4 ,comp>e1 also1 ,humboldt1 ',guta*t5 ub] erantreibung des ,meissn] ,/oll5s 9 die ,freib]g] ,erzrevi]'1 pr9t$ 9 ,h]d]1 'ub] ,h]antreibung des ,meissn] ,/oll5s 9 die ,freib]g] ,erzrevi]'1 pr9t$ 9 ,h]d]1 'ub] d5 jetz begonn55 ,erb/oll5'1 #ahch1 s4 cxxiv47 ,we may presume t ! k ( ! extraord9>y dep? ( ! ,ror]buhel rea*$ ,engl& at an e>ly p]iod1 = ,i f9d x rem>k$ 9 ,gilb]t1 'de ,magnete'1 t m5 h p5etrat$ #bdjj or ev5 #cjjj feet into ! cru/ ( ! ,e>?4 7,exigua videtur t]rae portio1 quae unquam hom9ibus spect&a em]get aut eruitur2 cum pr(und9us 9 ejus visc]a1 ultra effloresc5tis extremitatis corruptelam1 aut propt] aquas 9 magnis fod91 tanquam p] v5as scaturi5tesaut propt] s]is salubrioris ad vitam op]>iorum su/95dam necess>ii defectum1 aut propt] +5tex sumptus ad tantos labores exantl&os1 multasque difficultates1 ad pr(undiores t]rz' p>tes p5etrre non possumus2 adeo ut quadrig5tas aut quod r>issime qu+5tas orgyas 9 quibusdam metallis desc5disse1 /up5dus omnibus videatur connatus4 -- ,guilielmi ,gilb]ti1 ,colce/r5sis1 'de ,magnete ,physiologia nova'4 ,lond41 #afjj1 p4 #dj47 footnote cont9ues ,! absolute dep? ( ! m9es 9 ! ,saxon ,erzgebirge1 ne> ,freiburg1 are3 9 ! ,?urmh(] m9es1 #aidd feet2 9 ! ,hon5birk] m9es1 #ahbg feet2 ! relative dep?s are only #fgg & #bgg feet1 if1 9 ord] to calculate ! elevation ( ! m9e's m\? above ! level ( ! sea1 we reg>d ! elevation ( ,freiburg z det]m9$ by ,rei*'s rec5t obs]vations to be #abfi feet4 ,! absolute dep? ( ! celebrat$ m9e ( ,joa*im/hal1 9 ,bohemia 7,v]kreuzung des ,jung ,hau] ,ze*5-und ,&reasganges71 is full #babj feet2 s t1 z ,von ,de*5's measurem5ts %[ t its surface is ab\t #bchh feet above ! level ( ! sea1 x foll[s t ! excavations h n z yet rea*$ t po9t4 ,9 ! ,h>z1 ! ,samson m9e at ,&reasb]g has an absolute dep? ( #baig feet4 ,9 :at 0 =m]ly ,spani% ,am]ica1 ,i "k ( no m9e deep] ?an ! ,val5ciana1 ne> ,guanaxuato 7,mexico71 :]e ,i f\nd ! absolute dep? ( ! ,planes de ,san ,b]n>do to be #afhf feet2 b ^! planes are #eifj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,if we comp>e ! dep? ( ! old ,kutt5b]g] m9e 7a dep? great] ?an ! height ( our ,brock51 & only #bjj feet less ?an t ( ,vesuvius7 ) ! l(tie/ /ructures t ! h&s ( man h erect$ 7) ! ,pyramid ( ,*eops & ) ! ,ca!dral ( ,/rasburg71 we f9d t !y /& 9 ! ratio ( eight to "o4 ,9 ?is note ,i h collect$ all ! c]ta9 in=mation ,i c\ld f9d reg>d+ ! greate/ absolute & relative dep?s ( m9es & bor+s4 ,9 desc5d+ ea/w>d f ,j]usalem t[>d ! ,dead ,sea1 a view pres5ts itself to ! eye1 :i*1 accord+ to our pres5t hypsometrical k ( ! surface ( our planet1 is unrival$ 9 any c\ntry2 z we approa* ! op5 rav9e ?r\gh :i* ! ,jordan takes its c\rse1 we tread1 ) ! op5 sky above u1 on rocks :i*1 accord+ to ! b>ometric measurem5ts ( ,b]ton & ,russegg] are #ache feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 7,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 ?4 ii41 p4 #cbc47 ,! cry/all9e masses t h be5 erupt$ f active volcanoes1 & are g5]ally simil> to ! rocks on ! upp] surface1 h come f dep?s :i*1 al?\gh n accurately det]m9$1 mu/ c]ta9ly be sixty times great] ?an ^? to :i* human labor has be5 enabl$ to p5etrate4 ,we are able to give 9 numb]s ! dep? ( ! %aft :]e ! /rata ( coal1 aft] p5etrat+ a c]ta9 way1 rise aga9 at a di/ance t admits ( be+ accurately def9$ by measurem5ts4 ,^! dips %[ t ! c>bonif]\s /rata1 toge!r ) ! fossil organic rema9s :i* !y conta91 mu/ lie1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,belgium1 m ?an five or six ?\s& feet99 bel[ ! pres5t level p #afj ( ! sea1 & t ! calc>e\s & ! curv$ /rata ( ! ,devonian bas9 p5etrate twice t dep?4 footnote 99,bas9-%ap$ curv$ /rata1 :i* dip & reappe> at measureable di/ances1 al?\gh _! deepe/ portions are beyond ! rea* ( ! m9]1 af=d s5sible evid5ce ( ! nature ( ! e>?'s cru/ at great dep?s bel[ its surface4 ,te/imony ( ?is k9d possesses1 consequ5tly1 a great geogno/ic int]e/4 ,i am indebt$ to t excell5t geognosi/1 ,von ,de*51 = ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,! dep? ( ! coal bas9 ( ,liege1 at ,mont ,/4 ,gilles1 :i* ,i1 9 conjunction ) our fri5d ,von ,oeynhaus51 h asc]ta9$ to be #chij feet bel[ ! surface1 ext5ds #cdfd feet bel[ ! surface ( ! sea1 = ! absolute height ( ,mont ,/4 ,gilles c]ta9ly does n mu* exce$ #djj feet2 ! coal bas9 ( ,mons is fully #ahfe feet deep]4 ,b all ^! dep?s are trifl+ comp>$ ) ^? :i* are pres5t$ by ! coal /rata ( ,sa>-,revi] 7,sa>bruck574 ,i h f\nd aft] repeat$ exam9ations1 t ! l[e/ coal /ratum :i* is kn[n 9 ! neighborhood ( ,duttweil]1 ne> ,bett+51 nor!a/ ( ,sa>l\is1 mu/ desc5d to dep?s ( #bj1fhb & #bb1jae feet 7or #c4f geographical miles7 bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is result exce$s1 by m ?an #hjjj feet1 ! assumption made 9 ! text reg>d+ ! bas9 ( ! ,devonian /rata4 ,?is coal-field is !re=e sunk z f> bel[ ! surface ( ! sea z ,*imborazo is elevat$ above x -- at a dep? at :i* ! ,e>?'s temp]ature mu/ be z high z #dce;degrees ,f4 ,h5ce1 f ! highe/ p9nacles ( ! ,himalaya to ! l[e/ bas9s conta9+ ! vegetation ( an e>li] _w1 !re is a v]tical di/ance ( ab\t #dh1jjj feet1 or ( ! #dce? "p ( ! ,e>?'s radius4 ,if we comp>e ^! subt]ranean bas9s ) ! summits ( monta9s t h hi!rto be5 consid]$ z ! mo/ elevat$ portions ( ! rais$ cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 we obta9 a di/ance ( #cg1jjj feet 7ab\t sev5 miles71 t is1 ab\t ! #a_/ebd? ( ! ,e>?'s radius4 ,^!1 !re=e1 w\ld be ! limits ( v]tical dep? & ( ! sup]position ( m9]al /rata to :i* geogno/ical inquiry c\ld p5etrate1 ev5 if ! g5]al elevation ( ! upp] surface ( ! e>? 7 equal to ! height ( ! ,dhawalagigi 9 ! ,himalaya1 or ( ! ,sorata 9 ,bolivia4 ,all t lies at a great] dep? bel[ ! level ( ! sea ?an ! %afts or ! bas9s ( :i* ,i h spok51 ! limits to :i* man's labors h p5etrat$1 or ?an ! dep?s to :i* ! sea has 9 "s few in/ances be5 s\nd$ 7,sir ,james ,ross 0 unable to f9d bottom ) #bg1fjj feet ( l9e71 is z mu* unkn[n to u z ! int]ior ( ! o!r planets ( our sol> sy/em4 ,we only "k ! mass ( ! :ole ,e>? & its mean d5sity by comp>+ x ) ! op5 /rata1 :i* alone are accessible to u4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! ,e>?1 :]e all k ( its *emical & m9]alogical "* fails1 we are aga9 limit$ to z pure conjecture1 z 9 ! remote/ bodies t revolve r\nd ! ,sun4 ,we c det]m9e no?+ ) c]ta9ty reg>d+ ! dep? at :i* ! geological /rata mu/ be suppos$ to be 9 /ate ( s(t5+ or ( liquid fusion1 ( ! cavities occupi$ by ela/ic vapor1 ( ! condition ( fluids :5 heat$ "u an enorm\s pressure1 or ( ! law ( ! increase p #afa ( d5sity f ! upp] surface to ! c5t] ( ! ,e>?4 ,! consid]ation ( ! increase ( heat ) ! increase ( dep? t[>d ! int]ior ( our planet1 & ( ! reaction ( ! int]ior on ! ext]nal cru/1 leads u to ! long s]ies ( volcanic ph5om5a4 ,^! ela/ic =ces are manife/$ 9 e>?quakes1 eruptions ( gas1 hot wells1 mud volcanoes & lava curr5ts f crat]s ( eruption & ev5 9 produc+ alt]ations 9 ! level ( ! sea499 footnote 99 ,see ,daub5ey ',on ,volcanoes'1 #b;d edit41 #chdh1 p4 #eci1 etc41 on ! s call$ 'mud volcanoes'1 & ! reasons advanc$ 9 favor ( adopt+ ! t]m salses to designate ^! ph5om5a4 -- ,tr4 ,l>ge pla9s & v>i\sly ind5t$ cont95ts are rais$ or sunk1 l&s are sep>at$ f seas1 & ! ocean itself1 :i* is p]meat$ by hot & cold curr5ts1 coagulates at bo? poles1 conv]t+ wat] into d5se masses ( rock1 :i* are ei!r /ratifi$ & fix$1 or brok5 up into float+ banks4 ,! b\nd>ies ( sea & l&1 ( fluids & solids1 are ?us v>i\sly & frequ5tly *ang$4 ,pla9s h und]gone oscillatory movem5ts1 be+ alt]nately elevat$ & depress$4 ,aft] ! elevation ( cont95ts1 m\nta9 *a9s 7 rais$ ^u long fissures1 mo/ly p>allel1 & 9 t case1 probably cotemporane\s2 & salt lakes & inl& seas1 long inhabit$ by ! same creatures1 7 =cibly sep>at$1 ! fossil rema9s ( %ells & zoophytes /ill giv+ evid5ce ( _! orig9al connection4 ,?us1 9 foll[+ ph5om5a 9 _! mutual dep5d5ce1 we are l$ f ! consid]ation ( ! =ces act+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,e>? to ^? :i* cause eruptions on its surface1 & by ! pressure ( ela/ic vapors give rise to burn+ /reams ( lava t fl[ f op5 fissures4 ,! same p[]s t rais$ ! *a9s ( ! ,&es & ! ,hiimalaya to ! regions ( p]petual sn[1 h occasion$ new compositions & new textures 9 ! rocky masses1 & h alt]$ ! /rata :i* _h be5 previ\sly deposit$ f fluids impregnat$ ) organic sub/ances4 ,we "h trace ! s]ies ( =mations1 divid$ & sup]pos$ accord+ to _! age1 & dep5d+ ^u ! *anges ( configuration ( ! surface1 ! dynamic relations ( upheav+ =ces1 & ! *emical action ( vapors issu+ f ! fissures4 ,! =m & di/ribution ( cont95ts1 t is to say1 ( t solid portion ( ! ,e>?'s surface :i* is suit$ to ! luxuri\s developm5t ( vegetable life1 are associat$ by intimate connection & reciprocal action ) ! encircl+ p #afb sea 9 :i* organic life is almo/ entirely limit$ to ! animal _w4 ,! liquid elem5t is aga9 cov]$ by ! atmosph]e1 an arial ocean 9 :i* ! m\nta9 *a9s & high pla9s ( ! dry l& rise l %oals1 occasion+ a v>iety ( curr5ts & *anges ( temp]ature1 collect+ vapor f ! region ( cl\ds1 & di/ribut+ life & motion by ! action ( ! /reams ( wat] :i* fl[ f _! declivities4 ,:ile ! geography ( plants & animals dep5ds on ^! intricate relations ( ! di/ribution ( sea & l&1 ! configuration ( ! surface1 & ! direction ( iso!rmal l9es 7or zones ( equal mean annual heat71 we f9d t ! case is totally diff]5t :5 we consid] ! human race -- ! la/ & noble/ subject 9 a physical description ( ! globe4 ,! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 races1 & _! relative num]ical di/ribution ov] ! ,e>?'s surface1 are conditions affect$ n by natural relations alone1 b at ! same "t & specially1 by ! progress ( civilization1 & by moral & intellectual cultivation on :i* dep5ds ! political sup]iority t di/+ui%es national progress4 ,"s few races1 cl++1 z x 71 to ! soil1 are supplant$ & ru9$ by ! dang]\s vic9ity ( o!rs m civiliz$ ?an !mselves1 until sc>ce a trace ( _! exi/5ce rema9s4 ,o!r races1 aga91 n ! /ronge/ 9 numb]s1 trav]se ! liquid elem5t1 & ?us become ! fir/ to acquire1 al?\gh late1 a geographical k ( at lea/ ! m>itime l&s ( ! :ole surface ( our globe1 f pole to pole4 ,i h ?us1 be=e we ent] on ! individual *>act]s ( t portion ( ! del9eation ( nature :i* includes ! sph]e ( telluric ph5om5a1 %[n g5]ally 9 :at mann] ! consid]ation ( ! =m ( ! ,e>? & ! incessant action ( electro-magnetism & subt]ranean heat may enable u to embrace 9 "o view ! relations ( horizontal expansion & elevation on ! ,e>?'s surface1 ! geogno/ic type ( =mations1 ! doma9 ( ! ocean 7( ! liquid portions ( ! ,e>?71 ! atmosph]e ) its meteorological processes1 ! geographical di/ribution ( plants & animals1 &1 f9ally1 ! physical gradations ( ! human race1 :i* is1 exclusively & e :]e1 susceptible ( intellectual culture4 ,?is unity ( contemplation presupposes a connection ( ph5om5a accord+ to _! int]nal comb9ation4 ,a m]e tabul> arrangem5t ( ^! facts w\ld n fulfill ! object ,i h propos$ to myself1 & w\ld n satisfy t requirem5t = cosmical pres5tation awak5$ 9 me by ! p #afc aspect ( nature 9 my j\rney+s by sea & l&1 by ! c>eful /udy ( =ms & =ces1 & by a vivid impression ( ! unity ( nature 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ v>i$ portions ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 ! rapid advance ( all bran*es ( physical sci5ce1 mu* t is defici5t 9 ?is attempt w1 p]haps1 at no remote p]iod1 be correct$ & r5d]$ m p]fect1 = x belongs to ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( k t portions :i* h long /ood isolat$ become gradually connect$1 & subject to high] laws4 ,i only indicate ! empirical pa? 9 :i* ,i & _m o!rs ( simil> pursuits ) myself are advanc+1 full ( expectation t1 z ,plato tells u ,socrates once desir$1 ,nature may be int]pret$ by reason alone499 footnote 99,plato1 ',pha$o'1 p4 #ig4 7,ari/41 ',metaph4'1 p4 #ihe47 comp>e ,hegel1 ',philosophie d] ,ges*i*te'1 #ahdj1 s4 #af4 ,! del9eation ( ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( telluric ph5om5a mu/ beg9 ) ! =m ( our planet & its relations 9 space4 ,"h too1 we may say t x is n only ! m9]alogical "* ( rocks1 :e!r !y are cry/all9e1 granul>1 or d5sely fossilif]\s1 b ! geometrical =m ( ! ,e>? itself1 :i* indicates ! mode ( its orig91 & is1 9 fact1 its hi/ory4 ,an elliptical sph]oid ( revolution gives evid5ce ( hav+ once be5 a s(t or fluid mass4 ,?us ! ,e>?'s compression con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ anci5t geogno/ic ev5ts1 z e att5tive read] ( ! book ( nature c easily disc]n2 & an analog\s fact is pres5t$ 9 ! case ( ! ,moon1 ! p]petual direction ( ^: axes t[>d ! ,e>?1 t is to say1 ! increas$ accumulation ( matt] on t half ( ! ,moon :i* is turn$ t[>d u1 det]m9es ! relations ( ! p]iods ( rotation & revolution1 & is probably contemporane\s ) ! e>lie/ epo* 9 ! =mative hi/ory ( ?is satellite4 ,! ma!matical figure ( ! ,e>? is t :i* x w\ld h 7 its surface cov]$ entirely by wat] 9 a /ate ( re/2 & x is ?is assum$ =m to :i* all geodesical measurem5ts ( degrees ref]4 ,?is ma!matical surface is diff]5t f t true physical surface :i* is affect$ by all ! accid5ts & inequalities ( ! solid p>ts499 footnote 99,bessel1 ',allgeme9e ,betra*tung5 ub] ,gradmessung5 na* a/ronomis*-geodtis*5 ,arbeit5'1 at ! conclusion ( ,bessel & ,baey]1 ',gradmessung 9 ,o/preuss5'1 s4 #dbg4 ,reg>d+ ! accumulation ( matt] on ! side ( ! ,moon turn$ t[>d u 7a subject notic$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ! text71 see ,laplace1 ',expos4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde'1 p4 #cjh4 ,! :ole figure ( ! ,e>? is det]m9$ :5 we "k ! am\nt ( ! p #afd compression at ! poles & ! equatorial diamet]2 9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to obta9 a p]fect repres5tation ( its =m x is necess>y to h measurem5ts 9 two directions1 p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r4 ,elev5 measurem5ts ( degrees 7or det]m9ations ( ! curvature ( ! ,e>?'s surface 9 diff]5t p>ts71 ( :i* n9e only belong to ! pres5t c5tury1 h made u acqua9t$ ) ! size ( our globe1 :i* ,pl9y names a po9t 9 ! immeasurable univ]se499 footnote 99,pl941 ii41 #fh4 ,s5eca1 ',nat4 ,quae/41 ,praef41 c4 ii4 ,el mundo espoco 7! ,e>? is small & n>r[71 writes ,columbus f ,jamaica to ,que5 ,isabella on ! #g? ( ,july1 #aejc3 n because he ent]ta9$ ! philosophic views ( ! a=esaid ,romans1 b because x appe>$ advantage\s to him to ma9ta9 t ! j\rney f ,spa9 0 n long1 if1 z he obs]ves1 we seek ! ea/ f ! we/4 ,comp>e my ',exam5 ,crit4 de l',hi/4 de la ,geogr4 du #ae me ,siecle'1 t4i41 p4 #hc1 & t4 ii41 p4 #cbg1 :]e ,i h %[n t ! op9ion ma9ta9$ by ,delisle1 ,fr]et1 & ,gossel91 t ! excessive diff]5ces 9 ! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! ,e>?'s circumf]5ce1 f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,greeks1 are only app>5t1 & dep5d5t on diff]5t values be+ atta*$ to ! /adia1 0 put =w>d z e>ly z #adie by ,jaime ,f]r]1 9 a proposition reg>d+ ! det]m9ation ( ! l9e ( dem>kation ( ! papal dom9ions4 ,if ^! measurem5ts d n always accord 9 ! curvatures ( diff]5t m]idians "u ! same degree ( latitude1 ?is v circum/ance speaks 9 favor ( ! exactness ( ! in/rum5ts & ! me?ods employ$1 & ( ! accuracy & ! fidelity to nature ( ^! p>tial results4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ! increase ( =ces ( attraction 79 ! direction f ! equator to ! poles7 ) respect to ! figure ( a planet is dep5d5t on ! di/ribution ( d5sity 9 its int]ior4 ,newton1 f !oretical pr9ciples1 & p]haps likewise prompt$ by ,cass9i's discov]y1 previ\sly to #afff1 ( ! compression ( ,jupit]199 det]m9$1 9 8 immortal "w1 ',philosophiae ,naturalis ,pr9cipia'1 t ! compression ( ! ,e>?1 z a homog5e\s mass1 0 #a_/bcj?4 footnote 99,brew/]1 ',life ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton'1 #ahca1 p4 #afb4 ,! discov]y ( ! sph]oidal =m ( ,jupit] by ,cass9i _h probably direct$ ! att5tion ( ,newton to ! det]m9ation ( its cause1 & consequ5tly1 to ! inve/igation ( ! true figure ( ! ,e>?4 ,al?\gh ,cass9i did n ann\nce ! am\nt ( ! compression ( ,jupit] 7#a_/ae?7 till #afia 7',anci5s ,memoires de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 ii41 p4 #ajh71 yet we "k f ,lal&e 7',a/ron4'1 #cme ed41 t4 iii41 p4 #cce7 t ,moraldi possess$ "s pr9t$ %eets ( a ,lat9 "w1 ,on ! ,spots ( ! ,planets1 comm5c$ by ,cass9i1 f :i* x 0 obvi\s t he 0 aw>e ( ! compression ( ,jupit] be=e ! ye> #afff1 & !re=e at lea/ tw5ty-"o ye>s be=e ! publication ( ,newton's ',pr9cipia'4 ,actual mesurem5ts1 p #afe made by ! aid ( new & m p]fect analysis1 h1 h[ev]1 %[n t ! compression ( ! poles ( ! t]re/rial sph]oid1 :5 ! d5sity ( ! /rata is reg>d$ z increas+ t[>d ! c5t]1 is v ne>ly #a_/cjj?4 ,?ree me?ods h be5 employ$ to inve/igate ! curvature ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 viz41 measurem5ts ( degrees1 oscillations ( ! p5dulum1 & obs]vations ( ! inequalities 9 ! ,moon's orbit4 ,! fir/ is a direct geometrical & a/ronomical me?od1 :ile 9 ! o!r two we det]m9e f accurately obs]v$ movem5ts ! am\nt ( ! =ces :i* occasion ^? movem5ts1 & f ^! =ces we arrive at ! cause f :5ce !y h orig9at$1 viz41 ! compression ( our t]re/rial sph]oid4 ,9 ?is "p ( my del9eation ( nature1 contr>y to my usual practice1 ,i h in/anc$ me?ods because _! accuracy af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! intimate connection exi/+ among ! =ms & =ces ( natural ph5om5a1 & also because _! application has giv5 occasion to improvem5ts 9 ! exactness ( in/rum5ts 7z ^? employ$ 9 ! measurem5ts ( space7 9 optical & *ronological obs]vations2 to great] p]fection 9 ! fundam5tal bran*es ( a/ronomy & me*anics 9 respect to lun> motion & to ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum2 & to ! discov]y ( new & hi!rto untrodd5 pa?s ( analysis4 ,) ! exception ( ! inve/igations ( ! p>allax ( />s1 :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ab]ration & nutation1 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce pres5ts no problem 9 :i* ! object atta9$ -- ! k ( ! compression & ( ! irregul> =m ( our planet -- is s f> exce$$ 9 importance by ! incid5tal ga9 :i* has accru$1 ?r\gh a long & we>y c\rse ( inve/igation1 9 ! g5]al fur!rance & improvem5t ( ! ma!matical & a/ronomical sci5ces4 ,! comp>ison ( elev5 measurem5ts ( degrees 79 :i* are includ$ ?ree extra-,european1 namely1 ! old ,p]uvian & two ,ea/ ,indian7 gives1 accord+ to ! mo/ /rictly !oretical requirem5ts all[$ = by ,bessel199 a compression p #aff ( #a_/bii?4 footnote 99,accord+ to ,bessel's exam9ation ( t5 measurem5ts ( degrees1 9 :i* ! error discov]$ by ,poissant 9 ! calculation ( ! ,fr5* measurem5ts is tak5 into consid]ation 7,s*uma*]1 ',a/ron4 ,na*r4'1 #ahda1 ,no4 #dch1 s4 #aaf71 ! semi-axis major ( ! elliptical sph]oid ( revolution to :i* ! irregul> figure ( ! ,e>? mo/ closely approximates is #c1bgb1jgg4ad toises1 or #bj1ibd1ggd feet2 ! semi-axis m9or1 #c1bfa1aei1hc toises1 or #bj1hed1hba feet2 & ! am\nt ( compression or ecc5tricity #a_/bii4aeb;d2 ! l5g? ( a mean degree ( ! m]idian1 #eg1jac4aji toises1 or #cfd1eif feet1 ) an error ( #b4hdjc toises1 or #ah4af feet1 :5ce ! l5g? ( a geographical mile is #chjg4bc toises1 or #fjhf4g feet4 ,previ\s comb9ations ( measurem5ts ( degrees v>i$ betwe5 #a_/cjb;d & #a_/big?2 ?us ,walbeck 7',de ,=ma ( ,magnitud9e telluris 9 dem5sis arcubus ,m]idiani def9i5dis'1 #ahai7 gives #a_/cjbgh?3 ,ed4 ,s*midt 7',lehrbu* d] ,ma!m4 und ,phys4 ,geographie'1 #ahbi1 s4 #e7 gives #a_/bjgdb;d1 z ! mean ( sev5 measures4 ,respect+ ! influ5ce ( great diff]5ces ( longitude on ! pol> compression1 see ',biblio!que ,univ]selle'1 t4 xxxiii41 p4 #aha1 & t4 xxxv41 p4 #ej3 likewise ',connaissance des ,tems'1 #ahbi1 p4 #bij4 ,f ! lun> inequalities alone1 ,laplace 7',exposition du ,sy/4 du ,monde'1 p4 #bbi7 f\nd x1 by ! old] tables ( ,burg1 to be #a_/cbde?2 & subsequ5tly1 f ! lun> obs]vations ( ,burckh>dt & ,b\v>d1 he fix$ x at #a_/bii4a? 7',mecanique ,cele/e'1 t4 v41 p4 #ac & #dc74 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ! pol> radius is #aj1ich toises 7#fi1idd feet71 or ab\t #aa #a_/b miles1 %ort] ?an ! equatorial radius ( our t]re/rial sph]oid4 ,! excess at ! equator 9 consequ5ce ( ! curvature ( ! upp] surface ( ! globe am\nts1 consequ5tly1 9 ! direction ( gravitation1 to some:at m ?an #d #c_/g? times ! height ( ,mont ,blanc1 or only #b #a_/b times ! probable height ( ! summit ( ! ,*awalagiri1 9 ! ,himalaya *a94 ,! lun> inequalities 7p]turbation 9 ! moon's latitude & longitude7 give accord+ to ! la/ inve/igations ( ,laplace1 almo/ ! same result = ! ellipticity z ! measurem5ts ( degrees1 viz41 #a_/bii?4 ,! results yield$ by ! oscillation ( ! p5dulum give1 on ! :ole1 a mu* great] am\nt ( compression1 viz41 #a_/bhh?499 footnote 99,! oscillations ( ! p5dulum give #a_/bhh4g? z ! g5]al result ( ,sab9e's great exp$ition 7#ahbb & #ahbc1 f ! equator to #hj degrees nor? latitude72 accord+ to ,freyc9et1 #a_/bhf4b;d1 exclusive ( ! exp]im5ts in/itut$ at ! ,isle ( ,france1 ,guam1 & ,m[i 7,mawi72 accord+ to ,=/]1 #a_/bhi4e?2 accord+ to ,dup]rey1 #a_/bff4d?2 & accord+ to ,lutke 7',p>tie ,nautique'1 #ahcf1 p4 #bcb71 #a_/bgj?1 calculat$ f elev5 /ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ma?ieu 7',connais4 des ,temps'1 #ahaf1 p4 #ccj7 fix$ ! am\nt at #a_/bih4b;d1 f obs]vations made betwe5 ,=m5t]a & ,dunkirk2 & ,biot1 at #a_/cjd?1 f obs]vations betwe5 ,=m5t]a & ! isl& ( ,u/4 ,comp>e ,baily1 ',report on ,p5dulum ,exp]im5ts'1 9 ! ',memoirs ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society'1 vol4 vii41 p4 #if2 also ,bor5ius1 9 ! ',bullet9 de l',acad4 de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg'1 #ahdc1 t4 i41 p4 #be4 ,! fir/ proposal to apply ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum z a /&>d ( measure1 & to e/abli% ! ?ird "p ( ! seconds p5dulum 7!n suppos$ to be e :]e ( equal l5g?7 z a 'pes hor>ius'1 or g5]al measure1 t might be recov]$ at any age & by all nations1 is to be f\nd 9 ,huyg5s's ',horologium ,oscillatorium'1 #afgc1 ,prop4 #be4 ,a simil> wi% 0 aft]w>d publicly express$1 9 #agdb1 on a monum5t erect$ at ! equator by ,b\gu]1 ,la ,condam9e1 & ,god94 ,on ! beautiful m>ble tablet :i* exi/s1 z yet un9jur$1 9 ! old ,jesuits' ,college at ,quito1 ,i h myself read ! inscription1 ',p5duli simplicis aequ9octialis unius m9uti secundi ar*etypus1 m5surae naturalis exempl>1 ut9am univ]salis6' ,f an obs]vation made by ,la ,condam9e1 9 8 ',j\rnal du ,voyage a l',equateur'1 #agea1 p4 #afc1 reg>d+ p>ts ( ! inscription t 7 n fill$ up1 & a slight diff]5ce betwe5 ,bongu] & himself respect+ ! numb]s1 ,i 0 l$ to expect t ,i %\ld f9d consid]able discrepancies betwe5 ! m>ble tablet & ! inscription z x _h be5 describ$ 9 ,p>is2 b1 aft] a c>eful comp>ison1 ,i m]ely f\nd two ex arca graduum plusquam trium1 & ! date ( #agde in/ead ( #agdb4 ,! latt] circum/ance is s+ul>1 because ,la ,condam9e return$ to ,europe 9 ,novemb]1 #agdd1 ,b\gu] 9 ,june ( ! same ye>1 & ,god9 _h left ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ,july1 #agdd4 ,! mo/ necess>y & useful am5dm5t to ! numb]s on ?is inscription w\ld h be5 ! a/ronomical longitude ( ,quito4 7,humboldt1 ',recueil d',obs]v4 ,a/ron4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cai-ced47 ,n\et's latitudes1 engrav$ on ,egyptian monum5ts1 (f] a m rec5t example ( ! dang] pres5t$ by ! grave p]petuation ( false or c>eless results4 ,galileo1 :o fir/ obs]v$ :5 a boy 7hav+1 probably1 suff]$ 8 ?\ghts to w&] f ! s]vice7 t ! height ( ! vault$ ro( ( a *ur* might be measur$ by ! "t ( ! vibration ( ! *&eli]s susp5d$ at diff]5t altitudes1 c\ld h>dly h anticipat$ t ! p5dulum w\ld "o day be c>ri$ f pole to pole1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! =m ( ! ,e>?1 or1 r1 t ! unequal d5sity ( ! /rata ( ! ,e>? affects ! l5g? ( ! seconds p5dulum by means ( intricate =ces ( local attraction1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 almo/ regul> 9 l>ge tracts ( l&4 ,^! geogno/ic relations ( an in/rum5t int5d$ = ! measurem5t ( "t -- ?is prop]ty ( ! p5dulum1 by :i*1 l a s\nd+ l9e1 x se>*es unkn[n dep?s1 & reveals 9 volcanic isl&s199 or 9 ! declivity ( elevat$ cont95tal m\nta9 *a9s19999 d5se masses ( basalt & melaphyre in/ead ( cavities1 r5d] x difficult1 not)/&+ ! admirable simplicity ( ! me?od1 to arrive at any great result reg>d+ ! figure ( ! ,e>? f obs]vation ( ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum4 footnote 99,respect+ ! augm5t$ int5sity ( ! attraction ( gravitation 9 volcanic isl&s 7,/4 ,hel5a1 ,ualan1 ,f]n&o de ,noronha1 ,isle ( ,france1 ,guam1 ,m[e1 & ,galapagos71 ,rawak 7,lutke1 p4 #bdj7 be+ an exception1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( its proximity to ! highl& ( ,new ,gu9ea1 see ,ma?ieu1 9 ,delambre1 ',hi/4 de l',a/ronomie1 au #ahme ,siecle'1 p4 #gja4 footnote 9999,num]\s obs]vations also %[ great irregul>ities 9 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum 9 ! mid/ ( cont95ts1 & :i* are ascrib$ to local attractions4 7,delambre1 ',mesure de la ,m]idi5ne'1 t4 iii41 p4 #edh2 ,biot1 9 ! ',mem4 de l',academie des ,sci5ces'1 t4 viii41 #ahbi1 p4 #ah & #bc47 ,9 pass+ ov] ! ,s\? ( ,france & ,lomb>dy f we/ to ea/1 we f9d ! m9imum int5sity ( gravitation at ,bordeaux2 f !nce x increases rapidly z we advance ea/w>d1 ?r\gh ,figeac1 ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 ,milan1 & ,padua2 & 9 ! la/ t[n we f9d t ! int5sity has atta9$ its maximum4 ,! influ5ce ( ! s\!rn declivities ( ! ,alps is n m]ely t on ! g5]al size ( _! mass1 b 7mu* m71 9 ! op9ion ( ,elie de ,beaumont 7',re*4 sur les ,revol4 de la ,surface du ,globe'1 #ahcj1 p4 #gbi71 on ! rocks ( melaphyre & s]p5t9e1 :i* h elevat$ ! *a94 ,on ! declivity ( ,ar>at1 :i* ) ,caucasus may be said to lie 9 ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! old cont95t =m$ by ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 ! v exact p5dulum exp]im5ts ( ,f$or[ give indications1 n ( subt]ranean cavities1 b ( d5se volcanic masses4 7,p>rot1 ',reise zum ,ar>at'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #adc47 ,9 ! geodesic op]ations ( ,c>l9i & ,plana1 9 ,lomb>dy1 diff]5ces rang+ f #bj to #dg4h h be5 f\nd betwe5 direct obs]vations ( latitude & ! results ( ^! op]ations4 7,see ! in/ances ( ,&rate & ,mondovi1 & ^? ( ,milan & ,padua1 9 ! ',op]ations ,geodes4 et ,a/ron4 p\r la ,mesure d'un ,arc du ,p>allele ,moy5'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cdg2 ',effem]idi ,a/ron4 di ,milano'1 #ahdb1 p4 #eg47 ,! latitude ( ,milan1 d$uc$ f t ( ,b]ne1 accord+ to ! 1 is #de;degrees #bg' #eb1 :ile1 accord+ to direct a/ronomical obs]vations1 x is #de degrees #bg' #ce4 ,z ! p]turbations ext5d 9 ! pla9 ( ,lomb>dy to ,p>ma1 :i* is f> s\? ( ! ,po 7,plana1 ',op]at4 ,geod4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #hdg71 x is probable t !re are deflect+ causes 'conceal$ b5ea? ! soil ( ! pla9 itself'4 ,/ruve has made simil> exp]im5ts ) correspond+ results 9 ! mo/ level p>ts ( ea/]n ,europe4 7,s*uma*]1 ',a/ron4 ,na*ri*t5'1 #ahcj1 ,no4 #afd1 s4 #cii47 ,reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( d5se masses suppos$ to lie at a small dep?1 equal to ! mean height ( ! ,alps1 see ! analytical expressions giv5 by ,hoss>d & ,rozet1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus'1 t4 xviii41 #ahdd1 p4 #bib1 & comp>e !m ) ,poisson1 ',traite de ,mecanique' 7#bme ed41 t4 i41 p4 #dhb4 ,! e>lie/ obs]vations on ! influ5ce :i* diff]5t k9ds ( rocks ex]cise on ! vibration ( ! p5dulum are ^? ( ,?omas ,"y1 9 ! ',philos4 ,transactions' = #ahai1 p4 #gj-if4 ,9 draw+ conclusions reg>d+ ! ,e>?'s curvature f ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum1 we ought n to ov]look ! possibility t its cru/ may h und]gone a process ( h>d5+ previ\sly to metallic & d5se basaltic masses hav+ p5etrat$ f great dep?s1 ?r\gh op5 clefts1 & approa*$ ne> ! surface4 ,9 ! a/ronomical "p ( ! det]m9ation ( degrees ( latitude1 m\nta9 *a9s1 or ! d5s] /rata ( ! ,e>?1 likewise ex]cise1 al?\gh 9 a less degree1 an unfavorable influ5ce on ! measurem5t4 ,z ! =m ( ! ,e>? ex]ts a p[]ful influ5ce on ! motions ( o!r cosmical bodies1 & especially on t ( its own neighbor+ satellite1 a m p]fect k ( ! motion ( ! latt] w enable u reciprocally to draw an inf]5ce reg>d+ ! figure ( ! ,e>?4 ,?us1 z ,laplace ably rem>ks199 ,an a/ronom]1 )\t leav+ 8 obs]vatory1 may1 by a comp>ison ( lun> !ory ) true obs]vations1 n only be enabl$ to det]m9e ! =m & size ( ! ,e>?1 b also its di/ance f ! ,sun & ,moon -- results t o!rwise c\ld only be arriv$ at by long & ardu\s exp$itions to ! mo/ remote p>ts ( bo? hemisph]es4 footnote 99,laplace1 ',expos4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde'1 p4 #bca4 p #afi ,! compression :i* may be inf]r$ f lun> inequalities af=ds an advantage n yield$ by individual measurem5ts ( degrees or exp]im5ts ) ! p5dulum1 s9ce x gives a mean am\nt :i* is ref]able to ! :ole planet4 ,! comp>ison ( ! ,e>?'s compression ) ! velocity ( rotation %[s1 fur!r1 ! increase ( d5sity f ! /rata f ! surface t[>d ! c5t] -- an increase :i* a comp>ison ( ! ratios ( ! axes ( ,jupit] & ,saturn ) _! times ( rotation likewise %[s to exi/ 9 ^! two l>ge planets4 ,?us ! k ( ! ext]nal =m ( planet>y bodies leads u to draw conclusions reg>d+ _! int]nal "*4 ,! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es appe> to pres5t ne>ly ! same curvature "u equal degrees ( latitude1 b1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 p5dulum exp]im5ts & measurem5ts ( degrees yield su* diff]5t results = individual portions ( ! ,e>?'s surface t no regul> figure c be giv5 :i* w\ld reconcile all ! results hi!rto obta9$ by ?is me?od4 ! true figure ( ! ,e>? is to a regul> figure z ! unev5 surfaces ( wat] 9 motion are on ! ev5 surface ( wat] at re/4 ,:5 ! ,e>? _h be5 measur$1 x /ill _h to be weigh$4 ,! oscillations ( ! p5dulum99 & ! plummet h "h likewise s]v$ to det]m9e ! mean d5sity ( ! ,e>?1 ei!r 9 connection ) a/ronomical & geodetic op]ations1 ) ! view ( f9d+ ! deflection ( ! plummet f a v]tical l9e 9 ! vic9ity ( a m\nta91 or by a comp>ison ( ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum 9 a pla9 & on ! summit ( an elevation1 or1 f9ally1 by ! employm5t ( a torsion balance1 :i* may be consid]$ z a horizontally vibrat+ p5dulum = ! measurem5t ( ! relative d5sity ( neighb\r+ /rata4 footnote 99,la ,caille's p5dulum measurem5ts at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :i* h be5 calculat$ ) mu* c>e by ,ma?ieu 7,delambre1 ',hi/4 de l',a/ron4 au #ahme ,siecle'1 p4 #dgi71 give a compression ( #a_/bhd4d?2 b1 f sev]al comp>isons ( obs]vations made 9 equal latitudes 9 ! two hemisph]es 7,new ,holl& & ! ,mal\9es 7,falkl& ,isl&s71 comp>$ ) ,b>celona1 ,new ,york1 & ,dunkirk71 !re is z yet no reason = suppos+ t ! mean compression ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e is great] ?an t ( ! nor!rn4 7,biot1 9 ! ',mem4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 viii41 #ahbi1 p4 #ci-da47 ,( ^! ?ree me?ods99 ! p #agj la/ is ! mo/ c]ta91 s9ce x is indep5d5t ( ! difficult det]m9ation ( ! d5sity ( ! m9]al masses ( :i* ! sph]ical segm5t ( ! m\nta9 consi/s ne> :i* ! obs]vations are made4 footnote 99,! ?ree me?ods ( obs]vation give ! foll[+ results3 7#a47 by ! deflection ( ! plumb-l9e 9 ! proximity ( ! ,%ehalli5 ,m\nta9 7,gaelic1 ,?i*all97 9 ,p]?%ire1 r4#gac1 z det]m9$ by ,maskelyne1 ,hutton1 & ,playfair 7#aggd-aggf & #ahaj71 accord+ to a me?od t _h be5 propos$ by ,newton2 7#b47 by p5dulum vibrations on m\nta9s1 #d4hcg 7,c>l9i's obs]vations on ,m\nt ,c5is comp>$ ) ,biot's obs]vations at ,bordeaux1 ',effem]4 ,a/ron4 di ,milano'1 #ahbd1 p4 #ahd72 7#c47 by ! torsion balance us$ by ,cav5di%1 ) an app>atus orig9ally devis$ by ,mit*ell1 #e4dh 7accord+ to ,hutton's revision ( ! calculation1 #e4cb1 & accord+ to t ( ,edu>d ,s*midt1 #e4eb2 ',lehrbu* d] ,ma?4 ,geographie'1 bd4 i41 s4 #dhg72 by ! torsion balance1 accord+ to ,rei*1 #e4dd4 ,9 ! calculation ( ^! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,rei*1 :i* h be5 made ) ma/]ly accuracy1 ! orig9al mean result 0 #e4dc 7) a probable error ( only #j4jbcc71 a result :i*1 be+ increas$ by ! quantity by :i* ! ,e>?'s c5trifugal =ce dim9i%es ! =ce ( gravity = ! latitude ( ,freib]g 7#ej degrees #ee'71 becomes *ang$ to #e4dd4 ,! employm5t ( ca/ iron in/ead ( lead has n pres5t$ any s5sible diff]5ce1 or none exce$+ ! limits ( errors ( obs]vation1 h5ce disclos+ no traces ( magnetic influ5ces4 7,rei*1 ',vrsu*e ub] die mittl]e ,di*tigheit d] ,erde'1 #ahch1 s4 #fj1 #fb1 & #ff47 ,by ! assumption ( too slight a degree ( ellipticity ( ! ,e>?1 & by ! unc]ta9ty ( ! e/imations reg>d+ ! d5sity ( rocks on its surface1 ! mean d5sity ( ! ,e>?1 z d$uc$ f exp]im5ts on & ne> m\nta9s1 0 f\nd ab\t "o six? small] ?an x really is1 namely1 #d4gfa 7,laplace1 ',mecan4 ,cele/e'1 t4 v41 p4 #df71 or #d4ghe4 7,edu>d ,s*midt1 ',lehrb4 d] ,ma?4 ,geogr4'1 bd4 i41 #chg und #dah47 ,on ,halley's hypo!sis ( ! ,e>? be+ a holl[ sph]e 7notic$ 9 page #aga71 :i* 0 ! g]m ( ,frankl9's ideas conc]n+ e>?quakes1 see ',philos4 ,trans4' = ! ye> #afic1 vol4 xvii41 p4 #efc 7',on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,int]nal ,p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 & ! concave habit$ ',ar* ( ! ,%ell'74 ,halley reg>d$ x z m wor?y ( ! ,creator t ! ,e>?1 l a h\se ( sev]al /ories1 %\ld be inhabit$ bo? )\t & )94 ,= light 9 ! holl[ sph]e 7p4 #egf7 provision might 9 "s mann] be contriv$4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,rei*1 ! result obta9$ is #e4dd2 t is to say1 ! mean d5sity ( ! :ole ,e>? is #e4dd times great] ?an ?t ( pure wat]4 ,z accord+ to ! nature ( ! m9]alogical /rata con/itut+ ! dry cont95tal "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 ! mean d5sity ( ?is portion sc>cely am\nts to #b4g1 & ! d5sity ( ! dry & liquid surface conjo9tly to sc>cely #a4f1 x foll[s t ! elliptical unequally compress$ lay]s ( ! int]ior mu/ greatly increase 9 d5sity t[>d ! c5t]1 ei!r ?r\gh pressure or ow+ to ! het]og5e\s nature ( ! sub/ances4 ,"h aga9 we see t ! v]tical1 z well z ! horizontally vibrat+ p5dulum1 may ju/ly be t]m$ a geogno/ical in/rum5t4 ,! results obta9$ by ! employm5t ( an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d h l$ celebrat$ physici/s1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! hypo!sis f :i* !y />t$1 to adopt p #aga entirely opposite views reg>d+ ! nature ( ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,x has be5 comput$ at :at dep?s liquid or ev5 gase\s sub/ances w\ld1 f ! pressure ( _! own sup]impos$ /rata1 atta9 a d5sity exce$+ t ( plat9um or ev5 iridium2 & 9 ord] t ! compression :i* has be5 detrm9$ )9 su* n>r[ limits might be br\ght into h>mony ) ! assumption ( simple & inf9itely compressible matt]1 ,leslie has +5i\sly conceiv$ ! nucleus ( ! _w to be a holl[ sph]e1 fill$ ) an assum$ impond]able matt]1 hav+ an enorm\s =ce ( expansion4 ,^! v5turesome & arbitr>y conjectures h giv5 rise1 9 :olly unsci5tific circles1 to /ill m fanta/ic notions4 ,! holl[ sph]e has by degrees be5 peopl$ ) plants & animals1 & two small subt]ranean revolv+ planets -- ,pluto & ,pros]p9e -- 7 imag9atively suppos$ to %$ ov] x _! mild light2 z1 h[ev]1 x 0 fur!r imag9$ t an ev]-uni=m temp]ature reign$ 9 ^! int]nal regions1 ! air1 :i* 0 made self-lum9\s by compression1 might well r5d] ! planets ( ?is l[] _w unnecess>y4 ,ne> ! nor? pole1 at #hj degrees latitude1 :5ce ! pol> light emanates1 0 an enorm\s op5+1 ?r\gh :i* a desc5t might be made into ! holl[ sph]e1 & ,sir ,humphrey ,davy & myself 7 ev5 publicly & frequ5tly invit$ by ,capta9 ,symmes to ent] ^u ?is subt]ranean exp$ition3 s p[]ful is ! morbid incl9ation ( m5 to fill unkn[n spaces ) %apes ( wond]1 totally unm9dful ( ! c\nt] evid5ce furni%$ by well-atte/$ facts & univ]sally ackn[l$g$ natural laws4 ,ev5 ! celebrat$ ,halley1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 holl[$ out ! ,e>? 9 8 magnetic speculations4 ,m5 7 invit$ to believe t a subt]ranean freely-rotat+ nucleus occasions by its position ! diurnal & annual *anges ( magnetic decl9ation4 ,x has ?us be5 attempt$ 9 our own day1 ) t$i\s solemnity1 to clo! 9 a sci5tific g>b ! qua9tly-devis$ fiction ( ! humor\s ,holb]t499 footnote 99,! "w ref]r$ to1 "o ( ! wittie/ productions ( ! le>n$ ,norwegian satiri/ & dramati/ ,holb]g1 0 writt5 9 ,lat91 & fir/ appe>$ "u ! foll[+ title3 ',nicolai ,klimii it] subt]raneum novam telluris !oriam ac hi/oriam qu9tae mon>*i ,nicolai ,klimii it] subt]raneum novam telluris !oriam ac hi/oriam qu9tae mon>*i ad huc nobis incognitae exhib5s e biblio!ca b4 ,abel9i4 ,hafniae et ,lipsiae sunt4 ,jac4 ,preuss'1 #agda4 ,an admirable ,dani% translation ( ?is le>n$ b sev]e satire on ! in/itutions1 morals1 & mann]s ( ! inhabitants ( ! upp] ,e>?1 appe>$ at ,cop5hag5 9 #aghi1 & 0 entitl$ ',niels ,klim's und]jordiske reise ocd ,ludwig ,holb]g1 ov]sal aft] d5 ,lat9ske orig9al ( ,j5s ,bagges5'4 ,holb]g1 :o /udi$ = a "t at ,ox=d1 0 born at ,b]g5 9 #afhe1 & di$ 9 #aged z ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 -- ,tr4 p #agb ,! figure ( ! ,e>? & ! am\nt ( solidification 7d5sity7 :i* x has acquir$ are intimately connect$ ) ! =ces by :i* x is animat$1 9 s f>1 at lea/1 z !y h be5 excit$ or awak5$ f )\t1 ?r\gh its planetry position ) ref]5ce to a lum9\s c5tral body4 ,compression1 :5 consid]$ z a consequ5ce ( c5trifugal =ce act+ on a rotat+ mass1 expla9s ! e>li] condition ( fluidity ( our planet4 ,dur+ ! solidification ( ?is fluid1 :i* is commonly conjectur$ to h be5 gase\s & primordially heat$ to a v high temp]ature1 an enorm\s quantity ( lat5t heat mu/ h be5 lib]at$4 ,if ! process ( solidification began z ,f\ri] conjectures1 by radiation f ! cool+ surface expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 ! p>ticles ne> ! c5t] w\ld h cont9u$ fluid & hot4 ,z1 aft] long emanation ( heat f ! c5t] t[>d ! ext]ior1 a /able condition ( ! temp]ature ( ! ,e>? w\ld at l5g? be e/abli%$1 x has be5 assum$ t ) increas+ dep? ! subt]ranean heat likewise un9t]rupt$ly increases4 ,! heat ( ! wat] :i* fl[s f deep bor+s 7,artesian wells71 direct exp]im5ts reg>d+ ! temp]ature ( rocks 9 m9es1 b1 above all1 ! volcanic activity ( ! ,e>?1 %[n by ! fl[ ( molt5 masses f op5 fissures1 af=d unque/ionable evid5ce ( ?is increase = v consid]able dep?s f ! upp] /rata4 ,accord+ to conclusions bas$ c]ta9ly ^u m]e analogies1 ?is increase is probably mu* great] t[>d ! c5t]4 ,t :i* has be5 le>n$ by an +5i\s analytic calculation1 expressly p]fect$ = ?is class ( inve/igations199 p #agc reg>d+ ! motion ( heat 9 homog5e\s metallic sph]oids1 mu/ be appli$ ) mu* caution to ! actual "* ( our planet1 consid]+ our pres5t imp]fect k ( ! sub/ances ( :i* ! ,e>? is compos$1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! capacity ( heat & 9 ! conduct+ p[] ( diff]5t sup]impos$ masses1 & ! *emical *anges exp]i5c$ by solid & liquid masses f any enorm\s compression4 footnote 99,"h we mu/ notice ! admirable analytical labors ( ,f\ri]1 ,biot1 ,laplace1 ,poisson1 ,duhamel1 & ,lame4 ,9 8 ',!orie ,ma!matique de la ,*aleur'1 #ahce1 p4 #c1 #dbh-dcj1 #dcf1 & #eba-ebd 7see1 also1 ,de la ,rive's ab/ract 9 ! ',biblio!que ,univ]selle de ,g5eve'1 ,poisson has develop$ an hypo!sis totally diff]5t f ,f\ri]'s view 7',!orie ,analytique de la ,*aleur'47 ,he d5ies ! pres5t fluid /ate ( ! ,e>?'s c5t]2 he believes t 9 cool+ by radiation to ! m$ium surr\nd+ ! ,e>?1 ! p>ts :i* 7 fir/ solidifi$ sunk1 & t by a d\ble desc5d+ & asc5d+ curr5t1 ! great inequality 0 less5$ :i* w\ld h tak5 place 9 a solid body cool+ f ! surface4 ,x seems m probable to ?is great geomet] t ! solidification began 9 ! p>ts ly+ ne>e/ to ! c5t]3 ! ph5om5on ( ! increase ( heat ) ! dep? does n ext5d to ! :ole mass ( ! ,e>?1 & is m]ely a consequ5ce ( ! motion ( our planet>y sy/em 9 space1 ( :i* "s p>ts are ( a v diff]5t temp]ature f o!rs1 9 consequ5ce ( /ell> heat 7*aleur /ellaire74 ,?us1 accord+ to ,poisson1 ! w>m? ( ! wat] ( our ,artesian wells is m]ely t :i* has p5etrat$ into ! ,e>? f )\t2 & ! ,e>? itself might be reg>d$ z 9 ! same circum/ances z a mass ( rock convey$ f ! equator to ! pole 9 s %ort a "t z n to h entirely cool$4 ,! increase ( temp]ature 9 su* a block w\ld n ext5d to ! c5tral /rata4 ,! physical d\bts :i* h reasonably be5 ent]ta9$ aga9/ ?is extraord9>y cosmical view 7:i* attributes to ! regions ( space t :i* probably is m dep5d5t on ! fir/ transition ( matt] cond5s+ f ! gaseo-fluid into ! solid /ate7 w be f\nd collect$ 9 ,pogg5dorf's ',annal5'1 bd4 xxxix41 s #ic-ajj4 ,x is ) ! greate/ difficulty t our p[]s ( compreh5sion c conceive ! b\nd>y l9e :i* divides ! fluid mass ( ! int]ior f ! h>d5$ m9]al masses ( ! ext]nal surface1 or ! gradual increase ( ! solid /rata1 & ! condition ( semi-fluidity ( ! e>?y sub/ances1 ^! be+ conditions to :i* kn[n laws ( hydraulics c only apply "u consid]able modifications4 ,! ,sun & ,moon1 :i* cause ! sea to ebb & fl[1 mo/ probably also affect ^! subt]ranean dep?s4 ,we may suppose t ! p]iodic elevations & depressions ( ! molt5 mass "u ! already solidifi$ /rata mu/ h caus$ inequalities 9 ! vault$ surface f ! =ce ( pressure4 ,! am\nt & action ( su* oscillations mu/1 h[ev]1 be small2 & if ! relative position ( ! attract+ cosmical bodies may "h also excite spr+ tides1 x is c]ta9ly n to ^!1 b to m p[]ful int]nal =ces1 t we mu/ ascribe ! movem5ts t %ake ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,!re are gr\ps ( ph5om5a to ^: exi/5ce x is necess>y to draw att5tion1 9 ord] to indicate ! univ]sality ( ! influ5ce ( ! attraction ( ! ,sun & ,moon on ! ext]nal & int]nal conditions ( ! ,e>?1 h[ev] little we may be able to det]m9e ! quantity ( ?is influ5ce4 ,accord+ to tol]ably accordant exp]im5ts 9 ,artesian wells1 x has be5 %[n t ! heat increases on an av]age ab\t #a degree = e #ed4e feet4 ,if ?is increase c be r$uc$ p #agd to ari?metical relations1 x w foll[1 z ,i h already obs]v$199 t a /ratum ( granite w\ld be 9 a /ate ( fusion at a dep? ( ne>ly tw5ty-"o geographical miles1 or betwe5 f\r & five times ! elevation ( ! highe/ summit ( ! ,h9alaya4 footnote 99,see ! ,introduction4 ,?is increase ( temp]ature has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,puits de ,gr5elle1 at ,p>is1 at #eh4c feet2 9 ! bor+ at ! new salt-works at ,m9d51 almo/ #ec4f2 at ,pregny1 ne> ,g5eva1 accord+ to ,augu/e de la ,rive & ,m>cet1 not)/&+ t ! m\? ( ! bor+ is #afji feet above ! level ( ! sea1 x is also #ec4f feet4 ,?is co9cid5ce betwe5 ! results ( a me?od fir/ propos$ by ,arago 9 ! ye> #ahba 7',annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes'1 #ahce1 p4 #bcd71 = ?ree diff]5t m9es1 ( ! absolute dep?s ( #agid1 #bbca1 & #gbe feet respectively1 is rem>kable4 ,! two po9ts on ! ,e>?1 ly+ at a small v]tical di/ance f ea* o!r1 ^: annual mean temp]atures are mo/ accurately kn[n1 are probably at ! spot on :i* ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory /&s1 & ! ,caves de l',obs]vatoire b5ea? x2 ! mean temp]ature ( ! =m] is #ea4e;degrees1 & ( ! latt] #ec4c;degrees1 ! diff]5ce be+ #a4h;degrees = #ib feet1 or #a degree = #ea4gg feet4 7,poisson1 ',!orie ,ma?4 de la ,*aleur'1 p4 #dae & #dfb47 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s1 f causes n yet p]fectly und]/ood1 b probably n connect$ ) ! actual temp]ature ( ! caves1 ! !rmomet] /&+ !re has ris5 v ne>ly #j4d degrees4 ,al?\gh 9 ,artesian wells !re are sometimes slight errors f ! lat]al p]meation ( wat]1 ^! errors are less injuri\s to ! accuracy ( conclusions ?an ^? result+ f curr5ts ( cold air1 :i* are almo/ always pres5t 9 m9es4 ,! g5]al result ( ,rei*'s great "w on ! temp]ature ( ! m9es 9 ! ,saxony m9+ di/ricts gives a some:at sl[] increase ( ! t]re/rial heat1 or #a degree to #gf4c feet4 7,rei*1 ',beob4 ub] die ,temp]atur des ,ge/e9s 9 v]s*iel5 en ,tief5'1 #ahcd1 s4 #acd47 ,phillips1 h[ev]1 f\nd 7,pogg41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xxxiv41 s4 #aia71 9 a %aft ( ! coal-m9e ( ,monk-we>m\?1 ne> ,newca/le1 9 :i*1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 excavations are go+ on at a dep? ( ab\t #aejj feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 an increase ( #a degree to #ei4jf feet1 a result almo/ id5tical ) t f\nd by ,arago 9 ! ,puits de ,gr5ell4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% 9 our globe ?ree diff]5t modes = ! transmission ( heat4 ,! fir/ is p]iodic1 & affects ! temp]ature ( ! t]re/rial /rata accord+ z ! heat p5etrates f above d[nw>d or f bel[ upw>d1 be+ influ5c$ by ! diff]5t positions ( ! ,sun & ! seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! second is likewise an effect ( ! ,sun1 al?\gh extremely sl[3 a portion ( ! heat t has p5etrat$ into ! equatorial regions moves 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe t[>d ! poles1 :]e x escapes into ! atmosph]e & ! remot] regions ( space4 ,! ?ird mode ( transmission is ! sl[e/ ( all1 & is d]iv$ f ! secul> cool+ ( ! globe1 & f ! small portion ( ! primitive heat :i* is /ill be+ dis5gag$ f ! surface4 p #age ,?is loss exp]i5c$ by ! c5tral heat mu/ h be5 v consid]able 9 ! e>lie/ epo*s ( ! ,e>?'s revolutions1 b )9 hi/orical p]iods x has h>dly be5 appreciable by our in/rum5ts4 ,! surface ( ! ,e>? is !re=e situat$ betwe5 ! gl[+ heat ( ! inf]ior /rata & ! univ]sal regions ( space1 ^: temp]ature is probably bel[ ! freez+-po9t ( m]cury4 ,! p]iodic *anges ( temp]ature :i* h be5 occasion$ on ! ,e>?'s surface by ! ,sun's position & by meteorological processes1 are cont9u$ 9 its int]ior1 al?\gh to a v inconsid]able dep?4 ,! sl[ conduct+ p[] ( ! gr\nd dim9i%es ?is loss ( heat 9 ! w9t]1 & is v favorable to deep-root$ trees4 ,po9ts t lie at v diff]5t dep?s on ! same v]tical l9e atta9 ! maximum & m9imum ( ! imp>t$ temp]ature at v diff]5t p]iods ( "t4 ,! fur!r !y are remov$ f ! surface1 ! small] is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! extremes4 ,9 ! latitudes ( our temp]ate zone 7betwe5 #dh degrees & #eb degrees71 ! /ratum ( inv>iable temp]ature is at a dep? ( f #ei to #fd feet1 & at half t dep? ! oscillations ( ! !rmomet]1 f ! influ5ce ( ! seasons1 sc>cely am\nt to half a degree4 ,9 tropical climates ?is inv>iable /ratum is only "o foot bel[ ! surface1 & ?is fact has be5 +5i\sly made use ( by ,b\ss+ault to obta9 a conv5i5t1 & z he believes1 c]ta9 det]m9ation ( ! mean temp]ature ( ! air ( diff]5t places499 footnote 99,b\ss+ault1 ',sur la ,pr(ondeus a laquelle se tr\ve la ,c\*e de ,temp]ature inv>iable1 entre les ,tropiques'1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie et de ,physique'1 t4 liii41 #ahcc1 p4 #bbe-bdg4 ,?is mean temp]ature ( ! air at a fix$ po9t1 or at a gr\p ( contigu\s po9ts on ! surface1 is to a c]ta9 degree ! fundam5tal elem5t ( ! climate & agricultural relations ( a di/rict2 b ! mean temp]ature ( ! :ole surface is v diff]5t f t ( ! globe itself4 ,! que/ions s (t5 agitat$1 :e!r ! mean temp]ature has exp]i5c$ any consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 :e!r ! climate ( a c\ntry has det]iorat$1 & :e!r ! w9t]s h n become mild] & ! summ]s cool]1 c only be answ]$ by means ( ! !rmomet]2 ?is in/rum5t has1 h[ev]1 sc>cely be5 inv5t$ m ?an two c5turies & a half1 & its sci5tific application h>dly dates back #abj ye>s4 ,! nature & novelty ( ! means int]pose1 !re=e1 v n>r[ limits to our inve/igation reg>d+ ! temp]ature p #agf ( ! air4 ,x is q o!rwise1 h[ev]1 ) ! solution ( ! great problem ( ! int]nal heat ( ! :ole ,e>?4 ,z we may judge ( uni=mity ( temp]ature f ! unalt]$ "t ( vibration ( a p5dulum1 s we may also le>n1 f ! unalt]$ rotatory velocity ( ! ,e>?1 ! am\nt ( /ability 9 ! mean temp]ature ( our globe4 ,?is insight into ! relations betwe5 ! 'l5g? ( ! day' & ! 'heat ( ! ,e>?' is ! result ( "o ( ! mo/ brilliant applications ( ! k we _h long possess$ ( ! planet4 ,! rotatory velocity ( ! ,e>? dep5ds on its volume2 & s9ce1 by ! gradual cool+ ( ! mass by radiation1 ! axis ( rotation w\ld become %ort]1 ! rotatory velocity w\ld necess>ily increase1 & ! l5g? ( ! day dim9i%1 ) a decrease ( ! temp]ature4 ,f ! comp>ison ( ! secul> inequalities 9 ! motions ( ! ,moon ) ! eclipses obs]v$ 9 anci5t times1 x foll[s t1 s9ce ! "t ( ,hipp>*us1 t is1 = full #bjjj ye>s1 ! l5g? ( ! day has c]ta9ly n dim9i%$ by ! hundr$? "p ( a second4 ,! decrease ( ! mean heat ( ! globe dur+ a p]iod ( #bjjj ye>s has n1 !re=e1 tak+ ! extreme/ limits1 dim9i%$ z mu* z #a_/cjf? ( a degree ( ,fahr5heit499 footnote 99,laplace1 ',exp4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde'1 p4 #bbi & #bfc2 ',mecanique ,cele/e'1 t4 v41 p4 #ah & #gb4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! fraction #a_/cjf? ( a degree ( ,fahr5heit ( ! m]curial !rmomet]1 giv5 9 ! text z ! limit ( ! /ability ( ! ,e>?'s temp]ature s9ce ! days ( ,hipp>*us1 re/s on ! assumption t ! dilation ( ! sub/ances ( :i* ! ,e>? is compos$ is equal to t ( glass1 t is to say1 #a_/ah1jjj? = #a degree4 ,reg>d+ ?is hypo!sis1 see ,arago 9 ! ',annuaire' = #ahcd1 p4 #agg-aij4 ,?is inv>iability ( =m presupposes also a great inv>iability 9 ! di/ribution ( relations ( d5sity 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,! translatory movem5ts1 :i* occasion ! eruptions ( our pres5t volcanoes & ( f]rug9\s lava1 & ! fill+ up ( previ\sly empty fissures & cavities ) d5se masses ( /one1 are consequ5tly only to be reg>d$ z slight sup]ficial ph5om5a affect+ m]ely "o portion ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 :i*1 f _! smallness :5 comp>$ to ! ,e>?'s radius1 become :olly insignificant4 ,i h describ$ ! int]nal heat ( our planet1 bo? ) ref]5ce to its cause & di/ribution1 almo/ solely f ! results ( ,f\ri]'s admirable inve/igations4 ,poisson d\bts ! fact ( ! un9t]rupt$ increase ( ! ,e>?'s heat p #agg f ! surface to ! c5t]1 & is ( op9ion t all heat has p5etrat$ f )\t inw>d1 & t ! temp]ature ( ! globe dep5ds ^u ! v high or v l[ temp]ature ( ! regions ( space ?r\gh :i* ! sol> temp]ature ( ! regions ( space1 ?r\gh :i* ! sol> sy/em has mov$4 ,?is hypo!sis1 imag9$ by "o ( ! mo/ acute ma!maticians ( our "t1 has n satisfi$ physici/s or geologi/s1 or sc>cely inde$ any "o besides its au?or4 ,b1 :atev] may be ! cause ( ! int]nal heat ( our planet1 & ( its limit$ or unlimit$ increase 9 deep /rata1 x leads u1 9 ?is g5]al sket* ( nature1 ?r\gh ! intimate connection ( all primitive ph5om5a ( matt]1 & ?r\gh ! common bond by :i* molecul> =ces are unit$1 into ! my/]i\s doma9 ( magnetism4 ,*anges ( temp]ature call =? magnetic & electric curr5ts4 ,t]re/rial magnetism1 ^: ma9 "*1 express$ 9 ! ?ree-fold manife/ation ( its =ces1 is incessant p]iodic v>iability1 is ascrib$ ei!r to ! heat$ mass ( ! ,e>? itself199 or to ^? galvanic curr5ts :i* we consid] z electricity 9 motion1 t is1 electricity mov+ 9 a clos$ circuit49999 footnote 99,william ,gilb]t1 ( ,col*e/]1 :om ,galileo pron\nc$ great to a degree t might be envi$1 said magnus magnes ipse e/ globus t]re/ris4 ,he ridicules ! magnetic m\nta9s ( ,frascatori1 ! great contempor>y ( ,columbus1 z be+ magnetic poles3 rejici5da e/ vulg>is op9io de montibus magneticis1 aut rupe aliqua magnetica1 aut polo phanta/ico a polo mundi di/ante4 ,he assumes ! decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le at any give po9t on ! surface ( ! ,e>? to be inv>iable 7v>iatio uniuscujusque loci con/ans e/71 & ref]s ! curvatures ( ! isogonic l9es to ! configuration ( cont95ts & ! relative positions ( sea bas9s1 :i* possess a weak] magnetic =ce ?an ! solid masses ris+ above ! ocean4 7,gilb]t1 'de ,magnete'1 ed4 #afcc1 p4 #db1 #ih1 #aeb & #aee47 footnote 9999 ,gauss1 ',allgemc9e ,!orie des ,erdmagnetismus'1 9 ! ',resultate aux d5 ,beob4 des ,magnet4 ,v]e9s'1 #ahch1 s4 #da1 p4 #ef4 ,! my/]i\s c\rse ( ! magnetic ne$le is equally affect$ by "t & space1 by ! sun's c\rse1 & by *anges ( place on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,betwe5 ! tropics1 ! h\r ( ! day may be kn[n by ! direction ( ! ne$le z well z by ! oscillations ( ! b>omet]4 ,x is affect$ in/antly1 b only transi5tly1 by ! di/ant nor!rn light z x %oots f ! pole1 fla%+ 9 beams ( color$ light across ! heav5s4 ,:5 ! uni=m hor>y motion ( ! ne$le is di/urb$ by a magnetic /orm1 ! p]turbation manife/s itself 'simultane\sly'1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 ov] hundr$s & ?\s&s ( miles ( sea & l&1 or propagates itself by degrees1 9 %ort int]vals ( "t1 9 p #agh e direction ov] ! ,e>?'s surface499 footnote 99,!re are also p]turbations :i* are ( a local "*1 & d n ext5d !mselves f>1 & are probably less deep-seat$4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i describ$ a r>e in/ance ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* an extraord9>y di/urbance 0 felt 9 ! m9es at ,freib]g1 b 0 n p]ceptible at ,b]l94 7',lettre de ,m4 de ,humboldt a ,son ,altesse ,royale le ,duc de ,sussex sur les moy5s propres a p]fectionn] la ,connaissance du ,magnetisme ,t]re/re'1 9 ,becqu]el's ',traite ,exp]im5tal de l',electricite' t4 vii41 p4 #ddb47 ,magnetic /orms :i* 7 simultane\sly felt f ,sicily to ,upsala1 did n ext5d f ,upsala to ,alt54 7,gauss & ,web]1 ',resultate des ,magnet4 ,v]e9s'1 #ahci1 #abh2 ,lloyd1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 xii41 #ahdc1 ,sem4 ii41 p4 #gbe & #hbg47 ,among ! num]\s examples t h be5 rec5tly obs]v$1 ( p]turbations occurr+ simultane\sly & ext5d+ ov] wide portions ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 & :i* are collect$ 9 ,sab9e's important "w 7',obs]v4 on ,days ( unusual ,magnetic ,di/urbance'1 #ahdc71 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is t ( ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 #ahda1 :i* 0 obs]v$ at ,toronto 9 ,canada1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 at ,prague1 & p>tially 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,! ,engli% ,sunday1 on :i* x is deem$ s9ful1 aft] midnight on ,saturday1 to regi/] an obs]vation1 & to foll[ out ! great ph5om5a ( creation 9 _! p]fect developm5t1 int]rupt$ ! obs]vations 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 :]e 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( ! longitude1 ! magnetic /orm fell on ! ,sunday4 7',obs]v4'1 p4 xiv41 #gh1 #he1 & #hg47 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! simultane\s manife/ation ( ! /orm may s]ve1 )9 c]ta9 limitations1 l ,jupit]'s satellites1 fire-signals1 & well-obs]v$ falls ( %oot+ />s1 = ! geographical det]m9ation ( degrees ( longitude4 ,we "h recognize ) a/oni%m5t t ! p]turbations ( two small magnetic ne$les1 ev5 if susp5d$ at great dep?s bel[ ! surface1 c measure ! di/ances ap>t at :i* !y are plac$1 tea*+ u1 = in/ance1 h[ f> ,kasan is situat$ ea/ ( ,gott+5 or ( ! banks ( ! ,se9e4 ,!re are also di/ricts 9 ! e>? :]e ! m>9]1 :o has be5 envelop$ = _m days 9 mi/1 )\t see+ ei!r ! sun or />s1 & depriv$ ( all means ( det]m9+ ! "t1 may "k ) c]ta9ty1 f ! v>iations 9 ! incl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 :e!r he is at ! nor? or ! s\? ( ! port he is desir\s ( ent]+499 footnote 99,i h describ$1 9 ,lame!rie's ',j\rnal de ,physique'1 #ahjd1 t4 lix41 p4 #ddi1 ! application 7allud$ to 9 ! text7 ( ! magnetic incl9ation to ! det]m9ation ( latitude along a coa/ runn+ nor? & s\?1 & :i*1 l t ( ,*ili & ,p]u1 is = a "p ( ! ye> envelop$ 9 mi/ 7'g>ua'74 ,9 ! locality ,i h j m5tion$1 ?is application is ( ! great] importance1 because1 9 consequ5ce ( ! /rong curr5t runn+ nor?w>d z f> z to ,cape ,p>5a1 navigators incur a great loss ( "t if !y approa* ! coa/ to ! nor? ( ! hav5 !y are seek+4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 f ,callao de ,lima h>bor to ,truxillo1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 latitude by #c degrees #eg' ,i h obs]v$ a v>iation ( ! magnetic incl9ation am\nt+ to #i degrees 7c5tesimal division72 & f ,callao to ,guayaquil1 :i* diff] 9 latitude by #i degrees #ej'1 a v>iation ( #bc4e degrees4 7,see my ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #fbb47 ,at ,gu>mey 7#aj degrees #d' s\? lat471 ,huaura 7#aa degrees #c' s\? lat471 & ,*ancay 7#aa degrees #d' s\? lat471 ,huaura 7#aa degrees #c' s\? lat471 & ,*ancay 7#aa degrees #cb' s\? lat471 ! incl9ations are #f4hj degrees1 #i degrees1 & #aj4ce degrees ( ! c5tesimal division4 ,! det]m9ation ( position by means ( ! magnetic incl9ation has ?is rem>kable feature connect$ ) x1 t :]e ! %ip's c\rse cuts ! isocl9all9e almo/ p]p5dicul>ly1 x is ! only "o t is indep5d5t ( all det]m9ation ( "t1 & consequ5tly1 ( obs]vations ( ! sun or />s4 ,x is only lately t ,i discov]$1 = ! fir/ "t1 t z e>ly z at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & consequ5tly h>dly tw5ty ye>s aft] ,rob]t ,norman _h inv5t$ ! incl9atorium1 ,william ,gilb]t1 9 8 great "w1 ',de ,magnete'1 propos$ to det]m9e ! latitude by ! incl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,gilb]t 7',physiologia ,nova de ,magnete'1 lib4 v41 cap4 #h1 p4 #bjj7 comm5ds ! me?od z applicable are calig9oso4 ,edw>d ,wright1 9 ! introduction :i* he add$ to 8 ma/]'s great "w1 describes ?is proposal z wor? mu* gold4 ,z he fell into ! same error ) ,gilb]t1 ( presum+ t ! isocl9al l9es co9cid$ ) ! geographical p>allel circles1 & t ! magnetic & geographical equators 7 id5tical1 he did n p]ceive t ! propos$ me?od _h only a local & v limit$ application4 p #agi ,:5 ! ne$le1 by its sudd5 di/urbance 9 its hor>y c\rse1 indicates ! pres5ce ( a magnetic /orm1 we are /ill un=tunately ignorant :e!r ! seat ( ! di/urb+ cause is to be s\ght 9 ! ,e>? itself or 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if we reg>d ! ,e>? z a true magnet1 we are oblig$1 accord+ to ! views ent]ta9$ by ,fri$ri* ,gauss 7! acute prop\nd] ( a g5]al!ory ( t]re/rial magnetism71 to ascribe to e portion ( ! globe measur+ "o eigh? ( a cubic met] 7or #c #g_/aj?s ( a ,fr5* cubic foot7 9 volume1 an av]age am\nt ( magnetism equal to t conta9$ 9 a magnetic rod ( #a lb4 weight499 footnote 99,gauss & ,web]1 ',resultate des ,magnet4 ,v]e9s'1 #ahch1 #ca1 s4 #adf4 ,if iron & nickel1 & probably1 also1 cobalt 7b n *rome1 z has long be5 believ$7199 are ! only sub/ances :i* become p]man5tly magnetic1 & reta9 pol>ity f a c]ta9 co]ceive =ce1 ! ph5om5a ( ,arago's magnetism ( rotation & ( ,f>aday's induc$ curr5ts %[1 on ! o!r h&1 t all telluric sub/ances may possibly be made transitorily magnetic4 ,accord+ to ,f>aday 7',london & ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,magaz9e'1 #ahcf1 vol4 viii41 p4 #agh71 pure cobalt is totally devoid ( magnetic p[]4 ,i "k1 h[ev]1 t o!r celebrat$ *emi/s 7,he9ri* ,rose & ,wohl]7 d n admit ?is z absolutely c]ta94 ,if out ( two c>efully-purifi$ masses ( cobalt totally free f nickel1 "o appe>s altoge!r non-magnetic 79 a /ate ( equilibrium71 ,i ?9k x probable t ! o!r owes its magnetic prop]ty to a want ( purity2 & ?is op9ion co9cides ) ,f>aday's view4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ! p #ahj fir/-m5tion$ ( ^! great physici/s1 wat]1 ice1 glass1 & c>bon affect ! vibrations ( ! ne$le entirely 9 ! same mann] z m]cury 9 ! rotation exp]im5ts499 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 xxxii41 p4 #bad2 ,brew/]1 ',treaties on ,magnetism'1 #ahcg1 p4 #aaa2 ,baumg>tn]1 9 ! ',zeits*rift fur ,phys4 und ,ma!m4'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #dai4 ,almo/ all sub/ances %[ !mselves to be1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 magnetic :5 !y are conductors1 t is to say1 :5 a curr5t ( electricity is pass+ ?r\gh !m4 ,al?\gh ! k ( ! attract+ p[] ( native iron magnets or load/ones appe>s to be ( v anci5t date among ! nations ( ! ,we/1 !re is /rong hi/orical evid5ce 9 pro( ( ! /rik+ fact t ! k ( ! directive p[] ( a magnetic ne$le & ( its relation to t]re/rial magnetism 0 peculi> to ! ,*9ese1 a p liv+ 9 ! extreme/ ea/]n portions ( ,asia4 ,m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e our era1 9 ! obscure age ( ,codrus1 & ab\t ! "t ( ! return ( ! ,h]aclidae to ! ,peloponnesus1 ! ,*9ese _h already magnetic c>riages1 on :i* ! movable arm ( ! figure ( a man cont9ually po9t$ to ! s\?1 z a guide by :i* to f9d ! way across ! b\ndless grass pla9s ( ,t>t>y2 nay1 ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( our era1 !re=e at lea/ #gjj ye>s be=e ! use ( ! m>9]'s compass 9 ,european seas1 ,*9ese vessels navigat$ ! ,indian ,ocean99 "u ! direction ( magnetic ne$les po9t+ to ! s\?4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,critique de l',hi/4 de la ,geographie'1 t4 iii41 p4 #cf4 ,i h %[n1 9 ano!r "w1 :at advantages ?is means ( topographical direction1 & ! e>ly k & application ( ! magnetic ne$le gave ! ,*9ese geograph]s ov] ! ,greeks & ,romans1 to :om1 = in/ance1 ev5 ! true direction ( ! ,ap5n9es & ,pyr5ees always rema9$ unkn[n499 footnote 99',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 ,introduction1 p4 xxxviii-xlii4 ,! ,we/]n nations1 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 knew t magnetism c\ld be communicat$ to iron1 '& t t metal w\ld reta9 x = a l5g? ( "t'4 7,sola haec mat]ia f]ri vires1 a maguete lapide accipit1 'ret9etque longo tempore4 ,pl941 xxxiv41 #ad47 ,! great discov]y ( ! t]re/rial directive =ce dep5d$1 !re=e1 alone on ?is1 t no "o 9 ! ,we/ _h happ5$ to obs]ve an elongat$ fragm5t ( magnetic iron /one1 or a magnetic iron rod1 float+1 by ! aid ( a piece ( wood1 9 wat]1 or susp5d$ 9 ! air by a ?read1 9 su* a position z to admit ( free motion4 ,! magnetic p[] ( our globe is manife/$ on ! t]re/rial surface 9 ?ree classes ( ph5om5a1 "o ( :i* exhibits itself 9 ! v>y+ int5sity ( ! =ce1 & ! two o!rs 9 ! v>y+ direction ( ! incl9ation1 & 9 p #aha ! horizontal deviation f ! t]re/rial m]idian ( ! spot4 ,_! comb9$ action may !re=e be graphically repres5t$ by ?ree sy/ems ( l9es1 ! 'isodynamic1 isocl9ic'1 & 'isogonic' 7or ^? ( equal =ce1 equal incl9ation1 & equal decl9ation74 ,! di/ances ap>t1 & ! relative positions ( ^! mov+1 oscillat+1 & advanc+ curves1 d n always rema9 ! same4 ,! total deviation 7v>iation or decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le7 has n at all *ang$1 or1 at any rate1 n 9 any appreciable degree1 dur+ a :ole c5tury1 at any p>ticul> po9t on ! ,e>?'s surface199 z1 = in/ance1 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,antilles1 or ,spitzb]g54 footnote 99,a v sl[ secul> progression1 or a local inv>iability ( ! magnetic decl9ation1 prev5ts ! confusion :i* might arise f t]re/rial influ5ces 9 ! b\nd>ies ( l&1 :51 ) an utt] disreg>d = ! correction ( decl9ation1 e/ates are1 aft] long int]vals1 measur$ by ! m]e application ( ! compass4 ,! :ole mass ( ! bottomless pit ( endless litigation by ! inv>iability ( ! magnetic decl9ation 9 ,jamica & ! surr\nd+ ,ar*ipelago dur+ ! :ole ( ! la/ c5tury1 all surveys ( prop]ty !re hav+ be5 conduct$ solely by ! compass4 ,see ,rob]tson 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' = #ahjf1 ,"p ii41 p4 #cdh1 ',on ! ,p]man5cy ( ! ,compass 9 ,jamaica s9ce #affj'4 ,9 ! "m c\ntry 7,engl&7 ! magnetic decl9ation has v>i$ by fully #ad degrees dur+ ! p]iod4 ,9 l mann]1 we obs]ve t ! isogonic curves1 :5 !y pass 9 _! secul> motion f ! surface ( ! sea to a cont95t or an isl& ( consid]able ext5t1 cont9ue = a long "t 9 ! same position1 & become inflect$ z !y advance4 ,^! gradual *anges 9 ! =ms assum$ by ! l9es 9 _! translatory motions1 & :i* s unequally modify ! am\nt ( ea/]n & we/]n decl9ation1 9 ! c\rse ( "t r5d] x difficult to trace ! transitions & analogies ( =ms 9 ! graphic repres5tations belong+ to diff]5t c5turies4 ,ea* bran* ( a curve has its hi/ory1 b ?is hi/ory does n rea* fur!r back among ! nations ( ! ,we/ ?an ! memorable epo* ( ! #ac? ( ,septemb]1 #adib1 :5 ! re-discov]] ( ! ,new ,_w f\nd a l9e ( no v>iation #c degrees we/ ( ! m]idian ( ! isl& ( ,flores1 "o ( ! ,azores499 footnote 99,i h else:]e %[n t1 f ! docum5ts :i* h come d[n to u reg>d+ ! voyages ( ,columbus1 we c1 ) mu* c]ta9ty1 fix ^u ?ree places '9 ! ,atlantic l9e ( no decl9ation' = ! #ac? ( ,septemb]1 #adib1 ! #ba/ ( ,may1 #adif1 & ! #af? ( ,augu/1 #adih4 ,! ,atlantic l9e ( no decl9ation at t p]iod ran f nor!a/ to s\?we/4 ,x !n t\*$ ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t a little ea/ ( ,cape ,cod]a1 :ile x is n obs]v$ to rea* t cont95t on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,brazils4 7,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,critique de l',hi/4 de la ,geogr4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #dd-dh47 ,f ,gilb]t's ',physiologia ,nova de ,magnete'1 we see pla9ly 7& ! fact is v rem>kable7 t 9 #afjj ! decl9ation 0 /ill null 9 ! region ( ! ,azores1 j z x _h be5 9 ! "t ( ,columbus 7lib4 #d1 cap4 #a74 ,i believe t 9 my ',exam5 ,critique' 7t4 iii41 p4 #ed7 ,i h prov$ f docum5ts t ! celebrat$ l9e ( dem>kation by :i* ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 divid$ ! ,we/]n hemisph]e betwe5 ,portugal & ,spa9 0 n drawn ?r\gh ! mo/ we/]n po9t ( ! ,azores1 because ,columbus wi%$ to conv]t a physical into a political division4 ,he atta*$ great importance to ! zone 7raya7 9 :i* ! compass %[s no v>iation1 :]e air & ocean1 ! lat] cov]$ ) pa/ures ( sea-we$1 exhibit a peculi> con/itution1 :]e cool+ w9ds beg9 to bl[1 & :]e z errone\s obs]vations ( ! pol> /> l$ him to imag9e ! =m 7sph]icity7 ( ! ,e>? is no long] ! same4 ,! :ole ( ,europe1 except+ a small p #ahb "p ( ,russia1 has n[ a we/]n decl9ation1 :ile at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ne$le fir/ po9t$ due nor?1 9 ,london 9 #afeg1 & 9 ,p>is 9 #affi1 !re be+ ?us a diff]5ce ( twelve ye>s1 not)/&+ ! small di/ance betwe5 ^! two places4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,russia1 to ! ea/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,volga1 ( ,s>at[1 ,nis*ni-,n[gorod1 & ,ar*angel1 ! ea/]ly decl9ation ( ,asia is advanc+ t[>d u4 ,two admirable obs]v]s1 ,han/e5 & ,adolphus ,erman1 h made u acqua9t$ ) ! rem>kable d\ble curvature ( ! l9es ( decl9ation 9 ! va/ region ( ,nor!rn ,asia2 ^! be+ concave t[>d ! pole betwe5 ,obdorsk1 on ! ,oby1 & ,turu*ansk1 & convex betwe5 ! ,lake ( ,baikal & ! ,gulf ( ,o*otsk4 ,9 ?is portion ( ! e>?1 9 nor!rn ,asia1 betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,w]*ojansk1 ,jakutsk1 & ! nor!rn ,korea1 ! isogonic l9es =m a rem>kable clos$ sy/em4 ,?is oval configuration99 recurs regul>ly & ov] a great ext5t ( ! ,s\? ,sea1 almo/ z f> z ! m]idian ( ,pitcairn & ! gr\p ( ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s1 betwe5 #bj degrees nor? & #de degrees p #ahc s\? lat4 footnote 99,to det]m9e :e!r ! two oval sy/ems ( isogonic l9es1 s s+ul>ly includ$ ea* )9 itself1 w cont9ue to advance = c5turies 9 ! same inclos$ =m1 or w unfold & exp& !mselves1 is a "q ( ! highe/ int]e/ 9 ! problem ( ! physical causes ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,asiatic nodes ! decl9ation increases f )\t inw>d1 :ile 9 ! node or oval sy/em ( ! ,s\? ,sea ! opposite holds good2 9 fact1 at ! pres5t "t1 9 ! :ole ,s\? ,sea to ! ea/ ( ! m]idian ( ,kamt-s*atka1 !re is no l9e :]e ! decl9ation is null1 or1 inde$1 9 :i* x is less ?an #b degrees 7,erman1 9 ,pogg41 ',annal4'1 bd4 xxxi1 #abi74 ,yet ,cornelius ,s*\t51 on ,ea/] ,sunday1 #afaf1 appe>s to h f\nd ! decl9ation null some:]e to ! s\!a/ ( ,nukahiva1 9 #ae degrees s\? lat4 & #acb degrees we/ long41 & consequ5tly 9 ! middle ( ! pres5t clos$ isogonal sy/em4 7,han/e51 ',magnet4 d] ,erde'1 #ahai #bh47 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 9 ! mid/ ( all ^! consid]ations1 t we c only foll[ ! direction ( ! magnetic l9es 9 _! progress z !y are project$ ^u ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,"o w\ld almo/ be incl9$ to reg>d ?is s+ul> configuration ( clos$1 almo/ conc5tric1 l9es ( decl9ation z ! effect ( a local "* ( t portion ( ! globe2 b if1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ^! app>5tly isolat$ sy/ems %\ld also advance1 we mu/ suppose1 z 9 ! case ( all great natural =ces1 t ! ph5om5on arises f "s g5]al cause4 ,! hor>y v>iations ( ! decl9ation1 :i*1 al?\gh dep5d5t ^u true "t1 are app>5tly gov]n$ by ! ,sun1 z long z x rema9s above ! horizon1 dim9i% 9 angul> value ) ! magnetic latitude ( place4 ,ne> ! equator1 = in/ance1 9 ! isl& ( ,rawak1 !y sc>cely am\nt to ?ree or f\r m9utes1 :ile !y are f ?irte5 to f\rte5 m9utes 9 ! middle ( ,europe4 ,z 9 ! :ole nor!rn hemisph]e ! nor? po9t ( ! ne$le moves f ea/ to we/ on an av]age f #h #a_/b 9 ! morn+ until #a #a_/b at mid-day1 :ile 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! same nor? po9t moves f we/ to ea/199 att5tion has rec5tly be5 drawn1 ) mu* ju/ice1 to ! fact t !re mu/ be a region ( ! ,e>? betwe5 ! t]re/rial & ! magnetic equator :]e no hor>y deviations 9 ! decl9ation are to be obs]v$4 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire'1 #ahcf1 p4 #bhd1 & #ahdj1 p4 #ccj-cch4 ,?is f\r? curve1 :i* might be call$ ! 'curve ( no motion'1 or1 r1 '! l9e ( no v>iation ( hor>y decl9ation'1 has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,! t]m 'magnetic poles' has be5 appli$ to ^? po9ts ( ! ,e>?'s surface :]e ! horizontal p[] disappe>s1 & m importance has be5 atta*$ to ^! po9ts ?an prop]ly app]ta9s to !m299 & 9 l mann]1 ! curve1 :]e ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le is null1 has be5 t]m$ ! 'magnetic equator'4 footnote 99,gauss1 ',allg4 ,!orie des ,erdmagnet4'1 #ca4 ,! position ( ?is l9e & its secul> *ange ( configuration h be5 made an object ( c>eful inve/igation 9 mod]n times4 ,accord+ to ! admirable "w ( ,dup]rey199 :o cross$ ! magnetic equator six times betwe5 #ahbb & #ahbe1 ! nodes ( ! two equators1 t is to say1 ! two po9ts at :i* ! l9e )\t incl9ation int]sects ! t]re/rial equator1 & consequ5tly passes f "o h5isph]e into ! o!r1 are s unequally plac$1 t 9 #ahbe ! node ne> ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas1 on ! we/]n p #ahd coa/ ( ,africa1 0 #ahh #a_/b degrees di/ant f ! node 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 close to ! little isl&s ( ,gilb]t1 ne>ly 9 ! m]idian ( ! ,viti gr\p4 footnote 99,dup]rey1 ',de la ,configuration de l',equateur ,magnetique'1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 xlv41 p4 #cga & #cgi4 7,see also1 ,morlet1 9 ! ',memoires pres5tes p> div]s ,savans a l',acad4 ,roy4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 iii41 p4 #acb4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 at an elevation ( #aa1icf feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ,i made an a/ronomical det]m9ation ( ! po9t 7#g degrees #a' s\? lat41 #dh degrees #dj' we/ long4 f ,p>is71 :]e1 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es is int]sect$ by ! magnetic equator betwe5 ,quito & ,lima4 ,to ! we/ ( ?is po9t1 ! magnetic equator cont9ues to trav]se ! ,s\? ,sea 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 at ! same "t sl[ly draw+ ne> ! t]re/rial equator4 ,x fir/ passes into ! nor!rn hemisph]e a little be=e x approa*es ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 j t\*es ! s\!rn po9ts ( ,asia1 & ent]s ! ,african cont95t to ! we/ ( ,socotora1 almo/ 9 ! ,/raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb1 :]e x is mo/ di/ant f ! t]re/rial equator4 ,aft] int]sect+ ! unkn[n regions ( ! int]ior ( ,africa 9 a s\?we/ direction1 ! magnetic equator re-ent]s ! s\? tropical zone 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 & retreats s f> f ! t]re/rial equator t x t\*es ! ,brazilian coa/ ne> ,os ,ilheos1 nor? ( ,porto ,seguro1 9 #ae degrees s\? lat4 ,f !nce to ! elevat$ plateaux ( ! ,cordill]as1 betwe5 ! silv] m9es ( micuipampa & ,caxam>ca1 ! anci5t seat ( ! ,incas1 :]e ,i obs]v$ ! incl9ation1 ! l9e trav]ses ! :ole ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* 9 ^! latitudes is z mu* a magnetic 't]ra incognita' z ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,! rec5t obs]vations ( ,sab9e99 h %[n t ! node ne> ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas has mov$ #d degrees f ea/ to we/ betwe5 #ahbe & #ahcg4 footnote 99,see ! rem>kable *>t ( isocl9ic l9es 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean = ! ye>s #ahbe & #ahcg1 9 ,sab9e's ',contributions to ,t]re/rial ,magnetism'1 #ahdj1 p4 #acd4 ,x w\ld be extremely important to "k :e!r ! opposite pole1 ne> ! ,gilb]t ,isl&s1 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 has aproa*$ ! m]idian ( ! ,c>ol9as 9 a we/]ly direction4 ,^! g5]al rem>ks w be suffici5t to connect ! diff]5t sy/ems ( isocl9ic non-p>allel l9es ) ! great ph5om5on ( equilibrium :i* is manife/$ 9 ! magnetic equator4 ,x is no small advantage1 9 ! exposition ( ! laws ( t]re/rial magnetism1 t ! magnetic equator 7^: oscillatory *ange ( =m & ^: nodal motion ex]cise an influ5ce on ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le 9 ! remote/ di/ricts ( ! _w1 9 consequ5ce ( ! alt]$ magnetic latitudes799 %\ld trav]se ! p #ahe ocean ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse1 except+ ab\t "o fif?1 & consequ5tly be made s mu* m accessible1 ow+ to ! rem>kable relations 9 space betwe5 ! sea & l&1 & to ! means ( :i* we are n[ possess$ = det]m9+ ) mu* exactness bo? ! decl9ation & ! incl9ation at sea4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',ueb] die seculre ,v]nd]ung d] ,magnetis*5 ,incl9ation' 7,on ! secul> ,*ange 9 ! ,magnetic ,incl9ation71 9 ,pogg4 ',annal4'1 bd4 sv41 s4 #cbb4 ,we h describ$ ! di/ribution ( magnetism on ! surface ( our planet accord+ to ! two =ms ( 'decl9ation' & 'incl9ation'2 x n[1 !re=e1 rema9s = u to speak ( ! 'int5sity ( ! =ce' :i* is graphically express$ by isodynamic curves 7or l9es ( equal int5sity74 ,! inve/igation & measurem5t ( ?is =ce by ! oscillations ( a v]tical or horizontal ne$le h only excit$ a g5]al & lively int]e/ 9 its telluric relations s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! application ( delicate optical & *ronometrical in/rum5ts has r5d]$ ! measurem5t ( ?is horizontal p[] susceptible ( a degree ( accuracy f> surpass+ t atta9$ 9 any o!r magnetic det]m9ations4 ,! isogonic l9es are ! m important 9 _! imm$iate application to navigation1 :ile we f9d f ! mo/ rec5t views t isodynamic l9es1 especially ^? :i* indicate ! horizontal =ce1 are ! mo/ valuable elem5ts 9 ! !ory ( t]re/rial magnetism499 footnote 99,gauss1 ',resultate d] ,beob4 des ,magn4 ,v]e9s'1 #ahch1 #ba2 ,sab9e1 ',report on ! ,v>iations ( ! ,magnetic ,int5sity'1 p4 #fc4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ facts yield$ by obs]vation is1 t ! int5sity ( ! total =ce increases f ! equator t[>d ! pole499 footnote 99,! foll[+ is ! hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ! law t ! int5sity ( ! =ce increases 79 g5]al7 ) ! magnetic latitude4 ,:5 ,i 0 anxi\s to atta* myself1 9 #agih1 to ! exp$ition ( ,capta9 ,b&91 :o int5d$ to circumnavigate ! globe1 ,i 0 reque/$ by ,borda1 :o took a w>m int]e/ 9 ! success ( my project1 to exam9e ! oscillations ( a v]tical ne$le 9 ! magnetic m]idian 9 diff]5t latitudes 9 ea* hemisph]e1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! int5sity ( ! =ce 0 ! same1 or :e!r x v>i$ 9 diff]5t places4 ,dur+ my travels 9 ! tropical regions ( ,am]ica1 ,i paid mu* att5tion to ?is subject4 ,i obs]v$ t ! same ne$le1 :i* 9 ! space ( t5 m9utes made #bde oscillations 9 ,p>is1 #bdf 9 ! ,havana1 & #bdb 9 ,mexico1 p]=m$ only #baf oscillations dur+ ! same p]iod at ,/4 ,c>los del ,rio ,negro 7#a degree #ec' nor? lat4 & #hj degrees #dj' we/ long4 f ,p>is71 on ! magnetic equator1 i4e41 ! l9e 9 :i* ! incl9ation #j2 9 ,p]u 7#g degrees #a' s\? lat4 & #hj degrees #dj' we/ long4 f ,p>is7 only #baa2:ile at ,lima 7#ab degrees #b' s\? lat47 ! numb] rose to #bai4 ,i f\nd1 9 ! ye>s int]v5+ betwe5 #agii & #ahjc1 t ! :ole =ce1 if we assume x at #a4jjjj on ! magnetic equator 9 ! ,p]uvian ,&es1 betwe5 ,micuipampa & ,caxam>ca1 may be express$ at ,p>is by #a4cdhb1 9 ,mexico by #a4caee1 9 ,san ,c>los del ,rio ,negro by #a4jdhj1 & 9 ,lima by #a4jggc4 ,:5 ,i develop$ ?is law ( ! v>iable int5sity ( t]re/rial magnetic =ce1 & support$ x by ! num]ical value ( obs]vations in/itut$ 9 #ajd diff]5t places1 9 a ,memoir read be=e ! ,p>is ,in/itute on ! #bf? ,frimaire1 ,an4 ,,xiii4 7( :i* ! ma!matical portion 0 contribut$ by ,m4 ,biot71 ! facts 7 reg>d$ z altoge!r new4 ,x 0 only aft] ! read+ ( ! pap]1 z ,biot expressly /ates 7,lame!rie1 ',j\rnal de ,physique'1 t4 lix41 p4 #ddf1 note #b7 & z ,i h repeat$ 9 '! ,relation ,hi/orique'1 t4 i41 p4 #bfb1 note #a1 t ,m4 de ,rossel communicat$ to ,biot 8 oscillation exp]im5ts made six ye>s e>li] 7betwe5 #agia & #agid7 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 9 ,java1 & 9 ,amboyna4 ,^! exp]im5ts gave evid5ce ( ! same law ( decreas+ =ce 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,x mu/1 ,i ?9k be suppos$1 t ?is excell5t man1 :5 he wrote 8 "w1 0 n aw>e ( ! regul>ity ( ! augm5tation & dim9ution ( ! int5sity z be=e ! read+ ( my pap] he nev] m5tion$ ?is 7c]ta9ly n unimportant7 physical law to any ( our mutual fri5ds1 ,la ,place1 ,delambre1 ,prony1 or ,biot4 ,x 0 n till #ahjh1 f\r ye>s aft] my return f ,am]ica t ! obs]vations made by ,m4 de ,rossel 7 publi%$ 9 ! ',voyage de l',entreca/eaux'1 t4 ii41 p4 #bhg 1 #bia1 #cba1 #dhj1 & #fdd4 ,up to ! pres5t day x is /ill usual1 9 all ! tables ( magnetic int5sity :i* h be5 publi%$ 9 ,g]many 7,hau/e51 ',magnet4 d] ,erde'1 #ahai1 s4 #ga2 ,gauss1 ',beob4 des ,magnet4 ,v]e9s'1 #ahch1 s4 #cf-ci2 ,erman1 ',physikal4 ,beob4'1 #ahda1 s4 #ebi-egi71 9 ,engl& 7,sab9e1 ',report on ,magnet4 ,int5sity'1 #ahch1 p4 #dc-fb2 ',contributions to ,t]re/rial ,magnetism'1 #ahdc71 & 9 ,france 7,becqu]el1 ',traite de ,electr4 et de ,magnet4'1 t4 vii41 p4 #ced-cfg71 to r$uce ! oscillations obs]v$ 9 any "p ( ! ,e>? to ! /&>d ( =ce :i* ,i f\nd on ! magnetic equator 9 ,nor!rn ,p]u1 s t1 accord+ to ! unit ?us arbitr>ily assum$1 ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ce at ,p>is is put d[n z #a4cdh4 ,! obs]vations made by ,lamanon 9 ! un=tunate exp$ition ( ,la ,p]\se1 dur+ ! /ay at ,t5]iffe 7#aghe71 & on ! voyage to ,macao 7#aghg71 are /ill old] ?an ^? ( ,admiral ,rossel4 ,!y 7 s5t to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 & x is kn[n t !y 7 9 ! possession ( ,condorcet 9 ! ,july ( #aghg 7,becqu]el1 t4 vii41 p4 #cbj72 b1 not)/&+ ! mo/ c>eful se>*1 !y are n n[ to be f\nd4 ,f a copy ( a v important lett] ( ,lamanon1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,capta9 ,dup]rey1 :i* 0 address$ to ! !n p]petual secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 b 0 omitt$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! ',voyage de ,la ,p]\se'1 x is /at$ t ! attractive =ce ( ! magnet is less 9 ! tropics ?an :5 we approa* ! poles1 & t ! magnetic int5sity d$uc$ f ! numb] ( oscillations ( ! ne$le ( ! incl9ation-compass v>ies & increases ) ! latitude4 ,if ! ,academicians1 :ile !y cont9u$ to expect ! return ( ! un=tunate ,la ,p]\se1 _h felt !mselves ju/ifi$1 9 ! c\rse ( #aghg1 9 publi%+ a tru? :i* _h be5 indep5d5tly discov]$ by no less ?an ?ree diff]5t travel]s1 ! !ory ( t]re/rial magnetism w\ld h be5 ext5d$ by ! k ( a new class ( obs]vations1 dat+ eighte5 ye>s e>li] ?an !y n[ d4 ,?is simple /atem5t ( facts may probably ju/ify ! obs]vations conta9$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( my ',relation ,hi/orique' p4 #fae73 ,! obs]vations on ! v>iation ( t]re/rial magnetism1 to :i* ,i h devot$ myself = ?irty-two ye>s1 by means ( in/rum5ts :i* admit ( comp>ison ) "o ano!r1 9 ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & ,asia1 embrace an area ext5d+ ov] #ahh degrees ( longitude1 f ! fronti] ( ,*9ese ,dz\ng>ie to ! we/ ( ! ,s\? ,sea ba?+ ! coa/s ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 & rea*+ f #fj degrees nor? lat4 to #ab degrees s\? lat4 ,i reg>d ! discov]y ( ! law ( ! decrem5t ( magnetic =ce f ! pole to ! equator z ! mo/ important result ( my ,am]ican voyage4 ,al?\gh n absolutely c]ta91 x is v probable t ,condorcet read ,lamanon's lett] ( ,july1 #aghg1 at a meet+ ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 & su* a simple read+ ,i reg>d z a suffici5t act ( publication4 7',annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes'1 #ahdb1 p4 #dfc47 ,! fir/ recognition ( ! law belongs1 !re=e1 beyond all "q1 to ! comp>ison ( ,la ,p]\se2 b1 long disreg>d$ or =gott51 ! k ( ! law t ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ce ( ! ,e>? v>i$ ) ! latitude1 did n1 ,i conceive1 acquire an exi/5ce 9 sci5ce until ! publication ( my obs]vations f #agih to #ahjd4 ,! object & ! l5g? ( ?is note w n be indiff]5t to ^? :o are famili> ) ! connection ) x1 & :o1 f _! own exp]i5ce1 are aw>e t we are apt to atta* "s value to t :i* has co/ u ! un9t]rupt$ labor ( five ye>s1 "u ! pressure ( a tropical climate1 & ( p]il\s m\nta9 exp$itions4 p #ahf ,! k :i* we possess ( ! quantity ( ?is increase1 & ( all ! num]ical relations ( ! law ( int5sity p #ahg affect+ ! :ole ,e>?1 is especially due1 s9ce #ahai1 to ! unwe>i$ activity ( ,edw>d ,sab9e1 :o1 aft] hav+ obs]v$ ! oscillations ( ! same ne$les at ! ,am]ican nor? pole1 9 ,gre5l&1 at ,spitzb]g51 & on ! coa/s ( ,gu9ea & ,brazil1 has cont9u$ to collect & arrange all ! facts capable ( expla9+ ! direction ( ! isodynamic sy/em 9 zones = a small "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,^! l9es are n p>allel to l9es ( equal incl9ation 7isocl9ic l9e71 & ! int5sity ( ! =ce is n at its m9imum at ! magnetic equator1 z has be5 suppos$1 nor is x ev5 equal at all p>ts ( x4 ,if we comp>e ,erman's obs]vations 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 :]e a fa9t zone 7#j4gjf7 ext5ds f ,angola ov] ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a to ! ,brazilian coa/1 ) ! mo/ rec5t inve/igations ( ! celebrat$ navigator ,james ,cl>k ,ross1 we %all f9d t on ! surface ( our planet ! =ce increases almo/ 9 ! relation ( #a3c t[>d ! magnetic s\? pole1 :]e ,victoria ,l& ext5ds f ,cape ,crozi] t[>d ! volcano ,erebus1 :i* has be5 rais$ to an elevation ( #ab1fjj feet above ! ice499 footnote 99,f ! obs]vations hi!rto collect$1 x appe>s t ! maximum ( int5sity = ! :ole surface ( ! ,e>? is #b4jeb1 & ! m9imum #j4gjf4 ,bo? ph5om5a occur 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 ! =m] 9 #gc degrees #dg' ,s4 lat41 & #afi degrees #cj';,e4 long4 f ,p>is1 ne> ,m\nt ,crozi]1 we/-nor?we/ ( ! s\? magnetic pole1 at a place :]e ,capta9 ,james ,ross f\nd ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le to be #hg degrees #aa' 7,sab9e1 ',contributions to ,t]re/rial ,magnetism'1 #ahdc1 ,no4 #e1 p4 #bca72 ! latt]1 obs]v$ by ,erman at #ai degrees #ei' ,s4 lat41 & #cg degrees #bd' ,w4 long4 f ,p>is1 #cbj miles ea/w>d f ! ,brazilian coa/ ( ,espiritu ,santo 7,erman1 ',phys4 ,beob4'1 #ahda1 s4 #egj71 at a po9t :]e ! incl9ation is only #g degrees #ee'4 ,! actual ratio ( ! two int5sities is !re=e z #a to #b4ijf4 ,x 0 long believ$ t ! greate/ int5sity ( ! magnetic =ce 0 only two & a half times z great z ! weake/ exhibit$ on ! ,e>?'s surface4 7,sab9e1 ',report on ,magnetic ,int5sity'1 p4 #hb47 ,if ! int5sity ne> ! magnetic s\? pole p #ahh be express$ by #b4jeb 7! unit /ill employ$ be+ ! int5sity :i* ,i discov]$ on ! magnetic equator 9 ,nor!rn ,p]u71 ,sab9e f\nd x 0 only #a4fbd at ! magnetic nor? pole ne> ,melville ,isl& 7#gj degrees #bg' nor? lat471 :ile x is #a4hjc at ,new ,york1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* has almo/ ! same latitude z ,naples4 ,! brilliant discov]ies ( ,o]/$1 ,arago1 & ,f>aday h e/abli%$ a m intimate connection betwe5 ! electric t5sion ( ! atmosph]e & ! magnetic t5sion ( our t]re/rial globe4 ,:ile ,oe/r$ has discov]$ t electricity excites magnetism 9 ! neighborhood ( ! conduct+ body1 ,f>aday's exp]im5ts h elicit$ electric curr5ts f ! lib]at$ magnetism4 ,magnetism is "o ( ! manifold =ms "u :i* electricity reveals itself4 ,! anci5t vague pres5tim5t ( ! id5tity ( electric & magnetic attraction has be5 v]ifi$ 9 our own times4 ,:5 electrum 7amb]71 says ,pl9y1 9 ! _s ( ! ,ionic natural philosophy ( ,?ales199 is 'animat$' by friction & heat1 x w attract b>k & dry leaves precisely z ! load/one attracts iron4 footnote 99,( amb] 7succ9um1 glessum7 ,pl9y obs]ves 7xxxvii41 #c71 ,g5]a ejus plura4 ,attritu digitorum accepta caloris anima trahunt 9 se paleas ac folia arida quae levia sunt1 ac ut magnes lapis f]ri ram5ta quoque4 7,plato1 '9 ,timaeo'1 p4 #hj4 ,m>t91 ',etude sur le ,timee'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cdc-cdf4 ,/rabo1 xv41 p4 #gjc1 ,casaub12 ,clem5s ,alex41 ',/rom4'1 ii41 p4 #cgj1 :]e1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 a diff]5ce is made betwe5 ,greek words7 ,:5 ,?ales1 9 ,ari/ot41 'de ,anima'1 #a1 #b1 & ,hippias1 9 ,diog4 ,la]t41 i41 #bd1 describe ! magnet & amb] z possess+ a s\l1 !y ref] only to a mov+ pr9ciple4 ,! same words may be f\nd 9 ! lit]ature ( an ,asiatic nation1 & occur 9 a eulogium on ! load/one by ! ,*9ese physici/ ,kuopho499 footnote 99,! magnet attracts iron z amb] does ! smalle/ gra9 ( mu/>d se$4 ,x is l a brea? ( w9d :i* my/]i\sly p5etrates ?r\gh bo?1 & communicates itself ) ! rapidity ( an arr[4 ,^! are ! words ( ,kuopho1 a ,*9ese panegyri/ on ! magnet1 :o wrote 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury4 7,klapro?1 ',lettre a ,m4 ,a4 de ,humboldt1 sur l',inv5tion de la ,b\ssole'1 #ahcd1 p4 #abe47 ,i obs]v$ ) a/oni%m5t1 p #ahi on ! woody banks ( ! ,or9oco1 9 ! sports ( ! natives1 t ! excitem5t ( electricity by friction 0 kn[n to ^! savage races1 :o occupy ! v l[e/ place 9 ! scale ( humanity4 ,*ildr5 may be se5 to rub ! dry1 flat1 & %9+ se$s or husks ( a trail+ plant 7probably a ',negretia'7 until !y are able to attract ?reads ( cotton & pieces ( bamboo cane4 ,t :i* ?us delights ! nak$ copp]-color$ ,indian is calculat$ to awak5 9 our m9ds a deep & e>ne/ impression4 ,:at a *asm divides ! electric pa/ime ( ^! savages f ! discov]y ( a metallic conductor dis*>g+ its electric %ocks1 or a pile compos$ ( _m *emically-decompos+ sub/ances1 or a light-eng5d]+ magnetic app>atus6 ,9 su* a *asm lie buri$ ?\s&s ( ye>s t compo/ ! hi/ory ( ! intellectual developm5t ( mank9d6 ,! incessant *ange or oscillatory motion :i* we discov] 9 all magnetic ph5om5a1 :e!r 9 ^? ( ! incl9cation1 decl9ation1 & int5sity ( ^! =ces1 accord+ to ! h\rs ( ! day & ! night1 & ! seasons & ! c\rse ( ! :ole ye>1 leads u to conjecture ! exi/5ce ( v v>i\s & p>tial sy/ems ( electric curr5ts on ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,are ^! curr5ts1 z 9 ,seebeck's exp]im5ts1 !rmo-magnetic1 & excit$ directly f unequal di/ribution ( heat8 or %\ld we n r reg>d !m z induc$ by ! position ( ! ,sun & by sol> heat899 footnote 99,! ph5om5a ( p]iodical v>iations dep5d manife/ly on ! action ( sol> heat1 op]at+ probably ?r\gh ! m$ium ( !rmo-electric curr5ts induc$ on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,beyond ?is rude guess1 h[ev]1 no?+ is z yet kn[n ( _! physical cause4 ,x is ev5 /ill a matt] ( speculation :e!r ! sol> influ5ce be a pr9cipal or only a subord9ate cause 9 ! ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism4 7',obs]vations to be made 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,exp$ition'1 #ahdj1 p4 #ce47 ,h ! rotation ( ! planets1 & ! diff]5t degrees ( velocity :i* ! individual zones acquire1 accord+ to _! respective di/ances f ! equator1 any influ5ce on ! di/ribution ( magnetism8 ,mu/ we seek ! seat ( ^! curr5ts1 t is to say1 ( ! di/urb$ electricity1 9 ! atmosph]e1 9 ! regions ( planet>y space1 or 9 ! pol>ity ( ! ,sun & ,moon8 ,galileo1 9 8 celebrat$ ',dialogo'1 0 incl9$ to ascribe ! p>allel direction ( ! axis ( ! ,e>? to a magnetic po9t ( attraction seat$ 9 univ]sal space4 ,if we repres5t to ourselves ! int]ior ( ! ,e>? z fus$ & und]go+ an enorm\s pressure1 & at a degree ( temp]ature ! am\nt ( :i* we are unable to assign1 p #aij we mu/ r5\nce all idea ( a magnetic nucleus ( ! ,e>?4 ,all magnetism is c]ta9ly n lo/ until we arrive at a :ite heat199 & x is manife/$ :5 iron is at a d>k r$ heat1 h[ev] diff]5t1 !re=e1 ! modifications may be :i* are excit$ 9 sub/ances 9 _! molecul> /ate1 & 9 ! co]cive =ce dep5d+ ^u t condition 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is nature1 !re w /ill rema9 a consid]able ?ickness ( ! t]re/rial /ratum1 :i* might be assum$ to be ! seat ( magnetic curr5ts4 footnote 99,b>l[1 9 ! ',philos4 ,trans4' = #ahbb1 ,pt4 i41 p4 #aag2 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ',treatise on ,magnetism'1 p4 #abi4 ,long be=e ! times ( ,gilb]t & ,hooke1 x 0 taught 9 ! ,*9ese "w ',ow-!a-ts\' t heat dim9i%$ ! directive =ce ( ! magnetic ne$le4 7,klapro?1 ',lettre a ,m4 ,a4 de ,humboldt1 sur l',inv5tion de la ,b\ssole'1 p4 #if47 ,! old explanation ( ! hor>y v>iations ( decl9ation by ! progressive w>m+ ( ! ,e>? 9 ! app>5t revolution ( ! ,sun f ea/ to we/ mu/ be limit$ to ! upp]mo/ surface1 s9ce !rmomet]s sunk into ! ,e>?1 :i* are n[ be+ accurately obs]v$ at s _m diff]5t places1 %[ h[ sl[ly ! sol> heat p5etrates ev5 to ! inconsid]able dep? ( a few feet4 ,moreov]1 ! !rmic condition ( ! surface ( wat]1 by :i* two ?irds ( our planet is cov]$1 is n favorable to su* modes ( explanation1 :5 we h ref]5ce to an imm$iate action & n to an effect ( induction 9 ! arial & aque\s inve/m5t ( our t]re/rial globe4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( our k1 x is impossible to af=d a satisfactory reply to all que/ions reg>d+ ! ultimate physical causes ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,x is only ) ref]5ce to t :i* pres5ts itself 9 ! triple manife/ations ( ! t]re/rial =ce1 z a measurable relation ( space & "t1 & z a /able elem5t 9 ! mid/ ( *ange1 t sci5ce has rec5tly made su* brilliant advances by ! aid ( ! det]m9ation ( mean num]ical values4 ,f ,toronto 9 ,upp] ,canada to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 f ,p>is to ,pek91 ! ,e>? has be5 cov]$1 s9ce #ahbh1 ) magnetic obs]vatories199 9 :i* e regul> p #aia or irregul> manife/ation ( ! t]re/rial =ce is detect$ by un9t]rupt$ & simultane\s obs]vations4 ,a v>iation p #aib ( #a_/djjjj? ( ! magnetic int5sity is measur$1 & at c]ta9 epo*s1 obs]vations are made at int]vals ( #b #a_/b m9utes1 & cont9u$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs consecutively4 footnote 99,z ! fir/ dem& = ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! obs]vatories 7a net-"w ( /ations1 provid$ ) simil> in/rum5ts7 proce$$ f me1 ,i did n d>e to *]i% ! hope t ,i %\ld live long en\gh to see ! "t :5 bo? hemisph]es %\ld be uni=mly cov]$ ) magnetic h\ses "u ! associat$ activity ( able physici/s & a/ronom]s4 ,?is has1 h[ev]1 be5 accompli%$1 & *iefly ?r\gh ! lib]al & cont9u$ support ( ! ,russian & ,briti% gov]nm5ts4 footnote cont9ues ,9 ! ye>s #ahjf & #ahjg1 ,i & my fri5d & fell[-labor]1 ,h]r ,oltmanns1 :ile at ,b]l91 obs]v$ ! movem5ts ( ! ne$le1 especially at ! times ( ! sol/ices & equ9oxes1 f h\r to h\r1 & (t5 f half h\r to half h\r1 = five or six days & nights un9t]rupt$ly4 ,i _h p]suad$ myself t cont9u\s & un9t]rupt$ obs]vations ( sev]al days & nights 7obs]vatio p]petua7 7 pref]able to ! s+le obs]vations ( _m mon?s4 ,! app>atus1 a ,prony's magnetic telescope1 susp5d$ 9 a glass case by a ?read devoid ( torsion1 all[$ angles ( sev5 or eight seconds to be read (f on a f9ely-divid$ scale1 plac$ at a prop] di/ance1 & light$ at night by lamps4 ,magnetic p]turbations 7/orms71 :i* occasionally recurr$ at ! same h\r on sev]al successive nights1 l$ me ev5 !n to desire extremely t simil> app>atus %\ld be us$ to ! ea/ & we/ ( ,b]l91 9 ord] to di/+ui% g5]al t]re/rial ph5om5a f ^? :i* are m]e local di/urbances1 dep5d+ on ! inequality ( heat 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 or on ! cl\d9ess ( ! atmosph]e4 ,my dep>ture to ,p>is1 & ! long p]iod ( political di/urbance t involv$ ! :ole ( ! we/ ( ,europe1 prev5t$ my wi% f be+ !n accompli%$4 7,o,ersted's great discov]y 7#ahbj7 ( ! intimate connection betwe5 electricity & magnetism aga9 excit$ a g5]al int]e/ 7:i* _h long flagg$7 9 ! p]iodical v>iations ( ! electro-magnetic t5sion ( ! ,e>?4 ,arago1 :o _m ye>s previ\sly _h comm5c$ 9 ! ,obs]vatory at ,p>is1 ) a new & excell5t decl9ation in/rum5t by ,gambey1 ! longe/ un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( hor>y obs]vations :i* we possess 9 ,europe1 %[$ by a comp>ison ) simultane\s obs]vations ( p]turbation made at ,kasan1 :at advantages might be obta9$ f correspond+ measurem5ts ( decl9ation4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ,b]l91 aft] an eighte5 ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,france1 ,i _h a small magnetic h\se erect$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahbh1 n only ) ! view ( c>ry+ on ! "w comm5c$ 9 #ahjf1 b m ) ! object t simultane\s obs]vations at h\rs previ\sly det]m9$ might be made at ,b]l91 ,p>is1 & ,freiburg1 at a dep? ( #ce fa?oms bel[ ! surface4 ,! simultane\s occurr5ce ( ! p]turbations1 & ! p>allelism ( ! movem5ts = ,octob] & ,decemb]1 #ahbi1 7 !n graphically repres5t$4 7,pogg41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xix41 s4 #ceg1 taf4 i4-iii47 ,an exp$ition into ,nor!rn ,asia1 und]tak5 9 #ahbi1 by comm& ( ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 soon gave me an opportunity ( work+ out my plan on a l>g] scale4 ,! plan 0 laid be=e a select committee ( "o ( ! ,imp]ial ,academies ( ,sci5ce1 &1 "u ! protection ( ! ,director ( ! ,m9+ ,dep>tm5t1 ,c\nt von ,cancr91 & ! excell5t sup]9t5d5ce ( ,pr(essor ,kupff]1 magnetic /ations 7 appo9t$ ov] ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 f ,nicolajeff1 9 ! l9e ?r\gh ,ca?>95burg1 ,b>naul1 & ,n]ts*9sk1 to ,pek94 footnote cont9ues ,! ye> #ahcb 7',gott+] gelehrte ,anzeig5'1 /4 #bjf7 is di/+ui%$ z ! great epo* 9 :i* ! pr(\nd au?or ( a g5]al !ory ( t]re/rial magnetism1 ,fri$ri* ,gauss1 erect$ app>atus1 con/ruct$ on a new pr9ciple1 9 ! ,gott+5 ,obs]vatory4 ,! magnetic obs]vatory 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahcd1 & 9 ! same ye> ,gauss di/ribut$ new in/rum5ts1 ) in/ructions = _! use1 9 :i* ! celebrat$ physici/1 ,wilhelm ,web]1 took extreme int]e/1 ov] a l>ge portion ( ,g]many & ,sw$51 & ! :ole ( ,italy4 7',resultate d] ,beob4 des ,magnetis*5 ,v]ce9s 9 ,jahr' #acch1 s4 #ace1 & ,pogg5d41 ',annal54' bd4 xxxiii41 s4 #dbf47 ,9 ! magnetic association t 0 n[ =m$ ) ,gott+5 = its c5t]1 simultane\s obs]vations h be5 und]tak5 f\r times a ye> s9ce #ahcf1 & cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! p]iods1 h[ev]1 d n co9cide ) ^? ( ! equ9oxes & sol/ices1 :i* ,i _h propos$ & foll[$ out 9 #ahcj4 ,up to ?is p]iod1 ,great ,brita91 9 possession ( ! mo/ ext5sive comm]ce & ! l>ge/ navy 9 ! _w1 _h tak5 no "p 9 ! movem5t :i* s9ce #ahbh _h begun to yield important results = ! m fix$ gr\nd-"w ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,i _h ! good =tune1 by a public appeal f ,b]l9 :i* ,i s5t 9 ,april #ahcf1 to ! ,duke ( ,sussex1 at t "t ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society 7,lettre de ,m4 de ,humboldt a ,s4 ,a4 ,r4 le ,duc de ,sussex1 sur les moy5s propres a p]fectionn] la connaissance du magnetisme t]re/re p> l'e/ablissem5t des /ations magnetiques et d'obs]vations correspondantes71 to excite a fri5dly int]e/ 9 ! und]tak+ :i* x _h s long be5 ! *ief object ( my wi% to c>ry out4 ,9 my lett] to ! ,duke ( ,sussex ,i urg$ ! e/abli%m5t ( p]man5t /ations 9 ,canada1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! ,isle ( ,france1 ,ceylon1 & ,new ,holl&1 :i* five ye>s previ\sly ,i _h advanc$ z good positions4 ,! ,royal ,society appo9t$ a jo9t physical & meteorological committee1 :i* n only propos$ to ! gov]nm5t ! e/abli%m5t ( fix$ magnetic obs]vatories 9 bo? hemisph]es1 b also ! equipm5t ( a naval exp$ition = magnetic obs]vations 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,seas4 ,x is ne$less to proclaim ! obligations ( sci5ce to ! great activity ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,sab9e1 ,airy1 & ,lloyd1 z well z ! p[]ful support t 0 af=d$ by ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at _! meet+ held at ,newca/le 9 #ahch4 ,9 ,june1 #ahci1 ! ,ant>ctic magnetic exp$ition1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,james ,cl>k ,ross1 0 fully arrang$2 & n[1 s9ce its successful return1 we reap ! d\ble fruits ( ! highly important geographical discov]ies ar\nd ! s\? pole1 & a s]ies ( simultane\s obs]vations at eight or t5 magnetic /ations4 ,a great ,engli% a/ronom] & physici/ has calculat$99 t ! mass ( obs]vations :i* are 9 progress w accumulate 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree ye>s to #a1ieh1jjj4 footnote 99,see ! article on ',t]re/rial ,magnetism'1 9 ! ',qu>t]ly ,review' #ahdj1 vol4 lxvi41 p4 #bga-cab4 ,nev] be=e has s noble & *e]ful a _s presid$ ov] ! inquiry into ! 'quantitative' relations ( ! laws ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,we are1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ 9 hop+ t ^! laws1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? :i* gov]n ! atmosph]e & ! remot] regions ( space1 may1 by degrees1 lead u to a m intimate acqua9tance ) ! g5etic conditions ( magnetic ph5om5a4 ,z yet we c only boa/ ( hav+ op5$ a great] numb] ( pa?s :i* may possibly lead to an explanation ( ?is subject4 ,9 ! physical sci5ce ( t]re/rial p #aic magnetism1 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! purely ma!matical bran* ( ! /udy1 ^? p]sons only w obta9 p]fect satisfaction :o1 z 9 ! sci5ce ( ! meteorological processes ( ! atmosph]e conv5i5tly turn aside ! practical be>+ ( all ph5om5a t c n be expla9$ accord+ to _! own views4 ,t]re/rial magnetism1 & ! electro-dynamic =ces comput$ by ! intellectual ,amp]e199 /& 9 simultane\s & intimate connection ) ! t]re/rial or pol> light1 z well z ) ! int]nal & ext]nal heat ( our planet1 ^: magnetic poles may be consid]$ z ! poles ( cold49999 footnote 99,in/ead ( ascrib+ ! int]nal heat ( ! ,e>? to ! transition ( matt] f a vapor-l fluid to a solid condition1 :i* accompanies ! =mation ( ! planets1 ,amp]e has prop\nd$ ! idea1 :i* ,i reg>d z highly improbable1 t ! ,e>?'s temp]ature may be ! consequ5ce ( ! cont9u\s *emical action ( a nucleus ( ! metals ( ! e>?s & alkalies on ! oxydiz+ ext]nal cru/4 ,x c n be d\bt$1 he obs]ves 9 8 ma/]ly ',!orie des ,ph5om5es ,electro-dynamiques'1 #ahbf1 p4 #aii1 t electro-magnetic curr5ts exi/ 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe1 & t ^! curr5ts are ! cause ( its temp]ature4 ,!y arise f ! action ( a c5tral metallic nucleus1 compos$ ( ! metals discov]$ by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 act+ on ! surr\nd+ oxydiz$ lay]4 footnote 9999,! rem>kable connection betwe5 ! curvature ( ! magnetic l9es & t ( my iso!rmal l9es 0 fir/ detect$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,see ! ',transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh'1 vol4 ix41 #ahba1 p4 #cah1 & ',treatise on ,magnetism'1 #ahcg1 p4 #db1 #dd1 #dg1 & #bfh4 ,?is di/+ui%$ physici/ admi/ two cold poles 7poles ( maximum cold7 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 an ,am]ican "o ne> ,cape ,walk] 7#gc degrees lat41 #ajj degrees ,w4 long471 & an ,asiatic "o 7#gc degrees lat41 #hj degrees ,e4 long472 :5ce arise1 accord+ to him1 two hot & two cold m]idians1 i4e41 m]idians ( greate/ heat & cold4 ,ev5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,aco/s 7',hi/oria ,natural de las ,indias'1 #aehi1 lib4 i41 cap4 #ag71 gr\nd+ 8 op9ion on ! obs]vations ( a v exp]i5c$ ,portuguese pilot1 taught t !re 7 f\r l9es )\t decl9ation4 ,x w\ld seem f ! controv]sy ( ,h5ry ,bond 7! au?or ( ',! ,longitude ,f\nd'1 #afgf7 ) ,beckborr[1 t ?is view 9 "s measure influ5c$ ,halley 9 8 !ory ( f\r magnetic poles4 ,see my ',exam5 ,critique de l',hi/4 de la ,geographie'1 t4 iii41 p4 #fj4 ,! bold conjecture haz>d$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ye>s s9ce by ,halley199 t ! ,aurora ,borealis 0 a magnetic ph5om5on1 has acquir$ empirical c]ta9ty f ,f>aday's brilliant discov]y ( ! evolution ( light by magnetic =ces4 footnote 99,halley1 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions'1 vol4 xxix4 7= #agad-agaf71 ,no4 #cda4 ,! nor!rn light is prec$$ by premonitory signs4 ,?us1 9 ! morn+ be=e ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on1 ! irregul> hor>y c\rse ( ! magnetic ne$le g5]ally indicates a di/urbance ( ! equilibrium 9 ! di/ribution ( p #aid t]re/rial magnetism499 footnote 99,! ,aurora ,borealis ( ,octob] #bd?1 #ahdg1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ev] kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 prec$$ by great magnetic di/urbance4 ,on ! #bb;d ( ,octob] ! maximum ( ! we/ decl9ation 0 #bc degrees #aj'2 on ! #bc;d ! position ( ! magnet 0 cont9ually *ang+1 & ! extreme we/ decl9ations 7 betwe5 #bb degrees #dd' & #bc degrees #cg'2on ! night betwe5 ! #bc;d & #bd? ( ,octob]1 ! *anges ( position 7 v l>ge & v frequ5t1 ! magnet at times mov+ across ! field s rapidly t a difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 foll[+ x4 ,dur+ ! day ( ! #bd? ( ,octob] !re 0 a con/ant *ange ( position1 b aft] midnight1 :5 ! ,aurora began p]ceptibly to decl9e 9 brightness1 ! di/urbance entirely ceas$4 ,! *anges ( position ( ! horizontal-=ce magnet 7 z l>ge & z frequ5t z ^? ( ! decl9ation magnet1 b ! v]tical-=ce magnet 0 at no "t s mu* affect$ z ! o!r two in/rum5ts4 ,see ',on ! ,aurora ,borealis1 z x 0 se5 on ,sunday ev5+1 ,octob] #bd?1 #ahdg1 at ,blackhea?1' by ,james ,glai%]1 ,esq41 ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 9 ! ',london1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,dubl9 ,philos4 ,mag & ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,nov4'1 #ahdg1 by ,john ,h4 ,morgan1 ,esq4 ,we mu/ n omit to m5tion t magnetic di/urbance is n[ regi/]$ by a 'photographic' process3 ! self-regi/]+ photographic app>atus us$ = ?is purpose 9 ! ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi* 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,brooke1 & ano!r +5i\s in/rum5t ( ?is k9d has be5 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,ronalds1 ( ! ,ri*mond ,obs]vatory4 -- ,tr4 ,:5 ?is di/urbance atta9s a great degree ( int5sity1 ! equilibrium ( ! di/ribution is re/or$ by a dis*>ge att5d$ by a developm5t ( light ,! ,aurora99 itself is1 !re=e1 n to be reg>d$ z an ext]nally manife/$ cause ( ?is di/urbance1 b r z a result ( telluric activity1 manife/$ on ! "o side by ! appe>ance ( ! light1 & on ! o!r by ! vibrations ( ! magnetic ne$le4 footnote 99,dove1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xx41 s4 #cda2 bd4 xix41 s4 #chh4 ,! decl9ation ne$le acts 9 v ne>ly ! same way z an atmosph]ic electromet]1 ^: div]g5ce 9 l mann] %[s ! increas$ t5sion ( ! electricity be=e ?is has become s great z to yield a sp>k4 ,see also1 ! excell5t obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,kwmtz1 9 8 ',lehrbu* d] ,meteorologie'1 bd4 iii41 s4 #eaa-eai1 & ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 9 8 ',treatise on ,magnetism'1 p4 #bhj4 ,reg>d+ ! magnetic prop]ties ( ! galvanic flame1 or lum9\s ar* f a ,buns5's c>bon & z9c batt]y1 see ,casselmann's ',beoba*tung5' 7,m>burg1 #ahdd71 s4 #ef-fb4 ,! spl5did appe>ance ( color$ pol> light is ! act ( dis*>ge1 ! t]m9ation ( a magnetic /orm1 z 9 an electrical /orm a developm5t ( light -- ! fla% ( lightn+ -- indicates ! re/oration ( ! di/urb$ equilibrium 9 ! di/ribution ( ! electricity4 ,an electric /orm is g5]ally conf9$ to a small space beyond ! limits ( :i* ! condition ( ! atmosph]ic electricity rema9s un*ang$4 ,a magnetic /orm1 on ! o!r h&1 p #aic %[s its influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ! ne$le ov] l>ge portions ( cont95ts1 &1 z ,arago fir/ discov]$ f> f ! spot :]e ! evolution ( light 0 visible4 ,x is n improbable t1 z heavily-*>g$ ?reat5+ cl\ds1 ow+ to frequ5t transitions ( ! atmosph]ic electricity to an opposite condition1 are n always dis*>g$1 accompani$ by lightn+1 s likewise magnetic /orms may occasion f>-ext5d+ di/urbances 9 ! hor>y c\rse ( ! ne$le1 )\t !re be+ any positive necessity t ! equilibrium ( ! di/ribution %\ld be re/or$ by explosion1 or by ! passage ( lum9\s effusions f "o ( ! poles to ! equator1 or f pole to pole4 ,9 collect+ all ! individual features ( ! ph5om5on 9 "o g5]al picture1 we mu/ n omit to describe ! orig9 & c\rse ( a p]fectly develop$ ,aurora ,borealis4 ,l[ d[n 9 ! di/ant horizon1 ab\t ! "p ( ! heav5s :i* is int]sect$ by ! magnetic m]idian1 ! sky :i* 0 previ\sly cle> is at once ov]ca/4 ,a d5se wall ( bank ( cl\d seems to rise gradually high] & high]1 until x atta9s an elevation ( #h or #aj degrees4 ,! color ( ! d>k segm5t passes into br[n or violet2 & />s are visible ?r\gh ! cl\dy /ratum1 z :5 a d5se smoke d>k5s ! sky4 ,a broad1 brightly-lum9\s ar*1 fir/ :ite1 !n yell[1 encircles ! d>k segm5t2 b z ! brilliant ar* appe>s subsequ5tly to ! smoky gray segm5t1 we c n agree ) ,argel&] 9 ascrib+ ! latt] to ! effect ( m]e contra/ ) ! bright lum9\s m>g9499 footnote 99,argel&]1 9 ! important obs]vations on ! nor!rn light embodi$ 9 ! ',vortrg5 gehalt5 9 d] physikali%-okonomis*5 ,gessells*aft zu ,konigsb]g'1 bd4 i41 #ahcd1 s4 #beg-bfd4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! ar* ( light is1 accord+ to accurate obs]vations made on ! subject199 n g5]ally 9 ! magnetic m]idian itself1 b f #e degrees to #ah degrees t[>d ! direction ( ! magnetic decl9ation ( ! place49999 footnote 99,= an acc\nt ( ! results ( ! obs]vations ( ,lott91 ,bravais1 & ,silj]/rom1 :o sp5t a w9t] at ,bosekop1 on ! coa/ ( ,lapl& 7#gj degrees ,n4 lat471 & 9 #baj nights saw ! nor!rn lights #afj times1 see ! ',comptes ,r5dus de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 x41 p4 #bhi1 & ,m>t9s's ',meteorologie'1 #ahdc1 p4 #dec4 ,see also1 ,argel&] 9 ! ',vortrag5 geh4 9 d] ,konigsb]g ,gessells*aft'1 bd4 i41 s4 #bei4 footnote 9999,pr(essor ,*allis ( ,cambridge1 /ates t 9 ! ,aurora ( ,octob] #bd?1 #ahdg1 ! /ream]s all conv]g$ t[>d a s+le po9t ( ! heav5s1 situat$ 9 or v ne> a v]tical circle pass+ ?r\gh ! magnetic pole4 ,ar\nd ?is po9t a corona 0 =m$1 ! rays ( :i* div]g$ 9 all directions f ! c5t]1 leav+ a space free f light3 its azimu? 0 #ah degrees #da' f s\? to ea/1 & its altitude #fi degrees #ed'4 ,see ,pr(essor ,*allis1 9 ! ',a!naeum'1 ,oct4 #ca1 #ahdg4 -- ,tr4 ,9 ! nor!rn latitudes1 p #aif 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! magnetic pole1 ! smoke-l conical segm5t appe>s less d>k1 & sometimes is n ev5 se54 ,:]e ! horizontal =ce is ! weake/1 ! middle ( ! lum9\s ar* deviates ! mo/ f ! magnetic m]idian4 ,! lum9\s ar* rema9s sometimes = h\rs toge!r fla%+ & k9dl+ 9 ev]-v>y+ undulations1 be=e rays & /ream]s emanate f x1 & %oot up to ! z5i?4 ,! m int5se ! dis*>ges ( ! nor!rn light1 ! m bright is ! play ( colors1 ?r\gh all ! v>y+ gradations f violet & blui% :ite to gre5 & crimson4 ,ev5 9 ord9>y electricity excit$ by friction1 ! sp>ks are only color$ 9 cases :]e ! explosion is v viol5t aft] great t5sion4 ,! magnetic columns ( flame rise ei?r s+ly f ! lum9\s ar*1 bl5d$ ) black rays simil> to ?ick smoke1 or simultane\sly 9 _m opposite po9ts ( ! horizon1 unit+ toge!r to torm a flick]+ sea ( flame1 ^: brilliant beauty admits ( no adequate description1 z ! lum9\s waves are e mom5t assum+ new & v>y+ =ms4 ,! int5sity ( ?is light is at times s great1 t ,l[5orn 7on ! #bi? ( ,june1 #aghf7 recogniz$ ! coruscation ( ! pol> light n bright sun%9e4 ,motion r5d]s ! ph5om5on m visible4 ,r\nd ! po9t 9 ! vault ( heav5 :i* corresponds to ! direction ( ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le1 ! beams unite toge!r to =m ! s-call$ corona1 ! cr[n ( ! nor!rn light1 :i* encircles ! summit ( ! heav5ly canopy ) a mild] radiance & unflick]+ emanations ( light4 ,x is only 9 r>e in/ances t a p]fect cr[n or circle is =m$1 b on its completion ! ph5om5on has inv>iably rea*$ its maximum1 & ! radiations become less frequ5t1 %ort]1 & m colorless4 ,! cr[n & ! lum9\s ar*es break up1 & ! :ole vault ( heav5 becomes cov]$ ) irregul>ly-scatt]$1 broad1 fa9t1 almo/ a%y-gray lum9\s immovable pat*es1 :i* 9 _! turn disappe>1 leav+ no?+ b a trace ( ! d>k1 smoke-l segm5t on ! horizon4 ,!re (t5 rema9s no?+ ( ! :ole spectacle b a :ite1 delicate cl\d ) fea!ry edges1 or divid$ at equal di/ances into small r\ndi% gr\ps l cirio-cumuli4 ,?is connection ( ! pol> light ) ! mo/ delicate cirr\s cl\ds des]ves special att5tion1 because x %[s t ! electro-magnetic evolution ( light is a "p ( a meteorological process4 ,t]re/rial magnetism "h manife/s its influ5ce p #aig on ! atmosph]e & on ! cond5sation ( aque\s vapor4 ,! fleecy cl\ds se5 9 ,icel& by ,?i5emann1 & :i* he consid]$ to be ! nor!rn light1 h be5 se5 9 rec5t times by ,frankl9 & ,ri*>dson ne> ! ,am]ican nor? pole1 & by ,admiral ,wrangel on ! ,sib]ian coa/ ( ! ,pol> ,sea4 ,all rem>k$ t ! ,aurora fla%$ =? 9 ! mo/ vivid beams :5 masses ( cirr\s /rata 7 hov]+ 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air1 & :5 ^! 7 s ?9 t _! pres5ce c\ld only be recogniz$ by ! =mation ( a halo r\nd ! moon4 ,^! cl\ds sometimes range !mselves1 ev5 by day 9 a simil> mann] to ! beams ( ! ,aurora1 & !n di/urb ! c\rse ( ! magnetic ne$le 9 ! same mann] z ! latt]4 ,on ! morn+ aft] e di/9ct nocturnal ,aurora1 ! same sup]impos$ /rata ( cl\ds h /ill be5 obs]v$ t _h previ\sly be5 lum9\s499 footnote 99,john ,frankl91 ',n>rative ( a ,j\rney to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 9 ! ,ye>s #ahai-ahbb'1 p4 #eeb & #eig2 ,?i5emann 9 ! ',ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal'1 vol4 xx41 p4 #ccf2 ,f>quh>son1 9 vol4 vi41 p4 #cib1 ( ! same j\rnal2 ,wrangel1 ',phys4 ,beob4'1 s4 #ei4 ,p>ry ev5 saw ! great ar* ( ! nor!rn light cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! day4 7',j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9'1 #ahbh1 ,jan41 p4 #dbi47 ,! app>5tly conv]g+ pol> zones 7/reaks ( cl\ds 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic m]idian71 :i* con/antly occupi$ my att5tion dur+ my j\rneys on ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,mexico & 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 belong probably to ! same gr\p ( ciurnal ph5om5a499 footnote 99,on my return f my ,am]ican travels1 ,i describ$ ! delicate cirro-cumulus cl\d1 :i* appe>s uni=mly divid$1 z if by ! action ( repulsive =ces1 "u ! "n ( pol> b&s 7'b&es polaires'71 because _! p]spective po9t ( conv]g5ce is mo/ly at fir/ 9 ! magnetic pole1 s t ! p>allel r[s ( fleecy cl\ds foll[ ! magnetic m]idian4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ?is my/]i\s ph5om5on is ! oscillation1 or occasionally ! gradually progressive motion1 ( ! po9t ( conv]g5ce4 ,x is usually obs]v$ t ! b&s are only fully develop$ 9 "o region ( ! heav5s1 & !y are se5 to move fir/ f s\? to nor?1 & !n gradually f ea/ to we/4 ,i c\ld n trace any connection betwe5 ! advanc+ motion ( ! b&s & alt]ations ( ! curr5ts ( air 9 ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!y occur :5 ! air is extremely calm & ! heav5s are q s]5e1 & are mu* m common "u ! tropics ?an 9 ! temp]ate & frigid zones4 ,i h se5 ?is ph5om5on on ! ,&es1 almo/ "u ! equator1 at an elevation ( #ae1ibj feet1 & 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 9 ! pla9s ( ,krasnoj>ski1 s\? ( ,bu*t>m9sk1 s simil>ly develop$1 t we mu/ reg>d ! influ5ces produc+ x z v widely di/ribut$1 & z dep5d+ on g5]al natural =ces4 ,see ! important obs]vations ( ,kamtz 7',vorlesung5 ub] ,meteorologie'1 #ahdj1 s4 #adf71 & ! m rec5t ones ( ,m>t9s & ,bravais 7',meteorologie'1 #ahdc1 p4 #aag74 ,9 s\? pol> b&s1 compos$ ( v delicate cl\ds1 obs]v$ by ,arqago at ,p>is on ! #bc;d ( ,june1 #ahdd1 d>k rays %ot upw>d f an ar* runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,we h already made m5tion ( black rays1 resembl+ d>k smoke1 z occurr+ 9 brilliant nocturnal nor!rn lights4 p #aih ,s\!rn lights h (t5 be5 se5 9 ,engl& by ! intellig5t & indefatigable obs]v] ,dalton & nor!rn lights h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e z f> z #de degrees latitude 7z on ! #ad? ( ,janu>y1 #ahca74 ,on occasions t are by no means ( r>e occurr5ce1 ! equilibrium at bo? poles has be5 simultane\sly di/urb$4 ,i h discov]$ ) c]ta9ty t nor!rn pol> lights h be5 se5 )9 ! tropics 9 ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! sph]e ( simultane\s visibility ( ! ph5om5on & ! zones ( ! ,e>? :]e x is se5 almo/ nightly4 ,e obs]v] no d\bt sees a sep>ate ,aurora ( 8 own1 z he sees a sep>ate ra9b[4 ,a great portion ( ! ,e>? simultane\sly eng5d]s ^! ph5om5a ( emanations ( light4 ,_m nights may be in/anc$ 9 :i* ! ph5om5on has be5 simultane\sly obs]v$ 9 ,engl& & 9 ,p5nsylvania1 9 ,rome & 9 ,pek94 ,:5 x is /at$ t ,auroras dim9i% ) ! decrease ( latitude1 ! latitude mu/ be und]/ood to be magnetic1 & z measur$ by its di/ance f ! magnetic pole4 ,9 ,icel&1 9 ,gre5l&1 ,newf\ndl&1 on ! %ores ( ! ,slave ,lake1 & at ,=t ,ent]prise 9 ,nor!rn ,canada1 ^! lights appe> almo/ e night at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 celebrat+ ) _! fla%+ beams1 accord+ to ! mode ( expression common to ! inhabitants ( ! ,%etl& ,isles1 a m]ry dance 9 heav5499 footnote 99,! nor?rn lights are call$ by ! ,%etl& ,isl&]s ! m]ry danc]s4 7,k5dal1 9 ! ',qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce'1 new s]ies1 vol4 iv41 p4 #cie47 ,:ile ! ,aurora is a ph5om5on ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ,italy1 x is frequ5tly se5 9 ! latitude ( ,philadelphia 7#ci degrees #eg'71 ow+ to ! s\!rn position ( ! ,am]ican nagnetic pole4 ,9 ! di/ricts :i* are rem>kable1 9 ! ,new ,cont95t & ! ,sib]ian coa/s1 = ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ?is ph5om5on1 !re are special regions or zones ( longitude 9 :i* ! pol> light is p>ticul>ly bright & brilliant499 footnote 99,see ,muncke's excell5t "w 9 ! new edition ( ,gehl]'s ',physik ,wort]bu*'1 bd4 vii41 i41 s #aac-bfh1 & especially s4 #aeh4 ,! exi/5ce p #aii ( local influ5ces c n1 !re=e1 be d5i$ 9 ^! cases4 ,wrangel saw ! brilliancy dim9i% z he left ! %ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 ab\t ,mis*ne-,kolymsk4 ,! obs]vations made 9 ! ,nor? ,pol> exp$ition appe> to prove t 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! magnetic pole ! developm5t ( light is n 9 ! lea/ degree m int5se or frequ5t ?an at "s di/ance f x4 ,! k :i* we at pres5t possess ( ! altitude ( ! pol> light is bas$ on measurem5ts :i* f _! nature1 ! con/ant oscillation ( ! ph5om5on ( light1 & ! consequ5t unc]ta9ty ( ! angle ( p>allax1 are n des]v+ ( mu* confid5ce4 ,! results obta9$1 sett+ aside ! old] data1 fluctuate betwe5 sev]al miles & an elevation ( #cjjj or #djjj feet2 &1 9 all probability1 ! nor!rn lights at diff]5t times occur at v diff]5t elevations499 footnote 99,f>quh>son 9 ! ',ed9burgh ,philos4 ,j\rnal'1 vol4 xvi41 p4 #cjd2 ',philos4 ,transact4' = #ahbi1 p4 #aac4 ,! height ( ! b[ ( light ( ! ,aurora se5 at ! ,cambridge ,obs]vatory1 ,m>* #ai1 #ahdg1 0 det]m9$ by ,pr(essors ,*allis1 ( ,cambridge1 & ,*evalli]1 ( ,durham1 to be #agg miles above ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,see ! notice ( ?is meteor 9 ',an ,acc\nt ( ! ,aurora ,borealis ( ,oct4 #bd1 #ahdg'1 by ,john ,h4 ,morgan1 ,esq41 #ahdh4 -- ,tr4 ,! mo/ rec5t obs]v]s are dispos$ to place ! ph5om5on 9 ! region ( cl\ds1 & n on ! conf9es ( ! atmosph]e2 & !y ev5 believe t ! rays ( ! ,aurora may be affect$ by w9ds & curr5ts ( air1 if ! ph5om5on ( light1 by :i* alone ! exi/5ce ( an electro-magnetic curr5t is appreciable1 be actually connect$ ) matrial gr\ps ( vesicles ( vapor 9 motion1 or1 m correctly speak+1 if light p5etrate !m1 pass+ f "o vesicle to ano!r4 ,frankl9 saw ne> ,great ,be> ,lake a beam+ nor!rn light1 ! l[] side ( :i* he ?\ght illum9at$ a /ratum ( cl\ds1 :ile1 at a di/ance ( only eighte5 geographical miles1 ,k5dal1 :o 0 on wat* ?r\gh\t ! :ole night1 & nev] lo/ sight ( ! sky1 p]ceiv$ no ph5om5on ( light4 ,! ass]tion1 s frequ5tly ma9ta9$ ( late1 t ! rays ( ! ,aurora h be5 se5 to %oot d[n to ! gr\nd betwe5 ! spectator & "s neighbor+ hill1 is op5 to ! *>ge ( optical delusion1 z 9 ! cases ( /rokes ( lightn+ or ( ! fall ( fire-balls4 ,:e!r ! magnetic /orms1 ^: local "* we h illu/rat$ by su* rem>kable examples1 %>e noise z well z light 9 common ) electric /orms1 is a "q p #bjj t has become difficult to answ]1 s9ce implicit confid5ce is no longr yield$ to ! relations ( ,gre5l& :ale-fi%]s & ,sib]ian fox-hunt]s4 ,nor!rn lights appe> to h become less noisy s9ce _! occurr5ces h be5 m accurately record$4 ,p>ry1 ,frankl91 & ,ri*>dson1 ne> ! nor? pole2 ,?i5emann 9 ,icel&2 ,gieseke 9 ,gre5l&2 ,lotur1 & ,bravais1 ne> ! ,nor? ,cape2 ,wrangel & ,anj\1 on ! coa/ ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 h toge!r se5 ! ,aurora ?\s&s ( times1 b nev] he>d any s\nd att5d+ ! ph5om5on4 ,if ?is negative te/imony %\ld n be deem$ equival5t to ! positive c\nt]-evid5ce ( ,he>ne on ! m\? ( ! ,copp] ,riv] & ( ,h5d]son 9 ,icel&1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 al?\gh ,hood he>d a noise z ( quickly-mov$ musket-balls & a slight crack+ s\nd dur+ an ,aurora1 he also notic$ ! same noise on ! foll[+ day1 :5 !re 0 no nor!rn light to be se52 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,wrangel & ,gieseke 7 fully conv9c$ t ! s\nd !y _h he>d 0 to be ascrib$ to ! contraction ( ! ice & ! cru/ ( ! sn[ on ! sudd5 cool+ ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! belief 9 a crackl+ s\nd has aris51 n among ! p g5]ally1 b r among le>n$ travel]s1 because 9 e>li] times ! nor!rn light 0 decl>$ to be an effect ( atmosph]ic electricity1 on acc\nt ( ! lum9\s manife/ation ( ! electricity 9 r>efi$ space1 & ! obs]v]s f\nd x easy to he> :at !y wi%$ to he>4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts ) v s5sitive electromet]s h hi!rto1 contr>y to ! expectation g5]ally ent]ta9$1 yield$ only negative results4 ,! condition ( ! electricity 9 ! atmosph]e99 p #bia is n f\nd to be *ang$ dur+ ! mo/ int5se ,aurora2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ?ree expressions ( ! p[] ( t]re/rial magnetism1 decl9ation1 incl9ation & int5sity1 are all affect$ by pol> light1 s t 9 ! same night1 & at diff]5t p]iods ( ! magnetic developm5t1 ! same end ( ! ne$le is bo? attract$ & repell$4 footnote 99,mr4 ,james ,glai%]1 ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 9 8 int]e/+ ',rem>ks on ! ,wea!r dur+ ! ,qu>t] end+ ,decemb] #ca/1 #ahdg'1 says1 ,x is a fact well wor?y ( notice1 t f ! beg9n+ ( ?is qu>t] till ! #bi? ( ,decemb]1 ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e 0 almo/ always 9 a neutral /ate1 s t no signs ( electricity 7 %[n = sev]al days toge!r by any ( ! electrical in/rum5ts4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 7 'eight' exhibitions ( ! ,aurora ,borealis1 ( :i* "o 0 ! peculi>ly bright display ( ! ,aurora ,borealis1 ( :i* "o 0 ! peculi>ly bright display ( ! meteor on ! #bd? ( ,octob]4 ,^! frequ5t exhibitions ( brilliant ,aurorae seem to dep5d ^u _m rem>kable meteorological relations1 = we f9d1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,glai%]'s /atem5t 9 ! pap] to :i* we h already allud$1 t ! previ\s fifty ye>s af=d no p>allel season to ! clos+ "o ( #ahdg4 ,! mean temp]ature ( evaporation & ( ! dew po9t1 ! mean ela/ic =ce ( vapor1 ! mean read+ ( ! b>omet]1 & ! mean daily range ( ! read+s ( ! !rmomet]s 9 air1 7 all great] at ,gre5wi* dur+ t season ( #ahdg ?an ! av]age range ( _m prec$+ ye>s4 -- ,tr4 ,! ass]tion made by ,p>ry1 on ! /r5g? ( ! data yield$ by 8 obs]vations 9 ! neighborhood ( ! magnetic pole at ,melville ,isl&1 t ! ,aurora did n di/urb1 b r ex]cis$ a calm+ influ5ce on ! magnetic ne$le1 has be5 satisfactorily refut$ by ,p>ry's own m exact rese>*es199 detail$ 9 8 j\rnal1 & by ! admirable obs]vations ( ,ri*>dson1 ,hood1 & ,frankl9 9 ,nor!rn ,canada1 & la/ly by ,bravais & ,lott9 9 ,lapl&4 footnote 99,kamtz1 ',lehrbu* d] ,meteorologie'1 bd4 iii41 s4 #dih & #eja4 ,! process ( ! ,aurora is1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 ! re/oration ( a di/urb$ condition ( equilibrium4 ,! effect on ! ne$le is diff]5t accord+ to ! degree ( int5sity ( ! explosion4 ,x 0 only unappreciable at ! gloomy w9t] /ation ( ,bosekop :5 ! ph5om5on ( light 0 v fa9t & aptly comp>$ to ! flame :i* rises 9 ! clos$ circuit ( a voltaic pile betwe5 two po9ts ( c>bon at a consid]able di/ance ap>t1 or1 accord+ to ,fizeau1 to ! flame ris+ betwe5 a silv] & a c>bon po9t1 & attract$ or repell$ by ! magnet4 ,?is analogy c]ta9ly sets aside ! necessity ( assum+ ! exi/5ce ( metallic vapors 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* "s celebrat$ physici/s h reg>d$ z ! sub/ratum ( ! nor!rn light4 ,:5 we apply ! indef9ite t]m 'pol> light' to ! lum9\s ph5om5on :i* we ascribe to a galvanic curr5t1 t is to say1 to ! motion ( electricity 9 a clos$ circuit1 we m]ely indicate ! local direction 9 :i* ! evolution ( light is mo/ frequ5tly1 al?\gh by no means inv>iably1 se54 ,?is ph5om5on d]ives ! great] "p ( its importance f ! fact t ! ,e>? becomes 'self-lum9\s'1 & t z a planet1 besides ! light :i* x receives f ! c5tral body1 ! ,sun1 x %[s itself capable 9 itself ( develop+ light4 ,! int5sity ( ! t]re/rial light1 or1 r ! lum9osity :i* is diffus$1 exce$s1 9 cases ( ! brighte/ color$ radiation t[>d ! z5i?1 ! light ( ! ,moon 9 its fir/ qu>t]4 ,occasionally1 z on ! #g? ( ,janu>y1 #ahca1 pr9t$ *>act]s c\ld be read )\t difficulty4 ,?is almo/ un9t]rupt$ developm5t ( light p #bjb 9 ! ,e>? leads u by analogy to ! rem>kable process exhibit$ 9 ,v5us4 ,! portion ( ?is planet :i* is n illum9$ by ! ,sun (t5 %9es ) a phosphoresc5t light ( its own4 ,x is n improbable t ! ,moon1 ,jupit]1 & ! comets %9e ) an indep5d5t light1 besides ! reflect$ sol> light visible ?r\gh ! pol>iscope4 ,)\t speak+ ( ! problematical b yet ord9>y mode 9 :i* ! sky is illum9at$1 :5 a l[ cl\d may be se5 to %9e ) an un9t]rupt$ flick]+ light = _m m9utes toge!r1 we /ill meet ) o!r in/ances ( t]re/rial developm5t ( light 9 our atmosph]e4 ,9 ?is category we may reckon ! celebrat$ lum9\s mi/s se5 9 #aghc & #ahca2 ! /eady lum9\s appe>ance exhibit$ )\t any flick]i+ 9 great cl\ds obs]v$ by ,rozi] & ,becc>ia2 & la/ly1 z ,arago99 well rem>ks1 ! fa9t diffus$ light :i* guides ! /eps ( ! travel] 9 cl\dy1 />less1 & moonless nights 9 autumn & w9t]1 ev5 :5 !re is no sn[ on ! gr\nd4 footnote 99,arago1 on ! dry fogs ( #aghc & #ahca1 :i* illum9at$ ! night1 9 ! ',annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes'1 #ahcb1 p4 #bdf & #bej2 &1 reg>d+ extraord9>y lum9\s appe>ances 9 cl\ds )\t /orms1 see ',notices sur la ,tonn]re'1 9 ! ',annuaire p\r l'an4 #ahch'1 p4 #bgi-bhe4 ,z 9 pol> light or ! electro-magnetic /orm1 a curr5t ( brilliant & (t5 color$ light /reams ?r\gh ! atmosph]e 9 high latitudes1 s also 9 ! torrid zones betwe5 ! tropics1 ! ocean simultane\sly develops light ov] a space ( _m ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,"h ! magical effect ( light is ow+ to ! =ces ( organic nature4 ,foam+ ) light1 ! eddy+ waves fla% 9 phosphoresc5t sp>ks ov] ! wide expanse ( wat]s1 :]e e sc9tillation is ! vital manife/ation ( an invisible animal _w4 ,s v>i$ are ! s\rces ( t]re/rial light6 ,mu/ we /ill suppose ?is light to be lat5t1 & comb9$ 9 vapors1 9 ord] to expla9 ',mos]'s images produc$ at a di/ance' -- a discov]y 9 :i* reality has hi!rto manife/$ itself l a m]e phantom ( ! imag9ation4 ,z ! int]nal heat ( our planet is connect$ on ! "o h& ) ! g5]ation ( electro-magnetic curr5ts & ! process ( t]re/rial light 7a consequ5ce ( ! magnetic /orm71 x1 on ! o!r h&1 discloses to u ! *ief s\rce ( geogno/ic ph5om5a4 ,we %all consid] ^! 9 _! connection ) & _! transition f m]ely dynamic di/urbances1 f ! elevation ( :ole cont95ts & m\nta9 *a9s to ! developm5t & effusion ( gase\s & p #bjc liquid fluids1 ( hot mud1 & ( ^? heat$ & molt5 e>?s :i* become solidifi$ into cry/all9e m9]al masses4 ,mod]n geognosy1 ! m9]al portion ( t]re/rial physics1 has made no slight advance 9 hav+ inve/igat$ ?is connection ( ph5om5a4 ,?is inve/igation has l$ u away f ! delusive hypo!sis1 by :i* x 0 cu/om>y =m]ly to endeavor to expla91 individually e expression ( =ce 9 ! t]re/rial globe3 x %[s u ! connection ( ! occurr5ce ( het]og5e\s sub/ances ) t :i* only app]ta9s to *anges 9 space 7di/urbances or elevations71 & gr\ps toge!r ph5om5a :i* at fir/ sight appe>$ mo/ het]og5e\s1 z !rmal spr+s1 effusion ( c>bonic acid & sulphur\s vapor1 innocu\s salses 7mud eruptions71 & ! dreadful deva/ation ( volcanic m\nta9s499 footnote 99,see ,mantell's ',wond]s ( ,geology'1 #ahdh1 vol4 i41 p4 #cd1 #cf1 #aje2 also ,lyell's ',pr9ciples ( ,geology'1 vol4 ii41 & ,daub5ey ',on ,volcanoes'1 #b;d ed41 #ahdh1 ,"p ii41 *4 xxxii41 xxxiii4 -- ,tr4 ,9 a g5]al view ( nature1 all ^! ph5om5a are fus$ toge!r 9 "o sole idea ( ! reaction ( ! int]ior ( a planet on its ext]nal surface4 ,we ?us recognize 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 & 9 ! increase ( temp]ature ) ! increase ( dep? f ! surface1 n only ! g]m ( di/urb+ movem5ts1 b also ( ! gradual elevation ( :ole cont95ts 7z m\nta9 *a9s on long fissures71 ( volcanic eruptions1 & ( ! manifold production ( m\nta9s & m9]al masses4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is reaction ( ! int]ior on ! ext]ior is n1 h[ev]1 limit$ to inorganic nature alone4 ,x is highly probable t1 9 an e>li] _w1 m p[]ful emanations ( c>bonic acid gas1 bl5d$ ) ! atmosph]e1 mu/ h increas$ ! assimilation ( c>bon 9 vegetables1 & t an inexhau/ible supply ( combu/ible matt] 7lignites & c>bonif]\s =mations7 mu/ h be5 ?us buri$ 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! e>? by ! revolutions att5d+ ! de/ruction ( va/ tracts ( =e/4 ,we likewise p]ceive t ! de/9y ( mank9d is 9 "p dep5d5t on ! =mation ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! e>?1 ! direction ( m\nta9 tracts & high l&s1 & on ! di/ribution ( elevat$ cont95ts4 ,x is ?us grant$ to ! inquir+ m9d to pass f l9k to l9k along ! *a9 ( ph5om5a until x rea*es ! p]iod :51 9 ! solidify+ process ( our planet1 & 9 its fir/ transition f ! gase\s =m to ! agglom]ation ( matt]1 t portion ( ! inn] heat ( ! ,e>? 0 develop$1 :i* does n belong to ! action ( ! ,sun4 ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages #bjd-bdh ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- p #bjd ,9 ord] to give a g5]al del9eation ( ! causal connection ( geogno/ical ph5om5a1 we w beg9 ) ^? ^: *ief *>act]i/ic is dynamic1 consi/+ 9 motion & 9 *ange 9 space4 ,e>?quakes manife/ !mselves by quick & successive v]tical1 or horizontal1 or rotatory vibrations499 footnote 99,see ,daub5ey ',on ,volcanoes'1 #b;d ed41 #ahdh1 p4 #eji4 -- ,tr4 ,9 ! v consid]able numb] ( e>?quakes :i* ,i h exp]i5c$ 9 bo? hemisph]es1 alike on l& & at sea1 ! two fir/-nam$ k9ds ( motion h (t5 appe>$ to me to occur simultane\sly4 ,! m9e-l explosiion -- ! v]tical action f bel[ upw>d -- 0 mo/ /rik+ly manife/$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! t[n ( ,riobamba 9 #agig1 :5 ! bodies ( _m ( ! inhabitants 7 f\nd to h be5 hurl$ to ,cullea1 a hill sev]al hundr$ feet 9 neight1 & on ! opposite side ( ! ,riv] ,lican4 ,! propagation is mo/ g5]ally effect$ by undulations 9 a l9e> direction199 ) a velocity ( f tw5ty to tw5ty-eight miles 9 a m9ute1 b p>tly 9 circles ( commotion or l>ge ellipses1 9 :i* ! vibrations are propagat$ ) decreas+ int5sity f a c5t] t[>d ! circumf]5ce4 footnote 99,on ! l9e> direction ( e>?quakes1 see ,daub5ey ',on ,volcanoes'1 p4 #eae4 -- ,tr4 ,!re are di/ricts expos$ to ! action ( two int]sect+ circles ( commotion4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 :]e ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory199 & subsequ5tly ,!ophylactus ,simocatta19999 describ$ ! di/ricts ( ,scy?ia z free f e>?quakes1 ,i h obs]v$ ! metallif]\s portion ( ! ,altai ,m\nta9s "u ! influ5ce ( a two-fold focus ( commotion1 ! ,lake ( ,baikal1 & ! volcano ( ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9 7,?ians*an74999999 footnote 99,h]od1 iv41 #bh4 ,! pro/ration ( ! colossal /atue ( ,memnon1 :i* has be5 aga9 re/or$ 7,letronne1 ',la ,/atue ,vocale de ,memnon'1 #ahce1 p4 #be1 #bf71 pres5ts a fact 9 opposition to ! anci5t prejudice t ,egypt is free f e>?quakes 7,pl9y1 ii41 #hj72 b ! valley ( ! ,nile does lie ext]nal to ! circle ( commotion ( ,byzantium1 ! ,ar*ipelago1 & ,syria 7,idel] ad ,ari/ot41 ',meteor4'1 p4 #ehd74 footnote 9999,sa9t-,m>t91 9 ! le>n$ notes to ,lebeau1 ',hi/4 du ,bas ,empire'1 t4 ix41 p4 #dja4 footnote 999999,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 ii41 p4 #aaj-aah4 ,9 reg>d to ! diff]5ce betwe5 agitation ( ! surface & ( ! /rata ly+ b5ea? x1 see ,gay-,lussac1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie et de ,physique'1 t4 xxii41 p4 #dbi4 ,:5 ! circles ( commotion int]sect "o ano!r -- :51 = in/ance1 an elevat$ pla9 lies betwe5 two volcanoes simultane\sly 9 a /ate ( eruption1 sev]al wave-sy/ems may exi/ toge!r1 z 9 fluids1 & n mutually di/urb "o ano!r4 ,we may ev5 suppose 'int]f]5ce' p #bje to exi/ "h1 z 9 ! int]sect+ waves ( s\nd4 ,! ext5t ( ! propagat$ waves ( commotion w be increas$ on ! upp] surface ( ! e>?1 accord+ to ! g5]al law ( me*anics1 by :i*1 on ! transmission ( motion 9 ela/ic bodies1 ! /ratum ly+ free on ! "o side endeavors to sep>ate itself f ! o!r /rata4 ,waves ( commotion h be5 inve/igat$ by means ( ! p5dulum & ! seismomet]99 ) tol]able accuracy 9 respect to _! direction & total int5sity1 b by no means ) ref]5ce to ! int]nal nature ( _! alt]nations & _! p]iodic intumesc5ce4 footnote 99,?is in/rum5t1 9 its simple/ =m1 consi/s m]ely ( a bas9 fill$ ) "s viscid liquid1 :i*1 on ! occurr5ce ( a %ock ( an e>?quake ( suffici5t =ce to di/urb ! equilibrium ( ! build+ 9 :i* x is plac$1 is tilt$ on "o side1 & ! liquid made to rise 9 ! same direction1 ?us %[+ by its height ! degree ( ! di/urbance4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,=bes has inv5t$ an in/rum5t ( ?is nature1 al?\gh on a greatly improv$ plan4 ,x consi/s ( a v]tical metal rod1 hav+ a ball ( lead movable ^u x4 ,x is support$ ^u a cyl9drical /eel wire1 :i* may be compress$ at pleasure by means ( a screw4 ,a lat]al movem5t1 su* z t ( an e>?quake1 :i* c>ries =w>d ! base ( ! in/rum5t1 c only act ^u ! ball ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ela/icity ( ! wire1 & ! direction ( ! displacem5t w be indicat$ by ! plane ( vibration ( ! p5dulum4 ,a self-regi/]+ app>atus is atta*$ to ! ma*9e4 ,see ,pr(essor ,j4 ,=bes's acc\nt ( 8 inv5tion 9 ',ed9b4 ,phil4 ,trans4'1 vol4 xv41 ,"p i4 -- ,tr4 ,9 ! city ( ,quito1 :i* lies at ! foot ( a /ill active volcano 7! ,rucu ,pi*9*a71 & at an elevation ( #iedj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 :i* has beautiful cupolas1 high vault$ *ur*es1 & massive edifices ( sev]al /ories1 ,i h (t5 be5 a/oni%$ t ! viol5ce ( ! nocturnal e>?quakes s seldom causes fissures 9 ! walls1 :ile 9 ! ,p]uvian pla9s oscillations app>5tly mu* less int5se injure l[ re$ cottages4 ,! natives1 :o h exp]i5c$ _m hundr$ e>?quakes1 believe t ! diff]5ce dep5ds less ^u ! l5g? or %ortness ( ! waves1 & ! sl[ness or rapidity ( ! horizontal vibrations499 ?an on ! uni=mity ( ! motion 9 opposite directions4 footnote 99 ,tutissimum e/ cum vibrat crispante ,a$ificiorum crepitu2 et cum intumescit assurg5s alt]noque motu residet1 innoxium et cum concurr5tia tecta contr>io ictu arietant2 quoniam alt] motus alt]i r5ititur4 ,undantis incl9atio et fluctus m qua$am volutatio inve/a e/1 aut cum 9 unam p>tem totus se motus impellitae -- ,pl941 ii41 #hb4 ,! circl+ rotatory commotions are ! mo/ uncommon1 b1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,walls 7 obs]v$ to be twi/$1 b n ?r[n d[n2 r[s ( trees turn$ f _! previ\s p>allel direction2 p #bjf & fields cov]$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( plants f\nd to be displac$ 9 ! great e>?quake ( ,riobamba1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito1 on ! #d? ( ,febru>y1 #agig1 & 9 t ( ,calabria1 betwe5 ! #e? ( ,febru>y & ! #bh? ( ,m>*1 #aghb4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! inv]sion or displacem5t ( fields & pieces ( l&1 by :i* "o is made to occupy ! place ( ano!r1 is connect$ ) a translatory motion or p5etration ( sep>ate t]re/rial /rata4 ,:5 ,i made ! plan ( ! ru9$ t[n ( ,riobamba1 "o p>ticul> spot 0 po9t$ out to me1 :]e all ! furniture ( "o h\se _h be5 f\nd "u ! ru9s ( ano!r4 ,! loose e>? _h evid5tly mov$ l a fluid 9 curr5ts1 :i* mu/ be assum$ to h be5 direct$ fir/ d[nw>d1 !n horizontally1 & la/ly upw>d4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to appeal to ! ',audi5cia'1 or ,c\ncil ( ,ju/ice1 to decide ^u ! cont5tions t arose reg>d+ ! proprietor%ip ( objects t _h be5 remov$ to a di/ance ( _m hundr$ roises4 ,9 c\ntries :]e e>?quakes are comp>atively ( mu* less frequ5t occurr5ce 7z = in/ance1 9 ,s\!rn ,europe71 a v g5]al belief prevails1 al?\gh unsupport$ by ! au?ority ( inductive reason+199 t a calm1 an oppressive p #bjg heat & a mi/y horizon1 are always ! =]unn]s ( ?is ph5om5on4 footnote 99,ev5 9 ,italy !y h begun to obs]ve t e>?quakes are unconnect$ ) ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 t is to say1 ) ! appe>ance ( ! heav5s imm$iately be=e ! %ock4 ,! num]ical results ( ,fri$ri* ,h(fmann 7',h9t]lass5e ,w]ke'1 bd4 ii41 #cff-cgf7 exactly correspond ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,abbate ,sc9a ( ,pal]mo4 ,i h myself sev]al times obs]v$ r$di% cl\ds on ! day ( an e>?quake1 & %ortly be=e x on ! #d? ( ,novemb]1 #agii1 ,i exp]i5c$ two %>p %ocks at ! mom5t ( a l\d clap ( ?und]4 7',relat4 ,hi/4'1 liv4 iv41 *ap4 #aj47 ,! ,tur9 physici/1 ,vassalli ,eaudi1 obs]v$ ,volta's electromet] to be /rongly agitat$ dur+ ! protract$ e>?quake ( ,pign]ol1 :i* la/$ f ! #b;d ( ,april to ! #ag? ( ,may1 #ahjh2 ',j\rnal de ,physique'1 t4 lxvii41 p4 #bia4 ,b ^! indications pres5t$ by cl\ds1 by modifications ( atmosph]ic electricity1 or by calms1 c n be reg>d$ z 'g5]ally' or 'necess>ily' connect$ ) e>?quakes1 s9ce 9 ,quito1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili1 z well z 9 ,canada & ,italy1 _m e>?quakes are obs]v$ along ) ! pure/ & cle>e/ skies1 & ) ! fre%e/ l& & sea breezes4 ,b if no meteorological ph5om5on indicates ! com+ e>?quake ei!r on ! morn+ ( ! %ock or a few days previ\sly1 ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> 7! v]nal & autumnal equ9oxes71 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y season 9 ! tropics aft] long dr\ght1 & ! *ange ( ! monsoons 7accord+ to g5]al belief71 c n be ov]look$1 ev5 ?\gh ! g5etic connection ( meteorological processes ) ^? go+ on 9 ! int]ior ( our globe is /ill envelop$ 9 obscurity4 ,num]ical inquiries on ! di/ribution ( e>?quakes ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 su* z ^? ( ,von ,h(f1 ,pet] ,m]ian1 & ,fri$ri* ,h(fmann1 be> te/imony to _! frequ5cy at ! p]iods ( equ9oxes4 ,x is s+ul> t ,pl9y1 at ! end ( 8 fanciful !ory ( e>?quakes1 names ! entire frightful ph5om5on a subt]ranean /orm2 n s mu* 9 consequ5ce ( ! roll+ s\nd :i* frequ5tly accompanies ! %ock1 z because ! ela/ic =ces1 concussive by _! t5sion1 accumulate 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? :5 !y are abs5t 9 ! atmosph]e6 ,v5tos 9 causa esse non dubium reor4 ,neque enim unquam intemiscunt t]re1 nisi sopito m>i1 coeloque adeo tranquillo1 ut volatus avium non p5deant1 subtracto omni spiritu qui vehit2 nec unquam nisi po/ v5tos conditos1 scilicet 9 v5as et cav]nas ejus occulto afflatu4 ,neque aliad e/ 9 t]ra tremor1 quam 9 nube toonitruum2 nec hiatus aliud quam cum fulm5 erumpit1 incluso spiritu luctante et ad lib]tatem exire nit5te4 7,pl941 ii41 #gi47 ,! g]ms ( almo/ e ?+ t has be5 obs]v$ ( imag9$ on ! causes ( e>?quakes1 up to ! pres5t day1 may be f\nd 9 ,s5eca1 ',nat4 ,quae/4'1 vi41 #d-ca4 ,! fallacy ( ?is popul> op9ion is n only refut$ by my own exp]i5ce1 b likewise by ! obs]vations ( all ^? :o h liv$ _m ye>s 9 di/ricts :]e1 z 9 ,cumana1 ,quito1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili1 ! e>? is frequ5tly & viol5tly agitat$4 ,i h felt e>?quakes 9 cle> air & a fre% ea/ w9d1 z well z 9 ra9 & ?und] /orms4 ,! regul>ity ( ! hor>y *anges 9 ! decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le & 9 ! atmosph]ic pressure rema9$ undi/urb$ betwe5 ! tropics on ! days :5 e>?quakes occurr$499 footnote 99,i h giv5 pro( t ! c\rse ( ! hor>y v>iations ( ! b>omet] is n affect$ be=e or aft] e>?quakes1 9 my ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #caa & #eac4 ,^! facts agree ) ! obs]vations made by ,adolph ,erman 79 ! temp]ate zone1 on ! #h? ( ,m>*1 #ahbi7 on ! occasion ( an e>?quake at ,irkutsk1 ne> ! ,lake ( ,baikal4 ,dur+ ! viol5t e>?quake ( ,cumana1 on ! #d? ( ,novemb]1 #agii1 ,i f\nd ! decl9ation & ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ce alike un*ang$1 b1 to my surprise1 ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le 0 dim9i%$ ab\t #dh degrees499 footnonte 99,humboldt1 ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #eae-eag4 ,!re 0 no gr\nd to suspect an error 9 ! calculation1 & yet1 9 ! _m o!r e>?quakes :i* ,i h exp]i5c$ on ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,quito & ,lima1 ! incl9ation z well z ! o!r elem5ts ( t]re/rial magnetism rema9$ always un*ang$4 ,al?\gh1 9 g5]al1 ! processes at "w )9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? may n be ann\nc$ by any meteorological ph5om5a or any special appe>ance ( ! sky1 x is1 on ! contr>y1 n improbable1 z we %all soon see1 t 9 cases ( viol5t e>?quakes "s effect may be imp>t$ to ! atmosph]e1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y c n always act 9 a purely dynamic mann]4 p #bjh ,dur+ ! long-cont9u$ trembl+ ( ! gr\nd 9 ! ,pi$montese valleys ( ,pelis & ,clusson1 ! greate/ *anges 9 ! electric t5sion ( ! atmosph]e 7 obs]v$ :ile ! sky 0 cl\dless4 ,! int5sity ( ! holl[ noise :i* g5]ally accompanies an e>?quake does n increase 9 ! same degree z ! =ce ( ! oscillations4 ,i h asc]ta9$ ) c]ta9ty t ! great %ock ( ! e>?quake ( ,riobamba 7#d? ,feb41 #agig7 -- "o ( ! mo/ fe>ful ph5om5a record$ 9 ! physical hi/ory ( our planet -- 0 n accompani$ by any noise :atev]4 ,! trem5d\s noise 7'el gram ruido'7 :i* 0 he>d bel[ ! soil ( ! cities ( ,quito & ,ib>ra1 b n at ,tacunga & ,hambato1 ne>] ! c5t] ( ! motion1 occurr$ betwe5 eighte5 & tw5ty m9utes 'aft]' ! actual cata/rophe4 ,9 ! celebrat$ e>?quake ( ,lima & ,callao 7#bh? ( ,octob]1 #agdf71 a noise resembl+ a subt]ranean ?und]-clap 0 he>d at ,truxillo a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] ! %ock1 & unaccompani$ by any trembl+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 l mann]1 long aft] ! great e>?quake 9 ,new ,granada1 on ! #af? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbg1 describ$ by ,b\ss+ault1 subt]ranean detonations 7 he>d 9 ! :ole valley ( ,cauca dur+ tw5ty or ?irty seconds1 unatt5d$ by motion4 ,! nature ( ! noise v>ies also v mu*1 be+ ei!r roll+1 or ru/l+1 or clank+ l *a9s :5 mov$1 or l ne> ?und]1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! city ( ,quito2 or1 la/ly1 cle> & r++1 z if obsidian or "s o!r vitrifi$ masses 7 /ruck 9 subt]ranean cavities4 ,z solid bodies are excell5t conductors ( s\nd1 :i* is propagat$ 9 burn$ clay1 = in/ance1 t5 or twelve times quick] ?an 9 ! air1 ! subt]ranean noise may be he>d at a great di/ance f ! place :]e x has orig9at$4 ,9 ,c>acas1 9 ! grassy pla9s ( ,calabozo1 & on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,apure1 :i* falls into ! ,or9oco1 a trem5d\sly l\d noise1 resembl+ ?und]1 0 he>d1 unaccompani$ by an e>?quake1 ov] a di/rict ( l& #ibjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 on ! #cj? ( ,april1 #ahab1 :ile at a di/ance ( #fcb miles to ! nor?-ea/1 ! volcano ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 9 ! small ,antilles1 p\r$ =? a copi\s /ream ( lava4 ,) respect to di/ance1 ?is 0 z if an eruption ( ,vesuvius _h be5 he>d 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,9 ! ye> #agdd1 on ! great eruption ( ! volcano ( ,cotopaxi1 subt]ranean noises1 resembl+ ! dis*>ge ( cannon1 7 he>d 9 ,honda1 on ! ,magdal5a ,riv]4 ,! crat] ( ,cotopaxi lies n only #ah1jjj feet high] ?an ,honda1 b ^! two po9ts are sep>at$ by ! colossal p #bji m\nta9 *a9 ( ,quito1 ,pa/o1 & ,popayan1 no less ?an by num]\s valleys & clefts1 & !y are #dcf miles ap>t4 ,! s\nd 0 c]ta9ly n propagat$ ?r\gh ! air1 b ?r\gh ! e>?1 & at a great dep?4 ,dur+ ! viol5t e>?quake ( ,new ,granada1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahce1 subt]ranean ?und] 0 he>d simultane\sly at ,popayan1 ,bogota1 ,santa ,m>ta1 & ,c>acas 7:]e x cont9u$ = sev5 h\rs )\t any movem5t ( ! gr\nd71 9 ,haiti1 ,jamaica1 & on ! ,lake ( ,nic>agua4 ,^! ph5om5a ( s\nd1 :5 unatt5d$ by any p]ceptible %ocks1 produce a peculi>ly deep impression ev5 on p]sons :o h liv$ 9 c\ntries :]e ! e>? has be5 frequ5tly expos$ to %ocks4 ,a /rik+ & unp>allel$ in/ance ( un9t]rupt$ subt]ranean noise1 unaccompani$ by any trace ( an e>?quake1 is ! ph5om5on kn[n 9 ! ,mexican elevat$ plateaux by ! "n ( ! ro>+ & ! subt]ranean ?und]7 7'bramidos y tru5os subt]raneos'7 ( ,guanaxuato499 footnote 99,on ! 'bramidos' ( ,guanaxuato1 see my ',essai ,polit4 sur la ,n\v4 ,espagne'1 t4 i41 p4 #cjc4 ,! subt]ranean noise1 unaccompani$ ) any appreciable %ock1 9 ! deep m9es & on ! surface 7! t[n ( ,guanaxuata lies #fhcj feet above ! level ( ! sea71 0 n he>d 9 ! neighbor+ elevat$ pla9s1 b only 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! ,si]ra1 f ! ,cue/a de los ,aguil>es1 ne> ,m>fil1 to ! nor? ( ,santa ,rosa4 ,!re 7 individual p>ts ( ! ,si]ra #bd-bh miles nor?we/ ( ,guanaxuata1 to ! o!r side ( ,*i*imequillo1 ne> ! boil+ spr+ ( ,san ,jose de ,comgngillas1 to :i* ! waves ( s\nd did n ext5d4 ,extremely /r+5t measures 7 adopt$ by ! magi/rates ( ! l>ge m\nta9 t[ns on ! #ad? ( ,janu>y #aghd1 :5 ! t]ror produc$ by ^! subt]ranean ?und]s 0 at its height4 ,! flight ( a weal?y family %all be puni%$ ) a f9e ( #ajjj pia/]s1 & t ( a poor family ) two mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,! militia %all br+ back ! fugitives4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable po9ts ab\t ! :ole affair is ! op9ion :i* ! magi/rates 7el cabildo7 *]i%$ ( _! own sup]ior k4 ,9 "o ( _! 'proclamas'1 ,i f9d ! expression1 ,! magi/rates1 9 _! wisdom 7en su sabiduria71 w at once "k :5 !re is actual dang]1 & w give ord]s = flight2 = ! pres5t1 let processions be in/itut$4 ,! t]ror excit$ by ! tremor gave rise to a fam9e1 s9ce x prev5t$ ! importation ( corn f ! table-l&s1 :]e x ab\nd$4 ,! anci5ts 7 also aw>e t noises sometimes exi/$ )\t e>?quakes4 -- ,ari/ot41 ',meteor4'1 ii41 p4 #hjb2 ,pl941 ii41 #hj4 ,! s+ul> noise t 0 he>d f ,m>*1 #ahbb1 to ,septemb]1 #ahbd1 9 ! ,dalmatian isl& ,mel$a 7sixte5 miles f ,ragusa7 & on :i* ,p>ts* has ?r[n mu* light1 0 occasionally accompani$ by %ocks4 ,?is celebrat$ & ri* m\nta9 city lies f> remov$ f any active volcano4 ,! noise began ab\t midnight on ! #i? ( ,janu>y1 #aghd1 & cont9u$ = a mon?4 ,i h be5 enabl$ to give a circum/antial p #baj description ( x f ! report ( _m witnesses1 & f ! docum5ts ( ! municipality1 ( :i* ,i 0 all[$ to make use4 ,f ! #ac? to ! #af? ( ,janu>y1 x seem$ to ! inhabitants z if heavy cl\ds lay b5ea? _! feet1 f :i* issu$ alt]nate sl[ rolli+ s\nds & %ort1 quick claps ( ?und]4 ,! noise abat$ z gradually z x _h begun4 ,x 0 limit$ to a small space1 & 0 n he>d 9 a basaltic di/rict at ! di/ance ( a few miles4 ,almo/ all ! inhabitants1 9 t]ror1 left ! city1 9 :i* l>ge masses ( silv] +ots 7 /or$2 b ! mo/ c\rage\s1 & ^? m accu/om$ to subt]ranean ?und]1 soon return$1 9 ord] to drive (f ! b&s ( robb]s :o _h attempt$ to possess !mselves ( ! treasures ( ! city4 ,nei!r on ! surface ( ! e>?1 nor 9 m9es #afjj feet 9 dep?1 0 ! slighte/ %ock to be p]ceiv$4 ,no simil> noise _h ev] be=e be5 he>d on ! elevat$ tablel& ( ,mexico1 nor has ?is t]rific ph5om5on s9ce occurr$ !re4 ,?us clefts are op5$ or clos$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 by :i* waves ( s\nd p5etrate to u or are imp$$ 9 _! propagation4 ,! activity ( an igne\s m\nta91 h[ev] t]rific & picturesque ! spectacle may be :i* x pres5ts to our contemplation1 is always limit$ to a v small space4 ,x is f> o!rwise ) e>?quakes1 :i* al?\gh sc>cely p]ceptible to ! eye1 nev]!less simultane\sly propagate _! waves to a di/ance ( _m ?\s& miles4 ,! great e>?quake :i* de/roy$ ! city ( ,lisbon on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 & ^: effects 7 s admirably inve/igat$ by ! di/+ui%$ philosoph] ,emmanuel ,kant1 0 felt 9 ! ,alps1 on ! coa/ ( ,sw$51 9 ! ,antilles1 ,antigua1 ,b>badoes1 & ,m>t9ique2 9 ! great ,canadian ,lakes1 9 ,?ur+ia1 9 ! flat c\ntry ( ,nor!rn ,g]many1 & 9 ! small inl& lakes on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic499 footnote 99,x has be5 comput$ t ! %ock ( ?is e>?quake p]vad$ an area ( #gjj1jjj miles1 or ! twelf? "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe4 ,?is dreadful %ock la/$ only five m9utes3 x happ5$ ab\t n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ! ,fea/ ( all ,sa9ts1 :i5 almo/ ! :ole population 0 )9 ! *ur*es1 ow+ to :i* circum/ance no less ?an #cj1jjj p]sons p]i%$ by ! fall ( ^! edifices4 ,see ,daub5ey ',on ,volcanoes'1 p4 #ead-eag4 -- ,tr4 ,remote spr+s 7 int]rupt$ 9 _! fl[1 a ph5om5on att5d+ e>?quakes :i* _h be5 notic$ among ! anci5ts by ,demetrius ! ,callatian4 ,! hot spr+s ( ,toplitz dri$ up1 & return$1 inundat+ e ?+ ar\nd1 & hav+ _! wat]s color$ ) iron o*]4 ,9 ,cadiz p #baa ! sea rose to an elevation ( sixty-f\r feet1 :ile 9 ! ,antilles1 :]e ! tide usually rises only f tw5ty-six to tw5ty-eight in*es1 x sudd5ly rose above tw5ty feet1 ! wat] be+ ( an inky blackness4 ,x has be5 comput$ t on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 a portion ( ! ,e>?'s surface f\r times great] ?an t ( ,europe1 0 simultane\sly %ak54 ,z yet !re is no manife/ation ( =ce kn[n to u1 includ+ ev5 ! murd]\s inv5tions ( our own race1 by :i* a great] numb] ( p h be5 kill$ 9 ! %ort space ( a few m9utes3 sixty ?\s& 7 de/roy$ 9 ,sicily 9 #afic1 f ?irty to =ty ?\s& 9 ! e>?quake ( ,riobamba 9 #agig1 & probably five times z _m 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,syria1 "u ,tib]ius & ,ju/9ian ! eld]1 ab\t ! ye>s #ai & #ebf4 ,!re are in/ances 9 :i* ! e>? has be5 %ak5 = _m successive days 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 b ,i am only acqua9t$ ) ! foll[+ cases 9 :i* %ocks t h be5 felt almo/ e h\r = mon?s toge!r h occurr$ f> f any volcano1 z1 = in/ance1 on ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,alp9e *a9 ( ,m\nt ,c5is1 at ,f5e/relles & ,pign]ol1 f ,april1 #ahjh2 betwe5 ,new ,madrid & ,little ,prairie199 nor? ( ,c9c9nati 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahaa1 z well z ?r\gh ! :ole w9t] ( #ahab2 & 9 ! ,pa*alik ( ,aleppo1 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #ahbb4 footnote 99,drake1 ',nat4 & ,/ati/4 ,view ( ,c9c9nati'1 p4 #bcb-bch2 ,mit*ell1 9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,lit4 & ,philos4 ,soc4 ( ,new ,york'1 vol4 i41 p4 #bha-cjh4 ,9 ! ,pi$monese c\nty ( ,pign]ol1 glasses ( wat]1 fill$ to ! v brim1 exhibit$ = h\rs a cont9u\s motion4 ,z ! mass ( ! p are seldom able to rise to g5]al views1 & are consequ5tly always dispos$ to ascribe great ph5om5a to local telluric & atmosph]ic processes1 :]ev] ! %ak+ ( ! e>? is cont9u$ = a long "t1 fe>s ( ! eruption ( a new volcano are awak5$4 ,9 "s few cases1 ?is appreh5sion has c]ta9ly prov$ to be well gr\nd$1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! sudd5 elevation ( volcanic isl&s1 & z we see 9 ! elevation ( ! volcano ( ,jorullo1 a m\nta9 elevat$ #afhd feet above ! anci5t level ( ! neighbor+ pla91 on ! #bi? ( ,septemb] #agei1 aft] n9ety days ( e>?quake & subt]ranean ?und]4 ,if we c\ld obta9 in=mation reg>d+ ! daily condition ( all ! e>?'s surface1 we %\ld probably discov] t ! e>? is almo/ always und]go+ %ocks at "s po9t ( its sup]ficies1 & is cont9ually influ5c$ by ! reaction p #bab ( ! int]ior on ! ext]ior4 ,! frequ5cy & g5]al preval5ce ( a ph5om5on :i* is probably dep5d5t on ! rais$ temp]ature ( ! deepe/ molt5 /rata expla9 its indep5d5ce ( ! nature ( ! m9]al masses 9 :i* x manife/s itself4 ,e>?quakes h ev5 be5 felt 9 ! loose alluvial /rata ( ,holl&1 z 9 ! neighborhood ( ,middleburg & vliess+5 on ! #bc;d ( ,febru>y1 #ahbh4 ,granite & mica slate are %ak5 z well z lime/one & s&/one1 or z tra*yte & amygdaloid4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 ! *emical nature ( ! con/itu5ts1 b r ! me*anical /ructure ( ! rocks1 :i* modifies ! propagation ( ! motion1 ! wave ( commotion4 ,:]e ?is wave proce$s along a coa/1 or at ! foot & 9 ! direction ( a m\nta9 *a91 int]ruptions at c]ta9 po9ts h sometimes be5 rem>k$1 :i* manife/$ !mselves dur+ ! c\rse ( _m c5turies4 ,! undulation advances 9 ! dep?s bel[1 b is nev] felt at ! same po9ts on ! surface4 ,! ,p]uvians99 say ( ^! unmov$ upp] /rata t !y =m a bridge4 footnote 99,9 ,spani% !y say1 'rocas que hac5 pu5te'4 ,) ?is ph5om5on ( non-propagation ?r\gh sup]ior /rata is connect$ ! rem>kable fact t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury %ocks 7 felt 9 ! deep silv] m9es at ,m>i5b]g1 9 ! ,saxony m9+ di/rict1 :ile n ! slighte/ trace 0 p]ceptible at ! surface4 ,! m9]s asc5d$ 9 a /ate ( al>m4 ,conv]sely1 ! workm5 9 ! m9es ( ,falun & ,p]sb]g felt no?+ ( ! %ocks :i* 9 ,novemb]1 #ahbc1 spread dismay among ! inhabitants above gr\nd4 ,z ! m\nta9 *a9s appe> to be rais$ on fissures1 ! walls ( ! cavities may p]haps favor ! direction ( undulations p>allel to !m2 occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! waves ( commotion int]sect sev]al *a9s almo/ p]p5ducul>ly4 ,?us we see !m simultane\sly break+ ?r\gh ! littoral *a9 ( ,v5ezuela & ! ,si]ra ,p>ime4 ,9 ,asia1 %ocks ( e>?quakes h be5 propagat$ f ,lahore & f ! foot ( ! ,himalaya 7#bb;d ( ,janu>y1 #ahcb7 transv]sely across ! *a9 ( ! ,h9doo ,*\ to ,badaks*an1 ! upp] ,oxus1 & ev5 to ,bokh>a499 footnote 99,sir ,alex4 ,burnes1 ',travels 9 ,bokh>a'1 vol4 i41 p4 #ah2 & ,wa!n1 ',mem4 on ! ,usbek ,/ate'1 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal'1 vol4 iii41 p4 #ccg4 ,! circles ( commotion un=tunately exp& occasionally 9 consequ5ce ( a s+le & usually viol5t e>?quake4 ,x is only s9ce ! de/ruction ( ,cumana1 on ! #ad? ( ,decemb]1 #agig1 t %ocks on ! s\!rn coa/ h be5 felt 9 ! mica slate rocks ( ! p59sula ( ,maniqu>ez1 situat$ opposite to ! *alk hills ( ! ma9 l&4 ,! advance p #bac f s\? to nor? 0 v /rik+ 9 ! almo/ un9t]rupt$ undulations ( ! soil 9 ! alluvial valleys ( ! ,mississippi1 ! ,arkansas1 & ! ,ohio1 f #ahaa to #ahac4 ,x seem$ "h z if subt]ranean ob/acles 7 gradually ov]come1 & t ! way be+ once op5$1 ! undulatory movem5t c\ld be freely propagat$4 ,al?\gh e>?quakes appe> at fir/ sight to be simply dynamic ph5om5a ( motion1 we yet discov]1 f well-atte/$ facts1 t !y are n only able to elevate a :ole di/rict above its anci5t level 7z = in/ance1 ! ,ulla ,bund1 ,delta ( ! ,indus1 or ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahbb71 b we also f9d t v>i\s sub/ances h be5 eject$ dur+ ! e>?quake1 z hot wat] at ,catania 9 #ahah2 hot /eam at ,new ,madrid1 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,mississippi1 9 #ahab2 irrespirable gases1 ',m(ettes'1 :i* injur$ ! flocks graz+ 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es2 mud1 black smoke1 & ev5 flames1 at ,mess9a 9 #agha1 & at ,cumana on ! #ad? ( ,novemb]1 #agig4 ,dur+ ! great e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 flames & columns ( smoke 7 se5 to rise f a newly-=m$ fissure 9 ! rock ( ,alvidras1 ne> ! city4 ,! smoke 9 ?is case became m d5se z ! subt]ranean noise increas$ 9 int5sity499 footnote 99 ',philos4 ,transaci4'1 vol4 xlix4 p4 #dad4 ,at ! de/ruction ( ,riobamba1 9 ! ye> #agig1 :5 ! %ocks 7 n att5d$ by any outbreak ( ! neighbor+ volcano1 a s+ul> mass call$ ! ',moya' 0 uplift$ f ! e>? 9 num]\s cont9u\s conical elevations1 ! :ole be+ compos$ ( c>bon1 cry/als ( augite1 & ! silici\s %ields ( infusoria4 ,! eruption ( c>bonic acid gas f fissures 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,magdal5e1 dur+ ! e>?quake ( ,new ,granada1 on ! #af? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbg1 suffocat$ _m snakes1 rats1 & o!r animals4 ,sudd5 *anges ( wea!r1 z ! occurr5ce ( ! ra9y season 9 ! tropics1 at an unusual p]iod ( ! ye>1 h sometimes succe$$ viol5t e>?quakes 9 ,quito & ,p]u4 ,d gase\s fluids rise f ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & mix ) ! atmosph]e8 or are ^! meteorological processes ! action ( atmosph]ic electricity di/urb$ by ! e>?quake8 ,9 ! tropical regions ( ,am]ica1 :]e sometimes n a drop ( ra9 falls = t5 mon?s toge!r1 ! natives consid] ! repeat$ %ocks ( e>?quakes1 :i* d n endang] ! l[ re$ huts1 z auspici\s h>b+]s ( fruitfulness & abundant ra94 p #bad ,! intimate connection ( ! ph5om5a :i* we h consid]$ is /ill hidd5 9 obscurity4 ,ela/ic fluids are d\blessly ! cause ( ! slight & p]fectly h>mless trembl+ ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* has (t5 cont9u$ sev]al days 7z 9 #ahaf1 at ,scaccia1 9 ,sicily1 be=e ! volcanic elevation ( ! isl& ( ,julia71 z well z ( ! t]rific explosions accompani$ by l\d noise4 ,! focus ( ?is de/ructive ag5t1 ! seat ( ! mov+ =ce1 lies f> bel[ ! e>?'s surface2 b we "k z little ( ! ext5t ( ?is dep? z we "k ( ! *emical nature ( ^! vapors t are s highly compress$4 ,at ! edges ( two crat]s1 ,vesuvius1 & ! t[]+ rock :i* projects beyond ! great abyss ( ,pi*9*a1 ne> ,quito1 ,i h felt p]iodic & v regul> %ocks ( e>?quakes1 on ea* occasion f #bj to #cj seconds be=e ! burn+ scoriae or gases 7 erupt$4 ,! int5sity ( ! %ocks 0 increas$ 9 proportion to ! "t int]v5+ betwe5 !m1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ! l5g? ( "t 9 :i* ! vapors 7 accumulat+4 ,?is simple fact1 :i* has be5 atte/$ by ! evid5ce ( s _m travel]s1 furni%es u ) a g5]al solution ( ! ph5om5on1 9 %[+ t active volcanoes are to be consid]$ z safety-valves = ! imm$iate neighborhood4 ,! dang] ( e>?quakes increases :5 ! op5+s ( ! volcano are clos$1 & depriv$ ( free communication ) ! atmosph]e2 b ! de/ruction ( ,lisbon1 ( ,c>accas1 ( ,lima1 ( ,ca%mir 9 #aeed199 & ( s _m cities ( ,calabria1 ,syria1 & ,asia ,m9or1 %[s u1 on ! :ole1 t ! =ce ( ! %ock is n ! greate/ 9 ! neighborhood ( active volcanoes4 footnote 99,on ! frequ5cy ( e>?quakes 9 ,ca%mir1 see ,troy]'s ,g]man translation ( ! anci5t ',radjat>+9i'1 vol4 ii41 p4 #big1 & ,c>l ,hugel1 ',reis5'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #ahd4 ,z ! imp$$ activity ( ! volcano acts ^u ! %ocks ( ! e>?'s surface1 s d ! latt] react on ! volcanic ph5om5a4 ,op5+s ( fissures favor ! ris+ ( cones ( eruption1 & ! processes :i* take place 9 ^! cones1 by =m+ a free communication ) ! atmosph]e4 ,a column ( smoke1 :i* _h be5 obs]v$ to rise = mon?s toge!r f ! volcano ( ,pa/o1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 sudd5ly disappe>$1 :5 on ! #d? ( ,febru>y1 #agig1 ! prov9ce ( ,quito1 situat$ at a di/ance ( #aib miles to ! s\?1 suff]$ f ! great e>?quake ( ,riobamba4 ,aft] ! e>? _h cont9u$ to tremble = "s "t ?r\gh out ! :ole ( ,syria1 9 ! ,cyclades1 & 9 ,euboea1 ! %ocks sudd5ly ceas$ on ! eruption ( a /ream ( hot mud p #bae on ! ,lelant9e pla9s ne> ,*alcia499 footnote 99 ,/rabo1 lib4 i41 p4 #ajj1 ,casaub4 ,t ! expression ,greek words does n mean erupt$ mud1 b lava1 is obvi\s f a passage 9 ,/rabo1 lib4 vi41 p4 #dab4 ,comp>e ,walt]1 9 8 ',abnahme d] ,vulkanis*5 ,?atigkeit 9 ,hi/oris*5 ,zeit5' 7,on ! ,decrease ( ,volcanic ,activity dur+ ,hi/orical ,times71 #ahdd1 s4 #be4 ,! intellig5t geograph] ( ,amasea1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! notice ( ?is circum/ance1 fur!r rem>ks3 ,s9ce ! crat]s ( ,aetna h be5 op5$1 :i* yield a passage to ! escape ( fire1 & s9ce burn+ masses & wat] h be5 eject$1 ! c\ntry ne> ! sea-%ore has n be5 s mu* %ak5 z at ! "t previ\s to ! sep>ation ( ,sicily f ,l[] ,italy1 :5 all communications ) ! ext]nal surface 7 clos$4 ,we ?us recognize 9 e>?quakes ! exi/5ce ( a volcanic =ce1 :i*1 al?\gh e :]e manife/$1 & z g5]ally diffus$ z ! int]nal heat ( our planet1 atta9s b r>ely1 & !n only at sep>ate po9ts1 suffici5t int5sity to exhibit ! ph5om5on ( eruptions4 ,! =mation ( ve9s1 t is to say1 ! fill+ up ( fissures ) cry/all9e masses bur/+ =? f ! int]ior 7z basalt1 melaphyre1 & gre5/one71 gradually di/urbs ! free int]communication ( ela/ic vapors4 ,?is t5sion acts 9 ?ree diff]5t ways1 ei!r 9 caus+ disruptions1 or sudd5 & retrov]s$ elevations1 or1 f9ally1 z 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 a great "p ( ,sw$51 9 produc+ *anges 9 ! relative level ( ! sea & l&1 :i*1 al?\gh cont9u\s1 are only appreciable at int]vals ( long p]iod4 ,be=e we leave ! important ph5om5a :i* we h consid]$ n s mu* 9 _! individual *>act]i/ics z 9 _! g5]al physical & geogno/ical relations1 ,i w\ld adv]t to ! deep & peculi> impression left on ! m9d by ! fir/ e>?quake :i* we exp]i5ce1 eev5 :]e x is n att5d$ by any subt]ranean noise499 footnote 99,dr4 ,ts*udi1 9 8 int]e/+ "w1 ',travels 9 ,p]u'1 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,?omas9a ,ross1 p4 #agj1 #ahdg1 describes /rik+ly ! effect ( an e>?quake ^u ! native & ^u ! /rang]4 ,no famili>ity ) ! ph5om5on c blunt ?is feel+4 ,! inhabitant ( ,lima1 :o f *ildhood has frequ5tly witness$ ^! convulsions ( nature1 is r\s$ f 8 sleep by ! %ock1 & ru%es f 8 ap>tm5t ) ! cry ( ',mis]icordia6' ,! =eign] f ! nor? ( ,europe1 :o kn[s no?+ ( e>?quakes b by description1 waits ) impati5ce to feel ! movem5t ( ! e>?1 & longs to he> ) 8 own e> ! subt]ranean s\nds :i* he has hi!rto consid]$ fabul\s4 ,) levity he treats ! appreh5sion ( a com+ convulsion1 & laughs at ! fe>s ( ! natives3 b1 z soon z 8 wi% is gratifi$1 he is t]ror-/rick51 & is involunt>ily prompt$ to seek safety 9 flight4 -- ,tr4 ,?is impression is n1 p #baf 9 my op9ion1 ! result ( a recollection ( ^? fe>ful pictures ( deva/ation pres5t$ to our imag9ations by ! hi/orical n>ratives ( ! pa/1 b is r due to ! sudd5 revelation ( ! delusive nature ( ! inh]5t fai? by :i* we _h clung to a belief 9 ! immobility ( ! solid p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,we are accu/om$ f e>ly *ildhood to draw a contra/ betwe5 ! mobility ( wat] & ! immobility ( ! soil on :i* we tread2 & ?is feel+ is confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( our s5ses4 ,:51 !re=e1 we sudd5ly feel ! gr\nd move b5ea? u1 a my/]i\s & natural =ce1 ) :i* we are previ\sly unacqua9t$1 is reveal$ to u z an active di/urbance ( /ability4 ,a mom5t de/roys ! illusion ( a :ole life2 our deceptive fai? 9 ! repose ( nature vani%es1 & we feel transport$1 z x 71 into a realm ( unkn[n de/ructive =ces4 ,e s\nd -- ! fa9te/ motion 9 ! air -- arre/s our att5tion1 & we no long] tru/ ! gr\nd on :i* we /&4 ,animals1 especially dogs & sw9e1 p>ticipate 9 ! same anxi\s disquietude2 & ev5 ! crocodiles ( ! ,or9oco1 :i* are at o!r times z dumb z our little liz>ds1 leave ! trembl+ b$ ( ! riv]1 & run ) l\d cries into ! adjac5t =e/s4 ,to man ! e>?quake conveys an idea ( "s univ]sal & unlimit$ dang]4 ,we may flee f ! crat] ( a volcano 9 active eruption1 or f ! dwell+ ^: de/ruction is ?reat5$ by ! approa* ( ! lava /ream2 b 9 an e>?quake1 direct our flight :i!rsoev] we w1 we /ill feel z if we trod ^u ! v focus ( de/ruction4 ,?is condition ( ! m9d is n ( long duration1 al?\gh x takes its orig9 9 ! deepe/ recesses ( our nature2 & :5 a s]ies ( fa9t %ocks succe$ "o ano!r1 ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry soon lose e trace ( fe>4 ,on ! coa/s ( ,p]u1 :]e ra9 & hail are unkn[n1 no less ?an ! roll+ ?und] & ! fla%+ lightn+1 ^! lum9\s explosions ( ! atmosph]e are replac$ by ! subt]ranean noises :i* accompany e>?quakes499 footnote 99,along ! :ole coa/ ( ,p]u ! atmosph]e is almo/ uni=mly 9 a /ate ( repose4 ,x is n illum9at$ by ! lightn+'s fla%1 or di/urb$ by ! ro> ( ! ?und]2 no deluges ( ra91 no fi]ce hurricanes1 de/roy ! fruits ( ! fields1 & ) !m ! hopes ( ! husb&man4 ,b ! mildness ( ! elem5ts above gr\nd is frightfully c\nt]balanc$ by _! subt]ranean fury4 ,lima is frequ5tly visit$ by e>?quakes1 & sev]al times ! city has be5 r$uc$ to a mass ( ru9s4 ,at an av]age1 =ty-five %ocks may be c\nt$ on 9 ! ye>4 ,mo/ ( !m occur 9 ! lat] "p ( ,octob]1 9 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 ,may1 & ,june4 ,exp]i5ce gives reason to expect ! visitation ( two desolat+ e>?quakes 9 a c5tury4 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! two is f =ty to sixty ye>s4 ,! mo/ consid]able cata/rophes exp]i5c$ 9 ,lima s9ce ,europeans h visit$ ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica happ5$ 9 ! ye>s #aehf1 #afcj1 #afhg1 #agac1 #agdf1 #ahjf4 ,!re is reason to fe> t 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ?is city may be ! prey ( ano!r su* visitation4 --,tr4 ,long habit1 & ! v p #bag preval5t op9ion t dang]\s %ocks are only to be appreh5d$ two or ?ree times 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 cause fa9t oscillations ( ! soil to be reg>d$ 9 ,lima ) sc>cely m att5tion ?an a hail /orm 9 ! temp]ate zone4 ,hav+ ?us tak5 a g5]al view ( ! activity -- ! inn] life1 z x 7 -- ( ! ,e>?1 9 respect to its int]nal heat1 its electro-magnetic t5sion1 its emanation ( light at ! poles1 & its irregul>ly-recurr+ ph5om5a ( motion1 we w n[ proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! mat]ial products1 ! *emical *anges 9 ! e>?'s surface1 & ! composition ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* are all dep5d5t on planet>y vital activity4 ,we see issue f ! gr\nd /eam & gase\s c>bonic acid1 almo/ always free f ! admixture ( nitrog5299 c>buret$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 ! ,*9ese prov9ce ,sse-ts*uan9999 = sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 & rec5tly 9 ! village ( ,fr$onia1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 cook+ & = illum9ation2 sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas & sulphur\s vapors2 &1 m r>ely1999999 sulphur\s & hydro*loric acids499999999 footnote 99 ,bis*('s compreh5sive "w1 ',w>mel*]e des inn]5 ,erdkorp]s'4 footnote 9999,on ! ,artesian fire-spr+s 7,ho-ts+7 9 ,*9a1 & ! anci5t use ( portable gas 79 bamboo canes7 9 ! city ( ,khiung-t%eu1 see ,klapro?1 9 my ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #eai-ecj4 footnote 999999 ,b\ss+ault 7',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 lii41 p4 #aha7 obs]v$ no evolution ( hydro*loric acid f ! volcanoes ( ,new ,granada1 :ile ,monticelli f\nd x 9 enorm\s quantity 9 ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #ahac4 footnote 99999999,( ! gase\s comp\nds ( sulphur1 "o1 sulphur\s acid1 appe>s to pr$om9ate *iefly 9 volcanoes possess+ a c]ta9 degree ( activity1 :ile ! o!r1 sulphuret$ hydrog51 has be5 mo/ frequ5tly p]ceiv$ among ^? 9 a dormant condition4 ,! occurr5ce ( abundant exhalations ( sulphuric acid1 :i* h be5 hi!rto notic$ *iefly 9 ext9ct volcanoes1 z = in/ance1 9 a /ream issu+ f t ( ,purace1 betwe5 ,bogota & ,quito1 f ext9ct volcanoes 9 ,java1 is satisfactorily expla9$ 9 a rec5t pap] by ,m4 ,dumas1 ',annales de ,*imie'1 ,dec41 #ahdf4 ,he %[s t :5 sulphuret$ hydrog51 at a temp]ature above #ajj degrees ,fahr41 & /ill bett] :5 ne> #aij degrees1 comes 9 contact ) c]ta9 por\s bodies1 a catalytic action is set up1 by :i* wat]1 sulphuric acid1 & sulphur are produc$4 ,h5ce probably ! va/ deposits ( sulphur1 associat$ ) sulphates ( lime & /rontian1 :i* are met ) 9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ,sicily4 -- ,tr4 ,su* effusions p #bah f ! fissures ( ! e>? n only occur 9 ! di/ricts ( /ill burn+ or long-ext+ui%$ volcanoes1 b !y may likewise be obs]v$ occasionally 9 di/ricts :]e nei!r tra*yte nor any o!r volcanic rocks are expos$ on ! e>?'s surface4 ,9 ! *a9 ( ,qu9diu ,i h se5 sulphur deposit$ 9 mica slate f w>m sulphur\s vapor at an elevation ( #fhcb feet99 above ! level ( ! sea1 :ile ! same species ( rock1 :i* 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z primitive1 conta9s1 9 ! ,c]ro ,cuello1 ne> ,tiscan1 s\? ( ,quito1 an imm5se deposit ( sulphur imb$d$ 9 pure qu>tz4 footnote 99 ,humboldt1 ',recucil d',obs]v4 ,a/ronomiques'1 t4 i41 p4 #caa 7',nivellem5t ,b>ometrique de la ,cordill]e des ,&es'1 ,no4 #bjf74 ,exhalations ( c>bonic acid 7'm(ettes'7 are ev5 9 our days to be consid]$ z ! mo/ important ( all gase\s emanations1 ) respect to _! numb] & ! am\nt ( _! effusion4 ,we see 9 ,g]many1 9 ! deep valleys ( ! ,eifel1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,lake ( ,laa*199 9 ! crat]-l valley ( ! ,wehr & 9 ,we/]n ,bohemia1 exhalations ( c>bonic acid gas manife/ !mselves z ! la/ ef=ts ( volcanic activity 9 or ne> ! foci ( an e>li] _w4 footnote 99,! ,lake ( ,laa*1 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,eifel1 is an expanse ( wat] two miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! ?ickness ( ! vegetation on ! sides ( its crat]-l bas9 r5d]s x difficult to discov] ! nature ( ! subjac5t rock1 b x is probably compos$ ( black cellul> augitic lava4 ,! sides ( ! crat] pres5t num]\s loose masses1 :i* appe> to h be5 eject$1 & consi/ ( glassy feldsp>1 ice-sp>1 sodalite1 hauyne1 sp9ellane1 & leucite4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ^! products & ! masses =m]ly eject$ f ,vesuvius is mo/ rem>kable4 7,daub5ey ',on ,volcanoes'1 p4 #ha47 ,dr4 ,hibb]t reg>ds ! ,lake ( ,laa* z =m$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by a crack caus$ by ! cool+ ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* 0 wid5$ aft]w>d into a circul> cavity by ! expansive =ce ( ela/ic vapors4 ,see ',hi/ory ( ! ,ext9ct ,volcanoes ( ! ,bas9 ( ,neuwi$'1 #ahcb4 -- ,tr4 ,9 ^? e>li] p]iods1 :5 a high] t]re/rial temp]ature exi/$1 & :5 a great numb] ( fissures /ill rema9$ unfill$1 ! processes we h describ$ act$ m p[]fully1 & c>bonic acid & hot /eam 7 mix$ 9 l>g] quantities 9 ! atmosph]e1 f :5ce x foll[s1 z ,adolph ,brongui>t has +5i\sly %[n199 t ! primitive vegetable _w mu/ h exhibit$ almo/ e :]e1 & indep5d5tly ( geographical position1 ! mo/ luxuri\s abundance & ! fulle/ developm5t ( organism4 footnote 99,adolph ,brongui>t1 9 ! ',annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles'1 t4 xv41 p4 #bbe4 ,9 ^! con/antly w>m & damp atmosph]ic /rata1 saturat$ ) p #bai c>bonic acid1 vegetation mu/ h atta9$ a degree ( vital activity1 & d]iv$ ! sup]abundance ( nutrition necess>y to furni% mat]ials = ! =mation ( ! b$s ( lignite 7coal7 con/itut+ ! inexhau/ible means on :i* are bas$ ! physical p[] & prosp]ity ( nations4 ,su* masses are di/ribut$ 9 bas9s ov] c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe1 occurr+ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 9 ,belgium1 9 ,france1 9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 & 9 ,upp] ,silesia4 ,at ! same primitive p]iod ( univ]sal volcanic activity1 ^? enorm\s quantities ( c>bon mu/ also h escap$ f ! e>? :i* are conta9$ 9 lime/one rocks1 & :i*1 if seprat$ f oxyg5 & r$uc$ to a solid =m1 w\ld con/itute ab\t ! eigh? "p ( ! absolute bulk ( ^! m\nta9 masses499 footnote 99 ,bis*(1 op4 cit41 s4 #cbd1 ,anm4 #b4 ,t portion ( ! c>bon :i* 0 n tak5 up by alkal9e e>?s1 b rema9$ mix$ ) ! atmosph]e1 z c>bonic acid1 0 gradually consum$ by ! vegetation ( ! e>li] /ages ( processes ( vegetable life1 only reta9$ ! small quantity :i* x n[ possesses1 & :i* is n injuri\s to ! sulphur\s vapor h occasion$ ! de/ruction ( ! species ( mollusca & fi% :i* inhabit$ ! inl& wat]s ( ! e>li] _w1 & h giv5 rise to ! =mation ( ! contort$ b$s ( gypsum1 :i* h d\btless be5 frequ5tly affect$ by %ocks ( e>?quakes4 ,gase\s & liquid fluids1 mud1 & molt5 e>?s1 eject$ f ! crat]s ( volcanoes1 :i* are !mselves only a k9d ( int]mitt5t spr+s1 rise f ! e>? "u precisely analog\s physical relations499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #dc4 ,all ^! sub/ances owe _! temp]ature & _! *emical "* to ! place ( _! orig94 ,! 'mean' temp]ature ( aque\s spr+s is less ?an t ( ! air at ! po9t :5ce !y em]ge1 if ! wat] fl[ f a height2 b _! heat increases ) ! dep? ( ! /rata ) :i* !y are 9 contact at _! orig94 ,we h already spok5 ( ! num]ical law regulat+ ?is increase4 ,! bl5d+ ( wat]s t h come f ! height ( a m\nta9 ) ^? t h sprung f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 r5d] x difficult to det]m9e ! position ( ! 'isogeo!rmal l9es'99 7l9es ( equal int]nal p #bbj t]re/rial temp]ature1 :5 ?is det]m9ation is to be made f ! temp]ature ( fl[+ spr+s4 footnote 99,on ! !ory ( isogeo!rmal 7*?oniso!rmal7 l9es1 consult ! +5i\s labors ( ,kupff]1 9 ,pogg1 ',annal5'1 bd xv41 s4 #ahd1 & bd xxxii41 s4 #bgj1 9 ! ',voyage dans l',oural'1 p4 #chb-bih1 & 9 ! ',ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce'1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 iv41 p4 #cee4 ,see1 also1 ,kamtz1 ',lehrb4 d] ,meteor4'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #bag2 &1 on ! asc5t ( ! *?oniso!rmal l9es 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts1 ,bis*(1 s4 #agd-aih4 ,su* at any rate1 is ! result ,i h arriv$ at f my own obs]vations & ^? ( my fell[-travel]s 9 ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,! temp]ature ( spr+s1 :i* has become ! subject ( su* cont9u\s physical inve/igation dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 dep5ds1 l ! elevation ( ! l9e ( p]petual sn[1 on v _m simultane\s & deeply-involv$ causes4 ,x is a function ( ! temp]ature ( ! /ratum 9 :i* !y take _! rise1 ( ! specific heat ( ! soil1 & ( ! quantity & temp]ature ( ! meteoric wat]199 :i* is itself diff]5t f ! temp]ature ( ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 accord+ to ! diff]5t modes ( its orig9 9 ra91 sn[1 or hail49999 footnote 99,leop4 v4 ,bu*1 9 ,pogg41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xii41 s4 #dje4 footnote 9999 ,on ! temp]ature ( ! drops1 ( ra9 9 ,cumana1 :i* fell to #gb degrees1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! air %ortly be=e _h be5 #hf degrees & #hh degrees1 & dur+ ! ra9 sank to #gd degrees1 see my ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #bb4 ,! ra9-drops1 :ile fall+1 *ange ! normal temp]ature !y orig9ally possess$1 :i* dep5ds on ! height ( ! cl\ds f :i* !y fell1 & _! heat+ on _! upp] surface by ! sol> rays4 ,! ra9-drops1 on _! fir/ production1 h a high] temp]ature ?an ! surr\nd+ m$ium 9 ! sup]ior /rata ( our atmosph]e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! lib]ation ( _! lat5t heat2 & !y cont9ue to rise 9 temp]ature1 s9ce1 9 fall+ ?r\gh l[] & w>m] /rata1 vapor is precipitat$ on !m1 & !y ?us increase 9 size 7,bis*(1 ',w>melehre des inn]5 ,erdkorp]s' s4 #gc72 b ?is additional heat+ is comp5sat$ = by evaporation4 ,! cool+ ( ! air by ra9 7putt+ out ( ! "q :at probably belongs to ! electric process 9 /orms7 is effect$ by ! drops1 :i* are !mselves ( l[] temp]ature1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cold situation 9 :i* !y 7 =m$1 & br+ d[n ) !m a portion ( ! high] cold] air1 & :i* f9ally1 by moi/5+ ! gr\nd1 give rise to evaporation4 ,! cool+ ( ! air by ra9 7putt+ out ( ! "q :at probably belongs to ! electric process 9 /orms7 is effect$ by ! drops1 :i* are !mselves ( l[] temp]ature1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cold situation 9 :i* !y 7 =m$1 & br+i d[n ) !m a portion ( ! high] cold] air1 & :i* f9ally1 by moi/5+ ! gr\nd1 give rise to evaporation4 ,^! are ! ord9>y relations ( ! ph5om5on4 ,:51 z occasionally happ5s1 ! ra9-drops are w>m] ?an ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e 7,humboldt1 ',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #eac71 ! cause mu/ probably be s\ght 9 high] w>m] curr5ts1 or 9 a high] temp]ature ( widely-ext5d$ & n v ?ick cl\ds1 f ! action ( ! sun's rays4 ,h[1 moreov]1 ! ph5om5on ( supplem5t>y ra9b[s1 :i* are expla9$ by ! int]f]5ce ( light1 is connect$ ) ! orig9al & increas+ size ( ! fall+ drops1 & h[ an optical ph5om5on1 if we "k h[ to obs]ve x accurately1 may enlight5 u reg>d+ a meteorological process1 accord+ to div]sity ( zone1 has be5 %[n1 ) mu* tal5t & +5uity1 by ,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire' = #ahcf1 p4 #cjj4 ,cold spr+s c only indicate ! mean atmosph]ic temp]ature p #bba :5 !y are unmix$ ) ! wat]s ris+ f great dep?s1 or desc5d+ f consid]able m\nta9 elevations1 & :5 !y h pass$ ?r\gh a long c\rse at a dep? f ! surface ( ! e>? :i* is equal 9 our latitudes to #dj or #fj feet1 & accord+ to ,b\ss+ault1 to ab\t "o foot 9 ! equ9octial regions199 ^! be+ ! dep?s at :i* ! inv>iability ( ! temp]ature beg9s 9 ! temp]ate & torrid zones1 t is to say1 ! dep?s at :i* hor>y1 diurnal1 & mon?ly *anges ( heat 9 ! atmosph]e cease to be p]ceiv$4 footnote 99 ,! pr(\nd inve/igations ( ,b\ss+ault fully conv9ce me1 t 9 ! tropics1 ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd1 at a v slight dep?1 exactly corresponds ) ! mean temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! foll[+ in/ances are suffici5t to illu/rate ?is fact3 ,/ations ,temp]ature at ,mean ,height1 9 )9 #a ,fr5* foot ,temp]ature ,engli% ,tropic #a4jjf ( ! ( ! feet1 above ,zones4 ,engli% foot air4 ! level bel[ ! ( ! sea4 e>?'s surface4 ,guayaquil #gh4h #gh4a #j ,ans]ma ,nuevo #gd4f #gd4h #cddd ,zupia #gj4g #gj4g #djah ,popayan #fd4g #fe4f #eibi ,quito #ei4i #ei4i #ieei ,! d\bts ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! e>? )9 ! tropics1 ( :i* ,i am probably1 9 "s degree1 ! cause1 by my obs]vations on ! ,cave ( ,c>ipe 7,cueva del ,gua*>o71 ',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #aia-aif71 are resolv$ by ! consid]ation t ,i comp>$ ! presum$ mean temp]ature ( ! air ( ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe1 #fe4c degrees1 n ) ! temp]ature ( ! air ( ! cave1 #fe4f degrees1 b ) ! temp]ature ( ! subt]ranean /ream1 #fb4c;degrees1 al?\gh ,i obs]v$ 7',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #adf & #aie7 t m\nta9 wat] f a great height might probably be mix$ ) ! wat] ( ! cave4 ,hot spr+s issue f ! mo/ v>i\s k9ds ( rocks4 ,! hotte/ p]man5t spr+s t h hi!rto be5 obs]v$ are1 z my own rese>*es confirm1 at a di/ance f all volcanoes4 ,i w "h adv]t to a notice 9 my j\rnal ( ! ,aguas ,cali5tes de las ,tr9*]as'1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ,porto ,cabello & ,nueva ,val5cia1 & ! ',aguas de ,comangillas'1 9 ! ,mexican t]ritory1 ne> ,guanaxuato2 ! =m] ( ^!1 :i* issu$ f granite1 _h a temp]ature ( #aid4e degrees2 ! latt]1 issu+ f basalt1 #bje4e;degrees4 ,! dep? ( ! s\rce f :5ce ! wat] fl[$ ) ?is temp]ature1 judg+ f :at we "k ( ! law ( ! increase ( heat 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 0 probably #gadj feet1 or above two miles4 ,if ! univ]sally-diffus$ t]re/rial heat be ! cause ( !rmal spr+s1 z ( active volcanoes1 ! rocks c only ex]t an influ5ce by ! diff]5t capacities p #bbb = heat & by _! conduct+ p[]s4 ,! hotte/ ( all p]man5t spr+s 7betwe5 #bjc degrees & #bji degrees7 are likewise1 9 a mo/ rem>kable degree1 ! pure/1 & su* z hold 9 solution ! smalle/ quantity ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,_! temp]ature appe>s1 on ! :ole1 to be less con/ant ?an t ( spr+s betwe5 #abb degrees & #afe degrees1 :i* 9 ,europe1 at lea/1 h ma9ta9$1 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]1 _! 'inv>iability ( heat & m9]al cont5ts' dur+ ! la/ fifty or sixty ye>s1 a p]iod 9 :i* !rmometrical measurem5ts & *emical analyses h be5 appli$ ) increas+ exactness4 ,b\ss+ault f\nd 9 #ahbc t ! !rmal spr+s ( ,las ,tri*]as _h ris5 #ab degrees dur+ ! tw5ty-?ree ye>s t _h int]v5$ s9ce my travels 9 #ahjj499 footnote 99,b\ss+ault1 9 ! ',annales de *imie'1 t4 lii41 p4 #aha4 ,! spr+ ( ,*audes ,aigues1 9 ,auv]gne1 is only #agf;degrees4 ,x is also to be obs]v$1 t :ile ! ,aguas ,cali5tes de las ,tr9*]as1 s\? ( ,porto ,cabello 7,v5ezuela71 spr++ f granite cleft 9 regul> b$s1 & f> f all volcanoes1 h a temp]ature ( fully #bjf4f degrees1 all ! spr+s :i* rise 9 ! vic9ity ( /ill active volcanoes 7,pa/o1 ,cotopaxi1 & ,tunguragua7 h a temp]ature ( only #ig - #acj degrees4 ,?is calmly-fl[+ spr+ is !re=e n[ ne>ly #ab degrees hott] ?an ! int]mitt5t f\nta9s ( ! ,geys] & ! ,/rokr1 ^: temp]ature has rec5tly be5 mo/ c>efully det]m9$ by ,krug ( ,nidda4 ,a v /rik+ pro( ( ! orig9 ( hot spr+s by ! s9k+ ( cold meteoric wat] into ! e>?1 & by its contact ) a volcanic focus1 is af=d$ by ! volcano ( ,jorulla 9 ,mexico1 :i* 0 unkn[n be=e my ,am]ican j\rney4 ,:51 9 ,septemb]1 #agei1 ,jorullo 0 sudd5ly elevat$ into a m\nta9 #aahc feet above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ pla91 two small riv]s1 ! ',rio de ,cuitimba' & ',rio de ,san ,p$ro'1 disappe>$1 & "s "t aft]w>d bur/ =? aga91 dur+ viol5t %ocks ( an e>?quake1 z hot spr+s1 ^: temp]ature ,i f\nd 9 #ahjc to be #ahf4d degrees4 ,! spr+s 9 ,greece /ill evid5tly fl[ at ! same places z 9 ! times ( ,hell5ic antiquity4 ,! spr+ ( ,eras9os1 two h\rs' j\rney to ! s\? ( ,argos1 on ! declivity ( ,*aon1 is m5tion$ by ,h]odotus4 ,at ,delphi we /ill see ,cassotis 7n[ ! spr+s ( ,/4 ,ni*olas7 ris+ s\? ( ! ,les*e1 & fl[+ b5ea? ! ,temple ( ,apollo2 ,ca/alia1 at ! foot ( ,pha$riadae2 ,pir5e1 ne> ,acro-,cor9?2 & ! hot ba?s ( ,a$ipsus1 9 ,euboea1 9 :i* ,sulla ba!d dur+ ! ,mi?ridatic w>499 footnote 99,cassotis 7! spr+ ( ,/4 ,ni*olas7 & ,ca/alia1 at ! ,pha$riadae1 m5tion$ 9 ,pausanias1 x41 #bd1 #be1 & x41 #h1 #i2 ,pir5e 7,acro-,cor9?71 9 ,/rabo1 p4 #cgi2 ! spr+ ( ,eras9os1 at ,m\nt ,*aon1 s\? ( ,argos1 9 ,h]od41 vi41 #fg1 & ,pausanias1 ii41 #bd1 #g2 ! spr+s ( ,a$ipsus 9 ,euboea1 "s ( :i* h a temp]ature ( #hh degrees1 :ile 9 o!rs x ranges betwe5 #add7 qne #afg degrees1 9 ,/rabo1 p4 #fj & #ddg1 & ,a!naeus1 ii41 #c1 #gc2 ! hot spr+s ( ,!rmopylae1 at ! foot ( ,oeta1 ) a temp]ature ( #adi degrees4 ,all f manuscript notes by ,pr(essor ,curtius1 ! le>n$ companion ( ,otfri$ ,mull]4 ,i adv]t ) pleasure to ^! p #bbc facts1 z !y %[ u t1 ev5 9 a c\ntry subject to frequ5t & viol5t %ocks ( e>?quakes1 ! int]ior ( our planet has reta9$ = upw>d ( #bjjj ye>s its anci5t configuration 9 ref]5ce to ! c\rse ( ! op5 fissures t yield a passage to ^! wat]s4 ,! ',fonta9e jaillissante' ( ,lill]s1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t des ,pas de ,calais1 :i* 0 bor$ z e>ly z ! ye> #aabf1 /ill rises to ! same height & yields ! same quantity ( wat]2 &1 z ano!r in/ance1 ,i may m5tion t ! admirable geograph] ( ! ,c>amanian coa/1 ,capta9 ,beau=t1 saw 9 ! di/rict ( ,phaselis ! same flame f$ by emissions ( inflammable gas :i* 0 describ$ by ,pl9y z ! flame ( ! ,lycian ,*im]a499 footnnote 7,pl9y1 ii41 #ajf2 ,s5eca1 ',epi/4' #gi1 #c1 ed4 ,ruhkopf 7,beau=t1 ',survey ( ! ,coa/ ( ,k>amania'1 #ahbj1 art4 ,yan>1 ne> ,delktas*1 ! anci5t ,phaselis1 p4 #bd74 ,see also ,ctesias1 ',fragm4'1 cap4 #aj p4 #bej1 ed4 ,bahr2 ,/rabo1 lib4 xiv41 p4 #fff1 ,casaub4 ,n f> f ! ,delikta%1 on ! side ( a m\nta91 is ! p]petual fire describ$ by ,capta9 ,beau=t4 ,! travel]s f\nd x z brilliant z ev]1 & ev5 some:at increas$2 =1 besides ! l>ge flame 9 ! corn] ( ! ru9s describ$ by ,beau=t1 !re 7 small jets issu+ f crevices 9 ! side ( ! crat]-l cavity five or six feet deep4 ,at ! bottom 0 a %all[ pool ( sulphure\s & turbid wat]1 reg>d$ by ! ,turks z a sov]eign rem$y = all sk9 compla9ts4 ,! soot deposit$ f ! flames 0 reg>d$ z efficaci\s = sore eyelids1 & valu$ z a dye = ! eyebr[s4 ,see ! highly int]e/+ & accurate "w1 ',travels 9 ,lycia'1 by ,lieut4 ,spratt & ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes4 -- ,tr4 ,! obs]vation made by ,arago 9 #ahba1 t ! deepe/ ,artesian wells are ! w>me/199 ?rew great light on ! orig9 ( !rmal spr+s1 & on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! law t t]re/rial heat increases ) increas+ dep?4 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire p\r' #ahce1 p4 #bcd4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 :i* has b rec5tly be5 notic$1 t at ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,/4 ,patricus199 probably ,bi%op ( ,p]tusa1 0 l$ to adopt v correct views reg>d+ ! ph5om5on ( ! hot spr+s at ,c>?age4 footnote 99',acta ,s4 ,patricii'1 p4 #eee1 ed4 ,ru9>t1 t4 ii41 p4 #che1 ,mazo*i4 ,dureau de la ,malle 0 ! fir/ to draw att5tion to ?is rem>kable passage 9 ! ',re*]*es sur la ,topographie de ,c>?age'1 #ahce1 p4 #bgf4 7,see1 also1 ,s5eca1 ',nat4 ,quae/4'1 iii41 #bd47 ,on be+ ask$ :at 0 ! cause ( boil+ wat] bur/+ f ! e>?1 he repli$1 ,fire is n\ri%$ 9 ! cl\ds & 9 ! int]ior p #bbd ( ! e>?1 z ,aetna & o!r m\nta9s ne> ,naples may tea* y4 ,! subt]ranean wat]s rise z if ?r\gh siphons4 ,! cause ( hot spr+s is ?is3 wat]s :i* are m remote f ! subt]ranean fire are cold]1 :ile ^? :i* rise ne>] ! fire are heat$ by x1 & br+ ) !m to ! surface :i* we inhabit an insupportable degree ( heat4 ,z e>?quakes are (t5 accompani$ by eruptions ( wat] & vapors1 we recognize 9 ! ',salses'199 ( small mud volcanoes1 a transition f ! *ang+ ph5om5a pres5t$ by ^! eruptions ( vapor & !rmal spr+s to ! m p[]ful & awful activity ( ! /reams ( lava t fl[ f volcanic m\nta9s4 footnote 99,true volcanoes1 z we h se51 g5]ate sulphuret$ hydrog5 & muriatic acid1 upheave tracts ( l&1 & omit /reams ( melt$ feldspa?ic mat]ials2 salses1 on ! contr>y1 dis5gage little else b c>buret$ hydrog51 toge!r ) bitum5 & o!r products ( ! di/illation ( coal1 & p\r =? no o!r torr5ts except ( mud1 or argillace\s mat]ials mix$ up ) wat]4 ,daub5ey1 op cit41 p4 #edj4 -- ,tr4 ,if we consid] ^! m\nta9s z spr+s ( molt5 e>?s produc+ volcanic rocks1 we mu/ rememb] t !rmal wat]1 :5 impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid & sulphur\s gases1 are cont9ually =m+ horizontally rang$ /rata ( lime/one 7trav]t9e7 or conical elevations1 z 9 ,nor!rn ,africa 79 ,alb]ia71 & 9 ! ,banos ( ,caxam>ca1 on ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,p]uvian ,cordill]as4 ,! trav]t9e ( ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7ne> ,hob>t ,t[n7 conta9s1 accord+ to ,*>les ,d>w91 rema9s ( a vegetation t no long] exi/s4 ,lava & trav]t9e1 :i* are con/antly =m+ be=e our eyes1 pres5t u ) ! two extremes ( geogno/ic relations4 ',salses' des]ve m att5tion ?an !y h hi!rto receiv$ f geognosi/s4 ,_! gr&eur has be5 ov]look$ because ( ! two conditions to :i* !y are subject2 x is only ! m peaceful /ate1 9 :i* !y may cont9ue = c5turies1 :i* has g5]ally be5 describ$3 _! orig9 is1 h[ev]1 accompani$ by e>?quakes1 subt]ranean ?und]1 ! elevation ( a :ole di/rict1 & l(ty emissions ( flame ( %ort duration4 ,:5 ! mud volcano ( ,jokmali began to =m on ! #bg? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbg1 9 ! p59sula ( ,abs*]on1 on ! ,caspian ,sea1 ea/ ( ,baku1 ! flames fla%$ up to an extraord9>y height = ?ree h\rs1 :ile dur+ ! next tw5ty h\rs !y sc>cely rose ?ree feet above ! crat]1 f :i* mud 0 eject$4 ,ne> ! village ( ,bakli*li1 we/ ( ,baku1 ! flames rose s high t p #bbe !y c\ld be se5 at a di/ance ( tw5ty-f\r miles4 ,enorm\s masses ( rock 7 torn up & scatt]$ ar\nd4 ,simil> masses may be se5 r\nd ! n[ inactive mud volcano ( ,monte ,ziblo1 ne> ,sassuolo1 9 ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,! second>y condition ( repose has be5 ma9ta9$ = upw>d ( fifte5 c5turies 9 ! mud volcanoes ( ,girg5ti1 ! ',macalubi'1 9 ,sicily1 :i* h be5 describ$ by ! anci5ts4 ,^! salses consi/ ( _m contitigu\s conical hills1 f eight to t51 or ev5 ?irty feet 9 height1 subject to v>iations ( elevation z well z ( =m4 ,/reams ( argillace\s mud1 att5d$ by a p]iodic developm5t ( gas1 fl[ f ! small bas9s at ! summits1 :i* are fill$ ) wat]2 ! mud1 al?\gh usualy cold is sometimes at a high temp]ature1 z at ,damak1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sam>ang1 9 ! isl& ( ,java4 ,! gases t are develop$ ) l\d noise diff] 9 _! nature consi/+ = in/ance1 ( hydrog5 mix$ ) naph?a1 or ( c>bonic acid1 or1 z ,p>rot & myself h %[n 79 ! p59sula ( ,taman1 & 9 ! ',volcancitos de ,turbaco'1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica71 ( almo/ pure nitrog5499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #efb-efg2 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #dc2 t4 ii41 p4 #eje-eae2 ',vues des ,cordill]es'1 pl4 xli4 ,reg>d+ ! ',macalubi'1 ! 'ov]?r[n' or 'inv]t$'1 f ! ^w ',khalaba'71 & on ! ,e>? eject+ fluid e>?1 see ,sol9us1 cap4 #e3 idem ag] ,agrig5t9us eructat limosas scaturig5es1 et ut v5ae fontium sufficiunt rivis subj9i/r&is1 ita 9 hac ,sicilae p>te solo munquam defici5te1 ,aet]na rejectatione t]ram t]ra evomit4 ,mud volcanoes1 aft] ! fir/ viol5t explosion ( fire1 :i* is n1 p]haps1 9 an equal degree common to all1 pres5t to ! spectator an image ( ! un9t]rupt$ b weak activity ( ! int]ior ( our planet4 ,! communication ) ! deep /rata 9 :i* a high temp]ature prevails is soon clos$1 & ! coldness ( ! mud emissions ( ! salses seems to indicate t ! seat ( ! ph5om5on c n be f> remov$ f ! surface dur+ _! ord9>y condition4 ,! reaction ( ! int]ior ( ! e>? on its ext]nal surface is exhibit$ ) totally diff]5t =ce 9 true volcanoes or igne\s m\nta9s1 at po9ts ( ! e>? 9 :i* a p]man5t1 or1 at lea/1 cont9ually-r5ew$ connection ) ! volcanic =ce is manife/$4 ,we mu/ "h c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! m or less int5sely develop$ volcanic ph5om5a1 z = in/ance1 betwe5 e>?quakes1 !rmal1 aque\s1 & gase\s spr+s1 mud volcanoes1 & ! appe>ance ( bell-=m$ or dome-%ap$ tra*ytic rocks )\t op5+s2 ! op5+ ( ^! rocks1 or ( ! elevat$ b$s ( basalt1 z p #bbf crat]s ( elevation2 &1 la/ly1 ! elevation ( a p]man5t volcano 9 ! crat] ( elevation1 or among ! 'debris' ( its e>li] =mation4 ,at diff]5t p]iods1 & 9 diff]5t degrees ( activity & =ce1 ! p]man5t volcanoes emit /eam acids1 lum9\s scoriae1 or1 :5 ! resi/ance c be ov]come1 n>r[1 b&-l /reams ( molt5 e>?s4 ,ela/ic vapors sometimes elevate ei!r sep>ate portions ( ! e>?'s cru/ into dome-%ap$ unop5$ masses ( feldspa?ic tra*yte & dol]ite 7z 9 ,puy de ,dome & ,*imborazo71 9 consequ5ce ( "s great or local manife/ation ( =ce 9 ! int]ior ( our planet1 or ! upheav$ /rata are brok5 ?r\gh & curv$ 9 su* a mann] z to =m a /eep rocky l$ge on ! opposite inn] side1 :i* !n con/itutes ! inclosure ( a crat] ( elevation4 ,if ?is rocky l$ge has be5 uplift$ f ! bottom ( ! sea1 :i* is by no means always ! case1 x det]m9es ! :ole physiognomy & =m ( ! isl&4 ,9 ?is mann] has aris5 ! circul> =m ( ,palma1 :i* has be5 describ$ ) su* admirable accuracy by ,leopold von ,bu*1 & t ( ,nisyros199 9 ! ,aegean sea4 footnote 99,see ! int]e/+ little map ( ! isl& ( ,nisyros1 9 ,roise's ',reis5 auf d5 ,grie*is*5 ,inseln'1 bd4 ii41 #ahdc1 s4 #fi4 ,sometimes half ( ! annul> l$ge has be5 de/roy$1 & 9 ! bay =m$ by ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea corall9es h built _! cellul> habitations4 ,ev5 on cont95ts crat]s ( elevation are (t5 fill$ ) wat]1 & embelli% 9 a peculi> mann] ! "* ( ! l&scape4 ,_! orig9 is n connect$ ) any det]m9$ species ( rock3 !y break out 9 basalt1 tra*yte1 leucitic porphyry 7somma71 or 9 dol]itic mixtures ( augite & labradorite2 & h5ce arise ! diff]5t nature & ext]nal con=mation ( ^! inclosures ( crat]s4 ,no ph5om5a ( eruption are manife/$ 9 su* crat]s1 z !y op5 no p]man5t *annel ( communication ) ! int]ior1 & x is b seldom t we meet ) traces ( volcanic activity ei!r 9 ! neighborhood or 9 ! int]ior ( ^! crat]s4 ,! =ce :i* 0 able to produce s important an action mu/ h be5 long accumulat+ 9 ! int]ior be=e x c\ld ov]p[] ! resi/ance ( ! mass press+ ^u x2 x sometimes1 = in/ance1 on ! orig9 ( new isl&s1 w raise granul> rocks & conglom]at$ masses 7/rata ( tufa fill$ ) m>9e plants7 above ! surface ( ! sea4 ,! compress$ vapors escape ?r\gh ! crat] ( elevation1 b a l>ge mass soon falls back & closes ! op5+1 :i* _h be5 only =m$ by ^! manife/ations ( =ce4 ,no volcano c1 !re=e1 p be produc$499 footnote 99,leopold von ,bu*1 ',phys4 ,bes*reibung d] ,can>is*5 ,inseln'1 s4 #cbf2 & 8 ,memoir 'ub] ,erhebungscrat]e und ,vulcane'1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal4'1 bd4 xxxvii41 s4 #afi4 ,9 8 rem>ks on ! sep>ation ( ,sicily f ,calabria1 ,/rbo gives an excell5d description ( ! two modes 9 :i* isl&s are =m$3 ,"s isl&s1 he obs]ves 7lib4 vi41 p4 #beh1 ed4 ,casaub471 are fragm5ts ( ! cont95t1 o!rs h aris5 f ! sea1 z ev5 at ! pres5t "t is kn[n to happ52 = ! isl&s ( ! great ocean1 ly+ f> f ! ma9 l&1 h probably be5 rais$ f its dep?s1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? ne> promontories appe> 7accord+ to reason7 to h be5 sep>at$ f ! cont95t4 ,a volcano1 prop]ly s call$1 exi/s only :]e a p]man5t connection is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! int]ior ( ! e>? & ! atmosph]e1 & ! reaction ( ! int]ior on ! surface !n cont9ues dur+ long p]iods ( "t4 ,x may be int]rupt$ = c5turies1 z 9 ! case ( ,vesuvius ,fisove199 & !n manife/ itself ) r5ew$ activity4 footnote 99,ocre ,fisove 7,mons ,vesuvius7 9 ! ,umbrian language4 7,lass5 ',deutung d] ,eugub9is*5 ,tafeln 9 ,rhe94 ,museum'1 #ahcb1 s4 #chg47 ,! ^w 'o*re' is v probaby g5u9e ,umbrian1 & means1 accord+ to ,fe/us1 'm\nta9'4 ,aetna w\ld be a burn+ & %9+ m\nta91 if ,voss is correct 9 /at+ t ,greek "w is an ,hell5ic s\nd1 & is connect$ ) ,gre$ ^w & ,greek ^w2 b ! intellig5t writ] ,p>!y d\bts ?is ,hell5ic orig9 on etymological gr\nds1 & also because etna 0 by no means reg>d$ z a lum9\s beacon = %ips or w&]]s1 9 ! same mann] z ! ev]-travail+ ,/romboli 7,/rongyle71 to :i* ,hom] seems to ref] 9 ! ,odyssey 7xii41 #fh1 #bjb1 & #bai71 & its geographical position 0 n s well det]m9$4 ,i suspect t tna w\ld be f\nd to be a ,sicilian ^w1 if we _h any fragm5t>y mat]ials to ref] to4 ,accord+ to ,diodorus 7v41 #f71 ! ,sicani1 or aborig9es prec$+ ! ,sicilians1 7 compell$ to fly to ! we/]n "p ( ! isl&1 9 ! consequ5ce ( successive eruptions ext5d+ ov] _m ye>s4 ,! mo/ anci5t eruption ( ,m\nt ,aetna on record is t m5tion$ by ,p9d> & ,s*ylus1 z occurr+ "u ,hi]o1 9 ! second ye> ( ! #ge? ,olympiad4 ,x is probable t ,hesiod 0 aw>e ( ! deva/at+ eruptions ( ,aetna be=e ! p]iod ( ,greek immigration4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s d\bt reg>d+ ! "w ,greek ^w 9 ! text ( ,hesiod1 a subject into :ci ,i h ent]$ at "s l5g? 9 ano!r place4 7,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,crit4 de le ,geogr4'1 t4 i41 p4 #afh47 ,9 ! "t ( ,n]o1 m5 7 dispos$ to rank ,aetna among ! volcanic m\nta9s :i* 7 graduallybecom+ ext9ct199 & subsequ5tly ,aelian9999 ev5 ma9ta9$ t m>9]s c\ld no long] see ! s9k+ summit ( ! m\nta9 f s great a di/ance at sea4 footnote 99,seaeca4 ',epi/4'1 #gi4 footnote 9999 ,aelian1 ',v>4 ,hi/4'1 viii41 #aa4 ,:]e ^! evid5ces -- ^! old scaffold+s ( eruption1 ,i might almo/ say -- /ill exi/1 ! volcano rises f a crat] ( elevation1 :ile a high rocky wall surr\nds1 l an amphi!at]1 ! isolat$ conical m\nt1 & =ms ar\nd x a k9d ( eas+ ( highly elevat$ p #bbh /rata4 ,occasionally n a trace ( ?is inclosure is visible1 & ! volcano1 :i* is n always conical rises imm$iately f ! neighbor+ plateau 9 an elongat$ =m1 z 9 ! case ( ,pi*9*a199 at ! foot ( :i* lies ! city ( ,quito4 footnote 99,?is m\nta9 conta9s two funnel-%ap$ crat]s1 app>5tly result+ f two set ( eruptions3 ! we/]n ne>ly circul>1 & hav+ 9 its c5t] a cone ( eruption1 f ! summit & sides ( :i* are no less ?an sev5ty v5ts1 "s 9 activity & o!rs ext9ct4 ,x is probable t ! l>g] numb] ( ! v5ts 7 produc$ at p]iods ant]ior to hi/ory4 ,caubney1 op4 cit41 p4 #dhh4 -- ,tr4 ,z ! nature ( rocks1 or ! mixture 7gr\p+7 ( simple m9]als into granite1 gneiss1 & mica slate1 or into tra*yte1 basalt1 & dolorite1 is indep5d5t ( exi/+ climates1 & is ! same "u ! mo/ v>i$ latitudes ( ! e>?1 s also we f9d e :]e 9 inorganic nature t ! same laws ( configuration regulate ! reciprocal sup]position ( ! /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/1 cause !m to p5etrate "o ano!r 9 ! =m ( ve9s1 & elevate !m by ! ag5cy ( ela/ic =ces4 ,?is con/ant recurr5ce ( ! same ph5om5a is mo/ /rik+ly manife/$ 9 volcanoes4 ,:5 ! m>9]1 amid ! isl&s ( "s di/ant ar*ipelago1 is no long] guid$ by ! light ( ! same />s ) :i* he _h be5 famili> 9 8 native latitude1 & sees himself surr\nd$ by palms & o!r =ms ( an exotic vegetation1 he /ill c trace1 reflect$ 9 ! individual *>act]i/ics ( ! l&scape1 ! =ms ( ,vesuvius1 ( ! come-%ap$ summits ( ,auv]gne1 ! crat]s ( elevation 9 ! ,can>ies & ,azores1 or ! fissures ( eruption 9 ,icel&4 ,a glance at ! satellite ( our planet w imp>t a wid] g5]alization to ?is analogy ( configuration4 by means ( ! *>ts t h be5 drawn 9 accordance ) ! obs]vations made ) l>ge telescopes1 we may recognize 9 ! moon1 :]e wat] & air are bo? abs5t1 va/ crat]s ( elevation surr\nd+ or support+ conical m\nta9s1 ?us af=d+ incontrov]tible evid5ce ( ! effects produc$ by ! reaction ( ! int]ior on ! surface1 favor$ by ! influ5ce ( a feebl] =ce ( gravitation4 ,al?\gh vocanoes are ju/y t]m$ 9 _m languages fire-emitt+ m\nta9s1 m\nta9s ( ?is k9d are n =m$ by ! gradual accumulation ( eject$ curr5ts ( lava1 b _! orig9 seems r to be a g5]al consequ5ce ( ! sudd5 elevation ( s(t masses ( tra*yte or labradoritic augite4 ,! am\nt ( ! elevat+ =ce is manife/$ p #bbi by ! elevation ( ! volcano1 :i* v>ies f ! inconsid]able height ( a hill 7z ! volcano ( ,cosima1 "o ( ! ,japanese ,kurile isl&s7 to t ( a cone above #ai1jjj feet 9 height4 ,x has appe>$ to me t relations ( height h a great influ5ce on ! occurr5ce ( eruptions1 :i* are m frequ5t 9 l[ ?an 9 elevat$ volcanoes4 ,i might in/ance ! s]ies pres5t$ by ! foll[+ m\nta9s3 ,/romboli1 #bcah feet2 ,guacamayo1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quixos1 f :i* detonations are he>d almo/ daily 7,i myself (t5 he>d !m at ,*illo1 ne> ,quito1 a di/ance ( eighty-eight miles72 ,vesuvius1 #chgf feet2 ,aetna1 #ajhga feet2 ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 #ab1age feet2 & ,cotopaxi1 #ai1jfi feet4 ,if ! focus ( ^! volcanoes be at an equal dep? bel[ ! surface1 a great] =ce mu/ be requir$ :]e ! fus$ masses h to be rais$ to an elevation six or eight times great] ?an t ( ! l[] em95ces4 ,:ile ! volcano ,/romboli 7,/rongyle7 has be5 incessantly active s9ce ! ,hom]ic ages1 & has s]v$ z a beacon-light to guide ! m>9] 9 ! ,tyrrh5ian ,sea1 l(ti] volcanoes h be5 *>act]iz$ by loong int]vals ( quiet4 ,?us we see t a :ole c5tury (t5 int]v5es betwe5 ! eruptions ( mo/ ( ! colossi :i* cr[n ! summits ( ! ,cordill]as ( ! ,&es4 ,:]e we meet ) exceptions to ?is law1 to :i* ,i long s9ce drew att5tion1 !y mu/ dep5d ^u ! circum/ance t ! connections betwe5 ! volcanic foci & ! crat] ( eruption c n be consid]$ z equaly p]man5t 9 ! case ( all volcanoes4 ,! *annel ( communication may be clos$ = a "t 9 ! case ( ! l[] ones1 s t !y less frequ5tly come to a /ate ( eruption1 al?\gh !y d n1 on t acc\nt1 approa* m ne>ly to _! f9al ext9ction4 ,^! relations betwe5 ! absolute height & ! frequ5cy ( volcanic eruptions1 z f> z !y are ext]nally p]ceptible1 are intimately connect$ ) ! consid]ation ( ! local conditions "u :i* lava curr5ts are erupt$4 ,eruptions f ! crat] are v unusual 9 _m m\nta9s1 g5]ally occurr+ f lat]al fissures 7z 0 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ,aetna1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 by ! celebrat$ hi/orian ,bembo1 :5 a y\?9971 :5ev] ! sides p #bcj ( ! upheav$ m\nta9 7 lea/ able1 f _! configuration & position1 to (f] any resi/ance4 footnote 99,petri ,bembi ,opuscula 7',aetna ,dialogus'71 ,basil1 #aeef1 p4 #fc3 ,quicquid 9 ,aetnae matris ut]o c\lescit1 nunquam exit ex crat]e sup]iore1 quod vel eo inscond]e gravis mat]ia non queat1 vel1 quia inf]ius alia spiram5ta sunt1 non fit opus4 ,despumant flammis urg5tibus ignei rivi pigro fluxu totas delamb5tes plagas1 et 9 lapidem indurescunt4 ,cones ( eruption are sometimes uplift$ on ^! fissures2 ! l>g] ones1 :i* are errone\sly t]m$ 'new volcanoes'1 are rang$ toge!r 9 l9e m>k+ ! direction ( a fissure1 :i* is soon reclos$1 :ile ! small] ones are gr\p$ toge!r cov]+ a :ole di/rict ) _! dome-l or hive-%ap$ =ms4 ,to ! latt] belong ! 'hornitos de ,jorullo'1,i ! cone ( ,vesuvius erupt$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahbb1 t ( ,awats*a1 accord+ to ,po/els1 & ^? ( ! lava-field m5tion$ by ,erman1 ne> ! ,baid> ,m\nta9s1 9 ! p59sula ( ,kamts*atka4 footnote ,see my draw+ ( ! volcano ( ,jorullo1 ( its 'hornitos'1 & ( ! uplift$ 'malpays'1 9 my ',vues de ,cordill]es'1 pl4 xliii41 p4 #bci4 ,burckh>dt /ates t dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r ye>s t h int]v5$ s9ce ,b>on ,humboldt's visit to ,jorullo1 ! 'hornitos' h ei!r :olly disappe>$ or completely *ang$ _! =ms4 ,see ',auf5?alt und ,reis5 9 ,mexico 9 #ahbe und #ahcd'4 -- ,tr4 ,:5 volcanoes are n isolat$ 9 a pla91 b surr\nd$1 z 9 ! d\ble *a9 ( ! ,&es ( ,quito1 by a table-l& hav+ an elevation f n9e to ?irte5 ?\s& feet1 ?is circum/ance may probably expla9 ! cause :y no lava /reams are =m$99 dur+ ! mo/ dreadful eruption ( ignit$ scoriae accompani$ by detonations he>d at a di/ance ( m ?an a hundr$ miles4 footnote 99 ,humboldt1 ',essaii sur la ,geogr4 des ,plantes et ,tableau ,phys4 des ,regions ,equ9oxiales'1 #ahjg1 p4 #acj1 & ',essai ,geogn4 sur le ,gisem5t des ,ro*es'1 p4 #cba4 ,mo/ ( ! volcanoes 9 ,java demon/rate t ! cause ( ! p]fect abs5ce ( lava /reams 9 volcanoes ( incessant activity is n alone to be s\ght = 9 _! =m1 position1 & height4 ,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',descr4 ,phys4 des ,iles ,can>ies'1 p4 #dai2 ,re9w>dt & ,h(fmann1 9 ,pogg5$41 ',annal54'1 bd4 xii41 s4 #fjg4 ,su* are ! volcanoes ( ,popayan1 ^? ( ! elevat$ plateau ( ,los ,pa/os & ( ! ,&es ( ,quito1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 ( ! volcano ( ,antisana4 ,! height ( ! cone ( c9d]s1 & ! size & =m ( ! crat]1 are elem5ts ( configuration :i* yield an especial & individual "* to volcanoes1 al?\gh ! cone ( c9d]s & ! crat] are bo? :olly indep5d5t ( ! dim5sions ( ! m\nta94 ,vesuvius is m ?an ?ree times l[] ?an ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe2 its cone ( c9d]s rises to "o ?ird ( ! height ( ! :ole m\nta91 :ile ! cone ( c9d]s ( ! ,peak is only #a_/bb;d ( its altitude4 footnote 99 ,x may be rem>k$ 9 g5]al1 al?\gh ! rule is liable to exceptions1 t ! dim5sions ( a crat] are 9 an inv]se ratio to ! elevation ( ! m\nta94 ,daub5ey1 op4 ,cit41 p4 #ddd4 -- ,tr4 ,9 a mu* high] volcano ?an t ( ,t5]iffe1 ! ,rueu ,pi*9*a1 o!r relations occur p #bca :i* approa* m ne>ly to t ( ,vesuvius4 ,among all ! volcanoes t ,i h se5 9 ! two hemisph]es1 ! conical =m ( ,cotopaxi is ! mo/ beautifully regul>4 ,a sudd5 fusion ( ! sn[ at its cone ( c9d]s ann\nces ! proximity ( ! eruption4 ,be=e ! smoke is visible 9 ! r>efi$ /rata ( air surr\nd+ ! summit & ! op5+ ( ! crat]1 ! walls ( ! cone ( c9d]s are sometimes 9 a /ate ( gl[+ heat1 :5 ! :ole m\nta9 pres5ts an appe>ance ( ! mo/ fe>ful & port5t\s blackness4 ,! crat]1 :i*1 ) v few exceptions1 occupies ! summit ( ! volcano1 =ms a deep1 caldron-l valley1 :i* is (t5 accessible1 & ^: bottom is subject to con/ant alt]ations4 ,! great or less] dep? ( ! crat] is 9 _m volcanoes likewise a sign ( ! ne> or di/ant occurr5ce ( an eruption4 ,long1 n>r[ fissures1 f :i* vapors issue =?1 or small r\nd+ holl[s fill$ ) molt5 masses1 alt]nately op5 & close 9 ! caldron-l valley2 ! bottom rises & s9ks1 em95ces ( scoriae & cones ( eruption are =m$1 ris+ sometimes f> ov] ! walls ( ! crat]1 & cont9u+ = ye>s toge!r to imp>t to ! volcano a peculi> "*1 & !n sudd5ly fall toge!r & disappe> dur+ a new eruption4 ,! op5+s ( ^! cones ( eruption1 :i* rise f ! bottom ( ! crat]1 mu/ n1 z is too (t5 done1 be conf\nd$ ) ! crat] :i* incloses !m4 ,if ?is be inaccessible f extreme dep? & f ! p]p5dicul> desc5t1 z 9 ! case ( ! volcano ( ,rucu ,pi*9*a1 :i* is #ae1ibj feet 9 height1 ! travel] may look f ! edge on ! summit ( ! m\nta9s :i* rise 9 ! sulphur\s atmosph]e ( ! valley at 8 feet2 & ,i h nev] beheld a gr&] or m rem>kable picture ?an t pres5t$ by ?is volcano4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 two eruptions1 a crat] may ei!r pres5t no lum9\s appe>ance1 %[+ m]ely op5 fissures & asc5d+ vapors1 or ! sc>cely heat$ soil may be cov]$ by em95ces ( scoriae1 t admit ( be+ approa*$ )\t dang]1 & ?us pres5t to ! geologi/ ! spectacle ( ! eruption ( burn+ & fus$ masses1 :i* fall back on ! l$ge ( ! cone ( scoriae1 & ^: appe>ance is regul>ly ann\nc$ by small :olly local e>?quakes4 ,lava sometimes /reams =? f ! op5 fissures & small holl[s1 )\t break+ ?r\gh or escap+ beyond ! sides ( ! crat]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x does break ?r\gh1 ! newly-op5$ t]re/rial /ream g5]ally fl[s 9 su* a quiet & well-def9$ c\rse1 t ! deep valley1 :i* we t]m ! crat]1 rema9s accessible p #bcb ev5 dur+ p]iods ( eruption4 ,x is impossible1 )\t an exact repres5tation ( ! configuration -- ! normal type1 z x 71 ( fire-emitt+ m\nta9s1 to =m a j idea ( ^? ph5om5a :i*1 ow+ to fanta/ic descriptions & an undef9$ phraseology1 h long be5 compris$ "u ! head ( 'crat]s1 cones ( eruption'1 & 'volcanoes'4 ,! m>g9al l$ges ( crat]s v>y mu* less ?an "o w\ld be l$ to suppose4 ,a comp>ison ( ,saussure's measurem5ts ) my own yields ! rem>kable result1 = in/ance1 t 9 ! c\rse ( =ty-n9e ye>s 7f #aggc to #ahbb71 ! elevation ( ! nor?we/]n m>g9 ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius 7',rocca del ,palo'7 may be consid]$ to h rema9$ un*ang$499 footnote 99,see ! gr\nd-"w ( my measurem5ts comp>$ ) ^? ( ,saussure & ,"l ,m9to1 9 ! ',abh&lung5 d] ,akademie d] ,wiss4 zu ,b]l9' = ! ye>s #ahbb & #ahbc4 ,volcanoes :i*1 l ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 lift _! summits high above ! b\nd>ies ( ! region ( p]petual sn[1 pres5t peculi> ph5om5a4 ,! masses ( sn[1 by _! sudd5 fusion dur+ eruptions1 occasion n only ! mo/ fe>ful inundations & torr5ts ( wat]1 9 :i* smok+ scoriae are borne along on ?ick masses ( ice1 b !y likewise ex]cise a con/ant action1 :ile ! volcano is 9 a /ate ( p]fect repose1 by infiltration into ! fissures ( ! tra*ytic rock4 ,cavities :i* are ei!r on ! declivity or at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 are gradually conv]t$ into subt]ranean resevoirs ( wat]1 :i* communicate by num]\s n>r[ op5+s ) m\nta9 /reams1 z we see exemplifi$ 9 ! highl&s ( ,quito4 ! fi%es ( ^! rivulets multiply1 especially 9 ! obscurity ( ! holl[s2 & :5 ! %ocks ( e>?quakes1 :i* prec$e all eruptions 9 ! &es1 h viol5tly %ak5 ! :ole mass ( ! volcano1 ^! subt]ranean cav]ns are sudd5ly op5$1 & wat]1 fi%es1 & tuface\s mud are all eject$ toge!r4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is s+ul> ph5om5on99 t ! inhabitants ( ! highl&s ( ,quito became acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( ! little cyclopic fi%es1 t]m$ by !m ! pr5adilla4 footnote 99,pimelodes cyclopum4 ,see ,humboldt1 ',recueil d',obs]vations de ,zoologie et d',anatomie ,comp>ee'1 t4 i41 p4 #ba-be4 ,on ! night betwe5 ! #ai? & #bj? ( ,june1 #afih1 :5 ! summit ( ,c>guairazo1 a m\nta9 #ai1gbj feet 9 height1 fell 91 leav+ only two huge masses ( rock rema9+ ( ! l$ge ( ! crat]1 a space ( ne>ly ?irty-two squ>e miles 0 ov]fl[$ & deva/at$ by /reams ( liquid tufa & argillace\s mud 7'lodazales'71 conta9+ l>ge quantities ( dead fi%4 p #bcc ,9 l mann]1 ! putrid fev]1 :i* rag$ sev5 ye>s previ\sly 9 ! m\nta9 t[n ( ,ib>ra1 nor? ( ,quito1 0 ascrib$ to ! ejection ( fi% f ! volcano ( ,imbaburu499 footnote 99,x w\ld appe>1 z !re is no d\bt t ^! fi%es proce$ f ! m\nta9 itself1 t !re mu/ be l>ge lakes 9 ! int]ior1 :i* 9 ord9>y season are out ( ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ! volcanic action4 ,see ,daub5ey1 op4 cit41 p4 #dhh1 #dig4 -- ,tr4 ,wat] & mud1 :i* fl[ n f ! crat] itself1 b f ! holl[s 9 ! tra*ytic mass ( ! m\nta91 c n1 /rictly speak+1 be class$ among volcanic ph5om5a4 ,!y are only indirectly connect$ ) ! volcanic activity ( ! m\nta91 resembl+1 9 t respect1 ! s+ul> meteorological process :i* ,i h designat$ 9 my e>li] writ+s by ! t]m ( 'volcanic /orm'4 ,! hot /ream :i* rises f ! crat] dur+ ! eruption & spreads itself 9 ! atmosph]e1 cond5ses into a cl\d1 & surr\nds ! column ( fire & c9d]s :i* rises to an altitude ( _m ?\s& feet4 ,! sudd5 cond5sation ( ! vapors1 &1 z ,gay-,lussac has %[n1 ! =mation ( a cl\d ( enorm\s ext5t1 increase ! electric t5sion4 ,=k$ lightn+ fla%es f ! column ( c9d]s1 & x is !n easy to di/+ui% 7z at ! close ( ! eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 9 ! latt] end ( ,octob]1 #ahbb7 ! roll+ ?und] ( ! volcanic /orm f ! detonations 9 ! int]ior ( ! m\nta94 ! fla%es ( lightn+ t d>t$ f ! volcanic cl\d ( /eam1 z we le>n f ,olafs5's report1 kill$ elev5 horses & two m51 on ! eruption ( ! volcano ( ,katlagia1 9 ,icel&1 on ! #ag? ( ,octob]1 #agee4 ,hav+ ?us del9eat$ ! /ructure & dynamic activity ( volcanoes1 x n[ rema9s = u to ?r[ a glance at ! diff]5ces exi/+ 9 _! mat]ial products4 ,! subt]ranean =ces sev] old comb9ations ( matt] 9 ord] to produce new ones1 & !y also cont9ue to act ^u matt] z long z x is 9 a /ate ( liquefaction f heat1 & capable ( be+ displac$4 ,! great] or less pressure "u :i* m]ely s(t5$ or :olly liquid fluids are solidifi$1 appe>s to con/itute ! ma9 diff]5ce 9 ! =mation ( ,plutonic & volcanic rocks4 ,! m9]al mass :i* fl[s 9 n>r[1 elongat$ /reams f a volcanic op5+ 7an e>?-spr+71 is call$ lava4 :]e _m su* curr5ts meet & are arre/$ 9 _! c\rse1 !y exp& 9 wid?1 fill+ l>ge bas9s1 9 :i* !y become solidifi$ 9 sup]impos$ /rata4 ,^! few s5t5ces describe ! g5]al "* ( ! products ( volcanic activity4 p #bcd ,rocks :i* are m]ely brok5 ?r\gh by ! volcanic action are (t5 inclos$ 9 ! igne\s products4 ,?us i h f\nd angul> fragm5ts ( feldspa?ic sy5ite imb$d$ 9 ! black augitic lava ( ! volcano ( ,jorullo1 9 ,mexico2 b ! masses ( dolomite & granul> lime/one1 :i* conta9 magnific5t clu/]s ( cry/all+ fossils 7vesuvian & g>nets1 cov]$ ) mejonite1 nephel9e1 & sodalite71 are n ! eject$ products ( ,vesuvius1 ^! belong+ r to v g5]ally di/ribut$ =mations1 viz41 /rata ( tufa1 :i* are m anci5t ?an ! elevation ( ! ,somma & ( ,vesuvius1 & are probably ! products ( a deep-seat$ & conceal$ subm>9e volcanic action499 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xxxvii41 s4 #agi4 ,we f9d five metals among ! products ( exi/+ volcanoes1 iron1 copp]1 lead1 ars5ic1 & sel5ium1 discov]$ by ,/romey] 9 ! crat] ( ,volcano499 footnote 99,! little isl& ( ,volcano is sep>at$ f ,lip>i by a n>r[ *annel4 ,x appe>s to h exhibit$ /rong signs ( volcanic activity long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & /ill emits gase\s exhalations4 ,/romey] detect$ ! pres5ce ( sel5ium 9 a mixture ( sal ammoniac & sulphur4 ,ano!r product1 suppos$ to be peculi> to ?is volcano1 is boracic acid1 :i* l9es ! sides ( ! cavities 9 beautiful :ite silky cry/als4 ,daub5ey1 op4 cit41 p4 #beg4 -- ,tr4 ,! vapors t rise f ! 'fum>olles' cause ! sublimation ( ! *lorids ( iron1 copp]1 lead1 & ammonium2 iron glance,i & *lorid ( sodium 7! latt] (t5 9 l>ge quantities7 fill ! cavities ( rec5t lava /reams & ! fissures ( ! m>g9 ( ! crat]4 footnote 99,reg>d+ ! *emical orig9 ( iron glance 9 volcanic masses1 see ,mits*]li*1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xv41 s4 #fcj2 & on ! lib]ation ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! crat]1 see ,gay-,lussac1 9 ! ',annals de ,*imique et de ,physique'1 t4 xxii41 p4 #dbc4 ,! m9]al composition ( lava diff]s accord+ to ! nature ( ! cry/all9e rock ( :i* ! volcano is =m$1 ! height ( ! po9t :]e ! eruption occurs1 :e!r at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 or 9 ! neighborhood ( ! crat]1 & ! condition ( temp]ature ( ! int]ior4 ,vitre\s volcanic =mations1 obsidian1 pe>l-/one1 & pumice1 are entirely want+ 9 "s volcanoes1 :ile 9 ! case ( o!rs !y only proce$ f ! crat]1 or1 at any rate1 f v consid]able heights4 ,^! important & involv$ relations c only be expla9$ by v accurate cry/allographic & *emical inve/igations4 ,my fell[-travel] 9 ,sib]ia1 ,gu/av ,rose1 & subsequ5tly ,h]mann ,abi*1 h already be5 able1 by _! =tunate & +5i\s rese>*es1 to ?r[ mu* light on ! /ructural relations ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( volcanic rocks4 p #bce ,! great] "p ( ! asc5d+ vapor is m]e /eam4 ,:5 cond5s$1 ?is =ms spr+s1 z 9 ,pantell>ia1,i:]e !y are us$ by ! goa!rds ( ! isl&4 footnote 99,/eam issues f _m p>ts ( ?is insul> m\nta91 & sev]al hot spr+s gu% =? f x1 :i* =m toge!r a lake #fjjj feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,daub5ey1 op4 cit4 -- ,tr4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bf? ( ,octob]1 #ahbb1 a curr5t 0 se5 to fl[ f a lat]al fissure ( ! crat] ( ,vesuvius1 & 0 loong suppos$ to h be5 boil+ wat]2 x 01 h[ev]1 %[n1 by ,monticelli's accurate inve/igations1 to consi/ ( dry a%es1 :i* fell l s&1 & ( lava pulv]iz$ by friction4 ,! a%es1 :i* sometimes d>k5 ! air = h\rs & days toge!r1 & produce great injury to ! v9ey>ds & olive groves by adh]+ to ! leaves1 indicate by _! column> asc5t1 impell$ by vapors1 ! t]m9ation ( e great eqr?quake4 ,?is is ! magnific5t ph5om5on :i* ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 9 8 celebrat$ lett] to ,cornelius ,tacitus1 comp>es1 9 ! case ( ,vesuvius1 to ! =m ( a l(ty & ?ickly-bran*$ & foliace\s p9e4 ,t :i* is describ$ z flames 9 ! eruption ( scoriae1 & ! radiance ( ! gl[+ r$ cl\ds t hov] ov] ! crat]1 c n be ascrib$ to ! effect ( hydrog5 gas 9 a /ate ( combu/ion4 ,!y are r reflections ( light :i* issue f molt5 masses1 project$ high 9 ! air1 & also reflections f ! burn+ dep?s1 :5ce ! gl[+ vapors asc5d4 ,we w n1 h[ev]1 attempt to decide ! nature ( ! flames1 :i* are occasionally se5 n[1 z 9 ! "t ( ,/rabo1 to rise f ! deep sea dur+ ! activity ( littoral volcanoes1 or %ortly be=e ! elevation ( a volcanic isl&4 ,:5 ! que/ions are ask$1 :at is x t burns 9 ! volcano8 :at excites ! heat1 fuses toge!r e>?s & metals1 & imp>ts to lava curr5ts ( ?ick lay]s a degree ( heat t la/s = _m ye>s8 x is necess>ily impli$ t volcanoes mu/ be connect$ ) ! exi/5ce ( sub/ances capable ( ma9ta9+ combu/ion1 l ! b$s ( coal 9 subt]ranean fires4 footnote 99,see ! beautiful exp]im5ts on ! cool+ ( masses ( rock1 9 ,bis*('s ',w>melehre'1 s4 #chd1 #ddc1 #ejj-eab4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5t phases ( *emical sci5ce1 bitum51 pyrites1 ! moi/ admixture ( f9ely-pulv]iz$ sulphur & iron1 pyrophoric sub/ances1 & ! metals ( ! alkalies & e>?s1 h 9 turn be5 designat$ z ! cause ( int5sely active volcanic ph5om5a4 ,! great *emi/1 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! k ( ! mo/ combu/ible metallic p #bcf sub/ances1 has himself r5\nc$ 8 bold *emical hypo!sis 9 8 la/ "w 7',consolation 9 ,travel1 & la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]'7 -- a "w :i* c n fail to excite 9 ! read] a feel+ ( ! deepe/ melan*oly4 ! great mean d5sity ( ! e>? 7#e4dd71 :5 comp>$ ) ! specific weight ( potassium 7#j4hfe71 ( sodium 7-4#igb71 or ( ! metals ( ! e>?s 7#a4b71 & ! abs5ce ( hydrog5 gas 9 ! gase\s emanations f ! fissures ( crat]s1 & f /ill w>m /reams ( lava1 besides _m *emical consid]ations1 /& 9 opposition ) ! e>li] conjectures ( ,davy & ,amp]e499 footnote 99,see ,b]zelius & ,wohl]1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 i41 s4 #bba1 & bd4 xi41 s4 #adf2 ,gay-,lussac1 9 ! ',annals de ,*imie'1 t4 x41 xii41 p4 #dbb2 & ,bis*('s ',reasons aga9/ ! ,*emical ,!ory ( ,volcanoes'1 9 ! ,engli% edition ( 8 ',w>melehre'1 p4 #big-cji4 ,if hydrog5 7 evolv$ f erupt$ lava1 h[ great mu/ be ! quantity ( ! gas dis5gag$1 :51 ! seat ( ! volcanic activity be+ v l[1 z 9 ! case ( ! rem>kable eruption at ! foot ( ! ,skapt> ,jokul 9 ,icel& 7f ! #aa? ( ,june to ! #c;d ( ,augu/1 #aghc1 describ$ by ,mack5zie & ,soemund ,magnuss571 a space ( _m squ>e miles 0 cov]$ by /reams ( lava1 accumulat$ to ! ?ickness ( sev]al hundr$ feet6 ,simil> difficulties are oppos$ to ! assumption ( ! p5etration ( ! atmosph]ic air into ! crat]1 or1 z x is figuratively express$1 ! 'inhalation ( ! e>?'1 :5 we h reg>d to ! small quantity ( nitrog5 emitt$4 ,s g5]al1 deep-seat$1 & f>-propagat$ an activity z t ( volcanoes1 c n assur$ly h its s\rce 9 *emical aff9ity1 or 9 ! m]e contact ( individual or m]ely locally di/ribut$ sub/ances4 ,mod]n geognosy99 r seeks ! cause ( ?is activity 9 ! increas$ temp]ature ) ! increase ( dep? at all degrees ( latitude1 9 t p[]ful int]nal heat :i* our planet owes to its fir/ solidification1 its =mation 9 ! regions ( space1 & to ! sph]ical contraction ( p #bcg matt] revolv+ elliptically 9 a gase\s condition4 footnote 99,on ! v>i\s !ories t h be5 advanc$ 9 explanation ( volcanic action1 see ,daub5ey ',on ,volcanoes'1 a "w to :i* we h made cont9ual ref]5ce dur+ ! prec$+ pages1 z x con/itutes ! mo/ rec5t & p]fect comp5dium ( all ! important facts relat+ to ?is subject1 & is peculi>ly adapt$ to s]ve z a s\rce ( ref]5ce to ! ',cosmos'1 s9ce ! le>n$ au?or 9 _m in/ances ent]s into a full exposition ( ! views advanc$ by ,b>on ,humboldt4 ,! app5dix conta9s sev]al valuable notes ) ref]5ce to ! mo/ rec5t works t h appe>$ on ! ,cont95t1 on subjects relat+ to volcanoes2 among o!rs1 an int]e/+ notice ( ,pr(essor ,bis*('s views on ! orig9 ( ! c>bonic acid dis*>g$ f volcanoes1 z en\nc$ 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ "w1 ',lehrbu* d] ,*emis*5 und ,physikalis*5 ,geologie'4 -- ,tr4 ,we h ?us m]e conjecture & supposition side by side ) c]ta9 k4 ,a philosophical /udy ( nature /rives ev] to elevate itself above ! n>r[ requirem5ts ( m]e natural description1 & does n consi/1 z we h already rem>k$1 9 ! m]e accumulation ( isolat$ facts4 ,! inquir+ & active _s ( man mu/ be suff]$ to pass f ! pres5t to ! pa/1 to conjecture all t c n yet be kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 & /ill to dwell ) pleasure on ! anci5t my?s ( geognosy :i* are pres5t$ to u "u s _m v>i\s =ms4 ,if we consid] volcanoes z irregul> int]mitt5t spr+s1 emitt+ a fluid mixture ( oxydiz$ metals1 alkalies1 & e>?s1 fl[+ g5tly & calmy :]ev] !n f9d a passage1 or be+ upheav$ by ! p[]ful expansive =ce ( vapors1 we are involunt>ily l$ to rememb] ! geogno/ic visions ( ,plato1 accord+ to :i* hot spr+s1 z well z all volcanic igne\s /reams1 7 eruptions t might be trac$ back to "o g5]ally di/ribut$ subt]ranean cause1 ',pyriphlege?on'499 footnote 99,accord+ to ,plato's geogno/ic views1 z develop$ 9 ! ',pha$o'1 ,pyriphlege?on plays mu* ! same "p 9 relation to ! activity ( volcanoes t we n[ ascribe to ! augm5tation ( heat z we desc5d f ! e>?'s surface1 & to ! fus$ condition ( its int]nal /rata4 7',pha$o'1 ed4 ,a/1 p4 #fjc & #fjg2 ,annot41 p4 #cjh & #hag47 ,)9 ! e>?1 & all ar\nd x1 are l>g] & small] cav]ns4 ,wat] fl[s !re 9 abundance2 also mu* fire & l>ge /reams ( fire1 & /reams ( moi/ mud 7"s pur] & o!rs m fil?y71 l ^? 9 ,sicily1 consi/+ ( mud & fire1 prec$+ ! great eruption4 ,^! /reams fill all places t fall 9 ! way ( _! c\rse4 ,pyriphlege?on fl[s =? into an ext5sive di/rict burn+ ) a fi]ce fire1 :]e x =ms a lake l>g] ?an our sea1 boil+ ) wat] & mud4 ,f !nce x moves 9 circles r\nd ! e>?1 turbid & muddy4 ,?is /ream ( molt5 e>? & mud is s mu* ! g5]al cause ( volcanic ph5om5a1 t ,plato expressly adds1 ?us is ,pyriphlege?on con/itut$1 f :i* also ! /reams ( fire 7,greek words71 :]ev] !y rea* ! e>? 7,greek words71 inflate su* p>ts 7deta*$ fragm5ts74 ,volcanic scoriae & lava /reams are !re=e portions ( ,pyriphlege?on itself1 portions ( ! subt]ranean molt5 & ev]-undulat+ mass4 ,t ,greek words are lava /reams1 & n1 z ,s*neid]1 ,pass[1 & ,s*lei]ma*] w h x1 fire-vomit+ m\nta9s1 is cle> en\gh f _m passages1 "s ( :i* h be5 collect$ by ,uk]t 7',geogr4 d] ,grie*5 und ,rom]'1 ?4 ii41 s4 #bjj73 ,greek ^w is ! volcanic ph5om5on 9 ref]5ce to its mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic1 ! lava /ream4 ,h5ce ! expression1 ! ,greek ^w ( ,aetna4 ,ari/ot4 ',mirab4 ,ausc4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #hcc2 sect4 #ch1 ,bekk]2 ,?ucyd41 iii41 #aaf2 ,!ophra/41 ',de ,lap'41 #bb1 p4 #dbg1 ,s*neid]2 ,diod41 v41 #f1 & xiv41 #ei1 :]e are ! rem>kable words1 ,_m places ne> ! sea1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,aetna1 7 level$ to ! gr\nd1 ,greek words2 ,/rabo1 vi41 p4 #bfi2 xiii41 p4 #bfh1 & :]e !re is a notice ( ! celebrat$ burn+ mud ( ! ,lelant9e pla9s1 9 ,euboea1 i41 p4 #eh1 ,casaub42 & ,appian1 ',de ,bello ,civili'1 v41 #aad4 ,! blame :i* ,ari/otle ?r[s on ! geogno/ical fantasies ( ! ,pha$o 7',meteor4'1 ii41 #b1 #ai7 is especially appli$ to ! s\rces ( ! riv]s fl[+ ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,! di/9ct /atem5t ( ,plato1 t 9 ,sicily eruptions ( wet mud prec$e ! gl[+ 7lava7 /ream1 is v rem>kable4 ,obs]vations on ,aetna c\ld n h l$ to su* a /atem5t1 unless pumice & a%es1 =m$ into a mud-l mass by admixture ) melt$ sn[ & wat]1 dur+ ! volcano-electric /orm 9 ! crat] ( eruption1 7 mi/ak5 = eject$ mud4 ,x is m probable t ,plato's /reams ( moi/ mud 7,greek words7 orig9at$ 9 a fa9t recollection ( ! salses 7mud volcanoes7 ( ,agrig5tum1 :i*1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 eject argillace\s mud ) a l\d noise4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$1 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject1 t ! "w ( ,!ophra/us ,greek words ',on ! ,volcanic ,/ream 9 ,sicily'1 to :i* ,diog4 ,la]t41 v41 #di1 ref]s1 has n come d[n to u4 p #bch ,! diff]5t volcanoes ov] ! e>?'s surface1 :5 !y are consid]$ indep5d5tly ( all climatic diff]5ces1 are acutely & *>act]i/ically classifi$ z c5tral & l9e> volcanoes4 ,"u ! fir/ "n are compris$ ^? :i* con/itute ! c5tral po9t ( _m active m\?s ( eruption1 di/ribut$ almo/ regul>ly 9 all directions2 "u ! second1 ^? ly+ at "s little di/ance f "o ano!r1 =m+1 z x 71 *imneys or v5ts along an ext5d$ fissure4 ,l9e> volcanoes aga9 admit ( fur!r subdivision1 namely1 ^? :i* rise l sep>ate conical isl&s f ! bottom ( ! sea1 be+ g5]ally p>allel ) a *a9 ( primitive m\nta9s1 ^: foot !y appe> to indicate1 & ^? volcanic *a9s :i* are elevat$ on ! highe/ ridges ( ^! m\nta9 *a9s1 ( :i* !y =m ! summits499 footnote 99,leopold von ,bu*1 ',physikal4 ,bes*reib4 d] ,can>is*5 ,inseln'1 s4 #cbf-djg4 ,i d\bt if we c agree ) ! +5i\s ,*>les ,d>w9 7',geological ,obs]vations on ,volcanic ,isl&s'1 #ahdd1 p4 #abg7 9 reg>d+ c5tral volcanoes 9 g5]al z volcanic *a9s ( small ext5t on p>allel fissures4 ,fri$ri* ,h(fman believes t 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,lip>i ,isl&s1 :i* he has s admirably describ$1 & 9 :i* two eruption fissures int]sect ne> ,pan>ia1 he has f\nd an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! two pr9cipal modes 9 :i* volcanoes appe>1 namely1 ! c5tral volcanoes & volcanic *a9s ( ,von ,bu* 7,pogg5dorf1 ',annal5 d] ,physik'1 bd4 xxvi41 s4 #ha-hh74 ,! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 = in/ance1 is a c5tral volcano1 be+ ! c5tral po9t ( ! volcanic gr\p to :i* ! eruption ( ,palma & ,l&]ote may be ref]r$4 ,! long1 ramp>t-l *a9 ( ! ,&es1 :i* is sometimes s+le1 & sometimes divid$ into two or ?ree p>allel bran*es1 connect$ by v>i\s transv]se ridges1 pres5ts1 f ! s\? ( ,*ili to ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 "o ( ! gr&e/ in/ances ( a cont95tal volcanic *a94 ,! proxiimity ( p #bci active volcanoes is always manife/$ 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es by ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 rocks 7z dol]ite1 melaphyre1 tra*yte1 &esite1 & dioritic porphyry71 :i* divide ! s-call$ primitive rocks1 ! transition slates & s&/ones1 & ! /ratifi$ =mations4 ! con/ant recurr5ce ( ?is ph5om5on conv9c$ me long s9ce t ^! sporadic rocks 7 ! seat ( volcanic ph5om5a1 & 7 connect$ ) volcanic eruptions4 ,at ! foot ( ! gr& ,tunguragua1 ne> ,p5ipe1 on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,puela1 ,i fir/ di/9ctly obs]v$ mica slate re/+ on granite1 brok5 ?r\gh by a volcanic rock4 ,9 ! volcanic *a9 ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 ! sep>ate volcanoes are occasionally1 :5 ne> toge!r 9 mutual dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r2 & x is ev5 se5 t ! volcanic activity = c5turies toge!r has mov$ on 9 "o & ! same direction1 z = in/ance1 f nor? to s\? 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito499 footnote 7,humboldt1 ',geogno/4 ,beoba*1 ub] die ,vulkane des ,ho*l&es von ,quito'1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal4 d] ,physik'1 bd4 xliv41 s4 #aid4 ,! focus ( ! volcanic action lies bel[ ! :ole ( ! highl&s ( ?is prov9ce2 ! only *annels ( communication ) ! atmosph]e are1 h[ev]1 ^? m\nta9s :i* we designate by special names1 z ! m\nta9s ( ,pi*9*a1 ,cotopaxi1 & ,tunguragua1 & :i*1 f _! gr\p+1 elevation1 & =m1 con/itute ! gr&e/ & mo/ picturesque spectacle to be f\nd 9 any volcanic di/rict ( an equally limit$ ext5t4 ,exp]i5ce %[s u1 9 _m in/ances1 t ! extremities ( su* gr\ps ( volcanic *a9s are connect$ toge!r by subt]ranean communications2 & ?is fact rem9ds u ( ! anci5t & true expression made use ( by ,s5eca199 t ! igne\s m\nta9 is only ! issue ( ! m deeply-seat$ volcanic =ces4 footnote 99,s5eca1 :ile he speaks v cle>ly reg>d+ ! problematical s9k+ ( ,aetna1 says 9 8 #gi? lett]1 ,?\gh ?is might happ51 n because ! m\nta9's height is l[]$1 b because ! fires are weak5$1 & d n blaze out ) _! =m] vehem5ce2 & = :i* reason x is t su* va/ cl\ds ( smoke are n se5 9 ! day-"t4 ,yet nei!r ( ^! seem incr$ible1 = ! m\nta9 may possibly be consum$ by be+ daily dev\r$1 & ! fire n be s l>ge z =m]ly1 s9ce x is n self-g5]at$ "h1 b is k9dl$ 9 ! di/ant b[els ( ! e>?1 & !re rages1 be+ f$ ) cont9ual fuel1 n ) t ( ! m\nta91 ?r\gh :i* x only makes its passage4 ,! subt]ranean communication1 by gall]ies1 betwe5 ! volcanoes ( ,sicily1 ,lip>i1 ,pi!cusa 7,is*ia71 & ,vesuvius1 ( ! la/ ( :i* we may conjecture t x =m]ly burn$ & pres5t$ a fi]y circle1 seems fully und]/ood by ,/rabl 7lib4 i41 p4 #bdg & #bdh74 ,he t]ms ! :ole di/rict sub-igne\s4 ,9 ! ,mexican highl&s a mutual dep5d5ce is p #bdj also obs]v$ to exi/ among ! volcanic m\nta9s ,orizaba1 ,popocatepel1 ,jorullo1 & ,colima2 & ,i h %[n99 t !y all lie 9 "o direction betwe5 #ah degrees #ei' & #ai degrees #ab' nor? latitude1 & are situat$ 9 a transv]se fissure runn+ f sea to sea4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',essai ,politique sur la ,n\v4 ,espagne'1 t4 ii41 p4 #agc-age4 ,! volcano ( ,jorullo broke =? on ! #bi? ( ,septemb]1 #agei1 exactly 9 ?is direction1 & ov] ! same transv]se fissure1 be+ elevat$ to a height ( #afjd feet above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,! m\nta9 only once emitt$ an eruption ( lava1 9 ! same mann] z is record$ ( ,m\nt ,epomeo 9 ,is*ia1 9 ! ye> #acjb4 ,b al?\gh ,jorullo1 :i* is eighty miles f any active volcano1 is 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w a new m\nta91 x mu/ n be comp>$ ) ,monte ,nuovo1 ne> ,puzzuolo1 :i* fir/ appe>$ on ! #ai? ( ,septemb]1 #aech1 & is r to be class$ among crat]s ( elevation4 ,i believe t ,i h furni%$ a m natural explanation ( ! eruption ( ! ,mexican volcano1 9 comp>+ its appe>ance to ! elevation ( ! ,hill ( ,me?one1 n[ ,me?ana1 9 ! p59sula ( ,troez5e4 ,! description giv5 by ,/rabo & ,pausanias ( ?is elevation1 l$ "o ( ! ,roman poets1 mo/ celebrat$ = 8 ri*ness ( fancy1 to develop views :i* agree 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ! !ory ( mod]n geognosy4 ,ne> ,troez5e is a tumulus1 /eep & devoid ( trees1 once a pla91 n[ a m\nta94 ,! vapors inclos$ 9 d>k cav]ns 9 va9 seek a passage by :i* !y may escape4 ,! heavi] e>?1 inflat$ by ! =ce ( ! compress$ vapors1 exp&s l a bladd] fill$ ) air1 or l a goat-sk94 ,! gr\nd has rema9$ ?us inflat$1 & ! high project+ em95ce has be5 solidifi$ by "t into a nak$ rock4 ,?us picturesquely1 &1 z analog\s ph5om5a ju/ify u 9 believ+1 ?us truly has ,ovid describ$ t great natural ph5om5on :i* occurr$ #bhb ye>s be=e our era1 & consequ5tly1 #de ye>s b=e ! volcanic sep>ation ( ,!ra 7,santor9o7 & ,!rasia1 betwe5 ,troez5e & ,epidaurus1 on ! same spot :]e ,russegg] has f\nd ve9s ( tra*yte499 footnote 99,ovid's description ( ! eruption ( ,me?one 7',metam4'1 xv41 p4 #bbf-cjf73 ,ne> ,troez5e /&s a hill1 expos$ 9 air ,to w9t] w9ds1 ( leafy %ad[s b>e3 ,?is once 0 level gr\nd2 b 7/range to tell7 ,?' includ$ vapors1 t 9 cav]ns dwell1 ,labor+ ) colic pangs1 & close conf9$1 ,9 va9 s\ght issue = ! rumbl+ w9d3 ,yet /ill !y heav$ = v5t1 & heav+ /ill1 ,enl>g$ ! concave & %ot up ! hill1 ,z brea? ext5ds a bladd]1 or ! sk9s ,( goats are bl[n t'inclose ! ho>d$ w9es2 ,! m\nta9 yet reta9s a m\nta9's face1 ,& ga!r$ rubbi% heads ! holl[ space4 ',dryd5's ,translation'4 footnote cont9ues ,?is description ( a dome-%ap$ elevation on ! cont95t is ( great importance 9 a geogno/ical po9t ( view1 & co9cides to a rem>kable degree ) ,ari/otle's acc\nt 7',meteor4'1 ii41 #hi1 #ag-ai7 ( ! upheaval ( isl&s ( eruption3 ,! heav+ ( ! e>? does n cease till ! w9d 7,greek ^w7 :i* occasions ! %ocks has made its escape into ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,x is n long ago s9ce ?is actually happ5$ at ,h]aclea 9 ,pontus1 & a simil> ev5t =m]ly occurr$ at ,hi]a1 "o ( ! ,aeolian ,isl&s4 ,a portion ( ! e>? swell$ up1 & ) l\d noise rose into ! =m ( a hill1 till ! mighty urg+ bla/ 7,greek ^w7 f\nd an outlet1 & eject$ sp>ks & a%es :i* cov]$ ! neighborhood ( ,lip>i1 & ev5 ext5d$ to sev]al ,italian cities4 ,9 ?is description1 ! vesicul> di/5sion ( ! e>?'s cru/ 7a /age at :i* _m tra*ytic m\nta9s h rema9$7 is v well di/+ui%$ f ! eruption itself4 ,/rabo1 lib4 i41 p4 #ei 7,casaubon71 likewise describes ! ph5om5on z x occurr$ at ,me?one3 ne> ! t[n1 9 ! ,bay ( ,h]mione1 !re arose a flam+ eruption2 a fi]y m\nta91 sev5 787 /adia 9 height1 0 !n ?r[n up1 :i* dur+ ! day 0 inaccessible f its heat & sulphure\s /5*1 b at night evolv$ an agreeable odor 787 1 & 0 s hot t ! sea boil$ = a di/ance ( five /adia1 & 0 turbid = full tw5ty /adia1 & also 0 fill$ ) deta*$ masses ( rock4 ,reg>d+ ! pres5t m9]alogical "* ( ! p59sula ( ,me?ana1 see ,fi$l]1 ',reise dur* ,grie*5l&'1 ?4 i41 s4 #beg-bfc4 p #bda ,santor9o is ! mo/ important ( all ! 'isl&s ( eruption' belong+ to volcanic *a9s499 footnote 99,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes = ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! isl& ( ,santor9o1 & ! adjac5t isl&s ( ,neokaim5i & ,microkaim5i4 ,! aspect ( ! bay is t ( a great crat] fill$ ) wat]1 ,!ra & ,!rasia =m+ its walls1 & ! o!r isl&s be+ aft]-productions 9 its c5t]4 ,we s\nd$ ) #bej fa?oms ( l9e 9 ! middle ( ! bay1 betwe5 ,!rasia & ! ma9 isl&s1 b got no bottom4 ,bo? ^! isl&s appe> to be simil>ly =m$ ( successive /rata ( volcanic a%es1 :i*1 be+ ( ! mo/ vivid & v>iegat$ colors1 pres5t a /rik+ contra/ to ! black & c9d]y aspect ( ! c5tral isles4 ,neokaim5i1 ! la/-=m$ isl&1 is a great heap ( obsidian & scoriae4 ,s1 also1 is ! great] mass1 ,microkaim5i1 :i* rises up 9 a conical =m1 & has a cavity or crat]4 ,on "o side ( ?is isl&1 h[ev]1 a section is expos$1 & cliffs ( f9e pumice\s a% appe> /ratifi$ 9 ! great] isl&s4 ,9 ! ma9 isl&1 ! volcanic /rata abut aga9/ ! lime/one mass ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias 9 su* a way z to lead to ! inf]5ce t !y 7 deposit$ 9 a sea bottom 9 :i* ! pres5t m\nta9 rose z a subm>9e mass ( rock4 ,! p at ,santor9o assur$ u t subt]ranean noises are n unfrequ5tly he>d1 especially dur+ calms & s\? w9ds1 :5 !y say ! wat] ( p>ts ( ! bay becomes ! color ( sulphur4 ,my own impression is1 t ?is gr\p ( isl&s1 con/itutes a crat] ( elevation1 ( :i* ! out] ones are ! rema9s ( ! walls1 :ile ! c5tral gr\p are ( lat] orig91 & consi/ p>tly ( upheav$ sea bottoms & p>tly ( erupt$ matt] -- erupt$1 h[ev]1 b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]4 -- ,tr4 ,x comb9es )9 itself p #bdb ! hi/ory ( all isl&s ( elevation4 ,= upw>d ( #bjjj ye>s1 z f> z hi/ory & tradition c]tify1 x w\ld appe> z if nature 7 /riv+ to =m a volcano 9 ! mid/ ( ! crat] ( elevation499 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',physik4 ,bes*r4 d] ,can>4 ,inseln'1 s4 #cef-ceh1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,fr5* translation ( ?is excell5t "w1 p4 #djb2 & 8 memoir 9 ,pogg5dorf's ',annal5'1 bd4 xxxviii41 s4 #ahc4 ,a subm>9e isl& has q rec5tly made its appe>ance )9 ! crat] ( ,santor9o4 ,9 #ahaj x 0 /ill fifte5 fa?oms bel[ ! surface ( ! sea1 b 9 #ahcj x _h ris5 to )9 ?ree or f\r4 ,x rises /eeply l a great cone1 f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! cont9u\s activity ( ! subm>9e crat] is obvi\s f ! circum/ance t sulphur\s acid vapors are mix$ ) ! sea wat]1 9 ! ea/]n bay ( ,neokaim5i1 9 ! same mann] z at ,vromolimni1 ne> ,me?ana4 ,copp]$ %ips lie at an*or 9 ! bay 9 ord] to get _! bottoms clean$ & poli%$ by ?is natural 7volcanic7 process4 7,virlet1 9 ! ',bullet9 de la ,societe ,geologique de ,france'1 t4 iii41 p4 #aji1 & ,fi$l] ',reise dur* ,grie*5l&'1 ?4 ii41 s4 #dfi & #ehd47 ,simil> insul> elevations1 & almo/ always at regul> int]vals ( #hj or #ij ye>s199 h be5 manife/$ 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 9 ! ,azores2 b 9 ?is case ! bottom ( ! sea has n be5 elevat$ at exactly ! same p>ts49999 footnote 99,appe>ance ( a new isl& ne> ,/4 ,miguel1 "o ( ! ,azores1 #aa? ( ,june1 #afch1 #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 #agai1 #ac? ( ,june1 #ahaa4 footnote 9999,my e/eem$ fri5d1 ,dr4 ,web/]1 pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy at ,h>v>d ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 ,u4 ,s41 9 8 ',description ( ! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 etc4'1 ,bo/on1 #ahbb1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! isl& nam$ ,sabr9a :i* 0 ab\t a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 & two or ?ree hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,aft] cont9u+ = "s weeks1 x sank into ! sea4 ,dr4 ,web/] describes ! :ole ( ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael z volcanic1 & conta9+ a numb] ( conical hills ( tra*yte1 sev]al ( :i* h crat]s1 & appe> at "s =m] "t to h be5 ! op5+s ( volcanoes4 ,! hot spr+s :i* ab\nd 9 ! isl& are impregnat$ ) sulphuret$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid gases1 appe>+ to atte/ ! exi/5ce ( volcanic action4 -- ,tr4 ,! isl& :i* ,capta9 ,till>d nam$ ',sabr9a'1 appe>$ un=tunately at a "t 7! #cj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahaa7 :5 ! political relations ( ! m>itime nations ( ,we/]n ,europe prev5t$ t att5tion be+ be/[$ ^u ! subject by sci5tific in/itutions :i* 0 aft]w>d direct$ to ! sudd5 appe>ance 7! #b;d ( ,july1 #ahca71 & ! spe$y de/ruction ( ! igne\s isl& ( ,f]d9&ea 9 ! ,sicilian ,sea1 betwe5 ! lime/one %ores ( ,sciacca & ! purely volcanic isl& ( ,pantell>ia499 footnote 99,prevo/1 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,geologique1 t4 iii41 p4 #cd2 ,fri$ri* ,h(fman1 ',h9t]lass5e ,w]ke4' bd4 ii41 s4 #dea-def4 p #bdc ,! geographical di/ribution ( ! volcanoes :i* h be5 9 a /ate ( activity dur+ hi/orical times1 ! great numb] ( insul> & littoral volcanic m\nta9s1 & ! occasional1 al?\gh ephem]al1 eruptions 9 ! bottom ( ! sea1 e>ly l$ to ! belief t volcanic activity 0 connect$ ) ! neighborhood ( ! sea1 & 0 dep5d5t ^u x = its cont9uance4 ,= _m hundr$ ye>s1 says ,ju/9ian1 or r ,trogus ,pompeius1 :om he foll[s199 ,aetna & ! ,aeolian ,isl&s h be5 burn+1 & h[ c\ld ?is h cont9u$ s long if ! fire _h n be5 f$ by ! p #bdd neighbor+ sea89999 footnote 99,acc$unt vic9i et p]petui ,aetnae montis ignes et insul>um ,aeolidum1 veluti ipsis undis alatur inc5dium2 neque enim alit] dur>e tot seculis tantus ignis potuisset1 nisi humoris nutrim5tis al]etur4 7,ju/91 ',hi/4 ,philipp4'1 iv41 i47 ,! volcanic !ory ) :i* ! physical description ( ,sicily "h beg9s is extremely intricate4 ,deep fissur$2 viol5t motion ( ! waves ( ! sea1 :i*1 z !y /rike toge!r1 draw d[n ! air 7! w9d7 = ! ma9t5ance ( ! fire3 su* are ! elem5ts ( ! !ory ( ,trogus4 ,s9ce he seems f ,pl9y 7xi41 #eb7 to h be5 a physiognomi/1 we may presume t 8 num]\s lo/ works 7 n conf9$ to hi/ory alone4 ,! op9ion t air is =c$ into ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 !re to act on ! vocanic furnaces1 0 connect$ by ! anci5ts ) ! suppos$ influ5ce ( w9ds f diff]5t qu>t]s on ! int5sity ( ! fires burn+ 9 tna1 ,hi]a1 & ,/romboli4 7,see ! rem>kable passage 9 ,/rabo1 liv4 vi41 ,aetna47 ,! m\nta9 isl& ( ,/romboli 7,/rongyle7 0 reg>d$ !re=e1 z ! dwell+-place ( ,aeolus1 ! regulator ( ! w9ds1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sailors =etell+ ! wea!r f ! activity ( ! volcanic eruptions ( ?is isl&4 ,! connection betwe5 ! eruption ( a small volcano ) ! /ate ( ! b>omet] & ! direction ( ! w9d is /ill g5]ally recogniz$ 7,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',descr4 ,phys4 des ,iles ,can>ies'1 p4 #ccd2 ,h(fmann1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xxvi41 s4 viii71 al?\gh our pres5t k ( volcanic ph5om5a1 & ! slight *anges ( atmosph]ic pressure accompany+ our w9ds1 d n enable u to (f] any satisfactory explanation ( ! fact4 ,bembo1 :o dur+ 8 y\? 0 br\ght up 9 ,sicily by ,greek refugees1 gave an agreeable n>rative ( 8 w&]+s1 & 9 8 ',aetna ,dialogus' 7writt5 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury7 advances ! !ory ( ! p5etration ( sea wat] to ! v c5t] ( ! volcanic action1 & ( ! necessity ( ! proximity ( ! sea to active volcanoes4 ,9 asc5d+ ,aetna ! foll[+ "q 0 propos$3 ,expla9a potius nobis quae petimus1 ea inc5dia unde oriantur et orta quomodo p]dur5t4 ,9 omni tellure nuspiam majores fi/ulae aut meatus ampliores sunt quam 9 locis1 quae vel m>i vic9a sunt1 vel a m>i prot9us alluntur3 m>e erodit illa facillime p]gitque 9 visc]a t]rae4 ,itaque cum 9 ali5a regna sibi viam faciat1 v5tis etiam facit2 ex quo fit1 ut loca quaeque m>itima maxime t]rae motibus subjecta s9t1 p>um m$it]ranea4 ,habes quum 9 sulfuris v5as v5ti fur5tes incid]9t1 unde inc5dia oriantur tn tuae4 ,vides1 quae m>e 9 radicibus habeat1 quae sulfurea sit1 quae cav]nosa1 quae a m>i aliqu&o p]=ata v5tos admiscrit ,ae/uantes1 p] quos idonea flammae mat]ies inc5d]etur4 footnote 9999,al?\gh ext9ct volcanoes seem by no means conf9$ to ! neighborhood ( ! pres5t seas1 be+ (t5 scatt]$ ov] ! mo/ inl& portions ( our exi/+ cont95ts1 yet x w appe> t1 at ! "t at :i* !y 7 9 an active /ate1 ! great] "p 7 9 ! neighborhood ei!r ( ! sea1 or ( ! ext5sive salt or fre% wat] lakes1 :i* exi/$ at t p]iod ov] mu* ( :at is n[ dry l&4 ,?is may be se5 ei!r by ref]r+ to ,dr4 ,b\e's map ( ,europe1 or to t publi%$ by ,mr4 ,lyell 9 ! rec5t edition ( 8 ',pr9ciples ( ,geology' 7#ahdg71 f bo? ( :i* x w become app>5t t1 at a comp>atively rec5t epo*1 ^? p>ts ( ,france1 ( ,g]many1 ( ,hung>y1 & ( ,italy1 :i* af=d evid5ces ( volcanic action n[ ext9ct1 7 cov]$ by ! ocean4 ,daub5ey ',on ,volcanoes'1 p4 #fje4 -- ,tr4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! necessity ( ! vic9ity ( ! sea1 rec\rse has be5 _h1 ev5 9 mod]n times1 to ! hypo!sis ( ! p5etration ( sea wat] into ! foci ( volcanic ag5cy1 t is to say1 into deep-seat$ t]re/rial /rata4 ,:5 ,i collect toge!r all ! facts t may be d]iv$ f my own obs]vation & ! labori\s rese>*es ( o!rs1 x appe>s to me t e ?+ 9 ?is great quantity ( aque\s vapors1 :i* are unque/ionably exhal$ f volcanoes ev5 :5 9 a /ate ( re/1 be d]iv$ f sea wat] impregnat$ ) salt1 or r1 p]haps ) fre% meteoric wat]2 or :e!r ! expansive =ce ( ! vapors 7:i*1 at a dep? ( ne>ly #id1jjj feet1 is equal to #bhjj atmosph]es7 w\ld be able at diff]5t dep?s to c\nt]balance ! hydro/atic pressure ( ! sea1 & ?us af=d !m1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 a free access to ! focus299 or :e!r ! =mation ( metallic *lorids1 ! pres5ce ( *lorid ( sodium 9 ! fissures ( ! crat]1 & ! frequ5t mixture ( hydro*loric acid ) ! aque\s vapors1 necess>ily imply access ( sea wat]2 or1 f9ally1 :e!r ! repose ( volcanoes 7ei!r :5 tempor>y1 or p]man5t & complete7 dep5ds ^u ! closure ( ! *annels by :i* ! sea or meteoric wat] 0 convey$1 or :e!r ! abs5ce ( flames & ( exhalations ( hydrog5 7& sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas seems m *>act]i/ic ( solfat>as ?an ( active volcanoes7 is n directly at v>iance p #bde ) ! hypo!sis ( ! decomposition ( great masses ( wat]89999 footnote 99 ,comp>e ,gay-,lussac1 ',sur les ,volcans'1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 xxii41 p4 #dbg1 & ,bis*(1 ',w>melehre'1 s4 #bgb4 ,! eruptions ( smoke & /eam :i* h at diff]5t p]iods be5 se5 9 ,lanc]ote1 ,icel&1 & ! ,kurile ,isl&s1 dur+ ! eruption ( ! neighbor+ volcanoes1 af=d indications ( ! reaction ( volcanic foci ?r\gh t5se columns ( wat]2 t is to say1 ^! ph5om5a occur :5 ! expansive =ce ( ! vapor exce$s ! hydro/atic pressure4 footnote 9999 ,see ,daub5ey ',on ,volcanoes'1 ,"p iii41 *4 xxxvi41 xxxviii41 xxxix4 -- ,tr4 ,! discussion ( ^! important physical que/ions does n come )9 ! scope ( a "w ( ?is nature2 b1 :ile we are consid]+ ^! ph5om5a1 we w\ld ent] some:at m into ! "q ( ! geographical di/ribution ( /ill active volcanoes4 ,we f9d1 = in/ance1 t 9 ! ,new ,_w1 ?ree1 viz41 ,jorullo1 ,popocatepetl1 & ! volcano ( ,de la ,fragua1 are situat$ at ! respective di/ances ( #hj1 #acb1 & #aif miles f ! sea-coa/1 :ile 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 z ,abel ,remusat99 fir/ made kn[n to geognosi/s1 ! ,?ians*an 7,cele/ial ,m\nta9s71 9 :i* are situat$ ! lava-emitt+ m\nta9 ( ,pe-s*an1 ! solfat>a ( ,urumtsi1 & ! /ill active igne\s m\nta9 7,ho-ts*eu7 ( ,turfan1 lie at an almo/ equal di/ance 7#adhj to #aebh miles7 f ! %ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea & ^? ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 footnote 99,abel ,remusat1 ',lettre a ,m4 ,cordi]'1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 v41 p4 #acg4 ,pe-s*an is also fully #acfj miles di/ant f ! ,caspian ,sea199 & #agb & #bah miles f ! seas ( ,issikul & ,balkas*4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cj-cc1 #ch-eb1 #gj-hj1 & #dbf-dbh4 ,! exi/5ce ( active volcanoes 9 ,kord(an1 #edj miles f ! ,r$ ,sea1 has be5 rec5tly contradict$ by ,ruppell1 ',reis5 9 ,nubi5'1 #ahbi1 s4 #aea4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( notice1 t among ! f\r great p>allel m\nta9 *a9s :i* trav]se ! ,asiatic cont95t f ea/ to we/1 ! ,altai1 ! ,?ians*an1 ! ,ku5-lun1 & ! ,himalaya1 x is n ! latt] *a91 :i* is ne>e/ to ,ku5-lun1 at ! di/ance ( #afjj & #gbj miles f ! sea1 :i* h fire-emitt+ m\nta9s l ,aetna & ,vesuvius1 & g5]ate ammonia l ! volcano ( ,guatimala4 ,*9ese writ]s und\bt$ly speak ( lava /reams :5 !y describe ! emissions ( smoke & flame1 :i*1 issu+ f ,pe-s*an1 deva/at$ a space measur+ t5 li99 9 ! fir/ & sev5? c5turies ( our era4 footnote 99,a 'li' is a ,*9ese measurem5t1 equal to ab\t "o ?irtie? ( a mile4 -- ,tr4 ,burn+ masses ( /one fl[$1 accord+ to _! description l ?9 melt$ fat4 ,! facts t h be5 enum]at$1 & to :i* suffici5t att5tion has n be5 be/[$1 r5d] x probable t ! vic9ity ( ! sea1 & ! p5etration ( sea wat] to ! foci ( volcanoes1 are n absolutely necess>y to ! eruption ( p #bdf subt]ranean fire1 & t littoral situations only favor ! eruption by =m+ ! m>g9 ( a deep sea bas91 :i*1 cov]$ by /rata ( wat]1 & ly+ _m ?\s& feet l[] ?an ! int]ior cont95t1 c (f] b an inconsid]able degree ( resi/ance4 ,! pres5t active volcanoes1 :i* communicate by p]man5t crat]s simultane\sly ) ! int]ior ( ! e>? & ) ! atmosph]e1 mu/ h be5 =m$ at a subsequ5t p]iod1 :5 ! upp] *alk /rta & all ! t]ti>y =mations 7 already pres5t3 ?is is %[n to be ! fact by ! tra*ytic & basaltic eruptions :i* frequ5tly =m ! walls ( ! crat] ( elevation4 ,melaphyres ext5d to ! middle t]ti>y =mations1 b are f\nd already 9 ! ,jura lime/one1 :]e !y break ?r\gh ! v>iegat$ s&/one499 footnote 99,dufr5oy et ,elie de ,beaumont1 ',explication de la ,c>te ,geologique de la ,france'1 t4 i41 p4 #hi4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ! e>li] outp\r+s ( granite1 qu>tzose porphyry1 & euphotide f tempor>y fissures 9 ! old transition rocks ) ! pres5t active volcanic crat]s4 ,! ext9ction ( volcanic activity is ei!r only p>tial -- 9 :i* case ! subt]ranean fire seeks ano!r passage ( escape 9 ! same m\nta9 *a9 -- or x is total1 z 9 ,auv]gne4 ,m rec5t examples are record$ 9 hi/orical times1 ( ! total ext9ction ( ! volcano ( ,mosy*los199 on ! isl& sacr$ to ,hephae/os 7,vulcan71 ^: high :irl+ flames 7 kn[n to ,sophocles2 & ( ! volcano ( ,m$9a1 :i* accord+ to ,burckh>dt1 /ill cont9u$ to p\r out a /ream ( lava on ! #b;d ( ,novemb]1 #abgf4 footnote 99,sophocl41 ',philoct4'1 v4 #iga & #igb4 ,on ! suppos$ epo* ( ! ext9ction ( ! ,lemnian fire 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 comp>e ,buttmann1 9 ! ',museum d] ,alt]humswiss5s*aft'1 bd4 i41 #ahjg1 s4 #bie2 ,dureau de la ,malle1 9 ,malte-,brun1 ',annales des ,voyages'1 t4 ix41 #ahji1 p4 #e2 ,uk]t 9 ,b]tu*1 ',geogr4 ,ephem]id5'1 bd4 xxxix41 #ahab1 s4 #cfa2 ,rhode1 ',res ,lemnicae'1 #ahbi1 p4 #h2 & ,walt]1 ',ueb] ,abnahame d] ,vulk54 ,?atigkeit 9 ,hi/oris*5 ,zeit5'1 #ahdd1 s4 #bd4 ,! *>t ( ,lemmos1 con/ruct$ by ,*oiseul1 makes x extremely probable t ! ext9ct crat] ( ,mosy*los1 & ! isl& ( ,*ryse1 ! des]t habitation ( ,philoctetes 7,otfri$ ,mull]1 ',m9y]'1 s4 #cjj71 h be5 long swall[$ up by ! sea4 ,reefs & %oals1 to ! nor!a/ ( ,lemnos1 /ill indicate ! spot :]e ! ,aegean ,sea once possess$ an active volcano l ,aetna1 ,vesuvius1 ,/romboli1 & ,volcano 79 ! ,lip>i ,isles74 ,e /age ( volcanic activity1 f its fir/ orig9 to its ext9ction1 is *>act]iz$ by peculi> products2 fir/ by ignit$ scoriae1 /reams ( lava consi/+ ( tra*yte1 pyrox5e1 & obsidian1 & by rapilli & tuface\s a%es1 accompani$ by ! developm5t p #bdg ( l>ge quantities ( pure aque\s vapor2 subsequ5tly1 :5 ! volcano becomes a solfat>a1 by aque\s vapors mix$ ) sulphuret$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid gases2 &1 f9ally1 :5 x is completely cool$1 by exhalations ( c>bonic acid alone4 ,!re is a rem>kable class ( igne\s m\nta9s :i* d n eject lava1 b m]ely deva/at+ /reams ( hot wat]199 impregnat$ ) burn+ sulphur & rocks r$uc$ to a /ate ( du/ 7z1 = in/ance1 ! ,galungung 9 ,java72 b :e!r ^! m\nta9s pres5t a normal condition1 or only a c]ta9 transitory modification ( ! volcanic process1 mu/ rema9 undecid$ until !y are visit$ by geologi/s possess$ ( a k ( *emi/ry 9 its pres5t condition4 footnote 99,comp>e ,re9w>dt & ,h(fmann1 9 ,pogg5dorf's ',annal5'1 bd4 xii41 s4 #fjg2 ,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',descr4 des ,iles ,can>ies'1 p4 #dbd-dbf4 ,! eruptions ( argillace\s mud at ,c>guairazo1 :5 t volcano 0 de/roy$ 9 #afih1 ! ,lodazales ( ,igualata1 & ! ,moya ( ,pelileo -- all on ! table-l& ( ,quito -- are volcanic ph5om5a ( a simil> nature4 ,i h endeavor$ 9 ! above rem>ks to furni% a g5]al description ( volcanoes -- compris+ "o ( ! mo/ important sections ( ! hi/ory ( t]re/rial activity -- & ,i h bas$ my /atem5ts p>tly on my own obs]vations1 b m 9 _! g5]al be>+ on ! results yield$ by ! labors ( my old fri5d1 ,leopold von ,bu*1 ! greate/ geognosi/ ( our own age1 & ! fir/ :o recogniz$ ! intimate connection ( volcanic ph5om5a1 & _! mutual dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to _! relations 9 space4 ,volcanic action1 or ! reaction ( ! int]ior ( a planet on its ext]nal cru/ & surface1 0 long reg>d$ only z an isolat$ ph5om5on1 & 0 consid]$ solely ) respect to ! di/urb+ action ( ! subt]ranean =ce2 & x is only 9 rec5t times t -- greatly to ! advantage ( geogno/ical views bas$ on physical analogies -- volcanic =ces h be5 reg>d$ z '=m+ new rocks1 & trans=m+ ^? t already exi/$'4 ,we "h arrive at ! po9t to :i* ,i h already allud$1 at :i* a well-gr\nd$ /udy ( ! activity ( volcanoes1 :e!r igne\s or m]ely su* z emit gase\s exhalations1 leads u1 on ! "o h&1 to ! m9]alogical bran* ( geognosy 7! sci5ce ( ! texture & ! succession ( t]re/rial /rata71 &1 on ! o!r1 to ! sci5ce ( geographical =ms & outl9es -- ! configuration ( cont95ts & insul> gr\ps elevat$ above ! level p #bdh ( ! sea4 ,?is ext5d$ insight into ! connection ( natural ph5om5a is ! result ( ! philosophical direction :i* has be5 s g5]ally assum$ by ! m e>ne/ /udy ( geognosy4 ,increas$ cultivation ( sci5ce & enl>gem5t ( political views alike t5d to unite elem5ts t _h long be5 divid$4 ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages #bdh- ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- p #bdh ,if1 in/ead ( classify+ rocks accord+ to _! v>ieties ( =m & sup]position into /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$1 s*i/ose & compact1 normal & abnormal1 we inve/igate ^? ph5om5a ( =mation & trans=mation :i* are /ill go+ on be=e our eyes1 we %all f9d t rocks admit ( be+ arrang$ accord+ to f\r modes ( orig94 ',rocks ( eruption'1 :i* h issu$ f ! int]ior ( ! e>? ei!r 9 a /ate ( fusion f volcanic action1 or 9 a m or less s(t1 visc\s condition1 f ,plutonic action4 ',s$im5t>y rocks'1 :i* h be5 precipitat$ & deposit$ on ! e>?'s surface f a fluid1 9 :i* ! mo/ m9ute p>ticles 7 ei!r dissolv$ or held 9 susp5sion con/itut+ ! great] "p ( ! second>y 7or flotz7 & t]ti>y gr\ps4 ',trans=m$ or metamorphic rocks'199 9 :i* ! int]nal texture & ! mode ( /ratification h be5 *ang$1 ei!r p #bdi by contact or proximity ) a ,plutonic or volcanic endog5\s rock ( eruption19999 or1 :at is m frequ5tly ! case1 by a gase\s sublimation ( sub/ances999999 :i* accompany c]ta9 masses erupt$ 9 a hot1 fluid condition4 footnote 99,z ! doctr9e ( m9]al metamorphism is n[ excit+ v g5]al att5tion1 we subjo9 a few explanatory obs]vations by ! ',new ,philos4 ,j\rn4'1 ,jan41 #ahdh3 ,9 its wide/ s5se1 m9]al metamorphism means e *ange ( aggregation1 /ructure1 or *emical condition :i* rocks h und]gone subsequ5tly to _! deposition & /ratification1 or ! effects :i* h be5 produc$ by o!r =ces ?an gravity & cohesion4 ,!re fall "u ?is def9ition1 ! discoloration ( ! surface ( black lime/one by ! loss ( c>bon2 ! =mation ( br[ni%-r$ cru/s on rocks ( lime/one1 s&/one1 _m slate /ructures1 s]p5t9e1 granite1 etc41 by ! decomposition ( iton pyrites1 or magnetic iron1 f9ely dissem9at$ 9 ! mass ( ! rock2 ! conv]sion ( anhydrite into gypsum1 9 consequ5ce ( ! absorption ( wat]2 ! crumbl+ ( _m granites & porphyries into gravel1 occasion$ by ! decomposition ( ! mica & feldsp>4 ,9 its m limit$ s5se1 ! t]m metamorphic is conf9$ to ^? *anges ( ! rock :i* are produc$1 n by ! effect ( ! atmosph]e or ( wat] on ! expos$ surfaces1 b :i* are produc$1 directly or indirectly1 by ag5cies seat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,9 _m cases ! mode ( *ange may be expla9$ by our physical or *emical !ories1 & may be view$ z ! effect ( temp]ature or ( electro-*emical actions4 ,adjo9+ rocks1 or connect+ communications ) ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 also di/9ctly po9t out ! seat f :i* ! *ange proce$s4 ,9 _m o!r cases ! metamorphic process itself rema9s a my/]y1 & f ! nature ( ! products alone d we conclude t su* a metamorphic action has tak5 place4 -- ,tr4 footnote 9999 ,9 a plan ( ! neighborhood ( ,tezcuco1 ,totonilco1 & ,moran 7',atlas ,geographique et ,physique'1 pl4 vii471 :i* ,i orig9ally 7#ahjc7 int5d$ = a "w :i* ,i nev] publi%$1 entitl$ ',pasigrafia ,geogno/ica de/9ada al uso de los ,jov5es del ,colegio de ,m9]ia de ,mexico'1 ,i names 79 #ahcb7 ! ,plutonic & volcanic eruptive rocks 'endog5\s' 7g5]at$ 9 ! int]ior71 & ! s$im5t>y & flotz rocks 'exog5\s' 7or g5]at$ ext]nally on ! surface ( ! e>?74 ,pasiw>d1 upw>d arr[ & ! latt] by ! same symbol direct$ d[nw>d d[nw>d arr[4 ,^! signs h at lea/ "s advantage ov] ! asc5d+ l9es1 :i* 9 ! old] sy/ems repres5t arbitr>ily & ungracefully ! horizontally rang$ s$im5t>y /rata1 & _! p5etration ?r\gh masses ( basalt1 porphyry1 & sy5ite4 ,! names propos$ 9 ! pasigraphico-geogno/ic plan 7 borr[$ f ,de ,c&olle's nom5clature1 9 :i* 'endog5\s' is synonym\s ) monocotyl$on\s1 & 'exog5\s' ) dicotyl$on\s plants4 ,mohl's m accurate exam9ation ( vegetable tissues has1 h[ev]1 %[n t ! gr[? ( monocotyl$ons f )91 & dicotyl$ons f )\t1 is n /rictly & g5]ally true = vegetable organisms 7,l9k1 ',elem5ta ,philosophiae ,botanicae'1 t4 i41 #ahcg1 p4 #bhg2 ,endli*] & ,ung]1 ',grundzug$] ,botanik'1 #ahdc1 s4 #hi2 & ,jussieu1 ',traite de ,botanique'1 t4 i41 p4 #he74 ,! rocks :i* ,i h t]m$ endog5\s are *>act]i/ically di/+ui%$ by ,lyell1 9 8 ',pr9ciples ( ,geology'1 #ahcc1 vol4 iii41 p4 #cgd1 z ne!r-=m$ or hypog5e rocks4 footnote 999999 ,comp>e ,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',ueb] ,dolomit als ,gebirgs>t'1 #ahbc1 s4 #cf2 & 8 rem>ks on ! degree ( fluidity to be ascrib$ to ,plutonic rocks at ! p]iod ( _! eruption1 z well z on ! =mation ( gneiss f s*i/1 ?r\gh ! action ( granite & ( ! sub/ances upheav$ ) x1 to be f\nd 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*4 zu ,b]l9' = ! ye> #ahdb1 s4 #eh und #fc1 & 9 ! ',jahrbu* fur ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik'1 #ahdj1 s4 #aie4 ',conglom]ates'2 co>se or f9ely granul> s&/ones1 or breccias compos$ ( me*anically-divid$ masses ( ! ?ree previ\s species4 ,^! f\r modes ( =mation -- by ! emission ( volcanic masses1 z n>r[ lava /reams2 by ! action ( ^! masses on rocks previ\sly h>d5$2 by me*anical sep>ation or *emical precipitation f liquids impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid2 &1 f9ally1 by ! cem5tation ( dis9tegrat$ rocks ( het]og5e\s nature -- are ph5om5a & =mative processes :i* mu/ m]ely be reg>d$ z a fa9t reflection ( t m en]getic activity :i* mu/ h *>act]iz$ ! *aotic condition ( ! e>li] _w "u :olly diff]5t conditions ( pressure & at a high] temp]ature1 n only 9 ! :ole cru/ ( ! e>?1 b likewise 9 ! m p #bej ext5d$ atmosph]e1 ov]load$ ) vapors4 ,! va/ fissures :i* 7 =m]ly op5 9 ! solid cru/ ( ! e>? h s9ce be5 fill$ up or clos$ by ! protrusion ( elevat$ m\nta9 *a9s1 or by ! p5etration ( ve9s ( rocks ( eruption 7granite1 porphyry1 basalt1 & melaphyre72 & :ile1 sc>cely m ?an f\r volcanoes rema9+ ?r\gh :i* fire & /ones are erupt$1 ! ?9n]1 m fissur$1 & un/able cru/ ( ! e>? 0 anci5tly almo/ e :]e cov]$ by *annels ( communication betwe5 ! fus$ int]ior & ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,gase\s emanations ris+ f v unequal dep?s1 & !re=e convey+ sub/ances diff]+ 9 _! *emical nature1 imp>t$ great] activity to ! ,plutonic processes ( =mation & trans=mation4 ,! s$im5t>y =mations1 ! deposits ( liquid fluids f cold & hot spr+s1 :i* we daily see produc+ ! trav]t9e /rata ne> ,rome1 & ne> ,hob>t ,t[n 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 af=d b a fa9t idea ( ! flotz =mation4 ,9 our seas1 small banks ( lime/one1 almo/ equal 9 h>dness at "s p>ts to ,c>r>a m>ble199 are 9 ! c\rse ( =mation1 by gradual precipitation1 accumulation1 & cem5tation -- processes ^: mode ( action has n be5 suffici5tly well inve/igat$4 footnote ,d>w91 ',volcanic ,isl&s'1 #ahdd1 p4 #di & #aed4 ,! ,sicilian coa/1 ! isl& ( ,asc5sion1 & ,k+ ,george's ,s\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 are in/ances ( ?is mode ( =mation4 ,on ! coa/s ( ! ,antilles1 ^! =mations ( ! pres5t ocean conta9 articles ( pott]y1 & o!r objects ( human indu/ry1 & 9 ,guadal\pe ev5 human skeletons ( ! ,c>ib tribes499 footnote 99,9 mo/ in/ances ! bones are disp]s$2 b a l>ge slab ( rock1 9 :i* consid]able portion ( ! skeleton ( a female is emb$d$1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! bones has be5 expla9$ by ! circum/ance ( a battle1 & ! massacre ( a tribe ( ,gallibis by ! ,c>ibs1 :i* took place ne> ! spot 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 ab\t #abj ye>s ago2 =1 z ! bodies ( ! sla9 7 int]r$ on ! sea-%ore1 _! skeletons may h be5 subsequ5tly cov]$ by s&-drift1 :i* has s9ce consolidat$ into lime/one4 ,dr4 ,m\ltrie1 ( ! ,m$ical ,college1 ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,u4,s41 is1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t ^! bones did n belong to individuals ( ! ,c>ib tribe1 b ( ! ,p]uvian race1 or ( a tribe possess+ a simil> craniological developm5t4 --,tr4 ,! negroes ( ! ,fr5* colonies designate ^! =mations by ! "n ( ',maconne-bon-,dieu'499 ,moreau de ,jonnes1 ',hi/4 ,phys4 des ,antilles'1 t4 i41 p4 #acf1 #ach1 & #edc2 ,humboldt1 ',relation ,hi/orique'1 t4 iii41 p4 #cfg4 ,a small colitic b$1 =m$ 9 ,lanc]ote1 "o ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & :i*1 not)/&+ p #bea its rec5t =mation1 be>s a resemblance to ,jura ,lime/one1 has be5 recogniz$ z a product ( ! sea & ( tempe/s499 footnote 99,ne> ,teguiza4 ,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',can>is*e ,inseln'1 s4 #cja4 ,composite rocks are def9ite associations ( c]ta9 crytono/ic1 simple m9]als1 z feldsp>1 mica1 solid silex1 augite1 & nephel9e4 ,rocks v simil> to ^! consi/+ ( ! same elem5ts1 b gr\p$ diff]5tly1 are /ill =m$ by volcanic processes1 z 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ! _w4 ,! "* ( rocks1 z we h already rem>k$ is s indep5d5t ( geographical relations ( space199 t ! geologi/ recognizes ) surprise1 alike to ! nor? or ! s\? ( ! equator1 9 ! remote/ & mo/ dissimil> zones1 ! famili> aspect1 & ! repetition ( ev5 ! mo/ m9ute *>act]i/ics 9 ! p]iodic /ratification ( ! silurian /rata1 & 9 ! effects ( contact ) augitic masses ( eruption4 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 op4 cit41 p4 #i4 ,we w n[ ent] m fully into ! consid]ation ( ! f\r modes 9 :i* rocks are =m$ -- ! f\r phases ( _! =mative processes manife/$ 9 ! /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ portions ( ! e>?'s surface2 ?us1 9 ! 'endog5\s' or 'erupt$ rocks'1 designat$ by mod]n geognosi/s z compact & abnormal rocks1 we may enum]ate ! foll[+ pr9cipal gr\ps z imm$iate products ( t]re/rial activity3 #a4 ',granite & sy5ite' ( v diff]5t respective ages2 ! granite is frequ5tly ! m rec5t199 trav]s+ ! sy5ite 9 ve9s1 & be+1 9 t case1 ! active upheav+ ag5t4 ,:]e ! granite occurs 9 l>ge1 insulat$ masses ( a fa9tly-ar*$1 ellipsoidal =m1 x is cov]$ by a cru/ ( %ell cleft into blocks1 in/ances ( :i* are met ) alike 9 ! ,h>tz di/rict1 9 ,mysore1 & 9 ,l[] ,p]u4 footnote 99,b]nh>d ,cotta1 ',geognosie'1 #ahci1 s4 #bgc4 ,?is surface ( ! granite1 ow+ to ! great expansion t accompani$ its fir/ upheaval499 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',ueb] ,granit & ,gneiss'1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,b]l4 ,akad4' = ! ye> #ahdb1 s4 #fj4 ,bo? 9 ,nor!rn ,asia199 on ! *>m+ & romantic %ores ( ! ,lake ( ,kolivan1 on ! nor?we/ declivity ( p4 #beb ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 & at ,las ,tr9*]as1 on ! slop ( ! littoral *a9 ( ,c>accas19999 ,i h se5 granite divid$ into l$ges1 ow+ probably to a simil> contraction1 al?\gh ! divisions appe>$ to p5etrate f> into ! int]ior4 footnote 99 ,9 ! project+ mural masses ( granite ( ,lake ,kolivan1 divid$ into n>r[ p>allel b$s1 !re are num]\s cry/als ( feldsp> & albite1 & a few ( titanium 7,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #bie1 ,gu/av ,rose1 ',reise ma* dem ,ural'1 bd4 i41 s4 #ebd74 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',relation ,hi/orique'1 t4 ii41 p4 #ii ,fur!r to ! s\? ( ,lake ,kolivan1 t[>d ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,*9ese prov9ce ,ili 7betwe5 ,bu*t>m9sk & ! ,riv] ,n>ym71 ! =mation ( ! erupt$ rock1 9 :i* !re is no gneiss1 is m rem>kable ?an ,i ev] obs]v$ 9 any o!r "p ( ! e>?4 ,! granite1 :i* is always cov]$ ) scales & *>act]iz$ by tabul> divisions1 rises 9 ! /eppes1 ei!r 9 small hemisph]ical em95ces1 sc>cely six or eight feet 9 height1 or l basalt1 9 m\nds1 t]m9at+ on ei!r side ( _! bases 9 n>r[ /reams499 footnote 9999 ,see ! sket* ( ,biri-tau1 :i* ,i took f ! s\? side1 :]e ! ,kirghis t5ts /ood1 & :i* is giv5 9 ,rose's ',reise'1 bd4 i41 s4 #ehd4 ,on sph]es ( granite scal+ (f conc5trically1 see my ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #dig1 & ',essai ,geogn4 sur les ,gisem5t des ,ro*es'1 p4 #gh4 ,at ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 z well z 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,fi*telgebirge 7,seiss571 9 ,galicia1 & betwe5 ! ,pacific & ! highl&s ( ,mexico 7on ! ,papagallo71 ,i h se5 granite 9 l>ge1 flatt5$ sph]ical masses1 :i* c\ld be divid$1 l basalt1 into conc5tric lay]s4 ,9 ! valley ( ,irtys*1 betwe5 ,bu*t>m9sk & ,u/kam5ogorsk1 granite cov]s transition slate = a space ( f\r miles199 p5etrat+ into x f above 9 n>r[1 v>i\sly ramifi$1 w$ge-l ve9s4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #bii-caa1 & ! draw+s 9 ,rose's ',reise'1 bd4 i41 s4 #faa1 9 :i* we see ! curvature 9 ! lay]s ( granite :i* ,leop4 von ,bu* has po9t$ out z *ract]i/ic4 ,i h only in/anc$ ^! peculi>ities 9 ord] to designate ! individual "* ( "o ( ! mo/ g5]ally diffus$ erupt$-rocks4 ,z granite is sup]pos$ on slate 9 ,sib]ia & 9 ! ,dep>tem5t de ,f9i/]re 7,isle de ,mihau71 s x cov]s ! ,jura lime/one 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,oisons 7,f]monts71 & sy5ite1 & indirectly also *alk1 9 ,saxony1 ne> ,we9bohla499 footnote 99,?is rem>kable sup]position 0 fir/ describ$ by ,weiss 9 ,kr/5's ',ar*iv fur ,b]gbau und ,htt5wes5'1 bd4 xvi41 #ahbg1 s4 #e4 ,ne> ,murs9sk1 9 ! ,uralian di/rict1 granite is ( a drus\s "*1 & "h ! pores1 l ! fissures & cavities ( rec5t volcanic products1 inclose _m k9ds ( magnific5t cry/als1 especially b]yls & topazes4 #b4 ',qu>tzose porphyry' is (t5 f\nd 9 ! relation ( ve9s to o!r rocks4 ,! base is g5]ally a f9ely granul> mixture ( ! same elem5ts :i* occur 9 ! l>g] imb$d$ p #bec cry/als4 ,9 granitic porphyry t is v poor 9 qu>tz1 ! feldspa?ic base is almo/ granul> & lam9at$499 footnote 99,dufr5oy et ,elie de ,beaumont1 ',geologie de la ,france'1 t4 i41 p4 #acj4 #c4 ',gre5/ones1 ,diorite'1 are granul> mixtures ( :ite albite & blacki%-gre5 hornbl5de1 =m+ dioritic porphyry :5 ! cry/als are deposit$ 9 a base ( d5s] tissue4 ,! gre5/ones1 ei!r pure1 or inclos+ lam9ae ( diallage 7z 9 ! ,fi*telgebirge71 & pass+ into s]p5t9e1 h sometimes p5etrat$1 9 ! =m ( /rata1 into ! old /ratifi$ fissures ( gre5 argillace\s slate1 b !y m frequ5tly trav]se ! rocks 9 ve9s1 or appe> z globul> masses ( gre5/one1 simil> to domes ( basalt & porphyry499 footnote 99,^! int]calat$ b$s ( diorite play an important "p 9 ! m\nta9 di/rict ( ,nailau1 ne> ,/eb51 :]e ,i 0 engag$ 9 m9+ op]ations 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & ) :i* ! happie/ associations ( my e>ly life are connect$4 ,comp>e ,h(fmann1 9 ,pogg5dorf's ',annal5'1 bd4 xvi41 s4 #eeh4 ',hyp]/h5e rock' is a granul> mixture ( labradorite & hyp]/h5e4 ',euphotide' & s]p5t9e1 conta9+ sometimes cry/ald ( augite & uralite in/ead ( diallage1 are ?us ne>ly alli$ to ano!r m frequ5t1 & ,i might almo/ say1 m 'en]getic' eruptive rock -- augitic porphyry499 footnote 99,9 ! s\!rn & ,ba%kirian portion ( ! ,ural4 ,rose1 ',reise'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #aga4 ',melaphyre'1 augitic1 uralitic1 & oligokla/ic porphyries4 ,to ! la/-nam$ species belongs ! g5u9e 'v]d-antique'1 s celebrat$ 9 ! arts4 ',basalt'1 conta9+ oliv9e & con/itu5ts :i* gelat9ize 9 acids2 phonoli! 7porphyritic slate71 tra*yte1 & col]ite2 ! fir/ ( ^! rocks is only pa>tially1 & ! second always1 divid$ into ?9 lam9ae1 :i* give !m an appe>ance ( /ratification :5 ext5d$ ov] a l>ge space4 ,mesotype & nephel9e con/itute1 accord+ to ,gir>d1 an important "p 9 ! composition & int]nal texture ( basalt4 ,! nephel9e conta9$ 9 basalt rem9ds ! geognosi/ bo? ( ! miascite ( ! ,ilm5 ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,ural199 :i* has be5 conf\nd$ ) granite1 & sometimes conta9s zirconium1 & ( ! pyrox5ic nephel9e discov]$ by ,gumpre*t ne> ,lobau & ,*emnitz4 footnote 99,g4 ,rose1 ',reise na* dem ,ural'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #dg-eb4 ,respect+ ! id5tity ( eleolite & uephel9e 7! latt] conta9+ r ! m lime71 see ,s*e]]1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xlix41 s4 #cei-cha4 ,to ! second or s$im5t>y rocks belong ! great] "p ( ! =mations :i* h be5 compris$ "u ! old p #bed sy/ematic1 b n v correct designation ( 'transition1 flot' or 'second>y'1 & 't]ti>y =mations'4 ,if ! erupt$ rocks _h n ex]cis$ an elevat+1 &1 ow+ to ! simultane\s %ock ( ! e>?1 a di/urb+ influ5ce on ^! s$im5t>y =mations1 ! surface ( our planet w\ld h consi/$ ( /rata arrang$ 9 a uni=mly horizontal direction above "o ano!r4 ,depriv$ ( m\nta9 *a9s1 on ^: declivities ! gradations ( vegetable =ms & ! scale ( ! dim9i%+ heat ( ! atmosph]e appe> to be picturesquely reflect$ -- furr[$ ony "h & !re by valleys ( erosion1 =m$ by ! =ce ( fre% wat] mov+ on 9 g5tle undulations1 or by ! accumulation ( detritus1 result+ f ! action ( curr5ts ( wat] -- cont95ts w\ld h pres5t$ no o!r appe>ance f pole to pole ?an ! dre>y uni=mity ( ! llanos ( ,s\? ,am]ica or ! /eppes ( ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,! vault ( heav5 w\ld ev]y:]e h appe>$ to re/ on va/ pla9s1 & ! />s to rise z if !y em]g$ f ! dep?s ( ocean4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s c\ld n1 h[ev]1 h g5]ally prevail$ = any l5g? ( "t 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ! _w1 s9ce subt]ranean =ces mu/ h /riv5 9 all epo*s to ex]t a c\nt]act+ influ5ce4 ,s$im5t>y /rta h be5 ei!r precipitat$ or deposit$ f liquids1 accord+ z ! mat]ials ent]+ into _! composition are suppos$1 :e!r z lime/one or argillace\s slate1 to be ei!r *emically dissolv$ or susp5d$ & comm+l$4 ,b e>?1 :5 dissolv$ 9 fluids impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid1 mu/ be reg>d$ z und]go+ a me*anical process :ile !y are be+ precipitat$1 deposit$1 & accumulat$ into /rata4 ,?is view is ( "s importance ) respect to ! envelopm5t ( organic bodies 9 petrify+ calc>e\s b$s4 ,! mo/ anci5t s$im5ts ( ! transition & second>y =mations h probably be5 =m$ f wat] at a m or less high temp]ature1 & at a "t :5 ! heat ( ! upp] surface ( ! e>? 0 /ill v consid]able4 ,consid]$ 9 ?is po9t ( view1 a ,plutonic action seems to a c]ta9 ext5t also to h tak5 place 9 ! s$im5t>y /rata1 especially ! m anci5t2 b ^! /rata appe> to h be5 h>d5$ into a s*i/ose /ructure1 & "u great pressure1 & n to h be5 solidifi$ by cool+1 l ! rocks t h issu$ f ! int]ior1 z1 = in/ance1 granite1 porphyry1 & basalt4 ,by degrees1 z ! wat]s lo/ _! temp]ature1 & 7 able to absorb a copi\s supply ( ! c>bonic acid gas ) :i* p #bee ! atmosph]e 0 ov]*>g$1 !y became fitt$ to hold 9 solution a l>g] quantity ( lime4 ',! s$im5t>y /rata'1 sett+ aside all o!r exog5\s1 purely me*anical deposits ( s& or detritus1 are z foll[s3 ',s*i/'1 ( ! l[] & upp] transition rock1 composit+ ! silurian & devonian =mations2 f ! l[] silurian /rata1 :i* 7 once t]m$ cambrian1 to ! upp] /rata ( ! old r$ s&/one or devonian =mation1 imm$iately 9 contact ) ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ',c>bonif]\s deposits'3 ',lime/ones' imb$d$ 9 ! transition & c>bonif]\s =mations2 ze*/e91 mus*elkalk1 ,jura =mation & *alk1 also t portion ( ! t]ti>y =mation :i* is n includ$ 9 s&/one & conflom]ate4 ',trav]t9e'1 fre%-wat] lime/one1 & silici\s concretions ( hot spr+s1 =mations :i* h n be5 produc$ "u ! pressure ( a l>ge body ( sea wat]1 b almo/ 9 imm$iate contact ) ! atmosph]e1 z 9 %all[ m>%es & /reams4 ',infusorial deposits'3 geogno/ical ph5om5a1 ^: great importance 9 prov+ ! influ5ce ( organic activity 9 ! =mation ( ! solid "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ 0 fir/ discov]$ at a rec5t p]iod by my highly-gift$ fri5d & fell[-travel]1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,if1 9 ?is %ort & sup]ficial view ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ,i d n place imm$iately aft] ! simple s$im5t>y rocks ! conglom]ates & s&/one =mations :i* h also be5 deposit$ z s$im5t>y /rata f liquids1 & :i* h be5 imb$d$ alt]nately ) s*i/ & lime/one1 x is only because !y conta91 toge!r ) ! detritus ( eruptive & s$im5t>y rocks1 also ! detritus ( gneiss1 mica slate1 & o!r metamorphic masses4 ,! obscure process ( ?is metamorphism1 & ! action if produces1 mu/ !re=e compose ! ?ird class ( ! fundam5tal =ms ( rock4 ,endog5\s or erupt$ rocks 7granite1 porphyry1 & melaphyre7 produce1 z ,i h already frequ5tly rem>k$1 n only cynamical1 %ak+1 upheav+ actions1 ei!r v]tically or lat]ally displac+ ! /rata1 b !y also occasion *anges 9 _! *emical composition z well z 9 ! nature ( _! int]nal /ructure2 new rocks be+ ?us =m$1 z gneiss1 mica slate1 & granul> lime/one 7,c>r>a & ,p>ian m>ble74 ,! old silurian or devonian transition s*i/s1 ! belemnitic lime/one ( ,t>antaise1 & ! dull gray calc>e\s p #bef s&/one 7',macigno'71 :i* conta9s alggae f\nd 9 ! nor!rn ,ap5n9es1 (t5 assume a new & m brilliant appe>ance aft] _! metamorphosis1 :i* r5d]s x difficult to recognize !m4 ,! !ory ( metamorphism 0 n e/abli%$ until ! individual phases ( ! *ange 7 foll[$ /ep by /ep1 & direct *emical exp]im5ts on ! diff]5ce 9 ! fusion po9t1 9 ! pressure & "t ( cool+1 7 br\ght 9 aid ( m]e inductive conclusions4 ,:]e ! /udy ( *emical comb9ations is regulat$ by lead+ ideas199 x may be ! means ( ?r[+ a cle> light on ! wide field ( geognosy1 & ov] ! va/ laboratory ( nature 9 :i* rocks are cont9ually be+ =m$ & modifi$ by ! ag5cy ( subt]ranean =ces4 footnote 99,see ! admirable rese>*es ( ,mits*]li*1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,b]l4 ,akad4' = ! ye>s #ahbb & #ahbc1 s4 #be-da2 & 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 x41 s4 #acg-aeb2 bd4 xi41 s4 #cbc-ccb2 bd4 sli41 s4 #bac-baf 7,gu/av ,rose1 ',ueb] ,gildung des ,kalkspa?s und ,aragonits'1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xli41 s1 #cec-cff2 ,haid+]1 9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh'1 #ahbg1 p4 #adh47 ,! philosopohical inquir] w escape ! deception ( app>5t analogies1 & ! dang] ( be+ l$ a/ray by a n>r[ view ( natural ph5om5a1 if he con/antly be> 9 view ! complicat$ conditions :i* may1 by ! int5sity ( _! =ce1 h modifi$ ! c\nt]act+ effect ( ^? individual sub/ances ^: nature is bett] kn[n to u4 ,simple bodies h1 no d\bt1 at all p]iods1 obey$ ! same laws ( attraction1 &1 :]ev] app>5t contradictions pres5t !mselves1 ,i am confid5t t *emi/ry w 9 mo/ cases be able to trace ! cause to "s correspond+ error 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,obs]vations made ) extreme accuracy ov] l>ge tracts ( l&1 %[ t erupt$ rocks h n be5 produc$ 9 an irregul> & unsy/ematic mann]4 ,9 p>ts ( ! globe mo/ remote f "o ano!r1 we (t5 f9d t granite1 basalt1 & diorite h ex]cis$ a regul> & uni=m metamorphic action1 ev5 9 ! m9ute/ details1 on ! /rata ( argillace\s slate1 d5se lime/one1 & ! gra9s ( qu>tz 9 s&/ones4 ,z ! same endog5\s rock manife/s almo/ e :]e ! same degree ( activity1 s on ! contr>y1 diff]5t rocks belong+ to ! same class1 :e!r to ! endog5\s or ! erupt$1 exhibit great diff]5ces 9 _! "*4 ,int5se heat has und\bt$ly influ5c$ all ^! ph5om5a1 b ! degree ( fluidity 7! m or less p]fect mobility ( ! p>ticles -- _! m visc\s composition7 has v>i$ v consid]ably f ! granite to ! basalt1 :ile at diff]5t geological p #beg p]iods 7or metamorphic phases ( ! e>?'s cru/7 o!r sub/ances dissolv$ 9 vapors h issu$ f ! int]ior ( ! e>? simultane\sly ) ! eruption ( granite1 basalt1 gre5/one porphyry1 & s]p5t9e4 ,?is seems a fitt+ place aga9 to draw att5tion to ! fact t1 accord+ to ! admirable views ( mod]n geognosy1 ! metamorphism ( rocks is n a m]e ph5om5on ( contact1 limit$ to ! effect produc$ by ! apposition ( two rocks1 s9ce x compreh5ds all ! g5]ic ph5om5a t h accompani$ ! appe>ance ( a p>ticul> erupt$ mass4 ,ev5 :]e !re is no imm$iate contact1 ! proximity ( su* a mass gives rise to modifications ( solidification1 cohesion1 granulation1 & cry/allization4 ,all eruptive rocks p5etrate1 z ramify+ ve9s ei!r into ! s$im5t>y /rata1 or into o!r equally endog5\s masses2 b !re is a special importance to be atta*$ to ! diff]5ce manife/$ betwe5 ',plutonic' rocks99 7granite1 porphyry1 & s]p5t9e7 & ^? t]m$ 'volcanic' 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w 7z tra*yte1 basalt1 & lava74 footnote 7,lyell1 ',pr9cipales ( ,geology'1 vol4 i4i41 p4 #cec & #cei4 -- ,tr4 ,! rocks produc$ by ! activity ( our pres5t volcanoes appe> z b&-l /reams1 b by ! conflu5ce ( sev]al ( !m !y may =m an ext5d$ bas94 ,:]ev] x has be5 possible to trace basaltic eruptions1 !y h g5]ally be5 f\nd to t]m9ate 9 sl5d] ?reads4 ,examples ( ^! n>r[ op5+s may be f\nd 9 ?ree places 9 ,g]many3 9 ! ',pfla/]-kaute'1 at ,m>ksuhl1 eight miles f ,eis5a*2 9 ! blue ',kuppe'1 ne> ,es*wege1 on ! banks ( ! ,w]ra2 & 9 ! ,druidical /one on ! ,holl]t road 7,sieg571 :]e ! basalt has brok5 ?r\gh ! v>iegat$ s&/one & graywacke slate1 & has spread itself into cup-l fungoid enl>gem5ts1 :i* are ei!r gr\p$ toge!r l r[s ( columns1 or are sometimes /ratifi$ 9 ?9 lam9ae4 ,! case is o!rwise ) granite1 sy5ite1 qu>tzose porphyry1 s]p5t9e1 & ! :ole s]ies ( un/ratifi$ compact rocks1 to :i*1 f a pr$ilection = a my?ological nom5clature1 ! t]m ,plutonic has be5 appli$4 ,^!1 ) ! exception ( occasional ve9s1 7 probably n erupt$ 9 a /ate ( fusion1 b m]ely 9 a s(t5$ condition2 n f n>r[ fissures1 b f long & widely-ext5d+ gorges4 ,!y h be5 protrud$1 b h n fl[$ =?1 & are f\nd n 9 /reams l lava1 b 9 ext5d$ masses499 footnote 99,! description "h giv5 ( ! relation ( position "u :i* granite occurs1 expresses ! g5]al or lead+ "* ( ! :ole =mation4 ,b its aspect at "s places leads to ! belief t x 0 occasionally m fluid at ! p]iod ( its eruption4 ,! description giv5 by ,rose1 9 8 ',reise na* dem ,ural'1 bd4 i41 s4 #eii1 ( "p ( ! ,n>ym *a91 ne> ! fronti]s ( ! ,*9ese t]ritories1 z well z ! evid5ce af=d$ by tra*yte1 z describ$ by ,dufr5oy & ,elie de ,beaumont1 9 _! ',description ,geologique de la ,france'1 t4 i41 p4 #gj4 ,hav+ already spok5 9 ! text ( ! n>r[ ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ! basalts h sometimes be5 effus$1 ,i w "h notice ! l>ge fissures1 :i* h act$ z conduct+ passages = melaphyres1 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) basalts4 ,see ,mur*ison's int]e/+ acc\nt 7',! ,silurian ,sy/em'1 p4 #abf7 ( a fissure #dhj feet wide1 ?r\gh :i* melaphyre has be5 eject$1 at ! coal-m9e at ,cornbrook1 ,ho> ,edge4 ,"s gr\ps ( dol]ite & tra*yte indicate p #beh a c]ta9 degree ( basaltic fluidity2 o!rs1 :i* h be5 exp&$ into va/ crat]less domes1 appe> to h be5 only 9 a s(t5$ condition at ! "t ( _! elevation4 ,o!r tra*ytes1 l ^? ( ! ,&es1 9 :i* ,i h frequ5tly p]ceiv$ a /rik+ analogy ) ! gre5/ones & sy5itic porphyries 7:i* are arg5tif]\s1 & )\t qu>tz71 are deposit$ 9 ! same mann] z granite & qu>tzose porphyry4 ,exp]im5ts on ! *anges :i* ! texture & *emical con/itution ( rocks exp]i5ce f ! action ( heat1 h %[n t volcanic masses99 7diorite1 augitic porphyry1 basalt1 & ! lava ( ,a,etna7 yield diff]5t products1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! pressure "u :i* !y h be5 fus$1 & ! l5g? ( "t occupi$ dur+ _! cool+2 ?us1 :]e ! cool+ 0 rapid1 !y =m a black glass1 hav+ a homog5e\s fracture1 & :]e ! cool+ 0 sl[1 a /ony mass ( granul> cry/all9e /ructure4 footnote 99,sir ,james ,hall1 9 ! ',ed94 ,trans4'1 vol4 v41 p4 #dc1 & vol4 vi41 p4 #ga2 ,gregory ,watt1 9 ! ',phil4 ,trans4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,london =' #ahjd1 ,"p ii41 p4 #bgi2 ,d>tigues & ,fleurieu de ,bellevue1 9 ! ',j\rnal de ,physique'1 t4 lx41 p4 #def2 ,bis*(1 ',w>mel*re'1 s4 #cac und #ddc4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! cry/als are =m$ p>tly 9 cavities & p>tly inclos$ 9 ! matrix4 ,! same mat]ials yield ! mo/ dissimil> products1 a fact t is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ref]5ce to ! /udy ( ! nature ( erupt$ rocks1 & ( ! metamorphic action :i* !y occasion4 ,c>bonate ( lime1 :5 fus$ "u great pressure1 does n lose its c>bonic acid1 b becomes1 :5 cool$1 granul> lime/one2 :5 ! cry/allization has be5 effect$ by ! dry me?od1 sac*>oidal m>ble2 :ile by ! humid me?od1 calc>e\s sp> & aragonite & produc$1 ! =m] "u a less] degree ( temp]ature ?an ! latt]499 footnote 99,gu/av ,rose1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal54' bd4 xliii41 s #cfd4 ,diff]5ces ( temp]ature p #bei likewise modify ! direction 9 :i* ! diff]5t p>ticles arrange !mselves 9 ! act ( cry/allization1 & also affect ! =m ( ! cry/al499 footnote 99,on ! dimorphism ( sulphur1 see ,mits*]li*1 ',lehrbu* d] ,*emie'1 #ee-fc4 ,ev5 :5 a body is n 9 a fluid condition1 ! smalle/ p>ticles may und]go c]ta9 relations 9 _! v>i\s modes ( arrangem5t1 :i* are manife/$ by ! diff]5t action on light499 footnote 99,on gypsum z a uniaxal cry/al1 & on ! sulphate ( magnesia1 & ! oxyds ( z9c & nickel1 see ,mits*]li*1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal54' bd4 xi41 s4 #cbh4 ,! ph5om5a pres5t$ by devitrification1 & by ! =mation ( /eel by cem5tation & ca/+ -- ! transition ( ! fibr\s 9 ! granul> tissue ( ! iron1 f ! action ( heat99 & probably1 also1 by regul> & long-cont9u$ concussions -- likewise ?r[ a consid]able degree ( light on ! geological process ( metamorphism4 footnote 99,co/e1 ',v]su*e am ,creusot ub] das bru*ig w]d5 des ,/abeis5s4' ,elie de ,beaumont1 ',mem4 ,geol4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #daa4 ,heat may ev5 simultane\sly induce opposite actions 9 cry/all9e bodies2 = ! admirable exp]im5ts ( ,mits*]li* h e/abli%$ ! fact99 t calc>e\s sp>1 )\t alt]+ its condition ( aggregation1 exp&s 9 ! direction ( "o ( its axes & contracts 9 ! o!r4 footnote 99 ,mits*]li*1 ',ueb] die ,ausdehnung d] ,kry/allisirt5 ,korp] dur* die ,w>melehre'1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 x41 s4 #aea4 ,if we pass f ^! g5]al consid]ations to individual examples1 we f9d t s*i/ is conv]t$1 by ! vic9ity ( ,plutonic erupt$ rocks1 into a blui%-black1 gli/5+ ro(+ slate4 ,"h ! planes ( /ratification are int]sect$ by ano!r sy/em ( divisional /ratification1 almo/ at "r angles ) ! =m]199 & ?us indicat+ an action subsequ5t to ! alt]ation4 footnote 99 ,on ! d\ble sy/em ( divisional planes1 see ,elie de ,beaumont1 ',geologie de la ,france'1 p4 #da2 ,cr$n]1 ',geognosie ,?ur+5s und des ,h>zes'1 s4 #dj2 & ,rom]1 ',das ,rhe9is*e ,ueb]gangsgebirge'1 #ahdd4 s4 #e und #i4 ,! p5etration ( silica causes ! argillace\s s*i/ to be trav]s$ by qu>tz1 trans=m+ x1 9 "p1 into :et/one & silici\s s*i/2 ! latt] sometimes conta9+ c>bon1 & be+ !n capable ( produc+ galvanic effects on ! n]ves4 ,! highe/ degree ( silicifaction ( s*i/ is t obs]v$ 9 ribbon jasp]1 a mat]ial highly valuable 9 ! arts199 & :i* is produc$ 9 ! ,oural ,m\nta9s p #bfj by ! contact & eruption ( augitic porphyry 7at ,orsk71 ( dioritic porphyry 7at ,aufs*kul71 or ( a mass ( hyp]/h5ic rock conglom]at$ into sph]ical masses 7at ,bogosl[sk74 ,at ,monte ,s]rato1 9 ! isl& ( ,elba1 accord+ to ,fr$]ic ,h(fman1 & 9 ,tuscany1 accord+ to ,alex&] ,brongni>t1 x is =m$ by contact ) euphotide & s]p5t9e4 footnote 99,! silica is n m]ely color$ by p]oxyd ( iron1 b is accompani$ by clay1 lime1 & pota%4 ,rose1 ',reise'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #ahg4 ,on ! =mation ( jasp] by ! action ( dioritic porphyry1 augite1 & by p]/h5e rock1 see ,rose1 bd4 ii41 s4 #afi1 #ahg1 und #aib4 ,see1 also1 bd4 i41 s4 #dbg1 :]e !re is a draw+ ( ! porphyry sph]es betwe5 :i* jasp] occurs1 9 ! calc>e\s graywacke ( ,bogosl[sk1 be+ produc$ by ! ,plutonic influ5ce ( ! augitic rock2 bd4 ii41 s4 #ede2 & likewise ,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #dhf4 ,! contact & ,plutonic action ( granite h sometimes made argillace\s s*i/ granul>1 z 0 obs]v$ by ,gu/av ,rose & myself 9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s 7)9 ! =tress ( ,bu*t>m9sk7199 & h trans=m$ x into a mass resembl+ granite1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( feldsp> & mica1 9 :i* l>g] lam9ae ( ! latt] 7 aga9 imb$d$49999 footnote 99,rose1 ',reise na* dem ,ural'1 bd4 i41 s4 #ehf-ehh4 footnote 9999,9 respect to ! volcanic orig9 ( mica1 x is important to notice t cry/als ( mica are f\nd 9 ! basalt ( ! ,bohemian ,mittelgebirge1 9 ! lava t 9 #ahbb 0 eject$ f ,vesuvius 7,monticelli1 ',/oria del ,vesuvio negli ,anni #ahba e #ahbb'1 #ii71 & 9 fragm5ts ( agrillace\s alte imb$d$ 9 scoriace\s basalt at ,hoh5fels1 n f> f ,g]ol/e91 9 ! ,eifel 7see ,mits*]li*1 9 ,leonh>d1 ',basalt-,gebilde'1 s4 #bdd74 ,on ! =mation ( feldsp> 9 argillace\s s*i/1 ?r\gh contact ) porphyry1 occurr+ betwe5 ,urval & ,poet 7,=ez71 see ,dufr5oy1 9 ',geol4 de la ,france'1 t4 i41 p4 #acg4 ,x is probably to a simil> contact t c]ta9 s*i/s ne> ,paimpol1 9 ,brittany1 ) ^: appe>ance ,i 0 mu* /ruck1 :ile mak+ a geological p$e/rian t\r ?r\gh t int]e/+ c\ntry ) ,pr(essor ,kun?1 owe _! amygdaloid & cellul> "*1 t4 i41 p4 #bcd4 ,mo/ geognosi/s adh]e1 ) ,leopold von ,bu*1 to ! well-kn[n hypo!sis t all ! gneiss 9 ! silurian /rata ( ! transition =mation1 betwe5 ! ,icy ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,f9l&1 has be5 produc$ by ! metamorphic action ( granite499 footnote 99 ,leopold von ,bu*1 9 ! ',abh&lung5 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*aft zu ,b]l91 aus dem ,jahr' #ahdb1 s4 #fc1 & 9 ! ',jahrbu*]n fur ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik ,jahrg4' #ahdj1 s4 #aif4 ,9 ! ,alps1 at ,/4 ,go?>d1 calc>e\s m>l is likewise *ang$ f granite into mica slate1 & !n trans=m$ into gneiss4 ,simil> ph5om5a ( ! =mation ( gneiss & mica slate ?r\gh granite pres5t !mselves 9 ! oolitic gr\p ( ! ,t>antaise199 9 :i* belemnites are p #bfa f\nd 9 rocks1 :i* h "s claim to be consid]$ z mica slate1 & 9 ! s*i/ose gr\p 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! isl& ( ,elba1 ne> ! promontory ( ,calamita1 & ! ,fi*telgebirge 9 ,baireu?1 betwe5 ,loomitz & ,m>kleit549999 footnote 99 ,elie de ,beaumont1 9 ! ',annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles'1 t4 xv41 p4 #cfb-cgb4 ,9 approa*+ ! primitive masses ( ,mont ,rosa1 & ! m\nta9s situat$ to ! we/ ( ,coni1 we p]ceive t ! second>y /rata gradually lose ! *>act]s inh]5t 9 _! mode ( deposition4 ,frequ5tly assum+ a "* app>5tly aris+ f a p]fectly di/9ct cause1 b n los+ _! /ratification1 !y some:at resemble 9 _! physical /ructure a br& ( half-consum$ wood1 9 :i* we c foll[ ! traces ( ! ligne\s fib]s beyond ! spots :i* cont9ue to pres5t ! natural *>act]s ( wood4 7,see1 also1 ! ',annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles'1 t4 xiv41 p4 #aah-abb1 & von ,de*51 ',geognosie'1 s4 #eec47 ,among ! mo/ /rik+ pro(s ( ! trans=mation ( rocks by ,plutonic action1 we mu/ place ! belemites 9 ! s*i/s ( ,nuff55 79 ! ,alp9e valley ( ,eg95 & 9 ! ,gries-glaci]s71 & ! belemnites f\nd by ,m4 ,*>p5ti] 9 ! s-call$ primitive lime/one on ! we/]n desc5t ( ! ,col de la ,seigne1 betwe5 ! ,enclove de ,monjovet & ! '*alet' ( ,la ,lan*ette1 & :i* he %[$ to me at ,bex 9 ! autumn ( #ahbb 7',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 xxiii41 p4 #bfb74 footnote 9999 ,h(fmann1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xvi41 s4 #eeb1 ,/rate ( transition argillace\s s*i/ 9 ! ,fi*telgebirge1 :i* c be trac$ = a l5g? ( #af miles1 are trans=m$ into gneiss only at ! two extremities1 :]e !y come 9 contact ) granite4 ,we c !re foll[ ! gradual =mation ( ! gneiss1 & ! developm5t ( ! mica & ( ! feldspa?ic amygdaloids1 9 ! int]ior ( ! argillace\s s*i/1 :i* inde$ conta9s 9 itself almo/ all ! elem5ts ( ^! sub/ances4 ,jasp]1 :i*199 z ,i h already rem>k$1 is a production =m$ by ! volcanic action ( augitic porphyry1 c\ld only be obta9$ 9 small quantities by ! anci5ts1 :ile ano!r mat]ial1 v g5]ally & effici5tly us$ by !m 9 ! arts1 0 granul> or sac*>oidal m>ble1 :i* is likewise to be reg>d$ solely z a s$im5t>y /ratum alt]$ by t]re/rial heat & by proximity ) erupt$ rocks4 footnote 99 ,among ! works ( art :i* h come d[n to u f ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 we obs]ve t none ( any size -- z columns or l>ge vases -- are =m$ f jasp]2 & ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ?is sub/ance1 9 l>ge masses1 is only obta9$ f ! ,ural ,m\nta9s4 ,! mat]ial work$ z jasp] f ! ,rhub>b ,m\nta9 7,rav5iaga ,sopka71 9 ,altai1 is a beautiful ribbon$ porphyry4 ,! ^w 'jasp]' is d]iv$ f ! ,semitic languages2 & f ! confus$ description ( ,!ophra/us 7',de ,lapidibus'1 #bc & #bg7 & ,pl9y 7xxxvii41 #h & #i71 :o rank jasp] among ! opaque gems1 ! "n appe>s to h be5 giv5 to fragm5ts ( 'jaspa*at'1 & to a sub/ance :i* ! anci5ts t]m$ 'jasponyx'1 :i* we n[ "k z 'opal-jasp]'4 ,pl9y consid]s a piece ( jasp] elev5 in*es 9 l5g? s r>e z to require 8 m5tion+ t he _h actually se5 su* a specim53 ,magnitud9em jaspidis undecim unci>um vidimus1 =matamque inde effigem ,n]onis ?oracatam4 ,accord+ to ,!ophra/us1 ! /one :i* he calls em]ald1 & f :i* l>ge obeli/s 7 cut1 mu/ h be5 an imp]fect jasp]4 ,?is op9ion is corroborat$ by ! accurate obs]vations on ! ph5om5a ( contact1 by ! rem>kable exp]im5ts on fusion p #bfb made by ,sir ,james ,hall m ?an half a c5tury ago1 & by ! att5tive /udy ( granitic ve9s1 :i* has contribut$ s l>gely to ! e/abli%m5t ( mod]n geognosy4 ,sometimes ! erupt$ rock has n trans=m$ ! compact into granul> lime/one to any great dep? f ! po9t ( contact4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we meet ) a slight trans=mation -- a p5umbra -- z at ,belfa/1 9 ,irel&1 :]e ! basaltic ve9s trav]se ! *alk1 &1 z 9 ! compact calc>e\s b$s1 :i* h be5 p>tially inflect$ by ! contact ( sy5itic granite1 at ! ,bridge ( ,boscampo & ! ,cascade ( ,conzocoli1 9 ! ,tyrol 7r5d]$ celebrat$ by ! m5tion made ( x by ,c\nt ,maz>i ,peucati7499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',lettre a ,m4 ,bro*ant de ,villi]s'1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie et de ,physique'1 t4 xxiii41 p4 #bfa2 ,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',geog4 ,briefe ub] das sudli*e ,tyrol'1 s4 #aja1 #aje1 und #bgc4 ,ano!r mode ( trans=mation occurs :]e all ! /rata ( ! compact lime/one h be5 *ang$ into granul> lime/one by ! action ( granite1 & sy5itic or dioritic porphyry499 footnote 99,on ! trans=mation ( compact into granul> lime/one by ! action ( granite1 9 ! ,pyr5ees at ! ',montagnes de ,rancie'1 see ,dufr5oy1 9 ! ',memoires ,geologiques'1 t4 ii41 p4 #ddj2 & on simil> *anges 9 ! ',montagnes de l',oisans'1 see ,elie de ,beaumont1 9 ! ',mem4 ,geolog4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cgi-dae2 on a simil> effect produc$ by ! action ( dioritic & pyrox5ic porphyry 7! 'ophite' describ$ by ,elie de ,beaumont1 9 ! ',geologie de la ,france'1 t4 i41 p4 #gb71 betwe5 ,tolosa & ,/4 ,seba/ian1 see ,dufr5oy1 9 ! ',mem4 ,geolog4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #acj2 & by sy5ite 9 ! ,isle ( ,skye1 :]e ! fossils 9 ! alt]$ lime/one may /ill be di/+ui%$1 see ,von ,de*51 9 8 ',geognosie'1 p4 #egc4 ,9 ! trans=mation ( *alk by contact ) basalt1 ! transposition ( ! mo/ m9ute p>ticles 9 ! processes ( cry/allization & granulation is ! m rem>kable1 because ! excell5t microscopic inve/igations ( ,ehr5b]g h %[n t ! p>ticles ( *alk previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! =m ( clos$ r+s4 ,see ,pogg5d41 ',annal5 d] ,physic'1 bd4 xxxix41 s4 #aje2 & on ! r+s ( aragonite deposit$ f solution1 see ,gu/av ,rose 9 vol4 xlii41 p4 #ced1 ( ! same j\rnal4 ,i w\ld "h wi% to make special m5tion ( ,p>ian & ,c>r>a m>bles1 :i* h acquir$ su* celebrity f ! noble works ( art into :i* !y h be5 conv]t$1 & :i* h too long be5 consid]$ 9 our geogno/ic collections z ! ma9 types ( primitive lime/one4 ,! action ( granite has be5 manife/$ sometimes by imm$iate contact1 z 9 ! ,pyr5ees199 & sometimes1 z 9 ! ma9 l& ( ,greece1 & 9 ! insul> gr\ps 9 ! gean ,sea1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate lay]s ( gneiss or mica slate4 footnote 99,b$s ( granul> lime/one 9 ! granite at ,port d',oo & 9 ! ,mont de ,lab\rd4 ,see ,*>p5ti]1 ',con/itution ,geologique des ,pyr5es'1 p4 #add1 #adf4 ,bo? cases presuppose a simultane\s b het]og5e\s process ( trans=mation4 p #bfc ,9 ,attica1 9 ! isl& ( ,euboea1 & 9 ! ,peloponnesus1 x has be5 rem>k$1 t ! lime/one1 :5 sup]pos$ on mica slate1 is beautiful & cry/all9e 9 proportion to ! purity ( ! latt] sub/ance & to ! smallness ( its argillace\s cont5ts2 &1 z is well kn[n1 ?is rock1 toge!r ) b$s ( gneiss1 appe>s at _m po9ts1 at a consid]able dep? bel[ ! surface1 9 ! isl&s ( ,p>os & ,antip>os499 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',descr4 des ,can>ies'1 p4 #cid2 ,fi$l]1 ',reise dur* das ,konigrei* ,grie*5l&'1 ?4 ii41 s41 #aha1 #aij1 und #eaf4 ,we may "h inf] ! exi/5ce ( an imp]fectly metamorphos$ flotz =mation1 if fai? c be yield$ to ! te/imony ( ,orig51 accord+ to :om1 ! anci5t ,eleatic1 ,x5ophanes ( ,colophon99 7:o suppos$ ! :ole e>?'s cru/ to h be5 once cov]$ by ! sea71 decl>$ t m>9e fossils _h be5 f\nd 9 ! qu>ries ( ,syracuse1 & ! impression ( a fi% 7a s>d9e7 9 ! deepe/ rocks ( ,p>os4 footnote 99,i h previ\sly allud$ to ! rem>kable passage 9 ,orig5's ',philosophum5a'1 cap4 #ad 7',op]a'1 ed4 ,del>ue1 t4 i41 p4 #hic74 ,f ! :ole context1 x seems v improbable t ,x5ophanes meant an impression ( a laurel 7,greek words7 in/ead ( an impression ( a fi% 7,greek words74 ,del>ue is wrong 9 blam+ ! correction ( ,jacob ,gronovius 9 *ang+ ! laurel into a s>del4 ,! petrifaction ( a fi% is also mu* m probable ?an ! natural picture ( ,sil5us1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pl9y 7lib4 xxxvi41 #e71 ! qu>ry-m5 are /at$ to h met ) 9 ,p>ian m>ble f ,m\nt ,m>pessos4 ',s]vius ad ,virg41 ,a,en4'1 vi41 #dga4 ,! ,c>r>a or ,luna m>ble qu>ries1 :i* con/itut$ ! pr9cipal s\rce f :i* /atu>y m>ble 0 d]iv$ ev5 prior to ! "t ( ,augu/us1 & :i* w probably cont9ue to d s until ! qu>ries ( ,p>os %all be reop5$1 are b$s ( calc>e\s s&/one -- macigno -- alt]$ by ,plutonic action1 & occurr+ 9 ! insulat$ m\nta9 ( ,apuana1 betwe5 gneiss-l mica & talcose s*i/499 footnote 99,on ! geogno/ic relations ( ,c>r>a 7',! ,city ( ! ,moon'1 ,/rabo1 lib4 v41 p4 #bbb71 see ,savi ',oss]vazioni sui t]r5i anti*i ,toscani'1 9 ! ',nuova ,giornale de' ,lett]ati di ,pisa'1 & ,h(fmann1 9 ,k>/5's ',ar*iv fur ,m9]alogie'1 bd4 vi41 s4 #beh-bfc1 z well z 9 8 ',geogn4 ,reise dur* ,itali5'1 s4 #bdd-bfe4 ,:e!r at "s po9ts granul> lime/one may n h be5 =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & be5 rais$ by gneiss & sy5ite to ! surface1 :]e x =ms ve9-l fissures199 is a "q on :i* ,i c n haz>d an op9ion1 ow+ to my own want ( p]sonal k ( ! subject4 footnote 99,accord+ to ! assumption ( an excell5t & v exp]i5c$ obs]v]1 ,k>l von ,leonh>d4 ,see 8 ',jahrbu* fur ,m9]alogie'1 #ahcd s4 #cbi1 & ,b]nh>d ,cotta1 ',geognosie'1 s4 #caj4 p #bfd ,accord+ to ! admirable obs]vations ( ,leopold von ,bu*1 ! masses ( dolomite f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,tyrol1 & on ! ,italian side ( ! ,alps1 pres5t ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( metamorphism produc$ by massive eruptive rocks on compact calc>e\s b$s4 ,! =mation ( ! lime/one seems to h proce$$ f ! fissures :i* trav]se x 9 all directions4 ,! cavities are e :]e cov]$ ) rhomboidal cry/als ( magnesian bitt] sp>1 & ! :ole =mation1 )\t any trace ( /rtification1 or ( ! fossil rema9s :i* x once conta9$1 consi/s only ( a granul> aggregation ( cry/als ( dolomite4 ,talc lam9ae lie scatt]$ "h & !re 9 ! newly-=m$ rock1 trav]s$ by masses ( s]p5t9e4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,fassa1 dolomite rises p]p5dicul>ly 9 smoo? walls ( dazzl+ :it5ess to a height ( _m ?\s& feet4 ,x =ms %>ply-po9t$ conical m\nta9s1 clu/]$ toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s1 b yet n 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,! cont\r ( _! =ms recalls to m9d ! beautiful l&scape ) :i* ! ri* imag9ation ( ,leon>di da ,v9ci has embelli%$ ! back-gr\nd ( ! portrait ( ,mona ,lisa4 ,! geogno/ic ph5om5a :i* we are n[ describ+1 & :i* excite ! imag9ation z well z ! p[]s ( ! intellect1 are ! result ( ! action ( augite porphyry manife/$ 9 its elevat+1 de/roy+1 & trans=m+ =ce499 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',geogno/is*e ,briefe an ,alex4 von ,humboldt'1 #ahbd1 s4 #hf & #hb2 also 9 ! ',annal5 de ,*emie'1 t4 xxiii41 p4 #bgf1 & 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,b]l9] ,akad4 aus d] ,jahr5 #ahbb 'und' #ahbc1 s4 #hc-acf2 ,von ,de*51 ',geognosie4' s4 #egd-egf4 ,! process by :i* lime/one is conv]t$ into dolomite is n reg>d$ by ! illu/ri\s inve/igator :o fir/ drew att5tion to ! ph5om5on z ! consequ5ce ( ! tale be+ d]iv$ f ! black porphyry1 b r z a trans=matiion simultane\s ) ! appe>ance ( ?is erupt$ /one ?r\gh wide fissures fill$ ) vapors4 ,x rema9s = future inquir]s to det]m9e h[ trans=mation c h be5 effect$ )\t contact ) ! endog5\s /one1 :]e /rata ( dolomite are f\nd to be int]sp]s$ 9 ime/one4 ,:]e1 9 ?is case1 are we to seek ! conceal$ *annels by :i* ! ,plutonic action is convey$8 ,ev5 "h x may n1 h[ev]1 be necess>y1 9 con=mity ) ! old ,roman adage1 to believe t mu* t is alike 9 nature may h be5 =m$ 9 :olly diff]5t ways4 ,:5 we f9d1 ov] widely ext5d$ p>ts ( ! e>?1 t two ph5om5a are always associat$ toge!r1 z1 = in/ance1 ! occurr5ce ( melaphyre p #bfe & ! trans=mation ( compact lime/one into a cry/al9e mass diff]+ 9 its *emical "*1 we are1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ju/ifi$ 9 believ+1 :]e ! second ph5om5on is manife/$ unatt5d$ by ! appe>ance ( ! fir/1 t ?is app>5t contradiction is ow+ to ! abs5ce1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ( "s ( ! conditions att5dant ^u ! excit+ causes4 ,:o w\ld call 9 "q ! volcanic nature & igne\s fluidity ( basalt m]ely because !re are "s r>e in/ances 9 :i* basaltic ve9s1 trav]s+ b$s ( coal or /rata ( s&/one & *alk1 h n mat]ially depriv$ ! coal ( its c>bon1 nor brok5 & slack$ ! s&/one1 n conv]t$ ! *alk into granul> m>ble8 ,:]ev] we h obta9$ ev5 a fa9t light to guide u 9 ! obscure doma9 ( m9]al =mation1 we ought n ungratefully to disreg>d x1 because !re may be mu* t is /ill unexpla9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! relations ( ! transitions1 or 9 ! isolat$ int]position ( b$s ( unalt]$ /rata4 ,aft] hav+ spok5 ( ! alt]ation ( compact c>bonate ( lime into granul> lime/one & dolomite1 x /ill rema9s = u to m5tion a ?ird mode ( trans=mation ( ! same m9]al1 :i* is ascrib$ to ! emission1 9 ! anci5t p]iods ( ! _w1 ( ! vapors ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is trans=mation ( lime/one into gypsum is analog\s to ! p5etration ( rock salt & sulphur1 ! latt] be+ deposit$ f sulphuret$ aque\s vapor4 ,9 ! l(ty ,cordill]as ( ,qu9d91 f> f all volcanoes1 ,i h obs]v$ deposits ( sulphur 9 fissures 9 gneiss1 :ile 9 ,sicily 7at ,cattolica1 ne> ,girg5ti71 sulphur1 gypsum1 & rock salt belong to ! mo/ rec5t second>y /rata1 ! *alk =mations499 footnote 99,horrman1 ',geogn4 ,reise'1 edit$ by ,von ,de*51 s4 #aac-aai1 & #chj-chf2 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5 d] ,physik'1 bd4 xxvi41 s4 #da4 ,i h also se5 on ! edge ( ! crat] ( ,vesuvius1 fissures fill$ ) rock salt1 :i* occurr$ 9 su* consid]able masses z occasionally to lead to its be+ dispos$ ( by contrab& trade4 ,on bo? declivities ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ! connection ( diorite & pyrox5e1 & colomite1 gypsum1 & rock salt1 c n be que/ion$299 & "h1 z 9 ! o!r ph5om5a :i* we h be5 consid]+1 e ?+ be>s evid5ce ( ! action ( subt]ranean =ces on ! s$im5t>y /rata ( ! anci5t sea4 footnote 99,dufr5oy1 9 ! ',memoires ,geologiques'1 t4 ii41 p4 #ade & #agi4 ,!re is mu* difficulty 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( ! b$s ( pure qu>tz1 :i* occur 9 su* l>ge quantities 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & imp>t s peculi> a "* to ! *a9 ( p #bff ! ,&es499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',essai ,geogn4 sur le ,gisem5t des ,ro*es'1 p4 #ic2 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #ecb4 ,9 desc5d+ t[>d ! ,s\? ,sea1 f ,caxam>ca t[>d ,guangam>ca1 ,i h obs]v$ va/ masses ( qu>tz1 f #gjjj to #hjjj feet 9 height1 sup]pos$ sometimes on porphyry devoid ( qu>tz1 & sometimes on diorite4 ,c ^! b$s h be5 trans=m$ f s&/one1 z ,elie de ,beaumont conjectures 9 ! case ( ! qu>tz /rata on ! ,col de la ,poissonni]e1 ea/ ( ,brianon899 footnote 99,elie de ,beaumont1 9 ! ',annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles'1 t4 xv41 p4 #cfb2 ,mur*ison1 ',silurian ,sy/em'1 p4 #bhf4 ,9 ! ,brazils1 9 ! diamond di/rict ( ,m9as ,g]aes & ,/4 ,paul1 :i* has rec5tly be5 s accurately inve/igat$ by ,claus51 ,plutonic action has develop$ 9 dioritic ve9s sometimes ord9>y mica1 & sometimes specul> iron 9 qu>tzose itacolumite4 ,! diamonds ( ,grammagoa are imb$d$ 9 /rata ( solid silica1 & are occasionally envelop$ 9 lam9ae ( mica1 l ! g>nets f\nd 9 mica slate4 ,! diamonds t occur fur!/ to ! nor?1 z ^? discov]$ 9 #ahbi at #eh degrees lat41 on ! ,european slope ( ! ,uralian ,m\nta9s1 be> a geogno/ic relation to ! black c>bonif]\s dolomite ( ,adolffskoi99 & to augitic porphyry1 al?\gh m accurate obs]vations are requir$ 9 ord] fully to elucidate ?is subject4 footnote 99,rose1 ',reise na* dem ,ural'1 bd4 i41 s4 #cfd und #cfg4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a ( contact1 we mu/1 f9ally1 enum]ate ! =mation ( g>nets 9 argillace\s s*i/ 9 contact ) basalt & dol]ite 7z 9 ,nor?umb]l& & ! isl& ( ,anglesea71 & ! occurr5ce ( a va/ numb] ( beautiful & mo/ v>i\s cry/als1 z g>nets1 vesuvian1 augite1 & ceylanite1 on ! surfaces ( contact betwe5 ! erupt$ & s$im5t>y rock1 z1 = in/ance1 on ! junction ( ! sy5ite ( ,monzon ) dolomite & compact lime/one4 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',briefe'1 s4 #aji-abi4 ,see also1 ,elie de ,beaumont ',on ! ,contact ( ,granite ) ! ,b$s ( ! ,jura'1 9 ! ',mem4 ,geol4' t4 ii41 p4 #djh4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,elba1 masses ( s]p5t9e1 :i* p]haps n[h]e m cle>ly indicate ! "* ( erupt$ rocks1 h occasion$ ! sublimation ( iron glance & r$ oxyd ( iron 9 fissures ( calc>e\s s&/one4 footnote 99,h(fman1 ',reise'1 s4 #cj und #cg4 ,we /ill daily f9d ! same iron glance =m$ by sublimation f ! vapors & ! walls ( ! fissures ( op5 ve9s on ! m>g9 ( ! crat]1 & 9 ! fre% lava curr5ts ( ! volcanoes ( ,/romboli1 ,vesuvius1 & ,a,etna499 footnote 99,on ! *emical process 9 ! =mation ( specul> iron1 see ,gay ,lussac1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 xxii41 p4 #dae1 & ,mits*]li*1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xv41 s4 #fcj4 ,moreov]1 cry/als ( oliv9e h be5 =m$ 7probaby by sublimation7 9 ! cavities ( ! obsidian ( ,c]ro del ,jacal1 :i* ,i br\ght f ,mexico 7,gu/av ,rose1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 x41 s4 #cbc74 ,h5ce oliv9e occurs 9 basalt1 lava1 obsidian1 artificial scoriae 9 meteoric /ones1 9 ! sy5ite ( ,elfdale1 & 7z hyalosid]ite7 9 ! wacke ( ! ,kais]/uhl4 ,! ve9s t p #bfg are ?us =m$ b5ea? our eyes by volcanic =ces1 :]e ! contigu\s rock has already atta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( solidification1 %[ u h[1 9 a simil> mann]1 m9]al & metallic ve9s may h be5 e :]e =m$ 9 ! m anci5t p]iods ( ! _w1 :]e ! solid b ?9n] cru/ ( our planet1 %ak5 by e>?quakes1 & r5t & fissur$ by ! *ange ( volume to :i* x 0 subject$ 9 cool+1 may h pres5t$ _m communications ) ! int]ior1 & _m passages = ! escape ( vapors impregnat$ ) e>?y & metallic sub/ances4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles 9 lay]s p>allel ) ! m>g9s ( ! be9s1 ! regul> recurr5ce ( analog\s lay]s on ! opposite sides ( ! ve9s 7on _! diff]5t walls71 &1 f9ally1 ! elongat$ cellul> cavities 9 ! middle1 frequ5tly af=d direct evid5ce ( ! ,plutonic process ( sublimation 9 metallif]\s ve9s4 ,z ! trav]s+ rocks mu/ be ( m rec5t orig9 ?an ! trav]s$1 we le>n f ! relations ( /ratification exi/+ betwe5 ! porphyry & ! arg5tif]\s ores 9 ! ,saxon m9es 7! ri*e/ & mo/ important 9 ,g]many71 t ^! =mations are at any rate m rec5t ?an ! vegetable rema9s f\nd 9 c>bonif]\s /rata & 9 ! r$ s&/one499 footnote 99,con/ant9 von ,veu/1 ',ueb] die ,porphyrgebilde'1 #ahce1 s4 #hi-if2 also 8 ',bel5*tung d] ,w]n]'s*5 ,gang!orie'1 #ahdj1 s4 #f2 & ,c4 von ,wiss5ba*1 ',abbildung5 m]kwurdig] ,gangv]haltnisse'1 #ahcf1 fig4 #ab4 ,! ribbon-l /ructure ( ! ve9s is1 h[ev]1 no m to be reg>d$ ( g5]al occurr5ce ?an ! p]iodic ord] ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ^! masses4 ,all ! facts connect$ ) our geological hypo!ses on ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/ & ! metamorphism ( rocks h be5 unexpect$ly elucidat$ by ! +5i\s idea :i* l$ to a comp>ison ( ! slags or scoriae ( our smelt+ furnaces ) natural m9]als1 & to ! attempt ( reproduc+ ! latt] f _! elem5ts499 footnote 99,mits*]li*1 ',ueb] die kun/li*e ,d>/ellung d] ,m9]ali5'1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,akademie d] ,wiss4 zu ,b]l9'1 #ahbb-c1 s4 #be-da4 ,9 all ^! op]ations1 ! same aff9ities manife/ !mselves :i* det]m9e *emical comb9ations bo? 9 our laboratories & 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,! mo/ consid]able "p ( p #bfh ! simple m9]als :i* *>act]ize ! m g5]ally diffus$ ,plutonic & erupt$ rocks1 z well z ^? on :i* !y h ex]cis$ a metamorphic action1 h be5 produc$ 9 a cry/all9e /ate1 & ) p]fect id5tify1 9 artificial m9]al products4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% "h betwe5 ! scoriae accid5tally =m$1 & ^? :i* h be5 design$ly produc$ by *emi/s4 ,to ! =m] belong feldsp>1 mica1 augite1 oliv9e1 hornbl5de1 cry/alliz$ oxyd ( iron1 magnetic iron 9 octah$ral cry/als1 & metallis titanium299 to ! latt]1 g>nets1 idocrase1 rubies 7equal 9 h>dness to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,ea/71 oliv9e1 & augite49999 footnote 99,9 scoriae cry/als ( feldsp> h be5 discov]$ by ,he9e 9 ! refuse ( a furnace = copp] fus+1 ne> ,sang]haus51 & analyz$ by ,k]/5 7,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xxxiii41 s4 #ccg72 cry/als ( augite 9 scoriae at ,sahle 7,mits*]li*1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,akad4 zu ,b]l9'1 #ahbb-bc1 s4 #dj72 ( oliv+ by ,seif/rom 7,leonh>d1 ',basalt-,gebilde'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #die72 ( mica 9 old scoriae ( ,s*loss ,g>p5b]g 7,mits*]li*1 9 ,leonh>d1 op4 cit41 s4 #ejf72 ( magnetic iron 9 ! scoriae ( ,*atillon sur ,se9e 7,leonh>d1 s4 #dda72 & ( micace\s iron 9 pott]'s clay 7,mits*]li*1 9 ,leohn>d1 op4 cit41 s4 #bcd74 ,see ,ebelm]'s pap]s 9 ',ann4 de ,*imie et de ,physique'1 #ahdg2 also ',report on ! ,cry/all9e ,slags'1 by ,john ,p]cy1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,william ,hall[s ,mill]1 ,m4,a41 #ahdg4 ,dr4 ,p]cy1 9 a communication ) :i* he has k9dly favor$ me1 says t ! m9]als :i* he has f\nd artificially produc$ & prov$ by analysis are ,humboldtilite1 gehl5ite1 oliv9e1 & magnetic oxyd ( iron1 9 octah$ral cry/als4 ,he sugge/s t ! circum/ance ( ! production ( gehl5ite at a high temp]ature 9 an iron furnace may possibly be made available by geologi/s 9 expla9+ ! =mation ( ! rocks 9 :i* ! natural m9]al occurs1 z 9 ,fassa?al 9 ! ,tyrol4 -- ,tr4 footnote 9999,( m9]als purposely produc$1 we may m5tion idocrase & g>net 7,mits*]li*1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5 d] ,physik'1 bd4 xxxii41 s4 #cdj72 ruby 7,gaud91 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus de l',academie de ,sci5ce'1 t4 iv41 ,"p i41 p4 #iii72 oliv9e & augite 7,mits*]li* & ,b]?i]1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie et de ,physique'1 t4 xxiv41 p4 #cgf74 ,not)/&+ ! greate/ possible simil>ity 9 cry/all9e =m1 & p]fect id5tity 9 *emical composition1 exi/+1 accord+ to ,gu/av ,rose1 betwe5 augite & hornbl5de1 hornbl5de has nev] be5 f\nd accompany+ augite 9 scoriae1 nor h *emi/s ev] succe$$ 9 artificially produc+ ei!r hornbl5de or feldsp> 7,mits*]li* 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 xxxiii41 s4 #cdj1 & ,rose1 ',reise na* dem ,ural'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #ceh und #cfc74 ,see also1 ,beaudant1 9 ! ',mem4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 viii41 p4 #bba1 & ,becqu]el's +5i\s exp]im5ts 9 8 ',trait de l',electricite1' t4 i41 p4 #ccd2 t4 iii41 p4 #bah2 & t4 v41 p4 #adh & #ahe4 ,^! m9]als con/itute ! ma9 con/itu5ts ( granite1 gneiss1 & mica s*i/1 ( basalt1 dol]ite1 & _m porphyries4 ,! artificial production ( feldsp> & mica is ( mo/ especial geogno/ic importance ) ref]5ce to ! !ory ( ! =mation ( gneiss by ! metamorphic ag5cy ( argillace\s s*i/1 :i* conta9s all ! con/itu5ts ( granite1 p #bfi pota% n except$499 footnote 99,d',aubuisson1 9 ! ',j\rnal de ,physique'1 t4 lxviii41 p4 #abh4 ,x w\ld n be v surpris+1 !re=e1 z is well obs]v$ by ! di/+ui%$ geognosi/1 ,von ,de*51 if we 7 to meet ) a fragm5t ( gneiss =m$ on ! walls ( a smelt+ furnace :i* 0 built ( argillace\s slate & graywacke4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 ?is g5]al view ( ! ?ree classes ( erupt$1 s$im5t>y1 & metamorphic rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/1 x /ill rema9s = u to consid] ! f\r? class1 compris+ 'conglom]ates'1 or 'rocks ( detrius'4 ,! v t]m recalls ! de/ruction :i* ! e>?'s cru/ has suff]$1 & likewise1 p]haps rem9ds u ( ! process ( cem5tation1 :i* has connect$ toge!r1 by means ( oxyd ( iron1 or ( "s argillace\s & calc>e\s sub/ances1 ! sometimes r\nd$ & sometimes angul> portions ( fragm5ts4 ,conglom]ates & rocks ( detritus1 :5 consid]$ 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m1 manife/ *>act]s ( a d\ble orig94 ,! sub/ances :i* ent] into _! me*anical composition h n be5 alone accumulat$ by ! action ( ! waves ( ! sea or curr5ts ( fre% wat]1 = !re are "s ( ^! rocks ! =mation ( :i* c n be attribut$ to ! action ( wat]4 ,:5 basaltic isl&s & tra*ytic rocks rise on fissures1 friction ( ! elevat$ rock aga9/ ! walls ( ! fissures causes ! elevat$ rock to be inclos$ by conglom]ates compos$ ( its own matt]4 ,! granules compos+ ! s&/ones ( _m =mations h be5 sep>at$ r by friction aga9/ ! erupt$ volcanic or ,plutonic rock ?an de/roy$ by ! erosive =ce ( a neighbor+ sea4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! friction 'conglom]ates'1 :i* are met ) 9 enorm\s masses 9 bo? hemisph]es1 te/ifies ! int5sity ( ! =ce ) :i* ! erupt$ rocks h be5 propell$ f ! int]ior ?r\gh ! e>?'s cru/4 ,?is detritus has subsequ5tly be5 tak5 up by ! wat]s1 :i* h !n deposit$ x 9 ! /rata :i* x /ill cov]s499 footnote 99,leop4 von ,buck1 ',geogno/4 ,briefe'1 s4 #ge-hb1 :]e x is also %[n :y ! new r$ s&/one 7! ',todtlieg5de' ( ! ,?ur+ian flotz =mation7 & ! coal measures mu/ be reg>d$ z produc$ by erupt$ porphyry4 ,s&/one =mations are f\nd imb$d$ 9 all /rata1 f ! l[] silurian transition /one to ! b$s ( ! t]ti>y =mations1 sup]pos$ on ! *alk4 ,!y are f\nd on ! m>g9 ( ! b\ndless pla9s ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 bo? )9 & )\t ! tropics1 ext5d+ l brea/-works along ! anci5t %ore1 aga9/ :i* ! sea once broke its foam+ waves4 p #bgj ,if we ca/ a glance on ! geographical di/ribution ( rocks1 & _! relations 9 space1 9 t portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ :i* is accessible to u1 we %all f9d t ! mo/ univ]sally di/ribut$ *emical sub/ance is 'silicic acid'1 g5]ally 9 a v>i\sly-color$ & opaque =m4 ,next to solid silicic acid we mu/ reckon c>bonate ( lime1 & !n ! comb9ations ( silicic acid ) alum9a1 pota%1 & soda1 ) lime1 magnesia1 & oxyd ( iron4 ,! sub/ances :i* we designate z 'rocks' are det]m9ate associations ( a small numb] ( m9]als1 9 :i* "s comb9e p>asitically1 z x 71 ) o!rs1 b only "u def9ite relations2 ?us1 = in/ance1 al?\gh qu>tz 7silica71 feldsp>1 & mica are ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( granite1 ^! m9]als also occur1 ei!r individually or collectively1 9 _m o!r =mations4 ,by way ( illu/rat+ h[ ! quantitative relations ( "o feldspa?ic rock diff] f ano!r1 ri*] 9 mica ?an ! =m]1 ,i w\ld m5tion t1 accord+ to ,mits*]li*1 ?ree times m alum9a & "o ?ird m silica ?an t ossess$ by feldsp>1 give ! con/itu5ts t ent] into ! composition ( mica4 ,pota% is conta9$ 9 bo? -- a sub/ance ^: exi/5ce 9 _m k9ds ( rocks is probably antec$5t to ! dawn ( vegetation on ! e>?'s surface4 ,! ord] ( succession1 & ! relative age ( ! diff]5t =mations1 may be recogniz$ by ! sup]position ( ! s$im5t>y1 metamorphic1 & conglom]ate /rata2 by ! nature ( ! =mations trav]s$ by ! erupt$ masses1 & -- ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty -- by ! pres5ce ( organic rema9s & ! diff]5ces ( _! /ructure4 ,! application ( botanical & zoological evid5ce to det]m9e ! relative age ( rocks -- ?is *ronometry ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* 0 already pres5t to ! l(ty m9d ( ,hooke -- indicates "o ( ! mo/ glori\s epo*s ( mod]n geognosy1 :i* has f9ally1 on ! ,cont95t at lea/1 be5 emancipat$ f ! sway ( ,semitic doctr9es4 ,palaeontological inve/igations h imp>t$ a vivify+ brea? ( grace & div]sity to ! sci5ce ( ! solid /ructure ( ! e>?4 ,! fossilif]\s /rata conta91 entomb$ )9 !m1 ! floras & faunas ( by-gone ages4 ,we asc5d ! /ream ( "t1 z 9 our /udy ( ! relations ( sup]position we desc5d deep] & deep] ?r\gh ! diff]5t /rata1 9 :i* lies reveal$ be=e u a pa/ _w ( animal & vegetable life4 ,f>-ext5d+ di/urbances1 ! elevation ( great m\nta9 *a9s1 ^: relative ages we are able to def9e1 atte/ ! p #bga de/ruction ( anci5t & ! manife/ation ( rec5t organisms4 ,a few ( ^! old] /ructures h rema9$ 9 ! mid/ ( m rec5t species4 ,ow+ to ! limit$ nature ( our k ( exi/5ce1 & f ! figurative t]ms by :i* we seek to hide our ignorance1 we apply ! appellation 'rec5t /ructure' to ! hi/orical h5om5a ( transition manife/$ 9 ! organisms z well z 9 ! =ms ( primitive seas & ( elevat$ l&s4 ,9 "s cases ^! organiz$ /ructures h be5 pres]v$ p]fect 9 ! m9ute/ details ( tissues1 integum5t1 & articulat$ p>ts1 :ile 9 o!rs1 ! animal1 pass+ ov] s(t argillace\s mud1 has left no?+ b ! traces ( its c\rse199 or ! rema9s ( its undige/$ food1 z 9 ! coprolites49999 footnote 99,9 c]ta9 localities ( ! new r$ s&/one1 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,connecticut1 num]\s tridactyl m>k+s h be5 occasionally obs]v$ on ! surface ( ! slabs ( /one :5 split asund]1 9 l mann] z ! ripple-m>ks appe> on ! successive lay]s ( s&/one 9 ,tilgate ,=e/4 ,"s rem>kably di/9ct impressions ( ?is k9d1 at ,turn]'s ,falls 7,massa*usetts71 happ5+ to attract ! att5tion ( ,dr4 ,james ,deane1 ( ,gre5field1 t sagaci\s obs]v] 0 /ruck ) _! resemblance to ! foot-m>ks left on ! mud-banks ( ! adjac5t riv] by ! aquatic birds :i* _h rec5ty frequ5t$ ! spot4 ,! specim5s collect$ 7 submitt$ to ,pr(essor ,g4 ,hit*cock1 :o foll[$ up ! inquiry ) a zeal & success t h l$ to ! mo/ int]e/+ results4 ,no reasonable d\bt n[ exi/s t ! impr9ts 9 "q h be5 produc$ by ! tracks ( bip$s impress$ on ! /one :5 9 a s(t /ate4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ?is extraord9>y ph5om5on 0 fir/ made by ,pr(essor ,hit*cock1 9 ! ',am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce' 7,janu>y1 #ahcf71 & t em95t geologi/ has s9ce publi%$ full descriptions ( ! diff]5t species ( impr9ts :i* he has detect$1 9 8 spl5did "w on ! geology ( ,massa*usetts4 -- ,mantell's ',m$als ( ,creation'1 vol4 ii41 p4 #caj4 ,9 ! "w ( ,dr4 ,mantell above ref]r$ to1 !re is1 9 vol4 ii41 p4 #hae1 an admirable diagram ( a slab f ,turn]'s ,falls1 cov]$ ) num]\s foot-m>ks ( birds1 indicat+ ! track ( t5 or twelve individuals ( diff]5t sizes4 -- ,tr4 footnote 9999,f ! exam9ation ( ! fossils spok5 ( by geologi/s "u ! "n ( ',coprolites'1 x is easy to det]m9e ! nature ( ! food ( ! animals1 & "s o!r po9ts2 & :51 z happ5$ occasionally1 ! animal 0 kill$ :ile ! process ( dige/ion 0 go+ on1 ! /oma* & inte/9es be+ p>tly fill$ ) half-dige/$ food1 & exhibit+ ! coprolites actually '9 situ'1 we c make out ) c]ta9ty n only ! true nature ( ! food1 b ! proportionate size ( ! /oma*1 & ! l5g? & nature ( ! inte/9al canal4 ,)9 ! cavity ( ! rib ( an ext9ct animal1 ! palaeontologi/ ?us f9ds record$1 9 indelible *>act]s1 "s ( ^? hi]oglyphics ^u :i* he f\nds 8 hi/ory4 -- ',! ,anci5t ,_w'1 by ,d4 ,t4 ,an/$1 #ahdg1 p4 #agc4 -- ,tr4 ,9 ! l[] ,jura =mations 7! lias ( ,lyme ,regis71 ! ink bag ( ! sepia has be5 s wond]fully pres]v$1 t ! mat]ial1 :i* myriads p #bgb ( ye>s ago might h s]v$ ! animal to conceal itself f its enemies1 /ill yields ! color ) :i* its image may be drawn499 footnote 99,a discov]y made by ,miss ,m>y ,ann+1 :o 0 likewise ! discov]] ( ! coprolites ( fi%4 ,^! coprolites1 & ! excrem5ts ( ! ,i*?yosauri1 h be5 f\nd 9 su* abundance 9 ,engl& 7z1 = in/ance1 ne> ,lyme ,regis71 t1 accord+ to ,buckl&'s expression1 !y lie l potatoes scatt]$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,see ,buckl&1 ',geology consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ,natural ,!ology'1 vol4 i41 p4 #ahh-bjb & #cje4 ,) respect to ! hope express$ by ,hooke to raise a *ronology f ! m]e /udy ( brok5 & fossiliz$ %ells & to /ate ! int]val ( "t :]e9 su* or su* ca/rophes & mutations h happ5$1 see 8 ',po/hum\s ,works1 ,lecture'1 ,feb4 #bi1 #afhh4 ,/ill m wond]ful is ! pres]vation ( ! sub/ance ( ! animal ( c]ta9 ,cephalopodes 9 ! ,ox=d clay4 ,9 "s specim5s rec5tly obta9$1 & describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 n only ! ink bag1 b ! muscul> mantle1 ! head1 & its cr[n ( arms1 are all pres]v$ 9 connection ) ! belemnite %ell1 :ile "o specim5 exhibits ! l>ge eyes & ! funnel ( ! animal1 & ! rema9s ( two f9s1 9 addition to ! %ell & ! ink bag4 ,see ,an/$'s ',anci5t ,_w'1 p4 #adg4 -- ,tr4 ,9 o!r /rata1 aga91 no?+ rema9s b ! fa9t impression ( a muscle %ell2 b ev5 ?is1 if x belong to a ma9 dividion ( mollusca199 may s]ve to %[ ! travel]1 9 "s di/ant l&1 ! nature ( ! rock 9 :i* x is f\nd1 & ! organic rema9s ) :i* x is associat$4 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 9 ! ',abh&lung5 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss4 zu ,b]l9 9 dem ,jahr' #ahcg1 s4 #fd4 ,its discov]y gives ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* x occurs4 ,! analytic /udy ( primitive animal & vegetable life has tak5 a d\ble direction3 ! "o is purely morphological1 & embraces1 especially1 ! natural hi/ory & physiology ( organisms1 fill+ up ! *asms 9 ! s]ies ( /ill liv+ species by ! fossil /ructures ( ! primitive _w4 ,! second is m specially geogno/ic1 consid]+ fossil rema9s 9 _! relations to ! sup]position & relative age ( ! s$im5t>y =mations4 ,! =m] has long pr$om9at$ ov] ! latt]1 & an imp]fect & sup]ficial comp>ison ( fossil rema9s ) exi/+ species has l$ to errors1 :i* may /ill be trac$ 9 ! extraord9>y names appli$ to c]ta9 natural bodies4 ,x 0 s\ght to id5tify all fossil species ) ^? /ill extant 9 ! same mann] z1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 m5 7 l$ by false analogies to comp>e ! animals ( ! ,new ,cont95t ) ^? ( ! ,old4 ,pet] ,camp]1 ,somm]+1 & ,blum5ba* _h ! m]it ( be+ ! fir/1 by ! sci5tific application ( a m accurate p #bgc comp>ative anatomy1 to ?r[ light on ! o/eological bran* ( palaeontology -- ! ar*aeology ( organic life2 b ! actual geogno/ic views ( ! doctr9e ( fossil rema9s1 ! felicit\s comb9ation ( ! zoological "* ) ! ord] ( succession1 & ! relative ages ( /rata1 are due to ! labors ( ,george ,cuvi] & ,alex&] ,brongni>t4 ,! anci5t s$im5t>y =mations & ^? ( transition rocks exhibit1 9 ! organic rema9s conta9$ )9 !m1 a mixture ( /ructures v v>i\sly situat$ on ! scale ( progressively-develop$ organisms4 ,^! /rata conta9 b few plants1 z1 = in/ance1 "s species ( ,fuci1 ,lycopodiaceae :i* 7 probably arboresc5t1 ,equisetaceae1 & tropical f]ns2 !y pres5t1 h[ev]1 a s+ul> association ( animal =ms1 consi/+ ( ,cru/acea 7trilobites ) reticulat$ eyes1 & ,calym5e71 ,bra*iopoda 7',spirif]1 ,or?is'71 elegant ,spha]onites1 ne>ly alli$ to ! ,cr9oidea199 ,or?oc]aitites1 ( ! family ( ! ,cephalopoda1 corals1 &1 bl5d$ ) ^! l[ organisms1 fi%es ( ! mo/ s+ul> =ms1 imb$d$ 9 ! upp] silurian =mations4 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',gebirgs=mation5 von ,russl&'1 #ahdj1 s4 #bd-ej4 ,! family ( ! ,cephalaspides1 ^: fragm5ts ( ! species ',pt]i*tys' 7 long held to be trilobites1 belongs exclusively to ! devonian p]iod 7! old r$71 manife/+1 accord+ to ,agassiz1 z peculi> a type among fi%es z d ! ,i*?yosauri & ,plesiosauri among reptiles499 footnote 99,agassiz1 ',monographie des ,poissons ,fossiles du vieux ,gres ,r\ge'1 p4 vi4 & #d4 ,! ,goniatites1 ( ! tribe ( ,ammonites199 a are manife/$ 9 ! transition *alk1 9 ! graywacke ( ! devonian p]iods1 & ev5 9 ! late/ silurian =mations4 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,b]l4 ,akad4'1 #ahch1 s4 #adi-afh2 ,beyri*1 ',beitr4 zur ,k5ntniss des ,rhe9is*5 ,ueb]gangagebirges'1 #ahcg1 s4 #de4 ,! dep5d5ce ( physiological gradation ^u ! age ( ! =mations1 :i* has n hi!rto be5 %[n ) p]fect c]ta9ty 9 ! case ( inv]tebrata199 is mo/ regul>ly manife/$ 9 v]tebrat$ animals4 footnote 99,agassiz1 ',re*]*es sur les ,poissons ,fossiles'1 t4 i41 ',introd4'1 p4 xviii42 ,davy1 ',consolation 9 ,travel'1 dial4 iii4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ^!1 z we h already se51 are fi%es2 next 9 ! ord] ( succession ( =mation1 pass+ f ! l[] to ! upp]1 come reptiles & mammalia4 ,! fir/ reptile 7a ,saurian1 ! ,monitor ( ,cuvi]71 :i* excit$ ! att5tion ( ,leibnitz199 is f\nd 9 cup]if]\s s*i/ ( ! ,ze*/e9 ( ,?ur+a2 ! ,palaeosaurus & ,!codontosaurus ( ,bri/ol are1 accord+ to ,mur*ison1 ( ! same age4 footnote 99,a ,protosaurus1 accord+ to ,h]mann von ,mey]4 ,! rib ( a ,saurian ass]t$ to h be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one 7c>bonate ( lime7 ( ,nor?umb]l& 7,h]m4 von ,mey]1 ',palaeologica'1 s4 #bii71 is reg>d$ by ,lyell 7',geology'1 #ahcb1 vol4 i41 p4 #adh7 z v d\btful4 ,! discov]] himself ref]r$ x to ! alluvial /rata :i* cov] ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ,! ,saurians are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! mus*elkalk199 9 ! keup]1 & 9 ! oolitic =mations1 :]e !y are ! mo/ num]\s4 footnote 99,f4 von ,alb]ti1 ',monographie des ,bunt5 ,s&/e9s1 ,mus*elkalks und ,keup]s'1 #ahcd1 s4 #aai und #cad4 ,at ! p]iod ( ^! =mations !re exi/$ ,pleiosauri1 hav+ long1 swan-l necks consi/+ ( ?irty v]tebrae2 ,megalosauri1 mon/]s resembl+ ! crocodile1 =ty-five feet 9 l5g?1 & hav+ feet ^: bones 7 l ^? ( t]re/rial mammalia1 eight species ( l>ge-ey$ ,i*?yosauri1 ! ,geosaurus or ',lac]ta gigantea'1 ( ,somm]+1 & f9ally1 sev5 rem>kable species ( ,pt]odactyles199 ( ,saurians furni%$ ) membran\s w+s4 footnote 99,see ,h]mann von ,mey]'s +5i\s consid]tions reg>d+ ! organization ( ! fly+ ,saurians1 9 8 ',palaeologica'1 s4 #bbh-beb4 ,9 ! fossil specim5 ( ! ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris1 :i*1 z well z ! loong] kn[n ,p4 longiro/ris 7,orni?ocephalus ( ,somm]+71 0 f\nd at ,sol5h(51 9 ! li?ographic slate ( ! upp] ,jura =mation1 ,pr(essor ,goldfuss has ev5 discov]$ traces ( ! membran\s w+1 ) ! impressions ( curl+ tufts ( hair1 9 "s places a full in* 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! *alk ! numb] ( ! crocodilial ,saurians dim9i%es1 al?\gh ?is epo* is *>act]iz$ by ! s-call$ crocodile ( ,mae/ri*t 7! ,mososaurus ( ,conybe>e71 & ! colossal1 probably gram9ivor\s ,igu&on4 ,cuvi] has f\nd animals belong+ to ! exi/+ families ( ! crocodile 9 ! t]ti>y =mation1 & ,s*eu*z]'s 'ant$iluvian man' 7'homo diluvii te/is'71 a l>ge salam&] alli$ to ! ,axolotl1 :i* ,i br\ght ) me f ! l>ge ,mexican lakes1 belongs to ! mo/ rec5t fre%-wat] =mations ( ,o5+5499 footnote 99,an/$'s ',anci5t ,_w'1 p4 #ef4 -- ,tr4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! relative ages ( organisms by ! sup]position ( ! /rata has l$ to important results reg>d+ ! relations :i* h be5 discov]$ betwe5 ext9ct families & species 7! latt] be+ b few 9 numb]7 & ^? :i* /ill exi/4 ,anci5t & mod]n obs]vations concur 9 %[+ t ! fossil floras & faunas diff] m f ! pres5t vegetable & animal =ms 9 proportion z !y belong to l[]1 t is1 m anci5t s$im5t>y =mations4 ,! num]ical relations fir/ d$uc$ by ,cuvi] p #bge f ! great ph5om5a ( ! metamorphism ( organic life199 h l$1 ?r\gh ! admirable labors ( ,de%ayes & ,lyell1 to ! mo/ m>k$ results1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ! t]ti>y =mations1 :i* conta9 a consid]able numb] ( accurately inve/igat$ /ructures4 footnote 99,cuvi]1 ',re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles'1 t4 i41 p4 #eb-eg4 ,see1 also1 ! geological scale ( epo*s 9 ,phillips's ',geology'1 #ahcg1 p4 #aff-ahe4 ,agassiz1 :o has exam9$ #agjj species ( fossil fi%es1 & :o e/imates ! numb] ( liv+ species :i* h ei!r be5 describ$ or are pres]v$ 9 museums at #hjjj1 expressly says1 9 8 ma/]ly "w1 t1 ) ! exception ( a few small fossil fi%es peculi> to ! argillace\s geodes ( ,gre5l&1 he has n f\nd any animal ( ?is class 9 all ! transition1 second>y or t]ti>y =mations1 :i* is specifically id5tical ) any /ill extant fi%4 ,he subjo9s ! important obs]vation t 9 ! l[] t]ti>y =mations1 = in/ance1 9 ! co>se granul> calc>e\s b$s1 & 9 ! ,london clay199 "o ?ird ( ! fossil fi%es belong to :olly ext9ct families4 footnote 99,see ',wond]s ( ,geology'1 vol4 i41 p4 #bcj4 -- ,tr4 ,n a s+le species ( a /ill extant family is to be f\nd "u ! *alk1 :ile ! rem>kable family ( ! ',sauroidi' 7fi%es ) enamel$ scales71 almo/ alli$ to reptiles1 & :i* are f\nd f ! coal b$s -- 9 :i* ! l>g] species lie -- to ! *alk1 :]e !y occur individually1 be> ! same relation to ! two families 7! ,lepido/eus & ,polypt]us7 :i* inhabit ! ,am]ican riv]s & ! ,nile1 z our pres5t elephants & tapirs d to ! ,ma/odon & ,anaplo!riun ( ! primitive _w499 footnote 99,agassiz1 ',poissons ,fossiles'1 t4 i41 p4 #cj1 & t4 iii41 p4 #a-eb2 ,buckl&1 ',geology'1 vol4 i41 p4 #bgc-bgg4 ,! b$s ( *alk :i* conta9 two ( ^! sauroid fi%es & gigantic reptiles1 & a :ole ext9ct _w ( corals & muscles1 h be5 prov$ by ,ehr5b]g's beautiful discov]ies to consi/ ( microscopic ,poly?alamia1 _m ( :i* /ill exi/ 9 our seas1 & 9 ! middle latitudes ( ! ,nor? ,sea & ,baltic4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( t]ti>y =mations above ! *alk1 :i* has be5 designat$ z belong+ to ! ',eoc5e ,p]iod'1 does n1 !re=e1 m]it t designation1 s9ce ! 'dawn ( ! _w' 9 :i* we live ext5ds mu* fur!r back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ ?an we h hi!rto suppos$499 footnote 99,ehr5b]g1 ',ueb] no* jetzt leb5de ,?i]>t5 d] ,kreidelnldung'1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,b]l9] ,akad4'1 #ahci1 s4 #afd4 ,z we h already se51 fi%es1 :i* are ! mo/ anci5t ( all v]tebrata1 are f\nd 9 ! silurian transition /rata1 p #bgf & !n un9t]rupt$ly on ?r\gh all =mations to ! /rata ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 :ile ,saurians beg9 ) ! ze*/one4 ,9 l mann]1 we f9d ! fir/ mammalia 7',?ylaco!rium ,prevo/ii'1 & ',t4 ,buckl&ii'1 :i* are ne>ly alli$ accord+ to ,val5ci5nes199 ) m>supial animals7 9 ! oolitic =mations 7,/onesfield s*i/71 & ! fir/ birds 9 ! mo/ anci5t cretace\s /rata49999 footnote 99,val5ci5nes1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus de l',academie des ,sci5ces'1 t4 vii41 #ahch1 ,"p ii41 p4 #ehj4 footnote 9999,9 ! ,weald clay2 ,b5dant1 ',geologie'1 p4 #agc4 ,! orni?olites increase 9 numb] 9 ! gypsum ( ! t]ti>y =mations4 ,cuvi]1 ',ossem5s ,fossiles'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cjb-cbh4 ,su* are1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ! l[e/99 limits ( fi%es1 ,saurians1 mammalia1 & birds4 footnote 99,rec5t collections f ! s\!rn hemisph]e %[ t ?is di/ribution 0 n s univ]sal dur+ ! e>li] epo*s z has g5]ally be5 suppos$4 ,see pap]s by ,d>w91 ,%>pe1 ,morris1 & ,mc,coy1 9 ! ',geological ,j\rnal'4 -- ,tr'4 ,al?\gh corals & ,s]pulidae occur 9 ! mo/ anci5t =mations simultane\sly ) highly-develop$ ,cephalopodes & ,cru/aceans1 ?us exhibit+ ! mo/ v>i\s ord]s gr\p$ toge!r1 we yet discov] v det]m9ate laws 9 ! case ( _m individual gr\ps ( "o & ! same ord]s4 ,a s+le species ( fossil1 z ,goniatites1 ,trilobites1 or ,nummulites1 sometimes con/itutes :ole m\nta9s4 ,:]e diff]5t families are bl5d$ toge!r1 a det]m9ate succession ( organisms has n only be5 obs]v$ ) ref]5ce to ! sup]position ( ! =mations1 b ! association ( c]ta9 families & species has also be5 notic$ 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! same =mation4 ,by 8 acute discov]y ( ! arrangem5t ( ! lobes ( _! *amb]-sutures1 ,leopold von ,bu* has be5 enabl$ to divide ! innum]able quantity ( ,ammonites into well-*>act]iz$ families1 & to %[ t ,c]atites app]ta9 to ! mus*elkalk1 ,arietes to ! lias1 & ,goniatites to transition lime/one & graywacke499 footnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,b]l4 ,akad4'1 #ahcj1 s4 #ace-ahg4 ,! l[] limits ( ,belemnites are1 9 ! keup]1 cov]$ by ,jura lime/one1 & _! upp] limits 9 ! *alk =mations499 footnote 99,qu5/$t1 ',flotzgebirge ,wurtemb]gs'1 #ahdc1 s4 #ace4 ,x appe>s1 f :at we n[ "k ( ?is subject1 t ! wat]s mu/ h be5 inhabit$ at ! same epo*1 & 9 ! mo/ widely-remote di/ricts ( ! _w1 by %ell-fi%1 :i* 7 at any rate1 9 "p1 id5tical ) ! fossil rema9s f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,leopold von ,bu* has discov]$ exogyra & trigonia 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e 7volcano ( p #bgg ,maypo 9 ,*ili71 & ,d',orbigny has describ$ ,ammonites & ,gryphites f ! ,himalaya & ! ,indian pla9s ( ,cut*1 ^! rema9s be+ id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 ! old ,jurassic sea ( ,g]many & ,france4 ,! /rata :i* are di/+ui%$ by def9ite k9ds ( petrifacations1 or by ! fragm5ts conta9$ )9 !m1 =m a geogno/ic horizon1 by :i* ! inquir] may guide 8 /eps1 & arrive at c]ta9 conclusions reg>d+ ! id5tity or relative age ( ! =mations1 ! p]iodic recurr5ce ( c]ta9 /rata1 _! p>allelism1 or _! total suppression4 ,if c]ta9 /rata1 _! p>allelism1 or _! total suppression4 ,if we classify ! type ( ! s$im5t>y /ructures 9 ! simple/ mode ( g5]alization1 we arrive at ! foll[+ s]ies 9 proce$+ f bel[ upw>d3 #a4 ,! s-call$ 'transition rocks'1 9 ! two divisions ( upp] & l[] graywacke 7silurian & devonian sy/ems71 ! latt] be+ =m]ly designat$ z old r$ s&/one4 #b4 ,! 'l[] trias'199 compris+ m\nta9 lime/one1 coal-measures1 toge!r ) ! l[] new r$ s&/one 7,todtlieg5de & ,ze*/e9749999 #c4 ,! 'upp] trias'1 includ+ v>iegat$ s&/one19999 mus*elkalk1 & keup]4 #d4 ',jura lime/one' 7lias & oolite74 #e4 ',gre5 s&/one'1 ! quad] san/e91 upp] & l[] *alk1 t]m9at+ ! second>y =mations1 :i* beg9 ) lime/one4 #f4 ',t]ti>y =mations' 9 ?ree divisions1 di/+ui%$ z granul> lime/one1 ! lignites1 & ! sub-,ap5n9e gravel ( ,italy4 footnote 99,qu5/$t1 ',flotzgebirge ,wurtemb]gs'1 #ahdc1 s4 #ac4 footnote 9999 ,mur*ison makes two divisions ( ! 'bunt] s&/one'1 ! upp] be+ ! same z ! 'trias' ( ,alb]ti1 :ile ! l[] division1 to :i* ! ',vosges s&/one' ( ,elie de ,beaumont belongs -- ! 'zeck/e9' & ! 'todtlieg5de' -- he =ms 8 ',p]mian' sy/em4 ,he makes ! second>y =mations comm5ce ) ! 'upp] trias'1 t is to say1 ) ! upp] division ( our 7,g]man7 bunt] s&/one1 :ile ! ,p]mian sy/em1 ! c>bonif]\s or m\nta9 lime/one1 & ! devonian & silurian /rata1 con/itute 8 'palaeozoic =matiions'4 ,accord+ to ^! views1 ! *alk & ,jura con/itute ! upp]1 & ! keup]1 ! mus*elkalk1 & ! bunt] s&/one ! l[] second>y =mations1 :ile ! ,p]mian sy/em & ! c>bonif]\s lime/one are ! upp]1 & ! devonian & silurian /rata are ! l[] palaeooic =mation4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ?is g5]al classification are develop$ 9 ! great "w 9 :i* ?is indefatigable ,briti% geologi/ purposes to describe ! geology ( a l>ge "p ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,!n foll[1 9 ! alluvial b$s1 ! colossal bones ( ! mammalia ( ! primitive _w1 z ! ma/odon1 d9o?rium p #bgh missurium1 & ! mega!rides1 among :i* is ,ow5's slo?-l mylodon1 elev5 feet 9 ! l5g?499 footnote 99,see ,mantell's ',wond]s ( ,geology'1 vol4 i41 p4 #afh4 -- ,tr4 ,besides ^! ext9ct families1 we f9d ! fossil rema9s ( /ill extant animals1 z ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 ox1 horse1 & /ag4 ,! field ne> ,bogota1 call$ ! ',campo de ,gigantes'1 :i* is fill$ ) ! bones ( ma/odons1 & 9 :i* ,i caus$ excavations to be made1 lies #hgdj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 :ile ! osse\s rema9s1 f\nd 9 ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,mexico1 belong to true elephants ( ext9ct species499 footnote 99,cuvi]1 ',ossem5s ,fossiles'1 #ahba1 t4 i41 p4 #aeg1 #bfa1 & #bfd4 ,see1 also1 ,humboldt1 ',ueb] die ,ho*eb5e von ,bogota'1 9 ! ',deuts*5 ,vi]teljahrs-s*rift'1 #ahci1 bd4 i41 s4 #aag4 ,! project+ spurs ( ! ,himalaya1 ! ,sewalik ,hills1 :i* h be5 s zeal\sly inve/igat$ by ,capta9 ,cantley99 & ,dr4 ,falcon]1 & ! ,cordill]as1 ^: elevations are probably1 ( v diff]5t epo*s1 conta91 besides num]\s ma/odons1 ! siva!rium1 & ! gigantic l& tortoise ( ! primitive _w 7',colosso*elys'71 :i* is twelve feet 9 l5g? & six 9 height1 & sev]al extant families1 z elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 & giraffes2 & x is a rem>kable fact1 t ^! rema9s are f\nd 9 a zone :i* /ill enjoys ! same tropical climate :i* mu/ be suppos$ to h prevail$ at ! p]iod ( ! ma/odons49999 footnote 99,! fossil fauna ( ! ,sewalik range ( hills1 skirt+ ! s\!rn base ( ! ,himalaya1 has prov$ m abundant 9 g5]a & species ( mammalia ?an t ( any o!r region yet explor$4 ,z a g5]al expression ( ! lead+ features1 x may be /at$1 t x appe>s to h be5 compos$ ( repres5tative =ms ( all ages1 f ! 'olde/ ( ! t]ti>y p]iod d[n to ! mod]n'1 & ( 'all ! geographical' divisions ( ! ,old ,cont95t gr\p$ toge!r into "o compreh5sive fauna4 ',fauna ,antiqua ,sivali5sis'1 by ,hugh ,falcon]1 ,m4,d41 & ,major ,p4 ,t4 ,cautley4 -- ,tr4 ,hav+ ?us pass$ 9 review bo? ! inorganic =mations ( ! e>?'s cru/ & ! animal rema9s :i* are conta9$ )9 x1 ano!r bran* ( ! hi/ory ( ! organic life /ill rema9s = our consid]ation1 viz41 ! epo* ( vegetation1 & ! successive floras t h occurr$ simultane\sly ) ! increas+ ext5t ( ! dry l& & ! modifications ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! olde/ transition /rata1 z we h already obs]v$1 conta9 m]ely cellul> m>9e plants1 & x is only 9 ! devonian sy/em t a few cryptogamic =ms ( vascul> plants 7,calamites & ,lycopodiaceae7 h be5 obs]v$499 footnote 99,beyri*1 9 ,k>/eu's ',ar*iv fur ,m9]alogie'1 #ahdd1 bd4 xviii41 s4 #bah4 ,no?+ appe>s to corroborate p #bgi ! !oretical views t h be5 />t$ reg>d+ ! simplicity ( primitive =ms ( organic life1 ow t vegetable prec$$ animal life1 & t ! =m] 0 necess>ily dep5d5t ^u ! latt]4 ,! exi/5ce ( races ( m5 inhabit+ ! icy regions ( ! ,nor? ,pol> l&s1 & ^: nutrim5t is solely d]iv$ f fi% & cetaceans1 %[s ! possibility ( ma9ta9+ life indep5d5tly ( vegetable sub/ances4 ,aft] ! devonian sy/em & ! m\nta9 lime/one1 we come to a =mation1 ! botanical analysis ( :i* has made su* brilliant advances 9 mod]n times499 footnote 99,by ! important labors ( ,c\nt ,/]nb]g1 ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 ,gopp]t1 & ,l9dley4 ,! coal measures conta9 n only f]n-l cryptogamic plants & phan]ogamic monocotyl$ons 7grasses1 yucc-l ,liliaceae & palms71 b also gymnosp]mic dicotyl$ons 7,conif]ae & ,cycadeae71 am\nt+ 9 all to ne>ly #djj species1 z *>act]i/ic ( ! coal =mations4 ,( ^! we w only enum]ate arboresc5t ,calamites & ,lycopodiaceae1 scaly ,lepidod5dra1 ,sigill>iae1 :i* atta9 a height ( sixty feet1 & are sometimes f\nd /&+ upright1 be+ di/+ui%$ by a d\ble sy/em ( vascul> bundles1 cactus-l ,/igm>iae1 a great numb] ( f]ns1 9 "s cases ! /ems1 & 9 o!rs ! fronds alone be+ f\nd1 indicat+ by _! abundance ! insul> =m ( ! dry l&199 ,cycadeae9999 especially palms1 al?\gh few] 9 numb]4999999 footnote 99,see ,rob]t ,br[n's ',botany ( ,congo'1 p4 #db1 & ! ,memoir ( ! un=tunate ,e',urville1 ',de la ,di/ribution des ,f\g]es sur la ,surface du ,globe ,t]re/re'4 footnote 9999,su* are ! ,cycadeae discov]$ by ,c\nt ,/]nb]g 9 ! old c>bonif]\s =mation at ,radnitz1 9 ,bohemia1 & describ$ by ,corda 7two species ( ,cycatides & ,zamites ,cordai4 ,see ,gopp]t1 ',fossile ,cycade5 9 d5 ,arbeit5 d] ,s*les4 ,gesells*aft1 fur wat]l4 ,cultur im ,jahr' #ahdc1 s4 #cc1 #cg1 #dj & #ej74 ,a ,cycadea 7,pt]ophyllum gonor*a*is1 ,gopp47 has also be5 f\nd 9 ! c>bonif]\s =mations 9 ,upp] ,silesia1 at ,konig%utte4 footnote 999999,l9dley1 ',fossil ,flora'1 ,no4 xv41 p4 #afc4 ,a/]ophyllites1 hav+ :orl-l leaves1 & alli$ to ! ,naiades1 ) arauc>ia-l ,conif]ae'199 :i* exhibit fa9t traces ( annual r+s4 footnote 99',fossil ,conif]ae'1 9 ,buckl&'s ',geology'1 p4 #dhc-dij4 ,)am has ! great m]it ( hav+ fir/ recogniz$ ! exi/5ce ( ,conif]ae 9 ! e>ly vegetation ( ! old c>bonif]\s =mation4 ,almo/ all ! trunks ( trees f\nd 9 ?is =mation 7 previ\sly reg>d$ z palms4 ,! species ( ! g5us ',arauc>ia' are1 h[ev]1 n peculi> to ! coal =mations ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s2 !y likewise occur 9 ,upp] ,silesia4 ,?is diff]5ce ( "* f our pres5t vegtation1 m9ife/$ 9 ! vegetative =ms :i* 7 s luxuri\sly develop$ on ! dri] p #bhj & m elevat$ portions ( ! old r$ s&/one1 0 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh all ! subsequ5t epo*s to ! mo/ rec5t *alk =mations2 amid ! peculi> *>act]i/ics exhibit$ 9 ! vegetable =ms conta9$ 9 ! coal measures1 !re is1 h[ev]1 a /rik+ly-m>k$ preval5ce ( ! same families1 if n ( ! same species199 9 all p>ts ( ! e>? z x !n exi/$1 z 9 ,new ,holl&1 ,canada1 ,gre5l&1 & ,melville ,isl&4 footnote 99,adolphe ,brongni>t1 ',prodrome d'une ,hi/4 des ,vegetaux ,fossiles'1 p4 #agi2 buckl&1 ',geology'1 p4 #dgi2 ,endli*] & ,ung]1 ',grundzuge d] ,botanik'1 #ahdc1 s4 #dee4 ,! vegetation ( ! primitive p]iod exhibits =ms :i*1 f _! simultane\s aff9ity ) sev]al families ( ! pres5t _w1 te/ify t _m int]m$iate l9ks mu/ h become ext9ct 9 ! scale ( organic developm5t4 ,?us1 = example1 to m5tion only two in/ances1 we w\ld notice ! ,lepidod5dra1 :i*1 accord+ to ,l9dley1 occupy a place betwe5 ! ,conif]ae & ! ,lycopodiaceae991 & ! ,arauc>iae & p9es1 :i* exhibit "s peculi>ities 9 ! union ( _! vascul> bundles4 footnote 99,by means ( ,lepidod5dron1 a bett] passage is e/abli%$ f fl[]+ to fl[]less plants ?an by ei!r ,equisetum or ,cycas1 or any o!r kn[n g5us4 -- ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ',fossil ,flora'1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ec4 ,ev5 if we limit our consid]ation to ! pres5t _w alone1 we mu/ reg>d z highly important ! discov]y ( ,cycadeae & ,conif]ae side by side ) ,sag5>iae & ,lepidod5dra 9 ! anci5t coal measures4 ,! ,conif]ae are n ony alli$ to ,cupulif]ae & ,betul9ae1 ) :i* we f9d !m associat$ 9 lignite =mations1 b also ) ,lycopodiaceae4 ,! family ( ! sago-l ,cycadeae approa*es mo/ ne>ly to palms 9 its ext]nal appe>ance1 :ile ^! plants are specially alli$ to ,conif]ae 9 respect to ! /ructure ( _! blossoms & se$499 footnote 99,kun?1 ',anordnung d] ,pflanz5famili5'1 9 8 ',h&b4 d] ,botanik'1 s4 #cjg und #cad4 ,:]e _m b$s ( coal are sup]pos$ ov] "o ano!r1 ! families & species are n always bl5d$1 be+ mo/ frequ5tly gr\p$ toge!r 9 sep>ate g5]a2 ,lycopodiaceae & c]ta9 f]ns be+ alone f\nd 9 "o b$1 & ,/igm>iae & ,sigill>iae 9 ano!r4 ,9 ord] to give "s idea ( ! luxuriance ( ! vegetation ( ! primitive _w1 & ( ! imm5se masses ( vegetable matt] :i* 0 d\btlessly accumulat$ 9 curr5ts & conv]t$ 9 a moi/ condition into coal199 ,i w\ld in/ance ! ,sa>bruck] coal measures1 p #bha :]e #abj b$s are sup]pos$ on "o ano!r1 exclusive ( a great _m :i* are less ?an a foot 9 ?ickness2 ! coal b$s at ,john/one1 9 ,scotl&1 & ^? 9 ! ,creuzot1 9 ,burgundy1 are "s ( !m1 respectively1 ?irty & fifty feet 9 ?ickness19999 :ile 9 ! =e/s ( our temp]ate zones1 ! c>bon conta9$ 9 ! trees gr[+ ov] a c]ta9 area w\ld h>dly suffice1 9 ! space ( a hundr$ ye>s1 to cov] x ) m ?an a /ratum ( sev5 ,fr5* l9es 9 ?ickness4999999 footnote ,t coal has n be5 =m$ f vegetable fib]s *>r$ by fire1 b t x has m probably be5 produc$ 9 ! moi/ way by ! action ( sulphuric acid1 is /rik+ly demon/rat$ by ! excell5t obs]vation made by ,gopp]t 7,k>/51 ',ar*iv fu ,m9]alogie'1 bd4 xviii41 s4 #ecj71 on ! conv]sion ( a fragm5t ( amb]-tree into black coal4 ,! coal & ! unalt]$ amb] lay side by side4 ,reg>d+ ! "p :i* ! l[] =ms ( vegetation may h _h 9 ! =mation ( coal b$s1 see ,l9k1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,b]l9] ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5'1 #ahch1 s4 #ch4 footnote 9999,! actual total ?ickness ( ! diff]5t b$s 9 ,engl& v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 b appe>s to am\nt 9 ! ,lanca%ire coal field to z mu* z #aej feet4 -- ,an/$'s ',anci5t ,_w'1 p4 #gh4 ,= an enum]ation ( ! ?ickness ( coal measures 9 ,am]ica & ! ,old ,cont95t1 see ,mantell's ',wond]s ( ,geology'1 vol4 ii41 p4 #fj4 -- ,tr4 footnote 999999,see ! accurate labors ( ,*ev&i]1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus de l',academie des ,sci5ces'1 #ahdd1 t4 xviii41 ,"p i41 p4 #bhe4 ,9 comp>+ ?is b$ ( c>bon1 sev5 l9es 9 ?ickness1 ) b$s ( coal1 we mu/ n omit to consid] ! enorm\s pressure to :i* ! latt] h be5 subject$ f sup]impos$ rock1 & :i* manife/s itself 9 ! flatt5$ =m ( ! /ems ( ! trees f\nd 9 ^! subt]ranean regions4 ,! s-call$ 'wood-hills' discov]$ 9 #ahjf by ,sir[atskoi1 on ! s\? coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,new ,sib]ia1 consi/1 accord+ to ,h$5/rom1 ( horizontal /rata ( s&/one1 aolt]nat+ ) bitum9\s trunks ( trees1 =m+ a m\nd ?irty fa?oms 9 neight2 at ! summit ! /ems 7 9 a v]tical position4 ,! b$ ( driftwood is visible at five w]/s' di/ance4 -- ,see ,wrangel1 ',reise ,iangs d] ,nordku/e von ,sib]i51 9 d5 ,jahr5' #ahbj-bd1 ?4 i41 s4 #ajb4 ,ne> ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 & 9 ! wood hills ( ! ,sib]ian ,pol> ,sea1 describ$ by ,admiral ,wrangel1 ! va/ numb] ( trunks ( trees accumulat$ by riv] & sea wat] curr5ts af=ds a /rik+ in/ance ( !5orm\s quantities ( drift-wood :i* mu/ h favor$ ! =mation ( c>bonif]\s deposition 9 ! isl& wat]s & insul> bays4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! b$s owe a consid]able portion ( ! sub/ances ( :i* !y consi/ to grasses1 small bran*+ %rubs1 & cryptogamic plants4 ,! association ( palms & ,conif]ae1 :i* we h indicat$ z be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! coal =mations1 is discov]able ?r\gh\t almo/ all =mations to ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( ! _w1 ^! g5]a p #bhb appe> to exhibit no t5d5cy :atev] to occur associat$ toge!r4 ,we h s accu/om$ ourselves1 al?\gh errone\sly1 to reg>d ,conif]ae z a nor!rn =m1 t ,i exp]i5c$ a feel+ ( surprise :51 9 asc5d+ f ! %ores ( ! ,s\? ,pacific t[>d ,*ilpans+o & ! elevat$ valleys ( ,mexico1 betwe5 ! ',v5ta de la ,moxon]a' & ! ',alto de los ,caxones'1 #djjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ,i rode a :ole day ?r\gh a d5se wood ( ,p9us occid5talis1 :]e ,i obs]v$ t ^! trees1 :i* are s simil> to ! ,weym\? p9e1 7 associat$ ) fan palms99 7',corypha dulcis'71 sw>m+ ) brightly-color$ p>rots4 footnote 99,?is corypha is ! 'soyate' 79 ,aztec1 zoyatl71 or ! ',palma dulce' ( ! natives4 ,see ,humboldt & ,bonplaud1 ',synopsis ,plant4 ,a,equinoct4 ,orbis ,novi'1 t4 i41 p4 #cjb4 ,pr(essor ,bus*mann1 :o is pr(\ndly acqua9t$ ) ! ,am]ican languages1 rem>ks1 t ! ',palma soyate' is s nam$ 9 ,yepe's ',vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,o?omi'1 & t ! ,aztec ^w zoyatl 7,mol9a1 ',vocabul>io en ,l5gua ,mexicana y ,ca/ellana'1 p4 #be7 recurs 9 names ( places1 su* z ,zoyatitlan & ,zoyapanco1 ne> ,*iapa4 ,s\? ,am]ica has oaks1 b n a s+le species ( p9e2 & ! fir/ "t t ,i aga9 saw ! famili> =m ( a fir-tree1 x 0 ?us associat$ ) ! /range appe>ance ( ! fan palm499 footnote 99,ne> ,b>acoa & ,cayos de ,moya4 ,see ! ,admiral's j\rnal ( ! #be? & #bg? ( ,novemb]1 #adib1 & ,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,critique de l',hi/4 de la ,geographie du ,n\veau ,cont95t'1 t4 ii41 p4 #beb1 & #e4 iii41 p4 #bc4 ,columbus1 :o inv>iably paid ! mo/ rem>kable att5tion to all natural objects1 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve ! diff]5ce betwe5 ',podoc>pus' & ',p9us'4 ,i f9d1 said he1 en la ti]ra asp]a del ,cibao p9os que no ,ilevan p9as 7fir cones71 p]o portal ord5 compue/os por naturaleza1 que 7los frutos7 p>ec5 azeytunas del ,ax>afe de ,sevilla4 ,! great botani/1 ,ri*>d1 :5 he publi%$ 8 excell5t ,memoir on ,cycadeae & ,conif]ae1 little imag9$ t be=e ! "t ( ,l',h]iti]1 & ev5 be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 a navigator _h sep>at$ ',podoc>pus' f ! ,abiet9eae4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 9 8 fir/ voyage ( discov]y1 saw ,conif]ae & palms gr[+ toge!r on ! nor!a/]n extremity ( ! isl& ( ,cuba1 likewise )9 ! tropics1 & sc>cely above ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is acute obs]v]1 :om no?+ escap$1 m5tions ! fact 9 8 j\rnal z a rem>kable circum/ance1 & 8 fri5d ,anghi]a1 ! secret>y ( ,frd9& ! ,ca?olic1 rem>ks ) a/oni%m5t t 'palmeta' & 'p9eta' are f\nd associat$ toge!r 9 ! newly-discov]$ l&4 ,x is a matt] ( mu* importance to geology to comp>e ! pres5t di/ribution ( plants ov] ! e>?'s surface ) t exhibit$ 9 ! fossil floras ( ! primitive _w4 ,! temp]ate zone ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :i* is s ri* 9 seas & isl&s1 & :]e p #bhc tropical =ms bl5d s rem>kably ) ^? ( cold] p>ts ( ! e>?1 pres5ts accord+ to ,d>w9's beautiful & animat$ descriptions199 ! mo/ in/ructive mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! pres5t & ! pa/ geography ( plants4 footnote 99,*>les ,d>w91 ',j\rnal ( ! ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle'1 #ahci1 p4 #bga4 ,! hi/ory ( ! primordial ages is1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 a "p ( ! hi/ory ( plants4 ,cycadeae1 :i*1 f ! numb] ( _! fossil species1 mu/ h occupi$ a f> m important "p 9 ! ext9ct ?an 9 ! pres5t vegetable _w1 are associat$ ) ! ne>ly alli$ ,conif]ae f ! coal =mations upw>d4 ,!y are almo/ :olly abs5t 9 ! epo* ( ! v>iegat$ s&/one :i* conta9s ,conif]ae ( r>e & luxuriant /ructure 7',voltizia1 ,haid+]a1 ,alb]tia'72 ! ,cycadeae1 h[ev]1 occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! keup] & lias /rata1 9 :i* m ?an tw5ty diff]5t =ms appe>4 ,9 ! *alk1 m>9e plants & naiades pr$om9ate4 ,! =e/s ( ,cycadeae ( ! ,jura =mations _h1 !re=e1 long disappe>$1 & ev5 9 ! m anci5t t]ti>y =mations !y are q subord9ate to ! ,conif]ae & palms499 footnote 99,gopp]t describes ?ree o!r ,cycadeae 7species ( ,cycadites & ,pt]ophyllum71 f\nd 9 ! br[n c>bonif]\s s*i/ose clay ( ,alt-sattel & ,commotau1 9 ,bohemia4 ,!y v probably belong to ! ,eoc5e ,p]iod4 ,gopp]t1 ',fossile ,cycade5'1 s4 #fa4 ,! lignites1 or b$s ( br[n coal99 :i* are pres5t 9 all divisions ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 pres5t1 among ! mo/ anci5t cryptogamic l& plants1 "s few palms1 _m ,conif]ae hav+ di/9ct annual r+s1 & foliace\s %rubs ( a m or less tropical "*4 footnote 99',m$als ( ,creation'1 vol4 i41 *4 v41 etc4 ',wond]s ( ,geology'1 vol4 i41 p4 #bgh1 #cib4 -- ,tr4 ,9 ! middle t]ti>y p]iod we aga9 f9d palms & ,cycadeae fully e/abli%$1 & f9ally a great simil>ity ) our exi/+ flora1 manife/$ 9 ! sudd5 & abundant occurr5ce ( our p9es & firs1 ,cupulif]ae1 maples1 & popl>s4 ,! dicotyl$on\s /ems f\nd 9 lignite are occasionally di/+ui%$ by colossal size & great age4 ,9 ! trunk ( a tree f\nd at ,bonn1 ,nogg]a? c\nt$ #gib annual r+s499 footnote 99,buckl&1 ',geology'1 p4 #eji4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,france1 at ,yseux1 ne> ,abbeville1 oaks h be5 discov]$ 9 ! turf moors ( ! ,somme :i* measur$ f\rte5 feet 9 diamet]1 a ?ickness :i* is v rem>kable 9 ! ,old ,cont95t & )\t ! tropics4 ,accord+ to ,gopp]t's excell5t inve/igations1 :i*1 x is hop$1 may soon be illu/rat$ by plates1 x w\ld appe> t all ! amb] ( ! ,baltic comes f p #bhd a conif]\s tree1 :i*1 to judge by ! /ill extant rema9s ( wood & ! b>k at diff]5t ages1 approa*es v ne>ly to our :ite & r$ p9es1 al?\gh =m+ a di/9ct species4 ,! amb]-tree ( ! anci5t _w 7',p9ites succif]'7 ab\nd$ 9 res9 to a degree f> surpass+ t manife/$ by any extant conif]\s tree2 = n only 7 l>ge masses ( amb] deposit$ 9 & ^u ! b>k1 b also 9 ! wood itself1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! m$ull>y rays1 :i*1 toge!r ) ligne\s cells1 are /ill disc]nible "u ! microscope1 & p]iph]ally betwe5 ! r+s1 be+ "s times bo? yell[ & :ite4 ,among ! vegetable =ms inclos$ 9 amb] are male & femald blossoms ( our native ne$le-wood trees & ,cupulif]ae1 :ile fragm5ts :i* are recogniz$ z belong+ to ?uia1 cupressus1 eph$]a1 & ca/ania vesca1 bl5d$ ) ^? ( junip]s & firs1 indicate a vegetation diff]5t f t ( ! coa/s & pla9s ( ! ,baltic499 footnote 99,! =e/s ( amb]-p9es1 ',p9ites succif]'1 7 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( :at is n[ ! b$ ( ! ,baltic1 9 ab\t #ee degrees ,n4 lat41 & #cg degrees ,e4 long4 ,! diff]5t colors ( amb] are d]iv$ f local *emical admixture4 ,! amb] conta9s fragm5ts ( vegetable matt]1 & f ^! x has be5 asc]ta9$ ?t ! amb]-p9e =e/s conta9$ f\r o!r species ( p9e 7besides ! ',p9ites succi]'71 sev]al cypresses1 yews1 & junip]s1 ) oaks1 popl>s1 bee*es1 etc4 -- altoge!r =ty-eight species ( trees & %rubs1 con/itut+ a flora ( ,nor? ,am]ican *ract]4 ,!re are also "s f]ns1 mosses1 fungi1 & liv]worts4 ,see ,pr(essor ,gopp]t1 ',geol4 ,trans4'1 #ahde4 ,insects1 spid]s1 small cru/aceans1 leaves1 & fragm5ts ( vegetable tissue1 are imb$d$ 9 "s ( ! masses4 ,upw>d ( #hjj species ( insects h be5 obs]v$2 mo/ ( !m belong to species1 & ev5 g5]a1 t appe> to be di/9ct f any n[ kn[n1 b o!rs are ne>ly relat$ to indig5\s species1 & "s are id5tical ) exi/+ =ms1 t inhabit m s\!rn climes4 -- ',wond]s ( ,geology'1 vol4 i41 p4 #bdb1 etc4 -- ,tr4 ,we h n[ pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( =mations compris$ 9 ! geological portion ( ! pres5t "w1 proce$+ f ! olde/ erupt$ rock & ! mo/ anci5t s$im5t>y =mations to ! alluvial l& on :i* are scatt]$ ^? l>ge masses ( rock1 ! causes ( ^: g5]al di/ribution h be5 s long & v>i\sly discuss$1 & :i* are1 9 my op9ion1 to be ascrib$ r to ! p5etration & viol5t outp\r+ ( p5t-up wat]s by ! elevation ( m\nta9 *a9s ?an to ! motion ( float+ blocks ( ice499 footnote 99,leopold von ,bu*1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*4 zu ,b]l9'1 #ahad-ae1 s4 #afa2 & 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 ix41 s4 #ege2 ,elie de ,beaumont1 9 ! ',annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles'1 t4 xix41 p4 #fj4 ,! mo/ anci5t /ructures ( ! transition =mation p #bhe ) :i* we are acqua9t$ are slate & graywacke1 :i* conta9 "s rema9s ( sea we$s f ! silurian or cambrian sea4 ,on :at did ^! s-call$ 'mo/ anci5t' =mations re/1 if gneiss & mica s*i/ mu/ be reg>d$ z *ang$ s$im5t>y /rata8 ,d>e we haz>d a conjecture on t :i* c n be an object ( actual geogno/ic obs]vation8 ,accord+ to an anci5t ,indian my?1 ! e>? is borne up by an elephant1 :o 9 8 turn is support$ by a gigantic tortoise1 9 ord] t he may n fall2 b x is n p]mitt$ to ! cr$ul\s ,brahm9s to inquire on :at ! tortoise re/s4 ,we v5ture "h ^u a some:at simil> problem1 & are prep>$ to meet ) opposition 9 our endeavors to arrive at its soluion4 ,9 ! fir/ =mation ( ! planets1 z we /at$ 9 ! a/ronomical portion ( ?is "w1 x is probable t nebul\s r+s revolv+ r\nd ! sun 7 agglom]at$ into sph]oids1 & consolidat$ by a gradual cond5sation proce$+ f ! ext]ior t[>d ! c5t]4 ,:at we t]m ! anci5t silurian /rata are ?us only ! upp] portions ( ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,! erupt$ rocks :i* h brok5 ?r\gh & upheav$ ^! /rata h be5 elevat$ f dep?s t are :olly inaccessible to our rese>*2 !y mu/1 !re=e1 h exi/$ "u ! silurian /rata1 & be5 compos$ ( ! same association ( m9]als :i* we t]m granite1 augite1 & qu>tzose porphyry1 :5 !y are made kn[n to u by eruption ?r\gh ! surface4 ,bas+ our inquiries on analogy1 we may assume t ! sub/ances :i* fill up deep fissures & trav]se ! s$im5t>y /rata are m]ely ! ramifications ( a l[] deposit4 ,! foci ( active volcanoes are situat$ at enorm\s dep?s1 & judg+ f ! rem>kable fragm5ts :i* ,i h f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>? incru/$ 9 lava curr5ts1 ,i %\ld deem x m ?an probable ?t a primordial granite rock =ms ! sub/ratum ( ! :ole /ratifi$ edifice ( fossil rema9s499 footnote 99,see ,elie de ,beaumont1 ',descr4 ,geol4 de la ,france'1 t4 i41 p4 #fe2 ,beaudant1 ',geologie'1 #ahdd1 p4 #bfi4 ,basalt conta9+ oliv9e fir/ %[s itself 9 ! p]iod ( ! *alk tra*yte /ill lat]1 :ile eruptions ( granite belong1 z we le>n f ! products ( _! metamorphic action to ! epo* ( ! olde/ s$im5t>y /rata ( ! transition =mation4 ,:]e k c n be atta9$ f imm$iate p]ceptive evid5ce1 we may be all[$ f induction1 no less ?an f a c>eful comp>ison ( facts1 to haz>d a conjecture by :i* granite w\ld be re/or$ p #bhf to a portion ( its conte/$ "r & title to be consid]$ z a 'primordial' rock4 ,! rec5t progress ( geognosy1 t is to say1 ! m ext5d$ k ( ! geogno/ic epo*s *>act]iz$ by diff]5ces ( m9]al =mations1 by ! peculi>ities & succession ( ! organisms conta9$ )9 !m1 & by ! position ( ! /rata1 :e!r uplift$ or incl9$ horizontally1 leads u1 by means ( ! causal connection exi/+ among all natural ph5om5a1 to ! di/ribution ( solids & fluids into ! cont95ts & seas :i* con/itute ! upp] cru/ ( our planet4 ,we "h t\* ^u a po9t ( contact betwe5 geological & geographical geognosy :i* w\ld con/itute ! complete hi/ory ( ! =m & ext5t ( cont95ts4 ,! limitation ( ! solid by ! fluid p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface & _! mutual relations ( area1 h v>i$ v consid]ably 9 ! long s]ies ( geogno/ic epo*s4 ,!y 7 v diff]5t1 = in/ance1 :5 c>bonif]\s /rata 7 horizontally deposit$ on ! incl9$ b$s ( ! m\nta9 lime/one & old r$ s&/one2 :5 lias & oolite lay on a sub/ratum ( keup] & mus*elkalk1 & ! *alk re/$ on ! slopes ( gre5 s&/one & ,jura lime/one4 ,if1 ) ,elie de ,beaumont1 we t]m ! wat]s 9 :i* ! ,jura lime/one & *alk =m$ a s(t deposit ! ',jurassic or oolitic'1 & ! 'cretace\s seas'1 ! outl9es ( ^! =mations w indicate1 = ! two correspond+ epo*s1 ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ! already dri$ l& & ! ocean 9 :i* ^! rocks 7 =m+4 ,an +5i\s attempt has be5 made to craw maps ( ?is physical portion ( primitive geography & we may consid] su* diagrams z m correct ?an ^? ( ! w&]+s ( ,io or ! ,hom]ic geography1 s9ce ! latt] are m]ely graphic repres5tations ( my?ical images1 :ile ! =m] are bas$ ^u positive facts d$uc$ f ! sci5ce ( geology4 ,! results ( ! inve/igations made reg>d+ ! areal relations ( ! solid portions ( our planet are z foll[s3 9 ! mo/ anci5t times1 dur+ ! silurian & devonian transition epo*s1 & 9 ! second>y =mations1 includ+ ! trias1 ! cont95tal portions ( ! e>? 7 limit$ to insul> gr\ps cov]$ ) vegetation2 ^! isl&s at a subsequ5t p]iod became unit$1 giv+ rise to num]\s lakes & deeply-ind5t$ bays2 & f9ally1 :5 ! *a9s ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ,ap5n9es1 & ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s 7 elevat$ ab\t ! p]iod ( ! m anci5t t]ti>y =mations1 l>ge cont95ts appe>$1 hav+ almo/ _! pres5t p #bhg size499 footnote 99,^! movem5ts1 describ$ 9 s few words1 7 d\btless go+ on = _m ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( revolutions ( our planet4 ,!y 7 accompani$1 also1 by va/ b sl[ *anges ( o!r k9ds4 ,! expansive =ce employ$ 9 lift+ up1 by mighty movem5ts1 ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t ( ,asia1 f\nd p>tial v5t2 & f p>tial subsque\s fissures !re 7 p\r$ out ! tabul> masses ( basalt occurr+ 9 ,c5tral ,india1 :ile an ext5sive area ( depression 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 m>k$ by ! coral isl&s ( ! ,laccadives1 ! ,maldives1 ! great ,*agos ,bank1 & "s o!rs1 7 9 ! c\rse ( depression by a c\nt]act+ movem5t4 -- ,an/$'s ',anci5t ,_w'1 p4 #cdf1 etc4 -- ,tr4 ,9 ! silurian epo*1 z well z 9 t 9 :i* ! ,cycadeae fl\ri%$ 9 su* abundance1 & gigantic saurians 7 liv+1 ! dry l&1 f pole to pole1 0 probably less ?an x n[ is 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific & ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,we %all see1 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is "w1 h[ ?is prepond]at+ quantity ( wat]1 comb9$ ) o!r causes1 mu/ h contribut$ to raise ! temp]ature & induce a great] uni=mity ( climate4 ,"h we w\ld only rem>k 9 consid]+ ! gradual ext5sion ( ! dry l&1 t1 %ortly be=e ! 'di/urbances' :i* at long] or %ort] int]vals caus$ ! sudd5 de/ruction ( s great a numb] ( colossal v]tebrata 9 ! 'diluvial p]iod'1 "s p>ts ( ! pres5t cont95tal masses mu/ h be5 completely sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,!re is a great simil>ity 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia betwe5 /ill liv+ & ext9ct species ( animals4 ,9 ,new ,holl&1 fossil rema9s ( ! kang>oo h be5 f\nd1 & 9 ,new ,zeal& ! semi-foxxiliz$ bones ( an enorm\s bird1 resembl+ ! o/ri*1 ! d9ornis ( ,ow5199 :i* is ne>ly alli$ to ! pres5t spt]yx1 & b little s to ! rec5tly ext9ct dronte 7dodo7 ( ! isl& ( ,rodriguez4 footnote 99,see ',am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce'1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #ahg2 & ',m$als ( ,creation'1 vol4 ii41 p4 #hag2 ',trans4 ,zoolog4 ,society ( ,london'1 vol4 ii2 ',wond]s ( ,geology'1 vol4 i41 p4 #abi4 -- ,tr4 ,! =m ( ! cont95tal portions ( ! e>? may1 p]haps1 9 a great measure1 owe _! elevation above ! surr\nd+ level ( ! wat] to ! eruption ( qu>tzose porphyry1 :i* ov]?rew ) viol5ce ! fir/ great vegetation f :i* ! matrial ( our pres5t coal measures 0 =m$4 ,! portions ( ! e>?'s surface :i* we t]m pla9s are no?+ m ?an ! broad summits ( hills & m\nta9s ^: bases re/ on ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,e pla9 is1 !re=e1 :5 consid]$ accord+ to its subm>9e relations1 an 'elevat$ plateau'1 ^: inequalities h be5 cov]$ ov] by horizontal deposition ( new s$im5t>y =mations & by ! accumulation ( alluvium4 p #bhh ,among ! g5]al subjects ( contemplation app]ta9+ to a "w ( ?is nature1 a prom95t place mu/ be giv51 fir/1 9 ! consid]ation ( ! 'quantity' ( ! l& rais$ above ! level ( ! sea1 & next1 to ! individual configuration ( ea* "p1 ei!r 9 relation to horizontal ext5sion 7relations ( =m7 or to v]tical elevation 7hypsometrical relations ( m\nta9-*a9s74 ,our planet has two envelopes1 ( :i* "o1 :i* is g5]al -- ! atmosph]e -- is compos$ ( an ela/ic fluid1 & ! o!r -- ! sea -- is only locally di/ribut$1 surr\nd+1 & !re=e modify+1 ! =m ( ! l&4 ,^! two envelopes ( air & sea con/itute a natural :ole1 on :i* dep5d ! diff]5ce ( climate on ! e>?'s surface1 accord+ to ! relative ext5sion ( ! aque\s & solid p>ts1 ! =m & aspect ( ! l&1 & ! direction & elevation ( m\nta9 *a9s4 ,a k ( ! reciprocal action ( air1 sea1 & l& tea*es u t great meteorological ph5om5a c n be compreh5d$ :5 consid]$ indep5d5tly ( geogno/ic relations4 ,meteorology1 z well z ! geography ( plants & animals1 has only begun to make actual progress s9ce ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! ph5om5a to be inve/igat$ has be5 fully recogniz$4 ,! ^w climate has c]ta9ly special ref]5ce to ! "* ( ! atmosph]e1 b ?is "* is itself dep5d5t on ! p]petually concurr5t influ5ces ( ! ocean1 :i* is univ]sally & deeply agitat$ by curr5ts hav+ a totally opposite temp]ature1 & ( radiation f ! dry l&1 :i* v>ies greatly 9 =m1 elevation1 color1 & f]tility1 :e!r we consid] its b>e1 rocky portions1 or ^? t are cov]$ ) arboresc5t or h]bace\s vegetation4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( ! surface ( our planet1 ! area ( ! solid is to t ( ! fluid p>ts z #a3b #d_/e?s 7accord+ to ,rigaud1 z #ajj3bgj7499 footnote 99,see ',transactions ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society'1 vcl4 vi41 ,"p ii41 #ahcg1 p4 #big4 ,o!r writ]s h giv5 ! ratio z #ajj3bhd4 ,! isl&s =m sc>cely #a_/bb;d ( ! cont95tal masses1 :i* are s unequally divid$ t !y consi/ ( ?ree times m l& 9 ! nor!rn ?an 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 ! latt] be+1 !re=e1 pre-em95tly oceanic4 ,f #dj degrees s\? latitude to ! ,ant>ctic pole ! e>? is almo/ entirely cov]$ ) wat]4 ,! fluid elem5t pr$om9ates 9 l mann] betwe5 ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,old & ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 be+ only int]sp]s$ ) "s few insul> gr\ps4 ,! le>n$ hydrograph] ,fleurieu has v ju/ly nam$ ?is p #bhi va/ oceanic basis1 :i*1 "u ! tropics1 ext5ds ov] #ade;degrees ( longitude1 ! ',great ,ocean'1 9 contradi/9ction to all o!r seas4 ,! s\!rn & we/]n hemisph]es 7reckon+ ! latt] f ! m]idian ( ,t5]iffe7 are !re=e m ri* 9 wat] ?an 9 any o!r region ( ! :ole e>?4 ,^! are ! ma9 po9ts involv$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ! relative quantity ( l& & sea1 a relation :i* ex]cises s important an influ5ce on ! di/ribution ( temp]ature1 ! v>iations 9 atmosph]ic pressure1 ! direction ( ! w9ds1 & ! quantity ( moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! air1 ) :i* ! developm5t ( vegetation is s ess5tially connect$4 ,:5 we consid] t ne>ly ?ree f\r?s ( ! upp] surface ( our planet are cov]$ ) wat]199 we %all be less surpris$ at ! imp]fect condition ( meteorology be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 s9ce x is only dur+ ! subsequ5t p]iod t num]\s accurate obs]vations on ! temp]ature ( ! sea at diff]5t latitudes & at diff]5t seasons h be5 made & num]ically comp>$ toge!r4 footnote 99,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! op9ion prevail$ t ! sea cov]$ "o sev5? ( ! surface ( ! globe1 an op9ion :i* ,c>d9al d',ailly 7',imago ,mundi'1 cap4 #h7 f\nd$ on ! f\r? apocryphal book ( ,esdras4 ,columbus1 :o d]iv$ a great portion ( 8 cosmographical k f ! c>d9al's "w1 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 uphold+ ?is idea ( ! smallness ( ! sea1 to :i* ! misund]/ood expression ( ! ocean /ream contribut$ n a little4 ,see ,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,critique de l',hi/4 de la ,geographie'1 t4 i41 p4 #ahf4 ,! horizontal configuration ( cont95ts 9 _! g5]al relations ( ext5sion 0 already made a subject ( intellectual contemplation by ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,conjectures 7 advanc$ reg>d+ ! maximum ( ! ext5sion f we/ to ea/1 & ,dicae>*us plac$ x1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,aga!m]us1 9 ! latitude ( ,rhodes1 9 ! direction ( a l9e pass+ f ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules to ,?9e4 ,?is l9e1 :i* has be5 t]m$ '! p>allel ( ! diaphragm ( ,dicae>*us'1 is laid d[n ) an a/ronomical accuracy ( position1 :i*1 z ,i h /at$ 9 ano!r "w1 is well wor?y ( excit+ surprise & admiration499 footnote 99,aga!m]us1 9 ,hudson1 ',geographi ,m9ores'1 t4 ii41 p4 #d4 ,see ,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5tr4'1 t4 i41 p4 #abj-abe4 ,/rabo1 :o 0 probably influ5c$ by ,erato/h5es1 appe>s to h be5 s firmly conv9c$ t ?is p>allel ( #cf degrees 0 ! maximum ( ! ext5sion ( ! !n exi/+ _w1 t he suppos$ x _h "s intimate connection ) ! =m ( ! e>?1 & !re=e places "u ?is l9e ! cont95t ^: exi/5ce p #bij he div9$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 betwe5 ,!ria & ! coa/s ( ,?9e499 footnote 99,/rabo1 lib4 i41 p4 #fe1 ,casaub4 ,see ,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,crit4'1 t4 i41 p4 #aeb4 ,z we h already rem>k$1 "o hemisph]e ( ! e>? 7:e!r we divide ! sph]e ?r\gh ! equator or ?r\gh ! m]idian ( ,t5]iffe7 has a mu* great] expansion ( elevat$ l& ?an ! opposite "o3 ^! two va/ ocean-girt tracts ( l&1 :i* we t]m ! ea/]n & we/]n1 or ! ,old & ,new ,cont95ts1 pres5t1 h[ev]1 conjo9tly ) ! mo/ /rik+ contra/s ( configuration & position ( _! axes1 "s simil>ities ( =m1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! mutual relations ( _! opposite coa/s4 ,9 ! ea/]n cont95t1 ! pr$om9at+ direction -- ! position ( ! major axis -- incl9es f ea/ to we/ 7or1 m correctly speak+1 f s\?we/ to nor!a/71 :ile 9 ! we/]n cont95t x incl9es f s\? to nor? 7or1 r1 f s\?-s\!a/ to nor?-nor?we/74 ,bo? t]m9ate to ! nor? at a p>allel co9cid+ ne>ly ) t ( #gj;degrees1 :ile !y ext5d to ! s\? 9 pyramidal po9ts1 hav+ subm>9e prolongations ( isl&s & %oals4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! ,ar*ipelago ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ! ,lagullas ,bank s\? ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 sep>at$ f ,new ,holl& by ,bass's ,/raits4 ,nor!rn ,asia ext5ds to ! above p>allel at ,cape ,taimura1 :i*1 accord+ to ,krus5/]n1 is #gh degrees #af'1 :ile x falls bel[ x f ! m\? ( ! ,great ,ts*ukotsehja ,riv] ea/w>d to ,behr+'s ,/raits1 9 ! ea/]n extremity ( ,asia -- ,cook's ,ea/ ,cape -- :i*1 accord+ to ,bee*ey1 is only #ff degrees ,e499 footnote 99,on ! mean latitude ( ! ,nor!rn ,asiatic %ores1 & ! true "n ( ,cape ,taimura 7,cape ,siew]e-,wo/ots*noi71 & ,cape ,nor!a/ 7,s*alagskoi ,mys71 see ,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #ce1 #cg4 ,! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,new ,cont95t foll[s ) tol]able exactness ! p>allel ( #gj degrees1 s9ce ! l&s to ! nor? & s\? ( ,b>r['s ,/rait1 f ,boo?ia ,felix & ,victoria ,l&1 are m]ely deta*$ isl&s4 ,! pyramidal configuration ( all ! s\!rn extremities ( cont95ts belongs to ! 'similtud9es physicae 9 configuratione mundi'1 to :i* ,bacon already call$ att5tion 9 8 ',novum ,organon'1 & ) :i* ,re9hold ,fo/]1 "o ( ,cook's companions 9 8 second voyage ( circumnavigation1 connect$ "s +5i\s consid]ations4 ,on look+ ea/w>d f ! m]idian ( ,t5]iffe1 we p]ceive t ! s\!rn extremities ( ! ?ree cont95ts1 viz41 ,africa z ! extreme p #bia ( ! ,old ,_w1 ,au/ralia1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 successively approa* ne>] t[>d ! s\? pole4 ,new ,zeal&1 ^: l5g? ext5ds fully #ab degrees ( latitude1 =ms an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 likewise t]m9at+ 9 an isl&1 ,new ,le9/]4 ,x is also a rem>kable circum/ance t ! greate/ ext5sion t[>d ! s\? falls 9 ! ,old ,cont95t1 "u ! same m]idian 9 :i* ! extreme/ projection t[>d ! nor? pole is manife/$4 ,?is w be p]ceiv$ on comp>+ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ! ,lagullas ,bank ) ! ,nor? ,cape ( ,europe1 & ! p59sula ( ,malacca ) ,cape ,taimura 9 ,sib]ia499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #aih-bjj4 ,! s\!rn po9t ( ,am]ica1 & ! ,ar*ipelago :i* we call ,t]ra del ,fuego1 lie 9 ! m]idian ( ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,baff9's ,bay1 & ( ! great pol> l&1 ^: limits h n z yet be5 asc]ta9$1 & :i*1 p]haps1 belongs to ,we/ ,gre5l&4 ,we "k n :e!r ! poles ( ! e>? are surr\nd$ by l& or by a sea ( ice4 ,t[>d ! nor? pole ! p>allel ( #hb degrees #ee' has be5 rea*$1 b t[>d ! s\? pole only t ( #gh degrees #aj'4 ,! pyramidal t]m9ations ( ! great cont95ts are v>i\sly repeat$ on a small] scale1 n only 9 ! ,indian ,ocean & 9 ! p59sulas ( ,arabia1 ,h9do/an1 & ,malacca1 b also1 z 0 rem>k$ by ,erato/h5es & ,polybius1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e ^! writ]s _h +5i\sly comp>$ toge!r ! =ms ( ! ,ib]ian1 ,italian1 & ,hell5ic p59sulas499 footnote 99,/rabo1 lib4 ii41 p4 #ib1 #ajh1 ,cassaub4 ,europe1 ^: area is five times small] ?an t ( ,asia1 may almo/ be reg>d$ z a multif>i\sly articulat$ we/]n p59sula ( ! m compact mass ( ! ont95t ( ,asia1 ! climatic relations ( ! =m] be+ to ^? ( ! latt] z ! p59sula ( ,brittany is to ! re/ ( ,france4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #be4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #ahag1 9 my "w ',de di/ributione ,geographica ,plant>um1 secundum caels temp]iem et altitud9em ,montium'1 ,i direct$ att5tion to ! important influ5ce ( compact & ( deeply-articulat$ cont95ts on climate & human civilization1 ,regiones vel p] s9us lunatos 9 longa cornua porrectae1 angulois littorum recessibus quasi membratim disc]ptae1 vel spatia pat5tia 9 imm5sum1 quorum littora nullis incisa angulis ambit s9e aufractu oceanus 7p4 #ha1 #ahb74 ,on ! relations ( ! ext5t ( coa/ to ! area ( a cont95t 7consid]$ 9 "s degree z a measure ( ! accessibility ( ! int]ior71 see ! inquiries 9 ,b]ghaus1 ',annal5 d] ,erdkunde'1 bd4 xii41 #ahce1 s4 #dij1 & ',physikal4 ,atlas'1 #ahci1 ,no4 iii41 s4 #fi4 ,! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! articulation & high] developm5t ( ! =m ( a cont95t on ! moral & intellectual condition ( nations 0 rem>k$ by ,/rabo199 :o extols p #bib ! v>i$ =m ( our small cont95t z a special advantage4 footnote 99,/rabo1 lib4 ii41 p4 #ib1 #aih4 ,casaub4 ,africa99 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* manife/ s great a resembl5ce 9 _! configuration1 are also ! two cont95ts t exhibit ! simple/ littoral outl9es4 footnote 99,( ,africa1 ,pl9y says 7v4 #a71 ,nec alia p>s t]r>um paudiores recipit s9us4 ,! small ,indian p59sula on ?is side ! ,ganges pres5t1 9 its triangul> outl9e1 a ?ird analog\s =m4 ,9 anci5t ,greece !re prevail$ an op9ion ( ! regul> configuration ( ! dry l&4 ,!re 7 f\r gulfs or bays1 among :i* ! ,p]sian ,gulf 0 plac$ 9 opposition to ! ,hyrcanian or ,caspian ,sea 7,arrian1 vii41 #af2 ,plut41 '9 vita ,alex&ri'1 cap4 #dd2 ,dionys4 ,p]ieg41 v4 #dh & #fcj1 p4 #aa1 #ch1 ,b]nh474 ,^! f\r bays & ! i/hmuses 71 accord+ to ! optical fancies ( ,agesianax1 suppos$ to be reflect$ 9 ! moon 7,plut41 'de ,facie 9 ,orbem ,lunae'1 p4 #iba1 #ai74 ,respect+ ! 't]ra quadrifida'1 or f\r divisions ( ! dry l&1 ( :i* two lay nor? & two s\? ( ! equator1 see ,macrobius1 ',comm4 9 ,somnium ,scipionis'1 ii41 #i4 ,i h submitt$ ?is portion ( ! geography ( ! anci5ts1 reg>d+ :i* great confusion prevails1 to a new & c>eful exam9ation1 9 my ',exam5 ,crit4 de l',hi/4 de la ,geogr4'1 t4 i41 p4 #aai1 #ade1 #ahj-ahe1 z also 9 ',asie ,c5tr4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #agb-agh4 ,x is only ! ea/]n %ores ( ,asia1 :i*1 brok5 z x 7 by ! =ce ( ! curr5ts ( ! ocean99 7'fractas ex aequore t]ra'71 exhibit a ri*ly-v>iegat$ configuration1 p59sulas & contigu\s isl&s alt]nat+ f ! equator to #fj degrees nor? latitude4 footnote 99,fleurieu1 9 ',voyage de ,m>*& aut\r du ,monde'1 t4 iv41 p4 #ch-db4 ,our ,atlantic ,ocean pres5ts all ! indications ( a valley4 ,x is z if a fl[ ( eddy+ wat]s _h be5 direct$ fir/ t[>d ! nor!a/1 !n t[>d ! nor?we/1 & back aga9 to ! nor!a/4 ,! p>allelism ( ! coa/s nor? ( #aj degrees s\? latitude1 ! project+ & rec$+ angles1 ! convexity ( ,brazil opposite to ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 t ( ,africa "u ! same p>allel1 ) ! ,gulf ( ! ,antilles1 all favor ?is app>5tly speculative view499 footnote 99,humboldt1 9 ! ',j\rnal de ,physique'1 liii41 #agii1 p4 #cc2 & ',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #ai2 t4 iii41 p4 #ahi1 #aih4 ,9 ?is ,atlantic valley1 z is almo/ e :]e ! case 9 ! configuration ( l>ge cont95tal masses1 coa/s deeply ind5t$1 & ri* 9 isl&s1 are situat$ opposite to ^? possess+ a diff]5t "*4 ,i long s9ce drew att5tion to ! geogno/ic importance ( ent]+ into a comp>ison ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa & ( ,s\? ,am]ica )9 ! tropics4 ,! deeply curv$ ind5tation ( ! ,african cont95t at ,f]n&o ,po1 #d degrees #cj' nor? latitude1 is repeat$ on ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific at #ah degrees #ae' s\? latitude1 betwe5 ! ,valley ( ,arica & ! ,morro de ,juan ,diaz1 :]e ! ,p]uvian coa/ sudd5ly *anges ! direction f w\? to nor? :i* x _h previ\sly foll[$1 & incl9es to ! nor?we/4 ,?is *ange p #bic ( direction ext5ds 9 l mann] to ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 :i* is divid$ into two p>allel bran*es affect+ n only ! littoral portions199 b ev5 ! ea/]n ,cordill]as4 footnote 99,humboldt1 9 ,pogg5dorf's ',annal5 d] ,physik'1 bd4 xl41 s4 #aga4 ,on ! rem>kable fiord =mation at ! s\!a/ end ( ,am]ica1 see ,d>w9's ,j\rnal 7',n>rative ( ! ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle'1 vol4 iii471 #ahci1 p4 #bff4 ,! p>allelism ( ! two m\nta9 *a9s is ma9ta9$ f #e degrees nor? latitude4 ,! *ange 9 ! direction ( ! coa/ at ,arica appe>s to be 9 consequ5ce ( ! alt]$ c\rse ( ! fissure1 above :i* ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es has be5 upheav$4 ,9 ! latt]1 civilization _h its e>lie/ seat 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican plateaux :]e ! small ,alp9e lake ( ,titicaca ba!s ! feet ( ! colossal m\nta9s ( ,sorata & ,illimani4 ,fur!r to ! s\?1 f ,valdiva & ,*ilo 7#dj degrees to #db degrees s\? latitude71 ?r\gh ! ,ar*ipelago 'de los ,*onos' to ',t]ra del ,fuego'1 we f9d repeat$ t s+ul> configuration ( 'fiords' 7a bl5d+ ( n>r[ & deeply-ind5t$ bays71 :i* 9 ! ,nor!rn hemisph]e *>act]izes ! we/]n %ores ( ,norway & ,scotl&4 ,^! are ! mo/ g5]al consid]ations sugge/$ by ! /udy ( ! upp] surface ( our planet ) ref]5ce to ! =m ( cont95ts1 & _! expansion 9 a horizontal direction4 ,we h collect$ facts & br\ght =w>d "s analogies ( configuration 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! e>?1 b we d n v5ture to reg>d !m z fix$ laws ( =m4 ,:5 ! travel] on ! declivity ( an active volcano1 z1 = in/ance1 ( ,vesuvius1 exam9es ! frequ5t p>tial elevations by :i* portions ( ! soil are (t5 p]man5tly upheav$ sev]al feet above _! =m] level1 ei!r imm$iately prec$i+ or dur+ ! cont9uance ( an eruption1 ?us =m+ ro(-l or flatt5$ summits1 he is taught h[ accid5tal conditions 9 ! expression ( ! =ce ( subt]ranean vapors1 & 9 ! resi/ance to be ov]come1 may modify ! feeble p]turbations 9 ! equilibrium ( ! int]nal ela/ic =ces ( our planet may h incl9$ !m m to its nor!r ?an to its s\!rn direction1 & caus$ ! cont95t 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! globe to pres5t a broad mass1 ^: major axis is almo/ p>allel ) ! equator1 :ile 9 ! we/]n & m oceanic "p ! s\!rn extremity is extremely n>r[4 ,v little c be empirically det]m9$ reg>d+ ! causal connection ( ! ph5om5a ( ! =mation ( cont95ts1 or ( ! analogies & contra/s pres5t$ by _! p #bid configuration4 ,all t we "k reg>d+ ?is subject resolves itself into ?is "o po9t1 t ! active cause is subt]ranean2 t cont95ts did n arise at once 9 ! =m !y n[ pres5t1 b 71 z we h already obs]v$1 increas$ by degrees by means ( num]\s oscillatory elevations & depressions ( ! soil1 or 7 =m$ by ! fusion ( sep>ate small] cont95tal masses4 ,_! pres5t =m is1 !re=e1 ! result ( two causes1 :i* h ex]cis$ a consecutive action ! "o on ! o!r2 ! fir/ is ! expression ( subt]ranean =ce1 ^: direction we t]m accid5tal1 ow+ to our inability to def9t x1 f its removal f )9 ! sph]e ( our compreh5sion1 :ile ! second is d]iv$ f =ces act+ on ! surface1 among :i* volcanic eruptions1 ! elevation ( m\nta9s1 & curr5ts ( sea wat] play ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,h[ totally diff]5t w\ld be ! condition ( ! temp]ature ( ! e>?1 & consequ5tly1 ( ! /ate ( vegetation1 husb&ry1 & human society1 if ! major axis ( ! ,new ,cont95t _h ! same direction z t ( ! ,old ,cont95t2 if1 = in/ance1 ! ,cordill]as1 in/ead ( hav+ a s\!rn direction1 incl9$ f ea/ to we/2 if !re _h be5 no radiat+ tropical cont95t1 l ,africa1 to ! s\? ( ,europe2 & if ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* 0 once connect$ ) ! ,caspian & ,r$ ,seas1 & :i* has become s p[]ful a means ( fur!r+ ! int]communication ( nations1 _h nev] exi/$1 or if x _h be5 elevat$ l ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy & ,cyr5e8 ,! *anges ( ! reciprocal relations ( height betwe5 ! fluid & solid portions ( ! e>?'s surface 7*anges :i*1 at ! same "t1 det]m9e ! outl9es ( cont95ts1 & ! great] or less] subm]sion ( l[ l&s7 are to be ascrib$ to num]\s unequally work+ causes4 ,! mo/ p[]ful h inconte/ably be5 ! =ce ( ela/ic vapors inclos$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 ! sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature ( c]ta9 d5se /rata199 ! unequal secul> loss ( p #bie heat exp]i5c$ by ! cru/ & nucleus ( ! e>?1 occasion+ ridges 9 ! solid surface1 local modifications ( gravitation19999 &1 z a consequ5ce ( ^! alt]ations1 9 ! curvature ( a portion ( ! liquid elem5t4 footnote 99,de la ,be*e1 ',sections & ,views illu/rative ( ,geological ,ph5om5a'1 #ahcj1 tab4 #dj2 ,*>les ,babbage1 ',obs]vations on ! ,temple ( ,s]apis at ,pozzuoli1 ne> ,naples1 & on c]ta9 ,causes :i* may produce ,geological ,cycles ( great ,ext5t'1 #ahcd4 ,if a /ratum ( s&/one five miles 9 ?ickness %\ld h its temp]ature rais$ ab\t #ajj degrees1 its surface w\ld rise tw5ty-five feet4 ,heat$ b$s ( clay w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 occasion a s9k+ ( ! gr\nd by _! contraction4 ,see ,bis*(1 ',wurmelehre des ,inn]n uns]es ,erdkorp]s'1 s4 #cjc1 conc]n+ ! calculations = ! secul> elevation ( ,sw$51 on ! supposition ( a rise by s small a quantity z #g degrees 9 a /ratum ( ab\t #aee1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 & heat$ to a /ate ( fusion4 footnote 9999,! op9ion s implicitly ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! inv>iability ( ! =ce ( gravity at any giv5 po9t ( ! e>?'s surface1 has 9 "s degree be5 controv]t$ by ! gradual rise ( l>ge portions ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,see ,bessel1 ',ueb] ,maas und ,gewi*t'1 9 ,s*uma*]'s ',jahrbu* fur' #ahdj1 s4 #acd4 ,accord+ to ! views g5]ally adopt$ by geognosi/s 9 ! pres5t day & :i* are support$ by ! obs]vation ( a s]ies ( well-atte/$ facts1 no less ?an by analogy ) ! mo/ important volcanic ph5om5a1 x w\ld appe> t ! elevation ( cont95ts is actual1 & n m]ely app>5t or ow+ to ! configuration ( ! upp] surface ( ! sea4 ,! m]it ( hav+ advanc$ ?is view beloongs to ,leopold von ,bu*1 ! n>rative ( 8 memorable ',travels ?r\gh ,norway & ,sw$5' 9 #ahjf & #ahjg499 footnnote 99,?4 ii4 7#ahaj71 s4 #chi4 ,see ,hall/rom1 9 ',kongl4 ,vet5skaps-,academi5s ,h&l+>' 7,/ockh471 #ahbc1 p4 #cj2 ,lyell 9 ! ',philos4 ,trans4' = #ahce2 ,blom 7,amtmann 9 ,budsk]ud71 ',/at4 ,bes*r4 von ,norweg5'1#ahdc1 s4 #hi-aaf4 ,if n be=e ,von ,bu*'s travels ?r\gh ,sc&9avia1 at any rate be=e _! publication1 ,playfair1 9 #ahjb1 9 8 illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian !ory1 #cic1 & accord+ to ,keilhau 7',om ,l&j>d5s ,/ign+ 9 ,norge'1 9 ! ',nyt ,magaz9e fur ,naturvid5skab]ne'71 & ! ,dane ,jess51 ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,playfair1 _h express$ ! op9ion t x 0 n ! sea :i* 0 s9k+1 b ! solid l& ( ,sw$5 :i* 0 ris+4 ,_! ideas1 h[ev]1 7 :olly unkn[n to our great geologi/1 & ex]t$ no influ5ce on ',norge frem/illet eft] dets naturlige og borg]lige ,til/&'1 ,kjob5h41 #agfc1 s\ght to expla9 ! causes ( ! *anges 9 ! relative levels ( ! l& & sea1 bas+ 8 views on ! e>ly calculations ( ,celsius1 ,kalm1 & ,dal94 ,he broa*es "s confus$ ideas reg>d+ ! possibility ( an int]nal gr[? ( rocks1 b f9ally decl>es himself 9 favor ( an upheaval ( ! l& by e>?quakes1 al?\gh1 he obs]ves1 no su* ris+ 0 app>5t imm$iately aft] ! e>?quake ( ,eg]sund1 yet ! e>?quake may h op5$ ! way = o!r causes produc+ su* an effect4 ,:ile ! :ole coa/ ( ,sw$5 & ,f9l&1 f ,solvitzborg1 on ! limits ( ,nor!rn ,scania1 pa/ ,gefle to ,tornea1 & f ,tornea to ,abo1 exp]i5ces a gradual rise ( f\r feet 9 a c5tury1 ! s\!rn "p ( ,sw$5 is1 accord+ to ,neilson1 und]go+ a simultane\s depression499 footnote 99,see ,b]zelius1 ',jahrsb]i*t ub] die ,=ts*ritte d] ,physi*5 ,wiss4'1 ,no4 #ah1 s4 #fhf4 ,! isl&s ( ,sal?olm1 opposite to ,cop5hag51 & ,bjornholm1 h[ev]1 rise b v little -- ,bjornholm sc>cely "o foot 9 a c5tury4 ,see ,=*hamm]1 9 ',philos4 ,magaz9e'1 #c;d ,s]ies1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cji4 ,! maximum ( ?is elevat+ p #bif =ce appe>s to be 9 ! nor? ( ,lapl&1 & to dim9i% gradually to ! s\? t[>d ,calm> & ,solvitzborg4 ,l9es m>k+ ! anci5t level ( ! sea 9 pre-hi/oric times are indicat$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,norway199 f ,cape ,l9desnaes to ! extremity ( ! ,nor? ,cape1 by banks ( %ells id5tical ) ^? ( ! pres5t seas1 & :i* h lately be5 mo/ accurately exam9$ by ,bravais dur+ 8 long w9t] soj\rn at ,bosekop4 footnote 99,keilhan1 9 ',nyt ,mag4 fur ,naturvid4'1 #ahcb1 bd4 i41 p4 #aje-bed2 bd4 ii41 p4 #eg2 ,bravais1 ',surles ,lignes d'anci5 ,niveau de la ,m]'1 #ahdc1 p4 #ae-dj4 ,see1 also1 ,d>w91 on ! ,p>allel ,roads ( ,gl5-,roy & ,lo*ab]1 9 ',philos4 ,trans4 =' #ahci1 p4 #fj4 ,^! banks lie ne>ly #fej feet above ! pres5t mean level ( ! sea1 & reappe>1 accord+ to ,keilhau & ,eug5e ,rob]t1 9 a nor?-nor?we/ direction on ! coa/s ( ,spitzb]g51 opposite ! ,nor? ,cape4 ,leopold von ,bu*1 :o 0 ! fir/ to draw att5tion to ! high banks ( %ells at ,tromsoe 7latitude #fi degrees #dj'71 has1 h[ev]1 %[n t ! m anci5t elevations on ! ,nor? ,sea app]ta9 to a diff]5t class ( ph5om5a1 f ! regul> & gradual retrogressive elevations ( ! ,sw$i% %ores 9 ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia4 ,?is latt] ph5om5on1 :i* is well atte/$ by hi/orical evid5ce1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! *anges 9 ! level ( ! soil occasion$ by e>?quakes1 z on ! %ores ( ,*ili & ( ,cut*1 & :i* h rec5tly giv5 occasion to simil> obs]vations 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a p]ceptible s9k+ result+ f a di/urbance ( ! /rata ( ! upp] surface sometimes occurs1 correspond+ ) an elevation else:]e1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,we/ ,gre5l&1 accord+ to ,p+el & ,graah1 9 ,dalmatia & 9 ,scania4 ,s9ce x is highly probable t ! oscillatory movem5ts ( ! soil1 & ! ris+ & s9k+ ( ! upp] surface1 7 m /rongly m>k$ 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( our planet ?an at pres5t1 we %all be less surpris$ to f9d 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts "s few portions ( ! e>?'s surface ly+ bel[ ! g5]al level ( exi/+ seas4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d occur 9 ! soda lakes describ$ by ,g5]al ,&reossy1 ! small bitt] lakes 9 ! n>r[ ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 ! ,sea ( ,tib]ias1 & especially ! ,dead ,sea499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cai-cbd2 t4 iii41 p4 #edi-eea4 ,! depression ( ! ,dead ,sea has be5 successively det]m9$ by ! b>ometrical measurem5ts ( ,c\nt ,b]ton1 by ! m c>eful ones ( ,russegg]1 & by ! trigonometrical survey ( ,lieut5ant ,symond1 ( ! ,royal ,navy1 :o /ates t ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! surface ( ! ,dead ,sea & ! highe/ h\ses ( ,jaffa is ab\t #afje feet4 ,mr4 ,ald]son1 :o communicat$ ?is result to ! ,geographical ,society ( ,london 9 a lett]1 ( ! cont5ts ( :i* ,i 0 in=m$ by my fri5d1 ,capta9 ,wa%+ton1 0 ( op9ion 7,nov4 #bh1 #ahda7 t ! ,dead ,sea lay ab\t #adjj feet "u ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,a m rec5t communication ( ,lieut5ant ,symond 7,jameson's ',ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal'1 vol4 xxxiv41 #ahdc1 p4 #agh7 gives #acab feet z ! f9al result ( two v accordant trigonometrical op]ations4 ,! level ( ! wat] 9 ! two la/-nam$ seas is p #big #fff & #acab feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,if we c\ld sudd5ly remove ! alluvial soil :i* cov]s ! rocky /rata 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 we %\ld discov] h[ great a portion ( ! rocky cru/ ( ! e>? 0 !n bel[ ! pres5t level ( ! sea4 ,! p]iodic1 al?\gh irregul>ly alt]nat+ rise & fall ( ! wat] ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 ( :i* ,i h myself obs]v$ evid5t traces 9 ! nor!rn portions ( its bas91 appe>s to prove199 z d also ! obs]vations ( ,d>w9 on ! coral seas19999 t )\t e>?quakes1 prop]ly s- call$1 ! surface ( ! e>? is capable ( ! same g5tle & progressive oscillations z ^? :i* mu/ h prevail$ s g5]ally 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 :5 ! surface ( ! h>d5+ cru/ ( ! e>? 0 less compact ?an at pres5t4 footnote 99',sur la ,mobilite du fond de la ,m] ,caspi5ne'1 9 my ',asie ,c5tr4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #bhc-bid4 ,! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh 9 #ahcj1 at my reque/1 *>g$ ! le>n$ physici/ ,l5z to place m>ks indicat+ ! mean level ( ! sea1 = def9ite epo*s1 9 diff]5t places ne> ,baku1 9 ! p59sula ( ,abs*]on4 ,9 ! same mann]1 9 an app5dix to ! in/ructions giv5 to ,capta9 7n[ ,sir ,james ,c47 ,ross = 8 ,ant>ctic exp$ition1 ,i urg$ ! necessity ( caus+ m>ks to be cut 9 ! rocks ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 z _h already be5 done 9 ,sw$5 & on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,_h ?is measure be5 adopt$ 9 ! e>ly voyages ( ,b\ga9ville & ,cook1 we %\ld n[ "k :e!r ! secul> relative *anges 9 ! level ( ! seas & l& are to be consid]$ z a g5]al1 or m]ely a local natural ph5om5on1 & :e!r a law ( direction c be recogniz$ 9 ! po9ts :i* h simultane\s elevation or depression4 footnote 9999,on ! elevation & depression ( ! bottom ( ! ,s\? ,sea1 & ! diffr5t areas ( alt]nate movem5ts1 see ,d>w9's ',j\rnal'1 p4 #eeg1 #efa-eff4 ,! ph5om5a to :i* we w\ld "h direct att5tion rem9d u ( ! in/ability ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 & ( ! *anges to :i* ! outl9es & configuration ( cont95ts are probably /ill subject at long int]vals ( "t4 ,t :i* may sc>cely be p]ceptible 9 "o g5]ation1 accumulates dur+ p]iods ( "t1 ^: duration is reveal$ to u by ! movem5t ( remote heav5ly bodies4 ,! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula has probably ris5 p #bih ab\t #cbj feet 9 ! space ( #hjjj ye>s2 & 9 #ab1jjj ye>s1 if ! movem5t be regul>1 p>ts ( ! bottom ( ! sea :i* lie ne>e/ ! %ores1 & are 9 ! pres5t day cov]$ by ne>ly fifty fa?oms ( wat]1 w come to ! surface & con/itute dry l&4 ,b :at are su* int]vals ( "t comp>$ to ! l5g? ( ! geogno/ic p]iods reveal$ to u 9 ! /ratifi$ s]ies ( =mations1 & 9 ! _w ( ext9ct & v>y+ organisms6 ,we h hi!rto only consid]$ ! ph5om5a ( elevation2 b ! analogies ( obs]v$ facts lead u ) equal ju/ice to assume ! possibility ( ! depression ( :ole tracts ( l&4 ,! mean elevation ( ! non-m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,france am\nts to less ?an #dhj feet4 ,x w\ld n1 !re=e1 require any long p]iod ( "t1 comp>$ ) ! old geogno/ic p]iods1 9 :i* su* great *anges 7 br\ght ab\t 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 to effect ! p]man5t subm]sion ( ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,europe1 & induce ess5tial alt]ations 9 its littoral relations4 ,! depression & elevation ( ! solid or fluid p>ts ( ! e>? -- ph5om5a :i* are s opposite 9 _! action t ! effect ( elevation 9 "o "p is to produce an app>5t depression 9 ano!r -- are ! causes ( all ! *anges :i* occur 9 ! configuration ( cont95ts4 ,9 a "w ( ?is g5]al "*1 & 9 an imp>tial exposition ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 we mu/ n ov]look ! 'possibility' ( a dim9ution ( ! quantity ( wat]1 & a con/ant depression ( ! level ( seas4 ,?g]e c sc>cely be a d\bt t1 at ! p]iod :5 ! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! e>? 0 high]1 :5 ! wat]s 7 inclos$ 9 l>g] & deep] fissures1 & :5 ! atmosph]e possess$ a totally diff]5t "* f :at x does at pres5t1 great *anges mu/ h occurr$ 9 ! level ( seas1 dep5d+ ^u ! increase & decrease ( ! liquid p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,b 9 ! actual condition ( our planet1 !re is no direct evid5ce ( a real cont9u\s increase or decrease ( ! sea1 & we h no pro( ( any gradual *ange 9 its level at c]ta9 def9ite po9ts ( obs]vation1 z indicat$ by ! mean range ( ! b>omet]4 ,accord+ to exp]im5ts made by ,daussy & ,antonio ,nobile1 an increase 9 ! height ( ! b>omet] w\ld 9 itself be att5d$ by a depression 9 ! level ( ! sea4 ,b z ! mean pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ! level ( ! sea is n ! same at all latitudes1 ow+ to meteorological causes dep5d+ ^u ! direction ( ! w9d & v>y+ degrees ( moi/ure1 ! p #bii b>omet] alone c n af=d a c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! g5]al *ange ( level 9 ! ocean4 ,! rem>kable fact t "s ( ! ports 9 ! ,m$it]ranean 7 repeat$ly left dry dur+ sev]al h\rs at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 appe>s to %[ t curr5ts may by *anges occurr+ 9 _! direction & =ce1 occasion a 'local'' retreat ( ! sea1 & a p]man5t dry+ ( a small portion ( ! %ore1 )\t be+ foll[$ by any actual dim9ution ( wat]1 or any p]man5t depression ( ! ocean4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be v cauti\s 9 apply+ ! k :i* we h lately arriv$ at1 reg>d+ ^! involv$ ph5om5a1 s9ce we might o!rwise be l$ to ascribe to wat] z ! eld] elem5t1 :at ought to be ref]r$ to ! two o!r elem5ts1 e>? & air4 ,z ! 'ext]nal' configuration ( cont95ts1 :i* we h already describ$ 9 _! horizontal expansion1 ex]cises1 by _! v>i\sly ind5t$ littoral outl9es1 a favorable influ5ce on climate1 trade1 & ! progress ( civilization1 s likewise does _! int]nal articulation1 or ! v]tical elevation ( ! soil 7*a9s ( m\nta9s & elevat$ plateaux71 give rise to equally important results4 ,:atev] produces a polymorphic div]sity ( =ms on ! surface ( our planet>y habitation -- su* z m\nta9s1 lakes1 grassy savannas1 or ev5 des]ts encircl$ by a b& ( =e/s -- impresses "s peculi> "* on ! social condition ( ! inhabitants4 ,ridges ( high l& cov]$ by sn[ imp$e int]c\rse2 b a bl5d+ ( l[1 discont9u$ m\nta9 *a9s99 & tracts ( valleys1 z we see s happily pres5t$ 9 ! we/ & s\? ( ,europe1 t5ds to ! multiplication ( meteorological processes & ! products ( vegetation1 &1 f ! v>iety manife/$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( cultivation 9 ea* di/rict1 ev5 "u ! same degree ( latitude1 gives rise to wants t /imulate ! activity ( ! inhabitants4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bcb-bcd4 ,see also1 ! able rem>ks on ! configuration ( ! e>?1 & ! position ( its l9es ( elevation 9 ,albre*ts von ,roon1 ',grundzug5 d] ,erd ,volk] und ,/aat5kunde'1 ,ab?4 i41 #ahcg1 s4 #aeh1 #bgj1 #bgf4 ,?us ! awful revolutions1 dur+ :i*1 by ! action ( ! int]ior on ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 great m\nta9 *a9s h be5 elevat$ by ! sudd5 upheaval ( a portion ( ! oxydiz$ ext]ior ( our planet1 h s]v$1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( repose1 & on ! revival ( organic life1 to furni% a ri*] & m beautiful v>iety ( individual =ms1 & 9 a great measure to remove f ! e>? t aspect ( dre>y p #cjj uni=mity :i* ex]cises s impov]i%+ an influ5ce on ! physical & intellectual p[]s ( mank9d4 ,accord+ to ! gr& views ( ,elie de ,beaumont1 we mu/ ascribe a relative age to ea* sy/em ( m\nta9 *a9s99 on ! supposition t _! elevation mu/ necess>ily h occurr$ betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! deposition ( ! v]tically elevat$ /rata & t ( ! horizontally incl9$ /rata runn+ at ! base ( ! m\nta9s4 footnnote 99,leop4 von ,bu*1 ',ueb] die ,geogno/is*5 ,sy/eme von ,deuts*l&'1 9 8 ',geogn4 ,brief5 an ,alex&] von ,humboldt'1 #ahbd1 s4 #bfe-bga2 ,elie de ,beaumont1 ',re*]*es sur les ,revolutions de la ,surface du ,globe'1 #ahbi1 p4 #big-cjg4 ,! ridges ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ -- elevations ( /rata :i* are ( ! same geogno/ic age -- appe>1 moreov]1 to foll[ "o common direction4 ,! l9e ( /rike ( ! horizontal /rata is n always p>allel ) ! axis ( ! *a91 b int]sects x1 s t1 accord+ to my views199 ! ph5om5on ( elevation ( ! /rata1 :i* is ev5 f\nd to be repeat$ 9 ! neighbor+ pla9s1 mu/ be m anci5t ?an ! elevation ( ! *a94 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #bgg-bhc4 ,see1 also my ',essai sur le ,gisem5t des ,ro*es'1 #ahbb1 p4 #eg1 & ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bdd-bej4 ,! ma9 direction ( ! :ole cont95t ( ,europe 7f s\?we/ to nor!a/7 is opposite to t ( ! great fissures :i* pass f nor?we/ to s\!a/1 f ! m\?s ( ! ,rh9e & ,elbe1 ?r\gh ! ,adriatic & ,r$ ,seas1 & ?r\gh ! m\nta9 sy/em ( ,puts*i-,koh 9 ,luri/an1 t[>d ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,?is almo/ rectangul> int]section ( geodesic l9es ex]cises an important influ5ce on ! comm]cial relations ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ! nor?we/ ( ,africa1 & on ! progress ( civilization on ! =m]ly m fl\ri%+ %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean499 footnote 99',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #bhd1 #bhf4 ,! ,adriatic ,sea likewise foll[s a direction f ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w4 ,s9ce gr& & l(ty m\nta9 *a9s s /rongly excite our imag9ation by ! evid5ce !y af=d ( great t]re/rial revolutions1 & :5 consid]$ z ! b\nd>ies ( climates1 z l9es ( sep>ation = wat]s1 or z ! site ( a diff]5t =m ( vegetation1 x is ! m necess>y to demon/rate1 by a correct num]ical e/imation ( _! volume1 h[ small is ! quantity ( _! elevat$ mass :5 comp>$ ) ! area ( ! adjac5t cont9n5ts4 ,! mass ( ! ,pyr5ees1 = in/ance1 ! mean elevation ( ^: summits1 & ! real quantity ( ^: base h be5 asc]ta9$ by accurate measurem5ts1 w\ld if scatt]$ ov] p #cja ! surface ( ,france1 only raise its mean level ab\t #aae feet4 ,! mass ( ! ea/]n & we/]n ,alps w\ld 9 l mann] only increase ! height ( ,europe ab\t #ba #a_/b feet above its pres5t level4 ,i h f\nd by a labori\s inve/igation199 :i* f its nature1 c only give a maximum limit1 t ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! volume ( ! l& rais$ above ! pres5t level ( ! sea 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica is respectively situat$ at an elevation ( #fga & #gdh feet1 :ile x is at #aacb & #aaeb feet 9 ,asia & ,s\? ,am]ica4 footnote 99',de la hauteur ,moy5ne des ,cont95ts'1 9 my ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #hb-ij1 #afe-ahi4 ,! results :i* ,i h obta9$ are to be reg>d$ z ! extreme value 7'nombres-limites'74 ,laplace's e/imate ( ! mean height ( cont95ts at #cbhj feet is at lea/ ?ree times too high4 ,! immortal au?or ( ! ',mecanique ,cele/e' 7t4 v41 p4 #ad7 0 l$ to ?is conclusion by hypo!tical views z to ! mean dep? ( ! sea4 ,i h %[n 7',asie ,c5tr4'1 t4 i41 p4 #ic7 t ! old ,alex&rian ma!maticians1 on ! te/imony ( ,plut>* 7'9 ,aemilio ,paulo'1 cap4 #ae71 believ$ ?is dep? to dep5d on ! height ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! height ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! volume ( ! cont95tal masses is probably subject to slight v>iations 9 ! c\rse ( _m c5turies4 ,^! numb]s %[ ! l[ level ( nor!r regions4 ,9 ,asia ! va/ /eppes ( ,sib]ia are comp5sat$ = by ! great elevations ( ! l& 7betwe5 ! ,himalaya1 ! ,nor? ,?ibetian *a9 ( ,ku5-lun1 & ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s71 f #bh degrees #cj' to #dj degrees nor? latitude4 ,we may1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 trace 9 ^! numb]s ! portions ( ! ,e>? 9 :i* ! ,plutonic =ces 7 mo/ int5sely manife/$ 9 ! int]ior by ! upheaval ( cont95tal masses4 ,!re are no reasons :y ^! ,plutonic =ces may n1 9 future ages1 add new m\nta9 sy/ems to ^? :i* ,elie de ,beaumont has %[n to be ( su* diff]5t ages1 & incl9$ 9 su* diff]5t directions4 ,:y %\ld ! cru/ ( ! ,e>? h lo/ its prop]ty ( be+ elevat$ 9 ! ridges8 ,! rec5tly-elevat$ m\nta9 sy/ems ( ! ,alps & ! ,cordill]as exhibit 9 ,mont ,blanc & ,monte ,rosa1 9 ,sorata1 ,illimani1 & ,*imborazo1 colossal elevations :i* d n favor ! assumption ( a decrease 9 ! int5sity ( ! subt]ranean =ces4 ,all geogno/ic ph5om5a indicate ! p]iodic alt]nation ( activity & repose299 b ! quiet we n[ enjoy is only app>5t4 footnote 99',zweit] ,geologis*] ,brief von ,elie de ,beaumont an ,alex&] von ,humboldt'1 9 ,pogg5dorf's ',annal5'1 bd4 xxv41 s4 #a-eh4 ,! trembl+s :i* /ill agitate ! surface "u all latitudes1 & 9 e species ( rock1 ! elevation ( ,sw$51 ! appe>ance ( new isl&s ( eruption1 are all conclusive z to ! unquiet condition ( our planet4 p #cjb ,! two envelopes ( ! solid surface ( our planet -- ! liquid & ! a]i=m -- exhibit1 ow+ to ! mobility ( _! p>ticles1 _! curr5ts1 & _! atmosph]ic relations1 _m analogies comb9$ ) ! contra/s :i* arise f ! great diff]5ce 9 ! condition ( _! aggregation & ela/icity4 ,! dep?s ( ocean & ( air are alike unkn[n to u4 ,at "s few places "u ! tropics no bottom has be5 f\nd ) s\nd+s ( #bgf1jjj 7or m ?an f\r miles71 :ile 9 ! air1 if1 accord+ to ,wolla/on1 we may assume t x has a limit f :i* waves ( s\nd may be rev]b]at$1 ! ph5om5on ( twilight w\ld incl9e u to assume a height at lea/ n9e times z great499 footnote 99,see ,wilson's ,pap]1 ',on ,wolla/on's ,argum5t f ! ,limitation ( ! ,atmosph]e z to ! f9ite ,divisibility ( ,matt]4' -- ',trans4 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9b4'1 vol4 xvi41 p4 #a1 #ahde4 -- ,tr4 ,! arial ocean re/s p>tly on ! solid e>?1 ^: m\nta9 *a9s & elevat$ plateaux rise1 z we h already se51 l gre5 wood$ %oals1 & p>tly on ! sea1 ^: surface =ms a mov+ base1 on :i* re/ ! l[]1 d5s]1 & m saturat$ /rata ( air4 ,proce$+ upw>d & d[nw>d f ! common limit ( ! arial & liquid oceans1 we f9d t ! /rata ( air & wat] are subject to det]m9ate laws ( decrease ( temp]ature4 ,?is decrease is mu* less rapid 9 ! air ?an 9 ! sea1 :i* has a t5d5cy "u all latitudes to ma9ta9 its temp]ature 9 ! /rata ( wat] mo/ contigu\s to ! atmosph]e1 ow+ to ! s9k+ ( ! heavi] & m cool$ p>ticles4 ,a l>ge s]ies ( ! mo/ c>efully conduct$ obs]vations on temp]ature %[s u t 9 ! ord9>y & mean condition ( its surface1 ! ocean f ! equator to ! =ty-eigh? degree ( nor? & s\? latitude is some:at w>m] ?an ! adjac5t /rata ( air499 footnnote 99,hamboldt1 ',relation ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 *ap4 xxix41 p4 #ead-ecj4 ,ow+ to ?is decrease ( temp]ature at increas+ dep?s1 fi%es & o!r inhabitants ( ! sea1 ! nature ( ^: dige/ive & respiratory organs fits !m = liv+ 9 deep wat]1 may ev51 "u ! tropics1 f9d ! l[ degree ( temp]ature & ! coolness ( climate *>act]i/ic ( m temp]ate & m nor!rn latitudes4 ,?is circum/ance1 :i* is analog\s to ! preval5ce ( a mild & ev5 cold air on ! elevat$ pla9s ( ! torrid zone1 ex]cises a special influ5ce on ! migration & geographical di/ribution ( _m m>9e animals4 ,moreov]1 ! dep?s at :i* fi%es live1 modify1 by ! increase ( pressure1 _! cutane\s respiration1 & ! p #cjc oxyg5\s & nitrog5\s cont5ts ( ! swimm+ bladd]s4 ,z fre% & salt wat] d n atta9 ! maximum ( _! d5sity at ! same degree ( temp]ature1 & z ! saltness ( ! sea l[]s ! !rmometrical degree correspond+ to ?is po9t1 we c und]/& h[ ! wat] drawn f breat dep?s ( ! sea dur+ ! voyages ( ! ,kotzebue & ,dupetit-,?\>s c\ld h be5 f\nd to h only ! temp]ature ( #cg degrees & #cf4e degrees4 ,?is icy temp]ature( sea wat]1 :i* is likewise manife/$ at ! dep?s ( tropical seas1 fir/ l$ to a /udy ( ! l[] pol> curr5ts1 :i* move f bo? poles t[>d ! equator4 ,)\t ^! subm>9e curr5ts1 ! tropical seas at ^? dep?s c\ld only h a temp]ature equal to ! local maximum ( cold possess$ by ! fall+ p>ticles ( wat] at ! radiat+ & cool$ surface ( ! tropical sea4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! cause ( ! abs5ce ( su* a refrig]ation ( ! l[] /rata is +5i\sly expla9$ by ,arago1 on ! assumption t ! entrance ( ! deep] pol> curr5ts into ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 :]e ! wat] at ! surface fl[s 9 f ! ,atlantic ,ocean f we/ to ea/1 is h9d]$ by ! subm>i9e c\nt]-curr5ts :i* move f ea/ to we/1 f ! ,m$it]ranean into ! ,atlantic4 ,! ocean1 :i* acts z a g5]al equaliz] & mod]ator ( climates1 exhibits a mo/ rem>kable uni=mity & con/ancy ( temp]ature1 especially betwe5 #aj degrees nor? & #aj degrees s\? latitude199 ov] spaces ( _m ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 at a di/ance f l& :]e x is n p5etrat$ by curr5ts ( cold & heat$ wat]4 footnote 99,see ! s]ies ( obs]vations made by me 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 f #h degrees #e' to #ac degrees #af' ,n4 lat41 9 my ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bcd4 ,x has !re=e1 be5 ju/ly obs]v$1 t an exact & long-cont9u$ inve/igation ( ^! !rmic relations ( ! tropical seas might mo/ easily af=d a solution to ! great & mu*-conte/$ problem ( ! p]man5ce ( climates & t]re/rial temp]atures499 footnote 99,we might 7by means ( ! temp]ature ( ! ocean "u ! tropics7 ent] into ! consid]ation ( a "q :i* has hi!rto rema9$ unansw]$1 namely1 t ( ! con/ancy ( t]re/rial temp]atures1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! v circumscrib$ local influ5ces aris+ f ! dim9ution ( wood 9 ! pla9s & on m\nta9s1 & ! dry+ up ( lakes & m>%es4 ,ea* age might easily transmit to ! succe$+ "o "s few data1 :i* w\ld p]haps furni% ! mo/ simple1 exact1 & direct means ( decid+ :e!r ! sun1 :i* is almo/ ! sole & exclusive s\rce ( ! heat ( our planet1 *anges its physical con/itution & spl5dor1 l ! great] numb] ( ! />s1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 t lum9>y has atta9$ to a p]man5t condition4 -- ,arago1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus des ,seances de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cba1 #cbg4 ,great *anges 9 ! lum9\s disk ( ! sun w\ld1 p #cjd if !y 7 ( long duration1 be reflect$ ) m c]ta9ty 9 ! mean temp]ature ( ! sea ?an 9 t ( ! solid l&4 ,! zones at :i* occur ! maxima ( ! oceanic temp]ature & ( ! d5sity 7! sal9e cont5ts7 ( its wat]s1 d n correspond ) ! equator4 ,! two maxima are sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 & ! wat]s ( ! highe/ temp]ature appe> to =m two ne>ly p>allel l9es nor? & s\? ( ! geographical equator4 ,l5z1 9 8 voyage ( circumnavigation1 f\nd 9 ! ,pacific ! maxima ( d5sity 9 #bb degrees nor? & #ag degrees s\? latitude1 :ile its m9imum 0 situat$ a few degrees to ! s\? ( ! equator4 ,9 ! region ( calms ! sol> heat c ex]cise b little influ5ce on evaporation1 because ! /ratum ( air impregnat$ ) sal9e aque\s vapor1 :i* re/s on ! surface ( ! sea1 rema9s /ill & un*ang$4 ,! surface ( all connect$ seas mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ a g5]al p]fectly equal level ) respect to _! mean elevation4 ,local causes 7probably prevail+ w9ds & curr5ts7 may1 h[ev]1 produce p]man5t1 al?\gh trifl+ *anges 9 ! level ( "s deeply ind5t$ bays1 z = in/ance1 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! highe/ level ( ! wat] at ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez is at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day f #bd to #cj feet above t ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! =m ( ! ,/raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s appe> to f9d an easi] +ress ?an egress1 seems to contribute to ?is rem>kable ph5om5on1 :i* 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 ii41 p4 #cba1 #cbg4 ,! admirable geodetic op]ations ( ,coraboeuf & ,delcrois %[ t no p]ceptible diff]5ce ( level exi/s betwe5 ! upp] surfaces ( ! ,atlantic & ! ,m$it]ranean1 along ! *a9 ( ! ,pyr5ees1 or betwe5 ! coa/s ( nor!rn ,holl& & ,m>seilles499 footnote 99,see ! num]ical results 9 p4 #cbh-ccc ( ! volume j nam$4 ,f ! geodesical level+s :i*1 at my reque/1 my fri5d ,g5]al ,boliv> caus$ to be tak5 by ,lloyd & ,falm>e1 9 ! ye>s #ahbh & #ahbi1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! level ( ! ,pacific is at ! utmo/ #c #a_/b feet high] ?an t ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea2 & ev5 t at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day ea* ( ! seas is 9 turn ! high]1 accord+ to _! respective h\rs ( flood & ebb4 ,if we reflect t 9 a di/ance ( #fd miles1 compris+ #icc /ations ( obs]vation1 an error ( ?ree feet w\ld be v apt to occur1 we may say t 9 ^! new op]ations we h fur!r confirmation ( ! equilibrium ( ! wat]s :i* communicate r\nd ,cape ,horn4 7,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes p\r' #ahca1 p4 #cai47 ,i _h inf]r$ f b>ometrical obs]vations in/itut$ 9 #agii & #ahjd1 t if !re 7 any diff]5ce betwe5 ! level ( ! ,pacific & ! ,atlantic 7,c>ribean ,sea71 x c\ld n exce$ ?ree met]s 7n9e feet ?ree in*es74 ,see my ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #eee-eeg1 & ',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 i41 p4 #ee-fd4 ,! measurem5ts1 :i* appe> to e/abli% an excess ( height = ! wat]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & = ^? ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,adriatic ,sea1 obta9$ by comb9+ ! trigonometrical op]ations ( ,delcrois & ,*opp9 ) ^? ( ! ,swiss & ,au/rian eng9e]s1 are op5 to _m d\bts4 ,not)/&+ ! =m ( ! ,adriatic1 x is improbable t ! level ( its wat]s 9 its nor!rn portion %\ld be #bh feet high] ?an t ( ! ,m$it]ranean at ,m>seilles1 & #be feet high] ?an ! level ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,see my ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 ii41 p4 #ccb4 p #cje ,di/urbances ( equilibrium & consequ5t movem5ts ( ! wat]s are p>tly irregul> & transitory1 dep5d5t ^u w9ds1 & produc+ waves :i* sometimes1 at a di/ance f ! %ore & dur+ a /orm1 rise to a height ( m ?an #ce feet2 p>tly regul> & p]iodic1 occasion$ by ! position & attraction ( ! sun & moon1 z ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tides2 & p>tly p]man5t1 al?\gh less int5se1 occurr+ z oceanic curr5ts4 ,! ph5om5a ( tides1 :i* prevail 9 all seas 7) ! exception ( ! small] ones t are completely clos$ 91 & :]e ! ebb+ & fl[+ waves are sc>cely or n at all p]ceptible71 h be5 p]fectly expla9$ by ! ,newtonian doctr9e1 & ?us br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( necess>y facts4 ,ea* ( ^! p]iodically-recurr+ oscillations ( ! wat]s ( ! sea has a duration ( some:at m ?an half a day4 ,al?\gh 9 ! op5 sea !y sc>cely atta9 an elevation ( a few feet1 !y (t5 rise consid]ably high] :]e ! waves are oppos$ by ! configuration ( ! %ores1 z = in/ance1 at ,/4 ,malo & 9 ,nova ,scotia1 :]e !y rea* ! respective elevation ( #ej feet1 & ( #fe to #gj feet4 ,x has be5 %[n by ! analysis ( ! great geometrician ,laplace1 t1 suppos+ ! dep? to be :olly inconsid]able :5 comp>$ ) ! radius ( ! e>?1 ! /ability ( ! equilibrium ( ! sea requires t ! d5sity ( its fluid %\ld be less ?an t ( ! e>?2 &1 z we h already se51 ! e>?'s d5sity is 9 fact five times great] ?an t ( wat]4 ,! elevat$ p>ts ( ! l& c n !re=e be ov]fl[$1 nor c ! rema9s ( m>9e animals f\nd on ! summits ( m\nta9s h be5 convey$ to ^? localities by any previ\s high tides499 footnote 99,bessel1 ',ueb] ,flu? und ,ebbe'1 9 ,s*uma*]'s 'ahrbu*'1 #ahch1 s4 #bbe4 ,x is no slight ,?is mat]ial tak5 f pages #cje-cfb ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- p #cje balance ( p #cje is 9 file #ji ,humboldt ,x is no slight p #cjf evid5ce ( ! importance ( analysis1 :i* is too (t5 reg>d$ ) contempt among ! unsci5tific1 t ,laplace's p]fect !ory ( tides has enabl$ u1 9 our a/ronomical ephem]ides1 to pr$ict ! height ( spr+-tides at ! p]iods ( new & full moon1 & ?us put ! inhabitants ( ! sea-%ore on _! gu>d aga9/ ! increas$ dang] att5d+ ^! lun> revolutions4 ,oceanic curr5ts1 :i* ex]cise s important an influ5ce on ! int]c\rse ( nations & on ! climatic relations ( adjac5t coa/s1 dep5d conjo9tly ^u v>i\s causes1 diff]+ alike 9 nature & importance4 ,among ^! we may reckon ! p]iods at :i* tides occur 9 _! progress r\nd ! e>?2 ! duration & int5sity ( prevail+ w9ds2 ! modifications ( d5sity & specific gravity :i* ! p>ticles ( wat] und]go 9 consequ5ce ( diff]5ces 9 ! temp]ature & 9 ! relative quantity ( sal9e cont5ts at diff]5t latitudes & dep?s299 &1 la/ly1 ! hor>y v>iations ( ! atmosph]ic pressure1 successively propagat$ f ea/ to we/1 & occurr+ ) su* regul>ity 9 ! tropics4 footnote 99,! relative d5sity ( ! p>ticles ( wat] dep5ds simultane\sly on ! temp]ature & on ! am\nt ( ! sal9e cont5ts -- a circum/ance t is n suffici5tly borne 9 m9d 9 consid]+ ! cause ( curr5ts4 ,! subm>9e curr5t1 :i* br+s ! cold pol> wat] to ! equatorial regions1 w\ld foll[ an exactly opposite c\rse1 t is to say1 f ! equator t[>d ! poles1 if ! diff]5ce 9 sal9e cont5ts 7 alone conc]n$4 ,9 ?is view1 ! geographical di/ribution ( temp]ature & ( d5sity 9 ! wat] ( ! ocean1 "u ! diff]5t zones ( latitude & longitude1 is ( great importance4 ,! num]\s obs]vations ( ,l5z 7,pogg5dorf's ',annal5'1 bd4 xx41 #ahcj1 s4 #abi71 & ^? ( ,capta9 ,bee*ey1 collect$ 9 8 ',voyage to ! ,pacific'1 vol4 ii41 p4 #gbg1 des]ve p>ticul> att5tion4 ,see ,humboldt1 ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #gd1 & ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #cdf4 ,^! curr5ts pres5t a rem>kable spectacle2 l riv]s ( uni=m bread?1 !y cross ! sea 9 diff]5t directions1 :ile ! adjac5t /rata ( wat]1 :i* rema9 undi/urb$1 =m1 z x 71 ! banks ( ^! mov+ /reams4 ,?is diffr5ce betwe5 ! mov+ wat]s & ^? at re/ is mo/ /rik+ly manife/$ :]e long l9es ( sea-we$1 borne onw>d by ! curr5t1 enable u to e/imate its velocity4 ,9 ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 we may sometimes1 dur+ a /orm1 obs]ve simil> ph5om5a 9 ! limit$ a]ial curr5t1 :i* is indicat$ by a n>r[ l9e ( trees1 :i* are (t5 f\nd to be ov]?r[n 9 ! mid/ ( a d5se wood4 ,! g5]al movem5t ( ! sea f ea/ to we/ betwe5 p #cjg ! tropics 7t]m$ ! equatorial or rotation currnt7 is consid]$ to be ow+ to ! propagation ( tides & to ! trade w9ds4 ,its direction is *ang$ by ! resi/ance x exp]i5ces f ! prom95t ea/]n %ores ( cont95ts4 ,! results rec5tly obta9$ by ,daussy reg>d+ ! velocity ( ?is curr5t1 e/imat$ f obs]vations made on ! di/ances trav]s$ by bottles t _h purposely be5 ?r[n into ! sea1 agree )9 "o eighte5? ) ! velocity ( motion 7#aj ,fr5* nautical miles1 #ieb toises ea*1 9 #bd h\rs7 :i* ,i _h f\nd f a comp>ison ) e>li] exp]im5ts499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #fg2 ',n\velles ,annales des ,voyages'1 #ahci1 p4 #bee4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 dur+ 8 ?ird voyage1 :5 he 0 seek+ to ent] ! tropics 9 ! m]idian ( ,t5]iffe1 wrote 9 8 j\rnal z foll[s399 ,i reg>d x z prov$ t ! wat]s ( ! sea move f ea/ to we/1 z d ! heav5s 7'las aguas van con los cielos'71 t is to say1 l ! app>5t motion ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,crit4 de l',hi/4 de la ,geogr4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #ajj4 ,columbus adds %ortly aft] 7,nav>rete1 ',coleccion de los ,viages y ,descubrimi5tos de los ,espanoles'1 t4 i41 p4 #bfj71 t ! movem5t is /ronge/ 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,9 fact1 ,r5nell t]ms ?is region1 n a curr5t1 b a sea 9 motion4 7',inve/igation ( ,curr5ts'1 p4 #bc74 #ff-gd4 ,! n>r[ curr5ts1 or true oceanic riv]s :i* trav]se ! sea1 br+ w>m wat] into high] & cold wat] into l[] latitudes4 ,to ! fir/ class belongs ! celebrat$ ,gulf ,/ream199 :i* 0 kn[n to ,anghi]a1 & m especially to ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,critique'1 t4 ii41 p4 #bej2 ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #ff-gd4 footnote 99,petrus ,m>tyr de ,anghi]a1 ',de ,rebus ,oceanicis et ,orbe ,novo'1 ,bas41 #aebc1 ,dec4 iii41 lib4 vi41 p4 #eg4 ,see ,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,critique'1 t4 ii41 p4 #bed-beg1 & t4 iii41 p4 #ajh4 ,its fir/ impulse & orig9 is to be s\ght to ! s\? ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 aft] a long circuit x p\rs itself f ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,mexican ,gulf ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ! ,bahamas1 &1 foll[+ a c\rse f s\?-s\?we/ to nor?-nor!a/1 cont9ues to rec$e f ! %ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 until1 fur!r deflect$ to ! ea/w>d by ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 x approa*es ! ,european coa/s1 frequ5tly ?r[+ a quantity ( tropical se$s 7',mimosa sc&5s1 ,guil&9a bonduc1 ,doli*os ur5s'7 on ! %ores ( ,irel&1 ! ,hebrides1 & ,norway4 ,! nor!a/]n prolongation t5ds to mitigate ! cold ( ! ocean1 & to ameliorate ! climate on ! mo/ nor!rn extremity ( ,sc&9avia4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! ,gulf ,/ream p #cjh is deflect$ f ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl& t[>d ! ea/1 x s5ds (f bran*es to ! s\? ne> ! ,azores499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,crit4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #fd-aji ,?is is ! situation ( ! ,s>gasso ,sea1 or t great bank ( we$s :i* s vividly occupi$ ! imag9ation ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 & :i* ,ovi$o calls ! sea-we$ mead[s 7',prad]ias de y]va'74 ,a ho/ ( small m>9e animals inhabits ^! t5tly-mov$ & ev]gre5 masses ( ',fucus natans'1 "o ( ! mo/ g5]ally di/ribut$ ( ! social plants ( ! sea4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ?is curr5t 7:i* 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 betwe5 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ,europe1 belongs almo/ exclusively to ! nor!rn hemisph]e7 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 :]e a curr5t prevails1 ! effect ( ^: l[ temp]ature on ! climate ( ! adjac5t %ores ,i _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ 9 ! autumn ( #ahjb4 ,x br+s ! cold wat]s ( ! high s\!rn latitudes to ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 foll[s ! %ores ( ?is cont95t & ( ,p]u1 fir/ f s\? to nor?1 & is !n deflect$ f ! ,bay ( ,arica onw>d f s\?-s\!a/ to nor?-nor?we/4 ,at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> ! temp]ature ( ?is cold oceanic curr5t is1 9 ! tropics1 only #fj degrees1 :ile ! undi/urb$ adjac5t wat] exhibits a temp]ature ( #ha4e degrees & #hc4g degrees4 ,on t "p ( ! %ore ( ,s\? ,am]ica s\? ( ,payta1 :i* incl9es fur!/ we/w>d1 ! curr5t is sudd5ly deflect$ 9 ! same direction f ! %ore1 turn+ s %>ply to ! we/ t a %ip sail+ nor?w>d passes sudd5ly f cold into w>m wat]4 ,x is n kn[n to :at dep? cold & w>m oceanic curr5ts propagate _! motion2 b ! deflection exp]i5c$ by ! ,s\? ,african curr5t1 f ! ,lagullas ,bank1 :i* is fully f #gj to #hj fa?oms deep1 w\ld seem to imply ! exi/5ce ( a f>-ext5d+ propagation4 ,s& banks & %oals ly+ beyond ! l9e ( ^! curr5ts may1 z 0 fir/ discov]$ by ! admirable ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 be recogniz$ by ! coldness ( ! wat] ov] !m4 ,?is depression ( ! temp]ature appe>s to me to dep5d ^u ! fact t1 by ! propagation ( ! motion ( ! sea1 deep wat]s rise to ! m>g9 ( ! banks & mix ) ! upp] /rata4 ,my lam5t$ fri5d1 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 ascrib$ ?is ph5om5on 7! k ( :i* is (t5 ( great practical utility 9 secur+ ! safety ( ! navigator7 to ! desc5t ( ! p>ticles ( wat] t _h be5 cool$ by nocturnal radiation p #cji & :i* rema9 ne>] to ! surface1 ow+ to ! h9d]ance plac$ 9 ! way ( _! great] desc5t by ! int]v5tion ( s&-banks4 ,by 8 obs]vations ,frankl9 may be said to h conv]t$ ! !rmomet] into a s\nd+ l9e4 ,mi/s are frequ5tly f\nd to re/ ov] ^! dep?s1 ow+ to ! cond5sation ( ! vapor ( ! atmosph]e by ! cool$ wat]s4 ,i h se5 su* mi/s 9 ! s\? ( ,jamaica1 & also 9 ! ,pacific1 def9+ ) %>pness & cle>ness ! =m ( ! %oals bel[ !m1 appe>+ to ! eye z ! a]ial reflection ( ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,a /ill m /rik+ effect ( ! cool+ produc$ by %oals is manife/$ 9 ! high] /rata ( air1 9 a some:at analog\s mann] to t obs]v$ 9 ! case ( flat coral reefs1 or s& isl&s4 ,9 ! op5 sea1 f> f ! l&1 & :5 ! air is calm1 cl\ds are (t5 obs]v$ to re/ ov] ! spots :]e %oals are situat$1 & _! be>+ may !n be tak5 by ! compass 9 ! same mann] z t ( a high m\nta9 or isolat$ peak4 ,al?\gh ! surface ( ! ocean is less ri* 9 liv+ =ms ?an t ( cont95ts1 x is n improbable t1 on a fur!r inve/igation ( its dep?s1 its int]ior may be f\nd to possess a great] ri*ness ( organic life ?an any o!r portion ( our planet4 ,*>les ,d>w91 9 ! agreeable n>rative ( 8 ext5sive voyages1 ju/ly rem>ks t our =e/s d n conceal s _m animals z ! l[ woody regions ( ! ocean1 :]e ! sea-we$ root$ to ! bottom ( ! %oals1 & ! sev]$ bran*es ( fuci1 loos5$ by ! =ce ( ! waves & curr5ts1 & swimm+ free1 unfold _! delicate foliage1 upborne by air-cells499 footnote 99,see ',/ructure & ,di/ribution ( ,coral ,reefs'1 by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,also1 ',n>rative ( ! ,survey+ ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,fly 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 dur+ ! ,ye>s ' #ahdb-ahdf1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,jukes1 ,naturali/ to ! exp$ition1 #ahdg4 -- ,tr4 ,! application ( ! microscope increases1 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann]1 our impression ( ! ri* luxuriance ( animal life 9 ! ocean1 & reveals to ! a/oni%$ s5ses a consci\sness ( ! univ]sality ( life4 ,9 ! oceanic dep?s1 f> exce$+ ! height ( our l(tie/ m\nta9 *a9s1 e /ratum ( wat] is animat$ ) polyga/ric sea-worms1 ,cyclidiae & ,ophryd9ae4 ,! wat]s sw>m ) c\ntless ho/s ( small lum9if]\s animalcules1 ,mamm>ia 7( ! ord] ( ,acalephae71 ,cru/acea1 ,p]id9ea1 & circl+ ,n]eides1 :i* :5 attract$ to ! surface by peculi> meteorological conditions1 conv]t e wave into a foam+ b& ( fla%+ light4 p #caj ,! abundance ( ^? m>9e animalcules1 & ! animal matt] yield$ by _! rapid decomposition are s va/ t ! sea wat] itself becomes a nutri5t fluid to _m ( ! l>g] animals4 ,h[ev] mu* ?is ri*ness 9 animat$ =ms1 & ?is multitude ( ! mo/ v>i\s & highly-develop$ microscopic organisms may agreeably excite ! fancy1 ! imag9ation is ev5 m s]i\sly1 &1 ,i might say1 m solemnly mov$ by ! impression ( b\ndlessness & immeasureability1 :i* are pres5t$ to ! m9d by e sea voyage4 ,all :o possess an ord9>y degree ( m5tal activity1 & delight to create to !mselves an inn] _w ( ?\ght1 mu/ be p5etrat$ ) ! sublime image ( ! inf9ite1 :5 gaz+ ar\nd !m on ! va/ & b\ndless sea1 :5 involunt>ily ! glance is attract$ to ! di/ant horizon1 :]e air & wat] bl5d toge!r1 & ! />s cont9ually rise & set be=e ! eyes ( ! m>9]4 ,?is contemplation ( ! et]nal play ( ! elem5ts is cl\d$1 l e human joy1 by a t\* ( sadness & ( long+4 ,a peculi> pr$ilection = ! sea1 & a grateful rem5brance ( ! impression :i* x has excit$ 9 my m9d1 :5 ,i h se5 x 9 ! tropics 9 ! calm ( nocturnal re/1 or 9 ! fury ( ! tempe/1 h alone induc$ me to speak ( ! individual enjoym5t af=d$ by its aspect be=e ,i ent]$ ^u ! consid]ation ( ! favorable influ5ce :i* ! proximity ( ! ocean has incontrov]tibly ex]cis$ on ! cultivation ( ! intellect & "* ( _m nations1 by ! multiplication ( ^? b&s :i* ought to encircle ! :ole ( humanity1 by af=d+ additional means ( arriv+ at a k ( ! configuration ( ! e>?1 & fur!r+ ! advancem5t ( a/ronomy1 & ( all o!r ma!matical & physical sci5ces4 ,a portion ( ?is influ5ce 0 at fir/ limit$ to ! ,m$it]ranean & ! %ores ( s\?we/]n ,africa1 b f ! sixte5? c5tury x has widely spread1 ext5d+ to nations :o live at a di/ance f ! sea1 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts4 ,s9ce ,columbus 0 s5t to un*a9 ! ocean99 7z ! unkn[n voice :isp]$ to him 9 a dream :5 he lay on a sick-b$ ne> p #caa ! ,riv] ,belem71 man has ev] boldly v5tur$ onw>d t[>d ! discov]y ( unkn[n regions4 footnote 99,! voice address$ him 9 ^! words1 ,m>avillosam5te ,dios hizo son> tu nombre en la ti]ra2 de los atami5tos de la m> ,oceana1 que e/aban c]rados con cad5as tan fu]tes1 te di las llaves -- ,god w cause ?y "n to be wond]fully res\nd$ ?r\gh ! e>?1 & give !e ! keys ( ! gates ( ! ocean1 :i* are clos$ ) /rong *a9s4 ,! dream ( ,columbus is relat$ 9 ! lett] to ! ,ca?olic mon>*s ( ,july ! #g?1 #aejc4 7,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,critique'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bcd47 ,! second ext]nal & g5]al cov]+ ( our planet1 ! a]ial ocean1 9 ! l[] /rata1 & on ! %oals ( :i* we live1 pres5ts six classes ( natural ph5om5a1 :i* manife/ ! mo/ intimate connection ) "o ano!r4 ,!y are dep5d5t on ! *emical composition ( ! atmosph]e1 ! v>iations 9 its transp>5cy1 pol>ization1 & color1 its d5sity or pressure1 its temp]ature & humidity1 & its electricity4 ,! air conta9s 9 oxyg5 ! fir/ elem5t ( physical animal life1 & besides ?is b5efit1 x possesses ano!r1 :i* may be said to be ( a ne>ly equally high "*1 namely1 t ( convey+ s\nd2 a faculty by :i* x likewise becomes ! convey+ s\nd2 a faculty by :i* x likewise becomes ! convey] ( spee* & ! means ( communicat+ ?\ght1 & consequ5tly ( ma9ta9+ social int]c\rse4 ,if ! ,e>? 7 depriv$ ( an atmosph]e1 z we suppose our moon to be1 x w\ld pres5t itself to our imag9ation z a s\ndless des]t4 ,! relative quantities ( ! sub/ances compos+ ! /rata ( air accessible to u h1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 become ! object ( inve/igations1 9 :i* ,gay-,lussac & myself h tak5 an active "p2 x is h[ev]1 only v rec5tly t ! admirable labors ( ,dumas & ,b\ss+ault h1 by new & m accurate me?ods1 br\ght ! *emical analysis ( ! atmosph]e to a high degree ( p]fection4 ,accord+ to ?is analysis1 a volume ( dry air conta9s #bj4h ( oxyg51 & #gi4b ( nitrog51 besides f two to five ?\s&? p>ts ( c>bonic acid gas1 a /ill small] quantity ( c>buret$ hydrog5 gas199 &1 accord+ to ! important exp]im5ts ( ,saussure & ,liebig1 traces ( ammoniacal vapors19999 f :i* plants d]ive _! nitrog5\s cont5ts4 footnote 99,b\ss+ault1 ',re*]*es sur la ,composition de l',atmosph]e'1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie et de ,physique'1 t4 lvii41 #ahcd1 p4 #aga-agc2 & lxxi4 #ahci1 p4 #aaf4 ,accord+ to ,b\ss+ault & ,lewy1 ! proportion ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e at ,audilly1 at a di/ance1 !re=e1 f ! exhalations ( a city1 v>i$ only betwe5 #j4jjjbh & #j4jjjca 9 volume4 footnote 9999,liebig1 9 8 important "w1 entitles ',die ,organis*e ,*emie 9 ihr] ,anw5dung auf ,agricultur und ,physiologie'1 #ahdj1 s4 #fb-gb4 ,on ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic electricity 9 ! production ( nitrate ( ammonia1 :i*1 com+ into contact ) c>bonate ( lime1 is *ang$ into c>bonate ( ammonia1 see ,b\ss+ault's ',economie ,rurale consid]ee dans ses ,rapports avec la ,*imie et la ,meteorologie'1 #ahdd1 t4 ii41 p4 #bdg1 #bfg1 & t4 i41 p4 #hd4 ,"s obs]vations ( ,lewy r5d] x probable t ! quantity ( oxyg5 v>ies p]ceptibly p #cab b slightly1 ov] ! sea & 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts1 accord+ to local conditions or to ! seasons ( ! ye>4 ,we may easily conceive t *anges 9 ! oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 ! sea1 produc$ by microscopic animal organisms1 may be att5d$ by alt]ations 9 ! /rata ( air 9 imm$iate contact ) x499 footnote 99,lewy1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 xvii41 ,"p ii41 p4 #bce-bdh4 ,! air :i* ,m>t9s collect$ at ,faulhorn at an elevation ( #hgfg feet1 conta9$ z mu* oxyg5 z ! air at ,p>is499 footnote 99,dumas1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie1 #c;e ,s]ie'1 t4 iii41 #ahda1 p4 #beg4 ,! admixture ( c>bonate ( ammonia 9 ! atmosph]e may probably be consid]$ z old] ?an ! exi/5ce ( organic be+s on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! s\rces f :i* c>bonic acid99 may be yield$ to ! atmosph]e are mo/ num]\s4 footnote 99,9 ?is enum]ation1 ! exhalation ( c>bonic acid by plants dur+ ! night1 :ile !y inhale oxyg51 is n tak5 into acc\nt1 because ! increase ( c>bonic acid f ?is s\rce is amply c\nt]-balanc$ by ! respiratory process ( plants dur+ ! day4 ,see ,b\ss+ault's ',econ4 ,rurale'1 t4 i41 p4 #ec-fh1 & ,liebig's ',organis*e ,*emie'1 s4 #af1 #ba4 ,9 ! fir/ place we w\ld m5tion ! respiration ( animals1 :o receive ! c>bon :i* !y inhale f vegetable food1 :ile vegetables receive x f ! atmosph]e2 9 ! next place1 c>bon is suppli$ f ! int]ior ( ! e>? 9 ! vic9ity ( exhau/$ volcanoes & !rmal spr+s1 f ! decomposition ( a small quantity ( c>buret$ hydrog5 gas 9 ! atmosph]e1 & f ! electric dis*>ges ( cl\ds1 :i* are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce )9 ! tropics4 ,besides ^! sub/ances1 :i* we h consid]$ z app]ta9+ to ! atmosph]e at all heights t are accessible to u1 !re are o!rs accid5tally mix$ ) !m1 especially ne> ! gr\nd1 :i* sometimes1 9 ! =m ( miasmatic & gase\s contagia1 ex]cise a noxi\s influ5ce on animal organization4 ,_! *emical nature has n yet be5 asc]ta9$ by direct analysis2 b1 f ! consid]ation ( ! processes ( decay :i* are p]petually go+ on 9 ! animal & vegetable sub/ances ) :i* ! surface ( our planet is cov]$1 & judg+ f analogies d$uc$ f ! coma9 ( pa?ology1 we are l$ to inf] ! exi/5ce ( su* noxi\s local admixtures4 ,ammoniacal & o!r nitrog5\s vapors1 sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas1 & comp\nds analog\s to ! polybasic t]n>y & quat]n>y comp\nds analog\s to ! polybasic t]n>y & quat]n>y comb9ations ( ! vegetable k+dom1 may produce miasmata199 p #cac :i*1 "u v>i\s =ms1 may g5]ate ague & typhus fev] 7n by any means exclusively on wet1 m>%y gr\nd1 or on coa/s cov]$ by putresc5t mollusca1 & l[ bu%es ( ',rhizophora mangle' & ,avic5nia74 footnote 99,gay-,lussac1 9 ',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 liii41 p4 #abj2 ,pay51 ,mem4 sur la ,composition ,*imique des ,vegetaux1 p4 #cf1 #db2 ,liebig1 ',org4 ,*emie'1 s4 #bbi-cde2 ,b\ss+ault1 ',econ4 ,rurale'1 t4 i41 p4 #adb-aec4 ,fogs :i* h a peculi> smell at "s seasons ( ! ye>1 rem9d u ( ^! accid5tal admixtures 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e4 ,w9ds & curr5ts ( air caus$ by ! heat+ ( ! gr\nd ev5 c>ry up to a consid]able elevation solid sub/ances r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,! du/ :i* d>k5s ! air = an ext5d$ area1 & falls on ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s1 to :i* ,d>w9 has drawn att5tion1 conta9s1 accord+ to ,ehr5b]g's discov]y1 a ho/ ( silici\s-%ell$ infusoria4 ,z pr9cipal features ( a g5]al descriptive picture ( ! atmosph]e1 we may enum]ate3 #a4 ',v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure'3 to :i* belong ! hor>y oscillations1 occurr+ ) su* regul>ity 9 ! tropics1 :]e !y produce a k9d ( ebb & fl[ 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* c n be ascrib$ to ! attraction ( ! moon199 & :i* diff]s s consid]ably accord+ to geographical latitude1 ! seasons ( ! ye>1 & ! elevation above ! level ( ! sea4 footnote 99,b\v>d1 by ! application ( ! =mulae1 9 #ahbg1 :i* ,laplace _h deposit$ ) ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 f\nd t ! portion ( ! hor>y oscillations ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* dep5ds on ! attraction ( ! moon1 c n raise ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] at ,p>is m ?an ! #j4jah ( a millimet]1 :ile elev5 ye>s' obs]vations at ! same place %[ ! mean b>ometric oscillation1 f #i ,a4,m4 to #c ,p4,m41 to be #j4gef millim41 & f #c ,p4,m4 to #i ,p4,m41 #j4cgc millim4 ,see ',memoires de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 vii41 #ahbg1 p4 #bfg4 #b4 ',climatic di/ribution ( heat'1 :i* dep5ds on ! relative position ( ! transp>5t & opaque masses 7! fluid & solid p>ts ( ! surface ( ! e>?71 & on ! hypsometrical configuration ( cont95ts2 relations :i* det]m9e ! geographical position & curvature ( ! iso!rmal l9es 7or curves ( equal mean annual temp]ature7 bo? 9 a horizontal & v]tical direction1 or on a uni=m plane1 or 9 diff]5t sup]pos$ /rata ( air4 #c4 ',! di/ribution ( ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e'4 ,! quantitative relations ( ! humitidy dep5d on ! diff]5ces 9 ! solid & oceanic surfaces2 on ! di/ance f ! equator & ! level ( ! sea2 on ! =m 9 :i* ! p #cad aque\s vapor is precipitat$1 & on ! connection exi/+ betwe5 ^! deposits & ! *anges ( temp]ature1 & ! direction & succession ( w9ds4 #d4 ',! electric condition ( ! atmosph]e'4 ! prim>y cause ( ?is condition1 :5 ! heav5s are s]5e1 is /ill mu* conte/$4 ,"u ?is head we mu/ consid] ! relation ( asc5d+ vapors to ! electric *>ge & ! =m ( ! cl\ds1 accord+ to ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! day & ye>2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cold & w>m zones ( ! e>?1 or l[ & high l&s2 ! frequ5cy or r>ity ( ?und] /orms1 _! p]iodicity & =mation 9 summ] & w9t]2 ! causal connection ( electricity1 ) ! infrequ5t occurr5ce ( hail 9 ! night1 & ) ! ph5om5a ( wat] & s& sp\ts1 s ably inve/igat$ by ,pelti]4 ,! hor>y oscillations ( ! b>omet]1 :i* 9 ! tropics pres5t two maxima 7viz41 at #i or #i #a_/d ,p4,m41 & #d ,a4,m41 occurr+1 !re=e1 9 almo/ ! hotte/ & colde/ h\rs71 h long be5 ! object ( my mo/ c>eful diurnal & nocturnal obs]vations499 footnote 99',obs]vations faites p\r con/at] la ,m>*e des ,v>iations ,horaires du ,b>ometre s\s les ,tropiques'1 9 my ',relation ,hi/orique du ,voyage aux ,regions ,equ9oxiales'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bgj-cac4 ,_! regul>ity is s great1 t1 9 ! daytime especially1 ! h\r may be asc]ta9$ f ! height ( ! m]curial column )\t an error1 on ! av]age1 ( m ?an fifte5 or sev5te5 m9utes4 ,9 ! torrid zones ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 on ! coa/s z well z at elevations ( ne>ly #ac1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 :]e ! mean temp]ature falls to #dd4f degrees1 ,i h f\nd ! regul>ity ( ! ebb & fl[ ( ! a]ial ocean undi/urb$ by /orms1 hurricanes1 ra91 & e>?quakes4 ,! am\nt ( ! daily oscillations dim9i%es f #a4cb to #j4ah ,fr5* l9es f ! equator to #gj degrees nor? latitude1 :]e ,bravais made v accurate obs]vations at ,bosekop499 footnote 99,bravais1 9 ,daemtz & ,m>t9s1 ',meteorologie'1 p4 #bfc4 ,at ,halle 7#ea degrees #bi' ,n4 lat471 ! oscillation /ill am\nts to #j4bh l9es4 ,x w\ld seem t a great _m obs]vations w be requir$ 9 ord] to obta9 results t c be tru/$ 9 reg>d to ! h\rs ( ! maximum & m9imum on m\nta9s 9 ! temp]ate zone4 ,see ! obs]vations ( hor>y v>iations1 collect$ on ! ,faulhorn 9 #ahcb1 #ahda1 & #ahdb 7,m>t9s1 ',meteorologie'1 p4 #bed47 ,! supposition t1 mu* ne>] ! pole1 ! height ( ! b>omet] is really less at #aj ,a4,m4 ?an at #d ,p4,m41 & consequ5tly1 t ! maximum & m9imum influ5ces ( ^! h\rs p #cae are inv]t$1 is n confirm$ by ,p>ry's obs]vations at ,port ,b[5 7#gc degrees #ad'74 ,! mean height ( ! b>omet] is some:at less "u ! equator & 9 ! tropics1 ow+ to ! effect ( ! ris+ curr5t199 ?an 9 ! temp]ate zones1 & x appe>s to atta9 its maximum 9 ,we/]n ,europe betwe5 ! p>allels ( #dj degrees & #de degrees4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',essai sur la ,geographie des ,plantes'1 #ahjg1 p4 #ij2 & 9 ',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #cac2 & on ! dim9uation ( atmosph]ic pressure 9 ! tropical portions ( ! ,atlantic1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5 d] ,physik'1 bd4 xxxvii41 s4 #bde-beh1 & s4 #dfc-dhf4 ,if ) ,kmtz we connect toge!r by 'isob>ometric' l9es ^? places :i* pres5t ! same mean diff]5ce betwe5 ! mon?ly extremes ( ! b>omet]1 we %all h curves ^: geographical position & inflections yield important conclusions reg>d+ ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! =m ( ! l& & ! di/ribution ( seas on ! oscillations ( ! atmosph]e4 ,h9do/an ) its high m\nta9 *a9s & triangul> p59sulas1 & ! ea/]n coa/s ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 :]e ! w>m ,gulf ,/ream turns to ! ea/ at ! ,newf\ndl& ,banks1 exhibit great] isob>ometric oscillations ?an d ! gr\p ( ! ,antilles & ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! prevail+ w9ds ex]cise a pr9cipal influ5ce on ! dim9ution ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 & ?is1 z we h already m5tion$1 is accompani$1 accord+ to ,daussey1 by an elevation ( ! mean level ( ! sea4 footnote 99,dausay1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus'1 t4 iii41 p4 #acf4 ,z ! mo/ important fluctuations ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 :e!r occurr+ ) hor>y or annual regul>ity1 or accid5tally1 & !n (t5 att5d$ by viol5ce & dang]199 are l all ! o!r ph5om5a ( ! wea!r1 ma9ly ow+ to ! heat+ =ce ( ! sun's rays1 x has long be5 sugge/$ 7p>tly accord+ to ! idea ( ,lamb]t7 t ! direction ( ! w9d %\ld be comp>$ ) ! height ( ! b>omet]1 alt]nations ( temp]ature1 & ! increase & decrease ( humidity4 footnote 99,dove1 ',ueb] die ,/urme'1 9 ,pogg5d41 ',annal5'1 bd4 lii41 s4 #a4 ,tables ( atmosph]ic pressure dur+ diff]5t w9ds1 t]m$ 'b>ometric w9droses'1 af=d a deep] insight into ! connection ( meteorological ph5om5a499 footnote 99,leopold von ,bu*1 ',b>ometris*e ,w9drose'1 9 ',abh&l4 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss4 zu ,b]l9 aus d5 ,jahr5'1 #ahah-ahai1 s4 #ahg4 ,dove has1 ) admirable sagacity1 recogniz$1 9 ! law ( rotation 9 bo? hemisph]es1 :i* he himself e/abli%$1 ! cause ( _m important processes 9 ! a]ial ocean499 footnote 99,see ,dove1 ',meteorologi%e ,unt]su*ung5'1 #ahcg1 s4 #ii-cac2 & ! excell5t obs]vations ( ,kmtz on ! desc5t ( ! we/ w9d ( ! upp] curr5t 9 high latitudes1 & ! g5]al ph5om5a ( ! direction ( ! w9d1 9 8 ',vorlesung5 ub] et]ologie'1 #ahdj1 s4 #eh-ff1 #aif-bjj1 #cbg-ccf1 #cec-cfd2 & 9 ,s*uma*]'s ',jahrbu* fur' #ahch1 s4 #bia-cjb4 ,a v satisfactory & vivid repres5tation ( meteorological ph5om5a is giv5 by ,dove1 9 8 small "w entitl$ ',witt]ungsv]hltnisse von ,b]l9'1 #ahdb4 ,on ! k ( ! e>li] navigators ( ! rotation ( ! w9d1 see ,*urruca1 ',viage at ,magellanes'1 #agic1 p4 #ae2 & on a rem>kable expression ( ,columbus1 :i* 8 son ,don ,f]n&o ,colon has pres5t$ to u 9 8 ',vida del ,almirante'1 cap4 #ee1 see ,humboldt1 ',exam5 ,critique de l',hi/4 de ,geographie'1 t4 iv41 p4 #bec4 ,! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! p #cae equatorial & pol> regions eng5d]s two opposite curr5ts 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! atmosph]e & on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,ow+ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! rotatory velocity at ! poles & at ! equator1 ! pol> curr5t is deflect$ ea/w>d1 & ! equatorial curr5t we/w>d4 ,! great ph5om5a ( atmosph]ic pressure1 ! w>m+ & cool+ ( ! /rata ( air1 ! aque\s deposits1 & ev51 z ,dove has correctly repres5t$1 ! =mation & appe>ance ( cl\ds1 alike dep5d on ! opposition ( ^! two curr5ts1 on ! place :]e ! upp] "o desc5ds1 & on ! displacem5t ( ! "o by ! o!r4 ,?us ! figures ( ! cl\ds1 :i* =m an animat$ "p ( ! *>ms ( a l&scape1 ann\nce ! processes at "w 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 &1 :5 ! air is calm1 ! cl\ds w (t5 pres5t1 on a bright summ] sky1 ! project$ image ( ! radiat+ soil bel[4 ,:]e ?is influ5ce ( radiation is modifi$ by ! relative position ( l>ge cont95tal & oceanic surfaces1 z betwe5 ! ea/]n %ore ( ,africa & ! we/]n "p ( ! ,indian p59sula1 its effects are manife/$ 9 ! ,indian monsoons1 :i* *ange ) ! p]iodic v>iations 9 ! sun's decl9ation199 & :i* 7 kn[n to ! ,greek navigators "u ! "n ( ',hippalos'4 footnote 99',monsun' 7,malayan 'musim'1 ! 'hippalos' ( ! ,greeks7 is d]iv$ f ! ,arabic ^w 'mausim'1 a set "t or season ( ! ye>1 ! "t ( ! assemblage ( pilgrims at ,mecca4 ,! ^w has be5 appli$ to ! seasons at :i* c]ta9 w9ds prevail1 :i* are1 besides1 nam$ f places ly+ 9 ! direction f :5ce !y come2 ?us1 = in/ance1 !re is ! 'mausim' ( ,ad51 ( ,guz]at1 ,malab>1 etc4 7,lass51 ',indis*e ,alt]?umskunde'1 bd4 i41 #ahdc1 s4 #baa74 ,on ! contra/s betwe5 ! solid or fluid sub/rata ( ! atmosph]e1 see ,dove1 9 ',d] ,abh&l4 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss4 zu ,b]l9 aus dem ,jahr' #ahdb1 s4 #bci4 ,9 ! k ( ! monsoons1 :i* und\bt$ly dates back ?\s&s ( ye>s among ! inhabitants ( ,h9do/an & ,*9a1 ( ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,arabian ,gulf & ( ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,malayan p #cag ,sea1 & 9 ! /ill m anci5t & m g5]al acqua9tance ) l& & sea w9ds1 lies conceal$1 z x 71 ! g]m ( t meteorological sci5ces :i* is n[ mak+ su* rapid progress4 ,! long *a9 ( 'magnetic /ations' ext5d+ f ,mosc[ to ,pek91 across ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 w prove ( imm5se importance 9 det]m9+ ! 'law ( ! w9ds'1 s9ce ^! /ations h also = _! object ! inve/igation ( g5]al meteorological relations4 ,! comp>ison ( obs]vations made at places ly+ s _m hundr$ miles ap>t1 w decide1 = in/ance1 :e!r ! same ea/ w9d bl[s f ! elevat$ des]t ( ,gobi to ! int]ior ( ,russia1 or :e!r ! direction ( ! ,a]ial curr5t fir/ began 9 ! middle ( ! s]ies ( ! /ations1 by ! desc5t ( ! air f ! high] regions4 ,by means ( su* obs]vations1 we may le>n1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 ':5ce' ! w9d come?4 ,if we only take ! results on :i* we may dep5d f ^? places 9 :i* ! obs]vations on ! direction ( ! w9ds h be5 cont9u$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 we %all f9d 7f ! mo/ rec5t & c>eful calculations ( ,wilhelm ,mahlmann7 t 9 ! middle latitudes ( ! temp]ate zone1 9 bo? cont95ts1 ! prevail+ a]ial curr5t has a we/-s\?we/ direction4 ,our insight into ! 'di/ribution ( heat' 9 ! atmosph]e has be5 r5d]$ m cle> s9ce ! attempt has be5 made to connect toge!r by l9es ^? places :]e ! mean annual summ] & w9t] temp]atures h be5 asc]ta9 by correct obs]vations4 ,! sy/em ( 'iso!rmal1 oso!ral' & 'iso*im5al' l9es1 :i* ,i fir/ br\ght into use 9 #ahag1 may1 p]haps1 if x be gradually p]fect$ by ! unit$ ef=ts ( inve/igators1 s]ve z "o ( ! ma9 f\ndations ( 'comp>ative climatology'4 ,t]re/rial magnetism did n acquire a "r to be reg>d$ z a sci5ce until p>tial results 7 graphically connect$ 9 a sy/em ( l9es ( 'equal decl9ation1 equal incl9atiion'1 & 'equal int5sity'4 ,! t]m 'climate'1 tak5 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 indicat$ all ! *anges 9 ! atmosph]e :i* s5sibly affect our organs1 z temp]ature1 humidity1 v>iations 9 ! b>ometrical pressure1 ! calm /ate ( ! air or ! action ( opposite w9ds1 ! am\nt ( electric t5sion1 ! purity ( ! atmosph]e or its admixture ) m or less noxi\s gase\s exhalations1 &1 f9ally1 ! degree ( ord9>y transp>5cy & cle>ness ( ! sky1 :i* is n only important ) respect to ! increas$ radiation f ! ,e>?1 ! organic developm5t ( plants1 & ! rip5+ ( fruits1 b p #cah also ) ref]5ce to its influ5ce on ! feel+s & m5tal condition ( m54 ,if ! surface ( ! ,e>? consi/$ ( "o & ! same homog5e\s fluid mass1 or ( /rata ( rock hav+ ! same color1 d5sity1 smoo?ness1 & p[] ( absorb+ heat f ! sol> rays1 & ( radiat+ x 9 a simil> mann] ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 ! iso!rmal1 iso!ral1 & iso*im5al l9es w\ld all be p>allel to ! equator4 ,9 ?is hypo!tical condition ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 ! p[] ( absorb+ & emitt+ light & heat w\ld e :]e be ! same "u ! same latitudes4 ,! ma!matical consid]ation ( climate1 :i* does n exclude ! supposition ( ! exi/5ce ( curr5ts ( heat 9 ! int]ior1 or 9 ! ext]nal cru/ ( ! e>?1 nor ( ! propagation ( heat by atmosph]ic curr5ts1 proce$s f ?is mean1 &1 z x 71 primitive condition4 ,:atev] alt]s ! capacity = absorption & radiation1 at places ly+ "u ! same p>allel ( latitude1 gives rise to inflections 9 ! iso!rmal l9es4 ,! nature ( ^! inflections1 ! angles at :i* ! iso!rmal1 iso!ral1 or iso*im5al l9es int]sect ! p>allels ( latitude1 _! convexity or concavity ) respect to ! pole ( ! same hemisph]e1 are dep5d5t on causes :i* m or less modify ! temp]ature "u diff]5t degrees ( longitude4 ,! progress ( ',climatology' has be5 rem>kably favor$ by ! ext5sion ( ,european civilization to two opposite coa/s1 by its transmission f our we/]n %ores to a cont95t :i* is b\nd$ on ! ea/ by ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,:51 aft] ! ephem]al colonization f ,icel& & ,gre5l&1 ! ,briti% laid ! f\ndation ( ! fir/ p]man5t settlem5ts on ! %ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ! emigrants 7^: numb]s 7 rapidly increas$ 9 consequ5ce ei!r ( religi\s p]secution1 fanaticism1 or love ( fre$om1 & :o soon spread ov] ! va/ ext5t ( t]ritory ly+ betwe5 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,virg9ia1 & ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce7 7 a/oni%$ to f9d !mselves expos$ to an int5sity ( w9t] cold f> exce$+ t :i* prevail$ 9 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,scotl&1 situat$ 9 correspond+ p>allels ( latitude4 ,b1 h[ev] mu* a consid]ation ( ^! climatic relations may h awak5$ att5tion1 x 0 n att5d$ by any practical results until x c\ld be bas$ on ! num]ical data ( 'mean annual temp]ature'4 ,if1 betwe5 #eh degrees & #cj degrees nor? latitude1 we compair ,na91 on ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 ) ,gott5burg2 ,halifax ) ,bordeaus2 ,new p #cai ,york ) ,naples2 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 ,florida1 ) ,cairo1 we f9d t1 "u ! same degrees ( latitude1 ! diff]5ces ( ! mean annual temp]ature betwe5 ,ea/]n ,am]ica & ,we/]n ,europe1 proce$+ f nor? to s\?1 are successively #bj4g degrees1 #ac4i degrees1 #f4h degrees1 & almo/ #j degrees4 ,! gradual decrease ( ! diff]5ces 9 ?is s]ies ext5d+ ov] #bh degrees ( latitude is v /rik+4 ,fur!r to ! s\?1 "u ! tropics1 ! iso!rmal l9es are e :]e p>allel to ! equator 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,we see1 f ! above examples1 t ! que/ions (t5 ask$ 9 society1 h[ _m degrees ,am]ica 7)\t di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n %ores7 is cold] ?an ,europe8 & h[ mu* ! mean annual temp]ature ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates is l[] ?an t ( correspond+ latitudes 9 ,europe8 are1 :5 ?us 'g5]ally express$'1 devoid ( mean+4 ,!re is a sep>ate diff]5ce = ea* p>allel ( latitude1 & )\t a special comp>ison ( ! w9t] & summ] temp]atures ( ! opposite coa/s1 x w be impossible to arrive at a correct idea ( climatic relations1 9 _! influ5ce on agriculture & o!r indu/rial pursuits1 or on ! individual com=t or discom=t ( mank+ 9 g5]al4 ,9 enum]at+ ! causes :i* produce di/urbances 9 ! =m ( ! iso!rmal l9es1 ,i w\ld di/+ui% betwe5 ^? :i* 'raise' & ^? :i* 'l[]' ! temp]ature4 ,to ! fir/ class belong ! proximity ( a we/]n coa/ 9 ! temp]ate zone2 ! divid$ configuration ( a cont95t into p59sulas1 ) deeply-ind5t$ bays & inl& seas2 ! aspect ( ! position ( a portion ( ! l& ) ref]5ce ei!r to a sea ( ice spread+ f> into ! pol> circle1 or to a mass ( cont95tal l& ( consid]able ext5t1 ly+ 9 ! same m]idian1 ei!r "u ! equator1 or1 at lea/1 )9 a portion ( ! tropical zone2 ! preval5ce ( s\!rly or we/]ly w9ds on ! we/]n %ore ( a cont95t 9 ! temp]ate nor!rn zone2 *a9s ( m\nta9s act+ z protect+ salls aga9/ ! w9ds com+ f cold] regions2 ! infrequ5cy ( swamps1 :i*1 9 ! spr+ & beg9n+ ( summ]1 long rema9 cov]$ ) ice1 & ! abs5ce ( woods 9 a dry1 s&y soil2 f9ally ! con/ant s]5ity ( ! sky 9 ! summ] mon?s1 & ! vic9ity ( an oceanic curr5t1 br++ wat] :i* is ( a high] temp]ature ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ sea4 ,among ! causes :i* t5d to 'l[]' ! mean annual temp]ature ,i include ! foll[+3 elevation above ! level ( ! sea1 :5 n =m+ "p ( an ext5d$ pla92 ! p #cbj vic9ity ( an ea/]n coa/ 9 high & middle latitudes2 ! compact configuration ( a cont95t hav+ no littoral curvatures or bays2 ! ext5sion ( l& t[>d ! poles into ! region ( p]petual ice1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a sea rema9+ op5 9 ! w9t]2 a geographical position1 9 :i* ! equatorial & tropical regions are occupi$ by ! sea1 & consequ5tly1 ! abs5ce1 "u ! same m]idian1 ( a cont95tal tropical l& hav+ a /rong capacity = ! absorption & radiation ( heat2 m\nta9 *a9s1 ^: mural =m & direction imp$e ! access ( w>m w9ds1 ! vic9ity ( isolat$ peaks1 occasion+ ! desc5t ( cold curr5ts ( air d[n _! declivities2 ext5sive woods1 :i* h9d] ! isolation ( ! soil by ! vital activity ( _! foliage1 :i* produces great evaporation1 ow+ to ! ext5sion ( ^! organs1 & increases ! surface t is cool$ by radiation1 act+ consequ5tly 9 a ?ree-fold mann]1 by %ade1 evaporation1 & radiation2 ! frequ5cy ( swamps or m>%es1 :i* 9 ! nor? =m a k9d ( subt]ranean glaci] 9 ! pla9s1 la/+ till ! middle ( ! summ]2 a cl\dy summ] sky1 :i* weak5s ! action ( ! sol> rays2 &1 f9ally1 a v cle> w9t] sky1 favor+ ! radiation ( heat499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',re*]*es sur les ,causes des ,inflexions des ,lignes ,iso!rmes'1 9 ',asie ,c5tr4'1 t4 iii41 p4 #ajc-aad1 #aah1 #abb1 #ahh4 ,! simultane\s action ( ^! di/urb+ causes1 :e!r productive ( an increase or decrease ( heat1 det]m9es1 z ! total effect1 ! inflection ( ! iso!rmal l9es1 especially ) relation to ! expansion & configuration ( solid cont95tal masses1 z comp>$ ) ! liquid oceanic4 ,^! p]turbations give rise to convex & concave summits ( ! iso!rmal curves4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t ord]s ( di/urb+ causes1 & ea* "o mu/1 !re=e1 be consid]$ sep>ately1 9 ord] t _! total effect may aft]w>d be inve/igat$ ) ref]5ce to ! motion 7direction1 local curvature7 ( ! iso!rmal l9es1 & ! actions by :i* !y are connect$ toge!r1 modifi$1 de/roy$1 or increas$ 9 int5sity1 z manife/$ 9 ! contact & int]section ( small oscillatory movem5ts4 ,su* is ! me?od by :i*1 ,i hope1 x may "s day be possible to connect toge!r1 by empirical & num]ically express$ laws1 va/ s]ies ( app>5tly isolat$ facts1 & to exhibit ! mutual dep5d5ce :i* mu/ necess>ily exi/ among !m4 ,! trade w9ds -- ea/]ly w9ds bl[+ )9 ! tropics -- give rise1 9 bo? temp]ate zones1 to ! we/1 or we/-s\?we/ p #cba s9ds :i* prevail 9 ^? regions1 & :i* are l& w9ds to ea/]n coa/s1 & sea w9ds to we/]n coa/s1 e/5d+ ov] a space :i*1 f ! great mass & ! s9k+ ( its cool$ p>ticles1 is n capable ( any consid]able degree ( cool+1 & h5ce x foll[s t ! ea/ w9ds ( ! ,cont95t mu/ be cool] ?an ! we/ w9ds1 :]e _! temp]ature is n affect$ by ! occurr5ce ( oceanic curr5ts ne> ! %ore4 ,cook's "y companion on 8 second voyage ( circumnavigation1 ! intellig5t ,george ,=/]1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! lively int]e/ :i* prompt$ me to und]take di/ant travels1 0 ! fir/ :o drew att5tion1 9 a def9ite mann]1 to ! climatic diff]5ces ( temp]ature exi/+ 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( bo? cont95ts1 & to ! simil>ity ( temp]ature ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! middle latitudes1 ) t ( ,we/]n ,europe499 footnote 99,george ,=/]1 ',kle9 ,s*rift5'1 ?4 iii41 #agid1 s4 #hg2 ,dove1 9 ,s*uma*]'s ',jahrbu* fur'1 s4 #bhi2 ,kmtz1 ',meteorologie'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #da1 #dc1 #fg1 & #if2 ,arago1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus'1 t4 i41 p4 #bfh4 ,ev5 9 nor!rn latitudes exact obs]vations %[ a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! 'mean annual temp]ature' ( ! ea/ & we/ coa/s ( ,am]ica4 ,! mean annual temp]ature ( ,na91 9 7lat4 #eg degrees #aj'71 is fully #f4h degrees 'bel[' ! freez+ po9t1 :ile on ! nor?we/ coa/1 at ,new ,ar*angel1 9 ,russian ,am]ica 7lat4 #eg degrees #c'71 x is #ab4d degrees 'above' ?is po9t4 ,at ! fir/-nam$ place1 ! mean summ] temp]ature h>dly am\nts to #dc degrees1 :ile at ! latt] place x is #eg degrees4 ,pek9 7#ci degrees #ed'71 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia1 has a mean annual tempe]ature ( #eb4h degrees1 :i* is #i degrees bel[ t ( ,naples1 situat$ some:at fur!r to ! nor?4 ,! mean w9t] temp]ature ( ,pek9 is at lea/ #e4d degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 :ile 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 ev5 at ,p>is 7#dh degrees #ej'71 x is ne>ly #f degrees above ! freez+ po9t4 ,pek9 has also a mean w9t] cold :i* is #d4e degrees l[] ?an t ( ,cop5hag51 ly+ #ag degrees fur!r to ! nor?4 ,we h already se5 ! sl[ness ) :i* ! great mass ( ! ocean foll[s ! v>iations ( temp]ature 9 ! atmosph]e1 & h[ ! sea acts 9 equaliz+ temp]atures1 mod]at+ simultane\sly ! sev]ity ( w9t] & ! heat ( summ]4 ,h5ce arises a second m important contra/ -- t1 namely1 betwe5 insul> & littoral climates enjoy$ by all articulat$ cont95ts hav+ deeply ind5t$ bays & p59sulas1 & betwe5 ! climate ( ! int]ior ( great masses ( solid l&4 ,?is rem>kable contra/ has be5 fully p #cbb develop$ by ,leopold von ,bu* 9 all its v>i\s ph5om5a1 bo? ) respect to its influ5ce on vegetation & agriculrure1 on ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e1 ! radiation ( ! soil1 & ! elevation ( ! l9e ( p]petual sn[4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! ,asiatic ,cont95t1 ,tobolsk1 ,b>naul on ! ,oby1 & ,irkutsk1 h ! same mean summ] heat z ,b]l91 ,mun/]1 & ,*]b\rg 9 ,norm&y1 ! !rmomet] sometimes rema9+ = weeks toge!r at #hf degrees or #hh degrees1 :ile ! mean w9t] temp]ature is1 dur+ ! colde/ mon?1 z l[ z -#j4d degrees to -#d degrees4 ,^! cont95tal climates h !re=e ju/ly be5 t]m$ 'excessive' by ! great ma!matician & physici/ ,buffon2 & ! inhabitants :o live 9 c\ntries hav+ su* 'excessive' climates seem almo/ condemn$1 z ,dante expresses himself1 ,a s(f]ir torm5ti caldi e geli499 fiitbite 99,dante1 ',div9a ,comm$ia1 ,purgatorio'1 canto iii4 ,9 no portion ( ! e>?1 nei!r 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 9 ,spa91 nor 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 h ,i ev] se5 m luxuriant fruit1 especially grapes1 ?an 9 ,a/ra*an1 ne> ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea 7#df degrees #ba'74 ,al?\gh ! mean annual temp]ature is ab\t #dh;degrees1 ! mean summ] heat rises to #gj;degrees1 z at ,bordeaux1 :ile n only !re1 b also fur!r to ! s\?1 z at ,kisl> on ! m\? ( ! ,t]ek 79 ! latitude ( ,avignon & ,rim9i71 ! !rmomet] s9ks 9 ! w9t] to -#ac degrees or -#bb degrees4 ,irel&1 ,gu]nsey1 & ,j]sey1 ! p59sula ( ,brittany1 ! coa/s ( ,norm&y1 & ( ! s\? ( ,engl&1 pres5t1 by ! mildness ( _! w9t]s1 & by ! l[ temp]ature & cl\d$ sky ( _! summ]s1 ! mo/ /rik+ contra/ to ! cont95tal climate ( ! int]ior ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! nor!a/ ( ,irel& 7#ed degrees #ef'71 ly+ "u ! same p>allel ( latitude z ,konigsb]g 9 ,prussia1 ! myrtle blooms z luxuriantly z 9 ,portugal4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! mon? ( ,augu/1 :i* 9 ,hung>y rises to #gj degrees1 sc>cely rea*es #fa degrees at ,dubl91 :i* is situat$ on ! same iso!rmal l9e ( #di degrees2 ! mean w9t] temp]ature1 :i* falls to ab\t #bh degrees at ,pe/h1 is #dj degrees at ,dubl9 7^: mean annual temp]ature is n m ?an #di degrees72 #c4f degrees high] ?an t ( ,milan1 ,pavia1 ,padua1 & ! :ole ( ,lomb>dy1 :]e ! mean annual temp]ature is upw>d ( #ee;degrees4 ,at ,/romness1 9 ! ,orkneys1 sc>cely half a degree fur!r s\? ?an ,/ockholm1 ! w9t] temp]ature is #ci degrees1 & consequ5tly high] ?an t ( ,p>is1 & ne>y z high z t ( ,london4 p #cbc ,ev5 9 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 at #fb degrees latitude1 ! inl& wat]s nev] freeze1 ow+ to ! favor+ influ5ce ( ! we/ w9ds & ( ! sea4 ,on ! *>m+ coa/s ( ,devon%ire1 ne> ,salcombe ,bay1 :i* has be5 t]m$1 on acc\nt ( ! mildness ( its climate1 ! ',montpelli] ( ! ,nor?'1 ! ,agave ,mexicana has be5 se5 to blossoom 9 ! op5 air1 :ile orange-trees tra9$ aga9/ espali]s1 & only slightly protect$ by matt+1 are f\nd to be> fruit4 ,!re1 z well z at ,p5zance & ,gosport1 & at ,*]b\rg on ! coa/ ( ,norm&y1 ! mean w9t] temp]ature exce$s #db degrees1 fall+ %ort by only #b4d degrees ( ! mean w9t] temp]ature ( ,montpelli] & ,flor5ce499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',sur les ,lignes ,iso!rmes'1 9 ! ',memoires de ,physique et de ,*imie de la ,societe d',arcueil'1 t4 iii41 ,p>is1 #ahag1 p4 #adc-afe2 ,knight1 9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,horticultural ,society ( ,london'1 vol4 i1 p4 #cb2 ,watson1 ',rem>ks on ! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,briti% ,plants'1 #ahce1 p4 #fj2 ,trevelyan1 9 ,jemieson's ',ed9burgh ,new ,phil4 ,j\rnal'1 ,no4 #ah1 p4 #aed2 ,mahlmann 9 8 admirable ,g]man translation ( my ',asie ,c5trale'1 ?4 ii41 s4 #fj4 ,^! obs]vations w suffice to %[ ! important influ5ce ex]cis$ on vegetation & agriculture1 on ! cultivation ( fruit1 & on ! com=t ( mank9d1 by diff]5ces 9 ! di/ribution ( ! same mean annual temp]ature1 ?r\gh ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! l9es :i* ,i h t]m$ ',iso*im5al' & 'iso!ral' 7l9es ( equal w9t] & equal summ] temp]ature7 are by no means p>allel ) ! 'iso!rmal' l9es 7l9es ( equal annual temp]ature74 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 c\ntries :]e myrtles gr[ wild1 & ! e>? does n rema9 cov]$ ) sn[ 9 ! w9t]1 ! temp]ature ( ! summ] & autumn is b>ely suffici5t to br+ apples to p]fect rip5ess1 & if1 aga91 we obs]ve t ! grape r>ely atta9s ! rip5ess necess>y to conv]t x into w9e1 ei!r 9 isl&s or 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea1 ev5 :5 cultivat$ on a we/]n coa/1 ! reason mu/ n be s\ght only 9 ! l[ degree ( summ] heat1 indicat$1 9 littoral situations1 by ! !rmomet] :5 susp5d$ 9 ! %ade1 b likewise 9 ano!r cause t has n hi!rto be5 suffici5tly consid]$1 al?\gh x ex]cises an active influ5ce on _m o!r ph5om5a 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! inflammation ( a mixture ( *lor9e & hydrog571 namely ! diff]5ce betwe5 direct & diffus$ light1 or t :i* prevails :5 ! sky is cle> & :5 x is ov]ca/ by mi/4 ,i long s9ce endeavor$ to attract ! att5tion ( physici/s & physiologi/s99 to ?is p #cbd diff]5ce1 & to ! 'unmeasur$' heat :i* is locally develop$ 9 ! liv+ vegetable cell by ! action ( direct light4 footnote 99,haec de temp]ie a]is1 qui t]ram late circumfundit1 ac 9 quo1 longe a solo1 in/rum5ta no/ra meteorologica susp5sa habemus4 ,s$ alia e/ caloris vis1 quem radii solis nullis nubibus velati1 9 foliis ipsia et fructibus maturesc5tibus1 magis m9usve coloratis1 gignunt1 quemque1 ut egregia demon/rant exp]im5ta amicissimorum ,gay-,lussacii et ,!n>di de combu/ione *lori et hydrog5is1 ope !rmometri metiri nequis4 ,et5im locis planis et montanis1 v5to libe spirante1 circumfusi a]is temp]ies cadem esse pote/ coelo sudo vel nebuloso2 ideoque ex obs]vationibus solis !rmometricis1 nullo adhibito ,photometro1 haud cognosces1 quam ob causam ,galliae sept5trionalis tractur ,armoricanus et ,n]vicus1 v]sus littora1 coe temp]ato s$ sole r>o ut5tia1 ,vitem f]e non tol]ant4 ,eg5t enim /irpes non solum caloris /imulo1 s$ et lucis1 quae magis int5sa locis excelsis quam planis1 duplici modo plantas movet1 vi sua tum propria1 tum calorem 9 sup]ficie e>um excitante4 -- ,humboldt1 ',de ,di/ributione ,geographica ,plant>um'1 #ahag1 p4 #afc-afd4 ,if1 9 =m+ a !rmic scale ( diff]5t k9ds ( cultivation199 we beg9 ) ^? plants :i* require ! hotte/ climate1 z ! vanilla1 ! cacao1 banana1 & cocoa-nut1 & proce$ to ! p9e-apples1 ! sug>-cane1 c(fee1 fruit-be>+ date-trees1 ! cotton-tree1 citrons1 olives1 edible *e/nuts1 & f9es produc+ potable w9e1 an exact geographical consid]ation ( ! limits ( cultivation1 bo? on pla9s & on ! declivities ( m\nta9s1 w tea* u t o!r climatic relations besides ^? ( mean annual temp]ature are involv$ 9 ^! ph5om5a4 footnote 99,humboldt1 op4 cit41 p4 #aef-afa2 ,mey51 9 8 ',grundriss d] ,pflanz5geographie'1 #ahcf s4 #cgi-dfg2 ,b\ss+ault1 ',economie ,rurale'1 t4 ii41 p4 #fge4 ,tak+ an example1 = in/ance1 f ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 we f9d t1 9 ord] to procure 'potable' w9e199 x is requisite t ! mean annual heat %\ld exce$ #di degrees1 t ! w9t] temp]ature upw>d ( #fd degrees4 footnote 99! foll[+ table illu/rates ! cultivation ( ! v9e 9 ,europe1 & also ! depreciation ( its produce accord+ to climatic relations4 ,see my ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #aei4 ,! examples quot$ 9 ! text = ,bordeaux & ,potsdam are1 9 respect ( num]ical relation1 alike applicable to ! c\ntries ( ! ,rh9e & ,ma9e 7#dh degrees #ce' to #dj degrees #g' ,n4 lat474 ,*]b\rg 9 ,norm&y1 & ,irel&1 %[ 9 ? mo/ rem>kable mann] h[1 ) !rmal relations v ne>ly simil> to ^? prevail+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,cont95t 7z e/imat$ by ! !rmomet] 9 ! %ade71 ! results are nev]!less extremely diff]5t z reg>ds ! rip5ess or ! unrip5ess ( ! fruit ( ! v9e1 ?is diff]5ce und\bt$ly dep5d+ on ! circum/ance :e!r ! vegetation ( ! plant proce$s "u a bright sunny sky1 or "u a sky t is habitually obscur$ by cl\ds3 ,,nb ,table w l9e up 9 ,c\ri] #aj po9t ,places4 ,lat- ,ele- ,mean ,w9- ,spr+4 ,sum- ,aut- ,numb] ( ! x- va- ( ! t]4 m]4 umn4 ye>s ( ! tude tion4 ,ye>4 obs]vation deg ' ,eng4ft4 ,fahr4 ,bordeaux #dd #ej #be4f #eg4j #dc4j #ef4j #ga4j #eh4j #aj ,/ras- #dh #ce #dgi4j #di4f #cd4e #ej4j #fd4f #ej4j #ce b\rg ,heid- #di #bd #ccc4e #ei4e #cd4j #ej4j #fd4c #di4g #bj elb]g ,manheim #di #bi #cjj4e #ej4f #cd4f #ej4h #fg4a #di4e #ab ,wurzburg #di #dh #efb4e #ej4b #ce4e #ej4e #fe4g #di4d #bg ,frank- =t on ,ma9e #ej #g #chh4e #di4e #cc4c #ej4j #fd4d #di4d #ai ,b]l9 #eb #ca #ajb4c #dg4e #ca4j #df4f #fc4f #dg4e #bc ,*]- b\rg 7no w9e7 #di #ci 4444 #eb4a #da4e #ej4h #fa4g #ed4b #c ,dubl9 7ditto7 #ec #bc 4444 #di4a #dj4b #dg4a #ei4f #di4g #ac ,! great accordance 9 ! di/ribution ( ! annual temp]ature ?r\gh ! diff]5t seasons1 z pres5t$ by ! results obta9$ = ! valleys ( ! ,rh9e & ,ma9e1 t5ds to confirm ! accuracy ( ^! meteorological obs]vations4 ,! mon?s ( ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y are reckon$ z w9t] mon?s4 ,:5 ! diff]5t qualities ( ! w9es produc$ 9 ,franconia1 & 9 ! c\ntries ar\nd ! ,baltic1 are comp>$ ) ! mean summ] & autumn temp]ature ( ,wurzburg & ,b]l91 we are almo/ surpris$ to f9d a diff]5ce ( only ab\t two degrees4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! spr+ is ab\t f\r degrees4 ,! influ5ce ( late ,may fro/s on ! fl[]+ season1 & aft] a correspond+ly cold w9t]1 is almo/ z important an elem5t z ! "t ( ! subsequ5t rip5+ ( ! grape4 ,! diff]5ce allud$ to 9 ! text betwe5 ! true temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd & ! indications ( a !rmomet] susp5d$ 9 ! %ade & protect$ f extrane\s influ5ces1 is inf]r$ by ,dove f a consid]ation ( ! results ( fifte5 ye>s' obs]vations made at ! ,*iswick ,g>d5s4 ,see ,dove1 9 ',b]i*t ub] die ,v]h&l4 d] ,b]l4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss4'1 ,augu/1 #ahdd1 s4 #bhe4 ,at ,bordeaux1 9 ! valley ( ! ,g>onne 7#dd degrees #ej' lat471 ! mean annual w9t]1 summ]1 & autumn temp]atures are respectively #eg degrees1 #dc degrees1 #ga degrees1 & #eh degrees4 ,9 ! pla9s ne> ! p #cbe ,baltic 7#eb degrees #cj' lat471 :]e a w9e is produc$ t c sc>cely be consid]$ potable1 ^! numb]s are z foll[s3 #dg4e degrees1 #cj degrees1 #fc4g degrees1 & #dg4e degrees4 ,if x %\ld appe> /range t ! great diff]5ces indicat$ by ! influ5ce ( climate on ! production ( w9e %\ld n be m cle>ly manife/$ by our !rmomet]s1 ! circum/ance w appe> less s+ul> :5 we rememb] t a !rmomet] /&+ 9 ! %ade1 & protect$ f ! effect ( direct insolation & nocturnal radiation c n1 at all seasong ( ! ye>1 & dur+ all p]iodic *anges ( heat1 indicate ! true sup]ficial temp]ature ( ! gr\nd expos$ to ! :ole effect ( ! sun's rays4 ,! same relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! equable littoral climate ( ! p59sula ( ,brittany1 & ! l[] w9t] & p #cbf high] summ] temp]ature ( ! rema9d] ( ! cont95t ( ,france1 are likewise manife/$ 9 "s degree1 betwe5 ,europe & ! great cont95t ( ,asia1 ( :i* ! =m] may be consid]$ to con/itute ! we/]n p59sula4 ,europe owes its mild] climate1 9 ! fir/ place1 to its position ) respect to ,africa1 ^: wide ext5t ( tropical l& is favorable to ! asc5d+ curr5t1 :ile ! equatorial region to ! s\? ( ,asia is almo/ :olly oceanic2 & next to its deeply-articulat$ configuration1 to ! vic9ity ( ! ocean on its we/]n %ores2 &1 la/ly1 to ! exi/5ce ( an op5 sea1 :i* b\nds its nor!rn conf9es4 ,europe w\ld !re=e become cold]99 if ,africa 7 to be ov]fl[$ by ! ocean2 ( if ! my?ical ,atlantis 7 to arise & connect ,europe ) ,nor? ,am]ica2 or if ! ,gulf ,/ream 7 no long] to diffuse ! w>m+ influ5ce ( its wat]s into ! ,nor? ,sea2 or if1 f9ally1 ano!r mass ( solid l& %\ld be upheav$ by volcanic action1 & int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula & ,spitzb]g54 footnote 99,see my memoir1 ',ueb] die ,haupt-,ursa*5 d] ,temp]aturv]s*i$5heit auf d] ,erdob]fl*e'1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*4 zu ,b]l9 von dem ,jahr' #ahbg1 s4 #caa4 ,if we obs]ve t 9 ,europe ! mean annual temp]ature falls z we proce$1 f we/ to ea/1 "u ! same p>allel ( latitude1 f ! ,atlantic %ores ( ,france ?r\gh ,g]many1 ,pol&1 & ,russia1 t[>d ! ,uralian ,m\nta9s1 ! ma9 cause ( ?is ph5om5on ( increas+ cold mu/ be s\ght 9 ! =m ( ! cont95t 7:i* becomes less ind5t$1 & wid]1 & m compact z we advance71 9 ! increas+ di/ance f seas1 & 9 ! dim9i%$ influ5ce ( we/]ly w9ds4 ,beyond ! ,uralian ,m\nta9s ^! w9ds are conv]t$ into cool l&-w9ds1 bl[+ ov] ext5d$ tracts cov]$ ) ice & %[4 ,! cold ( we/]n ,sib]ia is to be ascrib$ to ^! relations ( configuration & atmosph]ic curr5ts1 & n -- z ,hippocrates & ,trogus ,pompeius1 & ev5 celebrat$ travel]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury conjectures -- to ! great elevation ( ! soil above ! level ( ! sea499 footnote 99,! g5]al level ( ,sib]ia1 f ,tobolsk1 ,tomsk1 & ,b>naul1 f ! ,altai ,m\nta9s to ! ,pol> ,sea1 is n s high z t ( ,mauheim & ,dresd52 inde$1 ,irkutsk1 f> to ! ea/ ( ! ,j5isei1 is only #accj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 or ab\t "o ?ird l[] ?an ,muni*4 ,if we pass f ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature manife/$ 9 ! pla9s to ! inequalities ( ! polyh$ric =m ( ! surface ( our planet1 we %all h to consid] m\nta9s ei!r 9 relation to _! influ5ce on ! climate ( neighbor+ p #cbg valleys1 or accord+ to ! effects ( ! hyposometrical relations on _! own summits1 :i* (t5 spread into elevat$ plateaux4 ,! division ( m\nta9s into *a9s sep>ates ! e>?'s surface into diff]5t bas9s1 :i* are (t5 n>r[ & wall$ 91 =m+ caldron-l valleys1 & 7z 9 ,greece & 9 "p ( ,asia ,m9or7 con/itute an individual local climate ) respect to heat1 moi/ure1 transp>ancy ( atmosph]e1 & frequ5cy ( w9ds & /orms4 ,^! circum/ances h at all times ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ! "* & cultivation ( natural products1 & on ! mann]s & in/itutions ( neighbor+ nations1 & ev5 on ! feel+s ) :i* !y reg>d "o ano!r4 ,?is "* ( 'geographical individuality' atta9s its maximum1 if we may be all[$ s to speak1 9 c\ntries :]e ! diff]5ces 9 ! configuration ( ! soil are ! greate/ possible1 ei!r 9 a v]tical or horizontal direction1 bo? 9 relief & 9 ! articulation ( ! cont95t4 ,! greate/ contra/ to ^! v>ieties 9 ! relations ( ! surface ( ! e>? are manife/$ 9 ! ,/eppes ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 ! grassy pla9s 7savannahs1 llanos1 & pampas7 ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 ! hea? 7',ericeta'7 ( ,europe1 & ! s&y & /ony des]ts ( ,africa4 ,! law ( ! decrease ( heat ) ! increase ( elevation at diff]5t latitudes is "o ( ! mo/ important subjects involv$ 9 ! /udy ( meteorological processes1 ( ! geography ( plants1 ( ! !ory ( t]re/rial refraction1 & ( ! v>i\s hypo!ses t relate to ! det]m9ation ( ! height ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! _m m\nta9 j\rneys :i* ,i h und]tak51 bo? )9 & )\t ! tropics1 ! inve/igation ( ?is law has always =m$ a special object ( my rese>*es499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',recueil d',obs]vations ,a/ronomiques'1 t4 i41 p4 #abf-adj2 ',relation ,hi/orique'1 t4 i41 p4 #aai1 #ada1 #bbg2 ,biot1 9 ',connaissance des ,temps p\r l'an' #ahda1 p4 #ij-aji4 ,s9ce we h acquir$ a m accurate k ( ! true relations ( ! di/ribution ( heat on ! surface ( ! e>?1 t is to say1 ( ! inflections ( iso!rmal & iso!ral l9es1 & _! unequal di/ance ap>t 9 ! diff]5t ea/]n & we/]n sy/ems ( temp]ature 9 ,asia1 ,c5tral ,europe1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 we c no long] ask ! g5]al "q1 :at fraction ( ! mean annual or summ] temp]ature corresponds to ! diff]5ce ( "o degree ( geographical latitude1 tak5 9 ! same m]idian8 ,9 ea* sy/em ( 'iso!rmal' l9es ( equal curvature !re reigns a p #cbh close & necess>y connection betwe5 ?ree elem5ts1 namely1 ! decrease ( heat 9 a v]tical direction f bel[ upw>d1 ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature = e "o degree ( geographical latitude1 & ! uni=mity 9 ! mean temp]ature ( a m\nta9 /ation1 & ! latitude ( a po9t situat$ at ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,ea/]n ,am]ica1 ! mean annual temp]ature f ! coa/ ( ,labrador to ,bo/on *anges #a4f;degrees = e degree ( latitude2 f ,bo/on to ,*>le/on ab\t #a4g degrees2 f ,*>le/on to ! tropic ( ,canc]1 9 ,cuba1 ! v>iation is less rapid1 be+ only #a4b degrees4 ,9 ! tropics ?is dim9ution is s mu* great]1 t f ! ,havana to ,cumana ! v>iation is less ?an #j4d degrees = e degree ( latitude4 ,! case is q diff]5t 9 ! iso!rmal sy/em ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ch degrees & #ga degrees ,i f\nd t ! decrease ( temp]ature 0 v regul>ly #j4i;degrees = e degree ( latitude4 ,b z1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ,c5tral ,europe ! decrease ( heat is #a4h degrees = ab\t e #ecd feet ( v]tical elevation1 x foll[s t a diff]5ce ( elevation ( ab\t #bfg feet corresponds to ! diff]5ce ( "o degree ( latitude4 ,! same mean annual temp]ature z t occurr+ at ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 at an elevation ( #hagc feet1 9 lat4 #de degrees #ej' %\ld !re=e be met ) at ! level ( ! sea 9 lat4 #ge degrees #ej'4 ,9 t "p ( ! ,cordill]as :i* falls )9 ! tropics1 ! obs]vations ,i made at v>i\s heights1 at an elevation ( upw>d ( #ai1jjj feet1 gave a decrease ( #a degree = e #cda feet2 & my fri5d ,b\ss+ault f\nd1 ?irty ye>s aft]w>d1 z a mean result1 #cai feet4 ,by a comp>ison ( places 9 ! ,cordill]as1 ly+ at an equal elevation above ! level ( ! sea1 ei!r on ! declivities ( ! m\nta9s or ev5 on ext5sive elevat$ plateaux1 ,i obs]v$ t 9 ! latt] !re 0 an increase 9 ! annual temp]ature v>y+ f #b4g degrees to #d4a degrees4 ,?is diff]5ce w\ld be /ill great] if x 7 n = ! cool+ effect ( nocturnal radiation4 ,z ! diff]5t climates are arrang$ 9 successive /rata1 ! "o above ! o!r1 f ! cacao woods ( ! valleys to ! region ( p]petual sn[1 & z ! temp]ature 9 ! tropics v>ies b little ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 we may =m to ourselves a tol]ably correct repres5tation ( ! climatic relations to :i* ! inhabitants ( ! l>ge cities 9 ! ,&es are subject$1 by comp>+ ^! climates ) ! temp]atures ( p>ticul> mon?s 9 ! pla9s ( ,france & ,italy4 ,:ile p #cbi ! heat :i* prevails daily on ! woody %ores ( ! ,or9oco exce$s by #g4b degrees t ( ! mon? ( ,augu/ at ,pal]mo1 we f9d1 on asc5d+ ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 at ,popayan1 at an elevation ( #chbf feet1 ! temp]ature ( ! ?ree summ] mon?s ( ,m>seilles2 at ,quito1 at an elevation ( #ieda feet1 t ( ! close ( ,may at ,p>is2 & on ! ,p>amos1 at a height ( #aa1eaj feet1 :]e only /unt$ ,alp9e %rubs gr[1 ?\gh fl[]s /ill bloom 9 abundance1 t ( ! beg9n+ ( ,april at ,p>is4 ,! intellig5t obs]v]1 ,pet] ,m>tyr de ,aughi]a1 "o ( ! fri5ds ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ :o recogniz$ 79 ! exp$ition und]tak5 by ,rodrigo ,enrique ,colm5>es1 9 ,octob]1 #aeaj7 t ! limit ( p]petual sn[ cont9ues to asc5d z we approa* ! equator4 ,we read1 9 ! f9e "w ',de ,rebus ,oceanicis'199 ! ,riv] ,gaira comes f a m\nta9 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada de ,santa ,m>ia1 :i*1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! companions ( ,colm5>es1 is high] ?an any o!r m\nta9 hi!rto discov]$4 footnote 99,angl]ius1 ',de ,rebus ,oceanicis'1 ,dec4 xi41 lib4 ii41 p4 #adj 7ed4 ,col41 #aegd74 ,9 ! ,si]ra de ,santa ,m>ta1 ! highe/ po9t ( :i* appe>s to exce$ #ai1jjj feet 7see my ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #bad71 !re is a peak t is /ill call$ ,pico de ,gaira4 ,x mu/ und\bt$ly be s if 'x reta9 sn[ p]petually' 9 a zone :i* is n m ?an #aj degrees f ! equ9octial l9e4 ,! l[] limit ( p]petual sn[1 9 a giv5 latitude1 is ! l[e/ l9e at :i* sn[ cont9ues dur+ summ]1 or1 9 o!r words1 x is ! maximum ( height to :i* ! sn[-l9e rec$es 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,b ?is elevation mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ?ree o!r ph5om5a1 namely1 ! annual fluctuation ( ! sn[-l9e1 ! occurr5ce ( sporadic falls ( sn[1 & ! exi/5ce ( glaci]s1 :i* appe> to be peculi> to ! temp]ate & cold zones4 ,?is la/ ph5om5on1 s9ce ,saussure's immortal "w on ! ,alps1 has receiv$ mu* light1 9 rec5t times1 f ! labors ( ,v5etz1 ,*>p5ti]1 & ! intrepid & p]sev]+ obs]v] ,agassiz4 ,we "k only ! 'l[]'1 & n ! 'upp]' limit ( p]petual sn[2 = ! m\nta9s ( ! e>? d n atta9 to ^? e!real regions ( ! r>efi$ & dry /rata ( air1 9 :i* we may suppose1 ) ,b\gu]1 t ! vesicles ( aque\s vapor are conv]t$ into cry/als ( ice1 & ?us r5d]$ p]ceptible to our organs ( sight4 ,! l[] limit ( sn[ is n1 h[ev]1 a m]e function ( geographical latitude or ( mean annual temp]ature2 nor is x at ! equator1 or p #ccj ev51 9 ! region ( ! tropics1 t ?is limit atta9s its greate/ elevation above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! ph5om5on ( :i* we are treat+ is extremely complicat$1 dep5d+ on ! g5]al relations ( temp]ature & humidity1 & on ! =m ( ! m\nta9s4 ,on submitt+ ^! relations to ! te/ ( special analysis1 z we may be p]mitt$ to d f ! numb] ( det]m9ations t h rec5tly be5 made199 we %all f9d t ! controll+ causes are ! diff]5ces 9 ! temp]ature ( diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>2 ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds & _! relations to ?is l& & sea2 ! degree ( dryness or humitidy 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! air2 ! absolute ?ickness ( ! accumulat$ masses ( fall5 sn[2 ! relation ( ! s-l9e to ! total height ( ! m\nta92 ! relative position ( ! latt] 9 ! *a9 to :i* x belongs1 & ! /eepness ( its declivity2 ! vic9ity ( ei!r summits likewise p]petually cov]$ ) %[2 ! expansion1 position1 & elevation ( ! pla9s f :i* ! sn[ m\nta9 rises z an isolat$ peak or z a portion ( a *a92 :e!r ?is pla9 be "p ( ! sea-coa/1 or ( ! int]ior ( a cont95t2 :e!r x be cov]$ ) wood or wav+ grass2 & :e!r1 f9ally1 x consi/ ( a dry & rocky soil1 or ( a wet & m>%y bottom4 footnote 99,see my table ( ! height ( ! l9e ( p]petual sn[1 9 bo? hemisph]es1 f #ga degrees #ae' nor? lat4 to #ec degrees #ed' s\? lat41 9 my ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #cfj4 ,! sn[-l9e :i*1 "u ! equator 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 atta9s an elevation equal to t ( ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc 9 ! ,alps1 & desc5ds1 accord+ to rec5t measurem5ts1 ab\t #ajbc feet l[] t[>d ! nor!rn tropic 9 ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,mexico 79 #ai degrees nor? latitude71 rises1 accord+ to ,p5tl&1 9 ! s\!rn tropical zone 7#ad degrees #cj' to #ah degrees s\? latitude71 be+ m ?an #bffe feet high] 9 ! m>itime & we/]n bran* ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,*ili ?an "u ! equator ne> ,quito on ,*imborazo1 ,cotopaxi1 & ,antisana4 ,dr4 ,gilles ev5 ass]ts t mu* fur!r to ! s\?1 on ! declivity ( ! volcano ( ,peuqu5es 7latitude #cc degrees71 he f\nd ! sn[-l9e at an elevation ( betwe5 #ad1ebj & #ae1jcj feet4 ,! evaporation ( ! sn[ 9 ! extremely dry air ( ! summ]1 & "u a cl\dless sky1 is s p[]ful1 t ! volcano ( ,aconcagua1 nor!a/ ( ,valp>aiso 7latitude #cb degrees #cj'71 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! exp$ition ( ! ,beagle to be m ?an #adjj feet high] ?an ,*imborazo1 0 on "o occasion se5 free f sn[4 footnote 99,d>w91 ',j\rnal ( ! ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle'1 p4 #big4 ,z ! volcano ( ,aconcagua 0 n at t "t 9 a /ate ( eruption1 we mu/ n ascribe ! rem>kable ph5om5on ( ?is abs5ce ( sn[ to ! int]nal heat ( ! m\nta9 7to ! escape ( heat$ air ?r\gh fissures71 z is sometimes ! case ) ,cotopaxi4 ,gilles1 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ,natural ,sci5ce'1 #ahcj1 p4 #caf4 ,9 p #cca an almo/ equal nor!rn latitude 7f #cj degrees #de' to #ca degrees71 ! sn['l9e on ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,himalaya lies at an elevation ( #ab1ihb feet1 :i* is ab\t ! same z ! height :i* we might h assign$ to x f a comp>ison ) o!r m\nta9 *a9s2 on ! nor!rn declivity1 h[ev]1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! high l&s ( ,?ibet 7^: mean elevation appe>s to be ab\t #aa1eaj feet71 ! sn[-l9e is situat$ at a height ( #af1fcj feet4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* has long be5 conte/$ bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,india1 & ^: causes ,i h attempt$ to develop 9 v>i\s works1 publi%$ s9ce #ahbj199 possesses o!r gr\nds ( int]e/ ?an p #ccb ^? ( a purely physical nature1 s9ce x ex]cises no inconsid]able degree ( influ5ce on ! mode ( life ( num]\s tribes -- ! meteorological processes ( ! atmosph]e be+ ! controll+ causes on :i* dep5d ! agricultural or pa/oral pursuits ( ! inhabitants ( ext5sive tracts ( cont95ts4 footnote 99,see my ',second ,memoire sur les ,montagnes de ,inde'1 9 ! ',annales de ,*emie et de ,physique'1 t4 xiv41 p4 #e-ee2 & ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #bha-cbg4 ,:ile ! mo/ le>n$ & exp]i5c$ travel]s 9 ,india1 ,colebrooke1 ,webb1 & ,hodgson1 ,victor ,jacquemont1 ,fobes ,royle1 ,c>l von ,hugel1 & ,vigne1 :o h all p]sonally exam9$ ! ,himalaya range1 are agre$1 reg>d+ ! great] elevation ( ! sn[-l9e on ! ,?ibetaian side1 ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t is call$ 9 "q by ,john ,g]>d1 by ! geognoi/ ,mac,clelland1 ! editor ( ! ',calcutta ,j\rnal'1 & by ,capta9 ,?omas ,hutton1 assi/ant surveyor ( ! ,agra ,division4 ,! appe>ance ( my "w on ,c5tral ,asia gave rise to a r$iscussion ( ?is "q4 ,a rec5t numb] 7vol4 iv41 ,janu>y1 #ahdd7 ( ,mac,clelland & ,griffi?'s ',calcutta ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,hi/ory' conta9s1 h[ev]1 a v rem>kable & decisive notice ( ! det]m9ation ( ! sn[-l9e 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,mr4 ,batt51 ( ! ,b5gal s]vice1 writes z foll[s f ,camp ,semulka1 on ! ,cosillah ,riv]1 ,kumaon3 ,9 ! ,july1 #ahdc1 ,no4 #ad ( y\r valuable ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* ,i h only lately _h ! opportunity ( see+1 ,i read ,capta9 ,hutton's pap] on ! sn[ ( ! ,himalayas1 & z ,i diff]$ almo/ entirely f ! conclusions s confid5tly drawn by t g5tleman1 ,i ?\ght x "r1 = ! int]e/ ( sci5tific tru?1 to prep>e "s k9d ( answ]2 z h[ev]1 on a m att5tive p]usal1 ,i f9d t y y\rself appe> implicitly to adopt ,capta9 ,hutton's views1 & actually use ^! words1 ',we h long be5 consci\s ( ! error "h s well ppo9t$ out by ,capta9 ,hutton1 '9 common ) e "o :o has visit$ ! ,himalayas1' ,i feel m incl9$ to address y1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & to ask :e!r y w publi% a %ort reply :i* ,i m$itate2 & :e!r y\r n to ,capta9 ,hutton's pap] 0 writt5 aft] y\r own full & c>eful exam9ation ( ! subject1 or m]ely on a g5]al k9d ( acquisc5ce ) ! fact & op9ions ( y\r able contributor1 :o is s well kn[n & e/eem$ z a collector ( sci5tific data8 ,n[ ,i am "o :o h visit$ ! ,himalaya on ! we/]n side2 ,i h cross$ ! ,bor5do or ,booria ,pass into ! ,buspa ,valley1 9 ,l[] ,kanaw>1 return+ into ! ,rewai5 ,m\nta9s ( ,ghurwal by ! ,koop9 ,pass2 ,i h visit$ ! s\rce ( ! ,jumna at ,jumnootree2 &1 mov+ ea/w>d1 ! s\rces ( ! ,kalee or ,mundaknee bran* ( ! ,ganges at ,kad>na?2 ( ! ,bi%noo ,gunga1 or ,aluknunda1 at ,buddr9a? & ,mana2 ( ! ,p9dur at ! foot ( ! ,great ,peak ,nundidavi2 ( ! ,dh\lee bran* ( ! ,ganges1 beyond ,neetee1 cross+ & recross+ ! pass ( t "n into ,?ibet2 ( ! ,goree or great bran* ( ! ,s>dah1 or ,kalee1 ne> ,oonta ,dhoora1 beyond ,melum4 ,i h also1 9 my (ficial capacity made ! settlem5t ( ! ,bhote ,mehals ( ?is prov9ce4 ,my resid5ce ( m ?an six ye>s 9 ! hills has ?r[n me con/antly 9 ! way ( ,european & native travel]s1 nor h ,i neglect$ to acquire in=mation f ! record$ labors ( o!rs4 ,yet1 ) all ?is exp]i5ce1 ,i am prep>$ to affirm t '! p]petual sn[-l9e is at a high] elevation' on ! nor!rn slope ( '! ,himalaya' ?an on ! s\!rn slope4 ,! facts m5tion$ by ,capta9 ,hutton appe> to me only to ref] to ! nor!rn sides ( all m\nta9s 9 ^! regions1 & n to affect1 9 any way ! reports ( ,capta9 ,webb & o!rs1 on :i* ,humboldt =m$ 8 !ory4 ,inde$ h[ c any facts ( "o obs]v] 9 "o place falsify ! facts ( ano!r obs]v] 9 ano!r place8 ,i will+ly all[ t ! nor? side ( a hill reta9s ! sn[ long] & deep] ?an ! s\? side1 & ?is obs]vation applies equally to heights 9 ,bhote2 b ,humboldt's !ory is on ! "q ( ! p]petual sn[-l9e1 & ,capta9 ,hutton's ref]5ce to ,simla & ,mussooree1 & o!r m\nta9 sites1 are out ( place 9 ?is "q1 or else he fights aga9/ a %ad[1 or an objectioon ( 8 own creation4 ,9 no "p ( 8 pap] does he quote accurately ! dictum :i* he wi%es to oppose4 ,if ! mean altitude ( ! ?ibetian highl&s be #aa1eaj feet1 !y admit ( comp>ison ) ! lovely & fruitful plateau ( ,caxam>ca 9 ,p]u4 ,b at ?is e/imate !y w\ld /ill be #acjj feet l[] ?an ! plateau ( ,bolivia at ! ,lake ( ,titicaca1 & ! causeway ( ! t[n ( ,potosi4 ,ladak1 z appe>s f ,vigne's measurem5t1 by det]m9+ ! boil+-po9t1 is #iiid feet high4 ,?is is probably also ! altitude ( ,h',lassa 7,yul-sung71 a mona/ic city1 :i* ,*9ese writ]s describe z ! 'realm ( pleasure'1 & :i* is surr\nd$ by v9ey>ds4 ,mu/ n ^! lie 9 deep valleys8 ,z ! quantity ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e increases ) ! temp]ature1 ?is elem5t1 :i* is s important = ! :ole organic creation1 mu/ v>y ) ! h\rs ( ! day1 ! seasons ( ! ye>1 & ! diff]5ces 9 latitude & elevation4 ,our k ( ! hygrometric relations ( ! ,e>?'s surface has be5 v mat]ially augm5t$ ( late ye>s by ! g5]al application ( ,augu/'s psy*romet]1 fram$ 9 accordance ) ! views ( ,dalton & ,daniell1 = det]m9+ ! relative quantity ( vapor1 or ! p #ccc condition ( moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 by means ( ! diff]5ce ( ! 'dew po9t' & ( ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,temp]ature1 atmosph]ic pressure1 & ! direction ( ! w9d1 are all intimately connect$ ) ! vivify+ action ( atmosph]ic moi/ure4 ,?is influ5ce is n1 h[ev]1 s mu* a consequ5ce ( ! quantity ( moi/ure held 9 solution 9 diff]5t zones1 z ( ! nature & frequ5cy ( ! precipitation :i* moi/5s ! gr\nd1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( dew1 mi/1 ra91 or sn[4 ,accord+ to ! exposition made by ,dove ( ! law ( rotation1 & to ! g5]al views ( ?is di/+ui%$ physici/199 x w\ld appe> t1 9 our nor!rn zone1 ! ela/ic =ce ( ! vapor is greate/ ) a s\?we/1 & lea/ ) a nor!a/ w9d4 ,on ! we/]n side ( ! w9drose ?is ela/icity dim9i%es1 :ile x increases on ! ea/]n side2 on ! =m] side1 = in/ance1 ! cold1 d5se1 & dry curr5t ( air repels ! w>m]1 light] curr5t conta9+ an abundance ( aque\s vapor1 :ile on ! ea/]n side x is ! =m] curr5t :i* is repuls$ by ! latt]4 footnote 99,see ,dove1 ',meteorologis*e ,v]glei*ung von ,nordam]ika und ,europa'1 9 ,s*uma*]'s ',jahrbu* fur' #ahda1 s4 #caa2 & 8 ',meteorologis*e ,unt]su*ung5'1 s4 #adj4 ,! agreeable & fre% v]dure :i* is obs]v$ 9 _m trees 9 di/ricts )9 ! tropics1 :]e1 = five or sev5 mon?s ( ! yeq>1 n a cl\d is se5 on ! vault ( heav51 & :]e no p]ceptible dew or ra9 falls1 proves t ! leaves are capable ( extyract+ wat] f ! atmosph]e by a peculi> vital process ( _! own1 :i* p]haps is n alone t ( produc+ cold by radiation4 ,! abs5ce ( ra9 9 ! arid pla9s ( ,cumana1 ,coro1 & ,ce>a 9 ,nor? ,brazil1 =ms a /rik+ contra/ to ! quanitity ( ra9 :i* falls 9 "s tropical regions1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,havana1 :]e x w\ld appe>1 f ! av]age ( six ye>s' obs]vation by ,ramong de la ,sagra1 ! mean annual quantity ( ra9 is #aji in*es1 equal to f\r or five times t :i* falls at ,p>is or at ,g5eva499 footnote 99,! mean annual quantity ( ra9 t fell 9 ,p>is betwe5 #ahje & #ahbb 0 f\nd by ,arago to be #bj in*es2 9 ,london1 betwe5 #ahab & #ahbg1 x 0 det]m9$ by ,h[>d at #be in*es2 :ile at ,g5eva ! mean ( ?irty-two ye>s' obs]vation 0 #cj4e in*es4 ,9 ,h9do/an1 ne> ! coa/1 ! quantity ( ra9 is f #aae to #abh in*es2 & 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 fully #adb in*es fell 9 ! ye> #ahba4 ,) reg>d to ! di/ribution ( ! quantity ( ra9 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>1 see ! admirable rese>*es ( ,gasp>91 ,s*u[1 & ,bravais1 9 ! ',biblio!que ,univ]selle'1 t4 xxxvviii41 p4 #ed & #bfd2 ',tableau du ,climat de l',italie'1 p4 #gf2 & ,m>t9s's notes to 8 excell5t ,fr5* translation ( ,kmtz's ',vorlesung5 ub] ,meteorologie'1 p4 #adb4 ,on ! declivity ( ! ,cordill]as1 p #ccd ! quantity ( ra91 z well z ! temp]ature1 dim9i%es ) ! increase 9 ! elevation499 footnote 99,accord+ to ,b\ss+ault 7',economie ,rurale'1 t4 ii41 p4 #fic71 ! mean quantity ( ra9 t fell at ,m>mato 7latitude #e degrees #bg'1 altitude #dfge feet1 & mean temp]ature #fi degrees7 9 ! ye>s #ahcc & #ahcd 0 #fd in*es1 :ile at ,santa ,fe de ,bogota 7latitude #d degrees #cf'1 altitude #hfhe feet1 & mean temp]ature #eh degrees7 x only am\nt$ to #ci #a_/b in*es4 ,my ,s\? ,am]ican fell[-travel]1 ,caldas1 f\nd t1 at ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 at an elevation ( almo/ #hgjj feet1 x did n exce$ #cg in*es1 be+ consequ5tly little m ?an on "s p>ts ( ! we/]n %ore ( ,europe4 ,b\ss+ault occasionally obs]v$ at ,quito t ,saussure's hygromet] rec$$ to #bf degrees ) a temp]ature ( f #ec4f degrees to #ee4d degrees4 ,gay-,lussac saw ! same hygromet] /&+ at #be4c degrees 9 8 great a]o/atic asc5t 9 a /ratum ( air #gjcd feet high1 & ) a temp]ature ( #ci4b degrees4 ,! greate/ dryness t has yet be5 obs]v$ on ! surface ( ! globe 9 ! l[ l&s is probably t :i* ,gu/av ,rose1 ,ehr5b]g1 & myself f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,irtis* & ! ,oby4 ,9 ! ,/eppe ( ,plat[skaja1 aft] s\?we/ w9ds _h bl[n = a long "t f ! int]ior ( ! ,cont95t1 ) a temp]ature ( #gd4g degrees1 we f\nd ! dew po9t at #bd degrees4 ,! air conta9$ only #af_/ajj?s ( aque\s vapor499 footnote 99,= ! p>ticul>s ( ?is obs]vation1 see my ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 iii41 p4 #he-hi & #dfg2 & reg>d+ ! am\nt ( vapor 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ! l[l&s ( tropical ,s\? ,am]ica1 consult my ',relat4 ,hi/4'1 t4 i41 p4 #bdb-bdh2 t4 ii41 p4 #de1 #afd4 ,! accurate obs]v]s ,kmtz1 ,bravais1 & ,m>t9s h rais$ d\bts dur+ ! la/ few ye>s reg>d+ ! great] dryness ( ! m\nta9 air1 :i* appe>$ to be prov$ by ! hygrometric measurem5ts made by ,saussure & myself 9 ! high] regions ( ! ,alps & ! ,cordill]as4 ,! /rata ( air at ,zuri* & on ! ,faulhorn1 :i* c n be consid]$ z an elevat$ m\nta9 :5 comp>$ ) non-,european elevations1 furni%$ ! data employ$ 9 ! comp>isons made by ^! obs]v]s499 footnote 99,kmtz1 ',vorlesung5 ub] ,meteorologie'1 s4 #aag4 ,9 ! tropical region ( ! ,p>amos 7ne> ! region :]e sn[ beg9s to fall1 at an elevation ( betwe5 #ab1jjj & #ad1jjj feet71 "s species ( l>ge fl[]+ myrtle-leav$ alp9e %rubs are almo/ con/antly ba!d 9 moi/ure2 b ?is fqact does n actually prove ! exi/5ce ( any great & absolute quantity ( aque\s vapor at su* an elevation1 m]ely af=d+ p #cce an evid5ce ( ! frequ5cy ( aque\s precipitation1 9 l mann] z d ! frequ5t mi/s ) :i* ! lovely plateau ( ,bogota is cov]$4 ,mi/s arise & disappe> sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r 9 su* elevations z ^!1 & ) a calm /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,^! rapid alt]nations *>act]ize ! ,p>amos & ! elevat$ pla9s ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es4 ',! electricity ( ! atmosph]e'1 :e!r consid]$ 9 ! l[] or 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! cl\ds1 9 its sil5t problematical diurnal c\rse1 or 9 ! explosion ( ! lightn+ & ?und] ( ! tempe/1 appe>s to /& 9 a manifold relation to all ph5om5a ( ! di/ribution ( heat1 ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e & its di/urbances1 ( hydrometeoric exhibitions1 & probably1 also1 ( ! magnetism ( ! ext]nal cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,x ex]cises a p[]ful influ5ce on ! :ole animal & vegetable _w2 n m]ely by meteorological processes1 z precipitations ( aque\s vapor1 & ( ! acids & ammoniacal comp\nds to :i* x gives rise1 b also directly z an electric =ce act+ on ! n]ves1 & promot+ ! circulation ( ! organic juices4 ,?is is n a place 9 :i* to r5ew ! discussion t has be5 />t$ reg>d+ ! actual s\rce ( atmosph]ic eletricity :5 ! sky is cle>1 a ph5om5on t has alt]nately be5 ascrib$ to ! evaporation ( impure fluids impregnat$ ) e>?s & salts199 to ! gr[? ( plants19999 or to "s o!r *emical decompositions on ! surface ( ! e>?1 to ! unequal di/ribution ( heat 9 ! /rata ( ! air1999999 &1 f9ally1 accord+ to ,pelti]'s intellig5t rese>*es199999999 to ! ag5cy ( a con/ant *>ge ( negative electricity 9 ! t]re/rial globe4 footnote 99,reg>d+ ! conditions ( electricity f evaporation at high temp]atures1 see ,pelti]1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 lxxv41 p4 #ccj4 footnote 9999,p\illet1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie'1 t4 xxxv41 p4 #dje4 footnote 999999,de la ,rive1 9 8 admirable ',essai ,hi/orique sur l',electricite'1 p4 #adj4 footnote 99999999,pelti]1 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces'1 t4 xii41 p4 #cjg2 ,becqu]el1 ',traite de l',electricite et du ,magnetisme'1 t4 iv41 p4 #ajg4 ,limit+ itself to results yield$ by electrometric obs]vations1 su*1 = in/ance1 z are furni%$ by ! +5i\s electro-magnetic app>atus fir/ propos$ by ,colladon1 ! physical description ( ! univ]se %\ld m]ely notice ! inconte/able increase ( int5sity 9 ! g5]al positive electricity ( ! atmosph]e199 accompany+ an increase ( altitude & & ! abs5ce ( trees1 its daily v>iations 7:i*1 accord+ to ,cl>k's exp]im5ts at ,dubl91 p #ccf take place at m complicat$ p]iods ?an ^? f\nd by ,saussure & myself71 & its v>iations 9 ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 at diff]5t di/ances f ! equator1 & 9 ! diff]5t relations ( cont95tal or oceanic surface4 footnote 99,duprez1 ',sur l',electricite de l',air' 7,bruxelles1 #ahdd71 p4 #ef-fa4 ,! electric equilibrium is less frequ5tly di/urb$ :]e ! a]ial ocean re/s on a liquid base ?an :]e x imp5ds ov] ! l&2 & x is v /rik+ to obs]ve h[1 9 ext5sive seas1 small insul> gr\ps affect ! condition ( ! atmosph]e1 & occasion ! =mation ( /orms4 ,9 fogs1 & 9 ! comm5cem5t ( falls ( sn[1 ,i h se51 9 a long s]ies ( obs]vations1 ! previ\sly p]man5t positive electricity rapidly pass into ! negative condition1 bo? on ! pla9s ( ! cold] zones1 & 9 ! ,p>amos ( ! ,cordill]as1 at elevations v>y+ f #aa1jjj to #ae1jjj feet4 ,! alt]nate transition 0 precisly simil> to t indicat$ by ! electromet] %ortly be=e & dur+ a /orm499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',relation ,hi/orique'1 t4 iii41 p4 #cah4 ,i "h only ref] to ^? ( my exp]iim5ts 9 :i* ! ?ree-foot metallic conductor ( ,saussure's electromet] 0 nei!r mov$ upw>d nor d[nw>d1 nor1 accord+ to ,volta's proposal1 arm$ ) burn+ sponge4 ,^? ( my read]s :o are well acqua9t$ ) ! 'quae/iones vexatae' ( atmosph]ic electricity w und]/& ! gr\nds = ?is limitation4 ,respect+ ! =mation ( /orms 9 ! tropics1 see my ',rel4 ,hi/4'1 t4 ii41 p4 #de & #bjb-bji4 ,:5 ! vesicles ( vapor h become cond5s$ into cl\ds1 hav+ def9ite outl9es1 ! electric t5sion ( ! ext]nal surface w be increas$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( electricity :i* passes ov] to x f ! sep>ate vesicles ( vapor499 footnote 99,gay-,lussac1 9 ! ',annales de ,*imie et de ,physique'1 t4 viii41 p4 #afg4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! discordant views ( ,lame1 ,becqu]el1 & ,pelti]1 x is difficult to come to a conclusion reg>d+ ! cause ( ! specific di/ribution ( electricity 9 cl\ds1 "s ( :i* h a positive1 & o!rs a negative t5sion4 ,! negative electricity ( ! air1 :i* ne> high wat]-falls is caus$ by a dis9tegration ( ! drops ( wat] -- a fact orig9ally notic$ by ,tralles1 & confirm$ by myself 9 v>i\s latitudes -- is v rem>kable1 & is suffici5tly int5se to produce an appreciable effect on a delicate electromet] at a di/ance ( #cjj or #djj feet4 ,slate-gray cl\ds are *>g$1 accord+ to ,pelti]'s exp]im5ts at ,p>is1 ) negative1 & :ite1 r$1 & orange-color$ cl\ds ) positive electricity4 ,?und] cl\ds n only envelop ! highe/ summits ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es 7,i h myself se5 ! electric effect ( lightn+ on "o ( ! rocky p9nacles :i* project upw>d ( #ae1jjj feet above ! crat] ( ! volcano ( ,toluca71 b !y h also be5 obs]v$ at a v]tical height ( #bf1fej feet ov] ! l[ p #ccg l&s 9 ! temp]ate zone499 footnote 99,arago1 9 ! ',annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes p\r' #ahch1 p4 #bdf4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! /ratum ( cl\d f :i* ! ?und] proce$s s9ks to a di/ance ( #ejjj1 or1 inde$1 only #cjjj feet above ! pla94 ,accord+ to ,arago's inve/igations -- ! mo/ compreh5sive t we possess on ?is difficult bran* ( meteorology -- ! evolution ( light 7lightn+7 is ( ?ree k9ds -- zigzag1 & %>ply def9$ at ! edges2 9 %eets ( light1 illum9at+ a :ole cl\d1 :i* seems to op5 & refeal ! light )9 x2 & 9 ! =m ( fire-balls499 footnote 99,arago1 op4 cit41 p4 #bdi-bff4 7,see also1 p4 #bfh-bgi47 ,! duration ( ! two fir/ k9ds sc>cely cont9ues ! ?\s&? "p ( a second2 b ! globul> lightn+ moves mu* m sl[ly rema9+ visible = sev]al seconds4 ,occasionally 7z is prov$ by ! rec5t obs]vations1 :i* h confirm$ ! description giv5 by ,ni*olson & ,becc>ia ( ?is ph5om5on71 isolat$ cl\ds1 /&+ high above ! horizon1 cont9ue un9t]rupt$ly = "s "t to emit a lum9\s radiance f _! int]ior & f _! m>g9s1 al?\gh !re is no ?und] to be he>d1 & no indication ( a /orm2 9 "s cases ev5 hail-/ones1 drops ( ra91 & flakes ( sn[ h be5 se5 to fall 9 a lum9\s condition1 :5 ! ph5om5on 0 n prec$$ by ?und]4 ,9 ! geographical di/ribution ( /orms1 ! ,p]uvian coa/1 :i* is n visit$ by ?und] or lightn+1 pres5ts ! mo/ /rik+ contra/ to ! re/ ( ! tropical zone1 9 :i*1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 ?und]-/orms occur almo/ daily1 ab\t f\r or five h\rs aft] ! sun has rea*$ ! m]idian4 ,accord+ to ! abundant evid5ce collect$ by ,arago99 f ! te/iimony ( navigators 7,scoresby1 ,p>ry1 ,ross1 & ,frankl971 !re c be no d\bt t1 9 g5]al1 electric explosions are extremely r>e 9 high nor!rn regions 7betwe5 #gj degrees & #ge degrees latitude74 footnote 99,arago1 op4 cit41 p4 #chh-cia4 ,! le>n$ academician ,von ,ba]1 :o has done s mu* = ! meteorology ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 has n tak5 into consid]ation ! extreme r>ity ( /orms 9 ,icel& & ,gre5l&2 he has only rem>k$ 7',bullet9 de l',academie de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg'1 #ahci1 ,mai7 t 9 ,nova ,zembla & ,spitzb]g5 x is sometimes he>d to ?und]4 ',! meteorological portion' ( ! descriptive hi/ory ( nature :i* we are n[ conclud+ %[s t ! processes ( ! absorption ( light1 ! lib]ation ( heat1 & ! v>iations 9 ! ela/ic & electric t5sion1 & 9 ! hygrometric condition ( ! va/ a]ial ocean1 are all s intimately connect$ toge!r1 t ea* individual meteorological process is modifi$ by ! action ( all ! o!rs4 ,! complicat$ p #cch nature ( ^! di/urb+ causes 7:i* involunt>ily rem9d u ( ^? :i* ! ne> & especially ! smalle/ cosmical bodies1 ! satellites1 comets1 & %oot+ />s1 are subject$ to 9 _! c\rse7 increases ! difficulty ( giv+ a full explanation ( ^! involv$ meteorological ph5om5a1 & likewise limits1 or :olly precludes1 ! possibility ( t pr$et]m9ation ( atmosph]ic *anges :i* w\ld be s important = horticulture1 agriculture1 & navigation1 no less ?an = ! com=t & enjoym5t ( life4 ,^? :o place ! value ( meteorology 9 ?is problematic species ( pr$iction r ?an 9 ! k ( ! ph5om5a !mselves1 are firmly conv9c$ t ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 on acc\nt ( :i* s _m exp$itions to di/ant m\nta9\s regions h be5 und]tak51 has n made any v consid]able progress = c5turies pa/4 ,! confid5ce :i* !y refuse to ! physici/ !y yield to *anges ( ! moon1 & to c]ta9 days m>k$ 9 ! cal5d> by ! sup]/ition ( a by-gone age4 ,great local deviations f ! di/ribution ( ! mean temp]ature are ( r>e occurr5ce1 ! v>iations be+ 9 g5]al uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] ext5sive tracts ( l&4 ! deviation1 aft] atta9+ its maximum at a c]ta9 po9t1 gradually decreases to its limits2 :5 ^! are pass$1 h[ev]1 decid$ deviations are obs]v$ 9 ! 'opposite direction'4 ,simil> relations ( wea!r ext5d m frequ5tly f s\? to nor? ?an f we/ to ea/4 ,at ! close ( ! ye> #ahbi 7:5 ,i _h j complet$ my ,sib]ian j\rney71 ! maximum ( cold 0 at ,b]l91 :ile ,nor? ,am]ica enjoy$ an unusually high temp]ature4 ,x is an entirely arbitr>y assumption to believe t a hot summ] succe$s a sev]e w9t]1 & t a cool summ] is prec$$ by a mild w9t]4 ,opposite relations ( wea!r 9 contigu\s c\ntries1 or 9 two corn-gr[+ cont95ts1 give rise to a b5efici5t equalization 9 ! prices ( ! products ( ! v9e1 & ( agricultural & horticultural cultivation4 ,x has be5 ju/y rem>k$1 t x is ! b>omet] alone :i* indicates to u ! *anges t occur 9 ! pressure ( ! air ?r\gh\t all ! a]ial /rata f ! place ( obs]vation to ! extreme/ conf9es ( ! atmosph]e1 :ile99 ! !rmomet] & psy*romet] only acqua9t u ) all ! v>iations occurr+ 9 ! local heat & moi/ure ( ! l[] /rata ( p #cci air 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 footnote 99,kmtz1 9 ,s*uma*]'s ',jahrbu* fur' #ahch1 s4 #bhe4 ,reg>d+ ! opposite di/ribution ( heat 9 ! ea/ & ! we/ ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 see ,dove1 ',rep]torium d] ,physik'1 bd4 iii41 s4 #cib-cie4 ,! simultane\s !rmic & hygrometric modifications ( ! upp] regions ( ! air c only be le>n$ 7:5 direct obs]vations on m\nta9 /ations or a]o/atic asc5ts are impracticable7 f hypo!tical comb9ations1 by mak+ ! b>omet] s]ve bo? z a !rmomet] & an hygromet]4 ,important *anges ( wea!r are n ow+ to m]ely local causes1 situat$ at ! place ( obs]vation1 b are ! consequ5ce ( a di/urbance 9 ! equilibrium ( ! a]ial curr5ts at a great di/ance f ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! high] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 br++ cold or w>m1 dry or moi/ air1 r5d]+ ! sky cl\dy or s]5e1 & conv]t+ ! accumulat$ masses ( cl\ds into light fea!ry 'cirri'4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! inaccessibility ( ! ph5om5on is add$ to ! manifold nature & complication ( ! di/urbances1 x has always appe>$ to me t meteorology mu/ fir/ seek its f\ndation & progress 9 ! torrid zone1 :]e ! v>iations ( ! atmosph]ic pressure1 ! c\rse ( hydro-meteors1 & ! ph5om5a ( electric explosion1 are all ( p]iodic occurr5ce4 ,z we h n[ pass$ 9 review ! :ole sph]e ( inorganic t]re/rial life1 & h briefly consid]$ our planet ) ref]5ce to its =m1 its int]nal heat1 its electro-magnetic t5sion1 its ph5om5a ( pol> light1 ! volcanic reaction ( its int]ior on its v>i\sly compos$ solid cru/1 &1 la/ly1 ! ph5om5a ( its two-fold envelopes -- ! a]ial & liquid ocean -- we might1 9 accordance ) ! old] me?od ( treat+ physical geography1 consid] t we _h complet$ our descriptive hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,b ! nobl] aim ,i h propos$ to myself1 ( rais+ ! contemplation ( nature to a m elevat$ po9t ( view1 w\ld be defeat$1 & ?is del9eation ( nature w\ld appe> to lose its mo/ attractive *>m1 if x did n also include ! sph]e ( organic life 9 ! _m /ages ( its typical developm5t4 ,! idea ( vitality is s intimatey associat$ ) ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( ! active1 ev]-bl5d+ natural =ces :i* animate ! t]re/rial sph]e1 t ! creation ( plants & animals is ascrib$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t my?ical repres5tations ( _m nations to ^! =ces1 :ile ! condition ( ! surface ( our planet1 be=e x 0 animat$ by vital =ms1 is reg>d$ z coeval ) ! epo* ( a *aotic conflict ( ! /ruggl+ elem5ts4 ,b ! empirical doma9 ( objective contemplation1 & ! del9eation ( our planet 9 its pres5t condition1 d n include a consid]ation p #cdj ( ! my/]i\s & insoluble problems ( orig9 & exi/5ce4 ,a cosmical hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 re/+ ^u facts z its basis1 has1 f ! nature & limitations ( its sph]e1 necess>ily no connection ) ! obscure doma9 embrac$ by a 'hi/ory ( organisms'199 if we und]/& ! ^w 'hi/ory' 9 its broade/ s5se4 footnote 99,! 'hi/ory ( plants'1 :i* ,endli*] & ,ung] h describ$ 9 a mo/ ma/]ly mann] 7',grundzuge d] ,botanik'1 #ahdc1 s4 #ddi-dfh71 ,i myself sep>at$ f ! 'geography ( plants' half a c5tury ago4 ,9 ! aphorisms app5d$ to my ',subt]ranean ,flora'1 ! foll[+ passage occurs3 ,geognosia naturam animantem et inanimam vel1 ut vocabulo m9us apto1 ex antiquitate saltem haud petito1 ut>1 corpora vitur capita3 ,geographia oryctologica quam simplicit] ,geognosiam vel ,geologiam dicunt1 virque acutissimus ,w]n]us egregie digessit2 ,geographia zoologica1 cujus doctr9ae fundam5ta ,zimm]mannus et ,treviranus jec]unt2 et ,geographic plant>um quam aequales no/ri diu intactam reliqu]unt4 ,geographia plant>um v9cula et cognationem tradit1 quibus omnia vegetabilia int] se connexa s9t1 t]raetractur quos t5eant1 9 a]em atmospha]icum quae sit eorum vis o/5dit1 saxa atque rupes quibus potissimum alg>um primordiis radicibusque de/ruantur docet1 et quo pacto 9 telluris sup]ficie humus nascatur1 commemorat4 ,e/ itaque quod diff]at int] ,geognosiam et ,physiographiam1 'hi/oria naturalis' p]p]am nuncupatam quum ,zoognosia1 ,phytognosia1 et ,oryctognosia1 quae quidem omnes 9 naturae inve/igatione v]santur1 non nisi s+ulorum animalium1 plant>um1 r]um metallic>um vel 7v5ia sit v]bo7 fossilium =mas1 anatom51 vires scrutautur4 ,hi/oria ,telluris1 ,geognosiae magis quam ,physiographiae aff9is1 nem9i adhuc t5ata1 plant>um animaliumque g5]a orbem inhabitantia primaevum1 migrationes eorum compluriumque int]itum1 ortum quem montes1 valles1 saxorum /rata et vemae metallif]ae ducunt1 a]em1 mutatis temporum vicibus1 modo purum1 modo vitiatum1 t]rae sup]ficiem humo plantisque paulatim obtectam1 flum9um inundantium impetu d5uo nudatam1 it]umque siccatam et gram9e ve/itam commemorat4 ,igitur ,hi/oria zoolopgica1 ,hi/oria plant>um et ,hi/oria oryctologica1 quae non nisi pri/9um orbis t]rae /atum indicant1 a ,geognosia probe di/+u5dae4 -- ,humboldt1 ',flora ,friburg5sis ,subt]ranea1 cui acc$unt ,aphorismi ex ,physiologia ,*emica ,plant>um'1 #agic1 p4 ix4-x4 ,respect+ ! spontane\s motion4 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ! text1 see ! rem>kable passage 9 ,ari/otle1 ',de ,coelo1' ii41 #b1 p4 #bhd1 ,bekk]1 :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 animate & inanimate bodies is made to dep5d on ! int]nal or ext]nal position ( ! seat ( ! det]m9+ motion4 ,no movem5t1 says ! ,/agirite1 proce$s f ! vegetable _s1 because plants are buri$ 9 a /ill sleep1 f :i* no?+ c ar\se !m 7,ari/otle1 ',de ,g5]at4 ,animal4'1 v4 i41 p4 #ggh1 ,bekk]72 & aga91 because plants h no desires :i* incite !m to spontane\s motion4 7,ari/41 ',de ,somno et ,vigil'41 cap4 i41 p4 #dee1 ,bekk]47 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$1 t ! inorganic cru/ ( ! ,e>? conta9s )9 x ! same elem5ts t ent] into ! /ructure ( animal & vegetable organs4 ,a physical cosmography w\ld !re=e be incomplete p #cda if x 7 to omit a consid]ation ( ^! =ces1 & ( ! sub/ances :i* ent] into solid & fluid comb9ations 9 organic tissues1 "u conditiions :i*1 f our ignorance ( _! actual nature1 we designate by ! vague t]m ( 'vital =ces'1 & gr\p into v>i\s sy/ems 9 accordance ) m or less p]fectly conceiv$ analogies4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( ! human m9d involunt>ily prompts u to foll[ ! physical ph5om5a ( ! ,e>?1 ?r\gh all _! v>i$ s]ies1 until we rea* ! f9al /age ( ! morphological evolution ( vegetable =ms1 & ! self-det]m9+ p[]s ( motion 9 animal organisms4 ,& x is by ^! l9ks t '! geography ( organic be+s -- ( plants & animals' -- is connect$ ) ! del9eation ( ! inorganic ph5om5a ( our t]re/rial globe4 ,)\t ent]+ on ! difficult "q ( 'spontane\s motion'1 or1 9 o!r words1 on ! diff]5ce betwe5 vegetable & animal life1 we w\ld rem>k1 t if nature _h end[$ u ) microscopic p[]s ( vision1 & ! integum5ts ( plants _h be5 r5d]$ p]fectly transp>5t to our eyes1 ! vegetable _w w\ld pres5t a v diff]5t aspect f ! app>5t immobility & repose 9 :i* x is n[ manife/$ to our s5ses4 ,! int]ior portion ( ! cellul> /ructure ( _! organs is incessantly animat$ by ! mo/ v>i$ curr5ts1 ei!r rotat+1 asc5d+ & desc5d+1 remify+1 & ev] *ang+ _! direction1 z manife/$ 9 ! motion ( ! granul> mucus ( m>9e plants 7,naiades1 ,*>aceae1 ,hydro*>idae71 & 9 ! hairs ( phan]ogamic l& plants2 9 ! molecul> motion fir/ discov]$ by ! illu/ri\s botani/ ,rob]t ,br[n1 & :i* may be trac$ 9 ! ultimate portions ( e molecule ( matt]1 ev5 :5 sep>at$ f ! organ2 9 ! gyratory curr5ts ( ! globules ( cambium 7'cyclosis'7 circulat+ 9 _! peculi> vessels2 &1 f9ally1 9 ! s+ul>ly articulat$ self-unroll+ filam5t\s vessels 9 ! an!ridia ( ! *>a1 & 9 ! reproductive organs ( liv]worts & algae1 9 ! /ructural conditions ( :i* ,mey51 unhappily too e>ly lo/ to sci5ce1 believ$ t he recogniz$ an analogy ) ! sp]matozoa ( ! animal k+dom499 footnote 99,9 c]ta9 p>ts1 probably1 ( all plants1 are f\nd peculi> spiral filam5ts1 hav+ a /rik+ resemblance to ! sp]matozoa ( animals4 ,!y h be5 long kn[n 9 ! organs call$ ! an!ridia ( mosses1 ,hepaticcae1 & ,*>aceae1 & h m rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 peculi> cells on ! g]m9al frond ( f]ns1 & on ! v "y leaves ( ! buds ( ,phan]ogamia4 ,!y are f\nd 9 peculi> cells1 & :5 ^! are plac$ 9 wat] !y are torn by ! filam5t1 :i* comm5ces an active spiral motion4 ,! signification ( ^! organs is at pres5t q unkn[n2 !y appe>1 f ! rese>*es ( ,ngeli1 to resemble ! cell mucilage1 or proto-plasma1 9 composition1 & are develop$ f x4 ,s*leid5 reg>ds !m z m]e mucilag9\s deposits1 simil> to ^? connect$ ) ! circulation 9 cells1 & he cont5ds t ! movem5t ( ^! bodies 9 wat] is analog\s to ! molecul> motion ( small p>ticles ( organic & inorganic sub/ances1 & dep5ds on me*anical causes4 -- ',outl9es ( ,/ructural & ,physiological ,botany'1 by ,a4 ,h5frey1 ,f4,l4,s41 etc41 #ahdf1 p4 #bc4 -- ,tr4 ,if to ^! p #cdb manifold curr5ts & gyratory movem5ts we add ! ph5om5a ( endosmosis1 nutrition1 & gr[?1 we %all h "s idea ( ^? =ces :i* are ev] active amid ! app>5t repose ( vegetable life4 ,s9ce ,i attempt$ 9 a =m] "w1 ',ansi*t5 d] ,natur' 7,views ( ,nature71 to del9eate ! univ]sal diffusion ( life ov] ! :ole surface ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! di/ribution ( organic =ms1 bo? ) respect to elevation & dep?1 our k ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce has be5 mo/ rem>kably increas$ by ,ehr5b]g's brilliant discov]y on microscopic life 9 ! ocean1 & 9 ! ice ( ! pol> regions -- a discov]y bas$1 n on d$uctive conclusions1 b on direct obs]vation4 ,! sph]e ( vitality1 we might almo/ say1 ! horizon ( life1 has be5 exp&$ be=e our eyes4 ,n only 9 ! pol> regions is !re an un9t]rupt$ developm5t ( active microscopic life1 :]e l>g] animals c no long] exi/1 b we f9d t ! microscopic animals collect$ 9 ! ,ant>ctic exp$ition ( ,capta9 ,james ,ross exhibit a rem>kable abundance ( unkn[n & (t5 mo/ beautiful =ms4 ,ev5 9 ! residuum obta9$ f ! melt$ ice1 swimm+ ab\t 9 r\nd fragm5ts 9 ! latitude ( #gj degrees #aj'1 !re 7 f\nd upw>d ( fifty species ( silici\s-%ell$ ,polyga/ria & ,cosc9odiscae ) _! gre5 ov>ies1 & !re=e liv+ & able to resi/ ! extreme sev]ity ( ! cold4 ,9 ! ,gulf ( ,erebus1 sixty-eight silici\s-%ell$ ,polyga/ria & ,phytoli?>ia1 & only "o calc>e\s-%ell$ ,poly?alamia1 7 br\ght up by lead sunk to a dep? ( f #abdb to #afbj feet4 ,! great] numb] ( ! oceanic microscopic =ms hi!rto discov]$ h be5 silici\s-%ell$1 al?\gh ! analysis ( sea wat] does n yield silica z ! ma9 con/itu5t1 & x c only be imag9$ to exi/ 9 x 9 a /ate ( susp5sion4 ,x is n only at p>ticul> po9ts 9 inl& seas1 or 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l&1 t ! ocean is d5sely inhabit$ by liv+ atoms1 invisible to ! nak$ eye1 b samples ( p #cdc wat] tak5 up by ,s*ay] on 8 return f ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7s\? ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 #eg degrees latitude1 & "u ! tropics 9 ! ,atlantic7 %[ t ! ocean 9 its ord9>y condition1 )\t any app>5t discoloration1 conta9s num]\s microscopic mov+ organisms1 :i* be> no resemblance to ! swimm+ fragm5t>y silici\s filam5ts ( ! g5us ,*aetoc]os1 simil> to ! ,oscillatoriae s common 9 our fre% wat]s4 ,"s few ,polyga/ria1 :i* h be5 f\nd mix$ ) s& & excrem5ts ( p5gu9s 9 ,cockburn ,isl&1 appe> to be spread ov] ! :ole e>?1 :ile o!rs seem to be peculi> to ! pol> regions499 footnote 99,see ,ehr5b]g's treatise ',ueb] das kle9/e ,leb5 im ,ocean'1 read be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce at ,b]l9 on ! #i? ( ,may1 #ahdd4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,hook] f\nd ,diatomaceae 9 c\ntless numb]s betwe5 ! p>allels ( #gj degrees & #hj degrees s\?1 :]e !y gave a color to ! sea1 & also ! iceb]gs float+ 9 x4 ,! dea? ( ^! bodies 9 ! ,s\? ,arctic ,ocean is produc+ a subm>9e deposit1 consi/+ entirely ( ! silici\s p>ticles ( :i* ! skeletons ( ^! vegetables are compos$4 ,?is deposit exi/s on ! %ores ( ,victoria ,l& & at ! base ( ! volcanic m\nta9 ,erebus4 ,dr4 ,hook] acc\nt$ = ! fact t ! skeletons ( ,diatomaceae _h be5 f\nd 9 ! lava ( volcanic m\nta9s1 by ref]r+ to ^! deposits at ,m\nt ,erebus1 :i* lie 9 su* a position z to r5d] x q possible t ! skeletons ( ^! vegetables %\ld pass into ! l[] fissures ( ! m\nta91 & !n pass+ into ! /ream ( lava1 be ?r[n out1 unact$ ^u by ! heat to :i* !y h be5 expos$4 ,see ,dr4 ,hook]'s ,pap]1 read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,ox=d1 ,july1 #ahdg4 -- ,tr4 ,we ?us f9d f ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations t animal life pr$om9ates amid ! et]nal night ( ! dep?s ( ocean1 :ile vegetable life1 :i* is s dep5d5t on ! p]iodic action ( ! sol> rays1 is mo/ preval5t on cont95ts4 ,! mass ( vegetation on ! ,e>? v f> exce$s t ( animal organisms2 = :at is ! volume ( all ! l>ge liv+ ,cetacea & ,pa*yd]mata :5 comp>$ ) ! ?ickly-crosd$ colossal trunks ( trees1 ( f eight to twelve feet 9 diamet]1 :i* fill ! va/ =e/s cov]+ ! tropical region ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,amazon1 & ! ,rio de ,madeira8 ,& al?\gh ! "* ( diff]5t portions ( ! e>? dep5ds on ! comb9ation ( ext]nal ph5om5a1 z ! outl9es ( m\nta9s -- ! physiognomy ( plants & animals -- ! azure ( ! sky -- ! =ms ( ! cl\ds -- & ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e -- x mu/ /ill be admitt$ t ! vegetable mantle ) :i* ! e>? is deck$ con/itutes ! ma9 feature ( ! picture4 ,animal =ms are inf]ior 9 mass1 & _! p[]s ( motion (t5 )draw !m f our sight4 ,! p #cdd vegetable k+dom1 on ! contr>y1 acts ^u our imag9ation by its cont9u$ pres5ce & by ! magnitude ( its =ms2 = ! size ( a tree indicates its age1 & "h alone age is associat$ ) ! expression ( a con/antly r5ew$ vigor499 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',ansi*t5 d] ,natur' 7#bte ,ausgabe1 #ahbf71 bd4 ii4 s4 #ba4 ,9 ! animal k+dom 7& ?is k is also ! result ( ,ehr5b]g's discov]ies71 ! =m :i* we t]m microscopic occupy ! l>ge/ space1 9 consequ5ce ( _! rapid propagation499 footnote 99,on multiplication by spontane\s division ( ! "m-corpuscle & int]calation ( new sub/ance1 see ,ehr5b]g ',van d5 jetzt leb5d5 ,?i]>t5 d] ,kreidebildung'1 9 ! ',abh&l4 d] ,b]l9] ,akad4 d] ,wiss4'1 #ahci1 s4 #id4 ,! mo/ p[]ful productive faculty 9 nature is t manife/$ 9 ! ,vorticellae4 ,e/imations ( ! greate/ possible developm5t ( masses w be f\nd 9 ,*r5b]g's great "w ',die ,infusion/hi]*5 als volkommne ,organism5'1 #ahch1 s4 xiii41 xix41 & #bdd4 ,! ,milky ,way ( ^! organisms comprises ! g5]a ,monas1 ,vibrio1 ,bact]ium1 & ,bodo4 ,! univ]sality ( life is s pr(usely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( nature1 t ! small] ,infusoria live z p>asites on ! l>g]1 & are !mselves inhabit$ by o!rs1 s4 #aid1 #baa1 & #eab4 ,! m9ute/ ( ! ,infusoria1 ! ,monadidae1 h a diamet] :i* does n exce$ #a_/cjjj? ( a l9e1 & yet ^! silici\s-%ell$ organisms =m 9 humid di/ricts subt]ranean /rata ( _m fa?oms 9 dep?4 ,! /rong & b5eficial influ5ce ex]cis$ on ! feel+s ( mank9d by ! consid]ation ( ! diffusion ( life1 ?r\gh\t ! realms ( nature is common to e zone1 b ! impression ?us produc$ is mo/ p[]ful 9 ! equatorial regions1 9 ! l& ( palms1 bamboos1 & arboresc5t f]ns1 :]e ! gr\nd rises f ! %ore ( seas ri* 9 mollusca & corals to ! limits ( p]petual sn[4 ,! local di/ribution ( plants embraces almo/ all heights & all dep?s4 ,organic =ms n only desc5d into ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 :]e ! indu/ry ( ! m9] has laid op5 ext5sive excavations & sprung deep %afts1 b ,i h also f\nd sn[-:ite /alactiitic columns encircl$ by ! delicate web ( an ,usnea1 9 caves :]e meteoric wat] c\ld alone p5etrate ?r\gh fissures4 ,podurellae p5etrate into ! icy crevices ( ! glaci]s on ,m\nt ,rosa1 ! ,gr9delwald1 & ! ,upp] ,a>2 ! ,*ionaea nivalis 7=m]ly kn[n z ,protococcus71 exi/ 9 ! pol> sn[ z well z 9 t ( our high m\nta9s4 ,! r$ness assum$ by ! sn[ aft] ly+ on ! gr\nd = soome "t 0 kn[n to ,ari/otle1 & 0 probably obs]v$ by him on ! m\nta9s ( ,mac$onia499 footnote 99,ari/ot41 ',hi/4 ,animal4'1 v4 xix41 p4 #eeb1 ,bekk4 p #cde ,:ile1 on ! l(tie/ summits ( ! ,alps1 only ,lecideae1 ,p>meliae1 & ,umbilic>iae ca/ _! color$ b scanty cov]+ ov] ! rocks1 expos$ by ! melt$ sn[1 beautiful phan]ogamic plants1 z ! ,culcitium rufesc5s1 ,sida p9*9*5sis1 & ,saxifraga ,b\ss+aulti1 are /ill f\nd to fl\ri% 9 ! tropical region ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 at an elevation ( m ?an #ae1jjj feet4 ,!rmal spr+s conta9 small insects 7,hydroporus !rmalis71 ,gallionellae1 ,oscillatoria & ,conf]vae1 :ile _! wat]s ba! ! root-fib]s ( phan]ogamic plants4 ,z air & wat] are aniimat$ at diff]5t temp]atures by ! pres5ce ( vital organisms1 s likewise is ! int]ior ( ! diff]5t portions ( animal bodies4 ,animalcules h be5 f\nd 9 ! blood ( ! frog & ! salmon2 accord+ to ,nordmann1 ! fluids 9 ! eyes ( fi%es are (t5 fill$ ) a worm t lives by suction 7,diplo/omum71 :ile 9 ! gills ( ! bleak ! same obs]v] has discov]$ a rem>kable d\ble aniimalcule 7,diplozoon p>adoxum71 hav+ a cross-%ap$ =m ) two heads & two caudal extremities4 ,al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( meteoric ,infusoria is m ?an d\btful1 x c n be d5i$ t1 9 ! same mann] z ! poll5 ( ! fl[]s ( ! p9e is obs]v$ e ye> to fall f ! atmosph]e1 m9ute infusorial animalcules may likewise be reta9$ = a "t 9 ! /rata ( ! air1 aft] hav+ be5 passively borne up by curr5ts ( aque\s vapor499 footnote 99,ehr5b]g1 op4 cit41 s4 xiv41 p4 #abb & #djc4 ,! rapid multiplication ( microscopic organisms is1 9 ! case ( "s 7z1 = in/ance1 9 :eat-eels1 :eel-animals1 & wat]-be>s or t>digrade animalcules71 accompani$ by a rem>kable t5acity ( life4 ,!y h be5 se5 to come to life f a /ate ( app>5t dea? aft] be+ dri$ = tw5ty-eight days 9 a vacuum ) *loride ( l9e & sulphuric acid1 & aft] be+ expos$ to a heat ( #bdh degrees4 ,see ! beautiful exp]im5ts ( ,doy]e1 9 ',mem4 sur les ,t>digrades et sur leur propriete de rev5ir a la vie'1 #ahdb1 p4 #aai1 #abi1 #aca1 #acc4 ,comp>e1 also1 ,ehr5b]g1 s4 #dib-dif1 on ! revival ( animalcules t _h be5 dri$ dur+ a space ( _m ye>s4 ,?is circum/ance m]its s]i\s att5tion 9 reconsid]+ ! old discussion respect+ 'spontane\s g5]ation'199 & ! p #cdf m s1 z ,ehr5b]g1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 has discov]$ t ! nebul\s du/ or s& :i* m>9]s (t5 enc\nt] 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s1 & ev5 at a di/ance ( #chj geographical miles f ! ,african %ore1 conta9s ! rema9s ( eighte5 species ( silici\s-%ell$ polyga/ric animalcules4 footnote 99,on ! suppos$ primitive trans=mation ( organiz$ or unorganiz$ matt] into plants & animals1 see ,ehr5b]g1 9 ,pogg5dorf's ',annal5 d] ,physik'1 bd4 xxiv41 s4 #a-dh1 & also 8 ',infusion/hi]*5'1 s4 #aba1 #ebe1 & ,joh4 ,mull]1 ',physiologie des ,m5s*5' 7#dte ,aufl41 #ahdd71 bd4 i41 s4 #h-ag4 ,x appe>s to me wor?y ( notice t "o ( ! e>ly fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 treat+ ( ! "q h[ isl&s may h be5 cov]$ ) new animals & plants aft] ! flood1 %[s himself 9 no way dis9cl9$ to adope ! view ( ! s-call$ spontane\s g5]ation 7'g5]atio aequivoca1 spontanea aut prim>ia'74 ,if1 says he1 animals h n be5 br\ght to remote isl&s by angels1 or p]haps by inhabitants ( cont95ts addict$ to ! *ase1 !y mu/ h be5 spontane\sly produc$ ^u ! e>?2 al?\gh "h ! "q c]ta9ly arises1 to :at purpose1 !n1 7 animals ( all k9ds assembl$ 9 ! ark8 ,si e t]ra exort sunt 7be/iae7 secundum orig9em primam1 qu&o dixit ,deus ',producat t]ra animam vivam6' multo cl>ius app>et1 non tam rep>&orum animalium causa1 quam figur&>um v>i>um g5tium 787 propt] ecclesiae sacram5tum9 arca fuisse omnia g5]a1 si 9 insulis quo transire non poss5t1 multa animalia t]ra produxit4 ,augu/9us1 ',de ,civitate ,dei'1 lib4 xvi41 cap4 #g3 ',op]a1 ed4 ,mona*4 ,ord9is ,s4 ,b5$icti'1 t4 vii41 ,v5et41 #agcb1 p4 #dbb4 ,two c5turies be=e ! tiime ( ! ,bi%op ( ,hippo1 we f9d1 by extracts f ,trogus ,pompeius1 t ! 'g5]atio prim>ia' 0 br\ght =w>d 9 connection ) ! e>lie/ dry+ up ( ! anci5t _w1 & ( ! high table-l& ( ,asia1 precisely 9 ! same mann] z ! t]races ( ,p>adise1 9 ! !ory ( ! great ,l9naeus1 & 9 ! vision>y hypo!ses ent]ta9$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury reg>d+ ! fabl$ ,atlantis3 ,quod si omnes quondam t]rae subm]sae pr(undo fu]unt1 pr(ecto editissilimam quamque p>tem decurr5tibus aquis primum detectam2 humillimo autem solo e&em aquam diutissime immoratam1 et quanto prior quaeque p>s t]r>um siccata sit1 tanto prius animalia g5]>e coepisse4 ,porro ,scy?iam adeo editiorem omnibus t]ris esse ut cuncta flum9a ibi nata 9 ,maeotium1 tum de9de 9 ,ponticum et ,aegyptium m>e decurrant4 -- ,ju/9us1 lib4 ii41 cap4 #a4 ,! errone\s supposition t ! l& ( ,scy?ia is an elevat$ table-l&1 is s anci5t t we meet ) x mo/ cle>ly express$ 9 ,hippocrates1 ',de ,a]e et ,aquis'1 cap4 #f1 #if1 ,coray4 ,scy?ia1 says he1 coonsi/s ( high & nak$ pla9s1 :i*1 )\t be+ cr[n$ ) m\nta9s1 asc5d high] & high] t[>d ! nor?4 ,vital organisms1 ^: relations 9 space are compris$ "u ! head ( ! geography ( plants & animals1 may be consid]$ ei!r accord+ to ! diff]5ce & relative numb]s ( ! types 7_! arrangem5t into g5]a & species71 or accord+ to ! numb] ( individuals ( ea* species on a giv5 area4 ,9 ! mode ( life ( plants z 9 t ( animals1 an important diff]5ce is notic$2 !y ei!r exi/ 9 an isolat$ /ate1 or live 9 a social condition4 ,^? species ( plants :i* ,i h t]m$ 'social'99 uni=mly cov] va/ ext5ts ( l&4 footnote 99,humboldt1 ',aphorismi ex ,physiologia ,*emica ,plant>um'1 9 ! ',flora ,frib]g5sis ,subt]ranea'1 #agic1 p4 #agh4 ,among ^! we may reckon _m ( ! m>9e ,algae -- ,cladoniae & mosses1 :i* ext5d ov] ! des]t /eppes ( ,nor!rn ,asia -- grasses1 & cacti gr[+ p #cdg toge!r l ! pipes ( an organ -- ,avic5nim & mangroves 9 ! tropics -- & =e/s ( ,conif]ae & ( bir*es 9 ! pla9s ( ! ,baltic & 9 ,sib]ia4 ,?is mode ( geographical di/ribution det]m9es1 toge!r ) ! individual =m ( ! vegetable _w1 ! size & type ( leaves & fl[]s1 9 fact1 ! pr9cipal physiognomy ( ! di/rict199 its *>act]act] be+ b little1 if at all1 influ5c$ by ! ev]-mov+ =ms ( animal life1 :i*1 by _! beauty & div]sity1 s p[]fully affect ! feel+s ( man1 :e!r by excit+ ! s5sations ( admiration or horror4 footnote 99,on ! physiognomy ( plants1 see ,humboldt1 ',anis*t5 d] ,natur'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #a-abe4 ,agricultural nations increase artificially ! pr$om9ance ( social plants1 & ?us augm5t1 9 _m p>ts ( ! temp]ate & nor!rn zones1 ! natural aspect ( uni=mity2 & :ile _! labors t5d to ! extirpation ( "s wild plants1 !y likewise lead to ! cultivation ( o!rs1 :i* foll[ ! coloni/ 9 8 mo/ di/ant migration4 ,! luxuriant zone ( ! tropics (f]s ! /ronge/ resi/ance to ^! *anges 9 ! natural di/ribution ( vegetable =ms4 ,obs]v]s :o 9 %ort p]iods ( "t h pass$ ov] va/ tracts ( l&1 & asc5d$ l(ty m\nta9s1 9 :i* climates 7 rang$1 z x 7 9 /rata "o above ano!r1 mu/ h be5 e>ly impress$ by ! regul>ity ) :i* vegetable =ms are di/ribut$4 ,! results yield$ by _! obs]vations furni%$ ! r\gh mat]ials = a sci5ce1 to :i* no "n _h z yet be5 giv54 ,! same zones ( regions ( vegetation :i*1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,c>d9al ,bembo1 :5 a y\?199describ$ on ! declivity ( ,aetna1 7 obs]v$ on ,m\nt ,ar>at by ,t\rne=t4 footnote 99,aetna ,dialogus4' ',opuscula'1 ,basil41 #aeef1 p4 #ec1 #ed4 ,a v beautiful geography ( ! plants ( ,m\nt ,a,etna has rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,philippi4 ,see ',l9naea'1 #ahcb1 s4 #gcc4 ,he +5i\sly comp>$ ! ,alp9e flora ) ! flora ( pla9s situat$ 9 diff]5t latitudes1 & 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve ! influ5ce ex]cis$ 9 m\nta9\s regions1 on ! di/ribution ( plants by ! elevation ( ! gr\nd above ! level ( ! sea1 & by ! di/ance f ! poles 9 flat c\ntries4 ,m5zel1 9 an in$it$ "w on ! flora ( ,japan1 accid5tally made use ( ! t]m 'geography ( plants'2 & ! same expression occurs 9 ! fanciful b graceful "w ( ,b]n>d9 de ,/4 ,pi]re1 ',etudes de la ,nature'4 ,a sci5tific treatm5t ( ! subject began1 h[ev]1 only :5 ! geography ( plants 0 intimately associat$ ) ! /udy ( ! di/ribution p #cdh ( heat ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & :5 ! arrangem5t ( vegetable =ms 9 natural families admitt$ ( a num]ical e/imate be+ made ( ! diff]5t =ms :i* increase ( decrease z we rec$e f ! equator t[>d ! poles1 & ( ! relations 9 :i*1 9 diffr5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 ea* family /ood ) ref]5ce to ! :ole mass ( phan]ogamic indig5\s plants ( ! same region4 ,i consid] x a happy circum/ance t1 at ! "t dur+ :i* ,i devot$ my att5tion almo/ exclusively to botanical pursuits1 ,i 0 l$ by ! aspect ( ! gr& & /rongly *>act]iz$ features ( tropical sc5]y to direct my inve/igations t[>d ^! subjects4 ,! /udy ( ! geographical di/ribution ( animals1 reg>d+ :i* ,buffon fir/ advanc$ g5]al1 &1 9 mo/ in/ances1 v correct views1 has be5 consid]ably aid$ 9 its advance by ! progress made 9 mod]n times 9 ! geography ( plants4 ,! curves ( ! iso!rmal l9es1 & m especially ^? ( ! iso*im5al l9es1 correspond ) ! limits :i* are seldom pass$ by c]ta9 species ( plants1 & ( animals :i* d n w&] f> f _! fix$ habitation ei!r ) respect to elevation or latitude499 footnote 99,! foll[+ valuable rem>ks by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 on ! correspond5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! di/ribution ( exi/+ faunas & floras ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & ! geological *anges t h affect$ _! area1 w be read ) mu* int]e/2 !y h be5 copi$1 by ! au?or's p]mission1 f ! ',survey ,report'1 p4 #af3 ,if ! view ,i h put =w>d respect+ ! orig9 ( ! flora ( ! ,briti% m\nta9s be true -- & e geological & botanical probability1 s f> z ! are is conc]n$1 favors x -- !n mu/ we endeav\r to f9d "s m plausible cause ?an any yet %[n = ! pres5ce ( num]\s species ( plants1 & ( "s animals1 on ! high] p>ts ( ,alp9e ranges 9 ,europe & ,asia1 specifically id5tical ) animals & plants indig5\s 9 ! regions v f> nor?1 & n f\nd 9 ! int]m$iate l[l&s4 ,t\rne=t fir/ rem>k$ & ,humboldt1 ! great organiz] ( ! sci5ce ( natural hi/ory geography1 demon/rat$1 t zones ( elevation on m\nta9s correspond to p>allels ( latitude1 ! high] ) ! m nor!rn or s\!rn1 z ! case might be4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is correspond5ce is recogniz$ 9 ! g5]al 'facies' ( ! flora & fauna1 dep5d5t on g5]ic id5tities4 ,b :5 ann\nc+ & illu/rat+ ! law t climatal zones ( animal & vegetable life are mutually repeat$ or repres5t$ by elevation & latitude1 naturali/s h n hi!rto suffici5tly 7if at all7 di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! evid5ce ( t law1 z exhibit$ by 'repres5tative species' & by 'id5tical'4 ,9 reality1 ! =m] ess5tially dep5d on ! law1 ! latt] be+ an 'accid5t' n necess>ily dep5d5t ^u x1 & :i* has hi!rto n be5 acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,alp9e flora ( ,brita91 ! evid5ce ( ! activity ( ! law1 & ! influ5ce ( ! accid5t1 are insep>able1 ! law be+ ma9ta9$ by a transport$ flora1 = ! transmission ( :i* ,i h %[n we c n acc\nt by an appeal to unque/ionable geological ev5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,alps & ,c>pa?ians1 & "s o!r m\nta9 ranges1 we f9d ! law ma9ta9$ p>tly by a repres5tative flora1 special 9 its region1 i4e41 by specific c5t]s ( _! own1 & p>tly by an assemblage m or less limit$ 9 ! sev]al ranges ( id5tical species1 ^! latt] 9 sev]al cases s num]\s t ord9>y modes ( transportation n[ 9 action c no m acc\nt = _! pres5ce ?an !y c = ! pres5ce ( a ,norwegian flora on ! ,briti% m\nta9s4 ,n[ ,i am prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ! same means :i* introduc$ a sub-,arctic 7n[ mm\nta97 flora into ,brita91 act+ at ! same epo*1 orig9at$ ! id5tity1 z f> z x goes1 ( ! ,alp9e floras ( middle ,europe & ,c5tral ,asia2 =1 n[ t we "k ! va/ area swept by ! glacial sea1 includ+ almo/ ! :ole ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe1 & belt$ by l&1 s9ce greatly uplift$1 :i* !n pres5t$ to ! wat]'s edge ^? climatal lconditions = :i* a sub-,arctic flora -- de/9$ to become ,alp9e -- 0 specially organiz$1 ! difficulty ( d]iv+ su* a flora f its pa>5t nor?1 & ( diffus+ x ov] ! sn[y hills b\nd+ ?is glacial ocean1 vani%es1 & ! pres5ce ( id5tical species at su* di/ant poo9ts rema9 no long] a my/]y4 ,moreov]1 :5 we consid] t conditions dur+ ! epo* ref]r$ to1 ! und\bt$ evid5ces ( ,cont95tal obs]v]s1 on ! bo\nds ( ,asia by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 9 ,am]ica by ,mr4 ,lyell1 ,mr4 ,logan1 ,capta9 ,bayfield1 & o!rs1 & t ! botanical 7& zoological z well7 region1 ess5tially nor!rn & ,alp9e1 designat$ by ,pr(essor ,s*\w t '( saxifrages & mosses1' & fir/ 9 8 classification1 exi/s n[ only on ! flanks ( ! great area :i* suff]$ su* conditions2 & t1 ?\gh simil> conditions reappe>1 ! relation%ip ( ,alp9e & ,arctic vegetation 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ) t 9 ! nor!rn1 is entirely ma9ta9$ by 'repres5tative'1 & n by id5tical species 7! g5]al tru? ( my explanation ( ,alp9e floras1 includ+ id5tical species1 becomes s /rong1 t ! view propos$ acquires fair claims to be rank$ z a !ory1 & n consid]$ m]ely a conv5i5t or bold hypo!sis4 -- ,tr4 ,! p #cdi elk1 = in/ance1 lives 9 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 almo/ t5 degrees fur!r nor? ?an 9 ! int]ior ( ,sib]ia1 :]e ! l9e ( equal w9t] temp]ature is s rem>kably concave4 ,plants migrate 9 ! g]m2 &1 9 ! case ( _m species1 ! se$s are furni%$ ) organs adapt+ !m to be convey$ to a di/ace ?r\gh ! air4 ,:5 once !y h tak5 root1 !y become dep5d5t on ! soil & on ! /rata ( air surr\nd+ !m4 ,animals1 on ! contr>y1 c at pleasure migrate f ! equator t[>d ! poles2 & ?is !y c m especially doo :]e ! iso!rmal l9es are mu* inflect$1 & :]e hot summ]s succe$ a great degree ( w9t] cold4 ,! royal tig]1 :i* 9 no respect diff]s f ! ,b5gal species1 p5etrates e summ] into p #cej ! nor? ( ,asia z f> z ! latitudes ( ,b]l9 & ,hamburg1 a fact ( :i* ,ehr5b]g & myself h spok5 9 o!r works499 footnote 99,ehr5b]g1 9 ! ',annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles'1 t4 xxi41 p4 #chg1 #dab2 ,humboldt1 ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #cci-cdb1 & t4 iii41 p4 #if-aja4 ,! gr\p+ or association ( diffr5t vegetable species1 to :i* we are accu/om$ to apply ! t]m ',floras'1 d n appe> to me1 f :at ,i h obs]v$ 9 diff]5t portions ( ! e>?'s surface1 to manife/ su* a pr$om9ance ( individual families z to ju/ify u 9 m>k+ ! geographical di/9ctions betwe5 ! regions ( ! ,umbellatae1 ( ! ,solidag9ae1 ( ! ,labiatae1 or ! ,scitam9eae4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is subject1 my views diff] f ^? ( sev]al ( my fri5ds1 :o rank among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! botani/s ( ,g]many4 ,! "* ( ! floras ( ! elevat$ plateaux ( ,mexico1 ,new ,granada1 & ,quito1 ( ,european ,russia1 & ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 consi/s1 9 my op9ion1 n s mu* 9 ! relatively l>g] numb] ( ! species pres5t$ by "o or two natural families1 z 9 ! m complicat$ relations ( ! coexi/5ce ( _m families1 & 9 ! relative num]ical value ( _! species4 ,! ,gram9eae & ! ,cyp]aceae und\bt$ly pr$om9ate 9 mead[ l&s & /ppes1 z d ,conif]ae1 ,cupulif]ae1 & ,betul9eae 9 our nor!rn woods2 b ?is pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 =ms is only app>5t1 & ow+ to ! aspect imp>t$ by ! social plants4 ,! nor? ( ,europe1 & t portion ( ,sib]ia :i* is situat$ to ! nor? ( ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 h no great] "r to ! appellation ( a region ( ,gram9eae & ,conif]ae ?an h ! b\ndless llanos betwe5 ! ,or9oco & ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ,c>accas1 or ! p9e =e/s ( ,mexico4 ,x is ! coexi/5ce ( =ms :i* may p>tially replace ea* o!r1 & _! relative numb]s & association1 :i* give rise ei!r to ! g5]al impression ( luxuriance & div]sity1 or ( pov]ty & uni=mity 9 ! contemplation ( ! vegetable _w4 ,9 ?is fragm5t>y sket* ( ! ph5om5a ( organization1 ,i h asc5d$ f ! simple/ cell,i -- ! fir/ manife/ation ( life -- progressively to high] /ructures4 ,! p #cea association ( muc\s granules con/itutes a def9itely-=m$ cytoblase1 ar\nd :i* a vesicul> membrane =ms ia clos$ well1 ?is cell be+ ei!r produc$ f ano!r pre-exi/+ cell19999 or be+ due to a cellul> =mation1 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! f]m5tation-fungus1 is conceal$ 9 ! obscurity ( "s unkn[n *emical process4999999 footnote 99,s*leid51 ',ueb] die ,entwicklungsweise d] ,pflanz5zell5'1 9 ,mull]'s ',ar*iv fur ,anatomie und ,physiologie'1 #ahch1 s4 #acg-agf2 also 8 ',grundzuge d] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,botanik'1 ?4 i41 s4 #aia1 & ?4 ii41 s #aa4 ,s*wann1 ',mikroscopis*e ,unt]sucung5 ub] die ,ueb]e9/immung 9 d] ,/ruktur und dem ,wa*/hum d] ,?i]e und ,pflanz5'1 #ahci1 s4 #de1 #bbj4 ,comp>e also1 on simil> propagation1 ,joh4 ,mull] ',physiologie des ,m5s*5'1 #ahdj1 ?4 ii41 s4 #fad4 footnote 9999,s*leid51 ',grundzuge d] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,botanik'1 #ahdb1 ?4 i41 s4 #aib-aig4 footnote 999999,on cellul> =mation1 see ,h5frey's ',outl9es ( ,/ructural & ,physiological ,botany'1 op4 cit41 p4 #af-bb4 -- ,tr4 ,b 9 a "w l ! pres5t we c v5ture on no m ?an an allusion to ! my/]ies t involve ! "q ( modes ( orig92 ! geography ( animal & vegetable organisms mu/ limit itself to ! consid]ation ( g]ms already develop$1 ( _! haabitation & transplantation1 ei!r by volunt>y or involunt>y migrations1 _! num]ical relation1 & _! di/ribution ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! g5]al picture ( nature :i* ,i h endeavor$ to del9eate w\ld be incomplete if ,i did n v5ture to trace a few ( ! mo/ m>k$ features ( ! human race1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to physical gradations -- to ! geographical di/ribution ( contemporane\s types -- to ! influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u man by ! =ces ( nature1 & ! reciprocal1 al?\gh weak] action :i* he 9 8 turn ex]cises on ^! natural =ces4 ,dep5d5t1 al?\gh 9 a less] degree ?an plants & animals1 on ! soil1 & on ! meteorological processes ( ! atmosph]e ) :i* he is surro\nd$ -- escap+ m readily f ! control ( natural =ces1 by activity ( m9d & ! advance ( intellectual cultivation1 no less ?an by 8 wond]ful capacity ( adapt+ himself to all climates -- man e :]e becomes mo/ ess5tially associat$ ) t]re/rial life4 ,x is by ^! relations t ! obscure & mu*-conte/$ problem ( ! possibility ( "o common desc5t ent]s into ! sph]e embrac$ by a g5]al physical cosmography4 ,! inve/igation ( ?is problem w imp>t a nobl]1 &1 if ,i may s express myself1 m purely human int]e/ to ! clos+ pages ( ?is section ( my "w4 ,! va/ doma9 ( language1 9 ^: v>i$ /ructure we see my/]i\sly reflect$ ! de/9ies ( nations1 is mo/ intimately associat$ ) ! aff9ity ( races2 & :at ev5 slight diff]5ces ( races may effect is /rik+ly manife/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hell5ic nations 9 ! z5i? ( _! intellectual cultivation4 ,! mo/ important que/ions ( ! civilization ( mank9d are connect$ ) ! ideas ( races1 p #ceb community ( language1 & adh]5ce to "o orig9al direction ( ! intellectual & moral faculties4 ,z long z att5tion 0 direct$ solely to ! extremes 9 v>ieties ( color & ( =m1 & to ! vividness ( ! fir/ impression ( ! s5ses1 ! obs]v] 0 naturally dispos$ to reg>d races r z orig9ally diff]5t species ?an z m]e v>ieties4 ,! p]man5ce ( c]ta9 types99 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ ho/ile influ5ces1 especially ( climate1 appe>$ to favor su* a view1 not)/&+ ! %ortness ( ! int]val ( "t f :i* ! hi/orical evid5ce 0 d]iv$4 footnote 99,tacitus1 9 8 speculations on ! inhabitants ( ,brita9 7',agricola'1 cap4 ii471 di/+ui%es ) mu* judgm5t betwe5 t :i* may be ow+ to ! local climatic relations1 & t :i*1 9 ! immigrat+ races1 may be ow+ to ! un*angeable influ5ce ( a h]$it>y & transmitt$ type4 ,britanniam qui mortales initio colu]unt1 indig5ae an advecti1 ut int] b>b>os1 p>um coomp]tum4 ,habitus corporis v>ii1 alque ex eo argum5ta2 namque rutilae ,cal$oniam habitantium comae1 magni artus ,g]manicam orig9em adsev]ant4 ,silu ram colorati vultus et torti pl]umque cr9es1 et posita contra ,hispania1 ,ib]os vet]es trajecisse1 easque c$es occupasse fidem faciunt3 proximi ,gallis1 et similes sunt3 seu durante orig9is vi2 seu procurr5tibus 9 div]sa t]ris1 positio coeli corporibus habitum d$it4 ,reg>d+ ! p]si/5cy ( types ( con=mation 9 ! hot & cold regions ( ! e>?1 & 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 see my ',relation ,hi/orique'1 t4 i41 p4 #dih1 #ejc1 & t4 ii41 p4 #egb1 #egd4 ,9 my op9ion1 h[ev]1 m p[]ful reasons c be advanc$ 9 support ( ! !ory ( ! unity ( ! human race1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! _m int]m$iate gradations99 9 ! color ( ! sk9 & 9 ! =m ( ! skull1 :i* h be5 made kn[n to u 9 rec5t times by ! rapid progress ( geographical k -- ! analogies pres5t$ by ! v>ieties 9 ! species ( _m wild & dome/icat$ animals -- & ! m correct obs]vations collect$ reg>d+ ! limits ( fecundity 9 hybrids49999 footnote ,on ! ,am]ican races g5]ally1 see ! magnific5t "w ( ,samuel ,george ,morton1 entitl$ ',crania ,am]icana'1 #ahci1 p4 #fb1 #hf2 & on ! skulls br\ght by ,p5tl& f ! highl&s ot titicaca1 see ! ',dubl9 ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical & ,*emical ,sci5ce'1 vol4 v41 #ahcd1 p4 #dge2 also ,alcide d',orbigny1 ',l'homme ,am]ica9 consid]e s\s ses rapports ,physiol4 et ,mor4'1 #ahci1 p4 #bba2 & ! "w by ,pr9ce ,maximilian ( ,wi$1 :i* is well wor?y ( notice = ! admirable e?nographical rem>ks 9 :i* x ab\nds1 entitl$ ',reise 9 das ,inn]e von ,nordam]ika' 7#ahci74 footnote 9999 ,rudolph ,wagn]1 ',ueb] ,bl5dl+e und ,ba/>d]zeugung'1 9 8 notes to ! ,g]man translation ( ,pri*>d's ',physical ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d'1 vol4 i41 p4 #ach-aej4 ,! great] numb] ( ! contra/s :i* 7 =m]ly suppos$ to exi/1 h disappe>$ be=e ! labori\s rese>*es ( ,ti$emann on ! bra9 ( negroes & ( ,europeans1 & ! anatomical inve/igations p #cec ( ,vrolik & ,web] on ! =m ( ! pelvis4 ,on comp>+ ! d>k-color$ ,african nations1 on ^: physical hi/ory ! admirable "w ( ,pri*>d has ?r[n s mu* light1 ) ! races inhabit+ ! isl&s ( ! ,s\?-,indian & ,we/-,au/ralian ar*ipelago1 & ) ! ,papuas & ,alf\r\s 7,h>(oras1 ,endam5es71 we see t a black sk91 woolly hair1 & a negro-l ca/ ( c\nt5ance are n necess>ily connect$ toge!r499 footnote 99,pri*>d1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #cbd4 ,s long z only a small portion ( ! e>? 0 kn[n to ! ,we/]n nations1 p>tial views necess>ily pr$om9at$1 & tropical heat & a black sk9 consequ5tly appe>$ insep>able4 ,! ,e?iopians1 said ! anci5t tragic poet ,!odectes ( ,phaselis199 are color$ by ! ne> sun-god 9 8 c\rse ) a sooty lu/]1 & _! hair is dri$ & crisp$ ) ! heat ( 8 rays4 footnote 99,onesicritus1 9 ,/rabo1 xv41 p4 #fij1 #fie1 ,casaub4 ,welck]1 ',grie*is*e ,tragodi5'1 ab?4 iii41 s4 #ajgh1 conjectures t ! v]ses ( ,!odectes1 cit$ by ,/rabo1 are tak5 f a li/ trag$y1 :i* probably bore ! title ( ,memnon4 ,! campaigns ( ,alex&]1 :i* gave rise to s _m new ideas reg>d+ physical geography1 likewise fir/ excit$ a discussion on ! problematical influ5ce ( climate on races4 ,families ( animals & plants1 writes "o ( ! greate/ anatomi/s ( ! day1 ,johannes ,mull]1 9 8 noble & compreh5sive "w1 ',physiologie des ,m5s*5'1 und]go1 )9 c]ta9 limitations peculi> to ! diff]5t races & species1 v>i\s modifications 9 _! di/ribution ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 propagat+ ^! v>iations z organic types ( species499 footnote 99,9 illu/ration ( ?is1 ! conclusions ( ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes respect+ ! orig9 & diffusion ( ! ,briti% flora may be cit$4 ,see ! ',survey ,memoir' already quot$1 ',on ! ,connection betwe5 ! ,di/ribution ( ! exi/+ ,fauna & ,flora ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 etc4'1 p4 #fd4 #a4 ,! flora & fauna1 t]re/rial & m>9e1 ( ! ,briti% isl&s & seas1 h orig9at$1 s f> z t area is conc]n$1 s9ce ! meloc5e epo*4 #b4 ,! assemblages ( animals & plants composit+ t fauna & flora did n appe> 9 ! area !y n[ inhabit simultane\sly1 b at sev]al di/9ct po9ts 9 "t4 #c4 ,bo? ! fauna & flora ( ! ,briti% isl&s & seas are compos$ p>tly ( species :i*1 ei!r p]man5tly or = a "t1 appe>$ 9 t area be=e ! glacial epo*2 p>tly ( su* z inhabit$ x dur+ t epo*2 & 9 great "p ( ^? :i* did n appe> !re until aft]w>d1 & ^: appe>ance on ! e>? 0 coeval ) ! elevation ( ! b$ ( ! glacial sea & ! consequ5t climatal *anges4 #d4 ,! great] "p ( ! t]re/rial animals & fl[]+ plants n[ inhabit+ ! ,briti% isl&s are memb]s ( specific c5t]s beyond _! area1 & h migrat$ to x ov] cont9u\s l& be=e1 dur+1 or aft] ! glacial epo*4 #e4 ,! climatal conditions ( ! area "u discussion1 & nor?1 ea/1 & we/ ( x1 7 sev]] dur+ ! glacial epo*1 :5 a great "p ( ! space n[ occupi$ by ! ,briti% isles 0 "u wat]1 ?an !y are n[ or 7 be=e2 b !re is good reason to believe t1 s f> f ^? conditions hav+ cont9u$ sev]e1 or hav+ gradually dim9i%$ 9 sev]ity s\?w>d ( ,brita91 ! cold region ( ! glacial epo* came directly into contact ) a region ( m s\!rn & !rmal "* ?an t 9 :i* ! mo/ s\!rn b$s ( glacial drift are n[ to be met )4 #f4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s did n mat]ially diff] f t n[ exi/+1 "u correspond+ latitudes1 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican1 ,atlantic1 & ,arctic seas1 & on _! b\nd+ %ores4 #g4 ,! ,alp9e floras ( ,europe & ,asia1 s f> z !y are id5tical ) ! flora ( ! ,arctic & sub-,arctic zones ( ! ,old ,_w1 are fragm5ts ( a flora :i* 0 diffus$ f ! nor?1 ei!r by means ( transport n n[ 9 action on ! temp]ate coa/s ( ,europe1 or ov] cont9u\s l& :i* no long] exi/s4 ,! deep sea fauna is 9 l mann] a fragm5t ( ! g5]al glacial fauna4 #h4 ,! floras ( ! isl&s ( ! ,atlantic region1 betwe5 ! ,gulf-we$ ,bank & ! ,old ,_w1 are fragm5ts ( ! ,great ,m$it]ranean flora1 anci5tly diffus$ ov] a l& consi/ut$ out ( ! upheaval & nev] aga9 subj]g$ b$ ( ! 7%all[7 ,meioc5e ,sea4 ,?is great flora1 9 ! epo* ant]ior to1 & probably1 9 "p1 dur+ ! glacial p]iod1 _h a great] ext5sion nor?w>d ?an x n[ pres5ts4 #i4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! glacial epo* 9 ,europe 0 m>k$ by a recession ( an ,arctic fauna & flora nor?w>d1 & ( a fauna & flora ( ! ,m$it]ranean type s\?w>d2 & 9 ! int]space ?us produc$ !re appe>$ on l& ! ,g]manic fauna & flora1 & 9 ! sea t fauna t]m$ ,celtic4 #aj4 ,! causes :i* ?us prec$$ ! appe>ance ( a new assemblage ( organiz$ be+s 7 ! de/ruction ( _m species ( animals1 & probably also ( plants1 ei!r =ms ( extremely local di/ribution1 or su* z 7 n capable ( endur+ _m *anges ( conditions -- species1 9 %ort1 ) v limit$ capacity = horizontal or v]tical diffusion4 #aa4 ,all ! *anges be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ! glacial epo* appe> to h be5 gradual1 & n sudd51 s t no m>k$ l9e ( dem>kation c be drawn betwe5 ! creatures inhabit+ ! same elem5t & ! same locality dur+ two proximate p]iods4 -- ,tr4 ,! diff]5t races ( mank9d are =ms ( "o sole species1 by ! union ( two ( ^: memb]s desc5dants are propagat$4 ,!y are n diff]5t species ( a g5us1 s9ce 9 t case _! hybrid desc5dants w\ld rema9 unfruitful4 ,b :e!r ! human races h desc5d$ f sev]al primitive races ( m51 or f "o alone1 is a "q t c n be det]m9$ f exp]i5ce499 footnote 99,joh4 ,mull]1 ',physiologie des ,m5s*5'1 bd4 ii41 s4 #gfh4 ,geographical inve/igations reg>d+ ! anci5t 'seat'1 ! s-call$ 'cradle ( ! human race'1 are n devoid ( a my?ical p #cee "*4 ,we d n "k1 says ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 9 an unpubli%$ "w ',on ! ,v>ieties ( ,languages & ,nations'1 ei!r f hi/ory or f au!ntic tradition1 any p]iod ( "t 9 :i* ! human race has n be5 divid$ into social gr\ps4 ,:e!r ! greg>i\s condition 0 orig9al1 or ( subsequ5t occurr5ce1 we h no hi/oric evid5ce to %[4 ,! sep>ate my?ical relations f\nd to exi/ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 appe> to refute ! fir/ hypo!sis1 & concur 9 ascrib+ ! g5]ation ( ! :ole human race to ! union ( "o pair4 ,! g5]al preval5ce ( ?is my? has cause x to be reg>d$ z a tradition>y record transmitt$ f ! primitive man to 8 desc5dants4 ,b ?is v circum/ance seems r to prove t x has no hi/orical f\ndation1 b has simply aris5 f an id5tity 9 ! mode ( intellectual conception1 :i* has e :]e l$ man to adopt ! same conclusion reg>d+ id5tical ph5om5a2 9 ! same mann] z _m my?s h d\btlessly aris51 n f any hi/orical connection exi/+ betwe5 !m1 b r f an id5tity 9 human ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,ano!r evid5ce 9 favor ( ! purely my?ical nature ( ?is belief is af=d$ by ! fact t ! fir/ orig9 ( mank9d -- a ph5om5on :i* is :olly beyond ! sph]e ( exp]i5ce -- is expla9$ 9 p]fect con=mity ) exi/+ views1 be+ consid]$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! colonization ( "s des]t isl& or remote m\nta9\s valley at a p]iod :5 mank9d _h already exi/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,x is 9 va9 t we direct our ?\ghts to ! solution ( ! great problem ( ! fir/ orig91 s9ce man is too intimately associat$ ) 8 own race & ) ! relations ( "t to conceive ( ! exi/5ce ( an individual indep5d5tly ( a prec$+ g5]ation & age4 ,a solution ( ^? difficult que/ions1 :i* c n be det]m9$ by inductive reason+ or by exp]i5ce -- :e!r ! belief 9 ?is presum$ traditional condition be actually bas$ on hi/orical evid5ce1 or :e!r mank9d inhabit$ ! e>? 9 greg>i\s associations f ! orig9 ( ! race -- c n1 !re=e1 be det]m9$ f philological data1 & yet its elucidation ought n to be s\ght f o!r s\rces4 ,! di/ribution ( mank9d is !re=e only a di/ribution into 'v>ieties'1 :i* are commonly designat$ by ! some:at indef9ite t]m 'races'4 ,z 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 & 9 ! natural hi/ory ( birds & fi%es1 a classification into _m small families is bas$ on a sur] f\ndation ?an p #cef :]e l>ge sections are sep>at$ into a few b l>ge divisions2 s x also appe>s to me1 t 9 ! det]m9ation ( races a pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! e/abli%m5t ( small families ( nations4 ,:e!r we adopt ! old classification ( my ma/]1 ,blum5ba*1 & admit 'five' races 7! ,caucasian1 ,mongolian1 ,am]ican1 ,e?iopian1 & ,malayan71 or t ( ,pri*>d1 into 'sev5 races'99 7! ,iranian1 ,turanian1 ,am]ican1 ,hott5tots & ,bu%m51 ,negroes1 ,papuas1 & ,alf\rons71 we fail to recognize any typical %>pness ( def9ition1 or any g5]al or well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple 9 ! division ( ^! gr\ps4 footnote 99,pri*>d1 op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #bdg4 ,! extremes ( =m & color are c]ta9ly sep>at$1 b )\t reg>d to ! races1 :i* c n be includ$ 9 any ( ^! classes1 & :i* h be5 alt]nately t]m$ ,scy?ian & ,allophyllic4 ,iranian is c]ta9ly a less objectionable t]m = ! ,european nations ?an ,caucasian2 b x may be ma9ta9$ g5]ally t geographical d5om9ations are v vague :5 us$ to express ! po9ts ( dep>ture ( races1 m especially :]e ! c\ntry :i* has giv5 its "n to ! race1 z1 = in/ance1 ,turan 7,maw]annahr71 has be5 inhabit$ at diff]5t p]iods99 by ,indo-,g]manic & ,f9ni%1 & n by ,mongolian tribes4 footnote 99,! late arrival ( ! ,turki% & ,mongolian tribes on ! ,oxus & on ! ,kirghis ,/eppes is oppos$ to ! hypo!sis ( ,niebuhr1 accord+ to :i* ! ,scy?ians ( ,h]odotus & ,hippocrates 7 ,mongolians4 ,x seems f> m probable t ! ,scy?ians 7,scoloti7 %\ld be ref]r$ to ! ,indo-,g]manic ,massagetae 7,alani74 ,! ,mongolian1 true ,t>t>s 7! latt] t]m 0 aft]w>d falsely giv5 to purely ,turki% tribes 9 ,russia & ,sib]ia71 7 settl$1 at t p]iod1 f> 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,asia4 ,see my ',asie ,c5trale'1 t4 i41 p4 #bci1 #djj2 ',exam5 ,critique de l',hi/oire de la ,geogr4'1 ?4 ii41 p4 #cbj4 ,a di/+ui%$ philologi/1 ,pr(essor ,bus*mann1 calls att5tion to ! circum/ance t ! poet ,fird\si1 9 8 half-my?ical prefatory rem>ks 9 ! ',s*ahnameh'1 m5tions a =tress ( ! ,alani on ! sea-%ore1 9 :i* ,selm took refuge1 ?is pr9ce be+ ! elde/ son ( ! ,k+ ,f]idun1 :o 9 all probability liv$ two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,cyrus4 ,! ,kirghis ( ! ,scy?ian /eppe 7 orig9ally a ,f9ni% tribe2 _! ?ree hordes probably con/itute 9 ! pres5t day ! mo/ num]\s nomadic nation1 & _! tribe dwelt1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 ! same /eppe 9 :i* ,i h myself se5 !m4 ,! ,byzant9e ,m5&] 7p4 #chj-chb1 ed4 ,nieb47 expressly /ates t ! ,*acan ( ! ,turks 7,?u-,khiu71 9 #efi1 made a pres5t ( a ,kirghis slave to ,zem>*us1 ! embassador ( u/9i% ,,ii42 he t]ms h] a ,greek ^w2 & we f9d 9 ,abulgasi 7',hi/oria ,mongolorum et ,tat>orum'7 t ! ,kirghis are call$ ,kirkiz4 ,simil>ity ( mann]s1 :]e ! nature ( ! c\ntry det]m9es ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics1 is a v unc]ta9 evid5ce ( id5tity ( race4 ,! life ( ! /eppes produces among ! ,turks 7,ti ,tukiu71 ! ,bas*kirs 7,f9s71 ! ,kirghis1 ! ,torgodi & ,dsung>i 7,mongolians71 ! same habits ( nomadic life1 & ! same use ( felt t5ts1 c>ri$ on wagons & pit*$ among h]ds ( cattle4 p #ceg ,languages1 z intellectual creations ( man1 & z closely int]wov5 ) ! developm5t ( m9d1 are1 indep5d5tly ( ! 'national' =m :i* !y exhibit1 ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! recognition ( simil>ities or diff]5ces 9 races4 ,?is importance is especially ow+ to ! clew :i* a community ( desc5t af=ds 9 tread+ t my/]i\s labyr9? 9 :i* ! connection ( physical p[]s & intellectual =ces manife/s itself 9 a ?\s& diff]5t =ms4 ,! brilliant progress made )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 9 ,g]many1 9 philosophical philology1 has greatly facilitat$ our inve/igations into ! 'national' "*99 ( languages & ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by desc5t4 footnote 99,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 ',ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit d] m5s*li*5 ,spra*baues'1 9 8 great "w ',ueb] die ,kawi-,spra*e auf d] ,insel ,java'1 bd4 i41 s4 xxi41 xlviii41 & ccxiv4 ,b "h1 z 9 all doma9s ( ideal speculation1 ! dang]s ( deception are closely l9k$ to ! ri* & c]ta9 pr(it to be d]iv$4 ,positive e?nographical /udies1 bas$ on a ?or\gh k ( hi/ory1 tea* u t mu* caution %\ld be appli$ 9 ent]+ into ^! comp>isons ( nations1 & ( ! languages employ$ by !m at c]ta9 epo*s4 ,subjection1 long association1 ! influ5ce ( a =eign religion1 ! bl5d+ ( races1 ev5 :5 only includ+ a small numb] ( ! m influ5tial & cultivat$ ( ! immigrat+ tribes1 h produc$1 9 bo? cont95ts1 simil>ly recurr+ ph5om5a2 z1 = in/ance1 9 introduc+ totally diff]5t families ( languages among "o & ! same race1 & idioms1 hav+ "o common root1 among nations ( ! mo/ diff]5t orig94 ,great ,asiatic conqu]ors h ex]cis$ ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ce on ph5om5a ( ?is k9d4 ,b language is a "p & p>cel ( ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( m9d2 & h[ev] happily ! human intellect1 "u ! mo/ dissimil> physical conditions1 may unfett]$ pursue a self-*os5 track1 & /rive to free itself f ! dom9ion ( t]re/rial influ5ces1 ?is emancipation is nev] p]fect4 ,!re ev] rema9s1 9 ! natural capacities ( ! m9d1 a trace ( some?+ t has be5 d]iv$ f ! influ5ces ( race or ( climate1 :e!r !y be associat$ ) a l& gladd5$ by cl\dless azure skies1 or ) ! vapory atmosph]e ( an insul> region4 ,z1 !re=e1 ri*ness & grace ( language are unfold$ f ! mo/ luxuriant p #ceh dep?s ( ?\ght1 we h be5 unwill+ :olly to disreg>d ! bond :i* s closely l9ks toge!r ! physical _w ) ! sph]e ( intellect & ( ! feel+s by depriv+ ?is g5]al picture ( nature ( ^? bright] lights & t9ts :i* may be borr[$ f consid]ations1 h[ev] slightly indicat$1 ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 races & languages4 ,:ile we ma9ta9 ! unity ( ! human species1 we at ! same "t repel ! depress+ assumption ( sup]ior & inf]ior races ( m5499 footnote 99,! v *e]less1 &1 9 rec5t times1 too (t5 discuss$ doctr9e ( ! unequal rights ( m5 to fre$om1 & ( slav]y z an in/itution 9 con=mity ) nature1 is unhappily f\nd mo/ sy/ematically develop$ 9 ,ari/otle's ',politica'1 i41 #c1 #e1 #f4 ,!re are nations m susceptible ( cultivation1 m highly civiliz$1 m enobl$ by m5tal cultivation ?an o!rs1 b none 9 !mselves nobl] ?an o!rs4 ,all are 9 l degree design$ = fre$om2 a fre$om :i*1 9 ! rud] conditions ( society1 belongs only to ! individual1 b :i*1 9 social /ates enjoy+ political in/itutions1 app]ta9s z a "r to ! :ole body ( ! community4 ,if we w\ld indicate an idea :i*1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( hi/ory1 has ev] m & m widely ext5d$ its empire1 or :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 te/ifies to ! mu*-conte/$ & /ill m decid$ly misund]/ood p]fectibility ( ! :ole human race1 x is t ( e/abli%+ our common humanity -- ( /riv+ to remove ! b>ri]s :i* prejudice & limit$ views ( e k9d h erect$ among m51 & to treat all mank9d1 )\t ref]5ce to religion1 nation1 or color1 z "o frat]nity1 "o great community1 fitt$ = ! atta9m5t ( "o object1 ! unre/ra9$ developm5t ( ! physical p[]s4 ,?is is ! ultimate & highe/ aim ( society1 id5tical ) ! direction implant$ by nature 9 ! m9d ( man t[>d ! indef9ite ext5sion ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,he reg>ds ! e>? 9 all its limits1 & ! heav5s z f> z 8 eye c scan _! bright & />ry dep?s1 z inw>dly 8 own1 giv5 to him z ! objects ( 8 contemplation1 & z a field = ! developm5t ( 8 en]gies4 ,ev5 ! *ild longs to pass ! hills or ! seas :i* inclose 8 n>r[ home2 yet1 :5 8 eag] /eps h borne him beyond ^? limits1 he p9es1 l ! plant1 = 8 native soil2 & x is by ?is t\*+ & beautiful attribute ( man -- ?is long+ = t :i* is unkn[n1 & ?is fond remembrance ( t :i* is lo/ -- t he is sp>$ f an exclusive atta*m5t to ! pres5t4 p #cei ,?us deeply root$ 9 ! inn]mo/ nature ( man1 & ev5 enjo9$ ^u him by 8 highe/ t5d5cies1 ! recognition ( ! bond ( humanity becomes "o ( ! noble/ lead+ pr9ciples 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d499 footnote 99,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 ',ueb] die ,kawi-,spra*e'1 bd4 iii41 s4 #dbf4 ,i subjo9 ! foll[+ extract f ?is "w3 ,! impetu\s conque/s ( ,alex&]1 ! m politic & prem$itat$ ext5sion ( t]ritory made by ! ,romans1 ! wild & cruel incursions ( ! ,mexicans1 & ! despotic acquisitions ( ! incas1 h 9 bo? hemisph]es contribut$ to put an end to ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( _m tribes z indep5d5t nations1 & t5d$ at ! same "t to e/abli% m ext5d$ int]national amalgamation4 ,m5 ( great & /rong m9ds1 z well z :ole nations1 act$ "u ! influ5ce ( "o idea1 ! purity ( :i* 01 h[ev]1 utt]ly unkn[n to !m4 ,x 0 ,*ri/ianity :i* fir/ promulgat$ ! tru? ( its exalt$ *>ity1 al?\gh ! se$ s[n yield$ b a sl[ & scanty h>ve/4 ,be=e ! religion ( ,*ri/ manife/$ its =m1 its exi/5ce 0 only reveal$ by a fa9t =e%ad[+ pres5tim5t4 ,9 rec5t times1 ! idea ( civilization has acquir$ additional int5sity1 & has giv5 rise to a desire ( ext5d+ m widely ! relations ( national int]c\rse & ( intellectual cultivation2 ev5 selfi%ness beg9s to le>n t by su* a c\rse its int]e/s w be bett] s]v$ ?an by viol5t & =c$ isolation4 ,language m ?an any o!r attribute ( mank9d1 b9ds toge!r ! :ole human race4 ,by its idiomatic prop]ties x c]ta9ly seems to sep>ate nations1 b ! reciprocal und]/&+ ( =eign languages connects m5 toge!r on ! o!r h& )\t injur+ individual national *>act]i/ics4 ,) ^! words1 :i* draw _! *>m f ! dep?s ( feel+1 let a bro!r be p]mitt$ to close ?is g5]al description ( ! natural ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,f ! remote/ nebulae & f ! revolv+ d\ble />s1 we h desc5d$ to ! m9ute/ organisms ( animal creation1 :e!r manife/$ 9 ! dep?s ( ocean or on ! surface ( our globe1 & to ! delicate vegetable g]ms :i* clo! ! nak$ declivity ( ! ice-cr[n$ m\nta9 summit2 & "h we h be5 able to arrange ^! ph5om5a accord+ to p>tially kn[n laws2 b o!r laws ( a m my/]i\s nature rule ! high] sph]es ( ! organic _w1 9 :i* is compris$ ! human species 9 all its v>i$ con=mation1 its creative intellectual p[]1 & ! languages to :i* x has giv5 exi/5ce4 ,a physical del9eation ( nature t]m9ates at ! po9t :]e ! sph]e ( intellect beg9s1 & a new _w ( m9d is op5$ to our view4 ,x m>ks ! limit1 b does n pass x4 p #cfj is blank p #cfa ,,additional ,,notes ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,edition4 ,,m>*1 #ahdi4 ,,gigantic ,,birds ,,( ,,new ,,zeal&4 -- ,vol4 i41 p4 #bhg4 ,an ext5sive & highly int]e/+ collection ( bones1 ref]rible to sev]al species ( ! ',moa' 7,d9ornis ( ,ow571 & to ?ree or f\r o!r g5]a ( birds1 =m$ by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell1 ( ,well+ton1 ,new ,zeal&1 has rec5tly arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 & is n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is s]ies consi/s ( betwe5 #gjj & #hjj specim5ts1 belong+ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! skeletons ( _m individuals ( v>i\s sizes & ages4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ v]tebrae1 tibiae1 & femora equal 9 magnitude ! mo/ gigantic previ\sly kn[n1 :ile o!rs are n l>g] ?an ! correspond+ bones ( ! liv+ apt]yx4 ,among ^! relics are ! 'skulls' & 'm&ibles' ( two g5]a1 ! ',d9ornis' & ',palapt]yx'2 & ( an ext9ct g5us1 ',notornis'1 alli$ to ! ',rallidae'2 & ! m&ibles ( a species ( ',ne/or'1 a g5us ( nocturnal owl-l p>rots1 ( :i* only two liv+ species are kn[n499 footnote 99,see ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,memoir on ^! fossil rema9s1 9 ',zoological ,transactions'1 #ahdh4 ,^! osse\s rema9s are 9 a v diff]5t /ate ( pres]vation f any previ\sly receiv$ f ,new ,zeal&2 !y are light & por\s1 & ( a light fawn-color2 ! mo/ delicate processes are entire1 & ! articulat+ surfaces smoo? & un9jur$2 'fragm5ts ( egg-%ells'1 & ev5 ! bony r+s ( ! tra*ea & air tubes1 are pres]v$'4 ,! bones 7 dug up by ,mr4 ,walt] ,mantell f a b$ ( m>ly s&1 conta9+ magnetic iron1 cry/als ( hornbl5de & augite1 & ! detritus ( augitic rocks & e>?y volcanic tuff4 ,! s& _h fill$ up all ! cavities & cancelli1 b 0 9 no in/ance consolidat$ or aggregat$ toge!r2 x 01 !re=e1 easily remov$ by a s(t bru%1 & ! bones p]fectly cle>$ )\t injury4 ,! spot :5ce ^! preci\s relics ( ! colossal birds t once inhabit$ ! isl&s ( ,new ,zeal& 7 obta9$1 is a flat tract ( l&1 ne> ! emb\*ure ( a riv]1 nam$ ,wa+ongoro1 n f> f ,wanganui1 :i* has its rise 9 ! volcanic regions ( ,m\nt ,egmont4 ,! natives affirm t ?is level tract 0 "o ( ! places fir/ dwelt ^u by _! remote ance/ors2 & ?is tradition is corroborat$ by ! exi/5ce ( num]\s heaps & pits ( a%es & *>r$ bones indicat+ anci5t fires1 long burn+ on ! same spot4 ,9 ^! fire-heaps ,mr4 ,mantell f\nd burn$ bones ( 'm51 moas'1 & 'dogs'4 ,! fragm5ts ( egg-%ells1 imb$d$ 9 ! ossif]\s deposits1 _h escap$ ! notice ( all previ\s naturali/s4 ,!y are1 un=tunately1 v small portions1 ! l>ge/ be+ only f\r in*es long1 b !y af=d a *ord by :i* to e/imate ! size ( ! orig9al4 ,mr4 ,mantell obs]ves t ! egg ( ! ,moa mu/ h be5 s l>ge t a hat w\ld =m a good egg-cup = x4 ,^! relics evid5tly belong to two or m species1 p]haps g5]a4 ,9 "s examples ! ext]nal p #cfb surface is smoo?2 9 o!rs x is m>k$ ) %ort int]cept$ l9e> grooves1 resembl+ ! eggs ( "s ( ! ,/ru?i\idae1 b di/9ct f all kn[n rec5t types4 ,9 ?is valuable collection only "o bone ( a mammal has be5 detect$1 namely1 '! femur ( a dog'4 ,an int]e/+ memoir on ! probable geological position & age ( ! orni?ic bone deposits ( ,new ,zeal&1 by ,dr4 ,mantell1 bas$ on ! obs]vations ( 8 ent]pris+ son1 x publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 7#ahdh74 ,x appe>s t 9 _m in/ances ! bones are imb$d$ 9 s& & clay1 :i* lie b5ea? a ?ick deposit ( volcanic detritus1 & re/ on an argillace\s /ratum ab\nd+ 9 m>9e %ells4 ,! specim5s f\nd 9 ! riv]s & /reams h be5 wa%$ out ( _! banks by ! curr5ts :i* n[ fl[ ?r\gh *annels f t5 to ?irty feet deep1 =m$ 9 ! m anci5t alluvial soil4 ,dr4 ,mantell concludes t ! isl&s ( ,new ,zeal& 7 d5sely peopl$ at a p]iod geologically rec5t1 ?\gh hi/orically remote1 by tribes ( gigantic brevi-p5nate birds alli$ to ! o/ri* tribe1 all1 or almo/ all1 ( species & g5]a n[ ext9ct2 & t1 subsequ5tly to ! =mation ( ! mo/ anci5t orni?ic deposit1 ! sea-coa/ has be5 elevat$ f fifty to "o hundr$ feet above its orig9al level2 h5ce ! t]races ( %+le & loam :i* n[ skirt ! m>itime di/ricts4 ,! exi/+ riv]s & m\nta9 torr5ts fl[ 9 deep gulleys :i* !y h erod$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies 9 ^! plei/oc5e /rata1 9 l mann] z ! riv] c\rses ( ,auv]gne1 9 ,c5tral ,france1 are excavat$ 9 ! mammif]\s t]ti>y deposits ( t c\ntry4 ,! la/ ( ! gigantic birds 7 probably ext]m9at$1 l ! dodo1 by human ag5cy3 "s small species alli$ to ! apt]yx may possibly be met ) 9 ! unexplor$ p>ts ( ! middle isl&4 ,,! ,,dodo4 -- ,a mo/ valuable & highly int]e/+ hi/ory ( ! dodo & its k9dr$99 has rec5tly appe>$ 9 :i* ! hi/ory1 aff9ities1 & o/eology ( ! ',dodo1 ,solitaire'1 & o!r ext9ct birds ( ! isl&s ,mauritius1 ,rodriguez1 & ,b\rbon are admirably elucidat$ by ,h4 ,g4 ,/rickl& 7( ,ox=d71 & ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,melville4 footnote 99',! ,dodo & its ,k9dr$'4 ,by ,messrs4 ,/rickl& & ,melville4 #a vol4 #dto4 ) num]\s plates4 ,reeves1 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,! hi/orical "p is by ! =m]1 ! o/eological & physiological portion by ! latt] em95t anatomi/4 ,we w\ld e>ne/ly recomm5d ! read] int]e/$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect hi/ory t has ev] appe>$1 ( ! ext9ction ( a race ( l>ge animals1 ( :i* ?\s&s exi/$ b ?ree c5turies ago1 to ref] to ! orig9al "w4 ,we h only space en\gh to /ate t ! au?ors h prov$1 ^u ! mo/ incontrov]tible evid5ce1 t ! dodo 0 nei!r a vulture1 o/ri*1 nor gall9e1 z previ\sly anatomi/s suppos$1 b a 'frugiv]\s pigeon'4 ,?is section f pp #cfc-cgi (3 ,,cosmos3 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se1 ,vol4 #a by ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,translat$ by ,e ,c ,otte f ! #aheh ,h>p] ,bro!rs edition ( ,cosmos1 volume #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- p #cfc ,,index ,,to ,,vol4 ,i4 ------------------- ,,abi*1 ,h]mana1 /ructural relations ( volcanic rocks1 #bcd4 ,aco/a1 ,joseph de1 ,hi/oria ,natural de las ,indias1 #ff1 #aic4 ,adams1 ,mr41 planet ,neptune4 ,see note by ,translator1 #ij1 #ia4 ,aegos ,potamos1 on ! a]olite (1 #aag1 #abb4 ,aelian on ,m\nt ,aetna1 #bbg4 ,a]olites 7%oot+ />s1 meteors1 meteoric /ones1 fire-balls1 etc71 g5]al description (1 #aaa-acg2 physical "*1 #aab-abc2 dates ( rem>kable falls1 #aad1 #aae2 _! planet>y velocity1 #aaf-abj2 ideas ( ! anci5ts on1 #aae1 #aaf2 ,novemb] & ,augu/ p]iodic falls ( %oot+ />s1 #aah-abj1 #abd-abf2 _! direction f "o po9t 9 ! heav5s1 #abj2 altitude1 #abj2 orbit1 #abg2 ,*9ese notices (1 #abh2 m$ia ( communication ) o!r planet>y bodies1 #acf2 _! ess5tial diff]5ce f comets1 #acg2 specific weights1 #aaf1 #aag2 l>ge meteoric /ones on record1 #aag2 *emical elem5ts1 #aag1 #abi-aca2 cru/1 #abi1 #acj2 dea?s occasion$ by1 #ace4 ,aes*ylus1 ,prome!us ,deliv]$1 #aae4 ,aetna1 ,m\nt1 its elevation1 #bh1 #bbi2 suppos$ ext9ction by ! anci5ts1 #bbg2 its eruptions f lat]al fissures1 #bbi2 simil>ity ( its zones ( vegetation to ^? ( ,ar>at1 #cdg4 ,agassiz1 ,rese>*es on ,fossil ,fi%es1 #df1 #bgc-bgg4 ,alex&]1 influ5ce ( 8 campaigns on physical sci5ce1 #cec4 ,alps1 !1 elevation (1 #bh1 #bi4 ,amb]1 rese>*es on its vegetable orig91 #bhd2 ,gopp]t on ! amb]-tree ( ! anci5t _w 7,p9ites succif]71 #bhc4 ,amp]e1 ,&re ,m>ie1 #eh1 #aic1 #bcf4 ,anaxagoras on a]olites1 #abb2 on ! surr\nd+ e!r1 #acd4 ,&es1 !1 _! altitude1 etc4 ,see ,cordill]as4 ,anghi]a1 ,pet] ,m>tyr de1 rem>k$ t ! palmeta & p9eta 7 f\nd associat$ toge!r1 #bhb1 #bhc2 fir/ recogniz$ 7#aeaj7 t ! limit ( p]petual sn[ cont9ues to asc5d z we approa* ! equator1 #cbi4 ,animal life1 its univ]sality1 #cdb-cde2 z view$ ) microscopic p[]s ( vision1 #cda-cdf2 rapid propagation & t5acity ( life 9 animalcules1 #cdd-cdf2 geography (1 #cda-cdf4 ,ann+1 ,miss ,m>y1 discov]y ( ! ink bag ( ! sepia1 & ( coprolites ( fi%1 9 ! lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 #bga1 #bgb4 ,au/$'s1 ,d4 ,r41 ,anci5t ,_w4 ,see notes by ,translator1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgd1 #bha1 #bhg4 ,aplan1 ,pet]1 on comets1 #aja4 ,apollonius ,myndius1 describ$ ! pa?s ( comets1 #ajc4 ,arago1 8 ocul> micromet]1 #ci2 *romatic pol>ization1 #eb2 optical consid]ations1 #he2 on comets1 #ii-ajf2 pol>ization exp]im5ts on ! light ( comets1 #aje2 a]olites1 #aad2 on ! ,novemb] fall ( meteors1 #abd2 zodiacal light1 #adc2 motion ( ! sol> sy/em1 #adf1 #adg2 on ! increase ( heat at increas+ dep?s1 #agc1 #agd2 magnetism ( rotation1 #agi1 #ahj2 hor>y obs]vations ( decl9ation at ,p>is comp>$ ) simultane\s p]turbations at ,kasan1 #aia2 discov]y ( ! influ5ce ( magnetic /orms on ! c\rse ( ! ne$le1 #aid1 #aie2 on s\? pol> b&s1 #aih2 on t]re/rial light1 #bjb2 ph5om5on ( supplem5t>y ra9b[s1 #bbj2 obs]v$ ! deepe/ ,artesian wells to be ! w>me/1 #bbc2 explanation ( ! abs5ce ( a refrig]ation ( temp]ature 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 #cjc2 obs]vations on ! mean annual quantity ( ra9 9 ,p>is1 #ccc2 8 inve/igations on ! evolution ( lightn+1 #ccg4 ,argel&] on ! comet ( #ahaa1 #aji2 on ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em1 #adf1 #adi2 on ! light ( ! ,aurora1 #aie1 #aif4 ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 ! pione] ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 #fe4 ,ari/otle1 #fe2 8 def9ition ( ,cosmos1 #fi2 use ( ! t]m hi/ory1 #ge2 on comets1 #ajc1 #ajd2 on ! ,ligyan field ( /ones1 #aae2 a]olites1 #abb2 on ! /one ( ,aegos ,potamos1 #ace2 aw>e t noises sometimes exi/$ )\t e>?quakes1 #bji2 8 acc\nt ( ! upheavals ( isl&s ( eruption1 #bda2 spontane\s motion1 #cda2 notic$ ! r$ness assum$ by long fall5 sn[1 #cdd4 ,artesian wells1 temp]ature (1 #agd1 #bbc4 ,a/ronomy1 results (1 #ch-dj2 ph5om5a ( physical a/ronomy1 #dc1 #dd4 ,atmosph]e1 ! g5]al description (1 #caa1 #caf2 its composition & admixture1 #cab2 v>iation ( pressure1 #cac-cag2 climatic di/ribution ( heat1 #cac1 #cag-cbh2 di/ribution ( humidity1 #cac1 #cbh1 #ccd2 electric condition1 #cad1 #cce-cch4 p #cfc ,augu/1 8 psy*omet]1 #ccb4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 8 views on spontane\s g5]ation1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,aurora ,borealis1 g5]al description ( #aic-bjb2 orig9 & c\rse1 #aie1 #aif2 altitude1 #aii2 brilliancy co9cid5t ) ! fall ( %oot+ />s1 #abf1 #abg2 :e!r att5d$ ) crackl+ s\nd1 #aii1 #bjj2 int5sity ( ! light1 #bja4 ,bacon1 ,"l1 #ec1 #eh2 ,novum ,organon1 #bij4 ,ba]1 ,von1 #ccg4 ,b>omet]1 ! increase ( its height att5d$ by a depression ( ! level ( ! sea1 #bih2 hor>y oscillations (1 #cad1 #cae ,batt51 ,mr41 lett] on ! sn[-l9e ( ! two sides ( ! ,himalayas1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,beau=t1 ,capt41 obs]v$ ! emissions ( inflammable gas on ! ,c>amanian coa/1 z describ$ by ,pl9y1 #bbc4 ,see also1 note by ,translator1 #bbc4 ,beaumont1 ,elie de1 on ! uplift+ ( m\nta9 *a9s1 #ea1 #cjj2 influ5ce ( ! rocks ( melaphyre & s]p5t9e1 on p5dulum exp]im5ts1 #afg2 conjectures on ! qu>tz /rata ( ! ,col de la ,poissoni]e1 #bff4 ,bacc>ia1 obs]vation ( /eady lum9\s appe>ance 9 ! cl\ds1 #bjb2 ( lightn+ cl\ds1 unaccompani$ by ?und] or indication ( /orm1 #ccg4 ,bee*ey1 ,capt41 #ig2 obs]vations on ! temp]ature & d5sity ( ! wat] ( ! ocean "u diff]5t zones ( longitude & latitude1 #cjf4 ,bembo1 ,c>d9al1 8 obs]vations on ! eruptions ( ,m\nt ,aetna1 #bbi2 !ory ( ! necessity ( ! proximity ( volcanoes to ! sea1 #bdc2 vegetation on ! declivity ( ,aetna1 #cdg4 ,b]>d1 ,capt41 %oot+ />s1 #aai4 ,b]ton1 ,c\nt1 8 b>ometrical measurem5ts ( ! ,dead ,sea1 #bif4 ,b]zel9s on ! *emical elem5ts ( a]olites1 #acj1 #aca4 ,b5z5b]g on meteors & %oot+ />s1 #aai1 #abj2 _! p]iodic return 9 ,autgu/1 #abe4 ,bessel's !ory on ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum1 #dd2 p5dulum exp]im5ts1 #fd2 on ! p>allax ( #fa ,cygni1 #hh2 on ,halley's comet1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd2 on ! asc5t ( %oot+ />s1 #abc2 on _! p>tial visibility1 #abh2 velocity ( ! sun's translatory motion1 #ade2 mass ( ! /> #fa ,cygni1 #adh2 p>allaxes & di/ances ( fix$ />s1 #aec2 comp>ison ( measurem5ts ( degrees1 #afe1 #aff4 ,biot on ! ph5om5on ( twilight1 #aah2 on ! zodical light1 #ada2 p5dulum exp]im5ts at ,bordeaux1 #agj4 ,biot1 ,edw>d1 ,*9ese obs]vations ( comets1 #aja1 #aji2 ( a]olites1 #abh4 ,bis*( on ! int]ior heat ( ! globe1 #bag1 #bai1 #bce1 #bdd1 #bid4 ,blum5ba*1 8 classification ( ! races ( m51 #cef4 ,bockh1 orig9 ( ! anci5t my? ( ! ,nemean lun> lion1 #acd1 #ace4 ,boguslawski1 falls ( %oot+ />s1 #aai1 #abh4 ,bonpl&1 ,m41 & ,humboldt1 on ! pelagic %ells f\nd on ! ridge ( ! ,&es1 #de4 ,b\ss+ault1 on ! dep? at :i* is f\nd ! mean annual temp]ature )9 ! tropics1 #age2 on ! volcanoes ( ,new ,granada1 #bag2 on ! temp]ature ( ! e>? 9 ! tropics1 #bbj1 #bba2 temp]ature ( ! !rmal spr+s ( ,las ,tr9*]as1 #bbb2 8 inve/igations on ! *emical analysis ( ! atmosph]e1 #caa1 #cab2 on ! mean annual quantity ( ra9 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,b\v>d1 ,m41 #aje2 8 obs]vations on t portion ( ! hor>y oscillations ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* dep5ds on ! attraction ( ! moon #cac4 ,bramidos y tru5os ( ,guanaxuato1 #bji1 #baj4 ,br&es1 falls ( %oot+ />s1 #aad1 #aaf2 height & velocity ( %oot+ />s1 #abj2 _! p]iodic falls1 #abe1 #abf4 ,bravais1 on ! ,aurora1 #bja2 on ! daily oscillations ( ! b>omet] 9 #gj degrees nor? latitude1 #cad2 di/ribution ( ! quantity ( ra9 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 #ccd2 d\bts on ! great] dryness ( m\nta9 air1 #ccd4 ,brew/]1 ,sir ,david1 fir/ detect$ ! connection betwe5 ! curvature ( magnetic l9es & my iso!rmal l9es1 #aic4 ,brongni>t1 ,adolphe1 luxuriance ( ! primitive vegetable _w1 #bah2 fossil flora conta9$ 9 coal measures1 #bhj4 ,brongni>t1 ,alex&]1 =mation ( ribbon jasp]1 #bei2 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ar*aeology ( organic life1 #bgc4 ,br[n1 ,rob]t1 fir/ discov]] ( molecul> motion1 #cda4 ,bu*'s1 ,leopold von1 !ory on ! elevation ( cont95ts & m\nta9 *a9s1 #de2 on ! crat]s & circul> =m ( ! isl& ( ,palma1 #bbf2 on volcanoes1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdg2 on metamorphic rocks1 #bdi-beb1 #bfj1 #bfc1 #bfd2 on ! orig9 ( v>i\s conglom]ates & rocks ( detritus1 #bfi2 classification ( ammonites1 #bgf1 #bgg2 physical causes ( ! elevation ( cont95ts1 #bie2 on ! *anges 9 height ( ! ,sw$i% coa/s1 #bie4 ,buckl&1 #bgb2 on ! fossil flora ( ! coal measures1 #bgi4 ,buffon1 8 views on ! geographical di/ribution ( animals1 #cdh4 ,burckh>dt1 on ! volcano ( ,m$9a1 #bdf2 on ! hornitos de ,j]ullo1 see note by ,translator1 #bcj4 ,burnes1 ,sir ,alex&]1 on ! purity ( ! atmosph]e 9 ,bokh>a1 #aad2 propagation ( %ocks ( e>?quakes1 #bab4 p #cfe ,caile1 ,la1 p5dulum measurem5ts at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #afi4 ,caldas1 quantity ( ra9 at ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 #ccd4 ,cam>go's ,,ms4 ',hi/oria de ,tiascala'1 #adj4 ,capocci1 8 obs]vations on p]iodic falls ( a]olites1 #abf4 ,c>l9i1 geodesic exp]im5ts 9 ,lomb>dy1 #afh2 ,m\nt ,c5is1 #agj4 ,c>r>a m>ble1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,c>us1 8 def9ition ( ,nature1 #da4 ,caspian ,sea1 its p]iodic rise & fall1 #big4 ,cass9i1 ,dom9icus1 on ! zodiacal light1 #aci1 #adj2 hypo!sis on #ada2 8 discov]y ( ! sph]oidal =m ( ,jupit]1 #afd4 ,cautley1 ,capt1 & ,dr4 ,falcon]1 discov]y ( gigantic fossils 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,cavanilles1 fir/ ent]ta9$ ! idea ( see+ grass gr[1 #adi4 ,cav5di%1 use ( ! torsion balance to det]m9e ! mean d5sity ( ! ,e>?1 #agj4 ,*allis1 ,pr(essor1 on ! ,aurora1 ,m>* #ai & ,oct4 #bd?1 #ahdg1 see note by ,translator1 #aie1 #aii4 ,*>d91 notic$ 9 ,p]sia ! fam\s comet ( #afjh1 call$ nyzek or petite lance1 #aci4 ,*>p5ti]1 ,m41 belemnites f\nd 9 ! primitive lime/one ( ! ,col de la ,seigne1 #bfa2 glaci]s1 #cbi4 ,*emi/ry z di/+ui%$ f physics1 #fb2 *emical aff9ity1 #fc4 ,*ev&i]1 calculations on ! c>bon conta9$ 9 ! trees ( ! =e/s ( our temp]ate zones1 #bha4 ,*ildrey fir/ describ$ ! zodical light 9 8 ,britannia ,baconica1 #ach4 ,*9ese acc\nts ( comets1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja2 %oot+ />s1 #abh3 fire spr+s1 #aeh2 k ( ! magnetic ne$le1 #ahj2 electro-magnetism1 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,*ladni on meteoric /ones1 etc41 #aah1 #ace2 on ! sel5ic orig9 ( a]olites1 #aba2 on ! suppos$ ph5om5on ( asc5d+ %oot+ />s1 #abb2 on ! obscuration ( ! ,sun's disk1 #acc2 s\nd-figures1 #ace2 pulsations 9 ! tails ( comets1 #adc4 ,*oiseul1 8 *>t ( ,lemnos1 #bdf4 ,*romatic pol>ization4 ,see ,pol>ization4 ,cirro-cumulus cl\d4 ,see ,cl\ds4 ,cirr\s ,/rata4 ,see ,cl\ds4 ,cl>k1 8 exp]im5ts on ! v>iations ( atmosph]ic electricity1 #cce1 #ccf4 ,cl>ke1 ,j4 ,g41 ( ,ma9e1 ,u4,s41 on ! comet ( #ahdc1 #ajj4 ,climatic di/ribution ( heat1 #cac1 #cag-cbh2 ( humidity1 #cbh1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,climatology1 #cag-cbi2 climate1 g5]al s5se (1 #cag1 #cah4 ,cl\ds1 _! electric t5sion1 color1 & height1 #bcf1 #ccg2 connection ( cirr\s /rata ) ! ,aurora ,borealis1 #aif2 cirro-cumulus cl\d1 ph5om5a (1 #aig2 lum9\s1 #bjb2 ,dove on _! =mation & appe>ance1 #cae1 #caf2 (t5 pres5t on a bright summ] sky ! project$ image ( ! soil bel[1 #caf2 volcanic1 #bcc4 ,coal =mations1 anci5t vegetable rema9s 91 #bhj1 #bha4 ,coal m9es1 dep? (1 #aeh-afj4 ,colebrooke on ! sn[-l9e ( ! two sides ( ! ,himalayas1 #ca4 ,colladon1 electro-magnetic app>atus1 #cce4 ,columbus1 8 rem>k t ! ,e>? is small & n>r[1 #afd2 f\nd ! compass %[$ no v>iation 9 ! ,azores1 #aha1 #ahb2 ( lava /reams1 #bde2 notic$ conif]s & palms gr[+ toge!r 9 ,cuba1 #bhb2 rem>ks 9 8 j\rnal on ! equatorial curr5ts1 #cjg2 ( ! ,s>gasso ,sea1 #cjh2 8 dream1 #caj1 #caa4 ,comets1 g5]al description (1 #ii-aab2 ,biela's #dc1 #hf1 #ajg1 #ajh2 ,blaupa9's #ajh2 ,claus5's #ajh2 ,encke's1 #dc1 #fd1 #hf1 #ajg-ajh2 ,faye's #ajg1 #ajh2 ,halley's1 #dc1 #ajj1 #ajb-aji2 ,lexell's & ,bur*>dt's #ajh1 #aaj2 ,messi]'s #ajh2 ,olb]a's1 #aji2 ,pons's #aji2 fam\s "o ( #afjh1 se5 9 ,p]sia1 call$ nyzek1 or petit lance1 #ahi2 comet ( #ahdc1 #aja2 _! nucleus & tail1 #hg1 #ajj2 small mass1 #ajj2 div]sity ( =m1 #ajj-ajc2 light1 #ajd-ajf2 velocity1 #aji2 comets ( %ort p]iod1 #ajg-aji2 long p]iod1 #aji-aaj2 numb]1 #ii2 ,*9ese obs]vations on1 #ii-aja2 value ( a k ( _! orbits1 #dc2 possibility ( collision ( ,blela's & ,encke's comets1 #ajg1 #ajh2 hypo!sis ( a resi/+ m$ium conjectur$ f ! dim9i%+ p]iod ( ! revolution ( ,encke's comet1 #ajf2 appreh5sions ( _! collision ) ! ,e>?1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaa2 _! popul> suppos$ influ5ce on ! v9tage1 #aaa4 ,compass1 e>ly use ( by ! ,*9ese1 #ahj2 p]man5cy 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 #aha4 ,condam9e1 ,la1 inscription on a m>ble tablet at ! ,jesuit's ,college1 ,quito on ! use ( ! p5dulum z a measure ( seconds1 #aff1 #afg4 ,conde1 notice ( a heavy %[] ( %oot+ />s1 ,oct41 #ijb1 #aai4 ,coraboeuf & ,delcrois1 geodetic op]ations1 #cjd4 ,cordill]as1 sc5]y (1 #bf1 #bi1 #cc2 vegetation1 #cd1 #ce2 int5sity ( ! zodiacal light1 #acg4 ,cosmography1 physical1 its object & ultimate aims1 #eg-fj2 mat]ials1 #fj4 ,cosmos1 ! au?or's object1 #ch1 #gh2 primitive signification & precise def9ition ( ! ^w1 #fi2 h[ employ$ by ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 #fi1 #fj2 d]ivation1 #gj4 ,crat]s4 ,see ,volcanoes4 ,curtius1 ,pr(essor1 8 notes on ! temp]ature ( v>i\s spr+s 9 ,greece1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,cuvi]1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ar*aeology ( organic life1 #bgc2 discov]y ( fossil crocodiles 9 ! t]ti>y =mations1 #bgd4 ,da9a*os on ! ph5om5a att5d+ ! fall ( ! /one ( ,aegos ,potamos1 #acc1 #acd4 ,dalman on ! exi/5ce ( ,*ionaea araneoides 9 pol> sn[1 #cdd4 ,dalton1 obs]v$ ! s\!rn lights 9 ,engl&1 #aih4 ,dante1 quotation f1 #cbb4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 fossil vegetation 9 ! trav]t9e ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 #bbd2 c5tral volcanoes reg>d$ z volcanic *a9s ( small ext5t on p>allel fissures1 #bch2 in/ructive mat]ials 9 ! temp]ate zones ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e = ! /udy ( ! pres5t & pa/ geography ( plants1 #bhb1 #bhc2 on ! fiord =mation at ! s\!a/ end ( ,am]ica1 #bic2 on ! elevation & depression ( ! bottom ( ! ,s\? ,sea1 #big2 ri* luxuriance ( animal life 9 ! ocean1 #cji1 #caj2 on ! volcano ( ,aconcagua1 #ccj4 ,daub5ey on volcanos4 ,see ,translator's notes1 #afa1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #baj1 #bah1 #bbd1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,daussy1 8 b>ometric exprim5ts1 #bjh2 obs]vations on ! velocity ( ! equatorial curr5t1 #cjg4 ,davy1 ,sir ,humphrey1 hypo!sis on active volcanic ph5om5a1 #bce2 on ! l[ temp]ature ( wat] on %oals1 #cji4 ,dead ,sea1 its depression bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 #bif1 #big4 ,de*51 ,von1 on ! dep? ( ! coal-bas9 ( ,liege1 #afj4 ,delcrois4 ,see ,coraboeuf4 ,desc>tes1 8 fragm5ts ( a contemplat$ "w1 entitl$ ,monde1 #fh2 on comets1 #aci4 ,de%ayes & ,lyell1 _! inve/igations on ! num]ical relations ( ext9ct & exi/+ organic life1 #bge4 ,dicae>*us1 8 p>allel ( ! diaphragm1 #bhi4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 on ! a]olite ( ,aegos ,potamos1 #aaf1 #abb1 #acd4 ,d',orbigny1 fossil rema9s f ! ,himalaya & ! ,indian pla9s ( ,cut*1 #bgg4 ,dove on ! simil> action ( ! decl9ation ne$le to ! atmosph]ic electromet]1 #aid2 law ( rotation1 #cae2 on ! =mation & appe>ance ( cl\ds1 #caf2 on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd & ! indications ( a !rmomet] susp5d$ 9 ! %ade1 #cbe2 hygrometric w9drose1 #ccc4 ,doy]e1 8 beautiful exp]im5ts on ! t5acity ( life 9 animalcules1 #cde4 ,drake1 %ak+ ( ! e>? = successive days 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#ahaa-ab71 #baa4 ,dufr5oy et ,elie de ,beaumont1 ,geologie de la ,france1 #bec1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfb1 #bff4 ,dumas1 results ( 8 *emical analysis ( ! atmosph]e1 #caa4 ,dunlop on ! comet ( #ahbe1 #ajc4 ,dup]rey on ! configuration ( ! magnetic equator1 #ahc2 p5dulum oscillations1 #aff4 ,duprez1 influ5ce ( trees on ! int5sity ( electricity 9 ! atmosph]e1 #cce4 ,e&i1 ,vassalli1 electric p]turbation dur+ ! protract$ e>?quake ( ,pignorol1 #bjf4 ,e>?1 survey ( its cru/1 #gb2 relative magnitude1 etc41 9 ! sol> sy/em1 #ie-ig2 g5]al description ( t]re/rial ph5om5a1 #aed-cfj2 geographical di/ribution1 #afa1 #afb2 its mean d5sity1 #afi-agb2 int]nal heat & temp]ature1 #agb-agf2 electro-magnetic activity1 #agg-aic2 conjectures on its e>ly high temp]ature1 #agb2 int]ior increase ( heat ) increas+ dep?1 #afa2 greate/ dep?s rea*$ by human labor1 #aeg-aei2 me?ods employ$ to inve/igate ! curvature ( its surface1 #afe-afh2 reaction ( ! int]ior on ! ext]nal cru/1 #afa1 #bjb-bdg2 g5]al del9eation ( its reaction1 #bjd-bjf2 fanta/ic views on its int]ior1 #aga4 ,e>?quakes1 g5]al acc\nt (1 #bjd-bah2 _! manife/ations1 #bjd-bjf2 ( ,riobamba1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bab1 #bad2 ,lisbon1 #baj1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad2 ,calabria1 #bjf2 _! propagation1 #bjd1 #bab1 #bac2 waves ( commotion1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bab2 action on gase\s & aque\s spr+s1 #baj1 #bbb1 #bbd2 salses & mud volcanoes1 #bbd-bbh2 errone\s popul> belief on1 #bjf-bjh2 noise accompany+ e>?quakes1 #bjh-baj2 _! va/ de/ruction ( life1 #baj1 #baa2 volcanic =ce1 #bad1 #bae2 deep & peculi> impression produc$ on m5 & animals1 #bae1 #baf4 ,ehr5b]g1 8 discov]y ( infusoria 9 ! poli%+ slate ( ,bil91 #aej2 infusorial deposits1 #bee1 #bfb2 brilliant discov]y ( microscopic life 9 ! ocean & 9 ! ice ( ! pol> regions1 #cdb2 rapid propogation ( animalcules & _! t5acity ( life1 #cdc-cde2 trans=mation ( *alk1 #bfb4 ,electricity1 magnetic1 #ahh-bjb2 conjectur$ electric curr5ts1 #ahi1 #aij2 electric /orms1 #aid2 atmosph]ic #cce1 #ccg4 ,elevations1 comp>ative1 ( m\nta9s 9 ! two hemisph]es1 #bh1 #bi4 ,encke1 #ajf2 8 computation t ! %[]s ( meteors1 9 #ahcc1 proce$$ f ! same po9t ( space 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! e>? 0 mov+ at ! "t1 #aai1 #abj4 ,ennius1 #ga4 ,epi*>mus1 writ+s (1 #ga4 ,equator1 advantages ( ! c\ntries bord]+ on1 #cc1 #cd2 _! organic ri*ness & f]tility1 #cd1 #ce2 magnetic equator1 #ahc-ahe4 ,erman1 ,adolph1 on ! ?ree cold days ( ,may 7#aa?-#ac?71 #acc2 l9es ( decl9ation 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 #ahb2 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,atlantic1 #ahg2 obs]vations dur+ ! e>?quake ( ,irkutsk1 on ! non-di/urbance ( ! hor>y *anges ( ! magnetic ne$le1 #bjg4 ,eruptions & exhalations 7volcanic71 lava1 gase\s & liquid fluids1 hot mud1 mud m(ettes1 etc41 #afa1 o!r page numb]s obscur$ 9 pap] copy p #cfg ,e?nographical /udies1 _! importance & tea*+1 #ceg1 #ceh4 ,euripides1 8 ,phaeton1 #abb4 ,falcon]1 ,dr41 fossil rese>*es 9 ! ,himalayas1 #bgh4 ,f>aday1 radiat+ heat1 electro-magnetism etc41 #di1 #agi1 #ahh2 brilliant discov]y ( ! evolution ( light by magnetic =ces1 #aic4 ,f>quh>son on ! connection ( cirr\s cl\ds ) ! ,aurora1 #aig2 its altitude1 #aii4 ,f$][1 8 p5dulum exp]im5ts1 #afh4 ,feldt on ! asc5t ( %oot+ />s1 #abc4 ,f]d9&es1 igne\s isl& (1 #bdb4 ,floras1 geographical di/ribution (1 #cej4 ,=bes1 ,pr(essor ,e41 ref]5ce to 8 ,travels 9 ,lycia1 #bbc2 acc\nt ( ! isl& ( ,santor9o1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,=bes1 ,pr(essor ,j41 8 improv$ selsmomet]1 #bje2 on ! correspond5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! di/ribution ( exi/+ floras 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 #cdh1 #cdi2 on ! orig9 & diffusion ( ! ,briti% flora1 #cec1 #ced4 ,=/]1 ,george1 rem>k$ ! climatic diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( bo? cont95ts1 #cba4 ,=/]1 ,dr4 ,?omas1 monki% notice ( ,meteorodes1 #abc4 ,fossil rema9s ( tropical plants & animals f\nd 9 nor!rn regions1 #df1 #bgj-bhd2 ( ext9ct vegetation 9 ! trav]t9e ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 #bbd2 fossil human rema9s1 #bej4 ,fo/]1 ,re9hold1 pyramidal configuration ( ! s\!rn extremities ( cont95ts1 #bij1 #bia4 ,f\ri]1 temp]ature ( our planet>y sy/em1 #aee1 #agb1 #agf4 ,fraca/oro on ! direction ( ! tails ( comets f ! sun1 #aja4 ,fraehn1 fall ( />s1 #aai4 ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 exi/5ce ( s&banks indicat$ by ! coldness ( ! wat] ov] !m1 #cjh4 ,frankl91 ,capt41 on ! ,aurora1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja2 r>ity ( electric explosions 9 high nor!rn regions1 #ccg4 ,freyc9et1 p5dulum oscillations1 #aff4 ,fus9i]i on meteoric masses1 #abc4 ,galileo1 #ajd1 #afg4 ,galle1 ,dr41 #ia4 ,galvant1 ,aloysio1 accid5tal discov]y ( galvanism1 #eb4 ,gase\s emanations1 fluids1 mud1 & molt5 e>?1 #bag1 #bbj4 ,gasp>91 di/ribution ( ! quantity ( ra9 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 #ccc4 ,gauss1 ,fri$ri*1 on t]re/rial magnetism1 #agi2 8 erection4 9 #ahcb1 ( a magnetic obs]vatory on a new pr9ciple1 #aia1 #aib4 ,gay-,lussac1 #bjd1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bff1 #bfg1 #caa1 #cab1 #ccd1 #ccf4 ,geogno/ic or geological description ( ! e>?'s surface1 #bjb-bhf4 ,geognosy 7! /udy ( ! textures & position ( ! e>?'s surface71 its progress1 #bjc4 ,geography1 physical1 #bhh-caa2 ( animal life1 #cda-cdf2 ( plants1 #cdf-cea4 ,geographics1 ,ritt]'s 7,c>l71 ,geography 9 relation to ,nature & ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 #dh1 #fg2 ,v>5ius 7,b]nh>d71 ,g5]al & ,comp>ative ,geography1 #ff1 #fg4 ,g]>d1 ,capts4 ,a4 ,g4 & ,j4 ,g41 on ! sn[-l9e & vegetation ( ! ,himalayas1 #ca1 #cb1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,g]man sci5tific works1 _! defects1 #dg4 ,geys]1 int]mitt5t f\nta9s (1 #bbb4 ,gieseke on ! ,aurora1 #bjj4 ,gilb]t1 ,sir ,humphrey1 ,gulf ,/ream1 #cjg4 ,gilb]t1 ,william1 ( ,col*e/]1 t]re/rial magnetism1 #aeh1 #aei1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahb4 ,gillies1 ,dr41 on ! sn[-l9e ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ccj1 #cca4 ,gioja1 crat] (1 #ih4 ,gir>d1 composition & texture ( basalt1 #bec4 ,glai%]1 ,james1 on ! ,aurora ,borealis ( ,oct4 #bd1 #ahdg4 ,see ,translator's notes1 #aid1 #bjj4 ,goldfuss1 ,pr(essor1 exam9ation ( fossil specim5s ( ! fly+ saurians1 #bgd4 ,gopp]t on ! conv]sion ( a fragm5t ( amb]-tree into black coal1 #bha2 eyeadeae1 #bhc2 on ! amb]-tree ( ! ,baltic1 #bhc1 #bhd4 ,go!1 #da1 #dg1 #ec4 ,greek philosoph]s1 _! use ( ! t]m ,cosmos1 #fi1 #gj2 hypo!ses on a]olites1 #abb1 #abc1 #acd4 ,grimm1 ,jacob1 graceful symbolism atta*$ to fall+ />s 9 ! ,li?uanian my?ology1 #aab1 #aac4 ,gulf ,/ream1 its orig9 & c\rse1 #cjg4 ,gumpre*t1 pyrox5ic nephel9e1 #bec4 ,guanaxuato1 /rik+ subt]ranean noise at1 #bji4 ,hall1 ,sir ,james1 8 exp]im5ts on m9]al fusion1 #bfb4 ,halley1 comet1 #dc1 #ajj1 #ajb-aji2 on ! meteor ( #afhf1 #aah1 #acc2 on ! light ( />s1 #aeb2 hypo!sis ( ! e>? be+ a holl[ sph]e1 #aga2 8 bold conjecture t ! ,aurora ,borealis 0 a magnetic ph5om5on1 #aic4 ,han/e5 on magnetic l9es ( decl9ation 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 #ahb4 ,haus5 on ! mat]ial cont5ts ( ! moon1 #if4 ,h$5/rom on ! s-call$ ,wood ,hills ( ,new ,sib]ia1 #bha4 ,hegel1 quotation f 8 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 #gf4 ,he9e1 discov]y ( cry/als ( feldsp> 9 scoriae1 #bfh4 ,hemm]1 fall+ />s1 #aai4 ,h5cke1 planets discov]$ by4 ,see note by ,translator1 #ij1 #ia4 ,h5frey1 ,a41 extract f 8 ,outl9es ( ,/ructural & ,physiological ,botany4 ,see notes by ,translator1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cea4 p #cfh ,h5sius on ! v>iations ( =m 9 ! comet ( #agdd1 #ajb4 ,h]odotus1 describ$ ,scy?ia z free f e>?quakes1 #bjd2 ,scy?ian saga ( ! sacr$ gold1 :i* fell burn+ f heav51 #aae4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,william1 map ( ! _w1 #ff2 inscription on 8 monum5t at ,upton1 #hg2 satellites ( ,saturn1 #if2 diamet]s ( comets1 #aja2 on ! comet ( #ahaa1 #ajc2 /> guag+s1 #aej2 />less space1 #aej1 #aeb2 "t requir$ = light to pass to ! e>? f ! remote/ lum9\s vapor1 #aed4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 lett] on ,magellanic cl\ds1 #he2 satellites ( ,saturn1 #ih2 diamet] ( nebul\s />s1 #ada2 /ell> ,milky ,way1 #aej1 #aea2 light ( isolat$ />ry clu/]s1 #aea2 obs]v$ at ! ,cape1 ! /> pi 9 ,argo increase 9 spl5dor1 #aec2 inv>iability ( ! magnetic decl9ation 9 ! ,we/ ,indes1 #aha4 ,hesiod1 dim5sions ( ! univ]se1 #aed4 ,hevellus on ! comet ( #afah1 #ajf4 ,hibb]t1 ,dr41 on ! ,lake ( ,laa*4 ,see note by ,translator1 #bah4 ,himalayas1 !1 _! altitude1 #bh2 sc5]y & vegetation1 #bi1 #cj2 temp]ature1 #cj1 #ca2 v>iations ( ! sn[-l9e on _! nor!rn & s\!rn declivities1 #cj-cc1 #cca4 ,h9d1 ,mr41 planets discov]$ by4 ,see ,translator's note1 #ij1 #ia4 ,h9doo civilization1 its primitive seat1 #ce1 #cf4 ,hippalos1 or monsoons1 #caf4 ,hippocrates1 8 errone\s supposition t ! l& ( ,scy?ia is an elevat$ table-l&1 #cdf4 ,h(f1 num]ical inquiries on ! di/ribution ( e>?quakes ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 #bjg4 ,h(fman1 ,fri$ri*1 obs]vations on e>?quakes1 #bjf-bjg2 on eruption fissures 9 ! ,lip>i ,isl&s1 #bch4 ,holb]g1 8 ,satire1 ,travels ( ,nic4 ,klimius1 9 ! _w "u gr\nd4 ,see ,translator's note1 #aga1 #agb4 ,hood on ! ,aurora1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,hooke1 ,rob]t1 pulsations 9 ! tails ( comets1 #adc2 8 anticipation ( ! application ( botannical & zoological evid5ce to det]m9e ! relative age ( rocks1 #bgj-bgb4 ,ho-ts+s1 ,*9ese fire-spr+s1 _! dep?1 #aeh2 *emical composition1 #bag4 ,h[>d on ! climate ( ,london1 #abe2 mean annual quantity ( ra9 9 ,london1 #ccc4 ,hugel1 ,c>l von1 on ! elevation ( ! valley ( ,ka%mir1 #cb1 #cc2 on ! sn[-l9e ( ! ,himalayas1 #cca4 ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von1 works by ref]r$ to 9 v>i\s notes3 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #ca1 #cje4 ,annales des ,sci5ce ,naturelles1 #bh4 ,ansi*t5 d] ,natur1 #cdb1 #cdd1 #cdg4 ,asie ,c5trale1 #bh1 #ca1 #cc1 #aae1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #bjd1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbe1 #bde1 #bea1 #beb1 #bfj1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib1 #bif1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjc-cjf1 #cbj1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccd1 #cej1 #cef4 ,atlas ,geographique et ,physique du ,n\veau ,cont95t1 #cc1 #bdi4 ,de di/ributione ,geographica ,plantrum1 secundum coeli temp]iem1 et altitud9em ,montium1 #cc1 #bia1 #cbd4 ,exam5 ,critique de l',hi/oire de la ,geographie1 #eh1 #ahj1 #aha1 #bbg1 #bhi1 #bib1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #caj1 #caf1 #cef4 ,essai ,geogno/ique sur le ,gisem5t des ,ro*es1 #bcj1 #beb1 #bff1 #cjj4 ,essai ,politique sur la ,n\velle ,espagne1 #abi1 #bdj4 ,essai sur la ,geographie des ,plantes1 #cc1 #bcj1 #cae4 ,flora ,friburg5sis ,subt]ranea1 #cdj1 #cdf4 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 #agh1 #bib4 ,lettre au ,duc de ,sussex1 sur les ,moy5s propres a p]fectionn] la connaissance du ,magnetisme ,t]re/re1 #agh1 #aib4 ,monum5s des ,peuples ,indig5es de l',am]ique1 #adj4 ,n\velles ,annales des ,voyages1 #cjg4 ,recueil d',obs]vations ,a/ronomiques1 #bh1 #afg1 #bah1 #cbg4 ,recueil d',obs]vations de ,zoologi et d',anatomie ,comp>ee1 #bcb4 ,relation ,hi/orique du ,voyage aux ,regions ,equ9oxiales1 #aac1 #aai1 #abc1 #abg1 #acj1 #ahf1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbe1 #beb1 #bib1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #cje-cjg1 #cad1 #cae1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccd1 #ccf4 ,tableau ,physique des ,regions ,equ9oxiales1 #cc1 #bcj4 ,vues des ,cordill]es1 #bbe1 #bcj4 ,humboldt1 ,wilhelm von1 on ! primitive seat ( ,h9doo civilization1 #cf2 sonnet1 extract f1 #aed2 on ! gradual recognition by ! human race ( ! bond ( humanity1 #ceh1 #cei4 ,humidity1 #cac1 #ccb-cce4 ,hutton1 ,capt4 ,?omas1 8 pap] on ! sn[-l9e ( ! ,himalayas1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,huyg5s1 pol>ization ( light1 #eb2 nebul\s spots1 #ach4 ,hygrometry1 #ccb1 #ccc2 hygrometric w9d-rose1 #ccc4 ,imag9ation1 abuse (1 by half-civiliz$ nations1 #cg4 ,imb]t1 8 acc\nt ( ,*9ese fire-spr+s1 #aeh4 ,ionian s*ool ( natural philosophy1 #fe1 #gg1 #hd1 #acd4 ,isog5ic1 isocl9ical1 isodynamic1 etc4 ,see ,l9es4 ,jacquemont1 ,victor1 8 b>ometrical obs]vations on ! sn[-l9e ( ! ,himalayas1 #cb1 #bca4 ,jasp]1 its =mation1 #bei-bfa4 ,jess5 on ! gradual rise ( ! coa/ ( ,sw$51 #bie4 ,jorullo1 hornitos de1 #bcj4 p #cfi ,ju/9ian1 conjectures on ! physical causes ( volcanic eruptions1 #bdc4 ,kamtz1 isob>ometric l9es1 #cae2 d\bts on ! great] dryness ( m\nta9 air1 #ccd4 ,kant1 ,emmanuel1 on ! !ory & /ructure ( ! heav5s1 #ej1 #fe2 e>?quake at ,lisbon1 #baj4 ,kelihau on ! anci5t sea-l9e ( ! coa/ ( ,spitzb]g51 #bif4 ,kepl] on ! di/ances ( />s1 #hh2 on ! d5sity ( ! planets1 #ic2 law ( progression1 #ie2 on ! numb] ( comets1 #ii2 %oot+ />s1 #aac2 on ! obscuration ( ! sun's disk1 #acb2 on ! radiations ( heat f ! fix$ />s1 #acf2 on a sol> atmosph]e1 #aci4 ,klod51 %oot+ />s1 #aai1 #abd4 ,k1 sup]ficial1 evils (1 #dc4 ,krug ( ,nidda1 temp]ature ( ! ,geys] & ! ,/rokr int]mitt5t f\nta9s1 #bbb4 ,krus5/]n1 ,admiral1 on ! tra9 ( a fire-ball1 #aad4 ,kuopho1 a ,*9ese physici/ on ! attraction ( ! magnet1 & ( amb]1 #afh4 ,kupff]1 magnetic /ations 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 #aia4 ,lamanon1 #ahg4 ,lamb]t1 sugge/ion t ! direction ( ! w9d be comp>$ ) ! height ( ! b>omet]1 alt]ations ( temp]ature1 humidity1 etc41 #cae4 ,lamont1 mass ( ,uranus1 #ic2 satellites ( ,saturn1 #if4 ,language & ?\ght1 _! mutual alliance1 #ef2 au?or's praise ( 8 native language1 #ef4 ,languages1 importance ( _! /udy1 #ceg1 #cei4 ,laplace1 8 ,sy/eme du ,monde1 #dh1 #fb1 #ib1 #ada2 mass ( ! comet ( #aggj1 #ajg2 on ! requir$ velocity ( masses project$ f ! ,moon1 #aba1 #abb2 on ! altitude ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! atmosph]e ( cosmical bodies1 #ada2 zodiacal light1 #ada2 lun> inequalities1 #aff2 ! ,e>?'s =m & size inf]r$ f lun> inequalities1 #afh1 #afi2 8 e/imate ( ! mean height ( m\nta9s1 #cja2 d5sity ( ! ocean requir$ to be less ?an ! e>?'s = ! /ability ( its equilibrium1 #cje2 results ( 8 p]fect !ory ( tides1 #cjf4 ,lat9 writ]s1 _! use ( ! t]m ,mundus1 #gj1 #ga4 ,latitudes1 ,nor!rn1 ob/acles !y pres5t to a discov]y ( ! laws ( ,nature1 #cf2 e>lie/ acqua9tance ) ! gov]n+ =ces ( ! physical _w1 !re display$1 #cf2 spread f !nce ( ! g]ms ( civilization1 #cf4 ,latitudes1 tropical1 _! advantages = ! contemplation ( nature1 #cc2 p[]ful impressions1 f _! organic ri*ness & f]tility1 #cd2 facilities !y pres5t = a k ( ! laws ( nature1 #ce2 brilliant display ( %oot+ />s1 #aac4 ,laugi]1 8 calculations to prove ,halley's comet id5tical ) ! comet ( #acgh1 describ$ 9 ,*9ese tables1 #aji4 ,lava1 its m9]al composition1 #bcd4 ,lavoisi]1 #fb4 ,lawr5ce 7,/471 fi]y te>s1 #abd2 meteoric /ream1 #abe4 ,leibnitz1 8 conjecture t ! planets increase 9 volume 9 proportion to _! increase ( di/ance f ! ,sun1 #ic4 ,l5z1 obs]vations on ! mean level ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 #big2 maxims ( d5sity ( ! oceanic temp]ature1 #cjd2 temp]ature & d5sity ( ! ocean "u diff]5t zones ( latitude & longitude1 #cjf4 ,leonh>d1 ,k>l von1 assumption on =mations ( granul> lime/one1 #bfc4 ,lev]ri]1 planet ,neptune4 ,see ,translator's note1 #ij1 #ia4 ,lewy1 obs]vations on ! v>y+ quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e1 accord+ to local conditions1 or ! seasons1 #caa1 #cab4 ,li*t5b]g1 on meteoric /ones1 #aah4 ,liebig on traces ( ammonical vapors 9 ! atmosph]e1 #caa4 ,light1 *romatic pol>ization (1 #eb2 transmission1 #hh2 ( comets1 #ajd-ajf2 ( fix$ />s1 #aje2 extraord9>y lightness1 in/ances (1 #adb-add2 propagation ( #aec2 spe$ ( transit1 #aec1 #aed4 ,see ,aurora1 ,zodiacal ,light1 etc4 ,lignites or b$s ( br[n coal1 #bhc1 #bhd4 ,l9es1 isogonic 7magnetic equal deviation71 #agg1 #aha-ahe2 isocl9al 7magnetis equal incl9ation71 #agh1 #agi1 #aha-ahe2 isodynamic 7or magnetic equal =ce71 #aha1 #ahe-aid2 isogeo!rmal 7*?oniso!rmal71 #bai2 isob>ometric1 #cae2 iso!rmal1 iso!ral1 & iso*im5al1 #cag1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #ceh4 ,l9e ( no v>iation ( hor>y decl9ation1 #ahc2 l[] limit ( p]petual sn[1 #cbi-ccb2 phosphoresc5t1 #aac4 ,lisbon1 e>?quake (1 #baj1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad4 ,"l on ! limits ( ! sn[-l9e on ! ,himalayas1 #cb4 ,lott91 8 obs]vations ( ! ,aurora1 ) ,bravais & ,silj]/rom1 on ! coa/ ( ,lapl&1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,l[5orn1 recogniz$ ! coruscation ( ! pol> light 9 bright sun%9e1 #aif4 ,lyell1 ,*>les1 inve/igations on ! num]ical relations ( ext9ct & organic life1 #bgd1 #bge2 ne!r-=m$ or hypog5e rocks1 #bdi2 uni=mity ( ! production ( erupt$ rocks1 #beg4 ,see notes by ,translator1 #bjc1 #bdd1 #beg4 ,mack5zie1 description ( a rem>kable eruption 9 ,icel&1 #bcf4 ,macle> on a ,c5tauri1 #hh2 p>allaxes & di/ances ( fix$ />s1 #aec2 increase 9 brightness ( 'pi' ,argo1 #aec4 ,madl]1 planet>y compression ( ,uranus1 #if2 di/ance ( ! inn]mo/ satellite ( ,saturn f ! c5tre ( t planet1 #ig2 mat]ial cont5ts ( ! ,moon1 #if2 its libration1 #ih2 mean depression ( temp]ature on ! ?ree cold days ( ,may 7#aa?-#ac?71 #acc2 conjecture t ! av]age mass ( ! l>g] numb] ( b9>y />s exce$s ! mass ( ! ,sun1 #adi4 ,magellanic cl\ds1 #he4 ,magnetic attraction1 #ahh2 decl9ation1 #aha-ahc2 hor>y motion1 #agg-ahj2 hor>y v>iations #ahc1 #aij2 magnetic /orms1 #agg1 #agi1 #aie1 #aii2 _! intimate connection ) ! ,aurora1 #aic-bja2 repres5t$ by ?ree sy/ems ( l9es1 see ,l9es2 movem5t ( oval sy/ems1 #ahb2 magnetic equator1 #ahc-ahe2 magnetic poles1 #ahc1 #ahd2 obs]vatories1 #aij-aib2 magnetic /ations1 #aij1 #aia1 #cag4 ,magnetism1 t]re/rial1 #agg-aic1 #bja2 electro1 #agg-aia4 ,magnuss51 ,soemund1 description ( rem>kable eruption 9 ,icel&1 #bcf4 ,mahlmann1 ,wilhelm1 s\? we/ direction ( ! arial curr5t 9 ! middle latitudes ( ! temp]ate zone1 #cag4 ,mairan on ! zodiacal light1 #ach1 #aci1 #adb2 8 op9ion t ! ,sun is a nebul\s />1 #ada4 ,malap]t1 annul> m\nta91 #ih4 ,malle1 ,dureau de la1 #bbc4 ,man1 g5]al view (1 #cea-cei2 pro(s ( ! flexibility ( 8 nature1 #bg2 results ( 8 intellectual progress1 #ec1 #ed2 geographical di/ribution ( races1 #cea-cef2 on ! assumption ( sup]ior & inf]ior races1 #cea-ceh2 8 gradual recognition ( ! bond ( humanity1 #ceh1 #cei4 ,mantell1 ,dr41 8 ,wond]s ( ,geology1 see notes by ,translator1 #de1 #fd1 #bjc1 #bgd1 #bgh1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhg2 ,m$als ( ,creation1 #df1 #bga1 #bhc1 #bhg4 ,m>g>ita ,philosophica by ,gregory ,reis*1 #eh4 ,m>ius1 ,simon1 fir/ describ$ ! nebul\s spots 9 ,&rom$a & ,orion1 #ach4 ,m>t9s1 obs]vations on pol> b&s1 #aih2 f\nd t air collect$ at ,faulhorn conta9$ z mu* oxyg5 z ! air ( ,p>is1 #cab2 on ! di/ribution ( ! quantity ( ra9 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 #ccc2 d\bts on ! great] dryness ( m\nta9 air1 #ccd4 ,mat!ss51 lett] to ,arago on ! zodiacal light1 #adb4 ,ma?ieu on ! augm5t$ int5sity ( ! attraction ( gravitation 9 volcanic isl&s1 #afg4 ,may]1 ,tobias1 on ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em1 #adf1 #adh4 ,mean num]ical values1 _! necessity 9 mod]n physical sci5ce1 #ha4 ,melloni1 8 discov]ies on radiat+ heat & electro-magnetism1 #di4 ,m5zel1 un$it$ "w by1 on ! flora ( ,japan1 #cdg4 ,messi]1 comet1 #ajh2 nebul\s spot resembl+ our />ry /ratum1 #aea4 ,metamorphic ,rocks4 ,see ,rocks4 ,meteorology1 #caa-cci4 ,meteors1 see ,arolites2 meteoric infusoria1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,me?one1 ,hill (1 #bdj4 ,mey5 on =m+ a !rmal scale ( cultivation1 #cbd2 on ! reproductive organs ( liv]worts & algae1 #cda4 ,mey]1 ,h]mann von1 on ! organization ( fly+ saurians1 #bgd4 ,milky ,way1 its figure1 #hi2 views ( ,ari/otle on1 #ajc2 va/ telescopic bread?1 #aej2 ,milky ,way ( nebul\s spots at "r angles ) t ( ! />s1 #aea4 ,m9]als1 artificially =m$1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,m9es1 greate/ dep? (1 #aeg1 #aei2 temp]ature1 #aeh4 ,mi/1 phosphoresc5t1 #adb4 ,mit*ell1 protract$ e>?quake %ocks 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #baa4 ,mits*]li* on ! *emical orig9 ( iron glance 9 volcanic masses1 #bcd2 *emical comb9ations1 a means ( ?r[+ a cle> light on geognosy1 #bef2 on gypsum1 z a uniaxal cry/al1 #bei2 exp]im5ts on ! simultane\sly opposite actions ( heat on cry/all9e bodies1 #bei2 =mation ( cry/als ( mica1 #bfj2 on artificial m9]al products1 #bfh1 #bga4 ,m(ettes 7exhalations ( c>bonic acid gas71 #bae-bai4 ,monsoons 7,indian71 #caf1 #cag4 ,monticelli on ! curr5t ( hydro*loric acid f ! crat] ( ,vesuvius1 #bce2 cry/als ( mica f\nd 9 ! lava ( ,vesuvius1 #bfj4 ,moon1 !1 its relative magnitude1 #if2 d5sity1 #if2 di/ance f ! e>?1 #ig2 its libration1 #ih1 #afc2 its light comp>$ ) t ( ! ,aurora1 #bja1 #bjb2 volcanic action 91 #bbh4 ,moons or satellites1 _! diamet]1 di/ances1 rotation1 etc41 #ie-ii4 ,morgan1 ,john ,h4 on ! ,aurora ,borealis ( ,oct4 #bd1 #ahdg4 ,see ,translator's notes1 #aid1 #aii4 ,morton1 ,samuel ,george1 8 magnific5t "w on ! ,am]ican ,races1 #cfb4 ,mos]'s images1 #bjb4 ,m\nta9s1 9 ,asia1 ,am]ica1 & ,europe1 _! altitude1 sc5]y1 & vegetation1 #bg-cj1 #bch1 #cdg2 _! influ5ce on climate1 natural productions1 & on ! human race1 its trade1 civilization1 & social condition1 #bia1 #bib1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cbg2 zones ( vegetation on ! declivities ( #bi1 #cj1 #cbg-cbi2 sn[-l9e (1 #cj-cc1 #ccj1 #cca4 ,mud volcanoes4 ,see ,salses & ,volcanoes4 ,mull]1 ,johannes1 on ! modifications ( plants & aniimals )9 c]ta9 limitations1 #cec4 ,muncke on ! appe>ance ( ,auroras 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 #aih4 ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,r41 acc\nt ( a l>ge fissure ?r\gh :i* melaphyre _h be5 eject$1 #beh2 classification ( fossilif]\s /rata1 #bgg2 on ! age ( ! ,palaeosaurus & ,!codontosaurus ( ,bri/ol1 #bgd4 ,mus*5broek on ! frequ5cy ( meteors 9 ,augu/1 #abe4 ,myndius1 ,apollonius1 on ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( comets1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,nature1 result ( a rational inquiry into1 #be2 emotions excit$ by h] contemplation1 #be2 /rik+ sc5es1 #bf2 _! s\rces ( enjoym5t1 #bf1 #bg2 magnific5ce ( ! tropical sc5]y1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cdd2 religi\s impulses f a communion ) nature1 #cg2 ob/acles to an active _s ( inquiry1 #cg2 mis*ief ( inaccurate obs]vations1 #ch2 high] enjoym5ts ( h] /udy1 #ch2 n>r[-m9d$ views ( nature1 #ch2 l(ty impressions produc$ on ! m9ds ( labori\s obs]v]s1 #dj2 nature def9$1 #da2 h] /udies inexhau/ible1 #da2 g5]al obs]vations1 _! great advantages1 #db2 h[ to be correctly compreh5d$1 #gb2 h] mo/ vivid impressions e>?ly1 #hb4 ,nature1 philosophy (1 #bd1 #cg2 physical description (1 #ff1 #fg1 #gc4 ,nebulae1 #hd-hf2 nebul\s ,milky ,way at "r angles ) t ( ! />s1 #aej-aec2 nebul\s spots1 conjectures on1 #hc-hf2 nebul\s />s & planet>y nebulae1 #he1 #aea1 #aeb2 nebul\s vapor1 #hc-hf1 #hg1 #aeb2 _! suppos$ cond5sation 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( attraction1 #hd4 ,neilson1 gradual depression ( ! s\!rn "p ( ,sw$51 #bie4 ,n]icat1 ,&rea de1 popul> belief 9 ,syria on ! fall ( a]olites1 #abc4 ,newton1 discuss$ ! "q on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! attraction ( masses & molecul> attraction1 #fc2 ,newtonian axiom confirm$ by ,bessel1 #fd2 8 edition ( ! ,geography ( ,v>5ius1 #ff2 ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica1 #fg2 consid]$ ! planets to be compos$ ( ! same matt] ) ! ,e>?1 #acb2 compression ( ! ,e>?1 #afe4 ,ni*oll1 ,j4 ,p41 note f 8 acc\nt ( ! planet ,neptune1 #ij1 #ia4 ,ni*olson1 obs]vations ( light+ cl\ds1 unaccompani$ by ?und] or indications ( /orm1 #ccg4 ,nobile1 ,antonio1 exp]im5ts ( ! height ( ! b>omet]1 & its influ5ce on ! level ( ! sea1 #bih4 ,nogg]a? c\nt$ #gib annual r+s 9 ! trunk ( a tree at ,bonn1 #bhc4 ,nordmann on ! exi/5ce ( animalcules 9 ! fluids ( ! eyes ( fi%es1 #cde4 ,norman1 ,rob]t1 inv5t$ ! incl9atorium1 #agi4 ,obs]vations1 sci5tific1 mis*ief ( inaccurate1 #ch2 t5d5cy ( unconnect$1 #dj4 ,ocean1 g5]al view (1 #bib-caa2 its ext5t z comp>$ ) ! dry l&1 #bhh1 #bhi2 its dep?1 #afj1 #cjb2 tides1 #cjd1 #cje2 decreas+ temp]ature at increas$ dep?s1 #cjb2 uni=mity & con/ancy ( temp]ature 9 ! same spaces1 #cjc2 its curr5ts & _! v>i\s causes1 #cjf-cji2 its phosphoresc5ce 9 ! torrid zone1 #bjb2 its action on climate1 #cjc1 #cai-cbj2 influ5ce on ! m5tal & social condition ( ! human race1 #afb1 #bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #caj2 ri*ness ( its organic life1 #cjj1 #caj2 oceanic microscopic =ms1 #cdb1 #cdc2 s5tim5ts excit$ by its contemplation1 #caj4 ,o]/$1 electro-magnetic discov]ies1 #ahh1 #aia4 ,olb]s1 comets1 #ajd1 #aji2 a]olites1 #aad1 #aah2 on _! planet>y velocity1 #aba2 on ! suppos$ ph5om5a ( asc5d+ %oot+ />s1 #abc2 _! p]iodic return 9 ,augu/1 #abe2 ,novemb] /ream1 #abf2 pr$iction ( a brilliant fall ( %oot+ />s 9 ,nov41 #ahfg1 #abg2 abs5ce ( fossil meteoric /ones 9 second>y & t]ti>y =mations1 #aca2 zodiacal light1 its vibration ?r\gh ! tails ( comets1 #adc2 on ! transp>5cy ( cele/ial space1 #aeb4 ,olm/$1 ,d5ison ( ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 obs]vations ( a]olites1 #aac1 #aah1 #aai1 #abd4 ,oltmanns1 ,h]r1 obs]v$ cont9u\sly ) ,humboldt1 at ,b]l91 ! movem5ts ( ! decl9ation ne$le1 #aij1 #aia4 ,ovid1 8 description ( ! volcanic ,hill ( ,me?one1 #bdj4 ,ovi$o describes ! we$ ( ! ,gulf ,/ream z ,prad]ias de y]va 7sea we$ mead[s71 #cjh4 ,palaeontology1 #bgj-bhd4 ,pallas1 meteoric iron1 #aca4 ,palm]1 ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 on ! prodigi\s sw>m ( %oot+ />s1 ,nov4 #ab & #ac1 #ahcc1 #abd2 on ! non-appe>ance 9 c]ta9 ye>s ( ! ,augu/ & ,novemb] fall ( a]olites1 #abi4 ,p>allaxes ( fix$ />s1 #hh1 #hi2 ( ! sol> sy/em1 #ade1 #adf4 ,p]ry1 ,capt41 on ,auroras1 _! connection ) magnetic p]turbations1 #aig1 #bja2 :e!r att5d$ ) any s\nd1 #bjj2 se5 to cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! day1 #aig2 b>ometric obs]vation at ,port ,b[51 #cad1 #cae2 r>ity ( electric explosions 9 nor!rn regions1 #ccg4 ,patricius1 ,/41 8 accurate conjectures on ! hot spr+s ( ,c>?age1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,pelti] on ! actual s\rce ( atmosph]ic electricity1 #cce1 #ccf4 ,p5dulum1 its sci5tific uses1 #dd2 exp]im5ts )1 #fd1 #aff1 #afi1 #agj2 employ$ to inve/igate ! curvature ( ! e>?'s surface1 #afe2 local attraction1 its influ5ce on ! p5dulum1 & geogno/ic k d$uc$ f1 #dd1 #de1 #afg1 #afh2 exp]im5ts ( ,bessel1 #fd4 ,p5tl&1 8 measurem5ts ( ! ,&es1 #bh4 ,p]cy1 ,dr41 on m9]als artifically produc$4 ,see note by ,translator1 #bfh4 ,p]mian sy/em ( ,mur*ison1 #bgg4 ,p]\se1 ,la1 exp$ition (1 #ahf4 ,p]sia1 great comet se5 9 7#afjh71 #aci1 #adj4 ,p]tz on ! l>ge a]olite t fell 9 ! b$ ( ! ,riv] ,n>ni1 #aaf4 ,pet]s1 ,dr41 velocity ( /ones project$ f ,aetna1 #abb4 ,peucati1 ,c\nt ,maz>i1 p>tial infection ( calc>e\s b$s by ! contact ( sy5itic granite 9 ! ,tyrol1 #bfb4 ,phillips on ! temp]ature ( a coalm9e at increas+ dep?s1 #agd4 ,philolaus1 8 a/ronomical /udies1 #fe2 8 fragm5t>y writ+s1 #fh-ga4 ,philosophy ( nature1 fir/ g]m1 #cg4 ,phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea 9 ! torrid zones1 #bjb4 ,physics1 _! limits1 #ej2 influ5ce ( physical sci5ce on ! weal? & prosp]ity ( nations1 #ec2 prov9ce ( physical sci5ce1 #ei2 di/9ction betwee5 ! physical 'hi/ory' & physical 'description' ( ! _w1 #ga1 #gb2 physical sci5ce1 *>act]i/ics ( its mod]n progress1 #ha4 ,p9d>1 #bbg4 ,plans1 geodesic exp]im5ts 9 ,lomb>dy1 #afh4 ,planets1 #hi-ii2 pres5t numb] discov]$1 #ij4 7,see note by ,translator on ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies1 #ij1 #ia72 ,sir ,isaac ,newton on _! composition1 #acb2 limit$ physical k (1 #aef1 #aeg2 ,c]es1 #fd-ib2 ,e>?1 #hh-ii2 ,juno1 #fd1 #ib-ig1 #ajf2 ,jupit]1 #fd1 #hg1 #ib-ih1 #bjb2 ,m>s1 #hg1 #ia-id1 #acb2 ,m]cury1 #hg1 #ib-id2 ,pallas1 #fd1 #ib2 ,saturn1 #hg1 #ib-id2 ,v5us1 #ia-id1 #bjb2 ,uranus1 #ij-id2 planets :i* h ! l>ge/ numb] ( moons1 #ie1 #if4 ,plants1 geographical di/ribution (1 #cdf-cej4 ,plato on ! heav5ly bodies1 etc41 #fi2 int]pretation ( nature1 #afc2 8 geogno/ic views on hot spr+s1 & volcanic igne\s /reams1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,pl9y ! eld]1 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 #gc2 on comets1 #ajd2 a]olites1 #abb1 #abc1 #acj2 magnetism1 #ahj2 attraction ( amb]1 #ahh2 on e>?quakes1 #bje1 #bjg2 on ! flame ( inflammable gas1 9 ! di/rict ( ,phasells1 #bbc2 r>ity ( jasp]1 #bfa2 on ! configuration ( ,africa1 #bib4 ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 8 description ( ! great eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 & ! ph5om5on ( volcanic a%es1 #bce4 ,plut>*1 tru? ( 8 conjecture t fall+ />s are cele/ial bodies1 #acc1 #acd4 ,poisson on ! planet ,jupit]1 #fd2 conjecture on ! spontane\s ignition ( meteoric /ones1 #aah2 zodiacal light1 #ada2 !ory on ! e>?'s temp]ature1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #agf1 #agg4 ,pol>ization1 *romatic1 results ( its discov]y1 #eb2 exp]im5ts on ! light ( comets1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,polybius1 #bia4 ,posidonius on ! ,ligyran field ( /ones1 #aae1 #aaf4 ,p\ilet on ! actual s\rce ( atmosph]ic electricity1 #cce4 ,prejudices aga9/ sci5ce1 h[ orig9at$1 #ch2 aga9/ ! /udy ( ! exact sci5ces1 :y fallaci\s1 #dj-eb4 ,pri*>d1 8 physical hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #ceb4 ,pseudo-,plato1 #ed4 ,psy*romet]1 #ccb1 #cch4 ,py?agoras1 fir/ employ$ ! ^w ,cosmos 9 its mod]n s5se1 #fi4 ,py?agoreans1 _! /udy ( ! heav5ly bodies1 #fe2 doctr9e on comets1 #ajc4 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 article on ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aib4 ,quetelet on a]olites1 #aad2 _! p]iodic return 9 ,augu/1 #abe4 ,races1 human1 _! geographical di/ribution1 & unity1 #cea1 #cei4 ,ra9 drops1 temp]ature (1 #bbj2 mean annual quantity 9 ! two hemisph]es1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,rei*1 mean d5sity ( ! e>?1 z asc]ta9$ by ! torsion balance1 #agj2 temp]ature ( ! m9es 9 ,saxony1 #agd4 ,reis*1 ,gregory1 8 ,m>g>ita ,philosophica1 #eh4 ,remusat1 ,abel1 ,mongolian tradition on ! fall ( an a]olite1 #aaf2 active volcanoes 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 at great di/ances f ! sea1 #bde4 ,ri*>dson1 magnetic ph5om5a att5d+ ! ,aurora1 #aig2 :e!r accompani$ by s\nd #bjj2 influ5ce on ! magnetic ne$le ( ! ,aurora1 #bja4 ,riohamba1 e>?quake at1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bac1 #bad4 ,ritt]1 ,c>l1 on 8 ,geography 9 relation to ,nature & ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 #dh1 #fg4 ,rob]t1 ,eug5e1 on ! anci5t sea-l9e on ! coa/ ( ,spitzb]g51 #bif4 ,rob]tson on ! p]man5cy ( ! compass 9 ,jamaica1 #aha4 ,rocks1 _! nature & configuration1 #bbh2 geogno/ical classification into f\r gr\ps1 #bdh-bea2 i4 rocks ( eruption1 #bdh1 #bea-bec2 ii4 s$im5t>y rocks1 #bdh1 #bed1 #bee2 iii4 trans=m$1 or metamorphic rocks1 #bdh1 #bei1 #bee1 #bef-bfi2 iv4 conglom]ates1 or rocks ( detritus1 #bfi1 #bgj2 _! *anges f ! action ( heat1 #beh1 #bei2 ph5om5a ( contact1 #beh-bfi2 effects ( pressure & ! rapidity ( cool+1 #beh1 #bfg4 ,rose1 ,gu/av1 on ! *emical elem5ts1 etc41 ( v>i\s a]olites1 #aca2 on ! /ructural relations ( volcanic rocks1 #bed2 on cry/als ( feldsp> & albite f\nd 9 granite1 #bea2 relations ( position 9 :i* granite occurs1 #beb-bfi2 *emical process 9 ! =mation ( v>i\s m9]als1 #bfe-bfi4 ,ross1 ,sir ,james1 8 s\nd+s ) #bg1jjj feet ( l9e1 #afj2 magnetic obs]vations at ! ,s\? ,pole1 #ahg2 important results ( ! ,ant>ctic magnetic exp$ition 9 #ahci1 #aib2 r>ity ( electric explosions 9 high nor!rn regions1 #ccg4 ,rossell1 ,m4 de1 8 magnetic oscillation exp]im5ts1 & _! date ( publication1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,ro?mann1 conf\nd$ ! sett+ zodiscal light ) ! cessation ( twilight1 #adc4 ,rozi]1 obs]vation ( a /eady lum9\s appe>ance 9 ! cl\ds1 #bjb4 ,rumk]1 ,encke's comet1 #ajf4 ,ruppell d5ies ! exi/5ce ( active volcanoes 9 ,kord(an1 #bde4 ,sab9e1 ,edw>d1 obs]vations on days ( unusual magnetic di/urbances1 #agh2 rec5t magnetic obs]vations1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,sagra1 ,ramon de la1 obs]vations on ! mean annual quantity ( ra9 9 ! ,havana1 #ccc4 ,sa9t ,pi]re1 ,b]n>d9 de1 ,paul & ,virg9ia1 #bf2 ,/udies ( ,nature1 #cdg4 ,salses or mud volcanoes1 #bbd-bbh2 /rik+ ph5om5a att5d+ _! orig91 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,salt works1 dep? ( #aeh1 #aei2 temp]ature1 #agd4 ,santor9o1 ! mo/ important ( ! isl&s ( eruption1 #bda1 #bdb2 description (4 ,see note by ,translator1 #bda4 ,s>gasso ,sea1 its situation1 #cjh4 ,satellites revolv+ r\nd ! prim>y planets1 _! diamet]1 di/ance1 rotation1 etc41 #id1 #ii2 ,saturn's #if-ih1 #abg' ,e>?'s see ,moon1 ,jupit]'s1 #if1 #ig2 ,uranus1 #if-ih4 ,saurians1 fly+1 fossil rema9s (1 #bgd1 #bge4 ,saussure1 measurem5ts ( ! m>g9al l$ge ( ! crat] ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 #bcb2 traces ( ammoniacal vapors 9 ! atmosph]e1 #caa2 hygrometric measurem5ts ) ,humboldt1 #ccd-ccf4 ,s*ay]1 microscopic organisms 9 ! ocean1 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,s*e]] on ! id5tity ( eleolite & nephel9e1 #bec4 ,s*ell+ on nature1 #ee2 quotation f 8 ,giord9o ,bru9o1 #gg4 ,s*eu*zn]'s fossil salam&]1 conjectur$ to be an ant$iluvian man1 #bgd4 ,s*ill]1 quotation f1 #cf4 ,s*nurr] on ! obscuration ( ! sun's disk1 #acc4 ,s*\t51 ,cornelius1 9 #afaf f\nd ! decl9ation null 9 ! ,pacific1 #ahb4 ,s*\w1 di/ribution ( ! quantity ( ra9 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 #ccc4 ,s*rieb] on ! fragm5t>y "* ( meteoric /ones1 #aag4 ,sci5tific rese>*es1 _! frequ5t result1 #ej2 sci5tific k a requirem5t ( ! pres5t age1 #ec1 #ed2 sci5tific t]ms1 _! vagu5ess & misapplication1 #eh1 #fh4 ,sc9a1 ,abbate1 e>?quakes unconnect$ ) ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,scoresby1 r>ity ( electric explosions 9 high nor!rn regions1 #ccg4 ,sea4 ,see ,ocean4 ,seismomet]1 !1 #bje4 ,seleucus ( ,ery?rea1 8 a/ronomical /udies1 #fe4 ,s5eca1 notic$ ! direction ( ! tails ( comets1 #ajb2 8 views on ! nature & pa?s ( comets1 #ajc1 #ajd2 om5s drawn f _! sudd5 appe>ance1 #aaa2 ! g]ms ( lat] obs]vations on e>?quakes f\nd 9 8 writ+s1 #bjg2 problematical ext9ction & s9k+ ( ,m\nt ,aetna1 #bbg1 #bdj4 ,%oals1 atmosph]ic indications ( _! vic9ity1 #cji4 ,sid]eal sy/ems1 #hi1 #ij4 ,silj]/rom1 8 obs]vations on ! ,aurora1 ) ,lott9 & ,bravais1 on ! coa/ ( ,lapl&1 #aie4 ,sir[atskoi1 ,wood ,hills 9 ,new ,sib]ia1 #bha4 ,sn[-l9e ( ! ,himalayas1 #cj-cc1 #cca1 #ccd2 ( ! ,&es1 #ccj2 r$ness ( long-fall5 sn[1 #cdd4 ,sol> sy/em1 g5]al description1 #ij-aed2 its position 9 space1 #hi2 its transi/ory motion1 #ade-aej4 ,sol9us on mud volcanoes1 #bbe4 ,somm]+ on ! fossil rema9s ( ! l>ge v]tebrata1 #bgd4 ,som]ville1 ,mrs41 on ! volume ( fire-balls & %oot+ />s1 #aaf2 fa9tness ( light ( planet>y nebulae1 #ada4 ,s\!rn cele/ial hemisph]e1 its picturesque beauty1 #he1 #hf4 ,spontane\s g5]ation1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,spr+s1 hot & cold1 #bai-bbe2 int]mitt5t1 #bai2 causes ( _! temp]ature1 #bbj-bbb2 !rmal1 #bbb1 #cde2 deepe/ ,artesian wells ! w>me/1 obs]v$ by ,arago1 #bbc2 salses1 #bbd-bbf2 influ5ce ( e>?quake %ocks on hot spr+s1 #baj1 #bbb-bbd4 ,/>s1 g5]al acc\nt (1 #he-ij2 fix$ #hi1 #ij1 #ajd2 d\ble & multiple1 #hi1 #adg2 nebul\s1 #he1 #hf1 #aea1 #aeb2 _! translatory motion1 #adg-aej2 p>allaxes & di/ances1 #adg-adi2 computations ( ,bessel & ,h]s*el on _! diamet] & volume1 #adh2 imm5se numb] 9 ! ,milky ,way1 #aej1 #aea2 /> du/1 #he2 /> gaug+s1 #aej2 />less spaces1 #aej1 #aeb2 telescopic />s1 #aeb2 velocity ( ! propagation ( light (1 #aec1 #aed2 app>ition ( new />s1 #aec4 ,/orms1 magnetic & volcanic4 ,see ,magnetism1 ,volcanoes4 ,/rabo1 obs]v$ ! cessation ( %ocks ( er?quake on ! eruption ( lava1 #bae2 on ! mode 9 :i* isl&s are =m$1 #bbg2 description ( ! ,hill ( ,me?one1 #bdj2 volcanic !ory1 #bdc2 div9$ ! exi/5ce ( a cont95t 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e betwe5 ,!ria & ,?9e1 #bhi2 extoll$ ! v>i$ =m ( our small cont95t z favorable to ! moral & intellectual developm5t ( its p1 #bia1 #bib4 ,/ruve1 ,o?o1 on ! prop] motion ( ! sol> sy/em1 #adf2 inve/igations on ! propagation ( light1 #aec2 p>allaxes & di/ances ( fix$ />s1 #aec2 obs]vations on ,halley's comet1 #aje4 ,/ud]1 ,pr(essor1 on m9]al metamorphism4 ,see note by ,translator1 #bdh4 ,sun1 magnitude ( its volume comp>$ ) t ( ! fix$ />s1 #acf2 obscuration ( its disk1 #acb2 rotation r\nd ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole sol> sy/em1 #ade2 velocity ( its translatory motion1 #ade2 n>r[ limitations ( its atmosph]e z comp>$ ) ! nucleus ( o!r nebul\s />s1 #ada2 sun /ones ( ! anci5ts1 #abb2 views ( ! ,greek philosoph]s on ! sun1 #abb4 ,symond1 ,lieut41 8 trigonometrical survey ( ! ,dead ,sea1 #bif1 #big4 ,tacitus1 di/+ui%$ local climatic relations f ^? ( race1 #ceb4 ,temp]ature ( ! globe1 see ,e>? & ,ocean2 rem>kable uni=mity ov] ! same spaces ( ! surface ( ! ocean1 #cjc2 zones at :i* occur ! maxima ( ! oceanic temp]ature1 #cai2 causes :i* l[] ! temp]ature1 #cai1 #cbj2 temp]ature ( v>i\s places1 annual1 & 9 ! diff]5t seasons1 #cbb1 #cbc-cbh2 !rmic scale ( temp]ature1 #cbd1 #cbe2 ( cont95tal climates z comp>$ ) insul> & littoral climates1 #cba1 #cbb2 law ( decrease ) increase ( elevation1 #cbg2 depression (1 by %oals1 #cji2 refrig]ation ( ! l[] /rata ( ! ocean1 #cjc4 ,t5]iffe1 ,peak ( its /rik+ sc5]y1 #bf4 ,!odectes ( ,phaselis on ! color ( ! ,e?iopians1 #cec4 ,!on ( ,alex&ria describ$ comets z w&]+ light cl\ds1 #ajj4 ,!ophylactus describ$ ,scy?ia z free f e>?quakes1 #bjd4 ,!rmal scales ( cultivat$ plants1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,!rmal spr+s1 _! temp]ature1 con/ancy1 & *ange1 #bba-bbd2 animal & vegetable life 91 #cde4 ,!rmomet]1 #cch4 ,?ibet1 habitability ( its elevat$ plateaux1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,?i5emann on ! ,aurora1 #aig1 #bjj4 ,?\ght1 results ( its free action1 #ec1 #ed2 union ) language1 #ef4 ,tib]ias1 ,sea (1 its depression bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 #bif4 ,tides ( ! ocean1 _! ph5om5a1 #cje1 #cjf4 ,till>d1 ,capt41 on ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! isl& ( ,sabr9a1 #bdb4 ,t\rne=t1 zones ( vegetation on ,m\nt ,ar>at1 #cdg4 ,tralles1 8 notice ( ! negative electricity ( ! air ne> high wat]falls1 #ccf4 ,translator1 notes by1 #bi2 on ! increase ( ! e>?'s int]nal heat ) increase ( dep?1 #de2 silici\s infusoria & animalculites1 #df2 *emical analysis ( an a]olite1 #fd2 on ! rec5t discov]ies ( planets1 #ij1 #ia2 obs]v$ ! comet ( #ahdc1 at ,new ,b$=d1 ,massa*usetts1 9 bright sun%9e1 #aja2 on meteoric /ones1 #aaa2 on a ,,ms41 said to be 9 ! libr>y ( ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 #abd2 on ! t]m salses1 #afa2 on ,holb]g's satire1 ,travels 9 ! ,_w "u ,gr\nd1 #aga2 on ! ,aurora ,borealis ( ,oct4 #bd1 #ahdg1 #aid1 #aie1 #aii2 on ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e dur+ ! ,aurora1 #bjj2 on volcanic ph5om5a1 #bjc1 #bjd2 description ( ! seismomet]1 #bje2 on ! great e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 #baj2 impression made on ! natives & =eign]s by e>?quakes 9 ,p]u1 #bae2 e>?quakes at ,lima1 #baf1 #bag2 on ! gase\s comp\nds ( sulphur1 #bag1 #bah2 on ! ,lake ( ,las*1 its crat]s1 #bah2 on ! emissions ( inflammable gas 9 ! di/rict ( ,phasells1 #bcc2 on true volcanoes z di/+ui%$ f salses1 #bbd2 on ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a1 #bbh2 on ! hornitos de ,jorullo1 z se5 by ,humboldt1 #bcj2 g5]al rule on ! dim5sions ( crat]s1 #bcj2 on ! ejection ( fi% f ! volcano ( ,imbaburn1 #bbc2 on ! little isle ( ,volcano1 #bcd2 volcanic /eam ( ,pantell>ia1 #bce2 on ,daub5ey's "w ,on ,volcanoes1 #bcf2 acc\nt ( ! isl& ( ,santor9o1 #bda2 on ! vic9ity ( ext9ct volcanoes to ! sea1 #bdd2 mean+ ( ! ,*9ese t]m li1 #bde2 on m9]al metamorphism1 #bdh2 on fossil human rema9s f\nd 9 ,guadal\pe1 #bej2 on m9]als artifically produc$ #bfg1 #bfh2 fossil organic /ructures1 #bga1 #bgb2 on ,coprolites1 #bga2 geogno/ic di/ribution ( fossils1 #bgf2 fossil fauna ( ! ,sewalik ,hills1 #bgh2 ?ickness ( coal measures1 #bha2 on ! amb] p9e =e/s ( ! ,baltic1 #bhc1 #bhd2 elevation ( m\nta9 *a9s1 #bhf1 #bhg2 ! d9ornis ( ,ow51 #bhg2 dep? ( ! atmosph]e1 #cjb2 ri*ness ( organic life 9 ! ocean1 #cji2 on filam5ts ( plants resembl+ ! sp]matozoa ( animals1 #cda2 on ! ,diatomaceae 9 ! ,s\? ,arctic ,ocean1 #cdc2 on ! di/ribution ( ! floras & faunas ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 #cdh1 #cdi2 on ! orig9 & diffusion ( ! ,briti% flora1 #cec1 #ced4 ,translatory motion ( ! sol> sy/em1 #ade-aej4 ,trogus1 ,pompeius1 on ! suppos$ necessity t volcanoes 7 dep5d5t on _! vic9ity to ! sea = _! cont9uance1 #bdc1 #bdd2 views ( ! anci5ts on spontane\s g5]ation1 #cdf4 ,tropical latitudes1 _! advantages = ! contemplation ( nature1 #cc2 p[]ful impressions f _! organic ri*ness & f]tility1 #cd2 facilities !y pres5t = a k ( ! laws ( nature #ce2 transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e1 #aad2 phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 #bjb4 ,ts*udi1 ,dr41 extract f 8 ,travels 9 ,p]u4 ,see ,translator's note1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag4 ,turn]1 note on ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 #acb4 ,univ]sality ( animat$ life1 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,valz on ! comet ( #afah1 #ajf4 ,v>5ius1 ,b]nh>d1 8 excell5t g5]al & comp>ative ,geography1 #ff1 #fg2 edit$ by ,newton1 #ff4 ,vegetable _w1 z view$ ) microscopic p[]s ( vision1 #cda2 its pr$om9ance ov] animal life1 #cdc4 ,vegetation1 its v>i$ di/ribution on ! e>?'s surface1 #bi-ca1 #fb2 ri*ness & f]tility 9 ! tropics1 #cc-ce2 zones ( vegetation on ! declivities ( m\nta9s1 #bi-cb1 #cdf-cej4 ,see ,aetna1 ,cordill]as1 ,himalayas1 ,m\nta9s4 ,vico1 satellites ( ,saturn1 #if4 ,vigne1 measurem5t ( ,ladak1 #cbb4 ,v9e1 !rmal scale ( its cultivation1 #cbd4 ,volcanoes1 #bh1 #cj1 #ce1 #aei1 #afa1 #bad1 #bae1 #bbd-bdh2 au?or's application ( ! t]m volcanic1 #de2 active volcanoes1 safety-valves = _! imm$iate neighborhood1 #bad2 volcanic eruptions1 #afa1 #baj-bgj2 mud volcanoes or salses1 #bbd-bbh2 traces ( volcanic action on ! surface ( ! e>? & moon1 #bbh2 influ5ce ( relations ( height on ! occurr5ce ( eruptions1 #bbh-bcc2 volcanic /orm1 #bcc2 volcanic a%es1 #bcc2 classification ( volcanoes into c5tral & l9e>1 #bch2 !ory ( ! necessity ( _! proximity to ! sea1 #bdc-bdf2 geographical di/ribution ( /ill active volcanoes1 #bde-bdg2 metamorphic action on rocks1 #bdg-bdi4 ,vrolik1 8 anatomical inve/igations on ! =m ( ! pelvis1 #ceb1 #cec4 ,wagn]1 ,rudolph1 notes on ! races ( ,africa1 #ceb4 ,walt] on ! decrease ( volcanic activity1 #bae4 ,w>tmann1 meteors1 #aac1 #aad4 ,web]1 8 anatomical inve/igations on ! =m ( ! pelvis1 #cec4 ,web/]1 ,dr4 7( ,h>v>d ,college1 ,u4,s471 acc\nt ( ! isl& nam$ ,sabr9a4 ,see note by ,translator1 #bdb4 ,w9ds1 #cae-cba2 monsoons1 #caf1 #cag2 trade w9ds1 #cb-1 #cba2 law ( rotation1 importance ( its k1 #cae-cag4 ,w9e on ! temp]ature requir$ = its cultivation1 #cbd2 !rmic table ( mean annual heat1 #cbe4 ,wolle/on on ! limitation ( ! atmosph]e1 #cjb4 ,wrangel1 ,admiral1 on ! brilliancy ( ! ,aurora ,borealis1 co9cid5t ) ! fall ( %oot+ />s1 #abf1 #abg2 obs]vations ( ! ,aurora1 #aig1 #bjj2 wood hills ( ! ,sib]ian ,pol> ,sea1 #bha4 ,x5ophanes ( ,colophon1 describ$ comets z w&]+ light cl\ds1 #ajj2 m>9e fossils f\nd 9 m>ble qu>ries1 #bfc4 ,"y1 ,?omas1 e>lie/ obs]v] ( ! influ5ce diff]5t k9ds ( rocks ex]cise on ! vibrations ( ! p5dulum1 #afh4 ,yul-sung1 describ$ by ,*9ese writ]s z ! realm ( pleasure1 #ccb4 ,zimm]man1 ,c>l1 hypsometrical rem>ks on ! elevation ( ! ,himalayas1 #cb4 ,zodiacal light1 conjectures on1 #hf-ib2 g5]al acc\nt (1 #acg-add2 beautiful appe>ance1 #acg1 #ach2 fir/ describ$ 9 ,*ildrey's ,britannia ,baconica1 #ach2 probable causes1 #ada2 int5sity 9 tropical climates1 #adb4 ,zones1 ( vegetation1 on ! declivities ( m\nta9s1 #bi-cc2 ( latitude1 _! div]sifi$ vegetation1 #fb2 ( ! s\!rn heav5s1 _! magnific5ce1 #he1 #hf2 pol>1 #aig1 #aih4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4