,,experiments ,,and ,,considerations ,touching ,,colours4 ,first occasionally ,written1 among some other ,essays1 to a ,friend2 and now suffer'd to come abroad as ,,the ,,beginning ,of ,an ,experimental ,history ,,of ,,colours4 ,by the ,honourable ,,robert ,,boyle1 ,fellow of the ,,royal ,,society4 ,non fingendum1 aut excogitandum1 sed inveniendum1 quid ,natura faciat1 aut ferat4 ,bacon4 ,,london4 ,printed for ,henry ,herringman at the ,anchor on the ,lower walk of the ,new ,exchange4 ,,mdclxiv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,preface4 ,having in convenient places of the following ,treatise1 mention'd the ,motives1 that induc'd me to write it1 and the ,scope ,i propos'd to my self in it2 ,i think it superfluous to entertain the ,reader now1 with what he will meet with hereafter4 ,and ,i should judge it needless1 to trouble others1 or my self1 with any thing of ,preface3 were it not that ,i can scarce doubt1 but this ,book will fall into the hands of some ,readers1 who being unacquainted with the difficulty of attempts of this nature1 will think itn strange that ,i should publish any thing about ,colours1 without a particular ,theory of them4 ,but ,i dare expect that ,intelligent and ,equitable ,readers will consider on my behalf3 ,that the professed ,design of this ,treatise is to deliver things rather ,historical than ,dogmatical1 and consequently if ,i have added divers new speculative ,considerations and hints1 which perhaps may afford no despicable ,assistance1 towards the framing of a solid and comprehensive ,hypothesis1 ,i have done at least as much as ,i promis'd1 or as the nature of my undertaking exacted4 ,but another thing there is1 which if it should be objected1 ,i fear ,i should not be able so easily to answer it1 and that is2 ,that in the following treatise 7especially in the ,third part of it7 the ,experiments might have been better ,marshall'd1 and some of them deliver'd in fewer words4 ,for ,i must confess that this ,essay was written to a private ,friend1 and that too1 by snatches1 at several times1 and places1 and 7after my manner7 in loose sheets1 of which ,i oftentimes had not all by me that ,i had already written1 when ,i was writing more1 so that it needs be no wonder if all the ,experiments be not rang'd to the best ,advantage1 and if some connections and consecutions of them might easily have been mended4 ,especially since having carelessly laid by the loose ,papers1 for several years after they were written1 when ,i came to put them together to dispatch them to the ,press1 ,i found some of those ,i reckon'd upon1 to be very unseasonably wanting4 ,and to make any great change in the order of the rest1 was more than the ,printers importunity1 and that1 of my own avocations 7and perhaps also considerabler solicitations7 would permit4 ,but though some few preambles of the particular ,experiments might have 7perchance7 been spar'd1 or shorten'd1 if ,i had had all my ,papers under my ,view at once2 ,yet in the most of those ,introductory passages1 the ,reader will 7,i hope7 find hints1 or ,advertisements1 as well as ,transitions4 ,if ,i sometimes seem to insist long upon the circumstances of a ,tryall1 ,i hope ,i shall be easily excused by those that both know1 how nice divers experiments of ,colours are1 and consider that ,i was not barely to relate them1 but so as to teach a young ,gentleman to make them4 ,and if ,i was not sollicitous1 to make a nicer division of the whole ,treatise1 than into three parts1 whereof the ,one contains some ,considerations about ,colours in general4 ,the ,other exhibits a specimen of an ,account of particular ,colours1 ,exemplifi'd in ,whiteness and ,blackness4 ,and the ,third promiscuous ,experiments about the remaining ,colours 7especially ,red7 in order to a ,theory of them4 ,if1 ,i say1 ,i contented my self with this easie ,division of my ,discourse1 it was perhaps because ,i did not think it so necessary to be ,curious about the ,method or ,contrivance of a ,treatise1 wherein ,i do not pretend to present my ,reader with a compleat ,fabrick1 or so much as ,modell2 but only to bring in ,materials proper for the ,building2 ,and if ,i did not well know how ,ingenious the ,curiosity and ,civility of ,friends makes them1 to perswade ,men by specious allegations1 to gratifie their desires2 ,i should have been made to believe by persons very well qualify'd to judge of matters of this nature1 that the following ,experiments will not need the addition of accurate ,method and speculative ,notions to procure ,acceptance for the ,treatise that contains them3 ,for it hath been represented1 ,that in most of them1 as the ,novelty will make them surprizing1 and the ,quickness of performance1 keep them from being tedious2 so the sensible changes1 that are effected by them1 are so manifest1 so great1 and so sudden1 that scarce any will be displeased to see them1 and those that are any thing ,curious will scarce be able to see them1 without finding themselves excited1 to make ,reflexions upon ,them4 ,but though with me1 who love to measure ,physical things by their use1 not their strangeness1 or prettiness1 the partiality of others prevails not to make me over value these1 or look upon them in themselves as other than ,trifles3 ,yet ,i confess1 that ever since ,i did divers years ago shew some of them to a ,learned ,company of ,virtuosi3 so many persons of differing ,conditions1 and ev'n ,sexes1 have been ,curious to see them1 and pleas'd not to ,dislike them1 that ,i cannot ,despair1 but that by complying with those that urge the ,publication of them1 ,i may both gratifie and excite the ,curious1 and lay perhaps a ,foundation whereon either others or my self may in time superstruct a substantial theory of ,colours4 ,and if ,aristotle1 after his ,master ,plato1 have rightly observ'd ,admiration to be the ,parent of ,philosophy1 the wonder1 some of these ,trifles have been wont to produce in all sorts of ,beholders1 and the access they have sometimes gain'd ev'n to the ,closets of ,ladies1 seem to promise1 that since the subject is so pleasing1 that the ,speculation appears as ,delightful6 as ,difficult1 such easie and recreative ,experiments1 which require but little time1 or charge1 or trouble in the making1 and when made are sensible and surprizing enough1 may contribute more than others1 7far more important but as much more difficult7 to recommend those parts of ,learning 7,chymistry and ,corpuscular ,philosophy7 by which they have been produc'd1 and to which they give ,testimony ev'n to such kind of persons1 as value a pretty ,trick more than a true ,notion1 and would scarce admit ,philosophy1 if it approach'd them in another ,dress3 without the strangeness or endearments of pleasantness to recommend it4 ,i know that ,i do but ill consult my own ,advantage in the consenting to the ,publication of the following ,treatise3 ,for those things1 which1 whilst men knew not how they were perform'd1 appear'd so strange1 will1 when the way of making them1 and the ,grounds on which ,i devis'd them1 shall be ,publick1 quickly lose all that their being ,rarityes1 and their being thought ,mysteries1 contributed to recommend them4 ,but 'tis fitter for ,mountebancks than ,naturalis to desire to have their discoverys rather admir'd than understood1 and for my part ,i had much rather deserve the thanks of the ,ingenious1 than enjoy the ,applause of the ,ignorant4 ,and if ,i can so farr contribute to the discovery of the nature of ,colours1 as to help the ,curious to it1 ,i shall have reach'd my ,end1 and sav'd my self some ,labour which else ,i may chance be tempted to undergo in prosecuting that subect1 and ,adding to this ,treatise1 which ,i therefore call a ,history1 because it chiefly contains matters of fact1 and which ,history the ,title declares me to look upon but as ,begun3 ,because though that above a hundred1 not to say a hundred and fifty ,experiments1 7some loose1 and others interwoven amongst the discourses themselves7 may suffice to give a ,beginning to a ,history not hitherto1 that ,i know1 begun1 by any2 yet the subject is so fruitfull1 and so worthy1 that those that are ,curious of these ,matters will be farr more wanting to themselves than ,i can suspect1 if what ,i now publish prove any more than a ,beginning4 ,for1 as ,i hope my ,endeavours may afford them some assistance towards this work1 so those ,endeavours are much too ,vnfinish'd to give them any discouragement1 as if there were little left for others to do towards the ,history of ,colours4 ,for 7first7 ,i have been willing to leave unmention'd the most part of those ,phnomena of ,colours1 that ,nature presents us of her own accord1 7that is1 without being guided or over-ruld by man7 such as the different ,colours that several sorts of ,fruites pass through before they are perfectly ripe1 and those that appear upon the fading of flowers and leaves1 and the putrifaction 7and its several degrees7 of fruits1 c4 together with a thousand other obvious ,instances of the changes of colours4 ,nor have ,i much medled with those familiar ,phnomena wherein man is not an ,idle spectator2 such as the ,greenness produc'd by salt in ,beef much powder'd1 and the ,redness produc'd in the shells of ,lobsters upon the boyling of those fishes2 ,for ,i was willing to leave the gathering of ,observations to those that have not the ,opportunity to make ,experiments4 ,and for the same ,reasons1 among others1 ,i did purposly omit the ,lucriferous practise of ,trades-men about colours2 as the ways of making ,pigments1 of ,bleanching wax1 of dying ,scarlet1 c4 though to divers of them ,i be not a stranger1 and of some ,i have myself made ,tryall4 ,next2 ,i did purposely pass by divers ,experiments of other ,writers that ,i had made ,tryall of 7and that not without registring some of their ,events7 unless ,i could some way or other improve them1 because ,i wanted leasure to insert them1 and had thoughts of prosecuting the work once begun of laying together those ,i had examin'd by themselves in case of my not being prevented by others diligence4 ,so that there remains not a little1 among the things that are already published1 to imploy those that have a mind to exercise themselves in repeating and examining them4 ,and ,i will not undertake1 that none of the things deliver'd1 ev'n in this ,treatise1 though never so faithfully set down1 may not prove to be thus farr of this ,sort1 as to afford the ,curious somewhat to add about them4 ,for ,i remember that ,i have somewhere in the ,book it self acknowledged1 that having written it by snatches1 partly in the ,counntrey1 and partly at unseasonable times of the year1 when the want of fit ,instruments1 and of a competent variety of flowers1 salts1 ,pigments1 and other materials made me leave some of the following ,experiments1 7especialy those about ,emphatical ,colours7 far more unfinish'd than they should have been1 if it had been as easie for me to supply what was wanting to compleat them1 as to discern4 ,thirdly to avoyd discouraging the young ,gentleman ,i call ,pyrophilus1 whom the less ,familiar1 and more ,laborious operations of ,chymistry would probably have frighted1 ,i purposely declin'd in what ,i writ to him1 the setting down any ,number of such ,chymicall ,experiments1 as1 by being very elaborate or tedious1 would either require much skill1 or exercise his patience4 ,and yet that this sort of ,experiments is exceedingly ,numerous1 and might more than a little inrich the ,history of ,colours1 those that are vers'd in ,chymical processes1 will1 ,i presume1 easily allow me4 ,and 7,lastly7 for as much as ,i have occasion more than once in my several ,writings to treat either porposely or incidentally of matters relating to ,colours2 ,i did not1 perhaps1 conceive my self oblig'd1 to deliver in one ,treatise all that ,i would say concerning that subject4 ,but to conclude1 by summing up what ,i would say concerning what ,i have and what ,i have not done1 in the following ,papers2 ,i shall not 7on the one side7 deny1 that considering that ,i pretended not to write an accurate ,treatise of ,colours1 but an ,occasional ,essay to acquaint a private friend with what then occurrd to me of the things ,i had thought or try'd concerning them2 ,i might presume ,i did enough for once1 if ,i did clearly and faithfully set down1 though not all the ,experiments ,i could1 yet at least such a variety of them1 that an attentive ,reader that shall consider the ,grounds on which they have been made1 and the hints that are purposely 7though dispersedly7 couched in them1 may easily compound them1 and otherwise vary them1 so as very much to increase their ,number4 ,and yet 7on the other side7 ,i am so sensible both of how much ,i have1 either out of necessity or choice1 left undone1 and of the fruitfullness of the subject ,i have begun to handle2 that though ,i had performed far more then 'tis like many ,readers will judge ,i have1 ,i should yet be very free to let them apply to my ,attempts that of ,seneca1 where having spoken of the ,study of ,natures ,mysteries1 and ,particularly of the ,cause of ,earth-,quakes1 he subjoins4#a ,nulla res consummata est dum incipit4 ,nec in hac tantum re omnium maxima ac involutissim1 in qu etiam cum multum actum erit1 omnis tas1 quod agat inveniet2 sed in omni alio ,negotio1 long semper perfecto fuere ,principia4 #a ,l4 ,ann ,senec ,natur4 ,quest4 l4 #f4 c4 #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,publisher to the ,,reader4 ,friendly ,reader1 ,here is presented to thy view one of the ,abstrusest as well as the ,gentilest ,subjects of ,natural ,philosophy1 the ,experimentall ,history of ,colours2 which though the ,noble ,author be pleased to think but ,begun1 yet ,i must take leave to say1 that ,i think it so well begun1 that the work is more than half dispatcht4 ,concerning which ,i cannot but give this advertisement to the ,reader1 that ,i have heard the ,author express himself1 that it would not surprise him1 if it should happen to be objected1 that some of these ,experiments have been already published1 partly by ,chymists1 and partly by two or three very fresh ,writers upon other ,subjects4 ,and though the number of these ,experiments be but very small1 and though they be none of the considerablest1 yet it may on this occasion be further represented1 that it is easie for our ,author to name several men1 7of whose number ,i can truly name my self7 who remember either their having seen him make1 or their having read1 his ,accounts of the ,experiments delivered in the following ,tract several years since1 and long before the publication of the ,books1 wherein they are mentioned4 ,nay in divers passages 7where he could do it without any great inconvenience7 he hath struck out ,experiments1 which he had tryed many years ago1 because he since found them divulged by persons from whom he had not the least hint of them2 which yet is not touched1 with design to reflect upon any ,ingenious ,man1 as if he were a ,plagiary3 ,for1 though our ,generous ,author were not reserved enough in showing his ,experiments to those that expressed a ,curiosity to see them 7amongst whom a very ,learned ,man hath been pleased publickly to acknowledge it several years ago#b2 yet the same thing may be well enough lighted on by persons that know nothing of one another4 ,and especially ,chymical ,laboratories may many times afford the same ,phnomenon about ,colours to several persons at the same or differing times4 ,and as for the few ,phnomena mentioned in the same ,chymical writers1 as well as in the following ,treatise1 our ,author hath given an account1 why he did not decline rejecting them1 in the ,anotations upon the #dgth ,experiment of the third part4 ,not here to mention1 what he elsewhere saith1 to shew what use may be ,justifiably made of ,experiments not of his own devising by a writer of ,natural ,history1 if1 what he employes of others mens1 be well examined or verified by himself4 #b ,he that desires more instances of this kind and matter1 that according to this doctrine may much help the ,theory of colours1 and particularly the force both of ,sulphureous and volatile1 is likewise of ,alcalizate and ,acid ,salts1 and in what particulars1 ,colours likely depend not in the causation from any ,salt at all1 may beg his information from ,m4 ,boyle who hath some while since honoured me with the sight of his papers concerning this subject1 containing many excellent experiments1 made by him for the ,elucidation of this doctrine1 c ,dr4 ,r4 ,sharrock in his ingenious and usefull ,history of the ,propagation and ,improvement of ,vegetables1 published in the yeare #affj4 ,in the mean time1 this ,treatise is such1 that there needs no other invitation to peruse it1 but that tis composed by one of the ,deepest ,most indefatigable searchers of ,nature1 which1 ,i think the ,world1 as far as ,i know it1 affords4 ,for mine own part1 ,i feel a ,secret ,joy within me1 to see such beginings upon such ,themes1 it being demonstratively true1 ,mota facilius moveri1 which causeth me to entertain strong hopes1 that this ,illustrious ,virtuoso and ,restless ,inquirer into ,nature's ,secrets will not stop here1 but go on and prosper in the ,disquisition or the other principal ,colours1 ,green1 ,red1 and ,yellow4 ,the ,reasoning faculty set once afloat1 will be carried on1 and that with ease1 especially1 when the productions thereof meet1 as they do here1 with so greedy an ,entertainment at home and abroad4 ,i am confident1 that the ,,royal ,,society1 lately constituted by his ,,most ,,excellent ,,majesty for improving ,natural knowledge1 will ,judge it their interest to exhort our ,author to the prosecution of this ,argument1 considering1 how much it is their design and business to accumulate a good stock of such accurate ,observations and ,experiments1 as may afford them and their ,offpring genuine ,matter to raise a ,masculine ,philosophy upon1 whereby the ,mind of ,man may be enobled with the ,knowledge of solid ,truths1 and the ,life of ,man benefited with ampler accommodations1 than it hath been hitherto4 ,our ,great ,author1 one of the ,pillars of that ,illustrious ,corporation1 is constantly furnishing large ,symbola's to this work1 and is now falln1 as you see1 upon so comprehensive and important a theme1 as will1 if insisted on and compleated1 prove one of the considerablest peeces of that structure4 ,to which1 if he shall please to add his ,treatise of ,heat and ,flame1 as he is ready to publish his ,experimental ,accounts of ,cold1 ,i esteem1 the ,world will be obliged to ,him for having shewed them both the ,right and ,left ,hand of ,nature1 and the ,operations thereof4 ,the considering ,reader will by this very ,treatise see abundant cause to sollicit the ,author for more2 sure ,i am1 that of whatever of the ,productions of his ,ingeny comes into ,forein parts 7where ,i am happy in the acquaintance of many intelligent friends7 is highly valued2 ,and to my knowledge1 there are those among the ,french1 that have lately begun to learn ,english1 on purpose to enable themselves to read his ,books1 being impatient of their ,traduction into ,latin4 ,if ,i durst say all1 ,i know of the ,elogies received by me from abroad concerning ,him1 ,i should perhaps make this ,preamble too prolix1 and certainly offend the modesty of our ,author4 ,wherefore ,i shall leave this1 and conclude with desiring the ,reader1 that if he meet with other faults besides those1 that the ,errata take notice of 7as ,i believe he may7 he will please to consider both the weakness of the ,authors eyes1 for not reviewing1 and the manifold ,avocations of the ,publisher for not doing his part2 who taketh his leave with inviting those1 that have also considered this ,nice subject experimentally1 to follow the ,example of our ,noble ,author1 and impart such and the like performances to the now very inquisitive world4 ,farewell4 ,h4 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,contents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the ,author shews the ,reason1 first of his ,writing on this ,subject 7#a47 ,next of his present manner of ,handling it1 and why he partly declines a ,methodical way 7#b47 and why he has partly made use of it in the ,history of ,whiteness and ,blackness4 7#c47 ,chap4 #b4 ,some general ,considerations are premis'd1 first of the ,insignificancy of the ,observasion of ,colours in many ,bodies 7#d1 #e47 and the ,importance of it in others 7#e47 as particularly in the ,tempering of ,steel 7#f1 #g1 #h47 ,the reason why other particular ,instances are in that place omitted 7#i7 ,a necessary distinction about ,colour premis'd 7#aj1 #aa47 ,that ,colour is not ,inherent in the ,object 7#aa47 prov'd first by the ,phantasms of ,colours to ,dreaming men1 and ,lunaticks2 ,secondly by the sensation or apparition of ,light upon a ,blow given the ,eye or the ,distemper of the ,brain from internal ,vapours 7#ab47 ,the ,author recites a particular ,instance in himself2 another that hapn'd to an ,excellent ,person related to him 7#ac47 and a third told him by an ,ingenious ,physician 7#ad1 #ae47 ,thirdly1 from the change of ,colours made by the ,sensory ,disaffected 7#ae1 #af47 ,some ,instances of this are related by the ,author1 observ'd in himself 7#af1 #ag47 others told him by a ,lady of known ,veracity 7#ah47 ,and others told him by a very ,eminent ,man 7#ai47 ,but the strange ,instances afforded by such as are ,bit by the ,tarantula are omitted1 as more properly deliver'd in another place4 7#bj47 ,chap4 #c4 ,that the ,colour of ,bodies depends chiefly on the disposition of the ,superficial parts1 and partly upon the ,variety of the ,texture of the ,object 7#ba47 ,the former of these are confirm'd by several ,persons 7#bb47 and two ,instances1 the first of the ,steel mention'd before1 the second of melted ,lead 7#bc1 #bd47 of which last several ,observables are noted 7#be47 ,a third ,instance is added of the ,porousness of the appearing smooth ,surface of ,cork 7#bf1 #bg47 ,and that the same kind of ,porousness may be also in the other ,colour'd ,bodies2 ,and of what kind of ,figures1 the ,superficial reflecting ,particles of them may be 7#bh47 and of what ,bulks1 and closeness of ,position 7#bi47 ,how much these may conduce to the ,generation of ,colour instanc'd in the ,whiteness of ,froth1 and in the mixtures of ,dry colour'd ,powders 7#cj47 ,a further explication of the ,variety that may be in the ,superficial parts of ,colour'd ,bodies1 that may cause that ,effect1 by an example drawn from the ,surface of the ,earth 7#ca47 ,an ,apology for that gross ,comparison 7#cb47 ,that the appearances of the ,superficial asperities may be ,varied from the position of the ,eye1 and several ,instances given of such appearances 7#cc1 #cd1 #ce47 ,that the appearance of the ,superficial particles may be ,varied also by their ,motion1 confirm'd by an ,instance of the smoaking ,liquor 7#ce47 especially if the ,superficial parts be of such a ,nature as to appear divers in several ,postures1 explain'd by the variety of ,colours exhibited by the shaken ,leaves of some ,plants 7#cf47 and by changeable ,taffities 7#cg1 #ch1 #ci47 ,the ,authors wish that the ,variety of ,colours in ,mother of ,pearl were examin'd with a ,microscope 7#dj47 ,and his ,conjectures1 that possibly good ,microscopes might discover those ,superficial inequalities to be ,real1 which we now only imagine with his reasons drawn partly from the ,discoveries of the ,telescope1 and ,microscope 7#da47 ,and partly also from the ,prodigiously strange example of a ,blind man that could feel ,colours 7#db47 whose ,history is ,related 7#dc1 #dd1 #de47 ,the ,authors conjecture and thoughts of it 7#df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di47 and several ,conclusions and ,corollaries drawn from it about the ,nature of ,blackness and ,black ,bodies 7#ej1 #ea1 #eb47 and about the ,asperities of several other ,colour'd ,bodies 7#ec47 ,and from these1 and some premis'd ,considerations1 are propos'd some ,conjectures2 ,that the reason of the several ,phnomena of ,colours1 afterwards to be met with1 depends upon the ,disposition of the ,seen parts of the ,object 7#ed47 ,that ,liquors may alter the ,colours of each other1 and of other ,bodies1 first by their ,insinuating themselves into the ,pores1 and filling them1 whence the ,asperity of the ,surface of a ,body becomes alter'd1 explicated with some ,instances 7#ee1 #ef47 ,next by removing those ,bodies1 which before hindred the appearance of the ,genuine ,colour1 confirm'd by several examples 7#eg7 ,thirdly1 by making a ,fissure or ,separation either in the ,contiguous or ,continued ,particles of a ,body 7#eh47 ,fourthly1 by a ,union or ,conjunction of the formerly separated ,particles2 ,illustrated with divers ,instances of precipitated ,bodies 7#ei47 ,fifthly1 by ,dislocating the parts1 and putting them both into other ,orders and ,postures1 which is ,illustrated with ,instances 7#fj1 #fa47 ,sixthly1 by ,motion1 which is explain'd 7#fb47 ,and lastly1 and chiefly1 by the ,union of the ,saline ,bodies1 with the ,superficial parts of another ,body1 whereby both their ,bigness and ,shape must necessarily be alter'd 7#fc1 #fd47 ,explain'd by ,experiments 7#fe1 #ff47 ,that the ,colour of ,bodies may be ,chang'd by the concurrence of two or more of these ways 7#fg47 ,and besides all these1 ,eight ,reflective causes of ,colours1 there may be in ,transparent ,bodies several ,refractive 7#fh1 #fi7 ,why the ,author thinks the ,nature of ,colours deserves yet a further ,inquiry 7#fi47 ,first for that the little ,motes of ,dust exhibited very lovely ,colours in a darkned ,room1 whilst in a convenient posture to the ,eye1 which in other ,postures and ,lights they did not 7#gj47 ,and that though the smaller ,parts of some ,colour'd ,bodies are ,transparent1 yet of others they are not1 so that the first ,doubt's1 whether the ,superficial parts create those ,colours1 and the second1 whether there be any ,refraction at all in the later 7#ga1 #gb1 #gc47 ,a famous ,controversie among ,philosophers1 about the ,nature of ,colour decided4 7#gd4 #ge47 ,chap4 #d4 ,the controversie stated about ,real and ,emphatical ,colours 7#ge1 #gf47 ,that the great ,disparity between them seems to be1 partly their ,duration in the same state1 and partly1 that ,genuine ,colours are produc'd in ,opacous ,bodies by ,reflection1 and ,emphatical in ,transparent by ,refraction 7#gh47 but that this is not to be taken in too large a ,sense1 the ,cautionary instance of ,froth is alleged and insisted on 7#gh1 #gi47 ,that the ,duration is not a sufficient ,characteristick1 exemplify'd by the duration of ,froth1 and other ,emphatical ,colours1 and the suddain fading of ,flowers1 and other ,bodies of ,real ones 7#hj47 ,that the position of the ,eye is not necessary to the discerning ,emphatical ,colours1 shew'd by the seeing white ,froth1 or an ,iris cast on the ,wall by a ,prism1 in what place of the ,room soever the ,eye be 7#ha47 which proceeds from the specular ,reflection of the ,wall 7#hb47 that ,emphatical ,colours may be ,compounded1 and that the present ,discourse is not much concern'd1 whether there be1 or be not made a distinction between ,real and ,emphatical ,colours4 7#hc47 ,chap4 #e4 ,six ,hypotheses about ,colour recited 7#hd1 #he7 ,why the ,author cannot more fully ,speak of any of these 7#hf47 nor ,acquiesce in them 7#hg1 #hh47 ,what ,pyrophilus is to expect in this ,treatise 7#hh1 #hi47 ,what ,hypothesis of ,light and ,colour the ,author most inclines too 7#ij47 ,why he thinks neither that nor any other sufficient2 and what his ,difficulties are1 that make him decline all ,hypotheses1 and to think it very difficult to stick to any4 7#ia1 #ib47 99 99 99 99 99 ,part the ,second4 ,of the ,nature of ,whiteness and ,blackness1 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the reason why the ,author chose the ,explication of ,whiteness and ,blackness 7#ic47 ,wherein ,democritus thought amiss of these 7#id47 ,gassendus his ,opinion about them 7#ie47 ,what the ,author approves1 and a more full ,explication of ,white1 makinig it a ,multiplicity of ,light or ,reflections 7#if1 #ig47 ,confirm'd first by the ,whiteness of the ,meridian ,sun1 observ'd in ,water 7#ih47 and of a piece of ,iron glowing ,hot 7#ii47 ,secondly1 by the ,offensiveness of ,snow to the ,travellers eyes1 confirm'd by an example of a ,person that has ,travell'd much in ,russia 7#ajj47 and by an ,observation out of ,olaus ,magnus 7#ajj47 and that the ,snow does inlighten and clear the ,air in the ,night1 confirm'd by the ,mosco ,physician1 and ,captain ,james 7#aja47 ,but that ,snow has no inherent ,light1 prov'd by ,experience 7#ajb47 ,thirdly1 by the great store of ,reflections1 from white ,bodies observ'd in a darkned ,room1 and by their unaptness to be ,kindled by a ,burning-glass 7#ajc47 ,fourthly1 the ,specularness of ,white ,bodies is confirm'd by the ,reflections in a dark ,room from other ,bodies 7#ajd47 and by the appearance of a ,river1 which both to the ,eye and in a darkned ,room appear'd ,white 7#aje1 #ajf47 ,fifthly1 by the ,whiteness of distill'd ,mercury1 and that of the ,galaxie 7#ajg1 #ajh47 and by the ,whiteness of ,froth1 rais'd from whites of ,eggs beaten2 that this ,whiteness comes not from the ,air1 shew'd by ,experiments 7#aji1 #aaj47 where occasionally the ,whiteness of ,distill'd ,oyls1 ,hot water1 c4 are shew'd 7#aaa47 ,that it seems not necessary the ,reflecting ,surfaces should be ,sphrical1 confirm'd by ,experiments 7#aab1 #aac47 ,sixthly1 by the ,whiteness of the ,powders of transparent ,bodies 7#aad47 ,seventhly1 by the ,experiment of ,whitening and ,burnishing ,silver4 7#aae1 #aaf47 ,chap4 #b4 ,a ,recital of some ,opinions about ,blackness1 and which the ,author inclines to 7#aag47 which he further insists on and explicates 7#aah1 #aai47 and shews for what reasons he imbrac'd that ,hypothesis 7#abj47 ,first1 from the contrary ,nature of ,whiteness and ,blackness1 ,white reflecting most ,beams outwards1 ,black should reflect most inward 7#abj47 ,next1 from the ,black appearance of all ,bodies1 when ,shadow'd2 ,and the manner how this paucity of ,reflection outwards is caus'd1 is further explicated1 by shewing that the ,superficial parts may be ,conical and ,pyramical 7#aba47 ,this and other ,considerations formerly deliver'd1 ,illustrated by ,experiments with black and white ,marble 7#abb1 #abc47 ,thirdly1 from the ,black appearance of ,holes in white ,linnen1 and from the appearance of ,velvet stroak'd several ways1 and from an ,observation of ,carrots 7#abd1 #abe47 ,fourthly1 from the small ,reflection from ,black in a darkned ,room 7#abe1 #abf47 ,fifthly1 from the ,experiment of a ,checker'd ,tile expos'd to the ,sun-beams 7#abg47 which is to be preferr'd before a ,similar ,experiment try'd in ,italy1 with black and white ,marble 7#abh47 ,some other congruous ,observations 7#abi47 ,sixthly1 from the ,roasting black'd ,eggs in the ,sun 7#acj47 ,seventhly1 by the ,observation of the ,blind man lately mention'd1 and of another mention'd by ,bartholine 7#acj47 ,that notwithstanding all these ,reasons1 the ,author is not absolutely ,positive1 but remains yet a ,seeker after the true ,nature of ,whiteness and ,blackness4 7#aca1 #acb47 ,experiments in ,consort1 touching ,whiteness and ,blackness4 ,the first ,experiment1 with a ,solution of ,sublimate1 made ,white with ,spirit of ,urine1 c4 7#acc1 #acd47 ,the second ,experiment1 with an ,infusion of ,galls1 made ,black with ,vitriol1 c4 7#ace1 #acf47 further ,discours'd of 7#acg47 ,the third ,experiment1 of the ,blacking of ,hartshorn1 and ,ivory1 and ,tartar1 and by a further ,calcination making them ,white 7#ach1 #aci47 ,the fourth ,experiment1 limiting the ,chymist's principle1 ,adusta nigra sed perusta alba1 by several ,instances of ,calcin'd ,alabaster1 ,lead1 ,antimony1 ,vitriol1 and by the ,testimony of ,bellonius1 about the white ,charcoles of ,oxy-cdar1 and by that of ,camphire4 7#adj1 #ada1 #adb47 ,that which follows about ,inks was misplac'd by an ,errour of the ,printer1 for it belongs to what has been formerly said of ,galls 7#adb1 #adc47 ,the fifth ,experiment1 of the black ,smoak of ,camphire 7#add47 ,the sixth ,experiment1 of a black ,caput ,mortuum1 of ,oyl of ,vitriol1 with ,oyl of ,worm-word1 and also with ,oyl of ,winter-,savory 7#ade47 ,the seventh ,experiment1 of whitening ,wax 7#adf47 ,the eighth ,experiment1 with ,tin-glass1 and ,sublimate 7#adg1 #adh47 ,the ninth ,experiment1 of a ,black powder of ,gold in the bottom of ,aqua-fortis1 and of the ,blacking of ,refin'd ,gold and ,silver 7#adh1 #adi47 ,the tenth ,experiment1 of the staining ,hair1 ,skin1 ,ivory1 c4 ,black1 with ,crystals of ,silver 7#aej1 #aea47 ,the eleventh ,experiment1 about the ,blackness of the ,skin1 and ,hair of ,negroes1 and ,inhabitants of ,hot ,climates4 ,several ,objections are made1 and the whole ,matter more fully discours'd and stated from several notable ,histories and ,observations 7from the #aea to the #afg47 ,the twelfth ,experiment1 of the white ,powders1 afforded by ,precipitating several ,bodies1 as ,crabs ,eyes1 ,minium1 ,coral1 ,silver1 ,lead1 ,tin1 ,quick-silver1 ,tin-glass1 ,antimony1 ,benzoin1 and ,resinous ,gumms out of ,spirit of ,wine1 c4 but this is not ,universal1 since other ,bodies1 as ,gold1 ,antimony1 ,quick-silver1 c4 may be ,precipitated of other ,colours 7#afh1 #afi1 #agj47 ,the thirteenth ,experiment1 of ,changing the ,blackness of some ,bodies into other ,colours 7#aga1 #agb47 and of ,whitening what would be ,minium1 and ,copper1 with ,tin1 and of ,copper with ,arsnick1 which with ,coppilling again ,vanishes2 of covering the ,colour of that of #a_/c of ,gold with #b_/c of ,silver melted in a ,mass together 7#agc1 #agd7 ,the fourteenth ,experiment1 of turning the black ,body of ,horn into a ,white immediately with ,scraping1 without changing the ,substantial form1 or without the ,intervention of ,salt1 ,sulphur1 or ,mercury 7#agf47 ,the fifteenth ,experiment1 contains several ,instances against the ,opinion of the ,chymists that ,sulphur ,adust is the cause of ,blackness1 and the whole ,matter is fully discuss'd and stated 7from #agf to #ahd7 ,part the ,third4 ,concerning ,promiscuous ,experiments about ,colours4 ,experiment the ,first4 ,,in confirmation of a former ,conjecture about the ,generation of ,colours from diversity of ,reflections are set down several ,observations made in a ,darkned room 7#ahf1 #ahg47 ,experiment the second1 ,that white ,linnen seem'd ,ting'd with the ,red of ,silk plac'd near it in a light ,room 7#ahh1ahi47 ,experiment the third1 ,of the ,trajection of ,light through ,colour'd ,papers 7#ahi1 #aij47 ,experiment the fourth1 ,observations of a ,prism in a dark ,room 7#aia1 #aib47 ,experiment the fifth1 ,of the ,refracting and ,reflecting ,prismatical ,colours in a light ,room 7#aic47 ,experiment the sixth1 ,on the ,vanishing of the ,iris of the ,prism1 upon the access of a greater adventitious ,light 7#aid47 ,experiment the seventh1 ,of the appearances of the same ,colour'd ,papers by ,candle-light 7#aie1 #aif74 ,experiment the eighth1 ,of the ,yellowness of the ,flame of a ,candle 7#aig74 ,experiment the ninth1 ,of the ,greenish ,blew transparency of ,leaf ,gold 7#aih74 ,experiment the tenth1 ,of the curious ,tinctures afforded by ,lignum ,nephriticum 7from #aii to #bjc74 ,several trials for the ,investigation of the ,nature of it 7from #bjd to #bjf47 ,kircher's relation of this ,wood set down1 and examin'd 7from #bjf to #bab74 ,a ,corollary on this tenth ,experiment1 shewing how it may be applicable for the ,discovering1 whether any ,salt be of an ,acid1 or a ,sulphureous1 and ,alcalizate ,nature 7from #bac to #baf74 ,the eleventh ,experiment1 ,of certain pieces of ,glass that afforded this ,variety of ,colours2 ,and of the way of so ,tinging any ,plate of ,glass with ,silver 7from #baf to #bai74 ,the twelfth ,experiment1 ,of the ,mixing and ,tempering of ,painters ,pigments 7#bai1 #bbj1 #bba74 ,the thirteenth ,experiment1 ,of compounding several ,colours by ,trajecting the ,sun-beams through ,ting'd ,glasses 7from #bba to #bbd74 ,the fourteenth ,experiment1 ,of the ,compounding of ,real and ,phantastical ,colours1 and the ,results 7#bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf47 as also the same of ,phantastical ,colours 7#bbf1 #bbg47 ,the fifteenth ,experiment1 ,of ,varying the ,trajected ,iris by a ,colour'd ,prism 7#bbh1 #bbi47 ,the sixteenth ,experiment1 ,of the ,red fumes of ,spirit of ,nitre1 and1 the resembling ,redness of the ,horizontal ,sun-beams 7#bcj1 #bca47 ,the seventeenth ,experiment1 ,of making a ,green by nine ,kinds of ,compositions 7from #bca to #bcf47 ,and some ,deductions from them against the necessity of recurring to ,substantial forms and ,hypostatical principles for the production of ,colours 7from #bcg to #bdj47 ,the eighteenth ,experiment1 ,of several ,compositions of ,blew and ,yellow which produce not a ,green1 and of the production of a ,green by other ,colours 7#bda1 #bdb47 ,the nineteenth ,experiment1 contains several instances of producing ,colours1 without the alteration of any ,hypostatical principle1 by the ,prism1 ,bubbles1 and ,feathers 7 from #bdb to #bde47 ,the twentieth ,experiment ,of turning the ,blew of ,violets into a ,red by ,acid ,salts1 and to a ,green by ,alcalizate 7#bde1 #bdf47 and the use of it for ,investigating the ,nature of ,salts 7#bdg1 #bdh47 ,the one and twentieth ,experiment1 of the same ,changes effected by the same means on the ,blew ,tinctures of ,corn-flowers 7#bdi1 #bej47 ,and some ,restrictions to shew it not to be so general a propriety as one might imagine 7#bea47 ,the twenty second ,experiment1 of turning a ,solution of ,verdigrease into a ,blew1 with ,alcalizate and ,urinous ,salts 7#beb1 #bec1 #bed47 ,the twenty third ,experiment1 of taking away the ,colour of ,roses with the ,steams of ,sulphur1 and heightning them with the ,steams ,condens'd into ,oyl of ,sulphur per ,campanam 7#bed1 #bee47 ,the twenty fourth ,experiment1 of ,tinging a great quantity of ,liquor with a very little ,ting'd ,substance1 ,instanced in ,cochineel 7from #bee to #beg47 ,the twenty fifth ,experiment1 of the more general use of ,alcalizate and ,sulphureous ,salts in the ,tinctures of ,vegetables1 further ,instanced in the ,tincture of ,privet ,berries1 and of the ,flowers of ,mesereon and ,pease 7from #beg to #bei47 ,an ,annotation1 shewing that of the three ,hypostatical principles1 ,salt according to ,paracelsus is the most active about ,colours 7from #bei to #bfa47 ,some things ,precursory premis'd to three several ,instances next following1 against the fore-mention'd ,operations of ,salts 7#bfa1 #bfb47 ,the twenty sixth ,experiment1 containing ,trials with ,acid and ,sulphureous ,salts on the ,red ,tinctures of ,clove-july-flowers1 ,buckthorn ,berries1 ,red-,roses1 ,brasil1 c4 7#bfb1 #bfc47 ,the twenty seventh ,experiment1 of the changes of the ,colour of ,jasmin flowers1 and ,snow drops1 by ,alcalizate and ,sulphureous ,salts 7#bfc1 #bfd47 ,the twenty eighth ,experiment1 of other differing ,effects on ,mary-golds1 ,prim-roses1 and fresh ,madder 7#bfe47 with an ,admonition1 that these ,salts may have differing ,effects in the changing of the tinctures of divers other ,vegetables 7#bff1 #bfg47 ,the twenty ninth ,experiment1 of the differing ,effects of these ,salts on ,ripe and ,unripe ,juices1 instanced in ,black-berries1 and the ,juices of ,roses 7from #bfg to #bgj47 ,two reasons1 why the ,author added this twenty ninth ,experiment1 the last of which is confirm'd by an ,instance of ,mr4 ,parkinson1 consonant to the ,confession of the ,makers of such ,colours 7#bgb47 ,the thirtieth ,experiment1 of several changes in ,colours by ,digestion1 exemplify'd by an ,amalgam of ,gold and ,mercury and by ,spirit of ,harts-horn4 ,and 7to such as believe it7 by the changes of the ,elixir4 ,the thirty first ,experiment1 shewing that most ,tinctures drawn by ,digestion ,incline to a ,red1 instanc'd in ,jalap1 ,guaicum1 ,amber1 ,benzoin1 ,sulphur1 ,antimony1 c4 7#bgf1 #bgg47 ,the thirty second ,experiment1 ,that some ,reds with ,diluting turn ,yellow1 others not1 exemplify'd by the ,tincture of ,cochineel1 and by ,balsam of ,sulphur1 ,tinctures of ,amber1 c4 7#bgg1 #bgh1 #bgi47 ,the thirty third ,experiment1 of a ,red ,tincture of ,saccarum ,saturni and ,oyl of ,turpentine made by ,digestion 7#bgi47 ,the thirty fourth ,experiment1 of drawing a ,volatile red ,tincture of ,mercury1 whose ,steams were white1 but it would ,tinge the ,skin black 7#bgi1 #bhj47 ,the thirty fifth ,experiment1 of a suddain way of making a ,blood red ,colour with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and ,oyl of ,anniseeds1 two transparent ,liquors 7#bhj1 #bha47 ,the thirty sixth ,experiment1 of the ,degenerating of several ,colours exemplify'd in the last mention'd ,blood red1 and by ,mr4 ,parkinsons relation of ,turnsol1 by some ,trials with the ,juice of ,buck-thorn ,berries1 and other ,vegetables1 to which several notable ,considerations and ,advertisements back'd with ,experiments are adjoyn'd 7from #bha to #bhh47 ,the thirty seventh ,experiment1 ,of ,varying the ,colour of the ,tinctures of ,cochineel1 ,red-cherries1 and ,brasil1 with ,acid and ,sulphureous ,salts1 and divers ,considerations thereon 7from #bhh to #bij47 ,the thirty eighth ,experiment1 ,about the ,red fumes of some1 and ,white of other distill'd ,bodies1 and of their ,coalition for the most part into a transparent ,liquor 7#bij1 #bia47 ,and of the various ,colours of dry ,sublimations1 exemplify'd with several ,experiments 7#bib1 #bic1 #bid47 ,the thirty ninth ,experiment1 ,of ,varying the ,decoction of ,balaustiums with ,acid and ,urinous ,salts 7#bid1 #bie47 ,some ,annotations wherein two ,experiments of ,gassendus are ,related1 ,examined1 and ,improv'd 7from #bie to #cjb47 ,the fortieth ,experiment1 ,of the no less ,strange than ,pleasant changes made with a ,solution of ,sublimate 7from #cja to #cjf47 ,the difference between a ,chymical axd ,philosophical ,solution of a ,phnomenon 7#cjg1 #cjh47 ,the ,authors ,chymical ,explication of the ,phnomena1 confirm d by several ,experiments made on ,mercury1 with several ,saline ,liquors 7from #cjh to #caj47 ,an ,improvement of the fortieth ,experiment1 by a fresh ,decoction of ,antimony in a ,lixivium 7#caa1 #cab1 #cac47 ,reflections on the tenth1 twentieth1 and fortieth ,experiments1 compar'd together1 shewing a way with this ,tincture of ,sublimate to distinguish whether any ,saline ,body to be examin'd be of a ,urinous or ,alcalizate ,nature 7from #cad to #cag47 ,the ,examination of ,spirit of ,sal-armoniack1 and ,spirit of ,oak by these ,principles 7from #caf to #cai47 ,that the ,author knows ways of making highly ,operative ,saline bodies1 that produce none of the before mention'd effects 7#cai1 #cbj47 ,some notable ,experiments about ,solutions and ,precipitations of ,gold and ,silver 7#cbj1 #cba47 ,the one and fortieth ,experiment1 ,of ,depriving a deep ,blew ,solution of ,copper of its ,colour 7#cbb47 to which is adjoyn'd the ,discolouring or making ,transparent a ,solution of ,verdigrease1 c4 and another of ,restoring or ,increasing it 7#cbb1 #cbc47 ,the forty second ,experiment1 ,of changing a ,milk white ,precipitate of ,mercury into a ,yellow1 by ,affusion of fair ,water1 with several ,considerations thereon 7from #cbc to #cbf47 ,the forty third ,experiment1 ,of ,extracting a ,green ,solution with fair ,water out of imperfectly ,calcin'd ,vitriol 7#cbg47 ,the forty fourth ,experiment1 ,of the ,deepning and ,diluting of several ,tinctures1 by the ,affusions of ,liquors1 and by ,conical ,glasses that contain'd them1 ,exemplify'd in the ,tinctures of ,cochineel1 ,brasil1 ,verdigrease1 ,glass1 ,litmus1 of which last on this occasion several pleasant ,phnomena are related 7from #cbh to #cce47 ,to which are adjoyn'd certain ,cautional ,corollaries 7#cce1 #ccf47 ,the ,waterdrinker and some of his ,legerdemain tricks related47#ccg47 ,the forty fifth ,experiment1 ,of the turning ,rhenish and ,white ,wine into a lovely ,green1 with a preparation of ,steel 7#cch1 #cci47 ,some further ,trial made about these ,tinctures1 and a ,similar ,experiment of ,olaus ,wormius 7#cdj47 ,the forty sixth ,experiment1 ,of the ,internal ,colour of ,metalls exhibited by ,calcination 7#cda1 #cdb1 #cdc47 ,annotation the first1 ,that several degrees of ,fire may disclose a differing ,colour 7#cdc47 ,annotation the second1 ,that the ,glasses of ,metalls may exhibit also other ,kinds of ,colours 7#cdd47 ,annotation the third1 ,that ,minerals by several degrees of ,fire may disclose several ,colours7#cde74 ,experiment the forty seventh1 ,of the ,internal ,colours of ,metalls disclos'd by their ,dissolutions in several ,menstruums 7from #cde to #cej47 ,annotation the first1 ,the ,authors ,apology for ,recording some already known ,experiments1 without mentioning their ,authors 7from #cej to #ceb47 ,annotation the second1 ,that some ,minerals also by ,dissolutions in ,menstruums may exhibit divers ,colours4 ,annotation the third1 ,that ,metalls disclose other ,colours by ,precipitations1 instanc'd in ,mercury 7from #cec to #cee47 ,the forty eighth ,experiment1 ,of ,tinging ,glass ,blew with ,leaf ,silver1 and with ,calcin'd ,copper1 and ,white with ,putty 7from #cee to #ceh47 ,annotation the first1 ,that this white ,glass is the ,basis of ,ammels 7#ceh47 ,annotion the second1 ,that ,colour'd ,glasses may be ,compounded like ,colour'd ,liquors in ,dying ,fats 7#cei47 ,annotation the third1 ,of ,tinging ,glass with ,minerel ,substances1 and of trying what ,metalls they contain by this means 7from #cfj to #cfb47 ,annotation the fourth1 ,that ,metalls may be ,ting'd by ,mineralls 7#cfb1 #cfc47 ,annotation the fifth1 ,of making several ,kinds of ,amauses or ,counterfeit ,stones 7from #cfc to #cfe47 ,annotation the sixth1 ,of the ,scarlet ,dye1 of the ,stains of dissolv'd ,gold and ,silver 7#cff1 #cfg7 ,of the ,greenness of ,salt ,beef1 and ,redness of ,neats ,tongues from ,salts2 of ,gilding ,silver with ,bathe ,water 7#cfh1 #cfi47 ,and ,tinging the ,nails and ,skin with ,alcanna 7#cfi7 ,the forty ninth ,experiment1 ,of making ,lakes 7#cfi47 ,a particular example in ,turmerick 7#cgj1 #cga47 ,annotation the first1 ,that in ,precipitations wherein ,allum is a ,coefficient1 a great part of them may consist of the ,stony particles of that ,compound ,body 7from #cgb to #cge47 ,annotation the second1 ,that ,lakes may be made of other ,substances1 as ,madder1 ,rue1 c4 but that ,alcalizate ,salts do not ,always ,extract the same ,colour of which the ,vegetable appears 7from #cgf to #cgh47 ,annotation the third1 ,that the ,experiments related may ,hint divers others 7#cgh7 ,annotation the fourth1 ,that ,alum is usefull for the preparing other than ,vegetable ,pigments 7#cgi47 ,the fiftieth ,experiment1 ,of the ,similar effects of ,saccarum ,saturni and ,alkalies1 of ,precipitating with ,oyl of ,vitriol out of ,aqua-fortis1 and ,spirit of ,vinegar2 and of divers ,varyings of the ,colours1 with these ,compounded 7from #chj to #chd47 ,another very pretty ,experiment1 with a ,solution of ,minium 7#chd1 #che47 ,that these ,experiments ,skilfully digested may hint divers matters about ,colours 7#chf47 ,the ,authors ,apologetick conclusion1 in which is ,cursorily hinted the ,bow or ,scarlet ,dye 7#chg47 ,the ,authors ,letter to ,sir ,robert ,moray1 concerning his ,observations on the ,shining ,diamond 7#cia4 c47 ,and the ,observations themselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,errata4 ,pag4 #adb4 l4 #bj4 ,these words1 ,and to manifest1 with the rest of what is by a mistake further printed in this fourth ,experiment1 belongeth1 and is to be referred to the end of the second ,eperiment1 p4#acg4 pag4 #ade4 l4 #a4 leg4 matter4 #adf4 l4 #d4 leg4 ,bolts-head4 pag #afa4 in the marginal note l4 #b4 dele de ib4 l4 #c4 lege lib #a4 p #afc4 l4 ult4 insert where between the words places and the4 p4 #afd l4 #a4 dele that4 ibid1 l4 #h4 leg ,epidermis4 ibid4 l4 #ai leg4 #cjj4 for #bjj4 p4 #afi4 l4 #bb4 leg4 into it4 p4 #agj4 l4 #bc4 #bd4 leg4 ,some ,solutions hereafter to be mentioned1 for the ,solutions of ,potashes1 and other ,lixiviate ,salts4 p4 #aga4 l4 #f4 insert part of between the words most and dissolved p4 #agf4 l4 ult4 insert the participle it between the words ,judged and not p4 #bcd4 l4 #d4 leg4 ,woud-wax or ,wood-wax4 p4 #cbj l4 #bi4 leg4 urine for urne4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,experimental ,,history ,,of ,,colours ,,begun4 ,,the ,,first ,,part4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a ,i have seen you so passionately addicted1 ,pyrophilus to the delightful ,art of ,limning and ,painting1 that ,i cannot but think my self obliged to acquaint you with some of those things that have occurred to mee concerning the changes of ,colours4 ,and ,i may expect that ,i shall as well serve the ,virtuosi in general1 as gratifie you in particular1 by furnishing a person1 who1 ,i hope1 will both improve my ,communications1 and communicate his ,improvements1 with such ,experiments and ,observations as may both invite you to enquire seriously into the ,nature of ,colours1 and assist you in the ,investigation of it4 ,this being the principal scope of the following ,tract1 ,i should do that which might prevent my own design1 if ,i should here attempt to deliver you an accurate and particular ,theory of ,colours2 for that were to present you with what ,i desire to receive from you2 and1 as farr as in mee lay1 to make that study needless1 to which ,i would engage you4 #b ,wherefore my present work shall be but to divert and recreate1 as well as excite you by the delivery of matters of fact1 such as you may for the most part try with much ease1 and possibly not without some delight3 ,and lest you should expect any thing of ,elaborate or ,methodical in what you will meet with here1 ,i must confess to you before-hand1 that the seasons ,i was wont to chuse to devise and try ,experiments about ,colours1 were those daies1 wherein having taken ,physick1 and finding my self as unfit to speculate1 as unwilling to be altogether idle1 ,i chose this diversion1 as a kind of ,mean betwixt the one and the other4 ,and ,i have the less scrupled to set down the following ,experiments1 as some of them came to my mind1 and as the ,notes wherein ,i had set down the rest1 occurr'd to my hands1 that by declining a ,methodical way of delivering them1 ,i might leave you and my self the greater liberty and convenience to add to them1 and transpose them as shall appear expedient4 #c ,yea1 that you may not think mee too reserv'd1 or look upon an ,enquiry made up of meer ,narratives1 as somewhat jejune1 am content to premise a few considerations1 that now offer themselves to my thoughts1 which relate in a more general way1 either to the ,nature of ,colours1 or to the study of it4 ,and ,i shall insert an ,essay1 as well ,speculative as ,historical1 of the ,nature of ,whiteness and ,blackness1 that you may have a ,specimen of the ,history of ,colours1 ,i have sometimes had thoughts of2 and if you dislike not the ,method ,i have made use of1 ,i hope1 you1 and some of the ,virtuosi1 your friends1 may be thereby invited to go thorow with ,red1 ,blew1 ,yellow1 and the rest of the particular ,colours1 as ,i have done with ,white and ,black1 but with farr more sagacity and success4 ,and if ,i can invite ,ingenious men to undertake such ,tasks1 ,i doubt not but the ,curious will quickly obtain a better ,account of ,colours1 than as yet we have1 since in our ,method the ,theorical part of the ,enquiry being attended1 and as it were interwoven with the ,historical1 whatever becomes of the disputable ,conjectures1 the ,philosophy of ,colours will be promoted by the indisputable ,experiments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a ,to come then in the first place to our more general ,considerations1 ,i shall begin with saying something as to the ,importance of examining the ,colours of ,bodies4 ,for there are some1 especially ,chymists1 who think1 that a considerable diversity of ,colours does constantly argue an equal diversity of ,nature1 in the ,bodies wherein it is conspicuous2 but ,i confess ,i am not altogether of their mind2 for not to mention changeable ,taffaties1 the blew and golden necks of ,pidgeons1 and divers ,water-fowl1 ,rainbows ,natural and ,artificial1 and other ,bodies1 whose ,colours the ,philosophers have been pleased to call not ,real1 but ,apparent and ,phantastical2 not to insist on these1 ,i say1 7for fear of needlesly engaging in a ,controversie7 we see in ,parrots1 ,goldfinches1 and divers other ,birds1 not only that the contiguous feathers which are probably as near in properties as place1 are some of them ,red1 and others ,white1 some of them ,blew1 others ,yellow1 c4 but that in the several parts of the self-same feather there may often be seen the greatest disparity of ,colours2 and so in the leaves of ,tulips1 ,july-flowers1 and some other ,vegetables the several leaves1 and even the several parts of the same leaf1 although no difference have been observed in their other properties1 are frequently found painted with very different ,colours4 ,and such a variety we have much more admired in that lovely plant which is commonly1 and not unjustly call'd the ,marvayl of ,peru2 for of divers scores of fine ,flowers1 which in its season that gaudy ,plant does almost daily produce1 ,i have scarce taken notice of any two that were dyed perfectly alike4 ,but though ,pyro3 such things as these1 among others1 keep mee from daring to affirm1 that the ,diversity and change of ,colours does alwaies argue any great difference or alteration1 betwixt1 or in1 the ,bodies1 wherein it is to be discerned1 yet that oftentimes the ,alteration of ,colours does signifie considerable ,alterations in the disposition of parts of ,bodies1 may appear in the ,extraction of ,tinctures1 and divers other ,chymical ,operations1 wherein the change of ,colours is the chief1 and sometimes the only thing1 by which the ,artist regulates his proceeding1 and is taught to know when 'tis seasonable for him to leave off4 ,instances of this sort are more obvious in divers sorts of fruits1 as ,cherries1 ,plums1 c4 wherein1 according as the ,vegetable sap is sweetned1 or otherwise ripened1 by passing from one degree to another of ,maturation1 the external part of the fruit passes likewise from one to another ,colour4 ,but one of the noblest ,instances ,i have met with of this kind1 is not so obvious2 and that is the way of tempering ,steel to make ,gravers1 ,drills1 ,springs1 and other ,mechanical ,instruments1 which we have divers times both made ,artificers practise in our presence1 and tryed our selves1 after the following manner1 ,first1 the slender ,steel to be tempered is to be hardened by heating as much of it as is requisite among glowing ,coals1 till it be glowing hot1 but it must not be quenched assoon as it is taken from the fire 7for that would make it too brittle1 and spoil it7 but must be held over a bason of water1 till it descend from a ,white heat to a ,red one1 which assoon as ever you perceive1 you must immediately quench as much as you desire to harden in the cold water4 ,the ,steel thus hardened1 will1 if it be good1 look somewhat ,white and must be made bright at the end1 that its change of ,colours may be there conspicuous2 and then holding it so in the flame of a ,candle1 that the bright end may be1 for about half an inch1 or more1 out of the flame1 that the smoak do not stain or sully the brightness of it1 you shall after a while see that clean end1 which is almost contiguous to the flame1 pass very nimbly from one ,colour to another1 as from a brighter ,yellow1 to a deeper and reddish ,yellow1 which ,artificers call a sanguine1 and from that to a fainter first1 and then a a deeper ,blew4 ,and to bring home this ,experiment to our present purpose1 it is found by daily ,experience1 that each of these succeeding ,colours argue such a change made in the texture of the ,steel1 that if it be taken from the flame1 and immediately quenched in the tallow 7whereby it is setled in whatever temper it had before7 when it is ,yellow1 it is of such a hardness as makes it fit for ,gravers ,drills1 and such like tools2 but if it be kept a few minutes longer in the flame till it grow ,blew1 it becomes much softer1 and unfit to make ,gravers for ,metalls1 but fit to make ,springs for ,watches1 and such like ,instruments1 which are therefore commonly of that ,colour2 and if the ,steel be kept in the flame1 after that this deep ,blew hath disclosed it self1 it will grow so soft1 as to need to be new hardened again1 before it can be brought to a temper1 fit for ,drills or ,penknives4 ,and ,i confess ,pyro4 ,i have taken much pleasure to see the ,colours run along from the parts of the ,steel contiguous to the flame1 to the end of the ,instrument1 and succeed one another so fast1 that if a man be not vigilant1 to thrust the ,steel into the tallow at the very nick of time1 at which it has attain'd its due ,colour1 he shall miss of giving his tool the right temper4 ,but because the flame of a ,candle is offensive to my weak eyes1 and because it is apt to either black or sully the contiguous part of the ,steel which is held in it1 and thereby hinder the change of ,colours from being so long and clearly discern'd1 ,i have sometimes made this ,experiment by laying the ,steel to be tempered upon a heated bar of ,iron1 which we finde also to be employ'd by some ,artificers in the tempering of such great ,instruments1 as are too big to be soon heated sufficiently by the flame of a ,candle4 ,and you may easily satisfie your self ,pyro3 of the differing hardness and toughness1 which is ascribed to ,steel temper'd at different ,colours1 if you break but some slender wires of ,steel so temper'd1 and observe how they differ in brittleness1 and if with a file you also make tryal of their various degrees of hardness4 #b ,but ,pyrophilus1 ,i must not at present any further prosecute the ,consideration of the importance of ,experiments about ,colours1 not only because you will in the following papers finde some instances1 that would here be presented you out of their due place1 of the use that may be made of such ,experiments1 in discovering in divers bodies1 what kind the salt is1 that is predominant in them2 but also because a speculative ,naturalist might justly enough allege1 that as ,light is so pleasing an object1 as to be well worth our looking on1 though it discover'd to us nothing but its self2 so modifi'd ,light called ,colour1 were worth our contemplation1 though by understanding its ,nature we should be taught nothing else4 ,and however1 ,i need not make either you or my self excuses for entertaining you on the subject ,i am now about to treat of1 since the pleasure ,pyro3 takes in mixing and laying on of ,colours1 will ,i presume keep him1 and will 7,i am sure7 keep mee from thinking it troublesome to set down1 especially after the tedious processes 7about other matters7 wherewith ,i fear ,i may have tyr'd him1 some easie1 and not unpleasant ,experiments relating to that subject4 #c ,but1 before we descend to the more particular considerations1 we are to present you concerning ,colours1 ,i presume it will be seasonable to propose at the very entrance a ,distinction2 the ignorance or neglect of which1 seems to mee to have frequently enough occasioned either mistakes or confusion in the ,writings of divers ,modern ,philosophers2 for ,colour may be considered1 either as it is a quality residing in the body that is said to be coloured1 or to modifie the light after such or such a manner2 or else as the ,light it self1 which so modifi'd1 strikes upon the organ of sight1 and so causes that ,sensation which we call ,colour2 and that this latter may be look'd upon as the more proper1 though not the usual acception of the word ,colour1 will be made probable by divers passages in the insuing part of our discourse2 and indeed it is the ,light it self1 which after a certain manner1 either mingled with shades1 or some other waies troubled1 strikes our eyes1 that does more immediately produce that motion in the organ1 upon whose account men say they see such or such a ,colour in the object2 yet1 because there is in the body that is said to be coloured1 a certain disposition of the superficial particles1 whereby it sends the ,light reflected1 or refracted1 to our eyes thus and thus alter'd1 and not otherwise1 it may also in some sense be said1 that ,colour depends upon the visible body2 and therefore we shall not be against that way of speaking of ,colours that is most used among the ,modern ,naturalists1 provided we be allowed to have recourse when occasion shall require to the premis'd distinction1 and to take the more immediate cause of ,colour to be the modifi'd ,light it self1 as it affects the ,sensory2 though the disposition also of the colour'd body1 as that modifies the ,light1 may be call'd by that name ,metonimically 7to borrow a ,school term7 or ,efficiently1 that is in regard of its turning the ,light1 that rebounds from it1 or passes thorow it1 into this or that particular ,colour4 #d ,i know not whether ,i may not on this occasion add1 that ,colour is so far from being an ,inherent quality of the object in the sense that is wont to be declar'd by the ,schools1 or even in the sense of some ,modern ,atomists1 that1 if we consider the matter more attentively1 we shall see cause to suspect1 if not to conclude1 that though ,light do more immediately affect the organ of sight1 than do the bodies that send it thither1 yet ,light it self produces the sensation of a ,colour1 but as it produces such a determinate kind of local motion in some part of the brain2 which1 though it happen most commonly from the motion whereinto the slender strings of the ,retina are put1 by the appulse of ,light1 yet if the like motion happen to be produc'd by any other cause1 wherein the ,light concurrs not at all1 a man shall think he sees the same ,colour4 ,for proof of this1 ,i might put you in mind1 that 'tis usual for dreaming men to think they see the ,images that appear to them in their sleep1 adorn'd some with this1 and some with that lively ,colour1 whilst yet1 both the curtains of their bed1 and those of their eyes are close drawn4 ,and ,i might add the confidence with which distracted persons do oftentimes1 when they are awake1 think1 they see black fiends in places1 where there is no black object in sight without them4 ,but ,i will rather observe1 that not only when a man receives a great stroak upon his eye1 or a very great one upon some other part of his head1 he is wont to see1 as it were1 flashes of lightning1 and little vivid1 but vanishing flames1 though perhaps his eyes be shut3 ,but the like apparitions may happen1 when the motion proceeds not from something without1 but from something within the body1 provided the unwonted fumes that wander up and down in the head1 or the propagated concussion of any internal part in the body1 do cause about the inward extremities of the ,optick ,nerve1 such a motion as is wont to be there produc'd1 when the stroak of the ,light upon the ,retina makes us conclude1 that we see either ,light1 or such and such a ,colour3 ,this the most ingenious ,des ,cartes hath very well observ'd1 but because he seems not to have exemplifi'd it by any unobvious or peculiar observation1 ,i shall indeavour to illustrate this doctrine by a few ,instances4 #e ,and first1 ,i remember1 that having1 through ,gods goodness1 been free for several years1 from troublesome ,coughs1 being afterwards1 by an accident1 suddenly cast into a violent one1 ,i did often1 when ,i was awaked in the night by my distempers1 observe1 that upon coughing strongly1 it would seem to mee1 that ,i saw very vivid1 but immediately disappearing flames1 which ,i took particular notice of1 because of the conjecture ,i am now mentioning4 #f ,an excellent and very discreet person1 very near ally'd both to you and mee1 was relating to mee1 that some time since1 whilst she was talking with some other ,ladies1 upon a sudden1 all the objects1 she looked upon1 appeared to her dyed with unusual ,colours1 some of one kind1 and some of another1 but all so bright and vivid1 that she should have been as much delighted1 as surpriz'd with them1 but that finding the apparition to continue1 she fear'd it portended some very great alteration as to her health3 ,as indeed the day after she was assaulted with such violence by ,hysterical and ,hypocondrical ,distempers1 as both made her rave for some daies1 and gave her1 during that time1 a ,bastard ,palsey4 #g ,being a while since in a ,town1 where the ,plague had made great havock1 and inquiring of an ingenious man1 that was so bold1 as without much scruple to visit those that were sick of it1 about the odd symptomes of a ,disease that had swept away so many there2 he told mee1 among other things1 that he was able to tell divers ,patients1 to whom he was called1 before they took their beds1 or had any evident symptomes of the ,plague1 that they were indeed infected upon peculiar observations1 that being asked1 they would tell him that the neighbouring objects1 and particularly his cloths1 appear'd to them beautifi'd with most glorious ,colours1 like those of the ,rainbow1 oftentimes succeeding one another2 and this he affirm'd to be one of the most usual1 as well as the most early symptomes1 by which this odd ,pestilence disclos'd it self3 ,and when ,i asked how long the ,patients were wont to be thus affected1 he answered1 that it was most commonly for about a day2 and when ,i further inquired whether or no ,vomits1 which in that ,pestilence were usually given1 did not remove this symptome 7,for some used the taking of a ,vomit1 when they came ashore1 to cure themselves of the obstinate and troublesome giddiness caus'd by the motion of the ship7 reply'd1 that generally1 upon the evacuation made by the ,vomit1 that strange apparition of ,colours ceased1 though the other symptomes were not so soon abated1 yet he added 7to take notice of that upon the by1 because the observation may perchance do good7 that an excellent ,physician1 in whose company he was wont to visit the sick1 did give to almost all those to whom he was called1 in the beginning before ,nature was much weakened1 a pretty odd ,vomit consisting of eight or ten dramms of ,infusion of ,crocus ,metallorum1 and about half a dramm1 or much more1 of ,white ,vitriol1 with such success1 that scarce one of ten to whom it was seasonably administred1 miscarried4 #h ,but to return to the consideration of ,colours3 ,as an apparition of them may be produced by motions from within1 without the assistance of an outward object1 so ,i have observed1 that 'tis sometimes possible that the ,colour that would otherwise be produced by an outward object1 may be chang'd by some motion1 or new texture already produced in the ,sensory1 as long as that unusual motion1 or new disposition lasts2 for ,i have divers times try'd1 that after ,i have through a ,telescope look'd upon the ,sun1 though thorow a thick1 red1 or blew glass1 to make its splendor supportable to the eye1 the impression upon the ,retina1 would be not only so vivid1 but so permanent1 that if afterwards ,i turned my eye towards a flame1 it would appear to mee of a ,colour very differing from its usual one4 ,and if ,i did divers times successively shut and open the same eye1 ,i should see the adventitious ,colour1 7if ,i may so call it7 changed or impair'd by degrees1 till at length 7for this unusual motion of the eye would not presently cease7 the flame would appear to mee1 of the same hew that it did to other beholders2 a not unlike effect ,i found by looking upon the ,moon1 when she was near full1 thorow an excellent ,telescope1 without colour'd ,glass to screen my eye with2 ,but that which ,i desire may be taken notice of1 because we may elsewhere have occasion to reflect upon it1 and because it seems not agreeable to what ,anatomists and ,optical ,writers deliver1 touching the relation of the two eyes to each other1 is this circumstance1 that though my ,right eye1 with which ,i looked thorow the ,telescope1 were thus affected by the over-strong impression of the light1 yet when the flame of a ,candle1 or some other bright object appear'd to me of a very unusual ,colour1 whilst look'd upon with the ,discompos'd ,eye1 or 7though not so notably7 with both eyes at once2 yet if ,i shut that ,eye1 and looked upon the same object with the other1 it would appear with no other than its usual ,colour1 though if ,i again opened1 and made use of the ,dazled eye1 the vivid adventitious ,colour would again appear4 ,and on this occasion ,i must not pretermit an ,observation which may perswade us1 that an over-vehement stroak upon the ,sensory1 especially if it be naturally of a weak constitution1 may make a more lasting impression than one would imagine1 which impression may in some cases1 as it were1 mingle with1 and vitiate the action of vivid objects for a long time after4 ,for ,i know a ,lady of unquestionable ,veracity1 who having lately1 by a desperate fall1 receiv'd several hurts1 and particularly a considerable one upon a part of her face near her ,eye1 had her sight so troubl'd and disorder'd1 that1 as she hath more than once related to me1 not only when the next morning one of her servants came to her bed side1 to ask how she did1 his cloaths appear'd adorn'd with such variety of dazling ,colours1 that she was fain presently to command him to withdraw1 but the ,images in her ,hangings1 did1 for many daies after1 appear to her1 if the ,room were not extraordinarily darken'd1 embellish'd with several offensively vivid ,colours1 which no body else could see in them2 ,and when ,i enquir'd whether or no ,white ,objects did not appear to her adorn'd with more luminous ,colours than others1 and whether she saw not some which she could not now well describe to any1 whose eyes had never been distemper'd1 she answer'd mee1 that sometimes she thought she saw ,colours so new and glorious1 that they were of a peculiar kind1 and such as she could not describe by their likeness to any she had beheld either before or since1 and that ,white ,objects did so much disorder her sight1 that if several daies after her fall1 she look'd upon the inside of a ,book1 she fanci'd she saw there ,colours like those of the ,rain-bow1 and even when she thought her self pretty well recover'd1 and made bold to leave her ,chamber1 the coming into a place where the ,walls and ,ceeling were whited over1 made those ,objects appear to her cloath'd with such glorious and dazling ,colours1 as much offended her sight1 and made her repent her venturousness1 and she added1 that this ,distemper of her ,eyes lasted no less than five or six weeks1 though1 since that1 she hath been able to read and write much without finding the least ,inconvenience in doing so4 ,i would gladly have known1 whether if she had shut the ,injur'd ,eye1 the ,phnomena would have been the same1 when she employ'd only the other1 but ,i heard not of this accident early enough to satisfie that ,enquiry4 #i ,wherefore1 ,i shall now add1 that some years before1 a person exceedingly eminent for his profound ,skil in almost all kinds of ,philological ,learning1 coming to advise with mee about a ,distemper in his ,eyes1 told me1 among other ,circumstances of it1 that1 having upon a time looked too fixedly upon the ,sun1 thorow a ,telescope1 without any coloured ,glass1 to take off from the dazling splendour of the ,object1 the excess of ,light did so strongly affect his ,eye1 that ever since1 when he turns it towards a ,window1 or any ,white ,object1 he fancies1 he seeth a ,globe of ,light1 of about the bigness the ,sun then appeared of to him1 to pass before his ,eyes3 ,and having ,inquir'd of him1 how long he had been troubled with this ,indisposition1 he reply'd1 that it was already nine or ten years1 since the ,accident1 that occasioned it1 first befel him4 ,i could here subjoyn1 ,pyrophilus1 some memorable ,relations that ,i have met with in the ,account given us by the experienc'd ,epiphanius ,ferdinandus1 of the ,symptomes he observ'd to be incident to those that are bitten with the ,tarantula1 by which 7,relations7 ,i could probably shew1 that without any change in the ,object1 a change in the ,instruments of ,vision may for a great while make some ,colours appear ,charming1 and make others ,provoking1 and both to a high degree1 though neither of them produc'd any such ,effects before4 ,these things1 ,i say1 ,i could here subjoyn in confirmation of what ,i have been saying1 to shew1 that the ,disposition of the ,organ is of great ,importance in the ,dijudications we make of ,colours1 were it not that these strange ,stories belonging more properly to another ,discourse1 ,i had rather1 7contenting my self to have given you an ,intimation of them here7 that you should meet with them fully deliver'd there4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,but1 ,pyrophilus1 ,i would not by all that ,i have hitherto discours'd1 be thought to have forgotten the ,distinction 7of ,colour7 that ,i mentioned to you about the beginning of the third ,section of the former ,chapter2 and therefore1 after all ,i have said of ,colour1 as it is modifi'd ,light1 and immediately affects the ,sensory1 ,i shall now re-mind you1 that ,i did not deny1 but that ,colour might in some sense be consider'd as a ,quality residing in the body that is said to be ,colour'd1 and indeed the greatest part of the following ,experiments referr to ,colour principally under that ,notion1 for there is in the bodyes we call ,colour'd1 and chiefly in their ,superficial parts1 a certain disposition1 whereby they do so trouble the ,light that comes from them to our ,eye1 as that it there makes that distinct ,impression1 upon whose ,account we say1 that the ,seen body is either ,white or ,black1 or ,red or ,yellow1 or of any one determinate ,colour4 ,but because we shall 7,god permiting7 by the ,experiments that are to follow some ,pages hence1 more fully and particularly shew1 that the ,changes1 and consequently in divers places the ,production and the appearance of ,colours depends upon the continuing or alter'd ,texture of the ,object1 we shall in this place intimate 7and that too but as by the way7 two or three things about this ,matter4 #b4 ,and first it is not without some ,reason1 that ,i ascribe ,colour 7in the sense formerly explan'd7 chiefly to the ,superficial parts of ,bodies1 for not to question how much ,opacous ,corpuscles may abound even in those ,bodies we call ,diaphanous1 it seems plain that of ,opacous bodies we do indeed see little else than the ,superficies1 for if we found the beams of ,light that rebound from the ,object to the ,eye1 to peirce deep into the ,colour'd body1 we should not judge it ,opacous1 but either ,translucid1 or at least ,semi-diaphanous1 and though the ,schools seem to teach us that ,colour is a ,penetrative ,quality1 that reaches to the ,innermost parts of the ,object1 as if a piece of ,sealing-wax be broken into never so many pieces1 the ,internal fragments will be as ,red as the ,external surface did appear1 yet that is but a ,particular ,example that will not overthrow the ,reason lately offer'd1 especially since ,i can alleage other ,examples of a contrary ,import1 and two or three ,negative ,instances are sufficient to overthrow the ,generality of a ,positive ,rule1 especially if that be built but upon ,one or a ,few ,examples4 ,not 7then7 to mention ,cherries1 ,plums1 and ,i know not how many other ,bodies1 wherein the skin is of one ,colour1 and what it hides of another1 ,i shall name a couple of ,instances drawn from the ,colours of ,durable bodies that are thought far more ,homogeneous1 and have not parts that are either ,organical1 or of a ,nature approaching thereunto4 #c ,to give you the first ,instance1 ,i shall need but to remind you of what ,i told you a little after the beginning of this ,essay1 touching the ,blew and ,red and ,yellow1 that may be produc'd upon a piece of temper'd ,steel1 for these ,colours though they be very ,vivid1 yet if you break the ,steel they adorn1 they will appear to be but ,superficial2 not only the innermost parts of the ,metall1 but those that are within a hairs breadth of the ,superficies1 having not any of these ,colours1 but retaining that of the ,steel it self4 ,besides that1 we may as well confirm this ,observation1 as some other particulars we elsewhere deliver concerning ,colours1 by the following ,experiment which we purposely made4 #d ,we took a good quantity of clean ,lead1 and melted it with a strong ,fire1 and then immediately pouring it out into a clean ,vessel of a convenient shape and matter1 7we us'd one of ,iron1 that the great and sudden ,heat might not injure it7 and then carefully and nimbly taking off the ,scum that floated on the top1 we perceiv'd1 as we expected1 the smooth and glossie ,surface of the melted matter1 to be adorn'd with a very glorious ,colour1 which being as ,transitory as ,delightfull1 did almost immediately give place to another vivid ,colour1 and that was as quickly succeeded by a third1 and this as it were chas'd away by a fourth1 and so these wonderfully vivid ,colours successively appear'd and vanish'd1 7yet the same now and then appearing the second time7 till the ,metall ceasing to be hot enough to afford any longer this pleasing ,spectacle1 the ,colours that chanc'd to adorn the ,surface1 when the ,lead thus began to cool1 remain'd upon it2 but were so ,superficial1 that how little soever we scrap'd off the ,surface of the ,lead1 we did in such places scrape off all the ,colour1 and discover only that which is natural to the ,metall it self1 which receiving its adventitious ,colours1 only when the heat was very ,intense1 and in that part which was expos'd to the comparatively very cold ,air1 7which by other ,experiments seems to abound with subtil ,saline parts1 perhaps not uncapable of working upon ,lead so dispos'd37 ,these things ,i say1 together with my observing that whatever parts of the so strongly melted ,lead were expos'd a while to the ,air1 turn'd into a kind of ,scum or ,litharge1 how bright and clean soever they appear'd before1 suggested to me some ,thoughts or ,ravings1 which ,i have not now time to acquaint ,you with4 ,one that did not know me1 ,pyrophilus1 would perchance think ,i endeavour'd to impose upon ,you by relating this ,experiment1 which ,i have several times try'd1 but the ,reason why the ,phnomena mention'd have not been taken notice of1 may be1 that unless ,lead be brought to a much higher degree of ,fusion or ,fluidity than is usual1 or than is indeed requisite to make it melt1 the ,phnomena ,i mention'd will scarce at all disclose themselves2 ,and we have also observ'd that this successive appearing and vanishing of vivid ,colours1 was wont to be impair'd or determin'd whilst the ,metal expos'd to the ,air remain'd yet hotter than one would readily suspect4 ,and one thing ,i must further ,note1 of which ,i leave ,you to search after the ,reason1 namely1 that the same ,colours did not always and regularly succeed one another1 as is usually in ,steel1 but in the diversify'd ,order mention'd in this following ,note1 which ,i was scarce able to write down1 the succession of the ,colours was so very quick1 whether that proceeded from the differing degrees of ,heat in the ,lead expos'd to the cool ,air1 or from some other ,reason1 ,i leave you to examine4 ,blew1 ,yellow1 ,purple1 ,blew2 ,green1 ,purple1 ,blew1 ,yellow1 ,red2 ,purple1 ,blew1 ,yellow and ,blew1 ,yellow1 ,blew1 ,purple1 ,green mixt1 ,yellow1 ,red1 ,blew1 ,green1 ,yellow1 ,red1 ,purple1 ,green4 #e4 ,the ,atomists of ,old1 and some ,learned men of late1 have attempted to explicate the variety of ,colours in ,opacous bodies from the various ,figures of their ,superficial parts2 the attempt is ,ingenious1 and the ,doctrine seems partly ,true1 but ,i confess ,i think there are divers other things that must be taken in as concurrent to produce those differing forms of ,asperity1 whereon the ,colours of ,opacous bodies seem to depend4 ,to declare this a little1 we must assume1 that the ,surfaces of all such ,bodies how ,smooth or polite soever they may appear to our ,dull ,sight and ,touch1 are exactly smooth only in a popular1 or at most in a ,physical sense1 but not in a strict and rigid sense4 #f4 ,this1 excellent ,microscopes shew us in many ,bodies1 that seem ,smooth to our naked ,eyes2 and this not only as to the little ,hillocks or ,protuberancies that swell above that which may be conceiv'd to be the ,plain or ,level of the consider'd ,surface1 for it is obvious enough to those that are any thing conversant with such ,glasses1 but as to numerous ,depressions beneath that ,level1 of which sort of ,cavities by the help of a ,microscope1 which the greatest ,artificer that makes them1 judges to be the greatest ,magnifying ,glass in ,europe1 except one that equals it1 we have on the ,surface of a thin piece of ,cork that appear'd smooth to the ,eye1 observ'd about sixty in a ,row1 within the length of less then an #ca and #cb part of an ,inch1 7for the ,glass takes in no longer a space at one view7 and these ,cavities 7which made that little piece of ,cork look almost like an empty ,honey-comb7 were not only very distinct1 and figur'd like one another1 but of a considerable bigness1 and a scarce credible depth2 insomuch that their distinct shadows as well as sides were plainly discern'd and easiy to be reckon'd1 and might have been well distinguish'd1 though they had been ten times lesser than they were2 which ,i thought it not amiss to mention to you ,pyrophilus upon the by1 that you may thence make some ,estimate1 what a strange ,inequality1 and what a multitude of little ,shades1 there may really be1 in a scarce sensible part of the ,physical superficies1 though the naked ,eye sees no such matter4 ,and as ,excellent ,microscopes shew us this ,ruggedness in many ,bodies that pass for ,smooth1 so there are divers ,experiments1 though we must not now stay to urge them1 which seem to perswade us of the same thing as to the rest of such ,bodies as we are now treating off2 ,so1 that there is no sensible part of an ,opacous body1 that may not be conceiv'd to be made up of a multitude of singly insensible ,corpuscles1 but in the giving these surfaces that disposition1 which makes them alter the ,light that reflects thence to the ,eye after the manner requisite to make the ,object appear ,green1 ,blew1 c4 the ,figures of these ,particles have a great1 but not the only stroak4 ',tis true indeed that the protuberant ,particles may be of very great variety of ,figures1 ,sphrical1 ,elliptical1 ,conical1 ,cylindrical1 ,polyedrical1 and some very irregular1 and that according to the ,nature of these1 and the situation of the ,lucid body1 the ,light must be variously affected1 after one manner from ,surfaces 7,i now speak of ,physical ,surfaces7 consisting of ,sphaerical1 and in another from those that are made up of ,conical or ,cylindrical ,corpuscles2 some being fitted to reflect more of the incident ,beams of ,light1 others less1 and some towards one part1 others towards another4 ,but besides this difference of ,shape1 there may be divers other things that may eminently concurr to vary the forms of ,asperity that ,colours so much depend on4 ,for1 willingly allowing the ,figure of the ,particles in the first place1 ,i consider secondly1 that the superficial ,corpuscles1 if ,i may so call them1 may be bigger in one ,body1 and less in another1 and consequently fitted to allay the ,light falling on them with greater shades4 ,next1 the protuberant ,particles may be set more or less close together1 that is1 there may be a greater or a smaller number of them within the compass of one1 than within the compass of another small part of the ,surface of the same ,extent1 and how much these ,qualities may serve to produce ,colour may be somewhat guess'd at1 by that which happens in the ,agitation of ,water2 for if the ,bubbles that are thereby made be ,great1 and but ,few1 the ,water will scarce acquire a sensible ,colour1 but if it be reduc'd to a ,froth1 consisting of ,bubbles1 which being very ,minute and ,contiguous to each other1 are a multitude of them crowded into a narrow ,room1 the ,water 7turned to ,froth7 does then exhibit a very manifest ,white ,colour1#c 7to which these last nam'd ,conditions of the ,bubbles do as well as their ,convex figure contribute7 and that for ,reasons to be mention'd anon4 ,besides1 it is not necessary that the ,superficial particles that exhibit one ,colour1 should be all of them ,round1 or all ,conical1 or all of any one ,shape1 but ,corpuscles of differing ,figures may be mingled on the ,surface of the ,opacous ,body1 as when the ,corpuscles that make a ,blew colour1 and those that make a ,yellow1 come to be ,accurately and ,skilfully mix'd1 they make up a ,green1 which though it seem one simple ,colour1 yet in this case appears to be made by ,corpuscles of very differing ,kinds1 duely commix'd4 ,moreover the ,figure and ,bigness of the little ,depressions1 ,cavities1 ,furrows or ,pores intercepted betwixt these protuberant ,corpuscles1 are as well to be consider'd as the ,sizes and ,shapes of the ,corpuscles themselves3 ,for we may conceive the ,physical superficies of a ,body1 where 7as we said7 its ,colour does as it were reside1 to be cut ,transversly by a ,mathematical plain1 which you know is conceiv'd to be without any ,depth or ,thickness at all1 and then as some parts of the ,physical ,superficies will be ,protuberant2 or swell above this last plain1 so others may be depress'd beneath it2 as 7to explane my self by a gross ,comparison7 in divers places of the ,surface of the ,earth1 there are not only ,neighbouring ,hills1 ,trees1 c4 that are rais'd above the ,horizontal ,level of the ,valley1 but ,rivers1 ,wells1 ,pits and other ,cavities that are depress'd beneath it1 and that such ,protuberant and ,concave parts of a ,surface may remit the ,light so differingly1 as much to vary a ,colour1 some examples and other things1 that we shall hereafter have occasion to take notice off in this ,tract1 will sufficiently declare1 till when1 it may suffice to put you in mind1 that of two ,flat-sides of the same piece of1 for example1 red ,marble1 the one being diligently ,polished1 and the other left to its former ,roughness1 the differing degrees or sorts of ,asperity1 for the side that is smooth to the ,touch wants not its ,roughness1 will so diversifie the ,light reflected from the several ,plains to the ,eye1 that a ,painter would employ two differing ,colours to represent them4 #c ,see the ,discourse of the ,nature of ,whiteness and ,blackness4 #g4 ,and ,i hope1 ,pyrophilus1 you will not think it strange or impertinent1 that ,i employ in divers passages of these ,papers1 examples drawn from ,bodies and ,shadows far more ,gross1 than those minute ,protuberances and shady ,pores on which in most cases the ,colour of a ,body as 'tis an ,inherent ,quality or ,disposition of its ,surface1 seems to depend4 ,for sometimes ,i employ such ,examples1 rather to declare my ,meaning1 than prove my ,conjecture2 things1 whom their ,smallness makes ,insensible1 being better represented to the ,imagination by such familiar ,objects1 as being like them enough in other respects1 are of a ,visible bulk4 ,and next1 though the ,beams of ,light are such subtil ,bodies1 that in respect of them1 even ,surfaces that are sensibly ,smooth1 are not exactly so1 but have their own degree of ,roughness1 consisting of little ,protuberances and ,depressions2 and though consequently such ,inequalities may suffice to give ,bodies differing ,colours1 as we see in ,marble that appears ,white or ,black1 or ,red or ,blew1 even when the most carefully ,polish'd1 yet 'tis plain by the late ,instance of ,red ,marble1 and many others1 that even bigger ,protuberances and greater ,shades may likewise so ,diversifie the ,roughness of a ,bodies ,superficies1 as manifestly to concurr to the varying of its ,colour1 whereby such ,examples appear to be proper enough to be employ'd in such a ,subject as we have now in hand4 ,and having hinted thus much on this ,occasion1 ,i now proceed4 #h4 ,the ,situation also of the ,superficial particles is considerable1 which ,i distinguish into the ,posture of the single ,corpuscles1 in respect of the ,light1 and of the ,eye1 and the ,order of them in reference also to one another2 for a ,body may otherwise reflect the ,light1 when its ,superficial particles are more erected upon the ,plain that may be conceiv'd to pass along their ,basis1 and when the ,points or ,extremes of such ,particles are ,obverted to the ,eye1 than when those ,particles are so ,inclin'd1 that their ,sides are in great part ,discernable1 as the ,colour of ,plush or ,velvet will appear ,vary'd to you1 if you carefully stroak part of it one way1 and part of it another1 the posture of the particular ,thrids1 in reference to the ,light1 or the ,eye1 becoming thereby different4 ,and you may observe in a ,field of ripe ,corn blown upon by the ,wind1 that there will appear as it were ,waves of a ,colour 7at least ,gradually7 differing from that of the rest of the ,field1 the ,wind by ,depressing some of the ,ears1 and not at the same time others1 making the one ,reflect more from the ,lateral and ,strawy parts1 than do the rest4 ,and so1 when ,doggs are so angry1 as to ,erect the ,hairs upon their ,necks1 and upon some other parts of their ,bodies1 those ,parts seem to acquire a ,colour vary'd from that which the same ,hairs made1 when in their usual ,posture they did farr more stoop4 ,and that the ,order wherein the ,superficial ,corpuscles are ,rang'd is not to be neglected1 we may guess by turning of ,water into ,froth1 the beating of ,glass1 and the scraping of ,horns1 in which cases the ,corpuscles that were before so marshall'd as to be ,perspicuous1 do by the troubling of that ,order become ,dispos'd to terminate and reflect more ,light1 and thereby to appear ,whitish4 ,and there are other ways in which the ,order of the ,protuberant parts1 in reference to the ,eye1 may much contribute to the appearing of a particular ,colour1 for ,i have often observ'd1 that when ,pease are ,planted1 or ,set in ,parallel ,lines1 and are ,shot up about half a ,foot above the ,surface of the ,ground1 by looking on the ,field or ,plot of ,ground from that part towards which the ,parallel ,lines tended1 the greater part of the ,ground by farr would appear of its own dirty ,colour1 but if ,i look'd upon it ,transversly1 the ,plot would appear very ,green1 the upper parts of the ,pease hindering the intercepted parts of the ,ground1 which as ,i said retain'd their wonted ,colour1 from being discover'd by the ,eye4 ,and ,i know not1 ,pyrophilus1 whether ,i might not add1 that even the ,motion of the ,small ,parts of a ,visible ,object may in some cases contribute1 though it be not so easie to say how1 to the ,producing or the ,varying of a ,colour2 for ,i have several times made a ,liquor1 which when it has well settled in a close ,vial1 is ,transparent and ,colourless1 but as soon as the ,glass is unstopp'd1 begins to fly away very plentifully in a ,white and ,opacous fume2 and there are other ,bodies1 whose ,fumes1 when they fill a ,receiver1 would make one suspect it contains ,milk1 and yet when these ,fumes settle into a ,liquor1 that ,liquor is not ,white1 but ,transparent2 ,and such ,white ,fumes ,i have seen afforded by unstopping a ,liquor ,i know1 which yet is it self ,diaphanous and ,red2 ,nor are these the only ,instances of this ,kind1 that our ,tryals can supply us with4 ,and if the ,superficial ,corpuscles be of the ,grosser sort1 and be so ,framed1 that their differing ,sides or ,faces may exhibit differing ,colours1 then the ,motion or ,rest of those ,corpuscles may be considerable1 as to the ,colour of the ,superficies they compose1 upon this account1 that sometimes more1 sometimes fewer of the ,sides dispos'd to exhibit such a ,colour may by this means become or continue more ,obverted to the ,eye than the rest1 and compose a ,physical ,surface1 that will be more or less sensibly interrupted2 ,as1 to explane my meaning1 by proposing a gross ,example1 ,i remember1 that in some sorts of ,leavy ,plants thick set by one another1 the two sides of whose ,leaves were of somewhat differing ,colours1 there would be a notable ,disparity as to ,colour1 if you look'd upon them both when the ,leaves being at ,rest had their upper and commonly expos'd sides ,obverted to the ,eye1 and when a breath of ,wind passing thorow them1 made great ,numbers of the usually ,hidden sides of the ,leaves become conspicuous4 ,and though the ,little ,bodies1 we were lately speaking of1 may ,singly and ,apart seem almost ,colourless1 yet when ,many of them are plac'd by one another1 so near1 that the ,eye does not easily discern an ,interruption1 within a sensible space1 they may exhibit a ,colour2 as we see1 that though a ,slenderest ,thrid of ,dy'd ,silk do's1 whilst look'd on ,single1 seem almost quite ,devoyd of ,redness1 7for instance7 yet when numbers of these ,thrids are brought together into one ,skein1 their ,colour becomes notorious4 #i4 ,but the same ,occasion that invited me to say what ,i have mention'd concerning the ,leaves of ,trees1 invites me also to give you some account of what happens in ,changeable ,taffities1 where we see differing ,colours1 as it were1 ,emerge and ,vanish upon the ,ruffling of the same piece of ,silk3 ,as ,i have divers times with ,pleasure observ'd1 by the help of such a ,microscope1 as1 though it do not very much ,magnifie the ,object1 has in recompence this great ,conveniency1 that you may easily1 as fast as you please1 remove it from one part to another of a ,large ,object1 of which the ,glass taking a great part at once1 you may thereby presently ,survey the ,whole4 ,now by the help of such a ,microscope ,i could easily 7as ,i began to say7 discern1 that in a piece of ,changeable ,taffity1 7that appear'd1 for ,instance1 sometimes ,red1 and sometimes ,green7 the ,stuff was compos'd of ,red thrids and ,green1 passing under and over each other1 and crossing one another in almost innumerable points2 and if ,i look'd through the ,glass upon any considerable portion of the ,stuff1 that 7for example sake7 to the naked ,eye appear'd to be ,red1 ,i could plainly see1 that in that ,position1 the ,red thrids were ,conspicuous1 and reflected a vivid ,light2 and though ,i could also perceive1 that there were ,green ones1 yet by reason of their disadvantagious ,position in the ,physical ,surface of the ,taffity1 they were in part hid by the more ,protuberant ,thrids of the other ,colour2 and for the same cause1 the ,reflection from as much of the ,green as was discover'd1 was comparatively but ,dim and ,faint4 ,and if1 on the contrary1 ,i look'd through the ,microscope upon any part that appear'd ,green1 ,i could plainly see that the ,red thrids were less fully expos'd to the ,eye1 and obscur'd by the ,green ones1 which therefore made up the ,predominant ,colour4 ,and by observing the ,texture of the ,silken ,stuff1 ,i could easisy so expose the ,thrids either of the one ,colour or of the other to my ,eye1 as at pleasure to exhibit an apparition of ,red or ,green1 or make those ,colours succeed one another3 ,so that1 when ,i observ'd their ,succession by the help of the ,glass1 ,i could mark how the ,predominant ,colour did as it were start out1 when the ,thrids that exhibited it came to be advanagiously plac'd2 ,and by making little ,folds in the ,stuff after a certain manner1 the ,sides that met and terminated in those ,folds1 would appear to the naked ,eye1 one of them ,red1 and the other ,green4 ,when ,thrids of more than two differing ,colours chance to be ,interwoven1 the resulting changeableness of the ,taffity may be also somewhat different4 ,but ,i choose to give an ,instance in the ,stuff ,i have been speaking off1 because the mixture being more ,simple1 the way whereby the ,changeableness is produc'd1 may be the more easily apprehended3 and though ,reason alone might readily enough lead a considering ,man to guess at the ,explication1 in case he knew how ,changeable ,taffities are made3 yet ,i thought it not impertinent to mention it1 because both ,scholars and ,gentlemen are wont to look upon the ,inquiry into ,manufactures1 as a ,mechanick imployment1 and consequently below ,them2 and because also with such a ,microscope as ,i have been mentioning1 the discovery is as well ,pleasant as ,satisfactory1 and may afford ,hints of the ,solution of other ,phnomena of ,colours4 ,and it were not amiss1 that some diligent ,inquiry were made1 whether the ,microscope would give us an account of the ,variableness of ,colour1 that is so ,conspicuous and so ,delightfull in ,mother of ,pearl1 in ,opalls1 and some other resembling ,bodies3 ,for though ,i remember ,i did formerly attempt something of that ,kind 7fruitlesly enough7 upon ,mother of ,pearl1 yet not having then the advantage of my best ,microscope1 nor some ,conveniences that might have been wish'd1 ,i leave it to you1 who have better ,eyes1 to try what you can do further2 since 'twill be ,some discovery to find1 that1 in this case1 the best ,eyes and ,microscopes themselves can make ,none4 #aj4 ,i confess1 ,pyrophilus1 that a great part of what ,i have deliver'd1 7or propos'd rather7 concerning the differing forms of ,asperity in ,bodies1 by which ,differences the incident ,light either comes to be ,reflected with more or less of ,shade1 and with that ,shade more or less ,interrupted1 or else happens to be also otherwise ,modify'd or ,troubl'd1 is but ,conjectural4 ,but ,i am not sure1 that if it were not for the ,dullness of our ,senses1 either these or some other ,notions of ,kin to them1 might be better ,countenanc'd2 for ,i am apt to suspect1 that if we were ,sharp sighted enough1 or had such perfect ,microscopes1 as ,i fear are more to be wish'd than hop'd for1 our promoted ,sense might discern in the ,physical ,surfaces of ,bodies1 both a great many latent ,ruggidnesses1 and the particular ,sizes1 ,shapes1 and ,situations of the extremely little ,bodies that cause them1 and perhaps might perceive among other ,varieties that we now can but imagine1 how those little ,protuberances and ,cavities do ,interrupt and ,dilate the ,light1 by mingling with it a multitude of little and singly undiscernable ,shades1 though some of them more1 and some of them less ,minute1 some less1 and some more ,numerous2 according to the ,nature and ,degree of the particular ,colour we attribute to the ,visible ,object2 as we see1 that in the ,moon we can with ,excellent ,telescopes discern many ,hills and ,vallies1 and as it were ,pits and other ,parts1 whereof some are more1 and some less ,vividly illustrated1 and others have a fainter1 others a deeper ,shade1 though the naked ,eye can discern no such matter in that ,planet4 ,and with an ,excellent ,microscope1 where the ,naked ,eye did see but a ,green powder1 the ,assisted ,eye as we noted above1 could discern particular ,granules1 some of them of a ,blew1 and some of them of a ,yellow colour1 which ,corpuscles we had beforehand caus'd to be exquisitly mix'd to compound the ,green4 #aa4 ,and1 ,pyrophilus1 that you may not think me altogether extravagant in what ,i have said of the ,possibility1 7for ,i speak of no more7 of discerning the differing forms of ,asperity in the ,surfaces of ,bodies of several ,colours1 ,i'l here set down a ,memorable particular that chanc'd to come to my ,knowledge1 since ,i writ a good part of this ,essay2 and it is this4 ,meeting casually the other ,day with the deservedly ,famous#d ,dr4 ,j4 ,finch1 ,extraordinary ,anatomist to that ,great ,patron of the ,virtuosi1 the now ,great ,duke of ,toscany1 and enquiring of this ,ingenious ,person1 what might be the chief ,rarity he had seen in his late return out of ,italy into ,england1 he told me1 it was a ,man at ,maestricht in the ,low-,countrys1 who at certain times can discern and distinguish ,colours by the ,touch with his ,fingers4 ,you'l easily ,conclude1 that this is farr more strange1 than what ,i propos'd but as not ,impossible2 since the ,sense of the ,retina seeming to be much more ,tender and quick than that of those ,grosser ,filaments1 ,nerves or ,membranes of our ,fingers1 wherewith we use to handle ,gross and ,hard ,bodies1 it seems scarce credible1 that any ,accustomance1 or ,diet1 or peculiarity of ,constitution1 should enable a ,man to distinguish with such ,gross and ,unsuitable ,organs1 such ,nice and ,subtile ,differences as those of the forms of ,asperity1 that belong to differing ,colours1 to receive whose ,languid and ,delicate ,impressions by the ,intervention of ,light1 ,nature seems to have appointed and contexed into the ,retina the tender and delicate ,pith of the ,optick ,nerve4 ,wherefore ,i confess1 ,i propos'd divers ,scruples1 and particularly whether the ,doctor had taken care to bind a ,napkin or ,hankerchief over his ,eyes so carefully1 as to be sure he could make no use of his ,sight1 though he had but ,counterfeited the want of it1 to which ,i added divers other ,questions1 to satisfie my ,self1 whether there were any ,likelihood of ,collusion or other ,tricks4 ,but ,i found that the ,judicious ,doctor having gone farr out of his way1 purposely to satisfie ,himself and his ,learned ,prince about this ,wonder1 had been very ,watchfull and ,circumspect to keep ,himself from being ,impos'd upon4 ,and that he might not through any mistake in point of ,memory mis-inform ,me1 he did me the ,favour at my ,request1 to look out the ,notes he had ,written for his ,own and his ,princes ,information1 the summ of which ,memorials1 as far as we shall mention them here1 was this1 ,that the ,doctor having been inform'd at ,utrecht1 that there ,lived one at some ,miles distance from ,maestricht1 who could distinguish ,colours by the ,touch1 when he came to the last nam'd ,town1 he sent a ,messenger for him1 and having ,examin'd him1 was told upon ,enquiry these ,particulars3 #d ,since for his eminent ,qualities and ,loyalty ,grac'd1 by his ,majesty1 with the ,honour of ,knighthood4 ,that the ,man's name was ,john ,vermaasen1 at that time about #cc ,years of ,age2 that when he was but two years ,old1 he had the ,small ,pox1 which rendred him absolutely ,blind3 ,that at this present he is an ,organist1 and serves that ,office in a publick ,quire4 ,that the ,doctor discoursing with him over ,night1 the ,blind man affirm'd1 that he could distinguish ,colours by the ,touch1 but that he could not do it1 unless he were ,fasting2 ,any quantity of ,drink taking from him that ,exquisitness of ,touch1 which is requisite to so ,nice a ,sensation4 ,that hereupon the ,doctor provided against the next ,morning seven pieces of ,ribbon1 of these seven ,colours1 ,black1 ,white1 ,red1 ,blew1 ,green1 ,yellow1 and ,gray1 but as for mingled ,colours1 this ,vermaasen would not undertake to discern them1 though if offer'd1 he would tell that they were ,mix'd4 ,that to discern the ,colour of the ,ribbon1 he places it betwixt the ,thumb and the ,fore-finger1 but his most exquisite perception was in his ,thumb1 and much better in the right ,thumb than in the left4 ,that after the ,blind man had four or five times told the ,doctor the several ,colours1 7though ,blinded with a ,napkin for fear he might have some ,sight7 the ,doctor found he was twice mistaken1 for he call'd the ,white ,black1 and the ,red ,blew1 but still1 he1 before his ,errour1 would lay them by in ,pairs1 saying1 that though he could easily distinguish them from all others1 yet those two ,pairs were not easily distinguish'd amongst themselves1 whereupon the ,doctor desir'd to be told by him what kind of ,discrimination he had of ,colours by his ,touch1 to which he gave a reply1 for whose sake chiefly ,i insert all this ,narrative in this place1 namely1 ,that all the difference was more or less ,asperity1 for says he1 7,i give you the ,doctor's own words7 ,black feels as if you were feeling ,needles points1 or some harsh ,sand1 and ,red feels very ,smooth4 ,that the ,doctor having desir'd him to tell in ,order the difference of ,colours to his ,touch1 he did as follows2 ,black and ,white are the most asperous or unequal of all ,colours1 and so like1 that 'tis very hard to distinguish them1 but ,black is the most ,rough of the two1 ,green is next in ,asperity1 ,gray next to ,green in ,asperity1 ,yellow is the fifth in degree of ,asperity1 ,red and ,blew are so like1 that they are as hard to distinguish as ,black and ,white1 but ,red is somewhat more ,asperous than ,blew1 so that ,red has the sixth place1 and ,blew the seventh in ,asperity4 #ab4 ,to these ,informations the ,obliging ,doctor was pleas'd to add the welcome present of three of those very pieces of ,ribbon1 whose ,colours in his presence the ,blind man had distinguished1 pronouncing the one ,gray1 the other ,red1 and the third ,green1 which ,i keep by me as ,rarities1 and the rather1 because he fear'd the rest were miscarry'd4 #ac4 ,before ,i saw the ,notes that afforded me the precedent ,narrative1 ,i confess ,i suspected this man might have thus discriminated ,colours1 rather by the ,smell than by the ,touch2 for some of the ,ingredients imployed by ,dyers to ,colour things1 have ,sents1 that are not so ,languid1 nor so near of ,kin1 but that ,i thought it not impossible that a very ,critical ,nose might distinguish them1 and this ,i the rather suspected1 because he requir'd1 that the ,ribbons1 whose ,colours he was to ,name1 should be offer'd him ,fasting in the morning2 for ,i have observ'd in ,setting ,doggs1 that the feeding of them 7especially with some sorts of ,aliments7 does very much impair the exquisite sent of their ,noses4 ,and though some of the foregoing particulars would have prevented that ,conjecture1 yet ,i confess to you 7,pyrophilus7 that ,i would gladly have had the ,opportunity of ,examining this ,man my self1 and of ,questioning him about divers particulars which ,i do not find to have been yet thought upon4 ,and though it be not incredible to me1 that since the ,liquors that ,dyers imploy to tinge1 are qualifi'd to do so by multitudes of little ,corpuscles of the ,pigment or ,dying stuff1 which are dissolved and extracted by the ,liquor1 and swim to and fro in it1 those ,corpuscles of ,colour 7as the ,atomists call them7 insinuating themselves into1 and filling all the ,pores of the ,body to be ,dyed1 may ,asperate its ,superficies more or less according to the ,bigness and ,texture of the ,corpuscles of the ,pigment2 yet ,i can scarce believe1 that our ,blind man could distinguish all the ,colours he did1 meerly by the ,ribbons having more or less of ,asperity1 so that ,i cannot but think1 notwithstanding this ,history1 that the ,blind man distinguish'd ,colours not only by the ,degrees of ,asperity in the ,bodies offer'd to him1 but by ,forms of it1 though this 7latter7 would perhaps have been very difficult for him to make an ,intelligible mention of1 because those ,minute disparities having not been taken notice of by men for want of touch as ,exquisite as our ,blind ,mans1 are things he could not have ,intelligibly express'd1 which will easily seem ,probable1 if you consider1 that under the name of ,sharp1 and ,sweet1 and ,sour1 there are abundance of1 as it were1 immediate peculiar ,relishes or ,tasts in differing sorts of ,wine1 which though ,critical and ,experienc'd ,palats can easily discern themselves cannot make them be understood by others1 such ,minute differences not having hitherto any ,distinct names assign'd them4 ,and it seems that there was somthing in the ,forms of ,asperity that was requisite to the ,distinction of ,colours1 besides the ,degree of it1 since he found it so difficult to distingush ,black and ,white from one another1 though not from other ,colours4 ,for ,i might urge1 that he seems not consonant to himself about the ,red1 which as you have seen in one place1 he represents as somewhat more ,asperous than the ,blew2 and in another1 very ,smooth3 ,but because he speaks of this ,smoothness in that place1 where he mentions the ,roughness of ,black1 we may favourably presume that he might mean but a comparative ,smoothness2 and therefore ,i shall not ,insist on this1 but rather ,countenance my ,conjecture by this1 that he found it so ,difficult1 not only1 to ,discriminate ,red and ,blew1 7though the first of our promiscuous ,experiments will inform you1 that the ,red reflects by great ,odds more ,light than the other7 but also to distinguish ,black and ,white from one another1 though not from other ,colours4 ,and indeed1 though in the ,ribbonds that were offer'd him1 they might be almost equally ,rough1 yet in such slender ,corpuscles as those of ,colour1 there may easily enough be ,conceiv'd1 not only a greater ,closeness of ,parts1 or else ,paucity of ,protuberant ,corpuscles1 and the little extant ,particles may be otherwise ,figur'd1 and ,rang'd in the ,white than in the ,black1 but the ,cavities may be much ,deeper in the one than the other4 #ad4 ,and perhaps1 7,pyrophilus7 it may prove some ,illustration of what ,i mean1 and help you to conceive how this may be1 if ,i ,represent1 that where the ,particles are so exceeding ,slender1 we may allow the ,parts expos'd to the ,sight and ,touch to be a little ,convex in comparison of the ,erected ,particle of ,black ,bodies1 as if there were ,wyres ,i know not how many times ,slenderer than a ,hair3 whether you suppose them to be ,figur'd like ,needles1 or ,cylindrically1 like the ,hairs of a ,brush1 with ,hemisphrical 7or at least ,convex7 ,tops1 they will be so very ,slender1 and consequently the ,points both of the one sort and the other so very ,sharp1 that even an exquisite ,touch will be able to distinguish no greater ,difference between them1 than that which our ,blind man allow'd1 when comparing ,black and ,white ,bodies1 he said1 that the latter was the less ,rough of the two4 ,nor is every ,kind of ,roughness1 though ,sensible enough1 ,inconsistent with ,whiteness1 there being ,cases1 wherein the ,physical ,superficies of a ,body is made by the same ,operation both ,rough and white1 as when the ,level ,surface of clear ,water being by agitation ,asperated with a multitude of ,unequal ,bubbles1 do's thereby acquire a ,whiteness2 and as a ,smooth piece of ,glass1 by being ,scratch'd with a ,diamond1 do's in the ,asperated part of its ,surface disclose the same ,colour4 ,but more 7perchance7 of this elsewhere4 #ae4 ,and therefore1 we shall here pass by the ,question1 whether any thing might be consider'd about the ,opacity of the ,corpuscles of ,black ,pigments1 and the ,comparative ,diaphaneity of those of many ,white ,bodies1 apply'd to our present ,case2 and proceed1 to represent1 ,that the newly mention'd ,exiguity and ,shape of the extant ,particles being suppos'd1 it will then be considerable what we lately but ,hinted1 7and therefore must now somewhat ,explane7 ,that the ,depth of the little ,cavities1 intercepted between the extant ,particles1 without being so much greater in ,black ,bodies than in ,white ones1 as to be perceptibly so to the ,gross ,organs of ,touch1 may be very much greater in reference to their ,disposition of ,reflecting the imaginary subtile ,beams of ,light4 ,for in ,black ,bodies1 those ,little intercepted ,cavities1 and other ,depressions1 may be so ,figur'd1 so ,narrow and so ,deep1 that the incident ,beams of ,light1 which the more extant ,parts of the ,physical ,superficies are dispos'd to ,reflect inwards1 may be ,detain'd there1 and prove unable to ,emerge2 whilst in a ,white ,body1 the ,slender ,particles may not only by their ,figure be fitted to ,reflect the ,light copiously outwards1 but the intercepted ,cavities being not ,deep1 nor perhaps very ,narrow1 the ,bottoms of them may be so ,constituted1 as to be fit to ,reflect outwards much of the ,light that falls even upon ,them2 as you may possibly better apprehend1 when we shall come to treat of ,whiteness and ,blackness4 ,in the mean time it may suffice1 that you take ,notice with me1 that the ,blind mans ,relations import no necessity of ,concluding1 that1 though1 because1 according to the ,judgment of his ,touch1 ,black was the ,roughest1 as it is the ,darkest of ,colours1 therefore ,white1 which 7according to us7 is the ,lightest1 should be also the ,smoothest3 since ,i observe1 that he makes ,yellow to be two ,degrees more ,asperous than ,blew1 and as much less ,asperous than ,green2 whereas indeed1 ,yellow do's not only appear to the ,eye a ,lighter ,colour than ,blew1 but 7by our first ,experiment hereafter to be mention'd7 it will appear1 that ,yellow reflected much more ,light than ,blew1 and manifestly more than ,green1 7which we need not much wonder at1 since in this ,colour and the two others 7,blew and ,yellow7 'tis not only the ,reflected ,light that is to be considered1 since to produce both these1 ,refraction seems to ,intervene1 which by its ,varieties may much alter the ,case37 which both seems to strengthen the ,conjecture ,i was formerly proposing1 that there was something else in the ,kinds of ,asperity1 as well as in the ,degrees of it1 which enabled our ,blind man to ,discriminate ,colours1 and do's at least show1 that we cannot in all ,cases from the bare ,difference in the ,degrees of ,asperity betwixt ,colours1 safely conclude1 that the ,rougher of any two always ,reflects the least ,light4 #af4 ,but this notwithstanding1 7,pyrophilus7 and what ever ,curiosity ,i may have had to move some ,questions to our ,sagacious ,blind man1 yet thus much ,i think you will admit us to have gain'd by his ,testimony1 that since many ,colours may be felt with the ,circumstances above related1 the ,surfaces of such ,coloured ,bodies must certainly have differing ,degrees1 and in all probability have differing ,forms or ,kinds of ,asperity belonging to them1 which is all the ,use that my present attempt obliges me to make of the ,history above deliver'd1 that being sufficient to prove1 that ,colour do's much depend upon the ,disposition of the ,superficial parts of ,bodies1 and to shew in general1 wherein 'tis probable that such a ,disposition do's 7principally at least7 consist4 #ag4 ,but to return to what ,i was saying before ,i began to make mention of our ,blind ,organist1 what we have deliver'd touching the causes of the several ,forms or ,asperity that may ,diversifie the ,surfaces of ,colour'd ,bodies1 may perchance somewhat assist us to make some ,conjectures in the general1 at several of the ways whereby 'tis possible for the ,experiments hereafter to be mention'd1 to produce the suddain changes of ,colours that are wont to be ,consequent upon them2 for most of these ,phnomena being produc'd by the ,intervention of ,liquors1 and these for the most part abounding with very ,minute1 ,active1 and ,variously ,figur'd ,saline ,corpuscles1 ,liquors so ,qualify'd may well enough very ,nimbly after the ,texture of the ,body they are imploy'd to ,work upon1 and so may change the form of ,asperity1 and thereby make them ,remit to the ,eye the ,light that falls on them1 after another manner than they did before1 and by that means ,vary the ,colour1 so farr forth as it depends upon the ,texture or ,disposition of the ,seen ,parts of the ,object1 which ,i say1 ,pyrophilus1 that you may not think ,i would absolutely exclude all other ways of ,modifying the ,beams of ,light between their ,parting from the ,lucid ,body1 and their ,reception into the common ,sensory4 #ah4 ,now there seem to me divers ways1 by which we may conceive that ,liquors may ,nimbly alter the ,colour of one another1 and of other ,bodies1 upon which they ,act1 but my present haste will allow me to mention but some of them1 without ,insisting so much as upon those ,i shall name4 #ai4 ,and first1 the ,minute ,corpuscles that compose a ,liquor may early insinuate themselves into those ,pores of ,bodies1 whereto their ,size and ,figure makes them ,congruous1 and these ,pores they may either exactly ,fill1 or but ,inadequately1 and in this latter ,case they will for the most part alter the ,number and ,figure1 and always the ,bigness of the former ,pores4 ,and in what capacity soever these ,corpuscles of a ,liquor come to be ,lodg'd or ,harbour'd in the ,pores that admit them1 the ,surface of the ,body will for the most part have its ,asperity alter'd1 and the ,incident ,light that meets with a ,grosser ,liquor in the little ,cavities that before contain'd nothing but ,air1 or some yet ,subtiler ,fluid1 will have its ,beams either ,refracted1 or ,imbib'd1 or else ,reflected more or less ,interruptedly1 than they would be1 if the ,body had been ,unmoistned1 as we see1 that even fair ,water falling on white ,paper1 or ,linnen1 and divers other ,bodies apt to soak it in1 will for some such ,reasons as those newly mention'd1 immediately alter the ,colour of them1 and for the most part make it ,sadder than that of the ,unwetted ,parts of the same ,bodies4 ,and so you may see1 that when in the ,summer the ,high-ways are ,dry and ,dusty1 if there falls store of ,rain1 they will quickly appear of a much ,darker ,colour than they did before1 and if a ,drop of ,oyl be let fall upon a ,sheet of ,white ,paper1 that part of it1 which by the ,imbibition of the ,liquor acquires a greater ,continuity1 and some ,transparency1 will appear much ,darker than the rest1 many of the ,incident ,beams of ,light being now ,transmitted1 that otherwise would be ,reflected towards the ,beholders ,eyes4 #bj4 ,secondly1 ,a ,liquor may alter the ,colour of a ,body by freeing it from those things that hindred it from appearing in its ,genuine ,colour2 and though this may be said to be rather a ,restauration of a ,body to its own ,colour1 or a ,retection of its native ,colour1 than a ,change1 yet still there ,intervenes in it a change of the ,colour which the ,body appear'd to be of before this ,operation4 ,and such a change a ,liquor may work1 either by ,dissolving1 or ,corroding1 or by some such way of carrying off that ,matter1 which either ,veil'd or ,disguis'd the ,colour that afterwards appears4 ,thus we restore ,old pieces of ,dirty ,gold to a clean and nitid ,yellow1 by putting them into the ,fire1 and into ,aqua-fortis1 which take off the adventitious ,filth that made that pure ,metall look of a ,dirty ,colour4 ,and there is also an easie way to restore ,silver ,coyns to their due ,lustre1 by fetching off that which ,discolour'd them4 ,and ,i know a ,chymical ,liquor1 which ,i employ'd to restore pieces of ,cloath spotted with ,grease to their proper ,colour1 by ,imbibing the ,spotted part with this ,liquor1 which ,incorporating with the ,grease1 and yet being of a very ,volatile ,nature1 does easily carry it away with it ,self4 ,and ,i have sometimes try'd1 that by ,rubbing upon a good ,touch-stone a certain ,metalline mixture so ,compounded1 that the ,impression it left upon the ,stone appear'd of a very differing ,colour from that of ,gold1 yet a little of ,aqua-fortis would in a ,trice make the ,golden ,colour disclose it self1 by ,dissolving the other ,metalline ,corpuscles that conceal'd those of the ,gold1 which you know that ,menstruum will leave ,untouch'd4 #ba4 ,thirdly1 ,a ,liquor may alter the ,colour of a ,body by making a ,comminution of its ,parts1 and that principally two ways1 the first by ,disjoyning and ,dissipating those ,clusters of ,particles1 if ,i may so call them1 which stuck more ,loosely together1 being fastned only by some more easily ,dissoluble ,ciment1 which seems to be the ,case of some of the following ,experiments1 where you'l find the ,colour of many ,corpuscles brought to cohere by having been ,precipitated together1 ,destroy'd by the ,affusion of very peircing and incisive ,liquors4 ,the other of the two ways ,i was speaking of1 is1 by ,dividing the ,grosser and more ,solid ,particles into ,minute ones1 which will be always ,lesser1 and for the most part otherwise ,shap'd than the ,entire ,corpuscle so ,divided1 as it will happen in a piece of ,wood reduc'd into ,splinters or ,chips1 or as when a piece of ,chrystal heated red ,hot and quench'd in ,cold water is crack'd into a multitude of little ,fragments1 which though they fall not asunder1 alter the ,disposition of the ,body of the ,chrystal1 as to its manner of ,reflecting the ,light1 as we shall have ,occasion to shew hereafter4 #bb4 ,there is a fourth way contrary to the third1 whereby a ,liquor may change the ,colour of another ,body1 especially of another ,fluid1 and that is1 by procuring the ,coalition of several ,particles that before lay too ,scatter'd and ,dispers'd to exhibit the ,colour that afterwards appears4 ,thus sometimes when ,i have had a ,solution of ,gold so ,dilated1 that ,i doubted whether the ,liquor had really ,imbib'd any true ,gold or no1 by pouring in a little ,mercury1 ,i have been quickly able to satisfie my ,self1 that the ,liquor contain'd ,gold1 that ,mettall after a little while ,cloathing the ,surface of the ,quick-silver1 with a ,thin ,film of its own ,livery4 ,and chiefly1 though not only by this way of bringing the ,minute parts of ,bodies together in such ,numbers as to make them become ,notorious to the ,eye1 many of these ,colours seem to be ,generated which are produc'd by ,precipitations1 especially by such as are wont to be made with fair ,water1 as when ,resinous ,gumms dissolv'd in ,spirit of ,wine1 are let fall again1 if the ,spirit be ,copiously diluted with that weakning ,liquor4 ,and so out of the ,rectify'd and ,transparent ,butter of ,antimony1 by the bare ,mixture of fair ,water1 there will be plentifully ,precipitated that ,milk-white ,substance1 which by having its ,looser ,salts well wash'd off1 is turn'd into that ,medicine1 which ,vulgar ,chymists are pleas'd to call ,mercurius ,vit4 #bc4 ,a fifth way1 by which a ,liquor may change the ,colour of a ,body1 is1 by ,dislocating the ,parts1 and putting them out of their former ,order into another1 and perhaps also altering the ,posture of the single ,corpuscles as well as their ,order or ,situation in respect of one another4 ,what certain ,kinds of ,commotion or ,dislocation of the ,parts of a ,body may do towards the ,changing its ,colour1 is not only evident in the ,mutations of ,colour observable in ,quick-silver1 and some other ,concretes long kept by ,chymists in a ,convenient ,heat1 though in close ,vessels1 but in the ,obvious ,degenerations of ,colour1 which every ,body may take notice of in ,bruis'd ,cherries1 and other ,fruit1 by comparing after a while the ,colour of the ,injur'd with that of the ,sound part of the same ,fruit4 ,and that also such ,liquors1 as we have been speaking of1 may greatly ,discompose the ,textures of many ,bodies1 and thereby alter the ,disposition of their ,superficial parts1 the great ,commotion made in ,metalls1 and several other ,bodies by ,aqua-fortis1 ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and other ,saline ,menstruums1 may easily perswade us1 and what such ,vary'd ,situations of ,parts may do towards the ,diversifying of the manner of their ,reflecting the ,light1 may be ,guess'd in some ,measure by the ,beating of ,transparent ,glass into a ,white ,powder1 but farr better by the ,experiments lately ,pointed at1 and hereafter ,deliver'd1 as the ,producing and ,destroying ,colours by the means of subtil ,saline ,liquors1 by whose ,affusion the ,parts of other ,liquors are manifestly both ,agitated1 and likewise ,dispos'd after another manner than they were before such ,affusion4 ,and in some ,chymical ,oyls1 as particularly that of ,lemmon ,pills1 by barely ,shaking the ,glass1 that holds it1 into ,bubbles1 that ,transposition of the ,parts which is consequent to the ,shaking1 will shew you on the ,surfaces of the ,bubbles exceeding ,orient and ,lively ,colours1 which when the ,bubbles relapse into the rest of the ,oyl1 do immediately ,vanish4 #bd4 ,i know not1 ,pyrophilus1 whether ,i should mention as a ,distinct way1 because it is of a somewhat more ,general ,nature1 that ,power1 whereby a ,liquor may alter the ,colour of another ,body1 by putting the ,parts of it into ,motion2 ,for though possibly the ,motion so produc'd1 does1 as such1 seldome suddenly change the ,colour of the ,body whose ,parts are ,agitated1 yet this seems to be one of the most ,general1 however not ,immediate causes of the ,quick change of ,colours in ,bodies4 ,for the ,parts being put into ,motion by the adventitious ,liquor1 divers of them that were before ,united1 may become thereby ,disjoyn'd1 and when that ,motion ceases or decays others of them may stick together1 and that in a new ,order1 by which means the ,motion may sometimes produce ,permanent changes of ,colours1 as in the ,experiment you will meet with hereafter1 of presently turning a ,snowy ,white ,body into a ,yellow1 by the bare ,affusion of fair ,water1 which probably so ,dissolves the ,saline ,corpuscles that remain'd in the ,calx1 and sets them at ,liberty to ,act upon one another1 and the ,metall1 far more ,powerfully than the ,water without the ,assistance of such ,saline ,corpuscles could do4 ,and though you rubb ,blew ,vitriol1 how ,venereal and ,unsophisticated soever it be1 upon the ,whetted ,blade of a ,knife1 it will not impart to the ,iron its ,latent ,colour1 but if you moisten the ,vitriol with your ,spittle1 or common ,water1 the ,particles of the ,liquor disjoyning those of the ,vitriol1 and thereby giving them the ,various ,agitation requisite to ,fluid ,bodies1 the ,metalline ,corpuscles of the thus ,dissolv'd ,vitriol will ,lodge themselves in ,throngs in the ,small and ,congruous ,pores of the ,iron they are ,rubb'd on1 and so give the ,surface of it the ,genuine ,colour of the ,copper4 #be4 ,there remains yet a way1 ,pyrophilus to be mention'd1 by which a ,liquor may alter the ,colour of another ,body1 and this seems the most ,important of all1 because though it be nam'd but as ,one1 yet it may indeed comprehend ,many1 and that is1 by ,associating the ,saline ,corpuscles1 or any other ,sort of the more ,rigid ones of the ,liquor1 with the ,particles of the ,body that it is employ'd to ,work upon4 ,for these ,adventitious ,corpuscles ,associating themselves with the ,protuberant ,particles of the ,surface of a ,colour'd ,body1 must necessarily alter their ,bigness1 and will most commonly alter their ,shape4 ,and how much the ,colours of ,bodies depend upon the ,bulk and ,figure of their ,superficial ,particles1 you may ,guess by this1 that eminent antient ,philosophers and divers ,moderns1 have thought that all ,colours might in a general way be made out by these two2 whose being ,diversify'd1 will in our ,case be attended with these two ,circumstances1 the ,one1 that the ,protuberant ,particles being ,increas'd in ,bulk1 they will oftentimes be ,vary'd as to the ,closness or ,laxity of their ,order1 fewer of them being contain'd within the same ,sensible 7though ,minute7 space than before2 or else by approaching to one another1 they must ,straighten the ,pores1 and it may be too1 they will by their manner of ,associating themselves with the ,protuberant ,particles1 intercept new ,pores4 ,and this invites me to consider farther1 that the ,adventitious ,corpuscles1 ,i have been speaking of1 may likewise produce a great ,change as well in the ,little ,cavities or ,pores as in the ,protuberances of a ,colour'd ,body2 for besides what we have just now taken notice of1 they may by ,lodging themselves in those little ,cavities1 fill them up1 and it may well happen1 that they may not only fill the ,pores they ,insinuate themselves into1 but likewise have their ,upper ,parts extant above them2 and partly by these new ,protuberances1 partly by ,increasing the ,bulk of the former1 these ,extraneous ,corpuscles may much alter the ,number and ,bigness of the ,surfaces ,pores1 changing the ,old and ,intercepting new ones4 ,and then 'tis ,odds1 but the ,order of the ,little ,extancies1 and consequently that of the ,little ,depressions in point of ,situation will be alter'd likewise3 as if you dissolve ,quick-silver in some kind of ,aqua-fortis1 the ,saline ,particles of the ,menstruum ,associating themselves with the ,mercurial ,corpuscles1 will make a ,green ,solution1 which afterwards easily enough ,degenerates4 ,and ,red ,lead or ,minium being ,dissolv'd in ,spirit of ,vinegar1 yields not a ,red1 but a ,clear ,solution1 the ,redness of the ,lead being by the ,liquor ,destroy'd4 ,but a better ,instance may be taken from ,copper1 for ,i have try'd1 that if upon a ,copper-plate you let some ,drops of weak ,aqua-fortis rest for a while1 the ,corpuscles of the ,menstruum1 joyning with those of the ,metall1 will produce a very sensible ,asperity upon the ,surface of the ,plate1 and will ,concoagulate that way into very minute ,grains of a ,pale ,blew ,vitriol2 whereas if upon another part of the same ,plate you suffer a little strong ,spirit of ,urine to rest a competent time1 you shall find the ,asperated ,surface adorn'd with a ,deeper and ,richer ,blew4 ,and the same ,aqua-fortis1 that will quickly change the ,redness of ,red ,lead into a ,darker ,colour1 will1 being put upon ,crude ,lead1 produce a ,whitish ,substance1 as with ,copper it did a ,blewish4 ,and as with ,iron it will produce a ,reddish1 and on ,white ,quills a ,yellowish1 so much may the ,coalition of the ,parts of the same ,liquor1 with the differingly ,figur'd ,particles of ,stable ,bodies1 divers ways ,asperate the differingly ,dispos'd ,surfaces1 and to ,diversifie the ,colour of those ,bodies4 ,and you'l easily believe1 that in many changes of ,colour1 that happen upon the ,dissolutions of ,metalls1 and ,precipitations made with ,oyl of ,tartar1 and the like ,fix'd ,salts1 there may ,intervene a ,coalition of ,saline ,corpuscles with the ,particles of the ,body ,dissolv'd or ,precipitated1 if you examine how much the ,vitriol of a ,metall may be ,heavier than the ,metalline part of it alone1 upon the ,score of the ,saline parts ,concoagulated therewith1 and1 that in ,several ,precipitations the weight of the ,calx does for the same ,reason much exceed that of the ,metall1 when it was first put in to be ,dissolv'd4 #bf4 ,but1 ,pyrophilus1 to consider these ,matters more particularly would be to forget that ,i declar'd against ,adventuring1 at least for this time1 at particular ,theories of ,colours1 and that accordingly you may justly expect from me rather ,experiments than ,speculations1 and therefore ,i shall ,dismiss this ,subject of the ,forms of ,superficial ,asperity in ,colour'd ,bodies1 as soon as ,i shall but have nam'd to you by way of ,supplement to what we have hitherto ,discours'd in this ,section1 a ,couple of ,particulars1 7which you'l easily grant me7 ,the one1 ,that there are divers other ways for the speedy ,production even of ,true and ,permanent ,colours in ,bodies1 besides those ,practicable by the help of ,liquors2 for proof of which ,advertisement1 though several ,examples might be alleged1 yet ,i shall need but ,re-mind you of what ,i mention'd to you above1 touching the change of ,colours suddenly made on ,temper'd ,steel1 and on ,lead1 by the ,operation of ,heat1 without the ,intervention of a ,liquor4 ,but the other particular ,i am to observe to you is of more ,importance to our present ,subject and it is1 ,that though ,nature and ,art may in some cases so change the ,asperity of the ,superficial parts of a ,body1 as to change its ,colour by either of the ways ,i have propos'd ,single or ,unassisted1 yet for the most part 'tis by two or three1 or perhaps by more of the fore-mention'd ways ,associated together1 that the ,effect is produc'd1 and if you consider how ,variously those several ways and some others ,ally'd unto them1 which ,i have left unmention'd1 may be ,compounded and ,apply'd1 you will not much wonder that such fruitfull1 whether ,principles 7or ,manners of ,diversification7 should be fitted to ,change or ,generate no small store of ,differing ,colours4 #bg4 ,hitherto1 ,pyrophilus1 we have in discoursing of the ,asperity of ,bodies consider'd the little ,protuberances of other ,superficial particles which make up that ,roughness1 as if we took it for granted1 that they must be perfectly ,opacous and ,impenetrable by the ,beams of ,light1 and so1 must contribute to the ,variety of ,colours as they terminate more or less ,light1 and reflect it to the ,eye mix'd with more or less of thus or thus mingl'd ,shades4 ,but to deal ,ingenuously with you1 ,pyrophilus1 before ,i proceed any further1 ,i must not conceal from you1 that ,i have often thought it worth a ,serious ,enquiry1 whether or no ,particles of ,matter1 each of them sing'y ,insensible1 and therefore small enough to be capable of being such ,minute ,particles as the ,atomists both of old and of late have 7not absurdly7 called ,corpuscula ,coloris1 may not yet consist each of them of divers yet ,minuter ,particles1 betwixt which we may conceive little ,commissures where they ,adhere to one another1 and1 however1 may not be ,porous enough to be1 at least in some degree1 ,pervious to the unimaginably subtile ,corpuscles that make up the ,beams of ,light1 and consequently to be in such a degree ,diaphanous4 ,for1 ,pyrophilus1 that the proposed ,enquiry may be of moment to him that searches after the ,nature of ,colour1 you'l easily grant1 if you consider1 that whereas ,perfectly ,opacous bodies can but reflect the incident ,beams of ,light1 those that are ,diaphanous are qualified to refract them too1 and that ,refraction has such a stroak in the ,production of ,colours1 as you cannot but have taken notice of1 and perhaps admir'd in the ,colours generated by the ,trajection of ,light through ,drops of ,water that exhibit a ,rain-bow1 through ,prismatical glasses1 and through divers other ,transparent bodies4 ,but 'tis like1 ,pyrophilus1 you'l more easily allow that about this matter 'tis rather ,important to have a ,certainty1 than that 'tis ,rational to entertain a ,doubt2 wherefore ,i must mention to you some of the ,reasons that make me think it may need a further ,enquiry1 for ,i find that in a ,darkned ,room1 where the ,light is permitted to enter but at ,one hole1 the little wandering ,particles of ,dust1 that are commonly called ,motes1 and1 unless in the ,sunbeams1 are not taken notice of by the unassisted ,sight1 ,i have1 ,i say1 often observ'd1 that these roving ,corpuscles being look'd on by an ,eye plac'd on one side of the ,beams that enter'd the ,little hole1 and by the ,darkness having its ,pupill much ,enlarg'd1 ,i could discern that these ,motes as soon as they came within the compass of the ,luminous1 whether ,cylinder or ,inverted ,cone1 if ,i may so call it1 that was made up by the ,unclouded ,beams of the ,sun1 did in certain positions appear adorn'd with very vivid ,colours1 like those of the ,rain-bow1 or rather like those of very ,minute1 but ,sparkling fragments of ,diamonds2 and as soon as the ,continuance of their ,motion had brought them to an ,inconvenient position in reference to the ,light and the ,eye1 they were only visible without ,darting any lively ,colours as before1 which seems to argue that these little ,motes1 or minute ,fragments1 of several sorts of bodies reputed ,opacous1 and only crumbled as to their ,exteriour and ,looser parts into ,dust1 did not barely ,reflect the ,beams that fell upon them1 but remit them to the ,eye ,refracted too4 ,we may also observe1 that several ,bodies1 7as well some of a ,vegetable1 as others of an ,animal nature7 which are wont to pass for ,opacous1 appear in great part ,transparent1 when they are reduc'd into ,thin parts1 and held against a powerful ,light4 ,this ,i have not only taken notice of in pieces of ,ivory reduc'd but into ,thick leaves1 as also in divers considerable ,thick shells of ,fishes1 and in shaving of ,wood1 but ,i have also found that a piece of ,deal1 far thicker than one would easily imagine1 being purposly interposed betwixt my ,eye plac'd in a ,room1 and the clear ,daylight1 was not only somewhat ,transparent1 but 7perhaps by reason of its ,gummous nature7 appear'd quite through of a lovely ,red4 ,and in the ,darkned ,room above mention'd1 ,bodies held against the hole at which the ,light enter'd1 appear'd far less ,opacous then they would elsewhere have done1 insomuch that ,i could easily and plainly see through the whole ,thickness of my ,hand1 the ,motions of a ,body plac'd 7at a very near distance indeed1 but yet7 beyond it4 ,and even in ,minerals1 the ,opacity is not always so great as many think1 if the ,body be made ,thin1 for ,white ,marble though of a pretty ,thickness1 being within a ,due distance plac'd betwixt the ,eye and a ,convenient ,light1 will ,suffer the ,motions of ones ,finger to be well discern'd through it1 and so will pieces1 ,thick enough1 of many common ,flints4 ,but above all1 that ,instance is remarkable1 that is afforded us by ,muscovie glass1 7which some call ,selenites1 others ,lapis ,specularis7 for though plates of this ,mineral1 though but of a moderate ,thickness1 do often appear ,opacous1 yet if one of these be ,dextrously split into the thinnest ,leaves 'tis made up of1 it will yield such a number of them1 as scarce any thing but ,experience could have perswaded me1 and these ,leaves will afford the most ,transparent sort of consistent ,bodies1 that1 for ought ,i have observ'd1 are yet known2 and a single ,leaf or ,plate will be so far from being ,opacous1 that 'twill scarce be so much as ,visible4 ,and multitudes of ,bodies there are1 whose ,fragments seem ,opacous to the naked ,eye1 which yet1 when ,i have included them in good ,microscopes1 appear'd ,transparent2 but1 ,pyrophilus1 on the other side ,i am not yet sure that there are no ,bodies1 whose ,minute ,particles even in such a ,microscope as that of mine1 which ,i was lately mentioning1 will not appear ,diaphanous4 ,for having consider'd ,mercury ,precipitated per se1 the little ,granules that made up the powder1 look'd like little fragments of ,coral beheld by the naked ,eye at a ,distance 7for very ,near at hand ,coral will sometimes1 especially if it be ,good1 shew some ,transparency47 ,filings likewise of ,steel and ,copper1 though in an excellent ,microscope1 and a fair ,day1 they show'd like pretty ,big ,fragments of those ,metalls1 and had considerable ,brightness on some of their ,surfaces1 yet ,i was not satisfi'd1 that ,i perceiv'd any ,reflection from the ,inner parts of any of the ,filings4 ,nay1 having look'd in my best ,microscope upon the ,red ,calx of ,lead1 7commonly call'd ,minium7 neither ,i1 nor any ,i shew'd it to1 could discern it to be other than ,opacous1 though the ,day were ,clear1 and the ,object strongly ,enlightned4 ,and the deeply ,red ,colour of ,vitriol appear'd in the same ,microscope 7notwithstanding the great ,comminution effected by the ,fire7 but like ,grossy beaten ,brick4 ,so that1 ,pyrophilus1 ,i shall willingly resign you the care of making some further ,enquiries into the ,subject we have now been considering2 for ,i confess1 as ,i told you before1 that ,i think that the ,matter may need a further ,scrutiny1 nor would ,i be forward to ,determine how far or in what cases the ,transparency or ,semi-diaphaniety of the ,superficial ,corpuscles of ,bigger ,bodies1 may have an ,interest in the ,production of their ,colours1 especially because that even in divers ,white bodies1 as ,beaten ,glass1 ,snow and ,froth1 where it seems manifest that the ,superficial parts are singly ,diaphanous1 7being either ,water1 or ,air1 or ,glass7 we see not that such ,variety of ,colours are produc'd as usually are by the ,refraction of ,light1 even in those ,bodies1 when by their ,bigness1 ,shape1 c4 they are conveniently qualify'd to exhibit such ,various and ,lively ,colours as those of the ,rain-bow1 and of ,prismatical ,glasses4 #bh4 ,by what has been hitherto discours'd1 ,pyrophilus1 we may be assisted to judge of that famous ,controversie which was of ,old disputed betwixt the ,epicureans and other ,atomists on the one side1 and most other ,philosophers on the other side4 ,the former ,denying ,bodies to be ,colour'd in the ,dark1 and the ,latter making ,colour to be an ,inherent quality1 as well as ,figure1 ,hardness2 ,weight1 or the like4 ,for though this ,controversie be ,reviv'd1 and hotly ,agitated among the ,moderns1 yet ,i doubt whether it be not in great part a ,nominal dispute1 and therefore let us1 according to the ,doctrine formerly deliver'd1 ,distinguish the ,acceptions of the word ,colour1 and say1 that if it be taken in the ,stricter ,sense1 the ,epicureans seem to be in the ,right1 for if ,colour be indeed1 though not according to them1 but ,light ,modify'd1 how can we conceive that it can ,subsist in the ,dark1 that is1 where it must be suppos'd there is no ,light2 but on the other side1 if ,colour be consider'd as a certain ,constant ,disposition of the ,superficial parts of the ,object to ,trouble the ,light they ,reflect after such and such a ,determinate manner1 this ,constant1 and1 if ,i may so speak1 ,modifying disposition persevering in the ,object1 whether it be ,shin'd upon or no1 there seems no just reason to deny1 but that in this ,sense1 ,bodies retain their ,colour as well in the ,night as ,day2 or1 to ,speak a little otherwise1 it may be said1 that ,bodies are ,potentially ,colour'd in the ,dark1 and ,actually in the ,light4 ,but of this ,matter discoursing more fully elsewhere1 as 'tis a difficulty that concerns ,qualities in general1 ,i shall forbear to insist on it here4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chap4 ,,iv #a4 ,of greater ,moment in the ,investigation of the ,nature of ,colours is the ,controversie1 ,whether those of the ,rain-bow1 and those that are often seen in ,clouds1 before the ,rising1 or after the ,setting of the ,sun2 and in a word1 ,whether those other ,colours1 that are wont to be call'd ,emphatical1 ought or ought not to be accounted ,true ,colours4 ,i need not tell you that the ,negative is the ,common ,opinion1 especially in the ,schools1 as may appear by that ,vulgar distinction of ,colours1 whereby these under ,consideration are term'd ,apparent1 by way of ,opposition to those that in the other ,member of the ,distinction are call'd ,true or ,genuine4 ,this question ,i say seems to me of ,importance1 upon this ,account1 that it being commonly ,granted1 7or however1 easie enough to be ,prov'd7 that ,emphatical ,colours are ,light it self ,modify'd by ,refractions chiefly1 with a concurrence sometimes of ,reflections1 and perhaps some other ,accidents depending on these two2 if these ,emphatical ,colours be resolv'd to be ,genuine1 it will seem consequent1 that ,colours1 or at least divers of them1 are but ,diversify'd ,light1 and not such ,real and ,inherent qualities as they are commonly thought to be4 #b4 ,now since we are wont to esteem the ,echoes and other ,sounds of ,bodies1 to be ,true ,sounds1 all their ,odours to be ,true ,odours1 and 7to be short7 since we judge other ,sensible ,qualities to be ,true ones1 because they are the proper ,objects of some or other of our ,senses1 ,i see not why ,emphatical ,colours1 being the proper and peculiar ,objects of the ,organ of ,sight1 and capable to ,affect it as ,truly and as ,powerfully as other ,colours1 should be reputed but ,imaginary ones4 ,and if we have 7which perchance you'l allow7 formerly evinc'd ,colour1 7when the word is taken in its more ,proper sense7 to be but ,modify'd ,light1 there will be small ,reason to deny these to be true ,colours1 which more manifestly than others disclose themselves to be produc'd by ,diversifications of the ,light4 #c4 ,there is indeed taken notice of a ,difference betwixt these ,apparent colours1 and those that are wont to be esteem'd ,genuine1 as to the ,duration1 which has induc'd some ,learned ,men to call the former rather ,evanid than ,fantastical4 ,but as the ,ingenious ,gassendus does somewhere ,judiciously observe1 if this way of ,arguing were ,good1 the ,greeness of a ,leaf ought to pass for ,apparent1 because1 soon ,fading into a ,yellow1 it ,scarce lasts at all1 in comparison of the ,greeness of an ,emerauld4 ,i shall add1 that if the ,sun-beams be in a convenient manner trajected through a ,glass-prism1 and thrown upon some well-shaded ,object within a ,room1 the ,rain-bow thereby ,painted on the ,surface of the ,body that ,terminates the ,beams1 may oftentimes last longer than ,some ,colours ,i have produc'd in certain ,bodies1 which would justly1 and without scruple be accounted ,genuine ,colours1 and yet suddenly ,degenerate1 and lose their ,nature4 #d4 ,a greater ,disparity betwixt ,emphatical ,colours1 and others1 may perhaps be taken from this1 that ,genuine ,colours seem to be produc'd in ,opacous ,bodies by ,reflection1 but ,apparent ones in ,diaphanous ,bodies1 and principally by ,refraction1 ,i say ,principally rather than ,solely1 because in some cases ,reflection also may concurr1 but still this seems not to conclude these ,latter ,colours not to be ,true ones4 ,nor must what has been newly said of the ,differences of ,true and ,apparent ,colours1 be interpreted in too ,unlimited a ,sense1 and therefore it may perhaps somewhat ,assist you1 both to ,reflect upon the two fore-going ,objections1 and to judge of some other ,passages which you'l meet with in this ,tract1 if ,i take this ,occasion to observe to you1 that if ,water be ,agitated into ,froth1 it exhibits you know a ,white colour1 which soon after it ,loses upon the ,resolution of the ,bubbles into ,air and ,water1 now in this case either the ,whiteness of the ,froth is a ,true ,colour or not1 if it be1 then ,true ,colours1 supposing the ,water pure and free from ,mixtures of any thing ,tenacious1 may be as ,short-liv'd as those of the ,rain-bow2 also the ,matter1 wherein the ,whiteness did ,reside1 may in a few moments perfectly ,lose all foot-steps or remains of it4 ,and besides1 even ,diaphanous ,bodies may be capable of exhibiting ,true ,colours by ,reflection1 for that ,whiteness is so produc'd1 we shall anon make it probable4 ,but if on the other side it be said1 that the ,whiteness of ,froth is an ,emphatical ,colour1 then it must no longer be said1 that ,fantastical ,colours require a certain ,position of the ,luminary and the ,eye1 and must be ,vary'd or ,destroy'd by the ,change thereof1 since ,froth appears ,white1 whether the ,sun be ,rising or ,setting1 or in the ,meridian1 or any where between it and the ,horizon1 and from what 7,neighbouring7 place soever the ,beholders ,eye looks upon it4 ,and since by making a ,liquor ,tenacious enough1 yet without ,destroying its ,transparency1 or ,staining it with any ,colour1 you may give the ,little ,films1 whereof the ,bubbles consist1 such a ,texture1 as may make the ,froth last very many ,hours1 if not some ,days1 or even ,weeks1 it will render it somewhat ,improper to assign ,duration for the ,distinguishing ,character to ,discriminate ,genuine from ,fantastical ,colours4 ,for such ,froth may much outlast the ,undoubtedly true ,colours of some of ,nature's ,productions1 as in that ,gaudy ,plant not undeservedly call'd the ,mervail of ,peru1 the ,flowers do often ,fade1 the same ,day they are ,blown2 ,and ,i have often seen a ,virginian ,flower1 which usually ,withers within the compass of a ,day2 and ,i am credibly ,inform'd1 that not far from hence a curious ,herborist has a ,plant1 whose ,flowers perish in about an ,hour4 ,but if the ,whiteness of ,water turn'd into ,froth must therefore be reputed ,emphatical1 because it appears not that the ,nature of the ,body is ,alter'd1 but only that the ,disposition of its ,parts in reference to the ,incident ,light is ,chang'd1 why may not the ,whiteness be accounted ,emphatical too1 which ,i shall shew anon to be ,producible1 barely by such another change in ,black ,horn8 and yet this so easily acquir'd ,whiteness seems to be as truly its ,colour as the ,blackness was before1 and at least is more ,permanent than the ,greenness of ,leaves1 the ,redness of ,roses1 and1 in short1 than the ,genuine ,colours of the most part of ,nature's ,productions4 ,it may indeed be further ,objected1 that according as the ,sun or other ,luminous ,body changes place1 these ,emphatical ,colours alter or vanish4 ,but not to repeat what ,i have just now said1 ,i shall add1 that if a piece of ,cloath in a ,drapers ,shop 7in such the ,light being seldome ,primary7 be variously ,folded1 it will appear of differing ,colours1 as the ,parts happen to be more ,illuminated or more ,shaded1 and if you stretch it ,flat1 it will commonly exhibit some one ,uniform ,colour1 and yet these are not wont to be reputed ,emphatical1 so that the ,difference seems to be chiefly this1 that in the ,case of the ,rain-bow1 and the like1 the ,position of the ,luminary ,varies the ,colour1 and in the ,cloath ,i have been mentioning1 the ,position of the ,object does it4 ,nor am ,i forward to allow that in all ,cases the ,apparition of ,emphatical ,colours requires a ,determinate position of the ,eye1 for if ,men will have the ,whiteness of ,froth ,emphatical1 you know what we have already ,inferr'd from thence4 ,besides1 the ,sun-beams trajected through a ,triangular ,glass1 after the manner lately mention'd1 will1 upon the ,body that ,terminates them1 ,paint a ,rain-bow1 that may be seen whether the ,eye be plac'd on the ,right ,hand of it or the ,left1 or ,above or ,beneath it1 or ,before or ,behind it2 and though there may appear some ,little ,variation in the ,colours of the ,rain-bow1 beheld from ,differing parts of the ,room1 yet such a ,diversity may be also observ'd by an ,attentive ,eye in ,real ,colours1 look'd upon under the like ,circumstances1 ,nor will it follow1 that because there remains no ,footsteps of the ,colour upon the ,object1 when the ,prism is ,remov'd1 that therefore the ,colour was not ,real1 since the ,light was truly ,modify'd by the ,refraction and ,reflection it ,suffer'd in its ,trajection through the ,prism2 and the ,object in our case serv'd for a ,specular ,body1 to ,reflect that ,colour to the ,eye4 ,and that you may not be ,startled1 ,pyrophilus1 that ,i should ,venture to say1 that a ,rough and ,coiour'd ,object may serve for a ,speculum to ,reflect the ,artificial ,rain-bow ,i have been mentioning1 consider what usually happens in ,darkned ,rooms1 where a ,wall1 or other ,body conveniently ,situated within1 may so ,reflect the ,colours of ,bodies1 without the ,room1 that they may very clearly be ,discern'd and ,distinguish'd1 and yet 'tis taken for granted1 that the ,colours seen in a ,darkned ,room1 though they leave no ,traces of themselves upon the ,wall or ,body that ,receives them1 are the ,true ,colours of the ,external ,objects1 together with which the ,colours of the ,images are ,mov'd or do ,rest4 ,and the ,errour is not in the ,eye1 whose ,office is only to perceive the ,appearances of things1 and which does ,truly so1 but in the ,judging or ,estimative faculty1 which ,mistakingly concludes that ,colour to belong to the ,wall1 which does indeed belong to the ,object1 because the ,wall is that from whence the ,beams of ,light that carry the ,visible ,species1 do come in ,straight ,lines directly to the ,eye1 as for the same ,reason we are wont at a certain ,distance from ,concave ,sphrical ,glasses1 to perswade our ,selves that we see the ,image come forth to ,meet us1 and ,hang in the ,air betwixt the ,glass and ,us1 because the ,reflected ,beams that ,compose the image cross in that place1 where the ,image seems to be1 and thence1 and not from the ,glass1 do in ,direct ,lines take their ,course to the ,eye1 and upon the like ,cause it is1 that divers ,deceptions in ,sounds and other ,sensible ,objects do depend1 as we elsewhere declare4 #e4 ,i know not1 whether ,i need add1 that ,i have purposely ,try'd1 7as you'l find some ,pages hence1 and will perhaps think somewhat strange7 that ,colours that are call'd ,emphatical1 because not ,inherent in1 the ,bodies in which they ,appear1 may be ,compounded with one another1 as those that are confessedly ,genuine may4 ,but when all this is said1 ,pyrophilus1 ,i must ,advertise you1 that it is but ,problematically ,spoken1 and that though ,i think the ,opinion ,i have endeavour'd to fortifie ,probable1 yet a great part of our ,discourse concerning ,colours may be ,true1 whether that ,opinion be so or not4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chap4 ,v4 #a4 ,there are you know1 ,pyrophilus1 besides those ,obsolete ,opinions about ,colours which have been long since ,rejected1 very ,various ,theories that have each of them1 even at this day1 ,eminent ,men for its ,abetters2 for the ,peripatetick ,schools1 though they dispute amongst themselves divers particulars concerning ,colours1 yet in this they seem ,unanimously enough to ,agree1 that ,colours are ,inherent and ,real ,qualities1 which the ,light doth but ,disclose1 and not concurr to ,produce4 ,besides there are ,moderns1 who with a slight ,variation adopt the ,opinion of ,plato1 and as he would have ,colour to be nothing but a ,kind of ,flame consisting of ,minute ,corpuscles as it were ,darted by the ,object against the ,eye1 to whose ,pores their ,littleness and ,figure made them congruous1 so these would have ,colour to be an ,internal ,light of the more ,lucid parts of the ,object1 ,darkned and consequently ,alter'd by the ,various ,mixtures of the less ,luminous parts4 ,there are also others1 who in imitation of some of the ,ancient ,atomists1 make ,colour not to be ,lucid steam1 but yet a ,corporeal ,effluvium issuing out of the ,colour'd ,body1 but the ,knowingst of these have of late ,reform'd their ,hypothesis1 by acknowledging and adding that some ,external ,light is necessary to ,excite1 and as they speak1 ,sollicit these ,corpuscles of ,colour as they call them1 and ,bring them to the ,eye4 ,another and more principal ,opinion of the ,modern ,philosophers1 to which this last nam'd may by a ,favourable explication be reconcil'd1 is that which derives ,colours from the ,mixture of ,light and ,darkness1 or rather ,light and ,shadows4 ,and as for the ,chymists 'tis known1 that the generality of them ascribes the ,origine of ,colours to the ,sulphureous ,principle in ,bodies1 though ,i find1 as ,i elsewhere largely shew1 that some of the ,chiefest of them derive ,colours rather from ,salt than ,sulphur1 and others1 from the third ,hypostatical ,principle1 ,mercury4 ,and as for the ,cartesians ,i need not tell you1 that they1 supposing the ,sensation of ,light to bee produc'd by the ,impulse made upon the ,organs of ,sight1 by certain extremely ,minute and ,solid ,globules1 to which the ,pores of the ,air and other ,diaphanous bodies are pervious1 endeavour to derive the ,varieties of ,colours from the ,various ,proportion of the ,direct ,progress or ,motion of these ,globules to their ,circumvolution or ,motion about their own ,centre1 by which ,varying ,proportion they are by this ,hypothesis suppos'd qualify'd to strike the ,optick ,nerve after several ,distinct manners1 so to produce the perception of ,differing ,colours4 #b4 ,besides these six principal ,hypotheses1 ,pyrophilus1 there may be some others1 which though ,less known1 may perhaps as well as thesc deserve to be taken into consideration by you2 but that ,i should copiously debate any of them at present1 ,i presume you will not expect1 if you consider the ,scope of these ,papers1 and the ,brevity ,i have design'd in them1 and therefore ,i shall at this time only take notice to you in the general of two or three things that do more peculiarly concern the ,treatise you have now in your hands4 #c4 ,and first1 though the ,embracers of the ,several ,hypotheses ,i have been naming to you1 by undertaking each ,sect of them to explicate ,colours indefinitely1 by the particular ,hypotheses they maintain1 seem to hold it forth as the only ,needful ,theory about that ,subject1 yet for my part ,i doubt whether any one of all these ,hypotheses have a right to be admitted ,exclusively to all others1 for ,i think it ,probable1 that ,whiteness and ,blackness may be explicated by ,reflection alone without ,refraction1 as you'l find endeavour'd in the ,discourse you'l meet with e're long ,of the ,origine of ,whiteness and ,blackness1 and on the other side1 since ,i have not found that by any ,mixture of ,white and ,true ,black1 7for there is a ,blewish ,black which many mistake for a ,genuine7 there can be a ,blew1 a ,yellow1 or a ,red1 to name no other ,colours1 produced1 and since we do find that these ,colours may be produc'd in the ,glass-prism and other ,transparent bodies1 by the help of ,refractions1 it seems that ,refraction is to be taken in into the ,explication of some ,colours1 to whose ,generation they seem to concurr1 either by making a further or other ,commixture of ,shades with the ,refracted ,light1 or by some other way not now to be discours'd4 ,and as it seems not improbable1 that in case the ,pores of the ,air1 and other ,diaphanous bodies be every where almost fill'd with such ,globuli as the ,cartesians suppose1 the ,various kind of ,motion of these ,globuli1 may in many cases have no small stroak in ,varying our ,perception of ,colour1 so without the ,supposition of these ,globuli1 which 'tis not so easie to evince1 ,i think we may probably enough conceive in general1 that the ,eye may be ,variously affected1 not only by the ,entire ,beams of ,light that fall upon it as they are such1 but by the ,order1 and by the ,degree of ,swiftness1 and in a word by the ,manner according to which the ,particles that compose each ,particular ,beam arrive at the ,sensory1 so that whatever be the ,figure of the ,little ,corpuscles1 of which the ,beams of ,light consist1 not only the ,celerity or ,slowness of their ,revolution or ,rotation in reference to their ,progressive ,motion1 but their more ,absolute ,celerity1 their ,direct or ,undulating ,motion1 and other ,accidents1 which may attend their ,appulse to the ,eye1 may fit them to make ,differing ,impressions on it4 #d4 ,secondly1 ,for these and the like ,considerations1 ,pyrophilus1 ,i must desire that you would look upon this little ,treatise1 not as a ,discourse written ,principally to maintain any of the fore-mention'd ,theories1 ,exclusively to all others1 or substitute a ,new one of my ,own1 but as the beginning of a ,history of ,colours1 upon which1 when you and your ,ingenious friends shall have ,enrich'd it1 a ,solid ,theory may be safely built4 ,but yet because this ,history is not meant barely for a ,register of the things recorded in it1 but for an ,apparatus to a sound and comprehensitive ,hypothesis1 ,i thought fit1 so to temper the whole ,discourse1 as to make it as conducible1 as conveniently ,i can to that ,end1 and therefore ,i have not scrupled to let you see that ,i was willing1 as to save you the labour of ,cultivating some ,theories that ,i thought would never enable you to reach the ,ends you aim at1 so to contract your ,enquiries into a ,narrow compass1 for both which purposes ,i thought it requisite to do these two things1 the ,one1 to set down some ,experiments which by the help of the ,reflections and ,insinuations that attend them1 may assist you to discover the ,infirmness and ,insufficiency both of the common ,peripatetick ,doctrine1 and of the now more applauded ,theory of the ,chymists about ,colour1 because those two ,doctrines having ,possess'd themselves1 the one of the most part of the ,schools1 and the other of the ,esteem of the ,generality ef ,physicians and other ,learned ,men1 whose ,professions and ,ways of ,study do not exact that they should ,scrupulously examine the very ,first and ,simplest ,principles of ,nature1 ,i fear'd it would be to little purpose1 without doing something to discover the ,insufficiency of these ,hypotheses1 that ,i should1 7which was the ,other thing ,i thought requisite for me to do7 set down among my other ,experiments those in the greatest ,number1 that may let you see1 that1 till ,i shall be ,better ,inform'd1 ,i encline to take ,colour to be a ,modification of ,light1 and would invite you chiefly to ,cultivate that ,hypothesis1 and ,improve it to the making out of the ,generation of ,particular ,colours1 as ,i have ,endeavour'd to apply it to the ,explication of ,whiteness and ,blackness4 #e4 ,thirdly4 ,but1 ,pyrophilus1 though this be at present the ,hypothesis ,i preferr1 yet ,i propose it but in a ,general ,sense1 teaching only that the ,beams of ,light1 ,modify'd by the ,bodies whence they are sent 7,reflected or ,refracted7 to the ,eye1 produce there that ,kind of ,sensation1 ,men commonly call ,colour2 ,but whether ,i think this ,modification of the ,light to be perform'd by ,mixing it with ,shades1 or by ,varying the ,proportion of the ,progress and ,rotation of the ,cartesian ,globuli ,clestes1 or by some other way which ,i am not now to mention1 ,i pretend not here to ,declare4 ,much less do ,i pretend to ,determine1 or scarce so much as to ,hope to know all that were requisite to be ,known1 to give ,you1 or even my ,self1 a perfect account of the ,theory of ,vision and ,colours1 for in ,order to such an undertaking ,i would first ,know what ,light is1 and if it be a ,body 7as a ,body or the ,motion of a ,body it seems to be7 what ,kind of ,corpuscles for ,size and ,shape it consists of1 with what ,swiftness they move ,forwards1 and ,whirl about their own ,centres4 ,then ,i would ,know the ,nature of ,refraction1 which ,i take to be one of the ,abstrusest things 7not to explicate ,plausibly1 but to explicate ,satisfactorily7 that ,i have met with in ,physicks2 ,i would further ,know what ,kind and what ,degree of ,commixture of ,darkness or ,shades is made by ,refractions or ,reflections1 or both1 in the ,superficial particles of those ,bodies1 that being ,shin'd upon1 constantly exhibit the one1 for ,instance1 a ,blew1 the other a ,yellow1 the third a ,red ,colour2 ,i would further ,know why this ,contemperation of ,light and ,shade1 that is made1 for ,example1 by the ,skin of a ,ripe ,cherry1 should exhibit a ,red1 and not a ,green1 and the ,leaf of the same ,tree should exhibit a ,green rather than a ,red2 and indeed1 ,lastly1 why since the ,light that is ,modify'd into these ,colours consists but of ,corpuscles moved against the ,retina or ,pith of the ,optick ,nerve1 it should there not barely give a ,stroak1 but produce a ,colour1 whereas a ,needle wounding likewise the ,eye1 would not produce ,colour but ,pain4 ,these1 and perhaps other things ,i should think requisite to be ,known1 before ,i should judge my ,self to have fully ,comprehended the ,true and ,whole ,nature of ,colours2 and therefore1 though by making the ,experiments and ,reflections deliver'd in this ,paper1 ,i have endeavour'd somewhat to ,lessen my ,ignorance in this ,matter1 and think it far more ,desireable to discover a ,little1 than to discover ,nothing1 yet ,i pretend but to make it ,probable by the ,experiments ,i mention1 that some ,colours may be ,plausibly enough ,explicated in the ,general by the ,doctrine here propos'd2 ,for whensoever ,i would ,descend to the ,minute and ,accurate ,explication of ,particulars1 ,i find my ,self very ,sensible of the great ,obscurity of things1 without excepting those which we never see but when they are ,enlightned1 and confess with ,scaliger#e1 ,latet natura hc1 7says he1 ,speaking of that of ,colour7 sicut aliarum rerum species in profundissima caligine insciti human4 #e ,exercitat4 #cbe ,parag4 #d 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,experimental ,,history ,,of ,,colours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,nature of ,whiteness and ,blackness4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,though after what ,i have acknowledged1 ,pyrophilus1 of the ,abstruse ,nature of ,colours in particular1 you will easily believe1 that ,i pretend not to give you a ,satisfactory account of ,whiteness and ,blackness2 ,yet not wholly to frustrate your ,expectation of my offering something by way of ,specimen towards the ,explication of some ,colours in particular1 ,i shall make choice of ,these as the most ,simple ,ones1 7and by reason of their mutual ,opposition the ,least hardly explicable7 about which to present you my ,thoughts1 upon condition you will take them at most to be my ,conjectures1 not my ,opinions4 #b4 ,when ,i apply'd my ,self to consider1 how the cause of ,whiteness might be explan'd by ,intelligible and ,mechanical ,principles1 ,i remembred not to have met with any thing among the ,antient ,corpuscularian ,philosophers1 touching the ,quality we call ,whiteness1 save that ,democritus is by ,aristotle said to have ascrib'd the ,whiteness of ,bodies to their ,smoothness1 and on the contrary their ,blackness to their ,asperity4#f ,but though about the ,latter of those ,qualities his ,opinion be allowable1 as we shall see anon1 yet that he heeds a ,favourable ,interpretation in what is ,deliver'd concerning the ,first1 7at least if his ,doctrine be not ,mis-represented in this point1 as it has been in many others7 we shall quickly have ,occasion to manifest4 ,but amongst the ,moderns1 the most ,learned ,gassendus in his ,ingenious ,epistle publish'd in the ,year #afdb4 ,de apparente ,magnitudine solis humilis sublimis1 reviving the ,atomical ,philosophy1 has1 though but ,incidentally1 deliver'd something towards the ,explication of ,whiteness upon ,mechanical ,principles3 ,and because no ,man that ,i know of1 has done so before him1 ,i shall1 to be sure to do him ,right1 give you his ,sense in his own ,words3#g ,cogites velim 7says he7 lucem quidem in ,diaphano nullius coloris videri1 sed in ,opaco tamen terminante ,candicare1 ac tant magis1 quant densior seu collectior fuerit4 ,deinde aquam non esse quidem coloris ex se candidi radium tamen ex e reflexum versus oculum candicare4 ,rursus cum plana aqu ,superficies non nisi ex una parte eam reflexionem faciat3 si contigerit tamen illam in aliquot bullas intumescere1 bullam unamquamque reflectionem facere1 candoris speciem creare certa ,superficiei parte4 ,ad hc ,spumam ex aqua pura non alia ratione videri candescere albescerere quam quod sit congeries confertissima minutissimarum bullarum1 quarum unaquque suum radium reflectit1 unde continens candor alborve apparet4 ,denique ,nivem nihil aliud videri quam speciem purissim spum ex bullulis quam minutissimis confertissimis cohrentis4 ,sed ridiculam me exhibeam1 si tales meas nugas uberius proponem4 #f ,album quippe agrum1 hoc quidem asperum esse dicit1 hoc vero lve4 de ,sensu ,sensib4 #c4 #c4 #g ,epist4 #b4 pag4 #de4 #c4 ,but though in this passage1 that very ,ingenous ,person has ,anticipated part of what ,i should say2 ,yet ,i presume you will for all that expect1 that ,i should give you a fuller ,account of that ,notion of ,whiteness1 which ,i have the least ,exceptions to1 and of the ,particulars whence ,i deduce it1 which to do1 ,i must mention to you the following ,experiments and ,observations4 ,whiteness then consider'd as a ,quality in the ,object1 seems chiefly to depend upon this1 ,that the ,superficies of the ,body that is call'd ,white1 is ,asperated by almost innumerable ,small ,surfaces1 which being of an almost ,specular ,nature1 are also so ,plac'd1 that some ,looking this way1 and some that way1 they yet ,reflect the ,rays of ,light that fall on them1 not towards one another1 but outwards towards the ,spectators ,eye4 ,in this ,rude and ,general account of ,whiteness1 it seems that besides those ,qualities1 which are common to ,bodies of other ,colours1 as for instance the ,minuteness and ,number of the ,superficial parts1 the two chief things attributed to ,bodies as ,white are made to be1 ,first1 that its ,little ,protuberances and ,superficial parts be of somewhat a ,specular ,nature1 that they may as little ,looking-glasses each of them ,reflect the ,beams it receives1 7or the little ,picture of the ,sun made on it7 without otherwise considerably ,altering them2 whereas in most other ,colours1 they are wont to be much ,chang'd1 by being also ,refracted1 or by being ,return'd to the ,eye1 mixt with ,shades or otherwise4 ,and next1 that its ,superficial parts be so ,situated1 that they ,retain not the ,incident ,rays of ,light by ,reflecting them ,inwards1 but ,send them almost all ,back1 so that the ,outermost ,corpuscles of a ,white ,body1 having their ,various ,little ,surfaces of a ,specular ,nature1 a ,man can from no place ,behold the ,body1 but that there will be among those ,innumerable ,superficiecul1 that ,look some one way1 and some another1 enough of them ,obverted to his ,eye1 to afford like a broken ,looking-glass1 a confused ,ida1 or ,representation of ,light1 and make such an ,impression on the ,organ1 as that for which ,men are wont to call a ,body ,white4 ,but this ,notion will perhaps be best ,explan'd by the same ,experiments and ,observations1 on which it is ,built1 ,and therefore ,i shall now advance to ,them4 #d4 ,and in the first place ,i consider1 that the ,sun and other ,powerfully ,lucid ,bodies1 are not only wont to ,offend1 which we call to ,dazle our ,eyes1 but that if any ,colour be to be ,ascrib'd to them as they are ,lucid1 it seems it should be ,whiteness3 ,for the ,sun at ,noon-day1 and in ,clear weather1 and when his ,face is less ,troubled1 and as it were ,stained by the ,steams of ,sublunary ,bodies1 and when his ,beams have much less of the ,atmosphere to ,traject in their ,passage to our ,eyes1 appears of a ,colour more approaching to ,white1 than when nearer the ,horizon1 the ,interposition of certain ,sorts of ,fumes and ,vapours make him oftentimes appear either ,red1 or at least more ,yellow4 ,and when the ,sun ,shines upon that ,natural ,looking-glass1 a ,smooth water1 that part of it1 which appears to this or that particular ,beholder1 the most ,shin'd on1 does to his ,eye seem far ,whiter than the rest4 ,and here ,i shall add1 that ,i have sometimes had the ,opportunity to observe a thing1 that may make to my present purpose1 namely1 that when the ,sun was ,veil'd over as it were1 with a ,thin ,white ,cloud1 and yet was too ,bright to be ,look'd upon ,directly without ,dazling1 by casting my ,eyes upon a ,smooth water1 as we sometimes do to observe ,eclipses without prejudice to our ,eyes1 the ,sun then not far from the ,meridian1 appear'd to me not ,red1 but so ,white1 that 'twas not without some ,wonder1 that ,i made the ,observation4 ,besides1 though we in ,english are wont to say1 a thing is ,red hot1 as an ,expression of its being ,superlatively ,ignitum1 7if ,i may so ,speak for want of a proper ,english word7 yet in the ,forges of ,smiths1 and the ,furnaces of other ,artificers1 by that which they call a ,white heat1 they mean a further ,degree of ,ignition1 than by that which both they and we call a ,red heat4 #e4 ,secondly1 ,i consider1 that common ,experience informs us1 that as much ,light ,over-powers the ,eye1 so when the ,ground is covered with ,snow1 7a ,body extremely ,white7 those that have ,weak ,eyes are wont to complain of too much ,light3 ,and even those that have not1 are generally ,sensible of an ,extraordinary measure of ,light in the ,air2 and if they are fain to ,look very long upon the ,snow1 find their ,sight ,offended by it4 ,on which occasion we may call to mind what ,xenophon relates1 that his ,cyrus marching his ,army for divers days through ,mountains covered with ,snow1 the ,dazling splendor of its ,whiteness prejudic'd the ,sight of very many of his ,souldiers1 and ,blinded some of them2 and other ,stories of that ,nature be met with in ,writers of good ,note4 ,and the like has been affirm'd to me by credible ,persons of my own ,acquaintance1 and especially by one who though ,skill'd in ,physick and not ,ancient confess'd to me when ,i purposely ask'd him1 that not only during his stay in ,muscovy1 he found his ,eyes much ,impair'd1 by being reduc'd frequently to ,travel in the ,snow1 but that the ,weakness of his ,eyes did not ,leave him when he left that ,country1 but has follow'd him into these ,parts1 and yet continues to ,trouble him4 ,and to this doth agree what ,i as well as others have observ'd1 namely1 that when ,i ,travell'd by ,night1 when the ,ground was all cover'd with ,snow1 though the ,night otherwise would not have been ,lightsome1 yet ,i could very well see to ,choose my way4 ,but much more ,remarkable to my present purpose is that1 which ,i have met with in ,olaus ,magnus1#h concerning the way of ,travelling in ,winter in the ,northern ,regions1 where the ,days of that ,season are so very ,short2 for after other things not needfull to be here ,transcribed3 ,iter1 says he1 ,diurnum duo scilicet montana milliaria 7qu #ab ,italica sunt7 consiciunt4 ,nocte ver sub splendissima luna1 duplatum iter consumunt aut triplatum4 ,neque id incommod fit1 cum nivium reverberatione lunaris splendoris sublimes declives campos illustret1 ac etiam montium prcipitia ac noxias feras lorg prospiciant evitandas4 ,which ,testimony ,i the less ,scruple to allege1 because that it agrees very well with what has been ,affirm'd to me by a ,physician of ,mosco1 whom the ,notion ,i have been ,treating of concerning ,whiteness invited me to ask whether he could not ,see much farther when he ,travell'd by ,night in ,russia than he could do in ,england1 or elsewhere1 when there was no ,snow upon the ,ground2 ,for this ,ingenious ,person inform'd me1 that he could ,see ,things at a farr greater ,distance1 and with more ,clearness1 when he ,travell'd by ,night on the ,russian ,snow1 though without the ,assistance of ,moon-shine1 than we in these ,parts would easily be perswaded4 ,though it seems not unlikely to me1 that the ,intenseness of the ,cold may contribute something to the considerableness of the ,effect1 by much ,clearing the ,air of ,darkish ,steams1 which in these more ,temperate ,climates are wont to ,thicken it in ,snowy weather3 ,for having purposely inquir'd of this ,doctor1 and consulted that ,ingenious ,navigator ,captain ,james's ,voyage hereafter to be further mention'd1 ,i find both their ,relations agree in this1 that in ,dark ,frosty ,nights they could ,discover more ,stars1 and ,see the rest ,clearer than we in ,england are wont to do4 #h ,gent4 ,septen4 ,histor4 lib4 #d cap4 #ac4 #f4 ,i know indeed that divers ,learned ,men think1 that ,snow so strongly ,affects our ,eye1 not by a ,borrow'd1 but a ,native ,light2 ,but ,i venture to give it as a ,proof1 that ,white ,bodies reflect more ,light than ,others1 because having once purposely plac'd a parcel of ,snow in a ,room carefully ,darkned1 that no ,celestial ,light might come to fall upon it2 neither ,i1 nor an ingenous ,person1 7,skill'd in ,opticks7 whom ,i desir'd for a ,witness1 could find1 that it had any other ,light than what it receiv'd4 ,and however1 'tis usual among those that ,travel in ,dark ,nights1 that the ,guides wear something of ,white to be ,discern'd by1 there being scarce any ,night so ,dark1 but that in the ,free ,air there remains some ,light1 though ,broken and ,debilitated perhaps by a thousand ,reflections from the ,opacous ,corpuscles that ,swim in the ,air1 and lend it to one another before it comes to arrive at the ,eye4 #g4 ,thirdly1 ,and the better to shew that ,white ,bodies reflect store of ,light1 in comparson of those that are otherwise ,colour'd1 ,i did in the ,darkn'd ,room1 formerly mention'd1 hold not far from the ,hole1 at which the ,light was admitted1 a ,sheet only of ,white ,paper1 from whence casting the ,sun-beams upon a ,white ,wall1 whereunto it was ,obverted1 it manifestly appear'd both to ,me1 and to the ,person ,i took for a ,witness of the ,experiment1 that it ,reflected a far greater ,light1 than any of the other ,colours formerly mention'd1 the ,light so thrown upon one ,wall notably ,enlightning it1 and by it a good part of the ,room4 ,and yet further to show you1 that ,white ,bodies ,reflect the ,beams ,from them1 and not ,towards themselves1 ,let me add1 that ,ordinary ,burning-glasses1 such as are wont to be employ'd to light ,tobacco1 will not in a great while ,burn1 or so much as ,discolour a ,sheet of ,white ,paper4 ,insomuch that even when ,i was a ,boy1 and ,lov'd to make ,tryals with ,burning-glasses1 ,i could not but wonder at this ,odd ,phnomenon1 which set me very ,early upon ,guessing at the ,nature of ,whiteness1 especially because ,i took notice1 that the ,image of the ,sun upon a ,white ,paper was not so well ,defin'd 7the ,light seeming too ,diffus'd7 as upon ,black1 and because ,i try'd1 that ,blacking over the ,paper with ,ink1 not only the ,ink would be quickly ,dry'd up1 but the ,paper that ,i could not ,burn before1 would be quickly set on ,fire4 ,i have also try'd1 that by exposing my ,hand with a ,thin ,black ,glove over it to the ,warm ,sun1 it was thereby very quickly and considerably more ,heated1 than if ,i took off the ,glove1 and held my ,hand ,naked1 or put on it another ,glove of ,thin but ,white ,leather4 ,and having thus shewn you1 ,pyrophilus1 that ,white ,bodies reflect the most ,light of any1 let us now proceed1 to consider what is further to be taken notice of in them1 in order to our present ,enquiry4 #h4 ,and ,fourthly1 whereas among the ,dispositions we attributed to ,white ,bodies1 we also intimated this1 ,that such ,bodies are apt1 like ,speculums1 though but ,imperfect ones1 to ,reflect the ,light that falls on them ,untroubled or ,unstain'd1 we shall besides other particulars to be met with in these ,papers1 offer you this in favour of the ,conjecture2 ,that in the ,darkned ,room several times mention'd in this ,treatse1 we try'd that the ,sun-beams being cast from a ,coloured ,body upon a neighbouring ,white ,wall1 the ,determinate ,colour of the ,body was from the ,wall reflected to the ,eye2 whereas we could in divers cases manifestly ,alter the ,colour arriving at the ,eye1 by ,substituting at a convenient ,distance1 a 7conveniently7 ,colour'd 7and ,glossy7 ,body instead of the ,white ,wall4 ,as by throwing the ,beams from a ,yellow ,body upon a ,blew1 there would be ,exhibited a kind of ,green1 as in the ,experiments about ,colours is more fully ,declar'd4 #i4 ,i know not whether ,i should on this ,occasion take notice1 that when1 as when looking upon the ,calm and ,smooth ,surface of a ,river betwixt my ,eye and the ,sun1 it appear'd to be a natural ,speculum1 wherein that ,part which ,reflected to my ,eye the ,entire and defin'd ,image of the ,sun1 and the ,beams less remote from those which exhibited ,that ,image1 appear'd indeed of a great and ,whitish ,brightness1 but the rest ,comparatively ,dark enough3 if afterwards the ,superficies chanc'd to be a little1 but not much troubled1 by a gentle ,breath of ,wind1 and thereby reduc'd into a ,multitude of ,small and ,smooth ,speculums1 the ,surface of the ,river would suitably to the ,doctrine lately deliver'd1 at a ,distance appear very much of ,kin to ,white1 though it would lose that ,brightness or ,whiteness upon the ,return of the ,surface to ,calmness and an ,uniform ,level4 ,and ,i have sometimes for ,tryals sake brought in by a ,lenticular ,glass1 the ,image of a ,river1 ,shin'd upon by the ,sun1 into an ,upper ,room ,darkn'd1 and ,distant about a ,quarter of a ,mile from the ,river1 by which means the ,numerous ,declining ,surfaces of the ,water appear'd so ,contracted1 that upon the ,body that receiv'd the ,images1 the whole ,river appear'd a very ,white ,object at two or three paces distance4 ,but if we drew ,near it1 this ,whiteness appear'd to proceed from an ,innumerable company of ,lucid ,reflections1 from the several ,gently wav'd ,superficies of the ,water1 which look'd ,near at hand like a ,multitude of very ,little1 but ,shining ,scales of ,fish1 of which many did every moment ,disappear1 and as many were by the ,sun1 ,wind and ,river generated anew4 ,but though this ,observation seem'd ,sufficiently to discover1 how the ,appearing ,whiteness in that case was ,produc'd1 yet in some other cases ,water may have the ,same1 though not so ,vivid a ,colour upon other ,accounts2 for oftentimes it happens that the ,smooth ,surface of the ,water does appear ,bright or ,whitish1 by reason of the ,reflection not immediatly of the ,images of the ,sun1 but of the ,brightness of the ,sky2 and in such cases a ,convenient ,wind may where it passes along make the ,surface look ,black1 by causing many such ,furrows and ,cavities1 as may make the ,inflected ,superficies of the ,water reflect the ,brightness of the ,sky rather ,inward than ,outward4 ,and again if the ,wind increase into a ,storm1 the ,water may appear ,white1 especially near the ,shore and the ,ship1 namely because the ,rude ,agitation ,breaks it into ,fome or ,froth4 ,so much do ,whiteness and ,blackness depend upon the ,disposition of the ,superficial parts of a ,body to ,reflect the ,beams of ,light ,inward or ,outward4 ,but that as ,white ,bodies reflect the most ,light of any1 so there ,superficial ,particles are1 in the ,sense newly ,deliver'd1 of a ,specular ,nature1 ,i shall now further endeavour to shew both by the making of ,specular bodies ,white1 and the making of a ,white body ,specular4 #aj4 ,in the ,fifth place then1 ,i will inform ,you1 that 7not to repeat what ,gassendus observes concerning ,water7 ,i have for ,curiosity sake ,distill'd ,quicksilver in a ,cucurbit1 fitted with a ,capacious ,glass-head1 and observ'd that when the ,operation was perform'd by the ,degrees of ,fire requisite for my purpose1 there would stick to the ,inside of the ,alembick a multitude of ,little round drops of ,mercury4 ,and as you know that ,mercury is a ,specular ,body1 so each of these ,little drops was a small round ,looking-glass1 and a ,multitude of them lying ,thick and ,near one another1 they did both in my ,judgment1 and that of those ,i ,invited to see it1 make the ,glass they were fastened to1 appear manifestly a ,white ,body4 ,and yet as ,i said1 this ,whiteness depended upon the ,minuteness and ,nearness of the ,little ,mercurial ,globuli1 the ,convexity of whose ,surfaces fitted them to represent in a ,narrow compass a ,multitude of ,little ,lucid ,images to differingly situated ,beholders4 ,and here let me observe a thing that seems much to countenance the ,notion ,i have been recommending3 namely1 that whereas divers parts of the ,sky1 and especially the ,milky-way1 do to the naked ,eye appear ,white1 7as the name it self imports7 yet the ,galaxie look'd upon through the ,telescope1 does not shew ,white1 but appears to be made up of a ,vast multitude of ,little ,starrs2 so that a ,multitude of ,lucid ,bodies1 if they be so ,small that they cannot ,singly or apart be discern'd by the ,eye1 and if they be sufficiently ,thick set by one another1 may by their confus'd beams appear to the ,eye ,one ,white ,body4 ,and why it is not possible1 that the like may be done1 when a ,multitude of ,bright and ,little ,corpuscles being crowded together1 are made to send together ,vivid beams to the ,eye1 though they ,shine but as the ,planets by a ,borrow'd ,light8 #aa4 ,but to return to our ,experiments4 ,we may take notice1 ,that the ,white of an ,egg1 though in part ,transparent1 yet by its power of ,reflecting some ,incident ,rays of ,light1 is in some measure a ,natural ,speculum1 being long agitated with a ,whisk or ,spoon1 loses its ,transparency1 and becomes very ,white1 by being turn'd into ,froth1 that is into an ,aggregate of ,numerous small ,bubbles1 whose ,convex ,superficies fits them to ,reflect the ,light every way ,outwards4 ,and 'tis worth ,noting1 that when ,water1 for instance1 is ,agitated into ,froth1 if the ,bubbles be ,great and ,few1 the ,whiteness will be but ,faint1 because the number of ,specula within a ,narrow compass is but ,small1 and they are not ,thick set enough to ,reflect so ,many ,little ,images or ,beams of the ,lucid ,body1 as are requisite to produce a ,vigorous sensation of ,whiteness3 ,and partly least it should be said1 that the ,whiteness of such ,globulous ,particles proceeds from the ,air ,included in the ,froth2 7which to make good1 it should be prov'd that the ,air it self is ,white7 and partly to illustrate the better the ,notion we have propos'd of ,whiteness1 ,i shall add1 that ,i purposely made this ,experiment1 ,i took a quantity ,fair water1 put to it in a clear ,glass phial1 a convenient quantity of ,oyl or ,spirit of ,turpentine1 because that ,liquor will not incorporate with ,water1 and yet is almost as ,clear and ,colourless as it2 these being ,gently ,shaken together1 the ,agitation breaks the ,oyl 7which as ,i said1 is ,indispos'd to ,mix like ,wine or ,milk per minima with the ,water7 into a ,multitude of ,little ,globes1 which each of them ,reflecting ,outwards a ,lucid ,image1 make the ,imperfect ,mixture of the two ,liquors appear ,whitish2 but if by ,vehemently ,shaking the ,glass for a competent time you make a further ,comminution of the ,oyl into far more ,numerous and ,smaller ,globuli1 and thereby confound it also better with the ,water1 the ,mixture will appear of a ,much greater ,whiteness1 and almost like ,milk2 whereas if the ,glass be a while let alone1 the ,colour will by degrees ,impair1 as the ,oyly globes grow ,fewer and ,bigger1 and at length will quite ,vanish1 leaving both the ,liquors ,distinct and ,diaphanous as before4 ,and such a ,tryal hath not ill succeeded1 when insteed of the ,colourless ,oyl of ,turpentine ,i took a ,yellow ,mixture made of a good ,proportion of ,crude ,turpentine dissolv'd in that ,liquor2 and 7if ,i mis-remember not7 it also ,succeeded better than one would expect1 when ,i employ'd an ,oyl brought by ,filings of ,copper infused in it1 to a deep ,green4 ,and this 7by the way7 may be the ,reason1 why often times when the ,oyls of some ,spices and of ,anniseeds c4 are ,distilled in a ,limbec with ,water1 the ,water 7as ,i have several times observ'd7 comes over ,whitish1 and will perhaps continue so for a good while1 because if the ,fire be made too ,strong1 the subtile ,chymical ,oyl is thereby much ,agitated and ,broken1 and ,blended with the ,water in such ,numerous and ,minute ,globules1 as cannot easily in a short time ,emerge to the ,top of the ,water1 and whilst they ,remain in it1 make it1 for the ,reason newly intimated1 look ,whitish2 and perhaps upon the same ,ground a cause may be rendred1 why ,hot water is observ'd to be usually more ,opacous and ,whitish1 than the same ,water ,cold1 the ,agitation turning the more ,spirituous or otherwise ,conveniently ,dispos'd ,particles of the ,water into ,vapours1 thereby ,producing in the ,body of the ,liquor a ,multitude of ,small ,bubbles1 which interrupt the ,free passage1 that the ,beams of ,light would else have ,every way1 and from the ,innermost parts of the ,water ,reflect many of them ,outwards4 ,these and the like ,examples1 ,pyrophilus1 have induc'd me to ,suspect1 that the ,superficial ,particles of ,white bodies1 may for the ,most part be as well ,convex as ,smooth2 ,i content my self to say ,suspect and for the most part1 because it seems not ,easie to prove1 that when ,diaphanous bodies1 as we shall see by and by1 are reduc'd into ,white ,powders1 each ,corpuscle must needs be of a ,convex ,superficies1 since perhaps it may ,suffice that ,specular ,surfaces look severally ways4 ,for 7as we have seen7 when a ,diaphanous ,body comes to be reduc'd to very ,minute parts1 it thereby requires a ,multitude of ,little ,surfaces within a ,narrow compass4 ,and though each of these should not be of a ,figure ,convenient to ,reflect a ,round ,image of the ,sun1 yet even from such an ,inconveniently ,figur'd body1 there may be ,reflected some 7either ,streight or ,crooked7 ,physical ,line of ,light1 which ,line ,i call ,physical1 because it has some ,breadth in it1 and in which ,line in many cases some ,refraction of the ,light falling upon the ,body it depends on1 may contribute to the ,brightness1 as if a ,slender ,wire1 or ,solid ,cylinder of ,glass be expos'd to the ,light1 you shall see in some part of it a vivid ,line of ,light1 and if we were able to draw out and lay together a ,multitude of these ,little ,wires or ,thrids of ,glass1 so ,slender1 that the ,eye could not discern a ,distance betwixt the ,luminous ,lines1 there is little doubt 7as far as ,i can guess by a ,tryal purposely made with very ,slender1 but far less ,slender ,thrids of ,glass1 whose ,aggregate was ,look'd upon one way ,white7 but the whole ,physical ,superficies compos'd of them1 would to the ,eye appear ,white1 and if so1 it will not be always necessary that the ,figure of those ,corpuscles1 that make a ,body appear ,white1 should be ,globulous4 ,and as for ,snow it self1 though the ,learned ,gassendus 7as we have seen above7 makes it to seem nothing else but a pure ,frozen ,froth1 consisting of exceedingly ,minute and ,thickset ,bubbles2 yet ,i see no necessity of ,admitting that1 since not only by the ,variously and ,curiously ,figur'd ,snow1 that ,i have divers times had the ,opportunity with ,pleasure to observe1 but also by the ,common ,snow1 it rather doth appear both to the ,naked ,eye1 and in a ,microscope1 often1 if not most commonly1 to consist principally of ,little ,slender ,icicles of several ,shapes1 which afford such ,numerous ,lines of ,light1 as we have been newly ,speaking of4 #ab4 ,sixthly1 ,if you take a ,diaphanous ,body1 as for instance a ,piece of ,glass1 and reduce it to ,powder1 the same ,body1 which when it was ,entire1 freely ,transmitted the ,beams of ,light1 acquiring by ,contusion a multitude of ,minute ,surfaces1 each of which is as it were a ,little1 but ,imperfect ,speculum1 is qualify'd to ,reflect in a ,confus'd manner1 so many either ,beams1 or ,little and ,singly ,unobservable ,images of the ,lucid ,body1 that from a ,diaphanous it ,degenerates into a ,white ,body4 ,and ,i remember1 ,i have for ,trials sake taken ,lumps of ,rock ,crystal1 and ,heating them ,red hot in a ,crucible1 ,i found according to my ,expectation1 that being ,quench'd in ,fair water1 even those that remain'd in seemingly entire ,lumps exchang'd their ,translucency for ,whiteness1 the ,ignition and ,extinction having as it were ,crack'd each ,lump into a multitude of ,minute ,bodies1 and thereby given it a great multitude of new ,surfaces4 ,and ev'n with ,diaphanous ,bodies1 that are ,colour'd1 there may be this way a ,greater ,degree of ,whiteness produced1 than one would lightly think2 as ,i remember1 ,i have by ,contusion obtain'd ,whitish ,powders of ,granates1 ,glass of ,antimony1 and ,emeralds finely ,beaten1 and you may more easily make the ,experiment1 by taking ,good ,venereal ,vitriol of a ,deep ,blew1 and comparing with some of the ,entire ,crystalls purposely reserv'd1 some of the ,subtile ,powder of the same ,salt1 which will ,comparatively exhibit a very considerable degree of ,whitishness4 #ac4 ,seventhly1 ,and as by a ,change of ,position in the ,parts1 a ,body that is not ,white1 may be made ,white1 so by a ,slight change of the ,texture of its ,surface1 a ,white ,body may be ,depriv'd of its ,whiteness4 ,for if1 7as ,i have try'd in ,gold-smiths ,shops7 you take a piece of ,silver that has been freshly ,boyl'd1 as the ,artificers call it1 7which is done by1 first ,brushing1 and then ,decocting it with ,salt and ,tartar1 and perhaps some other ,ingredients7 you shall find it to be of a ,lovely ,white4 ,but if you take a piece of ,smooth ,steel1 and therewith ,burnish a part of it1 which may be presently done1 you shall find that ,part will ,lose its ,whiteness1 and turn a ,speculum1 looking almost every where ,dark1 as other ,looking-glasses do1 which may not a little confirm our ,doctrine4 ,for by this we may guess1 what it is chiefly that made the ,body ,white before1 by considering that all that was done to deprive it of that ,whiteness1 was only to ,depress the ,little ,protuberances that were before on the ,surface of the ,silver into one ,continu'd ,superficies1 and thereby effect this1 that now the ,image of the ,lucid ,body1 and consequently a ,kind of ,whiteness shall appear to your ,eye1 but in some place of the greater ,silver ,looking-glass 7whence the ,beams reflected at an ,angle ,equal to that wherewith they fall on it1 may reach your ,eye7 whilst the ,asperity remain'd ,undestroy'd1 the ,light falling on innumerable ,little ,specula ,obverted some one way1 and some another1 did from all ,sensibly ,distinguishable parts of the ,superficies reflect confus'd ,beams or ,representations of ,light to the ,beholders ,eye1 from whence soever he chance to ,look upon it4 ,and among the ,experiments annex'd to this ,discourse1 you will find ,one1 wherein by the ,change of ,texture in ,bodies1 ,whiteness is in a ,trice both ,generated and ,destroy'd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,what we have ,discours'd of ,whiteness1 may somewhat ,assist us to form a ,notion of ,blackness1 those two ,qualities being ,contrary enough to ,illustrate each other4 ,yet among the ,antient ,philosophers ,i find less ,assistance to form a ,notion of ,blackness than of ,whiteness1 only ,democritus in the passage above ,recited out of ,aristotle has given a ,general ,hint of the ,cause of this ,colour1 by referring the ,blackness of ,bodies to their ,asperity4 ,but this ,i call but a ,general ,hint1 because those ,bodies that are ,green1 and ,purple1 and ,blew1 seem to be so as well as ,black ones1 upon the ,account of their ,superficial ,asperity4 ,but among the ,moderns1 the formerly mention'd ,gassendus1 perhaps invited by this ,hint of ,democritus1 has ,incidentally in another ,epistle given us1 though a very ,short1 yet a somewhat ,clearer account of the ,nature of ,blackness in these words3 ,existimare par est corpora supte ,natur nigra constare ex particulis1 quarum ,superficiecul scabr sint1 nec facil lucem extrorsum reflectant4 ,i wish this ,ingenious ,man had enlarg'd himself upon this ,subject2 ,for indeed it seems1 that as that which makes a ,body ,white1 is chiefly such a ,disposition of its ,parts1 that it ,reflects 7,i mean without much ,interruption7 more of the ,light that falls on it1 than ,bodies of any other ,colour do1 so that which makes a ,body ,black is principally a ,peculiar kind of ,texture1 chiefly of its ,superficial ,particle1 whereby it does as it were ,dead the ,light that falls on it1 so that very little is ,reflected ,outwards to the ,eye4 #b4 ,and this ,texture may be ,explicated two1 and perhaps more than two several ways1 whereof the first is by ,supposing in the ,superficies of the ,black ,body a ,particular kind of ,asperity1 whereby the ,superficial ,particles reflect but ,few of the ,incident ,beams ,outwards1 and the rest ,inwards towards the ,body it self4 ,as if for ,instance1 we should conceive the ,surface of a ,black ,body to be ,asperated by an almost ,numberless throng of ,little ,cylinders1 ,pyramids1 ,cones1 and other such ,corpuscles1 which by their being ,thick ,set and ,erected1 reflect the ,beams of ,light from one to another ,inwards1 and send them too and fro so often1 that at length they are ,lost before they can come to ,rebound out again to the ,eye4 ,and this is the first of the two mention'd ways of ,explicating ,blackness4 ,the other way is by ,supposing the ,texture of ,black ,bodies to be such1 that either by their ,yielding to the ,beams of ,light1 or upon some other ,account1 they do as it were ,dead the ,beams of ,light1 and keep them from being ,reflected in any ,plenty1 or with any ,considerable ,vigour of ,motion1 ,outwards4 ,according to this ,notion it may be said1 that the ,corpuscles that make up the ,beams of ,light1 whether they be ,solary ,effluviums1 or ,minute ,particles of some therial ,substance1 ,thrusting on one another from the ,lucid ,body1 do1 falling on ,black ,bodies1 meet with such a ,texture1 that such ,bodies receive ,into themselves1 and ,retain almost all the ,motion communicated to them by the ,corpuscles that make up the ,beams of ,light1 and consequently ,reflect but ,few of them1 or those but ,languidly1 towards the ,eye1 it happening here almost in like manner as to a ball1 which thrown against a ,stone or ,floor1 would ,rebound a great way ,upwards1 but ,rebounds very ,little or not at all1 when it is thrown against ,water1 or ,mud1 or a ,loose ,net1 because the ,parts yield1 and receive into themselves the ,motion1 on whose ,account the ,ball should be ,reflected ,outwards4 ,but this ,last way of ,explicating ,blackness1 ,i shall content my ,self to have ,propos'd1 without either ,adopting it1 or absolutely ,rejecting it4 ,for the ,hardness of ,touchstones1 ,black ,marble and other ,bodies1 that being ,black are ,solid1 seem to make it somewhat ,improbable1 that such ,bodies should be of so ,yielding a ,texture1 unless we should say1 that some ,bodies may be more ,dispos'd to ,yield to the ,impulses of the ,corpuscles of ,light by reason of a ,peculiar ,texture1 than other ,bodies1 that in other ,tryals appear to be ,softer than they4 ,but though the ,former of these two ,explications of ,blackness be that1 by which we shall ,endeavour to give an ,account of it1 yet as we said1 we shall not ,absolutely ,reject this ,latter1 partly because they both ,agree in this1 that ,black ,bodies ,reflect but ,little of the ,light that falls on them1 and partly because it is not ,impossible1 that in some ,cases both the ,disposition of the ,superficial particles1 as to ,figure and ,position1 and the ,yielding of the ,body1 or some of its ,parts1 may joyntly1 though not in an ,equal measure concurr to the rendring of a ,body ,black4 ,the ,considerations that induc'd me to propose this ,notion of ,blackness1 as ,i ,explan'd it1 are principally these3 #c4 ,first1 ,that as ,i lately said1 ,whiteness and ,blackness being generally reputed to be ,contrary ,qualities1 ,whiteness depending as ,i said upon the ,disposition of the ,parts of a ,body to ,reflect much ,light1 it seems likely1 that ,blackness may depend upon a ,contrary ,disposition of the ,black ,bodies ,surface2 ,but upon this ,i shall not ,insist4 #d4 ,next then we see1 that if a ,body of ,one and the same ,colour be plac'd1 part in the ,sun-beams1 and part in the ,shade1 that part which is not ,shin'd on will appear more of ,kin to ,blackness than the other1 from which more ,light ,rebounds to the ,eye2 ,and ,dark ,colours seem the ,blacker1 the less ,light they are ,look'd upon in1 and we think all ,things ,black in the ,dark1 when they send no ,beams to make ,impressions on our ,organs of ,sight1 so that ,shadows and ,darkness are near of ,kin1 and ,shaddow we know is but a ,privation of ,light2 and accordingly ,blackness seems to proceed from the ,paucity of ,beams ,reflected from the ,black ,body to the ,eye1 ,i say the ,paucity of ,beams1 because those ,bodies that we call ,black1 as ,marble1 ,jeat1 c4 are ,short of being perfectly so1 else we should not ,see them at all4 ,but though the ,beams that fall on the ,sides of those ,erected ,particles that we have been mentioning1 do ,few of them return ,outwards1 yet those that fall upon the ,points of those ,cylinders1 ,cones1 or ,pyramids1 may thence ,rebound to the ,eye1 though they make there but a ,faint ,impression1 because they ,arrive not there1 but ,mingl'd with a great ,proportion of ,little ,shades4 ,this may be ,confirm'd by my having procur'd a ,large piece of ,black ,marble well ,polish'd1 and brought to the ,form of a ,large ,sphrical and ,concave ,speculum2 ,for on the ,inside this ,marble being well ,polish'd1 was a kind of ,dark ,looking-glass1 wherein ,i could plainly see a ,little ,image of the ,sun1 when that ,shin'd upon it4 ,but this ,image was very far from ,offending and ,dazling my ,eyes1 as it would have done from another ,speculum2 ,nor1 though the ,speculum were ,large1 could ,i in a ,long time1 or in a ,hot ,sun set a piece of ,wood on ,fire1 though a far less ,speculum of the same ,form1 and of a more ,reflecting ,matter1 would have made it ,flame in a ,trice4 #e4 ,and on this ,occasion we may as well in ,reference to something formerly deliver'd concerning ,whiteness1 as in ,reference to what has been newly said1 ,subjoyn what we further observ'd touching the ,differing ,reflections of ,light from ,white and ,black ,marble1 namely1 that having taking a pretty ,large ,mortar of ,white ,marble1 ,new and ,polish'd in the ,inside1 and ,expos'd it to the ,sun1 we found that it ,reflected a great deal of ,glaring ,light1 but so ,dispers'd1 that we could not make the ,reflected ,beams concurr in any such ,conspicuous ,focus1 as that newly taken notice of in the ,black ,marble1 though perhaps there may enough of them be made to meet near the ,bottom1 to make some ,kind of ,focus1 especially since by holding in the ,night-time a ,candle at a convenient ,distance1 we were able to procure a ,concourse of some1 though not many of the ,reflected ,beams1 at about two ,inches distant from the ,bottom of the ,mortar3 ,but we found the ,heat even of the ,sunbeams so ,dispersedly ,reflected to be very ,languid1 even in ,comparison of the ,black ,marbles ,focus4 ,and the ,little ,picture of the ,sun1 that appear'd upon the ,white ,marble as a ,speculum1 was but very ,faint and exceeding ill ,defin'd4 ,secondly1 ,that taking two pieces of ,plain and ,polish'd ,surfaces1 and casting on them ,successively the ,beams of the ,same ,candle1 ,in such manner1 as that the ,neighbouring ,superficies being ,shaded by an ,opacous and ,perforated ,body1 the ,incident ,beams were permitted to pass but through a ,round ,hole of about ,half an ,inch ,diameter1 the ,circle of ,light that appear'd on the ,white ,marble was in ,comparison very ,bright1 but very ill ,defin'd2 whereas that on the ,black ,marble was far less ,luminous1 but much more precisely ,defin'd4 #f4 ,thirdly1 ,when you ,look upon a piece of ,linnen that has ,small ,holes in it1 those ,holes appear very ,black1 and ,men are often deceiv'd in taking ,holes for ,spots of ,ink2 ,and ,painters to represent ,holes1 make use of ,black1 the ,reason of which seems to be1 that the ,beams that fall on those ,holes1 fall into them ,so ,deep1 that none of them is ,reflected back to the ,eye4 ,and in narrow ,wells part of the ,mouth seems ,black1 because the ,incident ,beams are ,reflected ,downwards from one side to another1 till they can no more ,rebound to the ,eye4 ,we may consider too1 that if ,differing parts of the same piece of ,black ,velvet be stroak'd ,opposite ways1 the piece of ,velvet will appear of two ,distinct kinds of ,blackness1 the one far ,darker than the other1 of which ,disparity the ,reason ,seems to be1 that in the ,less obscure part of the ,velvet1 the ,little ,silken ,piles whereof 'tis made up1 being ,inclin'd1 there is a ,greater part of each of them ,obverted to the ,eye1 whereas in the other part the ,piles of ,silk being more ,erected1 there are far ,fewer ,beams ,reflected ,outwards from the ,lateral parts of each ,pile1 ,so that most of those that ,rebound to the ,eye1 come from the ,tops of the ,piles1 which make but a small part of the whole ,superficies1 that may be cover'd by the piece of ,velvet4 ,which ,explication ,i propose1 not that ,i think the ,blackness of the ,velvet proceeds from the ,cause assign'd1 since each ,single ,pile of ,silk is ,black by reason of its ,texture1 in what ,position soever you ,look upon it2 ,but that the ,greater ,blackness of one of these ,tuffts seems to proceed from the ,greater ,paucity of ,beams ,reflected from it1 and that from the ,fewness of those ,parts of a ,surface that ,reflect ,beams1 and the ,multitude of those ,shaded ,parts that ,reflect none4 ,and ,i remember1 that ,i have oftentimes observ'd1 that the ,position of ,particular ,bodies far greater than ,piles of ,silk in reference to the ,eye1 may notwithstanding their having each of them a ,colour of its own1 make one part of their ,aggregate appear far ,darker than the other2 ,for ,i have near ,great ,towns often taken notice1 that a ,cart-load of ,carrots pack'd up1 appear'd of a much ,darker ,colour when ,look'd upon1 where the ,points of the ,carrots were ,obverted to the ,eye1 than where the ,sides of them were so4 #g4 ,fourthly1 ,in a ,darkned ,room1 ,i purposely observ'd1 that if the ,sun-beams1 which came in at the ,hole were receiv'd upon ,white or any other ,colour1 and directed to a ,convenient place of the ,room1 they would ,manifestly1 though not all ,equally1 ,encrease the ,light of that ,part2 whereas if we ,substituted1 either a piece of ,black ,cloth or ,black ,velvet1 it would so ,dead the ,incident ,beams1 that the place 7newly mention'd7 whereto ,i ,obverted the ,black ,body1 would be ,less ,enlightned than it was before1 when it received its ,light but from the ,weak and ,oblique ,reflections of the ,floor and ,walls of a pretty ,large ,room1 through which the ,beams that came in at the ,hole were ,confusedly and ,brokenly ,dispers'd4 #h4 ,fifthly1 ,and to shew that the ,beams that fall on ,black ,bodies1 as they do not ,rebound ,outwards to the ,eye1 so they are ,reflected towards the ,body it self1 as the ,nature of those ,erected ,particles to which we have imputed ,blackness1 requires1 we will add an ,experiment that will also confirm our ,doctrine touching ,whiteness2 ,namely1 that we took a ,broad and ,large ,tile1 and having ,whitened over one half of the ,superficies of it1 and ,black'd the other1 we expos'd it to the ,summer ,sun2 ,and having let it lye there a convenient time 7for the ,difference is more ,apparent1 if it have not lain there too long7 we found1 as we expected1 that whilst the ,whited part of the ,tile remained ,cool enough1 the ,black'd part of the same ,tile was grown not only ,sensible1 but very ,hot1 7sometimes to a strong ,degree47 ,and to satisfie some of our ,friends the more1 we have sometimes left upon the ,surface of the ,tile1 besides the ,white and ,black parts thereof1 a part that ,retain'd the native ,red of the ,tile it self1 and ,exposing them to the ,sun1 we observ'd this ,last mention'd to have ,contracted a ,heat in comparison of the ,white1 but a ,heat ,inferiour to that of the ,black1 of which the ,reason seems to be1 that the ,superficial ,particles of ,black ,bodies1 being1 as we said1 more ,erected1 than those of ,white or ,red ones1 the ,corpuscles of ,light falling on their sides1 being for the most part ,reflected ,inwards from one ,particle to another1 and thereby engag'd as it were and kept from ,rebounding ,upwards1 they communicate their brisk ,motion1 wherewith they were impell'd against the ,black ,body1 7upon whose account had they fallen upon a ,white ,body1 they would have been ,reflected ,outwards7 to the ,small parts of the ,black ,body1 and thereby ,produce in those ,small parts such an ,agitation1 as 7when we feel it7 we are wont to call ,heat4 ,i have been lately inform'd1 that an ,observation near of ,kin to ,ours1 has been made by some ,learned ,men in ,france and ,italy1 by long ,exposing to a very ,hot ,sun1 two pieces of ,marble1 the one ,white1 the other ,black2 ,but though the ,observation be worthy of them1 and may confirm the same ,truth with ,our ,experiment1 yet besides that our ,tryal needs not the ,summer1 nor any ,great ,heat to succeed1 ,it seems to have this ,advantage above the other1 that whereas ,bodies more ,solid1 and of a ,closer ,texture1 though they use to be more ,slowly ,heated1 are wont to receive a ,greater ,degree of ,heat from the ,sun or ,fire1 than 7,cteris paribus7 ,bodies of a ,slightest ,texture2 ,i have found by the ,information of ,stone-cutters1 and by other ways of ,enquiry1 that ,black ,marble is much ,solider and ,harder than ,white1 so that possibly the ,difference betwixt the ,degrees of ,heat they receive from the ,sunbeams will by many be ascrib'd to the ,difference of their ,texture1 rather than to that of their ,colour1 though ,i think our ,experiment will make it ,probable enough that the greater part of that ,difference may well be ascrib'd to that ,disposition of ,parts1 which makes the one ,reflect the ,sunbeams ,inward2 and the other ,outwards4 ,and with this ,doctrine accords very well1 that ,rooms hung with ,black1 are not only ,darker than else they would be1 but are wont to be ,warmer too2 ,insomuch that ,i have known a great ,lady1 whose ,constitution was somewhat ,tender1 complain that she was wont to catch ,cold1 when she went out into the ,air1 after having made any long ,visits to ,persons1 whose ,rooms were hung with ,black4 ,and this is not the only ,lady ,i have heard complain of the ,warmth of such ,rooms1 which though perhaps it may be partly imputed to the ,effluvia of those ,materials wherewith the hangings were ,dy'd1 yet probably the ,warmth of such ,rooms depends chiefly upon the same ,cause that the ,darkness does2 ,as 7not to repeat what ,i formerly ,noted touching my ,gloves17 to satisfie some ,curious ,persons of that ,sex1 ,i have convinc'd them1 by ,tryall1 that of two ,pieces of ,silken ,stuff given me by themselves1 and expos'd in their ,presence1 to the same ,window1 ,shin'd on by that ,sun1 the ,white was considerably ,heated1 when the ,black was not so much as ,sensibly so4 #i4 ,sixthly1 ,i remember1 that ,acquainting one ,day a ,virtuoso of ,unsuspected ,credit1 that had ,visited ,hot ,countries1 with part of what ,i have here ,deliver'd concerning ,blackness1 he ,related to me by way of ,confirmation of it1 a very notable ,experiment1 which he had both others make1 and ,made himself in a ,warm ,climate1 namely1 that having carefully ,black'd over ,eggs1 and ,expos'd them to the ,hot ,sun1 they were thereby in no very ,long time well ,roasted1 to which ,effect ,i conceive the ,heat of the ,climate must have ,concurr'd with the ,disposition of the ,black ,surface to ,reflect the ,sunbeams ,inward1 for ,i remember1 that having made that among other ,tryals in ,england1 though in ,summer-time1 the ,eggs ,i ,expos'd1 acquir'd indeed a considerable ,degree of ,heat1 but yet not so ,intense a ,one1 as prov'd ,sufficient to ,roast them4 #aj4 ,seventhly1 and ,lastly1 ,our ,conjectures at the ,nature of ,blackness may be somewhat ,confirm'd by the 7formerly mention'd7 ,observation of the ,blind ,dutch-man1 that ,discerns ,colours with his ,fingers2 for he ,says1 that he ,feels a greater ,roughness upon the ,surfaces of ,black ,bodies1 than upon those of ,red1 or ,yellow1 or ,green4 ,and ,i remember1 that the ,diligent ,bartholinus says1#i that a ,blind ,earl of ,mansfield could ,distinguish ,white from ,black only by the ,touch1 which would ,sufficiently ,argue a great ,disparity in the ,asperities1 or other ,superficial ,textures of ,bodies of those two ,colours1 if the ,learn'd ,relator had ,affirm'd the ,matter upon his own ,knowledge4 #i ,hist4 ,anatom4 ,cent4 #c4 ,hist4 #dd4 ,,ii4 ,these1 ,pyrophilus1 are the chief things that ,occurr to me at present1 about the ,nature of ,whiteness and ,blackness1 which it they have ,rendred it so much as ,probable1 that in ,most2 or at least ,many ,cases1 the ,causes of these ,qualities may be such as ,i have ,adventur'd to ,deliver1 it is as much as ,i ,pretend to2 for till ,i have ,opportunity to ,examine the ,matter by some further ,tryals1 ,i am not sure1 but that in some ,white and ,black ,bodies1 there may ,concurr to the ,colour some peculiar ,texture or ,disposition of the ,body1 whereby the ,motion of the ,small ,corpuscles that make up the ,incident ,beams of ,light1 may be ,differingly ,modify'd1 before they reach the ,eye1 especially in this1 that ,white ,bodies do not only ,copiously ,reflect those ,incident ,corpuscles ,outwards1 but ,reflect them ,briskly1 and do not otherwise ,alter them in the manner of their ,motion4 ,nor shall ,i now stay to ,enquire1 whether some of those other ways1 7as a ,disposition to ,alter the ,velocity1 the ,rotation1 or the ,order and ,manner of ,appulse so the ,eye of the ,reflected ,corpuscles that ,compos'd the ,incident ,beams of ,light7 which we mention'd when we consider'd the ,production of ,colours in ,general1 may not in some ,cases be ,applicable to those of ,white and ,black ,bodies3 ,for ,i am yet so much a ,seeker in this ,matter1 and so little ,wedded to the ,opinions ,i have propos'd1 that what ,i am to add shall be but the ,beginning of a ,collection of ,experiments and ,observation towards the ,history of ,whiteness and ,blackness1 without at present interposing my ,explications of them1 that so1 ,i may assist your ,enquires without much ,fore-stalling or ,biassing your ,judgment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,experiment ,,in ,,consort1 ,touching ,whiteness ,blackness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,experiment ,i4 ,having promis'd in the #aad1 and #aae4 ,pages of the foregoing ,discourse of ,whiteness and ,blackness1 to shew1 that those two ,colours may by a change of ,texture in bodies1 each of them apart ,diaphanous and ,colourless1 be at pleasure and in a trice as well ,generated as ,destroy'd1 ,we shall begin with ,experiments that may acquit us of that promise4 ,take then what ,quantity you please of ,fair ,water1 and having ,heated it1 put into it as much good ,common ,sublimate1 as it is able to ,dissolve1 and 7to be sure of having it well glutted37 continue putting in the ,sublimate1 till some of it lye ,untouch'd in the bottom of the ,liquor1 ,filter this ,solution through ,cap-paper1 to have it cleer and limpid1 and into a spoonfull or two thereof1 7put into a clean glass vessel17 shake about four or five drops 7according as you took more or less of this ,solution7 of good limpid ,spirits of ,urine1 and immediately the whole mixture will appear ,white like ,milk1 to which mixture if you presently add a convenient proportion of ,rectifi'd ,aqua ,fortis 7for the number of drops is hard to determine1 because of the ,differing ,strength of the liquor1 but easily found by tryal7 the ,whiteness will presently disappear1 and the whole mixture become ,transparent1 which you may1 if you please1 again reduce to a good degree of ,whiteness 7though inferiour to the first7 onely by a more copious affusion of fresh ,spirit of ,urine4 ,n4 ,first1 ,that it is not so necessary to employ either ,aqua ,fortis or ,spirit of ,urine about this ,experiment1 but that we have made it with other liquors instead of these1 of which perhaps more elsewhere4 ,secondly1 ,that this ,experiment1 though not made with the same ,menstruums1 nor producing the same ,colour is yet much of ,kin to that other to be mentioned in this ,tract among our other ,experiments of ,colours1 about turning a ,solution of ,prcipitate into an ,orange-colour1 and the ,chymical ,reason being much alike in both1 the annexing it to one of them may suffice ,,for both4 ,,experiment ,,ii4 ,make a strong ,infusion of broken ,galls in ,fair ,water1 and having ,filtred it into a clean ,vial1 add more of the same liquor to it1 till you have made it somewhat ,transparent1 and sufficiently diluted the ,colour1 for the credit of the ,experiment1 lest otherwise the ,darkness of the liquor might make it be objected1 that 'twas already almost ,ink2 ,into this ,infusion shake a convenient quantity of a ,cleer1 but very strong ,solution of ,vitriol1 and you shall immediately see the mixture turn ,black almost like ,ink1 and such a way of producing ,blackness is vulgar enough2 but if presently after you doe upon this mixture drop a small quantity of good oyl of ,vitriol1 and1 by shaking the ,vial disperse it nimbly through the two other liquors1 you shall 7if you perform your part well1 and have employ'd oyl of ,vitriol ,cleer and ,strong enough7 see the ,darkness of the liquor presently begin to be discuss'd1 and grow pretty ,cleer and ,transparent1 losing its ,inky ,blackness1 which you may again restore to it by the affusion of a small quantity of a very strong ,solution of ,salt of ,tartar4 ,and though neither of these ,atramentous liquors will seem other than very ,pale ,ink1 if you write with a clean ,pen dipt in them1 yet that is common to them with some sorts of ,ink that prove very good when ,dry1 as ,i have also found1 that when ,i made these carefully1 what ,i wrote with either of them1 especially with the ,former1 would when throughly ,dry grow ,black enough not to appear bad ,ink4 ,this ,experiment of taking away and restoring ,blackness from and to the liquors1 we have likewise tryed in ,common ,ink2 but there it succeeds not so well1 and but very slowly1 by reason that the ,gum wont to be employed in the making it1 does by its ,tenacity oppose the operations of the above mention'd ,saline liquors4 ,but to consider ,gum no more1 what some kind of ,prcipitation may have to do in the producing and destroying of ,inks without it1 ,i have elsewhere given you some occasion and assistance to enquire2 ,but ,i must not now stay to do so my self1 only ,i shall take notice to you1 that though it be taken for granted that bodies will not be ,prcipitated by ,alcalizat ,salts1 that have not first been dissolved in some ,acid ,menstruums1 yet ,i have found upon tryals1 which my conjectures lead me to make on purpose1 ,that divers ,vegetables barely infus'd1 or1 but slightly decocted in common water1 would1 upon the affusion of a ,strong and ,cleer ,lixivium of ,potashes1 and much more of some other ,prcipitating liquors that ,i sometimes employ1 afford good store of a ,crudled matter1 such as ,i have had in the ,prcipitations of ,vegetable substances1 by the intervention of ,acid things1 and that this matter was easily separable from the rest of the liquor1 being left behind by it in the ,filtre2 and in making the first ,ink mention'd in this ,experiment1 ,i found that ,i could by ,filtration separate pretty store of a very ,black pulverable substance1 that remain'd in the ,filtre1 and when the ,ink was made ,cleer again by the ,oyl of ,vitriol1 the affusion of dissolv'd ,sal ,tartari seem'd but to ,prcipitate1 and thereby to ,unite and render ,conspicuous the particles of the ,black mixture that had before been dispers'd into very ,minute and singly ,invisible particles by the ,incisive and resolving power of the highly ,corrosive ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,and to manifest1 ,pyrophilus1 that ,galls are not so requisite as many suppose to the making ,atramentous ,liquors1 we have sometimes made the following ,experiment1 ,we took dryed ,rose leaves and ,decocted them for a while in ,fair ,water1 into two or three spoonfulls of this ,decoction we shook a few drops of a strong and well filtrated ,solution of ,vitriol 7which perhaps had it been ,green would have done as well7 and immediately the mixture did turn ,black1 and when into this mixture presently after it was made1 we shook a just ,proportion of ,aqua ,fortis1 we turn'd it from a ,black ,ink to a deep ,red one1 which by the affusion of a little ,spirit of ,urine may be reduc'd immediately to an ,opacous and ,blackish ,colour4 ,and in regard1 ,pyrophilus1 that in the former ,experiments1 both the ,infusion of ,galls1 and the ,decoction of ,roses1 and the ,solution of ,copperis employ'd about them1 are endow'd each of them with its own ,colour1 there may be a more noble ,experiment of the sudden production of ,blackness made by the way mention'd in the ,second ,section of the ,second ,part of our ,essays1 for though upon the ,confusion of the two ,liquors there mention'd1 there do immediately emerge a very ,black mixture1 yet both the ,infusion of ,orpiment and the ,solution of ,minium were before their being joyn'd together1 ,limpid and ,colourless4 ,,experiment ,,iii4 ,if pieces of ,white ,harts-horn be with a competent degree of ,fire distill'd in a ,glass-retort1 they will1 after the avolation of the ,flegm1 ,spirit1 ,volatile ,salt1 and the looser and lighter parts of the ,oleagenous substance1 remain behind of a ,cole-black colour4 ,and even ,ivory it self being skilfully ,burnt 7how ,i am wont to do it1 ,i have elsewhere set down7 affords ,painters one of the best and deepest ,blacks they have1 and yet in the ,instance of distill'd ,harts-horn1 the operation being made in ,glass-vessels carefully clos'd1 it appears there is no ,extraneous ,black substance that ,insinuates it self into ,white ,harts-horn1 and thereby makes it turn ,black2 but that the ,whiteness is destroy'd1 and the ,blackness generated1 only by a ,change of ,texture1 made in the burnt ,body1 by the ,recess of some parts and the ,transposition of others4 ,and though ,i remember not that in many ,distillations of ,harts-horn ,i ever sound the ,cap4 ,mort4 to pass from ,black to a true ,whiteness1 whilst it continu'd in ,clos'd vessels1 yet having taken out the ,cole-black fragments1 and ,calcin'd them in ,open vessels1 ,i could in few hours quite destroy that ,blackness1 without sensibly changing their ,bulk or ,figure1 reduce them to great ,whiteness4 ,so much do these two ,colours depend upon the ,disposition of the little parts1 that the ,bodies wherein they are to be met with do consist of4 ,and we find1 that if ,whitewine ,tartar1 or even the white ,crystalls of such ,tartar be burnt without being truly ,calcin'd1 the ,cap4 ,mortuum 7as the ,chymists call the more ,fixt part7 will be ,black4 ,but if you further continue the ,calcination till you have perfectly ,incinerated the ,tartar1 kept it long enough in a ,strong fire1 the remaining ,calx will be ,white4 ,and so we see that not only other ,vegetable substances1 but even ,white woods1 as the ,hazel1 will yield a ,black ,charcoal1 and afterwards ,whitish ashes2 ,and so ,animal substances naturally ,white1 as ,bones and ,eggshels1 will grow ,black upon the being ,burnt1 and ,white again when they are perfectly ,calcin'd4 ,,experiment ,,iv4 ,but yet ,i much ,question whether that ,rule delivered by divers1 as well ,philosophers as ,chymists1 adusta nigra1 sed perusta alba1 will hold as ,universally as is presum'd1 since ,i have several ,examples to allege against it3 ,for ,i have found that by burning ,alablaster1 so as both to make it appear to boyl almost like ,milk1 and to reduce it to a very fine ,powder1 it would not at all grow ,black1 but retain its ,pure and ,native ,whiteness1 and though by keeping it longer than is usual in the fire1 ,i produced but a faint ,yellow1 even in that part of the ,powder that lay nearest the top of the ,crucible1 yet having purposely enquired of an ,experienced ,stone-cutter1 who is ,curious enough in tryng ,conclusions in his own ,trade1 he told me he had found that if ,alabaster or ,plaster of ,paris be very long kept in a ,strong fire1 the whole heap of burnt ,powder would exchange its ,whiteness for a much deeper ,colour than the ,yellow ,i observ'd4 ,lead being ,calcin'd with a ,strong fire turns 7after having purhaps run thorough divers other ,colour7 into ,minium1 whose ,colour we know is a deep red2 and if you urge this ,minium1 as ,i have purposely done with a ,strong fire1 you may much easier find a ,glassie and ,brittle ,body darker than ,minium1 than any white ,calx or ,glass4 ',tis known among ,chymists1 that the white ,calx of ,antimony1 by the further and more vehement operation of the fire1 may be melted into ,glass1 which we have obtain'd of a ,red ,colour1 which is far deeper than that of the ,calx of ,burnt ,antimony1 and though common ,glafs of ,antimony being usually ,adulterated with ,borax1 have its ,colour thereby diluted1 oftentimes to a very pale ,yellow2 yet not onely ours made more sincerily1 was1 as we said1 of a ,colour less remote from ,black1 than was the ,calx2 but we observ'd1 that by ,melting it once or twice more1 and so exposing it to the further operation of the ,fire1 we had1 as we expected1 the ,colour heightned4 ,to which we shall add but this one ,instance1 7which is worth the taking notice of in ,reference to ,colours37 ,that1 if you take ,blew1 but ,unsophisticated1 ,vitriol1 and burn it very slowly1 and with a ,gentle degree of ,heat1 you may observe1 that when it has ,burnt but a ,little1 and yet so far as that you may rub it to ,powder betwixt your fingers1 it will be of a ,white or ,whitish ,colour2 ,but if you ,prosecute the ,calcination1 this ,body which by a light ,adustion was made ,white1 will pass through other ,colours1 as ,gray1 ,yellowish1 and ,red2 and if you further burn it with a ,long and ,vehement fire1 by that time it comes to be ,perustum1 it will be of a dark purple1 nearer to ,black1 not only than the first ,calx1 but than the ,vitriol before it at all felt the fire4 ,i might add that ,crocus ,martis 7per se as they call it7 made by the ,lasting violence of the ,reverberated flames is not so near a ,kin to ,white1 as the ,iron or ,steel that afforded it was before its ,calcinations2 but that ,i suppose1 these ,instances may ,suffice to satisfie you1 that ,minerals are to be excepted out of the forementioned ,rule1 which perhaps1 though it seldome fail in substances belonging to the ,vegetable or ,animal ,kingdome1 may yet be ,question'd even in some of these1 if that be true1 which the ,judicious ,traveller ,bellonius affirms1 that ,charcoales made out of the ,wood of ,oxycder are ,white2 ,and ,i could not find that though in ,retorts ,hartshorn and other ,white ,bodies will be ,denigrated by ,heat1 yet ,camphire would not at all lose its ,whiteness1 though ,i have purposely kept it in such a heat1 as made it melt and boyl4 ,,experiment ,v4 ,and now ,i speak of ,camphire1 it puts me in mind of adding this ,experiment1 ,that1 though as ,i said in ,clos'd ,glasses1 ,i could not ,denigrate it by ,heat1 but it would ,sublime to the sides and top of the ,glass1 as it was before1 yet not only it will1 being set on fire in the ,free ,air1 send forth a ,copious smoak1 but having purposely upon some of it that was ,flaming1 clapt a ,large ,glass1 almost in the form of a ,hive1 7but more ,slender only7 with a ,hole at the top1 7which ,i caus'd to be made to trye ,experiments of ,fire and ,flame in7 it continued so long burning that it ,lin'd all the ,inside of the ,glass with a ,soot as ,black as ,ink1 and so ,copious1 that the ,closeness of the ,vessel consider'd1 almost all that part of the ,white ,camphire that did take ,fire1 seem'd to have been chang'd into that deep ,black ,substance4 ,,experiment ,,vi ,and this also brings into my mind another ,experiment that ,i made about the production of ,blackness1 whereof1 for ,reasons too long to be here deduced1 ,i expected and found a good ,success1 an it was this3 ,i took ,rectifi'd ,oyl of ,vitriol 7that ,i might have the ,liquor ,clean as well as ,strong7 and by degrees mixt with it a convenient proportion of the ,essential ,oyl1 as ,chymists call it1 of ,wormwood1 drawn over with store of ,water in a ,limbec1 and warily ,distilling the mixture in a ,retort1 there remain'd a scarce credible quantity of dry ,matter1 ,black as a ,coal4 ,and because the ,oyl of ,wormwood1 though a ,chymical ,oyl drawn by a ,virtuoso1 seem'd to have somewhat in it of the ,colour of the ,plant1 ,i ,substituted in its ,room1 the ,pure and ,subtile ,essential ,oyl of ,winter-,savory1 and mixing little by little this ,liquor1 with 7if ,i mis-remember not7 an ,equal weight of the formerly mention'd ,rectifi'd ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and ,distilling them as before in a ,retort1 besides what there pass'd over into the ,receiver1 even these two clear ,liquors left me a ,considerable ,proportion1 7though not so great as the two former7 of a ,substance ,black as ,pitch1 which ,i yet ,keep by me as a ,rarity4 ,,experiment ,,vii4 ,a way of ,whiting ,wax ,cheaply and in ,great ,quantity may be a thing of good ,oeconomical ,use1 and we have elsewhere set down the ,practice of ,trades-men that ,blanch it2 ,but here ,treating of ,whiteness only in ,order to the ,philosophy of ,colours1 ,i shall not ,examine which of the ,slow wayes may be best ,employ'd1 to free ,wax from the ,yellow ,melleous parts1 but shall rather set down a ,quick way of making it ,white1 though but in very ,small ,quantities4 ,take then a little ,yellow ,wax1 scraped or thinly sliced1 and putting it into a ,bolts-head or some other ,convenient ,glass1 pour to it a pretty deal of ,spirit of ,wine1 and placing the ,vessel in ,warm ,sand1 ,encrease the ,heat by degrees1 till the ,spirit of ,wine begin to ,simper or to ,boyl a little2 and continuing that degree of ,fire1 if you have put ,liquor enough1 you will quickly have the ,wax dissolv'd1 then taking it off the fire1 you may either suffer it to ,cool as hastily as with ,safety to the ,glass you can1 or ,pour it whilst 'tis yet ,hot into a ,filtre of ,paper1 and either in the ,glass where it ,cools1 or in the ,filtre1 you will soon find the ,wax and ,menstruum together reduc'd into a ,white ,substance1 almost like ,butter1 which by letting the ,spirit ,exhale will shrink into a much ,lesser ,bulk1 but still retaining its ,whiteness4 ,and that which is pretty in the working of this ,magistery of ,wax1 is1 that the ,yellowness vanishes1 neither appearing in the ,spirit of ,wine that passes ,limpid through the ,filtre1 nor in the ,butter of ,wax1 if ,i may so call it1 that1 as ,i said1 is ,white4 ,,experiment ,,viii4 ,there is an ,experiment1 ,pyrophilus1 which though ,i do not so exactly remember1 and though it be somewhat ,nice to make1 yet ,i am willing to ,acquaint ,you with1 because the thing ,produc'd1 though it be but a ,curiosity1 is wont not a little to please the ,beholders1 and it is a way of turning by the help of a ,dry ,substance1 an almost ,golden-,colour'd ,concrete1 into a ,white one1 the ,several ,tryals are not at present so fresh in my ,memory to enable me to tell you ,certainly1 whether an ,equal onely or a ,double weight of ,common ,sublimate must be taken in reference to the ,tinglass1 but if ,i mistake not1 there was in the ,experiment that succeeded best1 ,two parts of the ,former taken to ,one of the ,latter4 ,these ,ingredients being finely ,powdred and ,exactly mix'd1 we ,sublim'd together by degrees of fire 7the due ,gradation of which is in this ,experiment a thing of main ,importance7 there ascended a matter of a very peculiar ,texture1 for it was for the most part made up of very ,thin1 ,smooth1 ,soft and ,slippery ,plates1 almost like the finest sort of the ,scales of ,fishes1 but of so ,lovely a ,white ,inclining to ,pearl-,colour1 and of so ,curious and ,shining a ,gloss1 that they appear'd in some respect little ,inferiour to ,orient ,pearls1 and in other ,regards1 they seem'd to ,surpass them1 and were ,applauded for a sort of the ,prettiest ,trifles that we had ever prepar'd to ,amuse the ,eye4 ,i will not undertake that though you'l hardly miss changing the ,colour of your shining ,tinglass1 yet you will the first or perhaps the second time hit ,right upon the way of making the ,glistring ,sublimate ,i have been mentioning4 ,,experiment ,,ix4 ,when we ,dissolve in ,aqua ,fortis a mixture of ,gold and ,silver melted into one ,lump1 it usually happens that the ,powder of ,gold that falls to the bottom1 as not being ,dissoluble by that ,menstruum1 will not have its own ,yellow1 but appear of a ,black ,colour1 though neither the ,gold1 nor the ,silver1 nor the ,aqua ,fortis did before manifest any ,blackness4 ,and divers ,alchymists1 when they make ,solutions of ,minerals they would ,examine1 are very ,glad1 if they see a ,black ,powder ,prcipitated to the ,bottom1 taking it for a ,hopefull ,sign1 that those ,particles are of a ,golden ,nature1 which appear in a ,colour so ordinary to ,gold parted from other ,metalls by ,aqua ,fortis1 that it is a trouble to the ,refiner to ,reduce the ,prcipitated ,calx to its ,native ,colour4 ,for though1 7as we have try'd17 that may be ,quickly enough done by ,fire1 which will make this ,gold look very ,gloriously 7as indeed 'tis at least one of the ,best wayes that is ,practis'd for the ,refining of ,gold17 yet it requires both ,watchfulness and ,skill1 to give it such a ,degree of ,fire as will serve to ,restore it to its ,lustre1 without giving it such a ,one1 as may bring it to ,fusion1 to which the ,minuteness of the ,corpuseles it consists of makes the ,powder very apt4 ,and this brings into my ,mind1 that having taken a ,flat and ,bright piece of ,gold1 that was ,refin'd by a ,curious and ,skilfull ,person on purpose to ,trye to what height of ,purity ,gold could be brought by ,art1 ,i found that this very piece1 as ,glorious as it look'd1 being rubb'd a little upon a piece of fine clean ,linnen1 did sully it with a kind of ,black2 and the like ,i have observ'd in ,refin'd ,silver1 which ,i therefore mention1 because ,i formerly suspected that the ,impurity of the ,metall might have been the only ,cause of what ,i have divers times obferv'd in wearing ,silver-hilted ,swords1 ,namely1 that where they rubb'd upon my ,clothes1 if they were of a ,light-,colour'd ,cloath1 the ,affriction would quickly ,black them2 and ,congruously hereunto ,i have found ,pens ,blackt almost all over1 when ,i had a while carri'd them about me in a ,silver ,ink-case4 ,to which ,i shall only add1 that whereas in these several ,instances of ,denigration1 the ,metalls are worn off1 or otherwise ,reduc'd into very ,minute ,parts1 that ,circumstance may prove not ,unworthy your ,notice4 ,,experiment ,x4 ,that a ,solution of ,silver does ,dye ,hair of a ,black ,colour1 is a ,known ,experiment1 which some persons more ,curious than ,dextrous1 have so ,unluckily made upon themselves as to make their ,friends very ,merry4 ,and ,i remember that the other day1 ,i made my self some ,sport by an ,improvement of this ,observation1 for having dissolv'd some ,pure ,silver in ,aqua ,fortis1 and ,evaporated the ,menstruum ad siccitatem1 as they speak1 ,i caus'd a ,quantity of fair ,water to be pour'd upon the ,calx two or three several times1 and to be at each ,evaporated1 till the ,calx was very ,drye1 and all the ,greenish ,blewness that is wont to appear in ,common ,crystals of ,silver1 was quite carry'd away4 ,then ,i made those ,i meant to ,deceive1 ,moisten some part of their ,skin with their own ,spittle1 and slightly ,rub the moistned parts with a little of this ,prepar'd ,silver1 ,whereupon they ,admir'd to see1 that a ,snow-white ,body laid upon the ,white ,skin should presently produce a deep ,blackness1 as if the stains had been made with ,ink1 especially considering that this ,blackness could not1 like that produc'd by ordinary ,ink1 be readily ,wash'd off1 but requir'd many ,hours1 and part of it some dayes to its ,obliteration4 ,and with the same ,white ,calx and a little ,fair ,water we likewise ,stain'd the ,white ,hafts of ,knives1 with a lasting ,black in those parts where the ,calx was ,plentifully enough laid on1 for where it was laid on but very ,thinly1 the ,stain was not quite of so ,deep a ,colour4 ,,experiment ,,xi ,the ,cause of the ,blackness of those many ,nations1 which by one common ,name we are wont to call ,negroes1 has been long since ,disputed of by ,learned ,men1 who possibly had not done amiss1 if they had also taken into ,consideration1 why some whole races of other ,animals besides ,men1 as ,foxes and ,hares1 are ,distinguish'd by a ,blackness not familiar to the ,generality of ,animals of the same ,species2 ,the ,general ,opinion 7to be mention'd a little lower7 has been rejected even by some of the ,antient ,geographers1 and among our ,moderns ,ortelius and divers other ,learned ,men have ,question'd it4 ,but this is no place to mention what thoughts ,i have had to and fro about these ,matters3 ,only as ,i shall freely ,acknowledge1 that to me the inquiry seems more ,abstruse than it does to many others1 and that because consulting with ,authors1 and with ,books of ,voyages1 and with ,travellers1 to satisfie my self in matters of ,fact1 ,i have met with some things among them1 which seem not to agree very well with the ,notions of the most ,classick ,authors concerning these things2 for it being my ,present ,work to deliver rather matters ,historical than ,theorys1 ,i shall ,annex ,some few of my ,collections1 instead of a ,solemn ,disputation4 ,it is commonly presum'd that the ,heat of the ,climate wherein they live1 is the reason1 why so many ,inhabitants of the ,scorching ,regions of ,africa are ,black2 and there is this familiar ,observation to ,countenance this ,conjecture1 ,that we plainly see that ,mowers1 ,reapers1 and other ,countrey-people1 who spend the most part of the ,hot ,summer dayes expos'd to the ,sun1 have the skin of their ,hands and ,faces1 which are the parts immediately ,expos'd to the ,sun and ,air1 made of a ,darker ,colour than before1 and consequently tending to ,blackness2 ,and ,contrarywise we observe that the ,danes and some other people that ,inhabit ,cold ,climates1 and even the ,english who feel not so ,rigorous a ,cold1 have usually ,whiter faces than the ,spaniards1 ,portugalls and other ,european ,inhabitants of ,hotter ,climates4 ,but this ,argument ,i take to be far more ,specious than ,convincing2 for though the ,heat of the ,sun may ,darken the ,colour of the ,skin1 by that ,operation1 which we in ,english call ,sun-burning1 yet ,experience doth not ,evince1 that ,i remember1 ,that that ,heat alone can produce a ,discolouring that shall amount to a true ,blackness1 like that of ,negroes1 and we shall see by and by that even the ,children of some ,negroes not yet #aj4 dayes ,old 7perhaps not so much by three quarters of that time7 will notwithstanding their ,infancy be of the same ,hue with their ,parents4 ,besides1 there is this strong ,argument to be alleg'd against the ,vulgar ,opinion1 that in divers places in ,asia under the same ,parallel1 or even of the same ,degree of ,latitude with the ,african ,regions ,inhabited by ,blacks1 the ,people are at most but ,tawny2#aj ,and in ,africa it self divers ,nations in the ,empire of ,ethiopia are not ,negroes1 though ,situated in the ,torrid ,zone1 and as neer the quinoctial1 as other ,nations that are so 7as the ,black ,inhabitants of ,zeylan and ,malabar are not in our ,globes plac'd so near the ,line as ,amara the ,famousest place in ,ethiopia47 ,moreover1 7that which is of no small ,moment in our present ,disquisition7 ,i find not by the best ,navigators and ,travellers to the ,west-,indies1 whose ,books or themselves ,i have consulted on this ,subject1 that excepting perhaps one place or two of small extent1 there are any ,blacks ,originally ,natives of any part of ,america 7for the ,blacks now there have been by the ,europeans long ,transplanted thither7 though the ,new ,world contain in it so great a ,variety of ,climates1 and particularly reach quite ,cross the ,torri'd ,zone from one ,tropick to another4 ,and enough it be true that the ,danes be a ,whiter ,people than the ,spaniards1 yet that may proceed rather from other causes 7not here to be enquired into7 than from the ,coldness of the ,climate1 since not onely the ,swedes and other ,inhabitants of those ,cold ,countreys1 are not usually so ,white as the ,danes1 nor ,whiter than other ,nations in proportion to their ,vicinity to the ,pole4 ,and since the ,writing of the former part of this ,essay1 having an opportunity on a ,solemn occasion to take ,notice of the ,numerous ,train of ,some ,extraordinary ,embassadours sent from the ,russian ,emperour to a great ,monarch1 observ'd1 that 7though it were then ,winter7 the ,colour of their ,hair and ,skin was far less ,whitish than the ,danes who ,inhabit a milder ,region is wont to be1 but rather for the most part of a ,darkish ,brown2 ,and the ,physician to the ,embassadour with whom those ,russes came1 being ask'd by me whether in ,muscovy it self the ,generality of the ,people were more inclin'd to have ,dark-colour'd ,hair than ,flaxen1 he answer'd ,affirmatively2 but seem'd to suspect that the ,true and ,antient ,russians1 a ,sept of whom he told me he had met with in one of the ,provinces of that vast ,empire1 were rather ,white like the ,danes1 than any thing near so ,brown as the present ,muscovites whom he guesses to be descended of the ,tartars1 and to have inherited their ,colour from them4 ,but to ,prosecute our former ,discourse1 ,i shall add for further ,proof of the ,conjecture ,i was countenancing that good ,authors inform us that there are ,negroes in ,africa not far from the ,cape of good ,hope1 and consequently beyond the ,southern ,tropick1 and without the ,torrid ,zone1 much about the same ,northern ,latitude 7or very little more7 wherein there are divers ,american ,nations that are not ,negroes1 and wherein the ,inhabitants of ,candia1 some parts of ,sicily1 and even of ,spain are not so much as ,tawny-,mores4 ,but 7which is a fresh and strong ,argument against the common ,opinion17 ,i find by our recent ,relations of ,greenland 7our ,accounts whereof we owe to the ,curiosity of that ,royal ,virtuoso the present ,king of ,denmark17 that the ,inhabitants are ,olive-colour'd1 or rather of a ,darker ,hiew4 ,but if the ,case were the same with ,men1 and those other kinds of ,animals ,i formerly nam'd1 ,i should offer something as a considerable proof1 ,that1 ,cold may do much towards the making ,men ,white or ,black1 and however ,i shall let down the ,observation as ,i have met with it1 as worthy to come into the ,history of ,whiteness and ,blackness1 and it is1 that in some parts of ,russia and of ,livonia it is affirm'd by ,olaus ,magnus and others1 that ,hares and ,foxes 7some add ,partridges7 which before were ,black1 or ,red1 or ,gray1 do in the depth of ,winter become ,white by reason of the great ,cold2 7for that it should be1 as some conceive1 by ,looking upon the ,snow1 seems improbable upon divers accounts7 ,and ,i remember that having purposely enquir'd of a ,virtuoso who lately ,travell'd through ,livonia to ,mosco concerning the ,truth of this ,tradition1 he both told me1 he believ'd it1 and added1 that he saw divers of those lately nam'd ,animals either in ,russia or ,livonia1 7for ,i do not very well remember whether of the two7 which1 though ,white when he saw them in ,winter1 they assur'd him had been ,black1 or of other ,colours before the ,winter began1 and would be so again when it was over4 ,but for further satisfaction1 ,i also consulted one that had for some years been an ,eminent ,physician in ,russia1 who though he rejected some other ,traditions that are generally enough believ'd concerning that ,countrey1 told me nevertheless1 that he saw no cause to doubt of this ,tradition of ,olaus ,magnus as to ,foxes and ,hares1 not onely because 'tis the common and uncontroul'd ,assertion of the ,natives1 but also because he himself in the ,winter could never that he remember'd see ,foxes and ,hares of any other ,colour than ,white2 ,and ,i my self having seen a small ,white ,fox brought out of ,russia into ,england towards the latter end of ,winter1 foretold those that shew'd him me1 that he would change ,colour in ,summer1 and accordingly coming to look upon him again in ,july1 ,i found that the ,back and ,sides1 together with the upper part of the ,head and ,tayl were already grown of a ,dark ,colour1 the lower part of the ,head and ,belly containing as yet a ,whiteness4 ,let me add1 that were it not for some scruple ,i have1 ,i should think more than what ,olaus relates1 confirm'd by the judicious ,olearius1 who was twice employ'd into those parts as a ,publick ,minister1 who in his ,account of ,moscovy has this ,passage3 ,the ,hares there are ,gray2 but in some ,provinces they grow white in the ,winter4 ,and within some few ,lines after3 ,it is not very ,difficult to find the ,cause of this ,change1 which certainly proceeds only from the ,outward ,cold1 since ,i know that even in ,summer1 ,hares will change ,colour1 if they be kept a competent time in a ,cellar2 ,i say1 were it not for ,some ,scruple1 because ,i take notice1 that in the same ,page the ,author ,affirms1 that the like change of ,colour that happens to ,hares in some ,provinces of ,muscovy1 happens to them also in ,livonia1 and yet immediately subjoyns1 that in ,curland the ,hares vary not their ,colour in ,winter1 though these two last named ,countries be contiguous1 7that is7 sever'd only by the ,river of ,dugna2 ,for it is scarce conceivable how ,cold alone should have1 in ,countries so near1 so strangely differing an operation1 though no less strange a thing is confess'd by many1 that ascribe the ,complexion of ,negroes to the ,heat of the ,sun1 when they would have the ,river of ,cenega so to bound the ,moors1 that though on the ,north-side they are but ,tawny1 on the other side they are ,black4 #aj ,olearius ,voyage de ,mosco4 et de ,perse liv4 #c4 ,there is another ,opinion concerning the ,complexion of ,negroes1 that is not only embrac'd by many of the more ,vulgar ,writers1 but likewise by that ingenious ,traveller ,mr4 ,sandys1 and by a late most learned ,critick1 besides other men of ,note1 and these would have the ,blackness of ,negroes an effect of ,noah's ,curse ratify'd by ,god's1 upon ,cham2 ,but though ,i think that even a ,naturalist may without disparagement believe all the ,miracles attested by the ,holy ,scriptures1 yet in this case to flye to a ,supernatural ,cause1 will1 ,i fear1 look like ,shifting off the ,difficulty1 instead of ,resolving it2 for we enquire not the ,first and ,universal1 but the ,proper1 ,immediate1 and ,physical ,cause of the ,jetty ,colour of ,negroes2 ,and not only we do not find expressed in the ,scripture1 that the ,curse meant by ,noah to ,cham1 was the ,blackness of his ,posterity1 but we do find plainly enough there that the ,curse was quite another thing1 namely that he should be a ,servant of ,servants1 that is by an ,ebraism1 a very ,abject ,servant to his ,brethren1 which accordingly did in part come to pass1 when the ,israelites of the posterity of ,sem1 subdued the ,canaanites1 that descended from ,cham1 and kept them in great ,subjection4 ,nor is it evident that ,blackness is a ,curse1 for ,navigators tell us of ,black ,nations1 who think so much otherwise of their own condition1 that they paint the ,devil ,white4 ,nor is ,blackness inconsistent with ,beauty1 which even to our ,european ,eyes consists not so much in ,colour1 as an ,advantageous ,stature1 a ,comely ,symmetry of the parts of the ,body1 and ,good ,features in the ,face4 ,so that ,i see not why ,blackness should be thought such a ,curse to the ,negroes1 unless perhaps it be1 that being wont to go ,naked in those ,hot ,climates1 the ,colour of their ,skin does probably1 according to the ,doctrine above deliver'd1 make the ,sun-beams more ,scorching to them1 than they would prove to a people of a ,white ,complexion4 ,greater probability there is1 ,that the ,principal ,cause 7for ,i would not exclude all concurrent ones7 of the ,blackness of ,negroes is some ,peculiar and ,seminal ,impression1 for not onely we see that ,blackmore boyes brought over into these ,colder ,climates lose not their ,colour2 ,but good ,authors inform us1 ,that the ,off-spring of ,negroes ,transplanted out of ,africa1 above a hundred years ago1 retain still the ,complexion of their ,progenitors1 though possibly in ,tract of time it will decay2 ,as on the other side1 the ,white people removing into very ,hot ,climates1 have their ,skins by the ,heat of the ,sun scorch'd into ,dark ,colours2 yet neither they1 nor their ,children have been observ'd1 even in the ,countreys of ,negroes1 to descend to a ,colour amounting to that of the ,natives2 whereas ,i remember ,i have ,read in ,pisos#aa excellent account of ,brasile1 that betwixt the ,americans and ,negroes are generated a distinct sort of ,men1 which they call ,cabocles1 and betwixt ,portugalls and thiopian women1 ,he tells us1 he has sometimes seen ,twins1 whereof one had a ,white skin1 the other a ,black2 not to mention here some other instances1 he gives1 that the productions of the mixtures of differing people1 that is 7indeed17 the effects of ,seminal ,impressions which they consequently argue to have been their ,causes2 and we shall not much scruple at this1 if we consider1 that even ,organical parts may receive great ,differences from such peculiar ,impressions1 upon what account soever they came to be setled in the first ,individual persons1 from whom they are ,propogated to ,posterity1 as we see in the ,blobber-,lips and ,flat-,noses of most ,nations of ,negroes4 ,and if we may ,credit what ,learned men deliver concerning the ,little ,feet of the ,chinesses1 the ,macrocephali taken notice of by ,hippocrates1 will not be the only ,instance we might apply to our present purpose4 ,and on this occasion it will not perchance be ,impertinent to add something of what ,i have observ'd in other ,animals1 as that there is a sort of ,hens that want ,rumps2 ,and that 7not to mention that in several places there is a sort of ,crows or ,daws that are not ,cole-black as ours1 but partly of a ,whitish ,colour7 in spight of ,porphyries examples of ,inseparable ,accidents1 ,i have seen a perfectly ,white ,raven1 as to ,bill as well as ,feathers1 which ,i attentively considered1 for fear of being impos'd upon4 ,and this recalls into my ,memory1 what a very ,ingenious ,physician has divers times related to me of a young ,lady1 to whom being call'd1 he found that though she much complain'd of want of ,health1 yet there appear'd so little cause either in her ,body1 or her ,condition to ,guess that ,she did any more than fancy her self ,sick1 that scrupling to give her ,physick1 he perswaded her ,friends rather to divert her ,mind by little ,journeys of ,pleasure1 in one of which going to ,visit ,st4 ,winifrids ,well1 this ,lady1 who was a ,catholick1 and devout in her ,religion1 and a pretty while in the ,water to perform some ,devotions1 and had occasion to fix her ,eyes very attentively upon the ,red pipple-stones1 which in a scatter'd order made up a good part of those that appear'd through the water1 and a while after growing ,bigg1 she was deliver'd of a ,child1 whose ,white ,skin was ,copiously speckl'd with spots of the ,colour and ,bignesss of those ,stones1 and though now this ,child have already liv'd several years1 yet she still retains them4 ,i have but two things to add concerning the ,blackness of ,negroes1 the one is1 that the ,seat of that ,colour seems to be but the thin ,epidermes1 or outward ,skin1 for ,i knew a young ,negroe1 who having been lightly ,sick of the ,small ,pox or ,measles1 7for it was doubted which of the two was his ,disease7 ,i found by enquiry of a person that was concern'd for him1 that in those places where the little ,tumors had broke their passage through the ,skin1 when they were gone1 they left ,within specks behind them2 ,and the lately commended ,piso assures us1 that having the opportunity in ,brasil to ,dissect many ,negroes1 he cleerly found that their ,blackness went no deeper than the very outward ,skin1 which ,cuticula or ,epidermis being remov'd1 the undermost ,skin or ,cutis appear'd just as ,white as that of ,europan ,bodyes4 ,and the like has been affirmed to me by a ,physician of our own1 whom1 hearing he had ,dissectcd a ,negroe here in ,england1 ,i consulted about this particular4 ,the other thing to be here taken notice of concerning ,negroes is1 ,that having enquir'd of an ,intelligent acquaintance of mine 7who keeps in the ,indies about #cjj4 of them as well ,women as ,men to work in his ,plantations17 whether their ,children come ,black into the world2 he answer'd1 ,that they did not1 but were brought forth of almost the like ,reddish ,colour with our ,european ,children2 and having further enquir'd1 how long it was before these ,infants appear'd ,black1 be reply'd1 that 'twas not wont to be many daies4 ,and agreeable to this account ,i find that1 given us in a freshly publish'd ,french ,book written by a ,jesuit1 that had good opportunity of ,knowing the ,truth of what he ,delivers1 for being one of the ,missionaries of his ,order into the ,southern ,america upon the ,laudable ,design of ,converting ,infidels to ,christianity1 he ,baptiz'd several ,infants1 which when newly ,born1 were much of the same ,colour with ,european ,babes1 but within about a ,week began to appear of the ,hue of their ,parents4 ,but more ,pregnant is the ,testimony of our ,countrey-man ,andrew ,battel1 who being sent ,prisoner by the ,portugalls to ,angola1 liv'd there1 and in the adjoyning ,regions1 partly as a ,prisoner1 partly as a ,pilot1 and partly as a ,souldier1 near #ah4 years1 and he mentioning the ,african ,kingdom of ,longo1 peopl'd with ,blacks1 has this passage3#ab ,the ,children in this ,countrey are ,born ,white1 and change their ,colour in two dayes to a ,perfect ,black4 ,as for ,example1 ,the ,portugalls which dwell in the ,kingdome of ,longo have sometimes ,children by the ,negroe-women1 and many times the ,fathers are deceived1 thinking1 when the ,child is ,born1 that it is theirs1 and within two dayes it proves the ,son or ,daughter of a ,negroe1 which the ,portugalls greatly grieve at2 ,and the same person has elsewhere a ,relation1 which1 if he have made no use at all of the liberty of a ,traveller1 is very well worth our ,notice1 since this1 together with that we have formerly mention'd of ,seminal ,impressions1 shews a possibility1 that a ,race of ,negroes might be begun1 though none of the ,sons of ,adam1 for many ,precedent ,generations were of that ,complexion4 ,for ,i see not why it should not be at least as possible1 that ,white ,parents may sometimes have ,black ,children1 as that ,african ,negroes should sometimes have lastingly ,white ones1 especially since concurrent causes may easily more befriend the ,productions of the ,former kind1 than under the scorching ,heat of ,africa those of the ,latter4 ,and ,i remember on the occasion of what he delivers1 that of the ,white ,raven formerly mention'd1 the ,possessor affirm'd to me1 that in the ,nest out of which he was taken ,white1 they found with him but one other ,young one1 and that he was of as ,jetty a ,black as any common ,raven4 ,but let us hear our ,author himself#ac2 ,here are 7sayes he1 speaking of the formerly mention'd ,regions7 ,born in this ,countrey ,white ,children1 which is very rare among them1 for their ,parents are ,negroes2 ,and when any of them are ,born1 they are presented to the ,king1 and are call'd ,dondos2 these are as ,white as any ,white ,men4 ,these are the ,kings ,witches1 and are brought up in ,witchcraft1 and alwayes wait on the ,king3 ,there is no man that dare meddle with these ,dondos1 if they go to the ,market they may take what they lift1 for all ,men stand in awe of them4 ,the ,king of ,longo hath four of them4 ,and yet this ,countrey in our ,globes is plac'd almost in the midst of the ,torrid ,zone 7four or five ,degrees ,southward of the ,line47 ,and our ,author elsewhere tells us of the ,inhabitants1 that they are so fond of their ,blackness1 that they will not suffer any that is not of that ,colour 7as the ,portugalls that come to ,trade thither7 to be so much as ,buri'd in their ,land1 of which he annexes a particular example1#ad that may be seen in his ,voyage preserv'd by our ,industrious ,countreyman ,mr4 ,purchas4 ,but it is high time for me to dismiss ,observations1 and go on with ,experiments4 #aa ,piso ,nat4 ,med4 ,hist4 ,brasil4 lib #a4 in fine4 #ab ,purchas ,pilgrim4 ,second part1 ,seventh ,book #c4 ,chap4 ,sect #e4 #ac ,purchas4 ,ibid4 #ad ,purchas ,ibid4 in fin ,,experiment ,,xii4 ,the way1 ,pyrophilus1 of producing ,whiteness by ,chymical ,prcipitations is very well worth our observing1 for thereby ,bodyes of very ,differing ,colours as well as ,natures1 though dissolv'd in ,several ,liquors1 are all brought into ,calces or ,powders that are ,white4 ,thus we find that not only ,crabs-eyes1 that are of themselves ,white1 and ,pearls that are almost so1 but ,coral and ,minium that are ,red1 being dissolv'd in ,spirit of ,vinegar1 may be uniformly ,prcipitated by ,oyl of ,tartar into ,white ,powders4 ,thus ,silver and ,tin separately dissolv'd in ,aqua ,fortis1 will the one ,prcipitate it self1 and the other be ,prcipitated by common ,salt-water into a ,white ,calx1 and so will ,crude ,lead and ,quicksilver first dissolv'd likewise in ,aqua ,fortis4 ,the like ,calx will be afforded as ,i have try'd by a ,solution of that shining ,mineral ,tinglass dissolv'd in ,aqua ,fortis1 and ,prcipitated out of it2 and divers of these ,calces may be made at least as ,fair and ,white1 if not better ,colour'd1 if instead of ,oyl of ,tartar they were ,prcipitated with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 or with another ,liquor ,i could ,name4 ,nay1 that ,black ,mineral ,antimony it self1 being reduc'd by and with the ,salts that concurr to the ,composition of common ,sublimate1 into that ,cleer though ,unctuous ,liquor that ,chymists commonly call ,rectifi'd ,butter of ,antimony1 will by the bare affusion of store of ,fair ,water be struck down into that ,snow-white ,powder1 which when the adhering ,saltness is well wash'd off1 ,chymists are pleas'd to call ,mercurius ,vit1 though the like ,powder may be made of ,antimony1 without the addition of any ,mercury at all4 ,and this ,lactescence if ,i may so call it1 does also commonly ensue when ,spirit of ,wine1 being ,impregnated with those parts of ,gums or other ,vegetable ,concretions1 that are suppos'd to abound with ,sulphureous ,corpuscles1 fair ,water is suddenly pour'd upon the ,tincture or ,solution4 ,and ,i remember that very lately ,i did1 for ,tryal sake1 on a ,tincture of ,benjamin drawn with ,spirit of ,wine1 and brought to be as ,red as ,blood1 pour some fair ,water1 which presently mingling with the ,liquor1 immediately turn'd the whole ,mixture ,white4 ,but if such ,seeming ,milks be suffer'd to stand unstirr'd for a convenient while1 they are wont to let fall to the bottome a ,resinous ,substance1 which the ,spirit of ,wine ,diluted and ,weakned by the ,water pour'd into it was unable to support any longer4 ,and something of ,kin to this change of ,colour in ,vegetables is that1 which ,chymists are wont to observe upon the pouring of ,acid ,spirits upon the ,red ,solution of ,sulphur1 dissolv'd in an ,infusion of ,pot-ashes1 or in some other sharp ,lixivium1 the ,prcipitated ,sulphur before it subsides1 immediately turning the ,red ,liquor into a ,white one4 ,and other ,examples might be added of this way of producing ,whiteness in ,bodyes by ,prcipitating them out of the ,liquors wherein they have been ,dissolv'd2 but ,i think it may be more usefull to admonish you1 ,pyrophilus1 that this observation admits of ,restrictions1 and is not so ,universal1 as by this time perhaps you have begun to think it2 ,for though most ,prcipitated ,bodyes are ,white1 yet ,i know some that are not2 ,for ,gold ,dissolv'd in ,aqua ,regis1 whether you ,prcipitate it with ,oyl of ,tartar1 or with ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack1 will not afford a ,white but a ,yellow ,calx4 ,mercury also though reduc'd into ,sublimate1 and ,prcipitated with ,liquors abounding with ,volatile ,salts1 as the ,spirits drawn from ,urine1 ,harts-horn1 and other ,animal substances1 yet will afford1 as we ,noted in our first ,experiment about ,whiteness and ,blackness1 a ,white ,prcipitate1 yet with some ,solutions hereafter to be mentioned1 it will let fall an ,orange-,tawny ,powder4 ,and so will ,crude ,antimony1 if1 being dissolv'd in a strong ,lye1 you pour 7as farr as ,i remember7 any ,acid ,liquor upon the ,solution newly ,filtrated1 whilst it is yet ,warm4 ,and if upon the ,filtrated ,solution of ,vitriol1 you pour a ,solution of one of these fix'd ,salts1 there will subside a ,copious substance1 very farr from having any ,whiteness1 which the ,chymists are pleas'd to call1 how properly ,i have elsewhere examin'd1 the ,sulphur of ,vitriol4 ,so that most part of ,dissolv'd ,bodyes being by ,prcipitation brought to ,white ,powders1 and yet some affording ,prcipitates of other ,colours1 the reason of both the ,phnomena may deserve to be enquir'd into4 ,,experiment ,,xiii4 ,some ,learned ,modern ,writers#ae are of ,opinion1 that the ,account upon which ,whiteness and ,blackness ought to be call'd1 as they commonly are1 the two ,extreme ,colours1 is1 ,that ,blackness 7by which ,i presume is meant the ,bodyes endow'd with it7 receives no other ,colours2 but ,whiteness very easily receives them all2 whence some of them compare ,whiteness to the ,aristotelian ,materia prima1 that being capable of any sort of ,forms1 as they suppose ,white ,bodyes to be of every kind of ,colour4 ,but not to ,dispute about ,names or ,expressions1 the thing it self that is affirm'd as ,matter of ,fact1 seems to be ,true enough in most ,cases1 not in all1 or so1 as to hold ,universally4 ,for though it be a common observation among ,dyers1 ,that ,clothes1 which have once been throughly imbu'd with ,black1 cannot so well afterwards be ,dy'd into ,lighter ,colours1 the prexistent ,dark ,colour infecting the ,ingredients1 that carry the ,lighter ,colour to be introduc'd1 and making it degenerate into ,some more ,sad one2 ,yet the ,experiments lately mention'd may shew us1 that where the change of ,colour in ,black ,bodies is attempted1 not by mingling ,bodyes of ,lighter ,colours with them1 but by ,addition of such things as are proper to alter the ,texture of those ,corpuscles that contain the ,black ,colour1 'tis no such difficult matter1 as the lately mention'd ,learned ,men imagine1 to alter the ,colour of ,black ,bodyes4 ,for we saw that ,inks of several ,kinds might in a trice be depriv'd of all their ,blackness2 and those made with ,logwood and ,red-,roses might also be chang'd1 the one into a ,red1 the other into a ,reddish ,liquor2 and with ,oyl of ,vitriol ,i have sometimes turn'd ,black pieces of ,silk into a kind of ,yellow1 and though the ,taffaty were thereby made ,rotten1 yet the spoyling of that does no way prejudice the ,experiment1 the change of ,black ,silk into ,yellow1 being never the less ,true1 because the ,yellow ,silk is the less good4 ,and as for ,whiteness1 ,i think the general affirmation of its being so easily ,destroy'd or ,transmuted by any other ,colour1 ought not to be receiv'd without some ,cautions and ,restrictions4 ,for whereas1 according to what ,i formerly ,noted1 ,lead is by ,calcination turned into that ,red ,powder we call ,minium2 ,and ,tin by ,calcination reduc'd to a ,white ,calx1 the common ,putty that is sold and us'd so much in ,shops1 instead of being1 as it is pretended and ought to be1 only the ,calx of ,tin1 is1 by the ,artificers that make it1 to save the charge of ,tin1 made1 7as some1 of themselves have confess'd1 and as ,i long suspected by the ,cheap rate it may be bought for7 but of half ,tin and half ,lead1 if not far more ,lead than ,tin1 and yet the ,putty in spight of so much ,lead is a very ,white ,powder1 without disclosing any mixture of ,minium4 ,and so if you take two parts of ,copper1 which is a ,high-colour'd ,metall1 to but one of ,tin1 you may by ,fusion bring them into one ,mass1 wherein the ,whiteness of the ,tin is much more ,conspicuous and ,predominant than the ,reddishness of the ,copper4 ,and on this occasion it may not be ,impertinent to mention an ,experiment1 which ,i relate upon the ,credit of a very ,honest man1 whom ,i purposely enquir'd of about it1 being my self not very fond of making ,tryals with ,arsenick1 the ,experiment is this1 ,that if you ,colliquate ,arsenick and ,copper in a due proportion1 the ,arsenick will ,blanch the ,copper both within and without1 which is an ,experiment well enough ,known2 but when ,i enquir'd1 whether or no this ,white mixture being skilfully kept a while upon the ,cupel would not let go its ,arsenick1 which made ,whiteness its prdominant ,colour1 and return to the ,reddishness of ,copper1 ,i was assur'd of the ,affirmative2 so that among ,mineral ,bodyes1 some of those that are ,white1 may be far more capable1 than those ,i am reasoning with seem to have known1 of ,eclipsing others1 and of making their ,colour ,prdominant in ,mixtures4 ,in further ,confirmation of which may be added1 that ,i remember that ,i also took a lump of ,silver and ,gold melted together1 wherein by the stimate of a very ,experienced ,refiner1 there might be about a fourth or third part of ,gold1 and yet the ,yellow ,colour of the ,gold was so hid by the ,white of the ,silver1 that the whole ,mass appear'd to be but ,silver1 and when it was rubb'd upon the ,touchstone1 an ordinary beholder could scarce have distinguish'd it from the ,touch of common ,silver2 though if ,i put a little ,aqua ,fortis upon any part of the ,white ,surface it had given the ,touchstone1 the ,silver in the moistned part being immediately taken up and conceal'd by the ,liquor1 the ,golden ,particles would presently disclose that native ,yellow1 and look rather as if ,gold1 than if the above mention'd mixture1 had been rubb'd upon the ,stone4 #ae ,see ,scaliger ,exercit4 #cbe4 ,sect4 #i4 ,,experiment ,,xiv4 ,i took a piece of ,black-horn1 7polish'd as being part of a ,comb7 this with a piece of broken glass ,i scrap'd into many thin and curdled flakes1 some shorter and some longer1 and having laid a pretty ,quantity of these scrapings together1 ,i found1 as ,i look'd for1 that the heap they compos'd was ,white1 and though1 if ,i laid it upon a clean piece of ,white ,paper1 its ,colour seem'd somewhat ,eclips'd by the greater ,whiteness of the ,body it was compar'd with1 looking somewhat like ,linnen that had been sulli'd by a little wearing1 yet if ,i laid it upon a very ,black ,body1 as upon a ,beaver ,hatt1 it then appear'd to be of a good ,white1 which ,experiment1 that you may in a trice make when you please1 seems very much to ,disfavour both their ,doctrine that would have ,colours to flow from the ,substantial ,forms of ,bodyes1 and that of the ,chymists also1 who ascribe them to one or other of their three ,hypostatical ,principles2 for though in our ,case there was so great a ,change made1 that the same ,body without being substantially either ,increas'd or ,lessened1 passes immediately from one extreme ,colour to another 7and that too from ,black to ,white7 yet this so great and sudden change is effected by a slight ,mechanical ,transposition of parts1 there being no ,salt or ,sulphur or ,mercury that can be pretended to be ,added or ,taken away1 nor yet any substantial ,form that can reasonably be suppos'd to be ,generated and ,destroy'd1 the ,effect proceeding only from a ,local ,motion of the parts which so vary'd their ,position as to multiply their distinct ,surfaces1 and to ,qualifie them to ,reflect far more ,light to the ,eye1 than they could before they were scrap'd off from the entire piece of ,black horn4 ,,experiment ,,xv4 ,and now1 ,pyrophilus1 it will not be improper for us to take some notice of an ,opinion touching the cause of ,blackness1 which ,i judged it not so seasonable to ,question1 till ,i ,i had set down some of the ,experiments1 that might justifie my dissent from it4 ,you know that of late divers ,learned ,men1 having adopted the three ,hypostatical ,principles1 besides other ,notions of the ,chymists1 are very inclinable to reduce all ,qualities of ,bodies to one or other of those three ,principles1 and ,particularly assign for the cause of ,blackness the ,sootie steam of adust or torrifi'd ,sulphur4 ,but ,i hope that what we have deliver'd above to countenance the ,opinion we have propos'd about the ,cause of ,blackness1 will so easily supply you with several ,particulars that may be made use of against this ,opinion1 that ,i shall now represent to ,you but two things concerning it4 ,and ,first it seems that the favourers of the ,chymicall ,theories might have pitcht upon some more proper term1 to express the ,efficient of ,blackness than ,sulphur adust2 for we know that common ,sulphur1 not only when ,melted1 but even when ,sublim'd1 does not grow ,black by suffering the ,action of the fire1 but continues and ascends ,yellow1 and rather more than less ,white1 than it was before its being expos'd to the fire4 ,and if it be set on fire1 as when we make that acid ,liquor1 that ,chymists call ,oleum ,sulphuris per campanam1 it affords very little ,soot1 and indeed the flame yeelds so little1 that it will scarce in any degree ,black a sheet of ,white ,paper1 held a pretty while over the flame and smoak of it1 which is observed rather to ,whiten than ,infect linnen1 and which does plainly make ,red ,roses grow very ,pale1 but not at all ,black1 as far as the ,smoak is permitted to reach the leaves4 ,and ,i can shew you of a sort of fixt ,sulphur made by an ,industrious ,laborant of your acquaintance1 who assur'd me that he was wont to keep it for divers weeks together night and day in a naked and ,violent fire1 almost like that of the ,glass-house1 and when1 to satisfie my ,curiosity1 ,i made him take out a lump of it1 though it were glowing hot 7and yet not melted17 it did not1 when ,i had suffered it to cool1 appear ,black1 the true ,colour of it being a true ,red4 ,i know it may be said1 that ,chymists in the ,opinion above recited mean the ,principle of ,sulphur1 and not common ,sulphur which receives its name1 not from its being all perfectly of a ,sulphureous ,nature1 but for that plenty and ,predominancy of the ,sulphureous ,principle in it4 ,but allowing this1 'tis easie to reply1 that still according to this very ,reason1 torrifi'd ,sulphur should afford more ,blackness1 than most other concretes1 wherein that ,principle is confess'd to be far less copious4 ,also when ,i have expos'd ,camphire to the fire in ,close ,vessels1 as ,inflamable1 and consequenly 7according to the ,chymists7 as ,sulphureous a ,body as it is1 ,i could not by such a degree of ,heat1 as brought it to ,fusion1 and made it ,boyl in the glass1 impress any thing of ,blackness1 or of any other ,colour1 than its own pure ,white1 upon this ,vegetable concrete4 ,but what shall we say to ,spirit of ,wine1 which being made by a ,chymical ,analysis of the ,liquor that affords it1 and being totally ,inflamable1 seems to have a full right to the title they give it of ,sulphur ,vegetabile1 yet this fluid ,sulphur not only contracts not any degree of ,blackness by being often so heated1 as to be made to ,boyl1 but when it burns away with an ,actual flame1 ,i have not found that it would discolour a piece of ,white ,paper held over it1 with any discernable soot4 ,tin also1 that wants not1 according to the ,chymists1 a ,sulphur ,joviale1 when throughly burned by the fire into a ,calx1 is not ,black1 but eminently ,white4 ,and ,i lately noted to you out of ,bellonius1 that the ,charcoals of ,oxy-cedar are not of the former of these two ,colours1 but of the latter4 ,and the ,smoak of our ,tinby coals here in ,england1 has been usually observ'd1 rather to ,blanch linnen then to ,black it4 ,to all which1 other ,particulars of the like nature might be added1 but ,i rather choose to put you in mind of the third ,experiment1 about making ,black ,liquors1 or ,inks1 of ,bodies that were non of them ,black before4 ,for how can it be said1 that when those ,liquors are put together actually ,cold1 and continue so after their mixture1 there intervenes any new ,adustion of ,sulphur to produce the emergent ,blackness8 7and the same question will be appliable to the ,blackness produc'd upon the blade of a ,knife1 that has cut ,lemmons and some kind of ,sowr apples1 if the juyce 7though both ,actually and ,potentially ,cold7 be not quickly wip'd of7 ,and when by the instilling either of a few drops of ,oyl of ,vitriol as in the second ,experiment1 or of a little of the ,liquor mention'd in the ,passage pointed at in the fourth ,experiment1 7where ,i teach at once to ,destroy one black ,ink1 and make another7 the ,blackness produc'd by those ,experiments is presently destroy'd2 if the ,colour proceeded only from the ,plenty of ,sulphurous parts1 torrify'd in the ,black ,bodies1 ,i demand1 what becomes of them1 when the ,colour so suddenly dissappears8 ,for it cannot ,reasonably be said1 that all those that suffic'd to make so great a quantity of ,black ,matter1 should resort to so very small a proportion of the ,clarifying ,liquor1 7if ,i may so call it7 as to be deluted by it1 with out at all ,denigrating it4 ,and if it be said that the ,instill'd ,liquor dispers'd those ,black ,corpuscles1 ,i demand1 how that ,dispersion comes to destroy their ,blackness1 but by making such a ,local ,motion of their parts1 as destroys their former ,texture8 which may be a ,matter of such moment in cases like ours1 that ,i remember that ,i have in few houres1 without addition1 from ,soot it self1 attain'd pretty store of ,crystalline ,salt1 and good store of ,transparent ,liquor1 and 7which ,i have on another occasion noted as remarkable7 this so ,black ,substance had its ,colour so alter'd1 by the change of ,texture it receiv'd from the fire1 wherewith it was distill'd1 that it did for a great while afford such plenty of very white ,exhalations1 that the ,receiver1 though large1 seem'd to be almost fill'd with ,milk4 ,secondly1 ,but were it granted1 as it is in some cases not ,improbable1 that divers ,bodies may receive a ,blackness from a ,sootie ,exhalation1 occasion'd by the ,adustion of their ,sulphur1 which 7for the ,reasons lately mention'd ,i should rather call their ,oyly parts27 yet still this account is applicable but to some ,particular ,bodies1 and will afford us no ,general ,theory of ,blackness4 ,for if1 for example1 ,white ,harts-horn1 being1 in ,vessels well luted to each other1 expos'd to the fire1 be said to turn ,black by the ,infection of its own ,smoak1 ,i think ,i may justly demand1 what it is that makes the ,smoak or ,soot it self ,black1 since no ,such ,colour1 but its contrary1 appear'd before in the ,harts-horn8 ,and with the same ,reason1 when we are told1 that torrify'd ,sulphur makes bodies ,black1 ,i desire to be told also1 why ,torrefaction makes ,sulphur it self ,black8 nor will there be any ,satisfactory ,reason assign'd of these ,quries1 without taking in those ,fertile as well as intelligible ,mechanical ,principles of the ,position and ,texture of the ,minute parts of the body in reference to the ,light and the ,eye2 and these applicable ,principles may ,serve the turn in many cases1 where the ,adustion of ,sulphur cannot be pretended2 as in the appearing ,blackness of an ,open window1 lookt upon at a somewhat remote distance from the house1 as also in the ,blackness ,men think they see in the ,holes that happen to be in ,white linnen1 or ,paper of the like ,colour2 and in the ,increasing ,blackness immediatly ,produc'd barely by so rubbing ,velvet1 whose ,piles were ,inclin'd before1 as to reduce them to a more ,erected posture1 in which and in many other cases formerly alleg'd1 there appears nothing requisite to the ,production of the ,blackness1 but the hindering of the incident ,beams of ,light from rebounding plentifully enough to the ,eye4 ,to be short1 those ,i reason with1 do concerning ,blackness1 what the ,chymists are wont also to do concerning other ,qualities1 namely to content themselves to tell us1 in what ,ingredient of a ,mixt ,body1 the ,quality enquir'd after1 does reside1 instead of explicating the ,nature of it1 which 7to borrow a comparison from their own ,laboratories7 is much as if in an enquiry after the cause of ,salivation1 they should think it enough to tell us1 that the several ,kinds of ,prcipitates of ,gold and ,mercury7 as likewise of ,quick-silver and ,silver 7for ,i know that make and use of such ,precipitates also7 do ,salivate upon the account of the ,mercury1 which though ,disguis'd abounds in them1 whereas the ,difficulty is as much to know upon what account ,mercury it self1 rather than other ,bodies1 has that power of working by ,salivation4 ,which ,i say not1 as though it were not something 7and too often the most we can arrive at7 to discover in which of the ,ingredients of a ,compounded ,body1 the ,quality1 whose ,nature is sought1 resides1 but because1 though this ,discovery it self may pass for something1 and is oftentimes more than what is taught us about the same subjects in the ,schools1 yet we ought not to think it enough1 when more ,clear and ,particular accounts are to be had4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,experimental ,history ,,of ,,colours ,begun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,third ,,part4 99 99 99 99 99 ,containing ,promiscuous ,experiments ,about ,,colours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,experiment ,i4 ,because that1 according to the ,conjectures ,i have above propos'd1 one of the most ,general ,causes of the ,diversity of ,colours in ,opacous ,bodyes1 is1 that some reflect the ,light mingl'd with more1 others with less of ,shade 7either as to ,quantity1 or as to ,interruption7 ,i hold it not unfit to mention in the first place1 the ,experiments that ,i thought upon to examine this ,conjecture4 ,and though coming to transcribe them out of some ,physiological ,adversaria ,i had written in loose ,papers1 ,i cannot find one of the chief ,records ,i had of my ,tryals of this ,nature1 yet the ,papers that scap'd miscarrying1 will1 ,i presume1 suffice to manifest the main thing for which ,i now allege them2 ,i find then ,among my ,adversaria1 the following ,narrative4 ,october the #aa4 ,about ten in the ,morning in ,sun-shiny ,weather1 7but not without fleeting ,clouds7 we took several sorts of ,paper ,stain'd1 some of one ,colour1 and some of another2 and in a ,darken'd ,room whose ,window look'd ,southward1 we cast the ,beams that came in at a hole about three ,inches and a half in ,diameter1 upon a ,white wall that was plac'd on one side1 about five foot distance from them4 ,the ,white gave much the ,brightest ,reflection4 ,the ,green1 ,red1 and ,blew being ,compar'd together1 the ,red gave much the strongest ,reflection1 and manifestly enough also threw its ,colour upon the ,wall2 ,the ,green and ,blew were scarce ,discernable by their ,colours1 and seem'd to reflect an almost ,equal ,light4 ,the ,yellow ,compar'd with the two last nam'd1 ,reflected somewhat more ,light4 ,the ,red and ,purple being ,compar'd together1 the former manifestly ,reflected a good deal more ,light4 ,the ,blew and ,purple ,compar'd together1 the former seem'd to ,reflect a little more ,light1 though the ,purple ,colour were more manifestly seen4 ,a ,sheet of very well fleck'd ,marbl'd ,paper being ,apply'd as the others1 did not cast any or its ,distinct ,colours upon the ,wall2 nor throw its ,light upon it with an ,equal ,diffusion1 but threw the ,beams ,unstain'd and ,bright to this and that part of the ,wall1 as if it's ,polish had given it the ,nature of a specular ,body4 ,but comparing it with a sheet of ,white ,paper1 we found the ,reflection of the latter to be much ,stronger1 it diffusing almost as much ,light to a good ,extent as the ,marble ,paper did to one part of the ,wall4 ,the ,green and ,purple left us somewhat in suspence which ,reflected the most ,light2 only the ,purple seem'd to have some little ,advantage over the ,green1 which was ,dark in its kind4 ,thus much ,i find in our above mention'd ,collections1 among which there are also some ,notes concerning the ,production of ,compounded ,colours1 by ,reflection from ,bodyes differingly ,colour'd4 ,and these ,notes we intended should supply us with what we should mention as our second ,experiment3 but having lost the ,paper that contain'd the ,particulars1 and remembring onely in ,general1 that if the ,objects which ,reflected the ,light were not ,strongly ,colour'd and somewhat ,glossy1 the ,reflected ,beams would not manifestly make a ,compounded ,colour upon the ,wall1 and even then but very ,faintly1 we shall now say no more of that ,matter1 only reserving our selves to mention hereafter the ,composition of a ,green1 which we still retain in ,memory4 ,,experiment ,,ii4 ,we may add1 ,pyrophilus1 on this ,occasion1 that though a ,darken'd ,room be ,generally thought requisite to make the ,colour of a ,body appear by ,reflection from another ,body1 that is not one of those that are commonly agreed upon to be ,specular 7as ,polish'd ,metall1 ,quick silver1 ,glass1 ,water1 c47 ,yet ,i have often observ'd that when ,i wore ,doublets ,lin'd with some silken ,stuff that was very ,glossy and ,vividly ,colour'd1 especially ,red1 ,i could in an ,inlightned ,room plainly enough ,discern the ,colour1 upon the ,pure ,white ,linnen that came out at my ,sleeve and reach'd to my ,cufs2 as if that ,fine ,white ,body were more ,specular1 than ,colour'd and ,unpolish'd ,bodyes are thought ,capable of being4 ,,experiment ,,iii4 ,whilst we were making the newly mention'd ,experiments1 we thought fit to try also what ,composition of ,colours might be made by ,altering the ,light in its ,passage to the ,eye by the ,interposition not of ,perfectly ,diaphanous ,bodies1 7that having been already try'd by others as well as by us 7as we shall soon have occasion to take notice7 but of ,semi-opacous ,bodyes1 and those such as look'd upon in an ordinary ,light1 and not held betwixt it and the ,eye1 are not wont to be ,discriminated from the rest of ,opacous ,bodyes2 of this ,tryal1 our mention'd ,adversaria present us the following ,account4 ,holding these ,sheets1 sometimes one sometimes the other of them1 before the ,hole betwixt the ,sun and the ,eye1 with the ,colour'd sides obverted to the ,sun2 we found them single to be somewhat ,transparent1 and appear of the same ,colour as before1 onely a little alter'd by the great ,light they were plac'd in2 but laying two of them one over another and applying them so to the ,hole1 the ,colours were compounded as follows4 ,the ,blew and ,yellow scarce exhibited any thing but a ,darker ,yellow1 which we ascrib'd to the ,coarseness of the ,blew ,papers1 and its ,darkness in its ,kind4 ,for applying the ,blew parts of the ,marbl'd ,paper with the ,yellow ,paper after the same manner1 they exhibited a good ,green4 ,the ,yellow and ,red look'd upon together gave us but a ,dark ,red1 somewhat 7and but a little17 inclining to an ,orange ,colour4 ,the ,purple and ,red look'd on together appear'd more ,scarlet4 ,the ,purple and ,yellow made an ,orange4 ,the ,green and ,red made a ,dark ,orange ,tawny4 ,the ,green and ,purple made the ,purple appear more ,dirty4 ,the ,blew and ,purple made the ,purple more ,lovely1 and far more ,deep4 ,the ,red parts of the ,marbl'd ,paper look'd upon with the ,yellow appear'd of a ,red far more like ,scarlet than without it4 ,page #aia ,but the ,fineness or ,coarseness of the ,papers1 their being carefully or slightly ,colour'd1 and divers other ,circumstances1 may so vary the ,events of such ,experiments as these1 that if1 ,pyrophilus1 you would ,build much on them1 you must carefully ,repeat them4 ,,experiment ,,iv4 ,the ,triangular ,prismatical ,glass being the ,instrument upon whose ,effects we may the most ,commodiously speculate the ,nature of ,emphatical ,colours1 7and perhaps that of ,others too27 we thought it might be usefull to observe the several ,reflections and ,refractions which the ,incident ,beams of ,light suffer in ,rebounding from it1 and ,passing through it4 ,and this we thought might be ,best done1 not 7as is usual17 in an ordinary ,inlightn'd ,room1 where 7by reason of the ,difficulty of doing otherwise7 ev'n the ,curious have left ,particulars ,unheeded1 which may in a convenient place be easily taken notice of2 but in a ,darken'd ,room1 where by placing the ,glass in a convenient ,posture1 the ,various ,reflections and ,refractions may be ,distinctly observ'd2 and where it may appear what ,beams are ,unting'd2 and which they are1 that upon the ,bodyes that terminate them1 do ,paint either the ,primary or ,secondary ,iris4 ,in pursuance of this we did in the above mention'd ,darken'd ,room1 make observation of no less than four ,reflections1 and three ,refractions that were afforded us by the same ,prism1 and thought that notwithstanding what was taught us by the ,rules of ,catoptricks and ,dioptricks1 it would not be amiss to find also1 by hiding sometimes one part of the ,prism1 and sometimes another1 and observing where the ,light or ,colour ,vanish'd thereupon1 by which ,reflection and by which ,refraction each of the several places whereon the ,light rebounding from1 or passing through1 the ,prism appear'd either ,sincere or ,tincted1 was produc'd4 ,but because it would be ,tedious and not so ,intelligible to deliver this in ,words1 ,i have thought fit to ,referr ,you to the ,annexed ,scheme where the ,newly mention'd particulars may be at one ,view taken ,notice of4 ,,experiment ,v4 ,illustration3 ,the ,explication of the ,scheme4 ,,ppp4 ,an ,aequilaterotriangular ,crystalline ,prism1 one of whose edges ,p4 is placed directly towards the ,sun4 ,a ,b alpha beta ,two rays from the ,sun falling on the ,prism at ,b beta4 and thence partly reflected towards ,c gamma4 and partly refracted towards ,d delta4 ,b ,c beta gamma4 ,those reflected ,rays4 ,b ,d beta delta4 ,those refracted ,rays which are partly refracted towards ,e epsilon4 and there paint an ,iris #a #b #c #d #e4 denoting the five consecutions of colours ,red1 ,yellow1 ,green1 ,blew1 and ,purple2 and are partly reflected towards ,f zeta4 ,d ,f delta zeta4 ,those ,reflected ,rays which are partly refracted towards ,g eta4 colourless1 and partly reflected1 towards ,h theta4 ,f ,h zeta theta4 ,those reflected ,rays which are refracted towards ,i iota4 and there paint an other fainter ,iris1 the colours of which are contrary to the former #e #d #c #b #a4 signifying ,purple1 ,blew1 ,green1 ,yellow1 ,red1 so that the ,prism in this posture exhibits four ,rainbows4 ,i know not whether you will think it ,inconsiderable to annex to this ,experiment1 ,that we observ'd in a ,room not ,darken'd1 that the ,prismatical ,iris 7if ,i may so call it7 might be ,reflected without losing any of its several ,colours 7for we now consider not their ,order7 not onely from a plain ,looking-glass and from the calm ,surface of ,fair ,water1 but also from a ,concave ,looking-glass2 and that ,refraction did as little ,destroy those ,colours as ,reflection4 ,for by the help of a large 7double ,convex7 ,burning-glass through which we ,refracted the ,suns ,beams1 we found that one part of the ,iris might be made to appear either beyond1 or on this side of the other ,parts of the same ,iris2 but yet the same ,vivid ,colours would appear in the ,displac'd part 7if ,i may so term it7 as in the other4 ,to which ,i shall add1 that having1 by hiding the side of the ,prism1 obverted to the ,sun with an ,opacous ,body1 wherein only one small hole was left for the ,light to pass through1 reduc'd the ,prismatical ,iris 7cast upon ,white ,paper7 into a very narrow compass1 and look'd upon it througn a ,microscope2 the ,colours appear'd the same as to kind that they did to the naked ,eye4 ,,experiment ,,vi4 ,it may afford matter of ,speculation to the ,inquisitive1 such as you1 ,prophilus1 that as the ,colours of outward ,objects brought into a ,darken'd ,room1 do so much depend for their ,visibility upon the ,dimness of the ,light they are there beheld by2 that the ordinary ,light of the day being freely let in upon them1 they immediately disappear3 so our ,tryals have inform'd us1 that as to the ,prismatical ,iris painted on the ,floor by the beams of the ,sun ,trajected through a ,triangular-glass2 though the ,colours of it appear very ,vivid ev'n at ,noon-day1 and in ,sun shiny ,weather1 yet by a more ,powerfull ,light they may be made to disappear4 ,for having sometimes1 7in prosecution of some ,conjectures of mine not now to be ,insisted on17 taken a large ,metalline ,concave ,speculum1 and with it cast the converging ,beams of the ,sun upon a ,prismatical ,iris which ,i had caus'd to be projected upon the ,floor1 ,i found that the over-powerfull ,light made the ,colours of the ,iris disappear4 ,and if ,i so ,reflected the ,light as that it cross'd but the middle of the ,iris1 in that part only the ,colours vanish'd or were made ,invisible2 those parts of the ,iris that were on the right and left hand of the ,reflected ,light 7which seem'd to divide them1 and cut the ,iris asunder7 continuing to exhibit the same ,colours as before4 ,but upon this we must not now stay to ,speculate4 ,,experiment ,,vii4 ,i have sometimes thought it worth while to take notice1 whether or no the ,colours of ,opacous ,bodies might not appear to the ,eye somewhat ,diversify'd1 not only by the ,disposition of the ,superficial parts of the ,bodyes themselves and by the ,position of the ,eye in ,reference to the ,object and the ,light1 7for these things are ,notorious enough27 but according also to the ,nature of the ,lucid ,body that shines upon them4 ,and ,i remember that in ,prosecution of this ,curiosity1 ,i observ'd a manifest ,difference in some ,kinds of ,colour'd ,bodyes look'd on by ,day-light1 and afterwards by the light of the ,moon2 either directly falling on them or ,reflected upon them from a ,concave ,looking-glass4 ,but not finding at present in my ,collections about ,colours any thing set down of this ,kind1 ,i shall1 till ,i have opportunity to repeat them1 content my self to add what ,i find ,register'd concerning ,colours look'd on by ,candle-light1 in regard that not only the ,experiment is more easie to be repeated1 but the ,objects being the ,same ,sorts of ,colour'd ,paper lastly mention'd1 the ,collation of the two ,experiments may help to make the ,conjectures they will suggest somewhat the less uncertain4 ,within a few dayes of the time above mention'd1 divers ,sheets of ,colour'd ,paper that had been look'd upon before in the ,sunshine were look'd upon at night by the light of a pretty big ,candle1 7snuff'd7 and the ,changes that were observ'd were these4 ,the ,yellow seem'd much fainter than in the ,day1 and inclinable to a pale ,straw ,colour4 ,the ,red seem'd little ,chang'd2 but seem'd to ,reflect ,light more strongly than any other ,colour 7for ,white was none of them47 ,a fair ,deep ,green look'd upon by it self seem'd to be a ,dark ,blew3 ,but being look'd upon together with a ,dark ,blew1 appear'd ,greenish2 and beheld together with a ,yellow appear'd more ,blew than at first4 ,the ,blew look'd more like a ,deep ,purple or ,murray than it had done in the ,daylight4 ,the ,purple seem'd very little alter'd4 ,the ,red look'd upon with the ,yellow made the ,yellow look almost like ,brown ,cap-paper4 ,n4 ,the ,caution ,subjoyned to the third ,experiments is also ,applicable to this4 ,,experiment ,,viii4 ,but here ,i must not omit to subjoyn1 that to satisfie our ,selves1 whether or no the ,light of a ,candle were not made unsincere1 and as it were ,ting'd with a ,yellow ,colour by the ,admixtion of the ,corpuscles it assumes from its ,fuel2 we did not content our selves with what appears to the ,naked ,eye1 but taking a pretty thick ,rod or ,cylinder 7for thin ,peeces would not serve the turn7 of deep ,blew ,glass1 and looking upon the ,candles flame at a ,convenient distance througn it1 we perceiv'd as we expected1 the ,flame to look ,green2 which as we often note1 is the ,colour wont to emerge from the ,composition of ,opacous ,bodies1 which were apart one of them ,blew1 and the other ,yellow4 ,and this perchance may be the main ,reason of that which some observe1 that a sheet of very ,white ,paper being look'd upon by ,candle light1 'tis not easie at first to discern it from a light ,yellow or ,lemon ,colour2 ,white ,bodyes 7as we have elsewhere observ'd7 having more than those that are otherwise ,colour'd1 of a ,specular ,nature2 in regard that though they exhibit not1 7unless they be ,polish'd17 the shape of the ,luminary that shines on them1 yet they ,reflect its ,light more ,sincere and ,untroubl'd1 by either ,shades or ,refractions1 than ,bodyes of other ,colours 7as ,blew1 or ,green1 or ,yellow or the like47 ,,experiment ,,ix4 ,we took a ,leaf of ,such ,foliated ,gold as ,apothecaries are wont to ,gild their ,pills with2 and with the ,edge of a ,knife1 7lightly moysten'd by drawing it over the ,surface of the ,tongue1 and afterwards7 laid upon the edge of the ,gold ,leaf2 we so fasten'd it to the ,knife1 that being held against the light1 it conctinu'd extended like a little ,flagg4 ,this ,leaf being held very near the ,eye1 and obverted to the ,light1 appear'd so full of ,pores1 that it seem'd to have such a kind of ,transparency as that of a ,sive1 or a piece of ,cyprus1 or a ,love-,hood2 but the ,light that pass'd by these ,pores was in its ,passages ,so ,temper'd with ,shadow1 and ,modify'd1 that the ,eye discern'd no more a ,golden ,colour1 but a ,greenish ,blew4 ,and for other's satisfaction1 we did in the ,night look upon a ,candle through such a ,leaf of ,gold2 and by trying the ,effect of ,several ,proportions of ,distance betwixt the ,leaf1 the ,eye and the ,light1 we quickly hit upon such a ,position for the ,leaf of ,gold1 as that the flame1 look'd on through it1 appear'd of a ,greenish ,blew1 as we have seen in the ,day time4 ,the like ,experiment try'd with a ,leaf of ,silver succeeded not well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,experiment ,x4 ,we have sometimes found in the ,shops of our ,druggists1 a certain ,wood1 which is there called ,lignum ,nephriticum1 because the ,inhabitants of the ,country where it grows1 are wont to use the ,infusion of it made in fair ,water against the ,stone of the ,kidneys1 and indeed an ,eminent ,physician of our ,acquaintance1 who has very ,particularly enquir'd into that ,disease1 assures me1 that he has found such an ,infusion one of the most effectual ,remedyes1 which he has ever tried against that formidable ,disease4 ,the ancientest ,account ,i have met with of this ,simple1 is given us by the ,experienc'd ,monardes in these ,words4 ,nobis1 says he1#af ,nova ,hispania mittit quoddam ligni genus crassum enode1 cujus usus jam diu receptus fuit in his ,regionibus ad ,renum vitia urin difficultates ac arenulas pellendas4 ,fit autem hac ratione1 ,lignum assulatim minutim concisum in limpidissima aqua fontana maceratur1 inque ea relinquitur1 donec aqua bibentibus absumpta sit1 dimidia hora post injectum lignum aqua cruleum colorem contrabit1 qui sensim intenditur pro temporis diuturnitate1 tametsi lignum candidum fit4 ,this ,wood1 ,pyrophilus1 may afford us an ,experiment1 which besides the singularity of it1 may give no small assistance to an attentive ,considerer towards the detection of the ,nature of ,colours4 ,the ,experiment as we made it is this4 ,take ,lignum ,nephriticum1 and with a ,knife cut it into thin ,slices1 put about a handfull of these ,slices into two three or four pound of the purest ,spring-water1 let them infuse there a night1 but if you be in hast1 a much shorter time may suffice2 decant this ,impregnated ,water into a clear ,glass ,vial1 and if you hold it directly between the ,light and your ,eye1 you shall see it wholly ,tincted 7excepting the very top of the ,liquor1 wherein you will some times discern a ,sky-colour'd ,circle7 with an almost ,golden ,colour1 unless your ,infusion have been made too ,strong of the ,wood1 for in that case it will against the ,light appear somewhat ,dark and ,reddish1 and requires to be diluted by the addition of a convenient quantity of fair ,water4 ,but if you hold this ,vial from the ,light1 so that your ,eye be plac'd betwixt the ,window and the ,vial1 the ,liquor will appear of a deep and lovely ,cruleous ,colour1 of which also the drops1 if any be lying on the outside of the ,glass1 will seem to be very perfectly2 ,and thus far we have try'd the ,experiment1 and found it to ,succeed even by the ,light of ,candles of the larger size4 ,if you so hold the ,vial over against your ,eyes1 that it may have a ,window on one side of it1 and a ,dark part of the ,room both before it and on the other side1 you shall see the ,liquor partly of a ,blewish and partly of a ,golden ,colour4 ,if turning your back to the ,window1 you powr out some of the ,liquor towards the ,light and towards your ,eyes1 it will seem at the comming out of the ,glass to be perfectly ,cruleous1 but when it is fallen down a little way1 the drops may seem ,particolour'd1 according as the ,beams of ,light do more or less fully ,penetrate and ,illustrate them4 ,if you take a ,bason about half full of ,water1 and having plac'd it so in the ,sun-beams ,shining into a ,room1 that one part of the ,water may be freely illustrated by the ,beams of ,light1 and the other part of it ,darkned by the shadow of the ,brim of the ,bason1 if then ,i say you drop of our ,tincture1 made somewhat strong1 both into the ,shaded and ,illuminated parts of the ,water1 you may by looking upon it from several places1 and by a little ,agitation of the water1 observe divers pleasing ,phnomena which were tedious to particularize4 ,if you powr a little of this ,tincture upon a sheet of ,white ,paper1 so as the ,liquor may remain of some depth upon it1 you may perceive the ,neighbouring drops to be partly of one ,colour1 and partly of the other1 according to the position of your ,eye in reference to the ,light when it looks upon them1 but if you powr off all the ,liquor1 the ,paper will seem ,dy'd of an almost ,yellow ,colour4 ,and if a sheet of ,paper with some of this ,liquor in it be plac'd in a window where the ,sunbeams may shine freely on it1 then if you turn your back to the ,sun and take a ,pen or some such slender ,body1 and hold it over-thwart betwixt the ,sun and the ,liquor1 you may perceive that the ,shadow projected by the ,pen upon the ,liquor1 will not all of it be a vulgar and ,dark1 but in part a curiously ,colour'd shadow1 that edge of it1 which is next the ,body that makes it1 being almost of a lively ,golden ,colour1 and the remoter verge of a ,cruleous one4 #af ,nicolaus ,monardes lib simplic4 ex ,india allatis1 cap4 #bg4 ,these and other ,phnomena1 which ,i have observ'd in this delightfull ,experiment1 divers of my friends have look'd upon not without some wonder1 and ,i remember an excellent ,oculist finding by accident in a friends ,chamber a fine ,vial full of this ,liquor1 which ,i had given that friend1 and having never heard any thing of the ,experiment1 nor having any ,body near him that could tell him what this strange ,liquor might be1 was a great while apprehensive1 as he presently after told me1 that some strange new distemper was invading his ,eyes4 ,and ,i confess that the unusualness of the ,phnomena made me very sollicitous to find out the ,cause of this ,experiment1 and though ,i am far from pretending to have found it1 yet my enquiries have1 ,i suppose1 enabled me to give such hints1 as may lead your greater sagacity to the discovery of the ,cause of this wonder4 ,and first finding that this ,tincture1 if it were too copious in the water1 ,kept the ,colours from being so lively1 and their ,change from being so discernable1 and finding also that the ,impregnating ,virtue of this ,wood did by its being frequently ,infus'd in ,new ,water by degrees ,decay1 ,i ,conjectur'd that the ,tincture afforded by the ,wood must proceed from some ,subtiler parts of it drawn forth by the ,water1 which swimming too and fro in it did so ,modifie the ,light1 as to exhibit such and such ,colours2 and because these ,subtile parts were so easily ,soluble even in ,cold water1 ,i concluded that they must abound with ,salts1 and perhaps contain much of the ,essential ,salt1 as the ,chymists call it1 of the ,wood4 ,and to try whether these ,subtile parts were ,volatile enough to be ,distill'd1 without the ,dissolution of their ,texture1 ,i carefully ,distill'd some of the ,tincted ,liquor in very low ,vessels1 and the gentle heat of a ,lamp ,furnace2 but found all that came over to be as ,limpid and ,colourless as ,rock-water1 and the ,liquor remaining in the ,vessel to be so deeply ,cruleous1 that it requir'd to be oppos'd to a very strong ,light to appear of any other ,colour4 ,i took likewise a ,vial with ,spirit of ,wine1 and a little ,salt of ,harts-horn1 and found that there was a certain proportion to be met with betwixt the ,liquor and the ,salt1 which made the ,mixture fit to exhibit some little ,variety of ,colours not ,observable in ordinary ,liquors1 as it was variously directed in reference to the ,light and the ,eye1 but this ,change of ,colour was very far short from that which we had admir'd in our ,tincture4 ,but however1 ,i suspected that the ,tinging ,particles did abound with such ,salts1 whose ,texture1 and the ,colour springing from it1 would probably be alter'd by peircing ,acid ,salts1 which would in likelihood either make some ,dissipation of their ,parts1 or ,associate themselves to the like ,bodies1 and either way alter the ,colour exhibited by them2 whereupon ,pouring into a small ,vial full of ,impregnated ,water1 a very little ,spirit of ,vinegar1 ,i found that according to my ,expectation1 the ,cruleous ,colour immediately vanish'd1 but was deceiv'd in the ,expectation ,i had1 that the ,golden ,colour would do so too2 for1 which way soever ,i turned the ,vial1 either to or from the ,light1 ,i found the ,liquor to appear always of a ,yellowish ,colour and no other3 ,upon this ,i imagin'd that the ,acid ,salts of the ,vinegar having been able to deprive the ,liquor of its ,cruleous ,colour1 a ,sulphureous ,salt being of a contrary ,nature1 would be able to ,mortifie the ,saline ,particles of ,vinegar1 and ,destroy their ,effects2 ,and accordingly having plac'd my ,self betwixt the ,window1 and the ,vial1 and into the ,same ,liquor dropt a few drops of ,oyl of ,tartar per ,deliquium1 7as ,chymists call it7 ,i observ'd with pleasure1 that immediately upon the ,diffusion of this ,liquor1 the ,impregnated ,water was restor'd to its former ,cruleous ,colour2 ,and this ,liquor of ,tartar being very ,ponderous1 and falling at first to the ,bottom of the ,vial1 it was easie to observe that for a little while the ,lower part of the ,liquor appear'd deeply ,cruleous2 whilst all the ,upper part retain'd its former ,yellowness1 which it immediately lost as soon as either ,agitation or ,time had made a competent ,diffusion of the ,liquor of ,tartar through the ,body of the former ,tincture2 and this restored ,liquor did1 as it was ,look'd upon against or from the ,light1 exhibit the ,same ,phnomena as the ,tincted ,water did1 before either of the ,adventitious ,liquors was pour'd into it4 ,having made1 ,pyrophilus1 divers ,tryals upon this ,nephritick ,wood1 we found mention made of it by the ,industrious ,jesuit ,kircherus1 who having received a ,cup ,turned of it from the ,mexican ,procurator of his ,society1 has probably receiv'd also from him the ,information he gives us concerning that ,exotick ,plant1 and therefore partly for that ,reason1 and partly because what he ,writes concerning it1 does not perfectly agree with what we have deliver'd1 we shall not ,scruple to acquaint you in his own ,words1 with as much of what he writes concerning our ,wood1 as is requisite to our present purpose4 ,hoc loco 7says he7#ag neutiquam omittendum duximus quoddam ligni candidi ,mexicani genus1 quod ,indigen ,coalle ,tlapazatli vocant1 quod etsi experientia hucusque non nisi ,cruleo aquam colore tingere docuerit1 nos tamen continua experientia invenimus id aquam in omne ,colorum genus transformare1 quod merito cuipiam ,paradoxum videri posset2 ,ligni frutex grandis1 ut aiunt1 non rar in molem arboris excrescit1 truncus illius eft crassus1 enodis1 instar piri arboris1 folia ciceris foliis1 aut rut haud absimilia1 flores exigui1 oblongi1 lutei spicatim digesti2 est frigida humida planta1 licet parum recedat medio temperamento4 ,hujus itaque descript arboris lignum in poculum efformatum1 aquam eidem infusam primo in aquam intense ,cruleam1 colore floris ,bugloss2 tingit1 quo diutius in eo steterit1 tanto intensiorem colorem acquirit4 ,hanc igitur aquam si ,vitre ,sphr infuderis1 lucique exposueris1 ne ullum quidem ,crulei coloris vestigium apparebit1 sed instar aqu pur put fontan limpidam claramque aspicientibus se prbebit4 ,porro si hanc phialam vitream versus locum magis umbrosum direxeris1 totus humor gratissimum virorem referet2 si adhuc umbrosioribus locis1 subrubrum1 sic pro rerum objectarum conditione1 mirum dictu1 colorem mutabit2 in tenebris ver vel in vase opaco posita1 ,cruleum colorem suum resumet4 #ag ,kircher4 ,art4 ,mag4 lucis umbr1 lib4 #a4 part4 #c4 ,in this passage we may take notice of the following ,particulars4 ,and first1 he calls it a ,white ,mexican ,wood1 whereas 7not to mention that ,mornardes informs us that it is brought out of ,nova ,hispania7 the ,wood that we have met with in several places1 and employ'd as ,lignum ,nephriticum1 was not ,white1 but for the most part of a much ,darker ,colour1 not unlike that of the ,sadder ,colour'd ,wood of ,juniper4 ',tis true1 that ,monardes himself also says1 that the ,wood is ,white2 and it is affirm'd1 that the ,wood which is of a ,sadder ,colour is ,adulterated by being ,imbu'd with the ,tincture of a ,vegetable1 in whose ,decoction it is steep'd4 ,but having purposely enquir'd of the ,eminentest of our ,english ,druggists1 he peremptorily deny'd it4 ,and indeed1 having consider'd some of the fairest ,round pieces of this ,wood that ,i could meet with in these ,parts1 ,i had ,opportunity to take notice that in one or two of them it was the ,external part of the ,wood that was ,white1 and the more ,inward part that was of the other ,colour1 the contrary of which would probably have appear'd1 if the ,wood had been ,adulterated after the afore-mention'd manner4 ,and ,i have at present by me a piece of such ,wood1 which for about an ,inch next the ,bark is ,white1 and then as it were abruptly passes to the above-mention'd ,colour1 and yet this ,wood by the ,tincture1 it afforded us in ,water1 appears to have its ,colour'd part ,genuine enough2 for as for the ,white part1 it appears upon tryal of both at once1 much less enrich'd with the tingent ,property4 ,next1 whereas our ,author tells us1 that the ,infusion of this ,wood expos'd in a ,vial to the ,light1 looks like ,spring-water1 in which he afterwards adds1 that there is no ,tincture to be seen in it1 our ,observation and his agree not1 for the ,liquor1 which opposed to the ,darker part of a ,room exhibits a ,sky-colour1 did constantly1 when held against the ,light1 appear ,yellowish or ,reddish1 according as its ,tincture was more ,dilute or ,deep2 and then1 whereas it has been already said1 that the ,cruleous ,colour was by ,acid ,salts abolished1 this ,yellowish one surviv'd without any considerable ,alteration1 so that unless our ,author's ,words be taken in a very ,limited ,sense1 we must conclude1 that either his ,memory mis-inform'd him1 or that his ,white ,nephritick ,wood1 and the ,sadder ,colour'd one which we employ'd1 were not altogether of the same ,nature3 ,what he mentions of the ,cup made of ,lignum ,nephriticum1 we have not had ,opportunity to try1 not having been able to procure pieces of that ,wood great enough1 and otherwise fit to be turned into ,cups2 but as for what he says in the ,title of his ,experiment1 that this ,wood tinges the ,water with all ,sorts of ,colours1 that is much more than any of those pieces of ,nephritick ,wood that we have hitherto employ'd1 was able to make good2 ,the change of ,colours discernable in a ,vial full of ,water1 ,impregnated by any of them1 as it is directed towards a place more ,lightsome or ,obscure1 being far from affording a ,variety answerable to so promising a ,title4 ,and as for what he tells us1 that in the ,dark the ,infusion of our ,wood will resume a ,cruleous ,colour1 ,i wish he had ,inform'd us how he ,try'd it4 ,but this brings into my mind1 that having sometimes for ,curiosity sake1 brought a round ,vial with a long ,neck fill'd with the ,tincture of ,lignum ,nephriticum into the ,darken'd ,room already often mention'd1 and holding it sometimes in1 sometimes near the ,sun-beams that enter'd at the hole1 and sometimes partly in them1 and partly out of them1 the ,glass being held in several postures1 and look'd upon from several ,neighbouring parts of the ,room1 disclos'd a much greater ,variety of ,colours than in ordinary inlightn'd ,rooms it is wont to do2 exhibiting1 besides the usual ,colours1 a ,red in some parts1 and a ,green in others1 besides ,intermediate ,colours produc'd by the differing ,degrees1 and odd mixtures of ,light and ,shade4 ,by all this ,you may see1 ,pyrophilus1 the reasonableness of what we elsewhere had occasion to mention1 when we have divers times told you1 that it is usefull to have ,new ,experiments try'd over again1 though they were1 at first1 made by ,knowing and ,candid ,men1 such ,reiterations of ,experiments commonly exhibiting some ,new ,phnomena1 detecting some ,mistake or hinting some ,truth1 in reference to them1 that was not formerly taken notice of4 ,and some of our friends have been pleas'd to think1 that we have made no unusefull addition to this ,experiment1 by shewing a way1 how in a moment our ,liquor may be depriv'd of its ,blewness1 and restor'd to it again by the affusion of a very few drops of ,liquors1 which have neither of them any ,colour at all of their own4 ,and that which deserves some particular wonder1 is1 that the ,cruleous ,tincture of our ,wood is subject by the former ,method to be ,destroy'd or ,restor'd1 the ,yellowish or ,reddish ,tincture continuing what it was4 ,and that you may see1 that ,salts are of a considerable use in the striking of ,colours1 let me add to the many ,experiments which may be afforded us to this purpose by the ,dyers ,trade1 this ,observation2 ,that as far as we have hitherto try'd1 those ,liquors in general that are strong of ,acid ,salts have the ,power of ,destroying the ,blewness of the ,infusion of our ,wood1 and those ,liquors indiscriminatly that abound with ,sulphureous ,salts1 7under which ,i comprehend the ,urinous and ,volatile ,salts of ,animal ,substances1 and the ,alcalisate or fixed ,salts that are made by ,incineration7 have the vertue of ,restoring it4 ,a ,corollary of the ,tenth ,experiment4 ,that this ,experiment1 ,pyrophilus1 may be as well ,usefull as ,delightfull to ,you1 ,i must mind ,you1 ,pyrophilus1 that in the newly mention'd ,observation1 ,i have hinted to ,you a ,new and ,easie way of ,discovering in many ,liquors 7for ,i dare not say in all7 whether it be an ,acid or ,sulphureous ,salt1 that is ,predominant2 and that such a ,discovery is oftentimes of great ,difficulty1 and may frequently be of great ,use1 he that is not a ,stranger to the various ,properties and ,effects of ,salts1 and of how great moment it is to be able to distinguish their ,tribes1 may readily conceive4 ,but to proceed to the way of trying other ,liquors by an ,infusion of our ,wood1 take it briefly thus4 ,suppose ,i have a mind to try whether ,i conjecture aright1 when ,i imagine that ,allom1 though it be plainly a ,mixt ,body1 does abound rather with ,acid than ,sulphureous ,salt4 ,to satisfie my self herein1 ,i turn my back to the ,light1 and holding a small ,vial full of the ,tincture of ,lignum ,nephriticum1 which look'd upon in that ,position1 appears ,cruleous1 ,i drop into it a little of a strong ,solution of ,allom made in ,fair ,water1 and finding upon the ,affusion and shaking of this ,new liquor1 that the ,blewness formerly conspicuous in our ,tincture does presently vanish1 ,i am thereby incited to suppose1 that the ,salt ,prdominant in ,allom belongs to the ,family of ,sour ,salts2 but if on the other side ,i have a mind to examine whether or no ,i rightly conceive that ,salt of ,urine1 or of ,harts-horn is rather of a ,saline ,sulphureous 7if ,i may so speak7 than of an ,acid ,nature1 ,i drop a little of the ,saline ,spirit of either into the ,nephritick ,tincture1 and finding that the ,cruleous ,colour is rather thereby ,deepned than ,destroy'd1 ,i collect that the ,salts1 which constitute these ,spirits1 are rather ,sulphureous than ,acid4 ,and to satisfie my self yet farther in this particular1 ,i take a small ,vial of fresh ,tincture1 and placing both it and my self in reference to the ,light as formerly1 ,i drop into the ,infusion just as much ,distill'd ,vinegar1 or other ,acid liquor as will serve to ,deprive it of its ,blewness 7which a few drops1 if the ,sour ,liquor be strong1 and the ,vial small will suffice to do7 then without changing my ,posture1 ,i drop and shake into the same ,vial a small proportion of ,spirit of ,hartshorn or ,urine1 and finding that upon this affusion1 the ,tincture immediately recovers its ,cruleous ,colour1 ,i am thereby confirm'd firm'd in my former ,opinion1 of the ,sulphureous ,nature of these ,salts4 ,and so1 whereas it is much doubted by ,some ,modern ,chymists to what sort of ,salt1 that which is ,prdominant in ,quick-lime belongs1 we have been perswaded to referr it rather to ,lixiviate than ,acid ,salts1 by having observ'd1 that though an ,evaporated ,infusion of it will scarce yield such a ,salt1 as ,ashes and other ,alcalizate ,bodyes are wont to do1 yet if we deprive our ,nephritick ,tincture of its ,blewness by just so much ,distill'd ,vinegar as is requisite to make that ,colour ,vanish1 the ,lixivium of ,quick-lime will immediately upon its ,affusion recall the ,banished ,colour2 but not so ,powerfully as either of the ,sulphureous ,liquors formerly mention'd4 ,and therefore ,i allow my self to guess at the ,strength of the ,liquors examin'd by this ,experiment1 by the ,quantity of them which is sufficient to ,destroy or ,restore the ,cruleous ,colour of our ,tincture4 ,but whether concerning ,liquors1 wherein neither ,acid nor ,alcalisate ,salts are ,eminently ,prdominant1 our ,tincture will enable us to conjecture any thing more than that such ,salts are not ,prdominant in them1 ,i take not upon me to determine here1 but leave to further ,tryal2 ,for ,i find not that ,spirit of ,wine1 ,spirit of ,tartar freed from ,acidity1 or ,chymical ,oyl of ,turpentine1 7although ,liquors which must be conceiv'd very ,saline1 if ,chymists have1 which is here no place to ,dispute1 rightly ascrib'd tasts to the ,saline ,principle of ,bodyes17 have any ,remarkable ,power either to deprive our ,tincture of its ,cruleous ,colour1 or restore it1 when upon the ,affusion of ,spirit of ,vinegar it has disappear'd4 ,,experiment ,,xi4 ,and here ,i must not omit1 ,pyrophilus1 to inform ,you1 that we can shew ,you even in a ,mineral ,body something that may seem very near of ,kin to the ,changeable ,quality of the ,tincture of ,lignum ,nephriticum1 for we have several flat pieces of ,glass1 of the thickness of ordinary ,panes for ,windows one of which being interposed betwixt the ,eye and a clear ,light1 appears of a ,golden ,colour1 not much unlike that of the moderate ,tincture of our ,wood1 but being so look'd upon as that the ,beams of light are not so much ,trajected thorough it as ,reflected from it to the ,eye1 that ,yellow seems to degenerate into a pale ,blew1 somewhat like that of a ,turquoise4 ,and what which may also appear strange1 is this1 that if in a certain posture you hold one of these ,plates ,perpendicular to the ,horizon1 so that the ,sun-beams shine upon half of it1 the other half being ,shaded1 ,you may see that the part ,shin'd upon will be of a much ,diluter ,yellow than the ,shaded part which will appear much more ,richly ,colour'd2 and if ,you alter the ,posture of the ,glass1 so that it be not held ,perpendicular1 but ,parallel in reference to the ,horizon1 ,you may see1 7which perhaps you will admire7 the ,shaded part look of a ,golden ,colour1 but the other that the ,sun shines freely on1 will appear considerably ,blew1 and as you remove any part of the ,glass thus held ,horizontally into the ,sun-beams or ,shade1 it will in the twinkling of an ,eye seem to pass from one of the above mention'd ,colours to the other1 the ,sun-beams ,trajected through it upon a sheet of ,white ,paper held near it1 do colour it with a ,yellow1 somewhat bordering upon a ,red1 but yet the ,glass may be so oppos'd to the ,sun1 that it may upon ,paper project a mix'd ,colour here and there more inclin'd to ,yellow1 and here and there more to ,blew4 ,the other ,phnomena of this odd ,glass1 ,i fear it would be scarce worth while to ,record1 and therefore ,i shall rather advertise ,you1 ,first that in the trying of these ,experiments with it1 you must take notice that one of the sides has either alone1 or at least principally its ,superficial parts dispos'd to the ,reflection of the ,blew ,colour above nam'd1 and that therefore you must have a care to keep that side nearest to the ,eye4 ,and next1 that we have our selves made ,glasses not unfit to exhibit an ,experiment not unlike that ,i have been speaking of1 by laying upon pieces of ,glass some very finely foliated ,silver1 and giving it by degrees a much stronger ,fire than is requisite or usual for the ,tinging of ,glasses of other ,colours4 ,and this ,experiment1 not to mention that it was made without a ,furnace in which ,artificers that ,paint ,glass are wont to be very ,curious1 is the more considerable1 because1 that though a ,skilfull ,painter could not deny to me that 'twas with ,silver he ,colour'd his ,glasses ,yellow2 yet he told me1 that when to ,burn them 7as they speak7 he layes on the plates of ,glass nothing but a ,calx of ,silver ,calcin'd without ,corrosive ,liquors1 and ,temper'd with ,fair ,water1 the ,plates are ,ting'd of a fine ,yellow that looks of a ,golden ,colour1 which part soever of it you turn to or from the ,light2 whereas 7whether it be what an ,artificer would call ,over-doing1 or ,burning1 or else the imploying the ,silver ,crude that makes the ,difference17 we have found more than once1 that some ,pieces of ,glass prepar'd as we have related1 though held against the ,light they appear'd of a ,transparent ,yellow1 yet look'd on with ones back turn'd to the ,light they exhibited an ,untransparent ,blew4 ,,experiment ,,xii4 ,if you will allow me1 ,pyrophilus1 for the avoiding of ,ambiguity1 to imploy the ,word ,pigments1 to signifie such prepared materials 7as ,cochinele1 ,vermilion1 ,orpiment17 as ,painters1 ,dyers and other ,artificers make use of to impart or imitate particular ,colours1 ,i shall be the better understood in divers passages of the following papers1 and particularly when ,i tell you1 ,that the mixing of ,pigments being no inconsiderable part of the ,painters ,art1 it may seem an ,incroachment in me to meddle with it4 ,but ,i think ,i may easily be excus'd 7though ,i do not altogether pass it by7 if ,i restrain my self to the making of a ,transient mention of some few of their ,practices about this matter2 and that only so far forth1 as may warrant me to observe to you1 that there are but few ,simple and ,primary ,colours 7if ,i may so call them7 from whose ,various ,compositions all the rest do as it were ,result4 ,for though ,painters can imitate the ,hues 7though not always the ,splendor7 of those almost ,numberless differing ,colours that are to be met with in the ,works of ,nature1 and of ,art1 ,i have not yet found1 that to exhibit this strange ,variety they need imploy any more than ,white1 and ,black1 and ,red1 and ,blew1 and ,yellow2 these five1 ,variously ,compounded1 and 7if ,i may so speak7 ,decompounded1 being sufficient to exhibit a ,variety and ,number of ,colours1 such1 as those that are altogether ,strangers to the ,painters ,pallets1 can hardly imagine4 ,thus 7for ,instance7 ,black and ,white differingly mix'd1 make a ,vast company of ,lighter and ,darker ,grays4 ,blew and ,yellow make a huge ,variety of ,greens4 ,red and ,yellow make ,orange ,tawny4 ,red with a little ,white makes a ,carnation4 ,red with an ,eye of ,blew1 makes a ,purple2 and by these simple ,compositions again ,compounded among themselves1 the ,skilfull ,painter can produce what kind of ,colour he pleases1 and a great many more than we have yet ,names for4 ,but1 as ,i intimated above1 'tis not my ,design to prosecute this ,subject1 though ,i thought it not unfit to take some ,notice of it1 because we may hereafter have occasion to make use of what has been now deliver'd1 to illustrate the ,generation of ,intermediate ,colours2 concerning which we must yet subjoyn this ,caution1 that to make the ,rules about the ,emergency of ,colours1 fit to be ,relied upon1 the ,corpuscles whereof the ,pigments consist must be such as do not ,destroy one anothers ,texture1 for in case they do1 the produced ,colour may be very ,different from that which would ,result from the ,mixture of other harmless ,pigments of the same ,colours1 as ,i shall have ,occasion to shew ere long4 ,,experiment ,,xiii4 ,it may also give much light to an ,enquirer into the ,nature of ,colours1 to know that not only in ,green1 but in many 7if not all7 other ,colours1 the ,light of the ,sun passing through ,diaphanous ,bodies of differing ,hues may be tinged of the same ,compound ,colour1 as if it came from some ,painters ,colours of the same ,denomination1 though this later be exhibited by ,reflection1 and be 7as the former ,experiment declares7 manifestly ,compounded of material ,pigments4 ,wherefore to try the ,composition of ,colours by ,trajection1 we provided several ,plates of ,tinged ,glass1 which being laid two at a time one on the top of another1 the ,object look'd upon through them both1 appear'd of a ,compounded ,colour1 which agrees well with what we have observ'd in the second ,experiment1 of ,looking against the ,light through differingly ,colour'd ,papers4 ,but we thought the ,experiment would be more ,satisfactory1 if we procur'd the ,sun-beams to be so ,ting'd in their passage through ,plates of ,glass1 as to exhibit the ,compounded ,colour upon a ,sheet of ,white ,paper4 ,and though by reason of the ,thickness of the ,glasses1 the ,effect was but ,faint1 even when the ,sun was ,high and ,shin'd forth clear1 yet1 we easily remedied that by ,contracting the ,beams we cast on them by means of a ,convex ,burning-glass1 which where it made the ,beams much converge ,increas'd the ,light enough to make the ,compounded ,colour very manifest upon the ,paper4 ,by this means we observ'd1 that the ,beams trajected through ,blew and ,yellow compos'd a ,green1 that an intense and moderate ,red did with ,yellow make differing degrees of ,saffron1 and ,orange ,tawny ,colours1 that ,green and ,blew made a ,colour partaking of both1 such as that which some ,latin ,writers call ,pavonaceus1 that ,red and ,blew made a ,purple1 to which we might add other ,colours1 that we produc'd by the ,combinations of ,glasses differingly ,ting'd1 but that ,i want proper ,words to express them in our ,language1 and had not when we made the ,tryals1 the ,opportunity of consulting with a ,painter1 who perchance might have ,suppli'd me with some of the terms ,i wanted4 ,i know not whether it will be requisite to subjoyn on this ,occasion1 what ,i tried concerning ,reflections from ,colour'd ,glasses1 and other ,transparent ,bodies1 namely1 that having expos'd four or five sorts of them to the ,sun1 and cast the ,reflected ,beams upon ,white ,paper held near at hand1 the ,light appear'd not manifestly ,ting'd1 but as if it had been ,reflected from the ,impervious parts of a ,colourless ,glass1 only that ,reflected from the ,yellow was here and there stain'd with the same ,colour1 as if those ,beams were not all ,reflected from the ,superficial1 but some from the ,internal parts of the ,glass2 upon which ,occasion you may take notice1 that a ,skilfull ,tradesman1 who makes such ,colour'd ,glass told me1 that where as the ,red ,pigment was but ,superficial1 the ,yellow penetrated to the very midst of the ,plate4 ,but for further ,satisfaction1 not having the ,opportunity to ,foliate those ,plates1 and so turn them into ,looking-glasses1 we ,foliated a ,plate of ,muscovy ,glass1 and then laying on it a little ,transparent ,varnish of a ,gold ,colour1 we expos'd it to the ,sun-beams1 so as to cast them upon a ,body fit to receive them1 on which the ,reflected ,light1 appearing1 as we expected1 ,yellow1 manifested that ,rebounding from the ,specular part of the ,selenitis1 it was ,ting'd in its return with the ,colour of the ,transparent ,varnish through which it pass'd4 ,,experiment ,,xiv4 ,after what we have said of the ,composition of ,colours1 it will now be seasonable to annex some ,experiments that we made in favour of those ,colours1 that are taught in the ,schools not to be ,real1 but only ,apparent and ,phantastical2 ,for we found by ,tryals1 that these ,colours might be ,compounded1 both with ,true and ,stable ,colours1 and with one another1 as well as unquestionably ,genuine and ,lasting ,colours1 and that the ,colours resulting from such ,compositions1 would respectively deserve the same ,denominations4 ,for first1 having by the ,trajection of the ,sun-beams through a ,glass-prism thrown an ,iris on the ,floor1 ,i found that by placing a ,blew ,glass at a convenient distance betwixt the ,prism and the ,iris1 that part of the ,iris that was before ,yellow1 might be made to appear ,green1 though not of a ,grass ,green1 but of one more ,dilute and ,yellowish4 ,and it seems not improbable1 that the narrow ,greenish ,list 7if ,i may so call it7 that is wont to be seen between the ,yellow and ,blew parts of the ,iris1 is made by the ,confusion of those two ,bordering ,colours4 ,next1 ,i found1 that though the want of a sufficient ,liveliness in either of the ,compounding ,colours1 or a light ,error in the manner of making the following ,tryals1 was enough to render some of them ,unsuccessfull1 yet when all necessary ,circumstances were duely observ'd1 the ,event was answerable to our ,expectation and ,desire4 ,and 7as ,i formerly ,noted7 that ,red and ,blew compound a ,purple1 so ,i could produce this last nam'd ,colour1 by casting at some ,distance from the ,glass the ,blew part of the ,prismatical ,iris 7as ,i think it may be call'd for ,distinction sake7 upon a ,lively ,red1 7for else the ,experiment succeeds not so well47 ,and ,i remember1 that sometimes when ,i try'd this upon a piece of ,red ,cloath1 that part of the ,iris which would have been ,blew1 7as ,i try'd by covering that part of the ,cloath with a piece of ,white ,paper7 and ,compounded with the ,red1 wherewith the ,cloath was ,imbued before1 appear'd of a fair ,purple1 did1 when ,i came to ,view it near at hand1 look very ,odly1 as if there were some strange ,reflection or ,refraction or both made in the ,hairs of which that ,cloath was composed4 ,calling likewise the ,prismatical ,iris upon a very ,vivid ,blew1 ,i found that part of it1 which would else have been the ,yellow1 appear ,green4 7,another somewhat differing ,tryal1 and yet fit to confirm this1 you will find in the fifteenth ,experiment47 ,but it may seem somewhat more strange1 that though the ,prismatical ,iris being made by the ,refraction of ,light through a ,body that has no ,colour at all1 must according to the ,doctrine of the ,schools consist of as purely ,emphatical ,colours1 as may be1 yet even these may be ,compounded with one another1 as well as ,real ,colours in the ,grossest ,pigments4 ,for ,i took at once two ,triangular ,glasses1 and one of them being kept fixt in the same ,posture1 that the ,iris it projected on the ,floor might not ,waver1 ,i cast on the same ,floor another ,iris with the other ,prism1 and ,moving it too and fro to bring what part of the second ,iris ,i pleas'd1 to fall upon what part of the first ,i thought fit1 we did sometimes 7for a small ,errour suffices to hinder the ,success7 obtain by this means a ,green ,colour in that part of the more ,stable ,iris1 that before was ,yellow1 or ,blew1 and frequently by casting those ,beams that in one of the ,iris's made the ,blew upon the ,red parts of the other ,iris1 we were able to produce a lovely ,purple1 which we can ,destroy or ,recompose at pleasure1 by ,severing and ,reapproaching the ,edges of the two ,iris's4 ,,experiment ,,xv4 ,on this occasion1 ,pyrophilus1 ,i shall add1 that finding the ,glass-prism to be the usefullest ,instrument ,men have yet imploy'd about the ,contemplation of ,colours1 and considering that ,prisms hitherto in use are made of ,glass1 ,transparent and ,colourless1 ,i thought it would not be amiss to try1 what change the ,superinduction of a ,colour1 without the ,destruction of the ,diaphaneity1 would produce in the ,colours exhibited by the ,prism4 ,but being unable to procure one to be made of ,colour'd ,glass1 and fearing also that if it were not carefully made1 the ,thickness of it would render it too ,opacous1 ,i endeavoured to substitute one made of ,clarify'd ,rosin1 or of ,turpentine brought 7as ,i elsewhere teach7 to the consistence of a ,transparent ,gum4 ,but though these ,endeavours were not wholly lost1 yet we found it so difficult to give these ,materials their true ,shape1 that we chose rather to ,varnish over an ordinary ,prism with some of these few ,pigments that are to be had ,transparent2 as accordingly we did first with ,yellow1 and then with ,red1 or rather ,crimson1 made with ,lake temper'd with a convenient ,oyl1 and the ,event was1 ,that for want of good ,transparent ,colours1 7of which you know there are but very few7 both the ,yellow and the ,red made the ,glass so ,opacous1 7though the ,pigment were laid on but upon two ,sides of the ,glass1 no more being absolutely necessary7 that unless ,i look'd upon an ,inlightned ,window1 or the ,flame of a ,candle1 or some other ,luminous or very ,vivid object1 ,i could scarce discern any ,colours at all1 especially when the ,glass was cover'd with ,red4 ,but when ,i did look on such ,objects1 it appear'd 7as ,i expected7 that the ,colour of the ,pigment had ,vitiated or ,drown'd some of those which the ,prism would according to its wont have exhibited1 and mingling with others1 ,alter'd them3 as ,i remember1 that both to my ,eyes1 and others to whom ,i show'd it1 when the ,prism was cover'd with ,yellow1 it made those ,parts of bright ,objects1 where the ,blew would else have been ,conspicuous1 appear of a light ,green4 ,but1 ,pyrophilus1 both the ,nature of the ,colours1 and the ,degree of ,transparency1 or of ,darkness in the ,pigment1 besides divers other ,circumstances1 did so vary the ,phnomena of these ,tryals1 that till ,i can procure small ,colour'd ,prisms1 or ,hollow ones that may be filled with ,tincted ,liquor1 or obtain ,some better ,pigments than those ,i was reduc'd to imploy1 ,i shall forbear to ,build any thing upon what has been delivered1 and shall make no other use of it1 than to invite you to prosecute the ,inquiry further4 ,,experiment ,,xvi4 ,and here1 ,pyrophilus1 since we are treating of ,emphatical ,colours1 we shall add what we think not unworthy your ,observation1 and not unfit to afford some ,exercise to the ,speculative4 ,for there are some ,liquors1 which though ,colourless themselves1 when they come to be ,elevated1 and ,dispers'd into ,exhalations1 exhibit a conspicuous ,colour1 which they lose again1 when they come to be ,reconjoyn'd into a ,liquor1 as good ,spirit of ,nitre2 or upon its account strong ,aqua-fortis1 though devoid of all appearance of ,redness whilst they continue in the form of a ,liquor1 if a little ,heat chance to turn the ,minute parts of them into ,vapour1 the ,steam will appear of a ,reddish or deep ,yellow ,colour1 which will ,vanish when those ,exhalations come to resume the form of ,liquor4 ,and not only if you look upon a ,glass half full of ,aqua-fortis1 or ,spirit of ,nitre1 and half full of ,nitrous steams proceeding from it1 you will see the ,upper part of the ,glass of the ,colour freshly mention'd1 if through it you look upon the ,light4 ,but which is much more considerable1 ,i have tried1 that putting ,aqua-fortis in a long clear ,glass1 and adding a little ,copper or some such open ,metall to it1 to excite ,heat and ,fumes1 the ,light trajected through those ,fumes1 and cast upon a sheet of ,white ,paper1 did upon that appear of the ,colour that the ,fumes did1 when directly ,look'd upon1 as if the ,light were as well ,ting'd in its passage through these ,fumes1 as it would have been by passing through some ,glass or ,liquor in which the same ,colour was ,inherent4 ,to which ,i shall further add1 that having sometimes had the ,curiosity to observe whether the ,beams of the ,sun near the ,horizon trajected through a very ,red ,sky1 would not 7though such rednesses are taken to be but ,emphatical ,colours7 exhibit the like ,colour1 ,i found that the ,beams falling within a ,room upon a very ,white ,object1 plac'd directly opposite to the ,sun1 disclos'd a manifest ,redness1 as if they had pass'd through a ,colour'd ,medium4 ,,experiment ,,xvii4 ,the emergency1 ,pyrophilus1 of ,colours upon the ,coalition of the ,particles of such ,bodies as were neither of them of the ,colour of that ,mixture whereof they are the ,ingredients1 is very well worth our attentive ,observation1 as being of good use both ,speculative and ,practical2 ,for much of the ,mechanical use of ,colours among ,painters and ,dyers1 doth depend upon the ,knowledge of what ,colours may be produc'd by the ,mixtures of ,pigments so and so ,colour'd4 ,and 7as we lately intimated7 'tis of advantage to the contemplative ,naturalist1 to know how many and which ,colours are ,primitive 7if ,i may so call them7 and ,simple1 because it both eases his ,labour by confining his most sollicitous ,enquiry to a small ,number of ,colours upon which the rest depend1 and assists him to judge of the nature of particular compounded ,colours1 by shewing him from the ,mixture of what more ,simple ones1 and of what ,proportions of them to one another1 the particular ,colour to be consider'd does result4 ,but because to insist on the ,proportions1 the ,manner and the ,effects of such ,mixtures would oblige me to consider a greater part of the ,painters ,art and ,dyers ,trade1 than ,i am well acquainted with1 ,i confin'd my self to make ,trial of several ways to produce ,green1 by the composition of ,blew and ,yellow4 ,and shall in this place both ,recapitulate most of the things ,i have ,dispersedly deliver'd already concerning that ,subject1 and ,recruit them4 ,and first1 whereas ,painters 7as ,i noted above7 are wont to make ,green by tempering ,blew and ,yellow1 both of them made into a soft ,consistence1 with either ,water or ,oyl1 or some ,liquor of ,kin to one of those two1 according as the ,picture is to be ,drawn with those they call water ,colours1 or those they term ,oyl ,colours1 ,i found that by choosing fit ,ingredients1 and mixing them in the form of ,dry ,powders1 ,i could do1 what ,i could not if the ,ingredients were temper'd up with a ,liquor2 ,but the ,blew and ,yellow ,powders must not only be finely ,ground1 but such as that the ,corpuscles of the one may not be too unequal to those of the other1 lest by their ,disproportionate ,minuteness the ,smaller cover and hide the ,greater4 ,we us'd with good success a slight ,mixture of the fine ,powder of ,bise1 with that of ,orpiment1 or that of good ,yellow ,oker1 ,i say a slight ,mixture1 because we found that an exquisite ,mixture did not do so well1 but by lightly mingling the two ,pigments in several little ,parcels1 those of them in which the ,proportion and ,manner of ,mixture was more ,lucky1 afforded us a good ,green4 #b4 ,we also learn'd in the ,dye-houses1 that ,cloth being ,dy'd ,blew with ,woad1 is afterwards by the ,yellow ,decoction of ,luteola or ,woud-wax or ,wood-wax ,dy'd into a ,green ,colour4 #c4 ,you may also remember what we above ,related1 where we intimated1 that having in a ,darkn'd ,room taken two ,bodies1 a ,blew and a ,yellow1 and cast the ,light ,reflected from the one upon the other1 we likewise obtain'd a ,green4 #d4 ,and you may remember1 that we observ'd a ,green to be produc'd1 when in the same ,darkn'd ,room we look'd at the ,hole at which alone the ,light enter'd1 through the ,green and ,yellow parts of a sheet of ,marbl'd ,paper laid over one another4 #e4 ,we found too1 that the ,beams of the ,sun being trajected through two pieces of ,glass1 the one ,blew and the other ,yellow1 laid over one another1 did upon a sheet of ,white paper on which they were made to fall1 exhibit a lovely ,green4 #f4 ,i hope also1 that you have not already forgot1 what was so lately deliver'd1 concerning the composition of a ,green1 with a ,blew and ,yellow2 of which most ,authors would call the one a ,real1 and the other an ,emphatical4 #g4 ,and ,i presume1 you may have yet fresh in your memory1 what the fourteenth ,experiment informs you1 concerning the exhibiting of a ,green1 by the help of a ,blew and ,yellow1 that were both of them ,emphatical4 #h4 ,wherefore we will proceed to take notice1 that we also devis'd a way of trying whether or no ,metalline ,solutions though one of them at least had its ,colour ,adventitious1 by the mixture of the ,menstruum employ'd to dissolve it1 might not be made to compound a ,green after the manner of other ,bodies4 ,and though this seem'd not easie to be perform'd by reason of the ,difficulty of finding ,metalline ,solutions of the ,colour requisite1 that would mix without ,prcipitating each other2 yet after a while having consider'd the matter1 the first ,tryal afforded me the following ,experiment4 ,i took a ,high ,yellow ,solution of good ,gold in ,aqua-,regis1 7made of ,aqua-fortis1 and as ,i remember half its weight of ,spirit of ,salt7 ,to this ,i put a due ,proportion of a deep and lovely ,blew ,solution of ,crude ,copper1 7which ,i have elsewhere taught to be readily ,dissoluble in strong ,spirit of ,urine7 and these two ,liquors though at first they seem'd a little to ,curdle one another1 yet being throughly mingl'd by ,shaking1 they presently1 as had been ,conjectur'd1 united into a ,transparent ,green ,liquor1 which continu'd so for divers days that ,i kept it in a small ,glass wherein 'twas made1 only letting fall a little ,blackish ,powder to the ,bottom4 ,the other ,phnomena of this ,experiment belong not to this place1 where it may suffice to take notice of the ,production of a ,green1 and that the ,experiment was more than once repeated with ,success4 #i4 ,and lastly1 to try whether this way of compounding ,colours would hold ev'n in ,ingredients actually melted by the ,violence of the ,fire1 provided their ,texture were capable of safely induring ,fusion1 we caus'd some ,blew and ,yellow ,ammel to be long and well wrought together in the ,flame of a ,lamp1 which being ,strongly and ,incessantly blown on them kept them in some degree of ,fusion1 and at length 7for the ,experiment requires some ,patience as well as ,skil7 we obtain'd the expected ,ammel of a ,green ,colour4 ,i know not1 ,pyrophilus1 whether it be worth while to acquaint you with the ways that came into my ,thoughts1 whereby in some measure to explicate the first of the mention'd ways of making a ,green2 for ,i have sometimes ,conjectur'd1 that the mixture of the ,bise and the ,orpiment produc'd a ,green by so altering the ,superficial ,asperity1 which each of those ,ingredients had apart1 that the ,light ,incident on the mixture was ,reflected with differing ,shades1 as to ,quantity1 or ,order1 or both1 from those of either of the ,ingredients1 and such as the ,light is wont to be ,modify'd with1 when it ,reflects from ,grass1 or ,leaves1 or some of those other ,bodies that we are wont to call ,green4 ,and sometimes too ,i have doubted1 whether the produced ,green might not be partly at least deriv'd from this1 ,that the ,beams that ,rebound from the ,corpuscles of the ,orpiment1 giving one kind of stroak upon the ,retina1 whose ,perception we call ,yellow1 and the ,beams ,reflected from the ,corpuscles of the ,bise1 giving another stroak upon the same ,retina1 like to ,objects that are ,blew1 the ,contiguity and ,minuteness of these ,corpuscles may make the ,appulse of the ,reflected ,light fall upon the ,retina within so narrow a ,compass1 that the part they ,beat upon being but as it were a ,physical point1 they may give a ,compounded stroak1 which may consequently exhibit a ,compounded and new ,kind of ,sensation1 as we see that two ,strings of a ,musical ,instrument being struck together1 making two ,noises that arrive at the ,ear at the same time as to ,sense1 yield a ,sound differing from either of them1 and as it were ,compounded of both2 ,insomuch that if they be ,discordantly ton'd1 though each of them struck apart would yield a ,pleasing ,sound1 yet being struck together they make but a ,harsh and troublesome ,noise4 ,but this not being so fit a place to prosecute ,speculations1 ,i shall not insist1 neither upon these ,conjectures nor any others1 which the ,experiment we have been mentioning may have suggested to me4 ,and ,i shall leave it to you1 ,pyrophilus1 to derive what ,instruction you can from comparing together the ,various ways whereby a ,yellow and a ,blew can be made to ,compound a ,green4 ,that which ,i now pretend to1 being only to shew that the first of those mention'd ways1 7not to take at present notice of the rest7 does far better agree with our ,conjectures about ,colours1 than either with the ,doctrine of the ,schools1 or with that of the ,chymists1 both which seem to be very much ,disfavour'd by it4 ,for first1 since in the ,mixture of the two mention'd ,powders ,i could by the help of a very excellent ,microscope 7for ordinary ones will scarce serve the turn7 discover that which seem'd to the naked ,eye a ,green ,body1 to be but a heap of ,distinct1 though very small ,grains of ,yellow ,orpiment and ,blew ,bise confusedly enough ,blended together1 it appears that the ,colour'd ,corpuscles of either kind did each retain its own ,nature and ,colour2 ,by which it may be guess'd1 what meer ,transposition and ,juxtaposition of ,minute and ,singly unchang'd ,particles of ,matter can do to produce a new ,colour2 ,for that this ,local ,motion and new ,disposition of the small parts of the ,orpiment did ,intervene is much more manifest than it is easie to ,explicate how they should produce this new ,green otherwise than by the new ,manner of their being put together1 and consequently by their new ,disposition to ,modifie the ,incident ,light by ,reflecting it otherwise than they did before they were ,mingl'd together4 ,secondly1 ,the ,green thus made being 7if ,i may so speak7 ,mechanically produc'd1 there is no pretence to derive it from ,i know not what incomprehensible ,substantial ,form1 from which yet many would have us believe that ,colours must flow2 ,nor does this ,green1 though a ,real and ,permanent1 not a ,phantastical and ,vanid ,colour1 seem to be such an ,inherent ,quality as they would have it1 since not only each part of the ,mixture remains unalter'd in ,colour1 and consequently of a differing ,colour from the ,heap they ,compose1 but if the ,eye be assisted by a ,microscope to discern things better and more distinctly than before it could1 it sees not a ,green ,body1 but a ,heap of ,blew and ,yellow ,corpuscles4 ,and in the third place1 ,i demand what either ,sulphur1 or ,salt1 or ,mercury has to do in the ,production of this ,green2 ,for neither the ,bise nor the ,orpiment were indu'd with that ,colour before1 and the bare ,juxtaposition of the ,corpuscles of the two ,powders that work not upon each other1 but might if we had convenient ,instruments be separated1 unalter'd1 cannot with any probability be imagin'd either to ,increase or ,diminish any of the three ,hypostatical ,principles1 7to which of them soever the ,chymists are pleas'd to ascribe ,colours7 nor does there here ,intervene so much as ,heat to afford them any colour to pretend1 that at least there is made an ,extraversion 7as the ,helmontians speak7 of the ,sulphur or of any of the two other supposed ,principles2 ,but upon this ,experiment we have already ,reflected enough1 if not more than enough for once4 ,,experiment ,,xviii4 ,but here1 ,pyrophilus1 ,i must advertise you1 that 'tis not every ,yellow and every ,blew that being mingl'd will afford a ,green2 ,for in case one of the ,ingredients do not ,act only as endow'd with such a ,colour1 but as having a power to alter the ,texture of the ,corpuscles of the other1 so as to ,indispose them to ,reflect the ,light1 as ,corpuscles that exhibit a ,blew or a ,yellow are wont to ,reflect it1 the emergent ,colour may be not ,green1 but such as the change of ,texture in the ,corpuscles of one or both of the ,ingredients qualifies them to shew forth2 as for instance1 if you let fall a few ,drops of ,syrrup of ,violets upon a piece of ,white ,paper1 though the ,syrrup being spread will appear ,blew1 yet mingling with it two or three ,drops of the lately mention'd ,solution of ,gold1 ,i obtain'd not a ,green but a ,reddish mixture1 which ,i expected from the remaining ,power of the ,acid ,salts abounding in the ,solution1 such ,salts or ,saline ,spirits being wont1 as we shall see anon1 though weakn'd1 so to work upon that ,syrrup as to change it into a ,red or ,reddish ,colour4 ,and to confirm that for which ,i allege the former ,experiment1 ,i shall add this other1 that having made a very strong and high-colour'd ,solution of ,filings of ,copper with ,spirit of ,urine1 though the ,menstruum seem'd ,glutted with the ,metall1 because ,i put in so much ,filings that many of them remain'd for divers days ,undissolv'd at the ,bottom1 yet having put three or four ,drops of ,syrrup of ,violets upon ,white ,paper1 ,i found that the deep ,blew ,solution proportionably mingl'd with this other ,blew ,liquor did not make a ,blew mixture1 but1 as ,i expected1 a fair ,green1 upon the account of the ,urinous ,salt that was in the ,menstruum4 ,,experiment ,,xix4 ,to shew the ,chymists1 that ,colours may be made to ,appear or ,vanish1 where there intervenes no ,accession or ,change either of the ,sulphureous1 or the ,saline1 or the ,mercurial principle 7as they speak7 of ,bodies3 ,i shall not make use of the ,iris afforded by the ,glass-prism1 nor of the ,colours to be seen in a fair ,morning in those drops of ,dew that do in a convenient manner ,reflect and ,refract the ,beams of ,light to the ,eye2 ,but ,i will rather mind them of what they may observe in their own ,laboratories1 namely1 that divers1 if not all1 ,chymical ,essential ,oyls1 as also good ,spirit of ,wine1 being shaken till they have good store of ,bubbles1 those ,bubbles will 7if attentively consider'd7 appear adorn'd with various and lovely ,colours1 which all immediately ,vanish1 upon the relapsing of the ,liquor that affords those ,bubbles their ,skins1 into the rest of the ,oyl1 or ,spirit of ,wine1 so that a ,colourless ,liquor may be made in a trice to exhibit variety of ,colours1 and may lose them in a moment without the ,accession or ,diminution of any of its ,hypostatical ,principles4 ,and1 by the way1 'tis not unworthy our notice1 that some ,bodies1 as well ,colourless1 as ,colour'd1 by being brought to a great ,thinness of parts1 acquire ,colours though they had none before1 or ,colours differing from them they were before endued with3 ,for1 not to insist on the ,variety of ,colours1 that ,water1 made somewhat ,glutinous by ,sope1 acquires1 when 'tis blown into such ,sphrical ,bubbles as ,boys are wont to make and play with2 ,turpentine 7though it have a ,colour deep enough of its own7 may 7by being blown into after a certain manner7 be brought to afford ,bubbles adorn'd with variety of ,orient ,colours1 which though they ,vanish after some while upon the breaking of the ,bubbles1 yet they would in likelihood always exhibit ,colours upon their ,superfices1 7though not always the same in the same ,parts of them1 but ,vary'd according to the ,incidence of the ,sight1 and the ,position of the ,eye7 if their ,texture were durable enough3 ,for ,i have seen one that was ,skill'd at fashioning ,glasses by the help of a ,lamp1 blowing some of them so strongly as to burst them1 whereupon it was found1 that the ,tenacity of the ,metall was such1 that before it broke it suffer'd it self to be reduc'd into ,films so extremely thin1 that being kept clean they constantly shew'd on their ,surfaces 7but after the manner newly mention'd7 the varying ,colours of the ,rain-bow1 which were exceedingly ,vivid1 as ,i had often opportunity to observe in some1 that ,i caus'd purposely to be made1 to keep by me4 ,but lest it should be objected1 that the above mentioned ,instances are drawn from ,transparent ,liquors1 it may possibly appear1 not impertinent to add1 what ,i have sometimes thought upon1 and several times tried1 when ,i was considering the ,opinions of the ,chymists about ,colours1 ,i took then a ,feather of a convenient ,bigness and ,shape1 and holding it at a fit distance betwixt my ,eye and the ,sun when he was near the ,horizon1 me thought there appear'd to me a ,variety of little ,rain-bows1 with differing and very vivid ,colours1 of which none was constantly to be seen in the ,feather2 the like ,phnomenon ,i have at other times 7though not with altogether so good success7 produc'd1 by interposing at a due distance a piece of ,black ,ribband betwixt the almost setting ,sun and my ,eye1 not to mention the ,trials ,i have made to the same purpose1 with other ,bodies4 ,,experiment ,,xx4 ,take good ,syrrup of ,violets1 ,imprgnated with the ,tincture of the flowers1 drop a little of it upon a ,white ,paper 7for by that means the ,change of ,colour will be more conspicuous1 and the ,experiment may be practis'd in smaller ,quantities7 and on this ,liquor let fall two or three drops of ,spirit either of ,salt or ,vinegar1 or almost any other eminently ,acid ,liquor1 and upon the ,mixture of these you shall find the ,syrrup immediatly turn'd ,red1 and the way of ,effecting such a ,change has not been unknown to divers ,persons who have produc'd the like1 by ,spirit of ,vitriol1 or juice of ,limmons1 but have ,groundlessly ascrib'd the ,effect to some ,peculiar ,quality of those two ,liquors1 whereas1 7as we have already intimated7 almost any ,acid ,salt will turn ,syrrup of ,violets ,red4 ,but to improve the ,experiment1 let me add what has not 7that ,i know of7 been hitherto observ'd1 and has1 when we first shew'd it them1 appear'd something strange1 even to those that have been inquisitive into the ,nature of ,colours2 namely1 that if instead of ,spirit of ,salt1 or that of ,vinegar1 you drop upon the ,syrrup of ,violets a little ,oyl of ,tartar per ,deliquium1 or the like quantity of ,solution of ,potashes1 and rubb them together with your finger1 you shall find the ,blew ,colour of the ,syrrup turn'd in a moment into a perfect ,green1 and the like may be perform'd by divers other ,liquors1 as we may have occasion elsewhere to ,inform you4 ,annotation upon the twentieth ,experiment4 ,the use of what we lately deliver'd concerning the way of turning ,syrrup of ,violets1 ,red or ,green1 may be this2 ,that1 though it be a far more common and procurable ,liquor than the ,infusion of ,lignum ,nephriticum1 it may yet be easily substituted in its ,room1 when we have a mind to examine1 whether or no the ,salt predominant in a ,liquor or other ,body1 wherein 'tis ,loose and ,abundant1 belong to the ,tribe of ,acid ,salts or not4 ,for if such a ,body turn the ,syrrup of a ,red or ,reddish ,purple ,colour1 it does for the most part argue the ,body 7especially if it be a distill'd ,liquor7 to abound with ,acid ,salt4 ,but if the ,syrrup be made ,green1 that argues the ,predominant ,salt to be of a ,nature repugnant to that of the ,tribe of ,acids4 ,for1 as ,i find that either ,spirit of ,salt1 or ,oyl of ,vitriol1 or ,aqua-fortis1 or ,spirit of ,vinegar1 or ,juice of ,lemmons1 or any of the ,acid ,liquors ,i have yet had occasion to try1 will turn ,syrrup of ,violets1 of a ,red1 7or at least1 of a ,reddish ,colour1 so ,i have found1 that not only the ,volatile ,salts of all ,animal ,substances ,i have us'd1 as ,spirit of ,harts-horn1 of ,urine1 of ,sal-,armoniack1 of ,blood1 c4 but also all the ,alcalizate ,salts ,i have imploy'd1 as the ,solution of ,salt of ,tartar1 of ,pot-ashes1 of common ,wood-ashes1 ,lime-water1 c4 will immediately change the ,blew ,syrrup1 into a perfect ,green4 ,and by the same way 7to hint that upon the by7 ,i elsewhere show you1 both the changes that ,nature and ,time produce1 in the more ,saline parts of some ,bodies1 may be discover'd1 and also how ev'n such ,chymically prepar'd ,bodies1 as belong not either to the ,animal ,kingdome1 or to the ,tribe of ,alcali's1 may have their new and superinduc'd ,nature successfully ,examin'd4 ,in this place ,i shall only add1 that not alone the ,changing the ,colour of the ,syrrup1 requires1 that the ,changing ,body be more strong1 of the ,acid1 or other sort of ,salt that is ,predominant in it1 than is requisite for the working upon the ,tincture of ,lignum ,nephriticum2 but that in this is also1 the ,operation of the formerly mention'd ,salts upon our ,syrrup1 differs from their ,operation upon our ,tinctures1 that in this ,liquor1 if the ,cruleous ,colour be ,destroy'd by an ,acid ,salt1 it may be ,restor'd by one that is either ,volatile1 or ,lixiviate2 whereas in ,syrrup of ,violets1 though one of these contrary ,salts will destroy the ,action of the other1 yet neither of them will restore the ,syrrup to its native ,blew2 but each of them will ,change it into the ,colour which it self doth 7if ,i may so speak7 affect1 as we shall have ,occasion to show in the ,notes on the twenty fifth ,experiment4 ,,experiment ,,xxi4 ,there is a ,weed1 more known to ,plowmen than belov'd by them1 whose ,flowers from their ,colour are commonly call'd ,blew-bottles1 and ,corn-weed from their ,growing among ,corn#ah4 ,these ,flowers some ,ladies do1 upon the account of their ,lovely ,colour1 think worth the being ,candied1 which when they are1 they will long retain so fair a ,colour1 as makes them a very fine ,sallad in the ,winter4 ,but ,i have try'd1 that when they are freshly gather'd1 they will afford a ,juice1 which when newly express'd1 7for in some cases 'twill soon enough degenerate7 affords a very deep and pleasant ,blew4 ,now1 7to draw this to our present ,scope7 by dropping on this fresh ,juice1 a little ,spirit of ,salt1 7that being the ,acid ,spirit ,i had then at hand7 it immediately turn'd 7as ,i predicted7 into a ,red4 ,and if instead of the ,sowr ,spirit ,i mingled with it a little strong ,solution of an ,alcalizate ,salt1 it did presently disclose a lovely ,green2 the same ,changes being by those differing sorts of ,saline ,liquors1 producible in this ,natural juice1 that we lately mention'd to have happen'd to that factitious ,mixture1 the ,syrrup of ,violets4 ,and ,i remember1 that finding this ,blew ,liquor1 when freshly made1 to be capable of serving in a ,pen for an ,ink of that ,colour1 ,i attempted by moistning one part of a piece of ,white ,paper with the ,spirit of ,salt ,i have been mentioning1 and another with some ,alcalizate or ,volatile ,liquor1 to draw a ,line on the leisurely dry'd ,paper1 that should1 e'vn before the ,ink was dry1 appear partly ,blew1 partly ,red1 and partly ,green3 ,but though the latter part of the ,experiment succeeded not well1 7whether because ,volatile ,salts are too ,fugitive to be retain'd in the ,paper1 and ,alcalizate ones are too ,unctuous1 or so apt to draw ,moisture from the ,air1 that they keep the ,paper from drying well7 yet the former ,part succeeded well enough2 the ,blew and ,red being ,conspicuous enough to afford a surprizing ,spectacle to those1 ,i acquaint not with 7what ,i willingly allow you to call7 the ,trick4 #ah ,herbarists are wont to call this ,plant ,cyanus vulgaris minor4 ,annotation upon the one and twentieth ,experiment4 ,but lest you should be tempted to think 7,pyrophilus7 that ,volatile or ,alcalizate ,salts change ,blews into ,green1 rather upon the score of the easie ,transition of the former ,colour into the latter1 than upon the account of the ,texture1 wherein most ,vegetables1 that afford a ,blew1 seem1 though otherwise differing1 to be ,allied1 ,i will add1 that when ,i purposely dissolv'd ,blew ,vitriol in fair ,water1 and thereby imbu'd sufficiently that ,liquor with that ,colour1 a ,lixiviate ,liquor1 and a ,urinous ,salt being ,copiously pour'd upon distinct ,parcels of it1 did each of them1 though perhaps with some ,difference1 turn the ,liquor not ,green1 but of a deep ,yellowish ,colour1 almost like that of ,yellow ,oker1 which ,colour the ,precipitated ,corpuscles retain'd1 when they had ,leisurely subsided to the ,bottom4 ,what this ,precipitated ,substance is1 it is not needfull now to ,enquire in this place1 and in another1 ,i have shown you1 that notwithstanding its ,colour1 and its being ,obtainable from an ,acid ,menstruum by the help of ,salt of ,tartar1 it is yet far enough from being the true ,sulphur of ,vitriol4 ,,experiment ,,xxii4 ,our next ,experiment 7,pyrophilus7 will perhaps seem to be of a contrary ,nature to the two former1 made upon ,syrrup of ,violets1 and ,juice of ,blew-bottles4 ,for as in them by the ,affusion of ,oyl of ,tartar1 a ,blewish ,liquor is made ,green1 so in this1 by the sole ,mixture of the same ,oyl1 a ,greenish ,liquor becomes ,blew4 ,the hint of this ,experiment was given us by the practice of some ,italian ,painters1 who being wont to ,counterfeit ,ultra-marine ,azure 7as they call it7 by ,grinding ,verdigrease with ,sal-,armoniack1 and some other ,saline ,ingredients1 and letting them ,rot 7as they imagine7 for a good while together in a ,dunghill1 we suppos'd1 that the change of ,colour wrought in the ,verdigrease by this way of ,preparation1 must proceed from the ,action of certain ,volatile and ,alcalizate ,salts1 abounding in some of the mingled ,concretes1 and brought to make a further ,dissolution of the ,copper abounding in the ,verdigrease1 and therefore we ,conjectur'd1 that if both the ,verdigrease1 and such ,salts were dissolv'd in fair ,water1 the small ,parts of both being therein more subdivided1 and set at liberty1 would have better access to each other1 and thereby ,incorporate much the more suddenly2 ,and accordingly we found1 that if upon a strong ,solution of good ,french ,verdigrease 7for 'tis that we are wont to imploy1 as the best7 you pour a just quantity of ,oyl of ,tartar1 and shake them well together1 you shall immediately see a notable ,change of ,colour1 and the ,mixture will grow thick1 and not transparent1 but if you stay a while1 till the ,grosser part be ,precipitated to1 and setled in the ,bottom1 you may obtain a clear ,liquor of a very lovely ,colour1 and exceeding delightfull to the ,eye4 ,but1 you must have a care to drop in a competent ,quantity of ,oyl of ,tartar1 for else the ,colour will not be so ,deep1 and ,rich2 and if instead of this ,oyl you imploy a clear ,lixivium of ,pot-ashes1 you may have an ,azure somewhat ,lighter or ,paler than1 and therefore differing from1 the former4 ,and if instead of either of these ,liquors1 you make use of ,spirit of ,urine1 or of ,harts-horn1 you may according to the ,quantity and ,quality of the ,spirit you pour in1 obtain some further ,variety 7though scarce considerable7 of ,cruleous ,liquors4 ,and yet lately by the help of this ,urinous ,spirit we made a ,blew ,liquor1 which not a few ,ingenious ,persons1 and among them1 some1 whose ,profession makes them very ,conversant with ,colours1 have looked upon with some wonder4 ,but these ,azure ,colour'd ,liquors should be freed from the ,subsiding matter1 which the ,salts of ,tartar or ,urine precipitate out of them1 rather by being ,decanted1 than by ,filtration4 ,for by the latter of these ways we have sometimes found1 the ,colour of them very much ,impair'd1 and little ,superiour to that of the grosser ,substance1 that it left in the ,filtre4 ,,experiment ,,xxiii4 ,that ,roses held over the ,fume of ,sulphur1 may quickly by it be depriv'd of their ,colour1 and have as much of their ,leaves1 as the ,fume works upon1 burn'd pale1 is an ,experiment1 that divers others have tried1 as well as ,i4 ,but 7,pyrophilus7 it may seem somewhat strange to one that has never consider'd the ,compounded nature of ,brimstone1 ,that1 whereas the ,fume of ,sulphur will1 as we have said1 ,whiten the ,leaves of ,roses2 ,that ,liquor1 which is commonly call'd ,oyl of ,sulphur per ,campanam1 because it is suppos'd to be made by the ,condensation of these ,fumes in ,glasses shap't like ,bells1 into a ,liquor1 does powerfully heighten the ,tincture of ,red ,roses1 and make it more ,red and ,vivid1 as we have easily tried by putting some ,red-,rose ,leaves1 that had been long dried1 7and so had lost much of their ,colour7 into a ,vial of fair ,water4 ,for a while after the ,affusion of a convenient ,quantity of the ,liquor we are speaking of1 both the ,leaves themselves1 and the ,water they were ,steep'd in1 discover'd a very fresh and lovely ,colour4 ,,experiment ,,xxiv4 ,it may 7,pyrophilus7 somewhat serve to ,illustrate1 not only the ,doctrine of ,pigments1 and of ,colours1 but divers other ,parts of the ,corpuscular ,philosophy2 as that explicates ,odours1 and many other things1 not as the ,schools by ,aery ,qualities1 but by ,real1 though extremely ,minute ,bodies2 to examine1 how much of a ,colourless ,liquor1 a very small ,parcel of a ,pigment may ,imbue with a discernable ,colour4 ,and though there be scarce any thing of ,preciseness to be expected from such ,trials1 yet ,i presum'd1 that 7at least7 ,i should be able to show a much further ,subdivision of the ,parts of ,matter into ,visible ,particles1 than ,i have hitherto found taken notice of1 and than most men would imagine2 no ,body1 that ,i know of1 having yet attempted to reduce this ,matter to any ,measure4 ,the ,bodies1 the most promising for such a purpose1 might seem to be the ,metalls1 especially ,gold1 because of the ,multitude1 and ,minuteness of its ,parts1 which might be argu'd from the incomparable ,closeness of its ,texture3 ,but though we tried a ,solution of ,gold made in ,aqua ,regia first1 and then in fair ,water2 yet in regard we were to determine the ,pigment we imploy'd1 not by ,bulk but ,weight1 and because also1 that the ,yellow ,colour of ,gold is but a faint one in ,comparison of the deep ,colour of ,cochineel1 we rather chose this to make our ,trials with4 ,but among divers of these it will suffice to set down one1 which was carefully made in ,vessels conveniently ,shap'd2 7and that in the presence of a ,witness1 and an ,assistant7 the ,sum whereof ,i find among my ,adversaria1 ,registred in the following ,words4 ,to which ,i shall only premise1 7to lessen the wonder of so strange a diffusion of the ,pigment7 ,that ,cochineel will be better ,dissolv'd1 and have its ,colour far more heightn'd by ,spirit of ,urine1 than 7,i say not by common ,water1 but7 by ,rectify'd ,spirit of ,wine it self4 ,the ,note ,i spoke off is this4 ,one ,grain of ,cochineel dissolv'd in a pretty ,quantity of ,spirit of ,urine1 and then dissolv'd further by degrees in fair ,water1 imparted a discernable1 though but a very faint ,colour1 to about six ,glass-fulls of ,water1 each of them containing about forty three ,ounces and an half1 which amounts to above a hundred twenty five thousand times its own ,weight4 ,,experiment ,,xxv4 ,it may afford a considerable ,hint 7,pyrophilus7 to him1 that would improve the ,art of ,dying1 to know what change of ,colours may be produc'd by the three several sorts of ,salts already often mention'd1 7some or other of which may be procur'd in ,quantity at reasonable ,rates7 in the ,juices1 ,decoctions1 ,infusions1 and 7in a word7 the more soluble parts of ,vegetables4 ,and1 though the design of this ,discourse be the ,improvement of ,knowledge1 not of ,trades3 yet thus much ,i shall not scruple to intimate here1 ,that the ,blew ,liquors1 mention'd in the twentieth and one and twentieth ,experiments1 are far from being the only ,vegetable ,substances1 upon which ,acid1 ,urinous1 and ,alcalizate ,salts have the like ,operations to those recited in those two ,experiments4 ,for ,ripe ,privet ,berries 7for instance7 being crush'd upon ,white ,paper1 though they stain it with a ,purplish ,colour1 yet if we let fall on some part of it two or three drops of ,spirit of ,salt1 and on the other part a little more of the ,strong ,solution of ,pot-ashes1 the former ,liquor immediately turn'd that part of the ,thick juice or ,pulp1 on which it fell1 into a lovely ,red1 and the latter turn'd the other part of it into a delightfull ,green4 ,though ,i will not undertake1 that those ,colours in that ,substance shall not be much more ,orient1 than ,lasting2 and though 7,pyrophilus7 this ,experiment may seem to be almost the same with those already deliver'd concerning ,syrrup of ,violets1 and the ,juice of ,blew-bottles1 yet ,i think it not amiss to take this ,occasion to inform you1 that this ,experiment reaches much farther1 than perhaps you yet imagine1 and may be of good ,use to those1 whom it concerns to know1 how ,dying ,stuffs may be wrought upon by ,saline ,liquors4 ,for1 ,i have found this ,experiment to succeed in so many ,various ,berries1 ,flowers1 ,blossoms1 and other finer ,parts of ,vegetables1 that neither my ,memory1 nor my ,leisure serves me to enumerate them4 ,and it is somewhat surprizing to see1 by how ,differingly-colour'd ,flowers1 or ,blossoms1 7for example7 the ,paper being stain'd1 will by an ,acid ,spirit be immediately turn'd ,red1 and by any ,alcaly or any ,urinous ,spirit turn'd ,green2 insomuch that ev'n the crush'd ,blossoms of ,meserion1 7which ,i gather'd in ,winter and frosty ,weather7 and those of ,pease1 crush'd upon ,white ,paper1 how remote soever their ,colours be from ,green1 would in a moment pass into a deep ,degree of that ,colour1 upon the ,touch of an ,alcalizate ,liquor4 ,to which let us add1 ,that either of those new ,pigments 7if ,i may so call them7 may by the ,affusion of enough of a contrary ,liquor1 be presently chang'd from ,red into ,green1 and from ,green into ,red1 which ,observation will hold also in ,syrrup of ,violets1 ,juices of ,blew-bottles1 c4 ,annotation4 ,after what ,i have formerly deliver'd to evince1 ,that there are many ,instances1 wherein new ,colours are produc'd or acquir'd by ,bodies1 which ,chymists are wont to think destitute of ,salt1 or to whose change of ,colours no new ,accession of ,saline ,particles does appear to contribute1 ,i think we may safely enough acknowledge1 that we have taken notice of so many ,changes made by the ,intervention of ,salts in the ,colours of ,mix'd ,bodies1 that it has lessen'd our ,wonder1 ,that though many ,chymists are wont to ascribe the ,colours of ,such ,bodies to their ,sulphureous1 and the rest to their ,mercurial ,principle2 yet ,paracelsus himself directs us in the ,indagation of ,colours1 to have an ,eye principally upon ,salts1 as we find in that passage of his1 wherein he takes upon him to ,oblige his ,readers much by ,instructing them1 of what things they are to expect the ,knowledge from each of the three distinct ,principles of ,bodies4 ,alias 7says he7 ,colorum similis ratio est3 ,de quibus brevem institutionem hanc attendite1 quod scilicet colores omnes ex ,sale prodeant4 ,sal enim dat colorem1 dat ,balsamum4#ai ,and a little beneath4 ,iam natura ,ipsa colores protrathit ex sale1 cuique speciei dans illum1 qui ipsi competit1 c4 ,after which he concludes2 ,itaque qui rerum omnium corpora cognoscere vult1 huic opus est1 ut ante omnia cognoscat ,sulphur1 ,ab hoc1 qui desiderat novisse ,colores is scientiam istorum petat ,sale1 ,qui scire vult ,virtutes1 is scrutetur arcana ,mercurii4 ,sic nimirum fundamentum hauserit ,mysteriorum1 in quolibet crescenti indagandorum1 prout natura cuilibet speciei ea ingessit4 ,but though ,paracelsus ascribes to each of his belov'd ,hypostatical ,principles1 much more than ,i fear will be found to belong to it2 yet if we please to consider ,colours1 not as ,philosophers1 but as ,dyers1 the concurrence of ,salts to the striking and change of ,colours1 and their ,efficacy1 will1 ,i suppose1 appear so considerable1 that we shall not need to quarrel much with ,paracelsus1 for ascribing in this place 7for ,i dare not affirm that he uses to be still of one ,mind7 the ,colours of ,bodies to their ,salts1 if by ,salts he here understood1 not only ,elementary ,salts1 but such also as are commonly taken for ,salts1 as ,allom1 ,crystals of ,tartar1 ,vitriol1 c4 because the ,saline principle does chiefly abound in them1 though indeed they be1 as we elsewhere declare1 mix'd ,bodies1 and have most of them1 besides what is ,saline1 both ,sulphureous1 ,aqueous1 and ,gross or ,earthy parts4 #ai ,paracelsus de ,mineral4 tract4 #a4 pag4 m4 #bdc ,but though 7,pyrophilus7 ,i have observ'd a ,red and ,green to be produc'd1 the former1 by ,acid ,salts1 the later by ,salts not ,acid1 in the express ,juices of so many differing ,vegetable ,substances1 that the ,observation1 if persued1 may prove 7as ,i said7 of good ,use3 yet to show you how much e'vn these ,effects depend upon the particular ,texture of ,bodies1 ,i must subjoyn some cases wherein ,i 7who am somewhat backwards to admit ,observations for ,universal7 had the ,curiosity to discover1 that the ,experiments would not ,uniformly succeed1 and of these ,exceptions1 the chief that ,i now remember1 are reducible to the following three4 ,,experiment ,,xxvi4 ,and1 7first7 ,i thought fit to try the ,operation of ,acid ,salts upon ,vegetable ,substances1 that are already and by their own ,nature ,red4 ,and accordingly ,i made ,trial upon ,syrrup of ,clove-july-flowers1 the clear express'd ,juice of the succulent ,berries of ,spina ,cervina1 or ,buckthorn 7which ,i had long kept by me for the sake of its deep ,colour7 upon ,red ,roses1 ,infusion of ,brazil1 and divers other ,vegetable ,substances1 on some of which crush'd 7as is often mention'd7 upon ,white ,paper1 7which is also to be understood in most of these ,experiments1 if no ,circumstance of them argue otherwise7 ,spirit of ,salt either made no considerable ,change1 or alter'd the ,colour but from a ,darker to a ,lighter ,red4 ,how it will succeed in many other ,vegetable ,juices1 and ,infusions of the same ,colour1 ,i have at present so few at hand1 that ,i must leave you to find it out your self4 ,but as for the ,operation of the other sorts of ,salts upon these ,red ,substances1 ,i found it not very ,uniform1 some ,red1 or ,reddish ,infusions1 as of ,roses1 being turn'd thereby into a dirty ,colour1 but yet inclining to ,green4 ,nor was the ,syrrup of ,clove-july-flowers turn'd by the solution of ,pot-ashes to a much better1 though somewhat a ,greener1 ,colour4 ,another sort of ,red ,infusions was by an ,alcaly not turn'd into a ,green1 but advanc'd into a ,crimson1 as ,i shall have occasion to note ere long4 ,but there were other sorts1 as particularly the lovely ,colour'd juice of ,buckthorn ,berries1 that readily pass'd into a lovely ,green4 ,,experiment ,,xxvii4 ,among other ,vegetables1 which we thought likely to afford ,exceptions to the ,general ,observation about the differing ,changes of ,colours produc'd by ,acid and ,sulphureous ,salts1 we thought fit to make ,trial upon the ,flowers of ,jasmin1 they being both ,white as to ,colour1 and esteem'd to be of a more ,oyly nature than other ,flowers4 ,whereupon having taken the ,white parts only of the ,flowers1 and rubb'd them somewhat hard with my ,finger upon a piece of clean ,paper1 it appear'd very little ,discolour'd4 ,nor had ,spirit of ,salt1 wherewith ,i moisten'd one part of it1 any considerable ,operation upon it4 ,but ,spirit of ,urine1 and somewhat more effectually a strong ,alcalizate ,solution1 did immediately turn the almost ,colourless ,paper moisten'd by the ,juice of the ,jasmin1 not as those ,liquors are wont to do1 when put upon the ,juices of other ,flowers1 of a good ,green1 but of a ,deep1 though somewhat ,greenish ,yellow1 which ,experiment ,i did afterwards at several times repeat with the like success4 ,but it seems not that a great degree of ,unctuousness is necessary to the ,production of the like ,effects1 for when we try'd the ,experiment with the ,leaves of those purely ,white ,flowers that appear about the end of ,winter1 and are commonly call'd ,snow drops1 the event1 was not much unlike that1 which1 we have been newly mentioning4 ,,experiment ,,xxviii4 ,another sort of ,instances to show1 how much changes of ,colour effected by ,salts1 depend upon the particular ,texture of the ,colour'd ,bodies1 has been afforded me by several ,yellow ,flowers1 and other ,vegetables1 as ,mary-gold ,leaves1 early ,prim-roses1 fresh ,madder1 c4 ,for being rubb'd upon ,white ,paper1 till they imbued it with their ,colour1 ,i found not1 that by the addition of ,alcalizate ,liquors1 nor yet by that of an ,urinous ,spirit1 they would be turn'd either ,green or ,red3 nor did so ,acid a ,spirit1 as that of ,salt1 considerably alter their ,colour1 save that it seem'd a little to ,dilute it4 ,only in some early ,prim-roses it destroy'd the greatest part of the ,colour1 and made the ,paper almost ,white agen4 ,and ,madder also afforded some thing peculiar1 and very differing from what we have newly mention'd3 ,for having gather'd ,some ,roots of it1 and1 7whilst they were recent7 express'd upon ,white ,paper the ,yellow ,juice1 an ,alcalizate ,solution drop'd upon it did not turn it either ,green or ,white1 but ,red4 ,and the bruis'd ,madder it self being drench'd with the like ,alcalizate ,solution1 exchang'd also its ,yellowishness for a ,redness4 ,an admonition touching the four preceding ,experiments4 ,having thus 7,pyrophilus7 given you divers ,instances1 to countenance the ,general observation deliver'd in the twenty fifth ,experiment1 and divers ,exceptions whereby it ought to be ,limited2 ,i must leave the further ,inquiry into these ,matters to your own ,industry4 ,for not remembring at present many of those other ,trials1 long since made to satisfie my self about ,particulars1 and not having now the ,opportunity to repeat them1 ,i must content my ,self to have given you the ,hint1 and the ways of prosecuting the search your ,self2 and only declare to you in general1 that1 ,as ,i have made many ,trials1 unmention'd in this ,treatise1 whose ,events were agreeable to those mention'd in the twenty fifth ,experiment1 so 7to name now no other ,instances7 what ,i have try'd with ,acid and ,sulphureous ,salts upon the ,pulp of ,juniper ,berries1 rubb'd upon ,white ,paper1 inclines me to think1 ,that among that vast ,multitude1 and strange ,variety of ,plants that adorn the face of the ,earth1 perhaps many other ,vegetables may be found1 on which such ,menstruums may not have such ,operations1 as upon the ,juice of ,violets1 ,pease-blossoms1 c4 no nor upon any of those three other sorts of ,vegetables1 that ,i have taken notice of in the three fore-going ,experiments4 ,it sufficiently appearing ev'n by these1 that the effects of a ,salt upon the ,juices of particular ,vegetables do very much depend upon their particular ,textures4 ,,experiment ,,xxix4 ,it may be of some ,use towards the discovery of the nature of these ,changes1 which the ,alimental ,juice receives in some ,vegetables1 according to the differing degrees of their ,maturity1 and according to the differing kinds of ,plants of the same ,denomination1 to observe what ,operation ,acid1 ,urinous1 and ,alcalizate ,salts will have upon the ,juices of the several sorts of the ,vegetable substances ,i have been mentioning4 ,to declare my meaning by an ,example1 ,i took from the same ,cluster1 one ,blackberry full ,ripe1 and another that had not yet gone beyond a ,redness1 and rubbing apiece of white ,paper1 with the former1 ,i observ'd1 that the ,juice adhering to it was of adark ,reddish ,colour1 full of little ,black ,specks2 and that this ,juice by a drop of a strong ,lixivium1 was immediately turn'd into a ,greenish ,colour deep enough1 by as much ,urinous ,spirit into a ,colour much of ,kin to the former1 though somewhat differing1 and fainter2 and by a drop of ,spirit of ,salt into a fine and lightsome ,red3 where as the ,red ,berry being in like manner rubb'd upon ,paper1 left on it a ,red ,colour1 which was very little alter'd by the ,acid ,spirit newly nam'd1 and by the ,urinous and ,lixiviate ,salts receiv'd changes of ,colour differing from those that had been just before produc'd in the dark ,juice of the ,ripe ,blackberry4 ,i remember also1 that though the ,infusion of ,damask-,roses would as well1 though not so much1 as that of ,red1 be heightned by ,acid ,spirits to an intense degree of ,redness1 and by ,lixiviate ,salts be brought to a ,darkish ,green2 yet having for ,trials sake taken a ,rose1 whose ,leaves1 which were large and numerous1 like those of a ,province ,rose1 were perfectly ,yellow1 though in a ,solution of ,salt of ,tartar1 they afforded a ,green ,blewish ,tincture1 yet ,i did not by an ,acid ,liquor obtain a ,red one2 all that the ,saline ,spirit ,i imploy'd1 perform'd1 being 7if ,i much misremember not7 to ,dilute ,somewhat the ,yellowness of the ,leaves4 ,i would also have tried the ,tincture of ,yellow ,violets1 but could procure none4 ,and if ,i were in those ,islands of ,banda1 which are made ,famous as well as ,rich1 by being the almost only places1 where ,cloves will prosper1 ,i should think it worth my ,curiosity to try1 what ,operation the three differing ,kinds of ,salts1 ,i have so often mention'd1 would have upon the ,juice of this ,spice1 7express'd at the several ,seasons of it7 as it grows upon the ,tree4 ,since good ,authors inform us1 7of what is remarkable7 that these whether ,fruits1 or ,rudiments of ,fruits1 are at first ,white1 afterward ,green1 and then ,reddish1 before they be beaten off the ,tree1 after which being ,dry'd before they are put up1 they grow ,blackish as we see them4 ,and one of the recentest ,herbarists informs us1 that the ,flower grows upon the top of the ,clove it self1 consisting of four small ,leaves1 like a ,cherry ,blossom1 but of an excellent ,blew4 ,but 7,pyrophilus7 to return to our own ,observations1 ,i shall add1 that ,i the rather choose1 to mention to you an ,example drawn from ,roses1 because that though ,i am apt to think1 as ,i elsewhere advertise1 that something may be guess'd at about some of the ,qualities of the ,juices of ,vegetables1 by the ,resemblance or ,disparity that we meet with in the ,changes made of their ,colours1 by the ,operation of the same kinds of ,salts2 yet that those ,conjectures should be very warily made1 may appear among other things1 by the ,instance ,i have chosen to give in ,roses4 ,for though1 7as ,i formerly told you7 the ,dry'd ,leaves1 both of the ,damask1 and of ,red ones1 give a ,red ,tincture to ,water sharpen'd with ,acid ,salts1 yet the one sort of ,leaves is known to have a ,purgative faculty1#bj and the other are often1 and divers ways1 imploy'd for ,binding4 #bj ,see ,parkinson ,th4 ,boran4 ,trib4 #i4 cap4 #bf4 ,and ,i also choose 7,pyrophilus7 to subjoyn this twenty ninth ,experiment to those that precede it1 about the change of the ,colours of ,vegetables by ,salts1 for these two reasons3 ,the first1 that you may not easily entertain ,suspitions1 if in the ,trials of an ,experiment of some of the ,kinds formerly mention'd1 you should meet with an ,event somewhat differing from what my ,relations may have made you expect4 ,and the second1 ,that you may hereby be invited to discern1 that it may not be amiss to take notice of the particular ,seasons wherein you gather the ,vegetables which in ,nicer ,experiments you make use of4 ,for1 it ,i were not hindred both by haste and some justifiable ,considerations1 ,i could perhaps add considerable ,instances1 to those lately deliver'd1 for the making out of this ,observation2 but for certain reasons ,i shall at present substitute a remarkable passage to be met with in that ,laborious ,herbarist ,mr4 ,parkinson1 where treating of the ,virtues of the 7already divers times mention'd7 ,buckthorn ,berries1 he subjoyns the following account of several ,pigments that are made of them1 not only according to the several ways of ,handling them1 but according to the differing ,seasons of ,maturity1 at which they are ,gather'd2 ,of these ,berries1 7says he7 are made three several sorts of ,colours as they shall be gather'd1 that is1 being gather'd while they are ,green1 and kept ,dry1 are call'd ,sapberries1 which being steep'd into some ,allom-water1 or fresh bruis'd into ,allom-water1 they give a reasonable fair ,yellow ,colour which ,painters use for their ,work1 and ,book-binders to ,colour the edges of ,books1 and ,leather-dressers to ,colour ,leather1 as they use also to make a ,green ,colour1 call'd ,sap-green1 taken from the ,berries when they are ,black1 being bruis'd and put into a ,brass or ,copper ,kettle or ,pan1 and there suffer'd to abide three or four ,days1 or a little heated upon the ,fire1 and some beaten ,allom put unto them1 and afterwards press'd forth1 the ,juice or ,liquor is usually put in great ,bladders tied with strong thred at the ,head and hung up untill it be ,dry1 which is dissolv'd in ,water or ,wine1 but ,sack 7he affirms7 is the best to preserve the ,colour from ,starving1 7as they call it7 that is1 from ,decaying1 and make it hold fresh the longer4 ,the third ,colour 7where of none 7says he7 that ,i can find have made mention but only ,tragus7 is a ,purplish ,colour1 which is made of the ,berries suffer'd to grow upon the ,bushes untill the middle or end of ,november1 that they are ready to drop from the ,trees4 ,and1 ,i remember 7,pyrophilus7 that ,i try'd1 with a success that pleas'd me well enough1 to make such a kind of ,pigment1 as ,painters call ,sap-green1 by a way not unlike that1 deliver'd here by our ,author1 but ,i cannot now find any thing relating to that matter among my loose ,papers4 ,and my ,trials were made so many years ago1 that ,i dare not trust my ,memory for ,circumstances1 but will rather tell you1 that in a noted ,colour-shop1 ,i brought them by ,questions to confess to me1 that they made their ,sap-green much after the ways by our ,botanist here mention'd4 ,and on this occasion ,i shall add an ,observation1 which though it does not strictly belong to this place1 may well enough be mention'd here1 namely1 that ,i find by an account given us by the ,learned ,clusius1 of ,alaternus1 that ev'n the ,grosser ,parts of the same ,plant1 are some of them one ,colour1 and some another2 ,for speaking of that ,plant1 he tells us1 that the ,portugalls use the ,bark to ,dye their ,nets into a ,red ,colour1 and with the ,chips of the ,wood1 which are ,whitish1 they ,dye a ,blackish ,blew4 ,,experiment ,,xxx4 ,among the ,experiments that tend to shew that the change of ,colours in ,bodies may proceed from the ,vary'd ,texture of their ,parts1 and the consequent change of their ,disposition to ,reflect or ,refract the ,light1 that sort of ,experiments must not be left unmention'd1 which is afforded us by ,chymical ,digestions4 ,for1 if ,chymists will believe several famous ,writers about what they call the ,philosophers ,stone1 they must acknowledge that the same ,matter1 seald up ,hermetically in a ,philosophical ,egg1 will by the continuance of ,digestion1 or if they will have it so 7for it is not ,material in our case which of the two it be7 of ,decoction1 run through a great ,variety of differing ,colours1 before it come to that of the ,noblest ,elixir2 whether that be ,scarlet1 or ,purple1 or what ever other ,kind of ,red4 ,but without building any thing on so ,obtruse and ,questionable an ,operation1 7which yet may be pertinently represented to those that believe the thing7 we may observe1 that divers ,bodies digested in carefully-clos'd ,vessels1 will in tract of time1 change their ,colour3 ,as ,i have elsewhere mention'd my having observ'd ev'n in ,rectify'd ,spirit of ,harts-horn1 and as is evident in the ,precipitations of ,amalgams of ,gold1 and ,mercury1 without ,addition1 where by the continuance of a due ,heat the ,silver-,colour'd ,amalgam is reduc'd into a shining ,red ,powder4 ,further ,instances of this ,kind you may find here and there in divers places of my other ,essays4 ,and indeed it has been a thing1 that has much contributed to deceive many ,chymists1 that there are more ,bodies than one1 which by ,digestion will be brought to exhibit that ,variety and ,succession of ,colours1 which they imagine to be ,peculiar to what they call the ,true matter of the ,philosophers4 ,but concerning this1 ,i shall referr you to what you may elsewhere find in the ,discourse written touching the passive ,deceptions of ,chymists1 and more about the ,production of ,colours by ,digestion you will meet with presently4 ,wherefore ,i shall now make only this ,observation from what has been deliver'd1 ,that in these ,operations there appears not any cause to attribute the new ,colours emergent to the ,action of a new ,substantial form1 nor to any ,increase or ,decrement of either the ,salt1 ,sulphur1 or ,mercury of the ,matter that acquires new ,colours3 ,for the ,vessels are clos'd1 and these ,principles according to the ,chymists are ,ingenerable and ,incorruptible2 so that the ,effect seems to proceed from hence1 that the ,heat agitating and shuffling the ,corpuscles of the ,body expos'd to it1 does in process of time so change its ,texture1 as that the ,transposed parts do ,modifie the incident ,light otherwise1 than they did when the ,matter appear'd of another ,colour4 ,,experiment ,,xxxi4 ,among the several changes of ,colour1 which ,bodies acquire or disclose by ,digestion1 it it very remarkable1 that ,chymists find a ,redness rather than any other ,colour in most of the ,tinctures they ,draw1 and ev'n in the more ,gross ,solutions they make of almost all ,concretes1 that abound either with ,mineral or ,vegetable ,sulphur1 though the ,menstruum imploy'd about these ,solutions or ,tinctures be never so ,limpid or ,colourless4 ,this we have observ'd in ,i know not how many ,tinctures drawn with ,spirit of ,wine from ,jalap1 ,guaicum1 and several other ,vegetables2 and not only in the ,solutions of ,amber1 ,benzoin1 and divers other ,concretes made with the same ,menstruum1 but also in divers ,mineral ,tinctures4 ,and1 not to urge that familiar ,instance of the ,ruby of ,sulphur1 as ,chymists upon the score of its ,colour1 call the ,solution of ,flowers of ,brimstone1 made with the ,spirit of ,turpentine1 nor to take notice of other more known ,examples of the aptness of ,chymical ,oyls1 to produce a ,red ,colour with the ,sulphur they extract1 or dissolve2 not to insist 7,i say7 upon ,instances of this nature1 ,i shall further represent to you1 as a thing remarkable1 that1 both ,acid and ,alcalizate ,salts1 though in most other cases of such contrary ,operations1 in reference to ,colours1 will with many ,bodies that abound with ,sulphureous1 or with ,oyly parts1 produce a ,red2 as is manifest partly in the more ,vulgar ,instances of the ,tinctures1 or ,solutions of ,sulphur made with ,lixiviums1 either of ,calcin'd ,tartar or ,pot-ashes1 and other ,obvious examples1 partly by this1 that the true ,glass of ,antimony extracted with some ,acid ,spirits1 with or without ,wine1 will yield a ,red ,tincture1 and that ,i know an ,acid ,liquor1 which in a moment will turn ,oyl of ,turpentine into a deep ,red4 ,but among the many ,instances ,i could give you of the easie ,production of ,redness by the ,operation of ,saline ,spirit1 as well as of ,spirit of ,wine2 ,i remember two or three of those ,i have tried1 which seem remarkable enough to deserve to be mention'd to you apart4 ,,experiment ,,xxxii4 ,but before we set them down1 it will not perhaps appear impertinent to premise2 ,that there seems to be a manifest ,disparity betwixt ,red ,liquors1 so that some of them may be said to have a ,genuine ,redness in comparison of others1 that have a ,yellowish ,redness3 ,for if you take 7for example7 a good ,tincture of ,chochineel1 dilute it never so much with fair ,water1 you will not 7as far as ,i can judge by what ,i have tried7 be able to make it a ,yellow ,liquor4 ,insomuch that a ,single drop of a rich ,solution of ,cochineel in ,spirit of ,urine1 being ,diluted with above an ,ounce of fair ,water1 exhibited no ,yellowishness at all1 but a fair 7though somewhat faint7 ,pinck or ,carnation2 and even when ,cochineel was by degrees ,diluted much beyond the newly mention'd ,colour1 by the way formerly related to you in the twenty fourth ,experiment1 ,i remember not1 that there appear'd in the whole ,trial any ,yellow4 ,but if you take ,balsom of ,sulphur 7for ,instance7 though it may appear in a ,glass1 where it has a good ,thickness1 to be of a deep ,red1 yet if you shake the ,glass1 or pour a few drops on a sheet of ,white ,paper1 spreading them on it with your ,finger1 the ,balsom that falls back along the sides of the ,glass1 and that which stains the ,paper1 will appear ,yellow1 not ,red4 ,and there are divers ,tinctures1 such as that of ,amber made with ,spirit of ,wine1 7to name now no more7 that will appear either ,yellow or ,red1 according as the ,vessels that they fill1 are ,slender or ,broad4 ,,experiment ,,xxxiii4 ,but to proceed to the ,experiments ,i was about to deliver2 ,first2 ,oyl or ,spirit of ,turpentine1 though clear as fair ,water1 being ,digested upon the purely ,white ,sugar of ,lead1 has1 in a short time1 afforded us a high ,red ,tincture1 that some ,artists are pleas'd to call the ,balsom of ,saturn1 which they very much 7and probably not altogether without cause7 extoll as an excellent ,medicine in divers ,outward affections4 ,,experiment ,,xxxiv4 ,next1 take of common ,brimstone finely powdred five ,ounces1 of ,sal-,armoniack likewise pulveriz'd an equal weight1 of beaten ,quick-lime six ,ounces1 mix these ,powders exquisitely1 and ,distill them through a ,retort plac'd in ,sand by degrees of ,fire1 giving at length as intense a ,heat as you well can in ,sand1 there will come over 7if you have wrought well7 a ,volatile ,tincture of ,sulphur1 which may probably prove an excellent ,medicine1 and should have been mention'd among the other ,preparations of ,sulphur1 which we have elsewhere imparted to you1 but that it is very pertinent to our present ,subject1 ,the change of ,colours4 ,for though none of the ,ingredients be ,red1 the ,distill'd ,liquor will be so3 and this ,liquor if it be well ,drawn1 will upon a little ,agitation of the ,vial first unstop'd 7especially if it be held in a ,warmer hand7 lend forth a copious ,fume1 not ,red1 like that of ,nitre1 but ,white2 ,and sometimes this ,liquor may be so ,drawn1 that ,i remember1 not long since1 ,i took pleasure to observe in a parcel of it1 that ,ingredients not ,red1 did not only yield by ,distillation a ,volatile ,spirit that was ,red1 but though that ,liquor did upon the bare opening of the ,bottle it was kept in1 drive us away with the plenty and sulphureous sent of a ,white steam which it sent forth1 yet the ,liquor it self being touch'd by our ,fingers1 did immediately ,dye them ,black4 ,,experiment ,,xxxv4 ,the third and last ,experiment ,i shall now mention to shew1 how prone ,bodies abounding in ,sulphureous parts are to afford a ,red ,colour1 is one1 wherein by the ,operation of a ,saline ,spirit upon a ,white or ,whitish ,body1 which according to the ,chymists should be altogether ,sulphureous1 a ,redness may be produc'd1 not 7as in the former ,experiments7 slowly1 but in the twinkling of an ,eye4 ,we took then of the ,essential ,oyl of ,anniseeds1 which has this ,peculiarity1 that in ,cold weather it loses its ,fluidity and the greatest part of its ,transparency1 and looks like a ,white or ,whitish ,oyntment1 and near at hand seems to consist of a ,multitude of little soft ,scales3 ,of this ,coagulated ,stuff we spread a little with a ,knife upon a piece of ,white ,paper1 and letting fall on it1 and mixing with it a drop or two of ,oyl of ,vitriol1 immediately 7as we fore-saw7 there emerg'd together with some ,heat and ,smoak1 a ,blood-,red ,colour1 which therefore was in a trice produc'd by two ,bodies1 whereof the one had but a ,whitish ,colour1 and the other 7if carefully rectify'd7 had no ,colour at all4 ,,experiment ,,xxxvi4 ,but on this ,occasion 7,pyrophilus7 we must add once for all1 that in many of the above-recited ,experiments1 though the changes of ,colour happen'd as we have mention'd them3 yet the emergent or produc'd ,colour is oft times very subject to ,degenerate1 both quickly and much4 ,notwithstanding which1 since the ,changes1 we have set down1 do happen presently upon the ,operation of the ,bodies upon each other1 or at the times by us specify'd2 that is sufficient both to justifie our ,veracity1 and to shew what we ,intend2 it not being ,essential to the ,genuineness of a ,colour to be ,durable4 ,for a fading ,leaf1 that is ready to ,rot1 and moulder into ,dust1 may have as true a ,yellow1 as a ,wedge of ,gold1 which so obstinately resists both ,time and ,fire4 ,and the reason1 why ,i take occasion from the former ,experiment to subjoyn this general ,advertisement1 is1 that ,i have several times observ'd1 that the ,mixture resulting from the ,oyls of ,vitriol1 and of ,anniseeds1 though it acquire a thicker consistence than either of the ,ingredients had1 has quickly lost its ,colour1 turning in a very short time into a dirty ,gray1 at least in the ,superficial parts1 where 'tis expos'd to the ,air2 which last ,circumstance ,i therefore mention1 because that1 though it seem probable1 that this ,degeneration of ,colours may oft times and in divers cases proceed from the further ,action of the ,saline ,corpuscles1 and the other ,ingredients upon one another1 yet in many cases much of the ,quick change of ,colours seems ascribeable to the ,air1 as may be made probable by several reasons3 ,the first whereof may be fetcht from the newly recited ,example of the two ,oyls2 ,the next may be1 that we have sometimes observ'd long ,window-,curtains of light ,colours1 to have that part of them1 which was expos'd to the ,air1 when the ,window was open1 of one ,colour1 and the lower part1 that was sheltred from the ,air by the ,wall1 of another ,colour3 ,and the third ,argument may be fetch'd from divers ,observations1 both of others1 and our own2 ,for of that ,pigment so well known in ,painters ,shops1 by the name of ,turnsol1 our ,industrious ,parkinson1 in the particular account he gives of the ,plant that bears it1 tells us also1 ,that the ,berries when they are at their full ,maturity1 have within them between the outer ,skin and the inward ,kirnel or ,seed1 a certain ,juice or ,moisture1 which being rubb'd upon ,paper or ,cloath1 at the first appears of a fresh and lovely ,green ,colour1 but presently changeth into a kind of ,blewish ,purple1 upon the ,cloath or ,paper1 and the same ,cloath afterwards wet in ,water1 and wrung forth1 will ,colour the ,water into a ,claret ,wine ,colour1 and these 7concludes he7 are those ,raggs of ,cloath1 which are usually call'd ,turnsol in the ,druggists or ,grocers ,shops#ba4 ,and to this ,observation of our ,botanist we will add an ,experiment of our own1 7made before we met with ,that7 which1 though in many ,circumstances1 very differing1 serves to prove the same thing2 for having taken of the deeply ,red ,juice of ,buckthorn ,berries1 which ,i bought of the ,man that uses to sell it to the ,apothecaries1 to make their ,syrrup de ,spina ,cervina1 ,i let some of it drop upon a piece of ,white ,paper1 and having left it there for many hours1 till the ,paper was grown dry again1 ,i found what ,i was inclin'd to suspect1 namely1 ,that this ,juice was degenerated from a deep ,red to a dirty kind of ,greyish ,colour1 which1 in a great part of the stain'd ,paper seem'd not to have so much as an ,eye of ,red3 ,though a little ,spirit of ,salt or dissolv'd ,alcaly would turn this unpleasant ,colour 7as formerly ,i told you it would change the not yet alter'd ,juice7 into a ,red or ,green4 ,and to satisfie my self1 that this ,degeneration of ,colour did not proceed from the ,paper1 ,i drop'd some of the deep ,red or ,crimson ,juice upon a ,white glaz'd ,tile1 and suffering it to dry on there1 ,i found that ev'n in that ,body1 on which it could not ,soak1 and by which it could not be ,wrought1 it nevertheless lost its ,colour4 ,and these ,instances 7,pyrophilus7 ,i am the more carefull to mention to you1 that you may not be much ,surpris'd or ,discourag'd1 if you should sometimes miss of performing punctually what ,i affirm my self to have done in point of changing ,colours2 since in these ,experiments the over-sight or neglect of such little ,circumstances1 as in many others would not be perhaps considerable1 may occasion the mis-carrying of a ,trial4 ,and ,i was willing also to take this occasion of ,advertising you in the repeating of the ,experiments mention'd in this ,treatise1 to make use of the ,juices of ,vegetables1 and other things prepar'd for your ,trials1 as soon as ever they are ready1 lest one or other of them grow less fit1 if not quite unfit by delay2 and to estimate the ,event of the ,trials by the ,change1 that is produc'd presently upon the due and sufficient ,application of ,actives to ,passives1 7as they speak7 because in many cases the effects of such ,mixtures may not be lasting1 and the newly produc'd ,colour may in a little time degenerate4 ,but1 7,pyrophilus7 ,i forgot to add to the two former ,observations lately made about ,vegetables1 a third of the same ,import1 made in ,mineral substances1 by telling you1 ,that the better to satisfie a ,friend or two in this particular1 ,i sometimes made1 according to some ,conjectures of mine1 this ,experiment2 ,that having dissolv'd good ,silver in ,aqua-fortis1 and ,precipitated it with ,spirit of ,salt1 upon the first ,decanting of the ,liquor1 the remaining ,matter would be purely ,white2 but after it had lain a while uncover'd1 that part of it1 that was ,contiguous to the ,air1 would not only lose its ,whiteness1 but appear of a very ,dark and almost ,blackish ,colour1 ,i say that part that was ,contiguous to the ,air1 because if that were gently taken off1 the ,subjacent part of the same ,mass would appear very ,white1 till that also1 having continu'd a while expos'd to the ,air1 would likewise ,degenerate4 ,now whether the ,air perform these things by the means of a ,subtile ,salt1 which we elsewhere show it not to be destitute of1 or by a peircing ,moisture1 that is apt easily to insinuate it self into the ,pores of some ,bodies1 and thereby change their ,texture1 and so their ,colour2 ,or by solliciting the ,avolation of certain parts of the ,bodies1 to which 'tis ,contiguous2 or by some other way1 7which possibly ,i may elsewhere propose and consider7 ,i have not now the leisure to discourse4 ,and for the same reason1 though ,i could add many other ,instances1 of what ,i formerly noted touching the emergency of ,redness upon the ,digestion of many ,bodies1 insomuch that ,i have often seen upon the ,borders of ,france 7and probably we may have the like in ,england7 a sort of ,pears1 which digested for some time with a little ,wine1 in a ,vessel exactly clos'd1 will in not many hours appear throughout of a deep ,red ,colour1 7as also that of the ,juice1 wherein they are ,stew'd1 becomes7 but ev'n on pure and white ,salt of ,tartar1 pure ,spirit of ,wine1 as clear as ,rock-water1 will 7as we elsewhere declare7 by long ,digestion acquire a ,redness2 ,though ,i say such ,instances might be ,multiply'd1 and though there be some other ,obvious changes of ,colours1 which happen so frequently1 that they cannot but be as well ,considerable as ,notorious2 such as is the ,blackness of almost all ,bodies burn'd in the open ,air3 yet our haste invites us to resign you the ,exercise of enquiring into the ,causes of these ,changes4 ,and certainly1 the reason both why the ,soots of such differing ,bodies are almost all of them all ,black1 why so much the greater part of ,vegetables should be rather ,green than of any other ,colour1 and particularly 7which more directly concerns this place7 why gentle ,heats do so frequently in ,chymical ,operations produce rather a ,redness than another ,colour in digested ,menstruums1 not only ,sulphureous1 as ,spirit of ,wine1 but ,saline1 as ,spirit of ,vinegar1 may be very well worth a serious ,inquiry2 which ,i shall therefore recommend to ,pyrophilus and his ,ingenious ,friends4 #ba ,parkinson1 ,thea4 ,bot4 ,trib4 #d cap4 #ab4 ,,experiment ,,xxxvii4 ,it may seem somewhat strange1 that if you take the ,crimson ,solution of ,cochineel1 or the ,juice of ,black ,cherries1 and of some other ,vegetables that afford the like ,colour1 7which because many take but for a deep ,red1 we do with them sometimes call it so7 and let some of it fall upon a piece of ,paper1 a drop or two of an ,acid ,spirit1 such as ,spirit of ,salt1 or ,aqua-fortis1 will immediately turn it into a fair ,red4 ,whereas if you make an ,infusion of ,brazil in fair ,water1 and drop a little ,spirit of ,salt or ,aqua-fortis into it1 that will destroy its ,redness1 and leave the ,liquor of a ,yellow1 7sometimes ,pale7 ,i might perhaps plausibly enough say on this occasion1 that if we consider the case a little more attentively1 we may take notice1 that the action of the ,acid ,spirit seems in both cases1 but to weaken the ,colour of the ,liquor on which it falls4 ,and so though it destroy ,redness in the ,tincture of ,brazil1 as well as produce ,red in the ,tincture of ,chochineel1 its ,operations may be ,uniform enough1 since as ,crimson seems to be little else than a very deep ,red1 with 7perhaps7 an ,eye of ,blew1 so some kinds of ,red seem 7as ,i have lately noted7 to be little else than heightned ,yellow4 ,and consequently in such ,bodies1 the ,yellow seems to be but a diluted ,red4 ,and accordingly ,alcalizate ,solutions and ,urinous ,spirits1 which seem dispos'd to ,deepen the ,colours of the ,juices and ,liquors of most ,vegetables1 will not only restore the ,solution of ,cochineel and the ,infusion of ,brazil to the ,crimson1 whence the ,spirit of ,salt had chang'd them into a truer ,red2 but will also 7as ,i lately told you7 not only heighthen the ,yellow ,juice of ,madder into ,red1 but advance the ,red ,infusion of ,brazil to a ,crimson4 ,but ,i know not whether it will not be much safer to derive these ,changes from vary'd ,textures1 than certain kinds of ,bodies2 and you will perhaps think it worth while1 that ,i should add on this occasion1 ,that it may deserve some ,speculation1 why1 notwithstanding what we have been observing1 though ,blew and ,purple seem to be deeper ,colours than ,red1 and therefore the ,juices of ,plants of either of the two former ,colours may 7congruously enough to what has been just now noted7 be turn'd ,red by ,spirit of ,salt or ,aqua-fortis1 yet ,blew ,syrrup of ,violets and some ,purples should both by ,oyl of ,tartar and ,spirit of ,urine be chang'd into ,green1 which seems to be not a deeper but a more diluted ,colour than ,blew1 if not also than ,purple4 ,,experiment ,,xxxviii4 ,it would much contribute to the ,history of ,colours1 if ,chymists would in their ,laboratories take a heedfull notice1 and give us a faithfull account of the ,colours observ'd in the ,steams of ,bodies either ,sublim'd or ,distill'd1 and of the ,colours of those ,productions of the ,fire1 that are made up by the ,coalition of those ,steams4 ,as 7for ,instance7 we observe in the ,distilling of pure ,salt peter1 that at a certain season of the ,operation1 the ,body1 though it seem either ,crystalline1 or ,white1 affords very ,red ,fumes3 whereas though ,vitriol be ,green or ,blew1 the ,spirit of it is observ'd to come over in ,whitish ,fumes4 ,the like ,colour ,i have taken notice of in the ,fumes of several other ,concretes of differing ,colours1 and ,natures1 especially when ,distill'd with strong ,fires4 ,and we elsewhere note1 that ev'n ,soot1 as ,black as it is1 has fill'd our ,receivers with such copious ,white ,fumes1 that they seem'd to have had their ,in-sides wash'd with ,milk4 ,and no less observable may be1 the ,distill'd ,liqours1 into which such ,fumes convene1 7for though we will not deny1 that by skill and care a ,reddish ,liqour may be obtain'd from ,nitre7 yet the common ,spirit of it1 in the making ev'n of which store of these ,red ,fumes are wont to pass over into the ,receiver1 appears not to be at all ,red4 ,and besides1 that neither the ,spirit of ,vitriol1 nor that of ,soot is any thing ,white2 ,and1 besides also1 that as far as ,i have observ'd1 most 7for ,i say not all7 of the ,empyreumatical ,oyls of ,woods1 and other ,concretes1 are either of a deep ,red1 or of a ,colour between ,red and ,black2 besides this1 ,i say1 'tis very remarkable that notwithstanding that great ,variety of ,colours to be met with in the ,herbs1 ,flowers1 and other ,bodies wont to be ,distill'd in ,balneo3 yet 7as far at least as our common ,distillers ,experience reacheth7 all the ,waters and ,spirits that first come over by that way of ,distillation1 leave the ,colours of their ,concretes behind them1 though indeed there be one or two ,vegetables not commonly taken notice of1 whose ,distill'd ,liqours ,i elsewhere observe to carry over the ,tincture of the ,concrete with them4 ,and as in ,distillations1 so in ,sublimations1 it were worth while to take notice of what comes up1 in reference to our present scope1 by purposely performing them 7as ,i have in some cafes done7 in conveniently shap'd ,glasses1 that the ,colour of the ascending ,fumes may be discern'd2 ,for it may afford a ,naturalist good ,information to observe the ,congruities or the ,differences betwixt the ,colours of the ascending ,fumes1 and those of the ,flowers1 they compose by their ,convention4 ,for it is evident1 that these ,flowers1 do many of them in point of ,colour1 much differ1 not only from one another1 but oft times from the ,concretes that afforded them4 ,thus1 7not here to repeat what ,i formerly noted of the ,black ,soots of very differingly ,colour'd ,bodies7 though ,camphire and ,brimstone afford ,flowers much of their own ,colour1 save that those of ,brimstone are wont to be a little ,paler1 than the ,lumps that yielded them2 yet ev'n of ,red ,benzoin1 that sublim'd ,substance1 which ,chymists call its ,flowers1 is wont to be ,white or ,whitish4 ,and to omit other ,instances1 ev'n one and the same ,black ,mineral1 ,antimony1 may be made to afford ,flowers1 some of them ,red1 and some ,grey1 and1 which is more strange1 some of them purely ,white4 ,and 'tis the ,prescription of some ,glass-men by exquisitely mingling a convenient proportion of ,brimstone1 ,sal-,armoniack1 and ,quicksilver1 and ,subliming them1 together1 to make a ,sublimate of an excellent ,blew2 and though having caus'd the ,experiment to be made1 we found the produc'd ,sublimate to be far from being of a lovely ,colour1 7as was promis'd7 that there and there1 it seem'd ,blewish1 and at least was of a ,colour differing enough from either of the ,ingredients1 which is sufficient for our present purpose4 ,but a much finer ,colour is promis'd by some of the ,empiricks1 that pretend to ,secrets1 who tell us1 that ,orpiment1 being ,sublim'd1 will afford among the ,parts of it that fly ,upward1 some little ,masses1 which1 though the ,mineral it self be of a good ,yellow1 will be ,red enough to emulate ,rubies1 both in ,colour and ,translucency4 ,and this ,experiment may1 for ought ,i know1 sometimes succeed2 for ,i remember1 that having in a small ,bolt-head purposely sublim'd some powder'd ,orpiment1 we could in the ,lower part of the ,sublimate discern here and there some ,reddish ,lines1 though much of the ,upper part of the ,sublimate consisted of a matter1 which was not alone purely ,yellow1 but transparent almost like a ,powder4 ,and we have also this way obtain'd a ,sublimate1 the ,lower part whereof though it consisted not of ,rubies1 yet the small pieces of it1 which were ,numerous enough1 were of a pleasant ,reddish ,colour1 and ,glitter'd very prettily4 ,but to insist on such kind of ,trials and ,observations 7where the ascending ,fumes of ,bodies differ in ,colour from the ,bodies themselves7 though it might indeed ,inrich the ,history of ,colours1 would ,robb me of too much of the little time ,i have to dispatch what ,i have further to tell you concerning them4 ,,experiment ,,xxxix ,take the dry'd ,buds 7or ,blossoms7 of the ,pomegranate ,tree1 7which are commonly call'd in the ,shops ,balaustiums7 pull off the ,reddish ,leaves1 and by a gentle ,ebullition of them in fair ,water1 or by a competent ,infusion of them in like ,water well heated1 extract a faint ,reddish ,tincture1 which if the ,liquor be turbid1 you may ,clarifie it by ,filtrating it ,into this1 if you pour a little good ,spirit of ,urine1 or some other ,spirit abounding in the like sort of ,volatile ,salts1 the ,mixture will presently turn of a dark ,greenish ,colour1 but if instead of the fore-mention'd ,liquor1 you drop into the simple ,infusion a little rectify'd ,spirit of ,sea-,salt1 the ,pale and almost ,colourless ,liquor will immediately not only grow more ,transparent1 but acquire a high ,redness1 like that of ,rich ,claret ,wine1 which so suddenly acquir'd ,colour1 may as quickly be ,destroy'd and turn'd into a dirty ,blewish ,green1 by the affusion of a competent quantity of the above-mention'd ,spirit of ,urine4 ,annotation4 ,this ,experiment may bring some ,light to1 and receive some from a couple of other ,experiments1 that ,i remember ,i have met with in the ingenious ,gassendus's ,animadversions upon ,epicurus's ,philosophy1 whilst ,i was turning over the ,leaves of those ,learned ,commentaries2 7my ,eyes being too weak to let me read such ,voluminous ,books quite thorough7 ,and ,i the less scruple 7notwithstanding my contrary ,custom in this ,treatise7 to set down these ,experiments of another1 because ,i shall a little improve the latter of them1 and because by comparing there with that which ,i have last recited1 we may be assisted to ,conjecture upon what account it is1 that ,oyl of ,vitriol heightens the ,tincture of ,red-rose ,leaves1 since ,spirit of ,salt1 which is a highly ,acid ,menstruum1 but otherwise differing enough from ,oyl of ,vitriol1 does the same thing4 ,our ,authors ,experiments then1 as we made them1 are these2 ,we took about a ,glass-full of luke-warm ,water1 and in it immerg'd a quantity of the ,leaves of ,senna1 and presently upon the ,immersion there did not appear any ,redness in the ,water1 but dropping into it a little ,oyl of ,tartar1 the ,liquor soon discover'd a ,redness to the watchfull ,eye1 whereas by a little of that ,acid ,liquor of ,vitriol1 which is like the former1 undeservedly called ,oyl1 such a ,colour would not be extracted from the infused ,senna4 ,on the other side we took some ,red-rose ,leaves dry'd1 and having shaken them into a ,glass of fair ,water1 they imparted to it no ,redness1 but upon the affusion of a little ,oyl of ,vitriol the ,water was immediately turn'd ,red1 which it would not have been1 if instead of ,oyl of ,vitriol1 we had imployed ,oyl of ,tartar to produce that ,colour3 ,that these were ,gassendus his ,experiments1 ,i partly remember1 and was assur'd by a ,friend1 who lately ,transcribed them out of ,gassendus his ,book1 which ,i therefore add1 because ,i have not now that ,book at hand4 ,and the design of ,gassendus in these ,experiments our ,friend affirms to be1 to prove1 that of things not ,red a ,redness may be made only by ,mixture1 and the ,varied position of parts1 wherein the ,doctrine of that ,subtil ,philosopher doth not a little ,authorize1 what we have formerly delivered concerning the ,emergency and ,change of ,colours4 ,but the instances1 that we have out of him set down1 seem not to be the most ,eminent1 that may be produced of this truth3 ,for our next ,experiment will shew the production of several ,colours out of ,liquors1 which have not any of them any such ,colour1 nor indeed any discernable one at all2 and whereas though our ,author tells us1 that there was no ,redness either in the ,water1 or the ,leaves of ,senna1 or the ,oyl of ,tartar2 ,and though it be true1 that the ,predominant ,colour of the ,leaves of ,senna be another than ,red1 yet we have try'd1 that by steeping that ,plant a ,night even in ,cold water1 it would afford a very deep ,yellow or ,reddish ,tincture without the help of the ,oyl of ,tartar1 which seems to do little more than assist the ,water to extract more nimbly a plenty of that ,red ,tincture1 wherewith the ,leaves of ,senna do of themselves abound1 and having taken off the ,tincture of ,senna1 made only with fair ,water1 before it grew to be ,reddish1 and ,decanted it from the ,leaves1 we could not perceive1 that by dropping some ,oyl of ,tartar into it1 that ,colour was considerable1 though it were a little heightned into a ,redness2 which might have been expected1 if the particles of the ,oyl did eminently ,co-operate1 otherwise than we have expressed1 to the production of this ,redness4 ,and as for the ,experiment with ,red-rose ,leaves1 the same thing may be alleged1 for we found that such ,leaves by bare ,infusion for a ,night and ,day in fair ,water1 did afford us a ,tincture bordering at least upon ,redness1 and that ,colour being conspicuous in the ,leaves themselves1 would not by some seem so much to be produc'd as to be extracted by the affusion of ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,and the ,experiment try'd with the dry'd ,leaves of ,damask-roses succeeded but imperfectly1 but that is indeed observable to our ,authors purpose1 that ,oyl of ,tartar will not perform in this ,experiment what ,oyl of ,vitriol doth2 but because this last named ,liquor is not so easily to be had1 give me leave to ,advertise you1 that the ,experiment will succeed1 if instead of it you imploy ,aqua-fortis4 ,and though some ,trials of our own formerly made1 and others easily deducible from what we have already deliver'd1 about the different ,families and ,operations of ,salt1 might enable us to present you an ,experiment upon ,red-rose ,leaves1 more accommodated to our ,authors purpose1 than that which he hath given us2 yet our ,reverence to so ,candid a ,philosopher1 invites us rather to improve his ,experiment1 than substitute another in its place4 ,take therefore of the ,tincture of ,red-rose ,leaves1 7for with ,damask-rose ,leaves the ,experiment succeedeth not well7 made as before hath been taught with a little ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and a good quantity of fair ,water1 pour off this ,liquor into a clear ,vial1 half fill'd with ,limpid water2 till the ,water held against the ,light have acquir'd a competent ,redness1 without losing its ,transparency1 into this ,tincture drop leisurely a little good ,spirit of ,urine1 and shaking the ,vial1 which you must still hold against the ,light1 you shall see the ,red ,liquor immediately turn'd into a fine ,greenish ,blew1 which ,colour was not to be found in any of the ,bodies1 upon whose ,mixture it emerg'd1 and this ,change is the more observable1 because in many ,bodies the ,degenerating of ,blew into ,red is usual enough1 but the turning of ,red into ,blew is very unfrequent4 ,if at every drop of ,spirit of ,urine you shake the ,vial containing the ,red ,tincture1 you may delightfully observe a pretty variety of ,colours in the passage of that ,tincture from a ,red to a ,blew1 and sometimes we have this way hit upon such a ,liquor1 as being look't upon against and from the ,light1 did seem faintly to emulate the above-mention'd ,tincture of ,lignum ,nephriticum4 ,and if you make the ,tincture of ,red-roses very high1 and without ,diluting it with fair ,water1 pour on the ,spirit of ,urine1 you may have a ,blew so deep1 as to make the ,liquor ,opacous1 but being dropt upon ,white ,paper the ,colour will soon disclose it self4 ,also having made the ,red1 and consequently the ,blew ,tincture very ,transparent1 and suffer'd it to rest in a small open ,vial for a ,day or two1 we found according to our ,conjecture1 that not only the ,blew but the ,red ,colour also was ,vanish'd2 the clear ,liquor being of a bright ,amber ,colour1 at the bottom of which subsided a ,light1 but ,copious feculency of almost the same ,colour1 which seems to be nothing but the ,tincted parts of the ,rose ,leaves drawn out by the ,acid ,spirits of the ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and ,precipitated by the ,volatile ,salt of the ,spirit of ,urine1 which makes it the more probable1 that the ,redness drawn by the ,oyl of ,vitriol1 was at least as well an extraction of the ,tinging parts of the ,roses1 as a production of ,redness2 and lastly1 if you be destitute of ,spirit of ,urine1 you may change the ,colour of the ,tincture of ,roses with many other ,sulphureous ,salts1 as a strong ,solution of ,pot-ashes1 ,oyl of ,tartar1 c4 which yet are seldome so free from ,feculency1 as the ,spirituous parts of ,urine becomes by repeated ,distillation4 ,annotation4 ,on this1 occasion1 ,i call to mind1 that ,i found1 a way of producing1 though not the same kind of ,blew1 as ,i have been mentioning1 yet a ,colour near of ,kin to it1 namely1 a fair ,purple1 by imploying a ,liquor not made ,red by ,art1 instead of the ,tincture of ,red-roses1 made with an ,acid ,spirit2 ,and my way was only to take ,log-wood1 7a ,wood very well known to ,dyers7 having by ,infusion the ,powder of it a while in fair ,water made that ,liquor ,red1 ,i dropt into it a ,tantillum of an ,urinous ,spirit1 as that of ,sal-,armoniack1 7and ,i have done the same thing with an ,alcali7 by which the ,colour was in a moment turn'd into a ,rich1 and lovely ,purple4 ,but care must be had1 that you let not fall into a ,spoonfull above two or three ,drops1 lest the ,colour become so deep1 as to make the ,liquor too ,opacous4 ,and 7to answer the other part of ,gassendus his ,experiment7 if instead of fair ,water1 ,i infus'd the ,log-wood in ,water made somewhat sowr by the ,acid ,spirit of ,salt1 ,i should obtain neither a ,purple ,liquor1 nor a ,red1 but only a ,yellow one4 ,,experiment ,,xl4 ,the ,experiment ,i am now to mention to you1 ,pyrophilus1 is that which both you1 and all the other ,virtuosi that have seen it1 have been pleas'd to think very strange2 and indeed of all the ,experiments of ,colours1 ,i have yet met with1 it seems to be the fittest to recommend the ,doctrine propos'd in this ,treatise1 and to shew that we need not suppose1 that all ,colours must necessarily be ,inherent ,qualities1 flowing from the ,substantial ,forms of the ,bodies they are said to belong to1 since by a bare ,mechanical change of ,texture in the ,minute parts of ,bodies2 two ,colours may in a moment be ,generated quite ,de novo1 and utterly ,destroy'd4 ,for there is this difference betwixt the following ,experiment1 and most of the others deliver'd in these ,papers1 that in this1 the ,colour that a ,body already had1 is not chang'd into another1 but betwixt two ,bodies1 each of them apart devoid of ,colour1 there is in a moment generated a very deep ,colour1 and which if it were let alone1 would be permanent2 and yet by a very small ,parcel of a third ,body1 that has no ,colour of its own1 7lest some may pretend ,i know not what ,antipathy betwixt ,colours7 this otherwise permanent ,colour will be in another trice so quite ,destroy'd1 that there will remain no foot-stepts either of it or of any other ,colour in the whole ,mixture4 ,the ,experiment is very easie1 and it is thus perform'd3 ,take good common ,sublimate1 and fully satiate with it what quantity of ,water you please1 ,filtre the ,solution carefully through clean and close ,paper1 that it may drop down as ,clear and ,colourless as ,fountain water4 ,then when you'l shew the ,experiment1 put of it about a ,spoonfull into a small ,wine-glass1 or any other convenient ,vessel made of clear ,glass1 and droping in three or four drops of good ,oyl of ,tartar1 per ,deliquium2 well ,filtred that it may likewise be without ,colour1 these two ,limpid ,liquors will in the twinkling of an ,eye turn into an ,opacous mixture of a deep ,orange ,colour1 which by keeping the ,glass continually shaking in your hand1 you must preserve from setling too soon to the ,bottom2 ,and when the ,spectators have a little beheld this first ,change1 then you must presently drop in about four or five drops of ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and continuing to shake the ,glass pretty strongly1 that it may the ,nimbler diffuse it self1 the whole ,colour1 if you have gone ,skilfully to work1 will immediately disappear1 and all the ,liquor in the ,glass will be ,clear and ,colourless as before1 without so much as a ,sediment at the ,bottom4 ,but for the more gracefull ,trial of this ,experiment1 'twill not be amiss to observe1 ,first1 ,that there should not be taken too much of the ,solution of ,sublimate1 nor too much of the ,oyl of ,tartar drop'd in1 to avoid the necessity of putting in so much ,oyl of ,vitriol as may make an ,ebullition1 and perhaps run over the ,glass4 ,secondly1 ,that 'tis convenient to keep the ,glass always a little shaking1 both for the better mixing of the ,liquors1 and to keep the ,yellow ,substance from ,subsiding1 which else it would in a short time do1 though when 'tis subsided it will retain its ,colour1 and also be capable of being depriv'd of it by the ,oyl newly mention'd4 ,thirdly1 ,that if any ,yellow matter stick at the sides of the ,glass1 'tis but inclining the ,glass1 till the clarify'd ,liquor can wash alongst it1 and the ,liquor will presently imbibe it1 and deprive it of its ,colour4 ,many have somewhat wondred1 how ,i came to light upon this ,experiment1 but the ,notions or ,conjectures ,i have about the differing ,natures of the ,several ,tribes of ,salts1 having led me to devise the ,experiment1 it will not be difficult for me to give you the ,chymical ,reason1 if ,i may so speak1 of the ,phnomenon4 ,having then observ'd1 that ,mercury being dissolv'd in ,some ,menstruums1 would yield a dark ,yellow ,precipitate1 and supposing that1 as to this1 common ,water1 and the ,salts that stick to the ,mercury would be equivalent to those ,acid ,menstruums1 which work upon the ,quick-silver1 upon the account of their ,saline particles1 ,i substituted a ,solution of ,sublimate in fair ,water1 instead of a ,solution of ,mercury in ,aqua-fortis1 or ,spirit of ,nitre1 that simple ,solution being both clearer and free from that very offensive ,smell1 which accompanies the ,solutions of ,mercury made with those other corrosive ,liquors2 then ,i consider'd1 that ,that1 which makes the ,yellow ,colour1 is indeed but a ,precipitate made by the means of the ,oyl of ,tartar1 which we drop in1 and which1 as ,chymists know1 does generally precipitate ,metalline ,bodies corroded by ,acid ,salts2 so that the ,colour in our case results from the ,coalition of the ,mercurial particles with the ,saline ones1 wherewith they were formerly associated1 and with the ,alcalizate particles of the ,salt of ,tartar that swim up and down in the ,oyl4 ,wherefore considering also1 that very many of the effects of ,lixiviate ,liquors1 upon the ,solutions of other ,bodies1 may be destroy'd by ,acid ,menstruums1 as ,i elsewhere more particularly declare1 ,i concluded1 that if ,i chose a very potently ,acid ,liquor1 which by its ,incisive power might undo the work of the ,oyl of ,tartar1 and disperse again those ,particles1 which the other had by ,precipitation associated1 into such minute ,corpuscles as were before singly ,inconspicuous1 they would become ,inconspicuous again1 and consequently leave the ,liquor as ,colourless as before the ,precipitation was made4 ,this1 as ,i said1 ,pyrophilus1 seems to be the ,chymical reason of this ,experiment1 that is such a reason1 as1 supposing the truth of those ,chymical ,notions ,i have elsewhere ,i hope evinc'd1 may give such an account of the ,phnomena as ,chymical ,notions can supply us with2 but ,i both here and elsewhere make use of this way of speaking1 to intimate that ,i am sufficiently aware of the difference betwixt a ,chymical ,explication of a ,phnomenon1 and one that is truly ,philosophical or ,mechanical2 as in our present case1 ,i tell you something1 when ,i tell you that the ,yellowness of the ,mercurial ,solution and the ,oyl of ,tartar is produc'd by the ,precipitation occasion'd by the affusion of the latter of those ,liquors1 and that the destruction of the ,colour proceeds from the ,dissipation of that ,curdl'd matter1 whose ,texture is destroy'd1 and which is dissolv'd into ,minute and ,invisible particles by the potently ,acid ,menstruum1 which is the reason1 why there remains no ,sediment in the ,bottom1 because the infused ,oyl takes it up1 and resolves it into hidden or invisible ,parts1 as ,water does ,salt or ,sugar4 ,but when ,i have told you all this1 ,i am far from thinking ,i have told all that such an ,inquisitive ,person as your self would know1 for ,i presume you would desire as well as ,i to learn 7at least7 why the ,particles of the ,mercury1 of the ,tartar1 and of the ,acid ,salts convening together1 should make rather an ,orange ,colour than a ,red1 or a ,blew1 or a ,green1 for 'tis not enough to say what ,i related a little before1 that divers ,mercurial ,solutions1 though otherwise made1 would yield a ,yellow precipitate1 because the ,question will recurr concerning them2 and to give it a satisfactory answer1 is1 ,i freely acknowledge1 more than ,i dare as yet pretend to4 ,but to confirm my conjecture about the ,chymical reason of our ,experiment1 ,i may add1 that as ,i have 7viz4 pag4 #cdth4 of this ,treatise7 elsewhere 7on another occasion7 told you1 with ,saline ,liquors of another kind and nature than ,salt of ,tartar1 7namely1 with ,spirit of ,urine1 and ,liquors of kin to that7 ,i can make the ,mercury precipitate out of the first simple ,solution quite of another ,colour than that hitherto mention'd2 ,nay1 if instead of altering the ,precipitating liquor1 ,i alter'd the ,texture of the ,sublimate in such a way as my ,notions about ,salt requir'd1 ,i could produce the same ,phnomenon4 ,for having purposely ,sublim'd together ,equal parts 7or thereabout7 of ,sal-,armoniack and ,sublimate1 first diligently ,mix'd1 the ascending ,flowers being diffolv'd in fair ,water1 and ,filtred1 gave a ,solution ,limpid and ,colourless1 like that of the other ,sublimates1 and yet an ,akaly drop'd into this ,liquor did not turn it ,yellow but ,white4 ,and upon the same ,grounds we may with ,quick-silver1 without the help of common ,sublimate1 prepare another sort of ,flowers dissoluble in ,water without ,discolouring it1 with which ,i could likewise do what ,i newly mention'd2 to which ,i shall add1 7what possibly you'l somewhat wonder at7 ,that so much does the ,colour depend upon the ,texture resulting from the ,convention of the several sorts of ,corpuscles1 that though in out ,experiment1 ,oyl of ,vitriol destroys the ,yellow ,colour1 yet with ,quick-silver and fair ,water1 by the help of ,oyl of ,vitriol alone1 we may easily make a kind of ,precipitate of a fair and permanent ,yellow1 as you will e're long 7in the forty second ,expement of this third ,part7 be taught4 ,and ,i may further add1 that ,i chose ,oyl of ,vitriol1 not so much for any other or peculiar ,quality1 as for its being1 when 'tis well rectify'd1 7which 'tis somewhat hazardous to bring it to be7 not only devoid of ,colour and in ,smells1 but extremely ,strong and ,incisive2 ,for though common and undephlegmated ,aqua-fortis will not perform the same thing well1 yet that which is made exceeding ,strong by being carefully ,dephlegm'd1 will do it pretty well1 though not so well as ,oyl of ,vitriol which is so ,strong1 that even without ,rectification it may for a need be made use of4 ,i will not here tell you what ,i have try'd1 that ,i may be able to deprive at pleasure the ,precipitate that one of the ,sulphureous ,liquors had made1 by the copious ,affusion of the other3 ,because ,i found1 though this ,experiment is too ticklish to let me give a full account of it in few words1 ,i shall therefore tell you1 that it is not only for once1 that the other above-mention'd ,experiment may be made1 the same ,numerical parcels of ,liquor being still imploy'd in it2 for after ,i have ,clarify'd the ,orange ,colour'd ,liquor1 by the addition of as little of the ,oyl of ,viriol as will suffice to perform the effect1 ,i can again at pleasure re-produce the ,opacous ,colour1 by the dropping in of fresh ,oyl of ,tartar1 and destroy it again by the ,re-affusion of more of the ,acid ,menstruum2 and yet oftner if ,i please1 can ,i with these two contrariant ,liquors recall and disperse the ,colour1 though by reason of the addition of so much new ,liquor1 in reference to the ,mercurial particles1 the ,colour will at length appear more dilute and faint4 ,an improvement of the fortieth ,experiment4 ,and1 ,pyrophilus1 to confirm yet further the ,notions that led me to think on the propos'd ,experiment1 ,i shall acquaint you with another1 which when ,i had conveniency ,i have sometimes added to it1 and which has to the ,spectators appear'd little less ,odd than the first2 ,and though because the ,liquor1 requisite to make the ,trial succeed well1 must be on purpose prepar'd anew a while before1 because it will not long retain its fitness for this work1 ,i do but seldome annex this ,experiment to the other1 yet ,i shall tell you how ,i devis'd it1 and how ,i make it4 ,if you boyl ,crude ,antimony in a strong and clear ,lixivium1 you shall separate a ,substance from it1 which some ,modern ,chymists are pleas'd to call its ,sulphur1 but how deservedly ,i shall not here examine1 having elsewhere done it in an ,opportune place2 wherefore ,i shall now but need to take notice1 that when this suppos'd ,sulphur 7not now to call it rather a kind of ,crocus7 is let fall by the ,liquor upon its ,refrigeration1 it often settles in ,flakes1 or such like parcels of a ,yellow ,substance1 7which being by the precedent dissolution reduc'd into ,minute parts1 may peradventure be made to take ,fire much more easily than the ,grosser ,powder of unprepar'd ,antimony would have done47 ,considering therefore1 that common ,sulphur boyl'd in a ,lixivium may be ,precipitated out of it by ,rhenish-wine or ,white-wine1 which are ,sowrish ,liquors1 and have in them1 as ,i elsewhere shew1 an ,acid ,salt2 and having found also by ,trial1 that with other ,acid ,liquors ,i could ,precipitate out of ,lixiviate ,solvents some other ,mineral concretions abounding with ,sulphureous parts1 of which sort is crude ,antimony1 ,i concluded it to be easie to ,precipitate the ,antimony dissolv'd1 as was lately mention'd1 with the ,acid ,oyl of ,vitriol2 and though common ,sulphur yields a ,white ,precipitate1 which the ,chymists call ,lac ,sulphuris1 yet ,i suppos'd the ,precipitated ,antimony would be of a deep ,yellow ,colour1 as well1 if made with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 as if made only by ,refrigeration and length of ,time4 ,from this 'twas easie to deduce this ,experiment1 that if you put into one ,glass some of the freshly ,impregnated and ,filtrated ,solution of ,antimony1 and into another some of the ,orange-,colour'd ,mixture1 7which ,i formerly shew'd you how to make with a ,mercurial ,solution and ,oyl of ,tartar7 a few drops of ,oyl of ,vitriol dropp'd into the last mention'd ,glass1 would1 as ,i told you before1 turn the ,deep ,yellow mixture into a ,cleer ,liquor2 whereas a little of the same ,oyl dropp'd out of the same ,viol into the other ,glass would presently 7but not without some ill sent7 turn the moderately cleer ,solution into a ,deep ,yellow ,substance1 ,but this1 as ,i ,said1 succeeds not well1 unless you employ a ,lixivium that has but newly dissolv'd ,antimony1 and has not yet let it fall4 ,but yet in ,summer time1 if your ,lixivium have been duly ,impregnated and well ,filtred after it is quite cold1 it will for some dayes 7perhaps much longer than ,i had occasion to try7 retain ,antimony enough to exhibit1 upon the ,affusion of the ,corrosive ,oyl1 as much of a good ,yellow ,substance as is necessary to satisfie the ,beholders of the ,possibility of the ,experiment4 ,reflections upon the ,,xl4 ,experiment ,compared with the ,x4 and ,,xx4 ,the ,knowledge of the ,distinction of ,salts which we have propos'd1 whereby they are discriminated into ,acid1 ,volatile1 or ,salfuginous 7if ,i may for ,distinction sake so call the ,fugitive ,salts of ,animal ,substances7 and fix'd or ,alcalizate1 may possibly 7by that little part which we have already deliver'd1 of what we could say of its ,applicableness7 appear of so much ,use in ,natural ,philosophy 7especially in the ,practick part of it7 that ,i doubt not but it will be no ,unwelcome ,corollary of the ,preceding ,experiment1 if by the help of it ,i teach you to distinguish1 which of those ,salts is ,predominant in ,chymical ,liquors1 as well as whether any of them be so or not4 ,for though in our ,notes upon the ,x4 and ,,xx4 ,experiments ,i have shown you a way by means of the ,tincture of ,lignum ,nephriticum1 or of ,syrrup of ,violets1 to discover whether a propounded ,salt be ,acid or not1 yet you can thereby only find in general that such and such ,salts belong not to the ,tribe of ,acids1 but cannot determine whether they belong to the ,tribe of ,urinous ,salts 7under which for distinction sake ,i comprehend all those ,volatile ,salts of ,animal or other ,substances that are contrary to ,acids7 or to that of ,alcalies4 ,for as well the one as the other of these ,salino-,sulphurous ,salts will restore the ,cruleous ,colour to the ,tincture of ,lignum ,nephriticum1 and turn that of ,syrrup of ,violets into ,green4 ,wherefore this ,,xl4 ,experiment does opportunely supply the deficiency of those4 ,for being sollicitous to find out some ready wayes of discriminating the ,tribes of ,chymical ,salts1 ,i found that all those ,i thought fit to make ,tryal of1 would1 if they were of a ,lixiviate ,nature1 make with ,sublimate dissolv'd in ,fair ,water an ,orange ,tawny ,precipitate2 whereas if they were of an ,urinous ,nature the ,precipitate would be ,white and ,milky4 ,so that having alwayes by me some ,syrrup of ,violets and some ,solution of ,sublimate1 ,i can by the help of the first of those ,liquors discover in a trice1 whether the propounded ,salt or ,saline ,body be of an ,acid ,nature or no1 if it be ,i need 7you know7 inquire no further2 but if it be not1 ,i can very easily1 and as readily distinguish between the other two kinds of ,salts1 by the ,white or ,orange-,colour that is immediately produc'd1 by letting fall a few ,drops or ,grains of the ,salt to be examin'd1 into a spoonfull of the cleer ,solution of ,sublimate4 ,for ,example1 it has been suppos'd by some eminently ,learned1 ,that when ,sal ,armoniack being mingled with an ,alcaly is forc'd from it by the ,fire in close ,vessels1 the ,volatile ,salt that will thereby be obtain'd 7if the ,operation be skilfully perform'd17 is but a more fine and subtile sort of ,sal ,armoniack1 which1 'tis presum'd1 this ,operation do's but more exquisitely purifie1 than common ,solutions1 ,filtrations1 and ,coagulations4 ,but this ,opinion may be easily shown to be ,erroneous1 as by other ,arguments1 so particularly by the lately deliver'd ,method of distinguishing the ,tribes of ,salts4 ,for the ,saline ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack1 as it is in many other manifest ,qualities very like the ,spirit of ,urine1 so like1 that it will in a trice make ,syrrup of ,violets of a ,lovely ,green1 turn a ,solution of good ,verdigrease into an ,excellent ,azure1 and make the ,solution of a ,sublimate yield a ,white ,precipitate1 insomuch that in most 7for ,i say not all of the ,experiments7 where ,i ,aim onely at producing a sudden change of ,colour1 ,i scruple not to use ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack when it is at hand1 instead of ,spirit of ,urine1 as indeed it seems chiefly to consist 7besides the flegm that helps to make it fluid7 of the ,volatile ,urinous ,salt 7yet not excluding that of ,soot7 that abounds in the ,sal ,armoniack and is set at liberty from the ,sea ,salt wherewith it was formerly associated1 and clogg'd1 by the ,operation of the ,alcaly1 that divides the ,ingredients of ,sal ,armoniack1 and retains that ,sea ,salt with it self4 ,what use may be made of the like way of exploration in that inquiry which puzzles so many ,modern ,naturalists1 whether the ,rich ,pigment 7which we have often had occasion to mention7 belongs to the ,vegetable or ,animal ,kingdome1 you may find in another place where ,i give you some account of what ,i try'd about ,cocheneel4 ,but ,i think it needless to exemplifie here our ,method by any other ,instances1 many such being to be met with in divers parts of this ,treatise2 but ,i will rather advertise you1 that1 by this way of examining ,chymical ,liquors1 you may not onely in most ,cases conclude ,affirmatively1 but in some ,cases ,negatively4 ,as since ,spirit of ,wine1 and as far as ,i have try'd1 those ,chymical ,oyles which ,artists call ,essential1 did not 7when ,i us'd them as ,i had us'd the several ,families of ,salts upon that ,syrrup7 turn ,syrrup of ,violets ,red or ,green1 nor the ,solution of ,sublimate ,white or ,yellow1 ,i inferr'd it may thence be probably argued1 that either they are destitute of ,salt1 or have such as belongs not to either of the three ,grand families already often mention'd4 ,when ,i went to examine the ,spirit of ,oak or of such like ,concretes forced over through a ,retort1 ,i found by this means amongst others1 that 7as ,i elsewhere show7 these ,chymists are much mistaken in it1 that account it a simple ,liquor1 and one of their ,hypostatical ,principles3 for not to mention what flegm it may have1 ,i found that with a few drops of one of this sort of ,spirits mix'd with a good proportion of ,syrrup of ,violets1 ,i could change the ,colour and make it ,purplish1 by the affinity of which ,colour to ,redness1 ,i conjectur'd that this ,spirit had some ,acid ,corpuscles in it1 and accordingly ,i found that as it would destroy the ,blewness of a ,tincture of ,lignum ,nephriticum1 so being put upon ,corals it would ,corrode them1 as common ,spirit of ,vinegar1 and other ,acid ,liquors are wont to do4 ,and farther to examine whether there were not a great part of the ,liquor that was not of an ,acid nature1 having separated the ,sour or ,vinegar-like part from the rest1 which 7if ,i mistake not7 is far the more ,copious1 we concluded as we had conjectured1 the other or remaining part1 though it had a strong taste as well as smell1 to be of a nature differing from that of either of the three sorts of ,salts above mention'd1 since it did as little as ,spirit of ,wine1 and ,chymical ,oyls1 alter the ,colour either of ,syrrup of ,violets or ,solution of ,sublimate1 whence we also inferr'd that the change that had been made of that ,syrrup into a ,purple ,colour1 was effected by the ,vinegar1 that was one of the two ,ingredients of the ,liquor1 which was wont to pass for a ,simple or ,uncompounded ,spirit4 ,and1 upon this account1 'twas of the ,spirit of ,oak 7and the like ,concretes7 freed from it's ,vinegar that ,i elsewhere told you1 that ,i had not then observ'd it1 7and ,i have repeated the ,tryal but very lately7 to destroy the ,cruleous ,tincture of ,lignum ,nephriticum4 ,but this onely1 en passant2 for the ,chief thing ,i had to add was this1 ,that by the same way may be examin'd and discover'd1 divers changes that are produc'd in ,bodies either by ,nature only1 or by ,art2 either of them being able by changing the ,texture of some ,concretes ,i could name1 to qualifie them to ,operate after a ,new manner upon the above mention'd ,syrrup1 or ,solution1 or both4 ,and by this means1 to tell you that upon the by1 ,i have been able to discover1 that there may be made ,bodies1 which though they run per ,deliquium1 as readily as ,salt of ,tartar1 belong in other respects1 not to the family of ,alcaliz1 much less to that of ,salfuginous1 or that of ,acid ,salts4 ,perhaps too1 ,i may know a way of making a highly operative ,saline ,body that shall neither change the ,colour of ,syrrup of ,violets1 nor ,precipitate the ,solution of ,sublimate2 ,and1 ,i can likewise if ,i please conceal by what ,liquors ,i perform such changes of ,colour1 as ,i have been mentioning to you1 by quite altering the ,texture of some ordinary ,chymical productions1 the ,exploration of which is the main use of the fortieth ,experiment1 which ,i think teaches not a little1 if it teach us to discover the nature of those things 7in reference to ,salt7 that are obtain'd by the ordinary ,chymical ,analysis of mix'd ,bodyes1 though perhaps there may be other ,bodyes prepar'd by ,chymistry which may have the same ,effects in the change of ,colours2 and yet be produc'd not from what ,chymists call the ,resolution of ,bodies1 but from their ,composition4 ,but the discoursing of things of this nature is more proper for another place4 ,i shall now onely add1 what might perhaps have been more seasonably told you before2 ,that the ,reason why the way of ,exploration of ,salts hitherto deliver'd1 succeeds in the ,solution of ,sublimate1 depends upon the particular ,texture of that ,solution1 as well as upon the differing ,natures of the ,saline ,liquors imploy'd to ,precipitate it4 ,for ,gold dissolv'd in ,aqua ,regia1 whether you ,precipitate it with ,oyl of ,tartar which is an ,alcaly1 or with ,spirit of ,urine1 or ,sal ,armoniack which belongs to the family of ,volatile ,salts1 will either way afford a ,yellow substance3 though with such an ,acid ,liquor1 as1 ,i say not ,spirit of ,salt1 the ,body that yields it1 being upon the matter an ,ingredient of ,aqua ,regis1 but ,oyl of ,vitriol it self1 ,i did not find that ,i could ,precipitate the ,metall out of the ,solution1 or destroy the ,colour of it1 though the same ,oyl of ,vitriol would readily ,precipitate ,silver dissolv'd in ,aqua-fortis4 ,and if you dissolve pure ,silver in ,aqua-fortis1 and suffer it to shoot into ,crystals1 the cleer ,solution of these made in fair ,water1 will afford a very ,white ,precipitate1 whether it be made with an ,alcaly1 or an ,acid ,spirit1 as that of ,salt1 whereas1 which may seem somewhat strange1 with ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack 7that ,i us'd was made of ,quicklime7 ,i could obtain no such ,white ,precipitate2 that ,volatile ,spirit1 nor 7as ,i remember7 that of ,urine1 scarce doing any more than striking down a very small quantity of ,matter1 which was neither ,white nor ,whitish1 so that the remaining ,liquor being suffer'd to evaporate till the superfluous ,moisture was gone1 the greatest part of the ,metalline ,corpuscles with the ,saline ones that had imbib'd them1 concoagulated into ,salt1 as is usual in such ,solutions1 wherein the ,metall has not been ,precipitated4 ,,experiment ,,xli4 ,of ,kin to the last or fortieth ,experiment is another which ,i remember ,i have sometimes shewn to ,virtuosi that were pleas'd not to dislike it4 ,i took ,spirit of ,urine made by ,fermentation1 and with a due proportion of ,copper brought into small parts1 ,i obtain'd a very lovely ,azure ,solution1 and when ,i saw the ,colour was such as was requisite1 pouring into a clean ,glass1 about a spoonfull of this tincted ,liquor1 7of which ,i us'd to keep a ,quantity by me17 ,i could by shaking into it some drops of ,strong ,oyl of ,vitriol1 deprive it in a trice of its ,deep ,colour1 and make it look like ,common-water4 ,annotation4 ,this ,experiment brings into my mind this other1 which oftentimes succceds well enough1 though not quite so well as the former2 ,namely1 that if into about a small spoonfull of a ,solution of good ,french ,verdigrease made in fair ,water1 ,i drop't and shak'd some strong ,spirit of ,salt1 or rather deflegm'd ,aqua ,fortis1 the ,greenness of the ,solution would be made in a trice almost totally to disappear1 the ,liquor held against the ,light would scarce seeme other than ,cleer or ,limpid1 to any but an ,attentive ,eye1 which is therefore remarkable2 because we know that ,aqua-fortis corroding ,copper1 which is it that gives the ,colour to ,verdigrease1 is wont to reduce it to a ,green ,blew ,solution4 ,but if into the other altogether or almost ,colourless ,liquor ,i was speaking of1 you drop a just quantity either of ,oyl of ,tartar or ,spirit of ,urine1 you shall find that after the ,ebullition is ceas'd1 the mixture will disclose a lively ,colour1 though somewhat differing from that which the ,solution of ,verdigrease had at first4 ,,experiment ,,xlii4 ,that the ,colour 7,pyrophilus7 of a ,body may be chang'd by a ,liquor which of it self is of no ,colour1 provided it be ,saline1 we have already manifested by a multitude of instances4 ,nor doth it seem so strange1 because ,saline ,particles swimming up and down in ,liquors1 have been by many observ'd to be very operative in the ,production and change of ,colours4 ,but divers of our ,friends that are not acquainted with ,chymical ,operations have thought it very strange that a ,white ,body1 and a ,dry one too1 should immediately acquire a rich new ,colour upon the bare affusion of ,spring-,water destitute as well of adventitious ,salt as of ,tincture4 ,and yet 7,pyrophilus7 the way of producing such a change of ,colours may be easily enough lighted on by those that are conversant in the ,solutions of ,mercury4 ,for we have try'd1 that though by ,evaporating a ,solution of ,quick-,silver in ,aqua-fortis1 and abstracting the ,liquor till the remaining matter began to be well1 but not too strongly dryed1 fair ,water pour'd on the remaining ,calx made it but somewhat ,yellowish2 yet when we took good ,quick-,silver1 and three or four times its weight of ,oyl of ,vitriol1 in case we in a ,glass ,retort plac'd in ,sand drew off the ,saline ,menstruum from the ,metalline ,liquor1 till there remain'd a dry ,calx at the bottome1 though this ,precipitate were a ,snow ,white ,body1 yet upon pouring on it a large quantity of fair ,water1 we did almost in a moment perceive it to pass from a ,milky ,colour to one of the loveliest ,light ,yellows that ever we had beheld4 ,nor is the ,turbith ,mineral1 that ,chymists extol for its power to ,salivate1 and for other vertues1 of a ,colour much inferiour to this1 though it be often made with a differing proportion of the ,ingredients1 a more troublesome way4 ,for ,beguinus1#bb who calls it ,mercurius prcipitatus optimus1 takes to one part of ,quick-,silver1 but two of ,liquor1 and that is ,rectifi'd ,oyl of ,sulphur1 which is 7in ,england at least7 far more scarce and dear than ,oyl of ,vitriol2 he also requires a previous ,digestion1 two or three ,cohobations1 and frequent ,ablutions with hot ,distill'd ,water1 with other prescriptions1 which though they may conduce to the ,goodness of the ,medicine1 which is that he aims at1 are troublesome1 and1 our ,tryals have inform'd you unneccessary to the obtaining the ,lemmon ,colour which he regards not4 ,but though we have very rarely seen either in ,painters ,shops1 or elsewhere a finer ,yellow than that which we have divers times this way produc'd 7which is the more considerable1 because durable and pleasant ,yellows are very hard to be met with1 as may appear by the great use which ,painters are for its ,colours sake fain to make of that pernicious and heavy ,mineral1 ,orpiment7 yet ,i fear our ,yellow is too costly1 to be like to be imploy'd by ,painters1 unless about ,choice pieces of ,work1 nor do ,i know how well it will agree with every ,pigment1 especially1 wich ,oyl'd ,colours4 ,and whether this ,experiment1 though it have seem'd somewhat strange to most we have shown it to1 be really of another ,nature than those wherein ,saline ,liquors are imploy'd1 may1 as we formerly also hinted1 be so plausibly doubted1 that whether the ,water pour'd on the ,calx1 do barely by imbibing some of its ,saline parts alter its ,colour by altering its ,texture1 or whether by dissolving the ,concoagulated ,salts1 it does become a ,saline ,menstruum1 and1 as such1 work upon the ,mercury1 ,i freely leave to you 7,pyrophilus7 to consider4 ,and that ,i may give you some ,assistance in your ,enquiry1 ,i will not only tell you1 that ,i have several times with fair ,water wash'd from this ,calx1 good store of strongly tasted ,corpuscles1 which by the abstraction of the ,menstruum1 ,i could reduce into ,salt2 but ,i will also subjoyn an ,experiment1 which ,i devis'd1 to shew among other things1 how much a real and permanent ,colour may be as it were drawn forth by a ,liquor that has neither ,colour1 nor so much as ,saline or other ,active parts1 provided it can but bring the parts of the ,body it imbibes to convene into clusters dispos'd after the manner requisite to the exhibiting of the emergent ,colour4 ,the ,experiment was this4 #bb ,beguinus1 ,tyr4 ,chy4 ,lib4 #b4 ,cap4 #ac4 ,,experiment ,,xliii4 ,we took good common ,vitriol1 and having beaten it to ,powder1 and put it into a ,crucible1 we kept it melted in a gentle heat1 till by the ,evaporation of some parts1 and the shuffling of the rest1 it had quite lost its former ,colour1 what remain'd we took out1 and found it to be a friable ,calx1 of a dirty ,gray4 ,on this we pour'd fair ,water1 which it did not ,colour ,green or ,blew1 but only seem'd to make a muddy mixture with it1 then stopping the ,vial wherein the ,ingredients were put1 we let it stand in a quiet place for some dayes1 and after many hours the water having dissolv'd a good part of the imperfectly calcin'd ,body1 the ,vitriolate ,corpuscles swiming to and fro in the ,liquor1 had time by their opportune ,occursions to constitute many little ,masses of ,vitriol1 which gave the water they impregnated a fair ,vitriolate ,colour2 and this ,liquor being pour'd off1 the remaining dirty ,powder did in process of time communicate the like ,colour1 but not so deep1 to a second parcel of cleer ,water that we pour'd on it4 ,but this ,experiment ,pyrophilus is1 7to give you that hint by the way7 of too ,luciferous a ,nature to be fit to be fully prosecuted1 now that ,i am in haste1 and willing to dispatch what remains4 ,and we have already said of it1 as much as is requisite to our present purpose4 ,,experiment ,,xliv4 ,it may 7,pyrophilus7 somewhat contribute towards the shewing how much some ,colours depend upon the less or greater mixture1 and 7as it were17 ,contemperation of the ,light with shades1 to observe1 how that sometimes the number of ,particles1 of the same ,colour1 receiv'd into the ,pores of a ,liquor1 or swiming up and down in it1 do seem much to vary the ,colour of it4 ,i could here present you with particular instances to show1 how in many 7if not most7 consistent ,bodyes1 if the ,colour be not a ,light one1 as ,white1 ,yellow1 or the like1 the closeness of parts in the ,pigments makes it look ,blackish1 though when it is display'd and laid on thinly1 it will perhaps appear to be either ,blew1 or ,green1 or ,red4 ,but the ,colours of consistent ,pigments1 not being those which the ,preamble of this ,experiment has lead you to expect ,examples in1 ,i shall take the instances ,i am now to give you1 rather from ,liquors than ,dry ,bodyes4 ,if then you put a little fair ,water into a cleer and slender ,vial1 7or rather into one of those pipes of ,glass1 which we shall by and by mention27 and let fall into it a few drops of a strong ,decoction or ,infusion of ,cochineel1 or 7for want of that7 of ,brazil2 you may see the tincted drops descend like little ,clouds into the ,liquor2 through which1 if1 by shaking the ,vial1 you diffuse them1 they will turn the water either of a ,pinck ,colour1 or like that which is wont to be made by the washing of raw flesh in fair ,water2 by dropping a little more of the ,decoction1 you may heighten the ,colour into a fine ,red1 almost like that which ennobles ,rubies2 by continuing the affusion1 you may bring the ,liquor to a kind of a ,crimson1 and afterwards to a ,dark and ,opacous ,redness1 somewhat like that of ,clotted ,blood4 ,and in the passage of the ,liquor from one of these ,colours to the other1 you may observe1 if you consider it attentively1 divers other less noted ,colours belonging to ,red1 to which it is not easie to give ,names2 especially considering how much the proportion of the ,decoction to the fair ,water1 and the strength of that ,decoction1 together with that of the trajected ,light and other ,circumstances1 may vary the ,phnomena of this ,experiment4 ,for the convenienter making whereof1 we use instead of a ,vial1 any slender ,pipe of ,glass of about a foot or more in length1 and about the thickness of a mans little finger2 ,for1 if leaving one end of this ,pipe open1 you ,seal up the other ,hermetically1 7or at least stop it exquisitely with a ,cork well fitted to it1 and over-laid with hard ,sealing ,wax melted1 and rubb'd upon it27 you shall have a ,glass1 wherein may be observ'd the ,variations of the ,colours of ,liquors much better than in large ,vials1 and wherein ,experiments of this ,nature may be well made with very small quantities of ,liquor4 ,and if you please1 you may in this ,pipe produce variety of ,colours in the various parts of the ,liquor1 and keep them swimming upon one another unmix'd for a good while4 ,and some have marveil'd to see1 what variety of ,colours we have sometimes 7but ,i confess rather by chance than skill7 produc'd in those ,glasses1 by the bare infusion of ,brazil1 variously diluted with fair ,water1 and alter'd by the ,infusion of several ,chymical ,spirits and other ,saline ,liquors devoid themselves of ,colour1 and when the whole ,liquor is reduc'd to an ,uniform degree of ,colour1 ,i have taken pleasure to make that very ,liquor seem to be of ,colours gradually differing1 by filling with it ,glasses of a ,conical figure1 7whether the ,glass have its basis in the ordinary position1 or turn'd upwards47 ,and yet you need not ,glasses of an extraordinary shape to see an instance of what the vari'd mixture of ,light and ,shadow can do in the diversifying of the ,colour4 ,for if you take but a large round ,vial1 with a somewhat long and slender ,neck1 and filling it with our ,red ,infusion of ,brazil1 hold it against the ,light1 you will discern a notable ,disparity betwixt the ,colour of that part of the ,liquor which is in the ,body of the ,vial1 and that which is more pervious to the ,light in the ,neck4 ,nay1 ,i remember1 that ,i once had a ,glass and a ,blew ,liquor 7consisting chiefly 7or only1 if my memory deceive me not17 of a certain ,solution of ,verdigrease7 so fitted for my purpose1 that though in other ,glasses the ,experiment would not succeed1 yet when that particular ,glass was fill'd with that ,solution1 in the ,body of the ,vial it appear'd of a ,lovely ,blew1 and in the neck1 7where the ,light did more dilute the ,colour17 of a manifest ,green2 and though ,i suspected there might be some latent ,yellowness in the substance of the neck of the ,glass1 which might with the ,blew compose that ,green1 yet was ,i not satisfi'd my self with my ,conjecture1 but the thing seem'd odd to me1 as well as to divers curious persons to whom it was shown4 ,and ,i lately had a ,broad piece of ,glass1 which being look'd on against the ,light seem'd clear enough1 and held from the ,light appear'd very lightly discolour'd1 and yet it was a piece knock'd off from a great lump of ,glass1 to which if we rejoyn'd it1 where it had been broken off1 the whole ,mass was as green as ,grass4 ,and ,i have several times us'd ,bottles and stopples that were both made 7as those1 ,i had them from assur'd me7 of the very same ,metall1 and yet whilst the bottle appear'd but inclining towards a ,green1 the ,stopple 7by reason of its great thickness7 was of so deep a ,colour that you would hardly believe they could possibly be made of the same materials4 ,but to satisfie some ,ingenious ,men1 on another occasion1 ,i provided my self of a flat ,glass 7which ,i yet have by me17 with which if ,i look against the ,light with the ,broad side obverted to the ,eye1 it appeares like a good ordinary window ,glass2 but if ,i turn the ,edge of it to my ,eye1 and place my ,eye in a convenient posture in reference to the ,light1 it may contend for deepness of ,colour with an ,emerald4 ,and this ,greeness puts me in mind of a certain thickish1 but not consistent ,pigment ,i have sometimes made1 and can show you when you please1 which being dropp'd on a piece of ,white ,paper appears1 where any quantity of it is fallen1 of a somewhat ,crimson ,colour1 but being with ones finger spread thinly on the ,paper does presently exhibit a fair ,green1 which seems to proceed only from its disclosing its ,colour upon the ,extenuation of its ,depth into ,superficies1 if the change be not somewhat help'd by the ,colours degenerating upon one or other of the ,accounts formerly mention'd4 ,let me add1 that having made divers ,tryals with that ,blew substance1 which in ,painters shops is call'd ,litmase1 we have sometimes taken ,pleasure to observe1 that being dissolv'd in a due proportion of fair ,water1 the ,solution either oppos'd to the ,light1 or dropp'd upon ,white paper1 did appear of a deep ,colour betwixt ,crimson and ,purple2 and yet that being spread very thin on the ,paper and suffer'd to dry on there1 the ,paper was wont to appear ,stain'd of a ,fine ,blew4 ,and to satisfie my selfe1 that the diversity came not from the ,paper1 which one might suspect capable of inbibing the ,liquor1 and altering the ,colour1 ,i made the ,tryal upon a flat piece of purely ,white ,glass'd ,earth1 7which ,i sometimes make use of about ,experiments of ,colours7 with an ,event not unlike the former4 ,and now ,i speak of ,litmass1 ,i will add1 that having this very day taken a piece of it1 that ,i had kept by me these several years1 to make ,tryals about ,colours1 and having let fall a few drops of the strong ,infusion of it in fair water1 into a fine ,crystal ,glass1 shap'd like an inverted ,cone1 and almost full of fair ,water1 ,i had now 7as formerly7 the pleasure to see1 and to show others1 how these few tincted drops variously dispersing themselves through the ,limpid ,water1 exhibited divers ,colours1 or varieties of ,purple and ,crimson4 ,and when the ,corpuscles of the ,pigment seem'd to have equally diffus'd themselves through the whole ,liquor1 ,i then by putting two or three drops of ,spirit of ,salt1 first made an odd change in the ,colour of the ,liquor1 as well as a visible commotion among its small parts1 and in a short time chang'd it wholly into a very ,glorious ,yellow1 like that of a ,topaz4 ,after which if ,i let fall a few drops of the strong and heavy ,solution of ,pot-ashes1 whose weight would quickly carry it to the sharp bottome of the ,glass1 there would soon appear four very pleasant and distinct ,colours2 ,namely1 a ,bright1 but ,dilute ,colour at the picked bottome of the ,glass2 a ,purple1 a little higher2 a deep and glorious ,crimson1 7which ,crimson seem'd to terminate the operation of the ,salt upward7 in the confines betwixt the ,purple and the ,yellow2 and an ,excellent ,yellow1 the same that before enobled the whole ,liquor1 reaching from thence to the top of the ,glass4 ,and if ,i pleas'd to pour very gently a little ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack1 upon the upper part of this ,yellow1 there would also be a ,purple or a ,crimson1 or both1 generated there1 so that the unalter'd part of the ,yellow ,liquor appear'd intercepted betwixt the two ,neighbouring ,colours4 ,my scope in this #c;d4 ,experiment 7,pyrophilus7 is manifold1 as first to invite you to be wary in judging of the ,colour of ,liquors in such ,glasses as are therein recommended to you1 and consequently as much1 if not more1 when you imploy other ,glasses4 ,secondly1 ,that you may not think it strange1 that ,i often content my self to rub upon a piece of ,white paper1 the ,juice of ,bodies ,i would examine1 since not onely ,i could not easily procure a sufficient ,quantity of the juices of divers of them2 but in several ,cases the ,tryals of the quantities of such ,juices in ,glasses would make us more lyable to mistakes1 than the way that in those cases ,i have made use of4 ,thirdly1 ,i hope you will by these and divers other particulars deliver'd in this ,treatise1 be easily induc'd to think that ,i may have set down many ,phnomena very faithfully1 and just as they appear'd to me1 and yet by reason of some unheeded circumstance in the conditions of the matter1 and in the degree of ,light1 or the manner of trying the ,experiment1 you may find some things to vary from the ,relations ,i make of them4 ,lastly1 ,i design'd to give you an opportunity to free your self from the amazement which possesses most ,men1 at the ,tricks of those ,mountebancks that are commonly call'd ,water-drinkers4 ,for though not only the vulgar1 but ev'n many persons that are far above that ,rank1 have so much admir'd to see1 a man after having drunk a great deal of fair water1 to spurt it out again in the form of ,claret ,wine1 ,sack1 and ,milk1 that they have suspected the intervening of ,magick1 or some forbidden means to effect what they conceived above the power of ,art2 yet having once by chance had occasion to oblige a ,wanderer that made profession of that and other ,jugling ,tricks1 ,i was easily confirm'd by his ,ingenious confession to me1 ,that this so much ,admir'd ,art1 indeed consisted rather in a few ,tricks1 than in any great ,skill1 in altering the ,nature and ,colours of things4 ,and ,i am easy to be perswaded2 that there may be a great deal of ,truth in a little ,pamphlet ,printed divers years ago in ,english1 wherein the ,author undertakes to discover1 and that 7if ,i mistake not7 by the confession of some of the ,complices themselves1 ,that a famous ,water-drinker then much ,admir'd in ,england1 perform'd his pretended ,transmutations of ,liquors by the help of two or three inconsiderable preparations and mixtures of not unobvious ,liquors1 and chiefly of an ,infusion of ,brazil variously diluted and made ,pale or ,yellowish1 7and otherwise alter'd7 with ,vinegar1 the rest of their work being perform'd by the shape of the ,glasses1 by ,craft and ,legerdemane4 ,and for my part1 that which ,i marvel at in this business1 is1 the ,drinkers being able to take down so much ,water1 and spout it out with that violence2 though ,custome and a ,vomit seasonably taken before hand1 may in some of them much facilitate the work4 ,but as for the changes made in the ,liquors1 they were but few and slight in comparison of those1 that the being conversant in ,chymical ,experiments1 and dextrous in applying them to the ,transmuting of ,colours1 may easily enough enable a man to make1 as ev'n what has been newly deliver'd in this1 and the foregoing ,experiment2 especially if we add to it the things contained in the ,,xx1 the ,,xxxix and the ,,xl4 ,experiments1 may perhaps have already perswaded ,you4 ,,experiment ,,xlv4 ,you may ,i presume 7,pyrophilus7 have taken notice1 that in this whole ,treatise1 ,i purposely decline 7as far as ,i well can7 the mentioning of ,elaborate ,chymical ,experiments1 for fear of frighting you by their tediousness and difficulty2 but yet in confirmation of what ,i have been newly telling you about the possibility of ,varying the ,colours of ,liquors1 better than the ,water-drinkers are wont to do1 ,i shall add1 that ,helmont used to make a preparation of ,steel1 which a very ,ingenious ,chymist1 his ,sons ,friend1 whom you know1 sometimes employes for a succedaneum to the ,spaw-waters1 by ,diluting this ,essentia ,martis ,liquida 7as he calls it7 with a due proportion of ,water4 ,now that for which ,i mention to you this preparation1 7which as he communicated to me1 ,i know he will not refuse to ,pyrophilus7 is this1 that though the ,liquor 7as ,i can shew you when you please7 be almost of the ,colour of a ,german 7not an ,oriental7 ,amethyst1 and consequently remote enough from ,green1 yet a very few drops being let fall into a ,large proportion of good ,rhenish1 or 7in want of that7 ,white ,wine 7which yet do's not quite so well7 immediately turn'd the ,liquor into a lovely ,green1 as ,i have not without delight shown several curious ,persons4 ,by which ,phnomenon you may learn1 among other things1 how requisite it is in ,experiments about the changes of ,colours heedfully to mind the ,circumstances of them2 for ,water will not1 as ,i have purposely try'd1 concurr to the production of any such ,green1 nor did it give that ,colour to moderate ,spirit of ,wine1 wherein ,i purposely dissolv'd it1 and ,wine it self is a ,liquor that few would suspect of being able to work suddenly any such change in a ,metalline preparation of this ,nature2 and to satisfie my self that this new ,colour proceeds rather from the peculiar ,texture of the ,wine1 than from any greater ,acidity1 that ,rhenish or ,white-wine 7for that may not absurdly be suspected7 has in comparison of ,water2 ,i purposely sharpen'd the ,solution of this ,essence in fair ,water1 with a good quantity of ,spirit of ,salt1 notwithstanding which1 the mixture acquir'd no ,greenness4 ,and to vary the ,experiment a little1 ,i try'd1 that if into a ,glass of ,rhenish ,wine made ,green by this ,essence1 ,i dropp'd an ,alcalizate ,solution1 or ,urinous ,spirit1 the ,wine would presently grow ,turbid1 and of an odd ,dirty ,colour2 ,but if instead of dissolving the ,essence in ,wine1 ,i dissolv'd it in fair ,water sharpen'd perhaps with a little ,spirit of ,salt1 then either the ,urinous ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack1 or the solution of the fix'd ,salt of ,pot-ashes would immediately turn it of a ,yellowish ,colour1 the fix'd or ,urinous ,salt ,precipitating the ,vitriolate substance contain'd in the ,essence4 ,but here ,i must not forget to take notice of a circumstance that deserves to be compar'd with some part of the foregoing ,experiment1 for whereas our ,essence imparts a ,greenness to ,wine1 but not to ,water1 the ,industrious ,olaus ,wormius#bc in his late ,musum tells us of a rare kind of ,turn-,sole which he calls ,bezetta ,rubra given him by an ,apothecary that knew not how it was made1 whose lovely ,redness would be easily communicated to ,water1 if it were immers'd in it2 but scarce to ,wine1 and not at all to ,spirit of ,wine1 in which last circumstance it agrees with what ,i lately told you of our ,essence1 notwithstanding their disagreement in other particulars4 #bc ,libr4 #b;do ,cap4 #cd4 ,,experiment ,,xlvi4 ,we have often taken notice1 as of a remarkable thing1 that ,metalls as they appear to the ,eye1 before they come to be farther alter'd by other ,bodyes1 do exhibit ,colours very different from those which the ,fire and the ,menstruum1 either apart1 or both together1 do produce in them2 especially considering that these ,metalline ,bodyes are after all these disguises reducible not only to their former ,metalline ,consistence and other more radical properties1 but to their ,colour too1 as if ,nature had given divers ,metalls to each of them a double ,colour1 an ,external1 and an ,internal2 ,but though upon a more attentive ,consideration of this difference of ,colours1 it seem'd probable to me1 that divers 7for ,i say not all7 of those ,colours which we have just now call'd ,internal1 are rather produc'd by the ,coalition of ,metalline ,particles with those of the ,salts1 or other ,bodyes employ'd to work on them1 than by the bare alteration of the parts of the ,metalls themselves3 and though therefore we may call the obvious ,colours1 ,natural or ,common1 the others ,adventitious1 yet because such changes of ,colours1 from whatsoever cause they be resolv'd to proceed may be properly enough taken in to illustrate our present ,subject1 we shall not scruple to take notice of some of them1 especially because there are among them such as are produc'd without the intervention of ,saline ,menstruums4 ,of the ,adventitious ,colours of ,metalline ,bodies the ,chief sorts seem to be these three4 ,the first1 such ,colours as are produc'd without other ,additaments by the ,action of the fire upon ,metalls4 ,the next such as emerge from the ,coalition of ,metalline ,particles with those of some ,menstruum imploy'd to ,corrode a ,metall or ,precipitate it2 ,and the last1 ,the ,colours afforded by ,metalline ,bodyes either ,colliquated with1 or otherwise ,penetrating into1 other ,bodies1 especially fusible ones4 ,but these 7,pyrophilus17 are only as ,i told you1 the ,chief sorts of the adventitious ,colours of ,metalls1 for there may others belong to them1 of which ,i shall hereafter have occasion to take notice of some1 and of which also there possibly may be others that ,i never took notice of4 ,and to begin with the first sort of ,colours1 'tis well enough known to ,chymists1 that ,tin being ,calcin'd by fire alone is wont to afford a ,white ,calx1 and ,lead ,calcin'd by fire alone affords that most ,common ,red-,powder we call ,minium3 ,copper also ,calcin'd per se1 by a long or violent fire1 is wont to yield 7as far as ,i have had occasion to take notice of it7 a very ,dark or ,blackish ,powder2 ,that ,iron likewise may by the ,action of ,reverberated flames be turn'd into a ,colour almost like that of ,saffron1 may be easily deduc'd from the ,preparation of that ,powder1 which by reason of its ,colour and of the ,metall 'tis made of is by ,chymists call'd1 ,crocus ,martis per se4 ,and that ,mercury made by the stress of ,fire1 may be turn'd into a ,red ,powder1 which ,chymists call ,precipitate per se1 ,i elsewhere more particularly declare4 ,annotation ,i4 ,it is not unworthy the ,admonishing you1 7,pyrophilus17 and it agrees very well with our ,conjectures about the dependence of the change of a ,body's ,colour upon that of its ,texture1 that the same ,metall may by the successive operation of the fire receive divers ,adventitious ,colours1 as is evident in ,lead1 which before it come to so deep a ,colour as that of ,minium1 may pass through divers others4 ,annotation ,,ii4 ,not only the ,calces1 but the ,glasses of ,metalls1 ,vitrify'd per se1 may be of ,colours differing from the ,natural or ,obvious ,colour of the ,metall2 as ,i have observ'd in the ,glass of ,lead1 made by long exposing ,crude ,lead to a violent fire1 and what ,i have observ'd about the ,glass or ,slagg of ,copper1 7of which ,i can show you some of an odd kind of ,texture17 may be elsewhere more conveniently related4 ,i have likewise seen a piece of very ,dark ,glass1 which an ,ingenious ,artificer that show'd it me profess'd himself to have made of ,silver alone by an extreme ,violence 7which seems to be no more than is needfull7 of the fire4 ,annotation ,,iii4 ,minerals also by the ,action of the ,fire may be brought to afford ,colours very differing from their own1 as ,i not long since noted to you about the variously ,colour'd ,flowers of ,antimony1 to which we may add the ,whitish ,grey-,colour of its ,calx1 and the ,yellow or ,reddish ,colour of the ,glass1 where into that ,calx may be flux'd4 ,and ,i remember1 that ,i elsewhere told you1 that ,vitriol ,calcin'd with a very gentle heat1 and afterwards with higher and higher degrees of it1 may be made to pass through several ,colours before it descends to a ,dark ,purplish ,colour1 whereto a strong fire is wont at length to reduce it4 ,but to insist on the ,colours produc'd by the ,operation of fire upon several ,minerals would take up farr more time than ,i have now to spare4 ,,experiment ,,xlvii4 ,the ,adventitious ,colours produc'd upon ,metalls1 or rather with them1 by ,saline ,liquors1 are many of them so well known to ,chymists1 that ,i would not here mention them1 but that besides a not un-needed ,testimony1 ,i can add something of my own1 to what ,i shall repeat about them1 and divers ,experiments which are familiar to ,chymists1 are as yet unknown to the greatest part of ,ingenious ,men4 ,that ,gold dissolv'd in ,aqua ,regia ennobles the ,menstruum with its own ,colour1 is a thing that you cannot 7,pyrophilus17 but have often seen4 ,the ,solutions of ,mercury in ,aqua-fortis are not generally taken notice of1 to give any notable ,tincture to the ,menstruum2 but sometimes when the ,liquor first falls upon the ,quick ,silver1 ,i have observ'd a very remarkable1 though not durable1 ,greenness1 or ,blewness to be produc'd1 which is a ,phnomenon not unfit for you to consider1 though ,i have not now the leisure to discourse upon it4 ,tin ,corroded by ,aqua-fortis till the ,menstruum will work no farther on it1 becomes exceeding ,white1 but as we elsewhere note1 does very easily of it self acquire the consistence1 not of a ,metalline ,calx1 but of a ,coagulated matter1 which we have observ'd with pleasure to look so like1 either to curdled ,milk1 or curdled ,whites of ,eggs1 that a person unacquainted with such ,solutions may easily be mistaken in it4 ,but when ,i purposely prepar'd a ,menstruum that would dissolve it as ,aqua-fortis dissolves ,silver1 and not barely ,corrode it1 and quickly let it fall again1 ,i remember not that ,i took notice of any particular ,colour in the ,solution1 as if the more ,whitish ,metalls did not much ,tinge their ,menstruums1 though the conspicuously ,colour'd ,metalls as ,gold1 and ,copper1 do4 ,for ,lead dissolv'd in ,spirit of ,vinegar or ,aqua-fortis gives a ,solution cleer enough1 and if the ,menstruum be abstracted appears either ,diaphanous or ,white4 ,of the ,colour of ,iron we have elsewhere said something3 ,and 'tis worth noting1 that though if that ,metall be dissolv'd in oyl of ,vitriol diluted with water1 it affords a ,salt or ,magistery so like in colour1 as well as some other ,qualities1 to other green ,vitriol1 that ,chymists do not improperly call it ,vitriolum ,martis2 yet ,i have purposely try'd1 that1 by changing the ,menstruum1 and pouring upon the filings of ,steel1 instead of oyl of ,vitriol1 ,aqua ,fortis1 7whereof as ,i remember1 ,i us'd #d parts to one of the ,metall7 ,i obtain'd not a ,green1 but a ,saffron ,colour ,solution2 or rather a thick ,liquor of a deep but yellowish ,red4 ,common ,silver1 such as is to be met with in ,coines1 being dissolv'd in ,aqua fortis1 yields a ,solution tincted like that of ,copper1 which is not to be wondred at1 because in the coining of ,silver1 they are wont 7as we elsewhere particularly inform you7 to give it an ,allay of ,copper1 and that which is sold in shops for refined silver1 is not 7so far as we have tryed7 so perfectly free from that ignobler ,metall1 but that a ,solution of ,it in ,aqua fortis1 will give a ,venereal ,tincture to the ,menstruum4 ,but we could not observe upon the solution of some ,silver1 which was perfectly refin'd1 7such as some that we have1 from which #h or #aj times its weight of ,lead has been blown off7 that the ,menstruum though held against the ,light in a ,crystal ,vial did manifestly disclose any ,tincture1 only it seem'd sometimes not to be quite destitute of a little1 but very faint ,blewishness4 ,but here ,i must take notice1 that of all the ,metalls1 there is not any which doth so easily and constantly disclose its unobvious colour as ,copper doth4 ,for not only in acid ,menstruums as ,aqua ,fortis and ,spirit of ,vinegar1 it gives a ,blewish green solution1 but if it be almost any way corroded1 it appears of one of those two colours1 as may be observ'd in ,verdigreese made several wayes1 in that odd preparation of ,venus1 which we elsewhere teach you to make with ,sublimate1 and in the common ,vitriols of ,venus deliver'd by ,chymists2 and so constant is the disposition of ,copper1 notwithstanding the disguise ,artists put upon it1 to disclose the colour we have been mentioning1 that we have by forcing it up with ,sal ,armoniack obtain'd a ,sublimate of a ,blewish ,colour4 ,nay a famous ,spagyrist affirms1 that the very ,mercury of it is green1 but till he teach us an intelligible way of making such a ,mercury1 we must content ourselves to inform you1 that we have had a ,cupreous ,body1 that was ,prcipitated out of a distill'd ,liquor1 that seem'd to be the the ,sulphur of ,venus1 and seem'd even when flaming1 of a ,greenish ,colour4 ,and indeed ,copper is a ,metall so easily wrought upon by ,liquors of several kinds1 that ,i should tell you1 ,i know not any ,mineral1 that will concurr to the production of such a variety of ,colours as ,copper dissol'd in several ,menstruums1 as ,spirit of ,vinegar1 ,aqua fortis1 ,aqua ,regis1 ,spirit of ,nitre1 of ,urine1 of ,soot1 ,oyls of several kinds1 and ,i know not how many other ,liquors1 if the variety of somewhat differing colours 7that ,copper will be made to assume1 as it is wrought upon by several ,liquors7 were not comprehended within the ,limits of ,greenish ,blew1 or ,blewish ,green4 ,and yet ,i must advertise you 7,pyrophilus7 that being desirous to try if ,i could not make with crude ,copper a ,green ,solution without the ,blewishness that is wont to accompany its ,vulgar ,solutions1 ,i bethought my self of using two ,menstruums1 which ,i had not known imploy'd to work on this ,metall1 and which ,i had certain ,reasons to make ,tryal of1 as ,i successfully did4 ,the one of these ,liquors 7if ,i much misremember not7 was ,spirit of ,sugar distill'd in a ,retort1 which must be warily done1 7if you will avoid breaking your glasses7 and the other1 ,oyl or ,spirit of ,turpentine1 which affords a fine ,green ,solution that is useful to me on several occasions4 ,and yet to shew that the adventitious colour may result1 as well from the true and permanent ,copper it self1 as the ,salts wherewith 'tis corroded1 ,i shall add1 that if you take a piece of good ,dantzick ,copperis1 or any other ,vitriol wherein ,venus is prdominant1 and having moistened it in your ,mouth1 or with fair water1 rubb it upon a whetted knife1 or any other bright piece of ,steel or ,iron1 it will 7as we have formerly told you7 present'y stain the ,steel with a ,reddish colour1 like that of ,copper1 the reason of which1 we must not now stay to inquire4 ,annotation ,i4 ,i presume you may have taken notice 7,pyrophilus7 that ,i have borrowed some of the ,instances mention'd in this #dgth ,experiment1 from the ,laboratories of ,chymists1 and because in some 7though very few7 other passages of this ,essay1 ,i have likewise made use of ,experiments mention'd also by some ,spagyrical ,writers1 ,i think it not amiss to represent to you on this ,occasion once for all1 some things besides those which ,i intimated in the pramble of this present ,experiment2 ,for besides1 that 'tis very allowable for a ,writer to repeat an ,experiment which he invented not1 in case he improve it2 ,and besides that many ,experiments familiar to ,chymists are unknown to the generality of ,learned ,men1 who either never read ,chymical processes1 or never understood their meaning1 or never durst believe them2 besides these things1 ,i say1 ,i shall represent1 ,that1 as to the few ,experiments ,i have borrowed from the ,chymists1 if they be very ,vulgar1 'twould perhaps be difficult to ascribe each of them its own ,author1 and 'tis more than the generality of ,chymists themselves can do3 and if they be not of very known and familiar practise among them1 unless the ,authors wherein ,i found them had given me cause to believe1 themselves had try'd them1 ,i know not why ,i might not set them down1 as a part of the ,phnomena of ,colours which ,i present you2 ,many things unanimously enough deliver'd as matters of fact by 7,i know not how many ,chymical ,writers7 being not to be rely'd on1 upon the single ,authority of such ,authors3 ,for ,instance1 as some ,spagyrists deliver 7perhaps amongst several deceitful processes7 that ,saccarum ,saturni with ,spirit of ,turpentine will afford a ,balsom1 so ,beguinus and many more tell us1 that the same ,concrete 7,saccarum ,saturni7 will yield an incomparably fragrant ,spirit1 and a pretty ,quantity of two several ,oyles1 and yet since many have complain'd1 as well as ,i have done1 that they could find no such odoriferous1 but rather an ill-sented ,liquor1 and scarce any oyl in their ,distillation of that sweet ,vitriol1 a wary person would as little build any thing on what they say of the former ,experiment1 as upon what they averr of the later1 and therefore ,i scrupled not to mention this ,red ,balsom of which ,i have not seen any1 7but what ,i made7 among my other experiments about redness4 ,annot4 ,,ii4 ,we have sometimes had the ,curiosity to try what ,colours ,minerals1 as ,tinglass1 ,antimony1 ,spelter1 c4 would yield in several ,menstruums1 nor have we forborn to try the ,colours of stones1 of which that famous one1 7which ,helmont calls ,paracelsus's ,ludus7 though it be digg'd out of the ,earth and seem a true stone1 has afforded in ,menstruums capable to dissolve so solid a stone1 sometimes a ,yellowish1 sometimes a ,red solution of both which ,i can show you4 ,but though ,i have from ,minerals obtain'd with several ,menstruums very differing ,colours1 and some such as perhaps you would be surpriz'd to see drawn from such ,bodies3 yet ,i must now pass by the particulars1 being desirous to put an ,end to this ,treatise1 before ,i put an end to your ,patience and my own4 ,annotation ,,iii4 ,and yet before ,i pass to the next ,experiment1 ,i must put you in mind1 that the ,colours of ,metals may in many cases be further alter'd by imploying1 either prcipitating ,salts1 or other convenient ,substances to act upon their ,solutions4 ,of this you may remember1 that ,i have given you several ,instances already1 to which may be added such as these1 ,that if ,quicksilver be dissolv'd in ,aqua fortis1 and ,prcipitated out of the ,solution1 either with water impregnated with ,sea salt1 or with the spirit of that ,concrete1 it falls to the ,bottom in the form of a white powder1 whereas if it be ,prcipitated with an ,alcaly1 it will afford a ,yellowish or tawny powder1 and if there be no ,prcipitation made1 and the ,menstruum be drawn off with a convenient fire1 the corroded ,mercury will remain in the bottom1 in the form of a substance that may be made to appear of differing ,colours by differing degrees of ,heat2 ,as ,i remember that lately having purposely abstracted ,aqua fortis from some ,quicksilver that we had dissolv'd in it1 so that there remain'd a white ,calx1 exposing that to several degrees of ,fire1 and afterwards to a naked one1 we obtain'd some new ,colours1 and at length the greatest part of the ,calx lying at the ,bottome of the ,vial1 and being brought partly to a ,deep ,yellow1 and partly to a ,red ,colour1 the rest appear'd elevated to the upper part and neck of the ,vial1 some in the form of a ,reddish1 and some of an ,ash-,colour ,sublimate4 ,but of the differing ,colours which by differing wayes and working of ,quick ,silver with ,fire1 and ,saline ,bodies1 may be produc'd in ,precipitates1 ,i may elsewhere have occasion to take further notice4 ,i also told you not long since1 that if you corrode ,quick-silver with ,oyl of ,vitriol instead of ,aqua-fortis1 and abstract the ,menstruum1 there will remain a ,white ,calx which by the ,affusion of ,fair ,water presently turns into a ,lemmon ,colour4 ,and ev'n the ,succedaneum to a ,menstruum may sometimes serve the turn to change the ,colours of a ,metal4 ,the lovely ,red which ,painters call ,vermillion1 is made of ,mercury1 which is of the ,colour of ,silver1 and of ,brimstone which is of ,kin to that of ,gold1 ,sublim'd up together in a certain proportion1 as is vulgarly known to ,spagyrists4 ,,experiment ,,xlviii4 ,the third chief sort of the ,adventitious ,colours of ,metals1 is1 that which is produc'd by associating them 7especially when ,calcin'd7 with other fusible ,bodies1 and ,principally ,venice1 and other fine ,glass devoid of ,colour4 ,i have formerly given you an ,example1 whereby it may appear1 that a ,metal may impart to ,glass a ,colour much differing from its own1 when ,i told you1 how with ,silver1 ,i had given ,glass a lovely ,golden ,colour4 ,and ,i shall now add1 that ,i have ,learn'd from one of the ,chief ,artificers that sells ,painted ,glass1 that those of his ,trade ,colour it ,yellow with a preparation of the ,calx of ,silver4 ,though having lately had occasion among other ,tryals to mingle a few grains of ,shell-silver 7such as is imploy'd with the ,pensil and ,pen7 with a convenient proportion of powder'd ,crystal ,glass1 having kept them two or three hours in fusion1 ,i was surpriz'd to find the ,colliquated ,mass to appear upon breaking the ,crucible of a lovely ,saphirine ,blew1 which made me suspect my ,servant might have brought me a wrong ,crucible1 but he constantly affirm'd it to be the same wherein the ,silver was put1 and considerable ,circumstances countenanc'd his ,assertion1 so that till ,i have opportunity to make farther ,tryal1 ,i cannot but suspect1 either that ,silver which is not 7which is not very probable7 brought to a perfect ,fusion and ,colliquation with ,glass1 may impart to it other ,colours than when ,neal'd upon it1 or else 7which is less unlikely7 that though ,silver ,beaters usually chuse the finest ,coyn they can get1 as that which is most extensive under the ,hammer1 yet the ,silver-leaves of which this ,shel-silver was made1 might retain so much ,copper as to enable it to give the predominant tincture to the ,glass4 ,for1 ,i must proceed to tell you 7,pyrophilus7 as another instance of the ,adventitious ,colours of ,metals1 that which is something strange1 ,namely1 ,that though ,copper ,calcin'd per se affords but a ,dark and basely ,colour'd ,calx1 yet the ,glassmen do with it1 as themselves inform me1 ,tinge their ,glass green4 ,and ,i remember1 that when once we took some crude ,copper1 and by frequent ,ignition quenching it in ,water had reduc'd it to a ,dark and ,ill-colour'd ,powder1 and afterward kept it in ,fusion in about a #ajj4 times its weight of fine ,glass1 we had1 though not a ,green1 yet a ,blew colour'd ,mass1 which would perhaps have been ,green1 if we had hit right upon the ,proportion of the ,materials1 and the ,degree of ,fire1 and the ,time wherein it ought to be kept in ,fusion1 so plentifully does that ,metal abound in a ,venerial ,tincture1 as ,artists call it1 and in so many wayes does it disclose that ,richness4 ,but though ,copper do as we have said give somewhat near the like ,colour to ,glass1 which it does to ,aqua-fortis1 yet it seems worth inquiry1 whether those new ,colours which ,mineral ,bodies disclose in melted ,glass1 proceed from the ,coalition of the ,corpuscles of the ,mineral with the ,particles of the ,glass as such1 or from the ,action 7excited or actuated by fire7 of the ,alcalizate ,salt 7which is a main ,ingredient of ,glass17 upon the ,mineral ,body1 or from the concurrence of both these ,causes1 or else from any other4 ,but to return to that which we were saying1 we may observe that ,putty made by calcining together a proportion of ,tin and ,lead1 as it is it self a ,white ,calx1 so does it turn the ,pitta di ,crystallo 7as the ,glassmen call the matter of the ,purer sort of ,glass1 wherewith it is ,colliquated into a ,white ,mass1 which if it be opacous enough is employ'd1 as we elsewhere declare1 for ,white ,amel4 ,but of the ,colours which the other ,metals may be made to produce in ,colourless ,glass1 and other ,vitrifiable ,bodies1 that have native ,colours of their own1 ,i must leave you to inform your self upon ,tryal1 or at least must forbear to do it till another time1 considering how many ,annotations are to follow1 upon what has in this and the two former ,experiments been said already4 ,annotation ,i4 ,when the ,materials of ,glass being melted with ,calcin'd ,tin1 have compos'd a ,mass ,undiaphanous and ,white1 this ,white ,amel is as it were the ,basis of all those fine ,concretes that ,goldsmiths and several ,artificers imploy in the curious ,art of ,enamelling4 ,for this ,white and ,fusible substance will receive into it self1 without spoyling them1 the ,colours of divers other ,mineral substances1 which like it will indure the fire4 ,annotation ,,ii4 ,so that as by the present 7,,xlviii47 ,experiment it appears1 that divers ,minerals will impart to fusible ,masses1 ,colours differing from their own2 so by the making and compounding of ,amels1 it may appear1 that divers ,bodies will both retain their ,colour in the fire1 and impart the same to some others wherewith they were vitrifi'd1 and in such ,tryals as that mention'd in the #ag4 ,experiment1 where ,i told you1 that ev'n in ,amels a ,blew and ,yellow will compound a ,green4 ',tis pretty to behold1 not only that some ,colours are of so fix'd a ,nature1 as to be capable of mixture without receiving any detriment by the fire1 that do's so easily destroy or spoyl those of other ,bodies2 but ,mineral ,pigments may be mingled by fire little less regularly and successfully1 than in ordinary ,dyeing ,fatts1 the vulgar ,colours are wont to be mingled by the help of ,water4 ,annotation ,,iii4 ',tis not only ,metalline1 but other ,mineral ,bodies1 that may be imploy'd1 to give ,tinctures unto ,glass 7and 'tis worth noting how small a quantity of some ,mineral substances1 will ,tinge a ,comparatively vast proportion of ,glass1 and we have sometimes attempted to ,colour ,glass1 ev'n with ,pretious ,stones1 and had cause to think the ,experiment not cast away4 ,and 'tis known by them that have look'd into the ,art of ,glass1 that the ,artificers use to tinge their ,glass ,blew1 with that ,dark ,mineral ,zaffora1 7some of my ,tryals on which ,i elsewhere acquaint you7 which some would have to be a ,mineral ,earth1 others a ,stone1 and others neither the one1 nor the other1 but which is confessedly of a ,dark1 but not a ,blew ,colour1 though it be not agreed of what particular ,colour it is4 ',tis likewise though a familiar yet a remarkable practise among those that ,deal in the making of ,glass1 to imploy 7as some of themselves have inform'd me7 what they call ,manganess1 and some ,authors call ,magnesia 7of which ,i make particular mention in another ,treatise7 to exhibit in ,glass not only other ,colours than its own1 7which is so like in ,darkness or blackishness to the ,load stone1 that 'tis given by ,mineralists1 for one of the ,reasons of its ,latine ,name7 but ,colours differing from one another4 ,for though they use it1 7which is somewhat strange7 to ,clarifye their ,glass1 and free it from that ,blewish ,greenish ,colour1 which else it would too often be subject to1 yet they also imploy it in certain proportions1 to tinge their ,glass both with a ,red colour1 and with a ,purplish or ,murry1 and putting in a greater ,quantity1 they also make with it that deep obscure ,glass which is wont to pass for ,black1 which agrees very well with1 and may serve to confirm what we noted near the beginning of the #ddth ,experiment1 of the seeming ,blackness of those ,bodies that are overcharg'd with the ,corpuscles of such ,colours1 as ,red1 or ,blew1 or ,green1 c4 ,and as by several ,metals and other ,minerals we can give various ,colours to ,glass1 so on the other side1 by the differing ,colours that ,mineral ,oars1 or other ,mineral ,powders being melted with ,glass disclose in it1 a good ,conjecture may be oftentimes made of the ,metall or known ,mineral1 that the ,oar propos'd1 either holds1 or is most of kin to4 ,and this easie way of examining ,oars1 may be in some cases of good use1 and is not ill deliver'd by ,glauber1 to whom ,i shall at present refer you1 for a more particular account of it3 unless your ,curiosity command also what ,i have observ'd about these matters2 only ,i must here advertise you1 that great circumspection is requisite to keep this way from proving fallacious1 upon the account of the variations of ,colour that may be produc'd by the differing proportions that may be us'd betwixt the ,oar and the ,glass1 by the ,richness or ,poorness of the ,oar it self1 by the ,degree of ,fire1 and 7especially7 by the ,length of ,time1 during which the matter is kept in fusion2 as you will easily gather from what you will quickly meet with in the following ,annotation upon this present #dhth ,experiment4 ,annotation ,,iv4 ,there is another way and differing enough from those already mention'd1 by which ,metalls may be brought to exhibit adventitious ,colours3 ,for by ,this1 the ,metall do's not so much impart a ,colour to another ,body1 as receive a ,colour from it1 or rather both ,bodies do by the new ,texture resulting from their mistion produce a new ,colour4 ,i will not insist to this purpose upon the ,examples afforded us by yellow ,orpiment1 and common ,sea ,salt1 from which1 sublim'd together1 ,chymists unanimously affirm their ,white or ,crystalline ,arsenick to be made3 ,but 'tis not unworthy our noting1 ,that though ,yellow ,orpiment be acknowledg'd to be the ,copiousest by far of the two ,ingredients of ,arsenick1 yet this last nam'd ,body being duely added to the highest ,colour'd ,metall ,copper1 when 'tis in fusion1 gives it a whiteness both within and without4 ,thus ,lapis ,calaminaris changes and improves the ,colour of ,copper by turning it into ,brass4 ,and ,i have sometimes by the help of ,zinck duely mix'd after a certain manner1 given ,copper one of the ,richest ,golden ,colours that ever ,i have seen the ,best true ,gold ,ennobled with4 ,but pray have a care that such ,hints fall not into any hands that may mis-imploy them4 ,annotation ,v4 ,upon the ,knowledge of the differing wayes of making ,minerals and ,metalls produce their adventitious ,colours in ,bodies capable of ,vitrification1 depends the pretty ,art of making what ,chymists by a ,barbarous ,word are pleas'd to call ,amanses1 that is counterfeit1 or factitious ,gemms1 as ,emeralds1 ,rubies1 ,saphires1 ,topazes1 and the like4 ,for in the making of these1 though pure ,sand or ,calcin'd ,crystal give the ,body1 yet 'tis for the most part some ,metalline or ,mineral ,calx1 mingled in a small proportion that gives the ,colour4 ,but though ,i have many years since taken delight1 to divert my self with this pleasing ,art1 and have seen very pretty ,productions of it1 yet besides that ,i fear ,i have now forgot most of the little ,skill ,i had in it1 this is no place to entertain you with what would rather take up an intire ,discourse1 than be comprehended in an ,annotation2 wherefore the few things which ,i shall here take notice of to you1 are only what belong to the present ,argument1 ,namely1 ,first1 ,that ,i have often observ'd that ,calcin'd ,lead ,colliquated with fine ,white ,sand or ,crystal1 reduc'd by ignitions and subsequent extinctions in ,water to a subtile ,powder1 will of it self be brought by a due ,decoction to give a cleer ,mass ,colour'd like a ,german ,amethyst4 ,for though this glass of ,lead1 is look'd upon by them that know no better way of making ,amanses1 as the grand ,work of them all1 yet which is an inconvenience that much blemishes this way1 the ,calcin'd ,lead it self does not only afford matter to the ,amanses1 but has also as well as other ,metals a ,colour of its own1 which as ,i was saying1 ,i have often found to be like that of ,german 7as many call them7 not ,eastern ,amethysts4 ,secondly1 ,that nevertheless this ,colour may be easily over-powr'd by those of divers other ,mineral ,pigments 7if ,i may so call them7 so that with a glass of ,lead1 you may ,emulate 7for ,instance7 the fresh and lovely ,greenness of an ,emerald1 though in divers cases the ,colour which the ,lead it self upon ,vitrification tends to1 may vitiate that of the ,pigment1 which you would introduce into the ,mass4 ,thirdly1 ,that so much ev'n these ,colours depend upon ,texture1 that in the ,glass of ,lead it self made of about three parts of ,lytharge or ,minium ,colliquated with one of very finely ,powder'd ,crystal or ,sand1 we have taken pleasure to make the mixture pass through differing ,colours1 as we kept it more or less in the ,fusion4 ,for it was not usually till after a pretty long ,decoction that the ,mass attain'd to the ,amethystin ,colour4 ,fourthly and lastly1 ,that the degrees of ,coction and other ,circumstances may so vary the ,colour produc'd in the same mass1 that in a ,crucible that was not great ,i have had fragments of the same ,mass1 in some of which perhaps not so big as a ,hazel-,nut1 you may discern four distinct ,colours4 ,annotation ,,vi4 ,you may remember 7,pyrophilus7 that when ,i mention'd the three sorts of adventitious ,colours of ,metals1 ,i mention'd them but as the chief1 not the only4 ,for there may be other wayes1 which though they do not in so strict a sense belong to the adventitious ,colours of ,metals1 may not inconveniently be reduc'd to them4 ,and of these ,i shall name now a couple1 without denying that there may be more4 ,the first may be drawn from the practise of those that ,dye ,scarlet4 ,for the famousest ,master in that ,art1 either in ,england or ,holland1 has confess'd to me1 that neither others1 nor he can strike that lovely ,colour which is now wont to be call'd the ,bow-,dye1 without their ,materials be ,boyl'd in ,vessels1 either made of1 or lin'd with a particular ,metall4 ,but of what ,i have known attempted in this kind1 ,i must not as yet for fear of prejudicing or displeasing others give you any particular ,account4#bd ,the other way 7,pyrophilus7 of making ,metals afford unobvious ,colours1 is by imbuing divers ,bodies with ,solutions of them made in their proper ,menstruum's1 ,as 7for ,instance7 though ,copper plentifully dissolv'd in ,aqua fortis1 will imbue several ,bodies with the ,colour of the ,solution2 ,yet ,some other ,metalls will not 7as ,i elsewhere tell you7 and have often try'd4 ,gold dissolv'd in ,aqua ,regia1 will1 7which is not commonly known7 ,dye the ,nails and ,skin1 and ,hafts of ,knives1 and other things made of ,ivory1 not with a ,golden1 but a ,purple ,colour1 which though it manifest it self but slowly1 is very durable1 and scarce ever to be wash'd out4 ,and if ,i misremember not1 ,i have already told you in this ,treatise1 that the purer ,crystals of fine ,silver made with ,aqua fortis1 though they appear ,white1 will presently ,dye the ,skin and ,nails1 with a ,black1 or at least a very ,dark ,colour1 which ,water will not wash off1 as it will ordinary ,ink from the same parts4 ,and divers other ,bodies may the ,same way be ,dy'd1 some of a ,black1 and others of a ,blackish ,colour4 #bd ,see the latter end of the fiftieth ,experiment4 ,and as ,metalline1 so likewise ,mineral ,solutions may produce ,colours differing enough from those of the ,liquors themselves4 ,i shall not fetch an ,example of this1 from what we daily see happen in the powdring of ,beef1 which by the ,brine imploy'd about it 7especially if the flesh be over salted7 do's oftentimes appear at our ,tables of a ,green1 and sometimes of a ,reddish ,colour1 7deep enough7 nor shall ,i insist on the practise of some that deal in ,salt ,petre1 who1 7as ,i suspected1 and as themselves acknowledg'd to me7 do1 with the mixture of a certain proportion of that2 and common ,salt1 give a fine ,redness1 not only to ,neats ,tongues1 but which is more pretty as well as difficult1 to such flesh1 as would otherwise be purely ,white2 ,these ,examples1 ,i say1 ,i shall decline insisting on1 as chusing rather to tell you1 that ,i have several times try'd1 that a ,solution of the ,sulphur of ,vitriol1 or ev'n of common ,sulphur1 though the ,liquor appear'd clear enough1 would immediately tinge a piece of new ,coin1 or other clean ,silver1 sometimes with a ,golden1 sometimes with a deeper1 and more ,reddish colour1 according to the strength of the ,solution1 and the quantity of it1 that chanc'd to adhere to the ,metall2 which may take off your wonder that the water of the hot ,spring at ,bath1 abounding with dissolv'd ,substances of a very ,sulphureous ,nature1 should for a while1 as it were gild1 the new or clean pieces of ,silver coyn1 that are for a due time immers'd in it4 ,and to these may be added those formerly mention'd ,examples of the adventitious ,colours of ,mineral ,bodies2 which brings into my mind1 that1 ev'n ,vegetable ,liquors1 whether by degeneration1 or by altering the ,texture of the ,body that imbibes them1 may stain other ,bodies with ,colours differing enough1 from their own1 of which very good ,herbarists have afforded us a notable ,example1 by affirming that the ,juice of ,alcanna being green 7in which state ,i could never here procure it7 do's yet ,dye the ,skin and ,nails of a ,lasting ,red4 ,but ,i see this ,treatise is like to prove too bulky without the addition of further ,instances of this ,nature4 ,,experiment ,,xlix4 ,meeting the other day1 ,pyrophilus1 in an ,italian book1 that treats of other matters1 with a way of preparing what the ,author calls a ,lacca of ,vegetables1 by which the ,italians mean a kind of ,extract fit for ,painting1 like that rich ,lacca in ,english commonly call'd ,lake1 which is imploy'd by ,painters as a glorious ,red4 ,and finding the ,experiment not to be inconsiderable1 and very defectively set down1 it will not be amiss to acquaint you with what some ,tryals have inform'd us1 in reference to this ,experiment1 which both by our ,italian ,author1 and by divers of his ,countrymen1 is look'd upon as no trifling ,secret4 ,take then the root call'd in ,latin ,curcuma1 and in ,english ,turmerick1 7which ,i made use of1 because it was then at hand1 and is among ,vegetables fit for that purpose one of the most easiest to be had7 and when it is beaten1 put what ,quantity of it you please into fair ,water1 adding to every pound of ,water about a spoonfull or better of as strong a ,lixivium or ,solution of ,potashes as you can well make1 clarifying it by ,filtration before you put it to the ,decocting water4 ,let these things boyl1 or rather simper over a soft ,fire in a clean glaz'd ,earthen ,vessel1 till you find by the ,immersion of a sheet of ,white ,paper 7or by some other way of ,tryal7 that the ,liquor is sufficiently impregnated with the ,golden ,tincture of the ,turmerick1 then take the ,decoction off the ,fire1 and ,filter or ,strain it that it may be clean1 and leisurely dropping into it a strong ,solution of ,roch ,allum1 you shall find the ,decoction as it were curdl'd1 and the tincted part of it either to emerge1 to subside1 or to swim up and down1 like little ,yellow flakes2 and if you pour this mixture into a ,tunnel lin'd with ,cap ,paper1 the ,liquor that ,filtred formerly so ,yellow1 will now pass clean thorow the ,filtre1 leaving its tincted1 and as it were curdled parts in the ,filtre1 upon which fair ,water must be so often pour'd1 till you have ,dulcifi'd the matter therein contain'd1 the sign of which ,dulcification is 7you know7 when the ,water that has pass'd through it1 comes from it as tasteless as it was pour'd on it4 ,and if without ,filtration you would gather together the flakes of this ,vegetable ,lake1 you must pour a great ,quantity of fair ,water upon the ,decoction after the affusion of the ,alluminous ,solution1 and you shall find the ,liquor to grow clearer1 and the ,lake to settle together at the bottom1 or emerge to the top of the ,water1 though sometimes having not pour'd out a sufficient ,quantity of fair ,water1 we have observ'd the ,lake partly to subside1 and partly to emerge1 leaving all the middle of the ,liquor clear4 ,but to make this ,lake fit for use1 it must by repeated affusions of fresh ,water1 be ,dulcifi'd from the adhering ,salts1 as well as that separated by ,filtration1 and be spread and suffer'd to dry leisurely upon pieces of ,cloth1 with ,brown ,paper1 or ,chalk1 or ,bricks under them to imbibe the ,moisture#be4 ,page #cgb ,annotation ,i4 ,whereas it is presum'd that the ,magistery of ,vegetables obtain'd this way consists but of the more ,soluble and ,coloured parts of the ,plants that afford it1 ,i must take the liberty to ,question the supposition4 ,and for my so doing1 ,i shall give you this account4 ,according to the ,notions 7such as they were7 that ,i had concerning ,salts2 ,allom1 though to sense a ,homogeneous ,body1 ought not to be reckon'd among true ,salts1 but to be it self look'd upon as a kind of ,magistery1 in regard that as ,native ,vitriol 7for such ,i have had7 contains both a ,saline substance and a ,metall1 whether ,copper1 or ,iron1 corroded by it1 and associated with it2 so ,allom which may be of so near a kin to ,vitriol1 that in some places of ,england 7as we are assur'd by good ,authority the same stone will sometimes afford both7 seems manifestly to contain a peculiar kind of ,acid ,spirit1 generated in the ,bowels of the ,earth1 and some kind of stony matter dissolv'd by it4 ,and though in making our ordinary ,allom1 the ,workmen use the ,ashes of a ,sea ,weed 7vulgarly call'd ,kelp7 and ,urine3 yet those that should know1 inform us1 that1 here in ,england1 there is besides the factitious ,allom1 ,allom made by ,nature ,without the help of those ,additaments4 ,now 7,pyrophilus7 when ,i consider'd this composition of ,allom1 and that ,alcalizate ,salts are wont to ,prcipitate what acid ,salts have dissolv'd1 ,i could not but be prone to suspect that the ,curdled ,matter1 which is call'd the ,magistery of ,vegetables1 may have in it no inconsiderable proportion of a stony substance ,prcipitated out of the ,allom by the ,lixivium1 wherein the ,vegetable had been decocted1 and to shew you1 that there is no necessity1 that all the curdl'd substance must belong to the ,vegetable1 ,i shall add1 that ,i took a strong ,solution of ,allom1 and having ,filtred it1 by pouring in a convenient ,quantity of a strong ,solution of ,potashes1 ,i presently1 as ,i expected1 turn'd the mixture into a kind of white ,curds1 which being put to ,filtre1 the ,paper retain'd a stony ,calx1 copious enough1 very ,white1 and which seem'd to be of a ,mineral ,nature1 both by some other signes1 and this1 that little ,bits of it being put upon a live ,coal1 which was ,gently ,blown whilst they were on it1 they did neither melt nor fly away1 and you may keep a ,quantity of this ,white substance for a good while1 7nay for ought ,i can guess for a very long one7 in a red hot ,crucible without losing or spoiling it2 nor did hot ,water wherein ,i purposely kept another parcel of such ,calx1 seem to do any more than wash away the looser adhering ,salts from the stony substance1 which therefore seem'd unlikely to be separable by ablutions 7though reiterated7 from the ,prcipitated parts of the ,vegetable1 whose ,lake is intended4 ,and to shew you1 that there is likewise in ,allom a ,body1 with which the fix'd ,salt of the ,alcalizate ,solution will concoagulate into a ,saline ,substance differing from either of them1 ,i shall add1 that ,i have taken pleasure to recover out of the slowly exhal'd ,liquor1 that pass'd through the filtre1 and left the foremention'd ,calx behind1 a ,body that at least seem'd a ,salt very pretty to look on1 as being very ,white1 and consisting of an innumerable company of exceeding slender1 and shining ,particles1 which would in part easily melt at the flame of a ,candle1 and in part flye away with some little noise4 ,but of this substance1 and its odd ,qualities more perhaps elsewhere2 for now ,i shall only take notice to you1 that ,i have likewise with ,urinous ,salts1 such as the ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack1 as well as with the ,spirit of ,urine it self1 ,nay1 7if ,i much mistake not7 ev'n with ,stale ,urine undistil'd1 easily ,precipitated such a ,white ,calx as ,i was formerly speaking of1 out of a ,limpid ,solution of ,allom1 so that there is need of ,circumspection in judging of the ,natures of ,liquors by ,precipitations wherein ,allom intervenes1 else we may sometimes mistakingly imagine that to be ,precipitated out of a ,liquor by ,allom1 which is rather ,precipitated out of ,allom by the ,liquor3 ,and this puts me in mind to tell you1 that 'tis not unpleasant to behold how quickly the ,solution of ,allom 7or injected lumps of ,allom7 do's occasion the severing of the colour'd parts of the ,decoction from the ,liquor that seem'd to have so perfectly imbib'd them4 #be ,the ,curious ,reader that desires further ,information concerning ,lakes1 may ,resort to the #gth ,book of ,neri's ,art of ,glass1 ,englished 7#f or #g years since the ,writing of this #dith ,experiment7 and ,illustrated with ,learned ,observations1 by the ,inquisitive and experienc'd ,dr4 ,charles ,merret4 ,annot4 ,,ii4 ,the above mention'd way of making ,lakes we have tryed not only with ,turmerick1 but also with ,madder1 which yielded us a ,red ,lake2 and with ,rue1 which afforded us an extract1 of 7almost if not altogether7 the same ,colour with that of the leaves4 ,but in regard that 'tis ,principally the ,alcalizate ,salt of the ,pot-ashes1 which enables the water to ,extract so powerfully the ,tincture of the ,decocted ,vegetables1 ,i fear that our ,author may be mistaken by supposing that the ,decoction will alwayes be of the very same ,colour with the ,vegetable it is made off4 ,for ,lixiviate ,salts1 to which ,pot-ashes eminently belong1 though by peircing and opening the ,bodies of ,vegetables1 they prepare and dispose them to part readily with their ,tincture1 yet some ,tinctures they do not only draw out1 but likewise alter them1 as may be easily made appear by many of the ,experiments already set down in this ,treatise1 and though ,allom being of an ,acid ,nature1 its ,solutions may in some ,cases destroy the ,adventitious ,colours produc'd by the ,alcaly1 and restore the former3 yet besides that ,allom is not1 as ,i have lately shown1 a meer ,acid ,salt1 but a mixt ,body1 and besides1 that its operations are languid in comparison of the activity of ,salts freed by ,distillation1 or by ,incineration and ,dissolution1 from the most of their ,earthy parts1 we have seen already ,examples1 that in divers ,cases an ,acid ,salt will not restore a ,vegetable substance to the ,colour of which an ,alcalizate one had depriv'd it1 but makes it assume a third very differing from both1 as we formerly told you1 that if ,syrrup of ,violets were by an ,alcaly turn'd ,green1 7which ,colour1 as ,i have try'd1 may be the same way produc'd in the ,violet-leaves themselves without any ,relation to a ,syrrup7 an ,acid ,salt would not make it ,blew again1 but ,red4 ,and though ,i have by this way of making ,lakes1 made ,magisteries 7for such they seem to be7 of ,brazil1 and as ,i remember of ,cochinele it self1 and of other things1 ,red1 ,yellow or ,green which ,lakes were enobled with a ,rich ,colour1 and others had no bad one2 yet in some the colour of the ,lake seem'd rather inferiour than otherwise to that of the ,plant1 and in others it seem'd both very differing1 and much worse2 but ,writing this in a time and place where ,i cannot provide my self of ,flowres and other ,vegetables to prosecute such ,tryals in a competent variety of ,subjects1 ,i am content not to be positive in delivering a judgment of this way of ,lakes1 till ,experience1 or ,you1 ,pyrophilus1 shall have afforded me a fuller and more particular ,information4 ,annotation ,,iii4 ,and on this occasion 7,pyrophilus7 ,i must here 7having forgot to do it sooner7 advertise you once for all1 that having written several of the foregoing ,experiments1 not only in haste but at seasons of the year1 and in places wherein ,i could not furnish my self with such ,instruments1 and such a variety of ,materials1 as the design of giving you an ,introduction into the ,history of ,colours requir'd1 it can scarce be otherwise but that divers of the ,experiments1 that ,i have set down1 may afford you some matter of new ,tryals1 if you think fit to supply the deficiencies of some of them 7especially the freshly mention'd about ,lakes1 and those that concern ,emphatical ,colours7 which deficiencies for want of being befriended with accommodations ,i could better discern than avoid4 ,annotation ,,iv4 ,the use of ,allom is very great as well as familiar in the ,dyers ,trade1 and ,i have not been ill pleas'd with the use ,i have been able to make of it in preparing other pigments than those they imploy with ,vegetable ,juices4 ,but the ,lucriferous practises of ,dyers and other ,tradesmen1 ,i do1 for ,reasons that you may know when you please1 purposely forbear in this ,essay1 though not strictly from pointing at1 yet from making it a part of my present work explicitly and circumstantially to deliver1 especially since ,i now find 7though late and not without some ,blushes at my prolixity7 that what ,i intended but for a short ,essay1 is already swell'd into almost a ,volume4 ,,experiment ,l4 ,yet here1 ,pyrophilus1 ,i must take leave to insert an ,experiment1 though perhaps you'l think its coming in here an ,intrusion1 ,for ,i confess its more proper place would have been among those ,experiments1 that were brought as proofs and applications of our ,notions concerning the differences of ,salts2 but not having remembred to insert it in its fittest place1 ,i had rather take notice of it in this1 than leave it quite unmention'd3 partly because it doth somewhat differ from the rest of our ,experiments about ,colours1 in the way whereby 'tis made2 and partly because the grounds upon which ,i devis'd it1 may hint to you somewhat of the ,method ,i use in ,designing and ,varying ,experiments about ,colours1 and upon this account ,i shall inform you1 not only ,what ,i did1 but ,why ,i did it4 ,i consider'd then that the work of the former ,experiments was either to change the ,colour of a ,body into another1 or quite to destroy it1 without giving it a successor1 but ,i had a mind to give you also a way1 whereby to turn a ,body endued with one ,colour into two ,bodies1 of ,colours1 as well as consistencies1 very distinct from each other1 and that by the help of a ,body that had it self no ,colour at all4 ,in order to this1 ,i remembred1 that finding the ,acidity of ,spirit of ,vinegar to be wholly destroy'd by its working upon ,minium 7or calcin'd ,lead7 whereby the ,saline particles of the ,menstruum have their ,taste and ,nature quite alter'd1 ,i had1 among other ,conjectures ,i had built upon that change1 rightly concluded1 that the ,solution of ,lead in ,spirit of ,vinegar would alter the ,colour of the ,juices and ,infusions of ,several ,plants1 much after the like manner that ,i had found ,oyl of ,tartar to do2 and accordingly ,i was quickly satisfied upon ,tryal1 that the ,infusion of ,rose-leaves would by a small quantity of this ,solution well mingl'd with it1 be immediately turn'd into a somewhat sad ,green4 ,and further1 ,i had often found1 that ,oyl of ,vitriol1 though a potently ,acid ,menstruum1 will yet ,prcipitate many ,bodies1 both ,mineral and others1 dissolv'd not onely in ,aqua fortis 7as some ,chymists have observ'd7 but particularly in ,spirit of ,vinegar1 and ,i have further found1 that the ,calces or ,powders ,prcipitated by this ,liquor were usually fair and ,white4 ,laying these things together1 'twas not difficult to conclude1 that if upon a good ,tincture of ,red ,rose-leaves made with fair ,water1 ,i dropp'd a pretty quantity of a strong and sweet ,solution of ,minium1 the ,liquor would be turn'd into the like muddy ,green ,substance1 as ,i have formerly intimated to ,you1 that ,oyl of ,tartar would reduce it to1 and that if then ,i added a convenient quantity of good ,oyl of ,vitriol1 this last nam'd ,liquor would have two distinct operations upon the ,mixture1 the one1 that it would ,prcipitate that resolv'd ,lead in the form of a ,white ,powder2 the other1 that it would ,clarifie the muddy ,mixture1 and both restore1 and exceedingly heighten the ,redness of the ,infusion of ,roses1 which was the most copious ,ingredient of the ,green composition1 and accordingly trying the ,experiment in a ,wine glass sharp at the bottom 7like an inverted ,cone7 that the subsiding ,powder might seem to take up the more room1 and be the more conspicuous1 ,i found that when ,i had shaken the ,green ,mixture1 that the colour'd ,liquor might be the more equally dispersed1 a few drops of the rectifi'd ,oyl of ,vitriol did presently turn the opacous ,liquor into one that was cleer and ,red1 almost like a ,rubie1 and threw down good store of a ,powder1 which when 'twas settl'd1 would have appear'd very ,white1 if some interspers'd ,particles of the red ,liquor had not a little ,allay'd the ,purity1 though not blemish'd the ,beauty of the ,colour4 ,and to shew you1 ,pyrophilus1 that these ,effects do not flow from the ,oyl of ,vitriol1 as it is such1 but as it is a strongly ,acid ,menstruum1 that has the property both to ,prcipitate ,lead1 as well as some other ,concretes out of ,spirit of ,vinegar1 and to heighten the ,colour of ,red ,rose-leaves1 ,i add1 that ,i have done the same thing1 though perhaps not quite so well with ,spirit of ,salt1 and that ,i could not do it with ,aqua-fortis1 because though that potent ,menstruum does as well as the others heighthen the ,redness of ,roses1 yet it would not like them ,precipitate ,lead out of ,spirit of ,vinegar1 but would rather have dissolv'd it1 if it had not found it dissolv'd already4 ,and as by this way we have produc'd a ,red ,liquor1 and a ,white ,precipitate out of a ,dirty ,green magistery of ,rose-leaves1 so by the same ,method1 you may produce a fair ,yellow1 and sometimes a ,red ,liquor1 and the like ,precipitate1 out of an ,infusion of a curious ,purple ,colour4 ,for you may call to mind1 that in the ,annotation upon the #cith4 ,experiment ,i intimated to you1 that ,i had with a few drops of an ,alcaly turn'd the ,infusion of ,logg-wood into a lovely ,purple4 ,now if instead of this ,alcaly ,i substituted a very ,strong and well ,filtrated ,solution of ,minium1 made with ,spirit of ,vinegar1 and put about half as much of this ,liquor as there was of the ,infusion of ,logg-wood1 7that the mixture might afford a pretty deal of ,precipitate17 the affusion of a convenient proportion of ,spirit of ,salt1 would 7if the ,liquors were well and nimbly stirr'd together7 presently strike down a ,precipitate like that formerly mention'd1 and turn the ,liquor that swam above it1 for the most part into a lovely ,yellow4 ,but for the advancing of this ,experiment a little further1 ,i consider'd1 that in case ,i first turn'd a spoonfull of the infusion of ,logg-wood ,purple1 by a convenient proportion of the ,solution of ,minium1 the ,affusion of ,spirit of ,sal ,armnoniack1 would ,precipitate the ,corpuscles of ,lead conceal'd in the ,solution of ,minium1 and yet not destroy the ,purple colour of the ,liquor2 whereupon ,i thus proceeded2 ,i took about a spoonfull of the fresh ,tincture of ,logg-wood1 7for ,i found that if it were stale the ,experiment would not alwayes succeed17 and having put to it a convenient proportion of the ,solution of ,minium to turn it into a deep and almost opacous ,purple1 ,i then drop'd in as much ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack1 as ,i guess'd would ,precipitate about half or more 7but not all7 of the ,lead1 and immediately stirring the mixture well together1 ,i mingled the ,precipitated parts with the others1 so that they fell to the bottom1 partly in the form of a ,powder1 and partly in the form of a ,curdled ,substance1 that 7by reason of the ,predominancy of the ,ting'd ,corpuscles over the ,white7 retain'd as well as the ,supernatant ,liquor2 a ,blewish ,purple colour sufficiently ,deep1 and then instantly 7but yet ,warily17 pouring on a pretty ,quantity of ,spirit of ,salt1 the matter first ,precipitated1 was1 by the above specified figure of the bottome of the ,glass preserv'd from being reach'd by the ,spirituous ,salt2 which hastily ,precipitated upon it a new ,bed 7if ,i may so call it7 of ,white ,powder1 being the remaining ,corpuscles of the ,lead1 that the ,urinous ,spirit had not struck down3 ,so that there appear'd in the ,glass three distinct and very differingly colour'd ,substances2 a ,purple or ,violet-colour'd ,precipitate at the bottom1 a ,white and ,carnation 7sometimes a ,variously colour'd7 ,precipitate over ,that1 and at the ,top of all a ,transparent ,liquor of a lovely ,yellow1 or ,red4 ,thus you see1 ,pyrophilus1 that though to some ,i may have seem'd to have lighted on this 7#ejth47 ,experiment by chance1 and though others may imagine1 that to have excogitated it1 must have proceeded from some extraordinary insight into the nature of ,colours1 yet indeed1 the devising of it need not be look'd upon as any great matter1 especially to one that is a little vers'd in the notions1 ,i have in these1 and other ,papers hinted concerning the differences of ,salts4 ,and perhaps ,i might add upon more than conjecture1 that these very notions and some particulars scatteringly deliver'd in this ,treatise1 being skilfully put together1 may suggest divers matters 7at least17 about ,colours1 that will not be altogether ,despicable4 ,but those hinted1 ,pyrophilus1 ,i must now leave such as ,you to prosecute1 having already spent farr more time than ,i intended to allow my self in acquainting ,you with particular ,experiments and ,observations concerning the changes of ,colour1 to which ,i might have added many more1 but that ,i hope ,i may have presented ,you with a competent number to make out in some measure what ,i have at the beginning of this ,essay either propos'd as my ,design in this ,tract1 or deliver'd as my ,conjectures concerning these matters4 ,and it not being my present ,designe1 as ,i have more than once ,declar'd1 to deliver any ,positive ,hypothesis or solemn ,theory of ,colours1 but only to furnish ,you with some ,experiments towards the framing of such a ,theory2 ,i shall add nothing to what ,i have said already1 but a request that you would not be forward to think ,i have been mistaken in any thing ,i have deliver'd as matter of ,fact concerning the changes of ,colours1 in case you should not every time you trye it1 find it exactly to succeed4 ,for besides the ,contingencies to which we have elsewhere shewn some other ,experiments to be obnoxious1 the omission or variation of a seemingly unconsiderable circumstance1 may hinder the success of an ,experiment1 wherein no other fault has been committed4 ,of which truth ,i shall only give you that single and almost obvious1 but yet illustrious instance of the ,art of ,dying ,scarlets1 for though you should see every ,ingredient that is us'd about it1 though ,i should particularly inform ,you of the weight of each1 and though you should be present at the kindling of the fire1 and at the increasing and remitting of it1 when ever the degree of ,heat is to be alter'd1 and though 7in a word7 you should see every thing done so particularly that you would scarce harbour the least doubt of your comprehending the whole ,art3 ,yet if ,i should not disclose to ,you1 that the ,vessels1 that immediately contain the ,tinging ,ingredients1 are to be made of or to be lin'd with ,tin1 ,you would never be able by all that ,i could tell you else 7at-least1 if the ,famousest and ,candidest ,artificers do not strangely delude themselves7 to bring your ,tincture of ,chochinele to ,dye a perfect ,scarlet4 ,so much depends upon the very ,vessel1 wherein the ,tinging matters are boyl'd1 and so great an ,influence may an unheeded ,circumstance have on the ,success of ,experiments concerning ,colours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,finis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,short ,,account ,,of ,,some ,,observations ,made by ,mr4 ,,boyle ,about a ,diamond that ,shines in the ,dark4 ,first enclosed in a ,letter written to a ,friend1 ,and now together with it annexed to the ,foregoing ,treatise1 upon the score of the ,affinity ,betwixt ,light and ,colours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london1 ,printed for ,henry ,herringman4 #affd 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,copy ,,of ,,the ,,letter ,that ,mr4 ,boyle wrote to ,sir ,robert ,morray1 to accompany the ,observations touching the ,shining ,diamond4 ,,sir1 ,though ,sir ,robert ,morray and ,monsieur ,zulichem be ,persons that have deserv'd so well of the ,commonwealth of ,learning1 that ,i should think my self unworthy to be look'd upon as a ,member of it1 if ,i declin'd to ,obey them1 or to ,serve them2 yet ,i should not without ,reluctancy send you the ,notes1 you desire for him1 if ,i did not hope that you will transmit together with them1 some ,account why they are not less unworthy of his perusal2 which1 that you may do2 ,i must inform you1 how the writing of them was ,occasion'd1 which in short was thus4 ,as ,i was just going out of ,town1 hearing that an ,ingenious ,gentleman of my ,acquaintance1 lately return'd from ,italy1 had a ,diamond1 that being rubb'd1 would shine in the ,dark1 and that he was not far off1 ,i snatch'd time from my ,occasions to make him a ,visit1 but finding him ready to go abroad1 and having in vain try'd to make the ,stone yield any ,light in the ,day time1 ,i borrow'd it of him for that ,night1 upon condition to restore it him within a ,day or two at furthest1 at ,gresham ,college1 where we appointed to attend the meeting of the ,society1 that was then to be at that place4 ,and hereupon ,i hasted that ,evening out of ,town1 and finding after ,supper that the ,stone which in the ,day time would afford no discernable ,light1 was really ,conspicuous in the ,dark1 ,i was so taken with the ,novelty1 and so desirous to make some use of an opportunity that was like to last so little a while1 that though at that time ,i had no body to assist me but a ,foot-,boy1 yet sitting up late1 ,i made a shift that ,night to try a pretty number of such of the things that then came into my thoughts1 as were not in that place and time unpracticable4 ,and the next ,day being otherwise imploy'd1 ,i was fain to make use of a drowsie part of the ,night to set down hastily in ,writing what ,i had observ'd1 and without having the time in the ,morning1 to stay the transcribing of it1 ,i order'd the ,observations to be brought after me to ,gresham ,college1 where you may remember1 that they were together with the ,stone it self shown to the ,royal ,society1 by which they had the good ,fortune not to be dislik'd1 though several things were through hast omitted1 some of which you will find in the ,margin of the inclosed ,paper4 ,the substance of this short ,narrative ,i hope you will let ,monsieur ,zulichem know1 that he may be kept from expecting any thing of finish'd in the ,observations1 and be dispos'd to excuse the want of it4 ,but such as they are1 ,i hope they will prove 7without a ,clinch7 ,luciferous ,experiments1 by setting the ,speculations of the ,curious on work1 in a diligent ,inquiry after the ,nature of ,light1 towards the discovery of which1 perhaps they have not yet met with so considerable an ,experiment1 since here we see ,light produc'd in a dead and opacous ,body1 and that not as in rotten ,wood1 or in ,fishes1 or as in the ,bolonian ,stone1 by a ,natural ,corruption1 or by a ,violent ,destruction of the ,texture of the ,body1 but by so slight a ,mechanical operation upon its ,texture1 as we seem to know what it is1 and as is immediately perform'd1 and that several wayes without at all prejudicing the ,body1 or making any sensible alterations in its ,manifest ,qualities4 ,and ,i am the more willing to expose my hasty ,tryals to ,monsieur ,zulichem1 and to ,you1 because1 he being upon the ,consideration of ,dioptricks1 so odd a ,phnomenon relateing to the ,subject1 as probably he treats of1 ,light will1 ,i hope1 excite a person to consider it1 that is wont to consider things he treats of very well4 ,and for you ,sir1 ,i hope you will both recrute and perfect the ,observations you receive1 ,for you know that ,i cannot add to them1 having a good while since restor'd to ,mr4 ,clayton the ,stone1 which though it be now in the hands of a ,prince that so highly deserves1 by understanding them1 the greatest ,curiosities2 yet he vouchsafes you that access to him as keeps me from doubting1 you may easily obtain leave to make further ,tryals with it1 of such a ,monarch as ours1 that is not more inquisitive himself1 than a favourer of them that are so4 ,i doubt not but these ,notes will put you in mind of the ,motion you made to the ,society1 to impose upon me the ,task of bringing in1 what ,i had on other occasions observ'd concerning shining ,bodies4 ,but though ,i deny not1 that ,i sometimes made observations about the ,bolonian ,stone1 and try'd some ,experiments about some other shining ,bodies2 ,yet the same ,reasons that reduc'd me then to be unwilling to receive ev'n their commands1 must now be my ,apology for not answering your ,expectations1 ,namely the abstruse nature of ,light1 and my being already over-burden'd1 and but too much kept imploy'd by the ,urgency of the ,press1 as well as by more concerning and distracting ,occasions4 ,but yet ,i will tell you some part of what ,i have met with in reference to the ,stone1 of which ,i send you an account4 ,because ,i find on the one side1 that a great many think it no ,rarity upon a mistaken perswasion1 that not only there are store of ,carbuncles1 of which this is one2 but that all ,diamonds and other ,glistering ,jewels shine in the ,dark4 ,whereas on the other side there are very ,learn'd ,men1 who 7plausibly enough7 deny that there are any ,carbuncles or shining ,stones at all4 ,and certainly1 those ,judicious men have much more to say for themselves1 than the others commonly ,plead1 and therefore did deservedly look upon ,mr4 ,clayton's ,diamond as a great ,rarity4 ,for not only ,boetius de ,boot1 who is judg'd the best ,author on this ,subject1 ascribes no such ,virtue to ,diamonds1 but begins what he delivers of ,carbuncles1 with this passage4#bf ,magna fama est ,carbunculi4 ,is vulgo putatur in tenebris ,carbonis instar lucere2 fortassis quia ,pyropus seu ,anthrax appellatus a veteribus fuit4 ,verum hactenus nemo nunquam ver asserere ausus fuit1 se gemmam noctu lucentem vidisse4 ,garcias ab ,horto proregis ,indi ,medicus1 refert se allocutum fuisse1 qui se vidisse affirmarent4 ,sed iis fidem non habuit4 ,and a later ,author1 the ,diligent and ,judicious ,johannes de ,laet in his ,chapter of ,carbuncles and of ,rubies1 has this passage4 ,quia autem ,carbunculi1 ,pyropi ,anthraces a veteribus nominantur1 vulgo creditum fuit1 ,carbonis instar in tenebris lucere1 quod tamen null gemm hastenus deprehensum1 licet quibusdam temer jactetur4 ,and the recentest ,writer ,i have met with on this ,subject1 ,olaus ,wormius1 in his ,account of his well furnish'd ,musum1 do's1 where he treats of ,rubies1 concurr with the former ,writers by these ,words4#bg ,sunt qui ,rubinum veterum ,carbunculum esse existimant1 sed deest una illa nota1 quod in tenebris instar ,anthracis non luceat3 ,ast talem ,carbunculum in rerum natur non inveniri major pars ,authoram existimant4 ,licet unum aut alterum in ,india apud ,magnates quosdam reperiri scribant1 cum tamen ex aliorum relatione id habeant saltem1 sed ipsi non viderint4 ,in confirmation of which ,i shall only add1 that hearing of a ,rubie1 so very ,vivid1 that the ,jewellers themselves have several times begg'd leave of the fair ,lady to whom it belong'd1 that they might try their choicest ,rubies by comparing them with ,that1 ,i had the ,opportunity by the ,favour of this ,lady and her ,husband1 7both which ,i have the ,honour to be acquainted with7 to make a ,trial of this famous ,rubie in the ,night1 and in a ,room well ,darkn'd1 but not only could not discern any thing of ,light1 by looking on the ,stone before any thing had been done to it1 but could not by all my ,rubbing bring it to afford the least ,glimmering of ,light4 #bf ,boetius de ,boot4 ,gem4 ,lapid4 ,histor4 ,lib4 #c4 ,cap4 #h4 #bg ,musi ,wormiani4 ,cap4 #ag4 ,but1 ,sir1 though ,i be very backward to admit strange things for truths1 yet ,i am not very forward to reject them as impossibilities1 and therefore ,i would not discourage any from making further ,inquiry1 whether or no there be ,really in ,rerum natura1 any such thing as a true ,carbuncle or ,stone that without ,rubbing will shine in the ,dark4 ,for if such a thing can be found1 it may afford no small ,assistance to the ,curious in the ,investigation of ,light1 besides the ,nobleness and ,rarity of the thing it selfe4 ,and though ,vartomannus was not an ,eye witness of what he relates1 that the ,king of ,pegu1 one of the ,chief ,kings of the ,east-,indies1 had a true ,carbuncle of that ,bigness and ,splendour1 that it shin'd very ,gloriously in the ,dark1 and though ,garcias ab ,horto1 the ,indian ,vice-,roys ,physician1 speaks of another ,carbuncle1 only upon the ,report of one1 that he ,discours'd with1 who affirmed himself to have seen it2 yet as we are not sure that these ,men that gave themselves out to be ,eye-witnesses speak true1 yet they may have done so for ought we know to the contrary4 ,and ,i could present you with a much considerabler ,testimony to the same purpose1 if ,i had the permission of a ,person concern'd1 without whose leave ,i must not do it4 ,i might tell you that ,marcus ,paulus ,venetus#bh 7whose suppos'd ,fables1 divers of our later ,travellours and ,navigatours have since found to be truths7 speaking of the ,king of ,zeilan that then was1 tells us1 that he was said to have the best ,rubie in the ,world1 a ,palm long and as big as a mans ,arm1 without spot1 shining like a ,fire1 and he subjoyns1 that the ,great ,cham1 under whom ,paulus was a considerable ,officer1 sent and offer'd the value of a ,city for it2 ,but the ,king answer'd1 he would not give it for the treasure of the ,world1 nor part with it1 having been his ,ancestours4 ,and ,i could add1 that in the ,relation made by two ,russian ,cossacks of their ,journey into ,catay#bi1 written to their ,emperour1 they mention'd their having been told by the people of those parts1 that their ,king had a ,stone1 which ,lights as the ,sun both ,day and ,night1 call'd in their ,language ,sarra1 which those ,cossacks interpret a ,ruby4 ,but these ,relations are too uncertain for me to build any thing upon1 and therefore ,i shall proceed to tell you1 that there came hither about two years since out of ,america1 the ,governour of one of the ,principal ,colonies there1 an ,ancient ,virtuoso1 and one that has the ,honour to be a member of the ,royal ,society2 this ,gentleman finding some of the chief ,affairs of his ,country committed to another and me1 made me divers ,visits1 and in one of them when ,i enquir'd what ,rare ,stones they had in those parts of the ,indies he belong'd to1 he told me1 that the ,indians had a ,tradition that in a certain hardly accessible ,hill1 a pretty way up in the ,country1 there was a ,stone which in the ,night time shin'd very vividly1 and to a great distance1 and he assur'd me1 that though he thought it not fit to venture himself so far among those ,savages1 yet he purposely sent thither a bold ,englishman1 with some ,natives to be his guides1 and that this ,messenger brought him back word1 that at a distance from the ,hillock he had plainly perceiv'd such a shining ,substance as the ,indians ,tradition mention'd1 and being stimulated by ,curiosity1 had slighted those ,superstitious ,fears of the ,inhabitants1 and with much ado by reason of the ,difficulty of the way1 had made a shift to clamber up to that part of the ,hill1 where1 by a very heedful ,observation1 he suppos'd himself to have seen the ,light3 but whether 'twere that he had mistaken the place1 or for some other ,reason1 he could not find it there1 though when he was return'd to his former ,station1 he did agen see the ,light shining in the same place where it shone before4 ,a further ,account of this ,light ,i expect from the ,gentleman that gave me this1 who lately sent me the news of his being landed in that ,country4 ,and though ,i reserve to my self a full ,liberty of ,believing no more than ,i see cause2 yet ,i do the less scruple to relate this1 because a good part of it agrees well enough with another ,story that ,i shall in the next place have occasion to subjoyn1 in order whereunto ,i shall tell you1 that though the ,learned ,authors ,i formerly mention'd1 tell us1 that no ,writer has affirm'd his having himself seen a real ,carbuncle1 yet1 considering the ,light of ,mr4 ,claytons ,diamond1 it recall'd into my mind1 that some years before1 when ,i was ,inquisitive about ,stones1 ,i had met with an old ,italian ,book highly extoll'd to me by very competent ,judges1 and that though the ,book were very scarce1 ,i had purchas'd it at a dear ,rate1 for the sake of a few considerable passages ,i met with in it1 and particularly one1 which being very remarkable in it self1 and pertinent to our present ,argument1 ,i shall put it for you1 though not word for word1 which ,i fear ,i have forgot to do1 yet as to the ,sense1 into ,english4 #bh ,purchas's ,pilgrim4 lib4 #a4 cap4 #d4 pag4 #ajd4 #bi ,in the year #afai4 ,having promis'd 7,says our ,author7#cj to say something of that most precious sort of ,jewels1 ,carbuncles1 because they are very rarely to be met with1 we shall briefly deliver what we know of them4 ,in ,clement the seventh's time1 ,i happen'd to see one of them at a certain ,ragusian ,merchants1 nam'd ,beigoio di ,bona1 ,this was a ,carbuncle white1 of that kind of whiteness which we said was to be found in those ,rubies of which we made mention a little above1 7where he had said that those ,rubies had a kind of ,livid ,whiteness or ,paleness like that of a ,calcidonian7 but it had in it a ,lustre so pleasing and so marveilous1 that it shin'd in the ,dark1 but not as much as colour'd ,carbuncles1 though it be true1 that in an exceeding ,dark place ,i saw it shine in the manner of fire almost gone out4 ,but as for colour'd ,carbuncles1 it has not been my ,fortune to have seen any1 wherefore ,i will onely set down what ,i ,learn'd about them ,discoursing in my ,youth with a ,roman ,gentleman of antient ,experience in matters of ,jewels1 who told me1 ,that one ,jacopo ,cola being by ,night in a ,vineyard of his1 and espying something in the midst of it1 that shin'd like a little glowing ,coal1 at the foot of a ,vine1 went near towards the place where he thought himself to have seen that fire1 but not finding it1 he said1 that being return'd to the same place1 whence he had first descry'd it1 and perceiving there the same splendor as before1 he mark'd it so heedfully1 that he came at length to it1 where he took up a very little ,stone1 which he carry'd away with ,transports and ,joy4 ,and the next day carrying it about to show it divers of his ,friends1 whilst he was relating after what manner he found it1 there casually interven'd a ,venetian ,embassadour1 exceedingly expert in ,jewels1 who presently knowing it to be a ,carbuncle1 did craftily before he and the said ,jacopo parted 7so that there was no ,body present that understood the ,worth of so ,precious a ,gemm7 purchase it for the ,value of #aj4 ,crowns1 and the next day left ,rome to shun the being necessitated to restore it1 and 7as he affirm'd7 it was known within some while after that the said ,venetian ,gentleman did in ,constantinople sell that ,carbuncle to the then ,grand ,seignior1 newly come to the ,empire1 for a hundred thousand ,crowns4 ,and this is what ,i can say concerning ,carbuncles1 and this is not a little at least as to the first part of this account1 where our ,cellini affirms himself to have seen a ,real ,carbuncle with his own ,eyes1 especially since this ,author appears wary in what he delivers1 and is inclin'd rather to lessen1 than increase the wonder of it4 ,and his ,testimony is the more considerable1 because though he were born a ,subject neither to the ,pope nor the then ,king of ,france 7that ,royal ,virtuoso ,francis the first7 yet both the one and the other of those ,princes imploy'd him much about making of their ,noblest ,jewels4 ,what is now reported concerning a ,shining ,substance to be seen in one of the ,islands about ,scotland1 were very improper for me to mention to ,sr4 ,robert ,morray1 to whom the first ,information was ,originally brought1 and from whom ,i expect a farther 7for ,i scarce dare expect a convincing7 account of it4 ,but ,i must not omit that some ,virtuoso questioning me the other day at ,white-,hall about ,mr4 ,claytons ,diamond1 and meeting amongst them an ,ingenious ,dutch ,gentleman1 whose ,father was long ,embassador for the ,netherlands in ,england1 ,i ,learn'd of him1 that1 he is acquainted with a person1 whose ,name he told 7but ,i do not well remember it7 who was ,admiral of the ,dutch in the ,east-,indies1 and who assur'd this ,gentleman ,monsieur ,boreel1 that at his return from thence he brought back with him into ,holland a ,stone1 which though it look'd but like a ,pale ,dull ,diamond1 such as he saw ,mr4 ,claytons to be1 yet was it a ,real ,carbuncle1 and did without rubbing shine so much1 that when the ,admiral had occasion to open a ,chest which he kept under ,deck in a ,dark place1 where 'twas forbidden to bring ,candles for fear of ,mischances1 as soon as he open'd the ,trunck1 the ,stone would by its ,native ,light1 shine so as to ,illustrate a great part of it1 and this ,gentleman having very civilly and readily granted me the request ,i made him1 to ,write to the ,admiral1 who is yet alive in ,holland1 7and probably may still have the ,jewel by him17 for a particular account of this ,stone1 ,i hope ere long to receive it1 which will be the more welcome to me1 not onely because so unlikely a thing needs a cleer evidence1 but because ,i have had some suspition of that 7supposing the truth of the thing7 what may be a shining ,stone in a very hot ,countrey as the ,east-,indies1 may perhaps cease to be so 7at least in certain seasons17 in one as cold as ,holland4 ,for ,i observ'd in the ,diamond ,i send you an account of1 that not onely rubbing but a very moderate degree of warmth1 though excited by other wayes1 would make it shine a little4 ,and 'tis not impossible that there may be ,stones as much more susceptible than that1 of the ,alterations requisite to make a ,diamond shine1 as that appeares to be more susceptible of them1 than ordinary ,diamonds4 ,and ,i confess to you1 that this is not the only odd suspition 7for they are not so much as conjectures7 that what ,i try'd upon this ,diamond suggested to me4 ,for not here to entertain you with the changes ,i think may be effected ev'n in harder sorts of ,stones1 by wayes not vulgar1 nor very promising1 because ,i may elsewhere have occasion to speak of them1 and this ,letter is but too ,prolix already1 that which ,i shall now acknowledge to you is1 ,that ,i began to doubt whether there may not in some ,cases be some ,truth in what is said of the right ,turquois1 that it often changes ,colour as the wearer is ,sick or ,well1 and manifestly loses its splendor at his ,death4 ,for when ,i found that ev'n the warmth of an ,affriction that lasted not above a quarter of a minute1 ,nay1 that of my ,body1 7whose ,constitution you know is none of the hottest7 would make a manifest change in the solidest of ,stones a ,diamond1 it seem'd not impossible1 that certain warm and ,saline steams issuing from the ,body of a living man1 may by their plenty or paucity1 or by their peculiar ,nature1 or by the total absence of them1 diversifie the ,colour1 and the splendor of so soft a ,stone as the ,turquois4 ,and though ,i admir'd to see1 that ,i know not how many ,men otherwise ,learn'd1 should confidently ascribe to ,jewels such ,virtues as seem no way competible to ,inanimate ,agents1 if to any ,corporeal ones at all1 yet as to what is affirm'd concerning the ,turquois's changing ,colour1 ,i know not well how to reject the ,affirmation of so ,learned 7and which in this case is much more considerable7 so ,judicious a ,lapidary as ,boetius de ,boot#ca1 who upon his own particular and repeated ,experience delivers so memorable a ,narrative of the ,turquois's changing ,colour1 that ,i cannot but think it worth your ,perusal1 especially since a much later and very ,experienc'd ,author1 ,olaus ,wormius1#cb where he treats of that ,stone1 ,confirms it with this ,testimony4 ,imprimis memorandum exemplum quod ,anshelmus ,boetius de seipso refert1 tam mutati ,coloris1 quam casu preservationis4 ,cui ipse haud dissimile adferre possum1 nisi ex ,anshelmo petitum quis putaret4 ,i remember that ,i saw two or three years since a ,turcois 7worn in a ,ring7 wherein there were some small spots1 which the ,virtuoso whose it was asur'd me he had observ'd to grow sometimes greater sometimes less1 and to be sometimes in one part of the ,stone1 sometimes in another4 ,and ,i having encourag'd to make ,pictures from time to time of the ,stone1 and of the ,situation of the cloudy parts1 thatso their ,motion may be more indisputable1 and better observ'd1 he came to me about the midle of this very week1 and assur'd me that he had1 as ,i wish'd1 made from time to time ,schemes or ,pictures of the differing parts of the ,stone1 whereby the several ,removes and motions of the above mentioned ,clouds are very manifest1 though the cause seem'd to him very occult3 these ,pictures he has promis'd to show me1 and is very ready to put the ,stone it self into my hands4 ,but the ring having been the other day casually broken upon his finger1 unless it can be taken out1 and set again without any considerable heat1 he is loath to have it medled with1 for fear its peculiarity should be thereby destroy'd4 ,and possibly his apprehension would have been strengthen'd1 if ,i had had opportunity to tell him what is related by the ,learned ,wormius#cc of an acquaintance of his1 that had a ,nephritick stone1 of whose eminent ,virtues he had often ,experience ev'n in himself1 and for that cause wore it still about his ,wrist2 and yet going upon a time into a ,bath of fair ,water only1 wherein certain ,herbs had been boyl'd1 the ,stone by being wetted with this decoction1 was depriv'd of all his ,virtue1 whence ,wormius takes ,occasion to advertise the sick1 to lay by such stones whensoever they make use of a ,bath4 ,and we might expect to find ,turcos likewise1 easily to be wrought upon in point of ,colour1 if that were true1 which the curious ,antonio ,neri1 in his ingenious ,arte ,vetraria#cd teaches of it1 namely1 ,that ,turcois's discolour'd and grown white1 will regain and acquire an excellent ,colour1 if you but keep them two or three days at most cover'd with ,oyl of sweet ,almonds kept in a temperate heat by warm ashes1 ,i say if it were true1 because ,i doubt whether it be so1 and have not as yet had opportunity to satisfie my self by ,tryals1 because ,i find by the confession of the most ,skilfull ,persons among whom ,i have laid out for ,turcoises1 that the true ones are great rarities1 though others be not at all so4 ,and therefore ,i shall now only mind you of one thing that you know as well as ,i1 namely1 that the rare ,stone which is called ,oculus ,mundi1 if it be good in its ,kind1 will have so great a change made in its ,texture by being barely left a while in the ,languidest of ,liquors1 common ,waters1 that from ,opacous it will become ,transparent1 and acquire a ,lustre of which it will again be depriv'd1 without using any other ,art or ,violence1 by leaving it a while in the ,air4 ,and before experience had satisfy'd us of the truth of this1 it seem'd as unlikely that common ,water or ,air1 should work such great changes in that ,gemm1 as it now seems that the ,effluviums of a human ,body should effect lesser changes in a ,turcois1 especially if more susceptible of them1 than other ,stones of the same kind4 ,but both my ,watch and my ,eyes tell me that 'tis now high time to think of going to sleep1 matters of this ,nature1 will be better1 as well as more easily1 clear'd by ,conference1 than ,writing4 ,and therefore since ,i think you know me too well to make it needfull for me to disclame ,credulity1 notwithstanding my having entertain'd you with all these ,extravagancies2 for you know well1 how wide a difference ,i am wont to put betwixt things that barely may be1 and things that are1 and between those ,relations that are but not unworthy to be inquir'd into1 and those that are not worthy to be actually believ'd2 without making ,apologies for my ,ravings1 ,i shall readily comply with the drowsiness that calls upon me to release ,you1 and the rather1 because ,monsieur ,zulichem being concern'd in your desire to know the few things ,i have observed about the shining ,stone4 ,to entertain those with ,suspicions that are accustomed not to acquiesce but in ,demonstrations1 were a thing that cannot be look'd upon as other than very improper by1 ,,sir1 ,your most ,affectionate and most ,faithfull ,servant1 ,,ro4 ,,boyle4 #cj ,benvonuto ,cellini nell ,arte del ,gioiellare1 ,lib4 #a4 pag4 #aj4 #ca ,the ,narrative in the ,authors own words1 is this4 ,ego 7sayes he7 sanct affirmare possum me unam aureo ,annulo inclusam perpetuo gestare1 cujus facultatem 7si gemm est7 nunquam satis admirari potui4 ,gestaverat enim ante ,triginta annos ,hispanus quidam non procula puternis dibus habitans4 ,is cum vit functus esset1 ipsius suspellex 7ut moris apud nos est7 venum exposita esset1 inter ctera etiam ,turcois exponebatur4 ,verum nemo 7licet complures eo concurrissent1 ut eam propter ,coloris ,elegantiam1 quam vivo ,domino habuerat emerent7 sibi emptam voluit1 pristinum enim nitorem ,colorem prorsus amiserat1 ut potius ,malachites1 quam ,turcois videretur4 ,aderat tum temporis gemm habend desiderio etiam parens frater meus1 qui antea spius gratiam elegantiam ipsius viderant1 mirabundi eam nunc tam esse deformem1 ,emit eam nihilominus pater1 satisque vili pretio1 qua omnibus contemptui erat1 ac presentes non eam esse quam ,hispanus gestarat1 arbitrarentur4 ,domum reversus ,pater1 qui tam turpem ,gemmam gestare sibi indecorum putabat1 eam mihi dono dat1 inquiens2 ,quandoquidem1 fili mi1 vulgi fama est1 ,turcoidem1 ut facultates suas exercere possit1 dono dari debere tibi eam devoveo1 ego acceptam ,gemmam sculptori trado1 at gentilitia mea insignia illi1 quamadmodum fieri solet1 in ,jaspide ,chalcedono1 aliisque ,ignobilioribus ,gemmis1 insculperat4 ,turpe enim existimabam1 hujusmodi ,gemm ornatus gratia1 dum gratiam nullam haberet1 uti4 ,paret ,sculptor redditque ,gemmam1 quam gesto pro annulo ,signatorio4 ,vix per mensem gestaram1 redit illi pristinus color1 sed non ita nitens propter ,sculpturam1 ac inqualem superficiem4 ,miramur omnes gemmam1 atque id prcipu quod color indies pulchrior fieret4 ,id qui observabam1 nunquam fere eam manu deposui1 ita ut nunc adhuc candem gestem4 #cb ,olaus ,wormius1 in ,mus4 #ah pag4 #ahf4 #cc ,mus4 ,worm4 pag4 #ii4 #cd ,arte ,vetraria1 lib4 #g cap4 #ajb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,observations ,made this #bgth4#ce of ,october #affc4 about ,mr4 ,clayton's ,diamond4#cf ,being look'd on in the ,day time1 though in a ,bed1 whose ,curtains were carefully drawn1 ,i could not discern it to ,shine at all1 though well ,rubb'd1 but about a little after ,sun-set1 whilst the ,twilight yet lasted1 ,nay1 this ,morning#cg a pretty while after ,sun-rising1 7but before ,i had been abroad in the more freely inlightned ,air of the ,chamber7 ,i could upon a light ,affriction easily perceive the ,stone to ,shine4 #ce ,these were brought in and ,read before the ,royal ,society1 7the ,day following7 ,oct4 #bh4 #affc4 #cf ,the ,stone it self being to be shown to the ,royal ,society1 when the ,observations were deliver'd1 ,i was willing 7being in haste7 to omit the ,description of it1 which is in short1 ,that it was a ,flat or ,table ,diamond1 of about a third part of an ,inch in length1 and somewhat less in breadth1 that it was a ,dull ,stone1 and of a very bad ,water1 having in the ,day time very little of the ,vividness of ev'n ordinary ,diamonds1 and being ,blemished with a whitish ,cloud about the middle of it1 which covered near a third part of the ,stone4 #cg ,hast made me forget to take notice that ,i went abroad the same ,morning1 the ,sun shining forth clear enough1 to look upon the ,diamond though a ,microscope1 that ,i might try whether by that ,magnifying ,glass any thing of peculiar could be discern'd in the ,texture of the ,stone1 and especially of the whitish ,cloud that possest a good part of it4 ,but for all my attention ,i could not discover any peculiarity worth mentioning4 ,secondly1 ,the ,candles being removed1 ,i could not in a ,dark place discern the ,stone to have any ,light1 when ,i looked on it1 without having ,rubb'd or otherwise prepar'd it4 ,thirdly1 ,by two white ,pibbles though hard ,rubb'd one against another1 nor by the long and vehement ,affriction of ,rock ,crystal against a piece of ,red cloath1 nor yet by ,rubbing two ,diamonds set in ,ring1 as ,i had ,rubb'd this ,stone1 ,i could produce any sensible degree of ,light4 ,fourthly1 ,i found this ,diamond hard enough1 not only to enable me to write readily with it upon ,glass1 but to ,grave on ,rock ,crystal it self4 ,fifthly1 ,i found this to have like other ,diamonds1 an ,electrical faculty4#ch #ch ,v4 ,for it drew light ,bodies like ,amber1 ,jet1 and other ,concretes that are noted to do so2 ,but its attractive power seem'd inferiour to theirs4 ,sixthly1 ,being rubb'd upon my ,cloaths1 as is usual for the exciting of ,amber1 ,wax1 and other ,electrical ,bodies1 it did in the ,dark manifestly shine like ,rotten ,wood1 or the ,scales of ,whitings1 or other putrified ,fish4 ,seventhly1 ,but this ,conspicuousness was ,fainter than that of the ,scales1 and ,slabber 7if ,i may so call it7 of ,whitings1 and much ,fainter than the ,light of a ,glow-worm1 by which ,i have been sometimes able to ,read a short ,word1 whereas after an ordinary ,affriction of this ,diamond ,i was not able to discern distinctly by the ,light of it any of the nearest ,bodies3 ,and this ,glimmering also did very manifestly and considerably ,decay presently upon the ceasing of the ,affriction1 though the ,stone continued ,visible some while after4 ,eighthly1 ,but if it were ,rubb'd upon a convenient ,body for a pretty while1 and ,briskly enough1 ,i found the ,light would be for some moments much more considerable1 almost like the ,light of a ,glow-worm1 insomuch after ,i ceased ,rubbing1 ,i could with the ,chaf'd stone exhibit a little ,luminous ,circle1 like that1 but not so bright as that which ,children make by moving a stick ,fir'd at the end1 and in this case it would continue ,visible about seven or eight times as long as ,i had been in ,rubbing it4 ,ninthly1 ,i found that holding it a while near#ci the ,flame of a ,candle1 7from which yet ,i was carefull to avert my ,eyes7 and being immediately remov'd into the ,dark1 it disclosed some faint ,glimmering1 but inferiour to that1 it was wont to acquire by ,rubbing4 ,and afterward holding it near a ,fire that had but little ,flame1 ,i found the ,stone to be rather less than more excited1 than it had been by the ,candle4 #ci ,,ix4 ,we durst not hold it in the ,flame of a ,candle1 no more than put it into a naked ,fire2 ,for fear too ,violent a ,heat 7which has been observ'd to spoil many other precious ,stones7 should vitiate and impair a ,jewel1 that was but borrow'd1 and was suppos'd to be the only one of its ,kind4 ,tenthly1 ,i likewise indeavour'd to make it ,shine1 by holding it a pretty while in a very ,dark place1 over a thick piece of ,iron1 that was well ,heated1 but not to that ,degree as to be ,visibly so4 ,and though at length ,i found1 that by this way also1 the ,stone acquired some ,glimmering1 yet it was less than by either of the other ways above mention'd4 ,eleventhly1 ,i also brought it to some kind of ,glimmering ,light1 by taking it into ,bed with me1 and holding it a good while upon a warm part of my ,naked ,body4 ,twelfthly1 ,to satisfie my self1 whether the ,motion introduc'd into the ,stone did generate the ,light upon the account of its producing ,heat there1 ,i held it near the ,flame of a ,candle1 till it was qualify'd to shine pretty well in the ,dark1 and then immediately ,i apply'd a slender ,hair to try whether it would attract it1 but found not that it did so2 though if it were made to shine by ,rubbing1 it was as ,i formerly noted ,electrical4 ,and for further ,confirmation1 though ,i once purposedly kept it so near the hot ,iron ,i just now mention'd1 as to make it sensibly ,warm1 yet it shin'd more ,dimly than it had done by ,affriction or the ,flame of a ,candle1 though by both those ways it had not acquir'd any warmth that was sensible4 ,thirteenthly1 ,having purposely rubb'd it upon several ,bodies differing as to ,colour1 and as to ,texture1 there seem'd to be some little ,disparity in the excitation 7if ,i may so call it7 of ,light4 ,upon ,white and ,red ,cloths it seem'd to succeed best1 especially in comparison of ,black ones4 ,fourteenthly1 ,but to try what it would do rubb'd upon ,bodies more hard1 and less apt to yield ,heat upon a light ,affriction1 than ,cloath1 ,i first rubb'd it upon a white wooden ,box1 by which it was excited1 and afterwards upon a piece of purely ,glazed ,earth1 which seem'd during the ,attrition to make it ,shine better than any of the other ,bodies had done1 without excepting the ,white ones1 which ,i add1 lest the ,effect should be wholly ascrib'd to the disposition ,white ,bodies are wont to have to ,reflect much ,light4 ,fifteenthly1 ,having well excited the ,stone1 ,i nimbly plung'd it under ,water#dj1 that ,i had provided for that purpose1 and perceiv'd it to ,shine whilst it was beneath the ,surface of that ,liquor1 and this ,i did divers times4 ,but when ,i indeavour'd to produce a ,light by rubbing it upon the lately mentioned ,cover of the ,box1 the ,stone and it being both held beneath the ,surface of the ,water1 ,i did not well satisfie my self in the ,event of the ,trial2 ,but this ,i found1 if ,i took the ,stone out1 and ,rubb'd it upon a piece of ,cloath1 it would not as else it was wont to do1 presently acquire a ,luminousness1 but needed to be rubb'd manifestly much longer before the desired ,effect was found4 #dj ,,xv4 ,we likewise ,plung'd it as soon as we had excited it1 under ,liquors of several sorts1 as ,spirit of ,wine1 ,oyl both ,chymical and express'd1 an ,acid ,spirit1 and as ,i remember an ,alcalizate ,solution1 and found not any of those various ,liquors to destroy its ,shining property4 ,sixteenthly1 ,i also try'd several times1 that by covering it with my warm ,spittle 7having no warm ,water at hand7 it did not lose his ,light4#da #da ,,xvi4 ,having found by this ,observation1 that a warm ,liquor would not extinguish ,light in the ,diamond1 ,i thought fit to try1 whether by reason of its warmth it would not excite it1 and divers times ,i found1 that if it were kept therein1 till the ,water had leisure to communicate some of its ,heat to it1 it would often shine as soon as it was taken out1 and probably we should have seen it ,shine more1 whilst it was in the ,water1 if some degree of ,opacity which heated ,water is wont to acquire1 upon the score of the ,numerous little ,bubbles generated in it1 had not kept us from discerning the ,lustre of the ,stone4 ,seventeenthly1 ,finding that by ,rubbing the ,stone with the ,flat side downwards1 ,i did by reason of the ,opacity of the ,ring2 and the sudden ,decay of ,light upon the ceasing of the ,attrition1 probably lose the sight of the ,stones greatest ,vividness2 and supposing that the ,commotion made in one part of the stone will be easily propagated all over1 ,i sometimes held the piece of ,cloath upon which ,i rubb'd it1 so1 that one side of the ,stone was exposed to my ,eye1 whilst ,i was rubbing the other1 whereby it appear'd more ,vivid than formerly1 and to make ,luminous ,tracts by its ,motions too and fro4 ,and sometimes holding the ,stone upwards1 ,i rubb'd its ,broad side with a fine smooth piece of ,transparent ,horn1 by which means the ,light through that ,diaphanous ,substance1 did whilst ,i was actually rubbing the ,stone1 appear so ,brisk that sometimes and in some places it seem'd to have little ,sparks of fire4 ,eighteenthly1 ,i took also a piece of flat ,blew ,glass1 and having rubb'd the ,diamond well upon a ,cloath1 and nimbly clapt the ,glass upon it1 to try whether in case the ,light could peirce it1 it would by appearing ,green1 or of some other ,colour than ,blew1 assist me to guess whether it self were sincere or no4 ,but finding the ,glass impervious to so faint a ,light1 ,i then thought it fit to try whether that hard ,bodies would not by ,attrition increase the ,diamonds ,light so as to become penetrable thereby1 and accordingly when ,i rubb'd the ,glass briskly upon the ,stone1 ,i found the ,light to be ,conspicuous enough1 and somewhat ,dy'd in its passage1 but found it not easie to give a ,name to the ,colour it exhibited4 ,lastly1 ,to comply with the ,suspition ,i had upon the whole ,matter1 that the chief manifest ,change wrought in the ,stone1 was by ,compression of its parts1 rather than ,incalescence1 ,i took a piece of white ,tile well ,glaz'd1 and if ,i press'd the ,stone hard against it1 it seem'd though ,i did not rub it to and fro1 to shine at the ,sides3 ,and however it did both very manifestly and vigorously ,shine1 if whilst ,i so press'd it1 ,i mov'd it any way upon the ,surface of the ,tile1 though ,i did not make it draw a ,line of above a quarter of an ,inch long1 or thereabouts4 ,and though ,i made it not move to and fro1 but only from one end of the short ,line to the other1 without any return or ,lateral motion4 ,nay1 after it had been often rubb'd1 and suffer'd to lose its ,light again1 not only it seem'd more easie to be excited than at the beginning of the ,night2 but if ,i did press hard upon it with my ,finger1 at the very instant that ,i drew it briskly off1 it would disclose a very ,vivid but exceeding short ,liv'd ,splendour1 not to call it a little ,coruscation4#db ,so that a ,cartesian would scarce scruple to think he had found in this ,stone no slight ,confirmation of his ,ingenious ,masters ,hypothesis1 touching the ,generation of ,light in ,sublunary ,bodies1 not sensibly ,hot4 #db ,i after bethought my self of imploying a way1 which produc'd the desir'd ,effect both sooner and better4 ,for holding betwixt my ,fingers a ,steel ,bodkin1 near the ,lower part of it1 ,i press'd the point hard against the ,surface of the ,diamond1 and much more if ,i struck the point against it1 the ,coruscation would be extremely suddain1 and very ,vivid1 though very ,vanishing too1 and this way which commonly much surpris'd and pleas'd the ,spectators1 seem'd far more proper than the other1 to show that pressure alone1 if forcible enough1 though it were so suddain1 and short1 that it could not well be suppos'd to give the ,stone any thing near a sensible degree of ,warmth1 as may be suspected of ,rubbing1 yet 'tis sufficient to generate a very ,vivid ,light4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,postscript4 ,annexed some ,hours after the ,observations were ,written4 ,so many particulars taken notice of in one ,night1 may make this ,stone appear a kind of ,prodigie1 and the rather1 because having try'd as ,i formerly noted1 not only a fine ,artificial ,crystal1 and some also that is ,natural1 but a ,ruby and two ,diamonds1 ,i did not find that any of these disclos'd the like ,glimmering of ,light2#dc yet after all1 perceiving by the ,hardness1 and the ,testimony of a ,skilfull ,goldsmith1 that this was rather a ,natural than ,artificial ,stone2 for fear lest there might be some difference in the way of ,setting1 or in the shape of the ,diamonds ,i made use of1 neither of which was like this1 a flat ,table-stone1 ,i thought fit to make a farther ,trial of my own ,diamonds1 by such a brisk and assiduous ,affriction as might make amends for the ,disadvantages above-mention'd1 in case they were the cause of the unsuccessfulness of the former ,attempts3 ,and accordingly ,i found1 that by this way ,i could easily bring a ,diamond ,i wore on my ,finger to disclose a ,light1 that was sensible enough1 and continued so though ,i cover'd it with ,spittle1 and us'd some other trials about it4 ,and this will much lessen the wonder of all the formerly mention'd ,observations1 by shewing that the properties that are so strange are not peculiar to one ,diamond1 but may be found in others also1 and perhaps in divers other hard and ,diaphanous ,stones4 ,yet ,i hope that what this ,discovery takes away from the ,wonder of these ,observations1 it will add to the ,instructiveness of them1 by affording pregnants ,hints1 towards the ,investigation of the ,nature of ,light4 #dc ,we afterwards1 try'd precious ,stones1 as ,diamonds1 ,rubies1 ,saphires1 and ,emeralls1 c4 but found not any of them to ,shine except some ,diamonds1 and of these we were not upon so little practice1 able to fore-tell before hand1 which would be brought to ,shine1 and which would not2 ,for several very good ,diamonds1 either would not ,shine at all1 or much less than others that were farr inferiour to them4 ,and yet those ,ingenious ,men are mistaken1 that think a ,diamond must be foul and cloudy1 as ,mr4 ,claytons was1 to be fit for ,shining2 for as we could bring some such to afford a ,glimmering ,light1 so with some clear and excellent ,diamonds1 we could do the like4 ,but none of those many that we try'd of all ,kinds1 were equal to the ,diamond on which the ,observations were made1 not only considering the degree of ,light it afforded1 but the easiness wherewith it was excited1 and the ,comparatively great duration of its ,shining4 ,,finis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's notes4 ,the ,errata of the printed book have all been corrected4 ,they were as follows3 ,pag4 #adb4 l4 #bj4 ,these words1 ,and to manifest1 with the rest of what is by a mistake further printed in this fourth ,experiment1 belongeth1 and is to be referred to the end of the second ,eperiment1 p4#acg4 pag4 #ade4 l4 #a4 leg4 matter4 #adf4 l4 #d4 leg4 ,bolts-head4 pag #afa4 in the marginal note l4 #b4 dele de ib4 l4 #c4 lege lib #a4 p #afc4 l4 ult4 insert where between the words places and the4 p4 #afd l4 #a4 dele that4 ibid1 l4 #h4 leg ,epidermis4 ibid4 l4 #ai leg4 #cjj4 for #bjj4 p4 #afi4 l4 #bb4 leg4 into it4 p4 #agj4 l4 #bc4 #bd4 leg4 ,some ,solutions hereafter to be mentioned1 for the ,solutions of ,potashes1 and other ,lixiviate ,salts4 p4 #aga4 l4 #f4 insert part of between the words most and dissolved p4 #agf4 l4 ult4 insert the participle it between the words ,judged and not p4 #bcd4 l4 #d4 leg4 ,woud-wax or ,wood-wax4 p4 #cbj l4 #bi4 leg4 urine for urne4 ,in addition ,i have corrected the following original typos3 ,the preface3 ,i devis'd tbem - ,i devis'd them ,the preface3 make ,expements - make ,experiments ,the ,publisher to the reader3 made of ,eperiments - made of ,experiments ,i4 ,ch4 ,,iii4#f divers ,expements - divers ,experiments ,i4 ,ch4 ,,iii4#ac epecially with some sorts - especially with some sorts ,,ii4 ,ch4 ,,ii4#h ,slightet ,texture - ,slightest ,texture ,,ii4 ,exp4 ,i two ,colonrs - two ,colours ,,ii4 ,exp4 ,,xiii were the change of ,colour - where the change ,,iii4 ,exp4 ,,xii avoiding of ,ambignity - avoiding of ,ambiguity ,,iii4 ,exp4 ,,xxix ,juice of this ,sipce - ,juice of this ,spice ,,iii4 ,exp4 ,,xl forty second ,expement - forty second ,experiment ,,iii4 ,exp4 ,,xliv keep them swimning - keep them swimming ,,iii4 ,exp4 ,,xlvi it seem'd propable to me - it seem'd probable to me ,,iii4 ,exp4 ,,xlvii where not comprehended - were not comprehended ,,iii4 ,exp4 ,,xlviii frequent ,igintion - frequent ,ignition ,,iii4 ,exp4 ,l ,i could tell yon - ,i could tell you ,a ,copy of the ,letter3 nemo unqnam vere - nemo nunquam vere 7ib473 what is reladed - what is related ,observations3 carefulsy drawn - carefully drawn - and emended ,phoenomenon_/a to ,phaenomenon_/a #aj times and ,coeruleous etc4 - ,caeruleous #bj times