,,h&books ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religions ,,edit$ ,,by ,,morris ,,ja/r[1 ,,jr41 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,semitic ,languages 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,,volume ,i ,,h&books ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religions ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,india ,,by ,,edw>d ,,wa%burn ,,hopk9s ,ph4,d4 7,,leipsic7 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sanskrit ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,philology ,,9 ,,bryn ,,mawr ,,college ,?is holy my/]y ,i decl>e unto y3 ,!re is no?+ nobl] ?an humanity4 ,,! ,,mah,a,,bh,a,,rata4 ,,london ,,edw>d ,,arnold #cg ,,b$=d ,,/reet1 ,,/r& ,,publi%] ,,to ,,! ,,india ,,(fice #ahif 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,copyright1 #ahie1 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,wa%burn ,,hopk9s ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,william ,,dwight ,,:itney ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,prefatory ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,editor4 ,! gr[+ int]e/ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad 9 ! hi/orical /udy ( religions is "o ( ! noticeable features 9 ! intellectual phases ( ! pa/ decades4 ,! m g5]al indications ( ?is int]e/ may be se5 9 su* f\ndations z ! ,hibb]t & ,gif=d ,lecture%ips 9 ,engl&1 & ! rec5t organization ( an ,am]ican committee to arrange 9 v>i\s cities = lectures on ! hi/ory ( religions1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a special dep>tm5t = ! subject at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 9 ! organization ( ! ,muse ,guimet at ,p>is1 9 ! publication ( a j\rnal--! ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions--"u ! auspices ( ?is ,museum1 & 9 ! creation ( *airs at ! ,collge de ,france1 at ! ,univ]sities ( ,holl&1 & 9 ?is c\ntry at ,cornell ,univ]sity & ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1#a ) ! prospect ( o!rs to foll[ 9 ! ne> future4 ,= ! m special indications we mu/ turn to ! spl5did labors ( a l>ge array ( s*ol>s toil+ 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( anci5t culture--,india1 ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 ,arabia1 ,pho5icia1 ,*9a1 ,greece1 & ,rome--) ! result ( secur+ a firm basis = ! /udy ( ! religions fl\ri%+ 9 ^? c\ntries--a result due ma9ly to ! discov]y ( fre% s\rces & to ! increase ( ! latt] br\ght ab\t by exploration & incessant rese>*4 ,! detail$ /udy ( ! facts ( religion ev]y:]e1 bo? 9 primitive society & 9 advanc+ civilization1 & ! emphasis laid ^u ga!r+ & und]/&+ ^! facts prior to mak+ "o's d$uctions1 has succe$$ 9 sett+ aside ! speculations & g5]alizations t until ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury p>ad$ "u ! "n ( ,philosophy ( ,religion4 ,su* has be5 ! s*ol>ly activity display$ & ! f]tility result+1 t x seems bo? desirable & timely to focus1 z x 71 ! array ( facts connect$ ) ! religions ( ! anci5t _w 9 su* a mann] t ! summ>y result+ may s]ve z ! po9t ( dep>ture = fur!r inve/igations4 ,?is has be5 ! lead+ ?\ght :i* has sugge/$ ! s]ies ( ,h&books on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions4 ,! treatm5t ( ! religions includ$ 9 ! s]ies diff]s f previ\s attempts 9 ! aim to br+ toge!r ! asc]ta9$ results ( s*ol>%ip r ?an to make an additional contribution1 ?\gh ! "* ( ! s*ol>s ^: cop]ation has beep secur$ ju/ifies ! hope t _! productions w also m>k an advance 9 ! int]pretation ( ! subject assign$ to ea*4 ,9 accord ) ?is g5]al aim1 m]e discussion has be5 limit$ to a m9imum1 :ile ! *ief /ress has be5 laid ^u ! cle> & full pres5tation ( ! data connect$ ) ea* religion4 ,a uni=m plan has be5 drawn up by ! editor = ! ord] ( treatm5t 9 ! v>i\s volumes1 by foll[+ :i* x is hop$ t ! cont9u\s "* ( ! s]ies w be secur$4 ,9 ?is plan ! ne$s ( ! g5]al read]1 z well z ^? ( ! /ud5t1 = :om1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! s]ies is design$1 h be5 kept 9 view4 ,aft] ! introduction1 :i* 9 ! case ( ea* volume is to be devot$ to a sett+ =? ( ! s\rces & ! me?od ( /udy1 a *apt] foll[s on ! l& & ! p1 pres5t+ ^? e?nographical & geographical consid]ations1 toge!r ) a brief hi/orical sket* ( ! p 9 "q1 s ess5tial to an und]/&+ ( intellectual & religi\s life ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! ?ird section1 :i* may be d5om9at$ ! k]nel ( ! book1 ! subdivisions & ord] ( pres5tation necess>ily v>y1 ! division into p]iods be+ be/ adapt$ to "o religion1 ! geographical ord] = ano!r1 ! gr\p+ ( !mes 9 a logical sequ5ce = a ?ird2 b 9 e case1 ! range cov]$ w be ! same1 namely1 ! beliefs1 includ+ ! pan!on1 ! relation to ! gods1 views ( life & dea?1 ! rites--bo? ! (ficial ones & ! popul> cu/oms--! religi\s lit]ature & ar*itecture4 ,a f\r? section w furni% a g5]al e/imate ( ! religion1 its hi/ory1 & ! relation x be>s to o!rs4 ,ea* volume w conclude ) a full bibliography1 index1 & necess>y maps1 ) illu/rations introduc$ into ! text z call$ =4 ,! ,editor has be5 =tunate 9 secur+ ! s]vices ( di/+ui%$ speciali/s ^: pa/ labors & ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! plan & purpose ( ! s]ies furni% a gu>antee = ! successful execution ( _! task4 ,x is ! hope ( ! ,editor to produce 9 ?is way a s]ies ( manuals t may s]ve z text-books = ! hi/orical /udy ( religions 9 our univ]sities & sem9>ies4 ,9 addition to supply+ ?is want1 ! arrangem5t ( ! manuals w1 x is expect$1 meet ! requirem5ts ( reliable ref]5ce-books = asc]ta9+ ! pres5t /atus ( our k ( ! religions ( antiquity1 :ile ! popul> mann] ( pres5tation1 :i* x w be ! aim ( ! writ]s to c>ry out1 ju/ifies ! hope t ! g5]al read] w f9d ! volumes no less attractive & int]e/+4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,9 an article by ! writ] publi%$ 9 ! ,biblical ,_w 7,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press7 = ,janu>y1 #ahic1 !re w be f\nd an acc\nt ( ! pres5t /atus ( ! ,hi/orical ,/udy ( ,religions 9 ?is c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,introduction4 ,,s\rces4--,,dates4--,,me?ods ,,( ,,int]pretation4--,,divisions ,,( ,,subject4 ,,s\rces4 ,india always has be5 a l& ( religions4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,v$ic lit]ature are f\nd n only hymns 9 praise ( ! accept$ gods1 b also d\bts 9 reg>d to ! wor? ( ^! gods2 ! beg9n+s ( a new religion incorporat$ into ! e>lie/ records ( ! old4 ,& lat]1 :51 ab\t #cjj ,b4,c1 ,mega/h5es 0 9 ,india1 ! desc5dants ( ^? fir/ !osophi/s are /ill discuss+1 albeit 9 m mod]n fa%ion1 ! que/ions t lie at ! root ( all religion4 ,( ! philosoph]s1 ^? t are mo/ e/imable he t]ms ,brahmans 7,greek3 bra*manas74 ,^! discuss ) _m words conc]n+ dea?4 ,= !y reg>d dea? z be+1 = ! wise1 a bir? into real life--into ! happy life4 ,& 9 _m ?+s !y hold ! same op9ions ) ! ,greeks3 say+ t ! univ]se 0 begott5 & w be de/roy$1 & t ! _w is a sph]e1 :i* ! god :o made & owns x p]vades ?r\gh\t2 t !re are diff]5t beg9n+s ( all ?+s1 b wat] is ! beg9n+ ( _w-mak+1 :ile1 9 addition to ! f\r elem5ts1 !re is1 z fif?1 a k9d ( nature1 :5ce came ! sky & ! />s4444 ,& conc]n+ ! se$ ( ?+s & ! s\l !y h mu* to say also1 :]eby !y weave 9 my?s1 j z does ,plato1 9 reg>d to ! s\l's immortality1 judgm5t 9 hell1 & su* ?+s4#a ,& z ,india conspicu\sly is a c\ntry ( cre$s1 s is its lit]ature prem95tly prie/ly & religi\s4 ,f ! fir/ ,v$a to ! la/ ,purana1 religion =ms ei!r ! subject-matt] ( ! mo/ important works1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! epics1#b ! basis ( didactic excursions & sect>ian int]polations1 :i* imp>t to worldly !mes a tone peculi>ly !ological4 ,hi/ory & oratory are unkn[n 9 ,indian lit]ature4 ,! e>ly poetry consi/s ( hymns & religi\s poems2 ! e>ly prose1 ( liturgies1 l+ui/ics1 law1 !ology1 sacr$ leg5ds & o!r works1 all ( :i* are int5d$ to supplem5t ! k ( ! ,v$a1 to expla9 c]emonies1 or to inculcate religi\s pr9ciples4 ,at a lat] date1 =mal gramm> & sy/ems ( philosophy1 fables & comm5t>ies are add$ to ! prose2 epics1 secul> lyric1 drama1 ! ,puranas & su* writ+s to ! poetry4 ,b 9 all ?is great mass1 till t "t :i* ,mll] has call$ ! ,r5aissance--t is to say1 till aft] ! ,h9dus 7 come into close contact ) =eign nations1 notably ! ,greek1 f :i* has be5 borr[$1 p]haps1 ! classical ,h9du drama1#c--!re is no real lit]ature t 0 n religi\s orig9ally1 or1 at lea/1 s apt = prie/ly use z to become *iefly moral & !osophic2 :ile ! mo/ popul> works ( mod]n times are sect>ian tracts1 ,purnas1 ,tantras & remodell$ worldly poetry4 ,! s\rces1 !n1 f :i* is to be drawn ! k ( ,h9du religions are ! be/ possible--! orig9al texts4 ,! in=mation furni%$ by =eign]s1 f ! times ( ,ktesias & ,mega/h5es to t ( ,m&elslo1 is consid]able2 b "o is w>rant$ 9 assum+ t :at little 9 x is novel is inaccurate1 s9ce o!rwise ! in=mation w\ld h be5 furni%$ by ! ,h9dus !mselves2 & t1 conv]sely1 an outsid]'s /atem5ts1 al?\gh presumably correct1 (t5 may give an inexact impression ?r\gh lack ( complet5ess2 z :5--to take an example t "o c control--,ktesias tells half ! tru? 9 reg>d to ordeals4 ,8 acc\nt is true1 b he gives no notion ( ! numb] or elaborate "* ( ^! int]e/+ c]emonies4 ,! s\rces to :i* we %all h occasion to ref] w be1 !n1 ! two mo/ important collections ( ,v$ic hymns--! ,rig ,v$a & ! ,a?>va ,v$a2 ! ,brahmanic lit]ature1 ) ! supplem5t>y ,upani%ads1 & ! ,sutras or mnemonic abridgm5ts ( religi\s & c]emonial rules2 ! legal texts1 & ! religi\s & !ological portions ( ! epic2 & ! lat] sect>ian writ+s1 call$ ,puranas4 ,! great h]esies1 aga91 h _! own special writ+s4 ,?us f> we %all draw on ! native lit]ature4 ,only = "s ( ! mod]n sects1 & = ! religions ( ! wild tribes :i* h no lit]ature1 %all we h to dep5d on ! acc\nts ( ,european writ]s4 ,,dates4 ,= none ( ! native religi\s works has "o a c]ta9 date4 ,nor is !re = any "o ( ! e>li] compositions ! c]ta9ty t x belongs1 z a :ole1 to any "o "t4 ,! ,rig ,v$a 0 compos$ by successive g5]ations2 ! ,a?>van repres5ts diff]5t ages2 ea* ,brahmana appe>s to belong 9 "p to "o era1 9 "p to ano!r2 ! e>lie/ ,sutras 7manuals ( law1 etc47 h be5 int]polat$2 ! e>lie/ metrical code is a composite2 ! great epic is ! "w ( c5turies2 & n only d ! ,upani%ads & ,puranas repres5t collectively _m diff]5t p]iods1 b exactly to :i* p]iod ea* individually is to be assign$ rema9s always d\btful4 ,only 9 ! case ( ! ,buddhi/ic writ+s is !re a satisfactorily approximate t]m9us a quo1 & ev5 "h approximate means m]ely )9 ! limit ( c5turies4 ,nev]!less1 crit]ia =tunately are n lack+ to enable "o to assign ! g5]al bulk ( any "o "w to a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! lit]>y developm5t2 & z ^! p]iods are1 if n %>ply1 yet pla9ly di/+ui%able1 "o is n 9 s desp]ate a case z he might h expect$ to be1 consid]+ t x is impossible to date ) c]ta9ty any ,h9du book or writ] be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,=1 fir/1 !re exi/s a diff]5ce 9 language1 dem>cat+ ! mo/ important p]iods2 &1 secondly1 ! developm5t ( ! lit]ature has be5 ^u su* l9es t x is easy to say1 f cont5t & me?od ( treatm5t1 :e!r a giv5 class ( writ+s is a product ( ! ,v$ic1 e>ly ,brahmanic1 or late ,brahmanic epo*s4 ,usually1 inde$1 "o is unable to tell :e!r a lat] ,upani%ad 0 made fir/ 9 ! e>ly or late ,brahmanic p]iod1 b x is kn[n t ! ,upani%ads1 z a :ole1 i4e41 ! lit]>y =m & philosophical mat]ial :i* *>act]ize ,upani%ads1 7 e>li] ?an ! late/ ,brahmanic p]iod & subsequ5t to ! e>ly ,brahmanic p]iod2 t !y arose at ! close ( ! latt] & be=e ! rise ( ! =m]4 ,s ! ,brahmanas1 z a :ole1 are subsequ5t to ! ,v$ic age1 al?\gh "s ( ! ,v$ic hymns appe> to h be5 made up 9 ! same p]iod ) t ( ! e>ly ,brahmanas4 ,aga91 ! ,puranas c be plac$ ) safety aft] ! late ,brahmanic age2 &1 consequ5tly1 subsequ5t to ! ,upani%ads1 al?\gh x is probable t _m ,upani%ads 7 writt5 aft] ! fir/ ,puranas4 ,! g5]al compass ( ?is enorm\s lit]ature is f an indef9ite antiquity to ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,a lib]al m>g9 ( possible error mu/ be all[$ 9 ! assumption ( any specific dates4 ,! receiv$ op9ion is t ! ,rig ,v$a goes back to ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c41 yet are "s s*ol>s incl9$ r to accept #cjjj ,b4,c4 z ! "t t repres5ts ?is era4 ,web]1 9 8 ,lectures on ,sanskrit ,lit]ature 7p4 #g71 rightly says t to seek = an exact date is fruitless labor2 :ile ,:itney comp>es ,h9du dates to n9ep9s--set up only to be b[l$ d[n aga94 ,s*ro$]1 9 8 ,indi5s ,lit]atur und ,cultur1 sugge/s t ! prior limit may be a few c5turies e>li] ?an #aejj1 agree+ ) ,web]'s pref]r$ reckon+2 b ,:itney1 ,grassmann1 & ,b5fey provisionally assume #bjjj ,b4,c4 z ! />t+ po9t ( ,h9du lit]ature4 ,! l[e/ possible limit = ?is ev5t ,mll] n[ places at ab\t #aejj1 :i* is recogniz$ z a v cauti\s view2 mo/ s*ol>s ?9k+ t ,mll]'s e/imate gives too little "t = ! developm5t ( ! lit]>y p]iods1 :i*1 9 _! op9ion1 require1 l+ui/ically & o!rwise1 a great] numb] ( ye>s4 ,brunnh(] m rec5tly has sugge/$ #bhjj ,b4,c4 z ! t]m9us2 :ile ! la/ writ]s on ! subject 7,tilak & ,jacobi7 claim to h discov]$ t ! p]iod f #cejj to #bejj repres5ts ! ,v$ic age4 ,_! conclusions1 h[ev]1 are n v conv9c+1 & h be5 disput$ vigor\sly4#d ,)\t ! hope ( p]suad+ su* s*ol>s z are w$d$ to a t]m9us ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago t we are "r1 we add1 9 all def]5ce to o!rs1 our own op9ion on ?is vex$ "q4 ,buddhism gives ! fir/ semblance ( a date 9 ,h9du lit]ature4 ,buddha liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury1 & di$ probably ab\t #dhj1 possibly 7,we/]ga>d's extreme op9ion7 z late z #cfh4e ,be=e ?is "t arise ! ,sutras1 back ( :i* lie ! e>lie/ ,upani%ads1 ! bulk ( ! ,brahmanas1 & all ! ,v$ic poems4 ,n[ x is probable t ! ,brahmanic lit]ature itself ext5ds to ! "t ( ,buddha & p]haps beyond x4 ,= ! re/ ( pre-,buddhi/ic lit]ature x seems to u incr$ible t x is necess>y to require1 ei!r f ! po9t ( view ( l+ui/ic or ( social & religi\s developm5t1 ! enorm\s p]iod ( two ?\s& ye>s4 ,!re are no o!r gr\nds on :i* to base a reckon+ except ^? ( ,jacobi & 8 ,h9du rival1 :o build on ,v$ic data results t h>dly support ! sup]/ructure !y h erect$4 ,jacobi's />t+-po9t is f a mock-s]i\s hymn1 :i* appe>s to be late & does n e/abli%1 to :atev] date x be assign$1 ! po9t ( dep>ture f :i* proce$s 8 :ole argum5t1 z ,:itney has %[n v well4 ,"o is driv5 back to ! ne$s ( a lit]ature 9 respect ( "t suffici5t = x to mature4 ,:at *anges take place 9 language1 ev5 ) a writt5 lit]ature1 9 ! space ( a few c5turies1 may be se5 9 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,g]man4 ,no two ?\s& ye>s are requir$ to bridge ! l+ui/ic extremes ( ! ,v$ic & classical ,sanskrit language4#f ,b 9 cont5t x w be se5 t ! fl[] ( ! lat] lit]ature is budd+ already 9 ! ,v$ic age4 ,we are unable to admit t ei!r 9 language or social developm5t1 or 9 lit]>y or religi\s gr[?1 m ?an a few c5turies are necess>y to acc\nt = ! :ole developm5t ( ,h9du lit]ature 7mean+ !reby compositions1 :e!r writt5 or n7 up to ! "t ( ,buddha4 ,moreov]1 if "o comp>e ! p]iod at :i* arise ! e>lie/ =ms ( lit]ature among o!r ,aryan peoples1 x w seem v /range t1 :]eas 9 ! case ( ! ,romans1 ,greeks1 & ,p]sians1 "o ?\s& ye>s ,b4,c4 is ! extreme limit ( su* lit]>y activity z has produc$ durable works1 ! ,h9dus two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ,b4,c4 7 creat+ poetry s f9i%$1 s ref9$1 &1 f a metaphysical po9t ( view1 s advanc$ z is t ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,if1 z is g5]ally assum$1 ! 7prospective7 ,h9dus & ,p]sians 7 la/ to leave ! common ,aryan habitat1 & came toge!r to ! s\?-ea/1 ! difficulty is increas$2 especially 9 ! light ( mod]n op9ion 9 reg>d to ! fictiti\s antiquity ( ,p]sian 7,iranian7 lit]ature4 ,= if ,d>me/et] be correct 9 hold+ ! "t ( ! latt] to be at mo/ a c5tury be=e our era1 ! incongruity betwe5 t olde/ date ( ,p]sian lit]ature & ! two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 :i* are claim$ 9 ! case ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 becomes s great z to make ! latt] assumption m dubi\s ?an ev]4 ,we ?9k 9 a ^w1 )\t wi%+ to be dogmatic1 t ! date ( ! ,rig ,v$a is ab\t on a p>1 hi/orically1 ) t ( ',hom]1' t is to say1 ! ,collection#g repres5ts a long p]iod1 :i* 0 complet$ p]haps two hundr$ ye>s aft] #ajjj ,b4,c1 :ile aga9 its e>lie/ beg9n+s prec$e t date possibly by five c5turies2 b we w\ld assign ! bulk ( ! ,rig ,v$a to ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,) consci\s imitation ( old] spee* a good deal ( ar*aic l+ui/ic effect d\btless 0 produc$ by ! late/ poets1 :o really belong to ! ,brahmanic age4 ,! ,brahmanic age 9 turn ends1 z we op9e1 ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 ov]lapp+ ! ,sutra p]iod z well z t ( ! fir/ ,upani%ads4 ,! =m] class ( writ+s 7aft] #ejj ,b4,c4 "o may talk ( writ+s7 is repres5t$ by dates t rea* f circa #fjj-ejj ,b4,c4 ne>ly to our era4 ,buddhism's floruit is f #ejj ,b4,c4 to #ejj ,a4,d41 & epic ,h9duism cov]s ne>ly ! same c5turies4 ,f #ejj to #ajjj ,buddhism is 9 a /ate ( decad5ce2 & ?r\gh ?is "t ext5d ! dramatic & old] ,puranic writ+s2 :ile o!r ,puranas are z late z #aejj1 at :i* "t arises ! great mod]n re=m+ sect ( ! ,sikhs4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! e>li] t]m9i a c5tury may be add$ or subtract$ "h & !re1 b ^! conv5i5t divisions ( five hundr$s w be f\nd on ! :ole to be suffici5tly accurate4#h ,,me?ods ,,( ,,int]pretation4 ,at ! outset ( 8 und]tak+ a d\ble problem pres5ts itself to "o t w\ld give1 ev5 9 compact =m1 a view ( ,h9du religions4 ,?is problem consi/s 9 expla9+1 &1 9 s f> z is possible1 reconcil+ oppos$ op9ions 9 reg>d n only to ! nature ( ^! religions b also to ! me?od ( int]pret+ ! ,v$ic hymns4 ,t ! ,v$ic religion 0 naturali/ic & my?o-poetic is d\bt$ by few4 ,! ,v$ic hymns laud ! p[]s ( nature & natural ph5om5a z p]sonifi$ gods1 or ev5 z imp]sonal ph5om5a4 ,!y praise also z di/9ct p[]s ! dep>t$ fa!rs4 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a ,i4 #afh1 occur "s v]ses 9 honor ( ! /orm-gods call$ ,m>uts3 ,self-yok$ are !y come lightly f ! sky4 ,! immortals urge !mselves on ) ! goad4 ,du/less1 born ( p[]1 ) %9+ spe>s ! ,m>uts ov]?r[ ! /rongholds4 ,:o is x1 ,o ,m>uts1 ye t h lightn+-spe>s1 t impels y )98 444 ,! /reams ro> f ! tires1 :5 !y s5d out _! cl\d-voices1 etc4 ,no?+ w\ld seem m ju/ifiable1 9 view ( ?is hymn & ( _m l x1 ?an to assume ) ,mll] & o!r ,indologians1 t ! ,m>ut-gods are p]sonifications ( natural ph5om5a4 ,z cle>ly d ,indra & ! ,dawn appe> to be natural ph5om5a4 ,b no less an au?ority ?an ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has attack$ ?is view3 ,facts imply t ! conception ( ! dawn z a p]son results f ! giv+ ( dawn z a bir?-"n4#i ,& aga93 ,if1 !n1 ,dawn 9 ,new ,zeal& & else:]e is an actual "n = a p]son1 if :]e !re prevails ?is mode ( di/+ui%+ *ildr51 x has probably (t5 be5 giv5 to ^? born e>ly 9 ! morn+2 ! traditions conc]n+ "o ( su* :o became not$1 w\ld1 9 ! m9d ( ! uncritical savage 444 lead to id5tification ) ! dawn4#aj ,9 ano!r passage3 ,! primitive god is ! sup]ior man 444 propitiat$ dur+ 8 life & /ill m aft] 8 dea?4#aa ,summ+ up1 ,sp5c] ?us concludes3 ,in/ead ( see+ 9 ! common "* ( s-call$ my?s1 t !y describe combats ( be+s us+ weapons1 evid5ce t !y arose out ( human transactions2 my?ologi/s assume t ! ord] ( ,nature pres5ts itself to ! undevelop$ m9d 9 t]ms ( victories & defeats4#ab ,moreov] 7a po/]iori71 ,x is n true t ! primitive man looks at ! p[]s ( ,nature ) awe4 ,x is n true t he speculates ab\t _! *>act]s & causes4#ac ,if ,sp5c] _h n includ$ 9 8 criticism ! my?ologi/s t h writt5 on ,v$ic religion1 !re w\ld be no occasion to take 8 op9ion into consid]ation4 ,b s9ce he claims by ! light ( 8 comp>ative /udies to h %[n t 9 ! ,rig ,v$a ! s-call$ nature gods1#ad 7 n ! olde/1 & expla9s ,dawn "h exactly z he does 9 ,new ,zeal&1 x becomes necess>y to po9t out1 t ap>t f ! "q ( ! orig9 ( religions 9 g5]al1 ,sp5c] has made a fatal error 9 assum+ t he is deal+ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a ) primitive religion1 uncritical savages1 & undevelop$ m9ds4 ,& fur!rmore1 z ! poet ( ! ,rig ,v$a is n primitive1 or savage1 or undevelop$1 s :5 he wor%ips ,dyaus pit> ,greek3 ,zes pater z ! 'sky-fa!r1' he n only makes x evid5t to e read] t he really is wor%ipp+ ! visible sky above2 b 9 8 descriptions ( gods su* z ,indra1 ! ,dawn1 & "s o!r new gods he inv5ts f "t to "t1 long aft] he has pass$ ! savage1 primitive1 & undevelop$ /ate1 he makes x no less cle> t he wor%ips ph5om5a z !y /& be=e him 7ra91 cl\d1 lightn+1 etc471 s t by analogy ) :at is app>5t 9 ! case ( lat] div9ities1 "o is l$ inevitably to pr$icate ! same orig9 z !irs 9 ! case ( ! old] gods4 ,b x is unnecess>y to sp5d "t on ?is po9t4 ,x is impossible = any sob] s*ol> to read ! ,rig ,v$a & believe t ! ,v$ic poets are n wor%ipp+ natural ph5om5a2 or t ! ph5om5a s wor%ipp$ 7 n ! orig9al =ms ( ^! gods4 ,:e!r at a m remote "t !re 0 ev] a p]iod :5 ! pre-hi/oric ,h9du1 or 8 pre-,indic ance/or1 wor%ipp$ ! ,manes exclusively is ano!r "q1 & "o ) :i* at pres5t we h no?+ to d4 ,! hi/ory ( ,h9du religions beg9s ) ! ,rig ,v$a1 & 9 ?is p]iod ! wor%ip ( ,manes & t ( natural ph5om5a 7 di/9ct1 nor are !re any indications t ! latt] 0 ev] develop$ f ! =m]4 ,x is n d5i$ t ! ,h9dus made gods ( dep>t$ m54 ,!y did ?is long aft] ! ,v$ic p]iod4 ,b !re is no pro( t all ! ,v$ic gods1 z claims ,sp5c]1 7 ! wor%ipp$ s\ls ( ! dead4 ,no argum5tum a f]o c %[ 9 a ,v$ic dawn-hymn any?+ o!r ?an a hymn to p]sonifi$ ,dawn1 or make x probable t ?is dawn 0 ev] a mortal's "n4 ,9 respect ( t :i* prec$es all tradition we1 ^: task is n to speculate 9 reg>d to primitive religi\s conceptions1 b to give ! hi/ory ( "o p's religi\s progress1 may be p>don$ = express+ no op9ion4 ,b )\t ab&on+ hi/ory 7i4e41 tradition7 we w\ld rev]t = a mom5t to ! pre-,indian p]iod & po9t out t ,z>a?u/ra's rejection ( ! daevas :i* mu/ be ! same devas t are wor%ipp$ 9 ,india1 proves t deva-wor%ip is ! imm$iate pr$ecessor ( ! ,h9du religion4 ,z f> back z "o c scrut9ize ! ,aryan pa/ he f9ds1 z ! e>lie/ kn[n objects ( rev]5ce1 'sun' & 'sky1' besides & beside ! bless$ ,manes4 ,a ^w "h reg>d+ ! priority ( mono!ism or ( poly!ism4 ,! tradition is 9 favor ( ! latt]1 :ile on a priori gr\nds :oev] ?9ks t ! m primitive ! race ! m apt x is = mono!ism w po/ulate1 ) "s ( ! old] s*ol>s1 an assum$ mono!ism z ! pre-hi/oric religion ( ! ,h9dus2 :ile :osoev] op9es t man has gradually ris5 f a less intellectual /age w see 9 ! e>ly gods ( ! ,h9dus only ano!r illu/ration ( "o univ]sal fact1 & posit ev5 ,aryan poly!ism z an advance on ! religion :i* x is probable t ! remot] ance/ors ( ! ,aryans once ackn[l$g$4 ,a ^w p]haps %\ld be said1 also1 9 ord] to a bett] und]/&+ betwe5 ! e?nologi/s z repres5t$ by ,&rew ,lang1 & ! un=tunate philologi/s :om x delights him to pommel4 ,lang's clev] attacks on ! my?-mak]s1 :om he p]si/5tly describes z ! philologi/s--& !y d inde$ =m "p ( t camp--h _h ! effect ( br++ 'philological !ories' into sad disrepute ) scioli/s & 'common-s5se' p4 ,b ! sun-my?s & dawn-my?s t ! my?-mak]s discov] 9 ,c9d]ella & ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood1 ought n to be fa!r$ ^u all philologi/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :o w d5y t 9 ,india c]ta9 my?ological figures are eoian or sol> 9 orig98 ,c any "o "q t ,vivasvant ! 'wide gleam+' is sun or bright sky1 z he is repres5t$ 9 ! ,ave/a & ,rig ,v$a8 ,yet is a v an?ropomorphic1 nay1 e>?ly figure1 made out ( ?is god4 ,or is ,mr4 ,lang ignorant t ! god ,yima became ,jem%id1 & t ,f]idun is only ! god ,trita8 ,x und\bt$ly is correct to illum9ate ! pa/ ) o!r light ?an t ( sun or dawn1 yet t ^! lights h %one & h be5 qu5*$ 9 c]ta9 p]sonalities may be grant$ )\t do+ viol5ce to sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,all purely etymological my?ology is prec>i\s1 b "o may recognize sun-my?s )\t build+ a sy/em on ! basis ( a ,dawn-,hel51 & )\t ref]r+ ,ilium to ! ,v$ic bila4 ,aga91 my?s ab\t gods1 h]oes1 & fairies are to be segregat$4 ,ev5 9 ,india1 :i* teems ) x1 !re is little1 if any1 folklore t c be trac$ to sol> or dawn-born my?s4 ,mr4 ,lang repres5ts a heal?y reaction aga9/ too mu* sun-my?1 b we ?9k t !re are sun-my?s /ill1 & t despite 8 prote/s all religion is n gr[n f "o se$4 ,!re rema9s ! consid]ation ( ! second "p ( ! d\ble problem :i* 0 =mulat$ above--! me?od ( int]pretation4 ,! native me?od is to believe ! s*olia/s' explanations1 :i* (t5 are fanciful &1 9 all important po9ts1 totally unreliable2 s9ce ! ,h9du comm5tators liv$ s long aft] ! p]iod ( ! lit]ature !y exp\nd t ! tradition !y foll[ is useful only 9 petty details4 ,f a mod]n po9t ( view ! "q ( int]pretation dep5ds ma9ly on :e!r "o reg>d ! ,rig ,v$a z b an ,indic gr[?1 ! product ( ! ,h9du m9d alone1 or z a "w t /ill reta9s f an old] age ideas :i*1 hav+ once be5 common to ,h9du & ,iranian1 %\ld be comp>$ ) ^? 9 ! ,p]sian ,ave/a & be illu/rat$ by !m4 ,aga91 if ?is latt] hypo!sis be correct1 h[ is "o to int]pret an app>5t lik5ess1 "h & !re1 betwe5 ,indic & =eign notions1--is x possible t ! hymns 7 compos$1 9 "p1 be=e ! adv5t ( ! au?ors into ,india1 & is x = ?is reason t 9 ! ,rig ,v$a are conta9$ c]ta9 names1 ideas1 & leg5ds1 :i* d n seem to be native to ,india8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "o adopt ! !ory t ! ,rig ,v$a is :olly a native "w1 9 h[ f> is he to suppose t x is sep>able f ,brahmanic =malism8 ,7 ! hymns made indep5d5tly ( any ritual1 z _! own excuse = be+1 or 7 !y compos$ expressly = ! sacrifice1 z "p ( a =mal cult8 ,"h are views div]se en\gh1 b ea* has its advocate or advocates4 ,accord+ to ! e>li] ,european writ]s ! ,v$ic poets are f\nta9s ( primitive ?\ght1 /reams unsulli$ by any tribut>ies1 & 9 read+ !m "o quaffs a fre% draught1 ! gu% ( unsophi/icat$ h]dsm51 9 ^: religion !re is to be se5 a *ildlike belief 9 natural ph5om5a z div9e =ces1 ov] :i* =ces /&s ! ,heav5-god z ! highe/ p[]4 ,s 9 #ahfi ,pfleid]] speaks ( ! primeval *ildlike nave pray] ( ,rig ,v$a vi4 #ea4 #e 7,fa!r sky1 "m e>?1 etc472#ae :ile ,pictet1 9 8 "w ,les ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1 ma9ta9s t ! ,aryans _h a primitive mono!ism1 al?\gh x 0 vague & rudim5t>y2 = he reg>ds bo? ,iranian dualism & ,h9du poly!ism z be+ developm5ts ( "o e>li] monism 7claim+ t ,iranian dualism is really mono!i/ic74 ,pictet's argum5t is t ! human m9d mu/ h advanc$ f ! simple to ! complex6 ,ev5 ,ro? believes 9 an orig9ally supreme deity ( ! ,aryans4#af ,oppos$ to ?is1 ! 'nave' s*ool ( su* old] s*ol>s z ,ro?1 ,mll]1#ag & ,grassmann1 :o see 9 ! ,rig ,v$a an +5u\s expression ( 'primitive' ideas1 /& ! !ories ( ,b]gaigne1 :o int]prets ev]y?+ allegorically2 & ( ,pis*el & ,geldn]1 reali/s1 ^: g5]al op9ions may ?us be =mulat$3 ,! poets ( ! ,rig ,v$a are n *ildlike & nave2 !y repres5t a comp>atively late p]iod ( culture1 a society n only civiliz$1 b ev5 sophi/icat$2 a mode ( ?\ght philosophical & sceptical a religion n only c]emoni\s b absolutely /]eotyp$4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,aryanhood ( ! hymns1 ! /& tak5 by ^! latt] critics1 :o r5\nce ev5 ,b]gaigne's slight hold on my?ology1 is t ! ,rig ,v$a is ?or\ghly ,indic4 ,x is to be expla9$ by ! light ( ! =mal ,h9du ritualism1 & ev5 by epic worldl9ess1 its fre% factors be+ lewd gods1 h>lots1 & race-horses4 ,bloomfield1 :o does n g s f> z ?is1 claims t ! ',v$ic' age really is a ,brahmanic age2 t ,v$ic religion is saturat$ ) ,brahmanic ideas & ,brahmanic =malism1 s t ! ,rig ,v$a ought to be look$ ^u z made = ! ritual1 n ! ritual reg>d$ z ancill>y to ! ,rig ,v$a#ah4 ,?is s*ol> ma9ta9s t !re is sc>cely any *ronological di/9ction betwe5 ! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a & ! ,brahmana1 bo? =ms hav+ probably exi/$ toge!r f e>lie/ times2 & t n a s+le ,v$ic hymn 0 ev] compos$ )\t ref]5ce to ritual application2 nay1 all ! hymns 7 liturgical f ! v />t#ai4 ,?is is a pla9 advance ev5 on ,b]gaigne's op9ion1 :o f9ally reg>d$ all ! family-books ( ! ,rig ,v$a z compos$ to subs]ve ! soma-cult4#bj ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a occur hymns ( an entirely worldly "*1 ! lam5t ( a gambl]1 a humor\s description ( frogs croak+ l prie/s1 a funny picture ( contempor>y morals describ+ h[ e "o lu/s aft] weal?1 & s =?4 ,f ^! alone x becomes evid5t t ! rituali/ic view mu/ be reg>d$ z "o some:at exagg]at$4 ,b if ! liturgical extremi/ appe>s to h /epp$ a little beyond ! b\nd>y ( probability1 he yet 9 d>+ rema9s f> beh9d ,b]gaigne's disciple ,regnaud1 :o has a my/ical 'sy/em1' :i* is1 inde$1 ! outcome ( ,b]gaigne's great "w1 ?\gh x is v improbable t ! latt] w\ld h look$ ) favor ^u 8 foll[]'s results4 ,9 ,le ,rig ,v$a ,p>is1 #ahib ,paul ,regnaud1 emphasiz+ aga9 ! connection betwe5 ! liturgy & ! hymns1 ref]s e ^w ( ! ,rig ,v$a to ! sacrifice 9 its simple/ =m1 ! oblation4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or ! ,h9dus _h =gott5 ! mean+ ( _! commone/ words1 or consi/5tly employ$ !m 9 _! hymns 9 a mean+ diff]5t to t 9 ord9>y use4 ,! v ^w = god1 deva deus1 no long] means ! '%9+ "o' ! god1 b ! 'burn+ oblation'2 ! common ^w = m\nta91 giri also means oblation1 & s on4 ,?is is ,b]gaigne's allegorical my/icism run mad4 ,at su* p]v]sion ( reasonable criticism is ! exegesis ( ! ,v$a arriv$ 9 "o direction4 ,b 9 ano!r x is gone a/ray no less1 z misdirect$ by its clev] ,g]man lead]4 ,9 ?ree volumes#ba ,brunnh(] has endeavor$ to prove t f> f be+ a ,brahmanic product1 ! ,rig ,v$a is n ev5 ! "w ( ,h9dus2 t x 0 compos$ ne> ! ,caspian ,sea long be=e ! ,aryans desc5d$ into ,india4 ,brunnh(]'s books are a m9e ( +5i\s conjectures1 z sugge/ive 9 detail z on ! :ole !y are unconv9c+4 ,8 fundam5tal error is ! fancy t names & ideas :i* might be ,iranian or ,turanian w\ld prove1 if su* !y really c\ld be %[n to be1 t ! "w 9 :i* !y are conta9$ mu/ be ,iranian or ,turanian4 ,he relies 9 great measure on passages t always h be5 ?\ght to be late1 ei!r :ole late hymns or tags add$ to old hymns1 & on ! mo/ d>+ *anges 9 ! text1 *anges :i* he makes 9 ord] to prove 8 hypo!sis1 al?\gh !re is no necessity = mak+ !m4 ,! tru? t und]lies ,brunnh(]'s extravagance is t !re are =eign names 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 & ?is is all t he has prov$ ?us f>4 ,9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 ! ,v$a & ! ,ave/a ! diff]5ce ( views is too individual to h =m$ sy/ems ( int]pretation on t basis alone4 ,e compet5t s*ol> recognizes a close aff9ity betwe5 ! ,iranian ,yima & ! ,h9du ,yama1 betwe5 ! soma-cult & ! haoma-cult1 b 9 h[ f> ! ?\ghts & =ms t h clu/]$ ab\t "o developm5t are to be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! o!r !re is no g5]al agreem5t & !re c be none4 ,! usual practice1 h[ev]1 is to call ! ,iranian ,yima1 haoma1 etc41 to "o's aid if !y subs]ve "o's own view ( ,yama1 soma1 & o!r ,h9du p>allels1 & to disc>d analog\s features z an indep5d5t gr[? if !y d n4 ,?is proc$ure is bas$ z well on ! conditions ( ! problem z on ! conditions ( human judgm5t1 & mu/ n be criticiz$ too sev]ely2 = 9 fact ! two religions "h & !re t\* ea* o!r s ne>ly t to d5y a relation betwe5 !m is impossible1 :ile 9 detail !y div]ge s widely t x is always que/ionable :e!r a co9cid5ce ( ritual or belief be accid5tal or imply hi/orical connection4 ,x is sc>cely advisable 9 a concise review ( sev]al religions to ent] ^u detail$ criticism ( ! me?ods ( int]pretation t affect = ! mo/ "p only ! e>lie/ ( !m4 ,b on "o po9t1 ! reciprocal relations betwe5 ! ,v$ic & ,brahmanic p]iods1 x is necess>y to say a few words4 ,:y is x t well-in=m$ ,v$ic s*ol>s diff] s widely 9 reg>d to ! rituali/ic %>e 9 ! mak+ ( ! ,v$a8 ,because ! extremi/s on ei!r side 9 =mulat+ ! pr9ciples ( _! sy/em =get a fact t probably no "o ( !m if que/ion$ w\ld fail to ackn[l$ge4 ,! ,rig ,v$a is n a homog5e\s :ole4 ,x is a "w :i* successive g5]ations h produc$1 & 9 :i* are repres5t$ diff]5t views1 ( local or sect>ian orig92 :ile ! hymns f a lit]>y po9t ( view are ( v>y+ value4 ,! latt] is a fact :i* has be5 ignor$ frequ5tly1 b x is m important ?an any o!r4 ,= "o has almo/ no crit]ia1 ) :i* to discov] :e!r ! hymns prec$e or foll[ ! ritual1 o!r ?an ! l+ui/ic po/]iority ( ! rituali/ic lit]ature1 & ! k t !re 7 prie/s ) a ritual :5 "s ( ! hymns 7 compos$4 ,! b>e fact t hymns are f\nd rubricat$ 9 ! lat] lit]ature is surely no reason = believ+ t su* hymns 7 made = ! ritual4 ,n[ :ile x c be %[n t a l>ge numb] ( hymns are =mal1 conv5tional1 & me*anical 9 expression1 & :ile x may be argu$ ) plausibility t ^! 7 compos$ to s]ve ! purpose ( an e/abli%$ cult1 ?is is v f> f be+ ! case ) _m :i*1 on o!r gr\nds1 may be suppos$ to belong sev]ally to ! old] & lat] "p ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,yet does ! new s*ool1 9 e/imat+ ! hymns1 nev] admit ?is4 ,! poems always are spok5 ( z 'sac]dotal'1 rituali/ic1 )\t ! slighte/ attempt to see :e!r ?is be true ( all or ( "s alone4 ,we claim t x is n hi/orical1 x is n judici\s f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 to fl+ indiscrim9ately toge!r ! hymns t are evid5tly rituali/ic & ^? ( o!r value2 =1 f9ally1 x is a sob] lit]>y judgm5t t is ! c\rt ( appeals 9 reg>d to :e!r poetry be poetry or n4 ,n[ let "o take a hymn conta9+1 to make x an unexceptionable example1 no?+ v pr(\nd or v beautiful4 ,x is ?is well-kn[n ,,hymn ,,to ,,! ,,sun 7,rig ,v$a1 ,i4 #ej74 ,al(t ?is all-wise#bb %9+ god ,8 beams ( light are be>+ n[1 ,t e "o ! sun may see4 ,ap>t1 z 7 !y ?ieves1 yon />s1 ,toge!r ) ! night#bc1 )draw ,be=e ! sun1 :o see? all4 ,8 beams ( light h be5 beheld ,af>1 among all creatures2 rays ,spl5did z 7 !y blaz+ fires1 ,impetu\s-swift1 beheld ( all1 ,( light ! mak]1 ?\1 ,o ,sun1 ,?\ all ! gleam+ sky illum'/4 ,be=e ! folk ( %9+ gods ,?\ rise/ up1 & m5 be=e1 ',=e all--to be z light beheld2 ,to be ?9e eye1 ,o pure bright ,heav51 ,:]e) amid all creatures born ,?\ gaze/ d[n on busy man4 ,?\ goe/ across ! sky's broad place1 ,met+ ) rays1 ,o ,sun1 ! days1 ,& wat*+ g5]ations pass4 ,! /e$s are sev5 t at ?y c> ,be> up ! god ^: hair is flame ,o %9+ god1 ,o ,sun f>-se56 ,yok$ ha? he n[ 8 sev5 fair /e$s1 ,! daught]s ( ! sun-god's c>1 ,yok$ b by him#bd2 ) ^! he comes4 ,= "s ?\s&s ( ye>s ^! v]ses h be5 ! daily pray] ( ! ,h9du4 ,!y h be5 incorporat$ into ! ritual 9 ?is =m4 ,!y are rubricat$1 & ! n9e /anzas =m "p ( a prescrib$ s]vice4 ,b1 surely1 x 7 a lit]>y hy/]on-prot]on to conclude = ?is reason t !y 7 made only to fill a "p 9 an e/abli%$ c]emony4 ,! praise is nei!r p]functory nor lack+ 9 a really religi\s tone4 ,x has a directness & a simplicity1 )\t affectation1 :i* w\ld incl9e "o to believe t x 0 n made me*anically1 b compos$ ) a devotional _s t gave voice to g5u9e feel+4 ,we w n[ translate ano!r poem 7c>efully pres]v+ all ! tautological phraseology71 a hymn ,to ,,dawn 7,rig ,v$a ,,vi4 #fd74 ,al(t ! lights ( ,dawn1 = beauty gleam+1 ,h ris5 respl5d5t1 l to waves ( wat]2 ,%e makes fair pa?s1 7makes7 all accessible2 ,& good is %e1 munific5t & k9dly4 ,?\ lovely looke/1 ?r\gh wide spaces %9'/ ?\1 ,up fly ?y fi]y %9+ beams to heav52 ,?y bosom ?\ reveals't1 ?yself adorn+1 ,aurora1 goddess gleam+ bright 9 greatness4 ,! ruddy k9e 7! cl\ds7 respl5d5t be> h]1 ,! bless$ ,"o1 :o f> & wide ext5de?4 ,z r\ts 8 foes a h]o arm$ ) arr[s1 ,z driv] swift1 s %e compels ! d>kness4 ,?y ways are fair2 ?y pa?s1 ^u ! m\nta9s2 ,9 calm1 self-%9+ "o1 ?\ cross'/ ! wat]s4 ,o ?\ ^: pa?s are wide1 to u1 ?\ l(ty ,daught] ( ,heav51 br+ weal? = our subsi/5ce4 ,br+ 7weal?71 ?\ ,dawn1 :o1 ) ! k9e1 untr\bl$ ,do/ br+ u good comm5surate ) pleasure1 ,daught] ( ,heav51 :o1 ?\gh ?\ art a goddess1 ,did/ aye at morn+-call come bright & e>ly4 ,al(t ! birds fly ev] f _! dwell+1 ,& m51 :o seek = food1 at ?y cle> dawn+4 ,e'en ?\gh a mortal /ay at home & s]ve !e1 ,mu* joy to him1 ,dawn1 goddess 7bright71 ?\ br+e/4 ,! morn+ call might1 inde$1 sugge/ ! ritual1 b x proves only a morn+ pray] or (f]+4 ,is ?is poem ( a s+ul>ly ref9$ "*1 or prem95tly sac]dotal 9 appe>ance8 ,"o o!r example 79 /ill a diff]5t metre7 may be exam9$1 to see if x be> on its face evid5ce ( hav+ be5 made ) ref]5ce to ritual application1 or ( be+ liturgical f ! v />t4 ,to ,,indra 7,rig ,v$a1 ,i4#aa74 ',tis ,indra all 7our7 songs extol1 ,him huge z ocean 9 ext5t2 ,( w>riors *iefe/ w>rior he1 ,"l1 true/ "l = booty's ga94 ,9 fri5d%ip1 ,indra1 /rong z ?9e ,naught w we fe>1 ,o "l ( /r5g?2 ,to !e we our laudations s+1 ,! conqu]or unconqu]$4#be ,! gifts ( ,indra _m are1 ,& inexhau/ible 8 help ,:5e'er to !m t praise he gives ,! gift ( booty ri* 9 k9e4 ,a =tress-r5d]1 y\?ful1 wise1 ,immeasurably /rong 0 born ,indra1 ! do] ( e de$1 ,! lightn+-hold]1 f> r5[n$4 ',twas ?\1 ,bolt-hold]1 r5t'/ ! cave ,( ,val1 :o held ! 7heav5ly7 k9e2#bf ,!e help$ ! 7%9+7 gods1 :5 r\s$ 7,to c\rage7 by ! fe>less "o4#bg ,indra1 :o lords x by 8 /r5g?1 ,our praises n[ h l\d proclaim$2 ,8 g5]\s gifts a ?\s& are1 ,aye1 ev5 m ?an ?is are !y4 ,?is is poetry4 ,n great poetry p]haps1 b c]ta9ly n gr\nd out to ord]1 z "s ( ! hymns appe> to h be54 ,yet1 x may be said1 :y c\ld n a poetic hymn h be5 writt5 9 a rituali/ic environm5t8 ,b x is on ! hymns !mselves t "o is =c$ to dep5d = ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ritualism1 & we claim t su* hymns z ^!1 :i* we h translat$ z lit]ally z possible1 %[ r t !y 7 compos$ )\t ref]5ce to ritual application4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ritual1 z x is kn[n 9 ! ,brahmanas1 )\t ! slighte/ d\bt1 f ! po9t ( view ( language1 social conditions1 & !ology1 repres5ts an age t is v diff]5t to t illu/rat$ by ! mass ( ! hymns4 ,su* hymns1 !re=e1 & only su* z c be prov$ to h a rituali/ic sett+ c be ref]r$ to a rituali/ic age4 ,!re is no conv9c+ reason :y "o %\ld n take ! fully ju/ifi$ view t "s ( ! hymns repres5t a fre] & m natural 7less prie/-b\nd7 age1 z !y repres5t a _s fre] & less me*anical ?an t ( o!r hymns4 ,z to ! "q :i* hymns1 e>ly or late1 be due to poetic feel+1 & :i* to rituali/ic me*anism or s]vile imitation1 ?is c inde$ be decid$ by a judgm5t bas$ only on ! lit]>y quality1 nev] on ! accid5t ( subsequ5t rubrication4 ,we hold1 !re=e1 9 ?is reg>d1 t ! new s*ool1 valuable & sugge/ive z its "w has be51 is gone already f>!r ?an is judici\s4 ,! ,rig ,v$a 9 "p is syn*ron\s ) an advanc$ ritualism1 subject$ to x1 & 9 "s cases d]iv$ f x2 b 9 "p ! hymns are made = _! own sake & n = ! sake ( any sacrificial p]=mance1 z said ,mull] ( ! :ole2 go+ 9 ?is too f>1 b n into great] error ?an are gone !y t confuse ! natural ) ! artificial1 ! poetical ) ! me*anical1 gold ) dross4 ,x may be true t ! books ( ! ,rig ,v$a are *iefly family-books = ! soma-cult1 b ev5 7 x true x w\ld 9 no wise impugn ! poetic "* ( "s ( ! hymns conta9$ 9 ^! books4 ,! drag-net has scoop$ up old & new1 good & bad1 toge!r4 ,! ,rig ,v$a is n ( "o p]iod or ( "o sort4 ,x is a ',collection1' z says its "n4 ,x is ess5tially impossible t any sweep+ /atem5t 9 reg>d to its "* %\ld be true if t "* be reg>d$ z uni=m4 ,to say t ! ,rig ,v$a repres5ts an age ( *ildlike ?\ght1 a p]iod be=e ! prie/ly ritual began its spiritual blight1 is incorrect4 ,b no less incorrect is x to ass]t t ! ,rig ,v$a repres5ts a p]iod :5 hymns are made only = rubrication by prie/s t s+ only = bak%ee%4 ,s*ol>s are too prone to-day to speak ( ! ,rig ,v$a 9 ! same way z ! ,greeks spoke ( ,hom]4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! "t may soon come :5 critics w no long] talk ab\t ! ,collection z if x 7 all made 9 ! same circum/ances & at ! same "t2 above all is x desirable t ! lit]>y quality ( ! hymns may receive due att5tion1 & t !re may be less ( ^? univ]sal assev]ations :i* treat ! productions ( g5]ations ( poets z if !y 7 ! "w ( a s+le au?or4 ,9 respect ( ! me?od ( read+ into ! ,rig ,v$a :at is f\nd 9 p>allel passages 9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a & ,brahmanas1 a practice mu* favor$ by ,ludwig & o!rs1 ! results ( its application h be5 s+ul>ly futile 9 passages ( importance4 ,(t5 a v>i$ read+ w make cle>] a d\btful v]se1 b x by no means foll[s t ! bett] read+ is ! tru]4 ,!re always rema9s ! lurk+ suspicion t ! reason ! v>iant is m intelligible is t its inv5tor did n und]/& ! orig9al4 ,z to real elucidation ( o!r sort by ! lat] texts1 9 ! m9utiae ( ! out] _w1 9 details ( prie/craft1 "o may tru/ e>ly tradition t5tatively1 j z "o does late comm5tators1 b 9 respect ( ideas tradition is z apt to mislead z to lead well4 ,! cleft betwe5 ! !ology ( ! ,rig ,v$a & t ( ! ,brahmanas1 ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( ! mass ( hymns t comprise ! =m]1 is too great to all[ u ) any cont5t to expla9 ! conceptions ( ! "o by ^? ( ! o!r4 ,a tradition always is useful :5 no?+ else (f]s itself1 b traditional beliefs are s apt to take ! color ( new eras t !y %\ld be employ$ only 9 ! la/ em]g5cy1 & !n ) ! und]/&+ t !y are ( v hypo!tical value4 ,9 conclusion a practical "q rema9s to be answ]$4 ,9 ! few cases :]e ! physical basis ( a ,rig ,v$ic deity is matt] ( d\bt1 x is advisable to pres5t su* a deity 9 ! =m 9 :i* he /&s 9 ! text or to endeavor hi/orically to elucidate ! figure by se>*+ = 8 physical prototype8 ,we h *os5 ! =m] alt]native1 p>tly because we ?9k ! latt] me?od unsuitable to a h&book1 s9ce x involves _m critical discussions ( !ories ( d\btful value4 ,b ?is is n ! *ief reason4 ,grant$ t ! object ( /udy is simply to "k ! ,rig ,v$a1 rightly to grasp ! views held by ! poets1 & s to place oneself ^u _! plane ( ?\ght1 x becomes obvi\s t ! f>!r ! /ud5t gets f _! po9t ( view ! less he und]/&s !m4 ,nay1 m1 e bit ( in=mation1 real z well z fanci$1 :i* 9 reg>d to ! poets' own div9ities furni%es "o ) m ?an ! poets !mselves knew or imag9$1 is prejudicial to a true k ( ,v$ic beliefs4 ,"h if any:]e is applicable t te/ ( desirable k =mulat$ z das ,erk5n5 des ,erkannt54 ,to set oneself 9 ! m5tal sph]e ( ! ,v$ic se]s1 z f> z possible to ?9k _! ?\ghts1 to love1 fe>1 & admire ) !m--?is is ! necess>y beg9n+ ( intimacy1 :i* prec$es ! appreciation t gives und]/&+4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,aft] ! next *apt]1 :i* deals ) ! p & l&1 we %all beg9 ! exam9ation ( ,h9du religions ) ! /udy ( ! beliefs & religi\s notions to be f\nd 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,next to ! ,rig ,v$a 9 "t /&s ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 :i* repres5ts a gr[+ demonology 9 contra/ ) soma-wor%ip & !ology2 suffici5tly s at lea/ to des]ve a special *apt]4 ,^! two ,v$ic ,collections naturally =m ! fir/ p]iod ( ,h9du religion4 ,! ,v$ic p]iod is foll[$ by :at is usually t]m$ ,brahmanism1 ! religion t is inculcat$ 9 ! rituals call$ ,brahmana & its lat] developm5t 9 ! ,upani%ads4 ,^! two classes ( works1 toge!r ) ! ,yajur ,v$a1 w make ! next divisions ( ! :ole subject4 ,! =mal religion ( ,brahmanism1 z laid d[n = popul> use & in/ruction 9 ! law-books1 is a side ( ,brahmanic religion t sc>cely has be5 notic$1 b x seems to des]ve all ! space allott$ to x 9 ! *apt] on ',! ,popul> ,brahmanic ,fai?4' ,we %all !n review ,ja9ism & ,buddhism1 ! two *ief h]esies4 ,brahmanism p5etrates ! great epic poem :i*1 h[ev]1 9 its pres5t =m is sect>ian 9 t5d5cy1 & %\ld be sep>at$ z a gr[? ( ,h9duism f ! lit]ature ( pure ,brahmanism4 ,nev]!less1 s intricate & p]plex+ w\ld be ! task ( unravel+ ! !ologic ?reads t toge!r make ! y>n ( ! epic1 & 9 _m cases x w\ld be s d\btful :e!r any "o ?read l$ to ,brahmanism or to ! wid] & m ca?olic religion call$ ,h9duism1 t we %\ld h pref]r$ to give up ! latt] "n altoge!r1 z "o t 0 = ! mo/ "p idle1 & 9 "s degree mislead+4 ,feel+1 h[ev]1 t a m]e manual %\ld n take ! initiative 9 co9+ titles1 we h admitt$ ?is unsatisfactory ^w ',h9duism' z ! title ( a *apt] :i* und]takes to give a compreh5sive view ( ! religions endors$ by ! _m-c5turi$ epic1 & to expla9 _! mutual relations4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ',popul> ,fai?1' we h _h "h no models to g ^u1 & ! mass ( matt] :i* x 0 necess>y to h&le--! great epic is ab\t eight times z long z ! ,iliad & ,odyssey put toge!r--mu/ be our excuse = _m imp]fections ( treatm5t 9 ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,! read] w ga9 at lea/ a view ( ! religi\s developm5t z x is exhibit$ 9 ! lit]ature1 & !re=e1 z1 f> z possible1 9 *ronological ord]4 ,! mod]n sects & ! religions ( ! hill tribes ( ,india =m almo/ a necess>y supplem5t to ^! nobl] religions ( ! classical lit]ature2 ! =m] because !y are ! logical z well z hi/orical cont9uation ( ! great ,h9du sect>ian s*isms1 ! latt] because !y give ! solution ( "s problems connect$ ) ivaism1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 (f] useful un-,aryan p>allels to a few traits :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,aryans4#bh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,mega/h5es1 ,fr4 ,,xli1 ed4 ,s*wanbeck4 ,footnote #b3 ,epic lit]ature spr+s f l[] ca/es ?an t ( ! prie/1 b x has be5 work$ ov] by sac]dotal revis]s till !re is m !ology ?an epic poetry 9 x4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,web]1 ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 p4 #bbd2 ,w9dis*1 ,greek ,influ5ce on ,indian ,drama2 & ,lvi1 ,le ?tre indi54 ,! date ( ! ,r5aissance is giv5 z f ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 to at lea/ ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 7,india1 p4 #bha74 ,extant ,h9du drama dates only f ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,we exclude1 ( c\rse1 f real lit]ature all te*nical h&-books & comm5t>ies4 ,footnote #d3 ,jacobi1 9 ,ro?'s ,fe/gruss1 pp4 #gb1 #gc 7#ahic72 ,:itney1 ,proce$4 ,a4,o4,s41 #ahid1 p4 lxxii2 ,p]ry1 ,pu%an1 9 ! ,drisl] ,memorial2 ,web]1 ,v$is*e ,beitrge4 ,footnote #e3 ,we/]ga>d1 ,ueb] ,buddha's ,todesjahr4 ,! preval5t op9ion is t ,buddha di$ 9 #dgg or #dhj ,b4,c4 ,footnote #f3 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 9 e/imat+ ! broad mass ( ,brahmanas & ,sutras t ea* z a s*ool repres5ts almo/ ! :ole l5g? ( its p]iod1 & h5ce "o s*ool alone %\ld measure ! "t f end to end1 :i* r$uces to v mod]ate dim5sions ! lit]ature to be acc\nt$ = 9 "t4 ,footnote #g3 ',rig ,v$a ,collection' is ! native "n = t :i* 9 ! ,occid5t is call$ ,rig ,v$a1 ! latt] t]m embrac+1 to ! ,h9du1 all ! works 7,brahmanas1 ,sutras1 etc47 t g to expla9 ! ',collection' 7( hymns74 ,footnote #h3 ,s*ro$]1 ,indi5s ,lit]atur und ,cultur1 p4#bia1 gives3 ,rig-,v$a1 #bjjj-ajjj ,b4,c42 old] ,brahmanas1 #ajjj-hjj2 lat] ,brahmanas & ,upani%ads1 #hjj-fjj2 ,sutras1 #fjj-djj or #cjj4 ,footnote #i3 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,i4 ,p4#ddh 7,appleton1 #ahhb74 ,footnote #aj3 ,ib4 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ib4 p4 #dbg4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ib4 p4 #hbd4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ib4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ib4 p4 #hba4 ,footnote #ae3 ,comp>e ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 ,v4 p4 #dab ff41 :]e are giv5 ! op9ions ( ,pfleid]]1 ,pictet1 ,ro?1 ,s*]]1 & o!rs4 ,footnote #af3 ,,zdmg41 vi4 #gg3 ,e9 alt] geme9sam aris*] indo-iranic1 ja viellei*t geme9sam indo-g]manis*] ob]/] ,gott1 ,v>una-,ormuzd-,uranos4 ,footnote #ag3 ,9 8 ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,mll] speaks ( ! e>ly poets :o /rove 9 _! *ildi% way to pi]ce beyond ! limits ( ?is f9ite _w4 ,approv+ly cit$1 ,,sbe4 xxxii4 p4 #bdc 7#ahia74 ,footnote #ah3 ,! ov] view may be se5 9 ,mll]'s ,lecture on ! ,v$as 7,*ips1 ,i4 p4 #i73 ,a collection made = its own sake1 & n = ! sake ( any sacrificial p]=mance4 ,= ,pis*el's view comp>e ,v$is*e ,/udi51 ,i4 ,preface4 ,footnote #ai3 ,bloomfield1 ,,jaos xv4 p4 #add4 ,footnote #bj3 ,comp>e ,b>? 7,preface73 ,a lit]ature preem95tly sac]dotal4444 ,! poetry 444 ( a s+ul>ly ref9$ "*1 444 full ( 444 pret5sions to my/icism1 etc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,iran und ,turan1 #ahhi2 ,vom ,pontus bis zum ,indus1 #ahij2 ,vom ,aral bis zur ,ganga #ahib4 ,footnote #bb3 ,or all-possess+ ,:itney4 ,! metre ( ! translation reta9s ! numb] ( feet 9 ! orig9al4 ,f\r lat] add$ /anzas are "h omitt$4 ,footnote #bc3 ,s ,p4,w4 possibly by reason ( ! sun's rays2 i4e41 ! />s fe> ! sun z ?ieves fe> light4 ,= ',heav51' "h & bel[1 see ! ?ird *apt]4 ,footnote #bd3 ,yok$ only by him2 lit]ally self-yok$4 ,sev5 is us$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a 9 ! g5]al s5se ( _m1 z 9 ,%akespe>e's a vile ?ief ?is sev5 ye>s4 ,footnote #be3 jetaram ap>ajitam4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! ra91 see next note4 ,footnote #bg3 ,aft] ?is /anza two int]polat$ /anzas are "h omitt$4 ,grassman & ,ludwig give ! epi!t fe>less to ! gods & to ,vala1 respectively4 ,b comp>e ,i4#f4g1 :]e ! same ^w is us$ ( ,indra4 ,= ! (t-m5tion$ act ( cleav+ ! cave1 :]e ! dragon ,val or ,vritra 7! re/ra9] or envelopp]7 _h corall$ ! k9e7i4e4 )\t metaphor1 = ! act ( free+ ! cl\ds & lett+ loose ! ra971 comp>e ,i4#cb4b1 :]e ( ,indra x is said3 ,he slew ! snake t lay ^u ! m\nta9s 444 l bell[+ k9e ! wat]s1 swiftly fl[+1 desc5d$ to ! sea2 & v]se #aa3 ,wat*$ by ! snake ! wat]s /ood 444 ! wat]s' cov]$ cave he op5$ wide1 :at "t he ,vritra slew4 ,footnote #bh3 ,aryan1 ,sanskrit ary1 rya1 ,ave/an airya1 appe>s to mean ! loyal or ! good1 & may be ! orig9al national designation1 j z ! ,m$es 7 long call$ ,greek3 ,arioi4 ,9 late ,sanskrit arya is simply 'noble4' ,! ^w survives1 p]haps1 9 ,greek3 ari/os1 & is f\nd 9 prop] names1 ,p]sian ,ariob>zanes1 ,teutonic ,ariovi/us2 z well z 9 ! names ( p & c\ntries1 ,v$ic ,aryas1 ,iran1 ,iranian2 7d\btful7 ,airem1 ,er91 ,irel&4 ,comp>e ,zimm]1 ,,bb4 iii4 p4 #acg2 ,kaegi1 ,d] ,rig ,v$a1 p4 #add 7,arr[smi?'s translation1 p4 #aji74 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a !re is a god ,aryaman1 '! true1' :o =ms ) ,mitra & ,v>una a triad 7see bel[74 ,w9dis* que/ions ! propriety ( id5tify+ ,iran ) ,er91 & ,s*rad] 7p4 #ehdb7 d\bts :e!r ! ,indo-,europeans z a body ev] call$ !mselves ,aryans4 ,we employ ! latt] "n because x is %ort4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,p ,,& ,,l&4 ,! ,aryan ,h9dus1 ^: religions we describe 9 ?is volume#a1 =m$ "o ( ! ,aryan or s-call$ ,indo-,european peoples4 ,to ! o!r peoples ( ?is /ock1 ,p]sians1 ,arm5ians1 ,greeks1 ,italians1 ,kelts1 ,teutons1 ,slavs1 ! ,h9dus 7 relat$ closely by language1 b v remotely f ! po9t ( view ( _! primitive religion4 ,into ,india ! ,aryans br\ght little t 0 reta9$ 9 _! religi\s sy/ems4 ,a few wan+ gods1 ! wor%ip ( ance/ors1 & "s simple rites are common to !m & _! we/]n relations2 b ) ! exception ( ! ,iranians 7,p]sians71 _! religi\s connection ) cis-,indic peoples is ( ! slighte/4 ,) ! ,iranians1 ! ,h9dus 7t 7 to be7 appe> to h liv$ longe/ 9 common aft] ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,aryan ho/ 7 disp]s$ to we/ & s\?#b4 ,!y /& 9 clos] religi\s t\* ) ^!1 _! ne>e/ neighbors1 & 9 ! "t ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7! ,h9dus' e>lie/ lit]ature7 !re are traces ( a connection comp>atively rec5t betwe5 ! pan!ons ( ! two nations4 ,accord+ to _! own1 r unc]ta91 te/imony1 ! ,aryans ( ! ,rig ,v$a appe> to h consi/$ ( five tribal gr\ps#c4 ,^! gr\ps1 janas1 ,lat9 g5s1 are subdivid$ into viz1 ,lat9 vicus1 & ^!1 aga91 into gramas4 ,! names1 h[ev]1 are n employ$ ) /rictness1 & jana1 etymologically g5s b politically tribus1 sometimes is us$ z a synonym ( grama4#d ,( ! t5 books ( ! ,rig-,v$a sev5 are ascrib$ to v>i\s prie/ly families4 ,9 ! ma91 ^! books are rituals ( song z inculcat$ = ! same rites by diff]5t family prie/s & _! desc5dants4 ,besides ^! !re are books :i* are ascrib$ to no family1 & consi/1 9 "p1 ( m g5]al mat]ial4 ,! di/9ction ( prie/ly family-books 0 "o1 possibly1 coext5sive ) political dem>cation4 ,ea* ( ! family-books repres5ts a prie/ly family1 b x may repres5t1 also1 a political family4 ,9 at lea/ "o case x repres5ts a political body4#e ,^! great political gr\ps1 :i*1 p]haps1 are repres5t$ by family rituals1 7 ess5tially alike 9 language1 cu/om & religion 7al?\gh m9or rituali/ic diff]5ces probably obta9$1 z well z tribal pref]5ce = p>ticul> cults72 :ile 9 all ^! respects1 z well z 9 color & o!r racial peculi>ities1 ! ,aryans 7 di/+ui%$ f ! d>k-sk9n$ aborig9es1 ) :om1 until ! end ( ! ,rig ,v$ic p]iod1 !y 7 p]petually at w>4 ,at ! close ( ?is p]iod ! immigrant ,aryans _h r$uc$ to slav]y _m ( _! unbeliev+ & b>b>ian enemies1 & =mally incorporat$ !m into ! /ate organization1 :]e1 z captives1 slaves1 or sons ( slaves1 ! latt] =m$ ! f\r? ca/e4 ,b :ile admitt+ ^! slaves into ! body politic1 ! prie/ly ,aryans deb>r$ !m f ! religi\s congregation4 ,betwe5 ! ,aryans !mselves !re is 9 ?is p]iod a loosely def9$ di/9ction ( classes1 b no sy/em ( ca/e is kn[n be=e ! close ( ! fir/ ,v$ic ,collection4 ,nev]!less1 ! emphasis 9 ?is /atem5t lies /rongly ^u sy/em1 & x may n be q idle to say at ! outset t ! g5]al ca/e-di/9ctions n only are z old z ! ,indo-,iranian unity 7among ! ,p]sians ! same division ( prie/1 w>rior & husb&man obta9s71 b1 9 all probability1 !y are mu* old]4 ,= s long z !re is a cult1 ev5 if x be ( spirits & devils1 !re are prie/s2 & if !re are *iefta9s !re is a nobility1 su* z "o f9ds among ! ,teutons1 nay1 ev5 among ! ,am]ican ,indians1 :]e also is kn[n ! inevitable division into prie/s1 *iefs & commons1 sometimes h]$it>y1 sometimes n4 ,!re mu/ h be51 !n1 f ! beg9n+ ( k+%ip & religi\s s]vice1 a division among ! ,aryans into royalty1 prie/s1 & p1 i4e41 :oev] 7 n act+ z prie/s or *iefta9s4 ,:5 ! p becomes agricultural1 ! diff]5ce t5ds to become p]man5t1 & a ca/e sy/em beg9s4 ,n[1 ! ,v$ic ,aryans appe> 9 hi/ory at j ! p]iod :5 !y are on ! move s\?w>ds into ,india2 b !y are no irrupt+ ho/4 ,! battles l$ ! w>riors on1 b ! folk1 z a folk1 mov$ sl[ly1 n all ab&on+ ! c\ntry :i* !y _h ga9$1 b settl+ !re1 & s5d+ onw>ds only a "p ( ! p4 ,!re 0 no fix$ l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! classes4 ,! k+ or ano!r might act z 8 own prie/--yet 7 !re prie/ly families4 ,! c[-boys might fight--yet 7 !re ^? ( ! p t 7 especially 'k+sm51' rajanyas1 & ^! 71 already1 practically a class1 if n a ca/e#f4 ,^! natural & necess>y social divisions1 :i* 9 e>ly times 7 any?+ b rigid1 soon =m$ inviolable gr\ps1 & !n ! ca/e sy/em 0 complete4 ,9 ! p]fect$ legal s*eme :at 0 usage becomes duty4 ,! w>rior may n be a public prie/2 ! prie/ may n s]ve z w>rior or husb&man4 ,! f>m] 'p' 7 ! result ( elim9at+ fir/ ! prie/ly1 & !n ! fight+ factors f ! :ole body politic4 ,b ^! ca/es 7 all ,aryans1 & z su* di/+ui%$ mo/ %>ply1 f a religi\s po9t ( view1 f ! f\r? ca/e2 :]eas among !mselves !y 71 9 religion1 equals4 ,b !y 7 practically divid$ by int]e/s t /rongly affect$ ! developm5t ( _! orig9al litanies4 ,= bo? prie/ & w>rior look$ d[n on ! 'p1' b prie/ & w>rior fe>$ & respect$ ea* o!r4 ,to ^! ! ?ird e/ate 0 necess>y z a base ( supplies1 & toge!r !y gu>d$ x f foes div9e & mortal4 ,b to ea* o!r !y 7 necess>y = weal? & glory1 respectively4 ,s x 0 t ev5 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ! religi\s litany1 to a great ext5t1 is ! book ( wor%ip ( a w>rior-class z prep>$ = x by ! prie/4 ,prie/ & k+--^! are ! ma9 factors 9 ! mak+ ( ! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 & ! gods laud$ are *iefly ! gods patroniz$ by ^! classes4 ,! ?ird e/ate _h its favorite gods1 b ^! 7 little reg>d$1 & 7 9 a /ate ( decad5ce4 ,! slaves1 too1 may h _h _! own gods1 b ( ^! no?+ is kn[n1 & "o c only surmise t "h & !re 9 c]ta9 traits1 :i* seem to be un-,aryan1 may lie an unackn[l$g$ loan f ! aborig9es4 ,betwe5 ! ,rig ,v$a & ! =mation or completion ( ! next ,v$a1 call$ ! ,a?>van1 ! int]val appe>s to h be5 consid]able1 & ! inh]5t value ( ! religion inculcat$ 9 ! latt] c be e/imat$ aright only :5 ?is is weigh$ toge!r ) ! fact1 t1 z is le>n$ f ! ,a?>van's own /atem5ts1 ! ,aryans 7 n[ advanc$ fur!r s\?w>ds & ea/w>ds1 _h discov]$ a new l&1 made new gods1 & 7 n[ m p]man5tly e/abli%$1 ! la/ a factor ( "s mom5t 9 ! religi\s developm5t4 ,indications ( ! diff]5ce 9 "t may be se5 9 ! geographical & physical limitations ( ! old] p]iod z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! lat] ,a?>van4 ,:5 fir/ ! ,aryans are f\nd 9 ,india1 at ! "t ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 !y are locat$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ne> ! ,upp] ,indus 7,s9dhu74 ,! ,ganges1 m5tion$ b twice1 is b>ely kn[n4 ,on ! we/ ! ,aryans l+]$ 9 ,ea/ ,kabuli/an 7possibly 9 ,ka%me] 9 ! nor?72 & ev5 ,k&ah> appe>s1 at lea/1 to be kn[n z ,aryan4 ,t is to say1 ! ',h9dus' 7 /ill 9 ,afghani/an1 al?\gh ! great] mass ( ! p _h already cross$ ! ,indus & 7 progress$ "s di/ance to ! ea/ ( ! ,punjab4 ,t ! race 0 /ill migrat+ may be se5 f ! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a itself4#g ,_! j\rney 0 to ! s\?-ea/1 & bo? be=e & aft] !y rea*$ ! ,indus !y left settlem5ts1 *iefly ab\t ! ,indus & 9 ! ,punjab 7a po/-,v$ic gr\p71 n 9 ! s\!rn b 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ?is di/rict4#h ,! ,v$ic ,aryans ( ?is fir/ p]iod 7 acqua9t$ ) ! ,indus1 ,sutlej 7utudri71 ,beas 7,vipa1 ,greek3 ,yphtsis71 ,ravi 7,p>u%ni or ,iravati72 ! pair ( riv]s t unite & fl[ into ! ,indus1 viz43 ,jhelum 7,vita/a1 ,behat71 & ,*9ab 7,asikni1#i ,akes9es72 & knew ! remot] ,kubha 7,greek3 ,kphhn1 ,kabul7 & ! nor!rn ,suva/u 7,swat72 :ile !y appe> to h _h a leg5d>y remembrance ( ! ,rasa1 ,ave/an ,ra4nha 7,rangha71 suppos$ by "s to be id5tical ) ! ,araxes or ,yax>tes1 b probably 7see bel[7 only a vague '/ream1' ! old "n travell+ ) !m on _! w&]+s2 = "o w\ld err if he reg>d$ simil>ity or ev5 id5tity ( appellation z a pro( ( real id5tity4#aj ,we/ ( ! ,indus ! ,kurum & ,gomal appe> to be kn[n also4 ,_m riv]s are m5tion$ ( :i* ! names are giv51 b _! location is n e/abli%$4 ,x is f ! di/rict we/ ( ! ,indus t ! mo/ fam\s ,sanskrit gramm>ian comes1 & long aft] ! ,v$as an ,indic p are kn[n 9 ! ,k&ah> di/rict1 :ile ,ka%me] 0 a late home ( culture4 ,! ,s>asvati riv]1 ! "n ( :i* is transf]r$ at lea/ once 9 hi/orical times1 may h be5 orig9ally "o ) ! ,argh&ab 7on :i* is ,k&ah>71 = ! ,p]sian "n ( ?is riv] 7s becomes h7 is ,h>ahvati 7,ara*otos1 ,ara*osia71 & x is possible t x 0 really ?is riv]1 & n ! ,indus :i* 0 fir/ laud$ z ! ,s>asvati4 ,9 t case !re w\ld be a p]fect p>allel to :at has probably happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,rasa1 ! "n--9 bo? cases mean+ only '! /ream' 7l ,rh9e1 ,arno1 etc47--be+ transf]r$ to a new riv]4 ,b s9ce ! ,iranian ,h>ahvati fixes ! fir/ riv] ( ?is "n1 !re is "h a /rong] pro( ( ,indo-,iranian community ?an is furni%$ by o!r examples4#aa ,^! facts or sugge/ive p>allels ( names are ( exce$+ importance4 ,!y indicate betwe5 ! ,v$ic ,aryans & ! ,iranians a connection mu* clos] ?an usually has be5 assum$4 ,! be>+s ( su* a connection on ! religi\s ideas ( ! two peoples are self-evid5t1 & w (t5 h to be t\*$ ^u 9 ! c\rse ( ?is hi/ory4 ,x is ( less importance1 f ! pres5t po9t ( view1 to say h[ ! ,aryans ent]$ ,india1 b s9ce ?is "q is also connect$ ) t ( ! religi\s environm5t ( ! fir/ ,h9du poets1 x w be well to /ate t1 al?\gh1 z "s s*ol>s ma9ta91 & z we believe1 ! ,h9dus may h come ) ! ,iranians ?r\gh ! op5 pass ( ,h]at 7,h>aiva1 ,h>oyu71 x is possible t !y p>t$ f ! latt] s\? ( ! ,h9duku%#ab 7desc5d+ ?r\gh ! ,kohi/an passes f ! nor?71 & t ! two peoples !nce div]g$ s\?-ea/ & s\?-we/ respectively4 ,nei!r assumption w\ld prev5t ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! ,h>ahvati & ,vita/a#ac f be+1 = g5]ations1 a common camp+-gr\nd = bo? peoples1 :o 7 unit$ /ill1 b gradually div]g+4 ,?is seems1 at lea/1 to be ! mo/ reasonable explanation ( ! fact t ^! two riv]s are to ea* p _! f>!/ kn[n we/]n & ea/]n limits respectively4 ,) ! exception ( ! vague & unc]ta9 ,rasa1 ! ,v$ic ,h9du's geographical k is limit$ by ,k&ah> 9 ! we/1 z is ! ,iranian's 9 ! ea/ by ! ,vita/a4#ad ,nor? ( ! ,vita/a ,m\nt ,tricota 7,trikakud1 '?ree peaks'7 is v5]at$1 & ?is toge!r ) a ,m\nt ,mujavat1 ( :i* ! situation is probably 9 ! nor?1 is ! ext5t ( mod]n k 9 respect ( ! natural b\nd>ies ( ! ,v$ic p4 ,"o he>s1 to be sure1 at a lat] "t1 ( 'nor!rn ,kurus1' ^: felicity is prov]bial2 & x is v tempt+ to f9d 9 ?is "n a connection ) ! ,iranian ,kur1 b ! ,kurus1 l ! ,rasa & ,s>asvati1 are re-locat$ once 7ne> ,delhi71 & no simil>ity ( "n c assure "o ( a true connection4 ,if n co9cid5ces1 su* lik5esses are too vague to be valuable hi/orically4#ae ,ano!r mu* disput$ po9t mu/ be spok5 ( 9 connection ) ?is subject4 ,9 ! ,v$a & 9 ! ,ave/a !re is m5tion$ ! l& ( ! 'sev5 riv]s4' ,n[ sev5 riv]s are (t5 spok5 ( 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 b only once does ?is t]m mean ! c\ntry1 :ile 9 ! ',hymn to ! ,riv]s' no less ?an tw5ty-"o /reams are enum]at$ 7,,rv4 ,x4 #ge74 ,9 ord] to make out ! 'sev5 riv]s' s*ol>s h made diff]5t comb9ations1 t mo/ 9 favor be+ ,mll]'s1 ! five riv]s ( ! ,punjab toge!r ) ! ,kabul & 7,swat or7 ,s>asvati4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact 'sev5' q z (t5 means _m1 z x does an exact numb]1 & ?is1 ! old] use1 may well be appli$ "h4 ,x is q impossible to id5tify ! sev51 & x is probable t no ,v$ic poet ev] imag9$ !m to be a gr\p ( ?is precise numb]4 ,x w\ld be f> easi] to select a gr\p ( sev5 conspicu\s riv]s1 if any:]e1 on ! we/ ( ! ,indus4 ,a v natural gr\p f ! ,iranian side w\ld be ! ,h]irud1 ,hilmund1 ,argh&ab1 ,kurum1 ,kabul1 ,indus1 & ,vita/a4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 c be urg$ t ! t]m 'sev5 riv]s' may be ,bactrian1 old] ?an ! ,v$ic p]iod2 & t1 9 p>ticul>1 ! ,ave/a di/+ui%es ,vaik]ta1 ,urva1 & o!r di/ricts f ! 'sev5 riv]s4' ,x is be/ to rema9 unc]ta9 9 s d\btful a matt]1 be>+ 9 m9d t ev5 ,kuruk%etra1 ! 'holy l&1' is said to-day to be wat]$ by 'sev5 /reams1' al?\gh "s say n9e2 apropos ( :i* fact ,cunn+ham rem>ks1 giv+ mod]n examples1 t ! ,h9dus inv>iably assign sev5 bran*es to all _! riv]s4#af ,)9 ! ,punjab1 ! ,v$ic ,aryans1 n[ at la/ really ',h9dus1' hav+ ext5d$ !mselves to ! utudri 7atadru1 ,sutlej71 a =midable b>ri]1 & ev5tually hav+ cross$ ev5 ?is1 ! la/ tribut>y's ( ! ,indus1 desc5d$ to ! jumna 7,yamuna71 ov] ! little /ream call$ '! ,rocky' 7,dri%advati7 & ! less] ,s>asvati1 s\!a/ f ,lahore & ne> ,delhi1 9 ! region ,kuruk%etra1 aft]w>ds fam$ z ! seat ( ! great epic w>1 & always reg>d$ z holy 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,n till ! "t ( ! ,a?>va ,v$a d ! ,aryans appe> z f> ea/ z ,b5>es 7,varanasi1 on ! ',v>anavati'71 ?\gh ! ,s>ayu is m5tion$ 9 ! ,rik4 ,b ?is sc>cely is ! tribut>y ( ! ,ganges1 ,gogra1 = ! "n seems to ref] to a m we/]n /ream1 s9ce x is associat$ ) ! ,gomati 7,gomal74 ,"o may surmise t 9 ! "t ( ! ,rig ,v$a ! ,aryans knew only by "n ! c\ntry ea/ ( ,luckn[4 ,x is 9 ! ,punjab & a little to ! we/ & ea/ ( x 7h[ f> x is impossible to /ate ) accuracy7 :]e lies ! real !atre ( activity ( ! ,rig ,v$ic p4 ,"s s*ol>s believe t ?is p _h already he>d ( ! two oceans4 ,?is po9t aga9 is d\btful 9 ! extreme4 ,no descriptions imply a k ( ocean1 & ! ^w = ocean means m]ely a 'conflu5ce' ( wat]s1 or 9 g5]al a great oceanic body ( wat] l ! air4 ,z ! ,indus is too wide to be se5 across1 ! "n may apply 9 mo/ cases to ?is riv]4 ,an allusion to 'ea/]n & we/]n floods1'#ag :i* is held by "s to be conclusive evid5ce = a k ( ! two seas1 is tak5 by o!rs to apply to ! air-oceans4 ,! expression may apply simply to riv]s1 = x is said t ! ,vipa & utudri empty into ! 'ocean'1 i4e41 ! ,indus or ! utudri's cont9uation4#ah ,"o late v]se alone speaks ( ! ,s>asvati p\r+ into ! ocean1 & ?is w\ld indicate ! ,arabian ,sea4#ai ,:e!r ! ,bay ( ,b5gal 0 kn[n1 ev5 by he>say & 9 ! late/ "t ( ?is p]iod1 rema9s unc]ta94 ,z a body ! ,aryans ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7 c]ta9ly n acqua9t$ ) ei!r ocean4 ,"s /raggl+ adv5tur]s probably pu%$ d[n ! ,indus1 b ,zimm] d\btless is correct 9 ass]t+ t ! popul> emigration did n ext5d fur!r s\? ?an ! junction ( ! ,indus & ! ,pancanada 7! unit$ five riv]s74#bj ,! extreme s\?-ea/]n geographical limit ( ! ,rig ,v$ic p may be reckon$ 7n1 h[ev]1 9 ,old5b]g's op9ion1 ) any great c]ta9ty7 z be+ 9 ,nor!rn ,behar 7,magadha74 ,! great des]t1 ,m>u/hala1 =m$ an impassable s\!rn ob/acle = ! fir/ immigrants4#ba ,on ! o!r h&1 ! two oceans are well kn[n to ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 :ile ! geographical 7& h5ce *ronological7 diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,rik & ! ,a?>van is fur!rmore illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ facts3 9 ! ,rig ,v$a wolf & lion are ! mo/ =midable bea/s2 ! tig] is unkn[n & ! elephant seldom allud$ to2 :ile 9 ! ,a?>van ! tig] has tak5 ! lion's place & ! elephant is a m famili> figure4 ,n[ ! tig] has 8 domicile 9 ! swampy l& ab\t ,b5>es1 to :i* po9t is come ! ,a?>van ,aryan1 b n ! ,rig ,v$ic p4 ,"h too1 9 ! ,a?>van1 ! pan!r is fir/ m5tion$1 & = ! fir/ "t silv] & iron are c]ta9ly ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a ! metals are bronze & gold1 silv] & iron be+ unkn[n4#bb ,n less significant are ! trees4 ,! ficus religiosa1 ! tree lat] call$ ! 'tree ( ! gods' 7deva-sadana1 avat?a71 "u :i* are fabl$ to sit ! div9ities 9 heav51 is sc>cely kn[n 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 b is well kn[n 9 ! ,a?>van2 :ile ,india's gr&e/ tree1 ! nyagrodha1 ficus indica1 is kn[n to ! ,a?>van & ,brahmanic p]iod1 b is utt]ly =eign to ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,zimm] deems x no less significant t fi%es are spok5 ( 9 ! ,a?>van & are m5tion$ only once 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 b ?is may indicate a geographical diff]5ce less ?an "o ( cu/om4 ,9 only "o d\btful passage is ! nor?-ea/ monsoon allud$ to4 ,! /orm s vividly describ$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a is ! s\?-we/ monsoon :i* is felt 9 ! nor!rn ,punjab4 ,! nor?-ea/ monsoon is felt to ! s\!a/ ( ! ,punjab1 possibly ano!r indication ( geographical ext5sion1 )al )9 ! limits ( ! ,rig ,v$a itself4 ,! seat ( culture %ifts 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod1 :i* foll[s t ( ! ,v$ic poems1 & is f\nd p>tly 9 ! 'holy l&' ( ! we/1 & p>tly 9 ! ea/ 7,behar1 ,tirhut74#bc ,! lit]ature ( ?is p]iod comes f ,aryans t h pass$ out ( ! ,punjab4 ,probably1 z we h said1 settlem5ts 7 left all along ! l9e ( progress4 ,ev5 be=e ! wid] k ( ! po/-,alex&r9e imp]ial age 7at :i* "t !re 0 a nor?-we/]n milit>y retrogression71 &1 f ! ,v$ic po9t ( view1 z late z ! end ( ! ,brahmanic p]iod1 9 ! "t ( ! ,upani%ads1 ! nor?we/ seems /ill to h be5 famili>ly kn[n4#bd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,we take ?is opportunity ( /at+ t by ! religions ( ! ,aryan ,h9dus we mean ! religions ( a p :o1 und\bt$ly1 7 full-blood$ ,aryans at fir/1 h[ev] mu* _! blood may h be5 dilut$ lat] by un-,aryan admixture4 ,till ! "t ( ,buddhism ! religi\s lit]ature is fairly ,aryan4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ,h9duism nei!r p nor religion c claim to be q ,aryan4 ,footnote #b3 ,if1 z ?9ks ,s*rad]1 ! ,aryans' orig9al seat 0 on ! ,volga1 !n "o mu/ imag9e ! ,indo-,iranians to h kept toge!r 9 a s\?-ea/]n emigration4 ,footnote #c3 ,t is to say1 frequ5t ref]5ce is made to 'five tribes4' ,"s s*ol>s d5y t ! tribes are ,aryan alone1 & claim t 'five1' l sev51 means '_m4' ,footnote #d3 ,,rv4 ,,iii4 #cc4 #aa2 #ec4 #ab4 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 p4 #afj1 incorrectly id5tifies vi ) tribus 7,lei/1 ,re*tsges*i*te1 p4 #aje74 ,footnote #e3 ,vivamitra4 ,a few ( ! hymns are n ascrib$ to prie/s at all 7"s 7 made by wom52 "s by 'royal-se]s1' i4e4 k+s1 or1 at lea/1 n prie/s74 ,footnote #f3 ,ca/e1 at fir/1 means 'pure1' & signifies t !re is a moral b>ri] betwe5 ! ca/e & outca/4 ,! ^w n[ practically means class1 ev5 impure class4 ,! native ^w means 'color1' & ! fir/ =mal di/9ction 0 national1 7:ite7 ,aryan & 'black-man4' ,! prec$5t class-di/9ctions among ! ,aryans !mselves became fix$ 9 c\rse ( "t1 & ! l9es betwe5 ,aryans1 9 "s reg>ds1 7 drawn almo/ z %>ply z betwe5 ,aryan & slave4 ,footnote #g3 ,comp>e ,,rv4 iii4 #cc1 & 9 ,i4 #aca4 #e1 ! words3 ',god ,indra1 ?\ did/ help ?y suppliants2 "o riv] aft] ano!r !y ga9$ :o pursu$ glory4' ,footnote #h3 ,?omas1 ,riv]s ( ! ,v$as 7,,jras4 xv4 #ceg ff42 ,zimm]1 loc4 cit4 cap4 #a74 ,footnote #i3 ,lat] call$ ! ,c&rabhaga4 ,= ! ,jumna & ,s>ayu see bel[4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is is ! error into :i* falls ,brunnh(]1 ^: !ory t ! ,v$ic ,aryans 7 /ill settl$ ne> ! ,caspian has be5 criticis$ above 7p4 #ae74 ,footnote #aa3 ,comp>e ,geig]1 ,o/iranis*e ,cultur1 p4 #ha4 ,see also ,muir1 ,,o/4 ii4 p4 #cee4 ,footnote #ab3 ,lass51 ,i4 p4 #faf1 decid$ 9 favor ( ! we/]n passes ( ! ,h9duku%4 ,footnote #ac3 ,f ,k&ah> 9 ,afghani/an to a po9t a little we/ ( ,lahore4 ,9 ! =m] di/rict1 accord+ to ! ,ave/a1 ! dead are buri$ 7an e>ly ,indian cu/om1 n ,iranian74 ,footnote #ad3 ,geig] id5tifies ! ,vitaguhaiti or ,vitanghvati ) ! ,oxus1 b ?is is improbable4 ,x lies 9 ! extreme ea/ & =ms ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! true believ]s & ! 'demon-wor%ipp]s' 7,ya%t1 #e1 #gg2 ,geig]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aca1 note #e74 ,! ,p]sian "n is ! same ) ,vita/a1 :i* is locat$ 9 ! ,punjab4 ,footnote #ae3 ,on ! ,kurus comp>e ,zimm] 7loc4 cit471 :o ?9ks ,ka%me] is meant1 & ,geig]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ci4 ,o!r geographical rem9isc5ces may lie 9 ,v$ic & ,brahmanic allusions to ,bactria1 ,balkh 7,,av472 to ! ,d]bik] 7ar\nd ,m]u8 ,,rv471 & to ,manu's m\nta91 :5ce he desc5d$ aft] ! flood 7,naub&hana73 atapa?a ,brahmana1 ,i4 #h4 #a1 #f1 ',manu's desc5t'4 ,footnote #af3 ,ar*4 ,survey1 xiv4 p4 #hi2 ,?omas1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #ag3 ,,rv4 x4 #acf4 #e4 ,footnote #ah3 ,,rv4 iii4 #cc4 #b4 ,footnote #ai3 ,,rv4 vii4 #ie4 #b4 ,"h ! ,s>asvati c be only ! ,indus4 ,footnote #bj3 ,panca-nada1 ,punjnud1 ,p]sian ',punjab1' ! five /reams1 ,vitasa1 ,asikni1 ,iravati1 ,vipa1 utudri4 ,! ,punjnud po9t is sl[ly mov+ up /ream2 ,vyse1 ,,jras4 x4 #cbc4 ,! ,s>ayu may be ! ,h]irud1 ,geig]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #ba3 ,muir1 ,,o/4 ii4 #cea2 ,zimm]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ea id5tifies ! ,kikatas ( ,,rv4 iii4 #ec4 #ad ) ! inhabitants ( ,nor!rn ,behar4 ,m>u/hala is call$ simply '! des]t4' ,footnote #bb3 ,! e>li] yas1 ,lat9 aes1 means bronze n iron1 z ,zimm] has %[n1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ea4 ,pis*el1 ,v$is*e ,/udi51 ,i1 %[s t elephants are m5tion$ m (t5 ?an 0 suppos$ 7b r>ely 9 family-books74 ,footnote #bc3 ,web]1 ,indis*e ,/udi51 ,i4 p4 #bbh2 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 pp4 #cii ff41 #daj4 ,footnote #bd3 ,v lately 7#ahic7 ,franke has s\ght to %[ t ! ,pali dialect ( ,india is 9 "p ref]able to ! we/]n di/ricts 7,k&ah>71 & has made out an int]e/+ case = 8 novel !ory 7,,zdmg4 xlvii4 p4 #eie74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,rig ,,v$a4 ,,! ,,upp] ,,gods4 ,! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 ^? 9 :i* are especially laud$ ! old] div9ities1 ^? 9 :i* appe> z mo/ prom95t ! sacrificial gods1 & ^? 9 :i* a long-weak5$ poly!ism is giv+ place to ! light ( a cle>] pan!ism4 ,9 ea* category !re are hymns ( diff]5t age & quality1 = nei!r did ! m anci5t ) ! gr[? ( new div9ities cease to be rev]$1 nor did pan!ism inhibit ! =mal ackn[l$gm5t ( ! primitive pan!on4 ,! cult once e/abli%$ p]si/$1 & ev5 :51 at a lat] "t1 all ! gods _h be5 r$uc$ to nom9al fractions ( ! ,all-god1 _! rituali/ic individuality /ill 0 pres]v$4 ,! *ief reason = ?is lies 9 ! nature ( ^! gods & 9 ! attitude ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,no matt] h[ mu* ! cult ( lat] gods might prevail1 ! o!r gods1 :o repres5t$ ! daily ph5om5a ( nature1 7 /ill visible1 awe-inspir+1 div9e4 ,! firme/ pan!i/ que/ion$ n ! advisability ( propitiat+ ! sun-god1 h[ev] mu* he might reg>d ?is god z b a "p ( "o t 0 great]4 ,belief 9 ,india 0 nev] s philosophical t ! believ] did n dread ! lightn+1 & seek to av]t x by pray+ to ! special god t wield$ x4 ,b active v5]ation 9 lat] times 0 ext5d$ 9 fact only to ! /rong ,p[]s1 :ile ! m passive div9ities1 al?\gh !y 7 kept z a matt] ( =m 9 ! c]emonial1 yet _h 9 reality only tongue-wor%ipp]s4 ,) "s few exceptions1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd impossible to say :e!r any "o deity belong$ to ! fir/ pan!on4 ,! be/ "o c d is to sep>ate ! mass ( gods f ^? t become ! popul> gods1 & endeavor to le>n :at 0 ! "* ( ea*1 & :at 7 ! conceptions ( ! poets 9 reg>d bo? to 8 nature1 & to 8 relations ) man4 ,a diff]5t gr\p+ ( ! gods 7t indicat$ bel[7 w be foll[$1 !re=e1 9 our exposition4 ,aft] :at has be5 said 9 ! introductory *apt] conc]n+ ! necessity ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 good & bad poetry1 x may be reg>d$ z incumb5t ^u u to seek to make su* a division ( ! hymns z %all illu/rate our words4 ,b we %all n attempt to d ?is "h1 because ! di/9ction betwe5 late me*anical & poetic hymns is ei!r v evid5t1 & x w\ld be sup]flu\s to burd5 ! pages ) ! tra% conta9$ 9 ! =m]1#a or ! di/9ction is "o liable to rev]sion at ! h&s ( ^? critics ^: judgm5t diff]s f ours1 = !re are ( c\rse "s hymns t to "o may seem poetical & to ano!r1 artificial4 ,moreov]1 we admit t hymns ( true feel+ may be compos$ late z well z e>ly1 :ile z to beauty ( /yle ! *ances are t ! be/ lit]>y production w be f\nd among ! late/ r ?an among ! e>lie/ hymns4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be admissible1 if "o _h any c]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ! age ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 simply to divide ! hymns into e>ly1 middle1 & late1 z !y are sometimes divid$ 9 philological works1 b "h "o re/s on ! weake/ ( all supports = hi/orical judgm5t1 a l+ui/ic & metrical basis1 :5 "o is ignorant alike ( :at may h be5 accompli%$ by imitation1 & ( ! "w ( ^? lat] prie/s :o remade ! poems ( _! ance/ors4 ,be/ !n1 because lea/ haz>d\s1 appe>s to be ! me?od :i* we h foll[$1 namely1 to take up gr\p by gr\p ! mo/ important deities arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! relative importance1 & by /udy+ ea* to arrive at a fair und]/&+ ( ! pan!on z a :ole4 ,! ,h9dus !mselves divid$ _! gods into highe/1 middle1 & l[e/1 or ^? ( ! upp] sky1 ! atmosph]e1 & ! e>?4 ,?is division1 f ! po9t ( view ( "o :o w\ld ent] into ! _s ( ! se]s & at ! same "t keep 9 m9d ! *anges to :i* t _s gradually 0 subject$1 is an excell5t "o4 ,=1 z w be se51 al?\gh ! e>li] ord] ( reg>d may h be5 f bel[ upw>ds1 ?is ord] does n apply to ! lit]>y monum5ts4 ,^! %[ on ! contr>y a wor%ip :i* /eadily t5ds f above e>?w>ds2 & ! ?ree p]iods into :i* may be divid$ all ,v$ic !ology are fir/ t ( ! special wor%ip ( sky-gods1 :5 less att5tion is paid to o!rs2 !n t ( ! atmosph]ic & meteorological div9ities2 & f9ally t ( t]re/rial p[]s1 ea* lat] gr\p absorb+1 s to speak1 ! e>li]1 & !re) prep>+ ! develop+ ,h9du intellig5ce = ! reception ( ! univ]sal god ) :om closes ! s]ies4 ,o!r factors ?an ^? ( an inw>d developm5t und\bt$ly 7 at "w 9 ! =mation ( ?is gr[?4 ,especially prom95t is ! amalgamation ( ! gods ( ! l[] classes ) ^? ( ! prie/-hood4 ,climatic environm5t1 too1 condition$ !ological evolution1 if n spiritual advance4 ,! cult ( ! mid-sph]e god1 ,indra1 0 p>tly ! result ( ! *ang+ atmosph]ic surr\nd+s ( ! ,h9dus z !y advanc$ into ,india4 ,! /orms & ! sun 7 n ^? ( old4 ,! tempe/s 7 m t]rific1 ! display ( div9e p[] 0 m conc5trat$ 9 ! rage ( ! elem5ts2 :ile appreciation ( ! goodness ( ! sun became t+$ ) appreh5sion ( evil1 & he became a deadly p[] z well z "o b5efic5t4 ,!n ! relief ( ra9 aft] dr\ght gave to ,indra ! "* ( a b5ign god z well z ( a fe>ful "o4 ,nor 7 lack+ 9 ! social condition c]ta9 alt]ations :i* work$ toge!r ) climatic *anges4 ,! segregat$ mass ( ! orig9al p1 ! braves t hung ab\t ! k+1 a w>rior-class rapidly becom+ a ca/e1 & politically ! mo/ important ca/e1 took ! god ( ?und] & lightn+ = _! god ( battle4 ,! fight+ race naturally exalt$ to ! highe/ ! fight+ god4 ,!n came into prom95ce ! prie/ly ca/e1 :i* gradually taught ! w>rior t m9d 0 /rong] ?an muscle4 ,b ?is ca/e 0 "o ( ?9k]s4 ,_! div9ity 0 ! product ( reflection4 ,indra rema9$1 b yield$ to a high] p[]1 & ! god ?\ght out by ! prie/s became ,god4 ,yet x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! cogitative en]gy ( ! ,brahman desc5d$ ^u ! p's gods & sudd5ly produc$ a religi\s revolution4 ,9 ,india no intellectual advance is made sudd5ly4 ,! old] div9ities %[ "o by "o ! trans=mation t !y suff]$ at ! h&s ( !osophic ?9k]s4 ,be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( a g5]al ,fa!r-god1 & long be=e t ( ! pan!i/ic ,all-god1 ! philosophical leav5 0 actively at "w4 ,x w be se5 op]ative at once 9 ! case ( ! sun-god1 &1 inde$1 !re 7 few ( ! old] div9ities t 7 unt\*$ by x4 ,x work$ sil5tly & at fir/ esot]ically4 ,"o reads ( ! gods' 'secret names1' ( secrets 9 !ology1 :i* 'are n to be reveal$1' till at la/ ! disguise is )drawn1 & x is discov]$ t all ! my/]y ( =m] g5]ations has be5 lead+ up to ! decl>ation n[ made public3 'all ^! gods are b names ( ! ,"o4' ,,! ,,sun-,,god4 ,! hymn :i* 0 translat$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] gives an epitome ( ! simpl] conceptions voic$ 9 ! few :ole hymns to ! sun4 ,b !re is a l[] & a high] view ( ?is god4 ,he is ! %9+ god p> excell5ce1 ! deva1 surya1#b ! r$ ball 9 ! sky4 ,b he is also an active =ce1 ! p[] t wak5s1 r\ses1 enliv5s1 & z su* x is he t gives all good ?+s to mortals & to gods4 ,z ! god t gives life he 7) o!rs7#c is ! au?or ( bir?1 & is pray$ to = *ildr54 ,f above he looks d[n ^u e>?1 & z ) 8 "o or _m /e$s he drives ov] ! firmam5t he obs]ves all t is pass+ bel[4 ,he has ^!1 ! physical side & ! spiritual side1 "u two names1 ! gl[+ "o1 ,surya1 & ! enliv5]1 ,savit>2#d b he is also ! good god :o be/[s b5efits1 & z su* he 0 kn[n1 probably locally1 by ! "n ( ,bhaga4 ,aga91 z a h]dsman's god1 possibly at fir/ also a local deity1 he is ,pu%an 7! mean+ is almo/ ! same ) t ( ,savit>74 ,z ! 'mighty "o' he is ,vi%nu1 :o measures heav5 9 ?ree /rides4 ,9 g5]al1 ! conception ( ! sun z a physical ph5om5on w be f\nd voic$ *iefly 9 ! family-books3 ,! sightly =m rises on ! slope ( ! sky z ! swift-go+ /e$ c>ries him 444 sev5 si/] /e$s c>ry him4#e ,?is is ! prevail+ utt]ance4 ,sometimes ! sun is depict$ "u a m$ley ( metaphors3 ,a bull1 a flood1 a r$ bird1 he has ent]$ 8 fa!r's place2 a v>iegat$ /one he is set 9 ! mid/ ( ! sky2 he has advanc$ & gu>ds ! two ends ( space4#f ,"o aft] ! o!r ! god appe>s to ! poets z a bull1 a bird1#g a /e$1 a /one1 a jewel1 a flood1 a tor*-hold]1#h or z a gleam+ c> set 9 heav54 ,nor is ! sun indep5d5t4 ,z 9 ! la/ image ( a *>iot1#i s1 )\t symbolism1 ! poet speaks ( ! sun z made to rise by ,v>una & ,mitra3 ,on _! wont$ pa? g ,v>una & ,mitra :5 9 ! sky !y cause to rise ,surya1 :om !y made to av]t d>kness2 :]e1 also1 ! sun1 "u ano!r image1 is ! support ( ! sky4#aj ,nay1 9 ?is simpl] view1 ! sun is no m ?an ! eye ( ,mitra ,v>una1#aa a conception =mally reta9$ ev5 :5 ! sun 9 ! same brea? is spok5 ( z pursu+ ,dawn l a lov]1 & z be+ ! 's\l ( ! univ]se' 7,i4 #aae4 #a-b74 ,9 ! old] passages ! lat] moral elem5t is almo/ lack+1 nor is !re ma9ta9$ ! same physical relation betwe5 ,sun & ,dawn4 ,9 ! e>li] hymns ! ,dawn is ! ,sun's "m1 f :om he proce$s4#ab ,x is ! ,dawns produc$ ! ,sun1 9 /ill m natural language2#ac :]eas1 ! idea ( ! lov]-,sun foll[+ ! ,dawn sc>cely occurs 9 ! family-books4#ad ,di/9ctly late1 also1 is ! id5tification ( ! sun ) ! all-_s 7atma1 ,i4 #aae4 #a71 & ! foll[+ pray]3 ,remove1 ,o sun1 all weakness1 illness1 & bad dreams4 ,9 ?is hymn1 ,x4 #cg4 #ad1 ,surya is ! son ( ! sky1 b he is evid5tly "o ) ,savit>1 :o 9 ,v4 #hb4 #d1 removes bad dreams1 z 9 ,x4 #ajj4 #h1 he removes sickness4 ,m5 are r5d]$ 's9less' by ! sun 7,,iv4 #ed4 #c2 ,x4 #cg4 #i7 exactly z !y are by ! o!r gods1 ,indra1 ,v>una1 etc4 ,9 a passage t ref]s to ! important triad ( sun1 w9d & fire1 ,x4 #aeh4 ,i ff41 ! sun is invok$ to 'save f ! sky1' i4e4 f all evils t may come f ! upp] regions2 :ile 9 ! same book ! sun1 l ,indra1 is repres5t$ z ! slay] ( demons 7asuras7 & dragons2 z ! slay]1 also1 ( ! poet's rivals2 z giv+ long life to ! wor%ipp]1 & z himself dr9k+ sweet soma4 ,?is is "o ( ! poems t seem to be at once late & ( a =c$ & artificial "* 7,x4 #agj74 ,al?\gh ,surya is diff]5tiat$ explicitly f ,savit> 7,v4 #ha4 #d1 ,savit>1 ?\ joye/ 9 ,sua's rays71 yet d _m ( ! hymns make no di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,! ,enliv5] is naturally extoll$ 9 fitt+ phrase1 to tally ) 8 title3 ,! %9+-god1 ! ,enliv5]1 is asc5d$ to enliv5 ! _w2 ,he gives protection1 weal? & *ildr5 7,,ii4 #ch4a2 ,,iv4 #ec4 #f-g74 ,! lat] hymns seem1 z "o might expect1 to %[ great] confusion betwe5 ! attributes ( ! physical & spiritual sun4 ,b :at high] p[] "u ei!r "n is ascrib$ to ! sun 9 ! lat] hymns is n due to a high] or m develop$ homage ( ! sun z su*4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ) _m o!r deities1 ! m ! praise ! less ! individual wor%ip4 ,x is z some?+ m ?an ! sun t ! god lat] receives m fulsome devotion4 ,&1 9 fact1 p>adoxical z x seems1 x is a decl9e 9 sun-wor%ip prop] t is "h regi/]$4 ,! alt>-fire becomes m important1 & is rev]$ 9 ! sun1 ^: hymns1 at mo/1 are few1 & 9 "p me*anical4 ,b]gaigne 9 8 great "w1 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 has laid mu* /ress on sexual anti!sis z an elem5t 9 ,v$ic wor%ip4 ,x seems to u t ?is has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,! sun is mascul9e2 ! dawn1 fem99e4 ,b !re is no indication ( a primitive anti!sis ( male & female 9 _! relations4 ,:at occurs appe>s to be ( adv5titi\s "*4 ,= ?\gh sun & dawn are (t5 connect$1 ! latt] is repres5t$ fir/ z 8 "m & aft]w>ds z 8 'wife' or mi/ress4 ,ev5 9 ! lat] hymns1 :]e ! m>ital relation is recogniz$1 x is n insi/$ ^u4 ,b ,b]gaigne#ae is "r 9 say+ t 9 ! ,rig ,v$a ! sun does n play ! "p ( an evil p[]1 & x is a good illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,rik & ,a?>van1 :5 ,ehni cites1 to prove t ! sun is l dea?1 only passages f ! ,a?>van & ! lat] ,brahmanic lit]ature4#af ,:51 lat]1 ! ,h9dus got into a region :]e ! sun 0 deadly1 !y said1 ,yon burn+ sun-god is dea?1 b 9 ! ,rig ,v$a' !y said1 ,yon sun is ! s\rce ( life1#ag & no o!r conception ( ! sun is to be f\nd 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,!re are ab\t a doz5 hymns to ,surya1 & z _m to ,savit>1 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4#ah ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! family-books ! hymns to ,savit> l>gely prevail1 :ile ^? to ,surya are *iefly late 9 position or cont5t4 ,?us1 9 ! family-books1 :]e are f\nd eight or n9e ( ! doz5 hymns to ,savit>1 !re are to ,surya b ?ree or f\r1 & ( ^! ! fir/ is really to ,savit> & ! ,av9s2 ! second is an imitation ( ! fir/2 ! ?ird appe>s to be late2 & ! f\r? is a fragm5t ( some:at d\btful antiquity4 ,! fir/ runs z foll[s3 ,! alt>-fire has se5 well-pleas$ ! dawns' beg9n+ & ! (f]+ to ! gleam+ ones2 come1 ,o ye horsem5 7,av9s71 to ! h\se ( ! pi\s man2 ! sun 7,surya71 ! %9+-god1 rises ) light4 ,! %9+-god ,savit> has elevat$ 8 beams1 sw++ 8 bann] l a good 7h]o7 raid+ = cattle4 ,accord+ to rule g ,v>una & ,mitra :5 !y make rise 9 ! sky ! sun 7,surya7 :om !y h creat$ to dissipate d>kness1 be+ 7gods7 sure ( _! habitation & unsw]v+ 9 int5t4 ,sev5 yell[ swift-/e$s be> ?is ,surya1 ! se] ( all t moves4 ,?\ come/ ) swifte/ /e$s unsp9n+ ! web1 sep>at+1 ,o %9+-god1 ! black robe4 ,! rays ( ,surya sw++ 78 bann]7 h laid d>kness l a sk9 9 ! wat]s4 ,unconnect$1 unsupport$1 d[nw>d ext5d+1 :y does n ?is 7god7 fall d[n8 ,) :at nature goes he1 :o kn[s 7lit]ally1 ':o has se5'78 ,z a support he t\*es & gu>ds ! vault ( ! sky 7,,iv4 #ac74 ,!re is "h1 no m ?an 9 ! e>ly hymn f ! fir/ book1 translat$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 any wor%ip ( mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,surya is wor%ipp$ z ,savit>1 ei!r expressly s call$1 or ) all ! attributes ( ! spiritual4 ,! hymn t foll[s ?is#ai is a bald imitation4 ,9 ,v4 #dg !re are m or less c]ta9 signs ( lat5ess1 e4g41 9 ! f\r? /anza 7f\r c>ry him1 444 & t5 give ! *ild to dr9k t he may g1 etc47 !re is ! juggl+ ) unexpla9$ numb]s1 :i* is ! delight ( ! lat] prie/hood4 ,moreov]1 ?is hymn is address$ =mally to ,mitra-,v>una & ,agni1 & n to ! sun-god1 :o is m5tion$ only 9 metaphor2 :ile ! f9al words nmo div1 'obeisance to heav51' %[ t ! sun is only indirectly address$4 ,"o _c reg>d hymns address$ to ,mitra-,v>una & ,surya 7) o!r gods7 z prim>ily int5d$ = ,surya1 :o 9 ^! hymns is look$ ^u z ! subject ( ,mitra & ,v>una1 z 9 ,,vii4 #fb2 or z ! eye ( ! two o!r gods1 & 'l ,savit>' 9 ,,vii4 #fc4 ,s 9 ,,vii4 #ff4 #ad-af1 a m]e fragm5t ( a hymn is devot$ exclusively to ,surya z "l ( all t /&s & goes4 ,b 9 ^! hymns !re are "s v int]e/+ t\*es4 ,?us 9 ,,vii4 #fj4 #a1 ! sun does n make s9less1 b he ann\nces to ,mitra & ,v>una t ! mortal is s9less4 ,!re are no o!r hymns ?an ^! address$ to ,surya1 save ^? 9 ! fir/ & t5? books1 ( :i* n9e /anzas ( ,i4 #ej 7see above7 may be reckon$ e>ly1 :ile ,i4 #aae1 :]e ! sun is ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 & at ! same "t ! eye ( ,mitra-,v>una1 is probably late2 & ,i4 #afc is c]ta9ly s1 :]e9 ! sun is id5tifi$ ) ,yama1 ,trita1 etc42 is 'l ,v>una'2 & is himself a /e$1 describ$ z hav+ ?ree connections 9 ! sky1 ?ree 9 ! wat]s1 ?ree 9 ! sea4 ,9 "o ( ! hymns 9 ! t5? book1 also a my/ical song1 ! sun is ! 'bird' ( ! sky1 a metaphor :i* soon gives ano!r figure to ! pan!on 9 ! =m ( ,g>utman1 ! sun-bird1 ( ^: exploits are told /range tales 9 ! epic1 :]e he survives z ,g>uda4 ,9 o!r hymns ,surya av]ts c>elessness at ! sacrifice1 gu>ds ! wor%ipp]1 & slays demons4 ,a me*anical little hymn describes him z measur+ ! '?irty /ations4' ,n "o ( ^! hymns has lit]>y fre%ness or beauty ( any k9d4 ,!y all belong to ! class ( /]eotyp$ productions1 :i* diff] 9 orig9 & cont5t f ! hymns fir/ m5tion$4#bj ,,savit>4 ,turn+ to ,savit> "o f9ds1 ( c\rse1 _m ( ! same descriptive traits z 9 ! praise ( ,surya1 8 m mat]ial self4 ,b ) ! increas$ spirituality come new features4 ,savit> is n alone ! sun t rises2 he is also ! sun t sets2 & is extoll$ z su*4 ,!re are o!r indications t mo/ ( ! hymns compos$ = him are to accompany ! sacrifice1 ei!r ( ! morn+ or ( ! ev5+4 ,9 ,,ii4 #ch1 an ev5+ song to ,savit>1 !re are inn] signs t ! hymn 0 made = rubrication1 b "h "s f9e v]ses occur3 ,! god ext5ds 8 va/ h&1 8 arms above !re--& all "h obeys him2 to 8 comm& ! wat]s move1 & ev5 ! w9ds' bl[+ ceases on all sides4 ,aga93 ,nei!r ,indra1 ,v>una1 ,mitra1 ,aryaman1 ,rudra1 nor ! demons1 impair 8 law ,we call att5tion "h to ! fact t ! ,rig ,v$a conta9s a /rong7/ong 9 ! orig9al7 curr5t ( demonology1 mu* /rong] ?an has be5 po9t$ out by s*ol>s int5t on prov+ ! primitive l(t9ess ( ! ,v$ic religion4 ,9 ,,iii4 #fb4 #g-i !re are "s v]ses to ,pu%an1 foll[+ :i* is ! mo/ holy c\plet ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 to repeat :i* is ess5tially to repeat ! ,v$a4 ,x is ! fam\s ,gayatri or ,savitri hymnlet 7#aj-ab73 ,( ,savit>1 ! heav5ly1 t long$-= glory may we w91 ,& may himself inspire our pray]s4#ba ,:itney 7loc4 cit47 says ( ?is hymn t x is n rem>kable 9 any way & t no good reason has ev] be5 giv5 = its fame4 ,! good reason = ?is fame1 9 our op9ion1 is t ! long$-= glory 0 int]pret$ lat] z a reveal$ indication ( primitive pan!ism1 & ! v]ses 7 und]/ood to express ! desire ( absorption into ! sun1 :i*1 z w be se51 0 "o ( ! fir/ div9e bodies to be accept$ z ! type ( ! ,all-god4 ,?is is also ! int5t ( ! /anzas add$ to ,i4 #ej 7above1 p4 #ag71 :]e ,surya is ! highe/ light1 ! god among gods1 my/ic words1 tak5 by lat] philosoph]s1 & q rightly1 to be an expression ( pan!ism4 ,! esot]ic mean+ ( ! ,gayatri presumably made x popul> among ! enlight5$4 ,exot]ically ! sun 0 only ! goal ( ! s\l1 or1 9 pure pan!ism1 ( ! sight4 ,9 ! foll[+#bb ! s9-=giv+ side ( ,savit> is develop$1 :]eby he comes into connection ) ,v>una3 ,god ,savit> des]ve? n[ a song f u2 ,to-day1 ) guid+ ^w1 let m5 direct him "h4 ,he :o di/ributes gifts unto ! sons ( m51 ,%all "h on u be/[ :atev] ?+ is be/2 ,= ?\1 ,o ,savit>1 do/ fir/ ^u ! gods ,:o sacrifice des]ve1 lay immortality1 ,! highe/ gift1 & !n to mortals do/ ext5d ,z _! apportionm5t a long endur+ life4 ,:atev] ?\ghtless ?+ aga9/ ! race ( gods ,we d 9 fooli%ness & human insol5ce1 ,d ?\ f t1 ,o ,savit>1 mid gods & m5 ,make u "h s9less1 etc4 ,b if ?is song smacks ( ! sacrifice1 /ill m s does ,v4 #ha1 :]e ,savit> is ! 'prie/'s prie/1' ! 'arrang] ( sacrifice1' & is "o ) ,pu%an4 ,he is "h ! swift horse 7see above7 & m fam\s z ! divid] ( "t ?an any?+ else4 ,9 fact ?is 0 ! fir/ rituali/ic glory ( ,savit>1 t he divides ! "t = sacrifice4 ,b he receives m 9 ! light ( be+ ! type ( o!r lum9\s div9ities4 ,9 ! next hymn1 ano!r late ef=t 7,v4 #hb2 see ! dream 9 vs4 #d71 !re may be an imitation ( ! ,gayatri4 ,savit> is "h ! ,all-god & true "l1 & frees f s94 ,!re is no?+ new or /rik+ 9 ! hymns ,,vi4 #ga2 ,,vii4 #ch & #de4 ,! same gold5 h&s1 & ref]5ces to ! sacrifice occur "h4 ,allusions to ! ,dragon ( ! ,deep1 :o is call$ ^u ) ,savit> 7,,vii4 #ch4 #e71 & ! id5tification ( ,savit> ) ,bhaga 7ib4 #f7 are ! mo/ important items to be glean$ f ^! r /upid hymns4 ,9 o!r hymns n 9 ! family-books 7,,ii4-,,viii471 !re is a fragm5t1 ,x4 #aci4 #a-c1 & ano!r1 ,i4 #bb4 #e-h4 ,9 ! latt]1 ,agni's 7,fire's7 title1 'son ( wat]s1' is giv5 to ,savit>1 :o is virtually id5tifi$ ) ,agni 9 ! la/ "p ( ! ,rig ,v$a2 & 9 ! =m] hymn !re is an int]e/+ discrim9ation made betwe5 ,savit> & ,pu%an1 :o obeys him4 ,! la/ hymn 9 ! collection to ,savit>1 ,x4 #adi1 al?\gh late & pla9ly int5d$ = ! sacrifice 7vs4 #e71 is int]e/+ z %[+ h[ ! philosophical speculation work$ ab\t ,savit> z a c5tre4 ',he alone1 he ! son ( ! wat]s1 kn[s ! orig9 ( wat]1 :5ce arose ! _w4' ,?is is "o ( ! e>ly speculations :i* recur s frequ5tly 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod1 :]e9 ! orig9 ( 'all ?is' 7! univ]se7 is ref]r$ to wat]4 ,a hymn to ,savit> 9 ! fir/ book conta9s z excell5t a song z is giv5 to ! sun "u ?is "n4 ,x is nei!r a morn+ nor an ev5+ song 9 its orig9al /ate1 b m5tions all ! god's functions1 )\t ! lat] moral traits s prom95t else:]e1 & ) ! old ?reefold division in/ead ( ?rice-?ree heav5s4 ,,to ,,savit> 7,i4 #ce74 ,i call on ,agni fir/ 7! god ( fire7 = weal2 ,i call on ,mitra-,v>una to aid me "h2 ,i call ^u ! ,night1 :o quiets all t moves2 ,on ,savit>1 ! %9+ god1 ,i call = help4 ,aft] ?is introductory invocation beg9s ! real song 9 a diff]5t metre4 ,?r\gh space ( d>kness w5d+ comes he hi!r1 ,:o puts to re/ ?' immortal & ! mortal1 ,on gold5 c> exi/5t ?+s behold+1 ,! god t r\ses1 ,savit>1 ! %9+2 ,comes he1 ! %9+ "o1 comes =w>d1 upw>d1 ,comes ) two yell[ /e$s1 ! god rev]$1 ,comes %9+ ,savit> f out ! di/ance1 ,all difficulties f> away compell+4 ,8 pe>l-adorn$1 high1 v>iegat$ *>iot1 ,( :i* ! pole is gold51 he1 rev]$1 ,ha? m\nt$1 ,savit>1 ^: beams are brilliant1 ,aga9/ ! d>ksome spaces /r5g? assum+4 ,among ! p gaze ! br[n :ite-foot$ 7,/e$s7 t ! *>iot drag ^: pole is gold54 ,all peoples /&1 & all ?+s made1 =ev]1 ,)9 ! lap ( ,savit>1 ! heav5ly4 ,!re are ?ree heav5s ( ,savit>1 two l[ ones1#bc ,"o1 m5-re/ra9+1 9 ! realm ( ,yama4 ,z on 787 *>iot-pole#bd /& all immortals1 ,let him decl>e x :o has und]/ood x6 ,across air-spaces gazes he1 ! eagle1 ,:o moves 9 secret1 ?' ,asura1#be well-guid+1 ,:]e is 7bright7 ,surya n[8 :o und]/&s x8 ,& ?r\gh :i* sky is n[ 8 ray ext5d+8 ,he looks across ! e>?'s eight elevations1#bf ,! des]t /ations ?ree1 & ! sev5 riv]s1 ,! gold-ey$ %9+ god is come1 ?' ,ar\s]1 ,to him t wor%ips giv+ weal? & bless+s4 ,! gold5-h&$ ,savit>1 ! active "o1 ,goes e>? & heav5 betwe51 compels demoniac p[]s1 ,to ,surya gives assi/ance1 & ?r\gh d>ksome space ,ext5ds to heav51 etc4#bg ,p,u,,%an ,,& ,,bhaga ,,z ,,sun-,,gods4 ,) ,pu%an1 ! 'be/[] ( prosp]ity1' appe>s an anci5t side ( sun-wor%ip4 ,:ile "u 8 o!r names ! sun has lo/1 to a great ext5t1 ! attributes ( a bucolic sol> deity1 9 ! case ( ,pu%an he appe>s /ill z a god ^: *>act]i/ics are bucolic1 w>-l1 & prie/ly1 t is to say1 ev5 z he is v5]at$ by ! ?ree masses ( ! folk4 ,x w n d1 ( c\rse1 to di/+ui% too %>ply betwe5 ! fir/ two divisions1 b "o c v well comp>e ,pu%an 9 ^! rles ) ,helios guid+ 8 h]ds1 & ,apollo sway+ arm$ ho/s4 ,x is cu/om>y to reg>d ,pu%an z too bucolic a deity1 b ?is is only "o side ( him4 ,he app>5tly is ! sun1 z h]dsm5 look ^u him1 & 9 ?is figure is ! object ( ridicule ) ! w>rior-class :o1 especially 9 "o family or tribe1 take a m exalt$ view ( him4 ,consequ5tly1 z 9 ! case ( ,v>una1 "o ne$ n read into ! hymns m ?an !y (f] to see t1 n to speak ( ! prie/ly view1 !re are at lea/ two ,pu%ans1 9 ! ,rig ,v$a itself4#bh ,z ! god ') braid$ hair1' & z ! 'gu>dian ( cattle1' ,pu%an (f]s1 p]haps1 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 ! orig9al ( ,rudra's *>act]i/ics1 :o1 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod1 & lat] z ,rudra-iva1 is also a 'gu>dian ( cattle' & has ! 'braid$ hair4' ,b]gaigne id5tifies ,pu%an ) ,soma1 ) :om ! poets 7 apt to id5tify _m o!r deities1 b !re seems to be little simil>ity orig9ally4#bi ,x is only 9 ! wid] circles ( ea* god's activity t ! two approa* ea* o!r4 ,bo? gods1 x is true1 w$ ,surya 7! female sun-p[]71 & ,soma1 l ,pu%an1 f9ds lo/ cattle4 ,b x mu/ be recogniz$ once = all t id5tical attributes are n en\gh to id5tify ,v$ic gods4 ,:o gives weal?8 ,indra1 ,soma1 ,agni1 ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ,w9d1 ,sun1 ! ,m>uts1 etc4 ,:o =gives s9s8 ,agni1 ,v>una1 ,indra1 ! ,sun1 etc4 ,:o helps 9 w>8 ,agni1 ,pu%an1 ,indra1 ,soma1 etc4 ,:o s5ds ra98 ,indra1 ,p>janya1 ,soma1 ! ,m>uts1 ,pu%an1 etc4 ,:o w$s ,dawn8 ,! ,av9s1 ! ,sun1 etc4 ,! attributes mu/ be functional or ! id5tification is left incomplete4 ,! great disp>ity 9 descriptions ( ,pu%an may be illu/rat$ by sett+ ,,vi4 #dh4 #ai beside ,x4 #ib4 #ac4 ,! =m] passage m]ely decl>es t ,pu%an is a w>-lead] ov] mortals1 & l ! gods 9 glory2 ! latt]1 t he is di/+ui%$ by all div9e attributes2 t is to say1 :at has happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,savit> has happ5$ "h also4 ,! individuality ( ,pu%an dies out1 b ! vagu] he becomes ! m gr&iloqu5tly is he prais$ & associat$ ) o!r p[]s2 :ile = lack ( def9ite laudation g5]al glory is ascrib$ to him4 ,! true position ( ,pu%an 9 ! eyes ( ! w>rior is giv5 un9t5tionally by "o :o says1#cj ,i d n scorn !e1 ,o ,pu%an1 i4e41 z d mo/ p1 on acc\nt ( ?y ridicul\s attributes4 ,= ,pu%an does n dr9k soma l ,indra1 b eats mu%4 ,s ano!r dev\t believ] says3 ,pu%an is n describ$ by !m t call him an eat] ( mu%4#ca ,! fact t he 0 s call$ speaks l\d] ?an ! pi\s prote/4 ,aga91 ,pu%an is simply bucolic4 ,he uses ! goad1 :i*1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,b]gaigne1 is ! ?und]bolt6 ,s1 too1 ! c[s t ,pu%an is describ$ z guid+ h be5 int]pret$ z cl\ds or 'dawns4' ,b !y may be tak5 )\t 'int]pretation' z real c[s4#cb ,pu%an drives ! c[s1 he is arm$ ) a goad1 & eats mu%2 bucolic ?r\gh\t1 yet a sun-god4 ,x is on ^! l9es t 8 f9d+-qualities are to be int]pret$4 ,he f9ds lo/ cattle1#cc a prop] bus9ess = su* a god2 b ,b]gaigne w see 9 ?is a transf] f ,pu%an's f9d+ ( ra9 & ( soma4#cd ,pu%an1 too1 directs ! furr[#ce ,toge!r ) ,vi%nu & ,bhaga ?is god is invok$ at sacrifices1 7a fact t says little aga9/ or = 8 orig9al sun-%ip71#cf & he is intimately connect$ ) ,indra4 ,8 si/] is 8 mi/ress1 & 8 "m is 8 wife 7,dawn & ,night87 accord+ to ! meagre acc\nts giv5 9 ,,vi4 #ee4 #d-e4cg ,z a god ( increase he is invok$ 9 ! m>riage-rite1 ,x4 #he4 #cg4 ,z ,savit> & all sun-gods are at once lum9\s & d>k1 s ,pu%an has a cle> & aga9 a rev]$ 7t]rible7 appe>ance2 he is l day & night1 l ,dyaus 7! sky72 at "o "t bright1 at ano!r1 plung$ 9 d>kness1 ,,vi4 #eh4 #a4 ,q l ,savit> he is ! %9+ god :o looks ^u all be+s & sees !m all toge!r2 he is ! "l ( ! pa?1 ! god ( travell]s2 he is invok$ to drive away evil spirits1 ?ieves1 footpads1 & all work]s ( evil2 he makes pa?s = ! w9n+ ( weal?2 he h]ds ! />s & directs all ) soma4 ,he c>ries a gold5 axe or sword1 & is borne ?r\gh air & wat] on gold5 %ips2 & x is he t lets d[n ! sun's gold5 :eel4 ,^! simpl] attributes appe> = ! mo/ "p 9 ! e>ly hymns4 ,9 :at seem to be lat] hymns1 he is ! mighty "o :o c>ries ! ?\ghts ( all2 he is l soma 7! dr9k71 & att5ds to ! filt]2 he is "l ( ! pure2 ! "o born ( old1 & is especially call$ ^u to help ! poets' hymns4#ch ,x is "h1 9 ! la/ "p ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 t he appe>s z ,greek3 psu*opomps1 :o goes & returns1 escort+ ! s\ls ( ! dead to heav54 ,he is ! sun's mess5g]1 & is diff]5tiat$ f ,savit> 9 ,x4 #aci4 #a4ci ,app>5tly he 0 a god affect$ mo/ by ! ,bh>advaja family 7to :i* is ascrib$ ! six? book ( ! ,rig ,v$a7 :]e 8 wor%ip 0 ext5d$ m broadly4 ,he seems to h become ! special w>-god ( ?is family1 & is consequ5tly invok$ ) ,indra & ! ,m>uts 7?\gh ?is may h be5 m]ely 9 8 rte z sun74 ,! goats1 8 /e$s1 are also an attribute ( ! ,sc&9avian w>-god ,?or 7,kaegi1 ,rig ,v$a1 note #baj71 s t 8 bucolic "* re/s m 9 8 goad1 food1 & pl\gh4 ,bhaga is recogniz$ z an ,aditya 7lum9\s deity7 & 0 p]haps a sun-god ( "s class1 possibly ( all1 z ! "n 9 ,slavic is /ill kept 9 ! mean+ 'god1' lit]ally 'giv]4' ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a ! ^w means1 also1 simply god1 z 9 bhgabhakta1 'giv5 by gods'2 b z a "n x is well kn[n1 & :5 ?us call$ ,bhaga is /ill ! giv]1 '! be/[]' 7vidh>t74 ,z bhaga is also an epi!t ( ,savit>1 ! "n may n /& = an orig9ally di/9ct p]sonality4 ,bhaga has b "o hymn4#dj ,!re is 9 fact no reason :y ,bhaga %\ld be reg>d$ z a sun-god1 except = ! =mal id5tification ( him z an ,adity1 t is z ! son ( ,aditi 7,b\ndlessness1 see bel[72 b nei!r ,surya nor ,savit> is orig9ally an ,adity1 & 9 ,iranic bagha is only an epi!t ( ,ormuzd4 ,,hymns ,,to ,p,u,,%an ,,& ,,bhaga4 ,to ,p,u,,%an 7vi4 #ef74 ,! man :o ,pu%an designates ,) words l ^!1 'mu%-eat] he1' ,by him ! god is n describ$4 ,) ,pu%an jo9$ 9 unison ,t be/ ( w>riors1 true/ "l1 ,indra1 ! evil demons slays4 ',t is he1 ! be/ ( w>riors1 drives ,! gold5 *>iot ( ! sun ,among ! speckl$ k9e 7! cl\ds74 ,:ate'er we ask ( !e to-day1 ,o wond]-work]1 prais$ & wise1 ,accompli% ?\ = u t pray]4 ,& ?is our b&1 :i* hunts = k9e1#da ,successful make = booty's ga92 ,af>1 ,o ,pu%an1 art ?\ prais$4 ,we seek ( !e success1 :i* f> ,f ill1 & ne> to weal? %all be2 ,= full prosp]ity to-day2 ,& full prosp]ity ! morn4#db ,to ,,bhaga 7vii4 #da74 ,e>ly on ,agni call we1 e>ly ,indra call2 ,e>ly call ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ! ,horsem5 twa92 ,e>ly1 too1 ,bhaga1 ,pu%an1 & ! ,"l ( ,/r5g?2 ,& e>ly ,soma w we call1 & ,rudra too4 ,?is /anza has be5 prefix$ to ! hymn by virtue ( ! cat*-^w 'e>ly' 79 ! morn+71 ) :i* really beg9s ?is prosaic poem 79 diff]5t metre73 ,! e>ly-conqu]+ mighty ,bhaga call we1 ,! son ( ,b\ndlessness1 ! gift-be/[]1#dc ,:om weak & /rong1 & e'en ! k+1 reg>d+1 ,cry bhgam bhak%i1 'give to me ! giv]4'#dd ,o ,bhaga1 lead] ,bhaga1 true be/[]1 ,o ,bhaga1 help ?is pray]1 to u give 7ri*es71 ,o ,bhaga1 make u gr[ 9 k9e & horses1 ,o ,bhaga1 eke 9 m51 m5-weal?y be we6 ,& n[ may we be ri*1 be bhaga-hold]s1#de ,bo? at ! 7day's7 approa*1 & eke at midday1 ,& at ! sun's dep>ture1 g5]\s giv]4 ,! favor ( ! gods may we abide 94 ,o gods1 7to u7 be ,bhaga really bhaga1#df ,by means ( him may we be bhaga-hold]s4 ,z su* an "o d all1 ,o ,bhaga1 call !e1 ,z su*1 ,o ,bhaga1 be to-day our lead]4 ,may dawns approa* ! sacrifice1 ! holy ,place1 l to ,dadhikra1#dg l horses active1 ,:i* br+ a *>iot ne>2 s1 lead+ ,bhaga1 ,:o f9ds good ?+s1 may !y approa*1 & br+ him4 ,z ?is is ! only hymn address$ to ,bhaga1 & z x proves itself to h be5 made = alt> s]vice 79 /yle z well z 9 special m5tion ( ! c]emony71 x is evid5t t ,bhaga1 al?\gh call$ ,aditi's son1 is b a god ( weal? & 7l ,ana1 ! ,apportion]7 v remotely connect$ ) physical functions4 ,b ! hymn appe>s to be s late t x _c ?r[ mu* light on ! orig9al conception ( ! deity4 ,we r incl9e to d\bt :e!r ,bhaga 0 ev]1 /rictly speak+1 a sun-god1 & ?9k t he 0 made s m]ely because ! sun 7,savit>7 0 call$ bhaga4 ,a 7,greek3 ,zehys7 ,bagaios 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,phrygians1 :ile 9 ! ,ave/a & z a ,slavic god ,bhaga has no especial connection ) ! sun4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 h[ev]1 t e =m ( ! sun-god is especially laud$ = g5]osity4 ,,vi%nu4 ,9 ! p]son ( ,vi%nu ! sun is extoll$ "u ano!r "n1 :i* 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,rig ,v$a 0 /ill 9 ! dawn ( its glory4 ,! hymns to ,vi%nu are few2 8 fame re/s *iefly on ! ?ree /rides ) :i* he crosses heav51 on 8 mak+ fa/ ! e>?1 & on 8 munific5ce4#dh ,he1 too1 leads 9 battle & is rev]$ "u ! title ipivi%ta1#di ( unkn[n significance1 b mean+ lit]ally 'bald4' ,l ,savit> he has ?ree spaces1 two call$ e>?ly1 & "o1 ! highe/1 kn[n only to himself4 ,8 greatness is inconceivable1 & he is especially prais$ ) ,indra1 ! two be+ look$ ^u z ma/]s ( ! _w4#ej ,8 highe/ place is ! realm ( ! dep>t$ spirits4#ea ,! hymns to him appe> to be late 7?us ,i4 #aee4 #f1 :]e1 z ! ye>1 he has f\r seasons ( n9ety days ea*74 ,l ,pu%an 78 neighbor 9 _m lauds7 he is associat$ 9 a late hymn ) ! ,m>uts 7,v4 #hg74 ,8 lat] popul>ity lies 9 ! importance ( 8 'highe/ place' 7or /ep7 be+ ! home ( ! dep>t$ spirits1 :]e he himself dwells1 inscrutable4 ,?is l$ to ! _s's union ) ! sun1 :i*1 z we h said1 is "o ( ! fir/ phases ( ! pan!i/ic doctr9e4 ,9 ! family-books ,vi%nu gets b two hymns1 bo? 9 ! same collection1 & %>es "o m ) ,indra 7,,vii4 #ii-ajj2 ,,vi4 #fi74 ,9 "s ( ! family-collections1 notably 9 t ( ! ,visvamitras1 he is1 if n unkn[n1 almo/ ignor$4 ,z ,indra's fri5d he is mo/ popul> ) ! ,kanva family1 b ev5 "h he has no special hymn4 ,none born1 ,god ,vi%nu1 & none born h]eaft] ,e'er rea*es to ! limit ( ?y greatness2 ,twas ?\ e/abli%'/ yon high vault ( heav51 ,?\ made/ fa/ ! e>?'s extreme/ m\nta94 7,,vii4 #ii4 #b47 ,?ree /eps he made1 ! h]dsman sure1 ,vi%nu1 & /epp$ across 7! _w74 7,i4 #bb4 i#h47 ,! mighty de$s w ,i proclaim ( ,vi%nu1 ,:o measur$ out ! e>?'s extreme/ spaces1 ,& fa/5$ firm ! highe/ habitation1 ,?rice /epp+ out ) /ep all-p[]ful4 ,o w\ld t ,i might rea* 8 pa? belov$1 ,:]e joy ! m5 :o hold ! gods 9 honor4 7,i4 #aed4 #a1 #e47 ,"u all ^! names & images ! sun is wor%ipp$4 ,& x is necess>y to review !m all to see h[ deeply ! wor%ip is +ra9$4 ,! sun is "o ( ! mo/ v5]able z he is ! mo/ endur+ ( ,india's nature-gods4#eb ,9 no e>ly passage is ! sun a malignant god4 ,he comes z k9e to ! village1 z a h]o to 8 /e$1 z a calf to ! c[1 z a husb& to 8 wife4#ec ,he is ! 'giv]1' ! 'g5]\s "o1' & z su* he is ,mitra1 '! fri5d1' :o ) ,v>una1 ! encompass+ heav51 is1 inde$1 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 a p]sonality subord9at$ to 8 great] comrade2 yet is ?is1 p]haps1 ! sun's olde/ "n ( ^? t are n descriptive ( purely physical *>act]i/ics4 ,= ,mi?ra 9 ,p]sian keeps ! pro( t ?is title 0 giv5 to ! ,indo-,iranic god be=e ! sep>ation ( ! two peoples4 ,x is !re=e 7p]haps ) ,bhaga87 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t p]sonal designations ( ! sun1--"o1 p]haps1 develop$ f a m]e "n into a sep>ate deity4 ,,heav5 ,,& ,,e>?4 ,n only z id5tical ) ! *ief god ( ! ,greeks1 b also f a native ,indic po9t ( view1 x might h be5 expect$ t ,dyaus 7,zeus71 ! '%9+ sky1' w\ld play an important rle 9 ! ,h9du pan!on4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,!re is n a s+le hymn address$ indep5d5tly to ,dyaus1 nor is !re any h9t ( especial preem95ce ( ,dyaus 9 ! half-doz5 hymns t are sung to ,heav5 & ,e>? toge!r4 ,! ^w dyaus is us$ hundr$s ( times1 b g5]ally 9 ! mean+ sky 7)\t p]sonification74 ,!re is1 to be sure1 a =mal ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fa!rhood ( ,dyaus 7among gods he is fa!r p>ticul>ly ( ,dawn1 ! ,av9s1 & ,indra71 z !re is ( ! mo!rhood ( ,e>?1 b !re is no fur!r exaltation4 ,no exagg]ation--! sign ( ,h9du en?usiasm--is display$ 9 ! laudation1 & ! epi!t 'fa!r' is giv5 to half a doz5 ,v$ic gods1 z 9 ,rome ,ma7r7spit] /&s beside ,jup7p7it]4 ,c]ta9 functions are ascrib$ to ,heav5 & ,e>?1 b !y are ( second>y orig94 ,?us !y br+ to ! god he sacrifice1#ed z does ,agni1 & "o :ole hymn may ?us be epitomiz$3 ',by ! ord9ance ( ,v>una made firm1 ,o ,heav5 & ,e>?1 give u bless+s4 ,ble/ ) *ildr5 & weal? is he t adores y twa94 ,give u sweet food1 glory & /r5g? ( h]oes1 ye :o are our fa!r & "m4'#ee ,! praise is vague & ! b5evol5ce is ! usual 'be/[al ( bless+s' expect$ ( all ! gods 9 return = praise4 ,o!r hymns add to ?is some?+1 f :i* "o sees t ^! deities are n reg>d$ z self-creat$2 = ! se]s ( old1 or1 accord+ to "o poet "s wond]ful div9e artisan1 mo/ wondr\s work] ( ! wond]-work+ gods1 creat$ !m4 ,_! *ief (fice is to ex]cise b5ign protection & be/[ weal?4 ,once !y are invit$ to come to ! sacrifice ) ! gods1 b ?is1 ( c\rse1 is n meant to exclude !m f ! li/ ( gods#ef4 ,! anti!sis ( male & female1 to ,b]gaigne's insi/5ce on :i* ref]5ce 0 made above 7p4 #dc71 ev5 "h 9 ?is mo/ obvi\s ( =ms1 common to s _m religions1 %[s itself s fa9tly t x fails utt]ly to support t basis ( sexual dualism on :i* ! ,fr5* s*ol> lays s mu* /ress4 ,dyaus does1 inde$1 occasionally take ! place ( ,indra1 & z a bell[+ bull impregnate e>?1 b ?is is :olly incid5tal & n f\nd at all 9 ! hymns directly laud+ ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,moreov]1 in/ead ( fa!r & "m ,heav5 & ,e>? (t5 are spok5 ( z ! two mo!rs1 ! significance ( :i* _c be nullifi$ by ! explanation t to ! ,h9du 'two mo!rs' meant two p>5ts1 & ( two p>5ts "o mu/ be male1--,b]gaigne's explanation4 ,= n only is ,dyaus "o ( ! 'two mo!rs1' b :5 indep5d5tly us$ ! ^w ,dyaus is male or female indiff]5tly4 ,?us 9 ,x4 #ic4 ,i3 ,o ,heav5 & ,e>? be wide out/ret*$ = u1 7be7 l two "y wom54 ,! position ( ,heav5 & ,e>? 9 relation to o!r div9ities v>ies ) ! fancy ( ! poet t extols !m4 ,!y are ei!r creat$1 or !y create gods1 z well z create m54 ,9 accordance ) ! physical rea* ( ^! deities !y are exhort$ to give /r5g? :]eby ! wor%ipp] %all ov]-rea* all peoples2 &1 z p>5ts1 to be ! ne>e/ ( ! gods1 to be l fa!r & "m 9 k9dness4 7,i4 #aei2 #afj4 #b1 #e47 ,"o m attribute rema9s to be notic$1 :i* connects ,dyaus morally z well z physically ) ,savit> & ,v>una4 ,! v]se 9 :i* ?is attribute is spok5 ( is also n )\t int]e/ f a sociological po9t ( view3 ,:atsoev] s9 we h committ$ aga9/ ! gods1 or aga9/ a fri5d1 or aga9/ ! *ief ( ! clan 7family7#eg may ?is hymn to ,heav5 & ,e>? av]t x4 ,x 0 %[n above t ,savit> removes s94 ,"h1 z 9 lat] times1 x is ! hymn t does ?is4 ,! my/]y ( ^! gods' orig9 puzzles ! se]3 ,:i* 0 fir/ & :i* came lat]1 h[ 7 !y begott51 :o kn[s1 ,o ye wise se]s8 ,:atev] exi/s1 t !y c>ry4#eh ,b all t !y d !y d "u ! comm& ( ,mitra4#ei ,! mo/ significant fact 9 connection ) ! hymns to ,heav5 & ,e>? is t mo/ ( !m are expressly = sacrificial int5t4 ,) sacrifices ,i praise ,heav5 & ,e>? 7,i4 #aei4 #a72 ,= ! sake ( ! sacrifice are ye come d[n 7to u7 7,,iv4 #ef4 #g74 ,9 ,,vi4 #gj !y are address$ 9 sacrificial metaphors2 9 ,,vii4 #ec4 #a ! poet says3 ,i invoke ,heav5 & ,e>? ) sacrifices1 etc4 ,! passivity ( ! two gods makes !m yield 9 importance to _! son1 ! active ,savit>1 :o goes betwe5 ! two p>5ts4 ,none ( ^! hymns be>s ! impress ( active religi\s feel+ or has poetic value4 ,!y all seem to be reflective1 /udi$1 m or less me*anical1 & to belong to a p]iod ( !ological philosophy4 ,to ,e>? alone )\t ,heav5 are address$ "o un9spir$ hymn & a fragm5t ( ! same "*3 ,o ,e>? be k9dly to u1 full ( dwell+s & pa9less1 & give u protection4#fj ,9 ! burial s]vice ! dead are exhort$ to g into k9dly "m e>? :o w be wool-s(t1 l a maid54#fa ,! "o hymn to ,e>? %\ld p]haps be plac$ p>allel ) simil> m$itative & p]functory laudations 9 ! ,hom]ic hymns3 ,to ,,e>? 7,v4 #hd74 ,9 tru?1 ,o broad ext5d$ e>?1 ,?\ be>'/ ! r5d] ( ! hills1#fb ,?\ :o1 ,o mighty m\nta9\s "o1 ,quick5e/ creat$ ?+s ) might4 ,!e praise1 ,o ?\ t w&]'/ f>1 ,! hymns :i* light accompany1 ,!e :o1 ,o %9+ "o1 do/ s5d ,l eag] /e$s ! gu%+ ra94 ,?\ mighty art1 :o holde/ up ,) /r5g? on e>? ! =e/ trees1 ,:5 ra9 ! ra9s t f ?y cl\ds ,& ,dyaus' f>-gleam+ lightn+ come4#fb ,on ! be>+ ( ^! facts1 especially 9 reg>d to ! second>y greatness ( ,dyaus1 we %all t\* bel[4 ,he is a god exalt$ m by mod]n writ]s ?an by ! ,h9dus6 ,,v>una4 ,v>una has be5 ref]r$ already 9 connection ) ! sun-god & ) ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,x is by ,v>una's p[] t !y /& firm4 ,he has e/abli%$ ! sun 'l a tree1' i4e41 l a support1 & 'made a pa? = x4'#fc ,he has a ?\s& rem$ies = ills2 to 8 realm n ev5 ! birds c asc5d1 nor w9d or swift wat]s atta94 ,x is 9 accordance ) ! *angeless ord]#fd ( ,v>una t ! />s & ! moon g _! regul> c\rse2 he gives long life & releases f h>m1 f wrong1 & f s94#fe ,v>una is ! mo/ exalt$ ( ^? gods ^: orig9 is physical4 ,8 realm is all above u2 ! sun & />s are 8 eyes2 he sits above ^u 8 gold5 ?rone & sees all t passes bel[1 ev5 ! ?\ghts ( m54 ,he is1 above all1 ! moral controll] ( ! univ]se4 ,to ,,v>una 7i4 #be74 ,h[e'er we1 :o ?y p are1 ,o ,v>una1 ?\ %9+ god1 ,?y ord] injure1 day by day1 ,yet give u ov] nor to dea?1 ,nor to ! bl[ ( angry 7foe71 ,nor to ! wra? ( 7foe7 inc5s$4#ff ,?y m9d = m]cy we release-- ,z *>iote]1 a fa/-b\nd /e$-- ,by means ( song1 ,o ,v>una4 99 99 99 99 99 7',tis ,v>una7 :o kn[s ! track ,( birds t fly )9 ! air1 ,& kn[s ! %ips ^u ! flood2#fg ,kn[s1 too1 ! 7god7 ( ord] firm1 ,! twelve mon?s ) _! prog5y1 ,& e'en :i* mon? is lat] born2#fh ,kn[s1 too1 ! pa?way ( ! w9d1 ,! wide1 ! high1 ! mighty 7w9d71 ,& kn[s :o sit above 7! w9d74 7,god7 ( firm ord]1 ,v>una ,8 place ha? ta'en )9 787 home ,= lord%ip1 he1 ! v /rong4#fi ,!nce all ! ?+s t are conceal$ ,he looks ^u1 consid]+ ,:ate'er is done & to be done4 ,may he1 ! ,son ( ,b\ndlessness1 ,! v /rong1 ?r\gh e day ,make good our pa?s1 prolong our life4 ,be>+ a g>m5t all ( gold1 ,9 jewels clo!d1 is ,v>una1 ,& r\nd ab\t him sit 8 spies2 ,a god :om injur]s injure n1 ,nor *eat]s *eat among ! folk1 ,nor any plott]s plot aga9/2 ,:o = himself 'mid 7o!r7 m5 ,glory unequall$ ga9$1 & ga9s 7,su* glory7 also 'mid ourselves4 ,f> g my ?\ghts 7to him71 z g ,! eag] c[s t mead[s seek1 ,desir+ 7him71 ! wide-ey$ 7god74 ,toge!r let u talk aga91 ,s9ce n[ ! (f]+ sweet ,i br+1 ,by !e belov$1 & l a prie/ ,?\ eat'/4 ,i see ! wide-ey$ 7god73 ,i see 8 *>iot on ! e>?1 ,my song ) joy ha? he receiv$4 ,he> ?is my call1 ,o ,v>una1 ,be m]ciful to me today1 ,= !e1 desir+ help1 ,i ye>n4 ,?\1 wise "o1 art ( ev]y?+1 ,! sky & e>? alike1 ! k+2 ,z su* ^u ?y way give e>1 ,& loose f u ! 7?reefold7 bond2 ,! upp] bond1 ! middle1 break1 ,! l[]1 too1 t we may live4 ,9 ! portrait ( su* a god z ?is "o comes v ne> to mono!ism4 ,! conception ( an almo/ solit>y deity1 recogniz$ z wat*] ( wrong1 gu>dian ( "r1 & primitive creator1 approa*es m closely to unit>ianism ?an does ! idea ( any physical p[] 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,to ! poet ( ! ,rig ,v$a ,v>una is ! envelop+ heav52#gj t is1 9 di/9ction f ,dyaus1 f :om he diff]s toto caelo1 s to speak1 ! invisible _w1 :i* embraces ! visible sky4 ,8 home is !re :]e lives ! ,unborn1 ^: place is unique1 above ! highe/ heav54#ga ,b x is exactly ?is l(t9ess ( "* t %\ld make "o %y ( int]pret+ ,v>una z be+ orig9ally ! god t is pres5t$ "h4 ,c ?is god1 'mo/ augu/ ( ,v$ic deities1' z ,b]gaigne & o!rs h call$ him1 h belong$ z su* to ! e>lie/ /ratum ( ,aryan belief8 ,!re are "s twelve hymns 9 ! ,rig ,v$a 9 ,v>una's honor4 ,( ^!1 "o 9 ! t5? book celebrates ,indra z oppos$ to ,v>una1 & g5]ally x is consid]$ late1 9 virtue ( its cont5t4 ,( ! hymns 9 ! eigh? book ! second appe>s to be a lat] imitation ( ! fir/1 & ! fir/ appe>s1 f sev]al indications1 to be ( comp>atively rec5t orig94#gb ,9 ! sev5? book 7vii4 #hf-hi7 ! %ort f9al hymn conta9s a di/9ctly late trait 9 invok+ ,v>una to cure dropsy2 ! "o prec$+ ?is is 9 majorem gloriam ( ! poet ,vasi/ha1 fitly foll[+ ! "o t appe>s to be z new1 :]e n only ! my/icism b ! juggl+ ) ?rice-sev51 %[s ! "* ( ! hymn to be rec5t4#gc ,9 ! fir/ hymn ( ?is book ! late doctr9e ( inh]it$ s9 /&s prom95tly =? 7vii4 #hf4 #e7 z an indication ( ! "t 9 :i* x 0 compos$4 ,! f\r? & six? books h no sep>ate hymns to ,v>una4 ,9 ! fif? book ! position ( ! "o hymn to ,v>una is "o favorable to spuri\s additions1 b ! hymn is n o!rwise obnoxi\s to ! criticism ( lat5ess4 ,( ! two hymns 9 ! second book1 ! fir/ is address$ only indirectly to ,v>una1 nor is he "h v prom95t2 ! second 7ii4 #bh7 is ! only song :i* /&s on a p> ) ! hymn already translat$4 ,!re rema9 ! hymns cit$ above f ! fir/1 n a family-book4 ,x is1 moreov]1 notewor?y t 9 ii4 #bh1 ap>t f ! ascription ( g5]al greatness1 almo/ all t is said ( ,v>una is t he is a prie/1 t he causes riv]s to fl[1 & loos5s ! bond ( s94#gd ,! f9e/ hymn to ,v>una1 f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 is ! "o translat$ above1 & x is ma9ly on ! basis ( ?is hymn t ! l(ty "* ( ,v>una has be5 int]pret$ by occid5tal writ]s4 ,to our m9d ?is hymn belongs to ! close ( ! fir/ epo* ( ! ?ree :i* ! hymns repres5t4 ,t x _c be v e>ly is evid5t f ! m5tion ( ! int]calat$ mon?1 n to speak ( ! image ( ,v>una eat+ ! sweet oblation 'l a prie/4' ,its elevat$ language is 9 %>p contra/ to t ( almo/ all ! o!r ,v>una hymns4 ,z ^! are all ! hymns :]e ,v>una is prais$ alone by himself1 x becomes ( *ief importance to /udy him "h1 & n :]e1 z 9 iii4 #fb1 iv4 #da1 vi4 #ea1 #fg1 #fh1 & else:]e1 he is laud$ z "p ( a comb9ation ( gods 7,mitra or ,indra unit$ ) ,v>una74 ,9 ! la/ book ( ! ,rig ,v$a !re is no hymn to ,v>una1#ge a "t :5 pan!i/ic mono!ism 0 *ang+ into pan!ism1 s t1 9 ! la/ /age ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 ,v>una is desc5d$ f ! height4 ,!reaft] he is god & husb& ( wat]s1 & puni%] ( secret s9 7z 9 ii4 #bh74 ,important 9 contra/ to ! hymn translat$ above is v4 #he4 ,,to ,,v>una4 ,i w s+ =? unto ! univ]sal k+ a high deep pray]1 de> to r5[n$ ,v>una1 :o1 z a but*] a hide1 has /ruck e>? ap>t 7f ! sky7 = ! sun4 ,v>una has ext5d$ air 9 trees1 /r5g? 9 horses1 milk 9 c[s1 & has laid wisdom 9 he>ts2 fire 9 wat]2 ! sun 9 ! sky2 soma 9 ! /one4 ,v>una has inv]t$ 8 wat]-b>rel & let ! two worlds ) ! space betwe5 fl[ 7) ra974 ,) ?is 7heav5ly wat]-b>rel7 he1 ! k+ ( e creat$ ?+1 wets ! :ole _w1 z a ra9 does a mead[4 ,he wets ! _w1 bo? e>? & heav51 :5 he1 ,v>una1 *ooses to milk out 7ra97--& !n d ! m\nta9s clo! !mselves ) cl\d1 & ev5 ! /ronge/ m5 gr[ weak4 ,yet ano!r great & m>vell\s p[] ( ! r5[n$ _s 7,asura7 w ,i proclaim1 ?is1 t /&+ 9 mid-air he has measur$ e>? ) ! sun1 z if ) a measur+ rod4 7,x is due to7 ! m>vell\s p[] ( ! wise/ god1 :i* none ev] resi/$1 t into ! "o conflu5ce run ! riv]s1 & p\r into x1 & fill x n4 ,o ,v>una1 loos5 :atev] s9 we h committ$ to bosom-fri5d1 comrade1 or bro!r2 to our own h\se1 or to ! /rang]2 :at 7we7 h s9n$ l gambl]s at play1 real 7s971 or :at we h n kn[n4 ,make loose1 z x 71 all ^! ?+s1 ,o god ,v>una1 & may we be de> to !e h]eaft]4 ,9 ?is hymn ,v>una is a wat]-god1 :o /&s 9 mid-air & directs ! ra92 :o1 aft] ! ra91 re9/ates ! sun2 :o releases f s9 7z wat] does f dirt874 ,accord+ to ?is conception x w\ld seem t ,v>una 7 ! 'cov]]' r ?an ! 'encompass]4' ,x might seem probable ev5 t ,v>una fir/ /ood to ,dyaus z cl\d & ra9 & night to %9+ day1 & t 8 c\nt]p>t1 7,greek3 ,hohyranhos71 /ood 9 ! same relation to 7,greek3 ,zehys72 t 7 connecte7,greek3 ,hohyranhos7d ) 7,greek3 hyrhe7 & ,v>una ) v>i1 riv]1 vari1 wat]4#gf ,x is possible1 b x is n provable4 ,b no int]pretation ( ,v>una t ignores 8 ra9y side c be correct4 ,& ?is is fully recogniz$ by ,hillebr&t4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 ?\s& spies1 i4e41 eyes1 he has be5 look$ ^u by "s z exclusively a night-god4 ,b ?is is too "o-sid$ an int]pretation1 & passes ov] ! all-important1 fact t x is only 9 conjunction ) ! sun 7,mitra71 :]e !re is a /rong anti!sis1 t ! night-side ( ! god is exclusively display$4 ,:olly a day-god he _c be1 because he rules night & ra94 ,he is p> excell5ce ! ,asura1 &1 l ,ahura ,mazdao1 has ! sun = an eye1 i4e41 he is heav54 ,b !re is no ,v>una 9 ,iranian wor%ip & ,ahura is a sect>ian specialization4 ,)\t ?is "n may "o ascribe to ,india :at is f\nd 9 ,iran8#gg ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,b]gaigne t ,v>una & ,vritra1 ! ra9-hold+ demon1 7 developm5ts f ! same idea1 "o rev]$ z a god1 ! o!r1 a demon2 & t ! ^w means 're/ra9]1' r ?an 'encompass]4' ,f all ?is x w be evid5t t to claim an orig9al mono!ism z /ill surviv+ 9 ! p]son ( ,v>una1 is impossible2 & ?is is ! "o po9t we w\ld make4 ,e "o mu/ admire ! f9e hymn 9 :i* he is prais$1 b :at !re is 9 x does n make x seem v old1 & ! int]calat$ mon? is decisive evid5ce1 = "h alone 9 ! ,rig ,v$a is m5tion$ ?is mon?1 :i* implies ! five-ye> cyclus1 b ?is belongs to ! ,brahmanic p]iod 7,web]1 ,v$is*e ,beitrge1 p4 #ch74 ,e explanation ( ! orig9al nature ( ,v>una mu/ take into consid]ation t he is a ra9-god1 a day-god1 & a night-god 9 turn1 & t :]e he is prais$ 9 ! mo/ elevat$ language ! ra9-side disappe>s1 al?\gh x 0 fundam5tal1 z may be se5 by comp>+ _m passages1 :]e ,v>una is exhort$ to give ra91 :]e 8 title is '"l ( /reams1' 8 position t ( '"l ( wat]s4' ,! decrease ( ,v>una wor%ip 9 favor ( ,indra results p>tly f ! m peaceful god ( ra9 appe>+ less admirable ?an ! monsoon-god1 :o ov]p[]s ) /orm & lightn+1 z well z 'wets ! e>?4' ,! mo/ valuable contribution to ! /udy ( ,v>una is ,hillebr&t's ',v>una & ,mitra4' ,?is au?or has succe$$ 9 completely ov]?r[+ ! old error t ,v>una is exclusively a night-god4#gh ,q z def9itively he proves t ,v>una is n exclusively a day-god4 ,b]gaigne1 on ! o!r h&1 claims an especially t5ebr\s "* = ,v>una4#gi ,mu* has be5 writt5 on lum9\s deities by s*ol>s t fail to recognize ! fact t ! ,h9dus reg>d ! night bo? z light & z d>k4 ,b to ! ,v$ic poet ! night1 />-illum9$1 0 bright4 ,ev5 ,hillebr&t speaks ( ! bright heav5 ( day z oppos$ to ! d>k night-heav5 9 :i* ,v>una also %[s himself4#hj ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 z x /&s1 ) all ! diff]5t views ( ,v>una side by side1 ,v>una is a univ]sal encompass]1 moral z well z physical4 ,z su* 8 physical side is almo/ gone4 ,b ! conception ( him z a moral wat*] & sole "l ( ! univ]se is 9 s %>p contra/ to ! figure ( ! ra9-god1 :o1 l ,p>janya1 /&s 9 mid-air & upsets a wat]-b>rel1 t "o mu/ discrim9ate ev5 betwe5 ! ,v$ic views 9 reg>d to him4#ha ,x is ,v>una :o lets riv]s fl[2 ) ,indra he is bes\ght n to let 8 weapons fall on ! s9n]2 w9d is 8 brea?4#hb ,on ! o!r h& he is practically id5tifi$ ) ! sun4#hc ,h[ ill ?is la/ agrees ) ! image ( a god :o 'lives by ! spr+ ( riv]s1' 'cov]s e>? z ) a g>m5t1' & 'rises l a secret sea 79 fog7 to heav5'6#hd ,ev5 :5 invok$ ) ! sun1 ,mitra1 ,v>una /ill gives ra93 ,to :omsoev] ye two are k9dly dispos$ comes sweet ra9 f heav52 we besee* y = ra9 444 y1 ! ?und]]s :o g ?r\gh e>? & heav5 7v4 #fc71--;a /range pray] to be address$ to a mono!i/ic god ( light3 ,ye make ! lightn+ fla%1 ye s5d ! ra92 ye hide ! sky 9 cl\d & ra9 7ib474 ,9 ! hymn prec$+ we read3 ,ye make firm heav5 & e>?1 ye give gr[? to plants1 milk to c[s2 ,o ye t give ra91 p\r d[n ra96 ,9 ! same gr\p ano!r %ort hymn decl>es3 ,!y are univ]sal k+s1 :o h ghee 7ra97 9 _! laps2 !y are lords ( ! ra9 7v4 #fh74 ,9 ! next hymn3 ,y\r cl\ds 7c[s7 give n\ri%m5t1 y\r /reams are sweet4 ,?us ! twa9 keep ! ord] ( ! seasons 7i4 #b4 #g-h7 & protect m5 by ! regul> return ( ! ra9y season4 ,_! weapons are always lightn+ 7above1 i4 #aeb4 #b1 & else:]e74 ,a %ort invocation 9 a family-book gives ?is pray]3 ,o ,mitra-,v>una1 wet our mead[s ) ghee2 wet all places ) ! sweet dr9k 7iii4 #fb4 #af74 ,! int]pretation giv5 above ( ! (fice ( ,v>una z reg>ds ! sun's pa?1 is support$ by a v]se :]e is made an allusion to ! "t :5 !y release ! sun's horses1 i4e41 :5 aft] two or ?ree mon?s ( ra9 ! sun %9es aga9 7v4 #fb4 #a74 ,9 ano!r v]se "o reads3 ,ye direct ! wat]s1 su/5ance ( e>? & heav51 ri*ly let come y\r ra9s 7viii4 #be4 #f74 ,n[ !re is no?+ />tl+ 9 ?is view4 ,9 opposition to ! unsatisfactory attempts ( mod]n s*ol>s1 x is ! traditional int]pretation ( ,mitra & ,v>una t ,mitra 0 god ( day 7i4e41 ! sun71 & ,v>una ! god ( night 7i4e41 cov]+71#he :ile native belief regul>ly attributes to him ! lord%ip ( wat]#hf4 ,! '?\s& eyes' ( ,v>una are ! result ( ?is view4 ,! o!r light-side ( ,v>una z special "l ( day 7exclud+ ! all-heav5 idea ) ! sun z 8 'eye'7 is else:]e sc>cely ref]r$ to1 save 9 late hymns & ,,viii4 #da4hg ,9 conjunction ) ! /orm-god1 ,indra1 ! wra?-side ( ,v>una is fur!r develop$4 ,! pray] = release is f 'long d>kness1' i4e41 f dea?2 9 o!r words1 may ! light ( life be re/or$ 7,,ii4 #bg4 #ad-ae2 ,,ii4 #bh4 #g74 ,grassmann1 :o believes t 9 ,v>una !re is an e>ly mono!i/ic deity1 enum]ates all 8 (fices & omits ! giv+ ( ra9 f ! li/2#hh :ile ,ludwig d]ives 8 "n f v> 7 velle7 & def9es him z ! l(ty god :o wills6 ,v>una's highe/ developm5t u%]s 9 ! middle p]iod ( ! ,rig ,v$a2 be=e ! rise ( ! lat] ,all-fa!r1 & ev5 be=e ! great elevation ( ,indra4 ,b :5 ,surya & ,dawn 7 *ief1 !n ,v>una 0 *iefe/4 ,!re is no mono!ism 9 ! wor%ip ( a god :o is regul>ly associat$ z "o ( a pair ) ano!r god4 ,nor is !re 9 ,v>una any religi\s gr&eur :i*1 s f> z x exce$s t ( o!r div9ities1 is n evolv$ f 8 old physical side4 ,"o _c p]sonify heav5 & write a descriptive poem ab\t him )\t becom+ elevat$ 9 /yle1 z comp>$ ) ! tone ( "o t praises a ra9-cl\d or ev5 ! m conf9$ p]sonality ( ! sun4 ,!re is a /yli/ic b n a metaphysical desc5t f ?is e>li] p]iod 9 ! 'lords ( ! atmosph]e1' =1 z we %all %[1 ! elevation ( ,indra & ,agni d5otes a philosophical conception yet m advanc$ ?an ! almo/ mono!i/ic greatness atta9$ by ,v>una4 ,b "o mu/ f9d ! backgr\nd to ?is e>li] p]iod2 & 9 x ,v>una is n mono!i/ic4 ,he is ! cov]+ sky unit$ ) ! sun1 or he ^: cov]+ is ra9 & dew4 ,indra treats ,v>una z ,savit> treats ,mitra1 supplants him2 & = ! same reason1 because ea* repres5ts ! same prie/ly philosophy4 ,9 ! "o extant hymn to ,mitra 7:o is ,indo-,iranian7 x is ,mitra t 'wat*es m51' & 'be>s e>? & heav54' ,he is "h 7iii4 #ei7 ! k9dly sun1 8 "n 7,mitra1 'fri5d'7 be+ frequ5tly punn$ ^u4 ,! po9t ( view tak5 by ,b>? des]ves comm5t4 ,he says3#hi ,x has sometimes be5 ma9ta9$ t ! ,v>una ( ! hymns is a god 9 a /ate ( decad5ce4 ,9 ?is view we c by no means concur2 444 an appeal to ^! few hymns is en\gh to prove t 9 ! consci\sness ( _! au?ors ! div9ity ( ,v>una /ood /ill intact4 ,if1 in/ead ( '/ill intact1' ! au?or _h said1 'on ! increase1 till und]m9$ by /ill lat] philosophical speculation1' ! true position1 9 our op9ion1 w\ld h be5 giv54 ,b a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 decad5ce ( greatness & decad5ce ( popul>ity4 ,x has happ5$ 9 ! case ( "s ( ! ,v$ic inh]it$ gods t exactly 9 proportion z _! popul>ity decreas$ _! greatness increas$2 t is to say1 z !y became m vague & less individual to ! folk !y 7 exp&$ into wid] circles ( relation%ip by ! !osophi/1 & absorb$ o!r gods' maje/y4#hi ,v>una is no long] a popul> god 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,he is already a god ( speculation1 only ! speculation did n g f> en\gh to suit ! lat] se]s ( ,indra-,savit>-hood4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly 8 wor%ip1 :5 comp>$ 9 popul>ity ) t ( ,agni & ,indra1 is unequal4 ,b ?is is because he is too remote to be popul>4 ,:at made ! popul> gods 0 a union ( ne> physical =ce to please ! vulg>1 ) philosophical my/icism to please ! prie/1 & ,indra & ,agni fulfill$ ! conditions1 :ile awful1 b di/ant1 ,v>una did n4 ,9 /at+ t ! great hymn to ,v>una is n typical ( ! e>lie/ /age ( religi\s belief among ! ,v$ic ,aryans1 we %\ld add "o ^w 9 explanation4 ,v>una's traits1 z %[n 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 are s p]si/5t t !y mu/ be *>act]i/ic ( 8 orig9al function4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t any "o hymn 9 :i* he is laud$ is necess>ily old] ?an ! hymn cit$ f ! fir/ book4 ,! e>lie/ /age ( religi\s developm5t prec$es ! entrance into ! ,punjab4 ,x may ev5 be admitt$ t at ! "t :5 ! ,v$ic ,aryans became ,h9dus1 t is1 :5 !y settl$ ab\t ! ,indus1 ,v>una 0 ! great god we see him 9 ! great hymn to 8 honor4 ,b :ile ! relation ( ! ,adityas to ! spirits ( ,ahura 9 ,zoroa/]'s sy/em po9ts to ?is1 yet x is absurd to assume ?is epo* z ! />t+ po9t ( ,v$ic belief4 ,back ( ?is p]iod lies "o 9 :i* ,v>una 0 by no means a mono!i/ic deity1 nor ev5 ! greate/ div9ity among ! gods4 ,! fact1 notic$ by ,hillebr&t1 t ! ,vasi%?a family are ! *ief prais]s ( ,v>una1 may also indicate t 8 special elevation 0 due to ! !ological conceptions ( "o clan1 r ?an ( ! :ole p1 s9ce 9 ! o!r family books he is wor%ipp$ m z "o ( a pair1 ,v>una & ,mitra1 heav5 & sun4 ,,aditi4 ,! "m ( ,v>una & ! lum9\s gods is ! '"m ( k+s1' ,b\ndlessness 7aditi7#ij a product ( prie/ly !osophy4 ,aditi makes1 p]haps1 ! fir/ approa* to =mal pan!ism 9 ,india1 = all gods1 m51 & ?+s are id5tifi$ ) h] 7i4 #hi4 #aj74 ,sev5 *ildr5 ( ,aditi are m5tion$1 to :om is add$ an eigh? 79 "o hymn74#ia ,! *ief ( ^!1 :o is1 p> excell5ce ! ,aditya 7son ( ,aditi71 is ,v>una4 ,mo/ ( ! o!rs are div9ities ( ! sun 7x4 #gb74 ,) ,v>una /&s ,mitra1 & besides ?is pair are f\nd '! true fri5d' ,aryaman1 ,savit>1 ,bhaga1 &1 lat]1 ,indra1 z sun 7874 ,dak%a & ,ana are also reckon$ z ,adityas1 & ,surya is enum]at$ among !m z a div9ity di/9ct f ,savit>4 ,b ! ^w aditi1 'unb\nd1' is (t5 a m]e epi!t1 ( ,fire1 ,sky1 etc4 ,moreov]1 9 "o passage1 at lea/1 aditi simply means 'fre$om' 7i4 #bd4 #a71 less b\ndlessness ?an 'un-bondage'2 s1 probably1 9 i4 #ahe4 #c1 '! gift ( fre$om4' ,ana seems to h mu* ! same mean+ ) ,bhaga1 viz41 ! %>]1 giv]4 ,dak%a may1 p]haps1 be ! 'clev]1' '/rong' "o 7,greek3 dexios71 ab/ract ,/r5g?2 z ano!r "n ( ! sun 7874 ,aditi h]self 7accord+ to ,mll]1 ,inf9ity2 accord+ to ,hillebr&t1 ,et]nity7 is an ab/raction t is born lat] ?an h] *ief sons1 ,sun & ,v>una4#ib ,z>a?u/ra 7,zoroa/]1 n e>li] ?an ! close ( ! fir/ ,v$ic p]iod7 took ! sev5 ,adityas & re=m$ !m into "o mono!i/ic 7duali/ic7 ,_s 7,ahura71 ) a circle ( six moral att5dants1 !reby dynamically de/roy+ e physical conception ( !m4 ,,dawn4 ,we h devot$ consid]able space to ,v>una because ( ! !ological importance ) :i* is inve/$ 8 p]sonality4 ,if "o admit t a mono!i/ic ,v>una is ! ur-,v>una1 if "o see 9 him a sign t ! ,h9dus orig9ally wor%ipp$ "o univ]sally great sup]ior god1 ^: image effac$ t ( all ! o!rs1#ic !n ! attempt to trace any ord]ly developm5t 9 ,h9du !ology may z well be r5\nc$2 & "o mu/ imag9e t ?is peculi> p1 />t+ ) mono!ism desc5d$ to poly!ism1 & !n leapt aga9 into ! conception ( t ,fa!r-god ^: =m1 9 ! end ( ! ,rig ,v$ic p]iod1 out-v>unas ,v>una z encompass] & "l ( all4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 "o see 9 ,v>una a god :o1 f ! 'cov]+1' heav5 & cl\d & ra91 f e>lie/ "t has be5 associat$ ) ! sun z a pair1 & recognize 9 ,v>una's l(ti] =m ! product ( t gradual elevation to :i* 7 liable all ! gods at ! h&s ( ! ,h9du prie/s2 if "o see 9 him at ?is /age ! highe/ god :i* a !ology1 bas$ on ! wor%ip ( natural ph5om5a1 0 able to evolve2 !n1 = ! reception ( ^? gods :o ov]?rew him f 8 supremacy1 because ( _! great] fre$om f physical re/ra9ts1 !re is op5$ a logical & hi/orical pa?--until t god comes :o 9 turn foll[s ^! half-embodi$ ones1 & /&s z ! fir/ immat]ial au?or ( ! univ]se--& s "o may walk /raight f ! physical beg9n+ ( ! ,rig ,v$ic religion to its spiritual ,brahmanic end4 ,we turn n[ to "o or two ph5om5a-deities t 7 nev] mu* tamp]$ ) by prie/ly speculation2 _! =ms be+ /ill z bright & cle> z :5 ! fir/ ,v$ic wor%ipp]1 wait+ to salute ! ris+ sun1 beheld 9 all h] beauty1 & ?us prais$ ,,! ,,dawn4#id ,z comes a bride ha? %e approa*$ u1 gleam+2 ,all ?+s t live %e r\ses n[ to action4 ,a fire is born t %9es = human be+s2 ,light ha? %e made1 & driv5 away ! d>kness4 ,wide-rea*+ ha? %e ris51 to all approa*+1 ,& %one =? clo!d 9 g>m5ts :ite & gli/5+1 ,( gold h] color1 fair to see h] look is1 ,"m ( k9e1#ie lead] ( days %e gleame?4 ,be>+ ! gods' eye1 %e1 ! graci\s maid51 --,lead+ along ! :ite & sightly *>g]#if --,aurora1 n[ is se51 reveal$ 9 glory1 ,) %9+ gu]dons unto all appe>+4 ,o ne> & de> "o1 light f> (f our foes1 & ,make safe to u our k9es' wide pa/ure-places4 ,keep f u hatr$2 :at is good1 t br+ u1 ,& s5d ! s+] weal?1 ,o g5]\s maid54 ,) ?y be/ beams = u d ?\ beam widely1 ,aurora1 goddess bright1 our life ext5d+2 ,& food be/[1 ,o ?\ all goods possess+1 ,weal?1 too1 be/[+1 k9e & /e$s & w>-c>s ,?\ :om ,vasi/ha's#ig sons extol ) praises1 ,fair-born ,aurora1 daught] ( ,dyaus1 ! bright "o1 ,on u be/[ ?\ ri*es high & mighty1 --,o all ye gods ) weal =ev] gu>d u4 ,9 ! laudation ( ,v>una ! fancy ( ! poet exhau/s itself 9 l(ty imag]y1 & rea*es ! topmo/ height ( ,v$ic religi\s lyric4 ,9 ! praise ( ,dawn x desc5ds n l[] ?an to int]weave beauty ) dignity ( utt]ance4 ,no?+ 9 religi\s poetry m graceful or delicate ?an ! ,v$ic ,dawn-hymns has ev] be5 writt54 ,9 ! daily vision ( ,dawn foll[+ h] si/] ,night ! poet sees 8 faire/ goddess1 & 9 8 wor%ip ( h] !re is love & admiration1 su* z is evok$ by ! sight ( no o!r deity4 ,%e comes l a fair "y maid51 awak5+ all to labor1 ) an hundr$ *>iots comes %e1 & br+s ! %9+ light2 gleam =?1 ,o ,dawn1 & give u ?y bless+ ?is day2 = 9 !e is ! life ( e liv+ creature4 ,ev5 z ?\ ha/ rew>d$ ! s+]s ( old1 s n[ rew>d our song 7,i4 #dh74 ,! k9e ( ,dawn are ! bright cl\ds t1 l r$ cattle1 w&] 9 droves ^u ! horizon4 ,sometimes ! rays ( light1 :i* /ret* across ! heav51 are int5d$ by ?is image1 = ! cattle-h]d+ poets employ$ _! flocks z figures = v>i\s ends4 ,! inevitable selfi% pessimism ( unripe reflection is also wov5 into ! lat] ,dawn-hymns3 ,h[ long w x be ere ?is ,dawn1 too1 %all jo9 ! ,dawns dep>t$8 ,vani%$ are n[ ! m5 t saw ! ,dawns ( old2 we "h see h] n[2 !re w foll[ o!rs :o w see h] h]eaft]2 b1 ,o ,dawn1 beam "h ?y faire/2 ri* 9 bless+s1 true art ?\ to fri5d & "r4 ,br+ hi!r 7to ! morn+ sacrifice7 ! gods 7,i4 #aac74 ,s9ce ! metre 7"h ignor$7 ( ! foll[+ hymn is n all ( "o model1 x is probable t aft] ! f\r? v]se a new hymn began1 :i* 0 di/9ct f ! fir/2 b ! argum5t f metre is unconv9c+1 & 9 any ev5t bo? songs are wor? cit+1 s9ce !y %[ h[ v>i$ 7 ! images & fancies ( ! poets3 ,! ,dawns are l h]oes ) gold5 weapons2 l r$ k9e ( ! morn+ on ! field ( heav52 %9+ !y weave _! webs ( light1 l wom5 active at "w2 food !y br+ to ! pi\s wor%ipp]4 ,l a danc+ girl is ! ,dawn adorn$1 & op5s freely h] bosom2 z a c[ gives milk1 z a c[ comes =? f its /all1 s op5s %e h] brea/1 s comes %e out ( ! d>kness 7v]ses #a-d7 444,%e is ! ev] new1 born aga9 & aga91 adorn$ always ) ! same color4 ,z a play] conceals ! dice1 s keeps %e conceal$ ! days ( a man2 daught] ( ,heav5 %e wakes & drives away h] si/] 7,night74 ,l k9e1 l ! waves ( a flood1 ) sunbeams %e appe>s4 ,o ri* ,dawn1 br+ u weal?2 h>ness ?y r$ horses1 & br+ to u success 7,i4 #ib74 ,! homage to ,dawn is naturally divid$ at times ) t to ! sun3 ,fair %9es ! light ( morn+2 ! sun awak5s u to toil2 along ! pa? ( ord] goes ,dawn array$ 9 light4 ,%e ext5de? h]self 9 ! ea/1 & gleame? till %e fills ! sky & e>?2 & aga93 ,dawn is ! great "w ( ,v>una & ,mitra2 ?r\gh ! sun is %e awak5$ 7,i4 #abd2 ,,iii4 #fa4 #f-g74 ,9 ! rituali/ic p]iod ,dawn is /ill me*anically laud$1 & h] beams rise 9 ! ea/ l pill>s ( sacrifice 7,,iv4 #ea4 #b72 b o!rwise ! imag]y ( ! selections giv5 above is t :i* is usually employ$4 ,! '?ree dawns' occasionally ref]r$ to are1 z we h %[n else:]e1#ih ! ?ree dawn-lights1 :ite1 r$1 & yell[1 z !y are se5 by bo? ! ,v$ic poet & ! ,flor5t9e4 ,dawn becomes common & trite aft] a:ile1 z d all ! gods1 & is invok$ m to give ?an to please4 ',wake u1' cries a lat] poet1 ',wake u to weal?1 ,o ,dawn2 give to u1 give to u2 wake up1 le/ ! sun burn !e ) 8 light'--a passage 7,v4 #gi7 :i* has caus$ mu* le>n$ nons5se to be writt5 on ! inimical relations ( ,sun & ,dawn z portray$ "h4 ,! dull idea is t ,dawn is lazy1 & _h bett] get up be=e ,surya cat*es h] asleep4 ,! poet is n 9 ! lea/ worri$ because 8 image does n express a suitable relation%ip betwe5 ! dawn & ! sun1 nor ne$ o!rs be di/urb$ at x4 ,! hymn is late1 & only important 9 %[+ ! new c>elessness z reg>ds ! old gods4#ii ,"s o!r traits appe> 9 ,,vii4 #ge4 #a ff41 :]e ,dawn is 'que5 ( ! _w1' & bani%es ! druhs1 or evil _s4 ,%e "h is daught] ( ,heav51 & wife ( ! sun 7#d1 #e72 ib4 #gf4 #a1 %e is ! eye ( ! _w2 & ib #ha4 #d1 %e is invok$ z '"m4' ,!re is1 at times1 s close a resemblance betwe5 ,dawn-hymns & ,sun-hymns t ! imag]y employ$ 9 "o is us$ 9 ! o!r4 ,?us ! hymn ,,vi4 #fd beg9s3 ,! beams ( ,dawn h aris51 %9+ z %9e ! wat]s' gleam+ waves4 ,%e makes good pa?s1 444 %e bani%es d>kness z a w>rior drives away a foe 7s ( ! sun1 ,,iv4 #ac4 #b2 ,x4 #cg4 #d2 #agj4 #b74 ,beautiful are ?y pa?s ^u ! m\nta9s1 & across ! wat]s ?\ %9e/1 self-gleam+ 7also ( ! sun74 ,) ! la/ expression may be comp>$ t 9 ,,vi4 #fe4 #e3 ,dawn1 ^: seat is ^u ! hills4 ,dawn is intimately connect$ n only ) ,agni b ) ! ,tw9 ,horsem51 ! ,av9s 7equites7--if n s intimately connect$ z is ,hel5 ) ! ,diosk\roi1 :o1 pace ,pis*el1 are ! ,av9s ( ,hellas4 ,?is relation%ip is m emphasiz$ 9 ! hymns to ! latt] gods1 b occasionally occurs 9 ,dawn-hymns1 ( :i* ano!r is "h translat$ 9 full4 ,,to ,,dawn 7,,iv4 #eb74 ,! ,daught] ( ,heav51 ?is beaute\s maid1 ,respl5d5t leaves h] si/] 7,night71 ,& n[ be=e 7our sight7 appe>s4 ,r$ gl[s %e l a %9+ m>e1 ,"m ( k9e1 :o timely comes-- ,! ,horsem5's fri5d ,aurora is4 ,bo? fri5d art ?\ ( ! ,horsem5 twa91 ,& "m art ?\ ( ! k9e1 ,& ?\1 ,aurora1 rule/ weal?4 ,we wake !e ) our praise z "o ,:o foes removes2 su* ?\ght is ours1 ,o ?\ t art posses/ ( joy4 ,?y radiant beams b5efic5t ,l h]ds ( cattle n[ appe>2 ,aurora fills ! wide expanse4 ,) light ha/ ?\ ! d>k remov$1 ,fill+ 7! _w71 ,o brilliant "o4 ,aurora1 help u z ?\ u'/4 ,) rays ?\ /ret*e/ ?r\gh ! heav5 ,& ?r\gh ! fair wide space betwe51 ,o ,dawn1 ) ?y refulg5t light4 ,x 0 se5 t ,savit> 7,pu%an7 is ! ris+ & sett+ sun4 ,s1 anti!tic to ,dawn1 /&s ! ,ab5dro? ) h] si/]1 ,night4 ,?is la/1 g5]ally1 z 9 ! hymn j translat$1 is laud$ only 9 connection ) ,dawn1 & = h]self alone gets b "o hymn1 & t is n 9 a family-book4 ,%e is to be reg>d$1 !re=e1 less z a goddess ( ! pan!on ?an z a quasi-goddess1 ! result ( a poet's m$itative imag9ation1 r ?an "o ( ! folk's primitive objects ( adoration2 some:at z ! ,engli% poets p]sonify ,ye cl\ds1 t f> above me float & pause1 ye ocean-waves 444 ye woods1 t li/5 to ! night-bird's s++1 ,o ye l\d waves1 & ,o ye =e/s high1 & ,o ye cl\ds t f> above me so>$2 ?\ ris+ sun1 ?\ blue rejoic+ sky6--& z 9 ,greek poetry1 t :i* be=e has be5 conceiv$ ( vaguely z div9e sudd5ly is inve/$ ) a div9e p]sonality4 ,! lat] poet exalts ^! aspects ( nature1 & end[s ^? t 7 be=e only half recogniz$ ) a little special praise4 ,s1 :]eas ,night 0 div9e at fir/ m]ely z ! si/] ( div9e ,dawn1 9 ! t5? book "o poet ?us gives h] praise3 ,,hymn ,,to ,,night 7,x4 #abg74 ,night1 %9+ goddess1 comes1 :o n[ ,looks out af> ) _m eyes1 ,& putte? all h] beauties on4 ,immortal %9+ goddess1 %e ,! dep?s & heights alike ha? fill$1 ,& drives ) light ! d>k away4 ,to me %e comes1 adorn$ well1 ,a d>kness black n[ sightly made2 ,pay !n ?y debt1 ,o ,dawn1 & g4#ajj ,! bright "o com+ put aside ,h] si/] ,dawn 7! sunset light71 ,& lo6 ! d>kness ha/es away4 ,s 7k9d art ?\7 to u2 at ^: ,appe>+ we retire to re/1 ,z birds fly homew>d to ! tree4 ,to re/ are come ! ?rongs ( m52 ,to re/1 ! bea/s2 to re/1 ! birds2 ,& e'en ! gre$y eagles re/4 ,keep (f ! %e-wolf & ! wolf1 ,keep (f ! ?ief1 ,o bill[y ,night1 ,be ?\ to u a savi\r n[4 ,to !e1 ,o ,night1 z 'tw]e an h]d1 ,to a conqu]or 7br\ght71 br+ ,i an hymn ,daught] ( ,heav51 accept 7! gift74#aja ,,! ,a,,v9s4 ,! ,av9s :o are1 z 0 said above1 ! ',horsem51' p>allel to ! ,greek ,diosk\roi1 are tw9s1 sons ( ,dyaus1 husb&s1 p]haps bro!rs ( ! ,dawn4 ,!y h be5 v>i\sly 'int]pret$1' yet 9 po9t ( fact "o kn[s no m n[ :at 0 ! orig9al conception ( ! twa9 ?an 0 kn[n be=e ,occid5tal s*ol>s began to /udy !m4#ajb ,ev5 ! anci5ts made m]e guesses3 ! ,av9s came be=e ! ,dawn1 & are s-call$ because !y ride on horses 7ava1 equos7 !y repres5t ei!r ,heav5 & ,e>?1 or ,day & ,night1 or ,sun & ,moon1 or two e>?ly k+s--su* is ! unsatisfactory in=mation giv5 by ! ,h9dus !mselves4#ajc ,mu* ! same language ) t 9 ! ,dawn-hymns is naturally employ$ 9 prais+ ! ,tw9 ,bro!rs4 ,!y1 l ! ,diosk\roi1 are said to h be5 incorporat$ gradually into ! pan!on1 on an equality ) ! o!r gods1#ajd n because !y 7 at fir/ human be+s1 b because !y1 l ,night1 7 adjuncts ( ,dawn1 & got _! div9ity ?r\gh h] z lead]4#aje ,9 ! la/ book ( ! ,rig ,v$a !y are ! sons ( ,s>anyu & ,vivasvant1 b x is n c]ta9 :e!r ,s>anyu means dawn or n2 9 ! fir/ book !y are born ( ! flood 79 ! sky74#ajf ,!y are sons ( ,dyaus1 b ?is1 too1 only 9 ! la/ & fir/ books1 :ile 9 ! latt] !y are sep>at$ once1 s t only "o is call$ ! ,son ( ! ,sky4#ajg ,!y foll[ ,dawn 'l m5' 7,,viii4 #e4 #b7 & are 9 ,brahmanic lit]ature ! 'y\nge/ ( ! gods4'#ajh ,! tw9 gods are ! physicians ( heav51 :ile to m5 !y br+ all m$ic9es & help 9 times ( dang]4 ,!y 7 app>5tly at fir/ only 'wond]-work]s1' = ! orig9al leg5ds seem to h be5 few4 ,yet ! /rik+ simil>ity 9 ^! aspects ) ! bro!rs ( ,hel5 mu/ (fset ! fact t s mu* 9 connection ) !m seems to h be5 add$ 9 books "o & t54 ,!y re/ore ! bl9d & decrepit1 imp>t /r5g? & spe$1 & give ! p[] & se$ ( life2 ev5 caus+ wat]s to fl[1 fire to burn1 & trees to gr[4 ,z su* !y assi/ lov]s & aid 9 produc+ (fspr+4 ,! ,av9s are brilliantly describ$1 ,_! bird-drawn *>iot & all its appurt5ances are ( gold2 !y are swift z ?\ght1 agile1 "y1 & beautiful4 ,?rice !y come to ! sacrifice1 morn+1 noon1 & eve2 at ! yok+ ( _! c>1 ! dawn is born4 ,:5 ! 'bann] be=e dawn' appe>s1 ! invocation to ! ,av9s beg9s2 !y 'accompany dawn4' ,"s v>iation ( fancy is naturally to be look$ =4 ,?us1 ?\gh1 z said above1 ,dawn is born at ! ,av9s yok+1 yet ,dawn is h]self invok$ to wake ! ,av9s2 :ile aga9 ! sun />ts _! *>iot be=e ,dawn2 & z sons ( ,zeus !y are invok$ :5 d>kness /ill /&s among ! %9+ cl\ds 7c[s74#aji ,husb&s or bro!rs or *ildr5 ( ,dawn1 ! ,horsem5 are also ,surya's husb&s1 & %e is ! sun's daught] 7,dawn87 or ! sun z female4 ,b ?is my? is n )\t contradictions1 = ,surya else:]e w$s ,soma1 & ! ,av9s are ! bridegroom's fri5ds2 :om ,pu%an *ose on ?is occasion z 8 p>5ts2 he :o 7unless "o ) ,soma7 0 ! prior bridegroom ( ! same mu*-m>ri$ damsel4#aaj ,! curr5t explanation ( ! ,av9s is t !y repres5t two p]iods betwe5 d>kness & dawn1 ! d>k] p]iod be+ ne>] night1 ! o!r ne>] day4 ,b !y probably1 z insep>able tw9s1 are ! tw9lights or twilight1 be=e dawn1 half d>k & half bright4 ,9 ?is light x may well be said ( !m t "o alone is ! son ( bright ,dyaus1 t bo? w$ ,dawn1 or are h] bro!rs4 ,!y always come toge!r4 ,_! duality repres5ts1 !n1 n successive /ages b "o /age 9 day's approa*1 :5 light is d>k & d>k is light4 ,9 comp>+ ! ,av9s to o!r pairs#aaa ?is dual nature is frequ5tly ref]r$ to2 b no less is !re a triality 9 connection ) !m :i* (t5 9 describ+ !m has be5 ignor$4 ,?is is t ?reefold light :i* op5s day2 &1 z 9 _m cases !y jo9 ) ,dawn1 s _! color is insep>able4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! break ( r$ is ! dawn & ! :ite & yell[ lights prec$e ?is#aab4 ,?us 9 ,v4 #gc4 #e3 ,r$ birds flew r\nd y z ,surya /epp$ ^u y\r *>iot2 s t x is q impossible1 9 accordance ) ! poets !mselves1 to limit ! ,av9s to ! twilight4 ,!y are a v>iegat$ gr[? f a black & :ite se$4 ,! *ief function ( ! ,av9s1 z orig9ally conceiv$1 0 ! f9d+ & re/or+ ( vani%$ light4 ,h5ce !y are invok$ z f9d]s & aid-gods 9 g5]al 7! my?s are giv5 9 ,myrian!us74 ,"s v amus+ & "s silly leg5ds h be5 collect$ & told by ! ,v$ic poets 9 reg>d to ! pres]vation & resuscitat+ p[] ( ! ,av9s--h[ an old man 0 rejuv5at$ by !m 7?is is also done by ! ?ree ,ribhus1 ma/]-workm5 ( ! gods72 h[ brides are provid$ by !m2 h[ !y rescu$ ,bhujyu & o!rs f ! dang]s ( ! deep 7z 9 ! classical leg5ds72 h[ !y replac$ a woman's leg ) an iron "o2 re/or$ a sa9t's eye-sight2 drew a se] out ( a well1 etc1 etc4 ,_m s*ol>s foll[ ,b]gaigne 9 imag9+ all ^! miracles to be an?ropomorphiz$ =ms ( sol> ph5om5a1 ! heal+ ( ! bl9d repres5t+ ! br++ out ( ! sun f d>kness1 etc4 ,to u su* int]pretation (t5 seems fatu\s4 ,no less unconv9c+ is ! claim t "o ( ! ,av9s repres5ts ! fire ( heav5 & ! o!r ! fire ( ! alt>4 ,! ,tw9s are call$ nasatya1 ! 'sav]s' 7or 'n untrue ones#aac'72 expla9$ by "s z mean+ 'gods ) good noses#aad4' ,,hymn ,,to ,,! ,,horsem54 ,:e!r ye re/ on f>-ext5d$ e>?1 or on ! sea 9 h\se ^u x made1 'come hi!r !nce1 ,o ye t ride ! /e$s4 ,if ev] = man ye mix ! sacrifice1 !n notice n[ ! ,kanva poet :o s+s4 ,i call ^u ! gods ,indra1 ,vi%nu#aae & ! swift-go+ ,horsem5#aaf4 ,^! ,horsem5 ,i call n[ t !y "w wond]s1 to seize ! works 7( sacrifice71 ^: fri5d%ip is prem95tly ours1 & relation%ip among all ! gods2 9 ref]5ce to :om arise sacrifices 444 ,if1 to-day1 ,o ,horsem51 ,we/ or ,ea/ ye /&1 ye ( good /e$s1 :e!r at ,druhyu's1 ,anu's1 ,turvaa's1 or ,yadu's1 ,i call ye2 come to me4 ,if ye fly 9 ! air1 ,o giv]s ( great joy2 or if ?r\gh ! two worlds2 or if1 accord+ to y\r pleasure1 ye m\nt ! c>1--!nce come hi!r1 ,o ,horsem54 ,f ! hymn prec$+ ?is1 ! foll[+ v]ses#aag3 ,:atev] manl9ess is 9 ! ae!r1 9 ! sky1 & among ! five peoples1 grant u t1 ,o ,horsem5 444 ?is hot soma-dr9k ( y\rs ) laudation is p\r$ out2 ?is soma sweet ?r\gh :i* ye discov]$ ,vritra 444 ,asc5d ! swift-roll+ *>iot1 ,o ,horsem52 hi!r let ^! my praises br+ ye1 l a cl\d 444 ,come z gu>dians ( homes2 gu>dians ( our bodies4 ,come to ! h\se = 7to give7 *ildr5 & (fspr+4 ,:e!r ye ride on ! same c> ) ,indra1 or be 9 ! same h\se ) ! ,w9d2 :e!r unit$ ) ! ,sons ( ,b\ndlessness or ! ,ribhus1 or /& on ,vi%nu's wide /eps 7come to u74 ,?is is ! be/ help ( ! horsem51 if to-day ,i %\ld entice !m to get booty1 or call !m z my /r5g? to conqu] 9 battle4444 ,:atev] m$ic9e 7ye h7 f> or ne>1 ) ?is n[1 ,o wise ones1 grant protection4444 ,awake1 ,o ,dawn1 ! ,horsem51 goddess1 k9d & great4444 ,:51 ,o ,dawn1 ?\ goe/ 9 light & %9e/ ) ! ,sun1 !n hi!r comes ! ,horsem5's *>iot1 to ! h\se m5 h to protect4 ,:5 ! swoll5 soma-/alks are milk$ l c[s ) udd]s1 & :5 ! *oric songs are sung1 !n !y t adore ! ,horsem5 are prem95t4444 ,"h ! ,av9s are associat$ ) ,indra1 & ev5 f9d ! evil demon2 b1 probably1 at ?is /age ,indra is m ?an god ( /orms4 ,"s ( ! exp&$ my?s & leg5ds ( ! ,av9s may be f\nd 9 i4 #aah1 #aai1 #aeh2 x4 #dj4 ,"h foll[s "o ) leg5ds 9 mod]ate numb] 7vii4 #ga73 ,be=e ! ,dawn h] si/]1 ,night1 )drawe?2 ,! black "o leaves ! ruddy "o a pa?way4 ,ye t h k9e & horses1 y invoke we2 ,by day1 at night1 keep f> f u y\r arr[4 ,come hi!r1 n[1 & meet ! pi\s mortal1 ,& on y\r c>1 ,o ,horsem51 br+ him good ?+s2 ,keep (f f u ! dry de/roy+ sickness1 ,by day1 at night1 ,o sweete/ pair1 protect u4 ,y\r *>iot may ! joy-desir+ *>g]s1 ,! virile /allions1 br+ at ,dawn's fir/ com+2 ,t c> ^: re9s are rays1 & weal? ^u x2 ,come ) ! /e$s t keep ! season's ord]4 ,^u ! c>1 ?ree-seat$1 full ( ri*es1 ,! help+ c>1 t has a pa? all gold51 ,on ?is approa*1 ,o lords ( h]oes1 true ones1 ,let ?is food-br++ c> ( y\rs approa* u4 ,ye fre$ f 8 old age ! man ,cyavana2 ,ye br\ght & gave ! *>g] swift to ,p$u2 ,ye two f d>kness' angui% rescu$ ,atri2 ,ye set ,jahu%a d[n1 releas$ f fett]s4#aah ,?is pray]1 ,o ,horsem51 & ?is song is utt]$2 ,accept ! skilfulsic poem1 manly h]oes4 ,^! pray]s1 to y belong+1 h asc5d$1 ,o all ye gods protect u aye ) bless+s6#aai ,! sweets :i* ! ,av9s br+ are ei!r on _! *>iot1 or1 z is (t5 relat$1 9 a bag2 or !y bur/ =? f ! ho( ( _! /e$4 ,pegasus' spr+ 9 ,helicon has be5 comp>$ ) ?is4 ,_! vehicles are v>i\sly pictur$ z birds1 horses1 %ips1 etc4 ,x is to be notic$ t 9 no "o ( _! attributes are ! ,av9s unique4 ,o!r gods br+ sweets1 help1 protect1 give (fspr+1 give heal+ m$ic9es1 &1 9 %ort1 d all t ! ,av9s d4 ,b1 z ,b]gaigne po9ts out1 !y d all ?is pacifically1 :ile ,indra1 :o p]=ms "s ( _! wond]s1 does s by /orm4 ,he protects by n injur+1 & helps by de/roy+ foes4 ,yet is ?is aga9 true only 9 g5]al1 & ! l9es betwe5 w>like1 peaceful1 & 'sov]eign' gods are (t5 cross$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,su* = in/ance z ! hymn to ! ,av9s1 ,,rv4 ii4 #ci4 ,comp>e v]ses #c-d3 ',come 7ye pair ( ,av9s7 l two horns2 l two ho(s2 l two geese2 l two :eels2 l two %ips2 l two spans'2 etc4 ,?is is ! cont5t ( ! :ole hymn4 ,footnote #b3 ,deva is '%9+' 7deus71 & ,surya 7sol1 ,greek3 elios7 means ! same4 ,footnote #c3 ,let ! read] note at ! outset t !re is sc>cely an activity consid]$ z div9e :i* does n belong to sev]al gods 7see bel[74 ,footnote #d3 ,f su1 sav1 enliv51 beget1 etc4 ,9 ,,rv4 iv4 #ec4f & vii1 #fc4b1 pra-savit>4 ,footnote #e3 ,,rv4 ,,vii4 #ff4 #ad-ae2 comp>e ,x4 #agh4 #a4 ,9 ! notes imm$iately foll[+ ! numb]s all ref] to ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,footnote #f3 ,v4 #dg1 #c2 comp>e vs4 #g1 & ,x4 #ahi4 #a-b4 ,footnote #g3 ,comp>e ,x4 #agg4 #a4 ,footnote #h3 ,x4 #cg4 #i4 ,footnote #i3 ,v4 #fc4 #g4 ,v>una & ,mitra set ! sun's c> 9 heav54 ,footnote #aj3 #a ,,iv4 #ac4 #b-e2 ,x4 #cg1 #d2 #he1 #a4 ,b ib4 #adi4 #a4 ,savit> holds ! sky ')\t support4' ,footnote #aa3 ,,vii #fc4a2 ,i4 #aae4aa2 ,x4 #cg4 #a4 ,footnote #ab3 ,,iii4 #fa4d2 ,,vii4 #fc4 #c4 ,footnote #ac3 ,,vii #gh4c4 ,footnote #ad3 ,i4 #ef1d2 ,,ix4 #hd4 #b2 ,comp>e ,i4 #ib4 #aa2 #aae1 #b2 #abc4 #aj-ab4 ,v4 #dd4 #g1 & p]haps #dg4f1 are late4 ,,vii4 #ge4 #e1 is an exception 7or late74 ,footnote #ae3 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 ,i4#f2 ,,ii4 #b4 ,footnote #af3 ,ehni1 ,yama1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #ag3 ,,rv41 ,,iv4 #ed4 #b4 ,"h ! sun gives life ev5 to ! gods4 ,footnote #ah3 ,t5 hundr$ & tw5ty-eight hymns are conta9$ 9 ! ',rig ,v$a ,collection4' ,footnote #ai3 ,,iv4 #ad4 ,footnote #bj3 ,x4 #cg2 #aeh2 #agj2 #agg2 #ahi4 ,ea* has its own m>k ( lat5ess4 ,9 #cg1 ! dream2 9 #aeh1 ! triad2 9 #agj1 ! sun z asuraha2 9 #agg1 ! my/ic tone & ! bird-sun 7comp>e ,g>utman1 ,i4 #afd2 ,x4 #adi72 9 #ahi1 ! ?irty /ations4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see ,:itney 9 ,colebrooke's ,essays1 revis$ edition1 ii4 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #bb3 iv4 #ed ,footnote #bc3 ,two 'laps' bel[1 besides t above1 ! ^w mean+ 'middle' b also '"u-place4' ,! explanation ( ?is mu*-disput$ passage w be f\nd by comp>+ ,i4 #aed4 #e & ,,vii4 #ii4 #a4 ,! sun's ?ree places are :]e he appe>s on bo? horizons & 9 ! z5i?4 ,! la/ is ! abode ( ! dead :]e ,yama reigns4 ,comp>e ,,iv4 #ec4 ,! bracket$ v]ses are probably a late puzzle atta*$ to ! ^w 'lap' ( ! prec$+ v]se4 ,footnote #bd3 ,d\btful4 ,footnote #be3 ,! ,_s1 lat] ( evil spirits1 demons 7z above1 ! asurah74 ,comp>e ,ahura4 ,footnote #bf3 ,a num]ical conception n p>allel$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 ?\gh m\nta9s are call$ protub]ances 7'elevations'7 9 o!r places4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! la/ /anza is 9 ! metre ( ! fir/2 two m foll[ )\t significant additions4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! texts are translat$ by ,muir1 ,,o/1 ,v4 p4 #aga ff4 ,footnote #bi3 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 ,,ii4 p4 #dbh4 ,comp>e ,hillebr&t1 ,soma p4 #def4 ,footnote #cj3 ,i4 #ach4 #d4 ,footnote #ca3 ,,vi4 #ef4 #a4 ,footnote #cb3 ,9 ,i4 #bc4 #ac-ae ,pu%an is said to br+ k+ 7soma71 :om he f\nd l a lo/ h]d ( cattle4 ,! fragm5t is late if1 z is probable1 ! 'six' ( vs4 #ae are ! six seasons4 ,comp>e ,,vi4 #ed4 #e1 may ,pu%an g aft] our k9e4 ,footnote #cc3 ,comp>e ,,vi4 #ed4 ,footnote #cd3 ,he is ! 'son ( free+1' f d>kness8 ,,vi4 #ee4 #a4 ,footnote #ce3 ,,iv4 #eg4 #g4 ,footnote #cf3 ,,vi4 #ag4 #aa2 #dh4 #aa ff42 ,,iv4 #cj4 #bd ff4 ,he is call$ l a w>-god ) ! ,m>uts 9 ,,vi4 #dh4 ,footnote #cg3 ,s1 too1 ,bhaga is ,dawn's bro!r1 ,i4 #abc4 #e4 ,pu%an is ,indra's bro!r 9 ,,vi4 #ee4 #e4 ,gub]natis int]prets ,pu%an z '! sett+ sun4' ,footnote #ch3 ,contra/ ,i4 #db1 & ,x4 #bf 7) #a4 #ach4 #a74 ,9 ! fir/ hymn ,pu%an leads ! way & drives away dang]1 wolves1 ?ieves1 & helps to booty & pa/urage4 ,9 ! la/ he is a w>-god1 :o helps 9 battle1 a 'f>-rul]1' embrac+ ! ?\ghts ( all 7z 9 ,,iii4 #fb4 #i74 ,footnote #ci3 ,= ! traits j cit$ comp>e ,,iv4 #eg4 #g2 ,,vi4 #ag4 #aa2 #dh4 #ae2 #ec2 #ee2 #ef4 ,i-#c2 #eg4 #c-d2 #eh4 #b-d2 ,,ii4 #dj2 ,x4 #ag4 #c ff42 #bf4 #c-h2 ,i4 #bc4 #ad2 all ( ,i4 #db1 & #ach2 ,,viii4 #d4 #ae-ah2 ,,iii4 #eg4 #b4 ,9 ,x4 #ag4 #d1 ,savit>1 too1 guides ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,footnote #dj3 ,t is to say1 "o hymn is address$ to ,bhaga ) v>i\s o!r gods1 ,,vii4 #da4 ,"h he seems to be p]sonifi$ good-luck 7( :om ev5 ! k+ says1' ,i w\ld h !e1' vs4 #b74 ,9 ,ihe ,brahmanas ',bhaga is bl9d1' :i* applies bett] to ,=tune ?an to ! ,sun4 ,footnote #da3 ,! hymn is sung be=e sett+ out on a =ray = cattle4 ,let "o obs]ve h[ unsupport$ is ! assumption ( ! rituali/s z appli$ to ?is hymn1 t x mu/ h be5 compos$ = rubrication4 ,footnote #db3 ,aft] ,muir1 ,v4 p4 #agh4 ,! cl\ds & cattle are bo? call$ gs 'w&]]s1' :i* help$ 9 ! poetic id5tification ( ! two4 ,footnote #dc3 ,comp>e ,,ix4 #ig4 #ee1 ,?\ art ,bhaga1 giv] ( gifts4 ,footnote #dd3 ,bhgam bhak%i6 ,comp>e bak%ee%4 ,! ^w z 'god' is bo? ,ave/an1 bagha1 & ,slavic1 bogu 7also mean+ 'ri*'74 ,x may be an epi!t ( o!r gods also1 & "h x means only luck4 ,footnote #de3 ,lit]ally 'possess$ ( bhaga1' i4e41 weal?4 ,footnote #df3 ,may ,bhaga be bhgavan1 i4e41 a true bhaga-hold]4 ,"h & bel[ a pun on ! "n 7z above74 ,footnote #dg3 ,my?ical be+1 possibly ! sun-horse4 ,accord+ to ,pis*el a real e>?ly rac]4 ,footnote #dh3 ,i4#bb4ag1 etc2 #aed ff42 ,,vii4 too4 ,footnote #di3 ,,vii4 #ajj4 #e-f4 ,vi%nu 7may be ! epi!t ( ,indra 9 ,i4#fa4g7 means w9n] 7871 ,footnote #ej3 ,,vi4 #fi2 ,,vii4 #ii4 ,b ,vi%nu is ord]$ ab\t by ,indra 7,,iv4 #ah4 #aa2 ,,viii4 #hi4 #ab74 ,footnote #ea3 ,i4#aed4 #e4 ,9 ,,ii4 #a4 #c1 ,vi%nu is "o ) ,fire 7,agni74 ,footnote #eb3 ,?us1 = example1 ,vi%nu 9 ! ,h9du tr9ity1 ! sep>ate wor%ip ( ! sun 9 mod]n sects1 & 9 ! cult ( ! hill-m54 ,footnote #ec3 ,x4 #adi4 ,footnote #ed3 ,,ii4#da4bj4 ,footnote #ee3 vi4#gj4 ,footnote #ef3 ,i4#afj4d2 ,,iv4 #ef4a-c2 ,,vii4 #ec4 #b4 ,footnote #eg3 ,i4 #ahe4 #h4 7,jaspati74 ,! expiatory p[] ( ! hymn occurs aga9 9 ,i4 #aei4 ,footnote #eh3 ,i4 #ahe4 #a4 ,footnote #ei3 ,,iv4 #ef4 #g4 ,footnote #fj3 ,i4 #bb4 #ae4 ,footnote #fa3 ,x4 #ah4 #aj 7or3 l a wool-s(t maid574 ,footnote #fb3 ,! lightn+4 ,9 ,i4 #ca4 #d1 #aj 7,fa!r7 ,fire makes ,dyaus bell[ l a bull 7v4 #cf4 #e74 ,dyaus ro>s 9 vi4 #gb4 #c4 ,n[h]e else is he a ?und]]4 ,footnote #fc3 #a4 #bd4 #g-h4 ,! *ange 9 metaphor is n unusual4 ,footnote #fd3 ,?is ^w means ei!r ord] or ord]s 7law72 lit]ally ! 'way' or 'c\rse4' ,footnote #fe3 #a4 #bd 7epitomiz$74 ,footnote #ff3 ,p]haps bett] ) ,ludwig ( 7!e7 9 ang]1 ( 7!e7 inc5s$4 ,footnote #fg3 ,or3 ,be+ 7himself7 9 ! 7heav5ly7 flood he kn[s ! %ips4 7,ludwig47 ,footnote #fh3 ,an int]calat$ mon? is meant 7n ! primitive 'twelve days'74 ,footnote #fi3 ,or 'v wise1' ( m5tal /r5g?4 ,footnote #gj3 ,,viii4 #da4 #g2 ,,vii4 #hb4 #f 7,b]gaigne72 ,x4 #acb4 #d4 ,footnote #ga3 ,comp>e ,b]gaigne1 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 iii4 pp4 #aaf-aah4 ,footnote #gb3 ,! insi/5ce on ! holy sev51 ! 'secret names' ( dawn1 ! confusion ( ,v>una ) ,trita4 ,comp>e1 also1 ! refra91 viii4 #ci-db4 ,= ,x4 #abd1 see bel[4 ,footnote #gc3 ,comp>e ,hillebr&t's ,v>una & ,mitra1 p4 #e2 & see our essay on ! ,holy ,numb]s ( ! ,rig ,v$a 79 ! ,ori5tal ,/udies74 ,footnote #gd3 ,v>una's =giv+ ( s9s may be expla9$ z a wa%+ out ( s91 j z fire burns x out1 & s loos5s !re) ! imag9$ bond1 ,v4 #b4 #g4 ,?us1 q ap>t f ,v>una 9 a hymn address$ to ! ',wat]s1' is f\nd ! pray]1 ,o wat]s1 c>ry (f :atev] s9 is 9 me 444 & untru?1 ,i4 #bc4 #bb4 ,footnote #ge3 ,b z 9 iv4 #db1 s 9 x4 #abd he %>es glory ) ,indra4 ,footnote #gf3 ,lat]1 ,v>una's wat]-(fice is 8 only physical side4 ,comp>e ,ax4 ,ar4 ,,ii4 ,i4 #g4 #g1 'wat] & ,v>una1 *ildr5 ( m9d4' ,comp>e ) vari1 or vara1 & v>i1 an old ^w = riv]s1 v>s4 7 v> s71 'ra94' ,! etymology is v d\btful on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( v>-roots4 ,p]haps dew 7ersa7 & ra9 fir/ z 'cov]]4' ,ev5 v> vas '%9e1' has be5 sugge/$ 7,,zdmg4 ,,xxii4 #fjc74 ,footnote #gg3 ,! old comp>ison ( ,v>5a ca?rugao%a turns out to be ! t[n ( ,v>na ) f\r gates6 ,footnote #gh3 ,9 ,india3 ,:at ,c x ,tea* u1 pp4 #aig1 #bjj1 ,mll] tacitly recognizes 9 ! physical ,v>una only ! '/>ry' night-side4 ,footnote #gi3 ,loc4 cit41 ,,iii4 #aai4 ,b]gaigne admits ,v>una z god ( wat]s1 b sees 9 him id5tity ) ,vritra a 're/ra9] ( wat]s4' ,he ?9ks ! 'lum9\s side' ( ,v>una to be antique also 7,,iii4 #aag-aai74 ,v>una's cord1 accord+ to ,b]gaigne1 comes f 'ty+ up' ! wat]s2 'night's fett]s1' accord+ to ,hillebr&t4 ,footnote #hj3 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #ha3 ,"o ( ! *ief objections to ,b]gaigne's conception ( ,v>una z re/ra9] is t x does n expla9 ! antique union ) ,mitra4 ,footnote #hb3 ,,ii4 #bh4 #d1 #g2 ,,vii4 #hb4 #a1 #b2 #hg4b ,footnote #hc3 vii4 #hg4 #f2 #hh4 #b4 ,footnote #hd3 viii4 #da4 #b1 #g1 #h4 ,s ,v>una gives soma1 ra94 ,z a ra9-god he surpasses ,dyaus1 :o1 ultimately1 is also a ra9-god 7above71 z 9 ,greece4 ,footnote #he3 ,comp>e at4 ,br4 ,v4 #b4e4ag1 :atev] is d>k is ,v>una's4 ,footnote #hf3 ,9 ,,ii4 #ch4 #h v>una means 'fi%1' & 'wat] 9 ,i4#ahd4 #c4 ,footnote #hg3 ,v4 #fb4 ,i1 #h2 #fd4g2 #fa4 #e2 #fe4 #b2 #fg4 #b2 #fi4a2 ,,vi4 #ea4a2 #fg4 #e4 ,9 ,,viii4 #dg4aa ! ,adityas are !mselves spies4 ,footnote #hh3 ,introduction to ,grassmann1 ,,ii4 #bg2 ,,vi4 #db4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,footnote #hi3 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ij3 ,! ,rik kn[s1 also1 a ,diti1 b m]ely z anti!sls to ,aditi--! 'conf9$ & unconf9$4' ,aditi is pray$ to 7= protection & to remove s97 9 sporadic v]ses ( sev]al hymns address$ to o!r gods1 b %e has no hymn4 ,footnote #ia3 ,mll] 7loc4 cit41 bel[7 ?9ks t ! 'sons ( ,aditi' 7 fir/ eight & 7 !n r$uc$ to sev51 9 :i* op9ion z 9 8 :ole int]pretation ( ,aditi z a primitive dawn-inf9ity we regret t we _c agree ) him4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see ,hillebr&t1 ,die ,gtt9 ,aditi2 & ,mll]1 ,,sbe1 xxxii41 p4 #bda1 #beb4 ,footnote #ic3 ,t is to say1 if "o believe t ! 'primitive ,aryans' 7 inoculat$ ) ,zoroa/]'s tea*+4 ,?is is ! sort ( ,v>una t ,ko? believes to h exi/$ among ! aborig9al ,aryan tribes 7above1 p4 #ac1 note #b74 ,footnote #id3 ,,vii4 #gg4 ,footnote #ie3 ,cl\ds4 ,footnote #if3 ,! sun4 ,footnote #ig3 ,! prie/ to :om1 & to ^: family1 is ascrib$ ! sev5? book4 ,footnote #ih3 ,,jaos41 ,,xv4 #bgj4 ,footnote #ii3 ,mu* !osophy1 & ev5 hi/ory 7671 has be5 read into ,,ii4 #ae1 & ,,iv4 #cj1 :]e poets speak ( ,indra slay+ ,dawn2 b !re is no?+ rem>kable 9 ^! passages4 ,poetry is n cre$4 ,! monsoon 7"h ,indra7 does away ) dawns = a "t1 & t is :at ! poet says 9 8 own way4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,transf]r$ by ,ro? f ! p5ultimate position :]e x /&s 9 ! orig9al4 ,dawn "h pays ,night = ! latt]'s malut9al )draw+ by )draw+ h]self4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! ,dawn is1 ( c\rse1 ! sunset light conceiv$ ( z id5tical ) t prec$+ ! sunrise 7,greek3 usas1 hs1 'ea/' z 'gl['74 ,footnote #aja3 ,late z seems ?is hymn to be1 x is int]e/+ 9 reveal+ ! fact t wolves 7n tig]s or pan!rs7 are ! poet's mo/ dread$ foes ( night4 ,x mu/1 !re=e h be5 compos$ 9 ! nor?l&s1 :]e wolves are ! h]dsman's wor/ enemies4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,myrian!us1 ,die ,av9s2 ,muir1 ,,o/4 v4 p4#bcd2 ,b]gaigne1 ,religion ,vdique1 ,,ii4 p4 #dca2 ,mll]1 ,lectures1 #b;d s]ies1 p4 #ejh2 ,web]1 ,ind4 ,/4 v4 p4 #bcd4 ,sayana on ,i4 #ahj4 #b1 int]prets ! 'si/] ( ! ,av9s' z ,dawn4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,muir1 loc4 cit4 ,web] reg>ds !m z ! 7/>s7 ,gem9i4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,web]1 h[ev]1 ?9ks t ,dawn & ,av9s are equally old div9ities1 ! olde/ ,h9du div9ities 9 8 e/imation4 ,footnote #aje3 ,9 ! ,epic 7see bel[7 !y are call$ ! l[e/ ca/e ( gods 7udras74 ,footnote #ajf3 ,x4 #ag4 #b2 ,i4 #df4 #b4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,i4 #aha4 #d 7,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 ,,iv4 #dbe74 ,footnote #ajh3 ,taitt4 ,s4 ,,vii4 #b4 #g4 #b2 ,muir1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #aji3 vii4 #fg4 #b2 viii4 #e4 #b2 x4 #ci4 #ab2 viii4 #i4 #ag2 i4 #cd4 #aj2 x4 #fa4 #d4 ,muir1 loc4 cit4 #bch-i4 ,comp>e ib4 #bcd1 #bef4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,muir1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bcg4 ,,rv4 vi4 #eh4 #d2 x4 #he4 #i;ff4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,!y are comp>$ to two %ips1 two birds1 etc4 ,footnote #aab3 ,9 at4 ,br4 ,v4 #e4 #d4 x to ! ,av9s a r$-:ite goat is sacrific$1 because ',av9s are r$-:ite4' ,footnote #aac3 ,p]haps be/ ) ,brannh(]1 '! sav]s' f nas z 9 nasjan 7,,ag4 p4 #ii74 ,footnote #aad3 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 ,,ii4 p4 #dcd4 ,t nasnya means ') good noses' is an epic notion1 nasatyadasrau sunasau1 ,mbha4 ,i4 #c4 #eh1 & = ?is reason1 if = no o!r 7?\gh idea is old]71 ! etymology is probably false6 ,! epi!t is also ,iranian4 ,tw9n$ & especially pair$ gods are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,?us ,yama & ,yami are tw9s2 & ( pairs ,indra-,agni1 ,indra-,vayu1 besides ! old] ,mitra-,v>una1 ,heav5-,e>?1 are common4 ,footnote #aae3 ,p]haps to be omitt$4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,pis*el1 ,v$4 ,/4 ,i4 p4 #dh4 ,z swift-go+ gods !y are call$ ',indra-l4' ,footnote #aag3 ,,viii4 #i & #aj4 ,footnote #aah3 ,d\btful ,footnote #aai3 ,! la/ v]se is n peculi> to ?is hymn1 b is ! sign ( ! book 7family7 9 :i* x 0 compos$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rig ,,v$a 7,,cont9u$74--,,! ,,middle ,,gods4 ,only "o ( ! great atmosph]ic deities1 ! gods t prem95tly gov]n ! middle sph]e betwe5 sky & e>?1 c claim an ,aryan l9eage4 ,"o ( ! m9or gods ( ! same sph]e1 ! anci5t ra9-god1 also has ?is antique dignity1 b 9 8 case ! dignity already is impair$ by ! /r5g? ( a new & great] rival4 ,9 ! case ( ! w9d-god1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is pres]v$ a deity :o 0 "o ( ! primitive pan!on1 belong+1 p]haps1 n only to ! ,iranians1 b to ! ,teutons1 = ,vata1 ,w9d1 may be ! ,sc&9avian ,wod54 ,! lat] my?ologi/s on ,indian soil make a di/9ction betwe5 ,vata1 w9d1 & ,vayu 7f ! same root2 z 9 ,g]man weh57 & 9 ?is di/9ction "o discov]s t ! old ,vata1 :o mu/ h be5 once ! w9d-god1 is n[ r$uc$ to physical 7?\gh s5ti5t7 w9d1 :ile ! new] "n repres5ts ! high] side ( w9d z a p[] ly+ back ( ph5om5a2 & x is ?is latt] conception alone t is utiliz$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,v$ic triad ( w9d1 fire1 & sun4 ,9 %ort1 9 ! use & application ( ! two names1 !re is an exact p>allel to ! d\ble t]m9ology employ$ to designate ! sun z ,surya & ,savit>4 ,j z ,surya is ! old] ,greek3 hlios & sol 7ackn[l$g$ z a god1 yet palpably ! physical r$ body 9 ! sky7 contra/$ ) ! int]pretation :i*1 by a new] "n 7,savit>71 seeks to diff]5tiate ! 7s5ti5t7 physical f ! spiritual1 s is ,vata1 ,wod51 replac$ & l[]$ by ! l(ti] conception ( ,vayu4 ,b1 aga91 j z1 :5 ! conception ( ,savit> is =m$1 ! spiritualiz+ t5d5cy rev]ts to ,surya1 & makes ( him1 too1 a figure reclo!d 9 ! m mod]n g>b ( spee*1 :i* is inv5t$ = ,savit> alone2 s ! retroactive !osophic fancy1 aft] creat+ ,vayu z a div9e p[] und]ly+ ph5om5al ,vata1 re9ve/s ,vata also ) ! g>m5ts ( ,vayu4 ,?us1 f9ally1 ! two1 :o are ! result ( intellectual diff]5tiation1 are aga9 unit$ f a new po9t ( view1 & ,surya or ,savit>1 ,vayu or ,vata1 are indiff]5tly us$ to express respectively ! :ole complet$ int]pretation ( ! div9ity1 :i* is n[ visible & invisible1 sun & sun-god1 w9d & w9d-god4 ,9 ^! pairs !re is1 z x 71 a p]spective ( ,h9du !osophy1 & "o c trace ! god1 z a spiritual entity includ+ ! physical1 back to ! physical prototype t once 0 wor%ipp$ z su* alone4 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a !re are ?ree complete hymns to ,w9d1 none ( ^! be+ 9 ! family books4 ,9 x4 #ahf1 ! poet calls on ,w9d to br+ heal? to ! wor%ipp]1 & to prolong 8 life4 ,he addresses ,w9d z 'fa!r & bro!r & fri5d1' ask+ ! p[] t bl[s to br+ him ambrosia1 ( :i* ,w9d has a /ore4 ,^! are r pretty v]ses )\t special !ological int5t1 address$ m to ,w9d z su* ?an to a spiritual p[]4 ,! o!r hymn f ! same book is direct$ to ,vata also1 n to ,vayu1 & ?\gh x is l(ti] 9 tone & ev5 speaks ( ,vata z ! s\l ( ! gods1 yet is x evid5t t no consi/5t my?ology has work$ ^u ! purely poetic phraseology1 :i* is occupi$ m]ely ) describ+ ! ru%+ ( a mighty w9d 7x4 #afh74 ,nev]!less1 ,vata is wor%ipp$1 z is ,vayu1 ) oblations4 ,,hymn ,,to ,,w9d 7,vata74 ,n[ ,vata's *>iot's greatness6 ,break+ goes x1 ,& ?und]+ is its noise2 to heav5 x t\*es1 ,goes o'er ! e>?1 cl\d#a mak+1 du/ up-re>+2 ,!n ru% toge!r all ! =ms ( ,vata2 ,to him !y come z wom5 to a meet+4 ,) !m conjo9t1 on ! same *>iot go+1 ,is born ! god1 ! k+ ( all creation4 ,ne'er sleepe? he :51 on 8 pa?way w&]+1 ,he goes ?r\gh air4 ,! fri5d is he ( wat]s2 ,fir/-born & holy1--:]e 0 he creat$1 ,& :5ce arose he8 ,_s ( gods is ,vata1 ,s\rce ( creation1 goe? :]e he li/e?2 ,^: s\nd is he>d1 b n 8 =m4 ,?is ,vata ,let u ) our oblations duly honor4 ,9 times lat] ?an ! ,rig ,v$a1 ,vayu int]*anges ) ,indra z repres5tative ( ! middle sph]e2 & 9 ! ,rig ,v$a all ! hymns ( ! family books associate him ) ,indra 7vii4 #ij-ib2 iv4 #dg-dh74 ,9 ! fir/ book he is associat$ ?us 9 ! second hymn2 :ile1 ib4 #acd1 he has ! only rema9+ complete hymn1 ?\gh fragm5ts ( songs occasionally are f\nd4 ,all ( ^! hymns except ! fir/ two simply invite ,vayu to come ) ,indra to ! sacrifice1 ,x is ,vayu :o ) ,indra obta9s ! fir/ dr9k ( soma 7i4 #acd4 #f74 ,he is spok5 ( z ! artific]'s1 ,tva%t>'s1 son-9-law1 b ! allusion is unexpla9$ 7viii4 #bf4 #bb72 he 9 turn begets ! /orm-gods 7i4 #acd4 #d74 ,) ,vayu is jo9$ ,indra1 "o ( ! popul> gods4 ,^! div9ities1 :i* are p>tly ( ! middle & p>tly ( ! l[] sph]e1 may be call$ ! popul> gods1 yet 7 ! title 'new gods' nei!r :olly amiss nor q correct4 ,=1 ?\gh ! popul> deities 9 g5]al1 :5 comp>$ ) _m = :om a great] antiquity may be claim$1 su* z ! ,sun1 ,v>una1 ,dyaus1 etc41 are ( m rec5t gr[? 9 dignity1 yet !re rema9s a consid]able numb] ( div9ities1 ! hymns 9 ^: honor1 dat+ f ! late/ p]iod1 seem to %[ t ! p[] !y celebrate _h be5 b lately admitt$ into ! category ( ^? gods t des]v$ special wor%ip4 ,consequ5tly new gods w\ld be a mislead+ t]m1 z x %\ld be appli$ to ! pla9] products ( !ological speculation & ab/raction r ?an to ,indra & 8 pe]s1 n to speak ( ^? newe/ pan!i/ic gods1 z yet unkn[n4 ,! designation popul> mu/ be und]/ood1 !n1 to apply to ! gods mo/ frequ5tly1 mo/ en?usia/ically rev]$ 7= 9 a /rict] s5se ! sun 0 also a popul> god72 & ref]5ce is _h 9 us+ ?is ^w to ! great] p[] & influ5ce ( ^! gods1 :i* is indicat$ by ! fact t ! hymns to ,agni & ,indra prec$e all o!rs 9 ! family books1 :ile ! ,soma-hymns are collect$ = ! mo/ "p into "o :ole book by !mselves4 ,b !re is ano!r factor t necessitates a division betwe5 ! div9ities ( sun & heav5 & ! atmosph]ic & e>?ly gods :i* are honor$ s greatly2 & ?is factor is explanatory ( ! popul>ity ( ^! gods4 ,9 ! case ( ! old] div9ities x is ! spiritualization ( a sole mat]ial appe>ance t is rev]$2 9 ! case ( ! popul> gods1 ! mat]ial ph5om5on is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ! spirituality beh9d ! ph5om5on is exalt$1 & t spirituality /&s n 9 & = itself1 b z a "p ( a union ( spiritualities4 ,apply+ ?is te/ to ! e>li] gods ! union w be f\nd to be lack+4 ,! sun's spiritual p[] is unit$ ) ,indra's1 b ! sun is z mu* a physical ph5om5on z a spirituality1 & always rema9s s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! equation ( ,v>unic p[] ) ,indraic nev] amalgamat$ ! two2 & ^! are ! be/ in/ances t c be *os5 ( ! old] gods4 ,= 9 ! case ( o!rs x is self-evid5t4 ,dyaus & ,dawn are b mat]ial ph5om5a1 slightly spiritualiz$1 b n jo9$ ) ! _s-p[] ( o!rs4 ,_m h be5 ! va9 attempts to g beh9d ! returns ( ,v$ic hymnology & r$uce ,indra1 ,agni1 & ,soma to t]ms ( a purely naturali/ic religion4 ,x _c be done4 ,indra is nei!r sun1 lightn+1 nor /orm2 ,agni is nei!r he>?-fire nor cele/ial fire2 ,soma is nei!r planet nor moon4 ,ea* is ! transi5t manife/ation ( a spirituality ly+ beh9d & ext5d+ beyond ?is manife/ation4 ,"h alone is ! lat*-key ( ! new]1 m popul> religion4 ,n m]ely because ,indra 0 a 'w>rior god1' b because ,indra & ,fire 7 "o2 because ( ! my/]y1 n because ( ! appe>ance1 0 he made great at ! h&s ( ! prie/s4 ,x is true1 z has be5 said above1 t ! idol ( ! w>riors 0 magnifi$ because he 0 su*2 b ! true cause ( ! greatness ascrib$ to him 9 ! hymns lay 9 ! secret ( 8 nature1 z x 0 laud$ by ! prie/1 n 9 8 =m1 z x 0 se5 by ! multitude4 ,nei!r came fir/1 bo? work$ toge!r2 b _h x n be5 = ! esot]ic wisdom held by ! prie/s 9 connection ) 8 nature1 ,indra w\ld h gone ! way ( o!r meteorological gods2 :]eas he became *iefe/ ( ! gods1 &1 z "l ( /r5g?1 = a "t came ne>e/ to ! supreme p[]4 ,,indra4 ,indra has be5 id5tifi$ ) '/orm1' ) ! 'sky1' ) ! 'ye>'2 also ) 'sun' & ) 'fire' 9 g5]al4#b ,b if he be tak5 z he is f\nd 9 ! hymns1 x w be notic$ at once t he is too /ormy to be ! sun2 too lum9\s to be ! /orm2 too ne> to ! ph5om5a ( ! monsoon to be ! ye> or ! sky2 too ra9y to be fire2 too ali5 f e "o ?+ to be any "o ?+4 ,he is too cele/ial to be :olly atmosph]ic2 too atmosph]ic to be cele/ial2 too e>?ly to be ei!r4 ,a mo/ tempt+ solution is t (f]$ by ,b]gaigne1 :o sees 9 ,indra sun or lightn+4 ,yet does ?is explanation n expla9 all1 & x is m satisfactory ?an o!rs only because x is broad]2 :ile x is n yet broad en\gh4 ,indra1 9 ,b]gaigne's op9ion1 /&s1 h[ev]1 ne>] to fire ?an to sun4#c ,b ! savant does n re/ cont5t ) 8 own explanation3 ,indra e/ peut-tre1 de t\s les dieux vdiques1 celui qui rsi/e le plus longtemps un g5re d'analyse qui1 appliqu la plup>t des autres1 les rs\t plus ou mo9s vite en des p]sonnifications des lm5ts1 soit des phnomnes naturels1 soit du culte 7ibid4 p4 #afg74 ,dyaus' son1 ,indra1 :o rides ^u ! /orm & hurls ! lightn+s ) 8 h&s2 :o 'cra%es d[n f heav5' & 'de/roys ! /rongholds' ( heav5 & e>?2 ^: greatness 'fills heav5 & e>?'2 ^: '/e$s are ( r$ & gold'2 :o 'speaks 9 ?und]1' & 'is born ( wat]s & cl\d'2 beh9d :om ride ! /orm-gods2 ) :om ,agni 7fire7 is insep>ably connect$2 :o 'frees ! wat]s ( heav5 f ! demon1' & 'gives ra9-bless+s & weal?' to man--su* a god1 grant$ ! necessity ( a naturali/ic int]pretation1 may well be ?\ght to h be5 lightn+ itself orig9ally1 :i* ! hymns n[ repres5t ! god z c>ry+4 ,b 9 id5tify+ ,indra ) ! sun !re is m difficulty4 ,9 none ( ! e>ly hymns is ?is sugge/$1 & ! texts on :i* ,b]gaigne relies besides be+ late are n always conclusive4 ,indra clo!s himself ) ! glory ( ! sun2 he sees ) ! eye ( ! sun--su* texts prove little :5 "o rememb]s t ! sun is ! eye ( all ! gods1 & t to clo! ones' self ) sol> glory is f> f be+ "o ) ! sun4 ,9 "o o!r1 albeit a late v]se1 ! expression ',indra1 a sun1' is us$2 &1 rely+ on su* texts1 ,b]gaigne claims t ,indra is ! sun4 ,b x is evid5t t ?is is b "o ( _m passages :]e ,indra by implication is comp>$ to ! sun2 & comp>isons d n indicate allotropy4 ,s1 9 ii4 ,,ii4 #bj1 :i* ,b]gaigne gives z a p>allel1 ! words say expressly ,indra did s & s l a sun4#d ,to re/ a build+ s important on a basis s frail is =tunately r>e ) ,b]gaigne4 ,x happ5s "h because he is argu+ f ! assumption t ,indra primitively 0 a g5]al lum9>y4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( build+ up ,indra f e>ly texts1 he claims a few late phrases z preci\s confirmation ( 8 !ory4#e ,:at 0 ,indra may be se5 by comp>+ a few citations su* z might easily be amplifi$ f e book 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,accord+ to ! v>y+ fancies ( ! poets1 ,indra is arm$ ) /ones1 clubs1 arr[s1 or ! ?und]bolt 7made = him by ! artific]1 ,tva%t>71 ( brass or ( gold1 ) _m edges & po9ts4 ,^u a gold5 *>iot he rides to battle1 driv+ two or _m r$ or yell[ /e$s2 he is l ! sun 9 brilliancy1 & l ! dawn 9 beauty2 he is multi=m1 & _c really be describ$2 8 div9e "n is secret2 9 appe>ance he is vigor\s1 huge2 he is wise & true & k9d2 all treasures are 81 & he is a weal?-hold]1 va/ z f\r seas2 nei!r 8 greatness nor 8 g5]osity c be compreh5d$2 mightie/ ( gods is he1 fill+ ! univ]se2 ! heav5s re/ ^u 8 head2 e>? _c hold him2 e>? & heav5 tremble at 8 brea?2 he is k+ ( all2 ! m\nta9s are to him z valleys2 he goes =? a bull1 rag+1 & ru%es ?r\gh ! air1 :irl+ up ! du/2 he breaks op5 ! ra9-conta9+ cl\ds1 & lets ! ra9 p\r d[n2 z ! ,av9s re/ore ! light1 s he re/ores ! ra92 he is 7l7 fire born 9 ?ree places2 z ! giv] ( ra9 :i* fe$s1 he creates ! plants2 he re/ores or begets ,sun & ,dawn 7aft] ! /orm has pass$72#f he creates 79 ! same way7 all ?+s1 ev5 heav5 & e>?2 he is associat$ ) ,vi%nu & ,pu%an 7! sun-gods71 ) ! ,av9s1 ) ! ,m>uts 7/orm-gods7 z 8 especial foll[]s1 & ) ! artisan ,ribhus4 ,) ,v>una he is an ,adity1 b he is also associat$ ) ano!r gr\p ( gods1 ! ,vasus 7x4 #ff4 #c71 z ,vasupati1 or '"l ( ! ,vasus4' ,he goes ) _m =ms 7vi4 #dg4 #ah74g ,! lum9\s "*#h ( ,indra1 :i* has caus$ him to be id5tifi$ ) light-gods1 c be und]/ood only :5 "o rememb]s t 9 ,india ! ra9y season is u%]$ 9 by su* displays ( lightn+ t ! heav5s are (t5 illum9at$ 9 e direction at once2 & n ) a succession ( fla%es1 b ) contemporane\s ubiquit\s %eets ( light1 s t x appe>s z if on all sides ( ! sky !re 0 "o l9+ ( unit$ dazzl+ flame4 ,:5 x is said t ,indra 'plac$ light 9 light1' "o is n to und]/&1 ) ,b]gaigne1 t ,indra is id5tical ) ! sun1 b t 9 day 7light7 ,indra puts lightn+ 7x4 #ed4 #f2 ,b]gaigne ii4 p4 #ahg74 ,s9ce ,indra's lightn+#i is a =m ( fire1 !re is f\nd 9 ?is union ! fir/ my/ic dualism ( two di/9ct gods z "o4 ,?is comes out m 9 ,agni-wor%ip ?an 9 ,indra-wor%ip1 & w be treat$ bel[4 ,! snake or dragon kill$ by ,indra is ,vritra1 ! re/ra9]1 :o cat*es & keeps 9 ! cl\ds ! ra9 t is fall+ to e>?4 ,he (t5 is call$ simply ! snake1 & z ! ,budhnya ,snake1 or snake ( ! cl\d-dep?s1 is possibly ! ,py?on 7,budh-nya74#aj ,!re is "h a t\* ( primitive belief 9 an old enemy ( man--! s]p5t6 ,b ! ,budhnya ,snake has be5 develop$ 9 opposite ways1 & has contradictory functions4#aa ,indra1 h[ev]1 is no m ! lightn+ ?an he is ! sun4 ,"o poet says t he is l ! sun2#ab ano!r1 t he is l ! lightn+ 7viii4 #ic4 #i71 :i* he c>ries 9 8 arms 7viii4 #ab4 #g72 ano!r1 t he is l ! light ( dawn 7x4 #hi4 #ab74 ,s v>i\s are ! activities1 s _m ! ph5om5a1 t ) him fir/ ! se] is oblig$ to look back ( all ^! ph5om5a & f9d 9 !m "o p]son2 & ?us he is ! mo/ an?ropomorphiz$ ( ! ,v$ic gods4 ,he is born ( heav5 or born ( cl\ds 7iv4 #ah71 b t 8 "m is ,aditi is n c]ta94 ,z ! mo/ p[]ful god ,indra is aga9 reg>d$ z ! ,all-god 7viii4 #ih4 #a-b74 ,) ?is f9al supremacy1 t di/9ction betwe5 battle-gods & gods sov]eign1 :i* ,b]gaigne insi/s ^u--! sov]eign gods belong+ to une conception unitaire de l'ordre du monde 7iii4 p4 #c2 ii4 p4 #afg7--;fades away4 ,z ,v>una became gradually greate/1 s did ,indra 9 turn4 ,b ,v>una 0 a philosoph]'s god1 n a w>rior's2 & ,v>una 0 n d\ble & my/ical4 ,s ev5 ! prie/ 7,agni7 leaves ,v>una1 & ) ! w>rior takes m pleasure 9 8 tw9 ,indra2 ( him mak+ an ,all-god1 a greate/ god4 ,v>una is passive2 ,indra is en]getic2 b ,indra does n /ruggle = 8 lord%ip4 ,inspir$ by soma1 he smites1 triumphs1 puni%es4 ,victor already1 he desc5ds ^u 8 enemies & ) a bl[ de/roys !m4 ,x is r>ely t he feels ! effect ( battle2 he nev] d\bts its issue4 ,!re is evid5ce t ?is supremacy 0 n ga9$ )\t contradiction1 & ! novelty ( ! la/ extravagant ,indra-wor%ip may be d$uc$1 p]haps1 f su* passages z viii4 #if4 #ae2 & #ajj4 #c1 :]e are express$ d\bts 9 reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( a real ,indra4 ,h[ late is ! wor%ip ( ! popul> ,indra1 & t x is n orig9ality t causes 8 hymns to be plac$ e>ly 9 ea* collection1 may be judg$ f ! fact t only ( ,indra 7& ,agni87 are !re idols3 viii4 #a4 #e2 iv4 #bd4 #aj3 ,:o gives t5 c[s = my ,indra8 ,:5 he has sla9 8 foe let 7! pur*as]7 give him to me aga94#ac ,?us x happ5s t "o r>ely f9ds su* poems to ,indra z to ,dawn & to o!r e>li] deities1 b almo/ always /]eotyp$ descriptions ( pr[ess1 & me*anical invitations to come to ! alt> & rew>d ! hymn-mak]4 ,!re are few ( ,indra's _m hymns t d n smack ( soma & sacrifice4 ,he is a w>rior's god exploit$ by prie/s2 z popul>ly conceiv$1 a s5sual giant1 fri5d1 bro!r1 help] ( man4 ,"o example ( poetry1 in/ead ( rituali/ic v]se-mak+ to ,indra1 has be5 translat$ 9 ! introductory *apt]4 ,ano!r1 :i*1 if n v inspir+1 is at lea/ free f obvi\s soma-wor%ip--:i* results 9 ,indra be+ invok$ *iefly to come & dr9k--is z foll[s 7vi4 #cj73 ,great ha? he gr[n1 ,indra1 = de$s h]oic2 ,ageless is he alone1 alone gives ri*es2 ,beyond ! heav5 & e>? ha? ,indra /ret*$ him1 ,! half ( him aga9/ bo? worlds toge!r6 ,s high & great ,i deem 8 godly nature2 ,:at he ha? /abli%$ !re is none impairs x4 ,day aft] day a sun is he conspicu\s1 ,&1 wisely /rong1 divides ! wide dom9ions4 ,to-day & n[ 7?\ make/7 ! "w ( riv]s1 ,9 t1 ,o ,indra1 ?\ ha/ hewn !m pa?way4 ,! hills h b[$ !m d[n z 7 !y comrades2 ,by !e1 ,o wisely /rong1 are spaces fa/5$4 ',tis true1 l !e1 ,o ,indra1 is no o!r1 ,nor god nor mortal is m v5]able4 ,?\ slew'/ ! dragon t ! flood encompass$1 ,?\ did/ let out ! wat]s to ! ocean4 ,?\ did/ ! wat]s free1 ! doors wide op5+1 ,?\1 ,indra1 brak'/ ! /ronghold ( ! m\nta9s1 ,became/ k+ ( all t goes & move?1 ,begett+ sun & heav5 & dawn toge!r4 ,,! ,,m>uts4 ,^! gods1 ! con/ant foll[]s ( ,indra1 f ! pres5t po9t ( view are n ( great importance1 except z %[+ an unadult]at$ type ( nature-gods1 wor%ipp$ )\t mu* esot]ic wisdom 7al?\gh !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( my/]y 9 connection ) _! bir?74 ,!re is some?+ ( ! same pleasure 9 s++ to !m z is disc]nible 9 ! hymns to ,dawn4 ,!y are ! real /orm-gods1 foll[+ ,rudra1 _! fa!r1 & accompany+ ! great /orm-br+]1 ,indra4 ,_! "m is ! v>iegat$ c[ ,prini1 ! "m cl\d4 ,_! "n means ! %9+1 gleam+ ones4 ,,hymn ,,to ,,! ,,m>uts 7vii4 #ef4 #a-aj74 ,:o1 soo?1 are ! gleam+ relat$ h]oes1 ! glory ( ,rudra1 on beaute\s *>g]s8 ,= ( !m ! bir?place no man ha? witness$2 !y only "k x1 _! mutual bir?place4 ,) w+s exp&$ !y sweep ea* o!r1#ad & /rive toge!r1 ! w9d-l\d falcons4 ,wise he t kn[e? ?is secret k1 t ,prini ! great "o to !m 0 "m4#ae ,?is folk ! ,m>uts %all make h]oic1 victori\s ev]1 increas$ 9 manhood2 ,9 spe$ ! swifte/1 9 light ! lighte/1 ) grace unit$ & fi]ce 9 p[]-- ,y\r p[] fi]ce is2 y\r /r5g?1 endur+2 & h5ce ) ! ,m>uts ?is folk is mighty4 ,y\r fury fair is1 y\r he>ts are wro?ful1 l maniacs wild is y\r b& c\rage\s4 ,f u keep :olly ! gleam+ lightn+2 let n y\r ang] come "h to meet u4 ,y\r names ( /rong ones ende>$ invoke ,i1 t ^! delight$ may joy1 ,o ,m>uts4 ,:at little reflection or moral significance is 9 ! ,m>ut hymns is illu/rat$ by i4 #ch4 #a-i1 ?us translat$ by ,mll]3 ,:at !n n[8 ,:5 w ye take u z a de> fa!r takes 8 son by bo? h&s1 ,o ye gods1 = :om ! sacr$ grass has be5 trimm$8 ,:]e n[8 ,on :at err& ( y\rs are y go+1 9 heav51 n on e>?8 ,:]e are y\r c[s sport+8 ,:]e are y\r newe/ favors1 ,o ,m>uts8 ,:]e are bless+s8 ,:]e all delights8 ,if y1 sons ( ,prini1 7 mortals & y\r prais] an immortal1 !n nev] %\ld y\r prais] be unwelcome1 l a de] 9 pa/ure grass1 nor %\ld he g on ! pa? ( ,yama4#af ,let n "o s9 aft] ano!r1 difficult to be conqu]$1 ov]come u2 may x dep>t1 toge!r ) gre$4 ,truly !y are t]rible & p[]ful2 ev5 to ! des]t ! ,rudriyas br+ ra9 t is nev] dri$ up4 ,! lightn+ l[s l a c[1 x foll[s z a "m foll[s aft] h] "y1 :5 ! %[] has be5 let loose4 ,ev5 by day ! ,m>uts create d>kness ) ! wat]-be>+ cl\d1 :5 !y dr5* ! e>?1 etc4 ,! numb] ( ! ,m>uts 0 orig9ally sev51 aft]w>ds rais$ to ?rice sev51 & !n giv5 v>i\sly1#ag sometimes z high z ?rice sixty4 ,!y are ! s]vants1 ! bulls ( ,dyaus1 ! glory ( ,rudra 7or p]haps ! 'boys ( ,rudra'71 div9e1 bright z suns1 blameless & pure4 ,!y cov] !mselves ) %9+ adornm5t1 *a9s ( gold1 gems1 & turbans4 ,on _! heads are helmets ( gold1 & 9 _! h&s gleam arr[s & dagg]s4 ,l h]oes ru%+ to battle1 !y /ream onw>d4 ,!y are fair z de]2 _! ro> is l t ( lions4 ,! m\nta9s b[ be=e !m1 ?9k+ !mselves to be valleys1 & ! hills b[ d[n4 ,good w>riors & good /e$s are _! gifts4 ,!y smite1 !y kill1 !y r5d ! rocks1 !y /rip ! trees l cat]pill>s2 !y rise toge!r1 &1 l spokes 9 a :eel1 are unit$ 9 /r5g?4 ,_! female companion is ,rodasi 7lightn+1 f ! same root z rudra1 ! 'r$'74 ,!y are l wild bo>s1 & 7l ! sun7 !y h metallic jaws4 ,on _! *>iots are speckl$ hides2 l birds !y spread _! w+s2 !y /rive 9 flight ) ea* o!r4 ,be=e !m ! e>? sways l a %ip4 ,!y dance ^u _! pa?4 ,^u _! *e/s = beauty's sake !y b9d gold armor4 ,f ! heav5ly udd] !y milk d[n ra94 ,?r\gh ^: wisdom1 ?r\gh ^: design d !y come8 cries ! poet4 ,!y h no real adv]s>y4 ,! k+s ( ! =e/ !y te> asund]1 & make tremble ev5 ! rocks4 ,_! music is he>d on e side4#ah ,,rudra4 ,! fa!r ( ! ,m>uts1 ,rudra1 is '! ruddy "o1' p> excell5ce & s to him is ascrib$ pat]nity ( ! 'ruddy ones4' ,b :ile ,indra has a plurality ( hymns1 ,rudra has b few1 & ^! x is n ( special importance to cite4 ,! features 9 ea* case are ! same4 ,! ,m>uts rema9 z gods ^: function causes !m to be invok$ *iefly t !y may sp>e f ! fury ( ! tempe/4 ,?is idea is 9 ,rudra's case c>ri$ out fur!r1 & he is specially call$ on to av]t 7n only 'c[-slay+' & 'man-slay+' by lightn+1#ai b also7 disease1 pe/il5ce1 etc4 ,h5ce is he preem95tly1 on ! "o h&1 ! k9dly god :o av]ts disease1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( de/ruction 9 e =m4 ,f him ,fa!r ,manu got weal? & heal?1 & he is ! faire/ ( be+s1 b1 m1 he is ! /ronge/ god 7ii4 #cc4 #c1 #aj74 ,f su* a prototype comes ! lat] god ( heal+ & woe--,rudra1 :o becomes iva4#bj ,,ra9-,,gods4 ,!re is "o r me*anical hymn direct$ to ! ,wat]s !mselves z goddesses1 :]e ,indra is ! god :o gives !m passage4 ,b 9 ! unique hymn to ! ,riv]s x is ,v>una :o1 z g5]al god ( wat]1 is repres5t$ z _! patron4 ,9 ! fir/ hymn ! ra9-wat] is meant4#ba ,a description 9 some:at jovial ve9 ( ! joy produc$ by ! ra9 aft] long dr\ght =ms ! subject matt] ( ano!r lyric 7less an hymn ?an a poem71 :i* s]ves to illu/rate ! position ( ! prie/s at ! end ( ?is ,v$ic collection4 ,! frogs are jocosely comp>$ to prie/s t h fulfill$ _! v[ ( sil5ce2 & _! quack+ is lik5$ to ! noise ( /ud5ts le>n+ ! ,v$a4 ,p>janya is ! god t1 9 di/9ction f ,indra z ! fir/ cause1 actually p\rs d[n ! ra9-drops4 ,,! ,,frogs4#bb ,z prie/s t h _! v[s fulfill$1 ,repos+ = a ye> complete1 ,! frogs h n[ begun to talk1-- ,p>janya has _! voice ar\s$4 ,:5 d[n ! heav5ly wat]s come ^u him1 ,:o l a dry bag lay )9 ! riv]1 ,!n1 l ! c[s' l\d l[+ 7c[s t calves h71 ,! vocal s\nd ( frogs comes all toge!r4 ,:5 on ! long+1 ?ir/y ones x ra9e?1 7,! ra9y season hav+ come ^u !m71 ,!n akkala6#bc !y cry2 & "o ! o!r ,greets ) 8 spee*1 z sons address a fa!r4 ,! "o ! o!r welcomes1 & toge!r ,!y bo? rejoice at fall+ ( ! wat]s2 ,! spott$ frog hops :5 ! ra9 has wet him1 ,& ) 8 yell[ comrade jo9s 8 utt]ance4 ,:5 "o ( ^! ! o!r's voice repeate?1 ,j z a /ud5t imitates 8 tea*]1 ,!n l unit$ memb]s ) fair voices1 ,!y all toge!r s+ among ! wat]s4 ,"o l an ox do? bell[1 goat-l "o bleats2 ,spott$ is "o1 & "o ( !m is yell[2 ,alike 9 "n1 b 9 appe>ance diff]5t1 ,9 _m ways ! voice !y1 speak+1 v>y4 ,z prie/s ab\t ?' intoxicat+#bd soma ,talk z !y /& be=e ! well-fill$ vessel1 ,s /& ye r\nd ab\t ?is day once ye>ly1 ,on :i*1 ,o frogs1 ! "t ( ra9 approa*es4 7,l7 prie/s :o soma h1 !y raise _! voices1 ,& pray ! pray] t once a ye> is utt]$2 7,l7 heat$ prie/s :o sweat at sacrifices1 ,!y all come out1 conceal$ ( !m is no "o4 ,! sacr$ ord] ( ! 7ye>7 twelve-memb]$1 ,^! h]oes gu>d1 & nev] d neglect x2 ,:5 e ye>1 ! ra9y season com+1 ,! burn+ heat receive? its dismission4#be ,9 "o hymn no less ?an f\r gods are especially invok$ = ra9--,agni1 ,brihaspati1 ,indra1 & ,p>janya4 ,! two fir/ are sacrificially pot5t2 ,brihaspati1 especially1 gives to ! prie/ ! song t has p[] to br+ ra92 he comes ei!r 'z ,mitra-,v>una or ,pu%an1' & 'lets ,p>janya ra9'2 :ile 9 ! same brea? ,indra is exhort$ to s5d a flood ( ra91--ra9s :i* are "h kept back by ! gods1#bf--;& ,agni is imm$iately aft]w>ds ask$ to p]=m ! same favor1 app>5tly z an analogue to ! /reams ( oblation :i* ! prie/ p\rs on ! fire4 ,( ^! gods1 ! pluvius is ,p>janya3 ,p>janya l\d extol 9 song1 ,! fructify+ son ( heav52 ,may he provide u pa/urage6 ,he :o ! fruitful se$ ( plants1 ,( c[s & m>es & wom5 =ms1 ,he is ! god ,p>janya4 ,= him ! melt$ butt] p\r ,9 7,agni's7 m\?1--a honey$ sweet1-- ,& may he con/ant food be/[6#bg ,?is god is ! ra9-cl\d p]sonifi$1#bh b he is sc>cely to be di/+ui%$1 9 o!r places1 f ,indra2 al?\gh ! latt]1 z ! great]1 new] god1 is repres5t$ r z caus+ ! ra9 to fl[1 :ile ,p>janya p\rs x d[n4 ,l ,v>una1 ,p>janya also upsets a wat]-b>rel1 & wets ! e>?4 ,he is id5tical ) ! ,slavic ,p]kuna4 ,= natural expression1 vividness1 en]gy1 & beauty1 ! foll[+ hymn is unsurpass$4 ,z a god unju/ly driv5 out ( ! pan!on1 x is1 p]haps1 only j t he %\ld be exhibit$1 9 contra/ to ! tone ( ! sacrificial hymnlet above1 9 8 true light4 ,occasionally he is pair$ ) ,w9d2 & 9 ! curi\s t5d5cy ( ! poets to dualize _! div9ities1 ! two become a comp\nd1 ,p>janyavata 7,p>janya & ,vata74 ,!re is1 also1 vii4 #aja1 "o my/ic hymn to ,p>janya4 ,! foll[+1 v4 #hc1 brea!s q a diff]5t _s3#bi ,greet him1 ! mighty "o1 ) ^! laudations1 ,p>janya praise1 & call him humbly hi!r2 ,) ro> & rattle p\rs ! bull 8 wat]s1 ,& lays 8 se$ 9 all ! plants1 a foetus4 ,he smites ! trees1 & smites ! evil demons1 too2 ,:ile e creature fe>s be=e 8 mighty bl[1 ,e'en he t ha? n s9n$1 f ?is /rong god retreats1 ,:5 smites ,p>janya1 ?und]+1 ^? t evil d4 ,z :5 a *>iote] ) :ip 8 horses /rikes1 ,s drives he to ! =e 8 mess5g]s ( ra92 ,af> a lion's ro> is rais$ abroad1 :5e'er ,p>janya do? create ! ra9-conta9+ cl\d4 ,n[ =w>d ru% ! w9ds1 n[ gleam+ lightn+s fall2 ,up spr+ ! plants1 & ?ick becomes ! %9+ sky4 ,= e liv+ ?+ refre%m5t is begot1 ,:5e'er ,p>janya's se$ makes quick ! womb ( e>?4 ,b5ea? ^: c\rse ! e>? ha? b5t & b[$ h]1 ,b5ea? ^: c\rse ! 7k9e7 beho($ be/ir !m1 ,b5ea? ^: c\rse ! plants /& multif>i\s1 ,he--?\1 ,p>janya--grant u great protection6 ,be/[ ,dyaus' ra9 ^u u1 ,o ye ,m>uts6 ,make ?ick ! /ream t comes f t /rong /allion6 ,) ?is ?y ?und] come ?\ onw>d1 hi!r1 ,?y wat]s p\r+1 a _s & our fa!r4#cj ,ro> =? & ?und]6 ,give ! se$ ( increase6 ,drive ) ?y *>iot full ( wat] r\nd u2 ,! wat]-bag drag =w>d1 loos$1 turn$ d[nw>d2 ,let hills & valleys equal be be=e !e6 ,up ) ! mighty keg6 !n p\r x "u6 ,let all ! loos5$ /reams fl[ swiftly =w>d2 ,wet heav5 & e>? ) ?is ?y holy fluid2#ca ,& fair dr9k may x be = all our cattle6 ,:5 ?\ ) rattle & ) ro>1 ,p>janya1 ?und]+1 s9n]s slaye/1 ,!n all be=e !e d rejoice1 ,:atev] creatures live on e>?4 ,ra9 ha/ ?\ ra9$1 & n[ d ?\ re/ra9 x2 ,! des]t1 too1 ha/ ?\ made fit = travel2 ,! plants ha/ ?\ begott5 = enjoym5t2 ,& wisdom ha/ ?\ f\nd = ?y desc5dants4 ,! diff]5t met]s may po9t to a collection ( small hymns4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ,p>janya is "h ! fa!rgod 7( m572 he is ! ,asura1 ! ,_s2 & ra9 comes f ! ,%9+ ,sky 7,dyaus74 ,h[ l ,v>una6 ,! ra91 to ! poet1 desc5ds f ! sky1 & is liable to be caught by ! demon1 ,vritra1 ^: ra9-swoll5 belly ,indra op5s ) a /roke1 & lets fall ! ra92 or1 9 ! old] view j pres5t$1 ,p>janya makes ! cl\d t gives ! ra9--a view unit$ ) ! desc5t ( ra9 f ! sky 7,dyaus74 ,) ,p>janya z an ,aryan ra9-god may be m5tion$ ,trita1 :o1 app>5tly1 0 a wat]-god1 ,aptya1 9 g5]al2 & "s ( ^: functions ,indra has tak54 ,he appe>s to be ! same ) ! ,p]sian ,?raetaona ,a?wya2 b 9 ! ,rig ,v$a he is int]e/+ ma9ly z a dim survival ( ! pa/4#cb ,! wa%+ out ( s9s1 :i* appe>s to be ! orig9al conception ( ,v>una's s9-=giv+1#cc f9ds an analogue 9 ! fact t s9s are ca/ (f ^u ! innoc5t wat]s & ^u ,trita--also a wat]-god1 & once id5tifi$ ) ,v>una 7viii4 #da4 #f74 ,b ?is notion is s unique & late 7only 9 viii4 #dg7 t ,bloomfield is p]haps "r 9 imput+ x to ! lat] moraliz+ age ( ! ,brahmanas1 ) :i* ! ?ird p]iod ( ! ,rig ,v$a is q 9 t\*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ,i4 #acd4 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,= ! diff]5t views1 see ,p]ry1 ,,jaos4 xi4 p4 #aai2 ,muir1 ,,o/4 v4 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #c3 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 ii4 pp4 #aei1 #afa1 #aff1 #ahg4 ,footnote #d3 ,! *ief texts are ii4 #cj4 #a2 iv4 #bf4 #a2 vii4 #ih4 #f2 viii4 #ic4 #a1 #d2 x4 #hi4 #b2 x4 #aab4 #c4 ,footnote #e3 ,o!r citations giv5 by ,b]gaigne 9 connection ) ?is po9t are all ( ! simile class4 ,only z ,all-god is ,indra ! sun4 ,footnote #f3 i4 #ea4 #d3 ,aft] slay+ ,vritra1 ?\ did'/ make ! sun climb 9 ! sky4 ,footnote #g3 ,adity1 only vii4 #he4 #d2 ,val4 #d4 #g4 ,= o!r ref]5ces1 see ,p]ry 7loc4 cit474 ,footnote #h3 ,b]gaigne1 ii4 #afj4 #ahg4 ,footnote #i3 ,indra f9ds & begets ,agni1 iii4 #ca4 #be4 ,footnote #aj3 ,unless ! ,py?on be1 r1 ! ,demon ( ,putrefaction1 z 9 ,iranian belief4 ,footnote #aa3 ,demons ( e sort oppose ,indra2 ,vala1 ,vritra1 ! 'hold+' snake 7hi,greek3 e*is71 u%na 7'dr\ght'71 etc4 ,footnote #ab3 ,s he f9ds & directs ! sun & causes x to %9e1 z expla9$ above 7viii4 #c4 #f2 iii4 #dd4 #d2 i4 #ef4 #d2 iii4 #cj4 #ab74 ,he is prais$ ) ,vi%nu 7vi4#fi7 9 "o hymn1 z di/9ct f him4 ,footnote #ac3 ,boll5s5 w\ld see an allusion to idols 9 i4 #ade4 #d-e 7to ,agni71 b ?is is v d\btful 7,,zdmg4 xlvii4 p4 #ehf74 ,agni1 h[ev]1 is on a p> ) ,indra1 s t ! exception w\ld h no significance4 ,see ,kaegi1 ,rig ,v$a1 note #gi;a4 ,footnote #ad3 ,or 'pluck ) beaks1' z ,mll] translates1 ,,sbe4 xxxii4 p4 #cgc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,bore !m 7gave an udd]74 ,9 v4 #eb4 #af ,rudra is fa!r & ,prini1 "m4 ,comp>e viii4 #id4 #a3 ,! c[ 444 ! "m ( ! ,m>uts1 s5ds milk 7ra974 ,9 x4 #gh4 #f ! ,m>uts are sons ( ,s9dhu 7,indus74 ,footnote #af3 ,i4e41 die4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! numb] is n tw5ty-sev51 z ,muir accid5tally /ates1 ,,o/4 v4 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #ah3 v4 #eh4 #d1 #e2 ,i4 #hh4 #a2 #hh4 #e2 v4 #ed4 #aa2 viii4 #g4 #be2 i4 #aff4 #aj2 i4 #ci4 #a2 #fd4 #b-h2 v4 #ed4 #f2 i4 #he4 #h2 viii4 #g4 #cd2 v4 #ei4 #b4 ,footnote #ai3 ,he c>ries lightn+s & m$ic9es toge!r 9 vii4 #df4 #c4 ,footnote #bj3 iva is lat] id5tifi$ ) ,rudra4 ,= ! latt] 9 ,,rv4 comp>e i4 #dc2 #aad1 #a-e1 #aj2 ii4 #cc4 #b-ac4 ,footnote #ba3 vii4 #dg1 & x4 #ge4 ,footnote #bb3 vii4 #ajc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,akhkhala is l ,lat9 ecc]e %\t ( joy & wond]7,am4,j4 ,phil4 ,,xiv4 p4 #aa74 ,footnote #bd3 ,lit]ally1 't has /ood ov]-night1' i4e41 f]m5t$4 ,footnote #be3 ,to ?is hymn is add$1 9 imitation ( ! laudations ( g5]\s b5efactors1 :i* are sometimes suffix$ to an old] hymn1 words ascrib+ gifts to ! frogs4 ,b]gaigne reg>ds ! frogs z meteorological ph5om5a6 ,x is f ?is hymn z a />t+-po9t proce$ ! latt]-day argum5ts ( ,jacobi1 :o w\ld prove ! 'p]iod ( ! ,rig ,v$a' to h begun ab\t #cejj ,b4,c4 ,"o might z well date ,hom] by an appeal to ! ,batra*omyoma*ia4 ,footnote #bf3 x4 #ih4 #f4 ,footnote #bg3 vii4 #ajb4 ,footnote #bh3 ,comp>e ,bhl]1 ,ori5t & ,occid5t1 ,i4 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #bi3 ,?is hymn is ano!r ( ^? t contradict ! fir/ assumption ( ! rituali/s4 ,f int]nal evid5ce x is n likely t x 0 made = bak%ee%4 ,footnote #cj3 ,asuras1 pita nas4 ,footnote #ca3 ,lit]ally1 ') ghee'2 ! ra9 is l ! ghee1 or sacrificial oil 7melt$ butt]74 ,footnote #cb3 ,"s suppose ev5 ,indra to be "o ) ! ,ave/an ,a4ndra1 a demon1 :i* is possible4 ,footnote #cc3 ,o!rwise x is ! 'bonds ( s9' :i* are brok5 or loos$1 z 9 ! la/ v]se ( ! fir/ ,v>una hymn1 translat$ above4 ,b ! two views may be ( equal antiquity 7above1 p4 #fi1 note74 ,on ,trita comp>e ,,jras4 #ahic1 p4 #dai2 ,,paos4 #ahid 7,bloomfield74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,rig ,,v$a 7,,cont9u$74--,,! ,,l[] ,,gods4 ,,agni4 ,great are ! heav5ly gods1 b great] is ,indra1 god ( ! atmosph]e4 ,greate/ are ,agni & ,soma1 ! gods ( e>?4 ,agni is ! alt>-fire4 ,orig9ally fire1 ,agni1 9 di/9ction f sun & lightn+1 is ! fire ( sacrifice2 & z su* is he great4 ,"o reads 9 v4 #c4 #a-b1 t ?is ,agni is ,v>una1 ,indra2 t 9 him are all ! gods4 ,?is is1 inde$1 =mally a late view1 & c be p>allel$ only by a few passages ( a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,?us1 9 ! late hymn i4 #afd4 #df3 ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,agni1 !y say2 he is ! sun 7! bird 9 ! sky72 t :i* is b "o !y call v>i\sly1 etc4 ,s x4 #aad4 #e & ! late passage iii4 #ch4 #g1 h ref]5ce to v>i\s =ms ( ,agni4 ,indra _h a tw(old nature 9 produc+ ! union ( lightn+ & ,agni2 & ?is made him my/]i\sly great4 ,b 9 ,agni is f\nd ! fir/ triality1 :i*1 philosophically1 is int]pret$ z a tr9ity4 ,! fire ( ! alt> is "o ) ! lightn+1 &1 aga91 "o ) ! sun4 ,?is is ,agni's ?reefold bir?2 & all ! holy "* ( ?ree is exhau/$ 9 application :]e he is conc]n$4 ,x is ! highe/ my/]y until ! v end ( ! ,v$ic age4 ,?is ,agni x is t is ! real ,agni ( ! ,rig ,v$a--! new ,agni2 = !re 0 probably an ,agni cult 7z simple fire7 long be=e ! soma cult4 ,indra & ,agni are "o1 & bo? are call$ ! slay]s ( ! demons#a4 ,!y are bo? unit$ z an indissoluble pair 7iii4 #ab1 etc474 ,agni1 )1 p]haps1 ! exception ( ,soma1 is ! mo/ important god 9 ! ,rig ,v$a2 & x is no *ance t gives him ! fir/ place 9 ea* family hymn-book2 = 9 him are f\nd1 only 9 m =tunate circum/ances1 exactly ! same conditions z obta9 9 ! case ( ,indra4 ,he appeal$ to man z ! be/ fri5d among div9e be+s2 he 0 n f> (f1 to be wond]$ at2 if t]rible1 to be propitiat$4 ,he 0 ne> & k9d to fri5ds4 ,& z he seem$ to ! vulg> s he appeal$ to ! !osophy :i* p]meates ! _s ( ! poets2 = he is my/]i\s2 a m$iator betwe5 god & man 79 c>ry+ to heav5 ! (f]+s72 a ?reefold unity1 typical ( e>?1 atmosph]e1 & heav54 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 z 9 ! case ( ,indra1 s 9 ! case ( ,agni1 only to a great] ext5t1 x becomes impossible to int]pret ,agni z "o elem5t1 "o ph5om5on4 ,!re is1 :5 a di/9ction is made1 an agni :i* is s+le1 ! alt>-fire1 sep>ate f o!r fires2 b x is seldom t ,agni is n felt z ! ?reefold "o4 ,& n[ = ! int]pretation ( ! mod]n rituali/s4 ,! ,h9du ritual _h '! ?ree fires1' :i* e or?odox believ] 0 taught to keep up4 ,! lat] lit]ature ( ! ,h9dus !mselves v correctly took ^! ?ree fires z types ( ! ?ree =ms ( ,agni kn[n 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,b to ! rituali/s ! hi/orical prec$5ce is inv]t$1 & !y w\ld %[ t ! :ole ,v$ic my?ological view ( an ,agni triad is ! result ( id5tify+ ,agni ) ! ?ree fires ( ! ritual4 ,f ?is crass me?od ( int]pretation x w\ld result t all ,v$ic my?ology 0 ! *ild ( ! liturgy#b4 ,z e>?ly fire ,agni is fir/ ignis3#c ,driv5 by ! w9d1 he ha/5s ?r\gh ! =e/ ) ro>+ tongues4444 black is ?y pa?1 ,o bright immortal6 ,he m[s d[n1 z no h]d c d1 ! gre5 fields2 bright 8 too?1 & gold5 8 be>d4 ,he dev\rs l a /e] t "o has ti$ up4 ,?is is common fire1 div9e1 b n ( ! alt>4 ,! latt] ,agni is ( e hymn4 ,= in/ance1 ! fir/ /anza ( ! ,rig ,v$a3 ,agni1 ! family prie/1 ,i wor%ip2 ! div9e prie/ ( sacrifice2 ! oblation prie/1 :o be/[s ri*es1 :]e he is invok$ "u ! names ( diff]5t prie/s4 ,b ,agni is ev5 m ?an ?is2 he is ! fire 7heat7 t causes production & reproduction1 visibly manife/ 9 ! sun4 ,?is dual ,agni1 x is to be notic$1 is at times ! only ,agni recogniz$4 ,! ?ird =m is !n add$1 lightn+1 & !re) ,agni is begott5 ( ,indra1 & is1 !re=e1 "o ) ,indra3 ,!re is only "o fire light$ 9 _m places 7,val4 #aj4 #b74 ,z a poetical expression1 ,agni 9 ! la/ =m is ! ',son ( ,wat]s1' an epi!t n )\t significance 9 philosophical speculation2 = wat]1 ?r\gh all p]iods1 0 reg>d$ z ! mat]ial orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,agni is "o ) ! sun1 ) lightn+ 7& ?und]71 & desc5ds into ! plants4#d ,to man he is h\se-prie/ & fri5d4 ,x is he t has gr\p$ m5 9 dwell+-places 7iii4 #a4 #ag7 l ,prome!us1 9 ^: dialectic "n1 ,proman!us1 l+]s /ill ! fire-creator1 ! twirl+ 7ma?7 /icks :i* make fire 9 ! wood4 ,he is man's gue/ & be/ fri5d 7,mitra1 iv4 #a4 #i2 above74 ,an hymn or two entire w %[ :at 0 ,agni to ! ,v$ic poet4 ,9 ! foll[+1 ! ,rig ,v$a's fir/ hymn1 he is address$1 9 ! op5+ /anza1 "u ! names ( h\se-prie/1 ! *ief sacrificial prie/1 & ! prie/ t p\rs oblations4 ,9 ! second /anza he is extoll$ z ! mess5g] :o br+s ! gods to ! sacrifice1 himself ris+ up 9 sacrificial flames1 & =m+ a l9k betwe5 e>? & heav54 ,9 a lat] /anza he is call$ ! ,mess5g] 7,angiras ,greek3 aggelos71--"o ( 8 ord9>y titles3 ,to ,,agni 7i4 #a74 ,i wor%ip ,agni2 h\se-prie/1 he1 ,& prie/ div9e ( sacrifice1 ,?' oblation prie/1 :o give? weal?4 ,agni1 by se]s ( old ador$1 ,to be ador$ by ^? to-day-- ,may he ! gods br+ "h to u4 ,?r\gh ,agni c "o weal? acquire1 ,prosp]ity f day to day1 ,& fame ( h]oes excell5t4 ,o1 ,agni6 :atsoe'er ! rite ,t ?\ surr\nd'/ on e side1 ,t sacrifice atta9s ! gods4 ,may ,agni1 :o oblation gives-- ,! wise/1 true1 mo/ fam\s prie/-- ,?is god ) 7all7 ! gods approa* ,i ,?\ doe/ good to e man ,t s]ves !e1 ,agni2 ev5 ?is ,is ?y true virtue1 ,angiras4 ,to !e1 ,o ,agni1 day by day1 ,d we ) pray] at eve & dawn1 ,come1 br++ l[ly rev]5ce2 ,to !e1 ! "l ( sacrifice1 ,& %9+ gu>dian ( ! rite1#e ,9 ?9e own dwell+ magnifi$4 ,z if a fa!r to 8 son1 ,be easy ( access to u1 ,& lead u onw>d to our weal4 ,?is is me*anical en\gh to h be5 made = an e/abli%$ ritual1 z d\btless x 04 ,b x is significant t ! rituali/ic gods are su* t to give _! true "* hymns ( ?is sort mu/ be cit$4 ,su* is n ! case ) ! old] gods ( ! pan!on4 ,rituali/ic z x is1 h[ev]1 x is simple4 ,ov] aga9/ x may be set ! foll[+ 7vi4 #h73 ,n[ w ,i praise ! /r5g? ( ! v>iegat$ r$ bull 7,agni71 ! fea/s ( ! ,kn[]-(-be+s#f 7,agni72 to ,agni1 ! fri5d ( all m51 is p\r$ out a new song1 sweet to him z cle> soma4 ,z soon z he 0 born 9 highe/ heav51 ,agni began to protect laws1 = he is a gu>dian ( law 7or ord]74 ,great 9 /r5g?1 he1 ! fri5d ( all m51 measur$ out ! space betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 & 9 greatness t\*$ ! z5i?2 he1 ! m>vell\s fri5d1 plac$ ap>t heav5 & e>?2 ) light remov$ d>kness2 sep>at$ ! two worlds l sk9s4 ,fri5d ( all m51 he took all might to himself4444 ,9 ! wat]s' lap ! mighty ones 7gods7 took him1 & p e/abli%$ him k+4 ,mat>ivan1 mess5g] ( ! all-%9+ "o1 bore him f af>1 fri5d ( all m54 ,age by age1 ,o ,agni1 give to poets new glori\s weal? = fea/s4 ,o ev]-y\?ful k+1 z if ) a pl\gh%>e1 r5d ! s9n]2 de/roy him ) ?y flame1 l a tree6 ,b among our lords br+1 ,o ,agni1 p[] unb5t1 endless /r5g? ( h]oes2 & may we1 ?r\gh ?y assi/ance1 conqu] weal? an hundr$fold1 a ?\s&fold1 ,o ,agni1 ?\ fri5d ( all2 ) ?y sure protection protect our royal lords1 ,o help]1 ?\ :o ha/ ?ree habitations2 gu>d = u ! ho/ ( !m t h be5 g5]\s1 & let !m live on1 fri5d ( all1 n[ t ?\ art laud$4 ,aryan1 z ,kuhn#g has %[n1 is at lea/ ! conception if n ! p>ticul> =m ( ! leg5d allud$ to 9 ?is hymn1 ( fire br\ght f ! sky to e>?1 :i* ,prome!an act is attribut$ else:]e to ! fire-prie/4#h ,agni is "h ,mitra1 ! fri5d1 z sun-god1 & z su* takes all ! cele/ials' activities on himself4 ,l ,indra he also gives p]sonal /r5g?3 ,fair is ?y face1 ,o ,agni1 to ! mortal t desires /r5g?2--!y :om ?\ do/ assi/ ov]come _! enemies all _! lives 7vi4 #af4 #be1 #bg74 ,agni is drawn d[n to e>? by means ( ! twirl+-/icks1 "o ! fa!r1 "o ! "m#i4 ,! b\ntiful wood bore ! fair v>iegat$ son ( wat]s & plants2#aj ! gods unit$ 9 m9d1 & pay$ homage to ! glori\s mighty *ild :5 he 0 born 7iii4 #a4 #ac74 ,z ! son ( wat]s1 ,agni loves wood b retreats to wat]1 & he is s id5tifi$ ) ,indra t he '?und]s' & 'gives ra9' 7z lightn+2 ii4 #f4 #e2 iii4 #i4 #b74 ,! deep] significance ( ,agni-wor%ip is f\nd n alone 9 ! fact t he is ! god 9 :om are ! o!r gods1 nor 9 t he is ! sun alone1 b t ,i am ,agni1 immortality is 9 my m\?2 ?reefold my light1 et]nal fire1 my "n ! oblation 7fire71 iii4 #bf4 #g4 ,he is felt z a my/]i\s tr9ity4 ,z a sun he lights e>?2 & gives life1 su/5ance1 *ildr51 & weal? 7iii4 #c4 #g72 z lightn+ he de/roys1 z fire he befri5ds2 l ,indra he gives victory 7iii4 #af4 #a72 l ,v>una he releases ! bonds ( s92 he is ,v>una's bro!r 7v4 #b4 #g2 vi4 #c4 #a2 iv4 #a4 #b72 8 '_m names' are (t5 allud$ to 7iii4 #bj4 #c1 & above74 ,! rituali/ic int]pretation ( ! prie/ is t ! sun is only a sacrificial fire above light$ by ! gods z soon z ! correspond+ fire is light$ on e>? by m5 7vi4 #b4 #c74 ,he is all ?reefold2 ?ree 8 tongues1 8 bir?s1 8 places2 ?rice l$ ab\t ! sacrifice giv5 ?rice a day 7iii4 #b4 #i2 #ag4 #a2 #bj4 #b2 iv1 #ae4 #b2 #a4 #g2 #ab4 #a74 ,he is ! uphold] ( ! religi\s ord]1 ! gue/ ( mortals1 f\nd by ! gods 9 ! heav5ly wat]s2 he is ne> & de>2 b he also becomes dreadful to ! foe 7iii4 #a4 #c-f2 #f4 #e2 vi4 #g4 #a2 #h4 #b2 iii4 #a4 #bc2 #bb4 #e2 vi4 #c4 #g2 iii4 #ah4 #a2 iv4 #d4 #d2 #a4 #f74 ,x is easy to see t 9 su* a conception ( a triune god1 :o is fe>ful yet k9d1 ^: real "n is unkn[n1 :ile 8 visible manife/ations are 9 e>?1 air1 & heav51 ^: be+ conta9s all ! gods1 !re is an idea de/9$ to ov]?r[1 z x surpasses1 ! simpl] conceptions ( ! naturalism t prec$es x4 ,agni z ! "o div9e p[] ( creation is 9 fact ! orig9 ( ! human race3 ,f !e come s+]s & h]oes 7vi4 #g4 #c74 ,! less weight is1 !re=e1 to be laid on ,b]gaigne's 'fire orig9 ( man'2 x is n z simple fire1 b z univ]sal creator t ,agni creates man2 x is n ! 'fire-pr9ciple'#aa philosophically elicit$ f connection ( fire & wat]1 b z god-pr9ciple1 all-creative1 t ,agni gets ?is praise4 ,sev]al hymns are d$icat$ to ,indragni1 ,indra unit$ ) ,agni2 & ! latt] ev5 is id5tifi$ ) ,dyaus 7iv4 #a4 #aj71 ?is obsolesc5t god reviv+ m]ely to be absorb$ into ,agni4 ,z wat] purifies f dirt & s9 7,v>una71 s fire purifies 7iv4 #ab4 #d74 ,x has be5 sugge/$ on acc\nt ( v4 #ab4 #e3 ',^? t 7 y\rs h spok5 lies & left !e1' t !re is a decrease 9 ,agni wor%ip4 ,z ?is nev] really happ5$1 & z ! words are m]ely ^? ( a p5it5t :o has li$ & seeks =giv5ess at ! h&s ( ! god ( tru?1 ! sugge/ion is n v acceptable4 ,agni compreh5ds n only all naturali/ic gods1 b su* lat] fem99ities z ,rev]5ce1 ,m]cy1 & o!r ab/ractions1 includ+ ,b\ndlessness4 ,( h[ great importance 0 ! triune god ,agni may be se5 by comp>+ 8 ?ree lights ) ! lat] sect>ian tr9ity1 :]e ,vi%nu1 orig9ally ! sun1 & 7,rudra7 iva1 ! lightn+1 are ! pres]v] & de/roy]4 ,we fe> ! read] may h ?\ght t we 7 develop+ r a sy/em ( my?ology ?an a hi/ory ( religion4 ,) ! close ( ! ,v$ic p]iod we %all h less to say f a my?ological po9t ( view1 b we ?9k t x w h become pat5t n[ = :at purpose 0 int5d$ ! my?ological basis ( our /udy4 ,)\t ?is x w\ld h be5 impossible to trace ! gradual gr[? 9 ! high] metaphysical int]pretation ( nature :i* goes h& 9 h& ) ! deep] religi\s s5se4 ,) ?is object we h proce$$ f ! simpl] to ! m complex div9ities4 ,we h n[ to take up a side ( religion :i* lies m ap>t f speculation1 b x is conc]n$ v closely ) man's religi\s in/9cts--! wor%ip ( ,bac*ic "*1 ! rev]5ce = & fe> ( ! dea?-god1 & ! es*atological fancies ( ! poets1 toge!r ) ^? fir/ attempts at creat+ a new !osophy :i* close ! p]iod ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,,soma4 ,insep>ably connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,indra & ,agni is t ( ! 'moon-plant1' soma1 ! intoxicat+ p]sonifi$ dr9k to ^: deification mu/ be assign$ a date e>li] ?an t ( ! ,v$as !mselves4 ,= ! soma ( ! ,h9dus is etymologically id5tifi$ ) ! haoma ( ! ,p]sians 7! ,greek3 omomi ( ,plut>*#ab71 & ! cultus at lea/ 0 begun be=e ! sep>ation ( ! two nations1 s9ce 9 ea* ! plant is reg>d$ z a god4 ,! inspir+ effect ( intoxication seem$ to be due to ! inh]5t div9ity ( ! plant t produc$ x2 ! plant 01 !re=e1 reg>d$ z div9e1 & ! prep>ation ( ! draught 0 look$ ^u z a sacr$ c]emony#ac4 ,?is (f]+ ( ! juice ( ! soma-plant 9 ,india 0 p]=m$ ?rice daily4 ,x is said 9 ! ,rig ,v$a t soma gr[s ^u ! m\nta9 ,mujavat1 t its or 8 fa!r is ,p>janya1 ! ra9-god1 & t ! wat]s are 8 si/]s#ad4 ,f ?is m\nta91 or f ! sky1 acc\nts diff]1 soma 0 br\ght by a hawk#ae4 ,he is himself repres5t$ 9 o!r places z a bird2 & z a div9ity he %>es 9 ! praise giv5 to ,indra1 :o help$ ,indra to slay ,vritra1 ! demon t keeps back ! ra94 ,indra1 intoxicat$ by soma1 does 8 great de$s1 & inde$ all ! gods dep5d on soma = immortality4 ,div9e1 a weapon-be>+ god1 he (t5 simply takes ! place ( ,indra & o!r gods 9 ,v$ic eulogy4 ,x is ! god ,soma himself :o slays ,vritra1 ,soma :o ov]?r[s cities1 ,soma :o begets ! gods1 creates ! sun1 upholds ! sky1 prolongs life1 sees all ?+s1 & is ! "o be/ fri5d ( god & man1 ! div9e drop 7ndu71 ! fri5d ( ,indra#af4 ,z a god he is associat$ n only ) ,indra1 b also ) ,agni1 ,rudra1 & ,pu%an4 ,a few passages 9 ! lat] portion ( ! ,rig ,v$a %[ t soma already 0 id5tifi$ ) ! moon be=e ! end ( ?is p]iod4 ,aft] ?is ! lun> yell[ god regul>ly 0 reg>d$ z ! visible & div9e ,soma ( heav51 repres5t$ on e>? by ! plant#ag4 ,f ! fact t ,soma is ! moon 9 lat] lit]ature1 & und\bt$ly is recogniz$ z su* 9 a small numb] ( ! late/ passages ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 ! n unnatural inf]5ce has be5 drawn by "s ,v$ic s*ol>s t ,soma1 9 hymns /ill e>li]1 means ! moon2 :]ev]1 9 fact1 epi!ts hi!rto suppos$ to ref] to ! plant may be look$ ^u z n incompatible ) a description ( ! moon1 !re ^! epi!ts are to be ref]r$ directly to ,soma z ! moon-god1 n to soma1 ! m]e plant4 ,?us1 ) ,rig ,v$a1 ,x4 #he 7a late hymn1 :i* speaks ( ,soma z ! moon 9 ! lap ( ! />s1 & z ! days' bann]7 is to be comp>$ ,,vi4 #ci4 #c1 :]e x is said t ! drop 7soma7 lights up ! d>k nights1 & is ! day's bann]4 ,al?\gh ?is expression1 at fir/ view1 w\ld seem to ref] to ! moon alone1 yet x may possibly be reg>d$ z on a p> ) ! extravagant praise giv5 else:]e to ! soma-plant1 & n be s significant ( ! moon z x appe>s to be4 ,?us1 9 ano!r passage ( ! same book1 ! soma1 9 simil> language1 is said to lay light 9 ! sun1 a phrase sc>cely compatible ) ! moon's sph]e ( activity#ah4 ,! decision 9 reg>d to ?is "q ( int]pretation is n to be rea*$ s easily z "o might suppose1 consid]+ t a :ole book1 ! n9?1 ( ! ,rig ,v$a is d$icat$ to ,soma1 & t 9 addition to ?is !re are _m hymns address$ to him 9 ! o!r books4 ,= 9 ! great] numb] ( passages :i* may be cit$ = & aga9/ ?is !ory ! objector may argue t ! g5]ally extravagant praise be/[$ ^u ,soma ?r\gh ! ,v$a is 9 any "o case m]ely p>ticul>iz$1 & t x is n incongru\s to say ( ! div9e soma-plant1 he lights ! d>k nights1 :5 "o reads 9 g5]al t he creates all ?+s1 includ+ ! gods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! advocate ( ! !ory may reply t ev]y?+ :i* does n apply to ! moon-god ,soma may be us$ metaphorically ( him4 ,?us1 :]e x is said1 ,soma goes ?r\gh ! purify+ sieve1 by analogy ) ! dr9k ( ! plant soma pass+ ?r\gh ! sieve ! poet may be suppos$ to imag9e ! moon pass+ ?r\gh ! sieve-l cl\ds2 & ev5 :5 ?is sieve is expressly call$ ! '%eep's-tail sieve' & 'wool-sieve1' ?is may /ill be1 metaphorically1 ! cl\d-sieve 7z1 )\t ! analogy1 "o speaks to-day ( woolly cl\ds & ! 'm>e's tail'74 ,s x happ5s t1 ) an hundr$ hymns address$ to ,soma1 x rema9s /ill a matt] ( discussion :e!r ! soma address$ be ! plant or ! moon4 ,alfr$ ,hillebr&t1 to :om is due ! problem 9 its pres5t =m1 decl>es t ev]y:]e#ai 9 ! ,rig ,v$a ,soma means ! moon4 ,no bett] hymn c be f\nd to illu/rate ! difficulty "u :i* labors ! soma-exegete ?an ,,ix4 #ae1 f :i* ,hillebr&t takes ! f\r? v]se z conclusive evid5ce t by soma only ! moon is meant4 ,9 t case1 z w be se5 f ! 'pails1' x mu/ be suppos$ t ! poet leaps f ,soma to soma )\t w>n+4 ,hillebr&t does n include ! m5tion ( ! pails 9 8 citation2 b 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r d\btful cases1 x seems to u bett] to give a :ole passage ?an to argue on "o or two v]ses torn f _! prop] position3 ,,hymn ,,to ,,soma 7,,ix4 #ae74 ,,qu]y3 ,is ! hymn address$ to ! plant z x is press$ out into ! pails1 or to ! moon8 #a4 ,?is "o1 by means ( pray] 7or intellig5ce71 comes ?r\gh ! f9e 7sieve71 ! h]o1 ) swift c>1 go+ to ! meet+ ) ,indra4 #b4 ,?is "o ?9ks mu* = ! sublime assembly ( gods1 :]e sit immortals4 #c4 ,?is "o is despat*$ & l$ ^u a %9+ pa?1 :5 ! active ones urge 7him74#bj #d4 ,?is "o1 %ak+ 8 horns1 %>p5s 7!m71 ! bull ( ! h]d1 do+ h]oic de$s =cibly4 #e4 ,?is "o ha/5s1 ! /rong /e$1 ) bright gold5 beams1 becom+ ( /reams ! "l4 #f4 ,?is "o1 press+ surely ?r\gh ! knotty 7sieve87 to good ?+s1 comes d[n into ! vessels4 #g4 ,?is "o1 fit to be prep>$1 ! active ones prep>e 9 ! pails1 z he creates great food4 #h4 ,him1 ?is "o1 :o has good weapons1 :o is mo/ intoxicat+1 t5 f+]s & sev5 7or _m7 pray]s prep>e4 ,"h1 z 9 ,,ix4 #gj1 ,hillebr&t assumes t ! poet turns sudd5ly f ! moon to ! plant4 ,aga9/ ?is might be urg$ ! use ( ! same pron\n ?r\gh\t ! hymn4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t at fir/ sight x is almo/ z difficult to h ! plant1 und\bt$ly meant 9 v]ses #g & #h1 repres5t$ by ! moon 9 ! prec$+ v]ses1 z x is n to see ! moon 9 ! expression '%ak+ 8 horns4' ,?is phrase occurs 9 ano!r hymn1 :]e ,hillebr&t1 ) ! same c]ta9ty z he does "h1 claims x = ! moon1 ?\gh ! fir/ "p ( ?is hymn z pla9ly ref]s to ! plant1 ,,ix4 #gj4 #a1 #d4 ,"h ! plant is a /e] ro>+ l ! noise ( ! ,m>uts 7#e-f71 & !n 7z above1 aft] ! t]m /e] is appli$ to ! plant71 x is said t he '%>p5s 8 horns1' & is 'sightly1' & fur!r1 'he sits d[n 9 ! fair place 444 on ! wooly back1' etc41 :i* br+ "o to /ill ano!r hymn :]e are to be f\nd l expressions1 us$1 evid5tly1 n ( ! moon1 b ( ! plant1 viz4 to ,,ix4 #cg1 a hymn n cit$ by ,hillebr&t3 ,?is /rong 7virile7 soma1 press$ = dr9k1 fl[s into ! purify+ vessel2 ?is sightly 7z above1 :]e ,hillebr&t says x is epi!t ( ! moon71 yell[1 fi]y "o1 is fl[+ into ! purify+ vessel2 ro>+ into its own place 7z above74 ,?is /rong "o1 cle>1 %9+ 7or purify+ itself71 runs ?r\gh ! %9+ places ( ! sky1 slay+ evil demons1 ?r\gh ! %eep-hair-sieve4 ,on ! back ( ,trita ?is "o %9+ 7or purify+ itself7 made bright ! sun ) 787 si/]s4#ba ,?is "o1 slay+ ,vritra1 /rong1 press$ out1 f9d+ good ?+s 7z above71 un9jur$1 soma1 w5t z if = booty4 ,?is god1 s5t =? by se]s1 runs into ! vessels1 ! drop 7indu7 = ,indra1 quickly 7or will+ly74 ,s f> z we c judge1 aft] comp>+ ^! & ! o!r passages t are cit$ by ,hillebr&t z decisive = a lun> int]pretation ( soma1 x seems q z probable t ! epi!ts & expressions us$ are employ$ ( ! plant metaphorically z t ! poet leaps ?us lightly f plant to moon4 ,& !re is a numb] ( cases :i* pla9ly en\gh are indicative ( ! plant alone to make x improbable t ,hillebr&t is correct 9 tak+ ,soma z ! moon 'ev]y:]e 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4' ,x may be t ! moon-cult is some:at old] ?an has be5 suppos$1 & t ! language is consci\sly veil$ 9 ! n9? book to cov] ! wor%ip ( a deity z yet only p>tly ackn[l$g$ z su*4 ,b x is almo/ inconceivable t an hundr$ hymns %\ld praise ! moon2 & all ! native comm5tators1 br$ z !y 7 9 ! belief ( _! day t soma & ! moon 7 "o1 %\ld n "k t soma 9 ! ,rig ,v$a 7z well z lat]7 means ! lun> deity4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 saf] to abide by ! belief t soma usually means :at x 0 und]/ood to mean1 & :at ! g5]al descriptions 9 ! soma-hymns m or less cle>ly indicate1 viz41 ! intoxicat+ plant1 conceiv$ ( z itself div9e1 /imulat+ ,indra1 &1 !re=e1 ! causa mov5s ( ! demon's dea?1 ,indra be+ ! causa effici5s4 ,ev5 ! allusions to soma be+ 9 ! sky is n incompatible ) ?is4 ,= he is c>ri$ !nce f ! place ( sacrifice4 ,?us too 9 #hc4 #a-b3 ,o "l ( pray]#bb1 ?y purifi] 7! sieve7 is ext5d$4 ,prevail+ ?\ ent]e/ its limbs on all sides4 ,raw 7soma71 t has n be5 cook$ 7) milk7 does n ent] into x4 ,only ! cook$ 7soma71 go+ ?r\gh1 ent]s x4 ,! sieve ( ! hot dr9k is ext5d$ 9 ! place ( ! sky4 ,its gleam+ ?reads ext5d on all sides4 ,?is 7soma's7 swift 7/reams7 pres]ve ! man t purifies !m1 & wisely asc5d to ! back ( ! sky4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m hymns1 ! dr9k soma is cle>ly address$2 yet expressions are us$ :i*1 if deta*$1 easily might be ?\ght to imply ! moon 7or ! sun1 z ) ,b]gaigne7--a fact t %\ld make "o employ o!r expressions ( ! same sort ) great circumspection4 ,or1 let "o comp>e1 ) ! prep>ation by ! t5 f+]s1 #he4 #g3 ,t5 f+]s rub clean 7prep>e7 ! /e$ 9 ! vessels2 uprise ! songs ( ! prie/s4 ,! intoxicat+ drops1 z !y purify !mselves1 meet ! song ( praise & ent] ,indra4 ,exactly ! same images z are f\nd above may be not$ 9 ,,ix4 #hg1 :]e n ! moon1 b ! plant1 is conspicu\sly ! subject ( ! hymn3 ,run into ! pail1 purifi$ by m5 g unto booty4 ,!y lead !e l a swift horse ) re9s to ! sacrificial /raw1 prep>+ 7or rubb+7 !e4 ,) good weapons %9es ! div9e 7%9+7 drop 7,indu71 slay+ evil-do]s1 gu>d+ ! assembly2 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 ! clev] begett]1 ! support ( ! sky1 ! hold] ( e>?4444 ,?is "o1 ! soma 7plant7 on be+ press$ out1 ran swiftly into ! purifi] l a /ream let out1 %>p5+ 8 two %>p horns l a buffalo2 l a true h]o hunt+ = c[s2 he is come f ! highe/ press-/one1 etc4 ,x is ! noise ( soma dropp+ t is comp>$ ) 'ro>+4' ,! /r5g? giv5 by 7him7 ! dr9k1 makes him appe> z ! 'virile "o1' ( :i* =ce is ! activity1 & ! bull ! type4 ,giv51 !re=e1 ! image ( ! bull1 ! re/ foll[s easily to elaborate ! metaphor4 ,if "o add t soma is lum9\s 7yell[71 & t all lum9\s div9ities are 'horn$ bulls#bc1' !n x w be unnecess>y to see ! cresc5t moon 9 soma4 ,moreov]1 if soma be ! same ) ,brihaspati1 z ?9ks ,hillebr&t1 :y are !re ?ree horns 9 ,v4 #dc4 #ac8 ,aga91 t ! expression '%>p5+ 8 horns' does n ref] necess>ily to ! moon may be conclud$ f x4 #hf4 #ae1 :]e x is /at$ expressly t ! dr9k is a %>p-horn$ /e]3 ,l a %>p-horn$ /e] is ?y brew$ dr9k1 ,o ,indra1 probably ref]r+ to ! ta/e4 ,! sun1 ,agni1 & ,indra are all1 to ! ,v$ic poet1 '%>p-horn$ /e]s#bd1' & ! soma plant1 be+ lum9\s & /rong 7bull-l71 gets ! same epi!t4 ,! id5tity is r ) ,indra ?an ) ! moon1 if "o be cont5t to give up brilliant !oriz+1 & simply foll[ ! poets3 ,! "o t purifies himself yok$ ! sun's swift /e$ ov] man t he might g ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 & ^! t5 /e$s ( ! sun he yok$ to g1 say+ ,indra is ! drop 7,indu74 ,:5 _h ev] ! moon ! p[] to />t ! sun8 ,:at "p 9 ! pan!on is play$ by ! moon :5 x is call$ by its natural "n 7n by ! prie/ly "n1 soma78 ,is mas or c&ramas 7moon7 a p[] ( /r5g?1 a great god8 ,! words sc>cely occur1 except 9 late hymns1 & ! moon1 by 8 own folk-"n1 is h>dly prais$ except 9 me*anical conjunction ) ! sun4 ,! floods ( :i* soma is "l are expla9$ 9 ,,ix4 #hf4 #bd-be3 ,! hawk 7or eagle7 br\ght !e f ! sky1 ,o drop 7,indu#be71 444 sev5 milk-/reams s+ to ! yell[ "o z he purifies himself ) ! wave 9 ! sieve ( %eep's wool4 ,! active /rong ones h s5t =? ! wise se] 9 ! lap ( ! wat]s4 ,if "o wi%es to cle> 8 m9d 9 respect ( :at ! ,h9du attributes to ! div9e dr9k 7expressly dr9k1 & n moon71 let him read ,,ix4 #ajd1 :]e he w f9d t ! twice p[]ful god-rejoic+ intoxicat+ dr9k f9ds goods1 f9ds a pa? = 8 fri5ds1 puts away e h>mful _s & e dev\r+ _s1 av]ts ! false godless "o & all oppression2 & read also ix4 #ba4 ,i-#d3 ,^! soma-drops = ,indra fl[ rejoic+1 madd5+1 light-7or heav5-7 f9d+1 av]t+ attack]s1 f9d+ desirable ?+s = ! press]1 mak+ life = ! s+]4 ,l waves ! drops fl[ into "o vessel1 play+ z !y w4 ,^! soma-drops1 let out l /e$s 7atta*$7 to a c>1 z !y purify !mselves1 atta9 all desirable ?+s4 ,accord+ to ,,ix4 #ig4 #dab & ib4 #cg4 #d 7& o!r l passages1 too lightly expla9$1 p4 #chg1 by ,hillebr&t71 x is soma t produc$ ! light 9 ! sun & makes ! sun rise1 /atem5ts incompatible ) ! 7lun>7 ,soma's functions1 b q 9 accordance ) ! magic p[] :i* ! poets attribute to ! div9e dr9k4 ,soma is 'k+ ov] treasure4' ,soma is br\ght by ! eagle t all may see light 7,,ix4 #dh4 #c-d74 ,he trav]ses ! sky1 & gu>ds ord]--b n necess>ily is he "h ! moon1 = soma1 ! dr9k1 z a gallop+ /e$1 a brilliant /e]1 a /ream ( press$ soma1 a de> sweet1 a help] ( gods1 is "h p\r$ =?2 aft] him fl[ great wat]-floods2 & he purifies himself 9 ! sieve1 he ! support]1 hold] ( ! sky2 he %9es ) ! sun1 ro>s1 & looks l ,mitra2 be+ "h bo? ! intoxicat+ draught1 & at ! same "t ! giv] ( k9e1 giv] ( m51 giv] ( horses1 giv] ( /r5g?1 ! s\l ( sacrifice 7,,ix4 #b74 ,soma is ev5 old] ?an ! ,v$ic ,indra z slay] ( ,vritra & snakes4 ,sev]al ,indo-,iranian epi!ts survive 7( soma & haoma1 respectively71 & among ^? ( ,iran is ! title ',vritra-slay]1' appli$ to haoma1 ! o!rs be+ '/rong' & 'heav5-w9n+1' j z 9 ! ,v$a#bf4 ,all ?ree ( !m are conta9$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ lun>-l ( ! hymns to ,soma1 :i*1 = ?is reason1 & because x is "o ( ! few to ?is deity t seem to be n entirely me*anical1 is giv5 "h ne>ly 9 full1 ) ! orig9al %ift ( metre 9 ! middle ( ! hymn 7:i* may possibly indicate t two hymns h be5 unit$74 ,to ,,soma 7,i4 #ia74 ,?\1 ,soma1 wise/ art 9 und]/&+2 ,?\ guide/ 7u7 along ! /raighte/ pa?way2 ',tis ?r\gh ?y guidance t our pi\s#bg fa!rs ,among ! gods got happ9ess1 ,o ,indu4 ,?\1 ,soma1 did/ become 9 wisdom wise/2 ,9 skill#bh mo/ skilful1 ?\1 obta9+ all ?+s4 ,a bull 9 virile /r5g?1 ?\1 & 9 greatness2 ,9 spl5dor wa/ ?\ spl5did1 man-behold]4 ,?9e1 n[1 ! laws ( k+ly ,v>una#bi2 ,bo? high & deep ! place ( !e1 ,o ,soma4 ,?\ brilliant art z ,mitra1 ! belovd#cj1 ,l ,aryaman1 des]v+ s]vice1 art ?\4 ,:ate'er ?y places be 9 e>? or heav51 ,:ate'er 9 m\nta9s1 or 9 plants & wat]s1 ,9 all ( ^!1 well-m9d$1 n injuri\s1 ,k+ ,soma1 our oblations meet+1 take ?\4 ,?\1 ,soma1 art ! real "l1 ,?\ k+ & ,vritra-slay]1 too2 ,?\ art ! /r5g? t gives success4 ,&1 ,soma1 let x be ?y w ,= u to live1 nor let u die#ca2 ,?\ "l ( plants#cb1 :o love/ praise4 ,?\1 ,soma1 bliss ^u ! old1 ,& on ! "y & pi\s man ,ability to live1 be/[e/4 ,d ?\1 ,o ,soma1 on all sides ,protect u1 k+1 f him t s9s1 ,no h>m t\* fri5d ( su* z ?\4 ,:atev] ! enjoym5ts be ,?\ ha/1 to help ?y wor%ipp]1 ,) ^! our b5efactor be4 ,?is sacrifice1 ?is song1 d ?\1 ,well-pleas$1 accept2 come unto u2 ,make = our weal1 ,o ,soma1 ?\4 ,9 songs we1 conv]sant ) words1 ,o ,soma1 !e d magnify2 ,be m]ciful & come to u4 99 99 99#cc ,all saps unite 9 !e & all /rong p[]s1 ,all virile =ce t ov]comes detraction2 ,fill$ full1 = immortality1 ,o ,soma1 ,take to ?yself ! highe/ praise 9 heav54 ,! sacrifice %all all embrace--:atev] ,places ?\ ha/1 rev]$ ) p\r$ oblations4 ,home-aid]1 ,soma1 fur!r] ) good h]oes1 ,n hurt+ h]oes1 to our h\ses come ?\4 ,soma ! c[ gives2 ,soma1 ! swift *>g]2 ,soma1 ! h]o t c mu* accompli% 7,useful at home1 9 fea/1 & 9 assembly ,8 fa!r's glory7--gives1 to him t wor%ips4 ,9 w> unh>m$2 9 battle /ill a savi\r2 ,w9n] ( heav5 & wat]s1 t[n-def5d]1 ,born mid l\d joy1 & fair ( home & glory1 ,a conqu]or1 ?\2 9 !e may we be happy4 ,?\ ha/1 ,o ,soma1 e plant begott52 ,! wat]s1 ?\2 & ?\1 ! c[s2 & ?\ ha/ ,wov5 ! wide space 'twixt ! e>? & heav52 ,?\ ha/ ) light put f> away ! d>kness4 ,) m9d div9e1 ,o ,soma1 ?\ div9e#cd "o1 ,a %>e ( ri*es w9 = u1 ,o h]o2 ,let none re/ra9 !e1 ?\ art "l ( valor2 ,%[ ?yself =emo/ to bo? sides 9 battle#ce4 ,( m popul> songs1 ,hillebr&t cites z sung to ,soma 767 ,,viii4 #fi4 #h-aj3 ,s+ l\d to him1 s+ l\d to him2 ,priyam$has1 oh1 s+ to him1 ,& s+ to him ! *ildr51 too2 ,extol him z a sure def5ce4444 ,to ,indra is ! pray] up-rais$4 ,! ?ree daily soma-oblations are made *iefly to ,indra & ,vayu2 to ,indra at mid-day2 to ! ,ribhus1 artisans ( ! gods1 at ev5+2 & to ,agni 9 ! morn+4 ,unmi/akable ref]5ces to ,soma z ! moon1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,x4 #he4 #c3 ,no "o eats ( t soma :i* ! prie/s "k1 seem r to indicate t ! id5tification ( moon & ,soma 0 some?+ esot]ic & new r ?an ! receiv$ belief ( pre-,v$ic times1 z w ,hillebr&t4 ,?is moon-soma is di/+ui%$ f ! soma-plant :i* !y cru%4 ,! floods ( soma are lik5$ to1 or1 r1 id5tifi$ )1 ! ra9-floods :i* ! lightn+ frees1 &1 z x 71 br+s to e>? ) him4 ,a :ole s]ies ( my?s dep5d+ on ?is natural ph5om5on has be5 evolv$1 :]e9 ! lightn+-fire z an eagle br+s d[n soma to man1 t is1 ! heav5ly dr9k4 ,s9ce ,agni is ?reefold & ! ,gayatri metre is ?reefold1 !y int]*ange1 & 9 ! leg5ds x is aga9 ! metre :i* br+s ! soma1 or an ar*]1 z is /at$ 9 "o d\btful passage#cf4 ,:at /&s out mo/ cle>ly 9 soma-laudations is t ! soma-hymns are n only q me*anical1 b t !y presuppose a v complete & elaborate ritual1 ) ! employm5t ( a numb] ( prie/s1 ( :om ! hot>s 7"o ( ! v>i\s sets ( prie/s7 alone numb] five 9 ! e>ly & sev5 9 ! late books2 ) a complicat$ s]vice2 ) c]ta9 div9ities honor$ at c]ta9 h\rs2 & o!r p>aph]nalia ( sac]dotal c]emony2 :ile ,indra1 mo/ honor$ ) ,soma1 & ,agni1 mo/ closely connect$ ) ! execution ( sacrifice1 n only receive ! mo/ hymns1 b ^! hymns are1 = ! mo/ "p1 palpably made = rituali/ic purposes4 ,x is ?is tru? t ! rituali/s h seiz$ ^u & too sweep+ly appli$4 ,= 9 e family book1 besides ?is bak%ee% v]se1 occur ! old]1 pur] hymns t h be5 reta9$ aft] ! wor%ip = :i* !y 7 compos$ _h become *ang$ into a trite mak+ ( phrases4 ,hillebr&t has fail$ to %[ t ! ,iranian haoma is ! moon1 s t z a />t+-po9t !re /ill is plant & dr9k-wor%ip1 n moon-wor%ip4 ,at :at precise "t1 !re=e1 ! soma 0 ref]r$ to ! moon is n s important4 ,s9ce dr9k-wor%ip /&s at "o end ( ! s]ies1 & moon-wor%ip at ! o!r1 x is antec$5tly probable t "h & !re !re may be a d\bt z to :i* ( ! two 0 int5d$4 ,"s ( ! examples cit$ by ,hillebr&t may inde$ be ref]able to ! latt] end ( ! s]ies r ?an to ! =m]2 b t ! au?or1 despite ! le>n+ & +5uity ( 8 "w1 has prov$ 8 po9t def9itively1 we are f> f believ+4 ,x is j l ! lat] ,h9du speculation to ?9k out a subtle connection betwe5 moon & soma-plant because ea* 0 yell[1 & swell$1 & w5t ?r\gh a sieve 7cl\d71 etc4 ,b !re is a fur!r connect+ l9k 9 t ! div9ity ascrib$ to ! intoxicant l$ to a supposition t x 0 br\ght f ! sky1 ! home ( ! gods2 above all1 ( ! lum9\s gods1 :i* ! yell[ soma resembl$4 ,su* 0 ! ,h9du belief1 & f ?is z a />t+-po9t appe>s to h come ! gradual id5tification ( soma ) ! moon1 n[ call$ ,soma4 ,= ! moon1 ev5 "u ! "n ( ,g&h>va1 is n ! object ( especial wor%ip4 ,! "q s ably discuss$ by ,hillebr&t is1 h[ev]1 "o ( consid]able importance f ! po9t ( view ( ! religi\s developm5t4 ,if soma f ! beg9n+ 0 ! moon1 !n !re is only "o m god ( nature to add to ! pan!on4 ,b if1 z we believe 9 ! light ( ! ,ave/a & ,v$a itself1 soma l haoma1 0 orig9ally ! dr9k-plant 7! root su press1 f :i* comes soma1 implies ! plant71 !n two important facts foll[4 ,fir/1 9 ! id5tification ( yell[ soma-plant ) yell[ moon 9 ! latt] /age ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7:i* co9cides ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,brahmanic p]iod7 !re is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! gradual my/ical elevation ( religion at ! h&s ( ! prie/s1 to :om x appe>$ indec5t t m]e dr9k %\ld be exalt$ ?us2 & secondly1 !re is ! significant fact t 9 ! ,indic & ,iranian cult !re 0 a direct wor%ip ( deifi$ liquor1 analog\s to ,dionysiac rites1 a wor%ip :i* is n unp>allel$ 9 o!r communities4 ,aga91 ! surpris+ id5tity ( wor%ip 9 ,ave/a & ,v$a1 & ! fact t hymns to ! e>li] deities1 ,dawn1 ,p>janya1 etc1 are frequ5tly devoid ( any relation to ! soma-cult n only %[ t ,b]gaigne's op9ion t ! :ole ,rig ,v$a is b a collection ( hymns = soma-wor%ip z h&$ d[n 9 diff]5t families mu/ be modifi$2 b also t1 z we h expla9$ apropos ( ,v>una1 ! ,iranian cult mu/ h bran*$ (f f ! ,v$ic cult 7:e!r1 z ,haug ?\ght1 on acc\nt ( a religi\s s*ism or n72 t ! hymns to ! less popul> deities 7z we h def9$ ! ^w7 make ! fir/ p]iod ( ,v$ic cult2 & t ! special liquor-cult1 common to ,iran & ,india1 arose aft] ! fir/ p]iod ( ,v$ic wor%ip1 :51 = example1 ,w9d1 ,p>janya1 & ,v>una 7 at _! height1 & be=e ! prie/s _h exalt$ my/ically ,agni or ,soma1 & ev5 ,indra 0 z yet undevelop$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 viii4 #ch4 #d2 i4 #ajh4 #c2 ,b]gaigne1 ii4 #bic4 ,footnote #b3 ,on ?is po9t ,b]gaigne deprecates ! application ( ! rituali/ic me?od1 & says 9 words t _c be too emphasiz$3 ,mais qui ne voit que de telles exptications n'expliqu5t ri51 ou plutt que le dtail du rituel ne peut tr\v] son explication que dans le my!1 bi5 lo9 de p\voir s]vir lui-mmes expliqu] le my!8444 ,ni le ciel seul ni la t]re seule1 mais la t]re et le ciel troitem5t unis et presque confondus1 voil le vrai doma9e de la my?ologie vdique1 my?ologie dont le rituel n'e/ que la reproduction 7i4 p4 #bd74 ,footnote #c3 i4 #eh4 #d2 v4 #g4 #g2 vi4 #c4 #d4 ,footnote #d3 iii4 #ad4 #d2 i4 #ga4 #i2 vi4 #c4 #g2 #f4 #b2 iv4 #a4 #i4 ,footnote #e3 ,or ( "t or ord]4 ,footnote #f3 ,or ',f9d]-(-be+s4' ,footnote #g3 ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]trankes4 ,footnote #h3 ,,rv4 vi4 #af4 #ac3 ,!e1 ,agni1 f out ! sky ,a?>van twirl$1 nir aman?ata 7cf4 ,proman!us74 ,9 x4 #dfb ! ,bhrigus1 ,greek3 phleghyai1 discov] fire4 ,footnote #i3 ,comp>e v4 #b4 #a4 ,sometimes ,agni is born ) ! f+]s1 :i* twirl ! /icks 7iii4 #bf4 #c2 iv4 #f4 #h74 ,footnote #aj3 ,comp>e ii4 #a3 born 9 flame f wat]1 cl\d1 & plants 444 ?\ art ! creator4 ,footnote #aa3 ,b]gaigne1 i4 p4 #cb ff4 ,! "q ( prie/ly names 7loc4 cit4 pp4 #dg-ej71 %\ld />t ) ,bh>ata z ,greek3 purphoros1 a common title ( ,agni 7ii4 #g2 vi4 #af4 #ai-ba74 ,s ,bhrigu is ! '%9+' "o2 & ,vasi%?a is ! 'mo/ %9+' 7comp>e ,vasus1 n good b %9+ gods74 ,! prie/s got _! names f _! god1 l ,jesuits4 ,comp>e ,gritsamada 9 ! ,bhrigu family 7book ii472 ,viva-mitra1 'fri5d ( all1' 9 ! ,bh>ata family 7book iii472 ,gautama ,vamadeva belong+ to ,angirasas 7book iv472 ,atri ',eat]1' epi!t ( ,agni 9 ,,rv4 7book v472 ,bh>advaja 'be>+ food' 7book vi472 ,vasi%?a 7book vii472 & besides ^! ,jamadagni & ,kayapa1 black-too!d 7,agni74' ,footnote #ab3 ,de ,isid4 et ,osir4 #df4 ,comp>e ,w9dis*mann1 ,ueb] d5 ,somacultus d] ,ari] 7#ahdf71 & ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dga4 ,hillebr&t1 ,v$is*e ,my?ologie1 i4 p4 #dej1 believes haoma to mean ! moon1 z does soma 9 "s hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7see bel[74 ,footnote #ac3 ,comp>e ,kuhn1 ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]trankes 7#ahei72 ,b]gaigne1 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 i4 #adh ff42 ,haug's ,ait>eya ,brahmana1 ,introduction1 p4 #fb2 ,:itney 9 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,or4 ,soc4 ,,iii4 #bii2 ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 vol4 ,v4 p4 #beh ff41 :]e o!r lit]ature is cit$4 ,footnote #ad3 ,,rv4 ,x4 #cd4 #a2 ,,ix4 #ih4 #i2 #hb4c4 ,! ,v$ic plant is unkn[n 7n ! s>co/emma vim9ale74 ,footnote #ae3 ,,rv4 ,,iii4 #dc4 #g2 ,,iv4 #bf4f 7o!r ref]5ces 9 ,muir1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bfb47 ,p]haps ra9 z soma releas$ by lightn+ z a hawk 7,bloomfield74 ,footnote #af3 ,see ! passages cit$ 9 ,muir1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #ag3 ,a complete acc\nt ( soma 0 giv5 by ! ,v$ic texts w be f\nd 9 ,hillebr&t's ,v$is*e ,my?ologie1 vol4 ,i41 :]e are describ$ ! diff]5t ways ( f]m5t+ ! juice ( ! plant4 ,footnote #ah3 ,al?\gh s int]pret$ by ,hillebr&t1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cab4 ,! passage is f\nd 9 ,,rv4 ,,vi4 #dd4 #bc4 ,footnote #ai3 ,loc4 cit4 pp4 #cdj1 #dej4 ,footnote #bj3 ,comp>e ,,ix4 #gi4 #e1 :]e ! same v]b is us$ ( /rik+1 urg+ out ! soma-juice1 rasa4 ,footnote #ba3 ,comp>e ,,ix4 #cb4 #b1 :]e ,trita's maid5s urge on ! gold5 /e$ ) ! press-/ones1 ndu z a dr9k = ,indra4 ,footnote #bb3 ,on acc\nt ( ! position & cont5t ( ?is hymn1 ,hillebr&t reg>ds x z address$ to ,soma-,brihaspati4 ,footnote #bc3 ,s ! sun 9 ,i4 #afc4 #i1 ,,ii4 ',%>p5+ 8 horns' is us$ ( fire 9 i4 #adj4 #f2 v4 #b4 #i4 ,footnote #bd3 ,,vi4 #af4 #ci2 vii4 #ai4 ,i2 ,,viii4 #fj4 #ac4 ,footnote #be #c3 ,,ix4 #fc4 #h-i2 #e4 #i4 ,soma is id5tifi$ ) lightn+ 9 ix4 #dg4 #c4 ,footnote #bf3 ,hukhratus1 v]e?rajao1 hv>esa4 ,footnote #bg3 ,or3 wise4 ,footnote #bh #c3 ,or3 /r5g?4 ,above1 '%>$ ri*es1' p]haps1 = 'got happ9ess4' ,footnote #bi3 ,or3 ?9e1 inde$1 are ! laws ( ,k+ ,v>una4 ,footnote #cj3 ,or3 brilliant & belov$ z ,mitra 7,mitra means fri5d72 ,aryaman is translat$ 'bosom-fri5d'--bo? are ,adityas4 ,footnote #ca3 ,or3 an ?\ wille/ = u to live we %all n die4 ,footnote #cb3 ,or3 lordly plant1 b n ! moon4 ,footnote #cc3 ,"s uness5tial v]ses 9 ! above metre are "h omitt$4 ,footnote #cd3 ,or3 %9+4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! same ideas are prom95t 9 viii4 #dh1 :]e ,soma is invok$ z 'soma t has be5 drunk1' i4e41 ! juice ( ! 7'?ree days f]m5t$'7 plant4 ,footnote #cf3 ,9 ! f\r? book1 iv4 #bg4 #c4 ,on ?is my?1 ) its reasonable explanation z d$uc$ f ! ritual1 see ,bloomfield1 ,,jaos4 xvi4 ,i ff4 ,comp>e also ,muir & ,hillebr&t1 loc4 cit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,rig ,,v$a 7,,conclud$74--,,yama ,,& ,,o!r ,,gods1 ,,v$ic ,,pan!ism1 ,,es*atology4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we h trac$ ! "* ( two great gods ( e>?1 ! alt>-fire & ! p]sonifi$ k9d ( be] :i* 0 ! ,v$ic poets' *ief dr9k till ! end ( ?is p]iod4 ,) ! discov]y ( sura1 humor ex hordeo 7oryzaque2 ,web]1 ,vajapeya1 p4 #ai71 & ! difficulty ( obta9+ ! orig9al soma-plant 7= ! plant us$ lat] = soma1 ! asclepias acida1 or s>co/emma vim9ale1 does n gr[ 9 ! ,punjab region1 & _c h be5 ! orig9al soma71 ! /atus ( soma became *ang$4 ,:ile sura became ! dr9k ( ! p1 soma1 despite ! fact t x 0 n n[ s agreeable a liquor1 became res]v$1 f its old associations1 z ! prie/s' 7gods'7 dr9k1 a sacrosanct bev]age1 n = ! vulg>1 & n e/eem$ by ! prie/1 except z x kept up ! rite4 ,x has be5 %[n t ^! gods1 e>?ly 9 habitation1 absorb$ ! p[]s ( ! old] & physically high] div9ities4 ,! ideas t clu/]$ ab\t ! latt] 7 transf]r$ to ! =m]4 ,! alt>-fire1 ,agni1 is at once e>?-fire1 lightn+1 & sun4 ,! dr9k soma is id5tifi$ ) ! heav5ly dr9k t refre%es ! e>?1 & f its color is tak5 at la/ to be ! t]re/rial =m ( its aque\s prototype1 ! moon1 :i* is n only yell[1 b ev5 goes ?r\gh cl\d-me%es j z soma goes ?r\gh ! sieve1 ) all ! o!r po9ts ( comp>ison t prie/ly +5uity c devise4 ,( diff]5t sort altoge!r f ^! gods is ! anci5t ,indo-,iranian figure t n[ claims att5tion4 ,! old] religion _h at lea/ "o object ( devotion v difficult to r$uce to t]ms ( a nature-religion4 ,,yama ,exactly z ! ,h9du _h a half-div9e ance/or1 ,manu1 :o by ! lat] prie/s is reg>d$ z ( sol> orig91 :ile m probably he is only ! ab/ract ,adam 7man71 ! prog5itor ( ! race2 s 9 ,yama ! ,h9du saw ! primitive fir/ ( mortals4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ,mitra1 ,dyaus1 & o!r old] nature-gods1 pass into a /ate ( negative or almo/ =gott5 activity1 ,yama1 ev5 9 ! lat] epic p]iod1 /ill rema9s a pot5t sov]eign--! k+ ( ! dead4 ,9 ! ,ave/a ,yima is ! son ( ! 'wide-gleam+' ,vivanghvant1 ! sun1 & "h x is ! sun t fir/ prep>es ! soma 7haoma7 = man4 ,& s1 too1 9 ! ,rig ,v$a x is ,yama ! son ( ,vivasvant 7,x4 #eh4 #a2 #fj4 #aj7 :o fir/ ext5ds ! web ( 7soma7 sacrifice 7,,vii4 #cc4 #i1 #ab74 ,! ,v$ic poet1 n influ5c$ by lat] me?ods ( int]pretation1 saw 9 ,yama nei!r sun nor moon1 nor any o!r natural ph5om5on1 = ?us he s+s1 diff]5tiat+ ,yama f !m all3 ,i praise ) a song ,agni1 ,pu%an1 ,sun & ,moon1 ,yama 9 heav51 ,trita1 ,w9d1 ,dawn1 ! ,ray ( ,light1 ! ,tw9 ,horsem5 7,x4 #fd4 #c72 & aga93 ,des]v+ ( laudation are ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ! f\r-limb$ ,agni1 ,yama1 ,aditi1 etc4 7,x4 #ib4 #aa74 ,yama is reg>d$ z a god1 al?\gh 9 ! ,rig ,v$a he is call$ only 'k+' 7,x4 #ad4 #a1 #aa72 b lat] he is expressly a god1 & ?is is impli$1 z ,ehni %[s1 ev5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a3 'a god f\nd ,agni' & ',yama f\nd ,agni' 7,x4 #ea4 #a ff474 ,8 primitive nature 0 t ( ! 'fir/ mortal t di$1' 9 ! words ( ! ,a?>va ,v$a4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t at a lat] p]iod ev5 gods are spok5 ( z orig9ally 'mortal1'#a b ?is is a conception ali5 f ! e>ly notions ( ! ,v$a1 :]e 'mortal' signifies no m ?an 'man4' ,yama 0 ! fir/ mortal1 & he lives 9 ! sky1 9 ! home t holds h]oes1 i4e41 8 abode is :]e dead h]oes congregate 7,i4 #ce4 #f2 ,x4 #fd4 #c7b4 ,! fa!rs t di$ ( old are c>$ = by him z he sits dr9k+ ) ! gods b5ea? a fair tree 7,x4 #ace4 #a-g74 ,! fire t dev\rs ! corpse is invok$ to dep>t ?i!r 7,x4 #af4 #i74 ,?is place is n v def9itely locat$1 b s9ce1 accord+ to "o preval5t view1 ! sa9ts gu>d ! sun1 & s9ce ,yama's abode 9 ! sky is comp>able ) ! sun 9 "o or two passages1 x is probable t ! g5]al idea 0 t ! dep>t$ ent]$ ! sun & !re ,yama receiv$ him 7,i4 #aje4 #i1 'my home is !re :]e are ! sun's rays'2 ,x4 #aed4 #d-e1 '! dead %all g1 ,o ,yama1 to ! fa!rs1 ! se]s t gu>d ! sun'74 ',yama's abode' is ! same ) 'sky' 7,x4 #abc4 #f72 & :5 x is said1 'may ! fa!rs hold up ! pill> 79 ! grave71 & may ,yama build a seat = !e !re' 7,x4 #ah4 #ac71 ?is ref]s1 n to ! grave1 b to heav54 ,& x is said t ',yama's seat is :at is call$ ! gods' home' 7,x4 #ace4 #g7c4 ,b ,yama does n rema9 9 ! sky4 ,he comes1 z d o!r ,p[]s1 to ! sacrifice1 & is invit$ to seat himself ') ,angirasas & ! fa!rs' at ! fea/1 :]e he rejoices ) !m 7,x4 #ad4 #c-d2 #ae4 #h74 ,& ei!r because ,agni dev\rs corpses = ,yama1 or because ( ,agni's "p 9 ! sacrifice :i* ,yama s joyfully att5ds1 !re=e ,agni is especially m5tion$ z ,yama's fri5d 7,x4 #ba4 #e71 or ev5 8 prie/ 7ib4 #eb4 #c74 ,yama /&s 9 8 relation to ! dead s ne> to dea? t 'to g on ,yama's pa?' is to g on ! pa? ( dea?2 & battle is call$ ',yama's /rife4' ,x is ev5 possible t 9 "o passage ,yama is directly id5tifi$ ) dea? 7,x4 #afe4 #d1 'to ,yama be rev]5ce1 to dea?'2 ,i4 #ch4 #e2 ib4 #aaf4 #b7d4 ,!re is always a close connection betwe5 ,v>una & ,yama1 & p]haps x is ow+ to ?is t p>allel to ',v>una's fett]s' is f\nd also ',yama's fett]1' i4e41 dea? 7x4 #ig4 #af74 ,z ,yama 0 ! fir/ to die1 s 0 he ! fir/ to tea* man ! road to immortality1 :i* lies ?r\gh sacrifice1 :]eby man atta9s to heav5 & to immortality4 ,h5ce ! poet says1 'we rev]e ! immortality born ( ,yama' 7i4 #hc4 #e74 ,?is1 too1 is ! mean+ ( ! my/ic v]se :i* speaks ( ! sun z ! heav5ly c\rs] 'giv5 by ,yama1' =1 9 giv+ ! way to immortality1 ,yama gives also ! sun-abode to !m t become immortal4 ,9 ! same hymn ! sun is id5tifi$ ) ,yama z he is ) ,trita 7i4 #afc4 #c74 ,?is p>ticul> id5tification is due1 h[ev]1 r to ! develop$ pan!i/ic idea :i* obta9s 9 ! lat] hymns4 ,a p>allel is f\nd 9 ! next hymn3 ,!y speak ( ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,agni 444 t :i* is "o1 ! prie/s speak ( 9 _m ways1 & call him ,agni1 ,yama1 ,fire 7or ,w9d1 i4 #afd4 #df74 ,despite ! fact t "o ,v$ic poet speaks ( ,yama's "n z 'easy to und]/&' 7x4 #ab4 #f71 no little +5uity has be5 sp5t on x1 z well z on ! primitive conception und]ly+ 8 p]sonality4 ,etymologically1 8 "n means ,tw91 & ?is is probably ! real mean+1 = 8 tw9 si/] ,yami is also a ,v$ic p]sonage4 ,! lat] age1 reg>d+ ,yama z a re/ra9] & puni%] ( ! wick$1 d]iv$ ! "n f yam ! re/ra9] or puni%]1 b su* an idea is q out ( place 9 ! prov9ce ( ,v$ic ?\ght4 ,! ,iranian ,yima also has a si/] ( l "n1 al?\gh %e does n appe> till late 9 ! lit]ature4 ,t ,yama's fa!r is ! sun1 ,vivasvant 7,savit>1 '! artific]1' ,tva%t>1 x4 #aj4 #d-e71e is cle>ly en\gh /at$ 9 ! ,rik2 & t he 0 ! fir/ mortal1 9 ! ,a?>van4 ,m5 come f ,yama1 & ,yama comes f ! sun z 'creator1' j z m5 else:]e come f ,adam & ,adam comes f ! ,creator4 ,b in/ead ( an ,hebraic ,adam & ,eve !re are 9 ,india a ,yama & ,yami1 bro!r & si/] 7wife71 :o1 9 ! "o hymn 9 :i* ! latt] is introduc$ 7loc4 cit471 indulge 9 a moral conv]sation on ! propriety ( w$lock betwe5 bro!r & si/]4 ,?is hymn is evid5tly a prote/ aga9/ a union t 0 unobjectionable to an old] g5]ation4 ,9 ! ,yajur ,v$a ,yami is wife & si/] bo?4 ,b sometimes1 9 ! v>y+ fancies ( ! ,v$ic poets1 ! artific] ,tva%t> is diff]5tiat$ f ,vivasvant1 ! sun2 z he is 9 ano!r passage1 :]e ,tva%t> gives to ,vivasvant 8 daught]1 & %e is ! "m ( ,yama#f4 ,t m5 are ! *ildr5 ( ,yama is se5 9 ,x4 #ac4 #d1 :]e x is said1 ',yama av]t$ dea? = ! gods2 he did n av]t dea? = 787 po/]ity4' ,9 ! ,brahmanic tradition m5 d]ive f ! sun 7,taitt4 ,s4 ,,vi4 #e4 #f4 #bg7 ,s1 9 ! ,iranian belief1 ,yima is look$ ^u1 accord+ to "s s*ol>s1 z ! fir/ man4 ,! fun]al hymn to ,yama is z foll[s3 ,him :o once w5t ov] ! great m\nta9s#h & spi$ out a pa? = _m1 ! son ( ,vivasvant1 :o collects m51 ,k+ ,yama1 rev]e ye ) oblations4 ,yama ! fir/ f\nd u a way 444 ,!re :]e our old fa!rs are dep>t$4444 ,yama is magnifi$ ) ! ,angirasas4444 ,sit "h1 ,o ,yama1 ) ! ,angirasas & ) ! fa!rs4444 ,rejoice1 ,o k+1 9 ?is oblation4 ,come1 ,o ,yama1 ) ! v5]able ,angirasas4 ,i call ?y fa!r1 ,vivasvant1 sit d[n at ?is sacrifice4 ,& !n1 turn+ to ! dep>t$ s\l3 ,g =?1 g =? on ! old pa?s :]e are gone our old fa!rs2 ?\ %alt see bo? joy\s k+s1 ,yama & ,god ,v>una4 ,unite ) ! fa!rs1 ) ,yama1 ) ! satisfaction ( desires1 9 highe/ heav54444 ,yama w give a re/+ place to ?is _s4 ,run pa/1 on a good pa?1 ! two dogs ( ,s>ama1 ! f\r-ey$1 spott$ ones2 g unto ! fa!rs :o rejoice ) ,yama4 ,sev]al ?+s are "h notewor?y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,a?>va ,v$a reads1 :o fir/ ( mortals di$#i1 & ?is is ! mean+ ( ! ,rig ,v$a v]sion1 al?\gh1 z 0 said above1 ! m]e fact t ,v>una is call$ a god & ,yama a k+ proves no?+#aj4 ,b x is cle>ly impli$ "h t he :o cross$ ! m\nta9s & 'collect$ m51' z does ,yima 9 ! ,iranian leg5d1 is an anci5t k+1 z x is also impli$ t he l$ ! way to heav54 ,! dogs ( ,yama are describ$ 9 su* a way z to rem9d "o ( ! dogs t gu>d ! pa? ! dead h to pass 9 ! ,iranian leg5d1 & ( ,k]b]us1 ) ^: v "n ! adjective 'spott$' has be5 comp>$#aa4 ,! dogs are else:]e describ$ z :ite & br[n & z b>k+ 7,,vii4 #ee4 #b71 & 9 fur!r v]ses ( ! hymn j quot$ 7,x4 #ad7 !y are call$ ?y gu>dian dogs1 ,o ,yama1 ! f\r-ey$ ones :o gu>d ! pa?1 :o look on m5 444 broad-nos$1 d>k mess5g]s ( ,yama1 :o run among ! p4 ,^! dogs are due to ! same fantasy t creates a ,k]b]us1 ! ,iranian dogs#ab1 or o!r gu>dians ( ! road t leads to heav54 ,! description is too m9ute to make x probable t ! ,v$ic poet und]/ood !m to be 'sun & moon1' z ! lat] ,brahmanical +5uity expla9s !m1 & z !y h be5 expla9$ by mod]n s*ol>%ip4 ,x is n possible t ! poet1 _h he _h 9 m9d any connection betwe5 ! dogs & ! sun & moon 7or 'night & day'71 w\ld h describ$ !m z 'b>k+' or z 'broad-nos$ & d>k'2 & all int]pretation ( ,yama's dogs mu/ re/ on ! int]pretation ( ,yama himself#ac4 ,yama is n m5tion$ else:]e#ad 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 except 9 ! /atem5t t 'metres re/ on ,yama1' & 9 ! clos+ v]ses ( ! burial hymn3 ,= ,yama press ! soma1 = ,yama p\r oblation2 ! sacrifice goes to ,yama2 he %all ext5d = u a long life among ! gods1 :]e ! pun on ,yama 7yamad 71 9 ! s5se ( '/ret* out1' %[s t z yet no ?\ght ( 're/ra9]' 0 9 ! poet's m9d1 al?\gh ! s5se ( 'tw9' is lo/ f ! "n4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ,hillebr&t argues t because ! ,manes are connect$ ) ,soma 7z ! moon71 & because ,yama 0 ! fir/ to die1 !re=e ,yama 0 ! moon4 ,ehni1 on ! o!r h&1 toge!r ) ,b]gaigne & "s o!r s*ol>s1 takes ,yama to be ! sun4 ,mll] calls him ! 'sett+-sun#ae4' ,! argum5t f ! ,manes applies bett] to ! sun ?an to ! moon1 b x is n conclusive4 ,! ,h9dus 9 ! ,v$ic age1 z lat]1 ?\ght ( ! ,manes liv+ 9 />s1 moon1 sun1 & air2 &1 if !y 7 n good ,manes b dead s9n]s1 9 ! out] edge ( ! univ]se or "u gr\nd4 ,9 %ort1 !y are locat$ 9 e conceivable place#ag4 ,! ,yama1 ':o collects p1' has be5 rightly comp>$ ) ! ,yima1 :o 'made a ga!r+ ( ! p1' b x is d\btful :e!r "o %\ld see 9 ?is an ,aryan trait2 = ,greek3 ,aidaes ,agaesilaos is n e>ly & popul>1 b late 7,aes*ylean71 & ! expression may easily h aris5 indep5d5tly 9 ! m9d ( ! ,greek poet4 ,f a comp>ative po9t ( view1 9 ! recon/ruction ( ,yama !re is no conclusive evid5ce :i* w p]mit "o to id5tify 8 orig9al "* ei!r ) sun or moon4 ,mu* r he appe>s to be z he is 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 a primitive k+1 n hi/orically s1 b poetically1 ! fir/ man1 fa!r$ ( ! sun1 to :om he returns1 & 9 ^: abode he collects 8 (fspr+ aft] _! inevitable dea? on e>?4 ,9 fact1 9 ,yama !re is ! ideal side ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,he is a poetic image1 ! fir/ ( all fa!rs1 & h5ce _! type & k+4 ,yama's "n is unkn[n outside ( ! ,indo-,iranian circle1 & ?\gh ,ehni seeks to f9d traces ( him 9 ,greece & else:]e1#ah ?is s*ol>'s id5tifications fail1 because he fails to note t simil> ideas 9 my?s are no pro( ( _! common orig94 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 ! p>adise ( ,yama ov] ! m\nta9s !re is a companion-piece to ! hyp]boreans1 ^: felicity is describ$ by ,p9d>4 ,! nations t came f ! nor? /ill kept 9 leg5d a recollection ( ! l& f :5ce !y came4 ,?is sugge/ion _c1 ( c\rse1 be prov$1 b x is ! mo/ probable explanation yet giv5 ( ! fir/ p>adise to :i* ! dead rev]t4 ,9 ! late ,v$ic p]iod1 :5 ! s\ls ( ! dead 7 n suppos$ to l+] on e>? ) su* pleasure z 9 ! sky1 ,yama's abode is rais$ to heav54 ,lat] /ill1 :5 to ! ,h9du ! s\? 0 ! l& ( dea?1 ,yama's hall ( judgm5t is aga9 br\ght d[n to e>? & transf]r$ to ! 's\!rn di/rict4' ,! c>eful inve/igation ( ,s*]man#ai leads ess5tially to ! same conception ( ,yama z t we h advocat$4 ,s*]man believes t ,yama 0 fir/ a human figure1 & 0 !n elevat$ to1 if n id5tifi$ )1 ! sun4 ,s*]man's only error is 9 disput+ ! g5]ally-receiv$ op9ion1 "o t is on ! :ole correct1 t ,yama 9 ! e>ly p]iod is a k9dly sov]eign1 & 9 lat] times becomes ! dread k+ ( horrible hells4 ,despite "s te/imony to ! contr>y1 "p ( :i* is late int]polation 9 ! epic1 ?is is ! anti!sis :i* exi/s 9 ! works ( ! respective p]iods4 ,! mo/ important gods ( ! era ( ! ,rig ,v$a we n[ h review$4 ,b be=e pass+ on to ! next p]iod x %\ld be notic$ t no small numb] ( be+s rema9s :o are ( ! air1 devili%1 or ( ! e>?1 e>?y4 ,l ! demons t injure man by re/ra9+ ! ra9 9 ! cl\ds1 s !re are bhuts1 gho/s1 spooks1 & o!r l[] p[]s1 "s malevol5t1 "s good-natur$1 :o inhabit e>?2 :5ce demonology4 ,!re is1 fur!rmore1 a c]ta9 *rema!ism1 z we h else:]e#bj v5tur$ to call x1 :i* p]vades ! ,rig ,v$a1 ! wor%ip ( m or less p]sonifi$ ?+s1 diff]+ f pan!ism 9 ?is1#ba t :]eas pan!ism assumes a l div9ity 9 all ?+s1 ?is k9d ( !ism assumes t ev]y?+ 7or any?+7 has a sep>ate div9ity1 usually t :i* is useful to ! wor%ipp]1 z1 ! pl\gh1 ! furr[1 etc4 ,9 lat] hymns ^! objects are g5]ally ( sacrificial nature1 & ! /ones ) :i* soma is press$ are div9e l ! plant4 ,yet (t5 !re is no sacrificial obs]vance to cause ?is v5]ation4 ,hymns are address$ to weapons1 to ! w>-c>1 z to div9e be+s4 ,sorc]y & incantation is n look$ ^u favorably1 b nev]!less x is f\nd4 ,ano!r class ( div9ities includes ab/ractions1 g5]ally female1 su* z ,inf9ity1 ,piety1 ,abundance1 ) ! b>ely-m5tion$ ,gungu1 ,raka1 etc4 7:i* may be moon-phases74 ,! mo/ important ( ^! ab/ractions#bb is '! "l ( /r5g?1' a prie/ly int]pretation ( ,indra1 int]pret$ z religi\s /r5g? or pray]1 to :om are accr$it$ all ( ,indra's special acts4 ,hillebr&t int]prets ?is god1 ,brahmanaspati or ,brihaspati1 z ! moon2 ,mll]1 some:at d\btfully1 z fire2 :ile ,ro? w n all[ t ,brihaspati has any?+ to d ) natural ph5om5a1 b consid]s him to h be5 f ! beg9n+ '"l ( pray]4' ,) ?is view we p>tly concur1 b we w\ld make ! important modification t ! god 0 "l ( pray] only z prie/ly ab/raction ,indra 9 8 high] developm5t4 ,x is f ?is god is come probably ! head ( ! lat] tr9ity1 ,brahma1 ?r\gh p]sonifi$ brahma1 p[]2 pray]1 ) its philosophical developm5t into ! ,absolute4 ,notewor?y is ! fact t "s ( ! ,v$ic ,aryans1 despite 8 high pret5sions1 d n q l ,brihaspati1 & look on him z a suspici\s novelty4 ,if "o /udy ,brihaspati 9 ! hymns1 x w be difficult n to see 9 him simply a sac]dotal ,indra4 ,he breaks ! demon's p[]2 cru%es ! foes ( man2 consumes ! demons ) a %>p bolt2 disp]ses d>kness2 drives =? ! 'c[s'2 gives (fspr+ & ri*es2 helps 9 battle2 discov]s ,dawn & ,agni2 has a b& 7l ,m>uts7 s++ ab\t him2 he is r$ & gold51 & is id5tifi$ ) fire4 ,al?\gh 'fa!r ( gods1' he is begott5 ( ,tva%t>1 ! artific]4#bc ,web] has sugge/$ 7,vajapeya ,sacrifice1 p4 #ae71 t ,brihaspati takes ,indra's place1 & ?is seems to be ! true solution1 ,indra z int]pret$ my/ically by prie/s4 ,9 ,,rv4 i4 #aij1 ,brihaspati is look$ ^u by 's9n]s' z a new god ( little value4 ,o!r m9or deities c be m5tion$ only briefly1 *iefly t ! ext5t ( ! pan!on may be se54 ,= ! hi/ory ( religion !y are ( only collective importance4 ,! ,all-gods play an important "p 9 ! sacrifice1 a gr\p ( 'all ! gods1' a prie/ly manufacture to ! end t no god may be omitt$ 9 laudations t w\ld embrace all ! gods4 ,! lat] prie/s attempt to id5tify ^! gods ) ! clans1 '! ,all-gods are ! clans' 7at4 ,br4 v4 #e4 #a4aj71 on ! basis ( a !ological pun1 ! clans1 viz1 be+ equat$ ) ! ^w = all1 vive4 ,"s mod]n s*ol>s foll[ ^! lat] prie/s1 b )\t reason4 ,_h ^! be5 special clan-gods1 !y w\ld h _h special names1 & w\ld n h appe>$ 9 a gr\p alone4 ,! lat] epic has a good deal to say ab\t "s lovely nymphs call$ ! ,aps>asas1 ( :om x m5tions six z *ief 7,urvai1 ,m5aka1 etc474#bd ,!y fall some:at 9 ! epic f _! ,v$ic e/ate1 b !y are nev] m ?an second>y figures1 love-goddesses1 belov$ ( ! ,g&h>vas :o lat] are ! s++ gu>dians ( ! moon1 &1 l ! lun> /ations1 tw5ty-sev5 9 numb]4 ,! ,rik kn[s at fir/ b "o ,g&h>va 7an inf]ior g5ius1 m5tion$ 9 b "o family-book71 :o gu>ds ,soma's pa?1 &1 :5 ,soma becomes ! moon1 is id5tifi$ ) him1 ix4 #hf4 #cf4 ,z 9 ! ,ave/a1 ,g&h>va is 7! moon z7 an evil _s also2 b always z a second-rate p[]1 to :om are ascrib$ magic 7& madness1 lat]74 ,he has virtually no cult except 9 soma-hymns1 & %[s cle>ly ! fir/ ,aryan conception ( ! moon z a demoniac p[]1 pot5t ov] wom51 & associat$ ) wat]s4 ,m\nta9s1 & especially riv]s1 are holy1 & ( c\rse are deifi$4 ,primitive belief g5]ally deifies riv]s4 ,b 9 ! great riv]-hymn 9 ! ,rig ,v$a !re is probably z mu* pure poetry z pray]4 ,! ,v$ic poet half believ$ 9 ! riv]s' div9ity1 & s+s h[ !y 'ru% =? l armies1' b x w n d to inquire too /rictly 9 reg>d to 8 belief4 ,he 0 a poet1 & did n expect to be cate*iz$4 ,( female div9ities !re are sev]al ( :i* ! nature is d\btful4 ,z ,dawn or ,/orm h be5 int]pret$ ,s>ama & ,s>anyu1 bo? mean+ 'runn]4' ,! =m] is ,indra's dog1 & h] litt] is ! dogs ( ,yama4 ,"o little poem1 r ?an hymn1 celebrates ! 'wood-goddess' 9 pretty v]ses ( playful & descriptive "*4 ,long be=e !re 0 any =mal recognition ( ! dogma t all gods are "o1 v>i\s gods _h be5 id5tifi$ by ! ,v$ic poets4 ,especially1 z mo/ naturally1 0 ?is ! case :5 div]se gods hav+ diff]5t names 7 simil> 9 any way1 su* z ,indra & ,agni1 ^: glory is fire2 or ,v>una & ,mitra1 ^: seat is ! sky4 ,f ?is casual union ( l pairs comes ! peculi> cu/om ( invok+ two gods z "o4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( gods n s radically connect$1 if _! functions 7 mutually approximate1 ea* 9 turn became cr$it$ ) 8 neighbor's acts4 ,if ! traits 7 simil> :i* *>act]iz$ ea*1 if ! circles ( activity ov]lapp$ at all1 !n ^? div9ities t orig9ally 7 tang5t to ea* o!r gradually became conc5tric1 & ev5tually 7 unit$4 ,& s ! l9es betwe5 ! gods 7 wip$ out1 z x 71 by _! conceptions cr[d+ ^u "o ano!r4 ,!re 0 ano!r factor1 h[ev]1 9 ! developm5t ( ?is unconsci\s1 or1 at lea/1 unackn[l$g$1 pan!ism4 ,aid$ by ! lik5ess or id5tity ( attributes 9 ,indra1 ,savit>1 ,agni1 ,mitra1 & o!r gods1 _m ( :i* 7 virtually ! same "u a diff]5t designation1 ! prie/s1 ev] prone to extravagance ( ^w1 soon began to attribute1 reg>dless ( /rict propriety1 e p[] to e god4 ,) ! exception ( "s ( ! old] div9ities1 ^: =ms1 z !y are less complex1 reta9 ?r\gh\t ! simplicity ( _! primitive "*1 few gods escap$ ?is adoration1 :i* t5d$ to make !m all univ]sally supreme1 ea* be+ end[$ ) all ! attributes ( godhead4 ,"o might ?9k t no bett] fate c\ld happ5 to a god ?an ?us to be magnifi$4 ,b :5 ea* god 9 ! pan!on 0 equally glorifi$1 ! effect on ! :ole 0 disa/r\s4 ,9 fact1 x 0 ! dea? ( ! gods :om x 0 ! int5tion ( ! se]s to exalt4 ,& ! reason is pla94 ,f ?is univ]sal praise x result$ t ! individuality ( ea* god became less di/9ct2 e god 0 become1 s to speak1 any god1 s f> z 8 peculi> attributes made him a god at all1 s t out ( ! v praise t 0 giv5 to him & 8 confr]es alike !re arose ! idea ( ! ab/ract godhead1 ! god :o 0 all ! gods1 ! "o god4 ,z a pure ab/raction "o f9ds ?us ,aditi1 z equival5t to 'all ! gods1'#be & !n ! m p]sonal idea ( ! god t is fa!r ( all1 :i* soon becomes ! purely p]sonal ,all-god4 ,x is at ?is /age :]e beg9s consci\s prem$itat$ pan!ism1 :i* 9 its fir/ beg9n+s is m l mono!ism1 al?\gh 9 ,india !re is no mono!ism :i* does n include dev\t poly!ism1 z w be se5 9 ! review ( ! =mal philosophical sy/ems ( religion4 ,x is ?us t we h attempt$ else:]e#bf to expla9 t phase ( ,h9du religion :i* ,mll] calls h5o!ism4 ,mll]1 inde$1 w\ld make ( h5o!ism a new religion1 b ?is1 ! wor%ipp+ ( ea* div9ity 9 turn z if x 7 ! greate/ & ev5 ! only god recogniz$1 is r ! result ( ! g5]al t5d5cy to exaltation1 unit$ ) pan!i/ic beg9n+s4 ,grant+ t pure poly!ism is f\nd 9 a few hymns1 "o may yet say t ?is poly!ism1 ) an accompanim5t ( half-ackn[l$g$ *rema!ism1 pass$ soon into ! belief t sev]al div9ities 7 ultimately & ess5tially b "o1 :i* may be describ$ z homoio!ism2 & t ! poets ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7 unque/ionably esot]ically unit>ians to a mu* great] ext5t & 9 an e>li] p]iod ?an has g5]ally be5 ackn[l$g$4 ,mo/ ( ! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7 compos$ "u ! influ5ce ( t unification ( deities & t5d5cy to a quasi-mono!ism1 :i* ev5tually results bo? 9 philosophical pan!ism1 & 9 ! recognition at ! same "t ( a p]sonal fir/ cause4 ,to express ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,hell5ic poly!ism & ! poly!ism ( ! ,rig ,v$a ! latt] %\ld be call$1 if by any new t]m1 r by a "n l pan!i/ic poly!ism1 ?an by ! some:at mislead+ ^w h5o!ism4 ,:at is novel 9 x is t x repres5ts ! fad+ ( pure poly!ism & ! engraft+1 ^u a poly!i/ic /ock1 ( a speculative homoi\sian t5d5cy soon to bud out z philosophic pan!ism4 ,! admission t o!r gods exi/ does n nullify ! attitude ( t5tative mono!ism4 ,:o is l unto !e1 ,o ,"l1 among ! gods8 asks ,moses1 & 8 fa!r-9-law1 :5 conv]t$ to ! new belief1 says3 ,n[ ,i "k t ! ,"l is great] ?an all gods4#bg ,b ?is is n ! quasi-mono!ism ( ! ,h9du1 to :om ! o!r gods 7 real & pot5t factors1 individually di/9ct f ! "o supreme god1 :o repres5ts ! ,all-god1 b is at once ab/ract & concrete4 ,pan!ism 9 ! ,rig ,v$a comes out cle>ly only 9 "o or two passages3 ,! prie/s repres5t 9 _m ways ! 7sun7 bird t is "o2 & 7cit$ above7 ,!y speak ( him z ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,agni1 444 t :i* is b "o !y call v>i\sly4 ,s1 too1 9 ! ,a?>van x is said t ,v>una 7"h a pan!i/ic god7 is 9 ! little drop ( wat]1#bh z 9 ! ,rik ! sp>k ( mat]ial fire is id5tifi$ ) ! sun4 ,! new belief is voic$ *iefly 9 t portion ( ! ,rig ,v$a :i* appe>s to be late/ & mo/ ,brahmanic 9 tone4 ,"h a supreme god is describ$ "u ! "n ( ,"l ( ,be+s1 ! ,all-mak]1 ,! ,gold5 ,g]m1 ! ,god ov] gods1 ! _s ( _! be+ 7x4 #aba74 ,! la/1 a fam\s hymn1 ,mll] entitles ,to ! ,unkn[n ,god4 ,x may h be5 int5d$1 z has be5 sugge/$1 = a !ological puzzle1#bi b its language ev9ces t 9 :atev] =m x is c\*$--ea* v]se ends ) ! refra91 ',to :at god %all we (f] sacrifice8' till ! la/ v]se answ]s ! "q1 say+1 '! ,"l ( be+s'--x is meant to raise ! "q ( a supreme deity & leave x unansw]$ 9 t]ms ( a nature-religion1 ?\gh ! g]m is at bottom fire3 ,9 ! beg9n+ arose ! ,gold5 ,g]m2 z soon z born he became ! ,"l ( ,all4 ,he e/abli%$ e>? & heav5--to :at god %all we (f] sacrifice8 ,he :o gives brea?1 /r5g?1 ^: comm& ! %9+ gods obey2 ^: %ad[ is life & dea?4444 ,:5 ! great wat]s w5t ev]y:]e hold+ ! g]m & g5]at+ light1 !n arose f !m ! "o _s 7brea?7 ( ! gods4444 ,may he n hurt u1 he ! begett] ( e>?1 ! holy "o :o begot heav5 444 ,"l ( be+s1 ?\ alone embrace/ all ?+s 444 ,9 ?is clos+ p]iod ( ! ,rig ,v$a--a p]iod :i* 9 _m ways1 ! sudd5 complet5ess ( ca/e1 ! recognition ( sev]al ,v$as1 etc41 is mu* f>!r remov$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! "w ?an x is f ! p]iod ( ,brahmanic speculation--philosophy is h>d at "w ^u ! problems ( ! orig9 ( gods & ( be+4 ,z 9 ! la/ hymn1 wat] is ! orig9 ( all ?+s2 out ( ?is spr+s fire1 & ! w9d :i* is ! brea? ( god4 ,s 9 ! great hymn ( creation3 ,!re 0 !n nei!r n-be+ nor be+2 !re 0 no atmosph]e1 no sky4 ,:at hid 7x78 ,:]e & 9 ! protection ( :at8 ,0 x wat]1 deep d>kness8 ,!re 0 no dea? nor immortality4 ,!re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 night & day4 ,t ,"o brea!d 444 no?+ o!r ?an ?is or above x exi/$4 ,d>kness 0 conceal$ 9 d>kness 9 ! beg9n+4 ,undiff]5tiat$ wat] 0 all ?is 7univ]se74 ,creation is !n decl>$ to h aris5 by virtue ( desire1 :i*1 9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! orig9 ( m9d2#cj & ! gods1 x is said fur!r1 7 creat$ aft] ?is4 ,:e!r entity spr+s f non-entity or vice v]sa is discuss$ 9 ano!r hymn ( ! same book4#ca ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! pan!i/ic hymns is t 9 :i* ! univ]se is reg>d$ z portions ( ! deity conceiv$ z ! primal ,p]son3 ,puru%a 7! ,male ,p]son7 is ?is all1 :at has be5 & w be 444 all creat$ ?+s are a f\r? ( him2 t :i* is immortal 9 ! sky is ?ree-f\r?s ( him4 ,! hymn is too well kn[n to be quot$ entire4 ,all ! ca/es1 all gods1 all animals1 & ! ?ree 7or f\r7 ,v$as are p>ts ( him4#cb ,su* is ! m5tal height to :i* ! se]s h rais$ !mselves be=e ! end ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,! figure ( ! ,fa!r-god1 ,prajapati1 '"l ( be+s1' beg9s "h2 at fir/ an epi!t ( ,savit>1 & f9ally ! type ( ! head ( a pan!on1 su* z "o f9ds him to be 9 ! ,brahmanas4 ,9 "o hymn only 7x4 #aba7 is ,prajapati f\nd z ! p]sonal ,fa!r-god & ,all-god4 ,at a "t :5 philosophy creat$ ! "o ,univ]sal ,male ,p]son1 ! popul> religion1 keep+ pace1 z f> z x c\ld1 ) philosophy1 inv5t$ ! m an?ropomorphiz$1 m human1 ,fa!r-god--^: "n is ultimately int]pret$ z an int]rogation1 ,god ,:o8 ,?is trait la/s f n[ on ?r\gh all speculation4 ,! philosoph] conceiv$ ( a fir/ s\rce4 ,! vulg> made x a p]sonal god4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable hymns ( ?is epo* is t on ,vac1 ,spee*1 or ,! ,^w4 ,web] has s\ght 9 ?is ! prototype ( ! ,logos doctr9e 7bel[74 ,! ,^w1 ,vac 7fem99e7 is introduc$ z speak+ 7x4 #abe73 ,i w&] ) ! ,rudras1 ) ! ,vasus1#cc ) ! ,adityas1 & ) all ! gods2 ,i support ,mitra1 ,va'runa1 ,indra-,agni1 & ! tw9 ,av9s 444 ,i give weal? to him t gives sacrifice1 to him t presses ! soma4 ,i am ! que51 ! be/ ( ^? wor?y ( sacrifice 444 ,! gods h put me 9 _m places 444 ,i am t ?r\gh :i* "o eats1 brea!s1 sees1 & he>s 444 ,him t ,i love ,i make /rong1 to be a prie/1 a se]1 a wise man4 ',tis ,i b5d ,rudra's b[ to hit ! unbeliev]2 ,i prep>e w> = ! p2 ,i am ent]$ into heav5 & e>?4 ,i beget ! fa!r ( ?is 7all7 on ! height2 my place is 9 ! wat]s1 ! sea2 !nce ,i ext5d myself among all creatures & t\* heav5 ) my cr[n4 ,ev5 ,i bl[ l ! w9d1 encompass+ all creatures4 ,above heav5 & above e>?1 s great am ,i gr[n 9 maje/y4 ,?is is almo/ ,v$antic pan!ism ) ! ,vi%nuite doctr9e ( 'special grace' includ$4 ,! moral tone ( ?is p]iod--if p]iod x may be call$--may be/ be exam9$ aft] "o has /udi$ ! idea :i* ! ,v$ic ,h9du has =m$ ( ! life h]eaft]4 ,! happ9ess ( heav5 w be typical ( :at he reg>ds z be/ "h4 ,bliss beyond ! grave dep5ds 9 turn ^u ! exi/5ce ( ! _s aft] dea?1 &1 t ! read] may und]/& ?is1 we mu/ say a few words 9 reg>d to ! ,manes1 or fa!rs dead4 ,fa!r ,manu1 z he is call$1#cd 0 ! fir/ ',man4' ,subsequ5tly he is ! second>y p>5t z a k9d ( ,noah2 b ,yama1 9 lat] tradition 8 bro!r1 has tak5 8 place z norm ( ! dep>t$ fa!rs1 ,pit>as4 ,^! ,fa!rs 7,manes71 al?\gh ( diff]5t sort ?an ! gods1 are yet div9e & h _m godly p[]s1 grant+ pray]s & l5d+ aid1 z may be se5 f ?is invocation3 ,o ,fa!rs1 may ! sky-p grant u life2 may we foll[ ! c\rse ( ! liv+ 7x4 #eg4 #e74 ,"o :ole hymn is address$ to ^! quasi-div9ities 7x4 #ae73 ,arise may ! l[e/1 ! highe/1 ! middlemo/ ,fa!rs1 ^? wor?y ( ! soma1 :o )\t h>m h ent]$ into ! _s 7-_w72 may ^! ,fa!rs1 kn[+ ! seasons1 aid u at our call4 ,?is rev]5ce be to-day to ! ,fa!rs1 :o ( old & aft]w>ds dep>t$2 ^? :o h settl$ 9 an e>?ly sph]e1#ce or among peoples liv+ 9 fair places 7! gods874 ,i h f\nd ! graci\s ,fa!rs1 ! desc5dant7s7 & ! wide-/ep#cf ( ,vi%nu2 ^? :o1 sitt+ on ! sacrificial /raw1 will+ly p>take ( ! press$ dr9k1 ^! are mo/ apt to come hi!r4444 ,come hi!r ) bless+s1 ,o ,fa!rs2 may !y come hi!r1 he> u1 address & bless u4444 ,may ye n injure u = :atev] impiety we h z m5 committ$4444 ,) ^? :o are our =m] ,fa!rs1 ^? wor?y ( soma1 :o are come to ! soma dr9k1 ! be/ 7fa!rs71 may ,yama rejoic+1 will+ly ) !m t are will+1 eat ! oblations z mu* z is agreeable 7to !m74 ,come runn+1 ,o ,agni1 ) ^! 7fa!rs71 :o ?ir/$ among ! gods & ha/5$ hi!r1 f9d+ oblations & prais$ ) songs4 ,^! graci\s ones1 ! real poets1 ! ,fa!rs t seat !mselves at ! sacrificial heat2 :o are real eat]s ( oblation2 dr9k]s ( oblation2 & are set toge!r on "o *>iot ) ,indra & ! gods4 ,come1 ,o ,agni1 ) ^!1 a ?\s&1 honor$ l gods1 ! anci5t1 ! orig9al ,fa!rs :o seat !mselves at ! sacrificial heat4444 ,?\1 ,agni1 did/ give ! oblations to ! ,fa!rs1 t eat accord+ to _! cu/om2 d ?\ 7too7 eat1 ,o god1 ! oblation (f]$ 7to !e74 ,?\ kn[e/1 ,o ?\ kn[] 7or f9d]7 ( be+s1 h[ _m are ! ,fa!rs--^? :o are "h1 & :o are n "h1 ( :om we "k1 & ( :om we "k n4 ,accord+ to cu/om eat ?\ ! well-made sacrifice4 ,) ^? :o1 burn$ 9 fire or n burn$1 7n[7 enjoy !mselves accord+ to cu/om 9 ! middle ( ! sky1 d ?\1 be+ ! "l1 =m 7= u7 a _s life1 a body accord+ to 7our7 wi%es4#cg ,(t5 ! ,fa!rs are invok$ 9 simil> language 9 ! hymn to ! ,all-gods m5tion$ above1 & occasionally no di/9ction is to be notic$ betwe5 ! p[]s & attributes ( ! ,fa!rs & ^? ( ! gods4 ,! ,fa!rs1 l ! lum9\s gods1 give light 7x4 #ajg4 #a74 ,exactly l ! gods1 !y are call$ ^u to aid ! liv+1 & ev5 'n to h>m' 7iii4 #ee4 #b2 x4 #ae4 #f74 ,accord+ to "o v]se1 ! ,fa!rs h n atta9$ ! greatness ( ! gods1 :o imp>t /r5g? only to ! gods4#ch ,! ,fa!rs are kept di/9ct f ! gods4 ,:5 ! laudations be/[$ ^u ! =m] are ( unequivocal "* !re is no confusion betwe5 ! two4#ci ,! good dead1 to get to ! p>adise await+ !m1 pass ov] wat] 7,x4 #fc4 #aj71 & a bridge 7ix4 #da4 #b74 ,"h1 by ! gift ( ! gods1 n by inh]5t capacity1 !y obta9 immortality4 ,he t believes on ,agni1 s+s3 ,?\ putte/ ! mortal 9 highe/ immortality1 ,o ,agni2 &1 accord+ly1 !re is no sugge/ion t heav5ly joys may cease2 nor is !re 9 ?is age any notion ( a ,gtt]dmm]ung4 ,immortality is describ$ z cont9u+ life 9 ! highe/ sky1 ano!r pro( t :5 =mulat$ ! doctr9e 0 t ! s\l ( ! dead lives 9 heav5 or 9 ! sun4#dj ,o!r cases ( immortality grant$ by diff]5t gods are record$ by ,muir & ,zimm]4 ,yet 9 "o passage ! words1 two pa?s ,i h he>d ( ! ,fa!rs 7exi/71 ( ! gods & ( mortals1 may mean t ! ,fa!rs g ! way ( mortals or t ( gods1 r ?an1 z is ! usual int]pretation1 t mortals h two pa?s1 "o ( ! ,fa!rs & "o ( ! gods1#da = ! dead may live on e>? or 9 ! air z well z 9 heav54 ,:5 a good man dies 8 brea?1 x is said1 goes to ! w9d1 8 eye to ! sun1 etc4#db--;ea* "p to its appropriate prototype--:ile ! unborn "p is c>ri$ to ! _w ( ! righte\s1 aft] hav+ be5 burn$ & heat$ by ! fun]al fire4 ,all ^! p>ts are re/or$ to ! s\l1 h[ev]1 & ,agni & ,soma return to x :at has be5 injur$4 ,) ?is ,muir comp>es a passage 9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a :]e x is said t ! ,manes 9 heav5 rejoice ) all _! limbs4#dc ,we diss5t1 !re=e1 :olly f ,b>?1 :o decl>es t ! dead are conceiv$ ( z re/+ =ev] 9 ! tomb1 ! n>r[ h\se ( clay4 ,! only passage cit$ to prove ?is is ,x4 #ah4 #aj-ac1 :]e are ! words 7address$ to ! dead man at ! burial73 ,g n[ to "m e>? 444 %e %all gu>d !e f de/ruction's lap 444 ,op5 wide1 ,o e>?1 be easy ( access2 z a "m h] son cov] ?is man1 ,o e>?1 etc4 ,end+ ) ! v]se quot$ above3 ,may ! ,fa!rs hold ! pill> & ,yama !re build !e a seat4#dd ,! foll[+ is also f\nd 9 ! ,rig ,v$a be>+ on ?is po9t3 ! pray] t "o may meet 8 p>5ts aft] dea?2 ! /atem5t t a g5]\s man goes to ! gods2 & a sugge/ion ( ! lat] belief t "o w9s immortality by means ( a son4#de ,! joys ( p>adise are ^? ( e>?2 & heav5 is ?us describ$1 albeit 9 a late hymn3#df ,:]e is light inexhau/ible2 9 ! _w :]e is plac$ ! %9+ sky2 set me 9 ?is immortal1 un5d+ _w1 ,o ?\ t purifie/ ?yself 7,soma72 :]e is k+ 7,yama71 ! son ( ,vivasvant1 & ! p>adise ( ! sky2#dg :]e are ! fl[+ wat]s2 !re make me immortal4 ,:]e "o c g z he w2 9 ! ?ird heav51 ! ?ird vault ( ! sky2 :]e are worlds full ( light1 !re make me immortal2 :]e are wi%es & desires & ! r$ 7sun7's highe/ place2 :]e "o c foll[ 8 own habits #dh & h satisfaction2 !re make me immortal2 :]e exi/ delight1 joy1 rejoic+1 & joyance2 :]e wi%es are obta9$1 !re make me immortal4#di ,"h1 z above1 ! sa9ts jo9 ! ,fa!rs1 ':o gu>d ! sun4' ,!re is a 'bottomless d>kness' occasionally ref]r$ to z a place :]e evil spirits are to be s5t by ! gods2 & a 'deep place' is m5tion$ z ! portion ( 'evil1 false1 untru?ful m5'2 :ile ,soma ca/s into 'a hole' 7abyss7 ^? t are irreligi\s4#ej ,z d>kness is hell to ! ,h9du1 & z 9 all lat] "t ! demons are spirits ( d>kness1 x is r =c$ n to see 9 ^! allusions a mi/y hell1 )\t torture inde$1 b a place = ! bad ei!r 'f> away1' z x is sometimes said 7p>avti71 or 'deep d[n1' '"u ?ree e>?s1' exactly z ! ,greek has a hell bel[ & "o on ! edge ( ! e>?4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ! gods are reque/$ simply to annihilate (f5d]s4 ,x is pla91 z ,zimm] says1 f ! (fice ( ,yama's dogs1 t !y kept out ( p>adise unwor?y s\ls2 s t ! annihilation _c h be5 imag9$ to be purely corporeal4 ,b heav5 is n (t5 describ$1 & hell nev]1 9 ?is p]iod4 ,yet1 :5 ! p>adise desir$ is describ$1 x is a place :]e e>?ly joys are prolong$ & int5sifi$4 ,zimm] argues t a race :i* believes 9 good = ! good h]eaft] mu/ logically believe 9 puni%m5t = ! wick$1 & ,s*]man1 /rangely en\gh1 agrees ) ?is p$antic op9ion4#ea ,if ei!r ( ^! s*ol>s _h look$ away f ,india to ! we/]n ,indians he w\ld h se5 t1 :]eas almo/ all ,am]ican ,indians believe 9 a happy h]eaft] = good w>riors1 only a v few tribes h any belief 9 puni%m5t = ! bad4 ,at mo/ a ,niflheim awaits ! c[>d4 ,web] ?9ks ! ,aryans already believ$ 9 a p]sonal immortality1 & we agree ) him4 ,:itney's belief t hell 0 n kn[n be=e ! ,upani%ad p]iod 79 8 translations ( ! ,ka?a ,upani%ad7 is correct only if by hell torture is meant1 & if ! ,a?>van is lat] ?an ?is ,upani%ad1 :i* is improbable4 ,! good dead 9 ! ,rig ,v$a return ) ,yama to ! sacrifice to enjoy ! soma & vi&s prep>$ = !m by _! desc5dants4 ,h5ce ! :ole belief 9 ! necessity ( a son 9 ord] to ! obta9+ ( a joyful h]eaft]4 ,:at ! rite ( burial 0 to ! ,greek1 a son 0 to ! ,h9du1 a means ( bliss 9 heav54 ,ro? app>5tly ?9ks t ! ,rig ,v$a's heav5 is "o t c be/ be describ$ 9 ,dr4 ,watt's hymn3 ,!re is a l& ( pure delight ,:]e sa9ts immortal reign1 ,et]nal day excludes ! night1 ,& pleasures bani% pa92 & t especial /ress %\ld be laid on ! ^w 'pure4' ,b !re is v little tea*+ ( p]sonal purity 9 ! ,v$a1 & ! poet :o hopes = a heav5 :]e he is to f9d 'long+ wom51' 'desire & its fulfillm5t' has 9 m9d1 9 all probability1 purely impure delights4 ,x is n to be assum$ t ! e>li] morality surpass$ t ( ! lat] day1 :51 ev5 9 ! epic1 ! h]o's really desir$ heav5 is "o ( drunk5ness & wom5 ad libitum4 ,( ! 'good man' 9 ! ,rig ,v$a are dem&$ piety t[>d gods & manes & lib]ality to prie/s2 tru?fulness & c\rage2 & 9 ! end ( ! "w !re is a sugge/ion ( ascetic 'goodness' by means ( tapas1 au/]ity4#eb ,grassman cites "o hymn z d$icat$ to ',m]cy4' ,x is really 7n a hymn &7 n on m]cy1 b a poem prais+ g5]osity4 ,?is g5]osity1 h[ev] 7& 9 g5]al ?is is true ( ! :ole p71 is n g5]al g5]osity1 b lib]ality to ! prie/s4#ec ,! bless+s ask$ = are weal? 7cattle1 horses1 gold1 etc471 virile p[]1 male *ildr5 7'h]oic (fspr+'7 & immortality1 ) its accompany+ joys4 ,once !re is a tirade aga9/ ! fri5d t is false to 8 fri5d 7tru? 9 act z well z 9 ^w72#ed once only1 a poem on concord1 :i* seems to p>take ( ! nature ( an incantation4 ,incantations are r>e 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 & appe> to be look$ ^u z objectionable4 ,s 9 ,,vii4 #ajd ! *>ge ( a 'magician' is furi\sly repudiat$2 yet d an incantation aga9/ a rival wife1 a mock+ hymn ( exultation aft] subdu+ rivals1 & a few o!r hymns ( l sort %[ t magical practices 7 well kn[n4#ee ,! sacrifice occupies a high place 9 ! religion ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 b x is n all-important1 z x is lat]4 ,nev]!less1 ! same presumptu\s assumption t ! gods dep5d on e>?ly sacrifice is (t5 made2 ! result ( :i*1 ev5 be=e ! collection 0 complete 7,,iv4 #ej71 0 to tea* t gods & m5 dep5d$ on ! w ( ! wise m5 :o knew h[ prop]ly to conduct a sacrifice1 ! key-note ( religi\s pride 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod4 ,indra dep5ds on ! sacrificial soma to accompli% 8 great works4 ,! gods fir/ got p[] ?r\gh ! sacrificial fire & soma4#ef ,t images ( ! gods 7 suppos$ to be p[]ful may be inf]r$ f ! late v]ses1 :o buys ?is ,indra1 etc4 7above71 b allusions to idolatry are else:]e extremely d\btful4#eg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ,taitt4 ,s4 ,,vii4 #d4b4a4 ,! gods w9 immortality by means ( 'sacrifice' 9 ?is lat] prie/-ridd5 p]iod4 ,footnote #b3 ,ludwig 7,,iv4 p4 #acd7 wrongly und]/&s a hell "h4 ,footnote #c3 ',yama's seat' is "h :at x is 9 ! epic1 n a *apel 7,pis*el71 b a home4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is may mean 'to ,yama 7&7 to dea?4' ,9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 ,v4 #bd4 #ac-ad1 x is said t ,dea? is ! "l ( m52 ,yama1 ( ! ,manes4 ,footnote #e3 ,x is "h said1 also1 t ! ',g&h>va 9 ! wat]s & ! wat]-woman' are ! ties ( consangu9ity betwe5 ,yama & ,yami1 :i* means1 app>5tly1 t _! p>5ts 7 ,moon & ,wat]2 a late idea1 z 9 viii4 #dh4 #ac 7unique74 ,footnote #f3 ,! passage1 ,x4 #ag1 #a-b1 is p]haps meant z a riddle1 z ,bloomfield sugge/s 7,,jaos4 ,,xv4 p4 #agb74 ,at any rate1 x is /ill a dubi\s passage4 ,comp>e ,hillebr&t1 ,v$is*e ,my?ologie1 ,i4 p4 #ejc4 ,footnote #g3 ,cit$ by ,s*]man1 ,visionslitt]atur1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #h3 ,possibly1 '/reams4' ,footnote #i3 ,,av4 ,,xviii4 #c4 #ac4 ,footnote #aj3 ,comp>e ,,av4 ,,vi4 #hh4 #b3 ,k+ ,v>una & ,god ,brihaspati1 :]e bo? are gods4 ,footnote #aa3 ,greek3 ,k]b]os7abala7arv>a4 ,s>ama is /orm or dawn1 or some?+ else t means 'runn]4' ,footnote #ab3 ,"h ! fi5d is expell$ by a f\r-ey$ dog or a :ite "o :i* has yell[ e>s4 ,see ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,,iv4 p4 ,,ixxxvii4 ,footnote #ac3 ,s*]man proposes an easy solution1 namely to cut ! description 9 two1 & make only "p ( x ref] to ! dogs6 7loc4 cit4 p4 #acj74 ,footnote #ad3 ,! dogs may be meant 9 ,i4 #bi4 #c1 b comp>e ,,ii4 #ca4 #e4 ,d\btful is ,i4 #ff4 #h1 accord+ to ,b]gaigne1 appli$ to ,yama z fire4 ,footnote #ae3 ,india1 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #ag3 ,b>?1 p4 #bc1 cites ,i4 #abc4 #f2 ,x4 #ajg4 #b2 #hb4 #b1 to prove t />s are s\ls ( dead m54 ,^! passages d n prove ! po9t1 b x may be inf]r$ f ,x4 #fh4 #aa4 ,lat] on x is a receiv$ belief4 ,a moon-heav5 is f\nd only 9 ,,viii4 #dh4 ,footnote #ah3 ,especially ) ,ymir 9 ,sc&9avian my?ology4 ,footnote #ai3 ,visionslitt]atur1 #ahib4 ,footnote #bj3 ,h5o!ism 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #ba3 ,?is religi\s phase is (t5 conf\nd$ loosely ) pan!ism1 b ! di/9ction %\ld be obs]v$4 ,p>kman speaks ( 7,am]ican7 ,indian 'pan!ism'2 & ,b>? speaks ( rituali/ic 'pan!ism1' mean+ !reby ! deification ( diff]5t objects us$ 9 sacrifice 7p4 #cg1 note74 ,b *rema!ism is z di/9ct f pan!ism z x is f feti%ism4 ,footnote #bb3 ,"s seem to be old2 ?us ,aramati1 piety1 has an ,iranian repres5tative1 ,armaiti4 ,z mascul9e ab/ractions are to be add$ ,ang]1 ,dea?1 etc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,comp>e iv4 #ej2 ii4 #bc & #bd2 v4 #dc4 #ab2 x4 #fh4 #i2 ii4 #bf4 #c2 #bc4 #ag2 x4 #ig4 #ae4 ,= int]pretation comp>e ,hillebr&t1 ,v$4 ,my?4 i4 #dji-dbj2 ,b]gaigne1 ,la ,rel1 ,vd4 i4 #cjd2 ,muir1 ,,o/1 v4 #bgb ff4 7) previ\s lit]ature74 ,footnote #bd3 ,mbha4i4 #gd4 #fh4 ,comp>e ,holtzmann1 ,,zdmg4 xxxiii4 #fca ff4 ,footnote #be3 i4 #hi4 #aj3 ,aditi is all ! gods & m52 ,aditi is :atev] has be5 born2 ,aditi is :atev] w be born4 ,footnote #bf3 ,h5o!ism 9 ! ,rig ,v$a 7,drisl] ,memorial74 ,footnote #bg3 ,ex4 xv4 #aa2 xviii4 #aa4 ,footnote #bh3 ,,rv4 x4 #aad4 #e2 i4 #afd4 #df2 ,,av4 iv4 #af4 #c4 ,footnote #bi3 ,bloomfield1 ,,jaos4 xv4 #ahd4 ,footnote #cj3 ,desire1 ! primal se$ ( m9d1 x4 #abi4 #d4 ,footnote #ca3 x4 #gb 7conta9s also ! orig9 ( ! gods f ,aditi74 ,footnote #cb3 x4 #ij1 ,"h *&a4msi1 c>m9a1 is probably ! ,a?>van4 ,footnote #cc3 ,rudras1 ,vasus1 & ,adityas1 ! ?ree fam\s gr\ps ( gods4 ,! ,vasus are 9 ,indra's tra91 ! '%9+1' or1 p]haps1 'good' gods4 ,footnote #cd3 ii4 #cc4 #ac2 x4 #ajj4 #e1 etc4 ,if ! idea ( manusbonus be reject$1 ! ,lat9 manes may be ref]r$ to manavas1 ! *ildr5 ( ,manu4 ,footnote #ce3 ,or3 9 an e>?ly place1 9 ! atmosph]e1 or1 etc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,t is :]e ! ,fa!rs live4 ,?is is ! only place :]e ! ,fa!rs are said to be npat 7desc5dants7 ( ,vi%nu1 & "h ! s5se may be ,i h discov]$ ,npat 7fire87 ,b 9 i4 #aed4 #e ,vi%nu's wor%ipp]s rejoice 9 8 home4 ,footnote #cg3 ,or3 =m z ?\ wilt ?is body 7( a corpse7 to _s life4 ,footnote #ch3 x4 #ef4 #d2 o!rwise1 ,grassmann4 ,footnote #ci3 vi4 #gc4 #i ref]s to ance/ors on e>?1 n 9 heav54 ,footnote #dj3 ,comp>e ,muir1 ,,o/4 v4 #bhe1 :]e i4 #abe4 #e is comp>$ ) x4 #ajg4 #b3 ,! gift-giv] becomes immortal2 ! gift-giv] lives 9 ! sky2 he t gives horses lives 9 ! sun4 ,comp>e ,zimm]1 ,alt9d4 ,leb5 p4 #dji2 ,geig]1 ,o/iran4 ,cultur1 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #da3 x4 #hh4 #ae1 ^w = ^w3 two pa?s he>d ( ! ,fa!rs ,i1 ( ! gods & ( mortals4 ,cit$ z a my/]y1 ,brih4 ,aran4 ,up4 vi4 #b4 #b4 ,footnote #db3 x4 #af4 #c3 if ?\ wilt g to ! wat]s or to ! plants1 is add$ aft] ?is 79 address+ ! s\l ( ! dead man74 ,plant-s\ls occur aga9 9 x4 #eh4 #g4 ,footnote #dc3 ,a ,v4 ,,xviii4#d4fd2 ,muir1 ,av4 loc4 cit4 p4 #bih4 ,a passage ( ! ,a?>van sugge/s t ! dead may h be5 expos$ z 9 ,iran1 b !re is no trace ( ?is 9 ! ,rig ,v$a 7,zimm]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #djb74 ,footnote #dd3 ,b>?1 ,v$ic ,religions1 p4 #bc2 ib41 ! n>r[ 'h\se ( clay1' ,,rv4 ,,vii4 #hi4 #a4 ,footnote #de3 ,i4 #bd4 #a2 ,i4 #abe4f2 ,,vii4 #ef4bd2 cit$ by ,mll]1 ,*ips1 ,i4 p4 #de4 ,footnote #df3 ,,ix4 #aac4 #g ff4 ,footnote #dg3 ,av>odhana4m divs1 'enclosure ( ! sky4' ,footnote #dh3 ,lit]ally1 ':]e cu/om' 7obta9s71 i4e41 :]e ! old usages /ill hold4 ,footnote #di3 ,! la/ words are to be und]/ood z ( s5sual pleasures 7,muir1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cjg1 notes #dfb1 #dfc74 ,footnote #ej3 ,,rv4 ,,ii4 #bi4 #f2 ,,vii4 #ajd4 #c1 #ag2 ,,iv4 #e4 #e2 ,,ix4 #gc4 #h4 ,comp>e ,mulr1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #caa-cab2 & ,zimm]1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #djh1 #dah4 ,yama's 'h]o-hold+ abode' is n a hell1 z ,ludwig ?9ks1 b1 z usual1 ! top vault ( heav54 ,footnote #ea3 loc4 cit4 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #eb3 ,x4 #aed4 #b2 #ajg4 #b4 ,comp>e ! mad ascetic1 mni1 ,,viii4 #ag4 #ad4 ,footnote #ec3 ,x4 #aag4 ,?is is cle>ly se5 9 ! sev5? v]se1 :]e is prais$ ! ',brahman :o talks1' i4e41 c speak 9 behalf ( ! giv] to ! gods 7comp>e v]se ?ree74 ,footnote #ed3 ,x4 #ga4 #f4 ,footnote #ee3 ,comp>e ,x4 #ade2 #aei4 ,9 ,x4 #ahd !re is a pray] address$ to ! goddesses ,s9ivali & ,s>asvati 79 conjunction ) ,vi%nu1 ,tva%t>1 ! ,creator1 ,prajapati1 & ! ,horsem57 to make a woman fruitful4 ,footnote #ef3 ,,ii4 #ae4 #b2 ,x4 #f4 #g 7,b>?1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cf74 ,! sacrifice ( animals1 cattle1 horses1 goats1 is cu/om>y2 t ( man1 leg5d>y2 b x is impli$ 9 ,x4 #ah4h 7,hillebr&t1 ,,zdmg4 ,xl p4 #gjh71 & is ritualiz$ 9 ! next p]iod 7bel[74 ,footnote #eg3 ,phallic wor%ip may be allud$ to 9 t ( ! 'tail-gods1' z ,g>be ?9ks1 b x is deprecat$4 ,"o v]se1 h[ev]1 :i* seems to h crept 9 by mi/ake1 is app>5tly due to phallic influ5ce 7,,viii4 #a4 #cd71 ?\gh su* a cult 0 n op5ly ackn[l$g$ till iva-wor%ip began1 & is no "p ( ,brahmanism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,a?>va ,,v$a4 ,! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a inextricably confus$2 ! deities ( an e>li] era conf\nd$1 & aga9 m]g$ toge!r 9 a pan!ism n[ complete2 ! introduction ( /range gods2 recognition ( a hell ( torture2 in/ead ( _m div9ities ! ,"o t repres5ts all ! gods1 & nature z well2 incantations = evil purposes & *>ms = a wor?y purpose2 =mulae ( mal$iction to be direct$ aga9/ '^? :om ,i hate & :o hate me'2 magical v]ses to obta9 *ildr51 to prolong life1 to dispel 'evil magic1' to gu>d aga9/ poison & o!r ills2 ! p>alyz+ extreme ( rituali/ic rev]5ce indicat$ by ! exaltation to godhead ( ! 'remnant' ( sacrifice2 hymns to snakes1 to diseases1 to sleep1 "t1 & ! />s2 curses on ! 'prie/-plagu]'--su*1 9 g5]al outl9e1 is ! impression produc$ by a p]usal ( ! ,a?>van aft] t ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is is new8 ,! ,rig ,v$a is n lack+ 9 incantations1 9 wit*craft practices1 9 hymns to inanimate ?+s1 9 indications ( pan!ism4 ,b ! g5]al impression is produc$1 bo? by ! tone ( su* hymns z ^! & by _! place 9 ! collection1 t !y are an addition to ! orig9al "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 read+ ! ,a?>van hymns ! collective impression is decid$ly ?is1 t :at to ! ,rig is adv5titi\s is ess5tial to ! ,a?>van4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t n only ! practices involv$1 b ! hymns !mselves1 9 ! ,a?>van1 may h exi/$ long be=e !y 7 collect$1 & t1 :ile ! ,a?>van collection1 z a :ole1 takes hi/orical place aft] ! ,rig ,v$a1 !re yet may be compris$ 9 ! =m] mu* :i* is z old z any "p ( ! latt] "w4 ,x is also cu/om>y to assume t su* hymns z betok5 a l[] wor%ip 7incantations1 magical =mulae1 etc47 7 omitt$ purposely f ! ,rig ,v$a to be collect$ 9 ! ,a?>van4 ,t :i* ev5tually c nei!r be prov$ nor disprov$ is1 p]haps1 be/ left undiscuss$1 & x is va9 to seek sci5tific pro( :]e only hi/oric probabilities are obta9able4 ,yet1 if a clos] approa* to tru? be attractive1 ev5 a great] probability w be a ga91 & x becomes wor? :ile to consid] ! problem a little ) only ?is hope 9 view4 ,^? portions ( ! ,rig ,v$a :i* seem to be ,a?>van-l are1 9 g5]al1 to be f\nd 9 ! lat] books 7or places7 ( ! collection4 ,b x w\ld be presumptu\s to conclude t a "w1 al?\gh almo/ entirely giv5 up to :at 9 ! ,rig ,v$a appe>s to be late1 %\ld itself be late 9 orig94 ,by analogy1 9 a nature-religion su* z 0 t ( ,india1 ! practice ( demonology1 wit*craft1 etc41 mu/ h be5 an e>ly factor4 ,b1 :ile ?is is true1 x is cle>ly impossible to po/ulate !refrom t ! hymns record+ all ?is array ( curs+1 deviltry1 & wit*craft are !mselves e>ly4 ,! fur!r =w>d "o advances into ! labyr9? ( ,h9du religions ! m sup]/itions1 ! m devils1 demons1 magic1 wit*craft1 & uncanny ?+s g5]ally1 does he f9d4 ,h5ce1 :ile any "o sup]/iti\s practice may be antique1 !re is small probability = assum+ a contemporane\s orig9 ( ! hymns ( ! two collections4 ,! _m v]ses cit$1 app>5tly pell-mell1 f ! ,rig ,v$a1 might1 x is true1 rev]t to a v]sion old] ?an t 9 :i* !y are f\nd 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 b !re is no?+ to %[ t !y 7 n tak5 f ! ,rig ,v$a1 & re-dress$ 9 a =m t r5d]$ !m 9 _m cases m intelligible2 s t (t5 :at is respectfully spok5 ( z a 'bett] v>i$ read+' ( ! ,a?>van may be bett]1 z we h said 9 ! introductory *apt]1 only 9 lucidity2 & ! lucidity be due to tamp]+ ) a text old & un9telligible4 ,classical examples ab\nd 9 illu/rations4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh an antiquity equal to t ( ! :ole ,rig ,v$a c by no means be claim$ = ! ,a?>van collection 7:i*1 at lea/ 9 its tone1 belongs to ! ,brahmanic p]iod71 yet is ! mass repres5t$ by ! latt]1 if n contemporane\s1 at any rate s v5]able1 t x safely may be assign$ to a p]iod z old z t 9 :i* 7 compos$ ! lat] hymns ( ! ,rik itself4 ,b 9 di/9ction f ! hymns !mselves ! weird religion !y repres5t is d\btless z old1 if n old]1 ?an t ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,=1 :ile ! ,rig ,v$ic soma-cult is ,indo-,iranian1 ! orig9al ,a?>van 7fire7 cult is ev5 m primitive1 & ! basis ( ! "w1 f ?is po9t ( view1 may h prec$$ ! composition ( ,rik hymns4 ,?is ,a?>van religion--if x may be call$ s--is1 !re=e1 ( exce$+ importance4 ,x op5s wide ! door :i* ! ,rik puts aj>1 & %[s a _w ( religi\s & my/ical ideas :i* )\t x c\ld sc>cely h be5 suspect$4 ,"h magic eclipses ,soma & reigns supreme4 ,! wiz>d is great] ?an ! gods2 8 h]bs & amulets are sov]eign rem$ies4 ,religion is se5 on its l[e/ side4 ,x is true t !re is 'bad magic' & 'good magic' 7! exi/5ce ( ! =m] is sub/antiat$ by ! mal$ictions aga9/ x71 b :at has be5 receiv$ into ! collection is app>5tly ! be/4 ,to heal ! sick & procure desirable ?+s is ! object ( mo/ ( ! *>ms & incantations--b "s ( ! desirable ?+s are disease & dea? ( "o's foes4 ,on ! high] side ( religion1 f a metaphysical po9t ( view1 ! ,a?>van is pan!i/ic4 ,x kn[s also ! importance ( ! 'brea?s1'#a ! vital =ces2 x puts side by side ! diff]5t gods & says t ea* 'is "l4' ,x does n lack philosophical speculation :i*1 al?\gh mo/ ( x is pu]ile1 sometimes raises que/ions ( wid] scope1 z :5 ! sage inquires :o made ! body ) its wond]ful p>ts--imply+1 b n /at+ ! argum5t1 f design1 9 its olde/ =m4#b ,( magical v]ses !re are _m1 b ! cont5t is seldom m ?an d ?\1 ,o plant1 pres]ve f h>m1 etc4 ,h>mless en\gh1 if some:at weak1 are also _m o!r hymns calculat$ to procure bless+s3 ,bless+s bl[ to u ! w9d1 ,bless+s gl[ to u ! sun1 ,bless+s be to u ! day1 ,ble/ to u ! night appe>1 ,ble/ to u ! dawn %all %9e1 is a fair specim5 ( ?is innocu\s sort ( v]se4#c ,ano!r example may be se5 9 ?is hymn to a k+3 ,firm is ! sky2 firm is ! e>?2 firm1 all creation2 firm1 ^! hills2 firm ! k+ ( ! p 7%all be71 etc4#d ,9 ano!r hymn !re is an incantation to release f possible ill com+ f a foe & f inh]it$ ill or s94#e ,a free _s ( d\bt & a!ism1 already =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 is impli$ 9 ! pray] t ! god w be m]ciful to ! cattle ( t man ^: cre$ is ',gods exi/4'#f ,s]p5t-wor%ip is n only kn[n1 b preval5t4#g ,! old gods /ill hold1 z always1 _! nom9al places1 albeit ! sy/em is pan!i/ic1 s t ,v>una is god ( wat]s2 & ,mitra ) ,v>una1 gods ( ra94#h ,z a />t+-po9t ( philosophy ! dictum ( ! ,rig ,v$a is repeat$3 ',desire is ! se$ ( m9d1' & 'love1 i4e41 desire1 0 born fir/4' ,"h ,aditi is def9$ anew z ! "o 9 ^: lap is ! wide atmosph]e-- %e is p>5t & *ild1 gods & m51 all 9 all--'may %e ext5d to u a triple %elt]4' ,z an example ( curse aga9/ curse may be comp>$ ,,ii4 #g3 ,! s9-hat$1 god-born plant1 t frees f ! curse z wat]s 7wa% out7 ! spot1 has wa%$ away all curses1 ! curse ( my rival & ( my si/]2 7t7 :i* ! ,brahman 9 ang] curs$1 all ?is lies "u my feet 444 ,) ?is plant protect ?is 7wife71 protect my *ild1 protect our prop]ty 444 ,may ! curse return to ! curs] 444 ,we smite ev5 ! ribs ( ! foe ) ! evil 7mantra7 eye4 ,a love-*>m 9 ! same book 7,,ii4 #cj7 w rem9d ! classical /ud5t ( ,!ocritus' second idyl3 ',z ! w9d twirls ar\nd grass ^u ! gr\nd1 s ,i twirl ?y m9d ab\t1 t ?\ may/ become lov+1 t ?\ may/ n dep>t f me1' etc4 ,9 ! foll[+ v]ses ! ,horsem5 gods are invok$ to unite ! lov]s4 ,*>act]i/ic among bucolic passages is ! c[-song 9 ,,ii4 #bf1 ! :ole int5t ( :i* is to ensure a safe return to ! c[s on _! w&]+s3 ',hi!r may !y come1 ! cattle t h w&]$ f> away1' etc4 ,! view t !re are diff]5t conditions ( ,manes is cle>ly taught 9 ,,xviii4 #b4 #dh-di1 :]e x is said t !re are ?ree heav5s1 9 ! highe/ ( :i* reside ! ,manes2 :ile a di/9ction is made at ! same "t betwe5 'fa!rs' & 'gr&fa!rs1' ! fa!rs' fa!rs1 ':o h ent]$ air1 :o inhabit e>? & heav54' ,"h appe>s nasc5t ! doctr9e ( 'elevat+ ! ,fa!rs1' :i* is expressly taught 9 ! next era4 ,! p]=mance ( rites 9 honor ( ! ,manes causes !m to asc5d f a l[ /ate to a high] "o4 ,9 fact1 if ! (f]+s are n giv5 at all1 ! spirits d n g to heav54 ,9 g5]al ! old] g5]ations ( ,manes g up highe/ & are happie/4 ,! p]sonal (f]+ is only to ! imm$iate fa!rs4 ,if1 z 0 %[n 9 ! introductory *apt]1 ! ,a?>van repres5ts a geographical advance on ! "p ( ! ,v$ic ,aryans1 ?is fact _c be ignor$ 9 e/imat+ ! primitiv5ess ( ! collection4 ,geographical advance1 acqua9tance ) o!r flora & fauna ?an ^? ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 means--al?\gh ! argum5t ( sil5ce mu/ n be exagg]at$--a temporal advance also4 ,& n less significant are ! po9ts ( view to :i* "o is l$ 9 ! useful little "w ( ,s*]man on ! philosophical hymns ( ! ,a?>van4 ,s*]man wi%es to %[ ! connection betwe5 ! ,upani%ads & ,v$as4 ,b ! be>+ ( 8 collection is t[>d a clos] union ( ! two bodies ( works1 & especially ( ! ,a?>van1 n to ! great] ga9 9 age ( ! ,upani%ads s mu* z to ! depreciation 9 v5]abl5ess ( ! =m]4 ,if ! ,a?>van has mu* m 9 common ) ! ,brahmanas & ,upani%ads ?an has ! ,rig ,v$a1 x is because ! ,a?>van /&s1 9 _m respects1 midway 9 "t betwe5 ! era ( ,v$ic hymnology & ! ?\ght ( ! philosophical p]iod4 ,! t]m9ology is t ( ! ,brahmanas1 r ?an t ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,! latt] kn[s ! great p]son2 ! ,a?>van1 & ! =m] "k ! orig9al great p]son1 i4e441 ! tausa mov5s "u ! causa effici5s1 etc4 ,9 ! ,a?>van appe>s fir/ ! wor%ip ( ,"t1 ,love1 ',support' 7,skambha71 & ! 'highe/ brahma4 ,! cult ( ! holy c[ is fully recogniz$ 7,,xii4 #d & #e74 ,! late rituali/ic t]ms1 z well z l+ui/ic evid5ce1 confirm ! fact indicat$ by ! geographical advance4 ,! c\ntry is kn[n f we/]n ,balkh to ea/]n ,behar1 ! latt] famili>ly4#i ,9 a ^w1 "o may conclude t on its high] side ! ,a?>van is lat] ?an ! ,rig ,v$a1 :ile on its l[] side ( demonology "o may recognize ! religion ( ! l[] classes z comp>$ ) t ( ! two upp] classes--= ! latt] ! ,rig ,v$a1 = ! sup]/iti\s p at l>ge ! ,a?>van1 a collection ( :i* ! orig9 agrees ) its application4 ,=1 if x at fir/ 0 devot$ to ! unholy side ( fire-cult1 & if ! fire-cult is old] ?an ! soma-cult1 !n ?is is ! cult t "o w\ld expect to see mo/ affect$ by ! cons]vative vulg>1 :o 9 ,india hold fa/ to :at ! cultur$ h long dropp$ z sup]/ition1 or1 at lea/1 pret5d$ to drop2 ?\gh ! h\se-ritual keeps "s magic 9 its fire-cult4 ,9 t case1 x may be ask$1 :y n beg9 ! hi/ory ( ,h9du religion ) ! ,a?>van1 r ?an ) ! ,rig ,v$a8 ,because ! ,a?>van1 z a :ole1 9 its language1 social conditions1 geography1 'remnant' wor%ip1 etc41 %[s t ?is lit]>y collection is po/]ior to ! ,rik collection4 ,z to individual hymns1 especially ^? imbu$ ) ! tone ( feti%ism & wit*craft1 any "o ( !m1 ei!r 9 its pres5t or orig9al =m1 may outrank ! :ole ,rik 9 antiquity1 z d its sup]/itions ! religion ( ! ,rik--if x is "r to make a di/9ction betwe5 sup]/ition & religion1 mean+ by ! =m] a l[]1 & by ! latt] a m elevat$ =m ( belief 9 ! sup]natural4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,rik-wor%ipp] & ,a?>van-wor%ipp] is some:at l t :i* exi/$ at a lat] age betwe5 ! philosophical ivaite & ,durgaite4 ,! =m] rev]$ iva1 b did n d5y ! p[] ( a ho/ ( less] mights1 :om he 0 a%am$ to wor%ip too mu*2 ! latt] grant$ ! all-god-head ( iva1 b paid att5tion almo/ exclusively to "s demoniac div9ity4 ,sup]/ition1 p]haps1 always prec$es !ology2 b z surely does sup]/ition outlive any "o =m ( its protean rival4 ,& ! simple reason is t a !ology is ! real belief ( few1 & v>ies ) _! *ang+ intellectual po9t ( view2 :ile sup]/ition is ! belief unackn[l$g$ ( ! few & ackn[l$g$ ( ! _m1 nor does x mat]ially *ange f age to age4 ,! rites employ$ among ! clam-digg]s on ! ,new ,york coa/1 ! wit*-*>ms !y use1 ! incantations1 cutt+ ( fle%1 fire-oblations1 mean+less =mulae1 unit$ ) sacrosanct expressions ( ! *ur*1 are all on a p> ) ! religion ( ! l[] classes z depict$ 9 ,!ocritus & ! ,a?>van4 ,if ^! mumm]ies & ?is hocus-pocus 7 collect$ into a volume1 & set out ) elegant extracts f ! ,bible1 !re w\ld be a n9ete5? c5tury ,a?>va ,v$a4 ,:at are ! necess>y equipm5t ( a ,long ,isl& wit*8 ,fir/1 a good hot fire1 & !n =mulae su* z ?is3#aj ,if a man is attack$ by wick$ p & h[ to bani% !m3 ,b$gobl9 & all ye evil spirits1 ,i1 ,n4,n41 =bid y my b$/ead1 my c\*2 ,i1 ,n4,n41 =bid y 9 ! "n ( ,god my h\se & home2 ,i =bid y 9 ! "n ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity my blood & fle%1 my body & s\l2 ,i =bid y all ! nail-holes 9 my h\se & home1 till y h travell$ ov] e hill1 wad$ ?r\gh e wat]1 h c\nt$ all ! leaves ( e tree1 & c\nt$ all ! />s 9 ! sky1 until ! day arrives :5 ! "m ( ,god %all b>e h] second son4 ,if ?is =mula be repeat$ ?ree times1 ) ! baptismal "n ( ! p]son1 x w succe$6 ,to make "o's self invisible3 ,obta9 ! e> ( a black cat1 boil x 9 ! milk ( a black c[1 we> x on ! ?umb1 & no "o w see y4 ,?is is ! ,a?>van1 or fire-& wit*-craft ( to-day--n diff]+ mu* f ! anci5t4 ,x is ! un*ang+ f\ndation ( ! _m l(ty build+s ( fai? t are erect$1 remov$1 & rebuilt ^u x--! belief 9 ! sup]natural at its l[e/1 a belief :i*1 9 its high] /ages1 is always level ) ! g5]al intellect ( ^? t abide 9 x4 ,! late/ book ( ! ,a?>van is especially = ! w>rior-ca/e1 b ! mass ( x is = ! folk at l>ge4 ,x 0 long be=e x 0 recogniz$ z a legitimate ,v$a4 ,x nev] /&s1 9 ! old] p]iod ( ,brahmanism1 on a p> ) ! ,saman & ,rik4 ,9 ! epic p]iod good & bad magic are c>efully diff]5tiat$1 & ev5 to-day ! ,a?>van is repudiat$ by s\!rn ,brahmans4 ,b !re is no d\bt t sub rosa1 ! sillie/ practices inculcat$ & =mulat$ 9 ! ,a?>van 7 ! /ronghold ( a c]ta9 class ( prie/s1 or t su* prie/s 7 fe>$ & employ$ by ! laity1 op5ly by ! l[ classes1 secretly by ! intellig5t4 ,9 respect ( ! "n ! magical cult 0 ref]r$1 hi/orically ) ju/ice1 to ! fire-prie/s1 ,a?>van & ,angiras1 ?\gh little application to fire1 o!r ?an 9 soma-wor%ip1 is app>5t4 ,yet 0 ?is und\bt$ly ! s\rce ( ! cult 7! fire-cult is /ill di/9ctly associat$ ) ! ,a?>va ,v$a 9 ! epic71 & ! "n is due nei!r to accid5t nor to a desire to invoke ! names ( great se]s1 z w ,web]4#aa ,! o!r "n ( ,brahmav$a may h connection ) ! 'false sci5ce ( ,brihaspati1' allud$ to 9 a ,upani%ad4#ab ,?is se] is n ov]-or?odox1 & lat] he is ! patron ( ! unor?odox ,carvakas4 ,x 0 se5 above t ! god ,brihaspati is also a novelty n altoge!r reli%$ by ! ,v$ic ,aryans4 ,f an ,aryan po9t ( view h[ mu* weight is to be plac$ on comp>isons ( ! =mulae 9 ! ,a?>van ( ,india ) ^? ( o!r ,aryan nations8 ,kuhn has comp>$#ac an old ,g]man magic =mula ( heal+ ) "o 9 ! ,a?>van1 & because ea* says 'limb to limb' he ?9ks t !y are ( ! same orig91 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! =mula is f\nd 9 ,russian4 ,! comp>ison is int]e/+1 b x is f> f conv9c+4 ,su* =mulae spr+ up indep5d5tly all ov] ! e>?4 ,f9ally1 x is to be obs]v$ t 9 ?is ,v$a fir/ occurs ! implication ( ! /ory ( ! flood 7xix4 #ci4 #h71 & ! sav+ ( ,fa!r ,manu1 :o1 h[ev]1 is kn[n by ?is title 9 ! ,rik4 ,! supposition t ! /ory ( ! flood is d]iv$ f ,babylon1 seems1 !re=e1 to be an unnecess>y 7al?\gh a p]missible7 hypo!sis1 z ! tale is old en\gh 9 ,india to w>rant a belief 9 its indig5\s orig94#ad 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,,xv4 #ae4 ,footnote #b3 ,x4 #b4 ,footnote #c3 ,,vii4 #fi4 ,comp>e ,,rv4 ,,vii4 #ce1 & ! epic 7bel[74 ,footnote #d3 ,x4 #agc4 ,footnote #e3 ,v4 #cj4 ,footnote #f3 ,,xi4 #b4 #bh4 ,footnote #g3 ,,xi4 #i2 ,,viii4 #f & #g1 ) tree-wor%ip4 ,footnote #h3 ,v4 #bd4 #d-e4 ,on '! "o god' comp>e ,x4 #h4 #bh2 ,,xiii4 #d4 #ae4 ,indra z ,surya1 9 ,,vii4 #aa2 cf4 xiii4 #d2 ,,xvii4 #a4 #bd4 ,pan!ism 9 ,x4 #g4 #ad4 #be4 ,( *>ms1 comp>e ii4 #i1 to re/ore life2 ,,iii4 #f1 a curse aga9/ ':om ,i hate'2 ,,iii4 #bc1 to obta9 (fspr+4 ,on ! />s & night1 see hymn at ,,xix4 #h & #dg4 ,9 ,v4 #ac1 a gu>d aga9/ poison2 ib4 a hymn to a drum2 ib4 #ca1 a *>m to dispel evil magic2 ,,vi4 #acc1 magic to produce long life2 ,v4 #bc1 aga9/ worms1 etc41 etc4 ,aditi1 ,,vii4 #f4 #a-d 7p>tly ,rik74 ,footnote #i3 ,comp>e ,muir1 ,,o/4 ,,ii4 #ddg ff4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is old *>m is /ill us$ among ! clam-digg]s ( ,can>sie1 ,n4,y4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ind4 ,lit#b p4 #afd4 ,footnote #ab3 ,max4 ,up44 vii4 #i4 ,he is '! gods' ,brahma' 7,rik47 ,footnote #ac3 ,indis*e und g]manis*e ,seg5sspr*e2 ,,kz4 xiii4 #di4 ,footnote #ad3 ,"o long hymn1 xii4 #a1 ( ! ,a?>van is to e>? & fire 7#ai-bj74 ,9 ! ,rik1 ?>van is fire-prie/ & br+] ( fire f heav52 :ile once ! ^w may mean fire itself 7viii4 #i1 #g74 ,! "n ,brahmav$a is p]haps be/ ref]r$ to brahma z fire 7:5ce 'f]vor1' 'pray]1' & aga9 'en]gy1' '=ce'74 ,9 di/9ction f ! great soma-sacrifices1 ! fire-cult always rema9s ! *ief ?+ 9 ! dome/ic ritual4 ,! pres5t ,a?>van =mulae h = ! mo/ "p no visible application to fire1 b ! "n /ill %[s ! orig9al connection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,e>ly ,,h9du ,,div9ities ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,^? ,,( ,,o!r ,,aryans4 ,no?+ is m usual ?an to attempt a recon/ruction ( ,aryan ideas 9 mann]s1 cu/oms1 laws1 & religi\s conceptions1 by plac+ side by side simil> traits ( individual ,aryan nations1 & /at+ or ins9uat+ t ! result ( ! comp>ison %[s t "o is h&l+ primitive *>act]i/ics ( ! :ole ,aryan body4 ,x is ( special importance1 !re=e1 to see 9 h[ f> ! views & practices ( peoples n ,aryan may be f\nd to be id5tical ) ^? ( ,aryans4 ,! division ( ! army into clans1 z 9 ! ,iliad & ! ,v$a2 ! love ( gambl+1 z %[n by ,greeks1 ,teutons1 & ,h9dus2 ! sep>ation ( capta9s & pr9ces1 z is illu/rat$ by ,teuton & ,h9du2 ! belief 9 a flood1 common to ,iranian1 ,greek1 & ,h9du2 9 ! place ( dep>t$ spirits1 ) ! j\rney ov] a riv] 7,iranian1 ,h9du1 ,sc&9avian1 ,greek72 9 ! aft]-felicity ( w>riors :o die on ! field ( battle 7,sc&9avian1 ,greek1 & ,h9du72 9 ! rev]5ce paid to ! w9d-god 7,h9du1 ,iranian1 & ,teutonic1 ,vata-,wotan72 ^! & _m o!r traits at diff]5t times1 by v>i\s writ]s1 h be5 unit$ & comp>$ to illu/rate primitive ,aryan belief & religion4 ,! traits ( ! ,five ,nations ( ! ,v$a = ?is reason may be comp>$ v advantage\sly ) ! traits ( ! ,five ,nations ( ! ,iroquois ,indians1 ! mo/ unit$ & intellig5t ( ,am]ican native tribes4 ,_! in/itutions are n yet ext9ct1 & !y h be5 describ$ by mission>ies ( ! #ag? c5tury & by "s mod]n writ]s1 to :om c be imput$ no hank]+ aft] ,aryan primitive ideas4#a ,x is b a few ye>s back s9ce ! la/ avatar ( ! ,iroquois' inc>nate god liv$ 9 ,onondaga1 ,n4,y4 ,fir/1 z an illu/ration ( ! extraord9>y developm5t ( memory among rhapsodes1 ,v$ic /ud5ts1 & o!r ,aryans2 among ! ,iroquois memory 0 task$ to ! utmo/1 & develop$ to an extraord9>y degree1 says ,p>kman1 :o adds t !y c\ld repeat po9t by po9t ) precision any address made to !m4#b ,murd] 0 compromis$ = by ,wehrgeld1 z among ! ,v$ic1 ,iranic1 & ,teutonic peoples4 ,! ,iroquois1 l all ,indians1 0 a great gambl]1 /ak+ all 8 prop]ty#c 7l ! ,teutons & ,h9dus74 ,9 religion ,a my/]i\s & inexplicable p[] resides 9 inanimate ?+s 444 ,lakes1 riv]s1 & wat]falls z conspicu\sly 9 ,india are sometimes ! dwell+-place ( spirits2 b m frequ5tly !y are !mselves liv+ be+s1 to be propitiat$ by pray]s & (f]+s4#d ,! greate/ _s among ! ,algonqu9s is ! desc5dant ( ! moon1 & son ( ! we/-w9d 7p]sonifi$74 ,aft] ! deluge 7?us ! ,h9dus1 etc47 ?is great _s 7,manabozho1 mana is ,manu87 re/or$ ! _w2 "s ass]t+ t he creat$ ! _w out ( wat]4 ,b o!rs say t ! supreme _s is ! sun 7,le ,jeune1 ,relation1 #afcc74 ,! ,algonqu9s1 besides a belief 9 a good _s 7manit\71 _h also a belief 9 a malignant manit\1 9 :om ! mission>ies recogniz$ ! devil 7:y n ,ormuzd & ,ahriman874 ,"o tribe invokes ! ',mak] ( ,heav51' ! 'god ( wat]s1' & also ! 'sev5 spirits ( ! w9d' 7s1 too1 sev5 is a holy numb] 9 ! ,v$a1 etc474 ,! ,iroquois1 l ! ,h9du 7lat]71 believe t ! e>? re/s on ! back ( a turtle or tortoise#e1 & t ?is is rul$ ov] by ! sun & moon1 ! fir/ be+ a good _s2 ! second1 malignant4 ,! good _s int]poses betwe5 ! malice ( ! moon & mank9d1 & x is he :o makes riv]s2 = :5 ! e>? 0 p>*$1 all ! wat] be+ held back f e>? "u ! armpit ( a mon/] frog1 he pi]c$ ! armpit & let out ! wat] 7exactly z ,indra lets out ! wat] held back by ! demon74 ,accord+ to "s1 ?is great _s creat$ mank9d1 b 9 ! ?ird g5]ation a deluge de/roy$ 8 po/]ity#f4 ,! good _s among ! ,iroquois is ! "o t gives good luck 7p]haps ,bhaga74 ,^! ,indians believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,skillful hunt]s1 brave w>riors1 g1 aft] dea?1 to ! happy hunt+-gr\nds 7z 9 ,india & ,sc&9avia72 ! c[>dly & weak are doom$ to live 9 dre>y regions ( mi/ & d>kness 7comp>e ,niflheim & ! ,iranian es*atology874 ,to pass ov] o!r religi\s correspond5ces1 ! sacrifice ( animals1 use ( amulets1 love-*>ms1 magic1 & sorc]y1 :i* are all l ^? ( ,aryans 7to comp>e1 also1 are ! bury+ or expos+ ( ! dead & ! ,hurons' fun]al games71 let "o take ?is z a good illu/ration ( ! value ( 'comp>ative ,aryan my?ology'3 ,accord+ to ! ,aryan belief ! s\l ( ! dead passes ov] a /ream1 across a bridge1 pa/ a dog or two1 :i* gu>d ! gate ( p>adise4 ,! ,h9du1 ,iranian1 ,greek1 & ,sc&9avian1 all h ! dog1 & mu* emphasis has be5 laid on ! ',aryan' "* ( ?is cre$4 ,! native ,iroquois ,indians believ$ t ! spirits on _! j\rney 7to heav57 7 beset ) difficulties & p]ils4 ,!re 0 a swift riv] to be cross$ on a log t %ook b5ea? ! feet1 :ile a f]oci\s dog oppos$ _! passage#g4 ,"h is ! ,p]sians' n>r[ bridge1 & ev5 ,k]b]os himself6 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t1 z ! ,h9dus id5tify ) ! sun s _m ( _! great gods1 s ! ,iroquois sacrifices to "s sup]ior _s1 or to ! sun1 ) :i* ! sup]ior spirits 7 con/antly conf\nd$ by ! primitive ,indian#h4 ,web] holds t because ,greek & ,h9du gave ! "n 'be>' to a con/ellation1 !re=e ?is is ! primitive ,indo-,g]manic "n ( ! />#i4 ,b ! ,massa*usetts ,indians gave _! own "n = be> to ! ,ursa major 7,williams' ',key1' cit$ ,palfrey1 ,i4 p4 #cf2 s ,lafitau1 fur!r we/74 ,aga91 ?ree1 sev51 & ev5 '?rice-sev51' are holy n only 9 ,india b 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is new _w are f\nd1 to g fur!r1 ! analogues ( ,v>una 9 ! mono!i/ic god ,viraco*a ( ! ,p]uvians1 to :om is address$ ?is pray]3 ,cause ( all ?+s6 ev] pres5t1 help]1 creator1 ev] ne>1 ev] =tunate "o6 ,?\ incorporeal "o above ! sun1 inf9ite1 & b5efic5t#aj2 ( ! ,v$ic ,snake ( ! ,deep1 9 ! ,mexican ,cl\d-s]p5t2 ( ! ,v$ic ,lightn+-bird1 :o br+s fire f heav51 9 ! ,indian ,?und]-bird1 :o br+s fire f heav5#aa2 ( ! pres]vation ( "o individual f a flood 79 ! epic1 ,manu's ',sev5 ,se]s'7 9 ! same ,am]ican my?1 ev5 includ+ ! holy m\nta91 :i* is /ill %[n#ab2 ( ! belief t ! sun is ! home ( dep>t$ spirits1 9 ! same belief all ov] ,am]ica2#ac ( ! belief t />s are ! s\ls ( ! dead1 9 ! same belief held by ! ,pampas2#ad & ev5 ( ! late ,brahmanic cu/om ( sacrific+ ! wid[ 7suttee71 9 ! practice ( ! ,nat*ez ,indians1 & 9 ,guatemala1 ( burn+ ! wid[ on ! pyre ( ! dead husb&4#ae ,! /orm w9d 7,od97 z highe/ god is f\nd among ! ,*octaws2 :ile ',ma/] ( ,brea?' is ! ,creeks' "n = ?is div9ity4 ,huraka 7hurricane1 ouragon1 ourage7 is ! *ief god 9 ,hayti4#af ,an exact p>allel to ! vague idea ( hell at ! close ( ! ,v$ic p]iod1 ) ! gradual increase ( ! idea1 alt]nat+ ) a !ory ( re9c>nation1 may be f\nd 9 ! fact t1 9 g5]al1 !re is no notion ( puni%m5t aft] dea? among ! ,indians ( ! ,new ,_w2 b t1 :ile ! good are assi/$ & c>$ = aft] dea? by ! ',ma/] ( ,brea?1' ! ,creeks believe t ! li>1 ! c[>d1 & ! nigg>d 7,v$ic s9n]s p> excell5ce67 are left to %ift = !mselves 9 d>kness2 :]eas ! ,aztecs believ$ 9 a hell surr\nd$ by ! wat] call$ ',n9e ,riv]s1' gu>d$ by a dog & a dragon2 & ! great ,ea/]n ,am]ican tribes believe t aft] ! s\l has be5 = a :ile 9 heav5 x c1 if x *ooses1 return to e>? & be born aga9 z a man1 utiliz+ its old bones 7:i* are1 !re=e1 c>efully pres]v$ by ! surviv+ memb]s ( ! family7 z a basis = a new body4#ag ,to turn to ano!r =eign religion1 h[ tempt+ w\ld x be to see 9 ,nut> ! 'ab/ract p[]' ( ! ,egyptian1 an analogue ( brahma & ! o!r 'p[]' ab/ractions ( ,india2 to recognize ,brahma 9 ,el2 & 9 ,nu1 sky1 & expanse ( wat]s1 to see ,v>una2 especially :5 "o comp>es ! boat-j\rney ( ! ,v$ic se] ) ,ra's boat 9 ,egypt4 ,or1 aga91 9 ! tw9 *ildr5 ( ,ra to see ! ,av9s2 & to associate ! mundane egg ( ! ,egyptians ) t ( ! ,brahmans4#ah ,c]ta9ly1 _h ! ,egyptians be5 "o ( ! ,aryan families1 all ^! conceptions _h be5 ref]r$ long ago to ! category ( 'primitive ,aryan ideas4' ,b h[ primitive is a c]ta9 religi\s idea w n be %[n by simple comp>ison ( ,aryan p>allels4 ,x w appe> m (t5 t x is n 'primitive1' b1 s to speak1 p]-primitive1 aborig9al ) no "o race1 b ) ! race ( man4 ,:5 we come to describe ! religions ( ! wild tribes ( ,india x w be se5 t among !m also are f\nd traits common1 on ! "o h&1 to ! ,h9du1 & on ! o!r to ! wild tribes ( ,am]ica4 ,) ?is w>n+ 9 m9d "o may inquire at la/ 9 h[ f> a cons]vative judgm5t c f9d among ! ,aryans !mselves an id5tity ( orig9al conception 9 ! diff]5t =ms ( div9ities & religi\s rites4 ,=emo/ /& ! univ]sal *rema!ism1 wor%ip ( inanimate objects reg>d$ z usefully div9e1 & ! cult ( ! dep>t$ dead4 ,?is latt] is almo/ univ]sal1 p]haps pan-,aryan1 & ,web] is probably "r 9 assum+ t ! primitive ,aryans believ$ 9 a future life4 ,b ,b5fey's id5tification ( ,t>t>as ) ! ,sanskrit ,talatala1 ! "n ( a special hell 9 v late sy/ems ( cosmogony1 is decid$ly )\t ! be>+ he w\ld put ^u x4 ,! ,sanskrit ^w may be tak5 directly f ! ,greek1 b ( an ,aryan s\rce = bo? !re is n ! remote/ hi/orical probability4 ,:51 h[ev]1 "o comes to ! ,"l ( ! ,dead he f9ds himself already 9 a n>r[] circle4 ,yama is ! ,p]sian ,yima1 & ! "n ( ,k]b]os may h be5 once an adjective appli$ to ! dog t gu>d$ ! pa? to p>adise2 b o!r p>ticul> conceptions t ga!r ab\t ea* god po9t only to a p]iod ( ,indo-,iranian unity4 ,( ! great nature-gods ! sun is m ?an ,aryan1 b d\btless 0 ,aryan1 = ,surya is ,helios1 b ,savit> is a developm5t especially ,indian4 ,dyas-pit> is ,zes-pat]1 ,jupit]4#ai ,trita1 sc>cely ,triton1 is ! ,p]sian ,?raetaona :o conqu]s ,vritra1 z does ,indra 9 ,india4 ,! la/1 on ! o!r h&1 is to be ref]r$ only hesitat+ly to ! demon ,andra ( ! ,ave/a4 ,v>una1 despite phonetic difficulties1 probably is ,ouranos2 b ,asura 7,as587 is a title ( _m gods 9 ,india's fir/ p]iod1 :ile ! correspond+ ,ahura is re/rict$ to ! good _s1 ,greek3 kat hexo*n4 ,! sev5 ,adityas are reflect$ 9 ! ,ame%a p5tas ( ,zoroa/rian ,puritanism1 b ^! are m]e imitations1 spiritualiz$ & moraliz$ into ab/ractions4 ,bhaga is ,slavic ,bogu & ,p]sian ,bagha2 ,mitra is ,p]sian ,mi?ra4 ,! ,av9s are all b 9 "n ! ,greek gods ,diosk\roi1 & correspond closely 9 detail 7rid+ on horses1 heal+ & help+1 orig9ally tw9s ( twilight74 ,tacitus gives a p>allel ,teutonic pair 7,g]m4 #dc74 ,u%as1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile etymologically correspond+ to ,aurora1 ,eos1 is a specially ,indian developm5t1 z ,eos has no cult4 ,vata1 ,w9d1 is an aborig9al god1 & may p]haps be ,wotan1 ,od94#bj ,p>janya1 ! ra9-god1 z ,bhl] has %[n1 is "o ) ,li?uanian ,p]kna1 & ) ! nor!rn ,figyu4 ,! 'fa%ion]1' ,tva%t> 7sun7 is only ,indo-,iranian2 ,?wa%a probably be+ ! same ^w4 ,( less] mights1 ,angiras1 "n ( fire1 may be ,p]sian ang>os1 'fire-mess5g]' 7comp>e ,greek3 haggelos71 p]haps orig9ally "o ) ,sk4 angara1 'coal4'#ba ,hebe has be5 id5tifi$ ) yavya1 "y woman1 b ?is ^w is en\gh to %[ t ,hebe has naught to d ) ! ,indian pan!on4 ,! ,g&h>va1 moon1 is c]ta9ly "o ) ! ,p]sian ,g&>ewa1 b c h>dly be id5tical ) ! ,c5taur4 ,s>ama seems to h1 toge!r ) ,sarameya1 a ,grecian p>allel developm5t 9 ,hel5a 7a goddess 9 ,sp>ta71 ,sel5e1 ,h]mes2 & ,s>anyu may be ! same ) ,er9nys1 b ^! are n ,aryan figures 9 ! =m ( _! respective developm5ts1 ?\gh !y appe> to be s 9 orig94 ,x is sc>cely possible t ,e>? is an ,aryan deity ) a cult1 ?\gh diff]5t ,aryan 7& un-,aryan7 nations reg>d$ h] z div9e4 ,! ,m>uts are especially ,indian & h no primitive id5tity z gods ) ,m>s1 ?\gh ! names may be radically connect$4 ,! fire-prie/s1 ,bhrigus1 are suppos$ to be "o ) ! ,greek3 phlegixu4 ,! fact t ! fate ( ea* 9 lat] my? is to visit hell w\ld presuppose1 h[ev]1 an ,aryan notion ( a torture-hell1 ( :i* ! ,rig ,v$a has no conception4 ,! ,aryan id5tity ( ! two my?s is !reby made unc]ta91 if n implausible4 ,! special developm5t 9 ,india ( ! fire-prie/ t br+s d[n fire f heav51 :5 comp>$ ) ! p]sonification ( ! 'twirl]' 7,proman!us7 9 ,greece1 %[s t no detail$ my? 0 curr5t 9 primitive times4#bb ,! "n ( ! fire-prie/1 brahman fla7g7m57871 is an indication ( ! primitive fire-cult 9 anti!sis to ! soma-cult1 :i* latt] belongs to ! n>r[] circle ( ! ,h9dus & ,p]sians4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 9 ! id5tity ( names = sacrifice 7yajna1 yana7 & ( b>his1 ! sacrificial /raw1 ( soma haoma1 toge!r ) _m o!r liturgical simil>ities1 z 9 ! case ( ! metres1 "o mu/ recognize a fully develop$ soma-cult prior to ! sep>ation ( ! ,h9dus & ,iranians4 ,( demigods ( evil type ! ,yatus are bo? ,h9du & ,iranian1 b ! prie/-names ( ! "o religion are evil names 9 ! o!r1 z ! devas1 gods1 ( "o are ! daevas1 demons1 ( ! o!r4#bc ,!re are no o!r id5tifications t seem at all c]ta9 9 ! /rict prov9ce ( religion1 al?\gh 9 my? ! =m ( ,manus1 :o is ! ,h9du ,noah1 has be5 associat$ ) ,teutonic ,mannus1 & ,greek ,m9os1 not$ 9 ,?ucydides = 8 sea-f>+4 ,he is to ,yama 7lat] reg>d$ z 8 bro!r7 z is ,noah to ,adam4 ,we d n lay /ress on lack ( equation 9 prop] names1 b1 z ,s*rad] %[s 7p4 #eif ff471 v few comp>isons on ?is l9e h a solid phonetic f\ndation4 ,m9os1 ,manu2 ,ouranos1 ,v>una2 ,wotan1 ,vata1 are dubi\s2 & "s equate flam5 ) bltan1 sacrifice4 ,o!r wid] or n>r[] comp>isons1 su* z ,neptunus f npat apam1 seem to u too d>+ to be believ$4 ,apollo 7sap>y71 ,aphrodite 7,aps>as71 ,artamis 7non-exi/5t r4tamal71 ,pan 7pavana71 h be5 clev]ly comp>$1 b ! id5tity ( =ms has sc>cely be5 prov$4 ,nor is x important = ! comp>ative my?ologi/ t ,okeanus is 'ly+ ar\nd' 7ayana74 ,m ?an t is necess>y to connect ,ocean my?ologically ) ! demon t surr\nds 7swall[s7 ! wat]s ( ! sky4 ,! ,v$ic p>allel is r ,rasa1 ! f>-(f great '/ream4' ,x is r>ely t "o f9ds ,aryan equival5ts 9 ! l& ( fairies & fays4 ,yet are ! ,h9du clev] artizan ,ribhus#bd our 'elves1' :o1 ev5 to ?is day1 are di/9ct f fairies 9 _! dext]ity & clev]ness1 z e wise *ild kn[s4 ,b animism1 z simple spiritism1 feti%ism1 p]haps ance/or-wor%ip1 & poly!ism1 ) ! polydaemonism t may be call$ *rema!ism1 exi/s f ! beg9n+ ( ! religi\s hi/ory1 undi/urb$ by ! proximity ( !ism1 pan!ism1 or a!ism2 exactly z to-day 9 ! ,occid5t1 beside !ism & a!ism1 exi/ spiritism & feti%ism 7) _! inh]5t magic71 & ev5 ance/or-wor%ip1 z impli$ by ! reput$ aft]-effect ( p>5tal curses4 ,:5 ! circle is n>r[$ to t ( ! ,indo-,iranian connection ! simil>ity 9 religion betwe5 ! ,v$a & ,ave/a becomes mu* m /rik+ ?an 9 any o!r gr\p1 z has be5 %[n4 ,x is "h t ! greate/ discrepancy 9 op9ion obta9s among mod]n s*ol>s4 ,"s are incl9$ to ref] all t smacks ( ,p]sia to a remote p]iod ( ,indo-,iranian unity1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 to connect all tok5s ( contact ) ! we/ ) f>-away regions out ( ,india4 ,x is sc>cely possible t su* c be ! case4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is unhi/orical to connect1 z d "s s*ol>s1 ! wor%ip ( soma & ,v>una ) a remote p]iod ( unity1 & !n ) a jump to admit a close connection betwe5 ,v$a & ,ave/a 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod4 ,! ,v$ic ,aryans appe> to h liv$1 s to speak1 h& 9 glove ) ! ,iranians = a p]iod long en\gh = ! latt] to %>e 9 t advance ( ,v>una-wor%ip f poly!ism to quasi-mono!ism :i* is se5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,?is wor%ip ( ,v>una z a sup]ior god1 ) 8 =m] equals rang$ "u him 9 a gr\p1 *iefly obta9s 9 t family 7be x ( prie/ or tribe1 or be ! two ess5tially "o f a religi\s po9t ( view7 :i* has lea/ to d ) pure soma-wor%ip1 ! inh]it$ ,indo-,iranian cult2 & ! ,p]sian ,ahura1 ) ! six spiritualiz$ equival5ts ( ! old ,v$ic ,adityas1 c h come into exi/5ce only z a direct trans=mation ( ! latt] cult1 :i* 9 turn is lat] ?an ! cult t develop$ 9 "o direction z *ief ( gods a ,zeus2 9 ano!r1 a ,bhaga2 9 a ?ird1 an ,od94 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! gradual *ange 9 ,india ( ,iranic gods to devils1 asuras1 !re is an exact c\nt]p>t to ! ,iranian *ange ( mean+ f deva to daeva4 ,b if ?is be ! connection1 x is impossible to assume a long break betwe5 ,india & ! we/1 & !n su* a sudd5 tie z is indicat$ by ! allusions 9 ! ,rig ,v$a to ! ,p]sians & o!r we/]n l&s4 ,! mo/ reasonable view1 !re=e1 appe>s to be t ! ,v$ic & ,iranian ,aryans 7 = a long "t 9 contact1 t ! contact began to cease z ! two peoples sep>at$ to ea/ & we/1 b t aft] ! two peoples sep>at$ communication 0 sporadically kept up betwe5 !m by individuals 9 ! way ( trade or o!rwise4 ,?is expla9s ! /ill surviv+ relation%ip z x is f\nd 9 lat] hymns & 9 ?ank-(f]+s app>5tly involv+ ,iranian p]sonages4 ,!y t believe 9 a mono!i/ic ,v>una-cult prec$+ ! ,v$ic poly!ism mu/ !n ignore ! foll[+ facts3 ,! ,slavic equival5t ( ,bhaga & ! ,teutonic equival5t ( ,vata are to ^! respective peoples _! highe/ gods4 ,!y _h no ,v>una4 ,moreov]1 !re is n ! slighte/ pro( t ,ouranos 9 ,greece#be 0 ev] a god wor%ipp$ z a great god be=e ,zeus1 nor is !re any probability t to ! ,h9du ,dyaus ,pit> 0 ev] a great god1 9 ! s5se t he ev] _h a special cult z supreme deity4 ,he is physically great1 & physically he is fa!r1 z is ,e>? "m1 b he is religi\sly great only 9 ! ,hell5ic-,italic circle1 :]e exi/s no ,uranos-cult#bf4 ,r is x app>5t t ! ,greek rais$ ,zeus1 z did ! ,slav ,bhaga1 to 8 fir/ head ( ! pan!on4 ,n[ :5 "o sees t 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod ,v>una is ! type ( ,adityas1 to :i* belong ,bhaga & ,mitra z di/9ctly less important p]sonages1 x is pla9 t ?is c mean only t ,v>una has gradually be5 exalt$ to 8 position at ! exp5se ( ! o!r gods4 ,nor is !re p]fect uni=mity betwe5 ,p]sian & ,h9du conceptions4 ,asura 9 ! ,v$a is n appli$ to ,v>una alone4 ,b 9 ! ,ave/a1 ,ahura is ! "o great _s1 & 8 six spirits are pla9ly a prote/ant copy & modification ( ,v>una & 8 six und]l+s4 ,?is1 !n1 c mean--:i* /&s 9 concordance ) ! o!r p>allels betwe5 ! two religions--only t ,z>a?u/ra borr[s ! ,ahura idea f ! ,v$ic ,aryans at a "t :5 ,v>una 0 become sup]ior to ! o!r gods1 & :5 ! ,v$ic cult is e/abli%$ 9 its second phase#bg4 ,to ?is fact po9ts also ! evid5ce t %[s h[ ne> toge!r geographically 7 once ! ,h9dus & ,p]sians4 ,:e!r "o puts ! place ( sep>ation at ! ,kabul or fur!r to ! nor?-we/ is a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,! ,p]sians borr[ ! idea ( ,v>una ,asura1 ^: eye is ! sun4 ,!y spiritualize ?is1 & create an ,asura unkn[n to o!r nations4 ,( von ,bradke's attempt to prove an orig9al ,dyaus ,asura we h said no?+1 because ! attempt has fail$ signally4 ,he imag9es t ! epi!t ,asura 0 giv5 to ,dyaus 9 ! ,indo-,iranian p]iod1 & t f a ,dyaus ,pit> ,asura ! ,iranians made an ab/ract ,asura1 :ile ! ,h9dus rais$ ! o!r gods & depress$ ,dyaus ,pit> ,asura2 :]eas x is q c]ta9 t ,v>una 7,asura7 grew up1 out1 & ov] ! o!r ,asuras1 8 =m] equals4 ,& yet x is almo/ a pity to sp5d "t to demon/rate t ,v>una-wor%ip 0 n mono!i/ic orig9ally4 ,we gladly admit t1 ev5 if n a primitive mono!i/ic deity1 ,v>una yet is a god t belongs to a v old p]iod ( ,h9du lit]ature4 ,&1 = a wor%ip s antique1 h[ noble is ! idea1 h[ exalt$ is ! complet$ conception ( him6 ,truly1 ! ,h9dus & ,p]sians alone ( ,aryans m\nt ne>e/ to ! high level ( ,hebraic ?\ght4 ,= ,v>una beside ! l(tie/ figure 9 ! ,hell5ic pan!on /&s l a god beside a man4 ,! ,greeks _h1 inde$1 a surpass+ ae/hetic ta/e1 b 9 gr&eur ( religi\s ideas ev5 ! d>+ ( ,aes*ylus becomes b hesitat+ bravado :5 comp>$ ) ! s]5e boldness ( ! ,v$ic se]s1 :o1 fir/ ( _! race1 out ( _m gods imag9$ ,god4 ,9 reg>d to es*atology1 z 9 reg>d to my?s1 x has be5 %[n t ! utmo/ caution 9 id5tification is call$ =4 ,x may be surmis$ t su* or su* a belief or leg5d is 9 orig9 "o ) a l fai? or tale ( o!r peoples4 ,b ! "q :e!r x be "o 9 hi/orical orig9 or 9 univ]sal my?opoetic fancy1 & ?is latt] be ! only common orig91 mu/ rema9 9 almo/ e case unansw]$#bh4 ,?is is by f> n s ent]ta9+1 nor s picturesque a solution z is ! explanation ( a common hi/orical basis = any two leg5ds1 ) its inspir+ 'op5 sesame' to ! door ( ! lock$ pa/4 ,b :i* is tru]8 ,:i* accords m ) ! facts z !y are collect$ f a wid] field8 ,z man 9 ! process ( developm5t1 9 :atev] qu>t] ( e>? he be locat$1 makes = himself indep5d5tly clo!s1 language1 & gods1 s he makes my?s t are m or less l ^? ( o!r peoples1 & x is only :5 names co9cide & traits t are unkn[n else:]e are /rik+ly simil> 9 any two my?ologies t "o has a "r to argue a probable community ( orig94 ,b ev5 if ! leg5d ( ! flood 7 ,babylonian1 & ! ,asuras z devils 7 due to ,iranian influ5ce--:i* c nei!r be prov$ nor disprov$--! fact rema9s t ! ,indian religion 9 its ma9 features is ( a purely native "*4 ,z ! mo/ prom95t features ( ! ,v$ic religion mu/ be reg>d$ ! wor%ip ( soma ( nature-gods t are 9 "p already m ?an ?is1 ( spirits1 & ( ! ,manes2 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a moral law & a belief 9 a life h]eaft]4 ,!re is also a vagu] nasc5t belief 9 a creator ap>t f any natural ph5om5on1 b ! cre$ = ! mo/ "p is poetically1 indef9itely1 /at$3 ',mo/ wond]-work+ ( ! wond]-work+ gods1 :o made heav5 & e>?'7z above74 ,! correspond+ ,p[] is ,c]us 9 ,c]us-,creator 7,kronos871 al?\gh :5 a "n is giv51 ! ,mak]1 ,dhat>1 is employ$2 :ile ,tva%t>1 ! artific]1 is m an epi!t ( ! sun ?an ( ! unkn[n creator4 ,! p]sonification ( ,dhat> z creator ( ! sun1 etc41 belongs to lat] ,v$ic times1 & =]uns ! ,fa!r-god ( ! la/ ,v$ic p]iod4 ,n till ! classical age 7bel[7 is f\nd a =mal id5tification ( ! ,v$ic nature-gods ) ! dep>t$ ,fa!rs 7,manes74 ,indra1 = example1 is invok$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a to 'be a fri5d1 be a fa!r1 be m fa!rly ?an ! fa!rs'2#bi b ?is implies no patri/ic side 9 ,indra1 :o is call$ 9 ! same hymn 7vs4 #d7 ! son ( ,dyaus 78 fa!r72 & ,dyaus ,pit> no m implies1 z say "s scioli/s1 t ,dyaus 0 reg>d$ z a human ance/or ?an does ',"m ,e>?' imply a belief t ,e>? is ! gho/ ( a dead woman4 ,9 ! ,v$a !re is a nature-religion & an ance/or-religion4 ,^! approa*1 b d n unite2 !y are felt z sund]$ beliefs4 ,sun-my?s1 ?\gh by "s d5i$ 9 toto1 appe> pla9ly 9 ! ,v$ic hymns4 ,dead h]oes may be gods1 b gods1 too1 are natural ph5om5a1 &1 aga91 !y are ab/ractions4 ,he t d5ies any "o ( ^! s\rces ( godhead is ignorant ( ,india4 ,mll]1 9 8 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 has divid$ ,v$ic lit]ature into f\r p]iods1 t ( *&as1 songs2 mantras1 texts2 brahmanas2 & sutras4 ,! mantras are 9 di/9ction f *&as1 ! lat] hymns to ! e>li] gods4#cj ,! latt] di/9ction c1 h[ev]1 be e/abli%$ only on subjective gr\nds1 &1 ?\gh g5]ally unimpea*able1 is sometimes liable to rev]sion4 ,?us1 ,mll] looks ^u ,,rv4 ,,viii4 #cj z 'simple & primitive1' :ile o!rs see 9 ?is hymn a late mantra4 ,betwe5 ! ,rig ,v$a & ! ,brahmanas1 :i* are 9 prose1 lies a p]iod fill$ out 9 "p by ! pres5t =m ( ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 is a ,v$a ( ! l[ cult t is almo/ ignor$ by ! ,rig ,v$a1 :ile x conta9s at ! same "t mu* t is lat] ?an ! ,rig ,v$a1 & consi/s ( old & new toge!r 9 a mann] entirely con=mable to ! /ate ( e o!r ,h9du "w ( e>ly times4 ,aft] ?is epo* !re is f\nd 9 ! liturgical p]iod1 into :i* ext5d ! lat] portions ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7noticeably p>ts ( ! fir/1 f\r?1 eigh?1 & t5? books71 a religion :i*1 9 spiritual tone1 9 metaphysical speculation1 & ev5 9 ! int]pretation ( "s ( ! natural div9ities1 diff]s n m f ! bulk ( ! ,rig ,v$a ?an does ! social /atus ( ! "t f t ( ! e>li] text4 ,religion has become1 9 s f> z ! gods are conc]n$1 a ritual4 ,b1 except 9 ! build+ up ( a ,fa!r-god1 !ology is at bottom n mu* alt]$1 & ! es*atological conceptions rema9 ab\t z !y 71 despite a prelim9>y sign ( ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4 ,9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 = ! fir/ "t1 hell is kn[n by its lat] "n 7xii4 #d4 #cf71 & p]haps its tortures2 b ! idea ( future puni%m5t appe>s pla9ly fir/ 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod4 ,bo? ! doctr9e ( re-bir? & t ( hell appe> 9 ! e>lie/ ,sutras1 & consequ5tly ! assumption t ^! dogmas come f ,buddhism does n appe> to be well f\nd$2 = x is to be presum$ :atev] religi\s belief is e/abli%$ 9 legal lit]ature w h prec$$ t lit]ature by a consid]able p]iod1 c]ta9ly by a great] l5g? ( "t ?an t :i* divides ! fir/ ,brahmanic law f ,buddhism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ! acc\nts ( ,lafitau2 ( ! native ,iroquois1 baptiz$ z ,morgan2 & ! works ( ,s*oolcraft & ,p>kman4 ,footnote #b3 ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,introduction1 p4 lxi4 ,footnote #c3 ,l o!r ,indians1 ! ,hurons 7 desp]ate gambl]s1 /ak+ _! all1--ornam5ts1 clo?+1 canoes1 pipes1 weapons1 & wives1 loc4 cit4 p4 xxxvi4 ,comp>e ,palfrey1 ( ,massa*usetts ,indians4 ,! same is true ( all savages4 ,footnote #d3 ,ib4 p4 lxvii4 ,footnote #e3 ,comp>e at4 ,br4 ,,vi4 #a4 #a1 #ab2 ,,vii4 #e4 #a1 #b sq41 = ! ,h9du tortoise 9 its fir/ =m4 ,! totem-=m ( ! tortoise is well kn[n 9 ,am]ica4 7,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #he47 ,footnote #f3 ,*>levoix ap4 ,p>kman4 ,footnote #g3 ,p>kman1 loc4 cit4 p4 ,,lxxii2 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #bdh4 ,a good in/ance ( bad comp>ison 9 es*atology w be f\nd 9 ,geig]1 ,o/ir4 ,cult4 pp4 #bgd-bge4 ,footnote #h3 ,p>kman1 loc4 cit4 p4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,footnote #i3 ,sits4 ,b]l4 ,akad4 #ahia1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #aj3 ,br9ton1 ,am]ican ,h]o ,my?s1 p4 #agd4 ,! fir/ wor%ip 0 ,sun-wor%ip1 !n ,viraco*a-wor%ip arose1 :i* kept ,sun-wor%ip :ile x pr$icat$ a 'p[] beyond4 ,footnote #aa3 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 pp4 #he1 #bjc4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ib4 pp4 #hf1 #bjb4 ,footnote #ac3 ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #bdc4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians uni=mly reg>d ! sun z heav51 ! s\l goes to ! sun4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ib4 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ib4 p4 #bci-dj4 ,footnote #af3 ,ib4 p4 #ej1 #ea4 ,footnote #ag3 ,ib4 pp4 #bdb1 #bdh1 #bee2 ,s*oolcraft1 ,,iii4 #bbi4 ,footnote #ah3 ,r5\f1 ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt2 pp4 #ajc1 #aac ff4 ,footnote #ai3 ,teutonic ,tuisco is d\btful1 z ! id5tity ) ,dyaus has lately be5 conte/$ on phonetic gr\nds4 ,footnote #bj3 ,vata1 v5tus1 does n agree v well ) ,wotan4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ax4 ,br4 ,,iii1 #cd4 ,greek3 hagg>on pur is really tautological1 b beacon fires gave way to c\ri]s & ,greek3 hagg>os lo/ ! s5se ( fire1 z did ,greek3 haggelos4 ,footnote #bb3 ,b ! g5]al belief t fire 7,agni1 ,ignis1 ,slavic ogni7 0 fir/ br\ght to e>? f heav5 by a half-div9e p]sonality is 7at lea/7 ,aryan1 z ,kuhn has %[n4 ,footnote #bc3 ,comp>e ! kavis & ugijs 7poets & prie/s7 ( ! ,v$a ) ! evil spirits ( ! same names 9 ! ,ave/a1 l daeva deva4 ,comp>e1 besides1 ! ,indo-,iranian fea/s1 m$ha1 t accompany ?is ,bac*analian liquor-wor%ip4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ludwig int]prets ! ?ree ,ribhus z ! ?ree seasons p]sonifi$4 ,etymologically connect$ is ,orpheus1 p]haps4 ,footnote #be3 ,greek3 o de *alkeos asphales ai5 edos m5ei ouranos1 ,p9d4 ,n4 vi4 #e2 comp>e ,prell]#d1 p4#dj4 ,footnote #bf3 ,wahrs*e9li* s9d ,uranos und ,kronos er/ aus dem ,culte des ,zeus ab/rahirt word54 ,prell]#d1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,:5 ,aryan deities are decad5t1 ,trita1 ,mitra1 etc4 ,footnote #bh3 ,spiegel holds t ! :ole idea ( future puni%m5t is d]iv$ f ,p]sia 7,eranis*e ,al!r?umskunde1 ,i4 p4 #deh71 b 8 po9t ( view is naturally prejudic$4 ,! allusion to ! suppos$ ,babylonian co91 mana1 9 ,,rv4 ,,viii4 #gh4 #b1 w\ld indicate t ! relation ) ,babylon is "o ( trade1 z ) ,aegypt4 ,! acc\nt ( ! flood may be drawn !nce1 s may ! /ory ( ,deucalion1 b bo? ,h9du & ,hell5ic v]sions may be z native z is t ( ! ,am]ican r$sk9s4 ,footnote #bi3 ,,iv4 #ag4 #ag4 ,footnote #cj3 loc4 cit4 pp4 #gj1 #dhj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,brahmanism4 ,besides ! ,rig ,v$a & ! ,a?>va ,v$a !re are two o!rs1 call$ respectively ! ,sama ,v$a & ! ,yajur ,v$a4#a ,! =m] consi/s ( a small collection ( v]ses1 :i* are tak5 *iefly f ! eigh? & n9? books ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 & are arrang$ = s++4 ,x has a few m v]ses ?an are conta9$ 9 ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! ,rik1 b ! :ole is ( no add$ importance f ! pres5t po9t ( view4 ,x is ( c\rse made entirely = ! ritual4 ,also made = ! ritual is ! ,yajur ,v$a1 ! ,v$a ( sacrificial =mulae4 ,b ?is ,v$a is f> m important4 ,) x "o is br\ght into a new l&1 & into a _w ( ideas t are /range to ! ,rik4 ,! p]iod repres5t$ by x is a sort ( bridge betwe5 ! ,rik & ! ,brahmanas4 ,! ,yajus is lat] ?an ,rik or ,a?>van1 belong+ 9 its entirety m to ! age ( ! liturgy ?an to ! old] ,v$ic era4 ,) ! ,brahmanas n only is ! tone *ang$ f t ( ! ,rig ,v$a2 ! :ole moral atmosph]e is n[ sur*>g$ ) hocus-pocus1 my/icism1 religiosity1 in/ead ( ! *e]ful1 real religion :i*1 h[ev] =mal1 is ! s\l ( ! ,rik4 ,9 ! ,brahmanas !re is no fre%ness1 no poetry4 ,!re is 9 "s reg>ds a m scrupul\s outw>d morality1 b = ! re/ !re is only cynicism1 bigotry1 & dullness4 ,x is true t ea* ( ^! traits may be f\nd 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 b x is n true t !y repres5t !re ! _s ( ! age1 z !y d 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod4 ,( ?is ,brahmanic /oa1 to :i* we n[ turn1 ! ,yajur ,v$a =ms ! fitt+ entrance4 ,"h ! prie/ is z mu* "l z he is 9 ! ,brahmanas4 ,"h ! sacrifice is only ! act1 ! sacrificial =ms 7yajus71 )\t ! _s4 ,9 di/9ction f ! v]se-,v$a 7! ,rik71 ! ,yajur ,v$a conta9s ! special =mulae :i* ! prie/ t att5ds to ! erection ( ! alt> has to speak1 ) explanatory rem>ks add$ !reto4 ,?is ( c\rse /amps ! collection z me*anical2 b ! wond] is t ?is collection1 ) ! simil> ,brahmana scriptures t foll[ x1 %\ld be ! only new lit]ature :i* c5turies h to %[4#b ,z explanatory ( ! sacrifice !re is f\nd1 inde$1 a good deal ( leg5d>y /uff1 :i* sometimes has a lit]>y "*4 ,b no?+ is = itself2 ev]y?+ is = ! correct p]=mance ( ! sacrifice4#c ,! geographical c5tre is n[ *ang$1 & in/ead ( ! ,punjab1 ! 'middle di/rict' becomes ! seat ( culture4 ,nor is !re mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! di/rict to :i* c be ref]r$ ! rise ( ! ,yajur ,v$a & t ( ! ,brahmanas4 ,no less alt]$ is ! religion4 ,all is n[ symbolical1 & ! gods1 ?\gh 9 g5]al !y are ! gods ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 are n ! same z ( old4 ,! prie/s h become gods4 ,! old appellation ( '_s1' asura1 is conf9$ to evil spirits4 ,!re is no long] any su* 'h5o!ism' z t ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,! ,fa!r-god1 '"l ( be+s1' or simply '! fa!r1' is ! *ief god4 ,! la/ ?\ght ( ! ,rig ,v$a is ! fir/ ?\ght ( ! ,yajur ,v$a4 ,o!r *anges h tak5 place4 ,! demigods ( ! old] p]iod1 ! wat]-nymphs ( ! ,rik1 "h become s$uctive goddesses1 ^: increase ( p[] 9 ?is art agrees ) ! decl9e ( ! w>rior _s t is %[n too 9 ! :ole mode ( ?9k+4 ,mo/ important is ! gradual rise ( ,vi%nu & ! fir/ appe>ance ( iva4 ,"h brahma1 :i* 9 ! ,rik has ! mean+ 'pray]' alone1 is no long] m]e pray]1 b1 z 9 lat] lit]ature1 hol9ess4 ,9 %ort1 be=e ! ,brahmanas are rea*$ !y are p]ceptible 9 ! ne> di/ance1 9 ! ,v$a ( ,=mulae1 ! ,yajus2#d = betwe5 ! ,yajur ,v$a & ! ,brahmanas !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,! latt] consi/ ( explanations ( ! sacrificial liturgy1 int]sp]s$ ) leg5ds1 bits ( hi/ory1 philosophical explanations1 & o!r matt] m or less relat$ to ! subject4 ,!y are complet$ by ! ,=e/ ,books1 ,aranyakas1 :i* conta9 ! speculations ( ! lat] !osophy1 ! ,upani%ads 7bel[74 ,x is ) ! ,yajur ,v$a & its ne>ly relat$ lit]ature1 ! ,brahmanas1 t ,brahmanism really beg9s4 ,( ^! latt] ! mo/ important 9 age & cont5t are ! ,brahmanas 7( ! ,rig ,v$a & ,yajur ,v$a71 call$ ,ait>eya & ata-pa?a1 ! =m] repres5t+ ! we/]n di/rict1 ! latt]1 9 great "p1 a m ea/]n region4 ,al?\gh ! ',nor!rn]s' are /ill respectfully ref]r$ to1 yet1 z we h j said1 ! p among :om arose ! ,brahmanas are n settl$ 9 ! ,punjab1 b 9 ! c\ntry call$ ! 'middle di/rict1' r\nd ab\t ! mod]n ,delhi4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! ,punjab is ab&on$2 or r1 ! lit]ature ( ?is p]iod does n emanate f ! ,aryans t rema9$ 9 ! ,punjab1 b f ! /ill emigrat+ desc5dants ( ! old ,v$ic p t us$ to live !re4 ,"s /ay beh9d & keep ! old] practices1 n 9 all reg>ds look$ ^u z or?odox by _! m advanc$ bre?r51 :o h pu%$ ea/ & n[ live 9 ! c\ntry call$ ! l& ( ! ,kurus & ,pa4ncalas4#e ,!y are spread f>!r ea/1 along ! banks ( ! ,jumna & ,ganges1 s\? ( ,nepal2 :ile "s are /ill ab\t & s\? ( ! holy ,kuruk%etra or 'pla9 ( ,kurus4' ,ea/ ( ! middle di/rict ! ,kosalas & ,videhas =m1 9 opposition to ! ,kurus & ,pa4ncalas1 ! second great tribe 7,tirhut74 ,!re are n[ two sets ( ',sev5 ,riv]s1' & ! hol9ess ( ! we/]n gr\p is p]ceptibly less5$4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t are f\nd ! ,vratya-hymns1 int5d$ to initiate into ! ,brahmanic ord] ,aryans :o h n con=m$ to x1 & speak a dialectic language4#f ,f ! po9t ( view ( language & geography1 no less ?an f t ( ! social & spiritual conditions1 x is evid5t t q a p]iod has elaps$ s9ce ! body ( ! ,rig ,v$a 0 compos$4 ,! reveal$ texts are n[ anci5t /oreh\ses ( wisdom4 ,religion has app>5tly become a =m2 9 "s reg>ds x is a f>ce4 ,!re are two k9ds ( gods2 = ! gods are gods1 & prie/s t are le>n$ 9 ! ,v$a & tea* x are human gods4 ,?is s5t5ce1 f "o ( ! mo/ important ,h9du prose works1#g is ! key to ! religion ( ! p]iod :i* x repres5ts2 & x is fitly foll[$ by ! fur!r /atem5t1 t l sacrifice to ! gods are ! fees paid to ! human gods ! prie/s4#h ,yet ) ?is dictum1 s important = ! und]/&+ ( ! religion ( ! age1 mu/ be jo9$ ano!r1 if "o w\ld d t age full ju/ice3 ',! sacrifice is l a %ip sail+ heav5w>d2 if !re be a s9ful prie/ 9 x1 t "o prie/ w\ld make x s9k' 7at4 ,br4 ,,iv4 #b4 #e4 #aj74 ,= al?\gh ! "t is "o 9 :i* ritualism _h1 inde$1 become m important ?an religion1 & ! prie/ m important ?an ! gods1 yet is !re no lack ( rev]5tial feel+1 nor is morality reg>d$ z unimportant4 ,! fir/ impression1 h[ev]1 :i* is ga9$ f ! lit]ature ( ?is p]iod is t ! sacrifice is all 9 all2 t ! endless details ( its c\rse1 & ! petty que/ions 9 reg>d to its arrangem5t1 are n only ! pr9cipal objects ( c>e & ( *ief mom5t1 b ev5 ( s c>d9al importance t ! :ole religi\s _s sw+s ^u !m4 ,b su* is n altoge!r ! case4 ,x is ! tru?1 yet is x n ! :ole tru?1 t 9 ^! ,brahmanas religion is an appe>ance1 n a reality4 ,! sacrifice is inde$ repres5t$ to be ! only door to prosp]ity on e>? & to future bliss2 b !re is a quiet yet p]si/5t belief t at bottom a moral & religi\s life is q z ess5tial z are ! rituali/ic obs]vances ) :i* wor%ip is accompani$4 ,to describe ,brahmanism z imply+ a religion t is purely "o ( c]emonies1 "o compos$ entirely ( obs]vances1 is !re=e n altoge!r correct4 ,9 read+ a liturgical "w x mu/ n be =gott5 = :at ! "w 0 int5d$4 ,if its object be simply to inculcate a special rite1 "o _c dem& t x %\ld %[ bread? ( view or elevation ( s5tim5t4 ,compos$ ( obs]vances e "w mu/ be ( :i* ! aim is to expla9 obs]vances4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 religion 7fai? & moral behavior7 is "h assum$1 & s entirely is x tak5 = grant$ t a /atem5t emphasiz+ ! necessity ( godl9ess is seldom f\nd4 ,nev]!less1 hav+ call$ att5tion to ! religi\s _s t lies lat5t 9 ! p$antic ,brahmanas1 we are will+ to admit t ! age is ov]ca/1 n only ) a ?ick cl\d ( ritualism1 b also ) an unpleasant mask ( ph>iseeism4 ,!re _c h be5 q s mu* att5tion paid to ! outside ( ! platt] )\t neglect ( ! inside4 ,& x is true t ! prie/s ( ?is p]iod /rive m = ! completion ( _! rites ?an = ! p]fection ( !mselves4 ,x is true1 also1 t occasionally !re is a revolt+ contempt = ^? p :o are n ( especial s]vice to ! prie/4 ,!re are n[ two godlike ari/ocrats1 ! prie/ & ! noble4 ,! 'p' are reg>d$ z only fit to be ! food ( ! nobility4 ,9 ! symbolical language ( ! "t ! bricks ( ! alt>1 :i* are consecrat$1 are ! w>rior ca/e2 ! fill+s1 9 ! space betwe5 ! bricks1 are n consecrat$2 & ^! fill]s ( space are ! p 7at4 ,br4 ,,vi4 #a4 #b4 #be74 ,yet is religion 9 ^! books n dead1 b sleep+2 to wake aga9 9 ! ,upani%ads ) a full] spiritual life ?an is f\nd 9 any o!r pre-,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,al?\gh ! subject matt] ( ! ,brahmanas is ! cult1 yet are !re f\nd 9 !m num]\s leg5ds1 moral tea*+s1 philosophical fancies1 hi/orical items1 etymologies & o!r adv5titi\s matt]1 all ( :i* are helpful 9 giv+ a bett] und]/&+ ( ! intellig5ce ( ! p to :om is due all ! extant lit]ature ( ! p]iod4 ,long citations f ^! rituali/ic productions w\ld h a c]ta9 value1 9 %[+ 9 native =m ! "* ( ! works1 b !y w\ld make un5durable read+2 & we h ?\ght x bett] to arrange ! multif>i\s cont5ts ( ! *ief ,brahmanas 9 a sort ( ord]1 al?\gh x is difficult always to decide :]e !ology ends & moral tea*+s beg91 ! two are "h s int]wov54 ,,brahmanic ,,!ology ,,& ,,! ,,sacrifice4 ,:ile 9 g5]al ! pan!on ( ! ,rig ,v$a & ,a?>va ,v$a is t ( ! ,brahmanas1 "s ( ! old] gods are n[ r$uc$ 9 importance1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 z 9 ! ,yajur ,v$a1 "s gods are se5 to be gr[+ 9 importance4 ',"t1' deifi$ 9 ! ,a?>van1 is a great god1 b beside him /ill /& ! old ru/ic div9ities2 & *rema!ism1 :i* ant$ates ev5 ! ,rig ,v$a1 is /ill recogniz$4 ,to ! 'pl\gh%>e' & ! 'pl\gh' ! ,rig ,v$a has an hymn 7,,iv4 #eg4 #e-h71 & s ! ritual gives !m a cake at ! sacrifice 7unairya1 at4 ,br4 ,,ii4 #f4 #c4 #e74 ,! numb] ( ! gods1 9 ! ,rig ,v$a e/imat$ z ?irty-?ree1 or1 at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 z ?\s&s1 rema9s z d\btful z ev]2 b1 9 g5]al1 all gr\ps ( deities become great] 9 numb]4 ,?us1 9 ,,ts4 ,i4 #d4 #aa4 #a1 ! ,rudras alone are c\nt$ z ?irty-?ree in/ead ( elev52 &1 ib4 ,v4 #e4 #b4 #e1 ! eight ,vasus become ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-?ree2 b x is else:]e h9t$ t ! numb] ( ! gods /&s 9 ! same relation to t ( m5 z t 9 :i* m5 /& to ! bea/s2 t is1 !re are n q s _m gods z m5 7at4 ,br4 ,,ii4 #c4 #b4 #ah74 ,( m importance ?an ! addition ( new deities is ! subdivision ( ! old4 ,z "o f9ds 9 ,greece a ,greek3 ,zeus kata*?onios beside a ,greek3 ,zeus x5ios1 s 9 ! ,yajur ,v$a & ,brahmanas are f\nd 7an extreme in/ance7 hail 'to ,kaya1' & hail 'to ,kasmai1' t is1 ! god ,ka is diff]5tiat$ into two div9ities1 accord+ z he is decl9$ z a n\n or z a pron\n2 = ?is is ! god ,:o8 z ! dull ,brahmanas int]pret$ t v]se ( ! ,rig ,v$a :i* asks 'to :om 7:i*1 z7 god %all we (f] sacrifice8' 7,max4 ,s4 ,,iii4 #ab4 #e47 ,b ord9>ily "o div9ity l ,agni is subdivid$1 accord+ to 8 functions1 z '"l ( food1' '"l ( pray]1' etc4#i ,9 ! ,brahmanas diff]5t names are giv5 to ! *ief god1 b he is mo/ (t5 call$ ! ,fa!r-god 7,prajapati1 '"l ( creatures1' or ! ,fa!r1 pita74 ,8 e>li] ,v$ic type is ,brihaspati1 ! "l ( /r5g?1 &1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 ! ,all-god4#aj ,! o!r gods fall into v>i\s gr\ps1 ! mo/ significant be+ ! triad ( ,fire1 ,w9d1 & ,sun4#aa ,n mu* weight is to be laid on ! !ological speculations ( ! "t z indicative ( primitive conceptions1 al?\gh !y may occasionally hit true4 ,= out ( ! numb] ( inane fancies x is reasonable to suppose t "s might co9cide ) hi/oric facts4 ,?us ! ,all-gods ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 by implication1 are ( lat] orig9 ?an ! o!r gods1 & ?is1 v likely1 0 ! case2 b x is a m]e guess on ! "p ( ! prie/4 ,! atapa?a1 ,,iii4 #f4 #a4 #bh1 speaks ( ! ,all-gods z gods t ga9$ immortality on a c]ta9 occasion1 i4e41 became immortal l o!r gods4 ,s ! ,adityas g to heav5 be=e ! ,angirasas 7,ait4 ,br4 ,,iv4 #ag71 b ?is has no su* hi/orical importance z "s s*ol>s are incl9$ to ?9k4 ,! less] gods are 9 "p c>efully gr\p$ & numb]$1 9 a mann] some:at contradictory to :at mu/ h be5 ! e>li] belief4 ,?us ! '?ree k9ds ( gods' are n[ ,vasus1 ( e>?1 ,rudras1 ( air1 & ,adityas1 ( sky1 & ! daily (f]+s are divid$ betwe5 !m2 ! morn+ (f]+ belong+ only to ! ,vasus1 ! mid-day "o only to 7,indra &7 ! ,rudras1 ! ?ird to ! ,adityas ) ! ,vasus & ,rudras toge!r4#ab ,aga91 ! morn+ & mid-day press+ belong to ! gods alone1 & /rict rule is obs]v$ 9 di/+ui%+ _! portion f t ( ! ,manes 7at4 ,br4 ,,iv4 #d4 #bb74 ,! diff]5ce ( sex is q ignor$1 s t ! 'univ]sal ,agni' is id5tifi$ ) 7"m7 e>?2 z is also1 once or twice1 ,pu%an 7ib4 ,,iii4 #h4 #e4 #d2 #b4 #d4 #ai2 ,,ii4 #e4 #d4 #g74 ,z ! 'prog5itor1' ,agni facilitates connubial union1 & is call$ ! head god1 ! prog5itor among gods1 ! "l ( be+s 7ib4 ,,iii4 #d4 #c4 #d2 ,,iii4 #i4 #a4 #f74 ,pu%an is int]pret$ to mean cattle1 & ,brihaspati is ! prie/ly ca/e 7ib4 ,,iii4 #i4 #a4 #aj ff474 ,! base ( comp>ison is usually easy to f9d4 ',! e>? n\ri%es1' & ',pu%an n\ri%es1' h5ce ,pu%an is ! e>?2 or '! e>? belongs to all' & ,agni is call$ 'belong+ to all' 7univ]sal71 h5ce ! two are id5tifi$4 ,! ,all-gods1 m]ely on acc\nt ( _! "n1 are n[ ! ,all2 ,aditi is ! 'unb\nd$' e>? 7ib4 ,,iii4 #i4 #a4 #ac2 ,,iv4 #a4 #a4 #bc2 i4 #a4 #d4 #e2 ,,iii4 #b4 #c4 #f74 ,agni repres5ts all ! gods1 & he is ! de>e/1 ! close/1 & ! sure/ ( all ! gods 7ib4 ,i4 #f4 #b4 #h ff474 ,x is said t man on e>? fa!rs ! fire 7t is1 protects x71 & :5 he dies ! fire t he has made 8 son on e>? becomes 8 fa!r1 caus+ him to be reborn 9 heav5 7ib4 ,,ii4 #c4 #c4 #c-e2 ,,vi4 #a4 #b4 #bf74 ,! wives ( ! gods 7devanam patnir yajati71 occasionally m5tion$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 h n[ an e/abli%$ place & cult ap>t f t ( ! gods 7ib4 ,i4 #i4 #b4 #aa74 ,! fire on ! he>? is god ,agni 9 p]son1 & is n a div9e or my/ic type2 b he is pray$ to z a heav5ly fri5d4 ,"s ( ^! traits are old1 b !y are exagg]at$ z comp>$ ) ! m anci5t !ology4 ,:5 "o goes on a j\rney or returns f "o1 'ev5 if a k+ 7 9 8 h\se' he %\ld n greet him till he makes homage to 8 he>?-fires1 ei!r ) spok5 words or ) sil5t obeisance4 ,= ,agni & ,prajapati are "o1 !y are son & fa!r 7ib4 ,,ii4 #d4 #a4 #c1 #aj2 ,,vi4 #a4 #b4 #bf74 ,! gods h my/ic names1 & ^! ':o w d>e to speak8' ,?us1 ,indra's my/ic "n is ,arjuna 7ib4 ,,ii4 #a4 #b4 #aa74 ,9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ,rig ,v$a ! prie/ d>es to speak4 ,! pan!ism ( ! end ( ! ,rig ,v$a is "h decid$ & pla9-spok51 z x is 9 ! ,a?>van4 ,z x burns brightly or n ! fire is 9 turn id5tifi$ ) diff]5t gods1 ,rudra1 ,v>una1 ,indra1 & ,mitra 7ib4 ,,ii4 #c4 #b4 #i ff474 ,agni is all ! gods & ! gods are 9 m5 7ib4 ,,iii4 #a4 #c4 #a2 #d4 #a4 #ai2 ,,ii4 #c4 #b4 #a3 ,indra & ,k+ ,yama dwell 9 m574 ,&1 aga91 ! ,fa!r 7,prajapati7 is ! ,all2 he is ! ye> ( twelve mon?s & five seasons7ib4 ,i4 #c4 #e4 #aj74 ,!n foll[s a *>act]i/ic bit4 ,sev5te5 v]ses are to be recit$ to correspond to ! 'sev5te5fold' ,prajapati4 ,b '"s say' tw5ty-"o v]ses2 & he may recite tw5ty-"o1 = if '! ?ree worlds' are add$ to ! above sev5te5 "o gets tw5ty1 & ! sun 7ya esa tapati7 makes ! tw5ty-fir/6 ,z to ! numb] ( worlds1 x is said 7ib4 ,i4 #b4 #d4 #aa1 #bj-ba7 t !re are ?ree worlds1 & possibly a f\r?4 ,soma is n[ ! moon1 b z be+ "o half ( ,vritra1 ! evil demon4 ,! o!r half became ! belly ( creatures 7ib4 ,i4 #f4 #c4 #ag74 ,slightly diff]5t is ! /atem5t t ,soma 0 ,vritra1 ,,iv4 #b4 #e4 #ae4 ,9 ,ax4 ,br4 ,i4 #bg1 ,k+ ,soma is b\ght ( ! ,g&h>vas by ,vac1 'spee*1' z a c[4#ac ,) phases ( ! moon ,indra & ,agni are id5tifi$4 ,"o is ! deity ( ! new2 ! o!r1 ( ! full moon2 :ile ,mitra is ! wan+1 & ,v>una ! wax+ moon 7at4 ,br4 ,,ii4 #d4 #d4 #ag-ah74 ,?is opposition ( deities is m fully express$ 9 ! attempt to make anti!tic ! relations ( ! gods & ! ,manes1 ?us3 ',! gods are repres5t$ by spr+1 summ]1 & ra9s2 ! ,fa!rs1 by autumn1 w9t]1 & ! dewy season2 ! gods1 by ! wax+2 ! ,fa!rs1 by ! wan+ moon2 ! gods1 by day2 ! ,fa!rs1 by night2 ! gods1 by morn+2 ! ,fa!rs1 by aft]noon' 7at4 ,br4 ,,ii4 #a4-ca2 ib4 ,,ii4 #d4 #b4 #a4 ff43 ',! sun is ! light ( ! gods2 ! moon1 ( ! ,fa!rs2 fire1 ( m5'74 ,betwe5 morn+ & aft]noon1 z repres5tative ( gods & ,manes respectively1 /&s midday1 :i*1 accord+ to ! same au?ority 7,,ii4 #d4 #b4 #h71 repres5ts m54 ,! passage fir/ cit$ cont9ues ?us3 ',! seasons are gods & ,fa!rs2 gods are immortal2 ! ,fa!rs are mortal4' ,9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 spr+ & ! o!r seasons1 ! fif? section ( ?is passage may be comp>$3 ',spr+ is ! prie/hood2 summ]1 ! w>rior-ca/e2 ! ra9s are ! 7vi7 p4'#ad ,among ! conspicu\s div9e =ms ( ?is p]iod is ! ,que5 ( ,s]p5ts1 ^: v]ses are *ant$ ov] fire2 b %e is ! e>?1 accord+ to "s passages 7,ax4 ,br44 ,v4 #bc2 at4 ,br4 ,,ii4 #a4 #d4 #cj2 ,,iv4 #f4 #i4 #ag74 ,9 _! div9e orig9 !re is1 inde$1 accord+ to ! !ology n[ curr5t1 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! p[]s ( light & ( d>kness1 betwe5 ! gods & ! 'spirits1' asuras1 i4e41 evil spirits4 ,_m tales beg9 ) ! =mula3 ',! gods & evil spirits1 bo? born ( ! ,fa!r-god' 7at4 ,br4 ,i4 #b4 #d4 #h74 ,web] ?9ks t ?is implies close acqua9tance ) ,p]sian wor%ip1 a sort ( tit-=-tat2 = ! ,h9du w\ld 9 t case call ! holy _s1 ahura1 ( ! ,p]sian a devil1 j z ! ,p]sian makes an evil _s1 daeva1 out ( ! ,h9du god1 deva4 ,b ! relations betwe5 ,h9du & ,p]sian 9 ?is p]iod are /ill v unc]ta94 ,x is int]e/+ to foll[ out "s ( ! ,brahmanic leg5ds1 if only to see :at 0 ! conception ( ! evil spirits4 ,9 "o su* !ological leg5d ! gods & ! 7evil7 spirits1 bo? be+ sons ( ! ,fa!r-god1 inh]it$ f him1 respectively1 m9d & spee*2 h5ce ! gods got ! sacrifice & heav51 :ile ! evil spirits got ?is e>?4 ,aga91 ! two ent]$ on ! inh]itance ( _! fa!r 9 "t1 & s ! gods h ! wax+ moon1 & ! evil spirits1 ! wan+ moon 7ib4 ,,iii #b4 #a4 #ah2 ,i4 #g4 #b4 #bb74 ,b :at ^! ,asuras or 7evil7 spirits really are may be read easily f ! texts4 ,! gods are ! spirits ( light2 ! ,asuras are ! spirits ( d>kness4 ,!re) is indissolubly connect$ ! idea t s9 & d>kness are ( ! same nature4 ,s "o reads t :5 ! sun rises x frees itself 'f d>kness1 f s91' z a snake f its sl\gh 7ib4 ,,ii4 #c4 ,i4 #f74 ,& 9 ano!r passage x is said t d>kness & illusion 7 giv5 to ! ,asuras z _! portion by ! ,fa!r-god 7ib4 ,,ii4 #d4 #b4 #e74 ,) ?is may be comp>$ also ! frequ5t gr\p+ ( ,! ,asuras or ,rak%as ) d>kness 7e4g41 ib4 ,,iii4 #h4 #b4 #ae2 ,,iv4 #c4 #d4 #ba74 ,z to ! nature ( ! gods ! evid5ce is contradictry4 ,bo? gods & evil spirits 7 orig9ally s\lless & mortal4 ,agni 7,fire7 alone 0 immortal1 & x 0 only ?r\gh him t ! o!rs cont9u$ to live4 ,!y became immortal by putt+ 9 _! inmo/ be+ ! holy 7immortal7 fire 7ib4 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 #h74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is said t ,agni 0 orig9ally )\t brightness2 & ,indra1 id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 0 orig9ally d>k 7ib4 ,,iv4 #e4d4c2 ,,iii4 #d4 #b4 #ae74 ,! belief 9 an orig9ally human condition ( ! gods 7ev5 ! ,fa!r-god 0 orig9ally mortal7 is exemplifi$ 9 a fur!r passage1 :]e x is said t ! gods us$ to live on e>?1 b !y grew tir$ ( man's endless petitions & fl$2 also 9 ano!r place1 :]e x is /at$ t ! gods us$ to dr9k toge!r ) m5 visibly1 b n[ !y d s invisibly 7ib4 ,,ii4 #c4 #d4 #d2 ,,iii4 #f4 #b4 #bf74 ,h[ did su* gods obta9 _! supremacy8 ,! answ] is simple1 'by sacrifice' 7at4 ,br4 ,,iii4 #a4 #d4 #c2 ,ax4 ,br4 ,,ii4 ,i4 ,i74 ,s n[ !y live by sacrifice3 ',! sun w\ld n rise if ! prie/ did n make sacrifice' 7at4 ,br4 ,,ii4 #c4 #a4 #e74 ,ev5 ! ord] ( ?+s w\ld *ange if ! ord] ( c]emonial 7 v>i$3 ,night w\ld be et]nal if ! prie/s did s & s2 ! mon?s w\ld n pass1 "o foll[+ ! o!r1 if ! prie/s walk$ out or ent]$ toge!r1 etc4 7ib4 ,,iv4 #c4 #a4 #i-aj74 ,x is by a k ( ! ,v$as t "o conqu]s all ?+s1 & ! sacrifice is "p & application ( ?is k1 :i* 9 "o passage is ?us reconditely subdivid$3 ',?reefold is k1 ! ,rig ,v$a1 ! ,yajur ,v$a1 & ! ,sama ,v$a4#ae ,! ,rig ,v$a1 i4e41 ! v]ses sung1 are ! e>?2 ! ,yajus is air2 ! ,saman is ! sky4 ,he conqu]s e>?1 air1 & sky respectively by ^! ?ree ,v$as4 ,! ,rik & ,saman are ,indra & are spee*2 ! ,yajus is ,vi%nu & m9d' 7ib4 ,,iv4 #f4 #g4 #a ff474 ,an item foll[s t t\*es on a mod]n philosophical "q4 ,apropos ( spee* & m9d3 ',:]e spee* 7alone7 exi/$ ev]y?+ 0 accompli%$ & kn[n2 b :]e m9d 7alone7 exi/$ no?+ 0 accompli%$ or kn[n' 7ib4 ,i4 #d4 #d4 #c-d1 #g74 ,m9d & spee* are male & female1 & z yoke-fell[s be> sacrific$ to ! gods2 to be comp>$ is ! int]e/+ dispute betwe5 m9d & spee* 7ib4 #e4 #h74 ,z dep5d5t z is man on :at is giv5 by ! gods1 s dep5d5t are ! gods on :at is (f]$ to !m by m5 7,taitt4 ,br4 ,,ii4 #b4 #g4 #c2 at4 ,br4 ,i4 #b4 #e4 #bd74 ,ev5 ! gods are n[ n native to heav54 ,!y w9 heav5 by sacrifice1 by metres1 etc4 7at4 ,br4 ,,iv4 #c4 #b4 #e74 ,:at1 !n1 is ! sacrifice8 ,a means to ent] into ! godhead ( ! gods1 & ev5 to control ! gods2 a c]emony :]e e ^w 0 pregnant ) consequ5ces2#af e movem5t mom5t\s4 ,!re are indications1 h[ev]1 t ! prie/s !mselves und]/ood t mu* 9 ! c]emonial 0 pure hocus-pocus1 & n ( su* importance z x 0 reput$ to be4 ,b su* fa9t traces z survive ( a fre] _s object+ to c]emonial absurdities only m>k m cle>ly ! level pla9 ( un9tellig5t sup]/ition :i* 0 ! fe$+-gr\nd ( ! ord9>y prie/s4 ,"s ( ! cases ( revolt$ common-s5se are wor? cit+4 ,conspicu\s z an au?ority on ! sacrifice1 & at ! same "t z a some:at recalcitrant prie/1 is ,yaj4navalkya1 au?or & critic1 "o ( ! greate/ names 9 ,h9du ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,x 0 he :o1 apropos ( ! new rule 9 e?ics1 s /rongly insi/$ ^u aft] ! ,v$ic age & already beg9n+ to obta91 ! rule t no "o %\ld eat ! fle% ( ! 7sacr$7 c[ 7',let no "o eat beef4444 ,:oev] eats x w\ld be reborn 7on e>?7 z a man ( ill fame'7 said bluntly3 ',z = me ,i eat 7beef7 if x is good 7firm74#ag ,x c]ta9ly requir$ c\rage to say ?is1 ) ! especial w>n+ aga9/ beef1 ! meat ( an animal peculi>ly holy 7at4 ,br4 ,,iii4 ,i4 #b4 #ba74 ,x 01 aga91 ,yajavalkya 7at4 ,br41 ,i4 #c4 ,i4 #bf71 :o prote/$ aga9/ ! prie/s' new dem& t ! b5efit ( ! sacrifice %\ld accrue 9 "p to ! prie/2 :]eas x _h previ\sly be5 und]/ood t n ! sacrificial prie/ b ! sacrific] 7! wor%ipp]1 ! man :o hir$ ! prie/ & paid ! exp5ses7 got all ! b5efit ( ! c]emony4 ,aga9/ ! prie/s' novel & unju/ifiable claim ,yajavalkya exclaims3 ',h[ c p h fai? 9 ?is8 ,:atev] be ! bless+ = :i* ! prie/s pray1 ?is bless+ is = ! wor%ipp] 7sacrific]7 alone4#ah ,x 0 ,yajavalkya1 too1 :o rebutt$ "s new sup]/ition involv+ ! sacrific]'s wife1 ) ! sne]1 ':o c>es :e!r ! wife1' etc4 7kas tad adriyeta1 ib4 #ba74 ,^! prote/ations are navely record$1 ?\gh x is once sugge/$ t 9 "s ( 8 utt]ances ,yajavalkya 0 n 9 e>ne/ 7ib4 ,,iv4 #b4 #a4 #g74 ,! high m9d ( ?is great prie/ is contra/$ ) ! mundane views ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ! pray]s ( himself & ( ano!r prie/2 = x is record$ t :]eas ,yajavalkya's pray] to ! ,sun 0 'give me light' 7or 'glory1' v>co me dehi71 t ( ,aupoditeya 0 'give me c[s' 7ib4 ,i4 #i4 #c4 #af74 ,! *ronicl] adds1 aft] cit+ ^! pray]s1 t "o obta9s :atev] he prays =1 ei!r illum9ation or weal?4#ai ,yajavalkya1 h[ev]1 is n ! only prote/ant4 ,9 ano!r passage1 ib4 ii4 #f4 #c4 #ad-ag1 ! sacrific] is told to %ave 8 head all ar\nd1 s z to be l ! sun2 ?is w ensure 8 be+ able to 'consume 78 foes7 on all sides l ! sun1' & x is add$3 ,b ,asuri said1 ',:at on e>? has x to d ) 8 head8 ,let him n %ave4'#bj ',et]nal hol9ess' is won by him t (f]s ! sacrifice ( ! seasons4 ,*>act]i/ic is ! explanation1 '= su* an "o w9s ! ye>1 & a ye> is a complete :ole1 & a complete :ole is inde/ructible 7et]nal72 h5ce 8 hol9ess is inde/ructible1 & he !reby becomes a "p ( a ye> & goes to ! gods2 b z !re is no de/ruction 9 ! gods1 8 hol9ess is !re=e inde/ructible' 7ib4 ii4 #f4 #c4 #a74 ,n only a man's self b also 8 ,manes are b5efit$ by means ( sacrifice4#ba ,he gives ! ,manes pleasure ) 8 (f]+1 b he also raises _! e/ate1 & s5ds !m up to live 9 a high] _w4#bb ,! cosmological position ( ! ,manes are ! avant>adiz1 t is1 betwe5 ! f\r qu>t]s2 ?\gh1 accord+ to "s1 !re are ?ree k9ds ( !m1 soma-,manes1 sacrifice-,manes 7,manes ( ! sacrificial /raw71 & ! burnt1 i4e41 ! spirits ( ^? t h be5 consum$ 9 fire4 ,!y are1 aga91 id5tifi$ ) ! seasons1 & are expressly m5tion$ z ! gu>dians ( h\ses1 s t ! ,brahmanic ,manes are at once ,p5ates1 ,l>es1 & ,manes4#bc ,! sacrifice is by no means meant z an aid to ! acquirem5t ( heav5ly bliss alone4 ,_m ( ! great sacrifices are = ! ga9+ ( good ?+s on e>?4 ,9 "o passage !re is describ$ a c]emony1 ! result ( :i* is to be t ! w>rior1 :o is ! sacrific]1 may say to a man ( ! p fet* out & give me y\r /ore 7ib4 i4 #c4 #b4 #ae2 iv4 #c4 #c4 #aj74 ,ev]ybody sacrifices1 ev5 ! bea/s erect alt>s & fires6#bd ,t "o %\ld sacrifice )\t ! ult]ior motive ( ga9 is unkn[n4 ,brahmanic ,india kn[s no ?ank-(f]+4 ,ord9>ily ! ga9 is repres5t$ z a comp5sat+ gift f ! div9ity1 :om ! sacrific] pleases ) 8 sacrifice4 ,v pla9ly is ?is express$4 ,he (f]s ! sacrifice to ! god ) ?is text3 ',d ?\ give to me 7&7 ,i 7w7 give to !e2 d ?\ be/[ on me 7&7 ,i 7w7 be/[ on !e' 7,vaj4 ,s4 iii4 #ej2 at4 ,br4 ii4 #e4 #c4 #ai74 ,b o!r ends are accompli%$4 ,by ! sacrifice he may injure 8 enemy1 b 9 (f]+ x1 if he leaves too mu* ov]1 t "p accrues to ! good ( 8 foe 7at4 ,br4 i4 #b4 #a4g2 #i4 #a4 #ah74 ,! sacrifice is ?r\gh\t symbolical4 ,! sacrificial /raw repres5ts ! _w2 ! metre us$ repres5ts all liv+ creatures1 etc41--a symbolism frequ5tly sugge/$ by a m]e pun1 b (t5 z ridicul\sly exp\nd$ )\t su* aid4 ,! alt>'s measure is ! measure ( metres4 ,! cord ( reg5]ation 7badge ( ! twice-born1 ! holy cord ( ! high ca/es7 is triple1 because food is ?reefold1 or because ! fa!r & "m ) ! *ild make ?ree 7at4 ,br4 iii4 #e4 #a4 #g ff42 #b4 #a4 #ab72 ! jagati metre conta9s ! liv+ _w1 because ?is is call$ jagat 7ib4 i4 #h4 #b4 #aa74 ,out ( ! v>i$ mass ( rules1 speculations1 & fancies1 a few ( g5]al "* may f9d place "h1 t ! read] may ga9 a collective impression ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,! fee = ! sacrifice is m5tion$ 9 "o place z "o ?\s& c[s4 ,^! mu/ be pres5t$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-?ree ea*1 ?ree times1 ) an odd "o ( ?ree colors4 ,?is is on acc\nt ( ! holy "* ( ! num]al ?ree4 ',b ,asuri 7app>5tly fe>ful t ?is rule w\ld limit ! fee7 said he may give m' 7at4 ,br4 iv4 #e4 #h4 #ad74 ,z to ! fee1 ! rules are precise & _! prop\nd]s are unblu%+4 ,! prie/ p]=ms ! sacrifice = ! fee alone1 & x mu/ consi/ ( valuable g>m5ts1 k9e1 horses1#be or gold--:5 ea* is to be giv5 is c>efully /at$4 ,gold is covet$ mo/1 = ?is is 'immortality1' '! se$ ( ,agni1' & !re=e peculi>ly agreeable to ! pi\s prie/4#bf ,= 8 gre$1 :i* goes s f> t he proclaims t he :o gives a ?\s& k9e obta9s all ?+s ( heav5 7ib4 iv4 #e4 #a4 #aa71 ! prie/ has good precept to cite1 = ! gods ( heav51 9 all ! tales told ( !m1 ev] dem& a rew>d f ea* o!r :5 !y help _! neighbor-gods4 ,nay1 ev5 ! gods require a witness & a v[1 le/ !y injure ea* o!r4 ,discord arose among !m :5 once !y p]=m$ ! gue/-(f]+2 !y divid$ into diff]5t p>ties1 ,agni ) ! ,vasus1 ,soma ) ! ,rudras1 ,v>una ) ! ,adityas1 & ,indra ) ! ,m>uts4 ,b ) discord came weakness1 & ! evil spirits got ! bett] ( !m4 ,s !y made a cov5ant ) ea* o!r1 & took ,w9d z witness t !y w\ld n deceive ea* o!r4 ,?is fam\s cov5ant ( ! gods is ! prototype ( t significant cov5ant made by ! prie/1 t he w\ld n1 :ile pret5d+ to besee* good = ! sacrific]1#bg secretly d him h>m 7z he c\ld by alt]+ ! c]emonial74#bh ,! !ory ( ! fee1 9 s f> z x affects ! sacrifices1 is t ! gods1 ! ,manes1 & m5 all exi/ by :at is sacrific$4 ,ev5 ! gods seek rew>ds2 h5ce ! prie/s d ! same4#bi ,! sacrific] sacrifices to get a place 9 devaloka 7! _w ( ! gods74 ,! sacrifice goes up to ! _w ( gods1 & aft] x goes ! fee :i* ! sacrific] 7! patron7 gives2 ! sacrific] foll[s by cat*+ hold ( ! fee giv5 to ! prie/s 7ib44 i4 #i4 #c4 #a74 ,x is to be not$1 moreov]1 t sacrific+ = a fee is recogniz$ z a pr(ession4 ,! "w 7sacrifice is "w1 '"w is sacrifice1' x is some:]e said7 is reg>d$ z a matt] ( bus9ess4 ,!re are ?ree means ( livelihood occasionally ref]r$ to1 tell+ /ories1 s++ songs1 & recit+ ! ,v$a at a sacrifice 7at4 ,br4 iii4 #b4 #d4 #af74 ,z an example ( ! absurdities giv5 z '! ways ( k' 7absurdities :i* are necess>y to "k 9 ord] to a full und]/&+ ( ! m5tal /ate "u consid]ation7 may be cit$ at4 ,br4 iv4 #e4 #h4 #aa1 :]e x is said t if ! sacrificial c[ goes ea/ ! sacrific] w9s a good _w h]eaft]2 if nor?1 he becomes m glori\s on e>?2 if we/1 ri* 9 p & crops2 if s\?1 he dies2 'su* are ! ways ( k4' ,9 ! same _s x is said t ! sun rises ea/ because ! prie/ repeats c]ta9 v]ses 7,ax4 ,br4 i4 #g4 #d74 ,no little /ress is laid on geographical position4 ,! ea/ is ! qu>t] ( ! gods2 ! nor?1 ( m52 ! s\?1 ( ! dead 7,manes2 at4 ,br4 i4 #b4 #e4 #ag72 :ile ! we/ is ! region ( snakes1 accord+ to ib4 iii4 #a4 #a4 #g4 ,on acc\nt ( ! godly nature ( ! ea/ 7f ! ea/ came ! gods we/w>d to m51 ib4 ii4 #f4 #a4 #aa7 ! sacrificial build+1 l occid5tal *ur*es1 is built ea/ & we/1 n nor? & s\?4 ,! c>d9al po9ts are else:]e giv5 to c]ta9 gods2 ?us ! nor? is ,rudra's4#cj ,x has be5 said t ! !ological ideas are n cle>4 ,?is 0 inevitable1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy to id5tify v>i\s div9ities4 ,especially noticeable is ! id5tification ( new or local gods ) o!rs bett] accr$it$1 ,rudra & ,agni1 etc4 ,rudra is ! god ( cattle1 & :5 ! o!r gods w5t to heav5 by means ( sacrifice he rema9$ on e>?2 8 local names are arva1 ,bhava1 ',bea/-"l1' ,rudra1 ,agni 7at4 ,br4 i4 #g4 #c4 #h2 ,max4 ,s4 i4 #f4 #f74 ,indra is ! ,vasu ( ! gods4 ,! gods are occasionally ?irty-f\r 9 numb]1 eight ,vasus1 elev5 ,rudras1 twelve ,adityas1 heav5 & e>?1 & ,prajapati z ! ?irty-f\r?2 b ?is ,prajapati is ! ,all & ,ev]y?+ 7at4 ,br4 i4 #f4 #d4 #b2 iv4 #e4 #g4 #b ff474 ,( ^! gods1 :o at fir/ 7 all alike & good1 ?ree became sup]ior1 ,agni1 ,indra1 & ,surya4 ,b1 aga91 ! ,sun is dea?1 & ,agni is head ( all ! gods4 ,moreov]1 ! ,sun is n[ ,indra2 ! ,manes are ! seasons1 & ,v>una1 too1 is ! seasons1 z be+ ! ye> 7at4 ,br4 iv4 #e4 #d4 #a2 i4 #f4 #d4 #ah2 iv4 #d4 #e4 #ah74 ,aditi1 z we h said1 is ! ,e>?2 ! fee = an (f]+ to h] is a c[4 ,:y8 ,because ,e>? is a c[ & ,aditi is ,e>?2 ,e>? is a "m & a c[ is a "m4 ,h5ce ! fee is a c[4#ca ,! tales ( ! gods1 = ! mo/ "p1 are fooli%4 ,b !y %[ well :at conception ! prie/s _h ( _! div9ities4 ,man's orig9al sk9 0 put by ! gods ^u ! c[2 h5ce a c[ runs away f a man because %e ?9ks he is try+ to get back 8 sk94 ,! gods clu/] ab\t at an oblation1 ea* cry+ out ',my "n1' i4e41 ea* is anxi\s to get x4 ,! gods1 ) ! evil spirits--'bo? sons ( ! ,fa!r'--attract to !mselves ! plants2 ,v>una gets ! b>ley by a pun4 ,!y build ca/les to def5d !mselves f ! evil spirits4 ,five gods are pick$ out z wor?y ( (f]+s3 ,aditi1 ,spee*1 ,agni1 ,soma1 ! ,sun 7five1 because ! seasons are five & ! regions are five74 ,indra & ,w9d h a dispute ( possession2 ,prajapati1 ! ,fa!r1 decides x4 ,! heav5ly s+]s1 call$ ! ,g&h>vas1 recit$ ! ,v$a to entice 7! div9e female7 ,spee* to come to !m2 :ile ! gods1 = ! same purpose1 creat$ ! lute1 & sang & play$ to h]4 ,%e came to ! gods2 h5ce ! weakness ( wom5 9 reg>d to su* ?+s4 ,indra is ! god ( sacrifice2 ! /ake ( ! sacrifice is ,vi%nu's2 ,vayu 7,w9d7 is ! lead] ( bea/s2 ,bhaga is bl9d2#cb ,pu%an 7because he eats mu%7 is too?less4 ,! gods run a race to see :o %all get fir/ to ! sacrifice1 & ,indra & ,agni w92 !y are ! w>rior-ca/e among ! gods1 & ! ,all-gods are ! p 7vive1 vi474 ,yet1 aga91 ! ,m>uts are ! p1 & ,v>una is ! w>rior-ca/e2 &1 aga91 ,soma is ! w>rior-ca/e4 ,! ,fa!r-god fir/ creat$ birds1 !n reptiles & snakes4 ,z ^! all di$ he creat$ mammalia2 ^! surviv$ because !y _h food 9 !mselves2 h5ce ! ,v$ic poet says '?ree g5]ations h pass$ away4'#cc ,v>una is n[ q ! god ( night & god ( purification1 z a wat]-god4 ,wat] is ! 'ess5ce 7sap7 ( immortality1' & ! ba? ( purification at ! end ( ! sacrifice 7avabhr4?a7 /&s 9 direct relation to ,v>una4 ,! =mula to be repeat$ is3 ,) ! gods' help may ,i wa% out s9 aga9/ ! gods2 ) ! help ( m5 ! s9 aga9/ m5 7at4 ,br4 iv4 #d4 #c4 #ae2 ii4 #e4 #b4 #dg74 ,mitra & ,v>una are1 respectively1 intellig5ce & w1 prie/ & w>rior2 & :ile ! =m] may exi/ )\t ! latt]1 ! latt] _c live )\t ! =m]1 'b !y are p]fect only :5 !y cop]ate' 7ib4 iv4 #a4 #d4 #a74 ,( ! div9e leg5ds "s are old1 "s new4 ,"o speaks ( ! sacrifice z hav+ be5 at fir/ human1 subsequ5tly *ang+ to bea/ sacrifice1 ev5tually to a rice (f]+1 :i* la/ n[ repres5ts ! orig9al sacrificial animal1 man4#cd ,fam\s1 too1 is ! leg5d ( ! flood & ,fa!r ,manu's escape f x 7at4 ,br4 i4 #h4 #a4 #a ff474 ,aga91 ! ,v$ic my? is retold1 rec\nt+ ! rape ( soma by ! metrical equival5t ( fire 7,taitt4 ,br4 i4 #a4 #c4 #aj2 at4 ,br4 i4 #h4 #b4 #aj74 ,ano!r tale takes up anew ! old /ory ( ,cupid & ,psy*e 7,pururavas & ,urvai72 & ano!r t ( ! ,h9du ,prome!us /ory1 :]e9 ,mat>ivan fet*es fire f heav51 & gives x to mortals 7,taitt4 ,br4 iii4 #b4 #c4 #b2 at4 ,br4 xi4 #e4 #a4 #a2 i4 #g4 #a4 #aa74ce ,int]e/+1 also1 is ! tale ( ,vi%nu hav+ be5 a dw>f1 & ! tortoise avat>1 n ( ,vi%nu1 b ( ,prajapati2 also ! attempt ( ! evil spirits to climb to heav51 & ! trick ) :i* ,indra outwitt$ !m4#cf ,= x is noticeable t ! evil spirits are z /rong by nature z are ! gods1 & x is only by craft t ! latt] prevail4#cg ,seldom are ! tales ( ! gods indec5t4 ,! /ory ( ,prajapati's ince/ ) 8 daught] is a remnant ( nature wor%ip :i* survives1 9 m or less an?ropomorphic =m1 f ! "t ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7x4 #fa47 to t ( m$iaeval lit]ature1#ch & is f\nd 9 full 9 ! epic1 z 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod2 b ! /ory always ends ) ! horror ( ! gods at ! act4#ci ,old leg5ds are v>i$4 ,! victory ov] ,vritra is n[ exp\nd$ ?us3 ,indra1 :o slays ,vritra1 is ! sun4 ,vritra is ! moon1 :o swims into ! sun's m\? on ! night ( ! new moon4 ,! sun rises aft] swall[+ him1 & ! moon is invisible because he is swall[$ 7he :o kn[s ?is swall[s 8 foes74 ,! sun vomits out ! moon1 & ! latt] is !n se5 9 ! we/1 & increases aga91 to s]ve ! sun z food4 ,9 ano!r passage x is said t :5 ! moon is invisible he is hid+ 9 plants & wat]s 7at4 ,br4 i4 #f4 #c4 #ag2 #d4 #ah-bj74 ,,brahmanic ,,religion4 ,:5 ! sacrifice is complet$ ! prie/ returns1 z x 71 to e>?1 & becomes human4 ,he =mally puts (f 8 sacrificial v[1 & rehabilitates himself ) humanity1 say+1 ,i am ev5 he t ,i am4#dj ,z su* a man1 ?r\gh s]vice to ! gods become a div9e (f]+1 & no long] human1 0 d\btless consid]$ ! creature t fir/ s]v$ z ! sacrificial animal4 ,despite prote/ant leg5ds su* z t j record$1 despite =mal disclaim]s1 human sacrifice exi/$ long aft] ! p]iod ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 :]e x is allud$ to2 a p]iod :5 ev5 old m5 are expos$ to die4#da ,! anaddhapuru%a is n a fiction2 = t1 on c]ta9 occasions1 in/ead ( ?is 'man ( /raw' a real victim 0 (f]$1 is %[n by ! ritual manuals & by ,brahmanic texts4#db ,?us1 9 at4 ,br4 vi4 #b4 #a4 #ah3 ,he kills a man fir/4444 ,! cord t holds ! man is ! longe/4 ,x is notewor?y t also among ! ,am]ican ,indians ! dea? ( a human victim by fire 0 reg>d$ z a religi\s c]emony1 & t1 j z 9 ,india ! man to be sacrific$ 0 all[$ almo/ all 8 desires = a ye>1 s ! victim ( ! ,indian 0 fir/ greet$ z bro!r & pres5t$ ) gifts1 ev5 ) a wife4#dc ,b ?is1 ! t]rible b>b>ic side ( religi\s wor%ip1 is n[ di/9ctly yield+ to a m humane religion4 ,! 'b>ley ewe'#dd is tak+ ! place ( a bloodi] (f]+4 ,x has be5 urg$ t ! humanity#de & ! accompany+ sill9ess ( ! ,brahmanic p]iod z comp>$ ) ! m robu/ "* ( ! e>li] age are due to ! weak5+ & s(t5+ effects ( ! climate4 ,b we d\bt :e!r ! climate ( ! ,punjab diff]s z mu* f t ( ,delhi & ,patna z does ! "* ( ! ,rig ,v$a f t ( ! ,brahmanas4 ,we %all prote/ aga9 :5 we come to ! subject ( ,buddhism aga9/ ! too great influ5ce :i* has be5 claim$ = climate4 ,politics & society1 9 our op9ion1 _h m to d ) alt]+ ! religions ( ,india ?an _h a high] temp]ature & miasma4 ,z a result ( ease & slo?--= ! ,brahmans are n[ ! div9e pamp]$ s]vants ( e/abli%$ k+s1 n ! en]getic pe]s ( a *ang+ population ( w>riors--! prie/s _h lo/ ! inspiration t came f action2 !y n[ made no new hymns2 !y only =mulat$ new rules ( sacrifice4 ,!y became intellectually debau*$ & altoge!r weak5$ 9 "*4 ,syn*ron\s ) ?is univ]sal degradation & lack ( fibre1 is f\nd ! occasional sub/itution ( b>ley & rice sacrifices = ^? ( blood2 & x may be t a sort ( selfi% *>ity 0 at "w "h1 & ! prie/ sav$ ! bea/ to sp>e himself4 ,b !re is no v e>ly evid5ce ( a humane view ( sacrifice influ5c+ ! prie/s4 ,! ,brahman is no ,ja94 ,"o mu/ read f> to he> a note ( ! approa*+ ahimsa doctr9e ( 'non-injury4' ,at mo/ "o f9ds a contemptu\s allusion1 z 9 a pity+ /ra91 to ! poor plants & animals t foll[ aft] man 9 reap+ "s sacrificial b5efit f a c]emony4#df ,x does n seem to u t a recogniz$ respect = animal life or k9dness to dumb creatures lies at ! root ( proxy sacrifice1 ?\gh x d\btless came 9 play4 ,b /ill less does x appe> probable t1 z is (t5 said1 av]sion to bea/-sacrifice is due to ! doctr9e ( k>ma1 & re-bir? 9 animal =m4 ,! k>ma notion beg9s to appe> 9 ! ,brahmanas1 b n 9 ! samsara %ape ( transmigration4 ,x 0 surely n because ! ,h9du 0 afraid ( eat+ 8 deceas$ gr&mo!r t he fir/ ab/a9$ f meat4 ,=1 long aft] ! doctr9e ( k>ma & samsara#dg is e/abli%$1 animal sacrifices are n only p]mitt$ b enjo9$2 & ! epic *>act]s %oot de] & ev5 eat c[s4 ,we ?9k1 9 %ort1 t ! *ange began z a sumptu>y measure only4 ,9 ! case ( human sacrifice !re is d\btless a civiliz$ repugnance to ! act1 :i* is cle>ly se5 9 _m passages :]e ! slaught] ( man is made purely symbolical4 ,! only wond] is t x %\ld h obta9$ s long aft] ! age ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,b l ! /one knife ( sacrifice among ! ,romans x is receiv$ cu/om1 & h>d to d away )1 = prie/s are cons]vative4 ,human sacrifice mu/ h be5 peculi>ly horrible f ! fact t ! sacrific] n only _h to kill ! man b to eat him1 z is atte/$ by ! =mal /atem5t ( ! liturgical works4#dh ,b 9 ! case ( o!r animals 7!re are five sacrificial animals1 ( :i* man is fir/7 we ?9k x 0 a "q ( exp5se on ! "p ( ! laity4 ,:5 ! soma became r>e & exp5sive1 sub/itutes 7 p]mitt$ & enjo9$4 ,s ) ! great sacrifices4 ,! prie/s _h built up a great complex ( =ms1 :]e at e turn fees 7 dem&$4 ,! :ole exp5se1 fall+ on ! "o individual to ^: b5efit accru$ ! sacrifice1 mu/ h be5 enorm\s2 9 ! case ( ord9>y p impossible4 ,b ! prie/s !n p]mitt$ ! sacrifice ( sub/itutes1 = _! fees /ill rema9$2 & ev5 9 ! case ( human sacrifice "s su* caution may h work$1 = ord9>ily x co/ '"o ?\s& cattle' to buy a man to be sacrific$4 ,a pro( ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t animal sacrifices 7 n =bidd5 at any "t1 only small] 7*eap]7 animals took ! place ( cattle4 ,9 ! complet$ ,brahmanic code ! rule is t animals ought n to be kill$ except at sacrifice1 & practically ! small] creatures 7 sub/itut$ = cattle1 j z ! latt] _h gradually tak5 ! place ( ! old horse 7& man7 sacrifice4 ,if advanc+ civilization results 9 an agreeable *ange ( morality 9 _m reg>ds1 x is yet accompani$ ) wret*$ traits 9 o!rs4 ,! :ole sill9ess ( sup]/ition exce$s belief4 ,because ,bhallabheya once broke 8 arm on *ang+ ! metre ( c]ta9 =mulae1 x is evid5t to ! prie/ t x is wrong to trifle ) receiv$ metres1 & h5ce let no "o d ?is h]eaft]4 ,!re is a comp5sation on read+ su* tra% 9 ! ?\ght t all ?is sup]/ition has kept = u a c>efully pres]v$ text1 b t is an accid5t ( prie/ly fooli%ness1 & ! prie/ c be cr$it$ only ) ! folly4 ,:y is 'horse-grass' us$ 9 ! sacrifice8 ,because ! sacrifice once ran away & became a horse4 ,aga9 "o is ?ankful = ! hi/orical side-light on ! horse-sacrifice2 b ! witlessness ( ! unconsci\s hi/orian c b br+ him into contempt4#di ,*>ms t are said aga9/ "o are ( c\rse ca/ out by o!r *>ms4 ,if "o is n prosp]\s ) "o "n he takes ano!r4 ,if ! c>t creaks at ! sacrifice x is ! voice ( evil spirits2 & a =mula mu/ av]t ! om54 ,soma-husks are liable to turn into snakes2 a =mula mu/ av]t ?is cata/rophe4 ,ev]y?+ done at ! sacrifice is godly2 ergo1 ev]y?+ human is to be done 9 an inhuman mann]1 &1 s9ce 9 human practice "o cuts 8 left f+]-nails fir/ & combs ! left side ( ! be>d fir/1 at ! sacrifice he mu/ cut nails & be>d fir/ on ! o!r side1 = :atev] is human at a sacrifice is useless 7vyr4ddha9 vai tad yajasya yad manus4am74 ,( religi\s puns we h giv5 in/ances already4 ,agni says3 prop me on ! propp] = t is prop] 7hita71 etc1 etc4#ej ,"o ( ^! examples ( deprav$ sup]/ition is ( a m dang]\s nature4 ,! effect ( ! sacrifice is cov]t z well z ov]t4 ,! ^w is z pot5t z ! act4 ,consequ5tly if ! sacrific] dur+ ! sacrifice m]ely mutt] ! words let su* an "o die1 he mu/ die2 = ! sacrifice is holy1 godly2 ! words are div9e1 & _c be fru/rat$ 7at4 ,br4 iii4 #a4 #d4 #a2 iv4 #a4 #a4 #bf74 ,all ?is sup]/ition w\ld be p>donable if x 7 primitive4 ,b t x comes long aft] ! ,v$ic poets h sung reveals a cont9uance ( /upidity :i* is m>vell\s4 ,d\btless ^? same poets 7 j z sup]/iti\s1 b "o w\ld ?9k t ) all ! great lit]ature beh9d !m1 & ! ?\ghts ( ! philosoph]s j ris+ among !m1 ^! lat] prie/s might %[ a high] level ( intellig5ce4 ,b 9 ?is reg>d !y are to ,india :at 7 ! monks ( m$iaeval times to ,europe4 ,we turn n[ to ! e?ical side ( religion4 ,b1 be=e leav+ ! sacrifice1 "o po9t %\ld be expla9$ cle>ly4 ,! ,h9du sacrifice c be p]=m$ only by ! prie/1 & he mu/ be ( ! highe/ ca/e4 ,no o!r might or c\ld p]=m x4 ,= he alone und]/ood ! anci5t texts1 :i* to ! laity 7 already only half intelligible4 ,aga91 z ,b>? has po9t$ out1 ! ,h9du sacrifice is p]=m$ only = "o individual or 8 family4 ,x 0 an exp5sive rite 7= ! ga9+ ( "o object71 address$ to _m gods = ! b5efit ( "o man4 ,to (fset ?is1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ rememb] t !re 7 popul> ftes & sacrifices ( a m g5]al nature1 to :i* _m 7 invit$ & 9 :i* ev5 ! l[] ca/es took "p2 & ^! 7 also ( remote antiquity4 ,already curr5t 9 ! ,brahmanas is ! phrase 'man's debts4' ,ei!r ?ree or f\r ( su* moral obligations 7 recogniz$1 debts to ! gods1 to ! se]s1 to ! ,manes1 & to m54 ,:oev] pays ^! debts1 x is said1 has dis*>g$ all 8 duties1 & by him all is obta9$1 all is won4 ,& :at are ^! duties8 ,to ! gods he owes sacrifices2 to ! se]s1 /udy ( ! ,v$as2 to ! ,manes1 (fspr+2 to man1 hospitality 7at4 ,br4 i4 #g4 #b4 #a ff42 9 ,taitt4 ,br4 vi4 #c4 #aj4 #e1 ! la/ fails74 ,translat$ into mod]n equival5ts ?is means t man mu/ h fai? & good works4 ,b m really is dem&$ ?an is /at$ "h4 ,fir/ & =emo/ is ! duty ( tru?fulness4 ,agni is ! "l ( v[s among ! gods 7,,rv4 viii4 #aa4 #a2 at4 ,br4 iii4 #b4 #b4 #bd71 & spee* is a div9ity 7,s>asvati is p]sonifi$ spee*1 at4 ,br4 iii4 #a4 #d4 #i1 etc74 ,tru? is a religi\s z well z moral duty4 ,?is 7,all7 is two-fold1 !re is no ?ird2 all is ei!r tru? or untru?2 n[ tru? alone is ! gods 7satyam eva devas7 & untru? is man4#ea ,moreov]1 "o law ! gods obs]ve1 tru? 7at4 ,br4 i4 #a4a4 #d2 iii4 #c4 #b4 #b2 #d4 #b4 #h74 ,!re is ano!r passage ^u ?is subject3 ,to s]ve ! sacr$ fire means tru?2 he :o speaks tru? fe$s ! fire2 he :o speaks lies p\rs wat] on x2 9 ! "o case he /r5g!ns 8 vital 7spiritual7 en]gy1 & becomes bett]2 9 ! o!r he weak5s x & becomes worse 7ib4 ii4 #b4 #b4 #ai74 ,! second s91 expressly nam$ & reprobat$ z su*1 is adult]y4 ,?is is a s9 aga9/ ,v>una4#eb ,9 connection ) ?is !re is an int]e/+ passage imply+ a prie/ly confessional4 ,at ! sacrifice ! sacrific]'s wife is =mally ask$ by ! prie/ :e!r %e is fai?ful to h] husb&4 ,%e is ask$ ?is t %e may n sacrifice ) guilt on h] s\l1 = :5 confess$ ! guilt becomes less4#ec ,if x is ask$ :at o!r moral virtues are especially inculcat$ besides tru? & purity ! answ] is t ! acts commonly cit$ z self-evid5tly s9s are murd]1 !ft1 & abortion2 incid5tally1 gluttony1 ang]1 & procra/9ation4#ed ,z to ! moral virtue ( obs]v+ days1 c]ta9 times are all[$ & c]ta9 times are n all[$ = worldly acts4 ,b e day is 9 "p a holy-day to ! ,h9du4 ,! li/ ( virtues is ab\t ! same1 !re=e1 z t ( ! decalogue--! wor%ip ( ! "r div9ity2 ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 seasons = pray] & sacrifice2 honor to ! p>5ts2 ab/95ce f !ft1 murd]1 adult]y4 ,envy alone is omitt$4#ee ,:at es*atological conceptions are /rewn ?r\gh ! lit]ature ( ?is era are vague & (t5 contradictory4 ,! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ are at "o "t spok5 ( z ! />s 7,taitt4 ,s4 v4 #d4 #a4 #c472 at ano!r1 z unit+ ) gods & liv+ 9 ! _w ( ! gods 7al4 ,br44 ii4 #f4 #d4 #h74 ,! pr9ciple ( k>ma if n ! !ory1 is already kn[n1 b ! v ?+ t ! complet$ philosoph] abhors is look$ ^u z a bless+1 viz41 rebir?1 body & all1 ev5 on e>?4#ef ,?us 9 "o passage1 z a rew>d = kn[+ "s div9e my/]y 7z (t5 happ5s1 ?is my/]y is ( little importance1 only t 'spr+ is born aga9 out ( w9t]'71 ! savant is to be 'born aga9 9 ?is _w' 7pun> ha va 'asm9 loke bhavati1 at4 ,br4 i4 #e4 #c4 #ad74 ,! esot]ic wisdom is "h ! transf] ( ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis to spr+4 ,man has no hope ( immortal life 7on e>?72#eg b1 by e/abli%+ ! holy fires1 & especially by e/abli%+ 9 8 inmo/ s\l ! immortal elem5t ( fire1 he lives ! full desirable l5g? ( life 7ib4 ii4 #b4 #b4 #ad4 ,to ! lat] sage1 l5g? ( life is undesirable74 ,b 9 yond] _w1 :]e ! sun itself is dea?1 ! s\l dies aga9 & aga94 ,all ^? on ! o!r side ( ! sun1 ! gods1 are immortal2 b all ^? on ?is side are expos$ to ?is dea?4 ,:5 ! sun wi%es1 he draws out ! vitality ( any "o1 & !n t "o dies2 n once1 b1 be+ drawn up by ! sun1 :i* is dea?1 into ! v realm ( dea? 7h[ diff]5t to ! conception ( ! sun 9 ! ,rig ,v$a67 he dies ov] & ov] aga94#eh ,b 9 ano!r passage x is said t :5 ! sacrific] is consecrat$ he 'becomes "o ( ! deities'2 & "o ev5 f9ds ! doctr9e t "o obta9s 'union ) ,brahma1' :i* is q 9 ! /ra9 ( ! ,upani%ads2 b "h su* a say+ c ref] only to ! upp] ca/es1 = ! gods talk only to ! upp] ca/es 7al4 ,br44 xi4 #d4 #d4 #a2 iii4 #a4 #a4 #h-aj74 ,! dead man is else:]e repres5t$ z go+ to heav5 ') 8 :ole body1' &1 accord+ to "o passage1 :5 he gets to ! next _w 8 good & evil are weigh$ 9 a balance4 ,!re are1 !n1 q div]se views 9 reg>d to ! fate ( a man aft] dea?1 & n less v>i\s are ! op9ions 9 reg>d to 8 rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,accord+ to ! common belief ! dead1 on leav+ ?is _w1 pass betwe5 two fires1 agniikhe rag+ on ei!r side ( 8 pa?4 ,^! fires burn ! "o t ought to be burn$ 7! wick$71 & let ! good pass by4 ,!n ! _s 7or ! man himself 9 body7 is repres5t$ z go+ up on "o ( two pa?s4 ,ei!r he goes to ! ,manes on a pa? :i*1 accord+ to lat] tea*+1 passes s\!a/ ?r\gh ! moon1 or he goes nor!a/ 7! gods' direction7 to ! sun1 :i* is 8 'c\rse & /ay4' ,9 ! same *apt] "o is in=m$ t ! rays ( ! sun are ! good 7dead71 & t e brighte/ light is ! ,fa!r-god4 ,! g5]al conception "h is t ! sun or ! />s are ! de/9ation ( ! pi\s4 ,on ! o!r h& x is said t "o w enjoy ! fruit ( 8 acts "h on e>?1 9 a new bir?2 or t he w 'g to ! next _w'2 or t he w suff] = 8 s9s 9 hell4 ,! la/ is told 9 leg5d>y =m1 & appe>s to u to be n an e>ly view reta9$ 9 folk-lore1 b a late modification ( an old leg5d4 ,v>una s5ds 8 son ,bhrigu to hell to f9d out :at happ5s aft] dea?1 & he f9ds p suff]+ torture1 &1 aga91 av5g+ !mselves on ^? t h wrong$ !m4 ,b1 despite ! resemblance betwe5 ?is & ,grecian my?1 ! fact t 9 ! :ole compass ( ! ,rik 79 ! ,a?>van p]haps 9 v4 #ai7 !re is n ! slighte/ allusion to torture 9 hell1 precludes1 to our m9d1 ! possibility ( ?is phase hav+ be5 an anci5t inh]it$ belief4#ei ,annihilation or a life 9 "u d>kness is ! fir/ 7,rik7 hell4 ,! g5]al anti!sis ( light 7z good7 & d>kness 7z bad7 is "h pla9ly reveal$ aga94 ,sometimes a little v>iation occurs4 ,?us1 accord+ to at4 ,br4 vi4 #e4 #d4 #h1 ! />s are wom5-s\ls1 p]haps1 z else:]e1 m5 also4 ,! conv]se notion t d>kness is ! abode ( evil appe>s at a v e>ly date3 ,indra br\ght d[n ! hea!n1 dasyus1 into ! l[e/ d>kness1 x is said 9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a 7ix4 #b4 #ag74fj ,9 ! lat] "p ( ! great ',brahmana ( ! hundr$ pa?s' !re seems to be a m mod]n view inculcat$ 9 reg>d to ! fate ( ! dead4 ,?us1 9 vi4 #a4 #b4 #cf1 ! op9ion ( '"s1' t ! fire on ! alt> is to be> ! wor%ipp] to ! sky1 is object$ to1 & x is expla9$ t he becomes immortal2 :i* anti!sis is 9 purely ,upani%adic /yle1 z w be se5 bel[4 ,,brahmanic ,,!ories ,,( ,,creation4 ,9 ,v$ic poly!ism1 ) its /ra9 ( pan!ism1 ! act ( creat+ ! _w#fa is v>i\sly attribut$ to diff]5t gods4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod !osophy inv5t$ ! god ( ! gold5 g]m1 ! great ,p]son 7kn[n also by o!r titles71 :o is ! "o 7pan!i/ic7 god1 9 :om all ?+s are conta9$1 & :o himself is conta9 9 ev5 ! smalle/ ?+4 ,! ,a?>van transf]s ! same idea 9 its del9eation ( ! pan!i/ic image to ,v>una1 t ,v>una :o is ! seas & yet is conta9$ 9 ! drop ( wat] 7iv4 #af71 a ,v>una z diff]5t to ! ,v>una ( ! ,rik z is ! ,a?>van ,indra to 8 old] prototype4 ,philosophically ! ,rik1 at its close1 decl>es t desire is ! se$ ( m9d1 & t be+ arises f n-be+4 ,9 ! ,brahmanas ! creator is ! ,all-god 9 m an?ropomorphic =m4 ,! ,fa!r-god1 ,prajapati1 or ,brahma 7p]sonal equival5t ( brahma7 is n only ! fa!r ( gods1 m51 & devils1 b he is ! ,all4 ,?is ,fa!r-god ( univ]sal sov]eignty1 ,brahma1 rema9s to ! end ! p]sonal creator4 ,x is he :o w s]ve z creator = ! ,puranic ,sankhya philosophy1 & ev5 aft] ! rise ( ! ,h9du sects he w /ill be reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 al?\gh 8 activity w be condition$ by ! w ( ,vi%nu or iva4 ,9 pure philosophy !re w be an ab/ract ,fir/ ,cause2 b z !re is no religion 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a ,fir/ ,cause1 ?is too w soon be an?ropomorphiz$4 ,! ,brahmanas !mselves pres5t no cle> picture ( creation4 ,all ! acc\nts ( a p]sonal creator are bas$ m]ely on an?ropomorphiz$ v]sions ( ! text 'desire is ! se$4' ,prajapati wi%es (fspr+1 & creates4 ,!re is1 on ! o!r h&1 a philosophy ( creation :i* rev]ts to ! tale ( ! 'gold5 g]m4'#fb ,! _w 0 at fir/ wat]2 !reon float$ a cosmic gold5 egg 7! pr9ciple ( fire74 ,out ( ?is came ,_s t desir$2 & by desire he begat ! worlds & all ?+s4 ,x is improbable t 9 ?is some:at ,orphic my/]y !re lies any pre-,v$ic my?4 ,! notion comes up fir/ 9 ! gold5 g]m & egg-born bird 7sun7 ( ! ,rik4 ,x is n specially ,aryan1 & is f\nd ev5 among ! ,am]ican ,indians4#fc ,x is ?is ,_s ) :i* ! ,fa!r-god is id5tifi$4 ,b guess-"w philosophy !n asks :at upheld ?is god1 & answ]s t a support upheld all ?+s4 ,s ,support becomes a god 9 8 turn1 &1 s9ce he mu/ rea* ?r\gh "t & space1 ?is ,support1 ,skambha1 becomes ! ,all-god also2 & to him z to a great div9ity ! ,a?>van s+s "s ( its wilde/ /ra9s4 ,:5 once speculation is set go+ 9 ! ,brahmanas1 ! result ( its travel is to l& its foll[]s 9 intellectual *aos4#fd ,! gods create ! ,fa!r-god 9 "o passage1 & 9 ano!r ! ,fa!r-god creates ! gods4 ,! ,fa!r creates ! wat]s1 :5ce rises ! gold5 egg4 ,b1 aga91 ! wat]s create ! egg1 & out ( ! egg is born ! ,fa!r4 ,a f>rago ( contradictions is all t ^! tales am\nt to1 nor are !y r$eem$ ev5 by a poetical g>b4#fe ,9 ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! ,brahmanas1 or t[>d ! end ( ! ,brahmanic p]iod1 z "o w1 !re is a fam\s di/9ction made betwe5 ! gods4 ,"s gods1 x is said1 are _s-gods2 "s are "w-gods4 ,!y are born ( _s & ( works1 respectively4 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is n ess5tial1 b functional2 s t "o may conclude f ?is au?ority1 ! ,nirukta 7a grammatical & epexigetical "w71 t all ! gods h a l nature2 & t ! _s-gods1 :o are ! old]1 diff] only 9 lack ( specific functions f ! "w-gods4 ,a n un9t]e/+ debate foll[s ?is passage 9 reg>d to ! true nature ( ! gods4 ,"s p say !y are an?ropomorphic2 o!rs d5y ?is4 ,& c]ta9ly :at is se5 ( ! gods is n an?ropomorphic2 = example1 ! sun1 ! e>?1 etc4#ff ,9 su* a p]iod ( !ological advance x is matt] ( indiff]5ce to :i* ( a gr\p ( gods1 all ess5tially "o1 is laid ! task ( creation4 ,&1 inde$1 f ! ,v$ic p]iod until ! complet$ sy/ems ( philosophy1 all creation to ! philosoph] is b emanation2 & /ories ( specific acts ( creation are n reg>d$ by him z detract+ f ! creative faculty ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,! actual creator is = him ! factor & ag5t ( ! real god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! vulg> wor%ipp] ( e era believ$ only 9 reproduction on ! "p ( an an?ropomorphic god2 & t god's own orig9 he satisfactorily expla9$ by ! my? ( ! gold5 egg4 ,! view dep5d$ 9 ea* case n on ! age b on ! man4 ,if 9 ^! _m pages devot$ to ! ,brahmanas we h produc$ ! impression t ! religi\s lit]ature ( ?is p]iod is a confus$ jumble1 :]e unite descriptions ( c]emonies1 =mulae1 my/icism1 sup]/itions1 & all ! output ( active bigotry2 an olla podrida :i* conta9s1 inde$1 odds & ends ( s\nd morality1 :ile x pres5ts1 on ! :ole1 a sad view ( ! latt]-day sa9ts1 :o devot$ _! lives to mak+ x :at x is2 we h (f]$ a fairly correct view ( ! age & its prie/s1 & ! r dre>y s]ies ( illu/rations w n h be5 collect$ 9 va94 ,we h giv51 h[ev]1 no notion at all ( ! *ief object ( ?is class ( writ+s1 ! liturgical details ( ! sacrifices !mselves4 ,ev5 a rsum ( "o comp>atively %ort c]emony w\ld be s long & t$i\s t ! explication ( ! intricate =malities w\ld sc>cely be a suffici5t rew>d4 ,) ,hillebr&t's pati5t analysis ( ! ,new-& ,full-,moon sacrifice1#fg ( :i* a sket* is giv5 by von ,s*ro$] 9 8 ,lit]atur und ,cultur1 ! curi\s read] w be able to satisfy himself t a m9ute description ( ^! c]emonies w\ld d little to fur!r 8 k ( ! religion1 :5 once he grasps ! fact t ! sacrifice is b %[4 ,symbolism )\t folk-lore1 only ) ! imbecile imag9+s ( a daft my/icism1 is ! s\l ( x2 & its out] =m is a c]ta9 numb] ( =mulae1 me*anical movem5ts1 oblations1 & slaught]+s4 ,b we ought n to close ! acc\nt ( ! era )\t giv+ c\nt]-illu/rations ( ! leg5d>y aspect ( ?is religion2 = :i* purpose we select two ( ! be/-kn[n tales1 "o f ! end ( ! ,brahmana t is call$ ! ,ait>eya2 ! o!r f ! beg9n+ ( ! atapa?a2 ! =m] 9 ab/ract1 ! latt] 9 full4 ,,! ,,sacrifice ,,( ,,dog/ail 7,ax4 ,br4 vii4 #ac74 ,h>ic&ra1 a k+ born 9 ! great race ( ,ik%vaku1 _h no son4 ,a sage told him :at bless+s are 8 :o has a son3 ',he t has no son has no place 9 ! _w2 9 ! p]son ( a son a man is reborn1 a second self is begott54' ,!n ! k+ desir$ a son1 & ! sage in/ruct$ him to pray to ,v>una = "o1 & to (f] to sacrifice him to ! god4 ,?is he did1 & a son1 ,rohita1 at la/ 0 born to him4 ,god ,v>una dem&$ ! sacrifice4 ,b ! k+ said3 ',he is n fit to be sacrific$1 s "y z he is2 wait till he is t5 days old4' ,! god wait$ t5 days1 & dem&$ ! sacrifice4 ,b ! k+ said3 ',wait till 8 tee? come4' ,! god wait$1 & !n dem&$ ! sacrifice4 ,b ! k+ said3 ',wait till 8 tee? fall out'2 & :5 ! god _h wait$1 & aga9 dem&$ ! sacrifice1 ! fa!r said3 ',wait till 8 new tee? come4' ,b1 :5 8 tee? 7 come & he 0 dem&$1 ! fa!r said3 ',a w>rior is n fit to be sacrific$ till he has receiv$ 8 armor' 7i4e41 until he is knight$74 ,s ! god wait$ till ! boy _h receiv$ 8 armor1 & !n he dem&$ ! sacrifice4 ,!reupon1 ! k+ call$ 8 son1 & said unto him3 ',i w sacrifice !e to ! god :o gave !e to me4' ,b ! son said1 ',no1 no1' & took 8 b[ & fl$ into ! des]t4 ,!n ,v>una caus$ ! k+ to be afflict$ ) dropsy4#fh ,:5 ,rohita he>d ( ?is he 0 ab\t to return1 b ,indra1 disguis$ z a prie/1 met him1 & said3 ',w&] on1 = ! foot ( a w&]] is l a fl[]2 8 _s gr[s1 & reaps fruit1 & all 8 s9s are =giv5 9 ! fatigue ( w&]+4'#fi ,s ,rohita1 ?9k+ t a prie/ _h comm&$ him1 w&]$2 & e ye>1 z he w\ld return1 ,indra met him1 & told him /ill to w&]4 ,on "o ( ^! occasions ,indra inspires him to cont9ue on 8 j\rney by tell+ him t ! krita 0 n[ auspici\s2 us+ ! names ( dice aft]w>ds appli$ to ! f\r ages4#gj ,f9ally1 aft] six ye>s1 ,rohita resolv$ to pur*ase a sub/itute = sacrifice4 ,he meets a />v+ se]1 & (f]s to buy "o ( 8 sons 7to s]ve z sacrifice71 ! price to be "o hundr$ c[s4 ,! se] has ?ree sons1 & agrees to ! b>ga92 b ! fa!r said1 ',d n take ! olde/1' & ! "m said1 ',d n take ! y\nge/1' s ,rohita took ! middle son1 ,dog/ail4 ,v>una imm$iately agrees to ?is sub/itution ( ,dog/ail = ,rohita1 s9ce a prie/ is ( m value ?an a w>rior4 ,! sacrifice is made ready1 & ,vivamitra 7! ,v$ic se]7 is ! (ficiat+ prie/4 ,b no "o w\ld b9d ! boy to ! po/4 ',if ?\ wilt give me ano!r hundr$ c[s ,i w b9d him1' says ! fa!r ( ,dog/ail4 ,b !n no "o w\ld kill ! boy4 ',if ?\ wilt give me ano!r hundr$ c[s ,i w kill him1' says ! fa!r4 ,! ,apri v]ses#ga are said1 & ! fire is c>ri$ ar\nd ! boy4 ,he is ab\t to be sla94 ,!n ,dog/ail prays to '! fir/ ( gods1' ! ,fa!r-god1 = protection4 ,b ! ,fa!r-god tells him to pray to ,agni1 '! ne>e/ ( ! gods4' ,agni s5ds him to ano!r1 & he to ano!r1 till at la/1 :5 ! boy has pray$ to all ! gods1 includ+ ! ,all-gods1 8 fett]s drop (f2 ,h>ic&ra's dropsy ceases1 & all ends well4#gb ,only1 :5 ! av>ici\s fa!r dem&s 8 son back1 he is refus$1 & ,vivamitra adopts ! boy1 ev5 dispossess+ 8 own prote/+ sons4 ,= fifty ( ! latt] agree to ! exaltation ( ,dog/ail2 b fifty revolt1 & are curs$ by ,vivamitra1 t _! sons' sons %\ld become b>b>ians1 ! ,&hras1 ,pundras1 ab>as1 ,pul9das1 & ,mutibas1 savage races 7( ?is "t71 "o ( :i* c be locat$ on ! s\!a/ coa/4 ,! conclusion1 & ! matt] t foll[s close on ?is tale1 is significant ( ! "t1 & ( ! prie/'s au?ority4 ,= x is said t 'if a k+ he>s ?is /ory he is made free ( s91' b he c he> x only f a prie/1 :o is to be rew>d$ = tell+ x by a gift ( "o ?\s& c[s1 & o!r ri* goods4 ,! matt] foll[+1 to :i* we h allud$1 is ! use ( sacrificial =mulae to defeat ! k+'s foes1 ! description ( a royal inauguration1 &1 at ?is c]emony1 ! oa? :i* ! k+ has to swe> ere ! prie/ w ano9t him 7he is ano9t$ ) milk1 honey1 butt]1 & wat]1 '= wat] is immortality'73 ,i swe> t ?\ may/ take f me :atev] good works ,i d to ! day ( my dea?1 toge!r ) my life & *ildr51 if ev] ,i %\ld d !e h>m4#gc ,:5 ! prie/ is secretly told h[ he may ru9 ! k+ by a false invocation at ! sacrifice1 & ! k+ is made to swe> t if ev] he hurts ! prie/ ! latt] may rob him ( e>?ly & heav5ly felicity1 ! respective positions ( ! two1 & ! contra/ betwe5 ?is era & t ( ! e>ly hymns1 become /rik+ly evid5t4 ,x is n f su* an age z ?is t "o c expla9 ! _s ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,! next selection is ! fam\s /ory ( ! flood1 :i* we translate lit]ally 9 its old] =m4#gd ,! object ( ! leg5d 9 ! ,brahmana is to expla9 ! importance ( ! ,ida 7or ,ila7 c]emony1 :i* is id5tifi$ ) ,ida1 ,manu's daught]4 ,9 ! morn+ !y br\ght wat] to ,manu to wa% )1 ev5 z !y br+ x to-day to wa% h&s )4 ,:ile he 0 wa%+ a fi% came into 8 h&s4 ,! fi% said1 ',keep me1 & ,i w save !e4' ',:at wilt ?\ save me f8' ',a flood w sweep away all creatures on e>?4 ,i w save !e f t4' ',h[ am ,i to keep !e8' ',z long z we are small1' said he 7! fi%71 'we are subject to mu* de/ruction2 fi% eats fi%4 ,?\ %alt keep me fir/ 9 a j>4 ,:5 ,i outgr[ t1 ?\ %alt dig a hole1 & keep me 9 x4 ,:5 ,i outgr[ t1 ?\ %alt take me d[n to ! sea1 = !re ,i %all be beyond de/ruction4' ,x soon became a 7great horn$ fi% call$ a7 jha%a1 = ?is gr[s ! l>ge/1 & !n x said3 ',! flood w come ?is summ] 7or 9 su* a ye>74 ,look out = 7or wor%ip7 me1 & build a %ip4 ,:5 ! flood rises1 ent] into ! %ip1 & ,i w save !e4' ,aft] he _h kept x he took x d[n to ! sea4 ,& ! same summ] 7ye>7 z ! fi% _h told him he look$ out = 7or wor%ipp$7 ! fi%2 & built a %ip4 ,& :5 ! flood rose he ent]$ into ! %ip4 ,!n up swam ! fi%1 & ,manu ti$ ! %ip's rope to ! horn ( ! fi%2 & ?us he sail$ swiftly up t[>d ! m\nta9 ( ! nor?4 ',i h sav$ !e' said he 7! fi%74 ',fa/5 ! %ip to a tree4 ,b let n ! wat] leave !e /r&$ :ile ?\ art on ! m\nta9 7top74 ,desc5d sl[ly z ! wat] goes d[n4' ,s he desc5d$ sl[ly1 & t desc5t ( ! m\nta9 ( ! nor? is call$ ! ',desc5t ( ,manu4' ,! flood !n swept (f all ! creatures ( ! e>?1 & ,manu "h rema9$ alone4 ,desir\s ( po/]ity1 he wor%ipp$ & p]=m$ au/]ities4 ,:ile he 0 p]=m+ a sacrifice1 he (f]$ up 9 ! wat]s cl>ifi$ butt]1 s\r milk1 :ey & curds4 ,out ( ^! 9 a ye> 0 produc$ a woman4 ,%e arose :5 %e 0 solid1 & cl>ifi$ butt] collect$ :]e %e trod4 ,mitra & ,v>una met h]1 & said3 ',:o art ?\8' ',manu's daught]1' said %e4 ',say ours1' said !y4 ',no1' said %e2 ',i am my fa!r's4' ,!y want$ "p 9 h]4 ,%e agre$ to ?is1 & %e did n agree2 b %e w5t by !m & came to ,manu4 ,said ,manu3 ',:o art ?\8' ',?y daught]1' said %e4 ',h[ my daught]1 glori\s woman8' ,%e said3 ',?\ ha/ begott5 me ( ! (f]+1 :i* ?\ made/ 9 ! wat]1 cl>ifi$ butt]1 s\r milk1 :ey1 & curds4 ,i am a bless+2 use me at ! sacrifice4 ,if ?\ use/ me at ! sacrifice1 ?\ %alt become ri* 9 *ildr5 & cattle4 ,:atev] bless+ ?\ invoke/ ?r\gh me1 all %all be grant$ to !e4' ,s he us$ h] z ! bless+ 9 ! middle ( ! sacrifice4 ,= :at is betwe5 ! introductory & f9al (f]+s is ! middle ( ! sacrifice4 ,) h] he w5t on wor%ipp+ & p]=m+ au/]ities1 wi%+ = (fspr+4 ,?r\gh h] he begot ! race ( m5 on e>?1 ! race ( ,manu2 & :atev] ! bless+ he invok$ ?r\gh h]1 all 0 grant$ unto him4 ,n[ %e is ! same ) ! ,ida c]emony2 & :oev]1 kn[+ ?is1 p]=ms sacrifice ) ! ,ida1 he begets ! race t ,manu g5]at$2 & :atev] bless+ he invokes ?r\gh h]1 all is grant$ unto him4 ,!re is "o ( ! e>lie/ avat> /ories 9 ?is tale4 ,lat] writ]s1 ( c\rse1 id5tify ! fi% ) ,brahma & ) ,vi%nu4 ,9 o!r e>ly ,brahmanas ! avat>s ( a god z a tortoise & a bo> 7 kn[n long be=e !y 7 appropriat$ by ! ,vi%nuites4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,ax4 ,br4 ,i4 #bb1 !re is an unexpla9$ anti!sis ( ,rik1 ,yajus1 ,saman1 ,v$a1 & ,brahma2 :]e ! comm5tator takes ,v$a to be ,a?>va ,v$a4 ,! prie/s1 belong+ respectively to ! fir/ ?ree ,v$as1 are = ! ,rig ,v$a1 ! ,hot> prie/1 :o recites2 = ! ,saman1 ! ,udgat>1 '! s+]'2 = ! ,yajus1 ! ,adhv>yu1 :o att5ds to ! erection ( ! alt>1 etc4 ,comp>e ,mll]1 ,,asl4 p4 #dfh4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is ! only lit]ature ( its "t except 7an important exception7 ^? =e-runn]s ( lat] ,sutra & epic :i* "o may suppose to be 9 process ( =mation long be=e !y come to ! front4 ,footnote #c3 ,!re are sev]al s*ools ( ?is ,v$a1 ( :i* ! *ief are ! ,vajasaneyi1 or ',:ite ,yajus1' collection2 ! ,taittiriya collection2 & ! ,maitrayani collection2 ! fir/ nam$ be+ ! late/ ?\gh ! mo/ popul>1 ! la/ two be+ ! =emo/ repres5tatives ( ! ',black ,yajus4' ,footnote #d3 ,! diff]5t traits "h record$ are giv5 ) _m illu/rative examples by ,s*ro$]1 9 8 ,lit]atur und ,cultur1 p4 #ij ff4 ,footnote #e3 ,comp>e ,web]1 ,ind4 ,/reif51 ,,ii4 #aig4 ,footnote #f3 ,web]1 ,lit4 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #g3 ,! ata-pa?a ,brahmana 7or ,bramana ( ! hundr$ pa?s7 ,,ii4 #b4 #b4 #f2 #d4c4ad4 ,footnote #h3 ,! *ief family prie/1 x is said 9 ! at4 ,br4 ,,ii4 #d4 #d4 #e1 is a man ( great influ5ce4 ,sometimes "o prie/ becomes religi\s head ( two clans 7an extraord9>y ev5t1 h[ev]2 only "o "n is report$7 & !n h[ exalt$ is 8 position4 ,probably1 z 9 ! lat] age ( ! drama1 ! *ief prie/ (t5 at ! same "t practically prime m9i/]4 ,x is said 9 ano!r "p ( ! same book t al?\gh ! :ole e>? is div9e1 yet x is ! prie/ t makes holy ! place ( sacrifice 7,,iii4 #a4 #a4 #d74 ,9 ?is p]iod murd] is def9$ z kill+ a prie/2 o!r cases are n call$ murd]4 ,web]1 ,,is4 ,x4 #ff4 ,footnote #i3 ,b>?1 loc4 cit4 p4 #db4 ,footnote #aj3 ,he has analogy ) ,agni 9 be+ made ( 'sev5 p]sons 7males71' at4 ,br4 ,x4 #b4 #b4 #a4 ,footnote #aa3 ,comp>e ,max4 ,s4 ,,iv4 #b4 #ab1 'sons ( ,prajapati1 ,agni1 ,vayu1 ,surya4' ,footnote #ab3 at4 ,br4 ,i4 #c4 #d4 #ab2 ,,iv4 #c4 #e4 #a4 ,footnote #ac3 ,int]e/+ is ! fact t only prie/s may eat sacrificial food & dr9k soma at ?is p]iod4 ,:5 ev5 ! k+ %\ld dr9k soma1 he is made to dr9k "s transub/antiat$ liquor :i*1 ! prie/s in=m him1 has be5 'made into soma' = him by magic1 = ! latt] is too holy = any w>rior really to dr9k 7,,vii4 #ai2 ,,viii4 #bj74 ,b 9 ! m popul> fea/s !re are indications t ?is rule is (t5 brok54 ,comp>e ,web]1 ,rajasuya p4 #ih4 ,footnote #ad3 ,= ! relations ( ! diff]5t ca/es at ?is p]iod1 see ,web]1 9 ! t5? volume ( ! ,indis*e ,/udi54 ,footnote #ae3 ,! ,a?>van is n yet recogniz$ z a ,v$a4 ,footnote #af3 ,& ev5 ! pronunciation ( a ^w or ! acc5t is fateful4 ,! fam\s godly example ( ?is is :]e ,tva%t>1 ! artific]1 9 ang] mispron\nc$ indra-tru z indraatru1 :]eby ! mean+ 0 *ang$ f 'conqu]or ( ,indra' to ',indra-conqu]$1' ) unexpect$ result 7at4 ,br4 ,i4 #f4 #c4 #h2 ,taitt4 ,s4 ,,ii4 #d4 #ab4 #a74 ,footnote #ag3 ,! ^w is a4msala1 /rong1 or 'f ! %\ld]' 7874 ,9 ,,iii4 #d4 #a4 #b "o cooks an ox or a goat = a v di/+ui%$ gue/1 z a sort ( gue/-sacrifice4 ,s ! gue/ is call$ 'c[-kill]' 7,web]1 ,v$4 ,beitrge1 p4 #cf74 ,footnote #ah3 ,comp>e ib4 ,i4 #i4 #a4 #ba1 let ! prie/ n say 'gu>d me 7or u71' b 'gu>d ?is wor%ipp] 7sacrific]71' = if he says 'me' he induces no bless+ at all2 ! bless+ is n = ! prie/1 b = ! sacrific]4 ,9 bo? passages1 mo/ emphatically1 yajamanasyaiva1 '= ! sacrific] alone4' ,footnote #ai3 ,ya4m kama4m kamayate s 'smai kamah4 samr4dhyate4 ,footnote #bj3 ,asuri's "n z a !ologian is important1 s9ce ! ,sankhya philosophy is intimately connect$ ) him2 if ?is ,asuri be n ano!r man ) ! same "n 7comp>e ,web]1 ,lit4 p4 #aeb74 ,footnote #ba3 ,! regul> sacrifices to ! ,manes are daily & mon?ly2 fun]als & 'fai?-fea/s1' raddha1 are occasional additions4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ea* g5]ation ( ,manes rises to a bett] 7high]7 /ate if ! (f]+s cont9ue4 ,z a matt] ( c]emonial ?is means t ! remot] g5]ations ( fa!rs are put indef9itely f> (f1 :ile ! imm$iate pr$ecessors ( a man are ! real b5efici>ies2 !y climb up to ! sky on ! (f]+4 ,footnote #bc3 ,comp>e at4 ,br4 i4 #h4 #a4 #dj2 ii4 #f4 #a4 #c1 #g1 #aj1 #db2 ii4 #d4 #b4 #bd2 v4 #e4 #d4 #bh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,?is passage 7ib4 ii4 #a4 #b4 #g7 is prec$$ by a typical argum5t = sett+ up ! fires "u ! ,pleiades1 ! wives ( ! ,great ,be> />s4 ,he may d or he may n d s--! reasons contradict ea* o!r1 & all ( !m are incr$ibly silly4 ,footnote #be3 ,?is la/ fee is n s common4 ,= an oblation to ,surya ! fee is a :ite horse or a :ite bull2 ei!r ( !m repres5t+ ! prop] =m ( ! sun 7at4 ,br4 ii4 #f4 #c4 #i72 b ano!r au?ority specifies twelve ox5 & a pl\gh 7,taitt4 ,s4 i4 #h4 #g74 ,footnote #bf3 at4 ,br4 ii4 #a4 #a4 #c2 #b4 #c4 #bh2 iv4 #c4 #d4 #ad2 #e4 #a4 #ae2 f\r k9ds ( fees1 ib4 iv4 #c4 #d4 #f1 #g1 #bd ff4 7,milk is also ',agni's se$1' ib4 ii4 #b4 #d4 #ae74 ,footnote #bg3 ,yet 9 ,ax4 ,br4 iii4 #ai1 ! prie/ is coolly in=m$ h[ he may be able to slay 8 patron by mak+ a little *ange 9 ! invocations4 ,else:]e su* conduct is reprobat$4 ,footnote #bh3 ,= o!r cov5ants1 see ! epic 7*apt] on ,h9duism74 ,footnote #bi3 at4 ,br4 iii4 #d4 #b4 #a ff42 iii4 #f4 #b4 #be2 iv4 #c4 #c4 #c2 iv4 #d4a4ag2 #f4 #f4 #c2 #g4 #f1 etc42 iii4 #h4 #b4 #bg2 #c4 #bf2 ,ax4 ,br44 i4 #bd4 ,footnote #cj3 ib4 ii4 #f4 #b4 #e4 ,"h ,rudra 7comp>e iva & ,hekate ( ! cross-roads7 is said to g ^u 'cross-roads'2 s t 8 sacrifice is on cross-roads--"o ( ! new tea*+s s9ce ! "t ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,rudra's si/]1 ,ambika1 ib4 #i1 is ano!r new creation1 ! g5ius ( autumnal sickness4 ,footnote #ca3 at4 ,br4 ii4 #b4 #a4 #ba4 ,h[ mu* non-s]i\s fancy !re may be "h x is difficult to det]m9e4 ,x seems impossible t su* z foll[s c h be5 meant 9 e>ne/3 ,! sacrifice1 prayaja1 is victory1 jaya1 because yaja jaya4 ,) ?is k "o gets ! victory ov] 8 rivals 7ib4 i4 #e4 #c4 #c1 #aj74 ,footnote #cb3 ,al?\gh ,bhaga is "h 7at4 ,br4 i4 #g4 #d4 #f-g1 endho bhagas7 int]pret$ z ! ,sun1 he is evid5tly ! same ) ,good ,luck ,greek3 typhlhos gh> ho lohhytos or weal?4 ,footnote #cc3 at4 ,br4 iii4 #a4 #b4 #ac ff42 l4 #a4 #b4 #ah2 iii4 #f4 #a4 #h ff42 ii4 #e4 #b4 #a2 iv4 #b4 #a4 #aa2 iii4 #d4d4 #c ff42 #b4 #c4 #f-ab1 #ac-ad2 iv4 #e4 #e4 #ab2 #a4c4 #ac ff42 iii4 #b4 #d4 #e-f2 #c4 #b4 #h2 #g4 #a4 #ag2 iv4 #b4 #e4 #ag2 #d4 #a4 #ae2 i4 #g4 #d4 #f-g2 ii4 #d4 #c4 #d ff42 li4 #e4b4cd2 #e4 #a4 #ab2 #e4 #a4 #a ff42 ,,rv4 viii4 #ajd4 #ad4 ,! read] mu/ di/+ui%1 9 ! "n ( ,brahma1 ! god f ! prie/1 & ?is f brahma1 pray]4 ,! fir/ /ep is brahma--=ce1 p[]1 pray]2 !n ?is is1 z a mascul9e ,brahma1 ! "o :o prays1 t is1 pray]1 ! ,brahman prie/1 z1 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 x4 #ada4 #c4 ,brihaspati is ! ',brahma ( gods4' ,! next 7,brahmanic7 /ep is deifi$ brahma1 ! p]sonal ,brahma z god1 call$ also ,fa!r-god 7,prajapati7 or simply ,! ,fa!r 7pita74 ,footnote #cc3 at4 ,br4 iii4 #a4 #b4 #ac ff42 l4 #a4 #b4 #ah2 iii4 #f4 #a4 #h ff42 ii4 #e4 #b4 #a2 iv4 #b4 #a4 #aa2 iii4 #d4d4 #c ff42 #b4 #c4 #f-ab1 #ac-ad2 iv4 #e4 #e4 #ab2 #a4c4 #ac ff42 iii4 #b4 #d4 #e-f2 #c4 #b4 #h2 #g4 #a4 #ag2 iv4 #b4 #e4 #ag2 #d4 #a4 #ae2 i4 #g4 #d4 #f-g2 ii4 #d4 #c4 #d ff42 li4 #e4b4cd2 #e4 #a4 #ab2 #e4 #a4 #a ff42 ,,rv4 viii4 #ajd4 #ad4 ,! read] mu/ di/+ui%1 9 ! "n ( ,brahma1 ! god f ! prie/1 & ?is f brahma1 pray]4 ,! fir/ /ep is brahma--=ce1 p[]1 pray]2 !n ?is is1 z a mascul9e ,brahma1 ! "o :o prays1 t is1 pray]1 ! ,brahman prie/1 z1 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 x4 #ada4 #c4 ,brihaspati is ! ',brahma ( gods4' ,! next 7,brahmanic7 /ep is deifi$ brahma1 ! p]sonal ,brahma z god1 call$ also ,fa!r-god 7,prajapati7 or simply ,! ,fa!r 7pita74 ,footnote #cd3 ,comp>e ,max4 ,s iii4 #aj4 #b2 ,ax4 ,br4 ii4 #h2 at4 ,br4 i4 #b4 #c4 #e2 vi4 #b4 #a4 #ci2 #c4 #a4 #bd2 ii4 #e4 #b4 #af1 a ram & ewe 'made ( b>ley4' ,on human sacrifices1 comp>e ,mll]1 ,,asl4 p4 #dai2 ,web]4 ,,zdmg4 xviii4 #bfb 7see ! ,bibliography72 ,/reif51 i4#ed4 ,footnote #ce3 ,web] has translat$ "s ( ^! leg5ds4 ,ind4 ,/reif51 i4 #i ff4 ,footnote #cf3 ,taitt4 ,br4 iii4 #b4 #i4 #g2 at4 ,br4 i4 #b4 #e4 #e2 ii4 #a4 #b4 #ac ff42 vii4 #e4 #a4 #f4 ,footnote #cg3 ,comp>e ,max4 ,s4 i4 #i4 #h2 at4 ,br4 i4 #f4 #a4 #a ff4 ,! seasons des]t ! gods1 & ! demons ?rive4 ,9 at4 ,br4 i4 #e4 #d4 #f-aa1 ! ,asuras & ,indra cont5d ) numb]s4 ,footnote #ch3 ,mll]1 ,,asl4 p4 #ebi4 ,footnote #ci3 ,max4 ,s4 iv4 #b4 #ab2 at4 ,br4 i4 #g4 #d4 #a2 ii4 #a4 #b4 #i2 vi4 #a4 #c4 #h2 ,ax4 ,br4 iii4 #cc4 ,comp>e ,muir1 ,,o/4 iv4 p4 #de4 ,at a lat] p]iod !re are frequ5tly f\nd indec5t tales ( ! gods1 & ! ,brahmanas !mselves are vulg> en\gh1 b !y exhibit no special lubricity on ! "p ( ! prie/s4 ,footnote #dj3 ,idam aham ya va smi s asmi1 at4 ,br4 i4 #a4 #a4 #f2 #i4 #c4 #bc4 ,footnote #da3 ,,rv4 viii4 #ea4 #b2 ,zimm]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #db3 ,comp>e ,web]1 ,epis*4 9 ,v$is*4 ,ritual1 p4 #ggg 7& above74 ,! man :o is slaught]$ mu/ be nei!r a prie/ nor a slave1 b a w>rior or a man ( ! ?ird ca/e 7,web]1 loc4 cit4 above74 ,footnote #dc3 ,le ,m]ci]1 #afcg1 ap4 ,p>kman1 loc4 cit4 p4 #hj4 ,! curr5t notion t ! ,am]ican ,indian burns 8 victims at ! /ake m]ely = pleasure is n incorrect4 ,he frequ5tly did s1 z he does s to-day1 b 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ?is act (t5 is "p ( a religi\s c]emony4 ,he probably w\ld h burn$ 8 captive1 anyway1 b he gladly utiliz$ 8 pleasure z a means ( propitiat+ 8 gods4 ,9 ,india x 0 j ! o!r way4 ,footnote #dd3 ,sub/itutes ( metal or ( e>!n victims are also m5tion$4 ,footnote #de3 ,t ! ,v$ic rite ( kill+ ! sacrificial bea/ 7by beat+ & smo!r+7 0 v cruel may be se5 9 ! description1 ,ax4 ,br4 ii4 #f4 ,footnote #df3 at4 ,br4 i4 #e4 #b4 #d4 ,footnote #dg3 ,samsara is transmigration2 k>ma1 'act1' implies t ! *ange ( abode is condition$ by ! acts ( a =m] life4 ,ea* may exclude ! o!r2 b 9 common p>lance ea* implies ! o!r4 ,footnote #dh3 ,web]1 ,indis*t ,/reif51 i4 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #di3 at4 ,br4 i4 #g4 #c4 #ai3 iii4 #d4 #a4 #ag4 ,footnote #ej3 af4 ,br4 iii4 #e4 #d4 #aj2 #f4 #b4 #bd2 #e4 #c4 #ag 7comp>e #f4 #d4 #bc-bd2 #c4 #d4 #aa2 #b4 #a4 #ab72 iii4 #a4 #b4 #d2 #c4 #ad2 i4 #g4 #b4 #i2 vi4 #a4 #b4 #ad4 ,! *ange ( "n is int]e/+4 ,!re is a rem>k 9 ano!r "p ( ! same "w to ! effect t :5 a man prosp]s 9 life !y give 8 "n also to 8 son1 gr&son1 & to 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r 7vi4 #a4 #b4 #ac74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,indian k+s 9 lat] ages to assume ! names ( _! prosp]\s gr&fa!rs 7,,jras4 iv4 #he74 ,footnote #ea3 ,7 x n = ! fir/ clause x w\ld be m natural to r5d] ! orig9al ',! gods are tru? alone1 & m5 are untru?4' ,footnote #eb3 ,9 at4 ,br4 ii4 #d4 #b4 #e-f x is said t ! ,fa!r-god gives c]ta9 rules ( eat+ to gods1 ,manes1 m51 & bea/s3 ,nei!r gods1 ,manes1 nor bea/s transgress ! ,fa!r's law1 only "s m5 d4 ,footnote #ec3 at4 ,br4 ii4 #e4 #b4 #bj4 ,v>una seizes on h] p>am\r1 :5 %e confesses4 ,t4aitt4 ,br4 i4 #f4 #e4 #b4 ,! guilt confess$ becomes less because x !reby becomes tru? 7"r74 ,footnote #ed3 ,see at4 ,br44 ii4 #d4 #b4 #f2 #d4 #a4 #ad2 #a4 #c4 #i2 #c4 #a4 #bh3 ,:o kn[s man's morr[8 ,!n let "o n procra/9ate4 ,today is self1 ?is alone is c]ta91 unc]ta9 is ! morr[4 ,footnote #ee3 ,"s little rules are int]e/+4 ,! ,py?agorean ab/95ce f mas4as1 beans1 = in/ance1 is enjo9$2 ?\gh ?is rule is oppos$ by ,b>ku ,var%na1 at4 ,br4 i4 #a4 #a4 #aj1 on ! gr\nd t no (f]+ to ! gods is made ( beans2 h5ce he said 'cook beans = me4' ,footnote #ef3 ,animals may repres5t gods4 ,! bull is a =m ( ,indra1 & s if ! bull c be made to ro> 7at4 ,br4 ii4 #e4 #c4 #ah71 !n "o may "k t ,indra is come to ! sacrifice4 ,man is born into 7:atev]7 _w is made 7by 8 acts 9 a previ\s exi/5ce71 is a %ort =mula 7at4 ,br44 vi4 #b4 #b4 #bg71 :i* repres5ts ! k>ma doctr9e 9 its ess5tial pr9ciple1 ?\gh ! '_w' is "h n ?is _w1 b ! next4 ,comp>e ,web]1 ,,zdmg4 ix4 #bcg ff42 ,muir1 ,,o/4 v4 #cad ff4 ,footnote #eg3 ,?\gh y\? may be re/or$ to him by ! ,av9s1 at4 ,br44 iv4 i4 #e4 #a ff4 ,"h ! ,horsem5 are id5tifi$ ) ,heav5 & ,e>? 7#af74 ,footnote #eh3 ,cal4 ,br4 ii4 #c4 #c4 #g4 ,apropos ( ! ,brahmanic sun x may be m5tion$ t1 accord+ to ,ait4 ,br4 iii4 #dd1 ! sun nev] really sets4 ,p ?9k t he sets1 b 9 tru? he only turns r\nd aft] rea*+ ! end ( ! day1 & makes night bel[1 day above2 & :5 !y ?9k he rises 9 ! morn+1 he hav+ come to ! end ( ! night1 turns r\nd1 & makes day bel[1 night above4 ,he nev] really sets4 ,:oev] kn[s ?is ( him1 t he nev] sets1 obta9s union & lik5ess ( =m ) ! sun1 & ! same abode z ! sun's4 ,comp>e ,muir1 ,,o/4 v4 #eba4 ,?is may be ! real reason :y ! ,rig ,v$a speaks ( a d>k & light sun4 ,footnote #ei3 at4 ,br44 i4 #d4 #c4 #aa-bb 7',! s9n] %all suff] & g quickly to yond] _w'72 xi4 #f4 #a 7comp>e ,web]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bj ff42 ,,zdmg4 ix4 #bcg71 ! ,bhrigu /ory1 ( :i* a m mod]n =m is f\nd 9 ! ,upani%ad p]iod4 ,= ! c\rse ( ! sun1 ! fires on ei!r side ( ! way1 ! dep>ture to heav5 ') ! :ole body1' comp>e at4 ,br4 i4 #i4 #c4 #b-ae2 iv4 #e4 #a4 #a2 vi4 #f4 #b4 #d2 xi4 #b4 #g4 #cc2 ,web]1 loc4 cit43 ,muir1 loc4 cit4 v4 p4 #cad4 ,n to h all "o's bones 9 ! next _w is a disgrace1 z ,muir says1 & = t reason !y are collect$ at burial4 ,comp>e ! cu/om z describ$ by ! ,fr5* mission>ies "h4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian has to h all 8 bones = future use1 & ! bury+ ( ! skeleton is an annual religi\s c]emony4 ,footnote #fj3 ,comp>e ,,rv4 iv4 #bh4 #d3 ',?\ ,indra made/ l[e/ ! hea!n4' ,web] has %[n1 loc4 cit41 t ! g5]al notion ( ! ,brahmanas is t all are born aga9 9 ! next _w1 :]e !y are rew>d$ or puni%$ accord+ z !y are good or bad2 :]eas 9 ! ,rig ,v$a ! good rejoice 9 heav51 & ! bad are annihilat$4 ,?is g5]al view is to be modifi$1 h[ev]1 by su* side-!ories z ^? j m5tion$1 t ! good 7or wise7 may be reborn on e>?1 or be unit$ ) gods1 or become sunlight or />s 7! latt] are 'wat]y' to ! ,h9du1 & ?is may expla9 ! /atem5t t ! s\l is '9 ! mid/ ( wat]s'74 ,footnote #fa3 ,!re is 9 ?is age no notion ( ! repeat$ creations f\nd 9 lat] lit]ature4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is expressly said 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 vi4 #dh4 #bb1 t heav5 & e>? are creat$ b once3 ,only once 0 heav5 creat$1 only once 0 e>? creat$1 ,zimm]1 ,,ail4 #djh4 ,footnote #fb3 ,:5 ! pr9ciple ( life is expla9$ x is 9 t]ms ( sun or fire4 ,?us ,prajapati1 ,"l ( be+s1 or ,fa!r-god1 is fir/ an epi!t ( ,savit>1 ,,rv4 iv4 #ec4 #b2 & ! gold5 g]m mu/ be fire4 ,footnote #fc3 ,s*oolcraft1 ,hi/orical & ,/ati/ical ,in=mation1 i4 #cb4 ,z examples ( ! _m passages :]e 'wat] is ! beg9n+' may be cit$ at4 ,br4 vi4 #g4 #a4 #ag2 xi4 #a4 #f4 #a4 ,! sun1 born z ,aditi's eigh? son1 is ! bird1 'egg-born1' ,,rv4 x4 #gb4 #h4 ,footnote #fd3 ,among ! new curators ( ,a?>van orig9 are1 = in/ance1 ! sun "u ! "n ( ,rohita1 ,desire 7,love71 etc41 etc4 ,footnote #fe3 ,illu/rations ( ^! contradictions may be f\nd 9 pl5ty apud ,muir iv4 p4 #bj ff4 ,footnote #ff3 ,nirukta1 vii4 #d2 ,muir1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aca & v4 #ag4 ,footnote #fg3 ,neu-und ,vollmonds ,opf]1 #ahhj4 ,! ,dik%a1 or initiation1 has be5 describ$ by ,l9dn]2 ! ,rajasuya & ,vajapeya1 by ,web]4 ,footnote #fh3 ,! wat]-sickness already imput$ to ?is god 9 ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,?is tale & t ( ,bhrigu 7ref]r$ to above7 %[ an anci5t trait 9 ! position ( ,v>una1 z *ief god4 ,footnote #fi3 ,?is is ! g]m ( ! pilgrimage doctr9e 7see bel[74 ,footnote #gj3 ,p]haps 7,m4 ix4 #cja7 int]polat$2 or ! fir/ allusion to ! ,f\r ,ages4 ,footnote #ga3 ,^! 7comp>e afri1 'bless+1' 9 ! ,ave/a7 are v]ses 9 ! ,rig ,v$a introduc+ ! sacrifice4 ,!y are meant z propitiations1 & appe> to be an anci5t "p ( ! ritual4 ,footnote #gb3 ,a gr\p ( hymns 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,rig ,v$a are attribut$ to ,dog/ail4 ,at any rate1 !y d allude to him1 & s prove a mod]ate antiquity 7probably ! middle p]iod ( ! ,rik7 = ! tale4 ,! "n1 9 ,sanskrit unasepa1 has be5 +5i\sly />r$ by ,web] z ,cynos\ra2 ! la/ "p ( ea* comp\nd hav+ ! same mean+1 & ! fir/ "p be+ ev5 phonetically ! same unas1 ,greek3 kunhos4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ait4 ,br4 viii4 #aj1 #ae1 #bj4 ,footnote #gd3 ,! epic has a lat] v]sion4 ,?is e>li] =m is f\nd 9 at4 ,br4 i4 #h4 #a4 ,= ! /ory ( ! flood among ! ,am]ican ,indians comp>e ,s*oolcraft 7,hi/orical & ,/ati/ical ,in=mation71 i4 #ag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,brahmanic ,,pan!ism4--,,! ,,upani%ads4 ,9 ! ,v$ic hymns man fe>s ! gods1 & imag9es ,god4 ,9 ! ,brahmanas man subdues ! gods1 & fe>s ,god4 ,9 ! ,upani%ads man ignores ! gods1 & becomes ,god4#a ,su* 9 a ^w is ! !osophic relations betwe5 ! ?ree p]iods repres5t$ by ! fir/ ,v$ic ,collection1 ! rituali/ic ,brahmanas1 & ! philosophical treatises call$ ,upani%ads4 ,yet if "o took ^! ?ree /rata ( ?\ght to be q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r he w\ld g amiss4 ,r is x true t ! ,brahmanas logically cont9ue :at ! hymns beg92 t ! ,upani%ads logically c>ry on ! ?\ght ( ! ,brahmanas4 ,& m1 = 9 ! olde/ ,upani%ads are traits t connect ?is class ( writ+s 7if !y 7 writt57 directly1 & ev5 closely ) ! ,v$ic hymns !mselves2 s t "o may safely assume t ! "t ( ! fir/ ,upani%ads is n mu* po/]ior to t ( ! late/ additions made to ! ,v$ic collections1 ?\gh ?is indicates only t ^! additions 7 compos$ at a mu* lat] p]iod ?an is g5]ally suppos$4#b ,9 ,india no lit]>y p]iod subsides ) ! rise ( its ev5tually 'succe$+' p]iod4 ,all ! works ov]lap4 ,p>ts ( ! ,brahmanas succe$1 sometimes ) ! addition ( :ole books1 _! prop] lit]>y successors1 ! ,upani%ads4 ,v$ic hymns are compos$ 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod4#c ,! prose ,sutras1 :i*1 9 g5]al1 are e>li]1 sometimes po/-date metrical a/ra-rules4 ,?us x is highly probable t1 :]eas ! ,upani%ads began be=e ! "t ( ,buddha1 ! atapa?a ,brahmana 7if n o!rs ( ?is class7 cont9u$ to )9 two or ?ree c5turies ( our era2 t ! legal ,sutras 71 !re=e1 contempor>y ) "p ( ! ,brahmanic p]iod2#d & t1 9 %ort1 ! end ( ! ,v$ic p]iod is s knit ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,brahmanic1 :ile ! ,brahmanic p]iod is s knit ) ! rise ( ! ,upani%ads1 ,sutras1 epics1 & ,buddhism1 t "o _c say ( any "o3 '?is is lat]1' '?is is e>li]'2 b ea* mu/ be tak5 only = a phase ( indef9itely dat$ ?\ght1 exhibit$ on c]ta9 l9es4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t by ! same class ( works a wide geographical area may be repres5t$2 by ! ,brahmanas1 we/ & ea/2 by ! ,sutras1 nor? & s\?2 by ! ,v$ic poems1 nor?we/ & ea/ to ,b5>es 7,,av472 by ! epics1 all ,india1 c5tr$ ab\t ! holy middle l& ne> ,delhi4 ,! mean+ ( ,upani%ad z us$ 9 ! compositions !mselves1 is ei!r1 z x is us$ to-day1 ! title ( a philosophical "w2 t ( k d]iv$ f esot]ic tea*+2 or ! esot]ic tea*+ itself4 ,?us brahma upani%ad is ! secret doctr9e ( brahma1 & ':oev] foll[s ?is upani%ad' means :oev] foll[s ?is doctr9e4 ,?is seems1 h[ev]1 to be a mean+ d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! ,upani%ads !mselves1 & we are almo/ incl9$ to ?9k t ! true significance ( ! ^w 0 orig9ally t 9 :i* alone occurs1 9 ! e>ly p]iod1 ! comb9ation upa-ni-s4ad1 & ?is is purely ext]nal3 he makes ! common p upa-ni-sad91 i4e41 'sitt+ bel[' or 'subject1' x is said 9 at4 ,br4 ix4 #d4 #c4 #c 7f ! lit]al mean+ ( 'sitt+ bel['74#e ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( see+ 9 upanisad1 ,upani%ad1 ! idea ( a session1 ( pupils sitt+ d[n to he> in/ruction 7! prepositions & v]b are nev] us$ 9 ?is s5se71 x may be t ! ,upani%ads 7 at fir/ subsidi>y works ( ! rituali/ic ,brahmanas conta9$ 9 ! ,aranyakas or ,=e/ ,books1 t is1 app5dices to ! ,brahmana1 o/5sibly int5d$ = ! use ( pi\s =e/-h]mits 7:o _h pass$ beyond ! ne$ ( sacrifice72 & ?is1 9 po9t ( fact1 is j :at !y 72 till _! gr[? result$ 9 _! becom+ an indep5d5t bran* ( lit]ature4 ,! usual explanation ( ',upani%ad1' h[ev]1 is t x repres5ts ! in/ruction giv5 to ! pupil 'sitt+ "u' ! tea*]4 ,al?\gh at pres5t betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ ,upani%ads are kn[n1 at lea/ by "n1 to exi/1 yet sc>cely a doz5 appe> to be ( great antiquity4 ,"s ( ^! are integral p>ts ( ,brahmanas1 & app>5tly 7 add$ to ! rituali/ic works at an e>ly p]iod4#f ,:ile man's *ief ef=t 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod seems to be by sacrifice & p5ance to atta9 happ9ess h]eaft]1 & to get ! upp] h& ( div9e p[]s2 :ile he recognizes a ,god1 :o1 ?\gh supreme1 has yet1 l ! prie/ himself1 atta9$ 8 supremacy by sacrifice & p5ance2 :ile he dreams ( a life h]eaft] 9 heav5ly worlds1 9 ! realm ( light1 ?\gh h>dly seek+ to avoid a cont9uation ( e>?ly re-bir?s2 nev]!less he frees himself at times f rituali/ic obs]vances suffici5tly to cont9ue ! que/ion+ ask$ by 8 ,v$ic ance/ors1 & to wond] :i!r 8 immortal "p is def9itively go+1 & :e!r t _s ( 8 w live indep5d5tly1 or be unit$ ) "s high] p[]1 su* z ! sun or ,brahma4 ,! philosophical writ+s call$ ,upani%ads#g take up ?is "q 9 e>ne/1 b ! answ] is already assur$1 & ! philosoph]s1 or poets1 ( ?is p]iod seek less to prove ! tru? ?an to exp\nd x4 ,! s\l ( man w n only jo9 a heav5ly ,p[]4 ,x is "p ( t ,p[]4 ,man's _s 7self7 is ! _w-_s4 ,& :at is ?is8 ,:ile all ! ,upani%ads are at "o 9 answ]+ ! fir/ "q1 !y are n at "o 9 ! me?od by :i* !y arrive at ! same result4 ,!re is no sy/ematic philosophy2 b a t5tative1 & m or less dogmatic1 logic4 ,9 reg>d to ! second "q !y are /ill less at "o2 b 9 g5]al _! answ] is t ! _w-_s is ,all1 & ev]y?+ is a "p ( ,x or ,him4 ,yet1 :e!r t ,all is p]sonal or imp]sonal1 & :at is ! relation betwe5 _s & matt]1 ?is is /ill an unsettl$ po9t4 ,! me?ods & results ( ?is half-philosophical lit]ature w mo/ easily be und]/ood by a few examples4 ,b1 be=e ^! are giv51 x w be necess>y to emphasize ! colloquial & scrappy nature ( ! tea*+4 ,leg5d1 p>able1 rituali/ic absurdities1 belief 9 gods1 d5ial ( gods1 belief 9 heav51 d5ial ( heav51 are all m+l$1 & = a purpose4 ,= "s m5 are able1 & "s are unable1 to receive ! true light ( k4 ,b man's fate dep5ds on 8 k4 ,! wise man becomes h]eaft] :at 8 k has prep>$ him to be4 ,n e _s is fitt$ = immortality1 b only ! _s ( !m t h wisely desir$ x1 or1 r1 n desir$ x2 = e desire mu/ h be5 ext+ui%$ be=e "o is fitt$ = ?is end4 ,h5ce1 ) advanc+ belief 9 absorption & pan!ism1 !re /ill l+]s1 & n z a m]e sup]fluity1 ! use ( sacrifice & p5ance4 ,rites & ! p>aph]nalia ( religion are ess5tial till "o le>ns t !y are uness5tial4 ,desire w be gratifi$ till "o le>ns t ! mo/ desirable ?+ is lack ( desire4 ,b s long z "o desires ev5 ! lack ( desire he is /ill 9 ! fett]s ( desire4 ,! way is long to ! ext9ction ( emotion1 b its atta9m5t results 9 happ9ess t is great] ?an delight2 9 peace t surpasses joy4 ,9 ! exposition ( ?is doctr9e ! old gods are reta9$ z figures4 ,!y are n real gods4 ,b !y are exi/5t =ms ( ,god4 ,!y are portions ( ! absolute1 a =m ( ! ,et]nal1 ev5 z man is a =m ( ! same4 ,absolute be+1 aga91 is describ$ z an?ropomorphic4 ',?is is t' "u a c]ta9 =m4 ,incessantly made is ! attempt to expla9 ! id5tity ( ! absolute ) ph5om5a4 ,! p[] brahma1 :i* is orig9ally appli$ to pray]1 is n[ tak5 z absolute be+1 & ?is1 aga91 mu/ be equat$ ) ! p]sonal _s 7ego1 self1 atma74 ,"o f9ds himself back 9 ! age ( ,v$ic speculation :5 he reads ( pray] 7or p5ance7 & p[] z "o4 ,=1 z 0 %[n above1 ! ,rig ,v$a already recognizes t pray] is p[]4 ,!re ! ^w = p[]1 brahma1 is us$ only z equival5t ( pray]1 & ,brihaspati or ,brahmanaspati is lit]ally ! 'god ( p[]1' z he is int]pret$ by ! prie/s4 ,! significance ( ! o!r great ^w ( ?is p]iod1 namely atma1 is n at all unc]ta91 b to translate x is difficult4 ,x is brea?1 _s1 self1 s\l4 ,yet1 s9ce 9 its orig9al s5se x corresponds to spiritus 7comp>able to a?m571 ! ^w _s1 :i* also signifies ! real p]son1 p]haps repres5ts x be/4 ,we %all !n r5d] brahma & atma by ! absolute & ! ego or _s1 respectively2 or leave !m1 :i* is p]haps ! be/ way1 9 _! native =m4 ,! physical brea?1 prana1 is occasionally us$ j l atma4 ,?us x is said t all ! gods are "o god1 & ?is is prana1 id5tical ) brahma 7,brihad ,aranyaka ,upani%ad1 #c4i4i72 or prana is s us$ z to be ! same ) _s1 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 'brea? is born ( _s' 7,prana ,up4 #c4c71 j z 9 ! ,rig ,v$a 7above7 x is said t all comes f ! brea? ( ,god4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive ( ! old] ,upani%ads is ! ,*andogya4 ,a sket* ( its doctr9es w give a cle>] idea ( ,upani%ad philosophy ?an a *apt] ( disconnect$ exc]pts3 ,all ?is 7univ]se7 is brahma4 ,man has intellig5t =ce 7or w74 ,he1 aft] dea?1 w exi/ 9 accordance ) 8 w 9 life4 ,?is _s 9 7my7 he>t is t m9d-mak+1 brea?-bodi$1 light-=m$1 tru?-?\ght$1 e!r-spirit$ ,"o1 ( :om are all works1 all desires1 all smells1 & all ta/es2 :o compreh5ds ! univ]se1 :o speaks n & is n mov$2 small] ?an a rice-corn1 small] ?an a mu/>d-se$1 444 great] ?an e>?1 great] ?an heav54 ,?is 7univ]sal be+7 is my ego1 _s1 & is brahma1 =ce 7absolute be+74 ,aft] dea? ,i %all ent] into him 7#c4ad74h ,?is all is brea? 7_s 9 #c4ae4d74 ,aft] ?is epitome ( pan!ism foll[s a rituali/ic bit3 ,man is sacrifice4 ,f\r & tw5ty ye>s are ! morn+ libation2 ! next f\r & =ty1 ! mid-day libation2 ! next eight & =ty1 ! ev5+ libation4 ,! son ( ,it>a1 kn[+ ?is1 liv$ "o hundr$ & sixte5 ye>s4 ,he :o kn[s ?is lives "o hundr$ & sixte5 ye>s 7#c4af74 ,!n1 = ! abolition ( all sacrifice1 foll[s a *apt] :i* expla9s t man may sacrifice symbolically1 s t1 = example1 gifts to ! prie/s 7a necess>y adjunct ( a real sacrifice7 "h become p5ance1 lib]ality1 rectitude1 non-injury1 tru?-speak+ 7ib4 #ag4 #d74 ,!re foll[s !n ! id5tification ( brahma ) m9d1 sun1 brea?1 c>d9al po9ts1 e!r1 etc1 ev5 puns be+ br\ght into requisition1 ,ka is ,kha & ,kha is ,ka 7#d4 #aj4 #e72i e>?1 fire1 food1 sun1 wat]1 />s1 man1 are brahma1 & brahma is ! man se5 9 ! moon 7#d4 #ab4 ,i74 ,& n[ comes ! id5tity ( ! imp]sonal brahma ) ! p]sonal _s4 ,! man se5 9 ! eye is ! _s2 ?is is ! immortal1 unfe>+ brahma 7#d4 #ae4 ,i #h4 #g4 #d74 ,he t kn[s ?is goes aft] dea? to light1 !nce to day1 !nce to ! light moon1 !nce to ! season1 !nce to ! ye>1 !nce to ! sun1 !nce to ! moon1 !nce to lightn+2 ?us he becomes div9e1 & ent]s brahma4 ,!y t g on ?is pa? ( ! gods t conducts to brahma d n return to human conditions 7ib4 #ae4 #f74 ,b ! ,fa!r-god ( ! ,brahmanas is /ill a tempor>y creator1 & ?us he appe>s n[ 7ib4 #ag73 ,! ,fa!r-god brood$ ov]#aj ! worlds1 & f !m extract$ ess5ces1 fire f e>?1 w9d f air1 sun f sky4 ,^! ?ree div9ities 7! triad1 fire1 w9d1 & sun7 he brood$ ov]1 & f !m extract$ ess5ces1 ! ,rig ,v$a f fire1 ! ,yajur ,v$a f w9d1 ! ,sama ,v$a f sun4 ,9 ! prec$+ ! nor!rn pa? ( !m t "k ! absolute 7brahma7 has be5 describ$1 & x 0 said t !y return no m to e>?4 ,n[ foll[s ! s\!rn pa? ( !m t only p>tly "k brahma3 ,he t kn[s ! olde/1 jyes4?am & ! be/1 res?am1 becomes ! olde/ & ! be/4 ,n[ brea? is olde/ & be/ 7!n foll[s ! fam\s p>able ( ! s5ses & brea?1 #e4 #a4 ,i74 ,?is 7f\nd else:]e7 is evid5tly reg>d$ z a new doctr9e1 =1 aft] ! d$uction has be5 made t1 because a creature c live )\t s5ses1 & ev5 )\t m9d1 b _c live )\t brea?1 !re=e ! brea? is ! 'olde/ & be/1' ! text cont9ues1 'if "o told ?is to a dry /ick1 bran*es w\ld be produc$ & leaves put =?' 7#e4 #b4 #c74aa ,! pa? ( him t p>tly kn[s ! brahma :i* is express$ 9 brea?1 etc1 is z foll[s3 ,he goes to ! moon1 &1 :5 8 good works are us$ up1 he 7ultimately mi/7 ra9s d[n1 becom+ se$1 & beg9s life ov] aga9 on e>?1 to become l ! p :o eat him 7#e4 #aj4 #f72 !y t are good become prie/s1 w>riors1 or memb]s ( ! ?ird e/ate2 :ile ! bad become dogs1 hogs1 or memb]s ( ! l[ ca/es4#ab ,a /ory is n[ told1 in/ructive z illu/rat+ ! "t4 ,five great doctors ( ! law came toge!r to discuss :at is ,_s1 :at is brahma4 ,9 ! end !y are taught by a k+ t ! univ]sal ,_s is "o's own _s 7#e4 #ah4 #a74 ,x is int]e/+ to see t1 al?\gh ! ,rig ,v$a di/9ctly says t 'be+ 0 born ( n-be+' 7satas sd ajayata1 ,x4 #gb4 #c71ac yet n-be+ is "h d]iv$ q z emphatically f be+4 ,= 9 ! philosophical explanation ( ! univ]se giv5 9 #f4 #b4 #a ff4 "o reads3 ,be+ alone exi/$ 9 ! beg9n+1 "o1 & )\t a second4 ,o!rs say 'n-be+ alone' 444 b h[ c\ld be+ be born ( n-be+8 ,be+ alone exi/$ 9 ! beg9n+4#ad ,?is be+ is !n repres5t$ z s5ti5t4 ,x saw 7& desir$71 'may ,i be _m1' & s5t =? fire 7or heat72 fire 7or heat7 desir$ & produc$ wat]2 wat]1 food 7e>?72 ) ! liv+ _s ! div9ity ent]$ fire1 wat]1 & e>? 7#f4 #c74 ,z m9d comes f food1 brea? f wat]1 & spee* f fire1 all t makes a man is ?us d]iv$ f ! 7true7 be+ 7#f4 #g4 #f72 & :5 "o dies 8 spee* is absorb$ into m9d1 8 m9d into brea?1 8 brea? into fire 7heat71 & heat into ! highe/ godhead 7#f4 #h4 #g74 ,?is is ! subtle _s1 t is ! ,_s1 t is ! ,true1 & ?is is ! _s ( man4 ,n[ comes ! gr& conclusion ( ! ,*andogya4 ,he :o kn[s ! ego escapes grief4 ,:at is ! ego8 ,! ,v$as are names1 & he t sees brahma 9 ! ,v$as is inde$ 7p>tly7 wise2 b spee* is bett] ?an a "n2 m9d is bett] ?an spee*2 w is bett] ?an m9d2 m$itation1 bett] ?an w2 reflection1 ?an m$itation2 und]/&+1 ?an reflection2 p[]1 ?an und]/&+2 food1 ?an p[]2 wat]1 ?an food2 heat 7fire71 ?an wat]2 e!r1 ?an heat2 memory1 ?an e!r2 hope1 ?an memory2 brea? 7_s71 ?an hope4 ,9 ea* let "o see brahma2 ego 9 ,all4 ,:o kn[s ?is is supreme 9 k2 b m supreme 9 k is he t kn[s t 9 true 7be+7 is ! highe/ be+4 ,true be+ is happ9ess2 true be+ is ego2 ego is all2 ego is ! absolute4#ae ,! relativity o div9ity is ! discov]y ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,& ! relativity ( happ9ess h]eaft] is ! key-note ( _! religi\s philosophy4 ,pi\s m5 are ( ?ree classes1 accord+ to ! complet$ sy/em4 ,"s are good m51 b !y d n "k en\gh to appreciate1 intellectually or spiritually1 ! highe/4 ,let ?is class m$itate on ! ,v$as4 ,!y desire weal?1 n fre$om4 ,! second class wi%1 inde$1 to emancipate !mselves2 b to d s /ep by /ep2 n to rea* absolute brahma1 b to live 9 bliss h]eaft]4 ,let ^! wor%ip ! ,_s z physical life4 ,!y w atta9 to ! bliss ( ! realm ( light1 ! realm ( ! p]sonal creator4 ,b ! highe/ class1 !y t wi% to emancipate !mselves at once1 "k t physical life is b a =m ( spiritual life2 t ! p]sonal creator is b a =m ( ! ,_s2 t ! ,_s is absolute brahma2 & t 9 rea*+ ?is !y atta9 to immortality4 ,^!1 !n1 are to m$itate on _s z ! highe/ ,_s1 t is1 ! absolute4 ,to fe> heav5 z mu* z hell1 to "k t k is1 aft] all1 ! key to brahma2 t brahma is k2 ?is is ! way to emancipation4 ,! gods are2 b !y are =ms ( ! ego1 & _! heav5 is mortal4 ,x is false to d5y ! gods4 ,indra & ! ,fa!r-god exi/1 j z m5 exi/1 z transi5t =ms ( brahma4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ! weakness or /r5g? ( a man's m9d & he>t 7desire7 is he fitt$ to ignore gods & sacrifice4 ,to obta9 brahma 8 desires mu/ be weak1 8 k /rong2 b sacrifice is n to be put away z useless4 ,! discipl9>y tea*+ ( ! sacrifice is a necess>y prep>ation = highe/ wisdom4 ,x is "h t ! ,upani%ads1 :i* o!rwise are to a great ext5t on ! highway to ,buddhism1 practically contra/ ) x4 ,buddhism ignores ! sacrifice & ! /adia 9 a prie/'s life4 ,! ,upani%ads reta9 !m1 b only to ?r[ !m ov] at ! end :5 "o has le>n$ n to ne$ !m4 ,philosophically !re is no place = ! ritual 9 ! ,upani%ad doctr9e2 b _! tea*]s /ood too mu* "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,brahmanas to ignore ! ritual4 ,!y kept x z a means ( p]fect+ ! k ( :at 0 ess5tial4 ,s 'by wisdom' x is said '"o gets immortality4' ,! ,_s develops gradually 9 man2 by means ( ! mortal he desires ! immortal2 :]eas o!r animals h only hung] & ?ir/ z a k9d ( und]/&+1 & !y are reborn accord+ to _! k z bea/s aga94 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ano!r ( ! ,upani%ads1 ! ,ait>eya ,aranyaka4 ,?is ,upani%ad conta9s "s r /rik+ passages3 ,:atev] man atta9s1 he desires to g beyond x2 if he %\ld rea* heav5 itself he w\ld desire to g beyond x 7#b4 #c4 #c4 #a74 ,brahma is ! ,a1 ?i!r goes ! ego 7#b4 #c4 #h4 #g74 ,a is ! :ole ( ,spee*1 & ,spee* is ,tru?1 & ,tru? is ,_s 7#b4 #c4 #f4 #e-ad74af ,! ,_s brood$ ov] ! wat]1 & =m 7matt]7 0 born 7#b4 #d4 #c4 #a ff472 s physically wat] is ! orig9 ( all ?+s 7#b4 #a4 #h4 #a74ag ,:atev] belongs to ! fa!r belongs to ! son1 :atev] belongs to ! son belongs to ! fa!r 7ib474 ,man has ?ree bir?s3 he is born ( 8 "m1 reborn 9 ! p]son ( 8 son1 & f9ds 8 highe/ bir? 9 dea? 7#b4 #e74 ,9 ! exposition ( ^! two ,upani%ads "o gets at once ! sum ( !m all4 ,! me?ods1 ! illu/rations1 ev5 ! doctr9es1 diff] 9 detail2 b 9 ! *ief end & object ( ! ,upani%ads1 & 9 ! pr9ciple ( k z a means ( atta9+ brahma1 !y are unit$4 ,?is x is t causes ! refutation ( ! ,v$ic 'be+ f n-be+4' ,x is ev5 said 9 ! ,ait>eya t ! gods wor%ipp$ brea? 7! _s7 z be+ & s became gods 7great72 :ile devils wor%ipp$ _s z n-be+1 & h5ce became 7inf]ior7 devils 7#b4 #a4 #h4 #f74 ,x 0 notic$ above t a k+ in/ruct$ prie/s4 ,?is int]*ange ( ! rles ( ! two ca/es is n unique4 ,9 ! ,kau%itaki ,upani%ad 7#d4 #ai71 occurs ano!r in/ance ( a w>rior tea*+ a ,brahman4 ,?is1 ) ! famili> illu/ration ( a ,g&hara 7,k&ah>7 man1 ! song ( ! ,kurus1 & ! abs5ce ( ,brahmanic lit]ature z su* 9 ! li/ ( works1 cit$ vii4 #a1 w\ld indicate t ! ,*andogya 0 at lea/ z old z ! ,brahmana lit]ature4#ah ,9 _! pres5t =m sev]al diff]5ces rema9 to be po9t$ out betwe5 ! ,v$ic p]iod & t ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,! goal ( ! s\l1 ! two pa?s ( gods & ( brahma1 h be5 indicat$4 ,z already expla9$1 ! road to ! absolute brahma lies beyond ! pa? to ! condition$ brahma4 ,oppos$ to ?is is ! pa? t leads to ! _w ( heav51 :5ce1 :5 good works h be5 exhau/$1 ! _s desc5ds to a new bir? on e>?4 ,! c\rse ( ?is second pa? is conceiv$ to be ! d>k half ( ! moon1 & s back to man4 ,bo? roads lead fir/ to ! moon1 !n "o goes on to brahma1 ! o!r returns to e>?4 ,x w be se5 t good works are reg>d$ z buoy+ a man up = a "t1 till1 l gas 9 a balloon1 !y lose _! =ce1 & he s9ks d[n aga94 ,:at !n becomes ( ! virtue ( a man :o ent]s ! absolute brahma1 & desc5ds no m8 ,he himself goes to ! _w :]e !re is no sorr[ & no sn[1 :]e he lives =ev] 7,brihad ,aran4 #e4 #aj72 b 8 belov$ relations get 8 virtue1 & ! relations he does n love get 8 evil 7,kau%it4 ,up4 #a4 #d74 ,9 ?is ,upani%ad fire1 sun1 moon1 & lightn+ die out1 & reappe> z brahma4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! ,gtt]dmm]ung1 & succession ( aeons ) _! div9ities 7#b4 #ab74 ,"h aga9 is x di/9ctly /at$ t prana1 brea?1 is brahma2 t is1 _s is ! absolute 7#b4 #ac74 ,:at becomes ( !m t die ignorant ( ! ego8 ,!y g ei!r to ! worlds ( evil spirits1 :i* are cov]$ ) d>kness--! same anti!sis ( light & d>kness1 z good & evil1 t 0 se5 9 ! ,brahmanas--or are reborn on e>? aga9 l ! wick$ 7,ia1 #c74 ,x is to be not$ t at times all ! p>ts ( a man are said to become immortal4 ,= j z diff]5t riv]s ent] ! ocean & _! names & =ms are lo/ 9 x1 s ! sixte5 p>ts ( a man s9k into ! godhead & he becomes )\t p>ts & immortal 7,prana ,up4 #f4 #e72 a purely pan!i/ic view ( absorption1 9 di/9ction f ! ,v$ic view ( heav51 :i* latt]1 9 ! =m ( immortal joy h]eaft]1 /ill l+]s 9 ! e>li] ,upani%ads4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ z ! cr[n+ po9t ( ^! speculations t1 j z ! bliss ( emancipation mu/ n be desir$1 al?\gh x is desirable1 s too1 ?\gh k is ! fundam5tal condition ( emancipation1 yet is delight 9 ! true a fatal error3 ,!y t rev]e :at is n k ent] into bl9d d>kness2 !y t delight 9 k come z x 7 into /ill great] d>kness 7,ia1 #i74 ,"h1 :at is n real k means good works1 sacrifice1 etc4 ,b ! sacrifice is n disc>d$4 ,to ^? p capable only ( atta9+ to rectitude1 sacrifices1 & belief 9 gods !re is giv5 "s bliss h]eaft]2 b to him t is ris5 above ?is1 :o kn[s ! ego 7,_s7 & real be+1 su* bliss is no bliss4 ,8 bliss is union ) ! ,_s4 ,?is is ! completion ( ,upani%ad philosophy4 ,be=e x is a /age :]e bliss alone1 n absorption1 is taught4#ai ,b :at is ! ego1 _s or self 7atma78 ,fir/ ( all x is consci\s2 next x is n ! ,p]son1 = ! ,p]son is produc$ by ! atma4 ,s9ce ?is ,p]son is ! type ( ! p]sonal god1 x is evid5t t ! ego is reg>d$ z ly+ back ( p]sonality4 ,nev]!less1 ! tea*]s sometimes /op ) ! latt]4 ,! develop$ view is t ! immortality ( ! p]sonal creator is comm5surate only ) t ( ! _w :i* he creates4 ,x is = ?is reason t 9 ! ,mundaka 7#a4 #b4 #aj7 x is said t fools reg>d fulfillm5t ( desire 9 heav5ly happ9ess z ! be/ ?+2 = al?\gh !y h _! 'rew>d 9 ! top ( heav51 yet1 :5 ! elevation caus$ by _! good works ends1 z x w end1 :5 ! buoyant p[] ( good works is exhau/$1 !n !y drop d[n to e>? aga94 ,h5ce1 to wor%ip ! creator z ! atma is inde$ productive ( tempor>y pleasure1 b no m4 ,if a man wor%ip ano!r div9ity1 devata1 ) ! idea t he & ! god are diff]5t1 he does n "k 7,brihad ,aran4 ,up4 #a4 #d4 #aj74 ,)\t passion & )\t p>ts is ! brahma 7,mund4 #b4 #b4 #i74 ,! fur!r doctr9e1 !re=e1 t all except brahma is delusion is impli$ "h1 & ! ext9ction ( gods 9 brahma is once or twice =mulat$4#bj ,! fatal error ( judgm5t is to imag9e t !re is 9 absolute be+ any?+ sep>ate f man's be+4 ,:5 p]sonifi$1 ?is be+ appe>s z ! supreme ,p]son1 id5tical ) ! ego1 :o is "l ( :at has be5 & :at w be4 ,by p]ceiv+ ?is controll+ _s 9 "o's own _s 7or self7 "o obta9s et]nal bliss2 :5 desires cease1 ! mortal becomes immortal2 he atta9s brahma "h 9 life 7,ka?a ,up4 #b4 #e4 #ab2 #f4 #ad2 ,br4 ,aran4 ,up4 #d4 #d4 #g74 ,h[ inconsi/5t are ! tea*+s ( ! ,upani%ads 9 reg>d to cosmogonic & es*atological matt]s w be evid5t if "o contra/ ! /atem5ts ( ! diff]5t tracts n only ) ^? ( o!r writ+s ( ! same sort1 b ev5 ) o!r /atem5ts 9 ! same ,upani%ads4 ,?us ! ,mundaka tea*es fir/ t ,brahma1 ! p]sonal creator1 made ! _w & expla9$ brahma 7#a4 #a4 #a74 ,x !n def9es brahma z ! ,imp]i%able1 :i*1 l a spid]1 s5ds out a web ( be+ & draws x 9 aga9 7ib4 #f1 #g74 ,x /ates ) all di/9ctness t ! 7neut]7 brahma comes f ,! 7mascul9e7 ,"o :o is all-wise1 all-kn[+ 7ib4 #i74 ,?is heav5ly ,p]son is ! imp]i%able ego2 x is )\t =m2 high] ?an ! imp]i%able 7#a4 #b4 #aj ff42 #b4 #a4 #b72 great] ?an ! great 7#c4 #b4 #h74 ,aga9/ ?is is !n set 7#b4 #b4 #i7 ! great be+ brahma1 )\t passions or p>ts1 i4 e41 )\t intellig5ce su* z 0 pr$icat$ ( ! atma2 & 7#c4 #a4 #c7 !n foll[s ! doctr9e ( ! p]sonal ',"l1 :o is ! mak]1 ! ,p]son1 :o has 8 bir? 9 brahma' 7puru%o brahmayonis74 ,t ?is ,upani%ad is pan!i/ic is pla9 f #c4 #b4 #f1 :]e ,v$anta & ,yoga are nam$4 ,accord+ to ?is tract ! wise g to brahma or to ego 7#c4 #b4 #i & #a4 #b4 #aa71 :ile fools g to heav5 & return aga94 ,on ! same plane /&s ! ,ia1 :]e atma1 ego1 ,_s1 is ! ,true1 ! ,"l1 & is 9 ! sun4 ,oppos$ to ea* o!r "h are 'd>kness' & 'immortality1' z fruit1 respectively1 ( ignorance & wisdom4 ,9 ! ,kau%itaki ,upani%ad1 tak5 ) ! mean+ put into x by ! comm5tators1 ! wise man goes to a v diff]5t sort ( brahma--"o :]e he is met by nymphs1 & rejoices 9 a k9d ( heav54 ,?is brahma is ( two sorts1 absolute & condition$2 b x is ultimately def9$ z 'brea?4' ,:5ev] x is conv5i5t1 'brea?' is reg>d$ by ! comm5tators z ego1 '_s'2 b "o c sc>cely escape ! conviction t 9 _m passages 'brea?' 0 meant by ! speak] to be tak5 at its face value4 ,x is ! vital p[]4 ,) ?is vital p[] 7brea? or _s7 "o 9 dreamless sleep unites4 ,indra has no?+ high] to say ?an t he is brea? 7_s71 consci\s & immortal4 ,ev5tually ! s\l aft] dea? comes to ,indra1 or ga9s ! bright heav54 ,b "h too ! doctr9e ( ! dy+ out ( ! gods is kn[n 7z 9 ,tatt4 #c4 #aj4 #d74 ,cosmogonically all "h spr+s f wat] 7#a4 #d1 #f1 #g2 #b4 #a1 #ab2 #c4 #a1 #b2 #d4 #bj74 ,mo/ /rik+ are ! contradictions 9 ! ,brihad ,aranyaka3 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 only no?+2 ?is 7_w7 0 cov]$ ) dea?1 t is hung]2#ba he desir$1 etc4 7#a4 #b4 #a74 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 only ego 7atma74 ,atma articulat$ ,i am1 & 7f9d+ himself lonely & unhappy7 divid$ himself into male & female1#bb :5ce arose m51 etc4 7#a4 #d4 #a74 ,aga93 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 only brahma2 ?is 7neut]7 knew atma 444 brahma 0 ! "o & only 444 x creat$ 7#a4 #d4 #aj-aa72 foll[$ imm$iately by he creat$ 7#ab74 ,& aft] ?is1 9 #ag1 "o is br\ght back to 9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 only atma2 he desir$ 'let me h a wife4' ,9 #b4 #c4 #a ff4 ! explicitness ( ! diff]5ces 9 brahma makes ! acc\nt ( unusual value4 ,x appe>s t !re are two =ms ( brahma1 "o is mortal1 ) =m2 ! o!r is immortal1 )\t =m4 ,:atev] is o!r ?an air & ! space betwe5 7heav5 & e>?7 is mortal & ) =m4 ,?is is be+1 its ess5ce is 9 ! sun4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ess5ce ( ! immortal is ! p]son 9 ! circle 7( ! sun74 ,9 man's body brea? & e!r are ! immortal1 ! ess5ce ( :i* is ! p]son 9 ! eye4 ,!re is a visible & invisible brahma 7atma72 ! real brahma is incompreh5sible & is describ$ only by negations 7#c4 #d4 #a2 #i4 #bf74 ,! highe/ is ! ,imp]i%able 7neut]71 b ?is sees1 he>s1 & kn[s4 ,x is 9 ?is t e!r 7z above7 is wov5 7#c4 #h4 #aa74 ,aft] dea? ! wise man goes to ! _w ( ! gods 7#a4 #e4 #af72 he becomes ! atma ( all be+s1 j l t deity 7#a4 #e4 #bj72 he becomes id5tical 7'h[ c "o "k ! kn[]8' vijat>7 9 #b4 #d4 #ab-ac2 & accord+ to #c4 #b4 #ac1 ! doctr9e ( samsara is extoll$ 7!y talk$ ( k>ma1 extoll$ k>ma secretly71 z some?+ too secret to be divulg$ easily1 ev5 to prie/s4 ,t diff]5t views are recogniz$ is evid5t f ,taitt4 #b4 #f3 ,if "o kn[s brahma z asat he becomes only asat 7non-exi/5ce72 if he kn[s t 'brahma is' 7i4e41 a sad brahma71 p "k him z !nce exi/+4 ,p]sonal atma is "h insi/$ on 7,he wi%$ 'may ,i be _m'72 & f atma1 ! consci\s brahma1 9 highe/ heav51 came ! e!r 7#b4 #a1 #f74 ,yet1 imm$iately aft]w>ds3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! non-exi/5t2 !nce arose ! exi/5t2 & ,t made = himself an ego 7_s1 consci\s life1 atma2 tad atmana9 svayam akuruta1 #b4 #g74 ,9 man brahma is ! sun-brahma4 ,"h too "o f9ds ! brahman4ah4 p>im>as 7#c4 #aj4 #d ,kau%it4 #b4 #ab1 daiva71 or ext9ction ( gods 9 brahma4 ,b :at t brahma is1 except t x is bliss1 & t man aft] dea? rea*es '! bliss-mak+ atma1' x is impossible to say 7#c4 #f2 #b4 #h74 ,especially z ! dep>t$ s\l 'eats & sits d[n s++' 9 heav5 7#c4 #aj4 #e74 ,! greate/ discrepancies 9 es*atology occur p]haps 9 ! ,ait>eya ,aranyaka4 ,aft] dea? "o ei!r gets brahma 7i4 #c4 #a4 #b71 comes ne> to ! immortal _s 7#a4 #c4 #h4 #ad71 or goes to ! heav5ly _w4 ,k "h expressly conditions ! h]eaft]2 s mu* s t x is repres5t$ n 7z above7 t fools g to heav5 & return1 b t all1 save ! v highe/1 are to recognize a p]sonal creator 7,prajapati7 9 brea? 7egobrahma71 & !n !y w g to ! heav5ly _w 7#b4 #c4 #h4 #e71 become ! sun 7#b4 #a4 #h4 #ad71 or g to gods 7#b4 #b4 #d4 #f74 ,moreov] aft] ! highe/ wisdom has be5 reveal$1 & ! second class ( m5 has be5 dispos$ (1 ! au?or /ill returns to ! '%9+ sky1' sv>ga1 z ! be/ promise 7#c74 ,s9n]s are born aga9 7#b4 #a4 #a4 #e7 on e>?1 al?\gh hell is m5tion$ 7#b4 #c4 #b4 #e74 ,! orig9 ( _w is wat]1 z usual 7#b4 #a4 #h4 #a74 ,! highe/ tea*+ is t all 0 atma1 :o s5t =? worlds 7lokan zr4jata71 & =m$ ! ,p]son 7z gu>dian ( worlds71 tak+ him f wat]s4 ,h5ce atma1 ,prajapati 7( ! second-class ?9k]s71 & brahma are ! same4 ,k is brahma 7#b4 #d4 #a4 #a2 #f4 #a4 #e-g74 ,9 ! ,k5a1 :]e ! be/ t c be said 9 reg>d to brahma is t he is tadvana1 ! "o t 'likes ?is' 7or1 p]haps1 is 'l ?is'71 !re is no absorption into a _w-_s4 ,! wise 'become immortal'2 'by k "o gets immortality'2 ':o kn[s ?is /&s 9 heav5' 7#a4 #b2 #b4 #d2 #d4 #i74 ,! g5]al results are ab\t ^? =mulat$ by ,:itney 9 reg>d to ! ,ka?a3 k gives cont9uation ( happ9ess 9 heav52 ! puni%m5t ( ! unwor?y is to cont9ue samsara1 ! r\nd ( rebir?s4 ,hell is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,ait>eya ,upani%ad itself b 9 ! ,aranyaka#bc 7#b4 #c4 #b4 #e74 ,t1 h[ev]1 a union ) ! univ]sal atma 7z well z heav57 is desir$1 w\ld seem to be ! case f sev]al ( ! passages cit$ above1 notably ,brihad ,aran41 i4 #e4 #bj 7sa eva4mvit s>ves4am bhutanam atma bhavati1 ,ya?a is4a devataivam sa72 'he t kn[s ?is becomes ! atma ( all creatures1 z is t div9ity s is he'2 ?\gh ?is is d\btless ! an&amaya atma1 or joy-mak+ ,_s 7,taitt4 #b4 #h74 ,aga9 two =ms ( brahma are expla9$ 7,max4 ,up4 #f4 #ae ff473 ,!re are two =ms ( brahma1 "t & n-"t4 ,t :i* 0 be=e ! sun is n-"t & has no p>ts4 ,"t & p>ts beg9 ) ! sun4 ,"t is ! ,fa!r-god1 ! ,_s4 ,"t makes & dissolves all 9 ! ,_s4 ,he kn[s ! ,v$a :o kn[s into :at ,"t itself is dissolv$4 ,?is manife/ "t is ! ocean ( creatures4 ,b brahma exi/s be=e & aft] "t4#bd ,z an example ( ! be/ /yle ( ! ,upani%ads we w cite a favorite passage 7giv5 no less ?an f\r times 9 v>i\s v]sions7 :]e ! doctr9e ( absorption is mo/ di/9ctly taught "u ! =m ( a tale4 ,x is ! fam\s ,,dialogue ,,( ,y,a,j,,avalkya ,,& ,m,a,,itrey,i4#be ,yajavalkya _h two wives1 ,maitreyi & ,katyayani4 ,n[ ,maitreyi 0 v]s$ 9 holy k 7brahma71 b ,katyayani _h only su* k z wom5 h4 ,b :5 ,yajavalkya 0 ab\t to g away into ! =e/ 7to become a h]mit71 he said3 ',maitreyi1 ,i am go+ away f ?is place4 ,behold1 ,i w make a settlem5t betwe5 !e & t ,katyayani4' ,!n said ,maitreyi3 ',"l1 if ?is :ole e>? fill$ ) weal? 7 m9e1 h[ !n8 %\ld ,i be immortal by reason ( ?is weal?8' ',nay1' said ,yajavalkya4 ',ev5 z is ! life ( ! ri* w\ld be ?y life2 by reason ( weal? "o has no hope ( immortality4' ,!n said ,maitreyi3 ',) :at ,i _c be immortal1 :at c ,i d ) t8 :atev] my ,"l kn[s ev5 t tell me4' ,& ,yajavalkya said3 ',de> to me ?\ art1 inde$1 & fondly speake/4 ,!re=e ,i w expla9 to !e & d ?\ reg>d me z ,i expla94' ,& he said3 ',n = ! husb&'s sake is a husb& de>1 b = ! ego's sake is ! husb& de>4 ,n = ! wife's sake is a wife de>2 b = ! ego's sake is a wife de>2 n = ! son's sake are sons de>1 b = ! ego's sake are sons de>2 n = weal?'s sake is weal? de>1 b = ! ego's sake is weal? de>2 n = ! sake ( ! ,brahman ca/e is ! ,brahman ca/e de>1 b = ! sake ( ! ego is ! ,brahman ca/e de>2 n = ! sake ( ! ,w>rior ca/e is ! ,w>rior ca/e de>1 b = love ( ! ego is ! ,w>rior ca/e de>2 n = ! sake ( ! worlds are worlds de>1 b = ! sake ( ! ego are worlds de>2 n = ! sake ( gods are gods de>1 b = ! ego's sake are gods de>2 n = ! sake ( bhuts 7spirits7 are bhuts de>1 b = ! ego's sake are bhuts de>2 n = ! sake ( any?+ is any?+ de>1 b = love ( "o's self 7ego7 is any?+ 7ev]y?+7 de>2 ! ego 7self7 mu/ be se51 he>d1 appreh5d$1 reg>d$1 ,maitreyi1 = ) ! see+1 he>+1 appreh5d+1 & reg>d+ ( ! ego ! ,all is kn[n4444 ,ev5 z smoke p\rs out ( a fire light$ ) damp k9dl+ wood1 ev5 s out ( ! ,great ,be+ is bl[n out all t :i* is1 ,rig ,v$a1 ,yajur ,v$a1 ,sama ,v$a1 ,a?>va 7,angiras7 ,v$a1 ,/ories1 ,tales1 ,sci5ces1 ,upani%ads1 food1 dr9k1 sacrifices2 all creatures t exi/ are bl[n 7brea!d7 out ( ?is "o 7,great ,_s7 alone4 ,z 9 ! ocean all ! wat]s h _! meet+-place2 z ! sk9 is ! meet+-place ( all t\*es2 ! tongue1 ( all ta/es2 ! nose1 ( all smells2 ! m9d1 ( all precepts2 ! he>t1 ( all kn[l$ges2 444 z salt ca/ into wat] is dissolv$ s t "o _c seize x1 b :]ev] "o ta/es x is salty1 s ?is ,great ,be+1 endless1 limitless1 is a mass ( k4 ,x arises out ( ! elem5ts & !n disappe>s 9 !m4 ,aft] dea? !re is no m consci\sness4#bf ,i h spok54' ,?us said ,yajavalkya4 ,!n said ,maitreyi3 ',truly my ,"l has bewild]$ me 9 say+ t aft] dea? !re is no m consci\sness4' ,& ,yajavalkya said3 ',i say no?+ bewild]+1 b :at suffices = und]/&+4 ,= :]e !re is z x 7 duality 7dvaitam71 !re "o sees1 smells1 he>s1 addresses1 notices1 kn[s ano!r2 b :5 all ! univ]se has become m]e ego1 ) :at %\ld "o smell1 see1 he>1 address1 notice1 "k any "o 7else78 ,h[ c "o "k him ?r\gh :om he kn[s ?is all1 h[ c he "k ! kn[] 7z some?+ diff]5t78 ,! ego is to be describ$ by negations alone1 ! incompreh5sible1 imp]i%able1 unatta*$1 unfett]$2 ! ego nei!r suff]s nor fails4 ,?us1 ,maitreyi1 ha/ ?\ be5 in/ruct$4 ,s mu* = immortality4' ,& hav+ spok5 ?us ,yajavalkya w5t away 7into ! =e/74 ,return+ to ! ,upani%ad1 ( :i* an outl9e 0 giv5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 "o f9ds a /ate ( ?+s :i*1 9 g5]al1 may be said to be *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole ,upani%ad p]iod4 ,! same vague views 9 reg>d to cosmogony & es*atology obta9 9 all save ! outspok5 sect>ian tracts1 & ! same unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d to man's future fate prevails 9 ?is :ole cycle4#bg ,a few extracts w %[ ?is4 ,accord+ to ! ,*andogya 7#d4 #ag4 #a71 a p]sonal creator1 ! old ,fa!r-god ( ! ,brahmanas1 ,prajapati1 made ! elem5ts proce$ f ! worlds he _h 'brood$' ov] 7or _h done p5ance ov]1 abhyatapat74 ,9 #c4 #ai4 #a1 n-be+ 0 fir/2 ?is became be+ 7) ! mundane egg1 etc474 ,9 %>p contradiction 7#f4 #b4 #a73 'be+ 0 ! fir/ ?+1 x will$1' etc41 a consci\s div9ity1 z is se5 9 ib4 #c4 #b1 :]e x is a 'deity1' produc+ elem5ts z 'deities' 7ib4 #h4 #f7 :i* x ent]s ') ! liv+ atma1' & s develops names & =ms 7s ,taitt4 #b4 #g74 ,! latt] is ! prevail+ view ( ! ,upani%ad4 ,9 #a4 #g4 #e ff4 ! atma is ! same ) ! univ]sal atma2 9 #c4 #ab4 #g1 ! brahma is ! same ) e!r )\t & )91 un*ang+2 9 #c4 #ac4 #g1 ! 'light above heav5' is id5tical ) ! light 9 man2 9 #c4 #ad4 #a1 all is brahma 7neut]71 & ?is is an intellig5t univ]sal _s4 ,l ! e!r is ! atma 9 ! he>t1 ?is is brahma 7ib4 #b ff472 9 #d4 #c4 air & brea? are ! two ends 7s 9 ! argum5t above1 ^! are immortal z di/+ui%$ f all else72 9 #d4 #aj4 #e yad vava ka4m tad eva kham 7brahma is e!r72 9 #d4 #ae4 #a1 ! ego is brahma2 9 #e4 #ah4 #a ! univ]sal ego is id5tifi$ ) ! p>ticul> ego 7atma72 9 #f4 #h ! ego is ! ,true1 ) :i* "o unites 9 dreamless sleep2 9 #f4 #ae4 #a1 into p>a devata or 'highe/ div9ity' ent]s man's _s1 l salt 9 wat] 7ib4 #ac74 ,9 #g4 #ae-bf1 a view b half correct is /at$ to be t 'brea?' is all1 b x is bett] to "k t yo bhuma tad amr4tam1 ! immortal 7all7 is inf9ity1 :i* re/s 9 its own greatness1 ) a corrective 'b p]haps x doesn't' 7yadi va na74 ,?is inf9ity is ego & atma4#bh ,:at is ! rew>d = kn[+ ?is8 ,"o obta9s worlds1 un*ang+ happ9ess1 brahma2 or1 ) "s circumnavigation1 "o goes to ! moon1 & ev5tually rea*es brahma or obta9s ! worlds ( ! bless$ 7#e4 #aj4 #aj74 ,! r\nd ( exi/5ce1 samsara1 is indicat$ at #f4 #af1 & expressly /at$ 9 #e4 #aj4 #g 7insects h "h a ?ird pa?74 ,immortality is =cibly claim$3 ',! liv+ "o dies n' 7#f4 #aa4 #c74 ,he :o kn[s ! sections #g4 #ae to #bf becomes atman&a & "l ( all worlds2 :]eas an incorrect view gives p]i%able worlds4 ,9 "o ,upani%ad !re is a v]se 7vet4 #d4 #e7 :i* w\ld indicate a =mal duality l t ( ! ,sankhyas2#bi b 9 g5]al "o may say t ! ,upani%ads are simply pan!i/ic1 only ! absorption into a _w-s\l is z yet sc>cely =mulat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! old] ,upani%ads %[ traces ( an a!i/ic & mat]iali/ic 7asad7 philosophy1 :i* is swall[$ up 9 ! gr[+ incl9ation to p]sonify ! creative pr9ciple1 & ultimately is lo/ 9 ! erection ( a p]sonal ,"l1 z 9 ! late/ ,upani%ads4 ,?is t5d5cy to p]sonify1 ) ! increase ( special sect>ian gods1 w lead aga91 aft] c5turies1 to ! rehabilitation ( a triad ( gods1 ! trimurti1 :]e unite ,vi%nu1 iva1 &1 ) ^!1 :o are m p[]ful1 ,brahma1 ! ,prajapati ( ! ,v$a1 z ! ,all-god ( purely pan!i/ic sy/ems4 ,9 ! pur]1 old] =m record$ above1 ! puru%a 7,p]son7 is sprung f ! atma4 ,!re is no di/9ction betwe5 matt] & _s4 ,consci\s be+ 7sat7 wills1 & s produces all4 ,or atma comes fir/2 & ?is is consci\s sat & ! cause ( ! worlds2 :i* atma ev5tually becomes ! ,"l4 ,! atma 9 man1 ow+ to 8 environm5t1 _c see :ole1 & ne$s ! ,yoga discipl9e ( asceticism to enable him to d s4 ,b he is ! same ego :i* is ! ,all4 ,! relation betwe5 ! absolute & ! ego is ?r\gh w4 ,?is 7neut]7 brahma will$1 ',may ,i be _m1' & creat$ 7,*and41 above74 ,sometimes ! imp]sonal1 & sometimes ! p]sonal _s will$ 7,taiit4 #b4 #f74 ,& :5 x is said1 9 ,brihad ,aran4 #a4 #d4 #a1 t ,9 ! beg9n+ ego1 _s1 atma1 alone exi/$1 "o f9ds ?is _s 7self7 to be a =m ( brahma 7ib4 #aj-aa74 ,p]sonifi$ 9 a sect>ian s5se1 ?is _s becomes ! div9ity ,rudra iva1 ! ,bless$ ,"o 7vetavat>a1 #c4 #e4 #aa74cj ,9 %ort1 ! tea*]s ( ! ,upani%ads n only d n decl>e cle>ly :at !y believ$ 9 reg>d to cosmogonic & es*atological matt]s1 b _m ( !m probably did n "k cle>ly :at !y believ$4 ,_! great discov]y 0 t man's _s 0 n p>ticul> & mortal1 b "p ( ! immortal univ]sal4 ,:e!r ?is univ]sal 0 a be+ alive & a p]sonal atma1 or :e!r ?is p]sonal be+ 0 b a transi5t =m ( imp]sonal1 imp]i%able be+2#ca & :e!r ! union ) be+1 brahma1 w\ld result 9 a survival ( individual consci\sness1--^! are evid5tly po9ts !y 7 n agre$ ^u1 &1 9 all probability1 no "o ( ! sages 0 c]ta9 9 reg>d to !m4 ,crass id5tifications ( ! vital pr9ciple ) brea?1 z "o ) e!r1 :i* is twice emphasiz$ z "o ( ! two immortal ?+s1 7 provisionally accept$4 ,!n brea? & immortal _s 7 made "o4 ,matt] _h en]gy f ! beg9n+1 brahma2 or 0 *aos1 asat1 )\t be+4 ,b :5 asat becomes sat1 t sat becomes brahma1 en]giz$ be+1 & to asat !re is no return4 ,9 es*atology ! real 7_s1 or self7 "p ( man 7ego7 ei!r rejoices =ev] z a consci\s "p ( ! consci\s _w-self1 or exi/s immortal 9 brahma--imp]i%able be+1 conceiv$ z m or less consci\s4#cb ,! tea*]s recognize ! limitations ( und]/&+3 ,! gods are 9 ,indra1 ,indra is 9 ! ,fa!r-god1 ! ,fa!r-god 7! ,_s7 is 9 brahma--,b 9 :at is brahma8 ,& ! answ] is1 ,ask n too mu* 7,brihad4 ,aran4 ,up4 #c4 #f74 ,^! problems w be ^? ( ! future =mal philosophy4 ,ev5 ! ,upani%ads d n furni% a philosophy altoge!r new4 ,_! doctr9e ( k>ma _! id5tification ( p>ticul> ego & univ]sal ego1 is n orig9al4 ,! 'brea?s1' ! 'n9e doors1' ! '?ree qualities1' ! puru%a z id5tical ) ego1 are old] ev5 ?an ! ,brahmanas 7,s*]man1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fb74 ,x is n a new philosophy1 x is a new religion t ! ,upani%ads (f]4#cc ,?is is no religion ( rites & c]emonies1 al?\gh ! cult is reta9$ z helpful 9 discipl9+ & tea*+2 x is a religion = sorr[+ humanity4 ,x is a religion t com=ts ! afflict$1 & gives to ! s\l 't peace :i* ! _w _c give4' ,9 ! sect>ian ,upani%ads ?is bliss ( religion is ev] pres5t4 ,?r\gh kn[+ ,him :o is m subtile ?an subtile1 :o is creator ( ev]y?+1 :o has _m =ms1 :o embraces ev]y?+1 ! ,bless$ ,"l--"o atta9s to peace )\t end 7vet4 #d4 #ad-ae74 ,^! tea*]s1 :o enjo9 ! highe/ morality 7'self-re/ra9t1 g5]osity1 & m]cy' are ,god's comm&m5ts 9 ,brihad ,aran4 #e4 #b7 refuse to be satisfi$ ) virtue's rew>d1 &1 be+ able to obta9 heav51 'seek = some?+ beyond4' ,& ?is !y d n f m]e pessimism1 b f a conviction t !y w f9d a joy great] ?an t ( heav51 & m endur+1 9 t _w :]e is ! light beyond ! d>kness 7vet4 #c4 #h72 :]e %9es nei!r sun1 moon1 />s1 lightn+1 nor fire1 b all %9es aft] ,him t %9es alone1 & ?r\gh ,8 light ! univ]se is light$ 7,mund4 #b4 #b4 #aj74 ,?is1 moreov]1 is n a future joy4 ,x is "o t frees f p]turbation 9 ?is life1 & gives relief f sorr[4 ,9 ! ,*andogya 7#g4 #a4 #c7 a man 9 grief comes seek+ ?is new k ( ! univ]sal ,_s2 ,=1 says he1 ,i h he>d x said t he :o kn[s ! ,_s passes beyond grief4 ,s 9 ! ,ia1 ?\gh ?is is a late sect>ian "w1 x is ask$1 ,:at sorr[ c !re be = him to :om ,_s alone has become all ?+s8' 7#g74 ,aga91 ,he t kn[s ! joy ( brahma1 :5ce spee* ) m9d turns away )\t appreh5d+ x1 fe>s n 7,taitt4 #b4 #d72 = fe> comes only f a second 7,brihad ,aran4 ,up4 #a4 #d4 #b71 & :5 "o recognizes t all is "o he no long] fe>s dea? 7ib4 #d4 #d4 #ae74 ,su* is ! religion ( ^! tea*]s4 ,9 ! quiet assumption t life is n wor? liv+1 !y are z pessimi/ic z 0 ,buddha4 ,b if1 z seems to be ! case1 ! ,buddhi/ believ$ 9 ! ev5tual ext9ction ( 8 individuality1 _! pessimism is ( a diff]5t sort4 ,= ! tea*] ( ! ,upani%ads believes t he w atta9 to un5d+ joy2 n ! rude happ9ess ( 'heav5-seek]s1' b ! un*ang+ bliss ( immortal peace4 ,= him t wi%$ x1 !re 0 heav5 & ! gods4 ,^! 7 n d5i$2 !y 7 z real z ! fool t desir$ !m4 ,b = him t conqu]$ passion1 & knew ! tru?1 !re 0 exi/5ce )\t ! pa9 ( desire1 life )\t end1 fre$om f rebir?4 ,! _s ( ! sage becomes "o ) ! ,et]nal2 man becomes ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e al4 ,br4 ii4 #d4 #b4 #a-f1 :]e ! ,fa!r-god gives laws ( conduct2 & ,kau%itaki ,brahmana ,upani%ad1 #c4 #h3 ,?is _s 7brea?7 is gu>dian ( ! _w1 ! "l ( ! _w2 he is my _s 7or1 myself71 sa ma atma4 ,! ,brahmanic prie/ tea*es t he is a god l o!r gods1 & goes s f> z to say t he may be unit$ ) a god aft] dea?4 ,! ,upani%ad philosoph] says ',i am ,god4' ,footnote #b3 ,comp>e ,s*]man1 ,philosophis*e ,hymn51 p4 #ic2 above1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #c3 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! ?\ght ( ! ,brahmanic p]iod 7n necess>ily ( extant ,brahmanas7 is syn*ron\s ) "p ( ! ,v$ic collection4 ,footnote #d3 ,! la/ additions to ?is class ( lit]ature w\ld1 ( c\rse1 con=m 9 language to _! models1 j z ! late ,v$ic ,mantras con=m z well z _! compos]s c make !m to ! old] song or *&as /yle4 ,footnote #e3 ,cit$ by ,mll] 9 ,,sbe4 i4 ,introd4 p4 lxxxii4 ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ,web]1 ,ind4 ,lit4 p4 #aga2 ,mll]1 loc4 cit4 p4 lxviii4 ,footnote #g3 ,! relation betwe5 ! ,brahmanas 7ritual works discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt]7 & ! e>ly ,upani%ads w be se5 bett] ) ! help ( a concrete example4 ,z has be5 expla9$ be=e1 ,rig ,v$a means to ! ,h9du n only ! ',collection' ( hymns1 b all ! libr>y connect$ ) ?is collection2 = in/ance1 ! two ,brahmanas 7( ! ,rig ,v$a71 namely1 ! ,ait>eya & ! ,kau%itaki 7or ankhayana74 ,n[1 ea* ( ^! ,brahmanas concludes ) an ,aranyaka1 t is1 a ,=e/-,book 7aran4ya1 =e/1 solitude72 & 9 ea* ,=e/ ,book is an ,upani%ad4 ,= example1 ! ?ird book ( ! ,kau%itaki ,aranyaka is ! ,kau%itaki ,upani%ad4 ,s ! ,*andogya & ,brihad ,aranyaka belong respectively to ! ,saman & ,yajus4 ,footnote #h3 ,?is tea*+ is ascrib$ to andilya1 to ^: h]esy1 z oppos$ to ! pure ,v$antic doctr9c ( ank>a1 we %all h to rev]t 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! h]esy consi/s1 9 a ^w1 9 reg>d+ ! individual _s z at any "t di/9ct f ! ,supreme ,_s1 ?\gh andilya tea*es t x is ultimately absorb$ into ! latt]4 ,footnote #i3 ,god' ,:o' is air1 air 7space7 is ,god ',:o'1 z if "o said 'ei!r is ae!r4' ,footnote #aj3 ',did p5ance ov]1' z "o do+ p5ance rema9s 9 m$itation4 ',brood$' is ,mll]'s apt ^w = ?is abhi-tap4 ,footnote #aa3 ,comp>e ,brihad ,aran4 ,up4 #f4 #c4 #g4 ,footnote #ab3 ,?is is ! k>ma or samsara doctr9e4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ,j4,u4,b4 alone h we notic$ ! =mula ass]t+ t 'bo? be+ & n-be+ exi/$ 9 ! beg9n+' 7#a4 #ec4 #a2 ,,jaos4 ,,xvi4 #acj74 ,footnote #ad3 ,oppos$ is #c4 #ai4 #a & ,taitt4 ,up4 #b4 #g4 #a 7,br4 ,,ii4 #b4 #i4 #a1 #aj73 ,n-be+ 0 "h 9 ! beg9n+4 ,f x arose be+4 ,& s at4 ,br4 ,,vi4 #a4 #a4 #a 7?\gh 9 ^w only1 = "h n-be+ is ! sev5 spirits ( ,god67 ,footnote #ae3 ,z ! ,v$ic notion ( n-be+ exi/+ be=e be+ is refut$1 s ! ,a?>van homage to ,"t z ,"l is also d]id$ 7vet4 #f7 9 ! ,upani%ads4 ,! supreme be+ is above "t1 z he is )\t p>ts 7ib474 ,9 ?is lat] ,upani%ad wisdom1 p5ance1 & ! grace ( ,god are requisite to "k brahma4 ,footnote #af3 ,?is ,v$ic ,greek3 ,adgos doctr9e is conspicu\s 9 ! ,brahmana4 ,comp>e at4 ,br4 ,,vii4 #e4 #b4 #ba3 ,vac 7,greek3 ,adgos7 is ! ,unborn "o2 f ,vac ! all-mak] made creatures4 ,see ,web]1 ,ind4 ,/ud4 ,,ix4 #dgg ff4 ,footnote #ag3 ,comp>e ,j4,u4,b4 i4 #ef4 #a1 ',wat] 7alone7 exi/$ 9 ! beg9n+4' ,?is is ! olde/ & late/ ,h9du explanation ( ! matt] ( ! physical univ]se4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,v$as to m$iaeval times1 z is record$ by ! ,greek travell]s1 wat] is reg>d$ z ! orig9al elem5t4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! ,g&hara might indicate a late geographical expansion z well z an e>ly h]itage1 s t ?is is n conclusive4 ,footnote #ai3 ,g\gh1 ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads1 has s\ght to %[ t ! pure ,v$antism ( ank>a is ! only belief taught 9 ! ,upani%ads1 ignor+ ! weight ( ^? passages t oppose 8 79 our view7 too sweep+ ass]tion4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see ! ,p>im>a describ$1 ,ax4 ,br4 ,,viii4 #bh4 ,"h brahma is w9d1 ar\nd :i* die five div9ities--lightn+ 9 ra91 ra9 9 moon1 moon 9 sun1 sun 9 fire1 fire 9 w9d--& !y are reborn 9 rev]se ord]4 ,! 'dy+' is us$ z a curse4 ,! k+ %all say1 ',:5 fire dies 9 w9d !n may my foe die1' & he w die2 s :5 any ( ! o!r gods dies ar\nd brahma4 ,footnote #ba3 ,comp>e /]b51 />ve4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! &rogyn\s creator ( ! ,brahmanas4 ,footnote #bc3 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 q agree ) ,:itney :o1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ib1 & ,j\rnal1 xiii1 p4 ciii ff41 implies t belief 9 hell comes lat] ?an ?is p]iod4 ,?is is n s late a tea*+4 ,hell is ,v$ic & ,brahmanic4 ,footnote #bd3 ,?is1 9 pan!i/ic /yle1 is express$ ?us 7vet4 #d73 ,:5 ! light has aris5 !re is no day no night1 nei!r be+ nor n-be+2 ! ,bless$ ,"o alone exi/s !re4 ,!re is no lik5ess ( him ^: "n is ,great ,glory4 ,footnote #be3 ,brihad ,aranyaka ,upani%ad1 #b4d2 #d4 #e4 ,footnote #bf3 ,na pretya sa4mja '/i4 ,footnote #bg3 ,"s ( ! ,upani%ads h be5 tamp]$ )1 s t all ( ! contradictions may n be due to ! compos]s4 ,nev]!less1 z ! unc]ta9ty ( op9ion 9 reg>d to cosmogony is q z great z t 9 respect ( absorption1 all ! vagu5ess _c prop]ly be attribut$ to ! ef=ts ( lat] sy/ematiz]s to br+ ! ,upani%ads into _! m or less or?odox ,v$antism4 ,footnote #bh3 ,9 #d4 #aj4 #e kam is pleasure1 "o ) e!r z brahma1 n z wrongly above1 p4 #bbb1 ! god ,ka4 ,footnote #bi3 ,?is ,upani%ad appe>s to be sect>ian1 p]haps an e>ly ivaite tract 7duali/ic71 if ! allusion to ,rudra iva1 bel[1 be accept$ z orig9al4 ,footnote #cj3 ,z is =e%ad[$ 9 ! doctr9e ( grace by ,vac 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 9 ! vet1 ! ,ka?a1 & ! ,mund4 ,upani%ads 7,k4 #b4 #bc2 ,m4 #c4 #b4 #c71 b n[h]e else1 !re ent]s1 ) ! sect>ian phase1 t radical subv]sion ( ! ,upani%ad doctr9e :i* becomes s p[]ful at a lat] date1 ! tea*+ t salvation is a gift ( ,god4 ,?is ,_s is n got by wisdom2 ! ,_s *ooses z 8 own ! body ( t man :om ,he *ooses4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see above4 ,z descriptive ( ! immortal consci\s ,_s1 !re is ! fam\s v]se3 ,if ! slay] ?9ks to slay1 if ! sla9 ?9ks he is sla92 !y bo? und]/& n2 ?is "o 7! ,_s7 slays n1 & is n sla9 7,ka?a1 #b4 #ai72 loosely r5d]$ by ,em]son1 ',if ! r$ slay] ?9k he slays1' etc4 ,footnote #cb3 ,! fact rem>k$ by ,?ibaut t radically diff]5t sy/ems ( philosophy are built ^u ! ,upani%ads is en\gh to %[ h[ ambigu\s are ! decl>ations ( ! latt]4 ,footnote #cc3 ,comp>e ,b>?1 ,religions1 p4 #gf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,brahmanic ,,fai? ,= a long "t aft] ! ,v$ic age !re is little t gives "o an insight into ! views ( ! p4 ,x may be presum$1 s9ce ! or?odox sy/ems nev] disp5s$ ) ! e/abli%$ cult1 t ! =m ( ! old ,v$ic cre$ 0 kept intact4 ,yet1 s9ce ! real belief *ang$1 & ! cult became m & m ! practice ( a =mality1 x becomes necess>y to seek1 ap>t f ! inh]it$ ritual1 ! fai? :i* =m$ ! actual religion ( ! p4 ,inasmu* z ?is phase ( ,h9du belief has sc>cely be5 t\*$ ^u else:]e1 x may be well to /ate m fully ! object ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,we h %[n above t ! !ology ( ! ,v$ic p]iod _h result$1 be=e its close1 9 a =m ( pan!ism1 :i* 0 accompani$1 z is atte/$ by ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 ) a demonology & wit*-craft religion1 ! latt] presumably ( high antiquity4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is come ! esot]ic ,brahmanas1 9 :i* ! gods are1 m or less1 figures 9 ! eyes ( ! prie/s1 & ! =m ( a ,fa!r-god rises into *ief prom95ce1 be+ sometimes reg>d$ z ! creative =ce1 b at all times z ! moral au?ority 9 ! _w4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 & probably ev5 be=e ?is p]iod end$1 !re is = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! ,upani%ads1 a new religion1 t1 9 "s reg>ds1 is esot]ic4 ,hi!rto ! secrets ( religi\s my/]ies _h be5 treat$ z hidd5 prie/ly wisdom1 n to be reveal$4 ,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 ?is wisdom is really nons5se2 & :5 x is said 9 ! ,brahmanas1 at ! end ( a bit ( !ological my/]y1 t x is a secret1 or t '! gods love t :i* is secret1' "o is n p]suad$ by ! examples giv5 t ?is esot]ic k is intellectually valuable4 ,b ) ! ,upani%ads !re comes ! anti!sis ( inh]it$ belief & "r belief4 ,! latt] is public prop]ty1 ?\gh x is n taught c>elessly4 ,! /ud5t is n initiat$ into ! high] wisdom till he is drill$ 9 ! l[]4 ,! mo/ unexpect$ *>act]s appe> 9 ! rle ( in/ructors ( prie/s1 namely1 wom51 k+s1 & memb]s ( ! ?ird ca/e1 ^: deep] wisdom is promulgat$ (t5times z some?+ q new1 & sometimes is :isp]$ 9 secret4 ,pan!ism1 samsara1#a & ! et]nal bliss ( ! individual _s :5 ev5tually x is fre$ f fur!r transmigration1--^! ?ree fundam5tal traits ( ! new religion are discuss$ 9 su* a way z to %[ t !y _h no hold ^u ! g5]al public1 b !y 7 ! intellectual weal? ( a few4 ,"s ( ! ,upani%ads hide beh9d a veil ( my/]y2 yet _m ( !m1 z ,w9dis* has said1 are1 9 a way1 popul>2 t is1 !y are int5d$ = a g5]al public1 n = prie/s alone4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! pan!i/ic ,upani%ads 9 _! m pron\nc$ =m4 ,b /ill x is only ! v wise t c accept ! tea*+4 ,x is n ! fai? ( ! p4 ,epic lit]ature1 :i* is ! next liv+ lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans1 aft] ! ,upani%ads1 takes "o1 9 a trice1 f ! beg9n+s ( a =mal pan!ism1 to a pan!ism already dis9tegrat$ by ! new] wor%ip ( sect>ies4 ,"h ! imp]sonal atma1 or nameless ,"l1 is n only an an?ropomorphic iva1 z 9 ! late ,upani%ads1 :]e ! philosophic brahma is equat$ ) a long recogniz$ type ( div9ity1 b atma is id5tifi$ ) ! figure ( a !omorphic man4 ,is !re1 !n1 no?+ ) :i* to bridge ?is gulf8 ,9 our op9ion ! religion ( ! law-books1 z a legitimate phase ( ,h9du religion1 has be5 too mu* ignor$4 ,! religion ( ,upani%ad & ,v$anta1 ) its attractive analogies ) mod]n speculation1 has be5 tak5 z illu/rative ( ! religion ( a va/ p]iod1 to ! discr$it+ ( ! belief repres5t$ 9 ! manuals ( law4 ,to ^! c]ta9ly ! "n ( lit]ature c sc>cely be appli$1 b 9 _! rapport ) ord9>y life !y w be f\nd m apt ?an are ! pr(\nd] speculations ( ! philosoph]s to reflect ! religi\s belief taught to ! masses & accept$ by !m4 ,! /udy ( ^! books ca/s a broad light ^u t int]val betwe5 ! ,v$ic & epic p]iods :]e9 x is cu/om>y to imag9e religion z be+1 9 ! ma91 cult or philosophy4 ,nor does ! int]e/ cease ) ! yield ( necess>ily scanty yet v significant facts 9 reg>d to es*atological & cosmogonic views4 ,! gods !mselves are n :at !y are 9 ! rites ( ! cunn+ prie/s or 9 ! dogmas ( ! sages4 ,9 ! ,h9du law !re is a rev]sion to ,v$ic belief2 or r n a rev]sion1 b "h "o sees aga91 ?r\gh ! fro? ( rites & ! murk ( philosophy1 ! "u-/ream ( fai? t /ill fl[s f ! old f\nt1 if some:at discolor$1 & wat]s ! he>t ( ! p4 ,at j :at "t 0 elaborat$ ! /up5d\s sy/em ( rites1 :i* are already traditional 9 ! ,brahmanas1 c nev] be kn[n4 ,"s ( ^! rites h to d ) special c]emonies1 su* z ! royal inauguration1 "s are /at$ soma-sacrifices4#b ,oppos$ to ^! soma-fea/s is ! simpl] & old] fire-cult1 :i* p]si/s 9 ! h\se-rituals4 ,all ( ^! toge!r make up a sightly array ( sacrifices4#c ,! soma-ritual is develop$ 9 ! ,brahmanas4 ,b ) ?is class ( works !re mu/ h be5 f anci5t times ano!r :i* treat$ ( ! fire-ritual1 & ( :i* ! m mod]n repres5tatives are ! extant ,sutras4 ,x is ) ,sutras t legal lit]ature beg9s1 b ^! diff] f ! rituali/ic ,sutras4 ,yet bo? are full ( religi\s meat4 ,9 ^! collections1 ev5 9 ! m special1 !re is no arrangem5t t corresponds to we/]n ideas ( ord]4 ,9 a complet$ code1 = example1 !re is a r\gh di/ribution ( subjects "u diff]5t heads1 b ! attempt is only t5tative1 & ea* "w pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a het]og5e\s mass ( regulations & laws1 f :i* "o mu/ pick out ! law = :i* he is seek+4 ,! e>li] legal works 7 9 prose2 ! lat] evolv$ codes1 ( :i* !re is a l>ge numb]1 9 metre4 ,x is 9 ^! two classes ( h\se-ritual & law-ritual1 :i* toge!r con/itute :at is call$ ,smriti1 tradition-ritual 79 di/9ction f ! s-call$ ruti1 revelation-ritual71 t "o may expect to f9d ! religion ( ! "t2 n z inculcat$ by ! promot]s ( my/]y1 nor yet z disclos$ by ! philosoph]1 b z taught 7?r\gh ! prie/7 to ! p1 & z accept$ by !m = _! daily guidance 9 matt]s ( e-day obs]vance4 ,we glance fir/ at ! religi\s obs]vances1 = "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! great sacrifices1 a detail$ exam9ation w\ld be ( no m value ?an a collective impression2 unless1 inde$1 "o 7 hunt+ = folk-lore sup]/itions1 ( :i* we c treat n[ only 9 ! mass4 ,x is suffici5t to und]/& t1 accord+ to ! h\se-ritual 7gr4hya-sutra7 & ! law-ritual 7dh>ma-sutra1 & dh>ma-a/ra71#d = e *ange 9 life !re 0 an appropriate c]emony & a religi\s obs]vance2 = e day1 oblations 7?ree at lea/72 = e =tnight & season1 a sacrifice4 ,religi\s =mulae 7 said ov] ! *ild yet unborn4 ,f ! mom5t ( bir? he 0 surr\nd$ ) obs]vances4#e ,at su* & su* a "t ! *ild's head 0 %av$2 he 0 tak5 out to look at ! sun2 made to eat f a gold5 spoon2 inve/$ ) ! sacr$ cord1 etc1 etc4 ,:5 gr[n up1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s 7 pass$ ) a ,guru1 or tutor1 :o taught ! boy 8 ,v$a2 & to :om he act$ z body-s]vant 7a /udy & (fice (t5 cut %ort 9 ! case ( ,aryans :o 7 n prie/s74 ,( ! sacram5ts alone1 su* z ! obs]vances to :i* we h j allud$1 !re are no less ?an =ty accord+ to ,gautama's laws 7! "n-rite1 eat+-rite1 etc474 ,! pi\s h\sehold] :o _h once set up 8 own fire1 t is1 got m>ri$1 mu/ h sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t1 if he foll[$ directions1 9 att5d+ to "s religi\s c]emony4 ,he _h sev]al little rites to att5d to ev5 be=e he might say 8 pray]s 9 ! morn+2 & s9ce ev5 to-day mo/ ( ^! p]sonal regulations are dutifully obs]v$1 "o may assume t 9 ! full p[] ( ,brahmanhood !y 7 v /raitly en=c$4#f ,x is1 !re=e1 important to "k :at ^! works1 s closely 9 t\* ) ! g5]al public1 h to say 9 reg>d to religion4 ,:at !y inculcate w be ! popul> !ology ( complet$ ,brahmanism4 ,= ^! books are int5d$ to give in/ruction to all ! ,aryan ca/es1 &1 ?\gh ?is in/ruction filtrates ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! prie/1 "o may be sure t ! und]/&+ betwe5 k+ & prie/ 0 su* z to make ! code ! real norm ( ju/ice & arbit] ( religi\s op9ions4 ,= in/ance1 :5 "o reads t ! k+ is a prime div9ity1 & t1 quid pro quo1 ! prie/ may be bani%$1 b nev] may be puni%$ corporally by ! k+1 because ! =m] is a /ill great] div9ity1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t su* 0 receiv$ op9ion4 ,:5 we come to take up ! ,h9duism ( ! epic we %all po9t out t t "w conta9s a religion m popul> ev5 ?an t ( ! legal lit]ature1 = "o kn[s t ?is latt] phase ( religion 0 at fir/ n taught at all1 b grew up 9 ! face ( opposition4 ,b = ! pres5t1 be=e ! rise ( epic ',h9duism1' & be=e tak+ up ! h]etical writ+s1 x is a great ga9 to be able to scan a side ( religion t may be call$ popul> 9 s f> z x evid5tly is ! fai? :i* n only 0 taught to ! masses1 b :i*1 z is univ]sally assum$ 9 ! law1 ! masses accept2 :]eas philosoph]s alone accept ! atma religion ( ! ,upani%ads1 & ! ,brahmanas are n int5d$ = ! public at all1 b only = initiat$ prie/s4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! religi\s belief & ! moral position ( ! ,h9du law-books8 ,9 h[ f> has philosophy affect$ public religion1 & 9 :at way has a reconciliation be5 affect$ betwe5 ! contradictory beliefs 9 reg>d to ! gods2 9 reg>d to ! value ( works on ! "o h&1 & ( k on ! o!r2 9 reg>d to hell z a means ( puni%m5t = s9 on ! "o h&1 & re9c>nation 7samsara7 on ! o!r2 9 reg>d to heav5 z a rew>d ( good de$s on ! "o h&1 & absorption into ,god on ! o!r2 9 reg>d to a p]sonal creator on ! "o h&1 & a ,fir/ ,cause )\t p]sonal attributes on ! o!r8 ,= ! philosophical treatises are kn[n & ref]r$ to 9 ! e>ly codes2 s t1 al?\gh ! complet$ sy/ems po/-dat$ ! ,sutras1 ! cosmical & !ological speculations ( ! e>li] ,upani%ads 7 famili> to ! au?ors ( ! legal sy/ems4 ,! fir/ g5]al impression produc$ by a p]usal ( ! law-books is t ! popul> religion has rema9$ unaffect$ by philosophy4 ,& ?is is correct 9 s f> z t x mu/ be put fir/ 9 describ+ ! codes1 :i*1 9 ! ma91 9 keep+ ! anci5t obs]vances1 reflect ! inh]it$ fai?4 ,:51 !re=e1 "o says t pan!ism#g succe$$ poly!ism 9 ,india1 he mu/ qualify ! ass]tion4 ,! philosoph]s are pan!i/s1 b :at ( ! vulg>8 ,d !y give up poly!ism2 are !y incl9$ to d s1 or are !y taught to d s8 ,no4 ,= !re is no =mal abatem5t 9 ! rigor ( ! old] cre$4 ,:atev] ! wise man ?\ght1 & :atev] 9 8 philosophy 0 ! in/ruction :i* he imp>t$ to 8 pe]s1 :5 he dealt ) ! _w ab\t him he taught 8 intellectual inf]iors a sc>cely modifi$ =m ( ! cre$ ( _! fa!rs4 ,h[ 9 8 own m9d ?is wise man reconcil$ ! two sets ( op9ion has be5 %[n above4 ,! works ( sacrifice1 ) all ! inh]it$ belief impli$ by !m1 7 = him prep>atory /udies4 ,! ela/icity ( 8 philosophy admitt$ ! :ole _w ( gods1 z a tempor>y reality1 into 8 pan!i/ic s*eme4 ,x 01 !re=e1 nei!r ! hypocrisy ( ! ,roman augur1 nor ! fe> ( results t 9 8 tea*+ held him to ! inh]itance he _h receiv$4 ,gods1 gho/s1 demons1 & consequ5tly sacrifices1 rites1 ordeals1 & =mulae 7 n incongru\s ) 8 philosophical op9ions4 ,he himself believ$ 9 ^! spiritual p[]s & 9 ! usefulness ( s]v+ !m4 ,x is true t he believ$ 9 _! ev5tual doom1 b s f> z man 0 conc]n$ !y 7 practically real4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 n only no reason :y ! sage %\ld n inculcate ! old rites1 b !re 0 e reason :y he %\ld4 ,especially 9 ! case ( pi\s b ignorant p1 ^: wisdom 0 n yet develop$ to a full appreciation ( div9e relativity1 0 x incumb5t on him to keep !m1 ! l[] ca/es1 to ! "o religion t !y c\ld compreh5d4 ,x is ?us t ! app>5t inconsi/5cy 9 exot]ic & esot]ic beliefs expla9s itself4 ,= ! two are n contradictory4 ,!y d n exclude ea* o!r4 ,h9du pan!ism includes poly!ism ) its att5dant patrolatry1 demonology1 & consequ5t ritualism4#h ,) r>e exceptions x 0 only ! gross] religion t ! vulg> c\ld und]/&2 x 0 only ?is t !y 7 taught & believ$4 ,?us ! old ,v$ic gods are rev]$ & wor%ipp$ by "n4 ,! ,sun1 ,indra1 & all ! div9ities embalm$ 9 ritual1 are placat$ & 'satiat$' ) (f]+s1 j z !y _h be5 satiat$ f "t immemorial4 ,b no h9t is giv5 t ?is is a =m2 or t ! ,v$ic gods are ( less acc\nt ?an !y _h be54 ,moreov]1 x is n 9 ! inh]it$ =mulae ( ! ritual alone t ?is view is upheld4 ,to be sure1 :5 philosophical speculation is introduc$1 ! ,fa!r-god comes to ! =e2 ,brahma#i sits al(t1 indulg5tly advis+ 8 *ildr51 z he does 9 ! int]m$iate /age ( ! ,brahmanas2 & atma 7brahma7 too is recogniz$ to be ! real be+ ( ,brahma1 z 9 ! ,upani%ads4#aj ,b none ( ?is t\*es ! practice ( ! common law1 :]e ! ord9>y man is admoni%$ to fe> ,yama's hell & ,v>una's bonds1 z he w\ld h be5 admoni%$ be=e ! philosoph] grew wis] ?an ! ,v$ic se]s4 ,only p]sonifi$ ,"r1 ,dh>ma1 takes 8 seat ) %ad[y ,brahma among ! o!r gods4#aa ,:at is ! spee* :i* ! judge on ! b5* is ord]$ to repeat to ! witnesses8 ,?us says ! law-giv] ,manu3 ,:5 ! witnesses are collect$ toge!r 9 ! c\rt1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! pla9tiff & def5dant1 ! 7,brahman7 judge %\ld call ^u !m to speak1 k9dly address+ !m 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ',:atev] y "k has be5 done 9 ?is affair 444 decl>e x all4 ,a witness :o 9 te/ify+ speaks ! tru? rea*es ! worlds :]e all is pl5ty 444 su* te/imony is honor$ by ,brahma4 ,"o :o 9 te/ify+ speaks an untru? is1 all unwill+1 b\nd fa/ by ! cords ( ,v>una1#ab till an hundr$ bir?s are pass$4' 444 7,!n1 speak+ to "o witness73 ',_s 7s\l7 is ! witness = ! ,_s1 & ! ,_s is likewise ! refuge ( ! ,_s4 ,despise n1 !re=e1 ?9e own _s 7or s\l71 ! highe/ witness ( man4 ,v]ily1 ! wick$ ?9k 'no "o sees u1' b ! gods are look+ at !m1 & also ! p]son )9 7consci5ce74 ,dyaus1 ,e>?1 ! ,wat]s1 7! p]son 9 !7 he>t1 ,moon1 ,sun1 ,fire1 ,yama1 ,w9d1 ,night1 ! tw9 ,twilights1 & ,dh>ma "k ! conduct ( all corporeal be+s4444 ,al?\gh1 ,o good man1 ?\ reg>de/ ?yself1 ?9k+1 ',i am alone1' yet ! holy "o 7sa9t7 :o sees ! evil & ! good1 /&s ev] 9 ?y he>t4 ,x is 9 tru? god ,yama1 ! son ( ,vivasvant1 :o reside? 9 ?y he>t2 if ?\ bee/ n at v>iance ) him 7?\ ne$e/7 n 7to7 g to ! ,ganges & to ! 7holy l& (7 ! ,kurus 7to be purifi$74' ,"h !re is no abatem5t 9 ,v$ic poly!ism1 al?\gh x is circl$ r\nd ) a ?9 mi/ f lat] tea*+s4 ,9 ! same way ! ord9>y man is taught t at dea? 8 _s 7s\l7 w pass z a manik9 out ( 8 body & g to ,yama to be judg$2 :ile ! fea/s to ! ,manes1 ( c\rse1 imply always ! belief 9 ! individual activity ( dead ance/ors4 ,su* expressions z ',! sev5 daught]s ( ,v>una' 7sapta varun4ir imas1 ,av4 ,grih4 ,s4 #b4 #c4 #c7 %[ t ev5 9 detail ! old views are /ill reta9$4 ,!re is no advance1 except 9 sup]/itions1#ac on ! ma9 features ( ! old religion4 ,s ! same old fe> ( words is f\nd1 result+ 9 new euphemisms4 ,"o mu/ n say 'scull1' kapala1 b call x bhagala1 'lucky' 7,gaut4 #i4 #ba72 a factor 9 ! mak+ ( ,african languages also1 accord+ to mod]n travell]s4 ,images ( ! gods are n[ ov]-recogniz$ by ! prie/1 = !y mu/ be rev]$ l ! gods !mselves 7ib4 #ab2 ,par4 ,grih4 ,s4 #c4 #ad4 #h4 etc474 ,among ! develop$ objects ( ! cult s]p5ts n[ occupy a prom95t place4 ,!y are m5tion$ z wor%ipful 9 ! ,brahmanas4 ,9 ! ,sutra p]iod (f]+s are made to snakes ( e>?1 air1 & heav52 ! s]p5ts are 'satiat$' along ) gods1 plants1 demons1 etc4 7a4nkh4 #d4 #i4 #c2 #ae4 #d2 ,av4 #b4 #a4 #i2 #c4 #d4 #a2 ,parask4 #b4 #ad4 #i7 & blood is p\r$ out to !m 7,av4 #d4 #h4 #bg474ad ,b o!r lat] div9ities ?an ^? ( ! e>lie/ ,v$a1 su* z ,weal? 7,kub]a71 & ,dh>ma1 h crept into ! ritual4 ,) ! ,v$ic gods appe>s z a div9ity 9 ,khad4 #a4 #e4 #ca ! love-god ,kama1 ( ! ,a?>van2 :ile on ! o!r h& ,rudra ! bea/-"l 7,paupati1 ,"l ( ,cattle71 ! 'k9dly' iva1 appe>s z 'great god1' ^: names are ank>a1 ,pri%ataka1 ,bhava1 arva1 ,ugra1 ,iana 7,"l72 :o has all names & greatness1 :ile he yet is describ$ 9 ! words ( ! old] text z '! god t desires to kill' 7,av4 #b4 #b4 #b2 #d4 #h4 #i1 #ai1ae #bi1 #cb2 ,ax4 ,br4 #c4 #cd74 ,on ! o!r h& ,vi%nu is also ador$1 & t 9 connection ) ! ,greek3 logos1 or ,vac 7ib4 #c4 #c4 #d74 ,q 9 ,upani%ad mann]--= x is necess>y to %[ t ^! 7 !n really kn[n--is ! =mula '?\ art a /ud5t ( pran4a 7,brea?17 & art giv5 ov] to ,ka' 7ib4 #a4 #bj4 #h471 or ':om8' ,9 ,avalayana no ,upani%ads are giv5 9 ! li/ ( lit]ature1 :i* includes ! ',eulogies ( m51' ,itihasas1 ,puranas1 & ev5 ! ,mahabharata 7#c4 #c4 #a2 #d4 #d74 ,b 9 #a4 #ac4 #a1 ,upani%ad-rites 7& t ( a v dome/ic nature7 are recogniz$1 :i* w\ld corroborate ! explanation ( ,upani%ad giv5 above1 z be+ at fir/ a subsidi>y "w1 deal+ ) m9or po9ts4#af ,some?+ ( ! sciolism ( ! ,upani%ads seems to lie 9 ! pray] t ( ! f\r pa?s on :i* walk ! gods ! mortal may be l$ 9 t :i* be/[s 'fre$om f dea?' 7,par4 #c4 #a4 #b72 & _m ( ! tea*]s fam\s 9 ! ,upani%ads are n[ rev]$ by "n l gods 7,av4 #c4 #d4 #d1 etc474 ,on turn+ f ^! dome/ic ,sutras to ! legal ,sutras x becomes evid5t t ! pan!i/ic doctr9e ( ! ,upani%ads1 & 9 "p ! ,upani%ads !mselves1 7 already famili> to ! law-mak]s1 & t !y influ5c$1 9 "s degree1 ! doctr9es ( ! law1 despite ! ret5tion ( ! old] =ms4 ,n only is samsara ! accept$ doctr9e1 b ! atma1 z if 9 a v]itable ,upani%ad1 is ! object ( religi\s devotion4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ?is que/ is p]mitt$ only to ! ascetic1 :o presumably has p]=m$ all rituali/ic duties & pass$ ?r\gh ! /adia t legally prec$e 8 own4 ,( all ! legal ,sutra-writ]s ,gautama is olde/1 & p]haps is pre-buddhi/ic4 ,turn+ to 8 "w "o notices fir/ t ! ,mimamsi/ is omitt$ 9 ! li/ ( le>n$ m5 7#bh4 #di72ag b s9ce ! ,upani%ads & ,v$anta are expressly m5tion$1 x is evid5t t ! au?or ( ev5 ! olde/ ,sutra 0 acqua9t$ ) :atev] !n correspond$ to ^! works4#ah ,! oppos$ tea*+ ( hell v]sus samsara is f\nd 9 ,gautama4 ,b !re is r an int]e/+ attempt to unite !m4 ,ord9>ily x is to hell & heav5 t ref]5ce is made1 e4g41 '! "o t kn[s ! law obta9s ! heav5ly _w' 7#bh4 #eb72 'if "o speak untru? to a tea*]1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 ev5 9 respect to little ?+s1 he slays sev5 m5 aft] & be=e him' 7sev5 desc5dants & sev5 ance/ors1 #bc4 #ca74 ,s 9 ! case ( witnesses3 'heav5 7is ! fruit7 = speak+ ! tru?2 o!rwise hell' 7#ac4 #g72 '= /eal+ 7l&7 hell' 7is ! puni%m5t1 ib4 #ag74 ,n[ & !n comes ! philosophical doctr9e3 '"o does n fall f ! _w ( ,brahma' 7#i4 #gd72 '"o ent]s into union & into ! same _w ) ,brahma' 7#h4 #be74 ,b 9 #ba4 #d-f !re occurs ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ',to be an outca/ is to be depriv$ ( ! works ( ! twice-born1 & h]eaft] to be depriv$ ( happ9ess2 ?is "s 7call7 hell4' ,x is evid5t "h t ! expression asiddhis 7deprivation ( success or happ9ess7 is plac$ optionally beside n>aka 7hell7 z ! view ( "o set ( !ologians comp>$ ) t ( ano!r2 'lack ( obta9+ success1 i4e41 rew>d' /&s p>allel to 'hell4' ,9 ! same *apt]1 :]e ,manu says t he :o assaults a ,brahman obta9s hell = "o hundr$ ye>s 7,m4 xi4 #bjg71 ,gautama 7#ba4 #bj7 says = "o hundr$ ye>s1 lack ( heav5 7asv>gyam71 :i* may mean hell or ! deprivation ( ! result ( m]it1 i4e41 "o hundr$ ye>s w be d$uct$ f 8 heav5ly life4 ,9 ?is case n a new & bett] bir? b heav5 is assum$ to be ! rew>d ( good acts4 ,n[ if "o turns to #aa4 #bi-cj he f9ds bo? views comb9$4 ,9 ! p>allel passage 9 ,apa/amba only bett] or worse re-bir?s are promis$ z a rew>d = good or evil 7#b4 #e4 #aa4 #aj-aa72 b "h x is said3 ,! ca/es & ord]s t rema9 by _! duty1 hav+ di$1 hav+ enjoy$ ! fruits ( _! acts1 ) ! remnant ( _! 7m]it7 obta9 re-bir?1 hav+ an excell5t c\ntry1 ca/e1 & family2 hav+ long life1 le>n+1 good conduct1 weal?1 happ9ess1 & wisdom4 ,!y ( diff]5t sort are de/roy$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"h1 heav5ly joys 7su* z are impli$ by nih4reyasam 9 #bf7 are to be enjoy$ fir/1 & a good bir? aft]w>ds1 & by implication "o probably has to int]pret ! next s5t5ce to mean '!y are s5t to hell & !n re-born 9 v>i\s l[ bir?s4' ,?is1 too1 is ,manu's rule 7bel[74 ,at ?is "t ! sacr$ places :i* purify are 9 great vogue1 & 9 ,gautama a li/ ( !m is giv5 7#ai4 #ad71 viz43 all m\nta9s1 all riv]s1 holy pools1 places ( pilgrimage 7i4e41 riv]-=ds1 tir?ani71 homes ( sa9ts1 c[-p5s1 & alt>s4 ,( ^! ! tir?as are p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 z !y lat] become ( great importance1 ?\s&s ( v]ses 9 ! epic be+ devot$ to _! enum]ation & praise4 ,gautama says also t ascetics1 accord+ to "s tea*]s1 ne$ n be h\sehold]s fir/ 7#c4 #a71 & t ! ,brahman ascetic /ays at home dur+ ! ra9y season1 l ! h]etic monks 7ib4 #ac74 ,if "o exam9e ! relative importance ( ! =ms & _s ( religion z taught 9 ?is1 ! olde/ dh>ma-sutra1#ai he w be impress$ at fir/ ) ! trem5d\s weight laid on ! =m] z comp>$ ) ! latt]4 ,b1 z 0 said apropos ( ! ,brahmanic lit]ature1 "o errs :o fails to appreciate ! fact t ^! works are int5d$ n to give a summ>y ( religi\s conduct1 b to inculcate c]emonial rules4 ,( ! m importance1 !re=e1 is ! occasional pause :i* is made to insi/1 beyond p]adv5ture1 on ! sup]iority ( moral rules4 ,a v good in/ance ( ?is is f\nd 9 ,gautama4 ,he has a li/ ( v5ial s9s4 ,s9ce ly+ is "o ( ! mo/ he9\s (f5ces to a ,h9du lawgiv]1 & ! p5ances are sev]e1 all ! treatises /ate =mally t an untru? utt]$ 9 fun1 or :5 "o is 9 dang]1 or an oa? ( ! sort impli$ by ,plato3 ,greek3 aphrodision orkon ou phas9 e9ai1--all ^! are v5ial1 & s are lies told to b5efit a 7holy7 c[1 or to aid a prie/2 or told f religi\s motives ( any sort )\t self-int]e/4 ,?is is almo/ ! only example ( loos5ess 9 morals z taught 9 ! law4 ,b ! foll[+ case %[s mo/ pla9ly ! importance ( morality z oppos$ to =mal righte\sness4 ,aft] all ! =ty sacram5ts 7to :i* allusion 0 made above71 h be5 rec\nt$1 !re are giv5 'eight good qualities ( ! s\l1' viz41 m]cy1 =be>ance1 fre$om f envy1 purity1 calmness1 correct behavior1 fre$om f gre$ & f covet\sness4 ,!n foll[s3 ,he t has 7p]=m$7 ! =ty sacram5ts b has n ! eight good qualities ent]s n into union ) ,brahma1 nor into ! heav5 ( ,brahma4#bj ,b he t has 7p]=m$7 only a "p ( ! =ty sacram5ts & has ! eight good qualities ent]s into union ) ,brahma1 & into ! heav5 ( ,brahma4 ,?is is z ne> to h]esy z pre-buddhi/ic ,brahmanism p]mitt$ itself to come4 ,9 ! lat] legal ,sutra ( ! nor!rn ,vasi/ha#ba occurs a rule :i*1 :ile x di/9ctly expla9s :at is meant by lib]ality1 viz41 gifts to a prie/1 also recognizes ! 'heav5ly rew>d'3 ,if gifts are giv5 to a man t does n "k ! ,v$a ! div9ities are n satisfi$ 7#c4 #h74 ,9 ! same "w 7#f4 #a7 'de/ruction' is ! fate ( ! s9n] t lives )\t obs]vance ( good cu/om2 yet is x said 9 ! same *apt] 7#bg73 ,if a twice-born man dies ) ! food ( a udra 7l[e/ ca/e7 9 8 belly1 he w\ld become a village pig1 or he is born aga9 9 t 7udra's7 family2 &1 9 respect to sons begott5 :5 he has 9 him su* food3 ,( :om ! food1 ( him are ^! sons2 & he himself w\ld n m\nt to heav5 444 he does n f9d ! upw>d pa? 7#bi1 #bh74 ,9 ib4 #h4 #ag ! ,brahman t obs]ves all ! rules 'does n fall f brahmaloka1' i4e41 ! locality ( ,brahma4 ,fur!r1 9 #aj4 #d3 ,let 7an ascetic7 d away ) all 7sacrificial7 works2 b let him n d away ) "o ?+1 ! ,v$a2 = f do+ away ) ! ,v$a 7"o becomes7 a udra4 ,b1 9 ! same *apt]3 ,let 7! ascetic7 live at ! end ( a village1 9 a temple 7'god's h\se'71 9 a des]t$ h\se1 or at ! root ( a tree2 !re 9 8 m9d /udy+ ! k 7( ! atma7 444 s !y cite 7v]ses73 ',sure is ! fre$om f re-bir? 9 ! case ( "o t lives 9 ! wood ) passions subdu$ 444 & m$itates on ! supreme _s' 444 ,let him n be conf9$ to any cu/om 444 & 9 reg>d to ?is 7fre$om f worldly pursuits7 !y cite ^! v]ses3 ',!re is no salvation 7lit]ally 'release'7 = a philologi/ 7na abdaa/rabhiratasya mok%as71 nor = "o t delights 9 cat*+ 7m57 9 ! _w1 nor = "o addict$ to food & dress1 nor = "o pleas$ ) a f9e h\se4 ,by means ( prodigies1 om5s1 a/rology1 palmi/ry1 tea*+1 & talk+ let him n seek alms 444 he be/ kn[s salvation :o 7c>es = naught7' 444 7su* are ! v]ses74 ,let him nei!r h>m nor d good to any?+4444 ,avoidance ( disagreeable conduct1 jeal\sy1 presumption1 selfi%ness1 lack ( belief1 lack ( uprightness1 self-praise1 blame ( o!rs1 h>m1 gre$1 di/raction1 wra?1 & envy1 is a rule t applies to all ! /adia ( life4 ,! ,brahman t is pure1 & we>s ! girdle1 & c>ries ! g\rd 9 8 h&1 & avoids ! food ( l[ ca/es fails n ( obta9+ ! _w ( ,brahma 7ib4 #aj4 #ah ff474 ,yama1 ! ,manes1 & evil spirits 7asuras7 are ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ *apt] 7#bj1 #be72 & hell 9 ! same *apt] is decl>$ to be ! portion ( su* ascetics z w n eat meat :5 reque/$ to d s at a fea/ to ! ,manes or gods 7#aa4 #cd71--r an int]e/+ v]se1 = 9 ,manu's code ! correspond+ ?reat is t1 in/ead ( go+ to hell '= z long1 i4e41 z _m ye>s1 z ! bea/ has hairs1' z "h1 "o %all exp]i5ce 'tw5ty-"o rebir?s1' i4e41 ! hell-doctr9e 9 t]ms ( samsara2 :ile ! same image occurs 9 ,manu 9 ! =m 'he t slaught]s bea/s unlawfully obta9s z _m rebir?s z !re are hairs on ! bea/' 7v4 #ce4 #ch74 ,! passive attitude sometimes ascrib$ to ! ,manes is d5i$2 !y rejoice ov] a virtu\s desc5dant 7#aa4 #da72 a bad "o deprives !m ( ! heav5 !y /& 9 7#af4 #cf74 ,! au?orities on morals are "h1 z else:]e1 ,manu & o!r se]s1 ! ,v$as1 & ! ,fa!r-god1 :o ) ,yama gives directions to man 9 reg>d to lawful food1 etc4 7#ad4 #cj74 ,! moral side ( ! code1 ap>t f ritual impurities1 is giv51 z usual1 by a li/ ( good & bad qualities 7above71 :ile =mal laws 9 reg>d to !ft1 murd] 7especially ( a prie/71 adult]y & drunk5ness 7#bj4 #dd2 i4 #bj71 ) violation ( ca/e-regulations by int]c\rse ) outca/s1 are 'great crimes4' ,?\gh old] ?an ,apa/amba1 :o m5tions ! ,purva-mimamsa1 ,vasi/ha1 too1 kn[s ! ,v$anta 7#c4 #ag71 & ! ,mimamsa 7vikalp9--t>k91 #c4 #bj1 ,m4 ,,xii4 #aaa74 ,f ! ,sutras ( ,baudhayana's probably s\!rn s*ool some?+ ( additional int]e/ is to be ga9$4 ,"h 'd>kness' takes ! place ( hell 7#b4 #c4 #e4 #i71 :i*1 h[ev]1 by a citation is expla9$ 79 #b4 #b4 #c4 #cd7 z ',yama's hall4' ,a v]se is cit$ to %[ t ! greate/ s9 is lack ( fai? 7#a4 #e4 #aj4 #f7 & n go+ to heav5 is ! rew>d ( folly 7ib4 #g72 :ile ! rew>d ( virtue is to live 9 heav5 = long 7#d4 #h4 #g74 ,! same fre$om 9 reg>d to ascetics z occurs 9 o!r ,sutra works is to be f\nd 9 ?is au?or1 n 9 ! m suspici\s f9al *apt]s1 b 9 t "p ( ! "w :i* is accept$ z olde/1#bb & agrees ) ! data f\nd 9 ! ,brahmanas1 :]e ! pre-buddhi/ic monk is call$ ,bhik%u1 'begg>_/or ,sannyas9 'he t r5\nces1' j z ^! t]ms are employ$ 9 ! h]etical writ+s4 ,z among ! ,ja9s 7& ,buddhi/s71 ! ,brahmanic ascetic c>ries a few simple ut5sils1 & w&]s ab\t f h\se to h\se & village to village1 begg+ food4 ,"s au?orities 7among ! ,brahmans7 say t "o may become an ascetic z soon z he has complet$ 8 /udy1 ?\gh ord9>ily ?is may be done only aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! h\sehold] /adium4 ,on becom+ an ascetic ! begg> takes ! v[ n to injure any liv+ ?+ 7,baudh4 ,,ii4#aj4ag4b4 #aa1 #bi71 exactly z ! ,ja9 ascetic takes ! v[ ( non-injury4 ,m ?an ?is1 z w be se5 bel[1 ! details ( ! ,brahman ascetic's v[s are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,ja9 ascetic4 ,he v[s n to injure liv+ be+s1 n to lie1 n to /eal1 to be cont95t1 to be lib]al2 ) ! five m9or v[s1 n to get angry1 to obey ! ,tea*]1 n to be ra%1 to be cleanly & pure 9 eat+4#bc ,to ?is ascetic ord] 9 ! ,brahman prie/hood may be trac$ ! orig9 ( ! h]etical monks4 ,ev5 9 ! ,brahmanas occur ! t]m9i te*nici ( ! ,buddhi/ prie/hood1 notably ! ramana or ascetic monk1 & ! ^w buddha1 'awak5$' 7pratibudh74 ,! 'f\r ord]s' are ^? enum]at$ z ! h\sehold]1 /ud5t1 ascetic1 & =e/-h]mit4 ,if "o live 9 all f\r ord]s accord+ to rule1 & be s]5e1 he w come to peace1 t is1 salvation 7,apa/amba1 #b4 #i4 #ba4 ,i1 #b74 ,accord+ to ?is lat] legal writ]1 :o belongs to ,s\!rn ,india1#bd x is only aft] "o has pass$ ?r\gh all ! prec$+ /adia t he may give up works 7sacrifice1 etc47 & devote himself to seek+ ! atma1'w&]+ ab\t1 )\t c>+ = e>? or heav51 r5\nc+ tru? & falsehood1 pleasure & pa9' 7ib4 #aj1 #ac74 ,!re foll[s ?is passage "o significant ( ! opposition betwe5 purely ,upani%ad-ideas & ^? ( ! law-giv]s3 ',acquirem5t ( peace 7salvation7 dep5ds1 x is said1 on k2 ?is is oppos$ by ! codes4 ,if on k 7dep5d$7 acquirem5t ( peace1 ev5 "h 79 ?is _w7 "o w\ld escape grief' 7ib4 #ad-af74 ,fur!r1 9 describ+ ! =e/-h]mit's au/]ities 7ib4 #bc4 #d ff471 v]ses f a ,purana are cit$ :i* are virtually ,upani%adic3 ',! eight & eighty ?\s& se]s :o desir$ (fspr+ 7w5t7 s\? on ,aryaman's pa?1 & obta9$ 7z _! rew>d7 graves2 7b7 ! eight & eighty ?\s& :o did n desire (fspr+ 7w5t7 nor? on ,aryaman's pa? & make = !mselves immortality1' t is to say 'ab&on desire = (fspr+2 & ( ! two pa?s 7:i*1 z ! comm5tator obs]ves1 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,*andogya ,upani%ad71 t :i* gives immortality in/ead ( dea? 7graves7 w be y\rs4' ,x is admitt$ t su* ascetics h miracul\s p[]s2 b ! law-mak] emphatically prote/s 9 ! foll[+ ,sutra aga9/ ! supposition t a rule :i* /&s oppos$ to ! receiv$ rites 7m>riage1 sacrifice1 etc47 is ( any p[]1 & ass]ts t = ! future life an endless rew>d 7'fruit'71 call$ 9 revelation 'heav5ly1' is appo9t$ 7ib4 #h-aa74 ,! next *apt]1 h[ev]1 limits1 z x 71 ?is dogma1 = x is /at$ t immortality is ! re-bir? ( "o's self 9 ! body ( "o's son1 & a v]se is cit$3 ',?\ procreate/ prog5y1 & t's ?y immortality1 ,o mortal1' ) o!r v]ses1 :i* tea* t sons t att5d to ! ,v$ic rites magnify ! fame & heav5 ( _! ance/ors1 :o 'live 9 heav5 until ! de/ruction ( creation' 7a bhutasamptavat1 #b4 #i4 #bd4 #e71 ,b 'accord+ to ! ,bhavi%yat-,purana' aft] ?is de/ruction ( creation '!y exi/ aga9 9 heav5 z ! cause ( se$' 7ib47 #f4 ,& !n foll[s a quotation f ! ,fa!r-god3 ',we live ) ^? p :o d ^! 7foll[+7 ?+s3 7att5d to7 ! ?ree ,v$as1 live z /ud5ts1 create *ildr51 sacrifice to ! ,manes1 d p5ance1 make sacrifice to ! gods1 practice lib]ality2 he t extols any?+ else becomes air 7or du/7 & p]i%es' 7ib47 #h2 & fur!r3 'only !y t commit s9 p]i%' 7n _! ance/ors74 ,! animus ( ?is :ole passage is app>5t4 ,! law-mak] has to cont5d ) !m t w\ld reject ! necessity ( foll[+ 9 ord] ! traditional /adia ( a prie/'s life2 t imag9e t by becom+ ascetics )\t fir/ hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! prelim9>y /adia !y c by k alone atta9 ! bliss t is obta9$ by union ) brahma 7or ,brahma74 ,9 o!r words ! juri/ has to cont5d ) a trait em95tly anti-,brahmani/ic1 ev5 ,buddhi/ic4 ,he d5ies ?is value ( k1 & !re) %[s t :at he wi%es to h inculcat$ is a belief 9 ! tempor>y p]sonal exi/5ce ( ! ,manes2 9 heav5 till ! end ( ! _w-ord]2 & ! annihilation ( ! wick$2 :ile he has a confus$ or mix$ op9ion 9 reg>d to "o's own p]sonal immortality1 believ+ on ! "o h& t !re is a future exi/5ce 9 heav5 ) ! gods1 & on ! o!r 7r a mat]iali/ic view7 t immortality is no?+ b cont9u$ exi/5ce 9 ! p]son ( "o's desc5dants1 :o are virtually "o's self 9 ano!r body3 dehatvam eva'nyat1 only ! body is diff]5t 7ib7 #b4 ,z to cosmogony x is /at$ to be 7n ! emanation ( an atma7 b ! emission 7creation7 ( ! ,fa!r-god & ( ! se]s 7! latt] be+ visible z />s1 ib4 #ac1 #ad74 ,9 ?is !re is pla9ly a receiv$ popul> op9ion1 :i* reflects ! ,v$ic & ,brahmanic /age1 & is oppos$ to ! philosophical views ( ! ,upani%ads1 9 o!r words ( ! fir/ ,v$antic philosophy2 :ile x is mix$ up ) ! late doctr9e ( ! cataclysms1 :i* ru9 ea* succe$+ creation4 ,! equal annihilation ( ! wick$ 7dhvamsanti7 & unor?odox 7dhvamsate7 is to be notic$4 ,!y are "h subject nei!r to hell nor to rebir?1 b !y become du/ & p]i% 7ib4 #h4 #i74 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole legal lit]ature "o w f9d ?is same anti!sis ( views 9 reg>d to ! fate ( good & bad1 al?\gh x is seldom t annihilation is pr$icat$ ( ! latt]4 ,usually hell or rebir? are _! fate--two views1 :i* no "o c really reconcile4 ,!y are put side by side2 exactly z 9 prie/ly discussion 9 ,india & ,europe x /ill rema9s an unsettl$ "q z to :5 ! s\l becomes immortal4#be ,occid5tal exp]i5ce tea*es h[ easy x is = su* views to /& toge!r unattack$1 al?\gh !y are ! object ( speculation4 ,?is passage is p]haps1 hi/orically1 ! mo/ satisfactory 7z x is philosophically unsatisfactory7 t c be cit$ 9 answ] to ! que/ions t 7 pos$ above4 ,b f o!r p>ts ( legal lit]ature a few m /atem5ts may be cull$1 to illu/rate /ill fur!r ! lack ( uni=mity n only 9 popul> belief1 b 9 ! tea*+ provid$ = ! public4 ,fir/ f ! same "w ( ,apa/amba1 9 #b4 #aa4 #bi4 #i-aj x is said t if a witness 9 c\rt p]jure himself he %all be puni%$ by ! k+1 & fur!r1 9 pass+ to ! next _w1 hell 7is 8 portion72 :]eas 7! rew>d7 = tru? is heav51 & praise on ! "p ( all creatures4 ,n[1 let "o comp>e fir/ ib4 #b4 #e4 #aa4 #aj-aa3 ,m5 ( l[ ca/es are reborn 9 high] ca/es 9 successive bir?s1 & m5 ( high ca/es 9 l[ ca/es1 if !y respectively p]=m & neglect _! duties4 ,& !n ?is ,v$antic passage ( ! same au?or 7#a4 #h4 #bb ff473 ,let "o 7z p5ance = s97 devote himself to ! ,yoga 7m5tal discipl9e7 :i* has to d ) ! highe/ atma 444 ,no?+ is kn[n high] ?an ! acquisition ( atma4 ,we %all 7n[7 cite "s atma-acquisition-v]ses1 viz43 ,all liv+ creatures 7are7 ! citadel ( him t re/s 9 secret1 ! inde/ructible "o1 ! immaculate "o4 ,immortal !y t devote !mselves to ! moveless "o :o has a movable dwell+ 444 ! great "o ^: body is light1 univ]sal1 free 444 ! et]nal 7"p7 9 all creatures1 ! wise1 immortal1 un*ang+ "o1 limbless1 voiceless1 =mless1 t\*less1 pure/1 ! highe/ goal4 ,he t ev]y:]e devotes himself to ,him 7atma z ,"l71 & always lives accord+ly2 t by virtue ( ,yoga recognizes ,him1 ! subtile "o1 %all rejoice 9 ! top ( heav5 444 ,he1 atma1 compreh5ds all1 embraces all1 m subtile ?an a lotus-?read & hug] ?an ! e>? 444 ,f him are creat$ all bodies2 he is ! root1 he ! ,ev]la/+1 ! ,et]nal ,"o4 ,?is discipl9e x w be obs]v$ is enjo9$ z p5ance & to get rid ( faults1 t is1 to subdue ! passions4 ,z ! same *apt] conta9s a li/ ( ! faults :i* are to be ov]come be=e "o arrives at peace 7salvation7 !y may be cit$ "h3 ,ang]1 joy1 wra?1 gre$1 di/raction1 injury1 ?reats1 ly+1 ov]-eat+1 calumny1 envy1 sexual desire1 & hate1 lack ( /udy+ atma1 lack ( ,yoga--! de/ruction ( ^! 7faults7 is bas$ on ,yoga 7m5tal conc5tration74 ,on ! o!r h&3 ,he t devotes himself1 9 accordance ) ! law1 to avoid+ ang]1 joy1 wra?1 gre$1 di/raction1 injury1 ?reats1 lies1 ov]-eat+1 calumny & envy2 & practices lib]ality1 r5unciation1 uprightness1 k9dness1 subdu+ 7( ! passions71 self-control2 & is at peace ) all creatures2 & practices ,yoga2 & acts 9 an ,aryan 7noble7 way2 & does n hurt any?+2 & has cont5tm5t--qualities :i*1 x is agre$1 app]ta9 to all ! 7f\r7 /adia--he becomes sarvagam9 7ib4 #bc4f71 t is '"o belong+ to ! all-p]vad+' 7,all-s\l74 ,!re appe>s to be a contradiction betwe5 ! =m] passage1 :]e ,yoga is enjo9$ on ascetics alone2 & ?is1 :]e ,yoga is "p ( ! discipl9e ( all f\r /adia4 ,b :at 0 9 ! au?or's m9d 0 probably t all ^! vices & moral virtues are enum]at$ z su* = all2 & he slips 9 m5tal conc5tration z a virtue = ! ascetic1 mean+ to include all ! virtues he kn[s4 ,a few fur!r illu/rations f t special code :i* has won = itself a preem95t "n1 '! law-book ( ,manu1'#bf w give 9 epitome ! popul> religion z taught to ! masses2 )al ev5 bett] ?an ?is is taught 9 ! ,sutras4 ,= ,fa!r ,manu's law-book1 z ! ,h9dus call x1 is a popul> a/ra or metrical#bg composite ( law & religion1 :i* reflects ! op9ion ( ,brahmanism 9 its geographical /ronghold1 :]eas ! ,sutras emanate f v>i\s localities1 nor? & s\?4 ,to ,manu !re is b "o ,holy ,l&1 ! ,kurus' pla9 & ! region r\nd-ab\t x 7ne> ,delhi74 ,! "w takes u =w>d 9 "t beyond ev5 ! late/ ,sutras1 b ! cont5t is su* z to %[ t =mal ,brahmanism 9 ?is late/ /age /ill keeps to its old norm & to ,brahmanic models4 ,x des]ves !re=e to be exam9$ ) c>e f sev]al po9ts ( view if "o w\ld escape f ! belief ( ! philosoph] to ! m g5]al tea*+4 ,9 ?is popul> religion all morality is condition$ by ! ca/es1#bh :i* is true also to a c]ta9 degree ( ! e>li] ,sutras1 b ! evil fruit ( ?is plant is n !re q s ripe z x is 9 ! lat] code4 ,! enormity ( all crimes dep5ds on :o commits !m1 & aga9/ :om !y are committ$4 ,! ?ree upp] ca/es alone h religi\s privileges4 ,! l[e/ ca/e1 outca/s1 wom51 & diseas$ p]sons are n all[$ to he> ! holy texts or take "p 9 c]emonies4#bi ,z to ! rites1 !y are ! inh]it$ ones1 sacrifices to gods1 (f]+s to ,manes & spirits1 & all ! c]emonies ( h\se & individual1 z expla9$ above2 ) especial & v m9ute rules ( obs]vance = ea* ( ! f\r /adia ( a prie/'s life4#cj ,!re is no h9t 9 any ( ?is ( ! importance ( ! k ( ! atma4 ,b 9 _! prop] place ! rules ( morality & ! high] philosophical views are taught4 ,! doctr9e ( re-bir? is =mally /at$1 & ! atta9m5t ( ! _w ( ,brahma 7brahma7 by union ( c]emonies & k is inculcat$4 ,! ascetic %\ld seek1 by m$itation1 to g to ,brahma 7or brahma7 = :5 he is utt]ly indiff]5t1 !n1 bo? "h & aft] dea?1 he ga9s ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,!re=e he %\ld /udy ! ,v$as1 b especially ! tea*+s 9 reg>d to ! ,supreme ,_s1 & ! ,upani%ads2 /udy+ ! ,v$anta is a regul> "p ( 8 f9al discipl9e 7,,vi1 #gd-id74 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! "w ! di/9ction made 9 ! ,upani%ads is upheld1 t religi\s acts are ( two sorts1 "o design$ to procure bliss1 & cause a good man to rea* equality ) ! gods2 ! o!r p]=m$ )\t selfi% motive2 by :i* latt] ev5 ! five elem5ts are ov]come1 t is1 ! absorption into brahma is effect$4 ,= among all virtu\s acts ! k ( ! _s1 atma1 is highe/2 ?r\gh ?is is obta9$ ev5 immortality4 ,"o t sees _s 9 all ?+s & all ?+s 9 _s sacrifices to _s & ent]s ,brahma 7or brahma7 ,! _s 7or self7 is all div9ities2 ! ,all is bas$ on _s4 ,& 9 ,upani%adic ve9 ! ,p]son is !n proclaim$ z "l ( gods1 :om "s call fire1 "s call ,manu1 "s call ,indra1 "s call air1 & "s call et]nal brahma4 ,b ?\gh ?is be ! view ( ! clos+ v]ses1 yet 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! "w is ?is ,p]son repres5t$ z be+ produc$ f a ,fir/ ,cause4 ,x w\ld be out ( place "h to analyse ! conflict+ philosophical views ( ! ,manu code4 ,ev5 8 comm5tators are unc]ta9 :e!r he belong$ to ! pan!i/ic ,v$anta or duali/ic ,sankhya s*ool4 ,= !m t believe 9 no ,manu ! solution is simpl]4 ,al?\gh ,manu is usually call$ a ,puranic ,sankhyan1 yet are bo? s*ools repres5t$1 & t )\t reg>d to incongru\s tea*+4 ,manu is no m ,sankhyan ?an ,v$antic4 ,inde$ 9 ! ma9 "p ( ! "w ! tea*+ is cle>ly m ,v$antic4 ,b x suffices "h to po9t out t ! atma-philosophy & religion is n ignor$2 x is taught z ess5tial4 ,nev]!less1 x is n taught 9 su* a way z to indicate t x is requisite = ! vulg>4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is only :5 "o becomes an ascetic t he is told to devote himself to ! pursuit ( ! k ( atma4 ,9 "o passage !re is evid5ce t two replies 7 giv5 to ?is fundam5tal "q 9 reg>d to works & k4 ,= aft] enum]at+ a li/ ( good acts1 among :i* are k & ,v$ic c]emonies1 x is ask$ :i* among !m mo/ t5ds to deliv]ance4 ,! answ] is vital4 ,or x %\ld be1 b x is giv5 9 an ambigu\s =m 7xii4 #he-f73 ,amid all ^! acts ! k ( self1 atma1 is ! highe/1 = x produces immortality4 ,amid all ^! acts ! "o mo/ productive ( happ9ess1 bo? aft] dea? & 9 ?is life1 is ! ,v$ic c]emony4 ,k gives real immortality2 rites give tempor>y bliss4 ,! ,upani%ads tea* t ! latt] is l[] ?an ! =m]1 b ea* answ]s ! "q4 ,!re 7 two answ]s1 & ,manu gives bo?4 ,t is ! secret ( _m discrepancies 9 ,h9du rules4 ,! law-giv] _c admit absolutely & once = all t ! ,v$ic c]emony is ( no abid+ use1 z x c be ( no use to "o t accepts ! high] tea*+4 ,he keeps x z a tra9+ & all[s only ! ascetic to be a philosoph] inde$4 ,b at ! same "t he gives z a sort ( p]oration to 8 treatise "s 'elegant extracts' f philosophical works1 :i* he believes !oretically1 al?\gh practically he w n all[ !m to influ5ce 8 ritualism4 ,he is a true ,brahman prie/4 ,x is ?is t is always s annoy+ 9 ,brahmanic philosophy4 ,= ! slav]y ( tradition is ev]y:]e4 ,n only does ! rituali/1 :ile admitt+ ! =ce ( ! philosoph]'s reasons1 rema9 by ,v$ic tradition1 & 9 consequ5ce refuse to supplant 'revelation' ) ! high] wisdom & bett] religion1 :i* he sees :ile he w n foll[ x2 b ev5 ! philosoph] mu/ ne$s be 'or?odox1' &1 s9ce ! scriptures !mselves are self-contradictory1 he is oblig$ to use 8 en]gies n 9 discov]+ tru?1 b 9 reconcil+ 8 ance/ors' dogmas1 9 ord] to ! creation ( a philosophical sy/em :i* %all agree ) ev]y?+ t has be5 said 9 ! ,v$as & ,upani%ads4 ,:5 "o sees :at subtlety & logical acum5 ^! philosoph]s possess$1 he is mov$ to wond] :at might h be5 ! outcome _h _! m9ds be5 z free z ^? ( m lib]al ,hellas4 ,b un=tunately !y 7 b\nd to argue )9 limits1 & 7 z mu* h&icapp$ 9 ! race ( ?\ght z 7 !y t _h to con=m to ! tea*+s ( ,rome4 ,= ?\gh ,india _h no *ur*1 x _h an inquisitorial prie/ly ca/e1 & ! unbeliev] 0 an outca/4 ,:at is said ( cu/om is true ( fai?3 ,let "o walk 9 ! pa? ( good m51 ! pa? 9 :i* 8 fa!r walk$1 9 :i* 8 gr&fa!rs walk$2 walk+ 9 t pa? "o does no wrong 7,manu iv4 #agh74 ,real philosophy1 unhamp]$ by tradition1 is f\nd only among ! h]etics & 9 ! sects ( a lat] "t4 ,! gods ( old are accept$ by ! or?odox z a matt] ( c\rse1 al?\gh !oretically !y are born ( ! ,all-god1 :o is )\t ! ne$ ( c]emonial rites4 ,to ! o!r ca/es ! active & mo/ t]rible deity is repres5t$ z be+ ! prie/ himself4 ,he n only symbolizes ! fire-god1 to :om is (f]$ ! sacrifice1 b he actually is ! div9ity 9 p]son4 ,h5ce !re is no great] m]it ?an 9 giv+ gifts to prie/s4 ,z to es*atology1 op9ions are n contra/$ any m4 ,!y are put side by side4 ,9 morality tru?1 purity1 & h>mlessness are *iefly inculcat$4 ,b ! la/ 7ascrib$ by "s s*ol>s to ,buddhi/ic influ5ce7 is n p]mitt$ to int]f]e ) animal sacrifices4 ,"s ( ! rules = ! life ( a h\sehold] w %[ 9 brief ! moral excell5ce & !oretical unc]ta9ty ( ,manu's law-code4 ,! foll[+ extracts are f ! f\r?1 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts f ! six?1 & ! description ( ! hells 7tw5ty-two 9 all7#ca f ! f\r? & twelf? books ( ,manu's code4 ,^! rules may be accept$ z a true reflexion ( :at 0 taught to ! p by /r+5t ,brahmanism z yet hold+ alo( f ,h9duism4 ,a h\sehold] mu/ live )\t giv+ any pa9 7to liv+ creatures74 ,he mu/ p]=m daily ! c]emonies orda9$ 9 ! ,v$a4 ,9 ?is way he obta9s heav54 ,let him nev] neglect ! (f]+s to se]s1 gods1 spirits 7sprites71 m51 & ,manes4 ,"s (f] sacrifice only 9 _! organs ( s5se 7n 9 ext]nal (f]+s72 "s by k alone4 ,let him n expla9 law & rites to ! udra 7slave7 ca/e2 if he does s1 he s9ks into ! hell ,b\ndless4 ,let him n take pres5ts f an av>ici\s k+ :o disobeys ! law-codes2 if he does s1 he goes to tw5ty-"o hells 7call$ ,d>kness1 ,d5se-d>kness1 ,frightful1 ,hell1 ,?read ( ,dea?1 ,great ,hell1 ,burn+1 ,place ( ,spikes1 ,fry+-pan1 ,riv] ( ,hell1 etc41 etc41 etc474 ,let him nev] despise a w>rior1 a snake1 or a prie/4 ,let him nev] despise himself4 ,let him say :at is true & :at is agreeable1 b n disagreeable tru? or agreeable false-hood4 ,let him n dispute ) anybody1 b let him say 'v well4' ,let him n insult anybody4 ,rememb]+ 8 =m] bir?s1 & /udy+ ! ,v$a aga9 & aga91 he gets endless happ9ess4 ,let him avoid unbelief & c5sure ( ! ,v$as1 revil+ ( gods1 hatr$1 pride1 ang]1 & cruelty4 ,he t ev5 ?reat5s a prie/ w g to ! hell ,d>kness = "o hundr$ ye>s2 if he /rikes him he w be born 9 tw5ty-"o s9ful rebir?s 7accord+ to ano!r passage 9 ! elev5? book he goes to hell = a ?\s& ye>s = ! latt] (f5ce74 ,prie/s rule ! _w ( gods4 ,b deceitful1 hypocritical prie/s g to hell4 ,let ! h\sehold] give gifts1 & he w be rew>d$4 ,"o t gives a g>m5t gets a place 9 ! moon2 a giv] ( gra9 gets et]nal happ9ess2 a giv] ( ! ,v$a gets union ) ,brahma 7brahma2 ^! gifts1 ( c\rse1 are all to prie/s74 ,he t gives respectfully & he t receives respectfully g to heav52 o!rwise bo? g to hell4 ,let him1 )\t giv+ pa9 to any creature1 sl[ly pile up virtue1 z does an ant its h\se1 t he may h a companion 9 ! next _w4 ,= aft] dea? nei!r fa!r1 nor "m1 nor son1 nor wife1 nor relations are 8 companions2 8 virtue alone rema9s ) him4 ,! relations leave ! dead body1 b its virtue foll[s ! _s3 ) 8 virtue z 8 companion he w trav]se ! d>kness t is h>d to cross2 & virtue w lead him to ! o!r _w ) a lum9\s =m & e!real body4 ,a prie/ t makes l[ connections is reborn z a slave4 ,! ,fa!r-god p]mits a prie/ to accept alms ev5 f a bad man4 ,= fifte5 ye>s ! ,manes refuse to accept food f "o t despises a free gift4 ,a prie/ t s9s %\ld be puni%$ 7t is1 mulct$1 a prie/ may n be puni%$ corporally71 m ?an an ord9>y man1 = ! great] ! wisdom ! great] ! (f5ce4 ,!y t commit ! ,five ,great ,s9s live _m ye>s 9 hells1 & aft]w>ds obta9 vile bir?s2 ! slay] ( a prie/ becomes 9 turn a dog1 a pig1 an ass1 a camel1 a c[1 a goat1 a %eep1 etc1 etc4 ,a prie/ t dr9ks intoxicat+ liquor becomes v>i\s insects1 "o aft] ano!r4 ,a prie/ t /eals becomes a spid]1 snake1 etc1 etc4 ,by repeat+ s9ful acts m5 are reborn 9 pa9ful & base bir?s1 & are hurl$ ab\t 9 hells2 :]e are sword-leav$ trees1 etc1 & :]e !y are eat51 burn$1 spitt$1 & boil$2 & !y receive bir?s 9 despicable wombs2 rebir? to age1 sorr[1 & unqu5*able dea?4 ,b to secure supreme bliss a prie/ mu/ /udy ! ,v$a1 practice au/]ity1 seek k1 subdue ! s5ses1 ab/a9 f injury1 & s]ve 8 ,tea*]4 ,:i* ( ^! gives highe/ bliss8 ,! k ( ! _s is ! highe/ & =emo/1 = x gives immortality4 ,! p]=mance ( ,v$ic c]emonies is ! mo/ productive ( happ9ess "h & h]eaft]4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts = ! twice-born are3 ,cont5tm5t1 pati5ce1 self-control1 n to /eal1 purity1 control ( passions1 devotion 7or wisdom71 k1 tru?fulness1 & fre$om f ang]4 ,^! are concisely summ>iz$ aga9 9 ! foll[+3 ',manu decl>$ ! cond5s$ rule ( duty = 7all7 ! f\r ca/es to be3 n to injure a liv+ ?+2 to speak ! tru?2 n to /eal2 to be pure2 to control ! passions' 7,,vi4 #ib2 ,x4 #fc74 ,! 'non-injury' rule does n apply1 ( c\rse1 to sacrifice 7ib4 ,,iii4 #bfh74 ,9 ! epic ! comm&m5ts are giv5 sometimes z t51 sometimes z eight4 ,9 ord] to give a complet$ exposition ( ,brahmanism we h pass$ beyond ! p]iod ( ! great h]esies1 to :i* we mu/ soon rev]t4 ,b1 be=e leav+ ! pres5t division ( ! subject1 we select f ! mass ( ,brahmanic dome/ic rites1 ! details ( :i* (f] 9 g5]al little t is wor? not+1 two or ?ree c]emonies :i* possess a m human int]e/1 ! m>riage rite1 ! fun]al rite1 & ^? /range trials1 kn[n among s _m o!r peoples1 ! ordeals4 ,we sket* ^! briefly1 wi%+ m]ely to illu/rate ! religi\s side ( ea* c]emony1 z x appe>s 9 "o or m ( its features4 ,,! ,,m>riage ,,rite4 ,traces ( exogamy may be suspect$ 9 ! bridegroom's driv+ (f ) 8 bride1 b no su* cu/om1 ( c\rse1 is recogniz$ 9 ! law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! groom is suppos$ to belong to ! same village1 & special rites are enjo9$ 'if he be f ano!r village4' ,b aga91 9 ! e>ly rule !re is no trace ( t ta9t ( family :i* ! totem-s*ol>s ( to-day cite s loosely f ,h9du law4 ,! girl is n preclud$ because %e belongs to ! same family )9 c]ta9 degrees4 ,! only re/riction 9 ! ,h\se-rituals is t %e %all h _h on ! "m's & fa!r's side wise1 pi\s1 & honorable ance/ors = t5 g5]ations 7,avl4 ,i4 #e74 ,!n comes ! legal re/riction1 :i* "s s*ol>s call 'primitive1' t ! wife mu/ n be too ne>ly relat$4 ,! girl has h] own ordeal 7n g5]ally m5tion$ among ordeals673 ,! woo] t ?us selects 8 bride 7?is he does if "o has n be5 f\nd already ei!r by 8 p>5ts or by 8 own incl9ation7 makes eight balls ( e>? & calls on ! girl to *oose "o 7'may %e get t to :i* %e is born'74 ,if %e select a ball made f ! e>? ( a field t be>s two crops1 %e 7or h] *ild7 w be ri* 9 gra92 if f ! c[-/all1 ri* 9 cattle2 if f ! place ( sacrifice1 godly2 if f a pool t does n dry1 gift$2 if f ! gambl]'s c\rt1 devot$ to gambl+2 if f cross-roads1 unfai?ful2 if f a b>r5 field1 poor 9 gra92 if f ! bury+-gr\nd1 de/ructful ( h] husb&4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( mak+ a *oice1 b we conf9e ourselves to ! m>riage4#cb ,9 village-life ! bridegroom is escort$ to ! girl's h\se by "y wom5 :o tease him4 ,! bridegroom pres5ts pres5ts to ! bride1 & receives a c[4 ,! bridegroom takes ! bride's h&1 say+ ',i take ?y h& = weal' 7,rig ,v$a1 ,x4 #he4 #cf71 & leads h] to a c]ta9 /one1 on :i* %e /eps fir/ ) ! "r foot 7toe74 ,!n ?ree times !y circumambulate ! fire1 keep+ x to ! "r1 an old ,aryan cu/om = _m rites1 z 9 ! deisel ( ! ,kelts2 ! bride h]self (f]+ gra9 9 ! fire1 & ! groom repeat+ m ,v$ic v]ses4 ,!y !n take toge!r ! sev5 solemn /eps 7) v]ses71#cc & s !y are m>ri$4 ,! groom1 if ( ano!r village1 n[ drives away ) ! bride1 & has ready ,v$ic v]ses = e /age ( ! j\rney4 ,aft] sun-d[n ! groom po9ts out ! nor? />1 & admoni%es ! bride to be no less con/ant & fai?ful4 ,?ree or twelve days !y rema9 *a/e1 "s say "o night2 o!rs say1 only if he be f ano!r village4 ,! new husb& mu/ n[ see to ! h\se-fire1 :i* he keeps ev] burn+1 ! sign ( 8 be+ a h\sehold]4 ,,! ,,fun]al ,,c]emony4 ,ro? has an article 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society 7,,viii4 #dfg7 :i* is at once a description ( "o ( ! fun]al hymns o ! ,rig ,v$a 7,x4 #ah7 ) ! lat] ritual1 & a criticism ( ! be>+ ( ! latt] on ! =m]4#cd ,he %[s "h t ! ritual1 s f> f hav+ induc$ ! hymn1 totally *anges x4 ,! hymn 0 writt5 = a burial c]emony4 ,! lat] ritual kn[s only cremation4 ,! ritual1 !re=e1 =ces ! hymn into its s]vice1 & makes x a cremation-hymn4 ,?is is a v good 7?\gh v extreme7 example ( ! diff]5ce 9 age betwe5 ! e>ly hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a & ! m mod]n ritual4 ,mll]1 ib4 ,,ix4 p4 ,i 7sic71 has giv5 a ?or\gh acc\nt ( ! lat] ritual & rituali/ic p>aph]nalia4 ,we conf9e ourselves "h to ! old] c]emony4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,v$ic hymn is z foll[s3 ,! fri5ds & relatives /& ab\t ! corpse ( a m>ri$ man4 ,by ! side ( ! corpse sits ! wid[4 ,! hymn beg9s3 ,dep>t1 ,o ,dea?1 ^u "s o!r pa?way1 ^u ?y pa?1 :i* diff]s f ! pa? ( gods 444 h>m n our *ildr51 nor our h]oes4444 ,^! liv+ ones are sep>at$ f ! dead2 successful today 0 our call to ! gods4 7,?is man is dead1 b7 we g back to danc+ & to laught]1 ext5d+ fur!r our /ill l5g!n$ lives4 ,!n ! prie/ puts a /one betwe5 ! dead & liv+3 ,i set up a wall = ! liv+1 may no "o ( ^! come to ?is goal2 may !y live an hundr$ full h>ve/s1 & hide dea? ) ?is /one4444 ,! matrons assembl$ are n[ bid to advance )\t te>s1 & make _! (f]+s to ! fire1 :ile ! wid[ is sep>at$ f ! corpse ( h] husb& & told to ent] aga9 into ! _w ( ! liv+4 ,! prie/ removes ! dead w>rior's b[ f 8 h&3 ,let ! wom51 n wid[s1 advance ) ! o9tm5t & holy butt]2 & )\t te>s1 happy1 adorn$1 let !m1 to beg9 )1 m\nt to ! alt> 7v]se #g1 p4 #bgd1 bel[74 ,raise ?yself1 woman1 to ! _w ( ! liv+2 8 brea? is gone by :om ?\ lie/2 come hi!r2 ( ! tak] ( ?y h& 79 m>riage71 ( ?y woo] ?\ art become ! wife#ce 7v]se #h74 ,i take ! b[ f ! h& ( ! dead = our 7own7 lord%ip1 glory1 & /r5g?4 ,!n he addresses ! dead3 ,?\ art !re1 & we are "h2 we w slay e foe & e attack] 7) ! p[] got f !e74 ,g ?\ n[ to ,"m ,e>?1 :o is wide op5$1 favorable1 a wool-s(t maid5 to ! good man2 may %e gu>d !e f ! lap ( de/ruction4 ,op51 ,o e>?1 be n oppressive to him2 let him ent] easily2 may he fa/5 close to !e4 ,cov] him l a "m1 :o wraps h] *ild 9 h] g>m5t4 ,roomy & firm be ! e>?1 support$ by a ?\s& pill>s2 f ?is "t on ?\ 7man7 ha/ ?y home & happ9ess yond]2 may a sure place rema9 to him =ev]4 ,i make firm ! e>? ab\t !e2 may ,i n be h>m$ 9 lay+ ! clod "h2 may ! fa!rs hold ?is pill> = !e1 & ,yama make !e a home yond]4 ,9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a m5tion is made ( a c(f91 b none is notic$ "h4 ,hillebr&t 7loc4 cit4 xl4 #gaa7 has made x probable t ! eigh? v]se belongs to a /ill old] ritual1 accord+ to :i* ?is v]se is "o = human sacrifice1 :i* is "h ignor$1 ?\gh ! text is kept4#cf ',j s ! lat] ritual keeps all ?is text1 b twi/s x into a crematory rite4 ,= 9 ! lat] p]iod only "y *ildr5 are buri$4 ,( burial !re 0 no?+ = adults b ! collection ( bones & a%es4 ,at ?is "t too ! ritual consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 cremation1 collection ( a%es1 expiation4 ,h[ are ^! to be reconcil$ ) ?is hymn8 ,v simply4 ,! rite is describ$ & v]ses f ! hymn are inject$ into x )\t ! slighte/ logical connection4 ,t is ! ess5ce ( all ! ,brahmanic ritualism4 ,! lat] rite is z foll[s3 ,?ree alt>s are erect$1 nor?we/1 s\?we/1 & s\!a/ ( a m\nd ( e>?4 ,9 ! f\r? corn] is ! corpse2 at ^: feet1 ! wid[4 ,! bro!r ( ! dead man1 or an old s]vant1 takes ! wid['s h& & causes h] to rise :ile ! prie/ says ,raise ?yself1 woman1 to ! _w ( ! liv+4 ,!n foll[s ! removal ( ! b[2 or ! break+ ( x1 9 ! case ( a slave4 ,! body is n[ burn$1 :ile ! prie/ says ,^! liv+ ones are sep>at$ f ! dead2 & ! m\rn]s dep>t )\t look+ ar\nd1 & mu/ at once p]=m _! ablutions ( lu/ration4 ,aft] a "t ! collection ( bones is made ) ! v]se ,g ?\ n[ to ,"m ,e>? & ,op51 ,o e>?4 ,du/ is flung on ! bones ) ! words ,roomy & firm be ! e>?2 & ! skull is laid on top ) ! v]se ,i make firm ! e>? ab\t !e4 ,9 o!r words ! orig9al hymn is fitt$ to ! ritual only by displacem5t ( v]ses f _! prop] ord] & by a =c$ application ( ! words4 ,aft] all ?is comes ! c]emony ( expiation ) ! use ( ! v]se ,i set up a wall )\t application ( any sort4 ,fur!r c]emonies1 ) fur!r s5seless use ( o!r v]ses1 foll[ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,^! are all expla9$ m9utely 9 ! essay ( ,ro?1 ^: cle> demon/ration ( ! mod]nness ( ! ritual1 z comp>$ ) ! antiquity ( ! hymn %\ld be read complete4 ,! sev5? v]se 7above7 has a special lit]ature ( its own1 s9ce ! words let !m1 to beg9 )1 m\nt ! alt>1 h be5 *ang$ by ! advocates ( suttee1 wid[-burn+1 to mean 'to ! place ( fire'2 :i* *ange1 h[ev]1 is q rec5t4 ,! burn+ ( wid[s beg9s r late 9 ,india1 & probably 0 conf9$ at fir/ to ! pet wife ( royal p]sons4 ,x 0 !n claim$ z an honor by ! fir/ wife1 & ev5tually )\t real au?ority1 & 9 fact aga9/ e>ly law1 became ! rule & sign ( a devot$ wife4 ,! practice 0 aboli%$ by ! ,engli% 9 #ahbi2 b1 consid]+ ! wid['s pres5t horrible exi/5ce1 x is que/ionable :e!r x w\ld n be a m]cy to h] & to h] family to re/ore ! "r ( dy+ & ! hope ( heav51 9 ! place ( ! liv+ dea? & actual hell on e>? 9 :i* %e is entomb$ to-day4 ,,ordeals4#cg ,fire & wat] are ! means employ$ 9 ,india to te/ guilt 9 ! e>li] p]iod4 ,!n comes ! oa? ) judgm5t indicat$ by subsequ5t mis=tune4 ,all o!r =ms ( ordeals are fir/ recogniz$ 9 late law-books4 ,we speak fir/ ( ! ordeals t h be5 ?\ght to be primitive ,aryan4 ,! ,fire-ordeal3 7#a7 ,sev5 fig-leaves are ti$ sev5 times ^u ! h&s aft] rice has be5 rubb$ ^u ! palms2 & ! judge !n lays a r$-hot ball ^u !m2 ! accus$1 or ! judge himself1 invok+ ! god 7,fire7 to indicate ! innoc5ce or ! guilt ( ! accus$4 ,! latt] !n walks a c]ta9 di/ance1 'sl[ly ?r\gh sev5 circles1 ea* circle sixte5 f+]s broad1 & ! space betwe5 ! circles be+ ( ! same ext5t1' accord+ to "s juri/s2 b o!r dim5sions1 & eight or n9e circles are giv5 by o!r au?orities4 ,if ! accus$ drop ! ball he mu/ repeat ! te/4 ,! burn+ ( ! h&s indicates guilt4 ,! ,teutonic laws give a diff]5t measurem5t1 & /ate t ! h& is to be seal$ = ?ree days 7manus sub sigillo triduum tegatur7 be=e inspection4 ,?is seal+ = ?ree days is p>allel$ by mod]n ,indic practice1 b n by anci5t law4 ,9 ,greece !re is ! simple ,greek3 mudr\s aire9 *]o9 7,ant4 #bfd7 to be comp>$4 ,! ,g]man seal+ ( ! h& is n report$ till ! n9? c5tury4#ch 7#b7 ,walk+ on ,fire3 ,!re is no ordeal 9 ,india to correspond to ! ,teutonic walk+ ov] six1 n9e1 or twelve hot pl\gh%>es4 ,to lick a hot pl\gh%>e1 to sit on or h&le hot iron1 & to take a %ort walk ov] coals is late ,indic4 ,! ,g]man practice also accord+ to ,s*lag9tweit w> er/ 9 spt]] ,zeit aufgekomm54#ci 7#c7 ,walk+ ?r\gh ,fire3 ,?is is a ,teutonic ordeal1 & 7l ! conflict-ordeal7 an ,indic cu/om n =mally legaliz$4 ,! accus$ walks directly into ! fire4 ,s ,greek3 pur di]pe9 7loc4 cit474 ,wat]-ordeals3 7#a7 ,may bett] be reckon$ to fire-ordeals4 ,! innoc5t plunges 8 h& into boil+ wat] & fet*es out a /one 7,anglo-,saxon law7 or a co9 7,indic law7 )\t injury to 8 h&4 ,sometimes 79 bo? practices7 ! plunge alone is dem&$4 ,! dep? to :i* ! h& mu/ be ins]t$ is def9$ by ,h9du juri/s4 7#b7 ,! ,float+-ordeal4 ,! victim is ca/ into wat]4 ,if he floats he is guilty2 if he dr[ns he is innoc5t4 ,accord+ to "s ,indic au?orities an arr[ is %ot (f at ! mom5t ! accus$ is dropp$ into ! wat]1 & a 'swift runn]' goes aft] & fet*es x back4 ,if at 8 return he f9d ! body ( ! accus$ /ill "u wat]1 ! latt] %all be decl>$ to be innoc5t4#dj ,accord+ to ,kaegi ?is ordeal w\ld appe> to be unkn[n 9 ,europe be=e ! n9? c5tury4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ,wat] 79 ,india1 ,v>una7 is invok$ n to keep ! body ( a guilty man b to reject x 7make x float74 ,food-ordeal3 ,"s ,h9du law-books prescribe t 9 ! case ( suspect$ !ft ! accus$ %all eat consecrat$ rice4 ,if ! gums be n hurt1 no blood appe> on spitt+1 & ! man d n tremble1 he w be innoc5t4 ,?is is also a ,teutonic te/1 b x is to be obs]v$ t ! old] laws 9 ,india d n m5tion x4 ,on ! basis ( ^! examples 7n *os5 9 hi/orical sequ5ce7 ,kaegi has conclud$1 :ile admitt+ t ordeals ) a g5]al simil>ity to ^! h aris5 q ap>t f ,aryan influ5ce1 t !re is "h a bit ( primitive ,aryan law2 & t ev5 ! m9utiae ( ! v>i\s trials describ$ above are un-,aryan4 ,?is we d n believe4 ,b be=e /at+ our objections we mu/ m5tion ano!r ordeal4 ,! ,oa?3 ,:ile fire & wat] are ! usual means ( te/+ crime 9 ,india1 a simple oa? is also p]mitt$1 :i* may involve ei!r ! accus$ alone or 8 :ole family4 ,if mis=tune1 )9 a c]ta9 "t 7at once1 9 sev5 days1 9 a =tnight1 or ev5 half a ye>7 happ5 to ! "o t has sworn1 he w be guilty4 ,?is oa?-te/ is also employ$ 9 ! case ( witnesses at c\rt1 p]jury be+ indicat$ by ! subsequ5t mis=tune 7,manu1 viii4 #ajh74da ,our objections to see+ primitive ,aryan law 9 ! m9utiae ( ordeals is bas$ on ! gradual evolution ( ^! ordeals & ( _! m9utiae 9 ,india itself4 ,! e>li] law ( ! ,sutras b>ely m5tions ordeals2 ! fir/ 'tradition law' ( ,manu has only fire1 wat]1 & ! oa?4 ,all o!rs1 & all special descriptions & re/rictions1 are m5tion$ 9 lat] books alone4 ,moreov]1 ! e>lie/ 7pre-legal7 notice ( ordeals 9 ,india describes ! c>ry+ ( hot iron 79 ! te/ ( !ft7 z simply be>+ a hot axe1 :ile /ill e>li] !re is only walk+ ?r\gh fire4#db ,to ! te/s by oa?1 fire1 & wat] ( ! code ( ,manu are soon add$ 9 lat] law ^? ( consecrat$ wat]1 poison1 & ! balance4 ,re/rictions increase & new trials are describ$ z "o desc5ds ! s]ies ( law-books 7! consecrat$ food1 ! hot-wat] te/1 ! lick+ ( ! pl\gh%>e1 & ! lot71 ,"s ( ^! lat] =ms h already be5 describ$4 ,! fur!r lat] te/s we w n[ sket* briefly4 ,poison3 ,! e>lie/ poison-te/1 9 ! code ( ,yajavalkya 7! next aft] ,manu71 is an application ( aconite-root1 & z ! poison is v deadly1 ! accus$ is pretty sure to die4 ,o!r laws give o!r poisons & v m9ute re/rictions1 t5d+ to ease ! sev]ity ( ! trial4 ,! ,balance-te/3 ,?is is ! opposite ( ! float+-te/4 ,! man#dc /&s 9 "o scale & is plac$ 9 equilibrium ) a weight ( /one 9 ! o!r scale4 ,he !n gets out & prays1 & gets 9 aga94 ,if ! balance s9ks1 he is guilty2 if x rises1 he is innoc5t4 ,! ,lot-ordeal3 ,?is consi/s 9 draw+ out ( a vessel "o ( two lots1 equival5t respectively to dh>ma & adh>ma1 "r & wrong4 ,al?\gh ,tacitus m5tions ! same ordeal among ! ,g]mans1 x is n e>ly ,indic law1 n be+ kn[n to any ( ! anci5t legal codes4 ,"o may claim )\t pro( or dispro( t ^! are all 'primitive ,aryan'2 b to u x appe>s mo/ probable t only ! idea ( ! ordeal1 or at mo/ its application 9 ! simple/ =ms ( wat] & fire 7& p]haps oa?7 is primitive ,aryan1 & t all else 7includ+ ordeal by conflict7 is ( second>y gr[? among ! diff]5t nations4 ,z an (fset to ! lat] ,indic t5d5cy to light5 ! sev]ity ( ! ordeal may be m5tion$ ! description ( ! float+-te/ z se5 by a ,*9ese travell] 9 ,india 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d43#dd ,! accus$ is put into a sack & a /one is put into ano!r sack4 ,! two sacks are connect$ by a cord & flung into deep wat]4 ,if ! sack ) ! man s9ks & ! sack ) ! /one floats ! accus$ is decl>$ to be innoc5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,lit]ally1 transmigration1 ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 successive bir?s2 fir/1 z 9 ,plato3 ,greek3 metabol tis tug*anei ousa kai metoikois t psu* ton topon t\ en!nde eis allon to*on1 !n metabole1 f '! o!r place1' back to e>?2 !n1 ) advanc+ speculation1 fre% metabole aga91 & s on2 a !ory m or less clumsily unit$ ) ! bell-doctr9e4 ,footnote #b3 ,web] has lately publi%$ two monographs on ! sacrifices1 ! ,rajasuya & ! ,vajapeya rites1 bo? full ( int]e/+ details & popul> features4 ,footnote #c3 ,! traditional sacrifices are tw5ty-"o 9 numb]1 divid$ into ?ree classes ( sev5 ea*4 ,! =mal divisions are 7#a7 oblations ( butt]1 milk1 corn1 etc42 7#b7 soma sacrifices2 7#c7 animal sacrifices1 reg>d$ z "p ( ! fir/ two4 ,! sacrifice ( ! new & full moon is to be repeat$ on ea* occasion = ?irty ye>s4 ,a sattra1 session1 is a long sacrifice :i* may la/ a ye> or m4 ,footnote #d3 ,! latt] are ! metrical codes1 a "p ( ,smriti 7smr4ti74 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,five ,p>am\nt ,sacrifices 7,obs]vances7 are1 accord+ to ,manu ,,iii4 #gj1 /udy ( ! ,v$a 7or tea*+ x72 sacrifice to ! ,manes & to ! gods2 (f]+s ( foods to gho/s 7or spirits72 & hospitality4 ,footnote #f3 ,9 ! report ( ! ,or4 ,congress = #ahhj1 p4 #aeh ff41 ,williams has a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! daily rites ( ! mod]n or?odox ,h9du 7',rig ,v$a 9 ,religi\s ,s]vice'74 ,footnote #g3 ,we ignore "h ! lat] di/9ction betwe5 ! ,v$anta & ,sankhya sy/ems4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! latt] is duali/ic4 ,footnote #h3 ,at a lat] date ,buddha himself is admitt$ into ! ,brahmanic pan!on z an avat> ( ! ,all-god6 ,footnote #i3 ,sometimes reg>d$ z "o ) ,prajapati1 & sometimes treat$ z di/9ct f him4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?us 7= ! prie/ly ascetic alone7 9 ,m4 vi4 #gi3 ',leav+ 8 good de$s to 8 lov$ ones & 8 evil de$s to 8 enemies1 by =ce ( m$itation he goes to ! et]nal brahma4' ,"h brahma2 b 9 ,gautama p]haps ,brahma4 ,footnote #aa3 ,t is1 :5 ! latt] are gr\p$ z 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,our po9t is t1 despite new fai? & new gods1 ,v$ic poly!ism is taught n z a =m b z a reality1 & t 9 ?is p]iod ! p /ill believe z ( old 9 ! old gods1 ?\gh !y also ackn[l$ge new ones 7bel[74 ,footnote #ab3 ,comp>e ,manu1 ix4 #bde3 ,v>una is ! "l ( puni%m5t & holde? a sceptre 7puni%m5t7 ev5 ov] k+s4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 new rites1 = in/ance4 ,?us 9 ,parask4 ,grih4 ,s4 #c4 #g a silly & dirty rite 'prev5ts a slave f runn+ away'2 & !re is an ordeal = girls be=e becom+ engag$ 7bel[74 ,footnote #ad3 ,blood is p\r$ out to ! demons 9 ord] t !y may take ?is & no o!r "p ( ! sacrifice1 ,ax4 ,br4 ii4 #g4 #a4 ,footnote #ae3 ,"h4 #d4 #h4 #ai1 iva's names are ,h>a1 ,mrida1 arva1 iva1 ,bhava1 ,mahadeva1 ,ugra1 ,bhima1 ,paupati1 ,rudra1 ank>a1 ,iana4 ,footnote #af3 ,^! rites are describ$ 9 #f4 #d4 #bd ( ! ,brihad ,aranyaka ,upani%ad :i* consi/s bo? ( metaphysics & ( c]emonial rules4 ,footnote #ag3 ,especially m5tion$ 9 ! lat] ,vasi/ha 7see bel[72 on mimamsa a bran* ( ! ,v$anta sy/em see bel[4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! comm5tator "h 7#ai4 #ab1 cit$ by ,bhl]7 def9es ,v$anta z ! "p ( ! ,aranyakas :i* are n ,upani%ads1 t is1 app>5tly z a local ',v$a-end' 7v$a-anta71 ?\gh ?is mean+ is n admitt$ by "s s*ol>s1 :o w see 9 anta only ! mean+ 'goal1 aim4' ,footnote #ai3 ,! ,rudra 7iva7 invocation at #bf4 #ab ff4 is int]polat$1 accord+ to ,bhl]4 ,footnote #bj3 ,"h !re is pla9ly an allusion to ! two /ates ( felicity ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,:e!r ! law-giv] believes t ! _s w be unit$ ) ,brahma or simply live 9 8 heav5 he does n say4 ,footnote #ba3 ,gautama1 too1 is probably a ,nor!rn]4 ,! ,sutra1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 are n s individual z w\ld be impli$ by ! "n ( ! tea*]s to :om !y are cr$it$4 ,!y 7 ea* texts ( a s*ool1 c>ana1 b !y are attribut$ uni=mly to a special tea*]1 :o repres5ts ! c>an4a1 z has be5 %[n by ,mll]4 ,= :at is kn[n 9 reg>d to ! e>ly ',sutra-mak]s' see ,bhl]'s introductions to volumes ii4 & xiv4 ( ! ,sacr$ ,books4 ,footnote #bb3 ,comp>e ,bhl]'s ,introduction1 p4 ,,xxxv1 ,,sbe4 vol4 ,,xiv4 ,footnote #bc3 ,baudh4 ,,ii4 #ah4 #b-c4 ,comp>e ,jacobi's ,introduction1 p4 ,,xxiii ff4 ( ,,sbe4 vol4 ,,xxii4 ,footnote #bd3 ,bhl] 7,introduction1 p4 ,,xxxi7 gives z ! di/rict ( ! ,apa/ambiya s*ool p>ts ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 ! great] p>ts ( ! ,nizam's possessions1 & p>ts ( ! ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,apa/amba himself ref]s to ,nor!rn]s z if !y 7 =eign]s 7loc4 cit474 ,footnote #be3 ,9 ,india ! latt] "q is3 does ! s\l imm$iately at dea? unite ) ! atma or does x travel to x4 ,9 ,europe3 does ! s\l wait = ! ,la/ ,day1 or get to heav5 imm$iately8 ,comp>e ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #bf3 ,?\ght by "s s*ol>s to h be5 develop$ out ( ! code ( ,! ,manavas2 b ascrib$ by ! ,h9dus to ,fa!r ,manu1 z are _m o!r v]ses ( legal "* conta9$ 9 ! epic & else:]e4 ,footnote #bg3 ,al?\gh ,sutras may be metrical too 9 "p1 yet is ! complete metrical =m1 z 9 ! case ( /ill lat] a/ra1 evid5ce t ! "w is int5d$ = ! g5]al public4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! prie/ alone1 9 ! po/-,v$ic age1 has ! "r to tea* ! sacr$ texts2 he has immunity f bodily puni%m5t2 ! "r to receive gifts1 & o!r special privileges4 ,! ?ree upp] ca/es h ea* ! "r & duty ( /udy+ ! sacr$ texts = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,footnote #bi3 ,web] has %[n1 loc4 cit41 t ! udras did att5d "s ( ! m popul> c]emonies1 & at fir/ app>5tly ev5 took a "p 9 !m4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! 'f\r ord]s' or /adia ( a prie/'s life1 /ud5t1 h\sehold]1 h]mit1 ascetic1 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! 'f\r 7political7 ord]s' 7ca/es71 prie/1 w>rior1 f>m]1 slave--to :i*1 f "t to "t1 7 add$ _m 'mix$ ca/es1' z well z 'outca/s1' & natural p>iahs4 ,at ! "t ( ,manu's code !re 7 already _m ( ^! half-assimilat$ gr\ps4 ,footnote #ca3 ,!oretically1 tw5ty-"o2 b an extra "o has slipp$ 9 by mi/ake4 ,footnote #cb3 ,! girl is giv5 or b\ght1 or may make h] own *oice among diff]5t suitors4 ,buy+ a wife is repreh5d$ by ! e>ly law-giv]s 7!re=e1 cu/om>y74 ,! rite ( m>riage presupposes a gr[n girl1 b *ild-m>riages also 7 kn[n to ! e>ly law4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! groom 'releases h] f ,v>una's fett]1' by symbolically loos5+ ! hair4 ,!y /ep nor!a/1 & he says3 ',"o /ep = sap2 two = /r5g?2 ?ree = ri*es2 f\r = luck2 five = *ildr52 six = ! seasons2 sev5 = fri5d%ip4 ,be true to me--may we h _m long-liv$ sons4' ,footnote #cd3 ,!re is ano!r fun]al hymn1 ,x4 #af1 9 :i* ! ,fire is invok$ to burn ! dead1 & be> him to ! fa!rs2 8 corporeal p>ts be+ di/ribut$ 'eye to ! sun1 brea? to ! w9d1' etc4 ,footnote #ce3 ,see bel[4 ,footnote #cf3 ,comp>e ,web]1 ,/reif51 ,i4 #ff2 ,! k+'s fir/ wife lies ) a dead victim1 & is bid to come back aga9 to life4 ,levirate m>riage is kn[n to all ! codes1 b x is repreh5d$ by ! same code t enjo9s x4 7,m4 ix4 #fe47 ,footnote #cg3 ,! ordeal is call$ divyam 7praman4am7 ',gottesur!il4' ,?is means ( in=mation is employ$ especially 9 a disput$ debt & deposit1 & accord+ to ! =mal code is to be appli$ only 9 ! abs5ce ( witnesses4 ,! code also re/ricts ! use ( fire1 wat]1 & poison to ! slaves 7,yaj4 ii4 #ih74 ,footnote #ch3 ,kaegi4 ,alt] und ,h]kunft des ,g]manis*5 ,gottesur!ils1 p4 #ej4 ,we call especial att5tion to ! fact t ! mo/ /rik+ co9cid5ces 9 details ( practice are n e>ly ei!r 9 ,india or ,g]many4 ,footnote #ci3 ,s*lag9tweit1 ,die ,gattesur!ile d] ,indi]1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #dj3 ,?is is ! e>lie/ =mula4 ,lat] law-books describe ! l5g? & /r5g? ( ! b[1 & "s ev5 give ! measure ( di/ance to :i* ! arr[ mu/ be %ot4 ,two runn]s1 "o to g & "o to return1 are sometimes all[$4 ,!re is ano!r wat]-ordeal = religi\s m54 ,! accus$ is to dr9k consecrat$ wat]4 ,if 9 f\rte5 7or m or less7 days no calamity happ5 to him he w be innoc5t4 ,! same te/ is made 9 ! case ( ! oa? & ( poison 7bel[74 ,footnote #da3 ,9 ! case ( witnesses ,manu gives sev5 days z ! limit4 ,:5 "o adopts ! oa? z an ordeal ! mis=tune ( ! guilty is suppos$ to come 'quickly4' ,z an ordeal ?is is n f\nd 9 ! lat] law4 ,x is "o ( ! ,greek te/s 7loc4 cit474 ,:5 swe>+ ! ,h9du holds wat] or holy-grass4 ,footnote #db3 ,,av4 ii4 #ab is n a c]ta9 case ( ?is1 b x is at lea/ ,brahmanic4 ,! c>ry+ ( ! axe is allud$ to 9 ! ,*andogya ,upani%ad 7,s*lag9tweit1 ,die ,gattesur!ile d] ,indi]1 p4 #f74 ,footnote #dc3 ,yajavalkya 7loc4 cit47 re/ricts ?is te/ to wom51 *ildr51 prie/s1 ! old1 bl9d1 lame1 & sick4 ,on phala = agni1 ib4 ii4 #ii1 see ,,zdmg4 ix4 #fgg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,s*lag9tweit1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bf 7,hi\5 ,?sang74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,ja9ism4#a ,"o _c read ! ,upani%ads )\t feel+ t he is already fac+ an intellectual revolt4 ,n only 9 ! lat] tracts1 :i* are inspir$ ) devotion to a supreme & univ]sal ,"l1 b ev5 9 ! olde/ ( ^! works ! atmosph]e1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! e>li] ,brahmanic p]iod1 is ess5tially diff]5t4 ,! close & /ifl+ air ( ritualism has be5 *>g$ ) an electrical curr5t ( ?\ght t mu/ soon produce a /orm4 ,t /orm rea*$ a head 9 ,buddhism1 b its premonitory signs appe> 9 ! ,upani%ads1 & its fir/ outbreak prec$$ ! adv5t ( ,gautama4 ,7 x possible to draw a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ,upani%ads t come be=e & aft] ,buddhism1 x w\ld be hi/orically m correct to review ! two great s*isms1 ,ja9ism & ,buddhism1 be=e ref]r+ to ! sect>ian ,upani%ads4 ,= ^! latt] 9 _! pres5t =m are po/]ior to ! rise ( ! two great h]esies4 ,b1 s9ce su* a division is practically unc]ta9 9 its application1 we h ?\ght x bett] 9 our sket* ( ! ,upani%ads & legal lit]ature to foll[ to ! end ! c\rse ( t agitat$ ?\ght1 :i*1 />t+ ) ! great id5tification ( jiva1 ! individual _s1 & atma1 ! _w-_s1 ! ,all1 cont9ues till x loses itself 9 a multiplication ( sect>ian dogmas1 :]e ! ,all becomes ! god t has be5 elect$ by "o communion ( devotees4#b ,! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( ,upani%ad ?\ght are ^? ( a religion t has replac$ =mal acts by =mal introspection4 ,! ,yog9 devotee1 :o by my/ic communion desires absorption into ! _w-_s1 replaces ! ,sannyas9 & ,yati ascetics1 :o w\ld accompli% ! same end by r5unciation & sev]e self-mortification4 ,?is is a fre% figure on ! /age ( ?\ght1 :]e be=e 7 mad ,munis1 begg>s1 & miracle-mong]s4 ,on ?is /age /&s beside ! ascetic ! !oretical !osophi/ :o has succe$$ 9 id5tify+ himself1 sob]ly1 n 9 fr5zy1 ) ,god4#c ,:at 7 ! practical results ( ?is tea*+ has be5 indicat$ 9 "p already4 ,! futility ( ! /]eotyp$ religi\s (fices 0 recogniz$4 ,b ^! (fices c\ld n be disc>d$ by ! or?odox4 ,) ! lame & illogical excuse t !y 7 useful z discipl9e1 ?\gh uness5tial 9 reality1 !y 7 reta9$ by ! ,brahman prie/4 ,n s by ! ,ja92 /ill less s by ! ,buddhi/4 ,9 ! era 9 :i* arose ! public revolt aga9/ ! dogmatic tea*+ ( ! ,brahman !re 7 m sects ?an "o t h n[ pass$ away =gott54 ,! ea/]n "p ( ,india1 to :i* app]ta9 ! lat] "p ( ! atapa?a ,brahmana & ! s*ismatic h]esies1 0 full ( religi\s & philosophical controv]sy4 ,! great h]etics 7 n innovators 9 h]esy4 ,! ,brahmans p]mitt$1 enc\rag$1 & %>$ 9 !oretical controv]sy4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! t5ets ( ,ja9ism or ( ,buddhism t f a philosophical po9t ( view ne$ h caus$ a rupture ) ! ,brahmans4 ,b ! h]esies1 nev]!less1 d n repres5t ! prie/ly ca/e1 s mu* z ! ca/e mo/ apt to rival & to disreg>d ! claim ( ! ,brahman1 viz41 ! w>rior-ca/e4 ,!y 7 support$ by k+s1 :o gladly /ood aga9/ prie/s4 ,to a great ext5t bo? ,ja9ism & ,buddhism ow$ _! success 7amid o!r rival h]esies ) no less claim to good prote/antism7 to ! politics ( ! day4 ,! k+s ( ! ,ea/ 7 impati5t ( ! ,we/]n *ur*2 !y 7 pleas$ to ?r[ x ov]4 ,! lead]s 9 ! 're=mation' 7 ! y\ng] sons ( noble blood4 ,! *ur* receiv$ _m ( ^! y\ng] sons z prie/s4 ,bo? ,buddha & ,mahavira 71 9 fact1 revolt+ adh]5ts ( ! ,brahmanic fai?1 b !y 7 pr9ces & _h royalty to back !m4 ,nor 9 ! ,brahmanhood ( ,b5>es 0 ,brahmanhood at its /ronge/4 ,! seat ( ! ,v$ic cult lay to ! we/w>d1 :]e x arose1 9 ! 'holy l&1' :i* receiv$ ! ,v$ic ,aryans aft] !y _h cross$ out ( ! ,punjab4 ,) ! ea/w>d c\rse ( conque/ ! "* ( ! p & ! v or?odoxy ( ! prie/s 7 relax$4 ,! c\ntry t gave rise to ! fir/ h]esies 0 "o n consecrat$ to ! anci5t rites4 ,v sl[ly _h ^! rites m>*$ ?i!r1 & !y 71 s to speak1 f> f _! religi\s base ( supplies4 ,! ,we/ 0 m cons]vative ?an ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 ! home ( ! rites x favor$4 ,! ,ea/ 0 b a fo/]-fa!r4 ,new tribes1 new l&1 new gr[?1 socially & intellectually1--all ^! contribut$ 9 ! new seat ( ,brahmanhood to weak5 ! hold ( ! prie/s ^u _! speculative & n[ recalcitrant laity4 ,s be=e ,buddha !re 7 h]etics & ev5 ,buddhas1 = ! title 0 ,buddha's only by adoption4 ,b ( mo/ ( ^! e>li] sects "o kn[s little4 ,?ree or f\r names ( re=m]s h be5 h&$ d[n2 half a doz5 oppon5ts or rivals ( ,buddha exi/$ & vi$ ) him4 ,mo/ important ( ^!1 bo? on acc\nt ( 8 probable priority & because ( ! la/+ "* ( 8 s*ool1 0 ! f\nd] or re=m] ( ,ja9ism1 ,mahavira ,jatriputra1#d :o ) 8 elev5 *ief disciples may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ op5 sec$]s f ,brahmanism1 unless "o assign ! same date to ! revolt ( ,buddha4 ,! two s*isms h s mu* 9 common1 especially 9 outw>d features1 t = long x 0 ?\ght t ,ja9ism 0 a sub-sect ( ,buddhism4 ,9 _! leg5ds1 9 ! localities 9 :i* !y fl\ri%$1 & 9 _m m9utiae ( obs]vances !y are alike4 ,nev]!less1 _! diff]5ces are z great z ! resemblance betwe5 !m1 & :at ,ja9ism at fir/ appe>$ to h got ( ,buddhism seems n[ to be r ! common loan made by ea* sect f ,brahmanism4 ,x is safe/1 p]haps1 to re/ 9 ! assurance t ! two h]esies 7 contempor>ies ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c1 & leave unansw]$ ! "q :i* ,ma/] prec$$ ! o!r1 ?\gh we incl9e to ! op9ion t ! f\nd] ( ,ja9ism1 be he ,mahavira or 8 own reput$ ma/]1 ,parvana?a1 _h f\nd$ 8 sect be=e ,gautama became ,buddha4 ,b !re is "o good reason = treat+ ( ,ja9ism be=e ,buddhism1#e & t is1 t ! =m] repres5ts a !ological mean betwe5 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism4 ,mahavira1 ! reput$ f\nd] ( 8 sect1 01 l ,buddha & p]haps 8 o!r rivals1 ( ari/ocratic bir?4 ,8 fa!r is call$ k+1 b he 0 probably h]$it>y *ief ( a di/rict incorporat$ z a suburb ( ! capital city ( ,videha1 :ile by m>riage he 0 relat$ to ! k+ ( ,videha1 & to ! rul+ h\se ( ,magadha4 ,8 family "n 0 ,jatriputra1 or1 9 8 own ,prakrit 7,ardhamagadhi7 dialect1 ,nataputta2 b by 8 sect he 0 entitl$ ! ,great ,h]o1 ,mahavira2 ! ,conqu]or1 ,j9a2 ! ,great ,"o1 ,v>dhamana 7,v>dahmana 9 ! orig9al71 etc4 ,8 sect 0 t ( ! ,nirgran?as 7,niggan?as71 i4e41 ')\t bonds1' p]haps ! olde/ "n ( ! :ole body4 ,lat] !re are f\nd no less ?an sev5 sub-sects1 to :i* come z eigh? ! ,digamb>as1 9 contradi/9ction to all ! sev5 vetamb>a sects4 ,^! two names repres5t ! two pres5t bodies ( ! *ur*1 "o body be+ ! vetamb>as1 or ':ite-attire' faction1 :o are 9 ! nor? & we/2 ! o!r1 ! ,digamb>as1 or 'sky-attire1' i4e41 nak$ devotees ( ! s\?4 ,! latt] split (f f ! ma9 body ab\t two hundr$ ye>s aft] ,mahavira's dea?2 z has be5 ?\ght by "s1 because ! vetamb>as refus$ to foll[ ! ,digamb>as 9 insi/+ ^u nak$ness z ! rule = ascetics4#f ,! e>li] writ+s %[ t nak$ness 0 recomm5d$1 b 0 n compulsory4#g ,o!r designations ( ! ma9 sects1 z ( ! sub-sects1 are f\nd4 ,?us1 f ! practice ( pull+ out ! hairs ( _! body1 ! ,ja9s 7 d]isively t]m$ ,lucitakez1 or 'hair-pluck]s4' ,! nak$ devotees ( ?is s*ool are probably ! gymnosophi/s ( ! ,greek hi/orians1 al?\gh ?is g5]al t]m may h be5 us$ 9 describ+ o!r sects1 z ! practice ( disp5s+ ) attire is common ev5 to-day ) _m ,h9du devotees4#h ,an acc\nt ( ! ,ja9 absurdities 9 ! way ( speculation w\ld inde$ give "s idea ( _! intellectual frailty1 b1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,buddhi/s1 su* an acc\nt has b little to d ) _! religion4 ,x w suffice to /ate t ! 'ages' ( ! ,brahmans f :om ,ja9 & ,buddhi/ d]iv$ _! g5]al conceptions ( ! ages1 are "h reckon$ q diff]5tly2 & t ! fir/ ,j9a ( ! long s]ies ( pre-hi/oric prophets liv$ m ?an eight million ye>s & 0 five hundr$ b[-l5g?s 9 height4 ,monks & laym5 n[ appe> at l>ge 9 ,india1 a division :i* orig9at$ nei!r ) ,ja9 nor ,buddhi/1#i ?\gh ^! ord]s are m cle>ly divid$ among ! h]etics1 f :om1 aga91 0 borr[$ by ! ,h9du sects1 ! mona/ic in/itution1 9 ! n9? c5tury 7,a4,d471 9 all ! old] h]etical complet5ess4 ,al?\gh a!i/ic ! ,ja9 wor%ipp$ ! ,tea*]1 & paid "s reg>d to ! ,brahmanical div9ities1 j z he wor%ips ! ,h9du gods to-day1 = ! a!i/ical sy/ems admitt$ gods z demi-gods or dummy gods1 & 9 po9t ( fact became v sup]/iti\s4 ,yet are bo? f\nd]-wor%ip & sup]/ition r ! gr[? ( lat] g5]ations ?an ! orig9al practice4 ,! a!ism ( ! ,ja9 means d5ial ( a div9e creative ,_s4#aj ,?\gh at times 9 conflict ) ! ,brahmans ! ,ja9s nev] dep>t$ f ,india z did ! ,buddhi/s1 & ev5 ,brahmanic prie/s 9 "s p>ts ( ,india s]ve today 9 ,ja9 temples4 ,9 metaphysics z 9 religion ! ,ja9 diff]s radically f ! ,buddhi/4 ,he believes 9 a dualism n unlike t ( ! ,sankhyas1 :]eas ,buddhi/ic philosophy has no close connection ) ?is ,brahmanic sy/em4 ,to ! ,ja9 et]nal matt] /&s oppos$ to et]nal spirits1 = 7oppos$ to pan!ism7 e mat]ial entity 7ev5 wat]7 has its own individual _s4 ,! ,ja9's ,nirvana1 z ,b>? has said1 is escape f ! body1 n escape f exi/5ce4#aa ,l ! ,buddhi/ ! ,ja9 believes 9 re9c>nation1 eight bir?s1 aft] "o has />t$ on ! "r road1 be+ necess>y to ! completion ( p]fection4 ,bo? sects1 ) ! ,brahmans1 insi/ on ! non-injury doctr9e1 b 9 ?is reg>d ! ,ja9 exce$s 8 ,brahmanical tea*]'s practice4 ,bo? h]etical sects claim t _! reput$ f\nd]s 7 ! la/ ( tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty-five prophets :o prec$$ ! real f\nd]1 ea* successively hav+ become less mon/r\s 7m human7 9 =m4 ,! ,ja9 lit]ature left to u is q l>ge#ab & en\gh has be5 publi%$ already to make x necess>y to revise ! old belief 9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 ,ja9ism & ,buddhism4 ,we h said t ,ja9ism /&s ne>] to ,brahmanism 7) :i*1 h[ev]1 x frequ5tly _h qu>rels7 ?an does ,buddhism4#ac ,! mo/ /rik+ outw>d sign ( ?is is ! weight laid on asceticism1 :i* is common to ,brahmanism & ,ja9ism b is repudiat$ by ,buddhism4 ,twelve ye>s ( asceticism are necess>y to salvation1 z ?9ks ! ,ja91 & ?is self-mortification is ( ! mo/ /r+5t sort4 ,b x is n 9 _! diff]5t conception ( a ,nirvana release r ?an ( annihilation1 nor 9 ! ,sankhya-l#ad duality !y affect1 nor yet 9 ! prom95ce giv5 to self-mortification t ! ,ja9s diff] mo/ f ! ,buddhi/s4 ,! contra/ w appe> m cle>ly :5 we come to deal ) ! latt] sect4 ,at pres5t we take up ! ,ja9 doctr9e = itself4 ,! '?ree gems' :i*1 accord+ to ! ,ja9s1#ae result 9 ! _s's atta9m5t ( deliv]ance are k1 fai?1 & virtue1 or lit]ally '"r k1 "r intuition1 & "r practices4' ,"r k is a true k ( ! relation ( _s & n-_s 7! _w consi/s ( two classes1 _s & non-_s71 ! latt] be+ immortal l ! =m]4 ,"r intuition is absolute fai? 9 ! ^w ( ! ,ma/] & ! decl>ations ( ! ,agamas1 or sacr$ texts4 ,"r practices or virtue consi/s1 accord+ to ! ,yogaa/ra1 9 ! correct fivefold conduct ( "o t has k & fai?3 7#a7 ,non-injury1 7#b7 k9dness & speak+ :i* is true 79 s f> z ! tru? is pleasant to ! he>]71#af 7#c7 honorable conduct1 typifi$ by 'n /eal+1' 7#d7 *a/ity 9 ^w1 ?\ght1 & de$1 7#e7 r5unciation ( e>?ly int]e/s4 ,! doctr9e ( non-injury f\nd b modifi$ approval among ! ,brahmans4 ,!y limit$ its application 9 ! case ( sacrifice1 & = ?is reason 7 bitt]ly taunt$ by ! ,ja9s z 'murd]]s4' ,vil] ?an unbeliev]s1 says ! ,yogaa/ra1 quot+ a law ( ,manu to ! effect t animals may be sla9 = sacrifice1 all ^? cruel ones :o make ! law t tea*es kill+4#ag ,= ?is reason ! ,ja9 is f> m p>ticul> 9 8 respect = life ?an is ! ,buddhi/4 ,le/ animate ?+s1 ev5 plants & animalculae1 be de/roy$1 he sweeps ! gr\nd be=e him z he goes1 walks veil$ le/ he inhale a liv+ organism1 /ra9s wat]1 & rejects n only meat b ev5 honey1 toge!r ) v>i\s fruits t are suppos$ to conta9 worms2 n because ( 8 di/a/e = worms b because ( 8 reg>d = life4 ,o!r argum5ts :i*1 logically1 %\ld n be all[$ to influ5ce him are admitt$1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to t]rify ! he>]4 ,?us ! fir/ argum5t aga9/ ! use ( honey is t x de/roys life2 !n foll[s ! argum5t t honey is 'spit out by bees' & !re=e x is na/y4#ah ,! ,ja9 diff]s f ! ,buddhi/ /ill m 9 ascetic practices4 ,he is a =]unn]1 9 fact1 ( ! horrible mod]n devotee ^: practices we %all describe bel[4 ,! old] view ( sev5 hells 9 opposition to ! legal ,brahmanic numb] ( ?rice sev5 is f\nd 7z x is 9 ! ,mark&eya ,purana71 b :e!r ?is be ! rule we _c say4#ai ,x is int]e/+ to see t hell is prescrib$ ) metempsy*osis exactly z x is among ! ,brahmans4#bj ,re9c>nation one>? & puni%m5t 9 hells betwe5 re9c>nation seems to be ! usual belief4 ,! salvation :i* is atta9$ by ! practice ( k1 fai?1 & five-fold virtue1 is n imm$iate1 b x w come aft] successive re9c>nations2 & ?is salvation is ! free+ ( ! et]nal _s f ! bonds ( et]nal matt]2 9 o!r words1 x is mu* m l ! 'release' ( ! ,brahman ?an x is l ! ,buddhi/ic ,nirvana1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re is no 'absorption1' ea* _s rema9+ s+le4 ,9 ! ord] ( ! ,ratnatraya or '?ree gems' ank>a appe>s to lay ! greate/ weight on fai?1 b 9 ,hemac&ra's s*$ule k#ba holds ! fir/ place4 ,?is is "p ( t ,yoga1 asceticism1 :i* is ! mo/ important elem5t 9 atta9+ salvation4#bb ,ano!r division ( "r practices is cit$ by ! ,yogaa/ra 7,i4 #cc ff473 ,"s sa9ts say t virtue is divid$ into five k9ds ( c>e & ?ree k9ds ( control1 to wit1 prop] c>e 9 walk+1 talk+1 begg+ = food1 sitt+1 & p]=m+ natural functions ( ! body--^! con/itute ! five k9ds ( c>e1 & ! k9ds ( control are ^? ( ?\ght1 spee*1 & act4 ,?is tea*+ x is /at$1 is = ! monks4 ,! practice ( ! laity is to accord ) ! cu/om ( _! c\ntry4 ,! *ief g5]al rules = ! laity consi/ 9 v[s ( ob$i5ce to ! true god1 to ! law1 & to ! 7pres5t7 ,tea*]2 :i* are some:at l ! v[s ( ! ,buddhi/4 ,god "h is ! ,arhat1 ! 'v5]able' f\nd] ( ! sect4 ,! laic has also five less] v[s3 n to kill1 n to lie1 n to /eal1 n to commit adult]y or =nication1 to be cont5t ) little4 ,accord+ to ! a/ra already cit$ ! laic mu/ rise e>ly 9 ! morn+1 wor%ip ! god's idol at home1 g to ! temple & circumambulate ! ,j9a idol ?ree times1 /rew+ fl[]s1 & s++ hymns& !n read ! ,pratyakhyana 7an old ,purva1 gospel74#bc ,fur!r rules ( pray] & practice guide him ?r\gh 8 day4 ,& by foll[+ ?is rule he expects to obta9 spiritual 'fre$om' h]eaft]2 b = 8 life on e>? he is )\t praise or blame = ?is _w or ! next1 = life or = dea?1 hav+ m$itation z 8 "o pure wife 7iii4 #aej74 ,he w become a god 9 heav51 be reborn aga9 on e>?1 & s1 aft] eight successive exi/5ces 7! ,buddhi/ic numb]71 at la/ obta9 salvation1 release 7f bodies7 = 8 et]nal s\l 7#aec74 ,z 9 ! ,upani%ads1 ! gods1 l m51 are a "p ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,! wise man goes to !m 7becomes a god7 only to return to e>? aga94 ,all sy/ems ?us unite hell & heav5 ) ! k>ma doctr9e4 ,b 9 ?is ,ja9 "w1 z 9 s _m ( ! or?odox writ+s1 ! weight is laid m on hell z a puni%m5t ?an on rebir?4 ,probably ! fir/ ,ja9s did n ackn[l$ge gods at all1 = x is an e>ly rule ) !m n to say ',god ra9s1' or use any su* expression1 b to say '! cl\d ra9s'2 & 9 o!r ways !y avoid to employ a t]m9ology :i* admits ev5 implicitly ! exi/5ce ( div9ities4 ,yet d !y use a god n infrequ5tly z an ag5t ( glorification ( ,mahavira1 say+ 9 lat] writ+s t ,indra trans=m$ himself1 to d ! ,tea*] honor2 & (t5 !y speak ( ! gods & goddesses z if ^! 7 reg>d$ z spirits4 ,demons & inf]ior be+s are also utiliz$ 9 ! same way1 z :5 x is said t at ! ,tea*]'s bir? ! demons 7spirits7 %[]$ gold ^u ! t[n4 ,! religi\s ord]s ( ! vetamb>a sect conta9$ nuns z well z monks1 al?\gh1 z we h said1 wom5 are n e/eem$ v favorably3 ,! _w is greatly tr\bl$ by wom54 ,p say t wom5 are vessels ( pleasure4 ,b ?is leads !m to pa91 to delusion1 to dea?1 to hell1 to bir? z hell-be+s or brute-bea/s4 ,su* is ! decision 9 ! ,aearanga ,sutra1 or book ( usages = ! ,ja9 monk & nun4 ,f ! same "w we extract a few rules to illu/rate ! practices ( ! ,ja9s4 ,?is lit]ature is ! mo/ t$i\s 9 ! _w1 & to give ! gi/ ( ! h]etic law-mak]'s manual w suffice4 ,asceticism %\ld be practic$ by monk & nun1 if possible4 ,b if "o f9ds t he _c resi/ 8 passions1 or is disabl$ & _c endure au/]ities1 he may commit suicide2 al?\gh ?is release is sometimes repreh5d$1 & is n all[able till "o has /riv5 aga9/ yield+ to su* a means4 ,b :5 ! twelve ye>s ( asceticism are pass$ "o has assurance ( rea*+ ,nirvana1 & s may kill himself4 ,( ,nirvana !re is no description4 ,x is release1 salvation1 b x is ( su* sort t 9 reg>d to x 'speculation has no place1' & '! m9d _c conceive ( x' 7copi$ f ! ,upani%ads74 ,9 o!r reg>ds1 9 contra/ to ! nihili/ic ,buddhi/1 ! ,ja9 assumes a d\btful attitude1 s t he is t]m$ ! 'may-be philosoph]1' syadvad91#bd 9 opposition to ! ,buddhi/1 ! philosoph] ( '! void4' ,b if ! ,ja9 may kill himself1 he may n kill or injure any?+ else4 ,n ev5 food prep>$ ov] a fire is acceptable1 le/ he hurt ! 'fire-be+s1' = z he believes 9 wat]-be+s1 s he believes 9 fire-be+s1 w9d-be+s1 etc4 ,e plant & se$ is holy ) ! sacr$ness ( life4 ,he may n hurt or drive away ! insects t torm5t 8 nak$ fle%4 ',pati5ce is ! highe/ good1' he decl>es1 & ! rules = sitt+ & ly+ conclude ) ! /atem5t t n to move at all1 n to /ir1 is ! be/ rule4 ,to lie nak$1 bitt5 by v]m91 & n to di/urb !m1 is religion4 ,l a true ,puritan1 ! ,ja9 reg>ds pleasure 9 itself z s9ful4 ,:at is discont5t1 & :at is pleasure8 ,"o %\ld live subject to nei!r4 ,giv+ up all gaiety1 circumspect1 re/ra9$1 "o %\ld lead a religi\s life4 ,man6 ,?\ art ?9e own fri5d2 :y longe/ ?\ = a fri5d beyond ?yself8444 ,fir/ tr\bles1 !n pleasures2 fir/ pleasures1 !n tr\bles4 ,^! are ! cause ( qu>rels4 ,& aga91 ,let "o ?9k1 ',i am ,i4' i4e41 let "o be dep5d5t on himself alone4 ,:5 a ,ja9 monk or nun he>s t !re is to be a fe/ival 7p]haps to ! gods1 to ,indra1 ,skahda1 ,rudra1 ,vi%nu1#be or ! demons1 z 9 ,acaranga ,sutra1 ii4 #a4 #b7 he mu/ n g ?i!r2 he mu/ keep himself f all frivolities & ent]ta9m5ts4 ,dur+ ! f\r mon?s ( ! ra9y season he is to rema9 9 "o place1#bf b at o!r times1 ei!r nak$ or attir$ 9 a few g>m5ts1 he is to w&] ab\t begg+4 ,9 go+ on 8 begg+ t\r he is n to answ] que/ions1 nor to retort if revil$4 ,he is to speak politely 7! =mulae = polite address & rude address are giv571 beg mode/ly1 & n r5d] himself liable to suspicion on acc\nt ( 8 behavior :5 9 ! h\se ( "o ( ! fai?ful4 ,:atev] be ! quality ( ! food he mu/ eat x1 if x be n a wrong sort4 ,rice & beans are especially recomm5d$ to him4 ,! great ,tea*] ,jatriputra 7,mahavira71 x is said1 nev] w5t to %[s1 pantom9es1 box+-mat*es1 & ! l2 b1 rema9+ 9 8 p>5ts' h\se till _! dea?1 t he might n grieve 8 "m1 at ! age ( tw5ty-eight r5\nc$ ! _w ) ! cons5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 & betook himself to asceticism2 travell+ nak$ 7aft] a ye> ( clo!s7 into b>b>\s l&s1 b always conv]t+ & endur+ ! reproa* ( ! wick$4 ,he 0 beat5 & set ^u by s9ful m51 yet 0 he nev] mov$ to ang]4 ,?us x 0 t he became ! ,arhat1 ! ,j9a1 ! ,keval9 7p]fect sage74#bg ,x is sad to h to add1 h[ev]1 t ,mahavira is traditionally said to h di$ 9 a fit ( apoplectic rage4 ,! equipm5t ( a monk are 8 clo!s 7or1 bett]1 none71 8 alms-b[l1 broom1 & veil4 ,he is 'unfett]$1' 9 be+ )\t desires & )\t injury to o!rs4 ',"s say t all sorts ( liv+ be+s may be sla91 or abus$1 or torm5t$1 or driv5 away--! doctr9e ( ! unwor?y4 ,! righte\s man does n kill nor cause o!rs to kill4 ,he %\ld n cause ! same puni%m5t = himself4' ,! la/ clause is significant4 ,:at he does to ano!r liv+ be+ w be done to him4 ,he w suff] z he has caus$ o!rs to suff]4 ,! *a9 f emotion to hell--! avoidance ( ! =m] is on acc\nt ( ! fe> ( ! latt]--is ?us connect$3 ,he :o kn[s wra? kn[s pride2 he :o kn[s pride kn[s deceit2 he :o kn[s deceit kn[s gre$ 7& s on2 ?us "o advances7 f gre$ to love1 f love to hate1 f hate to delusion1 f delusion to conception1 f conception to bir?1 f bir? to dea?1 f dea? to hell1 f hell to animal exi/5ce1 '& he :o kn[s animal exi/5ce kn[s pa94' ,! five great v[s1 :i* h be5 ?\ght by "s s*ol>s to be copies ( ! ,buddhi/ic rules1 :]eas !y are really modifications ( ! old ,brahmanic rules = ascetics z expla9$ 9 pre-,buddhi/ic lit]ature1 are 9 detail z foll[s3#bh ,! ,fir/ v[3 ,i r5\nce all kill+ ( liv+ be+s1 :e!r subtile or gross1 :e!r movable or immovable4 ,nor %all ,i myself kill liv+ be+s nor cause o!rs to d x1 nor cons5t to x4 ,z long z ,i live ,i confess & blame1 rep5t & exempt myself ( ^! s9s 9 ! ?rice ?reefold way1#bi 9 m9d1 spee*1 & body4 ,! five 'clauses' t expla9 ?is v[ are3 7#a7 ! ,niggan?a 7,ja97 is c>eful 9 walk+2 7#b7 he does n all[ 8 m9d to act 9 a way to sugge/ injury ( liv+ be+s2 7#c7 he does n all[ 8 spee* to incite to injury2 7#d7 he is c>eful 9 lay+ d[n 8 ut5sils2 7#e7 he inspects 8 food & dr9k le/ he hurt liv+ be+s4 ,! ,second ,v[3 ,i r5\nce all vices ( ly+ spee* aris+ f ang]1 or gre$1 or fe>1 or mir?4 ,i confess 7etc1 z 9 ! fir/ v[74 ,! five clauses "h expla9 t ! ,niggan?a speaks only aft] delib]ation2 does n get angry2 r5\nces gre$2 r5\nces fe>2 r5\nces mir?--le/ ?r\gh any ( ^! he be mov$ to lie4 ,! ,?ird ,v[3 ,i r5\nce all tak+ ( any?+ n giv51 ei!r 9 a village1 or a t[n1 or a wood1 ei!r ( little or mu*1 or small or great1 ( liv+ or lifeless ?+s4 ,i %all nei!r take myself :at is n giv5 nor cause o!rs to take x1 nor cons5t to _! tak+ x4 ,z long z ,i live ,i confess 7etc41 z 9 ! fir/ v[74 ,! clauses "h expla9 t ! ,niggan?a mu/ avoid diff]5t possibilities ( /eal+1 su* z tak+ food )\t p]mission ( 8 sup]ior4 ,"o clause /ates t he may take only a limit$ gr\nd = a limit$ "t1 i4e41 he may n settle d[n indef9itely on a wide area1 = he may n hold l& absolutely4 ,ano!r clause insi/s on 8 hav+ 8 grant to ! l& r5ew$ frequ5tly4 ,! ,f\r? ,v[3 ,i r5\nce all sexual pleasures1 ei!r ) gods1 or m51 or animals4 ,i %all n give way to s5suality 7etc74 ,! clauses "h =bid ! ,niggan?a to discuss topics relat+ to wom51 to contemplate ! =ms ( wom51 to recall ! pleasures & amusem5ts he us$ to h ) wom51 to eat & dr9k too highly season$ vi&s1 to lie ne> wom54 ,! ,fif? ,v[3 ,i r5\nce all atta*m5ts1 :e!r little or mu*1 small or great1 liv+ or lifeless2 nei!r %all ,i myself =m su* atta*m5ts1 nor cause o!rs to d s1 nor cons5t to _! do+ s 7etc474 ,! five clauses p>ticul>ize ! dang]\s atta*m5ts =m$ by e>s1 eyes1 smell1 ta/e1 t\*4 ,x has be5 %[n above 7foll[+ ,jacobi's tell+ comp>ison ( ! h]etical v[s ) ^? ( ! e>ly ,brahman ascetic7 t ^! v[s are tak5 n f ,buddhism b f ,brahmanism4 ,jacobi op9es t ! ,ja9s took ! f\r fir/ & t ! re=m] ,mahavira add$ ! fif? z an (fset to ! ,brahmanical v[ ( lib]ality4#cj ,! same writ] %[s t c]ta9 m9or rules ( ! ,ja9 sect are d]iv$ f ! same ,brahmanical s\rce4 ,! ma9 diff]5ces betwe5 ! two ,ja9 sects h be5 catalogu$ 9 an int]e/+ sket* by ,williams1#ca :o m5tions z ! *ief ,ja9 /ations ( ! nor? ,delhi 7:]e !re is an annual ga!r+71 ,jeypur1 & ,ajmir4 ,to ^! ,ma?ura on ! ,jumna %\ld be add$4#cb ,! vetamb>as _h =ty-five or =ty-six ,agamas1 elev5 or twelve ,angas1 twelve ,upangas1 & o!r scriptures ( ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 z !y claim4 ,!y d n g nak$ 7ev5 _! idols are clo!d71 & !y admit wom5 into ! ord]4 ,! ,digamb>as d n admit wom51 g nak$1 & h = sacr$ texts lat] works ( ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! latt] ( c\rse ass]t t ! scriptures ( ! =m] sect are spuri\s4#cc ,9 di/9ction f ! ,buddhi/s ! ,ja9s ( to-day keep up ca/e4 ,"s ( !m are ,brahmans4 ,!y h1 ( c\rse1 a diff]5t pray]-=mula1 & h no ,/upas or ,dagobas 7to hold relics72 &1 besides ! metaphysical diff]5ce spok5 ( above1 !y diff] f ! ,buddhi/s 9 assum+ t metempsy*osis does n /op at animal exi/5ce1 b includes inanimate ?+s 7z ^! are reg>d$ by o!rs74 ,accord+ to "o ( _! own sect ( to-day1 ahi4msa p>amo dh>mas1 '! highe/ law ( duty is n to hurt a liv+ creature4'#cd ,! mo/ /rik+ absurdity ( ! ,ja9 rev]5ce = life has frequ5tly be5 comm5t$ ^u4 ,almo/ e city ( we/]n ,india1 :]e !y are f\nd1 has its bea/-hospital1 :]e animals are kept & f$4 ,an amus+ acc\nt ( su* an hospital1 call$ ,pinjra ,pol1 at ,saur>a%tra1 ,surat1 is giv5 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4#ce ,five ?\s& rats 7 support$ 9 su* a temple-hospital 9 ,kut*4#cf ,( all ! great religi\s sects ( ,india t ( ,nataputta is p]haps ! lea/ int]e/+1 & has app>5tly ! lea/ excuse = be+4#cg ,! ,ja9s (f]$ to ! _w b "o great moral tru?1 )al a negative tru?1 'n to h>m1' nor 0 ?is v]ity inv5t$ by !m4 ,inde$1 :at to ! ,ja9 is ! great tru? is only a grotesque exagg]ation ( :at o!r sects recogniz$ 9 a reasonable =m4 ,( all ! sects ! ,ja9s are ! mo/ colorless1 ! mo/ insipid4 ,!y h no lit]ature wor?y ( ! "n4 ,!y 7 n orig9al en\gh to give up _m or?odox features1 s t !y seem l a weak5$ rill ( ,brahmanism1 cut (f f ! s\rce1 yet devoid ( all indep5d5t "*4 ,a religion 9 :i* ! *ief po9ts insi/$ ^u are t "o %\ld d5y ,god1 wor%ip man1 & n\ri% v]m91 has inde$ no "r to exi/2 nor has x _h z a sy/em mu* influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,buddhism1 ! ref9$ ,ja9 metaphysics are probably a late gr[?4 ,hi/orically ^! sect>ies s]v$ a purpose z e>ly prote/ants aga9/ rituali/ic & poly!i/ic ,brahmanism2 b _! real aff9ity ) ! latt] fai? is s great t at he>t !y soon became ,brahmanic aga94 ,_! position geographically w\ld make x seem probable t !y1 & n ! ,buddhi/s1 _h a h& 9 ! mak+ ( ! e?ics ( ! lat] epic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,we reta9 "h & 9 ,buddhism ! usual t]m9ology4 ,/rictly speak+1 ,ja9ism is to ,j9a 7! re=m]'s title7 z is ,bauddhism to ,buddha1 s t "o %\ld say ,j9ism1 ,buddhism1 or ,ja9ism1 ,bauddhism4 ,bo? titles1 ,j9a & ,buddha 7'victor' & 'awak5$'71 7 giv5 to ea* lead]2 z 9 g5]al _m o!r mutual titles ( honor 7 appli$ by ea* sect to its own head1 ,j9a1 ,arhat 7'v5]able'71 ,mahavira 7'great h]o'71 ,buddha1 etc4 ,"o ( ^! titles 0 us$1 h[ev]1 z a title ( honor by ! ,ja9s1 b to designate h]etics by ! ,buddhi/s1 viz41 ,tir?ank>a 7,tir?ak>a 9 ! orig9al71 'prophet' 7see ,jacobi1 ,,sbe4 xxii4 ,introd4 p4 xx74 ,footnote #b3 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 t bo? ,vi%nuite & ivaite sects 7or1 less angliciz$1 ,vai%navas1 aivas1 if "o w also say ,vaidic = ,v$ic71 7 =m$ be=e ! end ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,n long aft] ?is ! div9ities iva & ,vi%nu receive especial honor4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,begg> 7ramana1 ,bhik%u71 ! ,r5unciator 7,sannyasin71 ! ,ascetic 7,yati71 are ,brahmanic t]ms z well z sect>ian4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ?ree great re=m]s ( ?is p]iod are ,mahavira1 ,buddha1 & ,gosala4 ,! la/ 0 fir/ a pupil & !n a rival ( ,mahavira4 ,! latt]'s nephew1 ,jamali1 also f\nd$ a di/9ct sect & became 8 uncle's oppon5t1 ! speculative sect>ian t5d5cy be+ z pron\nc$ z x 0 ab\t ! same "t 9 ,hellas4 ,gosala appe>s to h _h q a foll[+1 & 8 sect exi/$ = a long "t1 b n[ x is utt]ly p]i%$4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is re=m] & ( ,jamali w be f\nd 9 ,leumann's essay1 ,indis*e ,/udi51 xvii4 p4 #ih ff4 & 9 ! app5dix to ,rockhill's ,life ( ,buddha4 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,nirgran?as 7,ja9s7 are nev] ref]r$ to by ! ,buddhi/s z be+ a new sect1 nor is _! reput$ f\nd]1 ,nataputta1 spok5 ( z _! f\nd]2 :5ce ,jacobi plausibly argues t _! real f\nd] 0 old] ?an ,mahavira1 & t ! sect prec$$ t ( ,buddha4 ,lass5 & ,web] h claim$1 on ! contr>y1 t ,ja9ism is a revolt aga9/ ,buddhism4 ,! id5tification ( ,nataputta 7,jatriputra7 ) ,mahavira is due to ,bhl] & ,jacobi 7,kalpasutra1 ,introd4 p4#f74 ,footnote #f3 ,accord+ to ,jacobi1 ,,zdmg4 xxxviii4 #ag1 ! split 9 ! p>ty arose 9 ?is way4 ,ab\t #cej ,b4,c4 "s ,ja9 monks "u ! lead]%ip ( ,bhadrabahu w5t s\?1 & !y foll[$ /rict] rules ( asceticism ?an did _! fell[s 9 ! nor?4 ,bo? sects are modifications ( ! orig9al type1 & _! diff]5ces did n result 9 sect>ian sep>ation till ab\t ! "t ( our era1 at :i* epo* arose ! diff]5tiat+ titles ( sects t _h n previ\sly sep>at$ into =mal divisions1 b _h drift$ ap>t geographically4 ,footnote #g3 ,comp>e ,jacobi1 loc4 cit4 & ,leumann's acc\nt ( ! sev5 sects ( ! vetamb>as 9 ! essay 9 ! ,indis*e ,/udi5 ref]r$ to above4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,ja9s are f\nd to ! numb] ( ab\t a million 9 ! nor?we/ 7vetamb>as71 & s\? 7,digamb>as7 ( ,india4 ,! orig9al seat ( ! :ole body 9 its fir/ =m 01 z we h said1 ne> ,b5>es1 :]e also arose & fl\ri%$ ,buddhism4 ,footnote #h3 ,hemac&ra's ,yogaa/ra1 edit$ by ,w9dis*1 ,,zdmg4 xxviii4 #ahe ff4 7iii4 #acc74 ,! ,ja9's hate ( wom5 did n prev5t 8 wor%ipp+ goddesses z ! female en]gy l ! lat] ,h9du sects4 ,! ,ja9s are divid$ 9 reg>d to ! possibility ( woman's salvation4 ,! ,yogaa/ra alludes to wom5 z '! lamps t burn on ! road t leads to ! gate ( hell1' ii4 #hg4 ,! ,digamb>as d n admit wom5 into ! ord]1 z d ! vetamb>as4 ,footnote #i3 ,die ,bh>ata-sage1 ,leumann1 ,,zdmg4 xlviii4 p4#fe4 ,see also above 9 ! ,sutras4 ,) ! ,ja9s !re is less ( ! mona/ic side ( religion ?an ) ! ,buddhi/s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ja9s are sometimes call$ ,arhats on acc\nt ( _! v5]ation = ! ,arhat or *ief ,j9a 7:5ce ,ja974 ,_! only real gods are _! *iefs or ,tea*]s1 ^: idols are wor%ipp$ 9 ! temples4 ,?us1 l ! ,buddhi/ & "s ,h9du sects ( mod]n times1 !y h giv5 up ,god to wor%ip man4 ,r h !y adopt$ an idolatry ( man & wor%ip ( womanhood1 = !y also rev]e ! female en]gy4 ,positivism has anci5t models6 ,footnote #aa3 ,! ,ja9 sub-sects did n diff] mu* among !mselves 9 philosophical speculation4 ,_! diff]5ces 7 r ( a practical sort4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see ! li/ ( ! ,b]t9 ,,mss42 ,web]1 ,b]l9 ,,mss4 vol4 ii4 #ahib2 & ! ?irty-?ird volume ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,j\rnal1 pp4 #agh1 #fic4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! lit]ature see also ,jacobi's introduction to ! ,,sbe4 vol4 xxii2 & ,web]1 ,ueb] die heilig5 ,s*rift5 d] ,ja9a 9 vols4 xvi1 xvii ( ! ,indis*e ,/udi5 7translat$ by ,smy? 9 ! ,indian ,antiqu>y72 & ! ,bibliography 7bel[74 ,footnote #ac3 ,a case ( connection 9 leg5ds betwe5 ,buddhi/ & ,ja9 is m5tion$ bel[4 ,ano!r is ! hi/ory ( k+ ,pasi1 elaborat$ 9 ,buddhi/ic lit]ature 7,tripitaka7 & 9 ! second ,ja9 ,upanga alike1 z has be5 %[n by ,leumann4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,ja9's _s1 h[ev]1 is n a _w-_s4 ,he does n believe 9 an ,all-,_s1 b 9 a plurality ( et]nal spirits1 fire-spirits1 w9d-spirits1 plant-spirits1 etc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,comp>e ,colebrooke's ,essays1 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #djd1 #ddd1 & ! ,yogaa/ra cit$ above4 ,footnote #af3 ,?is is n 9 ! e>li] =m ( ! v[ 7see bel[74 ,footnote #ag3 ,,ii4 #cg & #da4 ,al?\gh ! ,brahman ascetic took ! v[ n to kill1 yet is he p]mitt$ to d s = sacrifice1 & he may eat fle% ( animals kill$ by o!r animals 7,gautama1 #c4 #ca74 ,footnote #ah3 ,loc4 cit4 ,,iii4 #cg-ch4 ,! ev5+ & night are n times to eat1 & = ! same reason ,! ,gods eat 9 ! morn+1 ! ,se]s at noon1 ! ,fa!rs 9 ! aft]noon1 ! devils at twilight & night 7ib4 #eh74 ,= at night "o might eat a a liv+ ?+ by mi/ake4 ,footnote #ai3 ,loc4 cit4 ,,ii4 #bg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! pun ma4msa1 ,me eat w be h]eaft] ^: meat ,i eat 9 ?is life 7,lanman71 %[s t ,ja9 & ,brahman believ$ 9 a hell :]e ! injur$ av5g$ !mselves 7,manu1 ,v4 #ee2 ,,hy4 ,,iii4 #bf71 j z is relat$ 9 ! ,bhrigu /ory 7above74 ,footnote #ba3 ,by intuition or in/ruction4 ,footnote #bb3 ,loc4 cit4 ,i4 #ae ff4 ,footnote #bc3 ,loc4 cit4 #aba ff4 ,wilson1 ,essays1 ,i4 #cai1 gives a description ( ! simple ,ja9 ritual4 ,footnote #bd3 ,:o says may be4 ,footnote #be3 ,mukunda4 ,footnote #bf3 ,?is 'keep+ vasso' is also a ,brahmanic cu/om1 z ,bhl] has po9t$ out4 ,b x is said some:]e t at t season ! roads are impossible1 s t !re is n s mu* a consci\s copy+ z a physical necessity 9 keep+ vasso2 p]haps also a moral t\*1 ow+ to ! increase ( life & dang] ( kill+4 ,footnote #bg3 ,9 ! lives ( ! ,j9as x is said t ,jatriputra's 7,nataputta's7 p>5ts wor%ipp$ ! 'p's favorite1' ,parva1 & 7 foll[]s ( ! ramanas 7ascetics74 ,9 ! same "w 7:i* conta9s no?+ fur!r = our purpose7 x is said t ,arhats1 ,cakrav>ts1 ,baladevas1 & ,vasudevas1 pres5t1 pa/1 & future1 are ari/ocrats1 born 9 noble families4 ,! h]esies & sect>ies c]ta9ly claim z mu*4 ,footnote #bh3 ,acaranga ,s4 ii4 #ae4 ,we give ,jacobi's translation1 z 9 ! v]ses already cit$ f ?is "w4 ,footnote #bi3 ,act+1 comm&+1 cons5t+1 pa/1 pres5t1 or future 7,jacobi74 ,footnote #cj3 ,,sbe4 xxii4 ,introd4 p4 xxiv4 ,footnote #ca3 ,,jras4 xx4 #bgi4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see ,bhl]1 ! la/ volume ( ! ,epigraphica ,indica1 & 8 o!r articles 9 ! ,,wzkm4 v4 #ei1 #age4 ,jeypur1 accord+ to ,williams1 is ! /ronghold ( ! ,digamb>a ,ja9s4 ,comp>e ,?omas1 ,,jras4 ix4 #aee1 ,e>ly ,fai? ( ,aoka4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! r$action ( ! ,ja9 canon took place1 accord+ to tradition1 9 #ded or #dfg ,a4,d4 7possibly #ebg74 ,! orig9 ( ! extant ,ja9a lit]ature _c be plac$ e>li] ?an ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 7,jacobi1 ,introduction to ,ja9 ,sutras1 pp4 xxxvii1 xliii74 ,! pres5t ,angas 7'divisions'7 7 prec$$ by ,purvas1 ( :i* !re are said to h be5 at fir/ f\rte54 ,on ! numb] ( ! scriptures see ,web]1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #cd3 ,williams1 loc4 cit4 ,! pray]-=mula is3 ',rev]5ce to ,arhats1 sa9ts1 tea*]s1 subtea*]s1 & all good m54' ,footnote #ce3 ',a place :i* is appropriat$ = ! reception ( old1 worn-out1 lame1 or disabl$ animals4 ,at t "t 7#ahbc7 !y *iefly consi/$ ( buffaloes & c[s1 b !re 7 also goats & %eep1 & ev5 cocks & h5s1' & also 'ho/s ( v]m94' ,footnote #cf3 ,,jras4 #ahcd1 p4 #if4 ,! t[n 0 tax$ to provide ! food = ! rats4 ,footnote #cg3 ,because ! ,ja9s h rev]t$ to idolatry1 demonology1 & man-wor%ip4 ,b at ! outset !y appe> to h _h two great pr9ciples1 "o1 t !re is no div9e p[] high] ?an man2 ! o!r1 t all life is sacr$4 ,"o ( ^! is n[ practically giv5 up1 & ! o!r 0 always tak5 too s]i\sly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,buddhism4 ,:ile ! pan!i/ic believ] proce$$ to an?ropomorphize 9 a /ill great] degree ! atma ( 8 fa!rs1 & ev5tually l&$ 9 h]etical sect>ianism2 :ile ! or?odox ,brahman simply add$ to 8 pan!on 79 ,manu & o!r law-codes7 ! ,brahmanic figure ( ! ,creator1 ,brahma2 ! tru?-seek] t foll[$ ! l9es ( ! e>li] philosophical ?\ght arriv$ at a!ism1 & 9 consequ5ce became ei!r /oic or h$oni/4 ,! latt] s*ool1 ! ,carvakas1 ! s-call$ disciples ( ,brihaspati1 h1 inde$1 a philosophy )\t religion4 ,!y simply say t ! gods d n exi/1 ! prie/s are hypocrites2 ! ,v$as1 humbug2 & ! only ?+ wor? liv+ =1 9 view ( ! fact t !re are no gods1 no heav51 & no s\l1 is pleasure3 ',:ile life rema9s let a man live happily2 let him n g )\t butt] 7lit]ally ghee7 ev5 ?\gh he run into debt1' etc4#a ,( /]n] /uff 0 ! man :o inv5t$ a new religion z a solace = sorr[ & a refuge f ! nihilism 9 :i* he believ$4 ,:e!r ,ja9ism or ,buddhism be ! old] h]esy1 & x is n probable t any def9itive answ] to ?is "q w ev] be giv51 "o ?+ has become cle> 9 ! light ( rec5t /udies1 namely1 ! fact already %[n1 t to ,brahmanism are due "s ( ! mo/ m>k$ traits ( bo? ! h]etical sects4 ,! f\nd] ( ,buddhism did n /rike out a new sy/em ( morals2 he 0 n a democrat2 he did n orig9ate a plot to ov]?r[ ! ,brahmanic prie/hood2 he did n inv5t ! ord] ( monks4#b ,!re is1 p]haps1 no p]son 9 hi/ory 9 reg>d to :om h aris5 s _m op9ions t are ei!r :olly false or half false4#c ,we %all n canvass 9 detail views t w\ld be m5tion$ only to be reject$4 ,ev5 ! brilliant /udy ( ,s5>t1#d 9 :i* ! figure ( ,buddha is resolv$ into a sol> type & ! hi/ory ( ! re=m] becomes a sun-my?1 des]ves only to be m5tion$ & laid aside4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! canonical books ( ! s\!rn ,buddhi/s !re is no long] any "q 9 reg>d to ! human reality ( ! great knight :o illum9$1 albeit ) any?+ b heav5ly light1 ! d>kness ( ,brahmanical belief4 ,old5b]g#e has tak5 ,s5>t s]i\sly1 & s]i\sly answ]$ him4 ,b ,napoleon & ,max ,mll] h ea* be5 treat$ z sun-my?s1 & ,s5>t's essay is z conv9c+ z ei!r jeu d'esprit4 ,9 ,nepal1 f> f ! site ( ,v$ic culture1 & g5]ations aft] ! p]iod ( ! ,v$ic hymns1 0 born a son to ! noble family ( ! akyas4 ,a w>rior pr9ce1 he made at la/ exclusively 8 own ! l(ty title t 0 crav$ by _m ( 8 pe]s1 ,buddha1 ! truly wise1 ! ',awak5$4' ,! akyas' l& ext5d$ along ! s\!rn bord] ( ,nepal & ! nor!a/ "p ( ,oude 7,oudh71 betwe5 ! ,iravati 7,rapti7 riv] on ! we/ & s\?1 & ! ,roh9i on ! ea/2 ! di/rict :i* lies ar\nd ! pres5t ,gorakhpur1 ab\t "o hundr$ miles nor?-nor!a/ ( ,b5>es4 ,! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! lat] ,buddha is int]wov5 ) leg5d f :i* x is n always easy to dis5tangle ! ?reads ( tru?4 ,9 ! acc\nts pres]v$ 9 reg>d to ! ,ma/]1 "o has fir/ to di/+ui% ! ,pali records ( ! ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s f ! ,sanskrit tales ( ! ,nor!rn]s2 & aga91 x is necess>y to discrim9ate betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] traditions ( ! ,s\!rn]s1 :o h kept 9 g5]al ! old] hi/ory z comp>$ ) ! extravagant tradition pres]v$ 9 ! ,lalita ,vi/>a1 ! ,lotus ( ! ,law1 & ! o!r works ( ! ,nor?4 ,:at little seems to be au!ntic hi/ory is easily told2 nor are1 = our pres5t purpose1 ( mu* value ! leg5ds1 :i* mangonize ! life ( ,buddha4 ,!y w be f\nd 9 e book t treats ( ! subject1 & "s ( ! m fam\s are translat$ 9 ! article on ,buddha 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,brittanica4 ,we cont5t ourselves ) ! simple/ & olde/ acc\nt1 giv+ su* facts z help to expla9 ! religi\s significance ( ,buddha's life & "w among 8 c\ntrym54 ,sev]al ( ^! facts1 ,buddha's place 9 society1 & ! geographical c5tre ( ,buddhi/ic activity1 are ess5tial to a true und]/&+ ( ! relations betwe5 ,buddhism & ,brahmanism4 ,:e!r ,buddha's fa!r 0 k+ or no has rightly be5 que/ion$4 ,! olde/ texts d n ref] to him z a k+'s son1 & ?is indicates t 8 fa!r1 :o gov]n$ ! akya-l&1 ( :i* ! limits h j be5 specifi$1#f 0 r a feudal b>on or head ( a small clan1 ?an an actual k+4 ,! akya p[] 0 ov]?r[n & absorb$ into t ( ! k+ ( ,oude 7,kosala7 ei!r 9 ,buddha's own life-"t or imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,x is only ! new] tradition t extols ! p[] & weal? :i* ! ,ma/] gave up on r5\nc+ worldly ties1 a trait *>act]i/ic ( all ! lat] acc\nts1 on ! pr9ciple t ! great] 0 ! sacrifice ! great] 0 ! glory4 ,:e!r k+s or m]e *iefta9s1 ! akyas 7 not$ z a family t c>$ little to honor ! ,brahmanic prie/s4 ,!y !mselves claim$ desc5t f ,ik%vaku1 ! anci5t se]-k+1 son ( ,manu1 & traditionally fir/ k+ ( ,ayodha 7,oude74 ,!y assum$ ! "n ( ,gautama1 "o ( ! ,v$ic se]s1 & x 0 by ! "n ( '! ,ascetic ,gautama' t ,buddha 0 kn[n to 8 contempor>ies2 b 8 p]sonal "n 0 ,siddhar?a 'he t succe$s 9 8 aim1' prophetic ( 8 life6 ,8 "m's "n ,maya 7illusion7 has furni%$ ,s5>t ) mat]ial = 8 sun-!ory ( ,buddha2 b ! same "n is h&$ d[n z t ( a city1 & p]haps means 9 ?is s5se '! wond]ful4' ,%e is said to h di$ :5 h] son 0 /ill a boy4 ,! boy ,siddhar?a1 !n1 0 a w>rior rajput by bir?1 & possibly _h a v indiff]5t tra9+ 9 ,v$ic lit]ature1 s9ce he is nev] spok5 ( z ,v$a-wise4#g ,! future ,buddha 0 tw5ty-n9e :5 he resolv$ to r5\nce ! _w4 ,he 0 already m>ri$ & _h a son 7,rahula1 accord+ to lat] tradition74 ,! leg5ds ( lat] gr[? "h beg9 to ?ick51 tell+ h[1 :5 ! future ,buddha he>d ( ! bir? ( 8 son1 he simply said 'a new bond has be5 =g$ to hold me to ! _w'2 & h[ 8 m9d 0 fir/ awak5$ to appreciation ( sorr[ by see+ loa?y examples ( age1 sickness1 & dea? pres5t$ to him z he drove abroad4 ,despite 8 fa!r's te>s & prote/s ,siddhar?a1 or z "o may call him n[ by 8 patronymic1 ! man ,gautama1 left 8 home & family1 gave up all possessions1 & devot$ himself to self-mortification & ,yoga discipl9e ( conc5tration ( ?\ght1 foll[+ 9 ?is ! model set by all previ\s ascetics4 ,he says himself1 accord+ to tradition1 t x 0 a practical pessimism :i* drove him to take ?is /ep4 ,he 0 n pleas$ ) life1 & ! pleasures ( society _h no *>m = him4 ,:5 he saw ! old man1 ! sick man1 ! dead man1 he became disgu/$ to ?9k t he too w\ld be subject to age1 sickness1 & dea?3 ,i felt disgu/ at old age2 all pleasure !n =sook me4 ,9 becom+ an ascetic ,gautama simply endeavor$ to discov] "s means by :i* he might avoid a recurr5ce ( life1 ( :i* ! disagreeable side 9 8 e/imation outweigh$ ! joy4 ,he too _h already answ]$ negatively ! "q ,is life wor? liv+8 ,we mu/ pause "h to po9t out t ?is olde/ & simple/ acc\nt ( ,gautama's resolve %[s two ?+s4 ,x makes cle> t ,gautama at fir/ _h no plan = ! univ]sal salvation ( 8 race4 ,he 0 al]t to 'save 8 own s\l1' no?+ m4 ,we %all %[ pres5tly t ?is is confirm$ by subsequ5t ev5ts 9 8 c>e]4 ,! next po9t is t ?is n>ration 9 itself is a complete refutation ( ! op9ion ( ^? s*ol>s :o believe t ! doctr9e ( k>ma & re9c>nation arose fir/ 9 ,buddhism1 & t ! ,upani%ads t prea* ?is doctr9e are n ( ! pre-,buddhi/ic p]iod4 ,! la/ "p ( ?is /atem5t ( op9ion is1 ( c\rse1 n t\*$ by ! /ory ( ,gautama's r5unciation1 b ! fir/ assumption wrecks on x4 ,:y %\ld ,gautama h s giv5 himself to ,yoga discipl9e8 ,did he expect to escape age1 sickness1 dea?1 9 ?is life by t means8 ,no4 ,! assumption f ! beg9n+ is ! belief 9 ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation4 ,x 0 9 ord] to free himself f future returns ( ^! ills t ,gautama r5\nc$ 8 home4 ,b no?+ :atev] is said ( 8 discov]+ or inv5t+ ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation4 ,bo? hell & k>ma are tak5 = grant$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole e>ly ,buddhi/ic lit]ature4 ,buddha discov]$ nei!r ( !m1 any m ?an he discov]$ a new sy/em ( morality1 or a new sy/em ( religi\s life2 al?\gh m cr$it accrues to him 9 reg>d to ! la/ because 8 ord] 0 oppos$ to t !n preval5t2 yet ev5 "h he _h antique au?ority = 8 discipl9e4 ,to return to ,gautama's#h life4 ,leg5d tells h[ he fl$ away on 8 horse ,kan?aka1 9 se>* ( solitude & ! means ( salvation1 f> f 8 home to ! abode ( ascetics1 = he ?\ght3 ,:5ce comes peace8 ,:5 ! fire ( desire is ext+ui%$1 :5 ! fire ( hate is ext+ui%$1 :5 ! fire ( illusion is ext+ui%$1 :5 all s9s & all sorr[s are ext+ui%$1 !n comes peace4 ,& ! only means to ?is end 0 ! r5unciation ( desire1 ! discipl9e ( ,yoga conc5tration1 :]e ! m9d fix$ on "o po9t loses all else f its horizon1 & feels no draw+ aside to worldly ?+s4 ,:at !n has ,gautama done f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,brahman8 ,he has giv5 up 8 home to become an ascetic4 ,b ?is 0 p]mitt$ by usage1 =1 al?\gh ! /rict we/]n code all[$ x only to ! prie/1 yet x 0 cu/om>y among ! o!r twice-born ca/es at an e>li] day1 & 9 ?is "p ( ,india x awak5$ no surprise t "o ( ! milit>y ca/e %\ld take up ! life ( a philosoph]4 ,= ! hi/orian ( ,indic religions ?is fact is ( great significance1 s9ce su* practice is ! ent]+ w$ge :i* 0 to split ! ca/es4 ,"o /ep m & n only ! milit>y ca/e b ! l[]1 nay ! l[e/ ca/es1 might become ascetics4 ,b1 aga91 all ascetics 7 look$ ^u1 9 t religi\s society1 z equal to ! prie/s4 ,9 fact1 :]e ,gautama liv$ !re 0 r m respect paid to ! ascetic ?an to ! prie/ z a memb] ( ! ca/e4 ,gautama 0 mo/ =tunate 9 8 bir? & bir?-place4 ,an ari/ocrat1 he became an ascetic 9 a l& :]e ! prie/s 7 p>ticul>ly disreg>d$4 ,he _h no public op9ion to cont5d aga9/ :5 lat] he decl>$ t ,brahman bir? & ,brahman wisdom _h no value4 ,on ! contr>y1 he spoke to glad he>]s1 :o he>d repeat$ l\dly n[ z a religi\s tru? :at (t5 !y _h said to !mselves despitefully 9 private4 ,gautama j\rney$ z a muni1 or sil5t ascetic sage1 till aft] sev5 ye>s he ab&on$ 8 tea*]s 7= he _h become a disciple ( pr(ess$ ma/]s71 & discont5t$ly w&]$ ab\t 9 ,magadha 7,behar71 '! cradle ( ,buddhism1' till he came to ,uruvela1 ,bodhi ,gaya4#i ,"h1 hav+ f\nd t conc5tration ( m9d1 ,yoga-discipl9e1 avail$ no?+1 he und]took ano!r me?od ( asceticism1 self-torture4 ,?is he practic$ = "s "t4 ,b x succe$$ z poorly z 8 fir/ plan1 & he _h ne>ly />v$ himself to dea? :5 x occurr$ to him t he 0 no wis] ?an be=e4 ,!reupon he gave up />vation z a means ( wisdom & began to eat4 ,five o!r ascetics1 :o _h be5 mu* impress$ by 8 endurance & 7 q ready to decl>e !mselves 8 disciples1 n[ des]t$ him1 ?9k+ t z he _h relax$ 8 discipl9e he mu/ be weak] ?an !mselves4 ,b ,gautama sat b5ea? ! sacr$ fig-tree#aj & lo6 he became illum9$4 ,9 a mom5t he saw ! ,great ,tru?s4 ,he 0 n[ ! ,awak5$4 ,he became ,buddha4 ,! lat] tradition "h records h[ he 0 tempt$ ( ,satan4 ,= ,mara 7,dea?71 '! ,evil ,"o' z he is call$ by ! ,buddhi/s1 kn[+ t ,buddha _h f\nd ! way ( salvation1 tempt$ him to ent] into ,nirvana at once1 le/ by conv]t+ o!rs ,buddha %\ld rob ,mara ( 8 p[] & dom9ion4 ,?is & ! leg5d ( /orms attack+ him & 8 be+ protect$ by ! k+ ( snakes1 ,mucal9da1 is lack+ 9 ! e>li] tradition4 ,buddha rema9s "u ! bo-tree fa/+1 = f\r times sev5 days1 or sev5 times sev51 z says ! lat] report4 ,at fir/ he resolves to be a ',buddha = himself4'#aa t is to save only himself1 n to be '! univ]sal ,buddha1' :o conv]ts & saves ! _w4 ,b ! ,god ,brahma comes d[n f heav5 & p]suades him out ( pity = ! _w to prea* salvation4 ,9 ?is leg5d /&s out cle>ly ! same fact we h animadv]t$ ^u already4 ,buddha _h at fir/ no int5tion ( help+ 8 fell[s4 ,he f\nd 8 own road to salvation4 ,t suffic$4 ,b ev5tually he 0 mov$ ?r\gh pity = 8 k9d to give o!rs ! same k ) :i* he _h be5 enlight5$4#ab ,"h is to be notic$ ) :at sudd5ness ,gautama becomes ,buddha4 ,x is an e>ly case ( ! same abs5ce ( /udy or intellectual prep>ation = belief t is rampant 9 ! idea ( ictic conv]sion4 ,9 a mom5t ,gautama's eyes are op5$4 ,9 ec/acy he becomes illum9at$ ) ! light ( k4 ,?is idea is totally =eign to ,brahmanism4 ,x is n s /range at an e>li] /age1 = ! ,v$ic poet (t5 'sees' 8 hymn1#ac t is1 he is inspir$ or illum9$4 ,b no ,brahman prie/ 0 ev] 'enlight5$' ) sudd5 wisdom1 = 8 k 0 8 wisdom1 & ?is consi/$ 9 le>n+ int]m9able trifles4 ,b ! wisdom ( ,buddha 0 ?is3 ,i4 ,bir? is sorr[1 age is sorr[1 sickness is sorr[1 dea? is sorr[1 cl++ to e>?ly ?+s is sorr[4 ,,ii4 ,bir? & re-bir?1 ! *a9 ( re9c>nations1 result f ! ?ir/ = life toge!r ) passion & desire4 ,,iii4 ,! only escape f ?is ?ir/ is ! annihilation ( desire4 ,,iv4 ,! only way ( escape f ?is ?ir/ is by foll[+ ! ,eightfold ,pa?3 ,"r belief1 "r resolve1 "r ^w1 "r act1 "r life1 "r ef=t1 "r ?9k+1 "r m$itation4#ad ,b ,buddha is said to h se5 m ?an ^!1 ! ,f\r ,great ,tru?s1 & ! ,eightfold ,pa?1 = he 0 enlight5$ at ! same "t 7aft] sev]al days ( fa/+7 9 reg>d to ! :ole *a9 ( causality :i* is elaborat$ 9 ! lat] tradition4 ,! g5]al result ( ?is tea*+ may be =mulat$ ?us1 t mo/ p are fooli%ly optimi/ic & t ! great awak5+ is to become a pessimi/4 ,"o mu/ believe n only t pa9 is insep>able f exi/5ce1 b t ! pleasures ( life are only a "p ( its pa94 ,:5 "o has got s f> along ! pa? ( k he trav]ses ! next /age & gets rid ( desire1 :i* is ! root ( life1--?is is a ,v$ic utt]ance1--till by ca/+ (f desire1 ignorance1 d\bt1 & h]esy1 z add "s ( ! texts1#ae "o has remov$ f> away all unk9dness & vexation ( s\l1 feel+ good-w to all4 ,n only 9 ?is s*eme b also 9 o!r less =mal decl>ations ( ,buddha does "o f9d ! key-note ( t :i* makes 8 me?od ( salvation diff]5t alike to t ( ,ja9 or ,brahman4 ,k is wisdom to ! ,brahman2 asceticism is wisdom to ! ,ja92 purity & love is ! fir/ wisdom to ! ,buddhi/4 ,we d n mean t ! ,brahman does n rea* !oretically a plane t puts him on ! same level ) ,buddhism4 ,we h po9t$ out above a passage 9 ! "w ( ! old law-giv] ,gautama :i* might almo/ h be5 utt]$ by ,gautama ,buddha3 ,he t has p]=m$ all ! =ty sacram5ts & has n ! eight good qualities ent]s n into union ) ,brahma nor into ! heav5 ( ,brahma2 b he t has p]=m$ only a "p ( ! =ty sacram5ts & has ! eight good qualities1 ent]s into union ) ,brahma & into ! heav5 ( ,brahma2 & ^! eight good qualities are m]cy1 =be>ance1 fre$om f envy1 purity1 calmness1 correct behavior1 fre$om f gre$ & f covet\sness4 ,nev]!less ) ! ,brahman ?is is adv5titi\s1 ) ! ,buddhi/ x is ess5tial4 ,^! ,f\r ,great ,tru?s are giv5 to ! _w fir/ at ,b5>es1 :i!r ,buddha w5t 9 ord] to prea* to ! five ascetics t _h des]t$ him4 ,8 conv]sation ) !m %[s u ano!r side ( ,buddhi/ic e?ics4 ,! five monks1 :5 !y saw ,buddha approa*+1 je]$1 & said3 ,"h is ! "o t fail$ 9 8 au/]ities4 ,buddha tells !m to ackn[l$ge him z _! ma/]1 & t he is ! ,enlight5$ ,"o4 ,h[1 !y ask1 if y c\ld n succe$ 9 becom+ a ,buddha by asceticism1 c we suppose t y become "o by indulg5ce8 ,buddha tells !m t nei!r voluptu\sness nor asceticism is ! road t leads to ,nirvana2 t he1 ,buddha1 has f\nd ! middle pa? betwe5 ! two extremes1 ! note is /ruck t is nei!r too high nor too l[4 ,! five monks are conv]t$ :5 !y he> ! ,f\r ,great ,tru?s & ! ,eightfold ,pa?1 & !re are n[ six holy ones on e>?1 ,buddha & 8 five disciples4 ,significant also is ! social /atus ( ,buddha's fir/ conv]sion4 ,x is '! ri* y\?' ( ,b5>es t flock ab\t him1#af ( :om sixty soon are c\nt$1 & ^! are s5t out into all ! l&s to prea* ! gospel1 ea* to speak 9 8 own tongue1 = religion 0 f ?is "t on no long] to be hid beh9d ! veil ( an un9telligible language4 ,& x is n only ! ari/ocracy ( weal? t atta*es itself to ! new tea*] & embraces 8 doctr9es ) en?usiasm4 ,! next conv]ts are a ?\s& ,brahman prie/s1 :o con/itut$ a religi\s body "u ! lead]%ip ( ?ree ascetic ,brahmans4 ,x is describ$ 9 ! old writ+s h[ ^! prie/s 7 /ill p]=m+ _! ,v$ic rites :5 ,buddha came aga9 to ,bodhi ,gaya & f\nd !m !re4 ,!y 7 ov]come ) a/oni%m5t z !y saw 8 p[] ov] ! ,k+ ( ,snakes t liv$ among !m4 ,! gods--= ,buddhism1 if n ,buddha1 has mu* to d ) ! gods--desc5d f heav5 to he> him1 & o!r m>vels take place4 ,! ,brahmans are all conv]t$4 ,! miracles & ! numb]s may be /ripp$ (f1 b ?us d5ud$ ! tru? /ill rema9s z important z x is pla94 ,prie/s ( ,brahman ca/e 7 among ! fir/ to adopt ,buddhism4 ,! popul> effect ( ! tea*+ mu/ h be5 great1 = "o reads h[1 :5 ,buddha1 aft] ?is great conv]sion1 beg9s 8 victori\s w&]+s 9 ,behar 7,magadha71 he conv]t$ s _m ( ! "y nobles t--s9ce conv]sion l$ to ! imm$iate result ( r5unciation--! p murmur$1 say+ t ,gautama 7,gotama7 0 robb+ !m ( _! y\?4#ag ,f ?is "t on ,buddha's life 0 sp5t 9 w&]+ ab\t & prea*+ ! new cre$ ma9ly to ! p ( ,behar & ,oude 7,kai-,kosala1 ! realm ( ,b5>es-,oude71 8 c\rse ext5d+ f ! 7,iravati7 ,rapti riv] 9 ! nor? to ,rajagriha 7gaha1 n[ ,rajgir7 s\? ( ,behar1 :ile he sp5t ! vasso or ra9y season 9 "o ( ! p>ks1 _m ( :i* 7 donat$ to him by weal?y memb]s ( ! frat]nity4#ah ,:]ev] he w5t he 0 accompani$ ) a consid]able numb] ( foll[]s1 & "o reads ( pilgrims f di/ant places com+ to see & conv]se ) him4 ,! numb] ( 8 foll[]s appe>s to h be5 some:at exagg]at$ by ! lat] writ]s1 s9ce ,buddha himself1 :5 prophesy+ ( ! next ,buddha1 ! ,buddha ( love 7,maitreya7 says t1 :]eas he himself has hundr$s ( foll[]s1 ! next ,buddha w lead hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,al?\gh1 !oretically1 all ! ca/es give up _! "n1 &1 :5 unit$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ic bro!rhood1 become l riv]s t give up _! id5tity & unite 9 ! "o ocean1 yet 7 mo/ ( ! e>ly recruits1 z has be5 said1 f influ5tial & p[]ful families2 & x is a t5et ( ,buddhism 9 reg>d to ! num]\s ,buddhas1 :i* h be5 born#ai & are /ill to be born on e>?1 t no ,buddha c be born 9 a l[ ca/e4 ,! reason = ?is lies z mu* z any?+ 9 ! nature ( ! ,buddhi/ic sy/em :i* is expressly decl>$ to be = ! wise1 n = ! fooli%4 ,x 0 n a sy/em bas$ z su* on love or on any democratic s5tim5t4 ,x 0 a philosophical exposition ( ! causal nexus ( bir? & fre$om f re-bir?4 ,! common man1 untra9$ 9 logic1 might adopt ! tea*+1 b he c\ld n und]/& x4 ,! ,congregation ( ! son ( ! akyas--su* 0 ! e>lie/ "n = ! ,buddhi/ic bro!rhood--7 requir$ only to r5\nce _! family1 put on ! yell[ robe1 assume ! tonsure & o!r outw>d signs1 & be *a/e & high-m9d$4 ,b ! tea*]s 7 in/ruct$ 9 ! subtleties ( ! ',pa?1' & x ne$$ no little tra9+ to foll[ ! lead]'s ?\ght to its logical conclusion4 ,( ,buddha's life1 besides ! circum/ances already n>rat$ little is kn[n4 ,( 8 disciples ! be/ belov$ 0 ,an&a1 8 own c\s91 ^: bro!r 0 ! ,judas ( ,buddhism4 ,! latt]1 ,devadatta by "n1 conspir$ to kill ,buddha 9 ord] t he himself might get ! po/ ( honor4 ,b hell op5$ & swall[$ him up4 ,he appe>s to h _h convictions ( ,ja9 t5d5cy1 = be=e 8 intrigue he prea*$ aga9/ ,buddha1 & =mulat$ reaction>y propositions :i* inculcat$ a /rict] asceticism ?an t taught by ! ,ma/]4#bj ,x has be5 d5i$ t ! e>ly *ur* conta9$ lay memb]s z well z monks1 b ,old5b]g appe>s to h set ! matt] "r 7p4 #afe7 9 %[+ t ! laity1 f ! beg9n+1 7 a recogniz$ "p ( ! g5]al *ur*4 ,! monk 7bhik%u1 bhikku7 0 =mally enroll$ z a disciple1 wore ! g[n & tonsure1 etc4 ,! lay bro!r1 'rev]]' 7upasaka7 0 "o t ass5t$ to ! doctr9e & treat$ ! monks k9dly4 ,!re 71 at fir/1 only m5 9 ! congregation1 = ,buddhism took a view z unfavorable to woman z did ,ja9ism4 ,b at 8 fo/]-"m's reque/ ,buddha f9ally admitt$ nuns z well z monks into 8 fold4 ,:5 ,an&a asks h[ a monk %\ld act 9 pres5ce ( a woman ,buddha says 'avoid to look at h]'2 b if x be necess>y to look1 'd n speak to h]'2 b if x be necess>y to speak1 '!n keep wide awake1 ,an&a4'#ba ,buddha di$ 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,rhys ,davids1 :o puts ! date lat] ?an mo/ s*ol>s1 gives1 z ! "t ( ! great ,nirvana1 ! second decade f ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,bhl] & ,mll] reckon ! ye> z #dgg1 :ile ,old5b]g says 'ab\t #dhj4'bb ,f ,buddha's own words1 z report$ by tradition1 he 0 eighty ye>s old at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 & if "o allots him ?irty-six ye>s z 8 age :5 he became indep5d5t ( ma/]s1 8 active life w\ld be "o ( =ty-f\r ye>s4 ,x 0 probably less ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 = "s ye>s mu/ be add$ to ! fir/ sev5 ( ascetic practices be=e he took ! field z a prea*]4 ,! /ory ( ,buddha's dea? is told simply & cle>ly4 ,he cross$ ! ,ganges1 :]e at t "t 0 build+ ! t[n ( ,patna 7,pataliputta1 ',palibo?ra'71 & prophesi$ its future greatness 7x 0 ! *ief city ( ,india = c5turies aft]72 !n1 go+ nor? f ,rajagriha1 9 ,behar1 & ,vaiali1 he proce$$ to a po9t ea/ ( ,gorukhpur 7,kasia74 ,tradition ?us makes him w&] ov] ! mo/ famili> places till he comes back almo/ to 8 own c\ntry4 ,!re1 9 ! region kn[n to him z a y\?1 weigh$ d[n ) ye>s & ill-heal?1 b surr\nd$ by 8 mo/ fai?ful disciples1 he di$4 ,n unaffect+ is ! f9al sc5e4#bc ',n[ ! v5]able ,an&a 7,buddha's belov$ disciple7 w5t into ! cloi/]-build+1 & /ood lean+ aga9/ ! l9tel ( ! door & weep+ at ! ?\ght3 ,alas6 ,i rema9 /ill b a le>n]1 "o :o has yet to "w out 8 own p]fection4 ,& ! ,ma/] is ab\t to pass away f me--he :o is s k9d4 ,!n ! ,bless$ ,"o call$ ! bre?r5 & said3 ,:]e !n1 bre?r51 is ,an&a8 ,! v5]able ,an&a 7!y repli$7 has gone into ! cloi/]-build+ & /&s lean+ aga9/ ! l9tel ( ! door1 weep+4 444 ,& ! ,bless$ ,"o call$ a c]ta9 bro!r1 & said ,g n[1 bro!r1 & call ,an&a 9 my "n & say1 ',bro!r ,an&a1 ?y ,ma/] calls = !e4' ,ev5 s1 ,"l1 said t bro!r1 & he w5t up to :]e ,an&a 01 & said to ! v5]able ,an&a3 ,bro!r ,an&a1 ?y ,ma/] calls = !e4 ,x is well1 bro!r1 said ! v5]able ,an&a1 & he w5t to ! place :]e ,buddha 04 ,& :5 he 0 come ?i!r he b[$ d[n be=e ! ,bless$ ,"o1 & took 8 seat on "o side4 ,!n ! ,bless$ ,"o said to ! v5]able ,an&a1 z he sat !re by 8 side3 ,en\gh1 ,an&a1 let n ?yself be tr\bl$2 weep n4 ,h ,i n told !e already t we mu/ divide ourselves f all t is ne>e/ & de>e/8 ,h[ c x be possible t a be+ born to die %\ld n die8 ,= a long "t1 ,an&a1 ha/ ?\ be5 v ne> to me by acts ( love t is k9d & good & nev] v>ies1 & is beyond all measure4 7,?is ,buddha repeats ?ree times47 ,?\ ha/ done well4 ,be e>ne/ 9 ef=t4 ,?\1 too1 %alt soon be free4 444 ,:5 he _h ?us spok51 ! v5]able ,an&a said to ! ,bless$ ,"o3 ,let n ! ,bless$ ,"o die 9 ?is little wattle & daub t[n1 a t[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! jungle1 9 ?is bran* t[n%ip4 ,=1 ,"l1 !re are o!r great cities su* z ,b5>es 7& o!rs74 ,let ! ,bless$ ,"o die 9 "o ( !m4' ,?is reque/ is refus$ by ,buddha4 ,an&a !n goes to ! t[n & tells ! citiz5s t ,buddha is dy+4 ',n[1 :5 !y _h he>d ?is say+1 !y1 ,) _! "y m5 & maid5s & wives 7 griev$1 & sad1 & afflict$ at he>t4 ,& "s ( !m wept1 di%evell+ _! hair1 & /ret*$ =? _! arms1 & wept1 fell pro/rate on ! gr\nd & roll$ to & fro1 9 angui% at ! ?\ght ,too soon w ! ,bless$ ,"o die6 ,too soon w ! ,happy ,"o pass away6 ,full soon w ! ,light ( ! _w vani% away6' 444 ,:5 ,buddha is alone aga9 ) 8 disciples1 '!n ! ,bless$ ,"o address$ ! bre?r5 & said ,x may be1 bre?r51 t !re may be d\bt or misgiv+ 9 ! m9d ( "s bro!r z to ! ,buddha1 ! tru?1 ! pa? or ! way4 ,inquire1 bre?r51 freely4 ,d n h to reproa* y\rselves aft]w>ds ) ?is ?\ght3 ',our ,tea*] 0 face to face ) u1 & we c\ld n br+ ourselves to inquire ( ! ,bless$ ,"o :5 we 7 face to face ) him4' ,& :5 he _h ?us spok5 !y sat sil5t4 ,!n 7aft] repeat+ ^! words & receiv+ no reply7 ! ,bless$ ,"o address$ ! bre?r5 & said1 ,x may be t y put no que/ions out ( rev]5ce = ! ,tea*]4 ,let "o fri5d communicate ) ano!r4 ,& :5 he _h ?us spok5 ! bre?r5 sat sil5t4 ,& ! v5]able ,an&a said3 ,h[ wond]ful a ?+1 ,"l1 & h[ m>vell\s4 ,v]ily1 9 ?is :ole assembly1 !re is n "o bro!r :o has d\bt or misgiv+ z to ,buddha1 ! tru?1 ! pa? or ! way4 ,!n ,buddha said3 ,x is out ( ! fullness ( ?y fai? t ?\ ha/ spok51 ,an&a4 ,b ,i "k x = c]ta94 444 ,!n ! ,bless$ ,"o address$ ! bre?r5 say+3 ,behold1 bre?r51 ,i exhort y say+1 transitory are all compon5t ?+s2 toil )\t ceas+4 ,& ^! 7 ! la/ words ( ,buddha4' ,x is necess>y "h to make pause = a mom5t & survey ! temporal & geographical circum/ances ( ,buddha's life4 ,8 lifetime cov]$ ! p]iod ( greate/ intellectual gr[? 9 ,a!ns4 ,if1 z "s ?9k1 ! great book ( d\bt#bd 0 writt5 by ! ,hebrew 9 #dej1 !re w\ld be 9 ?ree l&s1 at lea/1 ab\t ! same "t ! same e>ne/ly scornful skepticism 9 reg>d to ! worn-out tea*+s ( ! fa!rs4 ,b at a "t :51 9 ,greece1 ! greate/ m9ds 7 /ill veil+ infidelity z be/ !y c\ld1 9 ,india a!ism 0 already =mulat$4 ,x has be5 que/ion$1 & ! "q has be5 answ]$ bo? affirmatively & negatively1 :e!r ! climatic conditions ( ,buddha's home 7 9 "p responsible = ! pessimi/ic tone ( 8 philosophy4 ,if "o comp>e ! geographical relation ( ,buddhism to ,brahmanism & to ,v$ism respectively ) a m famili> geography ne>] home1 he w be bett] able to judge 9 h[ f> ^! conditions may h influ5c$ ! m5tal & religi\s tone4 ,tak+ ,kabul & ,ka%me] z ! nor!rn limit ( ! p]iod ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 !re are ?ree geographical c5tres4 ,! latitude ( ! ,v$ic poets corresponds to ab\t ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,t5nessee & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! entire tract cov]$ by ! s\!rn migration to ! "t ( ,buddhism1 ext5d+ f ,kabul to a po9t t corresponds to ,b5>es 7#ce is a little nor? ( ,kabul & #be is a little s\? ( ,behar71 w\ld be repres5t$ loosely 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! nor!rn l9e ( ,mississippi & ,key ,we/4 ,! ext5t ( ,georgia ab\t repres5ts 9 latitude ! ,v$ic prov9ce 7#ce to #cj71 :ile ,florida 7#cj to #be7 r\ghly %[s ! s\!rn progress f ! seat ( old ,brahmanism to ! cradle ( "y ,buddhism4 ,^! are ! extreme limits ( ,v$ism1 ,brahmanism & proto-,buddhism4 ,s\? ( ?is ! c\ntry 0 kn[n to ,brahmanism only to be call$ savage1 & n be=e ! late ,sutras 7c4 #cjj ,b4,c47 is "o br\ght z f> s\? z ,bombay 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ,ait>eya ,brahmana1 :i* repres5ts ! old c5tre ( ,brahmanism ar\nd ,delhi1 kn[s ( ! ,andhras1 s\? ( ! ,godav>i riv] 9 ! s\!a/ 7ab\t ! latitude ( ,bombay & ,hayti71 only z out] ',b>b>ians4' ,x is q conceivable t a race ( h>dy m\nta9e]s1 9 %ift+ _! home ?r\gh g5]ations f ! hills ( ,georgia & ,t5nessee to ! sub-tropical region ( ,key ,we/ 7to ,cuba71 9 ! c\rse ( _m c5turies might become morally affect$4 ,b x seems to u1 al?\gh ! miasmatic pla9s ( ,b5gal may p]haps pres5t ev5 a %>p] contra/ to ! ,v$ic region ?an d ,key ,we/ & ,cuba to ,georgia1 t ! climate 9 effect+ a moral degradation 7if pessimism be immoral7 mu/ h produc$ also ! effect ( m5tal debility4 ,n[ to our m9d !re is n ! slighte/ pro( = ! assev]ation1 :i* has be5 repeat$ s (t5 t x is accept$ by _m n[adays z a truism1 t ,buddhism or ev5 po/-,buddhi/ic lit]ature %[s any trace ( m5tal decay4#be ,!re c]ta9ly is m5tal weakness 9 ! ,brahmanas1 b ^! _c all be accr$it$ to ! miasms ( ,b5gal4 ,!y are ! bones ( a religion already dead1 kept = in/ruction 9 a cab9et2 dry1 du/y1 lifeless1 b awful to ! behold] & useful to ! own]4 ,aga91 does ,buddhism lose 9 ! comp>ison f an intellectual po9t ( view :5 set beside ! mazy grop+s ( ! ,upani%ads8 ,we h %[n t dogma 0 ! base ( primal pan!ism2 ( real logic !re is n a :it4 ,we admire ! _s ( ! tea*]s 9 ! ,upani%ads1 b we h v little respect = ! logical ability ( any e>ly ,h9du tea*]s2 t is to say1 !re is v little ( x to admire4 ,! doctors ( ! ,upani%ad philosophy 7 poets1 n dialecticians4 ,poetry inde$ wan$ 9 ! extreme s\?1 & no spirit$ or p[]ful lit]ature ev] 0 produc$ !re1 unless x 0 due to =eign influ5ce1 su* z ! religi\s poetry ( ,ramaism & ! ,tamil ,sitt>s4 ,b 9 second>y subtlety & 9 ! m>k+ ( di/9ctions1 9 classify+ & analyz+ on dogmatic premises1 z well z 9 ! acceptance ( he>say tru?s z ultimate v]ities--we d n see any fundam5tal disp>ity 9 ^! reg>ds betwe5 ! m9d ( ! ,nor?we/ & t ( ! ,s\!a/2 & :at sup]ficial diff]5ce exi/s goes to ! cr$it ( ,buddhism4 ,= if "o mu/ h dogma x is some?+ to h sy/em1 & :ile prec$5t !osophy 0 bas$ on ! =m] x knew no?+ ( ! latt]4 ,moreov]1 9 ,buddhism !re is a great] intellectual vigor ?an 9 any phase ( ,brahmanism 7z di/9ct f ,v$ism74 ,to ca/ (f n only gods b s\l1 & m1 to d5y ! moral efficacy ( asceticism ?is 0 a leap into ! void1 to appreciate ! d>+ ( :i* "o has b to read himself into ! prie/ly lit]ature ( ,buddha's rivals1 bo? het]odox & or?odox4 ,we see !n 9 ,buddhism nei!r a debau*$ moral type1 nor a weak5$ intellectuality4 ,! pessimism ( ,buddhism1 s f> z x conc]ns e>?1 is n only ! same pessimism t und]lies ! religi\s motive ( ,brahmanic pan!ism1 b x is ! same pessimism t p]vades ,*ri/ianity & ev5 ,hebraism4 ,?is _w is a sorry place1 liv+ is suff]+2 d ?\ escape f x4 ,! pleasures ( life are vanity2 d ?\ r5\nce !m4 ,to die is ga91 says ! apo/le2 & ! ,prea*]3 ,i h se5 all ! works t are done "u ! sun & behold all is vanity & vexation ( _s4 ,he t increase? k increase? sorr[4 ,= :at ha? man ( all 8 labor & ( ! vexation ( 8 he>t1 :]e9 he ha? lab\r$ "u ! sun8 ,= all 8 days are sorr[s & 8 travail grief4 ,t :i* befalle? ! sons ( m5 befalle? bea/s2 ev5 "o ?+ befalle? !m3 z ! "o die? s die? ! o!r2 yea1 !y h all "o brea?2 s t a man ha? no preem95ce above a bea/3 = all is vanity4 ,all g unto "o place2 all are ( ! du/1 & all turn to du/ aga94 ,:o kn[e? ! _s ( man :e!r x goe? upw>d8 ,i prais$ ! dead :i* are already dead m ?an ! liv+ :i* are yet alive4 ,! dead "k n any?+1 _! love & _! hatr$ & _! envy is n[ p]i%$2 nei!r h !y any m a portion = ev] 9 any ?+ t is done "u ! sun4 ,! w&]+ ( ! desire1 ?is also is vanity4 ,! ,prea*] is a fairly good ,buddhi/4 ,if pessimism be ! conviction t life on e>? is n wor? liv+1 ?is view is %>$ alike by ! greate/ ( e>?'s religions4 ,if pessimism be ! view t all beauty ends ) life & t beyond x !re is no?+ = :i* x is wor? :ile to live1 !n ,india has no p>allel to ?is ,hom]ic belief4 ,if1 h[ev]1 pessimism mean t to h done ) exi/5ce on e>? is ! be/ t c happ5 to a man1 b t !re is bliss beyond1 !n ?is is ! op9ion ( ,brahmanism1 ,ja9ism1 & ,*ri/ianity4 ,buddhism alone tea*es t to live on e>? is we>9ess1 t !re is no bliss beyond1 & t "o %\ld yet be calm1 pure1 lov+1 & wise4 ,h[ c\ld su* a religion inspire en?usiasm8 ,h[ c\ld x s5d =? jubilant disciples to prea* ! gospel ( joy8 ,yet did ,buddhism d ev5 ?is4 ,n less happy & blissful ?an 7 !y t receiv$ ! fir/ com=t ( pan!ism 7 ! apo/les ( ,buddha4 ,8 progress 0 a triumph ( gladness4 ,!y t believ$ 9 him rejoic$ & ha/5$ to _! fell[s ) ! good tid+s4 ,0 x !n a new morality1 a new e?ical code1 t ?us inspir$ !m8 ,let "o b look at ! v[s & comm&m5ts respectively tak5 by & giv5 to ! ,buddhi/ monk1 & he w see t 9 ,buddhism !re is no new morality4 ,! ,t5 ,v[s are z foll[s3 ,i take ! v[ n to kill2 n to /eal2 to ab/a9 f impurity2 n to lie2 to ab/a9 f intoxicat+ dr9ks :i* h9d] progress & virtue2 n to eat at =bidd5 times2 to ab/a9 f danc+1 s++1 music & /age plays2 n to use g>l&s1 sc5ts1 ungu5ts1 or ornam5ts2 n to use a high or broad b$2 n to receive gold or silv]4 ,! ,eight ,comm&m5ts are z foll[s3 ,d n kill2 d n /eal2 d n lie2 d n dr9k intoxicat+ dr9ks2 d n commit =nication or adult]y2 d n eat unseasonable food at night2 d n we> g>l&s or use p]fumes2 sleep on a mat spread on ! gr\nd4 ,! fir/ five ( ^! comm&s are giv5 to e ,buddhi/1 monk1 or layman2 ! la/ ?ree are b9d+ only on ! monk4#bf ,^! laws & rules 71 h[ev]1 z we h indicat$ 9 ! *apt] on ,ja9ism1 ! common prop]ty1 ) "s unimportant v>iations & exceptions1 ( ! ,brahman ascetic1 ! ,ja91 & ! ,buddhi/4 ,!re 0 surely no?+ "h to r\se especial int]e/4 ,no4 ,b !re 0 "o side ( ,buddhism t 0 new1 n absolutely new1 = x =m$ "p ( ! moral possession ( t e>ly b& :i* we may call ! congregation ( ! ,_s4 ,! ,brahman !oretically _h done away ) p5ance & ) pray]1 ) ! ,v$ic gods & ) ! ,v$ic rites4 ,yet 0 x impossible = him practically to absolve ! folk ( ^!4 ,! prie/ might admit t he knew a bett] way to salvation1 b he /ill l$ ! p ov] ! h>d old road1 & he himself w5t t way also1 because x 0 ! way ( ! fa!rs1 because x 0 ! only way = !m t 7 unwise1 & p]haps1 too1 because x 0 ! only way 9 :i* ! prie/ c\ld keep 8 place z guide & lead] ( ! p4 ,ja9ism smote d[n "s ( ! ob/acles t ! ,brahman _h built & kept4 ,mahavira made ! way to salvation %ort]1 b he did n make x easi] = ! masses4 ,asceticism1 self-mortification1 />vation1 torture1--?is 0 8 means ( ga9+ happ9ess h]eaft]4 ,b ,buddha cut d[n all ob/acles4 ,he made ! l[e/ equal ) ! highe/4 ,x is true t he 0 no democrat4 ,x is true t 8 success dep5d$1 9 great "p1 on political influ5ce1 on ! conv]sion ( k+s & nobles1 m5 ( 8 own class4 ,x is true also t ,buddha at fir/1 l e o!r ,h9du !osophi/1 s\ght no salvation = ! _w ar\nd him1 b only = himself4 ,b he 0 mov$ ) pity = ! multitude4 ,& :y8 ,! sages among !m knew no pa? to happ9ess save ?r\gh life-long torture2 ! common p knew only a religion ( rites 9 :i* !y took no int]e/1 ! v words ( :i* 7 un9telligible2 & its prie/s 9 _! eyes1 if n contemptible1 at lea/ 7 unsympa!tic4 ,& at ! same "t ! old ca/e-sy/em oppress$ & insult$ !m4 ,x is evid5t t ! times 7 ripe = a m humane religion & a new di/ribution ( social privileges4 ,!n ,buddha arose & said3 ,he t is pure 9 he>t is ! true prie/1 n he t kn[s ! ,v$a4 ,l unto "o t /&e? :]e a k+ ha? /ood & spok51 & /&+ & speak+ !re deems himself = ?is a k+1 seems to me ! man t repeate? ! hymns1 :i* ! wise m5 ( old h spok51 & /&+ 9 _! place & speak+1 deems himself = ?is a sage4 ,! ,v$as are no?+1 ! prie/s are ( no acc\nt1 save z !y be morally ( repute4 ,aga91 :at use to mortify ! fle%8 ,asceticism is ( no value4 ,be pure1 be good2 ?is is ! f\ndation ( wisdom--to re/ra9 desire1 to be satisfi$ ) little4 ,he is a holy man :o doe? ?is4 ,k foll[s ?is4 ,"h is ! ess5ce ( ,buddhism1 "h is its p[]2 & :5 "o reflects t ,buddha add$3 ,g into all l&s & prea* ?is gospel2 tell !m t ! poor & l[ly1 ! ri* & high1 are all "o1 & t all ca/es unite 9 ?is religion1 z unite ! riv]s 9 ! sea--he w und]/& :at key 0 us$ to op5 ! he>ts ( ,buddha's k9sm5 & p4 ,b1 x w be said1 !re is no?+ 9 ?is ( t extreme pessimism1 ( :i* m5tion has j be5 made4 ,true4 ,& ?is1 aga91 is an important po9t to be> 9 m9d1 t :]eas ! logic ( 8 own sy/em l$ ,buddha into a =mal & complete pessimism1 :i* d5ies an aft]-life to ! man t f9ds no happ9ess 9 ?is1 he yet nev] insi/s ^u ?is4 ,he n only does n insi/1 b 9 8 talks ) 8 que/ion]s & disciples he uses all means to evade direct inquiry 9 reg>d to ! fate ( man aft] dea?4 ,he believ$ t ,nirvana 7ext9ction ( lu/7 l$ to cessation ( be+2 he did n believe 9 an immortal s\l4 ,b he urg$ no su* negative doctr9e z ?is4 ,:at he urg$ repeat$ly 0 t e "o accept+ ! undisput$ doctr9e ( k>ma or re-bir? 9 its full ext5t 7i4e41 t = e s9 "h1 puni%m5t foll[$ 9 ! next exi/5ce71 %\ld endeavor to escape1 if possible1 f su* an endless c\rse ( pa9ful re-bir?s1 & t to accompli% ?is x 0 necess>y fir/ to be sob] & good1 !n to be le>n$1 b n to be an ascetic4 ,on ! o!r h& ! doctr9e1 9 its logical fullness1 0 a tea*+ only = ! wise1 n = fools4 ,he imp>t$ x only to ! wise4 ,:at is "o to und]/& f ?is8 ,cle>ly1 t ,buddha reg>d$ ! mass ( 8 disciples z /&+ 9 ne$ m]ely ( ! ,f\r ,great ,tru?s1 ! confession ( :i* 0 ! sign ( becom+ a disciple2 :ile to ! /rong & wise he res]v$ ! logical pessimism1 :i* result$ f 8 fir/ d5ials & ! premises ( causality on :i* 0 creat$ 8 complicat$ sy/em4 ,only ?us c "o compreh5d ! importance ( ,buddhism to 8 own "t & p1 only 9 ?is light reconcile ! discrepancy betwe5 ! acc\nts ( a religion :i* r\s$ multitudes to en?usiasm & joy1 :ile on ! o!r h& x /ood on ! cold basis ( complete nihilism4 ,=mally !re 0 n an esot]ic#bg & exot]ic ,buddhism1 b practically :at ! apo/les taught1 :at ,buddha himself taught to ! mass ( 8 he>]s 0 a release f ! bondage ( ! law & ! fre$om ( a high moral code z ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,b he nev] taught t sacrifice 0 a bad ?+2 he nev] ei!r took ! prie/'s place himself or ca/ scorn ^u ! ,brahman ca/e3 ,bett] ev5 ?an a h>mless#bh sacrifice is lib]ality he says1 bett] ?an lib]ality is fai? & k9dness 7non-injury7 & tru?1 bett] ?an fai?1 k9dness1 & tru? is r5unciation ( ! _w & ! se>* = peace2 be/ ( all1 ! highe/ sacrifice & greate/ good1 is :5 "o ent]s ,nirvana1 say+ ,i %all n return aga9 to e>?4 ,?is is to be an ,arhat 7,p]fect ,sage74 ,^! are ,buddha's own words z he spoke ) a ,brahman prie/1#bi :o 0 conv]t$ !reby & repli$ at once ) ! ,buddhi/'s confession ( fai?3 ,i take refuge 9 ,buddha1 9 ! doctr9e1 9 ! *ur*4 ,a significant conv]sation6 ,9 _m ways ^! words %\ld be corrective ( mu* t is haz>d$ today 9 reg>d to ,buddhism4 ,!re is "h no elaborate sy/em ( metaphysics4 ,wisdom consi/s 9 ! tru? z x is 9 ,buddha2 & be=e tru? /&1 z antec$5tly ess5tial1 fai? & k9dness2 = s may "o r5d] ! passive non-injury ( ! ,brahman z taught by ! ,buddhi/4 ,to h fai? & good works1 to r5\nce ! pomps & vanities ( life1 to %[ k9dness to e liv+ ?+1 to seek = salvation1 to und]/&1 & s f9ally to leave no second self beh9d to suff] aga91 ?is is ,buddha's doctr9e4 ,we h avoid$ ?us f> to def9e ,nirvana4 ,x has ?ree di/9ct mean+s1 et]nal blissful repose 7su* 0 ! ,nirvana ( ! ,ja9s & 9 "p ( ,buddhism71 ext9ction & absolute annihilation 7su* 0 ! ,nirvana ( "s ,buddhi/s71 & ! ,nirvana ( ,buddha himself4 ,nirvana meant to ,buddha ! ext9ction ( lu/1 ang]1 & ignorance4 ,he adopt$ ! t]m1 he did n inv5t x4 ,he 0 (t5 que/ion$1 b p]si/5tly refus$ to say :e!r he believ$ t ,nirvana impli$ ext9ction ( be+ or n4 ,we believe t 9 ?is refusal to speak on s vital a po9t lies ! evid5ce t he himself reg>d$ ! 'ext9ction' or 'bl[+ out' 7?is is :at ! ^w means lit]ally7 z result+ 9 annihilation4 ,_h he believ$ o!rwise we ?9k he w\ld n h hesitat$ to say s1 = x w\ld h /r5g!n$ 8 influ5ce among !m to :om annihilation 0 n a pleas+ ?\ght4 ,b "o has no "r to 'g beh9d ! returns' z ^! are giv5 by ,buddha4 ,! lat] *ur* says di/9ctly t ,buddha himself did n tea* :e!r he himself1 8 ego1 0 to live aft] dea? or n2 or :e!r a p]man5t ego exi/s4 ,x is useless1 !re=e1 to inquire :e!r ,buddha's ,nirvana be a completion1 z ,mll] def9es x1 or annihilation4 ,to "o ,buddhi/ic p>ty x 0 ! "o2 to ! o!r1 ! o!r2 to ,buddha himself x 0 :at may be inf]r$ f 8 refusal to make any decl>ation 9 reg>d to x4 ,! second po9t ( int]e/ is n m easily dispos$ (4 ,:at to ! ,buddhi/ is ! _s1 ! s\l ( man8 ,x c]ta9ly is n an et]nal _s1 su* z 0 ! _s ( ,brahmanic philosophy1 or t ( ! ,ja94 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is cle> t some?+ surviv$ aft] dea? till "o 0 reborn = ! la/ "t1 & !n ent]$ ,nirvana4 ,! "p t animates ! mat]ial complex is to ! ,buddhi/ an individuality :i* dep5ds on ! nature ( its =m] complex1 home1 & is de/9$ to project itself ^u futurity till ! h\se :i* x has built ceases to exi/1 a home rebuilt no m to be its tab]nacle4 ,:5 a man dies ! compon5t p>ts ( 8 mat]ial p]sonality fall ap>t1 & a new complex is =m$1 ( :i* ! individuality is ! effect ( ! k>ma ( ! prec$+ complex4 ,! new p]son is "o's k>mic self1 b x is n "o's id5tical ego4 ,!re appe>s1 !re=e1 ev5 9 ! doctr9e ( ,nirvana1 to lie some?+ ( t altruism s conspicu\s 9 ! insi/5ce on k9dness & conv]sion ( o!rs4 ,x is to save f sorr[ ?is son ( "o's acts t "o %\ld seek to f9d ! end4 ,b !re is no s\l to save4 ,we _c insi/ too (t5 on ! fact t ! religion ( ,buddha 0 n less practical ?an human4 ,he practic$1 z he taught1 t ! m "o work$ = o!rs1 0 devot$ to o!rs1 ! less he c>$ = himself1 ! less 0 he ! victim ( desire4 ,h5ce he says t a true ,nirvana may come ev5 9 "o's own lifetime--! utt] surr5d] ( "o's self is ,nirvana1#cj :ile ! act ( dy+ only draws ! curta9 aft] ! trag$y has end$4 ,except1 ,buddha says1 = bir?1 age1 & dea?1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( ,buddha4 ,a review ( ,buddha's sy/em ( metaphysics is1 !re=e1 d\bly unnecess>y = our pres5t purpose4#ca ,9 ! fir/ place we believe t mo/ ( ! categories & metaphysical niceties ( ,buddhism1 z h&$ d[n1 are ( second>y orig92 &1 7 ?is n s1 x is /ill evid5t t !y 7 b ! unimportant1 intellectual app5dage ( a religion t 0 bas$ on any?+ b metaphysical subtleties4 ,buddha1 l e o!r tea*] ( 8 "t1 _h to h a 'sy/em1' ?\gh :e!r ! sy/em h&$ d[n z 8 rev]ts to him x is impossible to say4 ,b ,buddha's recondite doctr9e 0 only = ! wise4 ,x is h>d to le>n = an ord9>y p]son1 says ,buddha himself4 ,b x 0 ! ord9>y p]son t ,buddhism took to its bosom4 ,! reason c be only ! "o we h giv54 ,= ! la/ /age be=e ,arhat-%ip ,buddha _h ready a complicate sy/em4 ,b he did n inflict x on ! ord9>y p]son4#cb ,x 0 n an ess5tial b ! complet+ ( 8 tea*+2 9 8 own eyes tru? z repres5t$ by ! ,f\r ,great ,tru?s 0 ! real doctr9e4 ,! religion ( ,buddha1 = ! mass ( p1 lies 9 ! ,f\r ,great ,tru?s & _! practical application to o!rs1 :i* implies k9dness & love ( humanity4 ,= ,buddha1 :atev] may h be5 ! reluctance ) :i* he began to prea*1 %[s 9 all 8 tea*+s & deal+s ) m5 an endur+ pati5ce "u _! rebuffs1 a bro!rly sympa?y ) _! weakness1 & a div9e pity = _! sorr[s4 ,some?+1 too1 ( div9e ang] ) ! pett9ess & meanness ( ! unwor?y ones among 8 foll[]s1 z :51 aft] prea*+ ) p>able & exhortation to ! wrangl+ bro!rs ( ! mona/]y ( ,kosambi1 he left !m1 say+1 ',truly ^! fools are infatuate2 x is no easy task to adm9i/] in/ruction to !m1' &1 x is add$ simply1 he rose f 8 seat & w5t away4#cc ,! significance ( ! *ur* organization 9 ! developm5t ( ,buddhism %\ld n be "u-e/imat$4 ,contra/$ ) ! lack ( an organiz$ ecclesia/ical corporation among ! ,brahmans ! ,buddhi/ic synod1 or congregation1 ,sangha1 ex]t$ a great influ5ce4 ,9 diff]5t places !re w\ld be a p>k set ap>t = ! ,buddhi/ monks4 ,"h !y _h _! mona/]y build+s1 "h !y liv$ dur+ ! ra9y season1 f ?is place out z a c5tre ! monks radiat$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 n z lone m5dicants1 b z memb]s ( a p[]ful frat]nity4 ,to ?is mona/]y came gifts1 receipts ( all k9ds t nev] w\ld h be5 be/[$ ^u individuals4 ,und\bt$ly organization did mu* = ! spread ( ,buddhism4 ,yet we ?9k its influ5ce has be5 emphasiz$ almo/ too mu* by "s s*ol>s1 or r ! effect has be5 repres5t$ z too radical4 ,= ! mona/]ies1 z repres5t$ by tradition1 ) _! imm5se weal? & political importance z allies ( ! h]etical k+s ( ! ,ea/1 are pla9ly ( second>y gr[?4 ,if "o limit _! national & political importance to a p]iod "o or two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,ma/]'s "t1 he w n err 9 attribut+ to ?is cause1 z does ,b>?1 ! reason = ! rapid rise & supremacy ( ,buddhism ov] ,india4 ,b ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! in/itution 7 small1 & :at is to be s\ght 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,buddhism is r ! reason :y ! mona/]ies became popul>1 & :at 0 ! hold :i* ,buddha _h ^u ! masses1 & :i* induc$ ! =mation ( ?is great eng9e ( religi\s w>4 ,& :5 ?is fir/ "q is rais$ ! answ] mu/ /ill be t ! b&+ toge!r ( ! monks 0 n ! cause b ! effect ( ! popul>ity ( ,buddhism4 ,! fir/ mona/]ies1 z ,b>? well says1 7 only assemblies ( pi\s m5 :o =m$ a spiritual b& ( religi\s ?9k]s1 ( m5 :o unit$ !mselves into "o body to ! end t !y might /udy righte\sness1 le>n+ toge!r h[ to imitate ! ,ma/] 9 hol9ess ( liv+4 ,b ! memb]s conv]t$ soon became s _m t =mal assemblies became a necessity to settle ! practical disputes & !oretical que/ions :i* 7 rais$ by ! new multitude ( believ]s1 "s ( :om 7 m facti\s ?an dev\t4 ,brahmanism _h no ne$ ( ?is4 ,! ,brahman prie/ _h 8 law 9 tradition2 8 life & conduct 7 regulat$ by immemorial law4 ,! corporations ( ^! prie/s 7 b tempor>y organizations = specific purposes4 ,!y made no attempt to proselytize4 ,_! memb]s nev] exce$$ ! b\nds ( ! ca/e4 ,! cause1 !n1 ( ! rapid spread ( ,buddhism at ! beg9n+ ( its c>e] lies only 9 ! conditions ( its tea*+ & ! influ5tial back+ ( its f\nd]4 ,x 0 ! individual ,buddha t captivat$ m52 x 0 ! tea*+ t emanat$ f him t fir$ en?usiasm2 x 0 8 position z an ari/ocrat t made him acceptable to ! ari/ocracy1 8 magnetism t made him ! idol ( ! p4 ,f e page /&s out ! /rong1 attractive p]sonality ( ?is tea*] & w9n] ( he>ts4 ,no man ev] liv$ s godless yet s godlike4 ,arrogat+ to himself no div9ity1 despair+ ( future bliss1 b )\t fe> z )\t hope1 lead] ( ?\ght b despis+ lov+ly ! folly ( ! _w1 exalt$ b ador$1 ! univ]sal bro!r1 he w&]$ among m51 simply1 s]5ely2 ) g5tle irony subdu+ !m t oppos$ him1 to congregation aft] congregation speak+ ) maje/ic sweetness1 ! ma/] to ea*1 ! fri5d ( all4 ,8 voice 0 s+ul>ly vibrant & eloqu5t2#cd 8 v tones conv9c$ ! he>]1 8 looks inspir$ awe4 ,f ! tradition x appe>s t he mu/ h be5 "o ( ^? ^: p]sonality alone suffices to make a man n only a lead] b a god to ! he>ts ( 8 fell[s4 ,:5 su* an "o speaks he obta9s he>]s4 ,x matt]s little :at he says1 = he influ5ces ! emotions1 & b5ds :oev] li/5s to 8 w4 ,b if add$ to ?is p]sonality1 if encompass+ x1 !re be ! feel+ 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs t :at ?is man tea*es is n only a v]ity1 b ! v hope ( _! salvation2 if = ! fir/ "t !y recognize 9 8 words ! tru? t makes ( slaves free m51 ( classes a bro!rhood1 !n x is n difficult to see :]e9 lies ! lightn+-l spe$ ) :i* ! electric curr5t passes f he>t to he>t4 ,su* a man 0 ,buddha1 su* 0 ! ess5tial ( 8 tea*+2 & su* 0 ! inevitable rapidity ( ,buddhi/ic expansion1 & ! pr(\nd influ5ce ( ! %ock t 0 produc$ by ! new fai? ^u ! moral consci\sness ( ,buddha's p4 ,! lit]ature ( e>ly ,buddhism consi/s ( a numb] ( hi/orical works embody+ ! life & tea*+ ( ! ma/]1 "s ( m didactic & epigrammatic int5t1 &1 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s1 "s t h giv5 up ! v]bose simplicity ( ! fir/ tracts 9 favor ( ta/eless & extravagant recitals m /agey ?an impressive4 ,! f9al collection ( ! sacr$ books 7e>li] is ! ,suttanta division into ,nikayas7 is call$ ,tripitaka1 '! ?ree baskets1' "o conta9+ ! tracts on discipl9e2 "o1 ! talks ( ,buddha2 & "o1 p>tly metaphysical2 call$ respectively ,v9aya1 ,sutta1 & ,abhidhamma4 ,! ,s\!rn#ce ,pali r$action--= ! writ+s ( ! ,nor!rn#cf ,buddhi/s are 9 ,sanskrit--0 comm5t$ ^u 9 ! fif? c5tury ( ?is era by ,buddha-go%a 7',buddha's glory'71 & appe>s to be old] ?an ! ,sanskrit v]sion ( ,nepal4 ,"s ( ! writ+s g back z f> z ! ,second ,c\ncil1 & _! cont5t1 s f> z x conc]ns ,buddha's own words1 9 _m cases is d\btless a tradition t "o %\ld accept z au?oritative4 ,! works on discipl9e1 in/ead ( be+ z dull z "o might reasonably expect ( books t deal ) ! petty details ( a mona/]y1 are ( exce$+ int]e/ 7al?\gh :ole *apt]s con=m to ! reasonable expectation71 = !y conta9 fragm5ts ( ! "w & words ( ,buddha :i* give a cle>] idea ( 8 p]sonality & tea*+ ?an d 8 m ext5d$1 & p]haps less orig9al disc\rses4 ,!y ?r[ a /rong light also on ! e>ly *ur*1 its recalcitrant z well z its ob$i5t memb]s1 ! qu>rels & s*isms t appe> to h aris5 ev5 be=e ,buddha's dea?4 ,?us 9 ! ,mahavagga 7*4 ,x7 !re is f\nd an acc\nt ( ! s*ism caus$ by ! expulsion ( "s unwor?y memb]s4 ,! bre?r5 are n only s*ismatic1 "s tak+ ! side ( ^? expell$1 b !y are ev5 insol5t to ,buddha2 & :5 he entreats !m = ! sake ( ! effect on ! out] _w to heal _! diff]5ces1#cg !y tell him to 8 face t !y w take ! responsibility1 & t he ne$ n conc]n himself ) ! matt]4 ,x is on ?is occasion t ,buddha says1 ,truly1 ^! fools are infatuate1 leaves !m1 & goes into solitude1 rejoic+ to be free f s\ls s qu>relsome & cont5ti\s4 ,aga9 ^! tracts give a picture ( h[ !y %\ld live t are truly ,buddha's disciples4 ,buddha f9ds ?ree disciples liv+ 9 p]fect h>mony1 & asks !m h[ !y live toge!r s peaceably & lov+ly4 ,9 qua9t & yet dignifi$ language !y reply1 & tell him t !y s]ve ea* o!r4 ,he t rises fir/ prep>es ! meal1 he t returns la/ at night puts ! room 9 ord]1 etc4 7ib4 #d74 ,occasionally 9 ! acc\nt ( unruly bro!rs x is evid5t t tradition mu/ be anticipat+1 or t _m jo9$ ! ,buddhi/ frat]nity z an excuse f re/ra9t4 ,! ,cullavagga op5s ) ! /ory ( two notori\s r5egades1 'mak]s ( /rife1 qu>relsome1 mak]s ( dispute1 giv5 to idle talk1 & rais]s ( legal que/ions 9 ! congregation4' ,su* 7 ! infam\s foll[]s ( ,p&uka & ,lohitaka4 ,( a diff]5t sort1 ,epicurean or r frivol\s1 7 ! adh]5ts ( ,assaji & ,punabbasu1 :o1 accord+ to ano!r *apt] ( ! ,cullavagga 7,i4 #ac71 'cut fl[]s1 plant$ cutt+s ( fl[]s1 us$ o9tm5t & sc5ts1 danc$1 wore g>l&s1 & revell$ wick$ly4' ,a li/ ( ! amusem5ts 9 :i* indulg$ ^! flighty monks includes 'games play$ ) six & t5 pieces1 toss+ up1 hopp+ ov] diagrams1 dice1 jack/raws1#ch ball1 sket*+1 rac+1 m>bles1 wre/l+1' etc2 to :i* a l li/ 7,tevijja1 ,,ii7 adds *ess or *eck]s 7'play+ ) a bo>d ( sixty-f\r squ>es or "o hundr$ squ>es'71 gho/ /ories1 & unseemly wrangl+ 9 reg>d to belief 7,i am or?odox1 y are het]odox71 e>n+ a liv+ by progno/ication1 by tak+ om5s 'f a mirror' or o!rwise1 by quack m$ic9es1 & by 'pret5d+ to und]/& ! language ( bea/s4' ,x is gratify+ to le>n t ! sc5t$ (f5d]s describ$ 9 ! fir/-m5tion$ "w 7 bani%$ f ! ord]4 ,accord+ to ! regul> proc$ure1 !y 7 fir/ w>n$1 !n rem9d$1 !n *>g$2 !n ! matt] 0 laid be=e ! congregation1 & !y 7 oblig$ to leave ! ord]4 ,ev5 ! detail ( ,subhadda's insol5ce is n want+ 9 ^! records 7,cull4 ,,xi4 #a4 & else:]e74 ,no soon] 0 ,buddha dead ?an ! traitor ,subhadda cries out3 ,we are well rid ( him2 he gave u too _m rules4 ,n[ we may d z we l4 ,on :i* ! assembly proce$$ to decl>e 9 =ce all ! rules t ,buddha _h giv51 al?\gh he _h left x to !m to disc>d !m :5 !y w\ld4 ,! ,confessional 7,patimokkha71 out ( :i* h be5 evolv$ 9 n>rative =m ! ,v9aya texts t conta9 x1 conc]ns grad$ (f5ces1 matt]s ( expiation1 rules reg>d+ dec5cy1 directions conc]n+ robes1 rugs1 b[ls1 & o!r r un9t]e/+ topics1 all discuss$ 9 ! =m ( a confession4#ci ,! *ur*-read] goes ov] ! rules 9 ! pres5ce ( ! congregation1 & asks at ! end ( ea* section :e!r any "o is guilty ( hav+ brok5 ?is rule4 ,if at ! ?ird repetition no "o responds1 he says1 ',!y are decl>$ innoc5t by _! sil5ce4' ,?is 0 ! fir/ public confessional1 al?\gh1 z we h %[n above1 ! idea ( a p>tial remission ( s9 by means ( confession to ! prie/ is f\nd 9 ,brahmanic lit]ature4#dj ,! confession ext5ds to v small matt]s1 b "o sees f o!r texts t ! e>ly congregation laid a great deal ( weight on details1 su* z dress1 z ! sign ( a sob] life4 ,?us 9 ,mahavagga1 ,v4 #b ff41 c]ta9 ,buddhi/s dress 9 a worldly way4 ,at "o "t "o is in=m$ ( ! color ( _! h]etical slipp]s1 at ano!r ( ! make ( _! wick$ g[ns4 ,all ?is is mona/ic1 ev5 9 ! discipl9e :i* 'sets back' a badly behav$ monk1 gives him probation1 =ces him to be subord9ate4 ,9 ,cullavagga1 ,i4 #i1 !re is an acc\nt ( /upid ,seyyasaka1 :o 0 dull & indiscreet1 & 0 always gett+ 'set back' by ! bre?r54 ,f9ally !y gr[ we>y ( probat+ him & c>ry out ! nissaya aga9/ him1 oblig+ him to rema9 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( o!rs4 ,=1 accord+ to ,buddha's rule1 a wise novice 0 kept "u surveillance1 or r "u ! au?ority ( o!rs1 = five ye>s2 a /upid un9=m$ monk1 =ev]4 ,buddha's relations ) society are pla9ly set =?4 ,"o reads h[ 8 devot$ fri5d1 ,k+ ,s5iya ,bimbisara1 f\r ye>s y\ng] ?an ,buddha1 & 8 protector 7= he 0 ,k+ ( ,magadha71 gives him a p>k1 p]haps ! fir/ donation ( ?is sort1 ! orig9 ( all ! mona/ic f\ndations3 ,! ,k+ ( ,magadha1 ,bimbisara1 ?\ght '"h is ?is bamboo =e/ ,v5uvana1 my pleasure-g>d51 :i* is nei!r too ne> to ! t[n nor too f> f x4444 ,:at if ,i 7 to give x to ! frat]nity8' 444 ,& he took a gold5 vessel 7( wat]7 & d$icat$ ! g>d5 to ,buddha1 say+1 ',i give up ! p>k to ! frat]nity ) ,buddha at its head4' ,& ! ,bless$ ,"o accept$ ! p>k 7,mahavagga1 i4 #bb74da ,ano!r su* p>k ,buddha accepts f ! c\rtezan1 ,ambapali1 ^: conv]sation ) ,buddha & d9n]-p>ty to him =ms a favorite /ory ) ! monks 7,mahav4 v4 #cj2 ,cull4 ii74 ,! protection (f]$ by ,bimbisara made ! ord] a f9e retreat = rogues4 ,9 ,mahav4 #a4 #da ff4 "o reads t ,k+ ,s5iya ,bimbisara made a decree3 ,no "o is to d any h>m to ^? orda9$ among ! akya-son's monks4#db ,well taught is _! doctr9e4 ,let !m lead a holy life = ! sake ( complete ext9ction ( suff]+4 ,b robb]s & runaway slaves imm$iately took advantage ( ?is decree1 & by jo9+ ! ord] put ! police at defiance4 ,ev5 debtors escap$1 became monks1 & mock$ _! cr$itors4 ,buddha1 !re=e1 made x a rule t no robb]1 runaway slave1 or o!r p]son liable to arre/ %\ld be admitt$ into ! ord]4 ,he orda9$ fur!r t no son might jo9 ! ord] )\t 8 p>5ts' cons5t 7ib4 #ed74 ,/ill ano!r motive ( false disciples _h to be combat$4 ,! p>5ts ( ,upali ?\ght to !mselves3 ,:at %alt we tea* ,upali t he may e>n 8 liv+8 ,if we tea* him writ+ 8 f+]s w be sore2 if we tea* him ari?metic 8 m9d w be sore2 if we tea* him money-*ang+ 8 eyes w be sore4 ,!re are ^? ,buddhi/ monks2 !y live an easy life2 !y h en\gh to eat & %elt] f ! ra92 we w make him a monk4 ,buddha1 he>+ ( ?is1 orda9$ t no "o %\ld be admitt$ into ! ord] "u tw5ty 7) "s exceptions74 ,! monks' lives 7 simple4 ,!y w5t out by day to beg1 7 lock$ 9 _! cells at night 7,mahav4 i4 #ec71 7 probat$ = light (f5ces1 & expell$ = v sev]e ones4#dc ,! p are repres5t$ z murmur+ aga9/ ! practices ( ! monks at fir/1 till ! latt] 7 br\ght to m mode/ behavior4 ,x is p]haps only ,buddhi/ animosity t makes ! n>rator say3 ,!y did n behave mode/ly at table4444 ,!n ! p murmur$ & said1 ',^! ,buddhi/ monks make a riot at _! meals1 !y act j l ! ,brahman prie/s4' 7,mahav4 i4 #be2 cf4 i4 #gj47 ,we turn f ! ,discipl9e to ! ,s]mons4 ,"h "o f9ds ev]y?+1 f moral exhortations to a book ( ,revelations4#dd ,buddha sometimes is repres5t$ z ent]+ ^u a dramatic dialogue ) ^? :om he wi%es to re=m1 & ! talk is n>rat$4 ,) :at s(t irony he que/ions1 ) :at app>5t simplicity he argues6 ,9 ! ,tevijja#de ! sc5e op5s ) a "y ,brahman4 ,he is a pi\s & religi\s y\?1 & tells ,buddha t al?\gh he ye>ns = 'union ) ,brahma1'#df he does n "k :i* ( ! diff]5t pa?s propos$ by ,brahman prie/s lead to ,brahma4 ,d !y all lead to union ) ,brahma8 ,buddha answ]s3 ',let u see2 has any "o ( ^! ,brahmans ev] se5 ,brahma8' ',no1 inde$1 ,gautama4' ',or did any "o ( _! ance/ors ev] see ,brahma8' ',no1 ,gautama4' ',well1 did ! mo/ anci5t se]s ev] say t !y knew :]e is ,brahma8' ',no1 ,gautama4' ',!n if nei!r ! pres5t ,brahmans "k1 nor ! old ,brahmans knew :]e is ,brahma1 ! pres5t ,brahmans say 9 po9t ( fact1 ,we c %[ ! way to union ) :at we "k n & h nev] se52 ?is is ! /raight pa?1 ?is is ! direct way :i* leads to ,brahma--& is ?is fooli% talk8' ',x is fooli% talk4' ',!n1 z to ye>n+ = union ) ,brahma1 suppose a man %\ld say1 ,h[ ,i long =1 h[ ,i love ! mo/ beautiful woman 9 ?is l&1 & ! p %\ld ask1 ,d y "k :e!r t beautiful woman is a noble lady1 or a ,brahman woman1 or ( ! trad] class1 or a slave8 & he %\ld say1 ,no2 & ! p %\ld say1 ,:at is h] "n1 is %e tall or %ort1 9 :at place does %e live8 & he %\ld say1 ,i "k n1 & ! p %\ld say1 ,:om y "k n1 nei!r h se51 h] y love & long =8 & he %\ld say1 ,yes1--w\ld n t be fooli%8 ,!n1 aft] ?is is ass5t$ to1 ,buddha sugge/s ano!r p>allel4 ',a man builds a /aircase1 & ! p ask1 ,d y "k :]e is ! mansion to :i* ?is /aircase leads8 ,i d n "k4 ,are y mak+ a /aircase to lead to some?+1 tak+ x = a mansion1 :i* y "k n & h nev] se58 ,yes4 ,w\ld n ?is be fooli% talk8444 ,n[ :at ?9k y1 is ,brahma 9 possession ( wives & weal?8' ',he is n4' ',is 8 m9d full ( ang] or free f ang]8 ,is 8 m9d full ( malice or free f malice8' ',free f ang] & malice4' ',is 8 m9d deprav$ or pure8' ',pure4' ',has he self-ma/]y8' ',yes4' ',n[ :at ?9k y1 are ! ,brahmans 9 possession ( wives & weal?1 d !y h ang] 9 _! he>ts1 d !y be> malice1 are !y impure 9 he>t1 are !y )\t self-ma/]y8' ',yes4' ',c !re !n be lik5ess betwe5 ! ,brahmans & ,brahma8' ',no4' ',w !y !n aft] dea? become unit$ to ,brahma :o is n at all l !m8' ,!n ,buddha po9ts out ! pa? ( purity & love4 ,"h is no negative 'non-injury1' b some?+ v diff]5t to any?+ t _h be5 prea*$ be=e 9 ,india4 ,:5 ! novice puts away hate1 passion1 wrong-do+1 s9fulness ( e k9d1 !n3 ',he lets 8 m9d p]vade ! :ole wide _w1 above1 bel[1 ar\nd & ev]y:]e1 ) a he>t ( love1 f>-rea*+1 gr[n great1 & beyond measure4 ,& he lets 8 m9d p]vade ! :ole _w ) a he>t ( pity1 sympa?y1 & equanimity1 f>-rea*+1 gr[n great1 & beyond measure4' ,buddha concludes 7adopt+ = effect ! ,brahma ( 8 conv]t73 ',t ! monk :o is free f ang]1 free f malice1 pure 9 m9d1 & ma/] ( himself %\ld aft] dea?1 :5 ! body is dissolv$1 become unit$ to ,brahma :o is ! same--su* a condition ( ?+s is q possible' ,"h is no metaphysics1 only a new religion bas$ on morality & int5se humanity1 yet is ! "y man mov$ to say1 speak+ = himself & ! fri5d ) him3 ',"l1 excell5t are ! words ( ?y m\?4 ,z if "o 7 to br+ a lamp into ! d>kness1 j s1 ,"l1 has ! tru? be5 made kn[n to u 9 _m a figure by ! ,bless$ ,"o4 ,& we come to ,buddha z our refuge1 to ! doctr9e & to ! *ur*4 ,may ! ,bless$ ,"o accept u z disciples1 z true believ]s1 f ?is day =?1 z long z life endures4' ,! god ,brahma ( ?is dialoge is = ! "t be+ playfully accept$ by ,buddha z ! ,all-god4 ,to ! ,buddhi/ himself ,brahma & all ! ,v$ic gods are n exactly non-exi/5t1 b !y are dim figures t are m l demi-gods1 fairies1 or z "s ,engli% s*ol>s call !m1 'angels4' ,:e!r ,buddha himself really believ$ 9 !m1 _c be ass]t$ or d5i$4 ,?is belief is attribut$ to him1 & 8 *ur* is v sup]/iti\s4 ,probably ,buddha did n ?9k x wor? :ile to discuss ! "q4 ,he nei!r knew nor c>$ :e!r cl\d-be+s exi/$4 ,x 0 en\gh to d5y a ,creator1 or to leave no place = him4 ,?aumaturgical p[]s are inde$ cr$it$ to ! e>lie/ belief1 b !re c]ta9ly is no?+ 9 h>mony ) ,buddha's usual attitude 9 ! extraord9>y disc\rse call$ ,akankheyya1 :]e9 ,buddha is repres5t$ z ascrib+ to monks miracul\s p[]s only h9t$ at 9 a vague '%ak+ ( ! e>?' 9 m sob] spee*4#dg ,f ! foll[+ let ! ',esot]ic ,buddhi/s' ( to-day take com=t1 = x %[s at lea/ t !y %>e an anci5t folly1 al?\gh ,buddha c sc>cely be held responsible = x3 ,if a monk %\ld desire to become multi=m1 to become visible or invisible1 to g ?r\gh a wall1 a f5ce1 or a m\nta9 z if ?r\gh air2 to p5etrate up or d[n ?r\gh solid gr\nd z if ?r\gh wat] 444 to trav]se ! sky1 to t\* ! moon 444 let him fulfil all righte\sness1 let him be devot$ to t quietude ( he>t :i* spr+s f )9 444 let him look ?r\gh ?+s1 let him be mu* alone4 ,t is to say1 let him aim = ! v tricks ( ! ,yogis1 :i* ,buddha _h disc>d$4 ,is !re n "h p]haps a little irony8 ,buddha does n say t ! monk w be able to d ?is--he says if ! monk wi%es to d ?is1 let him be quiet & m$itate & le>n righte\sness1 !n p]haps--b he w at lea/ h le>n$ righte\sness6 ,! little tract call$ ,cetokhila conta9s a s]mon :i* has n lo/ entirely its usefulness or application1 & x is *>act]i/ic ( ! way 9 :i* ,buddha treat$ es*atological conundrums3 ',if a bro!r has adopt$ ! religi\s life 9 ! hope ( belong+ to "s "o ( ! angel 7div9e7 ho/s1 ?9k+ to himself1 by ?is morality or by ?is obs]vance or by ?is au/]ity or by ?is religi\s life ,i %all become an angel1 8 m9d does n incl9e to zeal1 ex]tion1 p]sev]ance & /ruggle1 & he has n succe$$ 9 8 religi\s life' 7has n brok5 ?r\gh ! bonds74 ,&1 cont9u+1 ,buddha says t j z a h5 might sit c>efully brood+ ov] h] well-wat*$ eggs1 & might cont5t h]self ) ! wi%1 ',o t ?is egg w\ld let out ! *ick1' b all ! "t !re is no ne$ ( ?is torm5t1 = ! *icks w hat* if %e keeps wat* & w>d ov] !m1 s a man1 if he does n ?9k :at is to be1 b keeps wat* & w>d ( 8 words1 ?\ghts1 & acts1 w 'come =? into ! light4'#dh ,! que/ions 9 reg>d to ,buddha's view ( s\l1 immortality1 & religion are answ]$ to our m9d z cle>ly 9 ! foll[+ passages z ,buddha desir$ !y %\ld be4 ',unwisely does "o consid]3 ,h ,i exi/$ 9 ages pa/ 444 %all ,i exi/ 9 ages yet to be1 d ,i exi/ at all1 am ,i1 h[ am ,i8 ,?is is a be+1 :5ce is x come1 :i!r w x g8 ,consid]ation su* z ?is is walk+ 9 ! jungle ( delusion4 ,^! are ! ?+s "o %\ld consid]3 ,?is is suff]+1 ?is is ! orig9 ( suff]+1 ?is is ! cessation ( suff]+1 ?is is ! way t leads to ! cessation ( suff]+4 ,f him t consid]s ?us 8 fett]s fall away' 7,sabbasava74 ,9 ! ,vangisa-sutta ,buddha is ask$ directly3 ,has ?is good man's life be5 va9 to him1 has he be5 ext+ui%$1 or is he /ill left ) "s elem5ts ( exi/5ce2 & h[ 0 he lib]at$8 & he replies3 ,he has cut (f desire = "n & =m 9 ?is _w4 ,he has cross$ completely ! /ream ( bir? & dea?4 ,9 ! ,salla-sutta x is said3 ,)\t cause & unkn[n is ! life ( mortals 9 ?is _w1 tr\bl$1 brief1 comb9$ ) pa94444 ,z e>!n vessels made by ! pott] end 9 be+ brok51 s is ! life ( mortals4 ,"o %\ld comp>e ! /ill /rong] image1 :i* gives ! v "n ( nir-vana 7'bl[+ out'7 9 ! ,upasivamanavapuc*a3 ,z a flame bl[n ab\t by w9d goes out & _c be reckon$ z exi/+1 s a sage deliv]$ f "n & body disappe>s1 & _c be reckon$ z exi/+4 ,to ?is ,upasiva replies3 ,b has he only disappe>$1 or does he n exi/1 or is he only free f sickness8 ,to :i* ,buddha3 ,= him !re is no =m1 & t by :i* !y say he is exi/s = him no long]4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ?is 7 pla9 en\gh4 ,yet mu/ "o always rememb] t ?is is ! ,arhat's dea?1 ! dea? ( him t has p]fect$ himself4#di ,buddha1 l ! ,brahmans1 taught hell = ! bad1 & re-bir? = !m t 7 n p]fect$4 ,s 9 ! ,kokaliya-sutta a li/ ( hells is giv51 & an e/imate is made ( ! duration ( ! s9n]'s suff]+ 9 !m4 ,"h1 z if 9 a ,brahman code1 is x taught t 'he :o lies goes to hell1' etc4 ,ev5 ! names ( ! ,brahmanic hells are tak5 ov] into ! ,buddhi/ sy/em1 & sev]al ( ^? 9 ,manu's li/ ( hells are f\nd "h4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,buddha tea*es1 if "o may tru/ tradition1 t a good man may g to heav54 ',on ! dissolution ( ! body aft] dea? ! well-do] is re-born 9 "s happy /ate 9 heav5' 7,mahap>9ibbana1 i4 #bd74ej ,?is1 l hell1 is a tempor>y /ate1 ( c\rse1 be=e re-bir? beg9s aga9 on e>?4 ,9 fact1 ,buddhi/ & ,brahmanic pan!i/s agree 9 _! attitude t[>d ! respective que/ions ( hell1 heav51 & k>ma4 ,x is only ! emancipat$ ,arhat t goes to ,nirvana4#ea ,:5 x is said t ,buddha prea*es to a new conv]t '9 due c\rse1' x means always t he gave him fir/ a lecture on morality & religion1 & !n possibly1 b n necess>ily1 on ! 'sy/em4' ,& ,buddha has no n>r[-m9d$ av]sion to ,brahmans2 he accepts ',brahman' z he accepts ',brahma1' only he wants x to be und]/ood :at is a real ,brahman3 ',a c]ta9 ,brahman once ask$ ,buddha h[ "o becomes a ,brahman1--:at are ! *>act]i/ics t make a man a ,brahman4 ,& ! ,bless$ ,"o said3 ,! ,brahman :o has remov$ all s9fulness1 :o is free f haught9ess1 free f impurity1 self-re/ra9$1 :o is an accompli%$ ma/] ( k1 :o has fulfill$ ! duties ( hol9ess1--su* a ,brahman ju/ly calls himself a ,brahman4'#eb ,! ,mahavagga1 f :i* ?is is tak51 is full ( su* s5tim5ts4 ,z "h1 9 i4 #b1 s 9 i4 #g3 ,! ,bless$ ,"o prea*$ to ,yasa1 ! noble y\?1 '9 due c\rse1' t is to say1 he talk$ ab\t ! m]it obta9$ by alms-giv+1 ! duties ( morality1 ab\t heav51 ab\t ! evils ( vanity & s9fulness ( desire1 & :5 ! ,bless$ ,"o saw t ! m9d ( ,yasa1 ! noble y\?1 0 prep>$1 !n he prea*$ ! pr9cipal doctr9e ( ! ,buddhi/s1 namely1 suff]+1 & cause ( suff]+1 ! cessation ( suff]+1 ! ,pa?2 & j z a clean clo? takes ! dye1 ?us ,yasa1 ! noble y\?1 ev5 :ile sitt+ !re1 obta9$ ! k t :atsoev] is subject to bir? is also subject to dea?4#ec ,! _s & n ! lett] ( ! law is express$ 9 ! =mula 7,mahavagga1 i4 #bc73 ,( all conditions t proce$ f a cause1 ,buddha has expla9$ ! cause1 & he has expla9$ _! cessation4 ,?is is ! ,buddhi/'s cr$o4 ,9 sev]al ( ! s]mons ! :ole gi/ is compris$ 9 ! admonition n to m$dle ) philosophy1 nor to h any 'views1' = philosophy purifies no "o2 peace alone purifies4#ed ,buddha does n ignore ! fact t fools w n desire salvation z expla9$ by him3 ,:at fools call pleasure ! noble say is pa92 ?is is a ?+ difficult to und]/&2 ! cessation ( ! exi/+ body is reg>d$ z pleasure by ! noble1 b ^? wise 9 ?is _w hold ! opposite op9ion 7,dvayatanup4 sutta1 #ch74ee ,b to him ! truly wise is ! truly pure3 ,n by bir? is "o a ,brahman1 n by bir? is "o an outca/2 by de$s is "o a ,brahman1 by de$s is "o an outca/ 7,vasala-sutta72 & n alone 9 virtue ( k>ma ( old1 =3 ,! man :o kn[s 9 ?is _w ! de/ruction ( pa91 :o lays aside ! burd5 & is lib]at$1 him ,i call a ,brahman2 :osoev] 9 ?is _w has ov]come good & evil1 bo? ties1 :o is free f grief & defilem5t1 & is pure1--him ,i call a ,brahman2 ! ignorant say t "o is a ,brahman by bir?1 b "o is a ,brahman by p5ance1 by religi\s life1 by self-re/ra9t1 & by temp]ance 7,vaset?a-sutta74 ,! p5ance "h allud$ to is n ! vague p5ance ( au/]ities1 b submission to ! discipl9e ( ! mona/]y :5 ex]cis$ = a specific fault4 ,lat] ,buddhism made ( ,buddha a god4 ,ev5 less exaltation ?an ?is is met by ,buddha ?us3 ,sariputta says to him1 ,su* fai? h ,i1 ,"l1 t me?9ks !re nev] 0 & nev] w be ei!r monk or ,brahman :o is great] & wis] ?an ?\1 & ,buddha responds3 ,gr& & bold are ! words ( ?y m\?2 behold1 ?\ ha/ bur/ =? into ec/atic song4 ,come1 ha/ ?\1 !n1 kn[n all ! ,buddhas t 78 ,no1 ,"l4 ,ha/ ?\ kn[n all ! ,buddhas t w be8 ,no1 ,"l4 ,b1 at lea/1 ?\ kn[e/ me1 my conduct1 my m9d1 my wisdom1 my life1 my salvation 7i4e41 ?\ kn[e/ me z well z ,i "k myself78 ,no1 ,"l4 ,?\ see/ t ?\ kn[e/ n ! v5]able ,buddhas ( ! pa/ & ( ! future2 :y1 !n1 are ?y words s gr& & bold8 7,mahap>9ibbana47 ,metaphysically ! human ego to ! ,buddhi/ is only a collection ( five sk&has 7=m1 s5sations1 ideas1 faculties ( m9d1 & reason7 t vani%es :5 ! collection is disp]s$1 b ! factors ( ! collection re-=m aga91 & ! new ego is ! result ( _! re-=mation4 ,! ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s1 :o turn ,buddha into a god1 make ( ?is an immortal s\l1 b ?is is ,buddhism 9 "o phase1 n ,buddha's own belief4 ,! /r5g? ( ,nor!rn ,buddhism lies n1 z "s say1 9 its great] religi\s zeal1 b 9 its gross] animism1 ! delight ( ! vulg>4 ,x w n be necess>y1 int]e/+ z w\ld be ! comp>ison1 to /udy ! ,buddhism ( ! ,nor? aft] ?is review ( ! old] & simpl] *ronicles4 ,9 ,h>dy's ,manual ( ,buddhism 7p4 #ach ff47 & ,rockhill's ,life ( ,buddha w be f\nd ! weird & silly leg5ds ( ,nor!rn ,buddhism1 toge!r ) a full sket* ( ,buddhi/ic e?ics & ontology 7,h>dy1 pp4 #dfj1 #chg74 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,nor!rn books1 ! ,lotus ( ! ,law & ! ,lalita ,vi/>a1 give a good idea ( ! extravagance & sup]naturalism t already h begun to disfigure ! pur] fai?4 ,accord+ to ,k]n1 :o has translat$ ! =m] "w aga9 7aft] ,burn\f71 ! :ole int5t ( ! ,lotus is to repres5t ,buddha z ! supreme1 et]nal ,god4 ,! works1 treat+ ( piety1 philosophy1 & philan?ropy1 conta9 anci5t elem5ts1 b 9 g5]al are ( lat] =m4 ,to ?is age belongs also ! :ole collection ( ,jatakas1 or 'bir?-/ories1' ( ! ,buddhas t 7 be=e ,gautama1 "s ( ! tales ( :i* are hi/orically important1 z !y h giv5 rise to ,we/]n fables4#ef ,^! bir?-/ories repres5t ,buddha 7(t5 z ,indra7 z "s god or mortal1 & tell :at he did 9 su* or su* a =m4 ,x is 9 a future =m t1 l ,vi%nu1 :o is to come 9 ! avat> ( ,kalki1 ! next ,buddha w appe> z ,maitreya1 or ! ',buddha ( love4'#eg ,"s ( ! /ories are v silly2 "s1 aga91 are beautiful at he>t1 b ugly 9 _! biz>re appe>ance4 ,!y are all1 p]haps1 lat] ?an our era4#eh ,! hi/ory ( ,buddhism aft] ! ,ma/]'s dea? has a c]ta9 analogy ) t ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,t is to say x 0 l>gely a political gr[?4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ( c\rse1 ! comp>ison fails4 ,! religion 0 affect$ by h]etical k+s1 & by n\veaux ri*es1 = x admitt$ !m all into its community on equal t]ms--no slight privilege to ! haughty nabob or pr\d k+ :o1 if a believ] & foll[] ( ,brahman or?odoxy1 w\ld h be5 oblig$ to b5d ! head1 yield ! pa?1 & fe> ! slighte/ fr[n ( any begg> prie/ t came 9 8 way4 ,! ,maruya mon>* ,aoka adopt$ ,buddhism z a /ate religion 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & taught x unto all 8 p1 s t1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 he *ang$ ! cre$ ( ! c\ntry f ,brahmanism to ,buddhism4#ei ,he 0 k+ ov] all nor!rn ,india1 f ,kabul to ! ea/]n ocean1 f ! nor!rn limit ( ,brahmanic civilization to its s\!rn b\nd>y4 ,buddhi/ mission>ies 7 n[ spread ov] ,india & beyond x4 ,& "h aga91 ev5 9 ?is lat] age1 "o sees h[ little _h ! p to d ) ,buddha's metaphysical sy/em4 ,l ! simple confession ',i take refuge 9 ,buddha1 9 ! doctr9e1 & 9 ! *ur*' 0 ! only cr$o dem&$1 t cit$ above3 ,buddha has expla9$ ! cause ( :atev] conditions proce$ f a cause1 & he has decl>$ _! cessation4 ,9 ?is cr$o1 :i* is en-grav$ all ov] ,india1 ev]y?+ is left 9 confid5ce to ,buddha4 ,h[ev] he expla9$ ! reason1 t cre$ is to be accept$ )\t inquiry4 ,! conv]t took ! pat5t facts ( life1 believ+ t ,buddha _h expla9$ all1 & bas$ 8 own belief n on und]/&+ b on fai?4 ,) ! c\ncil ( ,patna1 #bdb ,b4,c1 beg9s at ?\s&s ( ! mission>ies ! geographical sep>ation ( ! *ur*1 :i* results 9 ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn ,buddhism4#fj ,x is at ?is p]iod t ! mona/ic bodies become influ5tial4 ,! orig9al ,sangha1 congregation1 is def9$ z consi/+ ( ?ree or m bre?r54 ,! lat] mona/]y is a bus9ess corporation z well z a religi\s body4 ,! great emp]ors t n[ rul$ ,india 7n ! petty clan-k+s ( ! c5turies be=e7 7 no long] ( pure bir?1 & "s h]esy 0 ! only religion t w\ld receive !m ) due honor4 ,!y affect$ ,buddhism1 end[$ ! mona/]ies1 9 e 0 enri*$ ! *ur*1 built = x great temples1 & 9 turn 7 upheld by _! ?ankful co-religioni/s4 ,among ! six#fa rival h]esies t ( ,buddha 0 pr$om9ant1 & *iefly because ( royal influ5ce4 ,! ,buddhi/ head ( ! ,ceylon *ur* 0 ,aoka's own son4 ,/ill m important = ,buddhism 0 its adoption by ! migratory ,turanians 9 ! c5turies foll[+4 ,tibet & ,*9a 7 op5$ up to x ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ^! =eign k+s1 :o at lea/ pret5d$ to adopt ! fai? ( ,buddha4#fb ,b z x 0 adopt$ by !m1 & z x ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( ,india1 j s mu* weak] x became at home1 :]e its /ronge/ antagoni/s 7 ! sect>ian pan!i/ic p>ties n s het]odox z itself4 ,buddhism l+]$ 9 ,india till ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury1 al?\gh 9 ! sev5? x 0 already decad5t1 z appe>s f ! acc\nt ( ,hi\5-,?sang1 ! ,*9ese pilgrim4 ,x is f\nd to-day 9 ,tibet1 ,ceylon1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & o!r outly+ regions1 b x is q vani%$ f its old home4 ,! cause ( its ext9ction is obvi\s4 ,! ,buddhi/ victori\s 0 n ! mode/ & dev\t m5dicant ( ! e>ly *ur*4 ,! fire ( hate1 light$ if at all by ,buddhism1#fc sm\ld]$ till ,brahmanism1 9 ! =m ( ,h9duism1 _h begott5 a religion z popul> z ,buddhism1 or r f> m popul>1 & = two reasons4 ,buddhism _h no su* picturesque tales z ^? t envelop$ ) poetry ! hi/ory ( ! man-god ,kri%na1 ,aga91 ,buddhism 9 its mona/ic developm5t _h sep>at$ itself m & m f ! p4 ,n m5dicant monks1 urg+ to a pure life1 b opul5t *ur*es ) fat prie/s2 n simple disc\rses calculat$ to awak5 ! moral & religi\s consci\sness1 b subtle argum5ts on discipl9e & metaphysics 7 n[ :at ,buddhism repres5t$4 ,?is religion 0 become1 inde$1 z mu* a skeleton z 0 ! ,brahmanism ( ! six? c5tury4 ,z ! ,brahmanic belief _h decompos$ into spiritless rites1 s ,buddhism1 *ang$ into dialectic & idolatry 7= 9 lieu ( a god ! lat] *ur* wor%ipp$ ,buddha71 _h lo/ n[ all hold ^u ! p4 ,! love ( man1 ! _s ( ,buddhism1 0 dead1 & ,buddhism crumbl$ into ! du/4 ,vital & en]getic 0 ! sect>ian 'love ( ,god' alone 7,h9duism71 & ?is n[ became triumphant4 ,:]e ,buddhism has succe$$ is n :]e ! man-gods1 objects ( love & fe>1 h ent]$2 b :]e1 )\t rivalry f m sympa!tic beliefs1 x has itself evolv$ a sy/em ( idolatry & sup]/ition2 :]e all t 0 scorn$ by ! ,ma/] is reg>d$ z holie/1 & all t he insi/$ ^u z vital is disreg>d$4#fd ,"o speaks ( ! millions ( ,buddhi/s 9 ! _w z "o speaks ( ! millions ( ,*ri/ians2 b :ile !re are "s ,*ri/ians t h r5\nc$ ! bigotry & idolatry ( ! *ur*1 & hold to ! tru? z x is 9 ! words ( ,*ri/1 !re are /ill few] ,buddhi/s :o "k t _! ,buddhism w\ld h be5 rebuk$ scornfully by its f\nd]4 ,! geographical gr[? ( =mal ,buddhism is easily sket*$4 ,aft] ! fir/ entrance into ,ka%me] & ,ceylon1 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 ! progress ( ! cult1 z x n[ may be call$1 0 /eadily away f ,india prop]4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d41 x 0 adopt$ 9 ,burmah1#fe & 9 ! sev5? 9 ,siam4 ,! ,nor!rn s*ool kept 9 g5]al to ! 'void' doctr9e ( ,nagarjuna1 ^: *ief texts are ! ,lotus & ! ,lalita ,vi/>a1 /&>d works ( ! ,great ,vehicle4#ff ,9 ,tibet ,lamaism is ! la/ result ( ?is hi]>*ical /ate-*ur*4#fg ,we h ?\ght x mu* m important to give a full] acc\nt ( e>ly ,buddhism1 t ( ,buddha1 ?an a full acc\nt ( a lat] gr[? 9 regions t1 = ! mo/ "p1 are n ,indic1 9 ! belief t ! ,pali books ( ,ceylon give a tru] picture ( ! e>ly *ur* ?an d ^? ( ,ka%me] & ,nepal1 ) _! ivaite & ,brahmanic admixture4 ,= 9 tru? ! ,buddhism ( ,*9a & ,tibet has no place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,indic religions4 ,x may h be5 introduc$ by ,h9du mission>ies1 b x has be5 re-made to suit a =eign p4 ,?is does n apply1 ( c\rse1 to ! canonical books1 ! ,great ,vehicle1 ( ! ,nor?1 :i* is ess5tially native1 if n ,buddhi/ic4 ,yet ( ! simple n>rative & ! adult]at$ my/]y-play1 if "o has to *oose1 ! =m] mu/ take prec$5ce4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( hi/ory1 ,nor!rn ,buddhism1 h[ev] old its elem5ts1 c be reg>d$ only z an admixture ( ,buddhi/ic & ,brahmanic ideas4 ,= ?is reason we take a little m space1 n to cite f ! ,lotus or ! grotesque ,lalita ,vi/>a1#fh b to illu/rate ,buddhism at its be/4 ,fausbll1 :o has translat$ ! dialogue t foll[s1 ?9ks t 9 ! ,suttas ( ! ,sutta-nipata !re is a rem9isc5ce ( a /age ( ,buddhism be=e ! in/itution ( mona/]ies1 :ile z yet ! disciples liv$ z h]mits4 ,! collection is at lea/ v primitive1 al?\gh we d\bt :e!r ! ,buddhi/ disciples ev] liv$ =mally z individual h]mits4 ,all ! ,samanas are 9 gr\ps1 little 'congregations1' :i* aft]w>ds grew into mona/]ies4 ,?is is a poetical 7amoebic7 conte/ betwe5 ! h]dsman ,dhaniya & ,buddha1 ) :i* ,fausbll#fi comp>es ,/4 ,luke1 xii4 #af1 b :i*1 on ! o!r h& rem9ds "o ( a spiritualiz$ ,!ocritus1 ) :om its au?or 01 p]haps1 contempor>y4 ,i h boil$ ! rice1 ,i h milk$ ! k9e--s said ! h]dsman ,dhaniya--,i am liv+ ) my comrades ne> ! banks ( ! 7great7 ,mahi riv]2 ! h\se is ro($1 ! fire is lit--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,i am free f ang]1 free f /ubbornness--s said ! ,bless$ ,"o--,i am abid+ = "o night ne> ! banks ( ! 7great7 ,mahi riv]2 my h\se has no cov]1 ! fire 7( passion7 is ext+ui%$--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,"h are no gad-files--s said ! h]dsman ,dhaniya--,! c[s are roam+ 9 mead[s full ( grass1 & !y c endure ! ra9--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 #a h made a well-built raft--s said ! ,bless$ ,"o--,i h cross$ ov]1 ,i h rea*$ ! fur!r bank1 ,i h ov]come ! torr5t 7( passions72 ,i ne$ ! raft no m--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,my wife is ob$i5t1 %e is n wanton--s said ! h]dsman ,dhaniya--%e has liv$ ) me long & is w9n+2 no wick$less h ,i he>d ( h]--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,my m9d is ob$i5t1 deliv]$ 7f evil7--s said ! ,bless$ ,"o--x has be5 cultivat$ long & is well-subdu$2 !re is no long] any?+ wick$ 9 me--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,i support myself by my own e>n+s--s said ! h]dsman ,dhaniya--& my *ildr5 are ar\nd me & heal?y2 ,i he> no wick$ness ( !m--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,i am ! s]vant ( none--s said ! ,bless$ ,"o--) :at ,i h ga9$ ,i w&] ab\t 9 all ! _w2 ,i h no ne$ to s]ve--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,i h c[s1 ,i h calves--s said ! h]dsman ,dhaniya--c[s 9 calf & heif]s also2 & ,i h a bull z "l ov] ! c[s--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,i h no c[s1 ,i h no calves--s said ! ,bless$ ,"o--no c[s 9 calf1 & no heif]s2 & ,i h no bull z a "l ov] ! c[s--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,! /akes are driv5 9 & _c be %ak5--s said ! h]dsman ,dhaniya--! ropes are made ( holy-grass1 new & well-made2 ! c[s w n be able to break !m--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,l a bull ,i h r5t ! bonds--s said ! ,bless$ ,"o--l an elephant ,i h brok5 ?r\gh ! ropes1 ,i %all n be born aga9--!n ra9 if ?\ wilt1 ,o sky6 ,!n ! ra9 p\r$ d[n & fill$ bo? sea & l&4 ,& he>+ ! sky ra9+1 ,dhaniya said3 ,n small to u ! ga9 9 t we h se5 ! ,bless$ ,"l2 9 !e we take refuge1 ?\ end[$ ) 7wisdom's7 eye2 be ?\ our ma/]1 ,o great sage6 ,my wife & myself are ob$i5t to !e4 ,if we lead a pure life we %all ov]come bir? & dea?1 & put an end to pa94 ,he t has sons has delight 9 sons--s said ! ,evil ,"o--he t has c[s has delight 9 c[s1 = sub/ance is ! delight ( man1 b he t has no sub/ance has no delight4 ,he t has sons has c>e ) 8 sons--s said ! ,bless$ ,"o--he t has c[s has likewise c>e ) 8 c[s1 = sub/ance is 7! cause (7 c>e1 b he t has no sub/ance has no c>e4 ,f ,buddha's s]mons *oice extracts 7 ga!r$ at an e>ly date1 :i*1 z well z ! few long] disc\rses1 t h be5 pres]v$ 9 _! entirety1 d m to tell u :at 0 ! orig9al ,buddha1 be=e he 0 enwrapp$ 9 ! s*ola/ic my/icism ( a lat] age1 ?an pages ( g5]al critique4 ,?us 9 ! ,mahap>9ibbana casual allusion is made to assemblies ( m5 & ( angels 7div9e be+s71 ( ! great ?irty-?ree gods1 ,dea? ! ,evil ,"o & ,brahma 7iii4 #ba74 ,buddha1 z we h said1 does n d5y ! exi/5ce ( spiritual be+s2 he d5ies only _! p[] to affect ! p]fect man & _! controll+ "p 9 ! univ]se4 ,9 ! same s]mon ! refuge ( ! disciple is decl>$ to be tru? & himself 7ii4 #cc73 ,be ye lamps unto y\rselves4 ,betake y\rselves to no ext]nal refuge4 ,hold fa/ to ! tru? z to a lamp4 ,& f ! fam\s ',pa? ( ,duty' or ',collection ( tru?s'3#gj ,all t we are is ! result ( :at we h ?\ght3 x is f\nd$ on our ?\ghts2 x is made up ( our ?\ghts4 ,if a man speaks or acts ) an evil ?\ght pa9 foll[s him z ! :eel foll[s ! foot ( ! ox t draws ! c>riage1 7b7 if a man speaks or acts ) a pure ?\ght happ9ess foll[s him l a %ad[ t nev] leaves him4 ,e>ne/ness is ! pa? t leads to escape f dea?1 ?\ghtlessness is ! pa? t leads to dea?4 ,^? :o are 9 e>ne/ d n die2#ga ^? :o are ?\ghtless are z if dead already4 ,long is ! night to him :o is awake2 long is a mile to him :o is tir$2 long is life to ! fooli%4 ,!re is no suff]+ = him :o has f9i%$ 8 j\rney & ab&on$ grief1 :o has fre$ himself on all sides & ?r[n (f ! fett]s4 ,"s p are born aga92 evil-do]s g to hell2 righte\s p g to heav52 ^? :o are free f all worldly desires atta9 ,nirvana4 ,he :o1 seek+ 8 own happ9ess1 puni%es or kills be+s t also long = happ9ess1 w n f9d happ9ess aft] dea?4 ,look+ = ! mak] ( ?is tab]nacle ,i %all h to run ?r\gh a c\rse ( _m bir?s1 s long z ,i d n f9d2 & pa9ful is bir? aga9 & aga94 ,b n[1 mak] ( ! tab]nacle1 ?\ ha/ be5 se52 ?\ %alt n make up ?is tab]nacle aga94 ,all ?y raft]s are brok51 ?y ridge-pole is sund]$2 ?y m9d1 approa*+ ,nirvana1 has atta9$ to ext9ction ( all desires4#gb ,bett] ?an go+ to heav51 bett] ?an lord%ip ov] all worlds1 is ! rew>d ( ent]+ ! /ream ( hol9ess4 ,n to commit any s91 to d good1 & to purify "o's m9d1 t is ! tea*+ ( ! ,buddhas4 ,let u live happily1 n hat+ !m t hate u4 ,let u live happily1 ?\gh we call no?+ our own4 ,we %all be l bright gods1 fe$+ on happ9ess4 ,f lu/ comes grief1 f lu/ comes fe>2 he t is free f lu/ kn[s nei!r grief nor fe>4 ,! be/ ( ways is ! eightfold 7pa?72 ?is is ! way1 !re is no o!r t leads to ! purify+ ( intellig5ce4 ,g on ?is way6 ,ev]y?+ else is ! deceit ( ,dea?4 ,y y\rself mu/ make ! ef=t4 ,buddhas are only prea*]s4 ,! ?\ghtful :o ent] ! way are fre$ f ! bondage ( ,dea?4#gc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ,colebrooke's ,essays1 vol4 ii4 #dfj2 & ,muir1 ,,o/4 iv4 #bif ,footnote #b3 ,comp>e ,old5b]g4 ,buddha1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #c3 ,especially ,kpp5 views ,buddha z a democratic re=m] & lib]ator4 ,footnote #d3 ,emile ,s5>t1 ,essai sur la lg5de du ,buddha4 #ahge4 ,footnote #e3 ,buddha 7#ahha71 p4#gc ff4 ,footnote #f3 ,! exact position ( ,kapilava/u1 ! capital ( ! akyas1 is n kn[n1 al?\gh x mu/ h be5 ne> to ! position assign$ to x on ,kiep]t's map ( ,india 7j nor? ( ,gorakhpur74 ,! t[n is unkn[n 9 ,brahmanic lit]ature4 ,footnote #g3 ,?is is ,old5b]g's op9ion1 = ! reason "h /at$4 ,on ! o!r h& x may be que/ion$ :e!r ?is negative evid5ce be conclusive1 & :e!r x be n m probable t a "y nobleman w\ld h be5 well educat$4 ,footnote #h3 ,siddh>?a1 ! boy1 ,gautama by 8 family cognom51 ! akya-son by 8 clan-"n1 0 kn[n also z ! akya-sage1 ! h]mit1 ,samana 7raman4a72 ! v5]able1 ,arhat 7a g5]al title ( p]fect$ sa9ts72 ,ta?agata ':o is arriv$ l' 7! prec$+ ,buddhas1 at p]fection72 & also by _m o!r names common to o!r sects1 ,buddha1 ,j9a1 ,! ,bless$ ,"o 7,bhagavat71 ,! ,great ,h]o1 etc4 ,! ,buddhi/ disciple may be a layman1 ravaka2 a monk1 bhik%u2 a p]fect$ sa9t1 arhat2 a sa9tly doctor ( ! law1 bodhisattva2 etc4 ,footnote #i3 ,s\? ( ! pres5t ,patna4 ,less correct is ! ,buddha ,gaya =m4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! fam\s bo or ,bodhi-tree1 ficus religiosa1 pippala1 at ,bodhi ,gaya1 said to be ! mo/ v5]able & c]ta9ly ! mo/ v5]at$ tree 9 ! _w4 ,footnote #aa3 ,a pacceka ,buddha 7,old5b]g4 ,buddha1 p4#abb74 ,footnote #ab3 ,!n be ! door ( salvation op5$6 ,he t ha? e>s to he> let him he>4 ,i ?\ght ( my own sorr[ only1 &1 !re=e1 ,h n reveal$ ! ,^w to ! _w4 ,footnote #ac3 ,he sometimes1 h[ev]1 q prosaically 'makes' or 'manufactures' x4 ,footnote #ad3 ,dhammacakkappavattana4 ,rhys ,davids 9 8 introduction to ?is sutta gives & expla9s ! eight z foll[s 7,,sbe4 ,,xi4 p4#add73 #a1 ,"r views2 fre$om f sup]/ition or delusion4 #b1 ,"r aims1 high & wor?y ( ! intellig5t1 e>ne/ man4 #c1 ,"r spee*1 k9dly1 op51 tru?ful4 #d1 ,"r conduct1 peaceful1 hone/1 pure4 #e1 ,"r livelihood1 br++ hurt to no liv+ ?+4 #f1 ,"r ef=t 9 self-tra9+ & 9 self-control4 #g1 ,"r m9dfulness1 ! active wat*ful m9d4 #h1 ,"r contemplation1 e>ne/ ?\ght on ! deep my/]ies ( life4 ,footnote #ae3 ,h>dy1 ,manual11 p4#dif4 ,footnote #af3 ,a decid$ pr$ilection = ! ari/ocracy appe>s to h l+]$ z an heirloom ( ! pa/ 9 ! old] ,buddhism1 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4#aeg4 ,footnote #ag3 ,mahavagga1 #a4bd4 ,on ! "n 7,gautama7 ,gotama1 see ,web]1 ,,is4 ,l #ahj4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! p>ks ( ,v5uvana & ,jetavana 7 especially affect$ by ,buddha4 ,comp>e ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4#ade4 ,footnote #ai3 ,l ! ,ja9s ! ,buddhi/s po/ulate tw5ty-f\r 7five7 prec$5t ,buddhas4 ,footnote #bj3 ,buddha's g5]al discipl9e z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,ja9s 0 mu* m lax1 = in/ance1 9 ! eat+ ( meat4 ,buddha himself di$ ( dys5t]y br\ght on by eat+ pork4 ,! lat] ,buddhism int]prets mu* m /rictly ! rule ( 'non-injury'2 & z we h %[n1 ,buddha entirely r5\nc$ au/]ities1 *oos+ ! mean betwe5 laxity & asceticism4 ,footnote #ba3 ,or 'take c>e ( y\rself'2 ,mahap>9ibbana1 v4 #bc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! *ief ,buddhi/ic dates are giv5 by ,mll] 7introduction to ,dhammapada1 ,,sbe4 vol4 ,x47 z foll[s3 #eeg1 ,buddha's bir?2 #dgg1 ,buddha's dea? & ! ,fir/ ,c\ncil at ,rajagriha2 #cgg1 ! ,second ,c\ncil at ,vaiali2 #bei1 ,aoka's coronation2 #bdb1 ,?ird ,c\ncil at ,pataliputta2 #bbb1 ,aoka's dea?4 ,^! dates are only t5tative1 b !y give ! "t ne>ly en\gh to s]ve z a guide4 ,f ! ,buddhi/s 7,ceylon acc\nt7 x is kn[n t ! ,c\ncil at ,vaiali 0 held "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,buddha's dea? 7"o hundr$ & eighte5 ye>s be=e ! coronation ( ,aoka1 ^: gr&fa!r1 ,c&ragupta1 0 ,alex&]'s contempor>y74 ,! int]val betwe5 ,nirvana & ,aoka1 two hundr$ & eighte5 ye>s1 is ! only c]ta9 date accord+ to ,kpp51 p4#bjh1 & despite mu* argum5t s9ce he wrote1 ! rem>k /ill holds4 ,footnote #bc3 ,engli%$ by ,rhys ,davids1 ,mahap>9ibbana-sutta 7,,sbe4 ,,xi4 #ie ff474 ,footnote #bd3 ,ecclesia/es4 ,footnote #be3 ,! common view is ?us express$ by ,old5b]g3 ,9 dem s*wl51 feu*t51 von d] ,natur mit ,rei*?m]n ppig gesegnet5 ,trop5l&e des ,ganges hat das ,volk1 das 9 fris*] ,jug5dkraft /eht1 als es vom ,nord5 h] e9dr+t1 bald aufgehrt jung und />k zu se94 ,m5s*5 und ,vlk] reif5 9 j5em ,l&e 444 s*nell h]an1 um eb5so s*nell an ,leib und ,seele zu ers*laff5 7loc4 cit4 p4 #aa74 ,footnote #bf3 ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 pp4 #afj1aci4 ,footnote #bg3 ,buddha taught1 ( c\rse1 no?+ relat$ to ! ?aumaturgy ( t folly :i* calls itself today ',esot]ic ,buddhism4' ,footnote #bh3 ,t is a sacrifice :]e no cattle are sla91 & no injury is done to liv+ be+s4 ,footnote #bi3 ,kutadanta-sutta ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #cj3 ,sometimes di/+ui%$ f p>i-nirvan4a z absolute annihilation4 ,footnote #ca3 ,"s s*ol>s ?9k t ! doctr9e ( ,buddha resembles closely t ( ! ,sankhya philosophy 7s ,b>?1 p4 #aaf71 b ,mll]1 ,old5b]g1 & o!rs1 appe> to be "r 9 d5y+ ?is4 ,! ,sankhyan '_s' has1 = in/ance1 no?+ correspond+ to x 9 ,buddha's sy/em4 ,footnote #cb3 ,! twelve ,nidanas are dogmatic1 & )al n v logical4 ,f ignorance arise =ms1 f =ms arises consci\sness1 f consci\sness arise "n & bod9ess2 f "n & bod9ess arise ! six s5ses 7includ+ und]/&+ z ! six?7 & _! objects2 f ^! arises contact2 f ?is1 feel+2 f ?is1 ?ir/2 f ?is1 cl++2 f cl++ arises becom+2 f becom+ arises bir?2 f bir? arise age & sorr[4 ,"o mu/ gradually free himself f ! t5 fett]s t b9d to life1 & s d away ) ! fir/ ( ^! twelve ,nidanas1 ignorance4 ,footnote #cc3 ,mahavagga1 ,x4 #c 7,,sbe4 ,,xvii4 #cjf74 ,footnote #cd #cf #a3 ,comp>e ,k]n1 ! ,lotus1 ,,iii4 #ba1 & ,fausbll1 ,parayana-sutta1 #i 7#aaca71 ! deep & lovely voice ( ,buddha4 7,,sbe4 ,,xxi4 #fd1 & ,x4 #baj47 ,footnote #ce3 ,z ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s are reckon$ ^? ( ,ceylon1 ,burmah1 ,siam1 etc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,z ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s are reckon$ ^? ( ,nepal1 ,tibet1 ,*9a1 ,corea1 ,japan1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ,annam1 & ,cambodia4 ,footnote #cg3 ,let y\r light s %9e be=e ! _w1 t y1 hav+ embrac$ ! religi\s life accord+ to s well-taught a doctr9e & discipl9e1 may be se5 to be =be>+ & mild4 7,,sbe4 ,,xvii4 #cje1 ,david's & ,old5b]g's translation47 ,footnote #ch3 ',remov+ pieces f a pile )\t mov+ ! rema9d]' mu/1 we presume1 be jack/raws4 ,footnote #ci3 ,= in/ance1 rules = eat+1 dr9k+ 7liquor71 & = ba?+4 ,! ,buddhi/ monk1 except 9 summ]1 ba!d once a =tnight only4 ,footnote #dj3 ,no "o is s holy t s9 does n hurt him1 accord+ to ,buddhi/ic belief4 ,! ,brahman1 on ! contr>y1 0 liable to become s holy t he c\ld commit any s9 & x did n affect 8 virtue1 :i* he /or$ up 9 a heap by cumulative asceticism4 ,footnote #da3 ,! (f]+ & reception ( gifts is always accompani$ ) wat]1 bo? 9 ,buddhi/ic & ,brahmanic circles4 ,:e!r ?is 0 a religi\s act or a legal sign ( surr5d] we h n be5 able to discov]4 ,p]haps x arose simply f wat] always be+ (f]$ z refre%m5t to a gue/ 7) fruit71 z a sign ( gue/-fri5d%ip4 ,footnote #db3 ,sakyaputtiya ,samanas1 i4e41 ,buddhi/s4 ,footnote #dc3 ,9 ! case ( a monk hav+ c>nal connection ) a nun ! p5alty 0 in/ant expulsion7ib4 #fj74 ,! nuns 7 subject to ! monks & kept /rictly 9 h&1 oblig$ always to greet ! monks fir/1 to g to lessons once a =tnight1 & s =?4 ,footnote #dd3 ,mahasudassana1 ! great ,k+ ( ,glory ^: city is describ$ ) its f\r gates1 "o ( gold1 "o ( silv]1 "o ( ,jade & "o ( cry/al1 etc4 ,! e>li] ,buddha _h z 'k+ ( glory' #hd1jjj wives & o!r com=ts q z rem>kable4 ,footnote #de3 ,translat$ by ,davids1 ,buddhi/ ,suttas & ,hibb]t ,lectures4 ,footnote #df3 ,:at we h sev]al times _h to call att5tion to is %[n aga9 by ! side light ( ,buddhism to be ! case 9 ,brahmanic circles1 namely1 t ev5 9 ,buddha's day :ile ,brahma is ! god ( ! ?9k]s ,indra is ! god ( ! p 7toge!r ) ,vi%nu & iva1 if ! texts are z old z !y pret5d to be74 ,footnote #dg3 ,mahap>9ibbana iii1 to :i* ,rhys ,davids ref]s1 is sc>cely a fair p>allel4 ,footnote #dh3 ,! imitation ( ! orig9al play on words is ,rhys ,davids'1 :o has translat$ ^! ,suttas 9 ,,sbe4 vol4 ,,xi4 ,= ! foll[+ see ,fausbll1 ib4 vol4 ,x4 ,footnote #di3 ,aft] "o ent]s on ! /ream ( hol9ess !re are only sev5 m possible bir?s on e>?1 ) "o 9 heav52 !n he becomes arhat1 v5]able1 p]fect$1 & ent]s ,nirvana4 ,footnote #ej3 ,comp>e ! fairies & spirits 9 ib4 v4 #aj2 & 9 i4 #ca1 'give gifts to ! gods4' ,footnote #ea3 ,we agree ) ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 pp4 #aaa1 #bjg1 t ,buddha himself 0 an a!i/2 b to ! /atem5t t ,nirvana 0 ! ext9ction ( t s9ful1 grasp+ condition ( m9d & he>t :i* w\ld o!rwise be ! cause ( r5ew$ individual exi/5ces %\ld 9 our op9ion be add$ & !re) ! ext9ction ( individuality4 ,comp>e ,rhys ,davids' ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bec4 ,footnote #eb3 ,comp>e ! def9ition ( an 'outca/' 9 ! ,vasala-sutta3 ,he t gets angry & feels hatr$1 a wick$ man1 a hypocrite1 he t embraces wrong views & is deceitful1 su* an "o is an outca/1 & he t has no compassion = liv+ ?+s4 ,footnote #ec3 ,comp>e ib4 #e4 #cf3 ,9 due c\rse he spoke1 ( *>ity1 morality1 heav51 pleasure1 & ! advantage ( r5unciation4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see especially ! ,n&aman41 ,p>amat?aka1 ,mag&iya1 & ,suddhat?aka ,suttas1 translat$ by ,fausbll1 ,,sbe4 vol4 ,x4 ,footnote #ee3 ,fausbll1 9 ,,sbe4 vol4 ,x1 ,suttanipata4 ,footnote #ef3 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn doctr9e is indicat$ by ! t]ms ',great ,vehicle' & ',little ,vehicle' respectively1 ! =m] ! works ( ,nagarjuna's s*ool 7see bel[74 ,footnote #eg3 ,z ,maitrakanyaka ,buddha came once to e>? to r$eem ! s9s ( m54 ,footnote #eh3 ,( hi/oric int]e/ is ! rapport betwe5 ,brahmanic1 ,ja94 & ,buddhi/ tales4 ,a case ( ?is sort has be5 c>efully work$ out by ,leumann1 ,die ,leg5de von ,citta und ,sambhuta1 ,,wzkm4 v4 ,,iii2 vi4 #a4 ,footnote #ei3 ,! gods :o 7 wor%ipp$ z true div9ities 9 ,india h be5 r5d]$ false 444 by my zeal2 inscription cit$ by ,b>?1 p4 #ace4 ,b ,aoka 0 a v tol]ant pr9ce4 ,b>?'s notion ( ,buddhi/ic p]secution c h>dly be correct4 ,footnote #fj3 ,kpp51 ,die ,religion des ,buddha1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #fa3 ,n to be confus$ ) ! sev5te5 h]esies & sixty-?ree diff]5t philosophical sy/ems 9 ! *ur* itself4 ,footnote #fb3 ,= m details see ,b>?1 loc4 cit41 p4 #acj ff4 ,accord+ to tradition ,buddhism 0 introduc$ into ,tibet 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ,a4,d41 ! fir/ mission>ies com+ f ,nepal 7,rockhill1 p4 #baj74 ,footnote #fc3 ,b>? ju/ly discr$its ! tale ( ,buddhism hav+ be5 p]secut$ out ( ,india4 ,9 ?is sket* ( lat] ,buddhism we c b foll[ ?is au?or's admirable summ>y ( ! causes ( ,buddhi/ic decl9e1 especially agree+ ) him 9 assign+ ! fir/ place to ! torpidity ( ! lat] *ur* 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,x 0 become a great ma*9e1 its spiritual en?usiasm _h be5 exhau/$2 x _h no?+ poetical or beautiful save ! leg5d ( ,buddha1 & ?is _h lo/ its fre%ness2 = ,buddha 0 n[1 9 fact1 only a gr9n+ idol4 ,footnote #fd3 ,"h are develop$ fully ! /ories ( hells1 angels1 & all sup]natural p>aph]nalia1 toge!r ) !ism1 idolatry1 & ! complet$ mona/ic sy/em2 magic1 fable1 absurd calculations 9 reg>d to no?+s1 & spiritual empt9ess4 ,footnote #fe3 ,at ! same "t ! ,ceylon canon 0 fix$ by ! comm5t>y ( ,buddhagho%a4 ,footnote #ff3 ,lat] x foll[s ! my/ical s*ool4 ,bo? s*ools h be5 affect$ by ,brahmanism4 ,! ,great ,vehicle1 f\nd$ by ,nagarjuna1 0 recogniz$ at a f\r? c\ncil 9 ,ka%me] ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,comp>e ,kpp51 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #fg3 ,on ! ,lamai/ic hi]>*y & sy/em ( succession see ,may]s1 ,,jras4 ,,iv4 #bhd4 ,footnote #fh3 ,= ! same reason we d n ent] ^u ! out] =m ( ,buddhism z express$ 9 demonology1 snake-wor%ip 7,,jras4 xii4 #bhf7 & symbolism 7ib4 ,,os4 xiii4 #ga1 #aad74 ,footnote #fi3 ,,sbe4 vol4 x1 "p ii1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #gj3 ,dhammapada 7,franke1 ,,zdmg4 xlvi1 #gca74 ,9 ,sanskrit "o has dh>mapa?a ) ! same s5se4 ,! text 9 ! ma9 is z translat$ by ,mll]1 sep>ately1 #ahgb1 & 9 ,,sbe41 vo,l x4 ,x 0 translat$ by ,web]1 ,/reif54 i4 #aab1 9 #ahfj4 ,footnote #ga3 ,t is1 !y die no m2 !y are free f ! *a92 !y ent] ,nirvana4 ,footnote #gb3 ,buddha's words on becom+ ,buddha4 ,footnote #gc3 ,x is to be obs]v$ t transmigration into animal =ms is sc>cely recogniz$ by ,buddha4 ,he assumes only m5 & sup]ior be+s z subjects ( ,k>ma4 ,comp>e ,rhys ,davids' ,lectures1 pp4 #aje1ajg4 ,to ! same s*ol> is due ! /atem5t t he 0 ! fir/ to recognize ! true mean+ ( ,nirvana1 'ext9ction 7n ( s\l b7 ( lu/1 ang]1 & ignorance4' ,= divisions ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature o!r ?an ! ,tripitaka ! same au?or's ,hibb]t ,lectures may be consult$ 7see also ,mll]1 ,,sbe4 ,x1 ,introduction1 p4 i74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,e>ly ,,h9duism4 ,:ile ! great h]esies t we h be5 describ+ 7 agitat+ ! ea/]n "p ( ,india1#a ! old home ( ,brahmanism 9 ! ,we/ rema9$ true1 9 "n if n 9 fact1 to ! anci5t fai?4 ,b 9 reality *anges almo/ z great z ^? ( ! =mal h]esies 7 tak+ place at ! core ( ,brahmanism itself1 :i*1 no long] able to be ! religion ( a few clans1 0 n[ engag$ 9 ! gigantic task ( remodell+ & assimilat+ ! indig5\s beliefs & religi\s practices ( its new environm5t4 ,?is 0 n a consci\s act on ! "p ( ,brahmanism4 ,at fir/ x 0 und]tak5 almo/ unwitt+ly1 & x 0 accompli%$ lat] n )\t repugnance4 ,b to p]=m ?is task 0 ! condition ( cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,brahmanism _h to exp&1 or %r9k1 )]1 & die4 ,= a ?\s& ye>s almo/ ! only s\rce ( in=mation 9 reg>d to ?is new gr[? is conta9$ 9 ! epic poetry ( ! "t1 ) ! help ( a few additional facts f ! law1 & "s side light f inscriptions4 ,x is "h t ,vi%nuism & ivaism are f\nd z fully develop$ sect>ian beliefs1 accept$ by ,brahmanism ) m or less di/ru/1 & 9 m or less fulness ( fai?4 ,x is to ! epic t "o mu/ turn to /udy ! budd+ & gradual fl[]+ ( ! mod]n religions1 :i* h ca/ /rict or?odoxy into ! %ade4 ,( ! two epics1 "o1 ! ,ramayana1#b has become ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! ,ramaite ,vi%nuites ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ,bharata1#c on ! o!r h&1 is scriptural = all sects1 because x is m univ]sal4 ,! =m] epic1 9 its pres5t =m1 is :at ! ,h9dus call an 'art-poem1' & 9 its f9i%1 its exclusively romantic /yle1 & its total lack ( n]v\s dramatic p[]1 x is probably1 z ! ,h9dus claim1 ! "w ( "o man1 ,valmiki1 :o took ! anci5t leg5ds ( ,ea/]n ,india & m\ld$ !m into a /upid sect>ian poem4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,bharata is ( no "o h&1 ei!r 9 orig9 or 9 f9al r$action2 nor is x ( "o sect2 nor has x app>5tly be5 ?or\ghly affect$1 z has ! ,ramayana1 by ,buddhi/ic influ5ces4 ,moreov]1 9 ! huge conglom]ation ( /irr+ adv5ture1 leg5d1 my?1 hi/ory1 & sup]/ition :i* goes to make up ! great epic !re is conta9$ a f> tru] picture ( ! vulg> cu/om1 belief1 & religion ( ! "t ?an ! too poli%$ composition ( ,valmiki is able to af=d1 despite ! fact t ! latt] also has _m popul> elem5ts weld$ into x4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 only two national works 9 ,india1 only two works :i*1 )al1 n 9 _! entirety1 b 9 _! nucleus1 aft] "o has /ripp$ ea* ( its prie/ly togg]y1 reflect dimly ! he>t ( ! p1 n ! clev]ness ( "o man1 or ! p$antry ( s*ools4 ,= a few ,v$ic hymns & a few ,bharata sc5es make all ! lit]ature1 ) p]haps ! exception ( "s fables1 t is n m>k$ly dogmatic1 p$antic1 or 'artificial4'#d ,s true is ?is t ev5 9 ! case ( ! ,ramayana "o nev] feels t he is gett+ f x ! g5u9e belief ( ! p1 b only t =m ( popul> belief :i* ,valmiki has *os5 to let /& 9 8 v]sion ( ! old tale4 ,! great epic is h]oic1 ,valmiki's poem is romantic2 ! =m] is real1 ! latt] is artificial2 & ! religi\s glean+ f ea* corresponds to ?is di/9ction4#e ,?s ,bharata1 l o!r ,h9du works1 is ( unc]ta9 date1 b x 0 complet$ z a ',great ,bharata' by ! end ( ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 & ! *>act]s ( ! /ory are m5tion$1 z well kn[n1 by ,pan9i1 ^: "w probably belongs to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,fur!rmore1 ,dio ,*ryso/omos1 probably cit+ f ,mega/h5es1 ref]s to x2 & ! latt] au?ority describes ! wor%ip ( ! *ief gods ( ! epic2 :ile ! "w is nam$ 9 "o ( ! dome/ic ,sutras1 & a v]se is cit$ f x 9 ! legal ,sutra ( ,baudhayana4#f ,on ! o!r h&1 9 its late/ gr[? x is on a p> ) ! e>li] ,puranas1 b x is n q s advanc$ 9 sect>ianism z ev5 ! olde/ ( ^! writ+s4 ,x may1 !n1 be reckon$ z tol]ably c]ta9 t ! beg9n+s ( ! epic date f ! f\r? or fif? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & t x 0 q a respectable "w by ! "t t era began2 aft] :i* x cont9u$ to gr[ = five c5turies m4#g ,its religi\s importance c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,9 #fjj ,a4,d41 f> away f its native home1 9 ,cambodia1 x 0 encircl$ ) a temple1 & an end[m5t 0 made by ! k+ provid+ = ! daily recitation ( ! poem4 ,its legal v]ses are au?oritative2 its religion is to-day t ( ,india z a :ole4 ,! late/ l>ge additions to x 71 z we ?9k1 ! ,book ( ,laws1 ! ,book ( ,peace1 & ! g5ealogy ( ,vi%nu1 :i* toge!r =m a sort ( pseudo-epic4 ,b portions ( o!r books1 notably ! fir/1 f\r?1 & sev5?1 are probably almo/ z rec5t z are ! m palpable int]polations4 ,! ,bharata 7or ! epic ,greek3 kat exo*n gives u our fir/ view ( ,h9duism 9 its sect>ian developm5ts4 ,b no less does x %[ u a *ang+ ,brahmanism4 ,! mo/ typical *ange 9 ! ,brahmanism ( ?is p]iod1 :i* cov]s all t "t call$ by ,mll] ! era ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ends ) ! p$antically piquant lit]ature ( ! drama1#h is ! abnormal gr[? ( ! ascetic religi\s ex]cise4 ,old] ,brahmanism1 l ! sects1 admitt$ ,yogis & ascetics ( v>i\s k9ds1 b _! aim 0 to atta9 on5ess ) ,god2 & 'union' 7) ,god7 is ! yoga 7,lat9 jugum has ! same orig97 :i* !y s\ght4 ,b x 0 n long be=e ! />v$ ascetic1 ) 8 wild appe>ance & great reputation = sanctity1 inspir$ an awe :i*1 9 ! unscrupul\s1 0 easily turn$ to advantage4 ,! ,yogi became m or less ( a *>latan1 m or less ( a juggl]4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,yoga-practices began to take prec$5ce be=e o!r religi\s practices4 ,9 ! ,brahmanas x is ! sacrifice t is god-compell+2 b 9 ! epic1 al?\gh sacrifice has its place1 yet :5 miracul\s p[] is ex]t$1 x is due *iefly to ,yoga conc5tration1 or to ! equally g5]al use ( =mulae2 n =mulae z "p ( a sacrifice1 b z 9 !mselves pot5t2 & my/]i\s mantras1 us$ by prie/ & w>rior alike1 s]ve e end ( magic4#i ,ap>t f acquisition ( p[]1 ?is ,yoga-tra9+ is1 moreov]1 all t is ne$ful f ! po9t ( view ( righte\sness4 ,physical pr[ess "h is ! "o ?+ admirable4 ,to /& = ye>s on "o leg1 to be eat5 by ants1 to be 9 e way an ascetic ( ! mo/ /oical sort1 is ! true/ religion4 ,su* an ascetic has no ord9>y rules ( morality4 ,9 fact1 8 practices are mo/ peculi>1 = to s$uce "y wom5 is "o ( 8 commone/ occupations2 & 9 8 ang] to cause an injury to 8 foes is "o ( ! ends = :i* he toils4 ,! gods are no?+ to him4 ,!y are puppets :om he makes %ake & tremble at w4 ,z portray$ 9 ! epic1 9 t]ms ( common s5se1 ! ,muni 7sil5t sa9t7 is a morose#aj & v vulg>-m9d$ old man1 :o seeks to intimidate o!rs by a %[ ( miracul\s p[]4 ,9 ! matt] ( p5ances ^? ( ! law are ext5d$ beyond all b\nds4 ,! ca/e-re/rictions are ( ! close/1 & ! mo/ he9\s crime is to commit an (f5ce aga9/ ca/e-ord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! greate/ m]it is to give gifts to prie/s4 ,?is _h already proce$$ f> en\gh1 z 0 indicat$ by a passage cit$ above f ,manu4 ,b 9 ! epic ! gre$ & capacity ( ! prie/ exce$s all imag9able limits4 ,he takes :atev] he c get & asks = m4 ,he has1 by 8 own %[+1 sc>cely "o e/imable trait4 ,av>ice1 cupidity1 s5suality1 gluttony1 love ( f9]y1 effem9acy1 meanness1 & pride--ev]y?+ *>g$ aga9/ him by ! ,buddhi/--are 8 mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,he appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be worse ?an he always 04 ,= no?+ is pla9]1 f ?is v epic1 ?an t ! prie/s1 al?\gh unit$ z a ca/e1 7 %>ply di/+ui%$ 9 _! lives4 ,! ascetic describ$ above repres5ts ! f\r? p]iod ( ! prie/ly life4 ,bel[ ^! /ood 7ap>t f /ud5ts7#aa h]mits & h\sehold]s4 ,! h\sehold]s1 or su* ( !m z ! epic un=tunately is busi$ )1 ! royal prie/s1 seem to be ^? t are 9 reality prie/s only 9 "n4 ,9 ! k+'s palace1 8 con/ant advisors1 8 mo/ unscrupul\s uphold]s 9 wick$ness1 !y gave !mselves up to que/ ( weal? & p[]4 ,b "o w\ld err if he ?us dismiss$ !m all4 ,!re 7 o!rs t _h no pref]m5t1 :o liv$ 9 quiet cont5t 9 _! own h\ses1 & des]v$ none ( ! opprobrium rightly be/[$ ^u _! hypocritical bro!rs4 ,! h]mits1 too1 appe> to h be5 a mild & in(f5sive race1 n presum+ too mu* on _! ca/e-privileges4 ,to (fset rapaci\sness !re are tomes ( morality ( ! pure/ sort4 ,ev5 9 ! lat] additions to ! epic "o reads3 ,away ) gifts2 receiv+ gifts is s9ful4 ,! silkworm dies ( its weal? 7xii4 #ccj4 #bi74 ,"o %\ld comp>e1 aga91 ! exalt$ v]se 7,buddhi/ic 9 tone7 ( ib4 #cba4 #dg3 ,! r$ g>m5t1 ! v[ ( sil5ce1 ! ?ree-fold /aff1 ! wat]-pot--^! only lead a/ray2 !y d n make = salvation4 ,!re 7 d\btless good & bad prie/s1 b ! peculi>ity ( ! epic prie/1 rapaci\s & lu/ful1 is t he glories 9 8 s9s4 ,! *ief objects ( wor%ip 7except = ! influ5ce ( ! sect>ian religions7 7 prie/s1 ,manes1 &1 = =m's sake1 ! ,v$ic gods4 ,^! gods1 ) ! addition ( ! ,h9du ,plutus 7,kub]a1 ! god ( ri*es71 are n[ call$ ! eight '_w-gu>dians1' viz41 ,indra1 ,yama1 ,v>una1 ,kub]a1 ,agni1 ,surya1 ,vayu1 ,soma1 & are usually simple & %ad[y subord9ates ( ! great] new gods4 ,9 ! %ift+ ( religi\s op9ion & 9 ! developm5t ( !ological conceptions :at diff]5ce c be trac$ betwe5 ! same gods z wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,v$a & z wor%ipp$ 9 ! epic8 ,al?\gh ! ,v$ic div9ities h be5 twice sup]s$$1 once by ! ,fa!r-god & aga9 by ! atma1 ,"l1 !y /ill rema9 adorable & ador$1 active 9 _m ways1 ?\gh passive be=e ! great ,all-god4 ,x is1 inde$1 extremely difficult1 ow+ to ! sup]/ruction ( sect>ian belief1 to get d[n to ! f\ndation-religion ( ! epic4 ,! be/ "o c d is to see 9 :at way ! old gods diff]1 z repres5t$ 9 ! poem1 f _! old] selves ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,f ?is po9t ( view alone1 & entirely irrespective ( ! sects1 manifold *anges w be se5 to h tak5 place4 ,great ,soma is no m4 ,soma is !re1 ! moon1 b ! glory ( ! ,v$ic ,soma has dep>t$4 ,8 lun> repres5tative is ( little importance4 ,agni1 too1 is *ang$4 ,z ,fire 9 ! ,rig ,v$a is n only ! alt>-fire1 b also common1 e-day fire1 s1 too1 9 ! epic ?is god is ! mat]ial flame1 & z su* ev5 p]=ms 8 greate/ de$s = 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,he takes on e =m1 ev5 becom+ a prie/1 & a dove4 ,he rema9s ! prie/ ( ! gods1 b 8 day ( action 9 w> is ov]4 ,he no long] w9s battles4 ,b he burns d[n a =e/ to aid 8 p>ty4 ,= ! ,v$ic gods are n[ b weak p>tizans ( ! combatants4 ,9 ! sect>ian p>ts ( ! epic ,agni is only a puppet4 ,8 new repres5tative1 ,sk&a1 is ! *ief battle-god1 a "n almo/ unkn[n be=e4 ,he himself is ei!r ! son ( ,vi%nu or a =m ( iva4 ,he is ! ,all-god1 ! atma4 ,x is he :o burns ! _w :5 ! "t %all h come = ! g5]al de/ruction4 ,! high & mighty ,v>una ( ! ,rig ,v$a is no long] great4 ,he is no long] s]5e4 ,he desc5ds & fights on e>?4 ,indra1 too1 battles ) ,vritra z ( old1 b he is q an?ropomorphic1 & ( no m>k$ value 9 ! conte/ ( h]oes4 ,n only ?is1 b all ! gods toge!r are repres5t$ z weak] ?an a good h]o1 n to speak ( a prie/ly ascetic4 ,9 a ^w1 ! gods are believ$ 91 b ) :at a belief6 ,!y no long]1 z natural p[]s1 inspire special respect4 ,_! nature-orig9 is = ! mo/ "p lo/4 ,!y are ?or\ghly an?ropomorphic4 ,ev5 ,surya1 ! sun1 9 action if n 9 laudation1 is (t5 m man ?an god4 ,?is gives a /range effect to ! epic battle-sc5es z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,hom]4 ,unless ,vi%nu is active on ! field ! action is ess5tially human4 ,no great god or goddess /&s ready to save ! fa9t+ w>rior4 ,he fights & falls alone4 ,save = ! c>esses & plaudits ( ! half-gods1 ! mo/ t ! ,v$ic gods c d is to wipe away ! sweat f ! h]o's br[4#ab ,! ,all-god does n take ! place ( ! b& ( wat*ful & helpful gods pictur$ by ,hom]4 ,vi%nu fights on ! field2 he saves only 8 protgs1 & mu* z a mortal w>rior w\ld d x4 ,b ! ,v$ic gods hang l a mi/ ^u ! edge ( battle1 & are all b idle spectators ( ! sc5e4 ,ab/ractions1 z well z ! ,all-god1 h r\t$ !m1 & ,dh>ma or ,duty is a great] god ?an ,indra4 ,b !re is an old] side to ?is1 z we %all pres5tly %[4 ,on ! moral side ! h]oes ( ! epic pr(ess great belief 9 ! p[] & awfulness ( ?is god ,duty4 ,& s f> z g rules ( *ivalry1 !y are !oretically moral4 ,practically !y are savage1 & _! religion does n int]f]e ) _! brutal b>b>ity4 ,! t5d5cy to cite div9e in/ances ( s9 z excuse = committ+ x is1 h[ev]1 rebuk$3 ,"o %\ld nei!r practice nor blame ! 7wrong7 acts ( gods & se]s1 xii4 #bib4 #ag-ah4 ,f an es*atological po9t ( view x is mo/ difficult to get back ( ! /atem5ts made by ! prie/ly compos]s1#ac :o1 9 _! v>i\s redit+s ( ! epic1 uni=mly h giv5 ! pan!i/ic goal z t 9 :i* ! *>act]s believe4 ,b x is evid5t t ! w>riors 7 n mu* affect$ by ?is doctr9e4 ,to !m !re 0 "o law ( righte\sness exce$+ all o!rs--to die on ! field ( battle4 ,& = su* z did s1 ov] & ov] aga9 is ! assurance giv5 t 'happ9ess 9 ,indra's heav5' is _! rew>d4 ,& probably a true note is /ruck 9 ?is reit]at$ promise4 ,to ! mass ( ! vulg>1 union ) brahma w\ld h be5 no attractive end4 ,x is int]e/+ to see ! rema9s ( ! old] belief /ill fl\ri%+ 9 mid/ ( epic pan!ism4 ,al?\gh ,indra has no su* hymn z has ,surya1 yet is he /ill laud$1 & he is a v real p]son to ! knight :o seeks 8 heav54#ad ,9 fact1 s long z natural ph5om5a 7 reg>d$ z div9e1 s long z ?und] 0 godly1 x 0 b a second>y "q :i* "n ! god bore2 :e!r he 0 ! '*ief & k+ ( gods1' or ,vi%nu manife/+ himself 9 a special =m4 ,?is =m1 at any rate1 0 to endure z su* till ! end ( ! cycle4 ,!re are o!r ,indras4 ,ea* cycle has its own 7i4 #aig4 #bi74 ,b suffici5t unto ! age is ! god !re(4 ,if1 rel9qui%+ ! high] bliss ( absorption1 ! knight s\ght only ,indra's heav51 & believ$ he 0 to f9d x1 !n 8 belief practically does n diff] mu* f t ( 8 ance/or1 :o accepts ,indra z an ultimate1 natural p[]4 ,! "q arises :e!r1 aft] all1 ! ,indra-wor%ip ( ! epic is n r popul> ?an m]ely old & pres]v$4 ,c]ta9ly ! reality ( ! belief seems q z /rong z t ( ! ev]-newly conv]t$ sect>y4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! di/ribution ( !ological belief is v diff]5t 9 ! epic & ,v$ic ages4 ,philosophical pan!ism is v old 9 ,india4 ,! prie/ believes "o ?+2 ! vulg>1 ano!r4 ,! prie/ ( ! ,v$ic age1 l ! philosoph] ( ! next age1 & l ! lat] sect>ian1 has a belief :i* runs ahead ( ! popul> religion4 ,b ! popul> religion 9 its sali5t features /ill rema9s ab\t ! same4 ,arjuna1 ! epic h]o1 ! pet ( ,kri%na1 visits ,indra's heav5 & /ays !re five ye>s4 ,x is ! old ,v$ic gods to :om he turns = weapons1 till ! ivaite makes ,indra s5d ! knight fur!r1 to iva himself4 ,! old "n1 k+ ( ! ,vasus1 is /ill reta9$ = ,indra2 & ?\gh ! 'div9e weapons1' :i* are w+$ ) sacr$ =mulae1 are said to be m ?an a mat* = ! gods2 ?\gh 9 _m a passage ! knight & ! sa9t make ,indra tremble1 yet /ill appe>1 ?r\gh ! mi/s ( ascetic & sect>ian novelties1 ,indra's heav5 & 8 gr&eur1 %9+ ) some?+ ( _! old glory4 ,vi%nu /ill %[s 8 sol> orig94 ,( him & ( ! sun is x said 9 id5tical words3 ,! sun protects & dev\rs all1 & ,vi%nu protects & dev\rs 7( ,vi%nu1 passim2 ( ! sun1 iii4 #cc4 #ga74 ,a good deal ( old /uff is left 9 ! ,=e/ ,book among/ ! absurd tales ( holy wat]+ places4 ,"o f9ds repeat$ sev]al times ! ,v$ic acc\nt ( ,indra's fight ) ,vritra1 ! =m]'s ?und]bolt1 h[ev]1 be+ n[ made ( a sa9t's bones 7ii4 *4 #ajj-aje74 ,agni is laud$ 7ib4 *4 #abc74 ,to ! ,av9s#ae !re is "o old hymn :i* conta9s ,v$ic =ms 7i4 #c74 ,v>una is /ill "l ( ! ,we/1 & goes accompani$ ) ! riv]s1 'male & female1' ) snakes1 & demons1 & half-gods 7daityas1 sadhyas1 daivatas74 ,lat]1 b e>li] ?an ! pseudo-epic1 !re /&s ) ^! gods ,kub]a1 ! god ( weal?1 ! 'jewel-giv]1' :o is ! gu>dian ( travell]s1 ! k+ ( ^? demons call$ ,yak%as1 :i* ! lat] sect makes s]vants ( iva4 ,he is v>i\sly nam$2#af he is a dw>f2 he dwells 9 ! ,nor?1 9 ,mt4 ,kailasa1 & has a demoniac gate-keep]1 ,macakruka4 ,ano!r new] god is ! "o already ref]r$ to1 ,dh>ma ,vaivasvata1 or ,ju/ice 7,virtue1 ,"r71 ! son ( ! sun1 a title ( ,yama old] ?an ! ,v$as4 ,he is also ! fa!r ( ! new love-god1 ,kama4 ,x is necess>y to indicate ! names ( ! gods & _! functions1 le/ "o imag9e t ) pan!ism ! ,v$ic religion expir$4 ,ev5 t old1 impi\s ,brahmanic fable crops out aga93 ,! devils 7 ! old] bro!rs ( ! gods1 & 7 conqu]$ by ! gods only ) trick]y 794 #cc4 #fj71 an int]e/+ rem9isc5ce ( ! fact t ! lat] "n = evil _s 0 orig9ally ! "o appli$ to ! great & good _s 7,asura ! same ) ,ahura74#ag ,accord+ to a r late *apt] 9 ! second book ea* ( ! great ,v$ic gods has a special p>adise ( 8 own1 ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! acc\nt be+ t ,indra's heav5 is fill$ ) sa9ts1 hav+ only "o k+ 9 x--a view q =eign to ! tea*+ t is curr5t else:]e 9 ! epic4 ,:]e ! sect>ian doctr9e w\ld oppose ! old belief x set above ,indra's heav5 ano!r1 ( ,brahma1 & above t a ?ird1 ( ,vi%nu 7i4 #hi4 #af ff474 ,accord+ to "o passage ,mt4 ,m&>a#ah is a sort ( ,indian ,olympus4 ,ano!r acc\nt speaks ( ! ,himalayas1 ,himavat1 z '! div9e m\nta91 belov$ ( ! gods1' ?\gh ! knight goes !nce to ,g&hamadana1 & !nce to ,indrakila1 to f9d ! gods' habitat 7,,iii4 #cg4 #da74 ,p]sonifi$ p[]s lie all ar\nd ! religi\s ,h9du4 ,& ?is is especially true ( ! epic "*4 ,he prays to ,mt4 ,m&>a1 & to riv]s1 above all to ! ,ganges4 ,mt4 ,kolahala is div9e1 & begets div9e (fspr+ on a riv] 7,i4 #fc74 ,! ,v9dhya range ( m\nta9s rivals ! fabl$ ,m]u 7ar\nd :i* c\rse ! sun & all ! heav5ly bodies71 & ?is1 too1 is ! object ( devotion & pray]4#ai ,9 "o passage x is said t 9 ,behar 7,magadha7 !re 0 a peak :i* 0 cont9u\sly 'wor%ipp$ ) (f]+s ( fl[]s & p]fumes1' exactly z if x 7 a god4 ,! reason :y fl[]s are giv5 & worn is t !y br+ good luck1 x is said 9 ! same *apt] 7,,ii4 #ba4 #ae1 #bj1 #ea74 ,:at is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ,h9du religi\s ?\ght1 z a :ole1 is ! /eadfa/ness ) :i* survive1 ev5 9 ! epic & 9 ,buddhism1 ! =ms & =mulae ( ! old] fai?4 ,at a "t :5 pan!ism or nihilism is ! av[$ cre$ ! anci5t gods /ill exi/1 weak1 inde$1 yet infus$ ) a true immortality4 ,?is is noticeable ev5 m 9 unnoticeable ways1 9 ! turns ( spee*1 9 little comp>isons1 9 ! hymns1 9 %ort1 9 ! by-play ( ! epic4 ',)]$ are ! g>l&s ( ! gods1 & _! glory is dep>t$1'#bj b !y /ill receive homage 9 "t ( ne$4 ,& 9 t homage is to be se51 & f ! same cause1 ! reviv$ or surviv+ wor%ip ( ! ,v$a4 ,ea* god 9 turn is mighty1 ?\gh ,agni is ! mightie/ ( ! old div9ities4 ,9 an epic hymn to him x is said3 ,?\ art ! m\? ( ! worlds2 ! poets decl>e !e to be "o & ?ree-fold2 z c>ri] ( ! sacrifice !y arrange !e eight-fold4 ,by !e 0 all creat$1 say ! highe/ se]s4 ,prie/s t h made rev]5ce to !e atta9 ! et]nal c\rse _! acts h won1 toge!r ) _! wives & sons4 ,!y call !e ! wat]-giv] 9 ! air1 toge!r ) lightn+4 ,on !e fir/ dep5ds wat]4 ,?\ art ! creator & ,brihaspati1 ?\ art ! two ,horsem51 ! two ,yamas1 ,mitra1 ,soma1 ,w9d 7i4 #bbi4 #bc ff474#ba ,& yet ?is is 9 a pan!i/ic environm5t6 ,! ,rig ,v$a is directly invok$1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 n directly cit$1 9 ! old hymn to ! ,horsem51 :o are1 h[ev]1 else:]e put ) l[ animals & ,guhyakas1 demons 7i4 #ff74bb ,!y are ! physicians ( ! gods1 ! fir/-born ! gold5 birds :i* weave ! :ite & black ( "t1 create ! :eel ( "t ) all its seasons1 & make ! sun & sky 7i4 #c4 #ee ff41 vagbhir r4gbhis74 ,indra himself is extoll$ 9 ,kadru's hymn2 he is ! slay] ( ,namuci1 ! "l ( aci2 he is ! great cl\d1 cl\d & its ?und]1 creator & de/roy]2 he is ,vi%nu1 ',soma1 greatly prais$1' z well z fire1 air1 "t 9 all its divisions1 e>? & ocean2 :5 laud$ he dr9ks ! soma1 & he is sung 9 ! ,v$angas 7i4 #be4 #g ff474 ,prais$ ) ?is hymn 9 "t ( ne$ ( ra91 ,indra comm&$ ! cl\ds1 say+1 'ra9 d[n ! ambrosia' 7#bf4 #b72 :]e !re is /ill ! ra9 z synonym\s ) ambrosia1 & ,indra n v diff]5tly conceiv$ f 8 ,v$ic self4 ,?us 9 comp>isons3 ,z ,indra /&+ 9 heav5 br+s bliss to ! _w ( ! liv+1 s ,vidura ev] br\ght bliss to ! ,p&us 7i4 #fa4 #ae74 ,b at ! same "t :at *anges6 ,! gods assemble & s+ a hymn to ,g>uda1 ! epic =m ( ,g>utman1 ! heav5ly bird1 :o "h /eals ! soma va9ly gu>d$ by ! gods4 ,g>uda1 too1 is ,prajapati1 ,indra1 & s =?4#bc ,! gods are no long] div9ities di/9ct f ! dead ,fa!rs1 = !y are id5tical 9 be+4 ,s ,agni says :5 ! latt] is curs$ by ,bhrigu3 ,! div9ities & ! ,manes are satisfi$ by ! oblation 9 fire4 ,! ho/s ( gods are wat]s1 s1 too1 are ! ,manes4 ,! fea/s ( ! new & full moon belong to ! gods ) ! ,manes2 h5ce ! ,manes are div9ities & ! div9ities are ,manes4 ,!y are ( "o be+ 7ekibhutas74 ,i 7,fire7 am ! m\? ( bo?1 = bo? eat ! oblation p\r$ ^u me4 ,! ,manes at ! new moon1 ! gods at ! full1 are f$ by my m\? 7i4 #g4 #g ff474#bd ,su* gods ! epic h]o fe>s n 7i4 #bbg4 #ch ff474 ,hymns to !m are p>allel$ by hymns to snakes1 z 9 i4 #c4 #acd ff41 aga9/ :om is made ! s>pasattram 7snake sacrifice7 ( ! ,puranas 7i4 #ea4 #f74 ,div9ity is univ]sal4 ,knights are z div9e z ! div9e/ god1 ! ,all-god4 ,arjuna1 ! god-born man1 to :om ,kri%na reveals ! ,div9e ,song1 is himself god4#be ,9 ?is case :e!r god becomes human1 or vice v]sa1 no "o kn[s4 ,"u ! all embrac+ cloak ( pan!ism ! he>t ( ! epic conceals _m an anci5t rite & sup]/ition4 ,"h is ! cov5ant ( blood1 ! cov5ant ( dea? 7repres5t$ by ! mod]n 'sitt+'#bf71 & ! cov5ant ( wat]1 :i* symbolizes bo? fri5d%ip & ! solemnity ( ! curse4 ,! =m] are illu/rat$ by ,bhima's dr9k+ blood z a sign t he w fulfil 8 v[1#bg & by ,rama ly+ by ,ocean to die unless ,ocean grants 8 wi%4 ,( ! wat]-rite t ( (f]+ wat] 9 hospitality & z a =m 9 reception ( gifts is g5]al2 t ( curs+ by 't\*+ wat]' 7vary upaspr4ya71 occurs 9 iii4 #aj4 #cb4 ,= ?is purpose holy-grass & o!r symbols are kn[n also1#bh & =mulae yield only 9 pot5cy to love-philt]s & magic drugs4 ,ano!r cov5ant besides ^? j notic$ seems to lie conceal$ 9 ! avoidance ( ! door :5 injury is int5d$4 ,if "o goes 9 by ! door he is a gue/ :o has anticipat$ hospitality1 & !n he d>es n refuse ! respect & (f]+ ( wat]1 etc1 :i* makes ! =mal pact ( fri5d%ip4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he does n g 9 by ! door he is n oblig$ to receive ! (f]+1 & may rema9 z a foe 9 ! h\se 7or 9 ! city7 ( 8 enemy1 ) int5t to kill1 b )\t moral wrong4 ,?is may be impli$ 9 ! end ( ! epic1 :]e ,avat?aman1 int5t on secret murd] ( 8 foe1 is prev5t$ by god iva f ent]+ 9 at ! gate1 b go+ 9 by /eal?1 & 'n by ! door' ( ! camp1 gets to 8 foe1 :o lies asleep1 & kills him 7x4 #h4 #aj74 ,?is might be ?\ght1 inde$1 to be m]ely /rategic1 b x is 9 accordance ) ! /rict law ( all ! law-books t "o1 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 %all avoid to ent] a t[n or a h\se 9 any o!r way ?an ?r\gh ! door 7,manu1 iv4 #gc2 ,gaut4 #i4 #cb1 etc471 & we ?9k x has a moral significance1 = ?is a-dvara 7non-door7 rule occurs aga9 9 ! epic 9 j ! circum/ances we h describ$4 ,! h]oes 9 ?is case are n afraid ( _! foe1 :o is 9 8 t[n4 ,!y insult e "o z !y approa*1 b !y f9d "s o!r way ( gett+ 9 ?an by pass+ ?r\gh ! gate1 = ! express purpose ( be+ morally able to make ! k+ fight ) !m aft] !y h ent]$ 8 city4 ,& !y cite ! rule 'accord+ to law1' :i* is t "o may ent] 8 foe's h\se by a-dvara1 'n by door1' b 8 fri5d's h\se only 'by door4' ,z !y h n ent]$ 'by door' !y say !y may refuse ! hospitality :i* ! k+ urges !m to accept1 & s !y kill him 7ii4 #ba4 #ad1 #ec74 ,/epp+ 9 ?r\gh ! door seems1 !re=e1 to be a tacit agreem5t t "o w n injure ! resid5t4#bi ,9 ! epic1 aga91 feti%ism is f\nd4 ,! /ud5t ( ! 'sci5ce ( w>1' 9 ord] to obta9 8 tea*]'s k :5 ! latt] is away1 makes a clay image ( ! preceptor & wor%ips ?is clay idol1 practic+ arms be=e x 7i4 #acb4 #cc74 ,"h too is embalm$ ! belief t man's life may be b\nd up ) t ( "s inanimate ?+1 & ! man p]i%es ) ! de/ruction ( 8 psy*ic prototype 7iii4 #ace74 ,! old ordeals ( fire & wat] are recogniz$4 ,fire does n burn ! h\se ( good m54 ,if 7z ?is man ass]ts7 he is ,v>una's son1 !n let him ent] wat] & let u see if he w dr[n 7iii4 #acd4 #bg ff474 ,a human sacrifice is p]=m$ 7iii4 #abg72 al?\gh ! prie/ :o p]=ms x is ca/ into hell 7ib4 #abh74cj ,! tea*+ 9 reg>d to hells is ab\t ! same ) t already expla9$ 9 connection ) ! law-books1 b ! m def9ite physical int]pretation ( hell z a hole 9 ! gr\nd 7g>ta1 j z 9 ! ,rig ,v$a7 is reta9$4 ,aga/ya sees 8 ance/ors '9 a hole1' :i* !y call 'a hell' 7niraya74 ,?is is evid5tly ! hell kn[n to ! law-pun/]s & epic 7i4 #gd4 #ci7 z puttra1 '! put hell' f :i* ! son 7putra7 deliv]s 7tra74 ,= ^! ance/ors are 9 ! 'hole' because ,aga/ya1 _! desc5dant1 has n done 8 duty & begott5 sons 7i4 #de4 #ac2 iii4 #if4 #ae72 "o son be+ 'no son' accord+ to law & epic 7i4 #ajj4 #fh71 & all ! m]it ( sacrifice be+ equal to only "o-sixte5? ( t obta9$ by hav+ a son4 ,! tea*+1 aga91 9 reg>d to ! ,fa!rs !mselves 7! ,manes71 :ile n diff]+ mat]ially f ! old] view1 (f]s novelties :i* %[ h[ little ! absorption-!ory _h tak5 hold ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,! v fact t ! son is /ill consid]$ to be z necess>y z ev] 7t he may (f] food to 8 ance/ors7 %[s t ! believ]1 :atev] 8 pr(ess$ fai?1 expects to dep5d = bliss h]eaft] ^u 8 po/ mortem meals1 z mu* z did 8 fa!rs ^u !irs4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! burial ( ! dead1 "o f9ds1 :at is antique1 t al?\gh accord+ to ! =mal law only infants are buri$1 & adults are burn$1 yet 0 burial kn[n1 z 9 ! ,v$ic age4 ,& ! /ill old] exposure ( ! body1 aft] ! ,iranian fa%ion1 is n only h9t$ at z occurr+ "h & !re ev5 be=e ! epic1 b 9 ! epic ^! =ms are all recogniz$ z equally approv$3 ,:5 a man dies he is burn$ or buri$ or expos$ 7nikr4s4yate7#ca x is said 9 i4 #ij4 #ag2 & ! n>rator goes on to expla9 t ! hell on e>?1 ( :i* ! auditor has nev] he>d 7vs4 #f7 is re-bir? 9 l[ bodies1 speak+ ( x z a new doctr9e4 ,z if 9 a dream rema9+ consci\s ! _s ent]s ano!r =m2 ! bad becom+ insects & worms2 ! good go+ to heav5 by means ( ! sev5 gates1 viz41 p5ance1 lib]ality1 quietism1 self-control1 mode/y1 rectitude1 & m]cy4 ,?is is a union ( two views1 & x is evid5tly ! popul> view1 t1 namely1 ! good g to heav5 :ile ! bad g to new exi/5ce 9 a l[ =m1 z oppos$ to ! m logical conception t bo? alike ent] new =ms1 "o good1 ! o!r bad4 ,!n ! e/abli%$ /adia1 ! pupil1 ! old tea*+ 7upani%ad7 ( ! h\sehold]s1 & ! wood-dwell]s are describ$1 ) ! rem>k t !re is no uni=mity ( op9ion 9 reg>d to !m2 b ! anci5t view crops out aga9 9 ! /atem5t t "o :o dies z a =e/-h]mit e/abli%es 9 bliss t5 ance/ors & t5 desc5dants4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! epic ! ,punjab is /ill ne> ! !atre ( ev5ts1 ! 'c5tre region' be+ betwe5 ! ,ganges & ,jumna 7,i4 #hg4 #e72 al?\gh ! lat] additions to ! poems %[ acqua9tance ) all c\ntries1 kn[n & unkn[n1 & ) peoples f all ! _w4 ,significant 9 xii4 #fa4 #a1 #b is ! "n ( ! ?ird ord] bhaik%yac>yam 'begg>hood' 7be=e ! =e/-h]mit & aft] ! h\sehold]74 ,x 0 said above t ! dep>t$ ,fa!rs c\ld assume a mortal =m4 ,9 ! =mal classification ( ^! demigods sev5 k9ds ( ,manes are enum]at$1 ! title ( "o subdivision be+ '^? embodi$4' ,brahma is id5tifi$ ) ! ,fa!r-god 9 connection ) ! ,manes3 ,all ! ,manes wor%ip ,prajapati ,brahma1 9 ! p>adise ( ,prajapati1 :]e1 by ! way1 are iva & ,vi%nu 7,,ii4 #aa4 #de1 #ej1 #eb2 #h4 #cj74 ,accord+ to ?is description 'k+s & s9n]s1' toge!r ) ! ,manes1 are f\nd 9 ,yama's home1 z well z ^? t die at ! sol/ice 7,,ii4 #g ff42 #h4 #ca74 ,con/antly ! read] is impress$ ) ! fact t ! *>act]s ( ! epic are act+ & ?9k+ 9 a way n con=mable to ! idea "o might =m ( ! ,h9du f ! law4 ,we h animadv]t$ ^u ?is po9t else:]e 9 connection ) ano!r matt]4 ,x is ?is factor t makes ! /udy ( ! epic s invaluable z an (fset to ! v]isimilitude ( belief1 ev5 z belief is taught 7n practic$7 9 ! law4 ,!re is a v old rule1 = in/ance1 aga9/ slaught]+ animals & eat+ meat2 :ile to eat beef is a mon/r\s crime4 ,yet is x pla9 f ! epic t meat-eat+ 0 cu/om>y1 & ,v$ic texts are cit$ 7 iti rutis7 to prove t ?is is p]missible2 :ile a k+ is extoll$ = slaught]+ cattle 7,,iii4 #bjh4 #f-aa74 ,x is said out & out 9 iii4 #cac4 #hf t 'beef is food1' gaur annam4 ,de] are con/antly eat54 ,!re is an amus+ prote/ aga9/ ?is practice1 :i* 0 felt to be irreconcilable ) ! ahimsa 7non-injury7 doctr9e1 9 ,,iii4 #beh1 :]e ! remnant ( de] left 9 ! =e/ come 9 a vision & beg to be sp>$4 ,a dispute betwe5 gods & se]s ov] vegetable sacrifices is record$1 ,,xii4 #cch4 ,aga91 asceticism is n ! duty ( a w>rior1 b ! epic h]o practices asceticism exactly z if he 7 a prie/1 or a ,ja91 al?\gh ! w>n+ is giv5 t a w>rior 'obta9s a bett] lot' 7loka7 by dy+ 9 battle ?an by asceticism4 ,! asceticism is1 ( c\rse1 exagg]at$1 b an in/ance or two ( :at ! ,h9du expects 9 ?is reg>d may n be )\t int]e/4 ,! w>rior :o becomes an ascetic eats leaves1 & is clo!d 9 grass4 ,= "o mon? he eats fruits e ?ird day 7night72 = ano!r mon? e six? day2 = ano!r mon? e =tnight2 & = ! f\r? mon? he lives on air1 /&+ on tiptoe ) arms /ret*$ up4 ,ano!r acc\nt says t ! knight eats fruit = "o mon?2 wat] = "o mon?2 & = ! ?ird mon?1 no?+ 7,,iii4 #cc4 #gc2 #ch4 #bb-bf2 #afg74 ,"o may comp>e ) ^! ascetic practices1 :i* are n s exagg]at$1 9 fact1 z might be suppos$1#cb ! '"o-leg' practice ( virtue1 consi/+ 9 /&+ on "o leg1 ekapad5a1 = six mon?s or long]1 z "o is able 7,i4 #agj4 #df2 ,,iii4 #ab4 #ac-af74 ,s9ce le>n+ ! ,v$as is a tiresome task1 & ascetic practice makes x possible to acquire any?+1 "o is n surpris$ to f9d t a devotee und]takes p5ance ) ?is 9 view1 & is only surpris$ :5 ,indra1 :o1 to be sure has a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! ,v$as1 breaks 9 on ! sc5e & rebukes ! ascetic ) ! words3 ,asceticism _c tea* ! ,v$as2 g & be tutor$ by a tea*] 7,,iii4 #ace4 #bb74 ,"o f9ds 9 ! epic ! old belief t ! />s are ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$1#cc & ?is occurs s (t5 t x is ano!r sign ( ! comp>ative newness ( ! pan!i/ic doctr9e4 ,:5 ! h]o1 ,arjuna1 goes to heav5 he approa*es ! />s1 :i* se5 f e>? look small on acc\nt ( _! di/ance1 & f9ds !m to be self-lum9\s refulg5t sa9ts1 royal se]s1 & h]oes sla9 9 battle1 "s ( !m also be+ nymphs & cele/ial s+]s4 ,all ( ?is is 9 contradiction bo? to ! old] & to ! new] sy/ems ( es*atology2 b x is an anci5t belief1 & !re=e x is pres]v$4 ,indra's heav51#cd ,am>avati1 lies above ^! />s#ce ,no less ?an five di/9ct beliefs are ?us enunciat$ 9 reg>d to ! fate ( 'good m5 aft] dea?4 ,if !y believe 9 ! ,all-god !y unite ) him at once4 ,or !y h a high] c\rse1 becom+ gradually m elevat$1 z gods1 etc1 & ultimately 'ent]' ! ,all-god4 ,aga9 !y g to ! _w ( ,brahma4 ,aga9 !y g to ,indra's heav54 ,aga9 !y become />s4 ,! two la/ beliefs are ! olde/1 ! brahmaloka belief is ! next 9 ord] ( "t1 & ! fir/-m5tion$ are ! late/ to be adopt$4 ,! h]o ( ! epic j walks up to heav51 b 8 case is exceptional4 ,:ile angels & spirits sw>m ab\t ! _w 9 e %ape f mis*iev\s or helpful fairies to ,rahu1 ^: head /ill swall[s ! sun1 caus+ eclipses 7,i4 #ai4 #i71 !re are a few t are especially conspicu\s4 ,*ief ( ! good spirits1 att5dants ( ,indra1 are ! ,siddhas#cf 'sa9ts1' :o occasionally appe> to bless a h]o 9 conjunction ) 'be+s invisible' 7,,iii4 #cg4 #ba74 ,_! "n means lit]ally 'bless$' or 'successful1' & probably1 l ! se]s1 ,ri%is1 !y are ! dep>t$ fa!rs 9 spiritual =m4 ,^! latt] =m v>i\s classes4 ,!re are n only ! 'great se]s1' & ! /ill great] 'brahma-se]s1' & ! 'god-se]s1' b !re are ev5 'devil-se]s1' & 'k+-se]s1' ^! be+ spirits ( prie/s ( royal l9eages4#cg ,! evil spirits1 l ! gods1 are sometimes gr\p$ 9 ?rees4 ,9 a bless+ "o cries out3 ,f>ewell 7sva/i gac*ahy anamayam72 ,i entreat ! ,vasus1 ,rudras1 ,adityas1 ,m>ut-ho/s & ! ,all-gods to protect !e1 toge!r ) ! ,sadhyas2 safety be to !e f all ! evil be+s t live 9 air1 e>?1 & heav51 & f all o!rs t dog ?y pa?4#ch ,9 ,,xii4 #aff4 #fa ff4 ! devils fall to e>?1 m\nta9s1 wat]1 & o!r places4 ,accord+ to ,i4 #ai4 #bi4 x is n long s9ce ! ,asuras 7 driv5 to take refuge 9 e>? & salt wat]4#ci ,^! creatures h e k9d ( miracul\s p[]1 :e!r !y be good or bad4 ,hanuman1 fam$ 9 bo? epics1 ! div9e monkey1 ) :om is associat$ ! div9e 'k+ ( be>s' ,jambavan 7,,iii4 #bhj4 #bc71 c gr[ great] ?an mortal eye c see 7,,iii4 #aej4 #i74 ,he is /ill wor%ipp$ z a great god 9 ,s\? ,india4 ,z an illu/ration ( epic spiritism ! case ( ,ilvala may be tak54 ,?is devil1 daiteya1 _h a trick ( cook+ 8 embodi$ y\ng] bro!r1 & giv+ him to sa9ts to eat4 ,"o sa9t1 suppos+ ! fle% to be mutton 7"h is sa9tly meat-eat+671 dev\rs ! da9ty vi&2 ^u :i* ! devil 'calls' 8 bro!r1 :o is oblig$ to come1 :e!r eat5 or n1 & 9 com+ bur/s ! sa9t t has eat5 him 7iii4 #if74 ,?is is folk-lore2 b :at religion does n folk-lore conta96 ,s1 p]sonifi$ ,fate holds its own z an inscrutable p[]1 mighti] ?an o!rs4#dj ,!re is ano!r t\* ( primitive religi\s feel+ :i* rem9ds "o ( ! usage 9 ,icel&1 :]e1 if a /rang] knocks at ! door & ! "o )9 asks ':o is !re8' ! gue/ answ]s1 ',god4' ,s 9 ! epic x is said t 'e gue/ is god ,indra' 7,p>janyo nnanusa4mc>an1 iii4 #bjj4 #abc4 ,9 ! epic ,p>janya1 ! ra9-god1 & ,indra are ! same74 ,( popul> old tales ( religi\s be>+ may be m5tion$ ! ret5tion & elaboration ( ! ,brahmanic deluge-/ory1 ) ,manu z ,noah 7iii4 #ahg72 ! ,av9s' feats 9 rejuv5at+ 7iii4 #abc72 ! combats ( ! gods ) ! demons 7,namuci1 amb>a1 ,vala1 ,vritra1 ,prahlada1 ,n>aka71 etc4 7iii4 #afh74 ,turn+ n[ to "s ( ! new] traits 9 ! epic1 "o notices fir/ t1 :ile ! old sacrifices /ill obta91 especially ! horse-sacrifice1 ! rajasuya & ! less m]itori\s vajapeya1 toge!r ) ! mon?ly & seasonal sacrifices1 !re is 9 practice a lean+ r to new sacrifices1 & a new cult4 ,! soma is sc>ce1 & ! putika plant is accept$ z its sub/itute 7iii4 #ce4 #cc7 9 a matt]-(-c\rse way1 z if ?is sub/itution1 p]mitt$ ( old by law1 7 n[ common4 ,! sacrifice ( ! wid[ is recogniz$1 9 ! case ( ! wives ( k+s1 z a means ( obta9+ bliss = a woman1#da = ! religion ( ! epic is n entirely c>eless ( woman4 ,some:at new1 h[ev]1 is ! self-immolation ( a man ^u ! pyre ( 8 son4 ,su* a case is record$ 9 iii4 #acg4 #ai4 :]e a fa!r burns 8 son's body1 & !n himself ent]s ! fire4 ,new also1 ( c\rse1 are ! sect>ian fe/ivals & sacrifices2 & pron\nc$ is ! ga9 9 ! godhead ( prie/s1 k+1 p>5ts1 eld] bro!r1 & husb&4 ,! prie/ has long be5 reg>d$ z a god1 b 9 ! epic he is god ( gods1 al?\gh "o c trace ev5 "h a gr[? 9 adulation4#db ,! k+1 too1 has be5 id5tifi$ be=e ?is p]iod ) ! gods4 ,b 9 ! epic he is to 8 p an absolute div9ity1#dc & s are ! p>5ts to ! son2#dd :ile1 s9ce ! eld] bro!r is ! same ) a fa!r1 :5 ! fa!r is dead ! y\ng] bro!r wor%ips ! eld]4 ,s also ! wife's god is h] husb&2 = high] ev5 ?an t ( ! prie/ is ! husb&'s div9ity 7,,iii4 #bjf74 ,! wife's religi\s s]vice is n conc]n$ ) fea/s to ! ,manes1 ) sacrifice to ! gods1 nor ) /udy+ ! ,v$a4 ,9 all ^! %e has no "p4 ,h] religion is to s]ve h] husb& 7,,iii4 #bje4 #bc71 & to die1 if wor?y ( ! honor1 on 8 fun]al pyre4 ,o!rwise ! epic woman has religi\s practices only 9 visit+ ! holy wat]+-places1 :i* n[ ab\nd1 & 9 read+ ! epic itself4 ,= x is said ( bo? practices3 ,:e!r man or woman read ?is book 7or 'visit ?is holy pool'7 he or %e is fre$ f s9 7s 9 ,,iii4 #hb4 #cc3 ,e s9 committ$ s9ce bir? by man or woman is absolv$ by ba?+ 9 'holy ,pu%k>a74 ,x may be rem>k$ t z a g5]al ?+ ! deities invok$ by wom5 are1 by pr$ilection1 female div9ities1 "s ( !m be+ m]e ab/ractions1 :ile '! ,creator' is (t5 ! only god 9 ! woman's li/1 except1 ( c\rse1 ! prie/s3 ,rev]5ce to prie/s1 & to ! ,creator 444 ,may ,hri1 ri 7,mode/y & ,beauty71 ,fame1 ,glory1 ,prosp]ity1 ,uma 7iva's wife71 ,lak%mi 7,vi%nu's wife71 & also ,s>asvati1 7may all ^! female div9ities7 gu>d ?y pa?1 because ?\ rev]e/ ?y eld] bro!r1 is a woman's pray] 7,,iii4 #cg4 #bf-cc74de ,( ! sect>ian cults j m5tion$ ! brahmamaha1 ,i4 #afd4 #bj1 else:]e ref]r$ to1 is ! all-ca/e#df fea/ 9 honor ( ,brahma 7or ( ! ,brahmans72 z ib4 #adc4 #c "o f9ds a samaja 9 honor ( iva2 & di/9ctly 9 honor ( ! same god ( horror is ! sacrifice1 i4e41 immolation1 ( "o hundr$ k+s1 :o are collect$ 9 ! temple ( iva1 to be slaught]$ l cattle 9 ,magadha 7,,ii4 #ae4 #bc72 an act :i* ! h]oes ( ! epic prev5t1 & look ^u ) scorn4#dg ,z a sub/itute = ! rajasuya1 :i* may be connect$ ) ! human sacrifice 7,ind4 ,/reif51 ,i4 #fa71 b is ! be/ sacrifice because x has ! be/ l>gesse 7,,iii4 #bee4 #ab71 ! ,vai%nava is sugge/$ to ,duryodhana4 ,x is a great sattram or long sacrifice to ,vi%nu 7ib4 #ae & #ai72 long] ?an a ,vi%nuprabodha 7#bf ,oct474 ,!re is a ,smriti rite describ$ 9 ,,iii4 #aih4 #ac z a sva/ivacanam1 a c]emony to obta9 a heav5ly *>iot :i* br+s prosp]ity1 ! prie/s be+ invok$ = bless+s 7sva/i74 ,q mod]n1 comp>atively speak+1 is ! cult ( holy pools2 b x is to be obs]v$ t ! bless+s expect$ are r>ely m ?an ! acquirem5t ( brahma-worlds1 s t ! in/itution seems to be at lea/ old] ?an ! sect>ian religions1 al?\gh naturally among ! holy pools is intrud$ a ,vi%nu-pool4 ,?is religi\s rite _c be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! cu/om is late ,brahmanic 7z above71 & /ill survives4 ,x has be5 an aspect ( ,h9du religion = c5turies1 n only 9 ! view tak5 ( ! pools1 b ev5 occasionally 9 ! place itself4 ,?us ! ,ganges1 ,gaya1 ,prayaga1 & ,kuru-,pla9 are to-day mo/ holy1 & !y are m5tion$ z among ! holie/ 9 ! epic catalogue4#dh ,soma is n[ revamp$ by a ba? 9 a holy pool 7,,ix4 #ce4 #ge74 ,z 9 e anti!sis ( act & ?\ght !re are n lack+ passages 9 ! epic :i* decry ! pools 9 comp>ison ) holy life z a means ( salvation4 ,?us 9 ,,iii4 #hb4 #i ff41 ! poet says3 ,! fruit ( pilgrimage 7to holy pools7--he ^: h&s1 feet1 & m9d are controll$2#di he :o has k1 asceticism1 & fame1 he gets all ! fruit t holy pools c give4 ,if "o is av]se f receiv+ gifts1 cont5t1 fre$ f egoism1 if "o injures n1 & acts dis9t]e/$ly1 if "o is n glutton\s1 or c>nal-m9d$1 he is fre$ f s94 ,let "o 7n ba! 9 pools b7 be )\t wra?1 tru?ful1 firm 9 8 v[s1 see+ 8 self 9 all be+s4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a prote/ little he$$4#ej ,pilgrimage is made to pool & pla91 to m\nta91 tree1 & riv]4 ,ev5 !n1 z n[1 ( all pilgrimages t to ,ganges 0 mo/ e/eem$3 ,orig9ally all 7 holy2 9 ! second age ,pu%k>a#ea 0 holy2 9 ! ?ird age ! ,pla9 ( ! ,kurus 0 holy2 & 9 ?is age ,ganges is holy 7,,iii4 #he4 #ij74eb ,besides ,ganges1 ! ,pla9 ( ! ,kurus & ,prayaga1 ! junction ( ,ganges & ,jumna1 get ! highe/ laudation4 ,o!r riv]s1 su* z ! ,gomal & ,s>asvati1 are also extoll$1 & ! li/ is v long ( places :i* to see or to ba! 9 releases f s94 ,he :o ba!s 9 ,ganges purifies sev5 desc5dants4#ec ,z long z ! bones ( a man t\* ,ganges-wat] s long t man is magnifi$ 9 heav54 ,aga93 ,no place ( pilgrimage is bett] ?an ,ganges2 no god is bett] ?an ,vi%nu2 no?+ is bett] ?an brahma--s said ! sire ( ! gods 7iii4 #he4 #id-if74 ,! v du/ ( ,kuru-,pla9 makes "o holy1 ! sight ( x purifies2 he t lives s\? ( ! ,s>asvati1 nor? ( ! ,dri%advati 7i4e41 9 ,kuru-,pla971 he lives 9 ! ?ird heav5 7iii4 #hc4 #a-cbjc-bjeed74 ,?is sort ( expiation = s9 is impli$ 9 a m g5]al way by ! rem>k t !re are ?ree k9ds ( purity1 "o ( spee*1 "o ( act1 & "o ( wat] 7iii4 #bjj4 #hb74 ,b 9 ! epic !re is /ill ano!r means ( expiat+ s91 "o t is indicat$ 9 ! ,brahmanic rule t if a woman is an adult]ess %e de/roys half h] s9 by confess+ x 7z above71 :]e1 h[ev]1 rep5tance is r impli$ ?an comm&$4 ,b 9 ! epic ,purana x is di/9ctly /at$ z a ruti1 or trite say+1 t if "o rep5ts he is fre$ f 8 s92 na tat kuryam pun> is ! =mula he mu/ use1 ',i w n d s aga91' & !n he is releas$ f ev5 ! s9 t he is go+ to commit a second "t1 z if by a c]emony--s is ! ruti 9 ! laws1 dh>mas 7iii4 #bjg4 #ea1 #eb74ee ,confession to ! family prie/ is enjo9$1 9 xii4 #bfh4 #ad1 to escape puni%m5t4 ,two o!r religi\s practices 9 ! epic are notewor?y4 ,! fir/ is ! ext5sion ( idolatry 9 pictures4 ,! amiable 'goddess ( ! h\se' is repres5t$1 to be sure1 z a ,rak%asi1 or demoniac p[]1 ^: "n is ,j>a4 ,b %e 0 creat$ by ! ,self-exi/5t1 & is really v fri5dly1 "u c]ta9 conditions3 ,:oev] del9eates me ) fai? 9 8 h\se1 he increases 9 *ildr52 o!rwise he w\ld be de/roy$4 ,%e is wor%ipp$1 i4e41 h] pa9t$ image is wor%ipp$1 ) p]fumes1 fl[]s1 inc5se1 food1 & o!r enjoyable ?+s 7,,ii4 #ah74ef ,ano!r practice t is v common is ! wor%ip ( holy trees4 ,"o may comp>e ! banyan at ,bodhi ,gaya ) ! 'wor%ipful' village-tree ( ,,ii4 #bd4 #bc4 ,seldom & late is ! use ( a ros>y m5tion$ 7e4g41 ,,iii4 #aab4 #e1 ak%amala1 else:]e ak%a71 al?\gh ! ^w is employ$ to make an epi!t ( iva1 ,ak%amal94#eg ,z has be5 said already1 an extraord9>y p[] is ascrib$ to ! m]e repetition ( a holy text1 mantra4 ,^! are appli$ on all occasions )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! subject4 ,by means ( mantra "o exorcises2 recov]s weapons2 calls gods & demons1 etc4#eh ,:5 mis=tune or disease arrives x is inv>iably ascrib$ to ! malignant action ( a devil1 al?\gh ! k>ma tea*+ %\ld sugge/ t x 0 ! result ( a =m] misde$ on ! victim's "p4 ,b ! v it]ation1 ! insi/5ce on new explanations ( ?is doctr9e1 %[ t ! popul> m9d /ill clung to ! old idea ( demoniac int]f]5ce4 ,occasionally ! navet ) :i* ! effect ( a mantra is n>rat$ is some:at amus+1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! h]o9e ,kri%na fa9ts1 & ! by-/&]s sl[ly revive h] by ! use ( demon-dispell+ mantras1 rubb+1 wat]1 & fann+ 7iii4 #add4 #ag74 ,all ! weapons ( ! h]oes are inspir$ ) & impell$ by mantras4 ,suffici5t insight into ! =mal rules ( morality has be5 giv5 9 ! extracts above1 nor does ! epic 9 ?is reg>d diff] mu* f ! law-books4 ,e man's fir/ duty is to act2 inactivity is s9ful4 ,! man t fails to w9 a good reputation by 8 acts1 a w>rior1 = example1 t is devoid ( fame1 a 'man ( no acc\nt1' is a bhumiv>dhana1 ,greek3 a*?os ar\rs a cumb]] ( e>? 7iii4 #ce4 #g74 ,a prov]b says t man %\ld seek virtue1 ga91 & pleasure2 virtue 9 ! morn+2 ga9 at noon2 pleasure at night1 or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion1 pleasure :5 "y1 ga9 9 middle-age1 & virtue 9 ! end ( life 7iii4 #cc4 #dj1 #da74 ,virtue is bett] ?an immortality & life4 ,k+dom1 sons1 glory1 weal?1 all ?is does n equal "o-sixte5? "p ( ! value ( tru? 7ib4 #cd4 #bb74ei ,"o v /rong summ+ up ( a disc\rse on virtu\s behavior ends ?us3 ,tru?1 self-control1 asceticism1 g5]osity1 non-injury1 con/ancy 9 virtue--^! are ! means ( success1 n ca/e nor family 7jati1 kula1 iii4 #aha4 #db74 ,a doctr9e practic$1 if n prea*$1 is t ( blood-rev5ge4 ,! unav5g$ %$ te>s1 :i* are wip$ away by ! av5g] 7iii4 #aa4 #ff72 & 9 accordance ) ?is feel+ is ! /atem5t3 ,i %all satiate my bro!r ) 8 murd]]'s blood1 & ?us1 becom+ free ( debt 9 respect ( my bro!r1 ,i %all w9 ! highe/ place 9 heav5 7ib4 #cd1 #ce74 ,z ( old1 despite ! new fai?1 z a matt] ( prie/ly1 =mal belief1 all dep5ds on ! sacrifice3 ,law comes f usage2 9 law are ! ,v$as e/abli%$2 by means ( ! ,v$as arise sacrifices2 by sacrifice are ! gods e/abli%$2 accord+ to ! rule ( ,v$as1 & usage1 sacrifices be+ p]=m$ support ! div9ities1 j z ! rules ( ,brihaspati & ,uanas support m5 7iii4 #aej4 #bh1 #bi74 ,! p]nici\s doctr9e ( atonem5t = s9 foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse3 ,:atev] s9 a k+ commits 9 conqu]+ ! e>? is aton$ = by sacrifices1 if !y are accompani$ ) l>ge gifts to prie/s1 su* z c[s & villages4 ,ev5 gifts to a sacr$ bull h ! same effect 7iii4 #cc4 #gh1 #gi2 ib4 #ce4 #cd2 iii4 #b4 #eg71 ! occasion 9 h& be+ a k+'s violation ( 8 oa?4#fj ,( ^! sacrifices a great snake-sacrifice =ms ! occasion = n>rat+ ! :ole epic1 ! plot ( :i* turns on ! national vice ( gambl+4#fa ,= div9e snakes are n[ ev5 gr\p$ ) o!r cele/ial p[]s1 disput+ ! victory ( e>?ly combatants z d ,indra & ,surya3 ,! great snakes 7 on ,arjuna's side2 ! little snakes 7 = ,k>na 7viii4 #hg4 #dd1 #de74fb ,!y 7 7p]haps7 ! local gods ( ! ,nagas 7,snakes71 a tribe liv+ betwe5 ! ,ganges & ,jumna4 ,! religion ( ! epic is multi=m4 ,b x /&s1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 z "o religion1 & f two po9ts ( view x is wor?y ( special reg>d4 ,"o may look ^u x ei!r z ! summ+ up ( ,brahmanism 9 ! new ,h9duism1 z ! f9al expression ( a religion :i* =gets no?+ & absorbs ev]y?+2 or "o may /udy x z a belief compos$ ( hi/orical /rata1 endeavor+ to divide x into its diff]5t lay]s1 z !y h be5 sup]-impos$ "o ^u ano!r 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,f ! latt] po9t ( view ! ,v$ic div9ities claim ! att5tion fir/4 ,!re are /ill traces ( ! orig9al p[] ( ,agni & ,surya1 z we h %[n1 & ,w9d /ill makes ) ^! two a notable triad1#fc :]eas ,indra1 impot5t z he is1 hymnless z he is1--save 9 ! olde/ portions ( ! "w1--/ill leads ! gods1 n[ godk9s1 ( ! anci5t pan!on1 & /ill1 9 !ory1 at lea/1 (f a p>adise to ! knight t dies nobly on ! field4#fd ,b "o sees at once t ! pres]vation ( ! dignity ( ^! deities is due to diff]5t causes4 ,indra _c ev5 save a snake t grasps 8 h& = safety2 he wages w> aga9/ ! demons' 'triple t[n1' & signally fails ( 8 purpose1 = ! demons are z /rong z ! gods1 & !re are ,danav5dras z well z ,danav>%is4#fe ,b ,indra is ! figure-head ( ! :ole anci5t pan!on1 & = ?is reason he plays s con/ant1 if s weak1 a rle1 9 ! epic4 ,! only important ?+ 9 connection ) him is 8 heav54 ,z an individual deity ,indra lives1 on ! :ole1 only 9 ! tales ( old1 = example1 9 t ( 8 *eat+ ,namuci 7ix4 #dc4 #cb ff474 ,no?+ new & clev] is told ( him :i* w\ld indicate p[]1 only a new trick or two1 z :5 he /eals f ,k>na4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ,agni & ,surya4 ,!y are n s vaguely id5tifi$ ) ! "o god z is ',indra & ! o!r ,vasus4' ,x is m]ely because ^! gods are prom95tly =ms ( ,vi%nu t !y are honor$ ) hymns 9 ! epic4 ,?is is se5 f ! nature ( ! hymns1 & also f ! fact t x is ei!r z fire or z sun t ,vi%nu de/roys at ! end ( ! aeons4 ,= x is1 p]haps1 some:at d>+ to say1 & yet x seems to be ! fact1 t ! sol> orig9 ( ,vi%nu is n lo/ sight (4 ,! pan!i/ic ,vi%nu is ! atma1 & ,vi%nu1 aft] all1 is b a =m ( fire4 ,!re=e is x t ! epic ,vi%nu is p]petually laps+ into fire2 :ile fire & sun are d\bly honor$ z special =ms ( ! highe/4 ,x is1 !n1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( a survival ( anci5t dignity#ff t sun & fire /& s high1 b r because !y are ! ne>e/ approa* to ! effulg5ce ( ! ,supreme4 ,?us :ile 9 "o place "o is told t aft] sev5 suns h appe>$ ! supreme gods become ! fire ( de/ruction & complete ! ru91 9 ano!r he reads t x is ! sun alone :i*1 becom+ twelvefold1 does all ! "w ( ! ,supreme4#fg ,indra has hymns & sacrifices1 b al?\gh he has no s exalt$ hymn z comes to 8 'fri5d ,agni1' yet 79 an isolat$ passage7 he has a new fea/ & celebration1 ! acc\nt ( :i* app>5tly belongs to ! fir/ p]iod ( ! epic1 :5 ! wor%ip ( ,indra /ill _h significance4 ,9 i4 #fc1 an ,indramaha1 or 'glorification ( ,indra1' is describ$ a fe/ivity ext5d+ ov] two days1 & m>k$ by ! erection ( a pole 9 honor ( ! god--a c]emony :i* 'ev5 to-day1' x is said1 is practic$4#fh ,! old tales ( ! fire-cult are retold1 & new rites are kn[n4#fi ,?us 9 iii4 #bea4 #bj ff41 ,pr9ce ,duryodhana resolves to />ve to dea? 7oblivi\s ( ! rule t 'a suicide goes to hell'71 & s9ce ?is is a religi\s c]emony1 he clo!s himself 9 old clo!s & holy-grass1 't\*es wat]1' & devotes himself ) int5se application to heav54 ,!n ! devils ( ,rudra call$ ,daiteyas & ,danavas1 :o live und]gr\nd ev] s9ce !y 7 conqu]$ by ! gods1 aid$ by prie/s1 make a fire-rite1 & ) mantras decl>$ by ,brihaspati & ,uanas1 & proclaim$ 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 raise a gho/ or _s1 :o is ord]$ to fet* ,duryodhana to hell1 :i* %e imm$iately does4#gj ,! frequ5t connection ( ,brihaspati ) ! ,a?>va-,v$a is ( int]e/ 7above1 p4 #aei74 ,he is q a v5]able1 if n :olly or?odox1 au?or 9 ! epic1 & 8 'rules' are (t5 cit$4#ga ,t ,v$ic deity :o1 alone ( pre-,v$ic p[]s1 /ill holds 8 pr\d place1 ,yama1 ! k+ ( dep>t$ spirits1 v>ies 9 ! epic accord+ to ! p]iod repres5t$4 ,9 old tales he is /ill q ,v$ic 9 "*2 he takes ! dead man's s\l (f to 8 own realm4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 z pan!ism prevails1 & es*atology becomes confus$1 ,yama passes into a %ad[1 & at mo/ is a bugbe> = ! wick$4 ,ev5 8 companions are /ol5 f ano!r realm1 & "o he>s n[ ( ,k+ ,yama ) 8 ,rudras 7,,iii4 #bcg4 #aa71gb :ile x is only ! bad#gc t g to ,yama 7,,iii4 #bjj4 #bd71 9 popul> belief1 al?\gh ?is view1 itself old1 relapses occasionally into "o /ill old]1 9 accordance ) :i* 7ib4 #di7 all ! _w is h\nd$ on by ,yama's mess5g]s1 & comes to 8 abode4 ,8 home#gd 9 ! s\? is n[ locat$ z be+ at a di/ance ( #hf1jjj leagues ov] a t]rible road1 on :i* passes a procession ( wret*$ or happy mortals1 ev5 z !y h behav$ dur+ life2 = example1 if "o has g5]\sly giv5 an umbrella dur+ life he w h an umbrella on ?is j\rney1 etc4 ,! riv] 9 ,yama's abode is call$ ,pu%podaka1 & :at ea* dr9ks out ( x is accord+ to :at he des]ves to dr9k1 cool wat] or fil? 7ib4 #df1 #eh74ge ,9 ! v>i\s descriptions x is n /range to f9d discordant views ev5 9 portions belong+ approximately to ! same p]iod4 ,?us 9 contradi/9ction to ! prevail+ view "o reads ( ,indra himself t he is ,yamasya neta ,namuceca hanta ',yama's lead]1 ,namuci's slay]' 7iii4 #be4 #aj471 i4e41 ^? t die 9 battle g to ,yama4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! lat] speculative portions1 ,yama is n dea?4 ,yama is n dea?1 z "s ?9k2 he is "o t gives bliss to ! good1 & woe to ! bad4#gf ,dea? & life are fooli%ness & lack ( folly1 respectively 7lit]ally1 'non-folly is non-mortality'71 :ile folly & mortality are c\nt] opposites4 ,9 pan!i/ic tea*+ !re is1 ( c\rse1 no real dea?1 only *ange4 ,b dea? is a female p[]1 p]sonifi$1 & %>ply di/+ui%$ f ,yama4 ,dea? z a means ( *ange ?us rema9s1 :ile ,yama is relegat$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( hell4 ,! diff]5ce 9 reg>d to ! latt] subject1 betwe5 e>li] & lat] views1 has be5 not$ above4 ,"o comp>atively e>ly passage attempts to arrange ! incongru\s beliefs 9 reg>d to samsara 7re-bir?7 & hell on a sort ( slid+ scale1 ?us3 ,"o t does good gets 9 ! next life a good bir?2 "o t does ill gets an ill bir?2 m p>ticul>ly3 ,by good acts "o atta9s to ! /ate ( gods2 by 'mix$' acts1 to ! /ate ( man2 by acts due to confusion ( m9d1 to ! /ate ( animals & plants 7viyonis4u72 by s9ful acts "o goes to hell 7adhogami1 iii4 #bji4 #bi-cb74gg ,virtue mu/ h be51 z ! epic (t5 decl>es x to be1 a 'subtile matt]1' = (t5 a tale is told to illu/rate ! fact t "o goes to hell = do+ :at he ?9ks 7mi/ak5ly7 to be "r4 ,?us ,kauika is s5t to hell = speak+ ! tru?1 :]eas he ought to h li$ to save life 7viii4 #fi4 #ec71 = he 0 ignorant ( virtue's subtilty4#gh ,a passage 7i4 #gd4 #bg ff47 t is reflect$ 9 ,manu 7viii4 #he-hf7 says t ,yama ,vaivasvata takes away ! s9 ( him ) :om is satisfi$ ! "o t witnesses ! act1 t /&s 9 ! he>t1 t kn[s ! gr\nd2 b ,yama tortures him ) :om ?is "o 7p]sonifi$ consci5ce7 is dissatisfi$4 ,= tru? is equal to a ?\s& horse-sacrifices2 tru? is highe/ brahma 7ib4 #ajc1 #ajf74 ,foll[+ d[nw>d ! c\rse ( religi\s developm5t1 z reflect$ 9 ! epic1 "o next f9ds traces ( ,brahmanic !ology n only 9 ! few passages :]e 7,brahma7 ,prajapati rema9s unt\*$ by sect>ianism1 b also 9 ! h>k+ back to old =mulae4 ,?us ! insi/5ce on ! ,brahmanical sacr$ness ( ! numb] sev5te5 is pres]v$ 7xii4 #bfi4 #bf2 iii4 #baj4 #bj1 etc72 & ,upani%adic is ! food is ,prajapati ( iii4 #bjj4 #ch 7,yama 9 #dj74 ,!re is an int]e/+ rehabilitation ( ! primitive idea ( ! ,av9s 9 ! new ascription ( =mal div9ity to ! 7p]sonifi$7 ,twilights 7,s&hya7 9 iii4 #bjj4 #hc1 al?\gh ?is :ole passage is m ,puranic ?an epic4 ,f ! same s\rce is ! doctr9e t ! fruit ( action expires at ! end ( "o hundr$ ?\s& kalpas 7ib4 vs4 #aba74 ,"o ( ! odde/ religi\s freaks 9 ! epic is ! sudd5 exaltation ( ! ,ribhus1 ! ,v$ic 7season-gods7 artisans1 to ! position ( highe/ gods4 ,9 t heav5 ( ,brahma1 :i* is above ! ,v$ic gods' heav51 !re are ! holy se]s & ! ,ribhus1 '! div9ities ( ! gods'2 :o d n *ange ) ! *ange ( kalpas 7z d o!r ,v$ic gods71 ,,iii4 #bfa4 #ai-bc4 ,"o might almo/ imag9e t _! ?reefoldness 0 causative ( a tr9it>ian id5tification ) a supreme triad2 b no1 = /ill high] is ! 'heav5 ( ,vi%nu' 7vs4 #cg74 ,! contra/ is m>k$ betwe5 ?is & ,ax4 ,br4 ,,iii4 #cj1 :]e ! ,ribhus ) "s difficulty obta9 ! "r to dr9k soma4 ,!re is an aspect ( ! epic religion ^u :i* x is necess>y to t\* be=e treat+ ( ! sect>ian developm5t4 ,9 ! e>ly philosophical p]iod wise prie/s meet toge!r to discuss !ological & philosophical que/ions1 (t5 aid$1 & (t5 br\ght to grief1 by ! wit ( wom5 disputants1 :o are freely admitt$ to he> & %>e 9 ! discussion4 ,:51 h[ev]1 pan!ism1 nay1 ev5 ,vi%nuism1 or /ill m1 ,kri%naism1 0 an accept$ fact ^u :at1 !n1 0 ! wisdom ( ! prie/ exp5d$8 ,ap>t f ! epic1 ! be/ intellects ( ! day 7 occupi$ 9 rese>*es1 codify+ laws1 & solv+1 9 r dogmatic fa%ion1 philosophical 7!ological7 problems4 ,! epic pres5ts pictures ( sc5es :i* seem to be a reflection f an e>li] day4 ,b "o sees (t5 t ! wisdom is commonplace1 or ev5 silly4 ,9 dialectics a sophi/ical subtlety is %[n2 9 codify+ moral rules1 a t$i\s trit5ess2 9 amoebic passes ( wit !re are a/\nd+ exhibitions1 9 :i* ! good s*olia/ sees treasures ( wisdom1 :]e a mod]n is oblig$ to take !m 9 _! lit]al dulness4 ,?us 9 ,,iii4 #acb4 #ah1 a boy ( twelve or t5 7#acc4 #af71 :o is div9ely precoci\s1 defeats ! wise m5 9 disputation at a sacrifice1 & 9 ! foll[+ section 7#acd4 #g ff47 sil5ces a disputant :o is reg>d$ z "o ( ! clev]e/ prie/s4 ,! conv]sation is record$ 9 full4 ,9 :at does x consi/8 ,! oppon5t m5tions a numb] ( ?+s :i* are "o2 ! boy replies ) a v]se t gives pairs ( ?+s2 ! o!r m5tions triads2 ! *ild cites gr\ps ( f\rs1 etc41 until ! oppon5t1 hav+ cit$ only "o half-v]se ( ?irte5s1 c rememb] no m & /ops1 on :i* ! *ild completes ! v]se1 & is decl>$ w9n]4 ,! conundrums :i* prec$e mu/ h be5 consid]$ v witty1 = !y are repeat$ else:]e3 ,:at is t :eel :i* has twelve p>ts & ?ree hundr$ & sixty spokes1 etc48 ,ye>4 ,:at does n close its eye :5 asleep1 :at does n move :5 x is born1 :at has no he>t1 :at increases by mov+8 ,^! que/ions =m "o-half v]se4 ,! next half-v]se gives ! answ]s 9 ord]3 fi%1 egg1 /one1 riv]4 ,?is wisdom 9 ! =m ( puzzles & answ]s1 brahmodya1 is v old1 & goes back to ! ,v$ic p]iod4 ,ano!r good case 9 ! epic is ! demon ,yak%a & ! captur$ k+1 :o is n fre$ till he answ]s c]ta9 que/ions correctly4#gi ,b al?\gh a c]ta9 am\nt ( !ologic lore may be glean$ f ^! que/ions1 yet is x ( great] int]e/ to see h[ ! prie/s discuss$ :5 left quietly to _! own devices4 ,& a v natural description ( su* a sc5e is extant4 ,! prie/s hav+ "s leisure#hj or vacation f _! labors 9 ! k+'s h\se1 sit d[n to argue1 & ! poet calls _! discussion vitan4d4a1 i4e41 tricky sophi/ical argum5tation1 ! description be>+ out ! ju/ness ( ! phrase3 ,"o cri$1 't is s1' & ! o!r1 'x is n s'2 "o cri$1 '& t is s1' & ! o!r1 'x mu/ be s'2 & "s by argum5ts made weak argum5ts /rong1 & /rong weak2 :ile "s wise ones 7 always swoop+ d[n on _! oppon5t's argum5ts1 l hawks on meat4#ha ,9 ,,iii4 #b4 #ae1 ! type ( clev] prie/ is 'skill$ 9 ,yoga & ,sa4nkhya1' :o inculcates r5unciation4 ,?is sage tea*es t m5tal diseases are cur$ by ,yoga2 bodily1 by m$ic9e2 & t desire is ! root ( ill4 ,b by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ !ological discussion 9 ! epic1 if "o except ! ,div9e ,song1 is ! conv]sation ( ! h]o & h]o9e 9 reg>d to ! cause ( e>?ly happ9ess4 ,?is discussion is an old passage ( ! epic4 ,! v fact t a woman is ! disputant gives an ar*aic effect to ! n>ration1 & rem9ds "o ( ! sc5es 9 ! ,upani%ads1 :]e le>n$ wom5 cope successfully ) m5 9 displays ( !ological acum54 ,fur!rmore1 ! !ological position tak51 ! abs5ce ( ,vi%nuism1 ! appeal to ! ',creator' z ! highe/ ,p[]1 take "o back to a =m] age4 ,! doctr9e ( special grace1 :i* crops out 9 ! ,upani%ads1#hb "h receives its exposure by a sudd5 claim t ! conv]se ( ! !ory mu/ also be true1 viz41 t to ^? n sav$ by grace & election ,god is z cruel z ,he is k9d to ! elect4 ,! situation is z foll[s3 ,! k+ & que5 h be5 basely robb$ ( _! k+dom1 & are 9 exile4 ,! que5 urges ! k+ to break ! v[ ( exile t has be5 =c$ f him1 & to take v5geance on _! oppressors4 ,! k+1 9 reply1 s+s a song ( =giv5ess3 ,=giv5ess is virtue1 sacrifice1 ,v$a2 =giv5ess is hol9ess & tru?2 9 ! _w ( ,brahma are ! mansions ( !m t =give4 ,?is song 7,,iii4 #bi4 #cf ff47 only irritates ! que51 :o at once laun*es into ! foll[+ int]e/+ tirade 7#cj4 #a ff473 ,rev]5ce to ! ,creator & ,dispos]#hc :o h confus$ ?y m9d6 ,ha/ ?\ n wor%ipp$ ) salutation & honor$ ! prie/s1 gods1 & manes8 ,ha/ ?\ n made horse-sacrifices1 ! rajasuya-sacrifice1 sacrifices ( e sort 7pun4d4arika1#hd gosava78 ,yet art ?\ 9 ?is mis]able plight6 ,v]ily is x an old /ory 7itihasa7 t '! worlds /& "u ! ,"l's w4' ,foll[+ ! se$ ,god gives good or ill 9 ! case ( all be+s4 ,m5 are all mov$ by ! div9ity4 ,l a wood5 doll1 mov+ its limbs 9 ! h&s ( a man1 s d all creatures move 9 ! ,creator's h&s4 ,man is l a bird on a /r+1 l a bead on a cord4 ,z a bull is l$ by ! nose1 s man foll[s ! w ( ! ,creator2 he nev] is a creature ( free w 7atmadh9a74 ,e man goes to heav5 or to hell1 z he is s5t by ! ,"l's w4 ,god himself1 occupi$ ) noble or ) wick$ acts1 moves ab\t among all creat$ ?+s1 an unkn[n p[] 7n kn[n z '?is "o'74 ,! bless$ ,god1 :o is self-creat$1 ! great =efa!r 7prapitamaha71 plays ) 8 creatures j z a boy plays ) toys1 putt+ !m toge!r & de/roy+ !m z he *ooses4 ,n l a fa!r is ,god to ,8 creatures2 ,he acts 9 ang]4 ,:5 ,i see ! good di/ress$1 ! ignoble happy1 ,i blame ! ,creator :o p]mits ?is inequality4 ,:at rew>d does ,god get t he s5ds happ9ess to ?is s9ful man 7?y oppressor78 ,if x be true t only ! individual t does ! act is pursu$ by ! fruit ( t act 7k>ma doctr9e7 !n ! ,"l :o has done ?is act is defil$ by ?is base act ( ,84 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! act t "o has done does n pursue & ov]take ! "o t has done x1 !n ! only ag5cy on e>? is brute =ce 7?is is ! only p[] to be respect$7--& ,i grieve = !m t are )\t x6 ,to ?is plea1 :i* 9 its ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,creator z ! highe/ god1 no less ?an 9 its d\btful admission ( ! k>ma doctr9e1 is ( peculi> int]e/1 ! k+ replies ) a refutation no less wor?y ( reg>d3 ,?y argum5t is good1 cle> & smoo?1 b x is het]odox 7na/ikyam74 ,i h sacrific$ & practic$ virtue n = ! sake ( rew>d1 b because x 0 "r4 ,i give :at ,i ought to give1 & sacrifice z ,i %\ld4 ,t is my only idea 9 connection ) religi\s obs]vances4 ,!re is no virtue 9 try+ to milk virtue4 ,d n d\bt4 ,d n be suspici\s ( virtue4 ,he t d\bts ,god or duty goes to hell 7confusion71 b he t does 8 duty & is free f d\bt goes to heav5 7becomes immortal74 ,d\bt n scriptural au?ority4 ,duty is ! sav+ %ip4 ,no o!r gets to heav54 ,blame n ! ,"l ,creator1 :o is ! highe/ god4 ,?r\gh ,8 grace ! fai?ful gets immortality4 ,if religi\s obs]vances 7 )\t fruit ! univ]se w\ld g to de/ruction4 ,p w\ld n h be5 good = s _m ages if !re _h be5 no rew>d = x4 ,?is is a my/]y ( ! gods4 ,! gods are full ( my/]y & illusion4 ,! que51 = all ! _w l t wise woman 9 ! ,upani%ads1 ^: argum5t1 z we %[$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 is cut %ort n by c\nt]-argum5t1 b by ! ?reat t if %e ask too mu* h] head w fall (f1 recants h] errors at ?is rebuke1 & 9 ! foll[+ section1 :i* evid5tly is a lat] addition1 takes back :at %e has said4 ,h] new expression ( belief %e cites z ! op9ion ( ,brihaspati 7#cb4 #fa1 #fb72 b ?is is applicable r to h] fir/ cre$ ( d\bt4 ,p]haps 9 ! orig9al v]sion ?is au?ority 0 cit$ at ! end ( ! fir/ spee*1 & ) ! int]polation ! ref]5ce is made to apply to ?is se]4 ,some?+ l ! que5's rem>ks is ! d\btful say+ ( ! k+ himself1 z quot$ else:]e 7,,iii4 #bgc4 #f73 ,"t & fate1 & :at w be1 ?is is ! only ,"l4 ,h[ else c\ld ?is di/ress h come ^u my wife8 ,= %e has be5 virtu\s always4 ,we turn n[ to ! great sect>ian gods1 :o ev5tually unite ) ,brahma to =m a pan!i/ic tr9ity1 a conception :i*1 z we %all %[1 is n old] ?an ! fif? or six? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,! rival h]esies seem also to belong to ! ,ea/4 ,!re 7 ?us m ?an half a doz5 h]etical bodies ( importance agitat+ ! region ab\t ,b5>es at ! same "t4 ,subsequ5tly ! ,ja9s1 :o1 z we h %[n1 7 less e/rang$ f ,brahmanism1 drift$ we/w>d1 :ile ! ,buddhi/ /ronghold rema9$ 9 ! ,ea/ 7bo?1 ( c\rse1 be+ repres5t$ 9 ! ,s\? z well71 & s1 :]eas ,buddhism ev5tually retreat$ to ,nepal & ,tibet1 ! ,ja9s are f\nd 9 ! v c5tres ( old & new 7sect>ian7 ,brahmanism1 ,delhi1 ,ma?ura1 ,jeypur1 ,ajmir4 ,footnote #b3 ',! w&]+ ( ,rama1' :o is ! sect>ian repres5tative ( ,vi%nu4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ',bharata 7tale7'1 sometimes call$ ,maha-,bharata1 or ,great ,bharata4 ,! ,vi%nuite sect>ianism "h advocat$ is t ( ,kri%na4 ,b !re is z mu* ivaism 9 ! poem z !re is ,vi%nuism4 ,footnote #d3 ,dramatic & lyric poetry is artificial ev5 9 language4 ,footnote #e3 ,s*ro$]1 p4 #dec1 comp>es ! mutual relation ( ! ,mahabharata & ,ramayana to t ( ! ,nibelung5li$ & ! ,p>zival ( ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*4 ,jacobi1 9 8 ',ramayana1' has lately claim$ a consid]able antiquity = ! f\ndation leg5ds ( ! ,ramayana1 b he does n disprove ! late complet$ =m4 ,footnote #f3 i4 #gh4 #aj2 see ,bhl]'s ,introduction4 ,footnote #g3 ,jacobi seeks to put ! complet$ nucleus at ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 b x mu/ h be5 q a l>ge nucleus 9 view ( ! allusions to x 9 prec$5t lit]ature4 ,holtztmann puts ! completion at ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d42 b 9 #gjj ,a4,d41 x 0 complete1 & mo/ s*ol>s w agree ) ,bhl] t ! pres5t ,maha-,bharata 0 complet$ by ! six? or sev5? c5tury4 ,9 #ecc ,a4,d4 x conta9$ #ajj1jjj di/i*s1 t is1 x 0 ab\t ! size x is n[4 ,footnote #h3 ,by ! "t ! drama began ! epic 0 become a religi\s /oreh\se1 & ! actual epic /ory repres5t$ n a fif? ( ! :ole "w1 s t1 ) its simple language1 x mu/ h seem$1 z a lit]>y production1 v we>isome to ! m9ds t delight$ 9 ! artificial comp\nds & romantic episodes ( ! drama & lyric4 ,b ev5 to-day x is recit$ at great ftes1 & li/5$ to ) rapt att5tion1 z ! rhapsodes ) m or less dramatic p[] recite its holy v]ses4 ,footnote #i3 ,! lat] law-books say expressly t wom5 & slaves h a "r to use mantra1 mantradhikarin4z4 ,b ! lat] legal ,smritis are no m ?an disguis$ sect>ian ,puranas4 ,footnote #aj3 ,comp>e ! visit ( ! old ,muni on ! pr9ce 9 iii4 #bfb4 #h4 ,he is p>amakopana1 'extremely irritable'2 calls = food only to reject x2 gr[ls at ! s]vice1 etc4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be done 'quickly' = him4 ,i am hungry1 give me food1 quick1 is 8 way ( speak+1 etc4 7#ab74 ,! adjective is "o appli$ to ! ,all-gods1 p>amakrodh9as4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ea* spiritual tea*] in/ruct$ high-ca/e boys1 9 classes ( f\r or five at mo/4 ,9 xii4 #cbh4 #da ! f\r /ud5ts ( a prie/ g on a /rike because ! latt] wants to take ano!r pupil besides !mselves & 8 own son4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! sa9ts 9 ! sky praise ! combatants 7vii4 #ahh4 #da2 viii4 #ae4 #bg72 & ! gods ro> approval ( pr[ess ) ro>s l a lion's 7viii4 #ae4 #cc74 ,indra & ,surya & ! ,aps>asas cool (f ! h]oes ) heav5ly fans 7ib4 #ij4 #ah74 ,= ! la/ div9ities1 see ,holtzmann's essays1 ,,zdmg4 xxxii4 #bij2 xxxiii4 #fca4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! orig9al au?or ( ! ,mahabharata is reput$ to be ( l[ ca/e1 b ! writ]s ( ! text z x is to-day 7 sect>ian prie/s4 ,x 0 writt5 d[n1 x is said1 by ,ganea1 '"l ( ! troops' ( iva1 i4 #a4 #gi1 & "s hi/oric tru? lies 9 ! tale4 ,! prie/s ( iva 7 ! la/ to ret\* ! poem1 z we ?9k4 ,footnote #ad3 ,agni-wor%ip is p>tly affect$ by ! doctr9e t ! ,samv>taka fire 7:i* de/roys ! _w at ! cycle's end7 is a =m ( ,vi%nu4 ,9 ,/ambamitra's hymn x is said3 ,?\1 ,o ,agni1 art ! all1 9 !e re/s ! univ]se 444 ,sages "k !e z s+le yet manifold4 ,at ! expiration ( "t ?\ burne/ up ! ?ree worlds1 aft] hav+ creat$ !m4 ,?\ art ! orig9ator & support ( all be+s 7i4 #bcb4 #ab74 ,else:]e m ,v$ic epi!ts are giv51 su* z 'm\? ( ! gods' 7ii4 #ca4 #db71 ?\gh "h '! ,v$as are produc$ = ,agni's sake4' ,9 ?is same pray] "o reads1 'may ,agni give me en]gy2 w9d1 give me brea?2 e>?1 give me /r5g?2 & wat]1 give me heal?' 7#de74 ,agni1 z well z iva1 is ! fa!r ( ,kumara ,kartikeya1 i4e41 ,sk&a 7ib4 #dd74 ,footnote #ae3 ,b ! ,av9s are udras ,9 ! 'ca/-hood ( gods' 7! ca/e-ord] be+ ,angirasas1 ,adityas1 ,m>uts & ,av9s71 xii4 #bjh4 #bc-be2 & ,indra 9 "o passage refuses to associate ) !m1 xiii4 #aeg4 #ag 7cit$ by ,holtzmann1 ,,zdmg4 xxxii4 #cba74 ,footnote #af3 ,manibhadra1 9 iii4 #fd1 is k+ ( ,yaksa%2 he is ! same ) ,kub]a1 ib4 *4 #da 7,vaiinavana74 ,footnote #ag3 ,9 ! ,cosmogony ! gods are ! sons ( ! ,manes1 xii4 #cab4 #i4 ,footnote #ah3 ,:5 ! gods *urn ! ocean to get ambrosia1 an anci5t tale ( ! epic1 ,m&>a is ! twirl+-/ick4 ,x is situat$ 9 mod]n ,behar1 ne> ,bhagalpur4 ,footnote #ai3 ,,iii4 #db2 #aci4 #ad1 :]e ! ,ganges & ,jumna are invok$ toge!r ) ! ,v$ic gods4 ,s 9 ,,iii4 #ajd 7,v9dhya72 & ,damayanti prays to m\nta9s4 ,mt4 ,m]u is describ$ 9 ,,iii4 #afc4 #ad 7comp>e ,i4 #ag4 #e ff474 ,9 ,i4 #ah4 #a ff41 is relat$ ! *urn+ ( ! ocean1 :]e ,indra 7vs4 #ab7 places ,mt4 ,m&>a on ,vi%nu1 ! tortoise4 ,footnote #bj3 ,mbh4 ,i4 #cj4 #cg1 mamlur malyani devanam1 etc4 ,! old] belief 0 t ! gods' g>l&s nev] )]$2 = ! gods %[ no mortal signs1 ca/ no %ad[s1 etc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,comp>e ! f\r hymnlets to ,agni 9 i4 #bcb4 #g ff4 ,footnote #bb3 ,aft] ! m5tion ( ! ?irty-?ree gods1 & ,vi%nu 'born aft] !m1' x is said t ! ,av9s1 plants1 & animals1 are ,guhyakas 7vs4 #dj71 ?\gh 9 vs4 #ce3 ,tva%t>'s daught]1 ! wife ( ,savit>1 z a m>e 7vad4ava7 bore 9 air ! two ,av9s 7see above71 9 ,v$ic /yle4 ,= ruti comp>e iii4 #bjg4 #dg2 #bjh4 #f1 #aa4 ,footnote #bc3 i4 #bc4 #ae ff4 ,8 "n is expla9$ fancifully 9 #cj4 #g4 ,footnote #bd3 ,x is at ! fun]al fea/s to ! ,manes t ! ,mahabharata is to be recit$ 7i4 #fb4 #cg74 ,footnote #be3 ,arjuna is an old "n ( ,indra1 & 9 ! epic ,arjuna is ,indra's son4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! legal dh>ma or sitt+ at a debtor's door1 :i* /ill obta9s 9 ,india1 is1 s f> z we "k1 n a v anci5t practice4 ,b its application 9 ! case ( h]alds 7:o become responsible7 is epic4 ,footnote #bg3 ,?is is ! cov5ant 7) fri5ds7 ( rev5ge2 ! cov5ant ( mutual protection 9 ! sacrifice is indicat$ by ! 'protection cov5ant' ( ! gods 7see ! *apt] on ,brahmanism above1 p4 #aib74 ,footnote #bh3 ,see an essay on ! ,rul+ ,ca/e 9 ! epic1 9 ,,jaos4 xiii4 #bcb ff4 ,footnote #bi3 ,rev]5d ,doctor ,h4,c4 ,trumbull has k9dly call$ our att5tion to ,rob]t's ,ori5tal ,illu/rations1 p4 #adh ff41 :]e x is said t 9 ,india today ! ?re%old is sacr$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?re%old (f]+s1 common 9 ! law1 ,dr4 ,trumbull's own =?com+ book on ,cov5ants may be comp>$4 ,footnote #cj3 ,b ^! are by no means ! la/ examples ( human sacrifices4 ,sev]al ( ! mod]n ,h9du sects h caus$ to be p]=m$ su* sacrifices1 ev5 9 ?is c5tury4 ,footnote #ca3 ,?is c h>dly mean 'put out on ! riv]' z has be5 sugge/$ z an explanation ( ! corpse '?r[n aside' 9 accordance ) ! e>li] text1 ,,av4 xviii4 #b4 #cd 7p>opta71 :]e ! dead are 'buri$1 ?r[n aside1 burn$1 or set out4' ,footnote #cb3 ,x is assum$ 9 ,,xii4 #cfd4 #b t leaves & air are food en\gh = a great sa9t4 ,comp>e bel[ ! actual asceticism ( mod]n devotees4 ,footnote #cc3 ,,iii4 #be4 #ad3 sapt>s4ayas 444 divi viprabhanti4 ,comp>e ib4 #bfa4 #ac1 & ! apocalypse 9 ,,vii4 #aib4 #eb ff41 :]e ,drona's s\l asc5ds to heav51 a burn+ fire l a sun2 ,9 %>p contra/ to ! old] '?umbk9' s\l :i* ,yama receives & c>ries (f 9 ! tale ( ,satyavant4 ,comp>e also ,arundhati 9 ,i4 #bcc4 #bi4 ,footnote #cd3 ,describ$1 z above1 z a place ( s+]s & danc]s1 :]e are ! ,v$ic gods & sages1 b no s9n]s or c[>ds 7,,iii4 #db4 #cd ff474 ,footnote #ce3 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ! />s are ( int]e/4 ,!y are favorable or unfavorable1 s5ti5t1 k9d1 or cruel2 influ5tial 9 man's fate4 ,comp>e ,,iii4 #bjj4 #hd1 #he1 :]e ! sun is includ$ ) ! grahas 7planets7 :i* influ5ce m51 & ib4 #bji4 #ba1 tulyanak4satrama4ngala4 ,footnote #cf3 ,o!r ( ,indra's spirits are ! s+]s1 ,g&h>vas & ,aps>asas2 also ! horse-head$ ,k9n>as & ,caranas1 :o1 too1 are s+]s2 :ile lat] ! ,vidyadh>as belong bo? to ,indra & to iva4 ,9 mod]n times ! ,s\? ,indian ,sitt>s1 'sa9ts1' take _! "n f ! ,siddhas4 ,footnote #cg3 ,9 dannav>s4i !re is app>5tly ! same sort ( comp\nd z 9 dev>s4i & brahm>s4i1 all associat$ ) ! siddhas 9 ,,iii4 #afi4 #bc4 ,b possibly 'demons & se]s' may be meant4 ,footnote #ch3 ,,iii4 #cg4 #cb-ce 7prapadye viv$evan674 ,footnote #ci3 ,web] f9ds 9 ! ,asuras' artisan1 ,asura ,maya1 a rem9isc5ce ( ,ptolemaios4 ,he is celebrat$ 9 ,i4 #bbh4 #ci1 & ,,ii4 #a1 & is ! g5]ai lead] ( ! danavas1 demons1 p]haps orig9ally a folk-"n ( enemies4 ,footnote #dj3 ,see bel[4 ,! =mal division is1 daiva1 ha?a1 k>ma1 i4e41 man's fate dep5ds on gods1 ,fate1 & 8 own acts2 al?\gh ha?a1 ,fate1 is (t5 impli$ 9 daiva1 '! div9e p[]4' ,b !y are sep>at$1 = example1 9 iii4 #ahc4 #hf4 ,footnote #da3 ,comp>e ! tales & xii4 #adh4 #i1 sati 7suttee74 ,9 reg>d to ! horse-sacrifice1 comp>e ,yama's law z exp\nd$ to ,gautama3 ,! acts by :i* "o ga9s bliss h]eaft] are au/]ities1 purity1 tru?1 wor%ip ( p>5ts1 & ! horse-sacrifice4 xii #abi4 #i1 #aj4 ,footnote #db3 ,comp>e ,,iii4 #bjj4 #hh1 ev5 prakr4ta prie/s are div9e & t]rible 7mu* m 9 lat] books74 ,"h prakr4ta1 vulg>1 is oppos$ to samskr4ta1 ref9$1 prie/s4 ,footnote #dc3 ,,iii4 #ahe4 #bf-ca4 ,footnote #dd3 ,my fa!r & "m are my highe/ idol2 ,i d = !m :at ,i d = ,idols4 ,z ! ?ree & ?irty gods1 ) ,indra =emo/1 are rev]$ ( all ! _w1 s are my p>5ts rev]$ by me 7,,iii4 #bad4 #ai1 #bj74 ,! speak] fur!r calls !m p>amam brahma1 absolute godhead1 & expla9s 8 fir/ rem>k by say+ t he (f]s fruits & fl[]s to 8 p>5ts z if !y 7 idols4 ,9 ,,iv4 #fh4 #eg a man salutes 7abhivadya7 8 fa!r's feet on ent]+ into 8 pres5ce4 ,= ! wor%ip ( p>5ts comp>e ,,xii4 #ajh4 #c2 #abh4 #i1 #aj2 #bfg4 #ca1 ,,xiii4 #ge4 #bf3 h]oes 9 ob$i5ce to ! "m4 ,footnote #de3 ,! m>k$ ,brahma ,creator-wor%ip is a bit ( fem99e religi\s cons]vatism 7see bel[74 ,footnote #df3 ,web] has %[n t m5 ( l[ ca/e took a subord9ate "p ev5 9 ! rajasuya sacrifice4 ,footnote #dg3 ,9 ,,ii4 #ah4 !re is a br&-new fe/ival appo9t$ 9 honor ( a female fi5d1 etc4 ,footnote #dh3 ,,iii4 #hd4 #hc 7#hg4 #aa74 ,we see ! fir/ idea 9 ! injunction ( ,indra to 'w&]1' z told 9 ! tale ( ,dog/ail 9 ! ,brahmana 7see above74 ,footnote #di3 ,! usual =mula 7also ,ave/an7 is 'pure 9 ?\ght1 spee*1 & act4' ,! comp>ison ( ! six s5ses to unre/ra9$ wild horses is famili> 7,,iii4 #baa4 #bd74 ,footnote #ej3 ,!re is1 fur!r1 no unanimity 9 reg>d to ! comp>ative value ( holy places4 ,9 ,,xii4 #aeb4 #aa1 ,s>asvati is holi] ?an ,kuruk%etra1 etc4 ,footnote #ea3 ,at ,pu%k>a is ,brahma's only 787 %r9e--! acc\nt is leg5d>y1 b half hi/orical4 ,! mod]n %r9e at ,ajmir seems to be meant4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ganges1 accord+ to epic leg5d1 0 a goddess :o sacrific$ h]self = m5 :5 ! e>? 0 p>*$ & m5 p]i%$4 ,!n ,ganges alone ( immortals took pity on m51 & fl++ h]self f heav5 became ! /ream div9e4 ,h] "n among ! gods is ,alakan&a1 ! ',bless$ ,damosel4' ,footnote #ec3 ,9 iii4 #hg4aj1 t5 desc5dants & t5 ance/ors4 ,! epic1 i4 #agj4 #ai1 reg>ds ! ,s>asvati & ,jumna z p>ts ( ! sev5fold ,ganges1 :i* desc5ds f ! heav5s z ^! ?ree1 & also z ! ,vita/ha 7,ra?a/ha71 ,s>ayu1 ,gomati1 & ,gand4aki2 be+ itself ',vait>an4i among ! ,manes4' ,s xii4 #cbb4 #cb4 ,footnote #ed3 ,accord+ to ! comm5tator ! 7nor!rn alt> ( ! ,fa!r-god7 ,kuruk%etra-,samantapacakam1 betwe5 ,t>antuka1 ,arantuka1 ,ramahrada1 & ,macakruka1 m5tion$ 9 iii4 #hc4 #bjh1 lies 9 ,b5>es2 b ?is mu/ be a late addition1 z ,kuruk%etra's position is )\t d\bt4 ,comp>e i4 #b4 i ff42 ix4 #ec4 i1 #bc-be4 ,footnote #ee3 ,9 ib4 #dg1 maha dr4tirivadhmatah4 papas1 !re is an int]e/+ rem9isc5ce ( ,rig ,v$a1 vii4 #hi4 #b4 ,! rules ( virtue are conta9$ 9 ,v$as & law-books1 & ! practice ( in/ruct$ m51 ib4 #hc 7! '?reefold sign ( righte\sness'74 ,a ruti cit$ f dh>mas is n uncommon1 b ! latt] ^w is n prop]ly us$ 9 s wide a s5se4 ,see note bel[1 p4 #cgh4 ,footnote #ef3 ,"s s*ol>s see 9 ! use ( ! v]b1 pi1 a ,v$ic pictur+ ( gods2 b 9 all in/ances :]e ?is occurs x may be only ! poet's m9d-picture ( ! god 'adorn$' ) v>i\s glories4 ,footnote #eg3 ,9 ,,vii4 #bja4 #fi1 iva we>s an ak%amala4 ,9 ,,xii4 #ch4 #bc1 ! ,carvaka we>s an ak%a1 = he is disguis$ z a bhik%u1 begg>4 ,footnote #eh3 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! p]son us+ ! mantra probably did n und]/& :at ! words meant4 ,! epic says1 9 fact1 t ! ,v$as are un9telligible3 brahma pracurac*alam1 ,,xii4 #cbi4 #f4 ,b an old] g5]ation ?\ght ! same4 ,9 ,nirukta1 ,i4 #ae1 ,kautsa is cit$ z say+ t ! mantras are mean+less4 ,footnote #ei3 ,comp>e xii4 #agd4 #df3 ,! joy ( e>? & heav5 obta9$ by ! satisfaction ( desire is n wor? "o-sixte5? ( ! bliss ( dead desire4 ,footnote #fj3 ,by g5]osity ! ,h9du poet means 'to prie/s4' ,9 ,,iii4 #bjj1 :]e ?is is elaborat$1 sixte5 p]sons are m5tion$ 7vs4 #d7 to :om to give is n m]itori\s4 ,footnote #fa3 ,little is kn[n 9 reg>d to ! play4 ,! dice are ?r[n on a bo>d1 'odd & ev5' det]m9e ! conte/ "h 7,,iii4 #cd4 #e7 ayuja & yuja4 ,at times spe$ 9 c\nt+ is ! way to w9 7,nala74 ,dic+ is a regul> "p ( ! rajasuya sacrifice 7,web]1 p4 #fg71 b n1 app>5tly1 an anci5t trait4 ,footnote #fb3 ,! snakes belong to ,v>una & 8 region1 z describ$ 9 v4 #ih4 ,x is on ! head ( ! e>?-uphold+ snake e%a t ,vi%nu muses1 ,,iii4 #bjc4ab4 ,! rev]5ce paid to s]p5ts beg9s to be ritual 9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a4 ,ev5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a !re is ! deification ( ! cl\d-snake4 ,9 lat] times !y answ]$ to ! ,nymphs1 be+ tutel>y gu>dians ( /reams & riv]s 7,buhl]74 ,9 i4 #cf1 e%a ,ananta supports e>?1 & x is told :y he does s4 ,footnote #fc3 ,^! ?ree are ! witnesses = ! s\l at ! judgm5t1 xii4 #cbb4 #ee4 ,vayu1 ,w9d1 is said to be ev5 mighti] ?an ,indra1 ,yama1 ,indra & ,v>una1 ib4 #aee4 #i1 #aj4 ,footnote #fd3 ,b 79 a lat] acc\nt7 n if he dies ignobly2 = if "o is sla9 by a man ( l[ ca/e he goes to hell1 xii4 #bih4 #g4 ,footnote #fe3 ,demoniac ,indras 7i4e41 demon-lead]s7 & se]s1 xii4 #aff4 #bf4 ,footnote #ff3 ',! god ( gods1' :o ra9s blood 9 i4 #cj4 #cf1 is decl>$ by ! comm5tator to be--,p>janya6 ,! gods are "h def5d+ ,soma f ! heav5ly bird1 ,g>uda1 & ne>ly die ( fright4 ,footnote #fg3 xii4 #cac4 #a-g1 ) ! same wat]y f9ale z is usual4 ,footnote #fh3 ,! morn+ pray]1 etc1 to ! sun is1 ( c\rse1 /ill obs]v$1 e4g41 vii4 #ahf4 #d4 ,indra is ?ank$ = victory & invok$ = ra9 7iii4 #aag4 #aa2 i4 #be4 #g2 ,holtzmann1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cbf7 9 an hymn t is less fulsome ?an ^? to ,agni & ,surya4 ,footnote #fi3 #aaa4 #bbb1 ,a?>van's r$iscov]y ( fire4 ,z to rutis !y are probably no m valuable ?an ,smritis4 ,! "o giv5 9 iii4 #bjh4 #aa1 agnayo 9ai4nsakamas1 seems to be adapt$ 7cf4 ,av4 ,gs4 iv4 #a2 ! adjective1 by ! way1 is /ill />r$ 9 ,pw474 ,s ,av4 ,gs4 i4 #ae4 #i1 is repeat$ ,mbha2 i4 #gd4 #fc1 z a ,v$ic mantragrama 7angad angat sambhavasi1 etc474 ,footnote #gj3 ,! devils are on ! ,pr9ce's side1 & wi% to keep him f dea?4 ,! prov]b is f\nd ib4 #beb4 #b2 atmatyagi hy adho yati4 ,! holy-grass is us$ 9 mu* ! same way :5 ,rama lies d[n by ,ocean1 resolv$ to die or p]suade ,ocean to aid him4 ,! rites 7vs4 #bd7 are 9 ! ,upani%ad4 ,footnote #ga3 ,accord+ to ,,xii4 #ei4 #hj-hd1 ! 'treatise ( ,brihaspati' comes f iva ?r\gh ,brahma & ,indra4 ,footnote #gb3 ,9 ,buddhism ,yama's mess5g]s are ,yakkhas4 ,s*]man1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #gc3 ,comp>e ,,ii4 #bb4 #bf3 gac*a yamaks4ayam1 'g to ,yama's de/ruction'2 :]eas ( a good man x is said1 ',i w s5d ,indra a gue/' 7,,vii1 #bg4h74 ,footnote #gd3 ,yamasya sadana4 ,,iii4 #aa4 #ff4 ,he n[ has hells1 & he x is :o w de/roy ! _w4 ,he is call$ '! beautiful' 7,,iii4 #da4 #i71 s t he mu/1 if "o take ?is ,rudrian epi!t ) ! citation above1 be loosely 7popul>ly7 id5tifi$ ) iva1 z god ( dea?4 ,see ! second note bel[4 ,footnote #ge3 ,! old /ory ( a mortal's visit to ,yama to le>n ab\t life h]eaft] 7at4 ,br4 xi4 #f4a2 ,ka?a ,up41 ( ,naciketas7 is repeat$ 9 xiii4 #ga4 ,footnote #gf3 v4 #db4 #f3 ivah4 ivanam aivo 'ivanam 7comp>e xii #ahg4 #bg3 'only fools say t ! man is dead'74 ,dh>ma 7,ju/ice7 seems at times to be ! same ) ,yama4 ,mandavya goes to ,dh>ma's sadana1 home 7comp>e ,yama's sadana71 j z "o goes to ,yama's1 & int]views him on ! ju/ice ( 8 judgm5ts4 ,z result ( ! angry int]view ! god is reborn on e>? z a man ( l[ ca/e1 & ! law is e/abli%$ t a *ild is n morally responsible = 8 acts till ! twelf? ye> ( 8 age 7i4#ajh4 #h ff474 ,:5 ,kuru agrees to give half 8 life 9 ord] to ! re/oration ( ,pramadv>a1 8 wife1 !y g n to ,yama b to ,dh>ma to see if ! ex*ange may be made1 & he agrees 7i4 #i4 #aa ff41 a mascul9e ,savitrii74 ,footnote #gg3 ,! hells are describ$ 9 xii4 #cbb4 #bi ff4 ,! sight ( 'gold5 trees' presages dea? 7ib4 #dd74 ,footnote #gh3 ,! ord9>y rule is t no s9 is great] ?an untru?1 xii4 #afb4 #bd1 modifi$ by save 9 love & dang] ( life 7,laws1 passim74 ,footnote #gi3 ,! same sc5es occur 9 ,buddhi/ic writ+s1 :]e ,yakkhas ask conundrums4 ,= example1 9 ! ,hemavatasutta & ,atavakasutta ! ,yakkha asks :at is ! be/ possession1 :at br+s bliss1 & :at is swette/1 to :i* ! answ] is3 fai?1 law1 & tru?1 respectively4 ,footnote #hj3 ,k>mant>am upasantas1 i4e41 viramakalam upagac*antas4 ,footnote #ha3 ,,ii4 #cf4 #c ff4 ,! phraseology ( vs4 #e is exactly t ( ,greek3 ton tt ldgon kreitt poi?nsi1 b ! ,pundit's argum5ts are 'bas$ on ! law4' ,footnote #hb3 ,see above4 ,9 a lat] p]iod 7see bel[7 ! "q arises 9 reg>d to ! "p play$ by ,creator & individual 9 ! work+s ( grace1 "s claim+ t man 0 passive2 "s1 t he _h to /rive = grace4 ,footnote #hc3 ,p]haps ironical4 ,9 ,v4 #age4 #cb1 a woman cries out3 ,fie on ! ,creator = ?is bad luck1 cons]vative 9 belief1 & outspok5 9 ^w4 ,footnote #hd3 ,,iii4 #cj4 #ag4 ,! gosava is a 'c[-sacrifice4' ,! pun4d4arika is n expla9$ 7p]haps 'elephant-sacrifice'74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,h9duism 7,,cont9u$74--,,vi%nu ,,& ,,iva4 ,9 ! epic ! lat] union ( ! sect>ian gods is /ill a novelty4 ,! two *>act]s rema9 di/9ct en\gh4 ,vi%nu & iva are diff]5t gods4 ,b ea* 9 turn repres5ts ! ,all-god1 & consequ5tly ea* repres5ts ! o!r4 ,! ,vi%nu-wor%ip :i* grew ab\t ,kri%n4a1 orig9ally a fri5d ( "o ( ! epic *>act]s1 0 probably at fir/ an attempt to foi/ ^u ,v$ic believ]s a sect>ian god1 by id5tify+ ! latt] ) a ,v$ic div9ity4 ,b1 :atev] ! orig91 ,kri%na z ,vi%nu is rev]$ z ! ,all-god 9 ! epic4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 iva ( _m names has kept ! m>ks ( ,rudra4 ,sometimes "o1 sometimes ano!r1 is tak5 z ! ,all-god4 ,at times !y are comp>$1 & !n ea* sect r$uces ! god ( ! o!r to an inf]ior position4 ,aga9 !y are unit$ & reg>d$ z "o4 ,! ,vi%nu side has left ! be/ lit]>y repres5tation ( ?is religion1 :i* has p]meat$ ! epic4 ,x is pan!ism1 b n an imp]sonal pan!ism4 ,! ,bless$ ,"l is ! ,all4 ,?is is ! simple base & cr[n ( its speculation4 ,x is l ! p]sonal developm5t ( ,v$antic philosophy1 only x is "h degrad$ by ! p]sonality ( ! man-god1 :o is made ! inc>nate ,all-god4 ,! ,kri%na ( ! epic z a man is a sly1 unscrupul\s fell[1 cont9ually sugge/+ & execut+ acts t are at v>iance ) ! knightly code ( honor4 ,he is k+ ( ,dvaraka & ally ( ! epic h]oes4 ,b aga91 he is div9e1 ! highe/ div9ity1 ! avat> ( ! ,all-god ,vi%nu4 ,! sect>ies t see 9 iva r ?an 9 ,vi%nu ! "o & only god1 h no su* repres5tative to :i* to ref]4 ,= iva1 z ! hi/orical desc5dant ( ! ,v$ic ,rudra1--al?\gh ev5 9 8 case !re is an intrusion ( local wor%ip ^u an old] ,v$ic belief1--repres5ts a t]ror-god1 ei!r ! lightn+1 ! faire/ ( ! gods1 or1 :5 he appe>s on e>?1 a div9e horror1 or1 aga91 a v h&some "y man4#a ,^! two religions1 ( ,vi%nu z ,kri%na & ( iva alone1 are n s mu* unit$ 9 ! epic z !y are sup]-impos$ ^u ! old] wor%ip ( ,brahma1 & inde$1 9 su* a way t iva-wor%ip1 9 a pan!i/ic s5se1 appe>s to be ! late/ ( ! ?ree beliefs t h influ5c$ ! /ory4#b ,! p]sonal pan!ism ( ! old] ,vi%nuism has 9 its =m & tea*+s s close a resemblance to ! ,*ri/ian religion t x has always _h a great attraction = occid5tal read]s2 :ile ! real p[] ( its ,div9e ,song gives ! latt] a *>m possess$ by few ( ! scriptures ( ,india4 ,?is ,div9e ,song 7or ,song ( ! ,bless$ ,"o7 is at pres5t a ,kri%naite v]sion ( an old] ,vi%nuite poem1 & ?is 9 turn 0 at fir/ an unsect>ian "w1 p]haps a late ,upani%ad4 ,x is accept$ by ,vi%nuites z a k9d ( ,new ,te/am5t2 & ) ! ,new ,te/am5t x has 9 tru? mu* 9 common4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out at ! outset t !re is "h ! close/ connection ) ! lat] ,upani%ads4 ,! v]se1 l t ( ! ,ka?a ,upani%ad 7quot$ above71 :i* /&s almo/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,song1 is typical ( ! relation ( ! ,song to ! ,upani%ad4 ,x w be notic$ h[ ! imp]sonal ',t1' i4e41 absolute be+1 brahma1 *anges almo/ at once to ! p]sonal ,he 7atma z ,"l74 ,z %[s ! :ole ,song1 brahma ?r\gh\t is und]/ood to be p]sonal4#c ,! ca/e-position ( ! prie/ 9 ! ,gita is ow+ to ! religi\s exaltation ( ! poem2 & ! prec$5ce ( ,saman is n unusual 9 ! late/ portions ( ! epic 7see bel[74 ,to und]/& ! religion :i* rea*es its culm9ation 9 ! epic no bett] c\rse c\ld be pursu$ ?an to /udy ! :ole ( ! ,div9e ,song4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 too long a production to be introduc$ "h 9 its entirety2 b ! foll[+ extracts give ! *ief features ( ! "w1 ?an :i* no?+ 9 ,h9du lit]ature is m *>act]i/ic1 9 its sublimity z 9 its pu]ilities1 9 its logic z 9 its want ( x4 ,x has %>$ ! fate ( mo/ ,h9du works 9 be+ int]polat$ injudici\sly1 s t _m ( ! puzzl+ anomalies1 :i* a/\nd no less ! read] ?an ! h]o to :om x 0 reveal$1 are probably lat] additions4 ,x is a m$ley ( beliefs z to ! relation ( _s & matt]1 & o!r second>y matt]s2 x is unc]ta9 9 its tone 9 reg>d to ! comp>ative efficacy ( action & inaction1 & 9 reg>d to ! practical man's means ( salvation2 b x is at "o ) itself 9 its fundam5tal !sis1 t all ?+s are ea* a "p ( ,"o ,"l1 t m5 & gods are b manife/ations ( ! ,"o ,div9e ,_s1 :i*1 or r :om1 ! ,vi%nuite re-writ] id5tifies ) ,kri%na1 z ,vi%nu's pres5t =m4 ,! ,div9e ,song1 z x is reveal$ 9 ! epic by ,vi%nu 7-,kri%na7 to 8 favorite knight1 ,arjuna1 beg9s ?us3 ,"k t ! ',t' 9 :i* is compris$ ! ',?is' is inde/ructible4 ,^! bodies ( ! inde/ructible ,et]nal ,"o h an end3 b :oso kn[s ,him z slay]1 & :oso ?9ks ,him to be sla91 ^! two h n true wisdom4 ,he slays n & is n sla94 ,he is n born1 he does n die at any "t2 nor w ,he1 hav+ be5 born1 cease to be4 ,unborn1 ev]la/+1 et]nal1 ,he1 ! ,anci5t ,"o1 is n sla9 :5 ! body is sla94 ,z "o puts away an old g>m5t & puts on ano!r t is new1 s ,he1 ! embodi$ 7,_s71 puts away ! old body & assumes "o t is new4 ,ev]la/+1 omnipres5t1 firm1 un*ang+ is ,he1 ! ,et]nal2 indisc]nible is ,he call$1 inconceivable1 un*angeable4#d ,! ,song n[ turns into a plea t ! w>rior :o is he>+ x %\ld1 z "o born to be a soldi]1 be brave & fight1 le/ 8 sorr[ = ! sla9 be tak5 = fe>2 s9ce no?+ is bett] = a w>rior ?an a j fight1 & loss ( fame is worse ?an dea?4 ,!n foll[s 7) ! usual inconsequ5tial 'heav5'7 ,if ?\ art sla9 ?\ wilt obta9 heav51 & if ?\ art victori\s ?\ %alt enjoy e>?2 !re=e1 c>eless ( pleasure & pa91 get ready = ! fight1 & s ?\ wilt n incur s94 ,?is is ! k decl>$ 9 ! ,sankhya2 he> n[ t ( ! ,yoga1 & ! ,div9e ,"l proce$s3 ,"s are pleas$ ) ,v$ic words & ?9k t !re is no?+ else2 _! s\ls are full ( desires2 & !y ?9k t go+ to heav5 is ! *ief ?+4 ,yet h ! ,v$as ref]5ce only to ! ?ree qualities 7( :i* all ?+s p>take74 ,be free f ! ?ree qualities 7d n c>e = rew>ds74 ,9 action1 n 9 fruit1 is ! *ief ?+4 ,d ?y "w1 abid+ by s]5e devotion 7,yoga71 reject+ e tie2 be indiff]5t to success & failure4 ,s]5e devotion is call$ indiff]5ce 7to su* ?+s74 ,action is l[] ?an devotion ( m9d4 ,devotion is happ9ess4 ,d ?\1 wise 9 devotion1 ab&on ! fruit t is sprung f action1 &1 fre$ f ! bonds ( bir?1 atta9 a p]fect /ate4 ,sankhya "h means ! philosophy ( religion2 ,yoga is ! philosophical /ate ( m9d1 s]5e indiff]5ce1 religi\s sang-froid ! practical result ( a belief 9 ! ,sankhya doctr9e ( ! inde/ructibility ( ! _s4 ,9 ! foll[+ !re is ,v$antic tea*+1 z well z ,sankhyan 9 ! /rict] s5se4 ,on ! w>rior's ask+ = an explanation ( ?is /ate ( equipoise1 ! ,deity gives illu/rations ( ! balanc$ m9d t is free f all atta*m5ts1 s]5e1 emancipat$ f desires1 self-controll$1 & p]fectly tranquil4 ,z ! knight is a/oni%$ & confus$ at ! contradiction1 action & inactivity bo? be+ urg$ ^u him1 ! ,deity replies t !re is a tw(old law1 t ( ,sankhyas consi/+ 9 k-devotion1 & t ( ,yogis 9 action-devotion4 ,idl5ess is n fre$om f action4 ,fre$om f atta*m5t mu/ be unit$ ) ! accompli%m5t ( su* acts z %\ld be p]=m$4 ,! delud$ ?9k t !y !mselves p]=m acts1 b acts are n done by ! _s 7self72 !y are done only by nature's qualities 7?is is ,sankhya doctr9e74 ,"o %\ld "k ! relation betwe5 ! individual & ,supreme ,_s1 & ) tranquil m9d p]=m good acts4 ,let ! delud$ ones be1 :o are errone\sly atta*$ to action4 ,! wise man %\ld n cause ^? ( imp]fect k to be unsettl$ 9 _! fai?1 b he %\ld himself n be atta*$ to action4 ,ea* man %\ld p]=m 8 own 7ca/e7 duties4 ,"o's own duty ill done is bett] ?an do+ well ano!r man's "w4 ,! knight n[ asks :at causes "o to s94 ,! ,deity answ]s3 ,love & hate2 = f love is born hate2 & f ang]1 ignorance 9 reg>d to "r & wrong2 :5ce comes lack ( reason1 & consequ5tly de/ruction4 ,! k ( a man is enwrapp$ ) desire z is fire ) smoke4 ,great are ! s5ses2 great]1 ! m9d2 great] /ill1 ! und]/&+2 greate/ ( all is ',t' 7brahma2 z above 9 ! ,*andogya74 ,! ,deity beg9s aga93#e ,?is sy/em ( devotion ,i decl>$ to ,vivasvant 7! sun72 ,vivasvant decl>$ x to ,manu1 & ,manu to k+ly se]s4 7,! same orig9 is claim$ = itself 9 ,manu's lawbook47 ,! knight objects1 n yet kn[+ t ,kri%na is ! ,all-god3 ,h[ did'/ ?\ decl>e x fir/8 ?y bir? is lat] ?an ! sun's4 ,to :om ! ,deity3 ,_m are my bir?s1 & ,i "k !m all2 _m too are ?9e1 b ?\ kn[e/ !m n2 unborn & ,"l ( all creatures ,i assume ph5om5a1 & am born by ! illusion ( ! _s4 ,:5ev] !re is lack ( righte\sness1 & wrong arises1 !n ,i emit 7create7 myself4#f ,i am born age aft] age = ! protection ( ! good1 = ! de/ruction ( ! wick$1 & = ! sake ( e/abli%+ righte\sness4 ,:oso really believes 9 ?is my div9e bir? & "w1 he1 :5 he has ab&on$ 8 body1 ent]s no second bir?1 b ent]s ,me4 ,_m !re are :o1 f ,me aris+1 on ,me rely+1 purifi$ by ! p5ance ( k1 ) all affections1 fe>1 & ang] gone1 ent] into my be+4 ,z !y approa* ,me s ,i s]ve !m4#g ,m5 9 all ways foll[ aft] my pa?4 ,"s desire ! success t is ( action1 & wor%ip gods2 = success t is born ( action is spe$y 9 ! _w ( m54 ,"k ,me z ! mak] ( ! f\r ca/es1 "k ,me z ! un5d+ "o & n ! mak]4 ,action /a9s ,me n1 = 9 ! fruit ( action ,i h no desire4 ,he t ?us kn[s ,me is n b\nd by acts4#h ,s he t has no atta*m5t is n b\nd by acts4 ,8 acts become naught4 ,brahma is ! oblation1 & ) brahma is x (f]$2 brahma is 9 ! fire1 & by brahma is ! oblation made4 ,sacrifices are ( _m k9ds1 b he t sacrifices ) k (f]s ! be/ sacrifice4 ,he t has fai? has k2 he t has k obta9s peace4 ,he t has no k & no fai?1 ^: s\l is "o ( d\bt1 is de/roy$4 ,action does n de/roy him t has r5\nc$ action by means ( indiff]5ce4 ,( ! two1 r5unciation ( action & indiff]5ce1 ?\gh bo? give bliss1 indiff]5ce 9 action is bett] ?an r5unciation ( action4 ,*ildr51 n ,pundits1 proclaim ,sankhya & ,yoga to be di/9ct4 ,he t is devot$ to ei!r alone f9ds ! rew>d ( bo?4 ,r5unciation )\t ,yoga is a ?+ h>d to get2 unit$ ) ,yoga ! se] ent]s brahma4 444 ,he is ! r5\nc] & ! devotee :o does ! acts t ought to be done )\t rely+ on ! rew>d ( action1 n he t p]=ms no acts & builds no sacrificial fires4 ,?r\gh 8 self 7_s7 let "o raise "o's self4 ,conqu] self by self 7_s74 ,he is ! be/ man :o is indiff]5t to ext]nal ?+s1 :o ) equal m9d sees 78 _s7 self 9 ev]y?+ & ev]y?+ 9 self 7,god z ! ,_s74 ,su* an "o obta9s ! highe/ bliss1 brahma4 ,:oso sees ,me 9 all & all 9 ,me ,i am n de/roy$ = him1 & he is n de/roy$ = ,me4 ,! knight n[ asks h[ x f>es ) a good man :o is n equal to ! discipl9e ( ,yoga1 & _c free himself entirely f atta*m5t4 ,does he g to de/ruction l a cl\d t is r5t1 fail+ on ! pa? t leads to brahma8 ,! ,deity replies3 ,nei!r 9 ?is _w nor 9 ! beyond is he de/roy$4 ,he t acts virtu\sly does n ent] an evil /ate4 ,he obta9s ! heav5 t belongs to ! do]s ( good1 & aft] liv+ !re c\ntless summ]s is reborn on e>? 9 ! family ( pure & r5[n$ m51 or ( pi\s devotees4 ,!re he receives ! k he _h 9 a =m] body1 & !n /rives fur!r = p]fection4 ,aft] _m bir?s he rea*es p]fection & ! highe/ c\rse 7union ) brahma74 ,!re are b few t /rive = p]fection1 & ( !m only "o "h & !re truly kn[s ,me4 ,e>?1 wat]1 fire1 air1 space1 m9d1 und]/&+1 & egoism 7self-consci\sness7--s is my nature divid$ into eight p>ts4#i ,b le>n n[ my high] nature1 = ?is is my l[] "o4 ,my high] nature is alive1 & by x ?is _w is support$4 ,i am ! creator & de/roy] ( all ! _w4 ,high] ?an ,i is no?+4 ,on ,me ! univ]se is wov5 l pe>ls ^u a ?read4 ,ta/e am ,i1 light am ,i ( moon & sun1 ! my/ic syllable ,om 77a7um71 s\nd 9 space1 manl9ess 9 m52 ,i am smell & radiance2 ,i am life & heat4 ,"k ,me z ! et]nal se$ ( all be+s4 ,i am ! und]/&+ ( !m t h und]/&+1 ! radiance ( ! radiant ones4 ,( ! /rong ,i am ! =ce1 devoid ( love & passion2 & ,i am love1 n oppos$ to virtue4 ,"k all be+s to be f ,me alone1 :e!r !y h ! quality ( goodness1 ( passion1 or ( d>kness 7! ?ree 'qualities' or conditions ( all ?+s74 ,i am n 9 !m2 b !y are 9 ,me4 ,me1 ! inexhau/ible1 beyond !m1 ! _w kn[s n1 = x is confus$ by ^! ?ree qualities 7conditions72 & h>d to ov]come is ! div9e illusion :i* envelops ,me1 :ile x arises f ! qualities4 ,only !y pass ?r\gh ?is illusion :o come to ,me alone4 ,wick$ m51 ^: k is tak5 away by illusion1 rely+ on a devili% 7demoniac7 condition1 d n come to ,me4 ,!y t h n ! highe/ k wor%ip v>i\s div9ities2 b :atev] be ! =m t any "o wor%ips ) fai? ,i make 8 fai? /eady4 ,he obta9s 8 desires 9 wor%ipp+ t div9ity1 al?\gh !y are really be/[$ ^u him by ,me4#aj ,b ! fruit ( ^! m51 9 t !y h little wisdom1 has its end4 ,he t sacrifices to 7less]7 gods goes to ^? gods2 b !y t wor%ip ,me come to ,me4 ,i "k ! ?+s t 71 t are1 & are to be2 b ,me no "o kn[e?1 = ,i am envelop$ 9 illusion4 ,i am ! supreme be+1 ! supreme godhead1 ! supreme sacrifice1 ! ,supreme ,_s1 brahma4 ,! knight asks ,:at is brahma1 ! ,supreme ,_s1 ! supreme be+1 ! supreme sacrifice8 ,! ,deity3 ,! supreme1 ! inde/ructible1 is call$ brahma4 ,its p]sonal exi/5ce is ,supreme ,_s 7self74 ,de/ructible exi/5ce is supreme be+ 7all except atma74 ,! ,p]son is ! supreme godhead4 ,i myself am ! supreme sacrifice 9 ?is body4 ,!n foll[ /atem5ts l ^? 9 ! ,upani%ads & 9 ,manu1 describ+ a day ( brahma z a ?\s& ages2 worlds are r5ew$2 !y t g to ! gods f9d an end ( _! happ9ess ) ! end ( _! _w2 b !y t g to ! inde/ructible brahma1 ! ,deity1 ! entity t is n de/roy$ :5 all else is de/roy$1 nev] aga9 return4 ,!re are two roads 7z 9 ! ,upani%ads above71 "o1 ! nor!rn road lead+ to brahma2 "o1 ! s\!rn road to ! moon1 lead+ back to e>?4 ,at ! end ( a p]iod ( "t all be+s rent] ! div9e nature 7,prakriti#aa71 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! next p]iod ! ,deity emits !m aga9 & aga9 7!y be+ )\t volition7 by ! volition ( 8 nature4 ,?r\gh ,me1 :o am ! sup]9t5d5t1 nature gives bir? to all ?+s1 & = t cause ! _w turns ab\t4 ,!y ( demoniac nature recognize me n2 !y ( god-l nature1 kn[+ ,me z ! inexhau/ible s\rce1 wor%ip ,me4 ,i am ! univ]sal ,fa!r1 ! ,v$as1 ! goal1 ! uphold]1 ! ,"l1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 ! home1 ! asylum1 ! fri5d4 ,i am ! inexhau/ible se$4 ,i am immortality & dea?4 ,i am be+ & n-be+4 ,i am ! sacrifice & he t (f]s x4 ,ev5 !y t1 ) fai?1 sacrifice to o!r gods1 ev5 !y 7really7 sacrifice to ,me4 ,to !m t ev] are dev\t & wor%ip ,me ) love 7fai?71 ,i give ! atta9m5t ( ! k by :i* !y come to ,me 7aga9 ! doctr9e ( special grace74 ,i am ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end ( all creat$ ?+s4 ,i am ,vi%nu among sun-gods2 ! moon among ! />s2 ,indra among ! 7,v$ic7 gods2 ! ,saman among ! ,v$as2 among ! s5ses1 m9d2 among creat$ be+s1 consci\sness2 among ! ,rudras ,i am iva 7ank>a72 among army-lead]s ,i am ,sk&a2 among ! great sages ,i am ,bhrigu 7:o reveals ,manu's code72 among ! ,siddhas#ab ,i am ,kapila ! ,muni4444 ,i am ! love t begets2 ,i am ! *ief 7,vasuki & ,ananta7 among ! s]p5ts2 & among !m t live 9 wat] ,i am ,v>una2 among ! ,manes ,i am ,aryaman2 & ,i am ,yama among controll]s2#ac among demons ,i am ,prahlada 4442 ,i am ,rama2 ,i am ! ,ganges4 ,i am among all sci5ces ! highe/ sci5ce 7t 9 reg>d to ! ,supreme ,_s72 ,i am ! ^w ( ! speak]s2 ,i am ! lett] ,a among ! lett]s1 & ! comp\nd ( union among ! comp\nds4#ad ,i am inde/ructible "t & ,i am ! ,creator4 ,i am ! dea? t seizes all & ,i am ! orig9 ( ?+s to be4 ,i am glory1 =tune1 spee*1 memory1 wisdom1 con/ancy1 & m]cy4444 ,i am ! puni%m5t ( ! puni%] & ! polity ( !m t w\ld w9 victory4 ,i am sil5ce4 ,i am k4 ,!re is no end ( my div9e manife/ations4 ,! knight n[ asks to see ! real =m ( ! deity1 :i* 0 reveal$ to him4 ,if 9 heav5 ! glory ( a ?\s& suns %\ld appe> at once1 su* w\ld be 8 glory4 ,aft] ?is comes ! real animus ( ! ,div9e ,song 9 its pres5t %ape4 ,! believ] t has fai? 9 ?is ,vi%nu is ev5 bett] ?an ! devotee :o f9ds brahma by k4 ,! philosophy ( k 7:i* "h is any?+ b ,v$antic7 is n[ communicat$ to ! knight1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 nature & _s is expla9$3 ,nature1 ,prakriti1 & _s1 ,puru%a 7p]son71 are bo? )\t beg9n+4 ,all *anges & qualities spr+ f nature4 ,nature is said to be ! cause ( ! body's & ! s5ses' activity4 ,_s is ! cause ( enjoym5t 7appreciation7 ( pleasure & pa92 = ! ,_s1 /&+ 9 nature1 appreciates ! nature-born qualities4 ,! cause ( ! ,_s's re-bir? is its connection ) ! qualities1 7,?is is ,sankhya doctr9e1 & ! same ) t prop\nd$ above 9 reg>d to activity47 ,! ,supreme ,_s is ! ,support & great ,"l ( all1 ! atma1 :ile brahma 7prakriti7 is ! womb 9 :i* ,i place ,my se$1 & f t is ! orig9 ( all ?+s4 ,! great brahma is ! womb1 & ,i am ! se$-giv+ fa!r ( all ! =ms :i* come into be+4 ,! ?ree 'qualities' 7conditions1 attributes71 goodness1 passion1 & d>kness1 are born ( nature & b9d ! inexhau/ible incorporate 7,_s7 9 ! body4 ,! quality 7or attribute7 ( goodness b9ds ! s\l ) pleasure & k2 t ( passion 7activity71 ) desire & action2 t ( d>kness 7dulness71 ) ignorance4 ,"o t has ! attribute ( goodness *iefly goes aft] dea? to ! highe/ heav52 "o t has *iefly passion is born aga9 among m5 ( action2 "o t has *iefly d>kness is born among ! ignorant4 ,"o t sees t ^! attributes are ! only ag5ts1 "o t kn[s :at is high] ?an ! attributes1 ent]s into my be+4 ,! incorporate _s t has pass$ above ! ?ree attributes 7! orig9 ( bodies71 be+ releas$ f bir?1 dea?1 age1 & pa91 obta9s immortality4 ,to pass above ^! attributes "o mu/ become indiff]5t to all *ange1 be undi/urb$ by any?+1 & wor%ip ,me ) devotion4444 ,i am to be le>n$ f all ! ,v$as2 ,i made ! ,v$anta2 ,i alone "k ! ,v$as4 ,!re are two p]sons 9 ! _w1 "o de/ructible & "o inde/ructible2 ! de/ructible "o is all creat$ ?+s2 ! inde/ructible "o is call$ ! ,un*ang+ "o4 ,b !re is /ill a ?ird highe/ p]son1 call$ ! ,supreme ,_s1 :o1 p]vad+ ! ?ree worlds1 supports !m1 ! inexhau/ible ,"l4 ,inasmu* z ,i surpass ! de/ructible & am high] ?an ! inde/ructible1 !re=e am ,i kn[n 9 ! _w & 9 ! ,v$a z ! ,highe/ ,p]son4 ,! ref]5ces to ! ,sankhyas1 or ,sankhya-,yogas1 are n yet exhau/$4 ,!re is ano!r 9 a foll[+ *apt] 7vi4 #ah4 #ac7 :i* "s s*olia/s say ref]s to ! ,v$anta-sy/em1 ?\gh ?is is 9 direct contradiction to ! text4 ,b ! extracts already giv5 suffice to %[ h[ vague & unc]ta9 are1 on ! :ole1 ! philosophical views on :i* dep5ds ! ,div9e ,song4 ,until ! end ( ^! citations "o he>s only ( nature & _s1 ! two t h no beg9n+1 b "h "o f9ds ! ,supreme ,_s1 :i* is z di/9ct f ! inde/ructible "o z f ! de/ructible4 ,moreov]1 'nature' is 9 "o place repres5t$ z f ! beg9n+ di/9ct f _s & entirely ap>t f x1 & 9 ano!r x is only a transi5t phase4 ,! delusion 7illusion7 :i* 9 "o passage is all t exi/s ap>t f ! ,supreme ,_s is itself giv5 up 9 favor ( ! ,sankhya ,prakriti1 ) :i* "o mu/ imag9e x to be id5tifi$1 al?\gh f ! text itself x _c be id5tical4 ,9 a ^w1 exactly z 9 ,manu1 !re are diff]5t philosophical conceptions1 unit$ )\t any logical basis = _! union4 ,! 'sy/em' is 9 g5]al t ( ! ,sankhya-,yogas1 b !re is mu* :i* is purely ,v$anta4 ,! ,sankhya sy/em is taught else:]e z a means ( salvation1 p]haps always z ! dei/ic ,yoga 7i4 #ge4 #g3 ,he taught !m ! ,sankhya-k z salvation74 ,x is fur!r noticeable t al?\gh ,kri%na 7,vi%nu7 is ! o/5sible speak]1 !re is sc>cely any?+ to indicate t ! poem 0 orig9ally compos$ ev5 = ,vi%nu4 ,! ,div9e ,song 0 probably1 z we h said1 a late ,upani%ad1 :i* aft]w>ds 0 exp&$ & put into ,vi%nu's m\?4 ,! ,sankhya portions h be5 r$ress$ z f> z possible & to ! illusion doctr9e is giv5 ! *ief place4 ,b ! ,song rema9s1 l ! ,upani%ads !mselves1 & l ,manu1 an ill-assort$ cab9et ( primitive philosophical op9ions4 ,on ! religi\s side x is a matt] ( comp>ative indiff]5ce :e!r t :i* is n ! _s is a delusive output ( ! _s or inde/ructible matt]4 ,9 ei!r case ! ,_s is ! goal ( ! _s4 ,9 ?is p]sonal pan!ism absorption is taught b n dea?4 ,immortality is /ill ! rew>d t is (f]$ to ! believ] t is wise1 to ! wise t believes4 ,k & fai? are ! means ( obta9+ ?is immortality2 b1 :]eas 9 ! old] ,upani%ads only wisdom is necess>y 7wisdom t implies morality71 "h z mu* /ress1 if n m1 is laid ^u fai?1 ! natural m>k ( all sect>ian pan!ism4 ,despite its occasional p[] & my/ic exaltation1 ! ,div9e ,song 9 its pres5t /ate z a poetical production is unsatisfactory4 ,! same ?+ is said ov] & ov] aga91 & ! contradictions 9 phraseology & 9 mean+ are z num]\s z ! repetitions1 s t "o is n surpris$ to f9d x describ$ z ! wond]ful song1 :i* causes ! hair to /& on end4 ,! diff]5t mean+s giv5 to ! same words are indicative ( its pat*work orig91 :i* aga9 w\ld help to expla9 its philosophical inconsi/5cies4 ,x 0 probably compos$1 z x /&s1 be=e !re 0 any =mal ,v$anta sy/em2 & 9 its orig9al %ape )\t d\bt x prec$es ! =mal ,sankhya2 ?\gh bo? philosophies exi/$ long be=e !y 7 sy/ematiz$ or r$uc$ to ,sutra =m4 ,"o has n to imag9e !m z sy/ems orig9ally di/9ct & oppos$4 ,!y r grew out ( a gradual int5sification ( ! opposition involv$ 9 ! conception ( ,prakriti 7nature7 & ,maya 7illusion71 "s reg>d+ ^! z id5tical1 o!rs insi/+ t ! latt] 0 n suffici5t to expla9 nature4 ,! fir/ philosophy 7& philosophical religion7 conc]n$ itself less ) ! relation ( matt] to m9d 79 mod]n p>lance7 ?an ) ! relation ( ! individual self 7_s7 to ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,diff]5t explanations ( ! relation ( matt] to ?is ,supreme ,_s 7 long held t5tatively by philosoph]s1 :o w\ld probably h said t ei!r ! ,sankhya or ,v$anta might be true1 b t ?is 0 n ! *ief "q4 ,lat] came ! diff]5tiation ( ! s*ools1 bas$ ma9ly on a "q t 0 at fir/ "o ( second>y importance4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! epic ,kri%na himself is repres5t$ z ! victim ( 'illusion' 7iii4 #ba4 #cj7 on ! field ( battle4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,bhagavad ,gita1 ! ,div9e ,song1 is by no means isolat$4 ,x is f\nd 9 _m o!r passages ( ! epic1 besides be+ imitat$ 9 ! ,anugita ( ! pseudo-epic4 ,to "o ( ^! passages x is wor? :ile to turn1 because ( ! =m 9 :i* ?is wisdom is enunciat$4 ,! passage imm$iately foll[+ ?is tea*+ is also ( great int]e/4 ,( ! few ,v$ic deities t receive hymnal homage *ief is ! sun1 or1 9 8 o!r =m1 ,agni4 ,! special =m ( ,agni has be5 spok5 ( above4 ,he is id5tifi$ ) ! ,all 9 "s late passages1 & gives aid to 8 foll[]s1 al?\gh n 9 battle4 ,x w h be5 notic$ 9 ! ,div9e ,song t ,vi%nu ass]ts t ! ,song 0 proclaim$ to ! sun1 :o 9 turn deliv]s x ?r\gh ,manu to ! k+-se]s1 ! sun be+ especially ! k+ly god4#ae ,9 ! ?ird book !re is an hymn to ! sun1 9 :i* ?is god is address$ almo/ 9 ! t]ms ( ! ,div9e ,song1 & imm$iately prec$+ is ! doctr9e j allud$ to4 ,aft] ! explanation is giv5 t re-bir? affects creatures & causes !m to be born 9 e>?1 air1 or wat]1 ! *anges ( metempsy*osis "h includ+ ! vegetable _w z well z ! animal & div9e worlds1#af ! v ess5ce ( ! ,div9e ,song is giv5 z ,v$ic ^w1 viz41 kuru k>ma tyajeti ca1 ,p]=m & quit acts1 i4e41 d :at y ought to d1 b )\t reg>d to ! rew>d ( action 7iii4 #b4 #gb1 #gd74 ,!re is an eightfold pa? ( duty1 z 9 ,buddhism1 b "h x consi/s 9 sacrifice1 /udy1 lib]ality1 & p5ance2 tru?1 m]cy1 self-control1 & lack ( gre$4 ,z ! result ( practic+ ! fir/ f\r1 "o goes on ! c\rse t leads to ! ,manes2 z ! result ( practic+ ! la/ f\r1 "o goes on ! c\rse t leads to ! gods4 ,b 9 practic+ any virtues "o %\ld practice !m )\t expectation ( rew>d 7abhimana1 arrire p5se74 ,! ,yogi1 ! devotee1 :o r5\nces ! fruit ( ev]y?+1 is ! greate/ man2 8 p[]s are miracul\s4 ,!re foll[s 7) ! same light inconsi/5cy to be f\nd 9 ! ,div9e ,song7 ! appeal = action & ! exhortation to pray to ! sun = success 9 :at is desir$4 ,= x is expla9$ t ! sun is ! fa!r ( all creation4 ,! sun draws up cl\ds ) 8 heat1 & 8 en]gy1 be+ transmut$ into wat]1 ) ! help ( ! moon1 is di/ill$ into plants z ra91 & 9 ?is way ! food t man eats is full ( sol> en]gy1 & man & all t live by food mu/ reg>d ! sun z _! fa!r4 ,prelim9>y to ! hymn to ! sun is giv5 a li/ ( 8 hundr$ & eight names1#ag among :i* are to be notic$3 ,aryaman1 ,soma1 ,indra1 ,yama1 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 iva1 ,dea?1 ,"t1 ,creator1 ! ,endless ,"o1 ,kapila1 ! ,unborn ,"o1 ! ,p]son 7,puru%a2 ) :i* are to be comp>$ ! names ( ,vi%nu 9 ! ,div9e ,song71 ! ,all-mak]1 ,v>una1 ! ,gr&fa!r1 ! ,door ( ,heav51 etc4 ,& !n ! ,hymn to ! ,sun 7iii4 #c4 #cf ff473#ah ,?\1 ,o ,sun1 ( creatures art ! eye2 ! _s ( all t h embodi$ =m2 ?\ art ! s\rce ( all creat$ ?+s2 ?\ art ! cu/om ( !m t make sacrifice2 ?\ art ! goal ( ! ,sankhyas & ! hope ( ! ,yogis2 ! c\rse ( all t seek deliv]ance 444 ,?\ art wor%ipp$ by all2 ! ?ree & ?irty gods767 wor%ip !e1 etc4444 ,i ?9k t 9 all ! sev5 worlds#ai & all ! brahma-worlds !re is no?+ :i* is sup]ior to ! sun4 ,o!r be+s !re are1 bo? p[]ful & great1 b !y h no su* glory z ! sun's4 ,fa!r ( light1 all be+s re/ 9 !e2 ,o ,"l ( light1 all ?+s1 all elem5ts are 9 !e4 ,! disc ( ,vi%nu 0 fa%ion$ by ! ,all-mak] 7"o ( ! sun's names67 ) ?y glory4 ,ov] all ! e>?1 ) its ?irte5 isl&s1 ?\ %9e/ ) ?y k9e 7rays74444#bj ,?\ art ! beg9n+ & ! end ( a day ( ,brahma4444 ,!y call !e ,indra2 ?\ art ,rudra1 ,vi%nu1 ! ,fa!r-god1 ,fire1 ! subtile m9d2 ?\ art ! ,"l1 & ?\1 et]nal brahma4 ,!re is "h also a v significant admixture ( ,v$ic & ,upani%adic religion4 ,9 ,kri%na1 :o 9 ! ,upani%ads is kn[n already by 8 own & 8 "m's "n1 pan!ism is made p]sonal accord+ to ! tea*+ ( "o sect4 ,b :ile ! :ole epic is 9 evid5ce = ! spuri\sness ( ! claim ( ,kri%na to be reg>d$ z inc>nate ,vi%nu 7,god71 !re is sc>cely a trace 9 ! orig9al epic ( ! old] view 9 reg>d to ,vi%nu himself4 ,?us 9 "o passage he is call$ ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,indra 7iii4 #ab4 #be74 ,b1 s9ce ,indra is at no "t ! *ief god ( ! epic1 & ! *apt] 9 :i* occurs ?is expression is devot$ to extoll+ ,kri%na-,vi%nu z ! ,all-god1 ! words appe> to be int5d$ r to id5tify ,kri%na ) ,vi%nu1 :o 9 ! ,rig ,v$a is inf]ior to ,indra1 ?an to detract f ,vi%nu's glory4 ,! passage is cit$ bel[4 ,:at n[ is ! relation ( ,vi%nu-,kri%na to ! o!r div9ities8 ,vi%nuite & ivaite1 ea* cries out t 8 god includes ! o!r1 b !re is no curr5t id5tity ( ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 iva z ?ree co-equal repres5tations ( "o ,god4 ,= example1 9 iii4 #ahi4 #e1 "o reads3 ,i am ,vi%nu1 ,i am ,brahma1 & ,i am iva1 b "o _c read into ?is any tr9it>ian doctr9e :atev]1 = 9 context ! passage reads z a :ole3 ,i am ,narayana1 ,i am ,creator & ,de/roy]1 ,i am ,vi%nu1 ,i am ,brahma1 ,i am ,indra1 ! ma/]-god1 ,i am k+ ,kub]a1 ,yama1 iva1 ,soma1 ,kayapa1 & also ! ,fa!r-god4 ,aga91 ,vi%nu says t ! ,fa!r-god1 or gr&p>5t ( ! gods1 is '"o-half ( my body1 & does n m5tion iva 7iii4 #ahi4 #ci74 ,?us1 also1 ! hymn to iva 9 iii4 #ci4 #gf ff4 is address$ to iva hav+ ! =m ( ,vi%nu1 to ,vi%nu hav+ ! =m ( iva1 to ! ?ree-ey$ god1 to arva1 ! trid5t-hold]1 ! sun1 ,ganea1 b ) no m5tion ( ,brahma4 ,! ?ree gods1 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 iva1 h[ev]1 are sometimes gr\p$ toge!r 7b n z a tr9ity7 9 late passages1 9 contra/ to ,indra1 e4g41 ix4 #ec4 #bf4 ,!re are _m hymns to ,vi%nu & iva1 :]e ea* is )\t beg9n+1 ! ,god1 ! uncreat$ ,creator4 ,x is only :5 ! lat] p]iod1 look+ back on ! respective claims ( ! sects1 id5tifies ea* god ) ! o!r1 & bo? ) _! pr$ecessor1 t "o gets ev5 ! notion ( a tr9ity4 ,ev5 = ?is lat] view ( ! pseudo-epic only "o passage w be f\nd 7cit$ bel[74 ,! "p ( ,brahma 9 ! epic is mo/ di/9ctly 9 process ( subord9ation to ! sect>ian gods4 ,he is holy & et]nal1 b n omnisci5t1 ?\gh wise4 ,z 0 %[n above1 he works at ! w ( ,vi%nu4 ,he is "o ) ,vi%nu only 9 ! s5se t all is "o ) ! ,all-god4 ,:5 ,vi%nu 'raises ! e>?' z a bo>1 ,brahma tells ! gods to g to him4#ba ,he c\ncils ! gods4 ,8 heav5 is above ,indra's1 b he is really only an int]m$i>y div9ity1 a passive activity1 if ! p>adox may be all[$4 ,n l ,indra 7to :om he is sup]ior7 does he fight ) ,all-gods1 or d any great act ( 8 own w4 ,he is a %ad[y1 fa!rly1 b5efic5t advisor to ! gods1 8 *ildr52 b all 8 activity is due to ,vi%nu4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,vi%nuite4 ,b !re is no ,brahmaite to modify ! impression4 ,!re exi/$ no /rong ,brahma sect z !re 7 ,vi%nu & iva sects4 ,brahma is 9 8 place m]ely because to ! prec$+ age he 0 ! highe/ god2 = ! epic reg>ds ,creator1 ,prajapati1 ,pitamaha1 ,brahma z synonym\s4#bb ,! ab/ract brahma1 :i* 9 ! ,upani%ads is ! same ) ! ,supreme ,_s1 0 call$ p]sonally ,brahma1 & ?is ,brahma is n[ ! ,brahmanic ,fa!r-god4 ,! sects c\ld nev] get rid ( a god ^: be+ 0 root$ alike 9 ! prec$+ philosophy & 9 ! popul> conception ( a ,fa!r-god4 ,ea* age ( ?\ght takes ! mo/ advanc$ views ( ! prec$+ age z its axioms4 ,! ,v$a taught gods2 ! ,brahmanas taught a ,fa!r-god above ! gods2 ! ,upani%ads taught a ,supreme ,godhead ( :i* ?is ,fa!r-god 0 ! active manife/ation4 ,! sects taught t _! h]oes 7 inc>nations ( ?is ,supreme1 b !y c>ri$ ) !m ! old] pan!on z well1 &1 ) ! pan!on1 its e>li] & lat] heads1 ,indra & ,brahma4 ,consequ5tly ea* sect admits t ,brahma is great] ?an ! old] ,v$ic gods1 b1 :ile naturally x id5tifies its special inc>nation fir/ ) its mo/ p[]ful oppon5t1 & ?us1 s to speak1 absorbs its rival1 x id5tifies ?is inc>nation ) ,brahma only z be+ *ief ( less] div9ities1 n z be+ a rival4 ,"o may repres5t ! attitude ( a ,kri%na-wor%ipp] 9 ! epic some:at 9 ?is way3 ,kri%na is a mod]n inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 ! =m :i* is tak5 9 ?is age by ! ,supreme ,"l4 ,y :o wor%ip iva %\ld "k t y\r iva is really my ,kri%na1 & ! *ief po9t is to recognize my ,kri%na z ! ,supreme ,"l4 ,! man ,kri%na is ! ,supreme ,"l 9 human =m4 ,( c\rse1 z su*1 be+ ! ,"o ,god 9 :om are all ?+s & be+s1 he is also all ! gods kn[n by names :i* designate 8 special functions4 ,?us he is ! head ( ! gods1 ! ,fa!r-god1 z our ance/ors call$ him1 ,brahma2 & he is all ! gods kn[n by /ill old] names1 :o are ! *ildr5 ( ! second>y creator1 ,brahma1 viz41 ,agni1 ,indra1 ,surya1 etc4 ,all gods are active manife/ations ( ! ,supreme ,god call$ ,vi%nu1 :o is born on e>? to-day z ,kri%na4 ,& ! ivaite says3 iva is ! manife/ation ( ! ,all-god1 & repeats :at ! ,vi%nuite says1 sub/itut+ iva = ,vi%nu1#bc b ) ! diff]5ce already expla9$1 namely1 t ! iva-sect has no inc>nation to :i* to po9t1 z has ! ,vi%nuite4 iva is modifi$ ,rudra1 & bo? are old god-names4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! ivaite has also 8 inc>nate god4 ,z an example ( lat] iva-wor%ip may be tak5 ,vi%nu's own hymn to ?is god 9 vii4 #hj4 #ed ff43 ,rev]5ce to ,bhava1 arva1 ,rudra 7iva71 ! be/[] ( gifts1 ! "l ( cattle1 ! t]rible1 great1 fe>ful1 god ( ?ree wives2#bd to him :o is peace1 ! ,"l1 ! slay] ( sacrifices 7makhaghna7#be 444 to ! blue-neck$ god2 to ! inv5tor 7or au?or7 444 to tru?2 to ! r$ god1 to ! snake1 to ! unconqu]able "o1 to ! blue-hair$ "o1 to ! trid5t-hold]2 444 to ! inconceivable "o 444 to him ^: sign is ! bull2 444 to ! creator ( all1 :o p]vades all1 :o is wor%ipp$ by all1 ,"l ( all1 arva1 ank>a1 iva1 444 :o has a ?\s& heads a ?\s& arms1 & dea?1 a ?\s& eyes & legs1 ^: acts are innum]able4 ,9 vii4 #bja4 #ga1 iva is ! unborn ,"l1 inconceivable1 ! s\l ( action1 ! unmov$ "o2 & he t kn[s iva z ! self ( self1 z ! unkn[able "o1 goes to brahma-bliss4 ,?is also is late ivaism 9 pan!i/ic =m4 ,9 o!r words1 ev]y?+ said ( ,vi%nu mu/ be repeat$ = iva4#bf ,z an example ( ! position ( ! l[e/ memb] ( ! lat] tr9ity & 8 v subord9ate place1 may be cit$ a passage f ! prec$+ book ( ! epic4 ,accord+ to ! /ory 9 vi4 #fe4 #db ff41 ! se]s 7 all engag$ 9 wor%ipp+ ,brahma1 z ! highe/ div9ity !y knew1 :5 he sudd5ly began to wor%ip ! ,p]son 7,_s71 ! highe/ ,"l2 & ,brahma !n lauds ,vi%nu z su*3 ,?\ art ! god ( ! univ]se1 ! ,all-god1 ,vasudeva 7,kri%na74 ,!re=e ,i wor%ip !e z ! div9ity2 ?\1 ^: s\l is devotion4 ,victory to !e1 great god ( all2 ?\ take/ satisfaction 9 t :i* b5efits ! _w4444 ,"l ( lords ( all1 ?\ out ( ^: navel spr+s ! lotus1 & ^: eyes are l>ge2 ,"l ( ! ?+s t 71 t are1 t are to be2 ,o de> "o1 self-born ( ! self-born 444 ,o great snake1 ,o bo>1#bg ,o ?\ ! fir/ "o1 ?\ :o dwelle/ 9 all1 endless "o1 kn[n z brahma1 ev]la/+ orig9 ( all be+s 444 de/roy] ( ! worlds6 ,?y feet are ! e>? 444 heav5 is ?y head 444 ,i1 ,brahma1 am ?y =m 444 ,sun & moon are ?y eyes 444 ,gods & all be+s 7 by me creat$ on e>?1 b !y owe _! orig9 to ?y goodness4 ,!n ! creation ( ,vi%nu ?r\gh ,pradyumna z a =m ( ! deity is describ$1 & ,vi%nu 7,aniruddha7 creat$ me1 ,brahma1 ! uphold] ( ! worlds2 s am ,i made ( ,vi%nu2 ,i am caus$ only by !e4 ,:ile ,brahma is repres5t$ "h z id5tical ) ,vi%nu he is at ! same "t a di/9ctly inf]ior p]sonality1 creat$ by ,vi%nu = ! purpose ( creat+ worlds1 a factor ( inf]ior godl9ess to t ( ! ,_w-,_s1 ,kri%na-,vi%nu4 ,x _h be5 /at$ by ,holtzmann#bh t ,brahma sometimes appe>s 9 ! epic z a god sup]ior to ,vi%nu1 & on ! /r5g? ( ?is ,l4 von ,s*ro$] has put ! date ( ! e>ly epic betwe5 ! sev5? & f\r? c5turies ,b4,c1 because at t "t ,brahma 0 ! *ief god4#bi von ,s*ro$] r exagg]ates ,holtzmann's results1 & ass]ts t 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! poem ,brahma appe>s ?r\gh\t z ! highe/ & mo/ rev]$ god1 :ile ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu & iva z great gods is app>5tly a lat] intrusion 7loc4 cit474 ,?is assev]ation w h to be tak5 cum grano4 ,_h von ,s*ro$] said 'pan!i/ic gods' he w\ld h be5 correct 9 ?is reg>d1 b we ?9k t bo? ,vi%nu & iva 7 great gods1 equal1 if n sup]ior to ,brahma1 :5 ! epic prop] began4 ,&1 moreov]1 :5 "o speaks ( ! orig9al =m ( ! poem he _c mean ! pseudo-epic or ! anci5t leg5ds :i* h be5 wov5 into ! epic1 !mselves ( e>li] date4 ,no "o means by ! 'e>ly epic' ! tales ( ,aga/ya1 ( ! creation ( ,dea?1 ( ! mak+ ( ambrosia1 b ! /ory ( ! w> 9 its e>lie/ %ape2 = ! epic poem mu/ h begun ) its own subject-matt]4 ,n[ x is n true t ,brahma is reg>d$ '?r\gh\t' ! e>ly poem z a *ief god at all4 ,if "o inve/igate ! cases :]e ,vi%nu or iva appe>s 'bel[' ,brahma he w see1 9 almo/ e case t ,holtzmann has regi/]$1 t ?is condition ( affairs is record$ n 9 ! epic prop] b 9 ! ,brahmanic portions ( ! pseudo-epic1 or 9 anci5t leg5ds alone4 ,?us 9 ! /ory ( ! w9n+ ( ambrosia1 ( ,aga/ya dr9k+ ocean1 & ( ,rama1 ,brahma appe>s to be above ,vi%nu1 & also 9 "s extracts f ! pseudo-epic4 ,= ! real epic we "k ( b two cases t c be put into ?is category1 & nei!r is suffici5t to support ! hypo!sis built ^u x4 ,= ,kri%na1 :5 he +5i\sly plots to h ,bhima slay ,j>as&ha1 is said to h r5\nc$ kill+ ,j>as&ha himself1 'putt+ ,brahma's injunction be=e him' 7ii4 #bb4 #cf71 i4e4 recall+ ,brahma's admonition t only ,bhiima 0 fat$ to slay ! foe4 ,& :5 ,kri%na & ,satyaki salute ,kri%na's eld] bro!r !y d s 7= be+ an eld] bro!r ,baladeva is ,kri%na's ,guru7 respectfully1 'j z ,indra & ,up5dra salute ,brahma ! "l ( devas' 7ix4 #cd4 #ah74 ,up5dra is ,indra's y\ng] bro!r1 i4e41 ,vi%nu 7above74 ,b ^! passages are scanty pro( = ! /atem5t t ,brahma appe>s ?r\gh\t ! e>ly epic z ! highe/ god2#cj nor is !re ev5 s mu* evid5ce z ?is 9 ! case ( iva4 ,"h1 too1 x is 9 ! tale ( ! *urn+ ( ocean1 ( ,sunda & ,upasunda1 ( ! creation ( ! dea?-p[]1 & 9 late didactic 7,brahmanic7 passages1 :]e ,brahma makes iva to de/roy e>? & iva is born ( ,brahma1 & only 9 su* tales1 or extracts f ! ,book ( ,peace1 etc1 t ,brahma appe>s z sup]ior4 ,9 all o!r cases1 9 ! real action ( ! epic1 he is subord9ate to ,vi%nu & iva :5ev] he is comp>$ ) !m4 ,:5 he is n comp>$ he appe>s1 ( c\rse1 z ! great old ,fa!r-god :o creates & =esees1 b ev5 "h he is n unt\*$ by passion1 he is n all-kn[+1 & 8 rle z ,creator is "o t1 ) ! allotm5t ( duties among ! gods1 does n make him ! highe/ god4 ,all ! old gods are great till great] appe> on ! sc5e4 ,!re is sc>cely a supreme ,brahma 9 ! epic itself1 b !re is a great ,brahma1 & a great] 7old]7 ?an ! sect>ian gods 9 ! old ,brahmanic leg5ds1 :ile ! old ,brahmanhood reass]ts itself sporadically 9 ! anti1 etc1 & tells h[ ! sect>ian gods became supreme1 h[ !y qu>rell$ & laid ! /rife4 ,s9ce ! adju/m5t ( ! relations betwe5 ! p]sons ( ! lat] tr9ity is "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions 9 ! !ology ( ! complet$ epic1 x w be necess>y to g a little fur!r afield & see :at ! late/ books1 :i* hi!rto we h refra9$ z mu* z possible f cit+1 h to say on ! subject4 ,z x seems to be true t x 0 felt necess>y by ! ivaite to (fset ! laud ( ,vi%nu by anti!tic laud ( iva1#ca s aft] ! completion ( ! ,book ( ,peace1 itself a late addition to ! epic1 & "o t is m>k$ly ,vi%nuitic1 !re 01 be=e ! ,g5ealogy ( ,vi%nu1 an anti!tic ,book ( ,law1 :i* is z m>k$ly ivaitic4 ,9 ^! books "o f9ds ! climax ( sect>ianism1 9 s f> z x is repres5t$ by ! epic2 al?\gh 9 e>li] books isolat$ passages ( late addition are sporadically to be f\nd :i* h mu* ! same nature4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ^! la/ additions ,brahma is on a plane :i* is z mu* l[] ?an t ( ! ,supreme ,god z x is high] ?an t ( ,indra4 ,?us 9 viii4 #cc4 #de1 ,indra takes refuge ) ,brahma1 b ,brahma turns = help to iva 7,bhava1 ,/hanu1 ,ji%nu1 etc47 ) a hymn sung by ! gods & se]s4 ,!n comes a description ( ank>a's#cb 7iva's7 w>-c>1 ) its metaphorical arms1 :]e ,vi%nu is ! po9t ( ,civa's arr[ 7:i* consi/s ( ,vi%nu1 ,soma1 ,agni71 & ( ?is w>-c> ,brahma himself is ! *>iote] 7ib4 #cd4 #gf74 ,) cu/om>y inconsi/5cy1 h[ev]1 :5 iva wi%es 8 son to be exalt$ he pro/rates himself be=e ,brahma1 :o !n gives ?is y\? 7kumara71 call$ ,kartikeya1 ! 'g5]al%ip' ov] all be+s 7sa9apatyam1 ix4 #dd4 #dc-di74 ,!re is ev5 a 'celebration ( ,brahma1' a sort ( h>ve/ fe/ival1 %>$1 z ! text tells1 by all ! ca/es2 & x mu/ h be5 some?+ l ! religi\s games ( ! ,greeks1 = x 0 celebrat$ by a?letic conte/s4#cc ,brahma1 z ! old indep5d5t creator1 sometimes keeps 8 place1 transmitt+ po/]ity ?r\gh 8 'sev5 m9d-born sons1' ! great se]s 7iii4 #acc2 xii4 #aff4 #aa ff474 ,b ,brahma himself is born ei!r 9 ! gold5 egg1 z a second>y gr[? 7z 9 xii4 #cab4 #a-g71 or1 z is usually ! case1 he is born 9 ! lotus :i* spr+s f ! navel ( mus+#cd ,vi%nu 7iii4 #bjc4 #ad74 ,9 ?is passage ,brahma has f\r faces 7,v$as7 & f\r =ms1 caturmurtis 7#ae71 & ?is epi!t 9 o!r sections is transf]r$ to ,vi%nu4 ,?us 9 vii4 #bi4 #bf1 ,vi%nu7,vi%u 9 ! orig9al7 says caturmurtir aham1 ,i h f\r =ms1 b he nev] says trimurtir aham 7',i h ?ree =ms'74 ,!re is "o passage1 h[ev]1 t makes = a belief 9 a tr9ity4 ,x /&s 9 contra/ to ! v>i\s ,vi%nuite hymns1 "o ( :i* may well be review$ z an example ( ! regul> ,vi%nuite laudation affect$ by ! ,kri%na sect 7iii4 #ab4 #ba ff473 ,kri%na is ,vi%nu1 ,brahma1 ,soma1 ! ,sun1 ,"r1 ! ,creator 7'f\nd]'71 ,yama1 ,fire1 ,w9d1 iva1 ,"t1 ,space1 ,e>?1 & ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,?\1 ,kri%na1 art ! ,creator 7'emitt]'72 ?\1 *ief ( gods1 did/ wor%ip ! highe/2 ?\1 ,vi%nu call$1 became/ ,indra's y\ng] bro!r1 ent]+ into son%ip ) ,aditi2 z a *ild ) ?ree /eps ?\ did/ fill ! sky1 space1 & e>?1 & pass 9 glory4444 ,at ! end ( ! age ?\ returne/ all ?+s into ?yself4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! age ,brahma 0 born f ?y lotus-navel z ! v5]able preceptor ( all ?+s 7! same epi!t is 9 vs4 #bb appli$ to ,vi%nu himself72 & iva sprang f ?y angry =ehead :5 ! demons w\ld kill him 7,brahma72 bo? are born ( !e1 9 :om is ! univ]se4 ,! foll[+ v]ses 7#de ff47 are l ^? ( ! ,div9e ,song3 ,?\1 ,knight ,arjuna1 art ! s\l ( ,kri%na2 ?\ art m9e alone & ?9e alone am ,i2 !y t are m9e are ?9e2 he t hates !e hates ,me1 & he t is = !e1 is = ,me2 ?\ art ,n>a 7'man'7 & ,i am ,narayana 7'^: home is on ! wat]s1' god72#ce we are ! same1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 u4 ,aga91 l ! ,div9e ,song 9 ! foll[+ v]ses 7#ea-ed7 is ! expression '! sacrifice & he t sacrifices1' etc1 toge!r ) ! /atem5t t ,vi%nu plays 'l a boy ) play?+s1' ) ! cr[ds ( gods1 ,brahma1 iva1 ,indra1 etc4 ,! passage oppos$ to ?is1 & to o!r id5tifications ( ,vi%nu ) _m gods1 is "o ( ! mo/ flagrant int]polations 9 ! epic4 ,if !re be any?+ t ! ,supreme ,god 9 ivaite or ,vi%nuite =m does n d x is to extol at l5g?1 )\t obvi\s reason1 8 rivals' acts & inc>nations1 ,yet 9 ?is clumsy passage j su* an ext5d$ laudation ( ,vi%nu is put into ! m\? ( iva4 ,9 fact1 iii4 #bgb1 f #cj to #gf1 is an int]pretation ( ! mo/ nave sort1 & x is "h t we f9d ! approa* to ! lat] trimurti 7tr9ity73 ,hav+ ! =m ( ,brahma he creates2 hav+ a human body 7z ,kri%na7 he protects1 9 ! nature ( iva he w\ld de/roy--^! are ! ?ree appe>ances or conditions 7ava/has7 ( ! ,fa!r-god4 7,prajapati74#cf ,?is comes aft] an acc\nt ( ! f\r-fac$ lotus-born ,brahma1 :o1 see+ ! _w a void1 emitt$ 8 sons1 ! se]s1 m9d-born1 l to himself 7n[ n9e 9 numb]71 :o 9 turn begot all be+s1 includ+ m5 7vss4 #dd-dg74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 "o take ! lat] sect>ian acc\nt ( ,vi%nu 7= ! above is m 9 honor ( ,kri%na ! man-god ?an ( ,vi%nu1 ! =m ( ! ,supreme ,god71 he w see t ev5 9 ! pseudo-epic ! summit ( ! !ological conceptions is ! emphasis n ( tr9ity or ( multif>i\sness b ( unity4 ,accord+ to ! text ! ,pacakalajz are ! same ) ! ,vi%nuite sect call$ ,pac>atras1 & ^! are mo/ emphatically ekant9as1 i4e41 ,unit>ians 7xii4 #ccf2 #ccg4 #df2 #cci4 #ff-fg74cg ,9 ?is same passage #cda4 #ajf1 ,vi%nu is aga9 caturmurtidhr4t1 '! be>] ( f\r =ms1' an entirely diff]5t conception ( him 7bel[74 ,s t ev5 9 ?is mo/ advanc$ sect>ian lit]ature !re is no real ?reefoldness ( ! ,supreme z "o 9 ?ree4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] 7xii4 #cce4 #a ff47 !re is a passage l ! great ,ka hymn ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 ':om z god %all "o wor%ip8' ,! sages say to ,vi%nu3 ,all m5 wor%ip !e2 to :om do/ ?\ (f] wor%ip8 & he says1 'to ! ,et]nal ,_s4' ,! conception ( ! functions ( ,brahma & iva 9 relation to ,vi%nu is pla9ly %[n 9 xii4 #cdb4 #ai3 ,brahma & iva create & de/roy at ! w ( ,vi%nu2 !y are born ( 8 grace & 8 ang]4 ,9 reg>d to iva himself1 8 nature & place 9 ,vi%nuism h be5 suffici5tly expla9$4 ,! wor%ip ( ?is god is ref]r$ to ',v$ic texts' 7! ata-rudriyam1 vii4 #bjb4 #abj72ch ,vi%nu is made to adore ! t]rible god 7ib4 #bja4 #fi7 :o appe>s z a mad ascetic1 a wild rov]1 a mon/]1 a satire on man & gods1 ?\gh he pi\sly c>ries a ros>y1 & has o!r late traits 9 8 p]sonal appe>ance4#ci ,! /r5g? ( ivaism lay 9 ! eum5idean 7iva is 'prosp]+1' 'k9dly'7 euphemism & fe> alike1 :i* %rank 9 spee* & m9d f ! object ( fe>4 ,b ?is religion 9 ! epic _h a firm] hold ?an t ( fe>4 ,x 0 ess5tially phallic 9 its outw>d =m 7,,vii4 #bja4 #ic-if71 & z su* 0 deeply root$ 9 ! religi\s consci5ce ( a p to :om "o may v5ture p]haps to ascribe su* a =m ( wor%ip ev5 9 ! "t ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 al?\gh ! signs !re( 9 great "p h be5 suppress$4 ,?is may be d\bt$1#dj inde$1 = ! e>li] age2 b !re is no "q t epic ivaism1 l ivaism to-day1 is dep5d5t :olly on phallic wor%ip 7,,xiii4 #ad4 #bcj ff474 ,x is ! p>allel ( ,bac*ic rites & orgies1 z well z ( ! wor%ip ( ! demons 9 di/9ction f t ( good p[]s4 iva repres5ts ! ascetic1 d>k1 awful1 bloody side ( religion3 ,vi%nu1 ! graci\s1 calm1 hopeful1 lov+ side2 ! =m] is fe>ful1 my/]i\s1 demoniac2 ! latt] is joyful1 erotic1 div9e4 ,9 _! lat] developm5ts x is n surpris+ to see t ,vi%nuism1 9 ! =m ( ,kri%naism1 becomes m & m erotic1 :ile ivaism becomes m & m gha/ly & gh\li%4 ,wild & v>i$ z are ! beliefs ( ! epic1 !re is space b to %[ a few m *>act]i/ic sides ( its !ology--a phase t may seem que/ionable1 yet1 s9ce ! dev\t ,h9du believes ! tea*+s ( ! epic1 !y mu/ all to him con/itute "o !ology1 al?\gh x 0 gradually amalgamat$ out ( diff]5t cre$s4 ,9 connection ) iva /&s1 closely unit$1 8 son1 ,ganea1 lead] ( troops1 /ill wor%ipp$ z "o ( ! popul> gods1 & ! battle-god1 ,sk&a1 ! son fir/ ( ,agni !n ( iva1 ! conqu]or ( ! demons1 danavas1 & lat] repres5tative ( ,indra1 ) :om ! epic id5tifies him4 ,= x is ,sk&a t is ! real battle-god ( ! lat] epic2 ?\gh 9 its orig9al =m ,indra 0 /ill ! w>rior's refuge1 z atte/s ! /]eotyp$ phraseology4 ,9 ,,iii4 #bbe-bcb honor & praise are ascrib$ to ,sk&a 9 mu* ! same language ) t us$ to portray 8 fa!r1 iva4 ,! god ( a ?\s& arms1 ! ,"l ( all1 ! creator ( gods & demons are phrases us$ 9 8 eulogy4 ,he too has a li/ ( names2 8 nurse is ! maid5 ( ! r$ 7bloody7 sea1 call$ ,lohitayani4 ,8 t]rible appe>ance & fe>ful acts make him ! equal ( iva4#da ,8 sign is a kukkut4a1 cock2 ib4 #bbi4 #cc4 ,associat$1 aga91 ) ,sk&a are ! spirits or 'mo!rs1' :i* afflict p4 ,! belief 9 "m-gods is old1 b its epic =m is new4 ,! exactness & detail 9 reg>d to ^! beautiful mon/]s %[ at lea/ a real belief1 :i*1 z "o on a l[] plane besides ! high] religion1 _c be pass$ ov] )\t notice4 ,z 9 o!r l&s1 p are 'possess$' by evil spirits1 call$ possessors or seiz]s 7grahas74 ,^! are ,sk&a's demons1#db & are bo? male & female4 ,until "o rea*es ! age ( sixte5 he is liable to be possess$ by "o gr\p ( 'seiz]s1' :o mu/ be wor%ipp$ 9 prop] =m t _! wra? may be av]t$4 ,o!rs m5ace mortals f ! age ( sixte5 to sev5ty4 ,aft] t only ! fev]-demon is to be fe>$4 ,imps ( ?is sort are ( ?ree k9ds4 ,"o k9d indulge only 9 mis*iev\s sport3 ano!r k9d lead "o to gluttony2 ! ?ird k9d are devot$ to lu/4 ,!y are kn[n z ,piacas1 ,yak%as1 etc41 & :5 !y seize a p]son he goes mad4 ,!y are to be kept at bay by self-re/ra9t & mod]ation 7,,iii4 #bcj4 #dc-ef74 ,9 ,,ix4 #df & ,,iii4 #bbf ! 'mo!rs' are describ$4 ,!y are wit*es1 & live 9 cross-roads1 cemet]ies1 & m\nta9s4 ,!y may be ( ,dravidian orig91 & 9 _! epic =m1 at any rate1 are a late intrusion4#dc ,j be=e ! ,div9e ,song beg9s1 ! knight :o is ab\t to become1 illum9at$ or 'disillusion$' (f]s a pray] to ! t]rible goddess ,durga1 also "o ( ! new1 popul>1 & horrible =ms ( div9e manife/ation4 ,9 ?is hymn1 ,,vi4 #bc1 ,durga 7,uma1 ,parvati1 ,kali1 etc47 is address$ z lead] ( ! armies ( ! bless$1 ! dwell] 9 ,m&>a1 ! y\?ful woman1 ,kali1 wife ( iva1 %e :o is r$1 black1 v>iegat$2 ! savior1 ! giv] ( gifts1 ,katyayani1 ! great b5efactress1 ! t]rible "o1 ! victori\s "o1 victory itself 444 ,uma1 ! slay] ( demons1#dd & ! usual id5tification & !ft ( epi!ts !n foll[s3 ,o ?\ :o art ! ,v$as1 :o art ,revelation1 :o art virtue1 ,jatav$asi1 444 ?\ art brahma among ! sci5ces1 ?\ art ! sleep ( incorporate be+s1 ! "m ( ,sk&a1 ! bless$ "o1 ,durga 444 ?\ art ! "m ( ! ,v$as & ,v$anta 444 ?\ art sleep1 illusion1 mode/y1 happ9ess 444 ?\ art satisfaction1 gr[?1 cont5tm5t1 light1 ! increas] ( moon & sun4 ,turn+ f ^! lat] p>asites1#de :i* live on _! p>5t gods & yet t5d to r$uce !m1 we n[ rev]t to t happ9ess h]eaft] to :i* looks =w>d ! epic knight t has n be5 tempt$ to 'r5\nce' desire4 ,9 pan!i/ic passages he is :at ! lat] remodell] makes him4 ,b en\gh ( old belief rema9s to %[ t ! w>rior really c>$ a great deal m = heav5 ?an he did = absorption4 ,z to ! cause ( ev5ts1 z 0 said above1 x is ,fate4 ,repeat$ly is he>d ! lam5t1 ,fate 7imp]sonal7 is ! highe/ ?+1 fie on va9 human ef=t4 ,! knight confesses ) 8 lips to a belief 9 ! new doctr9e ( absorption1 b at he>t he is a fatali/4 ,& 8 aim is to die on ! field ( battle1 t he may g !nce directly to ! heav5 t awaits ! good & ! brave4#df ,out ( a long description ( ?is heav5 a few extracts "h select$ w %[ :at ! good knight anticipates3 ,upw>d goes ! pa? t leads to gods2 x is inhabit$ by !m t h sacrific$ & h done p5ance4 ,unbeliev+ p]sons & untru?ful p]sons d n ent] !re2 only !y t h dute\s s\ls1 t h conqu]$ self1 & h]oes t be> ! m>ks ( battle4 ,!re sit ! se]s & gods1 !re are %9+1 self-illum9$ worlds1 made ( light1 respl5d5t4 ,& 9 ?is heav5 !re is nei!r hung]1 nor ?ir/1 nor we>9ess1 nor cold1 nor heat1 nor fe>2 no?+ t is t]rible is !re1 no?+ unclean2 b pleas+ sights1 & s\nds1 & smells4 ,!re is no c>e !re1 nor age1 nor "w1 nor sorr[4 ,su* is ! heav5 t is ! rew>d ( good acts4 ,above ?is is ,brahma's _w1 :]e sit ! se]s & ! ?ree & ?irty gods1 etc4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is array ( advantages /&s ! "o great fault ( heav51 :i* is /at$ almo/ 9 ! words ( nessun maggior dolore1 ! ?\ght 7:5 "o lives aga9 on ! l[] plane7 ( =m] happ9ess 9 ! high] life is t]rible grief 7vs4 #cj71 i4e41 ?is heav5 w pass away at ! end ( ! _w-p]iod1 :5 ! ,et]nal draws all 9 to himself aga9 7iii4 #bfa72 & ! ?\ght t "o has be5 9 heav51 :ile n[ he is 7re-born7 on e>?1 is a sorr[ great] ?an ! joy giv5 by heav54#dg ,"o is rem9d$ by ! epic description ( heav5 ( t poet ( ! ,upani%ads :o describes 8 heav5ly bliss z consi/+ 9 ! fact t 9 t _w !re is nei!r sn[ nor sorr[4 ,! lat] v]sion is only an amplification4 ,ev5 ) ! assurance t ! fault ( heav5 is ! disappo9tm5t ( be+ dropp$ to e>? aga9 9 a new bir?1 ! ord9>y mortal is m av]se f ! bliss ( absorption ?an f ! pleasure ( heav54 ,& 9 tru?1 except to "o v we>y ( 8 lot 9 life1 x mu/ be confess$ t ! religion "h %[n 9 all its be>+s is "o em95tly pleasant to believe4 ,its gi/1 9 a ^w1 is ?is3 ,if y feel able to endure x1 ! be/ ?+ to d is to /udy ! plan ( ! univ]se1 & !n con=m to x4 ,by sev]e m5tal discipl9e y c atta9 to ?is k1 & = rew>d y w be immortally unit$ ) ,god4 ,to ?is ! sect>ian adds3 ,or believe 9 my god & ! result w be ! same4 ,b bo? philosoph] & sect>ian cont9ue3 ,if1 h[ev]1 y d n want to be unit$ ) ! ,supreme ,_s s soon z ?is1 !n be virtu\s & dev\t1 or simply be brave if y are a w>rior2 d :atev] ! rules ( morality & ca/e-cu/om bid y d1 & y w g to heav5 = ?\s&s ( ages2 at ! end ( :i* "t y w be re-born 9 a f9e family on e>?1 & may aga9 decide :e!r to repeat ! process ( ga9+ heav5 or to jo9 ,god & become absorb$ into ! ,_w-,_s at once4 ,!re 7 probably _m t *ose r to repeat _! agreeable e>?ly exp]i5ce1 ) an int]lude ( heav5 aft] ea* dea?1 ?an to make ! r5unciation ( e>? & heav51 & be absorb$ once = all into ! ,all-god4 ,! doctr9e ( '! ages'#dh is s necess>y to a true und]/&+ ( ! rotative immortality (f]$ z a sub/itute = ! high] bliss ( absorption 7t is1 g5u9e immortality71 t an acc\nt ( ! tea*+ 9 ?is reg>d w n be out ( place4 ,! some:at puzzl+ di/9ction betwe5 ! happy life ( !m t fail to desire absorption1 & yet are religi\s m51 & ! blissful life ( ^? p t d atta9 absorption1 is at once expla9$ by a cle> und]/&+ ( ! duration ( ! "t ( ! gods' own life & ( ! div9e heav54 ,:]eas ! ,greek notion ( f\r ages includes )9 ! f\r all "t1 all ! f\r ages ( ! ,h9du are only a fraction ( "t4 ,/>t+ at any "o po9t ( et]nity1 !re is1 accord+ to ! ,h9du belief1 a prelim9>y 'dawn' ( a new cycle ( ages4 ,?is dawn la/s f\r hundr$ ye>s1 & is !n foll[$ by ! real age 7! fir/ ( f\r71 :i* la/s f\r ?\s& ye>s1 & has aga9 a twilight end+ ( f\r hundr$ ye>s 9 addition4 ,?is fir/ is ! ,krita age1 correspond+ to ! classical ,gold5 ,age4 ,its *>act]i/ics are1 t 9 x ev]y?+ is p]fect2 "r et]nal n[ exi/s 9 full p[]4 ,9 ?is age !re are nei!r gods nor demons 7,danavas1 ,g&h>vas1 ,yak%as1 ,rak%as1 ,s]p5ts71 nei!r buy+ nor sell+4 ,by a lucus a non ! d]ivation ( ! "n ,krita is kr4tam eva na k>tavyam1 i4e41 ) a pun1 x is call$ ! 'sacr$ age' because !re are no sacrifices 9 t age4 ,no ,sama ,v$a1 ,rig ,y$a1 or ,yajur ,v$a exi/ z di/9ct ,v$as4#di ,!re is no mortal "w4 ,fruit comes by m$itation2 ! only duty is r5unciation4 ,disease1 lack ( m5tal p[]1 moral defects 7su* z pride & hate7 d n exi/2 ! highe/ c\rse ( ! ascetic ,yogis is univ]sally brahma 7p>amakam74 ,9 ?is age come into exi/5ce ! ,brahman1 ,k%atriya1 ,vaiya1 udra1 i4e41 ! di/9ct ca/es ( prie/1 w>rior1 husb&man1 & slave2 all ) _! special m>ks1 & all delight$ ) _! prop] occupations4 ,yet h all ! ca/es l occupations1 l refuge1 practice1 & k4 ,!y are jo9$ to ! "o god 7eka deva71 & h b "o mantra 9 _! religi\s rites4 ,_! duties are di/9ct1 b !y foll[ only "o ,v$a & "o rule4 ,! f\r ord]s 7( ! "t ( life7 are duly obs]v$2 m5 d n desire ! fruit ( _! action1 & s !y obta9 ! highe/ c\rse1 i4e41 salvation by absorption into brahma4 ,9 ?is age ! '?ree attributes' 7or qualities7 are unkn[n4 ,aft] ?is age foll[s ! dawn ( ! second age1 call$ ,treta1 la/+ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 !n ! real age ( ,treta1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 foll[$ by ! twilight ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is age are1 t m5 are dev\t2 t great sacrifices beg9 7sattram prav>tate72 t ,virtue decreases by "o qu>t]2 t all ! v>i\s rites are produc$1 toge!r ) ! atta9m5t ( salvation ?r\gh work+ = t end1 by means ( sacrifice & g5]osity2 t e "o does 8 duty & p]=ms asceticism4 ,! next age1 ,dvap>a1 is introduc$ by a dawn ( two hundr$ ye>s1 be+ itself two ?\s& ye>s 9 duration1 & x closes ) a twilight ( two hundr$ ye>s4 ,half ( ,virtue fails to appe> 9 ?is age1 t is1 ! g5]al virtue ( ! _w is dim9i%$ by a half 7'! ,bull ( ,ju/ice /&s on two legs'74 ,! ,v$a is n[ subdivid$ into f\r4 ,in/ead ( e "o hav+ "o ,v$a1 f\r ,v$as exi/1 b "s p "k only ?ree1 or two1 or "o1 or are ev5 ,v$a-less 7anr4cas74 ,c]emonies become manifold1 because ! treatises on duty are subdivid$7674 ,! attribute ( passion influ5ces p1 & x is ) ?is t !y p]=m asceticism & are g5]\s 7n ) dis9t]e/$ness74 ,few 7kacit7 are settl$ 9 tru?2 ignorance ( ! "o ,v$a causes a multiplication ( ,v$as 7i4e41 z ,v$a means 'k1' ! ,v$as result f ignorance ( ! ess5tial k74 ,disease & s9 make p5ance necess>y4 ,p sacrifice only to ga9 heav54 ,aft] ?is age & its twilight are pa/ beg9s ! ,kali1 la/ ( ! f\r ages1 ) a dawn ( "o hundr$1 a c\rse ( "o ?\s&1 & a subsequ5t twilight ( "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is is ! pres5t s9ful age1 :5 !re is no real religion1 :5 ! ,v$as are ignor$1 & ! ca/es are confus$1 :5 itis 7di/resses ( e =m7 are rife2 :5 ,virtue has only "o leg left to /& ^u4 ,! believ] 9 ,kri%na z ,vi%nu1 besides ?is univ]sal description1 says t ! ,supreme ,"l 9 ! ,krita age is ':ite' 7pure72 9 ! ,treta age1 'r$'2 9 ! ,dvap>a age1 'yell['2 9 ! ,kali age1 'black1 i4e41 ,vi%nu is ,kri%na1 :i* means 'black4'#ej ,?is cycle ( ages always repeats itself anew4 ,n[1 s9ce ! twelve ?\s& ye>s ( ^! ages1 ) _! dawns & twilights1 are b "o ( c\ntless cycles1 :5 ! ,kali age & its twilight h br\ght all ?+s into a mis]able /ate1 ! univ]se is re-absorb$ into ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,!re is !n a univ]sal 7app>5t7 de/ruction1 pralaya1 ( ev]y?+1 fir/ by fire & !n by a g5]al flood4 ,sev5 suns appe> 9 heav51 & :at !y fail to burn is consum$ by ! great fire call$ ,samv>taka 7really a manife/ation ( ,vi%nu71 :i* sweeps ! _w & leaves only a%es2 !n foll[s a flood :i* completes ! annihilation4 ,!reaft] foll[s a p]iod equal to "o ?\s& cycles 7( twelve ?\s& ye>s ea*71 :i* is call$ ',brahma's night1' = dur+ ^! twelve million ye>s ,brahma sleeps2 & ! new ,krita age beg9s aga9 :5 ,brahma wakes up 7iii4 #ahh4 #bi1 #fi2 #ahi4 #db74ea ,all ! gods are de/roy$ 9 ! univ]sal de/ruction1 t is1 re-absorb$ into ! ,all-god1 = !re is no su* ?+ z annihilation1 ei!r ( _s or ( matt] 7:i* is illusion74 ,consequ5tly ! gods' heav5 & ! spirits ( good m5 9 t heav5 are also re-absorb$ into t ,supreme1 to be re-born 9 ! new age4 ,?is is :at is meant by ! con/ant h>p+ on quasi-immortality4 ,righte\sness1 sacrifice1 brav]y1 w br+ man to heav51 b1 ?\gh he jo9s ! gods1 ) !m he is de/roy$4 ,!y & he1 aft] millions ( ye>s1 w be re-born 9 ! new heav5 & ! new e>?4 ,to escape ?is ev5tual re-bir? "o mu/ desire absorption into ! ,supreme1 n annihilation1 b unity ) ,god1 s t "o rema9s unt\*$ by ! new ord] at ! end ( ,brahma's 'day4' ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 n lack+ views ( !m t1 tak+ ! precept grossly1 give a less dignifi$ appe>ance to ! tea*+1 &1 9 fact1 upset its real int5t4 ,?us1 9 ! v same ,puranic passage f :i* is tak5 ! description above 7,,iii4 #ahh71 x is said t a se]1 :o miracul\sly outliv$ ! univ]sal de/ruction ( "o cycle1 0 k9dly swall[$ by ,vi%nu1 & t1 on ent]+ 8 /oma* 7! absorption idea 9 ,puranic co>s5ess71 he saw ev]y?+ :i* _h be5 de/roy$1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 cities1 ! f\r ca/es engag$ 9 _! duties1 etc4 ,9 o!r words1 only transf]5ce ( locality has tak5 place4 ,b ?is acc\nt reads almo/ l a satire4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! ,h9du religions1 z !y h be5 trac$ ?us f>1 is ! id5tification ( "r ) light1 & wrong ) d>kness4 ,we h ref]r$ to x sev]al times already4 ,9 ! ,v$ic age ! deities are lum9\s1 :ile ! demons & ! abode ( ! wick$ g5]ally are ( d>kness4 ,?is view1 usually consid]$ ,iranian & ,zoroa/rian1 is z radically1 if n s emphatically1 ,indic4 ,x might be said1 inde$1 t x is m deeply implant$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,h9dus ?an 9 t ( ! ,iranians1 inasmu* z ! latt] religion enunciates & promulgates ! doctr9e1 :ile ! =m] assumes x4 ,all de$s ( s9 are de$s ( d>kness1 tamas4 ,! devils live und]gr\nd 9 d>kness2 ! hells are bel[ e>? & are gloom light$ only by torture-flames4 ,! developm5t ( devil-wor%ip 7! side-sc5es 9 ! !atre ( ivaism7 introduces devils ( ano!r sort1 b ! g5]al effect rema9s4 ,! fire-prie/ ,bhrigu says3 ,untru? is a =m ( d>kness1 & by d>kness "o is br\ght to hell 7d[nw>ds72 veil$ 9 d>kness "o sees n ! light4 ,light is heav51 !y say1 & d>kness is hell1 xii4 #aij4 #b-c4 ,?is anti!sis ( evil z d>kness1 good z light1 is too native to ,india to admit ( ! sugge/ion t x might h be5 borr[$4 ,b an isolat$ & curi\s ,puranic *apt] ( ! epic appe>s to h direct ref]5ce to ! ,p]sian religion4 ,all ,h9du gods h sacrifices1 ev5 iva ! 'de/roy] ( sacrifice4' ,n[ 9 iii4 #bbj1 aft] a prelim9>y acc\nt ( ! pacajanya fire 7vs4 #e ff47 !re is giv5 a li/ ( 'gods t de/roy sacrifice1' devas yajamus4z1 fifte5 9 numb]1 :o '/& "h' on e>? & '/eal' ! sacrifice4 ,!y ext5d ov] ! five peoples 9 ?ree divisions ( five ea*4 ,! fir/ & ?ird gr\p conta9 names comp\nd$ ) ,bhima & ,sura respectively2 :ile ! ?ird gr\p is t ( ,sumitra1 ,mitravan1 ,mitraja1 ,mitrav>dhana1 ,mitradh>man4 ,!re are o!rs )\t ! mitra 7vs4 #aj74 ,! appellation devas seems to take !m out ( connection ) iva's demoniac troops1 & ! p]si/5cy ( mitra w\ld look z if ^! 'gods' 7 ( ,iranian orig94 ,!re may h be5 7z are possibly ! mod]n ,sauras7 believ]s 9 ! ,p]sian religion already long e/abli%$ among ! ,h9dus4 ,! "q w naturally pres5t itself :e!r 9 ! religi\s olla podrida kn[n z ! ,mahabharata !re are di/9ct allusions to ,buddhism1 &1 if s1 9 h[ f> ! doctr9es ( ?is sect may h influ5c$ ! or?odox religion4 ,buddhism does n appe> to h attack$ or to h attract$ ! 'holy l&1' :5ce1 inde$1 accord+ to law1 h]etics are 'bani%$4' ,b its influ5ce ( c\rse mu/ h embrac$ ?is c\ntry1 & x is only a "q ( 9 h[ f> epic ,brahmanism has accept$ x4 ,at a lat] p]iod ,h9duism1 z has be5 obs]v$1 calmly accepts ,buddha z an avat> ( ,vi%nu4 ,holtzmann1 :o is incl9$ to attribute a good deal to ,buddhism1 sees signs ( x ev5 9 ! p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( ! epic h]oes1 & believes ! :ole poem to h be5 m or less affect$ by anti-,buddhi/ic feel+4 ,if ?is 7 s "o w\ld h to give ov] to ,buddhism mu* also ( ! humanit>ianism to be f\nd 9 ! moral precepts t are s ?ickly /rewn ?r\gh ! v>i\s books4 ,9 our op9ion ^! signs-manual ( ,buddhism are n suffici5tly evid5t to support ,holtzmann's op9ion = ! :ole poem1 & x is to be not$ t ! mo/ tak+ evid5ce is drawn f ! late/ p>ts ( ! "w4 ,x is j "h t we ?9k x necess>y to draw ! l9e1 = :ile mu* ( late date has be5 add$ 9 e>li] books1 yet 9 ! books :i* "o may call :olly late additions appe> ! /ronge/ indications ( ,buddhi/ic influ5ce4#eb ,a great deal ( ! ,book ( ,peace is ,puranic1 ! book z a :ole is a ,vi%nuite addition fur!r enl>g$ by ivaite int]polation4 ,! foll[+ book is1 aga91 an (fset to ! ,book ( ,peace1 & is z di/9ctly ivaite 9 its conception z is ! ,book ( ,peace ,vi%nuite4#ec ,x is "h1 9 ^! late/ additions1 :i* sc>cely des]ve to be rank$ ) ! real epic1 t are f\nd ! mo/ palpable t\*es ( ,buddhism4 ,!y /& to ! epic prop] z /&s to !m ! ,g5ealogy ( ,vi%nu1 a fur!r addition :i* has almo/ z mu* claim to be call$ '"p ( ! epic' z h ! books j m5tion$1 only t x is m evid5tly ! product ( a lat] age1 & repres5ts ! ,kri%na-,vi%nu sect 9 its glory aft] ! epic 0 complet$4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 9 ^! books mu* t is suspect$ ( be+ ,buddhi/ic may be ,brahmanic2 & 9 any concrete case a decision1 "o way or ! o!r1 is sc>cely to be made on objective gr\nds4 ,/ill m is ?is ! case 9 e>li] books4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,holtzmann is sure t a conv]sation ( a slave & a prie/ 9 ! ?ird book is ,buddhi/ic because ! man ( l[ ca/e w\ld n v5ture to in/ruct a ,brahman4#ed ,b x is a comm& emphasiz$ ?r\gh\t ! lat] ,brahmanism t "o mu/ take refuge 9 ! %ip t saves2 & 9 passages n suspect$ ( ,buddhi/ic t5d5cy ,bhi%ma takes up ?is po9t1 & lays d[n ! rule t1 no matt] to :i* ca/e a man belongs1 8 tea*+ if salut>y is to be accept$4 ,x is ev5 said 9 "o passage ( ! ,book ( ,peace t "o ought to le>n ( a slave1 & 9 ano!r t all ! f\r ca/es ought to he> ! ,v$a read3#ee ,let him get in/ruction ev5 f a udra if he c !reby atta9 to salvation2 & aga93 ,putt+ ! ,brahman fir/1 let ! f\r ca/es he> 7! ,v$a72 = ?is 7giv+ fir/ place to ! prie/7 is 7! rule 97 read+ ! ,v$a4#ef ,& 9 _m places are f\nd in/ructions giv5 by l[-ca/e m54 ,x may be claim$ t e case :i* resembles ,buddhi/ic tea*+ is drawn f ,buddhism1 b ?is w\ld be to claim m ?an c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,moreov]1 j z ! non-injury doctr9e is prior to ,buddhism & yet is a m>k ( ,buddhi/ic tea*+1 s betwe5 ! two religions !re are _m po9ts ( simil>ity :i* may be admitt$ )\t compromis+ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,brahmanic tea*+4 ,= ,buddhism 9 its morality is any?+ b orig9al4#eg ,ano!r bit ( in/ruction f ! ,book ( ,peace illu/rates ! attitude ( ! slave j ref]r$ to4 ,9 %>p contra/ to :at "o w\ld expect f a ,buddhi/1 ?is slave1 :o is a hunt]1 claims t he is ju/ifi$ 9 keep+ on ) 8 murd]\s occupation because x is 8 ca/e-occupation2 :]eas1 z a ,buddhi/ he ought to h r5\nc$ x if he ?\ght x s9ful1 )\t reg>d to ! ca/e-rule4 ,! ,book ( ,peace lays x d[n z a rule t ! giv+ up ( ca/e-occupation is m]itori\s if ! occupation 9 itself is iniquit\s1 b x h$ges on ! "q to ! ext5t ( say+ t1 no matt] :e!r ! occupation be s9ful or n1 if x is an inh]it$ occupation a man does n d wrong to adh]e to x4 ,?is is lib]al ,brahmanism4 ,! rule reads z foll[s3 ,actors1 liquor-deal]s1 but*]s1 & o!r su* s9n]s are n ju/ifi$ 9 foll[+ su* occupations1 if !y are n born to ! pr(ession 7i4e41 if !y are born to x !y are ju/ifi$ 9 foll[+ _! inh]it$ occupation74 ,yet if "o has inh]it$ su* a pr(ession x is a noble ?+ to r5\nce x4#eh ,! m>ks ( ,buddhi/ic influ5ce on :i* we w\ld lay great] /ress are f\nd n 9 ! fact t ,mudgala refuses heav5 7iii4 #bfa4 #dc71 or o!r incid5ts t may be due z well to ,brahmanism z to ,buddhism1 b 9 su* passages ( ! pseudo-epical ,book ( ,peace z = example ! dh>myas pan?as ( xii4 #cbb4 #aj-ac2 ! conv]sation ( ! female begg>1 bhik%uki1 ) ! k+ 9 #cba4 #g1 #afh2 ! buddha ( #bhi4 #de2 ! ,buddhi/ic phraseology ( #afg4 #df2 ! rem>k ( ! h>lot ,p+ala 9 #agd4 #fj3 pratibuddha 'smi jagr4mi 7,i am 'awak5$' to a s5se ( s9 & k ( hol9ess71 & ! l phrase 9 #agg4 #bb3 pratibuddho 'smi4#ei ,( especial importance is ! %ibbole? ,nirvana :i* is (t5 us$ 9 ! epic4 ,!re seems1 inde$1 to be a subtile connection betwe5 ivaism & ,buddhism4 ,buddhism rejects pan!ism1 ivaism is ess5tially mono!ism4 ,bo? 7 really religions ( ! l[] classes4 ,x is true t ! latt] 0 affect$ & practic$ by ^? ( high rank1 b its /r5g? lay ) ! masses4 ,?us :ile ,vi%nuism appeal$ to ! contemplative & philosophical 7,ramaism71 z well z to ! easy-go+ middle classes 7,kri%9aism71 ivaism ) its dirty asceticism1 its orgies & ,bac*analian revels1 its devils & horrors g5]ally1 al?\gh comb9$ ) a m anci5t philosophy1 appeal$ *iefly to ! magic-mong] & ! vulg>4 ,s x is t "o f9ds1 z "o ( 8 titles 9 ! ?irte5? book1 t iva is '! giv] ( ,nirvana1' 7xiii4 #af4 #ae74 ,b if "o exam9es ! use ( ?is ^w 9 o!r p>ts ( ! epic he w see t x has n ! true ,buddhi/ic s5se except 9 its lit]al physical application z :5 ! nirvan4a 7ext+ui%+7 ( a lamp1 iv4 #bb4 #bb1 is spok5 (2 or ! nirvan4a ( duties 79 ! ,pac>atra ',upani%ad1' xii4 #cdj4 #fg74 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 sections :]e ! context %[s t ?is mu/ be ! case1 ,nirvana is ! equival5t ( 'highe/ bliss' or 'highe/ brahma1' ! same ) ! felicity ?us nam$ 9 old] works4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 is ! case 9 xii4 #ba4 #ag2 #bf4 #af1 :]e ,nirvana _c mean ext9ction b absorption1 i4e41 ! 'bl[+ out' ( ! individual flame 7_s7 ( life1 only t x may become "o ) ! univ]sal _s4 ,9 ano!r passage x is directly equat$ ) sukham brahma 9 ! same way 7ib4 #ahi4 #ag74 ,if n[ "o turn to ! employm5t ( ?is ^w 9 ! ?ird book he w f9d ! case to be ! same4 ,:5 ! k+ reproa*es 8 que5 = h] a!i/ic op9ions 9 iii4 #ca4 #bf he says t if !re 7 no rew>d = good de$s h]eaft] p w\ld n seek ,nirvana1 j z he speaks ( heav5 7'immortality'7 & hell1 ib4 #bj & #ai1 n mean+ !reby ext9ction b absorption4 ,s aft] a description ( t ?ird heav5 :]e9 is ,vi%nu1 :5 "o reads t ,mudgala atta9$ t highe/ et]nal bliss ! sign ( :i* is ,nirvana 7iii4 #bfa4 #dg71 he c only suppose t ! ^w means "h absorption into brahma or union ) ,vi%nu4 ,9 fact ,nirvana is already a ^w ( :i* ! s5se has be5 subject$ to attrition en\gh to make x synonym\s ) 'bliss4' ,?us ! gods atta9$ ,nirvana by means ( ,vi%nu's greatness 7iii4 #bja4 #bb72 & a ?ir/y man aft] dr9k+ wat] atta9$ ,nirvana1 i4e41 ! dr9k made him happy 7ib4 #abf4 #af74 ,"o may be/ comp>e ! ,ja9 ,nirvana ( happ9ess4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ,buddhism seems to h left _m manife/ traces#fj 9 ! lat] epic ! weight ( its influ5ce on ! e>ly epic may well be que/ion$4 ,! moral h>angues ( ! e>li] books %[ no?+ m ?an is consi/5t ) t ,brahmanism :i* has made its way unaid$ ?r\gh ! great] humanit>ianism ( ! e>li] ,upani%ads4 ,at ! same "t x is "r to say t s9ce ! poem is compos$ aft] ,buddha's "t !re is no hi/orical c]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ! inn] connection ( belief & morality 7z exp\nd$ 9 ! epic7 ) ,buddhism4 ,buddhism1 ?\gh at a di/ance1 environ$ epic ,brahmanism1 & may well h influ5c$ x4 ,! objective pro(s = or aga9/ ?is are n1 h[ev]1 decisive4 ,:e!r ,*ri/ianity has affect$ ! epic is ano!r "q t c be answ]$ 7& !n d\btfully7 only by draw+ a l9e betwe5 epic & pseudo-epic4 ,& 9 ?is reg>d ! ,h>ivana leg5ds ( ,kri%na are to be gr\p$ ) ! pseudo-epic1 ( :i* !y are ! legitimate if late cont9uation4 ,aga9 "o mu/ sep>ate tea*+ f leg5d4 ,to ! ,div9e ,song belong s5tim5ts & phrases t h be5 ascrib$ to ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,def9itive assurance 9 ?is reg>d is an impossibility4 ,:5 ,vi%nu says 7z is said also 9 ! ,upani%ads7 ,i am ! lett] ,a1 "o may1 & probably w1 decide t ?is is or is n an imitation ( ,i am alpha1 /rictly 9 accordance ) 8 preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,!re are absolutely no hi/orical data to g ^u4 ,"o may say ) tol]able c]ta9ty t ! ,div9e ,song z a :ole is antique1 prior to ,*ri/ianity4 ,b x is z unmi/akably int]polat$ & alt]$4 ,! doctr9e ( bhakti1 fai?ful love z a means ( salvation1 _c be mu* old] ?an ! ,song1 = x is f\nd only 9 ! late/ ,upani%ads 7z %[n by comp>+ !m ) ^? und\bt$ly old74 ,b on ! o!r h& ! prasada doctr9e 7( special grace7 belongs to a mu* e>li] lit]ature1 & !re is no reason :y ! :ole !ory ) its />tl+ resemblance to ! doctr9e ( grace1 & its insi/5ce on p]sonal affection = ! ,"l %\ld n h be5 self-evolv$4 ,! old omnipot5ce ( inh]it$ k /ops ) ! ,upani%ads1 ,to _! au?ors ! ,v$as are b a means4 ,!y desir$ wisdom1 n k4 ,!y po/ulat$ ! desire = ! ,supreme ,_s z ! true wisdom4 ,f ?is x is b a /ep to ye>n+ & love = ! ,supreme4 ,t /ep is made 9 ! ,div9e ,song4 ,x is recogniz$ by e>ly ,buddhism z a ,brahmanic trait4 ,is x necess>ily import$ f ,*ri/ianity8 ,! pro( is c]ta9ly lack+4 ,nor1 to "o accu/om$ to ! middle lit]ature ( ,h9du religion1 is ! phraseology s /rik+ly unique z w\ld appe> to be ! case4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity c]ta9ly may be suspect$1 b x _c be %[n to exi/ 9 ! ,div9e ,song4 ,q diff]5t is ! case ) ! miracul\s matt] t grew up ab\t ! infant ,kri%na4 ,b "h "o is out ( ! epic & deal+ ) ! late/ lit]ature 9 reg>d to ! man-god4 ,?is di/9ction _c be too mu* insi/$ ^u1 = to po9t fir/ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,div9e ,song & !n to ! ,kri%na leg5ds z equally reflect+ ,*ri/ianity is to mix up two p]iods z di/9ct z p]iods c be e/abli%$ 9 ,h9du lit]ature4 ,& ! result ( ! :ole inve/igation %[s t ! pro(s ( borr[+ are z diff]5t z ^! p]iods4 ,! inn] ,*ri/ianity ?\ght to be copi$ by ! re-writ] ( ! ,div9e ,song is d\btful 9 ! la/ degree4 ,! out] ,*ri/ianity reflect$ 9 ! ,puranic leg5ds ( ,kri%na is z palpable z x is %ock+4 ,%ock+1 = "h n only are miracles treat$ grotesquely1 b ev]y?+ t is meant spiritually 9 ! ,occid5t is int]pret$ physically & c>nally4 ,! love ( ! ,bridegroom is s5sual2 ! brides ( ,god are drunk5 danc+ girls4 ,! 'co9cid5ces1' z "s s*ol>s m>vell\sly reg>d !m1 betwe5 ! leg5ds ( ,*ri/ & ,kri%na are too extraord9>y to be accept$ z su*4 ,!y are direct importations1 n accid5tal co9cid5ces4 ,:atev] is mo/ m>vell\s 9 ! acc\nts ( ,*ri/ianity f9ds itself "h reproduc$ 9 ,kri%naism4 ,x is n 9 ! doctr9e ( avat>s1 :i* resembles ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1#fa x is 9 ! totality ( leg5ds connect$ ) ,kri%na t "o is =c$ to see ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,! sc5es ( ! nativity1 ! adoration ( ! magi1 ! miracles dur+ ! ,savi\r's *ildhood1 ! transfiguration1 & o!r /ories ( ,*ri/ are reproduc$ ) a/oni%+ simil>ity4 ,"o may add to ?is ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival1 :]e ,kri%na is born 9 a /able1 & ! use ( c]ta9 *ur*-ut5sils 9 ! temple-s]vice4 ,web] has prov$ by collect+ & expla9+ ^! 'co9cid5ces1'#fb t !re mu/ be id5tity ( orig94 ,x rema9s only to ask f :i* side is ! borr[+8 ,consid]+ h[ late are ^! ,kri%na leg5ds 9 ,india#fc !re c be no d\bt t ! ,h9du borr[$ ! tales1 b n ! "n2 = ! la/ assumption is q improbable because ,kri%na 7,*ri/87 is native en\gh1 & ,vi%nu is z old z ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,t ^! tales are ( second>y importance1 z !y are ( late orig91 is a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!y are excresc5ces ^u real ,vi%nuism 7,kri%naism7 & ! result ( an?ropomorphiz+ 9 its fulle/ ext5t ! image ( ! man-god1 :o is repres5t$ 9 ! epic z ! inc>nation ( ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation is ?or\ghly ,indic4 ,x is ,buddhi/ic z well z ,brahmanic1 & prec$es ,vi%nuism z x does ,*ri/ianity4 ,! leg5ds are ano!r matt]4 ,"h "o has to assume direct contact ) ! ,occid5t4#fd ,b :ile agree+ ) ,web] & disagree+ ) ,b>? 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! relation ( ?is second>y matt]1 we are unable to agree ) ,web] 9 8 conclusions 9 reg>d to ! "o passage 9 ! pseudo-epic t is suppos$ by him#fe to ref] to a visit to a ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ,alex&ria4 ,?is is ! fam\s episode ( ! ,:ite ,isl&1 :i*1 to be sure1 occurs 9 s late a portion ( ! ,book ( ,peace 7xii4 #ccg4 #bj ff7 t x might well be :at ,web] describes x z be+4 ,b to u x appe>s to conta9 no allusion at all to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! acc\nt 9 brief is z foll[s3 ,?ree prie/s ) ! insignificant names ,fir/1 ,second1 ,?ird1#ff g to ! f> ,nor? 7di utt>a7 :]e1 9 ! ,sea ( ,milk1 !y f9d an ,albion call$ ',:ite ,isl&1' p]haps reg>d$ z "o ( ! sev5 or ?irte5 'isl&s1' ( :i* e>? consi/s2 & !re ,vi%nu is wor%ipp$ z ! "o god by :ite m5 ( extraord9>y physical *>act]i/ics4 ,! fact t ! '"o god' is already a hackney$ phrase ( philosophy2 t !re is no resemblance to a tr9it>ian god2 t ! hymn sung to ?is "o god conta9s no trace ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 b is on ! o!r h& ?or\ghly native 9 tone & phraseology1 be+ z foll[s3 ,victory to !e1 ?\ god ) lotus-eyes2 ,rev]5ce to !e1 ?\ creator ( all ?+s2 ,rev]5ce be to !e1 ,o ,vi%nu2#fg ?\ ,great ,p]son2 fir/-born "o2 all ^! facts indicate t if ! ,:ite-isl&]s are inde$ to be reg>d$ z =eign]s wor%ipp+ a /range god1 t god is /rictly mono!i/ic & n tr9it>ian4 ,web] lays /ress on ! expression 'fir/-born1' :i* he ?9ks ref]s to ,*ri/2 b ! epi!t is old 7,v$ic71 & is common1 & means no m ?an 'primal deity4' ,!re is mu* t appe>s to be =eign 9 ! epic4 ,?is passage seems r to be a recollection ( "s %r9e :]e mono!ism )\t ,*ri/ianity 0 ackn[l$g$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 9 ! pseudo-epic1 !re is mu* app>5tly borr[$ :i* yet is altoge!r native to ,brahmanic l& & sect4 ,x is n 9 any passage :i* is prov$ to be ( =eign orig9 t "o reads ( ! boy ( twelve ye>s :o ent]$ among ! wise m5 & confut$ _! reason+ 7above1 p4 #chb74 ,x is n ( c\rse due to ,*ri/ian influ5ce t ! great 'sa9t ( ! /ake' is tak5 by ! 'k+'s m51' is crucifi$ 7or lit]ally impal$7 among ?ieves1 & lives s long t ! gu>d g & tell ! k+ ( ! miracle2#fh nor is x necess>y to assume t ev]y?+ elevat$ is borr[$4 ,:5 ,i revile1 ,i revile n aga91 s\nds inde$ l an e*o ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 b h[ ?or\ghly ,h9du is ! reason4 ,= ,i "k t self-control is ! door ( immortality4 ,& 9 ! same brea?1 ) a connection ( mean+ pat5t only :5 "o reg>ds ! :ole n z borr[$ b z native1 foll[ ! words t we h v5tur$ to put ^u ! title-page ( ?is volume1 z ! highe/ & at ! same "t ! true/ expression ( a religion t 9 br++ ! gods to m5 rais$ man to equally ) ,god--,?is is a holy my/]y :i* ,i decl>e unto y3 ,!re is no?+ nobl] ?an humanity4#fi 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,he appe>s 9 diff]5t complete manife/ations1 :ile ,vi%nu appe>s only 9 "p1 z a 'desc5t1' avat>1 i4e41 ,vi%nu is inc>nate1 iva appe>s :ole4 ,footnote #b3 ,! orig9al /ory p]haps ant$ates ! ,brahmanic ,brahma4 ,b1 = all "o kn[s1 :5 ! poem 0 fir/ writt5 ,brahma 0 already decad5t z *ief god4 ,9 t case two /rata ( religi\s belief h be5 =mally sup]-impos$1 ,vi%nuism & ivaism4 ,footnote #c3 ,:ile agree+ ) ,telang t ! orig9al ,gita is an old poem1 we _c subscribe to 8 argum5t 7,,sbe4 ,,viii4 p4 #ai7 t ! priority ( ! ,saman ov] ! ,rig ,v$a is evid5ce ( antiquity2 /ill less to ! argum5t1 p4 #ba1 f ! ca/es4 ,footnote #d3 ,comp>e ,manu1 i4 #g3 ,he ! subtile1 indisc]nible1 et]nal1 inconceivable ,"o1 :o makes all creatures4 ,footnote #e3 ,possibly ! orig9al op5+ ( ano!r poem4 ,footnote #f3 ,! avat>s ( ,vi%nu are meant4 ,! v knight to :om he speaks is lat] reg>d$ 79 ,s\? ,india7 z inc>nate god1 & today is wor%ipp$ z an avat> ( ,vi%nu4 ,! idea ( ! 'bir?-/ories' ( ! ,buddhi/s is ?\ght by "s s*ol>s to h be5 connect$ hi/orically ) ! avat>s ( ,vi%nu4 ,footnote #g3 ,?is is "o ( ! notes /ruck 9 ! lat] ,upani%ads1 ! doctr9e ( 'special grace1' orig9at+ p]haps /ill e>li] 9 ! ,vac hymn 7see above74 ,footnote #h3 ,t is1 "o t also has no desires may act 7)\t desir+ ! fruit ( action47 ,footnote #i3 ,?is is a ,sankhya division4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is clev]ly contriv$ or pr(\nd univ]sality ( ,vi%nuism is "o ( ! greate/ ob/acles to mission>y ef=t4 ,! ,vi%nuite w accept ,*ri/1 b z a =m ( ,vi%nu1 z "h expla9$4 ,comp>e bel[3 ,ev5 !y t sacrifice to o!r gods really sacrifice to ,me4 ,footnote #aa3 ,prakriti 7prakr4ti71 nature2 ! t]m belongs to ! ,sankhya philosophy1 :i* recognizes nature z di/9ct f _s1 a duality1 oppos$ to advaita1 ! non-duality ( ! ,v$anta sy/em1 :]e ! ,sankhya 'nature' is repres5t$ by maya1 'illusion4' ,o!rwise ! ^w ,prakrit is ! 'natural1' vulg> dialect1 oppos$ to ,sanskrit1 ! ref9$1 'put-toge!r' language4 ,footnote #ab3 ,sa9ts1 lit]ally '! successful ones4' ,footnote #ac3 ,allud+ to ! lat] d]ivation ( ,yama f yam1 control4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! lett] ,a1 z 9 ! ,upani%ads 7see above1 p4 #bbf74 ,footnote #ae3 ,comp>e a p>allel li/ ( diado*oi 9 xii4 #cdi4 #ea4 ,footnote #af3 ,"o ( ! ,ja9a traits ( ! epic1 brahmadis4u tr4uantes4u bhutes4u p>iv>tate1 9 di/9ction f ! ,buddhi/ic metempsy*osis1 :i* /ops %ort ( plants4 ,b p]haps x is r borr[$ f ! ,b4rahman by ! ,ja91 = !re is a =mal ackn[l$gm5t t /hav>as '/ation>y ?+s1' h "p 9 metempsy*osis1 ,manu1 xii4 #db1 al?\gh 9 ! di/ribution t foll[s ?is is almo/ ignor$ 7vs4 #eh74 ,footnote #ag3 ,x is r difficult to compress ! li/ into ?is numb]4 ,"s ( ! names are p]haps lat] additions4 ,footnote #ah3 ,9 contra/ "o may note ! frequ5t boa/ t a k+ 'fe>s n ev5 ! gods1' e4g41 i4 #aii4 #a4 ,footnote #ai3 ,lat] !re are tw5ty-"o worlds analog\s lo ! tw5ty-"o hells4 ,footnote #bj3 ,else:]e1 oh ! o!r h&1 ! isl&s are f\r or sev51 ! e>li] view4 ,footnote #ba3 iii4 #adb4 ,! bo>-%ape ( ,vi%nu is a favorite "o1 z is ! dw>f-inc>nation4 ,comp>e ,vamana1 ,vamanaka1 ,vi%nupada1 9 ! li/ ( holy wat]+-places 7iii4 #hc74 ,_m ( ,vi%nu's acts are simply transf]r$ f ,brahma1 to :om !y belong$ 9 old] tales4 ,comp>e above1 p4#bae4 ,footnote #bb3 ,9 i4 #aig1 ,prajapati ! ,fa!r-god1 is ! highe/ god1 to :om ,indra1 z usual1 runs = help4 iva appe>s z a high] god1 & drives ,indra into a hole1 :]e he sees five =m] ,indras2 & f9ally ,vi%nu comes on to ! /age z ! highe/ ( all1 ! inf9ite1 inconceivable1 et]nal1 ! ,all 9 endless =ms4 ,brahma is invok$ n[ & !n 9 a p]functory way1 b no "o really expects him to d any?+4 ,he has done 8 "w1 made ! ca/es1 ! sacrifice1 & 7occasionally7 ev]y?+4 ,& he w d ?is aga9 :5 ! new aeon beg9s4 ,b = ?is aeon 8 "w is accompli%$4 ,footnote #bc3 ,?us 9 ,,xii4 #ghe4 #afe3 ,nei!r ,brahma nor ,vi%nu is capable ( und]/&+ ! greatness ( iva4 ,footnote #bd3 ,or ?ree eyes4 ,footnote #be3 ,comp>e ,,iii4 #ci4 #gg3 ,! de/roy] ( ,dak%a's sacrifice4 ,comp>e ! same epi!t 9 ! hymn to iva1 ,x4 #g4 #c1 aft] :i* appe> ! devils :o s]ve iva4 ,su* devils1 9 ! foll[+1 fea/ on ! dead ^u ! field ( battle1 ?\gh1 :5 left to !mselves1 'midnight is ! h\r :5 ! demons sw>m1' ,,iii4 #aa4 #d & #cc4 ,9 ,x4 #ah & ,,xiii4 #afa iva's act is describ$ 9 full4 ,footnote #bf3 iva1 call$ ,bhava1 arva1 ! trid5t-hold]1 ! ,"l 7,iana71 ank>a1 ! ,great ,god1 etc41 g5]ally appe>s at 8 be/ :]e ! epic is at its wor/1 ! int]polations be+ m flagrant ?an 9 ! case ( ,vi%nuite eulogies4 ,! mo/ dev\t wor%ipp] ( ,vi%nu is repres5t$ z an adh]5t ( iva1 z invok+ him = help aft] fight+ ) him4 ,he is inv9cible be=e ! ?ree worlds4 ,he is ! sun2 8 blood is a%es4 ,all ! gods1 ) ,brahma at _! head1 rev]e him4 ,he has ?ree heads1 ?ree faces1 six arms 7comp>e iii4 #ci4 #gd ff42 #hc4 #abe72 ?\gh o!r passages give him m4 ,footnote #bg3 iva has z sign ! bull3 ,vi%nu1 ! bo>4 ,footnote #bh3 ,,zdmg4 xxxviii4 pp4 #aig1 #bjj4 ,footnote #bi3 ,lit4 u4 ,cultur1 p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #cj3 ,holtzmann n[ says 79 ,neunzehn ,b*]1 p4 #aih7 t ! :ole episode :i* t]m9ates ) ,baladeva's visit an addition to ! orig9al4 ,holtzmann's monograph on ,brahma is 9 ,,zdmg4 xxxviii4 #afg4 ,footnote #ca3 ,a good example is t ( ! two visions ( ,arjuna1 fir/ ! vision ( ,vi%nu1 !n ano!r vision ( iva1 :om ,arjuna & ,vi%nu visit 7vii4 #hj74 ,footnote #cb3 ank>a & iva mean almo/ ! same2 'giv] ( bless+s' & 'prosp]+' 7or 'k9dly'71 respectively4 ,footnote #cc3 ,brahman4z sumahotsavas 7comp>e ! comm5tator74 ,! samaja ( ,brahma may be expla9$ by t ( iva m5tion$ 9 ! same place & describ$ else:]e 7iv4 #ac4 #ad ff42 i4 #afd4 #bj74 ,footnote #cd3 ,n sleep+1 ,vi%nu1 despite svapimi1 does n slumb]2 he only muses4 ,footnote #ce3 ,man 7div9e7 & god human1 b ,narayana is a new "n ( ,vi%nu1 & ! two are reckon$ z two insep>able se]s 7div9ities74 ,footnote #cf3 ,?is is ! only really tr9it>ian passage 9 ! epic4 ,9 i4 #a4 #cb2 xiii4 #af4 #ae1 ! belief may be indicat$1 b n c]ta9ly1 z x is 9 ,h>iv4 #aj1ffb4 ,see on ?is po9t ,holtzroann1 ,,zdmg4 xxxviii4 p4 #bjd4 ,9 xiv4 #ed4 #ad ! =m is ,vi%nu1 ,brahma1 ,indra4 ,footnote #cg3 ,comp>e #cci4 #aad1 ?\ art pacamahakalpa4 ,! comm5tator gives ! names ( five sects1 ,saura1 akta1 ,ganea1 aiva1 ,vai%nava4 ,! 'five times1' impli$ 9 ,pacakata1 he says are day1 night1 mon?1 seasons1 & ye> 7ib4 #ff74 ,9 #cdj4 #aag 7:i* *apt] is ,panc>atric71 ,brahma kn[s t ,vi%nu is sup]ior4 ,footnote #ch3 ,vaj4 ,s4 xvi4 #a-ff2 ,taitt4 ,s4 iv4 #e4 #a-aa4 ,footnote #ci3 iva has no ord9>y sacrifice3 he is 7z above7 9 g5]al a de/roy] ( sacrifice1 i4e41 ( ,v$ic sacrifice2 b z ,paupati1 ,"l ( bea/s1 he claims ! bloody sacrifice ( ! fir/ bea/1 man4 ,footnote #dj3 ,! usual op9ion is t phallic wor%ip 0 a trait ( s\!rn tribes foi/$ ^u nor!rn ivaism4 ,philosophically ivaism is fir/ mono!i/ic & !n pan!i/ic1 ,to-day x is nom9ally pan!i/ic b really x is duali/ic4 ,footnote #da3 ,!re are indications 9 ?is passage ( "s sect>ian feel+1 & ! fe> ( p>tisan w>f>e 7#bbi72 9 reg>d to :i* we add f ,muir & ,holtzmann ! passage ,,xii4 #cdc4 #aba1 :]e is symboliz$ a peaceful issue ( w> betwe5 ,vi%nuism & ivaism4 ,footnote #db3 ,grahas are also planets1 b 9 ?is cult !y are n a/rological1 z %[ _! names4 ,footnote #dc3 ,!y are possibly old1 z ,web] ?9ks1 b !y seem to h no?+ 9 common ) ! anci5t female div9ities4 ,footnote #dd3 ,comp>e ano!r hymn to ,durga 9 ,,iv4 #f4 #e ff4 7late74 ,durgi 0 probably an indep5d5t local deity1 subsequ5tly reg>d$ z iva's female side4 ,%e plays a great rle1 "u v>i\s names1 9 ! 'reviv$' lit]ature1 z d ! love-god & ,ganea4 ,9 bo? hymns %e is ',vi%nu's si/]1' & 9 ,,iv4 #f a 'pure virg94' ,footnote #de3 ,"o comp>atively new god des]ves a pass+ m5tion1 ,dh>ma's son1 ,kama1 ! 7,grecian87 love-god1 '! m9d-%ak]1' '! limbless "o1' ^: arr[s are l ^? ( ,cupid 7,i4 #ff4 #cb2 #aga4 #cd2 ,,iii4 #df4 #b74 ,he is an adv5titi\s addition to ! epic4 ,8 lat] "n ( ,ananga occurs 9 ,,xii4 #ei4 #ia4 ,9 ,i4 #ga4 #da & #aga4 #dj he is ,manma?a4 ,! ,a?>van god also has d>ts1 ,,iii4 #be1 a m>k ( ?is late/ ,v$a4 ,footnote #df3 ,comp>e ii4 #bb4 #ah3 ,great hol9ess1 great glory1 p5ance1 dea? 9 battle1 ^! are ea* respectively productive ( heav52 ! la/ alone is a sure cause4 ,footnote #dg3 ,?is description & ! s5tim5ts are q late4 ,! same sort ( heav5 7)\t ! philosophical bitt]ness1 ) :i* comp>e above1 p4 #bbi7 is1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 o!r passages1 some:at augm5t$ ) nymphs & facile goddesses4 ,footnote #dh3 ,?is doctr9e is suppos$ by "s s*ol>s to be due to outside influ5ce1 b ! d\bt is n sub/antiat$1 & ev5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a "o passage appe>s to ref] to x4 ,d\btless1 h[ev]1 ! lat] exp&$ view1 ) its complicat$ reckon+s1 may h be5 t\*$ by =eign influ5ce4 ,footnote #di3 ,na asan sama-r4g-yajur-v>nas4 ,9 xii4 #cdb4 #h ! ord] is ,rik-,yajus-,a?>van-,saman4 ,! habit ( putt+ ,saman in/ead ( ,rik at ! head ( ! ,v$as is /ill kept 9 ! late litany to iva1 :o is ! ,saman among ! ,v$as mean+1 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ & be/4 ,9 ! same place1 iva is ! ,itihasa epic 7xiii4 #ad4 #cbc2 & ib4 #ag4 #gh1 #ia71 = ! epic outweighs all ! ,v$as 9 its own e/imation4 ,footnote #ej3 iii4 #adi4 #ad2 #ahh4 #bb2 #ahi4 #cb2 probably ) a recollection ( ! colors ( ! f\r ca/es1 :ite1 r$1 yell[1 black4 ,accord+ to xii4 #bcc4 #cb1 !re is no sacrifice 9 ! ,krita age1 b1 beg9n+ ) ! ,treta age1 !re is a g5]al diffusion ( sacrifice 9 ! ,dvap>a age4 ,9 ano!r passage ( ! same book x is said t m>riage laws arose 9 ! ,dvap>a age 7#bjg4 #ch ff474 ,footnote #ea3 ,! tea*+ v>ies some:at 9 ! allotm5t ( ye>s4 ,see ,manu1 ,i4 #fg4 ,footnote #eb3 ,web] ?9ks1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! p>ties repres5t respectively1 iva & ,vi%uu wor%ip1 ,ind4 ,/4 i4 #bjf4 ,footnote #ec3 ,?is book also is closely 9 t\* ) ! lat] ,puranas4 ,= in/ance1 ,citragupta1 ,yama's secret>y1 is kn[n only to ! books ( ! pseudo-epic1 ! ,vi%nu ,purana1 ! ,padma ,purana1 etc4 ,footnote #ed3 ,neunzehn ,b*]1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #ee3 ,! epic does n c>e mu* = ca/es 9 "s passages4 ,9 "o su* x is said t memb]s ( all ca/es become prie/s :5 !y g across ! ,gomal1 iii4 #hd4 #dh4 ,footnote #ef3 xii4 #cai4 #hg ff4 7prapya jnanam 444 udrad api72 xii4 #cbh4 #di 7ravayee caturo v>n4an74 ,! epic reg>ds itself z m ?an equival5t 7adhikam7 to ! f\r ,v$as1 i4 #a4 #bgb4 ,footnote #eg3 ,"s ascribe ! samsara doctr9e to ,buddhi/ic influ5ce--a !sis support$ only by ! fact t ?is occurs 9 late ,brahmanic passages & ,upani%ads4 ,b ! assumption t ,upani%ads d n prec$e ,buddha is sc>cely t5able4 ,! ,ka?a1 accord+ to ,web] 7,sits4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahij1 p4 #icj71 is late 7,*ri/ian673 accord+ to ,old5b]g & ,:itney1 e>ly 7,buddha1 p4 #ef2 ,proc4 ,,aos4 ,may1 #ahhf74 ,footnote #eh3 xii4 #bie4 #e-f4 ,footnote #ei3 ,notewor?y is ! fact t p>ts ( ! ivaite ?irte5? book seem to be mo/ ,buddhi/ic 7*4 i42 #adc4 #dh1 etc471 & mono!i/ic 7#af4 #ab ff473 ?\gh ! ,:ite ,isl&]s are made ,vi%nuite 9 ! twelf?4 ,comp>e ,holtzmann1 ad4 loc4 ,footnote #fj3 ,nirvana1 loosely us$2 t]m9i te*nici2 possibly ! evils ( ! f\r? age2 ! m5tion ( 7,buddhi/7 temples1 etc4 ,footnote #fa3 ,on ?is po9t we agree nei!r ) ,web]1 :o reg>ds ! avat>s z an imitation ( ! ,inc>nation 7,ind4 ,/4 ii4 p4 #afi71 nor ) ,s*ro$]1 :o 7,lit]atur und ,cultur1 p4 #ccj7 w\ld d]ive ! notion f ! bir?-/ories ( ,buddha4 ,9 our op9ion ! avat>-!ory is old] ?an ei!r & is (t5 only an assimilation ( outly+ totem-gods to ! ,brahman's god1 or z 9 ! case ( ! flood-/ory ! necess>y belief t ! 'fi%' mu/ h be5 ! god ( ! race4 ,"s ( ^! avat>s are ,brahmanic1 presumably pre-,buddhi/ic4 ,footnote #fb3 ,kri%na's ,geburtsfe/ 7janmas4tami71 #ahfg4 ,footnote #fc3 ,s9ce !y d n appe> till aft] ! real epic we date !m t5tatively z aris+ aft] #fjj ,a4,d4 ,mo/ ( !m are 9 /ill lat] ,puranas4 ,footnote #fd3 ,incid5tal rapport ) ! ,greeks has be5 po9t$ out 9 o!r in/ances2 ! suranga1 a m9e1 ( ! late tale 9 i4 #adh4 #ab1 etc 7,ind4 ,/4 ii4 p4 #cie71 has be5 equat$ ) syr9x2 ,sk&a ) ,alex&]1 etc4 ,x is ne$less to say t ea* ( ^! is only a guess 9 etymology4 ,b ,greek influ5ce is p]ceptible 9 ! ,greek soldi]s & names ( 7,greek7 k+s t are f\nd 9 ! epic4 ,footnote #fe3 ,ind4 ,/4 i4 #dbc2 ii4 #afi4 ,web] believes t little is native to ,india :i* resembles ,*ri/ianity 9 ! way ( !ology2 lore ( ,god1 special grace1 mono!ism1 all to him are /ol54 ,we regret t we mu/ disagree ) him 9 ^! in/ances4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ekata1 ,dvita1 ,trita4 ,a ,dvita appe>s z e>ly z ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,ekata is an analog\s =mation & is old also4 ,footnote #fg3 ,hri%ikea is '"l ( s5ses1' a common epi!t ( ,vi%nu 7,kri%na74 ,footnote #fh3 i4 #ajg4 #a ff4 ,! spirits ( ! dead come to him & com=t him 9 ! %ape ( birds--an old trait1 comp>e ,baudh4 ,dh4 a/4 ii4 #h4 #ad4 #aj2 at4 ,br4 vi4 #a4 #a4 #b4 ,footnote #fi3 xii4 #cjj4 #bj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,pur,a,,nas4--,,e>ly ,,sects1 ,,fe/ivals1 ,,! ,,tr9ity4 ,ar*aeologia1 'anci5t lore1' is ! mean+ ( ,purana 7purana1 'old'74 ,! religi\s p]iod repres5t$ by ! extant writ+s ( ?is class is t :i* imm$iately foll[s ! completion ( ! epic4#a ,^! works1 al?\gh !y conta9 no real hi/ory1 yet reflect hi/ory v pla9ly1 & s9ce ! adv5t & initial progress ( ,puranic ,h9duism1 ) its v>i\s cults1 is contempor>y ) important political *anges1 x w be necess>y briefly to consid] ! circum/ances 9 :i* arose ^! new cre$s1 = !y 7 de/9$ to become 9 ! future ! controll+ =ce 9 ! developm5t ( ,h9du religion4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ext5sion ( ,buddhism we %[$ t its gr[? 0 influ5c$ 9 no small degree by ! fact t ?is ca/e-less &1 !re=e1 democratic religion 0 adopt$ by po/-,alex&r9e rul]s 9 ! ,graeco-,bactrian p]iod4 ,at ?is "t ! ,aryans 7 surr\nd$ ) =eign]s & pagans4 ,to ,nor? & ,s\? spread savage or half ,h9duiz$ native tribes1 :ile soldi]s ( ,greece & ,bactria encamp$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,ganges4 ,b>b>ians _h long be5 active 9 ! ,nor?1 & "s s*ol>s h ev5 claim$ t ,buddha's own family 0 ( ,turanian orig94 ,! ,brahmans !n z n[ reta9$ _! pre/ige only z be+ repositories ( anci5t wisdom2 & outside ( _! own 'holy l&' _! influ5ce 0 r$uc$ to a m9imum by ! social & political t5d5cies t accompani$ ! gr[? ( ,buddhism4 ,aft] ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! he>t ( ,india1 ! 'middle di/rict1' betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ,v9dhya m\nta9s f ,delhi to ,b5>es1#b 0 trampl$ ^u by "o ,graeco-,bactrian horde aft] ano!r4 ,! pr9cipal effect ( ?is rude dom9ion 0 ev5tually to give political equality to ! two great rival religions4 ,! ,buddhi/ & ! ,brahman liv$ at la/ if n h>moni\sly1 at lea/ pacifically1 side by side4 ,memb]s ( ! same reign+ family w\ld pr(ess ,buddhism or ,brahmanism indiff]5tly4 ,"o k+ w\ld sometimes patronize bo? religions4 ,& ?is cont9u$ to be ! case till ,buddhism fad$ out1 replac$ by t ,h9duism :i* ow$ its orig9 p>tly to native un-,aryan influ5ce 7paganism71 p>tly to ?is c5tury-long fusion ( ! two /ate religions4 ,to review ^! ev5ts3 ,9 ! fir/ decades ( ! f\r? c5tury 7#cbj or #cae-bia ,b4,c47 ,c&ragupta1 ,s&rocottos1 _h built up a mon>*y 9 ,behar#c on ! ru9s left by ! ,greek invasion1 %>+ 8 p[] ) ,seleucus 9 ! ,nor?we/1 & _h ?us prep>$ ! way = 8 gr&son1 ,aoka1 ! great patron ( ,buddhism 7#bfd or #bei74 ,?is native p[] fell be=e ! ho/s ( ,nor!rn b>b>ians1 :i*1 aft] irruptions into ,india 9 ! second c5tury1 got a p]man5t foo?old !re 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,^! ,nor!rn b>b>ians 7_! nationality is unc]ta971 ^: greate/ k+ 0 ,kani%ka1 #gh ,a4,d41 rul$ = c5turies ! l& !y _h seiz$2 b !y 7 vanqui%$ at la/ 9 ! six? c5tury1 probably by ,vikramaditya1#d & 7 driv5 out4 ,! brea?+-space betwe5 ,nor!rn b>b>ian & ,mohamm$an 0 nom9ally n a long "o1 b s9ce ! fir/ ,moslem conque/s _h no def9itive result ! new invad]s did n q ov]?r[ ,h9du rule till ! end ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! native un-,aryan tribes1 ) _! ,h9duiz+ effect1 7 m de/ructive z reg>ds ! ma9t5ance ( ! old ,brahmanic cult ?an 7 outsid]s4#e ,:5 ,tam]lane invad$ ,india 8 0 ! f\r? invasion aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,punjab by ! ,moslem 9 #ffd4f ,9 #aebe ! fif? conqu]or1 ,bab]1 fif? too 9 desc5t f ,tam]lane1 f\nd$ ! ,mogul empire t la/$ till ! fall ( ?is dyna/y 7nom9ally till #aheg74 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ea* new conqu]or f #iig till #aebe m]ely conqu]$ old ,mohamm$an dyna/ies ) new invasions4 ,x 0 all "o to ! ,h9du4 ,he _h ! ,mohamm$an ) him all ?is "t only ea* new rival's success made 8 lot ! h>d]1 ,b ,bab]'s gr&son1 ! ,great ,mogul1 ,akb> 7:o reign$ f #aeef to #afje71 gave ! l& n only peace b k9dness2 & "u him ,jew1 ,*ri/ian1 ,h9du1 & ,mohamm$an at la/ =got to fe> or fight4 ,aft] ?is !re is only ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,mohamm$an p[] to record2 & ! rise ( ! ,mahratta native k+doms4 ,a new fai? result$ f ! amalgamation ( ,h9duism ) ,mohamm$ism 7aft] #aejj71 z w be %[n h]eaft]4 #h ,9 ! pauses be=e ! fir/ ,mohamm$an invasion1 & betwe5 ! fir/ defeat ( ! ,mohamm$ans & _! successful second conque/1 ! b>b>ians be+ n[ expell$ & ,buddhism be+ decad5t1 ,brahmanism ralli$4 ,9 ! six? c5tury !re 0 tol]ation = all fai?s4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,kumarila r5ew$ ! /r5g? ( ,brahmanism on ! rituali/ic side ) attacks on ,buddhism1 & 9 ! n9? c5tury ank>a plac$ ! philosophy ( unsect>ian pan!ism on a firm basis by 8 comm5t>y on ! ,v$anta ,sutra4#g ,^! two m5 are ! re-mak]s ( anci5t ,brahmanism1 :i* f ?is "t on cont9u$ 9 its /]eotyp$ =m1 adopt+ ,h9du gods v coyly1 & only z spirits ( small importance1 :ile rely+ on ! laws z well z ! gods ( old1 on holy acara or 'cu/om1' & ! n[ sy/ematiz$ exposition ( its old 7,upani%ad7 philosophy4#h ,its creative =ce 0 already sp5t4 ,buddhism1 on ! o!r h&1 0 dy+ a natural dea?4 ,! "t 0 ripe = ,h9duism1 :i* _h be5 ga!r+ /r5g? = c5turies4 ,aft] ! six? c5tury1 & p]haps ev5 z late z #aejj1 or lat]1 7 writt5 ! mod]n ,puranas1 :i* embody ! new belief4#i ,!y _c1 on acc\nt ( ! di/9ct advance 9 _! cult1 h appe>$ be=e ! end ( ! epic age4 ,! brea?+ spell 7betwe5 b>b>ian & complete ,mohamm$an conque/7 :i* gave opportunity to ,kumarila to take a high h& ) ,buddhism1 0 an opportunity also = ! codification ( ! new cre$s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to ?is era t "o has probably to ref] ! fir/ ( ! mod]n sect>ian ,puranas1 ?\gh ! rituali/ic ,tantras & ,agamas ( ! l[] ivaite sects d\btless belong r to ! end ?an to ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod4 ,we are /r5g!n$ 9 ?is belief by ! fact t ! olde/ ( ^! works d n pret5d to ant$ate ,kumarila's c5tury1 ?\gh ! sects m5tion$ 9 ! epic are kn[n 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! "t f ! fir/ to ! sev5? c5turies "o may accord+ly suppose to h be5 ! era dur+ :i* 0 develop+ ! ,brahmaniz$ =m ( ! e>ly ,h9du sects1 ! lit]ature ( ^! & subsequ5t sects be+ compos$ 9 ! c5turies succe$+ ! latt] t]m4 ,^! sects aga9 divide into _m subdivisions1 ( :i* we %all speak bel[4 ,at pres5t we take up ! "* ( ! ,puranas & _! mo/ important po9ts ( diff]5ce z comp>$ ) ! sect>ian p>ts ( ! e>li] pseudo-epic1 exam9+ especially ! tr9it>ian doctr9e1 :i* !y inculcate1 & its hi/ory4 ,save 9 details1 ev5 ! special 'fai?-scriptures' call$ ,tantras g no fur!r ?an g ! ,puranas 9 advocat+ ! cult ( _! p>ticul> div9ities4 ,& to ?is advocacy ( special gods all else 9 ?is class ( writ+s is subord9at$4 ,! ideal ,purana is divid$ into five p>ts1 cosmogony1 new creations1 g5ealogies ( gods & h]oes1 manvant>as 7descriptions ( p]iodic 'ages1' pa/ & future71 & dyna/ies ( k+s4 ,b no extant ,purana is divid$ ?us4 ,9 ! epic ! doctr9e ( tr9it>ianism is b>ely =mulat$4 ,ev5 9 ! ,h>ivana1 or ,g5ealogy1 va4na1 ( ,vi%nu1 !re is no m ?an an inv]t$ triunity1 '"o =m1 ?ree gods1' :]e1 9 reality1 all t is insi/$ ^u is ! id5tity ( ,vi%nu & iva1 ,brahma be+1 z x 71 p]functorily add$4#aj ,9 ! ,puranas1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! tr9ity is ackn[l$g$1 religion is resolv$ aga9 into a sort ( sect>ian mono!ism1 :]e ! devotee seems to be 9 ! mid/ ( a squabbl+ horde ( temple-prie/s1 ea* fight+ = 8 own idol4 ,9 ! calm] aspects ( religion1 ap>t f sect>ian s*ism1 ^! writ+s (f]1 inde$1 mu* t is ( second-rate int]e/1 b little t is ( real value4 ,! idle speculations 9 reg>d to =m] div9ities are "h made cobweb ?94 ,! philosophy is n new1 nor is ! _s ( religion rais$1 ev5 9 ! mo/ inspir$ passages1 to ! level :i* x has rea*$ 9 ! ,div9e ,song4 ,"s ( ^! ,puranas1 ( :i* eighte5 *ief are cit$1 b ) an unkn[n numb] ( subord9ate works1#aa may claim a respectable age2 _m ( !m are ! mo/ wret*$ /uff imag9able1 be>+ ab\t ! same lit]>y & hi/orical relation to e>li] models z d ! lat] legal ,smritis4 ,9 fact1 save = _! religi\s 7sect>ian7 purport1 ! ,puranas = sections toge!r d n diff] mu* 9 cont5t f legal ,smritis1 out ( :i* "s may h be5 evolv$1 ?\gh1 probably1 !y 7 f _! inception leg5d>y r ?an didactic4 ,x is m probable1 !re=e1 t !y appropriat$ ,smriti mat]ial j z !y did epic mat]ial2 & ?\gh x is n[ receiv$ op9ion t legal ,smritis are evolv$ out ( ,sutras1 ?is yet c be ! case only ) ! olde/1 ev5 if ! /atem5t !n c be accept$ 9 an unqualifi$ =m4 ,9 our own op9ion x is highly probable t ,puranas & lat] legal ,smritis are div]g5t developm5ts f ! same s\rce4#ab ,"o gives an acc\nt ( creation1 & proce$s to tell ab\t ! social side2 ! o!r /icks to ! acc\nts ( creation1 goes on to !ology1 takes up tales ( h]oes1 introduces speculation1 is f9ally wr5*$ ov] to & amplifi$ by sect>ian writ]s1 & s pres5ts a composite t resembles epic & law1 & yet is g5]ally religi\s & speculative4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is may be se5 9 ! law-book ( ',vi%nu4' ,"h !re is an old base ( legal lore1 ,sutra1 int]l>d$ ) ,puranic mat]ial1 & built up ) sect>ianism4 ,! writ] is a ,vi%nuite1 & :ile recogniz+ ! tr9ity1 does n hesitate to make 8 law comm& (f]+s to ,kri%na ,vasudeva1 & 8 family 7,pradyumna1 ,aniruddha71 along ) ! regul> ,brahmanic oblations to old] spirits4#ac ,brahmanism recogniz$ ,h9du deities z subord9ate p[]s at an e>ly date1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! end ( ! ,sutra p]iod2 :ile ,manu n only recognizes ,vi%nu & iva 7,h>a71 b recomm5ds an oblation to ri & ,kali 7,bhadrakali1 "h1 z else:]e1 is ,durga74#ad ,9 _! orig9al =m ! ,puranas 7 probably ,hesiodic 9 a great ext5t1 & d\btless conta9$ mu* t 0 aft]w>ds specially develop$ 9 m prolix =m 9 ! epic itself4 ,b ! works t are come d[n z ,puranas are 9 g5]al ( lat] sect>ian "*1 & ! epic language1 phraseology1 & descriptions ( battles are m likely tak5 /raight f ! epic ?an pres]v$ f ante-epic times4 ,prop]ly speak+ "o ought to give fir/ place to ! ,puranas t are incorporat$ into ! epic4 ,! epic ,mark&eya ,purana1 = in/ance1 is probably a good type ( "o ( ! e>li] works t w5t by ?is "n4 ,t ! pres5t ,puranas are imitations ( ! epic1 9 s f> z !y treat ( epic topics1 may be presum$ f ! fact t al?\gh !y (t5 h ! =mulae intact ( ! battlefield1#ae yet d !y n rema9 by epic descriptions b add weapons1 etc41 ( m mod]n date ?an are employ$ 9 ! orig9al4#af ,! sect>ian mono!ism ( ! ,puranas nev] result$ 9 disp5s+ ) ! pan!on4 ,! ,h9du mono!i/ is a pan!i/1 & :e!r sect>ian or philosophical1 he kept & add$ to 8 pan!on4#ag ,indra is /ill = w>riors1 ,m>uts = husb&m51 al?\gh old views %ift some:at4 ,s = example1 9 ! ,kurma ,purana ! ,g&h>vas are add$ = ! udras4#ah ,! f\rfoldness1 :i* we h %[n 9 ! epic to be *>act]i/ic ( ,vi%nu1 is n[ repres5t$ by ! milit>y epi!t caturvyuhas 7agm5 quadratum71 9 t ! god repres5ts peace1 wisdom1 support1 & r5unciation2 ?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 he is avyuha1 i4e41 )\t any ( ^!4#ai ,/>t+ ) ! physical 'god ( ! f\r qu>t]s1' "o gets ev5 9 ! epic ! 'controll] ( f\r1' or p]fect p]son1 conceiv$ l ,greek3 anr tetragnos4 ,t5nyson's 'f\r-squ>e to all ! w9ds t bl[' is a good connect+ l9k 9 ! ?\ght4 ,! ,puranas are a m9e ( leg5d1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! /ories seem to be b epic tales1 m or less di/ort$4 ,nala '! great-great-gr&son ( ,rama' is describ$ aft] ! hi/ory ( ,rama himself2 ! in/allation ( ,puru1 :5 8 fa!r _h pass$ ov] 8 elde/ son1 & su* rem9isc5ces ( ! epic are ! /ock 9 trade ( ! leg5d>y writ]s4#bj ,! orig9 ( ! f\r ca/es2#ba ! descriptions ( hell1 some:at embelli%$1#bb :]e ! 's9ful are cook$ 9 fire'2#bc ! exaltation ( ,vi%nu z ,kri%na or ,kama 9 "o1 & t ( iva 9 ano!r--^! & simil> aspects are reflections ( epic matt]1 _s1 tone1 & language1 only ! fai? is /ill fi]c] 9 religi\s matt]s1 & ! /ories are fa9t] 9 hi/orical ref]5ces4 ,accord+ to ! ,purana la/ cit$3 ,!re is no expiation = "o t b[s to a phallic emblem1 i4e41 ivaite1 & all ! ,bauddhas are h]etics2#bd & accord+ to ! ,kurma ,purana3 ,vi%nu is ! div9ity ( ! gods2 iva1 ( ! devils1 al?\gh ! prec$+ v]ses tea*1 9 ! _s ( ! ,div9e ,song1 t ea* man's div9ity is t :i* he conceives to be ! div9ity4 ,su* is ! conclud+ rem>k made by ,vasi/ha 9 adjudicat+ ! /rife betwe5 ! ,vi%nuite & ivaite sect>ies ( ! epic h]oes4#be ,! relation t ! ,puranic lit]ature be>s to religion 9 ! m9ds ( its au?ors is illu/rat$ by ! rem>k ( ! ,naradiya to ! effect t ! god is to be honor$ by song1 by music1 by dance1 & by rec\nt+ ! ,puranas 7xvii4 #i74 ,"s ( ! epic religi\s c]emonies :i* !re are b>ely allud$ to are "h describ$ ) almo/ ! detail ( a te*nical h&book4 ,s ! ,nandiya 7xix47 gives an elaborate acc\nt ( ! rais+ ( a dhvaja or /&>d z a religi\s c]emony4#bf ,! legal rules affect+ morality & especially ca/e-int]c\rse#bg %[ a laxity 9 reg>d to ! rules z =m]ly prea*$4 ,ev5 ! old ,puranic =m ( ! epic is reproduc$1 z :5 ,mark&eya conv]ses aga9 ) ,yudhi/ris1 exactly z he does 9 ! epic4#bh ,! duration ( ! ages2 ! fruit ( sacrifices1 among :i* are /ill m5tion$ ! rajasuya1 avam$ha1 & o!r anci5t rites2#bi ! virtue ( holy-places2#cj ! admixture ( pure pan!ism ) ! idea ( a p]sonal creation#ca--^! traits are aga9 j ^? :i* h be5 se5 already 9 ! epic1 nor is ! addition ( sections on temple-s]vice1 or o!r m m9ute details ( ! cult1 ( p>ticul> importance 9 a hi/ory ( religi\s ideas4 ,! ,puranas = our pres5t purpose may all be gr\p$ ) ! rem>k t :at is anci5t 9 !m is a m or less fugitive resemblance to ! epic /yle & matt]2#cb :at is new is ! m pron\nc$ sect>ianism ) its adv5titi\s gr[? ( subord9ate spiritualities & exagg]at$ miracles4 ,?us = in/ance 9 ! ,v>aha ,purana !re are elev51 9 ! ,bhagavat ,purana tw5ty 7in/ead ( ! old] t57 avat>s ( ,vi%nu4 ,s too ! god ( love--al?\gh ,kama & 8 d>t are recogniz$ 9 ! late ,a?>van--z a petty _s receives homage only 9 ! late/ ,sutra 7z ,cupid1 ,apa/amba1 ii1 #b4 #d4 #a71 & 9 late additions to ! epic he is a little god2 :]eas 9 ! drama he is prom95t1 & 9 ! ,puranas 8 cult is describ$ at l5g? 7?\gh to-day he has no temple74 ,! '"m'-fi5d ,putana1 :o suckles babes to slay !m1 is sc>cely kn[n to ! e>ly epic1 b %e is a v real p]sonality 9 ! late epic & ,puranas4 ,! addition to ! tr9ity ( ! peculi> inf]ior godhead t is advocat$ 9 any "o ,purana1 virtually mak+ f\r div9ities1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod4 ,9 proportion z sect>ian ardor is height5$ religi\s tone is l[]$4 ,! ,puranic vot>y cl++ to 8 "o idea ( god curses all !m t believe 9 o!r aspects ( ! div9ity4 ,bl9d bigotry fills ! wor%ipp]'s s\l4 ,religion becomes m]e fanaticism4 ,b !re is also tol]ance4 ,sometimes 9 "o & ! same ,purana rival =ms are honor$4 ,! mod]n ,h9du sects are 9 "p ! direct developm5t ( ,puranic doctr9e4 ,b mo/ ( ! sects ( to-day are ( v rec5t date1 ?\gh _! pr9ciples are (t5 ( respectable antiquity1 z are too _! sect>ian signs1 z well z ! animals ( _! gods1 "s ( :i* appe> to be totems ( ! wild tribes1 :ile o!rs are m]ely objects ( rev]5ce among c]ta9 tribes4 ,?us ! ram & ! elephant are respectively ! anci5t bea/s ( ,agni & ,indra4 iva has ! bull2 8 sp\se1 ! tig]4 ,e>? & ,sk&a h appropriat$ ! peacock1 ,sk&a hav+ ! cock also4 ,yama has ! buffalo 7comp>e ! ,khond1 wild-tribe1 sub/itution ( a buffalo = a man 9 sacrifice74 ,love has ! p>rot1 etc2 :ile ! bo> & all ,vi%nu's animals 9 avat>s are holy1 be+ 8 *os5 bea/s4#cc ,,e>ly ,,sects4 ,a classification ( old] sects 7! unor?odox7 ?an ^? ( ! pres5t rema9s to u f ! works ( ank>a's reput$ disciple1 ,an&a ,giri1 & ( ,madhava ,acarya1 ! =m] a writ] ( ! n9?1 ! latt] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5ts made by ^! writ]s !re 7 a great numb] ( sects1 reg>d$ z p>tly het]odox or :olly s1 & x is int]e/+ 9 exam9+ ! li/ ( ^! to see t "s ( ! epic sects 7_! names at lea/7 are /ill 9 full =ce1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! mo/ important factions ( to-day are n kn[n at all2 & t _m sects !n exi/$ :i* mu/ h be5 at t "t ( great antiquity1 al?\gh n[ !y h :olly pass$ away4#cd ,^! la/ are inde$ to ! au?or ( ! critique ( ! sects n :olly het]odox4 ,!y are only too emphatic1 9 wor%ipp+ _! peculi> div9ity1 to suit ! m mod]n conceptions ( ! ,h9du review]4 ,b su* sects are ( ! highe/ importance1 = !y %[ t despite all ! biz>re bigotry ( ! ,puranas ! old ,v$ic gods 7z 9 ! epic7 /ill cont9ue to hold _! own1 & _h _! own idols & temples ap>t f o!r new] gods4 ,! ,v$ic div9ities1 ! lat] additions 9 ! %ape ( ! god ( love1 ! god ( weal?1 ,kub]a1#ce ! heav5ly bird1 ,g>uda1 ! _w-snake1 e%a1 toge!r ) c\ntless g5ii1 spirits1 gho/s1 ! ,manes1 ! heav5ly bodies1 />s1 etc41 all ^! 7 rev]$1 ?\gh ( less importance ?an ! gods ( ,vi%nuite & ivaite sects4 ,among ^! latt] ! ivaite sects are decid$ly ( less int]e/ ?an ! correspond+ ,vi%nuite h]esies1 :ile ! vot>ies ( ,brahma 7exclusively7 are inde$ m5tion$1 b !y _c be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! o!r two great gods4#cf ,to-day !re is sc>cely any homage paid to ,brahma1 & x is n probable t !re ev] 0 ! same devotion or l popul>ity 9 8 case z 9 ! case ( 8 rivals4 ,o!r int]e/+ sects ( ?is p]iod are ! ,sun-wor%ipp]s1 :o /ill exi/ b 9 no su* numb]s z :5 ,an&a ,giri c\nt$ six =mal divisions ( !m4 ,! vot>ies ( ^! sub-sects wor%ipp$ "s1 ! ris+ sun1 "s1 ! sett+ sun1 :ile "s aga9 wor%ipp$ ! noonday sun1 & o!rs1 all ?ree z a tri-murti4 ,ano!r division wor%ipp$ ! sun 9 an?ropomorphic %ape1 :ile ! la/ awak5s ! wra? ( ! or?odox n>rator by br&+ !mselves ) hot irons4#cg ,ganea1#ch ! "l ( iva's ho/s1 _h also six classes ( wor%ipp]s2 b he has n n[ z he !n _h a special & peculi> cult1 ?\gh he has _m temples 9 ,b5>es & else:]e4 ,( ! decl>$ ivaite sects ( t day1 six are m5tion$1 b ( ^! only "o survives1 ! 'w&]+' ,jangamas ( ,s\? ,india1 ! ivaite ,raudras1 ,ugras1 ,bhaktas1 & ,paupatis hav+ yield$ to m mod]n sect>ies4 ,"s at lea/ among ! six sects ( ! ,vi%nuite sects1 :i* are describ$ by ! old writ]s1 appe> to h be5 m anci5t4 ,"h too "o f9ds ,bhaktas1 & ) !m ! ,bhagavatas1 ! old ,pac>atras1 ! 'h]mit' ,vaikhanasas1 & ,k>mahinas1 ! latt] hav+ no rites4 ,conc]n+ ^! sects "o gets scanty b direct in=mation4 ,!y all wor%ipp$ ,vi%nu "u "o =m or ano!r1 ! ,bhaktas z ,vasudeva1 ! ,bhagavatas#ci z ,bhagavat4 ,! latt] resembl$ ! mod]n disciples ( ,ramanuja & rev]$ ! holy-/one1 appeal+ = au?ority to ! ,upani%ads & to ! ,bhagavad ,gita1 ! ,div9e ,song4 ,"s too wor%ipp$ ,vi%nu exclusively z ,narayana1 & believ$ 9 a heav5 ( s5sual delights4 ,! o!r sects1 n[ ext9ct1 (f] no special =ms ( wor%ip4 ,:at is hi/orically mo/ important is t 9 ?is li/ ( sects are f\nd none t p>ticul>ly wor%ip ! popul> div9ities ( to-day1 no peculi> cult ( ,kri%na z an infant & no monkey-s]vice4 ,infidel sects are num]\s 9 ?is p]iod1 ( :i* sects ! wor/ 9 ! old writ]s' op9ion is ! s5sual ,carvaka4 ,!n foll[ ! 7,buddhi/7 unyavads1 :o believe 9 'void1' & ,saugatas1 :o believe t religion consi/s only 9 k9dness1 ! ,k%apanakas1 & ! ,ja9s4 ,! infam\s 'left-h&' sect>ies are also well kn[n4 ,to "o side ( ! ,puranic religions1 f ! e>li] "t ( :i* comes ?is acc\nt ( h]esies1 ref]5ce has be5 made above3 ! developm5t ( ! fables 9 reg>d to ! infant ,kri%na4 ,t ! cult is well kn[n 9 ! lat] ,puranas & is n m5tion$ 9 ?is li/ ( wrong beliefs seems to %[ t ! :ole cult is ( mod]n gr[?1 ev5 if "o does n foll[ ,web] 9 all 8 signs ( modification ( ! old] practice4 ,,religi\s ,,fe/ivals4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! cult !re is 9 ^! works mu* to int]e/ "o 9 ! description & det]m9ation ( popul> fe/ivals 9 honor ( ! great sect>ian gods4 ,fur!r details ( m specific nature are giv5 9 o!r works :i* ne$ n "h be reg>d$4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( ^! fe/ivals are ^? t seem to h be5 absorb$ by ! sect>ian cults1 al?\gh !y 7 orig9ally m popul>4 ,web] 9 ! pap] on ! rajasuya1 to :i* we h _h occasion sev]al times to ref]1 has %[n t a popul> elem5t abid$ long 9 ! =mal celebrations ( ! ,brahmanic ritual4#dj is s\ndly beat52 t gam+ creeps into ! c]emony z a popul> aspect2 t !re 0 a special c]emony to c>e kats5jamm] caus$ by ov]-dr9k+2 & t ! :ole c]emony 0 a popul> spr+ fe/ival1 su* z is f\nd to-day 7b )\t ! royal "p 9 ! play74 ,und\bt$ly ! orig9al celebration 0 a popul> "o4 ,today ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! popul> ftes is 9 all respects ! ,new ,ye>'s ,fe/ival & ! ,spr+ ,fe/ival4 ,! latt] has be5 cut up into sev]al p>ts1 & to %[ ! :ole int5t ( ! orig9al c]emonial x is necess>y to take up ! disjecta membra & place !m side by side1 z has be5 done by ,wilson1 ^: sket* ( ^! two fe/ivals1 toge!r ) t by ,gov] ( ! ,new ,ye>'s ,fea/ call$ ,pongol1 we give 9 ab/ract1 premis+ t1 h[ev] close be ! comp>ison ) ,european fe/ivals ( l nature1 we d\bt :e!r !re is any hi/orical connection betwe5 !m & ! ,h9du celebrations4 ,we beg9 ) ! m popul> ,new ,ye>'s1 ! ,pongol3#da ,! int]e/+ feature ( ?is ,s\? ,india fe/ival is t ! ,h9dus h done _! be/ to alt] its div9ities & fail$4 ,!y h1 inde$1 = ,indra & ,agni got ,kri%na =mally accept$ z ! god 9 ^: honor x is suppos$ to be held1 b ! fea/ rema9s a native fe/ival1 & no "o really ?9ks ( ! ,puranic gods 9 connection ) x4 ,europe also has se5 su* dynamic alt]ations ( div9ities 9 cases :]e fea/s w\ld insi/ till patrons ( an or?odox k9d 7 foi/$ ^u !m to give an air ( propriety to t :i* rema9$ hea!ni%4#db ,! ,pongol is a ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival la/+ = ?ree days4 ,! fir/ day is = ,indra2 ! second1 = 7,agni7 ,surya2#dc ! ?ird 7to :i* is add$1 z a w9d-up1 a f\r? day71 = cattle4 ,! :ole fea/ is a h>ve/-home & celebration ( cattle4 ,! *ief c]emony is ! cook+ ( rice1 :i* is put to boil ) great solemnity1 & luck = ! next ye> is argu$ f its boil+ well4 ,if x does s a univ]sal %\t arises1#dd all ru% ab\t1 congratulate1 & give pres5ts to ea* o!r1 & m]ry-mak+ foll[s4 ,on ! cattle-days ! bea/s are l$ ab\t ) pa9t$ horns & decorat$ ) ribbons1 & are !n *as$ & robb$ by ! boys4 ,! image ( ,ganea is ! only "o se51 & 8 wor%ip is r p]functory4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! la/ day ! wom5 h a p>ty1 pay+ obeisance to a peacock1 & indulg+ 9 a family reunion ( v simple "*4 ,on ?is occasion ! girl-wife may return = a few h\rs to h] "m4 ,x is ! only g5]al fte = wom5 dur+ ! ye>4 ,n unlike ?is fe/ival ( ! extreme s\? is ! ,new ,ye>'s celebration at ! m\? ( ! ,ganges4 ,"h !re is a gr& fair & jewels are ca/ into ! riv] z propitiation to ! riv]-goddess4 ,n long ago x 0 q cu/om>y to fl+ *ildr5 also into ! riv]1 b ?is usage has n[ be5 aboli%$4#de ,(f]+s are made to ! ,manes1 g5]al & p>ticul>1 & to ! ,all-gods4 ,z ) ! ,pongol1 ! fea/ is "o ( good-fell[%ip :]e pres5ts are di/ribut$1 & its limit is ! end ( ! ?ird day4 ,aft] ?is ! fe/ivities h no religi\s "*4 ,?\s&s ( pilgrims assemble = ?is fte4 ,wilson1 :o gives an acc\nt ( ?is celebration1 comp>es ! anci5t ,roman ,new ,ye>'s1 ) ! mutui amoris pignora :i* 7 s5t at t season4 ,! gifts 9 ,india are sweetmeats & o!r delicacies1 om9\s ( good = ! next ye>4#df ,on ! #b;d ( ,febru>y occurs a fea/ to ri1 or ,lak%mi1 ,vi%nu's bride1 patroness ( all prosp]ity to h] wor%ipp]s4 ,at pres5t x is a lit]>y fe/ival on :i* all books1 ink/&s1 p5s1 etc41 are clean$ & wor%ipp$1 z adjuncts to ,s>asvati1 ! goddess ( le>n+4 ,?is is r significant1 = ,s>asvati is prop]ly ! wife ( ,brahma1 b ! ,vi%nuites ( ,b5gal h made h] ! wife ( ,vi%nu1 & id5tifi$ h] ) ri4 ,x is to be notic$ t 9 ?is sole celebration ( ab/ract le>n+ & lit]ature !re is no recognition ( iva1 b r ( 8 rival4 iva & ,ganea are rev]$ because !y might imp$e1 n because1 z does ,s>asvati1 !y fur!r lit]>y accompli%m5t4 ,s>asvati is almo/ ! only fair goddess4 ,%e is repres5t$ n z a horror1 b z a beautiful woman sitt+ on a lotus1 graceful 9 %ape1 a cresc5t on h] br[4#dg ,! boys1 too1 celebrate ! day ) games1 bat & ball1 prison]'s base1 & o!rs ( a v ,european "*4 ,! admixture ( sect>ian cults is %[n by ! transf]5ce to ?is ,vi%nuite fea/ ( ! ivaite 7,durga7 practice ( ca/+ into ! riv] ! images ( ! goddess4#dh ,:5 appli$ di/9ctly to ,s>asvati ! fea/ is obs]v$ 9 ,augu/-,septemb]2 :5 to ,lak%mi1 9 ,octob]-,novemb]1 or 9 ,febru>y4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r fea/1 celebrat$ 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 :i* comes on ! exact date fix$ by ! ,romans = ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 & z an end+ to ?is !re is a fea/ to ,kama1 ,cupid1 & 8 bride ,rati 7',enjoym5t'74 ,?is is ! ,vasanta1 or spr+ fe/ival ( prosp]ity & love1 :i* probably 0 ! fir/ =m ( ! ,lak%mi-,s>asvati fea/4 ,ano!r traditional fea/ ( ?is mon? is ! #aj?#di 7! elev5? lun> day ( ! light half ( ,magha74 ,! elev5? lun> day is p>ticul>ly holy ) ! ,vi%nuites1 z is said 9 ! ,brahma ,purana1 & ?is is a ,vi%nuite fe/ival4 ,x is a day ( fa/+ & pray]1 ) pres5ts to prie/s4#ej ,x appe>s to be a mixture ( ,v$ic pray]s & dome/ic ,vi%nu-wor%ip4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,febru>y ! fa/ is cont9u$1 & 9 bo? ! object is expiation ( s94 ,! latt] is call$ ! fea/ ( 'six sesamum acts1' = sesamum is a holy plant1 & 9 ea* act ( ?is rite x plays a "p4 ,o!r rites ( ?is mon? are to ! ,manes on ! #ad?1 #bb;d1 & #bd? ( ,febru>y4 ,ba?+ & oblation are requisite1 & all are ( a lu/ral & expiatory nature4 ,wilson rem>ks on ! fact t x is ! same "t ( ye> 9 :i* ! ,romans gave oblations to ! ,manes1 & t ,februus is ! god ( purification4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ! ,f]alia ( ! ,romans & ! raddha 7fea/ to ! ,manes7 ( ! ,h9dus1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,pitris & ( ! ,manes1 h a common "*1 & _h a common orig94#ea ,! #bg? ( ,febru>y is ! greate/ ivaite day 9 ! ye>4 ,x celebrates iva's fir/ manife/ation ( himself 9 phallic =m4 ,to keep ?is day holy expiates f all s91 & secures bliss h]eaft]4 ,! wor%ipp] mu/ fa/ & rev]e ! ,l+a4 ,(f]+s are made to ! ,l+a4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a celebration =m$ ( unmean+ repetitions ( syllables & ! invocation ( female aktis1 snapp+ ! f+]s1 ge/iculat+1 & p]=m+ all ! humbug call$ = by ivaite wor%ip4 ,! ,l+a is ba!d 9 milk1 decorat$1 wrapp$ 9 bilva leaves1 & pray$ to2 :i* c]emony is repeat$ at int]vals ) slight *anges4 ,all ca/es1 ev5 ! l[e/1 jo9 9 ! ex]cises4 ,ev5 wom5 may use ! mantras4#eb ,vigil & fa/+ are ! ess5tials ( ?is wor%ip4#ec ,! next fe/ival closes ^! great spr+ celebrations4 ,x be>s two names1 & orig9ally 0 a d\ble fea/1 ! fir/ "p be+ ! ,dola ,yatra1 or ',sw+-procession1' ! second "p be+ ! execrable ,holi4 ,!y are /ill kept di/9ct 9 "s places1 & :5 ?is occurs ! ,dolotsava1 or ,dola ,yatra1 foll[s ! ,holi4 ,!y are bo? spr+ fe/ivals1 & answ] r\ghly to ,may-day1 ?\gh 9 ,india !y come at ! full moon ( ,m>*4 ,we h foll[$ ,wilson's enum]ation ( all ! m9or spr+ fea/s1 t !y may be se5 9 _! entirety4 ,b 9 anci5t times !re 0 probably "o long ,vasantotsava 7spr+-fe/ival71 :i* la/$ = weeks1 beg9n+ ) a joy\s celebration 7#b;d ( ,febru>y7 & cont9u+ ) lu/ral c]emonies1 z indicat$ by ! n[ deta*$ fea/ days already ref]r$ to4 ,! orig9al cult1 9 ,wilson's op9ion1 has be5 *ang$1 & ! ,dola ,yatra is n[ giv5 ov] to ! ,kri%na-cult1 :ile ! ,holi div9ity is a hobgobl94 ,! ,dola ,yatra beg9s ) fa/+ & ends 7z ,holi7 ) fire-wor%ip4 ,an image ( ,kri%na is spr9kl$ ) r$ p[d] 7abir71 & aft] ?is 7religi\s7 c]emony a bonfire#ed is made1 & an effigy1 ,holika1 is put ^u x & burn$4 ,! figure is c>ri$ to ! fire 9 a religi\s procession head$ by ,vi%nuite or ,brahman prie/s1 ( c\rse accompani$ ) music & song4 ,aft] sev5 circumambulations ( ! fire ! figure is burn$4 ,?is is ! unit$ obs]vance ( ! fir/ day4 ,at dawn on ! morn+ ( ! second day ! image ( ,kri%na is plac$ 9 a sw+1 dola1 & swung back & =? a few times1 :i* c]emony is repeat$ at noon & at sunset4 ,dur+ ! day1 :]ev] a sw+ is put up1 & 9 ! vic9ity1 x is ! common privilege to spr9kle "o's fri5d ) ! r$ p[d] or r$ rose-wat]4 ,boys & common p run ab\t ! /reets spr9kl+ r$ wat] or r$ p[d] ov] all pass5g]s1 & us+ abusive 7obsc5e7 language4 ,! c[-h]d ca/e is conspicu\s at ?is c]emony4 ,! c[-boys1 collect+ 9 p>ties "u a koryphaios1 hold1 z x 71 a komos1 leap+1 s++1 & danc+#ee ?r\gh ! /reets1 /rik+ toge!r ! w&s :i* !y c>ry4 ,^! c[-boys n only dress 7z d o!rs7 9 new clo!s on ?is occasion1#ef b !y give _! cattle new equipm5ts1 & reg>d ! :ole frolic z "p ( a religi\s rite 9 honor ( ,kri%na1 ! c[-h]d4 ,b all sects take "p 9 ! p]=mance 7t is to say1 9 ! ,holi portion71 bo? ivaites & ,vi%nuites4 ,:5 ! moon is full ! celebration is at its height4 ,holi songs are sung1 ! cr[d ?r[s abir ! *iefs fea/1 & an all-night orgy ends ! long c>\sal4#eg ,9 ! s\? ! ,dola takes place lat]1 & is di/9ct f ! ,holi4 ,! burn+ "h is ( ,kama1 commemorat+ ! love-god's dea? by ! fire ( iva's eye1 :5 ! =m] pi]c$ ! latt]'s he>t1 & inflam$ him ) love4 ,= ?is reason ! bonfire is made be=e a temple ( iva4 ,kama is gone f ! nor!rn cult1 & 9 upp] ,india only a hobgobl91 ,holi1 a f\l %e-devil1 is associat$ ) ! rite4 ,! :ole p]=mance is describ$ & prescrib$ 9 "o ( ! late ,puranas4#eh ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! bonfire ( ! ,holi is made ab\t a tree1 to :i* (f]+s are made1 & aft]w>ds ! :ole is set on fire4 ,= a lum9\s acc\nt ( ! ,holi1 :i* is p]haps ! wor/ op5 rite ( ,h9duism1 p>ticipat$ 9 by all sects & classes1 we may cite ! words ( ! au?or ( ,ante-,brahmanical ,religions3 ,x has be5 t]m$ ! ,saturnalia or ,c>nival ( ! ,h9dus4 ,v]ses ! mo/ obsc5e imag9able are ord]$ to be read on ! occasion4 ,figures ( m5 & wom51 9 ! mo/ indec5t & disgu/+ attitudes1 are 9 _m places op5ly p>ad$ ?r\gh ! /reets2 ! mo/ fil?y words are utt]$ by p]sons :o1 on o!r occasions1 w\ld ?9k !mselves disgrac$ by ! use ( !m2 b&s ( m5 p>ade ! /reet ) _! clo!s all bespatt]$ ) a r$di% dye2 dirt & fil? are ?r[n ^u all t are se5 pass+ along ! road2 all bus9ess is at a /&1 all gives way to lic5se & riot4#ei ,besides ^! ! mo/ brilliant fe/ivals are ! ,ras ,yatra 9 ,b5gal 7,septemb]-,octob]71 commemorat+ ! dance ( ,kri%na ) ! gopis or milk-maids1 & ! ',lamp-fe/ival' 7,dipala71 also an autumnal celebration4 ,! fe/ivals t we h review$ cov] b a "p ( ! ye>1 b !y w suffice to %[ ! nature ( su* ftes z are enjo9$ 9 ! ,puranas4 ,!re are o!rs1 su* z ! eightfold#fj temple-wor%ip ( ,kri%na z a *ild1 9 ,july or ,augu/2 ! m>riage ( ,kri%na's idol to ! ,tulasi plant2 ! ,awak5+ ( ,vi%nu1 9 ,octob]1 & s =?4 ,b no o!rs comp>e 9 importance ) ! ,new ,ye>'s & ,spr+ fe/ivals1 except ! ,b5gal idol-display ( ,jaganna?1 ! ,ra? ,yatra ( ',jugg]naut'2 & "s o!rs ( local celebrity1 su* z ! ,durga-puja4#fa ,! temples1 to :i* ref]5ce has (t5 be5 made1 h ?is 9 common ) ! great ivaite fe/ivals1 t to describe !m 9 detail w\ld be b to translate into words images & wall-pa9t+s1 ! obsc5ity ( :i* is bett] left undescrib$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is p>ticul>ly true ( ! iva temples1 :]e ! actual ,l+a is p]haps1 z ,b>? has said1 ! lea/ objectionable ( ! sights pres5t$ to ! eye ( ! dev\t wor%ipp]4 ,b ! ,vi%nu temples are z bad4 ,ar*itecturally admirable1 & ev5 wond]ful1 ! int]ior is b a display ( s5sual immorality4#fb ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,h9du ,,tr9ity4 ,9 clos+ ! ,puranic p]iod 7:i* "n we employ loosely to cov] su* sects z are n cle>ly mod]n7 we pause = a mom5t to ca/ a glance backw>ds ov] ! long developm5t ( ! tr9ity1 to ! units ( :i* are devot$ ! individual ,puranas4 ,we h %[n t ! *ildhood-tales ( ,kri%na are ( late 7,puranic7 orig91 & t mo/ ( ! c[-boy exploits are po/-epic4 ,"s are ref]r$ to 9 ! /ory ( iupala 9 ! second book ( ! ,mahabharata1 b ?is sc5e has be5 t\*$ up by a late h&4 ,! ,vi%nu ,purana1 typical ( ! be/ ( ! ,puranas1 z 9 _m respects x is ! mo/ important & int]e/+1 repres5ts ,kri%naite ,vi%nuism z its height4 ,"h is describ$ ! bir? ( ! man-god z a black1 kr4s4n4a1 baby1 son ( ,n&a1 & 8 real title is "h ,gov9da1 ! c[-boy4#fc ',c[-boy' corresponds to ! m poetical1 religi\s %eph]d2 & ! milk-maids1 gopis ) :om ,gov9da dallies z he gr[s up1 may1 p]haps1 bett] be r5d]$ %eph]desses = ! same reason4 ,! idyllic effect is :at is aim$ at 9 ^! descriptions4 ,"h ,kri%na plays 8 rude & ru/ic tricks1 upsett+ wagons1 ov]?r[+ trees & wa%]m51 occasionally kill+ !m he dislikes1 & act+ altoge!r mu* l a c[-boy ( ano!r sort4 ,"h he puts a /op to ,indra-wor%ip1 ov]-p[]s iva1 rescues ,aniruddha1 m>ries sixte5 ?\s& pr9cesses1 burns ,b5>es1 & f9ally is kill$ himself1 he ! "o born ( a hair ( ,vi%nu1 he t is ,vi%nu himself1 :o 9 'goodness' creates1 9 'd>kness' de/roys1#fd "u ! =ms ( ,brahma & iva4#fe ,9 ,vi%nu1 z a developm5t ( ! ,v$ic ,vi%nu2 9 iva1 z affiliat$ to ,rudra2 9 ,brahma1 z ! ,brahmanic ?ird to ^! sect>ian developm5ts1 ! tr9ity has a real if remote connection ) ! triune fire ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 a two-?irds connection1 fill$ out ) ! addition ( ! lat] ,brahmanic head ( ! gods4 ,to ignore ! fact t ,vi%nu & ,rudra-iva develop$ inside ! ,brahmanic circle & increas$ 9 glory be=e ! rise ( sect>ies1 & to assev]ate1 z h "s1 t ! two *ief *>act]s ( ! lat] tr9ity are an unmean+ revival ( decad5t gods1 ^: names are us$ craftily to veil ! mod]nness ( ,kri%naism & ivaism1--?is is to miscalculate ! wax+ dignity ( ^! gods 9 e>li] ,brahmanic lit]ature4 ,to say ) ,burn\f t ! ,vi%nu ( ! ,v$a is n at all ! ,vi%nu ( ! my?ologi/s1 is a /atem5t f> too sweep+4 ,! ,vi%nu ( ! ,v$a is n only ! same god ) ! ,vi%nu ( ! next era1 b 9 t next era he has become greatly magnifi$4 ,! ,puranic ,all-god ,vi%nu /&s 9 z close a relation to 8 ,v$ic prototype z does ,milton's ,satan to ! snaky sl&]] ( an age m primitive4 iva-wor%ip appe>s to h be5 adapt$ f a local cult 9 ! m\nta9\s ,we/1 & at an e>ly date to h be5 amalgamat$ ) t ( 8 next resemblance1 ! ,v$ic ,rudra2 :ile ,kri%na-wor%ip fl\ri%$ along ! ,ganges4 ,^! are ^? ,dionysos & ,h]akles ( :om speak ! old ,greek au?orities4 ,"o cult is possibly z v5]able z ! o!r1 b :ile ivaism became ,brahmaniz$ e>ly1 ,kri%naism 0 adopt$ mu* lat]1 & x is = ?is reason1 among/ o!rs1 t despite its mod]n iniquities iva has appeal$ m to ! ,brahman ?an has ,kri%na4 ,mega/h5es tells u a good deal ab\t ^! ,h9du repres5tatives ( ,h]akles & ,dionysos4 ,accord+ to him !re 7 ,dionysiac fe/ivals 9 honor ( ! latt] god 7iva71#ff :o belongs :]e fl\ri%es ! w9e1 9 ! ,avaka di/rict1 nor? ( ! ,kabul riv]4 ,f ?is place iva's wor%ip ext5d$ into ! ,ea/1 ,magadha 7,behar71 ar\nd ,gok>na 9 ! ,we/1 & ev5 to ! ,kal+a c\ntry 9 ! extreme ,s\!a/4 ,b x 0 especially native to ! m\nta9\s ,nor?we/1 ab\t ! ',gate ( ,ganges' 7nor? ( ,delhi1 ne> ,sah>ampur71 & /ill fur!r nor? 9 ,ka%me]4 ,9 ! epic1 iva has 8 ?rone on ,kailasa1#fg ! ,nor!rn m\nta91 9 ! ,himalayas1 & ,ganges desc5d f ! sky ^u 8 head4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h]akles1 ( ! ,ganges l&1 :]e gr[s no w9e1 is pla9ly ,kri%na1 :o c>ries club1 discus1 & con*4 ,! ,greek cities ,me?ora & ,kleisobora are ,ma?ura & ,kri%na-pur1 ',kri%na-t[n'2 ! latt] on ! ,jumna1 ! =m] ne> x on ! same riv]1 capital ( ! clan :i* v5]at$ ,kri%na z its *ief h]o & god1 ! ,yadavas4 ,mega/h5es says1 also1 t ,h]akles' daught] is ,p&aie1 & ?is agrees ) ! ,pandya1 a s\!rn developm5t ( ! epic ,gangetic ,pandavas1 :o especially wor%ip ,kri%na 9 conjunction ) ! ,yadavas4 ,_! ,s\?-,indic t[n1 ,ma?ura1 /ill atte/s _! orig94 ,9 speak+ ( ! relative antiquity ( ,vi%nuism & ivaism "o mu/ di/+ui% ! pan!i/ic =m ( ^! gods f ! s+le =ms4 ,:ile ivaism1p] se1 t is1 ! wor%ip ( iva z a great & t]rible god1 prec$$ ! same exaltation ( ,kri%na1 z is %[n by _! respective lit]>y appe>ance1 & ev5 by ,mega/h5es' rem>k t ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos prec$$ t ( ,h]akles by fifte5 g5]ations1 yet did ,kri%naism1 z a popul> pan!ism1 come be=e ivaism z su*4 ,al?\gh 9 ! late vetavat>a ,upani%ad iva is pan!i/ic1 yet is he n s 9 ! epic till "s ( ! late/ passages make him ! ,all1 9 imitation ( ,kri%na z ,all-god4 ,probably ivaism rema9$ by ! fir/ philosophy1 ,sankhyan dualism1 & 0 =c$ into ,kri%na's ,v$antic pan!ism1 z ?is became popul>4 ,at fir/ nei!r 0 m ?an a s+le great god )\t any philosophy4#fh ,9 "o ( ! e>ly exegetical works1 :i* is occupi$ some:at ) philosophical matt]1 !re is evid5ce t a triad exi/$ betwe5 ! ,v$ic triad ( fires & ! ,puranic triad4 ,fire1 ,w9d 7or ,indra71 & ! ,sun 7,surya71 are /at$ 9 a fam\s passage to be ! only real gods1 all ! o!rs be+ b names ( ^!4 ,b1 al?\gh 9 =m ?is triad 7,nirukta1 vii4 #d1 #e7 is l ! ,v$ic triad1#fi x is ess5tially a triad 9 a pan!i/ic sy/em l t ( ! epic & ,puranas1 = x is add$ t all ! gods are p>ts ( "o s\l4 ,9 explanation x is said3 ,fire is ! e>?-god1 ,w9d1 or ,indra1 is ! god ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! sun is ! god ( ! sky4 ,n[ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a ,indra is closely unit$ n only ) ,agni b ) ,vi%nu1 albeit 9 ?is p]iod ,vi%nu is 8 subord9ate4 ,! ne>e/ approa* ( ?is ,vi%nu to 8 classical desc5dant is 9 "o ( ! late/ hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 :]e x is said t ! sev5 se$s ( creation are ,vi%nu's1 z 9 lat] times he comprises sev5 males4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ! ,taittiriya ,samhita ! ?ree places ( ,vi%nu are n1 z 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 ! two po9ts ( ! horizon 7:]e ! sun sets7 & ! z5i?1 b 'e>?1 air1 & sky4'#gj ,t is to say1 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod ,vi%nu is already a great] god ?an he _h be54 ,nay1 m1 he is explicitly decl>$ to be ! be/ ( ! gods4#ga ,t be/ means greate/ may be %[n f ! same "w1 :]e 9 savage fable x is recit$ t all ! gods1 includ+ ,indra1 ran up to him to get 8 /r5g?4#gb ,b especially 9 ! ,upani%ads is ,vi%nu ! "o great god left f ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,& x is ) ! philosophical 7n ) ! rituali/ic7 ,vi%nu t ,kri%na is equat$4 ,( iva1 on ! o!r h&1 ! prototype is ,rudra 7'r$'71 8 con/ant sobriquet4 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a he is ! god ( r$ lightn+1 :o is ! fa!r ( ! ,m>uts1 ! /orm-gods4 ,8 attributes ( a fulgurant god are nev] lo/4 ,ev5 z iva ! ,all-god he is /ill ! god ( ! blue neck1 ^: ?ree-=k$ trid5t & home among ! m\nta9s rem9d u ( 8 physical orig94 ,he is always ! faire/ ( ! gods1 & bo? e>ly & late he is t]rible1 to be av]t$ by pray]1 ev5 :]e 8 magic 'm$ic9es' are ask$ =4 ,to him are address$ ! mo/ suppliant cries3 ,o ,rudra1 sp>e u1 /rike n ! m51 slay n ! k9e4 ,9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a at e /ep "o f9ds *>act]i/ics :i* on ! "o h& are b exagg]ations ( ! type =mulat$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 & on ! o!r precursors ( ! signs ( ! lat] god4 ,9 ivaism1 9 contradi/9ction to ,vi%nuism1 !re is n a trace ( ! euhem]ism :i* has be5 suspect$ 9 ! ,kri%na-,vi%nu cult4 ,! ,rudra ( ! ,rig ,v$a already beg9s to be id5tifi$ ) ! triune fire1 = he be>s ! /&+ epi!t ( fire1 he ( ?ree mo!rs4#gc ,& ?is "n he keeps1 :e!r z ,rudra1 :o is brilliant z ! sun 7,,rv4 i4 #dc4 #e71 ^: weapon is ! %9+ "o t is emitt$ f ! sky & passes along ! e>? 7ib4 vii4 #df4 #c72 or aga91 z ! r$ bo> ( ! sky1 ! hold] ( ! bolt 7ib4 ii4 #cc4 #c71 &1 above all gods1 ! t]rible 7x4 #abf4 #e74 ,com+ to ! ,brahmanic p]iod "o f9ds him a dwell] 9 ! m\nta9 tops1 ( a r$ color1 ) a blue neck1 ! especial "l ( ! m\nta9s1 & s ( robb]s2 :ile he is also ! 'incantation-god1' ! 'god ( l[ p4' ,"s ( ^! are ,rudra's attributes2 b "h 8 "n is already iva1 s t "o may trace ! *anges d[n ! c5turies till he f9ds aga9 9 ! epic t iva is ! "l ( m\nta9s1 ! patron ( ?ieves 7,h>a1 robb]871 & end[$ ) ! trid5t1 ! blue neck1#gd & ! ?ree mo!rs ( old4 ,9 ! middle p]iod he has s _m titles t "o probably has to accept 9 ! subsequ5t iva n only ! l9eal desc5dant ( ! ,v$ic ,rudra1 b also a comb9ation ( o!r local cults1 :]e clan gods1 orig9ally div]se1 7 wor%ipp$ z "o 9 consequ5ce ( _! mutual lik5ess4 ,"o ( ! god's especial names is "h ,bhava1 :ile 9 ! e>li] p]iod ,bhava & ,rudra are di/9ct1 b !y are invok$ z a pair 7,,av74#ge ,:at gives iva 8 lat] trem5d\s popul>ity1 h[ev]1 is ! feature to :i* we h allud$ 9 ! *apt] on ! epic4 ,9 ! epic1 all ! /r5g? ( iva lies 9 ! ,l+a4#gf ,bo? ,bhava & ,rudra1 z arva1 ! ar*]--8 local ea/]n "n--are repres5t$ z hurl+ ! lightn+1 & x is simply f id5tity ( attributes t !y h become id5tifi$ 9 p]son 7,,av4 x4 i4 #bc74 ,rudra's title ( ,paupati1 or '"l ( cattle'#gg goes back to ! ,v$ic age3 ,be k9d to ! k9e ( him :o believes 9 ! gods is a pray] ( ! ,a?>va ,v$a 7xi4 #b4 #bh74 ,agni & ,rudra1 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 are bo? call$ 'cattle-gu>d+1' b n = ! same reason4 ,agni repres5ts a fire-/ockade1 :ile ,rudra 9 k9dness does n /rike ) 8 lightn+-bolt4 ,! two ideas1 ) ! id5tification ( ,rudra & ,agni1 may h m]g$ toge!r4 ,!n too1 ,rudra has heal+ m$ic9es 78 magical side71 & ,agni is k9de/ to m54 ,all ,agni's names are h&$ ov] 9 ! ,brahmanas to ,rudra-iva1 j z ,rudra previ\sly _h tak5 ! epi!ts ( ,pu%an 7above71 true to 8 robb]-"n4 ,to ignore ! height to :i* at ?is p]iod is rais$ ! =m ( ,rudra-iva is surely unhi/orical2 s mu* s t we deem x d\btful :e!r iva-invocations else:]e1 z 9 ! ,sutra ref]r$ to above1 %\ld be look$ ^u z int]polations4 ,9 ! ,maitrayani ,collection1 ! ,rudrajapas1 ! invocations to ,rudra z ! greate/ god1 ! highe/ _s1 ! "l ( be+s 7,bhava71 are expressly to iva ,giria1 ! m\nta9-"l 7#b4 #i2 ,s*ro$]1 p4 #cdf74 ,9 ! ,ait>eya ,brahmana x evid5tly is ,rudra-iva1 ! god ( gha/ly =ms 7made by ! gods1 x is said1 z a composite ( all ! 'mo/ horrible p>ts' ( all ! gods71 :o is deput$ to slay ! ,fa!r-god 7:5 ! latt]1 z a bea/1 commits ince/ ) 8 daught]71 & *ooses z 8 rew>d = ! act ! (fice ( '"l ( cattle4'#gh ,?is is %[n cle>ly by ! fact t ! fe>some ,rudra is *ang$ to ! innocu\s ,rudriya 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,z an example ( h[ 9 ! ,brahmanas ,rudra-iva has tak5 to himself already ! p[]s ( ,agni1 ! great god ( ! purely sacrificial p]iod1 may be cit$ at4 ,br4 vi4 #a4 #c4 #aj & #b4 #a4 #ab4 ,"h ,agni is ,kumara1 ,rudra1 arva 7,s>va7#gi1 ,paupati 7"l ( bea/s71 ,bhairava 7t]rible71 ,aani 7lightn+71 ,bhava 7"l ( be+s71 ,mahadeva 7great god71 ! ,"l--8 '?rice ?ree names4' ,b :]e ! ,brahmana assumes t ^! are names ( ,agni x is pla9 t "o has ,rudra-iva 9 process ( absorb+ ,agni's honors4 ,! ?ird elem5t 9 ! ,puranic tr9ity1#hj id5tifi$ ) ! ,fa!r-god1 g5ealogically des]ves 8 l[] position4 ,8 rivals are ( old] l9eage4 ,! reason = 8 inf]ior position is1 practically1 t he has little to d ) man4 ,be+ already creat$1 man takes m int]e/ 9 ! gods t pres]ve & de/roy4#ha ,ev5 ,brahma's old exploits are1 z we h %[n1 /ol5 f him & giv5 ov] to ,vi%nu4 ,! fam\s 7totemi/ic7 tortoise leg5d 0 orig9ally ,brahma's1 & s ) o!rs ( ! t5 '=ms' ( ,vi%nu1 = in/ance ! bo>-%ape1 9 :i* ,vi%nu manife/s himself1 & ! fi%-%ape ( ,brahma 7epic7 9 ! flood-/ory4 ,! =mal trimurti or traipuru%a 7'?ree p]sons'7 is a late figure4 ,x w\ld seem t a ,h>ih>a 7,vi%nu & iva z "o7 prec$$ ! tr9ity1 ?\gh ! dual "n is n f\nd till q late4#hb ,b1 z we %[$ above1 ! epic practically id5tifies ,vi%nu & iva z equals1 be=e x unites ) ^! ,brahma z an equal ?ird4 ,!re arises n[ ! fur!r "q :e!r sect>ian ,vi%nuism be ! foi/+ ( ,kri%naism ^u a dummy ,vi%nu4 ,we ?9k t1 /at$ 9 ?is way1 su* sc>cely c h be5 ! case4 ,nei!r ( ! great sects is pr(ess$ly ( prie/ly orig91 b ea*1 l o!r sects1 claims ,v$ic au?ority1 & f9ds ,brahmanical support4 ,we h said t ,vi%nu is rais$ to 8 position )\t ictic sudd5ness4 ,he is always a god ( my/ic "*1 9 %ort1 a god = philosophy to "w ^u4 ,he is recogniz$ z ! highe/ god 9 "o ( ! olde/ ,upani%ads4 ,& x is ) ! philosoph]'s ,vi%nu t ,kri%na is id5tifi$4 ,kri%na1 ! real ,vasudeva 7= a false ,vasudeva is kn[n also 9 ! epic71 is ! god ( a local cult4 ,h[ did he orig9ate8 ,! k+ ( s]p5ts is call$ ,kri%na1 '! black1' & ,vi%nu reposes ^u e%a ,ananta1 ! _w-snake2 b a m hi/orical "* ?an ?is c be claim$ = ,kri%na4 ,?is god-man mu/ be ! same ) ! "* m5tion$ 9 ! ,*andogya ,upani%ad1 #c4 #ag4 #f4 ,"o may notice ! simil>ities betwe5 ?is ,kri%na & him ( ! epic cult4 ,kri%na1 son ( ,devaki1 0 taught by 8 tea*]1 ,ghora ,angirasa1 t sacrifice may be p]=m$ )\t objective means2 t g5]osity1 k9dness1 & o!r moral traits are ! real signs ( sacrifice2 & x is !n said3 ,! prie/ ,ghora ,angirasa hav+ said ?is to ,kri%na1 ! son ( ,devaki--& ! latt] 0 !reby fre$ f 7?ir/7 desire--said3 ,:5 a man is ab\t to die let him resort to ?is triad3 '! imp]i%able art ?\1' '! unmov$ art ?\1' 'brea?'s firmness art ?\'2 9 reg>d to :i* are ^! two v]ses 9 ! ,rig-,v$a3#hc 'till !y see ! light ( ! old se$ :i* is k9dl$ 9 ! sky1' & 'p]ceiv+ above ! d>kness ! high] light1 ! sun1 god among gods1 we come to ! highe/ light4' ,kri%na ?us le>n$ ! abolition ( sacrifice1 & ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 ! highe/ light 7,vi%nu71 z true be+--= ?is is ! mean+ ( ! philosophical passage tak5 ) its context4 ,k+s & prie/s discuss philosophy toge!r 9 ?is p]iod1#hd & x w\ld con=m to lat] tradition to see 9 ! pupil ! son ( a k+4 ,x is1 moreov]1 significant t ! prie/1 ,ghora ,angiras1 is nam$ specially z prie/ ( ! sun-god else:]e 7,kau%4 ,br4 #cj4 #f71 z well z t ,kri%na ,angirasa is also ! "n ( a tea*]4 ,x is said 9 ?is same ,upani%ad 7#c4 #a4 #a7 t ! sun is ! honey1 delight1 ( ! gods2 & ?is *apt] is a m$itation on ! sun1#he ( :i* ! d>k 7kr4s4n4a7 =m is t :i* comes f ! ,itihasas & ,puranas1 ! =e-runn]s ( ! epic 7#c4 #d4 #c74 ,?is is taught z a brahma-upani%ad1 a tea*+ ( ! absolute1 & x is int]e/+ to see t x is h&$ d[n ?r\gh ,brahma1 ,prajapati1 & ,manu1 exactly z ,kri%na says 9 ! ,div9e ,song t 8 own doctr9e has be5 promulgat$2 :ile 7x is said fur!r7 = him t kn[s ! doctr9e '!re is day1' 8 sun nev] sets 7#c4 #aa4 #c-d74 ,x is a doctr9e to be communicat$ only to ! elde/ son or a good /ud5t1 & to no "o else 7ib4 #e71 i4e41 x 0 new1 esot]ic1 & ( vital importance4 ,"h1 too1 "o f9ds ,sanatkumara1 ! 'ev] "y1' z ,sk&a1#hf yet z an e>?ly /ud5t also 7#g4 #a2 #bf4 #b71 j l ,kri%na4 ,x _c be imag9$1 h[ev]1 t ! cult ( ! ,gangetic ,kri%na orig9at$ ) t vague p]sonage ^: pupilage is describ$ 9 ! ,upani%ad4 ,b ?is acc\nt may /ill be connect$ ) ! epic ,kri%na4 ,! epic describes ! ov]?r[ ( an old ,brahmanic ,aryan race at ! h&s ( ! ,pandavas1 an unkn[n folk1 ^: k+'s poly&r\s m>riage 78 wife is ! sp\se ( 8 f\r bro!rs z well z ( himself7 is an hi/orical trait1 connect+ ! tribe closely ) ! poly&r\s wild tribes locat$ nor? ( ! ,ganges4 ,?is tribe attack$ ! /ronghold ( ,brahmanism 9 ! holy l& ab\t ! pres5t ,delhi2 & _! patron god is ! ,gangetic ,kri%na4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! n>rative a v few tales are told ( ,kri%na's e>ly life1 b ! simple orig9al view ( ,kri%na is t he is a god1 ! son ( ,devaki4 ,! few o!r tales are late & adv5titi\s additions1 b ?is is a consi/5t trait4 ,mod]n writ]s are fa9 to see 9 ! anti!sis pres5t$ by ! god ,kri%na & by ! human h]o ,kri%na1 late & e>ly phases4 ,!y =get t ! l[] side ( ,kri%na is "o especially ,puranic4 ,9 %ort1 !y read hi/ory backw>ds1 = !irs is n ! ,indic way ( deal+ ) gods4 ,9 ,kri%na's case ! tricky1 vulg>1 human side is a lat] aspect1 :i* comes to light mo/ prom95tly 9 ! ,g5ealogy ( ,vi%nu & 9 ! ,vi%nu ,purana1 mod]n works :i* 9 ?is reg>d contra/ /rongly ) ! old] epic1 :]e ,kri%na1 h[ev] he tricks1 is always fir/ ! god4 ,x is n till he becomes a v great1 if n ! greate/1 god t tales ab\t 8 y\?ful p]=mances1 :5 he condesc5d$ to be born 9 l[ life1 beg9 to rise4 ,an exact p>allel may be se5 9 ! case ( iva1 :o at fir/ is a div9e "*1 assum+ a m or less grotesque lik5ess to a man2 b subsequ5tly he becomes an?ropomorphiz$1 & is fitt$ out ) a %eaf ( leg5ds :i* describe 8 e>?ly acts4#hg ,& s ) ,kri%na4 ,z ! *ief god1 id5tifi$ ) ! ,all-god1 he is lat] made ! object ( encomiums :i* degrade :ile !y are meant to exalt him4 ,he becomes a c[-boy & acts l "o1 a god 9 a mask4 ,b 9 ! epic he is ! invad+ tribe's *ief god1 9 process ( becom+ id5tifi$ ) t god 9 ! ,brahmanic pan!on :o mo/ resembles him4 ,= ?is tribe1 ! 7,yadavas7 ,pandavas1 succe$$ 9 ov]?r[+ ! ,brahmanic /ronghold & became absorb$ into ! ,brahmanic circle4 ,_! god1 :o1 l mo/ ( ! supreme gods ( ?is region among ! wild tribes1 0 ! tribal h]o z sun-god1 became recogniz$ by ! prie/s z "o ) ,vi%nu4 ,9 ! ,upani%ad ! prie/-philosoph] id5tifies ,kri%na ) ! sun z ! 'd>k side' 7kr4s4n4a1 'd>k'7 ( ,vi%nu1 ! native "n probably be+ ne> en\gh to ! ,sanskrit ^w to be repres5t$ by x4 ,! /atem5t t ?is clan-god ,kri%na once le>n$ ! great tru? t ! sun is ! ,all-god1 at ! m\? ( a ,brahman1 is :at might be expect$4 ',kri%na1 ! son ( ,devaki1' is n only ! god1 b he is also ! prog5itor ( ! clan1 ! my/ic =efa!r1 :o z usual is deifi$ z ! sun4 ,to ! prie/ he is m]ely an avat> ( ,vi%nu4 ,! id5tity ( ,kri%na ) ! ,gangetic god describ$ by ,mega/h5es c sc>cely be disput$4 ,! latt] z repres5t$ by ! ,greek is too great a god to h pass$ away )\t a sign except = a =eign]'s acc\nt4 ,& !re is no figure l 8 except t ( ,kri%na4 ,! num]\s avat>s#hh ( ,vi%nu are fir/ giv5 z t51 !n z tw5ty1 !n z tw5ty-two1#hi & at la/ become innum]able4 ,! t51 :i* are ^? usually ref]r$ to1 are z foll[s3 ,fir/ come ! olde/1 ! bea/-avat>s1 viz41 z a fi%2 z a tortoise2#ij z a bo> 7rescu+ e>? f a flood72 & z a man-lion 7slay+ a demon74 ,next comes ! dw>f-avat>1 :]e ,vi%nu *eats ,bali ( e>? by ask+1 z a dw>f1 = ?ree /eps ( x1 & !n /epp+ out ov] all ( x 7! '?ree /rides' ( ! ,rig ,v$a74 ,!n come ! human avat>s1 t ( ,p>au-,rama 7,rama ) ! axe71 ,kri%na1 ,rama#ia 7h]o ( ! ,ramayana epic71 ,buddha1 & ,kalki 7:o is /ill to come74 ,! p>allels betwe5 ! late/ ,kri%na cult & ! ,biblical n>rative are f\nd only 9 ! ,puranas & o!r late works1 & und\bt$ly1 z we h said 9 ! la/ *apt]1 are borr[$ f ,*ri/ian s\rces4 ,kri%na is "h born 9 a /able1 8 fa!r1 l ,joseph1 go+ ) 8 virg9 sp\se to pay taxes4 ,8 re/or+ ( a believ+ woman's son is n>rat$ only 9 ! mod]n ,jaim9i ,bharata1 ,^! tales might h be5 receiv$ ?r\gh ! fir/ di/ant ,*ri/ian mission 9 ! ,s\? 9 ! six? c5tury1 b x is m likely t !y 7 br\ght directly to ! ,nor? 9 ! sev5? c5tury2 = at t "t a ,nor!rn k+ ( ! ,vaiya ca/e1 iladitya 79 ^: reign ! ,*9ese pilgrim1 ,hi\5 ,?sang1 visit$ ,india71 made ,syrian ,*ri/ians welcome to 8 c\rt 7#fci ,a4,d474#ib ,! date ( ! annual ,kri%na fe/ival1 :i* is a reflex ( ,*ri/ma/ide1 is v>i\sly fix$ by ! ,puranas z com+ 9 ,july or ,augu/4#ic ,z ,kri%na is an avat> ( ,vi%nu#id 9 ! ,bharata1 & z ! axe-,rama is ano!r avat> 9 leg5d 7"h ,vi%nu 9 ! =m ( ,p>au-,rama raises up ! prie/ly ca/e1 & de/roys ! w>rior-ca/e71 s 9 ! ,ramayana ! h]o ,rama 7n ,p>au-,rama7 is made an avat> ( ,vi%nu4 ,he is a my?ical pr9ce ( ,oude 7h5ce a close connection betwe5 ! ,ramayana & ,buddhism71 :o is id5tifi$ ) ,vi%nu4 ,vi%nu wi%$ to rid e>? ( ! giant ,ravana1#ie & to d s took ! =m ( ,rama4 ,z ,kri%naism has giv5 rise to a numb] ( sects t wor%ip ,kri%na z ,vi%nu1 s ,ramaism is ! mod]n cult ( ,rama z ,vi%nu4 ,bo? ( ^! sects oppose ! ,vi%nuite t is n incl9$ to be sect>ian2 all ?ree oppose ! ivaite2 & all f\r ( ^! oppose ! or?odox ,brahman1 :o assigns supreme god%ip to iva or ,vi%nu z little z does ! devotee ( ^! gods 9 unsect>ian =m to ,kri%na or ,rama4 iva is on all sides oppos$ to ,vi%nu4 ,! ,greek acc\nt ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 says t he taught ! ,h9dus to dance ! kordax1 b at ?is "t !re appe>s to h be5 no su* phallic wor%ip 9 8 honor z is record$ 9 ! pseudo-epic4 iva is kn[n 9 e>ly ,brahmanic & 9 ,buddhi/ic writ+s1 & ev5 z ! be>]-(-!-moon1 ,c&raekh>a1 he contra/s ) ,vi%nu1 z 8 lightn+-=m & m\nta9-habitat diff] f ! sun-=m & valley-home ( 8 rival4 ,?is dire god is conceiv$ ( z ascetic p>tly because he is gruesome1 p>tly because he is magical 9 p[]4 ,h5ce he is ! true type ( ! awful magical ,yogi1 & z su* appeal$ to ! ,brahman4 ,orig9ally he is only a fe>ful magical god1 great1 & ev5 all-p]vad+1 b1 z se5 9 ! ,brahmanic at>udriya hymn1 he is at fir/ 9 no s5se a pan!i/ic deity4 ,9 ?is hymn !re is a significant addition made to ! e>li] v]sion4 ,9 ! fir/ =m ( ! hymn x is said t ,rudra1 :o is "h iva1 is ! god ( bucolic p2 b ! new v]sion adds '& ( all p4' ,"h iva appe>s z a wild1 diabolical figure1 '! god ( incantations1' ^: d>t is dea?2 & half ( ! hymn is tak5 up ) entreaties to ! god to sp>e ! speak]4 ,he is prais$1 9 conjunction ) trees1 ( :i* he is ! "l1 z ! "o 'clad 9 sk9s1' ! '"l ( cattle1' ! '"l ( pa?s1' ! '*eat]1' ! 'deceiv]4' ,:5 he is next cle>ly se51 9 ! epic1 he is ! god to :om are (f]$ human sacrifices1 & 8 special claim to wor%ip is ! phallus2 :ile ! int]m$iate lit]ature %[s glimpses ( him only 9 8 simple ,brahmanic =m ( t]ror4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ivaite phallic wor%ip 0 n borr[$ f ! ,s\!rn]s1 z 0 once imag9$1 & we v5ture ) "s s*ol>s to believe t x 0 due r to late ,greek influ5ce ?an to t ( any native wild tribe4#if 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,p>ts ( ! epic are call$ ,puranas1 z o!r p>ts are call$ ,upani%ads4 ,^! are ! =]unn]s ( ! extant ,puranas4 ,! "n1 inde$1 is ev5 old] ?an ! epic1 belong+ to ! late ,v$ic p]iod1 :]e are gr\p$ toge!r ,puranas & ,itihasas1 ',anci5t ,hi/ory' & ',/ories'2 to :i* are add$ ',eulogies4' ,web] has long s9ce po9t$ out t ev5 :5 ! 'de$s ( k+s' 7 sung at a c]emony !y 7 wont to be s embroid]$ z to be dubb$ 'fiction' by ! ,h9dus !mselves4 ,india has nei!r lit]>y hi/ory 7save :at c be glean$ f g5ealogies ( d\btful wor?71 nor v e>ly inscriptions4 ,! 'ar*aeology' ( ! ,puranas 0 probably always :at x is 9 ! extant specim5s1 leg5d>y mat]ial ( no direct hi/orical value4 ,footnote #b3 ,/rictly speak+ to ! pres5t ,allahabad1 :]e is ! ,prayaga1 or conflu5ce ( ,yamuna & ,ganga 7,jumna & ,ganges74 ,footnote #c3 ,magadha2 call$ ,behar f its _m mona/]ies1 viharas1 9 ,aoka's "t4 ,footnote #d3 ,s1 plausibly1 ,mll]1 loc4 cit4 bel[4 ,footnote #e3 ,! tribes became ,h9duiz$1 _! *iefs became ,rajputs2 _! religions d\btless affect$ ! ritual & cre$ ( ! civiliz$ z mu* z ! religion ( ! latt] color$ _! own4 ,"s ( ^! un-,aryan peoples 7 probably "p native1 "p b>b>ic4 ,!re is mu* d\bt 9 reg>d to ! dates t dep5d on accept$ eras4 ,x is n c]ta91 = in/ance1 t1 z ,mll] claims1 ,kani%ka's inauguration co9cides ) ! aka era1 #gh ,a4,d4 ,a great ,buddhi/ c\ncil 0 held "u him4 ,"s di/+ui%$ s*ol>s /ill ?9k ) ,bhl] t ,vikramaditya's inauguration 0 #eg ,b4,c4 7?is date t us$ to be assign$ to him74 ,f our pres5t po9t ( view x is ( little consequ5ce :5 ?is k+ himself liv$4 ,he is r5[n$ z patron ( arts & z a conqu]or ( ! b>b>ians4 ,if he liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 8 conque/ am\nt$ to no?+ p]man5t4 ,:at is important1 h[ev]1 is t all ,vikramaditya /&s = 9 leg5d mu/ h be5 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,= ! drama1 ( :i* he is said to h be5 patron1 repres5ts a religion di/9ctly lat] ?an t ( ! body ( ! epic 7complet$ 9 ! six? or sev5? c5tury1 ,bhl]1 ,indian ,/udies1 ,no4 ii474 ,! dramatic & a/ronomical era 0 b introductory to ,kumarila's reass]tion ( ,brahmanism 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,nor!rn b>b>ian 0 gone1 & ! ,mohamm$an 0 n yet rampant4 ,9 ! re/ ( ,nor!rn ,india !re 7 sev]al native dyna/ies 9 diff]5t qu>t]s1 ) diff]5t eras2 "o 9 ,sura%tra 7,guj>at71 "o aga9 9 ! 'middle di/rict' or ',nor? ,we/]n ,prov9ces1' "o 9 ,kut*2 ov]?r[n by ,nor!rn b>b>ians 79 ! fif? c5tury7 & by ! ,mohamm$ans 79 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies71 respectively4 ,( ^! ! ,guptas ( ! 'middle di/rict1' & ! ,valabhis ( ,kut*1 _h nei!r ( ! eras j m5tion$4 ,! =m] dat$ f #cbj-cba 7p]haps #cai71 ! latt] f #aij 7,a4,d474 ,! ^w samvat1 'ye>1' indicates t ! "t is dat$ f ei!r ! aka or ,vikramaditya era4 ,see ,,ia4 xvii4 #cfb2 ,f]gusson1 ,,jras4 xii4 #bei2 ,mll]1 ,india1 ,:at ,c ,x ,tea* ,u8 p4 #bhb2 ,kielhorn1 ,,ia4 xix4 #bd2 xxii4 #aaa4 ,! ,nor!rn b>b>ians are call$ ,scy?ians1 or ,huns1 or ,turanians1 accord+ to fancy4 ,no "o really kn[s :at !y 74 ,footnote #f3 ,! fir/ ho/ 0 expell$ by ! ,h9dus 9 #gej4 ,aft] a p]iod ( re/ ,mahmud 0 cr[n$ 9 #iig1 :o ov]ran ,india m ?an a doz5 times4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5turies ! l& 0 conqu]$ & ! p cru%$ by ! second great ,mohamm$an1 ,ghori1 :o di$ 9 #abjf1 leav+ 8 k+dom to a vassal1 ,kutab1 ! 'slave sultan' ( ,delhi4 ,9 #abid1 ?us slave dyna/y hav+ be5 rec5tly supplant$1 ! new successor to ! ?rone 0 sla9 by 8 own nephew1 ,allah-ud-d91 :o is reckon$ z ! ?ird ,mohamm$an conqu]or ( ,india4 ,8 successor swept ev5 ! ,dekhan ( all its ,h9du 7temple7 weal?2 b 8 empire f9ally broke d[n "u its own size2 prep>+ ! way = ,timur 7,tam]lane71 :o ent]$ ,india 9 #acih4 ,footnote #g3 ank>a himself 0 n a pure ,brahman4 ,bo? ,vi%nuites & ivaites lay claim to him4 ,footnote #h3 ,coy z 0 ! ,brahman 9 ! adoption ( ! new gods he 0 wise en\gh to give !m "s place 9 8 pan!on1 or he w\ld h (f5d$ 8 laity4 ,?us he recognizes ,kali z well z ri2 9 fact he pref]s to recognize ! female div9ities ( ! sects1 = !y (f] less rivalry4 ,footnote #i3 ,!re 0 a g5]al revival ( lett]s ant$at+ ! ,brahmanic !ological revival4 ,! drama1 :i* reflects equally ,h9duism & ,brahmanism1 is n[ ! favorite light lit]ature ( ! cultur$4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ! fir/ a/ronomical works are writt5 7,v>ahamihira1 :o wrote ! ,br4hat ,sa4mhita71 & ! gr\p ( writ]s call$ ! ,n9e ,gems 7reckon$ ( ,vikramaditya's c\rt7 are to be ref]r$ to ?is "t4 ,! be/ kn[n among !m is ,kalidasa1 au?or ( ! akuntala4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is ,r5aissance1 z he calls x1 w be f\nd 9 ,mll]'s ,india1 ,:at ,c ,x ,tea* ,u8 ,! le>n$ au?or is p]haps a little too sweep+ 9 8 conclusions4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 tol]ably c]ta9 t ! ,bharata 0 complet$ by ! "t ! ',r5aissance' began2 s t !re is no su* complete blank z he assumes prior to ,vikramaditya4 ,b ! g5]al /ate ( affairs is su* z is depict$ 9 ! +5i\s article ref]r$ to4 ,! six? & sev5? c5turies 7 eras t introduc$ mod]n lit]ature "u lib]al native pr9ces1 :o 7 sometimes n ,rajputs at all4 ,r\ghly speak+1 "o may reckon f #ejj ,b4,c4 to ! ,*ri/ian era z a p]iod ( ,buddhi/ic control1 ,graeco-,bactrian invasion1 & ,brahmanic decl9e4 ,! fir/ five c5turies aft] ! ,*ri/ian see ! two religions 9 a /ate ( equilibrium1 "u ,scy?ian control1 & ! ,maha-,bharata1 ! exp&$ ,bharata1 is writt54 ,f #ejj to #ajjj is an era ( native rul]s1 ,brahmanic revival 9 its pure =m1 & ,h9du gr[?1 ) little tr\ble f ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,!n = five c5turies ! horrors ( ,moslem conque/4 ,footnote #aj3 ,h>4 #aj1ffb4 ,comp>e ! laudation ( '! two gods' 9 ! same section4 ,footnote #aa3 ,z ! ,ja9s h ,angas & ,upangas1 & z ! pseudo-epic di/+ui%es ,ni%ads & ,upani%ads1 s ! ,brahman has ,puranas & ,upapuranas 7,kurma ,purana1 i4 p4 #c74 ,"s ( ! sects ackn[l$ge only six ,puranas z or?odox4 ,footnote #ab3 ,z an example ( a ,puranic ,smriti 7legal7 we may cite ! tra% publi%$ z ! ,vr4ddha-,harita-,sa4mhita4 ,"h !re is polemic aga9/ iva2 "o mu/ wor%ip ,jaganna? ) fl[]s1 & e "o mu/ be br&$ ) ! ,vi%nu disc 7cakra74 ,ev5 wom5 & slaves are to use mantras1 etc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! lat5ess ( ?is law-book is evid5t f its advocacy ( suttee 7,,xxv4 #ad71 its pref]5ce = female ance/ors 7see bel[71 etc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,manu1 ,,iii4 #hi2 ,,xii4 #aba4 ,footnote #ae3 ,z1 = example1 9 ,kurma ,purana1 ,,xvi4 p4 #ahf1 :]e is f\nd a common epic v]se description ( battle4 ,footnote #af3 ,a good in/ance ( ?is is f\nd 9 ,brihan ,naradiya ,purana1 ,x41 :]e ! *urika & drughan4a 7#bd7 appe> 9 an imitative sc5e ( ?is sort2 "o ( ^! be+ lat]1 ! o!r e>li]1 ?an ! epic vocabul>y4 ,footnote #ag3 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ di/9ction betwe5 ,v$ic & ,puranic1 or "o may say1 ,indic ,aryan & ,h9du religions1 is ! emphasis laid 9 ! =m] ^u ,"r2 9 ! latt]1 ^u idols4 ,! ,v$ic religion insi/s ^u ! law ( "r 7ord]71 t is1 ! sacrifice2 b x insi/s also ^u "r z rectitude1 tru?1 hol9ess4 ,puranic ,h9duism insi/s ^u its idols2 only incid5tally does x recomm5d rectitude1 tru?1 ab/ract hol9ess4 ,footnote #ah3 ,,kp4 i4 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #ai3 ,kurma1 xii4 p4 #ajb4 ,contra/ ib4 xxii4 p4 #bde1 caturvyuhadh>a ,vi%nur avyuhas procyate 7else:]e navavyuha74 ,philosophically1 9 ! doctr9e ( ! epic ,pac>atras 7/ill held by "s sect>ies71 ,vi%nu is to be rev]$ z ,kri%na1 ,bal>ama1 ,pradymana1 ,aniruddha 7,kri%na's bro!r1 son1 & gr&son71 repres5t+1 respectively1 atma1 jiva1 supreme & individual _s1 p]ception1 & consci\sness4 ,comp>e ,mbha4 xii4 #cdj4 #h1 #gb4 ,footnote #bj3 ,,kp4 xxi4 p4 #bcf2 xxii4 p4 #bch1 etc4 ,footnote #ba3 ib4 ,i1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,comp>e ,brihan ,naradiya ,purana1 xiv4 #aj1 bahuni kas4t4hayantran4i 7torture ma*9es7 9 hell4 ,! old tale ( ,naiketas is retold at great l5g? 9 ! ,v>aha ,purana4 ,! olde/ ,purana1 ! ,mark&eya1 has b sev5 hells1 a conception old] ?an ,manu's tw5ty-"o 7comp>e on ,,mp4 x4 #hj ff41 ,s*]man1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cc71 or ! lat] li/s ( ?\s&s4 ,! ,padma ,purana1 ) celebrates ,rama1 has also sev5 hells1 & is 9 "p old1 = x especially extols ,pu%k>a 7,brahma's lone %r9e72 b x recomm5ds ! taptamudra1 or br&+ ) hot iron4 ,footnote #bc3 ,n>4 xiv4 #b4 ,footnote #bd3 xiv4 #ed & #gj4 ,footnote #be3 ,,kp4 xxii4 pp1 #bci-bda4 ,footnote #bf3 ,z w be %[n bel[1 x is possible t ?is may be a c]emony fir/ tak5 f ! wild tribes4 ,see ! 'pole' rite describ$ above 9 ! epic4 ,footnote #bg3 ,comp>e = in/ance ib4 xxviii4 #fh1 on ! /range connection ( a udra wife ( a ,guru4 ,footnote #bh3 ,,kp4 xxxvi4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible to say h[ mu* epic mat]ials come f ! lit]>y epic & h[ mu* is drawn f popul> poetry1 = ! vulg> _h _! own epoidic songs :i* may h treat$ ( ! same topics4 ,?us ev5 a wild tribe 7,gonds7 is cr$it$ ) an 'epic4' ,b su* /uff 0 probably z wor?less z are ! popul> songs ( today4 ,footnote #bi3 ,,kp4 xxx4 p4 #cje2 xxxvii4 p4 #ceb4 ,footnote #cj3 ib4 p4 #cee4 ,footnote #ca3 ,comp>e ,naradiya1 xi4 #bc1bg1ca '! "o :om no "o kn[s1' 'he t re/s 9 ! he>t1' 'he t seems to be f> (f because we d n "k1' 'he ^: =m is iva1 laud$ by ,vi%nu1' xiii4 #bja4 ,footnote #cb3 ,ev5 ,vi%nu z a "p ( a "p ( ! ,supreme ,_s 9 ,,vp4 is indicat$ by ,vi%nu's adoration ( atma 9 ! epic 7see above74 ,footnote #cc3 ,comp>e ,williams' ,brahmanism & ,h9duism4 ,footnote #cd3 ank>a's adh]5ts are *iefly ivaite1 b he himself 0 n a sect>y4 ,williams says t at ! pres5t day few wor%ip iva exclusively1 b he has m p>tial adh]5ts ?an has ,vi%nu4 ,religi\s ,?\ght & ,life1 pp4 #ei1 #fb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! two la/ are j recogniz$ 9 ,brahmanic legal works4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see ,wilson's sket* ( ,h9du sects4 ,! au?or says t !re 7 9 8 day two %r9es to ,brahma1 "o 9 ,ajmir 7comp>e ,pu%k>a 9 ! epic71 & "o on ! ,ganges at ,bi?ur4 ,! ,brahma ,purana is kn[n also z ,saura 7sun74 ,?is is ! fir/ 9 ! li/2 9 its pres5t /ate x is ,vi%nuite4 ,footnote #cg3 ,sun-wor%ip 7,iranian87 is especially pron\nc$ 9 ! ,bhavi%ya7t7 ,purana4 ,( ! o!r ,puranas ! ,linga is especially ivaite 7l+a is phallus71 z are ! ,matsya & old] ,vayu4 ,sometimes iva is &rogyn\s1 ardhanariv>a1 'half-female4' ,b mo/ ( ! ,puranas are ,vi%nuite4 ,footnote #ch3 ,on ! ,ganea ,purana see ,,jras4 #ahdf1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #ci3 ,! wor%ipp]s ( ,bhagavat 7 orig9ally di/9ct f ! ,pac>atras1 b :at 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is unkn[n4 ,! sect ( ?is "n 9 ! pseudo-epic is n akta 9 expression b only mono!i/ic4 ,probably ! names ( _m sects are reta9$ ) alt]$ beliefs & practices4 ,! ,vi%nu ,purana1 i4 #aa4 #ed1 gives a model pray] :i* may be tak5 once = all z ! attitude ( ! ,vi%nuite3 ,glory to ,vasudeva1 him ( p]fect$ wisdom1 ^: unreveal$ =m is 7kn[n z7 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & iva 7,hiran4yag>bha1 ,puru%a1 ,pradhana74 ,footnote #dj3 ,web] %[s = in/ance1 loc4 cit41 t ,indra takes ! place ( old] ,v>una2 t ! h\se-prie/ yields to ! ,brahma2 t 9 ?is fea/ 9 honor ( ! k+ he ,footnote #da3 ,gov]1 ,,jras4 v4 #ia2 ,,ia4 xx4 #dcj4 ,footnote #db3 ,9 ,h9duism itself !re is a /rik+ example ( ?is4 ,! ,jaganna? 7',jugg]naut'7 temple 0 once d$icat$ to ,buddha z loka-na? or jagan-na?1 'savi\r ( ! _w' ,"n1 temple1 & idol-c> are n[ all ,vi%nu's6 ,footnote #dc3 ,t is1 ,ra9 & ,sun1 = all ,indra's w>like qualities are =gott51 absorb$ into ^? ( iva & 8 son1 ! battle-god4 ,! sun crosses ! equator at noon ( ! second day1 ! ',maha ,pongol4' ,footnote #dd3 ,n[ e neck is b5t1 = ! surface ( ! wat]s di/urb$4 ,!n ) a heave1 a hiss1 & a surge ( bubbles1 ! see?+ milk m\nts to ! top ( ! vessel4 ,be=e x has _h "t to run d[n ! black5$ sides1 ! air res\nds ) ! sudd5 joy\s cry ( ',pongol1 oh ,pongol1 ,surya1 ,surya1 oh ,pongol1' ,! ^w ,pongol means boil+1 f ! ,tamil ^w pongu1 to boil2 s t ! joy\s %\t is1 ',x boils1 oh ,surya1 x boils4' ,9 a mom5t a convulsion ( greet+s animates ! assembly4 ,e "o seizes 8 neighbor & asks1 ',has x boil$8' ,bo? faces gleam ) delight z ! answ] comes--',x has boil$4' ,!n bo? %\t at ! top ( _! voices--',oh ,pongol1 ,pongol1 oh ,surya1 oh ,indra1 ,pongol1 ,pongol4' ,gor]1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #de3 ,! ,crocodile1 mak>a1 l ! p>rot1 is sacr$ to ,kamadeva1 ,love4 ,b z ,ganges also is holy x is difficult to say = :i* div9ity ! (f]+ 0 int5d$4 ,"s1 inde$1 int]pret mak>a z dolph94 ,footnote #df3 ,a fea/ n[ neglect$1 ?\gh kept up by /rict ,brahmans1 occurs on or ab\t ! #bj? ,janu>y4 ,! or?odox adh]5ts ( ! ivaite sects & aktas also obs]ve x4 ,x is a raddha1 or fun]al fea/ to ! ,manes4 ,also on ! #bf? & #cj? ,janu>y !re are rites ne>ly obsolete1 ! fir/ be+ signaliz$ by (f]+s to ,yama2 ! second1 a ivaite fea/ 7to 8 sp\se1 z 'giv] ( bridegrooms'74 ,! li/ is m celebrat$ 9 ! ,s\? ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,x is int]e/+ *iefly z a p>allel to ,/4 ,val5t9e's day1 or1 z ,wilson says1 ! ne>] fea/ ( ,/4 ,agnes 7#ba/ ,janu>y7 on ! eve ( :i* div9ation is practic$ to discov] future husb&s4 ,x is ?is "t also t ! ,greeks call 'm>riage-mon?' 7,gamelion72 & ! f\r? day f ! new moon 7:i* gives ! "n to ?is ,h9du fe/ival1 catur?i1 f\r? day7 is ! day :5 ,hesiod recomm5ds ! br++ home ( ! bride4 ,footnote #dg3 ,9 case any writ+ has to be done on ?is day x is done ) *alk1 n ) ! p5s1 :i* h a complete holiday 7,wilson74 ,footnote #dh3 ,! invocations %[ v well h[ ! wor%ip ( ,brahma has be5 driv5 out 9 honor ( 8 m p[]ful rivals4 ,= ,s>asvati is invok$ fir/ z ,?\ )\t :om ,brahma nev] lives2 b aga9 z ,?\ ( eight =ms1 ,lak%mi1 ,m$ha1 ,dhava1 ,pu%ti1 ,gauri1 ,tu%ti1 ,prabha1 ,dhriti1 ,o ,s>asvati4 ,! great fe/ivals1 l ! great temples1 are n v /ricly sect>ian4 ,williams says t 9 iva's temple 9 ,b5>es are kept monkeys 7sacr$ to ,vi%nu74 ,footnote #di3 ,betwe5 ?is & ! la/ occur m9or holidays1 "o to av]t small-pox2 "o 7,febru>y ! #d?7 sacr$ to ! sun 7,sunday1 ! sev5? day ( ea* lun> =tnight1 is /rictly obs]v$72 & "o to ! ,manes4 ,footnote #ej3 ,fa/+ is n necess>ily a "p ( civiliz$ religion alone4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,brahmanic & ,h9du cults1 b x obta9s also among ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,?us ! ,dacotahs fa/ = two or ?ree days at ! wor%ip ( sun & moon4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,hi/or4 & ,/ati/41 iii4 #bbg4 ,footnote #ea3 ,! la/ clause 7mean+ 'common hi/orical orig9'7 7 bett] omitt$4 ,footnote #eb3 ,except ! my/ic syllable ,om1 suppos$ to repres5t ! tr9ity 7,om is a1 u1 m71 ?\gh probably x 0 orig9ally only an exclamation4 ,footnote #ec3 ,a small ,vi%nu fe/ival 9 honor ( ,vi%nu z 'man-lion' 7"o ( 8 t5 avat>s7 is celebrat$ on ! #ac? ( ,m>*2 b 9 ,b5gal 9 honor ( ! same god z a c[-boy4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,m>* !re is ano!r m9or fe/ival 9 ,b5gal1 b x is to iva1 or r to "o ( 8 ho/s1 "u ! =m ( a wat] pot 7t is to pres]ve f disease74 ,footnote #ed3 ,! bonfire is made ( f5ces1 door po/s1 furniture1 etc4 ,no?+ once seiz$ & devot$ to ! fire may be reclaim$1 b ! own] may def5d 8 prop]ty if he c4 ,"p ( ! horse-play at ?is "t consi/s 9 leap+ ov] ! fire1 :i* is also rituali/ic ) same ( ! hill-tribes4 ,footnote #ee3 ,comp>e ! ,naut* dances on ,ramac&ra's bir?day4 ,religi\s dances1 g5]ally indec5t1 are also a prom95t feature ( ! religions ( ! wild tribes 7z among ,am]ican & ,african savages1 ,greeks1 etc41 etc474 ,footnote #ef3 ,! ',ea/] bonnet' 9 ,indic =m4 ,footnote #eg3 ,9 sob] contra/ /&s ! ye>ly or?odox rddha celebration 7,augu/-,septemb]71 ?\gh ,brahmans jo9 9 sect>ian ftes4 ,footnote #eh3 ,wilson draws an elaborate p>allel betwe5 ! ,holi & ! ,lup]calia1 etc4 7,c>nival74 ,b ! po9ts ( contact are obvi\s4 ,"o ( ! cu/oms ( ! ,holi celebration is an exact reproduction ( ,april-,fool's day4 ,mak+ ,holi fools is to s5d p on useless err&s1 etc4 7,fe/um ,/ultorum1 at ! ,v]nal ,equ9os1 transf]r$ by ! ,*ur* to ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 ,innoc5ts' ,day74 ,footnote #ei3 ,/ev5son1 ,,jras4 #ahda1 p4 #bci2 ,williams1 loc4 cit42 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism1 *4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #fj3 ,! daily s]vice consi/s 9 dress+1 ba?+1 fe$+1 etc ,x is divid$ into eight ridicul\s c]emonies1 :i* prolong ! wor%ip ?r\gh ! day4 ,footnote #fa3 ,! brilliant displays attract$ ! notice ( ! ,greeks1 :o speak ( ! tame tig]s & pan!rs1 ! artificial trees c>ri$ 9 wagons1 ! s++1 in/rum5tal music1 & noise1 :i* signaliz$ a fte procession4 ,see ,williams1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #fb3 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! mo/ holy temple ( ,s\? ,india1 ! great temple ( rirangam at ,tri*9opoly4 ,! idol c>1 gild$ & gaudy1 is c>v$ ) obsc5ity2 ! walls & ceil+s are fresco$ ) be/iality4 ,x repres5ts ,vi%nu's heav54 ,footnote #fc3 ,f ?is "n or title comes ! ,gita ,gov9da1 a my/ic erotic poem 79 praise ( ! c[-boy god7 exalt$ly religi\s z x is s5sual 7twelf? c5tury74 ,footnote #fd3 ,,vp4l4 #b4 #fc4 ,! 'qualities' or 'conditions' ( ,god's be+ are ref]r$ to by 'goodness' & 'd>kness4' ,footnote #fe3 ,all ?is erotic vulg>ity is typical ( ! common poetry ( ! p1 & is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! *ivalr\s1 b n love-sick1 ,bharata4 ,footnote #ff3 ,comp>e ,dunck]1 ,,lii#e4 p4 #cbg1 ,m d\btful is ! id5tification ( ,nysian & ,ni%adan1 ib4 note4 ,comp>e1 also1 ,s*ro$]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cfa4 ,arrian calls 7iva7 ,dionysos ! ,greek3 oit\ dotra ,iudis 7,s*wanbeck1 ,fig4 #a474 ,footnote #fg3 ,?is rema9s always z iva's heav5 9 di/9ction f ,goloka or ,vaikun?a1 ,vi%nu's heav54 ,n[adays ,b5>es is ! *ief seat ( ivaism4 ,footnote #fh3 ,! doctr9e ( ! immaculate conception1 common to ,vi%nuism & ,buddhism 7above1 p4#dca71 c h no exact p>allel 9 ivaism1 = iva is n born z a *ild2 b x seems to be reflect$ 9 ! laughable ascription ( virg9ity to ,uma 7,civa's wife71 :5 %e is rev]$ z ! emblem ( mo!rhood4 ,footnote #fi3 ,9 ,,rv4 v4 #da4 #d1 ! ,v$ic triad is ,fire1 ,w9d1 & 7,trita ( ! sky7 ,indra2 else:]e ,fire1 ,w9d1 & ,sun 7above1 p4 #db71 di/9ct f ! triune fire4 ,footnote #gj3 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a ! ?ree /eps are nev] ?us describ$1 b 9 ! lat] age ?is view is common4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only on ! '?ree /eps' t ! id5tity ) ! sun is e/abli%$4 ,9 ,,rv4 #a4 #aef4 #d1 ,vi%nu is already above ,v>una4 ,footnote #ga3 at4 ,br4 xiv4 #a4 #a4 #e4 ,footnote #gb3 ,= o!r v]sions see ,mulr1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 iv4 p4 #abg ff4 ,footnote #gc3 ,lat] int]pret$ z wives or eyes4 ,footnote #gd3 ,= an epic guess at ! significance ( ! title nilakan4t4ha1 'blue-?roat$1' see ,mbha i4 #ah4 #dc4 ,footnote #ge3 ,,av4 iv4 #bh2 viii4 #b2 xi4 #b4 ,?us ev5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a pairs ( gods are frequ5tly besung z "o1 z if !y 7 div9ities n only homog5e\s b ev5 mono!l\s4 ,footnote #gf3 ,brahma's m>k 9 ! lotus2 ,vi%nu's1 ! discus 7sun72 iva's1 ! ,l+a1 phallic emblem4 ,footnote #gg3 ,! grim int]pretation ( lat] times makes ! cattle 7to be sacrific$7 m54 ,! !ological int]pretation is t iva is ! "l ( ! _s1 :i* is b\nd l a bea/4 ,footnote #gh3 ,! comm5t]1 horrifi$ by ! murd] ( ! ,fa!r-god1 makes ,rudra kill '! s9'2 b ! orig9al %[s t x is ! ,fa!r-god :o 0 %ot by ?is god1 :o *ose z 8 rew>d ! lord%ip ov] k9e2 & su* exaltation is n improbable 7moreov]1 x is hi/orical674 ,! hunt+ ( ! ,fa!r-god by ,rudra is pictur$ 9 ! />s 7,orion71 ,ait4 ,br4 iii4 #cc4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see ,web]4 ,ind4 ,/4 ii4 #cg2 ,muir1 iv4 #djc4 arva 7aurva7 is ,ave/an1 b at ! same "t x is 8 'ea/]n' "n1 :ile ,bhava is 8 we/]n "n4 at4 ,br4 i4 #g4 #c4 #h4 ,footnote #hj3 ,! epic 7loc4 cit4 above71 ! ,puranas1 & ! v late ,a?>va iras ,upani%ad & ,maitr4 ,up4 7mu* int]polat$74 ,comp>e ,muir1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #cfb-c4 ,footnote #ha3 ,accord+ to ! epic1 m5 honor gods t kill1 ,indra1 ,rudra1 & s =?2 n gods t are passive1 su* z ,brahma1 ! ,creator1 & ,pu%an 7xii4 #ae4 #ah71 ya eva deva hantaras tal loko 'rcayate bhr4a4m1 na ,brahman4am4 ,footnote #hb3 ,b>? seems to imply t ,h>ih>a 7! "n7 is lat] ?an ! trimurti 7p4 #ahe71 b he has to reject ! passage 9 ! ,h>i-va4na to prove ?is4 ,on ,ay5ar1 a s\!rn god said to be ,h>i-,h>a 7,vi%nu-iva71 see ,williams1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #hc3 ,,rv4 viii4 #f4 #cj2 #a4 #ej4 #aj4 ,web] ref]s ,kri%na fur!r back to a prie/ly ,v$ic poet ( t "n1 to :om are attribut$ hymns ( ! eigh? & t5? books ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7,janmas4t4ami1 p4 #caf74 ,he int]prets ,kri%na's "m's "n1 ,devaki1 z 'play]' 7ib7 ,b ! *ange ( "n 9 a ,v$ic hymn has no special significance4 ,! "n ,devaki is f\nd appli$ to o!r p]sons1 & its etymology is r deva1 div9e1 z ,web] n[ admits 7,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahij1 p4 #ica74 ,footnote #hd3 ,9 ! epic1 also1 k+s become h]mits1 & p]=m great p5ance j z d ! ascetic prie/s4 ,comp>e ! h]oes !mselves1 & i4 #db4 #bc raja mahatapas2 also ii4 #ai1 :]e a k+ r5\nces 8 ?rone1 & ) 8 two wives becomes a h]mit 9 ! woods4 ,9 i4 #da4 #ca a k+ is said to be equal to t5 prie/s6 ,footnote #he3 ,9 fact1 ! daily repetition ( ! ,savitri is a tacit admission ( ! sun god z ! highe/ type ( ! div9e2 & ,vi%nu is ! mo/ spiritualiz$ =m ( ! sun-god1 repres5t+ ev5 9 ! ,rig-,v$a ! goal ( ! dep>t+ _s4 ,footnote #hf3 ,sk&a 7,subrahmanya7 & ,ganea are iva's two sons1 correspond+ to ,kri%na & ,rama4 ,sk&a's own son is ,viakha1 a graha 7above1 p4 #dae74 ,footnote #hg3 iva at ! pres5t day1 = in/ance1 is repres5t$ n[ & !n z a man1 & he is inc>nate z ,virabhadra4 ,b all ?is is mod]n1 & contra/s ) ! old] conception4 ,x is only 9 rec5t times1 9 ! ,s\?1 t he is provid$ ) an e>?ly hi/ory4 ,comp>e ,williams1 ,?\ght & ,life1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #hh3 ,ava-tara1 'desc5t1' f ava1 'd[n1' & t>1 'pass' 7z 9 ,lat9 9-tr>e74 ,footnote #hi3 ,9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana4 ,footnote #ij3 ,! tortoise avat> _h a fam\s temple two c5turies ago1 :]e a /one tortoise receiv$ pray]4 ,h[ mu* totemism lies 9 ^! avat>s x is guess-"w to say4 ,footnote #ia3 ,bal>ama 7or ,baladeva71 ,kri%na's eld] bro!r1 is to be di/+ui%$ f ,rama4 ,! =m] is a late addition to ! ,kri%na-cult1 & belongs ) ,n&a1 8 reput$ fa!r4 ,l ,kri%na1 ! "n is also t ( a snake1 ,naga1 & x is n impossible t ,naga wor%ip may be ! f\ndation ( ! ,kri%na-cult1 b x w\ld be h>d to reconcile ?is ) tradition4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ,v>ahamihira recognizes bo? ! bro!rs4 ,footnote #ib3 ,edk9s1 cit$ by ,mll]1 ,india1 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #ic3 ,web]1 ,janmas4t4ami1 pp4 #bei1 #cah4 ,web] describes 9 full ! cult ( ! ,madonna ) ! ,*ild1 accord+ to ! ,puranas4 ,footnote #id3 ,on ! subsequ5t deification ( ! ,p&us !mselves see #a;,a4 ,,vii4 #abg4 ,footnote #ie3 ,h5ce ! simil>ity ) ,h]akles1 ) :om ,mega/h5es id5tifies him4 ,! man-lion & h]o-=ms are tak5 to rid e>? ( mon/]s4 ,footnote #if3 ,greek influ5ce is cle>ly reflect$ 9 ,india's ar*itecture4 ,hell5ic bas-reliefs repres5t+ ,bac*ic sc5es & ! love-god are occasionally f\nd4 ,comp>e ! description ( iva's temple 9 ,orissa1 ,web]1 ,lit]ature1 p4 #cfh2 ,b]l4 ,ak41 #ahij1 p1 #iab4 iva is "h associat$ ) ! ,greek cult ( ,eros & ,aphrodite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,mod]n ,,h9du ,,sects4#a ,al?\gh ! fai? ( ,india seems to h complet$ a circle1 l&+ at la/ 9 a poly!ism z gross z 0 t ( ! ,v$ic age1 yet is ?is a delusive aspect1 z w appe> if "o survey ! c\rse ( ! high] intellectual life ( ! p1 ignor+1 z is "r1 ! inv>iable factor introduc$ by ! base imag9+s ( ! vulg>4 ,! great] spirituality has always express$ itself 9 indep5d5t movem5t1 & voic$ itself 9 t]ms ( revolution4 ,b 9 reality ea* *ange has be5 "o ( evolution4 ,to trace back to ! ,v$ic p]iod ! orig9 ( ,h9du sect>ianism w\ld1 inde$1 be a nice task = a f9e s*ol>1 b x w\ld n be tem]>i\s to attempt x4 ,we h fail$ ( our purpose if we h n already impress$ ^u ! read]'s m9d ! tru? t ! progress ( ,brahmanic !ology 79 di/9ction f demonology7 has be5 "o j\rney1 made ) re/s & halts1 x is true1 & ev5 ) digressions f ! /raight pa?2 b )\t abatem5t ( int5t1 & )\t p]man5t *ange ( direction4 ,nor c "o judge o!rwise ev5 :5 he /&s be=e s humiliat+ an exhibition ( gr\ndl+ bigotry z is pres5t$ by "s ( ! religi\s sects ( ! pres5t day4 ,! _w ( l[] organisms survives ! asc5t ( ! high]4 ,!re is always und]gr[?2 b be=e ! fall ( a great tree its se$s spr\t1 )al 9 ! v soil ( ! we$y ?icket bel[4 ,s out ( ! rank g>d5 ( ,h9du sup]/itions arise1 "o aft] ano!r1 l(ty trees ( an old se$1 :i* is ev] r5ew$1 & :i* cultivation has gradually improv$4 ,we h %[n1 especially 9 ! *apt]s on ! ,a?>va ,v$a & on ,h9duism1 z reveal$ 9 epic poetry1 h[ con/ant 9 ,india is ! relation betwe5 ^! two gr[?s4 ,if surpris$ at ! height ( e>ly ,h9du ?\ght1 "o is yet m a/oni%$ at ! p]man5ce ( ! inf]ior life :i* fl\ri%es b5ea? ! %ady protection ( ! sup]ior4 ,ev5 "h "o may foll[ ! metaphor1 = ! humbl] life bel[ is (t5 a condition ( ! gr&] gr[? above4 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a !re is an hymn ( fai? & d\bt ,to ,,indra4#b ,he :o1 j born1 ) ?\ght end[$1 ! =emo/1 ,himself a god hemm$ 9 ! gods ) p[]2 ,be=e ^: brea?1 & at ^: manhood's greatness1 ,! two worlds trembl$2 he1 ye folk1 is ,indra4 ,he :o ! e>? made firm z x 0 %ak+1 ,& made repose ! =w>d tott]+ m\nta9s2 ,:o measur$ wide ! int]-space a]ial1 ,& heav5 e/abli%$2 he1 ye folk1 is ,indra4 ,:o slew ! dragon1 loos$ ! riv]s sev51 ,& drove f ,vala's hid+ place ! cattle2#c ,:o fire betwe5 ! two /ones#d ha? eng5d]$1 ,conqu]or 9 conflicts2 he1 ye folk1 is ,indra4 ,:o all ?+s "h1 ?+s *angeable1 creat$2 ,:o l[]$ & put to naught ! b>b>\s color1#e ,&1 l victori\s gambl]1 took z w9n+s ,8 foe's prosp]ity2 he1 ye folk1 is ,indra4 ,:om1 awful1 !y 7yet7 ask ab\t3 ':]e is he8' ,& speak ?us ( him1 say+1 'he exi/s n'-- ,he makes l dice#f 8 foe's prosp]ity vani%2 ,believe on him2 & he1 ye folk1 is ,indra4 ,9 ^: direction horses are & cattle2 ,9 ^:1 ! ho/s 7( w>7 & all ! *>iots2 ,:o ha? bo? ,surya & ! ,dawn eng5d]$1 ,! ,wat]s' lead]2 he1 ye folk1 is ,indra4 ,bo? heav5 & e>? d b[ !mselves be=e him1 ,& at 8 brea? ! m\nta9s are affright$2 ,:o bolt 9 arms is se51 ! soma-dr9k]1 ,& bolt 9 h&2 7'tis7 he1 ye folk1 is ,indra4 ,:o helps ! soma-press]1 7soma7-cook]1 ,! prais] 7helps71 & him t active s]ve?2 ,( :om ! increase brahma is & soma1 ,& 8 ?is (f]+2 he1 ye folk1 is ,indra4 ,"h brahma1 :i* ^w already 9 ! ,yajur ,v$a has tak5 to itself ! lat] philosophical signification1 is m]ely pray]1 ! mean+ :i* 9 ! ,rig ,v$a is univ]sal4 ,! note /ruck 9 ?is hymn is n unique3 7,,! ,,poet47 ,eag] = booty pr(f] y\r laudation ,to ,indra2 tru? 7is he71#g if tru? exi/e?2 ',indra is n1' s speake? ?is & t "o2 ',:o him ha? se58 ,to :om %all we give praises8' 7,,! ,,god47 ,i am1 ,o s+]1 he2 look "h ^u me2 ,all creatures born d ,i surpass 9 greatness4 ,me well-direct$ sacrifices n\ri%1 ,de/ructive ,i de/roy exi/5t be+s4#h ,^! are n pleas 9 behalf ( a new god4 ,x is n ! m]e god ( physical ph5om5a :o is "h d\bt$ & def5d$4 ,x is ! god t 9 ! la/ /age ( ! ,rig ,v$a is become ! ,creator & ,de/roy]1 &1 9 ! light ( a complet$ pan!ism1 is gr[n too great to reta9 8 p]sonality4 ,) su* a prote/ beg9s ! great revolt t is ! sign ( an inn] evolution ext5d+ ?r\gh ! ,brahmanas & ,upani%ads4 ,indra1 l o!r gods1#i is held by ! rite2 to ! vulg> he is /ill ! great god2#aj to ! philosoph]1 a "n4 ,! populace respect him1 & sac]dotalism cons]ves him1 t same crafty1 prie/ly p[]1 :i* already at ! close ( ! ,rig ,v$ic p]iod d>es to say t only ! k+ :o is subject to ! prie/ is sure ( himself1 & a little lat] t kill+ a prie/ is ! only real murd]4 ,we h %[n above h[ ! real div9ity ( ! gods 0 dim9i%$ ev5 at ! h&s ( ! prie/s t ne$$ !m = ! rites & bak%ee%1 :i* 0 ! goal ( _! piety4 ,ev5 ,prajapati1 ! ,fa!r-god1 _! own creation1 is mortal z well z immortal4#aa ,we h %[n1 also1 h[ difficult x mu/ h be5 to release ! reason f ! =mal b& ( ! rite4 ,socially x 0 impossible to d s4 ,he t 0 n initiat$ 0 excommunicat$1 an outca/4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great sacrifices gradually fell ov] f _! own weight4 ,cumb]some & co/ly1 !y 7 replac$ by proxy works ( piety2 vidhanas 7 e/abli%$ t obviat$ ! real rite2 j z to-day1 'pocket alt>s' take ! place ( real alt>s4#ab ,!re 0 a gradual intrusion ( ! ,h9du cult2 popul> features began to obta92 ! sacrifice 0 made to embrace 9 its work+s ! :ole family ( ! sacrific] 7in/ead ( its effect be+ conf9$ to him alone1 z 0 ! e>li] =m72 & f9ally village celebrations became m g5]al ?an ^? ( ! individual4 ,sl[ly ,h9duism built itself a ritual1#ac :i* ov]p[]$ ! ,brahmanic rite4 ,!n1 aga91 beh9d ! geographical advance ( ,brahmanism#ad lay a p m & m prone to div]ge f ! true cult 7f ! ,brahmanic po9t ( view74 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! great ,brahmana#ae !re is already a di/ru/ ( ! ,indus tribes1 :i* m>ks ! break+ up ( ,aryan unity2 n t break+ up into political division :i* is se5 ev5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 :]e ,aryan fights aga9/ ,aryan z well z aga9/ ! b>b>ian1 b ! m s]i\s dismemb]m5t caus$ by ! hates ( prie/s1 = "h !re 0 no reconciliation4 ,! cynical scepticism ( ! ,brahmanic rituali/s1 z well z ! div]g5ce ( op9ions 9 reg>d to ?is or t sacrificial pett9ess1 %[s t ev5 :]e !re 0 ov]t union !re 0 cov]t discord1 ! disagreem5t ( s*ools1 & ! diff]5ce ( fai?4 ,b all ?is does b reflect ! great] diff]5ce 9 speculation & !ology :i* 0 =m+ above ! heads ( ! rituali/ic bigots4 ,= x is n )\t reason t ! ,upani%ads are m or less awkw>dly laid 9 z ! top-/one on ! liturgical edifice4 ,!y belong to ! "t b !y are ( x only 9 "p4 ,yet to dissociate ! mass ( ,brahmanic prie/l+s f ! ,upani%ad ?9k]s1 z if ! latt] 7 altoge!r memb]s ( a new era1 w\ld be to lose ! true hi/orical p]spective4 ,! vigor ( prote/ aga9/ ! receiv$ belief cont9ues f ! ,rig ,v$a to ,buddha1 f ,buddha till to-day4 ,! ,v$ic cult absorb$ a good deal ( ,h9duism1 = in/ance ! wor%ip ( ,fate1#af j z ,h9duism absorb$ a good deal ( ,v$ic cult4 ,nor 7 ! popul> works obnoxi\s to ! prie/4 ,9 ! ,*andogya ,upani%ad#ag ! ,itihasas & ,puranas 7=e-runn]s ( ! epic7 are already reckon$ z a fif? ,v$a1 be+ recogniz$ z a ,v$a almo/ z soon z 0 ! ,a?>van1#ah :i* ev5 9 ,manu is /ill call$ m]ely 'texts ( ,a?>van & ,angiras' 7:]e texts ( ,bhrigu might z well h be5 add$74 ,j z ! latt] "w is =mally recogniz$1 & ! use ( its magical =mulas1 if employ$ = a good purpose1 is enjo9$ 9 epic#ai & law 7e4g4 ,manu1 xi4 #cc71 s ! ,h9dui/ic rites crept gradually into ! =egr\nd1 pu%+ back ! soma-cult4 ,idols are =mally recogniz$ z v5]able by ! law-mak]s2#bj ev5 be=e _! day ! 'holy pool1' :i* we h %[n to be s important to ,h9duism1 is accept$ by ,brahmanism4#ba ,some?+1 too1 ( ! =m]'s ca?olicity is app>5t 9 ! cult at an e>ly date1 only to be suppress$ aft]w>ds4 ,?us 9 ,ax4 ,br4 ,,ii4 #ai1 ! slave's son %>es ! sacrifice2 & ! slave dr9ks soma 9 "o ( ! half-,brahmanical1 half-popul> fe/ivals4#bb ,:e!r human sacrifice1 sanction$ by "s mod]n sects1 is aught b pure ,h9duism1 ivaism1 z affect$ by ! cult ( ! wild-tribes1 x is h>d to say4 ,at any rate1 su* sacrifices 9 ! ,brahmanic _w 7 obsolete long be=e "o f9ds !m 9 ,h9duism4 ,( ,buddhi/ic1 ,brahmanic1 & ,h9dui/ic reciprocity we h spok5 already1 b we may add "o curi\s fact1 namely1 t ! ,buddhism ( ivaism is m>k$ by its holy numb]s4 ,! ,brahmanic ,rudra ) eight names#bc & eight =ms#bd is cle>ly ivaite1 & ! numb]s are z cle>ly ,buddhi/ic#be ,?us1 z ,fe] has %[n1 ,buddhi/ hells are eight1 sixte51 etc1 :ile ! ,brahmanic hells are sev51 tw5ty-"o1 etc4 ,aga91 ! use ( ! ros>y 0 orig9ally ivaite1 n ,buddhi/tc2#bf & ,buddha 9 ,bali1 :]e !y live amicably side by side1 is reg>d$ z iva's bro!r4#bg ,two ?+s result f ?is int]lock+ ( sect>ian ,brahmanism ) o!r sects4 ,fir/1 x is impossible to say 9 h[ f> ea* influ5c$ ! o!r2 &1 aga91 ! antiquity ( special ideas is r5d]$ d\btful4 ,a ,brahmanic idea c pretty safely be allott$ to its fir/ p]iod1 because ! lit]ature is l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! assumption t x w appe> 9 lit]ature n mu* lat] ?an x obta9s4 ,b a sect>ian idea may g back c5turies be=e x is p]man5tly =mulat$1 z1 = example1 ! doctr9e ( special grace 9 a mod]n sect4 ,"o m po9t mu/ be notic$ be=e we proce$ to review ! sects ( to-day4 ,h9du morality1 ! e?ical tone ( ! mod]n sects1 is old] ?an ! special =ms ( ,h9du vici\sness :i* h be5 receiv$ into ! cult4 ,a negative altruism 7beyond :i* ,brahmanism nev] got7 is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,h9du sects4 ,b ?is is already embodi$ 9 ! gold5 rule1 z x is ?us =mulat$ 9 ! epic ',comp5dium ( ,duty'3 ,n t to o!rs %\ld "o d ,:i* he himself objecte? to4 ,?is is man's duty 9 "o ^w2 ,all o!r rules may be ignor$4#bh ,! same is true ( ! ',t5 ,comm&m5ts' ( "o ( ! mod]n sects4 ,x is "o ( ! /rong pro(s t ,*ri/ian morals did n h mu* effect ^u e>ly ,h9duism1 t1 al?\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,?omas1 z is well e/abli%$1 0 9 ,malab> z e>ly z #ebb1bi & ,*ri/ians 7 9 ! ,nor? 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 yet no trace ( ! active ,*ri/ian b5evol5ce1 9 place ( ?is ab/5tion f injury1 f9ds its way into ! epic or ,puranas4 ,b an active altruism p]meates ,buddhism1 & "o reads 9 ! bir?-/ories ev5 ( a savi\r ,buddha1 n ! ,buddha ( love1 ,maitreya1 :o 0 to be ! next ,buddha on e>?1 b ( t ,maitrakanyaka1 :o left heav5 & came to e>? t he might r$eem ! s9s ( o!rs4#cj ,:e!r !re is any special t\* betwe5 ! old] sects & ^? ( mod]n days#ca t h _! headqu>t]s 9 ! same di/ricts is a "q :i* we h endeavor$ to inve/igate1 b we h f\nd no?+ to sub/antiate su* an op9ion4 ,buddhism retir$1 too e>ly to h influ5ce on ! sects ( to-day1 & betwe5 ,ja9ism & ! same sects !re does n seem to be any peculi> rapport ev5 :]e ! sect is seat$ 9 a ,ja9 /ronghold4#ce ,! ,ja9s occupy1 g5]ally speak+1 ! ,nor?we/ 7& ,s\?71 :ile ! ,buddhi/s 7 locat$ 9 ! ,nor!a/ & ,s\?4 ,s ivaism may be loosely locat$ z popul> 9 ! ,nor!a/ & ,s\?1 :ile ,vi%nuism has its habitat r 9 ! ja9 c5tres ( ! ,nor?we/ 7& ,s\?74 ,we h m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! sects ( a few c5turies ago1 z ^! h be5 describ$ 9 ,brahmanic lit]ature4#cc ,! importance1 & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( "s ( ! sects1 describ$ 9 ! ,conque/ ( ank>a1 has be5 que/ion$1 & ! op9ion has be5 express$ t1 s9ce !y are describ$ only to be expos$ z h]etical1 !y may h be5 creations ( fancy1 imag9>y sects2 ! refutation ( _! pr9ciples be+ a t\r de =ce on ! "p ( ! ,brahmanic savant1 :o %[s 8 acum5 by imag9+ a sect & !n disc\nt5anc+ x4 ,x does n1 inde$1 seem to u v probable t communities 7 ev] =m$ z ',agnis' or ',yamas1' etc1 b on ! o!r h&1 we ?9k x is m likely t sects h gone to pieces )\t leav+ any trace ?an t ^? enum]at$1 expla9$1 & criticis$ %\ld h be5 m]e fancies4#df ,moreov]1 9 ! case ( "s ( ^! sects !re are /ill survivors1 s t a =tiori "o may presume ! o!rs to h exi/$ also1 if n z sects or communities1 yet z bodies pr(ess+ fai? 9 ,indra or ,yama1 etc4 ,! sects ) :i* we h to deal n[ are *iefly ^? ( ?is c5tury1 b _m ( ^! c claim a def9ite antiquity ( sev]al c5turies at lea/4 ,!y h be5 describ$ by ,wilson 9 8 fam\s ,sket*1 &1 9 special cases1 m rec5tly & m fully by ,williams' & o!r writ]s4 ,,! ,,ivaites4 ,:ile ! ,vi%nuites h a duali/ic1 z well z ideali/ic backgr\nd1 !y are at pres5t ,v$antic1 & may be divid$ to-day simply into intellig5t & un9tellig5t adh]5ts ( pan!ism1 ! =m] compris+ ! ,rama sects1 & ! latt] mo/ ( ! ,kri%naites4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ivaism "o mu/ di/+ui% q %>ply 9 "t betwe5 ! diff]5t sects t g by iva's "n4 ,if "o look at ! sects ( mod]n times he w f9d t ! mo/ degrad$ are duali/ic1 9 s f> z !y may be said to h any philosophy1 & t ideali/ic ivaism is a remnant ( ! pa/4 ,b he w n f9d a pron\nc$ sect>ianism 9 any ( ^! old ,v$antic aspects ( ivaism4 ,on ! contr>y1 :]ev] ivaism is pan!i/ic x is a ivaism :i* obta9s only 9 c]ta9 anci5t s*ools ( philosophy2 :]e x is mono!i/ic x is among lead]s :o h be5 influ5c$ by ! mod]n tea*+ ( ,islam1 & reg>d iva m]ely z a "n = ! ,"o ,god4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 z x is ev]y:]e 9 ,india1 to draw z %>p a l9e z possible betwe5 ! beliefs ( ! vulg> & ! le>n$4 ,= f ! e>lie/ p]iod ! =m] accept$ p]functorily ! tea*+ ( ! latt]1 b at he>t & 9 cult !y rema9$ true to _! own lights4 ,! old] ,sankhya =m ( ivaism 0 /ill f\nd among ! ,paupatas1'adh]5ts ( ! ,"l' 7,paupati7 & ,mahev>as 7'adh]5ts ( ! great ,"l'71 :o are m5tion$ 9 ! epic & 9 inscriptions ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury !re 0 a purely philosophical ivaism :i* is ,v$antic4 ,b nei!r 9 ! fact 7:i* is by no means a c]ta9ty7 t ank>a accept$ iva z ! "n ( ! ,all-god1 nor 9 ! s*ola/ic ivaite philosophy ( ,ka%me]1 :i* 9 ! next two c5turies 0 develop$ into a purely ideali/ic sy/em at ! h&s ( ,abh9avagupta & ,soman&a1 is !re any trace ( a popul> religion4 iva is "h ! pan!i/ic god1 b he is conceiv$ z su* only by a cot]ie ( retir$ s*oolm54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! popul> religions :i* spr+ up 9 ! twelf? c5tury are1 if ,v$antic1 *iefly ,vi%nuite1 or1 if ivaite1 only nom9ally ,v$antic4 ,?us :at philosophy ! ,jangamas pr(ess$ly h is ,v$antic1 b 9 fact !y are dei/ic 7n pan!i/ic7 disciples ( iva's prie/1 ,basava 7,sanskrit ,vri%abha71 :o taught iva-wor%ip 9 its grosse/ =m1 ! adoration ( ! ,l+a 7phallus72 :ile 8 adh]5ts1 :o are spread ov] all ,india "u ! "n ( ,jangamas1 'vagrants1' or ,l+ayits1 'phallus-we>]s1' are idolatr\s dei/s ) b a t+e ( ,v$antic my/icism4 ,s 9 ! case ( ! ,trid&9s1 ! ,daanamis1 & o!r sects attribut$ to ivaism1 z well z ! ,smartas 7or?odox ,brahmans7 :o pr(ess$ ivaism4 ,accord+ to ,wilson ! ,trid&9s 7^: triple1 tri1 /aff1 dan4d4i1 indicates control ( ^w1 ?\ght1 & de$7 are ,s\!rn ,vi%nuites ( ! ,ramanuja sect1 ?\gh "s ( !m claim to be ,v$antic ivaites4 ,nom9ally ivaite are also ! ,s\!rn ',sa9ts1' ,sitt>s 7,sanskrit ,siddhas71 b ^! are a mod]n sect ^: religion has be5 taught !m by ,islam1 or possibly by ,*ri/ianity4#cf ,! extreme ,nor? & ,s\? are ! di/ricts :]e ivaism z a popul> religion has1 or _h1 its firme/ hold1 & x is = ?is reason t ! high] religions :i* obta9 9 ^! di/ricts are giv5 to iva4 ,b 9 reality !y simply take iva1 ! great god ( ! neighborhood1 9 ord] to h a "n = _! mono!i/ic god1 exactly z mission>ies among ! ,am]ican ,indians pray to ! ,great ,_s1 to adapt !mselves to _! audi5ce's compreh5sion4 ,9 ,india1 z 9 ?is c\ntry1 !y t proselyte w\ld pref] to use _! own t]m9ology1 b !y wisely use t ( _! he>]s4 ,we f9d no evid5ce to prove t !re 7 ev] really sect>ian ivaites :o did n f ! beg9n+ practice brutal rites1 or else soon become ascetics ( ! l[e/ & mo/ despicable sort4 ,= philosophical ivaites 7 nev] sect>ies4 ,!y c>$ little :e!r ! ,all-god or ,"o !y argu$ ab\t 0 call$ ,vi%nu or iva4 ,b :5ev] "o f9ds a true ivaite devotee1 t is1 a man t w n wor%ip ,vi%nu b holds fa/ to iva z ! only manife/ation ( ! supreme div9ity1 he w notice t su* an "o quickly becomes obsc5e1 brutal1 prone to blood%$1 apt = any disgu/+ practice1 intellectually void1 & morally b5ea? contempt4 ,if ! ivaite be an ascetic 8 asceticism w be ! result ei!r ( 8 lack ( intellig5ce 7z 9 ! case ( ! sects to be describ$ imm$iately7 or ( 8 cunn+1 = he kn[s t !re are pl5ty ( p :o w save him ! tr\ble ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,n[ ?is is n ! case ) ! ,vi%nuites4 ,to be sure !re are ,vi%nuites t are no bett] ?an ivaites1 b !re are also /rict ,vi%nuites1 exclusively devotees ( ,vi%nu1 :o are & rema9 pure1 n brutal1 hat]s ( blood%$1 apt = no disgu/+ practices1 intellectually admirable1 & morally above reproa*4 ,9 o!r words1 !re are to-day great numb]s ( ,vi%nuites :o cont9ue to be really ,vi%nuites1 & yet are really intellig5t & moral4 ,?is has nev] be5 ! case ) real ivaites4 ,aga91 z ,willams#cg has po9t$ out1 ivaism is a *eap religion2 ,kri%naism is co/ly4 ,! ivaite ne$s = 8 cult only a phallus pebble1 bilva leaves & wat]4 ,! ,kri%naite is expect$ to pay heavily = leit\rgiai4 ,b ivaism is *eap because ivaites are poor1 ! dregs ( society2 x is n adopt$ because x is *eap4 ,we ?9k1 !re=e1 t to describe ivaism z indiff]5tly pan!i/ic or duali/ic1 & to argue t x mu/ h be5 pan!i/ic a few c5turies aft] ! ,*ri/ian era because iva at t "t 9 s*ola/ic philosophy & among c]ta9 intellectual sects 0 reg>d$ z ! "o god1 t5ds to obscure ! hi/orical relation ( ! sects4 ,)\t fur!r argum5tation on ?is po9t1 we %all expla9 :at 9 our view is necess>y to a true und]/&+ ( ! mutual relations betwe5 ivaites & ,vi%nuites 9 ! pa/4 ,mono!ism#ch & pan!ism are respectively ! religi\s expression ( ! ,sankhya & ,v$anta sy/ems ( philosophy4 ivaism1 ,kri%naism1 & ,ramaism are all orig9ally dei/ic4 ,pure ivaism has rema9$ s to ?is day1 n only 9 all its popul> sect>ian expressions1 b also 9 ! ,brahmanic ivaism ( ! e>ly epic1 & 9 ! ivaism :i* expresses itself 9 ! adoration-=mulae ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,b !re is a pseudo-ivaism :i* />ts up f ! n9? to ! twelf? c5turies1 & tries to "w iva's "n into a pan!i/ic sy/em ( philosophy4 ,e su* attempt1 h[ev]1 & all ( !m are ! reflex ( ! gr[+ importance ( ,v$antic ideas1 fails z su* to produce a religion4 ,if ! movem5t becomes popul> & develops into a religi\s sy/em = ! masses1 x at once gives up iva & takes up ,vi%nu1 or1 keep+ iva1 x drops pan!ism & becomes a l[ =m ( sect>ian ascetism4 ivaism is1 !re=e1 fundam5tally non-,v$antic1 & ,unit>ian4#ci ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile ,kri%naism & ,ramaism beg9 z dei/ic 7tribal7 cults1 !y are soon absorb$ into ,brahmanic ,vi%nuism4 ,n[ ,vi%nuism is ess5tially ,brahmani/ic1 & ! only or?odox 7,brahmanic7 sy/em is t :i* holds to ! completion ( ,v$ic pan!ism4 ,! fir/ sy/ematic philosophy1 h[ev]1 0 n or?odox4 ,x 0 ! ,sankhya1 :i* peeps out 9 ! dualism ( ! olde/ di/9ctly philosophical works1 & l+]s 9 ! ,puranic ,sankhya4 ,! m>ks ( ?is dualism we h %[n 9 ! ,div9e ,song ( ! epic4 ,x is by means ( x t ,kri%naism z an expression ( ?is het]odox ,vi%nuism became possible4 ,vi%nuism 0 soon rescu$ f ! duali/s1 & became aga9 :at x 0 orig9ally1 an expression ( pan!ism4 ,b ,vi%nu c>ri$ ,kri%na ) him z 8 alt] ego1 & 9 ! epic ! two are f9ally "o ,all-god4 ,v$antic philosopliy cont9u$ to pres5t ,vi%nu r ?an iva z its ,all-god1 until to-day ,vi%nuism is ! sect>ian aspect ( ! ,v$anta sy/em4 ,b ) ,vi%nu h ris5 ,kri%na & ,rama z /ill fur!r types ( ! ,all-god4 ,?us x is t ,vi%nuism1 :e!r z ,kri%naism or z ,ramaism1 is to-day a pan!i/ic religion4 ,b1 :ile ,rama is ! god ( ! philosophical sects1 &1 !re=e1 is almo/ entirely a pan!i/ic god2 ,kri%na1 :o 0 always a plebeian1 is cont9ually rev]t+1 s to speak1 to himself2 t is to say1 he is m affect$ by ! vulg>1 & z ! vulg> are m prone1 by :atev] sect>ian "n !y call !mselves1 to wor%ip "o idol1 x happ5s t ,kri%na 9 ! eyes ( 8 foll[+ is less ( a pan!i/ic god ?an is ,rama4 ,"h aga91 !re=e1 x is necess>y to draw ! l9e n s mu* betwe5 names ( sects z betwe5 intellig5t & un9tellig5t p4 ,= ,kri%naism1 despite all t has be5 done = ,kri%na by ! philosoph]s ( 8 *ur*1 9 ?is reg>d resembles ivaism1 t x repres5ts ! religion ( un9tellig5t 7?\gh weal?y7 classes1 :o rev]e ,kri%na z _! "o pet god1 )\t mu* m ?\ght ( 8 be+ an ,all-god avat> ?an is sp5t by ! ord9>y ivaite on ! purely nom9al tr9it>ianism :i* has be5 foi/$ ^u iva4 ,b we mu/ n[ give an acc\nt ( ! l[ sect>ies1 ! miracle-mong]s1 juggl]s1#dj & ascetic :imsicalities1 :i* toge!r /& "u ! phallic /&>d ( ivaism4 ,anci5t & rec5t obs]v]s enum]ate a sad li/ ( !m4 ,! devotees ( ! 'highe/ bird' are a l[ set ( ascetics1 :o live on volunt>y alms1 ! result ( _! affectation ( extreme p5ance4 ,! ,urdhvabahus1 ',up-arms1' raise _! arms till !y are unable to l[] !m aga94 ,! ,akaamukhas1 ',sky-fac]s1' hold _! faces t[>d ! sky till ! muscles /iff51 & !y live ?us always4 ,! ,nakhls1 ',nail' ascetics1 all[ _! nails to gr[ ?r\gh _! cl5*$ h&s1 :i* unfits !m = "w 7b !y are all too religi\sly lazy to "w71 & makes x necess>y = ! cr$ul\s fai?ful to support !m4 ,"s ( ^!1 l ! ,kanaphats1 ',e>-splitt]s1' :o pi]ce ! e> ) heavy r+s1 h be5 respectable ,yogis 9 ! pa/1 b mo/ ( !m h lo/ :at s5se _! philosophic f\nd]s atta*$ to ! sign1 & keep only ! latt] z _! religion4 ,"s1 su* z ! ,ukh>as & ,sukh>as1 appe> to h no di/9ctive features1 all ( !m be+ ! 'refuse ( begg>s' 7,wilson74 ,o!rs claim virtue on ! /r5g? ( nudity1 & subdue _! passions lit]ally ) lock & key4 ,! ',potm51' ! ',skull-m51' ,gud>as & ,kapalikas1 are di/+ui%$1 z _! names imply1 only by _! vessels4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 are ! remnant ( a once ?\ghtful sect kn[n by "n s9ce ! six? c5tury1 & ,kanaphats & ,kapalikas bo? %[ t v likely o!rs among ^! wret*es are b ! residue ( anci5t ivaite sects1 :o began z philosoph]s 7p]haps ,buddhi/s71 & became only ascetic & ?us degrad$2 =1 iva app>5tly has no p[] to make 8 wor%ipp]s bett] ?an himself1 & he is a dirty mon/]1 n[ & !n galvaniz$ into ! resemblance ( a dec5t god4 ,!re is a well-kn[n v]se1 n 9 ,manu1 b attribut$ to him 7& = t reason q a mod]n =g]y71#da :i* decl>es t ambhu 7iva7 is ! god ( prie/s2 ,vi%nu1 ! god ( w>riors2 ,brahma1 ! god ( ! ,vaiyas 7f>m]s & trad]s72 & ,ganea1 ! god ( slaves4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 iva himself1 n 8 son ,ganea1 :o is ! 'god ( l[ p' 9 ! e>ly lit]ature4 ,x is he :o 'de/roys sacrifice1' & is any?+ b a god ( prie/s till he is c>efully made ov] by ! latt]4 ,n[adays "s ,brahmans pr(ess ! ivaite fai?1 b !y are ,vi%nuite if really sect>ian4 ,no ,brahman1 = in/ance1 w s]ve at a iva %r9e1 except possibly at ,b5>es1 :]e among m ?an an hundr$ %r9es to iva & 8 family1 ,vi%nu has b "o2 & ?\gh he w occasionally p]=m s]vice ev5 9 a h]etic ,ja9 temple he w n l[] himself to wor%ip ! ,l+a4 ,nor is x true t iva is a patron ( lit]ature4 ,l ,ganea1 8 son1 iva may upset ev]y?+ if he be n prop]ly placat$1 & consequ5tly !re is1 at ! beg9n+ ( e ent]prise 7among o!rs1 lit]>y ent]prises7 9 ! ,r5aissance lit]ature1 b nev] 9 ! works ( religion or law or 9 any b mod]n pr(ane lit]ature1 an invocation to iva4 ,b he is no m a patron ( lit]ature ?an is ,ganea1 or 9 o!r words1 ivaism is n m lit]>y ?an is ,ganeaism4 ,9 a lit]>y c\ntry no religion is s illit]ate z ivaism1 no writ+s are s inane z are ^? 9 8 honor4 ,!re is no poem1 no religi\s lit]>y monum5t1 no ,purana ev51 d$icat$ to iva1 t has any lit]>y m]it4 ,all t is readable 9 sect>ian lit]ature1 ! be/ ,puranas1 ! ,div9e ,song1 ! sect>ian ,ramayana1 come f ,vi%nuism4 ivaism has no?+ to comp>e ) ?is1 except 9 ! works ( !m t pret5d to be ivaites b are really n sect>ies1 l ! ,sitt>s & ! au?or ( ! vetavat>a4 iva z a 'patron ( lit]ature' takes j ! place tak5 by ,ganea 9 ! pres5t beg9n+ ( ! ,mahabharata4 ,vyasa has "h compos$ ! poem#db b ,ganea is invok$ z ,vighnea1 ',"l ( difficulties1' to help ! poet write x out4 ,vyasa does ! intellectual "w & ,ganea p]=ms ! manual labor4 ,vi%nuism1 9 a ^w1 is ! only cultivat$ 7native7 sect>ian religion ( ,india2 & ! or?odox cult1 9 t x is ,v$antic1 lies ne>] to ,vi%nuism ?an to ivaism4 ,:y !n does "o f9d iva invok$ by philosophy8 ,because mono!ism 9 di/9ction f pan!ism 0 ! belief ( ! wise 9 ! fir/ c5turies aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 till ! g5ius ( ank>a def9itively rais$ pan!ism 9 alliance ) or?odoxy to be ! m e/eem$2 & because iva alone1 :5 ! *oice lay betwe5 him & ,vi%nu1 c\ld be select$ z ! ,"o ,god4 ,= ,vi%nuism 0 n[ m]g$ ) ,kri%naism1 a new vulg> cult1 & iva 0 an old & v5]at$ god1 long s9ce a memb] ( ! ,brahmanic pan!on4 ,! connection betwe5 ivaism & ! ,sankhya sy/em gave x a m respectable & ar*aic appe>ance 9 ! eyes ( ! cons]vative ,brahman1 :ile ! orig9al asceticism ( iva und\bt$ly appeal$ mu* m to ,brahmanic feel+ ?an did ! s5tim5talism ( ! ,vi%nuite4 ,9 ! extreme ,nor?1 9 ! n9? c5tury1 philosophy & ivaism are nom9ally alli$1 b really sect>ian ivaism 0 ! cult ( ! l[e/1 n ( ! highe/ classes4 ,_m ( ! pr(ess$ ivaites are to-day t5d+ to ,v$antism1 :i* is ! prop] philosophy ( ! ,vi%nuite2 & ! ivaite sects are wan+ be=e ! ,vi%nuite p[]1 n only 9 ! middle ,nor?1 :]e ! mass ( ! population is devot$ to ,vi%nu1 b ev5 9 iva's lat] prov9ces 9 ! extreme ,s\?4 ,! social di/ribution ( ! sect>ies 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 su* t "o may assign old] ,vi%nuism to ! middle classes1 & ivaism to ! highe/ on its philosophical & dec5tly ascetic side1 b to ! l[e/ on its phallic & magical side4 ,b none ( ! ivaite sects we h m5tion$1 imbecile z appe> to be ! impo/ors t repres5t !m1 are equal 9 despicable traits to ! aktas4 ,^! wor%ipp]s ( ! &rogyn\s iva 7or ( akti1 ! female pr9ciple alone71 d1 inde$1 include "s ,vi%nuites among !mselves1 b !y are orig9ally & prevail+ly ivaite4#dc ,blood-(f]+s & human sacrifices are a mod]n & an anci5t ,trait ( iva-wor%ip2#dd & ! hill-tribes ( ! ,v9dhya & ! classical drama %[ t ! cult ( ,aghori is a ivaite manife/ation :i* is at once old & d]iv$ f un-,aryan s\rces4 ,aghori & all female mon/]s naturally associate ) iva1 :o is _! intellectual & moral c\nt]p>t4 ,! old] ,aghoris exact$ human sacrifice 9 honor ( ,devi1 ,parvati1 ! wife ( iva4#b ,! adoration ( ! female side ( a god is z old z ! ,rig ,v$a1 b ivaism has comb9$ ?is cult ) features probably d]iv$ f o!r indep5d5t local cults1 su* z t ( ,parvati1 ! 'm\nta9 goddess4' ,!y are all unit$ 9 ! p]son ( iva's wife ( _m names1 ! 'great goddess1' ,mahadevi1 ! 'h>d' ,durga1 ,kali1 ,uma1 etc4#de ,& x is to ?is f]oci\s %e-mon/] t ! mo/ abject homage ( ! ivaites is paid4 ,s great is ! t]ror inspir$ by ,durga t !y t are n ivaites at all yet jo9 9 h] fe/ival2 = :i* purpose1 app>5tly1 %e is dubb$ ,vi%nu's 'si/]4' ,b x is n blood-guilt9ess alone :i* is laid at ! door ( ?is cult4 ,! sect>ian religions h an exot]ic & an esot]ic side1 ! religion ( ! '"r h&' & ( ! 'left h&4' ,x is ! latt] 7to :i* belong _m t d5y ! fact7 :]e9 c5tre ! abom9ations ( ivaism2 9 less degree1 ^? ( ,vi%nuism also4 ,obsc5ity is ! s\l ( ?is cult4 ,be/iality equall$ only by ! orgies ( ! ,indic savages among ! hill-tribes is ! =m ( ?is 'religion4'#dg ,x is scre5$ by an ,orphic philosophy1 = is n ,nature or ,illusion ! female side ( ! ,div9e ,male8 ,x is scre5$ aga9 by religi\s f]vor1 = x is pi\s pr(ligacy t prompts ! rites4 ,x is induc$ practically by an initial c>\sal & drunk5ness2 & ?is is antique1 = ev5 ! old soma-fea/s 7 to a great ext5t drunk5 revels1 & ! gods h got drunk f ! "t ( ! ,v$as#dh to d _! greate/ de$s4 ,b 9 practice1 akti-wor%ip1 :5 unveil$1 am\nts to ?is1 t m5 & wom5 ( ! same class & family indulge 9 a ,bac*analian orgy1 & t1 z !y proce$1 !y give !mselves ov] to e excess :i* liquor & lu/ c prompt4 ,a description ( ! diff]5t rites w\ld be to r$uplicate an acc\nt ( indec5cies1 ( :i* ! lea/ vile is too esot]ic to sket* fai?fully4 ,vaguely to outl9e "o su* religi\s fe/ival w suffice4 ,a nak$ woman1 ! wife ( ! *ief prie/1 sits 9 ! middle ( ! 'holy circle4' ,%e repres5ts ,durga1 ! div9e female pr9ciple4 ,! ,bac*ic orgy beg9s ) h>d dr9k+4 iva z ,bhairava1 '! dreadful1' has 8 human c\nt]p>t also1 :o mu/ !n & !re pair ) ! imp]sonat$ ,durga4 ,! wor%ip prop] consi/s 9 ! repetition ( mean+less mantra syllables & yells2 ! wor%ip improp]1 9 indulg5ce 9 'w9e & wom5' 7p>ticul>ly enjo9$ 9 ! rite-books call$ ,tantras74 ,human sacrifice at ^! rites is said to be ext9ct at ! pres5t day4#di ,b blood-lu/ is appeas$ by ! hack+ ( _! own bodies4 ,g>m5ts are ca/ 9 a heap4 ,lots are drawn = ! wom5's g>m5ts#ej by ! m54 ,) h] ^: clo!s he gets ea* man cont9ues ! debau*1 invit+ ince/ 9 addition to all o!r excess4#ea ,! old] ,vi%nuite sects 7,panc>atras1 etc47 may h _h "s ( ?is fil? 9 _! make-up2 b mass = mass ! practices are *>act]i/ic ( ivaism & n ( ,vi%nuism4#eb ,especially ivaite1 h[ev]1 is ! '"m wor%ip1' to :i* ref]5ce 0 made 9 ! *apt] on epic ,h9duism4 ,^! 'mo!rs' are gu>dian goddesses1 or fi5ds ( disease1 etc4 ,"o may n claim t all aktas are ivaites1 b h[ small a "p ( ,vi%nuism is occupi$ ) akti-wor%ip c be e/imat$ only by survey+ ! :ole body ( wor%ipp]s ( t "n4 ,we _c leave ! lu/ & murd] ( mod]n ivaism )\t speak+ ( /ill ano!r sect :i* hangs ^u ! heels ( ,kali1 t ( ! ,?ugs4 ,x may1 inde$1 be que/ion$ :e!r iva %\ld be responsible = ! do+s ( 8 sp\se1 ,kali4 ,b l seeks l1 & !re is e hi/orical ju/ification 9 mak+ out iva to be z bad z ! company he keeps4 ,durga & ,kali are n va9ly look$ ^u z iva's female side4 ,s t a sect l ! ,?ugs1#ec :i* wor%ipp$ ,kali1 may1 x is true1 be tak5 out ( ! ivaite sects1 b only if "o w split ivaism 9 two & reproduce ! orig9al condition1 :]e9 iva 0 "o mon/] & ,kali 0 ano!r2 :i* is sc>cely possible aft] ! two h = c5turies be5 look$ ^u z id5tical4 ,) ?is 9 m9d x may be grant$ t ! ,?ugs pay$ rev]5ce to ,kali1 r ?an to h] "l4 ,moreov]1 _m ( !m 7 ,mohamm$ans2 b1 = our purpose1 ! significant fact is t :5 ! ,?ugs 7 ,h9dus !y 7 ,kali-ivaites4 ,& we believe t ^! secret murd]]s1 /range z x seems1 orig9at$ 9 a re=matory movem5t4 ,z is well kn[n1 x 0 a religi\s pr9ciple ) !m n to spill blood4#ed ,!y always ?rottl$4 ,!y 71 ( c\rse1 :5 !y fir/ became kn[n m #agii 7,%]wood's acc\nt71 no?+ b robb]s & murd]]s4 ,b1 l ! o!r ivaite mon/rosities1 !y reg>d$ _! "w z a religi\s act1 & always invok$ ,kali if !y 7 ,h9dus4 ,we ?9k x probable1 !re=e1 t ! sect orig9at$ among ! ,kali-wor%ipp]s z a prote/ aga9/ blood-lett+4 ,admitt+ t robb]y is "u iva's protection 7iva is 'god ( robb]s'71 & t ,kali want$ victims1 a sect probably claim$ t ! victims %\ld be ?rottl$1 & n bl$4 ,n t ?is 0 necess>ily a new re=m4 ,!re is e reason to suppose t mo/ ( iva's females are aborig9al wild-tribe div9ities4 ,n[ among ^! savages "o sees at times a di/9ct refusal to ble$ human victims4 ,?ugg]y may !n h be5 ! claim ( an old cons]vative p>ty1 :o wi%$ to keep up ! traditional ?rottl+2 ?\gh ?is is pure speculation1 =1 at ! "t :5 ! sect became expos$1 ?is means ( dea? 0 m]ely ! safe/ way to kill4 ,!y insi/$ always on be+ call$ ,?ugs1 & scorn$ ! "n ( ?ief4 ,!y 7 suppress$ by #ahdj4 ,reynolds describes !m z mo/ly m5 ( mild & unobtrusive mann]s1 possess+ a *e]ful disposition4#ee ,,! ,,vi%nuite ,,sects4 ,!re is a =mal ideali/ic ivaism1 z we h %[n1 & !re 0 once a duali/ic ,vi%nuism2 b 9 g5]al ! ,vi%nuite is an ideali/4 ,to compreh5d ! qu>rels among ! sects ( ?is religion1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to exam9e ! radical philosophical diff]5ces ( _! f\nd]s1 = "o passes1 9 go+ f mod]n ivaism to ,vi%nuism1 out ( ignorant sup]/ition into philosophical religion1 ( :i* _m ev5 ( ! weak] traits are b rec5t ,h9dui/ic effem9acy sub/itut$ = an old] manly ?9k+4 ,! complex ( ,vi%nuite sects pres5ts at fir/ r a confus$ appe>ance1 b we ?9k t we c make ! :ole body sep>ate itself cle>ly en\gh into its compon5t p>ts1 if ! read] w pause at ! ?re%old & be=e ent]+ ! edifice look at ! f\ndation & ! out] plan ( ,v$antic philosophy4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,colebrooke's essays on ,h9du philosophy he ?us describes f\r ( ! recogniz$ sy/ems3 ,! two ,mimamsas444 are emphatically or?odox4 ,! prior "o1 purva#ef :i* has ,jaim9i = its f\nd]1 tea*es ! art ( reason+1 ) ! express view ( aid+ ! int]pretation ( ! ,v$as4 ,! latt]1 utt>a#eg commonly call$ ,v$anta1 & attribut$ to ,vyasa 7or ,bad>ayana71 d$uces f ! text ( ! ,indian scriptures a ref9$ psy*ology1 :i* goes to a d5ial ( a mat]ial _w4 ,a diff]5t philosophical sy/em1 p>tly het]odox1 & p>tly con=mable to ! e/abli%$ ,h9du cre$1 is ! ,sankhya2 ( :i* also1 z ( ! prec$+1 !re are two s*ools2 "o usually kn[n by t "n1#eh ! o!r commonly t]m$ ,yoga4#ei ,! elde/ ( ^! sy/ems1 z we h already _h occasion to /ate1 is ! duali/ic ,sankhya4 ,x 0 /ill highly e/eem$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ! "t ( ! great ,v$anti/1 ank>a4#fj ,a !i/ic =m ( ?is a!i/ic philosophy is call$ ! ,puranic ,sankhya1 & ,pata4njali's ,yoga is ?or\ghly !i/ic4 ,radically oppos$ to ! duali/ic ,sankhya /&s ! ,v$anta1#fa bas$ on ! ,upani%ads t tea* ! id5tity ( _s & matt]4 ,z repres5tative ( ! metaphysics ( ! ,sankhya & ,v$anta sy/ems respectively /& 9 g5]al ! two great religions ( ,india4 ,! =m]1 z we h %[n1 is /ill pot5t 9 ! great ,song ( ! epic1 & its pr9ciples are ess5tially ^? ( e>ly ivaism4 ,! latt]1 especially 9 its sect>ian int]pretation1 ) :i* we h n[ to deal1 has become ! great religion o ,india4 ,b !re are two sect>ian int]pretations ( ,vi%nu1 & two philosophical int]pretations ( ! ,all-_s 9 its relation to ! individual s\l or _s4#fb ,aga9 ! individual _s ( man ei!r enjoys aft] dea? immortal happ9ess1 z a be+ di/9ct f ! ,all-_s2 or ! jiva1 individual _s1 is absorb$ into ! ,all-_s 7los+ all individuality1 b /ill consci\s ( happ9ess72 or ! individual _s is absorb$ into an ,all-_s t has no happ9ess or affection ( any k9d4 ,n[ ! /rict philosophy ( ! ,v$anta adopts ! la/ view 9 toto4 ,! individual _s 7s\l1 self7 becomes "o ) ! univ]sal ,_s1 los+ individuality & consci\sness1 = ! univ]sal ,_s itself is n affect$ by any quality or condition4 ,a creative =ce )\t attributes1 ?is is ! ,all-_s ( ank>a & ( ! /rict ,v$anti/4 ,to ank>a ! ,creator 0 b a phase ( ! ,all-_s1 & ! =m]'s immortality end$ ) 8 creation2 9 o!r words1 !re is no immortal ,creator1 only an immortal creative p[]4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury arose ano!r great lead] ( ?\ght1 ,ramanuja4 ,he disput$ ! correctness ( ank>a's int]pretation ( ,v$antic pr9ciples4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by "s t ank>a's int]pretation is really correct1 b = our purpose t is nei!r "h nor !re4#fc ank>a's brahma is ! "o & only be+1 pure be+1 or pure ?\ght4 ,?\ght is n an attribute ( brahma1 x is brahma4 ,oppos$ to ?is pure be+ 7?\ght7 /&s maya1 illusion1 ! mat]ial cause ( ! se5 _w4 ,x is nei!r be+ nor n-be+2 x is ! cause ( ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 9 t x is associat$ ) brahma1 & 9 s f> only is brahma rightly ! ,"l4 ,! inf9ite "p ( ea* individual is brahma2 ! f9ite "p is maya4 ,?us ,bad>ayana 7au?or ( ! ,v$anta ,sutras7 says t ! individual is only illusion4 ,ramanuja#fd1 on ! o!r h&1 tea*es a brahma t is n only univ]sal1 b is ! univ]sal p]sonal ,"l1 a supreme consci\s & will+ ,god4 ,f> f be+ devoid ( attributes1 l ank>a's brahma1 ! brahma ( ,ramanuja has all attributes1 *ief ( :i* is ?\ght or intellig5ce4 ,! ,"l conta9s 9 himself ! elem5ts ( t plurality :i* ank>a reg>ds z illusion4 ,z contra/$ ) ! duali/ic ,sankhya phiiosophy bo? ( ^! sy/ems inculcate monism4 ,b accord+ to ank>a all diff]5ce is illusion2 :ile accord+ to ,ramanuja brahma is n homog5e\s1 b 9 ! div]sity ( ! _w ab\t u he is truly manife/$4 ank>a's maya is ,ramanuja's body ( 7brahma7 ! ,"l4 ank>a's p]sonal god exi/s only by collusion ) illusion1 & h5ce is illusory4 ,! brahma ( ,ramanuja is a p]sonal god1 ! omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 ,"l ( a real _w4 ,moreov]1 f an es*atological po9t ( view1 ank>a expla9s salvation1 ! release f re-bir?1 samsara1 z complete union ) ?is unqualifi$ brahma1 consequ5tly z loss ( individuality z well z loss ( happ9ess4 ,b ,ramanuja def9es salvation z ! dep>ture f e>? =ev] ( ! individual _s1 :i* ent]s a heav5 :]e x w enjoy p]5nial bliss#fe4 ,ramanuja's doctr9e inspires ! sect>ian pan!ism ( ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ?is !re is a metaphysical basis ( conduct1 a p]sonal god to be lov$ or fe>$1 ! hope ( bliss h]eaft]4 ,9 its ess5tial features x is a v old belief1 f> old] ?an ! philosophy :i* =mulates x#ff4 ,?us1 aft] ! h>d say+ fools desire heav51 ?is desire reass]t$ itself1 & "u ,ramanuja's g5ial int]pretation ( ! ,v$anta ,sutras ! pi\s man 0 enabl$ to build up 8 *e]ful hope aga91 )al on ! basis ( a logic z difficult to controv]t z 0 t ( ank>a himself#fg4 ,?us f> ! product ( ,v$antism is deism4 ,b n[ ) two /eps "o arrives at ! inn] portal ( sect>ianism4 ,fir/1 if brahma is a p]sonal god1 :i* ( ! gods is he1 ?is p]sonal ,all-_s8 ,z a g5]al ?+ ! ,v$anti/ answ]s1 'he is ,vi%nu'2 & adds1 ',vi%nu1 :o embraces z _! sup]ior ^? o!r gods1 iva1 & ,brahma4' ,b ! sect>y is n cont5t ) mak+ ! ,all-god "o ) ,vi%nu4 ,vi%nu 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%1 "s say z ,kri%na1 "s say z ,rama#fh4 ,! relation ( sect>y to ,vi%nuite1 & to ! ,all-_s dei/1 may be illu/rat$ mo/ cle>ly by comp>ison ) ,occid5tal religions4 ,"o may n ackn[l$ge any p]sonal god z ! absolute ,supreme ,p[]2 aga91 "o may say t ?is ,supreme ,p[] is a p]sonal god1 ,jehovah2 aga91 ,jehovah may or may n be reg>d$ z "o ) ,*ri/4 ,! m9ut] ramifications ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* !n correspond to ! sub-sects ( ,kri%naism or ,ramaism4#fi ,! ,occid5tal & ,ori5tal conceptions ( ! tr9ity are1 h[ev]1 n id5tical4 ,= 9 ,india ! tr9ity1 f ! ,vi%nuite po9t ( view1 is an amalgamation ( iva & ,brahma ) ,vi%nu1 irrespective ( ! "q :e!r ,vi%nu be manife/ 9 ,kri%na or n2 :ile ! ,*ri/ian tr9ity amalgamates ! =m t corresponds to ,vi%nu ) ! "o t corresponds to ,kri%na4#gj ,to ! or?odox ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 z ,williams has v well put x1 ,kri%na is an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 :o is himself only an inc>nation1 t is1 a =m1 ( ,god4 ,hav+ n[ expla9$ ! two pr9cipal divisions ( ! mod]n sects1 we c lead ! read] into ! *ur* ( ,vi%nu4 ,x is a *ur* ( two great p>ties1 ea* be+ v>i\sly subdivid$4 ,( ^! two p>ties ! ,kri%naites are intellectually ! weak]1 & h5ce num]ically ! /rong]4 ,all ,kri%naites1 ( c\rse1 id5tify ! man-god ,kri%na ) ,vi%nu1 & _! sub-sects rev]t to v>i\s tea*]s1 ( :om ! l>g] numb] are ( comp>atively rec5t date1 al?\gh z a body ! ,kri%naites may claim an antiquity z great1 if n great]1 ?an t ( ! ,ramaites4 ,b ! latt] p>ty1 9 _! v>i\s sub-sects1 all claim z _! f\nd] ei!r ,ramanuja himself or "o ( 8 foll[]s2 & s9ce1 if ! claim be grant$1 ! ,rama sects d b cont9ue 8 "w1 we %all beg9 by foll[+ out ! result ( 8 tea*+ z x 0 int]pret$ by 8 disciples2 especially s9ce ! ,kri%naites h left to ! ,ramaites mo/ ( ! philosophiz+ ( ! *ur*1 & devot$ !mselves m exclusively to ! moralities & immoralities ( _! m practical religion4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,ramaites to-day are less religi\s ?an philosophical1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! ,kri%naites1 ) "s res]vations1 ! contr>y may be said to be ! case4 ,,! ,,ramaites4 ,s9ce ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( gr[? among ,h9du sect>ies is a sort ( segm5tation1 l t :i* conditions ! developm5t ( amoebas & o!r l[] organisms1 x is a =gone conclusion t ! ,ramaites1 hav+ =m$ "o body ap>t f ! ,kri%naites1 w imm$iately split up aga9 into small] segm5ts4 ,x is also a =egone conclusion1 s9ce "o is really deal+ "h ) human types1 t ^! small] segm5ts w mutually hate & despise ea* o!r mu* m ?an !y hate _! common adv]s>ies4 ,j z1 9 old times1 a ,calv9i/ hat$ a ,lu!ran m ?an he did a ,russian ,*ri/ian 7= he und]/ood 8 qu>rel bett]71 s a 'cat-doctr9e' ,ramaite hates a 'monkey-doctr9e' ,ramaite f> m ?an he hates a ,kri%naite1 :ile ) a ivaite he (t5 has an amicable union2 al?\gh ! ,kri%naite belittles ! ,ramaite's manife/ation ( ,vi%nu1 & ! ivaite belittles ,vi%nu himself4#ga ,! *ief po9t ( diff]5ce !ologically betwe5 ! ,ramaites is ! "o j m5tion$4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! 'cat-doctr9e' tea* t ,god saves man z a cat takes up its kitt51 )\t free-w on ! "p ( ! latt]4 ,! monkey-doctr9aires tea* t man1 9 ord] to be sav$1 mu/ rea* out to _! ,god 7,rama1 :o is ,vi%nu1 :o1 aga91 is ,all-god1 t is1 brahma71 & embrace _! ,god z a monkey does its "m4#gb ,! resemblance to ! ,occid5tal sects "h becomes /ill m int]e/+4 ,b we h giv5 an e>li] example ( ! doctr9e ( free grace f ! epic1 & c n[ only locate ! mod]n sects t /ill argue ! "q4 ,! 'monkey' ,ramaites are a sect ( ! ,nor? 7vada71 & h5ce are call$ ,vada-galais2#gc ! 'cat' or ,calv9i/ic ,ramaites ( ! ,s\? 7t571 are call$ ,t5-galais4 ,outw>dly ^! sects diff] 9 hav+ div]se mantras1 greet+s1 dress1 & especially 9 ! =ehead-signs1 :i* %[ :e!r ! 'm>k ( ,vi%nu' %all repres5t 7,vadagal belief7 "o or 7,t5gal7 two feet ( ! god 7express$ by v]tical l9es#gd pa9t$ fre% daily on ! =ehead74 ,! ,t5-galais1 accord+ to a rec5t acc\nt1 are ! m num]\s & ! m mat]iali/ic4#ge ,all ! ,ramaites1 on ! o!r h&1 hold t 7#a7 ! deity is n devoid ( qualities2 7#b7 ,vi%nu is ! deity & %\ld be wor%ipp$ ) ,lak%mi1 8 wife2 7#c7 ,rama is ! human avat> ( ,vi%nu2 7#d7 ,ramanuja & all ! great tea*]s s9ce 8 day are also avat>s ( ,vi%nu4 ,9 upp] ,india1 ab\t ! ,ganges1 ,ramanuja's disciple1 ,raman& 7fif? 9 desc5t71 :o liv$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 has m foll[]s ?an has ! f\nd]4 ,8 disciples wor%ip ! div9e ape1 ,hanuman#gf 7conspicu\s 9 bo? epics71 z well z ,rama4 ,!y are call$ '! lib]at$1' ,avadhutas1 b :e!r because !y are fre$ f ca/e-re/rictions1#gg or f ! /rict rules ( eat+ enjo9$ by ,ramanuja1 is d\btful4 ,raman& himself _h 9 turn twelve disciples4 ,( ^! ! mo/ fama\s is ,kabir1 ^: foll[]s1 ! ,kabir ,pan?is 7sect71 are widely spread1 & ( :om no less a p]son ?an ,nanak1 ! ,sikh1 claim$ to be a successor4 ,b x w be m conv5i5t to describe ! ,sikhs h]eaft]4 ,( ,raman&'s o!r disciples t f\nd$ sects may be m5tion$ ,kil1 ^: sect>ies1 ! ,khakis1 ( ,oude1 unite successfully ,rama-wor%ip1 ,hanuman-wor%ip1 & ivaite fa%ions 7?us pres5t+ a mixture l t ( ! s\!rn ,madhvas1 :o unite ! images ( iva & ,vi%nu74 ,! ,ras ,dasa sect1 aga91 owes to its f\nd] ! black alagrama pebble1 an object ( rev]5t awe1 :i* gives rise to a sort ( sub-cult subsequ5tly imitat$ by o!rs4#gh ,ano!r widely-spread sect :i* claim ,raman& z _! f\nd]'s tea*] is t ( ! ,dadu ,pan?is4 ,?is bran* also ( ! ,ramaites we %all m appropriately discuss "u ! head ( deism 7bel[74 ,f9ally1 we h to m5tion1 z an outcome ( ! ,raman& fai?1 ! mod]n ,ramayana1 ,ramc>itmanas1 ! new bible ( ! sect1 compos$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ,tulasidasa 7'slave ( ,vi%nu'71! greate/ ( mod]n ,h9du poets4 ,:at ! ,div9e ,song & ! ,bhagavata ,purana are to ! ,kri%naite1 ! old] 7epic7 ,ramayana ( ,valmiki & ,tulasidasa's new poem 7( ! same "n7 are to ! ,ramaite4#gi ,,! ,,kri%naites4 ,!re are two great sects t wor%ip ,vi%nu z especially manife/$ 9 ! human =m ( ,kri%na4 ,b1 z di/+ui%$ f ! philosophical ,ramaite1 ! ,kri%naite is n satisfi$ ) a decl>ation ( fai? 9 ! man-god1 & 9 fact 8 *ief cult is ( ! *ild-god ,kri%na1 ! ,bala ,gopala or ,infant ,%eph]d4 ,?is recalls ! old] ,kri%na 7( ! ,h>ivana71 ^: sport+ ) ! milk-maids is a favorite topic 9 lat] ,kri%naite lit]ature4 ,z a =mulat$ cult1 consi/+ = ! mo/ "p ( obs]vances bas$ on ! my/ic side ( affection = ! p]sonal sav] ( man 7! bhakti pr9ciple ( 'devotion1' erotically exp&$#hj71 ?is wor%ip obta9s bo? among ,caitanyas & ,vallabhas1 sects t arose 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4#ha ,caitanya1 born 9 ,b5gal 9 #adhe1 ( :om x is fabl$ t wise m5 came & gave homage to him :ile he 0 yet a *ild1 0 active 9 ,b5gal & ,orissa1 :]e 8 sect 7nam$ aft] him7 is "o ( ! mo/ important at ! pres5t day4 ,caitanya prea*$ a practical z well z a !oretical re=m4 ,he taught ! equality ( all wor%ipp]s ( :atev] ca/e1 & ! religi\s virtue ( m>riage4 ,at ! pres5t day ca/e-feel+ & religi\s pr(ession are some:at at v>iance4 ,b a compromise is affect$4 ,:ile 9 ! temple ! high-ca/e ,caitanyas reg>d _! l[ly co-religioni/s z equals2 :5 out ( x !y become aga9 arrogantly high-ca/e1 ,mak+ a virtue ( m>riage in/ead ( celibacy caus$ ! sect to become popul> ) ! middle & l[] classes1 b its adh]5ts are usually drawn f ! dregs ( ! populace4#hb ,! pr9ciple ( love = ,god 7t is1 = ,kri%na7 is especially dwelt ^u by ,caitanya4 ,! devotee %\ld feel su* affection z is felt by a "y man = a girl4 ,to ex]cise or inspire ?is rapt & my/ic devotion1 rec\rse is _h to s++1 danc+4 & o!r famili> means ( ar\s+ religi\s f]vor4 ,if ! danc+ devotee swoons x is a sign t ,god accepts 8 love4 ,at ! pres5t day ,caitanya himself is reg>d$ z ! inc>nate deity4 ,he & 8 two *ief disciples1 :o 7l all ,gosa9s1 religi\s ,tea*]s7 are div9e1 =m a little sub-tr9ity = ! sect4#hc ,?is sect1 l s _m o!rs1 began z a re=m1 only to become worse ?an its rivals4 ,vallabha or ,vallabhaearya1 ',tea*] ,vallabha1' 0 also ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 b 8 sect belongs especially to ! ,nor?we/1 :ile ! sph]e ( ,caitanya's influ5ce 0 9 ! ,nor!a/4 ,he liv$ ne> ! ,ganges1 is said to h be5 a s*ol>1 & wrote a comm5t>y on ! e>ly life ( ,kri%na 9 ! t5? book ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana1 & on ! ,div9e ,song4 ,9 ,bombay & ,kut* 8 disciples are mo/ num]\s1 ! ,epicureans ( ,vi%nuism4 ,= _! precept is 'eat & enjoy4' ,no mortification ( ! s5ses is all[$4 ,human love typifies div9e love4#hd ,! tea*]s acquir$ great r5[n & p[]1 assum+ & ma9ta9+ ! haughty title ( maha rajas 7'great k+s'74 ,!y are z gods1 & comm& absolutely _! devotees4#he ,"h ! wor%ip ( ! ,infant ,kri%na rea*es its greate/ height 7or dep?74 ,! image ( ! infant god is daily clo!d1 ba!d1 ano9t$1 & wor%ipp$4 ,religi\s ex]cises h m or less ( an erotic t5d5cy1 & "h1 if any:]e1 z "o may le>n f ,wilson1 ,williams1 & o!r mod]n writ]s on ?is sect1 !re are almo/ z great excesses z are committ$ among ! ivaite sects4 ,z a sect x is an odd comb9ation ( s5sual wor%ip & !ological speculation1 = !y h consid]able sect>ian lit]ature4 ,! mo/ r5[n$ fe/ival ( ! ,infant ,kri%na is ! celebration ( ! /able-bir? ( ,kri%na & ( ! ,madonna 7be>+ him on h] brea/71 b ?is we h discuss$ already4 ,besides ?is ! ,jaganna? procession 9 ,b5gal & ,orissa1 & ! great autumnal picnic call$ ! ,ras ,yatra1 are fam\s occasions = display+ ,kri%naite1 or1 inde$1 g5]al ,vi%nuite zeal4 ,at ! ,ras ,yatra assemble musicians1 danc]s1 juggl]s1 & o!r joy-creat+ additions to ! religi\s fea/1 ! o/5sible reason = :i* is ! commemoration ( ,kri%na's dances ) ! milk-maids4 ,! devotees belong *iefly to ! weal?y middle classes4 ,^! l[ sects wor%ip ,kri%na ) ,radha 78 mi/ress1 in/ead ( ,lak%mi1 ,vi%nu's wife74 ,"h1 too1 z ,kri%naites r ?an z ,vi%nuites1 are f\nd ! 'left-h&' wor%ipp]s ( ! female p[]4#hf ,?is s5sual corruption ( ,vi%nuism1 :i* is really n ,vi%nuism b simple ,kri%naism1 l$ to two prom95t re=ms )9 ! fold4 ,among ! ,vallabhas arose 9 prote/ ! ,c>an ,dasis1 :o h tak5 f ! ,madhvas ( ! ,s\? _! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts 7aga9/ ly+1 revil+1 h>% spee*1 idle talk1 !ft1 adult]y1 injury to life1 imag9+ evil1 hate1 & pride72 & evolv$ = !mselves ! t5et t fai? )\t works is dead4 ,! same prote/ 0 made aga9/ ! ,vallabhas by ,svami ,narayana4 ,he 0 born ab\t #aghj ne> ,luckn[1 & advocat$ a return to ,vallabha's pur] fai?1 :i* _h be5 corrupt$4 ,probably mo/ ( ! old] re=m]s h _h mu* ! same c>e] z _h ,svami ,narayana4 ,exalt$ by ! p1 :o 7 p]suad$ by 8 mesm]ic eloqu5ce1 he soon became a political figure1 a m>tyr ( p]secution1 a triumphant victor1 & !n an ascetic1 liv+ 9 seclusion2 :5ce he em]g$ occasionally to g on t\rs l a bi%op visit+ 8 diocese 7,williams74 ,he is wor%ipp$ z a god4#hg ,! sect numb]s to-day a qu>t] ( a million1 "s be+ celibate cl]gy1 "s h\sehold]s4 ,9 contra/ to ,vi%nuism ! foll[+ po9ts are *>act]i/ic ( or?odox ,brahmanism 7ank>a's ,v$antism73 ,! or?odox believe t !re is "o _s 9 ?ree =ms1 co-et]nal imp]sonal ess5ces--be+1 k1 & joy4 ,:5 x wills x becomes p]sonal1 exi/s 9 ! object1 kn[s1 rejoices1 associat+ itself ) illusion4 ,9 ?is /ate x has ?ree corporeal =ms1 causal1 subtile1 gross4 ,) ! causal body 7id5tifi$ ) illusion1 ignorance7 x becomes ! ,supreme ,"l1 t is1 ! totality ( dreamless human spirits4 ,) ! subtile =m x becomes ! gold5 se$1 or ?read-_s 7dream+ spirits72 ) ! gross =m x becomes ,viraj1 ,vaivan>a1 ! wak+ _s4 ,! l[e/ /ate is t ( be+ wide awake4 ,! p]sonal god 7,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 iva1 ( ! sect>ies7 is ?is x z influ5c$ by ! ?ree qualities1 rajas1 sattva1 tamas 7passion1 tru?1 & ignorance71 respectively4 ,?ree ess5ces1 ?ree corporeal =ms1 & ?ree qualities con/itute1 !re=e1 ! ?reefold tr9ity ( ! or?odox1 :o are call$ ,smartas1 !y t 'hold to tradition4'#hh ,:at ! sect>y rejects1 namely1 ! scriptures 7,v$a & ,upani%ads1 etc47 & ! ca/e sy/em1 t ! or?odox reta9s2 :at ! sect>y holds1 namely1 ,ramanuja's qualifi$ non-duality1 & absolute godhead 9 iva or ,kri%na1 t ! or?odox rejects 7al?\gh he may receive ! sect>y's god into 8 pan!on74 ,"s ( ! sects /ill keep respect = ca/e1 excus+ _! respect on ! gr\nd t x is well en\gh = ,god to ignore social di/9ctions1 b n = man4 ,b ca/e-di/9ctions are g5]ally ignor$1 or !re is positive hate ( ! ,brahman4 ,9 anti!sis to ! or?odox1 ! sect>ies all hold "o o!r important t5et4 ,f ! idea ( bhakti1 fai? or devotion1 0 develop$ t ( love = ,kri%na1 & !n 7z an indication ( devotion7 ! confession ( ! "n ( ! ,"l z a means ( grace4 ,h5ce1 on ! "o h&1 ! mean+less repetition ( ! sect's special kirttan or liturgies1 & mantra1 or religi\s =mula2 ! devotion1 dem&$ by ! prie/1 ( man1 tan1 dhan 7m9d1 body1#hi & prop]ty72 & f9ally1 ! :ole !ory ( dea?-b$ confessions4 ,s9n] or h]etic1 if "o die at la/ ) ,kri%na's "n ^u ! lips he w be sav$4#ij ,( ! sub-divisions ( ! sub-sects t we h describ$1 ! numb]s (t5 run into scores4 ,b ei!r _! diff]5ces are bas$ on indiff]5t matt]s ( detail 9 ! cult & religi\s practice2 or ! new sect is di/+ui%$ f ! old simply by its endeavor to make = great] hol9ess or purity z sub-re=m]s ( old] sects4 ,= all ! sects appe> to beg9 z re=m]s1 & lat] to split up 9 ! process ( re-re=mation4 ,two g5]al classes ( devotees1 besides ^!1 rema9 to be spok5 (4 ,! ,sannyas91 'r5\nc]1' 0 ( old a ,brahman ascetic4 ,n[adays1 accord+ to ,wilson1 he is g5]ally a ivaite m5dicant4 ,b any sect may h its ,sannyas9s1 z x may h its ,vairag9s1 'passionless ones'2 al?\gh ! latt] "n g5]ally applies to ! ,vi%nuite ascetics ( ! ,s\?4 ,ap>t f all ^! sects1 & 9 _m ways mo/ rem>kable1 are ! sun-wor%ipp]s4 ,all ov] ,india ! sun 0 7& is7 wor%ipp$1 ei!r directly 7z to-day by ! ,sauras71#ia or z an inc>nate deity 9 ! =m ( ! prie/ ,nimba-aditya1 :o is said to h arre/$ ! sun's c\rse at "o "t & to be ! sun's repres5tative on e>?4 ,bo? ,puranic au?ority & inscriptional evid5ce atte/ ?is m direct#ib cont9uance ( ! old ,v$ic cult4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ old temples ( ,india1 bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 7 d$icat$ to ! sun4 ,,dei/ic ,,re=m+ ,,sects4 ,we h j ref]r$ to "o or two re=m+ sects t /ill hold to ! sect>ian deity4 ,among ^! ! ,madhvas1 f\nd$ by 7,madhva7 ,an&atir?a1 are less ,kri%naite or ,ramaite ?an ,vi%nuite1#ic & less ,vi%nuite ?an dei/ 9 g5]al2 s mu* s t ,williams decl>es !y mu/ h got _! precepts f ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh ?is is op5 to ,b>?'s objection t ! re=m+ dei/ic sects are s locat$ z to make x m probable t !y d]ive f ,mohamm$anism4 ,madhva 0 born ab\t #abjj on ! we/]n coa/1 & oppos$ ank>a's pan!i/ic doctr9e ( non-duality4 ,he taught t ! supreme _s is ess5tially diff]5t to matt] & to ! individual _s4#id ,he ( c\rse d5i$ absorption1 &1 ?\gh a ,vi%nuite1 cle>ly belong$ 9 _s to ! old] s*ool be=e ,vi%nuism became s closely connect$ ) ,v$anta doctr9es4 ,x is ! same ,sankhyan ,vi%nuism t "o sees 9 ! ,div9e ,song1 t is1 duality1 & a cont9uation ( andilya's anci5t h]esy4#ie ,"h ends ! c\rse ( ,india's native religions4 ,f a ?\s& ye>s ,b4,c4 to z _m ye>s aft] %e is practically un9flu5c$ by =eign doctr9e1 save 9 ext]nals4 ,x is ( c\rse p]missible to sep>ate ! re=m+ sects ( ! la/ few decades f ! old] re=m]s2 b s9ce we see bo? 9 _! aim & 9 _! =eign s\rces 7amalgamation ) cis-,indic belief7 only a logical if n an hi/orical cont9uance ( ! old] dei/s1 we pref] to treat ( !m all z factors ( "o :ole2 &1 f a broad] po9t ( view1 z successors to ! /ill old] pan!i/ic & unit>ian re=m]s :o fir/ pr$icat$ a supreme _s z ens realissimum1 :5 /ill surr\nd$ by ! cl\ds ( primitive poly!ism4 ,kabir & ,dadu1 ! two mo/ important ( ! m mod]n re=m]s1 we h nam$ above z nom9al adh]5ts ( ! ,raman& sect4 ,b nei!r 0 really a sect>ian ,vi%nuite4#if ,kabir1 probably ( ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ,raman&'s disciples1 has z religi\s desc5dants ! sect ( ! ,kabir ,pan?is4 ,b no less an organization ?an t ( ! ,sikhs look back to him1 pret5d+ to be 8 foll[]s4 ,! religi\s t5ets ( ! ,kabir ,pan?is may be describ$ z ^? ( unsect>ian ,unit>ians4 ,!y con=m to no rites or mantras4 ,kabir assail$ all idolatry1 ridicul$ ! au?ority ( all scriptures1 broke ) ,pundit & ) ,mohamm$an1 taught t out] =m is ( no consequ5ce1 & t only ! 'inn] man' is ( importance4 ,^! ,pan?is are f\nd 9 ! ,s\?1 b are locat$ *iefly 9 & ab\t ,b5>es1 9 ,b5gal 9 ! ,ea/1 & 9 ,bombay 9 ! ,we/4 ,!re are said to be twelve divisions ( !m4 ,kabir assail$ idolatry1 b alas6 ,discipl9e requires subord9ation4 ,! ,guru1 ,tea*]1 mu/ be obey$4 ,x 0 n long be=e he :o reject$ idolatry became himself a deity4 ,& 9 fact1 e ,tea*]1 ,guru1 ( ! sect 0 an absolute ma/] ( ?\ght1 & 0 rev]$ z a god4#ig ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ne> ,laho4re1 0 born ,nanak 7#adfi71 :o is ! nom9al f\nd] ( ! ,sikhs1 a body :i*1 z ,nanak claim$1 0 a sect embody+ ! religion ( ,kabir himself1 ( :om he claim$ to be a foll[]4 ,! ,gran?1 or bible ( ! ,sikhs1 0 fir/ compil$ by ! pontiff ,arjun1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,besides ! portions writt5 by ,nanak & ,arjun himself1 !re 7 collect$ into x extracts f ! works ( 'twelve & a half' o!r contributors to ! volume1 ,kabir1 ,raman&1 etc4#ih ,?is ,gran? 0 subsequ5tly call$ ! ,adigran?1 or ,fir/ ,book1 to di/+ui% x f ! lat]1 enl>g$1 collection ( sev]al books1 "o ( :i* 0 writt5 by ,guru ,gov9d1 ! t5? ,sikh pontiff4 ,! *ange f a religi\s body to a *ur* militant & political body 0 made by ?is ,gov9d 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4#ii ,! religi\s sect settl$ 9 ! ,punjab1 became weal?y1 excit$ ! gre$ ( ! gov]nm5t1 0 p]secut$1 rose 9 revolt1 triumph$1 & ev5tually rul$ ! prov9ce4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to precipitate ! upris+ 0 ! above-m5tion$ ,arjun 7f\r? pontiff aft] ,nanak74 ,he play$ ! k+1 0 accus$ ( rebellion1 imprison$1 & probably kill$ by ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,! ,sikhs flew to arms1 & f ?is "t on !y 7 p]=ce little m ?an robb]s & plund]]s4 ,gov9d made ! f9al *ange 9 organization1 &1 s to speak1 at "o bl[ creat$ a nation1 = ! *ur* at 8 h&s 0 conv]t$ into ! unit$ militant body call$ ,khalsa "u ! ,guru z pontiff-k+1 ) a 'c\ncil ( *iefs4' ,!y 7 v[$ to hate ! ,mohamm$an & ,h9du4 ,all ca/e-di/9ctions 7 abrogat$4 ,gov9d in/itut$ ! wor%ip ( ,/eel & ,book 7sword & bible74 ,8 ord]s 73 ,if y meet a ,mohamm$an1 kill him2 if y meet a ,h9du1 beat & plund] him4 ,! ,sikhs invok$ ! ',creator' z 'highe/ "l1' ei!r 9 ! =m ( ,vi%nu or ,rama4 ,_! f\nd]1 ,nanak1 kept1 h[ev]1 ! ,h9du traditions 9 reg>d to rites4 ,he 0 a travell$ m]*ant1 & is said to h be5 9 ,arabia4 ,z an example ( ! ,sikh bible may s]ve ! foll[+ extracts1 translat$ f ! orig9al dialect by ,trumpp & ,pr9sep respectively3 ,f ,trumpp3 ,true is ! ,"l1 ( a true "n1 ,b ! import ( 7?is7 language is ,inf9ite4 ,!y say & beg1 give1 give6 ,! ,lib]al gives pres5ts4 ,:at may aga9 be put be=e 7him7 ,by :i* 8 c\rt may be se58 ,:at ^w may be spok5 by ! m\?1 ,:i* hav+ he>d he may be/[ love8 ,e>ly reflect on ! greatness ( ! ,true ,"n4#ajj ,f 8 b5efic5ce comes clo?+1 ,f 8 look ! gate ( salvation4 ,nanak 7says73 ,?us x is kn[n1 ,t he himself is altoge!r tru?ful4 ,f ,pr9sep3 ,?\ art ! ,"l1 to !e be praise2 ,all life is ) !e4 ,?\ art my p>5ts2 ,i1 ?y *ild4 ,all happ9ess is f ?y m]cy4 ,no "o kn[s ,god4 ,highe/ ,"l among ! highe/1 ,( all t is ?\ art ! regulator1 ,& all t is f !e obeys ?y w1 ,?y movem5ts1 ?y pleasure2 ?\ alone kn[e/4 ,nanak1 ?y slave is a free-w (f]+ unto !e4#aja ,! religi\s side ( ?is organization rema9$ "u ! "n ( ,udasis1#ajb or ,nirmalas 7'spotless ones'74 ,! ,adigran? 0 ext5d$ by o!r additions1 su* z t ( ,gov9d 7above71 & n[ con/itutes a l>ge het]og5e\s collection ( hymns & moral rules4 ,sev5 sub-sects ( ! religi\s body 7 develop$ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,! milit>y body has a well-kn[n hi/ory4 ,!y 7 complete ma/]s ( ! ,punjab 9 #agfd1 & rema9$ !re z an indep5d5t race till t prov9ce 0 occupi$ by ! ,briti% 9 #ahdh4 ,bo? ,kabir & 8 foll[] ,nanak 7 ess5tially re=m]s4 ,!y s\ght = a religion :i* %\ld re/ on ! common tru?s ( ,h9duism & ,mohamm$anism4#ajc ,z a matt] ( =m ! political p>ty ( ,gov9d1 ! ,gov9d ,s+hs1 or ,simhis1 wor%ipp$ ! ,h9du gods1 & !y %[$ respect = ! ,brahman prie/s = a long :ile2 b !y reject$ ! ,v$as & ca/e--! two mo/ ess5tial features ( or?odoxy4#ajd ,dadu1 ! second great re=m]1 :o %[s ,mohamm$an influ5ce q z pla9ly z does ,kabir1 also claim$ ,raman& z 8 tea*]4 ,! sects t rev]t to ,dadu1 ,dadu ,pan?is1 n[ numb] m ?an half an hundr$4 ,"s ( ! vot>ies are soldi]s2 "s are m5dicants4 ,! f\nd] liv$ ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! outw>d practices ( ! sects diff] some:at f ^? ( o!r sects4 ,l ,p]sians1 !y expose _! dead4 ,!y are f\nd ab\t ,ajmir & o!r di/ricts ( ! ,nor?1 9 ! seats ( ! ,ja9s4 ,_! fai? & re=matory t5d5cy may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ extract1 z translat$ by ,wilson3#aje ,he is my ,god :o make? all ?+s p]fect4 ,o fooli% "o1 ,god is n f> f y4 ,he is ne> y4 ,god's p[] is always ) y4 ,:atev] is to be is ,god's w4 ,:at w be w be4 ,!re=e1 long n = grief or joy1 because by seek+ ! "o y may f9d ! o!r4 ,all ?+s are sweet to !m t love ,god4 ,i am satisfi$ ) ?is1 t happ9ess is 9 proportion to devotion4 ,o ,god1 ,?\ :o art tru?1 grant me cont5tm5t1 love1 devotion1 & fai?4444 ,sit ye ) humility at ! feet ( ,god1 & rid y\rselves ( ! sickness ( y\r bodies4 ,f ! wick$ness ( ! body !re is mu* to fe>1 because all s9s ent] into x4 ,!re=e1 let y\r dwell+ be ) ! fe>less1 & direct y\rselves t[>d ! light ( ,god4 ,= !re nei!r sword nor poison h p[] to de/roy1 & s9 _c ent]4 ,! greate/ wisdom is 9 prev5t+ y\r m9ds f be+ influ5c$ by bad passions1 & 9 m$itat+ ^u ! ,"o ,god4 ,af=d help also to ! poor /rang]4 ,m$itate on ,him by :om all ?+s 7 made4#ajf ,?is tradition ( re=m is ma9ta9$ by o!rs )\t int]mission d[n to ! pres5t c5tury1 & ! ,madhvas & ,svami ,narayana1 ( :om we h spok5 above z be+ m directly connect$ ) sect>ian bodies1 are1 9 fact1 sc>cely m conc]n$ ) ! t5ets ( ! latt] ?an 7 ,kabir & ,dadu4 ,?us ! sev5te5? c5tury sees ! ris+ ( ! ,babalals & ,sadhus2 & ! eighte5?1 ( ! ,satnamis1 'wor%ipp]s ( ! true "n1' :o1 ) o!r m9or bodies1 su* z ! ,nangi ,pan?is1 f\nd$ by ,d$raj 9 ?is c5tury1 are really pure dei/s1 al?\gh "s ( !m1 l ! ,vit4ht4hals1 claim to be foll[]s ( ,kabir4 ,& s !y are1 9 _s at lea/4 ,,! ,,deism ,,( ,,to-,,day4#ajg ,& ?us "o arrives at mod]n deism1 n z ! result ( new influ5ces emanat+ f ,*ri/ian tea*+1 b r z ! legitimate successor ( t deism :i* became almo/ mono!i/ic 9 ! fir/ c5turies aft] our era1 & has ev] s9ce v>i$ ) v>i\s re=m]s betwe5 two beliefs1 incl9+ n[ to ! pan!i/ic1 n[ to ! unit>ian conception1 z ! respective re=m]s 7 influ5c$ by ,v$anta or ,sankhya 7lat] ,mohamm$an7 doctr9e4 ,! fir/ ( ! great mod]n re=m]s is ,rammohun ,roy1 :o 0 born 9 #aggb1 ! son ( a high-ca/e ,kri%naite ,brahman4 ,he /udi$ ,p]sian & ,arabic lit]ature at ,patna1 ! c5tre ( ,indic ,mohamm$an le>n+4 ,:5 a m]e boy1 he compos$ a tract aga9/ idolatry :i* caus$ him to be bani%$ f home4 ,he liv$ at ,b5>es1 ! /ronghold ( ,brahmanism1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,tibet1 ! c5tre ( ,buddhism4 ,f 8 e>lie/ ye>s1 says ,williams1 he display$ an eag]ness to become an unbiass$ /ud5t ( all ! religions ( ! globe4 ,he read ! ,v$as1 ! ,pali ,buddhi/ works1 ! ,kuran1 & ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! orig9al2 & 9 lat] ye>s ev5 /udi$ ,greek t he might prop]ly und]/& ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! s*ola/ic philosophy ( ! ,h9dus appe>$ to him1 h[ev]1 z some?+ sup]ior to :at he f\nd else:]e1 & 8 ef=ts 7 direct$ ma9ly to purify+ ! national fai?1 especially f idolatry4 ,x 0 at 8 in/igation t ! practice ( wid[-burn+ 0 aboli%$ 79 #ahbi7 by ! ,briti%4 ,he 0 f9ally o/raciz$ f home z a s*ismatic1 & retir$ to ,calcutta1 unit+ ab\t him a small body ( ,h9dus & ,ja9s1 & !re e/abli%$ a sort ( *ur* or sect1 ! ,atmiya ,sabha1'spiritual society' 7#ahaf71 :i* met at 8 h\se1 b ev5tually 0 cru%$ by ! ho/ility ( ! or?odox prie/s4 ,he f9ally adopt$ a k9d ( ,broad-*ur* ,*ri/ianity or ,unit>ianism1 & 9 #ahbj1 9 8 ',precepts ( ,jesus' & 9 "o ( 8 lat] works1 admits t ! simple moral code ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ 7 ! be/ t he knew4 ,he nev]1 h[ev]1 abjur$ ca/e2 & 8 adoption ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( c\rse1 did n include ! dogma ( ! tr9ity3 ,:atev] excuse may be plead$ 9 favor ( a plurality ( p]sons ( ! ,deity c be (f]$ ) equal propriety 9 def5ce ( poly!ism 7,f9al ,appeal74 ,f\nd$ by him1 ! fir/ !i/ic *ur* 0 organiz$ 9 #ahbh at ,calcutta1 & =mally op5$ 9 #ahcj z ! ,brahma ,samaj2 7'! ,congregation ( ,god'74 ,9 do+ ?is he wi%$ x to be und]/ood t he 0 n f\nd+ a new sect1 b a pure mono!i/ic wor%ip4 ,! only cre$ 0 a confession ( fai? 9 ! unity ( ,god4 ,= himself1 he ab&on$ pan!ism1 adopt$ ! belief 9 a f9al judgm5t1 9 miracles1 & 9 ,*ri/ z ! ',f\nd] ( true religion4' ,he di$ 9 #ahcc 9 ,engl&4 ,8 successor1 ,deb5drana? ,tagore1#ajh 0 n appo9t$ lead] ( ! ,brahma ,samaj2 till mu* lat]2 aft] he _h f\nd$ a *ur* ( 8 own 7'! ,tru?-tea*+ ,society'71 :i* la/$ = tw5ty ye>s 7#ahci-ahei71 be=e x 0 unit$ ) ! ,brahma ,samaj4 ,9 ! meantime ,deb5drana? become a memb] ( ! latt] society 7#ahda74 ,he e/abli%$ ! cov5ant ( ! ,samaj1 a v[ tak5 by e memb] to lead holy lives1 to ab/a9 f idolatry1 to wor%ip no creat$ object1 b only ,god1 ! ,"o )\t a second1#aji ! ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 ,de/roy]1 ! ,giv] ( ,emancipation4 ,! *ur* 0 newly organiz$ 9 #ahdd ) a regul>ly appo9t$ presid5t & m9i/]1 & ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! oa? to ea* believ]4 ,?is is ! ,adi ,brahma ,samaj1 ! ,fir/ ,congregation1 9 di/9ction f ! s*ism :i* soon took place4 ,! fir/ qu>rel 9 ?is *ur* 0 due to a diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! au?ority ( ! ,v$as4 ,"s memb]s reject$ !m1 o!rs ma9ta9$ _! infallibility2 :ile betwe5 ^! extremes lay v>i\s o!r op9ions1 "s memb]s que/ion+ ! infallibility ( ! ,v$as b ma9ta9+ _! au?ority4 ,by a majority vote x 0 ev5tually decid$ t ! ,v$as 7& ,upani%ads7 7 n infallible4 ,9 ! meantime 9 o!r prov9ces rival ,samajas _h be5 =m$1 & by #ahej !re 7 sev]al ( ^! broad-m9d$ ,congregations1 all trammell$ by _! environm5t1 b do+ _! be/ to be lib]al4 ,we pause "h 9 ! compilation ( ! data record$ 9 ?is p>agraph to ass]t1 indep5d5tly ( ,pr(essor ,williams1 :o has giv5 u ! hi/orical facts1 b w\ld d\btless n wi% to h imput$ to himself ! foll[+ judgm5t :i* we are l$ to pass1 t ! next /ep ( ! ,samaj2 plac$ x ^u ! only gr\nd :]e ! objects ( ?is *ur* c be atta9$1 & t 9 ! subsequ5t re=m ( ?is re=m1 :i* we %all h to record bel[1 a backw>d /ep has be5 tak54 ,= ,deb5drana? *ang$ ! ess5tial "* ( ! ,samaj f pan!i/ic !ism to pure deism4 ,! inn] circle ( ! society _h a n>r[] decl>ation ( fai?1 b 9 8 ,brahma ,dh>ma1 publi%$ ab\t #ahej1 ,deb5drana? =mulat$ f\r articles ( fai?1 to subscribe to :i* admitt$ any "o into ! ,samaj4 ,^! articles read z foll[s3 7t7 ,brahma 7neut]7 alone exi/$ 9 ! beg9n+ be=e ! univ]se2 naught else exi/$2 ,x ,he creat$ all ! univ]se4 7#b7 ,x ,he is et]nal1 intellig5t1 inf9ite1 blissful1 self-gov]n$ 7indep5d5t71 )\t p>ts1 j "o 7neut]7 )\t a second1 all-p]vad+1 ! rul] 7mascul9e n\n7 ( all1 refuge ( all1 omnisci5t1 omnipot5t1 immovable1 p]fect1 )\t p>allel 7all ^! adjectives are neut]74 7#c7 ,by wor%ip ( ?is ,"o alone c bliss be obta9$ 9 ! next _w & 9 ?is4 7#d7 ,! wor%ip ( ?is 7neut]7 ,"o consi/s 9 love t[>d ?is 7,"o7 & 9 p]=m+ works pleasant 7to ?is ,"o74 ,?is deism d5ies an inc>nate ,god1 scriptural au?ority1 & ! good ( rites & p5ance2 b x tea*es ! efficacy ( pray] & rep5tance1 & ! belief 9 ,god z a p]sonal ,creator & ,heav5ly ,fa!r4#aaj ,intellectual--any?+ b emotional--x fail$ to satisfy _m wor%ipp]s4 ,& z a *ur* x 0 cons]vative 9 reg>d to social re=ms4 ,9 #aheh ,ke%ub ,*und] ,s51 a ,vi%nuite by family1 !n b tw5ty1 jo9$ ! ,samaj1 & be+ clev]1 "y1 eloqu5t1 & cultivat$1 he1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,h9dus1 und]took to re=m ! *ur* he _h j ent]$1 fir/ ( all by urg+ ! abolition ( ca/e-re/rictions4 ,deb5drana? 0 lib]al en\gh to be will+ to disp5se ) 8 own ?read 7! ca/e-m>k71 b too wisely cons]vative to dem& ( 8 co-religioni/s s complete a break ) tradition & social condition4 ,= ! sacr$ ?read to ! ,h9du is ! sign ( social respectability4 ,)\t x1 he is out ( society4 ,x b9ds him to all t is de>e/ to him4 ,! lead] ( ! old] ,samaj2 nev] gave up ca/e2 ! y\ng] memb]s 9 do+ s mix religion ) social etiquette1 & s h9d] ! advance !y aim at4 ,s5 urg$ ?is & o!r re=ms1 all repugnant to ! society 9 :i* he liv$1 *anges 9 ! rite at ! wor%ip ( ance/ors1 alt]ations 9 ! e/abli%$ ritual at bir?-c]emonies & fun]als1 abolition ( poly&ry & ( *ild-m>riages1 &1 wor/ ( all1 grant+ p]mission to m>ry to ^? ( diff]5t ca/es4 ,8 zeal 0 direct$ especially aga9/ ca/e-re/rictions & *ild-m>riages4 ,naturally he fail$ to p]suade ! old ,samaj to jo9 him 9 ^! revolution>y views1 to insi/ on :i*1 h[ev] s5sible !y seem1 _c be reg>d$ o!rwise ?an z indiscreet f ! po9t ( view ( "o :o consid]s m5 & passions4 ,= ! ,samaj1 9 ! face ( trem5d\s ob/acles1 _h j secur$ a foot-hold 9 ,india4 ,s5's headlong re=ms w\ld h sma%$ to pieces ! :ole congregation1 & left ,india m deeply prejudic$ ?an ev] aga9/ free ?\ght4 ,s5 fail$ to re=m ! old *ur*1 s 9 #ahfe he1 ) "s ard5t "y en?usia/s1 re=m$ !mselves into a new *ur*1 c]emoni\sly organiz$ 9 #ahff z ! ,brahma ,samaj2 ( ,india1 9 di/9ction f ! ,calcutta ,samaj1 or ,adi ,samaj4 ,a futile ef=t 0 made to get all ! o!r local congregations to jo9 ! new ,samaj1 ! la/1 ( c\rse1 to be ! fir/ & head ( ! organization4 ,! new ,samaj r5\nc$ ca/e-re/rictions & ,brahmanism altoge!r1 b x 0 ta9t$ ) ! hy/]ical bhakti f]vor :i* ,s5 inh]it$ f 8 *ildhood's religion1 & :i* 7if "o may cr$it ,williams' words7 br\ght ! late/ developm5t ( ,indian ,!ism into clos] h>mony ) ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,! *ief lead] ( ?is ,samaj besides ,s5 0 8 c\s9 ,protap ,*und] ,mozoomd>1 (ficial secret>y ( ! society4 ,its lit]>y organ is ! ,indian ,mirror4 ,! re=m ( ?is re=m ( c\rse foll[$ be=e long4 ,! new ,samaj 0 accus$ ( mak+ religion too mu* a matt] ( emotion & excitem5t4 ,religi\s f]vor1 bhakti1 _h l$ to raptur\s s++ ( hymns 9 ! /reets2 & to ! e/abli%m5t ( a k9d ( love-fea/s 7',brahma-fea/s' !y 7 call$7 ( pray] & rejoic+2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to undue asceticism & self-mortification4#aaa ,s5 himself 0 rev]$ too mu*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ brilliant1 eloqu5t1 & fasc9at+ ( m51 he 0 ador$ by 8 foll[]s--z a god6 ,he d5i$ t he _h accept$ div9e honors1 b !re is no d\bt1 z ,williams insi/s1 t 8 ,vi%nuite t5d5cy l$ him to believe himself peculi>ly ! recipi5t ( div9e favors4 ,x 0 *>g$ aga9/ him t he ass]t$ t all he did 0 at ,god's comm&1 & t he believ$ himself p]5nially inspir$4#aab ,if "o add to ?is t he 0 n only div9ely inspir$1 b t he _h ! complete control ( 8 society1 x w\ld appe> to be easy to =esee :]e ! next re=m] might /rike4 ,= ,s5 0 n only bi%op1 prie/1 & deacon all 9 "o1 says ,williams1 he 0 a ,pope1 f ^: decision !re 0 no appeal4 ,b x 0 n ?is t caus$ ! rupture4 ,9 #ahgg ?is re=m]1 :o _h d5\nc$ e>ly m>riages z ! curse ( ,india1 yield$ to natural social ambition & engag$ 8 own "y daught] to a ,ko* 7,rajban%i7 pr9ce1 :o 9 turn 0 a m]e boy4 ,! ,samaj prote/$ ) all its might1 b ! m>riage 0 p]=m$ ! next ye>1 )al to ! accompanim5t ( idolatr\s rites4#aac ,aft] ?is ,s5 became some:at !atrical4 ,9 #ahgi he recogniz$ 79 a proclamation7 ,god's ,mo!rhood--! old dogma ( ! female div9e4 ,9 #ahhj he ann\nc$1 9 f]vid language1 t ,*ri/ianity 0 ! only true religion3 ,x is ,*ri/ :o rules ,briti% ,india1 & n ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,engl& has s5t out a trem5d\s moral =ce 9 ! life & "* ( t mighty prophet to conqu] & hold ?is va/ empire4 ,none b ,jesus1 none b ,jesus1 none b ,jesus1 ev] des]v$ ?is bright1 ?is preci\s diadem1 ,india1 & ,jesus %all h x4444 ,*ri/ is a true ,yogi4 ,he accepts ,*ri/1 b n z ,god1 only z inspir$ sa9t 7z says ,williams74 ,m rec5tly1 ,s5 propos$ an amalgamation ( ,h9duism1 ,mohamm$anism1 & ,*ri/ianity z ! true religion4 ,mean:ile ! ,samaj 0 r5t by discord4 ,s5's oppon5ts1 ! new re=m]s1 7 unable1 h[ev]1 to ou/ ! brilliant lead] f ! presid5cy4 ,consequ5tly !y e/abli%$ a new *ur*1 int5d$ to be a ,g5]al ,congregation1 ! f\r? developm5t 7#ahgh7 ( ! ,brahma ,samaj4 ,& s ! fight has gone on ev] s9ce4 ,at ! pres5t day !re are m ?an a hundr$ dei/ic *ur*es1 9 :i* ! devotional ex]cises consi/ 9 "p ( read+s f ! ,v$as1 ,bible1 ,kuran1 & ,ave/a4 ,! ,arya ,samaj is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! lat] *ur*es1 "s ( :i* endeavor to obta9 undefil$ religion by unit+ into "o fai? :at seems be/ 9 all2 o!rs1 by return+ to ! ,v$as & cle>+ !m ( :at !y ?9k to be lat] corruptions ( ^? orig9ally pure scriptures4 ,( ! latt] sort is ! ,arya ,samaj4 ,its lead]1 ,dayan&a1 claims t ! ,v$as are a true revelation4 ,! la/ re=m] ( :i* we h k is a bright "y high-ca/e ,h9du ( upp] ,india1 :o is ab\t to f\nd a '_w-religion1' = :i* task he is n[ mak+ prelim9>y /udies4 ,he has visit$ ?is c\ntry1 & rec5tly told u t1 if he _h "t1 he c\ld easily conv]t ,am]ica4 ,b 8 fir/ duty lies1 ( c\rse1 9 ! re=mation ( ,india's re=mations1 especially ( ! ,samajas6 ,! difficulty ) :i* all ^! re=m]s & re-re=m]s h to cont5d is pitifully cle>4 ,_! broad ideas h no fitt+ environm5t4 ,_! lead]s & ?9k]s may cont9ue to prea* deism1 & among _! equals !y w be he>d & und]/ood4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 n cont5t ) ?is4 ,!y mu/ =m *ur*es4 ,b a *ur* implies 9 e case an unnatural & !re=e dang]\s gr[?1 caus$ by ! union ei!r ( inf]ior m9ds 7attract$ by eloqu5ce1 b unable to ?9k7 ) ^? t are n on ! same plane1 or ( ambiti\s zealots ) reluctant cons]vati/s4 ,_m jo9 ! *ur* :o are n qualifi$ to appreciate ! lead]'s "w4 ,!y ov]load ! f\nd]'s deism ) ! sect>ian !ism f :i* !y h n really fre$ !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y\ng] m51 :o h be5 educat$ 9 ,engli% colleges & are imbu$ ) ! _s ( practical re=m1 ent] ! *ur* to use x z an in/rum5t = social progress4 ,s ! *ur* is divid$1 !i/s & re=m]s bo? be+ at odds ) ! orig9al dei/s2 & ! f\nd] is lucky if he escapes be+ deifi$ by "o p>ty & be+ look$ ^u by ! o!r z too dull4#aad ,india is no m prep>$ z a :ole = ! reception ( ! lib]al views ( ! ,samaj2 ?an 0 ! negro = ! "r to vote4 ,c5turies ( high] prelim9>y education are ne$$ be=e ! p at l>ge r5\nce _! ance/ral1 _! natural fai?4 ,a few e>ne/ m5 may prea* deism2 ! p w rema9 poly!i/s & pan!i/s = _m g5]ations4 ,!n1 aga91 ! ,samajas h to cont5d n only ) ! national pr$isposition1 b ) e h]etical sect1 &1 besides ^!1 ) ! or?odox *ur*4 ,b ?us f> _! *ief foe is1 aft] all1 _! own he>t z oppos$ to _! head4 ,z long z dei/ic lead]s are deifi$ by _! foll[]s1 & reg>d !mselves z peculi>ly inspir$1 !y w prea* 9 va94 ,nor c !y ) impunity favor ! sub/itution ( emotion = ideas 9 a l& :]e religi\s emotion leads d[nw>ds z surely z falls a /one t is ?r[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! foll[+ we keep to ! practice we h adopt$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! "w1 giv+ angliciz$ words )\t di/9ction ( v[el-l5g?1 & angliciz+ z f> z possible1 writ+ ?us ,sankhya b ,sankhyan1 ,v$anta b ,v$anti/4 ,9 mod]n prop] names we h adopt$ 9 ea* case ! mo/ famili> =m4 ,footnote #b3 ,rig ,v$a1 ,,ii4 #ab4 ,comp>e ,x4 #aba4 ,we omit "s ( ! v]ses4 ,footnote #c3 ,see note1 p4 #bj1 above4 ,footnote #d3 ,metaphor f e>?ly fire-mak+2 cl\d & cliff 7,ludwig72 or1 p]haps1 heav5 & e>?4 ,footnote #e3 ',made l[ & put 9 concealm5t' ! ,dasa color1 i4e4 ! black b>b>ians1 ! negroes4 ',color' might be translat$ 'race' 7subsequ5tly 'ca/e'74 ,footnote #f3 ,dice1 vijas1 lit]ally 'hopp]s' 7& s sometimes1 int]pret$ z birds74 ,! same figure occurs n infrequ5tly4 ,comp>e ,,av4 iv4 #af4 #e1 aks4an iva4 ',believe1' r'ad-dhatta1 i4e41 cr$-7d7ite1 lit]ally 'put tru/4' ,footnote #g3 ,sometimes r5d]$1 a true 7laudation7 if any is true4 ,footnote #h3 viii4 #ajj4 #c-d4 ,! p5ultimate v]se is lit]ally '! direction7s7 ( ! ord] magnify me1' ! ord] be+ t ( ! seasons & ( seasonable rites4 ,footnote #i3 ,comp>e ! 'devil-wor%ip ( ,uanas1' & ! sc(fs at ,pu%an4 ,! next /ep 9 infidelity is d5ial ( a future life & ( ! wor? ( ! ,v$as4 ,footnote #aj3 ,9 ! ,buddhi/ic writ+s ,indra appe>s z ! great popul> god ( ! ,brahmans 7) ,brahma z ! philosophical god74 ,footnote #aa3 ,8 body is mortal2 8 brea?s immortal1 at4 ,br4 x4 #a4 #d4 #a2 xi4 #a4 #b4 #ab4 ,footnote #ab3 ,on ^! curi\s pocket-alt>s1 d\ble triangles repres5t+ ! ?ree gods & _! wives1 ) ,l+a & ,yoni1 see ,,jras4 #ahea1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ! ,tantras & late ,puranas4 ,9 ! e>li] ,puranas !re is z yet no su* =mal cult4 ,footnote #ad3 ,embodi$ 9 ! tale ( ,agni's advance1 ,,is4 i4 #agj4 ,footnote #ae3 at ,br4 ix4 #c4a4 #ah4 ,footnote #af3 ,on ?is quasi deity 9 mod]n belief comp>e ,,ia4 ,,xviii4 #df4 ,x has happ5$ "h t a fate ,provid5ce has become supreme4 ,?us1 too1 ! ,mogul ,buddha is realty no?+ m or less ?an ,provid5ce4 ,footnote #ag3 #g4 ,i4 #b4 ,footnote #ah3 ,9 ,,rv4 ,x4 #ij4 #i1 *&as1 songs1 incantations1 imply a "w ( ?is nature4 ,footnote #ai3 ,unless x be di/9ctly good magic ! epic h]oes are a%am$ to use magical rites4 ,!y insi/ on ! int5t be+ unimpea*able4 ,footnote #bj3 ,ap4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #cj1 #bj1 etc4 ,comp>e ,web]1 ,om9a p4 #ccg1 & see ! ,bibliography4 ,footnote #ba3 ,taitt4 ,s4 ,,vi4 ,i4 #a1 #b1 #c1 tir!snali4 ,footnote #bb3 ,comp>e ,web]'s acc\nt ( ! ,rajasuya1 p4 #ih2 &1 apropos ( ! ,daapeya1 ib4 #gh1 note2 :]e x is /at$ t soma-dr9k+ = ! w>rior-ca/e is /ill reflect$ 9 ?is 7orig9ally indep5d5t7 c]emony4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! li/ giv5 above 7p4 #dfd7 ( ! '?rice ?ree names' is made eight by suppress+ ,kumara1 & ! 'eight names' are to-day ! usual numb]4 ,footnote #bd3 ankh4 7,kan%47 ,br4 vi4 #a4 ,footnote #be3 ,! ,brahmanic multiple by pref]5ce is 7?ree &7 sev5 7#g1ba1bh1ce71 t ( ! ,buddhi/1 eight4 ,fe]1 ,,ja41 #ahic1 p4 #aac ff41 holds ! ,sv>gap>va ( ! epic to be ,buddhi/ic on acc\nt ( ! hells4 ,m probably x is a ivaite addition4 ,! rule does n always hold good1 = gr\ps ( sev5 & eight are sometimes ,buddhi/ic & ,brahmanic1 respectively4 ,footnote #bf3 ,leumann1 ,ros>ies4 ,footnote #bg3 ,fri$]i*12 ,,jras4 viii4 #aeg2 ix4 #ei4 ,! only e/abli%$ ref]5ce to ,buddha on ! "p ( ,brahmanism1 ) ! exception ( late ,puranas ( unc]ta9 date1 is aft] ,k%em5dra 7#ajff ,a4,d474 ,comp>e ,holtzmann1 s4 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #bh3 ,na tat p>asya s&adhyat pratikula4m yad atmanas4 ,?is is a favorite /anza 9 ! epic1 & is imitat$ 9 lat] lit]ature 7,spr*e1 #cbec1 #fegh1 #feic74 ,footnote #bi3 ,burnell 9 ! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 second & foll[+ volumes2 ,swan/on1 ,,jras4 #ahcd2 #ahce2 ,g]mann1 ,die ,kir*e d] ,?omas*ri/54 ,footnote #cj3 ,above1 cit$ f ,h>dy4 ,footnote #ca3 ,"s ( ! multitud9\s subca/es occasionally focus ab\t a religi\s pr9ciple to su* an ext5t z to give !m almo/ ! appe>ance ( religi\s devotees4 ,?us ! ,bhats & ,*arans are h]alds & b>ds ) ! mix$ fai? ( s _m l[-ca/e ,h9dus4 ,b 9 _! (fice ( h]ald !y h a religi\s pride1 &1 s9ce 9 ! pres5t day !y are less h]alds ?an expressm51 !y c>ry prop]ty ) religi\s rev]5ce1 & are respect$ 9 _! (fice ev5 by robb]s2 = x ?is ca/e t d n hesitate to commit traga1 t is1 if an agreem5t :i* !y h caus$ to be made betwe5 two p>ties is n c>ri$ out !y w kill !mselves & _! families1 ) su* religi\s effect t ! guilt lies ^u ! (f5d+ p>ty 9 ! agreem5t1 :o expiates x by 8 own life4 ,!y are reg>d$ z a sort ( div9e repres5tative1 & f$ !mselves to be s4 ,a case report$ f ,india 9 ?is ye>1 #ahid1 %[s t ! feel+ /ill exi/s4 ,! h]ald slew 8 own "m 9 ! pres5ce ( ! default+ debtor1 :o !reupon slew himself z 8 only expiation4 ,footnote #cb3 ,z1 = example1 betwe5 ! ,dadu ,pan?is & ! ,ja9s 9 ,ajmir & ,jeypur4 ,! la/ 0 a *ief ,digamb>a t[n1 :ile ,ma?ura 7on ! ,jumna7 0 a retamb>a /ation4 ,= a possible survival ( ,buddhism1 see bel[1 p4 #dhe1 note4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! ,s>cad>an4asan4graha ( ,sayana 7f\rte5? c5tury7 & ! an4k>a-vijaya1 or ',conque/ ( ank>a4' ,footnote #cd3 ,?us ! ,dabi/an enum]ates z actual sects ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 'moon-wor%ipp]s1' '/>-wor%ipp]s1' ',agni-wor%ipp]s1' 'w9d-wor%ipp]s1' 'wat]-wor%ipp]s1' 'e>?-wor%ipp]s1' 'tripujas' 7or wor%ipp]s ( all ! ?ree k+doms ( nature71 & 'wor%ipp]s ( man' 7manus4yabhaktas71 :o recognise ! be+ ( ,god 9 man1 & "k no?+ m p]fect ?an mank9d 7ii4 #ab71 a fai? :i*1 z we h %[n1 is pr(ess$ 9 ! ,mahabharata4 ,footnote #ce3 ,religi\s ,?\ght & ,life4 ,footnote #cf3 ,! ,ka%me] ivaites claim ank>a z _! tea*]4 ,! sect ( ,basava />t$ 9 ! s\?1 ,mysore4 ,!y h "s tra%y lit]ature 7leg5ds1 etc47 :i* !y dignify by ! "n ( ,puranas4 ,bhl] has giv5 an acc\nt ( ! ,ka%me] s*ool4 ,= fur!r details see ,b>?1 pp4 #ahd1 #bjf4 ,footnote #cg3 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4#fb ff4 ,to ?is & to ! same au?or's ,?\ght & ,life1 we are indebt$ = _m facts conc]n+ ! sects z !y appe> to-day1 ?\gh mu* 9 ^! books is said aft] ,wilson or o!r s*ol>s1 ^: "w is n[ common prop]ty1 & calls = no fur!r ackn[l$gm5t4 ,footnote #ch3 ,x is1 p]haps1 necess>y to keep repeat+ t ,h9du mono!ism does n exclude o!r gods :i*1 at ! h&s ( ! "o god1 are r$uc$ to sprites1 angels1 demons1 etc4 ,b x ought n to be necess>y to insi/ on ?is1 = an ,am]ican mono!i/ t believes 9 angels & devils is ! same sort ( mono!i/4 ,! ,h9du calls ! angels 'gods' or 'div9ities1' b !y are only att5dant ho/s ( ! ,"o4 ,footnote #ci3 ,"s ( ! ivaite sects are1 inde$1 ,buddhi/ic 9 orig91 a fact :i* raises ! "q :e!r ,buddhism1 in/ead ( disappe>+ f ,india1 0 n simply absorb$2 mu* z ,unit>ianism 9 ,new ,engl& has sp5t its vitality 9 modify+ ! or?odox cre$4 ,?us ! k>ma ( ,buddhism may /ill be work+ 9 ! p]son ( "s mod]n ,h9du sects4 ,see ! next note bel[4 ,footnote #dj3 ,mo/ ( ! ,yogi juggl]s are ivaites 7:5 !y are n ,buddhi/ic71 & to-day !y %>e ) ! 7,mohamm$an7 fakirs ! honor ( be+ n only ascetics b knaves4 ,! juggl] ,yogi is1 h[ev]1 a figure ( respectable antiquity4 ,! magical tricks practic$ on ! epic h]oes are d\btless a reflex ( ! curr5t mesm]ism1 :i* deceives s clev]ly to-day4 ,we h %[n above a ,buddhi/ic /ra9 ( ,mahatmaism 9 an e>ly ,buddhi/ic tract1 & ,b>?1 p4 #bac1 sugge/s a ,buddhi/ic orig9 = ! ,kanaphats4 ,see also ,holtzmann1 loc4 cit4 ,! dei/ic ,yogis ( ,gorakhna?'s sect are respectable en\gh 7see an acc\nt ( "s ( ?is sort 9 ! ,dabi/an1 ,,ii4 #f71 b !y are ( ,buddhi/ic orig94 ,! ,kanaphats ( ,kut* 7,danodh>7 7 once a celibate bro!rhood4 ,,jras4 #ahci1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #da3 ,see ,,jaos4 xi4 #bgb4 ,to ascribe ?is v]se to ! 'old] ,manu' w\ld be a grave slip on ! "p ( a ,sanskrit s*ol>4 ,footnote #db3 i4 #a4 #gf4 ,footnote #dc3 ,! ,dabi/an1 )\t any animus1 reports ( ! aktas ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t iva is1 9 _! op9ion1 ) little exception1 ! highe/ ( ! deities 7,,ii4 #g74 ,williams calls aktaism a m]e (f%oot ( ivaism ,religi\s ,?\ght & ,life1 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote #dd3 ,! ,dabi/an r assumes z a matt] ( c\rse t a body ( ,yogis w\ld kill & eat a boy ( ! ,mohamm$an fai? 7,,ii4 #ab72 b "h ! au?or may be prejudic$4 ,footnote #de3 ,! pres5t sect ( ?is "n consi/s only ( a few mis]able m5dicants1 p>ticul>ly savage & fil?y 7,wilson74 ,footnote #df3 ,all ( !m n[ repres5t akti1 ! female pr9ciple4 ,l+a-wor%ip has also its c\nt]p>t1 ,bhaga-wor%ip 7"h ,yoni71 p]haps repres5t$ by ! alt> itself4 ,comp>e ! ,dabi/an1 ,,ii4 #g1 on ! ivaite int]pretation ( ! ,mohamm$an alt>4 ,to ,durga human be+s 7 always sacrific$4 ,aft] m5tion+ a gold idol ( ,durga 7to :om m5 7 sacrific$ ye>ly71 ! au?or adds3 ,ev5 n[ !y sacrifice 9 e village ( ! ,kohi/an ( ,n&apur & ! c\ntry adjac5t1 a man ( good family 7ib474 ,durga above1 p4 #daf7 is ,vi%nu's si/]4 ,footnote #dg3 ,! sexual anti!sis1 s unimportant 9 ! e>lie/ ,aryan nature-hymns1 becomes m & m pron\nc$ 9 ! liturgical hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 & may be especially a trait ( ! old] fire-cult 9 opposition to soma-cult 7comp>e ,,rv4 ,x4 #ah4 #g74 ,at any rate x is significant t ,yoni means ! alt> itself1 & t 9 ! fire-cult ! production ( fire is repres5t$ z result+ f ! union ( ! male & female organs4 ,footnote #dh3 ,nev]!less ! ,brahmanic1 & ev5 ! ,h9dui/ic1 law-codes condemn all intoxicat+ liquors except 9 religi\s s]vice4 ,to (f] su* dr9k to a man ( ! l[] ca/es1 ev5 to a udra1 is puni%able ) a f9e2 b to (f] intoxicat+ liquor to a prie/ is puni%able ) dea? 7,vi%nu1 ,v4 #ajj74 ,footnote #di3 ,=m]ly p]=m$ by ! ,k>aris4 ,! aktas hold ! kill+ ( a man to be p]mitt$1 ,dabi/an1 ,,ii4 #g4 ,among !m x is a m]itori\s act to sacrifice a man1 ib4 ,footnote #ej3 ,h5ce ! "n ( ,kanculiyas kanculi1 a woman's g>m5t74 ,footnote #ea3 ,?is has no p>allel 9 ,vi%nuism except among "s ( ! ,radha devotees4 ,among ! ,radha ,vallabhis ! vulg>ities ( ! ivaites are q equall$2 & ! assumption ( wom5's attire by ! ,sakhi ,bhavas ( ,b5>es & ,b5gal u%]s 9 rites z co>se if less bloody ?an ^? ( ! ivaites4 ,footnote #eb3 ,( c\rse ea* god ( ! male tr9ity has 8 akti1 female pr9ciple4 ,?us ,brahma's akti is ,savitri 79 ! epic71 or ,s>asvati1 or ,vac2 t ( ,vi%nu is ri1 or ,lak%mi1 or ,radha2 t ( iva is ,uma1 ,durga1 ,kali1 etc4 ,toge!r !y make a female tr9ity 7,b>?1 p4 #aii72 ,s ev5 ! ,v$ic gods _h _! 7lat]7 wives1 :o1 z 9 ! case ( ,surya1 7 probably only ! female side ( a god conceiv$ ( z &rogyn\s1 l ,prajapati 9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod4 ,footnote #ec3 ,hi/orically1 ,?ags1 l ,panjab1 ,san?als1 etc1 is ! m correct =m1 b phonetically ! =ms ,?ugs1 ,punjab1 ,sun?als or ,son?als1 are correct1 & a1 ! indet]m9ate v[el 7l o 9 ,london71 is g5]ally transcrib$ by u or o 79 ,punjab1 ,nepal1 ! a is pron\nc$ v l au1 & is sometimes writt5 s1 ,punjaub1 etc74 ,footnote #ed3 ,! ,jemid>1 capta91 gives ! ord] to ! ,buttoat1 /rangl]1 :o takes ! rumal 7y>d ( cotton7 ) a knot ti$ 9 ! left end1 &1 hold+ 8 "r h& a few in*es fur!r up1 passes x f beh9d ov] ! victim's head4 ,z ! latt] falls ! /rangl]'s h&s are cross$1 & if done prop]ly ! ,?ugs say t ! eyes /& out ( ! head & life becomes ext9ct1 be=e ! body falls to ! gr\nd 7,notes on ! ',?ags1 ,?ugs1 or ,!gs1' by ,lieut5ant ,reynolds2 ( :om ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,smy! says t he knew m ?an any o!r ,european ab\t ! ,?ugs1 #ahcf74 ,! ,buttoat receiv$ eight annas extra = 8 %>e4 ,ea* actor 9 ! sc5e _h a title2 ! victim 0 call$ ,rosy4 ,= _! argot see ! ,ramaseeana4 ,footnote #ee3 ,?ugs 7def9$ z 'knaves' by ,%]wood1 m probably '?rottl]s'7 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ,decoits4 ,! latt] 7,elph9/one1 i4 #chd7 are irreligi\s gangs1 secretly b\nd toge!r to sack villages4 ,peaceable citiz5s by day1 ! ,decoits rise at night1 attack a village1 slay1 torture1 rob1 & disappe> be=e morn+1 'melt+ into ! population' & resum+ hone/ toil4 ,:5 ! police are weak en\gh !y may rema9 b&$ toge!r2 o!rwise !y are ephem]ally hone/ & nocturnally assass9s4 ,! ,?ugs or ,phansig>s 7phansi1 noose7 kill$ no wom51 invok$ ,kali 7z ,jayi71 & attack$ individuals only1 :om ! decoys1 call$ ,tillais1 lur$ v clev]ly to de/ruction4 ,!y nev] robb$ )\t /rangl+ fir/1 & always buri$ ! victim4 ,!y us$ to s5d a good deal ( :at !y got to ,kali's temple1 9 a village ne> ,mirzapur1 :]e ! e/abli%m5t ( prie/s 0 entirely support$ by !m4 ,kali 7or ,bhavani7 h]self direct$ t victims %\ld be /rangl$1 n bl$ 7s ! ,?ug leg5d74 ,_! symbol 0 a pick1 emblem ( ! goddess1 unto :om a religi\s c]emony 0 p]=m$ be=e & aft] ! murd] 0 committ$4 ,local small bank]s (t5 act$ z f5ce = !m4 ,footnote #ef3 ,?is is call$ ei!r ,purva-mimamsa 7,k>ma-mimamsa7 or simply ,mimamsa4 ,footnote #eg3 ,or ariraka-mimamsa1 or ,brahma-mimamsa 7mimam4sa1 reflexion1 philosophy74 ,footnote #eh3 ,kapila's sy/em1 usually kn[n z ! ,sankhya4 ,footnote #ei3 ,& attribut$ to ,patan4jali4 ,comp>e ,deuss51 ,sy/em des ,v$anta1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,born ,9 #ghh4 ,b "s s*ol>s ref] him to ! sev5? c5tury4 ,see ,,ia4 xiii4 #ie2 xvi4 #da4 ,8 "n1 a title ( iva1 indicates 8 nom9al sect4 ,footnote #fa3 ,= ! mean+ ( ,v$anta 7:e!r 'end ( ,v$a1' or 'goal ( ,v$a'7 comp>e ,deuss51 loc4 cit4 p4 #c1 note 7above1 p4 #bec1 note74 ,footnote #fb3 ,! ,supreme ,_s or ,all-,_s is ei!r purely non-duali/ic or qualifi$ly non-duali/ic2 9 ! latt] ev5t he is1 says ! sect>y1 id5tical ) ,vi%nu1 :o may be repres5t$ ei!r by ,kri%na or ,rama 7sub-sects74 ,pure non-duality 7uncondition$ atma7 0 taught by ank>a4 ,footnote #fc3 ,g\gh1 ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads44 ,comp>e ,williams1 loc4 cit4 ,9 our own view ! unsy/ematic ,upani%ads tea* bo? doctr9es 7above1 p4 #bbh1 note74 ,footnote #fd3 ,be=e ,kamanuja x 0 taught by andilya t brahma 7& ! individual _s7 0 condition$1 a doctr9e suppos$ to be t ( ! old ,bhagavatas or ,pa4nc>atras2 b ?is is q unc]ta94 ,! andilyan *apt] ( ! ,*andogya ,upani%ad 7above1 p4 #bba7 may be ?us int]pret$1 vis1 t ! 7condition$7 individual _s is id5tical ) brahma4 ,footnote #fe3 ,?ibaut1 ,introduction to ! ,v$anta ,sutras1 ,,sbe4 ,,xxxiv4 p4 ,,xxxi2 ,deuss51 ,sy/em des ,v$anta1 p4#dfi4 ,footnote #ff3 ,philosophical illusion1 mana1 appe>s fir/ 9 late ,upani%ads4 ,footnote #fg3 ,! au?or ( ! ,dabi/an 7sev5te5? c5tury7 tells a ,b]keleyan /ory 9 reg>d to ank>a's doctr9e ( illusion4 ,8 enemies wi%$ to te/ 8 belief 9 8 own philosophy2 s !y drove an elephant at him1 on :i* ! philosoph] ran away4 ,ho6 !y je]$1 ,did y n ma9ta9 t all 0 a m]e illusion8 ,!n an elephant is illusion4 ,yet y take to flight be=e x4 ,yes1 repli$ ! philosoph]1 all is illusion2 !re 0 no elephant1 & !re 0 no flight 7,,ii4 #d74 ,footnote #fh3 ,! ,smarta 7or?odox7 ,brahman believes1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,vi%nu1 iva1 & ,brahma are all m]e =ms ( ! ,supreme ,alma4 ,footnote #fi3 ,if ,mohamm$ 7 reg>d$ z "o ) ,allah !re w\ld be an ,occid5tal p>allel to ! ,kri%na & ,rama sects4 ,footnote #gj3 ,:e!r ! ,h9du tr9it>ianism d]ives f ! ,occid5t or n 7! =m] view be+ hi/orically probable1 b n possible to prove7 ! importance ( ! dogma & its place 9 ,h9du !ology is v diff]5t to ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,9 ,india tr9it>ianism is m]ely a conv5i5ce 9 adju/+ ! claims ( two het]odox sects & or?odoxy1 ea* believ] be+ will+ to admit t ! god ( ! o!r is 8 own god1 only ) ! und]/&+ t ! la/ is a sup]ior manife/ation4 ,9 late ivaism bo? ,vi%nu & ,brahma are inde$ call$ ! 'sons ( ,god' 7iva74 b 9 ! s5se t !y are di/9ctly subord9ate creatures ( iva 7,,jaos4 iv4 #adg74 ,footnote #ga3 ,b "s ,h9dus wor%ip bo? ,vi%nu & iva )\t insi/+ t "o is high] ?an ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 !re is a ,mahratta sect ( ,vi%nuites :o complac5tly wor%ip ,buddha 7,vi%nu's n9? avat>7 z ,vit4ht4hala or ,pandura4nga4 ,^! are simply eclectic1 & _! god is )\t or ) quality4 ,buddha is "h n a deceiv]1 b an in/ructor 7,,jras4 #ahdb1 p4 #ff2 ,,ia4 ,,xi4 #ef1 #adi74 ,footnote #gb3 ,! ivaites1 too1 are divid$ on ! que/ions bo? ( pr$e/9ation & ( free grace4 ,! great] body ( !m hold to ! 'monkey doctr9e'2 ! ,paupatas1 to ! 'cat4' ,footnote #gc3 ,sanskrit kala1 s*ool 7m>kat4a-nyaya & m rjara-nyaya74 ,! ,s\!rn s*ool has its own ,v$a writt5 9 ,tamil4 ,williams1 ,,jras4 xiv4 #cja4 ,accord+ to ! same writ] ! ,t5-galais hold t ,vi%nu's wife is f9ite1 creat$1 & a m$iator2 ! ,vada-galais1 t %e is inf9ite1 & uncreat$4 ,footnote #gd3 ,all ,vi%nuites h ! v]tical sign2 ivaites h a horizontal sign 7on ! =ehead74 ,footnote #ge3 ,proce$4 ,,aos4 #ahid1 p4 iii4 ,! ,vada-s*ool may be affect$ by ivaism4 ,footnote #gf3 ,a div9e monkey appe>s 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 b n z an object ( devotion4 ,footnote #gg3 ,! tea*]s ( ! ,ramaites are g5]ally ,brahmans1 b no disciples are exclud$ because ( _! ca/e4 ,ramanuja adopt$ ! mona/ic sy/em1 :i* ank>a is said to h tak5 f ! ,buddhi/s & to h introduc$ into ,brahmanic prie/ly life4 ,bo? family prie/s & c5obites are admitt$ into 8 ord]4 ,footnote #gh3 ,:at ! ,l+a is to ivaite ! alagrama is to ! ,vi%nuite 7:o also rev]es ! tulasi wood74 ,! alagrama is a black pebble2 ! ,linga is a :ite pebble or glass 7,williams74 ,! ivaites h appropriat$ ! durva grass z sacr$ to ,ganea4 ,sesamum se$s & durva are1 h[ev]1 ,brahmanically holy4 ,comp>e at4 ,br4 iv4 #e-aj1 :]e durva grass is ev5 holi] ?an kua-grass4 ,! ros>ies us$ by ! sects h be5 ! subject ( a pap] by ,leumann1 & are describ$ by ,williams4 ,?irty-two or sixty-f\r b]ries ( eleocapus ganitrus 7rudrak%a7 make ! ivaite ros>y4 ,t ( ! ,vi%nuite is made ( lotus-se$s or ( tulsa wood 9 "o hundr$ & eight pieces4 ,footnote #gi3 ,= an acc\nt & li/ ( ! works ( ,tulasidasa 7,tulsidas71 comp>e ,,ia4 xxii4 #hi1 #abb1 #bbg4 ,jayadeva 7twelf? c5tury71 ! au?or ( ! ,gita ,gov9da 7translat$ by ,jones1 ,lass51 & ,ruck]t71 is sometimes reckon$ falsely to ! adh]5ts ( ,raman&1 b he is really a ,kri%naite4 ,footnote #hj3 ,! bhakti doctr9e is t ( ! extant andilya ,sutras1 :i* make fai? & n works or k a condition ( salvation4 ,!y are mod]n1 z ,c[ell1 9 8 preface to ! "w1 has %[n4 ,c[ell "h id5tifies ,kayapa ) ,kan4ada1 ! ,vaie%ika philosoph]1 8 s*ool hold+ t ! individual spirits are inf9ite 9 numb]1 di/9ct f ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,footnote #ha3 ,! infant-cult is ( c\rse old] ?an ^! sects4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ritual1 z well z its intrusion into ! e>li] cult ( ! ,puranas1 ) ! accompany+ resemblances to ,madonna-cult1 & ! new features 7! massacre ( ! innoc5ts1 ! bir? 9 ! /able1 ! ?ree wise m51 etc47 t %[ borr[+ f ,*ri/ianity1 comp>e ,web]'s exhau/ive treatise ref]r$ to above1 ! ,kr4s4n4ajanmas4t4ami1 ,kri%na's ,geburtsfe/4 ,footnote #hb3 ,williams1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #hc3 ',gosa9' means %eph]d1 l ,gopala4 ,"s ( ! sects1 l ! ,k>tabhajs1 recognize only ! ,tea*] z ,god4 ,williams /ates t 9 ,b5gal a f\r? memb] has be5 add$ to ?is sect-tr9ity4 ,on ,danc+-girls see ,,ia4 ,,xiii-#afe4 ,footnote #hd3 ,! philosophical t5et ( ?is sect 'pure advaita' 7non-duality7 di/+ui%es x f ! qualifi$ duality taught by ,ramanuja4 ,?is is a rev]sion to ank>a4 ,! ,caitanya sect tea*es n absorption b individual exi/5ce 9 a heav5 ( s5su\s 7s5sual7 pleasure4 ,footnote #he3 ,9 ! temples :]e ! ,maharajas 7prie/s7 d homage to ! idols m5 & wom5 d homage to ! ,maharajas4444 ,! be/ mode ( propitiat+ ! god ,kri%na is by m9i/]+ to ! s5sual appetites ( 8 vic>s ^u e>?4 ,body & s\l are lit]ally made ov] to !m1 & wom5 are taught to deliv] up _! p]sons to ,kri%na's repres5tatives1 ,williams1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #hf3 ,on ^! sects see ,wilson1 ,hunt] 7,/ati/ical ,acc\nt71 ,williams1 ,,jras4 xiv4 #bhi4 ,! fe/ival v]ses 9 honor ( ! ,madonna are3 ,honor to !e1 ,devaki1 :o ha/ borne ,kri%na2 may ! goddess :o de/roys s9 be satisfi$1 rev]$ by me4 ,"m ( ,god art ?\1 ,aditi1 de/roy+ s94 ,i w honor !e z ! gods honor !e1 etc4 7,web]1 ,janmas4t4ami1 p4 #bhf74 ,! bir?-day celebration is n conf9$ to ,kri%naites2 b 9 ! ,rama sect1 ?\gh !y celebrate ! bir?1 !y d n repres5t ! man-god z a suckl+4 ,9 o!r respects ?is fea/ is imitat$ f t ( ,kri%na 7,web]1 p4 #caj1 note74 ,! ,ramac&ra celebration takes place 9 ! spr+4 ,! bir?-day ( ,ganea is also celebrat$ by ! ivaites 79 ,augu/-,septemb]74 ,footnote #hg3 ,he himself claim$ to be an inc>nate god4 ,he adopt$ ! qualifi$ non-duality ( ,ramanuja4 ,see ,williams' acc\nt ( him & ( ! two great temples ( ! sect1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #hh3 ,f ,williams1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bia ff4 ,! ?ree qualities 7sometimes int]pret$ z activity1 purity1 & indiff]5ce7 are met ) = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 :]e are f\nd ! ,v$antic '"n' & '=m' also2 ,muir1 v4 p4 #cji4 ,! ?ree qualities t condition ! ideali/ ,v$anti/'s p]sonal ,"l 9 8 causal body are id5tical ) ^? t con/itute ! 'nature1' prakr4ti1 ( ! ,sankhya duali/4 ,footnote #hi3 ,among ! ,vallabhas 7above1 p4 #eje74 ,! ,tea*] is ! *ief god ( mo/ ( ! ,vallabhas 7,b>?1 p4 #bce4 ,= ! ,vit4ht4hal view ( ca/e see #a;,a4 ,,xi4#aeb4 ,footnote #ij3 ,x is true ( o!r sect>ies also1 ,ramaites & ivaites1 t ! m]e repetition ( _! god's "n is a means ( salvation4 ,footnote #ia3 ,n[ *iefly 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! ,dabi/an gives sev]al divisions ( sun-wor%ipp]s4 ,= m details see ,b>?1 p4 #beh4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana saw a sun-temple at ,taxila1 ,,jras4 #ahei1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #ib3 ,m direct ?an 9 ! =m ( ,vi%nu1 :o at fir/ is m]ely ! sun4 ,( ! relation ) ,iranian sun-wor%ip we h spok5 above4 ,footnote #ic3 ,!y br& !mselves ) ! ,vi%nu-m>k1 are g5]ally high-ca/e1 live 9 mona/]ies1 & pr(ess celibacy4 ,!y are at mo/ unkn[n 9 ! ,nor?4 ,!y are g5]ally kn[n by _! f\nd]'s "n1 b are also call$ ,brahma-,sampraday9s1 ',brahma-adh]5ts4' ,footnote #id3 ,s ! ,paupata doctr9e is t ! individual _s is diff]5t to ! supreme "l & also to matt] 7paa1 ! fett] t b9ds ! individual _s1 pau1 & keeps x f its ,"l1 paupati74 ,! fact is t e sect>y is m a mono!i/ ?an a pan!i/4 ,especially is ?is true ( ! ivaite4 ,! supreme is to him iva4 ,footnote #ie3 ,wilson gives a full acc\nt ( ?is sect 9 ! ,ziatick ,rese>*es1 xvi1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #if3 ,( ! ,kabir ,pan?is ,wilson says3 ,x is no "p ( _! fai? to wor%ip any ,h9du deity4 ,a glance at ! ,dabi/an w preclude ! possibility ( claim+ mu* orig9ality = ! mod]n deism ( ,india4 ,?is "w 0 writt5 9 #afde1 & its ,p]sian au?or describes1 z a matt] ( e-day occurr5ce1 religi\s debates betwe5 ',jews1 ,naz>9es1 ,mussulm51 & ,h9dus1' :o meet m to criticise ?an to exam9e1 b yet to he> expla9$ 9 full ! doctr9es ( _! oppon5ts1 9 j su* t\rneys ( argum5t z we %[$ to be popul> among ! prie/s ( ! ,upani%ads & epic4 ,speak+ ( ! ,v$as1 ! au?or says t e "o d]ives f !m argum5ts 9 favor ( 8 own cre$1 :e!r x be philosophical1 my/ical1 unit>ian1 a!i/ic1 ,judaic1 or ,*ri/ian4 ,dabi/an1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #ig3 ,be=e election ! ,guru mu/ be exam9$4 ,if ! fai?ful are n satisfi$1 !y may reject him4 b1 hav+ elect$ him1 !y are b\nd to obey him implicitly4 ,he c excommunicate1 b he may n puni% corporally4 ,?is deification ( ! ,guru 0 reta9$ by ! ,sikhs1 & ! (fice 0 made h]$it>y among !m 7by ,arjun71 till ,gov9d1 ! t5? pontiff1 :o left no successor1 decl>$ t aft] 8 dea? ! ,gran? 7bible7 %\ld be ! sole au?ority ( ! *ur*4 ,footnote #ih3 ,! 'half' contributor 0 a woman1 & h5ce 0 n reckon$ z a complete unit4 ,footnote #ii3 ,! ^w ,sikh means 'disciple' 7( ,nanak74 ,! "n ! ,sikhs assum$ z a nation 0 ,s+hs 7si4mhas71 ',lions ( ! ,punjab4' ,footnote #ajj3 ,! 'true "n1' sat nam1 is ! appellation ( ,god4 ,footnote #aja3 ,,jras4 #ahdf1 p4 #dc1 ,pr9sep's compilation 7,wilson74 ,comp>e ,trumpp1 ib4 ,v4 #aig 7#ahga72 & ,adigran?1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,?is sect 0 f\nd$ by a desc5dant ( ,nanak4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,x 0 n till ,mohamm$an p]secution influ5c$ !m t ! religi\s ,sikhs ( ,nanak became ! political hat]s & fight]s ( ,gov9d4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,x is said t ,gov9d sacrific$ to ,durga ! life ( "o ( 8 own disciples to prep>e himself = 8 m9i/ry4 ,trumpp1 ,adigran?2 ,b>?1 p4 #bjd4 ,! lives ( ! lat] ,gurus w be f\nd 9 ,elph9/one's hi/ory & ,pr9sep's sket* 7a rsum by ,b>?1 p4 #bdh ff474 ,footnote #aje3 ,) "s small v]bal alt]ations4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,! conclusion ( ?is extract %[s ! n>r[] polemic _s3 ,pundits & ,qazis are fools4 ,:at avails x to collect a heap ( books8 ,let y\r m9ds freely m$itate on ! _s ( ,god4 ,we> n away y\r lives by /udy+ ! ,v$as4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,= ! data ( ! foll[+ p>agraphs on ! dei/ic re=m]s ( to-day we are indebt$ to an article ( ,pr(essor ,williams1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ?irte5? volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 & has s9ce be5 publi%$ 9 ! same au?or's ,brahmanism & ,h9duism4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,born 9 #ahah4 ,footnote #aji3 ekamatradvitiya 7mascul9e72 ) ?is =m contra/ bel[1 9 ! ,brahma ,dh>ma 7religion7 ( ,deb5drana?1 ! neut] ekam evadvitiyam4 ,! only ,god ( ! fir/ ,samaj2 is a p]son2 t ( ! re=m is exot]ically ,nature4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,b1 z w be notic$ 9 ! f\r articles 7:i* are 9 "p a compilation ( phrases f ! ,upani%ads7 ! p]sonality ( ,brahma is n insi/$ on = ! out] *ur*4 ,= ?is reason1 al?\gh ! inn] *ur* d\btless und]/&s ,x z ,he1 yet ?is neut] %\ld be pres]v$ 9 ! translation4 ,! articles are s drawn up z to enable any dei/ to subscribe 7)\t ,v$antic belief z a condition ( acceptance7 to ! ess5tial cre$ ( ! ,congregation4 ,"o or two s5t5ces 9 ! orig9al w reveal at a glance ! orig9 ( ! phraseology3 brahma 7be+7 va ekam idam-agra asit2 tad ida4m s>vam zr4jal2 tad eva nityam1 ekam evadvitiyam2 tasmia pritis 444 tadupasanam4 ,comp>e ,*andogya ,upani%ad3 sad 7be+7 idam agra asid ekam evadvitiyam2 & ! ,vajasaneyi-,brahmana ,upani%ad3 brahma va idam-agra asit1 etc4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,x is int]e/+ to see ?is f]vor1 or ec/atic delirium1 surviv+ f ! "t ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 :]e already 7albeit only 9 ! late/ hymns1 :i* are q ,brahmanic7 fl\ri%es ! mad muni3 & f]vid ascetism 7'heat1'tapas7 beg9s to appe> z a means ( salvation4 ,,rv4 x4 #aji1 #acf4 ,footnote #aab3 ,i reg>d myself z ,*ri/ & ,caitanya1 report$ by ,s5's own mission>y z ! words ( ! =m]4 ,s5's disciples d5y "s ( ^! ass]tions1 b !y seem to be sub/antiat$1 & ,s5's own language %[s t he claim$ miracul\s p[]s4 ,comp>e ! discussions on ?is po9t1 ,,jras4 xiii4 #bha ff4 ,footnote #aac3 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds excus$ on ! gr\nd t ! m>riage w\ld n h be5 legal )\t ^! rites4 ,b ,s5 presumably 0 aw>e ( ?is 9 advance4 ,f ! p]=mance ( ! rites he _h ! dec5cy to abs5t himself4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 9 ,s5's behalf1 t ! m>riage itself _h no?+ revolt+ ab\t x1 & ?\gh 9 cons5t+ to x ,s5 violat$ 8 fai?1 z is evid5t f ! prote/ ( ! ,samaj1 yet 0 ! m>riage n an extreme case ( *ild-m>riage1 = bo? ! '*ildr5' 7 sixte54 ,s5's own excuse 7he ?\ght excuse necess>y7 0 t he 0 inspir$ :5 he cons5t$ to ! nuptials4 ,footnote #aad3 ,! !i/ic t5d5cy 9 ! ,h9du m9d is s exagg]at$ t ev5 n[ x is ) ! greate/ difficulty t ! vulg> c be re/ra9$ f new idolatry4 ,n only prie/s1 b ev5 poets are reg>d$ z gods4 ,jandev & ,tukaram1 ! hymn-mak]s ( ! ,mahratta ,vit4ht4hals1 are demi-gods to-day 7,,ia4 xi4 #ef4 #adi74 ,a few /rik+ examples are almo/ requisite to make an ,occid5tal read] und]/& aga9/ :at odds ! deism ( ,india has to cont5d4 ,9 #ahcj an impud5t boy1 :o c\ld tra9 snakes1 ann\nc$ t he c\ld also "w miracles4 ,! boy 0 soon accept$ z ,vi%nu's la/ avat>2 hymns1 abhangs1 7 sung to him1 & he 0 wor%ipp$ z a god ev5 aft] 8 e>ly demise 7f a snake-bite74 ,a weav] came soon aft] to ! temple1 :]e /ood ! boy's n[ vacant %r9e1 & fell asleep !re at night4 ,9 ! morn+ he 0 p]plex$ to f9d himself a god4 ,! p _h accept$ him z _! snake-conqu]+ god 9 a new =m4 ,! poor weav] d5i$ 8 div9ity1 b t made no diff]5ce4 ,9 #ahcd ! dead boy-god 0 /ill receiv+ fl[]s & pray]s4 ,ano!r case3 ,9 ! eighties "s ,engli%m5 on ent]+ a temple 7 amaz$ to see rev]$ z an avat> ( ,vi%nu ! brass ca/+s ( ! arms ( ! old ,india ,co4 ,?is god 0 wa%$ & ano9t$ daily4 ,ev5 a /atue ( ,buddha 7) ! inscription /ill ^u x7 0 rev]$ z ,vi%nu4 ,9 #ahhj a meteorite fell 9 ,behar4 ,9 #ahhb its cult 0 fully e/abli%$1 & x 0 wor%ipp$ z ! 'miracul\s god4' ,a ,mohamm$an inscription has also be5 f\nd deifi$ & regul>ly wor%ipp$ z a god1 ,,jras4 #ahdb1 p4 #aji2 #ahhd1 pt4 ,,iii1 pp4 ,i1 ,,lix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,religi\s ,,traits ,,( ,,! ,,wild ,,tribes4 ,besides ! phases ( pure ,aryan & modifi$ ,aryan religions :i* h already be5 exam9$1 !re are repres5t$ 9 ,india sev]al o!r aspects ( civiliz$ religion2 =1 ap>t f ,brahmanic & sect>ian wor%ips1 & ap>t f ,tamil 7s\!rn7 imitations ( ^!1 !re are at pres5t 9 ! c\ntry believ]s ( ! ,jewi% religion to ! numb] ( sev5te5 ?\s&2 ( ,zoroa/rianism1 eighty-sev5 ?\s&2 ( ,*ri/ianity1 two & a qu>t] millions2 ( ,mohamm$anism1 m ?an fifty-sev5 millions4 ,b none ( ^! fai?s1 h[ev] popul>1 comes into an hi/orical acc\nt ( ,india's religions 9 a great] ext5t ?an we h br\ght !m into x already1 t is1 z factors ( m9or influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( native fai?s till1 )9 ! la/ few c5turies1 ,mohamm$anism1 :i* has be5 ! mo/ important ( !m all 9 transfigur+ ! native !i/ic sects1 draws a broad l9e across ! progress ( ,india's religi\s ?\ght4 ,all ^! religions1 h[ev]1 :e!r aborig9al or import$1 mu/ aga9 be sep>at$ f ! m g5]al ph5om5a ( sup]/ition :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! beliefs ( ! native wild tribes4 ,"o desc5ds "h to t l[e/ ( rank und]gr[? :i* repres5ts a type ( religi\s life s base t its undiff]5tiat$ =m c be mat$ ) l gr[?s f all ov] ! _w4 ,^! second>y religions are1 !re=e1 important f two po9ts ( view1 t ( _! univ]sal aspect1 &1 aga91 t ( _! hi/orical connection ) ! upp] ,indic gr[? above !m2#a = x is almo/ c]ta9 t "s ( _! features h condition$ ! developm5t ( ! latt]4 ,! native wild tribes ( ,india 7exclud+ ! extreme ,nor!rn ,tibeto-,burman gr\p7 fall into two great classes1 t ( ! ,kol>ians & t ( ! ,dravidians1 sometimes di/+ui%$ z ! ,yell[ & ! ,black races respectively4 ,! =m]1 aga91 are call$ ,indo-,*9ese by "s writ]s1 & ! geographical location ( ?is class seems1 inde$1 to %[ t !y h g5]ally displac$ ! e>li] blacks1 & repres5t hi/orically a yell[ wave ( immigration f ! ,nor!a/ 7?r\gh ,tibet7 prior to ! ,aryan :ite wave 7f ! ,nor?we/71 :i* latt] ev5tually treat$ !m j z !y _h treat$ ! aborig9al black ,dravidians4#b ,( ! ,kol>ians ! =emo/ repres5tatives are ! ,koles1 ! ,ko*es1 ! ,sun?als1 & ! ,savaras 7,sauras71 :o are all reg>d$ by ,john/on z ! yell[ ,dasyus1 b>b>ians1 ( ! e>lie/ p]iod2 :ile he sees 9 ! ,vaiyas1 or ?ird ca/e ( ! ,h9du political divisions1 ! result ( a union ( ! ,nor?we/ & ,nor!a/ conqu]ors4 ,b1 al?\gh ! ,vaiyas are call$ 'yell[1' yet1 s9ce !y make ! mo/ important num]ical factor ( ! ,aryans1 ?is sugge/ion c sc>cely be accept$1 = !re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! yell[ ,mongoloid b>b>ians 7 amalgamat$ s e>ly ) ! body politic ( ! ,aryans4 ,! *ief repres5tatives ( ! ,dravidians1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! ,khonds & ,gonds ( ! middle ( ! p59sula1 toge!r ) ! ,oraons & ! ,todas ( ! extreme ,s\?4#c ,all ( ^! tribes are ( c\rse sub-divid$1 & 9 "s degree _! religi\s practices h foll[$ ! b5t ( _! political incl9ations4 ,we %all exam9e fir/ ! religions ( ! old] tribes1 ! ,dravidians1 select+ ! *ief features or su* traits z h peculi> int]e/4 ,,! ,,dravidians4 ,gonds3 ,^! savages1 m5tion$ 9 e>ly lit]ature1 are ! mo/ num]\s & p[]ful ( ! wild tribes1 & appe> to h be5 less affect$ by outside belief ?an 7 any o!r1 except ! relat$ ,khonds4 ,_! religion us$ to consi/ 9 ador+ a repres5tation ( ! sun1 to :i* 7 (f]$ human sacrifices4#d ,z among ! ,oraons1 a man ( /raw 7lit]ally7 is at ! pres5t day sub/itut$ = ! human victim4 ,besides ! sun1 ! moon & />s are wor%ipp$ by !m4 ,!y h /ones = idols1 b no temples4#e ,devils1 wit*craft1 & ! evil eye also are fe>$4 ,!y sacrifice animals1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! ,raj ,gonds1#f h be5 s little affect$ by ,h9du respect = t holie/ ( animals1 t !y slaught] c[s at _! w$d+-fea/s1 on :i* occasion ! bac*analian revels 9 :i* !y indulge are accompani$ ) su* excess z q to put !m ^u ! level ( ivaite be/iality4 ,! pure ,gonds are junglem51 & h ! virtues usually f\nd among ! l[e/ savages1 tru?1 hone/y1 & c\rage4 ,murd] is no crime1 b ly+ & /eal+ are s9ful2 = c[>dice is ! greate/ crime1 & ly+ & /eal+ 7in/ead ( /raight=w>d & c\rage\s robb]y & murd]7 are reg>d$ z indications ( lack ( c\rage4 ,b ! 'impure1' t is ! mix$ ,gonds t h be5 corrupt$ by m+l+ ) ,h9dus & o!r tribes1 lie & /eal l civiliz$ p4 ,9 fact1 ! mix$ ,gonds are p>ticul>ly not$ = s]vility & di%one/y4 ,! unciviliz$ ,gonds ( ! table-l&s are said /ill to cut up & eat _! ag$ relatives & fri5ds1 n to speak ( /rang]s un=tunate en\gh to fall into _! h&s4 ,among ! pure ,gonds is f\nd ! practice ( c>ry+ an axe1 :i* is ! sign ( _! religi\s devotion to ! sacrifice-god4#g ,! favorite religi\s practice us$ to be to take a prison] alive1 =ce him to b[ be=e ! god-/one1 & at ! mom5t :5 he b5t 8 head1 to cut x (f4 ,to ?is & to self-def5ce aga9/ o!r gods 7wild bea/s7 ! hat*et is devot$1 :ile = w> are us$ ! b[ & knife4 ,"o p>ticul> celebration ( ! ,gonds des]ves special notice4 ,!y h an annual fea/ & wor%ip ( ! snake4 ,! s]vice is entirely secret1 & all t is kn[n ( x is t x is ( esot]ic1 p]haps phallic "*4 ,bo? at ! sun-fea/ & snake-fea/#h lic5ti\s & bac*analian wor%ip are comb9$1 & ! latt] trait is also ! *ief feature ( w$d+ & fun]al sports4 ,9 ! =m] case 7! natives ( ! same tribe int]m>ry1 b ) ! same pret5ce ( runn+ (f ) ! bride t is f\nd 9 ! ,h9du ritual7#i !re is giv5 a w$d+ fea/ by ! bridegroom's fa!r1 & ! fea/ ends ) a caus]ie de lundi 7! favorite dr9k ( ! ,gonds is call$ lundi72 :ile on ! latt] occasion !re is a m\rn+ fea/1 or wake1 :i* also ends 9 g5]al drunk5ness4 ,! ,khonds3 ,ev5 m /rik+ is ! religion ( ! ,khonds4 ,_! *ief rite is human sacrifice to ! e>?-goddess1#aj ,t>i2 b1 l ! ,gonds1 !y wor%ip ! sun z *ief div9ity4 ,o!r gods among !m are ! riv]-god1 ra9-god1 spr+1 weal?1 hill-god1 & smallpox-god4 ,all _! religi\s fea/s are excuses = excess bo? 9 dr9k+ & o!rwise4 ,"o ( _! beliefs is t !re is a riv] ( hell1 :i* fl[s ar\nd a slipp]y rock1 up :i* climbs ! "o t w\ld escape torm5t4 ,_! me?od ( sacrific+ a human victim is to put him into ! cleft ( a tree1 :]e he is squa%$1 or into fire4 ,!y seem to h an odd objection to %$d+ blood = ?is purpose1 & 9 ?is respect may be comp>$ ) ! ,?ugs4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ trait is ! religion :i* is int]tw9$ ) bus9ess1 & its peculi> features4 ,victims (f]$ ei!r to ! sun or to ! w>-god s]ve to m>k b\nd>y l9es4 ,great is ! pati5ce ) :i* ^! victims1 call$ m]ias1 are wait$ =4 ,! sacrific] captures fit specim5s :5 !y are "y1 & treats !m ) p>ticul> k9dness till !y are almo/ gr[n up4 ,inde$1 !y are treat$ ?us by ! :ole village4 ,at ! appo9t$ "t !y are sl[ly cru%$ to dea? or smo!r$ 9 a mud ba?1 & bits ( _! fle% are !n cut out & /rewn along ! b\nd>y l9es4 ,boys are pref]r$1 b ei!r boys or girls may be us$4 ,?is sacrifice is sometimes made directly to ! ',b\nd>y-god1'#aa an ab/raction :i* is n unique2 =1 besides ! div9ities record$ above1 m5tion is made also ( a ',judgm5t-god4' ,ov] ea* village & h\se preside ! ,manes ( good m5 gone2 :ile ! 'fa!r is god on e>?' to e "o4 ,!y us$ to de/roy all _! female *ildr51 & ?is1 toge!r ) _! national cu/om ( (f]+ human sacrifices1 has be5 put d[n ) ! greate/ difficulty by ! ,briti%1 :o confess t !re is e probability t 9 reality ! crime /ill 99obta9s among ! remot] clans4 ,^! ,khonds are situate 9 ! ,madras presid5cy1 & are aborig9es ( ! ,ea/]n ,ghats4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y views ab\t !m h be5 publi%$4 ,despite _! ackn[l$g$ b>b>ity1 savag5ess1 & poly!ism1 !y h be5 sob]ly cr$it$ ) a belief 9 ,"o ,supreme ,god1 'a !ism embrac+ poly!ism1' & o!r notions :i* h be5 ab/ract$ f _! wor%ip ( ! sun z 'great god4' ,s9ce ^! are by f> ! mo/ orig9al savages ( ,india1 a complet] sket* ?an w be necess>y 9 ! case ( o!rs may n be unwelcome4 ,! *ief god is ! light-or sun-god4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! god ( light creat$ a wife1 ! goddess ( e>?1 ! s\rce ( evil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sun-god is a good god4 ,t>i1 ! e>?-div9ity1 tri$ to prev5t ,bella#ab ,p5nu 7sun-god7 f creat+ man4 ,b he ca/ beh9d him a h&ful ( e>?1 :i* became man4 ,! fir/ creation 0 free ( evil2 e>? gave fruit )\t labor 7! ,gold5 ,age72 b ! d>k goddess s[$ 9 man ! se$ ( s94 ,a few 7 s9less /ill1 & ^! became gods1 b ! corrupt no long] f\nd favor 9 ,bella 7or ,boora7 ,p5nu's eyes4 ,he gu>d$ !m no m4 ,s dea? came to man4 ,mean:ile ,bella & ,t>i cont5d$ = sup]iority1 ) comets1 :irlw9ds1 & m\nta9s1 z weapons4 ,accord+ to "o belief1 ,bella won2 b o!rs hold t ,t>i /ill ma9ta9s ! /ruggle4 ,! sun-god creat$ all inf]ior deities1 ( ra91 fruit1 99hunt1 b\nd>ies1 etc41 z well z all tutel>y local div9ities4#ac ,m5 h f\r k9ds ( fates4 ,! s\l goes to ! sun1 or rema9s 9 ! tribe 7ea* *ild is decl>$ by ! prie/ to be ,n4,n4 deceas$ & return$71 or is re-born & suff]s puni%m5ts1 or is annihilat$4#ad ,! god ( judgm5t lives on ,grippa ,valli1 ! 'leap+ rock1' r\nd :i* fl[s a black riv]1 & up ! rock climb ! s\ls ) great ef=t4 ,! ,judgm5t-god decides ! fate ( ! s\l72 s5d+ x to ! sun 7! sun-s\l71 or annihilat+ x1 etc4 ,! *ief s9s are1 to be inhospitable1 to break an oa?1 to lie except to save a gue/1 to break an old cu/om1 to commit ince/1 to contract debts 7= :i* ! tribe has to pay71 to be a c[>d1 to betray c\ncil4 ,! *ief virtues are1 to kill 9 battle1 to die 9 battle1 to be a prie/1 to be ! victim ( a sacrifice4 ,"s ( ! ,khonds wor%ip ! sun-god2 "s ! e>?-goddess1 & ascribe to h] all success & p[]1 :ile !y hold p>ticul>ly to human sacrifice 9 h] honor4 ,!y admit 7!oretically7 t ,bella is sup]ior1 b !y make ,t>i ! *ief object ( devotion1 & 9 h] honor are held great village fe/ivals4 ,!y t d n wor%ip ,t>i d n practice human sacrifice4 ,?us ! ivaite sacrifice ( man to ! god's consort is v well p>allel$ by ! usage t obta9s among !m4 ,! ,khond prie/s may indulge 9 any occupation except w>2 b "s ex]cise only _! prie/craft & d no?+ else4 ,! *ief fea/ to ! sun-god is ,salo ,kallo 7! =m] ^w means 'c[-p5'2 ! latt]1 a liquor71 some:at l a soma-fea/4 ,x is celebrat$ at h>ve/ "t ) danc+1 & dr9k+1 & e k9d ( lic5ti\s enjoym5t4 ,o!r fe/ivals ( less importance celebrate ! sub/itution ( a buffalo = human sacrifice 7n celebrat$1 ( c\rse1 by ! ,t>i wor%ipp]s74 ,! invocation at ! h>ve/ is q ,brahmanic3 ,o gods1 rememb] t our increase ( rice is y\r increase ( wor%ip2 if we get little ,rice we wor%ip little4 ,among less] gods ! ',f\nta9-god' is especially wor%ipp$1 ) a %eep or a hog z sacrifice4 ,female infanticide spr+s f a feel+ t int]m>riage 9 ! same tribe is ince/ 7?is is ! mean+ ( ! ince/-law above2 x might be r5d]$ 'to m>ry 9 ! tribe'74 ,( ! ,oraons1 or ,dhang>s1#ae we %all m5tion b "o or two good p>allels to :at is f\nd 9 o!r religions4 ,^! ,dravidians live 9 ,b5gal1 & h two annual fe/ivals1 a h>ve/ fea/ & "o celebrat+ ! m>riage ( heav5 & e>?4 ,l ! ,khonds1 !y recognize a supreme god 9 ! sun1 b1 j z we %[$ 0 ! case ) ! ,h9dus1 :o ignore ,brahma because !y d n fe> him1 s "h1 ! ,oraons d n pray to ! sun1 on ! gr\nd t he does !m no h>m2 b !y sacrifice to evil spirits because ! latt] are evil-do]s4 ,^! savages1 l ! ,burmese ,mi%mis1 h no idea ( a future life 9 heav52 b 9 ! case ( p kill$ 9 a c]ta9 way !y believe 9 a sort ( metempsy*osis2 ?us1 = in/ance1 a man eat5 by a tig] becomes a tig]4 ,9 ! case ( un=tunates !y believe t !y w live z unhappy gho/s2 9 ! case ( o!r m5 !y assume only annihilation z _! fate4#af ,x is among ?is tribe t ! m\se-totem is f\nd1 :i* is iva's bea/ & ! sign ( ,ganea4#ag ,,! ,,kol>ians4 ,! ,sun?als3 ,^! are immigrants into ! ,we/ ,b5gal jungles1 & h desc5d$ f ! ,nor? to _! pres5t site4 ,!y are call$ ! f9e/ specim5s ( ! native savage4 ,! gu>dian ( ! tribe is its deceas$ ance/or1 & 8 gho/ is consult$ z an oracle4 ,_! race-god is ! ',great ,m\nta91' b ! sun repres5ts ! highe/ _s2 ?\gh !y wor%ip spirits ( e sort1 & reg>d bea/s z div9e2 ! m5 rev]+ ! tig]1 & ! wom51 elephants4 ,! p>ticul>ly na/y fe/ival call$ ! b&ana1 :i* is celebrat$ annually by ?is tribe1 is exactly l ! 'left-h&' cult ( ! aktas1 only t 9 ?is case x is a prelim9>y to m>riage4 ,all unm>ri$ m5 & wom5 indulge toge!r 9 an indescribable orgie1 at ! end ( :i* ea* man selects ! woman he pref]s4#ah ,! ,koles 7'pig-/ick]s'73 ,l ! la/1 ?is tribe wor%ip ! sun1 b ) ! moon z 8 wife1 & ! />s z _! *ildr54 ,besides ^! !y rev]e ,manes1 & c\ntless local & sylvan deities4 ,l ,druids1 !y sacrifice only 9 a grove1 b )\t images4#ai ,all ^! tribes wor%ip snakes & trees1#be & (t5 ! only oa? b9d+ ^u !m is tak5 "u a tree4#ba ,! sun-wor%ip1 :i* is f\nd alike 9 ,kol>ian & ,dravidian tribes1 may be trac$ ?r\gh all ! ramifications ( ei!r4 ,9 mo/ ( ! tribes ! only =m ( wor%ip is sacrifice1 b oa?s are tak5 on rice1 bea/s1 ants1 wat]1 e>?1 etc4 7among "s ,pahariahs on ! arr[74 ,"s h a sort ( belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! *ief1 & among ! ,lurka ,koles ?is dignity is ( s mu* importance t at a *ief's dea? ! div9e dignity goes to 8 elde/ son1 :ile ! y\nge/ son gets ! prop]ty4 ,9 reg>d to fun]al rites1 ! ,koles fir/ burn & !n bury ! rema9s1 plac+ a /one ov] ! grave4 ,besides ! ,oraons' totem ( ! m\se1 ! ,sun?als h a goose-totem1 & ! ,g>os & ,kassos 7p]haps n to be includ$ 9 ei!r ( ! two gr\ps71 toge!r ) _m o!r tribes1 h totems1 "s ( !m avat>s1 z 9 ! case ( ! tortoise4 ,! ,g>os1 a tribe betwe5 ,assam & ,b5gal1 are 9 _m respects notewor?y4 ,!y believe t _! vessels are immortal2 &1 l ! ,bhars1 set up ! bamboo pole1 a religi\s rite :i* has crept into ,h9duism 7above1 p4 #cgh74 ,!y eat ev]y?+ b _! totem1 immolate human victims1 & are divid$ into 'mo!rhoods1' ,maharis1 p>ticul> ,maharis int]m>ry+4 ,a man's si/] m>ries into ! family f :i* comes 8 wife1 & t si/]'s daught] may m>ry 8 son1 &1 z male heirs d n inh]it1 ! son-9-law succe$s 8 fa!r-9-law 9 "r ( 8 wife1 & gets 8 wife's "m 7t is1 8 fa!r's si/]7 z an additional wife4#bb ,! advances are always made by ! girl4 ,%e & h] p>ty select ! groom1 g to 8 h\se1 & c>ry him (f1 ?\gh he mode/ly pret5ds to run away4 ,! sacrifice = ! w$d+ is t ( a cock & h51 (f]$ to ! sun4 ,! god !y wor%ip mo/ is a mon/] 7v mu* l iva71 b he has no local habitation4 ,( ! ,savaras or ,sauras ( ! ,dekhan ! mo/ int]e/+ deity is ! malevol5t female call$ ,?akurani1 wife ( ,?akur4 ,%e 0 d\btless ! fir/ patroness ( ! ?rottl+ ,?ugs 7?ags are t4haks1 assass9s71 & ! prototype ( _! ,h9du ,kali4 ,human sacrifices are (f]$ to ,?akurani1 :ile h] vot>ies1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,?ugs1 are not$ = ! secrecy ( _! crimes4 ,bir?-rites1 m>riage-rites1 fun]al rites 7all ( blood71 human sacrifice1 tabu 7especially among ! ,burmese71 wit*craft1 wor%ip ( ance/ors1 div9ation1 & demonology are almo/ univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! wild tribes4 ,9 mo/ ( ! rites ! holy /one#bc plays an important "p1 & 9 _m ( ! tribes dances are a religi\s ex]cise4 ,desc5dants ( ! great ,s]p5t-race t once rul$ ,magadha 7,behar71 ! ,bhars1 & ,*irus 7,*e]oos7 are hi/orically ( ! greate/ importance1 ?\gh n[ b m9or tribes ( ,b5gal4 ,! ,bhars1 & ,koles1 & ,*irus may once h =m$ "o body1 &1 at any rate1 l ! la/1 ! ,bhars are ,kol>ian & n ,dravidian4 ,?is is n ! place to argue a !sis :i* might well be support$ at l5g?1 b 9 view ( ! sudd5 admixture ( =eign elem5ts ) ! ,brahmanism t beg9s to exp& at ! end ( ! ,v$ic p]iod x is almo/ imp]ative to raise ! "q :e!r ! ,bhars1 ( all ! nor!rn wild tribes ! mo/ cultivat$1 ^: habitat ext5d$ f ,oude 7,gorakhpur7 on bo? sides ( ! ,ganges ov] all ! di/rict betwe5 ,b5>es & ,allahabad1 & ^: "n is f\nd 9 ! =m ,bharats z well z ,bhars1 is n "o ) t great tribe ! hi/ory ( ^: w> has be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 a di/ort$ =m "u ! "n ( ,bharata 7,mahabharata74 ,! ,bharatas1 inde$1 claim to be ,aryans4 ,b is x likely t a race w\ld h come f ! ,nor!a/ & ano!r f ! ,nor?we/1 & bo? h ! same "n8 ,c>negy believ$1 s /rik+ 0 ! co9cid5ce1 t ! ,bharats 7 a ,rajput 7,h9du7 tribe t _h become b>b>ic4 ,b aga9/ ?is speaks ! type1 :i* is n ,aryan b ,kol>ian4#bd ,"s influ5ce "o may suppose to h come f ! m intellig5t tribes1 & to h work$ on ,h9du belief4 ,we believe traces ( x may /ill be f\nd 9 ! classics4 ,= in/ance1 ! fam\s ,frog-maid51 ^: tale is told 9 ! ,mahabharata1 rem9ds "o r =cibly ( ! fact t 9 ,oude & ,nepal frog-wor%ip 7n z totem7 0 an e/abli%$ cult4 ,! "t = ?is wor%ip to ,beg9 is ,octob]2 x is diff]5t to ?und]-wor%ip 7,july1 ! naga-fea/71 & ! frog is subord9ate to ! snake4 ,&1 aga91 ! snake-wor%ip t gr[s s rapidly into ! ,h9du cult c sc>cely h be5 un9flu5c$ by ! fact t !re are no less ?an ?irty snake-tribes4#b ,b despite "s int]e/+ po9ts ( view besides ^? t\*$ ^u "h1 details are ( little add$ value1 s9ce x is manife/ t1 :e!r ,kol>ian or ,dravidian1 or1 = ! matt] ( t1 ,am]ican or ,african1 ! same rites w obta9 ) ! same sup]/ition1 = !y belong to e l&1 to ! ,aryan ance/or ( ! ,h9du z well z to ! ,h9du himself4 ,ev5 totemism z a survival may be suspect$ 9 ! 'fi%' & 'dog' p ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 z has rec5tly be5 sugge/$ by ,old5b]g4 ,9 ! ,nor!a/ ( ,india _m tribes wor%ip only m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & ,manes1 aga9 a trait bo? ,v$ic & ,h9dui/ic1 b n necess>ily borr[$4 ,"s ( ^! tribes1 l ! ,khasiz ( ,oude1 may be ( ,rajput desc5t 7! ,khasas ( ,manu1 ,x4 #bb71 b x is m likely t m tribes claim ?is desc5t ?an possess x4 ,we omit _m ( ! tribal cu/oms le/ "o ?9k !y are n orig9al2 = example1 ! symbol ( ! cross among ! ,abors1 :o wor%ip only diseases1 & ^: symbol is also f\nd among ! ,am]ican ,indians2 ! sun-wor%ip ( ! ,katties1 :o may h be5 influ5c$ by ,h9duism2 toge!r ) ! cult ( ,burmese tribes too ov]spread ) ,buddhism4 ,b (t5 !re is a p>allel s surpris+ z to make x c]ta9 t !re has be5 influ5ce4 ,! ,niadis 7( ! ,s\?71 = example1 wor%ip only ! female pr9ciple4 ,_m o!r tribes wor%ip akti almo/ exclusively4 ,! ,todas wor%ip /one images1 buffaloes1 & ev5 c[-bells1 b !y h a celibate prie/hood6 ,we d n hesitate to express our own belief t ! akti-wor%ip is native & drawn f simil> cults1 & t ! celibate prie/hood1 on ! o!r h&1 is tak5 f civilization4 ,su* a fate appe>s to h happ5$ 9 mod]n times to sev]al deities1 n[ half ,brahmaniz$4 ,= example1 ,vetala 7wor%ipp$ 9 _m places7 is said 9 ! ,dekhan to be an avat>1 or1 prop]ly speak+1 a manife/ation ( iva4 ,:at is he 9 reality8 ,a native wild god1 )\t a temple1 wor%ipp$ 9 ! op5 air "u ! %ade ( a tree1 & 9 an enclosure ( /ones4 ,j su* a deity1 9 o!r words1 z we h %[n is wor%ipp$ 9 j su* a way by ! wild tribes4 ,a monoli?#bf 9 ! middle ( twelve /ones repres5ts ?is primitive ,druidic deity4 ,! /ones are pa9t$ r$ 9 flame-%ape = a c]ta9 di/ance f ! gr\nd1 ) ! upp] portion pa9t$ :ite4 ,app>5tly !re is "h a sun-god ( ! aborig9es4 ,he is wor%ipp$ 9 sickness1 z is iva1 & propitiat$ ) ! sacrifice ( a cock1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any prie/4 ,! cock to ,aesculapius 7huic gall9ae immolabantur7 may h _h ! same function orig9ally1 = ! cock is always ! sun-bird4 ,seldom is ,vetala p]sonifi$4 ,:5 he has an image 7& 9 ! ,nor? he sometimes has temples7 x is t ( an armless & legless man2 b aga9 he is occasionally repres5t$ z a giant 'p]fect 9 all 8 p>ts4'#bg ,to ! ,brahman1 ,vetala is /ill a m]e fi5d1 & presides ov] fi5ds2 nor w !y admit t ! r$ on 8 /ones means aught b blood4 ,9 su* a god1 "o has a clue to ! gradual intrusion ( iva himself into ,brahmanic wor%ip4 ,at fir/ a m\nta9 lightn+ fi5d1 !n id5tifi$ ) ,rudra1 a recogniz$ deity1 !n made an?ropomorphic4 ,!re are1 especially 9 ! ,s\?1 a ho/ ( m9or ,h9du deities1 half-ackn[l$g$1 all m or less ( a fi5di% nature 9 ! eyes ( ! or?odox or ev5 ( ! ivaite4 ,se5 ?r\gh su* eyes !y are no long] recognizable1 b d\btless 9 _m in/ances !y repres5t a crude =m ( nature-wor%ip or demonology1 :i* has be5 tak5 f ! cult ( ! wild tribes1 & is n[ m or less ?or\ghly engraft$ ^u t ( _! civiliz$ neighbors4#bh ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 ?\gh n rem>kable1 cases ( simil>ity betwe5 savage & civiliz$ religions is f\nd 9 ! wor%ip ( snakes & trees4#bi ,9 ! ,naga or dragon =m ! latt] cult may h be5 aid$ by ! dragon-wor%ipp+ b>b>ians 9 ! p]iod ( ! nor!rn conque/4 ,b 9 ess5tials n only is ! snake & dragon wor%ip ( ! wild tribes "o ) t ( ,h9duism1 b1 z has be5 se51 ! tatt] has a root 9 ! cult ( ,brahmanism also1 & ?is 9 t ( ! ,rig ,v$a itself4 ,! poison\s snake is fe>$1 b 8 beautiful wave-l motion & ! wat]-habitat ( _m ( ! species cause him to be associat$ z a div9ity ) ,v>una1 ! wat]-god4 ,?us 9 e>ly ,h9duism "o f9ds snake-sacrifices ( two sorts4 ,"o is to cause ! extirpation ( snakes1 "o is to propitiate !m1 ,ap>t f ! real snake1 !re is rev]$ also ! ,naga1 a beautiful *im]ical creature1 human1 div9e1 & snake-l all 9 "o4 ,^! are wor%ipp$ by sect>ies & by _m wild tribes alike4 ,! ,naga tribe ( ,*ota ,nagpur1 = in/ance1 n only _h ?ree snakes z its battle-ensign1 b built a s]p5t-temple4#cj ,tree & plant wor%ip is q z antique z is snake-wor%ip4 ,= n only is soma a div9e plant1 & n only does ,yama sit 9 heav5 "u 8 'fair tree' 7above1 p4 #abi71 b 'trees & plants' are ! direct object ( invocation 9 ! ,rig ,v$a 7,v4 #da4 #h72 & ! ,brahmanic law enjo9s ^u ! fai?ful to fl+ an (f]+1 bali1 to ! great gods1 to ! wat]s1 & 'to ! trees'2#ca z is ! case 9 ! h\se-ritual4 ,we %all seek1 !re=e1 = ! orig9 ( tree-wor%ip n 9 ! "* ( ! tree1 b 9 t ( ! primitive m9d :i* deifies m\nta9s1 wat]s1 & trees1 irrespective ( _! nature4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! great] v5]ation due to "s trees & plants has a special reason4 ,?us soma intoxicates3 & ! tulasi1 'holy basil1' has m$ic9al prop]ties1 :i* make x sacr$ n only 9 ! ,kri%na-cult1 b 9 ,sicily4#cb ,?is plant is a goddess1 & is w$ annually to ! alagrama /one ) a great fea/4#cc ,s ! ami plant is h]self div9e1 ! goddess ami4 ,aga91 ! my/]i\s ru/le ( ! bo tree1 pipal may be ! reason = its especial v5]ation2 z its seem+ immortality is c]ta9ly ! cause ( ! rev]5ce giv5 to ! banian4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 t any my/]y %\ld hang ab\t a tree4 ,! palm is tall1 7iva's7 aoka is beautiful1 & no trees are m rev]$4 ,b trees are holy p] se4 ,e 'village-tree' 7above1 p4 #cgd1 & ,mbha4 ii4 #e4 #ajj7 is sacr$ to ! ,h9du4 ,& ?is is j :at is f\nd among ! wild tribes1 :o rev]e _! hut-trees & village-trees z div9e1 )\t dem&+ a special %[ ( div9ity4 ,! bir?-tree 7z 9 ,grecian my?ology7 is also kn[n1 bo? to ,h9du sect & to wild tribe4 ,b "h also !re is no basis ( ,aryan ideas1 b ( common human exp]i5ce4 ,! ance/or-tree 7totem7 has be5 notic$ above 9 ! case ( ! ,gonds1 :o claim desc5t f trees4 ,! ,bhars rev]e ! 7ivaite67 bilva or bel1 b ?is is a m$ic9al tree4 ,! m>riage-tree is univ]sal 9 ! ,s\? 7! tree is ! male or female ance/or71 & ev5 ! ,brahmanic w$d+1 among its second>y aft]-rites1 is n )\t ! tree1 :i* is adorn$ z "p ( ! c]emony4 ,two po9ts ( view rema9 to be tak5 be=e ! wild tribes are dismiss$4 ,! fir/ is t ,h9du law is primitive4 ,ma9e & ,lei/ bo? cite laws z if any ,h9du law 7 an oracle ( primitive ,aryan belief4 ,?is me?od is ripe 9 wrong conclusions4 ,mo/ ( ! matt] is legal1 b en\gh grazes religion to make ! po9t important4 ,ev5 ) ! sket* we h giv5 x becomes evid5t t ,h9du law _c be unres]v$ly tak5 z an expon5t ( e>ly ,brahmanic law1 /ill less ( ,aryan law4 ,= in/ance1 ,ma9e reg>ds matri>*y z a late ,brahmanic intrusion on patri>*y1 an inn] gr[?4#cd ,to prove ?is1 he cites two late books1 "o be+ ,vi%nu1 ! ,h9du law-giv] ( ! ,s\?4 ,b x is f ! ,s\!rn wild tribes t matri>*y has crept into ,h9duism1 & !nce into ,brahmanism4 ,"h prevails ! matri>*al m>riage99rite1 ) ! fir/ esp\sal to ! snake-gu>d$ tree t repres5ts ! "m's family4 ,9 _m cases geographical limitations ( ?is sort preclude ! idea t ! cu/om or law ( a law-book is ,aryan4#ce ,! second po9t ( view is t ( ! ,akkadi/s4 ,x is claim$ by ! late ,lac\p]ie1 by ,hewitt1 & by o!r well-kn[n writ]s t a primitive race ov]ran ,india1 ,*9a1 & ! re/ ( ! _w1 leav+ beh9d x traces ( advanc$ religi\s ideas & o!r m>ks ( a high] civilization4 ,su* a cult may h exi/$1 b 9 s f> z ?is !ory re/s1 z 9 a m>k$ degree x does re/1 on etymology1 ! results are wor?less4 ,^! s*ol>s id5tify ,g&h>va ) ,gan-,ed51 ,kai 7,b5>es7 ) ! l& ( ! sons ( ,ku%2 ,gautama ) ,*9ese 7',akkadian'7 gut1 'a bull1' etc4 ,all ?is is z fruitful ( unwisdom z 0 ! guess-"w ( ,european savants two c5turies ago4 ,we "k t ! ,dasyus _h "s religion & "s civilization4 ,( :at sort 0 _! b>b>ic cult1 :e!r ,f9ni% 7also ',akkadian'7#cf or aborig9al ) !mselves1 really makes b little diff]5ce1 s f> z ! int]pretation ( ,aryanism is conc]n$2 = :at ! ,aryans got f ! wild tribes ( t day is insignificant if e/abli%$ z exi/5t at all4 ,a few leg5ds1 ! ,deluge & ! ,cosmic ,tree1 are claim$ z ,akkadian1 b x is rem>kable t "o may grant all t ! ,akkadian s*ol>s claim1 & /ill d5y t ,aryan belief has be5 ess5tially affect$ by x4#cg ,! ,akkadian !ory w please !m t _c reconcile ! ,rig ,v$a ) _! !ory ( ,brahmanic influ5ce1 b ! fault lies ) ! !ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,dasyus1 hea!n1 or pagans1 are by no means a :olly unciviliz$ mass to ! poets ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,!y h weal?1 build =ts1 & are recogniz$ z liv+ 9 t[ns or =ts4 ,we le>n little ab\t !m 9 ,brahmanic lit]ature1 except t !y bury _! dead & ) !m _! tr9kets4 ,_! graves & dolm5 gray-/ones are /ill f\nd4 ,footnote #b3 ,"s s*ol>s ?9k t ! ,dravidians ent]$ f ! ,nor?we/ lat] ?an ! ,kol>ians1 &1 pu%+ !m to ei!r side ( ! p59sula1 desc5d$ ?r\gh !m to ! ,s\?4 ,! fact t "s ,kol>ian tribes closely relat$ by language are sep>at$ 7to ,ea/ & ,we/7 by hundr$s ( miles1 & h lo/ all remembrance ( _! =m] union1 favors ?is view ( a ,dravidian w$ge splitt+ & pass+ ?r\gh ! ,kol>ian mass4 ,b all "h is guess-"w4 ,! ,dravidians may h be5 pu%$ on by ,kol>ians t ent]$ lat]1 :ile ! latt] may h be5 split by ! ,aryan invasion2 & ?is seems to u m probable because ! o!r !ory does n expla9 :y ! ,kol>ians did n g ,s\? in/ead ( tak+ to ! hills ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,footnote #c3 ,! :ole li/ ( ^! tribes z giv5 by ,cu/1 ,sket* ( ! ,mod]n ,languages ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 is z foll[s3 ,! ,kol>ians include ! ,sun?als1 ,mundari ,koles 7,ko*es71 ,kharians1 ,juangs1 ,korwas1 ,kurs1 ,savaras1 ,mehtos1 ,gadabas1 ,paharias2 ! ,dravidians include ! tribes call$ ,tamil1 ,telugu1 ,kan>ese1 ,malayalim1 ,tulu1 ,kudagu1 ,toda1 ,kota1 ,khond1 ,gond1 ,oraon1 ,rajmahali1 ,keikadi1 ,y]ukala4 ,footnote #d3 ,! sacrifices ( ! wild tribes all appe> to h ! object ( pleas+ or placat+ ! god ) food1 animal or vegetable2 j z ! ,brahmanic sacrifice is made to please1 ) ! second>y ?\ght t ! god w return ! favor ) int]e/2 !n t he is b\nd to d s4 ,s9 is c>ri$ away by ! sacrifice1 b ?is seems to be m]ely an ext5sion ( ! simpl] idea2 ! god condones a fault aft] an expression ( rep5tance & good-w4 ,:at lies fur!r back is n reveal$ 9 ! e>ly texts1 ?\gh x is easy to make !m fruitful 9 !ories ( sacrifice4 ,footnote #e3 ,( c\rse no tribe has :at civilization w\ld call a temple1 b "s h :at answ] to x1 namely1 a fil?y hut :]e live ! god & 8 prie/4 ,yet ! ,gonds us$ to build roads & irrigate v well4 ,footnote #f3 ,! 7,raj7 ,gonds 7 fir/ subdu$ by ! ,rajputs1 & :]e ! ,h9dus & ,gonds h int]m>ri$ !y are kn[n z ,raj ,gonds4 ,o!rs h become ! ',mohamm$an ,gonds4' ,o!rwise1 9 ! case ( ! pure or ',assul' 7! great] numb]71 nei!r ,h9du nor ,mohamm$an has _h mu* influ5ce ov] !m1 ei!r socially or religi\sly4 ,! ,gonds :ipp$ ! ,briti% 9 #ahah2 b s9ce !n !y h become 'pacifi$4' ,footnote #g3 ,x is (t5 no m ?an a small hat*et /uck 9 ! belt1 if !y we> ! latt]1 :i* 9 ! jungle is m raim5t ?an !y are wont to put on4 ,footnote #h3 ,! snake 9 ! tree is common to _m tribes1 bo? be+ tutel>y4 ,! ,gonds are 'sons ( ! =e/ ,trees1' & ( ! nor!rn bull4 ,footnote #i3 ,x seems to u t ?is feature ne$ n be reckon$ z a sign ( exogamy4 ,x is (t51 s f> z we h obs]v$1 only a /]eotyp$ =m to express ba%fulness4 ,footnote #aj3 ,"s say e>?-god4 ,?us ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,,jras4 #ahdb1 p4 #agb1 says 'male e>?-god z ance/or1' b mo/ mod]n writ]s describe ! div9ity z a female4 ,"s ( ! ,khonds wor%ip only e>? 7z a peacock74 ,?is is ! peacock rev]$ at ! ,pongol4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! ,gonds also h a b\nd>y-god4 ,graves z b\nd>ies are kn[n among ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,possibly ,h]mes z b\nd>y-god may be connect$ ) ! ,h]mes t conducts s\ls2 or is x simply z ?ief-god t he gu>ds f !ft8 ,! ,khond practice w\ld indicate t ! corpse 7z some?+ sacr$7 made ! b\nd>y1 n t ! b\nd>y 0 made by runn+ a l9e to a b>r[1 z is ! case 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon connection betwe5 b>r[ & b\nd4 ,footnote #ab3 ,"s may comp>e ,bell]ophon 6 ,footnote #ac3 ,tutel>y deities are ( h\se1 village1 groves1 etc4 ,! ',h\se-god' is1 ( c\rse1 old] ?an ?is or ?an ,h9duism4 ,! ,rig ,v$a recognizes ,va/o%pati1 ! ',"l ( ! ,h\se1' to :om ! law 7,manu1 ,,iii4 #hi1 etc47 ord]s oblations to be made4 ,b ,h9duism pref]s a female h\se-goddess 7see above1 p4 #cgd74 ,w9dis* connects ?is ,v$ic div9ity1 ,va/os-pati1 ) ,ve/a & ,he/ia4 ,! same s*ol> comp>es ,keltic vassus1 vassallus1 orig9ally 'h\se-man'2 & v +5i\sly equates ,vassorix ) ,v$ic vasa4m raja--via4m raja1 'k+ ( ! h\se-m5' 7clan71 l h4usk>l>1'h\se-fell[s1' 9 ,sc&9avian 7dome/icus1 99ouk7tes774 ,w9dis*1 ,vassus und ,vassallus1 9 ! ,b]i*t4 d4 k4 ,s*s4 ,gesell4 #ahib1 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #ad3 ,t is to say1 a dead man's _s goes to heav51 or is re-born :ole 9 ! tribe1 or is re-born diseas$ 7any:]e1 ?is is p5al discipl9e71 or f9ally is annihilat$4 ,ju/ly may "o comp>e ! ,brahmanic division ( ! ,manes into sev]al classes1 accord+ to _! de/9ation z condition$ by _! mann] ( liv+ & exit f life4 ,x is ! same idea ramify+ a little diff]5tly2 n a case ( borr[+1 b ! gr[? ( two simil> se$s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! un-,aryan doctr9e ( transmigration may be due to ! belief ( native wild tribes4 ,x appe>s fir/ 9 ! atapa?a1 b is h9t$ at 9 ! 'plant-s\ls' ( ! ,,rv4 7above1 pp4 #ade1bjd1dcb71 possibly 9 ,,rv4 ,i4 #afd4 #cj1ch2 ,btl+k1 loc4 cit41 #ahic1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #ae3 ,?is tribe n[ divides ) ! ,lurka ,koles ! possession ( ,*ota ,nagpur1 :i* ! latt] tribe us$ to comm& entire4 ,! ,oraons reg>d ! ,lurka ,koles z inf]iors4 ,comp>e ,,jras4 #ahfa1 p4 #cgj ff4 ,!y are sometimes errone\sly gr\p$ ) ! ,koles1 e?nographically z well z geographically4 ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 p4 ,,xxxii4 ,footnote #af3 ,some?+ l ?is is record$ by ,br9ton1 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #bdc1 z ! belief ( an ,am]ican tribe1 :i* holds t ! fate ( ! dead dep5ds on ! mann] ( dea?1 ! fun]al rites1 or "s su* arbitr>y circum/ance 7z 9 ,greece74 ,footnote #ag3 ,comp>e ! epic ',m\se-p1' ,mu%ikas1 z well z ,apollo's m\se4 ,possibly ano!r ,h9du m>k ( sect>ianism may be trac$ to ! wild tribes1 ! use ( v]milion m>k+s4 ,?is is ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! ,b5gal w$d+ rite 7,risley74 ,footnote #ah3 ,above ! ,sun?als1 :o inhabit ! jungle & l[] slopes ( ! ,rajmahal hills1 live ! ,pahariz1 :o nev] tell a lie 7x is said71 & ^: religion 9 "s aspects is wor? notic+4 ,!y believe 9 "o god 7ov] ea* village god71 :o creat$ sev5 bro!rs to rule e>?4 ,! ,pahariz desc5d f ! elde/ ( ^! bro!rs4 ,!y believe 9 transmigration1 a future /ate1 & oracles4 ,b x is que/ionable :e!r !y h n be5 expos$ to ,buddhi/ic influ5ce1 z ',budo ,gosa9' is ! "n ( ! supreme 7sun-7god4 ,footnote #ai3 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ,orissa 0 =m$ ( ! t]ritories ( ,khonds1 ,koles1 & ,savaras4 ,9 ! old gr\p+ ( tribes ^!1 toge!r ) ! ,gonds & ,bhils1 7 ! five *ildr5 ( ! soil betwe5 ! ,v9dhya m\nta9s1 ! ea/ *a9 ( ! ,ghats1 & ! m\? ( ! ,godav>i to ! c5tre ( ! valley ( ! ,n]budda4 ,! la/ m5tion$ tribe ( ,bhils 7,bheels7 is almo/ devoid ( native religion1 b is p>ticul>ly not$ = tru?1 hone/y1 & fidelity4 ,,jras4 #ahdd1 pp4 #aha1 #ahi1 #aib2 #aheb1 p4 #baf ff4 ,x is an anci5t race1 b its orig9 is n c]ta94 ,footnote #bj3 ,trees are rev]$ by ! ,brahmans also1 z by ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,s*oolcraft1 i4 #cfh4 ,! tree-_s is an advance on ?is 7,brahmanic & ,h9dui/ic74 ,footnote #ba3 ,?us ! ,bhils' w$d+ is simply a mutual promise "u ! s+a tree4 ,^! savages1 h[ev]1 live toge!r only s long z !y *oose4 ,:5 ! family sep>ates1 ! fa!r takes ! eld] *ildr51 & ! "m takes ! y\ng] ones4 ,!y are polygam\s4 ,x is f ?is tribe t ! wor%ip ( ,aghori1 ! ,v9dhya fi5d1 accept$ z a =m ( ,kali1 0 introduc$ into ivaite wor%ip4 ,at pres5t _! religion is a mixture ( ,h9du & native sup]/ition4 ,?us1 l ! ,gonds1 !y wor%ip /one images ( gods plac$ 9 a circle1 b !y recognize among ^! gods sev]al ( ! ,h9du div9ities4 ,footnote #bb3 ,r[ney1 ,wild ,tribes1 p4 #aid4 ,! goose-totem ( ! ,sun?als is also ,brahma's sign4 ,z ,vi%nu is c>ri$ on an eagle1 & iva on a bull1 s ,brahma rides a goose 7or flam+o74 ,! 't5 ance/ors' dem&$ ( ! ,brahman prie/ 7 orig9ally on ! "m's side z well z on ! fa!r's4 ,web]1 ,rajasuya1 p4 #gh4 ,! matri>*al !ory is1 h[ev]1 s\!rn4 7,comp>e ! oblations to ! ance/resses 9 ,vi%nu's law-book1 #gd47 ,footnote #bc3 ,! m>riage-/one1 z 9 ! ,h9du rite is q common4 ,( less] sup]/itions ! tabu1 analog\s to ! avoidance ( unlucky names among ! ,h9dus1 may be m5tion$4 ,fri5d%ip among girls is cem5t$ by a religi\s c]emony4 ,aft] ?is1 among ! ,oraons1 ! two avoid ea* o!r's "n1 call+ ea* o!r only 'my fl[]' or 'my meet-to-smile' 7,r[ney74 ,9 ?is tribe exogamy is 'm respectable1' b n necess>y4 ,! girls are g5]ally b\ght1 & h fix$ prices1 b we h se5 ! cu/om>y price 7tw5ty-five pigs7 cit$ only = ,assam among ! ,me]is4 ,if "o man _c pay s mu*1 sev]al unite1 = poly&ry prevails all ?r\gh ! nor!rn tribes 7,,jras4 ,,xi4 #ch71 & ev5 9 ! ,punjab4 ,footnote #bd3 ,%]r+ 7,,jras4 ,v4 #cgf7 says decid$ly t ,bhars1 or ,bharats1 & ,*irus _c be ,aryans4 ,?is article is "o full ( int]e/+ details 9 reg>d to ! high cultivation ( ! ,bharat tribe4 ,!y built l>ge /one =ts1 imm5se subt]ranean cav]ns1 & made enorm\s bricks = tanks & =tifications 7#ai ,x #aa ,x #b-a_/b in*es71 ! =m] be+ built regul>ly to ea/ & we/ 7surajb$i74 ,"o ( _! *ief cities lay five miles we/ ( ,mirzapur1 & cov]$ sev]al miles1 entirely surr\nd+ ! ,puranic city ( ,v9dhyacal1 built 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,bhars held ,oude & ,b5>es4 ,c>negy's op9ion is giv5 9 8 ,races1 ,tribes1 & ,ca/es ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,oude 7,oudh74 ,! ,bhars1 says ,elliot1 ,*ronicles ( ,oonayo1 built all ! t[ns n end+ 9 pur1 m[1 or abad 7,h9du1 ,mongol1 ,mohamm$an74 ,_! sacra 7totems87 are ! bamboo1 bel-tree1 tortoise1 & peacock4 ,footnote #be3 ,,jras4 ,,xii4 #bbi2 ,,ia4 ,,xxii4 #bic4 ,footnote #bf3 ,among ! s\!rn ,kod]s ! dolm5 =m grave-/ones2 p]haps ! religi\s employm5t ( !m 9 ?is wise l$ to ! idea ( ! god-/one 9 _m cases2 b x is difficult to say 9 monoli?-wor%ip :e!r ! /one itself be n a god2 n a feti%1 = 7z has be5 said by o!rs7 a feti% is a god only s long z he is reg>d$ z be+ useful1 & :5 %[n to be useless he is flung away2 b a god-/one is always div9e1 :e!r x grants pray]s or n4 ,footnote #bg3 ,wilson's note to ,/ev5son's description1 ,,jras4 #ahch1 p4 #aig4 ,! epic disease-gods are n unique4 ,! only god kn[n to ! ,&aman ,isl&]s 7,bay ( ,b5gal7 0 a disease-devil1 & ?is is f\nd z a subord9ate deity 9 _m ( ! wild tribes4 ,footnote #bh3 ,9 ! curr5t ,indian ,antiqu>y !re is an exce$+ly int]e/+ s]ies ( pap]s by ! late ,judge ,burnell on ,devil-wor%ip1 ) illu/rations t %[ well ! "* ( ^! l[] objects ( wor%ip4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! /&>d "w on ?is subject is ,f]gusson's ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip1 :i* ab\nds 9 int]e/+ facts & dang]\sly captivat+ fancies4 ,footnote #cj3 ,,jras4 #ahdf1 p4 #djg4 ,! ensign "h may be totemi/ic4 ,9 ,h9duism ! epic %[s t ! /&>ds ( battle 7 (t5 surm\nt$ ) signa & effigies ( v>i\s animals1 z 0 ! case1 = example1 9 anci5t ,g]many4 ,we h collect$ ! mat]ial on ?is po9t 9 a pap] 9 ,,jaos4 ,,xiii4 #bdd4 ,x appe>s t on top ( ! flag-/aff images 7 plac$4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,ape-/&>d2 ano!r1 ! ,bull /&>d2 ano!r1 ! ,ho>-/&>d4 ,arjuna's sign 0 ! ,ape 7) a lion's tail72 o!r h]oes _h peacocks1 elephants1 & fabul\s mon/]s l ! arabha4 ,! ,ape is ( c\rse ! god ,hanuman2 ! ,bo>1 ,vi%nu2 ! ,bull1 iva2 s t !y h a religi\s be>+ = ! mo/ "p1 & are n totemi/ic4 ,"s are purely fanciful1 a b[1 a swan ) bells1 a lily2 or1 aga91 !y are significant ( ! h]oe's orig9 7,drona's 'pot'74 ,trees & fl[]s are us$ z /&>ds j l bea/s4 ,especially is ! palm a favorite emblem4 ,^! signa are 9 addition to ! battle-flags 7"o ( :i* is blue1 c>ri$ ) an ensign ( five />s74 ,on ! plants comp>e ,williams1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 p4 #cch4 ,footnote #ca3 ,apa/ambo1 #b4 #b4 #c4 #bb2 ,manu1 ,,iii4 #hh4 ,footnote #cb3 ,vule apud ,williams4 ,footnote #cc3 ib4 ,! ,rig ,v$a1 ,x4 #ha4 #d1 kn[s also a 'tree ( creation4' ,footnote #cd3 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #gc ff4 ,footnote #ce3 ,?us x is common ,aryan law t1 on ! bir? ( a *ild1 ! "m becomes impure = t5 days1 ei!r alone or ) ! fa!r4 ,b ! latt]'s impurity is only nom9al1 & is remov$ by ba?+ 7,manu1 ,v4 #fb1 & o!rs74 ,baudhayana alone /ates t accord+ to "s only ! fa!r becomes impure 7#a4 #e4 #aa4 #ba74 ,?is is ! cu/om ( a l& describ$ by ,apollonius ,rhodius 7,,ii4 #ajaj1 :]e1 :5 wom5 be> *ildr51 ! m5 groan1 g to b$1 & tie up ! head2 b ! wom5 c>e = !m4 ,yet ,baudhayana is a ,s\!rn] & a late writ]4 ,! cu/om is legaliz$ only 9 ?is writ]'s laws4 ,h5ce x _c be cit$ z ,brahmanic or ev5 z ,aryan law4 ,x 0 probably ! cu/om ( ! ,s\!rn half-,h9duiz$ environm5t4 ,footnote #cf3 ,am]ican ,indians are also ,dravidian1 because bo? h totems699 unkn[n symbol ,footnote #cg3 ,= ! ,akkadi/ !ory may be consult$ ,lac\p]ie 9 ! ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record1 i4 #a1 #be1 #eh2 iii4 #fb ff42 v4 #dd1 #ig2 vi4 #a ff42 ,hewitt1 9 review+ ,risley's ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 ,,jras4 #ahic1 p4 #bch ff4 ,see also ,sayce's ,hibb]t ,lectures4 ,on ! ,deluge & ,tree ( ,life1 comp>e ! ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record1 iv4 #ae & #bag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,india ,,& ,,! ,,we/4 ,if 9 ,h9duism1 & ev5 9 ,brahmanism1 !re are c]ta9 traits :i*1 ) "s v]isimilitude1 may be ref]r$ to ! imm$iate environm5t ( ^! religions1 h[ /&s x 9 respect ( t wid] circle ( influ5ce :i* is repres5t$ by ! peoples ( ! ,we/8 ,) ,egypt & ,pho5icia1 ,india _h int]c\rse at an e>ly date1 b ?is appe>s to h be5 re/rict$ to m]cantile ex*ange2 = ,india till v late 0 affect$ nei!r by ! lit]ature nor by ! religion ( ,egyptians or ,syrians4#a ,( a m direct sort seem to h be5 ! relations betwe5 ,india & ,babylon1 & ! =m] may owe to ! latt] h] lat] a/ronomy1 b no def9itive pro( exi/s 7or ev5 any great hi/orical probability7 t ,babylon gave ,india ev5 leg5d>y additions to h] native weal? ( my?s4#b ,f ! ,iranians ! ,h9dus p>t$ too e>ly to receive f ,zoroa/rianism any influ5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 our op9ion ! religion ( ,zoroa/] budd$ f a bran* tak5 f ,indic soil4 ,ev5 :]e ,p]sian influ5ce may1 ) propriety1 be suspect$1 9 ! lat] ,indic wor%ip ( ! sun1 ,india took no new religion f ,p]sia2 b x is v possible t h] own antique & pres]v$ heliolatry 0 aid$1 & acquir$ new /r5g? f m mod]n contact ) ! sun-wor%ipp]s ( ! ,we/4 ,( ,iranian influ5ce 9 e>ly times1 along ! l9e ( ,h9du religi\s developm5t1 !re is sc>cely a trace1 al?\gh 9 #eji ,b4,c4 ,d>ius's g5]al conqu]$ ! l& ab\t ! ,indus4#c ,b ! mo/ zeal\s advocate ( ,p]sia's pre/ige c f9d little to support 8 claims 9 pre-,buddhi/ic ,brahmanic lit]ature1 ?\gh su* claims h be5 made1 n only 9 respect ( ! position ( second>y div9ities1 b ev5 z reg>ds es*atological conceptions4 ,x is n s easy to refute an improbable hi/orical !ory z x is to prop\nd x1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! onus prob&i re/s ^u him t prop\nds x1 & till n[ all argum5ts on ?is po9t h result$ only 9 increas+ ! numb] ( unprov$ hypo!ses1 :i* ! hi/orian %\ld m5tion & may !n dismiss4 ,! ,nor!rn dyna/y t rul$ 9 ,india 9 ! six? c5tury seems to h _h a h& 9 spread+ ,iranian sun-wor%ip beyond ! ,indus1 b we d\bt :e!r ! radical effect ( ?is dom9ion & its belief 7x is describ$ by ,kosmas1 an ,egyptian travell] ( ! "t7 is z great z has be5 claim$4#d ,f ,greece1 ! ,h9dus receiv$ ar*itectural designs1 numismatic1 & p]haps a few lit]>y h9ts1 b !y got !nce nei!r religi\s my?s1 nor1 ) ! possible exception ( ! cult ( ! lat] ,love-god & fre% enc\ragem5t to phallic -wor%ip1 new rites2#e ?\gh !y may h borr[$ "s fables1 & "o ev5 he>s ( a ,buddhi/ic k+ endeavor+ to buy a sophi/ ( ,antio*us4 ,b !re is no gr\nd = assum+ philosophical influ5ce on ,brahmanism4 ,*ri/ianity came late into ! religi\s life ( ,india1 & z a doctr9e made ^u h] no deep or la/+ impression4 ,c]ta9 details ( ,*ri/ian /ory h be5 wov5 into ! leg5ds ( ,kri%na1 & "s s*ol>s believe t ! mono!i/ic wor%ipp]s depict$ 9 ! pseudo-epic 7 ,*ri/ians4 ,b 9 respect ( ! latt] po9t x is en\gh to say t ?is acc\nt ( =eign belief _h no new mono!iz+ effect ^u ! pan!ism ( ,india2 ! /range 7unbrahmanic7 god 0 simply accept$ z ,vi%nu4 ,nor d we believe t ! fai?-doctr9e ( ,h9du sect>ianism & ! tr9it>ianism ( ,india 7 d]iv$ f ,*ri/ian s\rces4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ to be hi/orically possible t ! cre$ ( ! ,*ri/ians1 kn[n to ! ,h9dus ( ! six? & sev5? c5turies1 may h sugge/$ to ! latt] ! idea ( ! tr9ity z a means ( adju/+ ! claims ( ,brahmanism1 ,kri%naism1 & ivaism4#f ,b f ! ,mohamm$an ,india has tak5 mu*1 albeit only 9 ! la/ few c5turies4 ,:5 ,alex&] ent]$ ,india !re 7 /ill two bodies ( ,indic p we/ ( ! ,indus4 ,b ! tr5d 0 ea/w>d1 z x _h be5 = c5turies1 & ! fir/ inroad ( ! ,mohamm$an _h little fur!r effect ?an to seize a l& =sak5 by ,aryans & giv5 ov] to ! hordes ( ! ,nor?4 ,! f\ndation ( ! new empire 0 n laid till ! p]man5t occupation ( ! ,punjab & annexation ( ,lahore 9 #ajbb-bc4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury all ,h9du/an ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( ! slave sultan ( ,delhi4#g ,akb> di$ 9 #afje4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury ! ,mogul rule 0 brok52 ! ,mahratta pr9ces became imp]ial4 ,x is n[ j 9 ?is p]iod ( ,mohamm$an p[] :5 arise ! dei/ic re=m+ sects1 :i*1 z we h %[n1 7 surr\nd$ ) dei/s & tr9it>ians4 ,"h1 !n1 we draw ! l9e across ! inn] developm5t ( ,india's religions1 ) ,kabir1 ,nanak1 ,dadu1 & p]haps ev5 ,basava4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ! age t succe$s ! epic !re are b two phases ( religion1 pan!ism = ! wise1 a m or less dei/ic poly!ism = ! vulg>#h 79 isolat$ cases may be add$ ! mono!ism ( c]ta9 s*ola/ic philosoph]s72 & s ,indic religion cont9u$ till ! adv5t ( ,islamism4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh "u ,mohamm$an influ5ce1#i ! mo/ ?\ghtful spirits ( ,india receiv$ mono!ism & gave up pan!ism1 yet 0 ! religi\s attitude ( ^! ?9k]s n av]se f t tak5 by ! ,sankyan philosoph]s & by ! e>li] pan!i/s4 ,f a philosophical po9t ( view "o mu/1 inde$1 sep>ate ! two4 ,b all ^!1 ! ,unit>ian ,h>ih>ai/1 ! real pan!i/ ( ! ,upani%ads1 :o complet$ ! "w ( ! ,v$ic quasi-pan!i/1 & ! circle t comprises ,kabir1 ,nanak1 & ,dadu1 7 unit$ 9 t !y /ood aga9/ encircl+ poly!ism4 ,!y 7 religi\sly at "o 9 t !y gave up ! cult ( _m div9ities1 :i* repres5t$ respectively nature-wor%ip & fi5d-wor%ip 7) bea/-wor%ip71 = ! wor%ip ( "o god4 ,!re=e x is t1 :ile native advance /ops ) ! ,mohamm$an conque/1 "o may yet claim an un9t]rupt$ progress = ! high] ,indic religion1 a cont9ual elevation ( ! ?\ghts ( ! wise2 al?\gh at ! same "t1 beside & bel[ ?is1 !re is ! circle ( l[] beliefs t cont9ually revolves ^u itself4 ,= 9 ! zolatry#aj & poly!ism t adores mon/]s to-day x is difficult to see a =m ( religion high] 9 any respect ?an t m simple nature-poly!ism :i* fir/ obta9$4#aa ,?is l[] aspect ( ,indic religions h+es hi/orically on ! relation betwe5 ! accept$ cults ( ,h9duism#ab & ^? ( ! wild tribes4 ,we _c v5ture to make any /atem5ts t w ca/ ^u ?is "q m light ?an has be5 ?r[n by ! above acc\nt ( ! latt] cults & ( _! po9ts ( contact ) ,h9duism4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t ) ! entrance into ! body politic ( a class compos$ ( vanqui%$#ac or vanqui%+ natives1 "s ( ! religion ( ! latt] may h be5 receiv$ also4 ,su*1 !re is e reason to believe1 0 ! orig9al wor%ip ( iva z arva1 ,bhava1 & ( ,kri%na2 9 o!r words1 ( ! fir/ features ( mod]n sect>ian ,h9duism1 ?\gh ?is has be5 s influ5c$ by ,aryan civilization t x has become an integral "p ( ,h9du religion4#ad ,b1 aga91 = a fur!r "q "h pres5ts itself1 h[ mu* 9 ,india to-day is ,aryan8 ,we are incl9$ to answ] t v little ( blood or ( religion is ,aryan4 ,"s prie/ly families keep p]haps a /ra9 ( ,aryan blood4 ,b ,h9du lit]ature is n afraid to /ate h[ _m ( its au?ors are ( l[ ca/e1 h[ _m ( its prie/s 7 begott5 ( mix$ m>riages1 h[ _m =m$ l[ connections2 :ile bo? leg5d>y & prophetic 7ex po/ facto7 hi/ory speak too (t5 ( slave-k+s & ! evil times :5 l[ ca/es w reign1 = any unprejudic$ p]son to d\bt t ! ,h9du population1 exclud+ _m pure prie/s b includ+ _m ( ! prie/s & ! ,rajputs 7'sons ( k+s'71 repres5ts ,aryanhood ev5 less ?an ! belief ( ! ,rig ,v$a repres5ts ! primitive religion2 & h[ little ( aborig9al ,aryan fai? is reflect$ 9 t "w has be5 %[n already4 ,z "o reviews ! po/-,v$ic religions ( civiliz$ ,india he is impress$ ) ! fact t1 het]og5e\s z !y are1 !y yet 9 "s reg>ds are s alike z to pres5t1 :5 contra/$ ) o!r beliefs1 a homog5e\s :ole4 ,a c]ta9 uniqu5ess ( religi\s /yle1 s to speak1 diff]5tiates e expression ( ,india's !osophy f t ( h] ,we/]n neighbors4 ,:at is common & _w-wide 9 ! =ms ( ,indic fai? we h %[n 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,b on ?is univ]sal f\ndation ,india has erect$ _m individual temples1 temples built aft] designs :i* are n uni=m1 b are all self-sket*$1 & !re=e peculi> to h]self4 ,9 ea* ( ^! m5tal h\ses ( ,god !re is reveal$ ! same disposition1 & t disposition is necess>ily id5tical ) t express$ 9 h] pr(ane arti/ry1#ae = ! =m ( religion is z mu* a matt] ( national ta/e z is t :i* is embodi$ 9 lit]ature1 ar*itecture1 & pa9t+4 ,& ?is ta/e1 z express$ 9 religion1 isolates ,brahmanic & ,h9dui/ic ,india1 plac+ h] ap>t1 bo? f ! gloom ( ,egypt & ! grace ( ,greece2 ev5 z 9 h] e>lie/ records %e %[s h]self individual1 z contra/$ ) h] ,aryan k9sfolk4 ,l ,egypt1 %e feels h] dead ev] ar\nd h]1 & h] cult is t+$ ) d>kness2 b %e is fond ( pleasure1 & seeks x deliri\sly4 ,l ,greece1 %e loves beauty1 b %e loves m to decorate x2 & aga91 %e rejoices 9 h] gods1 b %e rejoices ) fe>2 fe> t ov]comes reason1 & pictures su* horrors z are conjur$ up by ! wild leaps ( an uncurb$ fancy4 ,= an imag9ation t kn[s no let has run away ) e =m ( h] intellectual productivity1 !osophy z well z art4 ,?is is p]ceptible ev5 9 h] rituali/ic1 sci5tific1 & philosophical sy/ems2 = ?\gh x is an elem5t t at fir/ seems incongru\s ) su* sy/ems1 x is yet 9 reality ! factor t has produc$ !m4 ,complex1 v>i$1 m9ute1 exact1 z are ! details :i* %e loves to elaborate 9 all h] "w1 !y are ! result ( ?is same unfett]$ imag9ation1 :i* foll[s out e fancy1 pleas$ ) !m all1 exagg]at+ e pres5t int]e/1 unconf9$ by especial reg>d = :at is ess5tial4#af ,?is is a heavy *>ge to br+1 nor c x be pass$ ov] ) ! usual rem>k t "o mu/ accept ,india's canon z au?oritative = h]self1 = ! ta/e ( cosmopolitan civilization is ! only norm ( judgm5t1 a norm accept$ ev5 by ! ,h9dus ( ! pres5t day :5 !y h le>n$ :at x is4 ,b we d n br+ ! *>ge ( extravagance = ! sake ( comp>+ ,india unfavorably ) ! ,occid5t4 ,conf9+ ourselves to ! hi/orical me?od ( treatm5t :i* we h endeavor$ h]et(ore to ma9ta91 we wi% to po9t out ! important be>+s :i* ?is intellectual trait has _h ^u ! less] products ( ,india's religi\s activity4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( religi\s lit]ature "o f9ds :at are app>5tly r>e & valuable bits ( hi/orical in=mation4 ,x is ^! :i*1 f ! po9t ( view to :i* we h j ref]r$1 "o mu/ le>n to e/imate at _! real wor?4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t51 ^! seem+ tru?s are due only to ! light imag9ation ( a subsequ5t age1 play+ at w ov] ! records ( ! pa/1 & seek+ by a m5tal cap] to leap ov] :at x fails to und]/&4 ,to ! ,ori5tal ( an age /ill lat] all ! facts d$ucible f su* /atem5ts z are embodi$ 9 ! ho>y lit]ature ( antiquity appe> to be hi/orical data1 &1 if my/ic 9 tone1 ^! /atem5ts are to him an old revelation ( pr(\nde/ tru?4 ,b ! ,occid5tal1 :o recognizes no hidd5 wisdom 9 palpable my/ification1 %\ld hesitate also to accept at _! face value su* hi/orical notes z h be5 draft$ by ! same prie/ly h&4 ,nor w\ld we conf9e ! application ( ?is pr9ciple to ! output ( extant ,brahmanic works4 ,! same tru? cuts "r & left among _m utt]ances ( ! ,v$ic se]s & all ! !ories built ^u !m4 ,to pick out "h & !re an ipse dixit ( "o ( ! lat] fanciful ,v$ic poets1 :o liv$ 9 a p]iod z ,brahmanic 7t is1 z rituali/ic7 z is t :i* is repres5t$ by ! actual ritual-texts1 & attempt to recon/ruct ! orig9al =m ( div9ities on ! basis ( su* vag>ies is useless1 = x is an unhi/orical me?od :i* ignores anci5t conditions4 ,9 less degree1 because "h ! conditions are m obvi\s1 does ?is apply to ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! great body ( lit]ature :i* has cons]v$ = po/]ity ! beg9n+s ( ,h9duism4 ,b ^u ?is we h already animadv]t$1 & n[ ne$ only range ?is lit]ature 9 l9e ) its pr$ecessors4 ,n because ! epic pictures ,kri%na z mak+ obeisance to iva is ,kri%na "h ! undevelop$ man-god1 :o repres5ts b ! beg9n+ ( 8 7lat]7 greatness1 & is /ill subject to ! old] iva4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! epic's la/ extravagance 9 reg>d to iva 7:o has already b[$ be=e ! great image ( ,kri%na-,vi%nu7 t dem&s a furi\s c\nt]-bla/ aga9/ ! rival god4 ,x is ! ivaite :o says t ,kri%na-,vi%nu b[s2 & because x is ! ivaite1 & because ?is is ! national mode ( expression ( e sect>y1 !re=e :at ! ivaite says is 9 all probability hi/orically false1 & ! sob] hi/orian w at lea/ n discov] '! e>li] ,kri%na' 9 ! ,kri%na portray$ by 8 rival's satellites4 ,b :5 "o comes to ! mod]n sects1 !n he has to deplore n s mu* ! lack ( hi/orical data z ! grotesque =m into :i* ?is same ov]-vivid imag9ation ( ! ,h9du has build$ 8 gods4 ,z ! sci5tific sy/ems gr[ m & m fancifully1 detail$1 & z ! liturgy fl[]s out into ! mo/ extraord9>y bloom ( weird leg5d1 s ! images ( ! gods1 to ! eye 9 _! temples1 to ! m9d 9 ! descriptions ( !m1 take to !mselves ! mo/ unc\? details imag9$ by a curi\s fancy4 ,?is god is an ascetic2 he mu/ be portray$ ) ! ascetic's hair1 ! ascetic's wild appe>ance4 ,he kills2 he mu/ be depict$ z a mon/]1 e trait exagg]at$1 e conceivable horror detail$4 ,?is god sport$ ) ! %eph]desses2 he mu/ h love-adv5tures relat$ 9 full1 & be wor%ipp$ z a d>l+ god ( love2 & 9 ?is wor%ip all mu/ be pictur$ 9 excess1 t weak] mortal p[] may /rive to appreciate ! magnitude ( ! div9e 9 e f9e detail4 ,^! traits are ^? ( late ,v$ism1 ,brahmanism1 & ,h9duism4 ,b h[ m>k$ is ! contra/ ) ! e>li] ,v$ic age6 ,! grotesque fancy1 ! love ( m9utiae1 9 a ^w1 ! extravagance ( imag9ation & unreason are "h abs5t1 or pres5t only 9 hymns t contra/ vividly ) ^? ( ! old] tone4 ,?is old] tone is ,aryan1 ! lat] is ,h9du1 & x is ano!r pro( ( :at we h already emphasiz$1 t ! ,h9duiz+ influ5ce 0 felt 9 ! lat] ,v$ic or ,brahmanic p]iod4 ,!re is1 inde$1 almo/ z great a gulf betwe5 ! ,dawn-hymns & ! atapa?a z !re is betwe5 ! latt] & ! ,puranas4 ,"o may re/ assur$ t ! p]v]t$ lat] ta/e reproduces ! advance ( ,h9du influ5ce ^u ! ,aryan m9d exactly 9 proportion to ! enormity display$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! po9t ( view ( morality1 ,brahmanic religion is n 9 any way individual4 ,! race1 :e!r ,aryan or ,h9dui/ic1 _h z fragile virtue z h o!r folks1 & %[s ! same t5tative ef=ts to become pur] z ^? :i* *>act]ize e national advance4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 a little too mu* =mal insi/5ce on v]aci\sness1 & "o is r incl9$ to suspect1 despite ,mll]s brave def5ce ( ! ,h9du 9 ?is reg>d1 t ly+ came v naturally to a p ^: law-giv]s 7 s cont9u\sly h>p+ on ! beauty ( tru?4 ,! vici\s ca/e-sy/em necess>ily s*$ul$ immorality 9 accordance ) ! ca/e ord]1 z c]ta9 crimes 9 o!r c\ntries are e/imat$ accord+ to ! race ( ! s9n] r ?an accord+ to any ab/ract /&>d4 ,9 ! matt] ( precept we "k no bett] moral laws ?an ^? promulgat$ by ! ,brahmans1 b !y are ! laws t e p evolves = itself4 ,religi\s immorality1 ! excess ( akti wor%ip1 is also n peculi> to ! ,h9du4 ,if "o ask h[ ! morality ( ,india z a :ole comp>es ) t ( o!r c\ntries1 we reply t1 includ+ religi\s excesses1 x /&s level ) ! p]sonal morality ( ,greece 9 h] be/ days1#ag & t )\t ! religi\sly s5sual 7,h9du7 elem5t1 x is nom9ally on a p> ) t ( ,london or ,new ,york4 ,!re are good & bad m51 & ^! make good & bad cot]ies1 :i* /& inside ! pale ( a religi\s pr(ession4 ,!re is n mu* !oretical diff]5ce4 ,few ( ! old] gods are virtu\s1 & ,"r1 ev5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 is ! moral p[]1 t is1 ,"r z ,ord]1 correct behavior1 ! prototype bo? ( ritual & ( acara1 cu/om1 :i* rules ! gods4 ,9 ! law-c\rt ! gods are a moral gr\p1 & two ( !m1 ,v>una & ,agni1 hate respectively ! s9s ( adult]y & untru?4 ,9 ! law x is1 h[ev]1 ,dh>ma & ! ,fa!r-god or 8 diado*os1 :o1 h&+ d[n heav5ly precepts1 gives all moral laws1 ?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t ! ,fa!r-god is almo/ ! la/ to c>e = morality4 ,& pure ,brahmanism /ops ) ,brahma4 ,9 mod]n ,h9duism1 to kill1 lu/1 /eal1 dr9k1 s f> f (f5d+1 may please a god t is amor\s1 or blood?ir/y1 or1 l iva1 is '! "l ( ?ieves4' ,morality "h has ,god himself aga9/ x4 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 to s9 is m]ely to displease a god4 ,b ev5 9 ,brahmanism1 z 9 ,buddhism1 !re is n t intimate connection betwe5 goodness & godness t obta9s 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,brahman1 l ! ,buddhi/1 0 self-controll$1 9 ord] to ex]t control ^u ! gods & ! c\rse ( 8 own future life4 ,he n only1 z is p]haps ! case else:]e1 0 moral ) an ult]ior motive1 b 8 moral code lack$ ! div9e h&4 ,x 0 felt z a sy/em :i* he appli$ to himself = 8 own good4 ,he did n assume t he (f5d$ a god by n foll[+ x1 except 9 two special cases1 z 9 s9s aga9/ ,agni & ,v>una4 ,ult]ior motives are deprecat$1 b because he t seeks absorption into ,god mu/ quit desires4#ah ,we h said t ! moral code ( ! ,h9dus at its be/ seems to be on a p> ) ! be/ z f\nd else:]e4 ,n to lie1 n to /eal1 n to injure ano!r illegally1#ai to be brave1 to be loyal1 to be hospitable1--^! are ! factors ( its e>ly & late law4 ,9 c]ta9 late cases may be add$ 'to be self-re/ra9$4' ,b if ^! laws be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! savage races x w be f\nd t mo/ ( !m are also factors ( primitive e?ics4 ,!re=e we say t ! ,h9du code z a :ole is savage & antique1 & t1 exclud+ religi\s excess & debau*]y1 x is on a p> ) ! mod]n e?ical code only nom9ally4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ?is savage & anci5t code is n on a level ) t ( to-day4 ,& ! reason is t ! ideal ( ea* is diff]5t4 ,9 ! savage & old-_w conception ( morality x is ! ideal virtue t is repres5t$ by ! code4 ,x 0 di/9ct laudation to say ( a man t he did n lie1 or /eal1 & t he 0 hospitable4#bj ,b to-day1 :ile ^! factors rema9 to =mulate ! code1 !y no long] repres5t ideal virtue4 ,nay r1 !y are b ! assum$ base ( virtue1 & s ?or\ghly is ?is assum$ t to say ( a g5tleman t he does n lie or /eal is n praise1 b r an insult1 s9ce ! imputation to him ( :at is b ! virtue ( *ildr5 is no long] an encomium :5 appli$ to ! adult1 :o is suppos$ to h pass$ ! po9t :]e !ft & ly+ are moral temptations1 & to h rea*$ a po9t :]e1 on ! basis ( ^! savage1 antique1 & n[ *ildi% virtues1 he /rives = a high] moral ideal4 ,& ?is ideal ( to-day1 :i* makes fair-m9d$ness1 lib]ality ( ?\ght1 & altruism ! respective repres5tatives ( ! savage virtues ( manual hone/y1 tru?-speak+1 & hospitality1 is j :at is lack+ 9 ! m primitive ideal =mulat$ 9 ! code ( savages & ( ! ,brahman alike4#ba ,x is n f\nd at all among savages1 & !y may be left on "o side4 ,9 ,india all ! factors ( ! mod]n code are entirely lack+ at ! "t :5 ! old code 0 fir/ completely =mulat$4 ,lib]ality ( ?\ght comes 9 ) ! era ( ! ,upani%ads1 b x is a re/rict$ fre$om4 ,altruism is unkn[n to pure ,brahmanism4 ,b x obta9s among ! ,buddhi/s1 :o also h lib]ality ( ?\ght & fair-m9d$ness4 ,h5ce1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! high] morality1 "o mu/ confess t ,buddhism (f]s ! be/ p>allel to ! be/ ( to-day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,buddhi/ic altruism exce$s all o!r4 ,we h sket*$ ! sph]e ( influ5ce ex]t$ by ! ,we/ ^u ,india1 & f\nd x on ! :ole inconsid]able4 ,! ,indic religions till ! twelf? c5tury assimilat$ :at little !y drew f =eign s\rces1 & /& be=e ! _w z a peculi> gr[?1 native to ! soil 9 all _! ess5tial *>act]i/ics4#bb ,b to ! o!r side ( ,india's contact ) ! ,we/ we h z yet b>ely allud$4 ,india has giv5 z %e has receiv$4 ,:at influ5ce has %e _h ^u ,we/]n cults & beliefs8 ,! wor%ip t sub/itut$ idols = ideal =ms we h trac$ back to ! end ( ! ,v$ic p]iod4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a m>k ( e>ly ,brahmanism1 nor is x a pron\nc$ feature be=e ! age ( ,buddhism4 ,b 9 ,buddha's "t1 or soon aft]1 fl\ri%$ ! wor%ip ( images1 & ) x ! respect = relics4 ,! latt] feature ( ! new religion made necess>y %r9es to keep ! holy objects1 sacr$ museums1 :i* soon became ! =mal /upas1 above-gr\nd & "u-gr\nd1 & ^! made ! fir/ temples ( ,india4#bc ,fully develop$1 !y became ! great religi\s build+s affect$ by ,buddhism1 ) _! idol s]vice1 pro/rations1 repetitions ( pray]s1 dim religi\s light 7lamp-s]vice71 (f]+s ( fl[]s1 fruits1 etc4 ,f ?is s\rce may h be5 d]iv$ _m ( ! details 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic wor%ip1 :i* appe>s to h tak5 f ,buddhism ! ros>y1 orig9ally a m>k ( ! ivaite4#bd ,by :at is1 to say ! lea/1 an extraord9>y co9cid5ce1 ea* ( ^! *ur*es is conspicu\s = its use ( holy wat]1 *oirs1 sacr$ pictures1 tonsure1 ve/m5ts1 ! bell 9 religi\s s]vice1 ! ord]s ( nuns1 monks1 & ! v[s ( ! mona/ic sy/em4#be ,! mo/ curi\s loan made by ! ,roman & ,greek *ur*es is1 h[ev]1 ! quasi-wor%ip ( ,gotama ,buddha himself 79 s f> z a ,romani/ wor%ips 8 sa9ts71 =1 "u cov] ( ! ,b>laam & ,josaphat /ory1 ,buddha has f\nd a ni*e z a sa9t 9 ! r[ ( canoniz$ ,ca?olic wor?ies1 & has 8 sa9t-day 9 ! cal5d> ( ! ,greek & ,roman *ur*es4#bf ,b x is n 8 "m :o is ! ,virg9 ( ,lamaism1 :i* has made ( ,buddha ! ,supreme ,god4 ,besides ext]nal phases ( ! religi\s cult1 ,india has giv5 to ! ,we/ a c]ta9 class ( lit]>y works & c]ta9 philosophical ideas4 ,! =m] consi/s1 ( c\rse1 9 ! fable-lit]ature1 :i* spread f ,india to ,ea/]n ,europe 7,babrius7 & has pres]v$ 9 _m tales ( to-day no?+ m ?an ,buddhi/ic ,bir?-/ories or o!r ,indic tales 7! ,pa4ncatantra7 & leg5ds4#bg ,( ^! we c make only pass+ m5tion "h1 to turn at once to ! m important "q ( philosophical & religi\s borr[+4 ,x has be5 claim$1 z we h incid5tally /at$1 t ! ,logos doctr9e 0 import$ f ,india4 ,7 ?is s1 x w\ld1 inde$1 be a fact ( great hi/orical importance1 b1 int]e/+ z w\ld be su* a loan1 we _c see t ! sugge/ion is bas$ on data ( cog5t "*4 ,! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e 9 ,india & ,greece is simply ?is3 ,vac1 ,spee* or ,^w1 appe>s 9 ! ,rig ,v$a 79 ! hymn cit$ above1 p4 #adc7 z an active female div9e p[]1 %[+ grace to mortals4 ,9 ! ,brahmanic p]iod ,vac becomes m & m l ! ,greek ,logos1 & x may tru?fuly be said t 9 ?is p]iod ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,9 ,greece1 on ! o!r h&1 ! conception ( ,logos beg9s ) ,h]aclitus1 passes on to ! ,/oics2 is adopt$ by ,philo2 becomes a prom95t feature ( ,neo-,platonism2 & reappe>s 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,x is c]ta9ly legitimate to suppose t ,h]aclitus might h receiv$ ! idea indirectly1 if n directly1 f contempor>y ,ea/]n philosoph]s2 b ! fact t he did s rema9s unprov$2 nor is !re any f\ndation = ! assumption ( borr[+ o!r ?an ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,grecian & ,indic conceptions4 ,b ?is resemblance is sc>cely m>k$ en\gh 9 ess5tial features to prejudice "o 9 favor ( ,web]'s !ory 7amplifi$ by ,g>be71 z x is n detail$ en\gh to be /rik+1 = ,vac is nev] m ?an "o ( _m female ab/ractions4 ,) ! exception ( ! "o case to be m5tion$ imm$iately1 we are =c$ to take ! same position 9 reg>d to ! simil>ity betwe5 o!r =ms ( e>ly ,greek & ,h9du philosophy4 ,bo? ,?ales & ,p>m5ides 7 inde$ anticipat$ by ,h9du sages1 & ! ,eleatic s*ool seems to be b a reflexion ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,! doctr9es ( ,anaxim&] & ,h]aclitus are1 p]haps1 n kn[n fir/ 9 ,greece1 b !re is no evid5ce t !y 7 n orig9al to ,greece1 or t !y 7 borr[$ f ,india1 h[ev] mu* old] may be ! p>allel tra9s ( ?\ght on ,indic soil4 ,q z decid$ly1 h[ev]1 z we d5y all appe>ance ( borr[+ on ! "p ( ! f\nd]s ( o!r e>ly ,grecian s*ools1 mu/ we claim ! ?\ght ( ,india to be ! ar*etype ( ,py?agorean philosophy4 ,aft] a c>eful review ( ! po9ts ( contact1 & weigh+ z dispassionately z possible ! hi/orical evid5ce = & aga9/ ! orig9ality ( ,py?agoras1 we are unable to come to any o!r conclusion ?an t ! ,greek philosoph] took 8 :ole sy/em indirectly f ,india4 ,8 'numb]s1' inde$1 are ! ,sankhya only 9 appe>ances4#bh ,b 8 !ory ( metempsy*osis is ! ,indic samsara1 & ,plato is full ( ,sankhyan ?\ght1 work$ out by him b tak5 f ,py?agoras4 ,be=e ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 all ! religi\s-philosophical ideas ( ,py?agoras are curr5t 9 ,india 7,l4 von ,s*ro$]1 ,py?agoras74 ,if !re 7 b "o or two ( ^! cases1 !y might be set aside z accid5tal co9cid5ces1 b su* co9cid5ces are too num]\s to be ! result ( *ance4 ,ev5 9 details ! transmigration !ory ( ,py?agoras h>monizes ) t ( ,india4 ,fur!r 7aft] ,s*ro$] und ,g>be7 may be m5tion$ ! curi\s prohibition aga9/ eat+ beans2 ! ,hesiodic-,py?agorean ,greek3 pros lion m omi*e92 ! v[ ( sil5ce1 l t tak5 by ! ,h9du muni2 ! doctr9e ( five elem5ts 7ae!r z fif?72 above all1 ! s-call$ ,py?agorean ,!orem1 develop$ 9 ! ma!matical ulvasutras#bi ( ,india2 ! irrrational numb] squ>e root symbol#b2 !n ! :ole "* ( ! religi\s-philosophical frat]nity1 :i* is exactly analog\s to ! ,indic ord]s ( ! "t2 & f9ally ! my/ic speculation1 :i* is peculi> to ! ,py?agorean s*ool1 & be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ! fanta/ical notions affect$ by ! au?ors ( ! ,brahmana4#cj ,greek leg5d is full ( ! ,samian's travels to ,egypt1 ,*aldaea1 ,pho5icia1 & ,india4 ,! fire b5ea? ?is smoke is hidd54 ,"o kn[s n h[ mu* to believe ( su* tales4 ,b !y only /r5g!n ! inf]5ce1 drawn f '! ,py?agorean s*ool1' ! man's "w itself1 t ! my/icism & numb]s ) :i* he is surr\nd$ are tak5 f t sy/em ( numb]s & f t my/icism :i* are s a/oni%+ly l 8 own4 ,all subsequ5t philosophies borr[$ f ,py?agoreanism1 & 9 s f> has ,india help$ to =m ! m9d ( ,europe4#ca ,b we _c omit a yet m important religi\s influ5ce ex]t$ by ,india ^u ! ,we/4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,neo-,platonism & ,*ri/ian ,gno/icism owe mu* to ,india4 ,! ,gno/ic ideas 9 reg>d to a plurality ( heav5s & spiritual worlds g back directly to ,h9du s\rces4 ,s\l & light are "o 9 ! ,sankhya sy/em be=e !y become s 9 ,greece1 & :5 !y appe> unit$ 9 ,greece x is by means ( ! ?\ght :i* is borr[$ f ,india4 ,! fam\s '?ree qualities' ( ! ,sankhya reappe> z ! ,gno/ic '?ree classes1' ,greek3 pneumagikoi1 ,greek3 psu*ikoi1 ,greek3 ulikoi4#cb ,9 reg>d to ,neo-,platonism1 ,g>be says3 ,! views ( ,plot9us are 9 p]fect agreem5t ) ^? ( ! ,sankhya sy/em4#cc ,porphyry1 ! disciple ( ,plot9us1 has ! ,yoga doctr9e ( imm$iate p]ception ( tru? lead+ to union ) ! deity4 ,z is well kn[n & undisput$1 ?is ,porphyry copies directly f ! treatise ( ,b>desanes1 :i* conta9s an acc\nt ( ! ,brahmatis2#cd :ile 9 _m in/ances he simply repeats ! t5ets ( ! ,sankhya philosophy4 ,! means ( communication may h be5 ,alex&ria1 :]e met ! trades ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,p]haps ! philosoph]s ( ,india z well z ( ,greece 7 br\ght toge!r !re4 ,b1 if ! ,ea/ & ,we/ _h a mutual meet+-gr\nd1 ! ideas common to bo? occupy no common place 9 _! respective homes4 ,9 ,greece1 ,py?agoreanism & ,gno/icism are /range1 & are felt z su* by ! natives4 ,9 ,india ^! traits are f\nd$ on anci5t beliefs1 long curr5t1 univ]sal1 nationally recogniz$4 ,! "q ( giv] & receiv]1 !n1 admitt+ ! id5tity ( ?\ght1 c sc>cely be rais$4 ,if two m5 meet1 "o a ,me?odi/ & "o a ,bapti/1 & aft] !y h conv]s$ ! ,me?odi/ be f\nd totally imm]s$1 he w n be cr$it$ ) hav+ inv5t$ indep5d5tly 8 new mode ( baptism4 ,india's influ5ce z an intellectual factor 9 mod]n ,european ?\ght has ?us f> be5 ( ! slighte/4 ,h] mod]n deism is borr[$1 & h] pan!ism is n sci5tific4 ,sanskrit s*ol>s are r fond ( cit+ ! pa!tic words ( ,s*op5hau]1 :o1 speak+ ( ! ,upani%ads1 says t ! /udy ( ^! works has be5 ! solace ( my life2 x w be ! solace ( my dea?2 b ,s*op5bau] knew ! ,upani%ads only 9 a v free =m ( translation1 & x c sc>cely h be5 ! loose philosophy s mu* z ! elevat$ _s ( ^! works t solac$ ! unphilosophical bitt]ness ( 8 life4 ,?is g5]al impression w d\btless cont9ue to be felt by all t /udy ! be/ works ( ,brahmanism4 ,! s9c]ity1 ! fe>less se>* ( ! ,indic sages = tru?1 _! l(t9ess ( ?9k+1 all ^! w affect ! religi\s /ud5t ( e clime & age1 ?\gh ! fanci$ result ( _! ?9k+ may pass )\t effect ov] a mod]n m9d4 ,= a philosophy t mu/ be or?odox c nev] be def9itive4 ,b1 if "o turn f ! or?odox complet$ sy/ems to ! t5tative beg9n+s ( ! ,v$anta 79 ! ,upani%ads71 he f9ds z ! basis ( ?is e>li] speculation only an a priori meta-physical assumption4#ce ,ap>t f philosophical influ5ce !re is at pres5t m or less int]e/ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica 9 ,indic sup]/ition & spiritualism1 & half-educat$ p w d\btless be influ5c$ = "s "t to come by ,mahatmaism & ,yogism1 j z !y are mov$ by native sance-spirits & mesm]ism4 ,blavatskyism 7:i* repres5ts no phase ( ,buddhism7 w always f9d disciples among ! ignorant classes1 especially 9 an agno/ic or a!i/ic environm5t1 s t "o %\ld attribute ! m5tal attitude ( su* m9ds to _! lack ( culture r ?an to ,india2 = if ,mahatmaism _h n be5 discov]$1 !y w\ld /ill pr(ess x "u ano!r "n4 ,buddhism1 too1 ap>t f ,h>tmann1 may be said to h "s influ5ce on popul> ?\ght1 yet x is a v unreal ,buddhism1 :i* am\nts only to ! adoption ( an altrui/ic cre$4 ,b we "k ( none among ! _m t pr(ess !mselves ',buddhi/s' :o has really adopt$ ,buddhi/ic pr9ciples1 & b few :o ev5 und]/& ^? pr9ciples4 ,a b> to ! adoption ( ,buddhism lies 9 ! implicit necessity ( r5unciation = all :o w\ld become p]fect$1 & 9 ! explicit doctr9e ( k>ma 9 its native =m4 ,! true ,buddhi/ is n satisfi$ to be a ?ird-class ,buddhi/1 t is1 simply a man t seeks to avoid lu/1 ang]1 & ignorance4 ,he w become a second-class ,buddhi/ & r5\nce ! _w1 give up all family ties & e>?ly affections1 & ent] ! ,ord]4 ,b he w n d ?is1 ?9k+ t he is !reby to become p]fect4 ,=1 to be a fir/-class ,buddhi/1 he mu/ get wisdom4 ,he mu/ believe 9 ! imp]man5ce ( ev]y?+1 & 9 ! awful cont9uation ( 8 own k>ma z a resultant gr\p1 :i*1 z su*1 w cont9ue to exi/ if1 to ! purity & peace ( ! l[] classes ( ,buddhi/s1 he fail to add 9 8 own case ! wisdom t und]/&s ! tru? ( ?is k>ma doctr9e4#cf ,n[ no mod]n m9d w believe ?is hypo!sis ( k>ma & no mod]n w ev5 ent] ! ,ord]4 ,nev]!less1 :ile "o may n become a true ,buddhi/ 9 ! native s5se1 x is possible to be a ,buddhi/ 9 a high] s5se1 & 9 its new =m ?is is a religion t w d\btless attract _m ,occid5tals1 ?\gh x is almo/ too *a/e to w9 adh]5ts :]e m>riage is n reg>d$ z detrim5tal to high ?9k+4 ,b if "o sub/itute = ! ,buddhi/ic k>ma ! k>ma ( to-day1 he may well believe t 8 acts are to h effect h]eaft]1 n z a complex b z individual factors 9 det]m9+ ! goodness ( 8 desc5dants & indirectly ( 8 environm5t4 ,!n !re rema9s ! atta9m5t ( purity1 k9dness1#cg & wisdom1 :i* la/ may be int]pret$1 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! ,ma/]1 z see+ ?+s 9 _! true relations1 & ! ab&onm5t ( :atev] prev5ts su* atta9m5t1 namely1 ( lu/1 ang]1 & ignorance4 ,b to be a true ,buddhi/ "o mu/ r5\nce1 z lu/1 all desire ( evil1 ( future life1 :i* br+s evil2 & mu/ live )\t o!r hope ?an t ( ext+ui%+ all desire & passion1 believ+ t 9 s do+ he w at dea? be annihilat$1 t is1 t he w h caus$ 8 acts to cease to "w = good or ill1 & t1 s9ce be+ )\t a s\l he exi/s only 9 8 acts1 he w 9 _! cessation also cease to be4 ,at lea/ "o ?+ may be le>n$ f ,buddhism4 ,x is possible to be religi\s )\t be+ dev\t4 ,true ,buddhism is ! only religion :i*1 disc>d+ all animism1 consi/s 9 "* & wisdom4 ,b nei!r 9 sacrificial works1 nor 9 k9dness alone1 nor 9 wisdom alone1 lies ! highe/4 ,"o mu/ r5\nce all selfi% desires & live to build up a "* ( :i* ! signs are purity1 love = all1 & t c\rage\s wisdom :i* is calm insight into tru?4 ,! ,buddhi/ work$ out 8 own salvation )\t fe> or trembl+4 ,to ^! *>act]i/ics may be add$ t tol]ance & fre$om ( ?\ght :i* are s dissimil> to ! traits ( _m o!r religions4 ,s mu* may be le>n$ f ,buddhism1 & x 7 mu* only to "k t su* a religion exi/$ tw5ty-f\r c5turies ago4 ,b 9 :at1 f a wid] po9t ( view1 lies ! importance ( ! /udy ( ,h9du religions8 ,n1 we v5ture to ?9k1 9 _! face value = ! religi\s or philosophical life ( ! ,occid5t1 b 9 ! revelation1 :i* is made by ?is /udy1 ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( !i/ic ideas 9 "o l&2 9 ! light ^! ca/ by analogy on ! orig9 ( su* ideas else:]e2 9 ! prodigi\s significance ( ! religi\s factor 9 ! developm5t ( a race1 z exhibit$ 9 ?is in/ance2 9 ! inspir+ review ( t developm5t z x is se5 ?r\gh successive ages 9 ! l(tie/ aspirations ( a great p2 & f9ally 9 ! lesson taught by ! intellectual & religi\s fate ( !m among t p t h sub/itut$1 l ! ,brahman rituali/1 =m = _s2 l ! ,v$anti/1 ideas = ideals2 l ! sect>y1 emotion = morality4 ,b greate/1 if woeful1 is ! lesson taught by t phase ( ,buddhism1 :i* has develop$ into ,lamaism & its k9dr$ cults4 ,= "h "o le>ns h[ few are !y t c endure to be wise1 h[ inaccessible to ! masses is ! height on :i* sits ! sage1 h[ unpalatable to ! vulg> is a religion )\t cr$ulity4 ,ev] s9ce ,cotton ,ma!r took up a collection to conv]t ! ,h9dus1#ch ,am]icans h felt a great int]e/ 9 mission>y labor 9 ,india4 ,"u ! j & b5efic5t rule ( ! ,briti% ! ,h9dus to-day are no long] plund]$ & murd]$ 9 ! way !y once 72 nor is !re n[ s /rik+ a contra/ betwe5 ! invad]'s precept & example z obta9$ :5 ,india fir/ made ! acqua9tance ( ,*ri/ian militants4 ,! slight progress ( ! mission>ies1 :o = c5turies h be5 work+ among ! ,h9dus1 is1 p]haps1 ju/ifi$ 9 view ( ?is pa9ful contra/4 ,9 its e>li] /ages !re c be no d\bt t all su* progress 0 !reby imp$$4 ,b x is cause = enc\ragem5t1 r ?an = dismay1 t ! sl[ness ( ,*ri/ian advance is 9 "p hi/orically explicable1 sad z is ! explanation4 ,= aga9/ :at odds _h n ! e>ly mission>ies to /ruggle6 ,n ! hea!n1 b ! ,*ri/ian1 b>r$ ! way aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,portuguese desc5d$ ^u ! ,h9dus1 cross & sword 9 h&4 ,= a :ole c5tury ^! victori\s immigrants1 ) unhe>d-( cruelty & tyranny1 *eat$1 /ripp$1 & slaught]$ ! natives4 ,aft] !m came ! ,dut*1 b1 ,dut* or ,portuguese1 x 0 ! same4 ,= x 0 m]ely ano!r c5tury1 dur+ :i* a new b& ( ,*ri/ians hesitat$ at no crime or outrage1 at no meanness or b>b>ity1 :i* %\ld w9 !m p[] 9 ,india4 ,9 #ageh ! ,dut* 7 conqu]$ by ! ,engli%1 :o1 becom+ n[ ! *ief /&>d-be>]s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 committ$1 ,"u ,v>isitt>t1 m (f5ces aga9/ dec5cy1 honor1 hone/y1 & humanity ?an is pleasant = believ] or unbeliev] to record2 &1 :5 _! own !ft _h br\ght revolt1 knew no bett] way to impress ! ,h9du ) ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity ?an to revive ! ,mogul horror & slay4 79 _! victims' fe>ful belief7 bo? s\l & body alike by %oot+ _! captives f ! cannon's m\?4 ,su* 0 ,*ri/ian example4 ,x is no wond] t ! ,*ri/ian precept 7'?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself'7 0 utt]$ 9 va91 or t ! fai? x epitomiz$ 0 reject$4 ,! h& /ole & kill$2 ! m\? said1 ',i love y4' ,! ,h9du und]/ood !ft & murd]1 b x took him "s "t to le>n ,engli%4 ,"o may hope t ?is is n[ =gott51 = ! ,h9du has n ! hi/orical m9d4 ,b all ?is mu/ be rememb]$ :5 ! exp5ditures ( ,*ri/ianity are weigh$ ) its receipts4#ci ,9 com+ to ! end ( ! long c\rse ( ,h9du religi\s ?\ght1 x is almo/ inevitable t "o %\ld ask :at is ! pres5t effect ( mission>y ef=t ^u ?is p1 & :at1 aga91 w ev5tually be ! direction :i* ! native religi\s s5se1 s /rongly implant$ 9 ?is folk1 w take1 :e!r aid$ or n by influ5ce f )\t4 ,al?\gh x is no "p ( our purpose to exam9e into ! work+s ( t hone/ zeal :i* has succe$$ 9 plant+ s _m /ations up ! ,indic coa/1 !re are yet "s obvi\s tru?s :i*1 9 ! light ( religi\s hi/ory1 %\ld be an assi/ance to all ^: "w lies 9 mak+ ,h9du conv]ts4 ,to compile ^! tru?s f ?is hi/ory w n be otiose4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,*ri/ian dogma 0 =mally introduc$ into ,s\? ,india 9 ! six? c5tury2 x 0 kn[n 9 ! ,nor? 9 ! sev5?1 & possibly long be=e ?is2 x 0 ! topic ( debate by educat$ ,h9dus 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5?4 ,x has help$ to m\ld ! ,h9dus' own mo/ intellectual sects2 &1 ei!r ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian or native tea*+1 or t ( bo?1 h be5 creat$ n only ! ,nor!rn mono!i/ic s*ools1 b also ! /rict unit>ianism ( ! lat] ,s\!rn sects1 ^: scriptures1 = at lea/ "s c5turies1 h inculcat$ ! pure/ morality & simple/ mono!i/ic cre$ 9 language ( ! mo/ elevat$ "*4#dj ,9 ! second place1 ! ,h9du sect>y has int]wov5 ) 8 doctr9e ( pan!ism t ( ! tr9ity4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! or?odox ,brahman recognizes 9 ! cult ( ,*ri/ianity1 z t cult is express$1 = in/ance1 9 ,*ri/mas fe/ivities1 "o t is *>act]i/ic1 9 outw>d =m & inn] belief1 ( a native het]odox sect4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! ,h9du sect>y believes t ! native expression ( tr9it>ian dogma1 fai?-doctr9e1 *ild-god wor%ip1 & madonna-wor%ip takes hi/orical prec$5ce ov] t ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! or?odox ,h9du believes ! same ( 8 complet$ code ( l(ty moral tea*+s4 ,vi%nuism is1 aga91 s ca?olic t x w accept ,*ri/ z an avat> ( ,vi%nu1 b n z an exclusive manife/ation ( ,god4 ,9 ! fif? place1 ! ,h9du doctors are v well educat$1 & (t5 v clev]1 bo? delight+ 9 debate & acute 9 argum5t ,x foll[s1 if we may draw ! obvi\s inf]5ce1 t1 to attack or?odox ,brahmanism1 or ev5 het]odox ,h9duism1 requires mu* logical ability z well z le>n+1 & t ! be/ ?+ a mission>y c d 9 ,india1 if he be n consci\s ( possess+ bo? ^! requisites1 is to let ! native s*ol>s alone4 ,b native s*ol>s make b a small "p ( ! population1 & among ! un$ucat$ & 'depress$' classes !re is pl5ty = ! mission>y to d4 ,"h1 too1 :]e ca/e is hat$ because ^! classes suff] f x1 !re is m effect 9 prea*+ equality & ! bro!rly love ( ,*ri/ianity1 doctr9es abhorr5t to ! social ari/ocrats1 & n favor$ ev5 by ! middle classes4 ,b :at "h opposes ,*ri/ian ef=ts is ! spl5did sy/em ( devotion1 ! magnific5t ftes1 ! gorge\s %[s1 & ! tickl+ ritualism1 :i* please & ov]awe ! fancy ( ! native1 :o is apt to desire = himself a pageant ( religion1 n to speak ( a visible god 9 idol =m2 :ile f 8 religi\s tea*] he dem&s ei!r an asceticism :i* is no "p ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 or a lead]%ip 9 s5su\s & s5sual wor%ip4 ,:at w be ! result ( proselytiz+ zeal among ^! v>iegat$ masses8#da ,evid5tly ?is dep5ds on :]e & h[ x is ex]cis$4 ,! or?odox !ologian w n give up 8 inh]it$ fai? = "o t to him is on a p> ) a s*ismatic h]esy1 or take dogmatic in/ruction f a level :i* he reg>ds z intellectually bel[ 8 own4 ,f ! ,samajas no pres5t help w come to ! mission>y2 =1 :ile !y h already accept$ ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 lib]al ,h9dus reject ! ,*ri/ian cre$4#db ,at a lat] day !y w jo9 h&s ) ! mission>y1 p]haps1 b n be=e ! latt] is prep>$ to say3 ,!re is b "o ,god1 & _m are 8 prophets4 ,!re rema9 su* ( ! high] classes z c be induc$ to pref] undogmatic ,*ri/ianity to poly!ism1 & ! l[e/ class1 :i* may be p]suad$ by acts ( k9dness to accept ! dogmas ) :i* ^! are accompani$4 ,x is ) ?is class t ! mission>y has succe$$ be/4 ,9 o!r cases 8 success has be5 9 inv]se ratio to ! am\nt ( 8 dogmatic tea*+4 ,& ?is we believe to be ! key to ! second problem4 ,=1 if "o exam9e ! maze ( ,india's tangl$ cre$s1 he w be surpris$ to f9d t1 ?\gh dogmatic ,*ri/ianity has its ,indic repres5tative1 !re yet is no indig5\s repres5tative ( undogmatic ,*ri/ianity4 ,= a god 9 human =m is wor%ipp$1 & a tr9ity is rev]$2 b ?is is n ,*ri/ianity4 ,love ( man is prea*$2 b ?is is n ,*ri/ianity4 ,love ( ,god & fai? 9 8 e>?ly inc>nation is taught2 b ?is1 aga91 is n ,*ri/ianity4 ,no sect has ev] =mulat$ z an orig9al doctr9e ,*ri/'s two indissoluble comm&m5ts1 on :i* hang all ! law & ! prophets4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t to inculcate active k9dness1 simple morality1 & ! simple/ cre$ 7 ! mo/ p]suasive means ( conv]t+ ! ,h9du1 if ! tea*] unite ) ?is a practical affection1 )\t v5tur+ ^u ratioc9ation1 & )\t seek+ to attract by display1 :i* at be/ _c compete ) native pageants4#dc ,moreov]1 on ! basis ( undogmatic tea*+1 ! mission>y ev5 n[ c unite ) ! ,samaj & ,sitt> *ur*1 nei!r ( :i* is ( indig5\s orig91 ?\gh bo? are native 9 _! second>y gr[?4 ,= x is significant t x is ! ,*ri/ian union ( morality & altruism :i* has appeal$ to ea* ( ^! religi\s bodies1 & :i* ea* ( !m has made its own4 ,9 insi/+ ^u a /rict morality ! ,*ri/ian mission>y w be support$ by ! pure/ cre$s ( ,india itself1 by ,brahmanism1 unsect>ian ,h9duism1 ! ,ja9 h]etics1 & _m o!rs1 all ( :om ei!r taught ! same morality be=e ,*ri/ianity exi/$1 or develop$ x )\t ,*ri/ian aid4 ,! /r5g? ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ lies 9 unit+ ) ?is ! practical altruism :i* 0 taught by ,*ri/4 ,9 h] own religions !re is no hope = ,india1 & h] be/ m9ds h r5\nc$ !m4 ,! body ( ,h9duism is corrupt1 its s\l is evil4 ,z = ,brahmanism--! ,brahmanism t produc$ ! ,upani%ads--! _s is dep>t$1 & ! =m t rema9s is dead4 ,b a new _s1 ! _s ( progress & ( education1 w prevail at la/4 ,:5 x rules x w undo ! bonds ( ca/e & d away ) l[ sup]/ition4 ,!n ,india also w be free to accept1 z ! cre$ ( h] new religion1 ,*ri/'s words1 ',?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & ?y neighbor z ?yself4' ,b to educate ,india up to ?is po9t w take _m c5turies1 ev5 m1 p]haps1 ?an w be ne$$ to educate 9 ! same degree ,europe & ,am]ica4#dd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,lass5 int]prets ophir z ,abhiras1 at ! m\? ( ! ,indus4 ,! biblical koph is ,sanskrit kapi1 ape4 ,o!r d\btful equival5ts are discuss$ by ,web]1 ,indis*e ,skizz51 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #b3 ,! leg5d ( ! ,flood & ! fancy ( ! ,f\r ,ages has be5 attribut$ to ,babylon by "s writ]s4 ,ec/e9 claims ,*aldean influ5ce 9 ,indic atomic philosophy1 ,indis*e ,/udi51 ii4 #cfi1 :i* is d\btful2 b ! ,indic alphabet probably d]iv$ !nce1 possibly f ,greece4 ,! conque/s ( ,semiramis 7,s]imamis 9 ! orig9al7 may h includ$ a "p ( ,india1 b only ,brunnh(] f9ds trace ( ?is 9 ,v$ic lit]ature1 & ! "* ( 8 "w we h already describ$4 ,footnote #c3 ,s5>t attributes to ! ,a*aem5ides c]ta9 ,indic =mulae ( adm9i/ration4 ,,ia4 xx4 #bef4 ,footnote #d3 ,c]ta9 ,h9du names1 l ^? to :i* we call$ att5tion 9 ! epic1 conta9+ ,mihira1 i4e41 ,mi?ra2 ! ,magas2 i4e41 ,magi2 & recomm5dations ( sun-wor%ip 9 ! ,puranas are ! facts on :i* ,web] bases a !ory ( great influ5ce ( ,p]sia at ?is lat] p]iod4 ,web] claims1 9 fact1 t ! native sun-wor%ip 0 q replac$ by ?is importation 7,indis*e ,skizz51 p4 #ajd74 ,?is we d n believe4 ,ev5 ! great numb] ( ,p]sians :o1 driv5 out by ,arabians1 settl$ 9 ,guj>at 7! "n ( ,bombay is ! same ) ,pumbadita1 a ,jewi% settlem5t 9 ,mesopotamia7 _h no o!r effect on ! ,brahmanic _w t absorb$ !m 7ib4 p4 #aji7 ?an to int5sify ! f]vor ( a native cult4 ,footnote #e3 ,web] ascribes to ,greek influ5ce ! ,h9dus fir/ acqua9tance ) ! planets4 ,on a possible dramatic loan see above1 p4 #b1 note4 ,! ,greeks 7 fir/ to get into ! he>t ( ,india 7z f> z ,patna71 & betwe5 ! c\rt ( ,antio*us ! ,great & ! k+ ,saubhagas5a !re 0 =mal ex*ange ( ambassadors 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! "n ( ,demetrius appe>s z ,datt4amitra 9 ! ,h9du epic4 ,he _h ext5d$ 8 rule ov] ! ,indus z f> z ! ,hydaspes & p]haps ov] ,malava & ,guj>at 7ab\t #bjj ,b4,c42 ,web]1 ,skizz574 ,9 ! second c5tury ,m5&ros 7! ,buddhi/s' ',mil9da'7 got z f> z ! ,jumna2 b 8 successors retreat$ to ! ,punjab & ev5tually to ,kabul 7ib47 ,comp>e also ,web]1 ,sitz4 d4 knig4 ,preuss4 ,akad41 #ahij1 p4 #ija ff41 ,die ,grie*i5 9 ,indi54 ,! p]iod ( ,greek influ5ce co9cides ) t ( ,buddhi/ supremacy 9 its fir/ vigor1 & x is = ?is reason t ,brahmanic lit]ature & religion 7 s unt\*$ by x4 ,!re is to our m9d no great probability t ! ,h9du epic owes any?+ to t ( ,greece1 al?\gh ,web] has put 9 a /rong plea = ?is view 9 8 essay ,ueb] das ,ramayan4a4 ,footnote #f3 ,! romance ( a ,russian travell]'s late 'discov]y1' :i* ,sanskrit s*ol>s e/imate at its true value1 b :i* may seem to o!rs wor?y ( reg>d1 is p]haps1 9 view ( ! int]e/ tak5 9 x1 "o t %\ld be told correctly4 ,ni*olas ,notovit* ass]ts t he discov]$ sev5 ye>s ago 9 ! ,tibetan mona/]y ( ,himis1 a "w :i* purports to give a life ( ,*ri/ f bir? to dea?1 includ+ sixte5 ye>s sp5t 9 ,india4 ,?is life ( ',issa' 7,jesus7 is decl>$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,un=tunately = ! reputation ( ! f9d]1 he made a mi/ake 9 exploit+ 8 discov]y1 & /at$ t 8 manuscript _h be5 translat$ = him by ! monks ( ,himis 'out ( ! orig9al ,pali1' a dialect t ^! monks c\ld n und]/& if !y _h specim5s ( x be=e !m4 ,?is settl$ ,notovit*'s case1 & s9ce ( c\rse he did n transcribe a ^w ( ! ,,ms4 ?us freely put at 8 disposal1 b publi%$ ! =g]y 9 a ,fr5* 'translation1' he may be add$ to ! li/ ( o!r impo/]s ( 8 ilk4 ,! humbug has be5 expos$ = "s "t1 & we "k ( no "o :o1 hav+ a "r to express an op9ion1 believes ,notovit*'s tale1 ?\gh "s ignorant p h be5 hoax$ by x4 ,if ! blank sixte5 ye>s 9 ,*ri/'s life ev] be expla9$1 x may be f\nd t !y 7 pass$ 9 a ,zoroa/rian environm5t2 b until real evid5ce be br\ght to %[ t ,*ri/ 0 9 ,india1 ! wise w cont9ue to d\bt x4 ,z little pro( exi/s1 x may be add$1 ( ,buddhi/ic influ5ce 9 ! mak+ ( ! ,gospels4 ,b ?is po9t is n[adays sc>cely wor? discuss+1 = compet5t s*ol>s no long] ref] vague lik5esses to borr[+4 ,c]ta9 features are common to ! /ory ( ,*ri/ & to ! leg5ds ( ,buddha2 b !y are common to o!r div9e n>ratives also4 ,! /rik+ simil>ities are n f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ texts ( ! ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s4 ,ia = ,jesus is mod]n1 ,web]1 loc4 cit41 p4 #ica4 ,footnote #g3 ,elph9/one1 ,i4 pp1 #adj1 #ejh2 ,,ii4 *ap4 ,i4 ,! 'slave dyna/y' ( ,kutab1 #abjf-abhh4 ,x 0 ! bigot$ b>b>ity ( ^! ,mohamm$ans t drove ,brahmanic religion into ! ,s\?4 ,footnote #h3 ,?\gh imm$iately be=e x ! ,h>ih>a cult1 survival ( ,sankhyan dualism1 is practically mono!i/ic4 ,basava belongs to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,footnote #i3 ,! lit]>y ex*ange 9 ! realm ( fable betwe5 ,arabia & lat] ,sanskrit writ]s 7( ! twelf? c5tury7 is v evid5t4 ,?us 9 ,indic dress appe> at ?is "t ! /ory ( ,troy1 ( ! passage ov] ! ,r$ ,sea1 ( ,jonas1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,arabians translat$ native ,h9du fables4 ,see ,web]1 ,,is4 iii4 #cbg1 ,ueb] d5 ,zusamm5hang grie*is*] ,fabeln mit indis*51 & ,indis*e ,skizz51 p4 #aaa1 & ,die ,grie*5 9 ,indi54 ,arabia fur!r drew on ,india = philosophical mat]ial1 & ,alb]uni himself translat$ ,kapila's "w 7,web]1loc4 cit474 ,footnote #aj3 ,:]eby c[s1 snakes1 cats 7sacr$ to "o ( ! ivaite 'mo!rs'71 crocodiles1 monkeys1 etc1 are wor%ipp$4 ,footnote #aa3 ,pan!i/s 9 "n alone1 mo/ ( ! l[] ca/e-m5 are practically poly!i/s1 & ?is means t !y are at bottom duali/s4 ,!y are wont to wor%ip assidu\sly b "o ( ! gods !y recognize4 ,footnote #ab3 ,:]e ,brahmanism may be said to cease & ,h9duism to beg9 c be def9$ b vaguely4 ,kri%naism is rank ,h9duism4 ,b ivaism is half ,brahmanic4 ,= ! re/1 9 its ess5tial aspects1 ,h9duism is z old z ! ,h9dus4 ,only ! =m *anges 7z x intrudes ^u ,brahmanism74 ,footnote #ac3 ,x is highly probable t ! m5tion ( ! ,nor?we/]n udras 9 ,mbha4 ,,vi4 #i4 #fg ref]s to ! ,afghan ,sudroi1 & t ! slave-ca/e z a :ole1 :i* be>s ! "n udra1 receiv$ ?is appellation fir/ z conqu]$ tribes ( ,afghani/an4 ,footnote #ad3 ,brahmanism has always be5 an isl& 9 a sea4 ,ev5 9 ! ,brahmanic age !re is evid5ce to %[ t x 0 ! isolat$ belief ( a comp>atively small gr\p ( m9ds4 ,x did n ev5 control all ! ,aryan population4 ,footnote #ae3 ,we ref] p>tly to lit]ature1 t ( ! drama & novel1 = in/ance2 & p>tly to ! f9e arts4 ,b 9 connection ) ! latt] x may be rem>k$ t pa9t+1 & ! f9e arts g5]ally1 are expressly reckon$ z ! pursuit ( slaves alone4 ,= in/ance1 ev5 z late a juri/ z he t wrote ! law-code ( ',vi%nu' ?us 7*ap4 ii47 p>cels out ! duties & occupations ( ! f\r ca/es3 ,! duty ( a prie/ is to tea* ! ,v$a1 8 means ( livelihood is to sacrifice = o!rs & to receive aims2 ! duty ( ! w>rior is to fight1 8 means ( livelihood is to receive taxes = protect+ ! o!r ca/es2 ! duty ( ! ,vaiya is to t5d cattle1 8 means ( livelihood #as ga9 f flocks1 f>m1 trade1 or money-l5d+4 ,! duty ( a slave1 udra1 is to s]ve ! ?ree upp] ca/es2 8 means ( livelihood is ! f9e arts4 ,footnote #af3 ,x is ?is t has exagg]at$1 ?\gh n produc$1 t mo/ m>k$ ( native beliefs1 a fai? :i* ,int]tw9es ) e sy/em1 ,brahmanic1 ,buddhi/ic1 or ,h9dui/ic1 a belief 9 an ec/atic p[] 9 man :i* gives him control ov] sup]natural =ces4 ,today ?is ,yogism & ,mahatmaism1 :i* is visible ev5 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 is no?+ b unbridl$ fancy play+ ) mesm]ism & lies4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! ,h9du sect>ian cults are (t5 /rangely l ^? ( ,greece 9 details1 :i*1 z we h already sugge/$1 mu/ rev]t to a l1 ?\gh n necess>ily mutual1 s\rce ( primitive sup]/ition4 ,ev5 ! sacr$ free bulls1 :i* roam at l>ge1 look l old famili> fri5ds1 ,greek3 aphetn dnin taurn en tps t\ ,i,ioseidnos ,i]ps 7,plato1 ,kritias1 #aai72 & we h d>$ to "q :e!r ,lang's ',bull-ro>]' might n be s\ght 9 ! comm& t ! prie/ %\ld make ! bull ro> at ! sacrifice2 & 9 ! v]se ( ! ,rig ,v$a :i* says t ! prie/s beget 7produce7 ! ,dawn by means ( ! ro> ( a bull 7vii4 #gi4 #d72 or mu/ ! bull be soma8 ,= ,mll]'s def5ce ( ! ,h9du's v]aci\sness1 see 8 _/,india1 ,:at ,c ,x ,tea* ,u1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,"s exception may be tak5 to ?is on ! gr\nd t moral laws really are ref]r$ to ! ,creator 9 "o =m or ano!r1 ,?is we ackn[l$ge z a !ory ( au?ority1 b x s seldom comes into play1 & !re is s little rapport betwe5 gods & moral goodness1 t ! diff]5ce 9 ?is reg>d is great] by f> ?an ! resemblance4 ,a ,*ri/ian s9s aga9/ ,god1 a ,h9du s9s aga9/ himself4 ,! ,*ri/ian may be puni%$ by ,god2 ! ,h9du puni%es himself 7! k>ma74 ,! latt] may say t moral laws are ( ,god1 b he means t !y are natural laws1 ! violation ( :i* has ! same effect z t\*+ fire4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! lex talionis is 9 full =ce 9 ,h9du law1 ev5 9 ! codes ( ,h9duism2 = example1 ',vi%nu1' ,v4 #ai4 ,footnote #bj3 ,deceit ( a foe is no s9 9 any sy/em4 ,all is fair 9 w>4 ,footnote #ba3 ,?is idea may be c>ri$ out 9 o!r in/ances4 ,! brav]y ( civilization is n ! bravado t savages call brav]y1 & mode/y is n[ a virtue :]e boa/+ us$ to be reckon$ z ! necess>y complem5t ( brav]y4 ,z = hospitality 9 ! old s5se1 x is n n[ a 'virtue' n to kill a gue/4 ,footnote #bb3 ,india's relations ) ,rome 7 late & :olly ( m]cantile "*4 ,footnote #bc3 ,x is int]e/+1 z %[+ incid5tally ! close connection betwe5 ,buddhism & ivaism 9 o!r ?an philosophical aspects1 t ! fir/ ,indic grotto-temple m5tion$ by =eign]s 79 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d47 0 "o :i* conta9$ a /atue ( an &rogyn\s 7ivaite7 deity 7,web]1 ,indis*e ,skizz51 p4 #hf1 note74 ,footnote #bd3 ,ros>ies are fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! ,,av4 ,p>ii/a1 ,,xliii4 #d4 #aa 7,leumann1 ,ros>ies74 ,footnote #be3 ,9 ,lamaism !re is also ! ti>a-cr[n$ pope1 & ! transub/antiation !ory2 ! rev]5ce to ,virg9 & ,*ild1 confessions1 fa/s1 purgatory1 abbots1 c>d9als1 etc4 ,comp>e ,david's ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! lit]ature on ?is subject is v ext5sive 7see ! ,bibliography74 ,on ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity see ,bohl5's ,altes ,indi51 ,i4 #ccd 7,web]1 ,indis*e ,skizz51 p4 #ib74 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association ,e4,b4 ,tylor pres5t$ a pap] 9 :i* is made an attempt to %[ ,buddhi/ic influ5ce on pre-,columbian culture 9 ,am]ica4 ,on comp>+ ! ,aztec picture-writ+ acc\nt ( ! j\rney ( ! s\l aft] dea? ) ,buddhi/ic es*atology1 he is =c$ to ! conclusion t !re 0 direct transmission f ,buddhism4 ,we require m pro( ?an ,aztec pictures ( hell to believe any su* !ory2 & reckon ?is attempt to ^? already discuss$ 9 ! eigh? *apt]4 ,footnote #bg3 ,x is a moot$ "q 9 h[ f> ! influ5ce 9 ?is l9e has be5 reciprocal4 ,see ,indis*e ,/udi51 iii4 #abh4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! ,sankhya has no sy/ematic connection ) ! 'numb]s' ( ,py?agoras4 ,footnote #bi3 ,comp>e on ! ulvasutras1 ,?ibaut1 ,j4,a4 ,b5g4 xliv4 p4 #bbg2 ,von ,s*ro$]1 ,py?agoras und die ,ind]2 ,lit]atur und ,cultur1 p4 #gah ff1 :o also cites ,cantor1 ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik1 p4 #edj1 & refutes ! possibility1 sugge/$ by ! latt]1 ( ! loan be+ f ,greece to ,india on ! gr\nd t ! ulvasutra are too old to belong to ! ,alex&r9e p]iod1 & too ess5tlal a "p ( ! religi\s lit]ature to h be5 borr[$2 & also on ! gr\nd t !y are n an addition to ! rautasutra1 b !y make an indep5d5t portion 7p4 #gba1 note74 ,footnote #cj3 ,comp>e ,g>be 7loc4 cit4 bel[71 & 8 ,sa4mkhya ,philosophic1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #ca3 ,?is view is n "o univ]sally accept$ by ,sanskrit s*ol>s4 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,web]1 ,die ,grie*5 9 ,indi54 ,b to u ! m9ute resemblance appe>s too /rik+ to be accid5tal4 ,footnote #cb3 ,lass51 & ,web]1 ,indis*e ,skizz51 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #cc3 ,g>be1 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,moni/1 :]e is giv5 a rsum ( ! relations betwe5 ,greek & ,h9du philosophical ?\ght4 ,footnote #cd3 ,web]1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! exi/5ce ( a s\l 7_s7 9 man is always assum$ 9 ! ,upani%ads4 ,9 ! pan!i/ic sy/em 7! complet$ ,v$anta7 ! v]ity ( traditional belief is also assum$4 ,! latt] assumption is made1 too1 ?\gh n 9 s pron\nc$ a mann]1 9 ! ,upani%ads4 ,footnote #cf3 ,! ,upani%ad philosoph] s\ght only to save 8 life1 b ! ,buddhi/1 to lose x4 ,footnote #cg3 ,?is is n a negative 'non-injury' k9dness4 ,x is a love 'f>-rea*+1 all99p]vad+' 7above1 p4 #ccc74 ,! ,buddhi/ is no ,/oic save 9 ! /oicism ) :i* he looks =w>d to 8 own end4 ,rhys ,davids has sugge/$ t ! popul>ity ( ,tibet ,buddhism 9 di/9ction f ,s\!rn ,buddhism may h be5 due to ! great] weight laid by ! =m] on altruism4 ,=1 :ile ! e>li] ,buddhi/ /rives *iefly = 8 own p]fection1 ! spirituali/ ( ! ,nor? affects great] love = 8 k9d1 & becomes wise to save o!rs4 ,! =m] is cont5t to be an ,arhat2 ! latt] desires to be a ,bodhisat1 'tea*] ( ! law' 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bed74 ,we ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! latt]'s success ) ! vulg> 0 ! result r ( 8 own great] m5tal vulg>ity & animism4 ,footnote #ch3 ,hur/'s ,indika1 *ap4 ,,xlix1 ref]r+ to ,india ,*ri/iana ( #agba1 & ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,ma!r & ,zieg5balg1 :o 0 !n a mission>y 9 ,india4 ,! weal?y '"y m5' :o contribut$ 71 9 ,hur/'s op9ion1 ,h>v>d /ud5ts4 ,footnote #ci3 ,! ,portuguese l&$ 9 ,calcutta 9 #adih4 ,!y 7 driv5 out by ! ,dut*1 to :om !y c$$ _! m]cantile monopoly1 9 #afdj-afdd4 ,! ,dut* _h arriv$ 9 #aeif1 & held _! gr\nd till _! supremacy 0 wre/$ f !m by ,clive 9 #ageh1 ,! ,briti% _h foll[$ ! ,dut* closely 7arriv+ 9 #afjj71 & 7 !mselves foll[$ soon aft] by ! ,g]mans & ,danes 7^: activity soon subsid$71 & by ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,g]man company1 "u ^: protection /ood ,zieg5balg1 0 "o ( ! la/ to ent] ,india1 & fir/ to leave x 7#agag-agbf74 ,! mo/ grotesquely hide\s era 9 ,india's hi/ory is t :i* 0 inaugurat$ by ! supremacy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,briti%4 ,major ,munroe's b>b>ic puni%m5t ( ! ,sepoys took place1 h[ev]1 9 ,clive's abs5ce 7#agfj-agfe74 ,m>%man1 ,i1 p4 #cje1 says ( ?is ,munroe only t he 0 an (fic] ( undaunt$ resolution6 ,clive himself 0 acquitt$ by 8 own c\ntrym5 ( !ft1 robb]y1 & extortion2 b ! ,h9dus h n acquitt$ him or ,ha/+s2 nor w ,*ri/ianity ev] d s4 ,footnote #dj3 ,= specim5s ( ! sacr$ ,kural ( ,tiruvalluv> ,narayana99,nayanr1 see ! examples giv5 by ,pope1 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 sev5? & foll[+ volumes4 ,! ,sitt>s1 to :om we h ref]r$ above1 are a m mod]n sect4 ,_! precept t love is ! ess5tial ( religion is n1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,h9du idolators1 ( erotic nature4 ,!y seem to be ! mod]n repres5tatives ( t ,buddhi/ic division 7see above7 call$ ,saugatas1 ^: religion consi/s 9 'k9dness to all4' ,9 ^! sects !re is f\nd quietism1 a k9d ( quak]ism1 pure morality1 high tea*+1 /]ne/ 7almo/ bigot$7 mono!ism1 & ! doctr9e ( positive altruism1 /range to ! ,h9du idolator z to ! ,brahman4 ,! ,prem ,sag>1 or ',ocean ( ,love1' is a mod]n ,h9du "w1 :i* illu/rates ! religi\s love oppos$ to t ( ! ,sitt>s1 namely1 ! my/ic love ( ! ,kri%naite = 8 savior1 ^: grace is giv5 only to him t has fai?4 ,x is ! my/ic rapt adoration t 9 expression becomes erotic & s5sual4 ,footnote #da3 ,h9duism itself is unconsci\sly do+ a re=m+ "w among ! wild tribes t are n t\*$ by ! ,*ri/ian mission>y4 ,^! tribes1 becom+ ,h9duiz$1 become civiliz$1 &1 9 s f> z !y are ?us made approa*able1 !y are put 9 ! way ( improvem5t2 ?\gh civilization (t5 has a bad effect ^u _! morals = a season4 ,footnote #db3 ,! sub/itution ( ! doctr9e ( r$emption = t ( k>ma is intellectually impossible = an educat$ ,h9du4 ,he may r5\nce ! latt]1 b he _c accept ! =m]4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to su* a conception is t ( ! ,buddhi/ic ',r$eem]' h]esy ref]r$ to above4 ,9 all o!r reg>ds ,samaj & pan!ism are too ca?olic to be affect$2 ,9 ?is reg>d !y are bo? unyield+4 ,footnote #dc3 ,we "q1 = in/ance1 ! advisability ( su* means to fill up ! *ur* z is describ$ 9 a mission>y report deliv]$ at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,mission>y ,union ( ! ,classis ( ,new ,york = ! curr5t ye>3 ,a man is s5t to ride on a bicycle z fa/ z he c ?r\gh ! diff]5t /reets4 ,?is inv>iably attracts att5tion4 ,boys & m5 foll[ him to ! *ur*1 :]e x is easy to p]suade !m to ent]4 ,b ?is is an admission ( our position 9 reg>d to ! classes affect$4 ,! rabble may be ,*ri/ianiz$ by ?is means1 b ! intellig5t w n be attract$4 ,footnote #dd3 ,aft] ! great] "p ( our "w _h pass$ ! f9al revision1 & sev]al mon?s aft] ! :ole 0 gone to press1 appe>$ ,old5b]g's ,die ,religion des ,v$a1 :i*1 z ! la/ new book on ! subject1 des]ves a special note4 ,! au?or "h takes a lib]al view1 & does n hesitate to illu/rate ,v$ic religion ) ! light ca/ by o!r =ms ( sup]/ition4 ,b ?is me?od has its dang]s1 & !re is p]haps a little too mu* /ra9+ aft] orig9al types1 giant-gods z prototypes & totemism 9 prop] names1 :]e ,v$ic data %\ld be sep>at$ f :at may h prec$$ ,v$ic belief4 ,old5b]g1 z a rituali/1 f9ds 9 ,v>una1 ,dawn1 & ! ,burial ,s]vice ! inevitable /umbl+-blocks ( su* s*ol>s z confuse ,brahmanism ) e>ly ,v$ism4 ,to remove ^! ob/acles he sugge/s t ,v>una1 z ! moon1 0 borr[$ f ! ,semites or ,akkadians 7?\gh be frankly admits t n ev5 ! %ad[ ( ?is moon l+]s 9 ,v$ic belief72 expla9s ,dawn's non-p>ticipation 9 soma by /at+ t %e nev] p>ticipates 9 x 7:i* expla9s no?+72 & jumps ov] ! ,burial ,hymn ) ! inquiry :e!r1 aft] all1 x c\ld n be int]pret$ z a cremation-hymn 7! obvi\s answ] be+ t ! s]vice does imply burial1 & does n ev5 h9t at cremation74 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 !oretical b>b>ism & ritualism are =egone1 ,old5b]g has a true eye = ! e/imation ( facts1 & h5ce takes an unimpea*able position 9 sev]al important p>ticul>s1 notably 9 reject+ ,jacobi's date ( ! ,rig ,v$a2 9 reject+ also ,hillebr&t's moon-soma2 9 d5y+ an orig9ally supreme ,dyau2 9 8 explanation ( h5o!ism 7sub/antially "o ) ! explanation we gave a ye> ago72 & 9 8 acc\nt ( ! relation ( ! ,rig ,v$a to ! 7lat]7 ,a?>van4 ,despite an occasional brilliant sugge/ion1 :i* makes ! "w m excit+ ?an reliable1 ?is book w prove ( great value to !m t are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! ritual2 ?\gh ! read] mu/ be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! sub/itution ( d$uction = induction1 z manife/$ 9 ! confusion ( epo*s1 & 9 ! t5d5cy to int]pret by analogy r ?an 9 accordance ) hi/orical data4 ,! wor? ( ! latt] "p ( ! book is impair$ by an unsub/antiat$ !ory ( sacrifice1 b z a :ole x pres5ts a cle> & valuable view ( ! cult4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,add5da4 ,page #aed1 note #c3 ,add to 7,,rv47 x4 #agc1 ,,av4 vi4 #hh4 ,page #cbg1 ?ird l9e f ! top3 ,read ,buddhagho%a4 ,accord+ to ,*alm]s1 z quot$ by ,t4,w4 ,rhys ,davids 9 8 rec5t lectures1 traces ( my/icism are f\nd 9 "s ( ! e>ly texts 7z yet unpubli%$74 ,! fact t ! canonical ,pali books "k no?+ ( ! controv]sy 7involv+ ! modification ( traditional rules7 ( ! second c\ncil gives a t]m9us to ! canon4 ,s5>t1 on ! o!r h&1 ?9ks t ! vague language ( ! ,aoka inscriptions precludes ! fix+ ( ! canon at s e>ly a date4 ,page #cdj1 note #d3 ,! gods "h are prie/s4 ,! real mean+ seems to be t ! ,brahman prie/s1 :o 7 reg>d$ z gods1 h be5 put to naught 9 be+ r$uc$ to _! true e/ate4 ,comp>e ,s5>t1 7revis$7 ,inscriptions de ,piyadasi1 ?ird *apt]4 ,aoka dismiss$ ! ,brahman prie/s t 8 fa!r _h ma9ta9$1 & sub/itut$ ,buddhi/ monks4 ,page #dcf1 note #b3 ,f ,beruni x w\ld appe> t ! ,gupta & ,valabhi eras 7 id5tical 7#cai-bj ,a4,d74 ,see ,fleet1 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 xvii4 #bde4 ,_m s*ol>s n[ assign ,kumarila to ! eigh? c5tury r ?an to ! end ( ! sev5?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bibliography4#a ,,g5]al ,,works4 ,j\rnals3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,soctety 7,,jras472#b ,j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society 7,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,,zdmg472 ,j\rnal ,asiatique 7,,ja472 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society 7,,jaos472 ,bran*-,j\rnals ( ! ,,jras42 ,calcutta ,review2 ,madras ,j\rnal2 ,indian ,antiqu>y 7,,ia474 ,"s ( ! articles 9 ! defunct ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es 7,,zkm471 & 9 ! old ,asiatick ,rese>*es 7,,ar47 are /ill wor? read+4 ,besides ^!1 ! mo/ important mod]n j\rnals are ! transactions ( ! royal ,au/rian1 ,bav>ian1 ,prussian1 & ,saxon ,academies1 ! ,muson & ! ,revue de l'hi/oire des religions4 ,occasional articles be>+ on ,india's religions or my?ology w be f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,philology 7,,ajp472 ! ,wi5] ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es 7,,wzkm472 ! ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record 7,,bor472 ,khn's ,zeits*rift fr v]glei*5de ,spra*=s*uhg 7,,kz472 ,bezz5b]g]'s ,beitrge 7,,bb472 & ! ,indog]manis*e ,=s*ung5 7,,if474 ,hi/ories1 /udies1 etc43 ,pr9sep1 ,essays 7,indian ,antiquities72 ,lass51 ,indis*e ,alt]?umskunde4 ,hi/ories ( ,india by ,elph9/one 7religi\s mat]ial1 *apt]s iv book i1 & iv book ii71 by ,elliot1 by ,m>%man 7complem5ts ,elph9/one71 & by ,:eel] 7unreliable72 ,! ,rul]s ( ,india2 ,hunt]'s ,indian ,empire & ,brief ,hi/ory4 ,mill's excell5t ,hi/ory ( ,india is some:at prejudic$4 ,dutt's ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,anci5t ,india is praise-wor?y 7#ahij74 ,invaluable are ! great descriptive ,ar*aeological ,surveys by ,cunn+ham1 ,burgess1 & ,bhl]1 & ,hunt]'s ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,b5gal4 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory3#c ,colebrooke1 ,essays1 re$it$ by ,c[ell1 ) notes by ,:itney2 ,wilson1 ,essays2 ,web]1 ,indis*e ,/udi5 7,,is472 ,b5fey1 ,ori5t & ,occid5t 7,,oo472 ,mll]1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature 7,,asl471 ,sci5ce ( ,religion2 ,web]1 ,vorlesung5 b] ,indis*e ,lit]aturges*i*te 7also translat$71 ,indis*e ,/reif51 ,indis*e ,skizz52 ,l4 von ,s*ro$]1 ,indi5s ,lit]atur und ,cultur2 ,:itney1 ,ori5tal & ,l+ui/ic ,/udies1 ,language & ! ,/udy ( ,language2 ,dunck]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums 7?ird volume1 may be b\ght sep>ately72 ,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom 7inaccurate b readable74 ,,v$ic ,,religion4 ,lit]ature3 ,ro?1 ,zur ,lit]atur und ,ges*i*te des ,w$a2#d ,b5fey1 ,v$ica und ,v]w&tes2 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb5 7,,ail472 ,raj5dralala ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans7unreliable72 ,b]gaigne1 ,la ,religion ,vdique 7also ,,ja4 ix1 xiii72 ,de ,gub]natis1 ,letture sopra la ,mitologia ,v$ica2 ,pis*el & ,geldn]1 ,v$is*e ,/udi52#e ,regnaud1 ,le ,rig ,v$a et les orig9es de la my?ologie indo-europenne1 & ,les hymnes du ,rig ,v$a1 sont-ils prires8 7,ann4 d4 ,mus4 ,guimet1 ,bibl4 d'tudes1 t4 i1 & special /udies74 ,regnaud's po9t ( view r5d]s nugatory mo/ ( :at he writes on ! ,v$a4#f ,! mo/ useful collection ( ,v$ic & ,brahmanic ,texts t illu/rate ,h9du ,my?ology & ,religion is to be f\nd 9 ,muir's ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts 7,,o/471 especially ! f\r? & fif? volumes4#g ,= ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ 7,,sbe47 see ,hems bel[4 ,translations ( ! rig v$a3 ,complete1 by ,grassmann & by ,ludwig2 p>tial1 by ,ro?1 ,b5fey1 ,langlois1 ,b]gaigne2 9 ,engli% *iefly by ,wilson1 ,mll]1 ,muir1 ,pet]son1 ,griffi?4 ,( ^! ! ,g]man translation ( ,grassmann is (t5 inaccurate2#h t ( ,ludwig1 (t5 un9telligible4 ,b5fey has translat$ a numb] ( specim5s1 ,,oo41 ,,bb41 i1 vii1 & 9 ,kle9]e ,s*rift54 ,! incomplete translation ( ,wilson has be5 c>ri$ on by ,c[ell2 ^? ( ,pet]son & ,griffi? are publi%+ 9 ,india2 ,langlois' is useless4 ,mll]'s p>tial translations w be f\nd 9 v>i\s volumes1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 ,india3 ,:at ,c x ,tea* ,u1 ,*ips1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,,jras4 ii4 #ddh1 iii4 #aii1 etc42 & all ! ,hymns to ! ,m>uts1 ,,sbe4 xxxii4 ,:itney has translat$ ! cosmogonic hymn1 ,,paos41 ,may1 #ahhb2 & ,deuss5 has j publi%$ ! philosophical hymns1 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 i1 #a4 ,a gr\p ( ,v$ic hymns 9 ,engli% dress w be f\nd 9 ,muir1 ,,o/4 v42 extracts 7)\t connection7 are giv5 by ,b]gaigne1 9 ,la ,religion ,vdique1 & special essays 9 ,,ja4 7above74 ,9 ,g]man a capital little collection is ! ,siebzig ,li$] ( ,geldn] & ,kaegi4 ,! be/ g5]al introductory manual = ! /udy ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 accompani$ ) frequ5t translations1 is ,kaegi's ,d] ,rig ,v$a 7translat$ into ,engli% by ,arr[smi?74 ,translations ( ! a?>va v$a are all p>tial4 ,! h&ie/ collection is ,grill's ,hund]t ,li$] des ,a?>va ,v$a4 ,specim5s w be f\nd translat$ by ,aufre*t1 ,,is4 i4 #aba 7book xv72 7,ro?7 ,bruce1 ,,jras4 #ahfb1 p4 #cba 7book xii4 #a72 ,kuhn1 ,indis*e und ,g]manis*e ,seg5ssprii*e1 ,,kz4 xiii4 #di1 #aac2 ,web]1 ,,is4 iv4 #cic1 v4 #aie1 #bah1 xiii4 #abi1 xvii4 #agh 7books i-iii1 xiv72 ,grohmann1 ib4 ix4 #cha2 ,ludwig1 vol4 iii1 ( 8 translation ( ! ,rig ,v$a2 ,zimm]1 ,,ail43 ,victor ,h5ry1 books vii & xiii 7,les hymnes ,rohitas72#i ,bloomfield1 ,sev5 ,hymns1 & ,contributions ,,ajp4 vii4 #dff1 xi4 #cai1 xii4 #dad1 ,,jaos4 xv4 #adc1 xvi4 #a2 ,,zdmg4 xlviii4 #eda2 ,flor5z1 ,,bb4 xii4 #bdi 7book vi474 ,( ,! ,sama ,veda3 ,/ev5son 7#ahdb7 9 ,engli% 7inaccurate7 & ,b5fey 7#ahdh7 9 ,gcrman h made translations4 ,on ! ,yajur ,v$a see ,s*ro$]1 ,lit]atur und ,cultur1 & bel[4 ,v$ic my?ology3 ,w9dis*mann1 ,ursag5 d] ,aris*5 ,vlk]1 ,bay4 ,ak41 #aheh2 ,kuhn1 ,,kz4 iv4 #hh1 ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s 7,prome!us72#aj ,ro?1 ,die h*/5 ,gtt] d] ,aris*5 ,vlk]1 ,,zdmg4 vi4 #fg 7ib4 vii4 #fjg72 ,wilson1 ,preface ( ,langlois3 ,cox1 ,aryan ,my?ology2 ,:itney1 ,ori5tal & ,l+ui/ic ,/udies1 ii4 p4 #adi1 ,,jaos4 iii4 #bia1 #cca2 ,mll]1 ,second ,s]ies ( ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,biographies ( ,words4#aa ,g5]al int]pretation ( div9ities1 ,mll]1 ,muir1 ,b]gaigne1 ,kaegi1 ,pis*el-,geldn]1 loc4 cit4 ,! la/ books on ! subject are ,old5b]g's s*ol>ly volume1 ,die ,religlon des ,v$a 7note1 p4 #ega1 above71 & ,phillip's ,! ,tea*+ ( ! ,v$as 7#ahie71 ! "w ( a *>latan4 ,,special ,,/udies ,,( ,,v$ic ,,div9ities3 ,aditi3 ,ro?1 ,,is4 xiv4 #cib2 ,hillebr&t1 ,ueb] die ,gtt9 ,aditi2 ,mll]1 ,,sbe4 xxxii4 #bda2 ,col9et1 tude sur le mot ,aditi1 ,muson1 xii4 #ha4 ,adityas1 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 vi4 #fg 7above72 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman4 ,agni3 ,l4 von ,s*ro$]1 ,apollon-,agni1 ,,kz4 xxix4 #aicab 7see epic1 bel[74 ,aps>as 7see ,g&hanas74 ,aryaman 7,av9s1 ,mitra1 etc473 ,boll5s51 ,,zdmg4 xli4 #did4 ,asura z ,as51 ,s*rad]1 p4 #eii2 ,p4 von ,bradke1 ,dyau ,asura4 ,see ,dyau4 ,av9s3 ,myrian!us1 ,die ,av9s od] ,aris*5 ,dioskur52 n ,dioskuroi1 ,pis*el1 ,v$is*e ,/udi51 ,preface1 p4 xxvii2 z con/ellation1 etc41 ,b5fey1 ,,oo4 ii4 #bde1 iii4 #aei2 ,gem9i1 ,web]1 la/ 9 ,rajasuya1 p4 #ajj2 z ,v5us1 'span-god1' ,boll5s51 ,,zdmg4 xli4 #dif2 o!r lit]ature1 ,muir1 ,,o/4 v4 #bcd2 ,col9et1 ,v$ic ,*ips1 ,,bor4 iii4 #aic 7nasatya1 ,ave/an naonhai?ya1 na z 'v'74#ac ,brihaspati3 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 i4 #ff2 ,muir1 v4 #bgb2 ,hillebr&t1 ,v$is*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #djd4 ,dawn 7see ,u%as74 ,dyau3 ,p4 von ,bradke1 ,dyau ,asura1 also ,beitrge1 ,,zdmg4 xl4 #cdg2 n ! same ) ,teutonic ,tiu1 ,brem]1 ,,if4 iii4 #cja2 z 'all-fa!r' ( primitive ,aryans1 ,mll]1 ,orig9 ( ,religion1 p4 #bji2 foll[$ by ,tiele1 ,outl9es ( ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t religions1 p4 #ajf2 see ,hopk9s1 ,,paos4 ,dec4 #ahid2 =m ( ,^w1 ,collitz4 ,,kz4 xxvii4 #ahg2 ,,bb4 xv4 #ag4 ,e>? 7see ,nritus74 ,g&h>vas3 ,,kz4 i4 #eac2 ,mey]1 ,g&h>v5-,k5taur5 7li/ ( ,aps>asas72 ,pis*el1 ,,vs4 i4 #gh2 ,hillebr&t1 ,v$is*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #dbg4 ,h>itas 7sun's /e$s7 z ,*>ites1 ,,kz4 x4 #if2 ib4 #cfe2 ,sonne1 loc4 cit4 s4 ,suryra2 ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ii4 #chh4 ,heav5 7see ,dyau & ,v>una74 ,indra 7etymology1 ,b5fey1 ,,oo4 i4 #di2 ,,pw4 sv42 adra1 ,a4-,sax4 'ent1' 'giant1' ,,bb4 i4 #cdb2ag n>1 ,greek3 anor-1 ,jacobi1 ,,kz4 xxxi4 #caf2 ,indra's bolt1 vadha1 'wett]1' ,delbrck1 ,,kz4 xvi4 #bff73 ,p]ry1 ,indra 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 ,,jaos4 xi4 #aag 7see epic1 bel[74 ,kama3 ,web]1 ,,zdmg4 xiv4 #bfi1 ,,is4 v4 #bbd1 xvii4 #bij2 ,muir1 v4 #djb4 ,manu3#ae ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 iv4 #dcj2 ,web]1 ,,is4 i4 #aid 7'man & moon'71 ,,zdmg4 iv4 #cjb2 ,muir1 ,,o/4 i4 #afa2 ,kuhn1 ,,kz4 iv4 #ia2 ,burn\f1 ,preface ( ,bhag4 ,purana1 p4 iii2 ,ascoli 7manus1 mactus71 ,,kz4 xvii4 #ccd2 ,maspit] z 'man1' ,corss51 ,,kz4 ii4 #cb2af ,manu's wife1 ,web]1 ,,zdmg4 xviii4 #bhf4 ,comp>e also ,,kz4 xii4 #bic1 xix4 #aef1 ,mannus 7see ,laws1 bel[74 ,m>uts 7dubi\s etymology1 ,grassmann1 ,,kz4 xvi4 #afa2 ,p4 von ,bradke1 loc4 cit4 s44 ,dyau73 von ,bradke1 ,wund]li*e ,geburt1 ,fe/gruss an ,ro?1 p4 #aag 7,brahmanic1 same po9t ( view 9 p>ody1 ,,rv4 x4 #ajb1 ,,zdmg4 xlvi4 #dde74 ,hymns to ,m>uts1 translat$ by ,mll]1 ,,sbe4 xxxii4 ,mitra3 ,w9dis*mann1 ,abh4 ,k4,m41 #aheg2 ,web]1 ,,is4 xvii4 #bab 7see ,v>una74 ,namuci3 ,lanman1 ,,jas4 ,b5g4 viii4 #ahhi2 ,bloomfield1 ,,jaos4 xv4 #adc4 ,nritus z ,n]?us1 ,h(fmann2 7,ro?7 ,bruce1 ,v$ic ,conceptions ( ! ,e>?1 ,,jras4 #ahfb1 p4 #cba2 ,pri?ivi1 ,,zdmg4 xli4 #did4 ,p>janya3 ,bhl]1 ,zur ,my?ologic des ,rig ,y$a1 ,,oo4 i4 #bad2 ,hirt1 #a;,f4 i4 #dha1 'oak-god4'#d ,pur&hi3 ,pis*el1 ,,vs4 i4 #bjb2 ,hillebr&t1 ,,wzkm4 iii4 #ahh1 #bei2 ,col9et1 ,,bor4 ii4 #bde1 iv4 #aba 7'abundance'71 ,congress1 #ahib4 ,prini 7pr4ni7 z ,frigy1 ,,kz4 ii4 #dgh2 'freckles1' ,,kz4 xix4 #dch4 ,pu%an3 ,muir1 ,,o/4 v4 #aga2 ,b]gaigne1 ,la ,relig4 ,vd4 ii4 #dbj2 ,hillebr&t1 v$4 my?41 i4 #def 7) soma72 gub]natis1 letture1 p4 #hb 7z sett+ sun72 pis*el1 vs4 i4 #aa 7surya & pu%an72 p]ry1 notes on ! v$ic deity pu%an1 drisl] memorial1 p4 #bdj4 ,ribhus 7r4bhavas1 etymology1 'alf1' ',orpheus'2 or ,orpheus f r4gh1 ,greek3 or*ietai1 ,kuhn ,,kz4 iv4 #ajc2 ,wack]nagel1 ,,kz4 xxiv4 #big72 ,ludwig1 iii4 #ahg1 z ,seasons4 ,nve1 tudes sur les hymnes 7#ahdb71 & ,essai sur le my! des ,ribhavas 7#ahdg1 mislead+1 ,ribhu z apo!osis74 ,rohitas3 ,h5ry 7above74 ,rudra 7etymology1 ,pis*el1 ,,vs4 i4 #egah73 ,web]1 ,v$ic ,conception (1 ,,is4 ii4 #ai2 ,pis*el1 ,v$ica1 ,,zdmg4 xl4 #abj2 ,rudra's m\se & ,sm9!us1 ,,kz4 iii4 #cce2 ,grohmann1 ,apollo ,sm9!us und die ,b$eutung d] ,muse 9 d] ,my?ologie d] ,indog]man54 ,s>anyu 7s>an4yu73 ,greek3 ertngis1 ,,zda4 vi4 #aag2 ,,kz4 i4 #dci 7/orm2 riddle1 ib4 #ddj72 ,bloomfield1 ,,jaos4 xv4 #agb2 z ,dawn1 ,mll]1 ,lectures1 ,second ,s]ies2 ,s>ama1 & ,sarameyas z ,h]meias1 ib42 ,aufre*t1 ,,zdmg4 xiii4 #dic 7,,rv4 x4 #ajh1 translat$74 ,soma3 ,w9dis*mann1 ,ueb] d5 ,somacultus d] ,ari]1 ,abh4 ,mn*4 ,ak41 iv2 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 xxxv4 #fha1 xxxviii4 #acd2 ,ehni1 ib4 xxxiii4 #aff2 ,hillebr&t1 ,v$is*e ,my?ologie1 i2 ,soma & ! eagle1 ,kuhn1 ,h]abkunft 7above72 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 xxxvi4 #cec2 ,bloomfield1 ,,jaos4 xvi 7p4 #a1 fur!r lit]ature71 ,fe/gruss an ,ro?1 p4 #adi2 ,web]1 ,v$is*e ,beitrge1 p4 #c 7,sitz4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahid1 p4 #gge72 & ,agni ritual1 ,knau]1 ,v$is*e ,frag51 ,fe/gruss an ,ro?1 p4 #fa4 ,surya 7see ,h>itas73 sonne1 hymn to1 kz4 xii-xv2 =m ( ^w1 j4 s*midt1 kz4 xxvi4 #i4 see pu%an 7& h9duism1 bel[74 savitri1 :itney1 colebrooke's essays1 ii4 iii4 ,trita3 ,macdonnell1 ,my?ological ,/udies1 ,,jras4 #ahic1 p4 #dai 7apam napat1 lightn+2 ,trita z ,?ridhi1 "n ( ,od91 '?ird' =m ( fire72 =m ( ^w1 ,,bb4 ix4 #ii2 ,p]ry1 see ,indra 7p4 #bf72 ,bloomfield1 ,,paos4 #ahid1 p4 cxix4 ,o!r lit]ature1 ,kaegi1 loc4 cit41 note #aab d4 ,u%as 7,u,s4,,z73 ,muir1 v4 #aha2 ,b]gaigne1 i4 #bda1 etc2 ,sonne1 ,,kz4 x4 #daf2 ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ii4 #cia1 etc4 ,vvac3 logos1 ,web]1 ,,is4 ix4 #dgc4 ,v>una 7v>un4a73 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 vi4 #ga2 ,web]1 ,,is4 xvii4 #bab2 ,muir1 v4 #eh2 ,b]gaigne1 iii4 #aaj2 ,hillebr&t1 ,v>un4a und ,mitra2 ,d>me/et]1 ,ormazd et ,ahriman2 ,sonne1 ,,kz4 xii4 #cfd2 ,pis*el1 ,,vs4 i4 #ahh2 ,geldn]1 ib4 #adb2 ,ludwig1 iii4 #cad2 ,old5b]g z a borr[$ god 7,,paos4 #ahid72 z wat]1 ,geldn]1 ,,bb4 xi4 #cbi2 =m ( ^w1 ,bol5s51 ,,zdmg4 xli4 #ejd 7v> 'hell se9'72 ,bohn5b]g] 7,ro?71 ,v>un4a na* d5 ,li$]n des ,rig ,v$a 7,mitra z appellative becomes a new god1 p4 #he72ai z sv>1 ,regnaud1 ,rev4 xix4 #gi4 ,va/o%pati 7'h\se-"l'73 ,w9dis*1 ,vassus und ,vassallus1 ,b]i*t4 d4 k4 ,s*4 ,gesell4 #ahib1 p4 #agd 7vassus = va/74 ,vata1 vayu 7vata is ,greek3 ats1 'w9d'73 ,/okes1 ,,bb4 xix4 #gd1 comp>es ,iri% fa?1 'brea?1' b gives also f?1 a k9d ( poem 7vates1 vds1 ,engli% 'wood' z 'mad'74 ,vata1 ,wuotan1 ,zimm]1 ,,zda4 vii4 7#ai7 #agi ,vi%nu 7vis4n4u l ji%nu1 jis4n4u1 vi1 'fly1' ! heav5ly bird873 ,muir1 iv & v 7old] texts relative to ,vi%nu71 ,,paos4 ,dec4 #ahid4 ,yama3 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 ii4 #baf1 iv1 #dag 7,jem%id71 ,,jaos4 iii4 #cce1 ,,is4 xiv4 #cic2 ,:itney1 ,ori5tal & ,l+ui/ic ,/udies1 i4 #df2 ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ii4 #ebh1 #ecd2 ,we/]ga>d1 ) ,web]'s notes1 ,,is4 iii4 #djb2 ,muir1 ,,jras4 i4 #bhg2 ,,o/4 v4 #bhd2 ,b]gaigne1 i4 #hf1 ii4 #if1 etc2 ,grassmann1 ,,kz4 xi4 #ac1 'b9d]'2 ,ehni1 ,d] ,v$is*e ,my?us des ,yama2 ,hillebr&t1 ,v$is*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #dhi2 ,bloomfield1 ,,jaos4 xv4 #afc1 #agb2 ,hopk9s1 ,,paos4 #ahia1 p4 xciv2 ,s*]man1 ,visionslit]atur2 ,leumann1 ,,kz4 xxxii4 #cja 7,yami#bj72 ,l4 von ,s*ro$]1 ,lit]atur1 p4 #bag 7,ymir1 ,prajapati72 ,bral1 ,h]cule et ,circus2 ,b5fey1 ,v$ica1 #adi2 ,van d5 ,gheyn1 ,c]bre 7#ahhc72 ,cas>telli1 ,dog ( ,dea?1 ,,bor4 iv4 #bfe4ba ,yama's sadana1 ,pis*el1 ,,vs4 i4 #bdb4bb ,v$a & brahmanism3 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,hymn5 des ,rig ,v$a1 & ,,zdmg4 xlii4 #aii1 ,ueb] die ,li$v]fass] des ,rig ,y$a 7see ,h9duism1 bel[72 ,ro?1 ib4 iv4 #ead1 divisions ( ! ,rig ,v$a2 ,b]gaigne1 ,re*]*es sur l'hi/oire de la ,samhita du ,rig ,v$a1 ,,ja4 7#ahhf & foll[+ ye>s71 also on ! liturgy1 ib4 #ahhh2 ,,ja4 x4 ,no4 #c2 ,p9cott1 ,,jras4 xvi4 #cha2 ,hillebr&t1 ,spur5 e9] lt]5 ,rig ,v$a ,rec5sion1 ,,bb4 viii4 #aie2 ,lanman1 ,,jaos4 x4 #ehj2 ,brunnh(]1 ,,kz1 xxv4 #cgd1 ,,bb4 x4 #bcd 7,collitz1 ,,bb4 vii4 #ahc72 ,ro?1 on ! wor? ( tradition1 ,,zdmg4 xxi4 #a2 ,:itney1 on ,translation ( ,v$a1 ,,ols42 ,,paos4 ,oct4 #ahfg2 ,gold/ck] on ,sayan4a1 9 ,preface to ,pan4ini4 ,cult aga9/ mantra1 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 vii4 #fjd2 viii4 #dfg2 ,web]1 ib4 viii4 #chi2 ,pis*el & ,geldn]1 ,preface to ,v$is*e ,/udi5 & ,,zdmg4 xlviii4 #gjb2 ,col9et1 ,les ,pr9cipes de ,i'exgse vdique1 ,muson1 #ahij2 ,bloomfield1 ,contributions 7above72 ,e4 ,h>dy1 ,die ,v$is*-brahmanis*e ,p]iode d4 ,relig4 d4 ,alt4 ,ind42 ,muir1 ,prie/s & ,int]pret]s ( ! ,v$a1 ,,jras4 ii4 #beg1 #cjc2 ,haug1 ,contribution1 #ahfc1 & ,int]pretation ( ! ,v$a1 ,congress1 #ahgd2 ,ludwig1 ,die philosophis*5 und religis5 ,ans*anung5 des ,v$a2 also ,ludwig1 ,rig-,v$a1 iii 7,mantra-,lit]atur71 pp4 #bfb1 #bhd1 #cja1 & 8 works1 ,ueb] ,me?ode bei ,int]pretation5 des ,rig ,v$a1 & ,ueb] die neue/5 ,arbeit5 auf dem ,gebiet d] ,,rv4 ,=s*ung4 ,fur!r 7,v$ic & lat] lit]ature71 ,old5b]g1 ,,zdmg4 xxxvii4 #ed2 ib4 xxxix4 #eb2 ,w9dis*1 ,v]h4 d4 ,g]a] ,philolog5 ,v]sammlung1 ,v$is*e ,wettfahrtt 9 ,fe/gruss an ,ro?2 ,web]1 ,epis*es im ,v$is*5 ,ritual1 ,sitz4 ,b]l4 ,ak41 #ahia2 ,s*]mann1 ,philosophis*e ,hymn5 7also ,visionslit]atur74 ,v$ic & brahmanic belief3 ,pott1 ,v$ic & ,orphic ,kosmic ,egg1 ,ovidiana1 ,,kz4 viii4 #agi 7,peleus z ,urs*lamm ,i72 von ,bradke1 ,beitrge z4 alt9d4 ,religions und ,spra*gescbi*te1 ,,zdmg4 xl4 #cdg1 #fee2 ,s*rad]1 *apt] xiii2 ,zimm]1 ,,ail42 ,ro? & ,bhtl+k1 ,v$is*e ,r?sel1 ,,zdmg4 xxxvii4 #aji2 7& es*atology7 xlvi4 #gei2 ,w9dis*1 ib4 xlviii4 #cec4bc ,es*atology3 ,web]1 ,e9e ,leg5de1 ,,zdmg4 ix4 #bcg 7,bhrigu7 & #cjh2 ,burnell1 a ,leg5d f ! ,talavakara1 ,congress1 #ahhj1 ,,ia4 xiii4 #af1 #ba2 ,b5fey1 ,ori5t und ,occid5t1 iii4 #afi1 & ,h]mes1 ,m9os1 ,t>t>os2 ,:itney1 ,,paos41 ,nov41 #aheh1 ,may1 #ahhf2 ,bhtl+k1 ,b]i*t d4 k4 ,s*s4 ,gesell1 #bc4 ,april1 #ahic1 p4 #hh2 ,h5o!ism3 ,:itney1 loc4 cit41 ,oct4 #ahha1 see ,,ia4 xi4 #adf2 ,hopk9s1 ,drisl] ,memorial4 ,social position ( prie/s 7ca/es71 ,web]1#bd ,na*trge1 p4 #gie2 ,collectanea1 ,,is4 x2 ,muir1 ,,jras4 ii4 #beg2 ,,o/4 i2 ,hopk9s1 ,f\r ,ca/es1 also ,,jaos4 xiii2 ,s*lag9tweit 7,ca/e at ,pres5t71 ,,zdmg4 xxxiii4 #edi4 ,cult3 ,e4 ,h>dy1 loc4 cit4 above2 on ,om see ,bloomfield1 ,,paos4 ,oct4 #ahhi2 ,cult (4 ,manes1 ,cal&1 ,alt9d4 ,ahn5cult1 & ,ueb] ,tot5v]ehrung bei ,e9ig5 d] ,,ie4 ,vlk]2 ,w9t]nitz1 ,,wzkm4 iv4 #aii2 ,:itney1 ,,ols4 i4 #df2 ,kaegi1 loc4 cit41 note #bfe1 ) lit]ature4 ,fun]al3 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 viii4 #dfg2 ,mll]1 ib4 ix4 pp4 i & xiiii 7sic72 ,wilson1 ,,jras4 #ahed1 p4 #bja2 ,regnaud1 raddha vdique1 ,rev4 d'hi/4 d4 relig4 xxv4 #a2 ,donn]1 pin4d4apitr4yaja2 ,lanman1 ,mortu>y ,urns1 ,,paos4 ,may1 #ahia4 ,w$d+3 ,web]1 ,ho*zeitsspr*e1 ,,is4 v4 #agg2 ,/5zl]1 ,parask>a1 ,,zdmg4 vii4 #ebg2 ,haas1 ,heiratsgebru*e d4 alt5 ,ind]1 ,,is4 v4 #bfg2 ,s*rd]1 ,die ,ho*zeitsbru*e d] ,e/52 ,w9t]nitz1 ,das ,ai4 ,ho*zeitsrituell4 ,om5s1 ,ordeals1 etc43 ,web]1 ,zwei ,v$is*e ,texte b] ,om9a und ,port5ta1 ,wurfel-,orakel1 ,v$is*e ,beitrge2#be ,s*lag9tweit1 ,gottesur!ile2 ,/5zl]1 ,,zdmg4 ix4 #ffa2 ,kaegi1 ,alt] und ,h]kunft d] g]manis*5 ,gottesur!ile 7) fur!r lit]ature72 ,jolly1 ,beitrge zur ,re*tsges*i*te1 ,,zdmg4 xliv4 #cdg4 ,! e>lie/ essay on ,ordeals 0 pres5t$ by ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 #aghd1 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 i4 #chi4 ,/>-lore3 ,colebrooke2 ,web]1 ,,is4 ii4 #bcf2 ,haug1 ,introduction to ,ax4 ,br42 ,web]1 ,die ,v$is*5 ,na*ri*t5 von d4 ,nak%atra2 ,sitz4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahfa1 p4 #bfg2bf ,mll]1 ,anci5t ,h9du ,a/ronomy & ,*ronology2 ,burgess1 ,,jras4 xxv4 #gag2 ,jacobi1 ,me?ods & ,tables4 ,wit*craft1 ,m$ic9e3 ,kuhn1 ,,kz4 xiii4 #di2 ,grohmann1 ,,is4 ix4 #cha2 ,bloomfield1 ,contributions1 ,,ajp4 vii1 xi1 xii2 ,pictet1 ,,kz4 v4 #bd1 #cba2 ,jolly1 ,knoblau*1 ,fe/gruss an ,ro?1 p4 #ah2 m$ic9e & div9ation1 ,b[] ,,ms41 ,,jasb4 #ahia2 ,,ia4 xxi4 #bi1 #abi2 ,,wzkm4 v4 #ajc4 ,blood-money3 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 xli4 #fgb2 ,aryan & ,indic1 ,bhl] & ,s*ro$]1 ,fe/gruss an ,ro?2 ,jolly1 loc4 cit441 p4 #cci4 ,sacrifices3 ,hillebr&t1 ,das alt9d4 ,neu-u4 ,vollmondsopf]1 & ,nationale ,opf]1 ,fe/gruss an ,bhtl+k2 ,l9dn]1 ,die ,dikska1 & loc4 cit41 ,ernteopf]2 ,web]1 ,vajapeya & ,rajasuya1 ,sitz4 ,b]l4 ,ak41 #ahib1 #ahic1 & ,zur ,k5ntniss d4 ,v$4 ,opf]rituals1 ,,is4 x4 #cba1 xiii4 #bag2 ,s*wab1 ,das ,alt9dis*e ,?i]opf]4 ,suttee & ,human ,sacrifices3 ,colebrooke1 ,duties ( ,fai?ful ,h9du ,wid[1 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 iv4 #bji2 ,wilson1 ,,jras4 #ahea1 p4 #if1 #ahed1 p4 #bja1 #ahei1 p4 #bji2 ,mll]1 ,*ips1 ii4 #cd2 ,hall1 ,,jras4 iii4 #ahc1 #aic2 ,raj5dralala ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans1 ii4 #aad2 ,web]1 ,,zdmg4 vii4 #ehe1 xviii4 #bfb 7,manu1 ,m9otaur1 ib4 p4 #bhf71 ,ind4 ,/reif51 i4 #ed2 ,zimm]1 ,,ail4 p4 #cbh2 ,hillebr&t1 ,,zdmg4 xl4 #gaa4 ,ritual1 etc3 7above &7 ,mll]1 ,,zdmg4 ix4 p4 xliii2 ,g>be1 ,,zdmg4 xxxiv4 #cai 7,prav>gya72 ,r>ity ( ,soma-sacrifice1 ,haug1 ,,zdmg4 xvi4 #bgc2 ,h9du ,doctr9e ( ,atonem5t1 ,/5zl]1 ,congress1 #ahgd1 p4 #bje2 ,a?>va ,ritual1 ,g>be1 ,vaxana ,sutra2 ,mag\n1 ,asuri ,kalpa2 ,agni ,sacrifice1 ,?ibaut1 ,agni ,citi1 ,p&it1 ,,jas4 ,b5g41 xliv1 #ahge1 ulva ,sutra2 ,k\likovski1 ,les ,trois ,feux ,sacrs1 ,rev4 xx4 #aba4 ,s]p5t-wor%ip3 ,/i]1 ,s>p$on1 ,,kz4 xi4 #bcd2 ,f]gusson1 ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip2 ,cu?b]t1 ,s]p5t ,temples1 ,,jras4 #ahdf1 p4 #djg2 comp>e ib1 #ahia2 ,w9t]nitz1 ,s>pabali1 ,s*lang5cult1 ,mit4 d4 an?rop4 ,gesell41 ,wi51 xviii2 ,,ia4 xv4 #beh2 ,bhl]1 ib4 vi4 #bgj2 ,snakes & ,buddha1 ,b5dall1 ,meghasutra1 ,,jras4 xii4 #bhf2 ,s5>t1 ,buddha2 ,oldham1 ,,jras4 xxiii4 #cfa4 ,idols3 ,web]1 ,om9a und ,port5ta1 p4 #ccg2 ,ludwig1 ,na*ri*t52 ,boll5s51 ,,zdmg4 xxii4 #ehg1 xlvii4 #ehf2 ,mll]1 ,*ips1 i4 #cg2bg ,muir1 ,,o/41 v4 #dec2 ,kaegi1 ,rig ,v$a1 note #gi;a4 ,ages & ,holy ,numb]s3#bh ,ro?1 ,ueb] d5 ,,av41 & ,ueb] d5 ,my?us von d5 fnf ,m5s*5-,ges*le*t]n bei ,hesiod2 ,web]1 ,cycles1 ,,is4 ix4 #dfj2 ,,zdmg4 xv4 #acb2 ,kaegi1 ,die ,neunzahl2 ,s*ro$]1 sev5 z holy numb]1 ,,kz4 xxix4 #bbd2 ,hopk9s1 ,holy ,numb]s ( ! ,rig ,v$a4#bi ,see ,/>-lore1 above4 ,brahmanism3 ,specim5s1 ,muir1 ,,o/4 iv2 ,saman1 ,b5fey1 ,griffi?2 ,%ad4vi4ma1 ,web]1 ,om9a 7above72 ,max4 ,s41 ,haug1 ,,is4 ix4 #agd2 von ,s*ro$]1 ,lit]atur1 & ,,zdmg4 xxxiii4 #agg2 atapa?a1 p>tial translation1 ,eggel+1 ,,sbe41 xii1 xxvi1 xli2 ,muir1 ,,jras4 #ahfb1 p4 #ca 7,,o/472 ,web]1 ,,is4 i4 #afa & ,ind4 ,/reif51 i4 #i2 fir/ *apt]1 ,,zdmg4 iv4 #bhi2 ,brunnh(] 7relation ( p>ts71 ,,bb4 x4 #bcd2 ,ax4 ,br41 ,haug2 ,web]1 ,,is4 ix4 #agg2 ,deluge1 etc41 ,bopp1 ,sndflt2 ,web]1 ,,zdmg4 v4 #ebe1 ,ind4 ,/reif51 i4 #i2 ,ro?1 ,,zdmg4 vi4 #bdc2 ,l9dn]1 ,ir4 ,flu?sage1 ,fe/gruss an ,ro?4 ,upani%ads3#cj ,c[ell1 ,ro]1 ,bib4 ,ind42 ,:itney1 ,bhtl+k 7,kat4ha1 ,*andogya1 ,ait ,kau%itaki1 ,k5a1 ,br4_haran4yaka72 ,web]1 ,,is4 i1 ii1 ix2 ,mll]1 ,,sbe41 i1 xv 7all ! *ief works72#ca ,o]tel1 ,jaim9iya1 ,,paos4 #ahid2 li/ (1 ,mll]1 ,,zdmg4 xix4 #acg2 ,concordance ( ,upani%ads1 ,jacob4 ,= a g5]al introduction ! be/ "w 9 ,engli% are ! translations 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books4 ,g\gh's ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads has _m translations1 b ! book is o!rwise n to be recomm5d$4 ,on atma z ,greek3 autmn1 see ,,kz4 xvii #ade4 ,philosophy3 ,deuss51 ,das ,sy/em des ,v$anta1 #ahhc1 is n[ ! /&>d "w2#cb to :i* %\ld be add$ ! same au?or's ,sutra2 ,jacob's ,v$antasara2 & ,?ibaut1 ,v$anta ,sutra1 ,,sbe4 xxxiv4#cc ,= ! ,sankhya1 ,davies1 ,sankhya2 & ,ballantyne1 ,aphorisms2 b ! be/ "w is n[ ,g>be1 ,die ,samkhya ,philosophie 7#ahid74 ,a good g5]al introduction to ,h9du ,pan!ism has be5 giv5 by ,lanman1 ,beg9n+s ( ,h9du ,pan!ism4 ,! be/ g5]al summ>y#cd ( ,h9du philosophies is f\nd 9 ! revis$ edition ( ,colebrooke's ,essays4 ,o!r special /udies include ,ro?1 ,brahma und die ,brahman51#ce ,,zdmg4 i4 #ff 7on brahma72 ,mll]1 ib4 vi4 #a1 #bai1 vii4 #bhg 7,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,ind4 ,phil472 ,ro]1 ib4 xxi4 #cji1 xxii4 #chc 7,die ,lehrspr*e d] ,vaie%ika ,philosophie72 ,muir1 ,!ism 9 ,vaie%ika ,philosophy1 ,,jras4 #ahfb1 p4 #bb2 ,ballantyne1 ,nyayasutras2 ,w9dis*1 ,ueb] das ,nyayabha%ya1 #ahhh1 an ,sitz d] d5k5d5 ,seele1 ,beitr4 d4 k4 ,s*s4 ,gesell41 #ahia1 p4 #ee2 ,ballantyne & ,c[ell1 an4d4ilya's ,aphorisms 7text by ,b41 translation by ,c41 ,bib4 ,ind472 ,regnaud1 ,le ,pessimisme ,brahmanique1 ,ann4 du ,mus4 ,guimet1 i1 & ,matriaux p\r s]vir l'hi/oire de la philosophie d',inde4 ,! ,s>vad>anasa4ngraha is translat$ by ,c[ell & ,g\gh4 ,! ,sutras ( ! six sy/ems h all be5 translat$ 7) ! texts7 9 ,india4 ,on ! date ( ank>a see ,pa?ak1 ,,ia4 xi4 #agd2 & ,telang & ,fleet1 ib4 xiii4 #ie1 xvi4 #da2 ,logan1 ib4 xvi4 #afj4 ,h\se-rules & law3 ,all ! mo/ important manuals ( cu/om & law h be5 translat$ by ,/5zl]1 ,bhl]1 ,jolly1 ,old5b]g1 ,bloomfield & ,knau] 7,,sbe4 ii1 vii1 xiv1 xxv1 xxix1 xxx1 xxxiii2 ,/5zl]1 ,parask>a1 ,avalayana & ,yajavalkya2 ,old5b]g1 ,,is4 xv4 #a1 akhayana2 ,knau]1 ,gobhila1 also ,v$is*e ,frag51 ,fe/gruss an ,ro?2 ,bloomfield1 ,gobhila1 ,,zdmg4 xxxv4 #ecc74cf ,,ja9ism4 ,colebrooke's ,essays 7,c[ell71 ii4 #djb2 ,lass51 iv4 #gfc2 ,wilson1 ,essays1 i4 #cai2 ,web]1 ,,is4 xv4 #bfc1 xvi4 #baa1 xvii4 #a1cg & ,b]l9 ,,mss41 vol4 ii1 #ahib2 ,klatt1 ,/otra 7,,mss471 ,,zdmg4 xxxiii4 #dde2 ,leumann1 ,b]i*te von d5 ,s*ism5 d] ,ja9a1 ,,is4 xvii4 #ia2 ,jacobi1 ,/utayas & ,/otra1 ,,zdmg4 xxxii4 #eji1 ,,is4 xiv4 #cei1 also orig9 ( sects1 ,,zdmg4 xxxviii4 #a1 ,introduction to ,kalpa ,sutra 7,abh4 k4 ,m41#ch #ahgi1 ,mabavira is ,nataputta74 ,comp>e also ,jacobi1 ,,zdmg4 xxxiv4 #bdg2 ,old5b]g1 ib4 #gdh2 ,jacobi1 ib4 xxxv4 #ffg1 xl4 #ib2 ,burnell1 ,,ia4 i4 #ced2 ,rice & ,bhl]1 ib4 iii4 #aec1 vii4 #bh1 #adc1 etc2 ,burgess1 ib4 xiii4 #aia2 ,w9dis*1 ,hemac&ra's ,yogaa/ra1 ,,zdmg4 xxviii4 #ahe4 ,jacobi has translat$ ,acaranga & ,kalpa ,sutras = ,,sbe4 xxii4 ,ho]nle1 ,digamb>a ,pattavalis1 ,,ia4 xx4 #cda1 xxi4 #eg4 ,a popul> essay on ,ja9s by ,williams appe>$ ,,jras4 xx4 #bgi4 ,on ,ja9 tradition comp>e ,bhl]1 ,sitz4 ,wi54 ,ak4 #ahhc1 ,,wzkm4 i4 #afe1 ii4 #ada1 iii4 #bcc1 iv4 #cac1 v4 #ei1 #age 7,ma?ura1 ,congress1 #ahib1 p4 #bai74 ,on ,gosala comp>e ,ho]nle1 ,bib4 ,ind41 ,uvasaga ,dasao 7sev5? ,anga7 ) ,leumann's review2 & ,rockhill1 ,life ( ,buddha1 p4 #bdi4 ,comp>e also ,ja9 ,bharata & ,ramayan4a ( ,pampa1 ,rice1 ,,jras4 xiv4 #ai2 ,leumann1 ,daavaikalika-,sutra und ,niryukti1 ,j9abhadra's ,jitakalpa1 ,sitz4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahib1 ,die ,leg5de von ,citta und ,sa4mbhuta1 ,,wzkm4 v4 #aaa1 vi4 #a2 ,?omas1 ,e>ly ,fai? ( ,aoka 7to %[ prior ,ja9ism2 a dubi\s cont5tion7 ,,jras4 ix4 #aee4 ,on ! ,ja9 nurture ( v]m9 see ,,jras4 #ahcd1 p4 #if4 ,on dates comp>e ,jacobi1 ,kalpasutra & ,old5b]g 7above74 ,! atrujaya ,mahatmyam 7,web]1 ,abh4 k4 ,m41 #aheh7 is probably n an e>ly "w 7,bhl]1 ,?ree ,new ,edicts1 ,,ia4 vi4 #aed74 ,on ,web]'s view 9 reg>d to ,ja9-,greek leg5ds see 8 essay ,ahalya-,a*illeus1 ,sitz4 ,b]l4 ,ak41 #ahhg4 ,see too ,b>?1 ,revue1 xix4 #bib ff41 xx4 #ccb4 ,,buddhism4 ,colebrook's ,essays2 ,wilson1 ,buddha & ,buddhism1 ,,jras41 #ahef1 pp4 #bbi1 #ceg2 ,b5nett1 ,gaudama1 ,,jaos4 ii4 #c2 ,r4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 ,ea/]n ,mon>*ism & ,manual ( ,buddhism2 ,e4 ,h>dy1 ,d] ,buddhismus na* lt]5 ,paliw]k52 ,burn\f1 ,le ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi & ,introduction l'hi/oire du ,b\ddhisme indi5 7,nepal72 ,kpp51 ,die ,religion des ,buddha2 ,web]1 ,ueb] d5 ,buddhismus1 ,ind4 ,skizz51 & ,/reif51 i4 #ajd2 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,le ,b\ddha et sa religion 7n[ antiquat$72 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha2 ,k]n1 ,d] ,buddhismus2 ,t4,w4 ,rhys ,davids1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 & ,hibb]t ,lectures2 ,cople/on1 ,buddhism2 ,moni] ,williams1 ,buddhism2#ci ,m>y ,sumn]'s ,hi/oire 7ed4 ,f\caux72 ,s5>t's ,essai sur la lg5de du ,buddha1 ,,ja4 #ahgc1 p4 #aad2 #ahgd1 p4 #bdi2 #ahge1 ,p4 #ig1 & publi%$ sep>ately4 ,valuable is ! same au?or's article1 ,,ja4 viii1 #ahgf1 ,notes1 & "w 7conta9+7 ,les ,inscriptions de ,piyadasi2 comp>e ,,ia4 xvii4 #ahh2 ,,zdmg4 xl4 #abg 7bhl]74 on ,nagarjuna 7second c5tury7 see ,beal1 ,,ia4 xv4 #cec4 ,( hi/orical int]e/1 if o!rwise valueless1 are ,s*oebel1 ,le ,buddha et le ,b\ddhisme1 #aheg2 & ,holmboe1 ,traces de ,buddhisme en ,norvge avant l'introduction du *ri/ianisme4 ,lillie1 ,buddha & ,e>ly ,buddhism1 also influ5ce ( ,buddhism on ,*ri/ianity1 & ,,jras4 xiv4 #bah1 ,buddhi/ ,sa9t ,wor%ip1 & ib4 xv4 #dai1 on ,ceylon ,buddhism2 ,beal1 ,s*ools1 ,,ia4 ix4 #bii4 ,buddhi/ texts3 ,burn\f1 ,f\caux1 above2 ,web]1 ,dhammapada1#dj ,,zdmg4 xiv4 #bi3 ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 & ,,sbe4 x1 ) ,fan%ll's ,sutta ,nipata2 ,j4 ,web] & ,hu?1 ,tib4 ,buddhi/ ,sutras1 ,,zdmg4 xlv4 #egg2 ,pis*el1 ,assalayana ,sutta2 ,*ild]s1 ,khuddaka ,pa?a1 ,,jras4 iv4 #cji42 ,davids1 ,buddhi/ ,suttas translat$ f ! ,pali2 & ,davids & ,old5b]g1#da ,v9aya ,texts1 ,,sbe4 xi1 xiii1 xvii1 xx2 ,k]n1 ,lotus1 ib4 xxi2 ,davids1 ,mil9da1 ib4 xxxv2 ,c[ell & ,mll]1 ,mahaynna ,sutras1 ib4 xlix2 ,f\caux1 ,lalita ,vi/>a1 ,ann4 du ,,mg4 vi1 xix2 ,pratimokha1 above1 & ,beal & ,gog]ly1 ,,jras4 #ahfb1 p4 #djg2 ,dickson1 ib4 vii4 #a1 viii4 #fb2 ,*ild]s1 ib4 vii4 #di2 viii4 #bai2 ,rog]s 7& ,mll]71 ,buddhagho%a's ,p>ables2 ,f\lkes1 ,,ia4 xix4 #aje2 ,c>us1 ,gospel ( ,buddha4 ,nirvan4a3 ,out ( ! imm5se lit]ature we select ,mll] 7,buddhi/ ,nihilism71 ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 #ada2 ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #bgc2 ,frankfurt]1 ,,jras4 xii4 #edh2 ,rhys ,davids1 ,manual1 & ,hibb]t ,lectures1 t5? ,app5dix4 ,date ( nirvan4a3 ,we/]ga>d1 ,buddha's ,totesjahr1 ,ueb] d5 lte/5 ,zeitraum d] ,ind4 ,ges*i*te2 ,cunn+ham1 ,bhilsa ,topes2 ,bhl] ,,ia4 vi4 #adi ff41 ,?ree ,new ,edicts ( ,aoka2 ,k]n1 ,ja>-tell+2 ,mll]1 ,acad4 ,m>* #a1 #ahhd1 ,,sbe4 x43 ,davids1 ,anci5t ,co9s & ,measures ( ,ceylon1 p4 #eg2 ,old5b]g1 ,v9aya ,pitaka1 ,,sbe4 xiii4 p4 xxii4#db ,=eign buddhism3 ,/an4 ,juli51 ,hi/oire de la vie de ,hi\5 ,?sang1 ,mmoires 7comp>e ,,ja4 ,dec4 #aheg71 ,voyages des ,pl]9s ,b\ddhi/es2 ,wassiljew1 ,d] ,buddhismus2 ,big&et1 ,life ( ,gaudama2 ,f]gusson1 ,hi\5 ,?sang's ,j\rney f ,patna1 ,,jras4 vi4 #bac1 #cif2 ,wilson1 ib4 #ahei1 p4 #ajf 7',summ>y ,acc\nt'72 ,,jas4 ,b5g4 i2 ,z4 ,rese>*es1 xx 7,csoma1 ,asiatic ,buddhism72 ,beal1 ,diamond ,sutras 7etc41 ,,jras472 ,gutzlatf 7,sykes71 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 ,,jras4 #ahed1 p4 #gc2 #ahef1 pp4 #caf1 #ceg 7,wilson1 ,notes1 ,inscriptions72 ,edk9s1 ,*9ese ,buddhism2 ,beal 7,*9ese71 ,dhammapada1 ,! ,romantic ,leg5d1 & ,travels ( ! ,buddhi/ ,pilgrim ,fah-,hian1#dc ,life ( ,buddha1 ,,bor4 passim2 ,mll]1 ,buddhi/ ,pilgrims1 ,*ips1 i2 ,kpp5 7above72 ,hodgson1 ,memoirs2 ,burn\f 7above72 ,s*lag9tweit1 ,buddhi/ic ,idols 9 ,tibet1 ,,jras4 #ahfc1 p4 #dcg1 & 7,ann4 du ,muse ,guimet1 iii7 ,buddhism 9 ,tibet 7,lamaism 9 ! second "p72 ,rockhill1 ,! ,life ( ,buddha1 & ,! ,l& ( ! ,lamas2 ,lamai/ic succession1 ,may]s1 ,,jras4 iv4 #bhd2 ,lamai/ ext5sion ( ,buddhi/ ,confession1 ,,ia4 xxiii4 #gc2 ,lamaism & ,ca?olicism1 ,davids1 ,hibb]t ,lectures2 ,mod]n ,lamaism1 ,waddell1 ,buddhism ( ,?ibet or ,lamaism2 ,s*iefn]1 ,tarana?a's ,ges*i*te 7& ,tibetis*e ,leb5sbes*reibung72 ,tibet texts 7above72 ,ba/ian1 ,buddhi/ ,lit]ature ( ! ,burmese1 ,,zdmg4 xvii4 #fig1 & ,buddhi/ ,psy*ology1 ib4 xx4 #dai2 ,fhr]1 ,buddhi/ ,manu1 ,,bbras4 xv4 #cbi2 ,j>d9e & ,=*hamm]1 ,notes on ,buddhi/ ,law 79 ,burmah72 ,fri$]i*1 ,buddhism 9 ,bali1 ,,jras4 viii #aeh1 ix4 #ei2 dh>maa/ra1 ,,ia4 xiii4 #bd2 ,crawfurd1 ,h9du ,religion 9 ,bali1 ,,ar4 xiii4 #abh2dd 9 ,ceylon1 ,f\lkes1 ,,ia4 xvii4 #ajj4 ,buddhi/ leg5ds3 ,burn\f1 ,introduction2 ,davids1 ,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories1 & ,,bor4 iv4 #i2 ,beal1 ,,jras4 vi4 #cgg2 ,fausbll1 ,two ,jatakas1 ,,jras4 v4 i41 ,five & ,t5 7#ahgb72 ,fe]1 ,,ja4 #ahge 7v1 vi72#de ,fausbll1 ,web]1 ,,is4 v4 #dab2 ,avagho%a 7fif? ccntury72 ,web]1 ,/reif51 i4 #ahf2 ,c[ell1 ,avagho%a2 ,lvi1 ,,ja4 #ahib1 p4 #bja2 ,beal1 ,,sbe4 xix4 ,hells3 ,fe]1 tudes ,b\ddhiques1 l',enf] indi51 ,,ja4 #ahib1 p4 #ahe1 #ahic1 p4 #aab2df ,kpp51 p4 #bci2 ,s5>t1 ,notes1 ,,ja4 viii4 #dgg4 ,symbols3 ,cunn+ham1 ,,jras4 #ahea1 pp4 #ga1 #aad2 ,hodgson1 ib4 #ahfa1 p4 #cic2 ,sewell & ,p9cott1 ib4 xix4 #bch & xxii4 #bii2dg ,,ia4 vii4 #agf2 ib4 xv4 #fa1 #hi1 #bag1 & foll[+ volumes 7sacr$ trees72 ,lillie1 ,sa9ts & ,trees1 ,,jras4 xiv4 #bah4 ,topes1 ,temples3 ,cunn+ham1 above1 p4 #ajh1 & ,/upa ( ,bh>hut1 ,bhilsa ,topes 7synods1 s*isms72 ,f]gusson1 ,rock-cut ,temples ( ,india1 ,,jras4 #ahdd1 p4 #cj1 & ,topes ( ,san*i & ,am>avati2 ,beal1 ,,jras4 v4 #afd2 ,burgess1 ,ar*4 ,surv4 ( ,we/]n ,india1 & ,cave ,temples ( ,india 7symbols7 ) ,f]gusson2 ! latt]1 ,hi/ory ( ,indian & ,ea/]n ,ar*itecture1 ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip2 ,simpson1 ,,jras4 xxi4 #di 7temples f tombs72 ,mll]1 ,dagobas f ,ceylon1 ,,zdmg4 xii4 #eaddh 7also dates74 ,wom5 lead]s ( ,buddhi/ ,re=mation1 ,miss ,bode1 ,,jras4 xxv4 #eag4 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism3 ,burn\f1 ,bh4 ,p4 ,introd4 p4 #acg 7,indra highe/ god72 ,williams1 ,,jras4 xviii4 #abg2 ,holtzmann1 ,zur ,ges*i*te1 p4 #ajc2 7& ,ja9ism7 ,leumann1 ,die ,leg5de von ,citta und ,sambhuta1 ,,wzkm 7above72 ,ba/ian1 ,brahmanic ,inscriptions 9 ,buddhi/ ,temples 7( ,siam71 ,,jaos4 viii4 #cgg4 ,buddhi/ h]esies1 ,dipava4msa 7above72 doctr9es1 ,wassiljew 7above72 ,le ,buddhisme et les ,grecs1 ,lvi1 ,revue1 xxiii4 #cf4 ,,h9duism4 ,,epic3 ,ktesias1 ,,ia4 x4 #bif ff42 ,mc,crindle1 ,anci5t ,india z describ$ by ,ktesias & by ,mega/h5es & ,arrian2#di date ( ,bharata1 ,bhl]1 ,kir/e1 ,ind4 ,/udies1 ,no4 ii2 9 ,cambodia1 ,b>?1 ,inscriptions ,sanskrites du ,cambodge2 ( ,ramayan4a1 ,web]1 ,ramayan4a1 ,,ia41 repr9t2 ,jacobi1 ,ramayan4a1#ej ,fe/gruss an ,bhtl+k1 p4 #dd1 ,,gga41 ,nos4 #af ( #ahib1 #ahic2 epic language1 ,franke1 ,0 i/ ,sanskrit8 ,,bb4 xvii4 #ed2 epos & ,v$a1 ,old5b]g1 ,,zdmg4 xxxvii4 #ed1 xxxviii4 #dci1 xxxix4 #eb2 ,web]1 ,epis*es im ,v$is*5 ,ritual1#ea ,sitz1 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahia2 ,ludwig1 ,ironie1 ,fe/gruss an ,bhtl+k4 ,rsum1 ,:eel]1 ,hi/ory 7unreliable72 ,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom4 ,translations1 ,wilson1 ,sabha1 ,,jras4 #ahdb1 p4 #acg2 ,?omson 7#ahee71 ,davies1 ,lor9s]1 & ,telang 7,,sbe4 viii71 ,bhagavad ,gita1 etc2 ,milman1 ,nala2 ,muir1 ,,ia4 vii1 viii1 ,metrical ,translations1 & ,,o/42 ,arnold1 ,savitri1 ,idylls1 etc4 7free72 ,holtzmann 7,sr471 ,indis*e ,sag52 ,f\caux1 ',kairata ,p>va'2 ,sad\s1 fragm5ts 7#aheh72 ,h4 ,fau*e 7sev]al books ( ,bharata72 ,pratapa ,*&ra ,roy 7almo/ all72 ,griffi?1 ,ramayan4a1 ,s*oebel4 7,mus4 ,guimet1 xiii71 ,gorresio1 ,fau*e1 id4 ,/udies1 ,holtzmann1 ,indra1 ,aps>as1 ,brahma1#eb ,,zdmg4 xxxii4 #bij1 xxxiii4 #fca1 xxxviii4 #afg1 ,agni1 ,arjuna 7ea* sep>ately71 ,zur ,ges*i*te1 ,neunzehn ,b*] 7lit]ature72 ,hopk9s1 ,manu 9 ,epic1 ,,jaos4 xi4 #bci1 ,rul+ ,ca/e1 ib4 xiii1 etc42 ,sau]1 ,mahabharata & ,wate 7primitive epic1 unconv9c+72 ,nve1 ,morals & ,wom5 7antiquat$72 ,web]1 ,"m-,wor%ip1 ,zwei ,v$4 ,texte1 & ,we/1 ,,ia4 x4 #bde2 ,r\ssel1 ,les ides religieuses1 ,muson1 xii4 #bfc1 #bie4 ,= ,philosophy1 see above4 ,puran4z1 ,mod]n ,sects3 ,lass51 i4 #dha2 ,wilson1 ,analysis1 #ahch-ci 7essays72 ,burn\f1 ,bhagavata2 ,wilson1 ,vi%nu2 ,rck]t1 ,markan4d4eya1 ,wor?am1 ,,jras4 xiii4 #ajc1 #cee 7p>tial72 ib4 xvii4 #bba2 ,wolheim1 ,padma 7,lat91 p>tial72 ,/ev5son1 ,gan4ea1 ,,jras4 #ahdf1 p4 #cai2 ,ante-,brahmanic ,religions1 & ,feudalism1 ib4 #ahdf1 pp4 #ccj1 #cij2 9 ,dekhan1 ib4 #ahch1 p4 #ahi2 ,sykes1 ,traits1 ib4 #ahfj1 p4 #bbc2 ,gita-,gov9da1 ,lass5 7,lat971 ,rck]t1 ,,zkm4 i4 #acb4 ,fables3 ,,wzkm4 vii4 #bae2 ,pratapa ,*&ra ,go%a1 ,durgapuja2 ,tir?a3 ,williams1 ,h9duism 7li/71 ,,ia4 v4 #bji1 ,cunn+ham1 ,survey2 ,hunt]1 ,indian ,empire 7sects71 ,orissa1 & ,report2 ivaite sects1 ,s5a?i ,raja1 ,mus4 ,guim4 vii2 ,kri%na1 ,web]1 ,,zdmg4 vi4 #ib2 ,b]l4 ,ak41 #ahfg1 p4 #bag1 ,,is4 xiii4 #ced2 ,nve1 ,des lm5ts trang]s1 etc2 ,phallus1 ,,ia4 iv4 #baa1 v4 #ahc1 ,kittel1 ,ueb] d4 ,ursprung des ,l+a ,cultus 7refutes ,wurm1 ,ges*i*te d] ,indis*5 ,religion72 ,/ev5son1 ,,jras4 #ahdf1 p4 #ccg2 ,pac>atra1 ,hall1 ,vasavadatta4 ,carvaka1 ,colebrooke1 ,muir1 loc4 cit4 ,v>ahamihira1 see above4 ,fate3 ,,ia4 xviii4 #df4 ,sects3 ,jones1 ,,ar4 ii4 #ccd2 names ( week-days1 ,cunn+ham1 ,,ia4 xiv4 i2 ,gri]son1 ib4 #cbb2 ,dik%it1 ib4 xvi4 #aac2 ,wilson's ,sket* ( ! ,religi\s ,sects ( ! ,h9dus1 ,,ar41 ,essays2 ,hunt]'s ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,b5gal2 ,kitt's ,comp5dium ( ,ca/es & ,tribes2 ,elph9/one's ,hi/ory2 ,mll]1 ,*ips1 iv4 #cbi2 ,williams1 ,religi\s ,?\ght & ,life1 & ,brahmanism & ,h9duism2 ,w4,j4 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism2 ,wilson1 ,on ! ,sikhs1 ,,jras4 #ahdf1 p4 #dc2 ,pr9sep1 ,orig9 ( ,sikh ,p[]2 ,mac,gregor1 ,hi/ory ( ,sikhs2#ec ,kabir2 ,trumpp1 ,adigran?1 ,,jras4 v4 #aig1 ,congress1 #ahhj1 p4 #aei1 & ,adigran? 7complete71 ,,ia4 vi ff42 ,die ,religion d] ,sikhs4 ,vi%nuism1 ,williams1 ,,jras4 xiv4 #bhi4 ,mohamm$anism 9 ,h9duism1 ,dabi/an1 vol4 ii4#ed ,ritual3 ,bhl]1 ,,ia4 #ahhc2 temples2 ,hur/1 ,indika 7especially p4 #bid72 ,burgess1 ,,ia4 xii4 #cae2 ,williams1 ,?\ght & ,life1 p4 #ddh 7see ,buddhism74 ,?ugs3 ,reynolds1 ,,jras4 #ahcg1 p4 #bjj2 ,%]wood1 ,,ar4 xiii4 #be1 ,phansig>s2 ,%akespe>1 ib4 xiii4 #bhb2 also ,sleeman1 ,report1 & ,ramaseeana 7,?ugs' ,argot & pap]s on ,?ugs72 ,elph9/one1 i4 #cfi1 #cga 7,bhats & ,*arans71 #chd 7,?ugs & ,decoits74 ,caitanyas1 ,hunt]1 ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt1 ,williams & ,wilk9s1 loc4 cit42 ,on 'pocket-alt>s1' ,,jras4 #ahea1 p4 #ga2 ,vidhanas1 ,burnell1 ,mey]2 ,kanphatis1 ,celibates1 ( ,kut*1 ,,jras4 #ahci1 p4 #bfh2 ,l+ayits1 ,kittel1 above1 & ,,ia4 iv1 v2 ,tulsi ,das1 ,ramayan4a1 works ( ,ramavat sect1 ,gri]son1 ,,ia4 xxii4 #hi1 #abb1 #bbg2 ,p&us z gods1 ,,ia1 vii4 #abg2 _! fi%-emblems1 ib4 xxii4 #fa2 ,bombay ,danc+ ,girls1 ,,ia4 xiii4 #afe2 ,sun-wor%ip1 temples1 ,/4 ,juli51 ,voy4 iii4 #agb2 ,burgess1 ,survey1 p4 #baf2 9 ,taxila1 ,,jras4 #ahei1 p4 #gg2 9 ,puran4z1 ,lass51 ii4 #hcb1 #iai2 ,,ia4 vi4 #aa1 vii4 #fi1 #ga1 viii4 #cj 7adityabhaktas74 ,!i/ic ,re=m]s3 ,wilson1 ,essays2 ,hunt]1 ,acc\nt2 ,mll]1 ,*ips2 ,williams1 ,,jras4 xiii4 ,i1 #bha2 ,tiru ,valluv>1 ,graul1 ,kural1 & ,pope1 ,,ia4 vii ff42 ,nangi ,pan?is1 ,,ia4 xiii4 #a2 ,tamil ivaites1 ,f\lkes1 ,cate*ism2 ,,jaos4 iv4 #abi2 ,phand>pur ,vi%nuites1 ,vit4ht4ala ,bhaktas 7,kabir71 ,/ev5son1 ,,jras4 #ahdb p4 #fd2 especially ,mit*ell1 ,,ia4 xi4 #ef1 #adi1 hyrons ( ,tuka1 & celebration1 ,congress1 #ahib1 p4 #bhb4 ,fe/ivals3#ee above1 ,vajapeya2 ,hillebr&t1 ,sonnw5dfe/e2 ,,jras4 #ahdf1 p4 #fj2 ,gov]1 ib4 v4 #ia2 ,,ia4 xx4 #dcj2 ,holi1 ,,jras4 #ahch1 p4 #ahi2 #ahda1 p4 #bci2 ,vetala1 ib4 #ahch1 p4 #aib2 ,dekhan deities1 ib4 #ahdb1 p4 #aje4 ,,wild ,,tribes4 ,john/on4 ,yell[ ,m5 ( ,india2 ,hunt]1 loc4 cit42 ,hewitt1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,nor!rn ,india 7speculative71 ,,jras4 xx4 #cba1 etc42 ,opp]t1 ,orig9al ,inhabitants1 ,madras ,j\rnal1 #ahhg1 #ahhh2 ,breeks1 ,acc\nt ( ,primitive ,tribes1 etc4 7,nilagiris1 ,todas72 ,hodgson1 ,aborig9al ,tribes1 ,,jas4 ,b5g41 xxv4 #ca2 ,samuelis1 ,native ,dress & ,religi\s ,dances1 ib4 #bie2 ,neumann1 ,engli% ,realm 9 ,india1 ii2 ,la?am1 ,e?nology ( ,india2 ,macph]son1 ,,jras4 #ahdb1 p4 #agb1 & #aheb1 p4 #baf7,khonds72 ,briggs1 ,aborig9al ,races1 ib4 #bge2 ,%]r+1 ,h9du 7,b5gal7 ,tribes2 ! 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subject ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 ,india has be5 treat$ by ,burnell1 ,,ia4 iii4 #cjh1 iv4 #aec1 etc4 7see also above1 p4 #dgi72 :ile ,priaulx1 9 ,,jras4 #ahfa1 #ahfb1 has writt5 a s]ies ( int]e/+ articles on ,india's ,connection ) ,rome4 ,! ,indian travels ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 ,,jras4 #ahei1 p4 #gj1 etc41 are ( no value beside ^? ( ,ktesias & ,mega/h5es4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,h9du ,alphabet & ! native sy/em ( ,dates h to d ) ! orig9ality ( p>ts ( ,h9du lit]ature1 b ^! outly+ subjects1 :i* h a lit]ature ( _! own1 we c only t\* ^u4 ,a good rsum ( ! discussion 9 reg>d to ! alphabet w be f\nd 9 ,,jras4 xvi4 #cbe1 by ,cu/2 a new !ory ( ,franke's1 ,,zdmg4 xlvi4 #gca4 ,halvy d]ives ! alphabet f ,greece4 ,b see n[ ,bhl]1 ,ind4 ,/udies1 iii1 #ahie 7,nor? ,semitic1 sev5? c5tury1 ,b4,c47 ,! native eras are discuss$ by ,cunn+ham1 ,book ( ,indian ,eras2 & 9 ,mll]'s ,india1 ,:at ,c ,x ,tea* ,u8 p4 #bhb4 ,on ! native date = ! beg9n+ ( ! ,kali-yuga1 i4e4 ?is age 7! ye> #caja or #cajb ,b4,c71 ,,jras4 iv4 #acf1 & ,?omas1 edition ( ,pr9sep's ,antiquities1 may be read4#fe ,a g5]al survey ( primitive ,aryan culture w be f\nd 9 ,s*rad]1 loc4 cit41 to :i* may be add$ on ,v$ic 7,aryan7 metres1 ,we/phal1 ,,kz4 ix4 #dcg2 & ,all51 ib4 xxiv4 #eef 7/yle1 ,he9zel1 ,/il d4 altg]m4 ,poesie74 ,on ! "n ,arya1 besides loc4 cit4 above1 p4 #be1 may be add$1 ,w9dis*1 ,beitr4 z4 ,ges*i*te d4 ,d4 ,spra*e1 iv4 #baa2 ,pott1 ,int]nat4 ,zt4 fr allgeme9e ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 ii4 p4 #aje ff4 ,criticism ( a too great confid5ce 9 ! results ( ! comp>attve me?od1 ,,ajp4 xv4 #aed2 ,,paos4 #ahie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,?is bibliography is meant only to ori5t ! read] 9 reg>d to exegetical lit]ature4 ,x is n complete1 nor does x give editions ( texts4 ,! ord] foll[s 9 g5]al t ( ! *apt]s1 b ! second & la/ p>agraphs respectively mu/ be consult$ = int]pretation & geography4 ,works t cov] sev]al fields are plac$ "u ! lit]ature ( ! fir/4 ,! special /udies on ,v$ic div9ities h be5 arrang$ alphabetically4 ,footnote #b3 ,on acc\nt ( ! inconv5i5t =m 9 :i* appe>$ ! e>li] numb]s ( ! ,,jras4 we cite ! ,old ,s]ies only by date4 ,all ref]5ces )\t date ref] to ! ,new ,s]ies 7vol i1 ,,ns41 #ahfd74 ,footnote #c3 ,on ! arti/ic side ,emil ,s*lag9tweit's great "w1 ,indi5 9 ,wort und ,bild1 conta9s mu* ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( religi\s p>aph]nalia4 ,see also bel[ "u wild tribes4 ,footnote #d3 ,ro?1 ,morality ( ! ,v$a2 ,:itney1 ,result ( ,v$ic ,rese>*es 7,,jaos4 iii4 #bhi & #cca72 ,:itney1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,v$ic ,texts1 ib4 iv4 #bde4 ,footnote #e3 ,"u ?is title ,ro? has an essay 7on ! comp>ison ( texts71 ,,kz4 xxvi4 #de4 ,footnote #f3 ,see bel[4 ,def5ce ( ! same by ! au?or1 ,,wzkm4 vii4 #ajc4 ,footnote #g3 ,,jras1 i4 #ea ff41 & subsequ5t volumes1 ,contributions to a ,k ( ! ,v$ic ,!ogony & ,my?ology & ,progress ( ! ,v$ic ,religion t[>d ,ab/ract ,conceptions ( ! ,deity4 ,footnote #h3 ,x _c be too mu* emphasiz$ t ,grassmann's translation %\ld nev] be us$ = comp>ative purposes4 ,at ! same "t1 = a g5]al und]/&+ ( ! cont5ts ( ! :ole ,rig ,v$a x is ! only book t c be recomm5d$4 ,ludwig's translation is s unc\? t )\t a controll+ k ( ! orig9al x is (t5 mean+less4 ,footnote #i3 ,bloomfield1 ,,ajp4 xii4 #dbi4 ,comp>e also ,regnaud1 ,le ,my! de ,rohita4 ,! same au?or has publi%$ v>i\s ,v$ic articles 9 ! ,rev4 de l'hi/oire des religions1 vols4 xv-xxvi4 ,:itney's complete translation ( ,,av4 w soon appe>4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sexual side ( fire-cult2 :irlw9d ( fire1 ,mat>ivan1 ,s*w>tz1 ,,kz4 xx4 #bjb2 comp>e ,hillebr&t1 ,,zdmg4 xxxiii4 #bdh4 ,footnote #aa3 ,neiss]'s ,vorv$is*es im ,v$a1 ,,bb4 xvii4 #bdd1 is n a my?ological /udy4 ,footnote #ab3 ,apollon "h is ,sap>yen4ya1 'wor%ipful4' ,?is d]ivation is attack$ by ,froehde1 ,apollon1 ,,bb4 xix4 #bcj 7comp>e ,fick1 ib4 xviii4 #ach71 :o d]ives ,apollon f ,greek3 phellhn1 '^w1' comp>+ ,greek3 hapellhaxe91 'concili>e1' pell be+ 'spell' 79 ,gospel1 etc471 'int]-pell>e4' ,?us ,apollo w\ld be 'prophet1' 'wrspello4' ,on vahni1 ,agni1 comp>e ,neiss]1 ,v$ica1 ,,bb4 xviii4 #cja 7xix4 #abj1 #bdh74 ,footnote #ac3 ,old5b]g1 loc4 cit41 int]prets ,av9s z morn+ & ev5+ />s6 ,! epi!t 7( ,agni & ,av9s7 bhuran4yu has be5 equat$ ) ,phoroneus1 we =get by :om4 ,footnote #ad3 ,old5b]g's 7,die ,religion des ,v$a7 ,old-,man-(-!-,m\nta9s-,indra ?us gets etymological support4 ,footnote #ae3 ,= conv5i5ce includ$ 9 ?is li/4 ,footnote #af3 ,maspit] is ,m>s-pat]4 ,footnote #ag3 ,hirt equates ,p>janya1 ,p]kunas1 ,fjrgyn1 z orig9ally epi!t ( ,dyans-,zeus1 ) ,greek3 phgotaios1 ! ',oak-god4' ,see also ,zimm]1 ,,zda4 vii4 7#ai7 #afd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,mll] expla9s ,rudra z 'h[l]'2 ,leo id5tifies him ) ,wuotan2 ,jones ) ,apollo1 ,kuhn4 ,,kz4 iii4 #cce2 z ,a4 ,sax4 ,rodor1 ib4 ii4 #dgh3 ,p4 von ,bradke4 ,,zdmg4 xi4 #cfa4 ,old5b]g's del9eation ( ,rudra 9 ,die ,religion des ,v$a is bas$ on ! ,brahmanic ,rudra-iva 7see ,,paos4 ,dec #ahid74 ,footnote #ai3 ,k]bak]1 ,v>una e gli ,aditya 7,naples1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,academy7 is kn[n to u only by title4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! au?or ju/ly rem>ks t no sociological data c be made ( ,yama's wife or si/]4 ,footnote #ba3 ,dog sees ,dea?1 %>p sight ( dog causes my?4 ,footnote #bb3 ,o!r less important examples ( etymological +5uity are ,s*]]1 ,brahman z flam5 7,greek3 ,brhagkos1 ,bragi1 see ,kaegi1 ,rig ,v$a1 note #hb72 abhradita z ,aphrodite1 ,sonne1 ,,kz4 x4 #dae2 ,ahalya z ,a*illeus1 ,web]1 ,sitz4 ,b]l4 ,ak41 #ahhg2 ,ida z ,iris 7,w9dis*mann71 ,poseidon1 potdas1 id4aspati 7,fick1 ,,kz4 xxi4 #dfb72 b 9 ,,kz4 i4 #dei ,poseidon is patye davan4 ,on ! =m comp>e ,,bb4 viii4 #hj2 x4 #bcg2 ,,kz4 xxx4 #egj4 ,prellwitz1 ,,bb4 ix4 #cbg1 agrees ) ,fick & ,pott z to id4z repres5t+ ,greek3 oidma & comp>es prosklhtios4 ,g>ga is ,gorgo1 ,k]n1 ,,jras4 iv4 #dca2 ,pajasya is ,pegasos1 etc1 ,,kz4 i4 #daf1 xxix4 #bbb2 ,p>vata is ,pelasgos1 ,burda1 ,,kz4 xxi4 #dgj2 b comp>e ,/i]1 ib4 xi4 #bbi1 :]e ,pelasgoi are 'cranes'2 & ,pis*e1 ib4 xx4 #cfi1 :]e !y are ,greek3 p>hrhhasioi4 ,sabheya is ,yavis4t4ha 7n ,hephai/os1 z says ,kuhn71 ,mll]1 ib4 xviii4 #bab2 & vr4trahan is n ,bell]ophon 7z says ,pott71 ib4 iv4 #daf1 v4 #adj 7bell]o is v>v>a74 ard is ,c]es1 ,mll]1 ib4 xviii4 #baa2 svavan is ,greek3 enas1 ,autre*t1 ,,zdmg4 xiii #dii2 sv> 's+' 9 ,sil5us1 ,sir53 ,buddhaguru 9 ,py?agoras1 etc4 ,hel5a is ,s>ama1 & ,h]mes #as ,sarameya4 ,mll]1 ,*ips1 ii4 #ach1 note4 ,comp>e = fur!r clev] guesses ,cox's ,aryan ,my?ology1 ,mll]'s ,lectures1 ,second ,s]ies1 & ,biographies ( ,words4 ,footnote #bc3 ,comp>e ,deuss51 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 i4 #aje4 ,on ,v$ic & ,sanskrit ,riddles1 loc4 cit42 also ,haug1 ,v$is*e ,r?selfrag5 7also ,brahma und die ,brahman572 ,fhr]1 ,,zdmg4 xxxix4 #ii4 ,footnote #bd3 ,!re is an essay on ?is subject by ,k]n1 ,ind4 ,!orie5 ov] de ,/&5v]deel+1 :i* we h n se54 ,footnote #be3 ,sitz4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #aheh1 #ahei1 & #ahid1 respectively4 ,! ,wurfel-,orakel 7& ,s*iefn]7 is publi%$ also 9 ,ind4 ,/reif51 i4 #bgd4 ,! essay on ,om9a & ,port5ta conta9s translations ( p>ts ( ! ,%ad4vi4ma ,brahman4a1 ( ! ,sama ,v$a1 & ( ! ,kauika 7,,av47 ,sutra4 ,footnote #bf3 7,:itney7 ,burgess1 ,suryasiddhanta1 ,,jaos4 vi2 ,,jras4 #ahfc1 p4 #cde2 ,:itney1 ib4 i4 #caf2 ,lun> ,zodiac1 ,or4 ,l+4 ,/41 ii4 #cda2 ,k]n1 translation ( ,,bs41 ,,jras4 iv-vii2 ,,is4 x1 xiv1 xv2 ,web]1 ,ueb] altiranis*e ,/]nnam51 ,sitz4 ,b]l4 ,ak41 #ahhh2 see also ,:itney1 ,,jaos4 viii4 #a1 #chb2 ,burgess1 ib4 #cji2 ,web]1 ,,is4 ix4 #dbd1 x4 #bac2 ,:itney vs4 ,ludwig1 ,,paos41 #ahhe4 ,on ! twelve int]calat$ days1 ',twelf? ,night1' see ,web]1 ,,is4 v4 #dcg 7abali-homa71 xvii4 #bbd4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! /atem5t is "h made t ! ,v$ic religion kn[s no?+ ( idols2 b see ! o!r cit$ works :i* seem to disprove ?is4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! ',fifte5 ,puzzle' is ,indic 7,,ia4 x4 #hi1 xi4 #hc74 ,footnote #bi3 ,triton und ,euphemos1 od] ,die ,argonaut5 9 ,liby51 by ,wat]1 9 #ahdi1 treats ( ! holy sev5 9 a ridicul\s way4 ,n less ridicul\s is ! au?or's attempt to expla9 ev]y?+ by ! ,moon-,cult1 ?us anticipat+ mod]n vag>ies4 ,footnote #cj3 ,a curi\s ?\gh useless classic is ,anquetil du ,p]ron's ,oupnekhat1 #ahja1 ! fir/ ,european v]sion ( ! ,upani%ads 7?r\gh ! ,p]sian74 ,footnote #ca3 ,:itney1 ,,ajp4 vii4 #a1 xi4 #djg2 ,jacob1 ,,ia4 xv4 #bgi2 ,:itney ,trans4 ,phil4 ,ass4 xxi4 #hh2 ,bhtl+k1 ,b]i*t d4 k4 ,s*s4 ,gesells*aft1 #ahij1 & sep>ately4 ,footnote #cb3 ,comp>e ,w9dis*mann1 ,sanc>a1 #ahcc2 ,ec/e91 ,,is4 ii4 #cfi2 & ,bru9+-,bijdrage tot de ,k5nis van d5 ,v$anta1 #ahga4 ,footnote #cc3 ,comp>e two native expositions1 ,,jras4 x4 #cc 7,v$antic conception ( brahma71 & ,,wzkm4 ii4 #ie 7ank>a's advaita philosophy72 also ,mll]1 ,?ree ,lectures4 ,footnote #cd3 ,comp>e ,ballantyne's ,h9du ,philosophy1 ,williams' ,indian ,wisdom1 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 ,religi\s ,?\ght & ,life1 & also ! excell5t *apt]s 9 ,web]'s ,lectures 7above71 & 9 ,s*ro$]'s ,lit]atur und ,cultur4 ,( ,deuss5's ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie "o half volume has appe>$4 ,footnote #ce3 ,haug has an article on ! ,max4 ,sa4mh4 ) ! same title1 ,brahma und ,die ,brahman54 ,footnote #cf3 ,h\se-ritual3 ,avalayana1 ,gobhila1 a4nkhayana1 ,parask>a1 ,khadira1 ,hiran4yake91 ,apa/amba4 ,law3 ,apa/amba1 ,gautama1 ,vasi/ha1 ,baudhayana1 ,yajavalkya1 ,vi%nu1 ,narada1 ,brihaspati1 ,manu4 ,! la/ is also translat$ by ,loiseleur1 ,jones1 ,burnell & ,hopk9s 7besides ,bhl]1 ,,sbe41 above74 ,footnote #cg3 ,ueb] die heilig5 ,s*rift51 translat$ into ,engli% by ,smy? 9 ! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 #ahic4 ,footnote #ch3 ,fe]1 ,,ja4 #ahhh 7xii71 p4 #bji4 ,leumann has publi%$ 9 ! same ,g]man s]ies ! ,aupapatika ,sutra1 b z yet only ! text 7#ahhc7 has appe>$4 ,footnote #ci3 ,( ! _m manuals we recomm5d especially ^? ( ,rhys ,davids = ontology 7also ,jatakis4 ,fir/ ,"p7 & ,old5b]g 7n[ 9 second edition74 ,= ,nor!rn ,buddhism ,kpp5's ,religion is /ill excell5t1 al?\gh x is vitiat$ by ! po9t ( view tak5 by ! au?or1 :o reg>ds ,buddha z an emancipator1 a political innovator1 etc4 ,davids has two rec5t articles on ,buddhi/ sects1 ,,jras4 xxiii4 #dji2 xxiv4 #a 7see abo bel[74 ,footnote #dj3 ,l4 von ,s*ro$]1 ,worte d] ,wahrheit4 ,on ! ^w ,dhammapada1 ,franke ,,zdmg4 xlvi4 #gcd4 ,footnote #da3 ,also ,old5b]g1 ,dipava4msa1 ) text4 ,footnote #db3 ,= ,nirvana & its date all ! manuals may be consult$4 ,see also ,d',alwis1 ,nirvana 7) translation72 ,edk9s1 ,,jras4 xiii4 #ei1 ,congress1 #ahhj1 p4 #aie2 ,*ild]s1 ,diction>y1 ,,jras4 v4 #bai1 #bhi1 vii4 #di1 etc42 ,f]gusson1 ib4 iv4 #ha 7,indic ,*ronology72 ,mll]1 ,orig9 ( ,religion1 p4 #acj1 note1 & ,introduction to ,buddhagho%a1 & to ,dhammapada 7above74 ,we incl9e to accept #dga to #dhc z ! extreme limits ( ! date ( ,buddha's dea? 7,k]n1 #chj2 ,davids1 #dab74 ,footnote #dc3 ,on ,hs+ 7#fga7 see ,beal1 ,,ia4 x4 #aji1 #aid2 ,mll]1 ,india4 ',f-,hi5's travels are n[ publi%$ by ,legge1 ',record ( ,buddhi/ic ,k+doms4' ,!re are o!r editions4 ,see also ,sykes1 ,,jras4 #ahda1 p4 #bdh2 ,beal1 ib4 xix4 #aia4 ,footnote #dd3 ,on ,japanese ,buddhism !re h be5 publi%$ "s texts by ,japanese s*ol>s 7ed4 ,mll]1 ,aryn ,s]ies ( ,anecdota ,oxoni5sia74 ,see ,,jras4 xii4 #aec4 ,footnote #de3 ,*alm]s1 ,jatakas 7ed4 ,c[ell1 vol4 #a7 is ann\nc$4 ,comp>e ,,jras4 xxiv4 #dbc4 ,on ,b>laam u4 ,joasaph see n[ ! exhau/ive essay ( ,kuhn1 ,abh4 d4k4 ,bay]is*4 ,ak4 #ahid 7) all lit]ature74 ,footnote #df3 ,by ! same1 ,avadanaataka1 ,mus4 ,guimet1 xviii 7,,ja4 #ahgi1 xiv74 ,! ,dat4havama1 ,mellon1 ,ann4 du ,,mg4 vii4 ,footnote #dg3 ,triratna & triula4 ,! articles foll[+ are by ,murray-,aynsley 7,asiatic ,symbolism71 on sva/ika1 trees1 s]p5ts1 evil eye1 etc4 ,on ! evil eye & ! poison-girl1 vis4akanya1 see n[ ! int]e/+ essay ( ,h]tz 7,abh4 d4 ,bay]n4 ,akad1 #ahid71 :o connects ! sup]/ition ) ! religi\s practice describ$ above1 p4 #eje1 note #b4 ,footnote #dh3 ,= old] essays see also ,s*nb]g1 ,,zdmg4 vii4 #aja 7rock-temples72 ,,jas4 ,b5g4 xxv4 #bbb 7,kh&giri temples72 ,yule1 ,,jas4 ,b5g41 #aheg1 ,anci5t ,buddhi/ic ,rema9s 7on ! ,irawady73 ,sykes1 ,m9iature ,caityas 9 ,buddhi/ topes1 ,,jras4 #ahed1 pp4 #cg1 #bbg4 ,footnote #di3 iva is "h falsely int]pret$ z ,h]akles1 p4 #ci4 ,comp>e too ,web]1 ,,is4 ii4 #dji1 & 8 ,ahalya-,a*illeus1 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahhg4 ,! orig9al ,greek is edit$ by ,s*wanbeck4 ,on ,d>ius' conque/ see ,m>%man1 i4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #ej3 ,six? or eigh? c5tury1 develop$ ) ,buddhi/ic or ,greek influ5ce4 ,footnote #ea3 ,an example ( ! survival ( ! ,h9du cult 9 ! rauta ritual is giv5 by ,web]1 ,,is4 v4 #dcg1 abali-homa4 ,footnote #eb3 ,web] on ,sk&a1 ,,is4 iii4 #dgh4 ,footnote #ec3 ,comp>e also ,malcolm1 ,,ar4 xi 7#ahab71 #aig2 ,,zkm4 v4 #a1 ,die ,religion und d] ,/aat d] ,sikh4 ,footnote #ed3 ,! ,dala/an or ,s*ool ( ,mann]s1 translat$ f ! ,p]sian1 ) notes by ,%ea & ,troy1 #ahdc4 ,footnote #ee3 ,williams' ,h9duism & ! ?ird *apt] ( ,wilk9s' ,mod]n ,h9duism conta9 a li/ ( ! mod]n fe/ivals4 ,gri]son1 ,peasant ,life1 describes ,behar4 ,footnote #ef3 ,mons & ,koles1 ,,jras4 x1 #bcd4 ,l>ds1 ,congress1 #ahgd1 by ,drew2 #ahhj1 by ,leitn]4 ,footnote #eg3 ,snake-nation 9 ,am]ica1 ,%o%one1 ,cl>k1 ,sign-language1 p4 #ccg2 snake-symbol ( life1 ,s*oolcraft1 i4 #cge4 ,footnote #eh3 ,totemism repudiat$1 ,k5n$y1 on ,nagas1 ,,jras4 xxiii4 #dhj4 ,footnote #ei3 ,! ,indian ,antiqu>y conta9s a va/ fund ( folk-lore /ones ( m or less religi\s importance4 ,see ,b>?'s note1 ,rev4 xxix4 #ee1 = ! ,ori5tali/4 ,footnote #fj3 ,e>ly acc\nts ( ,burmah w be f\nd 9 ,bu*anan's ,religion & ,lit]ature ( ! ,burmas1 ,,ar4 vi4 #afc2 ( ! ,rajmahal tribes1 ,t4 ,%aw1 ib4 iv4 #de2 ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,g>r[ ,hills1 ,eliot1 ib4 iii4 #ag2 ( ! ,kookies1 ,mac,rae 7or ,mc,rae71 ib4 vii4 #ahc2 ( ,nepal 7temples1 etc471 ib4 ii4 #cjg4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,tibeto-,burman tribes by ,damant w be f\nd 9 ,,jras4 xii4 #bbh4 ,footnote #fa3 ,comp>e a sugge/ive pap] by ! same au?or1 ,,if4 iv1 p4 #cf 7#ahid71 on ,die ,v]w&ts*aftsv]hltnisse d] ,indog]man5 7l+ui/ic1 b hi/orically important74 ,footnote #fb3 ,volga z ',p1 ,ranha1 ,rasa1 ,kuhn1 ,,kz4 xxviii #bad2 ! ,s>asvati & ! lo/ riv]1 ,oldham1 ,,jras4 xxv4 #di4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ano!r curiosity w be f\nd 9 ,,jras41 #ahed1 p4 #aii1 :]e ,curzon claims t ! ,aryan ,h9dus are auto*?on\s4 ,footnote #fd3 ,leitn]1 ,greek ,influ5ce on ,india1 ,congress1 #ahhj1 p4 #aac4 ,on ! ,drama see above1 pp4 #b & #dch4 ,footnote #fe3 ,fur!r1 ,we/]ga>d1 ,ueb] d5 lte/5 ,zeitraum d] ,indis*5 ,ges*i*te2 ,f]gusson1 ,,jras4 xii4 #bei2 ,fleet1 samvat = aka-era1 ,,jras41 #ahhd1 p4 lxxi2 ,gupta1 ,,ia4 xv4 #ahi1 & xvi4 #ada2 7,beruni71 ib4 xvii4 #bdc1 #cei2 also ,kielhorn1 ,vikrama1 ,,ia4 xix4 #bd ff42 xxii4 ,,iii2 ,bhl]1 ,,wzkm4 v4 #bae4 ,me?ods & ,tables = ,comput+ ,h9du ,dates1 ,jacobi1 ,,ia4 xvii4 #ade2 & ,epigraphia ind4 ,i4 #dcj4 ,la/ lit]ature on date ( ,rig ,v$a1 above1 p4 #e1 & add n[ ,old5b]g1 ,,zdmg4 xlviii4 #fbi4 ,fur!r ref]5ces1 above1 pp4 #dcf1 #ega1 notes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index4 ,a 7alpha71 #bbf1 #cig4 abbots1 #eeg4 abhangs1 #ebb4 abhidhamma1 #cbf4 ,abh9avagupta1 #dhb4 ,abhiras1 #edc4 abir1 #ded1 #dee4 absorption1 #dif ab/ractions1#aab1 #ace4 acara1 #eed4 ,a*aem5ides1 #edd4 ,adi ,brahma ,samaj1 #eag1 #eai4 ,adigran?1 #eaa ff4 ,aditi1 #ee1 #gc1 #aci1 #adb1 #aed ,adityas 7see ,aditi1 ,v>un4a1 etc71 #ee 7,a4na71 #adc1 #afg2 adityabhaktas1 see sun & ,sauras4 adult]y1 #bjc advaita1 #cif1 #dif1 #eje4 ,aesculapius1 #ech4 ,afghani/an1 #cj1 #edh4 agamas1 #bie1 #dci4 ages1 #bbg1 #bei1 #dah ff41 #ddd1 #ecj4 ,aghori1 #dij1 #ecc4 ,agnes1 sa9t1 #dea4 ,agni1 #dc1 #aja1 #aje ff41 #abc1 #add1 #afh1 #cec1 #cef1 #cgg1 #dja1 #dad4 #dde1 #ddi1 #dgf1 #dhj1 #eed4 ahimasa1 #aii1 #bhg1 #caj1 #cfe4 ,ahura ,mazdao1 #di1 #fg1 #afg4 #agj4 ,akaamukhas1 #dhf4 ,akb>1 #dcg1 #edf4 ,akkadians1 ,akkadi/s1 #edb1 #ega4 aks4amala 7see ros>y7 #cgd4 ,al ,beruni1 #edg1 ,add5da4 ,alex&]1 #dca1 #edf4 ,alex&ria1 #dca1 #efa4 ,all-god1 #aci1 #ada1 #dif4 ,all-gods1 #acg1 #add1 #dej4 ,allah ud din1 #dcg4 alphabet1 #edc1 #eie4 alt>s1 #dge4 #dij altruism1 #dgh1 #eee1 #eef1 #efc1 #efg4 ,am]ican ,indians1 see ,indians4 ,an&a1 #cji1 #caa2 ,an&a ,giri1 #dde1 #ddg2 ,an&atir?a1 #eji4 ,ananta1 #cig4 ance/ors 7see female1 ,manes71 t51 #ecd4 ,anaxim&]1 #eei4 ance/or-tree1 #eda4 ,&aman gods1 #ech4 &rogyn\s1 #ddg1 #dib1 #eeg4 a4ngas1#ddj4 ,a4ngiras1 #ajh1 #afg1 #dgg4 ,an4iman4d4avya1 #dcb4 ,aniruddha1 #dda1 #ddb1 #deg4 annihilation 7see ,nirvan4a71 #dba1 #eca1 #ecb4 ant-oa?1 #ecd4 ,antio*us1 #ede4 ,anugita1 #dja4 ,aphrodite1 #dga4 ,apollonius1 #ejh4 ,april-,fool1 #dee4 ,aps>as1 #acg1 #afi1 #cee1 #cfe4 ,arabia1 #edg4 ,aran4yakas1 #agh1 #bai4 ardhanariv>a1 #ddg4 ,arhat1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #cjc1 #cbj1 #efd4 ,arjun1 #eaa4 ,arjuna1 #cfa4 ,arrian1 #dei4 arr[-oa?1 #ecd4 art1 arti/s1 #edi4 ,aryaman1 #df1 #aba1 #cig4 ,aryan1 #aa1 #bf1 #edh4 ,arya ,samaj1 #eba4 aani1 #dfd4 ascetics1 #adh1 #bed1 #beh1 #cjd1 #ceb ff42 asceticism1 #bhg1 #cff1 #dgj1 #ebj4 aoka1 #edj4 ,aoka1 #caa1 #cdj1 #cda1 #dce4 a/rology1 #bef1 #dch1 #edc4 ,asuras1 #db1 #di1 #ajd1 #agj ff41 #ahf ff41 #ceh ,asura ,maya1 #cfh4 ,av9s1 #ch1 #ed1 #gh1 #hj1 #cha4 ,a?>va ,v$a1 #c1 #bi1 #dc1 #aea1 #age1 #dai1 #dgg1 #ega4 ,a?>van1 #aaj1 #cgh1 #dgg4 ,atma1 #db1 #dg 7s\l71 #ef1 #bbj ff41 #bcb1 #bdi1 #ced1 #cif1 #cih1 #ddb4 ,atmiya ,sabha1 #eaf4 atonem5t1 #cgf4 ,avadhutas1 #ejb4 ava/has1 #dab4 avat>1 #afb1 #aif1 #bae1 #cdj1 #chi1 #cic1 #djd1 #dbd1 #dcj2 numb] (1 #ddd1 #dfh2 ,vi%nu's la/ avat>1 #ebb4 ,ave/a 7see ,iranian71 #ab1 #af1 #dbb4 avyuha #ddb4 ,ay5>1 #dfd4 axe 7see ,p>au ,rama71 #ebg4 ,aztecs1 #eeg4 ,babalals1 #ead4 ,bab]1 #dcg4 ,babrius1 #eeh4 ,babylon1 #edc4 ,bac*ic rites1 #dad1 #dbg1 #ebh4 ,bactria1 #cb1 #cc1 #dcd4 ,bad>ayan4a1 #die1 #dig4 ,bala ,gopala1 #ejc4 ,bal>ama1 #ddb1 #dfi4 bali1 #edj4 ,bali1 #dgh4 bamboo 7see pole-rite71 #ecf4 b&ana1 #ecc4 banian1 #edj4 ,b>desanes1 #efa4 ,b>laam1 #eeg4 ,basava1 #dhb1 #edg4 basil1 see tulasi4 ,baskets1 see ,tripit4aka4 ,behar1 #dce4 bel-tree1 #dec1 #ecf1 #eda4 bell1 #eeg4 ,bella ,p5nu1 #ecj4 ,bell]ophon1 #ecj4 ,b5>es1 #dei4 ,bhaga1 #da1 #ej ff42 bhaga1 #dij4 ,bhagavad ,gita1 #chi ff41 #cii1 #djj1 #dja1 #ddg4 ,bhagavat1 #cjc1 #chi4 ,bhagavatas1 #ddg1 #dig4 ,bhairava1 #dfd1 #dia4 ,bhaktas1 #ddg4 bhakti 7see fai?71 #dbi1 #ejc1 #eai4 ,bharata1 #cdi ff41 #dch1 #deg4 ,bhars1 #ecd1 #ece ff4 ,bhats1 #dgi4 ,bhava1 #dfb1 #dfd1 #edh4 ,bhavani1 #did4 bhiks4u1 #beh1 #bha1 #cjc1 #caj1 #cgd2 bhiks4uki1 #dbf4 ,bhils1 #ecc4 ,bhr4gu1 #afh1 #cig1 #dbc4 bicycle1 us$ to make conv]ts1 #egj4 bigotry1 #dde4 bila1 #ab4 bilva1 see bel4 bird 7( ! sky7 #de1 #di1 #aac1 #abd1 #adj1 #afd2 birds z spirits1 #dcb4 bir?-impurity1 #eda4 ,bir?-/ories1 see ,jatakas4 bir?-tree1 #edj4 ,blavatskyism1 #efb4 ,bless$ ,"o1 #ai1 #chh ff4 blood-money1 #afb4 blood-rev5ge1 #cge4 bloodless sacrifice 7see ahi4msa1 ,?ugs71 #ebh4 bo>1 #djd1 #djg1 #dde4 ,bodhisat1 bodhisattva1 #cjc1 #efd4 ,bhodhi-tree1 bo-tree1 ,bodhi ,gaya1 #cjd1 #cjh1 #edj4 b\nd>y-god1 #ebi4 brahma1 #aef1 #agh1 #aie1 #bag1 #bbj ff41 #bca ff41 #cha1 #chi1 #cic ff41 #cih1 #djc1 #dai1 #dbj1 #dgd1 #dif1 #eah4 ,brahma1 #aie1 #bah1 #ccb1 #cdf1 #cgb1 #djc ff41 #djg1 #dab1 #dba1 #ddf1 #dea1 #deh ff41 #dfd ff41 #dhg1 #dib1 #dii1 #eah1 #ecd4 ,brahma ,dh>ma1 #eag4 ,brahmaloka1 #bef4 ,brahmamaha1 #cga1 #daa4 ,brahman4z1 #d1 #e1 ,c #bb1 #bc1 #agd1 #bai1 #ejb4 ,brahmanism1 #bd1 #agf ff41 #edh4 ,brahma ,samaj1 #eaf2 ( ,india1 #eai4 ,bahmasampraday9s1 #eji4 brahmodya1 #chc4 br&+1 #ddj1 #ddg4 ,br4haspati1 #ed 7,"l ( ,/r5g?71 #aja1 #acf1 #aei1 #cgi1 #chf4 ,br4hat ,sa4mhita1 #dch4 bro!rs1 #cgj4 ,buddha1 #beh1 #bhj1 #cjc ff41 #dbf2 prec$5t ,buddhas1 #cji1 #ebc1 #eeg2 avat> ( ,vi%nu1 #dfi1 #ejj2 bro!r ( iva1 #dgh4 ,buddhaghos4a1 #cbg1 #cdc4 ,buddhism1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #bf1 #bbe1 #bih ff41 #caj1 #dja1 #ddh2 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cda2 esot]ic1 #cbj1 #ccd2 epic1 #dbc ff42 ivaite1 #dhe1 #dhf2 morals (1 #eed1 #eef2 ,occid5tal1 #efc2 lesson (1 #efd4 ,budo ,gosa91 #ecc4 buffalo 7see c[-bells71 #dde1 #eca1 #ecg4 bull1 #djg1 #dde1 #ebh1 #ecd4 bull-ro>]1 #bjd1 #eec4 burial1 #fj1 #bga1 #cfd1 #ebh1 #ecd1 #ega4 buttoat1 #dic4 ,calv9ism1 #eja4 ,c&ragupta1 #caa1 #dcd4 ,c&raekh>a1 #dgj4 c>an4a1 #bee4 ,caran4z1 #cfg4 ,c>an ,dasis1 #ejf4 ,c>d9als1 #eeg4 ,c>nival1 #dee4 ,carvaka1 #bih1 #cgd1 #ddh4 ca/es1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #dj1 #ada1 #bbf1 #bfc1 #dbf1 #ejg1 #ega2 duties & occupations (1 #edi4 cat1 holy1 #edg4 cat-doctr9e1 #ejj4 cataclysms1 #bei1 #bfj4 cattle 7see c[71 #ej1 #dfb ff41 #dej4 caturmurti1 #dac4 catur?i1 #dea4 caturvyuha1 #ddb4 celibates 7see monks71 #ecg4 ,ceylon1 ,buddhism (1 #cda4 ,caitanya1 #ejc4 *&as1 #adb1 #agd1 #dgg4 ,*arans1 #dgi4 *ief1 div9ity (1 #ecd4 *ild-m>riages1 #eai4 *ildr51 sacrifice ( 7see m]ias71 #dej4 ,*irus1 #ece4 *oirs1 #eeg4 *rema!ism1 #ace1 #aff4 ,*ri/1 ,*ri/ianity1 #chi1 #cie1 #dbh ff41 #dca1 #dgi1 #dhb1 #ejc1 #ebd1 #ede1 #eff1 #efi1 #egj2 & ,buddhism1 #edf1 #eeg4 ,*ri/mas1 #dcj1 #efh4 *urika1 #dda4 circumambulations1 #bga1 #ded4 ,citragupta1 #dbd4 ,clive1 #eff4 cock1 #dae1 #ece1 #ech4 comm&m5ts 7see morals71 #bfg1 #cag1 #dja1 #dgi1 #ejf4 confessional1 #bjc1 #cgc1 #eeg4 cosmic tree1 see tree4 c\rage1 #ebg4 cov5ants1 #aib1 #cfa ff4 c[1 #aef1 #ahi1 #ebg1 #edg4 c[-bells1 wor%ip ( buffalo c[-bells1 #ecg4 c[-boys1 #ded4 creation1 #fj1 #ada1 #agc1 #bjg ff41 #baf1 #edj4 creator1 #chd1 #ddd4 crocodile1 #dej1 #edg4 cross1 #ecg4 ,cupid1 see ,love4 cu/om1 #eca1 #eed4 ,dabi/an1 #dhj1 #eaj4 ,dadu ,pan?is1 #dhj1 #ejb1 #eaj1 #eac1 #edg4 daevas1 #aj1 #afh4 ,daks4a1 #djf4 ,danavas1 see devils4 dance1 #ddc1 #ded1 #def1 #ejd1 #ece4 ,d>ius1 #edd4 d>kness 7z hell & evil71 #adg1 #bjf1 #bbg1 #dbb4 ,daanamis1 #dhb4 ,daapeya1 #dgg4 ,dasyus1 #ebd1 #edb4 dates1 #c-h1 #dcd ff41 #ega1 #eie1 note4 ,dattamitra1 #ede4 ,dawn 7see ,u%as71 hymns1 "* (1 #eec1 #ega4 ,dayan&a1 #eba4 ,dea? 7see dogs1 ,mara71 #dc1 #abi1 #acf4 ,deb5drana?1 #eaf ff4 ,decoits1 #did4 ,d$raj1 #ead4 deism1 #dih1 #eae1 #ebc4 deluge1 #afj1 #afb #bad1 #cfi1 #dba1 #edb1 #edc4 demons1 see devils4 demonology1 #df1 #ace1 #afh1 #ech4 ,demetrius1 #ede4 depress$ classes1 #efh4 devas1 #aj1 #afh4 ,devadatta1 #cji4 ,devaki1 #dfe1 #dfg4 devils1 #cfh1 #dad1 #dbc1 #dge1 #ebf1 #eci4 ,dhammapada1#cdf4 dhan1 #ejh4 ,dhan4g>s1 #eca4 ,dh>ma1 dh>ma 7see ,pa?1 ,"r71 #bdi ff41 #ceh1 #cgc1 #chj #dag1 #dbj1 #eed4 dh>ma1 #cfa4 ,dhava1 #deb4 ,dhr4ti1 #deb4 dhvaja1 #ddc4 ,digamb>as1 #bhd ff41 #dhj4 ,dionysos1 #deh ff4 ,dipala1 #def4 discus1 #ddj1 #dfb4 disease 7see small-pox god71 #deb ff41 #ech4 div9ation1 #ece4 dogs ( ,dea?1 #acb1 #ach1 #adg1 #afc4 ,dola ,yatra1 dolotsava1 #dec ff4 dolm51 #ech4 dolph91 #dej4 dragon 7see ,naga1 snake71 #db1 #dh1 #afe1 #eci4 drama1 #b1 #dcf1 #dch4 ,dravidian religion1 #daf1 #dbe1 #dbf ff41 #edb4 dreams1 #db4 drughan4a1 #dda4 ,druids1 #ecc4 drunk5ness1 #dia4 dualism 7see ptakr4ti1 ,sa4nkhya71 #ac1 #cif1 #dad4 ,durga1 #daf1 #dea1 #def1 #dij1 #dib1 #eac4 durva1 #ejb4 ,dut* rule 9 ,india1 #eff4 dvap>a1 #dbj4 ,dyau1 #i1 #ai 7heav571 #eh1 #agb1 #ega4 eagle 7see soma71 #ecd4 ,e>?1 #eh ff41 #afh1 #dde2 e>?-wor%ipp]s1 #dhj1 #eca4 ,ea/]1 #ded4 education1 salvation (1 #ega4 egg1 mundane1 #aff1 #bjh1 #daa4 ,egypt1 #edc1 #eej4 ekant9as1 #dac2 eka deva1 #dbj4 ,eleatics1 #eei4 elem5ts1 #a1 #eei4 elephant1 #dde1 #ecc4 eleoc>pus ganitrus1 #ejb4 emp]ors1 imp]ialism1 #cf1 #dce ff4 ,engli% rule 9 ,india1 #eff4 ensigns1 #eci4 epic1 #b1 #be1 #cdh ff41 #dbe1 #ddd1 #dif2 ,greek influ5ce on1 #ede4 ,epicureans1 #eje4 eras1 #dcf4 ,eros1 see ,love4 es*atology 7see ,heav51 ,hell1 ,manes71 #agc1 #bjd1 #baf1 #bec1 #cfg1 #cid1 #dif1 #ecj4 e?nologi/s1 #aa4 euphemism1 #bea4 ,europe & ,india1 #eef ff4 evil eye1 #aee1 #ebf1 #ehi1 note #c4 exogamy 7see m>riage71 #ecd1 #ece4 fables1 #ede1 #eeh4 fai?1 bhakti1 #cif1 #ejf1 #ejg1 #ede4 fakirs1 #dhf4 family1 see matri>*y4 fa/+1 #deb1 #eeg4 fate 7see k>ma71 #cfi1 #dag1 #dgg4 ,fa!r-god1 see ,prajapati2 ,fa!rs1 see ,manes2 fa!r 7see p>5ts71 #ebi4 fauna1 #ce4 fees1 #aib4 female 7see ab/ractions1 infanticide1 mo!rs1 akti71 div9ities1 #ea1 #ach1 #ahd1 #daf2 female ance/ors1 #dda1 #ecd4 ,f]idun1 #aa4 fe/ivals1 #bjb1 #ddh4 feti%ism1 #afi1 #cfc2 di/9ction betwe5 feti% & god-/one1 #ech4 fire 7see ,agni71 z g]m ( life1 #ada2 fire-cult1 #aeh1 #cgh2 de/roys _w1 see ,sa4mv>taka2 cult1 #ded1 #dfj1 #dia4 flood1 see deluge4 fl[]s1 #ddj1 #edj1 #eeg4 =e/ 7see wood71 #ebh4 f\nta9-god1 #eca4 free-w1 #chd4 frogs1 #ad1 #ajj ff42 frog-maid51 frog-fea/1 #ecf4 fun]al1 see burial4 gambl]1 #ad1 #afb1 #cgf4 games1 #cbh1 #dea4 ,g&h>va1 #abe1 #acj1 #afg1 #cfg1 #dai1 #ddb1 #edb4 ,gan-ed51 #edb4 ,gan4ea1 #dad1 #daf1 #ddg1 #dej ff41 #def1 #dff1 #dhg1 #ejf1 #ecb4 ,gan4ez1 #dac4 ,ganges1 #cj1 #cgb1 ff41 #dej4 ,g>os1 #ecd4 ,g>utman1 ,g>uda1 #de1 #cfj1 #cgh1 #ddf4 ,gauri1 #deb4 ,gautama1 #cjb ff42 ,gotama1 #cjh1 note2 #edb4 gayatri1 #df1 #abd4 g5]osity1 #cgd4 geography1 #bh1 #bi1 #agg1 #aic1 #cad1 #cdb ff4 ,ghori1 #dcg4 gho/s1 #ecb4 giants1 #dgj1 #ega4 ,giria1 #dfc4 gita1 see ,bhagavad4 ,gita ,gov9da1 #deg1 #ejc4 ,gno/icism1 #efj4 gods 7see devas71 #bi1 #ij1 #ada1 #ahb1 #bji1 #cie1 #djb4 gold5 age1 see ages4 gold5 g]m1 #ada1 #bjh1 #ejg4 gold5 rule1 #dgi4 ,gonds1 #ddd1 #ebf ff4 goose-totem1 #ecd4 gopis1 #def4 ,gorakhna?1 #dhf4 gosa91 #ejd4 ,gosala1 #bhc4 gospels1 #edf4 ,gotama1 see ,gautama4 ,gov9d1 #eaa4 grace ( ,god1 #adc1 #chd1 #cic1 #cif1 #dac1 #dbi4 grahas 7see planets71 #dae4 gramas1 #bg4 ,greece1 ,greeks1 #a1 #c1 #f1 #daf1 #dca1 #dcd ff41 #deh ff41 #dgj1 #dga1 #edd ff41 #eej4 ,grippa ,valli1 #ecj4 ,gud4aras1 #dhg4 gue/1 #cfi1 #eca4 gun4z1 #ejg4 ,gupta era1 #dcf1 ,add5da4 guru1 #bdf1 #eaj4 ,hanuman 7see monkey71 #cfh1 #ejb4 haoma1 #af4 ,h>a1 #dfb4 ,h>ahvati1 #ca4 ,h>ih>a1 #dfd1 #edg4 ,h>iva4na1 #dbd1 #dbh1 #dci1 #dfd1 #dfg4 ,harita1 #ddj4 ,h>tmann1 #efb4 ,h>v>d /ud5ts1 #efe4 h>ve/ 7see fe/ival71 #eca1 #ecb4 ,ha/+s1 #efg4 ,hea!n1 #ebd4 ,heav5 7see ,dyau1 ,v>un4a1 es*atology71 #dh1 #adc1 #ade ff41 #bec1 #cfe1 #dag1 #ddh4 ,hel51 #ab1 #afh4 ,hell1 #adg1 #afe1 #bjf1 #bcb ff41 #bec1 #bfg1 #ccf1 #cfc1 #cha1 #djb1 #ddc1 #dgh1 #ebh1 #eeg4 h5o!ism1 #aci1 #agg1 #ega4 ,h]akles1 #deh ff41 #dgj4 ,h]aklitus1 #eeh4 ,he/ia1 #ecj4 hills1 see m\nta9s & wild tribes4 ,h9duism1 #bd1 #cdh ff41 #dcd ff41 #edh1 #efh ff4 ,h9duku%1 #ca4 ,hiran4yag>bha 7see gold5 g]m71 #ddg4 hi/ory1 #dcd4 hol9ess1 #ddb4 ,holl1 #dec4 holy-days1 #bjd1 #bdh ff4 holy-places1 #ddd4 holy-/one1 see alagrama & /one4 holy-wat]1 #eeg4 horse-sacrifice1 #ddd4 hone/y1 #ebg1 #eee4 hospitality 7see gue/71 #eee1 #eef4 h\se-god1 #cgd1 #ecj4 ,hr4s4ikea1 #dcb4 humanit>ianism1 #dbh4 humanity1 #dcc4 idealism1 see advaita4 idolatry1 mod]n1 #ebb4 idols1 #ie1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgd1 #ddb1 #ddf1 #dgg1 #ecg1 #eef ff4 ,ilium1 #ab4 illusion1 #cie1 #cif1 #dja1 #dba1 #dig4 immaculate conception1 #dca1 #dfj4 immortality 7see ,heav571 #ada1 #cif1 #dbb2 immortality ( pots1 #ecd4 inc>nation 7see magic71 #dgj4 ,inc>nation1 see avat>4 ince/ 7see comm&m5ts1 left-h&71 #eca4 ,indians1 #afa ff41 #deb1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #edb4 ,indra1 #aj1 #bj1 #ci1 #ef1 #eg1 #hi1 #ia ff41 #aja1 #abc1 #ccb1 #cec1 #cee ff41 #fi1 #cgg1 #djd1 #dje1 #dab1 #dad1 #dde1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dgc ff4 ,indramaha1 #cgh1 #deg1 #dfj4 ,indus1 #cj4 infanticide1 #ebi1 #eca4 infidelily1 #ddh1 #dge4 ,innoc5ts day1 #dee4 inspiration1 #cje4 ,iranians1 #f1 #ae1 #bf1 #cb ff41 #fg1 #acb1 #afh1 #agj1 #ahf1 #dbb1 #edc4 ,ia1 #edf4 isl&s1 #dca4 ,issa1 #edf4 ,itihasa1 #dcd1 #dgg4 ,jaganna?1 #ddj1 #ddi1 #def1 #eje4 ,jaim9i1 #die4 ,ja9ism1 #bhj1 #cah1 #cdh1 #dja1 #ddh1 #dhj4 ,jamali1 #bhc4 ,jambavan1 #cfh4 janas1 #bf1 #bg4 ,jangamas1 #ddg1 #dhb4 ,janmas4t4ami1 #dfe1 #dfi4 ,jatakas1 #cci ff41 #cic1 #dcj1 #eeh4 ,jatav$as1 #daf4 ,jayadeva1 #ejc4 ,jayi1 #did4 ,jemid>1 #dic4 ,jem%id1 #aa4 ,jews1 #ebd1 #edd4 jiva1 #ddb1 #dif4 ,j4nandev1 #ebb4 ,j4natriputra1 #bib4 ,john1 sa9t1 #eeh4 ,jonas1 /ory (1 #edg4 ,josaphat1 #eeg4 ,judgm5t-god 7see ,dh>ma71 #ebi1 #eca4 ,jugg]naut1 see ,jaganna?4 juggl]s1 see ,yogi4 ,ju/ice1 see ,dh>ma4 ,ka1 #ahb1 #dac4 ,kabir 7,pan?is71 #ejb1 #eaj1 #ead1 #edg4 ,kabul1 ,kabuli/an1 #cj4 kala1 #eja4 ,kala1 see ,"t4 kali1 #dba4 ,kali1 #daf1 #dch1 #dda1 #dij1 #dib1 #ecc4 ,kalidasa1 #dch4 ,kalki1 #cdj1 #dfi4 kalpa1 see ages4 ,kama1 see ,love4 ,kan4ada1 #ejc4 ,kanaphats1 #dhf1 #dhg4 ,ka4nculiyas1 #dib4 ,kanis4ka1 #dce1 #dcf4 ,kapalikas1 #dhg4 kapi1 #edc4 ,kapila4 #cig1 #djb1 #die1 #edg4 ,kapilava/u1 #cjj4 k>ma1 #aii1 #bca1 #bec1 #cjb1 #cai1 #cfi1 #cgd4 #dja4 ,k>mahinas1 #ddg4 ,k>mamima4msa1 #die4 ,k>tabhaja1 #ejd4 ,karttikeya1 see ,sk&a4 ,kayapa1 #ejc4 ,ka%me]1 #ca1 #cad1 #dhb4 ,kassos1 #ecd4 ,katties1 #ecg4 ,khakis1 #ejb4 ,khalsa1 #eab4 ,khasas1 ,khasiz1 #ecg4 ,khonds1 #dde1 #ebf1 #ebh ff4 ,kil1 #ejb4 k9dness 7see love71 #ddh4 k+s1 #bbf #dfe4 ,k9n>as1 #cfg4 kirttan1 kirtan1 #ejh4 ,ko*es1 #ebe4 ,koles1 ,kol>ians1 #ebe1 #eca1 #ecb ff4 koph1 #edc4 ,kosmas1 #edd4 ,kri%na 7kr4s4n4a71 #cdi1 #cfa1 #chh ff1 #cii1 #dja1 #dje1 #daa1 #dab1 #dbi1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #def1 #deg1 #dfe1 #dih1 #edh1 #eea4 ,kri%naism1 #dbg1 #dfd1 #dhd ff41 #edh4 ,kri%naites41 #ejc ff4 kr4ta1 #dai4 ,ks4apanakas1 #ddh4 ,ks4atriya1 #dai4 ,ks4em5dra1 #dgh4 ,kub]a1 #bea1 #cec1 #ceh1 #ddf4 kukkuja1 see cock4 ,kumara ,karttikej-a 7see ,sk&a71 #cef1 #dfc4 ,kumarila1 #dcf1 #dcg1 #egb4 ,kural1 #efg4 ,kurus1 #cb1 #agi4 ,kuruks4etra1 #cc1 #bfc1 #cgb ff4 ku%1 #edb4 ,laks4mi1 #dea1 #dib1 #eja1 #ejf4 ,lalita ,vi/>a1 #cdc4 ,lamai/n1 #cdc1 #eeg1 #efe4 ,lamp-fe/ival1 #def2 s]vice1 #eeg4 ,law-books1 religion (1 #bdg ff42 ,aryanism (1 #eda4 ,left-h& cult1 #dij1 #ejf1 #ecc4 lex talionis1 #eee4 lib]ality ( ?\ght1 #eef4 light1 z "r1 #dbb4 li4nga 7see phallus71 #ddg1 #dec1 #def1 #dfb1 #dge1 #dhh1 #ejb4 ,li4ngayits1 #dhb4 liquor1 #dia1 #eca4 lit]ature1 celebration (1 #dea4 ,logos1 ,vac1 #adb1 #aie1 #bea1 #dib1 #eeh4 ,lohitayani1 #dae4 lotus1 #daa1 #dea1 #dfb1 #ejb4 ,lotus ( ! ,law1 #cdc4 ,love1 #aed2 love-*>m1 #aee2 love z god1 #aef1 #daf1 #ddd1 #dde1 #ddf1 #dej1 #deb1 #dee1 #dga1 #edd4 lundi1 #ebh4 ,lup]calia1 #dee4 ,lurka ,koles1 #eca1 #ecd4 ,madhava ,acarya1 #dde4 ,madhvas1 #ejb1 #ejf1 #eji1 #ead4 ,madonna-wor%ip1 #dfi1 #ejc1 #eje1 #ejf1 #eeg4 ,magadha1 #dce4 ,magas1 ,magi1 #edd4 magic1 wit*craft1 #ace1 #acg1 #adi1 #aea ff41 #dgg1 #ebf4 ,mahadeva1 #dfd2 mahadevi1 #dij4 ,mahabharata1 see ,bharata4 ,maharajas1 #eje4 maharis1 #ecd4 mahatmaism1 #dhf1 #eej1 #efb4 ,mahavira1 #bhj ff4 ,mahev>as1 #dhb4 ,mahmud1 #dcf4 ,mahrattas1 #dcg4 ,maitreya1 ,maitrakanyaka1 #cdj1 #dgi4 mak>a1 #dej4 ,man1 #ejh1 wor%ipp]s (1 #dha4 ,manes 7see raddha71 #aj1 #aa1 #acb1 #adc ff41 #aee1 #agc1 #aij1 #bej1 #cfa1 #cfd1 #cfe1 #ddf1 #dej1 #deb1 #ebi1 #ecj1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #ecg4 ,man-lion1 #dec1 #dgj4 mantra1 #agd1 #cgd1 #ddj1 #dec1 #dia1 #ejh4 ,manu1 #cb1 #abh1 #adc1 #afi1 #cib2 code (1 #bfc ff41 #cia1 #cig1 #cii1 #dja2 v]se attribut$ to1 #dhg4 manvant>a1 #dci4 ,mara1 #cjd1 #cdf4 marjara nyaya1 #eja4 m>kat4a nyaya1 #eja4 m>riage-rites1 #bgj1 #dba1 #ecc4 m>riage-tree1 #eda4 ,m>uts1 #h1 #ef1 #ig ff4 ,ma!r1 ,cotton1 #efe4 matri>*y1 #dda1 #eda4 matt] 7see prakr4ti71 #djj4 ,maya1 see illusion4 ,may-day1 #dec4 meat-eat+ 7see ahi4msa71 #cfe1 #cfh4 m$ha1 #deb4 ,mega/h5es1 #a1 #deh ff4 ,m5&ros1 #ede4 m]ias1 #ebi4 metals1 #ce4 metempsy*osis1 #age1 #aii1 #bjd1 #bhf1 #cjb1 #cdg1 #cfd1 #dja1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #eei2 9 ! ,v$a1 #ade1 #dcb1 #ecj4 me?ods ( int]pretation1 #h1 #ab ff41 #bb1 #eea4 ,mihira1 see ,mi?ra4 ,mil9da1 #ede4 ,mima4msa1 #die4 miracles1 #dcj4 mission>ies1 #eff ff4 ,mitra 7see ,v>un4a71 #da1 #dd1 #eg1 #fj1 #ga1 #ach2 mitra1 mihira1 #dbc1 #edd4 ,mohamm$ans1 #dcf ff41 #dhb1 #eji1 #ebd1 #edf ff4 monks 7see ascetic1 bhiks4u1 ,sannyas971 #bhe1 #cbd2 mona/icism1 #ejb1 #eeg4 monkey 7see ,hanuman71 #ddh1 #deb1 #ejb1 #edg2 monkey-doctr9e1 #ejj4 monoli?1 wor%ip (1 #ech4 mono!ism1 #aa1 #ac1 #fg1 #gj1 #aci1 #agb1 #dac1 #dad1 #dbg1 #dcb1 #ddb1 #dha1 #dhc1 #eji1 #edg4 monsoon1 #ce4 moon 7see es*alology1 ,g&h>va1 ,soma71 #ahe1 #dgj1 #dhj1 #ebf1 #ecc4 morals 7see comm&m5ts1 s971 #ad1 #adc1 #ahj1 #bjc1 #cec1 #cge1 #dja1 #ddc1 #eec1 #egj4 "m-div9ities1 #dae1 #dib2 mo!rhoods1 #ecd4 m\nta9s1 div9e1 #acg1 #cei1 #daf1 #dfa1 #dfc1 #ebh1 #ecb1 #ecg4 m\se1 #ecb4 ,mozoomd>1 #eai4 muni1 #adh1 #ebj4 ,munroe1 ,major1 #eff4 murd]1 #agi1 #dge1 #ebg4 music1 #ddc4 ,mus4ikas1 #ecb4 my/icism 7see ,yoga71 #ejd4 ,nagas 7see dragon1 snake71 #ecf1 #eci4 ,nagarjuna1 #cdj1 #cdc4 ,nakhis1 #dhf4 "n ( ! ,"l1 call ^u1 #ejg4 names1 #bja4 ,nanak1 #ejb1 #eaa ff41 #edg4 ,na4ngi ,pan?is1 #ead4 ,n>a1 ,narayan4a1 #dab1 #ddh2 ,svami ,narayan4a1 #ejf1 #ead4 ,nature1 #cig4 naut*1 #ded4 ,neo-,platonism1 #eeh1 #efj4 ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival1 #ddi1 #def4 ,niadis1 #ecg4 nidanas1 *a9 ( causality1 #cbc4 ,night1 #dh1 #gf1 #gi4 ,nikaya1 #cbf4 ,nimbaditya1 #ejh4 ,nirgran?a1 #bhc4 ,nirmalas1 #eac4 ,nirvan4a1 #bhf1 #caj1 #cai1 #cba ff41 #ccf1 #cdf1 #cdg1 #dbf ff4 ,nis4ads1 #ddj4 non-duality1 see advaita4 ,notovit*1 #edf4 numb]s1 #dgh4 nuns1 #bij1 #caj1 #ccj1 #eeg4 nymphs1 9 heav51 #dag4 ,nysian1 #deh4 oa? 7see ordeals71 ( k+1 #bac2 may be brok51 #bee2 wat] 9 oa?1 #cfb2 o!r =ms ( oa?1 #ecc1 #ecd4 obs]vances1 #bdf4 oceans1 #cd4 (f]+s1 #ahc4 ,om1 #cie1 #dec4 ,om5s 7see magic71 #bef1 #cbh4 ophir1 #edc4 oracles1 #ecc1 #ecd4 ,oraons1 #ebf1 #eca1 #ece4 ordeals1 #c1 #bgj1 #bge1 #cfc4 ord]s1 politica71 prie/ly /adia1 #bfd1 #cec1 #cfe4 or?odoxy1 #ejg1 #efb4 pacceka1 #cje4 ,paharias1 #ecc4 pairs ( gods1 #hc1 #ajb1 #ach1 #dfb4 palm1 #edj4 palmi/ry 7sce om5s71 #bef4 ,pa4ncajanya fire1 #dbc4 ,pa4ncakala1 ,pa4ncakaj4nz1 #dac4 ,pa4ncamahakalpa1 #dac4 ,pa4ncatantra1 #eeh4 ,pa4nc>atra1 #dac1 #dbg1 #ddb1 #ddg1 #dib1 #dig4 ,pan4d4avas1 #dff1 #dfi4 ,pan4dura4nga1 #ejj4 pan!ism 7see ,kr4s4n4a1 ,rama1 ,vis4n4u71 #cg1 #dg1 #eg1 #ach1 #adj1 #bdh1 #cef1 #djg1 #dad1 #dhd ff41 #dih1 #edg4 ,p>adise1 see ,heav54 ,p>au ,rama1 #dfi4 p>5ts1 #cgj4 p>imata1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcb4 ,p>janya1 #ajj ff41 #cfi1 #cgh4 ,p>m5ides1 #eei4 p>rot1 #dde1 #dej4 ,parvati1 7goddess7 '( m\nta9s1' #daf4 ,paupati1 #dac1 #dfb1 #dfc4 ,paupata1 #ddg1 #dhb1 #eji4 ,pataliputta1 #caa4 ,pata4njali1 #die4 ,pa?1 holy1 #cje ff41 #dja1dbf4 peacock1 #dde1 #dej1 #ebh1 #ecf4 ,p]sian1 see ,d>ius1 ,iranian4 pessimism1 #cjf1 #cad1 #caf ff4 phallus 7see li4nga71 #aej1 #dad1 #ddc1 #dgj4 #dga1 #ebh1 #edd4 ,phansig>s1 #did4 ,philo1 #eee4 philosophy 7see ,sa4nkhya1 ,v$anta71 #ada1 #die4 ,pho5icia1 #edc4 picture-wor%ip1 #cgd1 #eeg4 pipal-tree1 see bo-tree4 ,piacas 7see devils71 #dae4 planets1 #cfg1 #dae1 #ede4 plants1 wor%ip ( 7see trees71 #edj2 plant-s\ls1 see metempsy*osis4 ,plato1 #b1 #eei4 ,plot9us1 #efa4 pocket-alt>s1 #dge4 pole-rite1 #cgh1 #ddc1 #ecd4 political divisions1 #bf1 #bg4 poly&ry1 #dfg1 #ece4 polygamy1 #ecc4 poly!ism1 #aa1 #ac1 #ebi1 #edg4 ,pongol1 #ddi1 #ebh4 pools1 #bed4 #cgj1 #cgb1 #djd1 #ddd1 #dgh4 pope1 #eeg4 ,porphyry1 #efa4 ,portuguese rule 9 ,india1 #eff4 ,prabha1 #deb4 ,pradyumna1 #dda1 #ddb4 ,prablada1 #cig4 ,prajapati1 #adb1 #ahb ff41 #aif ff41 #djd1 #dab1dge1 #dib1 #eed4 prakr4ti1 #cif1 #cig1 #cii1 #ejg4 prasada 7see grace7 #dbi4 prayaga1 #dce4 ,prem ,sag>1 #efg4 prie/1 #bh1 #bi1 #dj1 #agf1 #agi1 #cgj2 privileges (1 #bfc1edi2 epic prie/1 #ceb4 ,pr4ni1 #ig4 ,prome!us1 #ajg1 #afe4 ,punjab1 #cj1 #cc1 #cd4 ,puran4z1 #b1 #c1 #dbd1 #dcj1 #dcd ff41 #dgf1 #ejc4 ,puranic ,sankhya1 #die4 purity1 #adh1 #cfi4 purgatory1 #eeg4 ,purusa1 #adb1 #cig1 #ddg4 ,purvamimimamsa1 #die4 ,pus4an1 #e1 #da1 #dg1 #ej ff41 #hj1 #aja1 #dfc1 #dfd1 #dge4 ,pus4k>a1 #cgb4 ,pus4t4i1 #deb4 ,pulana1 #ddd4 putika1 #cfi4 ,py?agoras1 #bji1 #eei ff41 #ehj1 note #c4 quak]ism1 #efg4 quietism 7see ,yoga71 #efg4 ,radha1 ,radha ,vallabhis1 #dib1 #ejf4 ,rahu1 #cfg4 ra9-gods1 #ii1 #ebh4 rajas1 #ejg4 ,rajasuya1 #ddd1 #ddh1 #dgg4 ,raks4z 7see devils71 #dai4 ram1 #dde4 ,rama1 #cdi1 #cig1 #dih4 ,ramac&ra1 #ded1 #ejf4 ,ramaism1 #cae1 #cdi1 #dbg1 #dhe1 #ejj ff4 ,raman&1 #ejb1 #eaj1 #eac4 ,ramanuja1 #ddg1 #dhb1 #dif ff41 #eje1 #ejg4 ,ramayan4a1 #cdi ff4 ,ramc>itmanas1 #ejc4 ,rammohun ,roy1 #eae4 ,rasa 7,volga1 #bf71 #cj1 #afi4 ,ras ,dasas1 #ejb4 ,ras ,yatra1 #def1 #eje4 ,ra? ,yatra1 #def4 ,rail1 #deb4 ,raudras1#ddg4 ,ravana1 #dgj4 r$emption1 doctr9e (1 #efi4 re=mation ( sects1 #ejh1 #ebb4 relics1 #eef4 remnant-wor%ip1 #aea1 #aeg4 ,r5aissance1 #b1 #dce4 r5unciation 7see ,yogi1 ,sannyasi71 #cid4 responsability1 moral1 #chj4 ,ribhus 7,r4bhavas71 #ic1 #abc1 #afi1 #chb4 ,"r 7see ,dh>ma71 #bdi1 #dbb1 #ddb1 #eed4 ,"r-h& cult1 #dij4 ,rig ,v$a 7r4g71 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aj ff41 #bb1 #bi1 #cg ff41 #dd2 9 epic1 #cfj1 #dai4 ,ri%is 7,r4s4is71 see ,se]s4 ritual1 #ab ff41 #af ff41 #ajf1 #abd1 #age4 ritualism1 #efh4 riv]s1 div9e1 #cj ff41 #cb1 #ii1 #ach1 #ebh4 #ecg4 ,romans1 #f1 #eef4 ros>y1 #cgd1 #dac1 #dgh4 #ejb1 #eeg4 rosy1 #dic4 ,rudra 7see at>udriya1 iva71 #ej1 #ed1 #ig1 #ii1 #cgi1 #chh1 #djf2 ,rudra-iva1 #deh ff42 ,rudrajapas1 #dfc4 rudraks4a1 #ejb4 sacram5ts1 =ty1 #bee4 sacrifice1 #dg1 #fj1 #adi1 #agg ff41 #ahh1 #aif1 #aih1 #baa1 #bbe1 #bdf1 #cfc1 #cfi1 #cge1 #djf1 #dac1 #dbj1 #dbc1 #dej1 #dfb1 #dga1 #dij ff41 #ebf1 #ebh1 #ebi1 #ecd1 #ega4 ,sadhus1 #ead4 aivas 7see ivaites71 #dac4 aka era1 #dcf4 ,sakhi bhavas1 #dib4 aktas1 #dac1 #dhi1 #ecc4 akti1 #dhi1 #dij1 #ecg1 #eec4 akuntala1 #dch4 akya1 #cjj1 #cjb4 alagrama1 holy /one1 #ddg1 #ejb1 #edj4 sallo kallo1 #eca4 ,samajas1 #eaf ff41 #cfi1 #egj4 ,sama ,v$a1 #agf1 #chi1 #cif1 #dai4 ,samana1 #cjb1 #cdd4 ambhu1 #dhg4 ami ami-plant1 #edj4 sa4mv>taka fire1 #dba4 sa4msara4 #age1 #aii1 #bca1 #bec1 #chj1 #dbe4 sa4mskr4ta1 #cif4 sa4mvat1 #dcf4 ,sanatkumara1 #dff4 an4d4ila1 #bba1 #dig1 #eji2 sutras1 #ejc4 ,s&rocottos1 #dce4 ,sa4ngha1 #cbd1 #cda4 an4k>a1 #bhi1 #dcg1 #dde2 vijaya1 #dhj2 #dhb1 #die1 #eje1 #ejf4 ,sa4nkhya1 #cbc1 #cfe1 #cia ff41 #cif1 #cii1 #djj1 #djb1 #dfj1 #dhb1 #dhd1 #dhi1 #die1 #eji1 #edg1 #efj4 ,sannyasin1 #beh1 #bha1 #ejh4 ,s>an4yu1 #ha1 #ach4 ,s>ama1 ,sarameya1 #aca1 #acb1 #ach4 ,s>asvati1 #ca ff41 #adi1 #dea1 #dib4 arirakamima4msa1 #die4 arva1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #edh4 ,s>vad>an4asangraha1 #dhj4 at>udriya1 #dac1 #dgj4 ,sat nam1 #eab4 sattra1 #cga1 #dbj4 sattva1 #ejg4 ,saturnalia1 #dee4 ,saubhagas5a1 #ede4 ,saugatas1 #ddh1 #efg4 ,sauras1 #dac1dbc1 #ejh4 ,savaras1 ,sauras1 #ece4 ,savit> 7see ,sun71 #da ff41 #df ff4 ,savitri1 #df1 #dff1 #dib4 ,sayan4a1 #dhj4 ,s*op5hau]1 #efa4 sects1 #dde4 ,se]s1 #cfh4 ,semiramis1 #edc4 ,semites1 #ega4 ,s51 #eah4 sesamum1 #deb1 #ejb4 esa1 #ddf1 #dfe4 sev51 #ah1 #bf1 #cb1 #di1 #fd1 #ih1 #afb1 #ecc4 ,seypoys1 #eff4 sex1 #dc1 #ei1 #ahc1 #dij4 ,siddhas1 #cfg1 #cig1 #dhb4 ,sikhs 7,s+hs1 ,si4mhas71 #h1 #ejb1 #eaj-eac4 s9 7see comm&m5ts1 v[s71 #db1 #dg1 #ea1 #fj1 #fe1 #cbi1 #cgf1 #cib1 #ecj1 #eed2 v5ial1 #bed2 s9 & sacrifice1 #ebf4 si4nga-tree1 #ecc4 iupala1 #deg4 ,sitt>s1 #cae1 #cfg1 #dhb1 #dhh1 #efg1 #egj4 iva1 #be1 #ej1 #ii1 #aab1 #aej1 #agh1 #bea1 #ccb1 #ced1 #cfe1 #cgd1 #chh ff41 #cig1 #djd1 #djf1 #dab ff4 #dhg1 #ecb-ecd4 ivaism 7see aivas71 #cdh1 #chi1 #djg1 #dac1 #dbc1 #dbg1 #ddf1 #dea1 #dec1 #dff1 #dhj1 #dhd1 #dhh1 #dif1 #edh2 sacrifice (1 #cga1 #dec1 #dei1 #dfb1 #dib4 ivaites1 #dha ff41 #dhc4 ,sk&a 7,karttikeya71 #ced1 #daj1 #dad1 #dde1 #dff4 slaves1 #bi1 #dbe1 #dgg1 #edh1 #edi4 small-pox god1 #deb1 #ebh4 ,smartas1 #dhb1 #ejg4 ,smr4ti1 #ddj4 snake 7see dragon1 ,naga71 #bj1 #id1 #aed1 #afd1 #ahf1 #cdd1 #cfa1 #cgf1 #cig1 #dai1 #ddf1 #dfi1 #ebg1 #ecc1 #ecf1 #eci1 #edg4 sociological data1 #bg1 #fj1 #ebd ff4 sol> mylhs1 #aa4 ,soma1 #ad1 #af1 #db1 #ej1 #aab ff41 #ahe1 #ced1 #cfi1 #cgh1 #dgg1 #dia1 #eca1 #edj1 #ega4 ,soman&a1 #dhb4 son1 importance (1 #adh1 #cfc4 sophi/ry1 #chc4 sorc]y1 see magic4 s\l 7see atma1 jiva71 #ecj4 s\rces1 #c4 _s 7see atma71 #djj1 #ddb4 spr+1 god (1 #ebh4 spr+-fe/ival1 #ddi1 #deb1 #def4 raddha 7see ,manes71 #dea1 #dec1 #dee4 raman4a1 #bha1 #bib1 #cjb4 ravaka1 #cjc4 ri1 #dch1 #dda1 #dea1 #dib4 riran4ga1 #def4 ruti1 #bde ff41 #cgc1 #cgh4 />-s\ls1 #bjd1 #cff1 #ddf4 />-wor%ipp]s1 #dhj1 #ebf1 #ecc4 ,/oics1 #eeh1 #efc4 /one1 wor%ip ( 7see alagrama71 #ebf1 #ecc1 #ech2 m>riage-/one1 #bga1 #ece4 /raw 7victim71 #ebf4 /upas1 #eef4 ,subrahman4ya1 #dff udra 7see slave71 #dai2 ,sudroi1 #edh4 suicide1 #cgh4 ,sukh>as1 #dhg4 ulvasutra1 #efj4 ,sun1 #ag1 #ci1 #dj ff41 #dg1 #ea1 #ef1 #eg1 #hb1 #afd1 #bje1 #ced1 #cgg1 #dja1 #djb1 #ddf1 #ddi1 #deb1 #dfj1 #dib1 #ejh1 #eji1 #ebf1 #ebh1 #ecj1 #ecb1 #ecd1 #edc ff4 ,sunday1 #deb4 ,sun?als1 #ecb4 unyavads1 #ddh4 sura1 #abg4 ,surya 7see ,sun71 #ea1 #hb1 #ddi1 #dib4 ,sutta1 #cbf4 suttee1 #afe1 #bgd1 #cfi1 #dda4 ,sutras1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #agd4 #bde ff4 ,svami1 see ,narayan4a4 sva/ivacanam1 #cga4 vetamb>as1 #bhd ff41 #dhj4 sw+1 see ,dola4 tabu1 #bea1 #ece4 tamas 7see d>kness71 #ejg4 ,tam]lane1 #dcf4 ,tamil1 poetry1 #cae2 religion1 #ebd4 tan1 #ejh4 ,tantras1 #b1 #dci1 #dgf1 #dia tapas 7see asceticism71 #ebj4 ,t>i1 #ebh1 #ecj4 ,ta?agata1 #cjc4 temples1 #dbh1 #ddd1 #ddg1 #deb1 #def1 #dga1 #ebf1 #eeg2 snake-temple1 #eci4 ,t5-galais1 #eja4 t4haks1 #ece4 ,t4hakuran4i1 #ece4 ,?ales1 #eei4 !ft 7see comm&m5ts1 morals71 #ebg1 #eed4 !osophy1 #dj1 #aab1 #chd4 ?ieves1 god (4 #eed4 ,?omas1 *ur* (1 #dgi4 ?ree1 #db1 #di1 #aaj1 #afd4 ,"t1 see fate4 ,?ugs1 #dib ff41 #ebh1 #ece4 ?und]-wor%ip1 #ecf4 tig]1 #ecc4 tillais1 #did4 tir?a1 see pools4 ,tiru-valluv>1 #efg4 ,todas1 #ebf1 #ecg4 tonsure1 #eeg4 tortoise 7see avat>71 #ecf4 totem1 totemism1 #afc1 #dcj1 #dde1 #dfd1 #dfh1 #ecb1 #ecd1 #ecg1 #eeg4 traga1 #dgi4 traipurus4a1 #dfd4 transmigration1 see metempsy*osis4 transub/antiation1 #eeg4 trees1 wor%ip (1 #ce1 #aed1 #dgj1 #ebh1 #ecc1 #edj2 tree ( creation1 #edj1 #edb4 treta1 #dbj4 triad1 #db1 #df1 #ahc1 #cgg1 #djd1 #dfj4 tribes1 #bf ff4 ,tridan4d4is1 #dhb4 trimurti 7see tr9ity71 #ddg1 #dfd4 tr9ity 7see triad1 trimurti1 traipurus4a71 #eg1 #aje1 #bcg1 #chg1 #djd1 #daj1 #daa1 #dab1 #dcb1 #dci1 #ejg1 #eaf1 #ede2 f\r memb]s1 #dde2 pray] to1 #ddg2 hi/ory (1 #deg ff42 female1 #dib1 #dii4 ,tripit4aka1 #cbf1 #cdg4 ,tripujas1 #dhj4 ,trita1 #aa1 #de1 #ajd1 #dca4 ,troy1 /ory (1 #edg4 tru?1 #bjc1 #cfi1 #cha1 #ebg1 #ecc1 #eec4 ,tukaram1 #ebd4 tulasi1 #def1 #ejb1 #edj4 ,tulasidasa1 #ejc4 ,turanian1 #ae1 #dce4 ,tus4t4i1 #deb4 tutel>y gods1 #ecj4 ,udasis1 #eac4 ,ugras1 #ddg4 ,ukh>as1 #dhg4 ,uma1 #daf1 #dfj1 #dij1 #dib4 ,unit>ians1 #dac1 #dhe1 #edg4 ,upa4ngas1 #ddj4 ,upanis4ads1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #bd1 #aha1 #baf ff41 #chi1 #cii1 #dje1 #dcd1 #ddg1 #eah4 ,upapuran4z1 #ddj4 upasaka1 #caj4 ,up5dra1 #dji4 ,urdhvabahus1 #dhf4 ,uanas1 see ,br4haspati4 ,u%as 7,us4z71 ,dawn1 #i1 #aj1 #ai1 #gc ff4 ,utt>amima4msa1#die4 ,vac1 see ,logos4 ,vada-galais1 #eja4 ,vaikhanasas1 #ddg4 ,vairag9s1 #ejh4 ,vaies4ika1 #ejc4 ,vais4n4ava1 #cga1 #dac4 ,vaivan>a 7see ,agni71 #ejg4 ,vaiya1 #dai1 #dhg1 #ebe4 ,vala1 #bj4 ,valabhi era1 #dcf1 #egb4 ,val5t9e1 sa9t1 #dea4 ,vallabhas1 #ejd-ejh4 ,valmiki1 #ejc4 ,v>ahamihira1 #dch4 ,v>un4a1 #ah1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #dg1 #eh1 #fa ff41 #ach1 #agj1 #aif1 #cec1 #ced1 #cig1 #ddh1 #eci1 #eed2 z ! moon1 #ega4 vasanta1 see spr+ fe/ival4 ,va/os4pati1 #ecj4 vassallus1 vassus1 #ecj4 vasso1 #bib4 ,vasuki1 #cig4 ,vata1 ,vayu1 see ,w9d-god4 ,v$a1 #ab1 #ae ff41 #adb1 #agd1 #ahh1 #bbb1 #bef1 #cgd1 #dja1 #dbj1 #dbe1 #eaj4 ,v$anta1 #adc1 #bbh1 #bfd1 #cfe1 #cif1 #cih ff41 #daf1 #dfj1 #dhd1 #die ff42 sutra1 #dcg4 ',vehicles1' #cdj4 v]milion1 #ecb4 ,ve/a1 #ecj4 ,vetala1 #ecg4 ,vidyadh>as1 #cfg4 ,vighnea1 #dhh4 vihara1 #dce4 ,vikramaditya1 #dcf4 village-tree1 #edj4 ,v9aya1 #cbf4 ,virabhadra1 #dfg4 ,viraj1 #ejg4 ,virg9-wor%ip1 #eeg4 virtue 7see comm&m5ts1 dh>ma1 morals71 ideals (1 #eee4 viz1 #bg1 #aid4 ,viakha1 #dff4 ,vi%nu 7,vis4n4u71 #da1 #eb1 #ef1 #aab1 #add1 #agh1 #bea1 #ccb1 #ced1 #cfe1 #chh ff41 #dab ff41 #dea ff42 fea/ (1 #def2 #dfj1 #dhg1 #dib1 #dih1 #ejh1 #ecd4 ,vi%nuism1 #adc1 #cdh1 #chi1 #dac1 #ddf1 #dfd1 #dhj1 #did ff4 ,vi%nu's law-book1 #dda4 ,vivamitra1 #bg4 ,vit4ht4hala1 #ejj1 #ejh1 #ead1 #ebb4 ,vivasvant1 #ha1 #abh ff41 #adf1 #cib4 void1 see unya4 ,volga1 see ,rasa4 v[s1 #bic1 #cag1 #cgh4 ,vr4s4abha1 #dhb4 ,vratya-hymns1 #agi4 ,vritra 7,vr4tra71 #bj1 #abj1 #ahe1 #ceg1 #cfi4 ,vyasa1 #dhh1 #die4 w>riors1 #bh1 #bi1 #dai4 wat] 7orig9 ( all ?+s71 #dh1 #ajg1 #ada1 #ccj1 #cfb1 #cgh4 wat]s1 #ii4 wat]-pot1 #dec4 wat]-wor%ipp]s1 #dhj4 weal? 7see ,bhaga71 #ebh4 ,:ite ,isl&1 #dac1 #dbf ff31 #dca1 #ede4 wife1 see woman4 wild-tribes1 #dga1 #dij1 #dic1 #ecd ff41 #efi4 w9d-god1 #hg ff41 #abc1 #afe1 #ced1 #dfj2 wor%ipp]s1 #dhj4 wit*craft1 see magic4 witness 7see oa?71 #bej4 wom5 7au?ors ( ,rig ,v$a71 #bg2 burn$1 see suttee2 z nuns1 #bia1 #caj2 religion (1 #cgj2 use mantra1 #ddj1 #dej1 #dec2 price ( wife1 #bgj1 #ece4 wood1 see trees4 wood-goddess1 #ach1 #ecj4 worlds1 numb] (1 #djb4 writ+1 #d1 #g1 #cca1 #edd4 #eie4 ,yajur ,v$a1 #bd1 #agf ff41 #dai4 ,yaks4z1 #dae4 ,yama 7see ,citragupta1 ,hell71 #af1 #de1 #di1 #abh ff41 #add1 #adf1 #cec1 #cfe1 #cgh;ff41 #cig1 #dea1 #dhj1 #edj4 ,yima1 #aa1 #af1abh ff4 ,yoga1 yog9 or yogi1 #bfb1 #bha1 #cjd1 #cea1 #cia ff41 #cii1 #djb1 #dgj1 #dhf1 #die1 #eej4 yoni1 vulva1 #dge1dij4 yuga1 see ages4 ,z>a?u/ra1 ,zoroa/] 7see ,iranian71 #aj1 #gb1 #ebd4 ,zeus1 #i1 #ff4 ,zieg5balg4 #efe4 ,zolatry1 #edg4