,,! ,,*emical ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,c&le ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,a ,,juv5ile ,,audi5ce ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution ,,by ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,a ,,new ,,impression1 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,*atto ,,w9dus #aijh ,,preface ,f ! primitive p9e-tor* to ! p>aff9 c&le1 h[ wide an int]val6 betwe5 !m h[ va/ a contra/6 ,! means adopt$ by man to illum9ate 8 home at night1 /amp at once 8 position 9 ! scale ( civilisation4 ,! fluid bitum5 ( ! f> ,ea/1 blaz+ 9 rude vessels ( bak$ e>?2 ! ,etruscan lamp1 exquisite 9 =m1 yet ill adapt$ to its (fice2 ! :ale1 seal1 or be> fat1 fill+ ! hut ( ! ,esquimaux or ,lap ) od\r r ?an light2 ! huge wax c&le on ! glitt]+ alt>1 ! range ( gas lamps 9 our /reets1--all h _! /ories to tell4 ,all1 if !y c\ld speak 7&1 aft] _! own mann]1 !y c71 might w>m our he>ts 9 tell+1 h[ !y h m9i/]$ to man's com=t1 love ( home1 toil1 & devotion4 ,surely1 among ! millions ( fire-wor%ipp]s & fire-us]s :o h pass$ away 9 e>li] ages1 "s h pond]$ ov] ! my/]y ( fire2 p]haps "s cle> m9ds h guess$ %rewdly ne> ! tru?4 ,?9k ( ! "t man has liv$ 9 hopeless ignorance3 ?9k t only dur+ a p]iod :i* might be spann$ by ! life ( "o man1 has ! tru? be5 kn[n4 ,atom by atom1 l9k by l9k1 has ! reason+ *a9 be5 =g$4 ,"s l9ks1 too quickly & too slightly made1 h giv5 way1 & be5 replac$ by bett] "w2 b n[ ! great ph5om5a are kn[n--! outl9e is correctly & firmly drawn--cunn+ arti/s are fill+ 9 ! re/1 & ! *ild :o ma/]s ^! ,lectures kn[s m ( fire ?an ,ari/otle did4 ,! c&le itself is n[ made to light up ! d>k places ( nature2 ! bl[pipe & ! prism are add+ to our k ( ! e>?'s cru/2 b ! tor* mu/ come fir/4 ,among ! read]s ( ?is book "s few may devote !mselves to increas+ ! /ores ( k3 ! ,lamp ( ,sci5ce mu/ burn4 8,al]e flammam40 ,w4 ,,crookes4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,a ,,c&le3 ,,! ,,flame--,,its ,,s\rces--,,/ructure--,,mobility--,,brig htness ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,brightness ,,( ,,! ,,flame--,,air ,,necess>y ,,= ,,combu/ion--,,production ,,( ,,wat] ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,products3 ,,wat] ,,f ,,! ,,combu/ion--,,nature ,,( ,,wat]--,a ,,comp\nd--,,hydrog5 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,hydrog5 ,,9 ,,! ,,c&le--,,burns ,,into ,,wat]--,,! ,,o!r ,,"p ,,( ,,wat]--,,oxyg5 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,oxyg5 ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,! ,,air--,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e--,,its ,,prop]ties--,,o!r ,,products ,,f ,,! ,,c&le--,,c>bonic ,,acid--,,its ,,prop]ties ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,c>bon ,,or ,,*>coal--,,coal-,,gas--,,respiration ,,& ,,its ,,analogy ,,to ,,! ,,burn+ ,,op ,a ,,c&le--,,conclusion ,,lecture ,,on ,,plat9um4 ,,notes4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,c&le ,,lecture ,i4 ,a ,,c&le3 ,,! ,,flame--,,its ,,s\rces--,,/ructure--,,mobility--,,brig htness4 ,i purpose1 9 return = ! hon\r y d u by com+ to see :at are our proce$+s "h1 to br+ be=e y1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures1 ! ,*emical ,hi/ory ( a ,c&le4 ,i h tak5 ?is subject on a =m] occasion2 & 7 x left to my own w1 ,i %\ld pref] to repeat x almo/ e ye>--s abundant is ! int]e/ t atta*es itself to ! subject1 s wond]ful are ! v>ieties ( outlet :i* x (f]s into ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( philosophy4 ,!re is n a law "u :i* any "p ( ?is univ]se is gov]n$ :i* does n come into play1 & is t\*$ ^u 9 ^! ph5om5a4 ,!re is no bett]1 !re is no m op5 door by :i* y c ent] into ! /udy ( natural philosophy1 ?an by consid]+ ! physical ph5om5a ( a c&le4 ,i tru/1 !re=e1 ,i %all n disappo9t y 9 *oos+ ?is = my subject r ?an any new] topic1 :i* c\ld n be bett]1 7 x ev5 s good4 ,& be=e proce$+1 let me say ?is also--t ?\gh our subject be s great1 & our int5tion t ( treat+ x hone/ly1 s]i\sly1 & philosophically1 yet ,i mean to pass away f all ^? :o are s5iors among/ u4 ,i claim ! privilege ( speak+ to juv5iles z a juv5ile myself4 ,i h done s on =m] occasions--&1 if y please1 ,i %all d s aga94 ,& ?\gh ,i /& "h ) ! k ( hav+ ! words ,i utt] giv5 to ! _w1 yet t %all n det] me f speak+ 9 ! same famili> way to ^? :om ,i e/eem ne>e/ to me on ?is occasion4 ,& n[1 my boys & girls1 ,i mu/ fir/ tell y ( :at c&les are made4 ,"s are great curiosities4 ,i h "h "s bits ( timb]1 bran*es ( trees p>ticul>ly fam\s = _! burn+4 ,& "h y see a piece ( t v curi\s sub/ance tak5 out ( "s ( ! bogs 9 ,irel&1 call$ c&le-wood1--a h>d1 /rong1 excell5t wood1 evid5tly fitt$ = good "w z a resi/] ( =ce1 & yet )al burn+ s well t :]e x is f\nd !y make spl9t]s ( x1 & tor*es1 s9ce x burns l a c&le1 & gives a v good light inde$4 ,& 9 ?is wood we h "o ( ! mo/ beautiful illu/rations ( ! g5]al nature ( a c&le t ,i c possibly give4 ,! fuel provid$1 ! means ( br++ t fuel to ! place ( *emical action1 ! regul> & gradual supply ( air to t place ( action--heat & light--all produc$ by a little piece ( wood ( ?is k9d1 =m+1 9 fact1 a natural c&le4 ,b we mu/ speak ( c&les z !y are 9 comm]ce4 ,"h are a c\ple ( c&les commonly call$ dips4 ,!y are made ( l5g?s ( cotton cut (f1 hung up by a loop1 dipp$ into melt$ tall[1 tak5 out aga9 & cool$1 !n re-dipp$ until !re is an accumulation ( tall[ r\nd ! cotton4 ,9 ord] t y may h an idea ( ! v>i\s *>act]s ( ^! c&les1 y see ^! :i* ,i hold 9 my h&--!y are v small1 & v curi\s4 ,!y are1 or 71 ! c&les us$ by ! m9]s 9 coal m9es4 ,9 old5 times ! m9] _h to f9d 8 own c&les2 & x 0 suppos$ t a small c&le w\ld n s soon set fire to ! fire-damp 9 ! coal m9es z a l>ge "o2 & = t reason1 z well z = economy's sake1 he _h c&les made ( ?is sort--#bj1 #cj1 #dj1 or #fj to ! p\nd4 ,!y h be5 replac$ s9ce !n by ! /eel-mill1 & !n by ! ,davy-lamp1 & o!r safety-lamps ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,i h "h a c&le t 0 tak5 out ( ! ,royal ,george#a1 x is said1 by ,colonel ,pasley4 ,x has be5 sunk 9 ! sea = _m ye>s1 subject to ! action ( salt wat]4 ,x %ews y h[ well c&les may be pres]v$2 = ?\gh x is crack$ ab\t & brok5 a good deal1 yet1 :5 light$1 x goes on burn+ regul>ly1 & ! tall[ resumes its natural condition z soon z x is fus$4 ,mr4 ,field1 ( ,lambe?1 has suppli$ me abundantly ) beautiful illu/rations ( ! c&le & its mat]ials4 ,i %all !re=e n[ ref] to !m4 ,&1 fir/1 !re is ! suet--! fat ( ! ox--,russian tall[1 ,i believe1 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ^! dips1 :i* ,gay ,lussac1 or "s "o :o entru/$ him ) 8 k1 conv]t$ into t beautiful sub/ance1 /e>91 :i* y see ly+ beside x4 ,a c&le1 y "k1 is n n[ a greasy ?+ l an ord9>y tall[ c&le1 b a clean ?+1 & y may almo/ scrape (f & pulv]ise ! drops :i* fall f x )\t soil+ any?+4 ,?is is ! process he adopt$#b3--,! fat or tall[ is fir/ boil$ ) quick-lime1 & made into a soap1 & !n ! soap is decompos$ by sulphuric acid1 :i* takes away ! lime1 & leaves ! fat re-arrang$ z /e>ic acid1 :il/ a quantity ( glyc]9 is produc$ at ! same "t4 ,glyc]9--absolutely a sug>1 or a sub/ance simil> to sug>--comes out ( ! tall[ 9 ?is *emical *ange4 ,! oil is !n press$ out ( x2 & y see "h ?is s]ies ( press$ cakes1 %ew+ h[ beautifully ! impurities are c>ri$ out by ! oily "p z ! pressure goes on increas+1 & at la/ y h left t sub/ance :i* is melt$1 & ca/ into c&les z "h repres5t$4 ,! c&le ,i h 9 my h& is a /e>9 c&le1 made ( /e>9 f tall[ 9 ! way ,i h told y4 ,!n "h is a sp]m c&le1 :i* comes f ! purifi$ oil ( ! sp]maceti :ale4 ,"h also are yell[ bees-wax & ref9$ bees-wax1 f :i* c&les are made4 ,"h1 too1 is t curi\s sub/ance call$ p>aff91 & "s p>aff9 c&les made ( p>aff9 obta9$ f ! bogs ( ,irel&4 ,i h "h also a sub/ance br\ght f ,japan1 s9ce we h =c$ an entrance into t out-(-!-way place--a sort ( wax :i* a k9d fri5d has s5t me1 & :i* =ms a new mat]ial = ! manufacture ( c&les4 ,& h[ are ^! c&les made8 ,i h told y ab\t dips1 & ,i w %ew y h[ m\lds are made4 ,let u imag9e any ( ^! c&les to be made ( mat]ials :i* c be ca/4 8,ca/60 y say4 8,:y1 a c&le is a ?+ t melts2 & surely if y c melt x1 y c ca/ x40 ,n s4 ,x is wond]ful1 9 ! progress ( manufacture1 & 9 ! consid]ation ( ! means be/ fitt$ to produce ! requir$ result1 h[ ?+s turn up :i* "o w\ld n expect be=eh&4 ,c&les _c always be ca/4 ,a wax c&le c nev] be ca/4 ,x is made by a p>ticul> process1 :i* ,i c illu/rate 9 a m9ute or two3 b ,i mu/ n sp5d mu* "t on x4 ,wax is a ?+ :i*1 burn+ s well1 & melt+ s easily 9 a c&le1 _c be ca/4 ,h[ev]1 let u take a mat]ial t c be ca/4 ,"h is a frame1 ) a numb] ( m\lds fa/5$ 9 x4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to put a wick ?r\gh !m4 ,"h is "o--a plait$ wick1 :i* does n require snuff+#c--support$ by a little wire4 ,x goes to ! bottom1 :]e x is pegg$ 9--! little peg hold+ ! cotton tight1 & /opp+ ! ap]ture1 s t no?+ fluid %all run out4 ,at ! upp] "p !re is a little b> plac$ across1 :i* /ret*es ! cotton & holds x 9 ! m\ld4 ,! tall[ is !n melt$1 & ! m\lds are fill$4 ,aft] a c]ta9 "t1 :5 ! m\lds are cool1 ! excess ( tall[ is p\r$ (f at "o corn]1 & !n clean$ (f altoge!r1 & ! ends ( ! wick cut away4 ,! c&les alone !n rema9 9 ! m\ld1 & y h only to upset !m1 z ,i am do+1 :5 out !y tumble1 = ! c&les are made 9 ! =m ( cones1 be+ n>r[] at ! top ?an at ! bottom2 s t :at ) _! =m & _! own %r9k+1 !y only ne$ a little %ak+1 & out !y fall4 ,9 ! same way are made ^! c&les ( /e>9 & ( p>aff94 ,x is a curi\s ?+ to see h[ wax c&les are made4 ,a lot ( cottons are hung ^u frames1 z y see "h1 & cov]$ ) metal tags at ! ends to keep ! wax f cov]+ ! cotton 9 ^? places4 ,^! are c>ri$ to a heat]1 :]e ! wax is melt$4 ,z y see1 ! frames c turn r\nd2 & z !y turn1 a man takes a vessel ( wax & p\rs x fir/ d[n "o1 & !n ! next & ! next1 & s on4 ,:5 he has gone once r\nd1 if x is suffici5tly cool1 he gives ! fir/ a second coat1 & s on until !y are all ( ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,:5 !y h be5 ?us clo!d1 or f$1 or made up to t ?ickness1 !y are tak5 (f1 & plac$ else:]e4 ,i h "h1 by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,field1 sev]al specim5s ( ^! c&les4 ,"h is "o only half-f9i%$4 ,!y are !n tak5 d[n1 & well roll$ ^u a f9e /one slab1 & ! conical top is m\ld$ by prop]ly %ap$ tubes1 & ! bottoms cut (f & trimm$4 ,?is is done s beautifully t !y c make c&les 9 ?is way weigh+ exactly f\r1 or six1 to ! p\nd1 or any numb] !y please4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 take up m "t ab\t ! m]e manufacture1 b g a little fur!r into ! matt]4 ,i h n yet ref]r$ y to luxuries 9 c&les 7= !re is su* a ?+ z luxury 9 c&les74 ,see h[ beautifully ^! are col\r$3 y see "h mauve1 mag5ta1 & all ! *emical col\rs rec5tly introduc$1 appli$ to c&les4 ,y obs]ve1 also1 diff]5t =ms employ$4 ,"h is a flut$ pill> mo/ beautifully %ap$2 & ,i h also "h "s c&les s5t me by ,mr4 ,pe>sall1 :i* are ornam5t$ ) designs ^u !m1 s t z !y burn y h z x 7 a gl[+ sun above1 & a b\quet ( fl[]s b5ea?4 ,all1 h[ev]1 t is f9e & beautiful is n useful4 ,^! flut$ c&les1 pretty z !y are1 are bad c&les2 !y are bad because ( _! ext]nal %ape4 ,nev]!less1 ,i %ew y ^! specim5s s5t to me f k9d fri5ds on all sides1 t y may see :at is done1 & :at may be done 9 ?is or t direction2 al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 :5 we come to ^! ref9em5ts1 we are oblig$ to sacrifice a little 9 utility4 ,n[1 z to ! light ( ! c&le4 ,we w light "o or two1 & set !m at "w 9 ! p]=mance ( _! prop] functions4 ,y obs]ve a c&le is a v diff]5t ?+ f a lamp4 ,) a lamp y take a little oil1 fill y\r vessel1 put 9 a little moss or "s cotton prep>$ by artificial means1 & !n light ! top ( ! wick4 ,:5 ! flame runs d[n ! cotton to ! oil1 x gets ext+ui%$1 b x goes on burn+ 9 ! "p above4 ,n[1 ,i h no d\bt y w ask1 h[ is x t ! oil1 :i* w n burn ( itself1 gets up to ! top ( ! cotton1 :]e x w burn8 ,we %all pres5tly exam9e t2 b !re is a mu* m wond]ful ?+ ab\t ! burn+ ( a c&le ?an ?is4 ,y h "h a solid sub/ance ) no vessel to conta9 x2 & h[ is x t ?is solid sub/ance c get up to ! place :]e ! flame is8 ,h[ is x t ?is solid gets !re1 x n be+ a fluid8 or1 :5 x is made a fluid1 !n h[ is x t x keeps toge!r8 ,?is is a wond]ful ?+ ab\t a c&le4 ,we h "h a good deal ( w9d1 :i* w help u 9 "s ( our illu/rations1 b tease u 9 o!rs2 = ! sake1 !re=e1 ( a little regul>ity1 & to simplify ! matt]1 ,i %all make a quiet flame--= :o c /udy a subject :5 !re are difficulties 9 ! way n belong+ to x8 ,"h is a clev] inv5tion ( "s co/]mong] or /reet /&] 9 ! m>ket-place = ! %ad+ ( _! c&les on ,saturday nights1 :5 !y are sell+ _! gre5s1 or potatoes1 or fi%4 ,i h v (t5 admir$ x4 ,!y put a lamp-glass r\nd ! c&le1 support$ on a k9d ( gall]y1 :i* clasps x1 & x c be slipp$ up & d[n z requir$4 ,by ! use ( ?is lamp-glass1 employ$ 9 ! same way1 y h a /eady flame1 :i* y c look at1 & c>efully exam9e1 z ,i hope y w d1 at home4 ,y see1 !n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t a beautiful cup is =m$4 ,z ! air comes to ! c&le x moves upw>ds by ! =ce ( ! curr5t :i* ! heat ( ! c&le produces1 & x s cools all ! sides ( ! wax1 tall[1 or fuel1 z to keep ! edge mu* cool] ?an ! "p )92 ! "p )9 melts by ! flame t runs d[n ! wick z f> z x c g be=e x is ext+ui%$1 b ! "p on ! outside does n melt4 ,if ,i made a curr5t 9 "o direction1 my cup w\ld be lop-sid$1 & ! fluid w\ld consequ5tly run ov]1--= ! same =ce ( gravity :i* holds worlds toge!r holds ?is fluid 9 a horizontal position1 & if ! cup be n horizontal1 ( c\rse ! fluid w run away 9 gutt]+4 ,y see1 !re=e1 t ! cup is =m$ by ?is beautifully regul> asc5d+ curr5t ( air play+ ^u all sides1 :i* keeps ! ext]ior ( ! c&le cool4 ,no fuel w\ld s]ve = a c&le :i* has n ! prop]ty ( giv+ ?is cup1 except su* fuel z ! ,iri% bogwood1 :]e ! mat]ial itself is l a sponge1 & holds its own fuel4 ,y see n[ :y y w\ld h _h su* a bad result if y 7 to burn ^! beautiful c&les t ,i h %ewn y1 :i* are irregul>1 int]mitt5t 9 _! %ape1 & _c !re=e h t nicely-=m$ edge to ! cup :i* is ! great beauty 9 a c&le4 ,i hope y w n[ see t ! p]fection ( a process--t is1 its utility--is ! bett] po9t ( beauty ab\t x4 ,x is n ! be/ look+ ?+1 b ! be/ act+ ?+1 :i* is ! mo/ advantage\s to u4 ,?is good-look+ c&le is a bad burn+ "o4 ,!re w be a gutt]+ r\nd ab\t x because ( ! irregul>ity ( ! /ream ( air & ! badness ( ! cup :i* is =m$ !reby4 ,y may see "s pretty examples 7& ,i tru/ y w notice ^! in/ances7 ( ! action ( ! asc5d+ curr5t :5 y h ,a little gutt] run d[n ! side ( a c&le1 mak+ x ?ick] !re ?an x is else:]e4 ,z ! c&le goes on burn+1 t keeps its place & =ms a little pill> /ick+ up by ! side1 because1 z x rises high] above ! re/ ( ! wax or fuel1 ! air gets bett] r\nd x1 & x is m cool$ & bett] able to resi/ ! action ( ! heat at a little di/ance4 ,n[1 ! greate/ mi/akes & faults ) reg>d to c&les1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 (t5 br+ ) !m in/ruction :i* we %\ld n receive if !y _h n occurr$4 ,we come "h to be philosoph]s2 & ,i hope y w always rememb] t :5ev] a result happ5s1 especially if x be new1 y %\ld say1 8,:at is ! cause8 ,:y does x occur80 & y w 9 ! c\rse ( "t f9d out ! reason4 ,!n1 !re is ano!r po9t ab\t ^! c&les :i* w answ] a "q1--t is1 z to ! way 9 :i* ?is fluid gets out ( ! cup1 up ! wick1 & into ! place ( combu/ion4 ,y "k t ! flames on ^! burn+ wicks 9 c&les made ( bees-wax1 /e>91 or sp]maceti1 d n run d[n to ! wax or o!r matt]1 & melt x all away1 b keep to _! own "r place4 ,!y are f5c$ (f f ! fluid bel[1 & d n encroa* on ! cup at ! sides4 ,i _c imag9e a m beautiful example ?an ! condition ( adju/m5t "u :i* a c&le makes "o "p subs]ve to ! o!r to ! v end ( its action4 ,a combu/ible ?+ l t1 burn+ away gradually1 nev] be+ intrud$ ^u by ! flame1 is a v beautiful sight2 especially :5 y come to le>n :at a vigor\s ?+ flame is--:at p[] x has ( de/roy+ ! wax itself :5 x gets hold ( x1 & ( di/urb+ its prop] =m if x come only too ne>4 ,b h[ does ! flame get hold ( ! fuel8 ,!re is a beautiful po9t ab\t t--capill>y attraction#d4 8,capill>y attraction60 y say1--8! attraction ( hairs40 ,well1 nev] m9d ! "n3 x 0 giv5 9 old times1 be=e we _h a good und]/&+ ( :at ! real p[] 04 ,x is by :at is call$ capill>y attraction t ! fuel is convey$ to ! "p :]e combu/ion goes on1 & is deposit$ !re1 n 9 a c>eless way1 b v beautifully 9 ! v mid/ ( ! c5tre ( action :i* takes place ar\nd x4 ,n[1 ,i am go+ to give y "o or two in/ances ( capill>y attraction4 ,x is t k9d ( action or attraction :i* makes two ?+s t d n dissolve 9 ea* o!r /ill hold toge!r4 ,:5 y wa% y\r h&s1 y wet !m ?or\ghly2 y take a little soap to make ! adhesion bett]1 & y f9d y\r h& rema9s wet4 ,?is is by t k9d ( attraction ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak4 ,&1 :at is m1 if y\r h&s are n soil$ 7z !y almo/ always are by ! usages ( life71 if y put y\r f+] into a little w>m wat]1 ! wat] w creep a little way up ! f+]1 ?\gh y may n /op to exam9e x4 ,i h "h a sub/ance :i* is r por\s--a column ( salt--& ,i w p\r into ! plate at ! bottom1 n wat]1 z x appe>s1 b a saturat$ solution ( salt :i* _c absorb m2 s t ! action :i* y see w n be due to its dissolv+ any?+4 ,we may consid] ! plate to be ! c&le1 & ! salt ! wick1 & ?is solution ! melt$ tall[4 7,i h col\r$ ! fluid1 t y may see ! action bett]47 ,y obs]ve t1 n[ ,i p\r 9 ! fluid1 x rises & gradually creeps up ! salt high] & high]2 & provid$ ! column does n tumble ov]1 x w g to ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,if ?is blue solution 7 combu/ible1 & we 7 to place a wick at ! top ( ! salt1 x w\ld burn z x ent]$ into ! wick4 ,x is a mo/ curi\s ?+ to see ?is k9d ( action tak+ place1 & to obs]ve h[ s+ul> "s ( ! circum/ances are ab\t x4 ,:5 y wa% y\r h&s1 y take a t[el to wipe (f ! wat]2 & x is by t k9d ( wett+1 or t k9d ( attraction :i* makes ! t[el become wet ) wat]1 t ! wick is made wet ) ! tall[4 ,i h kn[n "s c>eless boys & girls 7inde$1 ,i h kn[n x happ5 to c>eful p z well7 :o1 hav+ wa%$ _! h&s & wip$ !m ) a t[el1 h ?r[n ! t[el ov] ! side ( ! bas91 & be=e long x has drawn all ! wat] out ( ! bas9 & convey$ x to ! floor1 because x happ5$ to be ?r[n ov] ! side 9 su* a way z to s]ve ! purpose ( a syphon4#e ,t y may ! bett] see ! way 9 :i* ! sub/ances act "o ^u ano!r1 ,i h "h a vessel made ( wire gauze fill$ ) wat]1 & y may comp>e x 9 its action to ! cotton 9 "o respect1 or to a piece ( calico 9 ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 wicks are sometimes made ( a k9d ( wire gauze4 ,y w obs]ve t ?is vessel is a por\s ?+2 = if ,i p\r a little wat] on to ! top1 x w run out at ! bottom4 ,y w\ld be puzzl$ = a good :ile if ,i ask$ y :at ! /ate ( ?is vessel is1 :at is inside x1 & :y x is !re8 ,! vessel is full ( wat]1 & yet y see ! wat] goes 9 & runs out z if x 7 empty4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is to y1 ,i h only to empty x4 ,! reason is ?is1--! wire1 be+ once wett$1 rema9s wet2 ! me%es are s small t ! fluid is attract$ s /rongly f ! "o side to ! o!r1 z to rema9 9 ! vessel al?\gh x is por\s4 ,9 l mann] ! p>ticles ( melt$ tall[ asc5d ! cotton & get to ! top2 o!r p>ticles !n foll[ by _! mutual attraction = ea* o!r1 & z !y rea* ! flame !y are gradually burn$4 ,"h is ano!r application ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,y see ?is bit ( cane4 ,i h se5 boys ab\t ! /reets1 :o are v anxi\s to appe> l m51 take a piece ( cane1 & light x & smoke x1 z an imitation ( a cig>4 ,!y are enabl$ to d s by ! p]meability ( ! cane 9 "o direction1 & by its capill>ity4 ,if ,i place ?is piece ( cane on a plate conta9+ "s camph9e 7:i* is v mu* l p>aff9 9 its g5]al "*71 exactly 9 ! same mann] z ! blue fluid rose ?r\gh ! salt w ?is fluid rise ?r\gh ! piece ( cane4 ,!re be+ no pores at ! side1 ! fluid _c g 9 t direction1 b mu/ pass ?r\gh its l5g?4 ,already ! fluid is at ! top ( ! cane3 n[ ,i c light x & make x s]ve z a c&le4 ,! fluid has ris5 by ! capill>y attraction ( ! piece ( cane1 j z x does ?r\gh ! cotton 9 ! c&le4 ,n[1 ! only reason :y ! c&le does n burn all d[n ! side ( ! wick is1 t ! melt$ tall[ ext+ui%es ! flame4 ,y "k t a c&le1 if turn$ upside-d[n1 s z to all[ ! fuel to run ^u ! wick1 w be put out4 ,! reason is1 t ! flame has n _h "t to make ! fuel hot en\gh to burn1 z x does above1 :]e x is c>ri$ 9 small quantities into ! wick1 & has all ! effect ( ! heat ex]cis$ ^u x4 ,!re is ano!r condition :i* y mu/ le>n z reg>ds ! c&le1 )\t :i* y w\ld n be able fully to und]/& ! philosophy ( x1 & t is ! vapor\s condition ( ! fuel4 ,9 ord] t y may und]/& t1 let me %ew y a v pretty1 b v common-place exp]im5t4 ,if y bl[ a c&le out clev]ly1 y w see ! vap\r rise f x4 ,y h1 ,i "k1 (t5 smelt ! vap\r ( a bl[n-out c&le--& a v bad smell x is2 b if y bl[ x out clev]ly1 y w be able to see pretty well ! vap\r into :i* ?is solid matt] is trans=m$4 ,i w bl[ out "o ( ^! c&les 9 su* a way z n to di/urb ! air ar\nd x1 by ! cont9u+ action ( my brea?2 & n[1 if ,i hold a light$ tap] two or ?ree in*es f ! wick1 y w obs]ve a tra9 ( fire go+ ?r\gh ! air till x rea*es ! c&le4 ,i am oblig$ to be quick & ready1 because1 if ,i all[ ! vap\r "t to cool1 x becomes cond5s$ into a liquid or solid1 or ! /ream ( combu/ible matt] gets di/urb$4 ,n[1 z to ! %ape or =m ( ! flame4 ,x conc]ns u mu* to "k ab\t ! condition :i* ! matt] ( ! c&le f9ally assumes at ! top ( ! wick--:]e y h su* beauty & brightness z no?+ b combu/ion or flame c produce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,y h ! glitt]+ beauty ( gold & silv]1 & ! /ill high] lu/re ( jewels1 l ! ruby & diamond2 b none ( ^! rival ! brilliancy & beauty ( flame4 ,:at diamond c %9e l flame8 ,x owes its lu/re at night-"t to ! v flame %9+ ^u x4 ,! flame %9es 9 d>kness1 b ! light :i* ! diamond has is z no?+ until ! flame %9e ^u x1 :5 x is brilliant aga94 ,! c&le alone %9es by itself1 & = itself1 or = ^? :o h arrang$ ! mat]ials4 ,n[1 let u look a little at ! =m ( ! flame z y see x "u ! glass %ade4 ,x is /eady & equal2 & its g5]al =m is t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! diagram1 v>y+ ) atmosph]ic di/urbances1 & also v>y+ accord+ to ! size ( ! c&le4 ,x is a bright oblong--bright] at ! top ?an t[>ds ! bottom--) ! wick 9 ! middle1 & besides ! wick 9 ! middle1 c]ta9 d>k] p>ts t[>ds ! bottom1 :]e ! ignition is n s p]fect z 9 ! "p above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,i h a draw+ "h1 sket*$ _m ye>s ago by ,hooke1 :5 he made 8 inve/igations4 ,x is ! draw+ ( ! flame ( a lamp1 b x w apply to ! flame ( a c&le4 ,! cup ( ! c&le is ! vessel or lamp1 ! melt$ sp]maceti is ! oil1 & ! wick is common to bo?4 ,^u t he sets ?is little flame1 & !n he repres5ts :at is true--a c]ta9 quantity ( matt] ris+ ab\t x :i* y d n see1 & :i*1 if y h n be5 "h be=e1 or are n famili> ) ! subject1 y w n "k (4 ,he has "h repres5t$ ! p>ts ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e t are v ess5tial to ! flame1 & t are always pres5t ) x4 ,!re is a curr5t =m$1 :i* draws ! flame out--= ! flame :i* y see is really drawn out by ! curr5t1 & drawn upw>d to a great height--j z ,hooke has "h %ewn y by t prolongation ( ! curr5t 9 ! diagram4 ,y may see ?is by tak+ a light$ c&le1 & putt+ x 9 ! sun s z to get its %ad[ ?r[n on a piece ( pap]4 ,h[ rem>kable x is t t ?+ :i* is light en\gh to produce %ad[s ( o!r objects1 c be made to ?r[ its own %ad[ on a piece ( :ite pap] or c>d1 s t y c actually see /ream+ r\nd ! flame some?+ :i* is n "p ( ! flame1 b is asc5d+ & draw+ ! flame upw>ds4 ,n[1 ,i am go+ to imitate ! sunlight1 by apply+ ! voltaic batt]y to ! electric lamp4 ,y n[ see our sun1 & its great lum9osity2 & by plac+ a c&le betwe5 x & ! scre51 we get ! %ad[ ( ! flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,y obs]ve ! %ad[ ( ! c&le & ( ! wick2 !n !re is a d>ki% "p1 z repres5t$ 9 ! diagram1 & !n a "p :i* is m di/9ct4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 :at we see 9 ! %ad[ z ! d>ke/ "p ( ! flame is1 9 reality1 ! brighte/ "p2 & "h y see /ream+ upw>ds ! asc5d+ curr5t ( hot air1 z %ewn by ,hooke1 :i* draws out ! flame1 supplies x ) air1 & cools ! sides ( ! cup ( melt$ fuel4 ,i c give y "h a little fur!r illu/ration1 = ! purpose ( %ew+ y h[ flame goes up or d[n2 accord+ to ! curr5t4 ,i h "h a flame--x is n a c&le-flame--b y c1 no d\bt1 by ?is "t1 g5]alise en\gh to be able to comp>e "o ?+ ) ano!r4 ,:at ,i am ab\t to d is to *ange ! asc5d+ curr5t t takes ! flame upw>ds into a desc5d+ curr5t4 ,?is ,i c easily d by ! little app>atus y see be=e me4 ,! flame1 z ,i h said1 is n a c&le flame1 b x is produc$ by alcohol1 s t x %all n smoke too mu*4 ,i w also col\r ! flame ) ano!r sub/ance#f1 s t y may trace its c\rse2 = ) ! _s alone y c\ld h>dly see well en\gh to h ! opportunity ( trac+ its direction4 ,by light+ ?is _s-(-w9e1 we h !n a flame produc$2 & y obs]ve t :5 held 9 ! air1 x naturally goes upw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,y und]/& n[ easily en\gh :y flames g up "u ord9>y circum/ances--x is because ( ! draught ( air by :i* ! combu/ion is =m$4 ,b n[1 by bl[+ ! flame d[n1 y see ,i am enabl$ to make x g d[nw>ds into ?is little *imney--! direction ( ! curr5t be+ *ang$4 ,be=e we h conclud$ ?is c\rse ( lectures1 we %all %ew y a lamp 9 :i* ! flame goes up & ! smoke goes d[n1 or ! flame goes d[n & ! smoke goes up4 ,y see1 !n1 t we h ! p[] 9 ?is way ( v>y+ ! flame 9 diff]5t directions4 ,!re are n[ "s o!r po9ts t ,i mu/ br+ be=e y4 ,_m ( ! flames y see "h v>y v mu* 9 _! %ape by ! curr5ts ( air bl[+ ar\nd !m 9 diff]5t directions2 b we c1 if we l1 make flames s t !y w look l fixtures1 & we c photograph !m--inde$1 we h to photograph !m--s t !y become fix$ to u1 if we wi% to f9d out ev]y?+ conc]n+ !m4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n ! only ?+ ,i wi% to m5tion4 ,if ,i take a flame suffici5tly l>ge1 x does n keep t homog5e\s1 t uni=m condition ( %ape1 b x breaks out ) a p[] ( life :i* is q wond]ful4 ,i am ab\t to use ano!r k9d ( fuel1 b "o :i* is truly & fairly a repres5tative ( ! wax or tall[ ( a c&le4 ,i h "h a l>ge ball ( cotton1 :i* w s]ve z a wick4 ,&1 n[ t ,i h imm]s$ x 9 _s & appli$ a light to x1 9 :at way does x diff] f an ord9>y c&le8 ,:y1 x diff]s v mu* 9 "o respect1 t we h a vivacity & p[] ab\t x1 a beauty & a life entirely diff]5t f ! light pres5t$ by a c&le4 ,y see ^? f9e tongues ( flame ris+ up4 ,y h ! same g5]al disposition ( ! mass ( ! flame f bel[ upw>ds2 b1 9 addition to t1 y h ?is rem>kable break+ out into tongues :i* y d n p]ceive 9 ! case ( a c&le4 ,n[1 :y is ?is8 ,i mu/ expla9 x to y1 because :5 y und]/& t p]fectly1 y w be able to foll[ me bett] 9 :at ,i h to say h]eaft]4 ,i suppose "s "h w h made = !mselves ! exp]im5t ,i am go+ to %ew y4 ,am ,i "r 9 suppos+ t anybody "h has play$ at snapdragon8 ,i d n "k a m beautiful illu/ration ( ! philosophy ( flame1 z to a c]ta9 "p ( its hi/ory1 ?an ! game ( snapdragon4 ,fir/1 "h is ! di%2 & let me say1 t :5 y play snapdragon prop]ly1 y ought to h ! di% well-w>m$2 y ought also to h w>m plums & w>m br&y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i h n got4 ,:5 y h put ! _s into ! di%1 y h ! cup & ! fuel2 & are n ! rais9s act+ l ! wicks8 ,i n[ ?r[ ! plums into ! di%1 & light ! _s1 & y see ^? beautiful tongues ( flame t ,i ref] to4 ,y h ! air creep+ 9 ov] ! edge ( ! di% =m+ ^! tongues4 ,:y8 ,because1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( ! curr5t & ! irregul>ity ( ! action ( ! flame1 x _c fl[ 9 "o uni=m /ream4 ,! air fl[s 9 s irregul>ly t y h :at w\ld o!rwise be a s+le image1 brok5 up into a v>iety ( =ms1 & ea* ( ^! little tongues has an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( its own4 ,inde$1 ,i might say1 y h "h a multitude ( indep5d5t c&les4 ,y mu/ n imag9e1 because y see ^! tongues all at once1 t ! flame is ( ?is p>ticul> %ape4 ,a flame ( t %ape is nev] s at any "o "t4 ,nev] is a body ( flame1 l t :i* y j saw ris+ f ! ball1 ( ! %ape x appe>s to y4 ,x consi/s ( a multitude ( diff]5t %apes1 succe$+ ea* o!r s fa/ t ! eye is only able to take cognisance ( !m all at once4 ,9 =m] times1 ,i purposely analys$ a flame ( t g5]al "*1 & ! diagram %ews y ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* x is compos$4 ,!y d n occur all at once3 x is only because we see ^! %apes 9 su* rapid succession1 t !y seem to u to exi/ all at "o "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,x is too bad t we h n got fur!r ?an my game ( snapdragon2 b we mu/ n1 "u any circum/ances1 keep y beyond y\r "t4 ,x w be a lesson to me 9 future to hold y m /rictly to ! philosophy ( ! ?+1 ?an to take up y\r "t s mu* ) ^! illu/rations4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,a ,,c&le3 ,,brightness ,,( ,,! ,,flame--,,air ,,necess>y ,,= ,,combu/ion--,,production ,,( ,,wat]4 ,we 7 occupi$ ! la/ "t we met 9 consid]+ ! g5]al "* & arrangem5t z reg>ds ! fluid portion ( a c&le1 & ! way 9 :i* t fluid got into ! place ( combu/ion4 ,y see1 :5 we h a c&le burn+ fairly 9 a regul>1 /eady atmosph]e1 x w h a %ape some?+ l ! "o %ewn 9 ! diagram1 & w look pretty uni=m1 al?\gh v curi\s 9 its "*4 ,& n[1 ,i h to ask y\r att5tion to ! means by :i* we are enabl$ to asc]ta9 :at happ5s 9 any p>ticul> "p ( ! flame--:y x happ5s1 :at x does 9 happ5+1 & :]e1 aft] all1 ! :ole c&le goes to3 because1 z y "k v well1 a c&le be+ br\ght be=e u & burn$1 disappe>s1 if burn$ prop]ly1 )\t ! lea/ trace ( dirt 9 ! c&le/ick--& ?is is a v curi\s circum/ance4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to exam9e ?is c&le c>efully1 ,i h arrang$ c]ta9 app>atus1 ! use ( :i* y w see z ,i g on4 ,"h is a c&le3 ,i am ab\t to put ! end ( ?is glass tube into ! middle ( ! flame--into t "p :i* old ,hooke has repres5t$ 9 ! diagram z be+ r d>k1 & :i* y c see at any "t1 if y w look at a c&le c>efully1 )\t bl[+ x ab\t4 ,we w exam9e ?is d>k "p fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,n[1 ,i take ?is b5t glass tube1 & introduce "o end into t "p ( ! flame1 & y see at once t some?+ is com+ f ! flame1 out at ! o!r end ( ! tube2 & if ,i put a flask !re1 & leave x = a little :ile1 y w see t some?+ f ! middle "p ( ! flame is gradually drawn out1 & goes ?r\gh ! tube & into t flask1 & !re behaves v diff]5tly f :at x does 9 ! op5 air4 ,x n only escapes f ! end ( ! tube1 b falls d[n to ! bottom ( ! flask l a heavy sub/ance1 z inde$ x is4 ,we f9d t ?is is ! wax ( ! c&le made into a vapor\s fluid--n a gas4 7,y mu/ le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 a gas & a vap\r3 a gas rema9s p]man5t1 a vap\r is some?+ t w cond5se47 ,if y bl[ out a c&le1 y p]ceive a v na/y smell1 result+ f ! cond5sation ( ?is vap\r4 ,t is v diff]5t f :at y h outside ! flame2 &1 9 ord] to make t m cle> to y1 ,i am ab\t to produce & set fire to a l>g] portion ( ?is vap\r--= :at we h 9 ! small way 9 a c&le1 to und]/& ?or\ghly1 we mu/1 z philosoph]s1 produce 9 a l>g] way1 if ne$ful1 t we may exam9e ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,& n[ ,mr4 ,&]son w give me a s\rce ( heat1 & ,i am ab\t to %ew y :at t vap\r is4 ,"h is "s wax 9 a glass flask1 & ,i am go+ to make x hot1 z ! inside ( t c&le-flame is hot1 & ! matt] ab\t ! wick is hot4 ,! ,lectur] plac$ "s wax 9 a glass flask1 & heat$ x ov] a lamp4 ,n[1 ,i d>e say t is hot en\gh = me4 ,y see t ! wax ,i put 9 x has become fluid1 & !re is a little smoke com+ f x4 ,we %all v soon h ! vap\r ris+ up4 ,i w make x /ill hott]1 & n[ we get m ( x1 s t ,i c actually p\r ! vap\r out ( ! flask into t bas91 & set x on fire !re4 ,?is1 !n1 is exactly ! same k9d ( vap\r z we h 9 ! middle ( ! c&le2 & t y may be sure ?is is ! case1 let u try :e!r we h n got "h1 9 ?is flask1 a real combu/ible vap\r out ( ! middle ( ! c&le4 ,tak+ ! flask into :i* ! tube f ! c&le proce$$1 & introduc+ a light$ tap]4 ,see h[ x burns4 ,n[1 ?is is ! vap\r f ! middle ( ! c&le1 produc$ by its own heat2 & t is "o ( ! fir/ ?+s y h to consid] ) respect to ! progress ( ! wax 9 ! c\rse ( its combu/ion1 & z reg>ds ! *anges x und]goes4 ,i w arrange ano!r tube c>efully 9 ! flame1 & ,i %\ld n wond] if we 7 able1 by a little c>e1 to get t vap\r to pass ?r\gh ! tube to ! o!r extremity1 :]e we w light x1 & obta9 absolutely ! flame ( ! c&le at a place di/ant f x4 ,n[1 look at t4 ,is n t a v pretty exp]im5t8 ,talk ab\t lay+ on gas--:y1 we c actually lay on a c&le6 ,& y see f ?is t !re are cle>ly two diff]5t k9ds ( action--"o ! production ( ! vap\r1 & ! o!r ! combu/ion ( x--bo? ( :i* take place 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( ! c&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,i %all get no vap\r f t "p :i* is already burnt4 ,if ,i raise ! tube 7fig4 #g7 to ! upp] "p ( ! flame1 s soon z ! vap\r has be5 swept out1 :at comes away w be no long] combu/ible3 ,x is already burn$4 ,h[ burn$8 ,:y1 burn$ ?us3--,9 ! middle ( ! flame1 :]e ! wick is1 !re is ?is combu/ible vap\r2 on ! outside ( ! flame is ! air :i* we %all f9d necess>y = ! burn+ ( ! c&le2 betwe5 ! two1 int5se *emical action takes place1 :]eby ! air & ! fuel act ^u ea* o!r1 & at ! v same "t t we obta9 light ! vap\r inside is de/roy$4 ,if y exam9e :]e ! heat ( a c&le is1 y w f9d x v curi\sly arrang$4 ,suppose ,i take ?is c&le1 & hold a piece ( pap] close ^u ! flame1 :]e is ! heat ( t flame8 ,d y n see t x is n 9 ! inside8 ,x is 9 a r+1 exactly 9 ! place :]e ,i told y ! *emical action 02 & ev5 9 my irregul> mode ( mak+ ! exp]im5t1 if !re is n too mu* di/urbance1 !re w always be a r+4 ,?is is a good exp]im5t = y to make at home4 ,take a /rip ( pap]1 h ! air 9 ! room quiet1 & put ! piece ( pap] "r across ! middle ( ! flame 7,i mu/ n talk :ile ,i make ! exp]im5t71 & y w f9d t x is burnt 9 two places1 & t x is n burnt1 or v little s1 9 ! middle2 & :5 y h tri$ ! exp]im5t once or twice1 s z to make x nicely1 y w be v int]e/$ to see :]e ! heat is1 & to f9d t x is :]e ! air & ! fuel come toge!r4 ,?is is mo/ important = u z we proce$ ) our subject4 ,air is absolutely necess>y = combu/ion2 &1 :at is m1 ,i mu/ h y und]/& t fre% air is necess>y1 or else we %\ld be imp]fect 9 our reason+ & our exp]im5ts4 ,"h is a j> ( air4 ,i place x ov] a c&le1 & x burns v nicely 9 x at fir/1 %ew+ t :at ,i h said ab\t x is true2 b !re w soon be a *ange4 ,see h[ ! flame is draw+ upw>ds1 pres5tly fad+1 & at la/ go+ out4 ,& go+ out1 :y8 ,n because x wants air m]ely1 = ! j> is z full n[ z x 0 be=e2 b x wants pure1 fre% air4 ,! j> is full ( air1 p>tly *ang$1 p>tly n *ang$2 b x does n conta9 suffici5t ( ! fre% air :i* is necess>y = ! combu/ion ( a c&le4 ,^! are all po9ts :i* we1 z "y *emi/s1 h to ga!r up2 & if we look a little m closely into ?is k9d ( action1 we %all f9d c]ta9 /eps ( reason+ extremely int]e/+4 ,= in/ance1 "h is ! oil-lamp ,i %ew$ y--an excell5t lamp = our exp]im5ts--! old ,arg& lamp4 ,i n[ make x l a c&le ob/ruct+ ! passage ( air into ! c5tre ( ! flame2 !re is ! cotton2 !re is ! oil ris+ up x2 & !re is ! conical flame4 ,x burns poorly1 because !re is a p>tial re/ra9t ( air4 ,i h all[$ no air to get to x1 save r\nd ! outside ( ! flame1 & x does n burn well4 ,i _c admit m air f ! outside1 because ! wick is l>ge2 b if1 z ,arg& did s clev]ly1 ,i op5 a passage to ! middle ( ! flame1 & s let air come 9 !re1 y w see h[ mu* m beautifully x burns4 ,if ,i %ut ! air (f1 look h[ x smokes2 & :y8 ,we h n[ "s v int]e/+ po9ts to /udy4 ,we h ! case ( ! combu/ion ( a c&le2 we h ! case ( a c&le be+ put out by ! want ( air2 & we h n[ ! case ( imp]fect combu/ion2 & ?is is to u s int]e/+1 t ,i want y to und]/& x z ?or\ghly z y d ! case ( a c&le burn+ 9 its be/ possible mann]4 ,i w n[ make a great flame1 because we ne$ ! l>ge/ possible illu/rations4 ,"h is a l>g] wick burn+ turp5t9e on a ball ( cotton4 ,all ^! ?+s are ! same z c&les1 aft] all4 ,if we h l>g] wicks1 we mu/ h a l>g] supply ( air1 or we %all h less p]fect combu/ion4 ,look n[ at ?is black sub/ance go+ up into ! atmosph]e2 !re is a regul> /ream ( x4 ,i h provid$ means to c>ry (f ! imp]fectly burn$ "p1 le/ x %\ld annoy y4 ,look at ! soots t fly (f f ! flame3 see :at an imp]fect combu/ion x is1 because x _c get en\gh air4 ,:at1 !n1 is happ5+8 ,:y1 c]ta9 ?+s :i* are necess>y to ! combu/ion ( a c&le are abs5t1 & v bad results are accord+ly produc$2 b we see :at happ5s to a c&le :5 x is burnt 9 a pure & prop] /ate ( air4 ,at ! "t :5 ,i %ew$ y ?is *>r+ by ! r+ ( flame on ! "o side ( ! pap]1 ,i might h also %ewn y1 by turn+ to ! o!r side1 t ! burn+ ( a c&le produces ! same k9d ( soot--*>coal or c>bon4 ,b1 be=e ,i %ew t1 let me expla9 to y--z x is q necess>y = our purpose--t1 ?\gh ,i take a c&le & give y1 z ! g5]al result1 its combu/ion 9 ! =m ( a flame1 we mu/ see :e!r combu/ion is always 9 ?is condition1 or :e!r !re are o!r conditions ( flame2 & we %all soon discov] t !re are1 & t !y are mo/ important to u4 ,i ?9k1 p]haps1 ! be/ illu/ration ( su* a po9t to u1 z juv5iles1 is to %ew ! result ( /rong contra/4 ,"h is a little gunp[d]4 ,y "k t gunp[d] burns ) flame--we may fairly call x flame4 ,x conta9s c>bon & o!r mat]ials1 :i* altoge!r cause x to burn ) a flame4 ,& "h is "s pulv]is$ iron1 or iron fil+s4 ,n[1 ,i purpose burn+ ^! two ?+s toge!r4 ,i h a little mort> 9 :i* ,i w mix !m4 7,be=e ,i g into ^! exp]im5ts1 let me hope t none ( y1 by try+ to repeat !m1 = fun's sake1 w d any h>m4 ,^! ?+s may all be v prop]ly us$ if y take c>e2 b )\t t1 mu* mis*ief w be done47 ,well1 !n1 "h is a little gunp[d]1 :i* ,i put at ! bottom ( t little wood5 vessel1 & mix ! iron fil+s up ) x1 my object be+ to make ! gunp[d] set fire to ! fil+s & burn !m 9 ! air1 & !reby %ew ! diff]5ce betwe5 sub/ances burn+ ) flame & n ) flame4 ,"h is ! mixture2 & :5 ,i set fire to x1 y mu/ wat* ! combu/ion1 & y w see t x is ( two k9ds4 ,y w see ! gunp[d] burn+ ) a flame1 & ! fil+s ?r[n up4 ,y w see !m burn+ too1 b )\t ! production ( flame4 ,!y w ea* burn sep>ately4 ,! ,lectur] !n ignit$ ! mixture4 ,!re is ! gunp[d]1 :i* burns ) a flame2 & !re are ! fil+s--!y burn ) a diff]5t k9d ( combu/ion4 ,y see1 !n1 ^! two great di/9ctions2 & ^u ^! diff]5ces dep5d all ! utility & all ! beauty ( flame :i* we use = ! purpose ( giv+ out light4 ,:5 we use oil1 or gas1 or c&le1 = ! purpose ( illum9ation1 _! fitness all dep5ds ^u ^! diff]5t k9ds ( combu/ion4 ,!re are su* curi\s conditions ( flame1 t x requires "s clev]ness & nicety ( discrim9ation to di/+ui% ! k9ds ( combu/ion "o f ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 "h is a p[d] :i* is v combu/ible1 consi/+1 z y see1 ( sep>ate little p>ticles4 ,x is call$ lycopodium#g1 & ea* ( ^! p>ticles c produce a vap\r1 & produce its own flame2 b1 to see !m burn+1 y w\ld imag9e x 0 all "o flame4 ,i w n[ set fire to a quantity1 & y w see ! effect4 ,we saw a cl\d ( flame1 app>5tly 9 "o body2 b t ru%+ noise ref]r+ to ! s\nd produc$ by ! burn+ 0 a pro( t ! combu/ion 0 n a cont9u\s or regul> "o4 ,?is is ! lightn+ ( ! pantomimes1 & a v good imitation4 ,! exp]im5t 0 twice repeat$ by bl[+ lycopodium f a glass tube ?r\gh a _s-flame4 ,?is is n an example ( combu/ion l t ( ! fil+s ,i h be5 speak+ (1 to :i* we mu/ n[ return4 ,suppose ,i take a c&le1 & exam9e t "p ( x :i* appe>s brighte/ to our eyes4 ,:y1 !re ,i get ^! black p>ticles1 :i* already y h se5 _m times evolv$ f ! flame1 & :i* ,i am n[ ab\t to evolve 9 a diff]5t way4 ,i w take ?is c&le & cle> away ! gutt]age1 :i* occurs by reason ( ! curr5ts ( air2 & if ,i n[ arrange a glass tube s z j to dip into ?is lum9\s "p1 z 9 our fir/ exp]im5t1 only high]1 y see ! result4 ,9 place ( hav+ ! same :ite vap\r t y _h be=e1 y w n[ h a black vap\r4 ,!re x goes1 z black z ink4 ,x is c]ta9ly v diff]5t f ! :ite vap\r2 & :5 we put a light to x1 we %all f9d t x does n burn1 b t x puts ! light out4 ,well1 ^! p>ticles1 z ,i said be=e1 are j ! smoke ( ! c&le2 & ?is br+s to m9d t old employm5t :i* ,dean ,swift recomm5d$ to s]vants = _! amusem5t1 namely1 writ+ on ! ceil+ ( a room ) a c&le4 ,b :at is t black sub/ance8 ,:y1 x is ! same c>bon :i* exi/s 9 ! c&le4 ,h[ comes x out ( ! c&le8 ,x evid5tly exi/$ 9 ! c&le1 or else we %\ld n h _h x "h4 ,& n[ ,i want y to foll[ me 9 ?is explanation4 ,y w\ld h>dly ?9k t all ^? sub/ances :i* fly ab\t ,london1 9 ! =m ( soots & blacks1 are ! v beauty & life ( ! flame1 & :i* are burn$ 9 x z ^? iron fil+s 7 burn$ "h4 ,"h is a piece ( wire gauze1 :i* w n let ! flame g ?r\gh x2 & ,i ?9k y w see1 almo/ imm$iately1 t :5 ,i br+ x l[ en\gh to t\* t "p ( ! flame :i* is o!rwise s bright1 t x quells & qu5*es x at once1 & all[s a volume ( smoke to rise up4 ,i want y n[ to foll[ me 9 ?is po9t1--t :5ev] a sub/ance burns1 z ! iron fil+s burnt 9 ! flame ( gunp[d]1 )\t assum+ ! vapor\s /ate 7:e!r x becomes liquid or rema9s solid71 x becomes exce$+ly lum9\s4 ,i h "h tak5 ?ree or f\r examples ap>t f ! c&le1 on purpose to illu/rate ?is po9t to y2 because :at ,i h to say is applicable to all sub/ances1 :e!r !y burn or :e!r !y d n burn1--t !y are exce$+ly bright if !y reta9 _! solid /ate1 & t x is to ?is pres5ce ( solid p>ticles 9 ! c&le-flame t x owes its brilliancy4 ,"h is a plat9um-wire1 a body :i* does n *ange by heat4 ,if ,i heat x 9 ?is flame1 see h[ exce$+ly lum9\s x becomes4 ,i w make ! flame dim1 = ! purpose ( giv+ a little light only1 & yet y w see t ! heat :i* x c give to t plat9um-wire1 ?\gh f> less ?an ! heat x has itself1 is able to raise ! plat9um-wire to a f> high] /ate ( effulg5ce4 ,?is flame has c>bon 9 x2 b ,i w take "o t has no c>bon 9 x4 ,!re is a mat]ial1 a k9d ( fuel--a vap\r1 or gas1 :i*ev] y l to call x--9 t vessel1 & x has no solid p>ticles 9 x2 s ,i take t because x is an example ( flame itself burn+ )\t any solid matt] :atev]2 & if ,i n[ put ?is solid sub/ance 9 x1 y see :at an int5se heat x has1 & h[ brightly x causes ! solid body to gl[4 ,?is is ! pipe ?r\gh :i* we convey ?is p>ticul> gas1 :i* we call hydrog51 & :i* y %all "k all ab\t next "t we meet4 ,& "h is a sub/ance call$ oxyg51 by means ( :i* ?is hydrog5 c burn2 & al?\gh we produce1 by _! mixture1 f> great] heat#h ?an y c obta9 f ! c&le1 yet !re is v little light4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i take a solid sub/ance1 & put t into x1 we produce an int5se light ,if ,i take a piece ( lime1 a sub/ance :i* w n burn1 & :i* w n vaporise by ! heat 7& because x does n vaporise1 rema9s solid1 & rema9s heat$71 y w soon obs]ve :at happ5s z to its gl[+4 ,i h "h a mo/ int5se heat1 produc$ by ! burn+ ( hydrog5 9 contact ) ! oxyg52 b !re is z yet v little light--n = want ( heat1 b = want ( p>ticles :i* c reta9 _! solid /ate2 b :5 ,i hold ?is piece ( lime 9 ! flame ( ! hydrog5 z x burns 9 ! oxyg51 see h[ x gl[s6 ,?is is ! glori\s lime-light1 :i* rivals ! voltaic-light1 & :i* is almo/ equal to sunlight4 ,i h "h a piece ( c>bon or *>coal1 :i* w burn & give u light exactly 9 ! same mann] z if x 7 burnt z "p ( a c&le4 ,! heat t is 9 ! flame ( a c&le decomposes ! vap\r ( ! wax1 & sets free ! c>bon p>ticles--!y rise up heat$ & gl[+ z ?is n[ gl[s1 & !n ent] into ! air4 ,b ! p>ticles :5 burnt nev] pass (f f a c&le 9 ! =m ( c>bon4 ,!y g (f into ! air z a p]fectly invisible sub/ance1 ab\t :i* we %all "k h]eaft]4 ,is x n beautiful to ?9k t su* a process is go+ on1 & t su* a dirty ?+ z *>coal c become s inc&esc5t8 ,y see x comes to ?is--t all bright flames conta9 ^! solid p>ticles2 all ?+s t burn & produce solid p>ticles1 ei!r dur+ ! "t !y are burn+1 z 9 ! c&le1 or imm$iately aft] be+ burnt1 z 9 ! case ( ! gunp[d] & iron-fil+s1--all ^! ?+s give u ?is glori\s & beautiful light4 ,i w give y a few illu/rations4 ,"h is a piece ( phosphorus1 :i* burns ) a bright flame4 ,v well2 we may n[ conclude t phosphorus w produce1 ei!r at ! mom5t t x is burn+ or aft]w>ds1 ^! solid p>ticles4 ,"h is ! phosphorus light$1 & ,i cov] x ov] ) ?is glass = ! purpose ( keep+ 9 :at is produc$4 ,:at is all t smoke8 ,t smoke consi/s ( ^? v p>ticles :i* are produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ! phosphorus4 ,"h1 aga91 are two sub/ances4 ,?is is *lorate ( potassa1 & ?is o!r sulphuret ( antimony4 ,i %all mix ^! toge!r a little1 & !n !y may be burnt 9 _m ways4 ,i %all t\* !m ) a drop ( sulphuric acid1 = ! purpose ( giv+ y an illu/ration ( *emical action1 & !y w in/antly burn#i4 ,! ,lectur] !n ignit$ ! mixture by means ( sulphuric acid4 ,n[1 f ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 y c judge = y\rselves :e!r !y produce solid matt] 9 burn+4 ,i h giv5 y ! tra9 ( reason+ :i* w enable y to say :e!r !y d or d n2 = :at is ?is bright flame b ! solid p>ticles pass+ (f8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,mr4 ,&]son has 9 ! furnace a v hot crucible1--,i am ab\t to ?r[ into x "s z9c fil+s1 & !y w burn ) a flame l gunp[d]4 ,i make ?is exp]im5t because y c make x well at home4 ,n[1 ,i want y to see :at w be ! result ( ! combu/ion ( ?is z9c4 ,"h x is burn+--burn+ beautifully l a c&le1 ,i may say4 ,b :at is all t smoke1 & :at are ^? little cl\ds ( wool :i* w come to y if y _c come to !m1 & make !mselves s5sible to y 9 ! =m ( ! old philosophic wool1 z x 0 call$8 ,we %all h left 9 t crucible1 also1 a quantity ( ?is woolly matt]4 ,b ,i w take a piece ( ?is same z9c & make an exp]im5t a little m closely at home1 z x 74 ,y w h "h ! same ?+ happ5+4 ,"h is ! piece ( z9c1 !re po9t+ to a jet ( hydrog5 is ! furnace1 & we w set to "w & try & burn ! metal4 ,x gl[s1 y see3 !re is ! combu/ion1 & !re is ! :ite sub/ance into :i* x burns4 ,& s1 if ,i take t flame ( hydrog5 z ! repres5tative ( a c&le1 & %ew y a sub/ance l z9c burn+ 9 ! flame1 y w see t x 0 m]ely dur+ ! action ( combu/ion t ?is sub/ance gl[$--:ile x 0 kept hot2 & if ,i take a flame ( hydrog51 & put ?is :ite sub/ance f ! z9c into x1 look h[ beautifully x gl[s1 & j because x is a solid sub/ance4 ,i w n[ take su* a flame z ,i _h a mom5t s9ce1 & set free f x ! p>ticles ( c>bon4 ,"h is "s camph9e1 :i* w burn ) a smoke2 b if ,i s5d ^! p>ticles ( smoke ?r\gh ?is pipe into ! hydrog5 flame1 y w see !y w burn & become lum9\s1 because we heat !m a second "t4 ,!re !y are4 ,^? are ! p>ticles ( c>bon re-ignit$ a second "t4 ,!y are ^? p>ticles :i* y c easily see by hold+ a piece ( pap] beh9d !m1 & :i*1 :il/ !y are 9 ! flame1 are ignit$ by ! heat produc$1 &1 :5 s ignit$1 produce ?is brightness4 ,:5 ! p>ticles are n sep>at$1 y get no brightness4 ,! flame ( coal-gas owes its brightness to ! sep>ation1 dur+ combu/ion1 ( ^! p>ticles ( c>bon1 :i* are equally 9 t z 9 a c&le4 ,i c v quickly alt] t arrangem5t4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a bright flame ( gas4 ,suppos+ ,i add s mu* air to ! flame z to cause x all to burn be=e ^? p>ticles are set free1 ,i %all n h ?is brightness2 & ,i c d t 9 ?is way3--,if ,i place ov] ! jet ?is wire-gauze cap1 z y see1 & !n light ! gas ov] x1 x burns ) a non-lum9\s flame1 ow+ to its hav+ pl5ty ( air mix$ ) x be=e x burns2 & if ,i raise ! gauze1 y see x does n burn bel[#aj4 ,!re is pl5ty ( c>bon 9 ! gas2 b1 because ! atmosph]e c get to x1 & mix ) x be=e x burns1 y see h[ pale & blue ! flame is4 ,& if ,i bl[ ^u a bright gas-flame1 s z to consume all ?is c>bon be=e x gets heat$ to ! gl[+ po9t1 x w also burn blue3 ,! ,lectur] illu/rat$ 8 rem>ks by bl[+ on ! gas-light4 ,! only reason :y ,i h n ! same bright light :5 ,i ?us bl[ ^u ! flame is1 t ! c>bon meets ) suffici5t air to burn x be=e x gets sep>at$ 9 ! flame 9 a free /ate4 ,! diff]5ce is solely due to ! solid p>ticles n be+ sep>at$ be=e ! gas is burnt4 ,y obs]ve t !re are c]ta9 products z ! result ( ! combu/ion ( a c&le1 & t ( ^! products "o portion may be consid]$ z *>coal1 or soot2 t *>coal1 :5 aft]w>ds burnt1 produces "s o!r product2 & x conc]ns u v mu* n[ to asc]ta9 :at t o!r product is4 ,we %ew$ t some?+ 0 go+ away2 & ,i want y n[ to und]/& h[ mu* is go+ up into ! air2 & = t purpose we w h combu/ion on a little l>g] scale4 ,f t c&le asc5ds heat$ air1 & two or ?ree exp]im5ts w %ew y ! asc5d+ curr5t2 b1 9 ord] to give y a notion ( ! quantity ( matt] :i* asc5ds 9 ?is way1 ,i w make an exp]im5t by :i* ,i %all try to imprison "s ( ! products ( ?is combu/ion4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h "h :at boys call a fire-balloon4 ,i use ?is fire-balloon m]ely z a sort ( measure ( ! result ( ! combu/ion we are consid]+2 & ,i am ab\t to make a flame 9 su* an easy & simple mann] z %all be/ s]ve my pres5t purpose4 ,?is plate %all be ! 8cup10 we w s say1 ( ! c&le2 ?is _s %all be our fuel2 & ,i am ab\t to place ?is *imney ov] x1 because x is bett] = me to d s ?an to let ?+s proce$ at r&om4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,&]son w n[ light ! fuel1 & "h at ! top we %all get ! results ( ! combu/ion4 ,:at we get at ! top ( t tube is exactly ! same1 g5]ally speak+1 z y get f ! combu/ion ( a c&le2 b we d n get a lum9\s flame "h1 because we use a sub/ance :i* is feeble 9 c>bon4 ,i am ab\t to put ?is balloon--n into action1 because t is n my object--b to %ew y ! effect :i* results f ! action ( ^? products :i* arise f ! c&le1 z !y arise "h f ! furnace4 ,! balloon 0 held ov] ! *imney1 :5 x imm$iately comm5c$ to fill4 ,y see h[ x is dispos$ to asc5d2 b we mu/ n let x up1 because x might come 9 contact ) ^? upp] gas-lights1 & t w\ld be v inconv5i5t4 ,! upp] gas-lights 7 turn$ out1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,lectur]1 & ! balloon 0 all[$ to asc5d4 ,does n t %ew y :at a l>ge bulk ( matt] is be+ evolv$8 ,n[1 !re is go+ ?r\gh ?is tube plac+ a l>ge glass tube ov] a c&le all ! products ( t c&le1 & y w pres5tly see t ! tube w become q opaque4 ,suppose ,i take ano!r c&le1 & place x "u a j>1 & !n put a light on ! o!r side1 j to %ew y :at is go+ on4 ,y see t ! sides ( ! j> become cl\dy1 & ! light beg9s to burn feebly4 ,x is ! products1 y see1 :i* make ! light s dim1 & ?is is ! same ?+ :i* makes ! sides ( ! j> s opaque4 ,if y g home & take a spoon t has be5 9 ! cold air1 & hold x ov] a c&le--n s z to soot x--y w f9d t x becomes dim1 j z t j> is dim4 ,if y c get a silv] di%1 or some?+ ( t k9d1 y w make ! exp]im5t /ill bett]4 ,& n[1 j to c>ry y\r ?\ghts =w>d to ! "t we %all next meet1 let me tell y t x is wat] :i* causes ! dimness2 & :5 we next meet4 ,i w %ew y t we c make x1 )\t difficulty1 assume ! =m ( a liquid4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,products3 ,,wat] ,,f ,,! ,,combu/ion--,,nature ,,( ,,wat]--,a ,,comp\nd--,,hydrog54 ,i d>e say y w rememb] t :5 we p>t$ we _h j m5tion$ ! ^w 8products0 f ! c&le4 ,= :5 a c&le burns we f\nd we 7 able1 by nice adju/m5t1 to get v>i\s products f x4 ,!re 0 "o sub/ance :i* 0 n obta9$ :5 ! c&le 0 burn+ prop]ly1 :i* 0 *>coal or smoke2 & !re 0 "s o!r sub/ance t w5t upw>ds f ! flame :i* did n appe> z smoke1 b took "s o!r =m1 & made "p ( t g5]al curr5t :i*1 asc5d+ f ! c&le upw>ds1 becomes invisible1 & escapes4 ,!re 7 also o!r products to m5tion4 ,y rememb] t 9 t ris+ curr5t hav+ its orig9 at ! c&le1 we f\nd t "o "p 0 cond5sable aga9/ a cold spoon1 or aga9/ a clean plate1 or any o!r cold ?+1 & ano!r "p 0 incond5sable4 ,we w fir/ take ! cond5sable "p1 & exam9e x2 &1 /range to say1 we f9d t t "p ( ! product is j wat]--no?+ b wat]4 ,on ! la/ occasion ,i spoke ( x incid5tally1 m]ely say+ t wat] 0 produc$ among ! cond5sable products ( ! c&le2 b to-day ,i wi% to draw y\r att5tion to wat]1 t we may exam9e x c>efully1 especially 9 relation to ?is subject1 & also ) respect to its g5]al exi/5ce on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,n[1 hav+ previ\sly arrang$ an exp]im5t = ! purpose ( cond5s+ wat] f ! products ( ! c&le1 my next po9t w be to %ew y ?is wat]2 & p]haps "o ( ! be/ means t ,i c adopt = %ew+ its pres5ce to s _m at once1 is to exhibit a v visible action ( wat]1 & !n to apply t te/ to :at is collect$ z a drop at ! bottom ( t vessel4 ,i h "h a *emical sub/ance1 discov]$ by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 :i* has a v en]getic action ^u wat]1 :i* ,i %all use z a te/ ( ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,if ,i take a little piece ( x--x is call$ potassium1 z com+ f pota%1--if ,i take a little piece ( x1 & ?r[ x into t bas91 y see h[ x %ews ! pres5ce ( wat] by light+ up & float+ ab\t1 burn+ ) a viol5t flame4 ,i am n[ go+ to take away ! c&le :i* has be5 burn+ b5ea? ! vessel conta9+ ice & salt1 & y see a drop ( wat]--a cond5s$ product ( ! c&le--hang+ f "u ! surface ( ! di%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,i w %ew y t potassium has ! same action ^u x z ^u ! wat] 9 t bas9 9 ! exp]im5t we h j tri$4 ,see1 x takes fire1 & burns 9 j ! same mann]4 ,i w take ano!r drop ^u ?is glass slab1 & :5 ,i put ! potassium on to x1 y see at once1 f its tak+ fire1 t !re is wat] pres5t4 ,n[1 t wat] 0 produc$ by ! c&le4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if ,i put ?is _s-lamp "u t j>1 y w soon see ! latt] become damp1 f ! dew :i* is deposit$ ^u x--t dew be+ ! result ( combu/ion2 & ,i h no d\bt y w %ortly see by ! drops ( wat] :i* fall ^u ! pap] bel[1 t !re is a good deal ( wat] produc$ f ! combu/ion ( ! lamp4 ,i w let x rema91 & y c aft]w>ds see h[ mu* wat] has be5 collect$4 ,s1 if ,i take a gas-lamp1 & put any cool+ arrangem5t ov] x1 ,i %all get wat]--wat] be+ likewise produc$ f ! combu/ion ( gas4 ,"h1 9 ?is bottle1 is a quantity ( wat]--p]fectly pure1 di/ill$ wat]1 produc$ f ! combu/ion ( a gas-lamp--9 no po9t diff]5t f ! wat] t y di/il f ! riv]1 or ocean1 or spr+1 b exactly ! same ?+4 ,wat] is "o individual ?+--x nev] *anges4 ,we c add to x by c>eful adju/m5t1 = a little :ile1 or we c take x ap>t1 & get o!r ?+s f x2 b wat]1 z wat]1 rema9s always ! same1 ei!r 9 a solid1 liquid1 or fluid /ate4 ,"h1 aga9 hold+ ano!r bottle1 is "s wat] produc$ by ! combu/ion ( an oil-lamp4 ,a p9t ( oil1 :5 burnt fairly & prop]ly1 produces r m ?an a p9t ( wat]4 ,"h1 aga91 is "s wat]1 produc$ by a r long exp]im5t f a wax c&le4 ,& s we c g on ) almo/ all combu/ible sub/ances1 & f9d t if !y burn ) a flame1 z a c&le1 !y produce wat]4 ,y may make ^! exp]im5ts y\rselves4 ,! head ( a pok] is a v good ?+ to try )1 & if x rema9s cold long en\gh ov] ! c&le1 y may get wat] cond5s$ 9 drops on x2 or a spoon or ladle1 or any?+ else may be us$1 provid$ x be clean1 & c c>ry (f ! heat1 & s cond5se ! wat]4 ,& n[--to g into ! hi/ory ( ?is wond]ful production ( wat] f combu/ibles1 & by combu/ion--,i mu/ fir/ ( all tell y t ?is wat] may exi/ 9 diff]5t conditions2 & al?\gh y may n[ be acqua9t$ ) all its =ms1 !y /ill require u to give a little att5tion to !m = ! pres5t1 s t we may p]ceive h[ ! wat]1 :il/ x goes ?r\gh its ,protean *anges1 is entirely & absolutely ! same ?+1 :e!r x is produc$ f a c&le1 by combu/ion1 or f ! riv]s or ocean4 ,fir/ ( all1 wat]1 :5 at ! colde/1 is ice4 ,n[1 we philosoph]s--,i hope t ,i may class y & myself toge!r 9 ?is case--speak ( wat] z wat]1 :e!r x be 9 its solid1 or liquid1 or gase\s /ate1--we speak ( x *emically z wat]4 ,wat] is a ?+ comp\nd$ ( two sub/ances1 "o ( :i* we h d]iv$ f ! c&le1 & ! o!r we %all f9d else:]e4 ,wat] may occur z ice2 & y h _h mo/ excell5t opportunities lately ( see+ ?is4 ,ice *anges back into wat]--= we _h on our la/ ,sabba? a /rong in/ance ( ?is *ange1 by ! sad cata/rophe :i* occurr$ 9 our own h\se1 z well z 9 ! h\ses ( _m ( our fri5ds1--ice *anges back into wat] :5 ! temp]ature is rais$3 wat] also *anges into /eam :5 x is w>m$ en\gh4 ,! wat] :i* we h "h be=e u is 9 its d5se/ /ate#aa1 & al?\gh x *anges 9 weight1 9 condition1 9 =m1 & 9 _m o!r qualities1 x /ill is wat]2 & :e!r we alt] x into ice by cool+1 or :e!r we *ange x into /eam by heat1 x increases 9 volume1--9 ! "o case v /rangely & p[]fully1 & 9 ! o!r case v l>gely & wond]fully4 ,= in/ance1 ,i w n[ take ?is t9 cyl9d]1 & p\r a little wat] into x2 & see+ h[ mu* wat] ,i p\r 91 y may easily e/imate = y\rselves h[ high x w rise 9 ! vessel3 x w cov] ! bottom ab\t two in*es4 ,i am n[ ab\t to conv]t ! wat] into /eam1 = ! purpose ( %ew+ to y ! diff]5t volumes :i* wat] occupies 9 its diff]5t /ates ( wat] & /eam4 ,let u n[ take ! case ( wat] *ang+ into ice3 we c effect t by cool+ x 9 a mixture ( salt & p\nd$ ice#ab2 & ,i %all d s to %ew y ! expansion ( wat] into a ?+ ( l>g] bulk :5 x is s *ang$4 ,^! bottles hold+ "o are made ( /rong ca/ iron1 v /rong & v ?ick--,i suppose !y are ! ?ird ( an in* 9 ?ickness2 !y are v c>efully fill$ ) wat]1 s z to exclude all air1 & !n !y are screw$ d[n tight4 ,we %all see t :5 we freeze ! wat] 9 ^! iron vessels1 !y w n be able to hold ! ice1 & ! expansion )9 !m w break !m 9 pieces z ^! po9t+ to "s fragm5ts are brok51 :i* h be5 bottles ( exactly ! same k9d4 ,i am ab\t to put ^! two bottles into t mixture ( ice & salt1 = ! purpose ( %ew+ t :5 wat] becomes ice1 x *anges 9 volume 9 ?is extraord9>y way4 ,9 ! mean "t look at ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! wat] to :i* we h appli$ heat--x is los+ its fluid /ate4 ,y may tell ?is by two or ?ree circum/ances4 ,i h cov]$ ! m\? ( ?is glass flask1 9 :i* wat] is boil+1 ) a wat*-glass4 ,d y see :at happ5s8 ,x rattles away l a valve *att]+1 because ! /eam ris+ f ! boil+ wat] s5ds ! valve up & d[n1 & =ces itself out1 & s makes x clatt]4 ,y c v easily p]ceive t ! flask is q full ( /eam1 or else x w\ld n =ce its way out4 ,y see1 also1 t ! flask conta9s a sub/ance v mu* l>g] ?an ! wat]1 = x fills ! :ole ( ! flask ov] & ov] aga91 & !re x is bl[+ away into ! air2 & yet y _c obs]ve any great dim9ution 9 ! bulk ( ! wat]1 :i* %ews y t its *ange ( bulk is v great :5 x becomes /eam4 ,i h put our iron bottles conta9+ wat] into ?is freez+ mixture1 t y may see :at happ5s4 ,no communication w take place1 y obs]ve1 betwe5 ! wat] 9 ! bottles & ! ice 9 ! out] vessel4 ,b !re w be a conveyance ( heat f ! "o to ! o!r2 & if we are successful--we are mak+ our exp]im5t 9 v great ha/e--,i expect y w by-&-by1 s soon z ! cold has tak5 possession ( ! bottles & _! cont5ts1 he> a pop on ! occasion ( ! bur/+ ( ! "o bottle or ! o!r2 &1 :5 we come to exam9e ! bottles1 we %all f9d _! cont5ts masses ( ice1 p>tly enclos$ by ! cov]+ ( iron :i* is too small = !m1 because ! ice is l>g] 9 bulk ?an ! wat]4 ,y "k v well t ice floats ^u wat]3 if a boy falls ?r\gh a hole into ! wat]1 he tries to get on ! ice aga9 to float him up4 ,:y does ! ice float8--?9k ( t1 & philosophise4 ,because ! ice is l>g] ?an ! quantity ( wat] :i* c produce x2 & !re=e ! ice weighs ! light]1 & ! wat] is ! heavi]4 ,to return n[ to ! action ( heat on wat]4 ,see :at a /ream ( vap\r is issu+ f ?is t9 vessel6 ,y obs]ve1 we mu/ h made x q full ( /eam to h x s5t out 9 t great quantity4 ,& n[1 z we c conv]t ! wat] into /eam by heat1 we conv]t x back into liquid wat] by ! application ( cold4 ,& if we take a glass1 or any o!r cold ?+1 & hold x ov] ?is /eam1 see h[ soon x gets damp ) wat]2 x w cond5se x until ! glass is w>m--x cond5ses ! wat] :i* is n[ runn+ d[n ! sides ( x4 ,i h "h ano!r exp]im5t to %ew ! cond5sation ( wat] f a vapor\s /ate back into a liquid /ate1 9 ! same way z ! vap\r1 "o ( ! products ( ! c&le1 0 cond5s$ aga9/ ! bottom ( ! di%1 & obta9$ 9 ! =m ( wat]2 & to %ew y h[ truly & ?or\ghly ^! *anges take place1 ,i w take ?is t9 flask1 :i* is n[ full ( /eam1 & close ! top4 ,we %all see :at takes place :5 we cause ?is wat] or /eam to return back to ! fluid /ate by p\r+ "s cold wat] on ! outside4 ,! ,lectur] p\r$ ! cold wat] ov] ! vessel1 :5 x imm$iately collaps$4 ,y see :at has happ5$4 ,if ,i _h clos$ ! /opp]1 & /ill kept ! heat appli$ to x1 x w\ld h bur/ ! vessel2 yet1 :5 ! /eam returns to ! /ate ( wat]1 ! vessel collapses1 !re be+ a vacuum produc$ inside by ! cond5sation ( ! /eam4 ,i %ew y ^! exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( po9t+ out t 9 all ^! occurr5ces !re is no?+ t *anges ! wat] into any o!r ?+--x /ill rema9s wat]2 & s ! vessel is oblig$ to give way1 & is cru%$ inw>ds1 z 9 ! o!r case1 by ! fur!r application ( heat1 x w\ld h be5 bl[n outw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,& :at d y ?9k ! bulk ( t wat] is :5 x assumes ! vapor\s condition8 ,y see t cube po9t+ to a cubic foot4 ,!re1 by its side1 is a cubic in*1 exactly ! same %ape z ! cubic foot1 & t bulk ( wat] ! cubic in* is suffici5t to exp& into t bulk ! cubic foot ( /eam2 &1 on ! contr>y1 ! application ( cold w contract t l>ge quantity ( /eam into ?is small quantity ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,"o ( ! iron bottles bur/ at t mom5t4 ,ah6 ,!re is "o ( our bottles bur/1 & "h y see is a crack d[n "o side an eigh? ( an in* 9 wid?4 ,! o!r n[ explod$1 s5d+ ! freez+ mixture 9 all directions4 ,?is o!r bottle is also brok52 al?\gh ! iron 0 ne>ly half-an-in* ?ick1 ! ice has bur/ x asund]4 ,^! *anges always take place 9 wat]3 !y d n require to be always produc$ by artificial means1--we only use !m "h because we want to produce a small w9t] r\nd t little bottle1 in/ead ( a long & sev]e "o4 ,b if y g to ,canada1 or to ! ,nor?1 y w f9d ! temp]ature !re out ( doors w d ! same ?+ z has be5 done "h by ! freez+ mixture4 ,to return to our quiet philosophy4 ,we %all n 9 future be deceiv$1 !re=e1 by any *anges t are produc$ 9 wat]4 ,wat] is ! same ev]y:]e1 :e!r produc$ f ! ocean or f ! flame ( ! c&le4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ?is wat] :i* we get f a c&le8 ,i mu/ anticipate a little1 & tell y4 ,x evid5tly comes1 z to "p ( x1 f ! c&le2 b is x )9 ! c&le be=eh&8 ,no4 ,x is n 9 ! c&le2 & x is n 9 ! air r\nd ab\t ! c&le :i* is necess>y = its combu/ion4 ,x is nei!r 9 "o nor ! o!r1 b x comes f _! conjo9t action1 a "p f ! c&le1 a "p f ! air2 & ?is we h n[ to trace1 s t we may und]/& ?or\ghly :at is ! *emical hi/ory ( a c&le :5 we h x burn+ on our table4 ,h[ %all we get at ?is8 ,i myself "k pl5ty ( ways1 b ,i want y to get at x f ! association 9 y\r own m9ds ( :at ,i h already told y4 ,i ?9k y c see a little 9 ?is way4 ,we _h j n[ ! case ( a sub/ance :i* act$ ^u ! wat] 9 ! way t ,sir ,humphrey ,davy %ew$ u#ac1 & :i* ,i am n[ go+ to recall to y\r m9ds by mak+ aga9 an exp]im5t ^u t di%4 ,x is a ?+ :i* we h to h&le v c>efully1 = y see1 if ,i all[ a little spla% ( wat] to come ^u ?is mass1 x sets fire to "p ( x2 & if !re 7 free access ( air1 x w\ld quickly set fire to ! :ole4 ,n[1 ?is is a metal--a beautiful & bright metal--:i* rapidly *anges 9 ! air1 &1 z y "k1 rapidly *anges 9 wat]4 ,i w put a piece on ! wat]1 & y see x burns beautifully1 mak+ a float+ lamp1 us+ ! wat] 9 ! place ( air4 ,aga91 if we take a few iron fil+s or turn+s1 & put !m 9 wat]1 we f9d t !y likewise und]go an alt]ation4 ,!y d n *ange s mu* z ?is potassium does1 b !y *ange some:at 9 ! same way2 !y become ru/y1 & %ew an action ^u ! wat]1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t degree ( int5sity to :at ?is beautiful metal does3 b !y act ^u ! wat] 9 ! same mann] g5]ally z ?is potassium4 ,i want y to put ^! diff]5t facts toge!r 9 y\r m9ds4 ,i h ano!r metal "h z9c1 & :5 we exam9$ x ) reg>d to ! solid sub/ance produc$ by its combu/ion1 we _h an opportunity ( see+ t x burn$2 & ,i suppose1 if ,i take a little /rip ( ?is z9c & put x ov] ! c&le1 y w see some?+ half-way1 z x 71 betwe5 ! combu/ion ( potassium on ! wat] & ! action ( iron1--y see !re is a sort ( combu/ion4 ,x has burn$1 leav+ a :ite a% or residuum1 & "h also we f9d t ! metal has a c]ta9 am\nt ( action ^u wat]4 ,by degrees we h le>n$ h[ to modify ! action ( ^! diff]5t sub/ances1 & to make !m tell u :at we want to "k4 ,& n[1 fir/ ( all1 ,i take iron4 ,x is a common ?+ 9 all *emical reactions1 :]e we get any result ( ?is k9d1 to f9d t x is increas$ by ! action ( heat2 & if we want to exam9e m9utely & c>efully ! action ( bodies "o ^u ano!r1 we (t5 h to ref] to ! action ( heat4 ,y are aw>e1 ,i believe1 t iron-fil+s burn beautifully 9 ! air2 b ,i am ab\t to %ew y an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 because x w impress ^u y :at ,i am go+ to say ab\t iron 9 its action on wat]4 ,if ,i take a flame & make x holl[2--y "k :y1 because ,i want to get air to x & into x1 & !re=e ,i make x holl[--& !n take a few iron-fil+s & drop !m into ! flame1 y see h[ well !y burn4 ,t combu/ion results f ! *emical action :i* is go+ on :5 we ignite ^? p>ticles4 ,& s we proce$ to consid] ^! diff]5t effects1 & asc]ta9 :at iron w d :5 x meets ) wat]4 ,x w tell u ! /ory s beautifully1 s gradually & regul>ly1 t ,i ?9k x w please y v mu*4 ,i h "h a furnace ) a pipe go+ ?r\gh x l an iron gun b>rel1 & ,i h /uff$ t b>rel full ( bright iron-turn+s1 & plac$ x across ! fire1 to be made r$-hot4 ,we c ei!r s5d air ?r\gh ! b>rel to come 9 contact ) ! iron1 or we c s5d /eam f ?is little boil] at ! end ( ! b>rel4 ,"h is a /op-cock :i* %uts (f ! /eam f ! b>rel until we wi% to admit x4 ,!re is "s wat] 9 ^! glass j>s1 :i* ,i h col\r$ blue1 s t y may see :at happ5s4 ,n[1 y "k v well t any /eam ,i might s5d ?r\gh t b>rel1 if x w5t ?r\gh into ! wat]1 w\ld be cond5s$2 = y h se5 t /eam _c reta9 its gase\s =m if x be cool$ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,y saw x "h po9t+ to ! t9 flask cru%+ itself into a small bulk1 & caus+ ! flask hold+ x to collapse2 s t if ,i 7 to s5d /eam ?r\gh t b>rel1 x w\ld be cond5s$--suppos+ ! b>rel 7 cold3 x is1 !re=e1 heat$ to p]=m ! exp]im5t ,i am n[ ab\t to %ew y4 ,i am go+ to s5d ! /eam ?r\gh ! b>rel 9 small quantities2 & y %all judge = y\rselves1 :5 y see x issue f ! o!r end1 :e!r x /ill rema9s /eam4 ,/eam is cond5sable into wat]1 & :5 y l[] ! temp]ature ( /eam1 y conv]t x back into fluid wat]2 b ,i h l[]$ ! temp]ature ( ! gas :i* ,i h collect$ 9 ?is j>1 by pass+ x ?r\gh wat] aft] x has trav]s$ ! iron b>rel1 & /ill x does n *ange back into wat]4 ,i w take ano!r te/ & apply to ?is gas4 7,i hold ! j> 9 an inv]t$ position1 or my sub/ance w\ld escape47 ,if ,i n[ apply a light to ! m\? ( ! j>1 x ignites ) a slight noise4 ,t tells y t x is n /eam4 ,/eam puts out a fire--x does n burn2 b y saw t :at ,i _h 9 t j> burnt4 ,we may obta9 ?is sub/ance equally f wat] produc$ f ! c&le-flame z f any o!r s\rce4 ,:5 x is obta9$ by ! action ( ! iron ^u ! aque\s vap\r1 x leaves ! iron 9 a /ate v simil> to t 9 :i* ^! fil+s 7 aft] !y 7 burnt4 ,x makes ! iron heavi] ?an x 0 be=e4 ,s long z ! iron rema9s 9 ! tube & is heat$1 & is cool$ aga9 )\t ! access ( air or wat]1 x does n *ange 9 its weight2 b aft] hav+ _h ?is curr5t ( /eam pass$ ov] x1 x !n comes out heavi] t x 0 be=e1 hav+ tak5 some?+ out ( ! /eam1 & hav+ all[$ some?+ else to pass =?1 :i* we see "h4 ,& n[1 z we h ano!r j> full1 ,i w %ew y some?+ mo/ int]e/+4 ,x is a combu/ible gas2 & ,i might at once take ?is j> & set fire to ! cont5ts1 & %ew y t x is combu/ible2 b ,i int5d to %ew y m if ,i c4 ,x is also a v light sub/ance4 ,/eam w cond5se3 ?is body w rise 9 ! air1 & n cond5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,suppose ,i take ano!r glass j>1 empty ( all b air3 if ,i exam9e x ) a tap]1 ,i %all f9d t x conta9s no?+ b air4 ,i w n[ take ?is j> full ( ! gas t ,i am speak+ (1 & deal ) x z ?\gh x 7 a light body4 ,i w hold bo? upside-d[n1 & turn ! "o up "u ! o!r2 & t :i* did conta9 ! gas procur$ f ! /eam1 :at does x conta9 n[8 ,y w f9d x n[ only conta9s air4 ,b look6 ,"h is ! combu/ible sub/ance tak+ ! o!r j> :i* ,i h p\r$ out ( ! "o j> into ! o!r4 ,x /ill pres]ves its quality1 & condition1 & indep5d5ce1 & !re=e is ! m wor?y ( our consid]ation1 z belong+ to ! products ( a c&le4 ,n[1 ?is sub/ance :i* we h j prep>$ by ! action ( iron on ! /eam or wat]1 we c also get by means ( ^? o!r ?+s :i* y h already se5 act s well ^u ! wat]4 ,if ,i take a piece ( potassium1 & make ! necess>y arrangem5ts1 x w produce ?is gas2 & if1 in/ead1 a piece ( z9c1 ,i f9d1 :5 ,i come to exam9e x v c>efully1 t ! ma9 reason :y ?is z9c _c act ^u ! wat] cont9u\sly z ! o!r metal does1 is because ! result ( ! action ( ! wat] envelopes ! z9c 9 a k9d ( protect+ coat4 ,we h le>n$ 9 consequ5ce1 t if we put into our vessel only ! z9c & wat]1 !y by !mselves d n give rise to mu* action1 & we get no result4 ,b suppose ,i proce$ to dissolve (f ?is v>ni%--?is encumb]+ sub/ance--:i* ,i c d by a little acid2 ! mom5t ,i d ?is1 ,i f9d ! z9c act+ ^u ! wat] exactly z ! iron did1 b at ! common temp]ature4 ,! acid 9 no way is alt]$1 except 9 its comb9ation ) ! oxide ( z9c1 :i* is produc$4 ,i h n[ p\r$ ! acid into ! glass1 & ! effect is z ?\gh ,i 7 apply+ heat to cause ?is boil+ up4 ,!re is some?+ com+ (f f ! z9c v abundantly1 :i* is n /eam4 ,!re is a j> full ( x2 & y w f9d t ,i h exactly ! same combu/ible sub/ance rema9+ 9 ! vessel1 :5 ,i hold x upside-d[n1 t ,i produc$ dur+ ! exp]im5t ) ! iron b>rel4 ,?is is :at we get f wat]--! same sub/ance :i* is conta9$ 9 ! c&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,let u n[ trace di/9ctly ! connection betwe5 ^! two po9ts4 ,?is is hydrog5--a body class$ among ^? ?+s :i* 9 ,*emi/ry we call elem5ts1 because we c get no?+ else out ( !m4 ,a c&le is n an elem5t>y body1 because we c get c>bon out ( x2 we c get ?is hydrog5 out ( x1 or at lea/ out ( ! wat] :i* x supplies4 ,& ?is gas has be5 s nam$ hydrog51 because x is t elem5t :i*1 9 association ) ano!r1 g5]ates wat]4 ,footnote3 greek3 hudos1 8wat]10 & greek3 g5nao1 8,i g5]ate40 ,mr4 ,&]son hav+ n[ be5 able to get two or ?ree j>s ( gas1 we %all h a few exp]im5ts to make1 & ,i want to %ew y ! be/ way ( mak+ ^! exp]im5ts4 ,i am n afraid to %ew y1 = ,i wi% y to make exp]im5ts1 if y w only make !m ) c>e & att5tion1 & ! ass5t ( ^? ar\nd y4 ,z we advance 9 ,*emi/ry1 we are oblig$ to deal ) sub/ances :i* are r injuri\s1 if 9 _! wrong places--! acids1 & heat1 & combu/ible ?+s we use1 might d h>m if c>elessly employ$4 ,if y want to make hydrog51 y c make x easily f bits ( z9c1 & sulphuric or muriatic acid4 ,"h is :at 9 =m] times 0 call$ ! 8philosoph]'s c&le40 ,x is a little phial ) a cork1 & a tube or pipe pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,& ,i am n[ putt+ a few little pieces ( z9c into x4 ,?is little in/rum5t ,i am go+ to apply to a useful purpose 9 our demon/rations--= ,i want to %ew y t y c prep>e hydrog51 & make "s exp]im5ts ) x z y please at y\r own homes4 ,let me "h tell y :y ,i am s c>eful to fill ?is phial ne>ly1 & yet n q full4 ,i d x because ! evolv$ gas1 :i*1 z y h se51 is v combu/ible1 is explosive to a consid]able ext5t :5 mix$ ) air1 & might lead to h>m1 if y 7 to apply a light to ! end ( t pipe be=e all ! air _h be5 swept out ( ! space above ! wat]4 ,i am n[ ab\t to p\r 9 ! sulphuric acid4 ,i h us$ v little z9c1 & m sulphuric acid & wat]1 because ,i want to keep x at "w = "s "t4 ,i !re=e take c>e 9 ?is way to modify ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts1 s t ,i may h a regul> supply--n too quick1 & n too sl[4 ,suppos+ ,i n[ take a glass & put x upside-d[n ov] ! end ( ! tube1 because ! hydrog5 is light ,i expect t x w rema9 9 t vessel a little :ile4 ,we w n[ te/ ! cont5ts ( our glass to see if !re be hydrog5 9 x4 ,i ?9k ,i am safe 9 say+ we h caught "s apply+ a light4 ,!re x is1 y see4 ,i w n[ apply a light to ! top ( ! tube4 ,!re is ! hydrog5 burn+4 ,!re is our philosophical c&le4 ,x is a fooli% feeble sort ( a flame1 y may say2 b x is s hot t sc>cely any common flame gives out s mu* heat4 ,x goes on burn+ regul>ly1 & ,i am n[ ab\t to put t flame to burn "u a c]ta9 arrangem5t1 9 ord] t we may exam9e its results & make use ( ! in=mation :i* we may !reby acquire4 ,inasmu* z ! c&le produces wat]1 & ?is gas comes out ( ! wat]1 let u see :at ?is gives u by ! same process ( combu/ion t ! c&le w5t ?r\gh :5 x burnt 9 ! atmosph]e2 & = t purpose ,i am go+ to put ! lamp "u ?is app>atus1 9 ord] to cond5se :atev] may arise f ! combu/ion )9 x ,9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t y w see moi/ure appe>+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 & y w get ! wat] runn+ d[n ! side2 & ! wat] f ?is hydrog5 flame w h absolutely ! same effect ^u all our te/s1 be+ obta9$ by ! same g5]al process z 9 ! =m] case4 ,?is hydrog5 is a v beautiful sub/ance4 ,x is s light t x c>ries ?+s up3 x is f> light] ?an ! atmosph]e2 & ,i d>e say ,i c %ew y ?is by an exp]im5t :i*1 if y are v clev]1 "s ( y may ev5 h skill en\gh to repeat4 ,"h is our g5]ator ( hydrog51 & "h are "s soap-suds4 ,i h an india-rubb] tube connect$ ) ! hydrog5 g5]ator1 & at ! end ( ! tube is a tobacco-pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,i c ?us put ! pipe into ! suds1 & bl[ bubbles by means ( ! hydrog54 ,y obs]ve h[ ! bubbles fall d[nw>ds :5 ,i bl[ !m ) my w>m brea?2 b notice ! diff]5ce :5 ,i bl[ !m ) hydrog54 ,! ,lectur] "h blew bubbles ) hydrog51 :i* rose to ! ro( ( ! !atre4 ,x %ews y h[ light ?is gas mu/ be 9 ord] to c>ry ) x n m]ely ! ord9>y soap-bubble1 b ! l>g] portion ( a drop hang+ to ! bottom ( x4 ,i c %ew its lightness 9 a bett] way ?an ?is2 l>g] bubbles ?an ^! may be s lift$ up2 inde$1 9 =m] times balloons us$ to be fill$ ) ?is gas4 ,mr4 ,&]son w fa/5 ?is tube on to our g5]ator1 & we %all h a /ream ( hydrog5 "h ) :i* we c *>ge ?is balloon made ( collodion4 ,i ne$ n ev5 be v c>eful to get all ! air out1 = ,i "k ! p[] ( ?is gas to c>ry x up4 ,two collodion balloons 7 inflat$1 & s5t up1 "o be+ held by a /r+4 ,"h is ano!r l>g] "o made ( ?9 membrane1 :i* we w fill & all[ to asc5d4 ,y w see !y w all rema9 float+ ab\t until ! gas escapes4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! comp>ative weights ( ^! sub/ances8 ,i h a table "h :i* w %ew y ! proportion :i* _! weights be> to ea* o!r4 ,i h tak5 a p9t & a cubic foot z ! measures1 & h plac$ opposite to !m ! respective figures4 ,a p9t measure ( ?is hydrog5 weighs ?ree-qu>t]s ( our smalle/ weight 7a gra971 & a cubic foot weighs "o-twelf? ( an ounce2 :]eas a p9t ( wat] weighs #h1gej gra9s1 & a cubic foot ( wat] weighs almo/ #a1jjj ounces4 ,y see1 !re=e1 :at a va/ diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! weight ( a cubic foot ( wat] & a cubic foot ( hydrog54 ,hydrog5 gives rise to no sub/ance t c become solid1 ei!r dur+ combu/ion or aft]w>ds z a product ( its combu/ion4 ,b :5 x burns1 x produces wat] only2 & if we take a cold glass & put x ov] ! flame1 x becomes damp1 & y h wat]1 produc$ imm$iately 9 appreciable quantity2 & no?+ is produc$ by its combu/ion b ! same wat] :i* y h se5 ! flame ( ! c&le produce4 ,x is important to rememb] t ?is hydrog5 is ! only ?+ 9 nature :i* furni%es wat] z ! sole product ( combu/ion4 ,& n[ we mu/ endeav\r to f9d "s additional pro( ( ! g5]al "* & composition ( wat]2 & = ?is purpose ,i w keep y a little long]1 s t at our next meet+ we may be bett] prep>$ = ! subject4 ,we h ! p[] ( arrang+ ! z9c :i* y h se5 act+ ^u ! wat] by ! assi/ance ( an acid1 9 su* a mann] z to cause all ! p[] to be evolv$ 9 ! place :]e we require x ,i h beh9d me a voltaic pile1 & ,i am j ab\t to %ew y1 at ! end ( ?is lecture1 its "* & p[]1 t y may see :at we %all h to deal ) :5 next we meet4 ,i hold "h ! extremities ( ! wires :i* transport ! p[] f beh9d me1 & :i* ,i %all cause to act on ! wat]4 ,we h previ\sly se5 :at a p[] ( combu/ion is possess$ by ! potassium1 or ! z9c1 or ! iron-fil+s2 b none ( !m %ew su* en]gy z ?is4 ,! ,lectur] "h made contact betwe5 ! two t]m9al wires ( ! batt]y1 :5 a brilliant fla% ( light 0 produc$4 ,?is light is1 9 fact1 produc$ by a =ty-z9c p[] ( burn+3 x is a p[] t ,i c c>ry ab\t 9 my h&s1 ?r\gh ^! wires1 at pleasure--al?\gh1 if ,i appli$ x wrongly to myself1 x w\ld de/roy me 9 an in/ant1 = x is a mo/ int5se ?+1 & ! p[] y see "h put =? :ile y c\nt five br++ ! poles 9 contact1 & exhibit+ ! electric light is equival5t to ! p[] ( sev]al ?und]-/orms1 s great is its =ce#ad4 ,& t y may see :at int5se en]gy x has1 ,i w take ! ends ( ! wires :i* convey ! p[] f ! batt]y1 & ) x ,i d>e say ,i c burn ?is iron file4 ,n[1 ?is is a *emical p[]1 & "o :i*1 :5 we next meet1 ,i %all apply to wat]1 & %ew y :at results we are able to produce4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,hydrog5 ,,9 ,,! ,,c&le--,,burns ,,into ,,wat]--,,! ,,o!r ,,"p ,,( ,,wat]--,,oxyg54 ,i see y are n tir$ ( ! c&le yet1 or ,i am sure y w\ld n be int]e/$ 9 ! subject 9 ! way y are4 ,:5 our c&le 0 burn+1 we f\nd x produc$ wat] exactly l ! wat] we h ar\nd u2 & by fur!r exam9ation ( ?is wat] we f\nd 9 x t curi\s body1 hydrog5--t light sub/ance ( :i* !re is "s 9 ?is j>4 ,we aft]w>ds saw ! burn+ p[]s ( t hydrog51 & t x produc$ wat]4 ,& ,i ?9k ,i introduc$ to y\r notice an app>atus :i* ,i v briefly said 0 an arrangem5t ( *emical =ce1 or p[]1 or en]gy1 s adju/$ z to convey its p[] to u 9 ^! wires2 & ,i said ,i %\ld use t =ce to pull ! wat] to pieces1 to see :at else !re 0 9 ! wat] besides hydrog52 because1 y rememb]1 :5 we pass$ ! wat] ?r\gh ! iron tube1 we by no means got ! weight ( wat] back :i* we put 91 9 ! =m ( /eam1 ?\gh we _h a v l>ge quantity ( gas evolv$4 ,we h n[ to see :at is ! o!r sub/ance pres5t4 ,t y may und]/& ! "* & use ( ?is in/rum5t1 let u make an exp]im5t or two4 ,let u put toge!r1 fir/ ( all1 "s sub/ances1 kn[+ :at !y are1 & !n see :at t in/rum5t does to !m4 ,!re is "s copp] 7obs]ve ! v>i\s *anges :i* x c und]go71 & "h is "s nitric acid1 & y w f9d t ?is1 be+ a /rong *emical ag5t1 w act v p[]fully :5 ,i add x to ! copp]4 ,x is n[ s5d+ =? a beautiful r$ vap\r2 b z we d n want t vap\r1 ,mr4 ,&]son w hold x ne> ! *imney = a %ort "t1 t we may h ! use & beauty ( ! exp]im5t )\t ! annoyance4 ,! copp] :i* ,i h put into ! flask w dissolve3 x w *ange ! acid & ! wat] into a blue fluid1 conta9+ copp] & o!r ?+s2 & ,i propose !n %ew+ y h[ ?is voltaic batt]y deals ) x2 & 9 ! mean "t we w arrange ano!r k9d ( exp]im5t = y to see :at p[] x has4 ,?is is a sub/ance :i* is to u l wat]--t is to say1 x conta9s bodies :i* we d n "k ( z yet1 z wat] conta9s a body :i* we d n "k z yet4 ,n[1 ?is solution ( a salt#ae ,i w put ^u pap]1 & spread ab\t1 & apply ! p[] ( ! batt]y to x1 & obs]ve :at w happ54 ,?ree or f\r important ?+s w happ5 :i* we %all take advantage (4 ,i place ?is wett$ pap] ^u a %eet ( t9foil1 :i* is conv5i5t = keep+ all clean1 & also = ! advantage\s application ( ! p[]2 & ?is solution1 y see1 is n at all affect$ by be+ put ^u ! pap] or t9foil1 nor by any?+ else ,i h br\ght 9 contact ) x yet1 & :i*1 !re=e1 is free to u to use z reg>ds t in/rum5t4 ,b fir/ let u see t our in/rum5t is 9 ord]4 ,"h are our wires4 ,let u see :e!r x is 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 la/ "t4 ,we c soon tell4 ,z yet1 :5 ,i br+ !m toge!r1 we h no p[]1 because ! convey]s--:at we call ! electrodes--! passages or ways = ! electricity--are /opp$2 b n[ ,mr4 ,&]son by t ref]r+ to a sudd5 fla% at ! ends ( ! wires has giv5 me a telegram to say t x is ready4 ,be=e ,i beg9 our exp]im5t ,i w get ,mr4 ,&]son to break contact aga9 at ! batt]y beh9d me1 & we w put a plat9um-wire across to connect ! poles1 & !n if ,i f9d ,i c ignite a pretty good l5g? ( ?is wire1 we %all be safe 9 our exp]im5t4 ,n[ y w see ! p[]4 ,! connection 0 e/abli%$1 & ! int]m$iate wire became r$-hot4 ,!re is ! p[] runn+ beautifully ?r\gh ! wire1 :i* ,i h made ?9 on purpose to %ew y t we h ^? p[]ful =ces2 & n[1 hav+ t p[]1 we w proce$ ) x to ! exam9ation ( wat]4 ,i h "h two pieces ( plat9um1 & if ,i lay !m d[n ^u ?is piece ( pap] ! moi/5$ pap] on ! t9foil1 y w see no action2 & if ,i take !m up1 !re is no *ange t y c see1 b ! arrangem5t rema9s j z x 0 be=e4 ,b1 n[1 see :at happ5s3 if ,i take ^! two poles & put ei!r "o or ! o!r ( !m d[n sep>ately on ! plat9um-plates1 !y d no?+ = me1 bo? are p]fectly )\t action2 b if ,i let !m bo? be 9 contact at ! same mom5t1 see :at happ5s a br[n spot appe>$ "u ea* pole ( ! batt]y4 ,look "h at ! effect t takes place1 & see h[ ,i h pull$ some?+ ap>t f ! :ite--some?+ br[n2 & ,i h no d\bt1 if ,i 7 to arrange x ?us1 & 7 to put "o ( ! poles to ! t9foil on ! o!r side ( ! pap]--:y1 ,i get su* a beautiful action ^u ! pap]1 t ,i am go+ to see :e!r ,i _c write ) x--a telegram1 if y please4 ,! ,lectur] "h trac$ ! ^w 8juv5ile0 on ! pap] ) "o ( ! t]m9al wires4 ,see !re h[ beautifully we c get our results6 ,y see we h "h drawn some?+1 :i* we h n kn[n ab\t be=e1 out ( ?is solution4 ,let u n[ take t flask f ,mr4 ,&]s5's h&s1 & see :at we c draw out ( t4 ,?is1 y "k1 is a liquid :i* we h j made up f copp] & nitric acid1 :il/ our o!r exp]im5ts 7 9 h&2 & ?\gh ,i am mak+ ?is exp]im5t v ha/ily1 & may bungle a little1 yet ,i pref] to let y see :at ,i d r ?an prep>e x be=eh&4 ,n[1 see :at happ5s4 ,^! two plat9um-plates are ! two ends 7or ,i w make !m s imm$iately7 ( ?is app>atus2 & ,i am ab\t to put !m 9 contact ) t solution j z we did a mom5t ago on ! pap]4 ,x does n matt] to u :e!r ! solution be on ! pap] or :e!r x be 9 ! j>1 s long z we br+ ! ends ( ! app>atus to x4 ,if ,i put ! two plat9ums 9 by !mselves1 !y come out z clean & z :ite z !y g 9 ins]t+ !m into ! fluid )\t connect+ !m ) ! batt]y2 b :5 we take ! p[] & lay t on ! plat9ums 7 connect$ ) ! batt]y & aga9 dipp$ into ! solution1 ?is1 y see exhibit+ "o ( ! plat9ums1 is at once turn$ into copp]1 z x 73 x has become l a plate ( copp]2 & t exhibit+ ! o!r piece ( plat9um has come out q clean4 ,if ,i take ?is copp]$ piece & *ange sides1 ! copp] w leave ! "r-h& side & come ov] to ! left side2 :at 0 be=e ! copp]$ plate comes out clean1 & ! plate :i* 0 clean comes out coat$ ) copp]2 & ?us y see t ! same copp] we put into ?is solution we c also take out ( x by means ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,putt+ t solution aside1 let u n[ see :at effect ?is in/rum5t w h ^u wat]4 ,"h are two little plat9um-plates :i* ,i int5d to make ! ends ( ! batt]y1 & ?is 7,c7 is a little vessel s %ap$ z to enable me to take x to pieces1 & %ew y its con/ruction4 ,9 ^! two cups 7,a & ,b7 ,i p\r m]cury1 :i* t\*es ! ends ( ! wires connect$ ) ! plat9um-plates4 ,9 ! vessel 7,c7 ,i p\r "s wat] conta9+ a little acid 7b :i* is put only = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! action2 x und]goes no *ange 9 ! process71 & connect$ ) ! top ( ! vessel is a b5t glass tube 7,d71 :i* may rem9d y ( ! pipe :i* 0 connect$ ) ! gun b>rel 9 our furnace exp]im5t1 & :i* n[ passes "u ! j> 7,f74 ,i h n[ adju/$ ?is app>atus1 & we w proce$ to affect ! wat] 9 "s way or o!r4 ,9 ! o!r case1 ,i s5t ! wat] ?r\gh a tube :i* 0 made r$-hot2 ,i am n[ go+ to pass ! electricity ?r\gh ! cont5ts ( ?is vessel4 ,p]haps ,i may boil ! wat]2 if ,i d boil ! wat]1 ,i %all get /eam2 & y "k t /eam cond5ses :5 x gets cold1 & y w !re=e see by t :e!r ,i d boil ! wat] or n4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,i %all n boil ! wat]1 b produce "s o!r effect4 ,y %all h ! exp]im5t & see4 ,!re is "o wire :i* ,i w put to ?is side 7,a71 & "h is ! o!r wire :i* ,i w put to ! o!r side 7,b71 & y w soon see :e!r any di/urbance takes place4 ,"h x is seem+ to boil up fam\sly2 b does x boil8 ,let u see :e!r t :i* goes out is /eam or n4 ,i ?9k y w soon see ! j> 7,f7 w be fill$ ) vap\r1 if t :i* rises f ! wat] is /eam4 ,b c x be /eam8 ,:y1 c]ta9ly n2 because !re x rema9s1 y see1 un*ang$4 ,!re x is /&+ ov] ! wat]1 & x _c !re=e be /eam1 b mu/ be a p]man5t gas ( "s sort ,:at is x8 ,is x hydrog58 ,is x any?+ else8 ,well1 we w exam9e x4 ,if x is hydrog51 x w burn4 ,! ,lectur] !n ignit$ a portion ( ! gas collect$1 :i* burnt ) an explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,x is c]ta9ly some?+ combu/ible1 b n combu/ible 9 ! way t hydrog5 is4 ,hydrog5 w\ld n h giv5 y t noise2 b ! col\r ( t light1 :5 ! ?+ did burn1 0 l t ( hydrog53 x w1 h[ev]1 burn )\t contact ) ! air4 ,t is :y ,i h *os5 ?is o!r =m ( app>atus1 = ! purpose ( po9t+ out to y :at are ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,9 place ( an op5 vessel ,i h tak5 "o t is clos$ 7our batt]y is s beautifully active t we are ev5 boil+ ! m]cury1 & gett+ all ?+s "r--n wrong1 b vigor\sly "r72 & ,i am go+ to %ew y t t gas1 :atev] x may be1 c burn )\t air1 & 9 t respect diff]s f a c&le1 :i* _c burn )\t ! air4 ,& our mann] ( do+ ?is is z foll[s3--,i h "h a glass vessel 7,g7 :i* is fitt$ ) two plat9um-wires 7,,ik71 ?r\gh :i* ,i c apply electricity2 & we c put ! vessel on ! air-pump & exhau/ ! air1 & :5 we h tak5 ! air out we c br+ x "h & fa/5 x on to ?is j> 7,f71 & let into ! vessel t gas :i* 0 =m$ by ! action ( ! voltaic batt]y ^u ! wat]1 & :i* we h produc$ by *ang+ ! wat] into x1--= ,i may g z f> z ?is1 & say we h really1 by t exp]im5t1 *ang$ ! wat] into t gas4 ,we h n only alt]$ its condition1 b we h *ang$ x really & truly into t gase\s sub/ance1 & all ! wat] is !re :i* 0 decompos$ by ! exp]im5t4 ,z ,i screw ?is vessel 7,,gh7 on "h 7,h71 & make ! tubes well connect$1 & :5 ,i op5 ! /op-cocks 7,,hhh71 if y wat* ! level ( ! wat] 79 ,f71 y w see t ! gas w rise4 ,i w n[ close ! /op-cocks1 z ,i h drawn up z mu* z ! vessel c hold1 & be+ safely convey$ into t *amb]1 ,i w pass into x an electric sp>k f ?is ,leyd5 j> 7,l71 :5 ! vessel1 :i* is n[ q cle> & bright1 w become dim4 ,!re w be no s\nd1 = ! vessel is /rong en\gh to conf9e ! explosion4 ,a sp>k 0 !n pass$ ?r\gh ! j>1 :5 ! explosive mixture 0 ignit$4 ,did y see t brilliant light8 ,if ,i aga9 screw ! vessel on to ! j>1 & op5 ^! /op-cocks1 y w see t ! gas w rise a second "t4 ,! /op-cocks 7 !n op5$4 ,^? gases ref]r+ to ! gases fir/ collect$ 9 ! j>1 & :i* _h j be5 ignit$ by ! electric sp>k h disappe>$1 z y see3 _! place is vacant1 & fre% gas has gone 94 ,wat] has be5 =m$ f !m2 & if we repeat our op]ation repeat+ ! la/ exp]im5t1 ,i %all h ano!r vacancy1 z y w see by ! wat] ris+4 ,i always h an empty vessel aft] ! explosion1 because ! vap\r or gas into :i* t wat] has be5 resolv$ by ! batt]y explodes "u ! influ5ce ( ! sp>k1 & *anges into wat]2 & by-&-by y w see 9 ?is upp] vessel "s drops ( wat] trickl+ d[n ! sides & collect+ at ! bottom4 ,we are "h deal+ ) wat] entirely1 )\t ref]5ce to ! atmosph]e4 ,! wat] ( ! c&le _h ! atmosph]e help+ to produce x2 b 9 ?is way x c be produc$ indep5d5tly ( ! air4 ,wat]1 !re=e1 ought to conta9 t o!r sub/ance :i* ! c&le takes f ! air1 & :i*1 comb9+ ) ! hydrog51 produces wat]4 ,j n[ y saw t "o end ( ?is batt]y took hold ( ! copp]1 extract+ x f ! vessel :i* conta9$ ! blue solution4 ,x 0 effect$ by ?is wire2 & surely we may say1 if ! batt]y has su* p[] ) a metallic solution :i* we made & unmade1 may we n f9d t x is possible to split asund] ! compon5t p>ts ( ! wat]1 & put !m into ?is place & t place8 ,suppose ,i take ! poles--! metallic ends ( ?is batt]y--& see :at w happ5 ) ! wat] 9 ?is app>atus 7fig4 #bj71 :]e we h sep>at$ ! two ends f> ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,i place "o "h 7at ,a71 & ! o!r !re 7at ,b71 & ,i h little %elves ) holes :i* ,i c put ^u ea* pole1 & s arrange !m t :atev] escapes f ! two ends ( ! batt]y w appe> z sep>ate gases2 = y saw t ! wat] did n become vapor\s1 b gase\s4 ,! wires are n[ 9 p]fect & prop] connection ) ! vessel conta9+ ! wat]2 & y see ! bubbles ris+3 let u collect ^! bubbles & see :at !y are4 ,"h is a glass cyl9d] 7,o72 ,i fill x ) wat] & put x ov] "o end 7,a7 ( ! pile2 & ,i w take ano!r 7,h7 & put x ov] ! o!r end 7,b7 ( ! pile4 ,& s n[ we h a d\ble app>atus1 ) bo? places deliv]+ gas4 ,bo? ^! j>s w fill ) gas4 ,!re !y g1 t to ! "r 7,h7 fill+ v rapidly2 ! "o to ! left 7,o7 fill+ n s rapidly2 & ?\gh ,i h all[$ "s bubbles to escape1 yet /ill ! action is go+ on pretty regul>ly2 & 7 x n t "o is r small] ?an ! o!r1 y w\ld see t ,i %\ld h twice z mu* 9 ?is 7,h7 z ,i h 9 t 7,o74 ,bo? ^! gases are col\rless2 !y /& ov] ! wat] )\t cond5s+2 !y are alike 9 all ?+s--,i mean 9 all app>5t ?+s2 & we h "h an opportunity ( exam9+ ^! bodies & asc]ta9+ :at !y are4 ,_! bulk is l>ge1 & we c easily apply exp]im5ts to !m4 ,i w take ?is j> 7,h7 fir/1 & w ask y to be prep>$ to recognise hydrog54 ,?9k ( all its qualities--! light gas :i* /ood well 9 inv]t$ vessels1 burn+ ) a pale flame at ! m\? ( ! j>--& see :e!r ?is gas does n satisfy all ^! conditions4 ,if x be hydrog51 x w rema9 "h :ile ,i hold ?is j> inv]t$4 ,a light 0 !n appli$1 :5 ! hydrog5 burnt ,:at is !re n[ 9 ! o!r j>8 ,y "k t ! two toge!r made an explosive mixture4 ,b :at c ?is be :i* we f9d z ! o!r con/itu5t 9 wat]1 & :i* mu/ !re=e be t sub/ance :i* made ! hydrog5 burn8 ,we "k t ! wat] we put into ! vessel consi/$ ( ! two ?+s toge!r4 ,we f9d "o ( ^! is hydrog53 :at mu/ t o!r be :i* 0 9 ! wat] be=e ! exp]im5t1 & :i* we n[ h by itself8 ,i am ab\t to put ?is light$ spl9t] ( wood into ! gas4 ,! gas itself w n burn1 b x w make ! spl9t] ( wood burn4 ,! ,lectur] ignit$ ! end ( ! wood1 & introduc$ x into ! j> ( gas4 ,see h[ x invigorates ! combu/ion ( ! wood1 & h[ x makes x burn f> bett] ?an ! air w\ld make x burn2 & n[ y see by itself t e o!r sub/ance :i* is conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 & :i*1 :5 ! wat] 0 =m$ by ! burn+ ( ! c&le1 mu/ h be5 tak5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,:at %all we call x1 ,a1 ,b1 or ,c8 ,let u call x ,o--call x 8,oxyg530 x is a v good di/9ct-s\nd+ "n4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! oxyg5 :i* 0 pres5t 9 ! wat]1 =m+ s l>ge a "p ( x4 ,we %all n[ beg9 to und]/& m cle>ly our exp]im5ts & rese>*es2 because1 :5 we h exam9$ ^! ?+s once or twice1 we %all soon see :y a c&le burns 9 ! air4 ,:5 we h 9 ?is way analys$ ! wat]--t is to say1 sep>at$1 or electrolys$ its p>ts out ( x--we get two volumes ( hydrog51 & "o ( ! body t burns x4 ,& ^! two are repres5t$ to u on ! foll[+ diagram1 ) _! weights also /at$2 & we %all f9d t ! oxyg5 is a v heavy body by comp>ison ) ! hydrog54 ,x is ! o!r elem5t 9 wat]4 ,i _h bett]1 p]haps1 tell y n[ h[ we get ?is oxyg5 abundantly1 hav+ %ewn y h[ we c sep>ate x f ! wat]4 ,oxyg51 z y w imm$iately imag9e1 exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e2 = h[ %\ld ! c&le burn to produce wat] )\t x8 #a #h ,oxyg54 ,oxyg51 4 4 4 4 #hh4i ,hydrog51 4 4 4 #aa4a ,hydrog54 ---------- #i ,wat]14 4 4 4 4 #ajj4j ,su* a ?+ w\ld be absolutely impossible1 & *emically impossible1 )\t oxyg54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,c we get x f ! air8 ,well1 !re are "s v complicat$ & difficult processes by :i* we c get x f ! air2 b we h bett] processes4 ,!re is a sub/ance call$ ! black oxide ( manganese3 x is a v black-look+ m9]al1 b v useful1 & :5 made r$-hot x gives out oxyg54 ,"h is an iron bottle :i* has _h "s ( ?is sub/ance put into x1 & !re is a tube fix$ to x1 & a fire ready made1 & ,mr4 ,&]son w put t retort into ! fire1 = x is made ( iron1 & c /& ! heat4 ,"h is a salt call$ *lorate ( potassa1 :i* is n[ made 9 l>ge quantities = blea*+1 & *emical & m$ical uses1 & = pyrote*nic & o!r purposes4 ,i w take "s & mix x ) "s ( ! oxide ( manganese 7oxide ( copp]1 or oxide ( iron w\ld d z well72 & if ,i put ^! toge!r 9 a retort1 f> less ?an a r$ heat is suffici5t to evolve ?is oxyg5 f ! mixture4 ,i am n prep>+ to make mu*1 because we only want suffici5t = our exp]im5ts2 only1 z y w see imm$iately1 if ,i use too small a *>ge1 ! fir/ portion ( ! gas w be mix$ ) ! air already 9 ! retort1 & ,i %\ld be oblig$ to sacrifice ! fir/ portion ( ! gas1 because x w\ld be s mu* dilut$ ) air2 ! fir/ portion mu/ !re=e be ?r[n away4 ,y w f9d 9 ?is case1 t a common _s-lamp is q suffici5t = me to get ! oxyg51 & s we %all h two processes go+ on = its prep>ation4 ,see h[ freely ! gas is com+ ov] f t small portion ( ! mixture4 ,we w exam9e x1 & see :at are its prop]ties4 ,n[1 9 ?is way we are produc+1 z y w obs]ve1 a gas j l ! "o we _h 9 ! exp]im5t ) ! batt]y1 transp>5t1 undissolv$ by wat]1 & pres5t+ ! ord9>y visible prop]ties ( ! atmosph]e4 7,z ?is fir/ j> conta9s ! air1 toge!r ) ! fir/ portions ( ! oxyg5 set free dur+ ! prep>ation1 we w c>ry x out ( ! way1 & be prep>$ to make our exp]im5ts 9 a regul>1 dignifi$ mann]47 ,&1 inasmu* z t p[] ( mak+ wood1 wax1 or o!r ?+s burn1 0 s m>k$ 9 ! oxyg5 we obta9$ by means ( ! voltaic batt]y f wat]1 we may expect to f9d ! same prop]ty "h4 ,we w try x ,y see !re is ! combu/ion ( a light$ tap] 9 air1 & "h is its combu/ion 9 ?is gas l[]+ ! tap] into ! j>4 ,see h[ brightly & h[ beautifully x burns6 ,y c also see m ?an ?is1--y w p]ceive x is a heavy gas1 :il/ ! hydrog5 w\ld g up l a balloon1 or ev5 fa/] ?an a balloon1 :5 n encumb]$ ) ! weight ( ! envelope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,y may easily see t al?\gh we obta9$ f wat] twice z mu* 9 volume ( ! hydrog5 z ( oxyg51 x does n foll[ t we h twice z mu* 9 weight--because "o is heavy1 & ! o!r a v light gas4 ,we h means ( weigh+ gases or air2 b )\t /opp+ to expla91 t1 let me j tell y :at _! respective weights are4 ,! weight ( a p9t ( hydrog5 is ?ree-qu>t]s ( a gra92 ! weight ( ! same quantity ( oxyg5 is ne>ly twelve gra9s4 ,?is is a v great diff]5ce4 ,! weight ( a cubit foot ( hydrog5 is "o-twelf? ( an ounce2 & ! weight ( a cubit foot ( oxyg5 is "o ounce & a ?ird4 ,& s on we might come to masses ( matt] :i* may be weigh$ 9 ! balance1 & :i* we c take acc\nt ( z to hundr$weights & z to tons1 z y w see almo/ imm$iately4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ?is v prop]ty ( oxyg5 support+ combu/ion1 :i* we may comp>e to air1 ,i w take a piece ( c&le to %ew x y 9 a r\gh way1 & ! result w be r\gh4 ,!re is our c&le burn+ 9 ! air3 h[ w x burn 9 oxyg58 ,i h "h a j> ( ?is gas1 & ,i am ab\t to put x ov] ! c&le = y to comp>e ! action ( ?is gas ) t ( ! air4 ,:y1 look at x3 x looks some?+ l ! light y saw at ! poles ( ! voltaic batt]y4 ,?9k h[ vigor\s t action mu/ be6 ,& yet1 dur+ all t action1 no?+ m is produc$ ?an :at is produc$ by ! burn+ ( ! c&le 9 air4 ,we h ! same production ( wat]1 & ! same ph5om5a exactly1 :5 we use ?is gas in/ead ( air1 z we h :5 ! c&le is burnt 9 air4 ,b n[ we h got a k ( ?is new sub/ance1 we c look at x a little m di/9ctly1 9 ord] to satisfy ourselves t we h got a good g5]al und]/&+ ( ?is "p ( ! product ( a c&le4 ,x is wond]ful h[ great ! support+ p[]s ( ?is sub/ance are z reg>ds combu/ion4 ,= in/ance1 "h is a lamp :i*1 simple ?\gh x be1 is ! orig9al1 ,i may say1 ( a great v>iety ( lamps :i* are con/ruct$ = div]s purposes--= light-h\ses1 microscopic illum9ations1 & o!r uses2 & if x 7 propos$ to make x burn v brightly1 y w\ld say1 8,if a c&le burnt bett] 9 oxyg51 w n a lamp d ! same80 ,:y1 x w d s4 ,mr4 ,&]son w give me a tube com+ f our oxyg5 res]voir1 & ,i am ab\t to apply x to ?is flame1 :i* ,i w previ\sly make burn badly on purpose4 ,!re comes ! oxyg53 :at a combu/ion t makes6 ,b if ,i %ut x (f1 :at becomes ( ! lamp8 ,! fl[ ( oxyg5 0 /opp$1 & ! lamp relaps$ to its =m] dimness4 ,x is wond]ful h[1 by means ( oxyg51 we get combu/ion accel]at$4 ,b x does n affect m]ely ! combu/ion ( hydrog51 or c>bon1 or ! c&le2 b x exalts all combu/ions ( ! common k9d4 ,we w take "o :i* relates to iron1 = in/ance1 z y h already se5 iron burn a little 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,"h is a j> ( oxyg51 & ?is is a piece ( iron wire2 b if x 7 a b> z ?ick z my wri/1 x w\ld burn ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,i fir/ atta* a little piece ( wood to ! iron1 ,i !n set ! wood on fire & let !m bo? d[n toge!r into ! j>4 ,! wood is n[ alight1 & !re x burns z wood %\ld burn 9 oxyg52 b x w soon communicate its combu/ion to ! iron4 ,! iron is n[ burn+ brilliantly1 & w cont9ue s = a long "t4 ,z long z we supply oxyg51 s long c we c>ry on ! combu/ion ( ! iron1 until ! latt] is consum$4 ,we w n[ put t on "o side1 & take "s o!r sub/ance2 b we mu/ limit our exp]im5ts1 = we h n "t to sp>e = all ! illu/rations y w\ld h a "r to if we _h m "t4 ,we w take a piece ( sulphur--y "k h[ sulphur burns 9 ! air--well1 we put x into ! oxyg51 & y w see t :atev] c burn 9 air1 c burn ) a f> great] int5sity 9 oxyg51 lead+ y to ?9k t p]haps ! atmosph]e itself owes all its p[] ( combu/ion to ?is gas4 ,! sulphur is n[ burn+ v quietly 9 ! oxyg52 b y _c = a mom5t mi/ake ! v high & increas$ action :i* takes place :5 x is s burnt1 in/ead ( be+ burnt m]ely 9 common air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,i am n[ ab\t to %ew y ! combu/ion ( ano!r sub/ance--phosphorus4 ,i c d x bett] = y "h ?an y c d x at home4 ,?is is a v combu/ible sub/ance2 & if x be s combu/ible 9 air1 :at might y expect x w\ld be 9 oxyg58 ,i am ab\t to %ew x to y n 9 its fulle/ int5sity1 = if ,i did s we %\ld almo/ bl[ ! app>atus up--,i may ev5 n[ crack ! j>1 ?\gh ,i d n want to break ?+s c>elessly4 ,y see h[ x burns 9 ! air4 ,b :at a glori\s light x gives out :5 ,i introduce x into oxyg56 ,introduc+ ! light$ phosphorus into ! j> ( oxyg54 ,!re y see ! solid p>ticles go+ (f :i* cause t combu/ion to be s brilliantly lum9\s4 ,?us f> we h te/$ ?is p[] ( oxyg51 & ! high combu/ion x produces by means ( o!r sub/ances4 ,we mu/ n[1 = a little :ile long]1 look at x z respects ! hydrog54 ,y "k1 :5 we all[$ ! oxyg5 & ! hydrog5 d]iv$ f ! wat] to mix & burn toge!r1 we _h a little explosion4 ,y rememb]1 also1 t :5 ,i burnt ! oxyg5 & ! hydrog5 9 a jet toge!r1 we got v little light1 b great heat4 ,i am n[ ab\t to set fire to oxyg5 & hydrog51 mix$ 9 ! proportion 9 :i* !y occur 9 wat]4 ,"h is a vessel conta9+ "o volume ( oxyg5 & two volumes ( hydrog54 ,?is mixture is exactly ( ! same nature z ! gas we j n[ obta9$ f ! voltaic batt]y3 x w\ld be f> too mu* to burn at once2 ,i h !re=e arrang$ to bl[ soap-bubbles ) x1 & burn ^? bubbles1 t we may see by a g5]al exp]im5t or two h[ ?is oxyg5 supports ! combu/ion ( ! hydrog54 ,fir/ ( all1 we w see :e!r we c bl[ a bubble4 ,well1 !re goes ! gas caus+ x to issue ?r\gh a tobacco-pipe into "s soap-suds4 ,"h ,i h a bubble4 ,i am receiv+ !m on my h&3 & y w p]haps ?9k ,i am act+ oddly 9 ?is exp]im5t2 b x is to %ew y t we mu/ n always tru/ to noise & s\nds1 b r to real facts4 ,explod+ a bubble on ! palm ( 8 h&4 ,i am afraid to fire a bubble f ! end ( ! pipe1 because ! explosion w\ld pass up into ! j> & bl[ x to pieces4 ,?is oxyg5 !n w unite ) ! hydrog51 z y see by ! ph5om5a1 & he> by ! s\nd1 ) ! utmo/ read9ess ( action1 & all its p[]s are !n tak5 up 9 its neutralisation ( ! qualities ( ! hydrog54 ,s n[ ,i ?9k y w p]ceive ! :ole hi/ory ( wat] ) ref]5ce to oxyg5 & ! air1 f :at we h be=e said4 ,:y does a piece ( potassium decompose wat]8 ,because x f9ds oxyg5 9 ! wat]4 ,:at is set free :5 ,i put x 9 ! wat]1 z ,i am ab\t to d aga98 ,x sets free hydrog51 & ! hydrog5 burns2 b ! potassium itself comb9es ) oxyg52 & ?is piece ( potassium1 9 tak+ ! wat] ap>t--! wat]1 y may say1 d]iv$ f ! combu/ion ( ! c&le--takes away ! oxyg5 :i* ! c&le took f ! air1 & s sets ! hydrog5 free2 & ev5 if ,i take a piece ( ice1 & put a piece ( potassium ^u x1 ! beautiful aff9ities by :i* ! oxyg5 & ! hydrog5 are relat$ are su*1 t ! ice w absolutely set fire to ! potassium4 ,i %ew ?is to y to-day1 9 ord] to enl>ge y\r ideas ( ^! ?+s1 & t y may see h[ greatly results are modifi$ by circum/ances4 ,!re is ! potassium on ! ice1 produc+ a sort ( volcanic action4 ,x w be my place1 :5 next we meet1 hav+ po9t$ out ^! anomal\s actions1 to %ew y t none ( ^! extra & /range effects are met ) by u--t none ( ^! /range & injuri\s actions take place :5 we are burn+1 n m]ely a c&le1 b gas 9 our /reets1 or fuel 9 our fireplaces1 s long z we conf9e ourselves )9 ! laws t ,nature has made = our guidance4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,oxyg5 ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,! ,,air--,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e--,,its ,,prop]ties--,,o!r ,,products ,,f ,,! ,,c&le--,,c>bonic ,,acid--,,its ,,prop]ties4 ,we h n[ se5 t we c produce hydrog5 & oxyg5 f ! wat] t we obta9$ f ! c&le4 ,hydrog51 y "k1 comes f ! c&le1 & oxyg51 y believe1 comes f ! air4 ,b !n y h a "r to ask me1 8,h[ is x t ! air & ! oxyg5 d n equally well burn ! c&le80 ,if y rememb] :at happ5$ :5 ,i put a j> ( oxyg5 ov] a piece ( c&le1 y recollect !re 0 a v diff]5t k9d ( combu/ion to t :i* took place 9 ! air4 ,n[1 :y is ?is8 ,x is a v important "q1 & "o ,i %all endeav\r to make y und]/&3 x relates mo/ intimately to ! nature ( ! atmosph]e1 & is mo/ important to u4 ,we h sev]al te/s = oxyg5 besides ! m]e burn+ ( bodies4 ,y h se5 a c&le burnt 9 oxyg51 or 9 ! air2 y h se5 phosphorus burnt 9 ! air1 or 9 oxyg52 & y h se5 iron-fil+s burnt 9 oxyg54 ,b we h o!r te/s besides ^!1 & ,i am ab\t to ref] to "o or two ( !m = ! purpose ( c>ry+ y\r conviction & y\r exp]i5ce fur!r4 ,"h we h a vessel ( oxyg54 ,i w %ew its pres5ce to y3 if ,i take a little sp>k & put x into t oxyg51 y "k1 by ! exp]i5ce y ga9$ ! la/ "t we met1 :at w happ52 if ,i put t sp>k into ! j>1 x w tell y :e!r we h oxyg5 "h or n4 ,yes6 ,we h prov$ x by combu/ion2 & n[ "h is ano!r te/ = oxyg51 :i* is a v curi\s & useful "o4 ,i h "h two j>s full ( gas1 ) a plate betwe5 !m to prev5t _! mix+2 ,i take ! plate away1 & ! gases are creep+ "o into ! o!r4 8,:at happ5s80 say y3 8!y toge!r produce no su* combu/ion z 0 se5 9 ! case ( ! c&le40 ,b see h[ ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 is told by its association ) ?is o!r sub/ance#ad4 ,:at a beautifully col\r$ gas ,i h obta9$ 9 ?is way1 %ew+ me ! pres5ce ( ! oxyg56 ,9 ! same way we c try ?is exp]im5t by mix+ common air ) ?is te/-gas4 ,"h is a j> conta9+ air--su* air z ! c&le w\ld burn 9--& "h is a j> or bottle conta9+ ! te/-gas4 ,i let !m come toge!r ov] wat]1 & y see ! result3 ! cont5ts ( ! te/-bottle are fl[+ into ! j> ( air1 & y see ,i obta9 exactly ! same k9d ( action z be=e1 & t %ews me t !re is oxyg5 9 ! air--! v same sub/ance t has be5 already obta9$ by u f ! wat] produc$ by ! c&le4 ,b !n1 beyond t1 h[ is x t ! c&le does n burn 9 air z well z 9 oxyg58 ,we w come to t po9t at once4 ,i h "h two j>s2 !y are fill$ to ! same height ) gas1 & ! appe>ance to ! eye is alike 9 bo?1 & ,i really d n "k at pres5t :i* ( ^! j>s conta9s oxyg5 & :i* conta9s air1 al?\gh ,i "k !y h previ\sly be5 fill$ ) ^! gases4 ,b "h is our te/-gas1 & ,i am go+ to "w ) ! two j>s1 9 ord] to exam9e :e!r !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 ! quality ( r$d5+ ?is gas4 ,i am n[ go+ to turn ?is te/-gas into "o ( ! j>s1 & obs]ve :at happ5s4 ,!re is r$d5+1 y see2 !re is !n oxyg5 pres5t4 ,we w n[ te/ ! o!r j>2 b y see ?is is n s di/9ctly r$ z ! fir/3 &1 fur!r1 ?is curi\s ?+ happ5s1--if ,i take ^! two gases & %ake !m well toge!r ) wat]1 we %all absorb ! r$ gas2 & !n1 if ,i put 9 m ( ?is te/-gas & %ake aga91 we %all absorb m2 & ,i c g on z long z !re be any oxyg5 pres5t to produce t effect4 ,if ,i let 9 air1 x w n matt]2 b ! mom5t ,i introduce wat]1 ! r$ gas disappe>s2 & ,i may g on 9 ?is way1 putt+ 9 m & m ( ! te/-gas1 until ,i come to some?+ left beh9d :i* w n r$d5 any long] by ! use ( t p>ticul> body t r5d]$ ! air & ! oxyg5 r$4 ,:y is t8 ,y see 9 a mom5t x is because !re is1 besides oxyg51 some?+ else pres5t :i* is left beh9d4 ,i w let a little m air into ! j>1 & if x turns r$ y w "k t "s ( t r$d5+ gas is /ill pres5t1 & t consequ5tly x 0 n = ! want ( ?is produc+ body t t air 0 left beh9d4 ,n[1 y w beg9 to und]/& :at ,i am ab\t to say4 ,y saw t :5 ,i burnt phosphorus 9 a j>1 z ! smoke produc$ by ! phosphorus & ! oxyg5 ( ! air cond5s$1 x left a good deal ( gas unburnt1 j z ?is r$ gas left some?+ unt\*$1--!re 01 9 fact1 ?is gas left beh9d1 :i* ! phosphorus _c t\*1 :i* ! r$d5+ gas _c t\*1 & ?is some?+ is n oxyg51 & yet is "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,s t is "o way ( op5+ out air into ! two ?+s ( :i* x is compos$--oxyg51 :i* burns our c&les1 our phosphorus1 or any?+ else2 & ?is o!r sub/ance--nitrog5--:i* w n burn !m4 ,?is o!r "p ( ! air is by f> ! l>g] proportion1 & x is a v curi\s body1 :5 we come to exam9e x2 x is rem>kably curi\s1 & yet y say1 p]haps1 t x is v un9t]e/+4 ,x is un9t]e/+ 9 "s respects because ( ?is--t x %ews no brilliant effects ( combu/ion4 ,if ,i te/ x ) a tap] z ,i d oxyg5 & hydrog51 x does n burn l hydrog51 nor does x make ! tap] burn l oxyg54 ,try x 9 any way ,i w1 x does nei!r ! "o ?+ nor ! o!r3 x w n take fire2 x w n let ! tap] burn2 x puts out ! combu/ion ( ev]y?+4 ,!re is no?+ t w burn 9 x 9 common circum/ances4 ,x has no smell2 x is n s\r2 x does n dissolve 9 wat]2 x is nei!r an acid nor an alkali2 x is z indiff]5t to all our organs z x is possible = a ?+ to be4 ,& y might say1 8,x is no?+2 x is n wor? *emical att5tion2 :at does x d 9 ! air80 ,ah6 !n come our beautiful & f9e results %ewn u by an obs]vant philosophy4 ,suppose1 9 place ( hav+ nitrog51 or nitrog5 & oxyg51 we _h pure oxyg5 z our atmosph]e2 :at w\ld become ( u8 ,y "k v well t a piece ( iron lit 9 a j> ( oxyg5 goes on burn+ to ! end4 ,:5 y see a fire 9 an iron grate1 imag9e :]e ! grate w\ld g to if ! :ole ( ! atmosph]e 7 oxyg54 ,! grate w\ld burn up m p[]fully ?an ! coals--= ! iron ( ! grate itself is ev5 m combu/ible ?an ! coals :i* we burn 9 x4 ,a fire put into ! middle ( a locomotive w\ld be a fire 9 a magaz9e ( fuel1 if ! atmosph]e 7 oxyg54 ,! nitrog5 l[]s x d[n & makes x mod]ate & useful = u1 & !n1 ) all t1 x takes away ) x ! fumes t y h se5 produc$ f ! c&le1 disp]ses !m ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! atmosph]e1 & c>ries !m away to places :]e !y are want$ to p]=m a great & glori\s purpose ( good to man1 = ! su/5ance ( vegetation2 & ?us does a mo/ wond]ful "w1 al?\gh y say1 on exam9+ x1 8,:y1 x is a p]fectly indiff]5t ?+40 ,?is nitrog5 9 its ord9>y /ate is an inactive elem5t2 no action %ort ( ! mo/ int5se electric =ce1 & !n 9 ! mo/ inf9itely small degree1 c cause ! nitrog5 to comb9e directly ) ! o!r elem5t ( ! atmosph]e1 or ) o!r ?+s r\nd ab\t x2 x is a p]fectly indiff]5t1 & !re=e to say1 a safe sub/ance4 ,b be=e ,i take y to t result1 ,i mu/ tell y ab\t ! atmosph]e itself4 ,i h writt5 on ?is diagram ! composition ( "o hundr$ p>ts ( atmosph]ic air3-- ,bulk4 ,weight4 ,oxyg51 4 4 4 4 4 #bj #bb4c ,nitrog51 4 4 4 4 #hj #gg4g ------ ---------- #ajj #ajj4j ,x is a true analysis ( ! atmosph]e1 s f> z reg>ds ! quantity ( oxyg5 & ! quantity ( nitrog5 pres5t4 ,by our analysis1 we f9d t #e p9ts ( ! atmosph]e conta9 only #a p9t ( oxyg51 & #d p9ts1 or #d p>ts1 ( nitrog5 by bulk4 ,t is our analysis ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x requires all t quantity ( nitrog5 to r$uce ! oxyg5 d[n1 s z to be able to supply ! c&le prop]ly ) fuel1 s z to supply u ) an atmosph]e :i* our lungs c heal?ily & safely brea!2 = x is j z important to make ! oxyg5 "r = u to brea!1 z x is to make ! atmosph]e "r = ! burn+ ( ! fire & ! c&le4 ,b n[ = ?is atmosph]e4 ,fir/ ( all1 let me tell y ! weight ( ^! gases4 ,a p9t ( nitrog5 weighs #aj gra9s1 or a cubic foot weighs #a ounce4 ,t is ! weight ( ! nitrog54 ,! oxyg5 is heavi]3 a p9t ( x weighs #aa gra9s1 & a cubic foot weighs #a ounce4 ,a p9t ( air weighs ab\t #aj gra9s1 & a cubic foot #a ounce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,y h ask$ me sev]al times1 & ,i am v glad y h1 8,h[ d y weigh gases80 ,i w %ew y2 x is v simple1 & easily done4 ,"h is a balance1 & "h a copp] bottle1 made z light z we c consi/5t ) due /r5g?1 turn$ v nicely 9 ! la!1 & made p]fectly air-tight1 ) a /op-cock1 :i* we c op5 & %ut1 :i* at pres5t is op51 & !re=e all[s ! bottle to be full ( air4 ,i h "h a nicely-adju/$ balance1 9 :i* ,i ?9k ! bottle1 9 its pres5t condition1 w be balanc$ by ! weight on ! o!r side4 ,& "h is a pump by :i* we c =ce ! air into ?is bottle1 & ) x we w =ce 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( volumes ( air1 z measur$ by ! pump4 ,tw5ty measures 7 pump$ 94 ,we w %ut t 9 & put x 9 ! balance4 ,see h[ x s9ks3 x is mu* heavi] ?an x 04 ,by :at8 ,by ! air t we h =c$ into x by ! pump4 ,!re is n a great] bulk ( air1 b !re is ! same bulk ( heavi] air1 because we h =c$ 9 air ^u x4 ,& t y may h a fair notion 9 y\r m9d z to h[ mu* ?is air measures1 "h is a j> full ( wat]4 ,we w op5 t copp] vessel into ?is j>1 & let ! air return to its =m] /ate4 ,all ,i h to d n[ is to screw !m tightly toge!r1 & to turn ! taps1 :5 !re1 y see1 is ! bulk ( ! tw5ty pumps ( air :i* ,i =c$ into ! bottle2 & to make sure t we h be5 q correct 9 :at we h be5 do+1 we w take ! bottle aga9 to ! balance1 &1 if x is n[ c\nt]pois$ by ! orig9al weight1 we %all be q sure we h made our exp]im5t correctly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,x is balanc$2 s1 y see1 we c f9d out ! weight ( ! extra volumes ( air =c$ 91 9 t way1 & by t means we are able to asc]ta9 t a cubic foot ( air weighs #a ounce4 ,b t small exp]im5t w by no means convey to y\r m9d ! :ole lit]al tru? ( ?is matt]4 ,x is wond]ful h[ x accumulates :5 y come to l>g] volumes4 ,?is bulk ( air a cubic foot weighs #a ounce4 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! cont5ts ( t box above !re1 :i* ,i h _h made = ! purpose8 ,! air :i* is )9 t box weighs "o p\nd--a full p\nd2 & ,i h calculat$ ! weight ( ! air 9 ?is room1--y w\ld h>dly imag9e x1 b x is above a ton4 ,s rapidly d ! weights rise up1 & s important is ! pres5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 & ( ! oxyg5 & ! nitrog5 9 x1 & ! use x p]=ms 9 convey+ ?+s to & fro f place to place1 & c>ry+ bad vap\rs to places :]e !y w d good in/ead ( h>m4 ,hav+ giv5 y t little illu/ration ) respect to ! weight ( ! air1 let me %ew y c]ta9 consequ5ces ( x4 ,y h a "r to !m1 because y w\ld n und]/& s mu* )\t x4 ,d y rememb] ?is k9d ( exp]im5t8 ,h y ev] se5 x8 ,suppose ,i take a pump some:at simil> to ! "o ,i _h a little :ile ago to =ce air into ! bottle1 & suppose ,i place x 9 su* a mann] t by c]ta9 arrangem5ts ,i c apply my h& to x3 my h& moves ab\t 9 ! air s easily t x seems to feel no?+1 & ,i c h>dly get velocity en\gh by any motion ( my own 9 ! atmosph]e to make sure t !re is mu* resi/ance to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,b1 :5 ,i put my h& "h on ! air-pump receiv]1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds exhau/$1 y see :at happ5s4 ,:y is my h& fa/5$ to ?is place1 & :y am ,i able to pull ?is pump ab\t8 ,& see6 h[ is x t ,i c h>dly get my h& away8 ,:y is ?is8 ,x is ! weight ( ! air--! weight ( ! air t is above4 ,i h ano!r exp]im5t "h1 :i* ,i ?9k w expla9 to y m ab\t x4 ,:5 ! air is pump$ f und]nea? ! bladd] :i* is /ret*$ ov] ?is glass1 y w see ! effect 9 ano!r %ape3 ! top is q flat at pres5t1 b ,i w make a v little motion ) ! pump1 & n[ look at x--see h[ x has gone d[n1 see h[ x is b5t 94 ,y w see ! bladd] g 9 m & m1 until at la/ ,i expect x w be driv5 9 & brok5 by ! =ce ( ! atmosph]e press+ ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! bladd] at la/ broke ) a l\d report4 ,n[1 t 0 done entirely by ! weight ( ! air press+ on x1 & y c easily und]/& h[ t is4 ,! p>ticles t are pil$ up 9 ! atmosph]e /& ^u ea* o!r1 z ^! five cubes d4 ,y c easily conceive t f\r ( ^! five cubes are re/+ ^u ! bottom "o1 & if ,i take t away1 ! o!rs w all s9k d[n4 ,s x is ) ! atmosph]e3 ! air t is above is su/a9$ by ! air t is b5ea?2 & :5 ! air is pump$ away f b5ea? !m1 ! *ange occurs :i* y saw :5 ,i plac$ my h& on ! air-pump1 & :i* y saw 9 ! case ( ! bladd]1 & :i* y %all see bett] "h4 ,i h ti$ ov] ?is j> a piece ( %eet india-rubb]1 & ,i am n[ ab\t to take away ! air f ! inside ( ! j>2 & if y w wat* ! india-rubb]--:i* acts z a p>tition betwe5 ! air bel[ & ! air above--y w see1 :5 ,i pump1 h[ ! pressure %ews itself4 ,see :]e x is go+ to--,i c actually put my h& into ! j>2 & yet ?is result is only caus$ by ! great & p[]ful action ( ! air above4 ,h[ beautifully x %ews ?is curi\s circum/ance6 ,"h is some?+ t y c h a pull at1 :5 ,i h f9i%$ to-day4 ,x is a little app>atus ( two holl[ brass hemisph]es1 closely fitt$ toge!r1 & hav+ connect$ ) x a pipe & a cock1 ?r\gh :i* we c exhau/ ! air f ! inside2 & al?\gh ! two halves are s easily tak5 ap>t1 :ile ! air is left )91 yet y w see1 :5 we exhau/ x by-&-by1 no p[] ( any two ( y w be able to pull !m ap>t4 ,e squ>e in* ( surface t is conta9$ 9 ! area ( t vessel su/a9s fifte5 p\nds by weight1 or ne>ly s1 :5 ! air is tak5 out2 & y may try y\r /r5g? pres5tly 9 see+ :e!r y c ov]come t pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,"h is ano!r v pretty ?+--! boys' suck]1 only ref9$ by ! philosoph]4 ,we "y ones h a p]fect "r to take toys1 & make !m into philosophy1 inasmu* z n[-a-days we are turn+ philosophy into toys4 ,"h is a suck]1 only x is made ( india-rubb]3 if ,i clap x ^u ! table1 y see at once x holds4 ,:y does x hold8 ,i c slip x ab\t1 & yet if ,i try to pull x up1 x seems z if x w\ld pull ! table ) x ,i c easily make x slip ab\t f place to place2 b only :5 ,i br+ x to ! edge ( ! table c ,i get x (f4 ,x is only kept d[n by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e above4 ,we h a c\ple ( !m2 & if y take ^! two & press !m toge!r1 y w see h[ firmly !y /ick4 ,&1 inde$1 we may use !m z !y are propos$ to be us$1 to /ick aga9/ w9d[s1 or aga9/ walls1 :]e !y w adh]e = an ev5+1 & s]ve to hang any?+ on t y want4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t y boys ought to be %ewn exp]im5ts t y c make at home2 & s "h is a v pretty exp]im5t 9 illu/ration ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,"h is a tumbl] ( wat]4 ,suppose ,i 7 to ask y to turn t tumbl] upside-d[n1 s t ! wat] %\ld n fall out1 & yet n be kept 9 by y\r h&1 b m]ely by us+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,c\ld y d t8 ,take a w9e-glass1 ei!r q full or half-full ( wat]1 & put a flat c>d on ! top1 turn x upside-d[n1 & !n see :at becomes ( ! c>d & ( ! wat]4 ,! air _c get 9 because ! wat] by its capill>y attraction r\nd ! edge keeps x out4 ,i ?9k ?is w give y a correct notion ( :at y may call ! mat]iality ( ! air2 & :5 ,i tell y t ! box holds a p\nd ( x1 & ?is room m ?an a ton1 y w beg9 to ?9k t air is some?+ v s]i\s4 ,i w make ano!r exp]im5t1 to conv9ce y ( ?is positive resi/ance4 ,!re is t beautiful exp]im5t ( ! popgun1 made s well & s easily1 y "k1 out ( a quill1 or a tube1 or any?+ ( t k9d1--:]e we take a slice ( potato1 = in/ance1 or an apple1 & take ! tube & cut out a pellet1 z ,i h n[ done1 & pu% x to "o end4 ,i h made t end tight2 & n[ ,i take ano!r piece & put x 93 x w conf9e ! air t is )9 ! tube p]fectly & completely = our purpose2 & ,i %all n[ f9d x absolutely impossible by any =ce ( m9e to drive t little pellet close up to ! o!r4 ,x _c be done4 ,i may press ! air to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b if ,i g on press+1 long be=e x comes to ! second1 ! conf9$ air w drive ! front "o out ) a =ce some?+ l t ( gunp[d]2 = gunp[d] is 9 "p dep5d5t ^u ! same action t y see "h exemplifi$4 ,i saw ! o!r day an exp]im5t :i* pleas$ me mu*1 z ,i ?\ght x w\ld s]ve our purpose "h4 7,i ought to h held my tongue = f\r or five m9utes be=e beg9n+ ?is exp]im5t1 because x dep5ds ^u my lungs = success47 ,by ! prop] application ( air ,i expect to be able to drive ?is egg out ( "o cup into ! o!r by ! =ce ( my brea?2 b if ,i fail1 x is 9 a good cause2 & ,i d n promise success1 because ,i h be5 talk+ m ?an ,i ought to d to make ! exp]im5t succe$4 ,! ,lectur] "h tri$ ! exp]im5t1 & succe$$ 9 bl[+ ! egg f "o egg-cup to ! o!r4 ,y see t ! air :i* ,i bl[ goes d[nw>ds betwe5 ! egg & ! cup1 & makes a bla/ "u ! egg1 & is ?us able to lift a heavy ?+--= a full egg is a v heavy ?+ = air to lift4 ,if y want to make ! exp]im5t1 y _h bett] boil ! egg q h>d fir/1 & !n y may v safely try to bl[ x f "o cup to ! o!r1 ) a little c>e4 ,i h n[ kept y long en\gh ^u ?is prop]ty ( ! weight ( ! air1 b !re is ano!r ?+ ,i %\ld l to m5tion4 ,y saw ! way 9 :i*1 9 ?is popgun1 ,i 0 able to drive ! second piece ( potato half or two-?irds ( an in* be=e ! fir/ piece />t$1 by virtue ( ! ela/icity ( ! air--j z ,i press$ into ! copp] bottle ! p>ticles ( air by means ( ! pump4 ,n[1 ?is dep5ds ^u a wond]ful prop]ty 9 ! air1 namely1 its ela/icity2 & ,i %\ld l to give y a good illu/ration ( ?is4 ,if ,i take any?+ t conf9es ! air prop]ly1 z ?is membrane1 :i* also is able to contract & exp& s z to give u a measure ( ! ela/icity ( ! air1 & conf9e 9 ?is bladd] a c]ta9 portion ( air2 & !n1 if we take ! atmosph]e (f f ! outside ( x1 j z 9 ^! cases we put ! pressure on--if we take ! pressure (f1 y w see h[ x w !n g on exp&+ & exp&+1 l>g] & l>g]1 until x w fill ! :ole ( ?is bell-j>1 %ew+ y t wond]ful prop]ty ( ! air1 its ela/icity1 its compressibility1 & expansibility1 to an exce$+ly l>ge ext5t1 & :i* is v ess5tial = ! purposes & s]vices x p]=ms 9 ! economy ( creation4 ,we w n[ turn to ano!r v important "p ( our subject1 rememb]+ t we h exam9$ ! c&le 9 its burn+1 & h f\nd t x gives rise to v>i\s products4 ,we h ! products1 y "k1 ( soot1 ( wat]1 & ( some?+ else :i* y h n yet exam9$4 ,we h collect$ ! wat]1 b h all[$ ! o!r ?+s to g into ! air4 ,let u n[ exam9e "s ( ^! o!r products4 ,"h is an exp]im5t :i* ,i ?9k w help y 9 "p 9 ?is way4 ,we w put our c&le !re1 & place ov] x a *imney1 ?us4 ,i ?9k my c&le w g on burn+1 because ! air-passage is op5 at ! bottom & ! top4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y see ! moi/ure appe>+--t y "k ab\t4 ,x is wat] produc$ f ! c&le by ! action ( ! air ^u its hydrog54 ,b1 besides t1 some?+ is go+ out at ! top3 x is n moi/ure--x is n wat]--x is n cond5sable2 & yet1 aft] all1 x has v s+ul> prop]ties4 ,y w f9d t ! air com+ out ( ! top ( our *imney is ne>ly suffici5t to bl[ ! light out ,i am hold+ to x2 & if ,i put ! light fairly oppos$ to ! curr5t1 x w bl[ x q out4 ,y w say t is z x %\ld be2 & ,i am suppos+ t y ?9k x ought to d s1 because ! nitrog5 does n support combu/ion1 & ought to put ! c&le out1 s9ce ! c&le w n burn 9 nitrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,b is !re no?+ else !re ?an nitrog58 ,i mu/ n[ anticipate--t is to say1 ,i mu/ use my own k to supply y ) ! means t we adopt = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ^! ?+s1 & exam9+ su* gases z ^!4 ,i w take an empty bottle--"h is "o--& if ,i hold x ov] ?is *imney1 ,i %all get ! combu/ion ( ! c&le bel[ s5d+ its results into ! bottle above2 & we %all soon f9d t ?is bottle conta9s1 n m]ely an air t is bad z reg>ds ! combu/ion ( a tap] put into x1 b hav+ o!r prop]ties4 ,let me take a little quick-lime & p\r "s common wat] on to x--! commone/ wat] w d4 ,i w /ir x a mom5t1 !n p\r x ^u a piece ( filt]+ pap] 9 a funnel1 & we %all v quickly h a cle> wat] proce$+ to ! bottle bel[1 z ,i h "h4 ,i h pl5ty ( ?is wat] 9 ano!r bottle2 b1 nev]!less1 ,i %\ld l to use ! lime-wat] t 0 prep>$ be=e y1 s t y may see :at its uses are4 ,if ,i take "s ( ?is beautiful cle> lime-wat]1 & p\r x into ?is j>1 :i* has collect$ ! air f ! c&le1 y w see a *ange com+ ab\t4 ,d y see t ! wat] has become q milky8 ,obs]ve1 t w n happ5 ) air m]ely4 ,"h is a bottle fill$ ) air2 & if ,i put a little lime-wat] into x1 nei!r ! oxyg5 nor ! nitrog51 nor any?+ else t is 9 t quantity ( air1 w make any *ange 9 ! lime-wat]4 ,x rema9s p]fectly cle>1 & no %ak+ ( t quantity ( lime-wat] ) t quantity ( air 9 its common /ate w cause any *ange2 b if ,i take ?is bottle ) ! lime-wat]1 & hold x s z to get ! g5]al products ( ! c&le 9 contact ) x1 9 a v %ort "t we %all h x milky4 ,!re is ! *alk1 consi/+ ( ! lime :i* we us$ 9 mak+ ! lime-wat]1 comb9$ ) some?+ t came f ! c&le--t o!r product :i* we are 9 se>* (1 & :i* ,i want to tell y ab\t to-day4 ,?is is a sub/ance made visible to u by its action1 :i* is n ! action ( ! lime-wat] ei!r ^u ! oxyg5 or ^u ! nitrog51 nor ^u ! wat] itself1 b x is some?+ new to u f ! c&le4 ,& !n we f9d ?is :ite p[d]1 produc$ by ! lime-wat] & ! vap\r f ! c&le1 appe>s to u v mu* l :it5+ or *alk1 &1 :5 exam9$1 x does prove to be exactly ! same sub/ance z :it5+ or *alk4 ,s we are l$1 or h be5 l$1 to obs]ve ^u ! v>i\s circum/ances ( ?is exp]im5t1 & to trace ?is production ( *alk to its v>i\s causes1 to give u ! true k ( ! nature ( ?is combu/ion ( ! c&le--to f9d t ?is sub/ance1 issu+ f ! c&le1 is exactly ! same z t sub/ance :i* w\ld issue f a retort1 if ,i 7 to put "s *alk into x ) a little moi/ure1 & make x r$-hot3 y w\ld !n f9d t exactly ! same sub/ance w\ld issue f x z f ! c&le4 ,b we h a bett] means ( gett+ ?is sub/ance1 & 9 great] quantity1 s z to asc]ta9 :at its g5]al *>act]s are4 ,we f9d ?is sub/ance 9 v great abundance 9 a multitude ( cases :]e y w\ld lea/ expect x4 ,all lime/ones conta9 a great deal ( ?is gas :i* issues f ! c&le1 & :i* we call c>bonic acid4 ,all *alks1 all %ells1 all corals conta9 a great quantity ( ?is curi\s air4 ,we f9d x fix$ 9 ^! /ones2 = :i* reason ,dr4 ,black call$ x 8fix$ air0--f9d+ x 9 ^! fix$ ?+s l m>ble & *alk4 ,he call$ x fix$ air1 because x lo/ its quality ( air1 & assum$ ! condition ( a solid body4 ,we c easily get ?is air f m>ble4 ,"h is a j> conta9+ a little muriatic acid1 & "h is a tap] :i*1 if ,i put x into t j>1 w %ew only ! pres5ce ( common air4 ,!re is1 y see1 pure air d[n to ! bottom2 ! j> is full ( x ,"h is a sub/ance--m>ble#ag1 a v beautiful & sup]ior m>ble--& if ,i put ^! pieces ( m>ble into ! j>1 a great boil+ app>5tly goes on4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n /eam--x is a gas t is ris+ up2 & if ,i n[ se>* ! j> by a c&le1 ,i %all h exactly ! same effect produc$ ^u ! tap] z ,i _h f ! air :i* issu$ f ! end ( ! *imney ov] ! burn+ c&le4 ,x is exactly ! same action1 & caus$ by ! v same sub/ance t issu$ f ! c&le2 & 9 ?is way we c get c>bonic acid 9 great abundance--we h already ne>ly fill$ ! j>4 ,we also f9d t ?is gas is n m]ely conta9$ 9 m>ble4 ,"h is a vessel 9 :i* ,i h put "s common :it5+--*alk1 :i* has be5 wa%$ 9 wat] & depriv$ ( its co>s] p>ticles1 & s suppli$ to ! pla/]] z :it5+4 ,"h is a l>ge j> conta9+ ?is :it5+ & wat]1 & ,i h "h "s /rong sulphuric acid1 :i* is ! acid y might h to use if y 7 to make ^! exp]im5ts 7only1 9 us+ ?is acid ) lime/one1 ! body t is produc$ is an insoluble sub/ance1 :]eas ! muriatic acid produces a soluble sub/ance t does n s mu* ?ick5 ! wat]74 ,& y w seek out a reason :y ,i take ?is k9d ( app>atus = ! purpose ( %ew+ ?is exp]im5t4 ,i d x because y may repeat 9 a small way :at ,i am ab\t to d 9 a l>ge "o4 ,y w h "h j ! same k9d ( action2 & ,i am evolv+ 9 ?is l>ge j> c>bonic acid1 exactly ! same 9 its nature & prop]ties z ! gas :i* we obta9$ f ! combu/ion ( ! c&le 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,& no matt] h[ diff]5t ! two me?ods by :i* we prep>e ?is c>bonic acid1 y w see1 :5 we get to ! end ( our subject1 t x is all exactly ! same1 :e!r prep>$ 9 ! "o way or 9 ! o!r4 ,we w n[ proce$ to ! next exp]im5t ) reg>d to ?is gas4 ,:at is its nature8 ,"h is "o ( ! vessels full1 & we w try x1 z we h done s _m o!r gases1 by combu/ion4 ,y see x is n combu/ible1 nor does x support combu/ion4 ,nei!r1 z we "k1 does x dissolve mu* 9 wat]1 because we collect x ov] wat] v easily4 ,!n1 y "k t x has an effect1 & becomes :ite 9 contact ) lime-wat]2 & :5 x does become :ite 9 t way1 x becomes "o ( ! con/itu5ts to make c>bonate ( lime or lime/one4 ,! next ?+ ,i mu/ %ew y is1 t x really does dissolve a little 9 wat]1 & !re=e t x is unlike oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 t respect ,i h "h an app>atus by :i* we c produce ?is solution4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ?is app>atus is m>ble & acid1 & 9 ! upp] "p cold wat]4 ,! valves are s arrang$ t ! gas c get f "o to ! o!r4 ,i w set x 9 action n[1 & y c see ! gas bubbl+ up ?r\gh ! wat]1 z x has be5 do+ all night long1 & by ?is "t we %all f9d t we h ?is sub/ance dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,if ,i take a glass & draw (f "s ( ! wat]1 ,i f9d t x ta/es a little acid to ! m\?3 x is impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid2 & if ,i n[ apply a little lime-wat] to x1 t w give u a te/ ( its pres5ce4 ,?is wat] w make ! lime-wat] turbid & :ite1 :i* is pro( ( ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid4 ,!n x is a v weighty gas--x is heavi] ?an ! atmosph]e4 ,i h put _! respective weights at ! l[] "p ( ?is table1 along )1 = comp>ison1 ! weights ( ! o!r gases we h be5 exam9+3-- ,p9t4 ,cubic ,foot4 ,hydrog51 4 4 4 4 gra9s4 ounce4 ,oxyg51 4 4 4 4 #aa #a ,nitrog51 4 4 4 4 #aj #a ,air14 4 4 4 4 4 #aj #a ,c>bonic acid1 4 4 #af #a ,a p9t ( x weighs #af gra9s1 & a cubic foot weighs #a ounce1 almo/ two ounces4 ,y c see by _m exp]im5ts t ?is is a heavy gas4 ,suppose ,i take a glass conta9+ no?+ else b air1 & f ?is vessel conta9+ ! c>bonic acid ,i attempt to p\r a little ( ?is gas into t glass2 ,i wond] :e!r any has gone 9 or n4 ,i _c tell by ! appe>ance1 b ,i c 9 ?is way introduc+ ! tap]4 ,yes1 !re x is1 y see2 & if ,i 7 to exam9e x by lime-wat]1 ,i %\ld f9d x by t te/ also4 ,i w take ?is little bucket1 & put x d[n into ! well ( c>bonic acid--inde$1 we too (t5 h real wells ( c>bonic acid--& n[1 if !re is any c>bonic acid1 ,i mu/ h got to x by ?is "t1 & x w be 9 ?is bucket1 :i* we w exam9e ) a tap]4 ,!re x is1 y see2 x is full ( c>bonic acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,!re is ano!r exp]im5t by :i* ,i w %ew y its weight4 ,i h "h a j> susp5d$ at "o end ( a balance--x is n[ equipois$2 b :5 ,i p\r ?is c>bonic acid into ! j> on ! "o side :i* n[ conta9s air1 y w see x s9k d[n at once1 because ( ! c>bonic acid t ,i p\r into x4 ,& n[1 if ,i exam9e ?is j> ) ! light$ tap]1 ,i %all f9d t ! c>bonic acid has fall5 into x1 & x no long] has any p[] ( support+ ! combu/ion4 ,if ,i bl[ a soap-bubble1 :i* ( c\rse w be fill$ ) air1 & let x fall into ?is j> ( c>bonic acid1 x w float4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,b ,i %all fir/ ( all take "o ( ^! little balloons fill$ ) air4 ,i am n q sure :]e ! c>bonic acid is2 we w j try ! dep?1 & see :]eab\ts is its level4 ,!re1 y see1 we h ?is bladd] float+ on ! c>bonic acid2 & if ,i evolve "s m ( ! c>bonic acid1 ! bladd] w be lift$ up high]4 ,!re x goes--! j> is ne>ly full2 & n[ ,i w see :e!r ,i c bl[ a soap-bubble on t1 & float x 9 ! same way4 ,! ,lectur] "h blew a soap-bubble1 & all[$ x to fall into ! j> ( c>bonic acid1 :5 x float$ 9 x midway4 ,x is float+1 z ! balloon float$1 by virtue ( ! great] weight ( ! c>bonic acid ?an ( ! air4 ,& n[1 hav+ s f> giv5 y ! hi/ory ( ! c>bonic acid--z to its s\rces 9 ! c&le1 z to its physical prop]ties & weight--:5 we next meet ,i %all %ew y ( :at x is compos$1 & :]e x gets its elem5ts f4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,c>bon ,,or ,,*>coal--,,coal-,,gas--,,respiration ,,& ,,its ,,analogy ,,to ,,! ,,burn+ ,,( ,a ,,c&le--,,conclusion4 ,a lady1 :o hon\rs me by h] pres5ce at ^! ,lectures1 has conf]r$ a /ill fur!r obligation by s5d+ me ^! two c&les1 :i* are f ,japan1 &1 ,i presume1 are made ( t sub/ance to :i* ,i ref]r$ 9 a =m] lecture4 ,y see t !y are ev5 f> m highly ornam5t$ ?an ! ,fr5* c&les2 &1 ,i suppose1 are c&les ( luxury1 judg+ f _! appe>ance4 ,!y h a rem>kable peculi>ity ab\t !m--namely1 a holl[ wick1--t beautiful peculi>ity :i* ,arg& introduc$ into ! lamp1 & made s valuable4 ,to ^? :o receive su* pres5ts f ! ,ea/1 ,i may j say t ?is & su* l mat]ials gradually und]go a *ange :i* gives !m on ! surface a dull & dead appe>ance2 b !y may easily be re/or$ to _! orig9al beauty1 if ! surface be rubb$ ) a clean clo? or silk h&k]*ief1 s z to poli% ! little rugosity or r\ghness3 ?is w re/ore ! beauty ( ! col\rs4 ,i h s rubb$ "o ( ^! c&les1 & y see ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! o!r :i* has n be5 poli%$1 b :i* may be re/or$ by ! same process4 ,obs]ve1 also1 t ^! m\ld$ c&les f ,japan are made m conical ?an ! m\ld$ c&les 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,i told y1 :5 we la/ met1 a good deal ab\t c>bonic acid4 ,we f\nd1 by ! lime-wat] te/1 t :5 ! vap\r f ! top ( ! c&le or lamp 0 receiv$ into bottles1 & te/$ by ?is solution ( lime-wat] 7! composition ( :i* ,i expla9$ to y1 & :i* y c make = y\rselves71 we _h t :ite opacity :i* 0 9 fact calc>e\s matt]1 l %ells & corals1 & _m ( ! rocks & m9]als 9 ! e>?4 ,b ,i h n yet told y fully & cle>ly ! *emical hi/ory ( ?is sub/ance--c>bonic acid--z we h x f ! c&le1 & ,i mu/ n[ resume t subject4 ,we h se5 ! products1 & ! nature ( !m1 z !y issue f ! c&le4 ,we h trac$ ! wat] to its elem5ts1 & n[ we h to see :]e are ! elem5ts ( ! c>bonic acid suppli$ by ! c&le4 ,a few exp]im5ts w %ew ?is4 ,y rememb] t :5 a c&le burns badly1 x produces smoke2 b if x is burn+ well1 !re is no smoke4 ,& y "k t ! brightness ( ! c&le is due to ?is smoke1 :i* becomes ignit$4 ,"h is an exp]im5t to prove ?is3 s long z ! smoke rema9s 9 ! flame ( ! c&le & becomes ignit$1 x gives a beautiful light1 & nev] appe>s to u 9 ! =m ( black p>ticles4 ,i w light "s fuel1 :i* is extravagant 9 its burn+4 ,?is w s]ve our purpose--a little turp5t9e on a sponge4 ,y see ! smoke ris+ f x1 & float+ into ! air 9 l>ge quantities2 &1 rememb] n[1 ! c>bonic acid t we h f ! c&le is f su* smoke z t4 ,to make t evid5t to y1 ,i w introduce ?is turp5t9e burn+ on ! sponge into a flask :]e ,i h pl5ty ( oxyg51 ! ri* "p ( ! atmosph]e1 & y n[ see t ! smoke is all consum$4 ,?is is ! fir/ "p ( our exp]im5t2 & n[1 :at foll[s8 ,! c>bon :i* y saw fly+ (f f ! turp5t9e flame 9 ! air is n[ entirely burn$ 9 ?is oxyg51 & we %all f9d t x w1 by ?is r\gh & tempor>y exp]im5t1 give u exactly ! same conclusion & result z we _h f ! combu/ion ( ! c&le4 ,! reason :y ,i make ! exp]im5t 9 ?is mann] is solely t ,i may cause ! /eps ( our demon/ration to be s simple t y c nev] = a mom5t lose ! tra9 ( reason+1 if y only pay att5tion4 ,all ! c>bon :i* is burn$ 9 oxyg51 or air1 comes out z c>bonic acid1 :il/ ^? p>ticles :i* are n s burn$ %ew y ! second sub/ance 9 ! c>bonic acid--namely1 ! c>bon--t body :i* made ! flame s bright :il/ !re 0 pl5ty ( air1 b :i* 0 ?r[n (f 9 excess :5 !re 0 n oxyg5 en\gh to burn x4 ,i h also to %ew y a little m di/9ctly ! hi/ory ( c>bon & oxyg51 9 _! union to make c>bonic acid4 ,y are n[ bett] able to und]/& ?is ?an be=e1 & ,i h prep>$ ?ree or f\r exp]im5ts by way ( illu/ration4 ,?is j> is fill$ ) oxyg51 & "h is "s c>bon :i* has be5 plac$ 9 a crucible1 = ! purpose ( be+ made r$-hot4 ,i keep my j> dry1 & v5ture to give y a result imp]fect 9 "s degree1 9 ord] t ,i may make ! exp]im5t bright]4 ,i am ab\t to put ! oxyg5 & ! c>bon toge!r4 ,t ?is is c>bon 7common *>coal pulv]is$71 y w see by ! way 9 :i* x burns 9 ! air lett+ "s ( ! r$-hot *>coal fall out ( ! crucible4 ,i am n[ ab\t to burn x 9 oxyg5 gas1 & look at ! diff]5ce4 ,x may appe> to y at a di/ance z if x 7 burn+ ) a flame2 b x is n s4 ,e little piece ( *>coal is burn+ z a sp>k1 & :il/ x s burns x is produc+ c>bonic acid4 ,i specially want ^! two or ?ree exp]im5ts to po9t out :at ,i %all dwell ^u m di/9ctly by-&-by--t c>bon burns 9 ?is way1 & n z a flame4 ,in/ead ( tak+ _m p>ticles ( c>bon to burn1 ,i w take a r l>ge piece1 :i* w enable y to see ! =m & size2 & to trace ! effects v decid$ly4 ,"h is ! j> ( oxyg51 & "h is ! piece ( *>coal1 to :i* ,i h fa/5$ a little piece ( wood1 :i* ,i c set fire to1 & s comm5ce ! combu/ion1 :i* ,i c\ld n conv5i5tly d )\t4 ,y n[ see ! *>coal burn+1 b n z a flame 7or if !re be a flame1 x is ! smalle/ possible "o1 :i* ,i "k ! cause (--namely1 ! =mation ( a little c>bonic oxide close ^u ! surface ( ! c>bon74 ,x goes on burn+1 y see1 sl[ly produc+ c>bonic acid by ! union ( ?is c>bon or *>coal 7!y are equival5t t]ms7 ) ! oxyg54 ,i h "h ano!r piece ( *>coal1 a piece ( b>k1 :i* has ! quality ( be+ bl[n to pieces--explod+ z x burns4 ,by ! effect ( ! heat1 we %all r$uce ! lump ( c>bon into p>ticles t w fly (f2 /ill e p>ticle1 equally ) ! :ole mass1 burns 9 ?is peculi> way3 x burns z a coal1 & n l a flame4 ,y obs]ve a multitude ( little combu/ions go+ on1 b no flame4 ,i d n "k a f9] exp]im5t ?an ?is1 to %ew t c>bon burns ) a sp>k4 ,"h1 !n1 is c>bonic acid =m$ f its elem5ts4 ,x is produc$ at once2 & if we exam9$ x by lime-wat]1 y w see t we h ! same sub/ance :i* ,i h previ\sly describ$ to y4 ,by putt+ toge!r #f p>ts ( c>bon by weight 7:e!r x comes f ! flame ( a c&le or f p[d]$ *>coal7 & #af p>ts ( oxyg5 by weight1 we h #bb p>ts ( c>bonic acid2 &1 z we saw la/ "t1 ! #bb p>ts ( c>bonic acid1 comb9$ ) #bh p>ts ( lime1 produc$ common c>bonate ( lime4 ,if y 7 to exam9e an oy/]-%ell1 & weigh ! compon5t p>ts1 y w\ld f9d t e #ej p>ts w\ld give #f ( c>bon & #af ( oxyg51 comb9$ ) #bh ( lime4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n want to tr\ble y ) ^! m9uti--x is only ! g5]al philosophy ( ! matt] t we c n[ g into4 ,see h[ f9ely ! c>bon is dissolv+ away po9t+ to ! lump ( *>coal burn+ quietly 9 ! j> ( oxyg54 ,y may say t ! *>coal is actually dissolv+ 9 ! air r\nd ab\t2 & if t 7 p]fectly pure *>coal1 :i* we c easily prep>e1 !re w\ld be no residue :atev]4 ,:5 we h a p]fectly cleans$ & purifi$ piece ( c>bon1 !re is no a% left4 ,! c>bon burns z a solid d5se body1 t heat alone _c *ange z to its solidity1 & yet x passes away into vap\r t nev] cond5ses into solid or liquid "u ord9>y circum/ances2 & :at is m curi\s /ill1 is ! fact t ! oxyg5 does n *ange 9 its bulk by ! solution ( ! c>bon 9 x4 ,j z ! bulk is at fir/1 s x is at la/1 only x has become c>bonic acid4 ,!re is ano!r exp]im5t :i* ,i mu/ give y be=e y are fully acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al nature ( c>bonic acid4 ,be+ a comp\nd body1 consi/+ ( c>bon & oxyg51 c>bonic acid is a body t we ought to be able to take asund]4 ,& s we c4 ,z we did ) wat]1 s we c ) c>bonic acid--take ! two p>ts asund]4 ,! simple/ & quicke/ way is to act ^u ! c>bonic acid by a sub/ance t c attract ! oxyg5 f x1 & leave ! c>bon beh9d4 ,y recollect t ,i took potassium & put x ^u wat] or ice1 & y saw t x c\ld take ! oxyg5 f ! hydrog54 ,n[1 suppose we d some?+ ( ! same k9d "h ) ?is c>bonic acid4 ,y "k c>bonic acid to be a heavy gas4 ,i w n te/ x ) lime-wat]1 z t w int]f]e ) our subsequ5t exp]im5ts2 b ,i ?9k ! heav9ess ( ! gas & ! p[] ( ext+ui%+ flame w be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,i introduce a flame into ! gas1 & y w see :e!r x w be put out4 ,y see ! light is ext+ui%$4 ,inde$1 ! gas may1 p]haps1 put out phosphorus1 :i*1 y "k1 has a pretty /rong combu/ion4 ,"h is a piece ( phosphorus heat$ to a high degree4 ,i introduce x into gas1 & y obs]ve ! light is put out2 b x w take fire aga9 9 ! air1 because !re x re-ent]s into combu/ion4 ,n[1 let me take a piece ( potassium1 a sub/ance :i*1 ev5 at common temp]atures1 c act ^u c>bonic acid1 ?\gh n suffici5tly = our pres5t purpose1 because x soon gets cov]$ ) a protect+ coat2 b if we w>m x up to ! burn+ po9t 9 air1 z we h a fair "r to d1 & z we h done ) phosphorus1 y w see t x c burn 9 c>bonic acid2 & if x burns1 x w burn by tak+ oxyg51 s t y w see :at is left beh9d4 ,i am go+1 !n1 to burn ?is potassium 9 ! c>bonic acid1 z a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! c>bonic acid4 ,9 ! prelim9>y process ( heat+1 ! potassium explod$4 ,sometimes we get an awkw>d piece ( potassium t explodes1 or some?+ l x1 :5 x burns4 ,i w take ano!r piece2 & n[ t x is heat$1 ,i introduce x into ! j>1 & y p]ceive t x burns 9 ! c>bonic acid--n s well z 9 ! air1 because ! c>bonic acid conta9s ! oxyg5 comb9$2 b x does burn1 & takes away ! oxyg54 ,if ,i n[ put ?is potassium into wat]1 ,i f9d t1 besides ! pota% =m$ 7:i* y ne$ n tr\ble ab\t71 !re is a quantity ( c>bon produc$4 ,i h "h made ! exp]im5t 9 a v r\gh way2 b ,i assure y t if ,i 7 to make x c>efully1 devot+ a day to x1 in/ead ( five m9utes1 we %\ld get all ! prop] am\nt ( *>coal left 9 ! spoon1 or 9 ! place :]e ! potassium 0 burn$1 s t !re c\ld be no d\bt z to ! result4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! c>bon obta9$ f ! c>bonic acid1 z a common black sub/ance2 s t y h ! entire pro( ( ! nature ( c>bonic acid z consi/+ ( c>bon & oxyg54 ,& n[1 ,i may tell y1 t :5ev] c>bon burns "u common circum/ances1 x produces c>bonic acid4 ,suppose ,i take ?is piece ( wood1 & put x into a bottle ) lime-wat]4 ,i might %ake t lime-wat] up ) wood & ! atmosph]e z long z ,i pleas$1 x w\ld /ill rema9 cle> z y see x2 b suppose ,i burn ! piece ( wood 9 ! air ( t bottle4 ,y1 ( c\rse1 "k ,i get wat]4 ,d ,i get c>bonic acid8 ,! exp]im5t 0 p]=m$4 ,!re x is1 y see--t is to say1 ! c>bonate lime1 :i* results f c>bonic acid1 & t c>bonic acid mu/ be =m$ f ! c>bon :i* comes f ! wood1 f ! c&le1 or any o!r ?+4 ,inde$1 y h y\rselves frequ5tly tri$ a v pretty exp]im5t1 by :i* y may see ! c>bon 9 wood4 ,if y take a piece ( wood1 & p>tly burn x1 & !n bl[ x out1 y h c>bon left4 ,!re are ?+s t d n %ew c>bon 9 ?is way4 ,a c&le does n %ew x1 b x conta9s c>bon4 ,"h also is a j> ( coal-gas1 :i* produces c>bonic acid abundantly4 ,y d n see ! c>bon1 b we c soon %ew x to y4 ,i w light x1 & z long z !re is any gas 9 ?is cyl9d] x w g on burn+4 ,y see no c>bon1 b y see a flame2 & because t is bright1 x w lead y to guess t !re is c>bon 9 ! flame4 ,b ,i w %ew x to y by ano!r process4 ,i h "s ( ! same gas 9 ano!r vessel1 mix$ ) a body t w burn ! hydrog5 ( ! gas1 b w n burn ! c>bon4 ,i w light !m ) a burn+ tap]1 & y p]ceive ! hydrog5 is consum$1 b n ! c>bon1 :i* is left beh9d z a d5se black smoke4 ,i hope t by ^! ?ree or f\r exp]im5ts y w le>n to see :5 c>bon is pres5t1 & und]/& :at are ! products ( combu/ion1 :5 gas or o!r bodies are ?or\ghly burn$ 9 ! air4 ,be=e we leave ! subject ( c>bon1 let u make a few exp]im5ts & rem>ks ^u its wond]ful condition z respects ord9>y combu/ion4 ,i h %ewn y t ! c>bon 9 burn+ burns only z a solid body1 & yet y p]ceive t1 aft] x is burn$1 x ceases to be a solid4 ,!re are v few fuels t act l ?is4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only t great s\rce ( fuel1 ! c>bonace\s s]ies1 ! coals1 *>coals1 & woods1 t c d x4 ,i d n "k t !re is any o!r elem5t>y sub/ance besides c>bon t burns ) ^! conditions2 & if x _h n be5 s1 :at w\ld happ5 to u8 ,suppose all fuel _h be5 l iron1 :i*1 :5 x burns1 burns into a solid sub/ance4 ,we c\ld n !n h su* a combu/ion z y h 9 ?is fireplace4 ,"h also is ano!r k9d ( fuel :i* burns v well--z well z1 if n bett]1 ?an c>bon--s well1 inde$1 z to take fire ( itself :5 x is 9 ! air1 z y see break+ a tube full ( lead pyrophorus4 ,?is sub/ance is lead1 & y see h[ wond]fully combu/ible x is4 ,x is v mu* divid$1 & is l a heap ( coals 9 ! fireplace2 ! air c get to its surface & inside1 & s x burns4 ,b :y does x n burn 9 t way n[1 :5 x is ly+ 9 a mass8 empty+ ! cont5ts ( ! tube 9 a heap on to a plate ( iron4 ,simply because ! air _c get to x4 ,?\gh x c produce a great heat1 ! great heat :i* we want 9 our furnaces & "u our boil]s1 /ill t :i* is produc$ _c get away f ! portion :i* rema9s unburn$ und]nea?1 & t portion1 !re=e1 is prev5t$ f com+ 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e1 & _c be consum$4 ,h[ diff]5t is t f c>bon4 ,c>bon burns j 9 ! same way z ?is lead does1 & s gives an int5se fire 9 ! furnace1 or :]ev] y *oose to burn x2 b !n ! body produc$ by its combu/ion passes away1 & ! rema9+ c>bon is left cle>4 ,i %ew$ y h[ c>bon w5t on dissolv+ 9 ! oxyg51 leav+ no a%2 :]eas "h po9t+ to ! heap ( pyrophorus we h actually m a% ?an fuel1 = x is heavi] by ! am\nt ( ! oxyg5 :i* has unit$ ) x4 ,?us y see ! diff]5ce betwe5 c>bon & lead or iron3 if we *oose iron1 :i* gives s wond]ful a result 9 our application ( ?is fuel1 ei!r z light or heat4 ,if1 :5 ! c>bon burnt1 ! product w5t (f z a solid body1 y w\ld h _h ! room fill$ ) an opaque sub/ance1 z 9 ! case ( ! phosphorus2 b :5 c>bon burns1 ev]y?+ passes up into ! atmosph]e4 ,x is 9 a fix$1 almo/ un*angeable condition be=e ! combu/ion2 b aft]w>ds x is 9 ! =m ( gas1 :i* x is v difficult 7?\gh we h succe$$7 to produce 9 a solid or a liquid /ate4 ,n[1 ,i mu/ take y to a v int]e/+ "p ( our subject--to ! relation betwe5 ! combu/ion ( a c&le & t liv+ k9d ( combu/ion :i* goes on )9 u4 ,9 e "o ( u !re is a liv+ process ( combu/ion go+ on v simil> to t ( a c&le2 & ,i mu/ try to make t pla9 to y4 ,= x is n m]ely true 9 a poetical s5se--! relation ( ! life ( man to a tap]2 & if y w foll[1 ,i ?9k ,i c make ?is cle>4 ,9 ord] to make ! relation v pla91 ,i h devis$ a little app>atus :i* we c soon build up be=e y4 ,"h is a bo>d & a groove cut 9 x1 & ,i c close ! groove at ! top "p by a little cov]4 ,i c !n cont9ue ! groove z a *annel by a glass tube at ea* end1 !re be+ a free passage ?r\gh ! :ole4 ,suppose ,i take a tap] or c&le 7we c n[ be lib]al 9 our use ( ! ^w 8c&le10 s9ce we und]/& :at x means71 & place x 9 "o ( ! tubes2 x w g on1 y see1 burn+ v well4 ,y obs]ve t ! air :i* fe$s ! flame passes d[n ! tube at "o end1 !n goes along ! horizontal tube1 & asc5ds ! tube at ! o!r end 9 :i* ! tap] is plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb ,if ,i /op ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! air ent]s1 ,i /op combu/ion1 z y p]ceive4 ,i /op ! supply ( air1 & consequ5tly ! c&le goes out4 ,b1 n[1 :at w y ?9k ( ?is fact8 ,9 a =m] exp]im5t ,i %ew$ y ! air go+ f "o burn+ c&le to a second c&le4 ,if ,i took ! air proce$+ f ano!r c&le1 & s5t x d[n by a complicat$ arrangem5t into ?is tube1 ,i %\ld put ?is burn+ c&le out4 ,b :at w y say :5 ,i tell y t my brea? w put out t c&le8 ,i d n mean by bl[+ at all1 b simply t ! nature ( my brea? is su* t a c&le _c burn 9 x4 ,i w n[ hold my m\? ov] ! ap]ture1 & )\t bl[+ ! flame 9 any way1 let no air ent] ! tube b :at comes f my m\?4 ,y see ! result4 ,i did n bl[ ! c&le out4 ,i m]ely let ! air :i* ,i expir$ pass into ! ap]ture1 & ! result 0 t ! light w5t out = want ( oxyg51 & = no o!r reason4 ,some?+ or o!r--namely1 my lungs--_h tak5 away ! oxyg5 f ! air1 & !re 0 no m to supply ! combu/ion ( ! c&le4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 v pretty to see ! "t x takes be=e ! bad air :i* ,i ?r[ into ?is "p ( ! app>atus has rea*$ ! c&le4 ,! c&le at fir/ goes on burn+1 b s soon z ! air has _h "t to rea* x1 x goes out4 ,&1 n[1 ,i w %ew y ano!r exp]im5t1 because ?is is an important "p ( our philosophy4 ,"h is a j> :i* conta9s fre% air1 z y c see by ! circum/ance ( a c&le or gas-light burn+ x4 ,i make x close = a little "t1 & by means ( a pipe ,i get my m\? ov] x s t ,i c inhale ! air4 ,by putt+ x ov] wat]1 9 ! way t y see1 ,i am able to draw up ?is air 7suppos+ ! cork to be q tight71 take x into my lungs1 & ?r[ x back into ! j>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,we c !n exam9e x1 & see ! result4 ,y obs]ve1 ,i fir/ take up ! air1 & !n ?r[ x back1 z is evid5t f ! asc5t & desc5t ( ! wat]2 & n[1 by putt+ a tap] into ! air1 y w see ! /ate 9 :i* x is1 by ! light be+ ext+ui%$4 ,ev5 "o inspiration1 y see1 has completely spoil$ ?is air1 s t x is no use my try+ to brea! x a second "t4 ,n[1 y und]/& ! gr\nd ( ! impropriety ( _m ( ! arrangem5ts among ! h\ses ( ! poor] classes1 by :i* ! air is brea!d ov] & ov] aga91 = ! want ( a supply1 by means ( prop] v5tilation1 suffici5t to produce a good result4 ,y see h[ bad ! air becomes by a s+le brea?+2 s t y c easily und]/& h[ ess5tial fre% air is to u4 ,to pursue ?is a little fur!r1 let u see :at w happ5 ) lime-wat]4 ,"h is a globe :i* conta9s a little lime-wat]1 & x is s arrang$ z reg>ds ! pipes1 z to give access to ! air )91 s t we c asc]ta9 ! effect ( respir$ or unrespir$ air ^u x4 ,( c\rse1 ,i c ei!r draw 9 air 7?r\gh ,a71 & s make ! air t fe$s my lungs g ?r\gh ! lime-wat]1 or ,i c =ce ! air out ( my lungs ?r\gh ! tube 7,b71 :i* goes to ! bottom1 & s %ew its effect ^u ! lime-wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,y w obs]ve t1 h[ev] long ,i draw ! ext]nal air into ! lime-wat]1 & !n ?r\gh x to my lungs1 ,i %all produce no effect ^u ! wat]--x w n make ! lime-wat] turbid2 b if ,i ?r[ ! air f my lungs ?r\gh ! lime-wat]1 sev]al times 9 succession1 y see h[ :ite & milky ! wat] is gett+1 %ew+ ! effect :i* expir$ air has _h ^u x2 & n[ y beg9 to "k t ! atmosph]e :i* we h spoil$ by respiration is spoil$ by c>bonic acid1 = y see x "h 9 contact ) ! lime-wat]4 ,i h "h two bottles1 "o conta9+ lime-wat] & ! o!r common wat]1 & tubes :i* pass into ! bottles & connect !m4 ,! app>atus is v r\gh1 b x is useful not)/&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,if ,i take ^! two bottles1 inhal+ "h & exhal+ !re1 ! arrangem5t ( ! tubes w prev5t ! air go+ backw>ds4 ,! air com+ 9 w g to my m\? & lungs1 & 9 go+ out1 w pass ?r\gh ! lime-wat]1 s t ,i c g on brea?+ & mak+ an exp]im5t1 v ref9$ 9 its nature1 & v good 9 its results4 ,y w obs]ve t ! good air has done no?+ to ! lime-wat]2 9 ! o!r case no?+ has come to ! lime-wat] b my respiration1 & y see ! diff]5ce 9 ! two cases4 ,let u n[ g a little fur!r4 ,:at is all ?is process go+ on )9 u :i* we _c d )\t1 ei!r day or night1 :i* is s provid$ = by ! ,au?or ( all ?+s t ,he has arrang$ t x %all be indep5d5t ( all w8 ,if we re/ra9 our respiration1 z we c to a c]ta9 ext5t1 we %\ld de/roy ourselves4 ,:5 we are asleep1 ! organs ( respiration1 & ! p>ts t are associat$ ) !m1 /ill g on ) _! action--s necess>y is ?is process ( respiration to u1 ?is contact ( ! air ) ! lungs4 ,i mu/ tell y1 9 ! briefe/ possible mann]1 :at ?is process is4 ,we consume food3 ! food goes ?r\gh t /range set ( vessels & organs )9 u1 & is br\ght into v>i\s p>ts ( ! sy/em1 into ! dige/ive p>ts especially2 & alt]nately ! portion :i* is s *ang$ is c>ri$ ?r\gh our lungs by "o set ( vessels1 :ile ! air t we inhale & exhale is drawn into & ?r[n out ( ! lungs by ano!r set ( vessels1 s t ! air & ! food come close toge!r1 sep>at$ only by an exce$+ly ?9 surface3 ! air c ?us act ^u ! blood by ?is process1 produc+ precisely ! same results 9 k9d z we h se5 9 ! case ( ! c&le4 ,! c&le comb9es ) p>ts ( ! air1 =m+ c>bonic acid1 & evolves heat2 s 9 ! lungs !re is ?is curi\s1 wond]ful *ange tak+ place4 ,! air ent]+1 comb9es ) ! c>bon 7n c>bon 9 a free /ate1 b1 z 9 ?is case1 plac$ ready = action at ! mom5t71 & makes c>bonic acid1 & is s ?r[n out into ! atmosph]e1 & ?us ?is s+ul> result takes place3 we may ?us look ^u ! food z fuel4 ,let me take t piece ( sug>1 :i* w s]ve my purpose4 ,x is a comp\nd ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 simil> to a c&le1 z conta9+ ! same elem5ts1 ?\gh n 9 ! same proportion--! proportions be+ z %ewn 9 ?is table3-- ,,sug>4 ,c>bon1 4 4 4 4 #gb ,hydrog51 4 4 4 #aa #ii ,oxyg51 4 4 4 4 #hh ,?is is1 inde$1 a v curi\s ?+1 :i* y c well rememb]1 = ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 are 9 exactly ! proportions :i* =m wat]1 s t sug> may be said to be comp\nd$ ( #gb p>ts ( c>bon & #ii p>ts ( wat]2 & x is ! c>bon 9 ! sug> t comb9es ) ! oxyg5 c>ri$ 9 by ! air 9 ! process ( respiration--s mak+ u l c&les--produc+ ^! actions1 w>m?1 & f> m wond]ful results besides1 = ! su/5ance ( ! sy/em1 by a mo/ beautiful & simple process4 ,to make ?is /ill m /rik+1 ,i w take a little sug>2 or1 to ha/5 ! exp]im5t1 ,i w use "s syrup1 :i* conta9s ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( sug> & a little wat]4 ,if ,i put a little oil ( vitriol on x1 x takes away ! wat]1 & leaves ! c>bon 9 a black mass4 ,! ,lectur] mix$ ! two toge!r4 ,y see h[ ! c>bon is com+ out1 & be=e long we %all h a solid mass ( *>coal1 all ( :i* has come out ( sug>4 ,sug>1 z y "k1 is food1 & "h we h absolutely a solid lump ( c>bon :]e y w\ld n h expect$ x4 ,& if ,i make arrangem5ts s z to oxidize ! c>bon ( sug>1 we %all h a mu* m /rik+ result ,"h is sug>1 & ,i h "h an oxidiz]--a quick] "o ?an ! atmosph]e2 & s we %all oxidize ?is fuel by a process diff]5t f respiration 9 its =m1 ?\gh n diff]5t 9 its k9d4 ,x is ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon by ! contact ( oxyg5 :i* ! body has suppli$ to x4 ,if ,i set ?is into action at once1 y w see combu/ion produc$4 ,j :at occurs 9 my lungs--tak+ 9 oxyg5 f ano!r s\rce1 namely1 ! atmosph]e--takes place "h by a m rapid process4 ,y w be a/oni%$ :5 ,i tell y :at ?is curi\s play ( c>bon am\nts to4 ,a c&le w burn "s f\r1 five1 six1 or sev5 h\rs4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be ! daily am\nt ( c>bon go+ up into ! air 9 ! way ( c>bonic acid6 ,:at a quantity ( c>bon mu/ g f ea* ( u 9 respiration6 ,:at a wond]ful *ange ( c>bon mu/ take place "u ^! circum/ances ( combu/ion or respiration6 ,a man 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs conv]ts z mu* z sev5 ounces ( c>bon into c>bonic acid2 a mil* c[ w conv]t sev5ty ounces1 & a horse sev5ty-n9e ounces1 solely by ! act ( respiration4 ,t is1 ! horse 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs burns sev5ty-n9e ounces ( *>coal1 or c>bon1 9 8 organs ( respiration1 to supply 8 natural w>m? 9 t "t4 ,all ! w>m-blood$ animals get _! w>m? 9 ?is way1 by ! conv]sion ( c>bon1 n 9 a free /ate1 b 9 a /ate ( comb9ation4 ,& :at an extraord9>y notion ?is gives u ( ! alt]ations go+ on 9 our atmosph]e4 ,z mu* z #e1jjj1jjj p\nds1 or #edh tons1 ( c>bonic acid is =m$ by respiration 9 ,london alone 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,& :]e does all ?is g8 ,up into ! air4 ,if ! c>bon _h be5 l ! lead :i* ,i %ew$ y1 or ! iron :i*1 9 burn+1 produces a solid sub/ance1 :at w\ld happ58 ,combu/ion c\ld n g on4 ,z *>coal burns1 x becomes a vap\r & passes (f into ! atmosph]e1 :i* is ! great vehicle1 ! great c>ri] = convey+ x away to o!r places4 ,!n1 :at becomes ( x8 ,wond]ful is x to f9d t ! *ange produc$ by respiration1 :i* seems s injuri\s to u 7= we _c brea! air twice ov]71 is ! v life & support ( plants & vegetables t gr[ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is ! same also "u ! surface1 9 ! great bodies ( wat]2 = fi%es & o!r animals respire ^u ! same pr9ciple1 ?\gh n exactly by contact ) ! op5 air4 ,su* fi% z ,i h "h po9t+ to a globe ( gold-fi% respire by ! oxyg5 :i* is dissolv$ f ! air by ! wat]1 & =m c>bonic acid2 & !y all move ab\t to produce ! "o great "w ( mak+ ! animal & vegetable k+doms subs]vi5t to ea* o!r4 ,& all ! plants gr[+ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 l t :i* ,i h br\ght "h to s]ve z an illu/ration1 absorb c>bon4 ,^! leaves are tak+ up _! c>bon f ! atmosph]e1 to :i* we h giv5 x 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid1 & !y are gr[+ & prosp]+4 ,give !m a pure air l ours1 & !y c\ld n live 9 x2 give !m c>bon ) o!r matt]s1 & !y live & rejoice4 ,?is piece ( wood gets all its c>bon1 z ! trees & plants get !irs1 f ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 z we h se51 c>ries away :at is bad = u & at ! same "t good = !m1--:at is disease to ! "o be+ heal? to ! o!r4 ,s are we made dep5d5t1 n m]ely ^u our fell[-creatures1 b ^u our fell[-exi/]s1 all ,nature be+ ti$ toge!r by ! laws t make "o "p conduce to ! good ( ano!r4 ,!re is ano!r little po9t :i* ,i mu/ m5tion be=e we draw to a close--a po9t :i* conc]ns ! :ole ( ^! op]ations1 & mo/ curi\s & beautiful x is to see x clu/]+ ^u & associat$ ) ! bodies t conc]n u--oxyg51 hydrog51 & c>bon1 9 diff]5t /ates ( _! exi/5ce4 ,i %ew$ y j n[ "s p[d]$ lead1 :i* ,i set burn+#ah2 & y saw t ! mom5t ! fuel 0 br\ght to ! air1 x act$1 ev5 be=e x got out ( ! bottle--! mom5t ! air crept 91 x act$4 ,n[1 !re is a case ( *emical aff9ity by :i* all our op]ations proce$4 ,:5 we brea!1 ! same op]ation is go+ on )9 u4 ,:5 we burn a c&le1 ! attraction ( ! diff]5t p>ts "o to ! o!r is go+ on4 ,"h x is go+ on 9 ?is case ( ! lead2 & x is a beautiful in/ance ( *emical aff9ity4 ,if ! products ( combu/ion rose (f f ! surface1 ! lead w\ld take fire1 & g on burn+ to ! end2 b y rememb] t we h ?is diff]5ce betwe5 *>coal & lead--t1 :ile ! lead c />t into action at once1 if !re be access ( air to x1 ! c>bon w rema9 days1 weeks1 mon?s1 or ye>s4 ,! manuscripts ( ,h]culaneum 7 writt5 ) c>bonace\s ink1 & !re !y h be5 = #a1hjj ye>s or m1 n hav+ be5 at all *ang$ by ! atmosph]e1 ?\gh com+ 9 contact ) x "u v>i\s circum/ances4 ,n[1 :at is ! circum/ance :i* makes ! lead & c>bon diff] 9 ?is respect8 ,x is a /rik+ ?+ to see t ! matt] :i* is appo9t$ to s]ve ! purpose ( fuel waits 9 its action3 x does n />t (f burn+1 l ! lead & _m o!r ?+s t ,i c\ld %ew y2 b :i* ,i h n encumb]$ ! table )2 b x waits = action4 ,?is wait+ is a curi\s & wond]ful ?+4 ,c&les--^? ,japanese c&les1 = in/ance--d n />t into action at once1 l ! lead or iron 7= iron f9ely divid$ does ! same ?+ z lead71 b !re !y wait = ye>s1 p]haps = ages1 )\t und]go+ any alt]ation4 ,i h "h a supply ( coal-gas4 ,! jet is giv+ =? ! gas1 b y see x does n take fire--x comes out into ! air1 b x waits till x is hot en\gh be=e x burns4 ,if ,i make x hot en\gh1 x takes fire4 ,if ,i bl[ x out1 ! gas t is issu+ =? waits till ! light is appli$ to x aga94 ,x is curi\s to see h[ diff]5t sub/ances wait--h[ "s w wait till ! temp]ature is rais$ a little1 & o!rs till x is rais$ a good deal4 ,i h "h a little gunp[d] & "s gun-cotton2 ev5 ^! ?+s diff] 9 ! conditions "u :i* !y w burn4 ,! gunp[d] is compos$ ( c>bon & o!r sub/ances1 mak+ x highly combu/ible2 & ! gun-cotton is ano!r combu/ible prep>ation4 ,!y are bo? wait+1 b !y w />t into activity at diff]5t degrees ( heat1 or "u diff]5t conditions4 ,by apply+ a heat$ wire to !m1 we %all see :i* w />t fir/ t\*+ ! gun-cotton ) ! hot iron4 ,y see ! gun-cotton has gone (f1 b n ev5 ! hotte/ "p ( ! wire is n[ hot en\gh to fire ! gunp[d]4 ,h[ beautifully t %ews y ! diff]5ce 9 ! degree 9 :i* bodies act 9 ?is way6 ,9 ! "o case ! sub/ance w wait any "t until ! associat$ bodies are made active by heat2 b 9 ! o!r1 z 9 ! process ( respiration1 x waits no "t4 ,9 ! lungs1 z soon z ! air ent]s1 x unites ) ! c>bon2 ev5 9 ! l[e/ temp]ature :i* ! body c be> %ort ( be+ froz51 ! action beg9s at once1 produc+ ! c>bonic acid ( respiration3 & s all ?+s g on fitly & prop]ly4 ,?us y see ! analogy betwe5 respiration & combu/ion is r5d]$ /ill m beautiful & /rik+4 ,inde$1 all ,i c say to y at ! end ( ^! lectures 7= we mu/ come to an end at "o "t or o!r7 is to express a wi% t y may1 9 y\r g5]ation1 be fit to comp>e to a c&le2 t y may1 l x1 %9e z lights to ^? ab\t y2 t1 9 all y\r actions1 y may ju/ify ! beauty ( ! tap] by mak+ y\r de$s hon\rable & effectual 9 ! dis*>ge ( y\r duty to y\r fell[-m54 ,,lecture ,,on ,,plat9um4 ,deliv]$ be=e ! ,,royal ,,in/itution1 on ,friday1 ,febru>y #bb1 #ahfa4 ,:e!r ,i 0 to h ! hon\r ( appe>+ be=e y ?is ev5+ or n1 seem$ to be d\btful ^u "o or two po9ts4 ,"o ( ^! ,i w m5tion imm$iately2 ! o!r may or may n appe> dur+ ! c\rse ( ! h\r t foll[s4 ,! fir/ po9t is ?is4 ,:5 ,i 0 tempt$ to promise ?is subject = y\r att5tion ?is ev5+1 x 0 f\nd$ ^u a promise1 & a full int5t ( p]=m+ t promise1 on ! "p ( my fri5d ,deville1 ( ,p>is1 to come "h to %ew be=e y a ph5om5on 9 metallurgic *emi/ry n common4 ,9 t ,i h be5 disappo9t$4 ,8 int5tion 0 to h fus$ "h "s ?irty or =ty p\nds ( plat9um1 & s to h made manife/1 ?r\gh my m\? & my /atem5t1 ! pr9ciples ( a new process 9 metallurgy1 9 relation to ?is beautiful1 magnific5t1 & valuable metal2 b circum/ances ov] :i* nei!r he nor ,i1 nor o!rs conc]n$1 h suffici5t control1 h prev5t$ ! fulfilm5t ( t int5tion2 & ! p]iod at :i* ,i le>n$ ! fact 0 s rec5t1 t ,i c\ld h>dly leave my place "h to be fill$ by ano!r1 or p]mit y1 :o 9 y\r k9dness h come to he> :at might be said1 to rema9 unreceiv$ 9 ! be/ mann] possible to me "u ! circum/ances4 ,i !re=e propose to /ate1 z well z ,i c1 :at ! pr9ciples are on :i* ,m4 ,deville proce$s1 by means ( draw+s1 & "s subord9ate or inf]ior exp]im5ts4 ,! metal plat9um1 ( :i* y see "s v f9e specim5s on ! table1 has be5 kn[n to u ab\t a hundr$ ye>s4 ,x has be5 wr\ght 9 a beautiful way 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ,france1 & else:]e1 & suppli$ to ! consum] 9 +ots ( ?is k9d1 or 9 plates1 su* z we h "h1 or 9 masses1 t by _! v fall ^u ! table indicate ! great weight ( ! sub/ance1 :i* is1 inde$1 ne>ly at ! head ( all sub/ances 9 t respect4 ,?is sub/ance has be5 giv5 to u hi!rto ma9ly ?r\gh ! philosophy ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 :om _m ( u "k1 & x is obta9$ 9 great purity & beauty4 ,x is a v rem>kable metal 9 _m po9ts1 besides its kn[n special uses4 ,x usually comes to u 9 gra9s4 ,"h is a v f9e specim5 ( native plat9um 9 gra9s4 ,"h is also a nugget or +ot1 & "h are "s small pieces ga!r$ out ( c]ta9 alluvial soils 9 ,brazil1 ,mexico1 ,cali=nia1 & ! ,uralian di/ricts ( ,russia4 ,x is /range t ?is metal is almo/ always f\nd associat$ ) "s f\r or five o!r metals1 mo/ curi\s 9 _! qualities & *>act]i/ics4 ,!y are call$ plat9if]\s metals2 & !y h n only ! relation ( be+ always f\nd associat$ 9 ?is mann]1 b !y h o!r relations ( a curi\s nature1 :i* ,i %all po9t out to y by a ref]5ce to "o ( ! tables beh9d me4 ,?is sub/ance is always native--x is always 9 ! metallic /ate2 & ! metals ) :i* x is f\nd connect$1 & :i* are r>ely f\nd else:]e1 are palladium1 rhodium1 iridium1 osmium1 & ru!nium4 ,we h ! names 9 "o ( ! tables arrang$ 9 two columns1 repres5t+1 z y see1 two gr\ps--plat9um1 iridium1 & osmium con/itut+ "o gr\p2 & ru!nium1 rhodium1 & palladium ! o!r4 ,?ree ( ^! h ! *emical equival5t ( #ih1 & ! o!rs a *emical equival5t ( ab\t half t numb]4 ,!n ! metals ( "o gr\p h an extreme specific gravity--plat9um be+1 9 fact1 ! lighte/ ( ! ?ree1 or z light z ! lighte/4 ,osmium has a specific gravity ( #ba4d1 & is ! heavie/ body 9 nature2 plat9um is #ba4ae1 & iridium ! same2 ! specific gravity ( ! o!r ?ree be+ only ab\t half t1 namely1 #aa4c1 #ab4a1 & #aa4h4 ,!n !re is ?is curi\s relation1 t palladium & iridium are v mu* alike1 s t y w\ld sc>cely "k "o f ! o!r1 ?\gh "o has only half ! weight ( ! o!r1 & only half ! equival5t p[]4 ,s ) iridium & rhodium1 & osmium & ru!nium1 :i* are s closely alli$ t !y make pairs1 be+ sep>at$ ea* f its own gr\p4 ,!n ^! metals are ! mo/ infusible t we possess4 ,osmium is ! mo/ difficult to fuse3 inde$1 ,i believe x nev] has be5 fus$1 :ile e o!r metal has4 ,ru!nium comes next1 iridium next1 rhodium next1 plat9um next 7s t x ranks "h z a pretty fusible metal1 & yet we h be5 long accu/om$ to speak ( ! infusibility ( plat9um71 & next comes palladium1 :i* is ! mo/ fusible metal ( ! :ole4 ,x is a curi\s ?+ to see ?is f9e association ( physical prop]ties com+ out 9 metals :i* are gr\p$ toge!r someh[ or o!r 9 nature1 b1 no d\bt1 by causes :i* are relat$ to analog\s prop]ties 9 _! situation on ! surface ( ! e>?1 = x is 9 alluvial soils t ^! ?+s are f\nd4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ?is sub/ance1 let me tell y briefly h[ we get x4 ,! process us$ to be ?is4 ,! ore :i* ,i %ew$ y j n[ 0 tak51 & dige/$ 9 nitro-muriatic acid ( a c]ta9 /r5g?1 & p>tly conv]t$ into a solution1 ) ! leav+ beh9d ( c]ta9 bodies t ,i h ^u ! table4 ,! plat9um be+ dissolv$ ) c>e 9 acids1 to ! solution ! muriate ( ammonia 0 add$1 z ,i am ab\t to add x "h4 ,a yell[ precipitate 0 !n ?r[n d[n1 z y p]ceive is ! case n[2 & ?is1 c>efully wa%$ & cleans$1 gave u t body po9t+ to a specim5 ( ! *loride ( plat9um & ammonium1 ! o!r elem5ts1 or ne>ly all1 be+ eject$4 ,?is sub/ance be+ heat$1 gave u :at we call plat9um sponge1 or plat9um 9 ! metallic /ate1 s f9ely divid$ z to =m a k9d ( heavy mass or sponge1 :i*1 at ! "t t ,dr4 ,wolla/on fir/ s5t x =?1 0 n fusible = ! m>ket or 9 ! manufactur]s' work%ops1 inasmu* z ! temp]ature requir$ 0 s high1 & !re 7 no furnaces t c\ld br+ ! mass into a globule1 & cause ! p>ts to adh]e toge!r4 ,mo/ ( our metals t we obta9 f nature1 & "w 9 our %ops1 are br\ght at la/ into a mass by fusion4 ,i am n aw>e t !re is 9 ! arts or sci5ces any o!r ?an iron :i* is n s4 ,s(t iron we d n br+ toge!r by fusion1 b by a process :i* is analog\s to ! "o t 0 foll[$ 9 ! case ( plat9um1 namely1 weld+2 = ^! divid$ gra9s ( spongy plat9um hav+ be5 well wa%$ & sunk 9 wat] = ! purpose ( exclud+ air1 & press$ toge!r1 & heat$1 & hamm]$1 & press$ aga91 until !y come into a pretty close1 d5se1 compact mass1 did s coh]e1 t :5 ! mass 0 put into ! furnace ( *>coal1 & rais$ to a high temp]ature1 ! p>ticles1 at fir/ inf9itely divid$--= !y 7 *emically divid$--adh]$ ! "o to ! o!r1 ea* to all ! re/1 until !y made t k9d ( sub/ance :i* y see "h1 :i* w be> roll+ & expansion ( e k9d4 ,no o!r process ?an t has hi!rto be5 adopt$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ ?is sub/ance f ! p>ticles by solution1 precipitation1 ignition1 & weld+4 ,x c]ta9ly is a v f9e ?+ to see t we may s fully dep5d ^u ! prop]ties ( ! v>i\s sub/ances we h to deal )2 t we c1 by c>ry+ out our processes1 obta9 a mat]ial l ?is1 all[+ ( division & ext5sion "u a roll+ mill--a mat]ial ( ! f9e/ possible k9d1 ! p>ts be+ held toge!r1 n ) int]/ices1 n ) porosity1 b s cont9u\s t no fluids c pass betwe5 !m2 &1 z ,dr4 ,wolla/on beautifully %ew$1 a globule ( plat9um fus$ by ! voltaic batt]y & ! oxyhydrog5 bl[pipe1 :5 drawn into a wire1 0 n s\nd] or /rong] ?an ?is wire made by ! curi\s coalesc5ce ( ! p>ticles by ! /ick+ p[] t !y _h at high temp]atures4 ,?is is ! process adopt$ by ,messrs4 ,johnson & ,mat!y1 to ^: great k9dness ,i am indebt$ = ^! +ots & = ! valuable assi/ance ,i h receiv$ 9 ! illu/rations4 ,! treatm5t1 h[ev]1 t ,i h to br+ be=e y is ( ano!r k9d2 & x is 9 ! hope t we %all be able be=e long to h su* a ?+ z ! manufacture ( plat9um ( ?is k9d1 t ,i am enc\rag$ to come be=e y1 & tell y h[ f> ,deville has gone 9 ! matt]1 & to give y illu/rations ( ! pr9ciples on :i* he proce$s4 ,i ?9k x is b fair t y %\ld see an exp]im5t %ew+ y ! way 9 :i* we get ! adhesion ( plat9um4 ,probably y all "k ( ! weld+ ( iron3 y g into ! smi?'s %op1 & y see him put ! h&le ( a pok] on to ! /em1 & by a little managem5t & ! application ( heat he makes !m "o4 ,y h no d\bt se5 him put ! iron into ! fire & spr9kle a little s& ^u x4 ,he does n "k ! philosophy he calls into play :5 he spr9kles a little s& ov] ! oxide ( iron1 b he has a f9e philosophy !re1 or practises x1 :5 he gets 8 weld+4 ,i c %ew y "h ?is beautiful circum/ance ( ! /ick+ toge!r ( ! p>ticles up to ! fulle/ possible int5sity ( _! comb9ation4 ,if y 7 to g into ! work%ops ( ,mr4 ,mat!y1 & see !m hamm]+ & weld+ away1 y w\ld see ! value ( ! exp]im5t ,i am ab\t to %ew y4 ,i h "h "s plat9um-wire4 ,?is is a metal :i* resi/s ! action ( acids1 resi/s oxidation by heat1 & *ange ( any sort2 & :i*1 !re=e1 ,i may heat 9 ! atmosph]e )\t any flux4 ,i b5d ! wire s z to make ! ends cross3 ^! ,i make hot by means ( ! bl[pipe1 & !n1 by giv+ !m a tap ) a hamm]1 ,i %all make !m into "o piece4 ,n[ t ! pieces are unit$1 ,i %all h great difficulty 9 pull+ !m ap>t1 ?\gh !y are jo9$ only at ! po9t :]e ! two cyl9drical surfaces came toge!r4 ,& n[ ,i h succe$$ 9 pull+ ! wire ap>t1 ! division is n at ! po9t ( weld+1 b :]e ! =ce ( ! p9c]s has cut x1 s t ! junction we h effect$ is a complete "o4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! pr9ciple ( ! manufacture & production ( plat9um 9 ! old way4 ,! treatm5t :i* ,deville proposes to c>ry out1 & :i* he has c>ri$ out to a r l>ge ext5t 9 ref]5ce to ! ,russian supply ( plat9um1 is "o altoge!r by heat1 hav+ little or no ref]5ce to ! use ( acids4 ,t y may "k :at ! problem is1 look at ?is table1 :i* gives y ! composition ( su* a piece ( plat9um ore z ,i %ew$ y j n[4 ,:]ev] x comes f1 ! composition is z complicat$1 ?\gh ! proportions v>y3-- ,plat9um1 4 4 4 4 4 #gf4d ,iridium14 4 4 4 4 4 #d4c ,rhodium14 4 4 4 4 4 #j4c ,palladium14 4 4 4 4 #a4d ,gold1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j4d ,copp]1 4 4 4 4 4 4 #d4a ,iron1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aa4g ,osmide ( ,iridium14 #j4e ,s&1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a4d ---------- #ajj4e ,?is ref]s to ! ,uralian ore4 ,9 t /ate ( comb9ation1 z %ewn 9 ! table1 ! iridium & osmium are f\nd comb9$ 9 cry/als1 sometimes to ! am\nt ( #j4e p] c5t41 & sometimes #c or #d p] c5t4 ,n[1 ?is ,deville proposes to deal ) 9 ! dry way1 9 ! place ( deal+ ) x by any acid4 ,i h "h ano!r k9d ( plat9um2 & ,i %ew x to y = ?is reason4 ,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 hav+ l>ge /ores ( plat9um 9 _! dom9ions1 h obta9$ x 9 a metallic /ate1 & work$ x into co94 ,! co9 ,i h 9 my h& is a twelve silv] r\ble piece4 ,! r\ble is wor? ?ree %ill+s1 & ?is co9 is1 !re=e1 ( ! value ( ?irty-six %ill+s4 ,! small] co9 is wor? half t sum2 & ! o!r1 half ( t4 ,! metal1 h[ev]1 is unfit = co9age4 ,:5 y h ! two metals1 gold & silv]1 us$ = co9age1 y h a little confusion 9 ! value ( ! two 9 ! m>ket2 b :5 y h ?ree preci\s metals 7= y may call plat9um a preci\s metal7 work$ into co91 !y w be sure to run c\nt] to "o ano!r4 ,inde$1 ! case did happ51 t ! price ( plat9um co9 fix$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 0 su*1 t x 0 wor? :ile to pur*ase plat9um 9 o!r c\ntries1 & make co9 ( x1 & !n take x into t c\ntry & circulate x4 ,! result 01 t ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t /opp$ ! issue4 ,! composition ( ?is co9 is--plat9um1 #ig4j2 iridium1 #a4b2 rhodium1 #j4e2 palladium1 #j4be2 a little copp]1 & a little iron4 ,x is1 9 fact1 bad plat9um3 x scales1 & x has an unfitness = comm]cial use & 9 ! laboratory1 :i* ! o!r well-purifi$ plat9um has n4 ,x wants work+ ov] aga94 ,n[1 ,deville's process dep5ds ^u ?ree po9ts1--^u int5se heat1 bl[pipe action1 & ! volatility ( c]ta9 metals4 ,we "k t !re are pl5ty ( metals t are volatile2 b ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! fir/ "t t x has be5 propos$ to use ! volatility ( c]ta9 metals--su* z gold & palladium--= ! purpose ( driv+ !m (f & leav+ some?+ else beh9d4 ,he c\nts l>gely ^u ! volatility ( metals :i* we h n be5 9 ! habit ( consid]+ volatile1 b :i* we h r look$ ^u z fix$2 & ,i mu/ endeav\r to illu/rate ^! ?ree po9ts by a few exp]im5ts4 ,p]haps ,i c be/ %[ y :at is requir$ 9 ! process ( heat+ plat9um by us+ t s\rce ( heat :i* we h "h1 & :i* seems to be almo/ illimitable--namely1 ! voltaic batt]y2 = x is only 9 consequ5ce ( ! heat t ! voltaic batt]y affects ! plat9um4 ,by apply+ ! two extremities ( ! batt]y to ?is piece ( plat9um-wire1 y w see :at result we %all obta94 ,y p]ceive t we c take ab\t ?is heat+ ag5t :]ev] we l1 & deal ) x z we please1 limit+ x 9 any way4 ,i am oblig$ to deal c>efully ) x2 b ev5 t circum/ance w h an int]e/ = y 9 wat*+ ! exp]im5t4 ,contact is n[ made4 ,! electric curr5t1 :5 compress$ into ?9 conduct+-wires (f]+ resi/ance1 evolves heat to a l>ge ext5t2 & ?is is ! p[] by :i* we "w4 ,y see ! int5se gl[ imm$iately imp>t$ to ! wire2 & if ,i appli$ ! heat cont9u\sly1 ! effect ( ! curr5t w\ld be to melt ! wire4 ,z soon z ! contact is brok51 ! wire resumes its =m] appe>ance2 & n[ t we make contact aga91 y p]ceive ! gl[ z be=e4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ sev]al times 9 rapid succession4 ,y c see a l9e ( light1 ?\gh y c sc>cely p]ceive ! wire2 & n[ t x has melt$ ) ! great heat1 if y exam9e x1 y w p]ceive t x is inde$ a set ( irregul>ities f end to end--a set ( little sph]es1 :i* are /rung ^u an axis ( plat9um runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,x is t wire :i* ,mr4 ,grove describ$ z be+ produc$ at ! mom5t :5 fusion ( ! :ole mass is comm5c+4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if ,i take a tol]ably ?ick piece ( plat9um1 & subject x to ! heat t c be produc$ by ?is batt]y1 y w see ! brilliancy ( ! effect produc$4 ,i %all put on a pair ( spectacles = ! exp]im5t1 z !re is an injuri\s effect ( ! voltaic sp>k ^u ! eyes1 if ! action is cont9u$2 & x is nei!r policy nor brav]y to subject any organ to unnecess>y dang]2 & ,i want1 at all ev5ts1 to keep ! full use ( my eyes to ! end ( ! lecture4 ,y n[ see ! action ( ! heat ^u ! piece ( plat9um--heat s great z to break 9 pieces ! plate on :i* ! drops ( metal fall4 ,y p]ceive1 !n1 t we h suffici5tly p[]ful s\rces ( heat 9 nature to deal ) plat9um4 ,i h "h an app>atus by :i* ! same ?+ c be %ewn4 ,"h is a piece ( plat9um1 :i* is put into a crucible ( c>bon made at ! end ( "o pole ( ! batt]y1 & y w see ! brilliant light t w be produc$4 ,!re is our furnace1 & ! plat9um is rapidly gett+ heat$2 & n[ y p]ceive t x is melt$1 & ?r[+ (f little p>ticles4 ,:at a magnific5t philosophical in/rum5t ?is is4 ,:5 y look at ! result1 :i* is ly+ ^u ! *>coal1 y w see a beautifully fus$ piece ( plat9um4 ,x is n[ a fi]y globule1 ) a surface s bright1 & smoo?1 & reflect+1 t ,i _c tell :e!r x is transp>5t1 or opaque1 or :at4 ,?is1 !n1 w give y an idea ( :at has to be done by any process t pret5ds to deal ) ?irty1 or =ty1 or fifty p\nds ( plat9um at once4 ,let me n[ tell y briefly :at ,deville proposes to d4 ,fir/ ( all1 he takes ?is ore1 ) its impurities1 & mixes x 7z he f9ds x ess5tial & be/7 ) its own weight ( sulphuret ( lead--lead comb9$ ) sulphur4 ,bo? ! lead & ! sulphur are want$2 = ! iron t is !re pres5t1 z y see by ! table1 is "o ( ! mo/ annoy+ sub/ances 9 ! treatm5t t y c imag9e1 because x is n volatile2 & :ile ! iron rema9s adh]+ to ! plat9um1 ! plat9um w n fl[ readily4 ,x _c be s5t away by a high temp]ature--s5t into ! atmosph]e s z to leave ! plat9um beh9d4 ,well1 !n1 a hundr$ p>ts ( ore & a hundr$ p>ts ( sulphuret ( lead1 ) ab\t fifty p>ts ( metallic lead1 be+ all m+l$ toge!r 9 a crucible1 ! sulphur ( ! sulphuret takes ! iron1 ! copp]1 & "s ( ! o!r metals & impurities1 & comb9es ) !m to =m a slag2 & z x goes on boil+ & oxidis+1 x c>ries (f ! iron1 & s a great cleans+ takes place4 ,n[1 y ought to "k t ^! metals1 su* z plat9um1 iridium1 & palladium1 h a /rong aff9ity = su* metals z lead & t91 & ^u ?is a great deal dep5ds4 ,v mu* dep5ds ^u ! plat9um ?r[+ out its impurities ( iron & s =?1 by be+ tak5 up ) ! lead pres5t 9 x4 ,t y may h a notion ( ! great p[] t plat9um has ( comb9+ ) o!r metals1 ,i w ref] y to a little ( ! *emi/'s exp]i5ce--8 bad exp]i5ce4 ,he kn[s v well t if he takes a piece ( plat9um-foil1 & heats a piece ( lead ^u x1 or if he takes a piece ( plat9um-foil1 su* z we h "h1 & heats ?+s ^u x t h lead 9 !m1 8 plat9um is de/roy$4 ,i h "h a piece ( plat9um1 & if ,i apply ! heat ( ! _s-lamp to x1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ?is little piece ( lead :i* ,i w place on x1 ,i %all make a hole 9 ! metal4 ,! heat ( ! lamp itself w\ld d no h>m to ! plat9um1 nor w\ld o!r *emical means2 b because !re is a little lead pres5t1 & !re is an aff9ity betwe5 ! two sub/ances1 ! bodies fuse toge!r at once4 ,y see ! hole ,i h made4 ,x is l>ge en\gh to put y\r f+] 91 ?\gh ! plat9um itself 01 z y saw1 almo/ infusible1 except by ! voltaic batt]y4 ,= ! purpose ( %ew+ ?is fact 9 a m /rik+ mann]1 ,i h tak5 pieces ( plat9um-foil1 t9foil1 & lead-foil1 & roll$ !m toge!r2 & if ,i apply ! bl[pipe to !m1 y w h1 9 fact1 a repetition on a l>g] scale ( ! exp]im5t y saw j n[ :5 ! lead & plat9um came toge!r1 & "o spoil$ ! o!r4 ,:5 ! metals are laid "o ^u ! o!r1 & fold$ toge!r & heat appli$1 y w n only see t ! plat9um runs to wa/e1 b t at ! "t :5 ! plat9um & lead are comb9$ !re is ignition produc$--!re is a p[] ( su/a9+ combu/ion4 ,i h tak5 a l>ge piece1 t y may see ! ph5om5on on a l>ge scale4 ,y saw ! ignition & ! explosion :i* foll[$1 ( :i* we h "h ! results--! consequ5ce ( ! *emical aff9ity betwe5 ! plat9um & ! metals comb9$ ) x1 :i* is ! ?+ ^u :i* ,deville f\nds 8 fir/ result4 ,:5 he has melt$ ^! sub/ances & /irr$ !m well up1 & s obta9$ a complete mixture1 he ?r[s 9 air ^u ! surface to burn (f all ! sulphur f ! rema9+ sulphuret ( lead2 & at la/ he gets an +ot ( lead ) plat9um--mu* lead1 comp>atively1 & little plat9um4 ,he gets t 9 ! crucible ) a lot ( scori & o!r ?+s1 :i* he treats aft]w>ds4 ,x is t plat9if]\s lead :i* we h to deal ) 9 our future process4 ,n[1 let me tell y :at he does ) x4 ,8 fir/ object is to get rid ( ! lead4 ,he has ?r[n out all ! iron1 & a numb] ( o!r ?+s1 & he has got ?is k9d ( comp\nd indicat$ 9 ! table4 ,he may get x z high z #gh p] c5t4 ( plat9um1 & #bb ( lead2 or #e1 or #aj1 or #ae ( plat9um1 & #ie1 or #ij1 or #he ( lead 7:i* he calls weak plat9um71 & he !n places x 9 ! k9d ( vessel t y see be=e y4 ,suppose we _h ! mixture "h2 we %\ld h to make x hot1 & !n ?r[ 9 air ^u ! surface4 ,! combu/ible metal--t is1 ! lead--& ! "p t w oxidise1 are ?or\ghly oxidis$2 ! li?>ge w\ld fl[ out 9 a fus$ /ate into a vessel plac$ to receive x1 & ! plat9um rema9s beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,"h is ! process :i* ,deville adopts = ! purpose ( ca/+ (f ! lead1 aft] he has got out ! plat9um f ! ore4 7,hav+ made use ( y\r fri5d1 y get rid ( him z quickly z y c47 ,he gets 8 heat by apply+ ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 or ( c>burett$ fuel1 = ! purpose ( produc+ a fire4 ,i h "h a s\rce ( coal-gas2 !re ,i h a s\rce ( hydrog52 & "h ,i h a s\rce ( oxyg54 ,i h "h also "o ( ! bl[pipes us$ by ,deville 9 8 process = work+ plat9um 9 ! way ,i h spok5 (4 ,!re are two pipes1 & "o ( !m goes to ! s\rce ( coal-gas1 & ! o!r to ! supply ( oxyg54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,by unit+ ^! we obta9 a flame ( su* a heat z to melt plat9um4 ,y w1 p]haps1 h>dly imag9e :at ! heat is1 unless y h "s pro( ( x2 b y w soon see t ,i h actually ! p[] ( melt+ plat9um4 ,"h is a piece ( plat9um-foil runn+ l wax "u ! flame :i* ,i am br++ to be> aga9/ x4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is :e!r we %all get heat en\gh to melt1 n ?is small quantity1 b l>ge masses--_m p\nds ( ! metal4 ,hav+ obta9$ heat l ?is1 ! next consid]ation is :at vessel is he to employ :i* c\ld reta9 ! plat9um :5 s heat$1 or be> ! effects ( ! flame8 ,su* vessels are happily well suppli$ at ,p>is1 & are =m$ ( a sub/ance :i* surr\nds ,p>is2 x is a k9d ( *alk 7call$1 ,i believe1 by geologi/s1 calcaire grossire71 & x has ! prop]ty ( endur+ an extreme degree ( heat4 ,i am n[ go+ to get ! highe/ heat t we c obta94 ,fir/1 ,i %ew y ! combu/ion ( hydrog5 by itself4 ,i h n a l>ge supply1 because ! coal-gas is suffici5t = mo/ ( our purposes4 ,if ,i put a piece ( lime obta9$ f ?is *alk into ! gas1 y see we get a pretty hot flame1 :i* w\ld burn "o's f+]s a good deal ,b n[ let me subject a piece ( x to ! jo9t action ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,i d ?is = ! purpose ( %ew+ y ! value ( lime z a mat]ial = ! furnaces & *amb]s t are to conta9 ! sub/ances to be op]at$ on1 & t are consequ5tly to su/a9 ! action ( ?is extreme heat4 ,"h we h ! hydrog5 & ! oxyg51 :i* w give ! mo/ int5se heat t c be obta9$ by *emical action2 & if ,i put a piece ( lime into ! flame1 we get :at is call$ ! lime-light4 ,n[1 ) all ! beauty & int5sity ( action :i* y p]ceive1 !re is no s5sible det]ioration ( ! lime except by ! me*anical =ce ( ! curr5t ( gases ru%+ f ! jet aga9/ ! lime1 sweep+ away su* p>ticles z are n /rongly aggregat$4 8,vap\r ( lime0 "s call x2 & x may be s1 b !re is no o!r *ange ( ! lime ?an t "u ! action ( heat ( ?is highly-exalt$ *emical condition1 ?\gh almo/ any o!r sub/ance w\ld melt at once4 ,!n1 z to ! way 9 :i* ! heat is appli$ to ! sub/ance4 ,x is all v well = me to take a piece ( antimony1 & fuse x 9 ! flame ( a bl[pipe4 ,b if ,i tri$ ?is piece 9 ! ord9>y lamp flame1 ,i %\ld d no?+2 if ,i tri$ a small] piece1 ,i %\ld d little or no?+2 & if ,i tri$ a /ill small] piece1 ,i %\ld d little or no?+2 yet ,i h a condition :i* w repres5t :at ,deville c>ries to ! highe/ possible ext5t1 & :i* we all c>ry to ! highe/ ext5t1 9 ! use ( ! bl[pipe4 ,suppose ,i take ?is piece ( antimony3 ,i %all n be able to melt x 9 t flame ( ! c&le by m]ely hold+ x !re2 yet1 by tak+ pa9s1 we c ev5 melt a piece ( plat9um !re4 ,?is is a prep>ation :i* ,i made = ! purpose ( prov+ ! fusibility ( plat9um 9 a common c&le4 ,!re is a piece ( wire1 drawn by t +5i\s process ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on's1 n m ?an ! ?ree-?\s&? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,he put ! wire into ! middle ( a cyl9d] ( silv]1 & drew bo? toge!r until ! :ole comp\nd 0 exce$+ly ?92 & !n he dissolv$ away ! silv] by nitric acid4 ,!re 0 left 9 ! c5tre a sub/ance :i* ,i c sc>cely see ) an eye-glass1 b :i* ,i "k is !re1 & :i* ,i c make visible1 z y see1 by putt+ x into ! c&le1 :]e ! heat makes x gl[ l a sp>k4 ,i h aga9 & aga9 tri$ ?is exp]im5t up-/airs 9 my own room1 & h easily fus$ ?is plat9um-wire by a common c&le4 ,y see we h1 !re=e1 heat en\gh 9 ! c&le1 z 9 ! voltaic batt]y1 or 9 ! highly-exalt$ combu/ion ( ! bl[pipe1 b we d n supply a cont9u\s s\rce ( heat4 ,9 ! v act ( ?is becom+ ignit$1 ! heat radiates s fa/ t y _c accumulate en\gh to cause ! fusion ( ! wire1 except "u ! mo/ c>eful arrangem5t4 ,?us ,i _c melt t piece ( antimony by simply putt+ x into ! c&le2 b if ,i put x ^u *>coal1 & drive ! fi]y curr5t aga9/ x1 !re w be heat en\gh to melt x4 ,! beauty ( ! bl[pipe is1 t x s5ds hot air 7mak+ hot air by ! combu/ion ( ! flame7 aga9/ ! ?+ to be heat$4 ,i h only to hold ! antimony 9 ! c\rse ( t curr5t1 & p>ticle by p>ticle ( ! curr5t imp+es ^u ! antimony1 & s we get x melt$4 ,y n[ see x r$-hot1 & ,i h no d\bt x w cont9ue to burn if ,i )draw x f ! flame & cont9ue to =ce ! air on x4 ,n[1 y see x burn+ )\t any heat b t ( its own combu/ion1 :i* ,i am keep+ up by s5d+ ! air aga9/ x4 ,x w\ld g out 9 a mom5t if ,i took away ! curr5t ( air f x2 b !re x is burn+1 & ! m air ,i give x1 by ?is or any o!r action1 ! bett] x is4 ,s1 !n1 we h "h n m]ely a mighty s\rce ( heat1 b a means ( driv+ ! heat =cibly aga9/ sub/ances4 ,let me %ew y ano!r exp]im5t ) a piece ( iron4 ,x w s]ve two purposes--%ew+ y :at ! bl[pipe does z a s\rce ( heat1 & :at x does by s5d+ t heat :]e x is want$4 ,i h tak5 iron 9 contra/ ) silv] or o!r metals1 t y may see ! diff]5ce ( action1 & s be m int]e/$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,"h is our fuel1 ! coal-gas2 & "h our oxyg54 ,hav+ ?us my p[] ( heat1 ,i apply x to ! iron1 :i*1 z y see1 soon gets r$-hot4 ,x is n[ fl[+ ab\t l a globule ( melt$ m]cury4 ,b obs]ve1 ,i _c raise any vap\r3 x is n[ cov]$ ) a coat ( melt$ oxide1 & unless ,i h a great p[] 9 my bl[pipe1 x is h>dly possible to break ?r\gh x4 ,n[1 !n1 y see ^! beautiful sp>ks3 y h n only a beautiful k9d ( combu/ion1 b y see ! iron is be+ driv5 (f1 n produc+ smoke1 b burn+ 9 a fix$ condition4 ,h[ diff]5t ?is is f ! action ( "s o!r metals--t piece ( antimony1 = in/ance1 :i* we saw j n[ ?r[+ (f abundance ( fumes4 ,we c1 ( c\rse1 burn away ?is iron by giv+ pl5ty ( air to x2 b ) ! bodies :i* ,deville wants to expose to ?is int5se heat he has n t means3 ! gas itself mu/ h p[] en\gh to drive (f ! slag :i* =ms on ! surface ( ! metal1 & p[] to imp+e ^u ! plat9um s z to get ! full contact t he wants = ! fusion to take place4 ,we see "h1 !n1 ! means to :i* he resorts--oxyg51 & ei!r coal-gas or wat]-gas#ai1 or pure hydrog51 = produc+ heat1 & ! bl[pipe = ! purpose ( impell+ ! heat$ curr5t ^u ! metals4 ,i h two or ?ree r\gh draw+s "h1 repres5t+ ! k9d ( furnaces :i* he employs4 ,!y are l>g]1 h[ev]1 ?an ! actual furnaces he uses4 ,ev5 ! furnace 9 :i* he c>ries on t mo/ s]i\s op]ation ( fus+ fifty p\nds ( plat9um at once is n mu* m ?an half ! size ( ! draw+4 ,x is made ( a piece ( lime bel[ & a piece ( lime above4 ,y see h[ beautifully lime su/a9s heat )\t alt]+ 9 %ape2 & y may h ?\ght h[ beautifully x prev5ts ! dissipation ( ! heat by its v bad conduct+ p[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch ,:ile ! front "p ( ! lime :i* y saw "h 0 s highly ignit$1 ,i c\ld at any mom5t t\* ! back ( x )\t feel+ any annoyance f ! heat ,s1 by hav+ a *amb] ( lime ( ?is sort1 he is able to get a vessel to conta9 ^! metals ) sc>cely any loss ( heat4 ,he puts ! bl[pipes ?r\gh ^! ap]tures1 & s5ds d[n ^! gases ^u ! metals1 :i* are gradually melt$4 ,he !n puts 9 m metal ?r\gh a hole at ! top4 ,! results ( ! combu/ion issue out ( ! ap]ture :i* y see repres5t$4 ,if !re be /rips ( plat9um1 he pu%es !m ?r\gh ! m\? out ( :i* ! heat$ curr5t is com+1 & !re !y get r$-hot & :ite-hot be=e !y get into ! ba? ( plat9um4 ,s he is able to fuse a l>ge body ( plat9um 9 ?is mann]4 ,:5 ! plat9um is melt$1 he takes (f ! top & p\rs out f ! bottom piece1 l a crucible1 & makes 8 ca/4 ,?is is ! furnace by :i* he fuses 8 =ty p\nds or fifty p\nds ( plat9um at once4 ,! metal is rais$ to a heat t no eye c be>4 ,!re is no light & %ad[1 no *i>o-oscuro !re2 all is ! same int5sity ( gl[4 ,y look 91 & y _c see :]e ! metal or ! lime is2 x is all z "o4 ,we h1 !re=e1 a plat=m ) a h&le1 :i* turns ^u an axis1 t co9cides ) ! gutt] t is =m$ = ! p\r+ ( ! metal2 & :5 all is kn[n to be ready1 by means ( d>k glasses1 ! workm5 take (f ! top piece & lift up ! h&le1 & ! m\ld be+ !n plac$ 9 a prop] position1 he kn[s t ! issue ( ! metal w be exactly 9 ! l9e ( ! axis4 ,no injury has ev] happ5$ f ! use ( ?is plan4 ,y "k ) :at c>e x is necess>y to c>ry su* a vessel ( m]cury z we h "h1 = fe> ( turn+ x ov] on "o side or ! o!r2 b if x be a vessel ( melt$ plat9um1 ! v greate/ c>e mu/ be us$1 because ! sub/ance is twice z heavy3 yet no injury has be5 done to any ( ! workm5 9 ?is op]ation4 ,i h said t ,deville dep5ds ^u int5se heat = c>ry+ (f vap\r2 & ?is br+s me to ! po9t ( %ew+ h[ vap\rs are c>ri$ (f4 ,"h is a bas9 ( m]cury1 :i* boils easily1 z y "k1 & gives u ! opportunity ( obs]v+ ! facts & pr9ciples :i* are to guide u4 ,i h "h two poles ( ! batt]y1 & if ,i br+ !m into contact ) ! m]cury1 see :at a developm5t ( vap\r we h4 ,! m]cury is fly+ (f rapidly2 & ,i might1 if ,i pleas$1 put all ! company ar\nd me 9 a ba? ( m]cury vap\r4 ,& s1 if we take ?is piece ( lead & treat x 9 ! same way1 x w also give (f vap\r4 ,obs]ve ! fumes t rise f x2 & ev5 if x 0 s f> enclos$ f ! air t y c\ld n =m any li?>ge1 y w\ld /ill h ^? abundant fumes fly+ (f4 ,i may also take a piece ( gold1 & %ew y ! same ?+4 ,i h "h a piece ( gold :i* ,i put ^u a clean surface ( ,p>is lime/one4 ,apply+ ! heat ( ! bl[pipe to x1 y see h[ ! heat drives (f ! vap\r2 & if y notice at ! end ( ! ,lecture1 y w obs]ve on ! /one a purple pat* ( cond5s$ gold4 ,?us y see a pro( ( ! volatilisation ( gold4 ,x is ! same ) silv]4 ,y w n be />tl$ if ,i sometimes use "o ag5t & sometimes ano!r to illu/rate a p>ticul> po9t4 ,! volatility ( gold & silv] is ! same ?+1 :e!r x be effect$ by ! voltaic batt]y or by ! bl[pipe4 ,a lump ( silv] 0 plac$ 9 a *>coal crucible betwe5 ! poles ( a voltaic batt]y4 ,n[1 look at ! fumes ( silv]1 & obs]ve ! peculi> & beautiful gre5 col\r :i* !y produce4 ,we %all n[ %ew y ?is same process ( boil+ ! silv]1 ca/ on a scre5 f ! electric lamp :i* y h be=e y2 & :ile ,dr4 ,tyndall is k9dly gett+ ! lamp ready = ?is purpose1 let me tell y t ,deville proposes to ?r[ out 9 ?is way all ^! extrane\s ?+s t ,i h spok5 (1 except two--namely1 iridium & rhodium4 ,x s happ5s1 z he says1 t iridium & rhodium d make ! metal m capable ( resi/+ ! attacks ( acids ?an plat9um itself4 ,alloys are comp\nd$ up to #be p] c5t4 ( rhodium & iridium1 by :i* ! *emical inaction ( ! plat9um is increas$1 & also its malleability & o!r physical prop]ties4 ,! image ( ! voltaic dis*>ge ?r\gh vap\r ( silv] 0 n[ ?r[n ^u ! scre54 ,:at y h n[ on ! scre5 is an inv]t$ image ( :at y saw :5 we heat$ ! silv] be=e4 ,! f9e /ream t y see ar\nd ! silv] is ! dis*>ge ( ! electric =ce t takes place1 giv+ y t glori\s gre5 light :i* y see 9 ! ray2 & if ,dr4 ,tyndall w op5 ! top ( ! lamp1 y w see ! quantity ( fumes t w come out ( ! ap]ture1 %ew+ y at once ! volatility ( silv]4 ,i h n[ f9i%$ ?is imp]fect acc\nt4 ,x is b an apology = n hav+ br\ght ! process itself be=e y4 ,i h done ! be/ ,i c\ld "u ! circum/ances2 & ,i "k y\r k9dness well1 = if ,i 7 n aw>e t ,i might tru/ to x1 ,i w\ld n appe> "h s (t5 z ,i h done4 ,! gradual loss ( memory & ( my o!r faculties is mak+ itself pa9fully evid5t to me1 & requires1 e "t ,i appe> be=e y1 ! cont9u$ remembrance ( y\r k9dness to enable me to get ?r\gh my task4 ,if ,i %\ld happ5 to g on too long1 or %\ld fail 9 do+ :at y might desire1 rememb] x is y\rselves :o are *>geable1 by wi%+ me to rema94 ,i h desir$ to retire1 z ,i ?9k e man ought to d be=e 8 faculties become impair$2 b ,i mu/ confess t ! affection ,i h = ?is place1 & = ^? :o frequ5t ?is place1 is su*1 t ,i h>dly "k :5 ! prop] "t has arriv$4 ,,notes4 ,footnote #a3 ,page #af4 ,! ,royal ,george sunk at ,spi!ad on ,! #bi? ( ,augu/1 #aghb4 ,colonel ,pasley comm5c$ op]ations = ! removal ( ! wreck by ! explosion ( gunp[d]1 9 ,augu/1 #ahci4 ,! c&le :i* ,pr(essor ,f>aday exhibit$ mu/ !re=e h be5 expos$ to ! action ( salt wat] = upw>ds ( fifty-sev5 ye>s4 ,footnote #b3 ,page #ag4 ,! fat or tall[ consi/s ( a *emical comb9ation ( fatty acids ) glyc]9e4 ,! lime unites ) ! palmitic1 oleic1 & /e>ic acids1 & sep>ates ! glyc]9e4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! insoluble lime soap is decompos$ ) hot dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! melt$ fatty acids ?us rise z an oil to ! surface1 :5 !y are decant$4 ,!y are aga9 wa%$ & ca/ into ?9 plates1 :i*1 :5 cold1 are plac$ betwe5 lay]s ( cocoa-nut matt+1 & submitt$ to int5se hydraulic pressure4 ,9 ?is way ! s(t oleic acid is squeez$ out1 :il/ ! h>d palmitic & /e>ic acids rema94 ,^! are fur!r purifi$ by pressure at a high] temp]ature1 & wa%+ 9 w>m dilute sulphuric acid1 :5 !y are ready to be made into c&les4 ,^! acids are h>d] & :it] ?an ! fats f :i* !y 7 obta9$1 :il/ at ! same "t !y are clean] & m combu/ible4 ,footnote #c3 ,page #ai4 ,a little borax or phosphorus salt is sometimes add$1 9 ord] to make ! a% fusible4 ,footnote #d3 ,page #bg4 ,capill>y attraction or repulsion is ! cause :i* det]m9es ! asc5t or desc5t ( a fluid 9 a capill>y tube4 ,if a piece ( !rmomet] tub+1 op5 at ea* end1 be plung$ into wat]1 ! latt] w in/antly rise 9 ! tube consid]ably above its ext]nal level4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tube be plung$ into m]cury1 a repulsion in/ead ( attraction w be exhibit$1 & ! level ( ! m]cury w be l[] 9 ! tube ?an x is outside4 ,footnote #e3 ,page #bi4 ,! late ,duke ( ,sussex 01 we believe1 ! fir/ to %ew t a prawn might be wa%$ ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,if ! tail1 aft] pull+ (f ! fan "p1 be plac$ 9 a tumbl] ( wat]1 & ! head be all[$ to hang ov] ! outside1 ! wat] w be suck$ up ! tail by capill>y attraction1 & w cont9ue to run out ?r\gh ! head until ! wat] 9 ! glass has sunk s l[ t ! tail ceases to dip into x4 ,footnote #f3 ,page #cg4 ,! alcohol _h *loride ( copp] dissolv$ 9 x3 ?is produces a beautiful gre5 flame4 ,footnote #g3 ,page #ed4 ,lycopodium is a yell[i% p[d] f\nd 9 ! fruit ( ! club moss 7,lycopodium clavatum74 ,x is us$ 9 fireworks4 ,footnote #h3 ,page #eh4 ,buns5 has calculat$ t ! temp]ature ( ! oxyhydrog5 bl[pipe is #hjfa ,c5tigrade4 ,hydrog5 burn+ 9 air has a temp]ature ( #cbei ,c41 & coal-gas 9 air1 #bcej ,c4 ,footnote #i3 ,page #fj4 ,! foll[+ is ! action ( ! sulphuric acid 9 inflam+ ! mixture ( sulphuret ( antimony & *lorate ( potassa4 ,a portion ( ! latt] is decompos$ by ! sulphuric acid into oxide ( *lor9e1 bisulphate ( potassa1 & p]*lorate ( potassa4 ,! oxide ( *lor9e inflames ! sulphuret ( antimony1 :i* is a combu/ible body1 & ! :ole mass in/antly bur/s into flame4 ,footnote #aj3 ,page #fc4 ,! 8air-burn]10 :i* is ( su* value 9 ! laboratory1 owes its advantage to ?is pr9ciple4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical metal *imney1 cov]$ at ! top ) a piece ( r co>se iron-wire gauze4 ,?is is support$ ov] an arg& burn]1 9 su* a mann] t ! gas may mix 9 ! *imney ) an am\nt ( air suffici5t to burn ! c>bon & hydrog5 simultane\sly1 s t !re may be no sep>ation ( c>bon 9 ! flame ) consequ5t deposition ( soot4 ,! flame1 be+ unable to pass ?r\gh ! wire gauze1 burns 9 a /eady1 ne>ly invisible mann] above4 ,footnote #aa3 ,page #gd4 ,wat] is 9 its d5se/ /ate at a temp]ature ( #ci4a ,fahr5heit ,footnote #ab3 ,page #gd4 ,a mixture ( salt & p\nd$ ice r$uces ! temp]ature f #cb ,f4 to z]o--! ice at ! same "t becom+ fluid4 ,footnote #ac3 ,page #hb4 ,potassium1 ! metallic basis ( pota%1 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy 9 #ahjg1 :o succe$$ 9 sep>at+ x f pota% by means ( a p[]ful voltaic batt]y4 ,its great aff9ity = oxyg5 causes x to decompose wat] ) evolution ( hydrog51 :i* takes fire ) ! heat produc$4 ,footnote #ad3 ,page #ih4 ,pr(essor ,f>aday has calculat$ t !re is z mu* electricity requir$ to decompose "o gra9 ( wat] z !re is 9 a v p[]ful fla% ( lightn+4 ,footnote #ae3 ,page #aja4 ,a solution ( acetate ( lead submitt$ to ! action ( ! voltaic curr5t1 yields lead at ! negative pole1 & br[n p]oxide ( lead at ! positive pole4 ,a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 "u ! same circum/ances1 yields silv] at ! negative pole1 & p]oxide ( silv] at ! positive pole4 ,footnote #af3 ,page #abi4 ,! gas :i* is ?us employ$ z a te/ = ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 is ! b9oxide ( nitrog51 or nitr\s oxide4 ,x is a col\rless gas1 :i*1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) oxyg51 unites ) x1 =m+ hyponitric acid1 ! r$ gas ref]r$ to4 ,footnote #ag3 ,page #aeb4 ,m>ble is a comp\nd ( c>bonic acid & lime4 ,! muriatic acid be+ ! /rong] ( ! two1 takes ! place ( ! c>bonic acid1 :i* escapes z a gas1 ! residue =m+ muriate ( lime or *loride ( calcium4 ,footnote #ah3 ,page #ahf4 ,lead pyrophorus is made by heat+ dry t>trate ( lead 9 a glass tube 7clos$ at "o end1 & drawn out to a f9e po9t at ! o!r7 until no m vap\rs are evolv$4 ,! op5 end ( ! tube is !n to be seal$ be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,:5 ! tube is brok5 & ! cont5ts %ak5 out into ! air1 !y burn ) a r$ fla%4 ,footnote #ai3 ,page #baf4 ,wat]-gas is =m$ by pass+ vap\r ( wat] ov] r$-hot *>coal or coke4 ,x is a mixture ( hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide2 ea* ( :i* is an inflammable gas4 ,po/]'s note3 8combu/ion t makes60 0 correct$ f a mispr9t 8combusion t makes60 9 ! orig9al4